bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Approaches to Treatment of Severe Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Kurmangali Zhanar
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality due to placental insufficiency. Currently, one of the new approaches to treating this disease is the injection of nutrients to the fetus through intravascular port-systems (catheters).Objective. To assess the impact of nutrient injections as treatment to fetuses with severe growth retardation.Materials and methods. Pregnant women with IUGR (abdominal circumference (AC) < 5th percentile) with the absence of diastolic flow in the umbilical artery and a fetal gestational age of less than 30 weeks were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group included six pregnant women who had an intravascular port-system for the infusion of nutrients (amino acids and glucose) in the umbilical vein of the fetus for 14 ± 3 days. The control group consisted of eight patients who received only traditional dynamic monitoring and delivery at the optimum time of pregnancy. Fetal status was assessed using ultrasound equipment Accuvix V20 (Medison, South Korea) by examining indicators of biometry and Doppler study of blood flow in utero, umbilical arteries, middle cerebral artery, and ductus venosus with fetal vascular resistance index calculation - pulsatility index (PI). Criteria for blood flow disturbances in the vessels were considered PI values above normal values for their gestational age, which were defined as absence or reverse blood flow in a diastole in the umbilical artery.Results. In a comparative analysis of the two groups, the treatment led to a 44.7% increase in AC of the fetus (121.0 ± 11.5 mm and 219.3 ± 18.3 mm, respectively, p ˂ 0.001). In all cases, the profile of blood flow in the umbilical artery had a positive diastolic component. As a result, there was a 45.3% decrease in PI in the umbilical artery (2.14 ± 0.54 and 1.17 ± 0.15, respectively, p < 0.05). Average fetal weight in the study group was not significantly higher than the control group (1,120.3 ± 213.6 g and 909.6 ± 131.4 g, p > 0.05).Conclusion. Thus, injection of nutrients to the fetuses through intravascular port-system improved placental perfusion and metabolism, which has the potential for improved fetal growth. This, in turn, promoted full-term pregnancy and improved perinatal outcomes in fetal pathology.
Polyphenol Concentrate from Kazakhstan Cabernet Sauvignon Collection of Grapes
Authors: Shulgau Zarina , Tritek Vladislav , Gulyaev Alexander , Adilgozhina Gulsim , Nurgozhin Talgat
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Nowadays, most of the research in the field of gerontology is focused on the effects of the grape polyphenols. In particular, resveratrol has been shown to increase life expectancy of various living organisms, including mammals. Resveratrol also plays an important role in cancer prevention and decreases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In our research, we proposed the development of the therapeutic product from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes that would exhibit the beneficial properties of polyphenols. Standard operating procedures were developed in our laboratories to collect alcohol free concentrate of polyphenols from the Kazakhstan Cabernet Sauvignon collection of grapes. The purpose of the study was to investigate the composition, biological safety, and potential therapeutic effects of the polyphenol concentrate.Methods. The total polyphenol amount was determined using the Enology Analyzer Y15 (BioSystems, Spain). HPLC analysis of the polyphenol composition was performed using Agilent 1290 chromatograph. The polyphenol concentrate was analyzed for the microbiological purity and the presence of the toxic elements. The cytoprotective effect of the polyphenol concentrate was studied in experimental models of diabetes, toxic hepatitis, doxorubicin cardiomyopathy, and acute radiation sickness.Results. The total polyphenol amount in one sample was 12,819 mg/l. Polyphenol composition analysis showed presence of the following polyphenols: catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid, quercetin, miricetin, 3-glucosylkaempferol, epicatechin gallate, 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, catechin gallate, pitseid, kaempferol, n-hydroxy-cinnamic acid, resveratrol and chlorogenic acid. The concentrate was proven to be biologically safe and acceptable for use as a dietary supplement. The polyphenol concentrate demonstrated high antioxidant activity against ABTS and DPPH radicals in vitro. It also showed the following impacts on the various experimental models in vivo: reduction of sugar levels in diabetes; regeneration of the structure and function of the heart tissue in cardiomyopathy; regeneration of the nephron structure and function in nephropathy; regeneration of liver in toxic hepatitis; recovery of the antioxidant status in oxidative stress; and recovery of the hematopoiesis in acute radiation sickness.Conclusion. The polyphenol concentrate from Kazakhstan Cabernet Sauvignon collection of grapes was proved to be biologically safe and acceptable for use as a dietary supplement. The concentrate showed high antioxidant, antiradiation activity, and regenerative effect in diabetes, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and hepatitis in the corresponding organs.
Justice sociale et luttes pour la reconnaissance: la question de l’agapè
Authors: Roman Sébastien
Published: January 2016

Dans Parcours de la reconnaissance, Paul Ricœur accorde une attention particulière à la théorie sociale honnethienne, d’une part parce qu’elle porte sur le thème majeur des luttes pour la reconnaissance, d’autre part parce qu’elle propose une conception néo-hégélienne de la justice sociale convaincante. Toutefois, tout en adhérant au projet honnethien, Ricœur instaure un lien dialectique entre la justice et l’amour pour corriger un défaut consubstantiel à l’Anerkennung. Seule la référence à l’agapè permettrait de sortir du caractère interminable de la lutte, en montrant que les hommes sont capables de reconnaissance mutuelle par des pratiques sociales de don/contre-don. Ricœur présente l’agapè comme un simple complément du projet honnethien. Le présent article revient sur cette affirmation, et montre, au contraire, que le recours à l’agapè modifie les luttes pour la reconnaissance, et n’aide pas à penser une justice sociale capable de témoigner des expériences de l’injustice, et de les combattre.
Instaurer la "juste distance." Autonomie, justice et vulnérabilité dans l'oeuvre de Paul Ricœur
Authors: Boublil Elodie
Published: January 2016

Comment surmonter le repli sur soi afin de venir en aide et de rendre justice aux autres, proches et lointains? “Instaurer la juste distance,” telle est l'injonction que formule Ricœur pour répondre au paradoxe de l’autonomie et de la vulnérabilité, et réintroduire une conception éthique – et non plus seulement procédurale – de la justice au cœur même de l’action politique. Cet article montre comment la compréhension de la justice dans la perspective de la vulnérabilité invite à considérer ensemble la violence coextensive aux rapports sociaux et aux conflits politiques, et la restauration de la puissance d’agir appelée par de tels contextes. Pensée tour à tour comme différence (altérité à soi), écart (reconnaissance de chacun) et intervalle (interprétation créatrice de sens), la “juste distance” que Ricœur appelle de ses vœux s’appuie sur une topographie symbolique du bien commun qui établit un rapport d’implication entre le sujet et autrui et les rend interdépendants.
Introduction (en)
Authors: Dierckxsens Geoffrey
Published: January 2016

Introduction (in english) to the issue dedicated to the question of "Justice at its Margins"
Liberalismo y conservadurismo en la formación disciplinaria de la Administración Pública
Authors: Espejel Mena Jaime
Published: January 2016

El propósito del presente documento es revisar, de manera resumida, el liberalismo y conservadurismo como ideologías que se expresaron en proyectos de la modernidad ulteriores a la Revolución Francesa, para comprender su influencia en la conformación histórica y en la concepción epistemológica de la administración pública, como ciencia social heredada de la Ilustración. Se concluye planteando que ha predominado un pensamiento liberal progresista en la forma de argumentar el quehacer disciplinario de las ciencias administrativas.
FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION IN A CARBON BLACK–FILLED NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Huneau Bertrand , Masquelier Isaure , Marco Yann , Le Saux Vincent , Noizet Simon , Schiel Clémentine , Charrier Pierre
Published: January 2016

A detailed study of the initiation of fatigue cracks in carbon black–filled natural rubber is conducted. Interrupted fatigue tests are performed and fatigued samples are observed with a scanning electron microscope. This procedure first enables the quantification of the morphology, spatial distribution, and evolution of crack initiation sites for different strain levels, which gives some statistical data for each strain level. It also permits analysis of the chemical nature of inclusions inducing crack initiation thanks to energy dispersive spectrometry of X-rays. It is shown that fatigue damage initially occurs generally on carbon black agglomerates or oxides such as ZnO. However, those two types of inclusions correspond to different crack initiation mechanisms, and most of the time, only the initiations on carbon black agglomerates are followed by crack propagation that leads to failure. This difference is probably because carbon black agglomerates have a stronger cohesion than ZnO inclusions and a stronger adhesion to the matrix.
Moulds Menaces in Flood-Ravaged Homes: A Case Study of Dar Es Salaam City Tanzania
Authors: Tibuhwa Donatha Damian
Published: January 2016

Recently, Dar es Salaam city has been experiencing unexpected heavy rains which causes flood in several parts of the city. After the flood, houses are left cloggy, muddy and dumpy which promote the growth of moulds likely to affect returning residents. This work investigated the moulds status in 175 houses affected by the flood. Sampling was done using both Non-Volumetric Air Sampling (NVAS) and Swab Sampling (SS) methods. Macro-micromorphological characters were used for identification of the moulds. The results showed that out of the 175 examined houses 170 (97.1%) were found to have moulds while five houses (2.9%) including one control house were free of moulds. Five types of moulds were found dominated by a black spore former Aspegillus niger found in 87 houses (41.2%) followed by Penicillium species in 65 houses (37.1%) and Cladosporium species found in 60 houses (34.3%). The least group of moulds were the yellow mould Aspergillus flavus and white dermatophyte Trichophyton species each found in 15 houses (8.6%). The revealed moulds are well known to be associated with human health problems including production of carcinogenic metabolites, triggering allergic reactions to sensitive individuals, causing keratitis, skin lesions, nail fungus, sinusitis, intrinsic asthma, and pulmonary infections. The study thus suggest an premeditated public awareness on adverse effects that might be caused by moulds, call for the government interventions on thoroughly moulds status establishment and immediate deploy methods of moulds controls before residents returns to their flooded homes wherever such catastrophe occur for the healthy generation. 
Sports results creating tourism value
Authors: Nicolau Juan Luis , Santa-María María Jesús
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of a tennis player’s performance in the Grand Slams on the market value of a leading airline from the player’s country. The analysis is applied to the Spanish airline, Iberia, and the Spanish tennis player, Rafael Nadal. It shows that his victories in the matches of the Grand Slam tennis tournaments led to an increase in the market value of Iberia. The result is confirmed by both the victory itself and the difference between sets in favor and sets against in the match.
Bio-based Flexible Network Polymer from Epoxidized Soybean Oil Reinforced by Poly(butyl methacrylate)
Authors: Hosoda Nao , Hayashi Hisao , Tsujimoto Takashi
Published: January 2016

This study deals with the synthesis of a plant oil-based polymeric material from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA). PolyESO/PBMAs were synthesized by an acid-catalyzed curing in the presence of PBMA to give a transparent bio-based polymeric material. During the reaction, the PBMA components scarcely reacted with ESO and were dispersed in the ESO polymer matrix to form semi-interpenetrating polymer network. The resulting polyESO/PBMA exhibited excellent flexibility. The incorporation of the PBMA components improved the mechanical properties of the plant oil-based network polymer. Furthermore, the polyESO/PBMA showed relatively good thermal stability. The present materials are expected to contribute to the development of bio-based polymeric materials.
Does Retrofitted Insulation Reduce Household Energy Use? Theory and Practice
Authors: Grimes Arthur , Preval Nicholas , Young Chris , Arnold Richard , Denne Tim , Howden-Chapman Philippa , Telfar-Barnard Lucy
Published: January 2016

We analyze the household energy use impacts of a large-scale, universally available, subsidized retrofit insulation and clean heat scheme. Theory shows that the energy-saving effects of such schemes are ambiguous. Our difference-in-differ-ence model of energy impacts resulting from each of insulation and clean heat treatment uses a sample of more than 12,000 treated houses. Retrofitted insulation treatment under the Warm Up New Zealand: Heat Smart program resulted in a statistically significant reduction in metered household energy consumption of almost 2%. Clean heat (heat pump) treatment resulted in increased electricity use but little change in total metered energy use other than at warmer temperatures, when heat pumps may have been used as air conditioners. Actual energy savings from insulation are approximately one-third of the modeled energy savings predicted by an engineering model.
De toetsing van de hardheid van een vordering in een verzetprocedure op basis van artikel 2:404 lid 5 BW
Authors: van der Kraan J.
Published: January 2016

De toetsing van de hardheid van een vordering in een verzetprocedure op basis van artikel 2:404 lid 5 BW

Na de intrekking van een 403-verklaring kan de overblijvende aansprakelijkheid worden beëindigd. Schuldeisers kunnen daartegen in verzet komen. Zij dienen te stellen dat zij een vordering hebben waarvan de nakoming onzeker is en om een zekerheid te verzoeken. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de onderbouwing van de gepretendeerde vorderingen.
Het (aanvullend) legaat aan de langstlevende echtgenoot en de wettelijke verdeling
Authors: Boelens G.G.B.
Published: January 2016

Het (aanvullend) legaat aan de langstlevende echtgenoot en de wettelijke verdeling

Het (niet-verworpen) legaat bij de wettelijke verdeling aan de langstlevende echtgenoot van een geldsom of van een tot de nalatenschap behorend goed, welk legaat ten laste van het kind komt, sorteert naar mijn mening waardetechnisch effect en verkleint derhalve de geldvordering van het kind uit hoofde van de wettelijke verdeling. Ik meen dan ook dat het mogelijk is om een aanvullend legaat aan de langstlevende te combineren met de wettelijke verdeling, hetgeen bijvoorbeeld in een ‘TROS-Radarachtige casus’ ervoor kan zorgen dat na het overlijden van de eerste echtgenoot geen of een beperkte heffing van erfbelasting plaatsvindt.
The History of Infant Formula: Quality, Safety, and Standard Methods
Authors: Wargo Wayne F
Published: January 2016

Food-related laws and regulations have existed since ancient times. Egyptian scrolls prescribed the labeling needed for certain foods. In ancient Athens, beer and wines were inspected for purity and soundness, and the Romans had a well-organized state food control system to protect consumers from fraud or bad produce. In Europe during the Middle Ages, individual countries passed laws concerning the quality and safety of eggs, sausages, cheese, beer, wine, and bread; some of these laws still exist today. But more modern dietary guidelines and food regulations have their origins in the latter half of the 19th century when the first general food laws were adopted and basic food control systems were implemented to monitor compliance. Around this time, science and food chemistry began to provide the tools to determine “purity” of food based primarily on chemical composition and to determine whether it had been adulterated in any way. Since the key chemical components of mammalian milk were first understood, infant formulas have steadily advanced in complexity as manufacturers attempt to close the compositional gap with human breast milk. To verify these compositional innovations and ensure product quality and safety, infant formula has become one of the most regulated foods in the world. The present paper examines the historical development of nutritional alternatives to breastfeeding, focusing on efforts undertaken to ensure the quality and safety from antiquity to present day. The impact of commercial infant formulas on global regulations is addressed, along with the resulting need for harmonized, fit-for-purpose, voluntary consensus standard methods.
Underwater Robotics: Surface Cleaning Technics, Adhesion and Locomotion Systems
Authors: Albitar Houssam , Dandan Kinan , Ananiev Anani , Kalaykov Ivan
Published: January 2016

Underwater robots are being developed for various applications ranging from inspection to maintenance and cleaning of submerged surfaces and constructions. These platforms should be able to travel on these surfaces. Furthermore, these platforms should adapt and reconfigure for underwater environment conditions and should be autonomous. Regarding the adhesion to the surface, they should produce a proper attaching force using a light-weight technics. Taking these facts into consideration, this paper presents a survey of different technologies used for underwater cleaning and the available underwater robotics solutions for the locomotion and the adhesion to surfaces.
Implementation of Open Source GIS Tools to Identify Bright Rooftops for Solar Photovoltaic Applications – A Case Study of Creek Lanes, DHA, Karachi
Authors: Jibran Khan  , Mudassar Hassan Arsalan
Published: January 2016

The mega city of Karachi is still mainly dependent on conventional sources of energy to cater its daily electricity requirements. Dependence on conventional sources of energy for power production results in environmental degradation and depletion of fossil fuel resources. In particular, it also highlights an immense need of alternate sustainable solution for current electricity generation scenario. In this research work, an innovative methodology has been proposed to identify bright rooftops using open source geographic information system (GIS) tools which may be utilized for sustainable power generation in Karachi metropolis. First, bright rooftops have been extracted using open source Quantum GIS (QGIS) software. Edge extraction technique using gradient filter; an open source algorithm of QGIS has been utilized. Furthermore, image processing techniques have been used to extract and refine building rooftops. Then, rooftops have been polygonized and their area has been calculated using Measure Area function of QGIS. To assess the accuracy of the extracted rooftops, field validation work has been performed and sample rooftops have been physically measured. A comparison of extracted and physically measured sample rooftops yielded 90.45% accuracy. Reduction in total roof area has been made considering different roof uses and shading effect from nearby trees and buildings. Then, unshaded bright rooftops area of 4,626 m2 has been calculated which can be used for solar photovoltaic (PV) applications in Creek Lanes, DHA Phase 7 Karachi. An annual energy output of 2.1 MWh has been estimated using Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) solar PV panel and available rooftop area. The methodology adopted can be extrapolated to macro-scale as well. However, challenges and limitations for extrapolation of methodology have also been highlighted. Solar radiation studies that demonstrate the use of open source GIS tools for sustainable power generation for this region have been scarce. Thus, this study is a preliminary research work to highlight an immense solar electricity potential that exists for Karachi metropolis.
Assisting Disabled Persons in Online Shopping: A Knowledge-Based Process Model
Authors: Muhammad Azhar Hussain  , Kamran Ahsan  , Sarwat Iqbal  , Adnan Nadeem  , Muhammad Sarim
Published: January 2016

Knowledge management is gaining more and more attention from business management with a consideration of knowledge as a critical intellectual resource for organization in getting successful competitive advantage. The aim of integrating of KM processes with business processes is to add value, provide supports and increase productivity. The role of technology for knowledge management processes, i.e., capture, codification, dissemination, is very important. Organization are readily adapting e-commerce and shifting business activities over web to maintain competitive advantage and building strong relationship with suppliers, employees, and customers.E-retailing emerged as a new way of shopping; people search/browse products online, compare and purchase with great convenience. It also eliminates barriers that disabled persons encounter when they visit shopping stores such as inaccessible entrance for wheelchair shoppers. However, still there is a significant part of disabled population is neglected from getting benefits of online shopping because of lack of accessibility features in websites. Understanding the knowledge about them can lead business managers to better facilitate in online shopping. This paper proposed a model based on the Nonaka Knowledge Spiral model to support business managers to capture knowledge about disabled person’s online shopping behaviors; supplement this knowledge into their website to support disabled persons. This also helps business managers to capture the un-attended population in their business net.
Controverses sur la réactualisation du travail informel au Brésil
Authors: Yerochewski Carole
Published: January 2016

Rassemblant au Brésil toute une partie des travailleurs informels, l’économie solidaire est un sujet controversé parmi les acteurs syndicaux et politiques. Est-elle un lieu d’insertion des travailleurs, et (surtout) travailleuses, pauvres ou informels qui sont rejetés par un marché nécessairement compétitif ? Ou les différentes mobilisations, et certaines des pratiques autogestionnaires de ces travailleurs dits marginalisés, constituent-elles des luttes pour l’égalité et la justice sociale qui dépassent les revendications (en termes de salaires, de durée du travail, etc.) issues du compromis de la société salariale — compromis qui n’a jamais eu vocation à couvrir plus qu’une minorité de travailleurs dans le monde ? Étayé par des entretiens approfondis menés auprès de responsables communautaires, syndicaux et politiques impliqués dans l’économie solidaire au Brésil, l’article met ainsi en lumière les relations entre leurs choix stratégiques et les façons d’analyser le problème de la remontée du travail informel. Les controverses suscitées sont révélatrices de conceptions plus globales sur l’économie et la place des mobilisations de travailleurs dans le changement social.
L’interférence parentalité-travail chez les chercheurs en post-doctorat
Authors: Barbier Pascal , Fusulier Bernard
Published: January 2016

À partir de l’analyse d’entretiens menés auprès de jeunes chercheurs-parents, cet article met en avant les effets différenciés de la vie familiale sur la manière dont les individus voient et font leur travail. Il étudie le rapport au travail des chercheurs comme le produit de la rencontre entre une configuration familiale (ressources matérielles à disposition en vue de l’organisation quotidienne, attentes envers la vie familiale, la trajectoire familiale) et une configuration professionnelle (ressources matérielles et symboliques conférées par le milieu professionnel, trajectoires professionnelles observées par les individus, regard sur le métier et ses chances d’y faire carrière). En soulignant le phénomène d’interférence travail/famille, l’article invite à articuler l’analyse des interdépendances objectives entre ces deux milieux de vie à l’analyse de leurs interstructurations subjectives.
Photo-switchable tweezers illuminate pore-opening motions of an ATP-gated P2X ion channel
Authors: Habermacher Chloé , Martz Adeline , Calimet Nicolas , Lemoine Damien , Peverini Laurie , Specht Alexandre , Cecchini Marco , Grutter Thomas
Published: January 2016

P2X receptors function by opening a transmembrane pore in response to extracellular ATP. Recent crystal structures solved in apo and ATP-bound states revealed molecular motions of the extracellular domain following agonist binding. However, the mechanism of pore opening still remains controversial. Here we use photo-switchable cross-linkers as ‘molecular tweezers’ to monitor a series of inter-residue distances in the transmembrane domain of the P2X2 receptor during activation. These experimentally based structural constraints combined with computational studies provide high-resolution models of the channel in the open and closed states. We show that the extent of the outer pore expansion is significantly reduced compared to the ATP-bound structure. Our data further reveal that the inner and outer ends of adjacent pore-lining helices come closer during opening, likely through a hinge-bending motion. These results provide new insight into the gating mechanism of P2X receptors and establish a versatile strategy applicable to other membrane proteins.
Application of Al–Nb alloy film to metal capping layer on Cu
Authors: Takeyama Mayumi B. , Noya Atsushi
Published: January 2016

An Al–Nb alloy film with the Al72Nb28 composition is applied as a candidate metal capping layer on Cu interconnects. In the Al72Nb28/Cu/SiO2/Si model system, the preferential oxidation of Al forming a thin surface Al2O3 layer occurs owing to oxidation in air for 1 h at temperatures up to ∼300 °C, resulting in the protection of the layers underneath from further oxidation, although a slight Cu intermixing into Al–Nb occurs. With increasing oxidation temperature up to 500 °C, the surface Al2O3 layer still grows by the preferential oxidation of Al and rejects Cu atoms from the surface oxidized layer. Although Nb atoms are left behind in the surface oxidized layer, they are in a metallic state owing to the high solubility of oxygen before forming an oxide. The extremely low solubility of Nb in Cu also protects Cu without excess intermixing. A good passivation characteristic of the Al72Nb28 alloy film on Cu is demonstrated.
Development of AC-driven liquid electrode plasma for sensitive detection of metals
Authors: Van Khoai Do , Miyahara Hidekazu , Yamamoto Tamotsu , Tue Phan Trong , Okino Akitoshi , Takamura Yuzuru
Published: January 2016

A novel liquid electrode plasma (LEP) driven by AC, which is used as an excitation source for elemental analysis, has been developed for the first time. The conditions such as chip layout and flow rate were found to produce the plasma in the channel. The mechanism of AC LEP generation was determined. AC LEP could be sustained in the resin channel with no severe damage on the channel. The emission spectra of electrolyte, lead and cadmium solution were obtained and compared with those generated by DC LEP. AC LEP was developed for the quantitative determination of lead and cadmium with limits of detection of 75.0 µg/L (ppb) and 4.5 µg/L (ppb), respectively. The novel plasma source is promising for on-chip combination and integration because it could be maintained at low flow rates on a resin-based platform.
Structural strength of cancellous specimens from bovine femur under cyclic compression
Authors: Endo Kaori , Yamada Satoshi , Todoh Masahiro , Takahata Masahiko , Iwasaki Norimasa , Tadano Shigeru
Published: January 2016

The incidence of osteoporotic fractures was estimated as nine million worldwide in 2000, with particular occurrence at the proximity of joints rich in cancellous bone. Although most of these fractures spontaneously heal, some fractures progressively collapse during the early post-fracture period. Prediction of bone fragility during progressive collapse following initial fracture is clinically important. However, the mechanism of collapse, especially the gradual loss of the height in the cancellous bone region, is not clearly proved. The strength of cancellous bone after yield stress is difficult to predict since structural and mechanical strength cannot be determineda priori. The purpose of this study was to identify whether the baseline structure and volume of cancellous bone contributed to the change in cancellous bone strength under cyclic loading. A total of fifteen cubic cancellous bone specimens were obtained from two 2-year-old bovines and divided into three groups by collection regions: femoral head, neck, and proximal metaphysis. Structural indices of each 5-mm cubic specimen were determined using micro-computed tomography. Specimens were then subjected to five cycles of uniaxial compressive loading at 0.05 mm/min with initial 20 N loading, 0.3 mm displacement, and then unloading to 0.2 mm with 0.1 mm displacement for five successive cycles. Elastic modulus and yield stress of cancellous bone decreased exponentially during five loading cycles. The decrease ratio of yield stress from baseline to fifth cycle was strongly correlated with bone volume fraction (BV/TV,r= 0.96,p< 0.01) and structural model index (SMI,r= − 0.81,p< 0.01). The decrease ratio of elastic modulus from baseline to fifth cycle was also correlated with BV/TV (r= 0.80,p< 0.01) and SMI (r= − 0.78,p< 0.01). These data indicate that structural deterioration of cancellous bone is associated with bone strength after yield stress. This study suggests that baseline cancellous bone structure estimated from adjacent non-fractured bone contributes to the cancellous bone strength during collapse.
Immunohistochemistry for the detection of neural and inflammatory cells in equine brain tissue
Authors: Delcambre Gretchen H. , Liu Junjie , Herrington Jenna M. , Vallario Kelsey , Long Maureen T.
Published: January 2016

Phenotypic characterization of cellular responses in equine infectious encephalitides has had limited description of both peripheral and resident cell populations in central nervous system (CNS) tissues due to limited species-specific reagents that react with formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE). This study identified a set of antibodies for investigating the immunopathology of infectious CNS diseases in horses. Multiple commercially available staining reagents and antibodies derived from antigens of various species for manual immunohistochemistry (IHC) were screened. Several techniques and reagents for heat-induced antigen retrieval, non-specific protein blocking, endogenous peroxidase blocking, and visualization-detection systems were tested during IHC protocol development. Boiling of slides in a low pH, citrate-based buffer solution in a double-boiler system was most consistent for epitope retrieval. Pressure-cooking, microwaving, high pH buffers, and proteinase K solutions often resulted in tissue disruption or no reactivity. Optimal blocking reagents and concentrations of each working antibody were determined. Ultimately, a set of monoclonal (mAb) and polyclonal antibodies (pAb) were identified for CD3+(pAb A0452, Dako) T-lymphocytes, CD79αcy+B-lymphocytes (mAb HM57, Dako), macrophages (mAb MAC387, Leica), NF-H+neurons (mAb NAP4, EnCor Biotechnology), microglia/macrophage (pAb Iba-1, Wako), and GFAP+astrocytes (mAb 5C10, EnCor Biotechnology). In paraffin embedded tissues, mAbs and pAbs derived from human and swine antigens were very successful at binding equine tissue targets. Individual, optimized protocols are provided for each positively reactive antibody for analyzing equine neuroinflammatory disease histopathology.
Molecular evidence for sediment nitrogen fixation in a temperate New England estuary
Authors: Newell Silvia E. , Pritchard Kaitlyn R. , Foster Sarah Q. , Fulweiler Robinson W.
Published: January 2016

Primary production in coastal waters is generally nitrogen (N) limited with denitrification outpacing nitrogen fixation (N2-fixation). However, recent work suggests that we have potentially underestimated the importance of heterotrophic sediment N2-fixation in marine ecosystems. We used clone libraries to examine transcript diversity ofnifH(a gene associated with N2-fixation) in sediments at three sites in a temperate New England estuary (Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, USA) and compared our results to net sediment N2fluxes previously measured at these sites. We observednifHexpression at all sites, including a site heavily impacted by anthropogenic N. At this N impacted site, we also observed mean net sediment N2-fixation, linking the geochemical rate measurement withnifHexpression. This same site also had the lowest diversity (non-parametric Shannon = 2.75). At the two other sites, we also detectednifHtranscripts, however, the mean N2flux indicated net denitrification. These results suggest that N2-fixation and denitrification co-occur in these sediments. Of the unique sequences in this study, 67% were most closely related to uncultured bacteria from various marine environments, 17% to Cluster III, 15% to Cluster I, and only 1% to Cluster II. These data add to the growing body of literature that sediment heterotrophic N2-fixation, even under high inorganic nitrogen concentrations, may be an important yet overlooked source of N in coastal systems.
Global boron cycle in the Anthropocene
Authors: Schlesinger William H. , Vengosh Avner
Published: January 2016

This paper presents a revised and updated synthesis of the biogeochemical cycle of boron at the Earth's surface, where the largest fluxes are associated with the injection of sea‐salt aerosols to the atmosphere (1.44 Tg B/yr), production and combustion of fossil fuels (1.2 Tg B/yr), atmospheric deposition (3.48 Tg B/yr), the mining of B ores (1.1 Tg B/yr), and the transport of dissolved and suspended matter in rivers (0.80 Tg B/yr). The new estimates show that anthropogenic mobilization of B from the continental crust exceeds the naturally occurring processes, resulting in substantial fluxes to the ocean and the hydrosphere. The anthropogenic component contributes 81% of the flux in rivers. The mean residence time for B in seawater supports the use of δ11B in marine carbonates as an index of changes in the pH of seawater over time periods of > 1 Ma.
Potential groundwater and heterogeneous heat source contributions to ice sheet dynamics in critical submarine basins of East Antarctica
Authors: Gooch Brad T. , Young Duncan A. , Blankenship Donald D.
Published: January 2016

We present the results of two numerical models describing contributions of groundwater and heterogeneous heat sources to ice dynamics directly relevant to basal processes in East Antarctica. A two‐phase, one‐dimensional hydrothermal model demonstrates the importance of groundwater flow in vertical heat flux advection near the ice‐bed interface. Typical, conservative vertical components of groundwater volume fluxes (from either topographical gradients or vertically channeled flow) on the order of ±1–10 mm/yr can alter vertical heat flux by ±50–500 mW/m2 given parameters typical for the interior of East Antarctica. This heat flux has the potential to produce considerable volumes of meltwater depending on basin geometry and geothermal heat production. A one‐dimensional hydromechanical model demonstrates that groundwater is mainly recharged into saturated, partially poroelastic (i.e., vertical stress only; not coupled to a deformation equation) sedimentary aquifers during ice advance. During ice retreat, groundwater discharges into the ice‐bed interface, which may contribute to water budgets on the order of 0.1–1 mm/yr. We also present an estimated map of potentially heterogeneous heat flow provinces using radiogenic heat production data from East Antarctica and southern Australia, calculated sedimentary basin depths, and radar‐derived bed roughness. These are overlaid together to delineate the areas of greatest potential effect from these modeled processes on the ice sheet dynamics of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Enhancement of phytoplankton chlorophyll by submesoscale frontal dynamics in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Liu Xiao , Levine Naomi M.
Published: January 2016

Subtropical gyres contribute significantly to global ocean productivity. As the climate warms, the strength of these gyres as a biological carbon pump is predicted to diminish due to increased stratification and depleted surface nutrients. We present results suggesting that the impact of submesoscale physics on phytoplankton in the oligotrophic ocean is substantial and may either compensate or exacerbate future changes in carbon cycling. A new statistical tool was developed to quantify surface patchiness from sea surface temperatures. Chlorophyll concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre were shown to be enhanced by submesoscale frontal dynamics with an average increase of 38% (maximum of 83%) during late winter. The magnitude of this enhancement is comparable to the observed decline in chlorophyll due to a warming of ~1.1°C. These results highlight the need for an improved understanding of fine‐scale physical variability in order to predict the response of marine ecosystems to projected climate changes.
Measuring the seeds of ion outflow: Auroral sounding rocket observations of low‐altitude ion heating and circulation
Authors: Fernandes P. A. , Lynch K. A. , Zettergren M. , Hampton D. L. , Bekkeng T. A. , Cohen I. J. , Conde M. , Fisher L. E. , Horak P. , Lessard M. R. , Miceli R. J. , Michell R. G. , Moen J. , Powell S. P.
Published: January 2016

We present an analysis of in situ measurements from the MICA (Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Alfvén Resonator) nightside auroral sounding rocket with comparisons to a multifluid ionospheric model. MICA made observations at altitudes below 325 km of the thermal ion kinetic particle distributions that are the origins of ion outflow. Late flight, in the vicinity of an auroral arc, we observe frictional processes controlling the ion temperature. Upflow of these cold ions is attributed to either the ambipolar field resulting from the heated electrons or possibly to ion‐neutral collisions. We measure
convection away from the arc (poleward) and downflows of hundreds of m s−1 poleward of this arc, indicating small‐scale low‐altitude plasma circulation. In the early flight we observe DC electromagnetic Poynting flux and associated ELF wave activity influencing the thermal ion temperature in regions of Alfvénic aurora. We observe enhanced, anisotropic ion temperatures which we conjecture are caused by transverse heating by wave‐particle interactions (WPI) even at these low altitudes. Throughout this region we observe several hundred m s−1 upflow of the bulk thermal ions colocated with WPI; however, the mirror force is negligible at these low energies; thus, the upflow is attributed to ambipolar fields (or possibly neutral upwelling drivers). The low‐altitude MICA observations serve to inform future ionospheric modeling and simulations of (a) the need to consider the effects of heating by WPI at altitudes lower than previously considered viable and (b) the occurrence of structured and localized upflows/downflows below where higher‐altitude heating rocesses are expected.
Exploring the relationship between the magnitudes of seismic events
Authors: Spassiani Ilaria , Sebastiani Giovanni
Published: January 2016

The distribution of the magnitudes of seismic events is generally assumed to be independent on past seismicity. However, by considering events in causal relation, for example, mother‐daughter, it seems natural to assume that the magnitude of a daughter event is conditionally dependent on one of the corresponding mother events. In order to find experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis, we analyze different catalogs, both real and simulated, in two different ways. From each catalog, we obtain the law of the magnitude of the triggered events by kernel density. The results obtained show that the distribution density of the magnitude of the triggered events varies with the magnitude of their corresponding mother events. As the intuition suggests, an increase of the magnitude of the mother events induces an increase of the probability of having “high” values of the magnitude of the triggered events. In addition, we see a statistically significant increasing linear dependence of the magnitude means.
On the nature of the frontal zone of the Choctawhatchee Bay plume in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Huguenard K. D. , Bogucki D. J. , Ortiz‐Suslow D. G. , Laxague N. J. M. , MacMahan J. H. , Özgökmen T. M. , Haus B. K. , Reniers A. J. H. M. , Hargrove J. , Soloviev A.V. , Graber H.
Published: January 2016

River plumes often feature turbulent processes in the frontal zone and interfacial region at base of the plume, which ultimately impact spreading and mixing rates with the ambient coastal ocean. The degree to which these processes govern overall plume mixing is yet to be quantified with microstructure observations. A field campaign was conducted in a river plume in the northeast Gulf of Mexico in December 2013, in order to assess mixing processes that could potentially impact transport and dispersion of surface material near coastal regions. Current velocity, density, and Turbulent Kinetic Energy Values, ε, were obtained using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), a Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) profiler, a Vertical Microstructure Profiler (VMP), and two Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADVs). The frontal region contained ε values on the order of 10−5 m2 s−3, which were markedly larger than in the ambient water beneath (O 10−9 m2 s−3). An energetic wake of moderate ε values (O 10−6 m2 s−3) was observed trailing the frontal edge. The interfacial region of an interior section of the plume featured opposing horizontal velocities and a ε value on the order of 10−6 m2 s−3. A simplified mixing budget was used under significant assumptions to compare contributions from wind, tides, and frontal regions of the plume. The results from this order of magnitude analysis indicated that frontal processes (59%) dominated in overall mixing. This emphasizes the importance of adequate parameterization of river plume frontal processes in coastal predictive models.
Climate controls multidecadal variability in U. S. extreme sea level records
Authors: Wahl Thomas , Chambers Don P.
Published: January 2016

We investigate the links between multidecadal changes in extreme sea levels (expressed as 100 year return water levels (RWLs)) along the United States coastline and large‐scale climate variability. We develop different sets of simple and multiple linear regression models using both traditional climate indices and tailored indices based on nearby atmospheric/oceanic variables (winds, pressure, sea surface temperature) as independent predictors. The models, after being tested for spatial and temporal stability, are capable of explaining large fractions of the observed variability, up to 96% at individual sites and more than 80% on average across the region. Using the model predictions as covariates in a quasi nonstationary extreme value analysis also significantly reduces the range of change in the 100 year RWLs over time, turning a nonstationary process into a stationary one. This suggests that the models—when used with regional and global climate model output of the predictors—will also be capable of projecting future RWL changes. Such information is highly relevant for decision makers in the climate adaptation context in addition to projections of long‐term sea level rise.
Modulation of the boreal wintertime Madden‐Julian oscillation by the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation
Authors: Yoo Changhyun , Son Seok‐Woo
Published: January 2016

Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropical troposphere, has a significant impact on global weather and climate. Here we present that the year‐to‐year variation of the MJO activity shows significant changes with the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropical stratosphere. Specifically, the boreal winter MJO amplitude, evaluated by various metrics, is typically stronger than normal during the QBO easterly phase at 50 hPa and weaker than normal during the QBO westerly phase at 50 hPa. This relationship, which is possibly mediated by the QBO‐related static stability and/or vertical wind shear changes in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, is robust whether or not the activeness of the MJO or QBO is taken into account. This result suggests a new potential route from the stratosphere that regulates the organized tropical convection, helping to improve the prediction skill of the boreal winter MJO.
Efficiency Roll‐Off in Blue Emitting Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Carbazole Host Materials
Authors: Xiang Chaoyu , Fu Xiangyu , Wei Wei , Liu Rui , Zhang Yong , Balema Viktor , Nelson Bryce , So Franky
Published: January 2016

The efficiency roll‐off in blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) using different carbazole compounds as the host is systematically studied. While there is no significant difference in device efficiency, OLEDs using ter‐carbazole as the host show a reduction in efficiency roll‐off at high luminance. Data from transient photoluminescence and electroluminescence measurements show that the lower triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) and triplet–polaron quenching (TPQ) rates in devices with the ter‐carbazole host compared with other carbazole hosts are the reasons for this reduced efficiency roll‐off. It is also found that the host materials with low glass transition temperatures are more susceptible to the efficiency roll‐off problem.
Spray Deposition of Titania Films with Incorporated Crystalline Nanoparticles for All‐Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Using P3HT
Authors: Song Lin , Wang Weijia , Körstgens Volker , González Daniel Moseguí , Yao Yuan , Minar Norma K. , Feckl Johann M. , Peters Kristina , Bein Thomas , Fattakhova‐Rohlfing Dina , Santoro Gonzalo , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: January 2016

Spray coating, a simple and low‐cost technique for large‐scale film deposition, is employed to fabricate mesoporous titania films, which are electron‐transporting layers in all‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To optimize solar cell performance, presynthesized crystalline titania nanoparticles are introduced into the mesoporous titania films. The composite film morphology is examined with scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The crystal phase and crystallite sizes are verified by X‐ray diffraction measurements. The photovoltaic performance of all‐solid‐state DSSCs is investigated. The findings reveal that an optimal active layer of the all‐solid‐state DSSC is obtained by including 50 wt% titania nanoparticles, showing a foam‐like morphology with an average pore size of 20 nm, featuring an anatase phase, and presenting a surface area of 225.2 m2 g−1. The optimized morphology obtained by adding 50 wt% presynthesized crystalline titania nanoparticles yields, correspondingly, the best solar cell efficiency of 2.7 ± 0.1%.