bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gaelic Sport Injuries
Authors: Sullivan Charles J. , Kavanagh Eoin C. , Eustace Stephen J.
Published: September 2020

The Gaelic sports of hurling and football, native to Ireland, are increasing in popularity worldwide. The injury profile of these sports requires multidisciplinary management by sports physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, and musculoskeletal (MSK) radiologists, among others. Advances in imaging modalities and interventional techniques have aided the diagnosis and treatment of sport injuries. In this article, we review the literature and our own institutional experience to describe common injury patterns identified in Gaelic games athletes, their main imaging features and relevant therapeutic interventions. We discuss the increasing prevalence of imaging services at sporting events and the central role of MSK radiologists in sports injury management.
Investigation of Variables Associated with Surgical Site Infection following the Management of Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture with a Lateral Fabellotibial Suture
Authors: Cox Thomas , Maddox Thomas W. , Pettitt Robert , Wustefeld-Janssens Brandan , Innes John , Comerford Eithne
Published: September 2020

Objective This study investigated variables associated with surgical site infection (SSI) in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture managed with stifle joint examination and lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization.

Study Design A retrospective study of dogs that had stifle arthroscopy, stifle arthrotomy, or a combination of both, followed by lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. All cases had a minimum follow-up of 90 days. Lameness grades were recorded preoperatively, and at 6-week and final follow-up.

Results One hundred fifty procedures in 130 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Overall, SSI rate was 17.3% and removal of the lateral fabellotibial suture was performed in 53% of SSI. Multivariable analysis showed significant association between SSI and bodyweight (p = 0.013), and induction using propofol (p = 0.029). Multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis showed a greater proportion of dogs had a higher lameness grade at 6-week (p = 0.021) and final follow-up (p = 0.002) assessments in the infected compared with non-infected dogs.

Conclusion Our study demonstrated a higher SSI incidence than previously reported in dogs undergoing a lateral fabellotibial suture for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Bodyweight and induction with propofol were identified as significant risk factors for postoperative SSI. Owners could be advised of an increased SSI risk in larger dogs and consideration should be given to selection of induction agent. Dogs that develop an SSI have a worse lameness grade at 6-week and final follow-up.
Perianal Abscesses and Fistulas in Infants and Children
Authors: Gosemann Jan-Hendrik , Lacher Martin
Published: September 2020

Perianal abscess (PA) and fistula-in-ano (FIA) are common entities in infancy. Although several hypotheses have been suggested, the pathogenesis of PA/FIA remains elusive. The natural course of these diseases in infancy is self-limiting in the majority of cases whereas older children show similarities to PA/FIA in adults. It is important to rule out rare differential diagnoses of PA/FIA such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), surgical complications after colorectal surgery, and immunodeficiencies. Treatment remains empiric, comprises conservative, as well as surgical approaches, and is dependent on the age of the patient. This review summarizes anatomical aspects, current evidence on disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of pediatric patients with PA and FIA.
Esophageal Atresia and Associated Duodenal Atresia: A Cohort Study and Review of the Literature
Authors: Miscia Maria Enrica , Lauriti Giuseppe , Di Renzo Dacia , Riccio Angela , Lisi Gabriele , Lelli Chiesa Pierluigi
Published: September 2020

Introduction Esophageal atresia (EA) is associated with duodenal atresia (DA) in 3 to 6% of cases. The management of this association is controversial and literature is scarce on the topic.

Materials and Methods We aimed to (1) review the patients with EA + DA treated at our institution and (2) systematically review the English literature, including case series of three or more patients.

Results Cohort study: Five of seventy-four patients with EA had an associated DA (6.8%). Four of five cases (80%) underwent primary repair of both atresia, one of them with gastrostomy placement (25%). One of five cases (20%) had a delayed diagnosis of DA. No mortality has occurred. Systematic Review: Six of six-hundred forty-five abstract screened were included (78 patients). Twenty-four of sixty-eight (35.3%) underwent primary correction of EA + DA, and 36/68 (52.9%) underwent staged correction. Nine of thirty-six (25%) had a missed diagnosis of DA. Thirty-six of sixty-eight underwent gastrostomy placement. Complications were observed in 14/36 patients (38.9 ± 8.2%). Overall mortality reported was 41.0 ± 30.1% (32/78 patients), in particular its incidence was 41.7 ± 27.0% after a primary treatment and 37.0 ± 44.1% following a staged approach.

Conclusion The management of associated EA and DA remains controversial. It seems that the staged or primary correction does not affect the mortality. Surgeons should not overlook DA when correcting an EA.
An option contract model for leasing containers in the shipping industry
Authors: Gómez-Padilla Alejandra , González-Ramírez Rosa G. , Alarcón Fernando , Voß Stefan
Published: September 2020

We propose an option contract model for the leasing of containers. In an option contract, the shipping company commits to order a quantity of containers from the leasing company and has the right to modify its order at a later stage, according to its actual requirement. Under this scheme, the shipping company is allowed to request a smaller or larger number of containers than the agreed initial order. This is done by buying an option premium in advance from the container leasing company. We present numerical results for different scenarios based on information provided by experts in the industry. For the purposes of comparison, a nonoption contract scheme is also evaluated. According to our numerical results, an option contract is better under a scenario where demand is normally distributed with a large standard deviation. This scenario is commonly observed in practice due to the dynamism and volatility of the shipping industry. We conclude that, under an option contract scheme, the shipping company has more flexibility to adjust its demand for containers and to be requested from the leasing company, and this adjustment is compensated by an option price determined according to variations in demand.
Solution processed all-carbon transistors via directed assembly and transfer printing of CNT channel and electrodes
Authors: Wang Wei-Hong , Abbasi Salman A. , Chai Zhimin , Jeong Hobin , Busnaina Ahmed
Published: September 2020

Carbon nanotube (CNT) field effect transistors (FETs) have shown great promise for flexible device applications, but a method to selectively print each layer with high fidelity and low cost on flexible substrates remains elusive. To address this gap, we combine the simplicity of directed assembly with the high resolution and pattern fidelity of transfer printing to print all-carbon transistors on a flexible polyimide substrate. For the presented device, the channel and electrodes consist of semiconducting single-walled CNTs and multi-walled CNTs, respectively. We demonstrate an approach to selectively assemble multi-walled CNTs on a chemically heterogenous surface of a highly doped silicon wafer using electrophoresis, while single-walled CNTs are assembled on a photoresist templated substrate using meniscus driven fluidic assembly. Both layers are sequentially transfer printed on a stack of polyurethane and SU-8, which serves as the gate dielectric. This approach utilizes lithographically patterned silicon wafers as reusable templates, which significantly lowers the manufacturing cost and provides greater resolution than other printing techniques. The printed transistors exhibit on/off ratio as high as 106 with mobility approaching 10 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is highly promising for fully printed flexible FETs.
Numerical investigation of ion energy and angular distributions in a dc-biased H2 inductively coupled discharge
Authors: Song Sha-Sha , Liu Wei , Yin Shuai , Liu Yong-Xin , Gao Fei , Wang You-Nian , Zhao Yong-Tao
Published: September 2020

The ion energy and angular distributions of H+, H2+, and H3+ impinging on an extraction aperture (3 mm in radius) have been investigated with a hybrid model of an inductively coupled H2 ion source. A dc is applied at the end of the cylinder discharge chamber, which pulls these three ions toward the extraction aperture. With an increase in the bias voltage, their ion angular distributions (IADs) become more symmetrical about the 0° axis and the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of their IADs shrinks continuously. On the other hand, the ion-energy distributions (IEDs) of the three ions first form a single peak (Vbias< 50 V) and then have a bimodal structure at 50 V <Vbias< 290 V. Finally, they return to a single peak at high bias voltage (Vbias> 290 V). The interval between two IED peaks (ΔE) first increases to a maximum around 150 V and then decreases monotonously. This can be attributed to the variation of the ratio of the ion transit time through the sheath (τi) to the rf field period (τrf). Moreover, the FWHMs of IEDs of H+, H2+, and H3+ first increase to 2.62, 2.45, and 2.32 eV around Vbias = 150 V, respectively, and then decrease continuously with the bias voltage. Using a low rf power and low gas pressure may help to narrow the FWHM of the IEDs of the three ions. The hybrid model is verified by comparing the results from the simulation and experiment, and they exhibit a qualitative agreement. The results in this work could lead to deeper insights into the dependence of IADs and IEDs on the discharge parameters, which is important for realizing a monoenergetic and collimated ion beam in a proton or an ion accelerator.
Unified theoretical model for both one- and two-color laser excitation of terahertz waves from a liquid
Authors: Wang Haoyang , Shen Tao
Published: September 2020

Understanding the physics of terahertz (THz) wave generation from a liquid is imperative for developing liquid THz sources. This Letter reports a unified theoretical model for both one- and two-color laser excitation of THz waves from a liquid, which are believed to be based on completely different physical mechanisms and have usually been considered separately in the previous literature. This model is analyzed by conducting numerical simulations and explained intrinsically from the perspective of particle dynamics. Finally, the theoretical model reproduces experimental data and is proved to be applicable for both the one- and two-color cases.
Secondary electron emission from reticulated cellular copper surfaces
Authors: Dickstein Dylan , Chang Hsing-Yin , Marian Jaime , Feldman Matthew , Hubble Aimee , Spektor Rostislav , Ghoniem Nasr
Published: September 2020

An experimental and computational study of the secondary electron yield (SEY) of copper foam is presented. Ray-tracing Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, based on primary electron transport and interactions with the electron system in solid and foam-type copper, are also included. The 3D reticulated foam geometry is explicitly represented in the MC model. This allows the influence of the complex copper surface on the energy and angular dependence of the SEY to be determined. Experimental measurements of SEY were performed in a high-vacuum electron gun chamber. Solid copper and copper foam with 100 pores per inch and a 4.6% volume fraction were tested for energy and angular dependence of SEY. Incident angles were varied from 0° to 75° and electron beam energy ranged from 20 eV to 570 eV. The agreement between MC simulations and experiments suggests that a general reduction of the SEY by around 20% is due to the interaction and subsequent adsorption of a fraction of emitted secondary electrons on the internal surfaces of the reticulated foam. Moreover, it is found that the SEY becomes nearly independent of the incident electron energy above 200 eV for steep angles of incidence (θ>45°).
Size effect of explosive particle on shock initiation of aluminized 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN)-based melt-cast explosive
Authors: Li Shurui , Duan Zhuoping , Gao Tianyu , Wang Xinjie , Ou Zhuocheng , Huang Fenglei
Published: September 2020

An aluminized melt-cast Duan–Zhang–Kim mesoscopic reaction rate model based on the pore collapse hot-spot ignition mechanism is proposed to characterize the shock initiation behavior as well as size effects of explosive particles on the shock initiation of aluminized melt-cast explosives. For aluminized 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN)-based melt-cast R1 explosives [containing 60 wt. % HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoncine), 30 wt. % DNAN, and 10 wt. % aluminium] with different particle sizes of HMX, both shock initiation experiments and corresponding numerical simulations were performed. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data, by which the mesoscopic reaction rate model is verified and the model parameters for the R1 explosive are determined. It is also found that the smaller the particle size of the granular explosive component, the faster the leading shock wave propagates, and the faster the detonation growth inside the aluminized melt-cast explosive.
Thermal stability of the crystallographic structure of nanocrystalline Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 manganite with enhanced magnetic properties
Authors: Das Subrata , Ahmmad Bashir , Basith M. A.
Published: September 2020

We report the effect of temperature on the crystallographic structure and magnetic properties of ultrasonically prepared nanostructured Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 perovskite manganite. The crystal structure of as-synthesized nanoparticles remains unaltered over a wide scanning temperature range. Temperature dependent magnetization measurements demonstrate that the Curie temperature (Tc) of Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticles is in the range of 211 K–220 K under largely varying applied magnetic fields. Below Tc, the soft ferromagnetic nature of these nanoparticles is confirmed by the field-dependent magnetization measurements. The absence of the charge-ordered state is also revealed in this nanomanganite down to 20 K, which is strikingly different from analogous Nd–Sr based nanocrystals. The experimentally observed effective paramagnetic moment and saturation magnetic moment have matched quite well with the values calculated theoretically. The Tc values up to a temperature of 220 K, nearly perfect ferromagnetically ordered Mn ions below Tc, high saturation magnetization, and magnetic softness of synthesized nanostructured Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 manganite can be associated with their good crystallinity as well as the nominal internal and surface disorder effect owing to intermediate particle size (∼75 nm to 150 nm). Our investigation elucidates the promising potential of nanocrystalline Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 particles for numerous technological applications.
Nonlinear oscillations of geodesic acoustic modes due to E×B convection in edge pedestal
Authors: Jhang Hogun , Singh R.
Published: September 2020

An analytic study is conducted on the impact of poloidal E×B flow on geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) in the edge pedestal of a tokamak plasma. A set of coupled nonlinear equations is derived from a reduced magnetohydrodynamic model. Analytic solutions to the set of coupled equations reveal that the non-geodesic component of a poloidally asymmetric pressure perturbation begins to contribute to GAM when the E×B flow is accounted for in the analysis. The full nonlinear solution shows that the sinusoidal GAM oscillation changes into the cnoidal one which is represented by the Jacobi elliptic function. The GAM frequency increases in proportion to the initial radial electric field (Er). The potential impact of this pedestal Er oscillation on the transport process in the externally perturbed edge transport barrier is discussed.
Bending strain tailored exchange bias in epitaxial NiMn/
γ
′-Fe4N bilayers
Authors: Shi Xiaohui , Mi Wenbo , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Xixiang
Published: September 2020

The strain tunable exchange bias has attracted much attention due to its practical applications in flexible and wearable spintronic devices. Here, the flexible epitaxial NiMn/γ′-Fe4N bilayers are deposited by facing-target reactive sputtering. The maximum strain-induced change ratios of exchange bias field HEB and coercivity HC (|ΔHEB/HEB| and |ΔHC/HC|) are 51% and 22%, respectively. A large strain-induced |ΔHEB/HEB| appears in a thicker ferromagnetic layer, but a large |ΔHC/HC|) appears in a thinner ferromagnetic layer. At a compressive strain, the antiferromagnetic anisotropy of the tetragonal NiMn layer increases, resulting in an increased HC of NiMn/γ′-Fe4N bilayers. The bending-strain induced changes of anisotropy magnetoresistance and planar Hall resistance are also observed at low magnetic fields. The bending-strain tailored magnetic properties can be ascribed to the distributions of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic anisotropies.
Photophysics of graphene quantum dot assemblies with axially coordinated cobaloxime catalysts
Authors: Singh Varun , Gupta Nikita , Hargenrader George N. , Askins Erik J. , Valentine Andrew J. S. , Kumar Gaurav , Mara Michael W. , Agarwal Neeraj , Li Xiaosong , Chen Lin X. , Cordones Amy A. , Glusac Ksenija D.
Published: September 2020

We report a study of chromophore-catalyst assemblies composed of light harvesting hexabenzocoronene (HBC) chromophores axially coordinated to two cobaloxime complexes. The chromophore-catalyst assemblies were prepared using bottom-up synthetic methodology and characterized using solid-state NMR, IR, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Detailed steady-state and time-resolved laser spectroscopy was utilized to identify the photophysical properties of the assemblies, coupled with time-dependent DFT calculations to characterize the relevant excited states. The HBC chromophores tend to assemble into aggregates that exhibit high exciton diffusion length (D = 18.5 molecule2/ps), indicating that over 50 chromophores can be sampled within their excited state lifetime. We find that the axial coordination of cobaloximes leads to a significant reduction in the excited state lifetime of the HBC moiety, and this finding was discussed in terms of possible electron and energy transfer pathways. By comparing the experimental quenching rate constant (1.0 × 109 s−1) with the rate constant estimates for Marcus electron transfer (5.7 × 108 s−1) and Förster/Dexter energy transfers (8.1 × 106 s−1 and 1.0 × 1010 s−1), we conclude that both Dexter energy and Marcus electron transfer process are possible deactivation pathways in CoQD-A. No charge transfer or energy transfer intermediate was detected in transient absorption spectroscopy, indicating fast, subpicosecond return to the ground state. These results provide important insights into the factors that control the photophysical properties of photocatalytic chromophore-catalyst assemblies.
Wave–particle interactions in a long traveling wave tube with upgraded helix
Authors: C. de Sousa M. , Doveil F. , Elskens Y. , L. Caldas I.
Published: September 2020

We investigate the interaction of electromagnetic waves and electron beams in a 4 m long traveling wave tube (TWT). The device is specifically designed to simulate beam-plasma experiments without appreciable noise. This TWT presents an upgraded slow wave structure (SWS) that results in more precise measurements and makes new experiments possible. We introduce a theoretical model describing wave propagation through the SWS and validated by the experimental dispersion relation, impedance, and phase and group velocities. We analyze nonlinear effects arising from the beam–wave interaction, such as the modulation of the electron beam and the wave growth and saturation process. When the beam current is low, the wave growth coefficient and saturation amplitude follow the linear theory predictions. However, for high values of current, nonlinear space charge effects become important and these parameters deviate from the linear predictions, tending to a constant value. After saturation, we also observe trapping of the beam electrons, which alters the wave amplitude along the TWT.
Spatially resolving heterogeneous thermal conductivity of BiCuSeO based thermoelectric nanostructures via scanning thermal microscopy
Authors: Zhu Qingfeng , Liu Junfu , Lin Yuanhua , Xie Shuhong , Li Jiangyu
Published: September 2020

Oxyselenide BiCuSeO is a promising thermoelectric material in the moderate temperature range, and nanostructuring is often adopted to enhance its thermoelectric properties. In these processes, secondary phases can be either induced inadvertently via doping or intentionally processed through nanocomposites, and their effects on local thermal transport remain unresolved from the experimental point of view. In this Letter, we take Pb-doped BiCuSeO and BiCuSeO embedded with rGO (BiCuSeO-rGO) as examples, and we reveal the effect of the secondary phase on local thermal conduction via quantitative scanning thermal microscopy in combination with finite element simulation. It is found that Pb-doping effectively reduces the thermal conductivity of BiCuSeO, while the rGO secondary phase slightly increases its thermal conductivity. Good quantitative agreement is observed between our nanoscale measurement and bulk values reported in the literature. Our work thus not only offers guidance for tuning the thermal transport properties of BiCuSeO but also provides an effective method to spatially resolve heterogenous thermal conductivity at the nanoscale.
In situ time-domain thermoreflectance measurements using Au as the transducer during electrolyte gating
Authors: Ueji Kan , Matsuoka Yuya , Yagi Takashi , Yomogida Yohei , Ichinose Yota , Yoshida Akari , Yanagi Kazuhiro
Published: September 2020

Understanding the relationships between the thermal conductivity and carrier density in thin films is of great importance for the thermal management of flexible thin film electronics. Here, we report a robust measurement technique to tune the carrier density in thin films and to evaluate their cross-plane thermal conductivities simultaneously. We employed the time-domain thermoreflectance method using an Au transducer and evaluated the thin film thermal conductivity in situ using electrolyte gating with an ionic gel. The robust measurement technique proposed in this study elucidated the relationships among the above-mentioned parameters in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Generalised hyper-Ramsey spectroscopy of two-level atoms in an optically dense medium
Authors: Barantsev K.A. , Zanon-Willette T. , Litvinov A.N.
Published: September 2020

The peculiarities of Ramsey resonance and its sensitivity to the light shift from an optically dense medium of cold atoms are investigated. Different composite pulse protocols for clock spectroscopy, including hyper-Ramsey, modified and generalised hyper-Ramsey schemes, are compared. Error signals change significantly due to the processes of absorption and dispersion in the atomic medium. The dependence of the position of the central fringe resonance with a residual uncompensated light shift of the atomic transition is studied with the attenuation of the radiation intensity in the medium taken into account. It is shown that using a combination of generalised hyper-Ramsey error signals allows one to suppress the sensitivity to the light shift for any length of the medium.
Formation and optical properties of IR photoluminescence centres in bismuth-containing aluminophosphate glass
Authors: Romanov A.N. , Haula E.V. , Korchak V.N.
Published: September 2020

We have prepared aluminophosphate glass samples differing in bismuth oxide content and demonstrating broadband near-IR photoluminescence. Analysis of their photoluminescence spectra leads us to conclude that they contain two main types of emission centres, one of which seems to be a bismuth monocation and the other is a cluster ion. In addition to these luminescence centres, the aluminophosphate glasses contain a nonluminescent bismuth-containing centre responsible for the broad, strong optical absorption band peaking at 450 nm.
Quantum gates on asynchronous atomic excitations
Authors: Ozhigov Yu.I.
Published: September 2020

A method for realising a universal system of quantum gates based on asynchronous excitations of two-level atoms in optical cavities is proposed. The entangling operator of the CSign type is implemented without beam splitters, approximately, using the incommensurability of the Rabi oscillation periods in a cavity with single and double excitations.
Nonlinear Thomson scattering of a tightly focused relativistically intense laser pulse by an ensemble of particles
Authors: Vais O.E. , Bychenkov V.Yu.
Published: September 2020

We report a study of the process of nonlinear Thomson scattering (NTS) of a tightly focused relativistically intense laser pulse by an ensemble of electrons simulating the result of ionisation of an ultrathin nanofoil. The description of all six components of a laser pulse is based on the Stratton – Chu integrals describing radiation focused by an off-axis parabolic mirror into a spot down to the diffraction limit, which is of practical interest for modern experiments with extreme-intensity lasers, including diagnostics of their parameters. The interaction of a laser pulse with electrons is simulated by the test-particle method, and the resulting trajectories are used to calculate the characteristics of secondary electromagnetic radiation. The effect of the laser-pulse focal spot diameter in the range λ – 6λ on the angular distributions of the radiated energy and NTS spectra, as well as of a laser-beam peak intensity of 1021 – 1022 W cm−2 on the spectral width of the secondary radiation is studied in relation to the experimentally implemented focusing scheme using the example of a laser pulse with an initial homogeneous spatial distribution and a duration of ∼25 fs.
Homogeneous broadening in the spectrum of a broadband erbium-doped fibre light source
Authors: Morshnev S.K. , Starostin N.I. , Przhiyalkovsky Ya.V. , Sazonov A.I.
Published: September 2020

Interference of wave trains separated out in an inhomogeneous emission spectrum of a superluminescent erbium-doped fibre source has been studied by scanning the wavelength of a spectrum analyser. The results demonstrate that, as the spectral resolution of the spectrum analyser decreases to a level corresponding to a sharp drop in interference fringe visibility relative to its original level, near 100 %, fringe visibility becomes dependent on the wavelength in the inhomogeneous spectrum of the source. The reason for this is that, at some characteristic resolution δλ (δλ > 0.5 nm in our case), the coherence time of wave trains is not limited by the spectral resolution of the spectrum analyser and is related to the inhomogeneous spectrum of the source, whose limiting width can be thought of as the homogeneous linewidth in the spectrum of the source. This feature can be used for evaluating homogeneous line broadening.
Imaging broadband soft X-ray transmission-grating spectrograph for a wavelength range λ > 111 Å
Authors: Kolesnikov A.O. , Vishnyakov E.A. , Ragozin E.N. , Shatokhin A.N.
Published: September 2020

A family of aperiodic Mo/Be multilayer mirrors was designed for maximum uniform reflectivity in the ranges 111 – 138, 111 – 150, 111 – 200 and 111 – 222 Å at normal radiation incidence. The simulations took into account the existence of Mo-on-Be and Be-on-Mo transition layers. It was shown that the reflectivity may be as high as 10% in an octave wavelength range of 111 – 222 Å. We demonstrate the operation of an imaging transmission-grating spectrograph with a broadband Mo/Be multilayer mirror with a uniform reflectivity in the wavelength range 111 – 138 Å synthesised at the Institute for the Physics of Microstructures, RAS. The spectrograph was used to record the line spectra of multiply charged fluorine and magnesium ions from a laser-produced plasma. The role of the grating support structure in the formation of spectral source images is discussed. The spatial resolution of 50 μm is demonstrated.
Viricidal and bactericidal exciplex barrier-discharge lamps
Authors: Sosnin E.A. , Zhdanova O.S.
Published: September 2020

A brief review is presented of investigations performed in 2002 – 2020 on ultraviolet inactivation of bacteria, vital cells, and viruses by using excilamps. The excilamp models that have been developed at the Institute of High-Current Electronics, SB RAS are briefly described. Scientific data acquired by now show that excilamps on KrCl*, KrBr*, and XeBr* molecules are an alternative to low-pressure mercury lamps with respect to optical parameters. These sources of optical radiation exhibit a bactericidal effect, and emission of KrCl and KrBr excilamps demonstrates viricidal action. The latter is actual due to expansion of coronavirus disease.
From benefits idealisation to value optimisation: application in the digital health context
Authors: Smith Natalie , Burton-Jones Andrew , Sullivan Clair
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThis study investigated evidence for the approach known as ‘benefits management’ (BM) used in many digital hospital initiatives.
MethodsA qualitative narrative overview was conducted on the BM literature and compared with a qualitative systematic overview of electronic medical record (EMR) implementation literature.
ResultsTwenty-five articles on BM and 12 literature reviews on EMR implementation were examined. The BM approach does not have strong support in the literature and does not support all the needs of large EMR implementations.
ConclusionThe current BM approach provides an inadequate basis for managing and reporting on the outcomes that ensue from a digital hospital initiative. A shift is needed from benefits idealisation to value optimisation.
What is known about the topic?Health services are under increasing pressure to demonstrate that the benefits anticipated from digital health investments have been realised.
What does this paper add?This paper informs the practice of benefits governance in EMR implementations. The results reveal inadequacies in current BM models and practice that are currently enshrined in policy despite a lack of evidence.
What are the implications for practitioners?Health service leaders must be willing to question the governance of benefits from health service transformations using more evidence-based approaches to increase the value obtained from investments in digital transformation.
Optimising deployment time of remote cameras to estimate abundance of female bighorn sheep
Authors: Taylor Jace C. , Bates Steven B. , Whiting Jericho C. , McMillan Brock R. , Larsen Randy T.
Published: September 2020

Abstract
ContextWildlife biologists accumulate large quantities of images from remote cameras, which can be time- and cost-prohibitive to archive and analyse. Remote-camera projects would benefit from not setting cameras longer than needed and not analysing more images than needed; however, there is a lack of information about optimal deployment time required for remote-camera surveys to estimate ungulate abundance.
AimsThe objective was to estimate abundance of adult females in a population of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) in Utah, USA, from 2012 to 2014, and determine whether this type of study can be conducted more efficiently. Because females are the most important cohort for population growth, remote cameras were set at three water sources and mark–resight models in Program MARK were used.
MethodsWe compared estimated abundance of collared and uncollared females by number of days cameras were set using 31 replicated abundance estimates from each year starting 1 July. Each replicated estimate used a different number of days and photographs from a 62-day sampling period (1 July to 31 August).
Key resultsAbundance estimates ranged from 44 to 98 animals. Precise estimates of abundance, however, were obtained with only 12 days of sampling in each year. By analysing only 12 days of images rather than 62 days in all years, the estimated mean of 58 adult females would have changed by only 7 individuals (±4 individuals, range=3–10 animals), the s.e. would have increased by a mean of only 4 individuals (±1.6, range=2.0–5.2 individuals) and a mean of only 18% (±10.5%, range=8–29%) of images would have been analysed. Across the study, analysis of >23000 (>80%) images could have been avoided, saving time and money.
ConclusionsThe results indicate that an asymptotic relationship exists between estimated abundance of female bighorn sheep and remote-camera deployment time.
ImplicationsThe mark–resight methods used in the present study would work for other ungulates in which individuals are radio collared or marked using remote cameras set at water sources, trail crossings or mineral licks. These findings can help researchers reduce cost of setting, servicing, archiving and analysing photographs from remote cameras for ungulate population monitoring.
Narrative Geometry in ʿAli Reza Gholami’sDivar(The Wall): New Developments in Iranian War Literature
Authors: Ghardashkhani Goulia
Published: September 2020

Holy Defense Literature is the official term applied to a large body of prose and poetry published during and after the Iran–Iraq war (1980–88) as part of the Islamic Republic’s cultural policy to promote and maintain its Shiite and anti-imperialistic political and ideological agenda. Both the production and the critical reception of this body of work have since been gradually altered, resulting in a discrepancy between two mutually exclusive tendencies in the literary representation and interpretation of the Iran–Iraq war: the ideological and the realistic, the latter introducing a narrative alternative to the former. ʿAli Reza Gholami’s novelDivar(The Wall) (2015), however, can be read as an exception to this current creative and critical polarity. By openly renouncing any claim to any kind of truth, Gholami has rendered his highly technical literary creation into a narrative text that goes beyond the real to exert its undermining effect on the ideology of the Holy Defense. Drawing upon Andrew Gibson and Michel Serres, this article attempts to refashion the narrative geometry of Gholami’s novel to underline and elaborate on its destabilizing extra-textual meaning as well as its dialogical and dynamic literary effect.
Concurrent complex and endurance training for recreational marathon runners: Effects on neuromuscular and running performance
Authors: Li Fei , Nassis George P. , Shi Yue , Han Guangqiang , Zhang Xiaohui , Gao Binghong , Ding Haiyong
Published: September 2020

Marathon performance is influenced by factors such as aerobic capacity and those related to neuromuscular function. Complex training (CPX) is a multicomponent training method, wherein heavy strength and plyometric exercises alternate within a single session and is an effective method to improve neuromuscular adaptations. This study compared the effects of CPX, heavy strength training (HST) and endurance‐strength (EST) combined with running endurance training on neuromuscular adaptations and running performance in 38 recreational marathoners (age:31.4 ± 3.8 years, VO2max:57.6 ± 6.8 ml·kg−1·min−1). Athletes were allocated in 3 groups: CPX, HST and EST and were tested for one maximum repetition strength (1RM), squat jump and countermovement jumps (SJ, CMJ), leg press (LP) concentric and eccentric strength, running economy (RE) and velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) before and after the 6‐week intervention. CPX and HST were performed 2 times per week in conjunction with the running endurance training. RE and vVO2max improved in CPX and HST groups (p < 0.01, RE: −5% to −6.4%, vVO2max: 5.7% and 4.2%, respectively) with no change in EST. Similarly, all neuromuscular performance indicators improved in CPX and HST (p < 0.0167, 1RM strength:19.7% to 25.1%, SJ and CMJ: 5.3% to 11.6%, LP concentric and eccentric strength: 5.5% to 18.0%). In summary, 6‐week of concurrent CPX or HST and endurance training resulted in similar improvement in maximum strength, RE, and vVO2max. Importantly, both CPX and HST training resulted in greater improvements in eccentric strength and RE compared to EST that performed concurrent endurance‐strength and endurance training.
Lack of NFATc1 SUMOylation prevents autoimmunity and alloreactivity
Authors: Xiao Yin , Qureischi Musga , Dietz Lena , Vaeth Martin , Vallabhapurapu Subrahmanya D. , Klein-Hessling Stefan , Klein Matthias , Liang Chunguang , König Anika , Serfling Edgar , Mottok Anja , Bopp Tobias , Rosenwald Andreas , Buttmann Mathias , Berberich Ingolf , Beilhack Andreas , Berberich-Siebelt Friederike
Published: September 2020

Posttranslational modification with SUMO is known to regulate the activity of transcription factors, but how SUMOylation of individual proteins might influence immunity is largely unexplored. The NFAT transcription factors play an essential role in antigen receptor-mediated gene regulation. SUMOylation of NFATc1 represses IL-2 in vitro, but its role in T cell–mediated immune responses in vivo is unclear. To this end, we generated a novel transgenic mouse in which SUMO modification of NFATc1 is prevented. Avoidance of NFATc1 SUMOylation ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as graft-versus-host disease. Elevated IL-2 production in T cells promoted T reg expansion and suppressed autoreactive or alloreactive immune responses. Mechanistically, increased IL-2 secretion counteracted IL-17 and IFN-γ expression through STAT5 and Blimp-1 induction. Then, Blimp-1 repressed IL-2 itself, as well as the induced, proliferation-associated survival factor Bcl2A1. Collectively, these data demonstrate that prevention of NFATc1 SUMOylation fine-tunes T cell responses toward lasting tolerance. Thus, targeting NFATc1 SUMOylation presents a novel and promising strategy to treat T cell–mediated inflammatory diseases.
Determinants of Ca2+ release restitution: Insights from genetically altered animals and mathematical modeling
Authors: Cely-Ortiz Alejandra , Felice Juan I. , Díaz-Zegarra Leandro A. , Valverde Carlos A. , Federico Marilén , Palomeque Julieta , Wehrens Xander H.T. , Kranias Evangelia G. , Aiello Ernesto A. , Lascano Elena C. , Negroni Jorge A. , Mattiazzi Alicia
Published: September 2020

Each heartbeat is followed by a refractory period. Recovery from refractoriness is known as Ca2+ release restitution (CRR), and its alterations are potential triggers of Ca2+ arrhythmias. Although the control of CRR has been associated with SR Ca2+ load and RYR2 Ca2+ sensitivity, the relative role of some of the determinants of CRR remains largely undefined. An intriguing point, difficult to dissect and previously neglected, is the possible independent effect of SR Ca2+ content versus the velocity of SR Ca2+ refilling on CRR. To assess these interrogations, we used isolated myocytes with phospholamban (PLN) ablation (PLNKO), knock-in mice with pseudoconstitutive CaMKII phosphorylation of RYR2 S2814 (S2814D), S2814D crossed with PLNKO mice (SDKO), and a previously validated human cardiac myocyte model. Restitution of cytosolic Ca2+ (Fura-2 AM) and L-type calcium current (ICaL; patch-clamp) was evaluated with a two-pulse (S1/S2) protocol. CRR and ICaL restitution increased as a function of the (S2-S1) coupling interval, following an exponential curve. When SR Ca2+ load was increased by increasing extracellular [Ca2+] from 2.0 to 4.0 mM, CRR and ICaL restitution were enhanced, suggesting that ICaL restitution may contribute to the faster CRR observed at 4.0 mM [Ca2+]. In contrast, ICaL restitution did not differ among the different mouse models. For a given SR Ca2+ load, CRR was accelerated in S2814D myocytes versus WT, but not in PLNKO and SDKO myocytes versus WT and S2814D, respectively. The model mimics all experimental data. Moreover, when the PLN ablation-induced decrease in RYR2 expression was corrected, the model revealed that CRR was accelerated in PLNKO and SDKO versus WT and S2814D myocytes, consistent with the enhanced velocity of refilling, SR [Ca2+] recovery, and CRR. We speculate that refilling rate might enhance CRR independently of SR Ca2+ load.
Symplectic structure for general relativity and Einstein–Brillouin–Keller quantization
Authors: Kurihara Yoshimasa
Published: September 2020

The Hamiltonian system of general relativity and its quantization without any matter or gauge fields are discussed on the basis of the symplectic geometrical theory. A symplectic geometry of classical general relativity is constructed using a generalized phase space for pure gravity. Prequantization of the symplectic manifold is performed according to the standard procedure of geometrical quantization. Quantum vacuum solutions are chosen from among the classical solutions under the Einstein–Brillouin–Keller quantization condition. A topological correction of quantum solutions, namely the Maslov index, is realized using a prequantization bundle. In addition, a possible mass spectrum of Schwarzschild black holes is discussed.
On uniqueness of static asymptotically anti-de Sitter black hole
Authors: He Xiaokai , Cao Zhoujian , Fang Xiongjun , Jing Jiliang , Wu Xiaoning
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime with a hypersurface orthogonal Killing vector field is discussed near the conformal boundary by using Newman–Penrose formalism. We first investigate the multipole structure of a static, asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime. We note that, different to asymptotically flat case in which the multipoles are contained in

Ψ

0

k

, the multipoles of a static, asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetime are all contained in

Ψ

2

0

. We then show that the Schwarzschild anti-de Sitter spacetime is the only asymptotically anti-de Sitter, vacuum, static, axisymmetric, type-D analytic solution of vacuum Einstein equation with a negative cosmological constant in a Bondi coordinate neighborhood of the conformal boundary if the spherical harmonic expansion of

Ψ

2

0

is finite.
Backward problems in time for fractional diffusion-wave equation
Authors: Floridia G , Yamamoto M
Published: September 2020

In this article, for a time-fractional diffusion-wave equation

∂

t

α

u

(

x
,
t

)

=
−
A
u

(

x
,
t

)

, 0 < t < T with fractional order α ∈ (1, 2), we consider the backward problem in time: determine u(⋅, t), 0 < t < T by u(⋅, T) and ∂
t

u(⋅, T). We prove that there exists a countably infinite set Λ ⊂ (0, ∞) with a unique accumulation point 0 such that the backward problem is well-posed for T ∉ Λ.
Influence of micro-patterning of the growth template on defect reduction and optical properties of non-polar

(112ˉ0)

GaN
Authors: Bruckbauer Jochen , Gong Yipin , Jiu Ling , Wallace Michael J , Ipsen Anja , Bauer Sebastian , Müller Raphael , Bai Jie , Thonke Klaus , Wang Tao , Trager-Cowan Carol , Martin Robert W
Published: September 2020

We investigate the influence of different types of template micro-patterning on defect reduction and optical properties of non-polar GaN using detailed luminescence studies. Non-polar

(
11

2
ˉ

0
)

(or a-plane) GaN exhibits a range of different extended defects compared with its more commonly used c-plane counterpart. In order to reduce the number of defects and investigate their impact on luminescence uniformity, non-polar GaN was overgrown on four different GaN microstructures. The micro-patterned structures consist of a regular microrod array; a microrod array where the −c-side of the microrods has been etched to suppress defect generation; etched periodic stripes and finally a subsequent combination of etched stripes and etched microrods (double overgrowth). Overall the presence of extended defects, namely threading dislocations and stacking faults (SFs) is greatly reduced for the two samples containing stripes compared with the two microrod samples. This is evidenced by more uniform emission and reduction in dark regions of non-radiative recombination in room temperature cathodoluminescence imaging as well as a reduction of the SF emission line in low temperature photoluminescence. The observed energy shifts of the GaN near band edge emission are related to anisotropic strain relaxation occurring during the overgrowth on these microstructures. A combination of stripes and microrods is a promising approach for defect reduction and emission uniformity in non-polar GaN for applications in light-emitting devices as well as power electronics.
Fracture behaviour of pristine and defective form of water submerged h-BN nanosheets
Authors: Sharma Bharat Bhushan , Parashar Avinash
Published: September 2020

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets are emerging as potential candidates to replace polymeric membrane for water purification. Synthesizing the membrane size of immaculate h-BN is a fictitious concept. So far, no articles have reported on the fracture behaviour of pristine and defective h-BN nanosheets in a water-submerged state. In this article, classical mechanics-based simulations were employed to study the effect of the hydrogen functionalization of sp-hybridized crack edge atoms and spatial distribution of Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW) and dislocation defects on the fracture properties of water-submerged h-BN nanosheets. Classical mechanics-based simulations were carried out with the help of hybrid-type interatomic potential in which reactive force field and transferable intermolecular potentials were used for arresting the atomistic interaction in h-BN and water, respectively, while for interfacial interactions, Lennard–Jones potential was employed. Enhancement in the values of fracture toughness of h-BN was investigated in the prescence of water molecules compared to in a dry state. It was deduced from the results that passivation, as well as the spatial distribution of STW defects, have a deteriorating effect on the values of fracture toughness of h-BN in the dry state, but water molecules help in nullifying a negative affect. Compared to the spatial distribution of dislocations, the STW type of defects have a more pronounced effect on the values of fracture toughness of h-BN water-submerged state. It can be predicted from the simulations that these improved fracture toughness values in a water-submerged state will help in developing these nanosheets as an effective desalination membrane in water purification.
Microscopic evidence for Mn-induced long range magnetic ordering in MAX phase compounds
Authors: Maniv A , Reyes A P , Ramakrishna S K , Graf D , Huq A , Potashnikov D , Rivin O , Pesach A , Tao Q , Rosen J , Felner I , Caspi E N
Published: September 2020

Zero and low field nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have been performed on MAX phase samples (Cr1−x
Mn
x
)2AC with A = Ge and Ga in order to obtain local microscopic information on the nature of magnetism in this system. Our results unambiguously provide evidence for the existence of long-range magnetic order in (Cr0.96Mn0.04)2GeC and for (Cr0.93Mn0.07)2GaC, but not for (Cr0.97Mn0.03)2GaC. We point to a possible dependence of long range magnetic order in these MAX phase compounds on the A atom.