bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of the apparent change in the foundation response of a nine-story reinforced concrete building
Authors: Foutch Douglas A. , Jennings Paul C.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Forced vibration tests of the Millikan Library building, a nine-story reinforced concrete shear-wall structure, were conducted in 1966 and 1967, before the San Fernando earthquake, and again in 1974. The measured foundation response of the structure reported for the two tests was significantly different: in the earlier tests, motion of the foundation in the N-S direction contributed only about 3 per cent to the total roof motion, whereas in the more recent tests almost 30 per cent of the roof motion was contributed by foundation compliance. A lengthening of the fundamental period of vibration of 11 per cent was also noted.

The purpose of this study is to examine the indication that the foundation response of the structure may have changed because of the earthquake. To determine whether the observed changes in foundation response are consistent with the change in natural period, two analytical models of the Millikan Library building were developed. Both of these models include the effects of foundation compliance and one includes the effects of shear deformations in the walls of the structure. The results of these simple analyses show the changes of mode shape and period observed between the two tests to be consistent.

From the analysis, and from an examination of what is thought to be minor earthquake damage at the ground floor level of the structure, the authors conclude that the most probable cause of the differences observed in the two tests is the loss of rotational and translational stiffness provided by retaining walls, concrete slabs and other stiff, but brittle elements.
A time-domain study of the attenuation of 10-Hz waves in the New Madrid seismic zone
Authors: Nuttli Otto W.
Published: September 2021

From a time-domain study, the amplitude of 10-Hz P waves in the New Madrid seismic zone was found to fall off as the inverse 1.4 power of the epicentral distance. The amplitude of 10-Hz Lg waves was found to decay as for an Airy phase with a coefficient of anelastic attenuation of 0.006 km-1. In almost all cases the Lg motion was found to be larger than that of P, even at epicentral distances of 5 km and less. Thus design earthquake motions need to be concerned with Lg waves, whose coda also have a longer duration than those of the P waves.

The apparent Q for the 10-Hz Lg waves is 1500, identical to that found previously by Nuttli (1973) for higher mode 1-Hz Lg waves. The attenuation of 10-Hz Lg waves is sufficiently small that one must pay attention to their damage potential at distances as large as a few hundred kilometers.
P-velocity models of the southern Diablo Range, California, from inversion of earthquake and explosion arrival times
Authors: Alan Steppe J. , Crosson Robert S.
Published: September 2021

Velocity models are developed for the region in and around the southern Diablo Range, lying just east of seismically active portions of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults in central California. An iterative damped least-squares inversion procedure is used to simultaneously estimate hypocentral parameters, station delays, and velocities in a horizontally layered crustal model. Arrival times from both earthquakes and explosions of known location and origin time are used as data. The procedure used has the potential to detect low-velocity layers if they exist. The models obtained show a rapid increase in velocity to about 5.5 km/sec at 3 km depth, another rapid increase to about 6.0 km/sec at 6 km depth, and a roughly linear increase below 6 km with the velocity reaching approximately 6.7 km/sec at a depth of 15 km.
Transfer functions for the seismic research observatory seismograph system
Authors: McCowan Douglas W. , Lacoss Richard T.
Published: September 2021

Transfer functions are given for all basic elements of the Seismic Research Observatory (SRO) seismograph system. These include the seismometer, response shaping filters, and anti-alias filters. With these transfer functions the amplitude and phase responses can be calculated at any frequency by the evaluation of a ratio of polynomials in s = iω. Amplitude and phase response plots and impulse responses are given for the most important overall transfer functions. In addition, long- and short-period group delays have been calculated by numerical differentation of phase responses. In the long-period case a simple polynomial approximation to the group delay is given as an aid in interpretation of data. The transfer functions are exact and follow from the integral design of the system.
Three-dimensional numerical simulations of dynamic faulting in a half-space
Authors: Archuleta Ralph J. , Frazier Gerald A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A method is presented for the computation of near-field particle displacements and particle velocities resulting from a dynamic propagating, stress relaxation occurring on a finite fault plane embedded within a three-dimensional semiinfinite medium. To check our numerical procedure we compare our results for a circular fault in a full space with Kostrov's (1964) analytic solution for a self-similar propagating stress relaxation.

We have simulated two bilateral strike-slip earthquakes differing only in hypocentral location and examined the particle motion on the traction-free surface and on the rupture surface. Focusing of energy is evident in both ruptures. The static displacement on the rupture surface overshoots the theoretical static value by approximately 25 per cent. For the rupture that nucleated at depth the free surface almost doubled the particle velocities along the fault trace as compared with the rupture that nucleated at the free surface.

Our numerical results indicate that for an earthquake occurring on a semi-circular fault with radius of 10 km, an effective stress of 100 bars and a rupture velocity of 0.9β in a medium characterized by β = 3 km/sec, α = α=3β and a density of 2.7 gm/cm3 particle velocities can reach 400 cm/sec and displacements 250 cm.

We also compare our numerical results with the observations made by Archuleta and Brune (1975) for a spontaneous stress relaxation on a semi-circular crack in a prestressed foam rubber block.
Numerical study of diffraction of plane elastic waves by a finite crack with application to location of a magma lens
Authors: Fehler Michael , Aki Keiiti
Published: September 2021

abstract

Location, shape, and size of near-surface heterogeneities in the Earth may be determined by active or passive seismic diffraction experiments. An array of geophones would be set up to record near-field wave motion resulting from diffraction by the inhomogeneity. As an example of such inhomogeneities, we study the diffraction of plane P and S waves by a finite two-dimensional crack as a function of wavelength and direction of incident wave. We develop a method which can be used to solve for diffraction effects by empty and fluid-filled (zero viscosity) cracks. The magnitude of the effect of the fluid in the crack is governed by a parameter called the crack stiffness factor which is the ratio of bulk modulus of the fluid in the crack to the rigidity of the solid divided by the crack aspect ratio.

The diffraction problem is solved using the finite difference scheme developed by Madariaga (1976) to study dynamic crack propagation problems. It is found that a crack has little effect on wave motion for incident wave with wavelengths greater than 10 times the crack length. For wavelengths less than 5 times the crack length there is a complicated diffraction pattern. The amplitude and phase of both components of motion are affected by the crack. We find that the diffraction effect decreases as the crack stiffness factor increases. For wavelengths less than 2 times the crack length there is a region of reduced amplitude (shadow zone) behind an empty crack. Relative phase of two components of particle motion varies rapidly with position inside the shadow zone.

The results of the theoretical calculation are used to try to locate the edge of a magma lens in Kilauea Iki Crater, Hawaii. It is found that the ratio of vertical-to-horizontal displacement and the direction of rotation of initial particle motion measured by a seismic array located on the floor of the crater agree qualitatively with what the theory predicts. The edge of the magma found by this method shows excellent agreement with the one inferred from the distribution of seismic events originating in the crust of the lava lake (Aki et al., 1977).
Preliminary analysis of the spectral content of P and S waves from local earthquakes in the Garm, Tadjikistan region
Authors: Rautian T. G. , Khalturin V. I. , Martynov V. G. , Molnar P.
Published: September 2021

abstract

This paper reports preliminary results of an analysis of the spectral content of seismic waves from over 1,000 local earthquakes in the Garm, Tadjikistan region. Very low values of Q (∼100) were obtained for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the Peter I Range compared with those in the crystalline rock of the South Tien Shan (Q ≳ 500). For events with the same low frequency spectra, earthquakes in the South Tien Shan are recorded with more energy at higher frequencies than earthquakes in the Peter I Range, at least in part, because of the greater attenuation of the sedimentary rock in the latter region. There is a wide variety of spectra radiated by earthquakes throughout the Garm region, but a marked difference between spectra radiated by earthquakes from these two regions is not apparent. Nevertheless although calculated stress drops of earthquakes appear to vary considerably throughout the region, there appears to be a dependence on the type of rock in which the earthquakes occurred. The variation in calculated stress drops, however, is greater within either region than between the two. For most regions and for most of the range of seismic moments studied the shape of the spectrum is relatively independent of seismic moment. Consequently, calculated stress drops increase with seismic moment, with the functional dependence varying from region to region. For the largest events, the spectrum shifts to lower frequencies with increasing moment and stress drops become essentially independent of moment. Preliminary results suggest that the stress drops are not detectably different for earthquakes with thrust or normal faulting fault-plane solutions. A limited amount of data are consistent with a change in spectral content and stress drop of earthquakes in the vicinity of and before stronger earthquakes but a clear, consistent pattern is not yet evident. Toward high frequencies, S-wave spectra both begin to decrease at lower frequencies and seem to decrease more rapidly than P-wave spectra, in contrast with predictions of published dislocation models of earthquakes.
t* for S waves with a continental ray path
Authors: Burdick L. J.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine t* for S waves with ray paths under the continental United States. The data set consists of long- and short-period body waves from the Borrego Mountain earthquake as observed in the northeastern U.S. The P wave forms are dominated by the sP phase and the SH wave forms by the sS. It is assumed that there are no losses in pure compression so that the relative attenuation rate of P and S waves is known. The initial source radiation is determined from the sP phase and the value of tβ* from the spectral content of the S wave. The results indicate that tβ* is 5.2 ± 0.7 sec along this ray path. Long- and short-period body waves from some deep South American events are used to test for lateral asymmetry of the Q distribution under the U.S. No lateral amplitude variation exists in this data, but this result is difficult to correlate with many previous results. The t°* value for a 600-km deep earthquake appears to be about 3 sec. A comparison of these values with values computed from current models of the Earth's Q distribution indicates that the models are slightly too high in Q overall and that more of the total body-wave attenuation occurs above 600 km than is indicated by the models.
A fast new method for frequency-filter analysis of surface waves: Application in the west pacific
Authors: Seneff Stephanie
Published: September 2021

abstract

A very simple modification to the Dziewonski multiple filter analysis method for surface-wave data yields a 90 per cent reduction in computation time. The method involves a frequency shift such that the center frequency of the bandpass filter is moved to the origin. The effect is to greatly reduce the apparent bandwidth and allow a reduction of the inverse transform size down to only 256 points.

The new method was used to analyze Rayleigh waves for 32 paths to Guam in the southwest Pacific. Results support the existence of a very thick crustal region north of the Fiji Plateau. Data from Samoa exhibited the highest group velocities, peaking at 4.0 km/sec; other regions generally showed anomalously low-group velocities, reflecting the anomalous mantle structure known to exist in many parts of the region.
Precursors to PKKP
Authors: Chang Andre C. , Cleary John R.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Consistent precursors to PKKP from Novaya Zemlya explosions have been detected at the LASA seismic array in Montana. The precursory wave train is at least 65 sec long, and up to seven distinct and correlatable arrivals can be observed in the train. A similar investigation of E. Kazakh explosions, however, showed no evidence of precursors.

A hypothesis of scattering on reflection at the core-mantle boundary provides a qualitative explanation of the observed precursors. The source of the scattered waves cannot be established with certainty, but the simplest interpretation is that they are generated by irregularities (“bumps”) on the boundary itself. The absence of precursors from E. Kazakh explosions is at least partly explicable in terms of the lower magnitudes of these events, but could be a result also of regional variation in the scattering properties of the core-mantle boundary.
Seismic studies in central and eastern Tennessee
Authors: Sodbinow E. S. , Bollinger G. A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Some of the seismic characteristics of Tennessee were investigated by means of a short-period surface-wave dispersion study in central Tennessee and a microearthquake survey of the eastern portion of the state.

The tripartite method of phase velocity determination was applied to data from a 4-element SPZ array at the Cumberland Plateau Observatory (CPO). Seven short-period (0.5 to 1.4 sec.) surface-wave trains were analyzed. These wave trains exhibited both fundamental and first higher mode dispersion. Theoretical models, consisting of 2 or 3 layers over a half-space were developed that explain the observed dispersion. The layers, which model the surficial sediments of the region, range in total thickness from 1.6 to 2.1 km and have shear velocities from 1.70 to 3.10 km/sec.

A 5-station array of portable seismographs was deployed in eastern Tennessee and 2 months of operation yielded 3000 low-noise hours of data. Eleven microearthquakes −1.3 ≦ M ≦ 1.1 were recorded during that time frame indicating that, at least for periods of several weeks, the microseismicity of eastern Tennessee can be very low.
Directivity in the high-frequency radiation of small earthquakes
Authors: Bakun W. H. , Stewart R. M. , Bufe C. G.
Published: September 2021

abstract

On December 12, 1972 at 0351 and 0355 GMT, two earthquakes with magnitudes equal to 3.0 and 2.8, respectively, occurred on the Cienega Road section of the San Andreas fault in central California. The two events have the same hypocenter location and fault-plane soultion. Observed seismograms for these two events at 28 stations within about 65 km of and surrounding the epicenters are systematically different in a pattern that is consistent with different directions of rupture expansion for the two events. The 0351 GMT event preferentially radiated high-frequency (f ⪚ 10 Hz) body waves to the southeast consistent with unilateral rupture propagation toward the southeast while the 0355 GMT event rupture expanded more toward the northwest.
Induced seismicity at the Manic 3 reservoir, Quebec
Authors: Leblanc Gabriel , Anglin F.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Six weeks after the start of filling of the Manic 3 reservoir a long sequence of induced earthquakes began. The main shock, mbLg = 4.1, occurred on October 23, 1975, preceded by 1 month of foreshock activity and followed by more than 1,000 aftershocks in the next 4 months. After 2 years, the activity still persists, although the microshocks are substantially reduced in frequency and magnitude. Station MNQ, about 80 km from the activated source, served as an efficient monitor providing data from which increasing induced seismicity was predicted and for evaluating the subsequent activity. Two portable networks were deployed around the source, one in 1975 and the other in 1976. The activity was very shallow, with an average value of 1.5 km, and the cluster of microearthquakes spread over an area of 4 by 4 km. No systematic spatial migration was observed. The activity appeared to have been triggered by the water percolating through joint systems and along northwest oriented planes. The presence of regional stresses and local inhomogeneities, structural and lithological, are suggested as the principal causes, and not the dimensions of the reservoir and the water height.
A crust and upper mantle model for Novaya Zemlya from Rayleigh-wave dispersion data
Authors: McCowan Douglas W. , Glover Peter , Alexander Shelton S.
Published: September 2021

abstract

We derive a shear-wave crust and upper mantle structure for the southern part of Novaya Zemlya by an application of the two-event, single-station method of Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion analysis. This method provides a means of isolating the surface-wave dispersion characteristics of a remote source region using only teleseismic recordings. The observed phase-velocity data are then systematically inverted to obtain a best-fitting model. Our preferred model has a 45-km thick crust with no shear-wave low-velocity zone in the upper mantle. It is similar to published structures for the southern Ural mountains and is therefore compatible with the premise that Novaya Zemlya is a nothern extension of the Urals.
The October 6, 1974 Acapulco earthquake: An example of the importance of short-period surface waves in strong ground motion
Authors: Hartzell Stephen H. , Brune James N. , Prince Jorge
Published: September 2021

abstract

The Acapulco earthquake of October 6, 1974 (mb = 5.0, Ms = 4.75) resulted in 0.5 g accelerations in Acapulco at an epicentral distance of about 35 km. Extrapolation of the peak acceleration to the source region gives a near source acceleration of at least 1.0 g. If the teleseismically estimated source depth of 51 km is assumed, the Acapulco accelerogram must be interpreted as composed of primarily body waves. This assumption yields a moment estimate of 3.3 ×1023 dyne-cm and a stress drop of 1.5 kbar. However, strong evidence indicates that the source depth is only about 1.0 km and that the record is composed mainly of high frequency (1.0 to 4.0 Hz) surface waves. The character of the record is that of a normally dispersed surface wave. The relatively simple form and high acceleration may be attributed to the high rigidity, crystalline rock types in the region. The three component record is fitted by summing the fundamental and first higher mode Rayleigh and Love waves using a model consisting of a single layer over a homogeneous half-space. The results are also checked using a direct wave-number integration program developed by Apsel and Luco. The moment estimate from the surface-wave synthetics is 2.0 ×1023 dyne-cm.
Microtremor sequences and tilting in a deep mine
Authors: McGarr A. , Green R. W. E.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Foreshock-aftershock sequences of two mine tremors, of magnitudes 1.5 and 1.2 were studied using a highly-sensitive seismic array and a tiltmeter in the source regions of the tremors. The tremors occurred at a depth of about 3.2 km in a deep gold mine adjacent to the array of six geophones and within 120 m of the tiltmeter. The seismic coverage of the sequences was complete down to magnitudes of −3.5; the tilt resolution ranged from 6 × 10−8 radians to 6 × 10−7 radians at the times of the sequences. In the first hour after each event 135 to 140 micro-aftershocks were recorded with a rate of occurrence that is generally proportional to the rate of tilt, diminishing with time, t, after the mainshock according to A(1+kt), where A and k are constants.

A careful study of the records of microtremors and tilt before the main stocks revealed no indications of impending failure. Before the tremor of M = 1.5 the seismicity was at its normal ambient level of about 4 events per hour. Although the seismicity was unusually high before the event of M = 1.2 at about 30 events per hour, there was no aspect of this microshock activity suggesting that a larger tremor would follow. Similarly, analysis of the tilt records failed to produce any evidence of an instability developing before either of the tremors.

The magnitude distributions, described by Log N = a − b M, for the microshocks (−3.5 ≦ M <O) are consistent with those reported previously for shocks with M ≧ O. Previous results indicating that b is stable to changes in the aseismic strain rate, θ˙, and that a = log θ˙ + K, were extended to much higher strain rates in this study.
Geodetic control and the 1927 Lompoc, California earthquake
Authors: Savage J. C. , Prescott W. H.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The distorition between 1924 and 1957 of a geodetic quadrilateral near the epicenter of the 1927 Lompoc, California earthquake provides some constraints upon the source mechanism of that earthquake. The distortion is not consistent with right-lateral slip on the Hosgri fault, but rather suggests thrust faulting on a northerly striking fault. However, the measured distorition is only marginally significant and could possibly be produced by an unidentified systematic bias.
Archeoseismology applied to the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 to 1812
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. , Cheng Shiang-Ho , Nuttli Otto W.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Recent studies of larger eastern North America earthquakes together with seismicity and focal mechanism studies in the New Madrid seismic zone permit estimates being made of static vertical displacements associated with the 1811 to 1812 New Madrid earthquakes. A comparison of observed and theoretically predicted vertical displacements is inconclusive due to the lack of detail in the historical record and the physical characteristics of the region where the earthquakes occurred.

On the other hand estimates are made of the seismic moment, fault area, and fault displacement. Given the inherent errors of the estimates, the parameters Ms, Mo, and fault area are consistent with the Kanamori and Anderson (1975) study of the interrelationship of these parameters for worldwide earthquakes. A stress drop on the order of 60 to 100 bars seems reasonable. These estimates will be useful for numerical ground motion estimation.
Цивилизация как процесс: мультиплицированные субъекты Постмодерна
Authors: Неклесса Александр
Published: September 2021

Статья посвящена некоторым аспектам переживаемого цивилизацией транзита: генезису, свойствам и перспективам развития динамичных венчурных акторов – антропосоциальных структур (АС-структуры). Цивилизационный транзит – процесс перехода от современного уклада к постсовременному строю распределенного множества различным образом мотивированных трансграничных структур и энергичных сообществ. Цивилизация как концепт – процессуальное понятие, аналог эволюции, а возникающие постсовременные политэкономические и социокультурные ансамбли – соавторы исторической конкуренции и грядущей мировой конвенции. Глобализация, расширив пространство операций и спектр коммуникаций, сопровождается деятельной индивидуацией значительного числа людей – антиподом обезличенной массовости (десубъективации) и имплозивной атомизации. Анализируется образование субъектов перемен – амбициозных трансграничных предприятий, ориентированных на новации и преадаптацию к будущему. Внимание при этом обращено на их умножение, типологическое разнообразие, характерные черты феномена: синтез культурного и кадрового капитала, высокую адаптивность, наличие других специфических свойств и конкурентных преимуществ, востребованных в условиях когнитивной и социальной трансформации. Глубинное образование – сплав горней мотивации (mission) с земным целеполаганием (vision), познания более сложных свойств реальности с инструментальным овладением новизной (инакостью), поисковой активности с личностным ростом, реализуемых с учетом актуальных процессов в человеческом космосе. Расщепление властных структур, кризис национальной государственности, обретение технической и антропологической сложности, создание инновационных облачных предприятий – все это разрушает прежний баланс сил, деформирует сложившийся миропорядок, открывая пространство для универсальной перестройки. Персонализированные молекулы – ферменты перемен, объединяясь в мини-, миди-, макси-сообщества (парасуверенные АС-структуры), образуют в творческой среде интернационального общежития вирулентные социогенетические цепочки прото- и субэкуменических организмов, генерируя собственный трансграничный универсум – инфраструктуру развития и взаимодействия поверх современных суверенитетов, отходящих в глубину истории. В расширяющейся антропологической вселенной зарождаются и развиваются также конкурирующие между собой версии АС-галактик с новыми формами конфликтов и формулами союзов. Борьба за будущее – асимметричная коэволюция, соперничество и селекция, когда по своим правилам играют персонажи с не вполне совпадающими и не вполне противоположными интересами. В кризисных обстоятельствах соревнование обостряется: кто-то выигрывает, кто-то проигрывает, кто-то отправляется на свалку истории. На повестке поверх ее текущего слоя – выбор эволюционной стратегии, поиск методов познания и технологий действия, эффективных в гибридной среде цивилизационного переворота.
Вместо мифа: “момент истины” для государства
Authors: Телин Кирилл
Published: September 2021

Рассматривается коллективная монография “Государство в политической науке и социальной реальности XXI века” (М.: Весь Мир, 2020), выпущенная в 2020 г. ведущими специалистами в области политической науки и государственного управления. Авторы предлагают развернутый обзор современных тенденций мирового и национально-государственного развития, стремясь продвинуться в концептуализации государства как категории социальных наук. Несмотря на то что 15 глав представляют разные и по замыслу, и в предметном отношении исследования, монография в целом может способствовать развернутой публичной дискуссии, посвященной наиболее актуальным проблемам государственного строительства и научной проработке тех вызовов современной конъюнктуре политических и международных отношений, которые остаются в отечественной науке без должной проработки. Избыточная, быть может, широта аналитического кругозора и усложненность изложения не препятствуют восприятию монографии в качестве перспективного плацдарма для углубления востребованных в науке исследовательских направлений.
Blockchain Technology Use on Transactions of Crypto Currency with Machinery & Electronic Goods
Authors:   Adobe Systems, Ganapathy Apoorva
Published: September 2021

Blockchain technology used in transactions of cryptocurrency with machinery & electronic goods deals with keeping the transactions secure by using blockchain technology so that machinery and electronic goods can be bought by cryptocurrencies. Currently, there are transactions from cryptocurrency based on blockchain networks that can be done securely. The name is coined from the arrangement of records. Single records are referred to as blocks. They are also connected in a list known as chains. Transactions on the blockchain network can be kept secure. Cryptocurrencies can be used just like the normal centralized currencies for any kind of transaction on the blockchain network.
Image Association to URLs across CMS Websites with Unique Watermark Signatures to Identify Who Owns the Camera
Authors:   Adobe Systems, Ganapathy Apoorva
Published: September 2021

Internet is the world's network of connected computer networks. Internet means an interconnected network. It is a network of connected web servers. Internet helps data and people across the globe. Internet of things refers to network-connected things with embedded computer chips. Things on the internet would include devices enabled for internet access. IoT association of images on content management websites with unique watermark signature to account for Royal to the owner of the picture will help against piracy, copyright infringement, and misuse of photos registered with unique identification keys. This will make content management easier. It will generate revenue for the person who takes the copyrighted picture. A watermark is an embedded signature in a thing. It could be embedded in a video, image, and other file types for distinction and marking for ownership. It could be visible or invisible. It also provides a means to trace a product to the owner. This work looks into how images with watermark can be connected to the IoT for tracking and fighting piracy.
Mobile Remote Content Feed Editing in Content Management System
Authors:   Adobe Systems, Ganapathy Apoorva
Published: September 2021

Mobile content editing in a content management system is the way and manner in which web or electronic content is edited, added, removed, or modified. The internet is the network of affiliated websites, while a website is an interconnection between web pages online. This work explains how the websites are created and authored using the HTML method and the various web authoring tools. It presents the reader with the benefits of using web authoring in web building.
Biomarkers and Bioactivity in Drug Discovery using a Joint Modelling Approach
Authors: Rahman Kawsher
Published: September 2021

Biomarkers that are validated and robust are required for the enhancement of diagnosis, the observation of drug-related activity, therapeutic reactions, and as the blueprint for developing safer and more direct therapeutic efforts for a variety of chronic ailments. Various kinds of biomarkers have proven impactful when it comes to the discovery and development of drugs, but the procedure that involves identifying and verifying ailment-specific biomarkers has proven to be hassling. In recent times, there have been some advancements in multiple omics (also known as multi-omics) methods like transcriptomic, cytometry, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and imaging. These advancements have made it possible for the discovery and development of distinct biomarkers for complicated chronic ailments to be accelerated expeditiously. In spite of the fact that numerous drawbacks still need to be looked into, ongoing efforts for the discovery and improvement of illness-associated biomarkers will go a long way in optimizing decision-making across the entire process of drug development and expand our comprehension of the infection processes. In addition, when the preclinical biomarkers are effectively translated into the clinic, the way will pave well to an equally effective implementation of personalized therapies throughout complicated illness environments to become beneficial to patients, healthcare service providers and the industry of bio-pharma.
Vasoprotective effects hypotensive therapy in patients with coronary heart disease combined with chronic kidney disease stage 2-3 after coronary stenting
Authors: Pribylova N. N. , Yakovleva M. V. , Pribylov C. A. , Barbashina T. A. , Gavriljuk E. V. , Mal G. S. , Pribylov V. S.
Published: September 2021

Aim      To study the condition of coronary vasculature by data of coronarography (CG) in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD) and arterial hypertension (AH) associated with stage 2-4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to evaluate the effect of a 12-week complex treatment with perindopril or with a combination of perindopril/amlodipine on changes in vascular wall stiffness, endothelial function, and structure and function parameters in this patient category after coronary stenting.

Material and methodsr This study included 87 patients with chronic IHD and AH associated with stage 2-3 CKD for whom CG was performed due to ineffectiveness of the antianginal therapy. The patients were divided into three subgroups: subgroup 1 included 28 patients who received a conservative treatment with perindopril 10 mg/day; subgroup 2 consisted of 25 patients who underwent coronary stenting and were prescribed perindopril; subgroup 3 consisted of 34 patients who underwent stenting and were prescribed the perindopril/amlodipine combination. The reference group included 47 patients with IHD and AH with preserved kidney function. Anatomic and functional parameters of the heart, arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, cardio-ankle vascular index, augmentation index, central aortic systolic and pulse pressure, endothelium-dependent vasodilation, plasma concentration of endothelin-1 (ET-1), and plasma concentration of nitric oxide metabolites were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results In patients with IHD, AH, and stage 2-3 CKD, arterial stiffness was more pronounced than in patients with preserved kidney function. Concentrations of ET-1 were significantly higher and levels of nitric oxide were lower in CKD. Supplementing the complex therapy with perindopril resulted in a considerable hypotensive effect in all subgroups, improvement of the kidney function, and positive dynamics of arterial stiffness and endothelial function. Changes in these parameters were more pronounced in patients after coronary stenting than in patients receiving only a conservative treatment. The use of perindopril/amlodipine following stenting exerted the most significant angioprotective and cardioprotective effect.

Conclusion      Patients with IHD and AH in combination with early CKD have pronounced impairment of the condition of arterial blood vessels and the heart. Addition of perindopril to the treatment not only exerted a hypotensive effect but also beneficially influenced mechanisms of progression of this combined pathology.
Erythrocyte membranes beta-adrenoreactivity changes after renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension, relationship with antihypertensive and cardioprotective intervention efficacy
Authors: Zyubanova I. V. , Falkovskaya A. Yu. , Mordovin V. F. , Manukyan M. A. , Pekarskij S. E. , Lichikaki V. A. , Shalishev I. G. , Rebrova T. Yu. , Muslimova E. F. , Afanasiev S. A.
Published: September 2021

Aim      To study the functional condition of sympathoadrenal system as evaluated by beta-adrenoreactivity of erythrocyte membranes (beta-ARM) during two years following renal denervation (RD) in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) and to determine the relationship of this index with long-term antihypertensive and cardioprotective effectivity of this invasive treatment.

Material and methods  The study included 48 patients (mean age, 57.2±8.7 years, 18 men) with RAH on a stable antihypertensive therapy. Averaged daily systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and levels of beta-ARM were determined at baseline and in 7 days and 2 years following RD. Measurement of beta-ARM was based on beta-adrenoblocker inhibition of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by exposure to hypo-osmotic environment. The beta-adrenoblocker binds to erythrocyte membrane beta-adrenoceptors to prevent the erythrocyte destruction. Increased values of beta-ARM reflect a decrease in the number of functionally active erythrocyte membrane beta-adrenoceptors associated with long-term sympathetic hyperactivity.

Results For two years of follow-up, values of average daily BP decreased from 160.4±16.0 / 88.1±14.6 to 145.3±19.3 / 79.4±13.6 mm Hg. At 7 days, the number of beta-ARM had decreased in the group of RD responders (р=0.028) who at two years had decreased their BP by 10 mm Hg or more, while in the group of non-responders, the number of beta-ARM remained unchanged. At one week, beta-ARM values correlated with changes in SBP and DBP (r= –0.54; р<0.05) and with left ventricular myocardial mass (LVMM) (r= –0.36; р<0.05) at two years of follow-up whereas beta-ARM delta at one week was interrelated with the renin concentration in the long-term (r= –0.44; р<0.05). At two years, the content of beta-ARM was increased in both groups.

Conclusion      The decrease in beta-ARM content at 7 days after RD shows the procedure efficacy and allows an expectation of clinically significant decreases in BP and LVMM in the long-term after the surgical treatment. At two years after the intervention, the content of beta-ARM increased, and the BP decrease was apparently due to some other mechanisms.
Myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients is associated with the thickness of epicardial adipose tissue
Authors: Özer Savaş , Bulut Eser , Özyıldız Ali Gökhan , Peker Mustafa , Turan Oğuzhan Ekrem
Published: September 2021

Aim    High sensitive troponin (hs-TnI) levels may increase secondary to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), and this increase is associated with cardiovascular mortality in COVID-19 patients. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with myocardial injury directly as a reservoir tissue for coronavirus, and indirectly through mediators it secretes as an apocrine gland. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between myocardial injury secondary to COVID-19 infection and EAT thickness.Material and methods    Thoracic computed tomography (CT) was performed in 73 consecutive patients diagnosed with COVID-19. EAT thickness and volume were calculated by two radiologists blind to the study data. We formed two groups according to hs-TnI concentrations, patients with myocardial damage (hs-TnI ≥11.6 ng / l) and without myocardial damage (hs-TnI<11.6 ng / dl).Results    A total of 46 patients were women (63.0 %). The mean age was 66.4±12.3 yrs in the myocardial injury group and 55.9±9.7 yrs in the group without myocardial injury (p<0.001). There were 20 hypertensive patients (68.9 %) in the injury group, while there were 12 hypertensive patients (27.3 %) in the group without injury (p=0.001). Glucose, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, white blood cell count, neutrophil, and neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio were higher in the injury group (p<0.05, for all variables). The mean EAT thickness was 5.6±1.6 mm in the injury group, whereas it was 4.8±1.8 mm in the group without injury (p=0.031). EAT thickness of 4.85 mm and above was associated with the myocardial injury with 65 % sensitivity and 39 % specificity (AUC=0.65, 95 % CI: 0.52–078, p=0.031).Conclusion    In patients with COVID-19 infection, higher rates of myocardial injury were observed as the EAT thickness increased. Epicardial adipose tissue, contributes to cytokine-mediated myocardial injury either directly or indirectly by acting as a reservoir for coronavirus. Increased EAT thickness is associated with myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients.
Geriatric nutritional risk index is a predictor of recurrent percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Kaplan Mehmet , Vuruskan Ertan , Altunbas Gökhan , Yavuz Fethi , Ilgın Kaplan Gizem , Duzen Irfan Veysel , Savcılıoglu Mert Deniz , Annac Sıma , Bursa Nurbanu , Sucu Mehmet Murat
Published: September 2021

Aim To investigate the relationship between malnutrition and follow-up cardiovascular (CV) events in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).Material and methods A retrospective study was performed on 298 patients with NSTEMI. The baseline geriatric nutritionalrisk index (GNRI) was calculated at the first visit. The patients were divided into three groups accordingto the GNRI: >98, no-risk; 92 to ≤98, low risk; 82 to <92, moderate to high (MTH) risk. The studyendpoint was a composite of follow-up CV events, including all-cause mortality, non-valvular atrialfibrillation (NVAF), hospitalizations, and need for repeat percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Results Follow-up data showed that MTH risk group had significantly higher incidence of repeat PCI and all-cause mortality compared to other groups (p<0.001). However, follow-up hospitalizations and NVAFwere similar between groups (p>0.05). The mean GNRI was 84.6 in patients needing repeat PCI and99.8 in patients who did not require repeat PCI (p<0.001). Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed thatpatients with MTH risk had significantly poorer survival (p<0.001). According to multivariate Coxregression analysis, theMTH risk group (hazard ratio=5.372) was associated with increased mortality.Conclusion GNRI value may have a potential role for the prediction of repeat PCI in patients with NSTEMI.
Remote monitoring of patients with heart failure in real clinical practice
Authors: Nasonova S. N. , Lapteva A. E. , Zhirov I. V. , Tereshchenko S. N. , Boytsov S. A.
Published: September 2021

Prevalence of chronic heart failure (CHF) is continuously growing and is associated with increased incidence of hospitalizations, morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the increase in the number of rehospitalizations results in greater expenses and worsening of quality of life. In order to decrease the number of unscheduled hospitalizations and the death rate, the outpatient care should be improved, which can be achieved by using telemedical technologies. The aim of this review was collection and analysis of currently available information about the use of telemonitoring for patients with CHF. A systematic search and analysis of reports published from 2010 through 2020 in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases was performed.
A study on catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of uropathogens causing CAUTI from a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Rao K Archana , Vishwajith  , Sahkare Ritika , Sangeetha S
Published: September 2021

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), remains the commonest hospital-acquired infection (HAI). This emphasizes the need to implement and monitor effective infection control programs to reduce the risk of CAUTI.

Aim of the present study was to determine the etiology with antibiotic susceptibility and also to calculate CAUTI rate.

The Patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU), Rajarajeshwari Medical College and Hospital who were on urinary catheter insertion for >48 hours from 1 August, 2019 to 30 September, 2019 were included in the study. Under aseptic conditions urine samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of CAUTI, the samples were processed in the department of Microbiology, as per standard protocols. Uropathogens were isolated, identified and subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test. CAUTI rate was calculated and results were noted.

Among 460 patients on catheter in ICU, 28(6%) patients developed clinical signs or symptoms of UTI. Of 28 urine samples cultured, 4(14%) yielded growth of single organis [Escherichia coli (3), Klebsiella (1)] and 24(86%) showed no evidence of growth. 2300 catheter days were obtained of 460 patients on indwelling catheter in ICU. Thus CAUTI rate was 1.74 per 1000 catheter days over a 2 month period.

CAUTI remained a great burden to patient safety and a challenge to the infection control team. Implementation of proper care bundles and continuous education to health care workers plays a key role in reducing the CAUTI rates, thereby decreasing the morbidity and hospital stay to the patients.
Dermatophytosis - A clinico-mycological profile in patients attending to tertiary healthcare centre- An observational study, Dewas, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Sharma Munesh Kumar , Ramanath K  , Rajput Madhurendra Singh , Navdeep
Published: September 2021

Dermatophytosis disease was found most common disease worldwide which showed a wide prevalence in tropical country as India and it is a wide importance to know their disease etiology and their clinical presentation. Study objective approaches to determine the clinical variation in Dermatophytosis and the species of fungus isolates which responsible for the infection in this area.

In our study 1520 specimens were taken from infected skin, hair and nail screened by 10%-20% KOH mount examination and used Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and Sabouraud’s Dextrose Chloramphenicol and Cycloheximide (SCCA) & Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM) for culture and incubated at 27°C. Further identification done by slide culture method and lactophenol cotton blue mount.

Out of 1520 samples taken, 981(64.54%) were found KOH mount positive for fungal elements and 1076 (70.79%) were found culture positive. (21.64%) was found predominantly among other isolated species. Study was found Tinea corporis (50.39%) as common clinically.

The study was highlighted with Tinea corporis being the commonest infection type with variable fungal agents and out of other fungal isolates was found a most common isolate in various clinical conditions.
Emerging cases of mucormycosis in post Covid-19 disease patients
Authors: Ahirwar Sonu S
Published: September 2021

Mucormycosis (MC) is a serious threat in this covid-19 pandemic situation; cases of MC continue to increases as post covid-19 disease affliction in India. It is a life-threatening disease that happens due to black mold. Mucormycosis is described as a potentially lethal infection amongst immune-compromised (IC) hosts, particularly in those with diabetes, leukemia, and lymphoma. Mortality rate of MC just doubles in IC host, delayed diagnosis increase the rate of mortality. Mucormycosis is difficult to diagnose which affects outcomes and results in a poor prognosis. The main objective of the study was to detect MC in the clinical species received during or post covid-19 treatment in our laboratory.

Basic microbiological methods such as gram stain and KOH smear were used for the detection of MC in the received clinical specimen and morphology was seen in the microscope.

The is a cross-sectional observational study conducted in our microbiology laboratory for one month periods during May 15, 2021 to June 15, 2021 in a tertiary care hospital of central India. During study period our microbiology lab received n=35 suspected clinical specimens from N= 27 post covid-19 patients for MC diagnosis over one month period. Out of n=35 specimens, n=8 specimens (obtained from N=5 patients) were positive for MC by gram and KOH smear method and we saw filamentous fungi by conventional microscopic method.

The present study concluded that the cases of life threatening MC increase day by day in central India as post complication of covid-19 disease.
A short communication: Diphtheria outbreak, Tdap vaccination for adults
Authors: Jeevan P J Sabi
Published: September 2021

Diphtheria cases continue to occur also in Madurai, Tamil Nadu despite a national vaccination program targeting the disease. Outbreaks of diphtheria are noted in areas of low immunization coverage. Last week our nephews came with swollen cheeks etc so forth and so on. Disease manifesting among older children and adults as in of the recent outbreaks from the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi and Assam.

Of these, immunized children, 88% were above 10 years of age.

A booster second doses of Adacel is for person 8 years and above along with tetanus prophylaxia is given in addition to maintaining a high immunization coverage in the routine immunization program, with special emphasis on areas of low vaccination coverage is essential for preventing then emergence of diphtheria.