bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of diamond‐like carbon nano‐coating deposited with RF PECVD method on UV‐induced long‐period fibre gratings
Authors: Krogulski Krzysztof , Śmietana Mateusz , Michalak Bartosz , Dębowska Anna K. , Dudek Mariusz , Witkowski Bartłomiej S. , Mikulic Predrag , Bock Wojtek J.
Published: July 2014

The paper discusses the properties of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) thin overlays deposited with radio frequency plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition (RF PECVD) method on optical fibres with long‐period fibre gratings (LPFGs) induced by UV irradiation. In consequence of low deposition temperature, the UV‐induced LPFGs can be coated with DLC without damaging the thermally‐instable grating structure. We have found that properties of the DLC overlays highly depend on a distance between the LPFG and electrode in the deposition chamber. Moreover, the response of the LPFG to variation in external refractive index (RI) can be tuned by deposition of DLC nano‐overlay. For the investigated DLC‐coated LPFGs we obtained sensitivity reaching over 3000 nm per RI unit in the range of nD = 1.33 to 1.37 RIU, which is almost 12 fold higher than for the LPFGs with no overlay in the same RI range.
Comparison between experimental and simulated strain profiles in Ge channels with embedded source/drain stressors
Authors: Bühler R. , Eneman G. , Favia P. , Bender H. , Vincent B. , Hikavyy A. , Loo R. , Martino J. A. , Claeys C. , Simoen E. , Collaert N. , Thean A.
Published: July 2014

Two planar Ge‐based MOSFET structures were analysed for n‐ and p‐type transistors with tensile and compressive strain implemented in the <110> channel direction using source/drain stressors. Strain profiles measured by nano‐beam diffraction (NBD) have been compared with Sentaurus process simulations. The TCAD simulations were tuned with the actual process using NBD measurements, resulting in a more realistic simulation and, therefore, a more reliable interpretation is now possible. dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy images added to the strain profiles returned interesting results about the Ge virtual substrate condition and how it disturbs the NBD readings due to the presence of extended defects in strain relaxed Ge buffer layers. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Viability of the use of an a‐SiC:H multilayer device in a domestic VLC application
Authors: Louro P. , Silva V. , Vieira M. A. , Vieira M.
Published: July 2014

In this paper the viability of an integrated wavelength optical filter and photodetector for visible light communication (VLC) is discussed. The proposed application uses indoor warm light lamps lighting accomplished by ultra‐bright light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) pulsed at frequencies higher than the ones perceived by the human eye. The system was analyzed at two different wavelengths in the visible spectrum (430 nm and 626 nm) with variable optical intensities. The signals were transmitted into free space and measured using a multilayered photodetector based on a‐SiC:H/a‐Si:H. The detector works as an optical filter with controlled wavelength sensitivity through the use of optical bias. The output photocurrent was measured for different optical intensities of the transmitted optical signal and the extent of each signal was tested. The influence of environmental fluorescent lighting was also analysed in order to test the strength of the system. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement of IR photoluminescence of β‐FeSi2 nanocrystals by Cu‐doping and study of its mechanism
Authors: Maeda Yoshihito , Tatsumi Takahide , Kawakubo Yuki , Noguchi Yuya , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Narumi Kazumasa , Sakai Seiji
Published: July 2014

We have investigated the IR photoluminescence (PL) behavior of Cu‐doped β‐FeSi2 nanocrystals (β‐NCs) embedded in Si layers. The diffusion rate of Cu atom was controlled by annealing. The most appropriate condition brought the largest intensities of both the intrinsic A band emission at 0.803 eV by 214% and the acceptor related C band emission at ∼0.75 eV by 582% in comparison with those of non‐doped β‐NCs. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) revealed increase of Cu atoms in the Si layer with β‐NCs with increasing the anneal duration.

The C band enhancement surely is originated from increase of a density of state at acceptor levels relating to increase of Cu in β‐lattice. Photocarrier injection PL measurements (PCI‐PL) reveal that the enhancement of the A band emission may be attributed to a controlled migration process of holes with a repeated trap process due to Cu‐doping into the Si phase. This dynamic condition leads to an increase of valence band offset at the β‐NCs/Si heterointerfaces where the migration of holes from the β‐NCs to Si is prevented, so that a radiative recombination rate can be enhanced. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A first principle study of adsorption of two proximate nitrogen atoms on graphene
Authors: Rani Babita , Dharamvir Keya
Published: July 2014

Different possible configurations of two nitrogen‐adatoms on graphene are studied using density functional theory. Adsorption of single nitrogen atom on the bridge site of graphene is accompanied by distortion of the sheet. Electronically, this case amounts to p‐type doping. Two N atoms adsorbed on the graphene sheet can share a bond in two ways. They acquire positions either just above two adjacent carbon atoms or they form a bridge across opposite bonds of a hexagon in the sheet. Both these configurations also induce structural distortion of the sheet. Another stable configuration consists of two N atoms bonded as an N2 molecule physisorbed on the graphene sheet. It is also possible to adsorb two N atoms on opposite sides of the graphene sheet, bonded to the same two C atoms. Moreover, two N atoms can be individually adsorbed on alternate bridge sites of neighboring hexagons experiencing a repulsion, the energy for which arises from the additional distortion of the graphene sheet. The densities of states near the Fermi level are found to be dependent on the adsorption configurations of two nitrogen atoms on graphene. Thus the electronic properties of graphene can be controlled by the selective adsorption of two nitrogen atoms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure and properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/montmorillonite composites produced from plastisols
Authors: Zheng Xiaoran , Gilbert Marianne
Published: July 2014

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared from plastisols. The concentrations of plasticizer and montmorillonite were varied. The composites were characterized by both X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, which indicated that intercalated nanocomposites were prepared, but that the distribution of clay was not uniform on the nanoscale. Plasticizer migration was found to decrease with increasing concentration of clay and could be reduced by 25% when 3 wt% of Cloisite 30B was added in formulations containing 100 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of resin) of plasticizer. Montmorillonite was found to reduce the tensile properties of PVC, especially when the plasticizer concentration was low, i.e., 50 phr. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:140–145, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Poly(styrene)‐ and Poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate)‐graft‐hydrogenated natural rubber latex: Aspect on synthesis, properties, and compatibility
Authors: Sakorn Siriporn , Rempel Garry L. , Prasassarakich Pattarapan , Hinchiranan Napida
Published: July 2014

The undesirable properties of natural rubber (NR) can be improved via hydrogenation and graft copolymerization. Hydrogenated NR (HNR) latex was prepared via diimide reduction and then grafted with styrene (ST) or ST/methyl methacrylate (MMA) to form poly(ST)‐graft‐HNR (poly(ST)‐g‐HNR, GHNRS) or poly(ST‐co‐MMA)‐g‐HNR (GHNRSM), respectively. For the grafting of ST monomer onto HNR particles, the %monomer conversion and %grafting efficiency (%GE) were monitored as functions of %hydrogenation, monomer and initiator concentrations, temperature, and time. Under the optimum condition (HNR with 54.3% hydrogenation; 100 phr of ST, 1 phr of initiator at 50°C for 8 h), maximum %conversion and %GE of 44.6% and 36.9%, respectively, were achieved. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the HNR grafted with ST or ST/MMA had higher decomposition temperature than an ungrafted one. When these graft products were blended at 10% (w/w) with acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) resin, the GHNRS/ABS and GHNRSM/ABS composites exhibited the higher flexural strength and heat aging tolerance compared to the ungrafted HNR/ABS composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed the higher degree of homogeneity at the fractural surface, supporting the higher compatibility between the ABS and the GHNRS or GHNRSM phases in the blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:100–109, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of polymerization catalyst technology on the melt processing stability of polyethylenes, Part 3: Additives blends performance
Authors: del Teso Sánchez Karmele , Allen Norman S. , Liauw Christopher M. , Edge Michelle
Published: July 2014

This article considers the interaction between additives that occur during the stabilization process. The simultaneous effects of the additives and associated interactions on melt processing stability and processing discoloration were of particular interest. Melt stability is an important factor to consider because physical changes in the processed polymer can occur during the compounding and fabrication steps. Furthermore, discoloration is one of the most important problems affecting commercial polymers. Most discoloration manifests itself as yellowing, especially in the case of polyolefins. Although yellowing can often be associated with degradation processes caused by various agents, such as light or heat, this is not always the case; yellowing can also be due to the interaction of additives in the stabilizer packages. Blends of primary antioxidants (AOs), secondary AOs, and hindered amine light stabilizers have been studied with the intention of further improving stabilization performance together with cost reduction of the stabilized polymer. Although synergism between AOs and a stabilizer is fairly common, antagonism was also observed in terms of melt flow protection and in color stability in some of the AOs tested. The effects of a range of thermal and light stabilizers on the melt stability (investigated via multiple pass extrusion) and color stability of three different polyethylenes (PEs) were examined. The PEs varied in terms of the catalyst system used to synthesize the polymers and included a high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) produced by using a chromium‐based Phillips catalyst and two linear low‐density polyethylenes (LLDPEs) produced via chromium‐based metallocene and titanium‐based Ziegler‐Natta catalysts. The apparent lack of influence of polymerization catalyst system on the mode of stabilizer interaction should lead to the reassessment of stabilizer formulation strategies in relation to PE type/catalyst system and associated commercial/economic considerations. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:117–127, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evolution of symposia on the interface of computing and statistics defines data science to be the interface
Authors: Goodman Arnold
Published: July 2014

Goal of this article is to document evolution of the Interface and its Symposia, from their conception and birth when small data were analyzed with Statistics in the mid 20th Century until Big Data are now analyzed with Data Science in the early 21st Century. Wilfrid Dixon's 1961 BMD Statistical Program Package was a pioneer predictor of Computing in Statistics, and Arthur Samuel's 1965 presentation on using game‐branch probabilities in teaching ILLIAC I to play checkers was a pioneer predictor of Statistics in Computing. Such predictors produced a perception that future interactions of Computing and Statistics might constitute a significant and productive Interface of Computing and Statistics. Another perception included Computing and Statistics with Computing in Statistics and Statistics in Computing. This presented the challenge of organizing an Interface Symposium, to introduce the Interface to a vibrant environment for Computing and Statistics in Southern California. Presentations at the Symposia reveal that small data are in the process of becoming Big Data, while Computing in Statistics and Machine Learning are becoming the Interface, and the Interface is becoming Data Science.Data Science, the first comprehensive Journal onData Science, another 1 of the 15 ASA Journals as well as 3 of 21 ASA Sections constitute a proud heritage for Interface and its Symposia. Perspective of the article is shaped by 60 years of pioneering and continuously contributing to the Interface and its Symposia, which few can match.WIREs Comput Stat2014, 6:367–377. doi: 10.1002/wics.1316

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Organizations and Publications
Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of the 3D Lanthanide Organic Frameworks with N‐Heterocyclic Polycarboxylic Acids
Authors: Yang Ai‐Hong , Zhao Li‐Hua , Qi Xue‐Jie , Lu Yi‐Wei
Published: July 2014

Four 3D lanthanide organic frameworks from potassium pyrazine‐2, 3, 5, 6‐tetracarboxylate (K4pztc) or potassium pyridine‐2, 3, 5, 6‐tetracarboxylate (K4pdtc), namely, {[KEu(pztc)(H2O)2]·H2O}n (1), {[KTb(pztc)(H2O)2]·1.25H2O}n (2), {[KLn(pdtc)(H2O)]·H2O}n [Ln = Gd (3), Ho (4)], were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding lanthanide oxides with K4pztc or K4pdtc in presence of HCl under hydrothermal conditions, and characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, IR and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as X‐ray diffraction. In complexes 1 and 2, the dodecadentate chelator pztc4– links four LnIII ions and four KI ions. The coordination mode of the pztc4– ligand is reported for the first time herein. Complexes 3 and 4 are isostructural with earlier reported Nd, Dy, Er complexes. Moreover, the EuIII and TbIII complexes exhibit the characteristic luminescence.
Synthesis, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of New Thiocyanato Coordination Polymers with 4‐(3‐Phenylpropyl)pyridine as Ligand
Authors: Werner Julia , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: July 2014

The reaction of different metal salts with 4‐(3‐phenylpropyl)pyridine (ppp) lead to the formation of compounds of composition M(NCS)2(ppp)4 [M = Mn (Mn‐1); Fe (Fe‐1), Ni (Ni‐1); Cd (Cd‐1)], M(NCS)2(ppp)2(H2O)2 [M = Mn (Mn‐2); Ni (Ni‐2)] and [M(NCS)2(ppp)2]n [M = Mn (Mn‐3); Ni (Ni‐3); Cd (Cd‐3)]. On heating compounds M‐1 decompose without the formation of any ppp deficient intermediate. In contrast, on heating, Ni‐2 transforms into a compound of composition M(NCS)2(ppp)2 that does not correspond to Ni‐3. Unfortunately, this compound is of low crystallinity and therefore, its structure cannot be determined. The crystal structures of compounds M‐1 and M‐2 consist of discrete complexes, in which the metal cations are octahedrally coordinated. In compounds M‐3 the metal cations are linked by pairs of μ‐1,3‐bridging anions into chains. IR spectroscopic investigations show, that the value of the asymmetric CN stretching vibration depend on the coordination mode of the anionic ligand as well as on the nature of the metal cation. Magnetic measurements reveal that Ni‐3 shows only Curie‐Weiss behavior without any magnetic anomaly. A similar behavior is also found for Ni‐3. Comparison of the magnetic properties of Ni‐3 with those of similar compounds indicates that the magnetic properties are only minor influenced by the Co‐ligand.
Is preference a predictor of enrichment efficacy in Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis nigra)?
Authors: Mehrkam Lindsay R. , Dorey Nicole R.
Published: July 2014

It is widely acknowledged that environmental enrichment plays an important role in promoting the welfare of captive animals. However, a topic of debate is whether an animal's preference for an enrichment strategy is any indicator of its efficacy. In addition, relatively few studies have evaluated environmental enrichment strategies for non‐mammalian species. In the present study, we compared the results of an observational evaluation of enrichment efficacy with the results of a paired‐stimulus preference assessment for three Galapagos tortoises. In the observational study, object enrichment (boomer balls and a free‐flowing sprinkler) and keeper interactions (shell scrubbing and neck rubbing) were evaluated systematically for their effects on locomotion, species‐typical behavior, aggressive and non‐aggressive conspecific interactions, and enclosure. Preference assessments were subsequently conducted in which subjects could choose the enrichment strategy to be implemented. All subjects preferred keeper interactions consistently over object enrichment. Our results suggest that enrichment preference was a variable predictor of efficacy across enrichment species‐typical behavior, activity levels, enclosure use, and aggressive and non‐aggressive conspecific interactions strategies. Preference predicted efficacy for promoting species‐typical behavior (1/3 subjects), activity levels (2/3 subjects), and enclosure use (2/3 subjects), but not conspecific interactions (0/3 subjects). The results suggest that preference may be an efficient predictor of enrichment efficacy when daily observational evaluations are not practical; however, the predictive utility of preference assessments may depend on the behavioral goal of the enrichment strategy. We discuss the need for future research examining the relationship between preference and enrichment efficacy—as well as other potential indicators of enrichment effectiveness—in captive animals. Zoo Biol. 33:275–284, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A horizon scan for species conservation by zoos and aquariums
Authors: Gusset Markus , Fa John E. , Sutherland William J. ,   the Horizon Scanners for Zoos and Aquariums
Published: July 2014

We conducted the first horizon scan for zoos and aquariums to identify the 10 most important emerging issues for species conservation. This involved input from more than 100 experts from both the wider conservation community and the world zoo and aquarium community. Some of the issues are globally important: diseases, zoonoses, and biosecurity issues; new (communication) technologies; global water shortage and food insecurity; developing economies and markets for wildlife consumption; changes in wildlife population dynamics; and political instability and conflicts. Other issues are more specific to zoos and aquariums: need for extractive reserves; space shortage in zoos and aquariums; need for metapopulation management; and demand for caring of more species in zoos and aquariums. We also identified some broad approaches to these issues. Addressing the emerging issues identified in our horizon scan will further increase the contribution of the world zoo and aquarium community to global biodiversity conservation. Zoo Biol. 33:375–380, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Hyaluronidase Alters the Lipid Profile of Cumulus Cells as Detected by MALDI‐TOF MS and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Montani Daniela Antunes , Regiani Thaís , Victorino Amanda Begati , Camillo Jacqueline , Pilau Eduardo Jorge , Gozzo Fábio Cesar , Zylbersztejn Daniel Suslik , Ferreira Christina Ramires , Lo Turco Edson Guimarães
Published: July 2014

This research aimed to study the changes in lipid composition in cumulus cells using hyaluronidase according to the intracytoplasmic sperm injection protocol commonly used in human reproduction clinics. The lipid extraction was performed by the Blight‐Dyer protocol and the lipid profiles were obtained by MALDI‐TOF MS in positive and negative modes. The mass spectra data were processed with MassLynx and the statistical analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 2.0. Fifteen ions were selected for each mode as potential markers for differences between the groups. These ions were identified in the human metabolome database as phosphatidylserine with and without treatment, phosphatidylethanolamine in the after treatment group and phosphatidylinositol in the before treatment group, which are lipids that may be involved in cell apoptosis and signaling. We concluded that MALDI‐TOF MS coupled with multivariate analysis can be utilized as a strategy to obtain and study the lipid profiles of cumulus cells and as a tool to study the metabolic state of cumulus cells.
Gas‐Assisted Oilseed Pressing on an Industrial Scale
Authors: Müller Marcus , Eggers Rudolf
Published: July 2014

In previous work, gas‐assisted pressing (GAP) was evaluated in linear piston oil presses. These tests were important to determine optimal operating conditions and the effective mechanisms of GAP operations in modified‐cage screw presses. To test whether this technique can be applied on an industrial scale, a GAP screw‐press test run of rapeseed was performed on an industrial scale. Residual oil levels were reduced to 7.7 wt% by gas assistance at an average CO2 pressure of 12.5 MPa compared with 9.9 wt% achieved by conventional pressing with the same process. The high residual values were due to the cold pre‐pressing nature of the experiment. The test run achieved a steady‐state operation. Oil quality was improved, and a payback period of investment under these conditions was conservatively calculated to be approximately 3 years. A predictive model of the increase in oil yield achievable with gas assistance is presented, and the results indicate that a temperature decrease below 361 K results in an even better oil yield. Therefore, gas assistance is a promising technique for the cold pressing of oilseeds.
A New Concept for the On-Line Storage of Sample Plates, Integrated with Plate Preparation for High-Throughput Screening and ‘Cherry-Picking”
Authors: van den Broek Jacques H.M. , Kuijpers Will H.A. , de Boer Thijs , Connick Jonathan H.
Published: July 2014

Recently Organon installed automated screening and plate preparation systems for its research facilities in Oss (The Netherlands) and Newhouse (UK). These robotic systems have been developed in close collaboration between Organon and Scitec Laboratory Automation (Lausanne, Switzerland), now part of the Zymark corporation.

Each of the systems consists of three linear track robots, one of which performs the screening process using standard peripherals. The other two robots take care of the plate preparation and ‘cherry-picking’ procedures. To this end, copies of our total mother plate collection are stored under controlled conditions in Scitec plate stackers (AutoStack) that can be addressed by one of the two robots. The system is designed in such a way that the loading and refreshment of the on-line storage, screening-plate preparation, and ‘cherry-picking’ can be executed automatically in 24 hours operation.
Controlling a Twister II with VBA and the Zymark ZyRobot ICP
Authors: Pechter David S.
Published: July 2014

A Visual Basic for Applications program was developed for direct control of a Twister II robot using the Zymark ZyRobot_ICP. Direct control enables automated check-out of the robot, and automated measurement of the plate stacks prior to a robot run. Normal operation of the robot program is performed with just two buttons.
Microfluidic Enabling Platform for Cell-based Assays
Authors: Williams V. , Kashanin D. , Shvets I. V. , Mitchell S. , Volkov Y. , Kelleher D.
Published: July 2014

We have developed proprietary technologies for executing continuous flow assays in biochips which mimic human capillaries. Such technologies are integral to the rapidly growing laboratory instrumentation sector for applications in drug discovery, biotechnology, medical diagnostics and environmental studies. A common link between all sectors is the movement toward miniaturization to increase throughput, accuracy and efficiency in the development of new drugs. The miniaturization process itself leads to a demand for new instruments and tools capable of handling microlitre quantities of biological fluids and reagents, thus, we present an instrument which is capable of doing so in the form of a microfluidic enabling platform.
XUNZI'S CRITICISM OF ZISI—NEW PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Huang Kuan-yun
Published: July 2014

This study considers Xunzi's criticism of Zisi, Confucius' grandson, providing a detailed analysis of some of the most famous but also difficult passages in theXunzi. By drawing on the newly excavated text, “Wuxing” (The five conducts), the study shows that not only did Xunzi have an intimate knowledge of Zisi's teachings, but in fact he had available to him a certain version of the “Wuxing.” This understanding makes it possible to evaluate Xunzi's role as a reporter of Zisi's teachings, and to the extent that Xunzi reported these teachings fairly and accurately, the study offers specific suggestions for reimagining a period that has been little understood in Early Chinese intellectual history, or the transition from Confucius to Mencius.
Uniform derivation of Coulomb collisional transport thanks to Debye shielding
Authors: Escande D. F. , Elskens Yves , Doveil F.
Published: July 2014

The effective potential acting on particles in plasmas being essentially the Debye-shielded Coulomb potential, the particles collisional transport in thermal equilibrium is calculated for all impact parameters b, with a convergent expression reducing to Rutherford scattering for small b. No cutoff at the Debye length scale is needed, and the Coulomb logarithm is only slightly modified.
Nanoparticles in direct-current discharges: Growth and electrostatic coupling
Authors: Kumar K. Kishor , Couëdel L. , Arnas C.
Published: July 2014

The formation of nanoparticles from the sputtering of graphite and tungsten cathodes in direct-current discharges is investigated. The successive phases of growth present specificities according to the cathode material. The evolution of the discharge and plasma parameters during the growth phases accounts for the nanoparticle-plasma electrostatic coupling. This evolution also presents strong differences as a function of the cathode material. Features characterising each case are discussed.
Electrical potential difference during laser welding
Authors: Zohm H. , Ambrosy G. , Lackner K.
Published: July 2014

We present a new model for the generation of thermoelectric currents during laser welding, taking into account sheath effects at both contact points as well as the potential drop within the quasi-neutral plasma generated by the laser. We show that the model is in good agreement with experimentally measured electric potential difference between the hot and the cold parts of the welded workpiece. In particular, all three elements of the model are needed to correctly reproduce the sign of the measured voltage difference. The mechanism proposed relies on the temperature dependence of the electron flux from the plasma to the workpiece and hence does not need thermoemission from the workpiece surface to explain the experimentally observed sign and magnitude of the potential drop.
Hiatus resolution and linking ‘r’ in Australian English
Authors: Cox Felicity , Palethorpe Sallyanne , Buckley Linda , Bentink Samantha
Published: July 2014

Hiatus occurs when the juxtaposition of syllables results in two separate vowels occurring alongside one another. Such vowel adjacency, both within words and across word boundaries, is phonologically undesirable in many languages but can be resolved using a range of strategies including consonant insertion. This paper examines linguistic and extralinguistic factors that best predict the likelihood of inserted linking ‘r’ across word boundaries in Australian English. Corpus data containing a set of 32 phrases produced in a sentence-reading task by 103 speakers were auditorily and acoustically analysed. Results reveal that linguistic variables of accentual context and local speaking rate take precedence over speaker-specific variables of age, gender and sociolect in the management of hiatus. We interpret this to be a reflection of the phonetic manifestation of boundary phenomena. The frequency of the phrase containing the linking ‘r’, the frequency of an individual's use of linking ‘r’, and the accentual status of the flanking vowels all affect the /ɹ/ strength (determined by F3), suggesting that a hybrid approach is warranted in modelling liaison. Age effects are present for certain prosodic contexts indicating change in progress for Australian English.
An acoustic study of trans-vocalic ejective pairs in Cochabamba Quechua
Authors: Gallagher Gillian , Whang James
Published: July 2014

Cochabamba Quechua disallows pairs of ejectives within roots (*[k’it’ɑ]), but this structure may arise across word boundaries, e.g. [misk’it’ɑntɑ] ‘good bread’. This paper presents an acoustic study of these phonotactically legal, trans-vocalic ejective pairs that occur at word boundaries. It is found that Cochabamba Quechua speakers de-ejectivize one of the two ejectives in such phrases a significant portion of the time, and that, in correct productions with two ejectives, the period between the two ejectives is lengthened by increasing the duration of the vowel and the closure duration of the second ejective.
Kedayan
Authors: Soderberg Craig D.
Published: July 2014

In Malaysia, Kedayan (ISO code ‘kxd’) speakers are found primarily in the state of Sabah, the state of Sarawak, and the federal territory of Labuan, which is an offshore island near Sabah. Lewis (2009) classifies Kedayan as one of the many Malayic dialects within the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian languages.
Pitjantjatjara
Authors: Tabain Marija , Butcher Andrew
Published: July 2014

Pitjantjatjara is a dialect of the Western Desert Language (WDL) of central Australia (Douglas 1958). The Western Desert Language is a member of the south-west Pama-Nyungan group. Together with Warnman, it forms the Wati sub-group. It is spoken by 4000–5000 people, and covers the widest geographical area of any language in Australia, stretching from Woomera in central northern South Australia, as far west as Kalgoorlie and Meekatharra and north to Balgo Hills, in Western Australia. The main dialects, which differ most in regards the lexicon but also to some extent in grammar and phonology, include Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Ngaatjatjarra, Southern Luritja, Pintupi-Luritja, Kukatja, Gugarda, Ngalia, Wangkatja, Wangkatha, Manyjilyjarra, Kartutjarra and Yurlparija. It is perhaps more accurately conceived of as a dialect chain, whereby a dialect such as Pitjantjatjara is mutually intelligible with its neighbours Ngaanyatjatjarra and Yankunytjatjara, but not with dialects more distant than these, such as Kukatja and Manyjilyjarra.
In Memoriam
Authors: Keating Patricia A.
Published: July 2014

Dr Juha-Pertti Laaksonen (24 September 1963 – 19 March 2013), Medical Sciences Department, Indiana University, Bloomington USA; previously Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Turku, Finland.
Incorporation of the International Phonetic Association
Authors: Keating Patricia A.
Published: July 2014

On 22 February 2014, the IPA Council voted to form a limited company, ‘The International Phonetic Association Ltd’, in the UK. By the time of publication of this issue of the Journal, the Association expects to have completed all necessary steps to do so. Incorporation will make banking much easier for the Association, but should have no effect on members or on how the Association conducts its affairs.
Where now for protected areas? Setting the stage for the 2014 World Parks Congress
Authors: Dudley Nigel , Groves Craig , Redford Kent H. , Stolton Sue
Published: July 2014

Protected areas are regarded as the most important tool in the conservation toolbox. They cover > 12% of the Earth's terrestrial area, with over half of this designated since 1970, and are thus a unique example of governments and other stakeholders consciously changing management of land and water at a significant scale. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has a global programme to complete ecologically-representative protected area networks, and this is driving the creation of large numbers of new protected areas. But there is also growing criticism of protected areas because of the social costs of protection and doubts about their effectiveness. We acknowledge this criticism but believe that it is over-stated and applied to a protected area model that has already been replaced by newer thinking. As protected areas are becoming more complex in concept and more complicated in management, we review the six most important changes affecting them over the last 2 decades: (1) a new protected area definition with more emphasis on nature conservation; (2) a plurality of management and governance models; (3) acknowledgement of wider protected area benefits beyond nature conservation; (4) greater social safeguards for protected areas; (5) evidence that protected areas are effective conservation tools; and (6) a new emphasis on larger protected areas, transboundary protected areas, connectivity conservation and landscape approaches. We conclude by considering fresh challenges as a result of policy changes and the global criminal wildlife trade, and consider the potential of the forthcoming 2014 IUCN World Parks Congress.
An Intellectual Entertainment: A Dialogue on Mind and Body
Authors: Hacker P. M. S.
Published: July 2014

This dialogue on the mind/body relation is a sequel to my dialogue ‘On the Nature of the Mind’, but can be read independently of it. The five disputants include an imaginary neuroscientist from California, an Oxford don from the 1950s, a lady, Peter Strawson and Alan White. They examine the peculiar idioms of having: having a body, having a mind, having a soul and having a self. To have a mind, it is concluded, is not to own anything, but to be able to do a variety of things: to reason from premises to conclusions; to act, think, and feel things for reasons. To have a body is to possess a variety of somatic characteristics. Hence a distinction is drawn between the body one is, and the body one has. Accordingly, the problem of the relation between my mind and my body simply disintegrates, since there can be no relation between my intellectual abilities and my somatic features.
Accurate calculation of radiation damping parameters in the interaction between very intense laser beams and relativistic electron beams
Authors: Popa Alexandru
Published: July 2014

We prove that the radiation damping force and the rate of change of the damping energy, in the Landau-Lifshitz forms, in interactions between very intense laser beams and relativistic electron beams, are periodic functions of only one variable, that is the phase of the electromagnetic field. The property is proved without using any approximation, in the most general case, when the degree of polarization of the electromagnetic field, the initial phase of the incident field and the initial energy of the electron have arbitrary values. This property leads to a strong simplification of the calculation of the radiation reaction parameters and of their dependence on the initial electron energy and angular frequency of the laser beam. Our analysis is performed in the proper inertial system of the electron. The radiation reaction is significant for laser beam intensities of the order 1022 W/cm2, and for electron energy greater than 1 GeV. The calculations reveal limitations of the method of generating hard radiations by interactions between laser beams and relativistic electron beams.
Realization of foot rotation by breaking the kinematic contact constraint
Authors: Chen Xuechao , Huang Qiang , Yu Zhangguo , Li Jing , Ma Gan , Meng Libo , Gao Junyao
Published: July 2014

Previous research has revealed that foot rotation of the supporting foot in a single support phase could increase walking speed. This paper presents a method for force-controlled bipeds to realize foot rotation by breaking the kinematic contact constraint between the supporting foot and the ground. An inverse dynamics controller is proposed to make the biped model controllable even when the constraint is broken. In addition, a linear inverted pendulum model is extended to make its ZMP adjustable so that the ZMP can be predefined as required. When the planned ZMP is in the toe, the kinematic contact constraint will be broken and foot rotation can be achieved. A walking simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, Belgium, 2010
Authors: BRAEYE T. , DE SCHRIJVER K. , WOLLANTS E. , van RANST M. , VERHAEGEN J.
Published: July 2014

On 6 December 2010 a fire in Hemiksem, Belgium, was extinguished by the fire brigade with both river water and tap water. Local physicians were asked to report all cases of gastroenteritis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 1000 randomly selected households. We performed a statistical and geospatial analysis. Human stool samples, tap water and river water were tested for pathogens. Of the 1185 persons living in the 528 responding households, 222 (18·7%) reported symptoms of gastroenteritis during the time period 6–13 December. Drinking tap water was significantly associated with an increased risk for gastroenteritis (relative risk 3·67, 95% confidence interval 2·86–4·70) as was place of residence.Campylobactersp. (2/56), norovirus GI and GII (11/56), rotavirus (1/56) andGiardia lamblia(3/56) were detected in stool samples. Tap water samples tested positive for faecal indicator bacteria and protozoa. The results support the hypothesis that a point-source contamination of the tap water with river water was the cause of the multi-pathogen waterborne outbreak.
Broome on Fairness and Lotteries
Authors: LAZENBY HUGH
Published: July 2014

John Broome argues that when all claims cannot be perfectly fairly satisfied in outcome, the contribution to fairness from entering claims into a lottery, and so providing them some surrogate satisfaction, ought to be weighed against, and can outweigh, what fairness can be achieved directly in outcome. I argue that this is a mistake. Instead, I suggest that any contribution to fairness from entering claims into a lottery is lexically posterior to fairness in outcome.
HOW WELL DOES “CORE” INFLATION CAPTURE PERMANENT PRICE CHANGES?
Authors: Bradley Michael D. , Jansen Dennis W. , Sinclair Tara M.
Published: July 2014

Does excluding food and energy prices from the Consumer Price Index (CPI) produce a measure that better captures permanent price changes? To examine this question, we decompose CPI inflation and “core” inflation into their permanent and transitory components, using a correlated unobserved-components model. The stationarity of inflation may be time-varying, so we examine the performance of the core measure of inflation separately for periods in which inflation isI(1) andI(0). For a period in which inflation appears to beI(1), we find that core inflation and the permanent component of overall inflation are closely related, but there are some caveats. For a period in which inflation appears to beI(0), we decompose the core and overall price levels and find that the permanent component of the core CPI is much more volatile than the actual core series and that the core excludes volatile permanent shocks to the overall price level.
WHAT DO WORKING CAPITAL AND HABIT TELL US ABOUT THE CO-MOVEMENT PROBLEM?
Authors: Tsai Yi-Chan
Published: July 2014

Empirical studies find that expenditures on both durable and nondurable goods fall following a contractionary monetary policy shock. However, in standard two-sector models with staggered nondurable goods prices and flexible durable goods prices, consumption of durables rises whereas that of nondurables falls in response to a contractionary policy shock. To resolve this co-movement problem, I extend the model to include a realistic financial friction that firms must pay for their productive inputs prior to production, i.e., working capital, along with habit formation in nondurable goods consumption. Following a positive interest rate shock, the working capital channel raises production costs, thereby discouraging production of both durable and nondurable goods. Furthermore, habit formation induces households to smooth the growth rate of nondurable goods consumption, and hence mitigates the fall in the nondurable goods sector. The model solves the co-movement problem and successfully generates a more sensitive response in the durable goods sector, as observed in the data.
LIMIT THEOREMS FOR RADIAL RANDOM WALKS ON EUCLIDEAN SPACES OF HIGH DIMENSIONS
Authors: GRUNDMANN WALDEMAR
Published: July 2014

Let$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\nu \in M^1([0,\infty [)$be a fixed probability measure. For each dimension$p\in \mathbb{N}$, let$(X_n^{p})_{n\geq 1}$be independent and identically distributed$\mathbb{R}^p$-valued random variables with radially symmetric distributions and radial distribution$\nu $. We investigate the distribution of the Euclidean length of$S_n^{p}:=X_1^{p}+\cdots + X_n^{p}$for large parameters$n$and$p$. Depending on the growth of the dimension$p=p_n$we derive by the method of moments two complementary central limit theorems (CLTs) for the functional$\| S_n^{p}\| _2$with normal limits, namely for$n/p_n \to \infty $and$n/p_n \to 0$. Moreover, we present a CLT for the case$n/p_n \to c\in \, (0,\infty )$. Thereby we derive explicit formulas and asymptotic results for moments of radial distributed random variables on$\mathbb{R}^p$. All limit theorems are also considered for orthogonal invariant random walks on the space$\mathbb{M}_{p,q}(\mathbb{R})$of$p\times q$matrices instead of$\mathbb{R}^p$for$p\to \infty $and some fixed dimension$q$.
A VARIATIONAL APPROACH FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL PRESCRIBED MEAN CURVATURE PROBLEMS
Authors: AFROUZI GHASEM A. , HADJIAN ARMIN , BISCI GIOVANNI MOLICA
Published: July 2014

We discuss the multiplicity of nonnegative solutions of a parametric one-dimensional mean curvature problem. Our main effort here is to describe the configuration of the limits of a certain function, depending on the potential at zero, that yield, for certain values of the parameter, the existence of infinitely many weak nonnegative and nontrivial solutions. Moreover, thanks to a classical regularity result due to Lieberman, this sequence of solutions strongly converges to zero in$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}C^1([0,1])$. Our approach is based on recent variational methods.
RACIAL PRESENCE VERSUS RACIAL JUSTICE
Authors: Beltrán Cristina
Published: July 2014

In the realm of electoral politics, a growing number of women, African Americans, and Latinos now serve at the highest levels of government. For many Americans, the bipartisan presence of representatives who are people of color and/or women is proof that we live in a “post-feminist” and “postracial” era in which institutions are now fundamentally fair and accessible. Rather than assuming that racial presence is synonymous with racial justice, this essay turns to aesthetic theory to advocate for a new understanding of presence—not as proof that racial or gender justice has been achieved but as a kind of beauty that is experienced as a form of visible certitude. Drawing on the work of Hannah Pitkin, alongside writings on descriptive representation for Latinos and African Americans, this essay stresses the importance of judgment, arguing that on questions of social justice, a racially diverse elite is simultaneously ethically valuableandpolitically indeterminate.
STUDYING WHILE BLACK
Authors: Haslanger Sally
Published: July 2014

How should we explore the relationship between race and educational opportunity? One approach to the Black-White achievement gap explores how race and class cause disparities in access and opportunity. In this paper, I consider how education contributes to thecreationof race. Considering examples of classroom micropolitics, I argue that breakdowns of trust and trustworthiness between teachers and students can cause substantial disadvantages and, in the contemporary United States, this happens along racial lines. Some of the disadvantages are academic: high achievement is more difficult when one faces mistrust, ego depletion, effort pessimism, and insult. And within a knowledge economy, exclusion from knowledge work makes one vulnerable to injustice. But the problem goes deeper than achievement, for schools are contexts in which we develop self-understandings and identities that situate us as members of society. If students of color are systematically denied full participation in trusting conversations that create shared knowledge—especially, knowledge that holds power within the dominant culture—they are unjustly deprived resources to form flourishing selves that are suited to the positions of power and authority. The argument suggests that knowledge is not best understood simply as a commodity to be distributed, and opportunity is not just a matter of access. Moreover, even if access is granted, those who are motivated and talented can fail: they drain their willpower by coping with insults, or reasonably lose optimism about their efficacy. Over time, motivation may shift away from achievement, and under the circumstances this can be a rational response. The barriers to achievement are many, but true opportunity is impossible without trust and trustworthiness.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY, POLITICAL HOPE, RACIAL JUSTICE
Authors: Gooding-Williams Robert
Published: July 2014

After the overthrow of Jim Crow and the reelection of our first Black president, how should we conceptualize the tasks of a racially progressive politics in the United States? I address this question through (1) the lens of recent philosophical work on the relation between narrative and the justification of political hope and (2) a comparison of two autobiographies, Barack Obama’sDreams of My Fatherand W. E. B. Du Bois’sDusk of Dawn.In light of this comparison, the paper also evaluates some recent contributions to the American Political Science subfield of American Political Development.
STUDYING THE BOTTOM OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
Authors: Gans Herbert J.
Published: July 2014

Gunnar Myrdal’s 1963 notion of the bottom of society is now over fifty years old and we still know virtually nothing about of the people living at that bottom or the people living there on incomes far below the federal poverty line. Since Blacks are, as always, proportionally the prime victims, the dreadful possibility of a Black population permanently at the bottom of society cannot be ruled out. This article discusses some of the questions researchers must answer to obtain an informed understanding of their problems and needs, as well as of the policies and politics, if any, that could help them.
Optical selection of quasars: SDSS and LSST
Authors: Ivezić Željko , Brandt W. Niel , Fan Xiaohui , MacLeod Chelsea L. , Richards Gordon T. , Yoachim Peter
Published: July 2014

Over the last decade, quasar sample sizes have increased from several thousand to several hundred thousand, thanks mostly to SDSS imaging and spectroscopic surveys. LSST, the next-generation optical imaging survey, will provide hundreds of detections per object for a sample of more than ten million quasars with redshifts of up to about seven. We briefly review optical quasar selection techniques, with emphasis on methods based on colors, variability properties and astrometric behavior.