bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitigating Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe
Authors: Thomas Valarie , Wang Yu , Van Rooij Pascale , Verbrugghe Elin , Baláž Vojtech , Bosch Jaime , Cunningham Andrew A. , Fisher Matthew C. , Garner Trenton W.J. , Gilbert Maarten J. , Grasselli Elena , Kinet Thierry , Laudelout Arnaud , Lötters Stefan , Loyau Adeline , Miaud Claude , Salvidio Sebastiano , Schmeller Dirk S. , Schmidt Benedikt R. , Spitzen-van der Sluijs Annemarieke , Steinfartz Sebastian , Veith Michael , Vences Miguel , Wagner Norman , Canessa Stefano , Martel An , Pasmans Frank
Published: August 2019

The infectious chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has been responsible for severe population declines of salamander populations in Europe. Serious population declines and loss of urodelan diversity may occur if appropriate action is not taken to mitigate against the further spread and impact of Bsal. We provide an overview of several potential mitigation methods, and describe their possible advantages and limitations. We conclude that long-term, context-dependent, multi-faceted approaches are needed to successfully mitigate adverse effects of Bsal, and that these approaches should be initiated pre-arrival of the pathogen. The establishment of ex situ assurance colonies, or management units, for species threatened with extinction, should be considered as soon as possible. While ex situ conservation and preventive measures aimed at improving biosecurity by limiting amphibian trade may be implemented quickly, major challenges that lie ahead are in designing in situ disease containment and mitigation post-arrival and in increasing public awareness.
Optimizing the Analytical Performance of Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguides: Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Hagemann L. Tamina , Ehrle Sonja , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: August 2019

The goal of this technical note was to compare experimentally and via simulation of eight substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) designs, and to predict promising future iHWG structures in lieu of experiments. The iHWGs differed in their geometry (i.e., inlet funnel cross-section and inner channel cross-section), as well as in their material properties (i.e., type of metal, polish of inner channel). Experimentally, calibration functions of isobutane as a model analyte were determined, and the analytical figures of merit, i.e., signal-to-noise ratio, limit of detection, were evaluated for each iHWG. Evaluation of the amount of radiation incident at the real-world and simulated detector revealed that experiment and simulation were in excellent agreement. While material and quality of the inner channel wall did not have a significant influence on the performance, the iHWG geometry profoundly affected the performance in terms of light throughput: Increasing the inlet funnel dimensions and the inner channel cross-section benefits light throughout, and thus, the analytical signal. Based on these results, simulations of not yet fabricated iHWGs were performed and promising new iHWG structures were suggested.
Quantitative Analysis of Iron and Silicon Concentrations in Iron Ore Concentrate Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Authors: Zhou Shubin , Yuan Zhaoxian , Cheng Qiuming , Weindorf David C. , Zhang Zhenjie , Yang Jie , Zhang Xiaolong , Chen Guoxiong , Xie Shuyun
Published: August 2019

As a technique capable of rapid, nondestructive, and multi-elemental analysis, portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) has applications to mineral exploration, environmental evaluation, and archaeological analysis. However, few applications have been conducted in the smelting industry especially when analyzing the metal concentration in ore concentrate samples. This research analyzed the effectiveness of using pXRF in determining the metal concentration in Fe concentrate. For this proof of concept study, Fe ore samples dominated by Fe and Si were collected from the Northeastern University Mineral Processing Laboratory (Shenyang, China) and directly analyzed using pXRF, laboratory-based XRF, and titration methods. The compactness (density) of the ore concentrate was found to have very little effect on pXRF readings. The pXRF readings for Fe and Si were comparative to laboratory-based XRF results. Based on the strong correlations between the pXRF and XRF results (Fe: R2 > 0.99, Si: R2 > 0.96), linear calibrations were adopted to improve the accuracy of pXRF readings. Linear regression equations derived from the relations between XRF results and pXRF results of 21 Fe ore concentrate samples were used to calibrate the pXRF, and then validation was performed on five additional samples. Results from this preliminary study suggest that ordinary least squares (OLS) regression improves the accuracy dramatically, especially for Fe with relative errors (REs) decreasing to 0.03%–3.27% from 4.26%–8.32%. Consequently, pXRF shows strong promise for rapid, quantitative analysis of Fe concentration in Fe ore concentrate. Based on the results obtained in this study, a larger, more comprehensive study is warranted to confirm the results obtained.
Coupled Turbidity and Spectroscopy Problems: A Simple Algorithm for Volumetric Analysis of Optically Thin or Dilute, In Vitro Bacterial Cultures in Various Media
Authors: Ortiz Steven , McDonough Richard T. , Dent Paul , Goodisman Jerry , Chaiken Joseph
Published: August 2019

An approach binary spectronephelometry (BSN) to perform real-time simultaneous noninvasive in situ physical and chemical analysis of bacterial cultures in fluid media is described. We choose to characterize cultures of Escherichia coli (NC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), and Shewanella oneidensis (SO) in the specific case of complex media whose Raman spectrum cannot be unambiguously assigned. Nevertheless, organism number density and a measure of the chemical makeup of the fluid medium can be monitored noninvasively, simultaneously, and continuously, despite changing turbidity and medium chemistry. The method involves irradiating a culture in fluid medium in an appropriate vessel (in this case a standard 1 cm cuvette) using a near infrared laser and collecting all the backscattered light from the cuvette, i.e., the Rayleigh–Mie line and the inelastically emitted light which includes unresolved Raman scattered light and fluorescence. Complex “legacy” media contain materials of biological origin whose chemical composition cannot be fully delineated. We independently calibrate this approach to a commonly used reference, optical density at 600 nm (OD600) for characterizing the number density of organisms. We suggest that the total inelastically emitted light could be a measure of the chemical state of a biologically based medium, e.g., lysogeny broth (LB). This approach may be useful in a broad range of basic and applied studies and enterprises that utilize bacterial cultures in any medium or container that permits optical probing in the single scattering limit.
Perceptions of the Implementation of Pediatric Behavioral Health Integration in 3 Community Health Centers
Authors: Fong Hiu-fai , Tamene Mahader , Morley Debra S. , Morris Anita , Estela Maria G. , Singerman Amanda , Bair-Merritt Megan H.
Published: August 2019

Pediatric behavioral health integration (BHI) represents a promising approach to address unmet child mental health need but little research exists to guide BHI implementation. Through in-depth interviews with 38 professionals involved in a comprehensive pediatric BHI initiative at 3 community health centers, we explored perceptions of the impact of BHI on clinical practice, and facilitators and barriers to BHI implementation. Professionals identified 2 overarching themes about the impact of BHI on clinical practice (greater interdisciplinary collaboration/communication and enhanced provider wellness); 5 themes about facilitators of BHI (staff buy-in for BHI, leadership support, staff belonging to the same team culturally and/or structurally, co-location with close physical proximity, and data-driven quality improvement); and 5 themes about barriers to BHI (inadequate clinician staffing, insufficient space, limited provider time, billing/reimbursement issues, and care coordination challenges). Future pediatric BHI efforts may consider these findings to develop strategies to promote facilitators and reduce barriers during implementation.
The Metaphor of Tyre as a ship in Ezekiel 27: Ezekiel’s Resistance against the Neo-Babylonian Empire
Authors: Yang Inchol
Published: August 2019

Throughout the Tyrian oracles, Tyre is depicted in the midst of the sea. In Ezekiel 27, Tyre as the center of the world trade maintains her wealth through her trade and merchandise. Against their public transcript, Ezekiel highlights the center of Judah and the land of Israel in Ezek 27:17. In the trading list of Ezek 27:12–26a, Ezekiel omits Babylon. Rather, he locates Judah and the land of Israel in the center of the list. According to Mario Liverani’s analysis of the trading list, the list reflects King Josiah’s period. During the period of King Josiah, the economic status of the kingdom of Judah was developed. By evoking the restoration period by King Josiah, Ezekiel accentuates the reality that the center of the world is not Babylon, but Judah and the land of Israel.
Index of Non-tariff Measures: A Study of the EU Textile and Garment Market
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sudeshna
Published: August 2019

The post-WTO period has witnessed a rapid increase in growth of non-tariff measures (NTMs). As a result, quantification of NTMs has emerged as an important policy question. Quantification of NTMs is often challenging as these measures, in most cases, do not have direct numerical measurements. Hence, proxies have to be constructed. The present article proposes a methodology which uses time series information on legislation related to NTMs to construct comprehensive indices of NTMs. The incidence of NTMs is very high in the textile and garments (T&G) sector in the EU, which is also an important destination of India’s textile and garments exports. Hence, the EU textile and garments sector is selected as a case study. Separate NTM indices are constructed for the German and rest of the EU market, and the effects of these indices on the flow of India’s T&G exports are explored.

JEL Codes: F13, F18
Children and handwashing: Developing a resource to promote health and well-being in low and middle income countries
Authors: Crosby Sapphire , Laird Katie , Younie Sarah
Published: August 2019

Objective:

Using a participatory action research (PAR) model, this paper reports on findings from a mixed-methods study which aimed to discover whether specifically developed health education resources ( A Germ’s Journey) aid children’s understanding of health-hygiene principles, and how these findings can inform the future development of culturally relevant resources to teach children in low- and middle-income countries about the association between bacteria, handwashing and disease.

Design:

Educational health-hygiene workshops were conducted at 13 case study sites ( n = 651) in collaboration with local organisations in Ahmedabad, India. During Phase 1 of the study, children’s and teacher–trainer workshops were conducted using UK resources. Following suggestions from local teachers, a Gujarati book was co-created and in Phase 2, workshops (using the Gujarati book) were delivered.

Methods:

Data were collected from children using quasi-experimental methods, using pre-workshop questions, follow-up questions, observations and baseline and post-workshop assessments. Data were collected from teachers using questionnaires.

Results:

Following teacher–trainer workshops during Phase 1 of the study, 100% of teachers stated that they would use the resources with their pupils in the future. Two months after participating in the workshops, 60%–73% of children knew how germs can cause illness, and 76%–80% knew how to remove germs from hands. When assessed during Phase 2 of the study, 54% of children scored higher after the intervention, showing an increased understanding of microbiology after using the resources.

Conclusion:

The results indicate that children had an improved understanding of the causes of bacterial disease and the health implications of not using adequate health-hygiene practices. Recommendations for the future development of resources include the use of a PAR model of research, co-creation with end users, and working alongside local organisations and participants in order to access ‘hard-to-reach’ areas.
Nutritional Status of Lebanese Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Choueiry Georges , Fattouh Nour , Hallit Rabih , Kazour Francois , Hallit Souheil , Salameh Pascale
Published: August 2019

Background: In a hospitalized setting, malnutrition is known to increase patient’s mortality and lower the quality of life; therefore, it is essential to detect such cases and intervene at the earliest possible. The goal of this study is to estimate the rate of malnutrition in hospitalized Lebanese patients, explore its association with different factors, and create a simple tool to detect patients at high risk of malnutrition. Methods: One hundred and fifty Lebanese hospitalized patients, suffering at least from one chronic disease, were randomly chosen from Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame de Secours (CHU-NDS) hospital. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score was used to assess nutritional status. Results: A total of 34.7% of patients in our sample were at risk of malnutrition and 9.3% were malnourished. A higher risk of malnutrition was found in patients with a low body mass index, who were physically inactive or admitted to the hospital more than once in the past 6 months. The nutritional status was not associated with certain chronic diseases more than others. We designed a simple decision tree model based only on 3 questions to detect patients at high risk of malnutrition/malnourished. This tool has a sensitivity of 62% and a specificity of 77%. Conclusion: The prevalence found in our study was comparable with previous data. However, factors associated with poor nutritional status were somewhat different. Further studies are needed to validate our screening tool and to examine the effect of specific diseases on malnutrition on a larger scale.
Treatment Effect Deviation as an Alternative to Blinder–Oaxaca Decomposition for Studying Social Inequality
Authors: An Weihua , N. Glynn Adam
Published: August 2019

The Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition (BOD) is a popular method for studying the contributions of explanatory factors to social inequality. The results have often been given causal interpretations. While recent work and this article both show that some types of BOD are equivalent to a counterfactual-based treatment effect/selection bias decomposition, this equivalence does not hold in general. Given this lack of general equivalence, in this article based on the counterfactual framework, we propose a method of treatment effect deviation (TED) to study social inequality. Essentially, the TED assesses to what extent the omission of particular covariates (i.e., selection bias in the omitted variables) can alter the estimated treatment effect. The TED has a better causal interpretation and can be estimated nonparametrically (and hence is more robust to model misspecification errors). Therefore, the TED may serve as an alternative to or may be used in tandem with the BOD. We illustrate the new method through two case studies. In the first case study, we show that the TED provides a more credible estimate of the treatment effect on the treated than does the BOD. However, both the TED and the BOD highlight the importance of accounting for prior earning in estimating the training effect. In the second case study, the results of the two methods differ notably, but both agree that normative factors play a significant role in generating the rural–urban disparity in social policy preference in China.
Worker Trainers as Workplace Experts: How Worker Trainers Enhance Safety and Health at Department of Energy Facilities
Authors: Morawetz John S. , Frazee Tom , Ruttenberg Ruth
Published: August 2019

Worker trainers not only teach health and safety in the classroom setting but also serve informally as important peer resources on the shop floor. They are often the “go to” people, for both hourly workers and managers, when there is a health or safety question—be it about tank vapors or personal protective equipment, confined space, or specific chemicals. These worker trainers actively use health and safety resource materials, both hard copy and online. Documented here, through two surveys of worker trainers—at U.S. Department of Energy facilities, trained through the International Chemical Workers Union Council Consortium of the Worker Training Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences—is documentation of this additional contribution that worker trainers make toward safer and more healthful work places.
A Thematic Analysis of Parents’ Gendered Beliefs About Emotion in Middle Childhood Boys and Girls
Authors: Thomassin Kristel , Bucsea Oana , Chan K. Jacky , Carter Emma
Published: August 2019

This study examined mothers’ and fathers’ ( N = 102) beliefs about emotion and emotion expression in boys and girls aged 8 to 12 years using a mixed-methods design. Parents attended two focus group sessions 2 weeks apart. A thematic analysis of the group transcripts resulted in six themes: value in the experience and expression of emotion, vulnerability in the experience and expression of emotion, multiple influences on children’s learning about emotion, distinct expectations for emotion displays at home versus in public, gender roles influence emotion expectations, and generational shift in emotion-related expectations. Identified themes were consistent with previous research, yet new themes emerged relevant to gender and gender roles within society. Implications of gender-related roles and expectancies are discussed.
Transnational Corporations of Football Kin: Migration, Labor Flow, and the American Samoa MIRAB Economy
Authors: Beissel Adam S.
Published: August 2019

In the U.S. territory of American Samoa, gridiron football has emerged as an important driver of a stock-flow relationship in which the stock of overseas-resident migrant athletic laborers sustains the flow of remittances to their extended family in their homeland. Within this article, I consider the significance of gridiron football within American Samoa’s MIRAB ( Migration, Remittances, Aid and Bureaucracy) economy, a model of Pacific Island microeconomies characterized by migration, remittances, foreign aid, and public bureaucracy. Based on a series of personal interviews with high school football players between the ages of 15 and 18 years on the Eastern football team squad, as well as more than a dozen coaches, parents, educator, and directors associated with the production of American Samoan High School football ( n = 60), I critically examine the social, cultural, and economic determinants involved in the collective decision-making process of footballers to emigrate to the U.S. mainland. I find that family units in the American Samoa operate as, to rephrase Bertram and Watters, transnational corporations of football kin, working collectively to develop and train skilled football laborers toward the accumulation of various forms of economic and social remittances for the benefit of the individual and extended family unit. More broadly, gridiron football in American Samoa produces a stock-flow relationship whereby a stock of Samoan gridiron footballers migrates to U.S. colleges and universities to support the flow of remittances and aid that sustains the island’s MIRAB economy.
Lifestyle Sports in East Asia
Authors: Evers Clifton , Doering Adam
Published: August 2019

“Lifestyle sports” are not the preserve of occidental cultures, even though late capitalist Western nations dominate them commercially and ideologically. Examples of these sports are snowboarding, BASE jumping, freestyle BMX, mountain biking, bouldering, skateboarding, kiteboarding, rock climbing, parkour/free running, windsurfing, and surfing. Non-occidental cultures—such as those in Asia, Latin America, and Africa—also influence lifestyle sport institutions, commodities, values, and practices. Arguably, this influence is expanding and is accelerating as the populations of non-occidental cultures champion their interests and perspectives. This article makes a modest proposal for the starting of a targeted discourse among those interested in the cultural politics of lifestyle sports in the region of East Asia, an area with its own unique international and intra-regional interactions and concomitant needs, desires, and perspectives. In specific regard to this region, we argue it is worth asking: What are the stories being narrated and what forms do they take? How are complex social, political, cultural, and economic relations of this region being negotiated through lifestyle sports?
Identifying and measuring network-based relational uncertainty: Looking outside of the dyadic bubble
Authors: Stein James B. , Mongeau Paul A. , Truscelli Nikki I.
Published: August 2019

Previous research has explored both relational uncertainty and the importance of partners’ social networks in the development of close relationships. Combining these concepts would better facilitate our understanding of relational development. Accordingly, this four-study identifies and creates a novel measure for social network-based relational uncertainty experienced by individuals in romantic relationships. Studies 1 and 2 reveal eight distinct categories of network uncertainty via open coding. Studies 3 and 4 use these categories to create a network uncertainty measure (NUM) and compare it to several scales from relational turbulence theory. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed five subscales, which derived from the original eight categories. Tests of convergent and divergent validity validate the NUM as a viable measure to be used in theory expansion as well as studies of network-dyad interaction. Regression analyses first compared the NUM to measures of self, partner, and relationship uncertainty. Results demonstrated strong empirical relationships between these variables, reaffirming conceptual similarities. Moreover, measures of relationship satisfaction intimacy were regressed on the NUM, controlling for relational uncertainty measures. Results demonstrated that the NUM contributes to these outcomes above and beyond self, partner, and relationship uncertainty. Findings are discussed in terms of empirical and conceptual value to the study of romantic relationships.
Attitude estimation for collision recovery of a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Battiston Adrian , Sharf Inna , Nahon Meyer
Published: August 2019

An extensive evaluation of attitude estimation algorithms in simulation and experiments is performed to determine their suitability for a collision recovery pipeline of a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle. A multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), complementary filter, [Formula: see text] filter, and novel adaptive varieties of the selected filters are compared. The experimental quadcopter uses a PixHawk flight controller, and the algorithms are implemented using data from only the PixHawk inertial measurement unit (IMU). Performance of the aforementioned filters is first evaluated in a simulation environment using modified sensor models to capture the effects of collision on inertial measurements. Simulation results help define the efficacy and use cases of the conventional and novel algorithms in a quadcopter collision scenario. An analogous evaluation is then conducted by post-processing logged sensor data from collision flight tests, to gain new insights into algorithms’ performance in the transition from simulated to real data. The post-processing evaluation compares each algorithm’s attitude estimate, including the stock attitude estimator of the PixHawk controller, to data collected by an offboard infrared motion capture system. Based on this evaluation, two promising algorithms, the MEKF and an adaptive [Formula: see text] filter, are selected for implementation on the physical quadcopter in the control loop of the collision recovery pipeline. Experimental results show an improvement in the metric used to evaluate experimental performance, the time taken to recover from the collision, when compared with the stock attitude estimator on the PixHawk (PX4) software.
Invisible hemolysis in serum samples interferes in NSE measurement
Authors: Mastroianni Antonio , Panella Rossella , Morelli Daniele
Published: August 2019

Introduction:

The accuracy of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) measurements is critical, particularly in neurologic diseases and cancer. NSE measurements are compromised by slight, even invisible, hemolysis, which can produce apparently higher NSE levels, leading to inappropriate clinical decisions. In this article, we describe this issue and propose a solution for avoiding incorrect results.

Methods:

Twenty blood samples from donors with NSE values that were within the reference interval were considered. Experimental hemolysis was induced in vitro to examine the relationship between the degree of hemolysis and the increase in serum NSE. The data were then subjected to statistical analysis.

Results:

There was excellent correlation ( r2 0.953) between the degree of hemolysis and the rise in NSE concentration. Each hemolysis unit (equal to 1 mg/dL of free hemoglobin) corresponded to a mean value of 0.29 ± 0.09 ng/mL NSE that was released from red blood cells.

Conclusion:

The hemolysis index must be measured in every sample with no evident hemolysis before assaying it for NSE. Moreover, if the degree of hemolysis is between 5 and 30 units, the increase in NSE (from 1.5 to 9.0 ng/mL) must be calculated, and the laboratory results should be appended with comments that suggest the approximate rise in NSE.
Development and Implementation of a Multi-Level Roadway Segmentation Methodology
Authors: Omrani Reza , Shalaby Amer , Nikolic Goran , Hadayeghi Ali
Published: August 2019

The reliability and applicability of traffic operation analyses depends on their ability to integrate relevant input from disparate databases in a seamless and automated manner. Inputs include information on road geometry, traffic composition, and spatial referencing. These databases are collected by different agencies for different purposes. As a result, a common definition of roadway segments is lacking across various applications. This paper developed a systematic segmentation methodology that considers the needs of various operational and planning studies. A multi-level dynamic segmentation approach has been developed to address different levels of requirements for various studies: at the micro level, referring to the smallest roadway segmentation for traffic simulation studies; at the meso level, representing a combination of several micro segments for traffic operation studies; and, at the macro level, corresponding to planning studies. In this paper, the proposed methodology for the segmentation of freeway and arterial corridors in Ontario (Canada) is demonstrated. At each level, several criteria were selected to identify the locations where the roadway network needs stringent analysis. Next, a pilot study was designed to evaluate the proposed methodology. It was found that the new segmentation methodology can successfully identify areas of congestion and queue growth/dissipation. Finally, the proposed segmentation methodology was implemented for more than 6000 km of Ontario’s roadway network. The results of this study can assist researchers and road agencies with defining a systematic roadway segmentation that can be utilized for different types of projects, ranging from traffic operation to planning studies.
Reversing the Lens: Assessing the Use of Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey in Public Administration Research
Authors: Resh William , Moldogaziev Tima , Fernandez Sergio , Leslie Colin Angus
Published: August 2019

Despite the proliferation of published work using the U.S. Office of Personnel Management’s (OPM) Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS) data, the scholarly community to date lacks a review of the practices and value associated with how scholars have used the survey data in their research. We turn a lens at the public administration research that has used the FEVS to this point. We assess the extent to which peer-reviewed studies follow the fundamental criteria of conducting empirical studies using survey data—from accepted guidelines and practices for preinferential evaluations of survey data to the reporting of baseline and advanced standards and practices of analytical methods for measurement and quantitative analysis. Our review provides an overarching appraisement of public management scholarship employing the FEVS, which can strengthen the partnership between OPM and public administration scholars as they jointly continue improving the survey instrument and pursue questions critical to effective governance.
Sharing the pain? An examination of CEO and executive compensation of publicly traded newspaper companies
Authors: Soloski John , Martin Hugh J.
Published: August 2019

This study examines the compensation of newspaper company chief executive officers (CEOs) and other top executives, comparing compensation with key measures of the companies’ financial performance and employment levels. Fixed-effect regressions found only a small relationship between CEO pay and companies’ market value for 2000 to 2013. There was no relationship between pay and return-on-assets or return-on-equity. Unobserved characteristics of individual companies are associated with CEO pay. The implications for the financial health of newspaper companies are discussed.
Would You Be Surprised if This Patient Died in the Next 12 Months? Using the Surprise Question to Increase Palliative Care Consults From the Emergency Department
Authors: Zeng Henry , Eugene Paul , Supino Mark
Published: August 2019

Background:

There is a growing movement to increase palliative care consults from the emergency department (ED) to reduce healthcare costs and improve quality of life. The surprise question is a screening tool that emergency medicine physicians may be able to use towards achieving this goal.

Objective:

The objectives of this study were to increase awareness of hospice and palliative care medicine (HPM) among emergency medicine (EM) providers and to evaluate whether this heightened awareness increased palliative care consults among participating emergency medicine providers.

Methods:

We conducted an anonymous convenience sample survey and two educational interventions about HPM including the surprise question among emergency medicine resident and attending physicians at a large urban public academic quaternary care center from July to November 2018. A report of palliative care consults ordered between August 1, 2017 and January 1, 2019 was generated from the electronic health records used by the hospital. The number of palliative care consults made before and after the educational intervention was compared.

Results:

After the first educational intervention centered on the surprise question, palliative care consults from the ED increased from an average of 2.25 per month (range 0 to 8, SD: 2.38) to 12.67 per month (range 9 to 19, SD: 4.01, p < .001).

Conclusion:

Educating EM physicians about the surprise question can increase the number of palliative care consults from the ED, thereby potentially improving patient care and decreasing costs by avoiding unwanted healthcare interventions.
Further Delineation of Pyridoxine-Responsive Pyridoxine Phosphate Oxidase Deficiency Epilepsy: Report of a New Case and Review of the Literature With Genotype-Phenotype Correlation
Authors: Lugli Licia , Bariola Maria Carolina , Ori Luca , Lucaccioni Laura , Berardi Alberto , Ferrari Fabrizio
Published: August 2019

In recent years, the clinical spectrum of pyridoxine phosphate oxidase (PNPO) deficiency has broadened. There are a growing number of patients with a transient or lasting response to pyridoxine in addition to cases that respond more traditionally to pyridoxal-phosphate. However, among pyridoxine-responsive patients with PNPO gene mutation, there are only a few reports on electroencephalogram (EEG) ictal/interictal patterns, and data regarding the outcomes are inconsistent. We describe a case of neonatal onset epilepsy with missense mutation c(674G>A) p(R225 H) in PNPO gene and pyridoxine responsiveness. Comparing this patient with 24 cases of previously described pyridoxine-responsive pyridoxine phosphate oxidase deficiency epilepsy, we found that patients carrying the missense mutation c(674G>A) p(R225 H) of the PNPO gene might have a more severe epileptic phenotype, possibly because of their lower residual PNPO activity. Indeed, pyridoxine-responsive pyridoxine phosphate oxidase deficiency epilepsy remains a challenge, with neurodevelopmental disabilities occurring in about half of the cases.
Including Assets-Based Mitigation in Sentencing
Authors: Vartkessian Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2019

Mitigation evidence consists of information about an accused person that is typically used to advocate for a less severe sentence. Such evidence most frequently consists of information related to the crime and personal factors that can be separated into two broad categories: deficits and assets-based mitigation. This article focuses on the importance of assets-based mitigation in sentencing and evaluates if and how state sentencing procedures contemplate and allow for consideration of such evidence. A content analysis of available state sentencing procedures reveals that states tend to circumscribe mitigation to factors related to the crime or deficits, but largely neglect to give a vehicle to consider assets-based mitigation, which should play a central role in achieving just outcomes. This article therefore argues for reform to sentencing laws to better accommodate assets-based mitigation by including information related to the defendant’s capacity for growth, self-improvement, and redemption.
1865 and the disenchantment of empire
Authors: Antwi Phanuel , Cummings Ronald
Published: August 2019

This article contextualizes 1865 as a key moment in global history and in the world of the British Empire. Central to this discussion is a theorization of the concept of keydates, which is developed through a reconsideration of Raymond Williams’ important cultural studies text Keywords. Taking 1865 as an important keydate, the authors examine how temporality as an organizing hermeneutic and as a site of study might function to reorient discussions in specific fields of area studies and reimagine fixed projects (those of the nation, empire, identity, genre, geography and so on). The authors also explore the uses of the concept of disenchantment of empire as a way of contextualizing the sensibility of the age of the late 19th century and 1865 in particular. However, this work marks out an important distinction between the disenchantment of empire and Max Weber’s question of the ‘disenchantment of the world’. If the disenchantment of the world is about rationalization and secularization, the authors suggest disenchantment of empire as a possibility for rethinking structures of empire in terms of disorienting outcomes.
1865 and the Incomplete Caribbean Emancipation Project: Class Migration in Barbados in the Long Nineteenth century
Authors: Banton Caree Ann Marie
Published: August 2019

The year 1865 has served a temporal marker of freedom in both the USA and the Caribbean. For African Americans who sought various means to escape the travails of an American slave society, 1865 symbolized the possibilities for a future secured by legislation. By contrast, instead of optimism, 1865 in the British Caribbean signaled demise, failure, and gloomy prospects for the future of an already 30-year-old emancipation legislation passed by parliament. It thereby came to mark a point of renewed resistance. While the Morant Bay Rebellion played a prominent role in symbolizing the failures of the 1833 Emancipation Act in Jamaica, everyday Barbadians had maintained the quest for liberty in the years leading up to 1865 and after. Indeed, as a point of legislative, economic and political collapse, the 1865 upheaval, by serving as a highpoint, reveals the connections between everyday resistance that flanked both sides. Viewing the failures of the emancipation legislation through the 1865 Morant Bay Rebellion, a temporally specific and spatially bounded phenomenon, would be to dismiss the quotidian efforts of the different social groups as they pushed against the boundaries erected around freedom. By exploring the different motivations and calculations by which different groups of Barbadians came to view migration as desirable after both 1834 and 1865, this essay shows how 1865 instead served as a point of continuity for different social classes in Barbados who had long used mobility to vigorously reimagine and transgress the boundaries around freedom throughout the long nineteenth century.
Energy saving potentials of modern powertrains utilizing predictive driving algorithms in different traffic scenarios
Authors: Wegener Marius , Plum Thorsten , Eisenbarth Markus , Andert Jakob
Published: August 2019

In this article, we analyze the interaction between powertrain technology, predictive driving functionalities, and inner-city traffic conditions. A model predictive velocity control algorithm is developed that utilizes dynamic traffic data as well as static route information to optimize the future trajectory of the considered ego-vehicle. This controller is then integrated into a state-of-the-art simulation environment for automated driving functionalities to calculate energy saving potentials for vehicles with a conventional gasoline engine powertrain and a P3-hybrid powertrain configuration as well as for a battery electric vehicle based on real driving measurements. The comparison of these powertrains under various traffic conditions shows that all three technologies profit from predictive driving functionalities. The determined reduction in energy demand ranges from 15% to more than 40%, but it is highly dependent on the boundary conditions and the selected powertrain technology. Specifically, it is shown that electrified powertrains can profit the most when the time-gap to the preceding vehicle is maintained at a high level. For a conventional powertrain, this effect is less pronounced and can be attributed to the efficiency characteristics of gasoline engines. It can be concluded that the development of advanced predictive driving functionalities requires microscopic simulation of inner-city traffic to achieve optimum results with regard to energy consumption.
Transcending utility? The gendered conflicts of a contemporary creative identification
Authors: Taylor Stephanie , Paludan Marie
Published: August 2019

The late 20th and early 21st centuries have been described as an age of creativity in affluent Western societies because of the increased popularity of the visual arts and the expansion of the global sector of the creative and cultural industries (CCI). The psychology of creativity has contributed new conceptualisations of creativity and creative processes, challenging associations that derive from the elite arts. This article investigates the implications of these changes for the gendering of creativity and creative practice. It asks if contemporary reconceptualisations of creativity open new possibilities for women to identify as creative practitioners. The article presents a critical discursive study of interviews with UK women maker-artists. The analysis shows how the women emphasise the practical applications or utility of their creative practice. A claim of utility can function to justify the practice. In addition, a claim of therapeutic utility, for others and for the artist herself, potentially addresses the neoliberal priority that people take responsibility for their personal well-being. However, the justification of utility contrasts with the creative vocation associated with the masculine elite artist who pursues “art for art’s sake”. The justification can therefore be seen to undermine the women’s creative identifications, reinstating the conventionally masculine status of creativity and the arts.
Keys to Recruiting and Retaining Seriously Ill African Americans With Sickle Cell Disease in Longitudinal Studies: Respectful Engagement and Persistence
Authors: Suarez Marie L. , Schlaeger Judith M. , Angulo Veronica , Shuey David A. , Carrasco Jesus , Roach Keesha L. , Ezenwa Miriam O. , Yao Yingwei , Wang Zaijie Jim , Molokie Robert E. , Wilkie Diana J.
Published: August 2019

Objectives:

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a serious illness with disabling acute and chronic pain that needs better therapies, but insufficient patient participation in research is a major impediment to advancing SCD pain management. The purpose of this article is to discuss the challenges of conducting an SCD study and approaches to successfully overcoming those challenges.

Design:

In a repeated-measures, longitudinal study designed to characterize SCD pain phenotypes, we recruited 311 adults of African ancestry. Adults with SCD completed 4 study visits 6 months apart, and age- and gender-matched healthy controls completed 1 visit.

Results:

We recruited and completed measures on 186 patients with SCD and 125 healthy controls. We retained 151 patients with SCD with data at 4 time points over 18 months and 125 healthy controls (1 time point) but encountered many challenges in recruitment and study visit completion. Enrollment delays often arose from patients’ difficulty in taking time from their complicated lives and frequent pain episodes. Once scheduled, participants with SCD cancelled 49% of visits often because of pain; controls canceled 30% of their scheduled visits. To facilitate recruitment and retention, we implemented a number of strategies that were invaluable in our success.

Conclusion:

Patients’ struggles with illness, chronic pain, and their life situations resulted in many challenges to recruitment and completion of study visits. Important to overcoming challenges was gaining the trust of patients with SCD and a participant-centered approach. Early identification of potential problems allowed strategies to be instituted proactively, leading to success.
Adherence to Orthodontic Treatment in Youth With Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Crerand Canice E. , Da Silveira Adriana C. , Kapa Hillary , Litteral Jennifer , Markey Mia K. , Mercado Ana , Scott Michelle
Published: August 2019

Objective:

To identify rates of nonadherence to orthodontic treatment among youth with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of patients categorized as adherent or nonadherent.

Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Setting:

Orthodontic treatment program affiliated with a US pediatric hospital-based craniofacial team.

Participants:

Medical charts of 54 patients with CL/P beginning phase I or phase II orthodontics between 2011 and 2014 (54% male; mean age: 11.7 ± 3.2 years) were reviewed.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Data abstracted included demographic and clinical characteristics. Patients were classified as nonadherent based upon treatment termination due to nonadherence, treatment courses extending beyond 3 years, and information about missed appointments, poor oral hygiene, and broken appliances.

Results:

In all, 24% had treatment terminated due to nonadherence and were significantly more likely to have behavioral health diagnoses ( P = .01) or visits ( P = .02) and social work consults ( P = .01) than patients without termination. Thirty-seven percent had treatment courses beyond 3 years; youth with longer courses were significantly more likely to have cleft lip and palate versus cleft palate only or cleft lip ( P = .03). Patients who missed more than 4 appointments were less likely to have behavioral health diagnoses ( P < .01) compared to those with fewer missed appointments. Poor hygiene and broken appliance notations were common. Youth with poor hygiene notations were significantly older ( P < .01) at treatment initiation than those without notations.

Conclusions:

Nonadherence was associated with diagnosis, age, and history of behavioral health or social work involvement. An understanding of adherence and relationships with clinical and demographic factors can inform clinical care and support intervention development to improve outcomes.
Using Peer Education to Promote Psychosocial and Occupational Health and Empowerment Among Female Sex Workers in Nepal
Authors: Menger-Ogle Lauren M. , Kaufman Michelle R. , Fisher Gwenith G. , Ryan Elizabeth P. , Stallones Lorann
Published: August 2019

Female sex workers (FSWs) in Nepal are vulnerable to an array of occupational risks, which may compromise their psychosocial health and ability to engage in protective behaviors. A peer education (PE) intervention designed to empower and promote the psychosocial health of FSWs was pilot tested in Kathmandu, Nepal. FSWs who were exposed to the PE intervention ( n = 96) had significantly higher scores on psychosocial health knowledge, perceived self-efficacy and ability to access resources, happiness, and job control compared with those who were not ( n = 64). PE may be a promising way to promote psychosocial health and empowerment among FSWs.
The electro-mechanics of a coating/substrate system under charged spherical contact
Authors: Hou PF , Zhang WH
Published: August 2019

A general theory of the piezo-electric contact mechanics for a transversely isotropic piezo-electric elasticity coated system (TIPECS) under charged spherical contact is presented. Three-dimensional exact solutions for the stresses, displacements, electric displacements and electric potential are derived. The contact radius versus the total load relation is obtained to guide the indentation experiments. The relations of coating thickness versus voltage and coating thickness versus voltage are studied. The optimal thickness can be determined with an optimization procedure. The interfacial delamination area of the TIPECS can be predicted with the interfacial failure criterion. The theoretical results are helpful for the prediction of some transient electrical effects, which can be combined with experiments to estimate some elastic constants, dielectric constants and piezo-electric constants in the indentation process.
Leniency for Lethal Ladies: Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model to Examine Gender-Based Sentencing Disparities
Authors: Fridel Emma E.
Published: August 2019

Research has shown that female offenders typically receive differential treatment in the criminal justice system in comparison to their male counterparts, even for extreme crimes like murder. This study compares the criminal sentences of 300 homicide offenders who killed at least two victims with a single co-offender (150 pairs) within their dyads using the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) to determine if gender has an effect on leniency for even the most extreme crimes. Women were less likely to receive the harshest possible punishment, regardless of their partner’s gender. These findings provide support for the female leniency effect, suggesting that gender bias continues to influence sentencing decisions for homicide.