bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The foreign body reaction in T‐cell‐deficient mice
Authors: Rodriguez Analiz , MacEwan Sarah R. , Meyerson Howard , Kirk James T. , Anderson James M.
Published: May 2008

The role(s) of T lymphocytes in the foreign body response has not been thoroughly elucidated. Lymphocytes are known to augment macrophage adhesion and fusion in vitro. Furthermore, T lymphocytes are a possible source of the cytokines, IL‐4 and IL‐13, which induce macrophage fusion. In this study, we used BALB/c mice and BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mice to investigate foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation in a T‐cell‐deficient setting. Mice were implanted with Elasthane 80A (PEU), silicone rubber (SR), or poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) for 7, 14, or 21 days using the cage implant system. Exudate cells and IL‐4 and IL‐13 levels in exudate supernatants were analyzed by flow cytometry and a multiplex immunoassay, respectively, at Days 7, 14, and 21. Macrophage adhesion and fusion on material surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy. T‐cell‐deficient mice had lower total leukocyte concentrations at the biomaterial implant site at all time points. Adherent cell density was comparable between normal and T‐cell‐deficient mice except in the PEU group at Day 21. However, percent fusion, average nuclei per FBGC, and FBGC morphology were comparable between normal and T‐cell‐deficient mice. IL‐4 was not detected in any sample, but IL‐13 levels were also comparable between normal and T‐cell‐deficient mice indicating Th2‐polarized T‐cells are not the sole source of this cytokine. We have shown that there are pathways that do not require thymus‐matured T lymphocytes, which lead to a normal foreign body response to biomaterials in a murine model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Evaluation of the interactions between collagen and the surface of a bioactive glass during in vitro test
Authors: Oréfice Rodrigo , Hench Larry , Brennan Anthony
Published: May 2008

Interactions between biomaterials and the body environment usually determine the lifetime and performance of biomedical devices used as implants. Among a variety of different types of interactions that occur whenever biomaterials are implanted into the body, adsorption of biomacromolcules onto the surface of biomaterials can guide other relevant processes such as cell attachment, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, tissue growth and biomaterials degradation. In this work, fundamental mechanisms associated with the interactions between collagen and the surface of biomaterials were studied by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The ultimate goal of this work is to isolate and simulate phenomena occurring at the molecular level, when biological entities are brought in contact with biomaterials. These results can then be used to design and test new biomedical devices. This manuscript reports the evaluation of interactions between collagen and the surface of bioactive glasses. These bioactive glasses are known to bond to soft and hard tissues through the formation of a hydroxy‐carbonate‐apatite layer. Collagen was grafted onto AFM cantilevers. AFM force‐displacement curves were obtained using these modified tips against the surface of a bioactive glass at different stages of an in vitro test performed in a simulated body fluid. The results showed that the structure of the bioactive glass surface affects the adsorption of collagen on the biomaterial. The magnitude of the adhesion force measured is highly dependent on the deposition of a hydroxyl‐carbonate‐apatite at the surface of the glass. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Testing of silicon nitride ceramic bearings for total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Bal B. Sonny , Khandkar Ashok , Lakshminarayanan R. , Clarke Ian , Hoffman Aaron A. , Rahaman Mohamed N.
Published: May 2008

Modern ceramic bearings used in total hip arthroplasty (THA) consist of a femoral head (ball) articulating inside a hemispherical acetabular cup (socket); the ball and socket are made of alumina (Al2O3) and Al2O3‐based composite materials. In the present study, total hip bearings were made from a different ceramic material, silicon nitride (Si3N4), by sintering and hot isostatic pressing of powders. The resulting material had improved mechanical properties over modern Al2O3 THA bearings, with a flexural strength of 920 ± 70 MPa, a Weibull modulus of 19, and a fracture toughness of 10 ± 1 MPa m1/2. Unlike zirconia‐based ceramics that have also been used in THA, accelerated aging of Si3N4 did not adversely affect the flexural strength. In simulated wear tests, Si3N4 acetabular cups produced low‐volumetric wear whether articulating against Si3N4 or cobalt‐chromium (CoCr) femoral heads. The results of this investigation suggest that Si3N4 may allow improved THA bearings that combine the reliability of metal femoral heads with the low wear advantages of ceramic materials. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Seasonal variation in the oviduct of female Agkistrodon piscivorus (Reptilia:Squamata): An ultrastructural investigation
Authors: Siegel Dustin S. , Sever David M.
Published: May 2008

The annual oviductal cycle of the Cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus, is described using electron microscopy. This is only the second such study on a snake and the first on a viperid species. Specimens were collected in reproductive and nonreproductive condition throughout the year and five ultrastructurally unique regions were recognized: the anterior infundibulum, posterior infundibulum, glandular uterus, nonglandular uterus, and vagina. Except for the anterior infundibulum and vagina, which exhibit no seasonal variation in ultrastructure, the oviduct becomes highly secretory at the start of vitellogenesis. This includes the entire luminal border of the uterus, the tubular glands of the glandular uterus, and the luminal border and sperm storage tubules of the posterior infundibulum. The secretory materials produced in the oviduct vary among regions of the oviduct, and also can vary among time periods in the same region of the oviduct. Variation is especially evident in the sperm storage tubules. Secretory activity in the sperm storage tubules ceases after ovulation, but the tubular glands of the glandular uterus remain secretory until parturition, at which time secretory activity in the varying sections of the oviduct decreases dramatically. After parturition, the oviduct remains in a dormant state until the next reproductive season. The seasonal variation in oviducal morphology mirrors the temperate primitive reproductive cycle known for some pitvipers. Uterine glands of A. piscivorous are more similar in secretory activity to those of an oviparous lizard than a viviparous colubrid snake, suggesting variation in uterine gland morphology between snakes of different families. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The extracellular matrix protein SC1/hevin localizes to excitatory synapses following status epilepticus in the rat lithium‐pilocarpine seizure model
Authors: Lively Starlee , Brown Ian R.
Published: May 2008

The epileptic brain is characterized by increased susceptibility to neuronal hyperexcitability. The rat lithium‐pilocarpine model, which mimics many features of temporal lobe epilepsy, has been used to study processes leading to the development of recurrent seizures. After a prolonged seizure episode, termed status epilepticus (SE), neural changes occur during a period known as epileptogenesis and include neuronal cell death, reactive gliosis, axonal sprouting, and synaptogenesis. Extracellular matrix adhesion molecules are important regulators of synaptogenesis and axonal sprouting resulting from SE. SC1, also known as hevin, is an antiadhesive extracellular matrix molecule that localizes to synapses in the mammalian brain. In this study, the distribution of SC1 protein in neurons following SE was examined using the lithium‐pilocarpine model. SC1 protein levels in neuronal cell bodies showed a transient decrease at 1 day post‐SE, which coincided with an increase of SC1 in the synapse‐rich neuropil that was identified with the synaptic marker synaptophysin. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the decrease of SC1 signal in neurons at 1 day post‐SE and showed that SC1 remained localized to postsynaptic elements throughout the seizure time course. Increased colocalization of SC1 was detected with the excitatory synaptic markers vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), AMPA receptor subunit GluR1, and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunit NR1, but not with the inhibitory synaptic markers vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) and GABAA receptor subunit β2 (GABAA β2), which could reflect enhanced association of SC1 with excitatory synapses. These findings suggest that SC1 may be involved in synaptic modifications underlying epileptogenesis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from corn gluten meal
Authors: Li Xiu‐xia , Han Lu‐jia , Chen Long‐jian
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: Corn gluten meal (CGM), a major by‐product of corn wet milling, is mainly used as forage in China. Because of its particular amino acid composition, in which there are large amounts of hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine, alanine and phenylalanine, CGM protein was thought to be a good resource to obtain antioxidant peptides. CGM protein was hydrolysed with a biochemical grade alcalase and the derived hydrolysates were assessed for their antioxidant properties in different in vitro assay systems, including inhibiting activity on lipid peroxidation, by reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The effects of concentration and molecular weight (MW) of hydrolysates on antioxidant activity were investigated.

RESULTS: The results showed that CGM hydrolysates were effective antioxidants, and there was a dose‐dependent relationship between hydrolysate concentration and antioxidant activity; the highest antioxidant activity was found in peptides 500–1500 Da, and the antioxidant activity of peptides below 500 Da or peptides above 1500 Da were all lower than that of total hydrolysates.

CONCLUSIONS: The finding showed that the antioxidant activity of CGM hydrolysates was related to molecular weight and hydrolysate concentration, and the active antioxidant fraction should be in the peptides fraction of 500–1500 Da. CGM protein hydrolysates can be a source of natural antioxidant and used as a food additive. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Training in head and neck surgery and oncology
Authors: Shaha Ashok R.
Published: May 2008

Management of head and neck cancer truly represents the need for a multimodality approach. This manuscript discusses the history of head and neck surgery, head and neck fellowships and the current trends in the practice of head and neck surgery and oncology. Increasing emphasis is placed on organ preservation and non‐operative treatment modalities. The head and neck surgeon (leader of the orchestra) must be familiar with appropriate indications of each treatment modality and outcome. The head and neck surgeon of today should be an all‐rounder. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:717–720. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining molecular therapeutics with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Riesterer Oliver , Milas Luka , Ang K. Kian
Published: May 2008

In the last decade, research focus has shifted to testing rapidly emerging classes of agents that specifically target signaling pathways within tumor cells or microenvironment. Though their effects given as single agents are generally limited, many of these compounds have the capability to sensitize tumors to radiation or cytotoxic drugs. Actively investigated approaches include combining anti‐EGFR agents, bioreductive hypoxic cell toxins, anti‐angiogenesis agents, or inhibitors of multiple signaling pathways with radiotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:708–711. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proton radiation therapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Chan Annie W. , Liebsch Norbert J.
Published: May 2008

Due to the close spatial relationship of head and neck and skull base tumors to numerous normal anatomical structures, conventional photon radiation therapy can be associated with significant acute and long‐term treatment‐related toxicities. Superior dose localization properties of proton radiation therapy allow smaller volumes of normal tissues to be irradiated than is feasible with any photon technique. Intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) is a powerful delivery technique which results in improved dose distribution as compared to that of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Initial clinical experience with proton radiation therapy in treatment of head and neck and skull base tumors is promising. Prospective multi‐institutional trials are underway to define the role of proton radiation therapy, particularly IMPT, in the treatment of head and neck and skull base tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:697–700. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rationale for modifying neck dissection
Authors: Givi Babak , Andersen Peter E.
Published: May 2008

Neck dissection is one the most commonly performed operations in head and neck surgery. Better understanding of the structure and patterns of lymphatic flow in the neck has transformed this operation into a more selective and less morbid treatment. Rationale for this operation and modifications of it in different clinical scenarios such as node negative, node positive and radiated neck are detailed in this article. Recommendations are made based on the available evidence. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:674–682. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimally invasive surgery for thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer
Authors: Dhiman Shamly V. , Inabnet William B.
Published: May 2008

This article will review the emergence of minimally invasive thyroidectomy techniques and their applications to thyroid diseases. Minimally invasive surgical techniques for head and neck surgery have recently attracted interest. Furthermore techniques are divided into the mini‐incision open, video‐assisted, and complete endoscopic. Factors that determine the best operative approach include tumor size, histology, the presence of enlarged lymph nodes and evidence of local‐regional invasion. Indications and contraindications for minimally invasive techniques will be discussed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:665–668. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Staging of head and neck cancers: Is it time to change the balance between the ideal and the practical?
Authors: Patel Snehal G. , Lydiatt William M.
Published: May 2008

The TNM system is a widely accepted prognostic system worldwide. Limitations in prognostic accuracy are recognized but have remained for fear the remedy would unnecessarily complicate the system. Understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of cancer will allow the gap between the ideal and the practical prognostic system to be closed and the staging system drastically revised to a modular structure. Novel computational technology, which is reliable and reproducible, is likely to provide the basis for such a modular prognostic system. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:653–657. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inorganic analysis of biological fluids using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Timerbaev Andrei R.
Published: May 2008

This review article focuses on recent advances of CE in determination of inorganic species in biological fluids and covers the years of dedicated research in the field since 2001 when a previous similar review was published [1]. The most productive area, in which CE has distinctively progressed over the review period, encompasses assaying major inorganic anions and cations in blood serum and urine. Other applications include assessing less abundant analytes, e. g., heavy metals or seleno‐compounds, and less abundant body fluids (saliva, sweat, etc.). Special emphasis is placed on developments in CE methodology that comprised modifications of separation and detection hardware and using specific electrolyte modifiers to enhance the resolution of a CE system. Significant progress in the application of in‐line preconcentration methods in order to move CE ahead closer to trace analyte levels is also brought into focus. A series of tables detailing highly developed CE procedures and the analytical figures of merit accomplished are included. Finally discussed are further strategies for the method's expansion in the practice of biomedical and clinical laboratories where CE could likely acquire the status of a benchmark analytical technique.
Methods for the numerical solution of the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Burgers equation
Authors: Kadri Tlili , Khiari Noomen , Abidi Faycal , Omrani Khaled
Published: May 2008

L∞‐error estimates for finite element for Galerkin solutions for the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Burgers (BBMB) equation are considered. A priori bound and the semidiscrete Galerkin scheme are studied using appropriate projections. For fully discrete Galerkin schemes, we consider the backward Euler method and analyze the corresponding error estimates. For a second order accuracy in time, we propose a three‐level backward method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2008
Outcome of gram negative infection in immunocompromised children
Authors: Adamski Jennifer , Steggall Margaret , Yeoh Kar‐Xian , Sutton Rachel , Makin Guy W.J.
Published: May 2008

Background

Gram negative infection is an important cause of mortality in patients receiving chemotherapy for malignant disease or as conditioning for stem cell transplantation. The risk of infection is thought to be greatest in those patients who are neutropenic and it is routine for these patients to receive broad spectrum antibiotic therapy when febrile. This study evaluates the outcome of gram negative infection in a mixed haematology/oncology population in a single institution.

Procedure

All episodes of laboratory proven gram negative infection in patients receiving chemotherapy between January 2004 and March 2006 were included. A retrospective case‐note based analysis was carried out to identify diagnosis, treatment, neutrophil count at time of infection, antibiotic therapy and clinical outcome.

Results

One hundred six episodes of gram negative infection in 72 patients were identified. Sixty‐seven percent of these were in patients receiving chemotherapy for malignant disease, 33% were in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation. Overall ICU admission rate was 13% and mortality was 6%. Coliforms, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were the commonest isolates, and ICU admission and mortality rates were higher with Pseudomonas and Klebsiella infection than coliforms. After stem cell transplantation most episodes of gram negative infection occurred in non‐neutropenic patients, while the reverse was true after chemotherapy.

Conclusion

Gram negative infection remains a significant cause of both ICU admission and mortality. Gram negative infection is largely confined to neutropenic periods after chemotherapy but not after stem cell transplantation. The isolation of Pseudomonas or Klebsiella confers a higher chance of both ICU admission and death. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:499–503. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recurrent melanotic neuroectodermal tumor in the orbit successfully treated with resection followed by pediculated periosteal flaps
Authors: Nakanishi Kyoichi , Hori Hiroki , Matsubara Toshio , Matsuda Kazuyuki , Deguchi Takao , Komada Yoshihiro
Published: May 2008

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a rare tumor arising mainly in the orofacial bones. Among more than 200 cases described in articles, only seven cases involved orbital regions. We present a case of newborn with recurrent MNTI in the lateral wall of right orbit. The patient underwent complete surgical resections at onset and relapse. The bone defects following the second surgery were successfully reconstituted with pediculated periosteal flaps from parietofrontal bones. In this article, we describe clinical course of recurrent MNTI in the orbit and discuss management of the tumor involving the orbit. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:430–432. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Initial testing of VNP40101M (Cloretazine®) by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Keir Stephen T. , Morton Christopher L. , Billups Catherine , Smith Malcolm A. , Houghton Peter J. , Gururangan Sridharan
Published: May 2008

VNP40101M is a novel alkylating agent that yields two reactive compounds (a chloroethylating species and methylisocyanate) and has demonstrated activity against a wide spectrum of tumor xenografts. VNP40101M was tested against an in vivo panel of five pediatric brain tumor xenografts at a dose of 18 mg/kg/day administered for 5 days. O‐6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) levels of xenografts were assessed by Western blot analysis. Only one xenograft (GBM2), which lacked detectable MGMT expression, demonstrated an objective response to VNP40101M. VNP4010M antitumor activity was observed only in the absence of MGMT expression, with resistance to VNP4010M seen even with low MGMT expression. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:439–441. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiovascular GO Annotation Initiative Year 1 Report: Why Cardiovascular GO?
Authors: Lovering Ruth C. , Dimmer Emily , Khodiyar Varsha K. , Barrell Daniel G. , Scambler Peter , Hubank Mike , Apweiler Rolf , Talmud Philippa J.
Published: May 2008

Gene Ontology (GO) vocabularies are an established standard for linking functional information to genes and gene products (www.geneontology.org/). A recent collaboration between University College London and the European Bioinformatics Institute is providing GO annotation to human cardiovascular‐associated genes (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/medicine/cardiovascular‐genetics/geneontology.html). This report outlines the aims of this collaboration and summarizes how the cardiovascular community can help improve the quality and quantity of GO annotations. This new initiative is funded by the British Heart Foundation and fully supported by the GO Consortium.
Light olefins/paraffins sorption in poly(lactic acid) films
Authors: Gonçalves Carla M. B. , Coutinho Joao A. P. , Marrucho Isabel M.
Published: May 2008

The sorption behavior of small molecules like ethane and ethylene in poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was studied in the temperature interval from 283 to 313 K using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). The effect of the polymer structure on the solubility selectivity of PLA films with respect to these two gases was studied using polymer with two different L:D ratios (98:2 and 80:20). Furthermore, the polymer films were submitted to different thermal treatments to address the influence of crystallinity and morphology of the noncrystalline fraction on the sorption behavior. The sorption results obtained indicate that ethylene solubility coefficient in annealed PLA 98:2 is about 26% higher than that of ethane and 41% higher in PLA 98:2 melted. The dual‐mode sorption model describes well the sorption isotherms behavior, which is concave concerning the pressure axis. The fully amorphous PLA presents the better selectivity for the studied gases, since the crystallinity seems to produce a negative effect on the selectivity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1312–1319, 2008
Miscibility and isothermal crystallization behavior of polyamide 6/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend
Authors: Cui Li , Yeh Jen‐Taut , Wang Ke , Fu Qiang
Published: May 2008

An investigation of miscibility and isothermal crystallization behavior of Polyamide 6 (PA6)/Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blends was conducted. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) analysis indicated that the interactions between the carbonyl groups of PA6 and hydroxyl groups of PVA increase as the weight ratios of PA6 to PVA of PA6/PVA specimens increase. This interaction between PA6 and PVA leads to their miscibility in the amorphous region and even some extent effects on their crystal phase, respectively. Further isothermal crystallization behavior of PA6/PVA indicate that the miscibility of PVA in PA6 leading difficulty in crystallization of PA6. Several kinetics equations are employed to describe the effects of PVA on the crystallization properties of PA6 in PA6/PVA blends in detail. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1360–1368, 2008
Protein–protein docking benchmark version 3.0
Authors: Hwang Howook , Pierce Brian , Mintseris Julian , Janin Joël , Weng Zhiping
Published: May 2008

We present version 3.0 of our publicly available protein–protein docking benchmark. This update includes 40 new test cases, representing a 48% increase from Benchmark 2.0. For all of the new cases, the crystal structures of both binding partners are available. As with Benchmark 2.0, Structural Classification of Proteins (Murzin et al., J Mol Biol 1995;247:536–540) was used to remove redundant test cases. The 124 unbound‐unbound test cases in Benchmark 3.0 are classified into 88 rigid‐body cases, 19 medium‐difficulty cases, and 17 difficult cases, based on the degree of conformational change at the interface upon complex formation. In addition to providing the community with more test cases for evaluating docking methods, the expansion of Benchmark 3.0 will facilitate the development of new algorithms that require a large number of training examples. Benchmark 3.0 is available to the public at http://zlab.bu.edu/benchmark. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct and indirect impacts of integrated pest management on pesticide use: a case of rice agriculture in Java, Indonesia
Authors: Mariyono Joko
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: Integrated pest management (IPM) technology has been disseminated since 1989 in Indonesia to cut down pesticide use, but the adoption and diffusion of the technology are still debated. This study aims to estimate the models of demand for pesticides and to analyse the impact of IPM technology on pesticide use. Aggregate cross‐section time series data from 1990–1998 are used.

RESULTS: The results show that IPM technology reduces the use of pesticides by improving the process of rice production, such that pesticides are more efficiently used. In this case, the IPM technology is not a pest control technique.

CONCLUSION There is an indication that IPM technology has been adopted by farmers. This is evidence that the IPM programme in Indonesia was successful in this area. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Responses to clomazone and 5‐ketoclomazone by Echinochloa phyllopogon resistant to multiple herbicides in Californian rice fields
Authors: Yasuor Hagai , TenBrook Patti L , Tjeerdema Ronald S , Fischer Albert J
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: Late watergrass [Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf.) Koss.] is a major weed of Californian rice that has evolved P450‐mediated metabolic resistance to multiple herbicides. Resistant (R) populations are also poorly controlled by the recently introduced herbicide clomazone. The authors assessed whether this cross‐resistance was also P450 mediated, and whether R plants also had reduced sensitivity to photooxidation. Understanding mechanism(s) of resistance facilitates the design of herbicide management strategies to delay resistance evolution.

RESULTS Ratios (R/S) of R to susceptible (S) GR50 were near 2.0. [14C]Clomazone uptake was similar in R and S plants. Clomazone and its metabolite 5‐ketoclomazone reduced chlorophyll and carotenoids in S more than in R plants. The P450 inhibitors disulfoton and 1‐aminobenzo‐triazole (ABT) safened clomazone in R and S plants. Disulfoton safened 5‐ketoclomazone only in S plants, while ABT synergized 5‐ketoclomazone mostly against S plants. Paraquat was more toxic in S than in R plants.

CONCLUSION: Cross‐resistance to clomazone explains failures to control R plants in rice fields, and safening by P450 inhibitors suggests that oxidative activation of clomazone is needed for toxicity to E. phyllopogon. Clomazone resistance requires mitigation of 5‐ketoclomazone toxicity, but P450 detoxification may not significantly confer resistance, as P450 inhibitors poorly synergized 5‐ketoclopmazone in R plants. Responses to paraquat suggest research on mechanisms to mitigate photooxidation in R and S plants is needed. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM)
Authors: Cricenti A.
Published: May 2008

The advent of Scanning Near‐field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) has augmented at a microscopic level the usefulness of optical spectroscopy and two‐dimensional imaging of chemical constituents makes this a very attractive and powerful new approach. In this paper we will review various configurations of the SNOM technique and some representative results obtained in material science and on biological samples by means of shear‐force, reflectivity and fluorescence, with a lateral resolution well below the diffraction limit. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron affinity of the O2 molecule: CCSD(T) calculations using the optimized virtual orbitals space approach
Authors: Šulka Martin , Pitoňák Michal , Neogrády Pavel , Urban Miroslav
Published: May 2008

The electron affinity (EA) of the oxygen molecule is calculated by the CCSD(T) method using the optimized virtual orbitals space (OVOS) technique by which the dimension of the original space of virtual orbitals can be significantly reduced. Extended basis sets, up to the doubly augmented correlation consistent d‐aug‐cc‐pV6Z basis sets for O2 and O at their experimental geometries are used. We demonstrate that even when the space of virtual orbitals is reduced to 50% of the full space, the resulting EA of the O2 molecule is accurate to within 0.01 eV. At the same time, the computational effort is reduced by about an order of magnitude. With OVOS reduced to 60% of the full virtual space, results are almost accurate. Considering the complete basis set limit with so reduced OVOS, corrections for the core correlation, vibrational and relativistic effects, the electron affinity of O2 is 0.452 ± 0.01 eV. This value agrees very well with the full virtual orbital space, EA = 0.446 eV, and with the recent experimental value, EA = 0.448 ± 0.006 eV. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
A separable model of N interacting Particles
Authors: Karwowski Jacek
Published: May 2008

A separable model of N particles interacting by two‐particle potentials is presented. The interactions between disjoint pairs of particles are described by arbitrary two‐particle potentials which depend on the interparticle distance only. The remaining interactions are described by two‐particle harmonic oscillator potentials. A set of the pair potentials for which the model is quasi‐exactly solvable is derived. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Fault‐tolerant deployment withk‐connectivity and partialk‐connectivity in sensor networks
Authors: Pu Juhua , Xiong Zhang , Lu Xiaofeng
Published: May 2008

Wireless sensor networks are prone to failure, so prolonging their lifetime and preventing loss of connectivity are significant. A simple but efficient strategy is to place redundant sensor nodes to establish multi‐connectivity. This paper explores how to add as few as possible nodes (called Steiner nodes) to a sensor network such that the resulting network isk‐connected or partiallyk‐connected.k‐connectivity means that each pair of the nodes, whether Steiner or original, is connected by at leastknode‐disjoint paths, while partialk‐connectivity only requires such connectivity among original nodes. The contribution lies in two aspects. First, the approximation ratio of an existingk‐connectivity repair algorithm is decreased fromO(k4α) toO(k3α), whereαis the approximation ratio of any algorithm that finds a minimum‐weightk‐connected spanning subgraph of a weighted complete graph. This is the best result ever obtained. Second, the first generic partialk‐connectivity repair algorithm is proposed. It is proved that the approximation ratio of this algorithm is at mostO(k3α). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A remote controlled XRF system for field analysis of cultural heritage objects
Authors: Hocquet F.‐P. , Garnir H.‐P. , Marchal A. , Clar M. , Oger C. , Strivay D.
Published: May 2008

X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) is a nondestructive, multielemental, fast and cost‐effective analysis technique. It can be applied in a nonvacuum environment directly on the samples without any preparation. As archaeological and historical objects are often unique and may not be easily movable, a mobile XRF detector system allowing in situ analysis is ideally suited for archaeometric applications. A mobile system was designed and built at the IPNAS laboratory to provide such analyses. The system includes an industrial grade x‐ray generator which supplies the primary x‐ray beam, an air‐cooled silicon rift Detector detector (SDD) with a 5‐mm2 active area. The data acquisition system measures the energy and the intensity of the secondary fluorescence x‐rays. The detector signal is amplified and analyzed by a multichannel recorder coupled to a microcomputer running JavaSpectre which visualizes and analyzes spectra obtained from the detector. The detection head, containing the detector, the x‐ray tube and its power supply, are fixed on a movable platform allowing independent vertical and horizontal movement. All displacements are controlled by a hand‐held personal digital assistant (PDA) (Palm) which exchanges data with microcontrollers embedded in the system providing a very precise positioning of the detector over a surface of many square meters. This system control, as well as a typical application of this XRF spectrometer for analyzing pigment composition of a wall painting, will be described. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broad‐beam PIXE and µ‐PIXE analysis of normal and in vitro demineralized dental enamel
Authors: Preoteasa Eugen A. , Preoteasa Elena , Kuczumow Andrzej , Gurban Dan , Harangus Livia , Grambole Dieter , Herrmann Folker
Published: May 2008

Dental enamel has been widely studied by particle‐induced x‐ray emission (PIXE), but less attention was paid to its demineralization, which leads to caries formation. Using broad‐beam PIXE and µ‐PIXE, we investigated normal enamel and the in vitro formation of pre‐carious lesion in lactic acid solution, aiming also to evaluate intercusp differences within the same tooth. Broad‐beam PIXE was performed using 3.0 MeV protons, and µ‐PIXE maps of Ca, Fe and Zn were collected with 3.1 MeV protons at ∼4 µm resolution. In normal enamel a differentiated Ca‐rich surface layer was observed, where Fe and Zn reached their highest levels. In deeper layers, Fe and Zn evidenced quasiperiodic patterns of maxima, possibly due to coupled diffusion‐reaction catalytic processes involved in the enamel growth. Both Fe and Zn appeared to be located in a few distinct types of pools. Near the surface, demineralization induced an increase of Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr and Pb with respect to Ca, attributed to partial hydroxyapatite dissolution and/or to chelate extraction and concentration of trace metals. Ca maps revealed limited changes in the surface layer and a massive loss in the inner enamel; here, Fe was almost depleted and Zn partially removed. The maps of Ca, Fe and Zn demonstrated major intercusp variations in both normal and altered enamel. Thus, broad‐beam PIXE and µ‐PIXE, which do not require (semi)thin sectioning of the tooth as the conventional methods, provide compositional and structural insight of normal dental enamel, of its intercusp variability and of the alterations produced by in vitro demineralization, largely not accessible to the current techniques, and highly relevant for understanding the incipient caries formation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase transfer agents. II. Stereospecific hydroxylation of oleyl and elaidyl alcohol and periodic acid cleavage of epoxides
Authors: Okimoto Tomoyuki , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2008

Abstract and Summary

Oleyl and elaidyl alcohol have been stereospecifically hydroxylated by cold, dilute alkaline potassium permanganate toerythro‐ andthreo‐9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanol, respectively, in 40–80% yields in a water‐methylene chloride heterogeneous system. Phase transfer agents (PTA) were used to transport permanganate ion from the aqueous to the organic phase. In the absence of PTA, hydroxylation did not take place. Periodic acid cleavage of epoxides in a water‐methylene chloride system was studied in the absence and presence of PTA. At slow stirring rates PTA exert a rate accelerating effect in cleaving certain epoxides to aldehydes but with vigorous stirring use of PTA has only a marginal advantage.
Analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants II: Determination of their homolog distributions by reaction gas chromatography on the basis of the Hofmann degradation
Authors: Takano Satoshi , Kuzukawa Michiya , Yamanaka Makoto
Published: May 2008

Abstract and Summary

Pyrolysis and reaction gas chromatography (GC) methods have been investigated for the homolog distribution analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants containing a quaternary ammonium group. Pyrolysis GC was found to be inapplicable to the analysis of amphoteric surfactants because of the formation of the nonvolatile compounds as the main products. However, when cationic and amphoteric surfactants dissolved in a 3% potassium hydroxide methanolic solution were injected into a gas chromatograph, Hofmann degradation occurred at the injection port of a gas chromatograph (reaction GC), and we obtained about the same products as were formed by the older DMF‐Methylate method. Under optimum conditions, various cationic and amphoteric surfactants were degraded almost quantitatively, and the reproducibility of this method was satisfactory. Furthermore, the homolog distribution of surfactants found by the reaction GC method closely agreed with that of the starting alkyldimethylamines used. Thus, reaction GC analysis was applicable to the homolog distribution analysis of these surfactants. The reaction GC method surpassed the DMF‐Methylate method with regard to the simplicity and reproducibility of the determination.
Analysis of fat deterioration‐comparison of some photometric tests
Authors: Tsoukalas Basile , Grosch Werner
Published: May 2008

Abstract and Summary

Eight photometric methods (e.g., measurement of the diene absorption, ferrous isothiocyanate test, thiobarbituric acid value test, anisidine value, Kries test) for analysis of the oxidative deterioration of fats were compared with respect to sensitivity against autoxidized methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate. The ferrous isothiocyanate test was found to be the most sensitive method followed by the measurement of diene absorption. For assessment of the specificity, highly autoxidized methyl linoleate was separated by column chromatography into the following classes of compounds: volatile carbonyl compounds, monohydroperoxides, and polar peroxides‐1 and‐2. The influence of each class of compounds on the results of the eight tests was determined.
Processing mango stones for fat
Authors: Narasimha Char B. L. , Reddy B. R. , Thirumala Rao S. D.
Published: May 2008

Abstract and Summary

Stones of mango fruit (Mangifera indica) were processed for recovery of fat and the fat refined. Mango kernel fat is potentially edible and can substitute for tallow and cacao butter. Mango kernal meal can be used as a sizing material and as a feed.
Triglyceride separation by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Plattner R. D. , Spencer G. F. , Kleiman R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract and Summary

Rapid separations of triglycerides by chain length and degree of unsaturation were made by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C‐18 μ‐Bondapak column with acetonitrile‐acetone solvent mixtures. For saturated triglycerides, a linear relationship was observed between the carbon number and the log of the retention volume. Each double bond present in the triglyceride decreased the retention volume to approximately that of a saturated triglyceride with two carbon atoms less. Correlations of the fatty acid composition, as determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) with the HPLC data, provides much additional insight about triglyceride composition. To calculate triglyceride compositions, an internal standard tripentadecanoin was added to collected fractions before analysis by GLC.
Sterols in pumpkin seed oil
Authors: Bastić M. , Bastić Lj. , Jovanović J. A. , Spiteller G.
Published: May 2008

Abstract and summary

The sterol fraction of unsaponifiable matter obtained from a Yugoslav pumpkin seed ripening was investigated by gas liquid chromatography on a glass capillary column. It contained at least 14 different sterols ten of which were identified primarily by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry as cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, 24‐methylcholest‐7‐en‐3β‐ol, Δ7,22,25‐stimastatrien‐3β‐ol, α‐spinasterol, Δ7,25‐stigmastadien‐3β‐ol, Δ7,25‐stigmastenol, and Δ7‐avenasterol. It was shown that the unidentified sterols in the oil obtained from a Chinese pumpkin seed were Δ7,25‐stigmastadien‐3β‐ol, and Δ7,22,25‐stigmastatrien‐3β‐ol,. There was practically no difference in the composition of Yugoslav and Chinese pumpkin seed oil, the main characteristic of which was the presence of Δ7‐sterols as was already stated by Sucrow.
Chromatographic identification of oil and amino acid constitutents in kernels of some almond varieties
Authors: Nassar Aly R. , El‐Tahawi Barakat S. , Sari El‐Deen Seif A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract and Summary

The physical and chemical properties of the oils of eight almond varieties are presented. Oils of these varieties showed similar qualitative data concerning the lipid classes separated by thin layer‐chromatography. Triglycerides comprised the majority of the total lipid extract, while mono‐and diglycerides were found in traces. Gas chromatographic analysis of the methyl esters of the fatty acids revealed that the unsaturated fatty acids contribute 70–90% of the total fatty acids present in the samples. The saturated acids, however, were found in a relatively low concentration (7.0–23.6%), and even a lower percentage of arachidic acid is reported. In addition to the five fatty acids identified, another five unknown acids were separated and their retention times were recorded. One of the unknowns, with a retention time of 2.45 min, is believed to be palmitoleic acid. Eleven free amino acids‐were separated, identified, and quantitatively determined. Aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and leucine have major existence. Although the presence of hydroxyproline is unusual in plant materials, it was found among the free amino acids in almond kernels.
The rapid determination of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products
Authors: Stubblefield Robert D.
Published: May 2008

A method for aflatoxin M1 in dairy products is presented. It decreases the analysis time compared to currently accepted methods. Samples are extracted in a blender or separatory funnel for 1 min with chloroform and saturated sodium chloride solution. The chloroform extracts are partially purified on a small silica gel column (2 g), and M1 is determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and densitometry. Recoveries of M1 added to milk are about 80%. Recovery of M1 from cheeses is variable depending on the type of cheese. The method gave results for a naturally contaminated powdered milk comparable to analyses by accepted methods. The determination limit of the method is about 0.1 μg/kg.
Foam performance of fatty acid soaps of odd carbon numbers
Authors: Ogino K. , Takigami F.
Published: May 2008

The foam capacities, foam stabilities, expanding single bubble stabilities, surfact tensions, and surface viscosities of the straight chain C9–C14 sodium soaps were measured at various concentration. The C12–C14 soaps, most notably the C13, gave the best over‐all foam performance of the compounds studied. The critical micelle concentrations for these soaps were also determined.
An adaptive two‐stage sequential design for sampling rare and clustered populations
Authors: Brown Jennifer A. , Salehi M. Mohammad , Moradi Mohammad , Bell Gavin , Smith David R.
Published: May 2008

How to design an efficient large‐area survey continues to be an interesting question for ecologists. In sampling large areas, as is common in environmental studies, adaptive sampling can be efficient because it ensures survey effort is targeted to subareas of high interest. In two‐stage sampling, higher density primary sample units are usually of more interest than lower density primary units when populations are rare and clustered. Two‐stage sequential sampling has been suggested as a method for allocating second stage sample effort among primary units. Here, we suggest a modification: adaptive two‐stage sequential sampling. In this method, the adaptive part of the allocation process means the design is more flexible in how much extra effort can be directed to higher‐abundance primary units. We discuss how best to design an adaptive two‐stage sequential sample.
Implementation difficulties of advanced techniques in gynecological laparoscopy
Authors: Jansen Frank Willem , Kolkman Wendela
Published: May 2008

Laparoscopic surgery has developed into an important part of the gynecological surgical pallet. Its implementation into daily practice has shown to be complex, especially the advanced procedures. The difficulties of implementation is multifactorial; however, the training of laparoscopy is one of the major issues of this subject. The adequate training of residents and gynecologists is essential for its optimal and safe implementation. Concerning the advanced procedures, the question raises as to who should be able to perform these procedures and how this is established. Causes, difficulties, and limitations of the implementation of advanced laparoscopy will be discussed in this paper.
Hydrolysis of Acyl‐Homogeneous and Fish Oil Triacylglycerols Using Desalted Midgut Extract from Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar
Authors: Bogevik A. S. , Oxley A. , Olsen R. E.
Published: May 2008

Despite several studies aimed at evaluating the positional and fatty acid specificity of fish triacylglycerol (TAG) digestive lipases, there is still much uncertainty regarding these issues. The aim of the present study was therefore to address these questions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Crude luminal midgut extracts were collected from fed salmon and the hydrolysis studied for various substrates including triolein (Tri‐18:1), trilinolein (Tri‐18:2), trilinolenin (Tri‐18:3), trieicosapentaenoin (Tri‐20:5), tridocosahexaenoin (Tri‐22:6) and natural fish oil TAG. Using Tri‐18:1, in a time‐curve model showed an initial high degree of sn‐1 or sn‐3 specificity where sn‐1,2(2,3)‐diacylglycerol (1,2(2,3)‐DAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) were the main hydrolytic products up to 15 min. Lack of initial sn‐2 specificity was confirmed by negligible sn‐1,3‐diacylglycerol (1,3‐DAG) being produced. During the further hydrolysis of DAG, all positions appeared susceptible to attack causing a concomitantly small increase in sn‐1(3)‐monoacylglycerol (1(3)‐MAG) and 2‐MAG, but not at the level expected for an exclusively sn‐1,3‐specific lipase. Oleic acid (18:1n‐9) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) were preferred substrates for hydrolysis using both fish oil and acyl‐homogeneous TAGs with FFA as the main product of lipolysis. Hydrolysis of the natural fish oil TAG appeared slower yet produced proportionally more MAG and DAG after 5 min, and similar specificities, as for synthetic TAG substrates, were exhibited with 18:1n‐9 and 20:5n‐3 accumulating in the FFA fraction after 30 min. Notably, 16:0 was particularly conserved in MAG. As TAG resynthesis of absorbed lipid in salmon enterocytes proceeds preferably with 2‐MAG as templates, the absorption of 2‐MAG, produced during initial stages of TAG hydrolysis, would need to occur rapidly to be effectively utilised via the MAG pathway.