bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current applications of artificial intelligence for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: a systematic review
Authors: Liu Siyin , Kandakji Lynn , Stupnicki Aleksander , Sumodhee Dayyanah , Leucci Marcello , Hau Scott , Balal Shafi , Okonkwo Arthur , Moghul Ismail , Allan Bruce , Gore Dan , Muthusamy Kirithika , Hardcastle Alison , Davidson Alice E , Liskova Petra , Pontikos Nikolas
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) is a common, age-related cause of visual impairment. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from the literature on Artificial Intelligence (AI) models developed for the diagnosis and management of FECD.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 1, 2000, to June 31, 2024. Full-text studies utilizing AI for various clinical contexts of FECD management were included. Data extraction covered model development, predicted outcomes, validation, and model performance metrics. We graded included studies using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracies Studies 2 tool. This review adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations.

Results

Nineteen studies were analyzed. Primary AI algorithms applied in FECD diagnosis and management included neural network architectures specialized for computer vision, utilized on confocal or specular microscopy images, or anterior segment optical coherence tomography images. AI was employed in diverse clinical contexts, such as assessing corneal endothelium and edema, and predicting post-corneal transplantation graft detachment and survival. Despite many studies reporting promising model performance, a notable limitation was that only 3 studies performed external validation. Bias introduced by patient selection processes and experimental designs was evident in the included studies.

Conclusions

Despite the potential of AI algorithms to enhance FECD diagnosis and prognostication, further work is required to evaluate their real-world applicability and clinical utility.

Translational Relevance

This review offers critical insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, aiding their understanding of existing AI research in FECD management and guiding future health service strategies.
Neuromorphic Imaging Cytometry on Human Blood Cells
Authors: Zhang Ziyao , Yang Haoxiang , Li Jiayin , Chong Shin Wei , Eshraghian Jason K. , Yong Ken-Tye , Vigolo Daniele , McGuire Helen M. , Kavehei Omid
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Image-enhanced cytometry and sorting are powerful technologies that provide single-cell resolution and, where possible, cell actuation based on spatial and fluorescence characterisation. With the emergence of deep learning (DL), numerous cytometry-related works incorporate DL to assist their research in handling data-intensive and repetitive workloads. The rich spatial information provided by single-cell images has exceptional use with DL models to classify cells, detect rare cell events, disclose irregularity and achieve higher sample purity than a conventional feature-gating strategy. One of the significant challenges in these image-enable technologies is the constrained throughput owing to the data-expensive image acquisition and balancing between speed and resolution. This work introduces a novel paradigm by adopting a bio-inspired neuromorphic photosensor to capture fast-moving cell events. It facilitates a data-efficient, fluorescence-sensitive, fast inference approach to establish a foundation for neuromorphic-enabled cytometry/sorting applications. We have also curated the first neuromorphic-encoded cell dataset, including human blood cells (red blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, thrombocytes), endothelial cells and polystyrene-based microparticles. To evaluate the data quality and potential of DL-based gating, we have directly trained a hybrid classification model based on this dataset, accomplishing a promising performance of 97% accuracy and F1 score with a significant reduction in memory usage and power consumption. Combining neuromorphic imaging and DL holds substantial potential to develop into a next-generation AI-assisted cytometry and sorting application.
Fast marching to branching morphologies
Authors: Kriuchechnikova Anna , Levdik Tatiana , Brazhe Alexey
Published: November 2024

Many living systems self-organize into tree-like hierarchical branching patterns. How the function of these systems is shaped by their morphology, and whether it reflects optimization of any resource or cost draws a sustained interest. Applications in computational biology and biomimetics require tools to generate branching morphologies across a wide range of feature space. Here we propose a simple framework to build branching structures as converging gradient-descent paths in travel-time maps, computed with fast-marching algorithm over a stochastic speed field, with a structure- dependent feedback on local speed and path targets. We demonstrate the effects of speed field profile, feedback properties and seed density and sampling order on the resulting morphologies and their transport properties. The main utility of the framework is in its simplicity and the ability to generate realistic standalone structures in 2D in 3D, as well as tiling networks resembling astrocyte syncytium in the brain.
Connectivity Map and perturbation-based sensitivity analysis identifies MEK inhibitors as senolytics in human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Nayeri Rad Amirhossein , Sperger Simon , Marsh Leigh M. , Hoetzenecker Konrad , Lämmermann Ingo , Grillari Johannes
Published: November 2024

Recently, the elimination of the disease-associated accumulation of senescent cells using senolytics has been shown to exert health benefits in animal studies. However, due to the heterogeneity of cell senescence and its unrecognized master regulators, drug development faces a complexity that must be handled. Bioinformatic elucidation of genes and pathways involved in senolysis and prediction of senolytic activity of compounds can cut costs and facilitate faster achievements in the field. In the present investigation, after obtaining the consensus gene signature of senescent fibroblasts of lung origin and deriving its anti-apoptotic module, we utilized Connectivity Map (CMap) alongside small molecule and genetic perturbation sensitivity data in cancer cell lines to identify drugs and genetic interventions that might induce apoptosis or sensitize senescent cells to apoptosis. Through bioinformatic evaluations, we speculate that activation of early stages of autophagy which contributes to the formation of autophagosomes, concurrent with the activation of waste protein concealment system by the mean of p62 and chaperoning system alongside an increase in JUNB gene expression can secure the survival of the senescent cells even when homeostasis of different cellular processes is disrupted. Moreover, our bioinformatic evaluation proposed selumetinib, a MEK inhibitor, as a senolytic against senescent lung fibroblasts. The senolytic activity of a variety of MEK inhibitors in senescent lung fibroblasts was confirmed using human lung fibroblasts in vitro.
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OFEdwardsiella tardaFROM FARMED FISH IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, KWARA STATE NIGERIA
Authors: Olabisi F.O. , Adeshina I.
Published: November 2024

This study determined the susceptibility profile and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ofEdwardsiella tardaobtained from farmed fish in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. 30 isolates were obtained from 30 catfish samples from the major fish market in Ilorin Metropolis. It was observed that the Isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (100%), ampicillin (100%), cefotaxime (100%) and ciprofloxacin (97%).Edwardsiella tardaisolates were entirely susceptible to Gentamycin (100%) while also showing varying levels of susceptibility to Enfloxacin (77%), Norfloxacin (67%), Sulphamethoxazole (50%), Composulphonamides (23%) and Chloramphenicol (10%). The isolates showed an intermediate range of susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (90%), Composulphonamides (77%), Sulphamethoxazole (50%) and Ciprofloxacin (3%). Analysis of the MAR index of isolates revealed that 97% of the isolates had a MAR index of 0.4, with only 3% of the isolates showing a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.3, which is an indication that farmed fishes in the Ilorin metropolis had a high risk of exposure to antibiotics.
Wnt activation in mature dermal adipocytes leads to lipodystrophy and skin fibrosis via ATGL-dependent lipolysis
Authors: Ma Qiannan , Segal Ella X. , Reynolds Claire , Madhavan Suneeti R. , Wyetzner Rachel H. , Gregory Megan , Atit Radhika P.
Published: November 2024

Objective

Accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and dermal adipocyte lipodystrophy occurs during skin fibrosis, which compromises the skin’s flexibility and function. We recently showed that sustained Wnt activation in dermal progenitor cells leads to fibrotic ECM thickening in the dermis and lipodystrophy of dermal white adipose tissue (DWAT). The aim of this study was to test if Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mature dermal adipocytes directly leads to lipodystrophy and impact skin fibrosis.

Methods

We developed a genetically lineage traceable, DWAT specific, inducible and reversible mouse model of Wnt activation (Adipo-β-catistab) in the dorsal skin. We analyzed the DWAT lipid droplet size, cell identity, and affect on ECM accumulation and remodeling in skin fibrosis. Adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is the key rate limiting enzyme of the lipolysis pathway, which is a biological process of breaking down triglyceride stores in adipocytes. TheAtglgene was conditionally deleted in mature dermal adipocytes to test the requirement of the lipolysis pathway in the Wnt-induced lipodystrophy (Adipo-β-catistab;Atglfl/fl).

Results

Here, we utilize mouse genetic models with lineage tracing to show that Wnt activation in mature dermal adipocytes is sufficient to induce adipocyte lipodystrophy and fibrotic collagen remodeling. Upon withdrawal of adipocyte-restricted Wnt activation, lipodystrophy and fibrosis were reversed. Mechanistically, we find that Wnt activation stimulates Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL)-mediated lipolysis pathway. We foundAtglin dermal adipocytes is functionally required for Wnt-induced lipodystrophy in the DWAT and fibrotic remodeling.

Conclusion

Collectively, this study demonstrates that Wnt activation in dermal adipocytes promotes lipolysis and may be a novel therapeutic avenue for preventing and reversing lipodystrophy and skin fibrosis.
AI-Powered cellular morphometric biomarkers discovered in needle biopsy of prostatic cancer predict neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy response and prognosis: an international multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Yan Hong , Mao April W. , Li Dan , Pérez-Baena Manuel Jesús , Jiménez-Navas Alejandro , Wang Dawei , Hong Ryan , Cai Weidong , Pérez-Losada Jesus , Jen Kuang-Yu , Wang Sen , Peng Shan , Barcellos-Hoff Mary Helen , Mao Jian-Hua , Fu Yao , Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Gulati Shuchi , Chang Hang
Published: November 2024

It is imperative to identify patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who will benefit from androgen receptor signaling inhibitors that can impact quality of life upon prolonged use. Using our extensively-validated artificial-intelligence technique: cellular morphometric biomarker via machine learning (CMB-ML), we identified 13 CMBs from whole slide images of needle biopsies from the trial specimens (NCT02430480, n=37) that accurately predicted response to neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (NADT) (AUC: 0.980). Notably, 13-CMB model stratified PCa patients into responder and non-responder groups after NADT treatment in an independent hospital cohort (n=122) that significantly associated with pathologic complete response (p=0.0005), biochemical-recurrence-free survival (p=0.024) and mTOR signaling pathway (p=0.03), suggesting potentially more clinical benefit from mTOR inhibitors in non-responder group. Additionally, genetic and genomic analysis revealed interplay between genetic variants and CMBs on NADT resistance, and provided molecular annotations for CMBs. Overall, prospective clinical implementation of 13-CMB model could assist precision care of PCa patients.

Significance

We describe a highly accurate CMB model to predict the therapeutic benefit in prostate cancer patients and uncover the complex interplay between genetic variants and CMBs on NADT resistance. Our model relies only on widely available needle biopsy specimens and provides a robust and cost-effective solution for clinical implementation.
Heterogeneity of NOTCH3 activation mechanisms uncovers therapeutic potential for targeted therapies for CADASIL
Authors: Hosseini-Alghaderi Samira , Baron Martin
Published: November 2024

NOTCH3 is a developmental signalling receptor that regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, maintenance and phenotypic plasticity. Its misregulation is linked to both age-associated and inherited forms of small vessel disease and vascular dementia. CADASIL is a dominantly inherited condition, linked to recurrent stroke and vascular dementia, which is caused by mutations in NOTCH3. The mutations result in the accumulation of the extracellular domain (ECD) of NOTCH3 which has a toxic gain of function effect. Misregulated signalling may also play a role. ECD detachment is an obligatory step in NOTCH3 activation, but the mechanisms of CADASIL mutant NOTCH3 activation are not understood. Some CADASIL mutants affect ligand-induced activation and so ligand interactions are not a common underlying requirement for disease progression. Here we show that both wild type and CADASIL mutant NOTCH3 proteins are endocytosed as a full-length protein and then undergo dissociation and independent trafficking of the ECD and ICD in the endosome. We further show heterogeneity of activation mechanisms between different CADASIL mutants defined by dependency or not on metalloproteases. Understanding the variety of mechanisms by which NOTCH3 signalling and ECD shedding occur will inform new targeted approaches to treatments of small vessel disease. Tuning NOTCH3 activity through modulation of the endocytic pathway may offer better tolerated approaches than direct targeting of NOTCH3 signalling, important when considering the balance of risk and benefit for treating long term, chronic, progressive diseases, like vascular dementia.
Morphodynamics of tip growing cells
Authors: Jones Gareth Wyn , Campás Otger , Mahadevan L.
Published: November 2024

Pollen tubes, root hairs and fungal hyphae elongate by adding material at their tips. The region in the immediate vicinity of the tip is dynamically pliable and allows for the addition of new wall material even as it flows in response to the turgor that drives it. Any imbalance between the rate of material addition and its consequent flow will cause a tip growing cell to either burst because its wall thins or stop growing because its wall thickens. We use an experimentally-inspired feedback law that couples vesicle exocytosis to wall mechanics via the local strain rate to construct a minimal theory for the dynamics of tip growing cells. Our theory characterizes the parameter regime where stable steady tip growth is possible in terms of two dimensionless parameters: a scaled turgor pressure, and a ratio of length scales describing gradients of wall extensibility and vesicle composition near the tip. Our analysis also explains the experimentally observed shape response of tip growing cells observed when external turgor is dynamically varied. All together our formalism provides a general framework for the coupled dynamics of internal vesicular transport and wall mechanics in tip-growing cells.
Quiescent Infections ofElephant Endotheliotropic HerpesvirusesandElephant GammaherpesvirusesDetected in African Elephants in Botswana, Gabon, Kenya, South Africa and USA
Authors: Pearson Virginia Riddle , Hayward Gary S.
Published: November 2024

In this study, initiated in 2009, quiescent infections ofAfrican Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses (EEHVs)EEHV2, EEHV3A, EEHV3B, EEHV6, EEHV7AandEEHV7B, that can cause lethalElephant Hemorrhagic Disease(EHD)andAfrican Elephant Gammaherpesviruses (EGHVs) EGHV1B, EGHV2, EGHV3B, EGHV4BandEGHV5B, that are not associated with severe morbidity, were detected in African elephants,Loxodonta africanaandLoxodonta cyclotis, in Africa and USA. We genetically evaluated trunk fibropapillomas (nodules), saliva, blood and tissues collected from 43 wildLoxodonta africana(African savannah elephants) in Botswana, Kenya and South Africa; saliva received from 25 wildLoxodonta cyclotis(African forest elephant) in Gabon; and saliva collected over a seven year period from 7 wild-bornLoxodonta africana(6 from Uganda and 1 from Zimbabwe) residing in Six Flags Safari Park in Jackson, NJ, USA, and saliva, blood and tissues collected from an additional 200Loxodonta africanaand 100Elephas maximus(Asian elephant) in USA. DNA was extracted and amplified by conventional PCR (cPCR) using three-round nested primer sets targeting manyAfrican Elephant EEHVsgenes loci and primers designed specifically to recognizeAfrican Elephant EGHVsspecies. Sanger sequencing yielded unambiguous positive genetic matches to knownAfrican Elephant EEHV2, EEHV3A, EEHV6,EEHV7A, EGHV1B, EGHV2, EGHV3B, EGHV4B, EGHV5Band discovered novel species includingEEHV3B, rare subtypesEEHV3C to EEHV3HandEEHV7B, and the prototypeAfrican Elephant EGHV1B. Our extensive library of elephant viral sequences and genomic DNA samples are invaluable assets for development of vaccines againstEHDand for conserving genomic diversity in dwindling herds in situ and isolated herds in preserves and zoos worldwide.
Chromosome engineering to restore euploidy in cells harboring a complex rearrangement of chromosome 8
Authors: Lee Sophia N. , Qiao Lu , Thompson Sarah L. , Hagenson Ryan A. , Davoli Teresa , Sheltzer Jason M.
Published: November 2024

Chromosomal rearrangements on the short arm of chromosome 8 cause 8p syndrome, a rare developmental disorder characterized by neurodevelopmental delays, epilepsy, and cardiac abnormalities. While significant progress has been made in managing the symptoms of 8p syndrome and other conditions caused by large-scale chromosomal aneuploidies, no therapeutic approach has yet been demonstrated to target the underlying disease-causing chromosome. Here, we establish a two-step approach to eliminate the abnormal copy of chromosome 8 and restore euploidy in cells derived from an individual with a complex rearrangement of chromosome 8p. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 361 differentially expressed genes between the proband and the euploid revertant, highlighting genes both within and outside the 8p region that may contribute to 8p syndrome pathology. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of using chromosome engineering to correct complex aneuploidies in vitro and suggests a potential therapeutic avenue for disorders caused by chromosomal rearrangements.
Time affects a time-consuming, flexible component and a fast, inflexible component of sensorimotor adaptation
Authors: Leow Li-Ann , Marinovic Welber , Albert Scott , Carroll Timothy J
Published: November 2024

Prior learning can impair future learning when the requirements of the two memories conflict, a phenomenon termed anterograde interference. In sensorimotor adaptation, the passage of time between initial and future learning can reduce such interference effects. However, we still do not fully understand how time affects learning, as some studies found no effects of time on interference. One possible explanation for such inconclusive findings is that time affects distinct processes underpinning sensorimotor adaptation differently, and these processes may compensate for each other’s effects on behaviour. Here, we used task manipulations that (1) dissociate adaptation processes driven by task errors from adaptation processes driven by sensory prediction errors, and (2) separate the task-error driven adaptation processes into a flexible component that could not be acquired under time-pressure, or a less-flexible component that could not be acquired under time-pressure. The time between initial and subsequent learning seemed to alter both the flexible and inflexible components of adaptation driven by task errors. Time also led to a small reduction of interference arising from sensory prediction errors. Thus, we provide evidence that multiple components of sensorimotor adaptation are sensitive to the passage of time.
Glutamate receptor-dependent cytosolic acidification in hippocampal neurons involves passive flux of protons from the extracellular space
Authors: Pedersen Sofie E. , Konomi-Pilkati Ainoa , Hansen Nikolaj W. , Kvist Trine , Posselt Leonie P. , Andreassen Thorvald F. , Sørensen Andreas T. , Perrier Jean François , Madsen Kenneth L.
Published: November 2024

Glutamate receptor-dependent cytosolic acidification can be induced in hippocampal neurons by pharmacological or seizure-like stimulation. This acidification is thought to arise from Ca2+and metabolism-related processes, however, the exact underlying mechanism as well as its functional role remains uncertain. To reassess the mechanism of cytosolic acidification in excitatory hippocampal neurons and address the physiological relevance of the phenomenon, we combined pH/Ca2+biosensors to study activity-induced pH dynamics in hippocampal neurons. First, we addressed cytosolic acidification in relation to LTP at hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses. Using hippocampal slices from adult rats of both sexes, we show that LTP-inducing stimulation at the Schaffer collaterals evokes transient cytosolic acidification in hippocampal CA1 neurons. This highlights neuronal pH shifts as a trait of general hippocampal neurotransmission rather than a marker of excitotoxicity, possibly serving as a secondary messenger. Moreover, using dissociated hippocampal neurons from rat embryos, we show that glutamate receptor agonists typically induce larger cytosolic acid shifts compared to simple depolarization or spontaneous activity, suggesting that glutamate receptor-mediated acidification involves several separate mechanisms; pyruvate-dependent dampening of neuronal acidification may reflect a direct inhibition of NMDA receptors rather than reduced glycolytic activity, questioning the previously reported involvement of metabolism in cytosolic acidification; and whereas acid shifts induced by simple depolarization show exclusive dependence on cytosolic Ca2+, AMPA-induced acidification depends both on cytosolic Ca2+andon an inward electrochemical driving force for protons. These results suggest that glutamate receptor-induced cytosolic acidification relies both on cytosolic Ca2+and on a passive proton influx, possibly mediated by the receptor itself.

Graphical abstract

Significance statement

Although several studies report that hippocampal pyramidal neurons show significant cytosolic acidification in response to activation by drugs, epilepsy and stroke, the molecular mechanism and functional impact of the phenomenon remains uncertain. Using live imaging of both Ca and H dynamics, we demonstrate that the induction of LTP at hippocampal synapses is associated with cytosolic acidification in the postsynaptic neurons, suggesting that the cytosolic acid shifts may be a general trait of neurotransmission and related plasticity. We further revisit the mechanistic relation between the two ion systems. Our results suggest that glutamate receptor-induced cytosolic acidification involves two distinct mechanisms, one related to cytosolic Ca and another involving a passive H influx, possibly mediated by the receptor itself.
A Protocol for Adapting a Mindfulness-Based Intervention with Contingency Management to Reduce Alcohol Misuse Among Latine Emerging Adults
Authors: Hospital Michelle M , Alessi Sheila , Contreras Perez Maria Eugenia , Langwerden Robbert , Perez Katherine R , Quintana Jordan , Morris Staci Leon , Castellanos Gus , Fernandez Sofia B , Wagner Eric F
Published: November 2024

Emerging adulthood (ages 18-25 years old) is a critical period for the onset of problematic drinking, especially within underserved populations, such as Latine emerging adults. This protocol outlines the adaptation of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention (MBI) incorporating Contingency Management (CM) to address alcohol misuse in Latine young adults, a demographic with limited treatment access and increased vulnerability to substance use disorders. Grounded in Community-Engaged Research (CEnR) principles, this study employs a structured formative development approach to culturally and developmentally adapt a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program. The intervention is designed to enhance emotional regulation and reduce alcohol misuse, supported by CM strategies to boost participant retention. This study’s objectives include assessing the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of the adapted MBI among non-treatment-seeking Latine emerging adults engaging in heavy episodic drinking. If successful, this protocol will provide a culturally resonant, non-traditional intervention model to mitigate alcohol misuse within this high-need population and inform future preventive efforts.
Ultrahigh-contrast plasmonic mode conversion in coupled graphene waveguides by manipulating the graphene chemical potential and the gyration
Authors: Kim Kum-Dong , Im Song-Jin , Song Kil-Song , Pae Ji-Song , Ri Chol-Song , Ho Kum-Song , Han Yong-Ha
Published: November 2024

We investigate ultrahigh-contrast plasmonic mode conversion in a coupled graphene waveguide structure with manipulated gyration and graphene chemical potential by using both analytic theory and numeric simulations. The ultrahigh contrast is supported by a magnetic resonance at the expense of high sensitivity on the design and material parameters and the operation frequency. The analytical study reveals that the ultrahigh contrast mode conversion can be preserved by adjusting the gyration and the chemical potential in the deviation of structural and material parameter values due to imperfect fabrication and harsh environment and for tuning its operation frequency over a broadband frequency range. We derive explicit analytical results for the resonance gyration and chemical potential that answer to those questions how to manipulate the gyration and the chemical potential according to the design and material parameters and the operation frequency. Numerical simulations demonstrate the robust and broadband tunable plasmonic mode conversion preserves the contrast higher than 103 (99.9%) for different design and material parameter values over a one-octave-spanning broadband frequency range. In practice, the chemical potential and the gyration can be manipulated by controlling the gate voltage of the graphene and the external magnetic field, respectively. Our findings can be of great importance in the design of high-integration nanophotonic circuits and for probing of ultrafast magnetization dynamics.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Bosonic multi-Higgs correlations beyond leading order
Authors: Anisha  , Domenech Daniel , Englert Christoph , Herrero Maria J. , Morales Roberto A.
Published: November 2024

The production of multiple Higgs bosons at the LHC and beyond is a strong test of the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking. Taking inspiration from recent experimental efforts to move toward limits on triple-Higgs production at the Large Hadron Collider, we consider generic bosonic deviations of HH and HHH production from the Standard Model in the guise of Higgs effective field theory (HEFT). Including one-loop radiative corrections within the HEFT and going up to O(p4) in the momentum expansion, we provide a detailed motivation of the parameter range that the LHC (and future hadron colliders) can explore, through accessing nonstandard coupling modifications and momentum dependencies that probe Higgs boson nonlinearities. In particular, we find that radiative corrections can enhance the sensitivity to Higgs self-coupling modifiers and HEFT-specific momentum dependencies can vastly increase triple-Higgs production, thus providing further motivation to consider these processes during the LHC’s high-luminosity phase.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Direct detection of light dark matter charged under a
Lμ−Lτ
symmetry
Authors: Figueroa Pablo , Herrera Gonzalo , Ochoa Fredy
Published: November 2024

A possible extension of the Standard Model able to explain the recent measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon consists in adding a gauged U(1)Lμ−Lτ symmetry. If the dark matter particle is charged under this symmetry, then the kinetic mixing between the new gauge boson and the photon induces dark matter-electron interactions. We derive direct detection constraints on light dark matter charged under a U(1)Lμ−Lτ symmetry with electron recoil experiments and explore prospects with XLZD and OSCURA to close in the parameter space able to explain simultaneously the recent measurement on the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon and the observed relic density of dark matter. We further discuss the spin-dependent scattering contribution arising in this model, which was ignored previously in the literature.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Exploring optimal sensitivity of lepton flavor violating effective couplings at the
e+e−
colliders
Authors: Jahedi Sahabub , Sarkar Abhik
Published: November 2024

We analyze lepton flavor violation (LFV) using the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) framework at the future lepton colliders. Our focus is on the associated production of tau lepton with electron/muon at the electron-positron (e+e−) colliders, related to four-Fermi SMEFT effective operators. In accordance with the upper limits on effective couplings from lepton flavor violating tau decays, we conduct a cut-based analysis to achieve sufficient signal significance. We utilize the optimal observable technique (OOT) to estimate the optimal sensitivity of the effective couplings. The impact of electron beam polarization and the interplay of signal and background in enhancing the optimal sensitivity of the effective couplings are discussed in detail. We find that the sensitivity of flavor-violating effective couplings is enhanced by order of one for 3 TeV center-of-mass (CM) energy and 1000  fb−1 integrated luminosity at the e+e− colliders.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Predicting spatial curvature
ΩK
in globally
CPT
-symmetric universes
Authors: Deng Wei-Ning , Handley Will
Published: November 2024

Boyle and Turok’s CPT-symmetric universe model posits that the Universe was symmetric at the big bang, addressing numerous problems in both cosmology and the Standard Model of particle physics. We extend this model by incorporating the symmetric conditions at the end of the Universe, which impose constraints on the allowed perturbation modes. These constrained modes conflict with the integer wave vectors required by the global spatial geometry in a closed universe. To resolve this conflict, only specific values of curvature are permissible, and in particular the curvature density is constrained to be ΩK∈{−0.016,−0.011,−0.004,…}, consistent with observations.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Hagedorn behavior of the superstring propating in a cosmological time dependent background
Authors: Nedel Daniel Luiz
Published: November 2024

In this work the Liouville-von Neumann (LvN) quantization of the type IIB superstring is carried on in a time dependent plane wave background with a constant self-dual Ramond-Ramond 5-form and a linear dilaton in the lightlike direction. Such an endeavor allows us to define an invariant density matrix and study important issues in real time string thermodynamics. In particular, a transcendental equation that determines the Hagedorn temperature as a function of the thermalization time is derived. It is shown that the Hagedorn temperature increases as the string approaches the singularity.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Model-independent description of
B→Dπℓν
decays
Authors: Gustafson Erik J. , Herren Florian , Van de Water Ruth S. , van Tonder Raynette , Wagman Michael L.
Published: November 2024

We introduce a new parametrization of B→Dπℓν form factors using a partial-wave expansion and derive bounds on the series coefficients using analyticity and unitarity. This is the first generalization of the model-independent formalism developed by Boyd, Grinstein, and Lebed for B→Dℓν to semileptonic decays with multihadron final states, and enables data-driven form-factor determinations with robust, systematically improvable uncertainties. Using this formalism, we extract the form-factor parameters for B→D2*(→Dπ)ℓν decays in a model-independent way from fits of data from the Belle Experiment. We find that the semileptonic data are compatible with the presence of two poles in the Dπ S-wave channel, which is the scenario preferred by nonleptonic decays and unitarized chiral perturbation theory.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Minimizing the profligacy of searches with reset
Authors: Sunil John C. , Blythe Richard A. , Evans Martin R. , Majumdar Satya N.
Published: November 2024

We introduce the profligacy of a search process as a competition between its expected cost and the probability of finding the target. The arbiter of the competition is a parameter λ that represents how much a searcher invests into increasing the chance of success. Minimizing the profligacy with respect to the search strategy specifies the optimal search. We show that in the case of diffusion with stochastic resetting, the amount of resetting in the optimal strategy has a highly nontrivial dependence on model parameters resulting in classical continuous transitions, discontinuous transitions and tricritical points, as well as nonstandard discontinuous transitions exhibiting reentrant behavior and overhangs.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Radiative Corrections to Superallowed
β
Decays in Effective Field Theory
Authors: Cirigliano Vincenzo , Dekens Wouter , de Vries Jordy , Gandolfi Stefano , Hoferichter Martin , Mereghetti Emanuele
Published: November 2024

The accuracy of Vud determinations from superallowed β decays critically hinges on control over radiative corrections. Recently, substantial progress has been made on the single-nucleon, universal corrections, while nucleus-dependent effects, typically parametrized by a quantity δNS, are much less well constrained. Here, we lay out a program to evaluate this correction from effective field theory (EFT), highlighting the dominant terms as predicted by the EFT power counting. Moreover, we compare the results to a dispersive representation of δNS and show that the expected momentum scaling applies even in the case of low-lying intermediate states. Our EFT framework paves the way toward calculations of δNS and thereby addresses the dominant uncertainty in Vud.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Sub-attosecond time delays of photoemission from asymmetric cores of molecules
Authors: Tian Yidian , Hu Yibo , Zhou Yueming , Lu Peixiang , Liu Kunlong
Published: November 2024

We theoretically study the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photoemission of the asymmetric molecular ion HeH2+ beyond the dipole approximation. Based on the double-slit interference of the photoelectron emitted from two atomic cores, we propose a scheme to obtain the XUV photoemission time delays originated from different physical mechanisms. In our study, two types of sub-attosecond photoemission time delays are identified and extracted from the observable photoelectron momentum distributions. One is the so-called birth time delay, originated from the travel time of the photon across the molecule, and the other is the escaping time delay of the photoelectron from two different cores. The present study shows the observable evidence demonstrating that in single-photon ionization, it takes more time for the photoelectron escaping from the helium nucleus than that from the proton.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Dynamics of convolutional recurrent neural networks near their critical point
Authors: Chandra Aditi , Magnasco Marcelo O.
Published: November 2024

We examine the dynamical properties of a single-layer convolutional recurrent network with a smooth sigmoidal activation function, for small values of the inputs and when the convolution kernel is unitary, so all eigenvalues lie exactly at the unit circle. Such networks have a variety of hallmark properties: the outputs depend on the inputs via compressive nonlinearities such as cubic roots and both the and the depend sensitively on the inputs as power laws, both diverging as the input →0. The basic dynamical mechanism is that inputs to the network generate ongoing activity, which in turn controls how additional inputs or signals propagate spatially or attenuate in time. We present analytical solutions for the steady states when the network is forced with a single oscillation and when a background value creates a steady state of “ongoing activity” and derive the relationships shaping the value of the temporal decay and spatial propagation length as a function of this background value.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Interlayer and interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in magnetic trilayers: First-principles calculations
Authors: Matthies Tim , Rózsa Levente , Szunyogh László , Wiesendanger Roland , Vedmedenko Elena Y.
Published: November 2024

We determine the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction within and between two magnetic cobalt layers separated by a nonmagnetic spacer through calculations. We investigate different materials for the nonmagnetic layer, focusing on the experimentally realized Co/Ag/Co system. We laterally shift the atoms in the nonmagnetic layer to achieve the symmetry breaking required for the interlayer Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. We compare the resulting interactions with the Levy-Fert model and observe a good overall agreement between the model and the calculations for the dependence on the atomic positions. Additionally, we derive a formula for the strength of the interlayer isotropic exchange interaction depending on the position of the atoms in the nonmagnetic layer and compare it to the first-principles results. We investigate the limitations of the Levy-Fert model by turning off the spin-orbit coupling separately on the nonmagnetic and magnetic atoms and by studying the effect of band filling. Our work advances the understanding of the microscopic mechanisms of the interlayer Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and gives insight into possible new material combinations with strong interlayer Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Towards expansion of the MATTS data bank with heavier elements: the influence of the wavefunction basis set on the multipole model derived from the wavefunction
Authors: Ignat'ev Vladislav , Dominiak Paulina Maria
Published: November 2024

The MATTS (multipolar atom types from theory and statistical clustering) data bank is an advanced tool for crystal structure refinement and properties analysis. It applies a multipole model (MM), which describes the asphericity of the atomic electron density and helps to interpret X-ray or electron diffraction data better than approaches based on the spherical atoms approximation. The generation of MATTS data involves density functional theory calculations, and until recently we used the B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory for this stage. However, it was not so clear how the wavefunction level of theory, especially the basis set used, influenced the resulting MM. This study investigates the influence of the wavefunction basis set on the resulting MM from a charge density point of view. For this purpose, we used charge density related properties, such as correlation of electrostatic potentials, atomic electron populations and average electrostatic potential values. The complex analysis reveals that, within the framework of MATTS data generation, the size of the basis set used has the most significant impact on the MM's charge density quality, and switching from double- to triple-zeta basis sets helps notably improve the charge density related properties. This research sets the foundation for the creation of a new version of the MATTS data bank, which will be expanded to include atom types for elements heavier than Kr and selected metal complexes important for biological systems.
Real-time analysis of liquid jet sample delivery stability for an X-ray free-electron laser using machine vision
Authors: Patel Jaydeep , Round Adam , de Wijn Raphael , Vakili Mohammad , Giovanetti Gabriele , Melo Diogo Filipe Monrroy Vilan e , E Juncheng , Sikorski Marcin , Koliyadu Jayanth , Koua Faisal H. M. , Sato Tokushi , Mancuso Adrian , Peele Andrew , Abbey Brian
Published: November 2024

Automated evaluation of optical microscopy images of liquid jets, commonly used for sample delivery at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), enables real-time tracking of the jet position and liquid jet hit rates, defined here as the proportion of XFEL pulses intersecting with the liquid jet. This method utilizes machine vision for preprocessing, feature extraction, segmentation and jet detection as well as tracking to extract key physical characteristics (such as the jet angle) from optical microscopy images captured during experiments. To determine the effectiveness of these tools in monitoring jet stability and enhancing sample delivery efficiency, we conducted XFEL experiments with various sample compositions (pure water, buffer and buffer with crystals), nozzle designs and jetting conditions. We integrated our real-time analysis algorithm into the Karabo control system at the European XFEL. The results indicate that the algorithm performs well in monitoring the jet angle and provides a quantitative characterization of liquid jet stability through optical image analysis conducted during experiments.
Modulating phase segregation during spin-casting of fullerene-based polymer solar-cell thin films upon minor addition of a high-boiling co-solvent
Authors: Lu Kuan-Hsun , Wu Wei-Ru , Su Chun-Jen , Yang Po-Wei , Yamada Norifumi L. , Zhuo Hong-Jun , Chen Show-An , Chuang Wei-Tsung , Lan Yi-Kang , Su An-Chung , Jeng U-Ser
Published: November 2024

The impact of additives on the nanoscale structures of spin-cast polymer composite films, particularly in polymer solar cells, is a topic of significant interest. This study focuses on the blend film comprising poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene) (PTB7) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), exploring how additives like 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) influence the film structures spin-cast from chlorobenzene solution. Combined results of specular X-ray and neutron reflectivity, grazing-incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that DIO could significantly enhance the dispersion of PC71BM and reduce composition inhomogeneity in the film. Time-resolved GISAXS–GIWAXS with 100 ms resolution further captures a rapid spinodal decomposition of the mixture within 1 s in the constant-evaporation stage of spin-casting. Further combined with parallel analysis of time-resolved UV–Vis reflectance, these findings reveal that DIO mitigates the spinodal decomposition process by accelerating solvent evaporation, which, in turn, decelerates phase segregation, leading to a nucleation-driven process. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the role of additives in controlling the nanostructural evolution of spin-cast films by altering the kinetics of solvent evaporation and phase separation during the spin-coating process.
Verification of a method for determining the degree of crystallinity using experimental and computer-generated powder diffraction patterns. Corrigendum
Authors: Toraya Hideo
Published: November 2024

An erroneous equation and some values of related parameters in the paper by Toraya [J. Appl. Cryst. (2023), 56, 1751–1763] are corrected.
Intra- and intermolecular C—H...F hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure of 1,2-bis[2-(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl)ethynyl]benzene
Authors: Bosch Eric , Bowling Nathan P.
Published: November 2024

The title molecule, C22H6F8, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with two unique molecules in the asymmetric unit and Z = 8. Each molecule features a short intramolecular sp
2-C—H...F hydrogen bond with H...F separations at 2.363 (14) and 2.270 (14) Å, corresponding to 91 and 87.5% of the sum of the van der Waals radii, and C—H...F angles of 158.3 (14) and 166.8 (14)°, respectively. Each molecule also forms an intermolecular bifurcated CH...(F)2 interaction with H...F distances ranging from 2.500 (16) to 2.597 (17) Å.
(10Z)-4H,5H,6H,7H,8H,9H-Cyclodeca[d][1,2,3]selenadiazole
Authors: Schollmeyer Dieter , Detert Heiner
Published: November 2024

The title compound, C10H14N2Se, was prepared from a semicarbazone and selenium dioxide. The planes of the heterocycle and the cis double bond are almost mutually orthogonal and the hexamethylene tether is nearly strain-free.
How are regions using European funds to promote the circular economy? Shedding light on factors explaining the pathway
Authors: Barbero Javier , Rodríguez-Crespo Ernesto , M. Santos Anabela
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study aims to examine the geographical spread of the EU-funded circular economy projects in the European Union.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use a novel database of research and development projects funded by the European Regional Development Fund related to the circular economy to estimate a fractional response model on data for 231 European regions.

Findings

First, the authors detect a geographical pattern in the share of circular economy funds. Second, the authors find that institutional quality, employment, human capital and income may drive the concentration of circular economy research and development funds. Third, the authors find overall differences between technology projects and circular economy projects, suggesting that addressing the circular economy at the subnational level is complex.

Social implications

This work can be helpful to disseminate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In particular, the authors pay special emphasis on SDGs numbers 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and 13 (Climate Action).

Originality/value

The findings confirm the existence of a geographical spread of the circular economy, which may be useful to move toward regional sustainable development in the European Union.