bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total flavonoid fraction of the Herba epimedii extract suppresses urinary calcium excretion and improves bone properties in ovariectomised mice
Authors: Chen Wen-Fang , Mok Sao-Keng , Wang Xin-Luan , Lai Ka-Hang , Lai Wan-Ping , Luk Hon-Kit , Leung Ping-Chung , Yao Xin-Sheng , Wong Man-Sau
Published: September 2010

Flavonoids are the active components of Herba epimedii (HEP), a commonly used herb for the management of osteoporosis in China over the centuries. The present study aims to characterise the in vivo effects of its total flavonoid (TF) fraction on bone properties and mineral metabolism as well as to study the mechanism involved in achieving its protective effects against ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. TF suppressed OVX-induced increase in urinary Ca excretion as well as loss of bone mass and strength at the distal femur in mice in a dose-dependent manner. The changes in urinary Ca excretion were inversely correlated with the expressions of renal Ca transport protein (CaBP-28K) and vitamin D receptor mRNA in OVX mice. TF (100 μg/g) treatment prevented the deterioration of trabecular bone microarchitecture induced by OVX in mice. In addition, TF treatment increased the expression of type I collagen and osteocalcin mRNA and the ratio of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand mRNA, and suppressed the increase in IL-6 mRNA induced by OVX in the femur of mice. The present results indicate that the optimal dosage of the TF fraction of HEP for the improvement of bone properties and mineral metabolism in OVX mice was between 50 and 100 μg/g. Mechanistic studies indicated that TF might increase renal Ca reabsorption, stimulate the process of osteoblast formation as well as suppress the process of osteoclastogenesis in OVX mice.
National Leadership and Competing Technological Paradigms: The Globalization of Cotton Spinning, 1878–1933
Authors: Saxonhouse Gary R. , Wright Gavin
Published: September 2010

Using the records of British firms that supplied nearly 90 percent of world trade in cotton spinning machinery, we track the evolution and diffusion of spinning technology over more than 50 years. In contrast to scenarios in which modern technologies supplant older methods, we observe two paradigms in competitive coexistence, each one supporting ongoing productivity growth through complementary improvements in machinery, organization, and workforce skills. International productivity differences were magnified under the skill-based mule, British spinners being the world's best. Global diffusion of ring spinning was driven by advances in fiber control, a “directed” technological response to the expansion of world trade.
Asymmetric Information, Market Power, and the Underpricing of New Stock Issues in Germany, 1882–1892
Authors: Fohlin Caroline
Published: September 2010

Investors in new stock issues in Germany in the 1880s experienced low spreads between the price they paid for stock and the price at which they could sell the stock in the market. Stock issuing companies paid substantial fees to underwriting banks, and these costs increased with the underwriter's market share. Bank's faced lower issuing costs than did nonfinancial firms. These patterns are consistent with a situation in which underwriters exploited their access to better information (agency problems) and had market power, but do not support the supposed lemons problems that motivated the imposition of stringent regulations in 1896.
Risk, Incentives, and Contracts: Partnerships in Rio de Janeiro, 1870–1891
Authors: Abramitzky Ran , Frank Zephyr , Mahajan Aprajit
Published: September 2010

We construct an individual-level data set of partnership contracts in late-nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro to study the determinants of contract terms. Partners with limited liability contributed more capital and received lower draws for private expenses and lower profit shares than their unlimited partners. Unlimited partners in turn received higher-powered incentives when they contracted with limited partners than when they contracted with unlimited partners. A reform that changed the relative bargaining power further improved the terms of unlimited partners in limited firms. These findings highlight the roles of risk, incentives, and bargaining power in shaping contracts.
Domestic Trade and Market Size in Late-Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Daudin Guillaume
Published: September 2010

This article tests whether smaller domestic markets can explain why France industrialized more slowly than Britain. To do so, it uses theTableauxdu Maximum. It begins by presenting this source and then checks if the data from the source are plausible using a logit theoretical gravity equation. The results of this gravity equation are then employed to compute the expected market size of specific supply centers. Even if differences in real, nominal, and disposable income are taken into account, some French supply centers had access to domestic markets that were larger than the whole of Britain.
Crossover Inventions and Knowledge Diffusion of General Purpose Technologies: Evidence from the Electrical Technology
Authors: Lo Shih-tse , Sutthiphisal Dhanoos
Published: September 2010

Scholars have long noted the significant impact of general purpose technologies (GPTs) on the economy. However, limited attention has been paid to exploring how they are employed to generate inventions in downstream sectors (crossover inventions), and what factors may facilitate such diffusion. In a study of the introduction of electrical technology in the late-nineteenth-century United States, we find that knowledge spillovers between industries had little influence on the geography of crossover inventions as well as the speed and productivity of crossover inventors. Instead, human capital and an environment promoting inventions in general were more important.
The diffusive strip method for scalar mixing in two dimensions
Authors: MEUNIER P. , VILLERMAUX E.
Published: September 2010

We introduce a new numerical method for the study of scalar mixing in two-dimensional advection fields. The position of an advected material strip is computed kinematically, and the associated convection–diffusion problem is solved using the computed local stretching rate along the strip, assuming that the diffusing strip thickness is smaller than its local radius of curvature. This widely legitimate assumption reduces the numerical problem to the computation of a single variable along the strip, thus making the method extremely fast and applicable to any large Péclet number. The method is then used to document the mixing properties of a chaotic sine flow, for which we relate the global quantities (spectra, concentration probability distribution functions (PDFs), increments) to the distributed stretching of the strip convoluted by the flow, possibly overlapping with itself. The numerical results indicate that the PDF of the strip elongation is log normal, a signature of random multiplicative processes. This property leads to exact analytical predictions for the spectrum of the field and for the PDF of the scalar concentration of a solitary strip. The present simulations offer a unique way of discovering the interaction rule for building complex mixtures which are made of a random superposition of overlapping strips leading to concentration PDFs stable by self-convolution.
Self-sustained double-diffusive interleaving
Authors: STOCCHINO ALESSANDRO
Published: September 2010

The formation and evolution of double-diffusive interleaving is experimentally investigated with the purpose of analysing the influence of the convective flow structures, at different scales, on the mean flow. Recently, Krishnamurti (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 558, 2006, p. 113) has shown that, in the case of a continuous stratification experiment, the Reynolds stresses, due to convective flow patches, are able to vertically transport horizontal momentum, maintaining the mean flow. This mechanism is similar to theturbulent windobserved in thermal convection. In this study, the interleaving is produced using the classical set-up of Ruddick & Turner (Deep-Sea Res., vol. 558, 1979, p. 903). The dam-break experiments better resemble the case of oceanic fronts, where interleaving is commonly observed. The flow structures are investigated by measuring the two-dimensional flow fields using the particle image velocimetry technique. The resulting two-dimensional vector fields reveal complex fine-scale flow structures, and convective patterns are observed inside the finger-favourable layers. Vortical structures at scales comparable with the layer thickness are embedded in these regions and seem to be responsible for sustaining the horizontal mean flow against the viscous dissipations, especially in a region close to the layer nose. A spectral analysis of the flow fields suggest that the energy balance is governed by an inverse energy cascade, which implies a transfer of energy from the smaller scales to the larger scales (mean flow).
Script Comparisons during Service Encounters in Fast-Food Chains
Authors: Hsu Tsuen-Ho , Chiang Chu-Yin
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the service encounter cognitive scripts existing between service providers and customers as utilized by fast-food chains. The semi-structured interviews were conducted with customers and employees of fast-food restaurants to examine and record their cognitive script with regard to dining in a fast-food restaurant. The findings suggest that the fast-food industry needs to place greater emphasis on the after counter service in order to make more of an impression on customers in relation to the complete service procedure with regard to service encounter scripts standardized by operators. By defining the differences in scripts that operate between customers and service providers, this offers an opportunity for improving the service encounter within industries oriented toward personal interaction.
microRNA-1 and microRNA-206 regulate skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing Pax7
Authors: Chen Jian-Fu , Tao Yazhong , Li Juan , Deng Zhongliang , Yan Zhen , Xiao Xiao , Wang Da-Zhi
Published: September 2010

Skeletal muscle satellite cells are adult stem cells responsible for postnatal skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Paired-box transcription factor Pax7 plays a central role in satellite cell survival, self-renewal, and proliferation. However, how Pax7 is regulated during the transition from proliferating satellite cells to differentiating myogenic progenitor cells is largely unknown. In this study, we find that miR-1 and miR-206 are sharply up-regulated during satellite cell differentiation and down-regulated after muscle injury. We show that miR-1 and miR-206 facilitate satellite cell differentiation by restricting their proliferative potential. We identify Pax7 as one of the direct regulatory targets of miR-1 and miR-206. Inhibition of miR-1 and miR-206 substantially enhances satellite cell proliferation and increases Pax7 protein level in vivo. Conversely, sustained Pax7 expression as a result of the loss of miR-1 and miR-206 repression elements at its 3′ untranslated region significantly inhibits myoblast differentiation. Therefore, our experiments suggest that microRNAs participate in a regulatory circuit that allows rapid gene program transitions from proliferation to differentiation.
Molecular architecture and assembly of the yeast kinetochore MIND complex
Authors: Maskell Daniel P. , Hu Xiao-Wen , Singleton Martin R.
Published: September 2010

The MIND multiprotein complex is a conserved, essential component of eukaryotic kinetochores and is a constituent of the tripartite KMN network that directly attaches the kinetochore to the mitotic spindle. The primary microtubule-binding complex in this network, NDC80, has been extensively characterized, but very little is known about the structure or function of the MIND complex. In this study, we present biochemical, hydrodynamic, electron microscopy, and small-angle x-ray scattering data that provide insight into the overall architecture and assembly of the MIND complex and the physical relationship of the complex with other components of the KMN network. We propose a model for the overall structure of the complex and provide data on the interactions with NDC80, Spc105p, and thus the mitotic spindle.
Functional dichotomy of ribosomal proteins during the synthesis of mammalian 40S ribosomal subunits
Authors: O’Donohue Marie-Françoise , Choesmel Valérie , Faubladier Marlène , Fichant Gwennaële , Gleizes Pierre-Emmanuel
Published: September 2010

Our knowledge of the functions of metazoan ribosomal proteins in ribosome synthesis remains fragmentary. Using siRNAs, we show that knockdown of 31 of the 32 ribosomal proteins of the human 40S subunit (ribosomal protein of the small subunit [RPS]) strongly affects pre–ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing, which often correlates with nucleolar chromatin disorganization. 16 RPSs are strictly required for initiating processing of the sequences flanking the 18S rRNA in the pre-rRNA except at the metazoan-specific early cleavage site. The remaining 16 proteins are necessary for progression of the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation steps and for nuclear export. Distribution of these two subsets of RPSs in the 40S subunit structure argues for a tight dependence of pre-rRNA processing initiation on the folding of both the body and the head of the forming subunit. Interestingly, the functional dichotomy of RPS proteins reported in this study is correlated with the mutation frequency of RPS genes in Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
CEP290 tethers flagellar transition zone microtubules to the membrane and regulates flagellar protein content
Authors: Craige Branch , Tsao Che-Chia , Diener Dennis R. , Hou Yuqing , Lechtreck Karl-Ferdinand , Rosenbaum Joel L. , Witman George B.
Published: September 2010

Mutations in human CEP290 cause cilia-related disorders that range in severity from isolated blindness to perinatal lethality. Here, we describe a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant in which most of the CEP290 gene is deleted. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that CEP290 is located in the flagellar transition zone in close association with the prominent microtubule–membrane links there. Ultrastructural analysis revealed defects in these microtubule–membrane connectors, resulting in loss of attachment of the flagellar membrane to the transition zone microtubules. Biochemical analysis of isolated flagella revealed that the mutant flagella have abnormal protein content, including abnormal levels of intraflagellar transport proteins and proteins associated with ciliopathies. Experiments with dikaryons showed that CEP290 at the transition zone is dynamic and undergoes rapid turnover. The results indicate that CEP290 is required to form microtubule–membrane linkers that tether the flagellar membrane to the transition zone microtubules, and is essential for controlling flagellar protein composition.
NPHP proteins: gatekeepers of the ciliary compartment
Authors: Omran Heymut
Published: September 2010

The cilia and the cytoplasm are separated by a region called the transition zone, where wedge-shaped structures link the microtubule doublets of the axoneme to the ciliary membrane, thereby forming a ciliary “gate.” In this issue, Craige et al. (J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.201006105) demonstrate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that Nphp6/cep290, which is mutated in nephronophthisis (NPHP), is an integral component of these connectors and maintains the structural integrity of this gate.
Dynamical phenomena induced by bottleneck
Authors: Gasser I. , Werner B.
Published: September 2010

We study a microscopic follow-the-leader model on a circle of length
L
with a bottleneck. Allowing large bottleneck strengths we encounter very interesting traffic dynamics. Different types of waves—travelling and standing waves and combinations of both wave types—are observed. The way to find these phenomena requires a good understanding of the complex dynamics of the underlying (nonlinear) equations. Some of the phenomena, like the ponies-on-a-merry-go-round solutions, are mathematically well known from completely different applications. Mathematically speaking we use Poincaré maps, bifurcation analysis and continuation methods beside numerical simulations.
Fluid-dynamical and microscopic description of traffic flow: a data-driven comparison
Authors: Wagner Peter
Published: September 2010

Much work has been done to compare traffic-flow models with reality; so far, this has been done separately for microscopic, as well as for fluid-dynamical, models of traffic flow.

This paper compares directly the performance of both types of models to real data. The results indicate that microscopic models, on average, seem to have a tiny advantage over fluid-dynamical models; however, one may admit that for most applications, the differences between the two are small.

Furthermore, the relaxation times of the fluid-dynamical models turns out to be fairly small, of the order of 2 s, and are comparable with the results for the microscopic models. This indicates that the second-order terms are weak; however, the calibration results indicate that the speed equation is, in fact, important and improves the calibration results of the models.
Calibration of microscopic traffic-flow models using multiple data sources
Authors: Hoogendoorn Serge , Hoogendoorn Raymond
Published: September 2010

Parameter identification of microscopic driving models is a difficult task. This is caused by the fact that parameters—such as reaction time, sensitivity to stimuli, etc.—are generally not directly observable from common traffic data, but also due to the lack of reliable statistical estimation techniques. This contribution puts forward a new approach to identifying parameters of car-following models.

One of the main contributions of this article is that the proposed approach allows for joint estimation of parameters using different data sources, including prior information on parameter values (or the valid range of values). This is achieved by generalizing the maximum-likelihood estimation approach proposed by the authors in previous work.

The approach allows for statistical analysis of the parameter estimates, including the standard error of the parameter estimates and the correlation of the estimates. Using the likelihood-ratio test, models of different complexity (defined by the number of model parameters) can be cross-compared. A nice property of this test is that it takes into account the number of parameters of a model as well as the performance. To illustrate the workings, the approach is applied to two car-following models using vehicle trajectories of a Dutch freeway collected from a helicopter, in combination with data collected with a driving simulator.
Traffic jams: dynamics and control
Authors: Orosz Gábor , Wilson R. Eddie , Stépán Gábor
Published: September 2010

This introductory paper reviews the current state-of-the-art scientific methods used for modelling, analysing and controlling the dynamics of vehicular traffic. Possible mechanisms underlying traffic jam formation and propagation are presented from a dynamical viewpoint. Stable and unstable motions are described that may give the skeleton of traffic dynamics, and the effects of driver behaviour are emphasized in determining the emergent state in a vehicular system. At appropriate points, references are provided to the papers published in the corresponding Theme Issue.
Phenology, seasonal timing and circannual rhythms: towards a unified framework
Authors: Visser Marcel E. , Caro Samuel P. , van Oers Kees , Schaper Sonja V. , Helm Barbara
Published: September 2010

Phenology refers to the periodic appearance of life-cycle events and currently receives abundant attention as the effects of global change on phenology are so apparent. Phenology as a discipline observes these events and relates their annual variation to variation in climate. But phenology is also studied in other disciplines, each with their own perspective. Evolutionary ecologists study variation in seasonal timing and its fitness consequences, whereas chronobiologists emphasize the periodic nature of life-cycle stages and their underlying timing programmes (e.g. circannual rhythms). The (neuro-) endocrine processes underlying these life-cycle events are studied by physiologists and need to be linked to genes that are explored by molecular geneticists. In order to fully understand variation in phenology, we need to integrate these different perspectives, in particular by combining evolutionary and mechanistic approaches. We use avian research to characterize different perspectives and to highlight integration that has already been achieved. Building on this work, we outline a route towards uniting the different disciplines in a single framework, which may be used to better understand and, more importantly, to forecast climate change impacts on phenology.
Forecasting phenology under global warming
Authors: Ibáñez Inés , Primack Richard B. , Miller-Rushing Abraham J. , Ellwood Elizabeth , Higuchi Hiroyoshi , Lee Sang Don , Kobori Hiromi , Silander John A.
Published: September 2010

As a consequence of warming temperatures around the world, spring and autumn phenologies have been shifting, with corresponding changes in the length of the growing season. Our understanding of the spatial and interspecific variation of these changes, however, is limited. Not all species are responding similarly, and there is significant spatial variation in responses even within species. This spatial and interspecific variation complicates efforts to predict phenological responses to ongoing climate change, but must be incorporated in order to build reliable forecasts. Here, we use a long-term dataset (1953–2005) of plant phenological events in spring (flowering and leaf out) and autumn (leaf colouring and leaf fall) throughout Japan and South Korea to build forecasts that account for these sources of variability. Specifically, we used hierarchical models to incorporate the spatial variability in phenological responses to temperature to then forecast species' overall and site-specific responses to global warming. We found that for most species, spring phenology is advancing and autumn phenology is getting later, with the timing of events changing more quickly in autumn compared with the spring. Temporal trends and phenological responses to temperature in East Asia contrasted with results from comparable studies in Europe, where spring events are changing more rapidly than are autumn events. Our results emphasize the need to study multiple species at many sites to understand and forecast regional changes in phenology.
The annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass
Authors: Winder Monika , Cloern James E.
Published: September 2010

Terrestrial plants are powerful climate sentinels because their annual cycles of growth, reproduction and senescence are finely tuned to the annual climate cycle having a period of one year. Consistency in the seasonal phasing of terrestrial plant activity provides a relatively low-noise background from which phenological shifts can be detected and attributed to climate change. Here, we ask whether phytoplankton biomass also fluctuates over a consistent annual cycle in lake, estuarine–coastal and ocean ecosystems and whether there is a characteristic phenology of phytoplankton as a consistent phase and amplitude of variability. We compiled 125 time series of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyllaconcentration) from temperate and subtropical zones and used wavelet analysis to extract their dominant periods of variability and the recurrence strength at those periods. Fewer than half (48%) of the series had a dominant 12-month period of variability, commonly expressed as the canonical spring-bloom pattern. About 20 per cent had a dominant six-month period of variability, commonly expressed as the spring and autumn or winter and summer blooms of temperate lakes and oceans. These annual patterns varied in recurrence strength across sites, and did not persist over the full series duration at some sites. About a third of the series had no component of variability at either the six- or 12-month period, reflecting a series of irregular pulses of biomass. These findings show that there is high variability of annual phytoplankton cycles across ecosystems, and that climate-driven annual cycles can be obscured by other drivers of population variability, including human disturbance, aperiodic weather events and strong trophic coupling between phytoplankton and their consumers. Regulation of phytoplankton biomass by multiple processes operating at multiple time scales adds complexity to the challenge of detecting climate-driven trends in aquatic ecosystems where the noise to signal ratio is high.
Genetic and physiological bases for phenological responses to current and predicted climates
Authors: Wilczek A. M. , Burghardt L. T. , Cobb A. R. , Cooper M. D. , Welch S. M. , Schmitt J.
Published: September 2010

We are now reaching the stage at which specific genetic factors with known physiological effects can be tied directly and quantitatively to variation in phenology. With such a mechanistic understanding, scientists can better predict phenological responses to novel seasonal climates. Using the widespread model speciesArabidopsis thaliana, we explore how variation in different genetic pathways can be linked to phenology and life-history variation across geographical regions and seasons. We show that the expression of phenological traits including flowering depends critically on the growth season, and we outline an integrated life-history approach to phenology in which the timing of later life-history events can be contingent on the environmental cues regulating earlier life stages. As flowering time in many plants is determined by the integration of multiple environmentally sensitive gene pathways, the novel combinations of important seasonal cues in projected future climates will alter how phenology responds to variation in the flowering time gene network with important consequences for plant life history. We discuss how phenology models in other systems—both natural and agricultural—could employ a similar framework to explore the potential contribution of genetic variation to the physiological integration of cues determining phenology.
Comparison of the GMFM‐66 and the PEDI Functional Skills Mobility domain in a group of Chinese children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Han T. , Gray N. , Vasquez M. M. , Zou L.‐P. , Shen K. , Duncan B.
Published: September 2010

Background  Previous research has suggested there is a high level of comparability between the Gross Motor Function Measure‐66 (GMFM‐66) and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) Functional Skills Mobility domain. However, there are only a few studies that have examined the correlations between these instruments. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the GMFM‐66 and the PEDI Functional Skills Mobility domain scaled scores in a group of Chinese children with spastic cerebral palsy, at the ages of 12–70 months, in order to explore the feasibility of using them interchangeably.

Methods  Secondary data analysis was conducted of data collected during a prospective international collaborative study that used the GMFM‐66 and the PEDI to examine the impact of treatment. This study examined the Pearson correlations between the GMFM‐66 and the PEDI Functional Skills Mobility domain at six time points over the course of 28 consecutive weeks for 115 Chinese children who participated at baseline.

Results  Pearson correlations between the GMFM‐66 and the PEDI Functional Skills Mobility domain ranged from 0.83 to 0.90 for the six time points of data collection, with statistically significant P‐values <0.0001 for each correlation.

Conclusions  These results support previous research that the GMFM‐66 and the PEDI Functional Skills Mobility domain are complementary assessments that may be used interchangeably when it is not possible to administer both.
Predicting herbicidal plant mortality with mobile photosynthesis meters
Authors: KEMPENAAR C , LOTZ L A P , SNEL J F H , SMUTNY V , ZHANG H J
Published: September 2010

Kempenaar C, Lotz LAP, Snel JFH, Smutny V & Zhang HJ (2011). Predicting herbicidal plant mortality with mobile photosynthesis meters. Weed Research 51, 12–22.

Herbicide dose optimisation, i.e. maximising weed control and crop yield with herbicide dose, is an important part of integrated weed management strategies. However, the adoption of optimised dose technology and variable rate application has been limited because of the relatively long period between herbicide treatment and the time when efficacy can be visually assessed. Herbicide dose optimisation could therefore benefit from simple methods that allow early prediction of plant mortality. Early prediction would allow better management decisions, e.g. timely retreatment in case of uncontrolled weeds. The focus of this study was the relationship between leaf photosynthesis soon after herbicide treatment and subsequent plant mortality, with the aim of determining whether the former could predict the latter. Data from 28 glasshouse experiments were analysed. In these experiments, herbicides from five modes of action groups were tested on five plant species. Leaf photosynthesis was measured with two mobile meters up to 1 week after herbicide treatment. Leaf photosynthesis was affected by plant species, leaf number, herbicide species, dose and time. Large changes in leaf photosynthesis were observed with photosynthesis‐inhibiting herbicides, intermediate changes were noted with glyphosate, glufosinate‐ammonium and sulcotrione, and no changes were detected with MCPA. Threshold values associated with plant mortality were then determined. These values can be used to assess the risk of uncontrolled weeds treated with variable herbicide doses.
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after renal transplant in non‐urologic anuric patients
Authors: Castagnetti Marco , Zhapa Evisa , Berrettini Alfredo , Ghirardo Giulia , Murer Luisa , Zanon Giovanni Franco , Rigamonti Waifro
Published: September 2010

Castagnetti M, Zhapa E, Berrettini A, Ghirardo G, Murer L, Zanon GF, Rigamonti W. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after renal transplant in non‐urologic anuric patients. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14:859–862. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  We assessed LUTS at least 12 months after RTx in patients without evidence of lower urinary tract dysfunction (non‐urologic) that had been anuric for at least six months before RTx. No bladder recycling was performed before RTx. LUTS were evaluated using a questionnaire. Clinical records were also reviewed. LUTS in anuric patients were compared with those in non‐anuric patients. Fourteen anuric patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Median age at RTx was 11 (5–21) yr, median duration of anuria before RTx 24 (7–46) months, and median post‐RTx follow‐up 2.7 (1.9–10.2) yr. Daytime symptoms were exceptional. Nocturia was the most common symptom (10 patients). Only one patient reported symptoms to affect her quality of life. One patient experienced a febrile UTI and none graft failure. LUTS (nocturia) proved unrelated to duration of anuria, length of follow‐up, and presence of (nocturnal) polyuria. LUTS were not statistically different in patients anuric and non‐anuric before RTx. Non‐urologic patients suffer from long‐term storage symptoms, particularly nocturia. LUTS, however, do not seem to increase the risks of urinary infections or graft failure and appear to occur irrespective of the presence of anuria before RTx. Bladder recycling before RTx seems unnecessary.
Symbiont‐mediated phenotypic variation without co‐evolution in an insect–fungus association
Authors: JANSON E. M. , PEEDEN E. R. , STIREMAN J. O. , ABBOT P.
Published: September 2010

Recent studies have shown that symbionts can be a source of adaptive phenotypic variation for their hosts. It is assumed that co‐evolution between hosts and symbionts underlies these ecologically significant phenotypic traits. We tested this assumption in the ectosymbiotic fungal associate of the gall midgeAsteromyia carbonifera. Phylogenetic analysis placed the fungal symbiont within a monophyletic clade formed byBotryosphaeria dothidea, a typically free‐living (i.e. not associated with an insect host) plant pathogen. Symbiont isolates from four divergent midge lineages demonstrated none of the patterns common to heritable microbial symbioses, including parallel diversification with their hosts, substitution rate acceleration, or A+T nucleotide bias. Amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping of the symbiont revealed that within‐lineage genetic diversity was not clustered along host population lines. Culture‐based experiments demonstrated that the symbiont‐mediated variation in gall phenotype is not borne out in the absence of the midge. This study shows that symbionts can be important players in phenotypic variation for their hosts, even in the absence of a co‐evolutionary association.
Differential Bird Predator Attack Rate on Seasonal Forms of the Map Butterfly (Araschnia levanaL.): Does the Substrate Matter?
Authors: Joiris Augustin , Korati Safia , Van Dyck Hans
Published: September 2010

The European map butterfly (Araschnia levanaL.) is a striking example of seasonal plasticity. Individuals of the spring generation are reddish with a fritillary‐like colour pattern, whereas the summer generation is black with a white dorsal stripe. Proximate factors explaining the development of the forms are well known, but ultimate explanations have not been tested experimentally yet. The reddish spring form is assumed to have a warning coloration, as found in other nymphalid butterflies that are unpalatable (Aglais urticae). We tested for differential predation by a visually hunting predator (Parus major) in a laboratory experiment using artificial butterflies designed to represent the spring and summer form. Birds were released individually in a flight cage where the alternative forms were presented. Summer forms were more frequently attacked than spring forms, which may point to some aversion against the reddish spring form. But there was also a strong effect of the interaction between seasonal form and type of substrate. Spring forms were much better protected from attacks on the brown substrate of dead leaves compared to the green substrate of nettle leaves. On the latter substrate, latency times before attacking spring forms were on average 2.5 times longer than for summer forms. Experiments with artificial butterflies simplify complex predator–prey interactions because they exclude potential taste or odour effects and they also exclude behavioural responses and interactions of the butterfly. However, our results based on static visual signals provide a promising first step to test the functional significance of this striking seasonal polyphenism.
High Embryonic Recovery Rates withIn vivoandEx vivoTechniques in the Bitch
Authors: Luz MR , de Holanda CC , Pereira JJ , Freitas PMC , Salgado AEP , Di Giorgio Giannotti J , de Oliveira SB , Teixeira NS , de Freitas Guaitolini CR
Published: September 2010

Contents

The embryonic collection techniques in dogs present a vast methodological variation and low recovery rates. The objectives were to compare and describe two techniques as to the recovery of canine embryos, on the 12th day after the first mating or artificial insemination. Embryos were recovered through uterine horn flushingin vivo, before performing the ovariohysterectomy (OHE) (Group 1; n = 9) orex vivo, immediately after the OHE (Group 2; n = 9). In total, 43 and 47 embryonic structures were recovered in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between groups on recovery rates (72.8% and 81.0%, respectively). We inferred that bothin vivoandex vivotechniques allow a high rate of embryonic recovery; in the collection technique prior to the OHE, it is essential to carefully handle the reproductive system during the trans‐surgical period and that the 12th day (D12) after the first mating/artificial insemination is an efficient option for the high recovery rate of morulae and blastocysts.
Diversity of Cicadellidae in agricultural production areas in the Ovens Valley, north‐east Victoria, Australia
Authors: Trębicki Piotr , Harding Rob M , Rodoni Brendan , Baxter Gary , Powell Kevin S
Published: September 2010

There is a paucity of data on the distribution of Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) in Australia. This study quantifies the relative abundance, seasonal activity and diversity of leafhoppers in the Ovens Valley region of north‐east Victoria, Australia. Species diversity and abundance was assessed at four field sites in and around the field borders of commercially grown tobacco crops using three sampling techniques (pan trap, sticky trap and sweep net). Over 51 000 leafhopper samples were collected, with 57 species from 11 subfamilies and 19 tribes identified. Greater numbers and diversity of leafhoppers were collected in yellow pan traps. The predominant leafhopper collected was Orosius orientalis (Matsumura). Twenty‐three leafhopper species were recorded for the first time in Victoria and eight economically important pest species were recorded. Seasonal activity of selected leafhopper species, covering two sampling seasons, is presented.
Revision of the family Cavognathidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)
Authors: Slipinski Adam , Tomaszewska Wioletta
Published: September 2010

World species of the family Cavognathidae are described, keyed and illustrated. The family contains nine species from Australia (two), New Zealand (four) and South America (three). All species of the family are here classified inTaphropiestesReitter 1875, recognised here as a senior synonym ofNeocercusBroun 1921 syn. n. (type species,N. electusBroun 1921),CavognathaCrowson 1964 syn. n. (type species,C. pullivoraCrowson 1964) andZeonidicolaCrowson 1973 syn. n. (type species,Z. dumbletoniCrowson 1973). Four new species are described:Taphropiestes australissp. n. (Australia),T. magnasp. n. (Chile, Argentina),T. plaumannisp. n. (Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela) andT. wattisp. n. (New Zealand).Cavognatha pullivoraCrowson 1964,N. electusBroun 1921,Zeonidicola chathamensisWatt, 1980 andZ. dumbletoniCrowson 1973 are here transferred toTaphropiestesasT. pullivora(Crowson) comb. n.,T. electa(Broun) comb. n.,T. chathamensis(Watt) comb. n andT. dumbletoni(Crowson) comb. n.
Methods and modifications to enhance the abundance of pollen on forager honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) exiting from beehives: implications for contract pollination services
Authors: Manning Rob , Sakai Hana , Eaton Linda
Published: September 2010

Langstroth hives fitted with a modified lid with an entrance lined with soft felt or steel or plastic pollen traps or hives fitted with plastic pollen traps and sugar‐fed significantly increased the pollen count on the bodies of exiting honey bees. In terms of utilising the research findings in contract pollination service where costs can determine profitability, the recommendation is for a trial in a commercial orchard (e.g. almond, apple, avocado, plum) of sugar‐fed single hives fitted with plastic pollen traps. Despite the bees' destruction of the felts lining the modified lid entrances, the soft felt liner might be a worthwhile inclusion into any field trial.
Two Assemblages of Cultural Transmission: Musicians, Political Actors and Educational Techniques in the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe
Authors: KARAKAYALI NEDIM
Published: September 2010

In this study I aim to develop a sociological understanding of why certain techniques of cultural transmission are more easily accepted in some societies than in others. With this aim in mind, I present a comparative analysis of the contrasting approaches to music education in Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire. While, as a major technique of cultural transmission music notation found relatively widespread acceptance in Western Europe at least since the eleventh century onwards, most musicians in the Ottoman Empire resisted its adoption until the end of the nineteenth century. The analysis focuses on the ways in which the choices of Ottoman and West European musicians interacted with broader social and political processes in the two societies. In the light of this analysis, it is suggested that technologies used in cultural transmission can be seen as parts of a broader assemblage and their rejection or acceptance can be conditioned by a series of socio‐political concerns.
The “Moment of the Boomerang” Never Came: Resistance and Collaboration in Colonial Korea, 1919–1945
Authors: CHAE OU‐BYUNG
Published: September 2010

The contradiction between the colonial ideology of universalism and the rule of difference may result in discontentment among the ruled, but it does not always lead to sustainable organized resistance. In many Western colonies during the interwar period, growing anti‐colonial resistance replaced collaboration; however, in Korea that was under Japanese colonial rule, resistance during the 1920s was superseded by collaboration in the 1930s. Adopting two accounts of ideology‐resource pair and structural characteristics of Japanese colonialism, this article analyzes the progression of liberal nationalism in Korea from resistance to collaboration. In colonial Korea, a separatist project led by the liberal nationalism started as a promising anti‐colonial movement, but by the end of the 1920s, it became apparent that the resources engendered by the separatism had validated both anti‐colonial nationalism as well as colonialism, thereby undermining its legitimacy. A more serious crisis occurred in the early 1930s: with the “decline of the West” and its associated intensified Japanese assimilationism, liberal nationalism not only lost its ideological ground but also came to overlap with assimilationism. The Korean elite's political conversion during the 1930s took place in a contradictory situation in which their nationalist practices ironically contributed to the empowerment of the colonial rule.
Anti‐Racism in Movement: Afro‐BrazilianAfoxéand Contemporary Black Brazilian Struggles for Equality
Authors: DA COSTA ALEXANDRE EMBOABA
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the Afro‐Brazilianafoxéas a form of cultural struggle that critically contests narratives and practices that reproduce racial inequality in contemporary Brazil. Through theirafoxéin the interior of São Paulo, the Orùnmilá Cultural Center mobilizes Afro‐Brazilian knowledge and cultural practices to challenge culturalist treatments of Afro‐Brazilian “difference” in the management and representation of carnaval. I explore how such treatments reflect broader state‐orchestrated attempts to undermine black anti‐racism and the implementation of substantive policies to address racial inequality in various spheres, including education and culture. Theafoxéand the Orùnmilá Center's broader work constitute an important, contemporary means through which black organizations in Brazil make visible and vocal public claims for representation and self‐determination. Such work pushes policy‐makers and academics to reinterpret the terms of black inclusion vis‐à‐vis subaltern or “other” cultures, historical experiences, perspectives, and participation in societal transformation.
Clinically suspected fibrocartilaginous embolism: clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes
Authors: Mateen F. J. , Monrad P. A. , Leep Hunderfund A. N. , Robertson C. E. , Sorenson E. J.
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To study the frequency, demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients with an antemortem diagnosis of fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE), a rare cause of spinal cord and cerebral infarction because of the presumed embolization of nucleus pulposus material into the vascular circulation.

Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed the institutional experience of patients who received an antemortem diagnosis of FCE by their treating physician at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN, USA) from 1997 to 2009. All patients underwent laboratory, radiological, and clinical exclusion of other possible and related diagnoses.

Results:  Of 164 patients with acute spinal cord infarction seen during the study timeframe, 9 (5.5%; 95% CI 2.5, 10.2%) met inclusion criteria for high likelihood of FCE (6 men, 3 women; median age 46 years old, range 21–64). All patients were severely affected (median modified Rankin Scale 4, median Barthel index 45; mean time to evaluation 57 days). One patient (1/9) experienced concomitant cerebral infarction. No patients had noticeable improvement from steroid treatment.

Conclusion:  The diagnosis of FCE in life is common at this referral center, accounting for 5.5% of all cases of acute spinal cord infarction seen. Although FCE is a postmortem diagnosis, we propose clinical criteria for FCE in life to better characterize the relatively high number of patients with unexplained ischaemic myelopathy.
The effect of information on consumers' willingness to pay for natural and organic chicken
Authors: Gifford Katie , Bernard John C.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the effect of definitions for organic and natural on willingness to pay a premium for organic over natural chicken. Data were collected using surveys and experimental auctions that were conducted before and after information was presented. Before information, approximately two‐thirds of participants inaccurately equated the requirements of natural with those for organic. After information, nearly 50% increased their premium, while 30% decreased their premium. Logistic regression results showed that consumers who had overestimated the requirements for natural were most likely to have an increased premium after information, with significantly higher bids for organic. For those who decreased their premium after information, awareness of consuming genetically modified (GM) foods was a key variable. The non‐genetically modified (non‐GM) requirement of organic appears to be of low value to some consumers. Overall, consumer confusion regarding organic and natural standards may be having substantial impacts on the two markets.
Vanity and public self‐consciousness: a comparison of fashion consumer groups and gender
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Lee Seung‐Hee
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare vanity and public self‐consciousness between fashion consumer groups (fashion change agents, fashion followers) and genders. Vanity has four dimensions: concern for physical appearance, a positive (perhaps inflated) view of physical appearance, concern for achievement and a positive (perhaps inflated) view of achievement. Participants (284 women; 116 men; mean age = 21.16) completed scales measuring consumer vanity, public self‐consciousness and fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership. Women scored higher on vanity physical concern, vanity achievement concern, vanity achievement view and public self‐consciousness than men. Fashion change agents scored higher on vanity physical concern, vanity physical view and public self‐consciousness than fashion followers.
Ad Hoc Humanity: UN Peacekeeping and the Limits of International Community in Gaza
Authors: Feldman Ilana
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT  In this article, I explore the work of the first UN peacekeeping force: the UN Emergency Force (UNEF) in Gaza (1956–67). UNEF's experience helped shape the basic principles of UN peacekeeping. First‐generation peacekeeping was defined in significant part by its limits: need for consent, constraints of its mission, and attenuated knowledge of and involvement with the local population. Peacekeeping was intended to assert global ideals and expand the reach of the “international community.” The idea of international community is instantiated in global laws and institutions, but it also finds expression at the small scale when the “international” personnel come into contact with “locals.” The limits of peacekeeping missions in turn shaped the kinds of relationships that could develop on the ground. Anthropological attention to these complicated, sometimes messy encounters can help both policy makers and scholars understand the limits and possibilities of peacekeeping as a site of international community.