bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISTICS OF BRUCELLAPHAGE
Authors: McDuff C. R. , Jones Lois M. , Wilson J. B.
Published: January 2020

McDuff
, C. R. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
Lois M. Jones, and J. B. Wilson
. Characteristics of brucellaphage. J. Bacteriol.
83:
324–329. 1962.—Methods of characterizing phage have been applied to a brucellaphage of Russian origin grown on its propagating strain,
Brucella abortus
R 19. Phage can be propagated by single plaque transfer. Phage titers of about 10
10
particles per ml can be obtained by propagation on a young culture of R 19 in Albimi broth on a shaker at 37 C. After lyophilization, phage retains its activity during storage for at least 20 months at 4 C. Phage is stable in broth at pH values from 6 to 8 for 24 hr at 37 C. Some loss in activity results from heating for 1 hr at 60 C. All activity is lost in the presence of 10% chloroform. It has a slow adsorption rate (K = 3.6 × 10
−11
ml/min), a latent period of 100 min, and a burst size of 121 particles. Electron micrographs indicate that the phage is approximately 65 mμ in diameter, polygonal in shape, with a short tail.
PROPOSAL TO DESIGNATE STRAIN ATCC 3004 (IMRU 3004) AS THE NEOTYPE STRAIN OF
STREPTOMYCES ALBUS
(ROSSI-DORIA) WAKSMAN AND HENRICI
Authors: Lyons A. J. , Pridham T. G.
Published: January 2020

Lyons, A. J., Jr.
(Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.)
and T. G. Pridham
. Proposal to designate strain ATCC 3004 (IMRU 3004) as the neotype strain of
Streptomyces albus
(Rossi-Doria) Waksman and Henrici. J. Bacteriol.
83:
370–380. 1962.—It is proposed that strain ATCC 3004 (IMRU 3004) be designated henceforth as the neotype strain of
Streptomyces albus
(Rossi-Doria) Waksman and Henrici and as the type strain of the genus
Streptomyces
Waksman and Henrici. The proposal is based not only on the fact that the holotype strain [
Streptotrix
(sic)
alba
] of Rossi-Doria is no longer extant, but also on the fact that a study of the literature and a taxonomic study of 55 strains of the organism indicate the species should exhibit these characteristics: catenulate ovoidal spores, white aerial mycelium, coiled sporophores, proteolytic activity, and nonchromogenicity (inability to form brown, deep brown, or black diffusible pigments). Strain ATCC 3004 (IMRU 3004) exhibits these characteristics, as do 16 other acquisitions. Study of the 16 additional strains that conform with the general definition of the species shows differences in some physiological characteristics. It is suggested that these differences are of subspecific significance.
BACTERICIDAL METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT IN NORMAL SERUM OF ANTIBODY TO GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Landy Maurice , Michael J. Gabriel , Whitby James L.
Published: January 2020

Landy, Maurice(National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.), J.Gabriel Michael, and James L. Whitby. Bactericidal method for the measurement in normal serum of antibody to gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol.83:631–640. 1962.—The bactericidal effect of normal serum on gram-negative bacteria was investigated with the objective of determining whether this antibody-complement reaction could be used for the measurement of antibody. The major variables affecting the outcome of this complement-dependent reaction were explored systematically to establish the test conditions in which specific antibody was the limiting factor. Among these were the use of an excess of absorbed human serum as a complement source, inoculum, reaction conditions, and precise enumeration of surviving bacteria. It was demonstrated that the test conditions could be controlled so as to provide a sensitive and objective assay for antibody to representative strains of various gram-negative genera.
NUTRITION OF
LEPTOSPIRA POMONA
I. A
Authors: Johnson R. C. , Gary N. D.
Published: January 2020

Johnson
, R. C. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)
and N. D. Gary
. Nutrition of
Leptospira pomona
. I. A chemically defined substitute for rabbit serum ultrafiltrate. J. Bacteriol.
83:
668–672. 1962.—Poor growth of
Leptospira pomona
, strain Wickard, in a medium containing exhaustively dialyzed rabbit serum was corrected by addition of rabbit serum ultrafiltrate. A dialyzed serum medium was used to investigate the nutritional qualities of various compounds when tested as substitutes for the ultrafiltrate fraction.
l
-Asparagine was the only amino acid that markedly stimulated growth.
l
-Glutamine was active only when autoclaved (converted to the ammonium salt of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid), and NH
4
Cl and urea satisfactorily replaced
l
-asparagine. Results indicated that amino acids functioned primarily as a nitrogen source in this medium.

Thiamine was the only vitamin required for growth. The lag phase was usually decreased by 1 day with NaHCO
3
.

A medium composed of 0.02
m
phospate buffer (pH 7.4), 15% dialyzed rabbit serum, thiamine (5 μg/ml), and NH
4
Cl (10
−3
m
) supported growth equivalent to that obtained with undialyzed rabbit serum medium.
L. pomona
was transferred six times, in this medium and seven other serotypes were transferred three times, without any decrease in amount of growth. Growth of
L. pomona
was initiated with 20 organisms per ml.
DEGRADATION OF PYRUVATE BY
MICROCOCCUS LACTILYTICUS
I
Authors: McCormick N. G. , Ordal E. J. , Whiteley H. R.
Published: January 2020

McCormick
, N. G. (University of Washington, Seattle), E. J.
Ordal, and H. R. Whiteley
. Degradation of pyruvate by
Micrococcus lactilyticus
. I. General properties of the formate-exchange reaction (J. Bacteriol.
83:
887–898. 1962.—At an alkaline pH, extracts of
Micrococcus lactilyticus
2
catalyze the phosphoroclastic degradation of pyruvate to formate and acetyl phosphate and the rapid exchange of formate into the carboxyl group of pyruvate. At an acid pH, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and acetyl phosphate are produced, and carbon dioxide is exchanged into the carboxyl group of pyruvate. A concentration of approximately 1
m
phosphate is required for the phosphoroclastic reaction and formate exchange; the production of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is greatly inhibited by high concentrations of phosphate. Formate exchange requires a divalent metal ion and is stimulated by reducing agents and an atmosphere of hydrogen. Inhibition by
p
-chloromercuribenzoate, Zn
++
, Cd
++
, and arsenite indicates that sulfhydryl groups on the enzyme are involved in the reaction; the inhibition by arsenite and Cd
++
may be relieved by 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, suggesting that vicinal dithiols may be required. Inhibition by hypophosphite may reflect a competition with formate for a site on the enzyme.

At an alkaline pH, α-ketobutyrate is degraded to propionate and formate, whereas α-ketoglutarate is fermented to succinate, propionate, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and formate. Formate is exchanged into the carboxyl groups of α-ketobutyrate and α-ketoglutarate under these conditions. Only traces of α-ketovalerate and α-ketoisovalerate are fermented at an alkaline pH and the exchange of formate into these compounds is very low.

The addition of viologen dyes under the conditions used for formate exchange causes a reduction of pyruvate, α-ketobutyrate, α-ketovalerate, and α-ketoisovalerate to the corresponding α-hydroxy acids.
ACCUMULATION OF LABEL FROM C
14
-STREPTOMYCIN BY
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Hurwitz Charles , Rosano Carmen L.
Published: January 2020

Hurwitz, Charles
(Veterans Administration Hospital, Albany, N.Y.)
and Carmen L. Rosano
. Accumulation of label from C
14
-streptomycin by
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1193–1201. 1962.—Accumulation of label from C
14
-streptomycin by sensitive
Escherichia coli
occurs in the presence of chloramphenicol, provided the cells receive a prior exposure to streptomycin. The rate of accumulation increases with the concentration and length of exposure to streptomycin during the initiation phase. Accumulation of label from streptomycin in the presence of chloramphenicol is also a function of the streptomycin concentration during the killing phase. Evidence is presented for the presence of a barrier to the entry and exit of streptomycin. It is further shown that total accumulation of streptomycin can be divided into three portions: surface-adsorbed streptomycin, streptomycin present at the time of onset of loss of viability, and streptomycin accumulated by killed cells. Only about 10% of the total accumulated streptomycin is present at the onset of loss of viability and can therefore be presumed to play a role in the lethal action of the antibiotic.
CONDITIONS AFFECTING
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
SPORE GERMINATION IN GLUCOSE OR VARIOUS NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
Authors: Hyatt Mildred T. , Levinson Hillel S.
Published: January 2020

Hyatt, Mildred
T. (Quartermaster Research and Engineering Center, Natick, Mass.)
and Hillel S. Levinson
. Conditions affecting
Bacillus megaterium
spore germination in glucose or various nitrogenous compounds. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1231–1237. 1962.—The possibility that there is more than one metabolic pathway for triggering germination of
Bacillus megaterium
spores was investigated. Spores were germinated in seven different “physiological germinants” under varying conditions of concentration, pH, combinations of germinants, temperature before and during germination, and chemical inhibition.
l
-Alanine and
l
-valine appear to induce germination via the same metabolic pathway (same inhibitors are effective, similar germination rate and temperature requirements); and glucose and glucosamine also appear to act similarly, but by a different pathway than
l
-alanine and
l
-valine. The other germinants,
l
-leucine,
l
-proline, and KNO
3
, do not correspond in all respects either to the glucose-glucosamine or to the alanine-valine pair in response to the different germination conditions. It is concluded that
B. megaterium
spore germination occurs via more than one pathway.
INHIBITION OF
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS
INGESTED IN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES FROM LIVER AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OF MICE IMMUNIZED WITH LIVE VACCINE
Authors: Sato Ichiei , Tanaka Tokumitsu , Saito Kazuko , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: January 2020

Sato, Ichiei
(School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),
Tokumitsu Tanaka, Kazuko Saito, and Susumu Mitsuhashi
. Inhibition of
Salmonella enteritidis
ingested in mononuclear phagocytes from liver and subcutaneous tissue of mice immunized with live vaccine. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1306–1312. 1962.—In our earlier studies it was shown that mice hyperimmunized with live vaccine of
Salmonella enteritidis
resisted intravenous challenge with 1,000 MLD of virulent strain 116–54 of
S. enteritidis
. Survivors of this challenge completely resisted additional intravenous challenge with 10,000 MLD of the same organism. Mononuclear phagocytes obtained from the abdominal cavity of mice immunized with live vaccine of
S. enteritidis
inhibited intracellular multiplication of virulent strain 116–54, regardless of the presence of antibody in the cell-culture medium. In the present study, mononuclear phagocytes were obtained in a nearly pure state from liver or subcutaneous tissue of mice and were maintained in vitro in good condition. These cells also resisted cellular degeneration caused by intracellular existence of virulent strain 116–54, regardless of the presence of antibody in the cell-culture medium. In contrast, cells obtained from normal mice or mice immunized with dead vaccine were subject to degeneration.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BASE COMPOSITION OF
PROTEUS
AND PROVIDENCE ORGANISMS
Authors: Falkow Stanley , Ryman I. R. , Washington O.
Published: January 2020

Falkow, Stanley
(Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington D.C.), I. R.
Ryman, and O. Washington
. Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of
Proteus
and Providence organisms. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1318–1321. 1962.—Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) from various species of
Proteus
and of Providence bacteria have been examined for their guanine + cytosine (GC) content.
P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis
, and
P. rettgeri
possess essentially identical mean GC contents of 39%, and Providence DNA has a GC content of 41.5%. In marked contrast,
P. morganii
DNA was found to contain 50% GC. The base composition of
P. morganii
is only slightly lower than those observed for representatives of the
Escherichia, Shigella
, and
Salmonella
groups.
Aerobacter
and
Serratia
differ significantly from the other members of the family by their relatively high GC content. Since a minimal requirement for genetic compatibility among different species appears to be similarity of their DNA base composition, it is suggested that
P. morganii
is distinct genetically from the other species of
Proteus
as well as Providence strains. The determination of the DNA base composition of microorganisms is important for its predictive information. This information should prove of considerable value in investigating genetic and taxonomic relationships among bacteria.
MULTIPLICITY REACTIVATION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Drake John W.
Published: January 2020

Drake, John
W. (University of Illinois, Urbana). Multiplicity reactivation of Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol.
84:
352–356. 1962.—A very weak multiplicity reactivation occurs among Newcastle disease virus particles inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation. The preliminary steps in the infection of embryonic chicken fibroblasts are complex, and their relation to multiplicity reactivation is discussed.
METABOLISM OF RESISTANT MUTANTS OF
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
IV
Authors: Coultas M. Katharine , Hutchison Dorris J.
Published: January 2020

Coultas, M. Katharine
(Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Rye, N.Y.)
and Dorris J. Hutchison
. Metabolism of resistant mutants of
Streptococcus faecalis
. IV. Use of a biophotometer in growth-curve studies. J. Bacteriol.
84:
393–401. 1962. — Analysis of data obtained using the Bonet-Maury and Jouan biophotometer has shown it to be an accurate, automatic device for recording an entire bacterial growth curve, from which quantitative measurements of growth rate can be calculated. Growth rate values obtained in this manner agree with those obtained by conventional methods. The instrument is described in detail and reference is given to other uses of this type of photometer. The growth curves of
Streptococcus faecalis
ATCC 8043 and three mutants resistant to purine analogues were compared in media with and without a purine. Differences in these growth curves were evident. In the purine-deficient medium SF/AZAG, the 8-azaguanine-resistant mutant had the shortest doubling time, 61 min, followed by the two 6-mercaptopurine-resistant mutants (SF/MPcc, 72 min; SF/MP, 91 min), and finally the wild strain with a doubling time of 135 min. In the medium supplemented with xanthine, the respective doubling times were 52, 61, 68, and 68 min.
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY TO TYPHOID BY MACROPHAGES
Authors: Saito Kazuhisa , Nakano Masayasu , Akiyama Takehisa , Ushiba Daizo
Published: January 2020

Saito, Kazuhisa(Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan),Masayasu Nakano, Takehisa Akiyama, and Daizo Ushiba. Passive transfer of immunity to typhoid by macrophages. J. Bacteriol.84:500–507. 1962.—Cultured peritoneal macrophages collected from mice which had been injected intravenously with intact macrophages of mice immunized with live vaccine were found to exert inhibitory action against intracellular virulentSalmonella enteritidis. This inhibition was quantitatively inferior to that exhibited by peritoneal macrophages from the donors, i.e., mice actively immunized with live vaccine. After an intravenous injection of P32-labeled macrophages into mice, almost no radioactivity could be recovered in the peritoneal exudate cells of the recipients; about 50% of the radioactivity was recovered from the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Therefore, the inhibitory action of the recipient's peritoneal macrophages against intracellular multiplication was attributed to the capacity of the recipient's own macrophages and not to that of the donor's macrophages. Tissue-cultured macrophages from recipients of sonic-treated cells did not exhibit inhibition against intracellular, virulentS. enteritidis, although the recipients were resistant to intraperitoneal infection with the same strain.
MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF TETRACYCLINES
Authors: Meyers Edward , Smith Dorothy A.
Published: January 2020

Meyers, Edward
(Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, N.J.)
and Dorothy A. Smith
. Microbiological degradation of tetracyclines. J. Bacteriol.
84:
797–802. 1962—The degradation of tetracyclines by an ascomycete,
Xylaria digitata
, was demonstrated. Washedcell suspensions were capable of degrading tetracycline, 5-hydroxytetracycline, 7-chlortetracycline, 7-chlor-6-demethyltetracycline, 2-acetyl-2-decarboxamido-5-hydroxytetracycline, and 12-α-deoxytetracycline. The influence of environmental conditions upon the degradation of tetracycline was investigated. A nonantibacterial, nonfluorescent product was located from the degradation of
14
C 5-hydroxytetracycline. Evidence indicated that neither the A nor D ring of 5-hydroxytetracycline is attacked. Acetone powders, lyophilized powders, and cell-free extracts exhibited a relatively limited substrate specificity compared to the washed cells.
INDUCTION OF YEASTLIKE DEVELOPMENT IN
MUCOR
BY CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Bartnicki-Garcia S. , Nickerson Walter J.
Published: January 2020

Bartnicki-Garcia
, S. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N. J.)
and Walter J. Nickerson
. Induction of yeastlike development in
Mucor
by carbon dioxide. J. Bacteriol.
84:
829–840. 1962—Vegetative development of
Mucor rouxii
may follow either one of two patterns of morphogenesis (mold-yeast dimorphism), depending on the atmosphere of incubation. Under air or N
2
, a filamentous (moldlike) growth developed, commonly followed by fragmentation of hyphae into spherical cells (arthrospores). Introduction of CO
2
into an anaerobic atmosphere induced development of spherical, budding yeastlike cells. Anaerobically, a pCO
2
of 0.3 atm or higher produced a purely yeastlike development. Presence of oxygen annulled the effect of CO
2
On germination, spores gave rise directly to either type of vegetative development, depending on the atmosphere of incubation. Induction of yeastlike development by CO
2
occurred in five strains of
M. rouxii
, and in most species of
Mucor
tested.
M. subtilissimus
, however, did not require CO
2
; it developed in the yeastlike form under anaerobic conditions. Strains of
Rhizopus
grew under CO
2
, but developed only filamentous mycelium. Members of other genera of
Mucorales
were unable to grow under an atmosphere of CO
2
.
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
HEMOLYSIN
Authors: Berk Richard S.
Published: January 2020

Berk, Richard
S. (Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.). Production and characterization of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
hemolysin. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1041–1048. 1962.—Hemolysin from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
was obtained by either extraction of blood agar media after bacterial growth or by saline washing of cellophane plate-grown cells, hemolytic activity being greatest in the latter preparations. Except for variations in heat stability, both types of preparations appeared to be similar if not identical. Complete hemolysis of red blood cells was observed over a wide pH range, although the optima appeared to be below 6.0. Acidification of agar extracts resulted in a coarse precipitate which appeared to be a hemolysin-agar complex. Partial purification of hemolysin present in cellophane washings was obtained by fractionation with ammonium sulfate or by gel filtration. Further characterization of hemolysin is described.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION IN THE RABBIT WITH
TRICHOSPORON CAPITATUM
Authors: Gilbert Walter R. , Fetter Bernard F.
Published: January 2020

Gilbert, Walter R., Jr
. (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.)
and Bernard F. Fetter
. Experimental infection in the rabbit with
Trichosporon capitatum
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
961–966. 1962.—Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated intravenously with a saline suspension of spores and hyphal fragments of
Trichosporon capitatum
. Nine of the animals succumbed spontaneously. The others were sacrificed at varying intervals. Autopsies revealed mycotic abscesses in the kidneys, which ruptured through into the tubules. The fungus also invaded the brain and heart, where it evoked a mixed reaction. The organism was recovered from the animals at the time of autopsy.
MYCOBACTERIAL CELL WALLS I
Authors: Takeya Kenji , Hisatsune Kazuhito
Published: January 2020

Takeya, Kenji
(Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan)
and Kazuhito Hisatsune
. Mycobacterial cell walls. I. Methods of preparation and treatment with various chemicals. J. Bacteriol.
85:
16–23. 1963.—Several methods of preparation of mycobacterial cell walls were examined, and the grinding method with glass powder, using Dry Ice, was found to give fairly good cell-wall preparations. “Paired fibrous structures” were clearly seen on the purified cell wall. The appearance of the cell wall as revealed by the electron microscope was not altered by digestion with trypsin, pronase, or pronase in 5% alcoholic solution, nor by treatment with 95% alcohol, acetone-alcohol mixture, or ether-alcohol mixture. By treatment with alcoholic KOH solution, the fibrous structure was removed. The remaining thin layer of the cell wall was tentatively designated the “basal layer” of the mycobacterial cell wall. The fibers appeared also to be removed by chloroform treatment. Nagarse digestion seemed to solubilize some constituents of the cell wall. The cell wall lost its shape and rigidity after lysozyme digestion.
NUTRITION OF
VIBRIO FETUS
Authors: Smibert Robert M.
Published: January 2020

Smibert, Robert
M. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va.). Nutrition of
Vibrio fetus
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
394–398. 1963.—A chemically defined medium has been developed for the cultivation of both catalase-positive H
2
S-negative and catalase-positive H
2
S-positive strains of
Vibrio fetus
. A total of 87 strains of
V. fetus
, representing bovine, ovine, porcine, human, and chicken isolates, were grown in both semisolid and liquid defined media. The medium was also used to isolate
V. fetus
from the stomach contents of aborted bovine fetuses. The strains investigated did not require purines or pyrimidines. They required nicotinic acid, and were stimulated by other B vitamins. There was considerable variation in the amino acid requirements of
V. fetus
. Some strains required only one amino acid, and others required many more. The final complete medium contained 18 amino acids and supported growth of all 87 strains. There was no significant correlation between amino acid requirements and source of isolation or biochemical characteristics of
V. fetus
.
ABSORPTION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL SERUM FACTOR BY STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Yotis William W.
Published: January 2020

Yotis, WilliamW. (Loyola University, Chicago, Ill.). Absorption of the antibacterial serum factor by staphylococci. J. Bacteriol.85:911–917. 1963.—The absorption of antibacterial serum factor by eight bacterial species and one yeast showed good correlation with the sensitivity of the organisms to the serum factor. The serum factor was removed from aqueous solution by coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative strains of staphylococci andBacillus subtilis, and the oxygen consumption of the bacteria was inhibited by prior exposure to the serum factor.Escherichia coli, Neisseria catarrhalis, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus megaterium, Mycobacterium phlei, andSaccharomyces cerevisiaefailed to absorb the serum factor, and their respiration was not inhibited by prior exposure to 40 mg or more of the serum factor per ml. Staphylococci treated with 0.25 mg per ml of coagulase were almost completely refractory to the antibacterial action of 2 mg of serum factor per ml, and the serum factor was not absorbed. When the staphylococci were first treated with the serum factor, subsequent treatment with coagulase had no effect. Exposure of staphylocci to heat (70 C for 1 hr), 3.6% formaldehyde, 1nsodium hydroxide, and 1nhydrochloric acid did not prevent absorption of the serum factor. However, pretreatment with 88% liquefied phenol partially prevented serum factor absorption. The absorption and antibacterial activity of the serum factor were dependent on the concentration, the time and temperature of exposure, and the nature and concentration of salts present.
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF BACTERIAL SPECIES
Authors: Liston J. , Wiebe W. , Colwell R. R.
Published: January 2020

Liston
, J. (University of Washington, Seattle), W.
Wiebe, and R. R. Colwell
. Quantitative approach to the study of bacterial species. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1061–1070. 1963.—The stability of strains of various species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria was investigated by subculturing each strain through ten different media, testing the substrains so produced through a standard series of tests, and analyzing the resulting data by electronic computer. Strain stability was shown to be high [similarity coefficient (S) ≥ 80%], and some evidence was obtained for species stability (S ≥ 75%). The limits of variability for a species were studied by use of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
; 33
P. aeruginosa
strains (from the American Type Culture Collection) were tested and found to share a high level of similarity. An analysis was made of the distribution of positive characters among the strains, and the group was found to have a mean total of 35 characters (out of a possible 78 which were coded and included in the computer analyses) with a range of 33 to 39 positive characters in individual organisms. The frequency of occurrence of each positive character and the probability of mutual occurrence of pairs of positive characters were calculated. By use of the quantitative and qualitative data so obtained, a hypothetical Median Organism for the
P. aeruginosa
group was derived. The species may then be defined as consisting of all strains which show an S relationship of 75% or more with the Median Organism. The general applicability of this concept is discussed.
INTERACTION OF AN INTERFERON WITH L CELLS
Authors: Lockart Royce Z. , Horn Barbara
Published: January 2020

Lockart, Royce Z., Jr
. (The University of Texas, Austin)
and Barbara Horn
. Interaction of an interferon with L cells. J. Bacteriol.
85:
996–1002. 1963.—Data were presented on the effect of time of exposure and concentration of an interferon in provoking viral inhibition in L cells. Populations of L cells which made reduced amounts of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus as a result of treatment with interferon did so at reduced rates proportional to the concentration of interferon used. Virus yields were maximal, however, 25 hr after challenge regardless of the amount of virus produced. Such populations of cells contained a proportion of cells no longer able to produce infective virus, while the average maximal yield of the remainder of the cell population was reduced. It was suggested that only cells which made new virus underwent cytopathic effects. The rate of viral inhibition in monolayers of L cells was dependent on the concentration of interferon added, but inhibition was nearly maximal at 8 hr, regardless of the interferon concentration. Viral inhibition was shown to persist in multiplying cells, but it gradually diminished. The amount of inhibition after either one or two cell divisions was greater in those cultures treated with greater amounts of interferon. Viral inhibition could be passed through cell division with no loss when cells were incubated with a sufficient concentration of interferon. A model of interferon action based on the preceding data was presented.
HOMOLOGOUS INHIBITION, TOXICITY, AND MULTIPLICITY REACTIVATION WITH ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATED VACCINIA VIRUS
Authors: Galasso G. J. , Sharp D. G.
Published: January 2020

Galasso, G. J. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)and D. G. Sharp. Homologous inhibition, toxicity, and multiplicity reactivation with ultraviolet-irradiated vaccinia virus. J. Bacteriol.85:1309–1314. 1963.—Vaccinia virus whose plaque-forming capacity had been destroyed by ultraviolet rays (2,537 A) was shown to retard the growth of L cells in tube cultures. At input multiplicities (M) of 0 < M < 10, no interference was detected, but at M ≧ 100 the irradiated virus particles exerted a strong toxic effect on the L cells in monolayer cultures, affecting the plaque formation by active virus which was added. Multiplicity reactivation occurs in sublethally irradiated vaccinia, as shown by virus particle counts via electron microscopy and plaque counts. It is clearly demonstrated in this system because there is no complicating interference. It sets in at a total virus particle multiplicity of about one, even though the multiplicity of the original plaque-forming particles is much below one.
EPIMERIZATION OF THYMIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE IN BACTERIAL EXTRACTS
Authors: Tinelli Regina , Michelson A. M. , Strominger Jack L.
Published: January 2020

Tinelli, Regina
(Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.), A. M.
Michelson, and Jack L. Strominger
. Epimerization of thymidine diphosphate glucose in bacterial extracts. J. Bacteriol.
86:
246–251. 1963.—Extracts of
Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis
type IV and several other bacteria catalyzed the reversible interconversion of thymidine diphosphate (TDP)-
d
-glucose and TDP-
d
-galactose. Moreover, extracts of
P. pseudotuberculosis
catalyzed the synthesis of TDP-
d
-glucose from thymidine triphosphate and α-
d
-glucose-1-phosphate. The limitations of these observations and their possible significance are discussed.
ORGANIC REQUIREMENTS AND SYNTHETIC MEDIA FOR GROWTH OF THE MYXOMYCETE
PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM
Authors: Daniel John W. , Babcock Karlee L. , Sievert Alice H. , Rusch Harold P.
Published: January 2020

Daniel, John
W. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
Karlee L. Babcock, Alice H. Sievert, and Harold P. Rusch
. Organic requirements and synthetic media for growth of the myxomycete
Physarum polycephalum
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
324–331. 1963.—An isolate of
Physarum polycephalum
was maintained in submersed pure culture in a completely defined medium, giving cell yields approximately 70% of those obtained in a partially defined medium. Optimal concentrations of the absolute organic requirements, identified as
d
- or
l
-methionine, biotin, thiamine, and hematin as previously reported, were established. Glycine was highly stimulatory. In a minimal medium, alanine or glutamine, not required in the complete medium, stimulated growth and appeared to function as sources for transamination. Arginine was also required in the minimal medium. The cell yield in a simplified medium containing the absolute requirements plus glycine, alanine, and arginine was approximately the same as that in the complete medium, but the growth rate was about 25% lower.
LEPTOSPIRAL COLONIAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Stalheim O. H. V. , Wilson J. B.
Published: January 2020

Stalheim
, O. H. V. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and J. B. Wilson
. Leptospiral colonial morphology. J. Bacteriol.
86:
482–489. 1963.—A sequence of apparent colonial types was observed with colonies of
Leptospira pomona, L. canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae
, and
L. grippotyphosa
in agar medium. Although some colonies of these serotypes had a different appearance initially, they eventually developed the mature or final appearance characteristic of the serotype. Colonies of freshly isolated, virulent cultures of
L. pomona, L. canicola
, and
L. icterohaemorrhagiae
were similar in appearance to colonies of avirulent strains of the same serotype. Additional studies of three stable and distinct colonial types of a laboratory strain of
L. autumnalis
revealed no differences in antigenicity, catalase activity, or mouse infectivity; however, differences in susceptibility to lysis by oleic acid were found. Although the colonial variants were stable during several in vitro variations, including growth in the presence of homologous antiserum and mutation to growth in a chemically characterized medium, rapid dissociation in vivo was found.
AMINO SUGARS IN L FORMS OF BACTERIA AND PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS
Authors: Sharp John T.
Published: January 2020

Sharp, John
T. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.). Amino sugars in L forms of bacteria and pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol.
86:
692–701. 1963.—Studies of several bacterial L forms and their parent bacteria have revealed similar amino sugars in the two forms of microorganisms, with the exception that muramic acid was absent from the streptococcal and staphylococcal L forms. In contrast, muramic acid was found in a
Proteus
L form. Some of the properties of the muramic acid component in the
Proteus
L form are described. The solubility of this material was observed to be very different in the L form as compared with the bacterium. Some implications of this observation are discussed. Two strains of pleuropneumonia-like organisms did not contain muramic acid.
ALTERATION IN TRANSFORMABILITY OF
DIPLOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
AFTER THE ACQUISITION OF GENETIC DETERMINANTS INDUCING RESISTANCE TO ERYTHROMYCIN
Authors: Sirotnak Francis M. , Lunt Ramona B. , Hutchison Dorris J.
Published: January 2020

Sirotnak, Francis
M. (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, N.Y.),
Ramona B. Lunt, and Dorris J. Hutchison
. Alteration in transformability of
Diplococcus pneumoniae
after the acquisition of genetic determinants inducing resistance to erythromycin. J. Bacteriol.
86:
735–739. 1963.—The genetic alteration of a highly transformable (competent) recipient strain of
Diplococcus pneumoniae
by the transformation of at least two of three identified erythromycin-resistance determinants (
Ery
a
,
Ery
b
,
Ery
c
) results in a marked decrease (
Ery
a-b
recombinant) or complete loss (
Ery
a-c
recombinant) in the ability to be transformed. The occurrence of transformable cells in cultures of the R6
Ery
a-b
recombinant strains, although greatly diminished, still varies during growth in a manner characteristic of the fully competent parent strain. Both
Ery
b
and
Ery
c
determinants appear to be linked to
Ery
a
. In experiments using P
32
-labeled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), data correlating DNA uptake with transformation show a decrease or loss in uptake capacity of the erythromycin-resistant strains.
ACTION OF
HAEMOPHILUS
CULTURES ON δ-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID
Authors: Biberstein Ernst L. , Mini Patricia D. , Gills Marjorie G.
Published: January 2020

Biberstein, Ernst
L. (University of California, Davis),
Patricia D. Mini, and Marjorie G. Gills
. Action of
Haemophilus
cultures on δ-aminolevulinic acid. J. Bacteriol.
86:
814–819. 1963.—Utilization of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) by strains of
Haemophilus
recovered from various sources was investigated. With the 37 cultures studied, there was perfect correlation between absence of hemin requirement and ability to convert ALA to porphyrin. A total of 29 strains, including representatives of
H. parainfluenzae, H. parahaemolyticus, H. “parasuis,”
and
H. gallinarum
, fell into this group. The remaining eight isolates, which were incapable of porphyrin synthesis from ALA, were strains of
H. influenzae, H. suis
, and a
Haemophilus
culture of uncertain classification obtained from a splenic abscess in a deer. In the active preparations, the products of synthesis included a mixture of porphyrins, porphobilinogen (PBG), and a pigment which absorbed light strongly at 470 to 480 mμ. Paper chromatographic studies of fractions of supernatants and cells revealed the presence of porphyrins having

R
F

values similar to those of uro- and protoporphyrins, as well as some intermediate rates of migration probably representing coproporphyrins. Porphyrins were found both intra- and extracellularly, and PBG and the pigment absorbing at 470 to 480 mμ were confined to the supernatant.
FERREDOXIN OF
CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOSACCHAROLYTICUM
Authors: Wilder Martin , Valentine R. C. , Akagi J. M.
Published: January 2020

Wilder, Martin
(University of Kansas, Lawrence), R. C.
Valentine, and J. M. Akagi
. Ferredoxin of
Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
861–865. 1963.—An electron-transferring agent has been isolated from
Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum
. This factor was found to participate as an electron carrier in the phosphoroclastic reaction of pyruvate, with the subsequent formation of acetyl phosphate and molecular hydrogen. It can be employed interchangeably with the ferredoxin of
C. pasteurianum
in various reactions. Thermal-stability studies indicated that this factor from
C. thermosaccharolyticum
was comparatively more heat-resistant than the carrier obtained from
C. pasteurianum
. It was concluded that this carrier was ferredoxin or a ferredoxin-like substance.
FINE STRUCTURE OF MYCOTA XI
Authors: Moore Royall T.
Published: January 2020

Moore, Royall
T. (University of California, Berkeley). Fine structure of mycota. XI. Occurrence of the Golgi dictyosome in the heterobasidiomycete
Puccinia podophylli
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
866–871. 1963.—The Golgi dictyosome is reported for the first time in the subclass Heterobasidiomycetidae in the rust
Puccinia podophylli
Schw. It is observed that the dictyosome appears to be limited to primordial cells, particularly those nearest the host, and does not occur in the aeciospores. In comparison with the Golgi systems of plant and animal cells, the Golgi complex of
P. podophylli
is found to be more similar to those of the latter. Also discussed is the distribution of the Golgi complex in fungi described in published reports and the need for more such reports so that the range of its variation and distribution may be established.
EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLOSIS III
Authors: Kawakami Masaya , Osawa Nobutaka , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: January 2020

Kawakami, Masaya(Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),Nobutaka Osawa, and Susumu Mitsuhashi. Experimental salmonellosis. III. New toxic fraction (L) obtained fromSalmonella enteritidisand its immunological properties. J. Bacteriol.86:872–879. 1963.—A method is described for the purification of the heat-labile toxins of a fully virulent strain, 116-54, ofSalmonella enteritidisby ion-exchange chromatography. One component of the heat-labile toxin (L) was homogeneous, as evidenced by the results of the ultracentrifugal analysis and agar gel diffusion test. The mouseld50was 1.3 μg, and chemical studies indicated that this toxin was a simple protein in nature. It was also evidenced by chemical and immunological tests that this toxin differs from the O antigen (lipopolysaccharide-protein complex).
INFLUENCE OF MODERATE TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND MALIC DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF A MARINE PSYCHROPHILE
Authors: Morita Richard Y. , Burton Sheril D.
Published: January 2020

Morita, Richard
Y. (Oregon State University, Corvallis),
and Sheril D. Burton
. Influence of moderate temperature on growth and malic dehydrogenase activity of a marine psychrophile. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1025–1029. 1963.—The maximal and optimal growth temperatures for a marine psychrophilic vibrio (PS 207) were determined to be 30 and 24.5 C, respectively. Malic dehydrogenase was found to be functioning in whole cells at about 1/20 of its observed maximum. Incubation of the cells, prior to or during the assay, at temperatures above the maximal growth temperature permitted the malic dehydrogenase to operate nearer its maximum, but this also inactivated the intracellular enzyme. The heating of whole cells gave an apparent effect of increasing malic dehydrogenase activity. Lysis of the cells permitted the enzyme to function at its full potential but rendered the enzyme more sensitive to heat denaturation. Lysis of the cells also caused the enzyme to lose approximately one-half of its malic dehydrogenase activity with each 10 C drop in temperature, whereas whole cells only lose approximately 1/5 of their enzyme activity at low temperatures with each 10 C drop.
SIALIDASE (NEURAMINIDASE) OFCORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE
Authors: Warren Leonard , Spearing C. W.
Published: January 2020

Warren, Leonard(National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Bethesda, Md.)and C. W. Spearing. Sialidase (neuraminidase) ofCorynebacterium diphtheriae. J. Bacteriol.86:950–955. 1963.—The characteristics of a sialidase produced byCorynebacterium diphtheriaewere studied. The enzyme was partially purified from preparations of diphtheria toxin on a column of Sephadex G-75. By this means the lethal factor of diphtheria toxin was separated, in part, from the sialidase activity. There appeared to be a close immunological relationship between the sialidases ofC. diphtheriaeand clostridia, since a preparation of diphtheria antitoxin was as effective an inhibitor of diphtheria sialidase as of the sialidase of three species of clostridia. Conversely, antitoxin to clostridia inhibited diphtheria sialidase. Diphtheria antitoxin was essentially inactive toward influenza virus sialidase, and was completely inactive against purified sialidase ofVibrio cholerae. Removal of sialic acid from the proteins in a preparation of diphtheria antitoxin did not alter the inhibitory activity of the antitoxin against diphtheria sialidase. The enzyme operated optimally at pH 5.5 and did not require calcium ions for activity. The substrate specificity of diphtheria sialidase appears to be the same as that of other previously described sialidases.
STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF A FRACTION OF CERTAIN OF THE PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE GROUP OF MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Fowler Richard C. , Coble Don W. , Kramer Norman C. , Brown Thomas McP.
Published: January 2020

Fowler, Richard
C. (George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.),
Don W. Coble, Norman C. Kramer, and Thomas McP. Brown
. Starch gel electrophoresis of a fraction of certain of the pleuropneumonia-like group of microorganisms. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1145–1151. 1963.—Starch gel electrophoresis is suggested as a means of further characterizing strains of the pleuropneumonia-like group of microorganisms (PPLO), defined herein as including both the various “L” forms of bacteria and the
Mycoplasmataceae
. The techniques used may be varied to “select” other groups of proteins or classes of compounds (e.g., glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and enzymes). Only the results by starch gel electrophoresis on the soluble portion of sonically treated, washed cultures, grown in a pancreatic digest of beef heart enriched with bovine serum, are reported. As yet, differences appear more significant than similarities among the electrophoretically separable proteins. The demonstration of characteristic protein patterns for each strain studied suggests possibilities of further dividing serological groups into sero-logically distinct subtypes. Tentative migration values (Ē
f
) have been assigned to the protein bands for convenience in designation. Numerous interrelationships are thereby suggested.
PYRITHIAMINE ADAPTATION OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
II
Authors: Das S. K. , Chatterjee G. C.
Published: January 2020

Das
, S. K. (Calcutta University, Calcutta, India),
and G. C. Chatterjee
. Pyrithiamine adaptation of
Staphylococcus aureus
. II. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and related enzymes. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1157–1164. 1963.—Evidence for the stimulated operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in
Staphylococcus aureus
after pyrithiamine adaptation is presented. In the cell-free extracts, isocitric, glutamic, malic, and succinic dehydrogenases and catalase were found to be stimulated after the adaptation of
S. aureus
to pyrithiamine. Besides such stimulation, the appearance of isocitratase and malate synthetase in the adapted strain supports the appearance of the glyoxalate bypass after such adaptation. There is little change in the activities of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and diaphorase. Lactic dehydrogenase, NADH-cytochrome
c
reductase, and NADPH-cytochrome
c
reductase could not be demonstrated either in the normal or in the pyrithiamine-adapted
S. aureus
. These observations support the postulation that there is a stimulation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and can account for the very marked stimulation in the utilization of acetate by the organism after adaptation.
ORIGIN OF PROTOTROPHIC VARIANTS IN MIXTURES OF AUXOTROPHIC MUTANTS OF
SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Dushman Miriam B.
Published: January 2020

Dushman, Mariam
B. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge). Origin of prototrophic variants in mixtures of auxotrophic mutants of
Serratia marcescens
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1173–1181. 1963.—The mechanism whereby mixed cultures of
Serratia marcescens
auxotrophs gave rise to prototrophs was shown not to be a genetic exchange by mating, since cell-to-cell contact was not required for the formation of new types. New types arose when the two “parental” strains were not mixed; they were kept separate by means of a Millipore membrane filter. In mixed cultures on media selective for new cell types, these new types arose as a result of reversions in one strain, the apparent recipient, during residual growth promoted by materials excreted by the other strain, the apparent donor or “feeder.” Strains bearing one reverting and one nonreverting marker gave rise only to those types that could be accounted for by reversion. Ultraviolet irradiation of the feeder strain increased the frequency of formation of new types; streptomycin treatment of a streptomycin-sensitive feeder, even starting several hours after the onset of mixed cultivation, prevented the formation of apparent recombinants.
INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
BY DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN
Authors: Bragg P. D. , Polglase W. J.
Published: January 2020

Bragg
, P. D. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada),
and W. J. Polglase
. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in
Escherichia coli
by dihydrostreptomycin. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1236–1240. 1963.—Dihydrostreptomycin inhibited the oxidation of succinate in extracts of antibiotic-sensitive
Escherichia coli
. The inhibitable reaction required both the particulate and the supernatant fractions from sonic extracts which had been centrifuged at 100,000 ×
g
. Dihydrostreptomycin was found to inhibit phosphorylation coupled with the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by dihydrostreptomycin appeared to precede the effect of the antibiotic on oxidation. The streptomycin antagonist, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline
N
-oxide, inhibited the oxidation of succinate and of NADH, but showed little effect on oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation was not affected by dihydrostreptomycin in strains of
E. coli
which were antibiotic-resistant or -dependent.
EFFECT OF
O
-METHYL-
dl
-THREONINE AND
O
-METHYL-
dl
-SERINE ON GROWTH AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Neale S. , Tristram H.
Published: January 2020

Neale
, S. (Department of Botany, University College, London, England),
and H. Tristram
. Effect of
O
-methyl-
dl
-threonine and
O
-methyl-
dl
-serine on growth and protein synthesis in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1241–1250. 1963.—Addition of either
O
-methyl-
dl
-threonine or
O
-methyl-
dl
-serine to exponentially growing cultures of
Escherichia coli
resulted in “linear” increases in optical density. The total cell count, however, remained constant, the increase in optical density being accompanied by a marked increase in cell length. In the presence of
O
-methyl-
dl
-serine, a phase of “linear” growth was followed by exponential growth, which was maintained during a second passage through analogue-containing medium but not after a subsequent passage through normal medium, suggesting phenotypic adaptation to the analogue. The differential rate of incorporation of amino acids into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was unaffected by growth in the presence of either
O
-methyl-
dl
-threonine or
O
-methyl-
dl
-serine. Neither analogue was incorporated into
E. coli
protein. The effect of the analogues on the production of alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase was examined. The precise point and mode of action of the analogues have not been determined, but available evidence suggests that the growth-inhibitory effects of both substances are due to interference with the biosynthesis of threonine and methionine.