bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fano Resonances in Metal Gratings with Sub-Wavelength Slits on High Refractive Index Silicon
Authors: Belkacem Abdelhaq , Oubeniz Hammou , Mangach Hicham , Kadic Muamer , Cherkaoui Eddeqaqi Noureddine , Bouzid Abdenbi , Achaoui Younes
Published: October 2023

The enhancement of optical waves through perforated plates has received particular attention over the past two decades. This phenomenon can occur due to two distinct and independent mechanisms, namely, nanoscale enhanced optical transmission and micron-scale Fabry–Perot resonance. The aim of the present paper is to shed light on the coupling potential between two neighboring slots filled with two different materials with contrasting physical properties (air and silicon, for example). Using theoretical predictions and numerical simulations, we highlight the role of each constituent material; the low-index material (air) acts as a continuum, while the higher-index material (silicon) exhibits discrete states. This combination gives rise to the so-called Fano resonance, well known since the early 1960s. In particular, it has been demonstrated that optimized geometrical parameters can create sustainable and robust band gaps at will, which provides the scientific community with a further genuine alternative to control optical waves.
3D Printing of Individualized Microfluidic Chips with DLP-Based Printer
Authors: Qiu Jingjiang , Li Junfu , Guo Zhongwei , Zhang Yudong , Nie Bangbang , Qi Guochen , Zhang Xiang , Zhang Jiong , Wei Ronghan
Published: October 2023

Microfluidic chips have shown their potential for applications in fields such as chemistry and biology, and 3D printing is increasingly utilized as the fabrication method for microfluidic chips. To address key issues such as the long printing time for conventional 3D printing of a single chip and the demand for rapid response in individualized microfluidic chip customization, we have optimized the use of DLP (digital light processing) technology, which offers faster printing speeds due to its surface exposure method. In this study, we specifically focused on developing a fast-manufacturing process for directly printing microfluidic chips, addressing the high cost of traditional microfabrication processes and the lengthy production times associated with other 3D printing methods for microfluidic chips. Based on the designed three-dimensional chip model, we utilized a DLP-based printer to directly print two-dimensional and three-dimensional microfluidic chips with photosensitive resin. To overcome the challenge of clogging in printing microchannels, we proposed a printing method that combined an open-channel design with transparent adhesive tape sealing. This method enables the rapid printing of microfluidic chips with complex and intricate microstructures. This research provides a crucial foundation for the development of microfluidic chips in biomedical research.
Nano-Needle Boron-Doped Diamond Film with High Electrochemical Performance of Detecting Lead Ions
Authors: Yuan Xiaoxi , Yang Mingchao , Wang Xu , Zhu Yongfu , Yang Feng
Published: October 2023

Nano-needle boron-doped diamond (NNBDD) films increase their performance when used as electrodes in the determination of Pb2+. We develop a simple and economical route to produce NNBDD based on the investigation of the diamond growth mode and the ratio of diamond to non-diamond carbon without involving any templates. An enhancement in surface area is achievable for NNBDD film. The NNBDD electrodes are characterized through scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Furthermore, we use a finite-element numerical method to research the prospects of tip-enhanced electric fields for sensitive detection at low Pb2+ concentrations. The NNBDD exhibits significant advantages and great electrical conductivity and is applied to detect trace Pb2+ through DPASV. Under pre-deposition accumulation conditions, a wide linear range from 1 to 80 µgL−1 is achieved. A superior detection limit of 0.32 µgL−1 is achieved for Pb2+, which indicates great potential for the sensitive detection of heavy metal ions.
Exploring RF Magnetron Sputtering Growth Composite Thin Film BiFeO3-Bi2Fe4O9 on C-Plane Al2O3 Substrate
Authors: Kallaev Suleiman , Sadykov Sadyk , Pavlenko Anatoly , Ataev Mansur , Majzner Jiří , Orudzhev Farid , Giraev Kamal , Alikhanov Nariman
Published: October 2023

Nanocomposite films of BiFeO3-Bi2Fe4O9 were fabricated on a sapphire substrate Al2O3 using the method of gas discharge high-frequency cathodic sputtering of a ceramic target with a stoichiometric composition in an oxygen atmosphere. The results of the film analysis using X-ray structural analysis, Raman scattering, XPS, and atomic force microscopy are presented. The lattice parameters, surface topography, chemical composition of the films, concentration, and average sizes of the crystallites for each phase were determined. It was shown that the ratio of the BiFeO3 to Bi2Fe4O9 phases in the obtained film is approximately 1:2. The sizes of the crystallites range from 15 to 17 nm. The optical and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite layers were studied, and the band gap width and magnetization hysteresis characteristic of ferromagnetic behavior were observed. The band gap width was found to be 1.9 eV for the indirect and 2.6 eV for the direct interband transitions. The magnetic properties are characterized by a hysteresis loop resembling a “wasp-waist” shape, indicating the presence of magnetic anisotropy.
A Novel Equivalent Method for Computing Mechanical Properties of Random and Ordered Hyperelastic Cellular Materials
Authors: Li Jian , Zhao Jianfeng , Kan Qianhua , Tian Yuyu , Yu Li , Peng Yunqiang , Huang Xicheng
Published: October 2023

Simulating the mechanical behavior of cellular materials stands as a pivotal step in their practical application. Nonetheless, the substantial multitude of unit cells within these materials necessitates a considerable finite element mesh, thereby leading to elevated computational expenses and requisites for formidable computer configurations. In order to surmount this predicament, a novel and straightforward equivalent calculation method is proposed for the computation of mechanical properties concerning both random and ordered hyper-elastic cellular materials. By amalgamating the classical finite element approach with the distribution attributes of cells, the proposed equivalent calculation method adeptly captures the deformation modes and force-displacement responses exhibited by cell materials under tensile and shear loads, as predicted through direct numerical simulation. This approach reflects the deformation characteristics induced by micro-unit cells, elucidates an equivalent principle bridging cellular materials and equivalent materials, and substantially curtails exhaustive computational burdens. Ultimately, this method furnishes an equivalent computational strategy tailored for the engineering applications of cellular materials.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Cold and Hot Composite Forming of Sharp-Edged High-Strength Steel Sections
Authors: Yao Wenqiu , Wu Chunjing , Han Jingtao
Published: October 2023

This paper describes the use of cold and hot composite forming technology to produce pointed curtain wall profiles. An electromagnetic–temperature coupling model was constructed using ANSYS to study the temperature and electromagnetic field distribution during the forming process. Numerical simulation was used to optimize the process parameters to obtain the optimum heating parameters with a current of 4000 A, a frequency of 35 kHz, and a duration of 2 s. The accuracy of the model was also verified through experiments. The simulation results show that the use of a conductive magnet can improve the induction heating efficiency, increasing the heating frequency and the temperature peak; however, it also increases the temperature difference. Sharp-corner curtain wall profiles were successfully produced using the optimized process parameters. The temperature of the heating zone was measured using an infrared thermal imager, and the relative errors between the maximum heating temperature obtained from the simulation and the actual measured values were 5.37% and 5.02%, respectively, indicating that the finite element model performs well in terms of prediction.
Microstructure and Properties of Magnesium Alloy Joints Bonded by Using Gallium with the Assistance of Ultrasound at Room Temperature
Authors: Fang Qiuyue , Guo Zuoxing , Zhao Liang , Liu Yuhua
Published: October 2023

Although magnesium alloys show potential as structural and functional materials, they are difficult to join using traditional welding methods because of their low melting points and active chemical properties. Their poor weldability impedes their universal application. Ultrasound-assisted transient liquid-phase bonding (U-TLP) is a novel method used for magnesium alloy bonding, but in almost all related studies, a heating device has been required, and the types of solders are limited. In this study, gallium was used as solder to bond AZ31 magnesium alloy with ultrasonic assistance at room temperature (without a heating device) due to the low melting temperature of gallium and its compatibility with other metals when forming intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The variations in the products, microstructure, fracture characteristics, and shear strength of the joints were investigated. A reliable joint composed of IMCs (Mg2Ga5, H-MgGa2, and Mg2Ga) and a eutectic structure was obtained after an ultrasonic duration of 3 s. Significantly, the plasticity of the joint was improved due to ultrasonic effects, which included the accelerated element diffusion process, the refinement of grains to nanometer particles, and the homogenization of organization. Thus, the highest shear strength of 14.65 MPa at 4 s was obtained, with obvious cleavage fracture characteristics in the region of the IMCs.
Development and Performance of High Chromium White Cast Irons (HCWCIs) for Wear–Corrosive Environments: A Critical Review
Authors: Fashu Simbarashe , Trabadelo Vera
Published: October 2023

There is a huge demand for high-performance materials in extreme environments involving wear and corrosion. High chromium white cast irons (HCWCIs) display better performance than many materials since they are of sufficient hardness for wear protection and can be tailored in chemical compositions to improve corrosion resistance; however, their performance is often still inadequate. This article reviews the chemical composition and microstructure design aspects employed to tailor and develop HCWCIs with combined corrosion and wear resistance. The performance of these alloys under wear and corrosion is reviewed to highlight the influence of these parameters in the industry. Existing challenges and future opportunities, mainly focusing on metallurgical alloy development aspects like chemical composition, casting, and heat treatment design, are highlighted. This is followed by suggestions for potential developments in HCWCIs to improve the performance of materials in these aggressive environments. Many variables are involved in the design to obtain suitable microstructures and matrix composition for wear–corrosion resistance. Computational modeling is a promising approach for optimizing multi-design variables; however, reliable field performance data of HCWCIs in wear–corrosion environments are still inadequate. Quantitative evaluation of the wear–corrosion performance of HCWCIs requires the development of laboratory and field tests using standard conditions like abrasive type and sizes, severity of loading, slurry velocity, pH, and temperature to develop wear–corrosion maps to guide alloy development.
Evaluation of Crashworthiness Using High-Speed Imaging, 3D Digital Image Correlation, and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Jonsson Simon , Kajberg Jörgen
Published: October 2023

To promote the use of newhigh-strengthmaterials in the automotive industry, the evaluation of crashworthiness is essential, both in terms of finite element (FE) analysis aswell as validation experiments. Thiswork proposes an approach to address the crash performance through high-speed imaging combined with 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC). By tracking the deformation of the component continuously, cracks can be identified and coupled to the load and intrusion history of the experiment. The so-called crash index (CI) and its decreasing rate (CIDR) can then be estimated using only one single (or a few) component, instead of a set of components with different levels of intrusion and crushing. Crash boxes were axially and dynamically compressed to evaluate the crashworthiness of TRIP-aided bainite ferrite steel and press-hardenable steel. Acalibrated rate-dependent constitutivemodel, and a phenomenological damage model were used to simulate the crash box testing. The absorbed energy, the plastic deformation, and the CIDR were evaluated and compared to the experimentally counterparts. When applying the proposed method to evaluate the CIDR, a good agreement was found when using CI:s reported by other authors using large sets of crash boxes. The FE analyses showed a fairly good agreement with some underestimation in terms of energy absorptions. The crack formation was overestimated resulting in too high a predicted CIDR. It is concluded that the proposed method to evaluate the crashworthiness is promising. To improve the modelling accuracy, better prediction of the crack formation is needed and the introduction of the intrinsic material property, fracture toughness, is suggested for future investigations and model improvements.
Optimizing the Performance of the Sparse Matrix–Vector Multiplication Kernel in FPGA Guided by the Roofline Model
Authors: Favaro Federico , Dufrechou Ernesto , Oliver Juan P. , Ezzatti Pablo
Published: October 2023

The widespread adoption of massively parallel processors over the past decade has fundamentally transformed the landscape of high-performance computing hardware. This revolution has recently driven the advancement of FPGAs, which are emerging as an attractive alternative to power-hungry many-core devices in a world increasingly concerned with energy consumption. Consequently, numerous recent studies have focused on implementing efficient dense and sparse numerical linear algebra (NLA) kernels on FPGAs. To maximize the efficiency of these kernels, a key aspect is the exploration of analytical tools to comprehend the performance of the developments and guide the optimization process. In this regard, the roofline model (RLM) is a well-known graphical tool that facilitates the analysis of computational performance and identifies the primary bottlenecks of a specific software when executed on a particular hardware platform. Our previous efforts advanced in developing efficient implementations of the sparse matrix–vector multiplication (SpMV) for FPGAs, considering both speed and energy consumption. In this work, we propose an extension of the RLM that enables optimizing runtime and energy consumption for NLA kernels based on sparse blocked storage formats on FPGAs. To test the power of this tool, we use it to extend our previous SpMV kernels by leveraging a block-sparse storage format that enables more efficient data access.
Forty-Nanometer Plasmonic Lithography Resolution with Two-Stage Bowtie Lens
Authors: Meng Yan , Peng Ruiguang , Cheng Jie , Meng Yonggang , Zhao Qian
Published: October 2023

Optical imaging and photolithography hold the promise of extensive applications in the branch of nano-electronics, metrology, and the intricate domain of single-molecule biology. Nonetheless, the phenomenon of light diffraction imposes a foundational constraint upon optical resolution, thus presenting a significant barrier to the downscaling aspirations of nanoscale fabrication. The strategic utilization of surface plasmons has emerged as an avenue to overcome this diffraction-limit problem, leveraging their inherent wavelengths. In this study, we designed a pioneering and two-staged resolution, by adeptly compressing optical energy at profound sub-wavelength dimensions, achieved through the combination of propagating surface plasmons (PSPs) and localized surface plasmons (LSPs). By synergistically combining this plasmonic lens with parallel patterning technology, this economic framework not only improves the throughput capabilities of prevalent photolithography but also serves as an innovative pathway towards the next generation of semiconductor fabrication.
Research on Stacked Piezoelectric Cymbal Vibrator
Authors: Liu Xinhu , Zheng Yajun , Guo Yanming , Hu Ningdong , Hu Hongping
Published: October 2023

As demand for haptic feedback increases, piezoelectric materials have become one of the best candidate materials due to their small size, high electromechanical coupling coefficient, and fast response. A stacked piezoelectric cymbal vibrator is proposed based on the common cymbal-type transducer, which is composed of a piezoelectric stack to drive and a cymbal disk to amplify displacement. A coupling theoretical model between the piezoelectric stack and the cymbal-type structure is established. The longitudinal and radial displacements of the stacked piezoelectric cymbal vibrator are calculated in the low frequency range (<1000 Hz) by the theoretical model and the finite element method. The theoretical and numerical results are in good agreement. The results show that the radial displacement can be converted into longitudinal displacement and then effectively amplified by the cymbal disk with an amplification ratio of 30. The feature is conducive to its widespread application in the field of consumer electronics.
A Novel Type of Pseudo-Decoupling Method for Two Degree-of-Freedom Piezoelectrically Driven Compliant Mechanisms Based on Elliptical Parameter Compensation
Authors: Wang Rongqi , Zhou Xiaoqin , Meng Haonan , Liu Baizhi
Published: October 2023

At present, a large number of two-degree-of-freedom piezoelectrically driven compliant mechanisms (2-DOF PDCMs) have been widely adopted to construct various elliptical vibration machining (EVM) devices employed in precisely fabricating functional micro-structured surfaces on difficult-to-cut materials, which have broad applications in many significant fields like optical engineering and precision manufacturing. For a higher precision of conventional 2-DOF PDCMs on tracking elliptical trajectories, a novel type of pseudo-decoupling method is proposed based on phase difference compensation (PDC). With finite element analysis (FEA), the dependences of elliptical trajectory tracking precision on PDC angles will then be investigated for optimizing PDC angles under different elliptical parameters. As the modification of the PDC-based method, another type of pseudo-decoupling method will be improved based on elliptical parameter compensation (EPC) for much higher tracking precision, an amplification coefficient and a coupling coefficient will be introduced to mathematically construct the EPC-based model. A series of FEA simulations will also be conducted on a conventional 2-DOF PDCM to calculate the amplification and coupling coefficients as well as optimize the EPC parameters under four series of elliptical parameters. The tracking precision and operational feasibility of these two new pseudo-decoupling methods on four series of elliptical trajectories will be further analyzed and discussed in detail. Meanwhile, a conventional 2-DOF PDCM will be practically adopted to build an experimental system for investigating the pseudo-decoupling performances of an EPC-based method, the input and output displacements will be measured and collected to actually calculate the amplification coefficients and coupling coefficients, further inversely solving the actual input elliptical parameters with EPC. The error distances between the expected and experimental elliptical trajectories will also be calculated and discussed. Finally, several critical conclusions on this study will be briefly summarized.
Metallophore Activity toward the Rare Earth Elements by Bacteria Isolated from Acid Mine Drainage Due to Coal Mining
Authors: Skeba Stephanie , Snyder Morgan , Maltman Chris
Published: October 2023

The field of microbe–metal interactions has been gaining significant attention. While the direct impact of metal oxyanions on bacteria has been investigated, significantly less attention has been placed on the ability of certain microbes to ‘collect’ such metal ions via secreted proteins. Many bacteria possess low-weight molecules called siderophores, which collect Fe from the environment to be brought back to the cell. However, some appear to have additional roles, including binding other metals, termed ‘metallophores’. Microbes can remove/sequester these from their surroundings, but the breadth of those that can be removed is still unknown. Using the Chromeazurol S assay, we identified eight isolates, most belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, possessing siderophore activity, mainly from sites impacted by coal mine drainage, also possessing a metallophore activity toward the rare earth elements that does not appear to be related to ionic radii or previously reported EC50 concentrations for E. coli. We found the strength of metallophore activity towards these elements was as follows: Pr > Sc > Eu > Tm > Tb > Er > Yb > Ce > Lu > Sm > Ho > La > Nd > Dy > Gd > Y. This is the first study to investigate such activity and indicates bacteria may provide a means of removal/recovery of these critical elements.
Investigation of Gold Recovery and Mercury Losses in Whole Ore Amalgamation: Artisanal Gold Mining in Nambija, Ecuador
Authors: González-Vásquez Richard , García-Martínez María Jesús , Bolonio David
Published: October 2023

Mercury is a highly toxic pollutant that can negatively affect human health and the environment; informal mining is one of the main sources of anthropogenic mercury release due to the separation or concentration by amalgamation that is still used to recover gold directly from ore. In the Nambija mining district, there is still informal mining based on practically no technical knowledge, which uses amalgamation as a processing technique for gold recovery. The production tasks that directly affect the handling of mercury during the in situ grinding–amalgamation process are monitored here. Experimental grinding tests were initially carried out in a “chancha” bar mill for a range of ore sizes and as a function of time; then, experimental tests were performed at the macro-level on grinding cycles in Chilean mills. Considering the characteristics of the ore mineral and the operation of the Chilean mills, it was determined that it is possible to reduce the Hg input to mill by up to 20% (at source). Experimental grinding–amalgamation tests were carried out at different times along with a grain size analysis of the ore; the recovery establishes the grinding time and the fraction in which the gold is extracted in a greater proportion, which affects the control of the amalgamation times. The mercury dosage used by the miners in the amalgamation process should be reduced, considering trials where there is better gold recovery and with the purpose of also reducing mercury losses; eventually, it is possible to jointly achieve an increase in gold recovery.
The Delineation of Copper Geochemical Blocks and the Identification of Ore-Related Anomalies Using Singularity Analysis of Stream Sediment Geochemical Data in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Its Adjacent Areas, China
Authors: Liu Bin , Cui Xingtao , Wang Xueqiu
Published: October 2023

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its adjacent areas contain abundant mineral resources, especially porphyry–skarn–stratabound Cu–Au–Mo–Fe deposits, and still have great potential for mineral prospecting. In this paper, geochemical blocks and local singularity mapping methods were used to delineate the spatial distribution pattern of Cu and identify the geochemical anomalies related to Cu deposits. Six copper geochemical blocks, each with an area of more than 1000 km2, were all spatially consistent with the locations of the five Cu ore districts (Edongnan, Jiurui, Anqing-Guichi, Tongling, and Ningzhen) and one ore field (Dexing) in the study area. Thus, geochemical blocks delineated with low-density geochemical data can effectively track the locations of ore districts or large ore deposits. Most of the known Cu deposits in the study area were located in anomalous areas with singularity indices less than 1.741 in the Cu singularity map. The singularity analysis could reduce the anomalous areas and identify the geochemical anomalies related to Cu deposits effectively. Geochemical blocks combining a local singularity mapping method is an effective tool for identifying prospecting targets.
Raman Spectrum of the Li2SO4-MgSO4-H2O System: Excess Spectrum and Hydration Shell Spectrum
Authors: Ge Haiwen , Wang Min
Published: October 2023

Lithium, as a green energy metal used to promote world development, is an important raw material for lithium-ion, lithium–air, and lithium–sulfur batteries. It is challenging to directly extract lithium resources from brine with a high Mg/Li mass ratio. The microstructure study of salt solutions provides an important theoretical basis for the separation of lithium and magnesium. The changes in the hydrogen bond network structure and ion association of the Li2SO4 aqueous solution and Li2SO4-MgSO4-H2O mixed aqueous solution were studied by Raman spectroscopy. The SO42− fully symmetric stretching vibration peak at 940~1020 cm−1 and the O-H stretching vibration peak at 2800~3800 cm−1 of the Li2SO4 aqueous solution at room temperature were studied by Raman spectroscopy and excess spectroscopy. According to the peak of the O-H stretching vibration spectrum, with an increase in the mass fraction of the Li2SO4 solution, the proportion of DAA-type and DDAA-type hydrogen bonds at low wavenumbers decreases gradually, while the proportion of DA-type hydrogen bonds at 3300 cm−1 increases. When the mass fraction is greater than 6.00%, this proportion increases sharply. Although the spectra of hydrated water molecules and bulk water molecules are different, the spectra of the two water molecules seriously overlap. The spectrum of the anion hydration shell in a solution can be extracted via spectrum division. By analyzing the spectra of these hydration shells, the interaction between the solute and water molecules, the structure of the hydration shell and the number of water molecules are obtained. For the same ionic strength solution, different cationic salts have different hydration numbers of anions, indicating that there is a strong interaction between ions in a strong electrolytic solution, which will lead to ion aggregation and the formation of ion pairs. When the concentration of salt solution increases, the hydration number decreases rapidly, indicating that the degree of ion aggregation increases with increasing concentration.
Solubility and Pharmacokinetic Profile Improvement of Griseofulvin through Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Assisted Complexation with HP-γ-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Ding Yili , Cui Wutong , Zhang Zhiyuan , Ma Yanzhi , Ding Charles , Lin Yikai , Xu Zhe
Published: October 2023

Since griseofulvin was marketed as a non-polyene antifungal antibiotic drug in 1958, its poor water solubility has been an issue for its wide applications, and over the last sixty years, many attempts have been made to increase its water solubility; however, a significant result has yet to be achieved. Through supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted cyclodextrin complexation with the addition of a trace amount of water-soluble polymer surfactant, the griseofulvin inclusion complex with HP-γ-cyclodextrin was prepared and confirmed. The 1:2 ratio of griseofulvin and HP-γ-cyclodextrin in the complex was determined based on its NMR study. After complexation with HP-γ-cyclodextrin, griseofulvin’s water solubility was increased 477 times compared with that of griseofulvin alone, which is the best result thus far. The complex showed 90% of griseofulvin release in vitro in 10 min, in an in vivo dog pharmacokinetic study; the Cmax was increased from 0.52 µg/mL to 0.72 µg/mL, AUC0–12 was increased from 1.55 μg·h/mL to 2.75 μg·h/mL, the clearance was changed from 51.78 L/kg/h to 24.16 L/kg/h, and the half-life time was changed from 0.81 h to 1.56 h, indicating the obtained griseofulvin complex can be a more effective drug than griseofulvin alone.
Exposure Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets for Human Consumption: Multivariate Analysis and Risk Evaluation Studies
Authors: Ahmed Mahmood , Shafqat Syed Salman , Javed Amna , Sanaullah Mudassar , Shakoor Abdul , Shafiq Muhammad Imtiaz , Shahzadi Syeda Kiran , Wani Tanveer A. , Zargar Seema
Published: October 2023

In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the negative impact of unforeseen contaminants such as metals in commonly consumed food items, which pose a threat to human well-being. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to evaluate the levels of these contaminants to guarantee the safe consumption of these food items. The goal of the current research is to determine the levels of essential (EMs: Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn) and potentially toxic metals (PTMs: Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb) in various brands of wheat-based sweets. One hundred samples were collected and analysed via flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Also, the current study was to investigate the distribution, correlation, and multivariate analysis of 13 metals (Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to interpret the metals’ association. The concentration (mg/kg) ranges of EMs were, in order, Mg (12.70–65.67), Ca (24.02–209.12), Mn (1.32–9.61), Fe (4.55–111.23), Co (0.32–8.94), Cu (2.12–8.61), and Zn (2.60–19.36), while the concentration (mg/kg) ranges of PTMs were, in order, Al (0.32–0.87), Cr (0.17–5.74), Ni (0.36–1.54), Cd (0.16–0.56), and Pb (0.14–0.92), and As was not detected in any sample under investigation. The HCA data revealed that Co, Al, and Ni form clusters with other metals. Sweets are prepared at high temperatures, and the elevated temperatures can increase the likelihood of Ni and Al leaching from stainless steel. Tolerable dietary intake (TDI) values for Ni were higher than the values established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The CR value found for the Ni and Cr was at the threshold level of cancer risk, if an amount of 25 g were to be used over a lifetime. In a nutshell, this study highlights the monitoring of EM and PTM levels in wheat-based sweets, and from a food safety perspective, the study is important for consumers of wheat-based sweets.
Emodin-8-O-Glucoside—Isolation and the Screening of the Anticancer Potential against the Nervous System Tumors
Authors: Okon Estera , Koval Maryna , Wawruszak Anna , Slawinska-Brych Adrianna , Smolinska Katarzyna , Shevera Myroslav , Stepulak Andrzej , Kukula-Koch Wirginia
Published: October 2023

Emodin-8-O-glucoside (E-8-O-G) is a glycosylated derivative of emodin that exhibits numerous biological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, or anticancer activities. However, there are no reports on the activity of E-8-O-G against cancers of the nervous system. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect of E-8-O-G in the SK-N-AS neuroblastoma, T98G human glioblastoma, and C6 mouse glioblastoma cancer cells. As a source of E-8-O-G the methanolic extract from the aerial parts of Reynoutria japonica Houtt. (Polygonaceae) was used. Thanks to the application of centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) operated in the descending mode using a mixture of petroleum ether:ethyl acetate:methanol:water (4:5:4:5 v/v/v/v) and a subsequent purification with preparative HPLC, E-8-O-G was obtained in high purity in a sufficient quantity for the bioactivity tests. Assessment of the cancer cell viability and proliferation were performed with the MTT (3-(bromide 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium), CTG (CellTiter-Glo®) and BrdU (5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine) assays, respectively. E-8-O-G inhibits the viability and proliferation of SK-N-AS neuroblastoma, T98G human glioblastoma multiforme, and C6 mouse glioblastoma cells dose-dependently. E-8-O-G seems to be a promising natural antitumor compound in the therapy of nervous system tumors.
Differential Correlation of Transcriptome Data Reveals Gene Pairs and Pathways Involved in Treatment of Citrobacter rodentium Infection with Bioactive Punicalagin
Authors: Fleming Damarius S. , Liu Fang , Li Robert W.
Published: October 2023

This study is part of the work investigating bioactive fruit enzymes as sustainable alternatives to parasite anthelmintics that can help reverse the trend of lost efficacy. The study looked to define biological and molecular interactions that demonstrate the ability of the pomegranate extract punicalagin against intracellular parasites. The study compared transcriptomic reads of two distinct conditions. Condition A was treated with punicalagin (PA) and challenged with Citrobacter rodentium, while condition B (CM) consisted of a group that was challenged and given mock treatment of PBS. To understand the effect of punicalagin on transcriptomic changes between conditions, a differential correlation analysis was conducted. The analysis examined the regulatory connections of genes expressed between different treatment conditions by statistically querying the relationship between correlated gene pairs and modules in differing conditions. The results indicated that punicalagin treatment had strong positive correlations with the over-enriched gene ontology (GO) terms related to oxidoreductase activity and lipid metabolism. However, the GO terms for immune and cytokine responses were strongly correlated with no punicalagin treatment. The results matched previous studies that showed punicalagin to have potent antioxidant and antiparasitic effects when used to treat parasitic infections in mice and livestock. Overall, the results indicated that punicalagin enhanced the effect of tissue-resident genes.
Mesoscopic Conductance Fluctuations in 2D HgTe Semimetal
Authors: Khudaiberdiev Daniiar , Kvon Ze Don , Entin Matvey V. , Kozlov Dmitriy A. , Mikhailov Nikolay N. , Ryzhkov Maxim
Published: October 2023

Mesoscopic conductance fluctuations were discovered in a weak localization regime of a strongly disordered two-dimensional HgTe-based semimetal. These fluctuations exist in macroscopic samples with characteristic sizes of 100 μm and exhibit anomalous dependences on the gate voltage, magnetic field, and temperature. They are absent in the regime of electron metal (at positive gate voltages) and strongly depend on the level of disorder in the system. All the experimental facts lead us to the conclusion that the origin of the fluctuations is a special collective state in which the current is conducted through the percolation network of electron resistances. We suppose that the network is formed by fluctuation potential whose amplitude is higher than the Fermi level of electrons due to their very low density.
Fecal Incontinence after Severe Brain Injury: A Barrier to Discharge after Inpatient Rehabilitation?
Authors: Pelizzari Laura , Antoniono Elena , Giraudo Donatella , Ciardi Gianluca , Lamberti Gianfranco
Published: October 2023

Background: In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence of fecal incontinence (FI) after severe acquired brain injuries (sABIs) and to determine whether this symptom can lead to an inability to return home after rehabilitation. Methods: This was a retrospective observational cohort study. In total, 521 acute sABI inpatients were enrolled from the Department of Neurorehabilitation at an academic tertiary care hospital. Patients were divided into two groups, with and without FI, at the end of the rehabilitation phase. The primary and secondary endpoints were the incidence of persistent FI and any difference in the discharge destination. Results: Upon admission, new-onset FI was found in 443 (85%) patients, of which 38% had traumatic sABI. Moreover, 62.7% of all patients had FI upon admission. At discharge, 53.3% (264/495) of patients still had FI. Of these, 75.4% (199/264) had a Rancho Level of Cognitive Functioning Scale (LCFS) ≥3. A statistically significant correlation between FI at discharge and the presence of frontal lesions, autonomic crises, and increased LCFS scores was noted. Among the patients discharged to their homes, the proportion with persistent FI was lower (34% vs. 53.3). Conclusions: FI was significantly persistent after sABI, even after recovery from unconsciousness, and must be considered as a consequence of, rather than an independent risk factor for, unfavorable outcomes.
Characterization of Postprandial Bile Acid Profiles and Glucose Metabolism in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Authors: Majait Soumia , Meessen Emma C. E. , Vaz Frederic Maxime , Kemper E. Marleen , Nierop Samuel van , Olde Damink Steven W. , Schaap Frank G. , Romijn Johannes A. , Nieuwdorp Max , Verrips Aad , Knop Filip Krag , Soeters Maarten R.
Published: October 2023

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare inherited disease characterized by sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) deficiency and, thus, a lack of bile acid synthesis with a marked accumulation of 7α-hydroxylated bile acid precursors. In addition to their renowned lipid-emulgating role, bile acids have been shown to stimulate secretion of the glucose-lowering and satiety-promoting gut hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). In this paper, we examined postprandial bile acid, glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) plasma profiles in patients with CTX and matched healthy controls. Seven patients and seven age, gender and body mass index matched controls were included and subjected to a 4 h mixed meal test with regular blood sampling. CTX patients withdrew from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and statin therapy three weeks prior to the test. Postprandial levels of total bile acids were significantly lower in CTX patients and consisted of residual CDCA with low amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The postprandial plasma glucose peak concentration occurred later in CTX patients compared to controls, and patients’ insulin levels remained elevated for a longer time. Postprandial GLP-1 levels were slightly higher in CTX subjects whereas postprandial FGF19 levels were lower in CTX subjects. This novel characterization of CTX patients reveals very low circulating bile acid levels and FGF19 levels, aberrant postprandial glucose and insulin profiles, and elevated postprandial GLP-1 responses.
Recent Progress in Synthesis, POM Analyses and SAR of Coumarin-Hybrids as Potential Anti-HIV Agents—A Mini Review
Authors: Suleiman Mustapha , Almalki Faisal A. , Ben Hadda Taibi , Kawsar Sarkar M. A. , Chander Subhash , Murugesan Sankaranarayanan , Bhat Ajmal R. , Bogoyavlenskiy Andrey , Jamalis Joazaizulfazli
Published: October 2023

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the primary cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the deadliest pandemic diseases. Various mechanisms and procedures have been pursued to synthesise several anti-HIV agents, but due to the severe side effects and multidrug resistance spawning from the treatment of HIV/AIDS using highly active retroviral therapy (HAART), it has become imperative to design and synthesise novel anti-HIV agents. Literature has shown that natural sources, particularly the plant kingdom, can release important metabolites that have several biological, mechanistic and structural representations similar to chemically synthesised compounds. Certainly, compounds from natural and ethnomedicinal sources have proven to be effective in the management of HIV/AIDS with low toxicity, fewer side effects and affordability. From plants, fungi and bacteria, coumarin can be obtained, which is a secondary metabolite and is well known for its actions in different stages of the HIV replication cycle: protease, integrase and reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibition, cell membrane fusion and viral host attachment. These, among other reasons, are why coumarin moieties will be the basis of a good building block for the development of potent anti-HIV agents. This review aims to outline the synthetic pathways, structure–activity relationship (SAR) and POM analyses of coumarin hybrids with anti-HIV activity, detailing articles published between 2000 and 2023.
Tri-Layer Core–Shell Fibers from Coaxial Electrospinning for a Modified Release of Metronidazole
Authors: Wang Ying , Liu Lin , Zhu Yuanjie , Wang Liangzhe , Yu Deng-Guang , Liu Li-ying
Published: October 2023

Polymers are the backbone of drug delivery. Electrospinning has greatly enriched the strategies that have been explored for developing novel drug delivery systems using polymers during the past two decades. In this study, four different kinds of polymers, i.e., the water-soluble polymer poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), the insoluble polymer poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), the insoluble polymer Eudragit RL100 (ERL100) and the pH-sensitive polymer Eudragit S100 (ES100) were successfully converted into types of tri-layer tri-polymer core–shell fibers through bi-fluid coaxial electrospinning. During the coaxial process, the model drug metronidazole (MTD) was loaded into the shell working fluid, which was an emulsion. The micro-formation mechanism of the tri-layer core–shell fibers from the coaxial emulsion electrospinning was proposed. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope evaluations verified the linear morphology of the resultant fibers and their obvious tri-layer multiple-chamber structures. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that the drug MTD presented in the fibers in an amorphous state and was compatible with the three polymeric matrices. In vitro dissolution tests verified that the three kinds of polymer could act in a synergistic manner for a prolonged sustained-release profile of MTD in the gut. The drug controlled-release mechanisms were suggested in detail. The protocols reported here pioneer a new route for creating a tri-layer core–shell structure from both aqueous and organic solvents, and a new strategy for developing advanced drug delivery systems with sophisticated drug controlled-release profiles.
Topical Delivery Systems Effectively Transport Analgesics to Areas of Localized Pain via Direct Diffusion
Authors: Birngruber Thomas , Vought Kip , Schwingenschuh Simon , Reisenegger Peter , Maibach Howard , Lissin Dmitri
Published: October 2023

Topical delivery systems (TDSs) enable the direct transport of analgesics into areas of localized pain and thus minimize the side effects of administration routes that rely on systemic drug distribution. For musculoskeletal pain, clinicians frequently prescribe topical products containing lidocaine or diclofenac. This study assessed whether drug delivery from a TDS into muscle tissue occurs mainly via direct diffusion or systemic transport. An investigational TDS containing 108 mg lidocaine (SP-103, 5.4% lidocaine), a commercially available TDS containing 36 mg lidocaine (ZTlido®, 1.8% lidocaine), and a topical pain relief gel (Pennsaid®, 2% diclofenac) were tested. Using open flow microperfusion (OFM), interstitial fluid from the dermis, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and muscle was continuously sampled to assess drug penetration in all tissue layers. Ex vivo and in vivo experiments showed a higher diffusive transport of lidocaine compared to diclofenac. The data showed a clear contribution of diffusive transport to lidocaine concentration, with SP-103 5.4% resulting in a significantly higher lidocaine concentration in muscle tissue than commercially available ZTlido® (p = 0.008). These results indicate that SP-103 5.4% is highly effective in delivering lidocaine into muscle tissue in areas of localized pain for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain disorders (e.g., lower back pain).
Fluid Mechanics of Droplet Spreading of Chitosan/PVA-Based Spray Coating Solution on Banana Peels with Different Wettability
Authors: Wardhono Endarto Yudo , Kanani Nufus , Pinem Mekro Permana , Sukamto Dwinanto , Meliana Yenny , Saleh Khashayar , Guénin Erwann
Published: October 2023

The spreading behavior of a coating solution is an important factor in determining the effectiveness of spraying applications. It determines how evenly the droplets spread on the substrate surface and how quickly they form a uniform film. Fluid mechanics principles govern it, including surface tension, viscosity, and the interaction between the liquid and the solid surface. In our previous work, chitosan (CS) film properties were successfully modified by blending with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). It was shown that the mechanical strength of the composite film was significantly improved compared to the virgin CS. Here we propose to study the spreading behavior of CS/PVA solution on fresh bananas. The events upon droplet impact were captured using a high-speed camera, allowing the identification of outcomes as a function of velocity at different surface wettabilities (wetting and non-wetting) on the banana peels. The mathematical model to predict the maximum spreading factor, βmax, was governed by scaling law analysis using fitting experimental data to identify patterns, trends, and relationships between βmax and the independent variables, Weber (We) numbers, and Reynolds (Re) numbers. The results indicate that liquid viscosity and surface properties affect the droplet’s impact and spreading behavior. The Ohnesorge (Oh) numbers significantly influenced the spreading dynamics, while the banana’s surface wettability minimally influenced spreading. The prediction model reasonably agrees with all the data in the literature since the R2 = 0.958 is a powerful goodness-of-fit indicator for predicting the spreading factor. It scaled with βmax=a+0.04We.Re1/3, where the “a” constants depend on Oh numbers.
Mechanical Performance and Failure Analysis of a 3D-Printed “Continuous Layer–Lattice Layer–Continuous Layer” Sandwich Structure
Authors: Nie Daming , Kong Lingyu , Zhang Yu , Qiu Xingyu , Fu Yili , Gu Jason
Published: October 2023

Sandwich structures are engineered with continuous layers surrounding the inner lattices, which combines the advantages of the high strength of the continuous layer and the light weight of the lattice layer. They are widely employed in weight-critical energy-absorbing engineering fields such as aerospace, automobile, and robotics. However, the application of sandwich structures made of polymer matrix composites is still limited due to lack of essential performance investigation and adequate reference data. The following innovative works are accomplished in this paper: (i) Continuous long glass fiber (CGF) is employed within the continuous layer of the sandwich structure, with composite short carbon fiber/polyamide (SCF/N) applied within the lattice layer. (ii) Sandwich structures with different cell types and orientations of the lattice infills are designed and prepared by additive manufacturing. (iii) The basic mechanical properties of the sandwich structures, i.e., the bi-directional tension/compression compound performance, failure modes and mechanisms in characteristic directions, are analyzed systematically. (iv) The effects of geometric features on the three-point bending properties of L-shaped sandwich structures are investigated and compared with those of pure SCF/N structures. The results show that the bending resistance per unit weight was up to 54.3% larger than that of pure SCF/N, while the weight could be decreased by 49%, and the bending flexibility before fracture could be increased by 44%. These studies contribute fundamental research data to the application of sandwich structures prepared by fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites.