bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translation of Politeness Strategies in Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility
Authors: László Henrietta
Published: March 2021

The present article is a comparative analysis of negative politeness strategies in Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility and the Hungarian translation in Értelem és érzelem translated by Gerda Barcza. The aim of the article is to examine whether the politeness strategies applied by the characters in the source text remain the same type of politeness strategies in the target text as a result of the translation process. The article also endeavours to establish whether the politeness strategies employed by the characters in the Hungarian translation mirror the same character traits as in the original text. The article presents the parallel analysis of the negative politeness strategies in the source text and the target text used by several characters in the novel. The comparative analysis explores whether there are any changes in the characters’ linguistic behaviour as a result of the translation process. In order to show the differences between the source and the target text, we apply back translation, a translation that is as literal as possible to demonstrate the change of the politeness strategy. When no change is identified, no back translation is applied, only a detailed analysis and explanation is offered. The article presupposes that the politeness strategy in question will show only a slight change, therefore the characters will mirror the same traits as in the original text. The article ultimately aims to prove that the translation of the novel entitled Sense and Sensibility will not alter Jane Austen’s specific way of characterization.
Houses and the Fate of Families : A Comparison of “The Fall of the House of Usher” by Edgar Allan Poe and Absalom, Absalom! by William Faulkner
Authors: Mohácsi Eszter Enikő
Published: March 2021

In Poe’s short story “The Fall of the House of Usher” the house where the events unfold is described as a sentient being, and its first description forebodes the occurrence of dark events. In addition, Poe utilizes the house of Usher to show how the fate of the house and its inhabitants are connected. The House of Usher stands for the building itself as well as the family, and Usher himself believes that the house is alive and can also exert its influence on the people living in it. The house of Thomas Sutpen in Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! is equally significant and is used to symbolize Sutpen’s will to establish his dynasty. The house is furnished luxuriously to establish his reputation in society, and Sutpen finally succeeds in bringing home a wife to the completed house. However, after the war the house is in ruins and Sutpen is unable to defy his fate anymore: he cannot rebuild the house, which – several years later – is burnt down by his own daughter, the partly black Clytemnestra. This paper compares and contrasts the houses and their function in the two works.
Issues And Challenges Of Zakat Institutions Achieving Maqasid Syariah In Malaysia
Authors: Tuan Mahmood Tengku Mohd Azizuddin , Mohd Din Noormariana , Al Mamun Abdullah , Ibrahim Mohamed Dahlan
Published: March 2021

Zakat institutions in Malaysia oversee the obligatory Islamic donations, which have improved the poor and needy‘s socio-economic conditions through innovative programs. These income-generating programs, which zakat recipients participate in, have enabled people to improve their livelihoods. These programs allow zakat recipients to become business owners with the ultimate goal of becoming zakat payers themselves. However, despite all assistance extended, the number of entrepreneurial failures among asnaf entrepreneurs is quite alarmingly high. Inadvertently, the fulfillment of Maqasid Syariah, the goals or objectives of Islamic law, is still lacking since identifying the rightful recipients from potential recipients is quite challenging. A successful entrepreneur requires motivation, so recipients should be motivated. If the best recipients are not identified, then there must be flaws in the system, so pinpointing those areas for improvement becomes critical. Not only that, once motivated recipients are found, which of these recipients will follow Maqasid Syariah to become zakat payers? In view of these issues, this paper proposes three main pre-selection areas for asnaf entrepreneurs, including a look at the three participants, namely, the zakat recipients, the zakat institutions, and the zakat payers. A thorough understanding of these participants, for future successful zakat process implementation, is crucial. However, the main areas discussed are based on a participant‘s pre-selection which (1) measures their entrepreneurial intent, or motivation, by using an entrepreneurship index to identify true potential asnaf entrepreneurs, (2) a proposal to appoint village headmen who collaborate with local imams to verify potential recipients for better zakat management, and (3) an allocation of capital for targeted Millennial Asnaf who would use the money to initiate their entrepreneurial ventures on a small scale so they can increase the success of the Islamic zakat system.
Unimail Info-Communicational Software
Authors: Mkhitaryan Andranik , Nanassian Aram , Matveev Eduard
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the design and features of the independent infocommunicational software resource are presented based on e-mail and SMS technologies, named Unimail. The components of the server and their responsibilities are also considered. Peculiarities of the Unimail’s architecture and principles of workflow are discussed. Acceptable commands and configuration details are described for users.
Constructing Adequate Mental Models
Authors: Pogossian Edward
Published: March 2021

Mental systems represent realities, have varying effectiveness with respect to our goals and are processed to support utilization and gain benefits from utilities. Classifiers induced by mental systems are effective with respect to the goals insofar as regularly provide utilities and enhance effectiveness of modeling of those utilities constructively and adequately. In the paper we discuss ontological, constructive and systemic models of mental systems, mentals, comparable by expressiveness with algorithms and natural languages, provide arguments of their adequacy for explaining, understanding and human-computer interactions as well as convince to follow the ideas of inventors of algorithms in adequate modeling of mental behavior. To consist functional and connectivity mental models and recalling that artificial neuron nets are systems of classifiers, we provide evidence that mentals can be reduced to systems of classifiers as well.
Community Detection-Based Recommendation Framework
Authors: Mkhitaryan Karen
Published: March 2021

Recommender system is a type of information filtering system predicting users preferences about items, aiming to generate personalized recommendations. Various recommendation approaches exist in the literature that differ in terms of methodology and types of systems they can be utilized on. In recent years some attempts have been made to incorporate community detection methods into recommender systems to make the process of recommendation generation more accurate in terms of rating or preference prediction and efficient in terms of computational complexity. In this paper we propose a community detection-based approach for recommender system, which is more reasonable in certain applications.
Financial Statement Analysis of Nanjing Yinfei company based on Harvard Analytical Framework
Authors: Li Xin , Cai Zhenggan , Wu Xiaoyan , Chen Long
Published: March 2021

The Harvard Analytical Framework is a financial analysis framework jointly proposed by three Harvard economists. Analysis of financial statements based on the Harvard framework not only helps to identify problems in the business process, but also to predict future growth potential. In this paper, the publicly traded company Nanjing Sonic was selected as the target company for the study. The Harvard Analytical Framework was adopted as an analytical tool to analyze the operating conditions and financial status of the target company for the years 2015-2019. A comparison with similar companies reveals the problems that exist. Finally, we forecast the future development prospects of the company.
Revealing the Tectonic Structure of the Bay of Iskenderun Using the Markov Random Fields Method
Authors: ALBORA Ali muhittin
Published: March 2021

One of the important issues in Gravity and Magnetic prospecting is to separate regional and residual anomalies. Determination of this separation between them is also crucial. Markov Random Fields (MRF) method is used to distinguish these anomalies. The most important property of this method is to make use of stochastic characteristic in neighborhood and 2D view. MRF does not need any training before use. This method is first applied to magnetic anomaly map consisting of prisms. After application, MRF method gives satisfactory results. We use Iskenderun Bay magnetic anomaly map to determined off-shore fault lines. According to our results, we reveal fault lines along Iskenderun Bay.
A highly sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of molybdenum at pico-trace levels in various matrices using N-(pyridin-2-yl)-quinoline-2-carbothioamide
Authors: Ahmed Muhammad Jamaluddin , Afrin Ayesha , Haque Muhammad Emdadul
Published: March 2021

A new spectrofluorimetric reagent N-(pyridin-2-yl)-quinoline-2-carbothioamide (PQTA) has been synthesized and characterized. A very simple, ultra-sensitive, and highly selective, and non-extractive new spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of molybdenum at pico-trace levels using PQTA has been developed. This novel fluorimetric reagent PQTA, becomes oxidized in a slightly acidic (0.0025-0.05 M H2SO4) solution with molybdenum (VI) in absolute ethanol to produce a highly fluorescent oxidized product (λex = 300 nm; λem= 377 nm). Constant and maximum fluorescence intensities were observed over a wide range of acidity (0.0025-0.0500 M H2SO4) for the period between 2 min and 24 h. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 0.001-600 μg/L of Mo having a detection limit of 0.15 ng/L; the quantification limit of the reaction system was found to be 1.5 ng/L and the RSD was 0-2%. A large excess of over 60 cations, anions, and complexing agents like chloride, phosphate, azide, tartrate, oxalate, and SCN- etc. do not interfere in the determination. The developed method was successfully used in the determination of molybdenum in several Certified Reference Materials (Alloys, steel, serum, bovine liver, drinking water, soil, and sediments) as well as in some environmental waters (Potable and polluted), biological fluids (Human blood, urine, hair, and milk), soil samples and food samples (Vegetables, rice, and wheat) solutions containing both molybdenum (VI) and molybdenum (V) ions. The results of the proposed method for assessing biological, food and vegetable samples were comparable with ICP-OES and AAS were found to be in excellent agreement.
Quick and simultaneous determination of caffeine and taurine in beverages using UPLC-ESI-MS
Authors: Alam Mohd Aftab , Al-Arifi Rayan Saud , Al-Qarni Abdulaziz Abdullah , Al-Dosseri Abdullah Shaya , Al-Jenoobi Fahad Ibrahim
Published: March 2021

A rapid UPLC-ESI-MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of caffeine and taurine in beverages (energy drinks and soft drinks). The molecular ions of caffeine and taurine were identified in single ion recording mode at m/z 194.98 and 125.86, respectively. The mass spectrometer parameters were optimized as: capillary voltage 3.0 kV, cone voltage 35 V, extractor 3 V, RF Lens 0.1 V, source temperature 150 °C, desolvation temperature 350 °C, nitrogen 600 L/h, LMR1 7.9, HMR1 15.2, IE1 0.30. The mobile phase comprising methanol (0.1% formic acid) (A) and water (5 mM ammonium acetate) (B) was used in gradient mode. The mobile phase components A and B were pumped in 80:20 (v:v) ratio from 0-0.44 min, and then 100% of component A was pumped between 0.45-0.68 min, and at 0.69 min the composition was returned to 80:20 (v:v) ratio of A and B till 2.0 min. Caffeine and taurine were eluted at 0.46 and 0.43 min, respectively. The samples of energy drinks and soft drinks were diluted in a solvent system comprising methanol and water in 80:20 (v:v) ratio. Our investigations showed that soft drinks SD1 and SD2 have 88.8±4.2% and 110.7±3.6% (w:w) caffeine of their labeled claim. The caffeine content in energy drink brands ED1, ED2, ED3, and ED4 was 76.9±2.5, 65.6±3.4, 88.1±12.6, and 89.1±2.8% (w:w) of labeled claims, respectively. While taurine content in ED1, ED2, ED3, and ED4 was 86.5±8.4, 81.3±27.5, 101.9±4.8, and 97.1±0.3% (w:w) of labeled claim, respectively.
Halide bridged organophosphorus complexes of HgX2 (X: I, Br and Cl): Synthesis, structure and theoretical studies
Authors: Mondal Jahangir , Manna Amit Kumar , Patra Goutam Kumar
Published: March 2021

Three organophosphorus mercury (II) coordination compounds [Hg2(µ-X)2X2(PPh3)2] {X: I (1), Br (2), and Cl (3)} have been synthesized by the reaction of mercury (II) halides with triphenylphosphine. The prepared complexes were characterized by spectroscopic techniques as well as by elemental analysis. The crystal structure of [Hg2(µ-I)2I2(PPh3)2] (1) was obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Crystal data for [Hg2(µ-I)2I2(PPh3)2], C36H30Hg2I4P2: Monoclinic, space group P21/c (no. 14), a = 19.2115(13) Å, b = 11.1291(8) Å, c = 19.0599(14) Å, β = 90.461(2)°, V = 4075.0(5) Å3, Z = 4, T = 293.15 K, μ (MoKα) = 10.657 mm-1, Dcalc = 2.336 g/cm3, 46095 reflections measured (4.23° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 49.994°), 7182 unique (Rint = 0.0563, Rsigma = 0.0365) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0322 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.0780 (all data). The single crystal analysis of [Hg2(µ-I)2I2(PPh3)2] complex revealed that it has dimeric structure with bridged halides. [Hg2(µ-I)2I2(PPh3)2] complex has also a supramolecular arrangement through I···H-C interactions. The crystal packing and supramolecular features of these coordination compounds have also been studied using geometrical analysis, Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT studies. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated that H···H (49.3%), C···H (10.6%), and I···H (12.8%) interactions are the primary contributors to the intermolecular stabilization in the crystal. The equilibrium geometries of the studied complexes are investigated theoretically at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. The calculated energy gap between HOMO-LUMO orbitals for complexes 1, 2, and 3 are in the trend of complex 3 > 2 > 1.
Assessment of the iodine level of table salt from Senegalese households
Authors: Diop Amadou , Gueye Rokhaya , Balde Mamadou , Thiam Khadidiatou , Tittikpina Nassifatou Koko , Niass Ousmane , Sarr Serigne Omar , Ndiaye Bara , Diop Yerim Mbagnick
Published: March 2021

Senegal is affected by a relatively high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders, which compromises its social and economic development. To address this situation, the Universal Salt Iodization strategy was adopted by the Senegalese Government. The monitoring of salt iodine status is crucial to the success of such a program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration of table salt from Senegalese households. A total of 1575 samples collected in urban and rural areas were analyzed using the iodometric method. The powdered salt samples showed higher mean iodine content (18.99 ppm) and lower percentage of non-compliance (58.4%) than the other salt types (p = 0.02). Most of the samples collected from urban area were found with iodine content between 15 and 39.9 ppm, whereas, in rural areas, the situation was significantly different (p = 0.01). Iodine levels of most samples were lower than 5 ppm in the rural producing area or varied between 5 to 14.9 ppm in the rural non-producing area. A percentage of 37.3% of adequately iodized salt samples was obtained at a national scale with a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, improvements in quality control procedures in tandem with the iodization process are necessary and an information, education and communication strategy should be adopted.
Synthesis of metal organic framework (MOF-5) embedded cryogel composite and its application for the extraction and determination of cholesterol from milk samples
Authors: Chang Fouzia , Memon Najma , Shaikh Huma , Memon Ayaz Ali , Memon Shahabuddin , Memon Paras Aazadi , Chang Abdul Sattar
Published: March 2021

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)/coordination polymers (CPs) are a new class of hybrid inorganic/organic porous material. Recently MOFs have attracted much attention due to their large surface area, tunable pore structure, and high thermal stability. MOF-5 is composed of zinc salt and 1,4 benzene dicarboxylic linker. In the current study, MOF-5/cryogel composite was applied to extract cholesterol selectively from milk samples. This extraction process was used to clean-up milk samples with MOF-5/cryogel composite followed by determination of cholesterol in milk using UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique. The parameters such as concentration of cholesterol, volume of cholesterol solution, adsorbent amount, adsorption and desorption time were studied to obtain good extraction of cholesterol. The amount of cholesterol adsorbed and desorbed was 84 and 80%, respectively, from milk samples using MOF-5 composite cryogel. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and quantification. The response was linear in the range of 5-200 µg/mL with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.990. Detection limit (0.15 µg/mL) and quantification (0.45 µg/mL) were obtained.
Synthesis and detailed characterization of a newly synthesized chalcone, 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Jayappa Madhu Kumar Dogganal , Akhileshwari Prabhuswamy , Sridhar Mandayam Anandalwar , Nagarajappa Lohith Tumakuru , Nagaraju Shivegowda , Raghavendra Subrayachar , Jayappa Manasa Dogganal
Published: March 2021

Chalcones are the main component of some natural compounds. The title compound, 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, was synthesized and characterized. The compound (C21H18O3) crystallizes in the triclinic system with the space group of P-1 (no. 2), a = 7.7705(4) Å, b = 10.2634(6) Å, c = 11.2487(6) Å, α = 79.655(5)°, β = 81.500(5)°, γ = 68.039(5)°, V = 815.28(9) Å3, Z = 2, T = 293(2) K, μ(MoKα) = 0.086 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.297 g/cm3, 9126 reflections measured (4.318° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 52.728°), 3302 unique (Rint = 0.0466, Rsigma = 0.0528) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0568 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.1667 (all data). The crystal structure is stabilized by both short C-H···O inter- and intra-molecular interactions. In addition, the crystal structure is reinforced by π-π interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis confirmed the presence of C-H···O intermolecular interactions. The two-dimensional fingerprint plots are used to visualize the individual interactions present in the molecule. DFT calculations were performed to know the energy levels of the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO). The energy gap between the frontier molecular orbitals shows the kinetic stability of the molecule. The chemical reactive sites are observed by generating MEP surface. Non-covalent interactions (NCIs) are analyzed using reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis.
Crystal structure of the sesquihydrate of dehydroepiandrosterone propan-2-ylidene hydrazone: Participation of the hydrazonyl nitrogen atoms as acceptors in the elaborate hydrogen bond scheme
Authors: Wardell James Lewis , Low John Nicholson
Published: March 2021

The crystal structure of the sesquihydrate of dehydroepiandrosterone propan-2-ylidene hydrazone, [(7)2·(H2O)3], isolated from a solution of dehydroepiandrosterone propan-2-ylidene hydrazone, (7), in moist ethanol at room temperature, has been determined from data collected at 100 K. The sesquihydrate recrystallizes in the orthorhombic space group, P212121 with Z = 8. The asymmetric unit of [(7)2·(H2O)3] consists of two independent molecules of the steroid, Mol A and Mol B, and three moles of water. The six membered saturated rings, A and C, in both molecules have ideal or near ideal chair shapes, the unsaturated rings, B, have the expected half-chair shapes, while the five-membered rings, D, have envelope shapes with flaps at C114 and C214 for Mol A and Mol B, respectively. Differences in the conformations of the two molecules reside essentially completely within the hydrazonyl fragments with significantly different torsional angles, C117-N120-N121-C122 (in Mol A) and C217-N220-N221-C222 (in Mol B), of 149.19(14) and -93.08(17)°, respectively. The difference in this torsional angle is reflected in the hydrogen bonds involving the nitrogen atoms in the hydrazonyl units: it is of interest that the hydrazonyl nitrogen atoms partake as acceptors in hydrogen bonding with water molecules. The only intermolecular interactions in these molecules are hydrogen bonds -all classical O-H-O and OH···N hydrogen bonds with just one exception, a C-H···O(water) hydrogen bond. Of interest, there are no direct steroid-steroid links: molecules are linked solely by hydrogen bonds involving the hydrate molecules. All three hydrate molecules take part in the indirect linking of the steroid molecules, but each has its own set of contacts.
Graphical Contents
Authors: Arslan Hakan
Published: March 2021

Graphical Contents
Evaluating stratospheric ozone and water vapour changes in CMIP6 models from 1850 to 2100
Authors: Keeble James , Hassler Birgit , Banerjee Antara , Checa-Garcia Ramiro , Chiodo Gabriel , Davis Sean , Eyring Veronika , Griffiths Paul T. , Morgenstern Olaf , Nowack Peer , Zeng Guang , Zhang Jiankai , Bodeker Greg , Burrows Susannah , Cameron-Smith Philip , Cugnet David , Danek Christopher , Deushi Makoto , Horowitz Larry W. , Kubin Anne , Li Lijuan , Lohmann Gerrit , Michou Martine , Mills Michael J. , Nabat Pierre , Olivié Dirk , Park Sungsu , Seland Øyvind , Stoll Jens , Wieners Karl-Hermann , Wu Tongwen
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Stratospheric ozone and water vapour are key components of the Earth system, and past and future changes to both have important impacts on global and
regional climate. Here, we evaluate long-term changes in these species from the pre-industrial period (1850) to the end of the 21st century
in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6)
models under a range of future emissions scenarios. There is good agreement between the CMIP multi-model mean and observations for total column
ozone (TCO), although there is substantial variation between the individual CMIP6 models. For the CMIP6 multi-model mean, global mean TCO has
increased from ∼ 300 DU in 1850 to ∼ 305 DU in 1960, before rapidly declining in the 1970s and 1980s following the
use and emission of halogenated ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). TCO is projected to return to 1960s values by the middle of the 21st century
under the SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-3.4, SSP4-6.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, and under the SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios TCO values are projected to
be ∼ 10 DU higher than the 1960s values by 2100. However, under the SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-1.6 scenarios, TCO is not projected to
return to the 1960s values despite reductions in halogenated ODSs due to decreases in tropospheric ozone mixing ratios. This global pattern is
similar to regional patterns, except in the tropics where TCO under most scenarios is not projected to return to 1960s values, either through
reductions in tropospheric ozone under SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6, or through reductions in lower stratospheric ozone resulting from an acceleration of
the Brewer–Dobson circulation under other Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). In contrast to TCO, there is poorer agreement between the
CMIP6 multi-model mean and observed lower
stratospheric water vapour mixing ratios, with the CMIP6 multi-model mean underestimating observed water vapour mixing ratios by
∼ 0.5 ppmv at 70 hPa. CMIP6 multi-model mean stratospheric water vapour mixing ratios in the tropical lower stratosphere have
increased by ∼ 0.5 ppmv from the pre-industrial to the present-day period and are projected to increase further by the end of the 21st
century. The largest increases (∼ 2 ppmv) are simulated under the future scenarios with the highest assumed forcing pathway
(e.g. SSP5-8.5). Tropical lower stratospheric water vapour, and to a lesser extent TCO, shows large variations following explosive volcanic eruptions.
Development and intercity transferability of land-use regression models for predicting ambient PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentrations in northern Taiwan
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Ho Kin-Fai , Chuang Hsiao-Chi , Yim Steve Hung Lam
Published: March 2021

Abstract. To provide long-term air pollutant exposure estimates for
epidemiological studies, it is essential to test the feasibility of
developing land-use regression (LUR) models using only routine air quality
measurement data and to evaluate the transferability of LUR models between
nearby cities. In this study, we developed and evaluated the intercity
transferability of annual-average LUR models for ambient respirable
suspended particulates (PM10), fine suspended particulates
(PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) in the
Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area of northern Taiwan in 2019. Ambient
PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3 measurements at 30 fixed-site
stations were used as the dependent variables, and a total of 156 potential
predictor variables in six categories (i.e., population density, road
network, land-use type, normalized difference vegetation index, meteorology
and elevation) were extracted using buffer spatial analysis. The LUR models
were developed using the supervised forward linear regression approach. The
LUR models for ambient PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3 achieved
relatively high prediction performance, with R2 values of > 0.72 and leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) R2 values of
> 0.53. The intercity transferability of LUR models varied among
the air pollutants, with transfer-predictive R2 values of > 0.62 for NO2 and < 0.56 for the other three pollutants. The
LUR-model-based 500 m × 500 m spatial-distribution maps of these
air pollutants illustrated pollution hot spots and the heterogeneity of
population exposure, which provide valuable information for policymakers in
designing effective air pollution control strategies. The LUR-model-based
air pollution exposure estimates captured the spatial variability in
exposure for participants in a cohort study. This study highlights that LUR
models can be reasonably established upon a routine monitoring network, but
there exist uncertainties when transferring LUR models between nearby
cities. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate
the intercity transferability of LUR models in Asia.
Aerosol characteristics at the Southern Great Plains site during the HI-SCALE campaign
Authors: Liu Jiumeng , Alexander Liz , Fast Jerome D. , Lindenmaier Rodica , Shilling John E.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Large uncertainties exist in global climate model predictions of radiative forcing due to insufficient understanding and simplified numerical representation of cloud formation and cloud–aerosol interactions. The Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols and Land Ecosystems (HI-SCALE) campaign was conducted near the DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in north-central Oklahoma to provide a better understanding of land–atmosphere interactions, aerosol and cloud properties, and the influence of aerosol and land–atmosphere interactions on cloud formation. The HI-SCALE campaign consisted of two intensive observational periods (IOPs) (April–May and August–September, 2016), during which coincident measurements were conducted both on the G-1 aircraft platform and at the SGP ground site. In this study we focus on the observations at the SGP ground site. An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and an Ionicon proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) were deployed, characterizing chemistry of non-refractory aerosol and trace gases, respectively. Contributions from various aerosol sources, including biogenic and biomass burning emissions, were retrieved using factor analysis of the AMS data. In general, the organic aerosols at the SGP site was highly oxidized, with oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) identified as the dominant factor for both the spring and summer IOP though more aged in spring. Cases of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX SOA) and biomass burning events were further investigated to understand additional sources of organic aerosol. Unlike other regions largely impacted by IEPOX chemistry, the IEPOX SOA at SGP was more highly oxygenated, likely due to the relatively weak local emissions of isoprene. Biogenic emissions appear to largely control the formation of organic aerosol (OA) during the HI-SCALE campaign. Potential HOM (highly oxygenated molecule) chemistry likely contributes to the highly oxygenated feature of aerosols at the SGP site, with impacts on new particle formation and global climate.
Validation of the Sentinel-5 Precursor TROPOMI cloud data with Cloudnet, Aura OMI O2–O2, MODIS, and Suomi-NPP VIIRS
Authors: Compernolle Steven , Argyrouli Athina , Lutz Ronny , Sneep Maarten , Lambert Jean-Christopher , Fjæraa Ann Mari , Hubert Daan , Keppens Arno , Loyola Diego , O'Connor Ewan , Romahn Fabian , Stammes Piet , Verhoelst Tijl , Wang Ping
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Accurate knowledge of cloud properties is essential to the measurement of atmospheric composition from space. In this work we assess the quality of the cloud data from three Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) TROPOMI cloud products: (i) S5P OCRA/ROCINN_CAL (Optical Cloud Recognition Algorithm/Retrieval of Cloud Information using Neural Networks;Clouds-As-Layers), (ii) S5P OCRA/ROCINN_CRB (Clouds-as-Reflecting Boundaries), and (iii) S5P FRESCO-S (Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from Oxygen absorption bands – Sentinel). Target properties of this work are cloud-top height and cloud optical thickness (OCRA/ROCINN_CAL), cloud height (OCRA/ROCINN_CRB and FRESCO-S), and radiometric cloud fraction (all three algorithms). The analysis combines (i) the examination of cloud maps for artificial geographical patterns, (ii) the comparison to other satellite cloud data (MODIS, NPP-VIIRS, and OMI O2–O2), and (iii) ground-based validation with respect to correlative observations (30 April 2018 to 27 February 2020) from the Cloudnet network of ceilometers, lidars, and radars. Zonal mean latitudinal variation of S5P cloud properties is similar to that of other satellite data. S5P OCRA/ROCINN_CAL agrees well with NPP VIIRS cloud-top height and cloud optical thickness and with Cloudnet cloud-top height, especially for the low (mostly liquid) clouds. For the high clouds, S5P OCRA/ROCINN_CAL cloud-top height is below the cloud-top height of VIIRS and of Cloudnet, while its cloud optical thickness is higher than that of VIIRS. S5P OCRA/ROCINN_CRB and S5P FRESCO cloud height are well below the Cloudnet cloud mean height for the low clouds but match on average better with the Cloudnet cloud mean height for the higher clouds. As opposed to S5P OCRA/ROCINN_CRB and S5P FRESCO, S5P OCRA/ROCINN_CAL is well able to match the lowest CTH mode of the Cloudnet observations. Peculiar geographical patterns are identified in the cloud products and will be mitigated in future releases of the cloud data products.
Photoacoustic hygrometer for icing wind tunnel water content measurement: design, analysis, and intercomparison
Authors: Lang Benjamin , Breitfuss Wolfgang , Schweighart Simon , Breitegger Philipp , Pervier Hugo , Tramposch Andreas , Klug Andreas , Hassler Wolfgang , Bergmann Alexander
Published: March 2021

Abstract. This work describes the latest design, calibration and application of a near-infrared laser diode-based photoacoustic (PA) hygrometer developed for total water content measurement in simulated atmospheric freezing precipitation and high ice water content conditions with relevance in fundamental icing research, aviation testing, and certification. The single-wavelength and single-pass PA absorption cell is calibrated for molar water vapor fractions with a two-pressure humidity generator integrated into the instrument. Laboratory calibration showed an estimated measurement accuracy better than 3.3 % in the water vapor mole fraction range of 510–12 360 ppm (5 % from 250–21 200 ppm) with a theoretical limit of detection (3σ) of 3.2 ppm. The hygrometer is examined in combination with a basic isokinetic evaporator probe (IKP) and sampling system designed for icing wind tunnel applications, for which a general description of total condensed water content (CWC) measurements and uncertainties are presented. Despite the current limitation of the IKP to a hydrometeor mass flux below 90 gm-2s-1, a CWC measurement accuracy better than 20 % is achieved by the instrument above a CWC of 0.14 g m−3 in cold air (−30 ∘C) with suitable background humidity measurement. Results of a comparison to the Cranfield University IKP instrument in freezing drizzle and rain show a CWC agreement of the two instruments within 20 %, which demonstrates the potential of PA hygrometers for water content measurement in atmospheric icing conditions.
Plebiscite in Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle and its course as presented by “Kurier Poznański”
Authors: Grabski Maciej
Published: March 2021

The article presents The East Prussia plebiscite, known also as Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle plebiscite and its course from the viewpoint of the “Kurier Poznański” newspaper. It was a daily paper, which presented the National League’s program. The newspaper approved of struggling for incorporation of Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle to the Second Polish Republic and criticised the German attacks on the Poles.
Commemorating Wojciech Kętrzyński
Authors: Achremczyk Stanisław
Published: March 2021

During his life, Wojciech Kętrzyński was a renowned and valued historian, librarian and publicist. Many obituaries and commemorations appeared in magazines and academic journals after his death. The employees of the Lviv Ossolineum made sure to preserve the memory of their director also outside the town. In Lviv, Kętrzyński has had a street and one of the reading halls in Ossolineum named after him. His poems and memoir were pub-lished, along with some commemorations dedicated to his achievements. The memory of Kętrzyński has also lasted in southern parts of Eastern Prussia. Michał Kajka translated his poems into Polish, while Emilia Sukerto-wa-Biedrawina in Działdowo published articles about Kętrzyński in her calendars. After 1945, as Polish borders encompassed those parts of Eastern Prussia, Kętrzyński became a reclaimant, even a warrior of Polishness. In his honour, the town of Rastenburg was renamed to Kętrzyn. He has had streets and schools named after him. The research on Kętrzyński’s activities gained momentum with the establishment of the Wojciech Kętrzyński Centre for Scientific Research (Pol. Ośrodek Badań Naukowych, OBN) in Olsztyn. Thanks to the efforts of OBN, a Polish plaque appeared at Kętrzyński’s grave, which was found by Leonard Turkowski in 1969 at the Lychakiv Cemetery in Lviv. In 2008, the tombstone was renovated as a result of the activity of Kętrzyn authorities. When the old pre-War fragment of the tombstone was found in 2016, it was returned to its proper place, while the medallion with Kętrzyński’s image was gifted by Kętrzyn authorities to the Wrocław Ossolineum. The memory of Kętrzyński in Warmia and Masuria was preserved by publishing his poems and research articles O ludności polskiej w Prusiech niegdyś krzyżackich [Eng. On Polish people in the previously Teutonic Prussia]. Numerous academic conferences confirmed the current nature of Kętrzyński’s conclusions. The Marshall of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivode-ship established an all-Poland award in humanities named after Kętrzyński, contributing to the movement of commemorating the researcher in the region and in Poland. This paper summarises all such activities during the 100-years period since Wojciech Kętrzyński’s death.
On the origin of the mythonyms Opruss. Worskaito/Borsskayto (S. Grunau) // Yatv. Wourschkaite (Yatvigian Book)
Authors: Kregždys Rolandas
Published: March 2021

W niniejszym artykule, odwołując się do analizy etymologicznej, przedstawiona jest nowa hipoteza o po�chodzeniu nazwisk mitologicznych pruskich Worskaito / Borsskayto (S. Grunau), oraz Jaćwingów – Wourschkaite
(Książeczka Sudawska). Przywołana analiza dotyczy opisu derywacji i rozwoju semantycznego tych mitonimów.
Podsumowując wyniki tej analizy, można stwierdzić, że nazwiska mitologiczne Worskaito / Borsskayto,
Wourschkaite należy do złożeń typu tatpuruṣa pochodzenia niemieckiego (wczesno-nowo-wysoko-niemieckie�go oraz średnio-dolno-niemieckiego), tj. te mitonimy pochodzą z wnwn. war-seger, war-sager / śrdn. war-seger,
wâr-sager ‘jasnowidz, czarodziej, wróżbita, tj. śrłac. veridicus’.
About the essense of the masurian Gromadkar movement
Authors: Kozłowski Janusz
Published: March 2021

After the Reformation Masurians as subjects of the rulers of the first evangelical state in the world became
Lutherans. Over time, the inhabitants of the southern areas of Easy Prussia and the so- called Lithuania Minor
felt the lack of the deepened spirituality, which they did not find in the evangelical church. Through the settled
in Gąbin (Gumbinnen) exiled from the area of Salzburg pietist Evangelists in Masuria, “The six books on True
Christianity” by John Arndt appeared. The book, after the Bible and the Small Catechism of Luther became the
most popular among people of Masuria. The first piety movements appeared in Masuria in the county of Nidzica
and Szczytno at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. However their true upturn took place from the 1840s. It
manifested itself in running home services, prayer meetings- so-called “beads” and increased activity of travelling
preachers. In the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century, The Gromadkar movement comprised between
30 and 80% of the Masurian population. The centre of the Masurian clusters was located near Szczytno, Pisz and
Mrągowo. Registered in 1885 by the Prussian Lithuanian Christopher Kukat , the East Prussian Evangelical Prayers
Association which with the help of its bilingual (German Lithuanian) paper Pakajaus Paslas/ Friedens- Bote gave
the organizational framework to the East Prussian clusters. At the turn of 19th and 20th centuries, the Gromadkar
movement reached its apogee, also spreading among the Mazurian workers’ communities in the Ruhr. Since the
First World War, there has been a gradual stifling of the movement, which in the Nazi era entered agonal phase.
The key to understanding the world of clusters is the “Six Books on True Christianity” by John Arndt, in which he
creates a kind of bridge between Luther’s teachings and the writings of the Rhine mystics of Master Eckhart, John
Tauler and Henry Suzo, giving Mazurians directions for spiritual growth. It was supposed to rely on “Six Books”
to deny yourself, to reject your own ego, to seek contact with God, indicating as the goal the union with God.
The uniqueness of the Gromadkar movement consisted in going beyond the Lutheran principle of “justification
by faith” and entering the ground of Christian mysticism unknown to the Evangelical doctrine, which happened
through the work of Arndt. An additional aspect that opens up in this context is the Slavic and Lithuanian spirituality and the sensitivity of the crowd, without which undoubtedly it would not be possible to practice mysticism
on the basis of the Evangelical religion.
Jehovah’s Witnesses in Warmia and Mazury after World War II (until 1950)
Authors: Jasiński Grzegorz
Published: March 2021

The article concerns the organisation and religious activity of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Warmia and Masuria
after World War II, to their suppression by the state in July 1950. The appearance of Jehovah’s Witnesses in these
areas resulted from two natural and forced settlement processes. This community consisted of three groups of
followers: Polish settlers, Ukrainians from the “Wisła” deportation action, and local groups cooperating with each
other. In total, they formed a group of over a thousand people. From 1947, they were subject to the actions and
repressive measures of the state and security authorities as the “American denomination.” They often also met with
hostility from provincial communities, Catholic clergy and associations of Protestant Churches
Bishop–vagrant in Masuria region
Authors: Pastuszewski Stefan
Published: March 2021

Social changes in Masuria region after 1945 had a dramatic course due to the intensive population exchange and the introduction of “recovered territories” to the area of the new unitary Polish state. The newcomers
brought with them their own, often complicated, history, often treating Masuria as an asylum. Ignacy Wysoczański
(1901–1975) belonged to such unconventionally progressive people. He was a bishop of various Churches and
tried – without any backgrounds – to settle in the Old–Believers enclave of Masuria.
Podlasie in the light of contemporary research on historical geography of
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (until 1569)
Authors: Pytasz-Kołodziejczyk Anna
Published: March 2021

Historical geography, treated as a separate auxiliary science of history, gives historians the opportunity to
recreate the past of a specific region in the field of settlement and economic activity of people, as well as territorial
changes of states and their administrative divisions. It should be emphasized that the development of Podlasie in terms of settlement and economics, especially politics, was inseparably connected with the conditions of the local
geographical environment. Their reconstruction, especially in term of the natural landscape of the region, is the
starting point for any consideration of the historical geography of the area (similar to other areas subjected to
historical analyses) leading through the reconstruction of the cultural landscape to reconstruct its historical and
political landscape. It is therefore the initial stage of any research on the settlement, economy and political history
of the region, and is quite often omitted in the analyses carried out by historians. The subject of the article is a wide
panorama of contemporary achievements of researchers focusing their interest on the reconstruction of the historical and geographical landscape of Podlasie until the end of the 16th century with a particular emphasis on the
natural landscape and an outline of research postulates in relation to the region’s analysis of the landscape. This
will make it possible to complement its unique past characteristic of the borderland, a crucible in which nations,
cultures and religions were mixed together, creating a unique social, political and economic structure.
The castle in Świecie: The topography and building techniques
of the Teutonic Order’s castle
Authors: Wasik Bogusz
Published: March 2021

The construction of the castle in Świecie began around 1335. It was located on the fork of the Vistula and
Wda rivers. The Vistula initially passed directly under the southern walls of the castle, while the Wda was sepa�rated from it. The outer ward protected the wide moat from the west. The next moat surrounded the upper castle
on three sides. The outer ward had a plan similar to that of a rectangle. To the west there was a gate with a tower
and a cowshed, from the south – the house of the commander and stables, and from the north perhaps also the
armoury and infirmary. Surrounded by the parcham, the convent house was built on a square plan with a cylin�drical “bergfried” (tower) in the north-west corner and three lower cylindrical towers in the other. It had two fully
raised wings – in the north it housed, amongst others, a chapel and refectory, and in the eastern wing a brewery,
bakery and dormitory. From the south and west there were single storey buildings present in the Middle Ages,
housing a kitchen (in the south) associated rooms and a basement (in the western wing). Based on the analysis
of architecture and the results of archaeological research it is possible to reconstruct the stages and techniques of
construction. After setting the proportions of the building by the “ad quadratum” method, a perimeter curtain
wall was first built. Subsequently, the internal buildings were successively constructed from the main (northern)
wing. The area of the courtyard and the parcham were raised by 2–3 metres. Subsequently, the upper floors of the
“Bergfried”, the parcham wall, and, finally, the outer ward were erected.
Wrestling in the tradition of the Olsztyn Voivodeship (1945–1989)
Authors: Wójcik Zbigniew , Jaroszewski Julian
Published: March 2021

Wrestling became an interest in Poland only at the end of the 19th century. However, in the Olsztyn Province, among other reasons due to historical conditions, this was a much later development. The first propaganda
fights took place only in 1950. Shortly afterwards, the national team of the Olsztyn voivodeship participated in the
nationwide tournament ‘For the City Cup’. However, a professional section was only established seven years later.
Then, Lt. Zenon Rydziński initiated the training process at RKS “Budowlani” Olsztyn. It resulted in subsequent
numerous sports successes. In 1964, thanks to the efficiency of activists from the People’s Sports Teams, young
people from the Giżycko province also wrestled. The most die-hard players then set up further sections in the
cities they came from
Borders in historical research using GIS servers
Authors: Piotrkiewicz Romualda
Published: March 2021

This article presents the possibilities of using geographic information systems (GIS) by scientists analysing
the process of shaping administrative borders. This still evolving and perfected technology used for introducing,
collecting, processing and visualising spatial data provides the researchers with previously unattainable possibil�ities of data analysis. It is certainly a milestone in historical research on geographic and cultural environments
as it carries many new perspectives which not only pertain to analysing spatial data, but also map-making. The
examined or presented space ceases to be a “colour agreed upon” on paper, and becomes a precisely localised area
that can be seen in the old and contemporary form in multiple shots. With such possibilities, history, this synonym
of passing time, becomes a living picture.
WAYS IN WHICH HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS UNDERSTAND THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION FOR PROPORTIONS
Authors: BATANERO CARMEN , BEGUÉ NURIA , BOROVCNIK MANFRED , GEA MARÍA M.
Published: March 2021

In Spain, curricular guidelines as well as the university-entrance tests for social-science high-school students (17–18 years old) include sampling distributions. To analyse the understanding of this concept we investigated a sample of 234 students. We administered a questionnaire to them and ask half for justifications of their answers. The questionnaire consisted of four sampling tasks with two sample sizes (n = 100 and 10) and population proportions (equal or different to 0.5)systematically varied. The experiment gathered twofold data from the students simultaneously, namely about their perception of the mean and about their understanding of variation of the sampling distribution. The analysis of students’ responses indicates a good understanding of the relationship between the theoretical proportion in the population and the sample proportion. Sampling variability, however, was overestimated in bigger samples. We also observed various types of biased thinking in the students: the equiprobability and recency biases, as well as deterministic pre-conceptions. The effect of the task variables on the students’ responses is also discussed here.
First published December 2020 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives