bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From negative cleft to external negator
Authors: Bar-Asher Siegal Elitzur A. , De Clercq Karen
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the diachronic development of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic negator lāw, which developed from the univerbation between the sentential negator and agreement morphology in negative clefts. Whereas the semantics of negative clefts is retained in the new negator, their biclausal structure is replaced by a monoclausal one with lāw merged in the clausal left periphery. The negator then takes propositional scope and expresses the meaning of external negation (‘it is not the case’). Syntactically, it is merged in SpecFocP in the extended CP-domain, argued to host English negative DPs/PPs and wh-words. Finally, the chapter extends the analysis to Sicilian neca, opening up the route to consider the development of an external negator from a negative cleft as a path of change that has hitherto been left unexplored. This chapter also demonstrates how a similar semantic interpretation associated with two different syntactic structures can be a trigger for syntactic reanalysis.
Conflict, Connectivity, and the Tropes of Futurology
Authors: Saunders Max
Published: November 2019

The relation of the series to the First World War, and anxieties about future war, is the starting point for this chapter, which examines the language and rhetoric of futurology in the series. It explores how its narrative and discursive forms relate to its politics, especially in its discussions of the state, race, and war. It also considers how such debates relate to Ogden’s work on language, communication and meaning. Two tropes are identified as characteristic. First, the figure of ‘future history’. Second, a rhetoric of increasing technological interconnection. Both tropes are antithetical to the anxiety or disillusion of war, implying that, for all its follies and self-destructiveness, humanity nonetheless has a future. The chapter ends with a discussion of an idea drawn upon by many of the volumes, H. G. Wells’s notion of an ‘open conspiracy’ working towards a world state. The geopolitical contexts of post-Versailles diplomacy and Imperial tensions are considered, as are the anticipations in the series of Wells’s prediction of a ‘World Brain’.
Human Sciences
Authors: Saunders Max
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on the ways in which the scientific paradigm gets invoked and applied across a range of volumes dealing with topics other than science; specifically those that tend now to get grouped together under the heading of the human sciences. The influence of the logical positivism of the Vienna School is considered, not only on To-Day and To-Morrow but on Ogden’s other major publishing ventures. Volumes on criminology, the sociology of religion, psychical research, Eastern civilization, politics, education, and sexual morality are explored. Also considered are those volumes offering resistance to the scientific paradigm, notably one by Robert Graves on humour, and another on nonsense. Concludes with a discussion of the place of psychology—conceived by Ogden as the master-discipline—in the series.
Whither Higher-Order Evidence?
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2019

A widespread view is that higher-order evidence makes a difference to whether it is rational for a person to believe a proposition. This chapter considers in what way higher-order evidence might do this. More specifically, it considers whether and how higher-order evidence plays a role in determining what it is rational to believe distinct from that which first-order evidence plays. To do this, it turns to the theory of reasons, and tries to situate higher-order evidence within it. The only place for it there, distinct from that which first-order evidence already occupies, is as a practical reason, that is, as a reason for desire or action. One might take this to show either that the theory of reasons is inadequate as it stands or that higher-order evidence makes no distinctive difference to what it is rational to believe. The chapter tentatively endorses the second option.
Evidence of Evidence in Epistemic Logic
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: November 2019

The slogan ‘Evidence of evidence is evidence’ is obscure. It has been applied to connect evidence in one situation to evidence in another. The link may be diachronic or interpersonal. Is present evidence of past or future evidence for p present evidence for p? Is evidence for me of evidence for you for p evidence for me for p? The chapter discusses intra-perspectival evidential links. Is present evidence for me of present evidence for me for p present evidence for me for p? Unless the connection holds between a perspective and itself, it is unlikely to hold between distinct perspectives. Evidence will be understood probabilistically, using formal models from epistemic logic. Bridge principles between first-level and higher-level epistemic conditions often imply versions of controversial principles, such as positive and negative introspection. Formalizations of intra-perspectival principles that evidence of evidence is evidence have similarly implausible connections.
Can Your Total Evidence Mislead About Itself?
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2019

It’s fairly uncontroversial that you can sometimes get misleading higher-order evidence about what your first-order evidence supports. What is more controversial is whether this can result in a situation where your total evidence is misleading about what your total evidence supports: that is, where your total evidence is misleading about itself. It’s hard to arbitrate on purely intuitive grounds whether any particular example of misleading higher-order evidence is an example of misleading total evidence. This chapter tries to make progress by offering a simple mathematical model that suggests that higher-order evidence will tend to bear more strongly on higher-order propositions about what one’s evidence supports than it does on the corresponding first-order propositions; and then by arguing that given this, it is plausible that there will be some cases of misleading total evidence.
The Church and the Biblical Promised Land
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 3 examines post-supersessionist Old Testament hermeneutics regarding the status of the promise of the land to the Jewish people. Drawing on the Pontifical Biblical Commission, it is shown that even though there are divergent New Testament views about the land, these do not cancel or negate the promise of the land to the Jewish people. The precise nature of this promise is established. While Catholic theology has only just begun to address the New Testament trajectories regarding a different evaluation of the land for Catholics, it is clear that the promise to the Jewish people is still intact.
The Church and Minimalist Catholic Zionism?
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 4 examines the Holy See’s changing attitudes towards the Jewish State of Israel since 1948. Early views were based on theological supersessionism balanced by pragmatic and political concerns. This view slowly changed during the pontificate of John Paul II and the argument presented is that the logic of the Catholic Church’s theology requires it to affirm minimalist Catholic Zionism. This is defined in terms of recognizing God’s action in the ingathering of the Jewish people, the demands made upon the Jewish people regarding the land, and the centrality of the Palestinian claims regarding justice. The Catholic Church has disregarded this telos in its theology mainly due to pragmatic and political factors.
Legal Frameworks for the Protection of Foreign Investment in Times of Armed Conflict
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents three legal frameworks which provide foreign investors protections against effects of armed conflict: the law of state responsibility for injuries to foreigners under customary international law, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. Particularly influential were the customary rules on the treatment of aliens, shaped by the disagreements between developed and developing countries, and clarified through the case law of mixed claims commissions and arbitrations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The chapter explains how the rules on protection of property in times of armed conflict have evolved, how they have been interpreted across different legal regimes, and discusses similarities and differences, thus setting the scene for the examination of investment treaty law in the subsequent chapters.
The Effects of Armed Conflicts on Investment Treaties
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores whether the outbreak of armed conflict could result in the termination or suspension of investment treaties. It critically inspects the International Law Commission’s codification project on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, and argues that certain types of conflicts could result in the suspension of certain investment treaty provisions when warranted by security concerns. In addition, it considers the doctrines of supervening impossibility to perform and fundamental change of circumstances, and argues that the former, in particular, could justify the suspension of an investment treaty provision. However, such disruptions to treaty operation are limited to the most severe armed conflicts of the highest magnitude.
Host State’s Defences against Conflict-Related Investment Claims
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the defence tools that a host state can use against conflict-related investment claims. The first part analyses security exceptions which have been introduced to investment protection law after the Second World War. While it is widely believed that such exceptions provide for the most persuasive safeguard of the state’s security interests, it is argued that their effectiveness will depend on the wording of the provision, determining their scope, the degree of autonomy given to a state in responding to a security threat, and their relationship with other treaty provisions. The chapter addresses these aspects. The second part focuses on the defences in the general law of state responsibility (necessity, force majeure, and countermeasures), explaining why their potential as a defence is limited.
Investment Treaty Claims and Post-Conflict Justice
Authors: Zrilič Jure
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on the post-conflict period and critically assesses how investment treaty claims can interfere with the transition to peace. It questions the role of investment treaties as a facilitator of peace as well as the position that investor−state arbitration is an optimal structure for remedying conflict-related losses. Based on the assumption that large compensation awards may adversely affect the host state’s post-conflict transition, it examines different methods for adjusting post-conflict compensation modalities in light of the transitional circumstances. It further compares investor−state arbitration to other regimes for remedying conflict-related losses, and argues that in some cases, the re-emergence of state control in a dispute resolution process could be justified.
Dative External Possessors in Early English
Authors: Allen Cynthia L.
Published: November 2019

This book presents the results of a corpus-based case study of diachronic English syntax. Present Day English is in a minority of European languages in not having a productive dative external possessor construction. This construction, in which the possessor is in the dative case and behaves like an element of the sentence rather than part of the possessive phrase, was in variation with internal possessors in the genitive case in Old English, especially in expressions of inalienable possession. In Middle English, internal possessors became the only productive possibility. Previous studies of this development are not systematic enough to provide an empirical base for the hypotheses that have been put forward to explain the loss of external possessors in English, and these earlier studies do not make a crucial distinction among possessa in different grammatical relations. This book traces the use of dative external possessors in the texts of the Old and Early Middle English periods and explores how well the facts fit the major proposed explanations. A key finding is that the decline of the dative construction is visible within the Old English period and seems to have begun even before we have written records. Explanations that rely completely on developments in the Early Middle English period, such as the loss of case-marking distinctions, cannot account for this early decline. It does not appear that Celtic learners of Old English failed to learn the external possessor construction, but they may have precipitated the decrease in frequency in its use.
The Uneasy Institution
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 addresses the idea of male lineage as a stable, intergenerational source of authority for medieval men. Continuing the argument of the book as a whole, it argues that Chaucer seeks to shake men’s faith in such modes of earthly power, deploying the Wife of Bath to undermine the system of lineage itself. The Wife intrudes into typical models of male heredity, criticizes the linear male temporality upon which lineage depends, and has the hag of her Tale offer a speech against the very mechanisms of male descent and likeness. This chapter also contrasts the Wife of Bath’s Tale to the ballad, the Knight and the Shepherd’s Daughter, arguing that while the scene of rape in each is very similar, the Wife of Bath renders her narrative deliberately less procreative in its orientation. Finally, the chapter argues that Chaucer also has the Wife of Bath attack modes of poetic genealogy, alienating poets from their literary forebears.
Introduction
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz
Published: November 2019

This Introduction provides an overview of the pressures that late-fourteenth-century England placed upon traditional models of obtaining human posterity from the achievements of paternity. The introduction sets out the book’s argument that Chaucer himself was deeply concerned with questions of human authority in the face of man’s mortality, providing both biographical detail and a close reading of Chaucer’s discussions of literary fame within his early poem, The House of Fame. This introduction also sets up the book’s methodological priorities, introduces the book’s structure and chapter divisions, and argues in favor of addressing The Canterbury Tales in a fluid, non-traditional order.
The Usual Definition of Just Wars
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian
Published: November 2019

There is a school of thought which supposes that victory does not fit easily within the just war rubric because, despite what its name suggests, just war is not actually a form of warfare at all. On this view, just war is not so much a military contest between rival sovereigns as an extension into the international sphere of the punitive function that the judiciary discharges in the domestic realm. This conception of just war precludes any consideration of victory: in the same way a judge does not win when she sends a criminal to the gallows, nobody wins a just war. This chapter will draw upon David Rodin’s modern classic, War and Self-Defence, and the scholastic texts of Aquinas, Vitoria, and Suarez to investigate this way of thinking about just war. It will conclude that it discloses a tendency at the heart of just war thinking to sanitize war.
The Right of Conquest
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian
Published: November 2019

The fifth problem victory raises for just war scholars is that it evokes conquest, which is antithetical to the idea of just war. As such, it raises a set of questions bearing on the legal effects of victory that contemporary just war theorists tend to overlook. Does victory in a just war generate certain entitlements for the victor, and, if so, on what basis? Is just war generative of what we might call a ‘right of conquest’? And does this right extend even to cases where the victor does not have justice on its side? Drawing on the early modern legal writings of Alberico Gentili and Hugo Grotius, this chapter contends that the answers just war thinkers have historically furnished to these questions reveal a degree of overlap with the doctrine of might is right that contemporary just war theorists have been conditioned to ignore and may find disquieting.
Introduction
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian
Published: November 2019

Governments often have to make tough calls, but none are quite so painful as those that involve committing one’s country to war. The idea of ‘just war’ informs how we approach and reflect on these decisions. It signifies the belief that while war is always a wretched enterprise it may in certain circumstances, and subject to certain restrictions, be justified. The idea of just war has, of course, been subject to extensive refinement down the centuries. Even so, scholars have had little to say about what has historically been regarded as the very object of warfare: victory. What accounts for this oversight? This chapter introduces this question and establishes how it will be treated in this book.
Cohomology of Groups
Authors: Ellis Graham
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces the basic ingredients of the cohomology of groups and describes datatypes and algorithms for implementing them on a computer. These are illustrated using computer examples involving: integral homology of finite groups such as the Mathieu groups, homology of crystallographic groups, homology of nilpotent groups, homology of Coxeter groups, transfer homomorphism, homological perturbation theory, mod-p comology rings of small finite p-groups, Lyndon-Hocshild-Serre spectral sequence, Bokstein operation, Steenrod squares, Stiefel-Whitney classes, Lie algebras, the modular isomorphism problem, and Bredon homology.
Cohomology of Homotopy 2-types
Authors: Ellis Graham
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces some of the basic ingredients in the classification of homotopy 2-types and describes datatypes and algorithms for implementing them on a computer. These are illustrated using computer examples involving: the fundamental crossed modules of a CW-complex, cat-1-groups, simplicial groups, Moore complexes, the Dold-Kan correspondence, integral homology of simplicial groups, homological perturbation theory. A manual classification of homotopy classes of maps from a surface to the projective plane is also included.
Urban Space and Aristocratic Power in Late Antique Rome
Authors: Machado Carlos
Published: November 2019

This book analyses the physical, social, and cultural history of Rome in late antiquity. Between ad 270 and 535, the former capital of the Roman empire experienced a series of dramatic transformations in its size, appearance, political standing, and identity, as emperors moved to other cities and the Christian church slowly became its dominating institution. Urban Space and Aristocratic Power in Late Antique Rome provides a new picture of these developments, focusing on the extraordinary role played by members of the traditional elite, the senatorial aristocracy, in the redefinition of the city, its institutions, and spaces. During this period, Roman senators and their families became increasingly involved in the management of the city and its population, in building works, and in the performance of secular and religious ceremonies and rituals. As this study shows, for approximately three hundred years the houses of the Roman elite competed with imperial palaces and churches in shaping the political map and the social life of the city. Making use of modern theories of urban space, the book considers a vast array of archaeological, literary, and epigraphic documents to show how the former centre of the Mediterranean world was progressively redefined and controlled by its own elite.
The Political Significance and Philosophical Complexities of Trade
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

Trade has made the world, but as far as philosophical thought is concerned, it remains elusive. What, if anything, about trade generates obligations, and what is the nature of these obligations? Can we identify a normative ground for trade-specific obligations while recognizing other grounds such as common humanity or shared citizenship? How should we think about such a ground in ideal theory, where everybody does as they ought to, and in non-ideal theory, where not everybody does? These are tough questions, partly because trade touches on many philosophical subjects but must also be properly understood historically and social-scientifically. This chapter casts light on both the political and historical significance of trade and its philosophical complexities. The chapter also introduces the major theses this book defends.
Dealing with Communities
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel
Published: November 2019

In addition to setting wages, transnational corporations also regularly confront choices about where to locate facilities. This can involve uprooting production to move elsewhere. There is basically no normative work on what issues arise here. This chapter dismisses some unconvincing ways of faulting relocation decisions and explains how complaints about relocation are plausibly understood as complaints about exploitation. It proposes conditions under which relocation is exploitative and explains what policy measures may still render it all-things-considered permissible. At issue is both the decision to relocate from the corporation’s country of origin (often a choice to relocate from the developed to the developing world) and relocation between foreign countries.
The Ladies’ Home Journal, Sororal Publics, and the Wages of White Womanhood
Authors: Foster Travis M.
Published: November 2019

Chapter 2 argues that the Ladies’ Home Journal fashioned white women’s culture as a mediating force for racial sorority—an imagined sisterhood that provided the comforting sense of familiarity across distance—while also responding to a perceived crisis in women’s intimate friendship by providing detailed guidance for befriending. I argue that both scales of white social practice (sorority and intimate friendship) attached white women’s social forms to antiblackness. On the one hand, the Journal infused its imagined sisterhood with a deep sense of white supremacy (through frequent use of racist humor, for instance), providing white women a compensation that at least partially made up for the harms produced by gender inequality. On the other hand, by revitalizing intraracial friendship as a necessary departure from antiseptic social life, the Journal engaged an Aristotelian politics of friendship in which the precondition for befriending (whiteness) naturalized itself as the precondition for citizenship.
Elegies, White Dissent, and the Civil War Dead
Authors: Foster Travis M.
Published: November 2019

American literary history tends to discount Civil War elegies as unvaryingly predictable and, with a few canonical exceptions, unworthy of sustained attention. Chapter 3 proposes instead that we reconsider the genre as an essential archive of white plasticity and incorporation. When considered together, the hundreds of elegies to the Civil War dead printed and reprinted between 1861 and the turn of the century constitute perhaps the best archive we have for assessing, first, the conflicted nature of Northern white feeling in response to sectional reconciliation and, second, the capacity for white nationalism to transform such dissent into a technology for supremacist belonging. As a genre, Civil War elegies thus organized those psychic, social, and political incorporations that enabled the white subject to assert misrecognition without disrupting belonging, dissent from nationalism’s projections without disrupting citizenship, and occupy several competing strands of attachment without disrupting white supremacy’s defining claim to racial exceptionalism.
Cold War Exiles and the CIA
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

During the height of the Cold War in the 1950s, the United States government unleashed covert operations intended to weaken the Soviet Union. As part of these efforts, the CIA undertook support of Russian exiles, populations uprooted either during World War II or by the Russian Revolution decades before. No one seemed better prepared to fight in the American secret war against communism than the uprooted Russians, whom the CIA directed to carry out propaganda, espionage, and subversion operations from their home base in West Germany. Yet the American engagement of Russian exiles had unpredictable outcomes. Drawing on recently declassified and previously untapped sources, Cold War Exiles and the CIA examines how the CIA’s Russian operations became entangled with the internal struggles of Russia abroad and also the espionage wars of the superpowers in divided Germany. What resulted was a transnational political sphere involving different groups of Russian exiles, American and German anti-communists, and spies operating on both sides of the Iron Curtain. Inadvertently, CIA’s patronage of Russian exiles forged a complex sub-front in the wider Cold War, demonstrating the ways in which the hostilities of the Cold War played out in ancillary conflicts involving proxies and non-state actors.
Reluctant Chieftains
Authors: Tromly Benjamin
Published: November 2019

Chapter 6 examines the transformation of CIA propaganda operations involving Amcomlib and Russian exiles. In the mid-1950s, after negotiations to create an exile united front had fallen apart, the American Committee stepped in as a sponsor of the anti-communist operations that were supposed to come under the émigrés’ leadership, the most important of which was the Munich-based Radio Liberation that broadcast to the USSR. The chapter corrects scholarship that presents Amcomlib’s assertion of control as a natural consequence of the dysfunctional politics of the exiles. For several years after the united front dissipated, Amcomlib remained committed to its original position that its radio operation could only be effective if it was sponsored by an émigré body, and even resisted pressure from Washington to shift its strategy. Instead, Amcomlib’s decisive turn away from exile anti-communism occurred later in the decade as part of a wider delegitimizing of US policies of liberation and rollback toward the Soviet bloc. The extended confusion surrounding the course of Amcomlib, the chapter argues, illustrated the unintended consequence of CIA strategies that vested power in non-state “public-private committees.”
Dead Wrong
Authors: Boonin David
Published: November 2019

The central thesis of this book is that it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person even if the act takes place after the person is dead. The main argument for this thesis is grounded in three claims: (1) that it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person while they are alive even if the act has no effect on that person’s conscious experiences, (2) that if this is so, then frustrating a person’s desires is one way to wrongfully harm a person, and (3) that if this is so, then it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person even if the act takes place after the person is dead. Chapter 1 introduces the book’s thesis and explains its significance. Chapters 2–4 each focus on one of the three main claims used to argue for the book’s thesis. In each case, the chapter starts by providing a defense of the claim in question and then responds to a variety of objections that can be made against it. Chapter 5 responds to further objections that can be raised against the book’s thesis and examines some of the ethical implications of the thesis for such issues as posthumous organ and gamete removal, posthumous publication of private documents, posthumous damage to graves and corpses, and posthumous punishment and restitution.
Constructing Crises to Manage
Authors: Mainwaring Ċetta
Published: November 2019

This chapter sets out the conceptual building blocks for the book and develops the idea of migrant agency, situating it within the relevant literature. I argue that power, politics, and people are significant and often neglected elements of migration governance processes. Ignoring their role in migration governance contributes to the unremitting promotion of the migration management paradigm. In contrast, this book examines the interplay of actors, practices, and discourses within the realm of migration governance. Here, political power is often drawn from constructed crises based on a discourse of exceptionalism and sovereignty. Migrants are framed as symptomatic of globalization’s attack on state sovereignty and constructed as victims or villains. The chapter argues that the managed migration paradigm depends on the construction of a migration crisis to which the policy ostensibly responds. Such migration ‘crises’ obscure the complicity of the state in the production of vulnerability, marginalization, violence, and death through its border regimes, and reify the power of the state to control migration, despite paradoxically being promoted based on imagery of the state as overwhelmed. To complete this sleight of hand, policy discussions on migration governance ignore the role of migrants themselves, reinforcing the orientalist logic and assumptions that migrants are objects to be governed, not subjects who engage in decision-making, resist, and ultimately constitute international relations. Within the context of Europe, the chapter demonstrates how the emphasis on migration control at the EU’s external border results from constructed crises in the Mediterranean.
At Europe’s Edge
Authors: Mainwaring Ċetta
Published: November 2019

The fourth chapter turns to the policies and practices that migrants encounter once they arrive in Malta and on EU territory. After a review of the history of migration to the island state and the contemporary migration situation, it traces migrant journeys from the detention centres that await them upon arrival to possible deportation. By examining the sites and processes where migrants continue to be securitized within the border, the chapter argues that even when rescued from the sea, migrants do not escape political, social, and economic marginalization. The securitization of migration contributes to the construction of crisis and fuels racism and xenophobia within the host population. Moreover, this ‘othering’ occurs before migrants arrive on EU territory and is fundamentally related to discourse, policies, and practices at sea. The language of rescue strips migrants at sea of agency, reduces them to victims, and in turn allows for their continued marginalization once they arrive on EU territory. Yet, migrants resist this marginalization. Throughout the chapter, migrant accounts of experiences within host states demonstrate their agency and the narrow room for manoeuvre they are sometimes able to exploit. Ignoring this agency reifies the power of the state to ‘secure’ borders and control migration, and conceals the contested politics of mobility and security. Such encounters question traditional conceptualizations of sovereignty, security, and citizenship as they illustrate alternative modes of seeking security that move beyond the state and citizenship.
Lilliputian Power? Malta’s ‘Crisis’
Authors: Mainwaring Ċetta
Published: November 2019

The fifth chapter analyses how in the EU context Malta constructed a crisis around the issue of migration, and how the small state exploited the crisis to secure more EU funds and support. It thus focuses on how member states on the periphery respond to the new responsibility they face as EU migration gatekeepers. In this way, the chapter continues to explore the theme of power at the margins but moves away from the migrant experience to that of a small state at the edge of Europe. The chapter analyses Malta’s strategies at the EU level and its lobbying around particular policies between 2008 and 2016, including (1) the European Pact on Immigration and Asylum, (2) the Schengen Borders Code, (3) the Dublin Regulation, and (4) the Long-Term Residents Directive. The research demonstrates how Malta exerted an unexpected level of influence on EU migration governance by adopting a number of strategies, including emphasizing its small state status, its gatekeeper role, and the ‘crisis’. The most significant success was the expansion of the concept of solidarity within the EU to not only include financial transfers but also the relocation of people. However, this success has come at a price: Malta’s construction and exploitation of a migration crisis reinforces the very emphasis on migration control at the external border that it has resisted. Indeed, the EU framework now shapes Malta’s interests and strategies, encouraging the construction of migration crisis in the Mediterranean and the reduction of migrants to symbols of suffering and disorder.
Medical Men, Negligent Mothers, and Malleable Children
Authors: Hatfield Mary
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers the medicalization of childhood from the late eighteenth century into the 1840s. What we might now term a ‘biological’ definition of childhood is seen first in late eighteenth-century medical intervention into the care of infants. These texts are part of a wider ‘rationalization’ of childhood which emerged in scientific and child-rearing genres. The influence in Ireland of John Locke, William Buchan, and the Edgeworths’ contributed to a reformulation of childhood as a period of enormous intellectual and physical malleability. As the matter of children’s health shifted from the female domain to the business of men, medical professionals defined the child body in opposition to the adult male body. Elite women were criticized for coddling their children excessively, while the lower classes were characterized as neglectful and uncaring. By the mid-nineteenth century, objective standards of growth were deployed as mechanisms for governing parental as much as childhood behaviour.
Introduction
Authors: Sinclair Mark
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces the main argument of the book, namely that in his 1838 Of Habit Ravaisson brings to light a middle ground between reasons and causes, a middle ground through which our behaviour and our choices are influenced. Ravaisson, that is, provides an intelligible notion of inclining that is intermediate between providing a reason and being a mechanical cause. This notion of inclination is original, and it is important for contemporary work in the philosophy of action and the metaphysics of powers. In order to introduce the book’s argument, the chapter describes briefly Ravaisson’s life and works and then the structure of Of Habit. It concludes with some remarks on methodology, a literature review, and summaries of the individual chapters of the book.
Inclination without Necessitation
Authors: Sinclair Mark
Published: November 2019

The chapter focuses first on Ravaisson’s response to Leibniz’s account of freedom and his modal doctrines. It shows that Leibniz’s account of moral necessity in free acts was important for Ravaisson, since in Of Habit he characterizes the modal status of habit as a ‘necessity of attraction and desire’, and then in 1867 he proclaims the advent of a new spiritualist philosophy, a new philosophy of contingency and spontaneity, under the aegis of a Leibnizian doctrine of moral necessity. The chapter argues that Ravaisson adopted more from Leibniz’s ideas than his own official proclamations can support, but it also shows that he does not adopt a form of monadological metaphysics in De l’habitude. Ravaisson is interested not in what Leibniz says about beings—as monads, as distinct from body, as without causal relations to each other, etc.—but rather in what he says about being as being inclined.
Hamiltonian Chaos
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

Nondissipative or Hamiltonian systems are also capable of chaos as phase space volume is twisted and folded in area-preserving maps like the Standard Map. When nonintegrable terms are added to a potential function, Hamiltonian chaos emerges. The Standard Map (also known as the Chirikov map) for a periodically kicked rigid rotator provides a simple model with which to explore the emergence of Hamiltonian chaos as well as the KAM theory of islands of stability. A periodically kicked harmonic oscillator displays extended chaos in the web map. Hamiltonian classical chaos makes a direct connection to quantum chaos, which is illustrated using the chaotic stadium, for which quantum scars are associated with periodic classical orbits in the stadium.
Metric Spaces and Geodesic Motion
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: November 2019

The metric tensor uniquely defines the geometric properties of a metric space, while differential geometry is concerned with the derivatives of vectors and tensors within the metric space. Derivatives of vector quantities include the derivatives of basis vectors, which lead to Christoffel symbols that are directly connected to the metric tensor. This connection between tensor derivatives and the metric tensor provides the tools necessary to define geodesic curves. The geodesic equation is derived from variational calculus and from parallel transport. Geodesic motion is the trajectory of a particle through a metric space defined by an action metric that includes a potential function. In this way, dynamics converts to geometry as a trajectory in a potential converts to a geodesic curve through an appropriately defined metric space.
Death of the Ex-Policeman
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

Chapter 5 shows that lower-level actors within firms have much to teach us about the gendered and classed impacts of regulation. The chapter analyses how staff working in commercial bingo experienced the shift from ‘command and control’ style regulation, underpinning the 1968 Gaming Act, to the current risk-based regime in the 2005 Gambling Act. Seeking to contribute a gendered angle to scholarship on the consequences of regulatory reform for occupational status and autonomy, the chapter examines the impact of self-regulation on commercial bingo hall managers—a mostly male, non-professional group of workers whose claims to status have relied heavily on state licensing procedures. By analysing the changing rules, practices, and feelings involved in personnel licensing within bingo halls, the chapter makes two interlinked claims. First, as the state stepped back from assessing and authorizing employee expertise, managerial authority, status, pay, and working conditions were all reduced. Second, the chapter identifies a classed and gendered desire for a return to command-and-control-style regulation.
Innovation Framing, Regulation, and User Adaptation Online
Authors: Bedford Kate
Published: November 2019

Chapter 8 explores the role of regulation in shaping the interface between online and land-based bingo. It locates discussion of online bingo within debates about whether regulation by code is replacing the rule of law, and whether virtual life undermines sociality and community, including through its role in monetizing social networks and exploiting users’ participation. The chapter also seeks to add an online component to existing accounts of place competition and gambling—focused mostly on casino resorts—by showing that the where of play remained a crucial element of the UK debate about online gambling. The remainder of the chapter narrows the focus to online bingo regulation, to better flesh out the distinctive lessons it holds for a study of rule-making, game standardization, and technology. It outlines the current regulatory system for online bingo, before turning to the role of users (workers, players, and land-based bingo operators seeking an online presence) in game adaptation. The chapter shows that the agency of workers and players to adapt products and practices varies significantly between online and offline forms of bingo. Because workers have limited connection to players in online bingo games, and the infrastructures upon which the bingo relies allow for so little user adaptation, the capacity to ‘re-playify’ the game is far more restricted, and the designers of the technology have significantly more power. Moreover, software providers are able to capture far more profit from instrumentalizing players’ social ties than is possible for land-based operators. The chapter concludes with a call to revisit the enthusiasm for straightforwardly pluralistic approaches to categorization and definition.
Horace Walpole’s Enchanted Castles
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

Extending the discussion of Walpole’s architectural imagination in Chapter 1, this chapter pays sustained attention to the assumption that the eponymous castle in his The Castle of Otranto (1764) is based on, or inspired by, the author’s architectural work at Strawberry Hill. Having outlined the history of the Otranto/Strawberry Hill relationship, the chapter subjects these presumed correspondences between text and house to careful scrutiny, eventually arguing that if the two are related at all, it is primarily through the language of romance that is common to both. Both the Castle at Otranto and Strawberry Hill in Twickenham, the argument shows, are versions of the ‘enchanted castles’ that Walpole discovered deep in the annals of ‘Gothic story’. The chapter ends with an account of the extent to which Walpole arrogated to himself the ability to call up so many ‘enchanted castles’ in a number of contemporary literary and architectural experiments.
Antiquarian Gothic Romance
Authors: Townshend Dale
Published: November 2019

Consolidating the themes explored in previous chapters, Chapter 6 turns to consider the ‘antiquarian Gothic romance’, an oxymoronic strain of Gothic writing that, even as it peddled its hyperbolic, highly fanciful tales, self-consciously aspired towards the rigour and facticity of the antiquarian topographical method. Having discussed these impulses in a selection of lesser-known Gothic romancers, as well as the curious antiquarian romances of writers such as Thomas Pownall and Joseph Strutt, the chapter focuses on two literary responses to the ruins of Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire: Ann Radcliffe’s posthumously published Gaston De Blondeville (1826), and Walter Scott’s Kenilworth (1821). As in previous chapters, Gothic ruins are shown to call up vastly competing imaginative constructions of the Gothic past, each of which is politically inflected: the Tory ‘white Gothic’ of Scott, and the radicalism of Radcliffe.
History is a Palimpsest 1
Authors: Nelson Claudia , Morey Anne
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the first set of texts associated with the entailed metaphor HISTORY AS PALIMPSEST through the key narrative of Rudyard Kipling’s Puck of Pook’s Hill (1906), which makes salient a genealogy of works for both children and adults that imagine England’s history proceeding through a series of invasions and the loss and recovery of memory of invasion. Because several of the treatments address both adults and children, the chapter examines three adult fantasies derived from Puck—Joseph O’Neill’s Land Under England (1935), Warwick Deeping’s The Man Who Went Back (1940), and C. S. Lewis’s That Hideous Strength (1945)—before moving on to four novels for children/young adults that are connected both to Puck and to its adult interwar/wartime successors: Susan Cooper’s The Dark Is Rising (1973) and Silver on the Tree (1977), Joan Aiken’s The Shadow Guests (1980), and Philip Turner’s Sea Peril (1968). Because the metaphor of the palimpsest emphasizes that the individual’s occupation of time and space is temporary, the dominant affect in all instances is nostalgia and melancholy. Nonetheless, invasion is a complex image that suggests that loss of sovereignty is not necessarily bad or injurious to the nation (or the child reader). Rather, the invasion trope offers a view of the experience of the nation that mirrors the complex layers of the individual psyche, and narratives activating the palimpsest metaphor prize and rehearse individual agency on the part of protagonists.
School-to-Work Transition in Jordan, 2010–2016
Authors: Amer Mona
Published: November 2019

This chapter presents an analysis of the school-to-work transition in Jordan from 2010 to 2016 in a context of a demographic shock due to a massive influx of Syrian refugees. It examines the trend of youth unemployment and labor force participation, first labor market status and transitions over four years after school. The results show sharp increases in male and female unemployment rates and in unemployment duration. In parallel, youth male labor force participation declined and women with post-secondary education were less active. The school-to-work transition has deteriorated between 2010 and 2016 as young Jordanians were less active after leaving school and when they entered the labor market they took a longer time to work after school. Furthermore, the Jordanian labor market is very segmented as transitions between different types of employment (public, formal and informal private jobs) were scarce. Public employment was also less frequent after unemployment or inactivity.
The Challenges of Social Security Coverage and Early Retirement in Jordan
Authors: Alhawarin Ibrahim , Selwaness Irene
Published: November 2019

Jordan has undergone a profound social security reform since 2010, primarily aiming to ensure the financial sustainability of the system over time. Using data from the 2010 and 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey (JLMPS), this chapter examines the dynamics of Jordanian workers’ access to social security and trends in early retirement incidence before and after the reform. The chapter also explores the time it takes to acquire social security coverage on the labor market before and after the reform. Our findings show that the overall incidence of social insurance coverage slightly increased in 2016, for private sector wage workers, irregular wage workers, and non-wage workers (employers and self-employed). Public sector employees were the most likely to acquire social insurance coverage at the start of their jobs, followed by the private sector wage workers inside establishments. Both men and women who started their first job after the 2010 reform experienced a decline in their probability of acquiring social insurance coverage upon their job start. Moreover, the average incidence of early retirement slightly declined among men while still being highly prevalent around ages 40–46.
Epilogue
Authors: Krafft Caroline , Assaad Ragui
Published: November 2019

Over much of its history, Jordan has been an island of stability in a very turbulent neighborhood. Events since 2011 have tested this stability by subjecting Jordan to very powerful external shocks, resulting in a disruption of its most important trade routes, a dramatic reduction in tourism flows and revenues, and a need to act as a place of refuge for hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing violence and destruction. Although these shocks have been unprecedented in their severity, Jordan has been fairly resilient. Employment rates have fallen and unemployment has increased substantially, but real wages remained stable and inequality in wages decreased. Educational attainment continued to grow steadily despite some recent reductions in enrollment rates among young men and housing conditions have continued to improve....