bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Development
Authors: Landau Carol
Published: June 2020

This chapter presents an overview of adolescent development, reviews the history of psychological approaches to adolescence, and examines some of the myths about adolescence. Contrary to the myths, most young people do want to communicate with their parents, and it is possible to set limits in this digital age. Styles of parenting—authoritarian, authoritative, and indulgent—are examined with respect to setting limits. Puberty is but one factor in the totality of adolescent development. There is variability in development, based on gender, culture, and socioeconomic status. Boys’ and young men’s limitations in emotional expression and communication problems and young women’s body dissatisfaction are discussed as barriers to healthy development.
Self-Regulation
Authors: Landau Carol
Published: June 2020

This chapter, on self-regulation, covers student sleep issues, nutrition, and physical activity. Most students in both high school and college are sleep deprived, and this can be a major disruptor of mood. Stress, school schedules, and too much screen time have disrupted sleep. The typical American diet with fast food, high sugar, fat, and additives has been a factor implicated in the development of depression. Americans get much less physical activity than is recommended for optimal health. This is unfortunate, because physical activity both helps prevent and has been shown to be a treatment for mild and moderate depression. Teaching and modeling self-regulation will help students as they go away to college. The relative lack of structure in college requires greater independence. Female body dissatisfaction, which can lead to self-criticism and distorted eating patterns, is identified as a major force of dysregulation, and suggestions are made for promoting body-positive attitude and behaviors.
Growing Up Different
Authors: Landau Carol
Published: June 2020

Most adolescents are worried about being different and not fitting in. In this chapter, two groups that are subject to ostracism and harassment are described—LGBTQ and overweight students. Both groups have higher rates of depression, and LGBTQ students have higher rates of suicide attempts, with more than half of transgender males and nearly a third of transgender females reporting having attempted suicide in their lifetime. Included in this chapter is a description of current vocabulary about LGBTQ issues. There are conversations parents can have with both groups of students, and the chapter suggests comments to avoid making. Parents also need to self-reflect on their own biases. Overweight teens frequently are harassed, shamed, and discriminated against. Bullying of both groups is also described, along with a current college student’s story of his torturous days in high school. The need for family support is emphasized as well as the role of advocacy. For example, school systems need to establish a zero-tolerance policy toward bullying and be consistent in its implementation.
No Shame, No Stigma
Authors: Landau Carol
Published: June 2020

This chapter helps parents decide when their student needs psychological help and, if so, how to arrange it. The role of the primary care professional is crucially important, to examine medical illnesses and medications that might cause depression. In addition, primary healthcare professionals are increasingly able to diagnose psychiatric disorders and provide referrals for mental health problems. Parents need to ensure that a mental health professional is licensed, experienced with adolescents, and trained in cognitive behavior therapy or interpersonal therapy, the therapies with effectiveness in treating depression. The advantages and disadvantages of antidepressant medications are detailed. The chapter also includes a section on suicide and how to talk about it. Two cases of teens seeking consultation are described, along with their parents’ concerns. Vignettes about talking to reluctant teens about therapy are included.
College as a Land of Opportunity
Authors: Landau Carol
Published: June 2020

College is a fantastic opportunity. For most parents, the goal of a good college selection is that their student will learn and thrive in that environment. The three elements necessary for happiness and success in college are a relationship with friends, ongoing communication with parents, and relationships with faculty or mentors. Although parents are no longer present, continued connection is important but needs to be weighed against a student’s need for increasing levels of independence. Students need some room to develop the skills of self-regulation, assertiveness, and self-efficacy to solve problems themselves with supportive parents in the background. The four years of college are a process of development also and the chapter reveals the predictable social issues that occur during this time.
GBD
Authors: Vos Theo
Published: June 2020

This chapter describes the motivation behind and history of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) and the approach it uses to measure population health. It discusses several of the value choices involved in the GBD (including choice of life expectancy, disability weights, comorbidity, and incidence vs. prevalence perspective), technical details involved in producing GBD results (including modeling techniques, data synthesis, and data analysis), several key metrics used by the GBD, and the GBD’s online data visualization tools. It concludes by briefly discussing some important empirical results from the most recent GBD study, before reflecting on the future of the GBD.
Ethical Dimensions of the Global Burden of Disease
Authors: Murray Christopher J. L. , Schroeder S. Andrew
Published: June 2020

This chapter suggests that descriptive epidemiological studies like the Global Burden of Disease Study can usefully be divided into four tasks: describing individuals’ health states over time, assessing their health states under a range of counterfactual scenarios, summarizing the information collected, and then packaging it for presentation. The authors show that each of these tasks raises important and challenging ethical questions. They comment on some of the philosophical issues involved in measuring health states, attributing causes to health outcomes, choosing the counterfactual against which to assess causes, aggregating and summarizing complex information across multiple domains, discounting, age-weighting, handling fetal deaths, measuring health inequalities, representing uncertainty, and assessing personal responsibility for health outcomes.
Health Can Be Measured
Authors: Salomon Joshua A.
Published: June 2020

This chapter defends the view that it is possible to measure the quantity of health and not simply the value of health and that the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) shows how this might be done. The author begins by offering a brief introduction to the GBD, focusing in particular on the evolution of measurement constructs and approaches pertaining to disability weights over the first several iterations of the GBD. The author then describes the new approach to disability weights measurement taken in the GBD 2010 study. Based on this, the chapter presents a conceptual framework and empirical evidence to support the claim that it is possible to measure quantities of health.
Reintroduction to Medicine and Neurology in Montreal
Authors: Caplan Louis R.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This chapter describes Fisher’s reintroduction to civilian life. His refresher course was in Montreal, Canada, at the Royal Victoria Hospital and the Montreal Neurological Institute, also called the “Neuro.” The history of the Neuro and its principal figure, Dr. Wilder Penfield, are also described. Academic medicine and research were well established in Montreal by the mid-20th century. The two fields and disciplines that were to be the cornerstone of Fisher’s later career, pathology and neurology, were among the centerpieces of medicine in Montreal at the time Fisher began his retraining in 1945. It was during these early post-war years that Fisher was introduced to and became interested in neurology.
Boston and Massachusetts General Hospital
Authors: Caplan Louis R.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This chapter describes Fisher’s main personality characteristics, his modus operandi, and the rules and procedures that characterized his performance after he came to Boston in 1954. The history and milieu at Massachusetts General Hospital are described. The development and evolution of the stroke service at Massachusetts General Hospital and Fisher’s colleagues, especially Raymond Adams and Pierson Richardson, are highlighted. Fisher considered his clinical and laboratory work a full-time job, meaning early in the morning until late at night at least 6 days a week and often all 7 days. During his time in Montreal and his career at MGH, he considered that his main work in life was neurology and stroke.
Genetic Mutations and Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Hinkle Jared , Butala Ankur , Parfenov Valeriy , Mills Kelly A. , Mari Zoltan
Published: June 2020

Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rest tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. While most cases of PD are sporadic in nature, cases secondary to genetic mutations have been identified. These are typically monogenic and often present as early-onset or juvenile-onset PD. While rare, individuals with PD may harbor multiple pathogenic variants in PD-linked genes, potentially leading to more severe presentations. This chapter reviews available data regarding deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets and DBS outcomes in cases that are genetically proved to be PD. We report a patient with juvenile-onset PD whose course featured severe peak-dose dyskinesias and generalized off dystonias. Genetic testing supported a rare diagnosis of digenic PD, with homogenous deletions in PRKN (Parkin) and a single transition in PARK6 (PINK1). Bilateral DBS electrodes were implanted into the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi), leading to significant amelioration of both off and on symptoms.
Deep Brain Stimulation–Responsive Camptocormia in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Call Elena , Bronte-Stewart Helen
Published: June 2020

Camptocormia, involuntary flexion of the spine, is aggravated by action and improves when supine, if there is no skeletal deformity. Camptocormia in Parkinson disease (PD) is frequently refractory to dopaminergic medication. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used to treat camptocormia with variable results. We present a PD patient with no camptocormia in the supine position but with progressive thoracic trunk flexion to about 90 degrees as he stood up. He had profound gait impairment and freezing of gait (FOG) off medication, but gait and FOG improved on medication. Camptocormia improved to about 30 degrees, but he had severe dyskinesias. Because he had no skeletal deformity, improved on medication, and had dyskinesias, he had bilateral 130 Hz subthalamic (STN) DBS. His Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III improved from 37 to 13 (off medication/on DBS), and after 14 months his camptocormia had resolved. Camptocormia that is responsive to dopaminergic medication, without a skeletal deformity, may respond to bilateral high-frequency STN DBS.
Expected Improvement in Sleep Quality and Unexpected Improvement in Severe Nightmares After Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Yang Laurice
Published: June 2020

Managing nonmotor symptoms plays a vital role in the quality of life of patients with Parkinson disease (PD); however, it has been unclear whether deep brain stimulation (DBS) can improve these symptoms. Evidence about the effects of nonmotor symptoms from DBS is limited and has mostly focused on mood and other psychological concerns. However, nonmotor symptoms involve a large array of issues, such as constipation, urinary issues, blood pressure lability, mood disorder, rapid eye movement disorder, insomnia, and vivid dreams. In some cases, nonmotor symptoms dramatically affect the quality of life and threaten a patient’s independence more than the motor symptoms themselves. This chapter presents a case in which a patient with PD had experienced lifelong nightmares. He underwent DBS surgery, and shortly thereafter, his nightmares had mostly resolved.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Medication-Refractory Aggressive and Injurious Behavior
Authors: Bernal-Pacheco Oscar , Martinez Perez Adriana , Fonseca-Ramos Mary
Published: June 2020

Aggressiveness, defined as violent and angry behavior, is a special and challenging condition that is encountered in medicine. There is frequently involvement of the patient with self-aggressiveness and automutilation, and there may be a history in relatives. Allied health personal and others may be affected by injuries and trauma caused by the patient. Lesioning of the posterior hypothalamus (PHyp) is a technique that was used successfully to control aggressiveness 40 years ago. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been recently used for treatment of motor symptoms of movement disorders as well as for some psychiatric diseases, and groups have also suggested that it may be useful for aggressive behavior in select circumstances. This chapter reports the case of a patient with uncontrollable aggressiveness and the implantation of DBS in the PHyp. In this case, the DBS also helped to control epilepsy and to focus attention.
Oxford Handbook of General Practice
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Francoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle
Published: June 2020

The Oxford Handbook of General Practice offers hands-on advice to help with any day-to-day problems that might arise in general practice, and covers the entire breadth and depth of general practice in concise, quick-reference topics. It starts by exploring the definition of general practice, and moves on to practical advice on practice management, consulting with patients, social aspects of primary care, and prescribing and managing medicines. It gives practical advice on all clinical areas of general practice, including minor surgery, healthy living, chronic disease and elderly care, cardiology and vascular disease, respiratory medicine, endocrinology, gastrointestinal medicine, renal medicine and urology, musculoskeletal problems, neurology, dermatology, infectious disease, haematology and immunology, breast disease, gynaecology, sexual health and contraception, pregnancy, child health, ear, nose, and throat medicine, ophthalmology, mental health, cancer care, palliative care, and emergencies in general practice. It is written for general practitioners (GP), GPs in training, medical students, and allied health professionals working in the community.
Practice management
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle
Published: June 2020

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice discusses all aspects of GP practice management, including GPs as managers, contracts and payments, partnership agreements, practice premises, practice staff, registration of patients, out-of-hours services, patient records, confidentiality, consent, complaints, quality improvement, audit and research, and outcome measures for primary care
Consulting with patients
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle
Published: June 2020

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores everything you need to know about consulting with patients. It includes the consultation itself and consultation models, telephone consulting and home visits, referrals and electronic media, the doctor’s bag, evidence-informed decision-making, guidelines, protocols and integrated care pathways, breaking bad news, confirmation and certification of death, and organ donation.
Respiratory medicine
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle
Published: June 2020

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores respiratory medicine in general practice. It covers breathlessness, cough, chest signs, and other signs of respiratory disease. It examines asthma in adults, bronchodilators and steroids, asthma management in practice, and drug treatment of asthma, as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute exacerbations of COPD. It discusses lung cancer, colds and influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis and Kartagener syndrome, diffuse parenchymal lung disease, occupational lung disease, and snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea.
Breast disease
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle
Published: June 2020

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores breast disease in general practice. It covers breast symptoms, benign breast disease, breast cancer screening, risk factors for breast cancer, and diagnosis and care for breast cancer.
Pregnancy
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle
Published: June 2020

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores pregnancy in general practice. It covers pre-conception and early pregnancy counselling through to labour and postnatal care. It discusses bleeding in early pregnancy, haemolytic disease and rhesus isoimmunization, antenatal care, health promotion for pregnant women, and advice on location of delivery. It explores screening and medical conditions seen in pregnancy, including specific antenatal screening tests, common symptoms, pruritus and rashes, hypertension, diabetes, and epilepsy. It examines intrauterine growth, multiple pregnancy and malpresentation, and ante- and postpartum haemorrhage. It also discusses common postnatal problems, stillbirth, and neonatal death.
Palliative care
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle
Published: June 2020

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores palliative care in general practice. It covers pain control and general debility, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal problems. It discusses skin, neurological, orthopaedic, respiratory, haematological, and vascular problems. It also explores problems with mental well-being and examines the last 48 hours and the role of syringe drivers.
Including massive neutrinos in thermal Sunyaev Zeldovich power spectrum and cluster counts analyses
Authors: Bolliet Boris , Brinckmann Thejs , Chluba Jens , Lesgourgues Julien
Published: June 2020

We consistently include the effect of massive neutrinos in the thermal Sunyaev Zeldovich (SZ) power spectrum and cluster counts analyses, highlighting subtle dependencies on the total neutrino mass and data combination. In particular, we find that using the transfer functions for cold dark matter (CDM) + baryons in the computation of the halo mass function, instead of the transfer functions including neutrino perturbations, as prescribed in recent work, yields an ≈0.25 per cent downward shift of the σ8 constraint from tSZ power spectrum data, with a fiducial neutrino mass Σmν = 0.06 eV. In ΛCDM, with an X-ray mass bias corresponding to the expected hydrostatic mass bias, i.e. (1 − b) ≃ 0.8, our constraints from Planck SZ data are consistent with the latest results from SPT, DES-Y1, and KiDS+VIKING-450. In νΛCDM, our joint analyses of Planck SZ with Planck 2015 primary CMB yield a small improvement on the total neutrino mass bound compared to the Planck 2015 primary CMB constraint, as well as (1 − b) = 0.64 ± 0.04 (68 per cent CL). For forecasts, we find that competitive neutrino mass measurements using cosmic variance limited SZ power spectrum require masking the heaviest clusters and probing the small-scale SZ power spectrum up to ℓmax ≈ 104. Although this is challenging, we find that SZ power spectrum can realistically be used to tightly constrain intracluster medium properties: we forecast a 2 per cent determination of the X-ray mass bias by combining CMB-S4 and our mock SZ power spectrum with ℓmax = 103.
Centroid frequency ratios of simultaneous low-frequency QPOs in black hole low-mass X-ray binaries
Authors: van Doesburgh Marieke , van der Klis Michiel
Published: June 2020

We measure the centroid frequency ratios of simultaneous quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) that occur at low frequency (0.1–30 Hz) in a selection of accreting black hole (BH) low-mass X-ray binaries. We use all data in the RXTE archive on GX 339–4, GRO J1655–40, 4U 1630–47, XTE J1550–564, and H 1743–322. We select the power spectra that show at least two simultaneous QPOs, and empirically divide them into four main categories, whose occurrence correlates systematically to X-ray spectral state. In the hard/hard-intermediate state, all sources show sets of QPO peaks with near-harmonic frequency relations, which we measure as precisely as possible using an improved analysis method. We find small but significant offsets from purely harmonic frequency relations that in most cases can be explained by the fit function not describing the QPOs accurately; for some QPO pairs, however, the ‘sub-harmonic’ is at a higher frequency than expected. In the intermediate and ultraluminous states, in all sources we find non-harmonic QPO pairs, some previously reported. We distinguish several different types of non-harmonic QPO pairs that occur across sources. We discuss these findings in the framework of classification schemes and models proposed for black hole low-frequency QPOs. We conclude that the phenomenology of the frequency ratios indicates that in addition to the physical mechanism (possibly precession) explaining the common harmonically related sets of (Type B and C) QPO peaks, at least one additional mechanism is required to explain the occurrence of pairs of QPOs in other states that are not only not harmonically related, but also stand out by the absence of harmonics to either of them.
Spin parity of spiral galaxies II: a catalogue of 80 k spiral galaxies using big data from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey and deep learning
Authors: Tadaki Ken-ichi , Iye Masanori , Fukumoto Hideya , Hayashi Masao , Rusu Cristian E , Shimakawa Rhythm , Tosaki Tomoka
Published: June 2020

We report an automated morphological classification of galaxies into S-wise spirals, Z-wise spirals, and non-spirals using big image data taken from Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Survey and a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning technique. The HSC i-band images are about 36 times deeper than those from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and have a two times higher spatial resolution, allowing us to identify substructures such as spiral arms and bars in galaxies at z > 0.1. We train CNN classifiers by using HSC images of 1447 S-spirals, 1382 Z-spirals, and 51 650 non-spirals. As the number of images in each class is unbalanced, we augment the data of spiral galaxies by horizontal flipping, rotation, and rescaling of images to make the numbers of three classes similar. The trained CNN models correctly classify 97.5 per cent of the validation data, which is not used for training. We apply the CNNs to HSC images of a half million galaxies with an i-band magnitude of i < 20 over an area of 320 deg2. 37 917 S-spirals and 38 718 Z-spirals are identified, indicating no significant difference between the numbers of two classes. Among a total of 76 635 spiral galaxies, 48 576 are located at z > 0.2, where we are hardly able to identify spiral arms in the SDSS images. Our attempt demonstrates that a combination of the HSC big data and CNNs has a large potential to classify various types of morphology such as bars, mergers, and strongly lensed objects.
Nutritional status, hyperkalaemia and attainment of energy/protein intake targets in haemodialysis patients following plant-based diets: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: González-Ortiz Ailema , Xu Hong , Ramos-Acevedo Samuel , Avesani Carla M , Lindholm Bengt , Correa-Rotter Ricardo , Espinosa-Cuevas Ángeles , Carrero Juan Jesús
Published: June 2020

Background

Patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD) are often discouraged from eating fruits and vegetables because of fears of hyperkalaemia and undernutrition, yet evidence to support these claims is scarce. We here explore the association between adherence to a healthy plant-based diet with serum potassium, surrogates of nutritional status and attainment of energy/protein intake targets in HD patients.

Methods

We performed an observational single-centre study of stable patients undergoing HD with repeated dietary assessment every 3 months. Patients were provided with personalized nutritional counselling according to current guidelines. The diet was evaluated by 3-day food records and characterized by a healthy plant-based diet score (HPDS), which scores positively the intake of plant foods and negatively animal foods and sugar. The malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) and serum potassium were also assessed at each visit. We used mixed-effects models to evaluate the association of the HPDS with markers of nutritional status, serum potassium levels and attainment of energy/protein intake targets.

Results

After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 150 patients contributing to 470 trimestral observations were included. Their mean age was 42 years [standard deviation (SD) 18] and 59% were women. In multivariable models, a higher HPDS was not associated with serum potassium levels or odds of hyperkalaemia {potassium >5.5 mEq/L; odds ratio [OR] 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–1.07] per HPDS unit higher}. Patients with a higher HPDS did not differ in terms of energy intake [OR for consuming <30 kcal/kg day 1.05 (95% CI 0.97–1.13)] but were at risk of low protein intake [OR for consuming <1.1 g of protein/kg/day 1.11 (95% CI 1.04–1.19)]. A higher HPDS was associated with a lower MIS, indicating better nutritional status.

Conclusions

In patients undergoing HD, adherence to a healthy plant-based diet was not associated with serum potassium, hyperkalaemia or differences in energy intake. Although these patients were less likely to reach daily protein intake targets, they appeared to associate with better nutritional status over time.
Generalized Bloch band theory for non-Hermitian bulk–boundary correspondence
Authors: Imura Ken-Ichiro , Takane Yositake
Published: June 2020

Bulk–boundary correspondence is the cornerstone of topological physics. In some non-Hermitian topological systems this fundamental relation is broken in the sense that the topological number calculated for the Bloch energy band under the periodic boundary condition fails to reproduce the boundary properties under the open boundary. To restore the bulk–boundary correspondence in such non-Hermitian systems a framework beyond the Bloch band theory is needed. We develop a non-Hermitian Bloch band theory based on a modified periodic boundary condition that allows a proper description of the bulk of a non-Hermitian topological insulator in a manner consistent with its boundary properties. Taking a non-Hermitian version of the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model as an example, we demonstrate our scenario, in which the concept of bulk–boundary correspondence is naturally generalized to non-Hermitian topological systems.
When to end the continuing violence against physicians in China
Authors: Si Yuhao
Published: June 2020

The trend of violent events against physicians remains ongoing in China. Doctors and medical institutions seem to be a weak side compared with patients and their relatives due to the media’s partial attitudes. Harsh laws that punish violent crimes are warranted to be promulgated to protect physicians’ safety in China.
Innovation and Informed Trading: Evidence from Industry ETFs
Authors: Huang Shiyang , O’Hara Maureen , Zhong Zhuo
Published: June 2020

We empirically examine the impact of industry exchange-traded funds (IETFs) on informed trading and market efficiency. We find that IETF short interest spikes simultaneously with hedge fund holdings on the member stock before positive earnings surprises, reflecting long-the-stock/short-the-ETF activity. This pattern is stronger among stocks with high industry risk exposure. A difference-in-difference analysis on the ETF inception event shows that IETFs reduce post-earnings-announcement drift more among stocks with high industry risk exposure, suggesting that IETFs improve market efficiency. We also find that the short interest ratio of IETFs positively predicts IETF returns, consistent with the hedging role of IETFs.
Access to paediatric rheumatology care in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: what do we know? A systematic review
Authors: Chausset Aurélie , Pereira Bruno , Echaubard Stéphane , Merlin Etienne , Freychet Caroline
Published: June 2020

Objective

This review examines time to access appropriate care for JIA patients and analyses the referral pathway before the first paediatric rheumatology (PR) visit. We also describe factors associated with a longer referral.

Methods

We performed a systematic literature review, screening electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane library and Open Grey database) up to February 2020. Articles written before 1994 (i.e. before the introduction of the unifying term JIA) were excluded.

Results

From 595 nonduplicate citations found, 15 articles were finally included in the review. Most of the studies took place in Europe. The median time to first PR visit ranged from 3 to 10 months, with some disparities between referral pathway and patient characteristics. Patients with systemic-onset JIA had the shortest time to referral. Some clinical and biological factors such as swelling, fever, and elevated CRP and/or ESR were associated with a shorter time to first PR visit. Conversely, enthesitis, older age at symptom onset or pain were associated with a longer time. Whatever the country or world region, and despite disparities in healthcare system organization and healthcare practitioner availabilities, times to access PR were not wide-ranging.

Conclusion

This is the first systematic review to summarize research on access to PR for JIA patients. The pathway of care for JIA patients remains complex, and reasons for delayed referral depend on several factors. Standardized clinical guidelines and fast-track pathways to facilitate prompt referral to specialized teams have to allow for worldwide disparities in healthcare provision.
Bayesian Inference of Species Trees using Diffusion Models
Authors: Stoltz Marnus , Baeumer Boris , Bouckaert Remco , Fox Colin , Hiscott Gordon , Bryant David
Published: June 2020

We describe a new and computationally efficient Bayesian methodology for inferring species trees and demographics from unlinked binary markers. Likelihood calculations are carried out using diffusion models of allele frequency dynamics combined with novel numerical algorithms. The diffusion approach allows for analysis of data sets containing hundreds or thousands of individuals. The method, which we call Snapper, has been implemented as part of the BEAST2 package. We conducted simulation experiments to assess numerical error, computational requirements, and accuracy recovering known model parameters. A reanalysis of soybean SNP data demonstrates that the models implemented in Snapp and Snapper can be difficult to distinguish in practice, a characteristic which we tested with further simulations. We demonstrate the scale of analysis possible using a SNP data set sampled from 399 fresh water turtles in 41 populations. [Bayesian inference; diffusion models; multi-species coalescent; SNP data; species trees; spectral methods.]
Evaluation of Corn Germplasm Accessions for Resistance to Clavibacter nebraskensis, Causal Agent of Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight
Authors: Mehl Kelsey M. , Mikel Mark A. , Bradley Carl A.
Published: June 2020

Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight of corn (Zea mays), caused by Clavibacter nebraskensis, is a reemerging disease in the Midwestern United States. From 2011 to 2013, field studies and a greenhouse study were conducted to assess the University of Illinois maize inbred collection for putative sources of resistance to Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight. This inbred collection consisted of over 2,000 diverse inbred corn lines that have been collected from all over the world. An initial field screen of over 1,000 inbred lines from the collection was conducted in Urbana, IL in 2011. These lines were inoculated with a C. nebraskensis cell suspension and rated for Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight severity using a 1-to-9 scale, with a score of 1 being most resistant. Means for Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight ratings ranged from 1 to 8.5. The initial screen identified over 150 lines that had high levels of resistance (severity score of ≤2.5). In total, 177 lines were used in the second stage of field screening. In the second stage, average Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight severity ranged from 1.1 to 7.4. Nine lines with high levels of resistance in 2011 and 2012 were advanced to the third stage of field screening. The mean Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight severity rating of the resistant lines in the last stage was 1.9, while the susceptible check had a mean score of 6.4. These nine lines were also used in the greenhouse to assess whether resistance varied based on inoculating roots, stems, or leaves. Disease severity was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less when roots were inoculated compared with both leaf and stem inoculations, which were not significantly different from each other. Lines having high levels of field resistance were also found to be resistant in greenhouse screening regardless of inoculation method. Clustering of pedigree distance of the 34 resistant lines (severity score of ≤2.5) with known pedigree information found that 21 clustered with the Lancaster heterotic family, 4 were related to the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic family, and 9 did not cluster with an identifiable heterotic family. These results show that the Lancaster family is an excellent source of Goss’s wilt resistance, and that fewer sources of resistance were found in other families. The most resistant lines identified from this research are potential sources of resistance to Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, and their lineage can be used in corn breeding programs to develop resistant hybrids.
Preventing Delirium in Older Adults in Institutional Long-Term Care
Authors: Whitehead Lisa
Published: June 2020

Editor's note: The mission of Cochrane Nursing is to provide an international evidence base for nurses involved in delivering, leading, or researching nursing care. Cochrane Corner provides summaries of recent systematic reviews from the Cochrane Library. For more information, see https://nursing.cochrane.org.
Epclusa Approved For Children With Hepatitis C
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: June 2020

Sofosbuvir–velpatasvir (Epclusa), a direct-acting antiviral combination drug previously approved to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) in adults, is now approved to treat HCV in children.

Nurses and NPs should confirm that patients have been tested for evidence of current or prior coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) before starting Epclusa, because the drug increases the risk of reactivation of HBV.
Perceived Barriers to Rapid Response Team Activation Among Nurses
Authors: Tilley Madison , Spencer Kathleen
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this literature review was to investigate the major barriers nurses face when it is necessary to seek additional assistance and resources by calling the rapid response team (RRT) in order to manage and stabilize a clinically deteriorating patient. A total of 40 articles were reviewed. Eight barriers were identified as having an impact on RRT activation, either causing a delay in activation time or preventing activation altogether: a lack of consistent RRT education among nurses, the established hierarchy in the hospital, an uncertainty about when to call the RRT if clinical deterioration is subtle or gradual rather than abrupt, a perceived need to justify a decision to call the RRT, the increased workload for both the ICU nurse and the medical–surgical nurse, negative past experiences with RRTs, an unsupportive unit culture, and less nursing experience. Suggestions for overcoming these barriers include RRT education for nurses and physicians in addition to fostering a supportive unit culture.
Antibiotics Don't Reduce Treatment-Failure Rate in Children With Suspected Pneumonia
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: June 2020

According to this study:

Among children with suspected community-acquired pneumonia who were discharged from the ED, outcomes were similar in those who did and did not receive antibiotics.

It may be possible to safely manage suspected pneumonia without using antibiotics in a greater number of children who are treated as outpatients.
An Executive Summary of the APTA Academy for Oncologic Physical Therapy Clinical Practice Guideline: Interventions for Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema
Authors: Davies Claire C. , Levenhagen Kimberly , Ryans Kathryn , Perdomo Marisa , Gilchrist Laura
Published: June 2020

Background:

Breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL) is a sequela of cancer treatment that can impact quality of life. Interventions to address this impairment should be tailored for each lymphedema stage throughout the trajectory of care, from diagnosis of cancer throughout survivorship.

Methods:

Studies were included in this clinical practice guideline if the purpose was to investigate interventions intended to reduce lymphedema risk, interstitial fluid, or upper extremity volume in individuals during and after breast cancer treatment. This executive summary presents the recommendations on interventions developed from the evidence review, according to stage of BCRL to allow for clinical implementation based on patient presentation.
Effect of post-labeling delay on regional cerebral blood flow in arterial spin-labeling MR imaging
Authors: Hu Ying , LV Fajin , Li Qi , Liu Rongbo
Published: June 2020

Background:

Investigating the effect of post-labeling delay (PLD) on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in adults and optimizing the PLD for arterial spin-labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are important.

Methods:

Pseudo-continuous ASL imaging with a three PLDs protocol was performed in 90 healthy adult volunteers from January 2018 to February 2019. Healthy subjects were divided into youth group (mean age, 30.63 years; age range, 20–44 years), middle-aged group (mean age, 52.16 years; age range 45–59 years) and elderly group (mean age, 66.07 years; age range, 60–77 years). After preprocessing, analyses of variance (ANOVA) and volume-of-interest (VOI) were conducted to compare the CBF in each brain region. According to the trends of CBF changing with PLD and the results of ANOVA, we optimized the PLD for ASL imaging in different brain regions and age groups.

Results:

The CBF values of 87 VOIs [global gray matter (global GM) and other 86 VOIs] for each subject were obtained. Young people had less statistically significant VOIs than middle-aged and elderly people [Numbers of VOIs which had statistical significance (P < .05) in the analysis of ANOVA: 42 (youth group), 79 (middle-aged group), and 71 (elderly group)]. In youth group, the deep GM, occipital lobe and temporal lobe were more affected by PLDs than limbic system, frontal lobe and parietal lobe [VOIs with statistical significance (P < .05)/total VOIs: 8/8 (deep GM) > 8/12 (occipital lobe) > (8/14) (temporal lobe) > 5/12 (limbic system) > 11/28 (frontal lobe) > (2/12) parietal lobe]. In middle-aged group, the limbic system, deep GM and temporal lobe were more affected by PLDs than parietal lobe, frontal lobe and occipital lobe [VOIs with statistical significance (P < 0.05)/total VOIs: 12/12 (limbic system) = 8/8 (deep GM) > (13/14) (temporal lobe) > (11/12) parietal lobe > 25/28 (frontal lobe) > 9/12 (occipital lobe)]. In elderly group, the temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe were more affected by PLDs than occipital lobe, limbic system, and deep GM [VOIs with statistical significance (P < .05)/total VOIs: 14/14 (temporal lobe) > 12/12 (parietal lobe) > 22/28 (frontal lobe) > 9/12 (occipital lobe) > 8/12 (limbic system) > 5/8 (deep GM)]. The optimal PLD for most VOIs in youth group was 1525 ms. However, for middle-aged and elderly group, the optimal PLD for most VOIs was 2525 ms.

Conclusion:

Young people are less affected by PLDs than middle-aged and elderly people. The middle-aged people are most affected by PLDs. In addition, the spatial distributions of PLD effect were different among the three age groups. Optimizing the PLD for ASL imaging according to age and brain regions can obtain more accurate and reliable CBF values.
Efficacy and safety of incretin-based therapies in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Fan Si-min , Shi Xiao-yan , Fan Yan-ping , Yang Lin-lin , Yao Jia , Feng Pei-min
Published: June 2020

Background:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is seriously affecting the general health due to its high prevalence and associated risk of liver-related consequences and extrahepatic chronic complications. New drugs are urgently needed for the treatment of NAFLD. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy of incretin-based therapies in patients with NAFLD.

Methods:

We will search 4 databases for relative studies: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases and identified all reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to July 2020. Two authors will independently scan the searched articles, extract the data from included articles, and assess the risk of bias by Cochrane tool of risk of bias. Disagreements will be resolved by discussion among authors. All analysis will be performed based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Fixed-effects model or random-effects model will be used to calculate pooled estimates of weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% CIs.

Results:

This systematic review aims to examine the effect of incretin-based therapies on liver histology, liver fat content, liver enzymes, and adverse events in patients with NAFLD.

Conclusions:

These findings will provide guidance to clinicians and patients on the use of incretin-based therapies for NAFLD.
Association between the Wilms tumor-1 rs16754 polymorphism and acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Yu Xin , Zhang Yuan , Liu Shuang , Mu Yu , Shang Fengjia , Zhang Nan
Published: June 2020

The Wilms tumor-1 (WT1) protein is an important regulator of malignant hematopoiesis and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently special attention has been paid to the relationship of the WT1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs16754 with AML risk and outcome, but the conflicting results made it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis of existing evidence. We searched Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases using predefined search methodology for relevant studies. We pooled odd ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to evaluate the association between SNP rs16754 and AML risk. In addition, we analyzed hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI for overall survive, relapse-free survival, and disease-free survival. Q-statistic was used to assess the homogeneity and Egger test was used to evaluate publication bias. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for analysis. The results of fixed-effect meta-analyses revealed no association between SNP rs16754 and AML risk (AA + GA vs GG: OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.71–1.19, P = .518; AA vs GA + GG: OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.86–1.76, P = .262; AA vs GG: OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.68–1.63, P = .820; AG vs AA: OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.53–1.13, P = .186; AG vs GG: OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.68–1.16, P = .376). In subgroup analysis by race, age, and disease type, we did not find any significant association. However, the presence of rs16754 GA/GG genotype was associated with improved overall survive (HR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26–0.91, P = .024) and relapse-free survival (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68–1.00, P = .048) compared with the rs16754 AA. In summary, the WT1 SNP rs16754 was not associated with AML risk, but it had a significant impact on clinical outcome in AML patients.
Relationship between plasma total homocysteine and the severity of renal function in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged ≥75 years
Authors: Ma Ning , Xu Ning , Yin Dong , Liu Weiwei , Wu Mengping , Cheng Xingbo
Published: June 2020

We aimed to investigate the relationship between total homocysteine (tHcy) levels in the plasma and renal function severity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aged ≥75 years.

We included 221 patients with T2DM aged ≥60 years (59 aged ≥75 years).

tHcy levels among the 4 groups of patients aged ≥60 years significantly differed, but not in those aged ≥75 years. tHcy levels in patients aged ≥60 years were negatively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of tHcy for predicting diabetic kidney disease (DKD) was 0.636. Fasting c-peptide and creatinine were independently associated with tHcy levels in patients aged ≥60 years, whereas insulin and creatinine were independently associated with tHcy levels in those aged ≥75 years.

tHcy concentrations were elevated in T2DM and can potentially serve as a risk factor for DKD, but it is not an ideal biomarker.
Efficacy and safety of Danhong injection on endothelial function and inflammatory factors after the percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary heart disease
Authors: Li Shujuan , Duan Shasha , Ning Yuzhen , Zhang Hongmei , Zheng Qi
Published: June 2020

Background:

To systematically review the effects of Danhong injection on endothelial function and inflammatory factors after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for coronary heart disease (CHD) and to provide a basis for further research.

Methods:

Through computer retrieval, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wan Fang Data, VIP, SinoMed were retrieved on a computer. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of Danhong injection on endothelial function and inflammatory factors after PCI for CHD were collected in strict accordance with the pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Chinese and English literatures in published from the establishment of each database to December 1, 2019, were retrieved by combining subject headings and free terms. Literatures were screened out by 2 researchers independently, and the risk of bias was assessed by 2 independent researchers by using the assessment tool for risk of bias as described Cochrane systematic reviewer's manual 5.1.0. Statistical analysis was performed by using Stata 14.0 software.

Results:

By collecting the existing evidence, this study would determine the effects of Danhong injection on endothelial function and inflammatory factors after PCI for CHD by meta-analysis.

Conclusion:

Through this study, we will draw a definite conclusion on whether Danhong injection has significant effects on endothelial function and inflammatory factors after PCI for CHD. This conclusion will provide practical and scientific guidance for the use of Danhong injection after PCI for CHD.

PROSPERO registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020165568.