bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel analysis of color component for top dyed melange yarn with support vector machine
Authors: Shen Jiajia , Ma Hui , Chen Weiguo , Zhou Xiang
Published: November 2015

In view of the difficulty of distinguishing the color component in top dyed melange yarn due to the spectral overlap of the component colors, a novel color component analysis method based on support vector machine is presented. With this method, spectra data can be distinguished more accurately and effectively than with the traditional method—human‐eye detection—and therefore, the method will be very helpful for accurate color matching. In our work, the core idea was to convert the overlapped spectra data into linearly separable ones in a high dimension space, followed by recognition and determination of the composition of melange yarn by trained support vector machine classifier. The effects of four kernel functions, i.e., linear, radial basis kernel, sigmoid, and polynomial, as well as five spectral preprocessing methods, including amplification, first derivative, second derivative, principal components analysis, and L*a*b* values were studied. The results demonstrated that with the amplification factor of 100 of reflectance spectra coupled with L*a*b* as input data, and using radial basis kernel as kernel function, the highest recognition rate was achieved, with an average recognition rate of eight colors of 96.5%, indicating that it was a better color component analysis method for top dyed melange yarn. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 636–641, 2016
The Effect of Humidity upon the Crystallization Process of Two‐Step Spin‐Coated Organic–Inorganic Perovskites
Authors: Xu Yuzhuan , Zhu Lifeng , Shi Jiangjian , Xu Xin , Xiao Junyan , Dong Juan , Wu Huijue , Luo Yanhong , Li Dongmei , Meng Qingbo
Published: November 2015

Moisture is shown to activate the reaction between PbI2 and methylammonium halides. In addition, two activating mechanisms are proposed for the formation of CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbI3−xClx films from a series of carefully controlled experiments. When these rapidly formed perovskite films are directly fabricated into the devices, poor photovoltaic properties are found, due to heavy surface charge recombination. However, the cell performance can be significantly enhanced to 13.63 % and to over 12 % in the steady state for CH3NH3PbI3 and to 15.50 % and over 14 % in the steady state for CH3NH3PbI3−xClx, if the rapidly formed perovskite film is annealed. Thus, it is believed that moisture (below 60 % RH) is not a problem for the fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells.
Assembling Supramolecular Dye‐Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells for Water Splitting
Authors: Ding Xin , Gao Yan , Ye Lu , Zhang Linlin , Sun Licheng
Published: November 2015

The method used to assemble dye‐sensitized photoelectrochemical (DS‐PEC) devices plays a vital role in determining its photoactivity and stability. We report a simple and effective method to assemble supramolecular DS‐PECs introducing PMMA as support material and a catalyst modified with long carbon chains as photoanodes. The long carbon chains in combination with PMMA allow to better immobilize the catalyst. DS‐PECs obtained by this simple method have display excellent photoactivities and stabilities. A photocurrent density of 1.1 mA cm−2 and a maximum IPCE of 9.5 % have been obtained with a 0.2 V vs NHE external bias.
Application of direct synthesis techniques to customize filters with complex frequency response
Authors: Xiao Fei
Published: November 2015

Recently, direct synthesis techniques (DSTs) have been presented for filter synthesis. Unlike conventional synthesis techniques, DSTs derive the filtering polynomials of the filters to be synthesized directly in their own frequency domain. These filtering polynomials are real coefficient so that they might find applications in various fields. Furthermore, DSTs might be used to customize filters with a more complex frequency response, such as asymmetric frequency response or multi‐band frequency response. In this paper, DSTs are compared with some well‐known filter synthesis techniques. Then, the application of DSTs in the design of lumped‐element LC filters, distributed‐element filters, active RC filters, and infinite impulse response digital filters with complex frequency response is discussed. Some examples are presented for demonstration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pleural fluid extramedullary hematopoiesis case report with review of the literature
Authors: Koch Meghan , Kurian Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2015

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is the trilineage formation of normal blood cells outside of the bone marrow. While predominantly seen in the spleen and liver, EMH rarely occurs in serous effusions. Accurate diagnosis requires recognition of megakaryocytes and other precursor hematopoietic elements. We present a case of pleural fluid EMH in a patient with primary myelofibrosis and developing leukemia, with a review of the literature, prognostic implications and diagnostic challenges. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:41–44. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PCP Pincer Iridium Chemistry – Coordination of Pyridines to [(tBuPCP)IrH(Cl)]
Authors: Titova Ekaterina M. , Silantyev Gleb A. , Filippov Oleg A. , Gulyaeva Ekaterina S. , Gutsul Evgenii I. , Dolgushin Fedor M. , Belkova Natalia V.
Published: November 2015

The complexes of [(tBuPCP)IrH(Cl)] {1, tBuPCP = 1,3‐bis[(di‐tert‐butylphosphanyl)methyl]benzene} with pyridine (py, 2), 4‐aminopyridine (4apy, 3) and 2‐aminopyridine (2apy, 4) have been synthesized and fully characterized by variable‐temperature spectroscopy (NMR, IR, and UV/Vis). In each case, the reaction yields a mixture of cis‐ and trans‐hydrido–chlorido isomers. The stereochemistry of the latter was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of 2a and 3a, which showed that the pyridine ligands coordinated opposite the aryl ring do not produce an additional twist of the pincer ligand but lead to the elongation of all bonds involving the iridium atom. The chlorido ligand becomes substantially labilized owing to the strong trans effect of the hydrido ligand, and that in 3a it is prone to intermolecular N–H···Cl hydrogen bonding in the solid state. In the 2‐aminopyridine complex 4, the intramolecular hydrogen bond to the chlorido ligand (isomer 4a′) is slightly more preferred over the N–H···H bond (isomer 4a). The structures of the cis‐hydrido–chlorido isomers 2b–4b were established with the help of 15N‐labeled pyridine. These isomers undergo fast ligand exchange on the NMR timescale that slows as the temperature decreases. The decoalescence temperature is the lowest for the 2‐aminopyridine derivative 4b; therefore, it is the least stable. The repulsion between the tert‐butyl groups of the pincer ligand and the o‐NH2 group is the main reason for the lower stability of 4b.
Stereoselective Synthesis of P‐Stereogenic N‐Phosphinyl Compounds
Authors: Chelouan Ahmed , Recio Rocío , Álvarez Eleuterio , Khiar Noureddine , Fernández Inmaculada
Published: November 2015

A number of P‐stereogenic N‐phosphinyl compounds were stereoselectively prepared in good yields by a straightforward approach, thanks to the diversified and, up until now, unexplored reactivity of (R)‐ and (S)‐dicyclohexylidene‐D‐glucose methyl phenyl phosphinates toward metal amides. Under adequate conditions, structurally different phosphinamides with one or two P‐chiral centers were obtained.
Electromembrane extraction using two separate cells: A new design for simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic compounds
Authors: Nojavan Saeed , Asadi Sakine
Published: November 2015

Simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic analytes from a sample is seen to be a challenging task. In this work, a novel and efficient electromembrane extraction (EME) method based on two separate cells was applied to simultaneously extract and preconcentrate two acidic drugs (naproxen and ibuprofen) along with a basic drug (ketamine). Once both cells were filled with the sample solution, basic drug was extracted from one cell with the other cell used to extract acidic drugs. The employed supported liquid membranes for the extraction of acidic and basic drugs were 2‐ethyl hexanol and 1‐octanol, respectively. Under an applied potential of 250 V in the course of the extraction process, acidic, and basic drugs were extracted from a 3.0 mL aqueous sample solution into 25 μL acceptor solutions. The pH values of the donor and acceptor solutions in the cathodic cell were 5.0 and 1.5, respectively, the corresponding values in the anodic cell were, however, 8.0 and 12.5, respectively. The rates of recovery obtained within 20 min of extraction time at a stirring rate of 750 rpm ranged from 45 to 54%. With correlation coefficients ranging from 0.990 to 0.996, the proposed EME technique provided good linearity over a concentration range of 20–1000 ng/mL. The LOD for all drugs was found to be 6.7 ng/mL, while reproducibility ranged from 7 to 12% (n = 5). Finally, applying the proposed method to determine and quantify the drugs in urine and wastewater samples, satisfactory results were achieved.
Encapsulation of caffeine in hydrogel colloidosome: optimization of fabrication, characterization and release kinetics evaluation
Authors: Amiryousefi Mohammad Reza , Mohebbi Mohebbat , Golmohammadzadeh Shiva , Koocheki Arash
Published: November 2015

In this research, hydrogel‐based colloidosome with the shell of CaCO3 microparticles was used to encapsulate caffeine as a model flavour compound. The results of the microscopic evaluation showed that the optimum parameters to fabricate this type of colloidosome were a volume fraction of water equal to 0.2 and a weight of CaCO3 microparticles to the volume of aqueous solution equal to 0.04 g/ml. In these conditions, when CaCO3 particles were dispersed in sunflower oil and then water in oil emulsion was prepared, with adding D‐gluconic acid δ‐lactone, water droplets containing alginate slowly gelate with the outer layer of CaCO3 particles in micrometer hydrogels without coagulation. CaCO3 microparticles act as both a cross‐linker for the alginate and a stabilizer of water in oil emulsion. After leaving for 48 h, the hydrogel colloidosomes sank to the bottom of the container as a result of gravity. In the optimum state, the colloidosomes had maximum stability and uniformity. After 5 h, this colloidosome sample continued the caffeine release in water up to 55% maximally while using mouth conditions for this sample, the release of the loaded caffeine increased 33% and reached to 73%. Kinetics release of caffeine from colloidosome samples was evaluated using the spectrophotometery method and the measurement of the released caffeine concentration. The results of modelling showed that the Korsmeyer–Peppas model is the best model for describing the release behaviour in mouth conditions (R2 ≥ 0.991), whereas the Kopcha model had the maximum coefficient of determination in conditions without shear (R2 ≥ 0.968). Overall, release in all colloidosome samples was from the Fickian diffusion type. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abscisic‐acid‐induced cellular apoptosis and differentiation in glioma via the retinoid acid signaling pathway
Authors: Zhou Nan , Yao Yu , Ye Hongxing , Zhu Wei , Chen Liang , Mao Ying
Published: November 2015

Retinoid acid (RA) plays critical roles in regulating differentiation and apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. Abscisic acid (ABA) and RA are direct derivatives of carotenoids and share structural similarities. Here we proposed that ABA may also play a role in cellular differentiation and apoptosis by sharing a similar signaling pathway with RA that may be involved in glioma pathogenesis. We reported for the first time that the ABA levels were twofold higher in low‐grade gliomas compared with high‐grade gliomas. In glioma tissues, there was a positive correlation between the ABA levels and the transcription of cellular retinoic acid‐binding protein 2 (CRABP2) and a negative correlation between the ABA levels and transcription of fatty acid‐binding protein 5 (FABP5). ABA treatment induced a significant increase in the expression of CRABP2 and a decrease in the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) in glioblastoma cells. Remarkably, both cellular apoptosis and differentiation were increased in the glioblastoma cells after ABA treatment. ABA‐induced cellular apoptosis and differentiation were significantly reduced by selectively silencing RAR‐α, while RAR‐α overexpression exaggerated the ABA‐induced effects. These results suggest that ABA may play a role in the pathogenesis of glioma by promoting cellular apoptosis and differentiation through the RA signaling pathway.
Recycling of osmotic solutions in microwave–osmotic dehydration: product quality and potential for creation of a novel product
Authors: Wray Derek , Ramaswamy Hosahalli S
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Despite osmotic dehydration being a cost effective process for moisture removal, the cost implications of making, regenerating, and properly disposing of the spent osmotic solutions contributes greatly to the economic feasibility of the drying operation. The potential for recycling of osmotic solutions and their use for creation of a novel product was explored using microwave–osmotic dehydration under continuous flow spray (MWODS) conditions.

RESULTS

Identical runs were repeated 10 times to determine the progressive physical and compositional effects of the thermal treatment and leaching from the cranberry samples. The microbiological stability and constant drying performance indicated that MWODS would be well suited for employing recycled solutions. While the anthocyanin content of the solution never approached that of cranberry juice concentrate, it is demonstrated that the spent syrup can infuse these health positive components into another product (apple).

CONCLUSION

This study found that re‐using osmotic solutions is a viable option to reduce cost in future MWODS applications, with no detriment to product quality and potential to use the spent solution for novel products. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Extraction methods of Amaranthus sp. grain oil isolation
Authors: Krulj Jelena , Brlek Tea , Pezo Lato , Brkljača Jovana , Popović Sanja , Zeković Zoran , Bodroža Solarov Marija
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Amaranthus sp. is a fast‐growing crop with well‐known beneficial nutritional values (rich in protein, fat, dietary fiber, ash, and minerals, especially calcium and sodium, and containing a higher amount of lysine than conventional cereals). Amaranthus sp. is an underexploited plant source of squalene, a compound of high importance in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

RESULTS

This paper has examined the effects of the different extraction methods (Soxhlet, supercritical fluid and accelerated solvent extraction) on the oil and squalene yield of three genotypes of Amaranthus sp. grain. The highest yield of the extracted oil (78.1 g kg−1) and squalene (4.7 g kg−1) in grain was obtained by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) in genotype 16. Post hoc Tukey's HSD test at 95% confidence limit showed significant differences between observed samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used for assessing the effect of different genotypes and extraction methods on oil and squalene yield, and also the fatty acid composition profile. Using coupled PCA and CA of observed samples, possible directions for improving the quality of product can be realized.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study indicate that it is very important to choose both the right genotype and the right method of extraction for optimal oil and squalene yield. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Posttraumatic Stress among Victimized Latino Women: Evaluating the Role of Cultural Factors
Authors: Cuevas Carlos A. , Sabina Chiara , Picard Emilie H.
Published: November 2015

Research examining victimization and posttraumatic symptomatology among Latinos is lacking in the extant literature. This analysis used the victimized subsample (N= 752) of the Sexual Assault Among Latinas Study. The aim was to evaluate victimization prevalence and test the following hypotheses: (a) that victimization would be associated with higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms, (b) that cultural factors that move away from traditional Latino culture would be associated with higher levels of posttraumatic symptomatology, and (c) that cultural factors associated with traditional Latino culture would be related to lower posttraumatic symptomatology. Average age of the sample was 44.57 years, with three fourths having a high school education or higher, and two thirds having a household income below $30,000. Of exposure types, adulthood threats were most likely to result in Criterion A traumatic events (23.4%). Using theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) based PTSD Checklist, between 8.8% and 45.5% of individuals met presumed PTSD diagnosis based on various PCL cut scores or algorithm criteria. Regression analyses indicated that the combined different types of adult and childhood victimizations, masculine gender role, and negative religious coping were associated with increased symptoms (βs ranging from .16 to .27). The results suggested a role of culture in posttraumatic symptoms for Latinas.
Living ROMP Synthesis and Redox Properties of Diblock Ferrocene/Cobalticenium Copolymers
Authors: Ciganda Roberto , Gu Haibin , Castel Patricia , Zhao Penxiang , Ruiz Jaime , Hernández Ricardo , Astruc Didier
Published: November 2015

Using the third‐generation Grubbs catalyst, the living ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of ferrocene/cobalticenium copolymers is conducted with theoretical numbers of 25 monomer units for each block, and their redox and electrochemical properties allow using the Bard–Anson electrochemical method to determine the number of metallocenyl units in each block.

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Dietary emulsifiers from milk and soybean differently impact adiposity and inflammation in association with modulation of colonic goblet cells in high‐fat fed mice
Authors: Lecomte Manon , Couëdelo Leslie , Meugnier Emmanuelle , Plaisancié Pascale , Létisse Marion , Benoit Bérengère , Gabert Laure , Penhoat Armelle , Durand Annie , Pineau Gaëlle , Joffre Florent , Géloën Alain , Vaysse Carole , Laugerette Fabienne , Michalski Marie‐Caroline
Published: November 2015

Scope

Enhanced adiposity and metabolic inflammation are major features of obesity that could be impacted by dietary emulsifiers. We investigated in high‐fat fed mice the effects of using a new polar lipid (PL) emulsifier from milk (MPL) instead of soybean lecithin (soybean PL [SPL]) on adipose tissue and intestinal mucosa function.

Methods and results

Four groups of C57BL6 mice received for 8 wks a low‐fat (LF) diet or a high‐fat diet devoid of PLs or an high‐fat diet including MPL (high‐fat‐MPL) or SPL (high‐fat‐SPL). Compared with high‐fat diet, high‐fat‐SPL diet increased white adipose tissue (WAT) mass (p < 0.05), with larger adipocytes (p < 0.05) and increased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, monochemoattractant protein‐1, LPS‐binding protein, and leptin (p < 0.05). This was not observed with high‐fat‐MPL diet despite similar dietary intakes and increased expression of fatty acid transport protein 4 and microsomal TG transfer protein, involved in lipid absorption, in upper intestine (p < 0.05). High‐fat‐MPL mice had a lower expression in WAT of cluster of differentiation 68, marker of macrophage infiltration, versus high‐fat and high‐fat‐SPL mice (p < 0.05), and more goblet cells in the colon (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Unlike SPL, MPL in the high‐fat diet did not induce WAT hypertrophy and inflammation but increased colonic goblet cells. This supports further clinical exploration of different sources of dietary emulsifiers in the frame of obesity outbreak.
Hard is Normal: Military Families' Transitions Within the Process of Deployment
Authors: Yablonsky Abigail M. , Barbero Edie Devers , Richardson Jeanita W.
Published: November 2015

US military deployments have become more frequent and lengthier in duration since 2003. Over half of US military members are married, and many also have children. The authors sought to understand the process of deployment from the perspective of the military family. After a thorough search of the literature, 21 primary research reports of 19 studies with an aggregate sample of 874 were analyzed using qualitative metasynthesis. The deployment process was experienced in four temporal domains. The military family as a whole shared the pre‐deployment transition: all family members felt uncertain about the future, needed to complete tasks to “get ready” for deployment, and experienced a sense of distancing in preparation for the upcoming separation. The AD member went through the deployment transition independently, needing to “stay engaged” with the military mission, building a surrogate family and simultaneously trying to maintain connection with the family at home. In parallel, the home front family was going through a transposement transition, moving forward as an altered family unit, taking on new roles and responsibilities, and trying to simultaneously connect with the deployed member and find support from other military families. In post‐deployment, the family went through the “reintegration” transition together, managing expectations, and readjusting family roles, all needing understanding and appreciation for their sacrifices during the recent separation. Effective family communication was important for military family well‐being after deployment but unexpectedly challenging for many. Clinical, research, and policy recommendations are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This article has been contributed to by a US Government employee and her work is in the public domain in the USA.
Ultrasonic treatment of PP/CNT composites during twin‐screw extrusion: Effect of screw configuration
Authors: Zhong Jing , Isayev Avraam I.
Published: November 2015

PP/CNT composites were prepared by means of an ultrasonic twin extruder with three screw configurations at ultrasonic amplitudes up to 13 μm to compare their efficiency in dispersing CNT in PP. Using these screw configurations, the pressure in the ultrasonic treatment zone was varied in order to elucidate the effect of pressure on ultrasonic cavitation behavior in PP and PP/CNT composites. Rheological and mechanical behaviors were analyzed to reflect the dispersion of CNT. The results indicated that the dispersion of CNT in PP is more related to the number of kneading elements in the screw configuration and less to the residence time. This was explained by simulating the mixing effect using the flow analysis network. Comparison of the complex viscosities of untreated and treated PP indicated that at the same amplitude of ultrasonic treatment, PP degraded more at lower ambient pressure. At the lowest ambient pressure, the cavitation in the polymer matrix was intense at the highest amplitude but it had not always led to the best dispersion due to the suppression of the cavitation in the agglomerates. Therefore, the ultrasonic treatment increased the dispersion level of CNT in PP with the best improvement not always occurring at the highest amplitude. Composites prepared at an ultrasonic amplitude of 10 μm in the screw configuration providing an intermediate pressure exhibited elongation at break as high as 320% compared to 247% for the untreated composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2695–2706, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Degradable precision polynorbornenes via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization
Authors: Moatsou Dafni , Nagarkar Amit , Kilbinger Andreas F. M. , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: November 2015

In an attempt to introduce monomer sequence control in a growing polynorbornene via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization, we employ dioxepins to efficiently determine the location of the monomers on the macromolecule backbone. Owing to the acid‐labile acetal group, dioxepins allow scission of the polymer at the point of the dioxepin insertion and thus provide an indirect way to determine the monomer location. Additionally, dioxepins are used as spacers in the synthesis of multiblock polynorbornenes that are readily cleavable to afford the individual polynorbornene blocks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1236–1242
Wild type HBx and truncated HBx: Pleiotropic regulators driving sequential genetic and epigenetic steps of hepatocarcinogenesis and progression of HBV‐associated neoplasms
Authors: Niller Hans Helmut , Ay Eva , Banati Ferenc , Demcsák Anett , Takacs Maria , Minarovits Janos
Published: November 2015

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the causative agents of hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis are complex. One of the host factors involved is apparently the long‐lasting inflammatory reaction which accompanies chronic HBV infection. Although HBV lacks a typical viral oncogene, the HBx gene encoding a pleiotropic regulatory protein emerged as a major player in liver carcinogenesis. Here we review the tumorigenic functions of HBx with an emphasis on wild type and truncated HBx variants, and their role in the transcriptional dysregulation and epigenetic reprogramming of the host cell genome. We suggest that HBx acquired by the HBV genome during evolution acts like a cellular proto‐onc gene that is activated by deletion during hepatocarcinogenesis. The resulting viral oncogene (v‐onc gene) codes for a truncated HBx protein that facilitates tumor progression. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods to adjust for misclassification in the quantiles for the generalized linear model with measurement error in continuous exposures
Authors: Wang Ching‐Yun , Dieu Tapsoba Jean De , Duggan Catherine , Campbell Kristin L , McTiernan Anne
Published: November 2015

In many biomedical studies, covariates of interest may be measured with errors. However, frequently in a regression analysis, the quantiles of the exposure variable are often used as the covariates in the regression analysis. Because of measurement errors in the continuous exposure variable, there could be misclassification in the quantiles for the exposure variable. Misclassification in the quantiles could lead to bias estimation in the association between the exposure variable and the outcome variable. Adjustment for misclassification will be challenging when the gold standard variables are not available. In this paper, we develop two regression calibration estimators to reduce bias in effect estimation. The first estimator is normal likelihood‐based. The second estimator is linearization‐based, and it provides a simple and practical correction. Finite sample performance is examined via a simulation study. We apply the methods to a four‐arm randomized clinical trial that tested exercise and weight loss interventions in women aged 50–75years. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ICT, Innovation and Firm Performance: The Transition Economies Context
Authors: Gërguri‐Rashiti Shqipe , Ramadani Veland , Abazi‐Alili Hyrije , Dana Léo‐Paul , Ratten Vanessa
Published: November 2015

The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of information communication technologies (ICT) and innovation activities on firm performance using the Business Environment Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) firm‐level data in the three rounds: 2002, 2005, and 2008. The novelty of this research is based on the idea of studying the usage of ICT and innovation activities on firm performance by using dynamic approach so that we can estimate the adjustments that arise from the impact of ICT and innovation activities. The rapid technological development and the growing use of information technology (IT) in business organizations have become the center of attention in past few years. A bulk of literature has been published on the use of IT in different industries, different types of business organizations, and in different areas of business management. On the other hand, the probability of the firm to undertake innovation activities has shown to enhance firm performance. This study implements various estimations on BEEPS observations to test whether the change in the usage of ICT and other innovation determinants have increase the probability of firms to undertake innovation activities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering of isoamylase: improvement of protein stability and catalytic efficiency through semi-rational design
Authors: Li Youran , Zhang Liang , Ding Zhongyang , Gu Zhenghua , Shi Guiyang
Published: November 2015

Isoamylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in glycogen, amylopectin and α/β-limit dextrins. A semi-rational design strategy was performed to improve catalytic properties of isoamylase from Bacillus lentus. Three residues in vicinity of the essential residues, Arg505, Asn513, and Gly608, were chosen as the mutation sites and were substituted by Ala, Pro, Glu, and Lys, respectively. Thermal stability of the mutant R505P and acidic stability of the mutant R505E were enhanced. The k  cat  /K  m values of the mutant G608V have been promoted by 49 %, and the specific activity increased by 33 %. This work provides an effective strategy for improving the catalytic activity and stability of isoamylase, and the results obtained here may be useful for the improvement of catalytic properties of other α/β barrel enzymes.
Femoral derotation osteotomy with multi-level soft tissue procedures in children with cerebral palsy: Does it improve gait quality?
Authors: Saglam Yavuz , Ekin Akalan N. , Temelli Yener , Kuchimov Shavkat
Published: November 2015

Purpose

Poor motor control and delayed thumb function and a delay in walking are the main factors which retard the natural decrease of the femoral anteversion (FA) with age. In addition, cerebral palsy (CP) patients usually have muscular imbalance around the hip as well as muscle contractures, both of which are main factors accounting for the increased FA which is commonly present in CP patients. The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the mid-term results of femoral derotational osteotomy (FDO) on the clinical findings, temporospatial and kinematic parameters of gait in children with CP.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with CP and increased FA who were treated with FDO with multi-level soft tissue surgeries at a single institution between 1992 and 2011. FA assessment was done in the prone position, and internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) of the hip was measured in the absence of pelvis rotation. Surgical procedures were performed on the basis of both clinical findings and video analysis. Clinical findings, Edinburgh Visual Gait Scores (EVGS) and results from three-dimensional gait analysis were analyzed preoperatively and last follow-up.

Results

A total of 93 patients with 175 affected extremities were included in this review. Mean age was 6.2 ± 3.1 (standard deviation) at initial surgery. The average length of the follow-up period was 6.3 ± 3.7 years. At the last follow-up, the postoperative hip IR had significantly decreased (73.9° vs. 46.2°; p < 0.0001), the hip ER had significantly improved (23.8° vs. 37°; p < 0.0001) and the popliteal angle had significantly decreased (64.2° vs. 55.8°; p < 0.0001). The total EVGS showed significant improvement after FDO (35.2 ± 6.4 vs. 22.5 ± 6.1; p < 0.001). Computed gait analysis showed significant improvement in the foot progression angle (FPA; 8.1° vs. −16.9°; p = 0.005) and hip rotation (−13.9° vs. 5.7°; p = 0.01) at the last follow-up. Stance time was improved (60.2 vs. 65.1 %; p = 0.02) and swing time was decreased (39.9 vs. 35.2 %; p = 0.03). Double support time and cadence were both decreased ( p = 0.032 and p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the FDO is an appropriate treatment strategy for the correction of FA and associated in-toeing gait in children with CP. Improvements in clinical and kinematic parameters were observed in both groups after FDO with multi-level soft tissue release. The most prominent effects of FDO were on transverse plane hip rotation and FPA.
Europeans: Don't be Afraid of your Culture!
Authors: Aguilera-Barchet Bruno
Published: November 2015

The West has exercised international hegemony since the Middle Ages. The European states, until 1918, and the US, up to the end of the Cold War, proved capable of imposing their leadership through their military and economic dominance. Today, however, the Western nations are not the only world powers. China, India, Russia and some Islamic countries share global leadership with the US, while Europe is struggling to find a way to be relevant in the twenty-first century. Merely constituting a massive common market is insufficient. In this endeavour Europe is not taking advantage of its most valuable asset: its rich cultural legacy, rooted in thousands of years of history. Ironically, the young US has thus far done a better job of projecting power globally by exploiting its soft power. Placing the humanities back at the centre of education would be the best way for Europeans to recover both their identity and an important role on the world stage.
Liberal Democracy: The Threat of Counter-narratives
Authors: Habets Ingrid
Published: November 2015

The universalism of liberal democracy is under attack. While the number of democracies in the world has increased, the level of freedom in them has declined. Electoral or illiberal democracies only provide the minimum standard of democracy, where individual liberties remain unprotected. Furthermore, these illiberal democracies have developed counter-narratives that attack the liberal international order, and with it, liberal democracy. These counter-narratives, supported by Russia, China and other undemocratic regimes, confront liberal democracy in three ways: first, they trivialise the violation of individual liberties for the sake of increasing state security; second, the claim of civilisational diversity is used to reject democratic values as incompatible with their culture; and third, they accuse the West of the moral decay of ‘traditional’ values. Moreover, these authoritarian narratives play to the West's weaknesses. The West needs to defend its hard-won liberties, rights and values by confronting these counter-narratives. Furthermore, citizens have a moral duty to participate politically in order to ensure that democracy continues to work. The transatlantic community needs to ensure that liberal democracy remains at the top of its agenda.
Variable uptake feature of focal nodular hyperplasia in Tc‐99m phytate hepatic scintigraphy/single‐photon emission computed tomography—A parametric analysis
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Ling , Chen Yu‐Wen , Lin Chia‐Yang , Lai Yun‐Chang , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Lin Zu‐Yau
Published: November 2015

Tc‐99m phytate hepatic scintigraphy remains the standard method for evaluating the functional features of Kupffer cells. In this study, we demonstrate the variable uptake feature of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in Tc‐99m phytate scintigraphy. We reviewed all patients who underwent Tc‐99m phytate hepatic scintigraphy between 2008 and 2012 in Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Cases with FNH were diagnosed on the basis of pathology or at least one or more prior imaging with a periodic clinical follow‐up. All patients received a standard protocol of dynamic flow study and planar and Tc‐99m phytate single‐photon emission computed tomography (E. CAM; Siemens). The correlation of variable nodular radioactivity with parameters such as tumor size and localization was analyzed. In total, 15 lesions of 14 patients in the clinic were diagnosed as FNH. The tumor size was approximately 2.9–7.4 cm (mean size 4.6 cm). Four lesions were larger than 5 cm. The major anatomic distribution was in the right hepatic lobe (10 lesions), particularly in the superior segments (7 lesions). Tc‐99m phytate single‐photon emission computed tomography imaging for determining the functional features of Kupffer cells included cool/cold (8 lesions), isoradioactive/warm (6 lesions), and hot (1 lesion) patterns of uptake. We did not observe any statistically significant correlation between variable nodular radioactivity and tumor size (p = 0.68) or localization (p = 0.04). Herein, we demonstrate the variable uptake feature of FNH in Tc‐99m phytate scintigraphy. In small FNH tumors (< 5 cm), increased or equal uptake still provided specificity for the differential diagnosis of hepatic solid tumors.
Electrodiagnostic Testing and Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Canada
Authors: Li Pi Shan Rodney , Nicolle Michael , Chan Ming , Ashworth Nigel , White Chris , Winston Paul , Dukelow Sean
Published: November 2015

Objectives: 1) Assess which electrodiagnostic studies Canadian clinicians use to aid in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). 2) Assess whether Canadian clinicians follow the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine/American Academy of Neurology/American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Practice Parameter for Electrodiagnostic Studies in CTS. 3) Assess how Canadian clinicians manage CTS once a diagnosis has been established. Methods: In this prospective observational study, an electronic survey was sent to all members of the Canadian Neuromuscular Group (CNMG) and the Canadian Association of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (CAPM&R) Neuromuscular Special Interest Group. Questions addressed which electrodiagnostic tests were being routinely used for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Management recommendations for CTS was also explored. Results: Of the 70 individuals who completed the survey, fourteen different nerve conduction study techniques were reported. Overall, 36/70 (51%) of participants followed the AANEM/AAN/AAPM&R Practice Parameter. The standard followed by the fewest of our respondents with 64% compliance (45/70) was the use of a standard distance of 13 to 14 cm with respect to the median sensory nerve conduction study. Regarding management, 99% would recommend splinting in the case of mild CTS. In moderate CTS, splinting was recommended by 91% of clinicians and 68% would also consider referral for surgery. In severe CTS, most recommended surgery (93%). Conclusions: There is considerable variability in terms of which electrodiagnostic tests Canadian clinicians perform for CTS. Canadian clinicians are encouraged to adhere to the AANEM/AAN/AAPM&R Practice Parameter for Electrodiagnostic Studies in CTS.
Making or Administering Law and Policy? Discretion and Judgment in Employment Standards Enforcement in Ontario
Authors: Tucker Eric , Hall Alan , Vosko Leah , Hall Rebecca , Siemiatycki Elliot
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to advance an approach to analyzing decision-making by front line public officials. The notion of discretion in front line decision-making has been examined widely in the law and society literature. However, it has often failed to capture the different kinds and levels of decisions that enforcement officials make. Taking an interdisciplinary approach that draws on political, sociological, and legal analysis, we propose a new conceptual framework, one that draws a sharper distinction between discretion and judgment and teases out distinct levels in the scope and depth of decision-making. We then use this framework to create a conceptual map of the decision-making process of front-line officials charged with enforcing the Employment Standards Act (ESA) of Ontario, demonstrating that a deeper, more precise analysis of discretion and judgment can contribute to a richer understanding of front line decision-making and its social, political, and legal implications.
Legislative Voting Behaviour in the Regional Party System: An Analysis of Roll-Call Votes in the South Korean National Assembly, 2000–8
Authors: Shin Jae Hyeok , Lee Hojun
Published: November 2015

This article explores legislative voting behaviour in the regional party system where electoral competition is based primarily on geographic divisions instead of national public policies. An analysis of roll-call votes in the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea from 2000 to 2008 reveals that in the regionalized context, legislative voting unity is high because legislators are disciplined to receive endorsement from their regional champion party. Those legislators are far more disciplined when voting on pork legislation. Nonetheless, as the socioeconomic status of constituents rises and the constituents thus care more about policy than pork, then opposition legislators tend to vote against their parties more often. Conversely, governing-party members are more disciplined to pass bills where voters often desire policy over pork. This study suggests a powerful interaction between party affiliations and voter demands as a dominant electoral strategic tool in the regional party system.
Order, Out of Order: Rahner's Tectonic Proposal for an Ecumenical Difficulty
Authors: Rinderknecht Jakob K.
Published: November 2015

The sacrament of order raises important ecumenical questions, but discussion is hindered by binding historical magisterial judgments of invalidity. This article examines a mostly overlooked ecumenical proposal made by Karl Rahner in 1974 for approaching the sacrament and examines its implications by applying the insights of contemporary cognitive linguistic thinkers. Rahner suggested that Protestant order could be ruled valid by the Catholic Church through a determination analogous to the radical sanation of a marriage. Such a proposal both accepts the prior judgment that the sacrament was invalid and declares it to now be valid retroactively to its beginning. Rahner's proposal has several important implications: first, it can allow for mutual recognition of ministries without requiring either a reordination of the other's presbyters or a revocation of the historical judgments of invalidity. Potentially more broadly, it can serve as the basis for a rethinking of sacramental causality in general.
Sense or sensibility? Political attitudes and voting behaviour of party members, voters, and supporters of the Italian centre-left
Authors: Sandri Giulia , Seddone Antonella
Published: November 2015

We consider the effect of primary elections on party membership and electoral behaviour. Direct democracy instruments trigger significant changes in the role and behaviour of grassroots members. The case of the Italian centre-left parties, and particularly the Democratic Party, is in this sense relevant, as for over a decade these parties have been reaching out to supporters in order to include them into decision-making processes, such as the selection of party leaders and candidates to legislative and executive offices. The distinction between members and supporters has blurred. The article focuses on voting behaviour and party attachment of three different groups of primary voters – namely, party members, supporters, and external voters. What is the difference between these three groups with regard to voting behaviour and motivations in primary elections? And what is the difference with regard to voting intentions in general elections? We examine these issues using original survey data collected in 2012 during the centre-left coalition’s primary elections. We highlight the consequences of the differences between members and supporters with regard to their voting behaviour and motivations.
Dynamics of particle migration in channel flow of viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Li Gaojin , McKinley Gareth H. , Ardekani Arezoo M.
Published: November 2015

The migration of a sphere in the pressure-driven channel flow of a viscoelastic fluid is studied numerically. The effects of inertia, elasticity, shear-thinning viscosity, secondary flows and the blockage ratio are considered by conducting fully resolved direct numerical simulations over a wide range of parameters. In a Newtonian fluid in the presence of inertial effects, the particle moves away from the channel centreline. The elastic effects, however, drive the particle towards the channel centreline. The equilibrium position depends on the interplay between the elastic and inertial effects. Particle focusing at the centreline occurs in flows with strong elasticity and weak inertia. Both shear-thinning effects and secondary flows tend to move the particle away from the channel centreline. The effect is more pronounced as inertia and elasticity effects increase. A scaling analysis is used to explain these different effects. Besides the particle migration, particle-induced fluid transport and particle migration during flow start-up are also considered. Inertial effects, shear-thinning behaviour, and secondary flows are all found to enhance the effective fluid transport normal to the flow direction. Due to the oscillation in fluid velocity and strong normal stress differences that develop during flow start-up, the particle has a larger transient migration velocity, which may be potentially used to accelerate the particle focusing.
A new inviscid mode of instability in compressible boundary-layer flows
Authors: Tunney Adam P. , Denier James P. , Mattner Trent W. , Cater John E.
Published: November 2015

The stability of an almost inviscid compressible fluid flowing over a rigid heated surface is considered. We focus on the boundary layer that arises. The effect of surface heating is known to induce a streamwise acceleration in the boundary layer near the surface. This manifests in a streamwise velocity which exhibits a maximum larger than the free-stream velocity (i.e. the streamwise velocity exhibits an ‘overshoot’ region). We explore the impact of this overshoot on the stability of the boundary layer, demonstrating that the compressible form of the classical Rayleigh equation (which governs the development of short wavelength instabilities) possesses a new unstable mode that is a direct consequence of this overshoot. The structure of this new class of modes in the small wavenumber limit is detailed, providing a valuable confirmation of our numerical results obtained from the full inviscid eigenvalue problem.
Microstructural effects in aqueous foam fracture
Authors: Stewart Peter S. , Davis Stephen H. , Hilgenfeldt Sascha
Published: November 2015

We examine the fracture of a quasi-two-dimensional surfactant-laden aqueous foam under an applied driving pressure, using a network modelling approach developed for metallic foams by Stewart & Davis (J. Rheol., vol. 56, 2012, p. 543). In agreement with experiments, we observe two distinct mechanisms of failure analogous to those observed in a crystalline solid: a slow ductile mode when the driving pressure is applied slowly, where the void propagates as bubbles interchange neighbours through the T1 process; and a rapid brittle mode for faster application of pressures, where the void advances by successive rupture of liquid films driven by Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The simulations allow detailed insight into the mechanics of the fracturing medium and the role of its microstructure. In particular, we examine the stress distribution around the crack tip and investigate how brittle fracture localizes into a single line of breakages. We also confirm that pre-existing microstructural defects can alter the course of fracture.