bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dielectric resonator‐based wide band circularly polarized MIMO antenna with pattern diversity for WLAN applications
Authors: Sahu Nikesh Kumar , Das Gourab , Gangwar Ravi Kumar
Published: October 2018

A novel dielectric resonator (DR)‐based wideband circularly polarized multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with pattern diversity is proposed in this article for wireless local area network applications. In this proposed MIMO antenna, 2 rectangular DRs and a single square DR are stepped together to generate circular polarization characteristics as well as pattern diversity. Along with this, an orthogonal probe feeding network is deployed in the design to limit the inter‐port coupling. Experimentally tested outcomes revealed that the proposed radiator has a 10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 21.51% and a 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth of 13.23%. Besides, results of MIMO diversity performance parameters demonstrate that the proposed antenna is well suitable for MIMO applications.
A Monte Carlo Method to Quantify the Effect of Reactor Residence Time Distribution on Polyolefins Made with Heterogeneous Catalysts: Part III—Particle Composition Distribution Effects
Authors: Liu Bao , Romero Jazmin , Liu Boping , Soares João B. P.
Published: October 2018

Polymer reactor blends, such as bimodal polyethylene or high‐impact polypropylene, are usually produced in multistep processes using two or more reactors in series. Since the polymer particles are subject to reactor residence time distributions (RTD) during the polymerizations, the fractions of the polymer populations made in each reactor will vary from particle to particle. It is shown in the previous publications in this series that reactor RTD has a marked effect on the particle size distribution and on the packing density of polyolefin particles. In this article, the versatile Monte Carlo model is extended to demonstrate how reactor RTD affects particle composition and molecular weight distributions of polyolefin reactor blends made in multistep processes. Increasing the number of reactors in series favors the homogeneity of the product. Moreover, the average fraction of the different polymer populations in the particles depends strongly on the mean reactor residence time and polymerization kinetics.
Sense making of policy processes in the transition economy of Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Thang V. , Nguyen Hung V. , Vu Cuong , Le Canh Q.
Published: October 2018

This paper addresses the question of how reform policies come into existence in transition economies, in which democratic market institutions are in nascent stages. Data from two case studies in Vietnam suggest that the evolution of reform policies in transition economies involves significant sense‐making processes, rather than problem solving, and that sense making alters stakeholders' foundations for learning and power influence in policymaking. In the end, stakeholders' acceptance of identity changes is needed for a reform policy to be realized. This study offers important research and policy implications, and such issues as identity redefinition in the policy process warrant further study.
Order in Disorder as Observed by the “Hydrophobic Cluster Analysis” of Protein Sequences
Authors: Bitard‐Feildel Tristan , Lamiable Alexis , Mornon Jean‐Paul , Callebaut Isabelle
Published: October 2018

Hydrophobic cluster analysis (HCA) is an original approach for protein sequence analysis, which provides access to the foldable repertoire of the protein universe, including yet unannotated protein segments (“dark proteome”). Foldable segments correspond to ordered regions, as well as to intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) undergoing disorder to order transitions. In this review, how HCA can be used to give insight into this last category of foldable segments is illustrated, with examples matching known 3D structures. After reviewing the HCA principles, examples of short foldable segments are given, which often contain short linear motifs, typically matching hydrophobic clusters. These segments become ordered upon contact with partners, with secondary structure preferences generally corresponding to those observed in the 3D structures within the complexes. Such small foldable segments are sometimes larger than the segments of known 3D structures, including flanking hydrophobic clusters that may be critical for interaction specificity or regulation, as well as intervening sequences allowing fuzziness. Cases of larger conditionally disordered domains are also presented, with lower density in hydrophobic clusters than well‐folded globular domains or with exposed hydrophobic patches, which are stabilized by interaction with partners.
Surfactant‐free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate for preparation of water‐redispersible polymeric powders
Authors: Darabi Ali , Rezaee Shirin‐Abadi Abbas , Avar Sajad , Cunningham Michael F.
Published: October 2018

Poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate) cationically stabilized latexes with up to 25% solid content were prepared by surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) employing 1 mol % 2,2′‐azobis[2‐(2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)propane]dihydrochloride (VA‐044) as an initiator and stabilizer (inisurf) with respect to monomer at 70 °C. The latexes had 200–500 nm z‐diameter and a very narrow size distribution (PDI < 0.05). The stabilizing amidinium moieties from VA‐044 were covalently bound to the particles. After drying in air, poly(styrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate), PS‐co‐PMMA latexes were easily redispersible in water simply by addition of water and a few minutes of gentle stirring. The redispersed latex particles had colloidal characteristics very similar to the original latex particles in terms of polydispersity, size, and zeta potential. In contrast, latexes prepared with a similar formulation but using a conventional cationic surfactant (CTAB) that was not covalently bound to the particles were not redispersible. This is the simplest method reported so far for the preparation of redispersible latexes that do not use high stabilizer concentrations. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2376–2381
Patterns of adverse drug reaction signals in NAFDAC pharmacovigilance activities from January to June 2015: safety of drug use in Nigeria
Authors: Awodele Olufunsho , Aliu Rebecca , Ali Ibrahim , Oni Yetunde , Adeyeye Christianah Mojisola
Published: October 2018

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are expected to be associated with an economic drain on the healthcare systems. The study was carried out to determine the occurrence of ADRs reported to NAFDAC Pharmacovigilance from January to June 2015, to illustrate the pattern of organ system affected by ADRs, to assess the completeness of ADR report, to determine the relationship between the occurrence of ADRs with suspect drugs and the use of concomitant drugs as well as to generate possible signals from the reported ADRs. A total number of 921 ADR cases reported from January to June 2015 were analyzed using SPSS version 22. A higher percentage of ADR reports were seen in females (65.5%). The highest percentages of reports (45.6%) were from the age range of 21‐40 years, most of the suspected drugs reported had both NAFDAC (50.2%) and batch number identification (65.6%). HIV (56.9%) was the most prevalent indication reported for using the suspected drug; Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine combination (16.9%) was reported as the suspected drug with the highest occurrences of ADRs and generalized body itching (6.9%) as the most prevalent ADR. “General disorders” (47.3%) was the most predominant organ system affected by ADRs and Pharmacists were revealed as the highest reporters of ADRs (80.2%). Overall, patients on ARVs should be vigilantly followed up as they are mostly prone to ADRs. Adverse drug reaction reporting systems need to be robust and complete in order to be able to detect new drug alerts, possible signals and improve pharmacovigilance
Transmission Microsphere‐Assisted Dark‐Field Microscopy
Authors: Perrin Stephane , Li Hongyu , Badu Keshia , Comparon Thomas , Quaranta Giorgio , Messaddeq Nadia , Lemercier Nicolas , Montgomery Paul , Vonesch Jean‐Luc , Lecler Sylvain
Published: October 2018

Microsphere‐assisted microscopy allows the limit of the diffraction of light to overcome while being non‐invasive, full‐field, label‐free, and easy‐to‐implement. However, the observation of translucent samples remains difficult using a classical bright‐field illumination. In this work, a method is presented for the inspection of quasi‐transparent sub‐diffraction‐limited structures by using dark‐field illumination in the transmission mode. Glass‐imprint features, having a size of 250 nm, as well as fixed mouse brain cells have been visualized using the dark‐field microsphere‐assisted technique. The possibility to observe feature sizes up to 100 nm has been demonstrated in air using a 25‐µm‐diameter glass microsphere combined with an optical microscope, opening new possibilities for biological imaging.
Static output‐feedback sliding mode control under round‐robin protocol
Authors: Song Jun , Wang Zidong , Niu Yugang
Published: October 2018

This paper addresses the static output‐feedback sliding mode control (SMC) problem for a class of uncertain control systems subject to the round‐robin protocol scheduling, in which the communication between the controller and the actuators is regulated by the round‐robin protocol, that is, only one actuator node gets the access to the transmission network at each instant and the other actuators utilize the values stored in the zero‐order holders. A key issue of the addressed problem is how to design both the sliding surface and the sliding mode controller subject to the kind of actuator signals depending on protocol scheduling and zero‐order holders. By only using the measured output information, a linear sliding surface is constructed, and then, a token‐dependent SMC law is designed properly with the aid of an updating rule on actuator input. Moreover, suitable token‐dependent Lyapunov functions are exploited to obtain sufficient conditions for guaranteeing the asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop systems and the reachability of the specified sliding surface. Furthermore, based upon a separation strategy, a convex optimization algorithm is proposed to obtain the controller gains. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed static output‐feedback SMC design scheme is verified in an industrial continuous‐stirred tank reactor system.
Sign‐consensus over cooperative‐antagonistic networks with switching topologies
Authors: Jiang Ye , Zhang Hongwei , Chen Jie
Published: October 2018

This paper studies sign consensus, a collective behavior of multiagent systems, when both cooperative and antagonistic interactions coexist among agents. By sign consensus, it means that the states of all agents will eventually achieve the same sign but may with different magnitudes. Compared with some recent works on sign‐consensus problems, where only fixed graphs are considered and the graph adjacency matrix needs to be eventually positive, this paper allows the graph to be switching over time. Control laws are proposed and analyzed with respect to three classes of switching graphs. Examples illustrate the efficacy of the control algorithms.
Optimal sample size planning for the Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney test
Authors: Happ Martin , Bathke Arne C. , Brunner Edgar
Published: October 2018

There are many different proposed procedures for sample size planning for the Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney test at given type‐I and type‐II error rates α and β, respectively. Most methods assume very specific models or types of data to simplify calculations (eg, ordered categorical or metric data, location shift alternatives, etc). We present a unified approach that covers metric data with and without ties, count data, ordered categorical data, and even dichotomous data. For that, we calculate the unknown theoretical quantities such as the variances under the null and relevant alternative hypothesis by considering the following “synthetic data” approach. We evaluate data whose empirical distribution functions match the theoretical distribution functions involved in the computations of the unknown theoretical quantities. Then, well‐known relations for the ranks of the data are used for the calculations.

In addition to computing the necessary sample size N for a fixed allocation proportion t = n1/N, where n1 is the sample size in the first group and N = n1 + n2 is the total sample size, we provide an interval for the optimal allocation rate t, which minimizes the total sample size N. It turns out that, for certain distributions, a balanced design is optimal. We give a characterization of such distributions. Furthermore, we show that the optimal choice of t depends on the ratio of the two variances, which determine the variance of the Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney statistic under the alternative. This is different from an optimal sample size allocation in case of the normal distribution model.
Power and sample size requirements for GEE analyses of cluster randomized crossover trials
Authors: Li Fan , Forbes Andrew B. , Turner Elizabeth L. , Preisser John S.
Published: October 2018

The cluster randomized crossover design has been proposed to improve efficiency over the traditional parallel cluster randomized design, which often involves a limited number of clusters. In recent years, the cluster randomized crossover design has been increasingly used to evaluate the effectiveness of health care policy or programs, and the interest often lies in quantifying the population‐averaged intervention effect. In this paper, we consider the two‐treatment two‐period crossover design, and develop sample size procedures for continuous and binary outcomes corresponding to a population‐averaged model estimated by generalized estimating equations, accounting for both within‐period and interperiod correlations. In particular, we show that the required sample size depends on the correlation parameters through an eigenvalue of the within‐cluster correlation matrix for continuous outcomes and through two distinct eigenvalues of the correlation matrix for binary outcomes. We demonstrate that the empirical power corresponds well with the predicted power by the proposed formulae for as few as eight clusters, when outcomes are analyzed using the matrix‐adjusted estimating equations for the correlation parameters concurrently with a suitable bias‐corrected sandwich variance estimator.
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Value‐Added Products: The Electrocatalyst and Microbial Electrosynthesis
Authors: Chen Zhipeng , Wang Xiaohan , Liu Licheng
Published: October 2018

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value‐added products obtains great attention and investigation worldwide in recent years. The commercialization of this green process relies on the progress of relating high‐performance electrocatalysts and their feasibility with proper reactor design. The microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an alternative route to reduce CO2 with electroactive bio‐film electrode as catalyst. This review presents the research status and development of cathode catalysts, particularly focusing on the active sites and development tendency, for highly efficient electrochemical reduction CO2 from personal viewpoint. Some of our results are also presented to exhibit contributions. MES shows a similar process to the typical electrochemical reduction of CO2. Their combination is an important trend, and the future research in this field is full of challenges and opportunities.
Examining features of how professional development and enactment of educative curricula influences elementary science teacher learning
Authors: Granger Ellen M. , Bevis Todd H. , Southerland Sherry A. , Saka Yavuz , Ke Fengfeng
Published: October 2018

This research examines factors influencing elementary science teacher learning as they participate in professional development with and enactment of educative curricula in comparison with learning following limited professional development and enactment of traditional curricula. Using a randomized cluster design (125 teachers and 2,694 students in 4th—5th grades) that met the What Works Clearinghouse standards without reservations, teacher learning was conceptualized using four outcomes. Data were analyzed using standard single‐level multiple regression models and possible mediation models for the teacher outcomes were considered using piecewise multiple regression and path analytic approaches. Treatment group teachers experienced greater increases in content knowledge, views of science inquiry, beliefs about reform‐based teaching, and teaching self‐efficacy than comparison group teachers. The findings indicate that what teachers learn from the combination of professional development and teaching with educative curriculum varies according to what their knowledge and beliefs are on entering the experience. Surprisingly, high entry‐level self‐efficacy was associated not only with lower learning gains for the teachers, but also for their students. Finally, teachers' space science learning and that of their students are implicated as mediators of the positive effect of the professional development and educative curriculum enactment on teacher beliefs about reform science teaching. This work refines and extends a theoretical framework of teachers' participatory relationship with curricula.
Field‐induced Slow Magnetic Relaxation Behavior in a Mononuclear Dy(III) Complex based on 8‐Hydroxyquinoline Derivate Ligand
Authors: Ji Cheng‐Long , Jiang Yu‐Xuan , Zhang Jia‐Chen , Qi Zi‐Yi , Kong Jiao‐Jiao , Huang Xing‐Cai
Published: October 2018

A mononuclear DyIII compound [Dy(quinbeyz)(NO3)2(DMF)] (1) based on 8‐hydroxyquinoline derivative ligand [quinbeyz = 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐2‐carboxyaldehyde‐(benzoyl)hydrazine] was synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The crystal structure showed that the DyIII ion of the compound is nine‐coordinate in a distorted capped square antiprism arrangement with pseudo‐C4v symmetry. Direct‐current (dc) magnetic susceptibilities revealed that compound 1 showed easy axial magnetic anisotropy. The crystal field parameters (CFPs) were obtained from fitting of the magnetic data, and the orientation of the magnetic easy axis of the central DyIII atom for compound 1 was calculated by the electrostatic model. It can be helpful further to understand the magnetic anisotropy of DyIII and the magneto‐structural relationship. Alternating current (ac) magnetic measurements demonstrated that compound 1 exhibited field‐induced slow magnetic relaxation behavior. These results demonstrated that an approach to achieve mononuclear lanthanide single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) with pseudo‐C4v symmetry could be effectively constructed by using 8‐hydroxyquinoline derivative ligand.
Ornamentation
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

areola/areolate: insular ornamentation element
Pollen Wall
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

tectum/tectate: outer more or less continuous ektexine layer; tectum condition can be eutectate or semitectate
Pollen Morphology and Ultrastructure
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

The study of pollen should encompass all structural and ornamental aspects of the grain. Pollen morphology is studied using LM and SEM and is important to visualize the general features of a pollen grain, including, e.g., symmetry, shape, size, aperture number and location, as well as ornamentation. TEM investigations are used to highlight the stratification and the uniqueness of pollen wall layers as well as cytoplasmic features. The following sections explain the most important structural and sculptural pollen features a palynologist should observe.
Misinterpretations in Palynology
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

The description of pollen ornamentation depends on three major parameters (1) the interpretations of the palynologist (which are subjective), (2) the pollen terminology applied, and (3) the magnification, resolution, and methods used.
How to Describe and Illustrate Pollen Grains
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

For the description of a pollen grain, a number of features are used including size, polarity and shape, aperture condition, ornamentation, and pollen wall structure. Additional and often more specialized features depend on the group of plants under study, Gymnosperms (Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Pinales, Gnetales) vs. Angiosperms (magnoliids, monocots, commelinids, eudicots). These features can only be obtained by the application of a combined analysis with LM, SEM, and TEM (Fig. 1). In order to compare and categorize pollen, a common language and understanding of technical terms is necessary.
Pollen- and Dispersal Units
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

monad: unit consisting of a single pollen grain
A singlet doublet dark matter model with radiative neutrino masses
Authors: Esch Sonja , Klasen Michael , Yaguna Carlos E.
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We present a detailed study of a combined singlet-doublet scalar and singlet-doublet fermion model for dark matter. These models have only been studied separately in the past. We show that their combination allows for the radiative generation of neutrino masses, but that it also implies the existence of lepton-flavour violating (LFV) processes. We first analyse the dark matter, neutrino mass and LFV aspects separately. We then perform two random scans for scalar dark matter imposing Higgs mass, relic density and neutrino mass constraints, one over the full parameter space, the other over regions where scalar-fermion coannihilations become important. In the first case, a large part of the new parameter space is excluded by LFV, and the remaining models will be probed by XENONnT. In the second case, direct detection cross sections are generally too small, but a substantial part of the viable models will be tested by future LFV experiments. Possible constraints from the LHC are also discussed.
The antimicrobial protection hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Moir Robert D. , Lathe Richard , Tanzi Rudolph E.
Published: October 2018

Objective

We explore here a novel model for amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This new perspective on AD amyloidosis seeks to provide a rational framework for incorporating recent and seemingly independent findings on the antimicrobial role of β‐amyloid and emerging experimental, genetic, and epidemiological data, suggesting innate immune‐mediated inflammation propagates AD neurodegeneration.

Background

AD pathology is characterized by cerebral deposition of amyloid‐β protein (Aβ) as β‐amyloid. Genetic studies have confirmed the key role of Aβ in AD, revealing that mutation‐mediated shifts in the peptides generation lead to early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. However, Aβ generation appears normal for the majority of AD patients, who lack early onset familial Alzheimer's disease mutations. In prevailing models of nonfamilial AD, individual genetics and age‐associated changes in brain milieu promote an intrinsically abnormal propensity of Aβ for self‐association. However, emerging findings are increasingly inconsistent with characterization of Aβ oligomerization as a nonphysiological and exclusively pathological activity. Recent studies suggest Aβ is an ancient, highly conserved effector molecule of innate immunity. Moreover, Aβ oligomerization and β‐amyloid generation appear to be important innate immune pathways that mediate pathogen entrapment and protect against infection.

New AD amyloidogenesis model

Recent findings on inflammation‐mediated neurodegeneration and the role of Aβ in immunity have led to emergence of the “Antimicrobial Protection Hypothesis” of AD. In this model, β‐amyloid deposition is an early innate immune response to genuine, or mistakenly perceived, immunochallenge. Aβ first entraps and neutralizes invading pathogens in β‐amyloid. Aβ fibrillization drives neuroinflammatory pathways that help fight the infection and clear β‐amyloid/pathogen deposits. In AD, chronic activation of this pathway leads to sustained inflammation and neurodegeneration. Mounting data link elevated brain microbe levels with AD. The Antimicrobial Protection Hypothesis reveals how increased brain microbial burden may directly exacerbate β‐amyloid deposition, inflammation, and AD progression.

Amyloid cascade hypothesis

In the antimicrobial protection model, the modality of Aβ's pathophysiology is shifted from abnormal stochastic behavior toward dysregulated innate immune response. However, β‐amyloid deposition in AD still leads to neurodegeneration. Thus, the new model extends but remains broadly consistent with the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis and overwhelming data showing the primacy of Aβ in AD pathology.
Medical Incidents and Evacuations on Wilderness Expeditions for the Northwest Outward Bound School
Authors: Wells Forrest C. , Warden Craig R.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Outdoor education (OE) expeditions travel far from definitive care and have unique epidemiology. Most OE expedition studies have examined a single organization and results may not generalize. This study examines the injuries, illnesses, medical evacuations, and nonmedical incidents of the Northwest Outward Bound School (NWOBS) to broaden our understanding and demonstrate commonalities within the field.

Methods

This retrospective database review examined incidents and evacuations on NWOBS expeditions from June 1, 2014 through October 31, 2016. Incident rates, evacuation rates, and incident type frequencies were calculated. Frequencies of incidents during different expedition time periods were compared with a 1-sample χ2 test. The odds ratio that each type of incident would require evacuation was calculated and compared with other incident types using Fisher exact test.

Results

The study period included 59,058 program days, 277 incidents, 143 medical incidents, 75 medical evacuations, and no fatalities. Injuries occurred at a rate of 1.64 per 1000 program days and illnesses at a rate of 0.78 per 1000 program days. The most common injuries were strains, sprains, and trauma or infection of the skin and soft tissue. Most injuries occurred while backpacking, hiking, or moving around camp. The most common illnesses were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, asthma, respiratory infections, and urinary tract infections. The medical incidents with the highest odds of evacuation were fractures, urinary tract infections, abdominal pain, and asthma.

Conclusions

Results from the NWOBS database are consistent with those from other expeditionary OE programs. These findings should guide risk-management strategies and staff medical training.
Autistic spectrum disorder without intellectual impairment in adult mental health services – fostering new perspectives and enhancing existing services
Authors: Crowley N. , O’Connell H. , Gervin M.
Published: October 2018

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro-developmental disability with multi-systemic impacts. Individuals with ASD without intellectual impairment (DSM-V) or Aspergers (DSM-IV) are often particularly vulnerable to mental health problems such as anxiety disorders including social phobia and generalised anxiety disorder, depressive disorders and psychosis. Adults with ASD without intellectual impairment suffer higher rates of physical and psychiatric morbidity, display a poorer ability to engage with treatment and have a lower chance of recovery compared with the general population. It is widely acknowledged that adults with suspected ASD without intellectual impairment and co-morbid mental health problems are often not best supported through adult mental health services and often require more tailored supports. This review seeks to (a) increase awareness in the area of undiagnosed cases of ASD without intellectual impairment in adult mental health settings and (b) highlights the importance of identifying this population more efficiently by referring to best practice guidelines. The value of future research to examine the benefit of having a team of specialist staff within adult mental health teams who have received ASD training and who are supported to work with the ‘core difficulties’ of ASD is discussed and a model for the same is proposed. It is proposed that a specialist team could form a ‘hub’ for the development of expertise in ASD, which when adequately resourced and funded could reach across an entire region, offering consultancy and diagnostic assessments and interventions.
Computational analysis of single rising bubbles influenced by soluble surfactant
Authors: Pesci Chiara , Weiner Andre , Marschall Holger , Bothe Dieter
Published: October 2018

This paper presents novel insights into the influence of soluble surfactants on bubble flows obtained by direct numerical simulation (DNS). Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds which accumulate at fluid interfaces and significantly modify the respective interfacial properties, influencing also the overall dynamics of the flow. With the aid of DNS, local quantities like the surfactant distribution on the bubble surface can be accessed for a better understanding of the physical phenomena occurring close to the interface. The core part of the physical model consists of the description of the surfactant transport in the bulk and on the deformable interface. The solution procedure is based on an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) interface-tracking method. The existing methodology was enhanced to describe a wider range of physical phenomena. A subgrid-scale (SGS) model is employed in the cases where a fully resolved DNS for the species transport is not feasible due to high mesh resolution requirements and, therefore, high computational costs. After an exhaustive validation of the latest numerical developments, the DNS of single rising bubbles in contaminated solutions is compared to experimental results. The full velocity transients of the rising bubbles, especially the contaminated ones, are correctly reproduced by the DNS. The simulation results are then studied to gain a better understanding of the local bubble dynamics under the effect of soluble surfactant. One of the main insights is that the quasi-steady state of the rise velocity is reached without ad- and desorption being necessarily in equilibrium.
Fertilization, hatching, and embryogenesis of diploid and triploid eggs ofAnabas testudineus(Bloch, 1792)
Authors: Hassan A. , Okomoda V.T. , Sanusi F.A.B.
Published: October 2018

This study investigated the breeding parameters and embryogenic development of diploid and heat shock-induced triploid eggs ofAnabas testudineus(Bloch, 1792). To this effect, broodstocks ofA.testudineuswere induced to spawn using the Ovaprim®hormone. After fertilization, the eggs were divided into two groups and one portion heat shocked at 41°C (for 3 min), at approximately 4 min after fertilization. Results of fertilization, hatchability, as well as the sequence and timing of embryogenic development were collated from three breeding trials. Fertilization percentages were similar in both treatments (≈90%) while hatchability was higher in the diploid eggs (79.56%) than the triploid induced eggs (50.04%). Both treatments had the same sequence of embryogenetic stages; however, the timing of development was significantly delayed in the triploids (i.e. beyond the 2-cell stages) as compared with the observations in the control group (diploid eggs). Consequently, hatching time was 5 h faster in the diploid eggs [i.e. 18 hours post fertilization (hpf)] compared with the triploid induced eggs (23 hpf). The most critical stage of embryonic development in which mass mortality occurred in the different treatments was the somite stage. The status of triploid hatchlings was affirmed using erythrocyte morphology in 2-month-old fingerlings.
Acceptable Limitations on Paramedic Duty to Treat During Disaster: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Smith Erin , Burkle Frederick M. , Gebbie Kristine , Ford David , Bensimon Cécile
Published: October 2018

Introduction

The Australian prehospital profession has not yet facilitated a comprehensive discussion regarding paramedic role and responsibility during disasters. Whether paramedics have a duty to treat under extreme conditions and what acceptable limitations may be placed on such a duty require urgent consideration. The purpose of this research is to encourage discussion within the paramedic profession and broader community on this important ethical and legal issue.

Methods

The authors employed qualitative methods to gather paramedic and community member perspectives in Victoria, Australia.

Results

These findings suggested that both paramedic and community member participants agree that acceptable limitations on paramedic duty to treat during disaster are required. These limitations should be based on consideration of the following factors: personal health circumstances (eg, pregnancy for female paramedics); pre-existing mental health conditions (eg, posttraumatic stress disorder/PTSD); competing personal obligations (eg, paramedics who are single parents); and unacceptable levels of personal risk (eg, risk of exposure and infection during a pandemic).

Conclusion

It is only with the engagement of a more broadly representative segment of the prehospital profession and greater Australian community that appropriate guidance on limiting standards of care under extreme conditions can be developed and integrated within prehospital care in Australia.

SmithE, BurkleFM Jr., GebbieK, FordD, BensimonC. Acceptable limitations on paramedic duty to treat during disaster: a qualitative exploration. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(5):466–470.
Denmark: The Rise of Fascism and the Decline of the Nordic Model
Authors: Balorda Jasna
Published: October 2018

Contrary to its conventional image as a social-democratic paragon, the Danish welfare state has, in recent decades, been undergoing significant changes as a response to the intrusion into the social sphere by self-regulating markets and a final departure from Keynesian politics of universalism and solidarity. This article examines the evident decline of the Nordic model as a result of neoliberal globalisation and establishes an association between the erosion of the welfare state and the emergence of fascist political sentiment in Denmark. An analysis of the Danish People's party and its growing public support among the disenfranchised working class communities in Denmark demonstrates how those overlooked by the free market and unrepresented by the liberal left become increasingly more receptive to the proposed social agendas of the far right campaigns.
Origin of Earth's Water: Chondritic Inheritance Plus Nebular Ingassing and Storage of Hydrogen in the Core
Authors: Wu Jun , Desch Steven J. , Schaefer Laura , Elkins‐Tanton Linda T. , Pahlevan Kaveh , Buseck Peter R.
Published: October 2018

Recent developments in planet formation theory and measurements of low D/H in deep mantle material support a solar nebula source for some of Earth's hydrogen. Here we present a new model for the origin of Earth's water that considers both chondritic water and nebular ingassing of hydrogen. The largest embryo that formed Earth likely had a magma ocean while the solar nebula persisted and could have ingassed nebular gases. The model considers iron hydrogenation reactions during Earth's core formation as a mechanism for both sequestering hydrogen in the core and simultaneously fractionating hydrogen isotopes. By parameterizing the isotopic fractionation factor and initial bulk D/H ratio of Earth's chondritic material, we explore the combined effects of elemental dissolution and isotopic fractionation of hydrogen in iron. By fitting to the two key constraints (three oceans' worth of water in Earth's mantle and on its surface; and D/H in the bulk silicate Earth close to 150 × 10−6), the model searches for best solutions among ~10,000 different combinations of chondritic and nebular contributions. We find that ingassing of a small amount, typically >0–0.5 oceans of nebular hydrogen, is generally demanded, supplementing seven to eight oceans from chondritic contributions. About 60% of the total hydrogen enters the core, and attendant isotopic fractionation plausibly lowers the core's D/H to ~130 × 10−6. Crystallized magma ocean material may have D/H ≈ 110 × 10−6. These modeling results readily explain the low D/H in core‐mantle boundary material and account for Earth's inventory of solar neon and helium.
Alpha-fetoprotein inhibits autophagy to promote malignant behaviour in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Zhu Mingyue , Wang Qiaoyun , Hou Yuli , Li Lei , Weng Honglei , Zhao Yan , Chen Dexi , Ding Huiguo , Guo Junli , Li Mengsen
Published: October 2018

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been recognized as a key regulator of cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether AFP functions in cancer cell autophagy remains unknown. This study investigated the effects of AFP on autophagy in HCC cells. The role of AFP was studied in two HCC cell lines, PLC/PRF/5 and HLE. Cell autophagy, apoptosis, proliferation, migration and invasion were analysed with Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP), immunofluorescence, animal models, MTT assays, flow cytometry (FCM), Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8, and scratch and transwell assays. In PLC/PRF/5 cells, AFP interacted with PTEN and activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling. In HLE cells, overexpressed AFP similarly interacted with PTEN, leading to PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation and reduced cell autophagy. When AFP was silenced in PLC/PRF/5 cells, cell proliferation, tumour growth, migration and invasion were inhibited, and the numbers of S-phase and apoptotic cells were increased. In contrast, AFP overexpression in HLE cells enhanced cell proliferation, migration and invasion and reduced apoptosis. AFP-dependent autophagy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis were inhibited by rapamycin. In summary, AFP plays critical roles in the inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis in HCC cells and promotes proliferation, migration and invasion. The role of AFP in autophagy inhibition in HCC cells may involve the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling.
High prevalence of focal and multi-focal somatic genetic variants in the human brain
Authors: Keogh Michael J. , Wei Wei , Aryaman Juvid , Walker Lauren , van den Ameele Jelle , Coxhead Jon , Wilson Ian , Bashton Matthew , Beck Jon , West John , Chen Richard , Haudenschild Christian , Bartha Gabor , Luo Shujun , Morris Chris M. , Jones Nick S. , Attems Johannes , Chinnery Patrick F.
Published: October 2018

Somatic mutations during stem cell division are responsible for several cancers. In principle, a similar process could occur during the intense cell proliferation accompanying human brain development, leading to the accumulation of regionally distributed foci of mutations. Using dual platform >5000-fold depth sequencing of 102 genes in 173 adult human brain samples, we detect and validate somatic mutations in 27 of 54 brains. Using a mathematical model of neurodevelopment and approximate Bayesian inference, we predict that macroscopic islands of pathologically mutated neurons are likely to be common in the general population. The detected mutation spectrum also includesDNMT3AandTET2which are likely to have originated from blood cell lineages. Together, these findings establish developmental mutagenesis as a potential mechanism for neurodegenerative disorders, and provide a novel mechanism for the regional onset and focal pathology in sporadic cases.
Author Correction: Efficient Generation of Mice with Consistent Transgene Expression by FEEST
Authors: Gao Lei , Jiang Yonghua , Mu Libing , Liu Yanbin , Wang Fengchao , Wang Peng , Zhang Aiqun , Tang Nan , Chen Ting , Luo Minmin , Yu Lei , Gao Shaorong , Chen Liang
Published: October 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Author Correction: Evidence for trivial Berry phase and absence of chiral anomaly in semimetal NbP
Authors: Sudesh  , Kumar Pawan , Neha Prakriti , Das Tanmoy , Patnaik Satyabrata
Published: October 2018

A correction has been published and is appended to both the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Author Correction: AT-RvD1 Promotes Resolution of Inflammation in NOD/ShiLtJ mice
Authors: Wang Ching-Shuen , Maruyama Christina L. , Easley Justin T. , Trump Bryan G. , Baker Olga J.
Published: October 2018

A correction has been published and is appended to both the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Using Drosophila behavioral assays to characterize terebrid venom-peptide bioactivity
Authors: Eriksson Anders , Anand Prachi , Gorson Juliette , Grijuc Corina , Hadelia Elina , Stewart James C. , Holford Mandë , Claridge-Chang Adam
Published: October 2018

The number of newly discovered peptides from the transcriptomes and proteomes of animal venom arsenals is rapidly increasing, resulting in an abundance of uncharacterized peptides. There is a pressing need for a systematic, cost effective, and scalable approach to identify physiological effects of venom peptides. To address this discovery-to-function gap, we developed a sequence driven:activity-based hybrid approach for screening venom peptides that is amenable to large-venom peptide libraries with minimal amounts of peptide. Using this approach, we characterized the physiological and behavioral phenotypes of two peptides from the venom of predatory terebrid marine snails, teretoxins Tv1 from Terebra variegata and Tsu1.1 from Terebra subulata. Our results indicate that Tv1 and Tsu1.1 have distinct bioactivity. Tv1 (100 µM) had an antinociceptive effect in adult Drosophila using a thermal nociception assay to measure heat avoidance. Alternatively, Tsu1.1 (100 µM) increased food intake. These findings describe the first functional bioactivity of terebrid venom peptides in relation to pain and diet and indicate that Tv1 and Tsu1.1 may, respectively, act as antinociceptive and orexigenic agents. Tv1 and Tsu1.1 are distinct from previously identified venom peptides, expanding the toolkit of peptides that can potentially be used to investigate the physiological mechanisms of pain and diet.
High permittivity processed SrTiO3 for metamaterials applications at terahertz frequencies
Authors: Dupas Cyrielle , Guillemet-Fritsch Sophie , Geffroy Pierre-Marie , Chartier Thierry , Baillergeau Matthieu , Mangeney Juliette , Roux Jean-François , Ganne Jean-Pierre , Marcellin Simon , Degiron Aloyse , Akmansoy Éric
Published: October 2018

High permittivity SrTiO3 for the realization of all-dielectric metamaterials operating at terahertz frequencies was fabricated. A comparison of different processing methods demonstrates that Spark Plasma Sintering is the most effective sintering process to yield high density ceramic with high permittivity. We compare this sintering process with two other processes. The fabricated samples are characterized in the low frequency and in the terahertz frequency ranges. Their relative permittivities are compared with that of a reference SrTiO3 single crystal. The permittivity of the sample fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering is as high as that of the single crystal. The role of the signal-to-noise ratio in the measurements at terahertz frequency is detailed.
Cloning of Wing-Development-Related Genes and mRNA Expression Under Heat Stress in Chlorpyrifos-Resistant and -Susceptible Plutella xylostella
Authors: Chen Xue Zhun , Hu Qi Xing , Liu Qi Qing , Wu Gang
Published: October 2018

Chlorpyrifos-resistant (Rc) Plutella xylostella (DBM) shows higher wing-vein injury than chlorpyrifos-susceptible (Sm) DBM under heat stress in our previous study. To investigate the toxicological mechanisms of the differences in injury of wing vein between Rc- and Sm-DBM collected from Fuzhou, China, total ten cDNA sequences of wing-development-related genes were isolated and characterized in DBM, including seven open reading frame (ORF) (ash1, ah2, ash3, ase, dpp, srf and dll encoded 187 amino acids, 231 aa, 223aa, 397aa, 423aa, 229aa and 299aa, respectively), and three partly sequences (salm, ser and wnt-1 encoded 614aa, 369aa and 388aa, respectively). The mRNA expression of the genes was inhibited in Rc- and Sm-DBM under heat stress, as compared with that an average temperature (25 °C). And, in general, significantly higher down-regulated expressions of the mRNA expression of the wing development-related genes were found in Rc-DBM as compared to those in Sm-DBM under heat stress. The results indicated that Sm-DBM displayed higher adaptability at high temperature because of significantly lower inhibition the mRNA expressions of wing-development-related genes. We suggest that significantly higher injury of wing vein showed in Rc-DBM under heat stress might be associated with the strong down-regulation of wing-development-related genes.
Untargeted Metabolite Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Uncovers Biomarkers for Severity of Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (CLN2, Batten Disease)
Authors: Sindelar Miriam , Dyke Jonathan P. , Deeb Ruba S. , Sondhi Dolan , Kaminsky Stephen M. , Kosofsky Barry E. , Ballon Douglas J. , Crystal Ronald G. , Gross Steven S.
Published: October 2018

Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN2 disease) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a monogenetic deficiency of tripeptidyl peptidase-1 (TPP1). Despite knowledge that lipofuscin is the hallmark disease product, the relevant TPP1 substrate and its role in neuronal physiology/pathology is unknown. We hypothesized that untargeted metabolite profiling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be used as an effective tool to identify disease-associated metabolic disruptions in CLN2 disease, offering the potential to identify biomarkers that inform on disease severity and progression. Accordingly, a mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolite profiling approach was employed to differentiate CSF from normal vs. CLN2 deficient individuals. Of 1,433 metabolite features surveyed, 29 linearly correlated with currently employed disease severity scores. With tandem mass spectrometry 8 distinct metabolite identities were structurally confirmed based on retention time and fragmentation pattern matches, vs. standards. These putative CLN2 biomarkers include 7 acetylated species – all attenuated in CLN2 compared to controls. Because acetate is the major bioenergetic fuel for support of mitochondrial respiration, deficient acetylated species in CSF suggests a brain energy defect that may drive neurodegeneration. Targeted analysis of these metabolites in CSF of CLN2 patients offers a powerful new approach for monitoring CLN2 disease progression and response to therapy.