bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urethral Defects in Geldings With Hematuria and Stallions With Hemospermia
Authors: SCHUMACHER JIM , VARNER DICKSON D. , SCHMITZ DAVID G. , BLANCHARD TERRY L.
Published: February 2008

A urethral defect, presumed to communicate with the corpus spongiosum penis, caused hematuria in seven geldings and hemospermia in three stallions. Hematuria in geldings occurred at the end of urination. Hematuria was not observed in stallions with hemospermia. A linear urethral defect was identified, by endoscopic examination, on the convex surface the urethra at the level of the ischial arch of each horse. Cause of the defect was not determined. Two stallions were successfully treated for hemospermia, one by temporary subischial urethrostomy combined with sexual rest for 10 weeks, and the other by sexual rest alone for 6 months. The third stallion had hemospermia 6 weeks after urethrostomy. The geldings were successfully treated for hematuria, six by temporary subischial urethrostomy, and one by a subischial incision that extended into the corpus spongiosum penis but did not enter the lumen of the urethra. Efficacy of subischial urethrostomy for treatment of hemospermia was difficult to assess because of the small number of surgically treated stallions. In geldings, surgery eliminated hematuria, presumably by reducing vascular pressure in the corpus spongiosum penis during urination, thus allowing the urethral defect to heal.
Modification of a Nonrebreathing Circuit Adapter to Prevent Barotrauma in Anesthetized Patients
Authors: MCMURPHY R. M. , DVM D. S. HODGSON , CRIBB P. H.
Published: February 2008

Barotrauma, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum occurred in two anesthetized cats in which the waste gas outlet of a nonrebreathing circuit was occluded. To prevent any similar cases of barotrauma, we have modified our nonrebreathing circuit adapters by inserting a 15 cm H2O PEEP valve into the gas pathway of the nonrebreathing circuit adapter. This PEEP valve prevents the circuit and airway pressures from exceeding 15 cm H2O if the pop‐off valve of the nonrebreathing circuit adapter is inadvertently left closed.
Long‐Term Clinical Outcome After Partial Ligation of Single Extrahepatic Vascular Anomalies in 20 Dogs
Authors: KOMTEBEDDE J. , KOBLIK P.D. , BREZNOCK E.M. , HARB M. , GARROW L.A.
Published: February 2008

This study reports the long‐term clinical outcome after partial ligation of single extrahepatic vascular anomalies in 20 dogs. Outcome was classified as successful or complicated based on review of follow‐up evaluations that consisted of telephone contacts with owners and veterinarians (n = 20), in hospital reevaluation (n = 15), and per‐rectal portal nuclear scintigraphy (n = 12). Partial ligation was initially effective in resolving clinical signs in all 20 dogs. Long‐term outcome was completely satisfactory in 50% of the cases. The mean time interval between surgery and onset of signs, or diagnosis of complications in the 10 dogs with a complicated outcome, was approximately 3 years. Central nervous system, gastrointestinal, and complications related to the urinary tract were most common. Acquired multiple extrahepatic venous communications occurred in at least 3 of 10 dogs (30%) with a complicated outcome. Long‐term survival occurred in 13 of 20 dogs (65%) with partial ligation. The mean survival time for the seven dogs that died or were euthanatized was 3.6 years and the mean survival time for the 13 dogs still alive at the last follow‐up was 5.0 years.
Infectious Pericardial Effusion in Five Dogs
Authors: ARONSON LILLIAN R. , GREGORY CLARE R.
Published: February 2008

The medical records of five dogs diagnosed with infectious pericardial effusion were reviewed. Clinical signs included anorexia, depression, respiratory distress, abdominal distension, collapse, coughing, and vomiting. Anemia and leukocytosis were present in three dogs. Grass awn migration was confirmed as the cause of the pericardial effusion in two dogs and suspected in the other three. Surgery, followed by continuous chest drainage, and appropriate antibiotic therapy was the treatment in four dogs. Chest drains were removed within 4 days of surgery. One dog did not have chest drainage after surgery. Antibiotic treatment was continued for up to 6 months. The dogs were monitored postsurgically for a period ranging from 3 to 24 months. All dogs recovered well without apparent complications.
Comparison of Intra‐articular and Epidural Morphine for Analgesia Following Stifle Arthrotomy in Dogs
Authors: DAY THOMAS K. , PEPPER WILLIAM T. , TOBIAS TODD A. , FLYNN MICHAEL F. , CLARKE KEVIN M.
Published: February 2008

We prospectively studied 18 dogs that presented for exploratory stifle arthrotomy, with or without meniscectomy, and lateral extracapsular stabilization as a result of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Dogs were premedicated with acepromazine, induced with thiopental, and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Preoperatively, dogs were assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 (n = 6) received intra‐articular morphine (0.1 mg/kg diluted in 1 mL/10 kg body weight of saline) and epidural saline (1 mL/5 kg body weight saline plus the volume of saline representing 0.1 mg/kg of morphine). Group 2 (n = 6) received intra‐articular saline (1 mL/10 kg body weight of saline plus the volume of saline representing 0.1 mg/kg of morphine) and epidural saline (1 mL/5 kg body weight saline plus the volume of saline representing 0.1 mg/kg of morphine). Group 3 (n = 6) received intra‐articular saline (1 mL/10 kg body weight of saline plus the volume of saline representing 0.1 mg/kg of morphine) and epidural morphine (0.1 mg/kg of morphine diluted in 1 mL/5 kg body weight saline). The efficacy of each analgesia regimen was evaluated for 6 hours postoperatively with a pain score based on subjective and objective variables. Serum Cortisol and blood glucose concentrations were measured. Butorphanol was used to provide analgesia as needed based on a predetermined maximum pain score. Supplemental analgesics were required postoperatively every 2 to 3 hours for 6 hours in all dogs that did not initially receive analgesics (group 2). Pain scores were significantly lower in dogs administered morphine intra‐articularly (group 1) and epidurally (group 3) at 30 minutes and 30, 120, and 360 minutes, respectively, compared with dogs that did not initially receive analgesics (group 2). One dog in group 1 and one dog in group 3 required supplemental analgesia with butorphanol. There was no difference between analgesia produced by intra‐articular morphine compared with that of epidural morphine. Side effects after intra‐articular or epidural morphine were not observed. Intra‐articular administration of morphine can produce effective analgesia in dogs comparable with that produced by epidural administration of morphine.
A Mucosal Apposition Technique for Ureteroneocystostomy After Renal Transplantation in Cats
Authors: GREGORY CLARE R. , LIRTZMAN ROSS A. , KOCHIN EDWARD J. , ROOKS ROBERT L. , KOBAYASHI DANI L. , SESHADRI RAVI , SCOTT DEBBIE
Published: February 2008

Renal transplantation is a successful treatment for terminal renal failure in cats. However, in the initial clinical study, there was a frequent occurrence of obstruction of the implanted ureter at the bladder wall or stoma. This resulted in the use of a modified “drop‐in” technique that had proved effective in the prevention of obstruction in five normal cats. When applied to renal transplant recipients, ureteral obstruction was reduced, but continued to occur. The modified “drop‐in” technique was abandoned and replaced with a technique that apposed the cut edge of the ureteral mucosa to the torn edge of the bladder mucosa. This technique is recommended as it has prevented ureteral obstruction in six successive cases. Prevention of ureteral obstruction, and the required corrective surgery, markedly reduces patient morbidity and mortality, length of hospitalization, and expense to the client.
Controlled Cross Circulation in Dogs: Effects on Donor Hemodynamics
Authors: KUNTZ CHARLES A. , JOHNSTON SPENCER A. , JACOBSON JOHN , MARTIN ROBERT A. , MOON MARTHA , SHIRES PETER , LEE JOHN C.
Published: February 2008

Controlled cross circulation (CCC) was performed in six pairs of dogs for 45 minutes with aortic cross clamping and cardioplegia. Data were collected in donor dogs at 10 minute intervals three times before, three times during, and three times after CCC and included arterial blood pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index (CI), heart rate (HR), blood gas analysis, temperature, maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure dP/dt max/End diastolic volume (EDV), blood volume (BV), complete blood count (CBC) and activated clotting times (ACT). Pulse pressure (PP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), oxygen delivery (Do2), and left ventricular cardiac work (LVCW) were calculated. Arterial blood pressure, CVP, blood gas analysis, temperature, BV, CBC, and ACT were measured in recipient dogs. During CCC, donor hemodynamic changes resembled those observed in models of acute onset arteriovenous fistulas. Insidious BV shifts can occur despite the use of occlusive roller pumps. After CCC, donor hemodynamics resembled acute blood loss, characterized by decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), CVP, PCWP, and CI, and increases in SVR and dP/dt max/EDV. These changes were probably caused by pump imbalance and BV shift to the recipient dog.
Colonic Luminal Pressure in Horses With Strangulating and Nonstrangulating Obstruction of the Large Colon
Authors: MOORE RUSTIN M. , HANCE STEPHEN R. , HARDY JOANNE , MOORE BONNIE RUSH , EMBERTSON ROLF M. , CONSTABLE PETER D.
Published: February 2008

Colonic luminal pressure (median, range) measured during ventral midline celiotomy in 69 horses with strangulating obstruction (SO) of the large colon (SO; ≥ 270° large colon volvulus; 27 cm H2O: 2 to 80 cm H2O) was greater (P=.0023) than that measured in 37 horses with nonstrangulating obstruction (NSO) of the large colon (NSO; ≤ 180° volvulus or a nonstrangulating displacement; 18 cm H2O; 6 to 46 cm H2O). Sixty‐five percent (45 of 69) of horses with SO and all horses with NSO survived. Survival analysis was restricted to 59 horses with large‐colon SO that survived to hospital discharge or met the criteria specified for classification as nonsurvivors. Colonic luminal pressure in nonsurvivors (48.5 cm H2O; 34 to 80 cm H2O) was higher (P=.0001) than that measured in survivors (18 cm H2O; 2 to 50 cm H2O) of SO. From response operating characteristic curves, a luminal pressure of 38 cm H2O optimized the distribution of horses with SO into survivor and nonsurvivor groups. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for a colonic luminal pressure greater than 38 cm H2O in predicting nonsurvival were 0.89, 0.91, 0.72 and 0.97, respectively. Measurement of colonic luminal pressure may be useful for predicting survival in horses with colonic volvulus.
Cardiovascular Effects of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Minimum Alveolar Concentrations of Isoflurane in Experimentally Induced Hypothyroidism in Dogs
Authors: MCMURPHY R. M. , HODGSON D. S. , BRUYETTE D. S. , FINGLAND R. B.
Published: February 2008

This study was performed to determine the cardiovascular responses to isoflurane in euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs. Four healthy mixed‐breed dogs were studied prior to thyroidectomy (PRE), 6 months after thyroidectomy (HYP), and after 2 months of oral supplementation with 1‐thyroxine (SUP). Heart rate (HR), cardiac output (Q̇), stroke volume (SV), systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were determined in awake dogs and in the same dogs when end‐tidal isoflurane concentrations were 1.28%, 1.92%, and 2.56%. Ventilation was controlled in anesthetized dogs and Paco2maintained between 38 to 42 mm Hg. Isoflurane caused significant (P<.05) dose‐dependent reduction in Q̇, SV, SAP, DAP, and MAP in the PRE, HYP, and SUP dogs. Cardiac output was lower in the HYP dogs than in the PRE or SUP dogs during awake measurement. TPR was increased in the awake HYP dogs compared with the PRE or SUP dogs. During anesthesia, HYP dogs tended to have lower Q̇, SV, SAP, and MAP than the PRE or SUP groups, but the only significant reduction was SAP during 1.5 MAC. The cardiovascular responses to isoflurane in hypothyroid dogs are similar to euthyroid animals with a dose‐dependent depression in Q̇, SV, and arterial pressure.
Influence of Vaporizer Setting on Mask Induction of Dogs With Isoflurane Using an In‐circuit Vaporizer
Authors: KARAS A. Z. , COURT M. H. , DODMAN N. H.
Published: February 2008

The speed of mask induction using an in‐circuit vaporizer may be influenced by vaporizer setting. To investigate this in clinical patients, 18 dogs were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Each dog was premedicated and then mask induced with isoflurane using a Stephen's in‐circuit vaporizer set at 1/2, 3/4, or full ON. We determined inspired isoflurane and oxygen concentrations at the level of the mask, respiratory rate, resistance to mask induction, and time to intubation. No significant differences were found between groups in resistance to induction or in time to intubation. At settings of 3/4 and full ON, inspired isoflurane concentrations at time of intubation ranged from 3.3% to 8.25%, and were significantly higher than those resulting from the 1/2 setting (range 2.1% to 4.6%). We conclude that it may be preferable to avoid settings greater than 1/2 when using the Stephen's vaporizer for mask induction because of the potential adverse effects of high inspired inhalant anesthetic concentrations. In addition, use of higher vaporizer settings may not significantly speed induction.
Traumatic Flexor Tendon Injuries in 27 Cattle
Authors: ANDERSON DAVID E. , ST‐JEAN GUY , MORIN DAWN E. , DUCHARME NORM G. , NELSON DALE R. , DESROCHERS ANDRE
Published: February 2008

Information for all cattle with a diagnosis of tendon injury entered into the Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) was retrieved and selected medical records reviewed. The proportional morbidity rate for tendon disruption was 0.89 cattle/1,000 cattle admissions and 95 of 99 cattle survived. Female and dairy cattle had a greater risk of tendon disruption than male or beef cattle, respectively. Also, cattle 6 months to 7 years old had a greater risk than cattle younger than 6 months old. Complete medical records were examined for 27 cattle. Affected cattle were 2.5 ± 1.8 years old and weighed 593.6 ± 315.6 kg. Injuries were most commonly caused by accidents involving farm machinery (72%). Unilateral superficial digital flexor tendon injury occurred in 8 cattle (30%); multiple tendon injury occurred in the other 19 cattle (70%). A single limb was involved in 25 cattle, a rear limb was involved in 24 cattle, and an open wound was associated with the injury in 26 cattle. Wounds were identified most commonly at the mid (13 cattle) and proximal metatarsus (4 cattle). Treatment of tendon disruption included tenorrhaphy and casting (9 cattle), external coaptation, alone, (14 cattle), stall confinement, alone, (1 cow), and euthanasia or salvage (3 cattle). External coaptation was maintained for 74.4 ± 34.3 days, and total confinement period was 88.3 ± 59.5 days. Short‐term complications included severe tendon laxity (one cow) and fatal septic peritonitis (one bull). Twenty‐two of 24 cattle treated for tendon disruption survived. Follow‐up information was available for 16 cattle; 14 cattle (87%) returned to productivity and 11 of 15 cattle with long‐term follow‐up (73%) were considered productive. Long‐term complications included persistent lameness (56%) and persistent hyperextension of the digits (19%).
Two Cases of Pneumothorax During Mechanical Ventilation in Vietnamese Potbellied Pigs
Authors: LUKASIK VICTORIA M. , MOON PAULA F.
Published: February 2008

This case report describes pneumothorax associated with positive pressure ventilation in two Vietnamese potbellied pigs while under general anesthesia. A discussion of possible causes and barotrauma/volutrauma follows. The cause of pneumothorax in both cases was probably an interaction of intermittent positive pressure ventilation with some factor unique to these two pigs.
The Effect of Hole Diameter on the Torsional Mechanical Properties of the Equine Third Metacarpal Bone
Authors: SELTZER KRISTA L. , STOVER SUSAN M. , TAYLOR KENNETH T. , WILLITS NEIL H.
Published: February 2008

The torsional monotonic structural material properties of equine metacarpi with or without, either a 5/16 inch or 3/8 inch diameter bicortical lateromedial middiaphyseal hole were assessed to determine the effect of a hole on metacarpal strength. Torsional stiffness was not significantly effected by the presence of a bicortical hole, whereas yield and failure angles, torques and energies of metacarpi with a hole were 51% to 97% of those of intact bones. Significant differences were not apparent for yield and failure mechanical properties between metacarpi with a 5/16 inch diameter hole and metacarpi with a 3/8 inch diameter hole; however, postyield mechanical properties were lower for metacarpi with a 3/8 inch hole. Whereas some metacarpi with a 5/16 inch hole were capable of plastic deformation before failure, metacarpi with a 3/8 inch diameter hole appeared to have sufficient stress concentration to propagate complete fracture on structural yield.
Treatment of Traumatic Separation of the Auricular and Annular Cartilages Without Ablation: Results in Five Dogs
Authors: BOOTHE HARRY W. , HOBSON H. PHIL , McDONALD DARRYL E.
Published: February 2008

Five dogs were diagnosed as having unilateral separation of the otic cartilages (auricular and annular). Four dogs had sustained prior trauma (hit by a car). Clinical signs were typical of ear canal stenosis and included swelling at the base of the ear (n = 2), periotic fistulation (n = 2), head tilt toward the affected side (n = 2), and pain when opening the mouth (n = 1). Palpation revealed separation of the horizontal and vertical ear canals. Otoscopic findings included a shallow ear canal and a pseudotympanic membrane across the proximal end of the auricular cartilage. Findings at surgery confirmed the diagnosis of cartilage separation and included an exudate‐filled horizontal ear canal and a blind‐ending vertical ear canal. Surgical treatment involved isolating the distal end of the annular cartilage (horizontal ear canal), opening and evacuating the horizontal ear canal, and suturing the open end of the annular cartilage to the skin. The length of annular cartilage was variable among the dogs, although each dog had sufficient horizontal canal to appose skin to otic epithelium. The vertical ear canal was not surgically dissected or manipulated. The mean follow‐up period was 46 ± 14 months (range, 31 to 68 months). All five dogs had patent horizontal ear canals when examined at the follow‐up examination.
Total and Partial Orbitectomy for the Treatment of Periorbital Tumors in 24 Dogs and 6 Cats: A Retrospective Study
Authors: O'BRIEN M. G. , WITHROW S. J. , STRAW R. C. , POWERS B. E. , KIRPENSTEIJN J. K.
Published: February 2008

Total or partial orbitectomy were used to treat 24 dogs and six cats with invasive periorbital tumors. The surgical procedure and clinical results were evaluated in this retrospective study. The most common types of tumors treated in this series of patients were multilobular osteochondrosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Two patients died of cardiopulmonary arrest within 24 hours after surgery. One patient developed neurological signs after total orbitectomy that resolved with conservative therapy. Minor complications, which included infection, strabismus, and conjunctivitis, occurred in seven patients. Regrowth of tumor in the periorbital region occurred in 11 patients (36.7%). Tumor resection by orbitectomy provided local disease‐free interval of more than 1 year in more than 50% of patients. Survival rate for the first year was 70.4% in this series of patients as determined by life table analysis. Orbitectomy requires detailed knowledge of regional anatomy and experience with performing a combination of surgical procedures. Preoperative diagnostic tests should include imaging techniques to define the extent of the disease. When performed properly, orbitectomy is a valuable procedure that can be used to effectively treat invasive tumors of the orbit.
The Effect of Acute, Unilateral Transverse Venous Sinus Occlusion on Intracranial Pressure in Normal Dogs
Authors: PLUHAR G. ELIZABETH , BAGLEY RODNEY S. , KEEGAN ROBERT D. , BASZLER TIMOTHY V. , MOORE MICHAEL P.
Published: February 2008

Lateral rostrotentorial and caudal suboccipital approaches to the brain were performed on six beagles. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured as the two craniectomies were connected by removing the bone of the nuchal crest and occluding the transverse venous sinus. Intracranial pressure remained constant after acute occlusion of the sinus with bone wax and there was no gross evidence of brain edema. All six dogs survived the surgery and five dogs survived for a minimum of 3 months. One dog died acutely during the postoperative period. The exact cause of the cerebellar hemorrhage and infarction found at necropsy in the latter dog was not evident. Anemia occurred in three of the six dogs as a result of intraoperative hemorrhage. All dogs surviving the perioperative period had mild, transient hypermetria and conscious proprioceptive deficits, but were neurologically normal 72 hours after surgery. Results of this study indicate that acute, unilateral transverse sinus occlusion is possible without an increase in ICP. The ability to do this allows access to the rostral aspect of the ipsilateral cerebellum and brain stem.
Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema as a Post‐Anesthetic Complication Associated With Upper Airway Obstruction in a Horse
Authors: BVSC A. S. TUTE , GLEED R. D. , CREDILLE K. M. , MURPHY D. J. , DUCHARME N. G.
Published: February 2008

An 8‐year‐old Trakehner mare developed fulminant pulmonary edema following suspected upper airway obstruction 50 minutes into an otherwise unremarkable anesthetic recovery after surgery for left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle reinnervation and ventriculocordectomy. Establishing a patent airway by orotracheal reintubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful. Gross, histological, and electron microscopic postmortem examination showed severe hemorrhagic pulmonary edema. Laryngeal swelling or hemorrhage were not evident, suggesting laryngospasm or functional airway collapse associated with the underlying left laryngeal paralysis, as a cause of the upper airway obstruction. Negative pressure pulmonary edema is rarely reported in the veterinary literature as a postanesthetic complication.
Determination of Safe Depth of Pin Penetration for Repair of Distal Femoral Physeal Fractures in Immature Dogs: A Comparison of Normograde and Retrograde Pin Placement
Authors: LORINSON DRAGAN , MILLIS DARRYL L. , BRIGHT RONALD M.
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the depth that implants may be safely placed into the distal femoral epiphysis (DFE) for the repair of distal femoral physeal fractures.

Study Design—The depth of the DFE was related to the radiographic thickness of the patella in this experimental study.

Animals or Sample Population—Twenty immature canine cadavers.

Methods—Patella thicknesses were measured from lateral radiographs. Actual DFE depths were determined for pins driven in normograde fashion and for pins driven retrograde from the central depression between the metaphyseal pegs and from the cranial pegs. The association of DFE depth and patella thickness was evaluated using linear regression analysis. Using 95% confidence intervals, rules for estimating the safe depth of implant placement into the DFE were determined.

Results—DFE depth had significant correlation with patella thickness for pins placed in retrograde fashion from the central depression between the metaphyseal pegs (r2= .83) and from the cranial pegs (r2= .82) and for pins placed in normograde fashion (r2= .65).

Conclusions—Based on 95% confidence intervals, pins placed in retrograde fashion from the central depression between the metaphyseal pegs may be safely driven into the DFE a distance equal to 140% of patella thickness. Pins placed from the cranial metaphyseal pegs may be driven to a depth equal to 80% of patella thickness, and pins placed in normograde fashion may be driven to a depth equal to 30% of patella thickness.

Clinical Relevance—Measurement of patella thickness assists the surgeon in determining the approximate depth that pins may be driven into the DFE without penetrating the articular surface of the stifle joint.
Unilateral Nephrectomy in a Juvenile Llama
Authors: HOOGMOED LINDA VAN , SNYDER JACK R. , ROBERTS GREGORY , HARMON FA YE A.
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to decribe the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical management of a llama with an ectopic ureter.

Animals or Sample Population—Nine‐month‐old female llama.

Results—The diagnostic evaluation included the use of computed tomography and an excretory ureterogram to confirm and identify the location of the ectopic ureter. Surgical management involved a unilateral nephrectomy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Computed tomography is a valuable asset to diagnose the presence and terminal location of an ectopic ureter in llamas, and nephrectomy appears to be a viable procedure to resolve the subsequent urinary incontinence.
Feasibility of Implant Driven Micturition in Paraplegic Dogs
Authors: PECK JEFFREY N. , WALTER JAMES S. , MERKLEY DAVID F. , GREER MARY HELEN
Published: February 2008

Objective— This study evaluates the feasibility of using existing technology for implant driven micturition in paralyzed dogs (part I) and also examines a less invasive technique for implant driven micturition (part II).

Study Design— Part I. Sacral nerve root dimensions and bladder and urethral pressure responses to intradural and extradural sacral nerve root stimulation were measured to determine the optimal location and size for sacral nerve root electrodes. Part II. Sacral nerve roots were stimulated via wire electrodes introduced into the S2 foramina.

Animals or Sample Population— Ten dogs (five dogs in part I and five dogs in part II).

Methods— Part I. Microtip pressure transducers were used to monitor bladder and urethral pressure responses to sacral nerve root stimulation with tripolar hook electrodes. After euthanasia, sacral nerve root, and spinal canal dimensions were measured. Part II. Bipolar electrical stimulation of the sacral nerve roots was performed by introducing wire electrodes into the S2 foramina. Bladder and urethral pressures were recorded as in part I.

Results— Part I. Stimulation of S1 produced an increase in urethral, but not bladder, pressure. Stimulation of S2 or S3 produced increases in bladder pressure and decreases in urethral pressure. Intradural and extradural nerve roots were not significantly different with respect to nerve dimensions or effects on nerve stimulation. Part II. High bladder pressures were achieved, but effective voiding could not be produced, primarily because of urethral resistance.

Conclusions— Part I. Extradural implantation was determined to be the most appropriate site based on ease of dissection, nerve root dimensions, and decreased risk of iatrogenic trauma. Enough space is available to implant two to four tripolar spiral nerve cuffs. Part II. Transforaminal sacral nerve root stimulation did not effectively empty the bladder.

Clinical Relevance— Clinical trials in paraplegic dogs are necessary to evaluate the number of sacral nerve cuff electrodes necessary to produce effective bladder emptying.
The Intraosseous Blood Supply of the Canine Radius: Implications for Healing of Distal Fractures in Small Dogs
Authors: WELCH JANET A. , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J. , DEJARDIN LOIC M. , SPODNICK GARY J.
Published: February 2008

The intraosseous vascular anatomy of the radius was studied in 12 pairs of canine cadaver limbs. Six pairs of specimens were obtained from small‐breed dogs (less than 6 kg) and six pairs were obtained from large‐breed dogs (18 to 30 kg). All specimens were studied after arterial injection with India ink. Samples were fixed, frozen, then sectioned and processed using a modified Spalteholz technique. In all specimens, the intraosseous blood supply arose from the nutrient artery with its associated branches and the metaphyseal arteries. In small‐breed dogs, there was decreased vascular density at the distal diaphyseal‐metaphyseal junction compared with large‐breed dogs. The reduced vascularity corresponded to the region associated with a poor prognosis for fracture healing in small‐breed dogs. This regional association suggests that a decreased vascular supply in the distal radius may contribute to a higher frequency of delayed union and nonunion in smaller dogs.
The Effect of Surgical Approach on Femoral Stem Position in Canine Cemented Total Hip Replacement
Authors: WYLIE KIRIN B. , DEYOUNG DAVID J. , DROST WILLIAM TODD , DEYOUNG BONNIE A.
Published: February 2008

A prospective clinical study was designed to determine the effect of surgical approach on femoral stem position in canine cemented total hip replacement. Candidates for total hip replacement were randomly placed into one of two groups. In one group (n = 10), a craniolateral approach to the hip joint was made, incorporating a femoral trochanteric osteotomy. In the other group (n = 11), a craniolateral approach to the hip joint was made without performing a femoral trochanteric osteotomy. Radiographs obtained immediately after the operation were evaluated by two independent examiners for femoral stem position (neutral, varus, or valgus) and percentage of femoral canal fill, using a defined protocol. There was no statistical difference in femoral stem position between the study groups, whereas a greater percentage of canal fill was associated with the neutral femoral stem position.
The Effects of Active Peripheral Skin Warming on Perioperative Hypothermia in Dogs
Authors: CABELL L.W. , PERKOWSKI S.Z. , GREGOR T. , SMITH G.K.
Published: February 2008

Objective— This study evaluates the efficacy of three perioperative warming protocols to improve control of body temperature in anesthetized dogs.

Study Design— A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Animals or Sample Population— Thirty‐two client‐owned dogs.

Methods— We prospectively studied dogs entering the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Teaching Hospital for orthopedic or dental procedures and assigned them to one of three perianes‐thetic warming protocols. Group 1 (n = 10) had a single circulating warm water mattress applied over the trunk (single‐trunk warming). Group 2 (n = 12) had two circulating warm water mattresses, one placed over and one under the trunk (double‐trunk warming). Group 3 (n = 10) had warm circulating mattresses applied only around the feet and legs of all available limbs (peripheral warming). The warm water mattresses were prewarmed and maintained at 40°C (104°F) and applied immediately after induction of general anesthesia. All dogs had a layer of thick terry cloth toweling beneath and above the trunk. Body temperature measurements were recorded every 15 minutes for the first 2.5 hours of anesthesia.

Results— The lowest mean temperature for dogs in group 3 was 37.4 ± 0.2°C (99.5°F), compared with 36.4 ± 0.2°C (97.4°F) and 36.7 ± 0.2°C (98.0°F) in groups 1 and 2, respectively.

Conclusions— Dogs in the peripheral warming group maintained significantly higher core body temperatures than dogs in either trunk warming groups throughout the 2.5‐hour study period.

Clinical Relevance— To maintain body heat in dogs during anesthesia, it is more effective to warm the feet and legs than to warm the trunk.
Axial Pattern Flap Based on the Superficial Temporal Artery in Cats: An Experimental Study
Authors: FAHIE MARIA A. , SMITH MARK M.
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the surgical guidelines for and the survivability of an axial pattern flap based on the superficial temporal artery in cats.

Study Design— The mean survival length and mean percentage area of survival of flaps after 7 days in control and experimental groups, are assessed and compared.

Animals— Ten mature, domestic shorthair cats.

Methods— The superficial temporal artery and vein were incorporated in the flaps of the experimental group (n = 5) and were ligated in the control group (n = 5). Seven days postoperatively, the length of tissue that remained viable in each flap was determined by measurement of the length of the grossly devitalized tissue and subtracting this from total flap length.Results— Mean width and length of all flaps was 2.0 ± 7.0 cm, respectively. Mean survival length (±SD) of experimental and control flaps was 6.9 (0.2) cm and 4.4 (2.2) cm, respectively. Necrosis occurred in all control flaps, resulting in a mean percentage area of survival of 62.8 (11.7)%, compared with 98.6 (3.2)% for experimental flaps. Results were significantly different (P <.05) between the experimental and control groups.

Conclusions— A flap based on the superficial temporal artery may be a source of skin for reconstructive procedures of the maxillofacial region in cats.

Clinical Relevance— Knowledge of the anatomic landmarks and survivability of an axial pattern flap are essential considerations when planning a reconstructive technique.
Use of a Medial Bone Plate for Repair of Radius and Ulna Fractures in Dogs and Cats: A Report of 22 Cases
Authors: SARDINAS JUAN C. , MONTAVON PIERRE M.
Published: February 2008

Objective—This study evaluates the technique of medial bone plating in the repair of radius fractures in dogs and cats.

Study Design—A retrospective study was made of patients diagnosed with fractures of the radius that were stabilized by application of a bone plate to the medial side of the bone.

Animal Population—Sixteen client‐owned dogs and 4 client‐owned cats. The animals' ages varied from 5 months to 8 years, and their weight varied from 1.3 to 49 kgs.

Methods—Animals were evaluated using radiography or client assessment, or both.

Results—Medial plate application was technically easier to do than cranial plate application, the technique avoided the extensor tendons, and permitted greater versatility in the selection of smaller plates for the fixation of distal radius fractures. All fractures repaired by this method healed with no postoperative complications.

Conclusions—Medial plate application may be used for osteosynthesis of distal or middiaphy‐seal radius fractures. Further studies are needed to evaluate the use of this technique in morphologically complex fractures. In patients with fractures of the proximal radius, cranial plate application is considered more appropriate.

Clinical Relevance—Medial plating of radial fractures has significant advantages compared with conventional plate application; it provides the surgeon with an alternative method of fixation for selected radius fractures in dogs and cats.
Systemic and Local Effects Associated With Long‐Term Epidural Catheterization and Morphine‐Detomidine Administration in Horses
Authors: SYSEL ANNETTE M. , PLEASANT R. SCOTT , JACOBSON JOHN D. , MOLL H. DAVID , WARNICK LORIN D. , SPONENBERG D. PHILLIP , EYRE PETER
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the systemic and local effects associated with long‐term epidural catheterization and epidural morphine‐detomidine administration in horses.

Study Design— Development of systemic or local effects was assessed by placing caudal epidural catheters in study horses and administering injections through the catheters every 12 hours for 14 days.

Animals— Ten horses with epidural catheters that received daily injections; six uncatheterized horses presented for euthanasia.

Methods— Horses received either 0.2 mg/kg morphine sulfate and 30 μg/kg detomidine hydrochloride or an equivalent volume of physiologic saline solution through epidural catheters. Systemic effects were compared between control and treatment horses by measuring physical parameters and hay and water consumption, as well as by evaluating major organs after euthanasia. Local effects were studied by examining cerebrospinal fluid and by grading representative samples of the spinal cord and surrounding tissues histologically for inflammation and fibrosis. Local effects were compared between control and treatment horses, as well as between catheter‐ized (control plus treatment) horses and uncatheterized horses.

Results— No significant difference was identified in daily variables or hay and water consumption between control and treatment horses. No growth was obtained from cerebrospinal fluid cultures. No significant difference in cerebrospinal fluid values or spinal tissue inflammation or fibrosis grades was shown between control and treatment horses. However, when compared with uncatheterized horses, cerebrospinal fluid red blood cell values were marginally higher and protein concentrations were significantly higher in the catheterized group. Lumbosacral and sacral spinal tissue segment inflammation grades, and sacral segment fibrosis grades were significantly higher in catheterized horses.

Conclusions— Long‐term epidural administration of a morphine‐detomidine combination is not associated with apparent adverse systemic effects in horses. Localized inflammation and fibrosis seem to be catheter‐related.

Clinical Relevance— Potential systemic and local effects are important considerations with long‐term administration of a morphine‐detomidine combination through indwelling epidural catheters for alleviation of chronic musculoskeletal pain in horses.
Role of Endothelium and Nitric Oxide in the Response of Equine Colonic Arterial Rings to Vasoconstrictor Agents
Authors: VENUGOPALAN CHANGARAM S. , MOORE RUSTIN M. , HOLMES EARNESTINE P. , SEDRISH STEVEN A.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐To determine the in vitro contractile responses of equine colonic arteries to angiotensin II, histamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, prostaglandin F2α, vasopressin, and a thromboxane‐B2‐analogue.

Study Design‐The tension generated in colonic arterial rings placed in organ baths with oxygenated Tyrode's solution at 37°C after exposure to the previously mentioned chemical agents was measured using force‐transducers interfaced with a polygraph.

Sample Population‐Large colon arterial rings collected from eight horses.

Methods‐The rings were allowed to equilibrate for 45 minutes after applying 2 g tension. Bath solution was replaced and tension reapplied at 15‐minute intervals. Cumulative‐concentration‐responses were determined for concentrations ranging from 10‐8M to 10‐4M on three vessel groups namely endothelium intact, endothelium denuded, and L‐NAME treated. The maximal response for each vessel was considered as 100%; responses to lower concentrations were calculated as a percentage of the maximum. The EC50value was determined for each concentration‐response relationship of each agent.

Results‐Vessels with denuded endothelium or those incubated with L‐NAME had greater contractile responses. Angiotensin, histamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine produced greater maximal responses than the other agents. Endothelium denuded rings had lower EC50values. Responses to norepinephrine and serotonin were affected less by denudation.

Conclusion‐Endothelium plays an important role in modulating responses of colonic arterial rings to contractile agents. Endothelium‐derived vasodilators, other than nitric oxide, may modulate contractile responses of equine colonic arteries.

Clinical Relevance‐Endothelial damage associated with colonic vovulus may be a major factor for sustained reduced perfusion after surgical correction.
Results of Screw/Wire/Polymethylmethacrylate Composite Fixation for Acetabular Fracture Repair in 14 Dogs
Authors: LEWIS DANIEL D. , STUBBS W. PRESTON , NEUWIRTH LISA , BERTRAND SCOTT G. , PARKER ROBERT B. , STALLINGS JEFFREY T. , MURPHY SCOTT T.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐ To assess the clinical results in dogs with acetabular fractures stabilized using a screw‐wire‐polymethylmethacrylate (SWP) composite fixation.

Study Design‐ A retrospective study of client‐owned dogs with acetabular fractures.

Animals‐ Fourteen dogs ranging in age from 4 to 95 months (mean, 34 ±25 months; median, 25 months) and body weight from 8 to 39 kg (mean, 25 ±6 kg; median, 27 kg).

Methods‐ Medical records and radiographs were retrospectively evaluated to determine location of the fracture, presence of preexisting degenerative joint disease, accuracy of fracture reduction and complications associated with surgery. Long‐term results were evaluated by subjective assessment of lameness, elicitation of pain and/or crepitus on manipulation of the coxofemoral joint, measurements of pelvic limb circumference, coxofemoral joint goniometric measurements, and radiographic evaluation.

Results‐ Fracture reduction was considered anatomic in 13 dogs. At the time of the last follow‐up evaluation (mean, 347 ±261 days; median, 380 days) 10 dogs were sound on the affected limb, three dogs had a subtle weight‐bearing lameness of the affected limb, and the remaining dog had a consistent non‐weight‐bearing lameness of the affected limb. Mild (n = 10) or moderate (n = 1) degenerative changes of the affected coxofemoral joint attributed to the acetabular fracture and its repair were noted on the follow‐up radiographs in 11 dogs. Limb circumference of the affected limb ranged from ‐8.2% to +10.8% (mean, ‐0.8 ±4.2%; median, ‐0.7%) of the contralateral limb.

Conclusions‐ The SWP composite fixation consistently maintained anatomic reduction, was associated with few complications, and yielded satisfactory clinical results.

Clinical Relevance‐ The SWP composite fixation technique would seem to be an acceptable means of stabilizing acetabular fractures in dogs.
Evaluation of Percutaneous Gastrostomy as a Technique for Permanent Gastropexy
Authors: WASCHAK MICHELLE J. , PAYNE JOHN T. , POPE ERIC R. , JONES BRENT D. , WAGNER‐MANN COLETTE C.
Published: February 2008

Objective‐This study was designed to evaluate right‐sided percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) as a method for creation of a permanent gastropexy.

Study Design‐Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy adhesions were evaluated by gross examination and by mechanical testing and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional incisional gastropexy.

Animals or Sample Population‐Fourteen mixed‐breed dogs.

Methods‐Incisional gastropexies were performed on the dogs of group one (N = 7) and PEG tubes were placed in the dogs of group 2 (N = 7). All skin sutures (group 1) and PEG tubes (group 2) were removed on day 14. The animals were maintained for an additional 44 days before euthanasia and immediate necropsy. Gastropexy adhesions were evaluated and collected for biomechanical evaluation using a materials testing machine.

Results‐The duration of the procedure for group 2 was less (32.86 min ±7.65) than for group 1 (56.29 min ±8.28). The number of complications was not significantly different between group 1 and group 2 (P=.103). Gastroperitoneal adhesions were present in 7 of 7 dogs in group 1 and 4 of 7 dogs in group 2. The adhesion lengths and widths were significantly larger in dogs in group 1 compared with those in group 2. The adhesions present in group 1 dogs sustained significantly greater tensile loads to failure (61.98 ±14.65 N), compared with the adhesions present in group 2 dogs (22.31 ±26.87 N).

Conclusions‐Right‐sided PEG inconsistently formed a weak gastropexy and the procedure was associated with a trend toward greater morbidity than incisional gastropexy.

Clinical Relevance‐Right‐sided PEG is not recommended as a means of prophylactic gastropexy.
Application of Ventral Pins and Polymethylmethacrylate for the Management of Atlantoaxial Instability: Results in Nine Dogs
Authors: SCHULZ KURT S. , WALDRON DON R. , FAHIE MARIA
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this report was to determine the efficacy of the application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate for the management of congenital and traumatic atlantoaxial instability (AAI) in dogs.

Study Design— Medical records and radiographs of nine dogs with AAI were reviewed for neurological deficits, clinical diagnosis, surgical technique, and long‐term outcome.

Sample Population— Six toy breed dogs with congenital AAI and three medium or large breed dogs with traumatic AAI were identified for inclusion in the study.

Methods— The atlantoaxial joints of nine dogs with AAI were surgically stabilized using ventral application of pins and polymethylmethacrylate. Follow‐up evaluation for resolution of clinical signs and possible complications of surgery was performed in all dogs. The median follow‐up time for surviving dogs (8) was 11.5 months with a mean of 13 months.

Results— An excellent outcome was identified in five patients. Three dogs had a good outcome and one dog died of respiratory complications. Cervical pain was eliminated or significantly reduced in all dogs that survived and none of the dogs had major residual neurological deficits.

Conclusions— Arthrodesis could not be confirmed on follow‐up radiographs due to the presence of the polymethylmethacrylate; however, adequate stabilization of C1‐C2 appears to have been achieved based on the resolution of clinical signs.

Clinical Relevance— Application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate is an effective means of surgical treatment for congenital and traumatic AAI.
Anesthetic Potency of Desflurane in the Horse: Determination of the Minimum Alveolar Concentration
Authors: TENDILLO F.J. , MASCÍAS A. , SANTOS M. , LÓPEZ‐SANROMÁN J. , ROSSI R. De , ROMÁN F. SAN , de SEGURA LA. GÓMEZ
Published: February 2008

Objective— To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane (DES) in the horse.

Study Design— Prospective study.

Animals— Six healthy adult horses (three males and three females) weighing 370 ±16 kg and aged 9 ±2 years old.

Methods— Anesthesia was induced with DES vaporized in oxygen via a face mask connected to a large‐animal, semiclosed anesthetic circle system. The horses were endotracheally intubated and positioned in right lateral recumbency. Inspired and end‐tidal DES were monitored using a calibrated Ohmeda RGM 5250 multigas analyzer (Ohmeda‐BOC, Spain). The MAC of desflurane that prevented gross purposeful movement in response to 60 seconds of noxious electrical stimulation of oral mucous membranes was determined.

Results— The time from the start of DES administration to lateral recumbency was 6.1 ±0.9 min. The MAC of DES in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. Time required for the animal to regain sternal recumbency after 98 ±4 minutes of anesthesia was 6.6 ±0.5 minutes and the time to standing was 14.3 ±2.7 minutes.

Conclusions— The MAC of desflurane in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. DES provided a rapid induction to, and recovery from, anesthesia.

Clinical Relevance— Desflurane offers the potential for more precise control during anesthesia, and may allow a faster and uneventful recovery. It is important to know the MAC of an inhalant to use it clinically.