bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Denitrification genotypes of endospore-forming Bacillota
Authors: Bell Emma , Chen Jianwei , Richardson William D L , Fustic Milovan , Hubert Casey R J
Published: September 2024

Denitrification is a key metabolic process in the global nitrogen cycle and is performed by taxonomically diverse microorganisms. Despite the widespread importance of this metabolism, challenges remain in identifying denitrifying populations and predicting their metabolic end-products based on their genotype. Here, genome-resolved metagenomics was used to explore the denitrification genotype of Bacillota enriched in nitrate-amended high temperature incubations with confirmed N2O and N2 production. A set of 12 hidden Markov models (HMMs) was created to target the diversity of denitrification genes in members of the phylum Bacillota. Genomic potential for complete denitrification was found in five metagenome-assembled genomes from nitrate-amended enrichments, including two novel members of the Brevibacillaceae family. Genomes of complete denitrifiers encode N2O reductase gene clusters with clade II-type nosZ and often include multiple variants of the nitric oxide reductase gene. The HMM set applied to all genomes of Bacillota from the Genome Taxonomy Database identified 17 genera inferred to contain complete denitrifiers based on their gene content. Among complete denitrifiers it was common for three distinct nitric oxide reductases to be present (qNOR, bNOR, and sNOR) that may reflect the metabolic adaptability of Bacillota in environments with variable redox conditions.
Using a Data Analysis Project to Increase Knowledge of International Politics
Authors: Hendrickson Petra
Published: September 2024

In international politics classes, it can be challenging to develop course materials that will both cover a wide breadth of thematic issues as well as substantially increase student knowledge of specific countries’ political systems and experiences. Using an International Politics Data Analysis Project where students select a slate of 16 countries and complete four unit check-ins where they aggregate data, identify trends, and develop case studies related to the data, I demonstrate that students can gain more knowledge about a diverse set of countries than they might otherwise. Across two semesters, students reported gains in knowledge about all world regions from the beginning of the semester to the end of the semester. Students completing the project for the first time also reported significant gains in comfort with the practical skills associated with political science. Students who had already completed the 4 × 3 Project in a companion course reported knowledge gains in five of seven world regions. Paired data of the first and last unit check-in of the semester indicates increased competence with data manipulation, trend identification, and case study writing, providing objective data to support the students’ own impressions of their development as a result of the project.
Increased mortality in hospital- compared to community-onset carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales infections
Authors: Boutzoukas Angelique E , Mackow Natalie , Giri Abhigya , Komarow Lauren , Hill Carol , Chen Liang , Doi Yohei , Satlin Michael J , Arias Cesar , Wang Minggui , Mora Moreo Laura , Herc Erica , Cober Eric , Weston Gregory , Patel Robin , Bonomo Robert A , Fowler Vance , van Duin David
Published: September 2024

Background

The CDC reported a 35% increase in hospital-onset (HO) carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated patient outcomes following HO and community-onset (CO) CRE bloodstream infections (BSI).

Methods

Patients prospectively enrolled in CRACKLE-2 from 56 hospitals in 10 countries between 30 April 2016 and 30 November 2019 with a CRE BSI were eligible. Infections were defined as CO or HO by CDC guidelines, and clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared. The primary outcome was desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) 30 days after index culture. Difference in 30-day mortality was calculated with 95% CI.

Results

Among 891 patients with CRE BSI, 65% were HO (582/891). Compared to those with CO CRE, patients with HO CRE were younger [median 60 (Q1 42, Q3 70) years versus 65 (52, 74); P < 0.001], had fewer comorbidities [median Charlson comorbidity index 2 (1, 4) versus 3 (1, 5); P = 0.002] and were more acutely ill (Pitt bacteraemia score ≥4: 47% versus 32%; P < 0.001). The probability of a better DOOR outcome in a randomly selected patient with CO BSI compared to a patient with HO BSI was 60.6% (95% CI: 56.8%–64.3%). Mortality at 30-days was 12% higher in HO BSI (192/582; 33%) than CO BSI [66/309 (21%); P < 0.001].

Conclusion

We found a disproportionately greater impact on patient outcomes with HO compared to CO CRE BSIs; thus, the recently reported increases in HO CRE infections by CDC requires rigorous surveillance and infection prevention methods to prevent added mortality.
Nephrotoxicity associated with aminoglycoside therapy in paediatrics: experiences from a leading referral hospital in Kenya
Authors: Nyaboke Emmah , Guantai Anastasia , Oluka Margaret , Mutai Beatrice , Godman Brian , Kurdi Amanj , Bennie Marion , Okumu Mitchel
Published: September 2024

Introduction

This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors of nephrotoxicity in paediatric patients receiving aminoglycoside therapy at the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Kenya.

Methods

Between July and September 2018, a prospective cohort study involving children receiving aminoglycoside treatment was carried out at KNH. Before beginning and after finishing the aminoglycoside therapy, the levels of serum creatinine were assessed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the patients’ clinical and sociodemographic features. Associations between nephrotoxicity and maternal and paediatric variables were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

The final analysis comprised 195 children and the prevalence of nephrotoxicity was 10.3%. Neonates made up 28.7% (58/195) of the total and their risk of developing nephrotoxicity was 3.54 (95% CI 1.6–8.21) times higher than that of other children (P = 0.003). Neonates with low birth weight were 4.73 (95% CI: 1.8–12.5) times more likely to develop nephrotoxicity than those whose birth weight was >2500 g (P = 0.002). Neonatal patients with sepsis had a 4.91 (95% CI: 2.07–11.62) times greater association with acute kidney injury than neonates receiving treatment for other illnesses (P = 0.001). Sixty-five percent (13/20) of children who developed nephrotoxicity were switched to cephalosporins.

Conclusions

Aminoglycosides were more nephrotoxic to asphyxiated, low-birth-weight neonates with sepsis. Routine monitoring of kidney function should be done within 72 h of starting aminoglycoside treatment in all neonates.
Amoebicidal activity of essential oils and essential oil-based microemulsions of Aloysia citrodora Ortega ex Pers., Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor, and Ocimum gratissimum L. against Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites
Authors: Siqueira Ingrid Borges , de Oliveira Yrna Lorena Matos , Caron Braulio Otomar , Schmidt Denise , Silva Audrey Rouse Soares Tavares , Jain Sona , de Souza Jonatas dos Santos , Sarmento Victor Hugo Vitorino , Alves Suely Moraes , Rott Marilise Brittes , Correa Cristiane Bani , Scher Ricardo , Barbosa Ana Andrea Teixeira , Dolabella Silvio Santana
Published: September 2024

Aims

Evaluate the in vitro efficacy of the essential oils derived from Aloysia citrodora (Verbenaceae), Cymbopogon winterianus (Poaceae), and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) against Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites. Additionally, microemulsions formulated with these essential oils, along with their major components, were analyzed.

Methods and results

The prepared microemulsions were characterized using polarized light microscopy and rheological techniques. The amoebicidal activity was determined by measuring the inhibitory concentration (IC50). Flow cytometry was employed to detect membrane damage and alterations in trophozoites size. The results revealed transparent and thermodynamically stable microemulsions. The essential oil from O. gratissimum exhibited a lower IC50, with values of 280.66 and 47.28 µg ml−1 after 24 and 48 h, respectively. When microemulsions containing essential oils were tested, the IC50 values exhibited a reduction of over 80% after 24 h. Particularly, eugenol, a constituent of the O. gratissimum essential oil, displayed higher amoebicidal activity. The essential oils also caused damage to the cell membrane, resulting in the subsequent death of the trophozoites.

Conclusions

The EOs of A. citrodora, C. winterianus, and O. gratissimum and their microemulsions showed antiparasitic effect against A. polyphaga trophozoites, representing promising alternatives for the treatment of diseases caused by this protozoan.
Assessment of postmortem urine fentanyl detection by autopsy dipstick testing in accidental overdose deaths
Authors: Tsang Anson , Rodda Luke N
Published: September 2024

Accidental overdose cases continue to rise due to the opioid epidemic in the USA, namely, the widespread availability and use of fentanyl. Medical examiners and coroners across the country have been subsequently burdened, and with limited resources, some seek alternative triaging processes to identify overdoses. Point-of-care urine dipstick testing at autopsy is one such idea that may be used in various ways to instigate or negate the need for an autopsy or regular forensic toxicology laboratory testing. This study investigated the frequency and estimated quantitative fentanyl and norfentanyl concentrations in the postmortem urine of fentanyl-related accidental overdose deaths, as well as the effectiveness of commercially available point-of-care urine dipstick tests based on such concentrations. A total of 1550 fentanyl-related accidental overdose cases, where both the postmortem peripheral femoral blood and urine were tested, were reviewed. Of these, using sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) laboratory testing, 82 cases (5%) had a positive fentanyl or norfentanyl detection in the blood, while fentanyl or norfentanyl remained undetected in the urine. Furthermore, a comparison of commercially available urine dipstick test cut-offs and authentic casework with estimated urine concentrations revealed that at a fentanyl/norfentanyl cut-off level of 5 ng/mL, 19% of these fentanyl-related accidental overdoses would result in a false negative, 24% at 10 ng/mL, 25% at 20 ng/mL, 51% at 50 ng/mL, and 61% at 100 ng/mL. The study found that the use of urine dipstick tests, as a decision-maker for the initiation of further comprehensive routine toxicology laboratory testing, or to support cause and manner of death determination, leads to both false-positive and false-negative predictions in fentanyl accidental overdoses.
Review of imbalanced fault diagnosis technology based on generative adversarial networks
Authors: Chen Hualin , Wei Jianan , Huang Haisong , Yuan Yage , Wang Jiaxin
Published: September 2024

In the field of industrial production, machine failures not only negatively affect productivity and product quality, but also lead to safety accidents, so it is crucial to accurately diagnose machine failures in time and take appropriate measures. However, machines cannot operate with faults for extended periods, and the diversity of fault modes results in limited data collection, posing challenges to building accurate fault prediction models. Despite recent advancements, intelligent fault diagnosis methods based on traditional sampling and machine learning have shown notable progress. Nonetheless, these methods heavily rely on human expertise, making it challenging to extract comprehensive feature information. To address these challenges, numerous imbalance fault diagnosis methods based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) have emerged, GANs can generate realistic samples that conform to the distribution of the original data, showing promising results in diagnosing imbalances in critical components such as bearings and gears, despite their great potential, GAN methods also face challenges, including difficulties in training and generating abnormal samples. However, whether it is GAN-based resampling technology or traditional sampling technology, there are fewer reviews on noise-containing imbalance, intra- and inter-class dual imbalance, multi-class imbalance, time series imbalance and other problems in small samples, and there is a lack of a more comprehensive summary of the solutions to the above imbalance problems. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to deeply explore the imbalance problems under various failure modes, and review and analyze the research methods and results based on GANs on this basis. By suggesting future research directions, this paper aims to provide guidance and reference for research in the field of industrial production maintenance.
Generative AI-powered architectural exterior conceptual design based on the design intent
Authors: Shi Mengnan , Seo JoonOh , Cha Seung Hyun , Xiao Bo , Chi Hung-Lin
Published: September 2024

In the architectural exterior design domain, design intent is usually expressed by textual design intent [e.g., client needs, architectural language (AL)] and non-verbal design intent (e.g., sketch). However, existing generative AI-based methods for automated architectural exterior conceptual design can only use the general image description as the prompt. Thus, despite its potential, existing generative image AI cannot produce appropriate design alternatives that meet various design requirements. Enabling automated architectural exterior conceptual design requires solving two problems: teaching the AI model to understand textual design intent and allowing generative AI to combine textual design intent with non-verbal design intent. The study aims to propose an automated architectural exterior conceptual design approach by incorporating domain-specific prompting strategies and sketch-to-image synthesis into fine-tuned generative image AI models. In the proposed approach, textual design intent annotations (including client needs and AL) are added to architectural images and general image description annotations. Web crawler and ChatGPT automatically extract design intent-related annotations from online sources for famous architectural works that are used as training images. The constructed dataset is then used to fine-tune a generative AI model [i.e., Stable Diffusion (SD)] via the Lora algorithm, teaching the AI model to understand textual design intent. Also, ControlNet is used to control the generation process of the SD model to enable the generative AI to reflect the design intent expressed by the sketches. The proposed approach is validated by comparing generated images from our approach with those from two existing models. The results show that the proposed method can successfully generate architectural exterior conceptual design images that fulfil the requirements based on the architectural design intent. The proposed approach is expected to streamline and facilitate time-consuming and demanding iterative processes during a conceptual design phase.
The impact of location, habitat, and climate on morphological variation in the Western Deermouse (Peromyscus sonoriensis: Rodentia)
Authors: Bingham-Byrne Rebecca Michelle , George Darren , Buttler Bruce
Published: September 2024

Peromyscus sonoriensis is a widespread species ranging from southern Texas to the Yukon, from the Mississippi to the Pacific. Because of this extensive range, there are substantial differences in morphology due to variation in temperature, precipitation, and habitat. We used 2 data sets (n = 4,840 and n = 20,175) to study morphological differences of their crania and appendages. Consistent with Allen’s rule (shorter appendages with colder temperature), both data sets show a strong, positive, correlation between tail length and the average January temperature. However, there was an equally strong, but negative, correlation between tail length and average July temperature. We observed similar results for feet and crania. Ear length had a significant negative correlation with July average temperature but no correlation with January average temperature. When we controlled for temperature, cranial and appendage length increased with latitude, which was opposite of what we expected. Furthermore, longitude had a strong impact as mice trapped further west had longer appendages. When divided into habitats, forest deer mice are more likely than prairie or desert deer mice to demonstrate morphological responses to differences in climate, location, and year trapped. Our results show that P. sonoriensis exhibit notable morphological variation linked to location, habitat, and climate.
Do Ethics Matter to Researchers? Introducing the Ethics References in Conflict Studies (ERICS) Dataset
Authors: Rodehau-Noack Johanna , Schwartz Stephanie , Broache M P
Published: September 2024

Research on conflict frequently employs data collection methods that involve interaction with human subjects. Given the ethical issues raised by engagement with human subjects, recent work has called on scholars to foreground consideration of ethics at all stages of the research process, from design to post-publication. However, whether researchers, editors, and reviewers treat ethics as if they matter is a separate, empirical question. To address this question, this research note introduces and describes the Ethics References in Conflict Studies (ERICS) dataset, which documents references to ethics from 2014 through 2021 in five leading Political Science journals that regularly publish conflict research involving human subjects. The ERICS dataset indicates that discussions of ethics are relatively infrequent and cursory, with only 34.57 percent of human subjects research articles incorporating any reference to ethics; this dataset also indicates that ethics are most frequently discussed in footnotes and endnotes and that a single sentence is the modal length of discussions of ethics in these journals. However, the ERICS dataset also indicates that ethics references have increased over time and that there is considerable variation between journals. This note concludes by proposing several possible uses of ERICS, including an analysis of factors such as author and journal characteristics that may influence engagement with ethics in published work.
Cytokinin-responsive RhRR1–RhSCL28 transcription factor module positively regulates petal size by promoting cell division in rose
Authors: Jin Weichan , Gong Feifei , Zhang Yuanfei , Wang Rui , Liu Huwei , Wei Yinghao , Tang Kaiyang , Jiang Yunhe , Gao Junping , Sun Xiaoming
Published: September 2024

Petal size, a crucial trait in the economically important ornamental rose (Rosa hybrida), is synergistically regulated by cell division and cell expansion. Cell division primarily occurs during the early development of petals. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of petal size is far from clear. In this study, we isolated the transcription factor gene RhSCL28, which is highly expressed at the early stage of rose petal development and is induced by cytokinin. Silencing RhSCL28 resulted in a reduced final petal size and reduced cell number in rose petals. Further analysis showed that RhSCL28 participates in the regulation of cell division by positively regulating the expression of the cyclin genes RhCYCA1;1 and RhCYCB1;2. To explore the potential mechanism for cytokinin-mediated regulation of RhSCL28 expression, we investigated the cytokinin response factor RhRR1 and determined that it positively regulates RhSCL28 expression. Like RhSCL28, silencing RhRR1 also resulted in smaller petals by decreasing cell number. Taken together, these results reveal that the RhRR1–RhSCL28 module positively regulates petal size by promoting cell division in rose.
Small states as unusual places of refuge: Luxembourg’s laboratory of reception practices
Authors: Lemaire Léa , Oesch Lucas
Published: September 2024

By focusing on the small state of Luxembourg, this article contributes to the production of knowledge on non-iconic places of refuge. It aims to advance the conceptualization of unusualness in refugee reception. Our research is based on interviews and observations in eleven reception facilities. The conceptual framework combines small state studies with the literature on the reception crisis in Europe. We show that Luxembourg is not in itself an unexpected place of refuge. However, we explore the process by which Luxembourg is ‘constructed’ as unusual. We argue that, in this process, three types of actors have played a key role: refugees, practitioners, and researchers. First, in absolute terms, few refugees are reaching Luxembourg, making it an unexpected destination of refuge. Moreover, most of the refugees we interviewed did not in the first instance intend to settle there. Secondly, many practitioners working in Luxembourg’s reception system consider that the reception of refugees is characterized by its newness. This narrative of newness in part underpins the idea that Luxembourg is an unusual place of refuge. Thirdly, Luxembourg is also an unusual place of refuge from the perspective of researchers. Scholarship on refugee reception in Luxembourg is almost non-existent. Finally, our study of the reception of refugees in Luxembourg reveals an unexpected and rather unique process: the search for the ‘good’ reception facility that would produce the ‘good’ citizen. As such, Luxembourg, as a small state, can be conceptualized as a laboratory of refugee reception practices which emphasizes the productive power of small states.
The significance of low titer serum cryptococcal antigen testing from 2017 to 2023 performed in a tertiary care center
Authors: Myint Thein , Wilson Jenna R , Bhatt Mahesh , Irwin Mark E , Ribes Julie A
Published: September 2024

Several false positive low serum cryptococcal antigen (SCrAg) reports by lateral flow assay (LFA) were identified in late 2016 at our tertiary care hospital. After the recall and correction of the problem in the reagent, we studied the significance of SCrAg LFA ≤ 1:10 from January 2017 to October 2023. Of 20 patients with 31 samples of SCrAg LFA ≤ 1:10, 14 patients (70%) were classified as true positives, four (20%) were indeterminate, and only two (10%) patients were false positives. If a new SCrAg LFA ≤ 1:10 is detected, it should be repeated, and additional workup should be pursued.
Vortex dynamics in various solar magnetic field configurations
Authors: Kannan Arjun , Yadav Nitin
Published: September 2024

We investigate vortex dynamics in three magnetic regions, viz., Quiet Sun, Weak Plage, and Strong Plage, using realistic three-dimensional simulations from a comprehensive radiation-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code, MURaM. We find that the spatial extents and spatial distribution of vortices vary for different set-ups even though the photospheric turbulence responsible for generating vortices has similar profiles for all three regions. We investigate kinetic and magnetic swirling strength and find them consistent with the Alfvén wave propagation. Using a flux tube expansion model and linear MHD wave theory, we find that the deviation in kinetic swirling strength from the theoretically expected value is the highest for the Strong Plage, least for the Weak Plage, and intermediate for the Quiet Sun at chromospheric heights. It suggests that Weak Plage is the most favoured region for chromospheric swirls, though they are of smaller spatial extents than in Quiet Sun. We also conjecture that vortex interactions within a single flux tube in Strong Plage lead to an energy cascade from larger to smaller vortices that further result in much lower values of kinetic swirling strength than other regions. Fourier spectra of horizontal magnetic fields at 1 Mm height also show the steep cascade from large to smaller scales for Strong Plage. These findings indicate the potential of vortex-induced torsional Alfvén waves to travel higher in the atmosphere without damping for weaker magnetic regions such as the Quiet Sun, whereas vortices would result in dissipation and heating due to the vortex interactions in narrow flux tubes for the strongly magnetized regions such as Strong Plage.
The KALEIDOSCOPE survey: a new strong and weak gravitational lensing view of the massive galaxy cluster MACS J1423.8+2404
Authors: Patel Nency R , Jauzac Mathilde , Niemiec Anna , Lagattuta David , Mahler Guillaume , Beauchesne Benjamin , Edge Alastair , Ebeling Harald , Limousin Marceau
Published: September 2024

We present a combined strong and weak gravitational-lensing analysis of the massive galaxy cluster MACS J1423.8+2404 ($z=0.545$, MACS J1423 hereafter), one of the most dynamically relaxed and massive cool-core clusters discovered in the MAssive Cluster Survey at $z\gt 0.5$. We combine high-resolution imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in the F606W, F814W, and F160W pass-bands with spectroscopic observations taken as part of the KALEIDOSCOPE survey with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer mounted on the Very Large Telescope. Our strong lensing analysis of the mass distribution in the cluster core is constrained by four multiple-image systems (17 individual images) within redshift range $1.779\lt z\lt 2.840$. Our weak lensing analysis of the cluster outskirts, confined to the HST field of view, is based on a background galaxy catalogue with a density of 57 gal arcmin$^{-2}$. We measure a projected mass of $M(R\lt 200$ kpc) = (1.6 $\pm$ 0.05) $\times$ 10$^{14}$ M$_{\rm \odot }$ from our strong lensing model, and a projected mass of $M(R\lt 640$ kpc) = (6.6 $\pm$ 0.6) $\times$ 10$^{14}$ M$_{\rm \odot }$ when combining with our the weak lensing constraints. Our analysis of the cluster mass distribution yields no evidence of substructures, confirming the dynamically relaxed state of MACS J1423. Our work sets the stage for future analysis of MACS J1423 in the upcoming Canadian Near-Infrared Imager and Stiltless Spectrograph Unbiased Cluster Survey for the JWST.
A stochastic approach to reconstructing the speed of light in cosmology
Authors: Zhang Cheng-Yu , Hong Wei , Wang Yu-Chen , Zhang Tong-Jie
Published: September 2024

The varying speed of light (VSL) model describes how the speed of light in a vacuum changes with cosmological redshift. Despite numerous models, there is little observational evidence for this variation. While the speed of light can be accurately measured by physical means, cosmological methods are rarely used. Previous studies quantified the speed of light at specific redshifts using Gaussian processes and reconstructed the redshift-dependent function $c(z)$. It is crucial to quantify the speed of light across varying redshifts. We use the latest data on angular diameter distances $D_\mathrm{ A}(z)$ and Hubble parameters $H(z)$ from baryon acoustic oscillation and cosmic chronometer measurements in the redshift interval $z\in [0.07,1.965]$. The speed of light $c(z)$ is determined using Gaussian and deep Gaussian processes to reconstruct $H(z)$, $D_\mathrm{ A}(z)$, and $D^{\prime }_\mathrm{ A}(z)$. Furthermore, we conduct comparisons across three distinct models, encompassing two renowned VSL models. We get the result of the parameters constraints in the models (1) for the ‘c-c’ model, $c_0=29\,492.6 \pm ^{6.2}_{5.3} \mathrm{~km} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$. (2) For the ‘c-cl’ model, $c_0=29\,665.5 \pm ^{11.2}_{11.4}\mathrm{~km} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$ and $n=0.05535 \pm\, ^{0.00008}_{0.00007}$. (3) For the ‘c-CPL’ model, $c_0=29\,555.7 \pm ^{13.3}_{13.2} \mathrm{~km} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$ and $n=-0.0607 \pm 0.0001$. Based on our findings, it may be inferred that Barrow’s classical VSL model is not a suitable fit for our data. In contrast, the widely recognized Chevallier–Polarski–Linder (CPL) VSL model, under some circumstances, as well as the universal ‘c is constant’ model, demonstrate a satisfactory ability to account for our findings.
Time-integrated constraint on neutrino flux of CHIME fast radio burst sources with 10-yr IceCube point-source data
Authors: Luo Jia-Wei , Zhang Bing
Published: September 2024

Despite numerous studies, the sources of IceCube cosmic neutrinos are mostly unidentified. Utilizing recently released IceCube neutrino and CHIME fast radio burst (FRB) catalogues, we examine the possibility of an association between neutrinos and CHIME/FRB catalogue 1 FRBs for both the entire FRB population and individual FRBs using the unbinned maximum likelihood method. Our results do not directly support the possibility of the above-mentioned association with three weighting schemes: equal, total radio fluence, and event rate. We then attempt to constrain the diffuse muon neutrino flux upper limit from CHIME/FRB catalogue 1 FRBs. After considering a completeness correction, we find the 95 per cent diffuse muon neutrino flux upper limit at $100 \,\mathrm{T}\mathrm{eV}$ for all FRB sources in the universe to be ${\sim} 1.01 \times 10^{-18} \,\mathrm{G}^{-1}\mathrm{eV}\mathrm{/}\,\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}^{2}\,{\rm s}^{-1}\rm {sr}^{-1}$, or ${\sim} 70.3~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the 10-year diffuse neutrino flux observed by IceCube. Our results match the non-detection results of other studies, but we do not rule out FRBs being a significant contributor to the diffuse neutrino flux measured by IceCube.
Are BAL outflows powered by radiation pressure on dust?
Authors: Ishibashi W , Fabian A C , Hewett P C
Published: September 2024

Broad absorption line (BAL) outflows are commonly detected in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), but their driving mechanism remains poorly constrained. Here, we investigate whether radiation pressure on dust can adequately explain the BAL phenomenon observed in quasars. In the framework of our AGN radiative dusty feedback scenario, we show that dust-driven outflows can reach BAL wind-like velocities ($v \sim 10^4$ km s$^{-1}$) on galactic scales ($r \lesssim 1$ kpc). This is consistent with recent observations indicating that BAL acceleration typically occurs on scales of $\sim 10$ pc, and that the majority of BAL outflows are located at galactocentric radii greater than $\sim 100$ pc. We derive the outflow radial velocity profile and compute the associated outflow momentum rate and kinetic power, which are found to be in agreement with the outflow energetics measured in BAL quasars. Therefore, radiation pressure on dust may account for the observed BAL outflow dynamics and energetics. Furthermore, we consider BAL clouds/clumps (leading to a clumpy BAL flow characterized by a wide range of outflowing velocities), and we analyse how the resulting covering factors affect the shape of the absorption line profiles. We conclude that dust-driven BAL outflows may provide a significant contribution to AGN feedback on galactic scales.
Do anomalously dense hot Jupiters orbit stealth binary stars?
Authors: Goswamy Tanvi , Collier Cameron Andrew , Wilson Thomas G
Published: September 2024

The Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) survey used transit photometry to discover nearly 200 gas-giant exoplanets and derive their planetary and stellar parameters. Reliable determination of the planetary density depends on accurate measurement of the planet’s radius, obtained from the transit depth and photodynamical determination of the stellar radius. The stellar density and hence the stellar radius are typically determined in a model-independent way from the star’s reflex orbital acceleration and the transit profile. Additional flux coming from the system due to a bright, undetected stellar binary companion can, however, potentially dilute the transit curve and radial velocity signal, leading to underestimation of the planet’s mass and radius, and to overestimation of the planet’s density. In this study, we cross-check the published radii of all the WASP planet-host stars, determined from their transit profiles and radial velocity curves, against radiometric measurements of stellar radii derived from their angular diameters (via the infrared flux method) and trigonometric parallaxes. We identify eight systems showing radiometric stellar radii significantly greater than their published photodynamical values: WASPs 20, 85, 86, 103, 105, 129, 144, and 171. We investigate these systems in more detail to establish plausible ranges of angular and radial velocity separations within which such ‘stealth binaries’ could evade detection, and deduce their likely orbital periods, mass ratios, and flux ratios. After accounting for the dilution of transit depth and radial velocity amplitude, we find that, on average, the planetary densities for the identified stealth binary systems should be reduced by a factor of 1.3.
Digging deeper into NGC 6868 II: ionized gas and excitation mechanism
Authors: Benedetti João P V , Riffel Rogério , Ricci Tiago , Riffel Rogemar A , Pastoriza Miriani , Trevisan Marina , Dahmer-Hahn Luis G , Ruschel-Dutra Daniel , Rodríguez-Ardila Alberto , Ferré-Mateu Anna , Vazdekis Alexandre , Steiner João
Published: September 2024

We studied the ionized gas in the inner region ($\sim$$680\times 470$ pc2) of the galaxy NGC 6868 using Gemini/GMOS (Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph) integral field unit observations. Channel maps reveal complex kinematics and morphology, indicating multiple processes at work in NGC 6868. Through emission-line fitting, we identified two ubiquitous components in our data: a narrow ($\sigma \sim 110$ km s$^{-1}$) tracing an ionized gas disc and a broad component ($\sigma \sim 300$ km s$^{-1}$) mainly associated with inflowing/outflowing gas. The derived V-band reddening shows a spatial distribution consistent with that obtained from stellar population synthesis, although with generally higher values. For the first time, we measured the electron temperature in NGC 6868, finding values ranging from $\sim$14 000 K in the central region to $\gtrsim 20000$ K with an outward increasing temperature gradient. The electron density map exhibits an inverse relationship, with central values reaching $N_e\sim 4000$ cm–3 for the broad component decreasing to $N_e\sim 100$ cm–3 towards the edges of the field of view. Using BPT diagrams, we found that all spaxels are consistent with both active galactic nucleus (AGN) and shock ionization. However, when this information is combined with our kinematic and temperature findings, and further supported by the WHAN diagram, we argue that an AGN is the dominant ionization mechanism in the central region of NGC 6868, while the extended outer component is ionized by a combination of hot low-mass evolved stars and shocks. According to our findings, shocks play a significant role in the ionization balance of this galaxy.
MIGHTEE-H i: deep spectral line observations of the COSMOS field
Authors: Heywood I , Ponomareva A A , Maddox N , Jarvis M J , Frank B S , Adams E A K , Baes M , Bianchetti A , Collier J D , Deane R P , Glowacki M , Jung S L , Pan H , Rajohnson S H A , Rodighiero G , Ruffa I , Santos M G , Sinigaglia F , Vaccari M
Published: September 2024

The MIGHTEE survey utilizes the South African MeerKAT radio telescope to observe four extragalactic deep fields, with the aim of advancing our understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies across cosmic time. MIGHTEE’s frequency coverage encompasses the $\textrm {H}\scriptstyle \mathrm{I}$ line to a redshift of z $\simeq$ 0.58, and OH megamasers to z $\simeq$ 0.9. We present the MIGHTEE-$\textrm {H}\scriptstyle \mathrm{I}$ imaging products for the COSMOS field, using a total of 94.2 h on-target and a close-packed mosaic of 15 individual pointings. The spectral imaging covers two broad, relatively interference-free regions (960–1150 and 1290–1520 MHz) within MeerKAT’s L-band, with up to 26 kHz spectral resolution (5.5 km s$^{-1}$ at z = 0). The median noise in the highest spectral resolution data is 74 μJy beam$^{-1}$, corresponding to a 5$\sigma$$\textrm {H}\scriptstyle \mathrm{I}$ mass limit of 10$^{8.5}$ M$_{\odot }$ for a 300 km s$^{-1}$ line at z = 0.07. The mosaics cover $\gt $4 deg$^{2}$, provided at multiple angular resolution / sensitivity pairings, with an angular resolution for $\textrm {H}\scriptstyle \mathrm{I}$ at z = 0 of 12 arcsec. We describe the spectral line processing workflow that will be the basis for future MIGHTEE-$\textrm {H}\scriptstyle \mathrm{I}$ products, and validation of, and some early results from, the spectral imaging of the COSMOS field. We find no evidence for line emission at the position of the z = 0.376 $\textrm {H}\scriptstyle \mathrm{I}$ line reported from the CHILES survey at a $\gt $94 per cent confidence level, placing a 3$\sigma$ upper limit of 8.1 $\times$ 10$^{9}$ M$_{\odot }$ on $M_{\mathrm{HI}}$ for this galaxy. A public data release accompanies this article.
RNA N6-methyladenosine modification in arthritis: New insights into pathogenesis
Authors: Chen Haowei , Xuan Anran , Shi Xiaorui , Fan Tianxiang , Xue Song , Ruan Jianzhao , Wang Xiaoshuai , Tang Su’an , Qi Weizhong , Sun Haitao , Liu Canzhao , He Shuai , Ding Changhai , Zhu Zhaohua
Published: September 2024

The commonest type of eukaryotic RNA modification, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), has drawn increased scrutiny in the context of pathological functioning as well as relevance in determination of RNA stability, splicing, transportation, localization, and translation efficiency. The m6A modification plays an important role in several types of arthritis, especially osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent studies have reported that m6A modification regulates arthritis pathology in cells, such as chondrocytes and synoviocytes via immune responses and inflammatory responses through functional proteins classified as writers, erasers, and readers. The aim of this review was to highlight recent advances relevant to m6A modification in the context of arthritis pathogenesis and detail underlying molecular mechanisms, regulatory functions, clinical applications, and future perspectives of m6A in arthritis with the aim of providing a foundation for future research directions.
Rheumatoid arthritis increases complication risks in elderly hip fracture patients: A Japanese nationwide medical claims database study
Authors: Mori Yu , Tarasawa Kunio , Tanaka Hidetatsu , Mori Naoko , Kanabuchi Ryuichi , Fushimi Kiyohide , Aizawa Toshimi , Fujimori Kenji
Published: September 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes and complications associated with hip fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) relative to those without RA.

Methods

Using the Japanese National Administrative Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we examined cases of hip fractures from April 2016 to March 2023. After one to three propensity score matching for age, sex, and complications, we examined the association between RA, complications, and mortality during hospitalization in elderly patients with hip fractures.

Results

The findings revealed that elderly Japanese RA patients with hip fractures had significantly higher complications of pneumonia than elderly hip fracture patients without RA, with a ratio of 1.232 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.065–1.426, P = .0056], and pulmonary embolism, with a ratio of 1.155 (95% CI: 1.036–1.287, P = .009) in multivariate logistic regression analyses. Although not significantly elevated, it also found a trend towards higher mortality during hospitalization, with a ratio of 1.179 (95% CI: 0.973–1.429, P = .096).

Conclusions

This study revealed a significant association between RA and increased complications, including pneumonia and pulmonary embolism in hip fractures in the elderly. Implementing preventive strategies is essential to minimizing complications in the treatment of hip fractures in patients with RA.
Induced membrane technique and intramedullary beaming for the extensive bone defect of the talonavicular joint: A case report and literature review
Authors: Ohue Yuki , Togei Kosho , Shima Hiroaki , Hirai Yoshihiro , Tanaka Ken , Neo Masashi
Published: September 2024

Cases involving both the induced membrane technique and intramedullary beaming are generally rare. Here, we report such a case in an 83-year-old man who suffered from left midfoot pain. Pyogenic arthritis was suspected based on clinical findings, and curettage was performed, revealing an extensive bone defect. The patient was clinically diagnosed with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the patient underwent both induced membrane technique and intramedullary beaming for the extensive bone defect in the talus and navicular regions caused by seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. The patient exhibited satisfactory short-term outcomes.
Global structures, practices, and tools for provision of chronic peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Cho Yeoungjee , Cullis Brett , Ethier Isabelle , Htay Htay , Jha Vivekanand , Arruebo Silvia , Caskey Fergus J , Damster Sandrine , Donner Jo-Ann , Levin Adeera , Nangaku Masaomi , Saad Syed , Tonelli Marcello , Ye Feng , Okpechi Ikechi G , Bello Aminu K , Johnson David W
Published: September 2024

Background

Worldwide, the uptake of peritoneal dialysis (PD) compared with hemodialysis remains limited. This study assessed organizational structures, availability, accessibility, affordability and quality of PD worldwide.

Methods

This cross-sectional study relied on data from kidney registries as well as survey data from stakeholders (clinicians, policymakers and advocates for people living with kidney disease) from countries affiliated with the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) from July to September 2022.

Results

Overall, 167 countries participated in the survey. PD was available in 79% of countries with a median global prevalence of 21.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 1.5–62.4] per million population (pmp). High-income countries (HICs) had an 80-fold higher prevalence of PD than low-income countries (LICs) (56.2 pmp vs 0.7 pmp). In 53% of countries, adults had greater PD access than children. Only 29% of countries used public funding (and free) reimbursement for PD with Oceania and South East Asia (6%), Africa (10%) and South Asia (14%) having the lowest proportions of countries in this category. Overall, the annual median cost of PD was US$18 959.2 (IQR US$10 891.4–US$31 013.8) with full private out-of-pocket payment in 4% of countries and the highest median cost in LICs (US$30 064.4) compared with other country income levels (e.g. HICs US$27 206.0).

Conclusions

Ongoing large gaps and variability in the availability, access and affordability of PD across countries and world regions were observed. Of note, there is significant inequity in access to PD by children and for people in LICs.
Brain tumor patients’ rights and the power of patient advocacy: The current international landscape
Authors: Oliver Kathy , Granero Anita , Berankova Anna , Miller Cameron , Hindson Catherine , La Haye Charles , Tse Chris , Mungoshi Christine , Leach Danielle , Arons David , Keegan Fiona , Bulbeck Helen , Adams Hugh , Dirksje Boer Jolijn , Wallgren Kimberly , Syed Komal , Hynes Laura , Gatellier Laureline , Magiera Magdalena , Lim Melissa , Campbell Mikki , Willmarth Nicole , Garg Nitin , Riis Olsen Pia , Rogers Sarah , Gupta Tejpal , Mitchell Skinner Tina , Moue Yuko
Published: September 2024

Across the globe, significant inequities in brain tumor treatment, care, and support perpetuate. Identifying and addressing these unmet needs in the context of patients’ rights is crucial to reducing inequalities and improving outcomes for people living with brain tumors. Brain tumor patient advocacy addresses and influences gaps in healthcare provision, ensuring optimal treatment, care, and support for patients, their caregivers, and families. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight the variety of challenges faced by brain tumor patients, caregivers, and advocates in various parts of the world and set a benchmark for improvements. Twenty-eight leading brain tumor patient/caregiver advocates from 18 countries in Asia Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, North America, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe collaborated to explore unmet and met needs in their countries. Virtual meetings were held with the 5 geographic groupings. Through a process of discussion based on a combination of patient advocates’ informed expert opinion, published references, a survey (Asia Pacific) and the informal completion of a matrix of challenges by some of the advocacy organizations involved, agreement within the groupings was also reached regarding what rights within The Brain Tumor Patients’ Charter of Rights they felt were being met and where there are still gaps. Acknowledging that some rights in The Brain Tumor Patients’ Charter of Rights are aspirational, there still remain many areas of the world where even basic patient rights are not yet attainable. Patient advocacy organizations stand ready to help change this to achieve the best possible health and quality of life outcomes for adults and children living with brain tumors.
The past, present and future of high-performance fibers
Authors: Liu Zhenzhen , Wang Yan , Yu Junrong , Chen Yinjun , Zhu Meifang
Published: September 2024

This paper summarizes the recent progress of diverse high-performance fibers in their properties, applications and the challenges.
Cigarette Smoking Relapse Among People Who Switched to E-cigarettes or Other Tobacco Products
Authors: Sun Ruoyan , Mendez David , Warner Kenneth E
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Little is known about how quitting and switching to other tobacco products affects cigarette smoking relapse. Additionally, there is no consensus on the best definition of relapse.

Aims and Methods

Respondents who smoked cigarettes at baseline, had quit by the first follow-up, and completed the second follow-up survey in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study were included. We employed multivariable logistic regressions to assess the association between non-cigarette tobacco use at follow-up 1 and smoking relapse risk at follow-up 2, considering three definitions of relapse.

Results

54.8% of the 1686 respondents who had recently quit smoking cigarettes relapsed according to Measure I (any smoking in the past 12 months), 40.3% using Measure II (any smoking in the past 30 days), and 30.1% using Measure III (smoked on ≥3 days in the past 30 days). Compared with no tobacco use at follow-up 1, any tobacco use was associated with increased relapse risk using Measure I (adjusted risk difference [aRD] = 7.14, CI [0.64 to 13.64]). The association was nonsignificant using Measures II (aRD = -0.53, CI [-6.62 to 5.56]) or III (aRD = −4.11, CI [−9.28 to 1.06]). Similarly, exclusive e-cigarette use was significantly associated with Measure I, but not with Measures II or III.

Conclusions

Compared with respondents who had recently quit and were tobacco-free at follow-up 1, those who switched to non-cigarette tobacco products may be more likely to slip but showed no difference in the likelihood of relapse when employing a relapse definition less strict than any smoking in the past 12 months.

Implications

The distinction between a slip and relapse needs to be considered more carefully, with researchers undertaking further studies that help us contemplate how we should define relapse. People who recently quit smoking cigarettes and switched to non-cigarette tobacco products (including e-cigarettes) may be more likely to slip compared to people who recently quit and were tobacco-free, but they are not clearly more likely to relapse.