bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monster Stories/Storied Monsters
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: November 2019

This final chapter continues the discussion of monsters by engaging with the writings of Robin Wood, who theorized monsters as fundamentally ambivalent figures who allow us to envision alternatives to the restrictive social order. It then realigns Wood’s terms to show how the recent horror genre has been structured around questions not simply of monstrosity, but of asserting or maintaining humanity—and recognizing the humanity of others—in the face of monstrosity and other inconceivable horrors. This is the explicit theme of The Walking Dead TV series, as is emphasized in its first video game adaptation, The Walking Dead: The Game (2012), but is there at the beginnings of the modern genre in the 1960s with a film like Night of the Living Dead (1968). The chapter concludes with a discussion of how understandings of “monstrosity” and “humanity” are redefined around questions of morality with two high-profile, integrated horror films, Get Out (2017) and The Shape of Water (2017).
Sleep in Pregnancy
Authors: O’Brien, PhD, MS Louise M. , Dunietz, MPH, PhD Galit L.
Published: November 2019

Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. This chapter focuses on sleep quality and emergence of sleep disorders in pregnancy, which has implications for both the fetus as well as the mother. An overview of empirical evidence of the association between disturbed sleep in pregnancy and pregnancy-related outcomes is provided along with a ion of The chapter also reviews common sleep disturbances in pregnancy, such as sleep-disordered breathing, insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality, and restless legs syndrome, and synthesizes current knowledge of the impact of poor sleep on pregnancy outcomes, with a particular emphasis on fetal well-being. Evidence is also presented on the potential for maternal sleep to influence fetal origins of chronic disease.
Socioeconomic Status and Sleep
Authors: Grandner Michael A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on how socioeconomic status (SES) can influence sleep health. The chapter overviews traditional SES factors, which include education, income, and employment. Beyond this, the chapter discusses other (less studied) SES factors such as financial hardship and subjective social status among various populations. Socioeconomic sleep disparities in the context of racial/ethnic sleep disparities are considered, and a social ecological model of sleep is discussed, which includes (a) individual-level socioeconomic drivers, which are embedded within (b) social-level socioeconomic drivers, which themselves are embedded within (c) societal-level socioeconomic drivers. The chapter concludes with thoughts for future directions in research.
Sanctuary Cities
Authors: Collingwood Loren , Gonzalez O'Brien Benjamin
Published: November 2019

On January 25, 2017, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13768, which marked the first federal action targeting American sanctuary cities and fulfilled one of Trump’s key campaign promises. Sanctuary cities, which do not permit local officials to inquire into immigration status and may decline ICE detainer requests, have been in existence since the early 1980s, but the shooting of Kathryn Steinle in 2015 brought them renewed attention. Ms. Steinle’s accidental shooting by an undocumented immigrant, Jose Ines Garcia Zarate, ignited a firestorm of controversy over these policies. Garcia Zarate had been released by the SFPD based on San Francisco’s sanctuary policy, leading then-candidate Donald Trump to make a promise to “end” sanctuary cities a key part of his campaign for president. Yet many Americans know very little about sanctuary policies despite their growing importance in the debate over undocumented immigration and the incorporation of immigrant communities. In this work, Drs. Collingwood and Gonzalez O’Brien provide the first comprehensive examination of sanctuary cities in the United States. Analyzing the historical evolution of these policies, the tone and tenor of media coverage, public opinion, state-level sanctuary legislation, and the effect these policies have on crime rates and Latino political incorporation, the authors hope to provide researchers, members of the public, and lawmakers with the tools to objectively assess the value of sanctuary legislation.
Sanctuary Cities: The Way Forward
Authors: Collingwood Loren , O’Brien Benjamin Gonzalez
Published: November 2019

This chapter summarizes the preceding five chapters and discusses the implications of our findings for sanctuary policies and immigration policy more broadly.
Not a Library, but a Large Depot of Loot
Authors: Peiss Kathy
Published: November 2019

The discovery of looted books at the end of the war, especially those from Jewish libraries, tested the American military government. Gathering, conserving, and identifying them posed intractable challenges, even as American authorities faced domestic and international pressures over the Jewish books in particular. The Monuments Fine Arts and Archives (MFAA) unit of the US Army, known as the Monuments Men, requisitioned Frankfurt’s Rothschild Library and later moved to a warehouse known as the Offenbach Archival Depot to establish operations for book restitution. This required innovative methods of librarianship designed to quickly manage and redistribute disarrayed and damaged volumes. The American government finally authorized Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc. to handle the unidentifiable and heirless books, many of which came to the United States. For the Americans, these endangered books generated new understandings of the meaning of book collections, ownership, restitution, and cultural heritage.
Conclusion
Authors: Peiss Kathy
Published: November 2019

The collecting missions made an imprint on the postwar world of books and information. The OSS and military efforts to acquire open-source intelligence propelled advances in library and information science already underway. A number of those involved in wartime acquisitions became pioneers in this field. The program of acquisition offered a prototype for open-source intelligence gathering after the war. These missions also contributed to a growing orientation among American libraries toward internationalism, in which collecting foreign holdings was deemed essential to American power. For the most part, however, the collections themselves attracted little notice. With the Holocaust awareness of the late twentieth century, the acquisition of looted Jewish books was investigated by the Justice Department and President Bill Clinton’s Commission on Holocaust Assets. Looted and displaced books remain part of the unfinished business of World War II.
The Synod of Pistoia and Vatican II
Authors: Blanchard Shaun
Published: November 2019

This book sheds further light on the nature of church reform and the roots of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) through a study of eighteenth-century Catholic reformers who anticipated the Council. The most striking of these examples is the Synod of Pistoia (1786), the high-water mark of late Jansenism. Most of the reforms of the Synod were harshly condemned by Pope Pius VI in the bull Auctorem fidei (1794), and late Jansenism was totally discredited in the ultramontane nineteenth-century Church. Nevertheless, much of the Pistoian agenda—such as an exaltation of the role of bishops, an emphasis on infallibility as a gift to the entire Church, religious liberty, a simpler and more comprehensible liturgy that incorporates the vernacular, and the encouragement of lay Bible reading and Christocentric devotions—was officially promulgated at Vatican II. The career of Bishop Scipione de’ Ricci (1741–1810) and the famous Synod he convened are investigated in detail. The international reception (and rejection) of the Synod sheds light on why these reforms failed, and the criteria of Yves Congar are used to judge the Pistoian Synod as “true or false reform.” This book proves that the Synod was a “ghost” present at Vatican II. The council fathers struggled with, and ultimately enacted, many of the same ideas. This study complexifies the story of the roots of the Council and Pope Benedict XVI’s “hermeneutic of reform,” which seeks to interpret Vatican II as in “continuity and discontinuity on different levels” with past teaching and practice.
Our Sense of Self
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

Of all the objects you know and have beliefs about, you are the object you pay most attention to and want to know best. And, when it comes to sharing beliefs and opinions about the world with others, you are the object in the world that you most want your significant others to share your beliefs and opinions about who you are. How do individuals learn to know who they are? It begins with children learning what it is about themselves and what they do that determines how others respond to them as an object in the world (shared social contingent self). They share with others what is relevant about them, what matters. They share what to expect of themselves in terms of their skills and abilities (shared expectant self). They share with others what goals they should pursue and what standards they should use to evaluate themselves (shared monitored self). Depending on whether their shared goals and standards are promotion or prevention, people inflate or deflate their self-esteem to maintain their eagerness or vigilance, respectively. And they are motivated to verify the truth of shared beliefs about themselves for both positive and negative self-attributes. And a big part of our sense of self are the social identities that we embrace. Individuals create a shared reality we with groups that is so powerful that they will die for it. Like a “band of brothers,” there can be a social fusion with a political group that has the power of family.
How We Get Along
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: November 2019

It doesn’t take much of a difference between groups to make in-group–out-group discrimination occur. High schoolers can discriminate on the basis of preference for the paintings of Klee versus Kandinsky. Third-grade children can discriminate on the basis of eye color. The two social identification mechanisms that contribute to discrimination relate to the epistemic and social relational motives underlying shared reality creation. By accentuating similarities within social categories and differences between them, we can order, simplify, and make sense of our complex social world. This epistemic motive, however, is not enough to account for the discrimination of favoring your own group over the other group—in-group favoritism. This comes from the social relational motive of creating a shared reality with others, with wanting a positive connection to those with whom you have a shared reality and experience yourself and others as belonging to the same social category—the we of social identification. Having a common social identity with other in-group members can make interactions relatively smooth, effortless and pleasant, but it does not necessarily make them more productive because the group members often discuss what they share with one another rather than what they don’t share. The roles that we enact are also shared realities that can bias our perception of the world by determining what is relevant and significant. Shared reality perceptions are also critical in close relationships where partners must experience that they are a positive unit who sees and responds to the world in the same way.
The People Are King
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

The People Are King traces the transformation of Andean communities under Inca and Spanish rule. The sixteenth-century Spanish resettlement policy known as reducción was pivotal to this transformation. Modeled on the Spanish ideal of república (self-government within planned towns) and shared sovereignty with their monarch, Spaniards in the Viceroyalty of Peru forced Andeans into resettlement towns. Andeans turned the tables on forced resettlement by making the towns their own and the center of their social, political, and religious lives. Andeans made a coherent life for themselves in a complex process of ethnogenesis that blended preconquest ways of life (the ayllu) with the imposed institutions of town life and Christian religious practices. Within these towns, Andeans claimed the right to self-government, and increasingly regarded their native lords, the caciques, as tyrants. A series of microhistorical accounts in these repúblicas reveals that Andeans believed that commoner people, collectively called the común, could rule themselves. With both Andean and Spanish antecedents, this political philosophy of radical democracy was key to the Great Rebellion of the late eighteenth century. Rather than focusing on well-known leaders such as Tupac Amaru, this book demonstrates through commoner rebels’ holographic letters that it was commoner Andean people who made the late eighteenth-century a revolutionary moment by asserting their rights to self-government. In the final chapter the book follows the commoner-lead towns of the Andes from the era of independence into the present day of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.
Inca and Asanaqi in Qullasuyu
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

Prior to Spanish invasion, the Asanaqi ethnic group did not live in large urban areas but in small hamlets scattered across the Andean high plane. Conquered by the Inca around 1460 and incorporated into Tawantinsuyu, they served corvée labor, known as mita, as their “tax,” sometimes working in administrative centers (tambos) along the Inca highway. Although compulsory, they expected to be “asked” to work and fed and clothed at the Inca’s expense in a system of reciprocity. The Incas allowed the Asanaqi to keep their local gods, called wakas, but required them to worship imperial gods as well, making llama sacrifices in their honor along sacred paths called ceques. With the Spanish invasion, imperial-level rituals and administrative centers were abandoned. For a time, Andeans continued to live widely scattered in small hamlets, worshipping their wakas, under control of caciques. To control Andean labor and generate wealth, Spaniards established encomiendas.
Resettlement
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

vIn the 1570s Viceroy Toledo implemented a resettlement of Andeans from their widely dispersed hamlets into larger grid-patterned towns called reducciones. Each new reducción was a self-governing república de indios, where native hereditary lords the caciques now shared authority with a town council (cabildo) of elected commoners. Within reducciones, Spaniards reinforced elements of Andean social and political organization: ayllu members were settled together, the town’s elected officials were to rotate among the ayllus and the tax rolls were recorded by ayllu. As part of conversion, each town was assigned a patron saint with a confraternity (cofradía) to celebrate it. Documents related to resettlement, including a statement that Spanish invasion had rescued Andeans from Inca tyranny, were put in each town’s community chest (caja de comunidad). Spaniards argued that reducción failed because Andeans did not live in the towns full time, but Andeans returned regularly to fulfill their civil and religious duties.
A Lettered Revolution
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

In 1780 the comunero political philosophy of popular sovereignty spread across the viceroyalties of Peru and Rio de la Plata, leading to popular uprisings beginning in indigenous towns, led by cabildo members whose first targets were caciques. Comuneros from different towns, realizing their common goals, joined together, exchanging ideas at multi-town saints’ festivals, and through the mails in rebels’ holographic letters, signed “común.” Caciques fought alongside Spaniards to help defeat the comuneros and claimed royal rewards for their efforts. Some comuneros supported the idea of an Inca as a legitimate American king, while maintaining their ideas of town-based self-rule. A few Creoles joined the fight in order to drive out peninsular Spaniards. Misinterpreting the town-based dynamics of this revolutionary moment, official accounts by Spanish bureaucrats emphasized the leadership of Tupac Amaru, or Tupac Catari, or Tomás Catari, and blamed fiscal abuse from corrupt priests, corregidores, or caciques as the cause.
The Resilience of the Común and Its Legacy
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

Although colonial Spanish- and Republican-era governments tried to undercut comuneros’ political philosophy of popular sovereignty, the común has persevered. Racist conclusions about Indians tarred comuneros as backward and pre-modern. To “modernize” them, comuneros’ lands were privatized and auctioned off, and laws officially eliminated ayllus. Comuneros gained the right to vote with the 1952 Bolivian revolution, many moved to cities, but most failed to prosper economically. They were officially “campesinos,” or peasants—a euphemism for race. Late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century anthropologists’ ethnographies show that reducción towns and annexes still exist, and the cabildo and civil-religious hierarchy still function. In 2005 Evo Morales, a self-identified Aymara, was elected president of Bolivia with comunero support. Bolivia’s 2009 constitution incorporates Aymara ideas of gender complementarity, gave legal personhood to Pachamama (Mother Earth), promotes collectivities as ethically superior to capitalist individualism, and recognizes legal pluralism. Many of these ideas echo the late colonial comuneros.
The Multiple Geographies of War Captivity
Authors: Morieux Renaud
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 proposes to define prisoners of war as forced migrants. Although the notions of circulation and imprisonment seem antithetical, this chapter posits that spatial displacements were at the heart of the experience of war imprisonment. It is often forgotten that prisoners of war, by definition, moved, and that this mobility was systemic. For anyone captured at sea, phases of detention on land alternated with internment on anchored or moving ships. The circulations of prisoners of war within, between, and across empires are all part of the same system. By comparing metropolitan, Atlantic, and Caribbean mobility, the shared features of the eighteenth-century state, at home and in the colonies, are highlighted. The prisoners’ strategies to play the system are, it is argued, a side-effect of the limitations of the reach of the state.
Age-structured models: Short-term transient dynamics
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

Linear age-structured models eventually grow geometrically, and reach a stable age distribution (as in Chapter 3). This chapter describes what happens before “eventually.” That is, it describes the short-term, “transient” dynamics that occur when a population is perturbed, then begins to return to its stable distribution. Transients involve eigenvalues other than the largest (real) one, so the chapter begins by showing how complex eigenvalues can produce population cycles. It then addresses factors that make transients shorter or longer. In some cases, frequent environmental disturbances may prevent populations from ever reaching equilibrium. That scenario can be described by switching from linear models to linearized models varying about an equilibrium. The chapter describes temporal characteristics of that variability (such as time scales and frequencies), which require new tools: Fourier transforms and wavelets. These reveal how age-structured populations are more sensitive to certain environmental frequencies than to others, a phenomenon termed cohort resonance.
Age-structured models with density-dependent recruitment
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines age-structured models with density-dependent recruitment. In particular, it focuses on populations with over-compensatory density dependence, such as may occur due to cannibalism or some types of space competition. When the slope (at the equilibrium point) of the relationship between egg production and subsequent recruitment is declining in an over-compensatory way, the population may exhibit unstable limit cycles with period twice the generation time (2T). These cycles occur when that slope is steeply negative and the spawning age distribution has a high mean and low width. These results are applied to study the behavior of cycles in the U.S. west coast Dungeness crab fishery, variability in populations of an intertidal barnacle, and cycles in populations of a pest, the flour beetle. Additionally, it is shown how single-sex harvesting and compensatory growth affect population cycles and equilibria.
Thinking about populations
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes some general ways of thinking about population dynamics as a coherent body of interrelated advances in understanding, as developed in the first eleven chapters. The first generality is that understanding population dynamics depends on the concept of a state variable. It also underscores that dynamics depend on time delays, thus on age, even though demographic rates may ultimately depend more on size than age. Replacement plays a general role in dynamics, influencing both behavior at equilibrium and the time scales at which populations respond to environmental variability. Replacement even retains its importance in spatial models, where it is related to the same replacement threshold as in non-spatial models. Additionally, the way in which the distribution of reproduction (i.e. replacement) over age “filters” environmental variability influences extinction probabilities. The chapter closes by discussing how lessons from this book will guide conservation and management in a changing climate.
Black but Human
Authors: Fracchia Carmen
Published: November 2019

I address the origins of the proverb ‘Black but Human’ that emerged from the Afro-Hispanic oral tradition and the ways in which colour and social status are compounded. There is documentary evidence that the word ‘black’ was used as a mark of the inferior social condition of slaves and that it designated a diversity of ethnic backgrounds that included people with contradictory colour classifications. I am concerned with the Afro-Hispanic beliefs that are embodied in this proverb and are conveyed in the recently discovered black carols, written by Afro-Hispanic slaves and ex-slaves in the Spanish black confraternities, later reappropriated by Hispanic white writers. These work songs centre on the assertion that Africans are human in spite of their legally enforced status as commodified objects with no rights. They focus on the association between being human and the possession of a soul that becomes white as the result of baptism.
Visual Culture and Slavery
Authors: Fracchia Carmen
Published: November 2019

I discuss the semiotic control imposed on the production of religious depictions after the Council of Trent (1563), achieved by the decree on sacred images and the monitoring of art production by a censor appointed by the Inquisition. I map out the visual discourses that offer representations of blackness, slavery and human diversity and I concentrate on ‘Black Sainthood’ promoted in black confraternities: Baltasar in the Adoration of the Magi, Benedict of Palermo from Sicily, Iphigenia, and Elesbaan from Ethiopia. I reveal the prohibition to members of the oldest black confraternity of participation in public processions and I provide the legal case against them. I consider the eighteenth-century legend of the miraculous blackening of the face of the sculpture of St Francis of Paula in La Habana, in Cuba, as a sign of support to the black brothers after the institution had been taken over by the white nobility.
Props and Costume
Authors: Fracchia Carmen
Published: November 2019

I discuss the stereotypical sixteenth-century image of slaves in chains produced by Northern European artists in Spain. This traditional iconography has no resonance in topographic views and landscapes by Spanish artists. I focus on the ways that the View of Seville drawing (1573) by Joris Hoefnagel articulates the institutionalization of the local Spanish and transatlantic slave trades and I construct an account of the material culture of slavery based on archival sources and legal discussions. I also lay out Juan Fragoso’s set of recommendations for assessing the economic value of slaves at auction in his Universal Surgery. I address the ways in which the drawings of chained slaves (1529) by Christopher Weiditz represent the traditional iconography of Afro-Hispanic slave labourers and as symbolizing the black resistance forged in their confraternities against their subjugation. These forms of resistance are confirmed by Pedro de León’s experience at the royal prison of Seville.
Commodification
Authors: Fracchia Carmen
Published: November 2019

I explore the depiction of the Miracle of the Black Leg by Saints Cosmas and Damian. This narrates the miraculous cure of a white verger with a diseased leg after the grafting of a leg from a dead African man onto his amputated stump. I show how the Greek, Latin and Catalan legends of this miracle give rise to different conceptions of the black subject defined either as a ‘Moor’ or as an ‘Ethiopian’ and I look at the violent sixteenth-century image of the mutilated African man, worked up by Isidro de Villoldo in Valladolid (1547) and the ways in which it was interpreted by other sculptors in Castile, and show how it drastically departs from the original literary and visual sources examined. I believe that there is a reference to the mutilation of limbs or ears suffered by fugitive slaves and I construct an account of the treatment of slaves.
The Image of Freedom
Authors: Fracchia Carmen
Published: November 2019

I discuss the shift from an hegemonic view of Afro-Hispanic slaves and ex-slaves to the articulation of the emergence of the slave ‘subject’ and the ‘emancipatory subject’ by concentrating on both; the only extant seventeenth-century portrait of an Afro-Hispanic slave subject, Juan de Pareja (1649) by his master, Diego Velázquez, made before Velázquez emancipated Pareja in Rome (1650), and on the articulation of the freed subject in Pareja’s self-portrait, in his painting The Calling of St Matthew (1661). I deal with how Velázquez’s portrait provides the form by which Pareja fashions his Europeanized self-portrait to signify his freedom and I explore the ways its iconography embodies extant discourses on diversity and slavery: Pareja’s attachment both to the collective Christian African past, and to his present with the experience of black communities, where the ‘Black but Human’ topos emerged. I also provide an account of Pareja’s career as an independent artist.
‘The road of excess’
Authors: Scullion Scott
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses E.R. Dodds’s papers on Greek tragedy. Despite everything that can be said in criticism of Dodds’s Bacchae, the book is a compelling masterpiece of classical scholarship. Its shortcomings all have to do with his approach to ‘the Dionysiac’. However, Dodds’s vision is fundamental to the reception of his work: its impact on readers, within and beyond the academy, is a cultural fact independent of the validity of his treatment of any particular work, phenomenon, or body of evidence. The chapter then considers Dodds’s 1960 article on the Oresteia and another article on Oedipus Rex. By both ancient and modern reckoning, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is among the greatest of Greek tragedies, and what would perhaps be generally acknowledged as the most satisfying interpretation of it was given by Dodds in his 1966 article ‘On Misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex’, his final contribution to the study of Greek tragedy.
Memories of E. R. Dodds
Authors: Padel Ruth
Published: November 2019

This concluding chapter presents the accounts of E.R. Dodds’s students. Ruth Padel was Dodds’s last Doctor of Philosophy student. At Oxford, Dodds read papers she wrote towards her thesis and made imaginative connective suggestions. Moreover, they talked about writing and poetry, discussing how Dodds wrote The Greeks and the Irrational. After the death of Dodds’s wife, Padel took upon herself the task of looking after him in his old age. Padel then encouraged her lifelong friend, Oswyn Murray, to reach out to Dodds, thinking he would appreciate being asked to meet present-day undergraduates. Thus, Murray had the honour of dining with Dodds and W.H. Auden. Meanwhile, Helen Ganly had the opportunity to draw Dodds in person. During their conversations, he spoke about his love of gardening.
Appropriate delineation of species for conservation purposes
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: November 2019

The first step in conservation management is to delineate groups for separate versus combined management. However, there are many problems with species delineation, including diverse species definitions, lack of standardized protocols, and poor repeatability of delineations. Definitions that are too broad will lead to outbreeding depression if populations are crossed, while those that split excessively may preclude genetic rescue of small inbred populations with low genetic diversity. To minimize these problems, we recommend the use of species concepts based upon reproductive isolation (such as the Biological Species Concept) and advise against the use of Phylogenetic and General Lineage Species Concepts. We provide guidelines as to when taxonomy requires revision and outline protocols for robust species delineations.
The Self-Memory System Revisited
Authors: Conway Martin A. , Justice Lucy V. , D’Argembeau Arnaud
Published: November 2019

The self-memory system model of autobiographical memory has been highly influential in providing a framework in which to locate a wide range of research findings from neuropsychology, psychological illness, behavioral findings, to attachment and personality research. Here the authors update the model and clarify some common misunderstandings. They review the extensive and relatively recent findings from neuroimaging studies that have provided a striking brain basis for the model, update neuropsychological findings, and develop the model to apply to future thinking. Finally, they delineate a small set of fundamental problems suggested by these developments of the model.
Development and Organization of Autobiographical Memory Form and Function
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Waters Theodore E. A.
Published: November 2019

Autobiographical memory defines who we are in relationship to others in the world. In addition to providing critical information to direct our behavior in adaptive ways, autobiographical memory functions to create a coherent and continuous sense of self and relationships over time, and thus autobiographical memory includes multiple temporal horizons. This chapter demonstrates that these different temporal horizons develop at different rates across childhood and are socially scaffolded in their forms through sharing memories with others. Even early in development, children recall both specific episodes and recurring scripted events in coherent, but differentiated ways, suggesting that children may be using them for different functions. Episodic representations are used to define self and regulate emotions, whereas scripted representations are used to direct behavior. By adulthood, autobiographical memory has developed into a complex interplay among episodes, recurring events, and extended events, and preliminary evidence suggests that adults may use different autobiographical forms for different functions. This approach to examining autobiographical memory as it develops along multiple temporal horizons and serves multiple functions indicates the need to expand our theoretical understanding of the organization of autobiographical memory.
Form Follows Function
Authors: Bluck Susan , Alea Nicole , Mroz Emily L.
Published: November 2019

From an ecological perspective, understanding the form, the structure, of autobiographical memory requires examining the functions it serves in human life. The chapter begins with a review of the distant and then the more recent history of the functional perspective on autobiographical memory. That done, the bulk of the chapter addresses current controversies that arise when taking a functional approach. These include: (1) defining basic functions versus reasons for, or uses of, remembering, (2) considering whether there is one fundamental function, and, in contrast, (3) identifying possible candidates above and beyond the three broad functions commonly seen in the literature (i.e., self, social, directive). The functional approach to autobiographical memory continues to provide an important alternative, or complement, to mechanistic views of human remembering.
History and Practice of Collaboration in Armed Conflict
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: November 2019

Chapter 1 describes the historical and contemporary practice of collaboration during times of armed conflict. Key illustrative examples are provided of the principal forms of cooperation with an adversary, namely informing, fighting with enemy forces, and bureaucratic collaboration, as well as other forms of aiding the enemy. With regard to informing, consideration is given to the significance placed on intelligence in warfare and to military doctrine addressing the recruitment and use of informers. The practice of non-state armed groups is also considered in this chapter. The various rationales behind the use of informers collaborators are explored, as are the diverse motivations of those who engage in wartime collaboration. This chapter aims to provide the conceptual and factual foundation for the detailed legal analysis that follows in the subsequent chapters.
Individual Status under International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 examines issues regarding status, beginning with civilian informers as spies, before turning to those that might join or fight alongside an enemy’s armed forces or provide other forms of assistance, such as interpreters. The chapter considers the issue of direct participation in hostilities as well as the concept of protected persons under the Fourth Geneva Convention, the nationality requirement of which may preclude the treaty’s full application to local civilian informers working for an occupying power in occupied territory. The chapter finally examines the question of prisoner of war status for members of the armed forces who may have cooperated with an adversary, including by joining the forces of the other side.
Conclusion
Authors: Darcy Shane
Published: November 2019

The concluding chapter of the book draws together the analysis from the various chapters and provides an overall reflection and assessment of the treatment by the laws of armed conflict of the phenomenon of wartime collaboration. It considers whether the law’s ambivalence towards this perennial yet somewhat neglected aspect of armed conflict may contribute to rather than restrict the harms that invariably accompany the practice.
Embodied Simulation
Authors: Gallese Vittorio , Guerra Michele
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides the key neuroscientific data that enable the reader to follow the case studies. The subheadings are “Cinema, brain and empathy,” in which the reception of film is discussed, and the notion of empathy is introduced with an outline of its history; “Body, brain and neuroscience,” provides a critical account of neuroscience and details of the specific approach used; “From classic cognitivism to embodied cognition,” discusses two mainstream approaches to social cognition, classic cognitivism, and evolutionary psychology; “Motor cognition: Movements and motor goals,” explains why and how the cognitive role of the motor system and its role in visual perception should be reconceived; “Motor cognition: Area F4 and peri-personal space,” provides evidence for the role of the motor system in mapping space; “Motor cognition: Canonical neurons and objects ‘close to hand’,” discusses canonical neurons and their role in object perception; “Motor cognition: Mirror neurons and mirroring mechanisms,” introduces mirror neurons in macaques and mirror mechanisms in humans, and outlines their role in social perception; “Emotions, sensations and embodied simulation,” describes the role of embodied simulation in the perception of the emotions and sensations of others; “The person as a corporeal form between the real world and the world of fiction: Liberated simulation,” introduces the aesthetic specificity of the visual perception model with an explanation of how it could be applied to film viewing in particular and more generally to fiction; and “Brain–body and cinema,” discusses how neuroscience has been applied to the study of film and cinema.
New Mediation, New Films, New Experiments
Authors: Gallese Vittorio , Guerra Michele
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents the authors’ view of the future, discussing new digital technologies and mediations and their impact on film and its reception. The subheadings are: “New positioning,” a discussion of the future of film and cinema in the light of new and emerging technologies and the few empirical studies addressing these issues; “Digital presences,” an overview of how the authors’ model can help in formulating new theoretical and empirical approaches; “Death by chat,” an analysis of the film Unfriended with a discussion of how new mediations of filmic content reshape the spectator’s relation to film; “A new film grammar,” which introduces action cams and their impact on film viewing; and “Goodbye to the screen?” which envisions how the new filmic mediation may generate a new form of film reception.
Left-corner parsing of minimalist grammars
Authors: Hunter Tim
Published: November 2019

Much recent research in experimental psycholinguistics revolves around the resolution of long-distance dependencies, and the manner in which the human sentence processor “retrieves’” elements from earlier in a sentence that must be related in some way to the material currently being processed. At present there is no obvious way for the issues raised by this research to be framed in terms of an MG parser. Stabler’s 2013 top-down MG parser does not involve any corresponding notion of “retrieval’”: it requires that a phrase’s position in the derivation tree be completely identified before the phrase can be scanned, which means that a filler cannot be scanned without committing to a particular location for its corresponding gap. This chapter attempts to develop a parsing algorithm that is inspired by Stabler, but which allows a sentence-initial filler to be scanned immediately while delaying the choice of corresponding gap position.
Introduction
Authors: Cox Fiona , Theodorakopoulos Elena
Published: November 2019

The first half of this introduction provides some context for the variety of women’s responses to the Homeric epics discussed in the volume by tracing the origins of these responses back to earlier authors including Vera Brittain, Virginia Woolf, and Claude Cahun. It also discusses the paucity of critical attention paid to women’s receptions of Homer, and demonstrates how much is to be gained by rereading the Iliad and the Odyssey through the work of women writers since the early twentieth century. The second half offers an overview of the approaches and figures selected for discussion, women as diverse as Simone Weil and Kate Tempest, as Francisca Aguirre and Barbara Köhler, working in a variety of genres and radically altering the landscape of classical reception.
The Meaning of More
Authors: Wellwood Alexis
Published: November 2019

This book re-imagines the compositional semantics of comparative constructions with words like “more”. It argues for a revision of one of the fundamental assumptions of the degree semantics framework as applied to such constructions: that gradable adjectives do not lexicalize measure functions (i.e., mappings from individuals or events to degrees). Instead, the degree morphology itself plays the role of degree introduction. The book begins with a careful study of non-canonical comparatives targeting nouns and verbs, and applies the lessons learned there to those targeting adjectives and adverbs. A primary distinction that the book draws extends the traditional distinction between gradable and non-gradable as applied to the adjectival domain to the distinction between “measurable” and “non-measurable” predicates that crosses lexical categories. The measurable predicates, in addition to the gradable adjectives, include mass noun phrases, plural noun phrases, imperfective verb phrases, and perfective atelic verb phrases. In each of these cases, independent evidence for non-trivial ordering relations on the relevant domains of predication are discussed, and measurability is tied to the accessibility of such orderings. Applying this compositional theory to the core cases and beyond, the book establishes that the selection of measure functions for a given comparative depends entirely on what is measured and compared rather than which expression introduces the measurement
Measuring pluralities
Authors: Wellwood Alexis
Published: November 2019

The previous chapters have focused on the compositional semantics of comparatives targeting phrases relatively uninfluenced by the interpretive effects of functional morphology. This chapter focuses on comparatives that obligatorily interpreted as comparisons between numbers of things, and ties such an interpretation to the presence of plural-marking (explicitly in “chairs”, implicitly in “jump (up and down)”). Assuming that plural-marking broadly signals non-trivial ordering relations between pluralities, the chapter proposes that the restriction to number-based comparison in such cases is due to a stronger constraint on the selection of measure functions (i.e., invariance under automorphism) than has previously been supposed. This analysis involves rejecting the assumption that “many” in English pronounces a distinct lexical primitive from MUCH, and adduces independent evidence in support of this rejection.
Measuring accuracy
Authors: Wellwood Alexis
Published: November 2019

For the most part, the book up until this point has focused on comparative constructions which, together, may be understood as the core, “regular” comparatives. Yet a variety of other types have been purported to exist. The goal of this chapter is to re-examine whether that purported variety should bear on the analysis of comparative morphology proposed in the book. Ultimately, the chapter concludes that there is at least a bifurcation in the data, but shows how the relevant distinctions can be accounted for based on an interaction between abstract syntax and “what is measured” in the two cases. In particular, the chapter suggests that while “regular” comparatives involve the measure and comparison of entities that are, for the most part, idiosyncratic to the lexical category targeted, “categorizing” comparatives involve comparing the extent to which a given predication is accurate.
Religion
Authors: Stock Paul
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 discusses the role of Christianity in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British conceptions of Europe. Geography books are often explicitly worshipful texts: they celebrate divine creation and employ Christianity as a lens to interpret the whole world. But they also use the religion to argue for Europe’s unique superiority. Furthermore, Christianity is said to be evidence of European unity, even though denominational differences simultaneously present the continent as irreparably fragmented. In analysing Europe, geographical works grapple with theological questions, especially regarding divine and human agency.
Field quantization
Authors: Kenyon Ian R.
Published: November 2019

Field or second quantization is carried through for electromagnetism, giving creation and annihilation operators for photons. Vacuum energy arises from field fluctuations, which causes the Casimir force and the Lamb shift of spectral lines. The connection between absorption, spontaneous emission and the stimulated emission of radiation is shown to emerge naturally. This yields Einstein’s equations for radiation in thermal equilibrium. The prerequisites for lasing, the operation and the properties of lasers are described. Fully coherent (Laser) states are expressed in terms of Fock states. The first and second order coherence of lasers and thermal sources are worked out. The Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment is described and the application of the principle to determining stellar sizes and interaction regions in particle collisions from meson correlations are described.
Innovation in Style
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

While Harrington is best known as a political writer, he began his career as a poet. Chapter 8 argues that he never gave up his literary interests, that his political and literary writings were intertwined, and that his substantive arguments were reflected in the vocabulary and form of his works. Harrington coined new words or adapted old ones to reflect the revolutionary changes of the time. Both his hybrid constitutional vocabulary and Oceana’s composite form can be read as an embodiment of the combination of ancient, English, and modern practices that made up his system, and as a reflection of the idea that his model constitution would reconcile royalists and parliamentarians. Concerned that people find it difficult to understand written constitutional models, Harrington experimented with fiction, dialogue, and visualization to spark his audience’s imagination so that they could ‘experience’, and therefore come to understand and appreciate, his political model.
Controversies Concerning Politics
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

Political debate was particularly important to Harrington. He not only advocated it in his political model but also used his writings to provoke it, believing that debate would bring positive benefits for society. Chapter 9 explores how Harrington provoked debate, before examining his engagement with royalist, republican, and Leveller opponents. While his debates with royalists tended to focus on the respective merits of monarchy and popular government, his disagreements with republicans were more wide-ranging. Although in agreement on the need to protect civil and ecclesiastical liberty, republicans disagreed fundamentally over how to do so. Harrington placed emphasis on good laws and institutions, where his opponents insisted on the need to be ruled by good men. As a result, Harrington offered a more inclusive definition of the citizen body, was more willing to accept virtuous behaviour rather than genuine virtue, and rejected godly rule.
Controversies Concerning Religion
Authors: Hammersley Rachel
Published: November 2019

Harrington very deliberately engaged in a number of high-profile religious debates during the late 1650s in order to defend and advance the vision of a civil religion that was central to his account of an equal commonwealth as set out in Oceana. Alongside debates concerning the nature of the commonwealth of Israel discussed previously, Harrington engaged in religious controversies over ordination within the early church and the proper relationship between church and state, clergy and laity. This last debate even led him to coin the modern meaning of the term ‘priestcraft’. His position in these debates paralleled and interacted with his engagement in political and historical issues. Once more he offered a distinctive ‘middle way’, this time balancing Erastianism and the establishment of a national church with liberty of conscience, and his commitment to popular government or democracy was again crucial.