bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of excitation energy transfer and nonlinear spectroscopy of photosynthetic light‐harvesting complexes using the nonperturbative reduced dynamics method
Authors: Yan Yaming , Liu Yanying , Xing Tao , Shi Qiang
Published: August 2020

The highly efficient excitation energy transfer (EET) processes in photosynthetic light‐harvesting complexes have attracted much recent research interests. Experimentally, spectroscopic studies have provided important information on the energetics and EET dynamics. Theoretically, due to the large number of degrees of freedom and the complex interaction between the pigments and the protein environment, it is impossible to simulate the whole system quantum mechanically. Effective Hamiltonian models are often used, in which the most important degrees of freedom are treated explicitly and all the other degrees of freedom are treated as a thermal bath. However, even with such simplifications, solving the real‐time quantum dynamics could still be a difficult task. A particular challenging case in simulating the EET dynamics and related spectroscopic phenomena lies in the so‐called intermediate coupling regime, where the intermolecular electronic couplings and the electronic–vibrational couplings are of similar strength. In this article, we review theoretical studies of linear and nonlinear spectroscopic signals of photosynthetic light‐harvesting complexes, using the nonperturbative hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) approach. Simulations were performed for the EET dynamics, various types of linear spectra, two‐dimensional electronic spectra, and pump–probe spectra. Benchmark tests of several approximate methods related to the HEOM approach were also discussed. The results show that the nonperturbative HEOM approach is an effective method in simulating the EET dynamics and spectroscopic signals of photosynthetic light‐harvesting complexes. Important insights into EET pathways, quantum effects including quantum delocalization, and quantum coherence in photosynthetic light‐harvesting complexes were also obtained through such simulations.

This article is categorized under:

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Reaction Dynamics and Kinetics

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy

Software > Simulation Methods
Water reclamation and reuse
Authors: Zhang Huixin , Sun Huijuan , Liu Yang
Published: August 2020

Literature published in 2019 pertinent to water reclamation and reuse has been classified into five sections: safe reuse, treatment technologies, management, assessment, and case studies. Membranes have been widely applied in integrated processes to polish secondary effluent and achieve high‐quality reclaimed water. Increased efforts have also been made to facilitate feasible and safe water reuse.

Practitioner points

This article summarizes literature published in 2019 pertinent to water reclamation and reuse.

Water reclamation and reuse can be classfied into five sections: safe reuse, treatment technology, management, assessment, and case studies.

Membranes were widely used in integrated processes for the production of high‐quality reclaimed water.
Top-quark pair hadroproduction at NNLO: differential predictions with the $$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$ mass
Authors: Catani Stefano , Devoto Simone , Grazzini Massimiliano , Kallweit Stefan , Mazzitelli Javier
Published: August 2020

Abstract

We consider top-quark pair production at the LHC within the

$$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

scheme for the renormalisation of the top-quark mass, and we present predictions for total and differential cross sections at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in QCD. Our state-of- the-art calculation extends the available differential results by one order in the perturbative expansion, and it is relevant for a precise determination of the top-quark mass, including possible effects of the running mass in the

$$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

scheme. We consider variations of the scale at which the

$$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

mass of the top quark is evaluated, extending the usual 7-point to a 15-point scale variation. This additional variation is crucial for a reliable estimate of the theoretical uncertainties, especially at low perturbative orders and close to the production threshold of the top-quark pair. We also compute, for the first time, the invariant-mass distribution of the top-quark pair by using a running mass, evaluated at a dynamic scale. Our predictions for the invariant-mass distribution in the

$$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

scheme are compared with a recent measurement performed by the CMS Collaboration. We observe that the inclusion of the NNLO corrections improves the agreement with the data, and we discuss effects due to the QCD running of the

$$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$

MS
¯

mass of the top quark.
Determining the nuclear neutron distribution from Coherent Elastic neutrino-Nucleus Scattering: current results and future prospects
Authors: Coloma Pilar , Esteban Ivan , Gonzalez-Garcia M.C. , Menéndez Javier
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Coherent Elastic neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CEνNS), a process recently measured for the first time at ORNL’s Spallation Neutron Source, is directly sensitive to the weak form factor of the nucleus. The European Spallation Source (ESS), presently under construction, will generate the most intense pulsed neutrino flux suitable for the detection of CEνNS. In this paper we quantify its potential to determine the root mean square radius of the point-neutron distribution, for a variety of target nuclei and a suite of detectors. To put our results in context we also derive, for the first time, a constraint on this parameter from the analysis of the energy and timing data of the CsI detector at the COHERENT experiment.
Zusammenarbeit von Intensivmedizin und Palliativmedizin
Authors: Berendt J. , Ostgathe C. , Simon S. T. , Tewes M. , Schlieper D. , Schallenburger M. , Meier S. , Gahr S. , Schwartz J. , Neukirchen M.
Published: August 2020

Hintergrund

Die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zwischen Intensivmedizin und Palliativmedizin kann die Versorgungsqualität verbessern. Das Ausmaß dieser Zusammenarbeit ist aber bisher kaum untersucht.

Ziel der Arbeit

Es sollten die angebotenen und in Anspruch genommenen palliativmedizinischen Unterstützungsangebote auf den Intensivstationen deutscher onkologischer Spitzenzentren erfasst werden.

Material und Methoden

Durchgeführt wurde eine quantitativ-qualitative, deskriptive Umfrage an den 16 von der Stiftung Deutsche Krebshilfe geförderten Zentren. Die im quantitativen Teil erfragten Häufigkeiten werden als Mittelwert und Median mit den jeweiligen Streumaßen dargestellt, während die im qualitativen Teil erhobenen Triggerfaktoren mit einer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ausgewertet wurden.

Ergebnisse

Von Juli bis August 2017 konnten Angaben aus 15 von 16 onkologischen Spitzenzentren (94 %) erfasst werden. Im Jahr 2016 wurden im Median 33 Intensivpatienten (Min. 0, Max. 100) palliativmedizinisch vorgestellt und 9 Patienten (Min. 1, Max. 30) auf eine Palliativstation verlegt. Regelmäßige intensivmedizinisch-palliativmedizinische Visiten sowie ein Screening-Tool zur Einbindung der spezialisierten Palliativmedizin sind an zwei onkologischen Spitzenzentren implementiert. Anhand von 23 genannten Triggern, die auf der Intensivstation eine palliativmedizinische Mitbehandlung ausgelöst haben, lassen sich nach qualitativer Analyse die drei Kategorien „Entscheidung und Einstellung des Teams“, „Zustand des Patienten“ und „Wunsch von Patienten und Angehörigen“ ableiten.

Diskussion

Trotz eines verfügbaren Angebots werden palliativmedizinische Ressourcen in den intensivmedizinischen Abteilungen der onkologischen Spitzenzentren immer noch selten genutzt. In die tägliche Routine integrierte Angebote wie Screening-Tools oder gemeinsame Visiten könnten die Ausnutzung der angebotenen palliativmedizinischen Ressourcen erhöhen und die Versorgungsqualität verbessern.
Oral chemolysis is an effective, non-invasive therapy for urinary stones suspected of uric acid content
Authors: Tsaturyan Arman , Bokova Elizaveta , Bosshard Piet , Bonny Olivier , Fuster Daniel G. , Roth Beat
Published: August 2020

Despite the possible benefit from avoiding stone surgery with all its possible complications, oral chemolysis is rarely performed in patients with urinary stones suspected of uric acid content. Among the reasons for its limited use is the sparse and low-quality data on its efficacy and the lack of reliable factors predicting its outcome. We thus performed a retrospective single-center cohort study of 216 patients (median patient age 63 years) with 272 renal (48%) and/or ureteral (52%) stones treated with oral chemolysis from 01/2010 to 12/2019. Patients with low urine pH (< 6), low stone density upon non-contrast enhanced computed tomography (NCCT), radiolucent urinary stones on plain radiography, and/or a history of uric acid urolithiasis were included. Potassium citrate and/or sodium/magnesium bicarbonate were used for alkalization (target urine pH 6.5–7.2). Median stone size was 9 mm, median stone density 430 Hounsfield Units. Patients with ureteral stones < 6 mm were excluded since stones this small are very likely to pass spontaneously. The stone-free status of each patient was evaluated after 3 months using NCCT. Oral chemolysis was effective with a complete and partial response rate of stones at 3 months of 61% and 14%, respectively; 25% of stones could not be dissolved. Lower stone density (OR = 0.997 [CI 0.994–0.999]; p = 0.008) and smaller stone size (OR = 0.959 [CI 0.924–0.995]; p = 0.025) significantly increased the success rate of oral chemolysis in multivariate logistic regression analysis. More precise stone diagnostics to exclude non-uric-acid stones could further improve outcome.
Simulated clinical deployment of fully automatic deep learning for clinical prostate MRI assessment
Authors: Schelb Patrick , Wang Xianfeng , Radtke Jan Philipp , Wiesenfarth Manuel , Kickingereder Philipp , Stenzinger Albrecht , Hohenfellner Markus , Schlemmer Heinz-Peter , Maier-Hein Klaus H. , Bonekamp David
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To simulate clinical deployment, evaluate performance, and establish quality assurance of a deep learning algorithm (U-Net) for detection, localization, and segmentation of clinically significant prostate cancer (sPC), ISUP grade group ≥ 2, using bi-parametric MRI.

Methods

In 2017, 284 consecutive men in active surveillance, biopsy-naïve or pre-biopsied, received targeted and extended systematic MRI/transrectal US-fusion biopsy, after examination on a single MRI scanner (3 T). A prospective adjustment scheme was evaluated comparing the performance of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) and U-Net using sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and the Dice coefficient.

Results

In the 259 eligible men (median 64 [IQR 61–72] years), PI-RADS had a sensitivity of 98% [106/108]/84% [91/108] with a specificity of 17% [25/151]/58% [88/151], for thresholds at ≥ 3/≥ 4 respectively. U-Net using dynamic threshold adjustment had a sensitivity of 99% [107/108]/83% [90/108] (p > 0.99/> 0.99) with a specificity of 24% [36/151]/55% [83/151] (p > 0.99/> 0.99) for probability thresholds d3 and d4 emulating PI-RADS ≥ 3 and ≥ 4 decisions respectively, not statistically different from PI-RADS. Co-occurrence of a radiological PI-RADS ≥ 4 examination and U-Net ≥ d3 assessment significantly improved the positive predictive value from 59 to 63% (p = 0.03), on a per-patient basis.

Conclusions

U-Net has similar performance to PI-RADS in simulated continued clinical use. Regular quality assurance should be implemented to ensure desired performance.

Key Points

• U-Net maintained similar diagnostic performance compared to radiological assessment of PI-RADS ≥ 4 when applied in a simulated clinical deployment.

• Application of our proposed prospective dynamic calibration method successfully adjusted U-Net performance within acceptable limits of the PI-RADS reference over time, while not being limited to PI-RADS as a reference.

• Simultaneous detection by U-Net and radiological assessment significantly improved the positive predictive value on a per-patient and per-lesion basis, while the negative predictive value remained unchanged.
Choroidale Neovaskularisation infolge einer „punctate inner choroidopathy“, dargestellt mittels optischer Kohärenztomographie-Angiographie
Authors: Leclaire Martin Dominik , Clemens Christoph R. , Eter Nicole , Mihailovic Nataša
Published: August 2020

Die „punctate inner choroidopathy“ (PIC) geht nicht selten mit der Ausbildung einer choroidalen Neovaskularisation (CNV) einher. Die Identifizierung einer frischen CNV im Rahmen einer PIC ist häufig schwierig. Wir präsentieren einen Fall einer 30-jährigen Patientin mit morphologisch typischer PIC. Eine CNV konnte weder in der optischen Kohärenztomographie (OCT) noch in der Fluoreszeinangiographie (FAG) sicher identifiziert werden. Die OCT-Angiographie (OCT-A) hingegen zeigte eine umschriebene CNV. Der Fall lässt eine hohe Dunkelziffer von nicht diagnostizierten, klinisch stummen und nicht therapiebedürftigen sekundären CNVs im Rahmen von PIC vermuten.
Jejunal obstruction due to rare internal hernia between skeletonized external iliac artery and vein as late complication of laparoscopic hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy—case report and review of literature
Authors: Frenzel Felix , Hollaender Sebastian , Fries Peter , Stroeder Russalina , Stroeder Jonas
Published: August 2020

Background

Internal herniation of small intestine in the lesser pelvis alongside iliac vasculature is a rare occurrence. Skeletonization of iliac vessels during pelvic lymph node dissection (LND), as part of surgical staging or treatment of patients with uterine, ovarian or urogenital cancer, is a strict prerequisite for orifice formation.

Case presentation

A 68-year-old woman presented at the emergency department with complaints of constipation for the last 3 days and acute-onset abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting since few hours. She had a history of laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and para-aortic and pelvic LND 7 years ago. A distended abdomen with diffuse tenderness on palpation was noted. A CT scan demonstrated bowel obstruction secondary to an incarcerated hernia underneath an elongated right external iliac artery. During an emergency exploratory laparotomy, the incarcerated bowel was reduced and the hernial orifice closed with a running suture. The patient had an uneventful postoperative period and was discharged on the fifth postoperative day.

Discussion

This rare internal hernia can manifest with non-specific symptoms of small bowel obstruction at any given point after index surgery, sometimes even after several years free of complaints. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is the method of choice for fast and reliable diagnosis and helps in planning the necessary emergency laparotomy.

Conclusion

This life-threatening complication adds to the current controversy of pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy in patients with endometrial cancer. Primary closure of peritoneal defects should be considered to potentially prevent internal hernias, especially when elongated iliac vessels are present.
The role of prenatal and perinatal factors in eating disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Marzola Enrica , Cavallo Fabio , Panero Matteo , Porliod Alain , Amodeo Laura , Abbate-Daga Giovanni
Published: August 2020

Numerous studies showed that factors influencing fetal development and neonatal period could lead to lasting alterations in the brain of the offspring, in turn increasing the risk for eating disorders (EDs). This work aims to systematically and critically review the literature on the association of prenatal and perinatal factors with the onset of EDs in the offspring, updating previous findings and focusing on anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). A systematic literature search was performed on Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. The drafting of this systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement criteria and the methodological quality of each study was assessed by the MMAT 2018. A total of 37 studies were included in this review. The factors that showed a more robust association with AN were higher maternal age, preeclampsia and eclampsia, multiparity, hypoxic complications, prematurity, or being born preterm (< 32 weeks) and small for gestational age or lower birth size. BN was only associated with maternal stress during pregnancy. Many methodological flaws emerged in the considered studies, so further research is needed to clarify these inconsistencies. Altogether, data are suggestive of an association between prenatal and perinatal factors and the onset of EDs in the offspring. Nevertheless, given the methodological quality of the available literature, firm conclusions cannot be drawn and whether this vulnerability is specific to EDs or mental disorders remains to be defined. Also, a strong need for longitudinal and well-designed studies on this topic emerged.
Scientific Perspectivism in Secondary-School Chemistry Education
Authors: Landa Ilse , Westbroek Hanna , Janssen Fred , van Muijlwijk Jacqueline , Meeter Martijn
Published: August 2020

The importance of learning chemical ways of thinking is widely recognized. Various frameworks have been developed to address the essence of chemistry and chemical thinking. However, very few studies have focused on how chemical ways of thinking can be defined. To elaborate chemical ways of thinking, this paper draws on scientific perspectivism (Giere 2010; Wimsatt 2007; Thagard 2012). Scientific perspectivism states that, within each general domain, several broadly accepted theoretical models exist side by side. These general theoretical models, or theoretical perspectives, determine which research questions are generated, which types of models are developed, and which criteria are important for evaluating models. A theoretical perspective can be captured in a core reasoning that embodies the fundamental relationship between model and the “real world.” Starting with their most basic form, perspectives can be used in learning how to reason about all types of ill-structured problems, directing and organizing knowledge development, and integrating knowledge and skills. The study is part of a research project on how perspectivism can be applied to the design of secondary-school chemistry education. This particular study concerns the identification, elaboration, and validation of four chemical perspectives for secondary-school chemistry education. We use these perspectives to indicate the consequences of taking a perspectivism approach to a curriculum framework. We conclude with discussing the consequences for secondary chemistry curriculum.
Adhesion of HVOF-Sprayed WC-Co Coatings on 316L Substrates Processed by SLM
Authors: Tillmann W. , Hagen L. , Schaak C. , Liß J. , Schaper M. , Hoyer K.-P. , Aydinöz M. E. , Garthe K.-U.
Published: August 2020

Different studies have been demonstrated that the surface integrity of substrate bulk materials to be coated has a significant impact on the adhesion of thermally sprayed coatings. It is known that the surface integrity of parts processed by selective laser melting (SLM) differs from those obtained from bulk materials. Although 316L stainless steel is among the most investigated material for SLM, the adhesion of thermally sprayed coatings on 316L stainless steel substrates processed by SLM has not been studied yet. This study aims at evaluating the effect of various mechanical pre-treatments onto 316L stainless steel substrates processed by SLM and their effect on the adhesion of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed WC-Co coatings. To differentiate between topographical effects and residual stress-related phenomena, a stress-relief heat treatment of the SLM substrates served as a reference throughout the investigations. The differently pre-treated SLM substrates were investigated with regard to the surface roughness and residual stresses. For the HVOF-sprayed SLM composites, Vickers interfacial indentation tests were conducted to assess the resulting coating adhesion. The findings demonstrated that the HVOF-sprayed WC-Co coatings predominantly exhibit good adhesion to the SLM 316L substrates. However, it was found that the stress state in the SLM 316L substrate surface is more likely to affect the adhesion of the WC-Co coating, while the substrate surface roughness showed a marginal effect.
Unified Framework and Survey for Model Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification
Authors: Riedmaier Stefan , Danquah Benedikt , Schick Bernhard , Diermeyer Frank
Published: August 2020

Simulation is becoming increasingly important in the development, testing and approval process in many areas of engineering, ranging from finite element models to highly complex cyber-physical systems such as autonomous cars. Simulation must be accompanied by model verification, validation and uncertainty quantification (VV&UQ) activities to assess the inherent errors and uncertainties of each simulation model. However, the VV&UQ methods differ greatly between the application areas. In general, a major challenge is the aggregation of uncertainties from calibration and validation experiments to the actual model predictions under new, untested conditions. This is especially relevant due to high extrapolation uncertainties, if the experimental conditions differ strongly from the prediction conditions, or if the output quantities required for prediction cannot be measured during the experiments. In this paper, both the heterogeneous VV&UQ landscape and the challenge of aggregation will be addressed with a novel modular and unified framework to enable credible decision making based on simulation models. This paper contains a comprehensive survey of over 200 literature sources from many application areas and embeds them into the unified framework. In addition, this paper analyzes and compares the VV&UQ methods and the application areas in order to identify strengths and weaknesses and to derive further research directions. The framework thus combines a variety of VV&UQ methods, so that different engineering areas can benefit from new methods and combinations. Finally, this paper presents a procedure to select a suitable method from the framework for the desired application.
Hochschuldidaktische Lehrkonzepte zur Vorbereitung angehender Sportlehrkräfte auf einen inklusiven Sportunterricht
Authors: Erhorn Jan , Moeller Leonie , Langer Wiebke
Published: August 2020

Die Qualifizierung von (angehenden) Sportlehrkräften für einen inklusiven Sportunterricht stellt eine zentrale Herausforderung für die sportdidaktische Forschung und Lehre dar. Obwohl sich in den letzten Jahren um die Thematik eines inklusiven Sportunterrichts ein lebhafter Forschungsdiskurs entwickelt hat, der zum einen den Anschluss an international weiter fortgeschrittene Diskurse sucht, zum anderen inzwischen selbst konzeptionell und empirisch an Substanz gewinnt, liegen bisher nur wenige hochschuldidaktische Lehrformate zur Vorbereitung angehender Sportlehrkräfte für einen inklusiven Sportunterricht vor. In diesem Beitrag werden publizierte hochschuldidaktische Lehrformate systematisch analysiert und kritisch gewürdigt. Auf dieser Grundlage werden anschließend Vorschläge für die weitere Entwicklung und Evaluation universitärer Lehrformate formuliert.
Mindfulness and Affect During Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Recurrent Depression: an Autoregressive Latent Trajectory Analysis
Authors: ter Avest Marleen J. , Greven Corina U. , Huijbers Marloes J. , Wilderjans Tom F. , Speckens Anne E. M. , Spinhoven Philip
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Gaining knowledge of dynamic processes of mechanisms underlying mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for recurrent depression could help to improve treatment efficacy. The current study examined the overall course and week-to-week associations of mindfulness and positive/negative affect during MBCT for recurrent depression.

Methods

Using data from the MOMENT study, 235 patients with recurrent depression in (partial) remission allocated to MBCT were included. Prior to each MBCT session, self-reports were obtained on mindfulness, positive affect, and negative affect.

Results

Autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) modeling revealed that, across the MBCT course, larger increases in mindfulness were associated with larger increases in positive affect (r = .80, p < .050). Higher general levels of negative affect were associated with smaller increases in mindfulness over time (r = −.26, p < .001). Week-to-week effects showed no reciprocal cross-lagged effects between mindfulness and positive affect or negative affect, except for positive affect at session 2 which was positively associated with mindfulness at session 3 (r = .11, p < .050).

Conclusions

The current study supports a positive association in strength of increase between mindfulness and positive affect, while higher general levels of negative affect might be associated with smaller increases of mindfulness during MBCT for recurrent depression. For future research, experience sampling methods (ESMs) are recommended to capture dynamics on a smaller time scale. ALT modeling techniques are advised to be better able to interpret the processes of stability and change during MBCT for recurrent depression.
Identification of Archaeologically Relevant Areas Using Open Geodata
Authors: Meyer-Heß M. Fabian
Published: August 2020

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and digital terrain models (DTM) revolutionized archeological prospection in the last two decades. Using the new technique, comprehensive areal detections of archeological relief structures (field monuments) hidden under dense vegetation became possible and archeologists found new sites even in well-known areas. In times of Open Geodata policies, archeologists have access to geospatial data sets such as DTM. Assessing its full potential requires automated workflows, which is a recent research topic in archeological research. However, all approaches, both manually and automated, are affected by misclassifications caused by confusions of archeological and modern structures. Digital landscape models (DLM) help differentiating structures by their location. Concerning these data, only 74% of the total area of Westphalia and Lippe need archeological investigation, increasing precision of automated classification approaches.
Charity and Ethiopian project both benefit from DuPont's ability to provide safe drinking water
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: August 2020

DuPont has been working with a non-profit organisation – which brings clean and safe drinking water to people in developing countries – to help prevent the spread of COVID-19. As reported previously in this newsletter, together with three other organisations, it has also been involved in a project in Ethiopia to provide safe drinking water for a drought stricken community.
After fragmentation: Norm collisions, interface conflicts, and conflict management
Authors: KREUDER-SONNEN CHRISTIAN , ZÜRN MICHAEL
Published: August 2020

Fragmentation, institutional overlaps, and norm collisions are often seen as fundamental problems for the global (legal) order. Supposedly, they incite conflict and disorder. However, some scholars have also emphasised functional and normative advantages of the resulting institutional pluralism. We argue that the consequences of the increasing international institutional density are conditional on whether and how different norms, institutions, and authorities are coordinated. In distinction from thefragmentation frameworkin international law and theregime complexity frameworkin international relations, this introduction outlines aninterface conflict frameworkthat enables important insights into this question and guides the contributions assembled in this issue. It zooms in on the micro-level of conflict between actors that justify incompatible positional differences with reference to different international norms. In particular, the concept of interface conflicts allows studying the conditions under which overlaps and norm collisions become activated in conflicts as well as the ways in which such conflicts are handled. Foreshadowing the main findings of the contributions to this Special Issue, we hold that interface conflicts are neither inevitable nor unmanageable. Most importantly, it seems that, more often than not, conflicts stimulate cooperative forms of management and contribute to the building of inter-institutional order.
Coordination or conflict? The causes and consequences of institutional overlap in a disaggregated world order
Authors: FAUDE BENJAMIN , FUSS JULIA
Published: August 2020

Institutional overlap emerges not only as an unintended by-product of purposive state action but also as its deliberate result. In two ways, this article expands existing research on the causes and consequences of institutional overlap. First, we establish that three different types of dissatisfaction may lead states to deliberately create institutional overlap: dissatisfaction with substantive norms and rules, dissatisfaction with decision-making rules and dissatisfaction with the institutional fit of an existing governance arrangement for a given cooperation problem. Each type of dissatisfaction triggers a distinct motivation for the creation of institutional overlap: to induce policy change, to increase influence on collective decision-making or to enhance governance effectiveness. Second, we demonstrate that whereas the motivation to induce policy change leads to interface conflicts, the motivations to increase influence on collective decision-making and to enhance governance effectiveness give rise to inter-institutional coordination. Three empirical case studies on global energy governance, the governance of global development banking and global environmental governance probe these analytical claims.
Geomagnetic Responses Associated With Throat Aurora
Authors: Selvakumaran R. , Han D.‐S. , Zhou S. , Gokani S. A. , Zhang Y. L.
Published: August 2020

Throat aurora is a special discrete auroral form often observed at the ionospheric convection throat region near magnetic local noon. Some observational properties of throat aurora have been established, but the geomagnetic response is not yet explored. Using geomagnetic observations from a chain of stations in the Norwegian sector and auroral observations from an all‐sky imager and the DMSP satellites, for the first time, we identify geomagnetic responses associated with the occurrence of throat aurora. These variations are well explained by combining the models of flux transfer events and throat aurora. The estimated increase in ionospheric equivalent current confirms the association of throat aurora with ground observations. The results provide further evidence for throat aurora being associated with magnetopause reconnection. Based on the observational features, a new association of geomagnetic variations with throat aurora may be defined to reflect their occurrence at high latitudes near local noon.
MATE: An Analysis Tool for the Interpretation of Magnetotelluric Models of the Mantle
Authors: Özaydın Sinan , Selway Kate
Published: August 2020

Interpretation of electrical conductivity anomalies observed in magnetotelluric models provides an important opportunity to understand the nature of the lithospheric mantle and its dynamics. Over the course of the last two decades, a great number of experimental petrology studies have been carried out which can be utilized to construct electrical conductivity distribution models for a given composition and geotherm. We have developed an open‐source software (MATE, Mantle Analysis Tool for Electromagnetics) with an easy‐to‐use graphical interface that creates such theoretical models. The program is developed in such a way that additional effects and models can be added very easily. To investigate the conductivity distribution of the cratonic mantle, a series of experiments was made. Results indicate that it is of utmost importance to analyze the magnetotelluric models using accurate compositions, water distributions, and geometric models. Hence, using only olivine conductivity models can lead to erroneous interpretations of both conductivity and estimated water content. Analysis of the potential causes for conductive anomalies shows that the upper and lower lithospheric mantle can be interpreted separately with the transition between them at 75–125 km. Conductive anomalies in the upper lithospheric mantle (<1,000 Ωm) are likely to be explained by the existence of well‐connected minor phases associated with metasomatic fluids, whereas in the lower lithospheric mantle, hydration and/or well‐connected minor phases (e.g., phlogopite or amphibole) can explain conductive anomalies.
Data‐Driven Equation Discovery of Ocean Mesoscale Closures
Authors: Zanna Laure , Bolton Thomas
Published: August 2020

The resolution of climate models is limited by computational cost. Therefore, we must rely on parameterizations to represent processes occurring below the scale resolved by the models. Here, we focus on parameterizations of ocean mesoscale eddies and employ machine learning (ML), namely, relevance vector machines (RVMs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to derive computationally efficient parameterizations from data, which are interpretable and/or encapsulate physics. In particular, we demonstrate the usefulness of the RVM algorithm to reveal closed‐form equations for eddy parameterizations with embedded conservation laws. When implemented in an idealized ocean model, all parameterizations improve the statistics of the coarse‐resolution simulation. The CNN is more stable than the RVM such that its skill in reproducing the high‐resolution simulation is higher than the other schemes; however, the RVM scheme is interpretable. This work shows the potential for new physics‐aware interpretable ML turbulence parameterizations for use in ocean climate models.
Retrieval of Ice‐Over‐Water Cloud Microphysical and Optical Properties Using Passive Radiometers
Authors: Teng Shiwen , Liu Chao , Zhang Zhibo , Wang Yuan , Sohn Byung‐Ju , Yung Yuk L.
Published: August 2020

Current satellite cloud products from passive radiometers provide effective single‐layer cloud properties by assuming a homogeneous cloud in a pixel, resulting in inevitable biases when multiple‐layer clouds are present in a vertical column. We devise a novel method to retrieve cloud vertical properties for ice‐over‐water clouds using passive radiometers. Based on the absorptivity differences of liquid water and ice clouds at four shortwave‐infrared channels (centered at 0.87, 1.61, 2.13, and 2.25 μm), cloud optical thicknesses (COT) and effective radii of both upper‐layer ice and lower‐layer liquid water clouds are inferred simultaneously. The algorithm works most effectively for clouds with ice COT < 7 and liquid water COT > 5. The simulated spectral reflectances based on our retrieved ice‐over‐water clouds become more consistent with observations than those with a single‐layer assumption. This new algorithm will improve our understanding of clouds, and we suggest that these four cloud channels should be all included in future satellite sensors.
New Sensing Strategies for Estimation of Global, Exospheric Density
Authors: Cucho‐Padin Gonzalo , Waldrop Lara
Published: August 2020

Reliable quantification of the global and time‐dependent structure of the Earth's outermost atmosphere, a vast region known as the exosphere, has long been elusive, owing mainly to the sparse spatial and temporal sampling afforded by exospheric sensing platforms deployed to date. In this paper, we introduce new observing schemes that overcome these historical limitations and enable high‐fidelity, high‐cadence reconstruction of the exospheric density distribution on a global scale. Our approach leverages several state‐of‐the‐art remote sensing capabilities, including (1) wide‐field photometric imaging of exospheric emission, which is created through resonant photon scattering by the exosphere's constituent hydrogen atoms; (2) constellation sensor deployment near lunar orbit, which provides common‐volume sensing; and (3) tomographic inversion of a discretized exospheric emission model that explicitly accounts for the Poisson‐distributed shot noise inherent in the photometric data constraints. Using ensembles of synthetic emission data acquired at various realistic temporal cadences, we evaluate the fidelity of both static density reconstructions, in which the solution is formulated in the context of maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation, as well as dynamic density reconstructions, which incorporate temporal evolution via Kalman filtering. The numerical results demonstrate that the new sensing strategies are capable of retrieving reliable estimates of exospheric density distribution at unprecedented spatial scales and temporal cadence, in support of numerous high‐priority investigations of Earth's near‐space environment.
The Formation of Electron Heat Flux in the Region of Diffuse Aurora
Authors: Khazanov George V. , Glocer Alex , Chu Mike
Published: August 2020

Whistler and electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonics waves are responsible for scattering and precipitating the energetic plasma sheet electrons that drive the diffuse aurora. These primary electrons with energies in the kiloelectron volt range, simultaneously precipitating in magnetically conjugate regions, produce the secondary electron population and can be reflected by the atmosphere back through the magnetosphere and precipitate into the conjugate region with additional follow‐up atmospheric backscatter. Primary, degraded, and secondary electrons can be trapped back into the magnetosphere as they travel back and forth between the two magnetically conjugate ionospheres and continuously delivering their energy to the cold plasma sheet electrons and form the electron thermal fluxes that deposit this energy at the upper ionospheric altitudes. We consider the formation of these heat fluxes focusing on the magnetosphere‐ionosphere energy interplay of the entire superthermal electron spectra from 1 eV up to 10 keV and discuss the efficiency of the different spectral energy intervals that contribute to the electron plasma heating at the magnetospheric altitudes. Our parametric studies at L = 6.8, with lower and upper band chorus whistler wave amplitudes of 10 pT and electron cyclotron harmonic wave amplitudes of 1 mVm−1, indicate the dominant role of the whistler mode in the formation of the electron heat flux coming from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere.
Maintenance of genome integrity and active homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Choi Eui-Hwan , Yoon Seobin , Koh Young Eun , Seo Young-Jin , Kim Keun Pil
Published: August 2020

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess specific gene expression patterns that confer the ability to proliferate indefinitely and enable pluripotency, which allows ESCs to differentiate into diverse cell types in response to developmental signals. Compared to differentiated cells, ESCs harbor an elevated level of homologous recombination (HR)-related proteins and exhibit exceptional cell cycle control, characterized by a high proliferation rate and a prolonged S phase. HR is involved in several aspects of chromosome maintenance. For instance, HR repairs impaired chromosomes and prevents the collapse of DNA replication forks during cell proliferation. Thus, HR is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity and prevents cellular dysregulation and lethal events. In addition, abundant HR proteins in the prolonged S phase can efficiently protect ESCs from external damages and protect against genomic instability caused by DNA breaks, facilitating rapid and accurate DNA break repair following chromosome duplication. The maintenance of genome integrity is key to preserving the functions of ESCs and reducing the risks of cancer development, cell cycle arrest, and abnormal replication. Here, we review the fundamental links between the stem cell-specific HR process and DNA damage response as well as the different strategies employed by ESCs to maintain genomic integrity.
Disentangling fatigue from anhedonia: a scoping review
Authors: Billones Ruel R. , Kumar Saloni , Saligan Leorey N.
Published: August 2020

Fatigue and anhedonia are commonly reported, co-occurring clinical symptoms associated with chronic illnesses. Fatigue is a multidimensional construct that is defined as a distressing, persistent, subjective sense of physical, cognitive, or emotional tiredness that interferes with usual functioning. Anhedonia is a component of depressive disorders and other psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, and is defined by the reduced ability to experience pleasure. Both symptoms greatly affect the health-related quality of life of patients with chronic illnesses. Although fatigue and anhedonia are commonly associated with each other, understanding the differences between the two constructs is necessary for diagnosis and clinical treatment. A scoping review was conducted based on published guidance, starting with a comprehensive search of existing literature to understand the similarities and differences between fatigue and anhedonia. An initial search of PubMed using fatigue and anhedonia as medical subject headings yielded a total of 5254 articles. A complete full-text review of the final 21 articles was conducted to find articles that treated both constructs similarly and articles that presented fatigue and anhedonia as distinct constructs. About 60% of the reviewed articles consider both constructs as distinct, but a considerable number of the reviewed articles found these constructs indistinguishable. Nomenclature and biology were two themes from the reviewed articles supporting the idea that anhedonia and fatigue are indistinguishable constructs. The information generated from this review is clinically relevant to optimize the management of fatigue related to anhedonia from other fatigue subtypes.
Racial differences in treatment and outcomes in multiple myeloma: a multiple myeloma research foundation analysis
Authors: Derman Benjamin A. , Jasielec Jagoda , Langerman Spencer S. , Zhang Wei , Jakubowiak Andrzej J. , Chiu Brian C.-H.
Published: August 2020

Findings on racial differences in survival in multiple myeloma (MM) have been inconclusive. We assessed differences in outcomes between White and Black individuals among 639 newly diagnosed MM patients in the MM Research Foundation CoMMpass registry with baseline cytogenetic data. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived from Cox proportional hazard regression models. Age, gender, and stage were similar between Whites (n = 526) and Blacks (n = 113). Blacks had inferior overall survival (OS) compared with Whites and were less likely to receive triplet therapies or frontline autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). The following factors were significantly associated with inferior OS in multivariate analysis: higher international staging system (ISS) score, ≥1 or ≥2 high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities (HRCA), high-risk gene expression profile (GEP), and lack of ASCT. Multivariate analysis in the Black subset found that only lack of ASCT was significantly associated with inferior OS. The receipt of both triplet induction and ASCT only partly abrogated the effect of race on survival. HRCA did not track with survival in Blacks, emphasizing the need for race-specific risk prognostication schema to guide optimal MM therapy.
Multiscale causal networks identify VGF as a key regulator of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Beckmann Noam D. , Lin Wei-Jye , Wang Minghui , Cohain Ariella T. , Charney Alexander W. , Wang Pei , Ma Weiping , Wang Ying-Chih , Jiang Cheng , Audrain Mickael , Comella Phillip H. , Fakira Amanda K. , Hariharan Siddharth P. , Belbin Gillian M. , Girdhar Kiran , Levey Allan I. , Seyfried Nicholas T. , Dammer Eric B. , Duong Duc , Lah James J. , Haure-Mirande Jean-Vianney , Shackleton Ben , Fanutza Tomas , Blitzer Robert , Kenny Eimear , Zhu Jun , Haroutunian Vahram , Katsel Pavel , Gandy Sam , Tu Zhidong , Ehrlich Michelle E. , Zhang Bin , Salton Stephen R. , Schadt Eric E.
Published: August 2020

Though discovered over 100 years ago, the molecular foundation of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains elusive. To better characterize the complex nature of AD, we constructed multiscale causal networks on a large human AD multi-omics dataset, integrating clinical features of AD, DNA variation, and gene- and protein-expression. These probabilistic causal models enabled detection, prioritization and replication of high-confidence master regulators of AD-associated networks, including the top predicted regulator, VGF. Overexpression of neuropeptide precursor VGF in 5xFAD mice partially rescued beta-amyloid-mediated memory impairment and neuropathology. Molecular validation of network predictions downstream of VGF was also achieved in this AD model, with significant enrichment for homologous genes identified as differentially expressed in 5xFAD brains overexpressing VGF. Our findings support a causal role for VGF in protecting against AD pathogenesis and progression.
Undinarchaeota illuminate DPANN phylogeny and the impact of gene transfer on archaeal evolution
Authors: Dombrowski Nina , Williams Tom A. , Sun Jiarui , Woodcroft Benjamin J. , Lee Jun-Hoe , Minh Bui Quang , Rinke Christian , Spang Anja
Published: August 2020

The recently discovered DPANN archaea are a potentially deep-branching, monophyletic radiation of organisms with small cells and genomes. However, the monophyly and early emergence of the various DPANN clades and their role in life’s evolution are debated. Here, we reconstructed and analysed genomes of an uncharacterized archaeal phylum (CandidatusUndinarchaeota), revealing that its members have small genomes and, while potentially being able to conserve energy through fermentation, likely depend on partner organisms for the acquisition of certain metabolites. Our phylogenomic analyses robustly place Undinarchaeota as an independent lineage between two highly supported ‘DPANN’ clans. Further, our analyses suggest that DPANN have exchanged core genes with their hosts, adding to the difficulty of placing DPANN in the tree of life. This pattern can be sufficiently dominant to allow identifying known symbiont-host clades based on routes of gene transfer. Together, our work provides insights into the origins and evolution of DPANN and their hosts.
Triacylglycerols sequester monotopic membrane proteins to lipid droplets
Authors: Caillon Lucie , Nieto Vincent , Gehan Pauline , Omrane Mohyeddine , Rodriguez Nicolas , Monticelli Luca , Thiam Abdou Rachid
Published: August 2020

Triacylglycerols (TG) are synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilayer and packaged into organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are covered by a single phospholipid monolayer contiguous with the ER bilayer. This connection is used by several monotopic integral membrane proteins, with hydrophobic membrane association domains (HDs), to diffuse between the organelles. However, how proteins partition between ER and LDs is not understood. Here, we employed synthetic model systems and found that HD-containing proteins strongly prefer monolayers and returning to the bilayer is unfavorable. This preference for monolayers is due to a higher affinity of HDs for TG over membrane phospholipids. Protein distribution is regulated by PC/PE ratio via alterations in monolayer packing and HD-TG interaction. Thus, HD-containing proteins appear to non-specifically accumulate to the LD surface. In cells, protein editing mechanisms at the ER membrane would be necessary to prevent unspecific relocation of HD-containing proteins to LDs.