bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moving as One
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores how dancing in unison helps Renegades create stronger relationships and a more formidable sense of community. I use my own classroom experiences with my students as a case study in community-focused pedagogy. Building off of research on Broadway chorus lines and military formations/drills, this chapter analyzes the role of unison movement and muscular bonding in making Dubsmash videos. The chapter argues that dancing in unison with students on Dubsmash creates an affective response that helps build stronger relationships between students and teachers. As such, this chapter is a testament as to how Dubsmash can be used as a tool of hip hop education and culturally responsive teaching. To further demonstrate how Renegades materialize in the high school classroom, this chapter also features interviews with other dancing teachers. Dubsmash pushes against the barriers typically seen between teachers and students in public education, effectively becoming a tool of anti-racist community building.
The Panoptic Sort
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H.
Published: July 2021

The Panoptic Sort was published in 1993. Its focus was on privacy and surveillance. But unlike the majority of publications addressing these topics in the United States at the time that were focused on the privacy concerns of individuals, especially those related to threats associated with government surveillance, that book sought to direct the public toward the activities of commercial firms. The Panoptic Sort was intended to help us all to understand just what was at stake when the bureaucracies of government and commerce gathered, processed, and made use of an almost unlimited amount of personal and transaction-generated information to manage social, economic, and political activities within society. While the first edition provided numerous examples from marketing, employment, insurance, credit management, and the provision of government and social services, the second edition extends descriptions of the technologies that have been developed and incorporated into the panoptic sort in the nearly thirty years since its initial publication. Assessments of the implications for democracy that many associate with the possibility of an algorithmic Leviathan, invite a reconsideration of Jacques Ellul’s distressing predictions about the future that ended the first edition of The Panoptic Sort.
Foreword
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H.
Published: July 2021

This foreword, an addition to this second edition, serves in part as a preface that was not included in the original. In addition to providing brief descriptions of the material to be covered in each of the chapters, it makes reference to important scholarly contributions made in related areas of concern that developed following the publication of The Panoptic Sort in 1993. Among these contributions, those made by Karl Marx, Jacques Ellul, Anthony Giddens, and Michel Foucault were featured quite extensively. Among my colleagues and contemporaries, particular attention was also paid to the contributions made by James Beniger, Klaus Krippendorff, David Lyon, Vincent Mosco, Helen Nissenbaum, Priscilla Regan, and Alan Westin. Although the book was focused primarily on the collection and use of personal and transaction generated information, critical changes in communication and information technology, including the internet and algorithmic data processing were noted as central factors in the further development of the panoptic sort.
Operating the Panoptic Sort
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H.
Published: July 2021

This chapter emphasizes the nature of the panoptic sort as a discriminatory technology. It emphasizes the role played by surveillance, or the collection, processing, and analysis of data gathered from a variety of transactions, many of them commercial, but many involving bureaucratic institutions involved in governance. While there is already an extensive literature on the nature and usage of data gathered by governments, this chapter focuses primarily on the transaction-generated information gathered by corporations. Its coverage includes traditional data-gathering methods familiar to government and social service agencies, but also includes technological systems, including the rapidly evolving telecommunications network. Considerable attention is paid to developments in the use of computers for data processing and analysis, including a primary function of the panoptic sort: classification, clustering, and segmentation of individuals into groups. The chapter ends with a discussion of an important but emergent segment of the information marketplace, that served by organizations that generate extensive lists of categories or types of persons, often described in terms of their market, or policy-related value.
Corporate Perspectives on the Panoptic Sort
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H.
Published: July 2021

This chapter is focused on understanding the similarities and differences within the corporate sectors actively engaged in the development and use of the panoptic sort in support of their business ventures. The chapter focuses on three central actors of the time: the American Express Corporation, a dominant data services provider; TRW, a major defense contractor; and Equifax, an emerging giant in the provision of information about credit worthiness and other assessments of financial worth. Additional attention is focused on the special role played by a market auxiliary, the Direct Marketing Association, which played a central role in defending the industry against privacy laws and regulations emerging on the horizon. An additional effort to understand the corporate perspective on surveillance and the pursuit of power and influence made use of a survey of Fortune 500 companies at the time. Despite the quite low participation rate of the members of this special class, characteristics of their marketing techniques, their concerns about government regulation, and their assignment of responsibility for the development of a regulatory response were subject to analysis. It was not surprising to see how concerned they actually were about a consumer backlash against their collection and use of transaction-generated information.
A Data Protection Regime
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H.
Published: July 2021

This chapter is focused on the need for and the likely problems to be encountered as we pursue a regulatory response, especially through the traditional framework for thinking about privacy and data protection. This regulatory framework is characterized through a consideration of an evolving tradition beginning with the contributions that were made by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis in 1890. Other perspectives, including those of Edward Bloustein, which suggested the importance of dignity and other intangible injuries are explored. Links between privacy interests and interests in intellectual property emerged within legislative and regulatory concerns being raised about rights to information. Of particular importance are struggles over information rights as they apply to individuals and rights claimed by corporate actors, including those rights being claimed by corporate pursuit of First Amendment, or speech, rights. Distinctions are also drawn in this chapter between rights sought as defenses against actions taken by corporate actors versus those of governmental actors, given the fact that the First Amendment as a constraint applies only to agencies of government. A variety of specific cases and continuing struggles within the legal and regulatory environment are described, and due note is taken of the increasing influence of a neoliberal framing of a “marketplace solution” as the appropriate solution for conflicts over informational rights. The chapter concludes with a discussion of “Fair Information Practices” as a strategy for assigning oversight responsibility for informational regulation to a government agency. While there was expression of hope and desire for a governmental agency focused solely on privacy-related concerns, the creation of such an agency in the United States was not forthcoming.
The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union and World Communism
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

The devastation caused by World War II on Eastern Europe, the USSR, and China, among other nations, created the conditions of social dislocation that made possible the imposition, or autonomous coming to power, of communist regimes in eight countries of Eastern Europe. Tens of millions of deaths during the war, followed by millions of dislocated people and mass population transfers, created the conditions of social disintegration that preceded communist rule.
Diversity and Defiance within the World Communist Movement
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

As Soviet leaders worked to manage the contradictions they had unleashed, they faced a wide range of responses from within the world communist movement: worker rebellions in Eastern Europe; revolution in Hungary in 1956; near revolution in Poland; and criticism or ambivalence from Yugoslavia, China, and nonruling communist parties in the wake of de-Stalinization and the crushing of the Hungarian revolution.
Why US-Soviet Détente Failed
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

Given the issues that remained on the table for later negotiation, given the rightward drift in US politics of the mid-1970s, and given the intense commitment on both sides to competing for influence in Third World countries, it may be that US-Soviet détente was destined to collapse. But the counterfactual must consider, what would have happened had the Nixon administration not collapsed due to the Watergate scandal?
Gorbachev’s Peaceful Revolution from Above
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

Gorbachev did not anticipate how far he would have to go to lead the communist party and his country out of the “era of stagnation” he inherited from Brezhnev. But as he started to implement policies, the obstacles became clearer and he responded with radicalization. This led to democratization of political authority relationships through increasingly free elections. Ultimately, the system collapsed as social polarization intensified and Boris Yeltsin outflanked Gorbachev to discredit the latter’s effort to create a “democratic socialism.”
Is There a Future for New Communist States?
Authors: Breslauer George W.
Published: July 2021

Communism was the offspring of wars: World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War. Are such wars likely in the coming decades? If not, new communist regimes on the Leninist-Stalinist-Maoist models are unlikely to come to power in the name of Marxism-Leninism. Whether that ideological heritage becomes again a beacon for revolution may depend on whether, in the future, the historical imagination comes to view communism as having been an achievement or a tragedy.
Basic Rationale and Arguments
Authors: Chan Steve , Feng Huiyun , He Kai , Hu Weixing
Published: July 2021

Despite realists’ emphasis on the role of national power in interstate relations, foreign policy analysis is fundamentally concerned with states’ intentions rather than their capabilities. Arguably, revisionism occupies a central place in the discourse on states’ intentions. Yet despite its analytic importance, existing discourse on this concept is fraught with serious problems. This chapter identifies various issues in the ways that it has been applied theoretically and substantively. It draws a distinction between international order and the interstate distribution of power and argues that revisionism pertains to the former but not the latter. It also presents a preview of the chapters to follow.
A Peaceful Transition of International Order?
Authors: Chan Steve , Feng Huiyun , He Kai , Hu Weixing
Published: July 2021

This concluding chapter reviews and summarizes, reiterating the problematic aspects of current practice in applying the concept of revisionism. It introduces prospect theory to provide insights about prospective Chinese and US policies, and it offers caveats about the possible direction of these countries’ relations. Despite the recent escalation of tension between Beijing and Washington, the authors view the future with cautious optimism. They argue that to stabilize this important bilateral relationship, both sides should maintain mutual nuclear deterrence, avoid various forms of power politics (especially displays of military escalation), and dial back nationalist rhetoric contributing to tension and undermining trust. A transition of international order does not necessarily require a power transition between these countries, and it can come about peacefully.
Religious Anti-Semitism
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev
Published: July 2021

This chapter examines and compares theories in the general political science literature to those in the anti-Semitism literature which posit that religion is a cause of discrimination against Jews. While the perspectives of the two literatures are different, the predictions and arguments are similar and predict religion to cause more discrimination. The authors use data on government support for religion from the Religion and State data set to test whether countries which are closely associated with a single religion discriminate against Jews more and confirm that this is the case. However, when using data from the World Values Survey measuring religiosity, the authors find that in countries where people are more religious there is less discrimination against Jews. This is an unprecedented finding. The authors theorize that this is due to the influence of secularism where religious Christians see religious Jews as potential allies in the fight against the common threat of secularism.
Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev
Published: July 2021

Conspiracy theories of Jewish power and world domination as well as blood libels have been persistently present for over a millennium. This chapter briefly discusses the history and nature of these conspiracy theories and evaluates them using a developing social science literature on conspiracy theories. Empirically the authors test the relationship between belief in conspiracy theories and discrimination against Jews using data from the ADL 100 survey. Their results show an extremely strong and significant correlation between belief in conspiracy theories about Jews and both societal and governmental discrimination against Jews. Conspiracy theories provide the strongest empirical predictor of discrimination against Jews among all indicators used on this study. Interestingly, to the authors’ knowledge, there has been no previous cross-country test as to whether belief in conspiracy theories causes real-world discrimination against the objects of those conspiracy theories (in this case, Jews).
Striving
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 3 traces Benjamin Franklin’s early development—purchasing equipment to open his own print shop and editing a Philadelphia newspaper. His work provided him with an outlet for advice about living a moral life. Sometimes he wrote under pseudonyms, such as Silence Dogood, and reprinted material that reinforced his own efforts to live a good life, creating a Plan for Attaining Moral Perfection. The chapter discusses Jonathan Edwards, whose views were substantially in agreement with Franklin’s, though much of Franklin’s moralism attracted criticism from twentieth-century writers such as D. H. Lawrence. Franklin’s thoughts about virtue emerged from similar concerns that Puritans had for the Christian life as one of sanctity.
Pennsylvania’s Protestant Politics
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 9 discusses how Pennsylvania gave Franklin more room for his talents, doubts, and questions than Boston did, thanks to the Quakers’ commitment to intellectual and religious freedom. The colony’s religious diversity, especially among German Protestants, was a challenge to its well-being especially when Quaker pacifism proved a liability in defending against French and Native American military forces. It shows how Franklin continued to rely on his knowledge of Protestantism and skills as a civic leader while he served in the Pennsylvania Assembly during the French and Indian War and then as the colony’s chief negotiator in London with the Penn family and British government officials in efforts to secure a royal charter for Pennsylvania.
Adopting the Imperial Idea Beyond Europe
Authors: Watanabe-O'Kelly Helen
Published: July 2021

During the Napoleonic period, ‘the imperial idea’ spread to colonial territories far from Europe. This chapter discusses how Brazil became an empire when Pedro I declared independence from Portugal and how Mexico declared independence from Spain under Agustín de Iturbide. Pedro II succeeded his father as emperor of Brazil but abdicated in 1889. Agustín I was executed in 1824, as was the second emperor of Mexico, Maximilian of Austria, in 1867. These emperors also had to create symbolic power with courts, costumes, ceremonial, and coronations on the Napoleonic model, Queen Victoria was given the title of empress in 1876 and the British invented a ceremony of acclamation in 1877 which they called a ‘durbar’.
The Theory of Guanxi and Chinese Society
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: July 2021

This is the first book to comprehensively and critically examine the nature and background of the Chinese phenomenon of guanxi. It does this by reviewing and taking account of the major theoretical frameworks that relate to these closely bonded long-term relationships that are developed in order to pursue instrumental advantage in a society marked by relatively weak legal and regulatory institutions. The book locates such theorizing in the major features of the rapidly evolving Chinese market society, whilst paying attention to the historical origins and cultural sources of this highly particularistic approach to the acquisition of social and material resources, an approach which relies on obligatory relations of favour exchange between persons who self-consciously and strategically select their associates and goals. The book goes on to develop an improved way of understanding this extremely significant and distinct feature of social, political and economic relations that are characteristic of mainland China’s relentlessly active population. The book uniquely proposes an inclusive approach to guanxi based on comprehensive theorizing which both challenges many conventions and at the same time introduces a research orientation which captures the pertinent psychological dispositions, cultural expressions, and institutional frameworks that underpin guanxi.
Introduction
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: July 2021

The Introduction situates the theme of guanxi in the particular treatment developed in the book. Guanxi is described in terms of its features, the highly personalized connection between those who participate in a guanxi, and its application for acquisition of social and material goods. It is also noted that as a social relation guanxi generates expectations of the participants which have characteristic emotional and ethical dimensions. As well as mentioning the broader literature on guanxi the Introduction indicates the nature of a sociological apprehension of guanxi, provided in this book, through a brief overview of the critical nature of sociology, in which social relations are subject to systematic investigation, historical contextualization, and in which the cultural framework through which interpretive orientations and sensibilities are conveyed is acknowledged. The introduction goes on to lay out a comprehensive summary of the six chapters which follow.
Renqing as Guanxi and in Guanxi
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: July 2021

This chapter considers guanxi-like practices in a number of historical and social contexts, from the 1880s to the 1980s, when the term guanxi is first used. By doing so, many aspects of instrumental particularism typically ignored become evident. In late imperial literati circles, and in rural China up to the present time, gift-giving occurs without expectation of reciprocation but in order to acquire ‘protection’, to be let alone. The use of money in renqing, thought by many theorists today as problematic for guanxi, was routine in these circumstances. Reciprocal gift exchange in rural China begins with Communist collectivization in the 1950s. It is shown that the vast increase in the numbers of officials from this time, and the relative empowerment of peasants, extended the incidence of guanxi-like practices. Concurrently, a number of distinctive terms were used to describe these practices, until guanxi gained widespread usage in the 1980s.
Imagining Ireland's Pasts
Authors: Canny Nicholas
Published: July 2021

The book describes how various authors addressed the history of early modern Ireland over four centuries, and explains why they could not settle on an agreed narrative. It shows how conflicting interpretations broke frequently along denominational lines, but that authors were also influenced by ethnic, cultural, and political considerations, and by whether they were resident in Ireland or living in exile. The book details how each set of authors extolled the merits of their progenitors, offered hope and guidance to the particular audience they addressed, and disputed opposing narratives. The author shows how competing scholars, whether contributing to vernacular histories or empirical studies, became transfixed by the traumatic events of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as they sought to explain either how stability had finally been achieved, or how the descendants of those who had been wronged might secure redress. Humanist, Apocalyptic and Enlightenment authors are treated separately. Greatest attention is given to the nineteenth century when some Protestant authors adopted a nationalist perspective inspired by European liberal ideology. It is explained how this was spurned by Catholic Church leaders no less than by conservative Protestants, and how each set their minds to composing an alternative grand narrative. The publications of Lecky and Froude are given special consideration before attention shifts to authors who, in the late nineteenth century, permitted happenings from the early modern past to flow into the present to produce an outpouring of historical publications that has not been fully appreciated by scholars of Ireland’s literary renaissance.
Composing Counter-Narratives in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Canny Nicholas
Published: July 2021

This chapter explains how denigration of all Irish people by apocalyptic authors, and the conquest that it legitimized, proved traumatic for all Irish people whether at home or in exile. Annalists despaired of the future but Irish authors from Gaelic and English ancestries who had found refuge in Catholic Europe took inspiration from Catholic histories they encountered there to compose histories in Latin, Irish, and English defending Ireland’s reputation, and arguing from history that foreign powers should sustain Ireland and Catholicism. Divisions emerged between authors, notably Philip O’Sullivan Beare, who advocated renewed warfare, and those, notably David Rothe and Geoffrey Keating, who wrote conciliatory narratives. These argued from history that Catholics of both ancestries in Ireland had been bonded by religion into a single nation, and that Catholics who still prevailed in Ireland should owe allegiance to the British monarchy.
New Histories for a New Ireland
Authors: Canny Nicholas
Published: July 2021

Authors who approved of the conquest of Ireland ransacked history for clues on how the dominant Protestant minority might bring the majority Catholic population to conform to English civil and religious norms. Military historians, acknowledging the support the Crown had received from loyal Irish lords, suggested that these might be trusted to lead their subordinates towards reform. The lawyer Davies and the religious historians Ussher and James Ware disputed this, and argued from history that because Ireland’s population had just been conquered they stood ready to embrace reform provided they were protected from being tyrannized by their lords and by Catholic clergy. They also imagined Ireland returning to a lost golden age—for Davies to when Ireland had been a source of profit to the Crown, and for Ussher and Ware to when the true Christianity preached by St Patrick had been the envy of Europe.
From Neutrality to Intervention, 1914–15
Authors: Wilcox Vanda
Published: July 2021

When the July Crisis erupted, Italy was allied to its neighbour Austria-Hungary, but most Italians had little interest in fighting for it. On 3 August 1914 Italy declared its neutrality with the support of most of the population. However, the prospect of joining the war on the other side was soon raised, and both the Entente and the Central Powers began to court the Italian government in hope of securing its allegiance. A small but vocal interventionist movement emerged as public opinion evolved. Irredentism motivated some interventionists, while others adopted pragmatic positions or embraced the rhetoric of a war for democracy; some placed the war in a wider imperial context right from the start, hoping to acquire as yet undefined territories beyond national borders. At last, in April 1915, Italy signed the Treaty of London, committing to join the Entente in pursuit of expansionist aims: it hoped both to complete national unification and to receive territorial compensation elsewhere.
Societies at War
Authors: Wilcox Vanda
Published: July 2021

With the mobilization of Italy’s society and economy for war, the lives of millions of men, women, and children were transformed. Whether emigrants, colonists, or mainland residents, Italians raised funds, worked in war industries, supported family members at the front, prayed for victory, and engaged in patriotic activities—or, alternatively, in anti-war politics. Anti-war sentiment, both real and imagined, encouraged the government to adopt increasingly harsh repressive measures—which in turn further alienated some sectors of the population. Socialists were particularly the object of official suspicion, while by contrast Catholics built an unprecedented bond with the nation. As the state sought to mobilize all available manpower, Italians overseas and in the colonies had a vital part to play. The authorities also sought to maximize the economic contribution, whether in money or materials, that Italy’s empire could make to the war effort—though with limited results.
Register-specific subject omission in English and French and the syntax of coordination
Authors: Haegeman Liliane , Stark Elisabeth
Published: July 2021

In both English and French, as such non-pro drop languages, finite clause subjects can be omitted in second-conjunct subject ellipsis in the core grammar and as a result of register-specific subject omission (as in diary style writing). The parallelisms between second-conjunct ellipsis present and register-specific subject omission present a challenge for accounts viewing register-specific subject omission as a register-related grammatical property. This chapter shows that the two phenomena cannot be assimilated. Based on patterns with quantificational subjects, the small conjunct coordination analysis is invoked to derive second-conjunct subject ellipsis. For register-specific subject omission a register-specific account for the derivation of subject omission is retained. The chapter introduces a novel set of data of register-specific subject omission, namely the ellipsis of a second-conjunct subject not coreferential with the first-conjunct subject. This pattern is the output of the coordination of two full-fledged clauses, the second of which with register-specific subject omission.
Towards a Sociological Approach to Human Rights Law
Authors: Martin Richard
Published: July 2021

An overarching argument of the book, which connects its parts, is an epistemological one: to fully grasp the routine understandings, interpretations and practices that animate human rights law in policing, a sociological approach to law should be explored and experimented with. In sketching out what such an approach might look like, this chapter introduces the three conceptual foundations adopted and outlines the research methods deployed in the book. The first of these is how human rights law comes to be adopted and deployed as ‘vernacular’ beyond traditional legal forums and judicial audiences in order to both legitimate and challenge police power. The second is human rights law as a set of principles and standards that officers are socialized in, and engage in ‘sensemaking’ of, amidst their sub-cultures, everyday routines and organizational demands. The third is how human rights law comes to be ‘practiced’ by officers in specific roles in so far as they are professional actors required to bring a resolution to a specific factual issue through understanding, engaging with and applying human rights law principles and standards. Collectively, these features comprise the book’s sociological approach to human rights law.
Dirty Work
Authors: Martin Richard
Published: July 2021

The PSNI have promoted human rights as a central and enduring hallmark of con-temporary policing, proffering to junior officers what Ravasi and Schultz (2006: 435) describe as ‘legitimate and consistent narratives that allow them to construct a collective sense of self’. The focus of this chapter’s analysis is on how junior officers performing routine work internalized human rights, with sensemaking providing the process through which this took place. Sensemaking is a situated practice, taking place amidst individuals’ working lives and occupational settings and drawing on resources from each. In this chapter, the focus is on the Tactical Support Group. Drawing on Hughes’ (1958) concept of ‘dirty work’, this chapter introduces the occupational context within which TSG officers were making sense of human rights as a vernacular of police work. With this conceptual scaffolding in place, the chapter proceeds to identify and examine a series of counter-narratives officers attached to human rights as a normative vision for policing and a regulatory standard in their everyday work. This entailed officers re-interpreting and modifying the official rights narrative in various ways, such that the content of the narrative varied even if it served similar sensemaking goals to the official narrative: making the complex orderly, fostering self-esteem and maintaining self-legitimacy.
Narrative Discourse, Literary History
Authors: Gingrich Brian
Published: July 2021

Scene and summary: these are the two primary units whose development and transformation guide the course of this study. This chapter examines their value as registers of pace, and it argues that they are truly valuable insofar as they are examined diachronically across literary history. Jane Austen, Gustave Flaubert, and Henry James at first appear in the foreground as guides for a history of pacing, but the goal of this study is to avoid any strict teleology and to instead imagine elliptical constructions of literary history that emerge in between distant focal points. The chapter ends by considering the large ellipsis within which this study takes place—“modernity”—and critiquing the methods by which one may relate pace to modernity while offering a way to examine history in pace as it creates themes.
Collapse of the Scenic Method
Authors: Gingrich Brian
Published: July 2021

Beyond the imperative or appearance of realism, some scenic impulse in nineteenth-century fiction determines narrative pace. One looks, then, to Charlotte Brontë, to Nathaniel Hawthorne, and even to the realist Balzac in his theatrical tendencies. This chapter reckons with how the scenic impulse that engenders scene-and-summary fiction also leads to its collapse. Chapters become scenes; chapter entries become rising curtains; summaries become prologues for a scene that waits beyond the threshold. One sees it in Zola, Howells, Kate Chopin …. But the seeming culmination appears when Henry James, in the 1890s, avows that he is bound to “the scenic method.” James’s career is one of the most illuminating representations of the arc of the scene-and-summary novel, and its climax appears at the end of the nineteenth century. From there, with late James, one senses a resurgence of romance in the form of narrative lyricism, and one begins to wonder whether pace will be dissolved in that lyrical expanse.
The Measure and Mismeasure of the Self
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra
Published: July 2021

This chapter introduces the virtues and vices of intellectual self-evaluation that are the main topic of the book. It explains that humility consists in having the measure of one’s strengths and weaknesses, whilst arrogance, vanity, or servility are ways in which one fails to have such a measure because one’s self-appraisals are biased by needs for self-enhancement or for social acceptance. In addition, the chapter argues for thinking of vice epistemology as a form of social epistemology whose main aim is ameliorative because it offers concrete proposals to improve common epistemic predicaments. The chapter concludes with a summary of the book.
Attitude Psychology and Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra
Published: July 2021

Virtue ethicists and epistemologists have generally presumed that virtue and vices are real psychological states or traits amenable to empirical study. There is, however, no agreement on the psychological constructs that may play this role. This chapter introduces the apparatus of attitude psychology that, in the author’s view, supplies a theoretical framework suitable to understand those intellectual vices which in Chapter 2 have been described as defects in epistemic agency. The approach throws light on the affective, motivational, and cognitive dimensions of the vices which are under scrutiny in this book. The chapter provides an overview of key concepts in attitude psychology including that of an attitude as a summary evaluation of its object. It makes a case that attitudes are the causal bases of intellectual virtues and vices. It concludes by addressing various objections to the framework and briefly addresses the questions raised by the situationist criticism of virtue epistemology.
Teaching Intellectual Virtues, Changing Attitudes
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the prospects of interventions designed to weaken epistemic vices and promote virtues. The first section discusses the prospects of two strategies for the cultivation of intellectual virtues. These are: explicit education and the habituation of virtue. It concludes that both strategies encounter obstacles that make their success unlikely. The second section is dedicated to attempts to foster virtue by stimulating emulation when in the presence of role models or exemplars. It argues that despite its current popularity, and evidence of some success when educating cohorts of children, this strategy is unlikely on its own to be very effective for those who are most in need of virtue education. The third section describes self-affirmation techniques consisting in the affirmation of values and offers indirect empirical evidence that indicates that the self-affirmation strategy might be successful when trying to reduce the expression of vicious behaviour, and over time, might even lead to the development of more virtuous conduct.
Increase Your Ability to Interact with People and Ideas
Authors: Alessi Charles , Chambers Larry W. , Gray Muir
Published: July 2021

Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to create new connections throughout the whole of an individual’s life course. Any intellectual activity is better than inactivity and the more challenging the intellectual activity the better. It is important to give priority to intellectual activity that involves engagement with other people. The benefits of being involved with other people and avoiding isolation is that it keeps the brain healthy and, for many people, prevents depression and feelings of loneliness. New findings about neurologic mechanisms from brain imaging studies help explain how uncorrected deficits in vision and hearing can lead to cognitive decline. By sustaining one’s hearing and improving vision it is possible to avoid or at least delay the consequences of hearing and vision loss that include communication difficulties, social isolation, depression, an increased risk of falls, decline in physical functioning, and decreased quality of life.
The Politics of Wider Share Ownership
Authors: Heinemann Kieran
Published: July 2021

The question of whether ordinary people should own stocks and shares has a long political trajectory in Britain. When the idea of creating a property-owning democracy of small shareholders took shape in the interwar period, there was still a consensus among Britain’s political elites that ordinary people should stay away from the stock market. By the end of the century, however, politicians welcomed the fact that there were more private shareholders in Britain than trade union members. In the post-war decades, wider share ownership had some supporters in all major parties, but no government took legislative action because schemes were difficult to reconcile with the mixed economy. Eventually, the economic hardship of the 1970s brought a noticeable shift in attitudes towards mass participation in the stock market. Conservative politicians, journalists, and businessmen of the increasingly influential New Right advocated a return to economic individualism that was motivated by a perceived decline of allegedly middle-class, bourgeois, or ‘Victorian’ values. This ‘declinism’ shaped Thatcherite plans in opposition for a new tax code that would encourage direct involvement with capitalist enterprise. Throughout the decades, however, policymakers and advocates of wider share ownership realized that stock market investment not only lent itself to an exercise in bourgeois values of thrift and deferred gratification, but could also foster speculation and gambling. The line between prudent saving, beneficial investment, and speculative risk-taking always proved difficult to draw and crossing it demanded careful communication.
The Profit Motive
Authors: Heinemann Kieran
Published: July 2021

Throughout the twentieth century, Britain was haunted by debates over its allegedly poor relationship between domestic industry and the financial sector. This controversy reached a climax in 1976 with the Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions chaired by the former Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson. Tasked to investigate the claim that British finance was starving out domestic industry, the Wilson Committee gathered evidence from the financial sector, businesses, and organized labour. What has been overlooked is that the committee also invited members of the public to provide testimony of their experiences with financial institutions and between 1976 and 1980 the committee received letters from 258 small savers and retail investors. These personal testimonies allow us to gain a rare insight into the ways in which ordinary savers and investors navigated through a decade of economic turmoil. Making sense of these everyday experiences with the financial markets allows us to better understand the appeal of Margaret Thatcher’s market populism that eventually offered a more optimistic future to an electorate weary of inflation. It also adds colour to our notion of the 1970s as a traumatic period for British savers and investors, at the end of which a more welcoming appraisal of the profit motive emerged in public discourse. But at the same time, with many investors feeling compelled by inflation rates to take higher risks, the decade heralded the acquisitive, short-term, and speculative approach to finance that came to dominate the 1980s.
Popular Capitalism? Privatization and Demutualization in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Heinemann Kieran
Published: July 2021

While Margaret Thatcher publicly promoted a Puritan emphasis on thrift, hard work, and asceticism, the outcome of her policies stood in stark contrast to this side of her rhetoric. Her way of selling off nationalized industries allowed the British to have a heavily subsidized flutter on the stock market and increased the shareholder population to ten million investors. Reality, however, was a far cry from Thatcher’s slogan of a ‘share-owning democracy’, not least because the continued growth of large financial institutions meant that small shareholders had very little influence on corporate governance. Millions of people merely ‘stagged’ the privatization issues, meaning that they sold for a quick and easy profit in early trading. ‘Investors’ new and old applied the same short-term logic during the demutualization of major building societies like Halifax or Northern Rock during the 1990s, when ‘carpet-bagging’ became a national sport. Carpetbaggers opened accounts in societies ripe for demutualization not in order to save for a house, but to make a quick profit from selling their accounts once they were converted into shares due to the building society becoming a public company. This chapter places centre stage prominent carpetbaggers such as the former royal butler, Michael Hardern, who during the late 1990s campaigned to become a board member of all remaining building societies. The extent of ‘stagging’ and ‘carpet-bagging’ shows that popular capitalism was less an economic enfranchisement of the nation, and more an expressive culture of self-referential speculation, personal enrichment, and stock market gambling.
Corporatization and privatization
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce
Published: July 2021

In this chapter the issues of corporatization and privatization are examined. This means looking at the reasons behind the dissatisfaction with the performance of the government business enterprises that arose in the 1980s and 1990s, and exploring some of the steps taken to address them. In addition to providing an account of the process and elements of corporatization, a survey of the privatization of government-owned enterprises in Australia since the 1980s is presented. This includes an analysis of the sequence and pace of the sales, the industries in which they occurred, and by jurisdiction. In addition, the quantum of Australia’s privatisations since 1990 is illustrated, with estimations of sale prices shown in terms of Constant $ values.
Regulation, corporatization, and privatization—assessing the economic impacts of reform
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents the results of the arguments made earlier in the book, with in-depth discussions to illuminate and explain the sector reform process. The performance of the utilities since they have been reformed has been varied and variable, with some seeing very substantial improvements, which have been passed onto consumers, while in other cases the results have been mixed. As part of this process of examination a range of studies that look at the post-reform performance of the utilities are examined. In doing so the nature and extent of performance change since the reform of the utilities occurred is evaluated.
Disclaiming America
Authors: Yu Timothy
Published: July 2021

Understanding the way the category of “Asian” writing circulates transnationally offers us a new framework for the study of Asian American writing that decenters the nation. In contrast to the cultural nationalist project of “claiming America,” the work of poets Myung Mi Kim and Cathy Park Hong “disclaims America,” establishing “Asian” spaces that refuse identification with the US while remaining implicated in, and critical of, American history and global power. Although Kim’s work at times thematizes Korean immigration to the US, it is equally engaged with the colonial history of Korea and with a broader critique of capitalism and militarism. Hong’s poetry inhabits a dystopian realm that resembles, but diverges from, the American landscape. Both evoke of diasporic identity that emerges from an understanding of global structures of power.
Conclusion
Authors: Yu Timothy
Published: July 2021

The conclusion will propose that the Asian American, Asian Canadian, and Asian Australian writers discussed represent different modes of an Asian diasporic poetics; linked by a shared history of exclusion and racialization, their poems express formally the intersection of national and transnational forces that give a political meaning to “Asian” identity. A brief discussion of the Facebook group subtle asian traits illustrates the way diasporic Asian cultures are emerging online. The group, founded by young Asian Australians and now including over a million members from around the world, explores the images, tropes, and languages that can be used to express diasporic “Asianness,” while facing continual reminders of the political nature of what is often seen as a purely cultural identity.
Introduction
Authors: Titi Catharine
Published: July 2021

The book’s first chapter introduces the concept of equity in international law, with an emphasis on the various attempts that have been made to define it and its significance for contemporary international law. It gives an overview of one of the most controverted discussions about equity, and one that remains at the heart of the book, concerning the relationship between equity, law, and justice. This introductory chapter further presents the book’s overall purpose and main arguments; it explains the coverage of international courts and tribunals and of specialised fields of international law, and it outlines the book’s structure and chapters.
Reasons First
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: July 2021

The last fifty years or more of ethical theory have been preoccupied by a turn to reasons. The vocabulary of reasons has become a common currency not only in ethics, but in epistemology, action theory, and many related areas. It is now common, for example, to see central theses such as evidentialism in epistemology and egalitarianism in political philosophy formulated in terms of reasons. And some have even claimed that the vocabulary of reasons is so useful precisely because reasons have analytical and explanatory priority over other normative concepts—that reasons in that sense come first. Reasons First systematically explores both the benefits and burdens of the hypothesis that reasons do indeed come first in normative theory, against the conjecture that theorizing in both ethics and epistemology can only be hampered by neglect of the other. Bringing two decades of work on reasons in both ethics and epistemology to bear, Mark Schroeder argues that some of the most important challenges to the idea that reasons could come first are themselves the source of some of the most obstinate puzzles in epistemology—about how perceptual experience could provide evidence about the world, and about what can make evidence sufficient to justify belief. And he shows that along with moral worth, one of the very best cases for the fundamental explanatory power of reasons in normative theory actually comes from knowledge.
Reasons are Competitors
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: July 2021

Chapter 2 introduces the classical argument for the analytic and explanatory priority of reasons, and articulates a minimal characterization of normative reasons to be relied on throughout the remainder of the book. According to the classical argument, which derives from W.D. Ross, reasons play an important role in the analysis of what we ought to do because they compete in the determination of what we ought to do. This argument is developed and expanded to treat the contrasting explanatory perspective of consequentializing moral theories and extended to apply to a wide range of moral concepts. In addition to competing, it is argued that to play their explanatory role, reasons must support actions rather than outcomes, and must in general be the kind of thing that can be acted on.