bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School-Based Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) Programs
Authors: Eisenberg Daniel , Raghavan Ramesh
Published: December 2023

Social-emotional learning (SEL) programs in schools represent the next case study in the book. Although these programs have recently become entangled in cultural and political debates, at their core they represent a promising opportunity to enhance emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal skills that are fundamental to children’s mental health. Successful mastery of these skills is associated with not just positive mental health outcomes, but also other positive social and academic effects. For this reason, SEL programs display positive benefits net of costs. The chapter also discusses the recently promoted concept of “kernels” of practice for SEL, as a lighter and more flexible alternative to structured and standardized curricular programs.
Communities That Care
Authors: Eisenberg Daniel , Raghavan Ramesh
Published: December 2023

Chapter 7 completes the series of case studies in the book by examining the Communities That Care (CTC) model for promoting youth health and well-being. In contrast to specific intervention strategies featured in the other case studies, CTC is a framework for enhancing the community-wide infrastructure for implementing a wide range of interventions. In a gardening analogy, specific interventions are like seeds, and CTC is like the soil, which also requires careful attention and preparation. The CTC approach offers a road map for soil preparation—community-led problem identification, collective coalition-building, local efforts to find data and capture outcomes, collaboration with external knowledge purveyors, and community selection and ownership of programs and outcomes. Collective action can produce impressive and sustainable results in communities.
Thomas Willis
Authors: Compston Alastair
Published: December 2023

As a physician in Oxford, the work of Thomas Willis (1621–75) over two decades from 1646 provides an example of rural medical practice in early modern England. As a member of the Experimental Philosophical Club that met in Oxford from the 1640s he was central to the move from classical scholasticism to empirical accounts of natural philosophy. The surviving records of his lectures from the 1660s as Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy (1660–75) provide an example of pedagogy in medicine at that time. And, after moving to London in 1667, Willis continued to interact with a community of scientists and physicians, many like himself Fellows of the Royal Society, who transformed ideas on human anatomy and physiology relating to respiration, muscular movement, and the nervous system. Willis’s contributions to medicine are set out in fourteen treatises, four illustrated, first published in Latin under six titles between 1659 and 1675. The last, in English, appeared posthumously in 1691. Starting in 1679, twelve treatises were translated into English and published as Dr Willis’s practice of physic, eventually finalized in 1684.
George Leigh Cooke
Authors: Hollings Christopher D.
Published: December 2023

Following the death of Thomas Hornsby in 1810, the remainder of the nineteenth century saw just two Sedleian Professors, who each held the post for over forty years. The first of these, George Leigh Cooke (1779–1853), was a university figure from a very traditional mould: a churchman first and foremost, who would eventually abandon his Oxford duties for those of his parish. Nevertheless, Cooke carried out his Sedleian teaching much more dutifully than most of his eighteenth-century predecessors, at least at the beginning of his tenure. At the same time, he was a defender of Oxford’s traditional emphasis on classics, and placed a limit on the mathematics that an undergraduate ought to learn. We might therefore view him as a transitional figure in the development of the Sedleian Chair and of mathematical study in Oxford.
Sydney Chapman
Authors: Cargill Peter
Published: December 2023

Sydney Chapman FRS was the Sedleian professor between 1946 and 1953. He was also one of the outstanding geophysicists of the twentieth century. His achievements cover a wide range of topics and include pioneering theory of transport in non-uniform gases, the first proposal of the nature of the ozone layer, and a comprehensive early theory of the nature of geomagnetic storms. The last of these forms the foundation of present-day studies of the Earth’s magnetosphere, and the impact of solar activity on society, referred to as space weather.
George Temple and Albert Green
Authors: McCartney Mark
Published: December 2023

Between them, George Temple and Alan Green held the Sedleian Chair for a quarter of a century. Both, however, spent the majority of their careers outside Oxford. Temple mainly in London, and Green in the north of England at Durham and Newcastle. Both men worked within the rapidly changing academic world of twentieth-century applied mathematics and theoretical physics. Green, though an efficient administrator who helped oversee the rapid expansion of mathematics at Newcastle in the late 1950s and early 1960s, was primarily a single-minded researcher with his studies focused within theoretical mechanics (elasticity, thermos-mechanics, materials with memory, and the behaviour of shells, plates, and rods). Temple’s research interests were much broader and ranged across pure and applied mathematics. He published a number of textbooks, including volumes on fluid dynamics and quantum mechanics, and made contributions to both these areas and the theory of relativity. After retirement Temple became a monk at Quarr Abbey.
Brooke Benjamin
Authors: Mullin Tom , Toland John
Published: December 2023

Brooke Benjamin was a mathematical physicist who studied electrical engineering before switching to fluid mechanics and quickly developing an international reputation for original insights and seminal work, both experimental and theoretical. He worked on many phenomena: the collapse of bubbles, flow of liquids through articulated pipes and containers with flexible boundaries, flow of thin films down inclined planes, stability of surface and internal waves and of shear flow over flexible surfaces, the behaviour of gravity currents, and Taylor–Couette and swirling flows. These early investigations included the discovery of the eponymous Benjamin–Feir theory of stability of periodic waves, Benjamin–Lighthill theory for bores, and the Benjamin–Ono equation. Since all this work involved nonlinear equations, he invariably sought and often found universal physical principles to compensate for the fact that nonlinear equations can seldom be solved explicitly. This approach naturally led him to apply abstract mathematics to physical situations, and he became interested in how topological and variational methods, and the emerging theory of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE), could lead, without detailed calculations, to conclusions about problems that might otherwise have been impenetrable. But he never abandoned his belief in the importance of good experimental work and was a strong advocate of the need for a close alliance of classical theory with experimental studies and modern abstract methods. He was completely committed to rigorous analysis of PDEs, as exemplified by the BBM (Benjamin–Bona–Mahony) equation.
An Interview with John Ball
Authors: Mccartney Mark
Published: December 2023

John Macleod Ball has had a long and distinguished career at Heriot-Watt and Oxford working in theoretical mechanics, covering topics such as elasticity, dynamical systems theory, and the theory of liquid crystals. Aspects of his work have overlapped with previous holders of the chair, namely Augustus Love, Albert Green, and Brooke Benjamin. He has served as both President of the International Mathematical Union and of the London Mathematical Society, and is currently President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In this interview John Ball discusses his life and work, thoughts on the work of some of his predecessors in the Sedleian Chair, and his reflections on how mathematics may develop in the future.
Express Trusts: Concepts, Justifications, and Boundaries
Authors: Degeling Simone , Hudson Jessica , Samet Irit
Published: December 2023

Scholarly inquiry into the doctrinal aspects of trust law is prolific. However, investigation of the foundational questions to which trust law gives rise is largely missing. The trust presents the jurist with numerous conceptual, doctrinal, and ethical challenges. For example, trusts have been deployed towards a variety of personal and commercial pursuits and government purposes. In addition to being used towards the pursuit of good, trusts have also been used for ill. The interaction of trust law with other laws agitates numerous conceptual and moral quandaries about its essence, the nature of the relationships it creates, and its value to society. The chapters in this book explore some of these quandaries. They identify different challenges and adopt a variety of methodological approaches and perspectives towards their resolution, ranging from conceptual questions about what is ‘the trust’ and ‘trusts law’, analysing the legal and/or moral statuses of each of the settlor, trustee, and beneficiary, to questioning the moral foundations of different trusts and range of pursuits towards which parties have deployed them. Three broad themes emerge. The first theme is a consideration of the ways in which conceptual, historical, and doctrinal analyses impact how we understand and justify the law of express trusts. The second theme is about justifications. It asks about the ends achieved by trusts, despite the risk that the trust form may be abused for illegal or illegitimate ends. The third theme returns to this risk of abuse, considering some of the justificatory challenges presented for trusts.
The rise and fall of rounding harmony in Turkic
Authors: Kavitskaya Darya , McCollum Adam
Published: December 2023

It has been proposed that vowel harmony in general arises through the phonologization of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation (e.g. Hyman 2002; Przezdziecki 2005; Barnes 2006). Specifically for Turkish, Johanson (1979a) argues that the evolution of rounding harmony is attributable to the reduced phonetic quality, [ə], of [+high] suffixes. Given these claims, the null hypothesis for the loss of phonological harmony would affect the domain of harmony as a whole, resulting in phonetic vowel-to-vowel coarticulation. Drawing on nineteenth-century texts and the authors’ own fieldwork on Crimean Tatar and Kazakh, this chapter argues that the decay of rounding harmony in numerous Turkic languages crucially involves contraction of the harmonic domain and the proliferation of invariant suffixes.
Akan morphological ‘reversal’ in historical context
Authors: Paster Mary
Published: December 2023

This chapter offers insight from a historical perspective into a problem in the Akan languages, where past and perfect morphology are claimed to ‘reverse’ in the negative (Schachter and Fromkin 1968; Essilfie 1986; Saah 1994; Dolphyne 1996; Ofori 2006a, b; Stump 2009). In Akan, perfect is marked by a- while past is marked by a vocalic suffix that assimilates to the preceding segment (analyzed by Ofori 2006a, b as an empty mora). But in the presence of the negative prefix (n-), perfect is marked by a vocalic suffix while past is marked by a-. Investigation of tense/aspect and negative morphology in related languages suggests a diachronic explanation for the Akan pattern (loosely following Osam 1994) that, along with closer consideration of modern Akan data (Paster 2011), points toward a synchronic analysis requiring no reference to ‘reversal’ and therefore none of the theoretical machinery previously proposed to generate a reversal within the grammar.
Increasing morphological mismatch via category loss
Authors: Juge Matthew L.
Published: December 2023

Morphological mismatch is the situation in which forms from one morphosyntactic category encode the functions of another, as with aspectual distinctions in Spanish verbs marked by mood forms. This chapter addresses the origin of such mismatches, which has not yet been studied. The history of the Spanish verb shows that the loss of a grammatical category can create the circumstances under which morphological mismatch can develop. In Spanish, the Future Subjunctive was lost and its replacement by the Present Indicative and the Present Subjunctive created a mismatch whereby the imperfective/perfective distinction encoded in the past by the Imperfect Indicative and the Preterit is marked in the non-past by the Present Indicative and the Present Subjunctive, respectively. This example shows that further research into the sources of morphological mismatch will require careful analysis of seemingly unrelated parts of the grammar.
Winter story themes in Meskwaki
Authors: Thomason Lucy
Published: December 2023

Traditional Meskwaki stories tend to focus on the relations between the characters in the stories, with only few and brief bursts of description. This chapter examines the ways in which five Meskwaki narrators writing in Meskwaki syllabary frame novel descriptions of familiar game animals in a tale type in which a boy lacks peers and elders who can teach him how to hunt. Little by little he learns the names that are shorthand for how each animal behaves, where it can be found, how it enhances people’s lives, and how it looks. The novel descriptions of the animals occasion novel verb stems about their behavior and appearance, which occasion novel understandings of certain individual Meskwaki morphemes.
Paradigmatic heterogeneity and homogenization
Authors: Cathcart Chundra
Published: December 2023

This paper analyzes the temporal dynamics of the leveling of vocalic and consonantal patterns of allomorphy in Middle and Early New High German. Bayesian modeling is employed to establish reliable relative chronologies between analogical changes affecting different parts of the verbal system. While clear chronologies cannot be established for all change types, results robustly indicate that changes in past tense form of certain verbs precede changes in present tense forms. This finding is compatible with a view where paradigmatic heterogeneity inhibits simplification processes even when its locus is outside of the area targeted by change.
Foreign mining corporations on trial
Authors: Radley Ben
Published: December 2023

By the 2010s, the view that state mismanagement and inefficiencies underlay the Congo’s economic malaise had become so commonplace as to permeate nearly all thinking about development in the country. The aim of this chapter is to challenge this line of thinking and question the Consensus wisdom of moving from domestic-owned to foreign-owned industrial mining based on a belief in the superior efficiency of the latter. By charting the rise and fall of Belgian-owned SOMINKI (1976–1997) and Canadian-owned Banro (1995–2019) in eastern Congo, its main line of argument is that foreign-owned and managed mining corporations are no less vulnerable to mismanagement, firm inefficiencies, and volatile prices than their state-owned counterparts. In the case of Banro, this included rent-seeking behaviour, redirecting value to overseas directors and shareholders at the expense of productive capacity and to the detriment of the Congolese state and Congolese firms and labour.
Dynamic domestic accumulation
Authors: Radley Ben
Published: December 2023

This chapter’s main argument is that local forms of labour-intensive mining in South Kivu have been sites of dynamic domestic accumulation through technological innovation, capital formation, and productive investments outside of mining. Moreover, the capital-labour social relation underpinning these forms of mining has delivered higher wages to workers than those available in the surrounding economy while facilitating the emergence of a capitalist class of dynamic and prosperous rural Congolese. All this within a form of production that, contrary to the distributional dynamics observed at Canadian-owned Banro, has the distinct advantage of creating value that is mostly captured by, and distributed among, different groups of Congolese labour and traders. Based on these findings, the dismissal of labour-intensive, domestic-owned mining by African Mining Consensus proponents due to its low productivity and supposed inefficiency is questioned.
Introduction
Authors: Matore Daniel
Published: December 2023

The introduction prefigures the debates and motifs of typographical experiment through the seminal work of the French Symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé. I trace how Mallarmé’s use of two terms, impression and imprimerie, exemplifies a foundational uncertainty in the relation of poetry and typography. I weigh up whether there was a typographical revolution in poetry in English in the second section. I map the history of European literature, the advent of Italian Futurism and French simultanéisme, alongside the incipient lyric experiments of British and American poets in the 1910s, in addition to probing how fin-de-siècle book history relates to modernist typography. I argue in the third section that free verse and the abandonment of metre have always been bound up with typographical experiment; I explore this through the prosodic theories of Guillaume Apollinaire and F. T. Marinetti. Thereafter, I argue that the work of William Carlos Williams typifies the difference between European and Anglo-American typographical experiment. I show how modernist poetry uses typography to quantify verse in the absence of metre and how this comes to life in the syllabics of Marianne Moore. Finally, I propose that alongside free verse in the twentieth century, there is also free lineation.
Pound’s Transmissions
Authors: Matore Daniel
Published: December 2023

The first chapter traces the foundational importance of Ezra Pound in the genealogy of typographical experiment in English. His graphical innovations are read through lenses such as musicology, psychophysics, and ophthalmology. The first section considers Pound’s place in the history of typography and poetry. In the second section, ‘Tired Eyes and Typographical Fatigue’, I argue that Pound’s early lyrics exhibit a dissatisfaction with normative typography, figured through the forgetting and dissolution of bardic song. The notational theories of early music revivalist Arnold Dolmetsch, I claim, inspired Pound’s attempts to ameliorate typographical notation in verse. Thereafter, in the section ‘Recording Instruments: Typography, Phonography, and Perfect Notation’, I suggest that Pound’s early typographical experiments are founded on an aesthetics of recording that borrows from advances in acoustic technology. The original printing of his Imagist hokku ‘In a Station of the Metro’ encapsulates his supposition that typography can function as a system of perfect notation. Psychophysics, I claim, ballasts this theory of recording sound and affect. By the early 1920s, I argue in the section ‘Phonoscopy: l'Abbé Rousselot, the Post-Mallarmeans, and Experimental Typography’, Pound figures Mallarmé’s Un coup de dés and the poetry of E. E. Cummings as demonstrating a possible new form of versification. The typography and the performances of post-Symbolist poets like Andre Wurmser provide Pound with a framework for thinking through the prosodic complexities of The Cantos. The experimental linguistics of J. P. Rousselot and his phonoscope, I argue, ballasts Pound’s conviction that typographical reform can perfect the inadequacies of alphabetic script. Utopian scores are imagined in some of most visually experimental sections of The Cantos which notate idealized, inaudible worlds of sound. In the subsequent section, ‘Eye Troubles, Ocular Politics, and the Health of Nations’, I propose that Pound, stimulated by the writings of the literary critic and ophthalmologist George M. Gould, began to think of typography as influencing the intellectual and physical health of its readers. This theory of the reading eye, I suggest, is mapped onto global print cultures. The intellectual rebirth of the Renaissance, I argue, is figured in Canto XXX as a new era of typography inaugurated by reformers such as Aldus Manutius and Francesco Griffo. In the final section, ‘Striking the Eye’, I claim that Pound increasingly allied political power with printing power and became convinced that poets had to reclaim the means of typographical production. His 1932 edition and translation of the Rime of Guido Cavalcanti, above all the canzone ‘Donna mi prega’, exemplifies his project to engineer intellectual enlightenment through typographical manipulation.
Conclusion
Authors: Matore Daniel
Published: December 2023

The conclusion charts the history of graphic design in the last century alongside the history of poetry. I explore how historians and theorists of design have argued that typography is essentially a conservative art and how this inflects our concept of visual experiment. I claim that the aesthetics of typographers and those of poets radically diverge by analysing the works of Beatrice Warde, Eric Gill, and Stanley Morison. I probe the slow evolution of typographical experiment in British poetry as compared with American poetry and its relation to metre. Finally, through considering Die neue Typographie, the typographical revolution of designers like Jan Tschichold, I conclude that the untrained naivety of poets enabled them to make typography a literary art.
Strawson on False Presupposition and the Assertive Enterprise
Authors: Bezuidenhout Anne
Published: December 2023

Strawson’s views on presupposition and assertion are situated relative to philosophical and linguistic discussions in the second half of the twentieth century on the information structural properties of discourse. Strawson is most well-known for his critique of Russell’s views about definite descriptions and for his alternative account that appeals to presuppositions rather than entailments. Strawson’s views on presupposition are often equated with those of Frege and with the idea that false presuppositions lead to truth-value gaps. This chapter demonstrates how Strawson’s account of definite descriptions is intended to fit into a larger picture of the assertive enterprise, in which conversational participants design their utterances so as to put some issues in focus and others into the conversational background. This aspect of Strawson’s view is most clearly on display in his discussion of cases where the falsity of a presupposition does not wreck the assertive enterprise. Strawson had an enduring interest in this issue, which is connected also to his discussions of the subject-predicate distinction in logic and in natural language. The notion of degrees of identificatory force from Strawson’s later work is shown to be relevant to his information structural concerns too and casts his earlier work on definite descriptions in an interesting light.
P. F. Strawson and Connective Analysis
Authors: Martinich A.P.
Published: December 2023

P.F. Strawson called his preferred method of philosophizing ‘connective analysis’. Its purpose is to reveal interconnections among several or even many concepts. Its goal may be described as clarification, elucidation, or illumination. Strawson’s and H.P. Grice’s defence of the analytic-synthetic distinction, Grice’s analyses of various kinds of meaning, and his other analyses in philosophical psychology are examples of connective analysis. Unlike conceptual analysis and reductive analysis, connective analysis allows the analyses of a cluster of analyses to be circular as long as the circularity is part of an overall clarification of the concepts. Connective analysis then needs to be distinguished from types of analysis that aim at (a) eliminating a broad range of concepts such as the materialist goal of eliminating non-material concepts or (b) identifying absolutely simple concepts.
Wilde and Huysmans
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 turns to consider the Decadent novellas of the 1890s as major stations of the sudden evolution of modern character. The fictions of Huysmans, Stevenson, and Wilde all consecrate a new norm of characterology: the bachelor-machine with his compulsive connoisseurship over his own affective surplus. The abstractions made possible by the relinquishment of the marriage plot and almost all narrative action allow characters to drift free from means-ends rationality into an uncharted realm of infinitely sub-divisible roles and masks, and in the name of a ruthless new quest for experience itself. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, an entire allegory is elaborated on the subject of character: its faciality, its iconicity, its experience, and its derivation from aesthetic sources. Wilde’s efforts in this tale are far more radical than they are generally given credit for.
Egerton
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: December 2023

The ‘New Woman’ emerged as a social imago at the end of the nineteenth century, and in Chapter 9, we see what the woman who called herself ‘George Egerton’ did with it in two highly experimental collections of short stories. We find that it provided her with a readymade frame on which to construct unprecedented mappings of a very specific modern female subjectivity: inconsistent, subject to impersonal affective vibrations, rootless, itinerant, and open to strange new ‘becomings’ for which little in the literary record had prepared her readers. While not entirely uncoupled from the heterosexual plot, these New Women (and the ‘fallen women’ whose sad tales they often recount) achieve sufficient autonomy to surmount regional, national, and religious prejudices and absorb an oceanic imaginary.
Chopin and Wharton
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: December 2023

The disintegration of personality undertaken in the major novels by Edith Wharton and Kate Chopin in this period are the subject of Chapter 10. Yet again, we find their protagonists withheld from decisive action but subject to immense internal recalibrations, as their separation as agents from the usual plot mechanics suspends them over vortices of affective possibility and becomings. In each, the outer limit of the social field betokened by working-class and Black ‘minor characters’ seeps back into the narrative space as a characterological void spinning with new and nameless potentials. For Chopin, ‘life’s delirium’ is a disintegrative power that decomposes her protagonist’s firmly set character and plot; while for Wharton, the costs involved in maintaining Lily Bart’s social salience and brilliance are so high that they tip her over into insignificance, dinginess, and anonymity.
Papyrus
Authors: Goldschmidt Nora
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 opens with the most basic of writing materials: papyrus, the precursor of modern paper on which most ancient texts were written. The story begins in 1896, when two Oxford scholars, Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt, went to the Egyptian city of el‐Bahnasa, known in antiquity as Oxyrhynchus, where they discovered mounds of torn papyri containing scraps of ancient Greek texts that had not been read for thousands of years, including fragments of the Archaic lyric poet Sappho. Promoted on multiple platforms – daily newspapers, popular novels, music hall songs – the myth of Grenfell and Hunt and the Oxyrhynchus papyri they published gripped the public imagination and infiltrated modernist writing. Papyrus became integral to avant-garde literary experimentation, from Ezra Pound’s ‘Papyrus’ to Papyrus: A Magazine of Individuality, and from the ‘rubbages’ of Finnegans Wake to the litter of Eliot’s The Waste Land and Hope Mirrlees’ Paris: A Poem. But modernism, in turn, also shaped the ways in which fragmentary classical texts were presented and construed by the new papyrologists and their audiences. As modernist poetry assimilated the papyrological mise-en-page with its absence-marking gaps, dots, and brackets, the new fragmentary aesthetic it was promoting fed back into classical scholarship to transform Sappho herself into a modernist fragment poet.
Modernism and the Museum
Authors: Goldschmidt Nora
Published: December 2023

Chapter 4 turns to the material fragments of ancient Greek sculpture in the modern museum and their influence on modernist sculpture. It focuses specifically on the British Museum, which functioned not only as the de facto workshop of several modernist writers but as the source of inspiration for some of the most radical visual artists of the period: Jacob Epstein (who was also a vocal critic of the museum’s curatorial practices) and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. Despite their radical modernist credentials, these artists continued to turn to the fragments of classical sculpture in the museum collections. Moreover, the fragments they produced also helped to instigate a revolution in the display practices of the museum itself. Seduced by the turn to the fragment unfolding around them, the classical scholars working behind the scenes at the museum began to re-evaluate their own display practices, advocating the removal of the plaster ‘completions’ which had been added to the fragmentary pieces in the collection. The results changed the ways in which fragmentary classical sculpture is displayed in the British Museum – and ultimately the fabric of the building itself.
Afterword
Authors: van Pelt Nadia T.
Published: December 2023

This book presents new and understudied sources that allow us to revisit current understandings of Tudor culture. It features a dialogue across languages, geographical barriers, and scholarly disciplines. The interdisciplinary approach as applied in this book means that the performance of music, drama, ritual, food, and dress are studied to reveal the social, political, and religious issues which informed such cultural expressions. The major conclusion of the book concerns its methodology: aiming to give a nuanced account of English matters from different European perspectives, the readings in this book function as demonstrations of what Tudor scholarship has, at times, missed out on, and presents avenues for further investigation.
Truth and Intrinsic Value
Authors: Wrenn Chase B.
Published: December 2023

This chapter addresses the idea that a claim’s truth makes states of believing it good in an intrinsic, underived way. They are good simply in virtue of the fact that they are states of believing something true. It is argued that truth does not confer intrinsic value on beliefs. Still, there is a sense in which we ought to value truth “intrinsically”, and it is entirely compatible with the Strong Virtue Theory. After clarifying the relevant notion of intrinsic value, the chapter makes the case against truth’s being an intrinsic good. The case has two parts. First, it is argued that no amount of true belief is intrinsically better than any amount of any other intrinsic good. Second, it is argued that the best explanation for that fact is that truth confers no intrinsic value on beliefs. The chapter concludes with by showing that truth need not be an intrinsic good to be something we should care about for its own sake.
Introduction
Authors: Mendonça Ricardo F. , Filgueiras Fernando , Almeida Virgílio
Published: December 2023

This chapter presents the problems and structure of the book, in a way that invites the reader to understand the fundamental ideas that will be presented in the following chapters. The central argument of the book is that algorithms are not only changing existing institutions, but can, themselves, be conceived of as institutions in the extent to which they frame contexts of interactions, create pathways to development, inducing or constraining certain behaviours with collective consequences. Algorithms are reshaping the conditions for actions in many contexts, as they structure rules, norms, and meanings grounding social action. In this book we build a political theory of algorithms as institutions, initiating a research agenda on the impacts of algorithmic institutions on contemporary society, especially for democracy.
Algorithms as Institutions
Authors: Mendonça Ricardo F. , Filgueiras Fernando , Almeida Virgílio
Published: December 2023

This chapter advances the book’s premise: algorithms are a contemporary type of institution. First, the chapter defines algorithms and discusses how algorithmic systems are changing societies. It then explores how algorithms resemble other institutions—for example, algorithm-based technologies operate as vectors that create norms and rules for influencing individual behaviour with collective outcomes. Algorithmic systems shape human behaviour by assigning meanings, obligations, permissions, or resources to human actions in opaque ways. Algorithms also create orders—and stabilizing processes—grounded on power relations; and yet algorithms do not exist or govern independently from human action. With humans still playing a major role in making political and moral choices, Algorithmic Institutionalism offers a way to make sense of these processes. This chapter also considers how Algorithmic Institutionalism provides a complex approach capable of overcoming four attractive dichotomies: animism versus instrumentalism; structure versus agency; collective versus individual; and determinism versus novelty.
Security in Algorithmic Times
Authors: Mendonça Ricardo F. , Filgueiras Fernando , Almeida Virgílio
Published: December 2023

Chapter 3 focuses on a more specific subfield of algorithmic usage: security. The cases of predictive policing, extensive use of facial-recognition technologies, and development of lethal autonomous weapons illustrate a multitude of social dilemmas related to the growing algorithmization of security. Algorithmic technologies employed in security are building a new type of Leviathan in which private organizations perform public functions. Algorithms are becoming institutions that implement security policies, thereby changing the routines of the state’s coercive forces. In many situations, algorithms create authoritarian, unfair, and exclusionary practices, impacting negatively on society. Algorithmic systems applied to security imply new dynamics of action and resistance. This chapter employs the six dimensions of the Algorithmic Institutionalism framework to discuss several examples related to the emergence of security assemblages.
Redesigning Governments through Algorithmic Systems
Authors: Mendonça Ricardo F. , Filgueiras Fernando , Almeida Virgílio
Published: December 2023

Chapter 4 explores how organizations promoting algorithmic systems during crises result in government platformization. Digital transformation toolkits lead to digital governments by design, fostering processes of mimesis and similar normative structures. This institutional isomorphism driven by algorithmic systems affects a global power dynamic that shapes the actions of public administrations and creates new dynamics of policy steered by data and the capacity to influence situations, scripts, and frames. Algorithmic systems are at the heart of governmental structures’ redesign, changing routines of public administration and processes of policy formulation and implementation. This chapter investigates how critical public decisions had a deep impact on society’s access to welfare programmes in the Covid-19 pandemic. Automated algorithmic systems play a central role in the way governments solve problems, but they also reinforce and may amplify inequalities. This chapter employs the six dimensions of the Algorithmic Institutionalism framework to study examples of algorithmic systems transforming public administration.
Algorithms and Politics
Authors: Mendonça Ricardo F. , Filgueiras Fernando , Almeida Virgílio
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 argues that algorithmic systems are institutions deeply connected to moving in the direction of epistocratic regimes, where technical knowledge is seen as the grounds to overcome politics and democracy. Algorithms play an essential role in shaping technical decisions and power relations. People use systems that influence how they work, communicate, consume, participate in the public sphere, build public goods, appreciate culture, and build social relationships. Likewise, algorithms create new forms of injustice, dilemmas, and problems. Chapter 6 argues that democracies’ survival requires algorithms’ democratization as central institutions. This should be thought of as a normative horizon that guides practices and allows continuous criticism of existing institutions. Algorithms must be inserted in political dynamics orientated by the values of participation, equality, pluralism, accountability, public debate, and liberty. Democratization should be conceptualized not as an end state but as an ongoing process that revolves around democracy adapting to ever-changing contexts.
Climate Change and Labour Migration
Authors: Draper Jamie
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines labour migration as an adaptive response to the impacts of climate change. Social scientific evidence suggests that labour migration can function as a form of adaptation to climate change. Some have recently argued that we should expand opportunities for international labour migration for those facing climate change impacts. I argue that expanding opportunities for labour migration is morally permissible—and may even be morally required—but that states must also provide sufficient opportunities for adaptation in place. I then examine the terms under which labour migrants may be admitted to receiving states. I argue that when labour migration policy is used as a tool of climate change adaptation, states may not impose restrictive terms on would-be labour migrants, because doing so unfairly shifts the costs of adaptation onto the most vulnerable.
The Future of Climate Displacement
Authors: Draper Jamie
Published: December 2023

This chapter concludes the book by considering the implications of a worst-case scenario of a future crisis of climate displacement. My aim is not to determine what we should do in such a future, but to consider how the prospect of such a future should orient our reflection on climate displacement in the here-and-now. The worst-case scenario of climate displacement is a fearsome prospect, but I argue that we should not allow our response to climate displacement to be oriented by a politics of fear. Instead, I argue that we have rational grounds for a politics of hope for the future of climate displacement. It is precisely the precipitous circumstances we face that makes hope for the future of climate displacement important.
Introduction
Authors: Saul Jennifer Mather
Published: December 2023

This chapter introduces the main research question of the book: how have blatant racism and wildly implausible conspiracy theories been mainstreamed in our political culture? The chapter acknowledges that racism and political lies are far from new. Yet it argues that there is something new in the prevalence of blatant racism and obvious lies in our current political discourse. Moreover, it argues that this is dangerous in ways that should motivate us to seek a fuller understanding. This introduction sets out the basic elements of the response that the book will make, including (1) a focus on divisions among the public; (2) particular attention to manipulable groups; (3) the linguistic devices of dogwhistles and figleaves; (4) and the rise of authoritarianism. It also offers a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book.
White Racism, White Folk Racial Theory, and White Racial Discourse
Authors: Saul Jennifer Mather
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides an overview of flawed understandings of racism that are common among White Americans. In particular, it draws on Tali Mendelberg’s work on racial discourse in politics, Jane Hill’s White Folk Theory of Racism, and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva’s theory of Color-Blind Racism. In particular, it emphasizes the way that racists are widely understood to be monstrous yet rare and easily recognized individuals; and the way that this understanding allows for concerns about other manifestations of racism to be set aside. Together, these elements provide fertile ground for devices of deniability that can help White people not to acknowledge their own racism or that of those they wish to support.
The ILO’s Dialogical Standards-Based Approach to International Labour Law
Authors: Tsotroudi Katerina , Panareda Jordi Agustí
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the journey toward increased synergy between the normative mandate of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and its contributions to development cooperation. The ILO is a tripartite international organization with a constitutional mandate to promote social justice, in particular by setting International Labour Standards (ILS) and supervising their application. The chapter focuses on the ILO’s tripartite approach to international labour law and development cooperation, based on social dialogue and ILS. It examines how the Organization’s internal policies and procedures seek to incorporating ILS, and the distance that remains to be travelled in terms of effective ILS mainstreaming in the organization’s development cooperation activities.
Race and Discrimination
Authors: Mukhayer Harum
Published: December 2023

Both international law and domestic law have yet to rise to the challenge of ending racism or reflecting the nuance of lived experiences of racism. This chapter explores the legal nuances concerning the balance between race, racial discrimination, and development under the wider framework of human rights. It looks at the legal imperative that carries the doctrinal weight of the principles of equality and non-discrimination in international human rights laws. The principle of non-discrimination is often read together with the principle of equality and equal protection before the law. The chapter also mentions the resolutions of the Human Rights Council that revolve around the legacies of colonialism and the right to development.
The Adequacy of Financing for the Development Agenda
Authors: McInerney Thomas F
Published: December 2023

This chapter notes the importance of adequate financing in making development progress. It explores the current landscape for development finance. The ambitions embodied in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the need for climate change adaptation and mitigation set up baselines for the resources needed for sustainable development. According to the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, national resources were an essential source of financing, but the greatest hopes were placed on the private sector. The chapter also elaborates on the critical role of multilateral treaties within the SDGs, while referencing the urgency of addressing the priorities in the SDGs due to the current crises across the world.
A Debate Over Justification
Authors: Holtzen T. L.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 examines the purpose of Newman’s Lectures on Justification as an attempt to provide a via media solution to the Reformation debate over justification that arose between Protestants and Roman Catholics. It begins with the idea of meriting eternal life and Luther’s subsequent reaction to it, which gave rise to the Reformation debate over justification. Luther’s theology of justification is then examined, followed by that of the Council of Trent. It is shown how the Reformation debate over justification between Lutherans and Roman Catholics is about the nature of justifying righteousness, or what is called the formal cause of justification. Protestants believe justifying righteousness is imputed, while Roman Catholics believe that it is inherent. Newman attempts to provide a solution to the Reformation debate over justification with his via media doctrine of the justifying presence in which the Holy Spirit is the formal cause of justification.
The Formal Cause of Justification
Authors: Holtzen T. L.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 7 examines Newman’s argument, given in the Appendix to the Lectures on Justification, that the Holy Spirit is the formal cause of justification. The Holy Spirit is the formal cause of justification because it both brings Christ’s righteousness to the soul in justification and begins a renewal in actual righteousness. Following Hooker’s idea of participation in Christ through the Spirit of adoption, Newman holds that justification consists of a duplex iustitia of Christ’s imputed and the Christian’s actual righteousness. Newman calls Christ’s righteousness the ‘proper’ form of the soul’s justice and actual righteousness its ‘improper’ form. Newman’s teaching differs from Trent because he teaches explicitly that the Holy Spirit is said to be the formal cause of justification, not an inherent righteousness. But since Trent only defines the formal cause of justification as an inherent righteousness, Newman’s via media doctrine of the justifying presence is, nonetheless, compatible with Trent.
The Way Forward
Authors: Jaffey Peter
Published: December 2023

The pillars of private law are contract, tort, and property. Much of what is understood as the law of unjust enrichment is really property and contract, and the rest is helpfully considered in relation to contract, property, and sometimes tort. The problem with the theory of unjust enrichment is that it has obscured and interfered with these areas of law and their development. It has wrongly conflated claims in these areas and it has also created false divisions within them. Before the development of the theory of unjust enrichment, it was standard to approach restitution along these lines. This chapter offers a framework that takes this approach. It defends a proprietary approach to claims arising from mistaken and unauthorized payments; and a contractual or contract-related approach to claims arising from payments for goods and services. Finally, the chapter considers the recent proposals made by Professors Robert Stevens and Lionel Smith for reconsideration of the law of unjust enrichment.
Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Hedley Steve
Published: December 2023

This chapter does several things. First, it reviews the reasons why the law of restitution has traditionally been fragmented, heterogeneous, and entirely on the fringes of private law, arguing that this is no anomaly, but on the contrary is precisely what we should expect. The disunity and low status of restitution is the price we pay—and rightly pay—for the stability and importance of core subjects such as property and contract. Secondly, it recounts Peter Birks’s attempt to demonstrate the contrary, suggesting that there was a coherent and important principle of unjust enrichment, which should properly have comparable status to that of the core subjects; also the long retreat from that position in the literature, as subsequent scholarship and judicial decisions reasserted restitution’s diversity and marginality. Finally, it discusses ongoing attempts to redivide restitution into manageable chunks. I argue that the best ways of doing this will reflect the rationale of restitution, as the sweeper-up of the common law, providing rather limited assistance to those inconvenienced by the harsher rules in the core subjects, but quite deliberately posing no major challenges to those rules.
The Summa theologiae on Eucharistic Sacrifice
Authors: Lynch, O.P. Reginald M.
Published: December 2023

The first chapter of this book traces the connection between the concepts of sacrifice and the Eucharist primarily in the Tertia pars of Aquinas’ Summa theologiae, beginning with Christ’s sacrifice and working toward Aquinas’ understanding of the Eucharist in light of this. Secondarily, relevant material from the Prima secundae and the Secunda secundae are studied as well. In light of the overall focus of the book, as a starting point for this investigation this first chapter provides important information about the texts of Aquinas themselves, charting the way in which Aquinas articulates the relationship between the concept of sacrifice and the Eucharist in the Summa. Subsequent chapters, which study the reception of Aquinas on these subjects, rely on the background that this first chapter provides.