bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The short‐EMBU* in East‐Germany and Sweden: A cross‐national factorial validity extension
Authors: Arrindell Willem , Richter Jörg , Eisemann Martin , Gärling Tommy , Rydén Olof , Hansson Sven , Kasielke Edith , Frindte Wolfgang , Gillholm Robert , Gustafsson Mathias
Published: March 2003

The factorial stability and reliability of the 23‐item s(hort)‐EMBU previously demonstrated to be satisfactory in samples of students from Greece, Guatemala, Hungary and Italy, were extended with 791 students from East‐Germany and Sweden. Previous findings on factorial validity, internal reliability and correlations among scales were replicated. The 23‐item form thus continues to be recommended as a reliable functional equivalent to the early 81‐item EMBU, when the clinical and/or research context does not adequately permit application of time‐consuming test batteries.
Generative models, brain function and neuroimaging
Authors: Friston Karl J. , Price Cathy J.
Published: March 2003

The representational capacity and inherent function of any neuron, neuronal population or cortical area in the brain is dynamic and context‐sensitive. Functional integration, or interactions among brain systems, that employ driving (bottom up) and backward (top‐down) connections, mediate this adaptive and contextual specialisation. A critical consequence is that neuronal responses, in any given cortical area, can represent different things at different times. This can have fundamental implications for the design of brain imaging experiments and the interpretation of their results.

Our arguments are developed under generative models of brain function, where higher‐level systems provide a prediction of the inputs to lower‐level regions. Conflict between the two is resolved by changes in the higher‐level representations, which are driven by the ensuing error in lower regions, until the mismatch is “cancelled”. From this perspective the specialisation of any region is determined both by bottom‐up driving inputs and by top‐down predictions. Specialisation is therefore not an intrinsic property of any region but depends on both forward and backward connections with other areas. Because the latter have access to the context in which the inputs are generated they are in a position to modulate the selectivity or specialisation of lower areas.

The implications for classical models (e.g., classical receptive fields in electrophysiology, classical specialisation in neuroimaging and connectionism in cognitive models) are severe and suggest these models may provide incomplete accounts of real brain architectures. Here we focus on the implications for cognitive neuroscience in the context of neuroimaging.
Seasonal eating patterns in Norway: A non‐clinical population study
Authors: Perry Judith A. , Silvera David H. , Rosenvinge Jan H. , Neilands Tor , Holte Arne
Published: March 2003

Seasonal deviations in normal eating habits have been associated with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Two studies on seasonal variation in eating habits are reported in this paper. In Study 1, seasonal patterns of eating disturbances were measured cross‐sectionally in 6313 participants using an eating disturbance scale (EDS‐5) and a modified version of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Eating disturbance scores were predicted by seasonal sensitivity scores from the SPAQ, gender, age, and light. Study 2 used a longitudinal design in which 908 participants were given the EDS‐5 every month from November 1993 to January 1995. Scores on the EDS‐5 fluctuated with the season of the year, with higher EDS‐5 scores in winter and lower in summer. The results suggest that seasonal fluctuations affect only a subset of the total population.
Non‐parametric Curve Estimation by Wavelet Thresholding with Locally Stationary Errors
Authors: Von Sachs Rainer , Macgibbon Brenda
Published: March 2003

An important aspect in the modelling of biological phenomena in living organisms, whether the measurements are of blood pressure, enzyme levels, biomechanical movements or heartbeats, etc., is time variation in the data. Thus, the recovery of a ‘smooth’ regression or trend function from noisy time‐varying sampled data becomes a problem of particular interest. Here we use non‐linear wavelet thresholding to estimate a regression or a trend function in the presence of additive noise which, in contrast to most existing models, does not need to be stationary. (Here, non‐stationarity means that the spectral behaviour of the noise is allowed to change slowly over time). We develop a procedure to adapt existing threshold rules to such situations, e.g. that of a time‐varying variance in the errors. Moreover, in the model of curve estimation for functions belonging to a Besov class with locally stationary errors, we derive a near‐optimal rate for the ‐risk between the unknown function and our soft or hard threshold estimator, which holds in the general case of an error distribution with bounded cumulants. In the case of Gaussian errors, a lower bound on the asymptotic minimax rate in the wavelet coefficient domain is also obtained. Also it is argued that a stronger adaptivity result is possible by the use of a particular location and level dependent threshold obtained by minimizing Stein's unbiased estimate of the risk. In this respect, our work generalizes previous results, which cover the situation of correlated, but stationary errors. A natural application of our approach is the estimation of the trend function of non‐stationary time series under the model of local stationarity. The method is illustrated on both an interesting simulated example and a biostatistical data‐set, measurements of sheep luteinizing hormone, which exhibits a clear non‐stationarity in its variance.
Losing Touch? The Political Representativeness of Swedish Parties, 1985–1994
Authors: Widfeldt Anders
Published: March 2003

Political parties are often said to be in decline. In Sweden, the major parties have lost significant amounts of members and activists in recent years. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the decline in participatory linkage via parties has been accompanied by a representative decline. Using data from the Swedish Election Studies and Parliamentary Studies, average self‐placement on the left‐right schema is compared between Members of Parliament, party activists, party members and voters. There is no evidence of a decline in the political representativeness of the parliamentarians. There is, however, some evidence that members and activists have become radicalized compared to the voters. This is particularly true of the Social Democrats, and also to some extent in the Moderate Party. Thus, while there is no general decline in the representative linkage provided by the Swedish parties, there is some justification to speak of a representational decline for the Swedish parties as membership organizations.
Productivity Growth, Participation and Communication
Authors: Kersley Barbara , Martin Christopher
Published: March 2003

The issue of communication between workers and firms has become important in recent political and economic policy debates. The most obvious example of this is the debate over whether the UK should adopt the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty, which would make it mandatory for many firms to consult and communicate with their workforce. Another example is the debate over whether workers should be regarded as ‘stakeholders’. In this paper we use establishment level data from the 1990 WERS survey to show that communication is associated with higher productivity growth. However, the strongest effects come from informal contact rather than through more formal bodies such as works councils. We argue that our results are consistent with a causal relationship where communication leads to higher productivity growth and further argue that the evidence is against the alternative interpretation of reverse causation. Our results have interesting policy implications: initiatives that increase communication can increase productivity growth, but will only be effective if they increase the amount of informal communication.
The Economics of American Sports Leagues
Authors: Vrooman John
Published: March 2003

Player mobility in North American sports leagues is limited by labour market constraints designed ostensibly to allow teams to recoup player development costs and to maintain competitive balance within leagues. Theory holds that the distribution of talent will be invariant under any institutional configuration, and that while rules to constrain movement will serve to enhance monopsonistic exploitation of talent, they will have no effect on competitive balance. This paper reprises a general theory through which the effects of the labour market constraints can be comparatively analysed for American sports leagues. The economics of sports has been relegated to the realm of labour theory by the unnecessarily limiting assumption that owners of sports clubs are single‐minded profit maximisers. This paper also presents a theory that seeks to unify capital market decisions of financial leverage and ownership syndication with operational labour market decisions for athletic talent and an owner’s desire to win.
Heritage as a Tourism Commodity: Traversing the Tourist–Local Divide
Authors: Chang T.C.
Published: March 2003

In developing tourist attractions, government planning authorities and entrepreneurs face a challenging task trying to cater to the interests of foreign visitors while meeting the needs of the local community. This paper presents the case of tourism development as a dynamic process in which the “tourist–local divide” is negotiated and the welfare of both groups monitored. This argument is empirically developed with the aid of two case studies on heritage tourism in Singapore: the adaptive re–use of old shophouses after their conversion into boutique hotels, and the re–invention of street activities as tourist sites. The commoditisation thesis advanced by many tourism writers is critiqued. I argue that heritage development is geared towards Singaporeans as much as it is towards tourists, and the effects of commoditisation are not always negative for the host community. Rather than a static object, heritage is an ever–changing product influenced by the combined effects of economic development, tourism and socio–cultural forces at the local scale. For this reason, the notion that commoditisation leads to “inauthenticity” is re–evaluated and a more optimistic prognosis on heritage tourism is offered.
Urban Redevelopment and the Forced Eviction of Lighters from the Singapore River
Authors: Dobbs Stephen
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the causes and impact of the “evictionr” of the lighterage industry from the Singapore River in 1983. For more than 160 years, the lighterage industry served the traditional Entrepôt trade interests of Singapore from its base along the Singapore River. In 1983, all cargo–carrying lighters operating from the river were forced to relocate to new facilities at Pasir Panjang as a direct consequence of the Singapore government’s broader economic agenda to speedily industrialise and modernise the island state. State policy unequivocally linked slum clearance and city redevelopment with its economic programme. As Singapore’s economy grew and diversified through the 1970s it became less reliant on the commerce of the entrepôt trade, and the lighterage industry, already struggling to compete with technological changes in sea transport, found itself left without a bargaining position and standing in the path of economic development and urban renewal. While the economic success that Singapore has enjoyed over the past several decades seems to vindicate the state’s relentless drive for urban renewal, it often overshadows the impact of the state’s policies on individuals. For those working in the industry, eviction led to social and economic hardship as business declined and individuals struggled to adapt to their new work environment.
Social Politics and Policy in an Era of Globalization: Critical Reflections
Authors: Yeates Nicola
Published: March 2003

This paper critically examines the ways in which social policy is said to be affected by globalization. The prevailing approach has been framed in terms of the impact of “external” economic forces on national welfare states. Globalization is said to undermine the economic and political conditions on which welfare states were built, erode national policy autonomy and force the marketization and residualization of welfare states. These predictions are found wanting on the grounds that they share many of the assumptions, and therefore also the faults, of “strong” globalization theory. A more nuanced account of the way in which social politics and social policy are affected by globalization is needed and a global governance perspective is outlined. This, it is argued, better captures the political and institutional environment in which social policy is formulated and implemented. It also recognizes the importance of “local” factors and their interaction with global ones in shaping political responses, including social policy, to globalization. The discussion highlights the enduring power of “local” forces—those which are at the level of and internal to states—and of politics and ideology in shaping the process of globalization and ultimately its implications for welfare states and social policies.
Balancing Research and Action: Reflections on an Action Research Project in a Social Services Department
Authors: Waterson Jan
Published: March 2003

The relationships between social research, policy development and implementation are complex. External researchers are frequently employed by agencies to research their activities, with the expectation that the results will lead to organizational development. In some research traditions this takes place after the presentation of a final report. In the action research approach the two are integrated and action is a part of the inquiry process. Frequently, however, despite the best intentions of the commissioners and researchers, little action ensues. Influential factors, including issues arising from changes of key research personnel, shifts in organizational staff and roles, multiple agendas, and issues in presenting findings, dissemination and feedback dilemmas, are explored, using a case study of the introduction of care management in one local authority social services department. Finally, the usefulness of this type of research by an outsider in a context of very rapid change is assessed.
“Risk” and UK Pension Reform
Authors: Ring Patrick
Published: March 2003

“Risk” is a word that has become common currency in the financial services industry in general, and in the pensions industry in particular. This article critically examines its use in the context of the current debate about UK pension reform. “Risk” is used by a broad spectrum of interests to discuss a wide range of pension issues in a variety of contexts. The article outlines key theoretical perspectives on the nature and construction, or conceptualization, of risk. Their relevance to debate and policy initiatives, particularly public pension policy, is examined. It is suggested that current government policy is failing to carry with it those to whom the policy applies; that reforms implicitly, if not explicitly, underestimate the importance of “security”; and that failure to conduct a much broader debate about the fundamental notions of work, retirement, saving and security may simply condemn the UK to interminable pension reform.
Neo‐Liberal Agricultural Discourse in New Zealand: Economy, Culture and Politics Linked
Authors: Liepins Ruth , Bradshaw Ben
Published: March 2003

Based upon a detailed reading of various texts emanating from the Federated Farmers of New Zealand, this paper considers the ways in which this farm organization has acted as a conduit between farmers and broader economic, cultural and political institutions and structures influencing New Zealand agriculture. These texts portray the Federation as an articulate partner in wider constructions of a neo‐liberal discourse, which champions the market for its ‘freedom’ and ‘efficiency’ and denigrates the state for its ‘distortions’ and ‘backwardness.’ More generally, this reading shows how agriculture is a culturally constructed sector where influential political and economic philosophies can become naturalized and accepted as ‘truth.’
Re‐creating rural territories: leader in France
Authors: Buller Henry
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the impact of the European Union's leader policy within France. Considering, in turn, the territorial, developmental and, finally, political effects of leader, the paper demonstrates that leader schemes occupy an often highly complex position with respect to a series of internal French policy agendas linked to political decentralization, spatial planning and the gradual shift away from a long‐dominant agrarian conceptualization of rural space. It is argued that while leader schemes present many of the necessary components for new forms of local rural governance, these remain largely constrained within an existing political, economic and administrative framework that offers only partial opportunities for genuine innovation in policy development. Critically, however, one of the principal leader effects within France has been to shift the local rural policy agenda away from solely economic development strategies, for many years the mainstay of non‐agricultural rural policy, towards a more reflexive approach to issues of social cohesion and territorial composition.
Negotiating the role of expert carers on an adult hospital ward
Authors: Allen Davina
Published: March 2003

Contemporary systems of welfare are increasingly underpinned by the assumption that families should care for their dependent adult relatives. Yet, the burgeoning empirical literature in this area has given little attention to the ways in which family caregivers fit into the service system. Drawing on interactionist theories of the division of labour, this paper employs ethnographic data, taken from a recent study, to explore the ways in which formal and informal carers negotiate ‘care’ on an adult medical ward. It is argued that established family carers (referred to as expert carers) constitute a special case in understanding the negotiation of care in the hospital context because of the challenge they pose to fundamental features of the social organisation of the work: nurses’ control over caring processes, their claim to expertise and their license to define standards of care.
Income, inequality and mortality in 14 developed countries
Authors: Lobmayer Peter , Wilkinson Richard
Published: March 2003

The tendency for more egalitarian societies to have lower mortality rates has been identified in international data and subsequently confirmed in analyses of areas within countries, particularly within the USA. However, recent reports using data on OECD countries from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) suggest this relation no longer exists. We investigated whether the shift in relative poverty from elderly people (with high death rates) to young families (low death rates) may have affected the associations. Using age‐ and sex‐specific mortality among 14 OECD countries in relation to income inequality, median income and absolute and relative poverty, we found that wider income distribution is related to higher premature mortality, and higher age‐specific mortality rates below, but not above, age 65 years. Absolute income levels showed no consistent relation to mortality. The changing age distribution of relative poverty may have affected the way income inequality impacts on mortality measured across all ages.
Signifying across time and space: a case study of biomedical educational texts
Authors: Carter Simon , Michael Mike
Published: March 2003

This paper is an analysis of educational materials produced by the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council (MRC). While the MRC's Research Updates are designed to be used in the classroom, interviews with MRC contributors to the Updates and with teachers and students show that their function is complex. Drawing on these data, we point to three facets of biomedical texts that have been neglected. First, we note that these texts are meant to influence only a proportion of their target audience. Their impact is to set up a ‘resonance’ in this proportion of students, a resonance that will at some point in the future materialise as a choice to pursue a career in biomedical research. This is our second observation: that texts are designed to have a latent effect. These texts also address another audience – government bodies who demand that the MRC engage in educational and public understanding of science activities. As such, and this is our third observation, scientific texts can signify laterally, not to readers directly engaged with them, but to observers whose concern is with their trajectory.
Typological considerations on second language acquisition
Authors: Ramat Anna Giacalone
Published: March 2003

In this paper I claim that the functional typological approach may offer fruitful insights to interpret Second Language data. I assume that the range of grammatical choices languages of the world use to code a given semantic relation is potentially available to learner languages and it is thus expected that learner languages show features which, although different from their source or target languages, may find a counterpart in some other languages of the world. To this purpose, I will draw on second language data in the domain of relative clause formation and will also discuss the notion of relative clause construction in typology and acquisition.

I also address a terminological and methodological point, namely whether the learning of the grammatical structures of a target language may be compared to grammaticalization as a diachronic process concerning the historical development of grammatical categories. Despite clear differences of conditions, I will nonetheless argue that both types of grammaticalization may help to discover general properties of language change.
The Borel Transform and Its Use in the Summation of Asymptotic Expansions
Authors: Byatt‐Smith J. G.
Published: March 2003

The solution of connection problems on the real line (the x axis) often give asymptotic expansions which are either even or odd. This gives rise to ‘identically zero’ expansions, that is, an asymptotic expansion in which all terms are identically zero at the origin. We show that the Borel transform of these problems have solutions that provide integral representations of the solution. The evaluation of these integrals, as x→0, allows us to compute the exponentially small term that these ‘identically zero’ expansions represent.
A Surprising Result in Coin Tossing
Authors: Cholkar C. P. , Deshpande M. N.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a counterintuitive result in coin tossing.
King Kong, Storks and Birth Rates
Authors: Wirth Steffen
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the influence extreme observations can exert on linear correlation between variables. It shows that standard p‐values obtained according to ordinary least squares and median regression can be misleading. Bootstrapping can prevent underestimation of the standard error of the regression coefficient and therefore unmask the deceiving correlation.
Teaching in the Global Village: Notes Towards a Religious Studies Rhetoric
Authors: Connor Kimberley Rae
Published: March 2003

The author describes her participation in a religious studies teaching workshop where she was asked to think creatively about the art of teaching, what implications result from changes in the field, and the relationship of religious studies to other fields. General conclusions endorse pedagogies that are dialogic, participatory, and experiential and invite possibilities provided by changes in the field that encourage courses that are more inclusive of marginal voices and attentive to multicultural inflections. In assessing the relationship of religious studies to other fields, the author draws on her interdisciplinary background in religion and literature to apply Aristotelian rhetoric to the interpretation of a short story, thereby providing an actual model of how disciplines can complement each other while also highlighting aspects of the pedagogical and multicultural principles endorsed by the workshop participants. The application of Aristotelian principles of logos, ethos, and pathos becomes for the workshop participants a religious studies rhetoric: a provisional model for how to interpret classroom conduct.
Becoming an Islander through Action in The Scottish Hebrides
Authors: Kohn Tamara
Published: March 2003

This article explores the way in which community belonging may be imagined and enacted. It begins with an introduction to a small Inner Hebridean island community and a discussion of the invisibility of incomers in representations of Scotland’s past and present. It describes how the island came to be populated as it is today with people of diverse backgrounds. Drawing on three years of fieldwork, it shows how progression along an ‘incomer/islander continuum’ may be demonstrated through social action in the present. It suggests that while such everyday action may not be consciously equated with ethnic or ‘island’ identity, it is often a more revealing and lasting marker of local identity than overtly constructed symbolic markers of ancestry, locality, or blood relationship. Consciously waved ‘flags’ of island (or national or class) belonging which include, sometimes, the wearing of kilts, recounting of local history, or public celebration of local event/ritual, have been fairly common focal points in anthropological description. While these displays of identity are telling, the evidence in this article suggests that people who manipulate such symbols remain outside the living and changing community unless they also engage in appropriate everyday social action. This raises critical issues about methodology and focus in the social anthropology of identity and change.
Contradictions between Dutch Housing Policy and Spatial Planning
Authors: Priemus Hugo
Published: March 2003

From the late 1980s Dutch housing policy has undergone a marked change, from a broad public commitment by central government to a resolute market orientation in which more of the risks have been transferred to private actors and local governments. During the same years, spatial planning policies were also revised. In order to achieve environmental policy objectives, restrictive planning policies were introduced to preserve landscape heritage; building activities were now to be concentrated in and near central cities. The old coalition between housing and spatial planning gave way, to a new coalition between spatial planning and environmental policy.

Five contradictions between current housing policy and spatial planning are examined: the artificial shortage of new housing land, the tension between urban density and consumer preferences, a rigid and uniform housing differentiation which is at odds with the natural flexibility of housing markets, the danger of spatial segregation, and the tension between house building activities and environmental priorities.

These contradictions can be explained as the result of an attempt by the Dutch government to combine a market‐oriented housing policy with substantial environmental ambitions (which have limited market support). The reformulation of both planning policy and housing policy is advocated, together with the shaping of both policy fields as a combination of market and policy elements. This will enable the desired improvement in consistency between spatial planning and housing policy.
Global cities, transnational flows and gender dimensions: the view from Singapore
Authors: Yeoh Brenda , Huang Shirlena , Willis Katie
Published: March 2003

This paper challenges the systematic, though often unacknowledged, gendered nature of much of current globalisation discourse and argues for the need to give attention to the gendered dimensions of the transnational flows of people into global cities and, relatedly, the gendering of metropolitan space in the process. The paper focuses on Singapore, an aspiring global city, to investigate how global city spaces are transgressed by transnational migrants who may challenge, inflect or reaffirm the gendered spatial boundaries with which the city is scripted. In particular, it focuses on three groups of women – expatriate wives, wives of Singaporean men working overseas, and foreign domestic workers – to unmask the gendering at work as well as the gendered implications of transnationalism in Singapore’s state‐led drive to global city status; and to demonstrate that the production of the global city cannot be decoupled from ideas and assumptions about what constitutes the desirable Asian family and women’s work within the household. For expatriate wives, often reduced to dependent spouse status by immigration laws, community work becomes the third space in which they renegotiate and extend the scope of their identities as mothers, wives and homemakers. Wives of Singaporean men working overseas, however, appear to accept more readily their socially expected role as the cultural defenders and carriers of their families and the nation. And it is clear that the transnational movement of foreign domestic workers rests on gender‐stereotyped assumptions about women’s role in the labour market vis‐a`‐vis the household economy. The paper concludes by suggesting three interrelated starting points to address the need to incorporate gendered understandings in the burgeoning research on globalising cities: first, for women to be reinstated in analyses of transnational flows; second, for a stronger focus to be given to the social relations within households, families and communities and their differential impacts on transmigrants; and third, for more work to be done on female transmigrants in terms of local and transnational activisms.
University–business interaction in the Oxford and Cambridge regions
Authors: Lawton Smith Helen , Keeble David , Lawson Clive , Moore Barry , Wilkinson Frank
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the interplay of factors that produce specific local patterns of interaction between firms and universities, using survey evidence from a comparative study of two e´lite locations, the Oxford and Cambridge regions. It uses these examples to examine why innovating firms have external links, why they have them with universities, which spatial mechanisms are significant in the place‐specific technology transfer links universities have with firms in their immediate hinterlands, and what kinds of institutional factors influence the form links take.
Nominal Composition In Sabellic And Proto–Italic
Authors: Heidermanns Frank
Published: March 2003

The paper presents the totality of nominal compounds attested in the Sabellic languages. It intends to evaluate any lexical correspondences between Sabellic and Latin and to classify the types of composition as productive or rather marginal respectively. Common innovations in the system of nominal composition contribute to the arguments in favour of a linguistic unity of Proto–Italic.
An Explanation of the International Variation in the Prevalence of Child Labour
Authors: Shelburne Robert C.
Published: March 2003

It is hypothesized that the institutional acceptability of child labor will be more prevalent when the other members of a society gain from its use. Therefore, the cross‐country variation in the prevalence of child labor depends on the degree to which child labor affects the welfare of the remaining members of a society. It is demonstrated theoretically that the non‐child‐labor factors gain from child labor when the economy is closed. As an economy becomes more open to international trade, those gains diminish and even turn negative as the size of the economy increases. Child labor will not exist in capital abundant countries since, in them, child labor makes the non‐child‐labor factors worse off. It is shown empirically that the cross‐country prevalence of child labor falls with increases in a nation's per capita income, its openness to trade, and its economic size. It is argued that trade sanctions, as a remedy for child labor, may be counter‐productive since an open economy reduces the benefits of child labor to the other members of a society, and thereby reduces the society's incentive to allow child labor. The model also demonstrates that the economic changes brought on by democracy undermine the practice of child labor.
Genetically Modified Organisms and Trade Rules: Identifying Important Challenges for the WTO
Authors: Isaac Grant E. , Kerr William A.
Published: March 2003

Controversial debates associated with the establishment of international market access rules for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) illustrate a more general challenge facing the World Trade Organisation (WTO); to acceptably accommodate growing consumer concerns regarding a product's production and processing methods (PPM). This paper aims to clarify the debates by examining the foundations of and the procedures for the WTO's decision–making on PPM–based market access rules. To illustrate this, both an import embargo and a mandatory labelling regulation for GMOs are examined. The strengths and weaknesses of the current decision–making procedure are discussed and options for future negotiations are proposed.
On the pragmatics of an androgynous style of speaking (from a transsexual’s perspective)
Authors: White C. Todd
Published: March 2003

Since the publication of Robin Lakoff’s Language and Woman’s Place (1975), much has been written regarding the distinct language styles employed by men and women in Western culture. For instance, linguists in England and America have repeatedly found men to be more competitive and women more co‐operative in discourse. Following the lead of psychologist Sandra Bem, Jennifer Coates has suggested that a speaker who shifts between masculine and feminine styles of speaking will have certain advantages in today’s society, especially in the work environment. This paper considers the pragmatics of style‐shifting as related to the experiences of Marty Gomez, a male‐to‐female transsexual who has met with limited success in passing as female under intense public scrutiny. It illustrates how Marty shifts between what has been considered two distinct styles of speaking in order to (1) maintain the illusion of femininity, (2) set clients of both genders at ease as they pose before an audience of strangers, and (3) entice clients to desire and purchase a product. Marty’s situation reveals much regarding the underlying Western notions of gender and upholds the theories of modern linguists. However, it also shows the limitation of style‐shifting when applied in her situation. If Marty appears too feminine, she may lose the sale; too masculine, and she runs the risk of revealing her male self. While Marty herself attributes much of her success in society to her ability to style shift, it is complicated and fatiguing work, not without danger.
Poor People on the Move: County‐to‐County Migration and the Spatial Concentration of Poverty
Authors: Nord Mark
Published: March 2003

Poverty rates in high‐poverty and low‐poverty rural counties, and, thus, the spatial concentration of poverty, are affected by poverty‐specific differences in in‐migration and out‐migration patterns. These patterns are investigated using 1985–90 county‐to‐county migration data from the decennial census. Effects on poverty rates of four migration flows (in‐ and out‐migration of poor, in‐ and out‐migration of nonpoor) are quantified, and their impacts on spatial concentration of poverty are assessed. The effect of selected county characteristics on the migration of the poor and nonpoor in nonmetro counties are estimated. The poor are as mobile as the nonpoor, and the migration patterns of both poor and nonpoor generally maintain and reinforce the pre‐existing spatial concentration of poverty.
How Does Economic Development in Eastern Europe Affect Austria's Regions? A Multiregional General Equilibrium Framework
Authors: Bröcker Johannes , Schneider Martin
Published: March 2003

The paper quantifies regional welfare effects arising from the increasing trade flows between Austria and its Eastern neighbors after the opening up of Eastern Europe. We calibrate a static multiregional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with benchmark data from 1994 for Austria, subdivided into nine Federal Provinces. The regions are linked by trade flows with the four Eastern neighboring countries and with the rest of the world. We simulate the effects of the increase of trade interpenetration as observed between 1989 and 1999 in a comparative static analysis. Regional welfare effects under fixed and flexible wages are presented. We also compare national CGE results with estimates obtained in a simple partial equilibrium approach.
Capability as Opportunity: How Amartya Sen Revises Equal Opportunity
Authors: Beckley Harlan
Published: March 2003

Although the concept of equal opportunity has received scant attention from theological ethics, it attracts widespread approval in the U.S. popular culture and has been examined extensively by contemporary moral philosophy. Amartya Sen’s conception of capabilities as “freedom” or “real opportunity” corrects deficiencies in both popular and philosophical conceptions of equal opportunity that ignore interpersonal variations in mental, physical, and psychological abilities beyond agents’ control. Recent theologically informed conceptions of love and common grace affirm and revise Sen’s conception of equal capability as equal opportunity. The resulting understanding of equal opportunity is quite different from some uses of this concept and could be an important criterion for a just society.
Protestant Divergence in the Restoration Crisis
Authors: Sutherland Martin P.
Published: March 2003

Recent studies of the Stuart Restoration have recovered the importance of religion as a factor in the history of the period. One provocative product of this approach is Jonathan Scott’s thesis that moves to exclude the Catholic James, Duke of York, from succession to the throne reflected a wider ‘Restoration Crisis’, characterized by shifting ideas and allegiances, which defies ‘party’ analysis. Two theological controversies which erupted in 1680 reveal tensions between three divergent and ultimately irreconcilable ecclesiological themes which were a feature of Early Modern English Protestant theology. Whilst in each Christ was acknowledged as head of the church they differed as to whether this authority was mediated through the magistrate or the bishops or whether the individual had immediate conscientious access to divine leading. In the 1680 disputes variants of these three positions were adopted by leading figures within both the Church of England and Dissent. The fissures did not, however, run neatly along expected lines. The analysis provides theological parallels to the political flux identified by Scott. Under the pressure of events, a complex polarization was occurring which suggests that examples of common cause over exclusion did not reflect theological reconciliation.
Anglicanism and Nationalism in Australia,1901–1962
Authors: Fletcher Brian H.
Published: March 2003

In recent years Australian nationalism has attracted considerable attention from historians, but most of the literature has been written from a secular standpoint. The present paper focuses on the contribution of the Anglican Church to the development of nationalism in the period between the coming of Federation and the attainment by the church of a new constitution that gave it autonomy. The ﬁrst part of the paper examines the English character of the church and its attitudes towards empire, monarchy and “White Australia.” The second part explores the emergence of a more distinctively Australian identity within the church. Although importannt, this was not strong enough greatly to inﬂuence the church whose presence helped perpetuate the hold of British cultural values in ways and to an extent not hitherto fully appreciated.
Mission Encounters in the Colonial World: British Columbia and South‐West Australia
Authors: Brock Peggy
Published: March 2003

This paper considers various aspects of the interactions of missions and indigenous peoples in regions of Canada and Australia. An analysis of first encounters indicates that the introduction of Christianity was dependent on both evangelist and client population agreeing to a modus operandi for the mission. The structure and operation of the mission were determined by the pre‐existing indigenous society and the financial and personnel resources of the mission organizations. Attitudes towards, and acceptance of, Christianity were not static, they depended on changing material and political circumstances both within and outside indigenous communities. This comparative analysis indicates that religious change was not only negotiated between missionary and “convert,” but among indigenous peoples themselves. The decision to profess Christianity was not a one‐off decision made by individuals or communities. Rather it was a long process of change which was contingent on the perceived advantages and disadvantages of the mission world and countervailingpressures from within indigenous and colonial societies.
Measuring the Strength of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Evidence, and Probabilities of Strong Implicating Evidence
Authors: Mellen Beverley G. , Royall Richard M.
Published: March 2003

Likelihood ratios measure the strength of forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence supporting the hypothesis that a given suspect is the source of a matching sample, versus the alternative that someone else is the source. One component of the DNA evidence consists of samples from the scene of the crime and from the suspect. Another consists of samples from a reference population. Treating each of these components as being generated by random (probabilistic) processes, and measuring the evidence by likelihood ratios, we examine the probability of obtaining strong implicating evidence when the given suspect is indeed the source of the crime scene sample and when someone else is the source. (In the latter case, the evidence is misleading.) The distinction between the strength of the evidence and the improbability of its occurrence is critical, as is the importance of conditioning on the particular circumstances of a given case to ensure the relevance of the calculated probability of misleading evidence.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, DNA and Statistics
Authors: Holmes E. C.
Published: March 2003

Understanding the causes and consequences of genetic variation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most important tasks facing medical and evolutionary biologists alike. A powerful analytical tool which is available to those working in this field is the phylogenetic tree, which describes the evolutionary relationships of the sequences in a sample and the history of the mutational events which separate them. Although phylogenetic trees of HIV are becoming commonplace, their use can be improved by tailoring the underlying statistical models to the idiosyncrasies of viral biology. The design and refinement of phylogenetic analyses consequently represents an important practical use of statistical methods in HIV research.
The Effect of Careers Guidance for Employed Adults on Continuing Education: Assessing the Importance of Attitudinal Information
Authors: White Michael , Killeen John
Published: March 2003

The validity of the matching estimator in programme evaluation depends on the completeness of the set of variables that are used for matching. When an attitudinal variable is relevant for the decision about participation, but is either unmeasured or measured only after entry to the programme, estimates of effects may be biased or difficult to interpret. This issue was investigated with data from an evaluation study of careers guidance for employed adults which utilized the method of propensity score matching. Job satisfaction, measured shortly after entry to the programme, was found to be strongly associated with participation but might itself have been influenced by the early experience of careers guidance. Estimates of the effects of guidance were considered both including and excluding the job satisfaction measure from the participation model. Data experiments with adjusted values of job satisfaction were also performed. The results illustrate that omitted attitudinal information poses a particular difficulty for the matching estimator.
Regression Analysis Under Non-standard Situations: A Pairwise Pseudolikelihood Approach
Authors: Liang Kung-Yee , Qin Jing
Published: March 2003

Regression analysis is one of the most used statistical methods for data analysis. There are, however, many situations in which one cannot base inference solely on f(y∣x; β), the conditional probability (density) function for the response variable Y, given x, the covariates. Examples include missing data where the missingness is non-ignorable, sampling surveys in which subjects are selected on the basis of the Y-values and meta-analysis where published studies are subject to ‘selection bias’. The conventional approaches require the correct specification of the missingness mechanism, sampling probability and probability for being published respectively. In this paper, we propose an alternative estimating procedure for β based on an idea originated by Kalbfleisch. The novelty of this method is that no assumption on the missingness probability mechanisms etc. mentioned above is required to be specified. Asymptotic efficiency calculations and simulation studies were conducted to compare the method proposed with the two existing methods: the conditional likelihood and the weighted estimating function approaches.
Nonparametric Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Response Data with Factorial Structure
Authors: Best D. J. , Rayner J. C. W.
Published: March 2003

A simple nonparametric method of analysis for contingency tables with an ordinal response and factorial treatment structure is described. The method involves a partition of Pearson’s X2P-statistic by using orthogonal polynomials so that location and dispersion effects are estimated for each level of the explanatory variable. Analyses of variance are then performed on these effects to determine the important factors. The methods are applied to two examples, where consumers rate their liking for a product on an ordered categorical scale, one of which highlights the need to look at dispersion as well as location effects.