bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nationalism and Communication
Authors: Vipond Mary
Published: August 2017

In this article, Mary Vipond describes how and why she developed an interest in the history of English-Canadian cultural nationalism and radio broadcasting. As a cultural historian in a discipline oriented toward political and, later, social history, a woman in a male-dominated profession, and an anglophone in Quebec, she remembers the mix of luck, curiosity, and opportunity that enabled her to fulfil both her personal and academic goals. She ends with a call for more historical study of media structures and representations.
A Man of Letters and Gender Troubles of 1837
Authors: Noel Jan
Published: August 2017

The 1840s were a transformative decade in the Canadas. Institutions emerged, businesses and railways burgeoned, new bureaucracies and political alliances took shape. Professionals of that era witnessed another new development as the criteria of acceptable behaviour shifted. The richly documented life of Louis-Joseph Papineau illustrates how a towering hero of 1837 came to be vilified in the 1840s. When he first emulated the non-combatant role of the American founding fathers such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, Papineau followed the respected path of orator and democratic man of letters, winning great acclaim. In the 1840s, though, influential political colleagues decided his approach fell short by modern measures of middle-class masculinity: the citizen soldier and the fraternal man more devoted to collective action than to eloquence. This examination of Papineau as a man of letters explores shifting gender notions as well as shifting rhetorical practices during his lifetime. It also assesses the enduring contributions of the famous French-Canadian patriot.
A Province Powered by Coal: The Renaissance of Coal Mining in Late Twentieth-Century Alberta
Authors: Piper Liza , Green Heather
Published: August 2017

This article examines the political economy of coal in the second half of the twentieth century, with particular attention to the resurgence of coal production beginning in the 1960s after a decline in the immediate post-war period. After 1962, the coal industry in Alberta was transformed compared to its early twentieth-century counterpart as it shifted from producing a transport fuel to producing a fuel for electric power generation and came to occupy a different place in Alberta's and Canada's energy networks. The shift to strip-mining in the post-war period, which was part of a global transition, enabled intensified exploitation of the resource at greatly reduced costs. A new coal industry in Alberta was born after 1962 that depended less on the labour of skilled coal miners than on the transferable skills of heavy equipment operators. A shift in markets for coal produced in Alberta fundamentally changed the place of coal in the provincial political economy. This article also contributes to the national and international energy literatures by presenting a case study of the mid-century energy transition in Alberta, complicating our understanding of which energy sources prevailed in this transition and why. While Alberta exported oil and gas, coal provided for the intensifying energy demands within the province itself. Coal was thus wholly integrated into the fossil fuel economy of the late twentieth century.
A Little East of Eden: Re-Placing Canada’s Public Health History
Authors: Jenkins Jane
Published: August 2017

Histories of public health reform in Canada rarely mention New Brunswick, even though its innovative Department of Health, established in 1918, was the first full ministry of health in Canada. This paper traces the institutionalization of this public health reform by a small group of New Brunswick physicians, united by their immersion in American medical training and innovative public health ideologies. It reframes explanations of the rise of public health reform in Canada by widening an explanatory lens to encompass the exclusive influence of American models of disease and public health. It also breaks a negative regional stereotype of New Brunswick by highlighting the potential for reform and innovation in small and ostensibly less modern regions.
In Search of Monkey Girl: Disability, Child Welfare, and the Freak Show in Ontario in the 1970s
Authors: Nicholas Jane , Chambers Lori
Published: August 2017

In this article, we examine the brief exhibition of and public debate over “The Monkey Girl” exhibit at the intersection of the freak show, disability, and child welfare in the 1960s and 1970s. The critical moment was triggered by the limited but powerful outcry against the exhibition of a five-year-old girl (identified only as Pookie) as The Monkey Girl at the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) in 1973. We argue that wider shifts in understandings of child welfare—particularly, the notion of the best interests of the child, a standard for the determination of child custody in divorce cases, which places emphasis on the well-being of children, not the rights of parents—as well as the emergence of poverty and disability rights movements provided the impetus to end the freak show at Canada’s largest exhibition. By the time of Pookie’s display in the early 1970s, calls for inclusion of people with what was then known as mental retardation had hit the national agenda, along with issues of poverty and child abuse.
Turning Point: The Origins of Canadian Content Requirements for Commercial Radio
Authors: Spalding Eric
Published: August 2017

The implementation of Canadian content requirements for AM radio in 1971 was a turning point for the music industry in Canada. This article explores the context that led to the creation of a 30% quota for Canadian music on commercial radio. It subsequently examines some of the arguments raised at the time for and against such requirements, and then covers the impact of this ruling on the Canadian music industry. The article concludes with a reflection on the relevance of Canadian content today, at a time when many Canadians listen to music on the Internet and satellite radio.
Continuous cooling transformation behavior and the kinetics of bainite formation in a bainitic–martensitic steel
Authors: Shahriari Babak , Vafaei Reza , Sharifi Ehsan Mohammad , Farmanesh Khosro
Published: August 2017

The continuous cooling transformation diagram of a low carbon bainitic–martensitic steel was constructed using dilatometry and metallographic methods. It was found that as cooling rate increases, the structure changes from granular bainite to lath martensite. Three regions of different kinetic behavior were discerned for the bainitic–martensitic steel. One of the regions conformed to martensite formation and the other two comprised transformation to bainite. A non-isothermal type of Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov kinetic equation of reaction rate was used to analyze the transformation behavior during continuous cooling of bainite formation. The Avrami exponent and activation energy values for different regions at cooling rates of 0.1 and 0.4 K s−1 varied from 1.5 to 4.7 and 71 to 84 kJ mol–1 respectively. Models obtained from such kinetic coefficients closely corresponded to experimental results.
Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy through the corner of a deep cup-shaped forged part
Authors: Jiang Shan , Chen Shanyong , Ni Haitao , Wu Taibin , Zhang Tiejun , Wang Mingguang
Published: August 2017

Deep cup-shaped parts were forged at 723 K from Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy extruded rods. The obtained microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties were examined by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron backscattered diffraction, and compression testing. Results indicate that the evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy can be divided into 2 distinct stages by the corner. For all tested specimens, the narrowest elongated grains, finest dynamic recrystallized grains, and strongest intensity of texture were obtained at the corner. Distinct differences in mechanical properties were presented both between the testing directions and among the tested locations. For the specimens tested in the same direction, yield strength increased with the texture flow. This result is consistent with the fraction of deformed grains but not with the variation in grain size or texture intensity.
Effects of oxidation time on corrosion resistance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on magnesium alloy
Authors: Zhuang Junjie , Song Renguo , Xiang Nan , Lu Junpeng , Xiong Ying
Published: August 2017

The plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique was used to coat AZ31 magnesium alloy in a phosphate-based electrolyte. Effects of oxidation time on the morphology, phase structure, and corrosion resistance of the ceramic coatings were systematically investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing. The main components of the resulting coatings were MgO, MgF2 and t-ZrO2. It was also found that there was a significant influence of the oxidation time on the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The coating obtained under the oxidation time of 10 min exhibited a corrosion current of 3.89 × 10−6 A cm−2 in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, which was a significant decrease compared with the uncoated magnesium alloy. The results of the corrosion tests indicated that the PEO coating formed at 10 min demonstrates a higher corrosion resistance compared to the samples formed at 5, 15 and 20 min.
The problem of scientific education
Authors: Nejadmehr Rasoul
Published: August 2017

In this essay, I term the dominant educational paradigm of our time as scientific education and subject it to historical analysis in order to bring its tacit racial, colonial and Eurocentric biases into view. I subsume this cluster of problems under the general heading of “the problem of scientific education”, a problem simultaneously submerged deeply in the invisible background of current education and across its foreground inasmuch as it conditions daily educational practices beyond educators’ awareness. The delicate question to be answered is: enclosed as we are within a scientific framing of our educational system, how can we find an alternative way of looking at this educational system that will help us resolve the problem of colonial, racial and cultural subordinations inherent in its scientific framing?
American Citizens’ Views of an Ideal Pig Farm
Authors: Sato Patrycia , Hötzel Maria , Von Keyserlingk Marina
Published: August 2017

Food animal production practices are often cited as having negative animal welfare consequences. The U.S. swine industry has not been exempt from such criticisms. Little is known, however, about how lay citizens who are not actively engaged in agricultural discussions, think about swine production. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the views of people not affiliated with the swine industry on what they perceived to be the ideal pig/pork farm, and their associated reasons. Through an online survey, participants were invited to respond to the following open-ended question: “What do you consider to be an ideal pig/pork farm and why are these characteristics important to you?”. Generally respondents considered animal welfare (e.g., space, freedom to move, and humane treatment), respondents considered the business operation role important for pork production (e.g., profitability, compliance with sanitary, environmental rules and regulations, and workers′ rights), and naturalness (e.g., natural feeding, behaviours and life) important for pork production. Concerns relating to pigs’ quality of life included space to move, feeding, contact with outdoors or nature, absence of pain, suffering and mistreatment. Perspectives were also raised regarding the ideal farm as a profitable business operation, clean, and with optimal sanitary conditions. Respondents also emphasized naturalness, frequently stating that pigs should have access to the outdoors, and rejected the use of hormones, antibiotics, and other chemicals for the purposes of increasing production. In summary, the findings of this study suggest that the U.S. swine industry should strive to adopt animal management practices that resonate with societal values, such as ensuring humane treatment, and the failure to do so could risk the sustainability of the swine industry.
Unlocking the NF-κB Conundrum: Embracing Complexity to Achieve Specificity
Authors: Begalli Federica , Bennett Jason , Capece Daria , Verzella Daniela , D’Andrea Daniel , Tornatore Laura , Franzoso Guido
Published: August 2017

Transcription factors of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family are central coordinating regulators of the host defence responses to stress, injury and infection. Aberrant NF-κB activation also contributes to the pathogenesis of some of the most common current threats to global human health, including chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, diabetes, vascular diseases and the majority of cancers. Accordingly, the NF-κB pathway is widely considered an attractive therapeutic target in a broad range of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Yet, despite the aggressive efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to develop a specific NF-κB inhibitor, none has been clinically approved, due to the dose-limiting toxicities associated with the global suppression of NF-κB. In this review, we summarise the main strategies historically adopted to therapeutically target the NF-κB pathway with an emphasis on oncology, and some of the emerging strategies and newer agents being developed to pharmacologically inhibit this pathway.
Understanding Resistance Mechanisms and Expanding the Therapeutic Utility of PARP Inhibitors
Authors: Lim Joline , Tan David S. P.
Published: August 2017

Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors act through synthetic lethality in cells with defects in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair caused by molecular aberrations such as BRCA mutations, and is approved for treatment in ovarian cancer, with promising clinical activity against other HR defective tumors including breast and prostate cancers. Three PARP inhibitors have been FDA approved, while another two have shown promising activity and are in late stage development. Nonetheless, both primary and secondary resistance to PARP inhibition have led to treatment failure, and the development of predictive biomarkers and the ability to identify and overcome mechanisms of resistance is vital for optimization of its clinical utility. Additionally, there has been evidence that PARP inhibition may have a therapeutic role beyond HR deficient tumors which warrants further investigation, both as single agent and in combination with other therapeutic modalities like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. With new strategies to overcome resistance and expand its therapeutic utility, PARP inhibitors are likely to become a staple in our armamentarium of drugs in cancer therapeutics.
Influence of Failure Probability Due to Parameter and Anchor Variance of a Freeway Dip Slope Slide—A Case Study in Taiwan †
Authors: Chen Shong-Loong , Cheng Chia-Pang
Published: August 2017

The traditional slope stability analysis used the Factor of Safety (FS) from the Limit Equilibrium Theory as the determinant. If the FS was greater than 1, it was considered as “safe” and variables or parameters of uncertainty in the analysis model were not considered. The objective of research was to analyze the stability of natural slope, in consideration of characteristics of rock layers and the variability of pre-stressing force. By sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, the result showed the sensitivity for pre-stressing force of rock anchor was significantly smaller than the cohesive (c) of rock layer and the varying influence of the friction angle (ϕ) in rock layers. In addition, the immersion by water at the natural slope would weaken the rock layers, in which the cohesion c was reduced to 6 kPa and the friction angle ϕ was decreased below 14°, and it started to show instability and failure in the balance as FS became smaller than 1. The failure rate to the slope could be as high as 50%. By stabilizing with a rock anchor, the failure rate could be reduced below 3%, greatly improving the stability and the reliability of the slope.
Biometeorological Assessment of Mortality Related to Extreme Temperatures in Helsinki Region, Finland, 1972–2014
Authors: Ruuhela Reija , Jylhä Kirsti , Lanki Timo , Tiittanen Pekka , Matzarakis Andreas
Published: August 2017

Climate change is expected to increase heat-related and decrease cold-related mortality. The extent of acclimatization of the population to gradually-changing thermal conditions is not well understood. We aimed to define the relationship between mortality and temperature extremes in different age groups in the Helsinki-Uusimaa hospital district in Southern Finland, and changes in sensitivity of the population to temperature extremes over the period of 1972–2014. Time series of mortality were made stationary with a method that utilizes 365-day Gaussian smoothing, removes trends and seasonality, and gives relative mortality as the result. We used generalized additive models to examine the association of relative mortality to physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and to air temperature in the 43-year study period and in two 21-year long sub-periods (1972–1992 and 1994–2014). We calculated the mean values of relative mortality in percentile-based categories of thermal indices. Relative mortality increases more in the hot than in the cold tail of the thermal distribution. The increase is strongest among those aged 75 years and older, but is somewhat elevated even among those younger than 65 years. Above the 99th percentile of the PET distribution, the all-aged relative mortality decreased in time from 18.3 to 8.6%. Among those ≥75 years old, the decrease in relative mortality between the sub-periods were found to be above the 90th percentile. The dependence of relative mortality on cold extremes was negligible, except among those ≥75 years old, in the latter period. Thus, heat-related mortality is also remarkable in Finland, but the sensitivity to heat stress has decreased over the decades.
Perceived Injury Risk among Junior Cricketers: A Cross Sectional Survey
Authors: Gamage Prasanna , Fortington Lauren , Finch Caroline
Published: August 2017

Understanding how junior athletes perceive injury risks when participating in sport and the environment they play in is an important component of injury prevention. This study investigates how Sri Lankan junior cricketers (n = 365, aged 11–14 years, boys) perceive injury risks associated with playing cricket. The study used a Sri Lankan modification of an Australian junior cricket injury risk perception survey that considered playing cricket versus other sports, different cricket playing positions and roles, and different ground conditions. The risk of playing cricket was considered to be greater than that for cycling, but lower than that for rugby and soccer. Fast-bowlers, batters facing fast-bowlers, fielding close in the field, and wicket-keeping without a helmet were perceived to pose greater risks of injury than other scenarios. Playing on hard, bumpy and/or wet ground conditions were perceived to have a high risk opposed to playing on a grass field. Fielding in the outfield and wicket-keeping to fast-bowlers whilst wearing a helmet were perceived as low risk actions. The risk perceptions of junior cricketers identified in this study, do not necessarily reflect the true injury risk in some instances. This information will inform the development of injury prevention education interventions to address these risk perceptions in junior cricketers.
Bioaccessibility, Intestinal Permeability and Plasma Stability of Isorhamnetin Glycosides from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.)
Authors: Antunes-Ricardo Marilena , Rodríguez-Rodríguez César , Gutiérrez-Uribe Janet , Cepeda-Cañedo Eduardo , Serna-Saldívar Sergio
Published: August 2017

Isorhamnetin glycosides are representative compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica that possess different biological activities. There is slight information about the changes in bioaccessibility induced by the glycosylation pattern of flavonoids, particularly for isorhamnetin. In this study, the bioaccessibility and permeability of isorhamnetin glycosides extracted from O. ficus-indica were contrasted with an isorhamnetin standard. Also, the plasma stability of these isorhamnetin glycosides after intravenous administration in rats was evaluated. Recoveries of isorhamnetin after oral and gastric digestion were lower than that observed for its glycosides. After intestinal digestion, isorhamnetin glycosides recoveries were reduced to less than 81.0%. The apparent permeability coefficient from apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) direction (Papp(AP-BL)) of isorhamnetin was 2.6 to 4.6-fold higher than those obtained for its glycosides. Isorhamnetin diglycosides showed higher Papp(AP-BL) values than triglycosides. Sugar substituents affected the Papp(AP-BL) of the triglycosides. Isorhamnetin glycosides were better retained in the circulatory system than the aglycone. After intravenous dose of the isorhamnetin standard, the elimination half-life was 0.64 h but increased to 1.08 h when the O. ficus-indica extract was administered. These results suggest that isorhamnetin glycosides naturally found in O. ficus-indica could be a controlled delivery system to maintain a constant plasmatic concentration of this important flavonoid to exert its biological effects in vivo.
Phosphate Acquisition and Virulence in Human Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Ikeh Mélanie , Ahmed Yasmin , Quinn Janet
Published: August 2017

The ability of pathogenic fungi to acquire essential macro and micronutrients during infection is a well-established virulence trait. Recent studies in the major human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans have revealed that acquisition of the essential macronutrient, phosphate, is essential for virulence. The phosphate sensing and acquisition pathway in fungi, known as the PHO pathway, has been extensively characterized in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we highlight recent advances in phosphate sensing and signaling mechanisms, and use the S. cerevisiae PHO pathway as a platform from which to compare the phosphate acquisition and storage strategies employed by several human pathogenic fungi. We also explore the multi-layered roles of phosphate acquisition in promoting fungal stress resistance to pH, cationic, and oxidative stresses, and describe emerging roles for the phosphate storage molecule polyphosphate (polyP). Finally, we summarize the recent studies supporting the necessity of phosphate acquisition in mediating the virulence of human fungal pathogens, highlighting the concept that this requirement is intimately linked to promoting resistance to host-imposed stresses.
Landmark-Based Homing Navigation Using Omnidirectional Depth Information
Authors: Lee Changmin , Yu Seung-Eun , Kim DaeEun
Published: August 2017

A number of landmark-based navigation algorithms have been studied using feature extraction over the visual information. In this paper, we apply the distance information of the surrounding environment in a landmark navigation model. We mount a depth sensor on a mobile robot, in order to obtain omnidirectional distance information. The surrounding environment is represented as a circular form of landmark vectors, which forms a snapshot. The depth snapshots at the current position and the target position are compared to determine the homing direction, inspired by the snapshot model. Here, we suggest a holistic view of panoramic depth information for homing navigation where each sample point is taken as a landmark. The results are shown in a vector map of homing vectors. The performance of the suggested method is evaluated based on the angular errors and the homing success rate. Omnidirectional depth information about the surrounding environment can be a promising source of landmark homing navigation. We demonstrate the results that a holistic approach with omnidirectional depth information shows effective homing navigation.
A Fast Room Temperature NH3 Sensor Based on an Al/p-Si/Al Structure with Schottky Electrodes
Authors: Zhu Suwan , Liu Xiaolong , Zhuang Jun , Zhao Li
Published: August 2017

In this paper, an electrical-based NH3 sensor with an Al/p-Si/Al structure is reported. The p-Si substrate is microstructured by fs-laser irradiation and then etched by 30% alkaline solution. This sensor works well at room temperature with fast response/recovery for NH3 gas at 5–100 ppm concentration. However, when the sensor is annealed in N2/H2 forming gas or short-circuited for Al/Si electrodes, its sensitivity decreases drastically and almost vanishes. Further I-V and FT-IR results show that the two back-to-back Schottky diodes on the device play a key role in its sensing performance.
Experimental Study on Stress Monitoring of Sand-Filled Steel Tube during Impact Using Piezoceramic Smart Aggregates
Authors: Du Guofeng , Zhang Juan , Zhang Jicheng , Song Gangbing
Published: August 2017

The filling of thin-walled steel tubes with quartz sand can help to prevent the premature buckling of the steel tube at a low cost. During an impact, the internal stress of the quartz sand-filled steel tube column is subjected to not only axial force but also lateral confining force, resulting in complicated internal stress. A suitable sensor for monitoring the internal stress of such a structure under an impact is important for structural health monitoring. In this paper, piezoceramic Smart Aggregates (SAs) are embedded into a quartz Sand-Filled Steel Tube Column (SFSTC) to monitor the internal structural stress during impacts. The piezoceramic smart aggregates are first calibrated by an impact hammer. Tests are conducted to study the feasibility of monitoring the internal stress of a structure. The results reflect that the calibration value of the piezoceramic smart aggregate sensitivity test is in good agreement with the theoretical value, and the output voltage value of the piezoceramic smart aggregate has a good linear relationship with external forces. Impact tests are conducted on the sand-filled steel tube with embedded piezoceramic smart aggregates. By analyzing the output signal of the piezoceramic smart aggregates, the internal stress state of the structure can be obtained. Experimental results demonstrated that, under the action of impact loads, the piezoceramic smart aggregates monitor the compressive stress at different locations in the steel tube, which verifies the feasibility of using piezoceramic smart aggregate to monitor the internal stress of a structure.
Application of a Double-Sided Chance-Constrained Integer Linear Program for Optimization of the Incremental Value of Ecosystem Services in Jilin Province, China
Authors: Cai Baofeng , Wang Xianen , Li Yu
Published: August 2017

The Interconnected River System Network Project (IRSNP) is a significant water supply engineering project, which is capable of effectively utilizing flood resources to generate ecological value, by connecting 198 lakes and ponds in western Jilin, northeast China. In this article, an optimization research approach has been proposed to maximize the incremental value of IRSNP ecosystem services. A double-sided chance-constrained integer linear program (DCCILP) method has been proposed to support the optimization, which can deal with uncertainties presented as integers or random parameters that appear on both sides of the decision variable at the same time. The optimal scheme indicates that after rational optimization, the total incremental value of ecosystem services from the interconnected river system network project increased 22.25%, providing an increase in benefits of 3.26 × 109 ¥ compared to the original scheme. Most of the functional area is swamp wetland, which provides the greatest ecological benefits. Adjustment services increased obviously, implying that the optimization scheme prioritizes ecological benefits rather than supply and production services.
The ontogenetic bases for variation in ovary position in Melastomataceae
Authors: Basso‐Alves João Paulo , Goldenberg Renato , Teixeira Simone Pádua
Published: August 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Although the ovary position is considered a stable character in angiosperms, Melastomataceae species have perigynous flowers in which the ovary varies from superior to inferior. Thus, we investigated the ontogenetic process involved in variation of the ovary position in Melastomataceae. We focused on histogenesis of the floral apex in search of developmental patterns for each type of ovary position.

METHODS:

Six species in which the ovary varies from superior to inferior were chosen: Henriettea saldanhae, Leandra melastomoides, Miconia dodecandra, Microlicia euphorbioides, Rhynchanthera grandiflora, and Tibouchina clinopodifolia. Buds and flowers were processed for surface and histological examinations.

KEY RESULTS:

The floral apex changes from convex to concave, resulting in a perigynous hypanthium. Cell divisions in the margins of the floral apex form an annular intercalary meristem that elevates the base of the primordia of almost all whorls. The joint growth of the carpel base with the gynoecial hypanthium originates semi‐inferior ovaries in Leandra melastomoides, Miconia dodecandra, and Tibouchina clinopodifolia and inferior ovaries in Henriettea saldanhae. In Microlicia euphorbioides and Rhynchanthera grandiflora, the carpels are not affected by this hypanthial growth; flowers have a superior ovary.

CONCLUSIONS:

Changes in ovary position of Melastomataceae are due to intercalary meristematic activity, which is one of the main mechanisms for the origin of morphological innovations among plants. Our data illustrate the importance of the intercalary meristems in floral development, and we discuss the implications of this ontogenetic model for understanding the evolution of ovary position in Melastomataceae.
Chiral phase-transfer catalysis in the asymmetric α-heterofunctionalization of prochiral nucleophiles
Authors: Schörgenhumer Johannes , Tiffner Maximilian , Waser Mario
Published: August 2017

Chiral phase-transfer catalysis is one of the major catalytic principles in asymmetric catalysis. A broad variety of different catalysts and their use for challenging applications have been reported over the last decades. Besides asymmetric C–C bond forming reactions the use of chiral phase-transfer catalysts for enantioselective α-heterofunctionalization reactions of prochiral nucleophiles became one of the most important field of application of this catalytic principle. Based on several highly spectacular recent reports, we thus wish to discuss some of the most important achievements in this field within the context of this review.
Astrometric Constraints on the Masses of Long-period Gas Giant Planets in the TRAPPIST-1 Planetary System
Authors: Boss Alan P. , Weinberger Alycia J. , Keiser Sandra A. , Astraatmadja Tri L. , Anglada-Escude Guillem , Thompson Ian B.
Published: August 2017

Transit photometry of the M8V dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 (2MASS J23062928-0502285) has revealed the presence of at least seven planets with masses and radii similar to that of Earth, orbiting at distances that might allow liquid water to be present on their surfaces. We have been following TRAPPIST-1 since 2011 with the CAPSCam astrometric camera on the 2.5 m du Pont telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. In 2016, we noted that TRAPPIST-1 lies slightly farther away than previously thought, at 12.49 pc, rather than 12.1 pc. Here, we examine 15 epochs of CAPSCam observations of TRAPPIST-1, spanning the five years from 2011 to 2016, and obtain a revised trigonometric distance of 12.56 ± 0.12 pc. The astrometric data analysis pipeline shows no evidence for a long-period astrometric wobble of TRAPPIST-1. After proper motion and parallax are removed, residuals at the level of ±1.3 mas remain. The amplitude of these residuals constrains the masses of any long-period gas giant planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system: no planet more massive than ∼4.6 M
Jup orbits with a 1 year period, and no planet more massive than ∼1.6 M
Jup orbits with a 5 year period. Further refinement of the CAPSCam data analysis pipeline, combined with continued CAPSCam observations, should either detect any long-period planets, or put an even tighter constraint on these mass upper limits.
Properties of the Closest Young Binaries. I. DF Tau’s Unequal Circumstellar Disk Evolution
Authors: Allen T. S. , Prato L. , Wright-Garba N. , Schaefer G. , Biddle L. I. , Skiff B. , Avilez I. , Muzzio R. , Simon M.
Published: August 2017

We present high-resolution, spatially resolved, near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging of the two components of DF Tau, a young, low-mass, visual binary in the Taurus star-forming region. With these data, we provide a more precise orbital solution for the system, determine component spectral types, radial velocity, veiling and

values, and construct individual spectral energy distributions. We estimate the masses of both stars to be

. We find markedly different circumstellar properties for DF Tau A and B: evidence for a disk, such as near-infrared excess and accretion signatures, is clearly present for the primary, while it is absent for the secondary. Additionally, the

and rotation period measurements show that the secondary is rotating significantly more rapidly than the primary. We interpret these results in the framework of disk-locking and argue that DF Tau A is an example of disk-modulated rotation in a young system. The DF Tau system raises fundamental questions about our assumptions of universal disk formation and evolution.
Second-order Cosmological Perturbations Engendered by Point-like Masses
Authors: Brilenkov Ruslan , Eingorn Maxim
Published: August 2017

In the ΛCDM framework, presenting nonrelativistic matter inhomogeneities as discrete massive particles, we develop the second‐order cosmological perturbation theory. Our approach relies on the weak gravitational field limit. The derived equations for the second‐order scalar, vector, and tensor metric corrections are suitable at arbitrary distances, including regions with nonlinear contrasts of the matter density. We thoroughly verify fulfillment of all Einstein equations, as well as self‐consistency of order assignments. In addition, we achieve logical positive results in the Minkowski background limit. Feasible investigations of the cosmological back-reaction manifestations by means of relativistic simulations are also outlined.
Solar Twins and the Barium Puzzle
Authors: Reddy Arumalla B. S. , Lambert David L.
Published: August 2017

Several abundance analyses of Galactic open clusters (OCs) have shown a tendency for Ba but not for other heavy elements (La−Sm) to increase sharply with decreasing age such that Ba was claimed to reach [Ba/Fe] ≃ +0.6 in the youngest clusters (ages < 100 Myr) rising from [Ba/Fe] = 0.00 dex in solar-age clusters. Within the formulation of the s-process, the difficulty to replicate higher Ba abundance and normal La−Sm abundances in young clusters is known as the barium puzzle. Here, we investigate the barium puzzle using extremely high-resolution and high signal-to-noise spectra of 24 solar twins and measured the heavy elements Ba, La, Ce, Nd, and Sm with a precision of 0.03 dex. We demonstrate that the enhanced Ba ii relative to La−Sm seen among solar twins, stellar associations, and OCs at young ages (<100 Myr) is unrelated to aspects of stellar nucleosynthesis but has resulted from overestimation of Ba by standard methods of LTE abundance analysis in which the microturbulence derived from the Fe lines formed deep in the photosphere is insufficient to represent the true line broadening imposed on Ba ii lines by the upper photospheric layers from where the Ba ii lines emerge. Because the young stars have relatively active photospheres, Ba overabundances most likely result from the adoption of a too low value of microturbulence in the spectrum synthesis of the strong Ba ii lines but the change of microturbulence in the upper photosphere has only a minor affect on La−Sm abundances measured from the weak lines.
The Ages and Masses of a Million Galactic-disk Main-sequence Turnoff and Subgiant Stars from the LAMOST Galactic Spectroscopic Surveys
Authors: Xiang Maosheng , Liu Xiaowei , Shi Jianrong , Yuan Haibo , Huang Yang , Chen Bingqiu , Wang Chun , Tian Zhijia , Wu Yaqian , Yang Yong , Zhang Huawei , Huo Zhiying , Ren Juanjuan
Published: August 2017

We present estimates of stellar age and mass for 0.93 million Galactic-disk main-sequence turnoff and subgiant stars from the LAMOST Galactic Spectroscopic Surveys. The ages and masses are determined by matching with stellar isochrones using a Bayesian algorithm, utilizing effective temperature

, absolute magnitude

, metallicity [Fe/H], and α-element to iron abundance ratio [α/Fe] deduced from the LAMOST spectra. Extensive examinations suggest the age and mass estimates are robust. Overall, the sample stars have a median error of 34% for the age estimates, and half of the stars older than 2 Gyr have age uncertainties of only 20%–30%. The median error for the mass estimates of the whole sample of stars is ∼8%. The huge data set demonstrates good correlations among stellar age, [Fe/H] ([α/H]), and [α/Fe]. Particularly, double-sequence features are revealed in both the age–[α/Fe] and age–[Fe/H]([α/H]) spaces. In the [Fe/H]–[α/Fe] space, stars of 8–10 Gyr exhibit both the thin and thick disk sequences, while younger (older) stars show only the thin (thick) disk sequence, indicating that the thin disk became prominent 8–10 Gyr ago, while the thick disk formed earlier and was almost quenched 8 Gyr ago. Stellar ages exhibit positive vertical and negative radial gradients across the disk, and the outer disk of R ≳ 9 kpc exhibits a strong flare in stellar age distribution.
The Turbulent Chiral Magnetic Cascade in the Early Universe
Authors: Brandenburg Axel , Schober Jennifer , Rogachevskii Igor , Kahniashvili Tina , Boyarsky Alexey , Fröhlich Jürg , Ruchayskiy Oleg , Kleeorin Nathan
Published: August 2017

The presence of asymmetry between fermions of opposite handedness in plasmas of relativistic particles can lead to exponential growth of a helical magnetic field via a small-scale chiral dynamo instability known as the chiral magnetic effect. Here, we show, using dimensional arguments and numerical simulations, that this process produces through the Lorentz force chiral magnetically driven turbulence. A

magnetic energy spectrum emerges via inverse transfer over a certain range of wavenumbers k. The total chirality (magnetic helicity plus normalized chiral chemical potential) is conserved in this system. Therefore, as the helical magnetic field grows, most of the total chirality gets transferred into magnetic helicity until the chiral magnetic effect terminates. Quantitative results for height, slope, and extent of the spectrum are obtained. Consequences of this effect for cosmic magnetic fields are discussed.
Le marketing et l’édition : mythes et réalité ou I’esprit (marketing) et la lettre
Authors: Geoffroy-Bernard Françoise
Published: August 2017

Le marketing n’est apparu dans l’édition française qu’en début des années 1980. Vingt ans après, quelle est la réalité de la fonction marketing dans les maisons d’édition ? Existe-t-elle vraiment et parvient-elle à trouver sa légitimité ? Comment s’élabore au quotidien un marketing spécifique, qui parvient à conjuguer impératifs esthétiques et nécessités économiques dans un secteur qui ne lui est pas a priori favorable ? Après avoir mis en évidence quelques paradoxes et mythes tenaces qui illustrent la méconnaissance bien partagée de cette « discipline », il importe de repérer les facteurs qui ont favorisé l’essor de ce nouveau métier de l’édition, ainsi que les étapes jalonnant son apparition dans les entreprises. Enfin, il s’agira de proposer une « typologie » du marketing permettant des applications adaptées et pertinentes, y compris en littérature générale.
Les pratiques de contrôle du commerce des livres chez Hachette, 1945-1980
Authors: Mazaud Jean-Philippe
Published: August 2017

L’article aborde l’évolution du contrôle des affaires d’édition chez Hachette. De 1945 à l’âge d’or des années 1960, la régulation des financements nécessaires à la reprise et au développement de l’édition revient aux propriétaires. A partir de 1964, la critique de ce pouvoir provoque une crise marquée par l’irruption du discours gestionnaire dans les métiers du livre. Mais au cours des années 1970, l’institution précaire de la fonction de contrôle de gestion entre les mains de gestionnaires professionnels est contrainte, d’un côté, par la difficulté de leur adaptation aux pratiques des gens de métier, de l’autre, par le service d’intérêts financiers.
« Qui perd gagne ! »
Authors: Louis Julien
Published: August 2017

L’article prend pour objet l’une des rares affaires portées devant la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (CJUE) par une organisation syndicale française, la Confédération générale du travail (CGT). Cette étude de cas analyse les conditions du recours au droit et à la justice de l’UE par la CGT ainsi que les effets de cette saisie sur la cause défendue par le syndicat. Pour ce faire, la démonstration s’appuie sur les différentes pièces du dossier judiciaire (mémoires des parties, rapports des magistrats, plaidoiries, arrêts) ainsi que sur des entretiens conduits avec les protagonistes de l’affaire (militants et juristes syndicaux, agent du gouvernement, avocat, universitaire). Ainsi, nous montrons d’une part que la mobilisation du droit européen par les acteurs syndicaux s’opère progressivement, par déplacements successifs au sein de différentes arènes judiciaires (Tribunal d’instance, Conseil constitutionnel, Cour de cassation et CJUE) grâce au concours de toute une série d’intermédiaires, avocats, universitaires, magistrats ; d’autre part, que le recours au droit et à la justice de l’UE a pour effet de reformuler la cause défendue par le syndicat, puisque de la défense d’un salarié et d’une remise en cause d’un article du Code du travail français, l’enjeu devient la définition de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’UE.
Une pédagogie du droit sous contrainte. Les syndicalistes et les inspecteurs du travail dans l’activité de consultation juridique
Authors: Willemez Laurent
Published: August 2017

L’objectif de l’article est d’étudier une activité juridique rarement prise en compte dans les travaux sur les usages syndicaux du droit du travail : les consultations juridiques au niveau local. L’analyse localisée des consultations juridiques dans des espaces différents où sont donnés des conseils juridiques aux salariés que sont les unions locales de trois syndicats (CGT, CFDT et FO) et la direction départementale du travail montre la spécificité de ces conseils : ils constituent d’abord un travail de filtrage de la demande des salariés, souvent démunis, et une première forme de traduction juridique des sentiments d’injustice et des difficultés vécues par les salariés dans leur entreprise. Dès lors, les acteurs chargés de ces conseils, militants syndicaux et agents de contrôle de l’inspection du travail, considèrent globalement ce travail comme une activité politique de défense des salariés dans des relations de travail asymétriques. L’article insiste ensuite sur les différences entre les deux groupes de « fournisseurs » de conseil, en montrant comment l’exercice de ces activités est lié à des logiques organisationnelles et d’ethos professionnel.
La méthode d’Edward P. Thompson
Authors: Tarragoni Federico
Published: August 2017

La publication presque complète en français de l’œuvre d’E. P. Thompson invite désormais les sciences sociales à un débat de fond sur la fécondité heuristique de son travail. Depuis vingt ans, les usagers non-historiens de Thompson se sont limités à opérationnaliser son concept d’« économie morale de la foule ». Mais la cohérence profonde de son projet intellectuel relève davantage de la méthode critique qui le traverse de part en part. Indissociable de son style argumentatif, cette méthode tient dans une double clé : une compréhension sociologique de la « politique populaire » et une épistémologie de l’expérience, donnant tout son sens à la méthode de l’«  history from below  ». C’est à partir de cette double entrée que l’on peut saisir l’ouverture anthropologique sur le politique dont fait preuve Thompson, c’est-à-dire son attention à la possibilité , dans toute société humaine, tant du passé que du présent, de la liberté et de l’émancipation.
Walleye Age Estimation Using Otoliths and Dorsal Spines: Preparation Techniques and Sampling Guidelines Based on Sex and Total Length
Authors: Dembkowski Daniel J. , Isermann Daniel A. , Koenigs Ryan P.
Published: August 2017

We used dorsal spines and otoliths from 735 Walleye Sander vitreus collected from 35 Wisconsin water bodies to evaluate whether 1) otolith and dorsal spine cross sections provided age estimates similar to simpler methods of preparation (e.g., whole otoliths and dorsal spines, cracked otoliths); and 2) between-reader precision and differences between spine and otolith ages varied in relation to total length (TL), sex, and growth rate. Ages estimated from structures prepared using simpler techniques were generally similar to ages estimated using thin sections of dorsal spines and otoliths, suggesting that, in some instances, much of the additional processing time and specialized equipment associated with thin sectioning could be avoided. Overall, between-reader precision was higher for sectioned otoliths (mean coefficient of variation [CV] = 3.28%; standard error [SE] = 0.33%) than for sectioned dorsal spines (mean CV = 9.20%; SE = 0.56%). When using sectioned otoliths for age assignment, between-reader precision did not vary between sexes or growth categories (i.e., fast, moderate, slow), but between-reader precision was higher for females than males when using sectioned dorsal spines. Dorsal spines were generally effective at replicating otolith ages for male Walleye <450 mm TL and female Walleye <600 mm TL, suggesting that dorsal spines can be used to estimate ages for male Walleye <450 mm TL and female Walleye <600 mm TL. If sex is unknown, we suggest dorsal spines be used to estimate ages for Walleye <450 mm TL, but that otoliths be used for fish >450 mm TL. Our results provide useful guidance on structure and preparation technique selection for Walleye age estimation, thereby allowing biologists to develop sampling guidelines that could be implemented using information that is always (TL) or often (sex) available at the time of fish collection.
Cashew nut shell liquid and formulation: toxicity during the germination of lettuce, tomato seeds and coffee senna and seedling formation
Authors: Matias Rosemary , Rosa Ana Carolina , Oliveira Ademir Kleber Morbeck , Pereira Kelly Cristina Lacerda , Rizzi Elvia Silvia , Machado Alexandre Alves
Published: August 2017

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nut shell liquid (CNSL) has been successfully used in trials as an Aedes aegypti larvicide, but little is known about its environmental effects. In this study, the potential effects of CNSL and a CNSL-based phyto-product formulation on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and Senna obtusifolia (coffee senna) were assessed. The pH of CNSL and the formulation were 6.4 and 6.8, respectively; the electrical conductivities were 2.89 μS cm-1 (CNSL) and 2.21 μS cm-1 (formulation), respectively, and both contained anacardic acid (53.2%) and degradation products. In bioassays for germination and growth, CNSL (25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg mL-1), the formulation (100 mg mL-1) and the control were used in a completely randomized design. The results demonstrated the chemical effects of CNSL, which negatively affected the germination and vigor of lettuce and tomato and the vigor of coffee senna; for growth, it negatively influenced both the root and aerial parts of lettuce and tomato, but only the roots of coffee senna. The formulation had negative effects on the vigor of coffee senna and the growth of tomato and lettuce seedlings (roots and aerial parts). The results indicate the phytotoxicity of CNSL and the formulation for the plant species tested.