bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should IgM/IgG rapid test kit be used in the diagnosis of COVID-19?
Authors: Burog Aldrich Ivan Lois D. , Yacapin Clarence Pio Rey C. , Maglente Renee Rose O. , Macalalad-Josue Anna Angelica , Uy Elenore Judy B. , Dans Antonio L. , Dans Leonila F.
Published: January 2021

KEY FINDINGS

Current evidence does NOT support use of IgM/IgG rapid test kits for the definitive diagnosis of COVID-19 in currently symptomatic patients.

• The present standard for diagnosis of COVID-19 is through qualitative detection of COVID-19 virus nucleic acid via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

• Due to long turnaround times and complicated logistical operations, a rapid and simple field test alternative is needed to diagnose and screen patients.

• An alternative to the direct detection and measurement of viral load (RT-PCR) is the qualitative detection of specific antibodies to COVID-19. ELISA (discussed in a separate rapid review) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) IgM/IgG rapid test kits are two currently available, qualitative, antibody tests for COVID-19.

• Two low quality clinical trials showed that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of IgM/IgG rapid test kits for the definitive diagnosis of COVID-19. Diagnostic accuracy varies greatly depending on the timing of the test. The test performed very poorly during the early phase of the disease (i.e., less than eight days from onset of symptoms).

• Existing guidelines do not recommend serologic antibody tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in currently symptomatic patients.
PREVALENCIA DE DIABETES MELLITUS Y SUS COMPLICACIONES EN ADULTOS MAYORES EN UN CENTRO DE REFERENCIA.
Authors: Gomezcoello Vásquez Victor , Caza Mery , Jácome Sánchez Elisa
Published: January 2021

IntroductionOne of the most prevalent chronic noncommunicable diseases of the older adult is type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). In this population group DM2 is associated with loss of functionality, reduced muscle mass, increased comorbidities and premature death, significantly affecting quality of life.ObjectiveTo establish the prevalence of DM2 and its chronic complications in the elderly.Patients and methodsDescriptive, cross-sectional study. 27469 older adult patients with 2DM who attended the outpatient clinic of the Enrique Garcés General Hospital were studied. Age, gender, ethnicity, area of residence, level of education, comorbidities, time of illness, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, chronic complications, and treatment were investigated. The data was analyzed in the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) v24. A descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed.ResultsThe 71.13% (19538) were women, 66.5% (18267) had a primary education, 68% (18679) were diabetics over 10 years; 85% (23349) had high blood pressure (HT). The complications found were neuropathy, pathological micro albuminuria, retinopathy and diabetic foot, 11.86% (3258) patients had a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) within normal parameters.Conclusions The prevalence of DM2 among adults over 75 years of age was 14%, and the presence of chronic complications was related to the longer evolution time of the disease along with higher HbA1C values.
Türkiye’de değişen sosyal ve kültürel kimlikleri bağlamında kadın müzisyenler
Authors: ULUBASOGLU Mehtap , LEVENDOĞLU N. Oya
Published: January 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı kültürel geçmişlerden gelen kadın sanatçıların meslek yaşamlarında, bu kültürel geçmişin nasıl bir etkisi olduğunu anlamaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın problem cümlesini “Türkiye’de kadın müzisyenlerin meslek yaşamlarını kültürel ve sosyal kimlikleri nasıl etkilemektedir?” sorusu oluşturmaktadır. Bu soruya yanıt aramak için nitel araştırma yöntemleri, veri toplama ve çözümleme teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntemler kapsamında, mesleğinde en az on yıl tecrübesi olan, alanında öne çıkmış, altı kadın sanatçı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklem olarak seçilen kişiler Türk klasik müziği, Türk halk müziği ve batı müziği alanlarında çalışan kadın sanatçılar olmak üzere farklı sosyo-kültürel yapılar temel alınarak çalışmaya dâhil edilmişlerdir. Görüşmelerin süresi ortalama otuz dakikadır. Verilerin çözümlemesinde ise içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Türk klasik müziği, Türk halk müziği ve Batı müziği gruplarından seçilen görüşme kişilerinin meslekî kariyerlerinin şekillenmesinde, sosyo-kültürel çevrelerinin oldukça aktif bir role sahip olduğu ve bu noktada en dezavantajlı grubun Türk klasik müziği alanında çalışan kadın sanatçılar olduğu, en avantajlı grubun ise batı müziği alanında mesleki kariyerlerini şekillendirenler olduğu görülmüştür.
Desaparición y gubernamentalidad en México
Authors: Calveiro Pilar
Published: January 2021

Los mecanismos y dispositivos que se utilizan en la desaparición forzada se modifican según las formas del Estado y el tipo de gubernamentalidad. En México, durante los años 70 del siglo XX, esta práctica se articuló a una gubernamentalidad populista, con un Estado fuerte, centralizado y autoritario, que utilizó políticas diferenciales para el tratamiento de las disidencias, desde formas legales e ilegales de represión, hasta la cooptación e incluso la creación de consensos. A partir de 2008, la desaparición forzada se inscribió en una gubernamentalidad neoliberal donde el Estado, penetrado por grandes corporativos legales e ilegales pasó a ser una estructura fragmentaria, con poderes locales relativamente autónomos, que pueden estar fuertemente penetrados por las redes criminales de alcance global. La articulación estatal-criminal hace que, en ese contexto, violencias que aparecen como privadas deban pensarse como público privadas y que la distinción entre las prácticas de desaparición y desaparición forzada resulten difusas.
O QUE SE ESPERA DA BNC-FORMAÇÃO EM RELAÇÃO A BNCC PREDISPOSTA NA RESOLUÇÃO N. CNE/CP 2/2019?
Authors: LOPES A. F. , AMESTOY M. B. , SCHMITZ G. L. , BOTON J. M.
Published: January 2021

A Formação de Professores em nível superior, no Brasil, foi estabelecida somente na década de 1930. As licenciaturas foram criadas nas faculdades de filosofia, baseadas no “esquema 3+1”, em que nos três primeiros anos ocorriam as disciplinas de conteúdo específico seguidos de um ano com disciplinas de natureza pedagógica. Esse esquema é baseado no modelo da racionalidade técnica, no qual o professor é visto como um técnico ou especialista que aplica com rigor as regras que derivam do conhecimento científico e do conhecimento pedagógico.
Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19), is Global Recession Evitable?
Authors: Maijamaa Bilkisu , Nweze N. O , Bagudu Hauwa Daniyan
Published: January 2021

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) is regarded as a public health emergency of international concern. Patients contracting the severe form of the disease constitute approximately 15% of the cases [WHO). The covid-19 is affecting 203 countries and territories around the world. An epidemiological threat such as COVID-19 can have destructive effect on the economy.it is of great importance not to focus only on the epidemiological profile of the virus but also its impact on the economy. As much as economists think about risk-taking as a key driver of the economy, an economy only works if risks are largely known. With the impact of the covid-19 on travel services, durable expenditure, on supply chain and on social isolation (high skilled working from home, home schooling) and impact on demand and supply. On the bases of the listed impact on the economy global recession seems inevitable, there is also possibility of emerging markets. The overall demand effect is probably higher than the initial supply shock. There will be uncertainties, panic, a lot of panic buying and lock-down policies is a key to drive large drop in demand. The investment in a lot of firms especially the small and young firms, spending for households such as rent and mortgagor’s depend largely on cash flow. Large drop in demand will lead to force closure in a lot of firms and this will lead to an increase in lay-offs and hence further drop in consumption, and sadly the economy leads to depressing loop.
Discourse of Tolerance in the Paradigm of Enhancing the Information Security of the State (Case Study of the Special Agencies of Great Britain, Germany and Ukraine Web Pages)
Authors: Yudko Liudmyla
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the pragmatic aspect of the discourse of tolerance of the special agencies of Great Britain, Germany and Ukraine web-pages; the role of the discourse of tolerance for providing the information security of the state; the ramifications of the addresser-recipient relations system within institutional communications on the web-sites of the special agencies of the countries, whose languages are studied, which testifies to the formation of the tolerant discourse, aimed at providing feedback, preventing conflicts, forming a "peer circle"; the criteria and characteristics of the tolerant discourse are specified; recommendations for ensuring the gender perspective of the discourse of tolerance are formulated.
Key words: discourse of tolerance, feedback, institutional communications, the gender perspective of the discourse of tolerance.
Libro de Cabildos de la Ciudad de Trujillo, 1823-1825
Authors: Silva Santisteban Fernando
Published: January 2021

La información que encierra el Libro de Cabildos de la Ciudad de Trujillo de 1823-1825 es de interés capital; el Cabildo gobernaba la ciudad, dirigía sus negocios y velaba por el bienestar del vecindario. Sin los libros de cabildos, hablando de una manera general, es imposible hacer la historia de una ciudad; únicamente a través de ellos puede apreciarse con certeza la trascendencia de los acontecimientos de cada época.
Como tomar la medida a un trabajo especial de biblioteca
Authors: Litton Gaston
Published: January 2021

Estudio que aborda el desarrollo de un trabajo especial de bibliotecas ( método, sistema, organización y orden) con el propósito de mejorar los servicios bibliotecarios de acuerdo a las diversas necesidades y demandas. El artículo está estructurado de la siguiente manera: Analisis y estudio del problema; realizacion del proyecto y reportaje e informes.  Incluye cuadro esquemático a seguir en el desarrollo de un proyecto.
Unas notas acerca de curiosos paralelismos y correspondencias entre cuatro documentos históricos sobre la época incaica
Authors: Lohmann Villena Guillermo
Published: January 2021

Con ocasion de analizar informes, memoriales y escritos de todo género producidos en el momento aproximado en que el Licenciado Juan de Matienzodaba término a la redacción de su magno tratado sobre el Gobierno del Perú, he tenido oportunidad de cotejar simultáneamente cuatro testimonios concernientes a la historia y la vida social del Perú prehispánico. La operación ha puesto en evidencia vínculos y similitudes, que han dado pie para las presentes notas, que brindo como punto de partida para una investigación que conduzca al esclarecimiento definitivo de la incógnita que plantea la existencia de estos contactos.
Restoration of I. O. Shenderov’s House in Rostov-on-Don
Authors: Petrusenko Yuliya , Ivanova-Ilicheva Anna
Published: January 2021

The article reviews the history of I. O. Shenderov’s rental house designed by Rostov-on-Don city architect Nicolay Matveevich Sokolov (1859-1906) and the restoration of the cultural resource of regional significance. The aim of the study is to analyze the measures for restoration and protection of one of the largest rental houses in Rostov-on-Don. As a result, basic methods and techniques were revealed to be used in contemporary restoration of regional architecture of the late XIXth century.
Teacher Residency as Alternative Pathway to Licensure
Authors: Zugelder Bryan S. , L’Esperance Mark , Anderson Patricia J. , Everett Paige , Grandy Lesli
Published: January 2021

Teacher residencies have been an ongoing discussion in the educator preparation world for nearly a decade. This paper describes a promising practice in program design at a university that offers alternative pathways to licensure to meet the demands of school districts, especially in economically disadvantaged communities in one region of the United States. The one-year residency model was developed to address the teacher shortage in a state with growing teacher attrition. Aligned with recent legislation that created a residency license, a traditional educator preparation program examined its strengths and incorporated the most critical needs for novice teacher success to offer a one-year teacher residency as an alternative pathway. The residency model was co-constructed with school district personnel and teacher education faculty to focus on the most critical dimensions of teaching that include planning, instruction, and assessment. After one year, the feedback from school district personnel included high favor for readiness to teach. Residency candidates reported increased self-efficacy. The residency program has implications for future research and potential replication at other institutions of higher education.
DISCURSO E MEMÓRIA DA(S) IDENTIDADE(S) EM CRISE: EFEITOS IDENTITÁRIOS EM CHARGES ONLINE SOBRE SUJEITOS PROFESSORES
Authors: Silva Dalexon Sérgio da , Silveira Éderson Luís
Published: January 2021

No presente texto, a partir de um gesto de leitura e de interpretação, objetivamos analisar três charges que apresentam um discurso acerca da identidade do professor, que tem circulado na atualidade através de uma relação constitutiva, na historicidade, cujo acionamento se dá por meio da memória discursiva. Diante disso, buscamos apresentar uma visão teórica e analítica sobre esta circulação, baseados na Análise de Discurso de linha francesa, fundamentada nos estudos de Pêcheux (1969) e Orlandi (2001) no Brasil, numa interface com os Estudos Culturais, respaldados em Bauman (2005), Hall (2001) e Silva (2003).
Dysphagia among patients after total laryngectomy:
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
Authors: Jamróz Barbara , Chmielewska-Walczak Joanna , Milewska Magdalna
Published: January 2021

Dysphagia concerns 10–89% patients after total laryngectomy; to a greater extent, it concerns patients receiving complementary radiotherapy. The disease mechanism is associated with anatomical changes after surgery (scope of surgery) or complications of adjuvant therapy (xerostomia, neuropathy, swelling of tissue, etc.). The above changes lead to: decreased mobility of the lateral walls of the pharynx and tongue retraction, the occurrence of lingual pumping, decreased swallowing reflex, weakening of the upper esophageal sphincter opening, contraction of the cricopharyngeal muscle, tissue fibrosis, formation of pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum, etc. As a result: regurgitation of food through the nose and oral cavity, food sticking in middle and lower pharynx, prolongation of bolus transit time. Upon the formation of tracheoesophageal fistula, there may be aspiration of gastric contents. The above changes considerably reduce patients’ quality of life after surgery. The diagnostic protocol includes: medical interview (questionnaires can be helpful such as: EAT 10, SSQ, MDADI, DHI), clinical swallowing assessment and instrumental examinations: primarily videofluoroscopy but also endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. In selected cases, multifrequency manometry is necessary. The treatment options include: surgical methods (e.g. balloon dilatation of the upper esophageal sphincter, cricopharyngeal myotomy, pharyngeal plexus neurectomy, removal of the pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum), conservative methods (e.g. botulinum toxin injection of the upper esophageal sphincter, speech therapy, nutritional treatment) and supportive methods such as consultation with a psychologis physiotherapist, clinical dietitian. The selection of a specific treatment method should be preceded by a diagnostic process in which the mechanism of functional disorders related to voice formation and swallowing will be established.
The role of speech language pathologist in rehabilitation after total laryngectomy
Authors: Tuz-Hrycyna Natalia
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the role of a clinical speech therapist in a team of specialists involved in the treatment and rehabilitation of people after total laryngectomy. Particular attention was paid to the necessity of cooperation in a group of specialists and the stages of the rehabilitation process of the substitute voice and smell were presented.
Editorial
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Jonathan T. Rorer
Published: January 2021

Modern psychology has done much during the last decade or two in correcting false notions concerning various phases of education. The old idea that the study of some subjects furnished an all-round mental discipline entirely available for the handling of any other subject has been much modified and replaced by the more rational idea of the study of those subjects furnishing somewhat less general and some more special disciplines. It would seem, however, that there has been much misunderstanding and mismterpretation of the results of recent psychological study especially as stated by some writers, if indeed it is not true that some enthusiastic writers have overstated the truth and left the impression that practically nothing gained from the study of one subject is of value in the study of a new subject. If we mistake not the present view–the one arrived at after more sober thought–is that there is a good deal of value derived from the proper study of most subjects which is carried over and is helpful in the study of any other subject and that there are certain elements which are not carried over as available aids in the study of another. Just what elements of the general type and what elements of the particular type the study of each subject furnishes has perhaps not been carefully worked out for many subjects, but it is believed that for all subjects that which is carried over is more important than that which is not. Certainly it is so for mathematics.
Educational Opportunity in the Army of Occupation
Authors: Rorer J. T.
Published: January 2021

In the fall of 1918, the Y. M. C. A. sent out a call for two thousand educational executives. These men were selected from the faculties of normal schools, colleges, and universities. There was also a small representation from the public schools, generally men of extended experience as specialists, principals, or superintendents. Perhaps one third of the men were fortunate in securing leaves of absence from their regular positions, but the great majority were so enthusiastic over the patriotic service that thus opened before them, that they willingly resigned important posts to accept assignment in the A. E. F.
The Way Mathematicians Work.
Authors: Shaw James Byrnie
Published: January 2021

It is of interest to those who study mathematics and also to those who teach it to note what mathematicians have had to say as to the manner of arriving at their results. Mathematics is a constantly growing part of human knowledge, and has the unique quality that its results are permanent, and form a synthetic unity which is not paralleled by any other part of human knowledge. The text for this paper is found in an inquiry instituted in 1905-6 by the journal “L’Enseignment mathéma-tique” as to the method of mathematicians, and which was discussed by Flournoy, Professor of Psychology, and Claparéde, Director of the psychological laboratory, in Geneva. While one must not over-value the results of such a questionnaire, yet they have their place, and may at least suggest some things to reflect over. This summary and discussion was published in 1905 and 1906, and in 1908 as a pamphlet, by Gauthier-Villars, Paris.
Recent Symbolisms for Decimal Fractions
Authors: Cajori Florian
Published: January 2021

Historians of mathematics have been so engrossed with the effort to reach an agreement on the question, who is entitled to the distinction of having first used the point or the comma for the specific purpose of separating the integral from the decimal part of a number, that they have failed to give attention to the decimal notations that have been used in more recent times. It will astonish many to learn that during the last 35 years over half a dozen different notations have been used in print.
Japanese Problems
Authors: Hiyama Shige
Published: January 2021

A priceless collection of mostly unpublished and as yet un-translated Chinese and Japanese manuscripts is stored in a curious old treasure chest belonging to Dr. David Eugene Smith of Teachers College. The contents of one of the two Japanese manuscripts which I have recently translated is the subject of this article.
A Laboratory Method of Teaching Mathematics in the Classroom
Authors: Stone Charles A.
Published: January 2021

When the term laboratory is mentioned in connection with any subject a mental picture is immediately formed of a classroom equipped with long and heavy tables, and numerous cases whose shelves are plentifully stocked with apparatus and equipment. Another seemingly indispensable addition also thought of is a manual or set of directions to guide the student in using the foregoing equipment to demonstrate the laws or principles under consideration at the moment. Although a laboratory is defined as a work shop devoted to experiments m any science for the purpose of observing its laws in operation, formulating its principles, and systematizing them, the question might well be raised whether it is essential that the student follow directions in performing an experiment or a series of experiments, and whether or not it is possible to do laboratory work in schools where classes cannot be equipped like laboratories. If it is, the great advantages derived from this method should be made available to all pupils and schools.
Changes in Subject Matter and Method to Fit Different Ability Groups in Mathematics
Authors: Price Lillis
Published: January 2021

In presenting the changes in subject matter and method needed to fit different ability groups in high school mathematics, I am compelled to limit my discussion to the work of the first two years as carried on in the majority of schools: namely, freshman algebra and plane geometry. My experience with ability groups limits me to this field and since a large number of high schools make two years of mathematics required for graduation, it is the field where different ability groups are most needed and the field in which I feel you would be most interested.
Student Difficulties in Exercises in Geometry
Authors: Perry Winona M.
Published: January 2021

What are the difficulties which confront a student when he is attacking an exercise in geometry? Are they, in reality, better described as just one difficulty—that of not being able to “see” or “do” a problem? Or are they reducible to more specific difficulties, which can be considered more or less separately? If so, could groups of exercises be planned which will indicate the improvement of individuals in their ability to solve increasingly difficult exercises?
The Eclipse
Authors: McMackin Frank J.
Published: January 2021

On the morning of Saturday, January 24th, 1925, there occurred a spectacle in the Heavens which few men are fortunate enough to experience even once in a lifetime. I was one of the elect on this occasion. The world awoke that morning a stage perfectly set for the wonderful sight nature had arranged. The atmosphere was absolutely clear, no trace of a cloud was visible anywhere and the sun seemed to he unusually bright—flushed with excitement over the performance it and the moon were to enact that day.
A Tentative Program for the Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Schorling Raleigh
Published: January 2021

The next meeting will be at the Raleigh Hotel, Washington, D. C., Saturday, February 20th, 1926. The first program will begin at 10:00 A. M. The afternoon program begins at 2:00, and the dinner is at 6:00.
Individualized Instruction in Geometry
Authors: Potter Mary A.
Published: January 2021

Even in this great era of road making the royal road to geometry has never been built. For centuries students have been climbing the same steep and narrow paths of reasoning that lead up the hill of knowledge to the stronghold of geometry. For many the going has been hard, some have tripped on the first congruent triangles, some have been lost in the difficult windings of indirect reasoning, some have slid over the precipice of memorizing never to see the grandeurs of the paths of reasoning that lead to their goal. We who are among those who act as guides along this path submit this report of our efforts to assist those under our guidance in making the climb with greater ease and pleasure relying on their own increasing strength.
Some Values of Algebra
Authors: Barber Harry C.
Published: January 2021

The beginnings of algebra are hard. There are more difficulties of technique than we are wont to admit. Reeve1 says, “Results show that, for some pupils, the solution of relatively simple equations is more difficult than is often recognized by high-school teachers.” See also Thorndike's Psychology of Algebra and other studies of the results of algebra teaching.
When is a Proof Not a Proof.
Authors: Stroup P.
Published: January 2021

We have all heard of pupils who “got by” in geometry by merely memorizing the proofs given in the book and of teachers who permitted them to “get by.” To such persons those proofs were not proofs. Assuming that such methods are passe if they have not passed all together, what limits are we to approach in the other direction? How long should a student be asked to hold in his memory any completed proof? Is it sufficient to remember the fact and that it has been proved? Are the proofs presented really designed to convince the student of the truth of the fact being proved? Are they the kind of proof that is really convincing to him? Is the logical proof convincing to him? Why prove to him facts that he is sure are true? We ask why he thinks that two triangles must be alike if they have two sides and the included angle the same and he replies that anybody can see that with the implication that somebody around is a “boob.” If he can see no exceptions then is it not a proof to him? Is it not more likely to prejudice him against the geometric proof than to raise any respect for it to drag him through a formal proof under those conditions?
A Study of the Errors Made in a Ninth Year Algebra Class
Authors: Wattawa Virginia
Published: January 2021

For a period of three months, I recorded as far as possible the errors made by a beginning class in algebra, in the East Side High School of Madison, Wisconsin. These errors occurred in oral and written class work, and in tests; it was difficult to record errors made in recitation work, without interfering with the progress of the class; further than this, all errors would not necessarily come to my attention.
Notes and News
Authors: Fell Florence E.
Published: January 2021

“Teaching as a Fine Art” will be the keynote of the Eighth Annual Ohio State Educational Conference which the College of Education, Ohio State University, will conduct at Columbus on April 12, 13, and 14. Last year, with an attendance record of 4,500 the Seventh Annual Conference quite shattered all previous registration figures. The Executive Committee for the 1928 Conferenee anticipates that the “new reeord a year” tradition will be continued this year.
The Form of The Universe
Authors: Smith David Eugene
Published: January 2021

Ancient Ideas.—Closely related to the idea of infinity, in the treatment of which we so neglect our opportunities in the teaching of mathematics in our high schools, is the question of the form of tbe universe about us. It may not be possible, by casual conversation, to present such a subject to. the classes in any satisfactory manner, but we shall teach mathematics with greater earnestness of purpose for having ourselves considered, even though superficially, this and similar problems.
On the Nature of Algebraic Language
Authors: Georges J.S.
Published: January 2021

Among the practical aims of mathematical instruction recommended by the National Committee we find the following: “An understanding of the language of algebra and the ability to use the language intelligently in the expression of simple quantitative relations; appreciation of the significance of formulas and ability to use this language intelligently.” The ability to understand a language and use it as a means of expression is indeed very important, and in the educational process specific provisions have been made for its development. The person who is equipped with this ability is in a position to use it as a study tool, and the more abilities one has acquired in understanding different languages the better prepared is he to engage in extensive studies effectively. But is the language of algebra really a language, and is the understanding and intelligent use of it analogous to the understanding and use of an ordinary language?
Time in Relation to Mathematics
Authors: Smith David Eugene
Published: January 2021

Reason for Considering Time.-Because time is constantly referred to by the world's great poets and because it has for thousands of years been the subject of speculation by the world's great philosophers is no sufficient reason for considering it with relation to mathematics. Since, however, time is infinite, and infinity plays a major rôle in all branches of our science, it is not without value to the teacher to spend a little of time itself in considering its relation to mathematics, for it is a mathematical certainty that the time we spend will not lessen in the least that which is to follow through the ages, and beyond.
Radio and Airplane Distances
Authors: Nygaard P. H.
Published: January 2021

With the recent development of the radio and the airplane considerable interest has arisen in the problem of determining the shortest distance between any two points on the earth's surface. The writer proposrs in the following discus. ion to treat the problem in a manner mathematically exact, and at the same time make the explanation simple enough to be understood by any high school student who has had experience with elementary problems involving sines and cosines. It is hoped that teachers may find the discussion helpful in providing supplementary work for high school mathematics classes, and for reference reading on the part of interested students.
Whiter Algebra?—A Challenge and a Plea
Authors: Betz William
Published: January 2021

Four million boys and girls are now enrolled in the high schools of the United States. These young Americans are housed in approximately 25,000 public and 2,800 private high schools. They are being taught by at least 200,000 teachers. These impressive figures alone are perhaps sufficient to explain why the old machinery of education is breaking down. Of necessity, outworn practices are being discarded. Everywhere there is an atmosphere of expectancy, of change and suspense. "What next in secondary education?" has become a slogan that reaches into every nook and corner of the educational edifice. The traditional curricula are being revamped. New objectives are being set up and methods of teaching are being readjusted.
Geometry in the Junior High School
Authors: Gugle Marie
Published: January 2021

When this topic was first suggested, it was limited to geometry in grades seven and eight, with the questions appended, "What should be taught?" and "ow should it be taught?"
A Professional Course for the Training of Geometry Teachers
Authors: Christofferson H. C.
Published: January 2021

In the time allotted for this paper it would be hopeless to attempt to give any comprehensive summary of a course for the training of geometry teachers. It will therefore be necessary to state very briefly and dogmatically certain features of that course, but in order that the presentation may not be criticized for being too sketchy to be useful, one portion at least will be given in more detail. The discussion naturally falls under three major headings, (1) objectives, (2) subjectmatter, and (3) professionalization of subject-matter.
Ability Grouping in the High School
Authors: Kertes Ferdinand
Published: January 2021

It is a matter of common observation by the classroom teacher that accompanying the rapid expansion of the high school during the past decade or two, the character of the high school population has been undergoing remarkable changes. Perhaps the most outstanding feature of this change is the extension in the range of abilities, measured by any standard.
John Wallis
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

“It was always my affectation even from a child, not only to learn by rote, but to know the grounds or reasons of what I learn; to inform my judgment as well as furnish my memory.”
The Eternal Triangle
Authors: Raftery Gerald
Published: January 2021

Cast of Characters: Three boys, herein referred to as First, Second, and Third. Properties: Small chair, blackboard, chalk which first boy carries in his pocket, mathematics book with protractor which he carries in his hand, two books and foot-rule which second boy carries (if stage is large a yard-stick may be necessary and can be placed near the black board), book containing small sheet of paper which third boy carries.
The Quadratic Equation
Authors: Fehr Howard F.
Published: January 2021

The following method is suggested for the treatment of the quadratic equation in the teaching of algebra. The method makes use of factoring and substitution in their simplest form. If the quadratic is incomplete it can be factored as the difference of two squares, hence given the equation.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

There are many contrasts between the career of Newton and that of Leibniz. Newton's father was a farmer and we suspect that Newton was sent to Cambridge after an unsuccessful attempt to make a farmer out of him. Leibniz's father was professor of moral philosophy at Leipzig. Leibniz began Latin at the age of eight, Greek at twelve. At fifteen, he began to study law at Leipzig. When Newton went to Cambridge, he studied under Isaac Barrow who, as we have seen, was one of the great mathematicians of the period. At Leipzig, there was little opportunity for a student of mathematics. Consequently Leibniz did not really begin the subject until 1663 when he attended the university at Jena.
Development of Mathematics in Secondary Schools of the United States
Authors: Wren F. L. , McDonough H. B.
Published: January 2021

Mathematics during the high school period*
Solid Geometry
Authors: Hart Howard F.
Published: January 2021

If I should make a culture-epoch-theory investigation into my own experience with a certain theorem I would probably put my experience into three stages as follows:
News Notes
Authors: Hartley Miles C. , Hill Arthur L. , Anning Norman
Published: January 2021

The Illinois Division of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics met in room 300, Mathematics Building, University of Illinois, on November 6, 1936, at 9:00 a.m. The chairman, Mr. E. G. Hexter, Head of the Department of Mathematics, Belleville (Iliinois) Township High School, presided. He appointed the following committee to nominate the new member of the executive committee of the Illinois Division, a delegate to the National Council Meeting in Chicago, and a committee of three to act with a representative of the High School Visitor's office in the selection of a committee for a state-wide curriculum study of Mathematics:
Mathematical Difficulty in College Physics
Authors: Oerlein Karl F.
Published: January 2021

The mathematical nature of physics is well known. Teachers of physics contend that much of their students' difficulties in the course are attributable to poor preparation in mathematics. Indeed, that the success or failure in physics rests to a large degree on the mathematical preparation of the students is no longer a supposition. Bless1 Bailey,2 and others have shown a positive effect between students' mathematical preparation and success in physics.
Herbert Ellsworth Slaught
Authors: Reeve W. D.
Published: January 2021

Professor Herbert Ellsworth Slaught, honorary president of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, passed away on May 21, 1937, at his home in Chicago in his seventy-sixth year. Professor Slaught's death removes from the scene of action one of the most devoted servants of the cause of mathematics in this country. For many years he was active not only in the affairs of the National Council, but also in those of the Mathematical Association of America, The American Mathematical Society, the Central Association of Science and Mathematics Teachers and several local organizations. He was a leader in the best sense. He was interested not only in promulgating and encouraging research activities, but was also active in stimulating others to study and improve the teaching of mathematics in secondary schools. He was instrumental in founding the Mathematical Association of America in 1916, and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in 1920. His death is a distinct loss to all the mathematical organizations that he served so long and so well.
Algebra as a Language
Authors: Bennett Albert A.
Published: January 2021

Most of us in thinking of algebra, think of technique. The subject as we learned it, and as we have been accustomed to teach it calls to mind a variety of skills. Each skill is patterned on one or more illustrative examples and becomes improved by practice. To learn how to perform the various operations of which elementary algebra thus seems to conist, may have wholesome, even attractive aspects. The spirit of competition may sustain the enthusiasm of the abler pupils and prod them to new endeavor. The rare satisfaction of knowing that some of our work is “perfect” casts a benediction upon nil performance of a mathematical sort. In algebra it is not hard to “please the teacher,” with duty done. Yet for many pupils, the subject is a dreary one, how deadly dreary, none of you teachers of mathematics or prospective teachers, may be in po ition fully to appreciate at first hand. But algebra, thrill or no thrill, is will, drill, and finally it is hoped, skill.
Curriculum Revision in Elementary Mathematics in Chicago
Authors: Johnson J. T.
Published: January 2021

When the statement was made by the Superintendent in Chicago that formal arithmetic was not to be taught in grades one and two, a great cry went up from both teachers and lay people. Many primary teachers and principals thought it was a serious mistake to leave out formal arithmetic from these two grades. Various women's clubs made protests in their meetings against this postponement of arithmetic, as they thought, until the third grade.
Mathematics in the Training of Arithmetic Teachers
Authors: Morton R. L.
Published: January 2021

As a rather lengthy introduction, I should like to relate to you an account of a recent effort to solve a problem having to do with the interest rate which is equivalent to a given carrying charge in installment buying and to make the various solutions which were proposed intelligible to teachers of arithmetic in the upper grades.
The Story of the Parallelogram
Authors: Yates Robert C.
Published: January 2021

Recently I made a poll of a large number of students on the status of the rather uninteresting parallelogram. Discounting the defining statement that it has equal opposite sides, I could find no information at large other than “its diagonals bisect each other.” Somehow this rather unpretentious figure has been laid aside to rust and I propose here to apply a bit of polish to see if its lustre cannot be brought forth in true brilliance. I think you will agree in the end that it does possess some memorable qualities which, although interesting, we are asked to establish equivalence of two plane polygons of equal area by imposing one upon another. If these polygons are not identical in size and shape, then it follows that we should be able to create partial polygons from each given figure in such a way that these partial polygons will be congruent in pairs. In this transformation from one given polygon to another by dissection the parallelogram plays a central role that is highly important.
Traders and Trappers
Authors: Denbow Carl
Published: January 2021

This is the story of an episode that occurred before the French and Indian War, when the French fur traders were driven out of North America, and before many of the Indians had firearms. A missionary named Martin had, with his family, lived with the Black Bear Indians and converted them to Christianity, and had taught them to speak English. Then, one night, a band of Wolf Indians had attacked and massacred many of the Black Bear tribe, and also the missionary and his wife. Their three small sons escaped: Allan, aged 3; Ralph, 5; and Oliver, 6. They were adopted into the Black Bear tribe, and were well-liked by everyone. When our play opens, 10 years later, they were already noted for skill with arms, and quickness of mind.
A Wax Works Show
Authors: Ward James A.
Published: January 2021

Ladies and gentlemen: We are going to present tonight for your approval the greatest exposition on earth. One by one before your very eyes we will bring out a collection of lhe greatest mathematicians of ancient and modern times that have ever lived on the earth. We will not present their pictures to you, or even their mummified bodies to horrify you. But we will show you wax figures of them, so beautifully and artfully made that you may think they are the genuine people come to life again. But that is not all.
What Does it Cost to Own and Operate an Automobile?
Authors: Montgomery Gaylord C.
Published: January 2021

The automobile appears to be an indispensable part of the present mode of civilization. Its use and misuse are presented in newspapers, magazines and school textbooks. America is truly motorized. From conversations with my acquaintances I learn that frequently the difference between having a financial reserve from the annual income and having an unbalanced budget is due to the decisions made relative to the cost of ownership and operation of an automobile.
Mathematics as Applied to Apprenticeship in Trades
Authors: Rothe C. A.
Published: January 2021

A plumber and for the past twenty years an assistant supervisor for apprentices for the state of Wisconsin considers it an honor and a privilege to address the nation's most brilliant and best-looking mathematics instructors on the subject of “Mathematics as applied to Apprenticeship in Trades.”
The Contribution of Arithmetic to a Liberal Education
Authors: Buckingham B. R.
Published: January 2021

Five or six persons devoted to education and hence possessed of more than average intelligence arc having luncheon. Each has ordered a different meal; each is expecting to settle his own account. The waiter, however, disregarding the request for separate checks, has brought in but one bill and has placed it before the most prosperous-looking person in the group. You have doubtless participated in such a luncheon. If you have, you appreciate the comedy which ensues as these table companions try to break down the total into the proper amount for each person and assess the t ip which each should pay. Everybody talks, nobody thinks, and nobody has the right change.
Mathematics and Science in Aeronautics
Authors: Otis Arthur S.
Published: January 2021

The teaching of mathematics and the teaching of science are becoming yearly more closely bound together for a number of reasons. One of these is, no doubt, the fact that science cannot be understood without an understanding of mathematics, and it, is often easier and more direct to teach the mathematics of science along with the science than to do so separately in uncorrelated courses.
Mathematics for All
Authors: Douglass Harl R.
Published: January 2021

This is a mathematical world. Everything we do seems related, in some way, to measurement. For a thousand years the world has been growing more and more rna thematical. For a thousand years measurement and computation has been playing an increasingly significant part in the lives of everyone. The tendency to become at once the creatures and the masters of precise quantitative thinking and action is a rapidly accelerating phenomenon.
Socializing Secondary School Mathematics
Authors: Shamhart Ralph D.
Published: January 2021

We are living in a world which is incurably mathematical. Everyone knows it. The simplest article of manufacture is subject to the rules of mathematics in production and sale. To list the uses of the subject would be impossible and futile. Yet mathematics has come under criticism as a subject to be taught in om schools.
The Objectives of Tenth Year Mathematics
Authors: Eisner Harry
Published: January 2021

The New course in seventh, eighth and ninth year mathematics has now reached the SB grade in all elementary and junior high schools. The graduates of the elementary schools will be in our high schools next September. The great majority of these pupils will start their high school mathematic in February, 1944. Will we be ready for them?.
Characteristic Differences in Mathematical Traits of Good, Average, and Poor Achievers in Demonstrative Geometry
Authors: Stein Harry L.
Published: January 2021

This study was an attempt to determine to what extent good, average, and poor achievers in demonstrative geometry differ among themselves in certain basic characteristics believed to be more or less directly related to successful accomplishment in demonstrative geometry. The motive was to gain information which might be useful in the fields of diagnosis, remediation, guidance and possibly prediction of success.
Remedial Arithmetic in Senior High Schools
Authors: Blair Glenn Myers
Published: January 2021

It is scarcely necessary to remark that many pupils in high school are found who are deficient in the fundamentals of arithmetic. Some do not know the primary facts of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, to say nothing of such advanced processes as simple fractions.
Conflicting Assumptions
Authors: Murray Earl
Published: January 2021

In many situations, good logical thinkers arrive at conflicting conclusions. Otherwise there would not be so many controversial issues. The social studies and business fields present us with many illustrations of this. Can a course in geometry, designed to teach the processes of logical thinking and nature of proof be of any value in understanding this situation? This is the report of a unit of work designed for that purpose.
Demonstration Teaching in Arithmetic by Radio
Authors: Nerney Marcella Leahy Mc
Published: January 2021

There are many supervisory aids through which the in-service training of teachers may be attempted. However it is the purpose of this paper to discuss only one, radio as a tool in the hands of the supervisor. It is not enough to formulate a philosophy which guides the construction of a course-of-study or to issue a set of objectives which harmonizes with modern life. Most teachers need help in interpreting the course-of-study and in putting it into practice. Not all teachers are number conscious. They must develop alertness in recognizing and skill in effectively utilizing the number situations which arise in the classroom. They must develop the ability to plan other activities which require the pupils to do quantitative thinking or which provide the necessary drill for mastery of the skills. The effectiveness of a teacher's work is conditioned, in no small degree, by the quality of supervision.
In Defense of Donald Dull
Authors: Potter Mary A.
Published: January 2021

Of course it is a time honored custom for teachers to complain about the quality of the material from which they must produce results. You know the hoary story of the high school teacher who said, “No, I can't teach Donald one thing. It's the fault of his junior high school teacher. She didn't teach him anything. I have to have some kind of a foundation to build on.”