bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONTESTED DISCOURSE
Authors: ROSIE ANTHONY
Published: March 2007

A training program for youths and community workers in the United Kingdom provides the setting for an analysis of two contrasting discourses. The account draws on the work of Bataille and Lyotard to explore the relationship between discourse and the multiple readings of an event that an ethnographer might make. Two discourses are identified within a corpus of ethnographic data. A contest discourse that provides students with a means of redefining the conditions they seek in the training setting acts as a challenge to a discourse of managerialism. The latter provides a bureaucratic framework for course organization and student assessment. The article examines two key events to illustrate the emergence of the two discourses and to explore the interrelationships between them. Specific types of field note data are used to explore the operation of the discourses. In the final section, the account explores ways by which an ethnographer can avoid producing a unitary narrative from a single point of view that denies the multiplicity of meanings within a setting.
MORE THAN REFUGE
Authors: DORDICK GWENDOLYN A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the social dynamics of life inside a public shelter for homeless men in New York City. It shows how distinctive forms of association—in particular, a ganglike body of elite residents and marriages between residents—are the product of the nature and exigencies of life in the shelter and how the requirements of such a life may limit possible trajectories out of the shelter. Shelters, it concludes, do a lot more than provide a bed for the night.
Conducting an Analysis of Georgia’s Economic Development Tax Incentive Program
Authors: Ihlanfeldt Keith R. , Sjoquist David L.
Published: March 2007

Georgia’s principal state-level economic development tax incentive program has been a set of income tax credits known as Georgia’s BEST program. Shortly after taking office in January 1999, Governor Barnes requested a study of BEST that would serve as the basis for recommending changes to it. An extensive review and evaluation of all aspects of BEST was conducted, including the effect of job tax credits on job creation. The authors found that most eligible firms did not participate in BEST, that the job tax credit created jobs, and that there were many problems with the structure of BEST. Numerous changes were proposed that were intended to better target the tax credits and to address development objectives beyond just job creation. Many of the authors’ recommendations were taken by the governor and effected statutory changes to BEST. Based on lessons that were learned or reinforced, 10 recommendations for others involved in similar projects are presented.
Government as Venture Capital Catalyst: Pitfalls and Promising Approaches
Authors: Bates Timothy
Published: March 2007

Former President Bill Clinton’s New Markets Initiative includes a proposal to create companies that will invest venture capital into small firms that operate in low-income areas. Important elements of this proposal are essentially recycled ideas that worked badly when implemented back in the 1970s by the U.S. Small Business Administration. This study identifies failed concepts being built into present and proposed venture-capital community development financial institutions. Concrete suggestions are offered that may circumvent building structural deficiencies into the emerging generation of community development financial institutions. In particular, these community development financial institutions need to avoid the debt financing that government is offering as an incentive to promote venture-capital financing in small businesses.
Adjusting to Changes in Traditional Markets: The Problems of Small Manufacturers in Older Industrial Regions
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S.
Published: March 2007

A declining manufacturing base in many regions, fueled by plant closures and work force reductions, has hurt many small companies that historically have operated as suppliers to the larger companies. This article examines the experience of smaller manufacturing companies in adjusting to new market circumstances. Many of these companies, job shops in particular, are experiencing difficulties because they do not have the marketing and product development expertise required to recapture most markets or to identify new ones. For many, outside assistance may be necessary to help them with the transition, and programs to provide this help should become part of a region's overall approach to economic development.
Place Wars: New Realities of the 1990s
Authors: Haider Donald
Published: March 2007

In a world economy, every place competes against every other place (city, county, region, state, and nation). The competitive advantages places pursue change over time and due to circumstances: jobs, plants, investment tourists, specific industries, sports teams, and better quality of life. In this competition, marketing is emerging as the driving force in how places position themselves in the marketplace as sellers of products to serve customers' (buyers') needs and wants. As marketing has become the integrative function of modern business (customer orientation-everyone sells), its application to place improvement is only now becoming better appreciated.
UDAG, Economic Development, and the Death and Life of American Cities
Authors: Rich Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG) program awarded $4.6 billion to assist about 3,000 economic development projects in more than 1,200 cities during its 12 years of operation (1978-1989). This article examines data from a variety of sources to assess the UDAG experience. Topics addressed include the program's legislative history, characteristics of participant cities and the distribution of UDAG projects and funds, public-private partnership composition and fiscal strategies in selected cities, and an assessment of UDAG program impacts. The article concludes that UDAG made several important contributions to local economic development in addition to the federal aid that was targeted to distressed cities. The program's most important contribution was its role in transforming local economic development policy from one based primarily on a donor mentality that emphasized tax abatements and infrastructure improvements to a more entrepreneurial approach that emphasized the recapture of public funds.
Cities and Airport-Based Economic Development Strategies: An Analysis of Public-Private Deals to Provide Airline Maintenance Operating Centers in Urban Airports
Authors: Nunn Samuel , Schoedel Carl
Published: March 2007

Cities often pursue airport-based projects that promise employment gains and multiplier impacts on business and fiscal development. Airline maintenance operations centers (MOCs) offer these benefits but frequently require massive capital investment by cities and commercial airlines. Influenced by regulatory change and market factors, MOCs are expanding in size and number Because of the airline industry's financial instability, however, major risks are involved with public investment in MOCs. The authors explore the dynamics of these maintenance bases as part of urban economic development strategy. Two recent MOC projects are analyzed: that of American Airlines in Fort Worth and that of United Airlines in Indianapolis. To attract MOCs, both cities committed millions in public funds during intense interurban competitions. The authors examine each deal in terms of public accountability, key beneficiaries, distribution of costs, and consistency with previous plans. The article concludes by identifying planning considerations critical for such economic development strategies.
Applying for Empowerment Zone Designation: A Tale of Woe and Triumph
Authors: Thomas June Manning
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the initial application phase of the Empowerment Zone/Enterprise Community (EZ/EC) program. It considers characteristics of the legislation, administrative rules, and guidelines for implementation that applied to first-round applicants for EZEC designation. The article suggests that Congress and the Clinton administration made a good-faith effort to launch the EZ/EC in a positive fashion. The local planning and application process was an obstacle course, made all the more frustrating because of preventable problems at the federal level. The experience of launching EZ/EC should provide lessons for improving the opening phases of future federal initiatives. The article describes the "woe" of the application process, offers suggestions for improvement, and suggests reasons for the "triumph" of the city of Detroit.
Trade and American Cities: Who has the Comparative Advantage?
Authors: Noponen Heizi , Markusen Ann , Driessen Karl
Published: March 2007

Metropolitan areas across the United States are quite differentially positioned to benefit from greater international market integration. The authors hypothesizefzat because cities possess quite diverse industrial mixes, their stakes in national trade regimes and appropriate strategies for responding to altered trade opportunities will differ substantially. Using a modified shift-share technique with merged trade and industrial data at the three-digit level, the authors show that cities do indeed range widely in their relative comparative advantages. Furthermore, cities within a single state often have quite different stakes in heightened trade activity; some are better positioned to export, whereas others have more to gain from import protection or policies to strengthen domestic markets. Possessing a port no longer assures a metropolitan area a superior advantage in trade. The authors conclude that cities should study and fashion their own trade policies uniquely to match their existing and future capabilities.
EXTENDING THE “BRIGHT LINE”
Authors: GALTRY JUDITH
Published: March 2007

In 1997, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued a policy statement strongly supporting the physiological benefits conferred by human milk. It recommended that infants be breastfed for 12 months and called for employers to support breastfeeding. The following year, federal legislation was formulated to facilitate breastfeeding among women in paid work. Although both these events represented significant developments in the U.S. context, they nevertheless posed potential gender equity concerns. This article explores the National Organization for Women's response to these developments. In doing so, it also examines the way in which the issue of breastfeeding and women's labor market involvement was addressed in equal-treatment/special-treatment debates in the previous decade. The article concludes by arguing that “equality and difference” discussions need to be extended to provide a new theoretical and practical framework for achieving equity in the workplace that would also accommodate the needs of women who wish to breastfeed or to express/pump breast milk.
THE INFLUENCE OF RACE AND GENDER ON STUDENT SELF-REPORTS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT BY COLLEGE PROFESSORS
Authors: KALOF LINDA , EBY KIMBERLY K. , MATHESON JENNIFER L. , KROSKA ROB J.
Published: March 2007

A survey of 525 undergraduates found that 40 percent of the women and 28.7 percent of the men had been sexually harassed by a college professor or instructor. Most incidents were gender harassment. While women reported significantly more gender harassment than did men, there were no gender differences in the frequency of unwanted sexual attention or sexual coercion. At least one incident of sexual harassment by a professor was experienced by 30 percent of the Blacks, 30 percent of the Hispanics, 33 percent of the Asians, 30 percent of the students of other minority groups, and 39 percent of the whites. Again, most of the experiences were gender harassment. Among those respondents who had experienced at least one incident of sexual harassment, almost all answered “never” to the question “Have you ever been sexually harassed by a college professor or instructor?” We conclude with some suggestions, particularly the need to improve measurement of the harassment experiences of men and of nonwhite women.
Adolescents' Attitudes toward Women in Politics:
Authors: GILLESPIE DIANE , SPOHN CASSIA
Published: March 2007

Recent studies of political attitudes have documented increasing support for women political candidates among college students and adults. This study examined junior and senior high school student's attitudes toward women in politics and analyzed the effect of gender and race on their attitudes. We found that adolescent girls had very positive and optimistic views of the role of women in politics; adolescent boys, particularly blacks, had more negative and pessimistic views.
IN THE FACE OF THREAT:
Authors: CHAFETZ JANET SALTZMAN , DWORKIN ANTHONY GARY
Published: March 2007

This article develops a cross-cultural and historical theory of antifeminist movements. Such movements are composed of two elements, which often involve very different types of people: vested-interest groups and voluntary associations. Five predictions concerning the social composition of antifeminist vested-interest groups and voluntary organizations and antifeminist movement ideology are derived from the theory. Evidence taken from existing literature pertaining to both first-wave (nineteenth to mid-twentieth century) and second-wave (since 1968) antifeminist movements in a variety of nations is reviewed. Substantial support is found for all five predictions. We conclude that antifeminist movement adherents are responding to realistic threats. For men and vested-interest groups, the threat is primarily class based, but also extends to their status as family head; for women, it is primarily status based as wives and mothers, but also class-based inasmuch as their husbands' economic interests are threatened.
SOCIAL LOCATION AND GENDER-ROLE ATTITUDES:
Authors: DUGGER KAREN
Published: March 2007

Theorists have posited that investment in production has a radical impact on women's gender-role attitudes, whereas investment in reproduction exerts a conservative influence. Informed by an interactive approach to understanding the effects of racism and sexism, this article explores the commonalities and differences in Black and White women's gender-role attitudes, and assesses the applicability to Black women of the investment-in-production and investment-in-reproduction hypothesis. The data in part supported the contention that this hypothesis would be more valid for White than Black women. The article concludes that the exclusion of race (and class) from our analyses impedes and distorts the development of feminist theory.
REVOLUTIONARY POPULAR FEMINISM IN NICARAGUA:
Authors: CHINCHILLA NORMA STOLTZ
Published: March 2007

On March 8, 1987, the Sandinista Liberation Front (FSLN, the political party in power in Nicaragua) published its statement on the relation of women's struggles to the Nicaraguan revolution. The author argues that this official statement is consistent with the views of modern feminists on some key points relating to the need to eliminate women's double day, promote women's self-organization, and wage an ideological struggle against sexism if women's subordination is to be eliminated. The author believes that the Sandinista Front's emphasis on ideological struggle and political organization represents an important break with more economistic, orthodox Marxist approaches to analyzing the condition of women and has important implications for Marxist feminism.
TOLERANCE FOR SEXUAL HARASSMENT RELATED TO SELF-REPORTED SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION
Authors: REILLY MARY ELLEN , LOTT BERNICE , CALDWELL DONNA , DeLUCA LUISA
Published: March 2007

A sample of college women and men responded to a survey assessing attitudes, beliefs, experiences, and behaviors relevant to sexual harassment and assault. Men were more tolerant of sexual harassment, more likely to believe that heterosexual relationships were adversarial, more likely to subscribe to rape myths, and more likely to admit that they might sexually assault someone under some circumstances. Data from the present study support the proposition that relevant affective, cognitive, and behavioral indices of hostile sexuality directed against women are linked, supporting the assumption of a continuum of misogyny. Significant positive correlations were predicted and found among men's self-reported tolerance for sexual harassment, adversarial sexual beliefs, rape-myth acceptance, likelihood to rape, and experience as a sexual victimizer. Among women, belief and attitude measures were positively correlated but, as predicted, experience of sexual victimization was not reliably related to any other measure, supporting the conclusion that personal characteristics are not relevant to college women's sexual victimization.
GENDER AND RACE EFFECTS ON OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE, SEGREGATION, AND EARNINGS
Authors: XU WU , LEFFLER ANN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the interlinked impacts of gender and race on occupational prestige, segregation, and earnings. Included are occupations about which Bose and Rossi reported prestige ranks and about which the 1980 census reported earnings and relevant gender/race breakdowns. White men are used as the comparison group. Contrasted to them are the gender/race groups of white women, Black men, Black women, Asian-American men, Asian-American women, Hispanic men, and Hispanic women. Race has a more powerful impact than gender on the prestige level a worker is likely to enjoy, but gender does affect prestige within particular racial groups. For segregation and earnings, the strongest effects are those of gender, although there are clear race effects too. Segregation examined in terms of the prestige of occupations in which different groups find themselves shows race and gender effects. Many researchers have pointed to the need for considering both gender and race in examining the American occupational structure. Our findings strongly support that call.
ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF SURVEY DATA ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN:
Authors: SMITH MICHAEL D.
Published: March 2007

A major methodological problem in victimization surveys on physical and sexual violence against women is the underreporting of violence. The first part of this article makes a case for 6 feminist strategies for improving the accuracy of self-report data on victimization within a mainstream survey research framework. The second part of the article is a presentation of data from a survey of Toronto women that is designed to show the efficacy of these feminist strategies.
THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING ON PUERTO RICAN WOMEN'S LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN THE FORMAL SECTOR
Authors: ZSEMBIK BARBARA A. , PEEK CHUCK W.
Published: March 2007

The joint effort by the U.S. government and the political elite of Puerto Rico to industrialize the island created increased demand for female labor and a decline in the number of jobs traditionally held by men. The authors examine whether women's labor force participation in the formal sector responds to improving opportunities for women, declining opportunities for men, or the household's changing opportunity structures. Specifically, they examine a woman's return to work after the birth of her first child as the initial point of conflict between productive and reproductive work. The data used in these analyses are from the 1982 Puerto Rican Fertility and Family Planning Assessment (PRFFPA), an islandwide, representative sample of never-married and ever-married women between the ages of fifteen and forty-nine. The authors estimate a series of nested logistic regression models to evaluate the influence of occupational expansion or contraction on the timing of return to work after the first birth. Their findings offer selective support for the idea that women's lives are affected primarily by the occurrence of growing labor demand for women's labor.
SHATTERING THE INSTRUMENTAL-EXPRESSIVE MYTH
Authors: SCOTT DENISE BENOIT
Published: March 2007

Women in corporate-government affairs are involved in work networks at all levels; yet, there are significant differences in the character of ties by gender. This article challenges claims that women's work connections are not instrumental, and hence not powerful, relative to men's. The author argues that, although limited, women are in key positions to influence business-government relations and their own situations.
CUSTODIAL CARE, SURROGATE CARE, AND COORDINATED CARE
Authors: UTTAL LYNET
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the meaning employed mothers give to having others take care of their children. In-depth interviews with 31 employed mothers of preschoolers, toddlers, and infants revealed three interpretations of child care: custodial care, surrogate care, and coordinated care. These meanings mediated the tension between the dominant cultural construction of motherhood and the reality of their lives as both mothers and wage earners. Their perceptions of child care were constructed in accordance with how they defined the relationship between “child rearing” and “child care,” the degree to which they acknowledged their child care providers' care of their children, and definitions of their own mothering. These microideologies of child care demonstrate that mothers are contesting the assumptions of the dominant cultural ideology of motherhood and are rethinking child care as a socialized activity.
PERCEPTIONS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE FLORIDA LEGAL SYSTEM
Authors: PADAVIC IRENE , ORCUTT JAMES D.
Published: March 2007

This article applies two explanations of sexual harassment—gender dominance and sex-role spillover—in multivariate analyses of perceptions of two forms of harassment of women in legal settings by male judges and attorneys. Regression analyses of data from statewide samples of Florida judges and attorneys support the age/spillover hypothesis: Older cohorts of men are markedly less likely than are other respondents to perceive male judges' and attorneys' gender-typing behavior (e.g., commenting on women's appearance in court). Some support is also found for the age/dominance hypothesis, which predicts that younger women will be especially aware of more serious forms of sexual harassment by male judges and attorneys. Younger women judges, particularly those with a feminist orientation, show markedly greater awareness of sexual advances and other dominance behaviors by male judges.
GENDER-BASED PAY GAPS
Authors: FERREE MYRA MARX , McQUILLAN JULIA
Published: March 2007

Methodology is often a point of contention in gender-based salary studies. Although this debate seems at first to be merely about technical issues, it also has an important conceptual dimension. We argue that there are two competing implicit conceptions of discrimination, one institutional and the other individual, that underlie many such debates. We first contrast the preferred methodologies advanced by each side, the policy capturing approach and the flagging approach, and explore the theoretical meaning of their statistical models. We then describe a practical application of both methodological approaches in one specific salary inequity study. In conclusion, we reflect on the implications of such practical statistical choices, discuss how such models can be combined, and make suggestions for sociologists who act as statistical experts or work with them in gender-based salary inequity studies on their own campuses.
THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON TURKISH RURAL WOMEN
Authors: ERMAN TAHIRE
Published: March 2007

This article explores the diverse experiences of Turkish rural migrant women in the city and how city living enters the definition of gender and the distribution of power in the migrant household. It draws on data collected in an ethnographic study of migrants in Ankara, Turkey, and examines whether this migration improves or deteriorates migrant women's position in the family. Specifically, it identifies four groups of migrant women and speculates on some of the factors that shape their diverse experiences. The data reveal that city living affects the position of migrant women to varying degrees, depending on their particular Islamic sect; the demands made on them to assure family survival and achievement; and, to some extent, their age, socioeconomic status, educational level, position in the life cycle, and the status and economic wealth of the wife's family and the wife's relationship with it.
MOTHERS OR WORKERS?
Authors: MISRA JOYA
Published: March 2007

Recent scholarship on gender and the state suggests that women's agency has been critical to the formation of welfare policy. Yet, nations with strong, mobilized feminist movements do not necessarily develop the most supportive welfare policies. By historically analyzing the emergence of British and French family allowance policy, the author suggests that the key to this conundrum lies in the interaction between women's movements and the value given to women's paid and unpaid labor. Woman-friendly state policy requires an active women's movement and ideologies valuing women's paid and unpaid labor. In addition, women's movements must be able and willing to strategically use those ideologies to pursue their goals.
Effect of Paroxetine on Plasma Vasopressin and Water Load Testing in Elderly Individuals
Authors: Marar Isam E. , Towers Adele L. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Pollock Bruce G. , Amico Janet A.
Published: March 2007

Hyponatremia sometimes occurs in elderly depressed patients treated wtih a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI). The cause of the hyponatremia is not yet understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of paroxetine, an SRI, on osmoregulated release of vasopressin (also termed antidiuretic hormone) in elderly depressed patients with normal serum sodium. Four women and one man ages 61 to 74 years with a major depressive disorder were administered a water load after they had been treated with a therapeutic dose of paroxetine for 3 to 11 months. Three healthy elderly subjects not receiving paroxetine served as controls. Both the patients and the control subjects excreted > 90% of the ingested water and lowered urine osmolality to < 100 mosmol/kg. We conclude that long-term treatment with paroxetine alone does not appear to affect the ability to excrete a water load or appropriately dilute the urine during a water load (both indices of vasopressin function) in a small group of elderly patients without other risk factors for the development of hyponatremia. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:212-216).
Change in the Rate of Restraint Use and Falls on a Psychogeriatric Inpatient Unit: Impact of the Health Care Financing Administration's New Restraint and Seclusion Standards for Hospitals
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Spurlock Michelle
Published: March 2007

This chart review of 767 patients treated on a psychogeriatric inpatient unit over a 2-year period examined the impact of the Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA) new restraint standards for hospitals on the rate of restraint use and falls. There was a marked decrease in the number of restraint episodes in the year after the intro duction of the new standards compared with the year before (44 vs 212 restraint episodes per 1000 patient-days). However, no notable differences were found in the number of total falls (18 vs 21 falls per 1000 patient-days) or serious falls (2 vs 1 serious fall per 1000 patient-days). If replicated, these findings of decreased restraint use with out a concomitant increase in the number of falls demonstrate a change in practice patterns as a result of HCFA's action. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:91-94).
Physical Aging of Polyetheretherketone: Characterized by Creep Tests in Compressive and Flexural Modes
Authors: Nguyen D.H. , Ogale A.A.
Published: March 2007

The influence of physical aging on the creep compliance of polyetherether ketone (PEEK), a high temperature semicrystalline thermoplastic, is reported for loading in the compressive and flexural modes. These modes were investigated because, (1) these are relevant modes from a practical viewpoint, and (2) earlier studies in tensile and shear modes have indicated that the aging rates depended on the mode of loading. For PEEK at its equilibrium crystallinity of about 33 vol%, the aging shift rate at 130°C in the com pressive mode was found to be 0.89 ± 0.01 whereas in the flexural mode it was 1.01 ± 0.02. These parameters provide a quantitative measure of aging, and can be used for making long-term creep predictions at temperatures below the glass transition temperature.
The Effect of Thermoplastic Composite Processing on the Performance of Embedded Nitinol Actuators
Authors: Paine J.S.N. , Rogers C.A.
Published: March 2007

Intelligent materials are a class of material systems currently being devel oped for numerous applications. They usually consist of a composite or hybrid material system with fibrous or distributed actuators, various sensors and control modules The nitinol or shape memory alloy wire actuator is currently being developed for use in intelli gent material systems. In order for the nitinol actuator to be a reliable part of the adaptive hybrid system, the effect of the composite manufacturing on the nitinol performance must be determined. The results of a study investigating the effects of a "high temperature" ther moplastic composite processing cycle on the nitinol actuator are presented. The actuators were exposed to a number of thermoplastic processing cycle simulations at 400°C. Criti cal parameters, such as processing time, training of the actuators, and type of nitinol actu ators, were varied to determine their effect on the performance of the nitinol actuator. With processing times from 5 to 20 minutes, the nitinol actuator demonstrated a useable recovery stress (σ ur) between 173-265 MPa. The σ ur of unprocessed actuators, thermoset processed actuators and actuators embedded in an actual APC-2 composite material are compared to the data from the simulation tests. The performance of the embedded nitinol actuators agree well with the simulation.
Comparative Investigations into the Welding of Glass-Fiber-Reinforced PES
Authors: Potente H. , Natrop J. , Pedersen T. Klit , Uebbing M.
Published: March 2007

The selection of a welding process is frequently based on the requirements of the plastic being welded. The melting temperature of the material and its structure play a decisive role here. This article presents comparative investigations into the heated tool, vibration and radiant heater welding of polyethersulphone with a glass fiber content of 30% by weight. The optimum operating point was established for each of the three pro cesses by means of parameter studies. When the welding results were assessed in the short-time tensile test, radiant heater welding was seen to be the best, with affected joining zones that appear relatively homogeneous (i.e., maintain the original fiber geometry) when observed through the microscope. Shortest cycle times are achieved by vibration welding (< 10 sec.). Heated tool and radiant heater welding give cycle times from 30 sec. up to 60 sec , depending on the process parameters.
Exploring the Dimensions of Emotional Labor
Authors: Kruml Susan M. , Geddes Deanna
Published: March 2007

This study empirically identifies the dimensions and initiates the development of a measure of emotional labor. Phase 1 of this project generated items for an exploratory questionnaire to which a broad sample of service workers responded (N = 358). Analysis revealed two dimensions of emotional labor: emotive effort, a construct never before identified in the emotional labor literature; and emotive dissonance, an acknowledged dimension that is further validated by this study. Several viable antecedent constructs of emotional labor also were identified and incorporated into an emerging model of emotional labor. In Phase 2, revised scales were administered to a second sample of service workers (N = 427) for reliability and validity purposes. Structural equation modeling also was used to establish relationships among emotional labor’s dimensions and various antecedent variables, facilitating development of a model of emotional labor.
Reproducing and Resisting the Master Narrative of Decline
Authors: Trethewey Angela
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study provides an analysis of midlife professional women’s experiences of growing older at work. The master narrative of aging as decline encourages midlife women to experience and articulate growing older in terms of loss, isolation, and diminished material resources. Yet women do not simply reproduce the decline narrative, they also offer resistant stories. Analysis of women’s narratives suggests that increasingly, midlife is represented as a feature of one’s identity to be managed effectively. Specifically, entrepreneurialism has colonized the aging process such that the individual is now positioned as the locus of her own problems and solutions in relation to the seemingly inevitable decline that begins at midlife. In contrast, this analysis attempts to make explicit the economic, organizational, and discursive bases of aging. Finally, the article brings the politics of midlife professional women’s aging to the fore, highlights implications for theory and practice, and suggests directions for future research.
Influence Attempts in Organizational Conflict
Authors: Turner Lynn H. , Henzl Sally A.
Published: March 2007

This research examines relationships among biological sex, psychological gender, and power position in a hypothetical superior-subordinate conflict in an organizational setting. The study is an attempt to resolve the equivocal findings regarding the effects of biological and psychological gender on conflict-management behavior. Further, the research goes beyond self-report methodology and examines actual influence attempts that males and females use in both upward and downward message construction. Analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction among biological sex, power position, and sex of partner, but provided no support for the psychological gender construct.
Conversation Structure
Authors: Neu Joyce
Published: March 2007

Studies of bargaining behaviors have drawn largely on a content analysis approach to describe the messages conveyed during negotiations. This article examines this approach to bargaining behaviors and suggests that content analysis cannot account for important aspects of bargaining behavior. Conversation structure provides essential information in the analysis of bargaining behaviors. A total of 30 buyer-seller negotiations were taped, transcribed, and coded, and an exploratory factor analysis was run on the data. The results of the factor analysis suggest that the use of conversation structure to interpret communication in negotiations yields important information inaccessible through content analysis alone.
Distinguishing Public and Presentational Speaking
Authors: Rogers Priscilla S.
Published: March 2007

In the November 1987 issue of Management Communication Quarterly, Frank E.X. Dance concludes that behaviors for public and presentational speaking overlap, and any differences between them must be differences not of genre but of situation or setting. In response to Dance, this article examines pedagogical and linguistic literature to recommend the validity and value of adopting “presentational speaking” as a distinct genre or speaking type. In conclusion, the author suggests that treating public, presentational, and conversational speaking as distinct genres may spawn the development of theoretical models and pedagogical approaches more relevant to particular business speaking events.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Authors: Zorn Theodore E. , Rosenfeld Lawrence B.
Published: March 2007

Facilitators of problem-solving groups, because they serve the interests of multiple constituencies (management, the group, individual members, and themselves), face numerous ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas arise from the tensions created when promoting the good of one group or individual is at odds with promoting the good of another. This article examines the nature of the ethical dilemmas faced by facilitators and approaches for evaluating and managing these dilemmas. The authors suggest that formalistic approaches to ethics, those that recommend the establishment of and conformity to ethical codes of conduct, are inadequate by themselves for raising the standards of ethical practice. Rather, ongoing examination of ethical choices, employing a utilitarian approach, one that judges choices on the basis of promoting desirable consequences, offers the best hope for improving ethical practice among facilitators.
An Exploration of the Causes of Job Satisfaction in Public Relations
Authors: Grunig Larissa A.
Published: March 2007

This study, designed within a structural-functional framework, assesses the level of job satisfaction among public relations practitioners. Eighty-seven practitioners from 48 organizations representing each of four structural types were selected for the purposive sample. Findings confirmed the hypotheses that public relations practitioners in large-scale organizations would be most satisfied because of the autonomy, variety of tasks, and upward mobility they can experience there. However, half of all respondents indicated only a moderate level of job satisfaction. Causes of dissatisfaction include small budgets, being stuck in a dead-end job, dull work, too much work, low prestige, unsupportive bosses, low pay, lack of input into the decision process, and sexism. Recommendations include decentralizing and destratifying the public relations operation but formalizing it to the extent that practitioners are more comfortable with the expectations of top management. Practitioners themselves need to enhance their own capabilities to assume a challenging managerial role.
The Need for Writing Skill in Accounting Firms
Authors: Northey Margot
Published: March 2007

This article explores the reasons for the concern about writing skills in public accounting firms. It assesses the need for writing in large firms, operating in an increasingly competitive environment with new imperatives of client service and business development. It analyzes the specific kinds of writing professional accountants at all levels do, and the extent to which the firms encourage good writing through their training, hiring, and evaluation practices.
What We Know—and Don't Know—about Measuring Conflict
Authors: King Wesley C. , Miles Edward W.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between conflict styles as measured by the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II) and conflict strategies as measured by the Organizational Communication Conflict Instrument (OCCI). It likewise focuses on the relationship between these conflict measures and three personality traits: Machiavellianism, self-esteem, and Protestant ethic. Only moderate correlations between these two instruments suggest a situation-specific approach to managing conflict. Other findings suggest that the context of the conflict is a critical variable in assessing conflict management behaviors. Of the three personality variables, only self-esteem revealed a pattern of significant results, and only Machiavellianism revealed a consistent pattern of nonsignificant results. This article calls for additional development of both the ROCI-II and the OCCI to enhance their reliabilities and for additional research to investigate further the relationship between individual differences and conflict behaviors.
A Communication-Based Model of a Small-Group Dysfunction
Authors: Stohl Cynthia , Schell Susan E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an initial formulation of a dysfunctional group dynamic, the farrago. Farrago, literally meaning mixed fodder for cattle, figuratively is used to describe a medley or a confused group. It was decided to call our focal actor a farrago because (a) interactions with this type of problematic person often result in confusion as to responsibilities, group tasks, decision-making procedures, and so on, and (b) these interactions cause the group itself to become confused. In this model, the interplay between the focal actor and other group members mutually creates and evokes multiple inhibiting influences associated with interaction norms, authority relations, status distribution, and so on. Two types of antecedent conditions-habits of individuals (interpretive omnipotence, heroic stance, and undifferentiated passion) and properties of systems (weak socialization practices, high task interdependence, participatory decision making, and ambiguity of rules)-are identified. The interactional dynamics posited to constitute and sustain the farrago are presented and three types of interventions are discussed.
Supervisor Versus Practitioner Perceptions
Authors: Lauzen Martha M.
Published: March 2007

Using a paired sample of 54 supervisor-public relations practitioner teams, this study examines how the role sent by the supervisor interacts with the role enacted by the most senior practitioner. Four role relationship end states are posited and found. The findings reveal that the most common supervisor-practitioner relationship is one in which the public relations manager role is sent and enacted. In addition, findings indicate that even when supervisors expect practitioners to enact the technician role, the majority of practitioners surveyed enact the manager role. It appears that practitioners are carving out a strategic role for themselves, as opposed to having this role forced upon them.
Teamwork and Communication
Authors: Glaser Susan R.
Published: March 2007

This 3-year research project assessed the effectiveness of a teambuilding intervention among a group of department leaders who supervised a fire management unit working in the forests of the western United States. The intervention began with a 3-day retreat that covered three basic areas: communication skills, consensus building, and collaborative problem solving. Four months later, a 1-day follow-up session was held, and 6 months after that, another 3-day retreat. For each of the following 2 years, every team member was again interviewed, and a 2-day follow-up session was held. Researchers conducted interviews prior to the intervention and each of the follow-up sessions. Three years after the intervention began, group members reported substantial improvement in their teamwork including: (a) an increase in the ability to raise issues and manage conflict, (b) an increase in mutual praise, support, and cooperation, (c) clarification of roles and responsibilities, and (d) long-term commitment to teamwork and innovation.
Gaining a Voice
Authors: Buzzanell Patrice M.
Published: March 2007

Feminist organizational communication theorizing offers an analysis of how varied feminist approaches can provide unique insights into the consequences of traditional gender interactions in everyday organizing processes. Traditional societal and organizational themes of competition, cause-effect linear thinking, and separation/autonomy are juxtaposed with alternative themes focusing on community, integrative thinking, and connectedness. By exploring these alternatives and generating specific questions from numerous perspectives, this article advocates change toward these feminine/feminist values in theorizing and in practice.
What is the Functional Value of the Gmat Analytical Writing Assessment for Management Education?
Authors: Rogers Priscilla S. , Rymer Jone
Published: March 2007

In this second article on the Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA), a new component in the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT), we analyze the AWA's contribution as a performance assessment and critique its potential usefulness as a diagnostic tool for management education. The AWA assesses writing as a high-level ability and thereby challenges its marginalization as a low-level skill in MBA programs. Holistic evaluation, which makes performance assessment of writing possible, however, cannot provide diagnostic information. Therefore, the AWA does not meet the expectations of GMAT-user schools who endorsed the test as a diagnostic instrument for identifying individual deficiencies. If business schools wish to determine students' needs for further work in writing, they must evaluate the essays locally. Ironically, this task may prove too costly for those schools enrolling students most in need of the diagnostic information.
Management Communication Ethics Research
Authors: Reinsch N. Lamar
Published: March 2007

Scholars who wish to produce substantive research in management communication ethics would be helped, The author believes, by a clear, shared vision of what the term designates and, in this article, the author offers his vision for consideration. The author believes that management communication ethics should designate a set of concerns that lie at the intersection of management, communication, and ethics—specifically he proposes that management communication ethics should focus on the rhetorical rights and duties of persons performing the managerial role in business transactions. The author believes that this approach, by emphasizing fundamental and central issues, can help us to develop a distinctive and important body of knowledge.
Risk Communication
Authors: Heath Robert L. , Gay Christine Diana
Published: March 2007

The paradigm of risk communication is shifting from a linear industry or government agency to lay public model to one that features dialogue. This shift requires that professional communicators such as public relations and community outreach professionals understand the dynamics of this infrastructure if they are going to improve the quality of this dialogue. Most risk communication studies have ignored the professional role and communication processes of technical experts. This study focused on one group of technical experts, industrial hygienists, with specific attention to the impact of cognitive involvement, uncertainty, and control on their communication. Results indicate that hygienists who are employed in the industry show significant differences from nonemployees, especially in terms of level of cognitive involvement, uncertainty, use of business as sources of information, perceived knowledge of risks, and confidence in industry's willingness to exert self-control to abate risks. Of related importance is the identification of communication networks that technical experts use to obtain and evaluate information regarding risks.
Discourse at Our Disposal
Authors: O'Connor Ellen S.
Published: March 2007

Using a case study based on interviews and documents, this article applies narrative theory and methods to garbage can decision theory. Narrative approaches to organizational action offer insight into how decisions and actions occur in organizations. Following narrative theory, organizational decision making may be understood as the interweaving of multiple, ongoing, and unending narratives that constitute organizational decision makers. Narrative analyses also accommodate the complexity of organizational decisions and actions.
The Impression Management Strategies Associated with Transformational Leadership at the World-Class Level
Authors: Gardner William L. , Cleavenger Dean
Published: March 2007

This study explored the extent to which the five basic impression management strategies of ingratiation, self-promotion, intimidation, exemplification, and supplication were associated with transformational leadership at the world-class level. The subjects were 81 undergraduate business students who read biographical materials about 1 of 27 world-class leaders, prepared term papers about their leader, and completed psychometric measures regarding the leader's behaviors. The measures included the Leader Impression Management Questionnaire (LIMQ) developed by the authors and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ, 5X-Short Form). Exemplification and ingratiation were positively related, and self-promotion and intimidation negatively related, to perceptions of transformational leadership, leader effectiveness, and follower satisfaction.