bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attributing Causes of 2015 Record Minimum Sea-Ice Extent in the Sea of Okhotsk
Authors: Paik Seungmok , Min Seung-Ki , Kim Yeon-Hee , Kim Baek-Min , Shiogama Hideo , Heo Joonghyeok
Published: March 2017

In 2015, the sea ice extent (SIE) over the Sea of Okhotsk (Okhotsk SIE) hit a record low since 1979 during February–March, the period when the sea ice extent generally reaches its annual maximum. To quantify the role of anthropogenic influences on the changes observed in Okhotsk SIE, this study employed a fraction of attributable risk (FAR) analysis to compare the probability of occurrence of extreme Okhotsk SIE events and long-term SIE trends using phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multimodel simulations performed with and without anthropogenic forcing. It was found that because of anthropogenic influence, both the probability of extreme low Okhotsk SIEs that exceed the 2015 event and the observed long-term trends during 1979–2015 have increased by more than 4 times (FAR = 0.76 to 1). In addition, it is suggested that a strong negative phase of the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) during midwinter (January–February) 2015 also contributed to the 2015 extreme SIE event. An analysis based on multiple linear regression was conducted to quantify relative contributions of the external forcing (anthropogenic plus natural) and the NPO (internal variability) to the observed SIE changes. About 56.0% and 24.7% of the 2015 SIE anomaly was estimated to be attributable to the external forcing and the strong negative NPO influence, respectively. The external forcing was also found to explain about 86.1% of the observed long-term SIE trend. Further, projections from the CMIP5 models indicate that a sea ice–free condition may occur in the Sea of Okhotsk by the late twenty-first century in some models.
Sources of Water Vapor to Economically Relevant Regions in Amazonia and the Effect of Deforestation
Authors: António Sumila Telmo Cosme , Pires Gabrielle Ferreira , Fontes Vitor Cunha , Costa Marcos Heil
Published: March 2017

The Amazon rain forest helps regulate the regional humid climate. Understanding the effects of Amazon deforestation is important to preserve not only the climate, but also economic activities that depend on it, in particular, agricultural productivity and hydropower generation. This study calculates the source of water vapor contributing to the precipitation on economically relevant regions in Amazonia according to different scenarios of deforestation. These regions include the state of Mato Grosso, which produces about 9% of the global soybean production, and the basins of the Xingu and Madeira, with infrastructure under construction that will be capable to generate 20% of the electrical energy produced in Brazil. The results show that changes in rainfall after deforestation are stronger in regions nearest to the ocean and indicate the importance of the continental water vapor source to the precipitation over southern Amazonia. In the two more continental regions (Madeira and Mato Grosso), decreases in the source of water vapor in one region were offset by increases in contributions from other continental regions, whereas in the Xingu basin, which is closer to the ocean, this mechanism did not occur. As a conclusion, the geographic location of the region is an important determinant of the resiliency of the regional climate to deforestation-induced regional climate change. The more continental the geographic location, the less climate changes after deforestation.
Measurement of Antenna Patterns for Oceanographic Radars Using Aerial Drones
Authors: Washburn Libe , Romero Eduardo , Johnson Cyril , Emery Brian , Gotschalk Chris
Published: March 2017

A new method is described employing small drone aircraft for antenna pattern measurements (APMs) of high-frequency (HF) oceanographic radars used for observing ocean surface currents. Previous studies have shown that accurate surface current measurements using HF radar require APMs. The APMs provide directional calibration of the receive antennas for direction-finding radars. In the absence of APMs, so-called ideal antenna patterns are assumed and these can differ substantially from measured patterns. Typically, APMs are obtained using small research vessels carrying radio signal sources or transponders in circular arcs around individual radar sites. This procedure is expensive because it requires seagoing technicians, a vessel, and other equipment necessary to support small-boat operations. Furthermore, adverse sea conditions and obstacles in the water can limit the ability of small vessels to conduct APMs. In contrast, it is shown that drone aircraft can successfully conduct APMs at much lower cost and in a broader range of sea states with comparable accuracy. Drone-based patterns can extend farther shoreward, since they are not affected by the surfzone, and thereby expand the range of bearings over which APMs are determined. This simplified process for obtaining APMs can lead to more frequent calibrations and improved surface current measurements.
The Sound of Music or the History of Trump and Clinton Family Singers: Music Branding as Communication Strategy in 2016 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Mas Lluís , Collell Maria-Rosa , Xifra Jordi
Published: March 2017

Sound branding has been eventually used to recognize the brand and associated with certain values. Despite being a powerful branding resource, especially in political campaigns, music is still underrated in both practitioners’ and researchers’ fields of action. The objective of this study is to analyze the potential of music to conduct a political branding strategy by itself. Six campaign ads from the 2016 U.S. elections are analyzed acoustically and semiotically to gain insights on the music-branding significance. The results suggest that both Clinton and Trump campaigns used music strategically to communicate values in the emotional arena. In particular, Trump’s music conducted brand associations and personality strategy based on the construction of a war hero taking action to save his homeland in times of crisis. Music can transmit brand values through interactions based on emotional experiences. The connections stablished in this article between music and branding can be taken as a model for practitioners to design future political strategies and researches to test brand constructs within the music-branding framework.
Peripheral Atheromatous Arterial Disease in the Young: Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Prognosis From the COPART Cohort
Authors: Maillet Alexandre , Desormais Ileana , Rivière Alessandra Bura , Aboyans Victor , Lacroix Philippe , Mirault Tristan , Messas Emmanuel , Bataille Vincent , Constans Joël , Boulon Carine
Published: March 2017

We describe the cardiovascular risk factors, clinical presentation, and prognosis in a comparative study of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) from the Cohorte des Patients ARTériopathes (COPART) cohort, which includes patients hospitalized for PAD in France. Among the 2514 patients included in the cohort, 189 had PAD before or at the age of 50 years and 2325 had it after. Young patients with PAD had diabetes less frequently (34% vs 46%, P < .001), were more frequent active smokers (58% vs 23%, P < 0.001), had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; 41 ± 14 vs 44 ± 15 mg/dL, P = .026), and had a less frequent family and personal history of coronary heart disease. In a subset of 59 patients whose lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) was measured, the Lp(a) levels were higher in the young patients than in the older ones (89.7 mg/dL [9.7-151.3] vs 19.9 mg/dL [3.0-207.9], P = .004). Survival and amputation-free survival was 2.2 times higher (1.5-3.2, P < .001) in the young after 1 year. The onset of PAD before 50 years was associated with active smoking, low HDL-C, high Lp(a), and lower mortality.
Disentangling the Effects of Gratitude and Optimism: A Cross-Cultural Investigation
Authors: Titova Liudmila , Wagstaff Audrey E. , Parks Acacia C.
Published: March 2017

Previous research finds cultural differences in response to activities designed to increase happiness, or Positive Psychological Intervention (PPIs). The goal of the present study is to explore why different cultural groups respond differently to PPIs. Specifically, we examined responsiveness to PPIs in three cultural groups—Anglo-American, Asian American, and Indian (living in India)—both quantitatively and qualitatively. Participants ( n = 469) were recruited and participated in the study via Amazon Mechanical Turk and were randomly assigned to a 15-min writing task focused on gratitude, optimism, or daily activities (control). As expected, we observed a culture by condition interaction whereby Anglo-Americans experienced increases in positive emotion with both gratitude and optimism tasks, but Indian participants experienced increases in both positive emotion and negative emotion when practicing gratitude, but not optimism. Qualitative analyses revealed possible causes for variability in success of PPIs in different cultures, and suggest possible adjustments that could be made to improve their efficacy. In summary, we observed differences in response to gratitude, but not optimism, which may be fueled by an adverse affective response among non-Anglo-American participants—Gratitude makes them feel good, but also sad and guilty.
Relationship Satisfaction Among Infertile Couples: Implications of Gender and Self-Identification
Authors: Greil Arthur L. , Slauson-Blevins Kathleen , McQuillan Julia , Lowry Michele H. , Burch Andrea R. , Shreffler Karina M.
Published: March 2017

We use path analysis to analyze heterosexual couples from the U.S. National Survey of Fertility Barriers, a probability-based sample of women and their male partners. We restrict the sample to couples in which the women are infertile. We estimate a path model of each partner’s relationship satisfaction on indicators of self-identifying as having a fertility problem or not at the individual and couple levels. We find a gender effect: for women, but not men, relationship satisfaction was significantly higher when neither partner self-identified as having a fertility problem. Women’s relationship satisfaction exerted a strong influence on their partners’ relationship satisfaction, but no similar association between men’s relationship satisfaction and their partner’s satisfaction was found. In infertile couples, higher levels of perceived social support are associated with higher levels of relationship satisfaction for women but not for men.
Why We Ride: Road Cyclists, Meaning, and Lifestyles
Authors: Falcous Mark
Published: March 2017

Popular media across the Anglosphere has widely feted road cycling as “the new golf,” implying a shift in the social constituency and cultural significance of the activity. Such suggestions posit cycling as a new “middle-class” activity and have also spawned the idea of a new market segment: MAMILS (middle-aged men in lycra). Simultaneously, cycling has increasingly been advocated in health promotion and sustainability discourses, and in urban planning and tourism discussions, and the popularity of cycle racing has heightened. This article explores the cultural meanings of road cycling within this apparently shifting social terrain. Based on interview and participant observations with one road cycling group, it explores the cultural meanings and values of “serious leisure” road cyclists within New Zealand. Observations reveal a midlife, middle-class constituency recasting road cycling in particular ways. That is as a “de-sportified” activity—such that it is loosely structured, noncompetitive, and socially connective. Such revisions adhere to particular middle-class life worlds and aspirations regarding active aging and “responsible” citizenship.
Escalation of extracorporeal life support as a bridge to lung transplantation in end-stage lung disease
Authors: Mohite Prashant N. , Rosenberg Alexander , Caballero Clara Hernández , Soresi Simona , Fatullayev Javid , Reed Anna , Popov Aron-Frederik , Sabashnikov Anton , Simon André R.
Published: March 2017

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a bridge to lung transplant (LTx) is not uncommon, but it is not commonplace yet. We present a case of a 45-year-old man with cystic fibrosis with recent deterioration in lung function who was initially supported with veno-venous (VV) ECMO. However, he subsequently required conversion to veno-veno-arterial (VVA) ECMO. After 21 days of support, he underwent double lung transplantation, with an uneventful postoperative course. This case shows that, in patients with end-stage respiratory failure awaiting lung transplantation, extracorporeal life support may require escalation to improve gas exchange and address circulatory requirements.
Complementing the Dominant Social Paradigm with Sustainability
Authors: Gollnhofer Johanna F. , Schouten John W.
Published: March 2017

The dominant social paradigm (DSP) defines the basic belief structures and practices of marketplace actors and is manifested in existing exchange structures. Sustainability – a so-called megatrend – challenges the DSP by questioning its underlying assumptions, resulting in tensions or conflicts for different marketplace actors. This study examines a specific case of an alternative market arrangement that bridges tensions between the DSP and environmental concerns. Ethnography in the context of retail food waste disposition reveals tensions experienced by several marketplace actors – namely consumers, retail firms and regulators – and investigates an alternative market arrangement that alleviates those tensions by connecting the actors and their practices in a creative new way. We identify complementarity as the underlying mechanism of connection and resolution. Compared to previously identified alternative market arrangements that are either oppositional or parallel to the DSP, complementarity opens another path toward greater environmental sustainability through market-level solutions.
Using an Interactive Online Quiz to Recalibrate College Students’ Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions About Phishing
Authors: Perrault Evan K.
Published: March 2017

Despite improved spam filtering technology, phishing continues to be a prevalent threat for college students. The current study found that approximately 4-in-10 of the students surveyed ( N = 462) indicate they do not know what phishing is and the threat it poses. Students also report initially overestimating their confidence to successfully recognize phishing attempts, and underestimating their susceptibility to being the victim of an attack. By completing an interactive online phishing quiz, which explained what to look for in both counterfeit and legitimate email messages, students’ self-efficacy to identify phishing attempts increased, as did their perceived susceptibility to phishing attacks, their perceptions of the severity of phishing, their intentions to learn more about the topic, and their intentions to discuss phishing with others. These results indicate that a simple, interactive online phishing quiz could be used as an effective teaching tool to supplement existing educational attempts regarding phishing on college campuses.
Resistance of Transplanted Hair Follicles to the Onslaught of Diffuse Alopecia Areata
Authors: Yong Angeline Anning , Unger Robin
Published: March 2017

A 55-year-old man who previously underwent a successful hair transplantation for androgenetic alopecia now presents with rapid onset hair loss over the anterior to mid-scalp areas during a 2-month period. The alopecic area noticeably extended diffusely from anterior hairline to scalp vertex while rows of previously transplanted hair follicles appeared intact. Further dermoscopic features and a scalp biopsy were consistent with alopecia areata incognita. This patient was subsequently successfully treated with intralesional steroid injections. This case report is the first demonstrating the relative resistance of transplanted hair follicles to the process of alopecia areata when compared with local indigenous hairs. Prior to this, a few reports have demonstrated the use of hair transplantation to treat stable areas of alopecia areata resistant to medical treatment with mixed results but at least some initial success. This could be related to the local irritation and inflammatory response resultant from needling during hair transplantation that causes a degree of scarring and fibrosis around each transplanted graft, hence lending a protective barrier to an autoimmune-based T-lymphocyte attack on hair bulbs and subsequent increased survival of transplanted hair follicles. This unexpected observation provides new avenues for investigation into alopecia areata pathophysiology and further supports hair transplantation as a viable option for patients with stable, localized alopecia areata that is recalcitrant to other modalities.
Effectiveness and Retention of Teaching Memory Strategy Use to Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Bebko James M. , Rhee Thomas , Ncube Busisiwe L. , Dahary Hadas
Published: March 2017

Although low levels of memory strategy use have been found in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), few studies have explored the effectiveness of interventions for improving strategy use with this population. In two studies, we examined the short- and longer term effectiveness of rehearsal strategy training. In Study 1, children with ASD made strong gains during a focused teaching session, but rehearsal strategy use was not well maintained after training. In Study 2, we increased training with multiple individualized sessions. Longer term maintenance of gains occurred, demonstrating the possibility of successfully teaching and generalizing of strategy use, findings that have important implications for classroom and intervention contexts with children with ASD.
Validation Study of Maternal Recall on Breastfeeding Duration 6 Years After Childbirth
Authors: Amissah Emma Ayorkor , Kancherla Vijaya , Ko Yi-An , Li Ruowei
Published: March 2017

Background:

Breastfeeding duration is an important indicator commonly measured in maternal and child health and nutrition research. Maternal short-term recall for both initiation and duration of breastfeeding has been shown to be valid; however, validity of long-term recall is not well understood.

Research aim:

This study aims to assess the validity of maternal recall of breastfeeding duration 6 years after childbirth and its association with sociodemographic factors.

Methods:

Among 635 mother–child pairs, breastfeeding duration data collected monthly throughout the 1st year after childbirth in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFPS II) were compared to recall data obtained 6 years later during the Year 6 Follow-Up. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots were examined to study the agreement between the two data sets. Sociodemographic factors associated with accurate recall to within 1 month of the IFPS II breastfeeding duration were assessed using multivariable logistic regression modeling.

Results:

Maternal recall of breastfeeding duration was found to be valid 6 years after childbirth with a small median overall bias (1 week) toward overestimation. The overall concordance was high (ICC = 0.84), except for high school graduates (ICC = 0.63) and smokers (ICC = 0.61). Smokers (adjusted odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval [0.4, 0.8]) and multiparous women (adjusted odds ratio = 0.57; 95% confidence interval [0.4, 0.9]) were also less likely to give an accurate recall of their breastfeeding duration to within 1 month.

Conclusion:

Our study found that maternal recall of breastfeeding duration varies by sociodemographic factors but is accurate 6 years after childbirth.
Effects of Maternal Supplementation With Omega-3 Precursors on Human Milk Composition
Authors: Mazurier Evelyne , Rigourd Virginie , Perez Paul , Buffin Rachel , Couedelo Leslie , Vaysse Carole , Belcadi Wafae , Sitta Rémi , Nacka Fabienne , Lamireau Delphine , Cambonie Gilles , Picaud Jean-Charles , Billeaud Claude
Published: March 2017

Background:

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are important for newborn neurosensory development. Supplementation of breastfeeding mothers’ diets with omega-3 PUFAs, such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), may increase their concentration in human milk.

Research aim:

This study aimed to assess human milk composition after 15-day supplementation regimens containing either omega-3 PUFAs or olive oil, which does not provide ALA.

Methods:

A multicenter factorial randomized trial was conducted with four groups of breastfeeding women, with each group containing 19 to 22 women. After a 15-day ALA washout period, three groups received supplementation with omega-3 precursors for 15 days: an enriched margarine (M), a rapeseed oil (R), and a margarine and rapeseed oil (MR). The fourth was unexposed to omega-3 precursors (olive oil control diet, O). After 15 days, blind determination of human milk fatty acid (FA) composition was assessed by gas chromatography, and the FA composition was compared among groups using variance analyses.

Results:

Alpha-linolenic acid content, expressed as the mean (standard deviation) total human milk FA percentage, was significantly higher after diet supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs, with values of 2.2% (0.7%) (MR), 1.3% (0.5%) (R), 1.1% (0.4%) (M), and 0.8% (0.3%) (O at D30) ( p < .003 for each comparison). The lowest LA–ALA ratio (5.5) was found in the MR group ( p < .001). Docosahexaenoic acid and trans FA concentrations did not differ among groups.

Conclusion:

In lactating women, omega-3 supplementation via the combination of enriched margarine and rapeseed oil increased the ALA content of human milk and generated the most favorable LA–ALA ratio for LC-PUFA synthesis.
Predictors of Breastfeeding Initiation and Maintenance in an Integrated Healthcare Setting
Authors: Henninger Michelle L. , Irving Stephanie A. , Kauffman Tia L. , Kurosky Samantha K. , Rompala Kathryn , Thompson Mark G. , Sokolow Leslie Z. , Avalos Lyndsay Ammon , Ball Sarah W. , Shifflett Pat , Naleway Allison L. ,   on behalf of the Pregnancy and Influenza Project Workgroup
Published: March 2017

Background:

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding to age 6 months. Although breastfeeding rates in the United States have been increasing over time, further improvements are needed to meet Healthy People 2020 targets.

Research aim:

This study examined predictors of breastfeeding initiation and maintenance among a population of insured pregnant women.

Methods:

Participants were 1,149 pregnant women enrolled in the Pregnancy and Influenza Project in two Kaiser Permanente regions in 2010-2011. Data were collected through interviews at enrollment and 1 month and 6 months postpartum and through participants’ electronic medical records.

Results:

Nearly all (99%) women reported initiating breastfeeding. Rates of exclusive breastfeeding were 70% and 54% at 1 month and 6 months, respectively; an additional 22% and 23% of women reported supplementing breastfeeding with formula. Of the women who supplemented, the mean ( SD) infant age at formula introduction was 53 (62) days. Of those who had stopped breastfeeding, the mean ( SD) infant age at cessation was 85 (59) days. Higher maternal education level, better maternal self-rated health, prenatal folic acid use, absence of chronic medical conditions, and infant full-term birth were significantly associated with breastfeeding maintenance.

Conclusion:

Although rates of breastfeeding in this population were higher than national rates, a significant number of women stopped breastfeeding or introduced formula earlier than recommended. Two to 3 months postpartum may be a critical period warranting additional encouragement or intervention by healthcare providers. Mothers’ education attainment, maternal health factors, and gestational age at delivery may predict likelihood of breastfeeding maintenance.
College Students’ Health and Short-Term Career Outcomes
Authors: Bouchard Lauren M. , Nauta Margaret M.
Published: March 2017

This study examined the role of work volition in the relation between college students’ health and several short-term career outcome variables. The responses of 393 students to an online survey revealed that the number of the last 30 days that were deemed unhealthy was significantly related to work volition, and work volition was associated with major satisfaction, leadership aspirations, educational persistence intentions, and real versus ideal career aspiration discrepancy. Path analysis results were consistent with a model specifying work volition as a mediator of the associations between unhealthy days and the career variables. It therefore appears lower work volition may be a risk factor for students with health-related challenges. When conducting career assessment and counseling, career counselors and other providers should consider the perceived career-choice constraints that college students with chronic illnesses and general symptomatology perceive. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Dynamic modeling and control of a cable-driven parallel mechanism with a spring spine
Authors: Jiang Leijie , Gao Bingtuan , Zhu Zhenyu
Published: March 2017

This paper presents dynamic model and control system designing of a cable-driven flexible mechanism, which is composed of a moving platform, a fixed base, a column compression coil spring and three driving cables. The deformation of lateral dynamic bend for the spring is described by using the coupling theory of the rigid body’s plane rotary movement and the flexible body’s flexible deformation. Based on the description of the deformation of lateral dynamic bend for the flexible spring, the assumed mode method (AMM) and Lagrange’s equation are applied to the formulation of the mechanism’s dynamic model. Then, two system controllers are designed by using the linear quadratic optimal control (LQOC) method. Finally, the analyses of the simulation and the experiment are presented to validate the availability of the theoretical model for control and the proposed control method.
The method of selective assembly for the RV reducer based on genetic algorithm
Authors: Chu Xuyang , Xu Huihuang , Wu Xiaomin , Tao Jiping , Shao Guifang
Published: March 2017

As a precision gear reducer, the RV reducer has a low-transmission backlash (very high assembly accuracy). Therefore, the selective assembly method is the only assembly method which can guarantee the assembly precision of the RV reducer. However, the RV reducer has a complex structure; it consists of a high number of parts whose machining tolerance cannot be very low. Furthermore, there are numerous parts, the tolerances of which influence the RV reducer transmission backlash. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve high assembly accuracy by using the traditional selective assembly method. In this paper, a method of selective assembly is proposed to make the backlash of the RV reducer meet the requirements through the analysis of the characteristics of the RV reducer structure, the processing and assembly process of the parts, and the influence of manufacturing errors on the backlash. Then, a mathematical model was established for the RV reducer assembly issue. And a matching algorithm based on a genetic algorithm was developed. Finally, the algorithm was applied to the selective assembly of the RV reducer for verifying the feasibility and validity of the proposed matching method.
A novel guidance strategy for autonomously approaching a tumbling target
Authors: Ge Juxiang , Zhao Junfeng , Yuan Jianping
Published: March 2017

A novel guidance strategy is developed based on the artificial potential function for a chaser spacecraft to autonomously approach a freely tumbling target in the on-orbit servicing missions, which can generate the desired velocity instruction for the chaser spacecraft. Considering the collision avoidance constraints, the motion of the tumbling target is classified into three cases. The tumbling axis of the target is perpendicular to its docking port axis in Case 1, and the two axes are nonorthogonal in Case 2, and the two axes are in line in Case 3. Different safe boundaries are established for Case 1 and Case 2, and the desired velocity instruction is determined using the novel guidance strategy, respectively. The method for Case 3 is similar to Case 2. A sliding model controller is designed to control the chaser spacecraft to satisfy the desired velocity instruction. Numerical simulations are performed, and the results show that the developed guidance strategy is an effective method to solve the problem of autonomously approaching a tumbling target.
Mechanical behavior of porcine thoracic aorta in physiological and supra-physiological intraluminal pressures
Authors: Rastgar Agah Mobin , Laksari Kaveh , Assari Soroush , Darvish Kurosh
Published: March 2017

Understanding the mechanical behavior of aorta under supra-physiological loadings is an important aspect of modeling tissue behavior in various applications that involve large deformations. Utilizing inflation–extension experiments, the mechanical behavior of porcine descending thoracic aortic segments under physiological and supra-physiological intraluminal pressures was investigated. The pressure was changed in the range of 0–70 kPa and the deformation of the segment was determined in three dimensions using a custom-made motion capture system. An orthotropic Fung-type constitutive model was characterized by implementing a novel computationally efficient framework that ensured material stability for numerical simulations. The nonlinear rising trend of circumferential stretch ratio [Formula: see text] from outer toward inner wall was significantly increased at higher pressures. The increase in [Formula: see text] from physiological pressure (13 kPa) to 70 kPa was 13% at the outer wall and 22% at the inner wall; in this pressure range, the longitudinal stretch ratio [Formula: see text] increased 20%. A significant nonlinearity in the material behavior was observed as in the same pressure range, and the circumferential and longitudinal Cauchy stresses at the inner wall were increased 16 and 18 times, respectively. The overall constitutive model was verified in several loading paths in the [Formula: see text] space to confirm its applicability in multi-axial loading conditions.
The 2016 European guideline on the management of epididymo-orchitis
Authors: Street Emma J , Justice Edwin D , Kopa Zsolt , Portman Mags D , Ross Jonathan D , Skerlev Mihael , Wilson Janet D , Patel Rajul
Published: March 2017

Epididymo-orchitis is a commonly encountered condition with a reported incidence of 2.45 cases per 1000 men in the United Kingdom. This 2016 International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections guideline provides up-to-date advice on the management of this condition. It describes the aetiology, clinical features and potential complications, as well as presenting diagnostic considerations and clear recommendations for management and follow-up. Early diagnosis and management are essential, as serious complications can include abscess formation, testicular infarction and infertility. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that selection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics with anti-Chlamydial activity is more appropriate in the management of sexually active men in the over 35 years age group.
Law Firms’ Organizational Impression Management Strategies on Twitter
Authors: Zaharopoulos Doula , Kwok Linchi
Published: March 2017

This study examined the organizational impression management (OIM) strategies adopted by the US law firms on Twitter. The Diction software package for textual analysis of nearly 10,000 tweets, coupled with statistical analysis, was used to assess the significant differences among law firms over 5 years. Although higher revenue law firms were found to exhibit higher certainty and optimism than lower revenue firms, analysis via repeated measures analysis of variance did not show significant differences. When companies’ OIM strategies were observed over a period of 5 years, there was a statistically significant difference in activity between 2011 and 2014. The findings add to the body of corporate communications research through examination of social media OIM strategies used by financially successful US law firms.
From Devastation to Recovery and Revival in the Aftermath of Fukushima’s Nuclear Power Plants Accident
Authors: Ohto Hitoshi , Yasumura Seiji , Maeda Masaharu , Kainuma Hiroshi , Fujimori Keiya , Nollet Kenneth E.
Published: March 2017

Japan’s earthquake, tsunami, and subsequent Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 forced the evacuation of 185 000 residents. Psychological and social impacts exacerbated by long-term evacuation and widespread rumors have influenced residents’ physical and mental health, despite the fact that no direct fatalities occurred from radiation exposure. However, during the 5 years following the accident, steady recovery in industrial and economic activity has lessened previously widespread, deeply rooted stigma and self-stigma among a significant number of affected victims. More than 21 000 of 62 800 people who evacuated from Fukushima are gradually returning, and concurrently, Fukushima’s economic and social recovery are progressing, as can be seen from remarkable increases in residential construction, recovering agricultural production, job growth, and industrial output. Although post-disaster interventions such as seminars and dialogues with residents are credited with building resilience, a significant proportion of people in the area have depressive tendencies and loss of purpose.
The Relationship Between Functional Independence and Psychological Distress in Elderly Adults Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Authors: Harigane Mayumi , Suzuki Yuriko , Yasumura Seiji , Ohira Tetsuya , Yabe Hirooki , Maeda Masaharu , Abe Masafumi ,   on Behalf of the Mental Health Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Abe Masafumi , Yamashita Shunichi , Kamiya Kenji , Tanigawa Koichi , Yasumura Seiji , Akashi Makoto , Kodama Kazunori , Ozasa Kotaro , Yabe Hirooki , Maeda Masaharu , Nollet Kenneth E. , Niwa Ohtsura , Ohtsuru Akira , Matsui Shiro , Niwa Shinichi , Hosoya Mitsuaki , Ohira Tetsuya , Kunii Yasuto , Itagaki Shuntaro , Shiga Tetsuya , Iwasa Hajime , Suzuki Yuriko , Nakayama Yoko , Fujii Senta , Satoh Hiroaki , Hashimoto Shigeatsu , Takese Kanae , Nakajima Satomi , Momoi Maho , Goto Saori , Mashiko Hirofumi , Ohta Misao , Goto Aya , Hisata Mitsuru , Kawakami Norito , Yagi Akiko , Oiwaka Yu-ichi , Ueda Yuka , Harigane Mayumi , Horikoshi Naoko , Kashiwazaki Yu-ya , Takeda Go
Published: March 2017

This study aimed to explore the relationship between psychological distress and degree of functional independence among elderly adults following the Great East Japan Earthquake. Participants were 20 282 adults aged 65 and older who lived in the Great East Japan Earthquake evacuation zone specified by the government on March 31, 2011. This study is a part of a detailed survey on mental health and lifestyle, the Fukushima Health Management Survey, which was conducted in 2012. Psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler 6 scale. Functional independence in different daily activities was assessed by asking participants whether they could independently perform activities: eating, dressing, toileting, and shopping. According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, psychological distress was significantly associated with independence in all models: without adjustment (Model 1), adjusting for demographic characteristics (Model 2), and adjusting for demographic characteristics and disaster-related factors (Model 3), with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.32 (95% confidence interval = 1.97-2.73). High psychological distress was associated with low functional independence, after controlling for demographic characteristics and disaster-related factors. Thus, using psychological distress as the dependent variable, we examined the relationship between low functional independence and psychological distress among elderly adults who were evacuated.
Academic Responses to Fukushima Disaster
Authors: Yasui Kiyotaka , Kimura Yuko , Kamiya Kenji , Miyatani Rie , Tsuyama Naohiro , Sakai Akira , Yoshida Koji , Yamashita Shunichi , Chhem Rethy , Abdel-Wahab May , Ohtsuru Akira
Published: March 2017

Since radiation accidents, particularly nuclear disasters, are rarer than other types of disasters, a comprehensive radiation disaster medical curriculum for them is currently unavailable. The Fukushima compound disaster has urged the establishment of a new medical curriculum in preparation for any future complex disaster. The medical education will aim to aid decision making on various health risks for workers, vulnerable people, and residents addressing each phase in the disaster. Herein, we introduce 3 novel educational programs that have been initiated to provide students, professionals, and leaders with the knowledge of and skills to elude the social consequences of complex nuclear disasters. The first program concentrates on radiation disaster medicine for medical students at the Fukushima Medical University, together with a science, technology, and society module comprising various topics, such as public risk communication, psychosocial consequences of radiation anxiety, and decision making for radiation disaster. The second program is a Phoenix Leader PhD degree at the Hiroshima University, which aims to develop future leaders who can address the associated scientific, environmental, and social issues. The third program is a Joint Graduate School of Master’s degree in the Division of Disaster and Radiation Medical Sciences at the Nagasaki University and Fukushima Medical University.
Evaluating Risk Communication After the Fukushima Disaster Based on Nudge Theory
Authors: Murakami Michio , Tsubokura Masaharu
Published: March 2017

Using nudge theory and some examples of risk communication that followed the Fukushima disaster, this article discusses the influences and justifications of risk communication, in addition to how risk communication systems are designed. To assist people in making decisions based on their own value systems, we provide three suggestions, keeping in mind that people can be influenced (ie, “nudged”) depending on how risk communication takes place: (1) accumulate knowledge on the process of evaluating how the method of risk communication and a system’s default design could impact people; (2) clarify the purpose and outcomes of risk communication; and (3) see what risk communication might be ethically unjustifiable. Quantitative studies on risk communication and collective narratives will provide some ideas for how to design better risk communication systems and to help people make decisions. Furthermore, we have shown examples of unjustifiable risk communication.
Disclosures of Cystic Fibrosis–Related Information to Romantic Partners
Authors: Broekema Katie , Weber Kirsten M.
Published: March 2017

In this article, we offer insights into how individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) share information about their disease with a romantic partner. Using communication privacy management as a sensitizing theoretical construct, four themes emerged following 13 qualitative interviews with persons with CF. Themes about sharing CF-related information with a romantic partner include weighing the risks and benefits of sharing information, the role of health-related triggered rules, the motivations for disclosures, and the reactions from outsiders. Implications of the research suggest a need for more nuanced understandings of how privacy rules are communicated in relationships, how the mismanagement of co-owned information influences future disclosures, how the public–private nature of rare genetic illnesses is managed, and how people with genetic illnesses make disclosure decisions.
Teaching Behavioral Ethics: Overcoming the Key Impediments to Ethical Behavior
Authors: Schwartz Mark S.
Published: March 2017

To better understand the ethical decision-making process and why individuals fail to act ethically, the aim of this article is to explore what are seen as the key impediments to ethical behavior and their pedagogical implications. Using the ethical decision-making process proposed by Rest as an overarching framework, the article examines the following barriers to ethical decision making: improper framing, which can preclude moral awareness; cognitive biases and psychological tendencies, which can hinder reaching proper moral judgments; and moral rationalizations, which can obstruct moral judgments from being translated into moral intentions or ethical behavior. Next, pedagogical exercises and tools for teaching behavioral ethics and ethical decision making are provided. The article concludes with its implications.
Silent Spring, Loud Legacy: How Elite Media Helped Establish an Environmentalist Icon
Authors: Parks Perry
Published: March 2017

Rachel Carson’s 1962 book, Silent Spring, is widely credited with altering Americans’ environmental consciousness and changing people’s relationship with nature, science, and government. One means by which the book, which chronicled the dangers of pesticides, has attained and reinforced its symbolic status in collective memory is through newspaper coverage, which remained persistent through its first five decades. This study of 50 years of Silent Spring in two elite newspapers traces how news media can help elevate a situated artifact into an enduring icon with contemporary power—not just through thoughtful, well-researched journalism but also through numerous instrumental decisions by copy editors, agate clerks, and calendar compilers.
An investigation of the Green–Lindsay three-dimensional model
Authors: Avalishvili Gia , Avalishvili Mariam , Müller Wolfgang H
Published: March 2017

In this paper we consider the Green and Lindsay nonclassical model for inhomogeneous anisotropic thermoelastic bodies with two relaxation times, which depend on space variables. We obtain a variational formulation for the initial-boundary value problem corresponding to the Green–Lindsay model. On the basis of the variational formulation we define the spaces of vector-valued distributions corresponding to the initial-boundary value problem and by applying suitable a priori estimates we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution, an energy equality, and the continuous dependence of the solution on given data.
Reconsidering the Value of Covert Research
Authors: Roulet Thomas J. , Gill Michael J. , Stenger Sebastien , Gill David James
Published: March 2017

In this article, we provide a nuanced perspective on the benefits and costs of covert research. In particular, we illustrate the value of such an approach by focusing on covert participant observation. We posit that all observational studies sit along a continuum of consent, with few research projects being either fully overt or fully covert due to practical constraints and the ambiguous nature of consent itself. With reference to illustrative examples, we demonstrate that the study of deviant behaviors, secretive organizations and socially important topics is often only possible through substantially covert participant observation. To support further consideration of this method, we discuss different ethical perspectives and explore techniques to address the practical challenges of covert participant observation, including; gaining access, collecting data surreptitiously, reducing harm to participants, leaving the site of study and addressing ethical issues.
“Don’t Judge a Book by Its Cover”: A Qualitative Study of Methadone Patients’ Experiences of Stigma
Authors: Woo Julia , Bhalerao Anuja , Bawor Monica , Bhatt Meha , Dennis Brittany , Mouravska Natalia , Zielinski Laura , Samaan Zainab
Published: March 2017

Introduction:

Despite its efficacy and widespread use, methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) continues to be widely stigmatized. Reducing the stigma surrounding MMT will help improve the accessibility, retention, and treatment outcomes in MMT.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 adults undergoing MMT. Thematic content analysis was used to identify overarching themes.

Results:

In total, 78% of participants reported having experienced stigma surrounding MMT. Common stereotypes associated with MMT patients included the following: methadone as a way to get high, incompetence, untrustworthiness, lack of willpower, and heroin junkies. Participants reported that stigma resulted in lower self-esteem; relationship conflicts; reluctance to initiate, access, or continue MMT; and distrust toward the health care system. Public awareness campaigns, education of health care workers, family therapy, and community meetings were cited as potential stigma-reduction strategies.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Stigma is a widespread and serious issue that adversely affects MMT patients’ quality of life and treatment. More efforts are needed to combat MMT-related stigma.
Toy unboxing: living in a(n unregulated) material world
Authors: Craig David , Cunningham Stuart
Published: March 2017

The phenomenon of toy unboxing describes rapidly scaling and commercialising videos featuring the opening, assembling and demonstration of children’s toys, often by children, across social media platforms. This phenomenon has fostered concerns by parents and advocates around children’s access to and participation in social media. This article provides a brief history of this phenomenon, noting the very limited scholarship on the issue while engaging with the new regulatory questions it provokes. We describe how these videos represent forms of creator labour and operate within the structural and material interests of social media entertainment (SME). SME refers to a proto-industry featuring professionalising-amateur content creators engaging in content innovation and media entrepreneurship across multiple social media platforms to aggregate global fan communities and incubate their own media brands. Our analysis accounts for how unboxing videos work for children both as agents and as small businesses and provides pointers to more nuanced regulatory approaches.
Political parties and climate policy
Authors: Carter Neil , Ladrech Robert , Little Conor , Tsagkroni Vasiliki
Published: March 2017

This study presents an innovative approach to hand-coding parties’ policy preferences in the relatively new, cross-sectoral field of climate change mitigation policy. It applies this approach to party manifestos in six countries, comparing the preferences of parties in Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and the United Kingdom over the past two decades. It probes the data for evidence of validity through content validation and convergent/discriminant validation and engages with the debate on position-taking in environmental policy by developing a positional measure that incorporates ‘pro’ and ‘anti’ climate policy preferences. The analysis provides evidence for the validity of the new measures, shows that they are distinct from comparable measures of environmental policy preferences and argues that they are more comprehensive than existing climate policy measures. The new measures strengthen the basis for answering questions that are central to climate politics and to party politics. The approach developed here has important implications for the study of new, complex or cross-cutting policy issues and issues that include both valence and positional aspects.