bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac effects of induction agents in the septic rat heart
Authors: Zausig York A , Busse Hendrik , Lunz Dirk , Sinner Barbara , Zink Wolfgang , Graf Bernhard M
Published: September 2009

Introduction

The current debate about the side effects of induction agents, e.g. possible adrenal suppression through etomidate, emphasizes the relevance of choosing the correct induction agent in septic patients. However, cardiovascular depression is still the most prominent adverse effect of these agents, and might be especially hazardous in septic patients presenting with a biventricular cardiac dysfunction - or so-called septic cardiomyopathy. Therefore, we tested the dose-response direct cardiac effects of clinically available induction agents in an isolated septic rat heart model.

Methods

A polymicrobial sepsis was induced via cecal ligation and single puncture. Hearts (n = 50) were isolated and randomly assigned to five groups, each receiving etomidate, s(+)-ketamine, midazolam, propofol, or methohexitone at concentrations of 1 × 10-8 to 1 × 10-4 M. Left ventricular pressure, contractility and lusitropy, and coronary flow were measured. Cardiac work, myocardial oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, and percentage of oxygen extraction were calculated.

Results

All of the induction agents tested showed a dose-dependent depression of cardiac work. Maximal cardiac work dysfunction occurred in the rank order of s(+)-ketamine (-6%) <etomidate (-17%) <methohexitone (-31%) <midazolam (-38%) <propofol (-50%). In addition, propofol showed a maximum decrease in contractility of -38%, a reduction in lusitropy of -44%, and a direct vasodilator effect by increasing coronary flow by +29%.

Conclusions

Overall, this study demonstrates that these tested drugs indeed have differential direct cardiac effects in the isolated septic heart. Propofol showed the most pronounced adverse direct cardiac effects. In contrast, S(+)ketamine showed cardiovascular stability over a wide range of concentrations, and might therefore be a beneficial alternative to etomidate.
A global survey identifies novel upstream components of the Ath5 neurogenic network
Authors: Souren Marcel , Martinez-Morales Juan Ramon , Makri Panagiota , Wittbrodt Beate , Wittbrodt Joachim
Published: September 2009

Background

Investigating the architecture of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is essential to decipher the logic of developmental programs during embryogenesis. In this study we present an upstream survey approach, termed trans-regulation screen, to comprehensively identify the regulatory input converging on endogenous regulatory sequences.

Results

Our dual luciferase-based screen queries transcriptome-scale collections of cDNAs. Using this approach we study the regulation of Ath5, the central node in the GRN controlling retinal ganglion cell (RGC) specification in vertebrates. The Ath5 promoter integrates the input of upstream regulators to enable the transient activation of the gene, which is an essential step for RGC differentiation. We efficiently identified potential Ath5 regulators that were further filtered for true positives by an in situ hybridization screen. Their regulatory activity was validated in vivo by functional assays in medakafish embryos.

Conclusions

Our analysis establishes functional groups of genes controlling different regulatory phases, including the onset of Ath5 expression at cell-cycle exit and its down-regulation prior to terminal RGC differentiation. These results extent the current model of the GRN controlling retinal neurogenesis in vertebrates.
Regulation of cell migration and morphogenesis by Abl-family kinases: emerging mechanisms and physiological contexts
Authors: Bradley William D. , Koleske Anthony J.
Published: September 2009

The Abl-family non-receptor tyrosine kinases are essential regulators of the cytoskeleton. They transduce diverse extracellular cues into cytoskeletal rearrangements that have dramatic effects on cell motility and morphogenesis. Recent biochemical and genetic studies have revealed several mechanisms that Abl-family kinases use to mediate these effects. Abl-family kinases stimulate actin polymerization through the activation of cortactin, hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein (HS1), WASp- and WAVE-family proteins, and Rac1. They also attenuate cell contractility by inhibiting RhoA and altering adhesion dynamics. These pathways impinge on several physiological processes, including development and maintenance of the nervous and immune systems, and epithelial morphogenesis. Elucidating how Abl-family kinases are regulated, and where and when they coordinate cytoskeletal changes, is essential for garnering a better understanding of these complex processes.
Internalization and intracellular sorting of the EGF receptor: a model for understanding the mechanisms of receptor trafficking
Authors: Madshus Inger Helene , Stang Espen
Published: September 2009

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; also known as ErbB1) is one of four related receptor tyrosine kinases. These receptors (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4) are frequently overexpressed in cancer and such overexpression is associated with poor clinical outcome. Understanding the mechanisms involved in growth-factor-receptor downregulation is medically important, as several drugs that interfere with the function and trafficking of ErbB proteins are currently being developed or are already in clinical trials. EGFR has become a model protein for understanding the biology and endocytosis of related growth-factor receptors, and the mechanisms involved in its endocytosis and degradation have been scrutinized for several decades. Nevertheless, the details and principles of these processes are still poorly understood and often controversial. In particular, the literature describing how the ubiquitylation and recruitment of EGFR to clathrin-coated pits are connected is inconsistent and confusing. In this Opinion article, we discuss the impact of signaling motifs, kinase activity and ubiquitylation on clathrin-dependent endocytosis and lysosomal sorting of EGFR. In addition, we discuss potential explanations for contradicting reports, and propose models for the recruitment of ligand-activated EGFR to clathrin-coated pits as well as for lysosomal sorting of ligand-activated EGFR.
Thomas Reid on Consciousness and Attention
Authors: Yaffe Gideon
Published: September 2009

It was common enough in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to find philosophers holding the position that for something to be ‘in the mind’ and for that mind to be conscious of it are one and the same thing. The thought is that consciousness is a relation between a mind and a mental entity playing the same role as the relation of inherence found between a substance and qualities belonging to it. What it is, on this view, for something to ‘inhere’ in the mind is for that mind to be conscious of it. Locke was explicit in his acceptance of such a claim, writing, for instance,

[T]o be in the Mind, and, never to be perceived, is all one, as to say, any thing is, and is not, in the Mind.
Augustine on Testimony
Authors: King Peter , Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2009

Philosophical work on testimony has flourished in recent years. Testimony roughly involves a source affirming or stating something in an attempt to transfer information to one or more persons. It is often said that the topic of testimony has been neglected throughout most of the history of philosophy, aside from contributions by David Hume (1711-1776) and Thomas Reid (1710-1796). True as this may be, Hume and Reid aren't the only ones who deserve a tip of the hat for recognizing the importance of testimony: Augustine of Hippo (354-430) affirms the place of testimony in human cognition, at least in his later writings.

In what follows, we consider three questions raised by Augustine's thinking about testimony: the analytical question of what sources count as testimony (Section I); the epistemological question about the status of testimony-based belief (Section II); and the doxastic question about the circumstances in which it is appropriate to believe on the basis of testimony (Section III).
The Scrambler: An Argument Against Representationalism
Authors: Biggs Stephen
Published: September 2009

Brentano (1874) famously claimed that two features demarcate the mental: consciousness and intentionality. Although he claimed that these features are intimately related, subsequent generations of philosophers rarely treated them together. Recently, however, the tide has turned. Many philosophers now accept that consciousness is intentional, where to be intentional is to have representational content, is to represent ‘things as being thus and so — where, for all that, things need not be that way’ (Travis, 2004, 58). In fact, weak representationalism, which holds that perceptual experiences have representational content, is ‘now fairly uncontroversial’ (Lycan, 2004).
Anomalism and Supervenience: A Critical Survey
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: September 2009

The thesis that mental properties are dependent, or supervenient, on physical properties, but this dependence is not lawlike, has been influential in contemporary philosophy of mind. It is put forward explicitly in Donald Davidson's seminal ‘Mental Events.’ On the one hand, Davidson claims that the mental is anomalous, that ‘there are no strict deterministic laws on the basis of which mental events can be predicted and explained’ (1970, 208), and, in particular, that there are no strict psychophysical laws. On the other hand, he insists that the mental supervenes on the physical; that ‘mental characteristics are in some sense dependent, or supervenient, on physical characteristics’ (1970, 214).
Can One Get Bivalence from (Tarskian) Truth and Falsity?
Authors: López de sa Dan
Published: September 2009

According to one understanding of them, Tarskian principles about truth (and falsity) aim to explicate the core of the classical conception of truth (and falsity), as endorsed by Aristotle and others:

To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, or of what is not that it is not, is true, so that he who says of anything that it is, or that it is not, will say either what is true or what is false. Metaphysics (Book IV.7, 1011ª: 26–8)

Timothy Williamson famously offered an argument from these Tarskian principles in favour of bivalence — the contention that whatever says something is either true or false — to the effect that denying bivalence in particular cases classically entails a contradiction. This has played a crucial role in the reception of Williamson's case against the main alternative classical view of the nature of vagueness, supervaluationism, and thus in favor of his own epistemic view.
Moral Deliberation and Desire Development: Herman on Alienation
Authors: Wilson Donald
Published: September 2009

In chapter nine of The Practice of Moral Judgment (1996b) and her later article ‘Making Room for Character’ (1996a), Barbara Herman offers a distinctive and interesting response to a set of concerns involving the idea that Kantian ethics objectionably alienates us from personal relationships and commitments. Broadly speaking, these concerns take one of two general forms: some accounts emphasize the practical marginalization of personal interests and relationships, arguing that the Kantian's open-ended commitment to impartial overriding moral requirements threatens to leave the agent little or no practical room for the sorts of relationships and commitments that we think of as important in (or essential to) a recognizably human life. A related but more formal variant emphasizes the internal perspective of the agent and the structure rather than the scope of moral commitment. On this account, the problem is said to lie in the requirement that we are only to act on reasons justifiable from an impersonal universalizing point of view and the way in which this requirement precludes the kind of partial and personal reasons for action said to be essential to individual agency and a sense of self.
Silencing Speech
Authors: Maitra Ishani
Published: September 2009

Pornography deserves special protections, it is often said, because it qualifies as speech. Therefore, no matter what we think of its content, we must afford it the protections that we extend to most speech, but don't extend to other actions. In response, Jennifer Hornsby and Rae Langton have argued that the case is not so simple: one of the harms of pornography, they claim, is that it silences women's speech, thereby preventing women from deriving from speech the very benefits that warranted the special protections in the first place. At first glance, it is hard to see how to make sense of this response. If the claim is that pornography prevents women from actually uttering words, then it just seems false; on the other hand, if that isn't the claim, then it isn't clear how anyone can be said to be silenced. Faced with such worries, many have been inclined to dismiss these claims about silencing as confused.
The Financial Crisis: An Inside View
Authors: Swagel Phillip
Published: September 2009

This paper reviews the policy response to the 2007–09 financial crisis from the perspective of a senior Treasury official at the time. Government agencies faced severe constraints in addressing the crisis: lack of legal authority for potentially helpful financial stabilization measures, a Congress reluctant to grant such authority, and the need to act quickly in the midst of a market panic. Treasury officials recognized the dangers arising from mounting foreclosures and worked to facilitate limited mortgage modifications, but going further was politically unacceptable because public funds would have gone to some irresponsible borrowers. The suddenness of Bear Stearns' collapse in March 2008 made rescue necessary and led to preparation of emergency options should conditions worsen. The Treasury saw Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac's rescue that summer as necessary to calm markets, despite the moral hazard created. After Lehman Brothers failed in September, the Treasury genuinely intended to buy illiquid securities from troubled institutions but turned to capital injections as the crisis deepened.
Understanding Inflation-Indexed Bond Markets
Authors: Campbell John Y. , Shiller Robert J. , Viceira Luis M.
Published: September 2009

This paper explores the history of inflation-indexed bond markets in the United States and the United Kingdom. It documents a massive decline in long-term real interest rates from the 1990s until 2008, followed by a sudden spike during the financial crisis of 2008. Breakeven inflation rates, calculated from inflation-indexed and nominal government bond yields, were stable from 2003 until the fall of 2008, when they showed dramatic declines. The paper asks to what extent short-term real interest rates, bond risks, and liquidity explain the trends before 2008 and the unusual developments that followed. Low yields and high short-term volatility of returns do not invalidate the basic case for inflation-indexed bonds, which is that they provide a safe asset for long-term investors. Governments should expect inflation-indexed bonds to be a relatively cheap form of debt financing in the future, even though they have offered high returns over the past decade.
Do Tax Cuts Starve the Beast?: The Effect of Tax Changes on Government Spending
Authors: Romer Christina D. , Romer David H.
Published: September 2009

The hypothesis that decreases in taxes reduce future government spending is often cited as a reason for cutting taxes. However, because taxes change for many reasons, examinations of the relationship between overall measures of taxation and subsequent spending are plagued by problems of reverse causation and omitted variable bias. To derive more reliable estimates, this paper examines the behavior of government expenditure following legislated tax changes that narrative sources suggest are largely uncorrelated with other factors affecting spending. The results provide no support for the hypothesis that tax cuts restrain government spending; indeed, the point estimates suggest that tax cuts increase spending. The results also indicate that the main effect of tax cuts on the government budget is to induce subsequent legislated tax increases. Examination of four episodes of major tax cuts reinforces these conclusions.
Causes and Consequences of the Oil Shock of 2007–08
Authors: Hamilton James D.
Published: September 2009

This paper explores similarities and differences between the run-up of oil prices in 2007–08 and earlier oil price shocks, looking at what caused these price increases and what effects they had on the economy. Whereas previous oil price shocks were primarily caused by physical disruptions of supply, the price run-up of 2007–08 was caused by strong demand confronting stagnating world production. Although the causes were different, the consequences for the economy appear to have been similar to those observed in earlier episodes, with significant effects on consumption spending and purchases of domestic automobiles in particular. Absent those declines, it is unlikely that the period 2007Q4–2008Q3 would have been characterized as one of recession for the United States. This episode should thus be added to the list of U.S. recessions to which oil prices appear to have made a material contribution.
Why Doesn't Capitalism Flow to Poor Countries?
Authors: Di Tella Rafael , MacCulloch Robert
Published: September 2009

We show that capitalism is far from common around the world. Outside a small group of rich countries, heavy regulation of business, leftist rhetoric, and interventionist beliefs flourish. We relate these phenomena to the presence of corruption, with causality running in both directions. The paper presents evidence that, within a country, those who perceive widespread corruption also tend to demand more regulation. As regulation is held constant within a country, this finding is hard to explain if one assumes that causality runs only from regulation to corruption. We also find that over time, increases in corruption in a country precede increases in left-wing voting. To explain our findings, we present a model where corrupt capitalists are disliked, and voting for left-wing policies is a form of punishment available to voters even in weak judicial systems. Evidence on emotions supports this explanation: the frequency with which people report experiencing anger is positively correlated with perceived corruption, but this relationship is significantly weaker when business is heavily regulated.
Brief Encounters: Street Scenes in Gaskell’s Manchester
Authors: Zemka Sue
Published: September 2009

Urban crowding in the nineteenth century had a profound impact on the genre of the novel. It provided new opportunities for stories of human interaction, but it also placed pressure on the desire for social inclusivity, which was both a liberal ideal and a novelistic convention. This essay explores the utility of Bahktin’s chronotope for understanding street encounters in Victorian fiction, specifically in Elizabeth Gaskell’s two industrial novels, Mary Barton and North and South

. While other critical models of the narration of urban life single out its spatial aspects, this essay argues that the temporal element is equally important to the mediation of urban life into fiction. Street encounters in Gaskell’s novels are a chronotope of imbalance, their spatial quotient of density and expansivesness at odds with their temporal quotient of brevity and speed. This predicament moves Gaskell to explore ways of maximizing the intimacy of the random street encounter; she does this by investing these encounters with valences of mourning or sexuality. Apprehensions of death and sex connect strangers, but in ways that reveal a contradiction between industrial modernity and Victorian liberalism: such intimacy can only last for a moment, because the forces of property and class prohibit its duration. In this way, the temporal quotient of Gaskell’s street chronotopes are a problem for the coherence of her texts, albeit one that implants in her novels a reality outside her fictional vision.
Patriotism, Politeness, and National Identity in the South West of England in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Moore Dafydd
Published: September 2009

This paper explores the ways in which a group of West Country literati portrayed their region and activities in two key publications: Poems Chiefly by Gentleman of Devonshire and Cornwall and Essays by a Society of Gentlemen at Exeter. It identifies the characteristics of the regional and national identities they create in terms of British resistance to foreign aggression, polite learning and a conservative sociability, and considers these as part of the establishment response to the French Revolution.
The Rise and Fall of Public Opinion: Poe to James
Authors: Margolis Stacey
Published: September 2009

Edgar Allan Poe’s depiction of gossip as a source of information in “The Man That Was Used Up”(1839) is not, as many critics have suggested, an indictment of popular culture and the worship of celebrity. Rather, Poe uses gossip as a way of analyzing the ephemerality of public opinion, which served as both an extension of and a counter to print culture. When Henry James rewrites this tale in The Papers (1903), he charts the erosion of this particular version of collective power and, in the process, transforms the celebrity into a model for the modern work of art.
Sociability in the Metropole: Modernism’s Bohemian Salons
Authors: Lyon Janet
Published: September 2009

Many of the early twentieth-century sociologists who mapped out the social effects of modernity wrote of the social alienation produced by economic regimes of specialization. Among these, Georg Simmel also had much to say about sociability, which, in his view, operated as a palliative against modern entropy. In some sense the proliferation of modernist sites of sociability in these years not only attests to Simmel’s insights but also marks an emergent formal aesthetic response to modernity. The Bohemian salon instances an especially complex site of modern sociability. This article sketches the confluent histories of Bohemia, modernist sociability, and Roma culture in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Britain in order to argue that the dissident salons associated with modernism staged a formal Simmelian sociability that became a vehicle for the circulation of experimental aesthetics.
Redecorating the Ruin: Women and Antiquarianism in Sarah Scott’s Millenium Hall
Authors: Lake Crystal B.
Published: September 2009

This essay examines antiquarianism in Sarah Scott’s Millenium Hall (1762). Using a variety of source material, I uncover Scott’s personal connections to eminent antiquaries and trace previously unknown antiquarian antecedents to the novel. I argue that Millenium Hall demonstrates a compelling case study for the ways in which local British history and archaeological interests appealed to eighteenth-century women. Furthermore, I claim that Sarah Scott appropriates antiquaries’ nationalist sentiments in surprising ways. By overlaying ruined architectural sites with images of ruined women, and by emphasizing women’s learning and matrilineal genealogy, Scott shapes antiquarianism into a new kind of material history that serves her feminist agenda.
Job’s Complaint in Paradise Regained
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: September 2009

Milton scholars have accepted at face value Milton's linking of the Son in Paradise Regained with patient or longsuffering Job. This article argues that Milton's representation of the Son is equally indebted to the Job who questions God's justice in the central dialogue of the book of Job. Job's rhetoric also is a model for the Son's ironic mode of speaking and for Milton's own literary relationship to Scripture.
The Psychology of Satan: Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Simple Story
Authors: Judson Barbara
Published: September 2009

“The Psychology of Satan: Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Simple Story treats the novel as a contribution to the Romantic critique of Christianity. Although by the end of the eighteenth century Christianity had largely been emptied of supernaturalism, it was still flawed, in Inchbald’s view, by prominent elements of the arbitrary and irrational, particularly in its conception of God’s relationship to his creatures. Dramatizing both God and Satan as fictional characters, Inchbald capitalizes on the opportunity for psychological realism afforded by the novel of manners. In her redaction of Scripture, she depicts the Father’s regime as unconsciously illiberal, a position that allows her to subtly inculpate the Deity in the fall of both the angels and of mankind, representing his unwittingly heavy-handed authority as a provocation to rebellion.
Francis Jeffrey in Recent Whig Interpretations of Romantic Literary History
Authors: Christie William
Published: September 2009

This essay looks at the analogical and genealogical relationship between the skeptical, historicizing trend of Romantic criticism in the wake of Jerome McGann‘s The Romantic Ideology (1983) and the critical assumptions and strategies characteristic of the Whig Edinburgh Review under Francis Jeffrey, and at the way the civil wars of recent Romantic criticism re-enact what McGann himself calls “the civil wars of the romantic movement itself”--between Whig and Tory, for example; Scotland and England; Byron and Wordsworth; critic and poet.
Meredith & Ends
Authors: Bartlett Jami
Published: September 2009

This article connects two kinds of descriptions that have been considered mutually exclusive: the description of action in the realist novel, and the description of intention in analytic philosophy. Reading Wittgenstein’s theorization of intention as a “detail in the darkness” alongside the internal friction of aphorisms in Meredith’s The Egoist , I argue that we should understand descriptions of intentional action, the characters they flatten, and the scenes they interrupt, as disclosing their own atomized meanings without reference to their surrounding (and often uninhabitable) contexts. The result is a unique theory of the work that description does to motivate the stories we tell about the reasons we act.
The Role of Comorbidity in the Crisis of the Current Psychiatric Classification System
Authors: Aragona Massimiliano
Published: September 2009

Abstract: The present paper discusses the problem of psychiatric comorbidity within the context of Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions. A conceptual analysis is carried out to clarify the role of those philosophical implicit positions that influence the empirical problems related to comorbidity. Psychiatric comorbidity is an artifactual byproduct of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classification because of its internal characteristics. The authors of the DSM-III tried to handle comorbidity by adding hierarchical exclusion rules, but many exclusion rules were deleted in subsequent DSM revisions for philosophical reasons (prevalence of empiricism on conventionalism). The consequent explosion of comorbidity rates led the DSM toward a scientific crisis. Three possible intra-paradigmatic solution strategies are considered (disorders lumping, reintroduction of exclusion rules, and liberalization of comorbidity). The first two strategies might be efficacious but theoretically unacceptable. The third would be in line with the empiricist requirements, but its practical effect (dramatic increase of comorbidity rates) would exacerbate the crisis of the DSM pressing for a "revolutionary" solution. Finally, the waited effect on comorbidity of three alternative models (etiopathogenetic diagnosis, spectrum, and dimensional diagnosis) is briefly considered.
Defining Mental Disorder in Terms of Our Goals for Demarcating Mental Disorder
Authors: Varelius Jukka
Published: September 2009

Abstract: What mental disorder means is controversial. I attempt to solve that controversy by applying the method of defining a phenomenon in terms of the goals we have for demarcating that phenomenon from other phenomena to the case of mental disorder. I thus address the question about the nature of mental disorder by paying attention to the goals we have for demarcating mental disorder. I maintain that these goals, which embody the reasons why we consider mental disorder a significant phenomenon for us, have a common denominator: they refer to psychological capacity for autonomy. I present a conceptual foundation for defining mental disorder on the basis of that psychological capacity and argue that this way of understanding the nature of mental disorder avoids the main problems of the central contemporary theories of mental disorder. Then I explain why this conception of the nature of mental disorder is not undermined by anti-psychiatric criticisms to the effect that mental illness does not exist, that the mentally ill should not be treated differently from others, and that seeing problems of the mentally disordered as psychiatric problems is unjustified medicalization. I conclude by suggesting that the presented conceptual foundation for defining mental disorder would benefit from being complemented by results of empirical psychology.
Ethical Decisions in the Classification of Mental Conditions as Mental Illness
Authors: Edwards Craig
Published: September 2009

Abstract: Since the early 1990s, the philosophical debate over broad accounts of mental illness has stalled. Although there remains unresolved tension between mixed and medical models of mental illness, bioethics seems to be moving from a naturalistic account of mental illness to one in which illness is determined by applying an evaluative notion of function. Nonetheless, existing models often underestimate the role of social norms in defining illness. Most important, such models have paid inadequate attention to the relevance of wider philosophical assumptions about the objectivity of ethics and the concept of personhood to our understanding of illness. I attempt to demonstrate that these concepts are integral for differentiating mental illnesses from the vast array of irrational and pre-rational drives and personality traits for which we usually wish to hold the bearer morally responsible. In emphasizing the normative component in accounts of mental illness, I am not attacking psychiatric expertise, but rather endeavoring to bring philosophical discussion closer to the actual, informal decisions that psychiatrists (in particular forensic psychiatrists) regularly make when asked to determine someone's moral responsibility for a mental condition.
Gubernatorial Authority and Influence on Public Higher Education
Authors: Christakis Michael N.
Published: September 2009

State governors have the potential to impact their states’ public higher education systems in a variety of very significant ways. The findings for the 33 governors included in this study suggest a great deal of variation in the extent of their authority and influence. Governors’ composite ratings of formal authority and informal influence are transposed onto a four-quadrant matrix of gubernatorial power. The matrix reveals that 19 systems have maximum-power governors, 11 have entrepreneurial-power governors, 8 have prescribed-power governors, and 2 have minimum-power governors.
Toward an Intercultural Perspective of Racial and Ethnic Minority College Student Persistence
Authors: Museus Samuel D. , Quaye Stephen John
Published: September 2009

Six of every 10 Black and Latina/o undergraduates who begin higher education at a four-year institution will fail to earn a bachelor’s degree within six years. These low rates of attainment are accompanied by negative consequences for individual students and the larger society. Consequently, scholars have advocated for the importance of considering new perspectives of minority college student persistence in higher education research. This study is aimed at generating a new intercultural framework for understanding racial/ethnic minority student persistence processes using existing literature and the voices of students of color. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Postsecondary Choices of Nontraditional-Age Students: Non-Credit Courses or a Credential Program?
Authors: Kortesoja Sandra L.
Published: September 2009

Postsecondary education institutions of all types now operate in an external societal context increasingly influenced by international internet communication and global market forces. The college aspirations of nontraditional age (adult) postsecondary students facing a variety of choices for further education and/or job skills often reflect their work-related goals. Employing multinomial logistic (MNL) regression analysis, with selected results illustrated by plotting predicted probabilities, and using a nationally representative sample, this study tests the primary hypothesis that career-oriented young adults value postsecondary credential programs (either a college or university program, or a vocational/technical diploma/certificate program) over noncredit courses.
The Perpetual Homelessness of College Experiences: Tensions between Home and Campus for African American Women
Authors: Winkle-Wagner Rachelle
Published: September 2009

There is an ongoing debate about whether African American students need to sever ties with their families to be successful in college. Adding nuance to this debate, this ethnographic study examines African American women’s experiences of navigating family relationships in a predominantly White institution. The women described multiple pressures from their families and on campus, often resulting in a sense of “homelessness,” as if they fit neither on campus nor in their families.
Probabilistic Chloride Corrosion Service Life Model Validation: Global and Individual Bridge Deck Predictions
Authors: Williamson G. , Weyers R. E. , Sprinkel M. M.
Published: September 2009

Deterioration of steel reinforced concrete bridge decks by chloride induced corrosion in North America is of major concern. Chloride from applications of sodium, calcium, and magnesium chloride during winter maintenance operations initiates corrosion, which subsequently spalls the reinforcing steel cover concrete. Initial service life prediction models were diffusion based deterministic/empirical models, which significantly overestimate service lives. Probabilistic solutions provided more realistic estimates. However, chloride corrosion service life models for reinforced concrete elements have not been sufficiently validated against actual field performance. The objective of this study was to validate a probabilistic model using field survey data from ten bridge decks built in Virginia. Field surveys included damage assessments as the sum of spalls, delaminations, and patches. Damage surveys were conducted initially and 3 years later. Chloride content and clear concrete cover depth surveys were conducted to establish cover depth, surface chloride concentration, and chloride diffusion constant global variations. Validation comparisons were performed considering the ten decks as representative of a construction era and as individual decks. Results demonstrated that the probabilistic model accurately predicts global performance but not individual deck performance. Damage predictions of individual decks were greater than and less than the field assessed condition. Differences ranged from an overestimate of 64 years to an underestimate of 11 years. Underestimates averaged 14 years and overestimates averaged 43 years. The large overestimates of 44, 62, and 64 years occurred for estimated service lives of 80–100 years. Insufficient number of model input parameters of surface chloride and particularly the diffusion constant is the plausible reason for the lack of prediction accuracies for the individual decks.
Chlorine Trifluoride Exposure Testing and Oxidizer Reactivity Results
Authors: VanOmmeren James
Published: September 2009

Chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) was first synthesized in the 1930s and is one of the most oxidizing and reactive halogen fluorides known. In fact, with the exception of elemental fluorine, ClF3 may represent one of the most oxidizing and reactive materials in existence. Active research and commercial use of ClF3 began in the late 1940s, and ClF3 has been utilized in such diverse applications as military weapons usage, rocket fuel oxidant, nuclear fuels processing, oil well rod cutting, mineral analysis, and electronics manufacturing equipment cleaning. Such fluoride compounds present significant toxic, oxidizing, highly reactive, and environmental challenges in their manufacture, delivery, customer use, handling, disposal treatment, and emergency response. Air Products has been the primary manufacturer of ClF3 in North America for about 40 years, and ClF3 represents one of the strongest oxidizing and highest reactivity materials that Air Products handles worldwide. However, little information has been available in public literature or the industry regarding its oxidizing potential and reactivity strength with specific materials it may routinely or accidentally come in contact with. Therefore, Air Products conducted extensive release testing to expose various materials of construction (metals, plastics, and elastomers), building materials, personal protective equipment, and other common materials to both vapor and liquid phase releases of ClF3. This paper discusses the synthesis, hazards, varied uses, and major incidents involving ClF3. For example, one major ClF3 liquid spill accident from the 1960s is discussed where an eyewitness stated, “The concrete was on fire!” The paper details controlled release exposure testing methods Air Products employed, results, and lessons learned regarding improved handling and usage recommendations for ClF3 suppliers and customers. For example, a significant potential hazard was discovered regarding use of a safety shower if a person's clothing was exposed to ClF3 liquid, which caused Air Products to change their Material Safety Data Sheet and Product Safety hazards training.
Fatigue Crack Growth Simulation in Components with Random Defects
Authors: Shirani M. , Härkegård G.
Published: September 2009

The three dimensional distribution of defects within a fatigue specimen cut from a large spheroidal graphite cast iron component has been obtained by X-ray computed tomography. This distribution has been used as input for a fatigue assessment postprocessor for the calculation of fatigue life distribution in cast components.
The Effect of Acid Rain on Magnesium Hydroxide Contained in Cement-Lime Mortar
Authors: Berman S , Drage DF , Tate MJ
Published: September 2009

The effect of acid rain on mortar durability is not well understood. In particular, little work has been done on the reaction of magnesium hydroxide in dolomitic Type S hydrated lime with sulfuric acid compounds. In this study, this reaction is investigated using two different exposure situations, each involving distilled water and sulfuric acid (4.5 pH) as leachants. In the first situation, the leachability of the Type S hydrated lime is examined through packed-bed column testing. In the second situation, hardened mortar samples were placed in both distilled water and sulfuric acid (4.5 pH) solution for one week. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP) was used to determine the magnesium content of the raw materials, hardened mortars and leachate. Magnesium levels of the leachate samples were consistently low and did not appear to be affected significantly by the presence of sulfuric acid.
Spalling of Brick
Authors: Chin IR
Published: September 2009

Brick is normally selected for use in exterior walls and paving by owners and designers because of its durability, appearance, and low maintenance. However, occasional spalling of the exposed surface of brick in service has occurred that has created concerns on the durability of brick and on the accuracy of the preconstruction indicators of brick durability established by the masonry industry. Investigations of spalled brick performed by the author have revealed that this spalling is primarily caused by water that gained access into the brick. Compressive forces in the wall can also cause spalling of brick. The water absorption preconstruction indicators of brick durability specified by C216 for Grade SW brick were found to be reliable for standard size brick in properly designed and constructed walls exposed to normal weather conditions. However, they may not be reliable for uncored special size brick that are larger than standard size brick, and for brick exposed to weather conditions that are more severe than the C67 freezing and thawing test conditions. Brick that are longer than 8 in. (203 mm) were found to be less durable due to under firing than brick in the same run that are 8 in. (203 mm) or less and that were properly fired. This paper presents information on the causes of spalling of brick as determined from the investigations and on recommendations to minimize spalling of brick on buildings and paving.
Determining Concrete Masonry Unit Compressive Strength Using Coupon Testing
Authors: Thomas RD , Mujumdar V
Published: September 2009

In 1990, provisions were added to ASTM Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units (C 140) to permit the evaluation of the compressive strength of concrete masonry units that were of an unusual size or shape, by cutting a rectangular coupon from the face shell. These provisions were added to permit evaluation of units whose shapes or size do not lend themselves to testing full-size and to accommodate limitations of testing equipment. The testing on which these provisions were based have not previously been published in a peer-reviewed journal or proceedings. This paper presents the results of two sets of testing programs that provided the basis for the development of coupon testing provisions. Since the provisions have been approved for use in ASTM C 140, two additional testing programs have been performed to evaluate those provisions. This paper evaluates the coupon testing provisions of ASTM C 140 with respect to the available data.
The Evolution and Development of Lateral Anchorage Systems in Masonry Cladding Systems
Authors: Gerns EA , Chan LM
Published: September 2009

Early skeletal frame buildings utilized numerous exterior cladding materials. Brick, terra cotta, and stone were all used, with economics frequently dictating both the location and quantity of materials. Early methods of anchoring these masonry cladding materials were varied and frequently experimental. With increased understanding of the behavior of cladding systems relative to both environmental forces as well as interaction with the structural systems, lateral anchorage systems evolved and achieved better performance. This paper will review the historical development of lateral anchorage systems over the past 125 years. A review of products, materials, code requirements and representative details will be presented. The intent of the paper will be to present a comparative timeline of lateral anchorage development to assist in understanding the concurrent evolution of masonry facade cladding systems.
Predicting Grouted Concrete Masonry Prism Strength
Authors: Thompson JJ , Walloch CT , Thomas RD
Published: September 2009

The structural performance of masonry is in part influenced by the relative and absolute compressive strength of the units, mortar, and grout. However, during the period immediately following masonry construction, the compressive strength of a given assemblage is often uncertain, as these materials have had insufficient time to fully cure. Further, with a near infinite number of combinations of unit, mortar, and grout strengths, designers have historically had little guidance related to available individual component properties when selecting a specified compressive strength of masonry for design purposes.

In response to these needs, this paper analyzes a database of prism compression tests, which incorporate varying material properties into their construction. Based on the results of the prism tests, a prediction model is proposed that provides a correlation to the unit strength, mortar type, grout strength, and prism configuration to the measured prism compressive strength at varying ages of curing.

The prediction model is based on 14 sets of prisms that were constructed and tested to meaure the influence of age on the strength of grouted masonry prisms. The prisms were all constructed using the same materials and construction methods and were tested at ages of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 56 days following grouting.

Additional 28-day strengths of grouted prisms from other research programs were used to validate the model and to further correlate the influence of mortar type, unit strength, grout strength, and prism configuration on the measured versus predicted prism strength.
Inspection and Evaluation of Masonry Facades
Authors: Gerns EA , Cinnamon AD
Published: September 2009

With the recent passage and enforcement of facade inspection ordinances in cities throughout the United States, including Chicago, New York, Boston, and Detroit, the eed for proper and effective evaluation of building facades has become increasingly important. A proper understanding of the facade system being evaluated, as well as the mechanisms of deterioration, is critical to an effective and accurate evaluation.

As cladding systems age, damage resulting from environment forces can compromise both the structural and performance characteristics of the cladding system. A lack of proper maintenance or inappropriate maintenance can result in a failure of the cladding, posing a threat to both public safety and the building integrity.

This paper will provide a brief overview of the historical development of cladding systems. A discussion of failure mechanisms and representative examples will also be included. Finally, a systematic approach for the evaluation of facades will be given.
Masonry Wall Materials Prepared by Using Agriculture Waste, Lime, and Burnt Clay
Authors: Middendorf B , Mickley J , Martirena F , Day RL
Published: September 2009

Low cost building materials prepared with ash of burnt agriculture waste and lime represent an alternative binder/construction system. Pure lime and Portland cement (OPC) are energy intensive to manufacture, and are expensive and scarce in developing countries. However, pozzolanic binders prepared by burning agriculture waste can be used as partial or complete substitutes for pure lime or OPC. These agricultural wastes, such as rice husks, wheat straw, sugar cane bagasse and sugar cane straw are widely available in many developing countries. Some types of clay are also pozzolanic after thermal treatment. The reactivity of the ash depends on its composition and on several factors involved in the burning process such as temperature, time, environment and cooling rate as well as chemical activation. This paper presents research focused on building materials produced by using lime combined with a pozzolanic mixture of thermally treated clay and ash from agricultural wastes. The study assesses the accelerating effect of sodium sulfate in strength development of building materials.
Masonry: Opportunities for the 21st Century
Authors: Throop D , Klingner RE
Published: September 2009

Description

STP 1432 provides nineteen peer-reviewed papers on historical, current, and predicted masonry issues, ranging from studies of the behavior of historic masonry, through basic research into the behavior and potential application of innovative masonry materials. Subjects cover historic structures, material testing, evaluation techniques, and new products and systems.

This new publication is a valuable technical resource for those involved n the production, design, or testing of masonry products or assemblies, including designers, manufacturers, engineers, architects, or consultants.