bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical model of oriented planting of bulbs with bulb stem pointing downwards
Authors: Aksenov A. G , Sibirev A. V , Emel'yanov P. A
Published: April 2022

Theoretical studies are carried out on the substantiation of design and technological parameters of vibration and pneumatic planting unit of a bulb-planting machine, and of a disc coverer with soil deflectors. The subject of research is the process of oriented planting and embedding of seed onion bulbs into soil. The article considers the process of bulbs orienting during planting and their orientation maintaining during interaction with the soil, taking into account the regularities of bulbs motion by means of vibrating chute and pneumatic drum, as well as the work of coverers during covering of bulbs with soil. The research is done on the basis of laws of classical mechanics and Lagrange's equations of the second kind. Theoretical studies of the working process of vibration and pneumatic planting unit of a bulb-planting machine are carried out. As a result, analytical dependences are obtained for determination of its design and operational parameters: the groove radius, the distance between chute and groove bottom, the diameter of suction opening, the rotation speed of pneumatic drum, the height of planting unit installation above the soil level. The studies allowed to determine: the condition of oriented embedding of bulbs into furrow with bulb stem pointing downwards; the analytical dependences for determining the trajectory of soil particles motion on the working surface of deflector of a disc coverer; the equation of soil particles motion after detachment from deflector’s surface, during covering with soil of bulbs oriented in furrow with bulb stem pointing downwards; the equations of relative, transfer and absolute velocities of soil particles. The expressions are obtained that allow to determine the technological parameters of disc coverer with soil deflectors: the forward velocity of disc coverer, the angle of attack, the center distance between discs.
Study of pulse drying of grain in the S-30 dryer
Authors: Golubkovich A. V , Pavlov S. A , Lukin I. D
Published: April 2022

Innovative technologies and technical means of drying which allow to dry the grain efficiently and with minimal costs are very important for development and improvement of grain industry. These technologies include the oscillating modes, the essence of which is that the material is periodically affected by heated and unheated drying agent. These modes provide periodical grain cooling, that allows to increase drying agent temperature and decrease heat losses. However, periodical grain cooling with unheated air often lowers the effect of oscillating mode. Pulse mode, unlike the oscillating one, is characterized only by decreased liquid fuel supply in the dryer, and grain cooling on a value close to theoretical one, which allows to decrease heat losses and increase dryer efficiency. The mathematical methods of calculation of temperature and duration of impact of low-heated drying agent on the grain are suggested. To determine the temperature of low-heated drying agent and its impact duration, the heat and mass transfer equations in layer and caryopsis were composed and solved; the calculated expressions were obtained from them. During acceptance testing of the S-30 dryer, the calculated dependences for determining these parameters were checked. The wet grain was continuously sent into grain dryer, the dried and cooled grain was withdrawn at the same time. The «big fire» nozzle in firebox was periodically enabled and disabled, and the «low fire» nozzle remained in working mode, thus a pulse mode of drying was created. The maximum temperature of heated drying agent was 105 degrees С, while the temperature of low-heated drying agent was 46 degrees С. It was established that curves of changing in temperature and moisture of grain did not differ from the classic curves under oscillating drying mode. The use of pulse drying mode allows to shorten by two times the amplitude of temperature oscillations of drying agent and to reduce heat losses by 10-12%. The temperature of low-heated drying agent should not be below the maximum permissible heating temperature of grain by more than 8-10 degrees C.
Substantiation of use of the adjustable elastic linkage in a ripper of digging machine with energy accumulator
Authors: Geller Yu. A , Palamodov E. O
Published: April 2022

The ripper is a working equipment for digging with active vibration isolation system; it allows the excavation with minimal power consumption. The article discusses the dynamic model of a ripper with energy accumulator. Influence of elastic linkage, geometric parameters and mass of links of ripper equipment on the oscillation frequency of working body is analysed. Analytical dependence is obtained, that establishes the interrelation between energy dissipated in soil, parameters of mechanical system and motion modes. Joint analysis of constraints and equations of vibrational motion of ripper working body allows to choose a large group of parameters that characterizes a complex system: basic machine - ripper with energy accumulator - soil. Graphical analysis of elastic and inertial properties of accumulator (the potential energy carrier) leads to the conclusion that adjustable elastic linkage is the main parameter, that provides the matching mode of oscillation frequency of ripper working body and frequency of soil cleavage. The optimal geometric and mass parameters of working equipment are laid down; they determine the mode of excavation with minimal energy consumption, complying with the requirements for protection of operator and elements of basic machine against critical vibratory loads. The obtained analytical dependence clearly shows the complexity of the processes involved in interaction between ripper equipment and soil; these processes require further comprehensive research. The design features of a ripper with energy accumulator, included in the class of digging machines, united by the principle of circuit of dynamic loads on working equipment and soil, are protected by copyright certificates and patents.
Calculation of nominal values of the main indicators of agricultural tractor
Authors: Samsonov V. A
Published: April 2022

As optimal values of the main indicators of tractor (energy intensity, power, operating weight, traction force, working speed) their nominal values are taken. Their calculation is a critical task of tractor theory. The aim of the study is to determine the nominal values of main indicators of tractor for maximum of propulsive coefficient and minimum of energy consumption. The objects of research are a wheel tractor with front steering wheels of smaller diameter than the rear ones and a caterpillar tractor. The main research method is calculation using computer programs with change of indicators by dichotomy method with given step in cycle. Low value of nominal energy intensity is determined by minimizing the function of specific power consumption that is the relationship of energy consumption during cultivating of a unit of area to a unit of performance and a unit of working speed. Low nominal values of power, operating weight, traction force and working speed are determined by the low value of nominal energy intensity, maximum propulsive coefficient and minimum energy consumption corresponding to tractor operation with permissible slipping. To determine the high values of nominal energy intensity a generalized non-dimensional coefficient of tractor efficiency is used, that is geometric mean values of partial non-dimensional coefficients of tractor efficiency on the operating weight, propulsive coefficient, fuel consumption per unit of area, performance, fuel consumption per unit of performance. With increasing of energy intensity the performance of tractor increases, but its efficiency on other indicators reduces. As upper limit of nominal energy intensity, a value is taken in which the reduction of generalized coefficient of tractor efficiency does not exceed 5%. At that the performance increases on 11-19%. Using the adopted optimality criteria, the intervals of changing of the nominal energy intensity of tractors are determined: 15,69-20 W/kg for wheeled tractors; 18,63-26 W/kg for caterpillar ones. For these intervals the nominal values of power, operating weight and working speed of wheeled and caterpillar tractors of 3-6 drawbar categories are determined.
To the issues of improvement of grain crops sowing technology
Authors: Demchuk E. V , Golovanov D. A , Yankovskiy K. A
Published: April 2022

The increase in productivity of grain crops is possible as a result of production intensification by improvement of cultivation technology, in particular the most important technological operation of sowing, which lays the foundation for growth and development of cultural plants. The purpose of the research concerns the improvement of technology of grain crops sowing, and improvement of working organs of sowing machines. The scheme of technology of soil conservation farming is presented. It is revealed that high-quality sowing is characterized by two components: the uniform distribution of seed material on the feeding area and depth of seeding, and the application of mineral fertilizers lower than the level of seeds of main crop. The form of rational feeding area is determined; the scheme of rational distribution of seeds on the area is given. The issue of joint and dual-level application of mineral fertilizers when sowing is considered. It is established that joint application of seeds and fertilizers leads to a toxic burn of seeds and decrease in productivity, while dual-level application provides gradual perception of nitrate and promotes the accelerated development of root system. The common faults of most of openers are marked, these are the uneven distribution of seeds on the feeding area, and the application of fertilizers together with seeds on the same depth. The design of a dual-level opener is proposed, providing two-tape sowing with a width of tapes up to 40 mm at a distance between them not less than 80 mm. At the same time, the application of mineral fertilizers is carried out lower than the level of seeds of main crop. The use of proposed opener allows to increase the germinating ability of seeds and, as a consequence, the productivity of cultivated crop.
Optimization of duration of winter wheat harvesting by means of a multifunctional unit
Authors: Maslov G. G
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the optimal duration of winter wheat harvesting with the view of decreasing the expenses, reducing the harvest losses and improving the crop quality. By means of modeling and optimization of the TORUM-750-based multifunctional unit with a function of simultaneous straw pressing, the duration of winter wheat harvesting and the operating width of combine header are substantiated. The novelty of this approach to the problem solution is based on the use of new multifunctional unit, combining the harvesting and straw pressing during only one pass across the field. The research of new production process was carried out with the use of mathematical modeling; the minimum of function of expenses and losses was used as the objective function (criterion of optimization). The dependences were obtained, namely the dependence of function of expenses and losses on the duration of wheat harvesting, the dependence of operating width of header of the TORUM-750 combine on the throughput capacity of its threshing machine, on the crop capacity, the straw content in grain mass, the operating speed and the zonation index for the Southern region of Russia. The control-flow chart for optimization of operating process of the multifunctional unit is developed. The analysis of optimization results allows to draw a conclusion that the optimal duration of winter wheat harvesting by means of the TORUM-750-based multifunctional unit with a function of simultaneous straw pressing in the conditions of the Southern region of Russia should be five calendar days; the operating width should be 4.5 m with the crop capacity of 10 t/ha and the operating speed of the unit of 5 km/h. The obtained results allow to estimate a possible use of the function of expenses and losses for substantiation of optimal duration of different crops harvesting.
Robotics technology and agrochemical support of plant cultivation
Authors: Sychev V. G , Afanas'ev R. A , Godzhaev Z. A , Grishin A. P , Grishin A. A
Published: April 2022

The article provides an overview of methods for monitoring of crop condition and variability (diversity) of soil fertility in the field. Two ways of their implementation having fundamental importance to robotic technologies are marked, namely the remote and at-ground ones. Remote methods for identification of diversity of soil fertility and crop condition are infrared spectrometry of crops by means of helicopters, quadcopters, drones and other low-altitude vehicles capable to shoot the condition of targets by means of attached camera, and also the radar-photometric remote sensing which allows to mark the field areas with different agrochemicals properties in real-time mode. Among the at-ground methods of agrochemical investigation of soils and crops special attention is payed to the mesh method of soil sampling with the use of automated samplers equipped with navigational devices, the usage of relation of soil fertility with its topography and the scanning of electrical conductivity of soil. The article presents a variant of identification of field contours of soil fertility during the automatic determination of productivity of crops (principally grain-crops) in harvesting process. A block diagram of implementation of this method is given. The obtained data is used for the construction of field productivity map, which allows to divide the areas (contours) on levels of productivity. A tracked chassis with hybrid power plant, motion control equipment and machine vision device is described. The chassis serves as the practical basis for development of robotic technologies in plant cultivation, including the fertilizer distributor that will become the base robotic unit in case of full robotization of agrochemical support of plant cultivation based on unmanned mobile power units.
Improvement of the process of agricultural machinery fueling with gaseous fuel
Authors: Markov V. A , Bebenin E. V , Zykov S. A
Published: April 2022

Depletion of oil fields and environmental deterioration demand the search of alternative sources of energy. Actuality of the article is driven by the need for increased use of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. As alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, the article considers both liquid fuels (synthetic fuels, biodiesel, bioethanol, mixed biofuels) and gaseous fuels (natural gas, propane-butane mixture, hydrogen, dimethyl ether). Natural gas is one of the most promising among the fuels. The advantages of use of natural gas as motor fuel are shown. One of the problems of natural gas use is the fuel delivery and fueling of vehicles and agricultural machinery. An improved method of fueling of vehicles and agricultural machinery with gaseous fuel is suggested. A technology of fueling of agricultural machinery based on the use of removable cassette modules is developed. This technology allows to reduce the time of tractor fueling by more than 30% compared to traditional methods of fueling with gaseous fuels. The developed system of distributed supply of gaseous fuel into the combustion chamber of diesel engine is presented. The system contains the gas-air mixers that allow to supply gaseous fuel directly under the inlet valve of diesel engine. The air-gas mixers are made in the form of a plug between the engine body and the inlet manifold and are combined with the gas solenoid valves. The considered technical solutions may be used when developing the concept for advanced natural gas engines with the required environmental, economic and power characteristics.
Influence of technology level of fuel on the efficiency of operation of internal combustion engines of motor-and-tractor vehicles
Authors: Kerimov M. A , Safiullin R. N , Marusin A. V
Published: April 2022

The effect of energoinformational field created by Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles on the fuel and on fuel supply system of internal combustion engines leads to the improvement of operational performance of motor-and-tractor vehicles. Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles is a centrifugal-vortex source creating a stream of particles in vertical direction. The stream of particles affects any device in its area of influence. The principle of Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles is based on the energoinformational concept of the structure of matter and on effects generated by gravity waves. Today the mechanism of this interaction in terms of classical science is understudied. Studies carried out on an automated test bench system in Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering are aimed at quantitative and qualitative assessment of the effect occasioned by bombardment of fuel and internal combustion engine with heavy particles stream. The obtained results show a positive effect of Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles on operational parameters of internal combustion engines. Primarily it’s the increasing of fuel efficiency and reducing of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. The comprehensive research will allow to form conceptual framework of the effect of Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles on the technology level of used fuel, as well as assess the impact of this level on the efficiency of motor-and-tractor vehicles in general. The aim of further researches in the subject area is to study the systemic effects that occur during the operation of Kozyrev’s generator of heavy particles.
Noise in cab of a crawler agricultural tractor
Authors: Belyy I. F , Bogdanova I. A
Published: April 2022

The working conditions of operator are considered as one of the most important indicators of technical level of a machine and its competitiveness in agricultural machinery market. The article presents the measuring data of noise level on operator workplace, based on the results of long-term tests of crawler agricultural tractors of 3 drawbar category for general purposes. Measurements of noise level in tractor cabs were carried out according to the requirements of state standards when performing the main type of works, namely the stubble tillage after harvesting of spiked cereals. Tractors produced by Volgograd tractor plant in 1993-2000 conformed to the sanitary regulations of tractors’ and agricultural machines' technology and had the noise level about 78-80 dBA. Subsequent upgrading of crawler tractor’s cab led to worsening of work conditions in respect of noise. Noise level in cab of the Agromash-90TG 1040А tractor produced by Volgograd tractor plant in 2012-2015 reached 88-90 dBA. The analysis of the results of measurement of noise levels allows to make a conclusion that the main noise source in upgraded cab is the exhaust tube of engine. The construction of cab does not protect the operator against the noise of engine. Furthermore, the use of microclimate normalization system in cab of the Agromash-90TG tractor does not provide the reduction in air temperature to a comfortable level of 24-27 degrees C. Test results revealed that working conditions on the new tractor do not conform to the requirements of standards. Specialists of tractor industry organizing a new production of crawler agricultural tractors should take into account the previous experience of engineering developments in Volgograd tractor plant and results of state tests of tractors.
AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS ON RUSSIAN MARKET (BASED ON THE «AGROSALON 2016» INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION)
Authors: PARFENOV A. P
Published: April 2022

Following the results of the international Agrosalon 2016 exhibition both quantitative, and qualitative indicators of the domestic market of farm tractors are estimated. Dynamics of the market of new tractors in physical calculation is provided by statistics of the last nine years. Quality assessment of the market was carried out on indicators: propeller type, rated power and nominal towing force based on the models of: universal, row crop and general purpose tractors presented at the market and offered in advertizing documents. New approach to market research of tractors is distribution of set of models not only on capacity as it is accepted everywhere, but also on towing classes. The last allows to estimate not only power, but also towing opportunities of tractors that it is important as the tractor is mainly the towing machine. The following features of the domestic market of tractors are noted. The prevalence of wheel tractors 4K4a which was outlined in to and post-crisis years remains. The maximum tractor size in it to group - the tractor power of 300 kW and a towing class 5 (Claas Axion 950). In group 4K4b tractors capacity 50-90 kW (a towing class 1,4), St. 90-130 kW (a towing class 2), St. 130-180 kW (a towing classes 2,3,4) prevail. Interest of participants of the market to powerful wheel 4K4b (power to 450-480 kW, traction classes 6 and 8) and to caterpillar (power to 400-460 kW, towing class 8 and more) tractors increased. It is noted that general rule of creation of constructive tractors ranks of the leading firms is the engine capacity, and devlopment of ranks goes with an advancing growth of driving function over towing. The overview of the models of tractors provided or advertized by firms with indication of features of a design is provided. It is emphasized that the Salon showed not decreasing activity of the largest manufacturers of farm tractors in the market of the Russian Federation.
INSTALLATION FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT OF THE TILLING TOOLS AND THE RESULTS OF ITS USE
Authors: Dontsov I. E , Lysych M. N
Published: April 2022

For effective work of forestry and agricultural tilling equipment it is important to have information about the power parameters of tilling tool. The purpose of the research is to develop a device that can give an idea about changing the power parameters of tillage tool in all three planes of projections for the unsteady motion of the tractor with a tillage tool. This method is based on the model of force interaction of tillage implements with the soil, suggested by Professor L.V. Gyachev. The article is devoted to the study of power parameters of passive, active, and rotational tilling tool. A setup was designed to measure power parameters of tillage tool in three planes of projections. The installation to determine the power parameters of the tillage tool includes the following basic elements: soil channel, traction trolley, attachments and devices for converting of electrical signal and recording of the measured values. The sensors include: force sensors in linkage bars and sensors of working body movement. Electrical signals from sensors are served on an analog input module. Then the signals are supplied to the inverter interface. Next, the signals are processed on a computer. In the experiment, the tillage tool is set in various positions relative to the main (straight) movement, recorded are the parameters characterizing the coordinates (function arguments) and forces in the linkage (functions). Then the characteristics of the main force vector and main torque of the forces resultant of tillage tool interaction with soil are calculated. The results of several measurements are approximated by the curve most appropriate to the nature of the interaction. The obtained data are used in the study of stability, oscillations and dynamics of non-steady motion of tillers and tractor units.
Determination of stiffness parameters of toothed gears of automobiles and tractors
Authors: Tarasik V. P
Published: April 2022

In simulation of functioning processes of technical objects with toothed gears, in many cases there is a need to consider the elastic properties of gear engagements. This is especially important for simulation of high-frequency vibrations. The aim of the paper is the development of method determining the coefficients of flexural and contact stiffness of gear engagement required to build a mathematical model of the functioning process of toothed gear and evaluate its impact on the technical object performance in general. The novelty consists in the development of a model of substitution of tooth for variable cross section beam allowing to describe adequately the physical processes of deformation of gear engagement, as well as in the obtaining on its basis the calculating formulas for determination of flexural deformation and stiffness coefficient of gear engagement. To determine the contact stiffness of teeth, new developments in the field of contact deformations of interacting mechanical objects are used. The calculations are carried out and diagrams of dependence of coefficients of flexural and contact stiffness on the gear module and load are constructed. It is shown that the flexural stiffness coefficient depends only on the module and the width of the ring gear, but does not depend on the load, while the contact stiffness is sensitive also to the load, which is caused by volume change of strain sensitive material of tooth. The proposed formulas allow to determine with acceptable accuracy for practical purposes the parameters of the elastic properties of spur and helical gears with external and internal engagement.
PLOTTING OF EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A TORQUE CONVERTER WITH COUNTER-ROTATING MODE OF TURBINE WHEEL IN DOUBLE-FLOW HYDROMECHANICAL TRANSMISSION OF AN INDUSTRIAL TRACTOR
Authors: Vyaznikov M. V , Gaev S. V , Sharipov V. M , Shchetinin Yu. S , Esenovskiy-Lashkov M. Yu
Published: April 2022

Double-flow hydromechanical transmissions are widely used in industrial tractors and high-speed tracked vehicles. The main advantage of this transmission is a higher value of the maximum efficiency compared to a single-flow hy-dromechanical transmission. Considered is the double-flow hydromechanical transmission of the industrial tractor D8L «Caterpillar» and the results of its bench experimental studies are presented. In this transmission, the torque converter operates in a certain rotational speed range of the driven shaft in the counter-rotating mode of the turbine wheel. In the domestic and foreign literature there are no external characteristics of torque converters with the mode of turbine wheel anti-rotation. It was not possible to obtain such external characteristics of the torque converter experimentally so far. This is due to the complexity of providing a test-bench with anti-rotation mode of the turbine wheel of the torque converter. This mode is realized only in a double-flow hydromechanical transmission. However, with its experimental test-bench studies, existing techniques did not allow plotting of an external characteristic of the for the turbine wheel counter-rotating mode. At experimental test-bench researches of a torque converter only it is also impossible to provide the mode of counter rotation of a turbine wheel. In this paper, a method is given for plotting of external characteristic of a torque converter with turbine wheel anti-rotation mode, if an external characteristic of a double-flow hydromechanical transmission is known. The validity and reliability of the proposed approach to the plotting of the external characteristic of the torque converter with turbine wheel counter rotation mode is confirmed by the results of bench experimental studies of the double-flow hydromechanical transmission and the torque converter of the industrial tractor D8L Caterpillar.
METHOD OF DETERMINING WEAR OF FAN BLADES CRUSHER GRAIN
Authors: Goeva V. V
Published: April 2022

It is scientifically proven that the main factors affecting the productive potential of the animals, are the structure of fodder farms, the quality of feed and methods of feeding. It is known that concentrated fodder are an important component in the diet of animals and contribute to a stronger manifestation of their productive potential. For grinding grain into livestock is usually used crusher with different working bodies. The most widely is spread hammer mill grain crusher. This happens due to the simplicity of their construction and relatively high resource of working bodies. Currently, for farmers are of great interest the small-sized feed factories and units, which include crusher grain with a fan. However, along with the obvious advantages of hammer crusher, like with forced feeding of material and with pneumatic, have a number of disadvantages, one of which is the increased wear of their working bodies: hammers, screens, fan blades. The greatest interest from the point of reducing wear represent fan blades, as changing their shape, it is possible to reduce or increase the intensity of wear. In addition, they are more prone to wear, since all of the crushed material passes through them with great speed, while in the grinding chamber, the amount of grain distributed over a larger number of hammers, and the relative velocity of grains in it decreases. The analysis showed that the intensity of wear of working surfaces of the blades of the fan depends on the coefficient of friction of grains on the blade, the angle of the blade to the radius of the rotor disc, and the greatest influence on friction force has a peripheral speed of the blades. To increase the service life of the blades and reduce the intensity of wear and tear it should be choosen the correct form of the smallest possible radius of curvature. The method is proposed on the basis of which it is possible to calculate the amount of wear of fan blades, taking into account its aerodynamic characteristics.
Failure criteria of heat-stressed parts of piston engines and the review of methods for assessment of pistons durability
Authors: Gots A. N , Glinkin S. A
Published: April 2022

During designing, calculation and further development of an engine it is necessary to take into account all the values that define its lifetime. In variable modes of tractor diesel engine, the stress level of piston changes over time, which leads to the appearance of cracks on the edge of combustion chamber. It especially applies to the semi-open combustion chambers. The appearance and growth of crack to a critical length often leads to failure of the combustion chamber edge. In this regard, the selection of failure criteria of pistons in operation is an urgent task. The durability assessment should be made on the criteria of the thermal fatigue strength that could be divided into three groups: the deformation criteria, the deformation and kinetic criteria, the energy criteria. Deformation criteria is the most widely used. Taking into account the active loading in conditions of uniaxial tension, the damage accumulation related to the material plastic deformation, or the peak deformation criterion is determined. Along with experimental methods consuming time and money, the other reliability assessment methods based on the numerical calculations, such as finite element method become common use. The fatigue material properties when loading a small number of cycles are determined by the Coffin-Manson equations in the form introduced by J. Morrow for the amplitudes of elastic and plastic deformations, depending on the number of cycles to failure. The analysis of the works of various authors shows that the crack growth process is not fully considered. The lack of theoretical approach to determining the remaining lifetime demands the improvement of calculation method which should take into account the temperature difference on the surface of piston, gas pressure and piston geometric dimensions affecting the stress concentration.
Evaluation of the effect of fuel unevenness on diesel performance
Authors: Devyanina A. S
Published: April 2022

In the vast majority of agricultural machinery, diesel is used as the engine. The amount of fuel supplied to the engine cylinders is the main factor determining its power, economic and environmental characteristics. It can be considered as a value composed of two parts: a controllable fuel supply system and uncontrolled, depending on the quality of the system. The deterioration in the performance of the engine is greater, the higher the proportion of uncontrolled part of the fuel supplied. The deviation of the amount of fuel supplied from a given fuel can occur in the following cases: uneven fuel delivery along the engine cylinders; instability of the fuel supply to the cylinder. If the uneven fuel flow through the cylinders is regulated by the requirements of GOST 10578-95 and is allowed depending on the operating mode from 6 to 35 %, then the instability of fuel supply from cycle to cycle is not regulated by standards and can be as high as 10-40 % according to other researchers. The combined influence of these parameters on the fuel supply process leads to a significant deviation in the cyclic fuel supply. The theoretical analysis of the main parameters of the engine showed that an increase in unevenness leads to a change in them, which worsens the indicator. This deterioration is the greater, the greater the degree of curvature of the line of change in the engine index from the change in fuel consumption. Based on the above results, the following conclusions are drawn: an increase in the unevenness and instability of fuel supply leads to a deterioration in the main engine performance; the degree of deterioration in the performance of the engine is greater the greater the unevenness and instability and the higher the nonlinearity of the curve of the change in the index from the fuel consumption; at present, the instability of fuel supply is not regulated, which does not allow controlling the quality of the process.
Investigation of the combustion process in a tractor diesel 11 powered by an ethanol-fuel emulsion
Authors: Likhanov V. A , Lopatin O. P , Chuprakov A. I
Published: April 2022

The work is devoted to the use of ethanol-fuel emulsion as an alternative energy carrier in a tractor diesel 4Ch11,0/12,5. At the same time, the maximum allowable concentration of ethyl alcohol in the emulsion for this diesel is justified, amounting to 25 % of the total amount of fuel and providing sufficient conditions for the organization of a stable combustion process with no misfiring. Thus, according to the results of studies of the physicochemical properties of alcohol-fuel emulsions of various compositions, their stability and the initial tests of the engine, an emulsion of the following composition was accepted as optimal for a tractor diesel 4Ch11,0/12,5: ethyl alcohol 25 %, succinimide C-5A - 0,5 %, water - 7 %, diesel fuel - 67,5 %. The article describes the results of experimental studies on the effect of ethanol-fuel emulsion to the indicator parameters, the characteristics of the combustion process and heat diesel tractor. 4Ch11.0/12.5. In order to determine and optimize the main parameters of the diesel engine while working on the ethanol-fuel emulsion, its bench tests were carried out, including the entire set of adjusting, loading and speed characteristics. Experimental studies of the working process of the tractor diesel engine 4Ch11,0/12,5 when working with ethanol fuel emulsion have determined the values of the combustion process parameters and heat release characteristics at the nominal operating mode of the diesel engine: the maximum averaged temperature increases by 14,6 % and amounts to 2510 K; the maximum combustion pressure is increased by 9,9 % and is 8,9 MPa; the rigidity of the combustion process is increased by 71,2 % and is 1,01 MPa / deg; the ignition delay angle increases by 24,4 % and is 28,0°; the rate of active heat release increases by 68,4 % and amounts to 0,160.
Experimental study of the elastic S-shaped cultivator rack
Authors: Fedorov S. E , Chatkin M. N , Zhalnin A. A , Zhalnin N. A
Published: April 2022

Cultivating paws on elastic struts at work have a deviation from the established depth of processing by 10-15 % more than with a rigid suspension and do not preserve the optimal cutting geometry. With increasing speed and depth of treatment, tractive resistance and deflection of the paw from a given depth of processing increase. Therefore, to ensure the quality and efficiency of the combined cultivator equipped with elastic S-shaped struts, it is necessary to change the rigidity of the racks. The purpose of the study is to improve the quality and reduce the energy consumption of surface tillage by regulating and optimizing the rigidity of the elastic strut of the cultivator. To study the work of the elastic S-pillar, the method of full factorial experiment was used, which allowed obtaining mathematical models, taking into account the selected controlled factors. For the controlled variables, the factors characterizing the work properties of the elastic S-pillar and having certain numerical values were taken. In the course of the study, the influence of the depth of treatment, the speed of the aggregate and the stiffness of the strut on the traction resistance and the deviation of the paw was studied. The results of the research showed that with an increase in processing depth from 0,04 m to 0,12 m at a speed of 3 m/s, the traction resistance of the S-pillar will increase from 105 N to 670 N. It should be noted that increasing the stiffness of the rack from 6226 N/m to 21815 N/m leads to a reduction in traction resistance by 100 N. With increasing depth of processing and speed of the unit - the deviation of the toe of the paw increases. With increasing stiffness of the stand, the deviation of the toe of the paw decreases. The maximum deviation is observed at a speed of 3 m/s, a depth of 0,12 m, rigidity of the rack 6826 N/m. As a result of the study, in order to fulfill the agrotechnical requirements for surface tillage, it is proposed to install a stiffness regulator in the design of the elastic S-bar.
Working body for loosening the soil in a row between bushes of berry crops
Authors: Gordeev O. V , Gordeev V. O
Published: April 2022

Technologies for the care of berry plantations involve the use of manual labor for cultivation of soil between plant shrubs. The aim of the research is to develop a scheme of a working organ for loosening the soil in a row between bushes of berry crops on the basis of an improved mechanism for delivering soil rippers to the space between plant bushes. Berry plantations are characterized by row spacing and the distance between bushes, the soil in a row - by protective zone and a processing zone. In the article the equations of trajectory of movement of a ripper of soil (ripper tip) between bushes of plants are given. The agrotechnical requirements most closely correspond to the trajectory in the form of an elongated cycloid. The maximum width of the loop of the elongated cycloid is at the intersection of the straight line along which the circle producing the cycloid rolls. The equation for determining the maximum width of the loop of an elongated cycloid is given. To determine the radius of rotation of the ripper tip corresponding to the distance between the bushes of plants the dependence of width of loop of an elongated cycloid on the radius of rotation of the ripper tip is presented. The scheme of the working organ for loosening the soil in a row between bushes of berry crops with an improved mechanism for delivering the soil ripper to the space between the bushes of plants is given. The working body is a vertical milling cutter with one asymmetrical blade. On the asymmetrical blade ripper tips are located. The radius of rotation of the ripper tip, which is the extremity of the rotation axis, is equal to the selected value. The distance between adjacent ripper tip in accordance with the recommendations for ripper tips of harrows is 80 mm. The rotation of the asymmetrical blade is transmitted from the drive wheel. When the working body moves along the row, ripper tips moving along the trajectory of the elongated cycloid smoothly enter the space between the bushes of plants and loosen the soil.
Functional capabilities of the experimental unit for introducing into the soil aqueous solutions of fertilizers
Authors: Dzhibilov S. M , Gulueva L. R
Published: April 2022

One of the ways to revive and preserve meadows and pastures in the mountainous zone is the in-troduction of liquid fertilizers to the sparse phytocenosis and exposed areas that have lost valuable forage species. To solve this problem, for the first time a new method for improving mountain meadows and pastures was proposed by the staff of SKNIIGPSKh, for the implementation of which, for the first time, a prototype of an aggregate that performs the application of liquid fertilizers to the soil of the planted area was created on the basis of the KGG-2,4 mining cultivator. According to calculations on the experimental sample of the unit, a tank of 240 liters is installed, which ensures continuous operation of the unit within one hour. The prototype of the unit, due to maneuverability, mobility and light weight, is quite suitable for working on sloping lands in farms for superficial improvement of mountain meadows and pastures with a slope up to 16°. This method opens the possibility of performing sowing operations even in the dry period, making the grass stand thicker, which prevents water and wind erosion. The unit was tested on the basis of the experimental workshop of the mechanization group of SKNIIGPSKh and on the experimental plot in the village of Dargavs of the Prigorodny district of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania on a total area of 300 m2 in triplicate. The aim of the research was to develop a prototype block module of a multifunctional aggregate for applying liquid fertilizers to the soil on mountain meadows and pastures, which provides an increase in the productivity of agricultural landscapes and the profitability of agricultural production by 15-20 %. The novelty of the unit is that for the first time a prototype of a block-module of a multifunctional unit based on a mountain chisel cultivator KChG-2,4 (designed by SKNIIGPSKh) equipped with working elements for introducing liquid mineral fertilizers and solutions of other preparations onto the slopes of meadows and pastures with Rocky protrusions on the surface, providing an increase in the productivity of agricultural land, reducing erosion processes and increasing the stability of agrolandscapes.
New resource-saving design of the sowing device for fodder crops
Authors: Lobachevskiy Ya. P , Akhalaya B. Kh , Shogenov Yu. Kh
Published: April 2022

The creation of a solid fodder base is based on the rational use of arable lands for meadows and pastures. In the system of measures to strengthen feed production, a selection of reliable, high-yielding fodder crops that can become a source of inexpensive and high-grade fodder, as well as the development and introduction into production of highly efficient agricultural machinery that provides the implementation of new technologies for sowing, growing, harvesting the process of harvesting quality forage, balanced on all elements of nutrients. A sowing device has been developed that allows without additional material and time costs to pass from the dotted sowing to the combined method without using additional sowing discs. The structural features of the device prevent seed from crushing and crumbling. The developed method and design of the pneumatic sowing device for the combined sowing of two crops in the same row with the same intervals between the seeds and their placement at different depths of the embankment allows to obtain savings in sowing areas, improve the environmental situation of the environment, by reducing the number of passes of the unit and obtaining a balanced feed for animal protein to simplify the design, making it easy to use and financially profitable. With such a sowing device it is possible to transfer relatively easily from the combined sowing to the dotted and, conversely, without additional costs (including temporary ones), which gives significant savings in terms of material and time indices. The seeder, equipped with pneumatic sowing devices of a new design, makes it possible to obtain fodder with the content of digested protein to 105-110 g, which increases milk yield per cow to 3000 kg per year.
Analytical justification of the load capacity of pneumatic tires for tractors and agricultural machinery
Authors: Tarasov V. N , Boyarkina I. V , Edigarov V. R , Malyy V. V
Published: April 2022

Information on the parameters and operating modes of pneumatic tires for tractors and agricultural machinery is contained in state standards in the form of tables in digital form. The variety of types, sizes and designs of tires makes it difficult to determine the tire parameters taking into account conditions and operating modes. The information on the tire parameters is insufficient due to the lack of information about the contact area of the tire with a solid support surface. The article suggests the dependences of the load-carrying capacity of a tire on the generalized geometric parameter equal to the product of the outer diameter and width of the tire profile. The area of contact is an important parameter that affects the traction characteristics of the tractor, the depth of the track when driving on a plowed field and the resistance to movement of the tractor. New terms have been introduced - the theoretical and actual contact areas of the pneumatic tire. The dependence of the theoretical contact area on the generalized parameter equal to the product of the outer diameter and width of the tire profile for diagonal and radial tires is obtained. The cross-section method is used, by means of which the bus contact is cut off from the shell. In this case, the internal forces of the pneumatic tire framework are transformed into real external forces. The analytical dependence of the load capacity of a pneumatic tire is obtained, representing the algebraic sum of the lifting force of the shell and the vertical force of the frame. The universal formula is proposed for determining the actual contour area of the tire contact, in which the contact length and width are used. The values of the length and width of the contact, as well as the ratio of these quantities, are determined experimentally for different loads and pressures, the contact length being determined by the proposed analytical method.