bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipid classes of fresh cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz): Identification and quantification
Authors: Lalaguna Fernando , Agudo Milagro
Published: January 2007

Fresh cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz, c.v. Algodona) were processed for lipid analysis within five hr after harvest. The total lipid content was 0.25% fresh weight, and the lipid mixture obtained was complex. Polar lipids plus sterols and steryl esters made up the major part of the extracted lipids (77.9 mol%). Seven phospholipids were identified. Those in higher amount were: phosphatidylcholine, 265.4 nmol/g fresh weight; phosphatidylethanolamine, 151.8 nmol/g fresh weight, and phosphatidylinositol, 143.1 nmol/g fresh weight. Among the six glycolipids identified, digalactosyldiacylglycerol in a content of 333.2 nmol/g fresh weight and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in a content of 217.1 nmol/g fresh weight were the most abundant. Free sterols were at 304.3 nmol/g fresh weight and triacylglycerol was measured at 444.4 nmol/g fresh weight. Results are discussed in view of recent knowledge of the kind of lipid classes expected in plant material. This work is intended to be the starting point of further research on cassava lipids upon subjecting the roots to conditions leading to its preservation.
The influence of calcium ions and 2‐(alkoxy)1‐((alkoyloxy)methyl)‐ethyl‐7‐(4‐heptyl‐5,6)‐dicarboxy‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐yl) heptanoate on a simplified model of the stratum corneum lipids
Authors: Friberg Stig E. , Goldsmith Lisa , Rong Guo
Published: January 2007

Addition of calcium ions to a lamellar liquid crystal of sodium oleate/oleic acid/water led to crystallization of calcium soap as detected by optical microscopy. Addition of the acid of the title (the complex acid, ca) reduced the crystallization because of the calcium ions’ preferential bonding to the complex acid.
High‐temperature stabilities of low‐linolenate, high‐stearate and common soybean oils
Authors: Miller Lynne A. , White Pamela J.
Published: January 2007

Four soybean oils (SBO) with different fatty acid (FA) compositions were tested for stability during intermittent heating and frying of bread cubes. None of the oils was hydrogenated or contained any additives. Two of the oils were from common commercial varieties. The other two oils were from seed developed in a mutation breeding program and included the line A5, which contained 3.5% linolenate, and the line A6, which contained 20% stearate. Each oil (450 g) was heated to 185 C in a minifryer. Bread cubes were fried at the beginning of heating, and half were stored at −10 C to preserve freshness. The second half was stored at 60 C for 14 days. Heating was continued for 10 hr/day for four days. After 40 hr of heating, an additional 30 g of bread cubes were fried. According to sensory evaluations of the fried bread cubes, peroxide values of oil extracted from the cubes and conjugated diene values of the oils, the A5 and A6 oils were more stable than those from the commercial varieties. Small differences occurred in the flavor and oxidative stability of the cubes fried after 40 hr of heating the oils. Large differences between A5 and A6 and the commercial varieties occurred after storage of bread cubes for 14 days.
Detergency study of the synergism between oily and particulate soil on polyester/cotton fabric
Authors: Webb Joan J. , Obendorf S. Kay
Published: January 2007

The removal of multiphase, multicomponent soils from fibrous substrates depends upon the nature of the soil mixture, the order of application, wash temperature, and type of detergent formulation. By studying these factors, we investigated the synergism between residual oil (triolein) and particulate soil (clay) on a durable press polyester/cotton fabric after laundering with four different detergents at wash temperatures of 27 and 49 C.

To probe the interaction between clay and oil, fabric specimens were soiled with clay only, triolein only, clay followed by an application of triolein, and triolein followed by an application of clay. Four detergent formulations were used to launder the soiled fabrics, including one unbuilt liquid and three powdered detergents with different builder systems. The amount of residual oil (triolein) was determined by radiotracer technique, and the quantities of clay were determined by measuring aluminum by neutron activation. Reflectance measurements were used to calculate fabric whiteness. The soil distributions on and within the textile structure were obtained by scanning electron microscopy using backscattered electron images, secondary electron images and X‐ray mapping. Osmium tetroxide was used to tag the oil, while silicon was the elemental tag for clay in the microscopic analysis.

Results of the four factors studied can be summarized as follows. (i) In agreement with observations by previous researchers, a mixture of clay and oil is more difficult to remove than either the oil or the clay applied singly. It appears that oil acts as a matrix to bind clay, forming a composite soil. (ii) The specimens that were soiled first with oil and then clay had more soil removed by laundering than the specimens soiled with clay and then oil. Detergency was limited by the encapsulation of clay by the oil and adsorbtion of oil by the clay. (iii) The built powdered detergents were temperature sensitive, while the unbuilt liquid detergent was not. (iv) The built powdered detergents removed more soil (oily and clay) than the unbuilt liquid detergent.
Plant lipid biotechnology through the looking glass
Authors: Stumpf P. K.
Published: January 2007

The biosynthesis of economically important fatty acids has been resolved in recent years. The individua enzymes have been isolated, purified and characterized; the specific compartmentations of these enzymes in the cell have been determined; the flow of precursors required to supply the substrates for fatty acid synthesis has been defined. With these data at hand, a new thrust has been brought forth, namely the input of the concepts of molecular biology to the solution of a number of problems, which until now have not been resolved. If and when these problems are elucidated, application of these new solutions will have a profound effect on the agroeconomics involved in the annual production and consumption of over 50 million metric tons (m MT) of vegetable oil throughout the world. This discussion focuses on some of the problems facing plant scientists in their attempts to understand and control plant lipid biosynthesis. Some possible solutions will be suggested, and the impact of these solutions on the economy of nations will be examined.
Enzyme technology for the lipids industry: An engineering overview
Authors: Yamane Tsuneo
Published: January 2007

Enzymes useful in the lipids industry, i.e. lipases, phospholipases and lipoxygenases, are surveyed as to source, pH optimum, specificity and so on. Some useful biochemical reactions catalyzed by these enzymes are discussed: hydrolysis of fats and oils by lipases, transesterifications (acidolysis, alcoholysis, interesterification and aminolysis) of fats and oils by lipases, hydrolysis of lecithin by phospholipase A2 and transphosphatidylation of phospholipids by phospholipase D. Research and development activities in these fields in the academic and industrial sectors of Japan are discussed.

With reference to the lipolytic enzymes’ applications, forms or states with which enzymes and microorganisms are used in microaqueous solvent systems, i.e. in low water‐activity media or in nearly anhydrous solvents, are summarized. Some configurations of reactors for the microaqueous biosystems are shown, and some engineering problems involved in the systems are identified. The importance of optimal moisture content control is emphasized.
The raw material, finished products and dust pad analysis of detergent proteases using a small synthetic substrate
Authors: Rothgeb T. M. , Goodlander B. D. , Garrison P. H. , Smith L. A.
Published: January 2007

A new method is presented that utilizes p‐nitroanilide substrates to quantify proteolytic activity of detergent enzymes. The method is contrasted to the dimethylcasein method currently in use by detergent industries, and the advantages of the new method and its potential for monitoring enzyme dust in factories are discussed.
Physical properties of interesterified fat blends
Authors: Zeitoun M. A. M. , Neff W. E. , List G. R. , Mounts T. L.
Published: January 2007

Fat blends, formulated by mixing fully hydrogenated soybean oil with nine different commonly used vegetable oils in a ratio of 1:1 (w/w), were subjected to interesterification (also commonly referred to as rearrangement or randomization) with sodium methoxide catalyst. Fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol molecular species of each fat blend and the interesterified product were determined and correlated with the following physical properties: melting, crystallization characteristics and solid fat content. The differences in the endothermic and exothermic peak temperatures, total heat of fusion and crystallization (β and β′ crystalline content) and solid fat content among the fat blends clearly showed the effect of the composition of each oil on the physical properties. Oils that contained a considerable amount of palmitic acid had a favorable influence on the crystallization and polymorphic form of interesterified fat blends.
Formation of headspace volatiles by thermal decomposition of oxidized fish oilsvs. oxidized vegetable oils
Authors: Frankel E. N.
Published: January 2007

To understand the reasons for differences in oxidative stability among edible oils, the temperature dependence was investigated for the development of volatile lipid oxidation products in fish oils and in vegetable oils. A rapid headspace capillary gas chromatographic method was developed to determine volatile oxidation products of omega‐6 (n‐6) polyunsaturated fats (pentane and hexanal) and omega‐3 (n‐3) polyunsaturated fats (propanal) at different decomposition temperatures. Headspace gas chromatographic analyses of partially oxidized menhaden, bonita and sardine oils could be performed at 40°C, whereas soybean, canola, safflower, high‐oleic sunflower and high‐oleic safflower oils required temperatures greater than 100°C. Volatile formation by thermal decomposition of oxidized oils had lower apparent activation energies in fish oils than in vegetable oils, and significantly higher apparent activation energies in high‐oleic oils than in polyunsaturated oils. The activation energy data on headspace volatiles provided another dimension toward a better understanding of the thermal stability of flavor precursors in unsaturated fish and vegetable oils.
Determination of 6‐ketocholestanol in unirradiated and irradiated chicken meats
Authors: Hwang K. T. , Maerker G.
Published: January 2007

A method to detect 6‐ketocholestanol in unirradiated and irradiated chicken meats was developed by means of chloroform‐methanol‐water extraction, adsorption chromatographic column separation and gas chromatography. This method is able to measure cholesterol oxidation products at levels that are much lower than those of previous methods. The new procedure was used to detect 6‐ketocholestanol in fresh, unirradiated chicken and measured more than 97% of the test compound added to chicken below the ppm level. Irradiation of the chicken meats to a dose of 10 kGy increased the concentration of this compound to about four times the level of unirradiated meats.
Lipase‐catalyzed modification of phospholipids: Incorporation of n‐3 fatty acids into biosurfactants
Authors: Mutua Lydia N. , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: January 2007

Phospholipids were successfully modified by lipase‐catalyzed transesterification to incorporate n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). The phospholipid modification was carried out in organic media with lipase fromMucor miehei (lipozyme) as biocatalyst. The parameters studied were the effect of different solvents, enzymes, acyl donor type, phospholipid class, water, enzyme and substrate concentrations. Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to yield lysophosphatidylcholine and the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from lysophosphatidylcholine was also carried out. The optimal conditions for the modification of phospholipids by transesterification were obtained with phosphatidylcholine and free eicosapentaenoic acid EPA 45 as acyl donor in the presence of 15% w/w nonimmobilizedMucor miehei lipase (lipozyme) in hexane with no added water. The maximum incorporation of EPA 45 was 17.7 mol%. Hydrolysis was easily achieved with phospholipase A2 in benzene and Tris‐HCl buffer. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine was difficult, and when it was achieved, not enough phosphatidylcholine was obtained for quantitation.
Effects on lutein adsorption of adding polar solvents to silicic acid or to soy oil/hexane miscellas
Authors: Clark P. K. , Proctor A.
Published: January 2007

Polar solvents limit adsorption of lutein from a soy oil miscella on silicic acid by competitive adsorption. Water and selected alcohols were added to miscella and adsorbent to observe if the mode of adding solvent affected lutein adsorption. No differences were produced by the method of addition. However, different mechanisms of limiting lutein adsorption were observed. Isopropanol limited lutein adsorption by competitive adsorption. Water was less competitive because it was less soluble in the miscella and was more thermodynamically stable as free water. Propanediol, a polyol, totally inhibited lutein adsorption by binding silica particles together. This study may have implications for silicic acid adsorption of oil components from hydrolyzed oils in which glycerides and free glycerol are present.
A rapid test to measure performance, emission and wear of a diesel engine fueled with palm oil diesel
Authors: Masjuki H. , Zaki A. M. , Sapuan S. M.
Published: January 2007

Results of performance, emission and tribological evaluations of palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional diesel in an automobile diesel engine test bed are presented. Polymerization and carbon deposits on the fuel injector were monitored. CO, CO2, O2, combustion efficiency and temperature of exhaust gases were also measured. Palm oil methyl ester and its blends have great potential as alternative diesel fuel. Performance and exhaust gas emission for palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional diesel are comparable with those of conventional diesel fuel. Palm oil methyl ester does not pose a severe environmental problem and will not deteriorate engine and bearing components.
Triglyceride specificity ofCandida cylindracea lipase: Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on resistance of triglyceride to lipase
Authors: Tanaka Yukihisa , Funada Tadashi , Hirano Jiro , Hashizume Ron
Published: January 2007

Tuna oil was hydrolyzed withCandida cylindracea lipase. After 70% hydrolysis of the oil, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in the glyceride mixture [a mixture of TG (triglyceride), DG (diglyceride) and MG (monoglyceride)] was twice that of the original oil. DHA‐rich TG and DG were observed, but DHA‐rich MG was absent.C. cylin‐dracea lipase seemed to have a “triglyceride specificity,” and it favors TG without DHA over TG containing DHA. In accordance with this hypothesis, TG containing a mixture of oleic acid (OA) and DHA was synthesized and then hydrolyzed withC. cylindracea lipase. TGs in the hydrolysis product were fractionated and analyzed quantitatively by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Four kinds of TGs were obtained. TG with three molecules of OA was hydrolyzed most easily. Increasing the DHA content of TG resulted in less hydrolysis of TG. The results suggested thatC. cylindracea lipase had a TG specificity for the whole structure of TG in preference to the individual ester bonds; OA coexisting with DHA in TG was resistant toC. cylindracea lipase due to the TG structure.
Fat modification in afuegal’l pitu cheese during ripening by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Alonso L.
Published: January 2007

Free and esterified fatty acids and the major groups of triacylglycerol in Afuega’l Pitu cheese have been identified and quantitated over a maturation period of 60 d by capillary gas chromatography. Levels of lipolysis were slight at the end of ripening, with a total free fatty acid content of 5604 mg/kg of cheese. At the same time, the short‐chain esterified fatty acids and short‐chain triglyceride contents decreased slightly.
Comparison of alternative solvents for oils extraction
Authors: Johnson L. A. , Lusas E. W.
Published: January 2007

A comprehensive review of the literature about use of solvents for extraction of oilseeds is presented. Mention has been found of over 70 solvents. Currently, hexane is the major solvent in use, but recent price increases and safety, environmental and health concerns, have generated interest in alternatives. Solvents vary considerably in chemical and physical properties which affect their performance in oil extraction. The choice of solvent depends upon the primary end product desired (oil or meal). Recent research on alternative solvents has focused on ethanol, isopropanol, methylene chloride, aqueous acetone, and hexane/acetone/water mixtures.
Total solvent plant safety
Authors: Sandvig H. J.
Published: January 2007

Plant design should consider and avoid deficiencies in the critical areas of conveying, condensing, vessel design, separation sump, etc. Ask your process engineering company or manufacturer hard questions. Review your design criteria with operating personnel, get their input. Critical safety devices can provide a minute‐by‐minute surveillance of crucial areas; those parts of the process that can generate the potential dangerous problems. Supervisor and operator training needs constant review. Be sure the operator thoroughly understands the process, including the reasons for and the functioning of the instrumentation and automation provided. Define limits of authority, control potential hazards by using a permit system, investigate all unsafe incidents, and make a careful analysis that will result in proper corrective action. Good management makes safe plants.
Recent safety experiences
Authors: Kingsbaker C. L.
Published: January 2007

During the past few years, several oilseed solvent extraction plants have had severe explosions and fires causing death, injury and property damage. One city had part of its sewer system destroyed by a hexane explosion resulting from a solvent spill from an extraction plant into the sewer. This paper discusses a few of these incidents and how to prevent future disasters by new plant process designs, operation and safety procedures.
Physical refining
Authors: Forster A. , Harper A. J.
Published: January 2007

By reviewing current commercial physical refining processes a prospectus is suggested for the future objectives in this field of edible oil processing. The paper reviews widely used physical refining processes for the relatively high free fatty acid (FFA) laurics and palm oil and a commercial operation for physical refining of maize and sunflower oils. In addition, the relatively new departure of physical refining of soybean oil is discussed using data from recent development work. This system is used to demonstrate present trends in the development sector of the industry. Reference to similar work on pretreatment of rapeseed oil is included. The discussion is used to suggest guidelines for design of a flexible physical refining system for application to major oils processed by European refiners. There is still no physical refining process that can handle successfully on a commercial scale all qualities of soybean oil. We must envisage a system of physical refining that is able to deal with the most difficult soybean oil and thus assume it will handle all the less difficult oils.
Cottonseed oil
Authors: Cherry J. P.
Published: January 2007

Research on the effects of genetics and growing location on cottonseed has shown that oil and fatty acid composition could be improved if geneticists and agronomists would strive for improved seed quality as vigorously as they do for improved fiber quality. Breeding of glandless or gossypol‐free cottonseed was a genetic breakthrough. Glandless varieties are now available that produce yields having the quality of fiber and seed equivalent to those of glanded cultivars. Oil, food‐grade lecithin and meal byproducts are readily processed from glandless cottonseeds because of the absence of gossypol. Major research programs on cottonseed processing include: (a) testing alternative screw‐press and extrusion operations for efficient direct solvent oil extraction; (b) developing alternative solvent extraction systems with ethanol, isopropanol and supercritical fluids; (c) using gas chromatographic/mass spectrophotometric techniques to characterize enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms that produce secondary oxidation off‐flavor products; and (d) controlling hexane losses in solvent extraction systems.
Palm Kernel and coconut oils: Analytical characteristics, process technology and uses
Authors: Young F. V. K.
Published: January 2007

Palm kernel and coconut oils are the most used of the lauric acid group of oils. The characteristic of this group is their high content of saturated acids, lauric and myristic, and it is from this feature that their principal uses are derived. Due to their triglyceride composition, both oils have steep melting curves and melt below body temperature. Their low degree of unsaturation gives them high oxidative stability. As a result of these properties they are found widely used as hard butters and in vegetable fat ice‐creams, coffee whiteners and similar products. Their use in margarine gives that product an attractive coolness in the mouth. Coconut oil is also used extensively as a raw material for soaps and detergents and as a body oil. The oils are susceptible to hydrolytic splitting and to trace metal catalyzed oxidation. They are particularly affected by contamination with other oils which produce either reduced oxidative stability or, when the contaminant is high melting, an unacceptable palate cling. Refining is normally done with caustic soda solutions and refining conditions are chosen to minimize neutral oil losses due to saponification. Physical refining is also practised and is particularly useful for treating palm kernel oils with high free fatty acid content. To improve their quality and applicability for several uses, both oils are hydrogenated, fractionated and interesterified in various combinations. Fractionation is done either by dry “pressing” or with the assistance of detergents or solvents, the highest quality products being obtained using solvents. The relatively high solubility of the fatty acids can result in effluent problems.
Effects of hexadecylphosphocholine on protein kinase C and TPA‐induced differentiation of HL60 cells
Authors: Shoji Mamoru , Raynor Robert L. , Fleer Edward A. M. , Eibl Hansjörg , Vogler William R. , Kuo J. F.
Published: January 2007

Several structural analogs of alkylphosphocholine (APC) were studied for their effects on protein kinase C (PKC) and 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) elicited biochemical and cellular events in HL60 cells. Hexadecylphosphocholine (He‐PC2), the APC prototype, inhibited PKC competitively with respect to phosphatidylserine and noncompetitively with respect to CaCl2, both with an apparent Ki of about 15 μM. Inhibition of PKC by He‐PC2 was selective, since cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II were relatively unaffected. He‐PC2 inhibited TPA‐induced depletion of PKC and TPA‐stimulated phosphorylation of cellular proteins in HL60 cells. TPA‐induced differentiation of HL60 cells was also inhibited by He‐PC2, and this inhibition was synergistic or additive to the effects of 1‐(5‐isoquinoline‐sulfonyl)‐2‐methylpiperazine (H‐7), a PKC inhibitor. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of PKC might be related, in part, to the antineoplastic effect of He‐PC2 and ether lipid analogs such as ET‐18‐OCH3 (1‐octadecyl‐2‐methyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine).
The presence of oxidative polymeric materials in encapsulated fish oils
Authors: Shukla Vijai K. S. , Perkins Edward G.
Published: January 2007

Encapsulated health food oils such as fish oils are readily available in health food stores, pharmacies, and supermarkets. They are popular in the United States as well as in the European countries. However, such oils, because of their high degree of unsaturation, are easily oxidized and form complex mixtures of high molecular weight oxidation products. The present work reports the application of high‐performance size exclusion chromatography to the determination of these materials in encapsulated fish oils. Of the six samples studied, five showed from 1–10% of dimeric triacylglycerols and one contained 6.3% trimeric triacylglycerols and 3.1% oligomeric triacylglycerols. Further investigation of this sample with silicic acid chromatography indicated that it contained a total of 36.3% polar material.
The role of n−3 essential fatty acids in brain and behavioral development: A cross‐fostering study in the mouse
Authors: Wainwright P. E. , Huang Y. S. , Bulman‐Fleming B. , Mills D. E. , Redden P. , McCutcheon D.
Published: January 2007

A cross‐fostering design was used to examine the effects on brain and behavioral development in mice of pre‐and/or postnatal dietary supplementation with n−3 fatty acids. Pregnant mice were fed either of two liquid diets, control (con) or experimental (exp). Each diet provided 3% of the calories in the form of n−6 fatty acids; the experimental diet was supplemented with an additional 1.5% from long chain n−3 fatty acids derived from fish oil. There were four treatment groups, with all pups fostered at birth. These groups were (prenatal diet/ postnatal diet): Group 1, exp/exp; Group 2, exp/con; Group 3, con/exp; Group 4, con/con; a fifth control group (unfostered) was fed lab chow (LC) throughout the study. Animals from the exp/exp and con/con groups were weaned onto lab chow for later behavioral assessment. Prenatal n−3 supplementation resulted in a small acceleration of behavioral development. The adult animals did not differ in visual discrimination learning nor did they differ in visual acuity. During development the fatty acid composition of the brain membrane phospholipids reflected closely that of the pre‐ and postnatal dietary conditions. Levels of 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 increased in the n−3 supplemented groups, accompanied by a decrease in levels of 22∶4n−6 and 22∶5n−6; the net effect of these changes was to increase the total levels of C22 fatty acids. While these results support considerable plasticity of the fatty acid composition of the developing brain with respect to the immediate dietary availability of n−3 compounds, they do not support long term effects on learning capacity of n−3 supplementation during the developmental period.
Nonspecific and metabolic interactions between steroid hormones and human plasma lipoproteins
Authors: Leszczynski D. E. , Schafer R. M.
Published: January 2007

Previous observations demonstrated that steroid hormones associate with plasma lipoproteins. The objective of this study was to estimate the relative importance of lipoproteins as steroid hormone binding agents in comparison to sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, and albumin in both normal and hyperlipidemic human plasma. The 16 steroid hormones and related metabolites included in the study were: androstanediol, androstenediol, androstenedione, androsterone, corticosterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, deoxycorticosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, estriol, estrone, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone, progesterone, and testosterone. The binding activity of these 16 steroid hormones with purified high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were separately evaluated by equilibrium dialysis incubations to yield 48 steroid hormone‐lipoprotein combinations for further study. In incubations with HDL, six steroid hormones (androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, pregnenolone, and progesterone) were identified as non‐equilibrium, apparently due to metabolic conversion of the steroid hormones. The metabolic activity for the three Δ5‐3β hydroxy steroids and estradiol appears to be fatty acid esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. The computer program TRANSPORT, which was used to evaluate only the nonspecific steroid hormone‐lipoprotein association levels in a 16×6 matrix at simultaneous equilibrium, indicated that lipoprotein‐bound steroid hormones ranged from 1% for cortisol to 56% for pregnenolone in normal human blood. Simulated projections of the increase in nonspecific steroid hormone association with lipoproteins during hyperlipidemia are also presented. These results demonstrate how lipoproteins are likely to be important in the transport and metabolism of steroid hormones in human plasma.
A bibliography on the solvent extraction of soybeans and soybean products 1944–1968
Authors: Eldridge A. C.
Published: January 2007

This bibiliography covers the effect of several solvents on oil removal, toxicity, color, texture or flavor of soybean flakes, flour and protein. The literature search included processes, principles and apparatus.
Lipase selectivities
Authors: Sonnet Phillip E.
Published: January 2007

One considerable advantage that enzymes potentially have over conventional chemical methods resides with the inherent selectivities of the natural catalysts. The methods for gauging these parameters are sometimes tedious, and often are not without ambiguity. Prompted by projected needs of those engaged in protein engineering to alter lipolytic activity, a number of compounds were evaluated as pseudolipids using reactivity with commercial lipases as a criterion for suitability. These then were employed to assess fatty acid‐ and stereoselectivities of thse lipase preparations. Lipases indeed show small but significant stereobiases with esters of the acetonide of glycerol, compounds whose reactivities with lipases are comparable to, and sometimes exceed, those of the corresponding triglycerides.
Process considerations of continuous fat modification with an immobilized lipase
Authors: Posorske L. H. , LeFebvre G. K. , Miller C. A. , Hansen T. T. , Glenvig B. L.
Published: January 2007

Lipases will catalyze the incorporation of new fatty acids into the triglyceride component of a fat (acidolysis) or can rearrange/redistribute the existing fatty acid radicals in the fat's triglycerides (transesterification). Both processes can dramatically change the physical characteristics of the fat. Immobilization of the lipase allows for the use of the catalyst in a continuous column operation. Examples illustrating the commercial utility of such immobilized enzymes are presented. Process configurations, scale‐up issues and catalyst lifetime/productivity are discussed.
Influence of unsulfonated material and its sulfone content on the physical properties of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates
Authors: Moreno A. , Bravo J. , Berna J. L.
Published: January 2007

Free oil content (unsulfonated matter) in linear alkylbenzene sulfonates has a considerable influence on the physical properties (viscosity and cloud point) of sulfonate slurries. It has been found that a determining factor in this influence is the sulfone content in free oil. This has been observed in several commercial sulfonic acids and confirmed through laboratory sulfonation tests. In order to better understand the effect of the sulfone content, a high performance liquid chromatography method for its determination was developed.
Use of experimental design in detergency tests with a natural soil
Authors: Trowbridge James R.
Published: January 2007

A balanced incomplete block design is used to obtain detergency data in a test where cloth swatches are soiled by rubbing against the skin. The design provides increased precision in the data by adjusting for differences among soilers. The wash treatments are part of a second order rotatable design in three variables: the ratio of sodium nitrilotriacetate to sodium tripolyphosphate builder, pH of the wash solution, and temperature. The effect of builder ratio was not highly significant. Soil removal increased with higher pH and went through a maximum with increase in wash temperature. Redeposition was also measured by reflectance values obtained for unsoiled areas of the swatches. Redeposition increased with increase in wash temperature.
Aflatoxin effects in livestock
Authors: Keyl A. C. , Booth A. N.
Published: January 2007

Feeding trials were conducted with swine, beef cattle, dairy cattle and poultry to determine adverse effects, if any, of graded levels of aflatoxins in rations. In addition, samples of meat, eggs and milk from these animals were analyzed chemically to determine if aflatoxin was transmitted into these products. In growing‐fattening swine, no evidence of toxic effects was observed when the aflatoxin level fed was 233 ppb or less. In a swine reproduction experiment, no adverse effects were detected in pigs produced from sows fed 450 ppb aflatoxin. No toxic effects were observed at levels of 300 ppb or lower in cross‐bred beef steers fed aflatoxin rations for 4.5 months. Using recognized chemical methods, we detected no aflatoxin in meat from swine and cattle fed rations containing 800 and 1000 ppb of aflatoxin, respectively. In dairy cows, weekly intakes of 67 to 200 mg of aflatoxin B1 per cow produced 70 to 154 ppb aflatoxin M1 in lyophilized milk. Rapid disappearance of aflatoxin M1 in the milk took place after withdrawal of aflatoxin from the ration. No adverse effects were discernible in broilers fed from one day to eight weeks of age a ration containing 400 ppb aflatoxin. Lyophilized meat from broilers fed 1600 ppb aflatoxin for eight weeks contained no detectable aflatoxin. Striking differences in aflatoxin susceptibility were observed in 17 different breeds and strains of poultry and game birds fed from two to six weeks of age a ration of 800 ppb aflatoxin B1. New Hampshire chicks and turkey poults were highly susceptible to aflatoxin in contrast to the resistance of Barred Rock and Australop chickens and guinea fowl. Hybrid chicks from a New Hampshire‐White Leghorn cross were highly resistant to aflatoxin. Eggs and meat from White Leghorn hens fed a ration containing 2700 ppb aflatoxin contained no detectable aflatoxin.
Control and removal of aflatoxin
Authors: Goldblatt Leo A.
Published: January 2007

The best approach to contain the problem of aflatoxin is prevention and enough is now known about prevention to reduce contamination drastically. Guidelines for preventing mycotoxins in farm commodities have been suggested by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Moisture is the single most important parameter and prompt drying to safe levels is essential for control of toxigenic molds. Foreign matter and damaged seed should be removed. Provision of clean, dry, adequately cooled and ventilated storage is important and good sanitation is essential to minimize mold contamination during storage and processing: Genetic approaches which may result in resistance to elaboration of aflatoxins are under investigation. When aflatoxin is found in a sample of oilseeds the contamination generally resides in only a small proportion of the kernels, commonly less than 1%. Sorting or separation can concentrate the vast majority of aflatoxin‐contaminated kernels into relatively small fractions and only a small loss is incurred as a result of their removal. Aflatoxin is frequently found deeply imbedded within individual kernels so removal by simple washing does not seem feasible. However, extraction with polar solvents such as alcohols and ketones to achieve essentially complete removal of aflatoxins appears technically feasible. Heat is relatively ineffective for destruction of aflatoxin although normal roasting, as of peanuts for the preparation of peanut butter, results in considerable reduction in aflatoxin content. Treatment withFlavobacterium aurantiacum removes aflatoxin and may be useful for beverages. Oxidizing agents readily destroy aflatoxin, and treatment with hydrogen peroxide may be useful. Treatment of defatted oilseed meals with ammonia can reduce aflatoxin content to very low or undetectable levels with only moderate damage to protein quality.
Chemical composition of sunflower seed hulls
Authors: Cancalon Paul
Published: January 2007

The major components of the sunflower seed hull, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates were studied Lipids represent 5.17% of the total hull weights, 2.96% of which is wax composed of long chain fatty acids (C14–C28, mainly C20) and fatty alcohols (C12–C30, mainly C22, C24, C26). Hydrocarbon, sterol and triterpene alcohol fractions were also examined. The rest of the lipid fraction is an oil with a composition relatively similar to that of the kernel oil. The protein fraction (4% of the total hull weight) is similar to the protein fraction of the oil cake, although it contains hydroxyproline. The carbohydrate fraction is composed mainly of cellulose, but also of reducing sugars (25.7%), mainly pentoses.
Castor meal antigen deactivation‐pilot plant steam process
Authors: Mottola A. C. , Mackey B. , Herring V.
Published: January 2007

A series of pilot plant batches of castor meal have been prepared using steam as the deactivating medium. Treatments consisted of 12 combinations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 psig steam pressure for 10, 30 and 60 min each. A multiple regression equation derived from the above data relates the guinea pig response to the process variables. This equation is also presented as a two‐dimensional surface contour. The antigenicity levels of untreated castor meals were found to be significantly different. This difference was not retained after treatment. Because of the uncertainty of the antigenicity of the pomace before treatment, an alcohol extract from castor beans (CBWU) has been adopted as a standard for potency evaluations. Amino acid analyses were performed on selected treatments. Considerable antigen deactivation has been achieved using mild steam treatments, e.g., 10 psig for 60 min. This process has a mild effect upon the essential amino acid, lysine.
Mass spectrometric study of nonylphenol‐ethylene oxide adducts
Authors: Harless H. R. , Crabb N. T.
Published: January 2007

Individual ethylene oxide adducts of high purity have been separated chromatographically from commercial grade nonylphenoxypoly (oxyethylene)‐ethanol (TERGITOL nonionic NP surfactants) and studied by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric techniques. The 1–9 mole ethylene oxide adducts of nonylphenol produced clearcut spectra with a small number of fragment ions. Four groups of different ion types have been established and some remarks concerning their formation are given. Molecular ions for the nine adducts, through mass 616, were observed in good abundances because of the low‐energy and high‐speed capabilities of the instrument. However, no single structure for an adduct can be proposed because the nonyl portions of the compounds are isomeric mixtures. The ionization characteristics of the NPEn compounds reveal that the aromatic and alkyl portions of the molecules are easily activated. Tergitol nonionic NP surfactants have branched alkyl substituents and are not completely biodegradable. Therefore it is speculated that the biodegradation process leads to exposure of the highly branched alkylaromatic portions of the molecules in a manner comparable to mass spectral fragmentation processes.
A simple technique for determining the gas liquid chromatography profile of volatile compounds in vegetable oils
Authors: Hartman Kenneth T. , Rose Lucien C. , andaveer Raymond L.
Published: January 2007

A simple procedure has been developed for the isolation, concentration and gas liquid chromatographic detection of the volatile compounds in vegetable oils. The volatile compounds are isolated by bubbling purified helium through a measured quantity of vegetable oil heated in an oil bath having a temperature of 350 F. These compounds are collected on activated charcoal and then extracted from the charcoal with carbon disulfide containing an internal standard. The distribution of the volatile compounds is determined with a flame ionization detector. A 400‐fold concentration of the volatile compounds is achieved with this procedure. The technique provides good reproducibility (94.3% to 105.5%) and has been successfully used for measuring the increase of volatile compounds in vegetable oils during storage and food production.
Osmometric study of commercial surfactants
Authors: Coll H.
Published: January 2007

The micellar weights of Tergitol 15‐S‐9 (Union Carbide) and of Neodol 25‐9 (Shell Chemical Co.) were determined by membrane osmometry in water as 98,000 and 82,000, respectively (36.5 C). Both surfactants contained a small amount of a nonassociating component. The micelles were found to be extremely stable. The micellar weight of Aerosol OT (American Cyanamid) was determined as <5,900 (toluene, 34 C). The results of this investigation indicate the usefulness of membrane osmometry in the determination of micellar weights of surfactants. Information with respect to the stability of the micelles and the dialytic behavior of surfactants in general can be obtained from the osmotic pressure‐time curve.
Determination of triglyceride structure via silver nitrate‐TLC
Authors: Blank M. L. , Verdino B. , Privett O. S.
Published: January 2007

A procedure for the quantitative analysis of component triglycerides by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) with silver nitrate‐silicic acid coated plates in combination with lipase hydrolysis is described. The method is demonstrated on synthetic triglyceride mixtures and applied to several natural fats.

The results indicate that the fatty acids of natural fats are not distributed among the triglycerides in accordance with any simple mathematical formula and methods based on mathematical distribution patterns cannot be generally applied.
Mechanically aided thin‐film evaporation as a tool for the tall oil industry
Authors: Najder L. E.
Published: January 2007

This article describes the thin‐film evaporation process and emphasizes its values in applications where heat sensitivity, high viscosity and low thermal conductivity are important processing factors.
The expansion and extraction of rice bran
Authors: Williams Maurice , Baer Sheldon
Published: January 2007

Expansion of rice bran as a pretreatment for solvent extraction was studied. It was found that the expanded bran showed no rise in free fatty acid (FFA) even when stored at room temp, in open containers, for a period of three months, and a slight rise after one year storage; and that the bran was agglomerated into large particles which eliminated the 舠fines舡 and channeling problems characteristic of rice bran; and that the retention time for good extraction was on the order of 45 min; and that the percolation rate for a four ft depth of expanded bran was on the order of 35 gpm/ft2.
Use of soy products in dairy product replacement
Authors: Johnson Dale W.
Published: January 2007

Soy protein products can be used to replace or supplement dairy products in many food products. Several such applications are described.
Soy protein in foods: Their use and regulations in the U.S.
Authors: Rakosky Joseph
Published: January 2007

Soy proteins have been used at an ever increasing rate in various food systems because of their beneficial functional properties and low costs. Their use was limited because of taste, regulatory restrictions, and prejudice on the part of many. As technology advanced and as consumer needs changed, these limiting factors became less of a restriction. Flavor and functionability were improved through the introduction of new products or altered processing. The greatest change in regulatory attitude did not come about until after the White House Conference on Nutrition, when it was recommended that the consumer be given the advantages found in the new technologies that were being advanced. In making these changes, a number of new problems have been encountered. These problems, as well as the apparent trend in regulatory action, are discussed.
Improving high‐erucic oilseeds: Chemically or genetically?
Authors: Tallent W. H.
Published: January 2007

Because of evidence that erucic acid may be undesirable in edible products, genetically developed low‐erucic varieties ofBrassica campestris andBrassica napus are expected to become a major part of the Canadian and European rapeseed crops within the next few years. In contrast the objective of work on crambe and related oilseeds in the U.S. is a reliable domestic source of oil high in erucic acid for industrial purposes. Whether the oil is produced for edible or nonfood uses, however, the glucosinolates that are characteristically present in oilseeds of the mustard family unfavorably influence the use of the byproduct meals as feed. These glucosinolates are the subject of current intensive research, both chemical and genetic. Development of convenient, accurate and sensitive analytical methods has markedly facilitated this research. To achieve optimum meal quality, procedures involving aqueous extraction of unreacted glucosinolates are under study. Genetically, a Polish variety ofB. napus called Bronowski has been found to produce seed having very low glucosinolate content, and individual low‐glucosinolate plants ofB. campestris have been discovered. Crambe exhibits significantly less observable variability than rapeseed. Consequently the approaches based on chemical research seem more promising, but the possibility of developing a low‐glucosinolate, high‐erucicBrassica adapted to agricultural production in the U.S. to complement or even compete with crambe is not being overlooked.
Selective homogeneous hydrogenation of triunsaturated fats catalyzed by tricarbonyl chromium complexes
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Thomas F. L.
Published: January 2007

The need for a selective catalyst to hydrogenate linolenate in soybean oil has prompted our continuing study of various model triunsaturated fats. Hydrogenation of methylβ‐eleostearate (methyltrans,trans,trans‐9,11,13‐octadecatrienoate) with Cr(CO)3 complexes yielded diene products expected from 1,4‐addition (trans‐9,cis‐12‐ andcis‐10,trans‐13‐octadecadienoates). Withα‐eleostearate (cis,trans,trans‐9,11,13‐octadecatrienoate), stereoselective 1,4‐reduction of thetrans,trans‐diene portion yielded linoleate (cis,cis‐9,12‐octadecadienoate). However,cis,trans‐1,4‐dienes were also formed from the apparent isomerization ofα‐ toβ‐eleostearate. Hydrogenation of methyl linolenate (methylcis,cis,cis‐9,12,15‐octadecatrienoate) produced a mixture of isomeric dienes and monoenes attributed to conjugation occurring as an intermediate step. The hydrogenation ofα‐eleostearin in tung oil was more stereoselective in forming thecis,cis‐diene than the corresponding methyl ester. Hydrogenation of linseed oil yielded a mixture of dienes and monoenes containing 7%trans unsaturation. We have suggested how the mechanism of stereoselective hydrogenation with Cr(CO)3 catalysts can be applied to the problem of selective hydrogenation of linolenate in soybean oil.
Reactions of aldehyde oils and methyl azelaaldehydate with polyols
Authors: Sharpe R. E. , Berry D. A. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

In exploratory tests, mono‐, di‐, and trialdehyde oils and methyl azelaaldehydate (MAZ), preferably in the form of their acetals, reacted with various polyols with few exceptions to produce potentially useful derivatives. The polyols included pentaerythritol, methyl glucoside, glucose, sorbitol and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Preliminary evaluation of some of the derivatives was carried out in several applications. Among the more promising were: films derived from MAZ and glucose or PVA; melt adhesives for nonpolar substrates from trialdehyde oil and methyl glucoside; and molding compounds derived from MAZ and PVA.