bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Rural South Indian Women—Prevalence and Correlates: A Community-Based Study
Authors: Srinivasan Manikandan , Reddy Mahendra M. , Sarkar Sonali , Menon Vikas
Published: March 2020

Background The burden of common mental disorders (CMDs) which includes depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders are on the rise in India. Women in rural areas form one of the high-risk groups with respect to CMDs due to their compromised status of living.

Objective The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress, and the predictors to depression among women in rural Puducherry.

Methods A community-based, cross-sectional study was performed in 2016, among women aged 18 to 59 years, residing in the rural area of Puducherry. Prevalence of CMDs was determined using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-21. Using a systematic random sampling method, women were interviewed in their houses. The socio-demographic characteristics along with risk factors for depression were captured using a semi-structured proforma. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the predictors of depression.

Results A total of 301 women were surveyed and their mean age (SD) was 34.9 (10.2) years. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was found to be 15% (95% CI: 11.3–19.3), 10.6% (95% CI: 7.5–14.5), and 5% (95% CI: 3–8), respectively. Multivariable analysis identified that lesser education and living separately/divorced to be significant predictors for depression in these women.

Conclusion About one in six adult women living in a rural area was found to be depressed, which is considerably high. This emphasizes the need for screening among women for common mental disorders in primary care settings, especially in rural areas so that early diagnoses happen and thus reduce the impact due to mental disability.
Stroke Happens Suddenly so It Cannot Be Prevented: A Qualitative Study to Understand Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Stroke in Rural Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Kalkonde Yogeshwar , Deshmukh Sona , Gokhale Charuta , Jacob Mini , Bang Abhay
Published: March 2020

Background Strokes have emerged as one of the leading causes of deaths in rural India but people often remain uninformed about it. This study sought to understand knowledge, attitudes, and healthcare-seeking practices about strokes in rural Gadchiroli, India.

Methods A total of 12 focus group discussions were conducted with 34 female and 43 male participants from six villages. Responses were audio recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed using inductive method of qualitative data analysis.

Results Respondents correctly recognized many symptoms of stroke and were aware of the sudden onset of symptoms. They were unaware of transient ischemic attacks. After stroke, healthcare was sought from private physicians, and physicians in the government run district hospital, or traditional herbal providers depending upon the accessibility, affordability, and perceived effectiveness of the therapy. Most of the respondents thought that stroke is a serious disease associated with disability as well as death and its occurrence in the community is increasing. However, only a few participants could correctly state how stroke occurs and its risk factors. Furthermore, many participants thought that stroke cannot be prevented as it occurs suddenly without any warning.

Conclusion Rural people in Gadchiroli were aware of symptoms of stroke but awareness about the etiology and the risk factors was low. Suddenness of symptoms was perceived as a key barrier to taking any preventive action. Understanding such perceptions and addressing them can help improve counseling of patients by physicians and effectiveness of behavioral change communication to prevent stroke in rural areas.
Verbal Fluency Test in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Vaucheret Paz Esteban , Puga Celeste , Ekonen Christy , Pintos Paula , Lascombes Isabel , De Vita Soledad , Leist Mariana , Corleto Mariela , Basalo María José García
Published: March 2020

Background The verbal fluency task is a widely used psychometric test to account for cognitive functions, particularly, verbal and executive functions. Being an easy and fast test to administer, it is a good neuropsychological tool in low technology environments. Our objective was to analyze the performance in verbal fluency of Spanish-speaking children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study to analyze the performance of children who had undergone a verbal fluency test in a neuropsychological assessment.

Results We included 115 participants. There were 41 (35.65%) participants with low intellectual performance (LIP), 63 (54.78%) with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and 11(9.57%) participants with dyslexia. Participants with LIP showed lower phonological and semantic fluency scores than participants with ADHD, and a lower performance in semantic fluency than the dyslexia group. The probability of having LIP was 6.12 times greater when somebody had a scale score lower than 7 in the phonological task and it was 7.9 times greater when the scale score was lower than 7 in the semantic task.

Conclusion There was a direct relationship between Full Scale Intelligence Quotient and verbal fluency test performance, the latter being a brief and effective neuropsychological test that can reveal deficit not only in executive functions and verbal abilities but also detect LIP.
Support for a Three-Item Questionnaire Prior to Spinal Surgery: A Health-Related Quality of Life Outcome Study
Authors: Thomas Kelly Anne , Sedney Cara , Gross Richard
Published: March 2020

Objective Elective lumbar and cervical operations are becoming more common in the United States. Additionally, there is a movement in the literature and clinical practice to discover short versions of longer measures as a way to anticipate an outcome. This study aims to provide neurosurgeons in practice with a three-item questionnaire that can guide referrals to psychological services presurgery. Ultimately, results could lead to an improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) postspinal surgery.

Methods This quantitative-descriptive, survey-based design with a retrospective chart review component followed 47 patients at baseline (N = 47), 3 months (N = 20), 6 months (N = 31), and 1 year (N = 19). A single item from the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the Survey of Pain Attitudes, and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia were utilized in the three-item questionnaire as a baseline measure. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Health measured HRQoL outcome at all time points. A linear regression model was conducted to predict mental health QoL postspinal surgery.

Results This measure can predict mental health QoL outcomes up to 3-month postsurgery. Six-month and 1-year follow-ups are statistically inconclusive.

Conclusion Individuals who are undergoing spinal surgery show lower mental health QoL outcome at baseline and 3-month postsurgery when responses on a three-item questionnaire are elevated. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Interventional Radiology in Pelvic Trauma
Authors: Franco Derek F. , Zangan Steven M.
Published: March 2020

Traumatic pelvic injuries are associated with high injury severity scores and significant morbidity and mortality. As fractures and ligamentous disruption result in increased pelvic volume, retroperitoneal hemorrhage can spiral and progress to hemorrhagic shock. Due to the extensive collateral supply and limitations of surgery for pelvic hematomas, angiographic treatment is at the forefront of pelvic trauma management. This article will discuss typical injuries seen in pelvic trauma, treatment modalities available to the interventional radiologist, and common angiographic treatment strategies and techniques.
Clinical Approach to and Work-up of Bleeding Patients
Authors: Warhadapande Shantanu , Dariushnia Sean R. , Kokabi Nima , O'Connell William G. , Newsome Janice M. , Findeiss Laura K. , Majdalany Bill S.
Published: March 2020

A bleeding patient is a common consult for interventional radiologists. Prompt triage, preprocedural evaluation specific to the site of hemorrhage, and knowledge of resuscitative strategies allow for a potentially life-saving procedure to be appropriately and safely performed. Having a firm understanding of the clinical work-up and management of a bleeding patient has never been more important. In this article, a discussion of the clinical approach and work-up of a bleeding patient for whom interventional radiology is consulted is followed by a discussion of etiology-specific preprocedural work-up.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis
Authors: Ramineni Kiran Kumar , Jakkani Ravi Kanth , Swamy B. V. G. , M. Sravan Kumar
Published: March 2020

Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is described in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Simultaneous active pulmonary tuberculosis in these disorders is a relatively rare phenomenon. We report a 16 year-old boy diagnosed as LETM with clinicoradiological correlation. Further evaluation revealed active pulmonary tuberculosis. He had good recovery following the combination of antituberculosis regimen with corticosteroids.
Cerebral Lupus and Cryptococcal Meningitis in a Pregnant Woman
Authors: Khoo Ching Soong , Marzukie Marsilla Mariaty , Yap Soo Shu , Wan Yahya Wan Nur Nafisah , Tan Hui Jan
Published: March 2020

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune and multisystem disorder, which frequently affects young women. During pregnancy, SLE flares could occur up to 65%, with renal and hematological manifestations being the most common. However, reports on neuropsychiatric lupus in pregnant women are scarce. We herein report a 26-year-old lupus pregnant woman, who had cerebral lupus with concurrent cryptococcal meningitis. This case highlights the complexity in diagnosing and managing our patient to achieve the best outcome for both the mother and infant.
Treatment of Cervical Spine Fractures and Subluxations without the Use of Intraoperative Fluoroscopy in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Eyenga Victor-Claude , Esene Ignatius N. , Bikono Ernestine A. , Eloundou Ngah J.
Published: March 2020

Background Surgical management of subaxial cervical spine injuries remains challenging. Although intraoperative fluoroscopy is usually used for intraoperative spinal level localization (SLL), it is unavailable in most developing countries. The surgeon therefore has to rely on anatomic landmarks. In our setting, in the absence of intraoperative fluoroscopy, we used the carotid tubercle for SLL. Herein we evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the carotid tubercle as a landmark during surgery for traumatic cervical spine injury.

Methods This was a retrospective cohort study on 34 patients undergoing anterior cervical surgery for subaxial cervical spine fractures and/or subluxation between January 2005 and February 2011. From their medical records, the patients’ sociodemographic, clinical, radiological, and operative data were retrieved and analyzed.

Results Thirty-four patients were included in the study. The mean age was 36.2 years. Thirty patients were males. The mean duration between the trauma and surgical intervention was 9.6 days. Six patients were completely tetraplegic. Fourteen patients had fractures and 20 patients had subluxation. The carotid tubercle was palpable in all the 34 cases. Twenty-two (68.8%) patients had partial or complete neurologic recovery. Complete anatomic reduction was achieved in 30 cases. One case of slight malalignment of the plate was observed. No case of significant deviation nor penetration of the screw into the vertebral canal was found. One patient died.

Conclusions Carotid tubercle, a palpable intrinsic marker, is an attractive anatomic landmark for SLL during surgeries for traumatic spine injuries in resource-limited settings.
Symptom Recognition to Diagnosis: Pathway to Care for Autism in a Tertiary Care Medical Centre
Authors: Patra Suravi , Patro Binod Kumar , Padhy Susanta Kumar
Published: March 2020

Objective There is no systematic report on pathway to care in autism from tertiary care medical centers of India. The present study was aimed to evaluate the pathways to care among parents of children with autism-seeking treatment at a tertiary care medical center.

Methods Cross-sectional, observational study involving parents of 38 children with autism spectrum disorder diagnosed with INCLEN diagnostic tool. Pathway to care was assessed using World Health Organization Encounter Form.

Statistical Analysis  IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 was used for analysis; categorical variables were assessed using Chi-square test keeping statistical significance at 0.05%.

Results A total of 74% parents reported going to a general practitioner and 13% reported going to a child psychiatrist as point of first contact. Among them, 71% parents reported seeking care with a child psychiatrist in a tertiary medical center at the fourth point of contact. Also, 84% parents believed in biomedical explanation of autism. Majority of parents sought for speech therapy and medicines for their child with autism which is in tune with their biomedical explanation. Parents were the first to identify developmental concerns, average age of symptom recognition being 2.2 years. Average age of intervention initiation was 40 months, 8 months prior to diagnosis of autism.

Conclusions Early symptom recognition and initiation of interventions is encouraging. Despite having a biomedical explanation of autism and ability to recognize developmental concerns, there is a lag of 4 years in diagnosis and reaching a specialized child psychiatry setup. This lag is a cause of concern owing to the impact on access to evidence-based interventions.
Patient Satisfaction with Outpatient Cervical Ripening in Parous Women
Authors: Wang Michelle J. , Jauk Victoria C. , George David M. , Kuper Spencer G. , Edwards Rodney K. , Szychowski Jeff M. , Mazzoni Sara E. , Files Pamela , Tita Alan T. , Subramaniam Akila , Harper Lorie M.
Published: March 2020

Objective This study aimed to assess whether patient satisfaction differs between women beginning cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting.

Study Design We performed a planned secondary analysis evaluating patient satisfaction randomized to outpatient versus inpatient cervical ripening. In the original randomized controlled trial, low-risk parous women ≥39 weeks who required cervical ripening for induction and had reassuring fetal heart rate monitoring were included and randomized to inpatient versus outpatient ripening with a transcervical Foley's catheter. All women were then admitted to the labor ward on the following day. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using three separate surveys. The first two surveys, Six Simple Questions and Lady-X, were previously validated. The third survey used visual analog scales to assess overall pain experienced during Foley's placement, overall pain experienced during labor, how likely they would be to choose the same type of care for their next pregnancy, and how likely they would be to recommend their method of cervical ripening to friends/family.

Results From May 2016 to October 2017, 129 women were randomized (outpatient, 65; inpatient, 64). Based on survey results, there was no difference in satisfaction between outpatient and inpatient cervical ripening with transcervical Foley's catheterization, with high satisfaction in both groups. Patients in both the outpatient and inpatient groups would choose the same type of care for their next pregnancy (on a scale of 1–7, median (25th–75th percentile): 7 [7–7] vs. 7 [6–7], respectively, p = 0.75) and would be very likely to recommend their method of induction to a friend or family member (on a scale of 0–100, 99 [80–100] vs. 99 [65–100], respectively, p = 0.60).

Conclusion Parous women's satisfaction does not differ between inpatient and outpatient cervical ripening with transcervical Foley's catheterization.

Key Points
A fuzzy control for high-speed and low-overshoot hopping probe ion conductance microscopy
Authors: Zhuang Jian , Cheng Lei , Liao Xiaobo , Zia Ali Akmal , Wang Zhiwu
Published: March 2020

At present, hopping probe ion conductance microscopy (HPICM) is the most capable ion conductance microscopy for imaging complex surface topography. However, the HPICM controller usually does not begin to stop the pipette sample approach until the ion current reaches a threshold, which results in short deceleration distances. Furthermore, closed-loop piezo actuation usually increases the response time. These problems tend to increase the ion current overshoot and affect imaging speed and quality. A fuzzy control system was developed to solve these problems via ion current deviation and deviation rate. This lengthens the deceleration distance to enable a high-speed approach toward the sample and smooth deceleration. Open-loop control of the piezo actuator is also used to increase sensitivity. To compensate for the nonlinearity of the actuator, a multi-section fuzzy logic strategy was used to maintain performance in all sections. Glass and poly(dimethylsiloxane) samples were used to demonstrate greater imaging speed and stability of the fuzzy controller relative to those of conventional controllers.
A facile fabrication procedure for platinum nanoprobes with high-aspect-ratio and low tip radii via electrochemical etching
Authors: Zhang J. , Gonzalez Y. , Sany R. , Ruediger A.
Published: March 2020

Herein, we propose a facile fabrication procedure for platinum (Pt) nanoprobes. Our approach consists in performing a one-step electrochemical etching using a mixture of DI water, acetone, and CaCl2. Our technique is self-terminated and thus does not necessitate a cut-off circuit nor other sophisticated equipment or set-up commonly used in the fabrication process of Pt nanoprobes. The Pt nanoprobes thereby manufactured demonstrate small tip radii, a high aspect-ratio, no detectable surface contamination, and good reproducibility.
Self-consistent electromagnetic analysis of the microwave-coupling of an electron cyclotron resonance-based charge breeder
Authors: Gallo C. S. , Galatà A. , Torrisi G. , Mascali D.
Published: March 2020

The Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) Charge Breeding (CB) technique consists in transforming the charge state of an input beam from 1+ to n+ to allow post-acceleration. The optimization of an ECR-CB requires a deep investigation of ion dynamics and electron heating, the latter being influenced by the microwave-to-plasma coupling mechanism. In this paper, we report the electromagnetic analysis of the microwave-to-plasma coupling of the Selective Production of Exotic Species charge breeder (SPES-CB) plasma chamber, taking into account the presence of the plasma through its dielectric tensor, performed using a self-consistent approach. In particular, the effect of two different frequencies on the plasma–wave interaction will be shown, in terms of electromagnetic properties such as plasma-absorbed power, giving numerical evidence of the frequency tuning effect.
Interplay between ephaptic coupling and complex geometry of border zone during acute myocardial ischemia: Effect on arrhythmogeneity
Authors: Wei Ning , Tolkacheva Elena G.
Published: March 2020

Acute myocardial ischemia is an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand, which is caused by the cessation of blood flow within the heart resulting from an obstruction in one of the major coronary arteries. A severe blockage may result in a region of nonperfused tissue known as ischemic core (IC). As a result, a border zone (BZ) between perfused and nonperfused regions is created due to differences in blood and oxygen supplies. Recent experimental findings reveal a complex “finger-like” geometry in BZ; however, its effect on arrhythmogenicity is not clear. Ephaptic coupling, which relies on the intercalated disk between cell ends, has been suggested to play an active role in mediating intercellular electrical communication when gap junctions are impaired. In this paper, we explored the interplay between ephaptic coupling and the geometry of BZ on action potential propagation across the ischemic region. Our study shows that ephaptic coupling can greatly suppress the occurrence of a conduction block, which points to its beneficial effect. The beneficial effect of ephaptic coupling is more evident in BZ with the “finger-like” geometry. In addition, the complex geometry of BZ, i.e., more frequent, deeper, and wider “fingers,” promotes the conduction through the ischemic region. In contrast, the larger size of IC impedes the cardiac conduction across the ischemic region. Our results also show that ephaptic coupling promotes the impact of the complex geometry of BZ on signal propagation; however, it inhibits the impact of IC size.
Inner, meso, and outer scales in a differentially heated vertical channel
Authors: Wei Tie
Published: March 2020

Reynolds shear stress and Reynolds normal stress in a differentially heated vertical channel were shown in a previous paper to scale by a mixed scale of the friction velocity uτ and the maximum mean vertical velocity Umax. This scale was empirically determined; this work presents a physical understanding of the new scaling. A new dimensional analysis is developed that involves a simple modification of the traditional inner–outer scaling. The functional dependencies in the new dimensional analysis are determined using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. The DNS data confirm the new physical reasoning and reveal, as follows: (i) The velocity fluctuation variance at the centerline scales with an outer scale, which is the mixed scale uτUmax. (ii) The location of the maximum mean vertical velocity scales as an Obukhov-style length scale, which, in turn, scales as the geometric mean of the inner length scale and the outer length scale. (iii) The temperature fluctuation variance at the centerline scales with an outer temperature scale. (iv) The temperature fluctuation variance peaks in the inner layer, and its peak value scales with an inner temperature scale. The new outer scales obtained from the dimensional analysis are shown to be consistent with the properties of the mean momentum balance equation.
Linear stability analysis of a liquid film down on an inclined plane under oscillation with normal and lateral components in the presence and absence of surfactant
Authors: El Jaouahiry Abdelouahab , Aniss Saïd
Published: March 2020

In this work, we first study the interface instability of a fluid layer flowing down on an inclined plane under periodic oscillation having both normal and lateral components. After that, we examine the effect of an insoluble surfactant covering the free surface under normal oscillation, lateral oscillation, and both normal and lateral oscillations. The time periodic linear system, corresponding to the governing equations, is treated using the Chebyshev spectral collocation method for spatial resolution, and for temporal resolution, we use the Floquet theory. We show that the stabilizing effect of normal oscillation amplitude on the gravitational instability, reported by Woods and Lin [J. Fluid Mech. 294, 391 (1995)], is strengthened by introducing lateral oscillation, and this contributes to the complete suppression of this instability. The harmonic and subharmonic zones, initially stable in the work of Woods and Lin [J. Fluid Mech. 294, 391 (1995)], are destabilized by the lateral oscillation, and the first unstable parametric resonance becomes without threshold. Conversely, the unstable domain of the gravitational instability and the second resonance zone reported by Lin, Chen, and Woods [Phys. Fluids 8, 3247 (1996)] can be reduced by introducing normal oscillation. Finally, we show that the surfactant has a stabilizing effect that contributes to accelerate the suppression of the gravitational instability and opposes the destabilizing effect of the lateral oscillation on the first subharmonic resonance to give rise to a competition between the two effects.
Accurate laser frequency locking to optical frequency combs under low-signal-to-noise-ratio conditions
Authors: Guo C. , Favier M. , Galland N. , Cambier V. , Álvarez-Martínez H. , Lours M. , De Sarlo L. , Andia M. , Le Targat R. , Bize S.
Published: March 2020

We demonstrate a method for accurately locking the frequency of a continuous-wave laser to an optical frequency comb under conditions where the signal-to-noise ratio is low, too low to accommodate other methods. Our method is typically orders of magnitude more accurate than conventional wavemeters and can considerably extend the usable wavelength range of a given optical frequency comb. We illustrate our method by applying it to the frequency control of a dipole lattice trap for an optical lattice clock, a representative case where our method provides significantly better accuracy than other methods.
A new oscillator with mega-stability and its Hamilton energy: Infinite coexisting hidden and self-excited attractors
Authors: Leutcho Gervais Dolvis , Khalaf Abdul Jalil M. , Njitacke Tabekoueng Zeric , Fozin Theophile Fonzin , Kengne Jacques , Jafari Sajad , Hussain Iqtadar
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we introduce an interesting new megastable oscillator with infinite coexisting hidden and self-excited attractors (generated by stable fixed points and unstable ones), which are fixed points and limit cycles stable states. Additionally, by adding a temporally periodic forcing term, we design a new two-dimensional non-autonomous chaotic system with an infinite number of coexisting strange attractors, limit cycles, and torus. The computation of the Hamiltonian energy shows that it depends on all variables of the megastable system and, therefore, enough energy is critical to keep continuous oscillating behaviors. PSpice based simulations are conducted and henceforth validate the mathematical model.
Morphological magnetostatic coupling in spin valves due to anisotropic self-affine interface roughness
Authors: Kamali Ashtiani M. J. , Mokhtarzadeh M. , Hamdi M. , Mohseni S. M.
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we investigated the dipolar magnetic coupling in ferromagnetic multi-layered structures. However, this kind of coupling has been extensively studied since the last few decades through the Néel model (orange peel coupling), but most of the analyses were based on mathematically modeling a simple sinusoidal rough interface that hides the details of such a coupling. Therefore, we add a generality to the Néel model via adapting the anisotropic morphological self-affine interfaces that can unravel the details of interesting effects that are technologically important to consider for future magnonic and spintronic devices. The tensorial coupling between the ferromagnetic (FM) layers has been obtained from the magnetostatic energy of a pseudo-spin valve structure (FM/NM/FM). Our findings show that the coupling strength is dependent not only on the roughness properties of the self-affine interfaces but also on the rotational angle between the patterned interfaces. The variation of this orientation angle along with the change of the interface correlation lengths can switch FM coupling to antiferromagnetic coupling and vice versa. These results are advantageous for the engineering and fabrication of magnonic waveguide circuits and spintronic devices specifically in spin valves, magnetoresistive elements, and magnetic tunneling junctions.
On the grid dependence of hydrodynamic stability analysis in solid rocket motors
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Zhuopu , Liu Peijin
Published: March 2020

In this numerical study, we investigate the grid dependence of the Chebyshev collocation algorithm for flow stability analysis of solid rocket motors. Conventional analyses tend to focus on how the errors of the individual eigenvalues depend on the level of grid refinement. Here, we perform a structural error analysis to estimate the overall error of the computed spectrum. First, we validate the structural error analysis on a structural oscillation problem with analytical spectra, yielding a simple linear relation between the number of converged eigenvalues and the number of grid points. We then apply the analysis to Taylor–Culick flow, yielding a similar relation for the converged eigenvalue points. We find that the structural error analysis provides reliable criteria for the grid computation in flow stability analysis of a real solid rocket motor. In studies involving numerical spectra, the proposed structural error provides an alternative tool for error analysis of problems such as Taylor–Culick flow, where the computed individual eigenvalues do not necessarily converge to fixed values with increasing grid refinement.
Nonlinear error field response in the presence of plasma rotation and real frequencies due to favorable curvature
Authors: Akçay Cihan , Finn John M. , Cole Andrew J. , Brennan Dylan P.
Published: March 2020

We present nonlinear NIMROD resistive MHD simulations of the response of a rotating plasma to an error field when the plasma has weakly damped linear tearing modes (TMs), stabilized by a pressure gradient and favorable curvature. The favorable curvature leads to the Glasser effect: the occurrence of real frequencies and stabilization with positive stability index Δ′. A cylinder with hollow pressure is used to model the toroidal favorable curvature. Linear simulations with rotation and an error field ψ̃w show that, in agreement with analytical results, the peak reconnected flux occurs for a rotation rate near the TM phase velocity. Nonlinear simulations with small ψ̃w show that the real frequency and stabilization by the favorable average curvature are masked by a nonlinear effect that occurs for very thin islands: flattening of the pressure across the island, mainly due to sound wave propagation. This flattening causes the disappearance of real frequency and destabilization of the mode, allowing it to grow to large amplitude similar to a β = 0 unstable TM. The flattening of the current for larger islands saturates the mode nonlinearly. In the post-saturation phase, the interaction of the error field with the destabilized spontaneous tearing mode, which rotates with the plasma, leads to oscillations in the Maxwell torque and therefore modulations in the plasma rotation. The islands also rotate with modulated phase velocity, undergoing small-amplitude oscillations due to these modulations. We also present a quasilinear model with an unstable spontaneous TM and error fields, showing that the superposition of these fields results in similar oscillations.
Better understanding of Marangoni flows may help improve floating-zone crystal growth
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: March 2020

Scientists create a flow mode map to predict Marangoni flows and their effect on the growth of silicon germanium crystals.
Patchy distribution of phyto- and zooplankton in large and shallow lagoon under ice cover and resulting trophic interactions
Authors: Kornijów R. , Karpowicz M. , Ejsmont-Karabin J. , Nawrocka L. , de Eyto E. , Grzonkowski K. , Magnuszewski A. , Jakubowska A. , Wodzinowski T. , Woźniczka A.
Published: March 2020

The plankton of coastal lagoons while they are covered by ice is rarely studied. We hypothesised that, under ice: (1) the lack of wind mixing would lead to strong diversification in the spatial distribution of both phyto- and zooplankton communities across the lagoon; and (2) top-down regulation would be small, and would not significantly affect the development of phytoplankton. We tested these hypotheses in Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic Sea) a few weeks after the thickness of the ice had reached 10cm. Considerable horizontal and vertical spatial variation in some physical (turbidity, transparency) and chemical (Cl–, total N and total P) water properties were observed. According to a two-dimensional canonical correspondence analysis, these differences were related to the heterogeneous distribution of several plant and animal taxa, supporting our first hypothesis. The ratio of the total biomass of non-predatory zooplankton (BZp) to the biomass of edible phytoplankton ≤35µm (BPh) was low across the different sampling sites (mean 0.08; range 0.02–017), and differed across the lagoon. However, the significant correlation between BZp and BPh values (Spearman test, r=0.70; P≤0.05) suggests a considerable role of zooplankton filter feeders in controlling the development of phytoplankton. Therefore, top-down control may be quite strong, refuting Hypothesis 2.
Old English law-codes
Authors: Moessner Lilo
Published: March 2020

Law language is a cover-term for different genres of legal texts. The genre of law is characterized as being written, legislative and formal. Quantitative studies on the textual and linguistic structure of Old English (oe) law-codes are lacking so far, but both aspects are analysed in this paper on the basis of a corpus of about 20,000 words. The results of the quantitative-qualitative analysis are compared tooewills on the one hand, and to Early Modern English (emode) and Present-Day English (pde) statutes on the other. The synchronic comparison ofoelaw-codes andoewills reveals that the text structure and the linguistic profile of the genres are very similar. The conclusion to be drawn from this result is that genre properties largely determine the textual and linguistic profile of texts in a given period. The diachronic comparisons show marked differences in the linguistic profile ofoelaw-codes and statutes of later periods.
Pseudo-hortative and the development of the discourse markereti poca(‘well, let’s see’) in Korean
Authors: Rhee Seongha
Published: March 2020

Hortative constructions are good sources of discourse markers (dms) because they have an engaging effect on the addressee. Such an engaging illocutionary effect enables hortative-baseddms to acquire diverse functions, such as attracting and maintaining the addressee’s attention and foiling the interlocutor’s initiating an utterance. Thedmeti poca(‘well, let’s see’; literally ‘where, let’s see’) is not a genuine hortative requesting the addressee to direct visual attention to something or somewhere together with the speaker, but is a strategic signal for management of interaction, information and the speaker’s self. The detailed functions that emerged through time include marking the speaker’s intent to hold the floor by way of filling unwanted pauses, to solicit common ground, to signal responsiveness, to encourage self to better concentrate on a task, and to affirm the self’s stance on the issues at hand.
Text-organizing metadiscourse
Authors: Hyland Ken , Jiang Feng (Kevin)
Published: March 2020

Published academic writing often seems to be an unchanging form of discourse with its frozen informality remaining
stable over time. Recent work has shown, however, that these texts are highly interactive and dialogic as writers anticipate and
take into account readers’ likely objections, background knowledge, rhetorical expectations and processing needs. In this paper,
we explore one aspect of these interactions and how it has changed over the past fifty years. Focusing on what has been called
interactive metadiscourse (Hyland 2005; Hyland and
Tse 2004), or the ways authors organise their material for particular readers, we analyze a corpus of 2.2 million words
compiled from articles in the top journals in four disciplines to discover whether, and to what extent, interactive metadiscourse
has changed in different disciplines since 1965. The results show a considerable increase in an orientation to the reader over
this period, reflecting changes in both research and publication practices.
Effect of minimalist and maximalist shoes on impact loading and footstrike pattern in habitual rearfoot strike trail runners: An in‐field study
Authors: Mo Shiwei , Chan Zoe Y. S. , Lai Kenneth K. Y. , Chan Peter Pak‐Kwan , Wei Rachel Xiao‐Yu , Yung Patrick Shu‐Hang , Shum Gary , Cheung Roy Tsz‐Hei
Published: March 2020

Running‐related injuries among trail runners are very common and footwear selection may modulate the injury risk. However, most previous studies were conducted in a laboratory environment. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two contrasting footwear designs, minimalist (MIN) and maximalist shoes (MAX), on the running biomechanics of trail runners during running on a natural trail. Eighteen habitual rearfoot strike trail runners completed level, uphill and downhill running at their preferred speeds in both shod conditions. Peak tibial acceleration, strike index and footstrike pattern were compared between the two footwear and slopes. Interactions of footwear and slope were not detected for all the selected variables. There was no significant effect from footwear (F = 1.23, p = 0.27) and slope (F = 2.49, p = 0.09) on peak tibial acceleration and there was no footwear effect on strike index (F = 3.82, p = 0.056). A significant main effect of slope on strike index (F = 13.24, p < 0.001) was found. Strike index during uphill running was significantly greater (i.e. landing with a more anterior foot strike) when compared with level (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.72) or downhill running (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.44) in either MIN or MAX. The majority of habitual rearfoot strike runners switched to midfoot strike during uphill running while maintaining a rearfoot strike pattern during level or downhill running. In summary, wearing either one of the two contrasting footwear (MIN or MAX) demonstrated no effect on impact loading and footstrike pattern in habitual rearfoot strike trail runners running on a natural trail with different slopes.
Auditory processing and non-auditory factors associated with hyperacusis in children with auditory processing disorder (APD)
Authors: Ahmmed Ansar Uddin , Mukherjee Dipankar
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Prevalence of hyperacusis in children presenting with listening difficulties (LiD) or developmental auditory processing disorder (APD) is uncertain. The relationships between hyperacusis, auditory profiles and non-auditory factors are unclear, information which is important in understanding and managing APD and hyperacusis.

Method

A retrospective study of 282 children with APD (165 males and 117 females) aged 6–16 years. Hyperacusis was ascertained by parental response to question about ‘oversensitivity to sounds’. Auditory and non-auditory features including anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant symptoms, language profile and non-verbal ability (NVIQ) were compared between those with and without hyperacusis.

Results

Of the 282 children 200 (70.9%) had hyperacusis. There were no significant differences in age, NVIQ and auditory processing profiles between the two groups (p > .05). In addition to poor speech perception in noise 79% of children performed poorly mainly in temporal processing and/or dichotic listening tests. The hyperacusis group had significantly more anxiety, hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant symptoms and pragmatic language impairment when analyzed separately. However, only anxiety and language impairment were significant in binary logistic regression analyses.

Conclusions

The prevalence of hyperacusis is high in APD, but auditory processing profiles were similar in those with and without hyperacusis. The high prevalence of anxiety, externalising behaviour, pragmatic language impairment in those with hyperacusis noted in APD is similar to those reported in children with autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome. However, when shared variances are addressed only anxiety and language impairment predicted hyperacusis. Holistic auditory processing assessment is suggested in hyperacusis.
Holding and transferring matter-wave solitons against gravity by spin–orbit-coupling tweezers
Authors: Liu Bin , Zhong Rongxuan , Chen Zhaopin , Qin Xizhou , Zhong Honghua , Li Yongyao , Malomed Boris A
Published: March 2020

We consider possibilities to grasp and drag one-dimensional solitons in two-component Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs), under the action of gravity, by tweezers induced by spatially confined spin–orbit (SO) coupling applied to the BEC, with the help of focused laser illumination. Solitons of two types are considered, semi-dipoles and mixed modes. We find critical values of the gravity force, up to which the solitons may be held or transferred by the tweezers. The dependence of the critical force on the magnitude and spatial extension of the localized SO interaction, as well as on the soliton’s norm and speed (in the transfer regime), are systematically studied by means of numerical methods, and analytically with the help of a quasi-particle approximation for the soliton. In particular, a noteworthy finding is that the critical gravity force increases with the increase of the transfer speed (i.e., moving solitons are more robust than quiescent ones). Nonstationary regimes are addressed too, by considering abrupt application of gravity to solitons created in the weightless setting. In that case, solitons feature damped shuttle motion, provided that the gravity force does not exceed a dynamical critical value, which is smaller than its static counterpart. The results may help to design gravimeters based on ultracold atoms.
An Update to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Baseline Wind Turbine Controller
Authors: Abbas Nikhar J. , Wright Alan , Pao Lucy
Published: March 2020

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s 5-MW wind turbine model is well established as an industry standard and is often used as a comparison model, or a model on which to build upon. Though effective, the legacy controller for the 5-MW wind turbine uses a simple algorithm that is not up to date with many industry standards. Additionally, as the research community has advanced into fast-paced development cycles, as systems engineering tools such as Wind-Plant Integrated System Design & Engineering Model (WISDEM ®) [1] are employed, and as a greater focus on controls co-design practices is encouraged, demand for a generic wind turbine controller has arisen. This work presents updates for the NREL 5-MW controller to a more modern control architecture, and establishes a generic tuning framework that can be easily adapted to various wind turbines. Based on initial results, the updated generic controller eases the automatic tuning process while maintaining or improving the performance of the legacy NREL 5-MW controller.
The Collegiate Wind Competition – Undergraduate Education through Student Competition
Authors: Stewart S W , Willy D M
Published: March 2020

The Department of Energy has offered the Collegiate Wind Competition (CWC) since 2014. Penn State and Northern Arizona University are two of four Universities that have fielded teams in each of the competitions since this inaugural year. This paper aims to highlight the ways in which these two programs have integrated the CWC into their curriculum, evolving with time, and also how this competition has tried to meet the needs of providing a diverse, educated workforce prepared for a wide variety of tasks in the wind industry.
Simulation of Hurricane Loading for Proposed Offshore Windfarms off the US Northeast Coast
Authors: Kresning Boma , Reza Hashemi M , Gallucci Clara
Published: March 2020

The development of offshore wind projects off the US northeast coast requires a comprehensive assessment of extreme loads generated by hurricanes. In this study, we demonstrated that using simplified methods based on observed data at nearby stations (e.g., measure-correlate-predict algorithms) to assess wind and wave loads during extreme conditions may lead to significant errors. We used an advanced ocean modeling system (COAWST: Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport) to assess environmental loading at the proposed wind farm sites offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts. After validation of the COAWST model using historical hurricanes (e.g., Hurricane Sandy in 2012), a number of synthetic tropical storms that represented wind with various probabilities (e.g., 50-year return period) were simulated. The spatial and temporal variability of the wind and wave loads within the proposed sites were assessed. Nearly 40% variability of wave loads was shown in the proposed sites. The results indicated the advantage of more advanced modeling systems for extreme load characterization, in which wind and wave fields in offshore wind farms can be resolved.
Damping the floater motion of vertical-axis wind turbines using load optimisation
Authors: De Tavernier D. , Viré A. , Ferreira C.
Published: March 2020

In this work, we demonstrate to what extent it is possible to use load optimisation to aerodynamically damp the floater motion of vertical-axis wind turbines. The loadform of a VAWT can be altered to the desired objective using an individual blade-pitch schedule. A coupled hydro- and aerodynamic simulation tool is built solving the equation of motion of the floating system in which the hydrodynamic loads and (frequency-dependent) matrices are modelled using the potential flow theory and the aerodynamic loads are computed using the Actuator Cylinder model. A blade-pitch optimisation schedule is included to redistribute the loads over the actuator with the objective to counter-act the hydrodynamic loads as much as possible without significant power loss. Using the simulation tool, it is shown that an intelligently determined blade-pitch schedule can decrease the floater motion, however, the potential of reducing the floater motion is limited by the fact that the aerodynamic loads are significantly smaller than the hydrodynamic loads especially for rough sea states.
Acoustic Sensing Based Operational Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades
Authors: Inalpolat Murat , Niezrecki Christopher
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a general overview of the different aspects of a novel structural health monitoring technique developed for wind turbine blades. The proposed technique is based upon detecting the changes in acoustic transmission loss due to structural deformation and damage incurred. This acoustics-based damage detection technique consists of two complementary approaches, namely, the active and passive acoustic damage detection approaches. The proposed approaches can be applied to both onshore and offshore turbines and requires minimum number of acoustic sensors positioned internal and external to the blade structure. Both approaches will be detailed from the structural health monitoring, acoustics, aeroacoustics as well as the practical implementation perspective. The potential benefits of using the proposed approaches and the corresponding technology on wind turbine blades is also discussed.
Simulations for Effect of Surface Roughness on Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Performance
Authors: Jung Yong Su , Baeder James
Published: March 2020

In the present study, blade surface roughness effects on the aerodynamic performance of NREL Phase VI wind turbine rotor are investigated using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation. The rotating rotor component is modeled using an overset mesh system and computations are conducted using an in-house heterogeneous CFD framework based on both CPUs and GPUs. The effect of laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition on the blade is included using the γ –

R

e

θ
t

¯

– SA model. The surface roughness effects on both the turbulent boundary layer and boundary layer transition are modeled through extensions of turbulence and transition models. The locally distributed roughness at the leading edge zone is applied for both S809 airfoil and NREL Phase VI rotor simulations. The roughness effects on the airfoil performance are captured, and the prediction shows reasonable agreement with the experimental data. In the case of the rotor simulation, the surface roughness affects the performance differently depending on the wind speed. At the operating wind speed with attached flows, the roughness decreases the performance due to the roughness-induced transition occurring at the leading edge. On the other hand, at the higher wind speed, this transition induces less flow separation on the leeward side of blade, which is favorable to the performance. As the wind speed increased further, the flow become fully separated and the roughness effect is minor.