bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing Renal Microstructure and Function with Advanced Diffusion MRI: Concepts, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Stabinska Julia , Wittsack Hans‐Jörg , Lerman Lilach O. , Ljimani Alexandra , Sigmund Eric E.
Published: November 2023

Diffusion measurements in the kidney are affected not only by renal microstructure but also by physiological processes (i.e., glomerular filtration, water reabsorption, and urine formation). Because of the superposition of passive tissue diffusion, blood perfusion, and tubular pre‐urine flow, the limitations of the monoexponential apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) model in assessing pathophysiological changes in renal tissue are becoming apparent and motivate the development of more advanced diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) variants. These approaches take advantage of the fact that the length scale probed in DWI measurements can be adjusted by experimental parameters, including diffusion‐weighting, diffusion gradient directions and diffusion time. This forms the basis by which advanced DWI models can be used to capture not only passive diffusion effects, but also microcirculation, compartmentalization, tissue anisotropy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the field of renal DWI. Following a short introduction on renal structure and physiology, we present the key methodological approaches for the acquisition and analysis of renal DWI data, including intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), non‐Gaussian diffusion, and hybrid IVIM‐DTI. We then briefly summarize the applications of these methods in chronic kidney disease and renal allograft dysfunction. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential avenues for further development of renal DWI.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Assessing space and time changes in daily maximum temperature in the Ebro basin (Spain) using model‐based statistical tools
Authors: Cebrián Ana C. , Asín Jesús , Castillo‐Mateo Jorge , Gelfand Alan E. , Abaurrea Jesús
Published: November 2023

There is continuing interest in the investigation of change in temperature over space and time. For this analysis, we offer statistical tools to illuminate changes temporally, at desired temporal resolution, and spatially, using data generated from suitable space–time models. The proposed tools can be used with the output from any suitable model fitted to any set of spatially referenced time series data. The tools to assess space and time changes include spatial surfaces of probabilities and spatial extents for events defined by exceeding a threshold. The spatial surfaces capture the spatial variation in the probability or risk of an exceedance event, while the spatial extents capture the expected proportion of incidence of an event for a region of interest. This approach is used analyse the changes in daily maximum temperature in an inland Mediterranean region (NE of Spain) in the period 1956–2015. The area is very heterogeneous in orography and climate, including the central Ebro valley and part of the Pyrenees. We use a collection of daily temperature series obtained from simulation under a Bayesian daily temperature model fitted to 18 stations in that area. The results for the summer period show that, although there is an increasing risk in all the events used to quantify the effects of climate change, it is not spatially homogeneous, with the largest increase arising in the centre of the Ebro valley and the Eastern Pyrenees area. The risk of an increase in the average daily maximum temperature from 1966–1975 to 2006–2015 higher than 1°C is higher than 0.5 over all of the region, and close to 1 in the previous areas. The extent of daily maximum temperature higher than the reference mean has increased 3.5% per decade. The mean of the extent indicates that 95% of the area under study has suffered a positive increment of the average temperature, and almost 70% an increment higher than 1°C.
Effect of mesenchymal stromal cells transplantation on the outcomes of patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xie Rong‐hui , Gong Shi‐guo , Song Jiao , Wu Ping‐ping , Hu Wen‐Long
Published: November 2023

Cell therapy has been explored as a new regenerative treatment for osteoarthritis in the field of regenerative medicine. However, the efficacy of stem cell transplantation from different sources for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) remains controversial. This study integrates and evaluates the previously published data of stem cell transplantation for KOA to explore the curative effect of different stem cells. We conducted a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials on stem cell therapy for KOA. Measures of efficacy included Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Lequesne index, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (LKSS), and Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Joint injury was evaluated through the Whole‐Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) system. We analyzed 16 studies involving 875 KOA patients. The stem cell treatment showed significant VAS reduction from the third month onwards. Subgroup analysis suggested the most significant pain relief at different postoperative months came from adipose‐derived and umbilical cord‐derived stem cells. Autologous adipose tissue resulted in better pain alleviation compared with allogenic. However, autologous bone marrow stem cells did not show increased pain relief over allogeneic ones. Combination therapy (HA and/or PRP) showed no effect. Autologous adipose‐derived stem cells demonstrate the most effective recovery of knee joint function. In WORMS assessment, there was no significant difference between the stem cell group and control. Stem cell transplantation proved safe and effective for KOA treatment. Different sources stem cells have a good effect on alleviating knee joint pain, restoring knee joint function, and minimizing patient trauma.
What patient parameters influence lumbar stiffness in patients with hip pathology?
Authors: Verhaegen Jeroen C. F. , Alves Batista Nuno , Foster Ryan , Graham Ryan , Phan Philippe , Grammatopoulos George
Published: November 2023

Lumbar stiffness leads to greater hip dependence to achieve sagittal motion and increases instability after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We aimed to determine parameters that influence lumbar stiffness among patients with hip pathology. We hypothesized that modifiable (degenerative changes, spinal canal stenosis, facet orientation) and nonmodifiable factors (muscle condition) would be associated with lumbar spine stiffness. In this retrospective case‐cohort study from a tertiary referral center, consecutive patients presenting at a hip specialist clinic underwent standing and deep‐seated radiographic assessment to measure lumbar lordosis (∆LL) (stiffness: ∆LL < 20°), hip flexion (∆PFA: pelvic femoral angle), and degree of degenerative‐disc‐disease (DDD) (facet osteoarthritis, disc height, endplate proliferative changes). Of these, 65 patients were selected with previous lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging, allowing to determine lumbar facet orientation, spinal canal stenosis (Schizas classification), and flexor‐ and extensor‐muscle atrophy (Goutallier classification). Mean ∆LL was 45° (range: 11°–72°) and four patients (6%) exhibited spine stiffness. Patients with multilevel DDD (n = 22) had less ∆LL than those with no/single level (n = 43) DDD (34° [range: 11°–53°] vs. 51° [21°–72°]; p < 0.001). Number of DDD levels correlated strongly with ∆LL (ρ = −0.642; p < 0.001). Spinal stiffness was only seen in patients with ≥4 DDD levels. There was no correlation between ∆LL and facet orientation (p > 0.05). ∆LL correlated strongly with extensor atrophy at L3–L4 (ρ = −0.473), L4–L5 (ρ = −0.520), and L5–S1 (ρ = −0.473) and poorly with flexors at L4–L5 (ρ = −0.134) and L5–S1 (ρ = −0.227). Lumbar stiffness is dependent on modifiable (muscle atrophy) and nonmodifiable (extend of DDD) factors. This can guide nonoperative management of hip pathology, emphasizing the relevance of core muscle rehabilitation to improve posture and stiffness. Identification ≥4 DDD levels should alert surgeons of increased THA instability risk. Level of evidence: level IV, cohort series.
Enzymatic treatment to improve permeability and quality of cherry tomatoes for production of dried products
Authors: Sun Ruyu , Chen Shiheng , Chen Xiaoqian , Liu Xiaqing , Zhang Fengshan , Wu Jing , Su Lingqia
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

Cherry tomatoes are nutritious and favored by consumers. Processing them into dried cherry tomatoes can prolong their storage life and improve their flavor. The pretreatment of tomato pericarp is crucial for the subsequent processing. However, the traditional physical and chemical treatments of tomato pericarp generally cause nutrient loss and environmental pollution.

RESULTS

In this study, a novel enzymatic method for cherry tomatoes was performed using mixed enzymes containing cutinase, cellulase and pectinase. Results showed that the pericarp permeability of cherry tomatoes was effectively improved due to enzymatic treatment. Changes in the microscopic structure and composition of the cuticle were revealed. After treatment with different concentrations of enzymes, cherry tomatoes exhibited higher pericarp permeability and sensory quality to varying degrees. The lycopene content and total polyphenol content significantly increased 2.4‐ and 1.45‐fold, respectively. In addition, the satisfactory effect of the six‐time reuse of enzymes on cherry tomatoes could still reach the same level as the initial effect, which effectively reduced the cost of production.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed for the first time that a mixed enzymatic treatment consisting of cutinase, pectinase and cellulase could effectively degrade the cuticle, enhance the pericarp permeability and improve the quality of cherry tomatoes, with the advantages of being mildly controllable and environmentally friendly, providing a new strategy for the processing of dried cherry tomatoes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Comparison of outcomes between surgical treatment of colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver and the peritoneum: Review of the literature
Authors: Cos Heidy , Shen Perry
Published: November 2023

Background

Liver and peritoneum are two of the most common sites of colorectal metastases.

Methods

We searched for articles comparing outcomes of surgical management for metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver and peritoneum.

Conclusion

Cytoreductive surgery/heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy has a similar safety profile and survival outcomes as hepatectomy for colorectal metastases after stratifying by resection status and should be incorporated earlier in the management algorithm for colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal metastases

Methods

We performed a wide search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for articles comparing outcomes of surgical management for metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver and peritoneum. We focused on studies comparing their perioperative clinical outcomes as well as their oncological outcomes. The following words were included in the search: comparison, outcomes, metastasectomy, colorectal cancer, liver, peritoneal surface disease, hepatectomy, and cytoreduction.

Results

One hundred and twenty studies were evaluated. Six of these studies met the criteria for this review.
Methods in regression analysis in surgical oncology research‐best practice guidelines
Authors: Boe Lillian , Vingan Perri S. , Kim Minji , Zhang Kevin K. , Rochlin Danielle , Matros Evan , Stern Carrie , Nelson Jonas A.
Published: November 2023

Background

Using real working examples, we provide strategies and address challenges in linear and logistic regression to demonstrate best practice guidelines and pitfalls of regression modeling in surgical oncology research.

Methods

To demonstrate our best practices, we reviewed patients who underwent tissue expander breast reconstruction between 2019 and 2021. We assessed predictive factors that affect BREAST‐Q Physical Well‐Being of the Chest (PWB‐C) scores at 2 weeks with linear regression modeling and overall complications and malrotation with logistic regression modeling. Model fit and performance were assessed.

Results

The 1986 patients were included in the analysis. In linear regression, age [β = 0.18 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.28);p < 0.001], single marital status [β = 2.6 (0.31, 5.0);p = 0.026], and prepectoral pocket dissection [β = 4.6 (2.7, 6.5);p < 0.001] were significantly associated with PWB‐C at 2 weeks. For logistic regression, BMI [OR = 1.06 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.08);p < 0.001], age [OR = 1.02 (1.01, 1.03);p = 0.002], bilateral reconstruction [OR = 1.39 (1.09, 1.79);p = 0.009], and prepectoral dissection [OR = 1.53 (1.21, 1.94);p < 0.001] were associated with increased likelihood of a complication.

Conclusion

We provide focused directives for successful application of regression techniques in surgical oncology research. We encourage researchers to select variables with clinical judgment, confirm appropriate model fitting, and consider clinical plausibility for interpretation when utilizing regression models in their research.
Quality grade evaluation of Nvjin Pills based on traditional Chinese medicine reference drug and network pharmacology of target‐focused compounds
Authors: Lin Lin , Liu Guangzhen , Zhang Dexin , Yu Fengrui , Tan Lejun , Mu Xiangrong , Lin Yongqiang
Published: November 2023

To improve the effectiveness of marketed drugs related to active ingredients, it is necessary to designate a more unified quality evaluation standard. Taking Nvjin Pills as an example, this study reported the development of a novel principle of analysis in traditional Chinese medicine. The core of the experiment is to prepare three batches of traditional Chinese medicine reference drugs by high‐quality Chinese materia medica. The active ingredients identified in the herbal formula including glycyrrhizic acid, cinnamaldehyde, paeonol, baicalin, hesperidin, paeoniflorin, and ferulic acid were analyzed in traditional Chinese medicine reference drugs by the high‐performance liquid chromatography method combined with wavelength switching. The simple prediction results of network pharmacological analysis verified the feasibility and reliability of the established quantitative analysis method for seven target‐focused compounds in Nvjin Pills, which were recommended as candidate indicators for quality evaluation ultimately. Using the seven target‐focused compounds as the scientific ruler, quality grade specifications of Nvjin Pills were proposed by comprehensive analysis. Accordingly, 16, 47, and 13 batches of samples were primarily graded as first grade, second grade, and unqualified grade, respectively. This study will provide a chemical basis for quality control of Nvjin Pills, which is necessary for the production process of pharmaceutical development.
A New Algorithm for Secondary Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity
Authors: Chen Yunzhu , Wang Xiancheng , Wu Jingjing , Zeng Weiliang , Yang Kai , Sun Yang , Xiong Xiang , Meng Xianxi , Li Wenbo , Yi Zhongjie , Fang Bairong
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Following primary surgery for unilateral cleft lip palate (UCLP), cleft lip nasal deformities (CLNDs) (nasal asymmetry, collapsed nasal alae, and a widened alar base) are generally inevitable and often require secondary rhinoplasty. However, reconstructing a cleft nose with an alar tissue deficiency remains challenging for rhinoplasty surgeons.

Methods

The manifestations of common deformities are described herein, and a secondary rhinoplasty technique for unilateral CLNDs using a nasolabial flap (NLF) has been proposed for patients with alar tissue deficiency. Secondary rhinoplasties were performed in 12 patients with unilateral CLNDs between 2020 and 2021 using a NLF. Photogrammetric measurements were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. A total of 12 flaps were successfully transferred. Ten patients were followed up for >1 year.

Results

Significant postoperative decreases in nasal alar width were measured in both the base view (p < 0.050) and the frontal view (p < 0.050). Despite the additional facial scars that occurred in some cases, all patients were satisfied with the aesthetic effects.

Conclusions

The NLF achieved satisfactory results in secondary rhinoplasty of unilateral CLND for patients with nasal tissue deficiencies in whom the surgeon weighed the potential benefits over postoperative scarring.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:1648–1655, 2024
Observation of Analog Flatland Cherenkov Radiations on Metasurfaces
Authors: Xu Zhixia , Bao Shuo , Liu Junfeng , Chang Jie , Kong Xianghong , Galdi Vincenzo , Cui Tie Jun
Published: November 2023

Recent theoretical studies have suggested the existence of a lower‐dimensional version of the Cherenkov radiation, known as “flatland Cherenkov radiation” (FCR). FCR is generated by leakage from a surface‐wave waveguide while being entirely confined in a plane. Here, a metasurface platform is proposed for generating and observing FCR, which is characterized by alternated regions of capacitive and inductive surface impedance, supporting transverse electric (TE) and magnetic (TM) surface waves (SWs), respectively. For experimental demonstration, a microwave setup is presented, and measured results are compared with numerical simulations and theoretical predictions. The study shows that the phase velocities of different SWs can be controlled by structural designs, and suitably fast TE SWs can excite FCR in the form of slower TM SWs. FCR has unique properties such as directionality, tunability, and subwavelength confinement. The proposed platform has important potential to enable nanophotonic applications based on 2D optics, such as agile waveguiding and scanning.
Undrained expansion analyses of a cylindrical cavity in anisotropic sands incorporating the SANISAND model
Authors: Pang Li , Jiang Chong , Zhang Chaoyang
Published: November 2023

Soils are known to be inherently anisotropic, resulting in complex responses to loading. This paper aims to develop an elastoplastic solution for the undrained expansion of a cylindrical cavity in sands adopting a non‐associated and anisotropic model, SANISAND. The rigorous derivation of the stress‐strain state of the soil element is provided following a standardized solving procedure. The dilatancy and crushing of the soil are invoked in the three‐dimensional cavity expansion solution by adopting the critical state soil mechanics and limiting compression curve, respectively. By combining this with a governing equation that considers the undrained condition, the stress‐strain state of the surrounding soil around the cavity can be determined. A subroutine is then implemented into the ABAQUS FEM simulation to verify the solution. The solutions are also validated against those based on an isotropic model, and anisotropic sand is used to investigate the effects of the initial effective mean stress, at‐rest coefficient of earth pressure, and overconsolidation ratio on the stress distribution, stress path, and boundary surfaces.
Preparation and properties of water‐borne polyurethane‐sodium lignosulfonate/nano‐calcium carbonate composites
Authors: Pan Guanghua , Li Xing , Xu Wenqin , Xie Qinglin , Chen Nanchun
Published: November 2023

To improve the application range of waterborne polyurethane (WPU), in this study, nano calcium carbonate/sodium lignosulfonate (CaCO3/SL) composites were prepared using sodium lignosulfonate (SL) wet‐modified calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Then, a series of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) nanocomposites (WPU‐CaCO3/SL) were prepared by solution mixing. Zeta, FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA were used to characterize the structure and morphology of CaCO3/SL and WPU‐CaCO3/SL. By conducting an analysis on the impact of various dosages of CaCO3/SL composite on the performance of WPU, the findings revealed that the tensile strength of WPU‐CaCO3/SL nanocomposites, when composed with a 3 wt% CaCO3/SL dosage, exhibited a significant increase of 116% from 6.93 to 14.95 mPa. The water contact angle demonstrated a significant increase from 78.3° to 90.1°. Additionally, the maximum decomposition temperature showed a noticeable rise of approximately 7°C. The WPU exhibit enhanced heat resistance, water resistance and mechanical properties, as well as exceptional ultraviolet (UV) absorption capabilities. This study provides a reference for modifying polymers with inorganic fillers and improving the optical properties of polymeric materials.

Highlights

Successful modification of nano calcium carbonate using biopolymer SL.

Modified CaCO3/SL can be uniformly dispersed in water.

Improved thermal stability of WPU composites.

WPU composites exhibit excellent mechanical properties and water resistance.

Well‐dispersed CaCO3/SL improves ultraviolet radiation resistance of WPU composites.
Acoustic emission characteristics of waste fiber‐reinforced recycled high‐density polyethylene composites under damage conditions
Authors: Xu Runmin , Wang Chen , Xu Kangkang , Liu Guanghui , Wang Hao , Zhu Shiliu , Chen Yuxia , Guo Yong
Published: November 2023

Acoustic emission (AE) technology provides a novel approach for studying the damage and fracture behavior of wood‐plastic composites (WPCs) during their application process. This method allows rapid and precise analysis of the mechanical properties of materials, which is a significant advancement for the emerging WPC industry. Hence, a blend of waste floor sanding powder (FSP) and rice husk (RH) reinforced recycled high‐density polyethylene (Re‐HDPE) was prepared by the extrusion method. The AE technique, scanning electron microscopy, and finite element method (FEM) were used to analyze the damage and fracture behavior of the composite materials under a three‐point bending test. The results indicated that the bearing capacity of RH/Re‐HDPE composites was slightly higher than that of FSP/Re‐HDPE composites. The AE technique can better illustrate the damage evolution and fracture process of composites and determine the damage degree and mode. Matrix cracking and deformation were more pronounced in the FSP/Re‐HDPE composites. Fiber breakage and delamination were more prominent in the RH/Re‐HDPE composites. In addition, repeated loading caused irreversible damage to the composite. The increase in temperature led to the attenuation of the AE signal and a decrease in matrix strength. However, when the temperature reached a certain point, the cumulative AE ringing count increased again because the higher temperature improved the fiber–matrix interface strength, which partially canceled out the negative effect. In addition, Abaqus was used for simulation analysis, and the running results coincided with the experimental value.

Highlights

RH/Re‐HDPE and FSP/Re‐HDPE are sustainability and low‐cost composites.

AE can determine the degree and mode of damage of WPC at different temperatures.

The AE curves of RH/Re‐HDPE and FSP/Re‐HDPE all pass through four stages.

Heating reduced the matrix strength and improved the interface strength of WPC.

The results of FEM were consistent with the experimental results.
Summative evaluation of implementation of Jordan's national anti‐corruption strategy, 2013–2017, in the perspective of public choice theory
Authors: Abuhummour Anan M.
Published: November 2023

This summative evaluation's objective is to evaluate the degree to which Jordan's National Anti‐corruption Strategy (JNACS) effectively and sustainably achieves its objectives in the war against corruption, with particular reference to the Anti‐corruption Commission (JACC). This evaluation analyzes certain indicators and methods used to combat corruption in the public service. This evaluation considers the before and after approach. Pre‐implementation and post‐implementation periods were compared using trend analysis to show the difference between pre‐implementation and post‐implementation of JNACS from 2013 to 2017. A line chart and interrupted time series were used to display trends over time, and the Wilcoxon signed test was utilized. Our summative evaluation findings are mainly structured by the evaluation criteria of effectiveness, efficiency, and relevance. These findings illustrate the difficulty and challenge of making progress in the war against corruption in Jordan. This evaluation has indicated that JNACS (2013–2017) was ineffective in strengthening the capacity of the JACC; promoting investigation, prosecution, and court proceedings of corruption; and enhancing international cooperation in the anti‐corruption field. The task of this agency is challenging due to the broad definition of corruption and the increasing demand for its services within a very complicated operational environment. As a result, our summative evaluation makes some policy recommendations after numerous arguments regarding the subject matter.
Study on the anticancer effect and mechanism of action of reactive species in plasma‐activated solution against colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Hu Yufan , Peng Shengjie , Xi Wenhao , Lan Yan , Han Wei , Cheng Cheng
Published: November 2023

Reactive species (RS) are the key factors of plasma‐activated solutions (PAS) against cancer. However, the specific contribution of each RS in inducing cancer cell death remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential and mechanism of plasma‐activated medium (PAM) and plasma‐activated phosphate buffer saline (PA‐PBS) in vitro using colorectal cancer cells HCT116. Results showed that PAM and PA‐PBS effectively inhibited the growth and proliferation of HCT116 cells, with PA‐PBS exhibiting greater potency. H2O2, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and pH (H+) were essential mediators of cell death, and ONOO− exhibited cytotoxicity only after reaching a specific concentration. Additionly, PAS induced cell death through the exogenous apoptotic pathway.
Enhancing the performance of HTPB‐IPDI‐based polyurethane composite liner through effective carbon black dispersion**
Authors: Aslan Onurcan , Atalar Taner , Atınç Yılmaz Gürkan , Özkan Necati
Published: November 2023

This study aims to improve the dispersion of Carbon Black (CB) filled Hydroxyl‐Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB)‐Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) based polyurethane liner by both adding a dispersant and developing a production process to obtain improved mechanical, rheological, thermal, and adhesion properties. Printex‐U (CB1) and Thermax N‐991 (CB2) carbon blacks were used as fillers. Three different dispersants, which are BYK 9076 (D1), BYK 9077 (D2), and BYK Silclean 3700 (D3) were added to the liner formulation at various amounts. BYK 9076 (D1) was found as the most effective dispersant due to its bifunctional chemical structure. By adding 2 wt.% of BYK 9076 (D1) dispersant to the polyurethane liner comprising 10 wt.% CB1, viscosity was reduced by 45 %, and tensile strength and elongation at break were improved from 1.77 MPa to 1.88 MPa and from 375 % to 385 % respectively. The dispersion of the CB in the polyurethane liner was further improved by the ultrasonication process and tensile strength and elongation at break were increased to 2.03 MPa and 425 %, respectively. This process also contributed to an improved Limiting oxygen index (LOI), elevating it from 20 % to 22 % initially and further by 25 % through ultrasonication. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) verified that the addition of D1 dispersant and ultrasonication effectively reduced CB particle agglomeration. The migration of plasticizer was also assessed over 12 months through bonding testing, TGA, and FTIR analysis. It was noticed that the effective dispersion of CB particles made the liner more resistant to the plasticizer migration.
Three‐dimensional cohesive finite element simulations of mechanical behavior of polymer‐bonded explosives under quasi‐static tensile loading
Authors: Luo Huiling , Zhou Yang , Cao Luoxia , Liu Liu , Li Huarong , Zhang Chaoyang , Yang Hong
Published: November 2023

Microstructural features such as voids, microcracks and interfaces play an important role in the mechanical properties of polymer‐bonded explosives, which significantly decide the performance, safety and reliability. A series of micron‐scale 3D models were constructed, and a 3D cohesive finite element method in a commercial software was used to study the elastic properties and fracture development of HMX/Estane polymer‐bonded explosives under quasi‐static tension. The predicted Young's modulus of HMX/Estane PBX with particle volume fraction of 92.7 % at 0.01 s−1 is 2.24 GPa, which is only 7.4 % different from the experimental result. 3D models perform better than 2D models in the prediction of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, and the difference between 2D and 3D results can be up to 40 %. In addition, the effect of particle size on the mechanical properties is investigated. It is shown that 3D models can correctly describe the relationship of particle size with stress‐strain curves and fracture development of PBX. Results demonstrate that a 3D model is necessary in the study to delineate the relationships between microstructural features and the mechanical behavior of polymer‐bonded explosives.
Interaction effect of building construction accident attributes based on complex network
Authors: Cao Dongqiang , Cheng Lianping
Published: November 2023

This paper aims to effectively utilize data related to building construction accidents by delving deeply into the correlations between key causes and accident attributes. Firstly, the authors gathered 1134 accident investigation reports and employed the “5W1H” analysis method to extract six types of accident attributes: time, location, cause category, activity, building type, and accident type. Subsequently, a word cloud map was employed to identify the primary direct causes, and the correlation characteristics among the four cause categories were analyzed. Finally, a heterogeneous correlation network of building construction accident attributes was constructed using Gephi software. Topological parameters were introduced to analyze the relationships among the six accident attributes. The results indicate that a complex network can effectively analyze the interplay among various construction accident attributes, thus revealing the correlation laws and accident characteristics between various accident attributes. The set of key nodes is represented as {F1, F2, B2, B17, F3, B4, B16, B5, F4, B15, D20}. Thirteen highly correlated sets of accident attributes were identified, highlighting the need for collaborative accident prevention strategies. These findings have the potential to visually present accident knowledge, offering innovative insights for the analysis of building construction accidents.
Theory, Modeling, Measurement, and Testing of Electromagnetic Absorbers: A Review
Authors: Abu Sanad Ala A. , Mahmud Mohd Nazri , Ain Mohd Fadzil , Ahmad Mohd Azmier Bin , Yahaya Nor Zakiah Binti , Mohamad Ariff Zulkifli
Published: November 2023

In the era of the fifth generation (5G) and the Internet of Things (IoT), electromagnetic interference (EMI) poses a significant challenge. The rapid growth of wireless communication applications leads to increased electromagnetic (EM) pollution, which can have adverse health effects. To address this issue, electromagnetic absorbers (EMAs) play a critical role in eliminating EMI and reducing EM pollution between electronic devices. The focus is now on developing diverse microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) with different structures to cover a wide range of frequencies while remaining cost‐effective and effective at high angles of incidence radiation. This article comprehensively reviews EMAs, highlighting their design parameters and importance in achieving high‐efficiency absorption. The review covers absorber theory, structure, materials for various frequency ranges, and the mechanisms responsible for dissipating electromagnetic waves (EMWs). Analytical and numerical methods for modeling and analyzing EMAs are discussed, along with performance indicators and testing methods. The role of absorbers in different applications is explored, and emerging research directions for enhancing microwave absorbers are also highlighted.
Phenolic acids from Prunella vulgaris alleviate cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction partially by suppressing NLRP3 activation
Authors: Wei Jinna , Leng Ling , Sui Yunchan , Song Shaofei , Owusu Felix Boahen , Li Xue , Cao Yu , Li Peijie , Wang Hongda , Li Ruiqiao , Yang Wenzhi , Gao Xiumei , Wang Qilong
Published: November 2023

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality around the world. Prunella vulgaris (Xia‐Ku‐Cao in Chinese) is used in traditional Chinese medicine practice for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its active ingredients and mechanisms of action on cardiac remodeling following MI remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of P. vulgaris on MI rat models. MI rats were treated with aqueous extract of P. vulgaris or phenolic acids from P. vulgaris, including caffeic acid, ursolic acid or rosmarinic acid, 1 day after surgery and continued for the following 28 days. Then the cardioprotective effect, such as cardiac function, inflammatory status, and fibrosis areas were evaluated. RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) analysis, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and ELISA were used to explore the underlying mechanism. In addition, ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer analysis was used to identify the chemicals from P. vulgaris. THP‐1NLRP3‐GFP cells were used to confirm the inhibitory effect of P. vulgaris and phenolic acids on the expression and activity of NLRP3. We found that P. vulgaris significantly improved cardiac function and reduced infarct size. Meanwhile, P. vulgaris protected cardiomyocyte against apoptosis, evidenced by increasing the expression of anti‐apoptosis protein Bcl‐2 in the heart and decreasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum. Results from RNA‐seq revealed that the therapeutic effect of P. vulgaris might relate to NLRP3‐mediated inflammatory response. Results from real‐time PCR and western blotting confirmed that P. vulgaris suppressed NLRP3 expression in MI heart. We also found that P. vulgaris suppressed NLRP3 expression and the secretion of HMGB1, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 in THP‐1NLRP3‐GFP cells. Further studies indicated that the active components of P. vulgaris were three phenolic acids, those were caffeic acid, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. These phenolic acids inhibited LPS‐induced NLRP3 expression and activity in THP‐1 cells, and improved cardiac function, suppressed inflammatory aggregation and fibrosis in MI rat models. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that P. vulgaris and phenolic acids from P. vulgaris, including caffeic acid, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid, could improve cardiac function and protect cardiomyocytes from ischemia injury during MI. The mechanism was partially related to inhibiting NLRP3 activation.
The influence of propolis plus Hyoscyamus niger L. against COVID‐19: A phase II, multicenter, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial
Authors: Kosari Morteza , Khorvash Farzin , Sayyah Mohammad Kazem , Ansari Chaharsoughi Maryam , Najafi Ahmad , Momen‐Heravi Mansooreh , Karimian Mohammad , Akbari Hossein , Noureddini Mehdi , Salami Mahmoud , Ghaderi Amir , Amini Mahabadi Javad , Khamechi Seyed Peyman , Yeganeh Somayeh , Banafshe Hamid Reza
Published: November 2023

The incubation period of COVID‐19 symptoms, along with the proliferation and high transmission rate of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, is the cause of an uncontrolled epidemic worldwide. Vaccination is the front line of prevention, and antiinflammatory and antiviral drugs are the treatment of this disease. In addition, some herbal therapy approaches can be a good way to deal with this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis syrup with Hyoscyamus niger L. extract in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 with acute disease conditions in a double‐blinded approach. The study was performed on 140 patients with COVID‐19 in a double‐blind, randomized, and multicentral approach. The main inclusion criterion was the presence of a severe type of COVID‐19 disease. The duration of treatment with syrup was 6 days and 30 CC per day in the form of three meals. On Days 0, 2, 4, and 6, arterial blood oxygen levels, C‐reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell, as well as the patient's clinical symptoms such as fever and chills, cough and shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms, were recorded and analyzed. Propolis syrup with H. niger L. significantly reduces cough from the second day, relieving shortness of breath on the fourth day, and significantly reduces CRP, weakness, and lethargy, as well as significantly increased arterial blood oxygen pressure on the sixth day compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). The results in patients are such that in the most severe conditions of the disease 80% < SpO2 (oxygen saturation), the healing process of the syrup on reducing CRP and increasing arterial blood oxygen pressure from the fourth day is significantly different compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). The use of syrup is associated with a reduction of 3.6 days in the hospitalization period compared with the placebo group. Propolis syrup with H. niger L. has effectiveness in the viral and inflammatory phases on clinical symptoms and blood parameters and arterial blood oxygen levels of patients with COVID‐19. Also, it reduces referrals to the intensive care unit and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19. So, this syrup promises to be an effective treatment in the great challenge of COVID‐19.
Wireless random‐access networks with bipartite interference graphs
Authors: Borst Sem C. , den Hollander Frank , Nardi Francesca R. , Sfragara Matteo
Published: November 2023

We consider random‐access networks where nodes represent servers with a queue and can be either active or inactive. A node deactivates at unit rate, while it activates at a rate that depends on its queue length, provided none of its neighbors is active. We consider arbitrary bipartite graphs in the limit as the initial queue lengths become large and identify the transition time between the two states where one half of the network is active and the other half is inactive. The transition path is decomposed into a succession of transitions on complete bipartite subgraphs. We formulate a randomized greedy algorithm that takes the graph as input and gives as output the set of transition paths the network is most likely to follow. Along each path we determine the mean transition time and its law on the scale of its mean. Depending on the activation rates, we identify three regimes of behavior.
Modeling subpopulations for hierarchically structured data
Authors: Simpson Andrew , Michael Semhar , Borchert Dylan , Saunders Christopher , Tang Larry
Published: November 2023

The field of forensic statistics offers a unique hierarchical data structure in which a population is composed of several subpopulations of sources and a sample is collected from each source. This subpopulation structure creates an additional layer of complexity. Hence, the data has a hierarchical structure in addition to the existence of underlying subpopulations. Finite mixtures are known for modeling heterogeneity; however, previous parameter estimation procedures assume that the data is generated through a simple random sampling process. We propose using a semi‐supervised mixture modeling approach to model the subpopulation structure which leverages the fact that we know the collection of samples came from the same source, yet an unknown subpopulation. A simulation study and a real data analysis based on famous glass datasets and a keystroke dynamic typing data set show that the proposed approach performs better than other approaches that have been used previously in practice.
Laser‐Ignited Lipid Peroxidation Nanoamplifiers for Strengthening Tumor Photodynamic Therapy Through Aggravating Ferroptotic Propagation and Sustainable High Immunogenicity
Authors: Ma Yunong , Zhao Xi , Tian Peilin , Xu Kexin , Luo Jiayang , Li Honghui , Yuan Mingqing , Liu Xu , Zhong Yanping , Wei Pingzhen , Song Jiaxing , Wen Liewei , Lu Cuixia
Published: November 2023

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is extensively investigated for tumor therapy in the clinic. However, the efficacy of PDT is severely limited by the tissue penetrability of light, short effective half‐life and radius of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the weak immunostimulatory effect. In this study, a glutathione (GSH)‐activatable nano‐photosensitizer is developed to load with arachidonic acid (AA) and camouflage by erythrocyte membrane, which serves as a laser‐ignited lipid peroxidation nanoamplifier (MAR). The photosensitive effect of MAR is recovered accompanied by the degradation in the tumor microenvironment and triggers the peroxidation of AA upon laser excitation. Interestingly, it aggravates the propagation of ferroptosis among cancer cells by driving the continuous lipid peroxidation chain reactions with the participation of the degradation products, ferrous ions (Fe2+), and AA. Consequently, even the deep‐seated tumor cells without illumination also undergo ferroptosis owing to the propagation of ferroptotic signal. Moreover, the residual tumor cells undergoing ferroptosis still maintain high immunogenicity after PDT, thus continuously triggering sufficient tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) release to remarkably promote the anti‐tumor immune response. Therefore, this study will provide a novel “all‐in‐one” nano‐photosensitizer that not only amplifies the damaging effect and expands the effective range of PDT but also improves the immunostimulatory effect after PDT.
Heterogeneous Structures Consisting of Rod‐like ZnO Interspersed with Ce2S3 Nanoparticles for Photo‐Sensitive Supercapacitors with Enhanced Capacitive Performance
Authors: Long Wanjiang , Li Tongling , Luo Qianqian , Li Weilong , Zhang Heng , Tan Haifeng , Ren Zhaoyu
Published: November 2023

Photosensitive supercapacitors incorporate light‐sensitive materials on capacitive electrodes, enabling solar energy conversion and storage in one device. In this study, heterogeneous structures of rod‐shaped ZnO decorated with Ce2S3 nanoparticles on nickel foam (ZnO@Ce2S3/NF) are synthesized using a two‐step hydrothermal method as photosensitive supercapacitor electrodes for capacitance enhancement under visible light. The formation of ZnO@Ce2S3 heterogeneous structures is confirmed using various structural characterization techniques. The area‐specific capacitance of the ZnO@Ce2S3/NF composite electrode increased from 1738.1 to 1844.0 mF cm−2 after illumination under a current density of 5 mA cm−2, which is 2.4 and 2.8 times higher than that of ZnO and Ce2S3 electrodes under similar conditions, respectively, indicating the remarkable light‐induced capacitance enhancement performance. The ZnO@Ce2S3/NF electrode also exhibits a higher photocurrent and photovoltage than the two single electrodes, demonstrating its excellent photosensitivity. The improved capacitance performance and photosensitivity under illumination are attributed to the well‐constructed energy‐level structure, which stimulates the flow of photogenerated electrons from the outer circuit and the involvement of photogenerated holes in the resulting surface‐controlled capacitance. In addition, the assembled ZnO@Ce2S3/NF‐based hybrid supercapacitor exhibits a great energy density of 145.0 mWh cm−2 under illumination. This study provides a novel strategy for the development of high‐performance solar energy conversion/storage devices.
Engineering Copper‐Containing Nanoparticles‐Loaded Silicene Nanosheets with Triple Enzyme Mimicry Activities and Photothermal Effect for Promoting Bacteria‐Infected Wound Healing
Authors: Zeng Junkai , Gu Changjiang , Geng Xiangwu , Wang Zhong‐Yi , Xiong Zhi‐Chao , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Chen Xiongsheng
Published: November 2023

Skin wounds accompanied by bacterial infections threaten human health, and conventional antibiotic treatments are ineffective for drug‐resistant bacterial infections and chronically infected wounds. The development of non‐antibiotic‐dependent therapeutics is highly desired but remains a challenging issue. Recently, 2D silicene nanosheets with considerable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and photothermal‐conversion performance have received increasing attention in biomedical fields. Herein, copper‐containing nanoparticles‐loaded silicene (Cu2.8O@silicene‐BSA) nanosheets with triple enzyme mimicry catalytic (peroxidase, catalase, and oxidase‐like) activities and photothermal function are rationally designed and fabricated for efficient bacterial elimination, angiogenesis promotion, and accelerated wound healing. Cu2.8O@silicene‐BSA nanosheets display excellent antibacterial activity through synergistic effects of reactive oxygen species generated from multiple catalytic reactions, intrinsic bactericidal activity of released Cu2+ ions, and photothermal effects, achieving high antibacterial efficiencies on methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of 99.1 ± 0.7% in vitro and 97.2 ± 1.6% in vivo. In addition, Cu2.8O@silicene‐BSA nanosheets exhibit high biocompatibility for promoting human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and angiogenic differentiation. In vivo experiments reveal that Cu2.8O@silicene‐BSA nanosheets with synergistic photothermal/chemodynamic therapeutics effectively accelerate MRSA‐infected wound healing by eliminating bacteria, alleviating inflammation, boosting collagen deposition, and promoting angiogenesis. This research presents a promising strategy to engineer photothermal‐assisted nanozyme catalysis for bacteria‐invaded wound healing.
Mixed Nanosphere Assemblies at a Liquid–Liquid Interface
Authors: Fink Zachary , Wu Xuefei , Kim Paul Y. , McGlasson Alex , Abdelsamie Maged , Emrick Todd , Sutter‐Fella Carolin M. , Ashby Paul D. , Helms Brett A. , Russell Thomas P.
Published: November 2023

The in‐plane packing of gold (Au), polystyrene (PS), and silica (SiO2) spherical nanoparticle (NP) mixtures at a water–oil interface is investigated in situ by UV–vis reflection spectroscopy. All NPs are functionalized with carboxylic acid such that they strongly interact with amine‐functionalized ligands dissolved in an immiscible oil phase at the fluid interface. This interaction markedly increases the binding energy of these nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs). The separation distance between the Au NPSs and Au surface coverage are measured by the maximum plasmonic wavelength (λmax) and integrated intensities as the assemblies saturate for different concentrations of non‐plasmonic (PS/SiO2) NPs. As the PS/SiO2 content increases, the time to reach intimate Au NP contact also increases, resulting from their hindered mobility. λmax changes within the first few minutes of adsorption due to weak attractive inter‐NP forces. Additionally, a sharper peak in the reflection spectrum at NP saturation reveals tighter Au NP packing for assemblies with intermediate non‐plasmonic NP content. Grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements confirm a decrease in Au NP domain size for mixtures with larger non‐plasmonic NP content. The results demonstrate a simple means to probe interfacial phase separation behavior using in situ spectroscopy as interfacial structures densify into jammed, phase‐separated NP films.