bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Term Structure of Interest Rates with B-Spline Model during the Money-Shortage-Event in China
Authors: Zheng Peng , Yang Lian Qiang , Dai Zhen Ni
Published: July 2014

Using the price data of bonds’ transactions during June 2013, the discounting function is fitted by non-uniform cubic B-Splines and yield curves are modeled. Models’ single parametric test and total test are both significant. Furthermore, the structural change’s test shows that there is no significant structural change between adjacent transaction days, which means that the bonds’ market is relatively steady during June 2013.
Liquid Phase Rhodamine Boxidation Induced by Plasma with Glow Discharge Electrolysis
Authors: Gai Ke , Qi Hui Li , Ma Dong Ping , Zhang Yu Quan
Published: July 2014

Exhaustive Rhodamine B oxidation by means of contact glow discharge plasma in aqueous solution has been investigated. The rate of degradation in different conditions such as pH、H2O2、Fe2+、n-butanol, and other factors affecting was studied. The results showed that, there are faster removal rate when the solution was in a relatively higher acidity; H2O2presence can improve the efficiency rate.Fe2+can promote reaction. Radical scavenger, n-butanol, inhibits the Rhodamine B removal significantly. Some major intermediate products were detected by HPLC and GC-MS, respectively.
The Most Probable Mechanism Function of PVC Thermal Decomposition
Authors: Xu Ning , Li Guang Cheng , Guan Rong Feng
Published: July 2014

The most probable mechanism function of non-isothermal kinetics about polyvinyl chloride thermal decomposition process was studied by the differential method (A-B-S)-integral method (C-R). The results show that the most probable mechanism function accorded with the mechanism function A1.5 when the heating rate of was 5 °C/min and the decomposition rate was 0.01-0.10.
Low-Temperature Catalytic Combustion of VOCs over MnOx–ZnO Mixed Oxides Supported on Cordierite Ceramic
Authors: Huang Qiong , Chen Ying Wen , Shen Shu Bao , Chen Min Dong
Published: July 2014

Catalytic combustion of VOCs was investigated over Mn–Zn mixed oxides supported on cordierite ceramic (Cord) and over the promoted Mn-Zn oxides with γ–Al2O3 coating. The properties and performance were characterized by using the XRD, SEM, BET, and TPD techniques. Mn-Zn oxides catalysts with different kinds of γ–Al2O3 sol coating were found to possess a high activity, and the Mn–Zn/γ–Al2O3/Cord (Mn/Zn=2) was identified as the most active that the temperature of complete combustion of toluene was 250°C. Effects of variation of preparation conditions, including molar ratio of Mn and Zn, loading, calcination temperature and different kinds of γ–Al2O3 dipping were investigated.
The Molecular Orientation in Monomolecular Layer of Phthalocyanine and Porphyrin Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Chun Peng , Guo Hui Miao , Cui Hai Ning , Wang Hai Shui , Xi Shi Quan
Published: July 2014

Systematic research on monomolecular layer of copper (II) phthalocyanine (CuPc) and porphyrin derivatives bas been done. In this paper an attention is focused upon the molecular orientation in monomolecular layer of some symmetrically substituted porphyrin and asymmetrically substituted CuPc derivatives by means of the surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherm method, polarized UV-visible spectra.
Synthesis and Fluorescence Study of Cobalt(II) Deuteroporphyrin Dimethyl Ester
Authors: Yu Chuan Ming , Hu Bing Cheng
Published: July 2014

A series of metal-DPDME (metal deuteroporphyrin dimethyl ester) complex were synthesized through dehydrogenation, deferrization, esterification, metal-complexation using hemin as raw materials. Found red shift at Soret band and blue shift at Q band in UV-Vis spectrum which is different from tetraphenylporphyrin, and different excitation and emission peaks in fluorescence spectrum between DPDME and Co (II)-DPDME.
Research Progress of Sintered Wall Material Products Synchronous Cutting Machine
Authors: Liu Hong Mei , Wu Cheng Qun , Zhang Xin , Xu Yuan Bin
Published: July 2014

By means of raw performance analysis of silt sintered porous brick, the importance of synchronous cutting machine in the molding process was revealed. On basis of the analysis of the present situation of research and application of synchronous cutting machine at home and abroad, according to the forming characteristics of silt sintered porous brick, technical parameters of synchronous cutting machine was explained and the development trend of the synchronous cutting machine was expected.
The Crack Tip Fields for Anti-Plane Interfacial Crack between Functionally Graded and Homogeneous Piezoelectric Materials
Authors: Dai Yao , Chong Xiao
Published: July 2014

The problem of an anti-plane crack situated in the interface of functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPMs) and homogeneous piezoelectric materials (HPMs) is considered under the impermeable assumption of crack surfaces. The mechanical and electrical properties of the FGPMs are assumed to be exponential functions of y perpendicular to the crack. The higher order crack tip stress and electric displacement fields for FGPMs and HPMs are obtained by the eigen-expansion method. The stress intensity factor and electric displacement intensity factor are obtained explicitly.
Ply Thickness’ Effect on Composite Laminate under Low-Velocity Impact
Authors: Luo Xiang Cheng , Zhang Tao , Wang Qing Shan
Published: July 2014

Based on the two-dimensional Hashin failure criteria and the introduction of material degradation damage factor, low-speed impact model of composite laminated plate was established by ABAQUS with fiber and matrix’s failure modes being taken into consideration. The mode is verified by referring to Karakuzu test. Next, it analyzes single ply thickness’ effect on laminated plate’s response and damaged under low-velocity impact. The result shows that with the thickness increasing, impact contact time and laminated plate impact point’s deflection displacement reduce, while the impact force and volatile shocks are more obvious.
Study on Catalyst for Catalytic Ozonation to Leachate and Catalytic Process
Authors: Jiang Bao Jun , Tian Zhu Jun , Jiang Jin Ming
Published: July 2014

Five kinds of catalyst were prepared with Chromium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel loading on the γ–Al2O3. Catalyst loading rate, effects to the ozone suction rates and water quality change situation of catalytic ozonation to leachate were studied. It can be found that when the mO3/mCOD equaled 0.11, 0.15 and 0.26 separately, and mCatalyst/mCOD fixed at 5, the cobalt has the highest loading rate, the cadmium catalyst could improve the ozone absorption rate, the chromium catalyst makes against the ozone absorption rate, the copper catalyst can increase the COD removal rate and the nickel catalyst has advantages for the NH3–N removal rate. Results indicate that: the leachate COD removal rate increased by 20.2 percent by the copper catalyst adding and the NH3–N removal rate rise 20.7 percent with the nickel catalyst; the best dosage of the ozone in catalytic ozonation is mO3/mCOD at 0.12 to 0.13; the degree of oxidation is exited.
Study on the Growth Model of Expandable Graphite
Authors: Ye Fei , Zhu Chen Guang , Zhang Zi Hao
Published: July 2014

The expansion mechanism of expandable graphite (EG) was studied systematically in this paper. Based on the feature of the structure and the linear expansion of expandable graphite, a simple expansion model was established by the energy balance and mass balance equation. And the model was modified by setting of the boundary conditions. The result showed that a good agreement is confirmed by comparing the test data and model, especially the two inflection points of the growth rate. The study may provide theory support for improving using condition and expand application fields of the expandable graphite.
Experimental Study the Affection of the Dust Emission on Sand Stockpile by the Height of Windbreak Wall and Wind Speed
Authors: Liu Ze Qin , Ma Li Ying , Zhao Xin Yu
Published: July 2014

Based on the perspective of saving investment and reducing dust emission, the method of experimental study and the working principle of windbreak wall were adopted in this paper to explore the affection of the dust emission on sand stockpile by the height of windbreak wall and natural wind speed. According to the experimental testing, the data processing and analysis by the origin software, the studied results indicated that, the dust emission of the same particle size of powder (sand) increased with increasing the wind speed, the dust emission of the same particle size and the same wind speed of powder reduced with increasing the height of the windbreak wall., When the height of windbreak wall is 5/6 times of the height of the stockpile for a certain height of the bulk stockpile, the dual purposes of the minimum dust emission of bulk stockpile and saving investment could be gained. In the practical engineering application, the height of the windbreak wall should be chosen according to the actual situation (the density of the stockpile, particle size as well as the local wind speed).
A Novel Multilayer Structure with Frequency Selected Surface for Electromagnetic Compatibility
Authors: Li Jie , Xu Dong Lai
Published: July 2014

Electromagnetic wave absorbers can be widely used in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). We proposed a novel multilayer structure of metal alloy-ferrite-plastic composites. A new structure with Frequency Selected Surface (FSS), which has filter characteristic, embedded in the composites was fabricated to improve the absorption performance. In bandwidth of 8.04GHz, the reflectivity was smaller than-8dB and the thickness was only 2.6mm. The reflectivity was measured using a standard NRL Arch technique in a frequency range of 3-18 GHz. The experimental results indicate that it is possible to make a desirable thin, broadband EMW absorber by the incorporation of an FSS into the magnetic absorbing materials.
The Welding Residual Stress Analysis on High Performance Bridge Steel with Different Testing Method
Authors: Xue Huan , Li Rong Feng , Yu Li , Liu Dong , Peng Wen Jie
Published: July 2014

The residual stress on X groove welding plate of high performance bridge steel 4MnNbq is analyzed. The X-ray diffraction method, hole drilling method and indentation method are respectively used to test the residual stress on welding line, heat-affected zone and base metal. The longitudinal and transversal residual stress are analyzed and compared. The results show that the stress along welding line direction is far larger than the transversal one and the stress on base metal are comparatively smaller than the welding line. The testing results of three methods match well, while the results of X-ray method and hole drilling method are much closer, the relative error of indentation method is comparatively larger.
A Study on the Sample Overheat Phenomenon of Fatigue Test
Authors: Xue Huan , He Jia , Hu Jing Qin , Kuang Lan Xiang , Peng Wen Jie
Published: July 2014

The overheat phenomenon often appears in the fatigue test of some high strength materials. It leads the deconcentration of test data and low efficiency of experiment process, or even failure of the whole test. The frequency adjusting method (FAM) and sample shape design technology are developed to solve this problem. Experiment result shows that the FAM can moderately ameliorate the overheat phenomenon. The resistivity of overheat phenomenon of the funnel type sample is far stronger than the straight bar type one.
Experiment Research on Mechanical Properties and Penetration Performance of UHMWPE Fiber Concrete
Authors: Zhang Yu Wu , Yan Lu Hui , Zhu Lin , Zhang Sheng , Li Ling Feng
Published: July 2014

The basic mechanical properties and penetration performance of a new type of fiber concrete reinforced by UHMWPE fiber were experimental investigated. The strengths of the cube compression, splitting tensile and beam bending of this FRC with four kinds of fiber volume fraction (FVF) was researched firstly. Then, the penetration tests for the FRC with FVF of 0.8% were then conducted. The results show that the UHMWPE fiber is of excellent effects to improve the tension strength and toughness of concrete. The penetration depth and cratering area of the FRC by bullet penetration are decreased obviously compared with plain concrete which testifies the remarkable effect of this kind of fiber on enhancing penetration resistance of concrete. Last but not least, the application prospect and field of UFRC were discussed.
Treatment of Simulated Acid Mine Drainage by Permeable Reactive Barrier: Column Study
Authors: Cai Chang Feng , Qi Fu Zhang , Lin Xiao Liang , Jiang Lin
Published: July 2014

Three polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns filled with different ratios of reactive media, ceramsite and corncob, were conducted to assess the treatment performance of simulated acid mine drainage (AMD). The results indicated that the columns could effectively remove sulfate and metal ions from AMD with the removal efficiency of 57.7% and 96.5% respectively. The removal efficiency decreased with the increasing inlet velocity and at the same sample ports the sulfate and metal ions concentrations at the velocity of 1 ml/min were lower than that at the velocity of 2ml/min and 3ml/min.
On Steady Wear States for Monotonic Relative Sliding of Contacting Bodies
Authors: Páczelt István , Mróz Zenon
Published: July 2014

The paper presents a synthetic review of recent research carried out by the writers [1-6, 7-9] on contact shape optimization coupled with wear and on the steady wear regimes reached in the transient wear process. It was shown that these regimes can also be specified from the optimality conditions. In the analysis several classes of shape optimization problems were considered, namely minimization of wear volume rate, friction dissipation power or wear dissipation power. It was demonstrated that the contact shape evolution tends to steady or quasi-steady states satisfying the minimum principle of the wear dissipation power, resulting in the coaxiality rule requiring the wear rate vector to be collinear with the rigid body wear velocity vector. The application of steady state wear rules in specification of contact states for selected problems is discussed in the paper. The extension of method is presented for the case of multi-zone contact problems for which both transient and steady states have been analyzed.
Commonly Encountered Damages in Cable Members of CFST Arch Bridge and Detection Methods
Authors: Gao Xin , Liu Li Jing , Yao Shu Kui , Yang Jun Wen , Li Yi
Published: July 2014

A thorough research was made on the commonly encountered damages in cable members of the concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge and their detection methods. Four main types of damages, including cable protection measure damage, anchor system damage, cable body damage and other damage types were discovered after a comprehensive study of the cable members on some existing CFST arch bridges and the related references. A focus has been placed to analysis each types of damages individually, based on their characteristics, failure mechanism and destructive effects. Furthermore, the detection methods for the damages in cable members were introduced and evaluated elaborately. Therefore, this study provides a valuable reference for the daily maintenance and maintenance specification establish for cable members of CFST arch bridge under different scenarios.
Role of MR spectroscopy in musculoskeletal imaging
Authors: Deshmukh Swati , Subhawong Ty , Carrino John A , Fayad Laura
Published: July 2014

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an imaging approach that allows for the noninvasive molecular characterization of a region of interest. By detecting signals of water, lipids, and other metabolites, MRS can provide metabolic information for lesion characterization and assessment of treatment response. Although MRS has been routinely used in the brain, clinical applications within the musculoskeletal system have only more recently emerged. The aim of this article is to review the technical considerations for performing MRS in the musculoskeletal system, focusing on proton MRS, and to discuss its potential roles in musculoskeletal tumor imaging and the assessment of muscle physiology and disease.
Nuclear Accident Crisis and Liver Disease: A Summary on Evidences
Authors: Wiwanitkit Viroj
Published: July 2014

The present global concern is on the adverse effect due to exposure to nuclides expelled from the disrupted nuclear power plant accident in Japan. The exposure can induce several adverse effects. In this specific brief review, the author summarizes the evidences on the effect on liver. Discussion is focused on several liver diseases.
Factors Predicting Treatment Failure in Patients Treated with Iodine-131 for Graves′ disease
Authors: Manohar Kuruva , Mittal Bhagwant , Bhoil Amit , Bhattacharya Anish , Dutta Pinaki , Bhansali Anil
Published: July 2014

Treatment of Graves′ disease with iodine-131 ( 131 I) is well-known; however, all patients do not respond to a single dose of 131 I and may require higher and repeated doses. This study was carried out to identify the factors, which can predict treatment failure to a single dose of 131 I treatment in these patients. Data of 150 patients with Graves′ disease treated with 259-370 MBq of 131 I followed-up for at least 1-year were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict factors which can predict treatment failure, such as age, sex, duration of disease, grade of goiter, duration of treatment with anti-thyroid drugs, mean dosage of anti-thyroid drugs used, 99m Tc-pertechnetate ( 99m TcO 4
- ) uptake at 20 min, dose of 131 I administered, total triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels. Of the 150 patients, 25 patients required retreatment within 1 year of initial treatment with 131 I. Logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex and 99m TcO 4
- uptake were associated with treatment failure. On receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, area under the curve (AUC) was significant for 99m TcO 4
- uptake predicting treatment failure (AUC = 0.623; P = 0.039). Optimum cutoff for 99m TcO 4
- uptake was 17.75 with a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 66% to predict treatment failure. Patients with >17.75% 99m TcO 4
- uptake had odds ratio of 3.14 (P = 0.014) for treatment failure and male patients had odds ratio of 1.783 for treatment failure. Our results suggest that male patients and patients with high pre-treatment 99m TcO 4
- uptake are more likely to require repeated doses of 131 I to achieve complete remission.
Empiric Therapy with Low-Dose I-131 in Differentiated Cancer Thyroid: What is the Magic Number?
Authors: Shinto Ajit , Kamaleshwaran K. , Shibu Deepu , Vyshak K. , Antony Joppy
Published: July 2014

Low dose radioactive iodine-131 (RAI) has been widely reported in the treatment of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) since 1970′s. However, the clinical outcomes, dosage of I-131 and criteria for successful ablation are different in various studies. The aim of this study was to assess clinical outcome 18-month after RAI therapy in selected DTC patients and identify factors associated with a good response. In this experimental study, among patients with DTC referred to the Nuclear Medicine Department and had an indication for RAI therapy in the period between December 2008 and January 2011, 108 subjects were selected randomly. The patients were randomly divided into three groups and empiric low dose therapy with 30, 50 or 75 mCi of I-131 was administered. Patients were monitored closely clinically and with serum thyroglobulin assays and I-131 whole-body scans at 6 monthly intervals for 18-month after treatment. Among 105 patients who completed follow-up, 86% were successfully ablated with a single low dose of I-131. There was no statistically significant difference in ablation rates in the subgroups receiving 30.50 or 75 mCi of I-131. Cumulative ablation rate was 99% in patients after the second dose of low dose therapy. If appropriate selection criteria are used in DTC, successful remnant ablation can be achieved with low doses of I-131 in the range of 30-75 mCi. No significant differences were found in results achieved with 30.50 or 75 mCi of I-131. As the majority of the DTC patients fall within the inclusion criteria of this study, they can be treated on an ambulatory basis with associated low cost, convenience, and low whole-body radiation-absorbed dose to the patients.
F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Staging of Linitis Plastica Caused by Primary Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sampath Santhosh , Harisankar Chandrashekar , Bhattacharya Anish , Gupta Rajesh , Mittal Bhagwant
Published: July 2014

Diffuse infiltration by a primary or metastatic malignancy into the submucosa and muscularis of the stomach (linitis plastica [LP]) has been described in literature. The authors present a case of LP caused by primary adenocarcinoma of the stomach, showing diffuse Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the thickened wall of the stomach.
Vanishing White Matter Disease in a Spanish Population
Authors: Turón-Viñas Eulàlia , Pineda Mercè , Cusí Victòria , López-Laso Eduardo , Del Pozo Rebeca Losada , Gutiérrez-Solana Luis González , Moreno David Conejo , Sierra-Córcoles Concha , Olabarrieta-Hoyos Naiara , Madruga-Garrido Marcos , Aguirre-Rodríguez Javier , González-Álvarez Verónica , O'callaghan Mar , Muchart Jordi , Armstrong-Moron Judith
Published: July 2014

Vanishing white matter (VWM) leukoencephalopathy is one of the most prevalent hereditary white matter diseases. It has been associated with mutations in genes encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor ( eIF2B). We have compiled a list of all the patients diagnosed with VWM in Spain; we found 21 children. The first clinical manifestation in all of them was spasticity, with severe ataxia in six patients, hemiparesis in one child, and dystonic movements in another. They suffered from progressive cognitive deterioration and nine of them had epilepsy too. In four children, we observed optic atrophy and three also had progressive macrocephaly, which is not common in VWM disease. The first two cases were diagnosed before the 1980s. Therefore, they were diagnosed by necropsy studies. The last 16 patients were diagnosed according to genetics: we found mutations in the genes eIF2B5 (13 cases), eIF2B3 (2 cases), and eIF2B4 (1 case). In our report, the second mutation in frequency was c.318A>T; patients with this mutation all followed a slow chronic course, both in homozygous and heterozygous states. Previously, there were no other reports to confirm this fact. We also found some mutations not described in previous reports: c.1090C>T in eIF2B4, c.314A>G in eIF2B5, and c.877C>T in eIF2B5.
Rayleigh estimates for differential operators on graphs
Authors: Kurasov Pavel , Naboko Sergey
Published: July 2014

We study the spectral gap, i.e. the distance between the two lowest eigenvalues for Laplace operators on metric graphs. A universal lower estimate for the spectral gap is proven and it is shown that it is attained if the graph is formed by just one interval. Uniqueness of the minimizer allows to prove a geometric version of the Ambartsumian theorem derived originally for Schrödinger operators.
Minimal partitions for anisotropic tori
Authors: Helffer Bernard , Hoffmann-Ostenhof Thomas
Published: July 2014

We analyze spectral minimal

k

-partitions for the torus. In continuation with what we have obtained for thin annuli or thin strips on a cylinder (Neumann case), we get similar results for anisotropic tori.
The Brownian traveller on manifolds
Authors: Kolb Martin , Krejčiřík David
Published: July 2014

We study the influence of the intrinsic curvature on the large time behaviour of the heat equation in a tubular neighbourhood of an unbounded geodesic in a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold. Since we consider killing boundary conditions, there is always an exponential-type decay for the heat semigroup. We show that this exponential-type decay is slower for positively curved manifolds comparing to the flat case. As the main result, we establish a sharp extra polynomial-type decay for the heat semigroup on negatively curved manifolds comparing to the flat case. The proof employs the existence of Hardy-type inequalities for the Dirichlet Laplacian in the tubular neighbourhoods on negatively curved manifolds and the method of self-similar variables and weighted Sobolev spaces for the heat equation.
Sharp spectral bounds on starlike domains
Authors: Laugesen Richard S. , Siudeja Bartłomiej A.
Published: July 2014

We prove sharp bounds on eigenvalues of the Laplacian that complement the Faber–Krahn and Luttinger inequalities. In particular, we prove that the ball maximizes the first eigenvalue and minimizes the spectral zeta function and heat trace. The normalization on the domain incorporates volume and a computable geometric factor that measures the deviation of the domain from roundness, in terms of moment of inertia and a support functional introduced by Pólya and Szegó.

Additional functionals handled by our method include finite sums and products of eigenvalues. The results hold on convex and starlike domains, and for Dirichlet, Neumann or Robin boundary conditions.
Spectral instability for even non-selfadjoint anharmonic oscillators
Authors: Henry Raphaël
Published: July 2014

We study the instability of the spectrum for a class of non-selfadjoint anharmonic oscillators, estimating the behavior of the instability indices (i. e. the norm of spectral projections) associated with the large eigenvalues of these oscillators. More precisely, we consider the operators

\mathcal A(2k,\theta) = -\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+e^{i\theta}x^{2k}

defined on

L^2(\mathbb{R})

, with

k\geq1

and

|\theta|<(k+1)\pi/2k

. We get asymptotic expansions for the instability indices, extending the results of [4] and [5].
The Tamarkin equiconvergence theorem and a first-order trace formula for regular differential operators revisited
Authors: Nazarov Alexander I. , Stolyarov Dmitriy M. , Zatitskiy Pavel B.
Published: July 2014

We obtain a simple formula for the first-order trace of a regular differential operator on a segment perturbated by a multiplication operator. The main analytic ingredient of the proof is an improvement of the Tamarkin equiconvergence theorem.
Ground state energy of trimmed discrete Schrödinger operators and localization for trimmed Anderson models
Authors: Elgart Alexander , Klein Abel
Published: July 2014

We consider discrete Schrödinger operators of the form

H=-\Delta +V

on

\ell^2(\Z^d)

, where

\Delta

is the discrete Laplacian and

V

is a bounded potential. Given

\Gamma \subset \Z^d

, the

\Gamma

-trimming of

H

is the restriction of

H

to

\ell^2(\Z^d\setminus\Gamma)

, denoted by

H_\Gamma

. We investigate the dependence of the ground state energy

E_\Gamma(H)=\inf \sigma (H_\Gamma)

on

\Gamma

. We show that for relatively dense proper subsets

\Gamma

of

\Z^d

we always have

E_\Gamma(H)>E_\emptyset(H)

. We use this lifting of the ground state energy to establish Wegner estimates and localization at the bottom of the spectrum for

\Gamma

-trimmed Anderson models, i.e., Anderson models with the random potential supported by the set

\Gamma

.
Krein's trace theorem revisited
Authors: Potapov Denis , Sukochev Fedor , Zanin Dmitriy
Published: July 2014

We supply the new proof of Krein's Trace Theorem which does not use complex analysis. Our proof holds for

\sigma

-finite von Neumann algebras

\mathcal M

of type II and unbounded perturbations from the predual of

\mathcal M

.
Diarios gratuitos atrapados en la crisis: dos formatos diferentes y un destino incierto
Authors: López García Xosé , Bellón Rodríguez Ana , De Mateo Pérez Rosario
Published: July 2014

Introducción. Los diarios en papel de distribución gratuita, una de las principales innovaciones en el mercado de la comunicación, son paradigma de la crisis y debate en torno a papel y Red como soportes. Metodología. Se indaga, a través de análisis de contenido, entrevistas y grupo de discusión con expertos, en 7 proyectos en Galicia en los últimos 5 años. Resultados. El mapa ha cambiado notablemente y sus promotores han seguido 4 estrategias diferentes: mantenimiento de ambos productos; abandono del mercado; integración en oferta de pago y supervivencia en digital. Hay, además, pequeñas iniciativas locales como Lindeiros. Conclusiones. Puede que la prensa gratuita aún no haya dicho su última palabra en cuanto a su soporte de preferencia porque los mercados de proximidad aparecen como espacios para estas iniciativas. Otra cosa es su sostenibilidad para conseguir un lugar estable en el mercado de la comunicación.
Investigation of Synthetic Fingerprint Solutions★
Authors: EISLER STANLEY J. , FAIGEN HARRY L.
Published: July 2014

The object of this work was to investigate the validity of use of the synthetic fingerprint solution specified in present military establishment specifications. This was accomplished by comparisons with natural fingerprints and other synthetic solutions.

Two or three subjects with the most corrosive fingerprints were selected from the laboratory staff and their fingerprints were used for further comparative tests.

The specification synthetic print was found more difficult to remove than the most active natural print encountered during the tests conducted.

The specification synthetic fingerprint solution and other synthetic solutions investigated, despite moderate differences of concentration and constituency, were equally effective in evaluating fingerprint removing compounds.

On the basis of the limited evidence available, the specification synthetic fingerprint solution corresponds more closely to the concentration and pH of hand secretions normally encountered than do other synthetic solutions, which, in the main, are based on analyses of general body sweat.
Corrosion of Bronze Oil-Sealing Sleeves In Centrifugal Gas Compressors★
Authors: GRECO EDWARD C.
Published: July 2014

Pipe line dust was suspected as the reason for the frequent failure of phosphor bronze oil-sealing sleeves in centrifugal gas compressors when analyses of oil from the sealing systems showed appreciable quantities of iron sulfide. This was picked up, along with iron oxide and silica, from pipe line dust created by the passage through the line of steel wirebrush scrapers. Corrosion product resulting from the attack by this dust clogged up oil passages and caused failure of the sleeves.

Laboratory tests with oil from the seal oil system were made with copper strips. These tests indicated the dusts picked up by the oils were responsible for the corrosion.

Tests with both seal oil and scrubber oils on mild steel, aluminum, Monel, Inconel and nickel showed these suffered no attack. A cellulose-type filter was substituted for the previously used Fuller's earth filter in the seal oil system and after 7 months' observation was found to be substantially more efficient than the Fuller's earth. Meehanite oil seal rings were substituted for the phosphor bronze sleeves and the failures due to iron sulfides were eliminated.
Radiometric Study of Phosphate Coatings Formed on Steel in Pretreatment Baths★
Authors: BOYD THOMAS F. , GALAN MICHAEL , MARKOWITZ LEONARD
Published: July 2014

An investigation has been made of the amount of phosphate coating formed on steel by various rustinhibiting solutions. The treatments used were phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid with sodium dichromate and sodium nitrite with diammonium phosphate and with sodium phosphates. No correlation was found between the amount of phosphate coating formed and corrosion resistance. The nature of the coating appears to be the significant factor. The most corrosion resistant coatings were formed by diammonium phosphate-sodium nitrite and sodium phosphate-sodium nitrite treatments, the least by phosphoric acid alone.
Corrosion Control in Gas Lift Wells★
Authors: SHOCK D. A. , SUDBURY J. D.
Published: July 2014

Conditions in gas lift wells producing appreciable proportions of water are reviewed. Principal corrodent is reported to be carbon dioxide and certain peculiarities of gas lift wells are enumerated. Because of the importance of the ionic composition and chemical content of produced waters, especially those of Gulf Coast wells, the scaling problem associated with these wells is an important consideration in devising inhibitive practices.

Because a current statistical analysis indicates about 4000 Gulf Coast gas lift wells probably are already corrosive and because it is expected that 16,000 ultimately will be corrosive the authors point out a potential corrosion damage of as much as $16,000,000 annually.

Chemicals used to inhibit corrosion in these wells must have the faculty of penetrating the column of oil and water standing in the well. Laboratory experiments using a model gas lift well and actual produced fluids are described. Some currently available inhibitors have the disadvantage of forming insoluble salts with the calcium and magnesium ions and thus their use is precluded. Furthermore these compounds have not proved stable at reservoir temperatures.

Arsenical inhibitors consisting of solutions of sodium arsenite and sodium polyphosphate which proved in tests to be an adequate inhibitor, subsequently were the cause of such difficulties, their use was abandoned generally. Continued tests in two wells indicated they could be used when properly diluted if treatment was continuous and batch fed. Arsenic precipitation was seen as a possible bad effect but reversion of polyphosphates was not encountered. Further there was some suspicion arsenic from these inhibitors resulted in the poisoning of the catalyst in a catalytic cracker. Subsequently it was learned the standard electrical desalting process effectively removes the arsenic.

Investigations of organic polar compounds weighted with ethylene glycol resulted in the Continental Oil Company developing its own inhibitors. One of these is being tested in a 7600-foot well.
Effect of Minor Constituents on the Intergranular Corrosion Of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: HEGER J. J. , HAMILTON J. L
Published: July 2014

Results of standard laboratory tests of the corrosion resistance of 18-8 stainless steel indicate the precipitation of minor constituents other than chromium carbide may be significant. Results achieved appear to disagree with those of Bain, Rutherford and Aborn and indicate freedom from intergranular corrosion may be expected only if carbon content is below 0.009 percent, instead of the 0.02 percent they predicted.

Tests showed sensitized 18-8 Mo steel containing 0.03 percent maximum carbon content to be corroded in nitric acid at about the same rates as higher carbon 18-8 Mo steels. Metallographic studies using the corroding solution as an etchant indicated that the delta ferrite-austenite grain boundaries were severely attacked with complete loss of some delta ferrite grains. It is postulated that during sensitization some minor constituent forms at grain boundaries of low carbon 18-8 Mo steels and apparently greater at the boundaries separating the delta ferrite from the austenite.

The need for an instrument capable of making microchemical analyses is mentioned.
Cathodic Protection of Open Box Coolers
Authors: ZUTPHEN J. P. H.
Published: July 2014

Application of cathodic protection to exterior surfaces of tubes used to cool ammonia gas at pressures of 280 to 300 atmospheres is described. Because of space and other considerations, graphite anodes and impregnated graphite anodes were employed.

Heavy deposits of salts occurred initially on tube areas nearest anodes but little on surfaces farther away because of close spacing of anodes and tubes. When current was reduced, deposits diminished and heat transfer rates improved. A seasonal variation in the salt content of the cooling water resulted in an increase in resistance of the water and a corresponding decrease in the polarization of the tubes. This allowed corrosion of tubes farthest from anodes which was stopped when the anodes were relocated outward from tube surfaces to give better current distribution and output of selenium rectifiers was increased to return potential to design —850 millivolts.

Success of initial experiments with the coolers resulted in application of cathodic protection to new and larger coolers when plant capacity was inreased.
Material Selection for Condenser Tubes★
Authors: TODHUNTER HAROLD A.
Published: July 2014

Factors involved in the design and operation of sea water condensers are discussed. These include water conditions and design factors which may affect condenser tubes life. Effect of water velocity is surveyed and a study is given of relative costs of cooling water systems for different velocities. Specific cases are cited involving Los Angeles Harbor water including methods considered and used to regulate animal and plant life. Effects of chemicals, galvanic action and design of tubes of various alloys are explored. Economic data involved are cost of fuel, generating capacity, expectant life of plant and other criteria. An appendix gives a brief history of 1500 tubes installed in a sea water condenser in August, 1947.
Design and Application of Corrosion Current Measuring Instruments
Authors: HAM DONALD L.
Published: July 2014

The three principal kinds of instruments used to measure currents associated with corrosion are described and their circuit diagrams illustrated. Considerations involved in selecting the correct instruments for several kinds of current measuring problems are reviewed and the capacities and limitation of the applicable instruments evaluated. Examples of typical uses are given.
Design Against Atmospheric Corrosion★
Authors: RUDOLF HENRY T.
Published: July 2014

Specific recommendations for construction of metallic surfaces exposed to corrosion are made. The author points out total exposed areas may be reducd by adopting the proper shapes of structural members, by enclosing with planar plates structures including angles and braces. Seal welding is recommended.

The design engineer is warned to keep in mind structures exposed to atmosphere ultimately require surface preparation and that an effort should be made to minimize inaccessible areas. Consideration should be given to the need for ultimate painting by providing as many plane surfaces as possible. Welding is favored over riveting. Specific recommendations are made concerning design which offer the best possible way of minimizing corrosion damage.
Corrosion of Gasoline Engine Exhaust Valve Steels★
Authors: ALLEN C. H. , TAUSCHEK M. J.
Published: July 2014

The corrosive environment surrounding the exhaust valves in gasoline engines is considered in connection with the types of corrosion that can occur there. Included in the discussion are valve face, valve head, valve stem and weld junction corrosion.

A method of evaluating the corrosion resistance of exhaust valve steels is given. The effect of analysis variation in the chromium-nickel, chromium-nickel-manganese and chromium-nickel-cobalt steels as it influences corrosion is presented. Other matters discussed include the influence of silicon on the corrosion of valve steels, the effect of a variation in nickel-iron content on aircraft valves, and the use of valve rotators in reducing exhaust valve corrosion.
Potential Criteria for the Cathodic Protection Of Lead Cable Sheath★
Authors: COMPTON K. G.
Published: July 2014

A report is made of the study of the static and dynamic potentials of lead cable sheath in 48 soils from various sections of the United States. Soils have been selected as representative of those actually in contact with cable sheaths. Anodic and cathodic polarization curves in representative soils, using a null bridge technique, are given to illustrate the potential changes accompanying corrosion and cathodic protection. Data indicate that significant corrosion may occur at potentials near the static potential of the lead sheath for that particular soil. To achieve cathodic protection it appears that the lead sheath should be polarized about 100 millivolts more negative than its static potential in the particular soil. In most soils this would require polarization to about 700 millivolts negative to the saturated copper-copper sulfate, electrode. 5.2.4
The Determination of the Effect of A New Grass Killer on Application Equipment★
Authors: KELLY J. A. , FALKENSTEIN W. J. , CARR J. P.
Published: July 2014

Laboratory tests have been conducted to determine the possible corrosive effect of aqueous solutions of Dalapon sodium salt (sodium 2,2-dichloropropionate), a new grass killer, on the metals present in typical agricultural field sprayers. From preliminary study, it was concluded that solutions of the chemical could be used in agricultural field sprayers of standard construction with little effect on the materials of construction. In order to corroborate these findings, a standard production model agricultural field sprayer was obtained from the John Bean Division, Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation, for test purposes. The sprayer was operated for a period of four weeks using standard concentrations of Dalapon sodium salt in water and observations were made. From these data and from observation of the disassembled sprayer after testing, it is concluded that the chemical exhibited slight but not significant effect on the materials of construction.
Navy Experimental Work with Cathodic Protection★
Authors: GESSOW IRVING D.
Published: July 2014

An account is given of work done by the Navy Bureau of Ships with cathodic protection of active and reserve ships. Because it is difficult to dissociate costs for maintenance and corrosion protection it is impossible to say whether or not the cost of cathodic protection of active ships is merited. Because corrosion damage to hulls seldom is considered except when perforations occur, or in destroyers and sub-marines where plates are thinner and original dimensions more critical, there is some belief that cathodic protection for all ships cannot be justified on a cost basis.

With inactive ships, however, the reverse is true. Indefinite extension of drydocking times, the interval contingent on the exhaustion of anti-fouling paints, is anticipated. Initial cost of cathodic protection of active destroyers, submarines, and five types of reserve ships is tabulated. Details of cathodic protection systems for reserve ships are given. Criteria of protection differ somewhat from the accepted standards. In polluted waters inactive ships may require a potential in excess of 1 volt, while in other high resistivity waters 0.85 to 0.95 volts are sufficient. Some data are given on the cathodic protection of active ships. Merits of sacrificial anodes versus impressed current are listed. Extensive further activity in cathodically protecting active ships is contingent on the outcome of trials now under way.
Positive-Polarity Grounding of Direct Current Supply Requirements In Mining Traction Systems★
Authors: GIBSON SIDNEY A.
Published: July 2014

Serious corrosion of mine traction systems using positive-polarity grounding of direct current supply equipment is described. Abnormally increased costs from excessive trolley insulator failures and a safety hazard resulting from possible formation of pure metallic sodium or potassium in corrosion products are reported.

As a consequence of these conditions, Tennessee Coal and Iron Division of U. S. Steel Corporation has converted the only two of its mines in which the traction systems were designed for positive-polarity grounding of negative-polarity trolleys.

Reasons for the installation in mines of positive-polarity systems are given. Illustrations show how the corrosive electrolysis destroys the rock in which trolley supports are fastened.

Tests indicate the presence of pure sodium or potassium in corrosion products. These metals will cause skinburns and when bits of the crusty deposit formed on the insulator fell into pools of water on the mine floor an explosive reaction accompanied by flame occurred.

The extent of possible economic effects of these corrosive reactions on the mine transport systems are given.
Oxide Films on Stainless Steels★
Authors: RHODIN THOR N.
Published: July 2014

Oxide films on stainless steels have been classified into three types according to film thickness, film structure, film composition, and influence of the film on resistance to corrosion.

Compositional properties of oxide films isolated from surfaces of stainless steels were studied using specially developed microanalytical techniques. Properties of passive films on stainless steel were evaluated and the effects of alloy composition and surface treatment on other types of films on Types 304, 316, and 347 stainless steels were studied.

The influence of corrosion in various media was correlated with film compositional properties. Composition of films after immersion in acids was found to be related to film composition prior to immersion. The effect of immersion depended on the nature and intensity of corrosion and was reflected most sensitively by the iron and silicon contents of the films.

The conclusion was made that film properties indicate strongly the capacity of austenitic stainless alloys to develop corrosion-resistant surfaces in certain environments.
A Laboratory Method for the Evaluation of Oil Production Corrosion Inhibitors★
Authors: BOIES DAVID B.
Published: July 2014

A test method used to screen and evaluate oil production corrosion inhibitors is described. Laboratory conditions are made to approximate field conditions as closely as possible with 20 ga mild steel (SAE 1010) as the test specimen. The effects on inhibitor performance of such variables as temperature, oil-brine ratio, aromatic content of oil blend, and composition of gas phase are shown graphically. 2.3.4
Attack of Scaling-Resistant Materials by Vanadium Pentoxide And Effect of Various Alloying Elements Thereon★
Authors: FITZER E. , SCHWAB J.
Published: July 2014

Investigation into possibilities of developing metallic materials able to stand up under the attack by the combustion gases in crude-oil fired gas turbines is described. Preliminary comparative scaling tests were conducted on metallic copper, nickel, iron, and on chromium steels in pure oxygen, V2O5-saturated oxygen, and in oxygen coupled with intermittent immersion into molten V2O5. V, Mo, and W were found to be harmful elements. An explanation is given of action of V2O5. Other oxides and mixtures of oxides causing accelerated oxidation also are considered.

An account is given of the development of a rapid test which would determine resistance to attack by V2O5. Test data are given on numerous steels and alloys known to be scaling resistant. Nature of V2O5 attack upon iron-base alloys is compared with that for nickel and Ni alloys. Numerical data are given on effect of Cr, Ni, and Si on scaling by V2O5. It is concluded that a metallurgical approach can partly solve the corrosion problem involved in V2O5 scaling. 3.5.9