bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More than Just Story Telling: A Review of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilisation from Precolonial to Postcolonial Zimbabwe
Authors: Chigonda Tanyaradzwa
Published: August 2018

Access to natural resources has changed over the years in Zimbabwe. At least three broad periods of biodiversity conservation, utilisation, and access can be identified in the country, namely, the precolonial, colonial, and postindependence periods. This paper reviews the relationships between human livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the rural areas of Zimbabwe during these periods and is informed by an extensive review of the relevant literature. A combination of historical narrative, thematic, and content analysis was used in analysing the various documents into meaningful information addressing the objective of the study. Traditional societies in precolonial Zimbabwe had access to abundant natural resources. However, access to these resources was not uncontrolled, but was limited by traditional beliefs, taboos, and customs enforced through community leadership structures. The advent of colonialism in the late 19th century dispossessed indigenous African communities of natural resources through command-type conservation legislation. At independence in 1980, the new majority government sought to redress the natural resource ownership imbalances created during colonialism, culminating in some significant measure of devolution in natural resource management to local communities in the late 1980s, though such devolution has been criticised for being incomplete. An accelerated land reform exercise since the year 2000 has adversely affected biodiversity conservation activities in the country, including the conservation-related livelihood benefits derived from protected areas. The review paper highlights the need for a more complete devolution of natural resource ownership and management down to the grassroots levels in the communal areas, if social and ecological sustainability is to be fully realised in these areas. On the other hand, the disruption of conservation activities in the country due to the ill-planned accelerated land reform exercise that has demarcated land for arable farming in some of the protected areas should be held in check as a matter of urgency.
Unsuspected Cause of Respiratory Distress: Unrecognized Esophageal Foreign Body
Authors: Baddouh Naima , Arjdal Lahcen , Raji Abdelaziz , Bourrous Mounir
Published: August 2018

Summary. Foreign bodies in esophagus are avoidable accidents that occur most often in children younger than 3 years. The most common presenting symptoms are dysphagia, drooling, and vomiting. Revelation by respiratory distress is a rare and unusual condition. Objective. We describe and discuss the case of an esophageal foreign body, in which the patient presented with respiratory distress. Case report. A two-year-old child was admitted to the emergency department for acute respiratory distress. He had no history of choking episodes or dysphagia. Nevertheless, he was brought by his parents several times for a persistent cough and wheezing that was treated as asthma for a month. Pulmonary examination had revealed polypnea, suprasternal recession, scattered snoring, and diffuse wheeze. As part of his assessment, a chest X-ray was demanded. It had shown, as unexpected, a nonmetallic foreign body in the upper thoracic esophagus. A clothing button was removed by hypopharyngoscopy under sedation without any incident. Subsequent follow-up had not shown any complications related to this episode. Conclusion. Large esophageal foreign bodies can impinge on the trachea causing upper respiratory tract signs. We alert clinicians on variation in the presentation of foreign body ingestion, and we emphasize the importance of an early diagnosis and management.
Effects of Soil Compaction and Relative Light Intensity on Survival and Growth Performance of Planted Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) in Riparian Forest along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Mohamad Jaffar Aina Nadia Najwa , Wasli Mohd Effendi , Perumal Mugunthan , Lat Jonathan , Sani Hamsawi
Published: August 2018

A study was conducted in riparian forest along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia, to investigate the effects of soil compaction and relative light intensity (RLI) on survival and growth performance of planted Shorea macrophylla. The study sites were stands reforested in different years (1996: SPD96; 1997: SPD97; 1998: SPD98; 1999: SPD99). The survival, growth performance, soil compaction, and RLI were measured. SPD96 trees had the highest survival (84%) and showed the most favourable growth. Average height, mean annual increment in height, and RLI were highest in SPD97 while mean annual increment in volume was highest in SPD98. Soil compaction in SPD98 and SPD99 was higher as compared to SPD96 and SPD97. This was due to the compacted soils caused by anthropogenic activities and natural causes (wet soils) in riparian forest along Kayan Ulu River at shallow depth. High survival and favourable growth performance of S. macrophylla were influenced by the edaphic factor with special reference to less compacted soils and high RLI. Stepwise multiple regression demonstrated significant effects of soil penetration resistance at the depth of 0-30 cm and RLI on mean annual increment in diameter. Further ecological studies on other environmental factors should be implemented to draw up a Dipterocarp planting scheme for the future restoration of riparian ecosystem.
Do Robotics and Virtual Reality Add Real Progress to Mirror Therapy Rehabilitation? A Scoping Review
Authors: Darbois Nelly , Guillaud Albin , Pinsault Nicolas
Published: August 2018

Background. Mirror therapy has been used in rehabilitation for multiple indications since the 1990s. Current evidence supports some of these indications, particularly for cerebrovascular accidents in adults and cerebral palsy in children. Since 2000s, computerized or robotic mirror therapy has been developed and marketed. Objectives. To map the extent, nature, and rationale of research activity in robotic or computerized mirror therapy and the type of evidence available for any indication. To investigate the relevance of conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis on these therapies. Method. Systematic scoping review. Searches were conducted (up to May 2018) in the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, Medline, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and PsycINFO databases. References from identified studies were examined. Results. In sum, 75 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were publicly funded (57% of studies; n = 43), without disclosure of conflict of interest (59% of studies; n = 44). The main outcomes assessed were pain, satisfaction on the device, and body function and activity, mainly for stroke and amputees patients and healthy participants. Most design studies were case reports (67% of studies; n = 50), with only 12 randomized controlled trials with 5 comparing standard mirror therapy versus virtual mirror therapy, 5 comparing second-generation mirror therapy versus conventional rehabilitation, and 2 comparing other interventions. Conclusion. Much of the research on second-generation mirror therapy is of very low quality. Evidence-based rationale to conduct such studies is missing. It is not relevant to recommend investment by rehabilitation professionals and institutions in such devices.
Lactobacillus reuteri LR1 Improved Expression of Genes of Tight Junction Proteins via the MLCK Pathway in IPEC-1 Cells during Infection with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88
Authors: Yi Hongbo , Wang Li , Xiong Yunxia , Wang Zhilin , Qiu Yueqin , Wen Xiaolu , Jiang Zongyong , Yang Xuefen , Ma Xianyong
Published: August 2018

Intestinal epithelial barrier damage disrupts immune homeostasis and leads to many intestinal disorders. Lactobacillus reuteri strains have probiotic functions in their modulation of the microbiota and immune system in intestines. In this study, the effects of L. reuteri LR1, a new strain isolated from the feces of weaning piglets, on intestinal epithelial barrier damage in IPEC-1 cells caused by challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 were examined. It was found that L. reuteri LR1, in large part, offset the ETEC K88-induced increase in permeability of IPEC-1 cell monolayers and decreased the adhesion and invasion of the coliform in IPEC-1 cells. In addition, L. reuteri LR1 increased transcript abundance and protein contents of tight junction (TJ) proteins zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in ETEC K88-infected IPEC-1 cells, whereas it had no effects on claudin-1 and F-actin expression. Using colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy, these effects of L. reuteri LR1 on ZO-1 and occludin content in IPEC-1 cells were confirmed. By using ML-7, a selective inhibitor of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), the beneficial effect of L. reuteri LR1 on contents of ZO-1 and occludin was shown to be dependent on the MLCK pathway. In conclusion, L. reuteri LR1 had beneficial effects on epithelial barrier function consistent with increasing ZO-1 and occludin expression via a MLCK-dependent manner in IPEC-1 cells during challenge with ETEC K88.
Facile Analytical Methods to Determine the Purity of Titanium Tetrachloride
Authors: Lim Dongwook , Kim Sang-Deuk , Kong Hyungseok , Nam Daehyeon , Shim Sang Eun , Baeck Sung-Hyeon
Published: August 2018

We propose a simple method to investigate both the qualitative and quantitative properties of titanium tetrachloride. The selection and concentration of the employed solvent were found to be very important in the analysis of highly reactive titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). Herein, we employed various concentrations of an acid solution to serve as a stabilizing medium. Qualitative analysis was performed via Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Additionally, the quantitative analysis was performed via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We concluded that both the qualitative and quantitative properties of titanium tetrachloride could be easily measured using a specific acidic solvent as a medium.
Participant Perspectives of Cognitive Rehabilitation for Type 2 Diabetes: Expectations and Impact
Authors: Cuevas Heather E. , Stuifbergen Alexa K. , Ward Catherine
Published: August 2018

Purpose. To describe the experiences of people with type 2 diabetes who have completed a comprehensive cognitive rehabilitation intervention. Method. Nineteen participants with type 2 diabetes enrolled in an 8-week intervention consisting of 4 educational classes to learn strategies to improve cognitive function and an online training program at home to practice cognitively stimulating activities. Two focus groups were conducted as part of a study designed to assess the feasibility of the comprehensive cognitive rehabilitation intervention. Results. Three main themes were identified in the qualitative data: (1) expectations of cognitive change; (2) use of cognitive strategies; and (3) effect on diabetes self-management. Participants shared valuable insight into how their experiences with the intervention changed and how they viewed diabetes. Conclusions. While the participants did not initially tie their cognitive complaints to diabetes, they were able to show how and why they might use cognitive strategies to improve diabetes self-management activities. By adapting those strategies for diabetes, quality of life can improve as well as potentially glycemic control.
Whole Exome Sequencing Uncovers Germline Variants of Cancer-Related Genes in Sporadic Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Urbini Milena , Nannini Margherita , Astolfi Annalisa , Indio Valentina , Vicennati Valentina , De Luca Matilde , Tarantino Giuseppe , Corso Federica , Saponara Maristella , Gatto Lidia , Santini Donatella , Di Dalmazi Guido , Pagotto Uberto , Pasquali Renato , Pession Andrea , Biasco Guido , Pantaleo Maria A.
Published: August 2018

Background. Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) show the highest degree of heritability in human neoplasms. However, despite the wide number of alterations until now reported in PCCs, it is likely that other susceptibility genes remain still unknown, especially for those PCCs not clearly syndromic. Methods. Whole exome sequencing of tumor DNA was performed on a set of twelve PCCs clinically defined as sporadic. Results. About 50% of PCCs examined had somatic mutations on the known susceptibility VHL, NF1, and RET genes. In addition to these driver events, mutations on SYNE1, ABCC10, and RAD54B genes were also detected. Moreover, extremely rare germline variants were present in half of the sporadic PCC samples analyzed, in particular variants of MAX and SAMD9L were detected in the germline of cases wild-type for mutations in the known susceptibility genes. Conclusions. Additional somatic passenger mutations can be associated with known susceptibility VHL, NF1, and RET genes in PCCs, and a wide number of germline variants with still unknown clinical significance can be detected in these patients. Therefore, many efforts should be aimed to better define the pathogenetic role of all these germline variants for discovering novel potential therapeutic targets for this disease still orphan of effective treatments.
Development and Validation of the Coeliac Disease Food Attitudes and Behaviours Scale
Authors: Satherley Rose-Marie , Howard Ruth , Higgs Suzanne
Published: August 2018

Objectives. Previous studies on coeliac disease suggest that attitudes towards the gluten-free diet may contribute to the development of disordered eating. This study describes the development and validation of the Coeliac Disease Food Attitudes and Behaviours scale (CD-FAB) to measure these behaviours in coeliac disease. Research Methods and Procedures. Focus groups were used to develop 33 potential questionnaire items. These items were reviewed by service users and then distributed online to 157 adults with coeliac disease. Items were removed based on ceiling/floor effects, high interitem correlations (>0.7) and factor analysis. 11 items were retained. Exploratory factor analysis was then conducted. The psychometric properties of the final version of the CD-FAB were assessed via using an online platform. Results. The CD-FAB had 11 items distributed across one factor assessing attitudes and behaviours towards food. These factors explained 44.1% of the variance in responding. The CD-FAB and its subscales had high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7) and psychometric validation indicated good convergent and discriminant validity. High scores on the CD-FAB are associated with psychological distress and an impaired quality of life. Conclusions. The CD-FAB is a reliable and valid measure of food attitudes and behaviours in coeliac disease. As a new disease-specific instrument, it may be a useful tool for evaluating food concerns in individuals with coeliac disease in a clinical setting and for further exploring the development of disordered eating patterns in coeliac disease. Further research is required to assess the full potential of the CD-FAB.
Epidemiology of Traffic Fatalities among Motorcycle Users in East Azerbaijan, Iran
Authors: Sadeghi-Bazargani Homayoun , Samadirad Bahram , Hosseinpour-Feizi Hojjat
Published: August 2018

Background. The aim of this study was to determine some epidemiological aspects of motorcycle user traffic fatalities including the crash mechanisms and injury patterns in East Azerbaijan, Iran (2006-2016). Methods. A total of 1840 motorcycle user mortal cases registered in East Azerbaijan forensic medicine database, in Iran, were analyzed over the time period between March 2006 and March 2016. The distribution and associations of both victim- and crash-related variables such as crash mechanism, types of involved vehicles, types of injuries, and demographic characteristics were investigated. Data were analyzed by Stata v.13 statistical software package. Results. Of the 9435 RTI deaths, 1840 (19.5%) were motorcycle users of whom 96.5% were male (mean age of 32.3 ± 18.5 years). The majority of accident mechanisms were motorcycle-vehicle crashes (77.8%), followed by rollover (11.8%). Cars were the leading counterpart crash vehicle comprising about 34.8% of the motorcycle user mortalities. Inner city traffic injuries were the reason for 744 (40.7%) of the motorcycle user mortalities. Head trauma was the main cause of death. About 82% of the victims were motorcycle riders and the remainder were pillion passengers. A decreasing trend of fatal traffic accidents was observed over the study period for both the motorcycle user fatalities and other traffic injuries. The percentage of motorcycle mortalities over all traffic mortalities had a decreasing trend over the past nine years from March 2007 to March 2016 reaching a figure as low as 15.2% through the last year of study. Conclusions. Motorcycle traffic fatalities, although having a decreasing trend during the last decade with a better slope than most other traffic injuries, remain to be a major public health in north-west of Iran. There is a need for effective interventional programs to reduce the burden of motorcycle fatalities.
A Note on the Fractional Generalized Higher Order KdV Equation
Authors: Gu Yongyi
Published: August 2018

We obtain exact solutions to the fractional generalized higher order Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation using the complex method. It has showed that the applied method is very useful and is practically well suited for the nonlinear differential equations, those arising in mathematical physics.
Joint User Association and Energy Offloading in Downlink Heterogeneous Cellular Networks
Authors: Li Rui , Cao Ning , Mao Minghe , Chen Yunfei , Hu Yifan
Published: August 2018

As a key technology in Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) mobile communication systems, heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs) add low-power nodes to offload the traffic from macro cell and therefore improve system throughput performance. In this paper, we investigate a joint user association and resource allocation scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiple access- (OFDMA-) based downlink HCNs for maximizing the energy efficiency and optimizing the system resource. The algorithm is formulated as a nonconvex optimization, with dynamic circuit consumption, limited transmit power, and quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. As a nonlinear fractional problem, an iteration-based algorithm is proposed to decompose the problem into two subproblems, that is, user association and power allocation. For each iteration, we alternatively solve the two subproblems and obtain the optimal user association and power allocation strategies. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed iteration-based algorithm outperforms existing algorithms.
Spatiotemporal Variability and Trends in Extreme Temperature Events in Finland over the Recent Decades: Influence of Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns
Authors: Irannezhad Masoud , Moradkhani Hamid , Kløve Bjørn
Published: August 2018

Fifteen temperature indices recommended by the ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) were applied to evaluate spatiotemporal variability and trends in annual intensity, frequency, and duration of extreme temperature statistics in Finland during 1961–2011. Statistically significant relationships between these high-resolution (10 km) temperature indices and seven influential Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns (NHTPs) for the interannual climate variability were also identified. During the study period (1961–2011), warming trends in extreme temperatures were generally manifested by statistically significant increases in cold temperature extremes rather than in the warm temperature extremes. As expected, warm days and nights became more frequent, while fewer cold days and nights occurred. The frequency of frost and icing days also decreased. Finland experienced more (less) frequent warm (cold) temperature extremes over the past few decades. Interestingly, significant lengthening in cold spells was observed over the upper part of northern Finland, while no clear changes are found in warm spells. Interannual variations in the temperature indices were significantly associated with a number of NHTPs. In general, warm temperature extremes show significant correlations with the East Atlantic and the Scandinavia patterns and cold temperature extremes with the Arctic Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation patterns.
Prevalence of Multidrug-ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated from Drinking Water Sources
Authors: Odonkor Stephen T. , Addo Kennedy K.
Published: August 2018

The control of infectious diseases is badly endangered by the rise in the number of microorganisms that are resistant to antimicrobial agents. This is because infections caused by resistant microorganisms often fail to respond to conventional treatment, resulting in prolonged illness and greater risk of death. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are also present in various water sources. This study therefore sought to document the microbiological quality and antibiograms of bacterial isolates (E. colistrains) from six different water sources in order to determine their safety for human consumption and to provide updated antibiotic data for pragmatic treatment of patients. Bacteria isolation and identification was done using API and conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer method. Results obtained indicated that all the water sources tested were of poor quality. Bacteria isolated includedE. coli,Enterobacterspp.,Klebsiellaspp.,Salmonella typhi,Streptococcusspp.,Proteus vulgaris,Vibrio cholera,Shigellaspp.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEnterococcus faecalis. The prevalence of multidrug-resistantE. coliwas 49.48%.E. coliisolates showed high resistance patterns to the tested antibiotics. They were most resistant to penicillin (32.99%), cefuroxime (28.87%), erythromycin (23.71%), and tetracycline (21.45%). In contrast, they were susceptible to nitrofurantoin (93.8%), cefotaxime and amikacin (91.75%), gentamicin (90.7%), nalidixic acid (89.65%), ciprofloxacin (74.2%), chloramphenicol (69.07%), pipemidic acid (65.97%), and cefuroxime (52.58%). Sixty-three percent (63%) of the multidrug-resistantE. colistrains recorded a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value >0.2. The susceptible antibiotics, especially the nitrofurantoin, are hence recommended in the practical treatment of waterborne bacterial diseases.
Hearing Performance in the Follicular-Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Emami Seyede Faranak , Gohari Nasrin , Ramezani Hossein , Borzouei Mariam
Published: August 2018

Introduction. Estrogen has a protective role on auditory function. It may have an excitatory action on auditory nerve fibers and can have a neuroprotective effect. Progesterone has a mainly inhibitory action on the central nervous system, which may balance the mainly excitatory action of estrogen. Objective. To determine changes in hearing performance with pure tone audiometry (PTA), tympanometry, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), and auditory brainstem responses (ABR) as hormonal changes occur from follicular to luteal phase. Materials and Methods. Twenty healthy female volunteers (age 19 ± 30 years) with normal menstrual cycle and without any hearing problems are included in this case-control study. Hearing evaluation was performed on the 13th day of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase) and then on the 22nd day (luteal phase). Results. All of the participants had normal results in follicular phase. In luteal phase, four cases showed abnormalities as follows: reduced hearing thresholds 250 Hz (mean= 15 dBHL), increased amplitudes of DPOAE (mean= 3 dBspl), decreased middle ear pressure (mean= -110 dapa), and delayed ABR interpeak latencies (mean of IPLs I-III= 0.4 and mean of IPLs III-V= 0.6 ms). Conclusions. In some women, changing of ovarian hormones may induce fluctuating hearing and increased progesterone in luteal phase can lead to abnormal outcomes in auditory function. However, elevated estrogen modifies its consequences in follicular phase.
Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Early-Stage Femoral Head Osteonecrosis
Authors: Algarni Abdulrahman D. , Al Moallem Hassan M.
Published: August 2018

Objective. Femoral head osteonecrosis is a progressive clinical condition with significant morbidity and long-term disability. Several treatment modalities including both surgical and nonsurgical options have been used with variable levels of success. High-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy is a nonoperative treatment option that has been described for early-stage disease. We aimed to assess the functional and radiological outcomes of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Methods. Thirty-three hips of 21 patients were included in this study. Adult patients with ONFH of any etiology and in the precollapse stage were included. Clinical (visual analogue scale [VAS] and Harris hip score [HHS]) and radiological (plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) evaluations were performed before and after intervention. We used 3000–4500 pulses in a single session performed under general anesthesia. Results. At an average of 8 months after ESWT, pain scores and HHS were significantly improved compared with the preintervention scores (p<0.001). The overall clinical outcomes were improved in 21 hips (63.3%), unchanged in 5 hips (15.15%), and worsened in 7 hips (21.2%). A trend toward a decrease in the size of the ONFH was observed although not of clinical significance (p=0.235). MRI revealed significant resolution of bone marrow edema (p<0.003). Regression was observed in 9 lesions (42.9%) and progression in 1 lesion (4.7%); no change was observed in the remaining 23 lesions (52.4%). Conclusion. ESWT is a viable noninvasive treatment option for early-stage ONFH. It significantly improves clinical outcomes and may halt or delay the radiographic progression of the disease in the precollapse stage.
Propulsive Efficiency of Ridge/Inlet Configuration
Authors: Huang Guoping , Saheby Eiman B. , Hays Anthony
Published: August 2018

Controlling and directing the boundary layer on the surfaces of a flight vehicle are two of the most demanding challenges in advanced aerodynamic designs. The design of highly integrated and submerged inlets with a large offset between the entrance and compressor face is particularly challenging because of the need for controlling or reducing the adverse effects of the boundary layer on propulsive efficiency. S-duct diffusers are used widely in flight vehicles when the compressor face needs to be hidden, and their performance is generally sensitive to the quality of ingested boundary layer from the fuselage. Passive or active flow control mechanisms are needed to prevent flow separations at the bends. In this paper, a new method is presented for optimal inlet/body integration based on a pair of ridges ahead of the inlet and its effects on the performance of a semicircular S-duct inlet integrated on a flat surface using CFD. In this design, the ridge changes an inefficient inlet concept to one with acceptable performance. The new method of integration is practicable for top-mounted inlet configurations where the use of diverters and other mechanisms results in higher amounts of drag, weight, and complexity.
The Genetic Polymorphisms of NLRP3 Inflammasome Associated with T Helper Cells in Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Zhao Xueyun , Hua Mingqiang , Yan Shuxin , Yu Jie , Han Fengjiao , Zhong Chaoqin , Wang Ruiqing , Zhang Chen , Hou Ming , Ma Daoxin
Published: August 2018

The pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear and the NLRP3 inflammasome has been more and more recognized in the progression of many diseases. To investigate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in MM, we determined the genetic polymorphisms and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes (IL-1β, IL-18, CARD8, and NF-κB) in MM patients, and explored their clinical relevance. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship of the NLRP3 inflammasome with Th cells in MM. Our study showed that the CARD8-C10X (rs2043211) AT genotype contributed to the susceptibility of MM. CARD8-C10X TT patients had earlier clinical stage. The WBC count in the three CARD8 genotypes showed an increasing trend (AA<AT<TT). Compared with patients with NF-κB-94 ins/del ATTG ins/ins and ins/del, patients with del/del had the highest myeloma cell ratio. Patients with IL-18 (rs16944) TT had the highest hemoglobin concentration (GG<GT<TT). Furthermore, we found that the genotype of CARD8-C10X (rs2043211) or NF-κB-94 ins/del ATTG was closely related to the frequency of Th1. Therefore, the genetic polymorphisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome associated with Th cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma.
pH Effect on Heavy Metal Release from a Polluted Sediment
Authors: Zhang Yanhao , Zhang Haohan , Zhang Zhibin , Liu Chengying , Sun Cuizhen , Zhang Wen , Marhaba Taha
Published: August 2018

The performance of Cd, Ni, and Cu release from river sediment at different pH was investigated by a leaching test using deionised water and river water as leachants. Visual MINTEQ geochemical software was used to model the experimental results to predict heavy metal release from sediments. The distribution and speciation of heavy metals in the sediments after leaching test were analyzed by Tessier sequential extraction. Leaching test results showed that the release amounts of Cd, Ni, and Cu are in the range of 10.2–27.3 mg·kg−1, 80.5–140.1 mg·kg−1, and 6.1–30.8 mg·kg−1, respectively, with deionised water as leachant at different pH. As far as the river water was used as the leaching solution in the test, the results show similar metal leaching contents and tendencies to that of the deionised water as leaching solution. The results of Tessier sequential extraction indicate that Cd of residual fraction easily forms obvious precipitate under the acidic condition, especially in the range of pH 0–4 with the residual of Cd over 50% of the total Cd in the sediment. The exchangeable content of Ni decreases with the increase of pH under the range of 0–5. The Fe-Mn oxide fraction of Cu in the sediments changes significantly from pH 0 to pH 9. Based on the effect of pH on the leaching of Cd, Ni, and Cu from the polluted sediment in the tests, more accurate information could be obtained to assess the risk related to metal release from sediments once it is exposed to the changed acid/alkali water conditions.
Unveiling the Direct Correlation between the CVD-Grown Graphene and the Growth Template
Authors: Lee Junghyun , Seo Jihyung , Jung Sungchul , Park Kibog , Park Hyesung
Published: August 2018

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is known to produce continuous, large-area graphene sheet with decent physical properties. In the CVD process, catalytic metal substrates are typically used as the growth template, and copper has been adopted as the representative material platform due to its low carbon solubility and resulting monolayer graphene growth capability. For the widespread industrial applications of graphene, achieving the high-quality is essential. Several factors affect the qualities of CVD-grown graphene, such as pressure, temperature, carbon precursors, or growth template. In this work, we provide detailed analysis on the direct relation between the metallic growth substrate (copper) and overall properties of the resulting CVD-grown graphene. The surface morphology of copper substrate was modulated via simple chemical treatments, and its effect on physical, optical, and electrical properties of graphene was analyzed. Based on these results, we propose a simple synthesis route to produce high-quality, continuous, monolayer graphene sheet, which can facilitate the commercialization of CVD graphene into reality.
Biotoxicological Analyses of Trimeroside from Baccharis trimera Using a Battery of In Vitro Test Systems
Authors: dos Santos Marcela Silva , da Silva Juliana , Menezes Ana Paula Simões , de Barros Francisco Maikon Corrêa , Lemes Maria Luisa Brodt , Rossatto Raíssa R. , Feistel Cleverson , de Almeida Indara Dedigo , Grivicich Ivana , Prado Lismare , Picada Jaqueline Nascimento , de Barros Falcão Ferraz Alexandre
Published: August 2018

The use in folk medicine of Baccharis trimera and recent studies on DNA damage by oxidative stress mechanisms have motivated this study. We investigated the biotoxicological effects of trimeroside from this plant. Aqueous extract from aerial parts of B. trimera was fractioned by flash chromatography for further isolation by thin‐layer chromatography. The novel nor‐monoterpene glycoside, trimeroside, and three flavonoids, cirsimaritin, luteolin and quercetin, were isolated. The genotoxic and mutagenic potential of trimeroside was determined by Salmonella/microsome (TA98 and TA100), comet assay, and cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN‐cyt) in HepG2 cells. We also screened trimeroside into different human tumoral cell lines by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Mutagenicity was detected in TA100 strain with metabolic activation. Genotoxic effects were not observed in HepG2 by comet assay. However, a decrease in the nuclear index division in the 2.0 mg·mL−1 concentration and an increase of nucleoplasmic bridges in the 1.5 mg·mL−1 concentration were detected by CBMN‐cyt assay indicating cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. In SRB assay, trimeroside showed weak antiproliferative activity against the cell lines.
Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Hepatoprotective Effects of Phillygenin in Mouse
Authors: Song Wei , Wu Junjun , Yu Longjiang , Peng Zhihong
Published: August 2018

Phillygenin is a bioactive intergradient in Osmanthus fragrans, a well-known food additive and Chinese traditional medicine. This study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects and pharmacokinetics of phillygenin. The hepatoprotective effect of phillygenin was assessed in carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) intoxicated mice by monitoring levels of serum and tissue biomarkers. The pharmacokinetics of phillygenin was evaluated in the mouse after oral (po, 24 mg / kg) or intravenous (iv, 12 mg/kg) administration. Results showed that phillygenin has a great hepatoprotective effect on CCl4-induced liver injury in mice owing to its antioxidant activity and inhibition on cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1). After oral administration, phillygenin was efficiently absorbed with the oral bioavailability of 56.4%. Two metabolites, hydroxylated and dimethylated phillygenin, were identified in mouse urine. These results suggested that phillygenin could be explored as new and potential natural antioxidants and hepatoprotective agents.
Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering
Authors: Fitzsimmons Ross E. B. , Mazurek Matthew S. , Soos Agnes , Simmons Craig A.
Published: August 2018

As a result of over five decades of investigation, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a versatile and frequently utilized cell source in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this review, we summarize the history of MSC research from the initial discovery of their multipotency to the more recent recognition of their perivascular identityin vivoand their extraordinary capacity for immunomodulation and angiogenic signaling. As well, we discuss long-standing questions regarding their developmental origins and their capacity for differentiation toward a range of cell lineages. We also highlight important considerations and potential risks involved with their isolation, ex vivo expansion, and clinical use. Overall, this review aims to serve as an overview of the breadth of research that has demonstrated the utility of MSCs in a wide range of clinical contexts and continues to unravel the mechanisms by which these cells exert their therapeutic effects.
A Dynamical Z-R Relationship for Precipitation Estimation Based on Radar Echo-Top Height Classification
Authors: Wu Wenxin , Zou Haibo , Shan Jiusheng , Wu Shanshan
Published: August 2018

Using echo-top height and hourly rainfall datasets, a new reflectivity-rainfall (Z-R) relationship is established in the present study for the radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation (RQPE), taking into account both the temporal evolution (dynamical) and the types of echoes (i.e., based on echo-top height classification). The new Z-R relationship is then applied to derive the RQPE over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River for two short-time intense rainfall cases in summer (2200 UTC 1 June 2016 and 2200 UTC 18 June 2016) and one stratiform rainfall case in winter (0000 UTC 15 December 2017), and then the comparative analyses between the RQPE and the RQPEs derived by the other two methods (the fixed Z-R relationship and the dynamical Z-R relationship based on radar reflectivity classification) are accomplished. The results show that the RQPE from the new Z-R relationship is much closer to the observation than those from the other two methods because the new method simultaneously considers the echo intensity (reflecting the size and concentration of hydrometers to a certain extent) and the echo-top height (reflecting the updraft to a certain extent). Two statistics of 720 rainfall events in summer (April to June 2017) and 50 rainfall events in winter (December 2017) over the same region show that the correlation coefficient (root-mean-squared error and relative error) between RQPE derived by the new Z-R relationship and observation is significantly increased (decreased) compared to the other two Z-R relationships. Besides, the new Z-R relationship is also good at estimating rainfall with different intensities as compared to the other two methods, especially for the intense rainfall.
Estimation of Influence Scope of Lateral Displacement of Soft Ground under Vacuum Pressure with PVD
Authors: Liu Jingyun , Fu Hongtao , Wang Jun , Cai Yuanqiang , Hu Xiuqing
Published: August 2018

The application of vacuum pressure to a treated area not only induces vertical settlement and inward lateral displacement but also causes the formation of tension cracks near the ground surface. In general, the strain method is applied to calculate the lateral displacement at the boundary of a treated area; however, the influence scope of lateral displacement has not yet been presented. Based on the in situ data of soft clayey soil foundation treated by vacuum consolidation, lateral displacement was estimated in the influence scope in this study. To calculate the influence scope of lateral displacement induced by vacuum pressure, the ratio of the lateral displacement within the influence scope to the ground surface settlement under the centre of the treated area is defined as the maximum value of the lateral displacement (ELD) within the influence scope. This paper proposes a direct relationship between ELD and the distance from the treated area boundary (Lx), considering the length of the prefabricated vertical drain. In addition, the FEA (finite‐element analysis) is used to simulate the process of vacuum preloading to reinforce soft soil foundation. The influence scope simulated is almost close to the calculated value Lx. Accordingly, the safety distance between the boundary of the treated area and the surrounding building can be estimated when the soft soil foundation is consolidated by using a vacuum preloading method.
The Seepage Model Considering Liquid/Solid Interaction in Confined Nanoscale Pores
Authors: Cui Xiaona , Yang Erlong , Song Kaoping , Wang Yuming
Published: August 2018

Different from conventional reservoirs, nanoscale pores and fractures are dominant in tight or shale reservoirs. The flow behaviors of hydrocarbons in nanopores (called “confined space”) are more complex than that of bulk spaces. The interaction between liquid hydrocarbons and solid pore wall cannot be neglected. The viscosity formula which is varied with the pore diameter and interaction coefficient of liquids and solids in confined nanopores has been introduced in this paper to describe the interaction effects of hydrocarbons and pore walls. Based on the Navier-Stokes equation, the governing equation considered liquid/solid effect in two dimensions has been established, and approximate theoretical solutions to the governing equations have been achieved after mathematic simplification. By introducing the vortex equation, the complex numerical seepage model has been discretized and solved. Numerical results show that the radial velocity distribution near the solid wall has an obvious change when considering the liquid/solid interaction. The results consist well with that approximate mathematical solution. And when the capillary radius is smaller, the liquid and solid interaction coefficient n is greater. The liquid and solid interaction obviously cannot be neglected in the seepage model if the capillary radius is small than 50 nm when n>0.1. The numerical model has also been further validated by two types of nanopore flow tests: from pore to throat and inversely from throat to pore. There is no big difference in flow regularity of throat to pore model considering when liquid/solid interaction or not, whereas the liquid/solid interaction of pore to throat model totally cannot be overlooked.
Experimental Characterization of Traditional Mortars and Polyurethane Foams in Masonry Wall
Authors: Foti Dora , Lerna Michela , Vacca Vitantonio
Published: August 2018

Masonry is a composite material largely used in construction. It exhibits several advantages, including significant compressive strength, thermal inertia, and aesthetic beauty. A disadvantage of masonry is mainly related to the inadequate shear strength due to the poor capacity and ductility of the adopted mortar. This aspect is crucial in seismic areas. In this paper, the behavior of polyurethane foams, used as adhesives for the construction of thin joints brick masonry walls, has been investigated. First, the characterization of components was carried out, followed by laboratory uniaxial tests on masonry walls and shear tests on triplets. Moreover, a comparison of the behavior of the foam‐brick walls with respect to the traditional mortars masonry was carried out, as the type of joints varies and the arrangement of the holes of the bricks varies with respect to the direction of the applied load. Results provide indications on which adhesive has to be adopted for masonry buildings in reference to the site of construction (i.e., seismic hazard).
Impact of a New Metro Line: Analysis of Metro Passenger Flow and Travel Time Based on Smart Card Data
Authors: Fu Xiao , Gu Yu
Published: August 2018

Over the past few decades, massive volumes of smart card data from metro systems have been used to investigate passengers’ mobility patterns and assess the performance of metro network. With the rapid development of urban rail transit in densely populated areas, new metro lines are constantly designed and operated in recent years. The appearance of new metro lines may significantly affect passenger flow and travel time in the metro network. In this study, smart card data of metro system from Nanjing, China, are used to study the changes of metro passenger flow and travel time due to the operation of a new metro line (i.e., Line 4, opened on 18 January 2017). The impact of the new metro line on passenger flow distribution and travel time in the metro network is first analysed. As commuting is one of the major purposes of metro trips, the impact of the new metro line on commuters’ trips is then explicitly investigated. The results show that the new metro line influences passenger flow, travel time, and travel time reliability in the metro network and has different impacts on different categories of commuters.
Direct Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in Budd-Chiari Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Chandra V. , Wajswol E. , Shahid M. , Kumar A. , Contractor S.
Published: August 2018

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an alternative interventional procedure used to manage refractory Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) when conservative medical therapy has failed. However, TIPS is not always technically successful because of hepatic vein thrombosis and inability to catheterize the hepatic veins. In these situations, direct intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (DIPS) with access to the portal vein from the IVC has been shown to be a viable alternative that may ameliorate portal hypertension in these patients. Typically, DIPS involves the use of transabdominal ultrasound to target the portal vein. Herein a case in which a 39-year-old female underwent DIPS without the use of ultrasound guidance is presented. Instead, a hepatic venogram generated using collateral circulation was used to opacify and guide access to the portal vein.
Assessment of Biochemical and Densitometric Markers of Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism in the Groups of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Selected due to the Serum Level of Vitamin D3
Authors: Niedziela Natalia , Pierzchała Krystyna , Zalejska-Fiolka Jolanta , Niedziela Jacek T. , Romuk Ewa , Torbus-Paluszczak Magdalena , Adamczyk-Sowa Monika
Published: August 2018

Background. In addition to the widely known effect of vitamin D3 (vitD3) on the skeleton, its role in the regulation of the immune response was also confirmed. Aim. The assessment of biochemical and densitometric markers of calcium-phosphate metabolism in the groups of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) selected due to the serum level of vitamin D3. Methods. The concentrations of biochemical markers and indices of lumbar spine bone densitometry (DXA) were determined in 82 patients divided into vitamin D3 deficiency (VitDd), insufficiency (VitDi), and normal vitamin D3 level (VitDn) subgroups. Results. The highest level of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the highest prevalence of hypophosphatemia and osteopenia were demonstrated in VitDd group compared to VitDi and VitDn. However, in VitDd, VitDi, and VitDn subgroups no significant differences were observed in the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ionized calcium (Ca2+) and in DXA indices. A negative correlation was observed between the level of vitamin D3 and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in the whole MS group. The subgroups were significantly different with respect to the EDSS scores and the frequency of complaints related to walking according to the EQ-5D. Conclusions. It is necessary to assess calcium-phosphate metabolism and supplementation of vitamin D3 in RRMS patients. The higher the clinical stage of the disease assessed with the EDSS, the lower the level of vitamin D3 in blood serum. Subjectively reported complaints related to difficulties with walking were reflected in the EDSS in VitDd patients.
Combining of the H/A/Alpha and Freeman–Durden Polarization Decomposition Methods for Soil Moisture Retrieval from Full-Polarization Radarsat-2 Data
Authors: Xie Qiuxia , Meng Qingyan , Zhang Linlin , Wang Chunmei , Wang Qiao , Zhao Shaohua
Published: August 2018

Soil moisture (SM) plays important roles in surface energy conversion, crop growth, environmental protection, and drought monitoring. As crops grow, the associated vegetation seriously affects the ability of satellites to retrieve SM data. Here, we collected such data at different growth stages of maize using Bragg and X-Bragg scattering models based on the Freeman–Durden polarization decomposition method. We used the H/A/Alpha polarization decomposition approach to extract accurate threshold values of decomposed scattering components. The results showed that the H and Alpha values of bare soil areas were lower and those of vegetated areas were higher. The threshold values of the three scattering components were 0.2–0.4 H and 7–24° Alpha for the surface scattering component, 0.6–0.9 H and 22–50° Alpha for the volume scattering component, and other values for the dihedral scattering component. The SM data retrieved (using the X-Bragg model) on June 27, 2014, were better than those retrieved at other maize growth stages and were thus associated with the minimum root-mean-square error value (0.028). The satellite-evaluated SM contents were in broad agreement with data measured in situ. Our algorithm thus improves the accuracy of SM data retrieval from synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images.