bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Various Polymeric Superdisintegrants on the Design and Evaluation of Novel Antihypertensive Orodispersible Tablets
Authors: SARFRAZ RAI MUHAMMAD , AHMAD MAHMOOD , MAHMOOD ASIF , KHAN HAFEEZ ULLAH , BASHIR SAJID , MINHAS MUHAMMAD USMAN , SHER MUHAMMAD
Published: August 2015

Superdisintegrants are major participants in orodispersible tablets (ODTs) to accord fast disintegration. A myriad of natural and synthetic disintegrants have been utilized. In present work, antihypertensive ODTs of atenolol and atorvastatin calcium were prepared in two groups based on a combination of superdisintegrants, i.e., F1–F15 (sodium starch glycolate and pregelatinized starch) and F16–F30 (croscarmellose sodium and Kyron T134). The direct compression method was adapted along with the effervescence and sublimation approach. The effect of manufacturing process, concentration, and type of superdisintegrants on characteristics of ODTs was observed. Rheological and compatibility studies such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were performed for drug and other markers. Scanning electron microscopy proved the presence of pores on the tablet surface. Postcompression parameters such as tablet hardness, thickness, diameter, weight variation, friability, disintegration time, dissolution studies, wetting time, wetting volume, water absorption ratio, modified disintegration, uniformity of contents, and stability studies were carried out. Finally, results were statistically evaluated by the application of one‐way analysis of variance test. Based on parameters formulation, F23 designed by the sublimation technique declared best one among all.
Lenalidomide is safe and active in Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Authors: Fouquet Guillemette , Guidez Stéphanie , Petillon Marie‐Odile , Louni Chanaz , Ohyba Bella , Dib Malek , Poulain Stéphanie , Herbaux Charles , Martin Audrey , Thielemans Béatrice , Brice Pauline , Choquet Sylvain , Bakala Jana , Bories Claire , Demarquette Hélène , Nudel Morgane , Tournilhac Olivier , Arnulf Bertrand , LeGouill Steven , Morel Pierre , Banos Anne , Karlin Lionel , Salles Gilles , Leblond Véronique , Leleu Xavier
Published: August 2015

Lenalidomide is manageable and effective in multiple myeloma, particularly in elderly patients. Surprisingly, the combination of lenalidomide with rituximab produced clinically significant anemia at 25 mg/day for 21/28 days, the highest possible dose, in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (WM). We aimed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of single agent lenalidomide and determine its impact on WM. RV‐WM‐0426 is a multicenter dose escalation open label phase 1/2 study of lenalidomide in relapsed/refractory WM (RRWM). Lenalidomide was given orally 21/28 days per cycle for 1 year, at escalated dose of 15 to 20 mg during phase 1 to determine the MTD; the phase 2 part was conducted at the MTD. Seventeen RRWM patients were included. The MTD was established at 15 mg/day 21/28. By ITT analysis, the overall response rate was 29%. With a median follow‐up of 36 months, median TTP was 16 months (95% CI 5.5–26), the 5‐year OS was 91%. The most frequent adverse events ≥ grade 3 at 15 mg were 14% anemia and 43% neutropenia. The MTD of lenalidomide is 15 mg/day 21/28 days in RRWM. Lenalidomide is active in the treatment of RRWM and the safety profile appears manageable. Future studies may look into combinations of lenalidomide and continuous dosing. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1055–1059, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic and environmental contributions to the inverse association between specific autistic traits and experience seeking in adults
Authors: Romero‐Martínez Ángel , Moya‐Albiol Luís , Vinkhuyzen Anna A. E. , Polderman Tinca J. C.
Published: August 2015

Autistic traits are characterized by social and communication problems, restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities. The relation between autistic traits and personality characteristics is largely unknown. This study focused on the relation between five specific autistic traits measured with the abridged version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (“social problems,” “preference for routine,” “attentional switching difficulties,” “imagination impairments,” “fascination for numbers and patterns”) and Experience Seeking (ES) in a general population sample of adults, and subsequently investigated the genetic and environmental etiology between these traits. Self‐reported data on autistic traits and ES were collected in a population sample (n = 559) of unrelated individuals, and in a population based family sample of twins and siblings (n = 560). Phenotypic, genetic and environmental associations between traits were examined in a bivariate model, accounting for sex and age differences. Phenotypically, ES correlated significantly with “preference for routine” and “imagination impairments” in both samples but was unrelated to the other autistic traits. Genetic analyses in the family sample revealed that the association between ES and “preference for routine” and “imagination impairments” could largely be explained by a shared genetic factor (89% and 70%, respectively). Our analyses demonstrated at a phenotypic and genetic level an inverse relationship between ES and specific autistic traits in adults. ES is associated with risk taking behavior such as substance abuse, antisocial behavior and financial problems. Future research could investigate whether autistic traits, in particular strong routine preference and impaired imagination skills, serve as protective factors for such risky behaviors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulmonary function in never‐smoker patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Kariya Shin , Okano Mitsuhiro , Higaki Takaya , Noyama Yasuyuki , Haruna Takenori , Nishizaki Kazunori
Published: August 2015

Background

A close relationship between upper and lower respiratory tract diseases has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate lung function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who have never smoked.

Methods

A total of 208 patients with CRS were enrolled in this study. Of these subjects, 96 patients were ever smokers and 112 patients were never smokers. CRS patients with lower pulmonary diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma were excluded from this study. Age‐matched normal control subjects (n = 55) who were never smokers were also recruited. Pulmonary function testing was performed using spirometry. Lund‐Mackay computed tomography (CT) score, peripheral blood eosinophil count, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in serum samples were examined. Nasal obstruction was evaluated by active anterior rhinomanometry.

Results

CRS patients who were ever smokers have decreased lung function. Never‐smoking patients with CRS also showed significant obstructive lung function changes as compared with normal controls. No significant correlation was detected between the clinical parameters (CT score, eosinophil count, IgE level, and nasal resistance) and lung function.

Conclusion

Asymptomatic obstructive lung function changes were observed in never‐smoking patients with CRS. Our findings suggest that patients with CRS should be followed carefully in order to detect lung diseases.
Utility of blood lactate level in triage
Authors: Fukumoto Yuichi , Inoue Yoshiaki , Takeuchi Yuji , Hoshino Tetsuya , Nakamura Yuki , Ishikawa Kohei , Morikawa Miki , Suginaka Hiroshi , Sueyoshi Koichiro , Sumi Yuka , Matsuda Shigeru , Okamoto Ken , Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: August 2015

Aim

Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) is commonly used at disaster scenes. The Canadian Emergency Department Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) is used in urban and rural emergency departments (ED). However, triage is not always accurate or appropriate. The blood lactate level (BLL) is a major biomarker of physical status. We measured BLL using the Lactate Pro‐1710 Test Meter in all patients transported to our ED and assessed their correlation with the triage level determined using START and the CTAS.

Methods

This retrospective study included 510 patients admitted to our ED between January 2011 and July 2012 whose BLL was measured. The patients were classified into triage divisions (green, yellow, red, and black) according to vital signs and chief complaints, and correlations among BLL, triage level, and prognosis were assessed in all groups.

Results

Of the total, 62 patients had cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA), 262 had internal pathologies, and 186 had external pathologies. Significant correlations were observed between BLL and both START and CTAS triage. Also BLL was significantly higher in severe patients categorized with START and CTAS (P < 0.0001), especially in the death group when the patients were divided into two groups according to prognosis (P < 0.0001). Two patients categorized yellow with START died during the hospitalization, however BLL of these two patients were high on admission at the ED.

Conclusion

BLL could be used to correct the triage level, and decide the priority of treatment and transportation even within the same triage level, thereby avoiding under‐triage.
Stimuliresponsive DNA‐funktionalisierte Nano‐ und Mikrocontainer zur schaltbaren und kontrollierten Freisetzung
Authors: Lu Chun‐Hua , Willner Itamar
Published: August 2015

Stimuliresponsive DNA‐funktionalisierte Nano‐ und Mikrocontainer, die aus mesoporösen SiO2‐Nanopartikeln (SiO2‐NPs), Mikrokapseln oder Micellen/Vesikeln bestehen, fungieren als Träger zur Freisetzung von Wirkstoffen. Die in den DNA‐Sequenzen gespeicherte Information liefert den Code für die Ver‐ und Entriegelung der wirkstoffbeladenen Poren mesoporöser SiO2‐NPs, für den Auf‐ und Abbau von Mikrokapseln oder Lipid‐DNA‐Micellen bzw. Lipid‐DNA‐Vesikeln und für den gezielten Transport von Nano‐ und Mikrocontainern zu Krebszellen. Es werden verschiedene Trigger eingesetzt, um die in den Nano‐ und Mikrocontainern enthaltenen Wirkstoffe durch Entriegelung der Poren der mesoporösen SiO2‐NPs oder durch Abbau der Container freizusetzen. Hierzu gehören schaltbare DNA‐Nanostrukturen (Nukleinsäure‐Haarnadeln, i‐Motive, G‐Quadruplexe) und die Anwendung chemischer, thermischer oder photonischer Stimuli. Außerdem werden durch DNAzyme oder Enzyme stimulierte katalytische Prozesse genutzt, um die Wirkstoffe aus den Nano‐ und Mikrocontainern freizusetzen.
Coping with Nasty Surprises: Improving Risk Management in the Public Sector Using Simplified Bayesian Methods
Authors: Matthews Mark , Kompas Tom
Published: August 2015

Bayesian methods are particularly useful to informing decisions when information is sparse and ambiguous, but decisions involving risks must still be made in a timely manner. Given the utility of these approaches to public policy, this article considers the case for refreshing the general practice of risk management in governance by using a simplified Bayesian approach based on using raw data expressed as ‘natural frequencies’. This simplified Bayesian approach, which benefits from the technical advances made in signal processing and machine learning, is suitable for use by non‐specialists, and focuses attention on the incidence and potential implications of false positives and false negatives in the diagnostic tests used to manage risk. The article concludes by showing how graphical plots of the incidence of true positives relative to false positives in test results can be used to assess diagnostic capabilities in an organisation—and also inform strategies for capability improvement.
Exploring the Links between Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements and Merchandise Trade
Authors: Barbalet Felix , Greenville Jared , Crook Wayne , Gretton Paul , Breunig Robert
Published: August 2015

Over 200 bilateral and regional trade agreements are currently in force, yet their impact remains a topic of debate. We analyse effects of 27 agreements that are of particular importance for Australia on the value of merchandise trade flows using data from 1970 up to the global financial crisis in 2008. We show that preferential trade agreements generally increase trade between members but that there are often offsetting negative effects on trade with non‐signatories. In contrast to regional trading blocs and bilateral accords, agreements more oriented towards open trade principles have a positive impact on all trade flows of member nations.
Dead‐Zone Model Based Adaptive Backstepping Control for a Class of Uncertain Saturated Systems
Authors: Mousavi Seyed Hossein , Khayatian Alireza
Published: August 2015

In this paper, a dead‐zone based model of saturation phenomena is proposed. This method is capable of modelling diverse kinds of saturation, including both hard‐limited and soft‐limited. Due to use of a linear parameter approach, the proposed model is consistent with the available adaptive control techniques in the literature. In addition, based on the proposed model, an adaptive controller is designed for a class of nonlinear saturated systems, where, the shape of the saturation phenomenon is assumed to be unknown. The effectiveness of the proposed method and its robustness against initial condition variation and reference signal is evaluated via simulated examples for both spring–mass–damper and ship steering autopilot systems.
Localization of the bioluminescence system in the pileus of Mycena chlorophos
Authors: Teranishi Katsunori
Published: August 2015

Mycena chlorophos, which is primarily distributed in Southeast Asia, is a luminous fungus that emits a bright green light from its pileus for about 2 days at approximately 20°C and high relative humidity. The distribution of bioluminescent tissues in the whole pileus and its sections was heterogeneous. The light intensity in the cap and the upper region of the gill was greater than that in the lower region of the gill. At the microscopic level, the light was predominantly emitted from the membranes of hymenium and basidia cells on the gill. The emission was both cell and region specific. The luminescence system was localized in the cell membrane, and a part of the system was on the cell membrane surface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational plasmid design and bioprocess optimization to enhance recombinant adeno‐associated virus (AAV) productivity in mammalian cells
Authors: Emmerling Verena V. , Pegel Antje , Milian Ernest G. , Venereo‐Sanchez Alina , Kunz Marion , Wegele Jessica , Kamen Amine A. , Kochanek Stefan , Hoerer Markus
Published: August 2015

Viral vectors used for gene and oncolytic therapy belong to the most promising biological products for future therapeutics. Clinical success of recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) based therapies raises considerable demand for viral vectors, which cannot be met by current manufacturing strategies. Addressing existing bottlenecks, we improved a plasmid system termed rep/cap split packaging and designed a minimal plasmid encoding adenoviral helper function. Plasmid modifications led to a 12‐fold increase in rAAV vector titers compared to the widely used pDG standard system. Evaluation of different production approaches revealed superiority of processes based on anchorage‐ and serum‐dependent HEK293T cells, exhibiting about 15‐fold higher specific and volumetric productivity compared to well‐established suspension cells cultivated in serum‐free medium. As for most other viral vectors, classical stirred‐tank bioreactor production is thus still not capable of providing drug product of sufficient amount. We show that manufacturing strategies employing classical surface‐providing culture systems can be successfully transferred to the new fully‐controlled, single‐use bioreactor system IntegrityTM iCELLisTM. In summary, we demonstrate substantial bioprocess optimizations leading to more efficient and scalable production processes suggesting a promising way for flexible large‐scale rAAV manufacturing.
Use of transposase and ends of IS608 enables precise and scarless genome modification for modulating gene expression and metabolic engineering applications in Escherichia coli
Authors: Thakker Chandresh , Lin Kevin , Martini‐Stoica Heidi , Bennett George N.
Published: August 2015

Various methods have been developed for gene disruption in bacteria; however, extra in vitro manipulation steps or the residual presence of a scar in the host chromosome limits the use of such methods. By utilizing the unique properties of ISHp608, we have developed a simple and precise method for genome manipulation in Escherichia coli that alters the gene sequence without leaving foreign DNA in the chromosome. This strategy involves PCR amplification of a DNA cassette containing ISHp608‐LE (left end)‐antibiotic resistance gene‐counterselection marker‐ISHp608‐RE (right end) by using primers containing extensions homologous to the adjacent regions of the target gene on the chromosome. The λ Red mediated recombination of the PCR product and antibiotic resistance screening results in transformants with a modified gene target. The ISHp608‐LE‐antibiotic resistance gene‐counterselection marker‐ISHp608‐RE cassette can then be excised using a temperature sensitive plasmid expressing the TnpA transposase, which precisely cleaves ISHp608‐LE and ISHp608‐RE without leaving a scar sequence. We demonstrated lacZ gene point mutation repair, two precise disruptions of the lacZ gene and constructed a library of lacZ variants having variable β‐galactosidase activity by changing its ribosome binding site sequences using the ISHp608 system. This technique can be used in E. coli genome modification and could be extended for use in other bacteria.
Transforming exoelectrogens for biotechnology using synthetic biology
Authors: TerAvest Michaela A. , Ajo‐Franklin Caroline M.
Published: August 2015

Extracellular electron transfer pathways allow certain bacteria to transfer energy between intracellular chemical energy stores and extracellular solids through redox reactions. Microorganisms containing these pathways, exoelectrogens, are a critical part of microbial electrochemical technologies that aim to impact applications in bioenergy, biosensing, and biocomputing. However, there are not yet any examples of economically viable microbial electrochemical technologies due to the limitations of naturally occurring exoelectrogens. Here we first briefly summarize recent discoveries in understanding extracellular electron transfer pathways, then review in‐depth the creation of customized and novel exoelectrogens for biotechnological applications. We analyze engineering efforts to increase current production in native exoelectrogens, which reveals that modulating certain processes within extracellular electron transfer are more effective than others. We also review efforts to create new exoelectrogens and highlight common challenges in this work. Lastly, we summarize work utilizing engineered exoelectrogens for biotechnological applications and the key obstacles to their future development. Fueled by the development of genetic tools, these approaches will continue to expand and genetically modified organisms will continue to improve the outlook for microbial electrochemical technologies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 687–697. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant effects of various parts of Artemisia annua L.
Authors: Song Yi , Desta Kebede Taye , Kim Gon‐Sup , Lee Soo Jung , Lee Won Sup , Kim Yun‐Hi , Jin Jong Sung , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Shin Ho‐Chul , Shim Jae‐Han , Shin Sung Chul
Published: August 2015

An annual Korean weed, Artemisia annua L., has been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of a number of diseases. Remarkably, among the 32 polyphenols characterized in various parts of plant tissue, including flowers, leafs, stems and roots, 10 compounds were detected for the first time using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The quantification method was validated using structurally related external standards with determination coefficients (R2) ≥0.9995. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.068–3.932 and 0.226–13.108 mg/L, respectively. The recoveries estimated at 50 and 100 mg/L ranged between 60.6–92.2 and 61.3–111%, respectively, with relative standard deviations <12%. The roots contained the largest concentration of identified components, while the flowers contained the least. The antioxidant capacity evaluated in terms of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical cation‐scavenging activities and reducing power was highest in the roots and lowest in the flowers. The findings are well correlated and suggest that the antioxidant capacities principally depend upon the polyphenol concentrations in each part of the plant. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method to a urinary excretion study of subutinib and active metabolite in human urine
Authors: Ding Li‐kun , Yang Lin , Gao Xiao‐hua , Chen Su‐ning , Jia Na , Li Xue‐qing , Zhou Lun , Hang Tai‐jun , Wen Ai‐dong
Published: August 2015

A novel and selective liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric method (LC‐MS/MS) has been established and validated for simultaneous determination of subutinib and active metabolite in human urine. Urine samples were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and separated on a Wondasil C18 (150 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 µm), with methanol–0.2% formic acid solution (73:27, v/v) as mobile phase at flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The linear range was 0.5000–200.0 ng/mL for subutinib and active metabolite, with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.5000 ng/mL. Intra‐ and inter‐run precisions were all <11.8 and 14.3%, and the accuracies were all <4.5 and 5.4%, with the extraction recoveries 88.8–97.5 and 93.8–99.4% for the two analytes, respectively. The carryover values were all <15% for the two anayltes. The method was successfully applied to study urinary excretion of subutinib and active metabolite in human after oral administration of subutinib maleate capsules in fed and fasting states. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
You're in Good Company: Unifying Campus Research Data Services
Authors: Vitale Cynthia R. H. , Marshall Brianna , Nurnberger Amy
Published: August 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

With a focus that extends beyond library walls, promoting research data services must be a point of cooperation across an institution's units and departments. An RDAP 2015 panel explored the value of advisory committees or communities of practice established at three universities to build strong research data services. Though the several committees at the institutions have different primary focus areas, each functions as a community of practice with a unique set of shared interests and goals, mutual relationships and group identification. Each is challenged by its decentralized nature across the institution and must continually communicate its activities, services and resources. These communities of practice are working toward long‐term goals through a common vision and strategic planning, sharing experiences and opportunities to promote their research data services.
University Data Policies and Library Data Services: Who Owns Your Data?
Authors: Zilinski Lisa D. , Gobens Abigail , Briney Kristin
Published: August 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

A review of research data and library data services presented on the websites of 206 top research universities as of July 2014 provided insights into policies and practices. Limited to publicly accessible information, the review indicated about half of the surveyed libraries offer some type of data services beyond a resource guide, about four in 10 had a librarian fully or partly dedicated to data management support and about one in 10 had a dedicated data repository. Institutions are likely to have a specific data policy if they are more involved in research and have higher research spending, have larger faculties and offer data services or a data librarian. Significant concern about data ownership and other legal issues is apparent. There is need for broad further development of policies, best practices and education about library data services, with librarians as the appropriate leaders.
Know how to respond when an employee gets sued
Authors: Elliott Cody J.
Published: August 2015

Being sued is many people's worst nightmare. Imagine a process server handing you a thick envelope of legal papers bearing your name next to the word “defendant,” reading about alleged actions you took (or failed to take), and finally, seeing that the plaintiff seeks to recover a large sum of money from you.
Know how to negotiate equipment, apparel contracts that protect, benefit your institution
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2015

ORLANDO, FLA. — If your institution wants to receive new equipment and apparel for your student‐athletes, staff, police and/or alumni by next August, you most likely have until this December to complete the bidding and contract negotiation process. But before you choose the apparel and equipment provider you'll enter into a legally binding contract with, do you know what to look for when comparing the fine print?
Was a university liable for a professor's sexual harassment of students?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: August 2015

Frantz Bernard — an East Stroudsburg University student — told one of its vice presidents in August 2007 he'd been sexually harassed and assaulted by Isaac Sanders, director of the ESU Advancement Office. Bernard claimed the harassment consisted of an off‐campus sexual assault, two on‐campus instances of attempted unwanted touching, and several unwelcome comments. He also alleged Sanders obtained a job for him, secured financial aid for his summer courses, and gave him several personal gifts.
Synthetic Biology: A New Tool for the Trade
Authors: Zakeri Bijan
Published: August 2015

Protein–protein interactions are fundamental to many biological processes. Yet, the weak and transient noncovalent bonds that characterize most protein–protein interactions found in nature impose limits on many bioengineering experiments. Here, a new class of genetically encodable peptide–protein pairs—isopeptag‐N/pilin‐N, isopeptag/pilin‐C, and SpyTag/SpyCatcher—that interact through autocatalytic intermolecular isopeptide bond formation is described. Reactions between peptide–protein pairs are specific, robust, orthogonal, and able to proceed under most biologically relevant conditions both in vitro and in vivo. As fusion constructs, they provide a handle on molecules of interest, both organic and inorganic, that can be grasped with an iron grip. Such stable interactions provide robust post‐translational control over biological processes and open new opportunities in synthetic biology for engineering programmable and self‐assembling protein nanoarchitectures.
Use of rotational angiography in assessing relationship of the airway to vasculature during cardiac catheterization
Authors: Truong Uyen T. , Fagan Thomas E. , Deterding Robin , Ing Richard J. , Fonseca Brian M.
Published: August 2015

Objectives

We are the first to describe the use of three‐dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) in creating multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and volume rendering, in the catheterization suite, of airways at risk for compression by adjacent cardiac structures.

Background

3DRA has emerged as a promising tool for improved visualization of cardiac and vascular structures in congenital heart disease.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of all available cases at our institution in which MPR from 3DRA was used to assess airways in relation to surrounding cardiovascular structures.

Results

Eight cases were reviewed from January 1, 2011 to November 30, 2013. Seven children had complex biventricular anatomy, including repaired truncus arteriosus, repaired absent pulmonary valve, repaired double outlet right ventricle, and vascular rings. One child had double inlet left ventricle and had undergone a hybrid procedure (stenting of the patent ductus arteriosus and banding of bilateral pulmonary arteries) before the Glenn procedure. Six of these cases involved distortion or stenosis of the pulmonary conduit or branch pulmonary arteries. In all cases, the trachea and the main bronchi were clearly visualized using MPR. Management was affected by the visualization of the airways during the catheterization procedure in seven of eight cases. Four cases had intraprocedural bronchoscopy that confirmed airway findings seen by MPR. In one case, computed tomography confirmed left bronchial compression seen by MPR.

Conclusions

3DRA can visualize airway anatomy and its relationship to the vasculature accurately. This has significant implications for preinterventional planning, intraprocedural management, as well as postprocedural recovery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stable Four‐Coordinate Guanidinatosilicon(IV) Complexes with SiN3El Skeletons (El=S, Se, Te) and SiEl Double Bonds
Authors: Mück Felix M. , Kloß Dorit , Baus Johannes A. , Burschka Christian , Bertermann Rüdiger , Poater Jordi , Fonseca Guerra Célia , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Tacke Reinhold
Published: August 2015

To get information about the reactivity profile of the donor‐stabilized guanidinatosilicon(II) complexes 2 and 3, a series of oxidative addition reactions was studied. Treatment of 2 and 3 with S8, Se, or Te afforded the respective four‐coordinate silicon(IV) complexes 8–10 and 12–14, which contain an SiN3El skeleton (El=S, Se, Te) with an SiEl double bond. Treatment of 2 with N2O yielded the dinuclear four‐coordinate silicon(IV) complex 11 with an SiN3O skeleton and a central four‐membered Si2O2 ring. Compounds 8–14 exist both in the solid state and in solution. They were characterized by elemental analyses, NMR spectroscopic studies in the solid state and in solution, and crystal structure analyses. The reactivity profile of 2 was compared with that of the structurally related bis[N,N′‐diisopropylbenzamidinato(−)]silicon(II) (1), which is three‐coordinate in the solid state and four‐coordinate in solution (1′). In contrast, as shown by state‐of‐the‐art relativistic DFT analyses and experimental studies, silylene 2 is three‐coordinate both in the solid state and solution. The three‐coordinate species 2 is 9.3 kcal mol−1 more stable in benzene than the four‐coordinate isomer 2′. The reason for this was studied by bonding analyses of 2 and 2′, which were compared with those of 1 and 1′. The gas‐phase proton affinities of the relevant species in solution (1′ and 2) amount to 288.8 and 273.8 kcal mol−1, respectively.
Wertstoffgewinnung aus Kraftwerksaschen Teil I: Charakterisierung von Braunkohlenkraftwerksaschen zur Gewinnung strategischer Metalle
Authors: Brett Beate , Schrader Daniel , Räuchle Konstantin , Heide Gerhard , Bertau Martin
Published: August 2015

Braunkohlenaschen aus Kraftwerken weisen als sekundäre Rohstoffquellen ein bisher weitgehend ungenutztes Potenzial auf. Die Gewinnung von Wertmetallen aus Aschen setzt deren Charakterisierung voraus, auf der eine zielgerichtete Strategie zur Metallextraktion aufbaut. An Filteraschen und Stabilisat aus den Kraftwerken Boxberg und Schwarze Pumpe des Lausitzer Reviers wurden Wege aufgezeigt, wie ausgehend von Charakterisierungsdaten zur Korngrößenverteilung, der Element‐ und mineralogischen Zusammensetzung sowie dem Verhältnis Netzwerkbildner zu Netzwerkwandler durch gezielte Vorbehandlung eine deutliche Steigerung der Metallmobilisierung durch Laugung mit Salzsäure erhalten werden konnte.
Adsorption behaviours of sulfonated humic acid at fly ash‐water interface: Investigation of equilibrium and kinetic characteristics
Authors: Yang Siqi , Huang Guohe , An Chunjiang , Li Huiqin , Shi Yarong
Published: August 2015

Sulfonated humic acid (SHA) has been widely used in oilfield production and it can significantly contribute to COD, BOD, sulphurated pollutants, and other toxic substances when discharged into the environment. There is an urgent need for effective and safe remediation of such toxic compounds from wastewater. This study investigated the adsorption characteristics of SHA onto coal fly ash. The removal percentage increased with fly ash dosages up to 1 and 6 g/L for Shand and BD fly ash, respectively, and it reached a constant level at a certain fly ash dosage. The Langmuir isotherm model could better fit equilibrium data for the adsorption of SHA on fly ash. Kinetic analysis showed that this process can be described well by a pseudo‐second‐order model. The adsorption of SHA on fly ash was improved by increasing temperature from 15 to 35 °C, and the thermodynamics results indicated that the adsorption was endothermic in nature. In addition, both ionic strength and pH had an influence on the adsorption performance. Fly ash showed the potential to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of SHA from an aqueous phase. The results can be used to reveal the migration patterns of organic contaminants at the fly ash surface.
CFD simulation of the unsteady flow of a single coal log in a pipe
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Lu Shengyong , Liu Yong , Wang Rupei , Huang Qunxing , Yan Jianhua
Published: August 2015

This study proposes a numerical simulation of the unsteady turbulent flow of a single coal log in a pipe using a dynamic mesh method. An eccentric two‐dimensional dynamic model is developed in FLUENT 6.2. The model contains a straight section and a bent section. Comparisons of the coal log velocity and the pressure distributions of the pipe and the coal log surface are made between the calculated results and the experimental data. The shear force and the friction coefficient are also calculated to verify changes of the influence of water on the coal log. The results of this simulation display the dynamic motion of the coal log for startup and turning. Water drag force moves the coal log, making the coal log velocity greater than the water velocity. The lifting force lifts the coal log and moves its tail slightly upward. The pressure drop of the whole pipe is respectively larger in the presence of the coal log. The pressure along the coal log surface slowly declines. The appearance of a bend impedes the motion of the coal log and enhances abrasion. The coal log has difficulty being suspended due to decreased lifting force and increased friction. The pressure on the coal log surface rises.
Self‐Assembled Multimetallic/Peptide Complexes: Structures and Unimolecular Reactions of [Mn(GlyGly−H)2n−1]+ and Mn+1(GlyGly−H2n]2+ Clusters in the Gas Phase
Authors: Moghaddam Maryam B. , Jami‐Alahmadi Yasaman , Fridgen Travis D.
Published: August 2015

The unimolecular chemistry and structures of self‐assembled complexes containing multiple alkaline‐earth‐metal dications and deprotonated GlyGly ligands are investigated. Singly and doubly charged ions [Mn(GlyGly−H)n‐1]+ (n=2–4), [Mn+1(GlyGly−H)2n]2+ (n=2,4,6), and [M(GlyGly−H)GlyGly]+ were observed. The losses of 132 Da (GlyGly) and 57 Da (determined to be aminoketene) were the major dissociation pathways for singly charged ions. Doubly charged Mg2+ clusters mainly lost GlyGly, whereas those containing Ca2+ or Sr2+ also underwent charge separation. Except for charge separation, no loss of metal cations was observed. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra were the most consistent with the computed IR spectra for the lowest energy structures, in which deprotonation occurs at the carboxyl acid groups and all amide and carboxylate oxygen atoms are complexed to the metal cations. The N−H stretch band, observed at 3350 cm−1, is indicative of hydrogen bonding between the amine nitrogen atoms and the amide hydrogen atom. This study represents the first into large self‐assembled multimetallic complexes bound by peptide ligands.
Magnetic behaviour of non‐interacting colloidal iron oxide nanoparticles in physiological solutions
Authors: Haracz S. , Mróz B. , Rybka J. D. , Giersig M.
Published: August 2015

Magnetic properties of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) depend on various parameters, such as size, size distribution, interparticle distance, shape, condition of synthesis and stabilizing surfactants. Nowadays, those magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are preferably produced in hydrophobic organic solvents, while biomedical applications need hydrophilic properties. Thus, a major challenge is the hydrophilization of the particles, while avoiding destabilization and aggregation. Here we present magnetic characteristics of non‐interacting, highly crystalline iron oxide NPs in physiological solutions that are coated with modified polyacrylic acid. The magnetic analysis comprised both static and dynamic magnetic behaviour of 4 nm NPs. The NPs have been further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX).
miRNAs as Biomarkers in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Kotagama Kasuen , Chang Yung , Mangone Marco
Published: August 2015

Preclinical Research

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that is frequently characterized by the constitutive expression of the oncogenic protein BCR‐ABL tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting breakpoint cluster region‐ABL are the first‐line therapy for most CML patients and have drastically improved the prognosis of CML. However, some CML patients are unresponsive to TKI treatment, and a notable proportion of initially responsive patients develop drug resistance. Several molecular pathways have been correlated with resistance to TKI treatment, however, the exact mechanism of developing drug resistance remains ambiguous. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the progression of CML and the development of resistance to TKI treatment based on their important regulatory function in cell homeostasis, and the deregulation observed in the initiation and progression of many leukemia subtypes. In this review, we summarize some of the major discoveries regarding miRNAs in CML, and their relevance as biomarkers for diagnosis, disease progression, and drug sensitivity. Drug Dev Res 76 : 278–285, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dietary restraint of 5‐year‐old girls: Associations with internalization of the thin ideal and maternal, media, and peer influences
Authors: Damiano Stephanie R. , Paxton Susan J. , Wertheim Eleanor H. , McLean Siân A. , Gregg Karen J.
Published: August 2015

Objective

Understanding socio‐cultural factors associated with the development of dieting tendencies is important for preventing future disordered eating. We explored individual and socio‐cultural factors associated with weight‐focussed dietary restraint tendencies (described as dietary restraint) in 5‐year‐old girls.

Method

Participants were 111 5‐year‐old girls and 109 of their mothers. Girls were interviewed about their dietary restraint, body image, appearance ideals, positive weight bias (attributing positive characteristics to thinner figures), and peer conversations. Mothers completed self‐report questionnaires assessing dietary restraint and appearance ideals, as well as measures reporting on their daughter's media exposure and peer appearance interest.

Results

Thirty‐four percent of girls reported at least a moderate level of dietary restraint. While most girls were satisfied with their body size, half showed some internalization of the thin ideal. Girls’ dietary restraint was correlated with weight bias favoring thinner bodies, and greater internalization of the thin ideal, media exposure, and appearance conversations with peers. Media exposure and appearance conversations were the strongest predictors of dietary restraint.

Discussion

These cross‐sectional findings suggest that the socio‐cultural environment of young girls may be important in the very early development of unhealthy dieting tendencies. Longitudinal research is necessary to identify whether these are prospective risk factors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:1166–1169).
Potential merger of ancient lineages in a passerine bird discovered based on evidence from host‐specific ectoparasites
Authors: Block Nicholas L. , Goodman Steven M. , Hackett Shannon J. , Bates John M. , Raherilalao Marie J.
Published: August 2015

The merger of formerly isolated lineages is hypothesized to occur in vertebrates under certain conditions. However, despite many demonstrated instances of introgression between taxa in secondary contact, examples of lineage mergers are rare. Preliminary mtDNA sequencing of a Malagasy passerine, Xanthomixis zosterops (Passeriformes: Bernieridae), indicated a possible instance of merging lineages. We tested the hypothesis that X. zosterops lineages are merging by comparing mtDNA sequence and microsatellite data, as well as mtDNA sequence data from host‐specific feather lice in the genus Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae). Xanthomixis zosterops comprises four deeply divergent, broadly sympatric, cryptic mtDNA clades that likely began diverging approximately 3.6 million years ago. Despite this level of divergence, the microsatellite data indicate that the X. zosterops mtDNA clades are virtually panmictic. Three major phylogroups of Myrsidea were found, supporting previous allopatry of the X. zosterops clades. In combination, the datasets from X. zosterops and its Myrsidea document a potential merger of previously allopatric lineages that likely date to the Pliocene. This represents the first report of sympatric apparent hybridization among more than two terrestrial vertebrate lineages. Further, the mtDNA phylogeographic pattern of X. zosterops, namely the syntopy of more than two deeply divergent cryptic clades, appears to be a novel scenario among vertebrates. We highlight the value of gathering multiple types of data in phylogeographic studies to contribute to the study of vertebrate speciation.
Effects of spatial scale of sampling on food web structure
Authors: Wood Spencer A. , Russell Roly , Hanson Dieta , Williams Richard J. , Dunne Jennifer A.
Published: August 2015

This study asks whether the spatial scale of sampling alters structural properties of food webs and whether any differences are attributable to changes in species richness and connectance with scale. Understanding how different aspects of sampling effort affect ecological network structure is important for both fundamental ecological knowledge and the application of network analysis in conservation and management. Using a highly resolved food web for the marine intertidal ecosystem of the Sanak Archipelago in the Eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, we assess how commonly studied properties of network structure differ for 281 versions of the food web sampled at five levels of spatial scale representing six orders of magnitude in area spread across the archipelago. Species (S) and link (L) richness both increased by approximately one order of magnitude across the five spatial scales. Links per species (L/S) more than doubled, while connectance (C) decreased by approximately two‐thirds. Fourteen commonly studied properties of network structure varied systematically with spatial scale of sampling, some increasing and others decreasing. While ecological network properties varied systematically with sampling extent, analyses using the niche model and a power‐law scaling relationship indicate that for many properties, this apparent sensitivity is attributable to the increasing S and decreasing C of webs with increasing spatial scale. As long as effects of S and C are accounted for, areal sampling bias does not have a special impact on our understanding of many aspects of network structure. However, attention does need be paid to some properties such as the fraction of species in loops, which increases more than expected with greater spatial scales of sampling.
Output Voltage Control and Efficiency Improvement of Multistage Impulse Voltage Generator by Utilizing Inductive Energy Storage
Authors: Saito Kosuke , Iwazaki Hiro , Maeyama Mitsuaki
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we propose two control methods of a static impulse voltage generator to lower the influence of dc voltage source fluctuations on the output voltage and to improve its efficiency by reusing discarded inductive storage energy. Introducing output voltage control adjusting the charging period of capacitive and inductive energy in accordance with the source voltage, the output voltage fluctuation by the source voltage decreased by 61.1%. Applying the reusing method, we estimated by circuit simulation that the amount of energy that could be recovered was 21.0% and the efficiency of energy transfer was improved from 60.4% to 76.7%.
dc Voltage Insulating Properties of Various Inorganic Materials in Hydrogen Atmosphere at High Temperatures
Authors: Takahashi Koichi , Hanada Nobuko , Ishida Masayoshi
Published: August 2015

In this study, the dc voltage insulating properties in a hydrogen atmosphere at high temperatures (600to 850) were evaluated for alumina (AlO), magnesia (MgO), silicon nitride (SiN), and mica (KMg(SiAl)O(OH)) to comprehend the difference in the insulating properties of oxide, nitride, and minerals. The activation energies of the electrical conductivity of alumina and magnesia in hydrogen were larger than those in air. On the other hand, the electrical conduction values for silicon nitride and mica in hydrogen were the same as those in air. Therefore a low oxygen partial pressure would have some influence on the electrical conduction of oxides. Increasing the temperature did not result in a large change in the electrical conduction mechanism in any of the materials in either atmosphere. The maximum partial discharge (PD) in hydrogen tended to increase compared to that in air at high voltage. The applied voltage at which the maximum amount of PD started to increase rapidly became lower with increasing temperature in all materials and in both atmospheres. The total amount of PD tended to decrease with increasing temperature in all materials and in both atmospheres. However, above a certain temperature, the total amount of PD either increased or showed a slight decrease.
Europium Luminescence as a Structural Probe: Structure‐Dependent Changes in Eu3+‐Substituted Th(C2O4)2·xH2O (x = 6, 2, and 0)
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Rajeshwari B. , Achary S. N. , Patwe S. J. , Tyagi A. K. , Natarajan V. , Kadam R. M.
Published: August 2015

Three different phases of thorium(IV) oxalate hydrate [Th(C2O4)2·xH2O] with different water contents, namely, the hexahydrate, dihydrate, and anhydrous phases, were prepared by thermal treatment of the as‐precipitated hydrated thorium(IV) oxalates. With the change in water content, the structure changes from monoclinic (C2/m) for the hexahydrate to monoclinic (C2/c) for the dihydrate and finally to a highly disordered phase for the anhydrous state. The local coordination around the Th4+ ions in these structures was monitored by using Eu3+ ions as luminescent probes. The analyses of the emission spectra owing to the electric‐dipole transitions (EDTs) and magnetic‐dipole transitions (MDTs) of the Eu3+ ions in the different phases revealed that the site symmetry around the Th4+ ions decreases systematically from symmetric to highly distorted with the decrease in water content. The relative intensity ratios (I) of the EDT to MDT for x = 6, 2, and 0 are 2.36, 3.32, and 4.23, respectively. The analyses of the delay curves corresponding to the 5D0 level of the Eu3+ ions indicated biexponential decay with varying lifetimes, which suggests two possible environments around the Eu3+ ions and a possible role of oxygen vacancies. The long‐lived species is expected to be distant from the charge‐compensation defects, whereas the short‐lived species is nearer to the charge‐compensation defect. Tunability of the emission with the excitation wavelength is observed for all phases and is attributed to the presence of defect‐mediated broad emission in the blue region and red‐orange emission from the Eu3+ ions.