bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financial markets, fiscal constraints, and municipal debt: lessons and evidence from the panic of 1873
Authors: DOVE JOHN A.
Published: August 2013

The current paper explores the municipal debt crisis that resulted from the panic of 1873, which caused a significant number of local governments in the United States to default on their debt obligations. The aftermath of that episode was one of constitutional change meant to constrain municipal governments from pursuing similar activities in the future. This paper empirically investigates the impact that these restrictions had on municipal borrowing costs, analyzed from bond yield data taken from several major US financial markets, so as to evaluate how binding and significant markets actually perceived these constraints to be. Overall, the results suggest that borrowing costs were lower for municipal governments that faced more stringent creditor guarantees regarding the issuing and repayment of debt, hard budget constraints, and also strict debt limits, while tax limits generally increased borrowing costs. These results not only conform too much of the current literature regarding the political economy of institutional constraints on public finance, they also add several important insights, especially when comparing defaulting to non-defaulting municipalities.
CALLIMACHUS IN THE PINDAR SCHOLIA
Authors: Phillips Thomas
Published: August 2013

This article analyses how Callimachus was cited in ancient scholarship on Pindar. A survey of references to literary authors in the scholia establishes that commentaries provided only minimal specification of relations between the texts concerned. Despite this, commentaries were important intertextual sites. In providing information that supplements Pindar's texts, citations of Callimachus contribute to the latter's canonical status by treating his poetry as an authoritative source of mythological and historical details. The juxtaposition of the two authors in commentaries also allowed for an exploration of their literary relationship.
FLORUS AND DIO ON THE ENSLAVEMENT OF THE PROVINCES
Authors: Lavan Myles
Published: August 2013

This paper draws attention to the unprecedented prominence of metaphors of enslavement to Rome in the historical narratives of Florus and Cassius Dio. Following an analysis of the thematic importance of the trope in their respective works, I point to further parallels in Herodian and Justin which suggest that the trope proved particularly productive in both Latin and Greek historiography in the late second and early third centuries CE. The end of the paper considers broader cultural developments that might underlie this phenomenon, notably the proliferation ofdominusas an epithet for the emperor and the ongoing enfranchisement of provincials.
MANNERS AND METHOD IN CLASSICAL CRITICISM OF THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: August 2013

This article explores a neglected period in the history of classical scholarship: the first decades of the eighteenth century. It focuses on the tension between an evolving idea of method, and the tradition of personal polemic which had been an important part of the culture of scholarship since the Renaissance. There are two case studies: the conflict between Jean Le Clerc and Pieter Burman, and the controversy that followed Richard Bentley's edition of Horace'sOdes. Both demonstrate the need to revise current paradigms for writing the history of scholarship, and invite us to reconsider the role of methodology in producing of scholarly authority.
Regulating the private security industry: a story of regulating the last war
Authors: Percy Sarah
Published: August 2013

This article argues that attempts to regulate the private military and security industry have been stymied by a tendency to be constantly ‘regulating the last war’ or responding to the challenges of a previous manifestation of private force rather than dealing with the current challenges. It argues that states ought to more clearly consider the direction of the industry rather than regulate in response to crises, an approach that has left regulation unequipped to deal with two fields of PSC growth: the use of PSCs against piracy, and to deliver and support humanitarian aid.
Internet addiction and psychopathology in a community before and during an economic crisis
Authors: Siomos K. , Floros G. , Makris E. , Christou G. , Hadjulis M.
Published: August 2013

Background.

Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is a novel concept under scrutiny for a definite inclusion in the psychiatric taxonomy, after showing correlations with overt expressions of psychopathology. This study aims to assist the scientific dialogue concerning IAD while presenting comparative data on adolescent psychopathology before and during a major economic crisis that has affected Greece from 2010 onwards.

Methods.

This is a cross-sectional study of a high school student population, aged 12–18, on IAD which follows-up a 2006 survey, and is carried out 5 years later at the same school classes. A comparison on psychopathological symptoms between the two samples is carried out to confirm any underlying correlations with IAD while providing some first insight on any effects of the economic crisis on adolescent psyche.

Results.

Results indicate that Internet addiction is increased in this population paralleling the increase in Internet availability at home. Adolescents affected with IAD present with more psychopathological symptoms. A comparison between the 2006 and 2011 samples reveals lower rates of general psychopathology but similar burden of reported symptoms.

Conclusions.

Those findings are discussed in the framework of adolescent coping to adversity, individual reactions to major crises, as well as the general debate regarding the value of IAD as a distinct diagnosis. The effects of the economic crisis may have triggered an adaptive response in the adolescent population although IAD as a distinct nosological entity is clearly linked to more symptoms of overt psychopathology. Directions are offered for further research in countries affected by crises.
Modulation of antitumour immune responses by intratumoural Stat1 expression
Authors: Messina Nicole L , Banks Kellie M , Vidacs Eva , Martin Ben P , Long Fennella , Christiansen Ailsa J , Smyth Mark J , Clarke Christopher J P , Johnstone Ricky W
Published: August 2013

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) mediates anti‐viral responses and cytokine‐driven anti‐proliferative, apoptotic and immunomodulatory activities. As de‐regulated Stat1 function can affect tumour progression we sought to elucidate the effects of tumour cell‐intrinsic Stat1 expression on immunosurveillance. Knockout of Stat1 enhanced the development of sarcomas induced by the chemical carcinogen 3‐methylcholanthrene (MCA). Growth of transplanted MCA‐induced Stat1−/− sarcomas was suppressed in wild‐type mice compared to growth in Stat1−/− and immunocompromised recipients. Co‐depletion of NK and CD8+ T cells from wild‐type mice facilitated Stat1‐deficient tumour growth whereas depletion of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells did not. In vitro and in vivo analysis of the tumours implicated a role for NK cell‐mediated, perforin‐dependent killing of Stat1‐deficient tumours. Interestingly, restoration of Stat1 expression in Stat1−/− tumours resulted in diminished involvement of NK cells and increased contribution of CD8+ T cells in anti‐tumour responses. Therefore, Stat1 expression within tumour cells modulated anti‐tumour immune responses by altering the dominant immune effector cell involvement from NK cells to CD8+ T cells in the absence or presence of Stat1 respectively.
Erratum: Genetic diversity in cultured and wild marine cyanomyoviruses reveals phosphorus stress as a strong selective agent
Authors: Kelly Libusha , Ding Huiming , Huang Katherine H , Osburne Marcia S , Chisholm Sallie W
Published: August 2013

Correction to: The ISME Journal xx, xxx–xxx; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.58; published online 9 May 2013 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed an error on page 2, concerning the following sentence: Our analysis does not include the highly divergent T4-like cyanomyovirus described recently by Sabehi et al.
Optimal interdependence between networks for the evolution of cooperation
Authors: Wang Zhen , Szolnoki Attila , Perc Matjaž
Published: August 2013

Recent research has identified interactions between networks as crucial for the outcome of evolutionary games taking place on them. While the consensus is that interdependence does promote cooperation by means of organizational complexity and enhanced reciprocity that is out of reach on isolated networks, we here address the question just how much interdependence there should be. Intuitively, one might assume the more the better. However, we show that in fact only an intermediate density of sufficiently strong interactions between networks warrants an optimal resolution of social dilemmas. This is due to an intricate interplay between the heterogeneity that causes an asymmetric strategy flow because of the additional links between the networks and the independent formation of cooperative patterns on each individual network. Presented results are robust to variations of the strategy updating rule, the topology of interdependent networks and the governing social dilemma, thus suggesting a high degree of universality.
Lys1110 of TRPM2 is critical for channel activation
Authors: Kim Taek-Keun , Nam Joo Hyun , Ahn Won-Gyun , Kim Nam-Ho , Ham Hwa-Yong , Hong Chang-Won , Nam Ju-Suk , Lee Jongho , Huh Sung-Oh , So Insuk , Kim Sung Joon , Song Dong-Keun
Published: August 2013

TRPM2 (transient receptor potential melastatin 2) is a non-selective Ca2+-permeable cation channel activated by ADPR (adenosine diphosphoribose) and H2O2. It is widely expressed in mammalian cells and plays an important role in the regulation of various cell functions. However, the mechanisms of TRPM2 channel activation are not fully understood. Previously, we reported that TRPM2 channel activation is induced by high intracellular Cl− concentration. In the present study, we investigated the functional role of Lys1110 in the membrane-proximal C-terminal region by site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of the positively charged amino acid lysine (Lys1110) with the neutrally charged amino acid asparagine (K1110N) or the negatively charged amino acid glutamic acid (K1110E) generated mutants that failed to induce an increase in free cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) not only by intracellular injection of Cl−, but also by H2O2 or ADPR. However, a mutant generated by replacing the lysine residue with a positively charged amino acid arginine (K1110R) displayed channel activity similar to wild-type TRPM2. Interestingly, in the K1107N/K1110N double-point mutant, the impaired function of the K1110N mutant in response to ADPR and H2O2, but not to Cl−, was recovered. There were no changes in protein expression, membrane trafficking and oligomerization of the mutant channels. The extent of [Ca2+]i increase by H2O2 in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells expressing TRPM2 mutants was well correlated with the degree of susceptibility to H2O2-induced cell death. These results display the crucial role of a positively charged amino acid residue at position 1110 for TRPM2 channel activity.
Normal map recovery using bundle adjustment
Authors: Fodor Bálint , Kazó Csaba , Jankó Zsolt , Hajder Levente
Published: August 2013

Although modern reconstruction methods have advanced considerably, their ability to retrieve fine details, small features of a surface is limited. Applying texture can be used to conceal lack of geometry to some extent, but it becomes apparent when lighting varies. A more sophisticated solution is to map normal vectors to the surface of the model in order to alter the way it is rendered under different illuminations in accordance with the properties of the real object. The principle of photometric stereo is to reconstruct normals from a series of images. By illuminating the object with different directional light sources local surface orientation can be inferred. The contribution of this study is that the authors successfully applied the widely used bundle adjustment algorithm to photometric stereo problems when non‐parallel light rays illuminate the objects.
Adaptive tracking algorithms to improve the use of computing resources
Authors: Igual Raúl , Medrano Carlos , Plaza Inmaculada , Orrite Carlos
Published: August 2013

Computation time is a fundamental concern when tracking objects in real time, especially in complex scenes. Inspired by previous works on automatic failure detection and in situ evaluation of tracking, the authors propose in this study an adaptive tracking algorithm based on pattern recognition techniques, which uses more computing resources only when tracking is likely to fail. Tracking quality is discretised into two binary values and a supervised classifier is trained using some features obtained from the tracking itself and ground truth data. During the operation of the classifier, whenever the tracking quality diminishes, the tracking algorithm reacts in a predefined way in order to avoid the failure. Two specific examples are presented, in which the action taken is different when a potential risk situation is detected: either the number of particles increases or the algorithm used to track changes. The experimental work shows that these methods can be easily implemented with a substantial reduction of processing time but with little tracking performance loss.
Body posture graph: a new graph‐based posture descriptor for human behaviour recognition
Authors: Aminian Modarres Amir Farid , Soryani Mohsen
Published: August 2013

Behaviour recognition and analysis is one of the most challenging problems in video processing. In this study, the authors propose a new graph‐based representation of body silhouette by means of non‐linear mixture modelling. Firstly, the authors suppose the body silhouette as an objective function and try to approximate it by a set of elliptical basis functions (EBFs). By using parameters of these learned EBF kernels, vertices and edges of a graph are created. Since this graph is highly matched with the real skeleton of the body silhouette and represents the posture, they name it body posture graph (BPG). Then a posture descriptor is constructed by sorting the BPG's vertices according to a position‐dependent ordering algorithm. Thus, the descriptor contains not only body limbs connectivity information but also the spatial information. Therefore the descriptor is very effective for body posture description and is accurate for behaviour recognition purposes. They use simple fully‐connected hidden Mrakov model to learn and classify the sequences of postures. Good performance of the proposed features was proved by results of various and numerous experiments which were implemented on three different datasets: Sinica Academia, KTH (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan) and UCF (University of Central Florida) Sports Action.
Soft computing applied to the build of textile defects inspection system
Authors: Darwish Saad Mohamed
Published: August 2013

The inspection of textile defects is challenging because of the large number of defects categories that are characterised by their imprecision and uncertainty. In this study, novel interval type‐2 fuzzy system is proposed for resolving defects recognition problem of textile industries. The proposed system mixes interval type‐2 fuzzy reasoning and swarm optimisation algorithm together in order to enhance the defects classification capabilities. Interval type‐2 fuzzy logic is powerful in handling high level of indecisions in the human decision making process, including uncertainties in measurements of textile features and data used to calibrate the examination's parameters. Swarm intelligence algorithm is used to optimise parameters of the membership functions to increase the accuracy of fuzzy controller. Besides, the problem of fuzzy linguistic rules learning has been tackled by utilising ant colony meta‐heuristic method to reduce the complexity of the inspection system. Excellent recogniser results on real textile samples, using this system, are demonstrated.
Critical parameters of the sparse representation‐based classifier
Authors: Battini Sonmez Elena , Albayrak Songul
Published: August 2013

In recent years, the growing attention in the study of the compressive sensing (CS) theory suggested a novel classification algorithm called sparse representation‐based classifier (SRC), which obtained promising results by casting classification as a sparse representation problem. Whereas SRC has been applied to different fields of applications and several variations of it have been proposed, less attention has been given to its critical parameters, that is, measurements correlated to its performance. This work underlines the differences between CS and SRC, it gives a mathematical definition of five measurements possible correlated to the performance of SRC and identifies three of them as critical parameters. The knowledge of the critical parameters is necessary to fuse multiple scores of SRC classifiers allowing for classification. The authors addressed the problem of two‐dimensional face classification: using the Extended Yale B dataset to monitor the critical parameters and the Extended Cohn‐Kanade database to test the robustness of SRC with emotional faces. Finally, the authors increased the initial performance of the holistic SRC with a block‐based SRC, which uses one critical parameter for automatic selection of the most successful blocks.
Towards efficient image irradiance modelling of convex Lambertian surfaces under single viewpoint and frontal illumination
Authors: Elhabian Shireen Y. , Farag Aly A.
Published: August 2013

Under local illumination assumption, phenomenological appearance models capture surface appearance through the mathematical modelling of the reflection process. Theoretically, due to the arbitrariness of the lighting function, the space of all possible images of a fixed‐pose object under all possible illumination conditions is infinite dimensional. Nonetheless, due to their low‐ frequency nature, irradiance signals can be represented using low‐order basis functions, where spherical harmonics (SH) has been extensively adopted. When capturing image irradiance from a single viewpoint, the visible part of the object's surface constructs the upper hemisphere of the surface normals where the SH is no longer orthonormal. In this paper, we propose the use of hemispherical harmonics (HSH) to model image irradiance of convex Lambertian objects perceived from single viewpoint under unknown distant as well as near illumination. We prove analytically, and validate experimentally, that the Lambertian reflectance kernel has a more compact harmonic expansion in the hemispherical domain when compared to its spherical counterpart. Our experiments illustrate that, despite of having poor approximation accuracy under very close lights, such behavior improves exponentially with little increase in the distance to the light source relative to the object size.
Head pose estimation and face recognition using a non‐linear tensor‐based model
Authors: Takallou Hadis Mohseni , Kasaei Shohreh
Published: August 2013

Although the ability to estimate the face pose and recognise its identity are common human abilities, they are still a challenge in computer vision context. In this study, the authors aim to overcome these difficulties by learning a non‐linear tensor‐based model based on multi‐linear decomposition. Proposed model maps the high‐dimensional image space into low‐dimensional pose manifold. For preserving the actual distance along the manifold shape, a graph‐based distance measure is proposed. Also, to compensate for the limited number of training poses, mirrored images are added to training ones to improve the recognition accuracy. For performance evaluation of the proposed method, experiments are run on three famous face databases using three different manifold shapes and two different distance measures. Eight training data modes are chosen such that the influential parameters are studied comprehensively. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of proposed model in achieving high accuracy in pose estimation and multi‐view face recognition, even with different training poses for different identities.
Fusion of dense spatial features and sparse temporal features for three‐dimensional structure estimation in urban scenes
Authors: Nawaf Mohamad Motasem , Trémeau Alain
Published: August 2013

The authors present a novel approach to improve three‐dimensional (3D) structure estimation from an image stream in urban scenes. The authors consider a particular setup, where the camera is installed on a moving vehicle. Applying traditional structure from motion (SfM) technique in this case generates poor estimation of the 3D structure because of several reasons such as texture‐less images, small baseline variations and dominant forward camera motion. The authors idea is to introduce the monocular depth cues that exist in a single image, and add time constraints on the estimated 3D structure. The scene is modelled as a set of small planar patches obtained using over‐segmentation, and the goal is to estimate the 3D positioning of these planes. The authors propose a fusion scheme that employs Markov random field model to integrate spatial and temporal depth features. Spatial depth is obtained by learning a set of global and local image features. Temporal depth is obtained via sparse optical flow based SfM approach. That allows decreasing the estimation ambiguity by forcing some constraints on camera motion. Finally, the authors apply a fusion scheme to create unique 3D structure estimation.
Online stroke segmentation by quick penalty‐based dynamic programming
Authors: Wenyin Liu , Lu Tong , Yajie Yu , Liang Shuang , Zhang Rui
Published: August 2013

A stroke segmentation method named quick penalty‐based dynamic programming is proposed for splitting a sketchy stroke into several regular primitive shapes, such as line segments and elliptical arcs. The authors extend the dynamic programming framework with a customisable penalty function, which measures the correctness of splitting a stroke at a particular point. With the help of the penalty function, the proposed dynamic programming framework can finish the stroke segmentation process without any prior knowledge of the number and/or the type of segments contained in the sketchy stroke. Its response time is sufficiently short for online applications, even for long strokes. Experiments show that the proposed method is robust for strokes with arbitrary shape and size.
Client‐based Internet Protocol version 4‐Internet Protocol version 6 translation mechanism for Session Initiation Protocol multimedia services in next generation networks
Authors: Chen Whai‐En , Li Ssu‐Hsien
Published: August 2013

In the ‘Next Generation Networks’, ‘Session Initiation Protocol’ (SIP) is widely used to control multimedia (e.g. voice and video) sessions and ‘Internet Protocol version 6’ (IPv6) is adopted to provide enough addressing space. However, in the current stage of IPv6 deployment, the newly IPv6‐enabled device [i.e. typically internet protocol version 4 (IPv4)/IPv6 dual‐stack device] may connect to an existing IPv4 device. In the traditional ‘server‐based solutions’, the SIP server is modified to perform the IPv4–IPv6 translations to the SIP messages and the real‐time transport protocol (RTP) packets. However, the IPv4–IPv6 translations increase the call setup latency, the RTP transmission delay and the packet loss possibility. To reduce the drawbacks, this study proposes a ‘client‐based solution’, where the client (i.e. the end device) instead of the SIP server performs the IPv4–IPv6 translation. The authors utilise the message flows to elaborate three server based and the proposed client‐based solutions. In addition, the authors implement all solutions and deploy them in an IPv4–IPv6 interworking testbed. By using the testbed, the authors analyse these solutions in terms of the ‘UA modification, the SIP Server modification, the call setup complexity and the RTP translation’.
New approach for routing in mobile ad‐hoc networks based on ant colony optimisation with global positioning system
Authors: Karia Deepak C. , Godbole Vaibhav V.
Published: August 2013

The field of mobile ad‐hoc networks (MANETs) has gained an important part of the interest of researchers and become very popular in past few years. MANETs can be used to set up a temporary mean of communication by having nodes behave as hosts and routers, with packets hopping between nodes to reach the destination node. This makes MANET suitable for rapid deployment, but because of the dynamic changes in network configurations, quickly finding the optimum route is difficult. In this study, the authors propose a biology‐inspired ant routing protocol based on ant colony optimisation called as optimised antnet global positioning system, which is based on GPS and mobile software agents modelled on ants for routing in ad‐hoc networks. The authors compare the performance of the authors protocol with Antnet, ad‐hoc on‐demand distance vector, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad‐hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocols with respect to end‐to‐end delay, average throughput, packet delivery ratio and route cost.
Incremental particle swarm optimisation for intrusion detection
Authors: Tsai Chun‐Wei
Published: August 2013

An efficient network management method is essential to high‐quality network services. The intrusion detection system (IDS) is one of the most important components of a network management system to prevent attacks from paralysing the entire network. However, detecting the new type of attacks on a network system is a very difficult problem from the perspective of the classification mechanism of an IDS. This study presents an incremental network traffic classification algorithm called incremental particle swarm optimisation to enhance the performance of IDS. Based on semi‐supervised particle swarm optimisation, the proposed algorithm is composed of two major phases: (i) the classification phase is employed to create the classifier for differentiating the type of network flows from the training dataset and (ii) the clustering phase is then used to classify the newly incoming patterns, which may contain known and unknown network flow types.
Use of logarithmic sensitivity in power system analysis: the example of lighting circuits (hot filament, LED and fluorescent lamp circuits)
Authors: Gluskin Emanuel , Tsirbas Elias , Kateri Ifigenia , Topalis Frangiskos V.
Published: August 2013

Logarithmic sensitivity characteristics were widely employed by Ch. P. Steinmetz in his classical studies of magnetic systems. In the present case, the authors deal with power sensitivity, K(U) = (dP/P)/(dU/U), where U is the amplitude (scaling factor) of the applied voltage and P is the averaged power. That such characterisation can be suitable for non‐linear power systems is demonstrated for lighting systems: incandescent lamp circuits (i.e. the hot filament), LEDs and fluorescent lamp (FL) circuits. For FL circuits, the problem of minimisation of K(U) is shown to be practically and methodologically very important. On the pedagogical regard, the opinion is expressed that the described use of K(U) should be taught in basic courses of circuit theory and power systems.
Non‐bridge circuit with double quasi‐balancing for measurement of dielectric loss factor
Authors: Cichy Adam
Published: August 2013

This study presents the synthesis and implementation of non‐bridge quasi‐balanced circuit designed to measure the dielectric loss factor. Synthesis is performed on the basis of the well‐known bridge circuit. The equations of detected signal have been derived and their processing equations have been developed using a general model of a quasi‐balanced circuit. Then, a structural diagram describing the processing of signals in the two states of quasi‐equilibrium has been derived. An example of a virtual implementation of the derived circuit has been presented.
Investigation on Rogowski coil performance for structuring its design methodology
Authors: Hemmati Esmaeil , Shahrtash S. Mohammad
Published: August 2013

Comprehensive experimental study has been performed to investigate the performance of Rogowski coil. The investigations have been followed on both frequency response and time response of the coil under different conditions of terminating resistances, orientations of current‐carrying conductor and shielding. In addition, the performances of the existing models for both unshielded and shielded coils have been investigated to find their accuracies and/or validation regions. The results, then, have been used in structuring a methodology for designing Rogowski coils.
Robust algorithm based on decimated Padè approximant technique for processing sensor data in leak detection in waterworks
Authors: Lay‐Ekuakille Aimé , Griffo Giuseppe , Vergallo Patrizia
Published: August 2013

Although today water is becoming more and more precious, its major waste is caused by transportation. The authorities in charge of the management of water pipes indicate double‐digit percentage of waste, sometimes it even exceeds 50% the amount of water mostly lost by inefficiency of distribution waterworks. In this study, the authors present an alternative method of spectral analysis, used for detecting leaks in water pipes, with respect to classical spectral methods as direct Fourier transform/fast Fourier transform. They have used decimated Padè approximant (DPA), where the input time signal points or auto‐correlation functions are given via measurements or computations, and the task is to reconstruct the unknown components as the harmonic variables in terms of the fundamental complex frequencies and amplitudes. They have also introduced decimated linear predictor technique as direct consequence of the DPA, since they differ only in one step, namely the calculation of the amplitudes.
Efficient karyotyping of metaphase chromosomes using incremental learning
Authors: Joshi Prachi , Munot Mousami , Kulkarni Parag , Joshi Madhuri
Published: August 2013

Automated karyotyping for chromosome classification is an essential task in cytogenetics for diagnosis of genetic disorders and has therefore been an important pattern recognition problem. The existing learning approaches generally discard the previously acquired knowledge and often require retraining, leading to space and time complexities. Incremental learning methods have gained popularity in the current learning scenarios to deal with these issues. This study proposes a novel approach of incremental learning for chromosomes classification for automated karyotyping of metaphase chromosomes. It addresses the issue of catastrophic forgetting with the generation of new class and performs knowledge amassing to classify the chromosomes in Denver groups (A–G). The adaptive nature of the proposed method contributes to its sustained accuracy even for dynamically changing data. An average classification accuracy of 97% is achieved with experimentation on 1800 chromosomes from a publicly available database.
Profit‐based unit commitment with security constraints and fair allocation of cost saving in industrial microgrids
Authors: Derakhshandeh Sayed Yaser , Hamedani Golshan Mohammad Esmail , Masoum Mohammad A.S.
Published: August 2013

Unit commitment (UC) in industrial microgrids (IMGs) is an important issue which has not received much attention in the literature. IMGs consist of many factories with distributed energy resources (DERs) and electric loads that heavily rely on combined heat and power systems. This study illustrates that UC in an IMG is not solely a profit‐based UC or a security constrained UC (SCUC) problem. Therefore a new profit‐based SCUC (PB‐SCUC) formulation is proposed for IMGs that includes both microgrid (MG) security and factories constraints while utilising the generators waste heat to fulfill thermal requirements. The MG controller will solve the PB‐SCUC problem to minimise the final production cost through maximisation of the profit by selling electricity to the upstream network. As each DER and boiler may have an individual owner, an approach based on game theory is also implemented to fairly allocate cost saving among factories participating in the generation process. Detailed simulation results are presented for an IMG consisting of 12 factories and analysed to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Genetic relationships of female reproduction with growth, body composition, maternal weaning weight and tropical adaptation in two tropical beef genotypes
Authors: Wolcott M. L. , Johnston D. J. , Barwick S. A.
Published: August 2013

The genetic relationships of female reproduction with growth and body composition, tropical adaptation traits and maternal weaning weight (descriptive of genetic potential milk production) were estimated in 1027 Brahman (BRAH) and 1132 Tropical Composite (TCOMP) females. Female reproduction was evaluated at puberty, as outcomes of the first and second annual mating periods (Mating 1 and Mating 2, which commenced when females averaged 27 and 39 months of age, respectively), as well as annual averages over up to six matings. Traits evaluated included age at puberty, Mating 1 and 2 pregnancy rate, weaning rate and days to calving, and lifetime annual calving and weaning rate. Traits describing growth and body composition (liveweight, hip height, ultrasound-scanned P8 fat depth and eye muscle area, subjective body condition score and blood IGF-I concentration) were measured in the animals as heifers (at ~18 months of age), and again at the start of Mating 2. Traits describing tropical adaptation included coat-length scores in both genotypes and, in BRAH, buffalo fly lesion scores.
Previously reported analyses of these data identified heifer IGF-I and coat and buffalo-fly-lesion scores as potential genetic indicators for age at puberty in BRAH. The results of the present study found that exploiting these relationships would have no unfavourable genetic consequences for later female reproduction and, in some cases, may be indicators of female reproduction, when evaluated as outcomes of Matings 1 or 2, or as lifetime annual calving or weaning rates. For BRAH, heifer liveweight was a genetic indicator for Mating 1 weaning rate (rg = 0.70), and, while standard errors were high, there were also positive genetic correlations of heifer hip height, eye muscle area and blood IGF-I concentration with Mating 1 weaning rate (rg = 0.61, 0.58 and 0.43, respectively). For TCOMP, significant genetic relationships of heifer growth, body composition and tropical adaptation traits with female reproduction were virtually absent, suggesting that there is less opportunity to identify earlier in life measures as genetic indicators of reproduction for this genotype. Higher maternal weaning weight was significantly genetically related to lower lifetime annual weaning rate (rg = –0.50) in BRAH, and with lower Mating 2 calving and weaning rate (rg = –0.72 and –0.59, respectively) in TCOMP, which will need to be considered when making selection decisions that affect genetic milk in these genotypes. Importantly, the results presented revealed no strong genetic antagonisms of heifer growth and body composition traits with female reproduction, suggesting that selection could be undertaken to improve these simultaneously.
Natural Product Synthesis via the Rhodium Carbenoid-Mediated Cyclization of α-Diazo Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Padwa Albert , Cheng Bo , Zou Yan
Published: August 2013

The chemistry of metal carbene complexes has provided chemists with exceptionally fertile ground for designing and developing new stereoselective bond construction for application towards the synthesis of various natural products. In particular, the RhII-catalyzed reaction of 2-diazo-3-oxobutanoates bearing tethered π-bonds represents a synthetically useful protocol for the construction of a variety of novel polycyclic skeletons. The related RhII-catalyzed reaction of the 2-diazo-2-(1H-indol-2-yl)acetate system has recently been examined as a potential route towards scandine, a member of the melodinus family of alkaloids.
Perspectives on our planet in the Anthropocene
Authors: Williams Jonathan , Crutzen Paul J.
Published: August 2013

Environmental context The term Anthropocene has been proposed as a name for the present geological epoch in recognition of the recent rise of humans to being a geophysical force of planetary importance. This paper provides an overview of humanity’s global impact in terms of population, energy and food demands, climate, air and ocean pollution, biodiversity and erosion, before giving a perspective on our collective future in the Anthropocene. Abstract Within the last 70 years (an average person's lifetime), the human population has more than tripled. Our energy, food and space demands as well as the associated waste products have affected the Earth to such an extent that humanity may be considered a geophysical force in its own right. As a result it has been proposed to name the current epoch the ‘Anthropocene’. Here we draw on a broad range of references to provide an overview of these changes in terms of population, energy and food demands, climate, air and ocean pollution, biodiversity and erosion. The challenges for the future in the Anthropocene are highlighted. We hope that in the future, the ‘Anthropocene’ will not only be characterised by continued human plundering of the Earth’s resources and dumping of excessive amounts of waste products in the environment, but also by vastly improved technology and management, wise use of the Earth’s resources, control of the human and domestic animal population, and overall careful manipulation and restoration of the natural environment. This paper is the first in a series of annual invited papers commemorating Professor Sherwood (Sherry) Rowland, Nobel laureate and founding Board Member of Environmental Chemistry.
Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies
Authors: House Bailey R. , Silk Joan B. , Henrich Joseph , Barrett H. Clark , Scelza Brooke A. , Boyette Adam H. , Hewlett Barry S. , McElreath Richard , Laurence Stephen
Published: August 2013

Humans are an exceptionally cooperative species, but there is substantial variation in the extent of cooperation across societies. Understanding the sources of this variability may provide insights about the forces that sustain cooperation. We examined the ontogeny of prosocial behavior by studying 326 children 3–14 y of age and 120 adults from six societies (age distributions varied across societies). These six societies span a wide range of extant human variation in culture, geography, and subsistence strategies, including foragers, herders, horticulturalists, and urban dwellers across the Americas, Oceania, and Africa. When delivering benefits to others was personally costly, rates of prosocial behavior dropped across all six societies as children approached middle childhood and then rates of prosociality diverged as children tracked toward the behavior of adults in their own societies. When prosocial acts did not require personal sacrifice, prosocial responses increased steadily as children matured with little variation in behavior across societies. Our results are consistent with theories emphasizing the importance of acquired cultural norms in shaping costly forms of cooperation and creating cross-cultural diversity.
Sight over sound in the judgment of music performance
Authors: Tsay Chia-Jung
Published: August 2013

Social judgments are made on the basis of both visual and auditory information, with consequential implications for our decisions. To examine the impact of visual information on expert judgment and its predictive validity for performance outcomes, this set of seven experiments in the domain of music offers a conservative test of the relative influence of vision versus audition. People consistently report that sound is the most important source of information in evaluating performance in music. However, the findings demonstrate that people actually depend primarily on visual information when making judgments about music performance. People reliably select the actual winners of live music competitions based on silent video recordings, but neither musical novices nor professional musicians were able to identify the winners based on sound recordings or recordings with both video and sound. The results highlight our natural, automatic, and nonconscious dependence on visual cues. The dominance of visual information emerges to the degree that it is overweighted relative to auditory information, even when sound is consciously valued as the core domain content.
Segmenting the human genome based on states of neutral genetic divergence
Authors: Kuruppumullage Don Prabhani , Ananda Guruprasad , Chiaromonte Francesca , Makova Kateryna D.
Published: August 2013

Significance

In addition to a significant contribution to our understanding of the intricacies of mutagenesis, this study provides a powerful platform for mining biomedical data—which we make publicly available through the University of California Santa Cruz Genome Browser and the Galaxy portal. The divergence states we characterize serve as local background to benchmark signals used in computational algorithms for prediction of noncoding functional elements and in screening variants from cancer and other disease-affected genomes.
Two-state dynamics of the SH3–SH2 tandem of Abl kinase and the allosteric role of the N-cap
Authors: Corbi-Verge Carles , Marinelli Fabrizio , Zafra-Ruano Ana , Ruiz-Sanz Javier , Luque Irene , Faraldo-Gómez José D.
Published: August 2013

Significance

There is increasing interest in developing pharmacological strategies to inhibit the allosteric regulatory mechanisms of signaling enzymes. The Abl tyrosine kinase is a prominent target, due to its ubiquitous cellular role and its involvement in cancer. Here, computational and experimental methods are used in synergy to probe the mechanism of the regulatory unit of Abl, whose dual function is to inhibit the enzyme and to mediate its interaction with other signaling proteins. Our results provide insights into the thermodynamic basis for the mechanism of Abl autoinhibition and activation and expand our understanding of the principles that govern modular domain organization.
Transcriptional response to stress in the dynamic chromatin environment of cycling and mitotic cells
Authors: Vihervaara Anniina , Sergelius Christian , Vasara Jenni , Blom Malin A. H. , Elsing Alexandra N. , Roos-Mattjus Pia , Sistonen Lea
Published: August 2013

Significance

We determined the transcriptional program that is rapidly provoked to counteract heat-induced stress and uncovered the broad range of molecular mechanisms that maintain cellular homeostasis under hostile conditions. Because transcriptional responses are directed in the complex chromatin environment that undergoes dramatic changes during the cell cycle progression, we identified the genomewide transcriptional response to stress also in cells where the chromatin is condensed for mitotic division. Our results highlight the importance of the cell cycle phase in provoking cellular responses and identify molecular mechanisms that direct transcription during the progression of the cell cycle.
Consequences of domain insertion on sequence-structure divergence in a superfold
Authors: Pandya Chetanya , Brown Shoshana , Pieper Ursula , Sali Andrej , Dunaway-Mariano Debra , Babbitt Patricia C. , Xia Yu , Allen Karen N.
Published: August 2013

Significance

Here, we determine the impact of large-domain insertions on the sequence and structure divergence of a ubiquitous protein scaffold (superfold). By performing quantitative analysis on a distinctive dataset of >150 protein structures, unique protein-design principles have been uncovered. Our work suggests that superfolds are tolerant to relatively large domain insertions when followed by accommodating mutations in the scaffold. This structural robustness may facilitate the development of directed evolution technologies that incorporate domains into existing scaffolds.
Cotranslational folding of membrane proteins probed by arrest-peptide–mediated force measurements
Authors: Cymer Florian , von Heijne Gunnar
Published: August 2013

Polytopic membrane proteins are inserted cotranslationally into target membranes by ribosome–translocon complexes. It is, however, unclear when during the insertion process specific interactions between the transmembrane helices start to form. Here, we use a recently developed in vivo technique to measure pulling forces acting on transmembrane helices during their cotranslational insertion into the inner membrane of
Escherichia coli
to study the earliest steps of tertiary folding of five polytopic membrane proteins. We find that interactions between residues in a C-terminally located transmembrane helix and in more N-terminally located helices can be detected already at the point when the C-terminal helix partitions from the translocon into the membrane. Our findings pinpoint the earliest steps of tertiary structure formation and open up possibilities to study the cotranslational folding of polytopic membrane proteins.
Human α-
l
-iduronidase uses its own
N
-glycan as a substrate-binding and catalytic module
Authors: Maita Nobuo , Tsukimura Takahiro , Taniguchi Takako , Saito Seiji , Ohno Kazuki , Taniguchi Hisaaki , Sakuraba Hitoshi
Published: August 2013

N
-glycosylation is a major posttranslational modification that endows proteins with various functions. It is established that
N
-glycans are essential for the correct folding and stability of some enzymes; however, the actual effects of
N
-glycans on their activities are poorly understood. Here, we show that human α-
l
-iduronidase (hIDUA), of which a dysfunction causes accumulation of dermatan/heparan sulfate leading to mucopolysaccharidosis type I, uses its own
N
-glycan as a substrate binding and catalytic module. Structural analysis revealed that the mannose residue of the
N
-glycan attached to N372 constituted a part of the substrate-binding pocket and interacted directly with a substrate. A deglycosylation study showed that enzyme activity was highly correlated with the
N
-glycan attached to N372. The kinetics of native and deglycosylated hIDUA suggested that the
N
-glycan is also involved in catalytic processes. Our study demonstrates a previously unrecognized function of
N
-glycans.
Disruption of centrifugal inhibition to olfactory bulb granule cells impairs olfactory discrimination
Authors: Nunez-Parra Alexia , Maurer Robert K. , Krahe Krista , Smith Richard S. , Araneda Ricardo C.
Published: August 2013

Significance

Granule cells (GCs) are the most abundant neuronal type in the olfactory bulb (OB) and play a critical role in odor processing. GCs integrate bottom-up and top-down information and regulate the output of principal neurons to higher brain areas. Here, we provide direct evidence that GCs in the OB are regulated by GABAergic neurons from the basal forebrain and that disrupting this inhibition affects odor discrimination. Recent work has highlighted the role of feedback excitatory cortical inputs to the OB. Like the excitatory cortical feedback, the inhibitory input we describe could mediate fast changes in olfactory coding in the OB in response to rapid changes in environmental context.