bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forgotten person in the huntington disease family
Authors: Kessler Seymour
Published: June 2005

Although spouses play a major role in managing the care of persons affected with Huntington disease (HD), often at the price of subordinating their own aspirations and needs, little or no professional attention has been given to them in the HD literature, Such factors as secrets kept from the spouse, the early age‐of‐onset of symptoms, gender, and the coping strategies employed by spouses of affected persons are discussed and illustrated. Also, the impact of predictive testing for HD on spouses of persons undergoing testing is briefly touched on. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
XLPRA: A canine retinal degeneration inherited as an X‐linked trait
Authors: Acland Gregory M. , Blanton Susan H. , Hershfield Bennett , Aguirre Gustavo D.
Published: June 2005

Breeding studies are reported of a previously undescribed hereditary retinal degeneration identified in the Siberian Husky breed of dog. This disorder clinically resembles the previously reported autosomal recessive canine hereditary retinal degenerations collectively termed progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). However, the pedigree of the propositus, a male Siberian Husky, exhibited an X‐linked pattern of transmission. This dog was outcrossed to three phenotypically normal female laboratory Beagles and two of their F1 daughters were bred to a phenotypically normal male Beagle, producing affected males in the F2 generation. Subsequent inbreedings produced further affected males and affected females as well. X‐linked transmission was established by exclusion of alternative modes of inheritance and, consequently, the disease has been termed X‐linked progressive retinal atrophy (XLPRA).

This is the first reported X‐linked retinal degeneration in an animal. Because of the many similarities of PRA in dogs to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in humans, this new disease may not only represent the first animal model of X‐linked RP (XLRP) but may well be a true homolog of one of the XLRP loci (RP2, RP3, RP6). It is the first retinal degeneration in dogs that can be assigned to an identified canine chromosome, and the first for which linkage mapping offers a realistic approach to proceed by positional cloning towards identifying the responsible gene locus. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3C (cranio‐cerebello‐cardiac) syndrome: A recently delineated and easily recognizable congenital malformation syndrome
Authors: Hoo Joe J. , Kreiter Mary , Halverson Nancy , Perszyk Anthony
Published: June 2005

We report on two cases of 3C (cranio‐cerebello‐cardiac) syndrome. At least five previous cases are known. This recently delineated malformation syndrome is characterized by congenital anomalies of the skull, hindbrain, and heart. The anomalies include a high and prominent forehead, a hypoplastic vermis and posterior fossa cyst with or without hydrocephalus, and an atrial or atrio‐ventricular septal defect with or without other heart anomalies. Most patients show a postnatal growth retardation, as well as a mild to moderate psychomotor retardation. Early death is usually in association with severe congenital heart defect. Aside from two affected sisters, the other reported cases (four girls and one boy) are sporadic cases; thus, a possible genetic nature and inheritance mode remain uncertain. Nonetheless, the possibility of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance should be considered in the genetic counselling. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FISH detection of Wolf‐Hirschhorn syndorem: Exclusion of D4F26 as critical site
Authors: Johnson Virginia P. , Altherr Michael R. , Blake Jerome M. , Keppen Laura D.
Published: June 2005

Wolf‐Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is due to a deletion in the terminal band of 4p 16.3. Among loci that have been involved in deletions are D4S98, D4S95, D4S125, D4F26, as shown by PCR typing, Southern blot hybridization, and/or fluorescent, in situ hybridization (FISH).Currently, FISH detection of WHS is predicated upon the deletion of the D4F26 locus with failure to hybridize to pC847.351, a commercially available cosmid probe. A WHS patient is shown to have an interstitial deletion, by hemizygosity at D4S98 and D4S95 but not at D4F26. This suggests that the tip of 4p, specifically D4F26, is not a critical deletion site for WHS. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localisation of the gene for X‐linked reticulate pigmentary disorder with systemic manifestations (PDR), previously known as X‐linked cutaneous amyloidosis
Authors: Gedeon A. K. , Mulley J. C. , Kozman H. , Donnelly A. , Partington M. W.
Published: June 2005

X‐linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (PDR), previously reported as X‐linked cutaneous amyloidosis (MIM#301220), is characterized by brown pigmentation of the skin which follows the lines of Blaschko in females but appears as reticulate sheets in males. Males may suffer severe gastrointestinal disorders in infancy with failure to thrive and early death. Nowadays symptomatic treatment allows survival and other manifestations may appear such as corneal dystrophy with severe photophobia or chronic respiratory disease. Amyloid deposition in the skin may be no more than an age‐dependent secondary manifestation. The PDR gene was localised by linkage analysis to Xp21‐p22. The background genetic map is Xpter‐DXS996‐22.5‐DXS207‐3.3‐DXS999‐3.3‐DXS365‐14.2‐DXS989‐4.1‐3′DMD‐3.5‐DXS997‐1.0‐STR44‐9.3‐DYSI‐2.3‐DXS1068‐11.0‐DXS228 with distances between markers given in cM. Recombinants detected with DXS999 distally and DXS228 proximally, define the limits to the localisation. Linkage was found with several markers within this interval. Peak lod scores of 3.21 at θ = 0.0 were obtained between PDR and DXS989 and between PDR and 5′DYSI within the dystrophin locus. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of high resolution chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the laboratory evaluation of Prader‐Willi syndrome and angelman syndrome
Authors: Delach Judith A. , Rosengren Sally S. , Kaplan Lawrence , Greenstein Robert M. , Cassidy Suzanne B. , Benn Peter A.
Published: June 2005

The development of probes containing segments of DNA from chromosome region 15q11‐q13 provides the opportunity to confirm the diagnosis of Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We have evaluated FISH studies and high resolution chromosome banding studies in 14 patients referred to confirm or rule out PWS and five patients referred to confirm or rule out AS. In four patients (three from the PWS category and 1 from the AS group) chromosome analysis suggested that a deletion was present but FISH failed to confirm the finding. In one AS group patient, FISH identified a deletion not detectable by high resolution banding. Review of the clinical findings in the discrepant cases suggested that the FISH results were correct and high resolution findings were erroneous. Studies with a chromosome 15 alpha satellite probe (D15Z) on both normal and abnormal individuals suggested that incorrect interpretation of chromosome banding may occasionally be attributable to alpha satellite polymorphism but other variation of 15q11‐q13 chromosome bands also contributes to misinterpretation.

We conclude that patients who have been reported to have a cytogenetic deletion of 15q11‐q13 and who have clinical findings inconsistent with PWS and AS should be reevaluated by molecular genetic techniques. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal human spermatozoa including comparative data from apes
Authors: Afzelius Björn A.
Published: June 2005

Several reports have shown that the sperm counts in man have declined over the last 20 years. Human spermatozoa also exhibit a structural and chemical variation that is greater than that of most other mammals. Human fecundability is low compared with other examined animal species. Possible causes of these three classes of findings are analyzed: The effect of clothing or of other undue heating of the scrotum; xenobiotic influences such as smoking, lead compounds, X‐rays, alkylating agents; degeneration effects, and mating habits. Comparative data from the great apes are of interest, as spermatozoa from the gorilla but not from the chimpanzees and orangutan show a structural variation similar to that of human spermatozoa. A classification of the different types of abnormal spermatozoa is given and the possible causes—genetic or environmental—for each subgroup of abnormal sperm pattern are presented.
Morphology and DNA quantitation of human and great ape spermatozoa
Authors: Seuánez Hector N.
Published: June 2005

A comparative study of human and great ape spermatozoa was carried out with the purpose of looking at spermatozoal morphology and DNA content in man's closest living relatives. This study showed that man and the gorilla are unique among mammals in normally exhibiting a remarkable morphological pleiomorphism in the ejaculate. The modal cell types in the ejaculates of these two species were morphologically identical. The less frequent cell types, defined as morphologically abnormal spermatozoa, were also very similar, and occurred in similar proportions. Thus, it was impossible to distinguish between man and the gorilla by a simple examination of the ejaculate, although it is possible to distinguish between man and the chimpanzees, between the gorilla and the chimpanzees or between the orangutan and man. Both species of chimpanzees produced identical spermatozoa. DNA estimations showed that man and the gorilla produce a similarly low proportion of diploid spermatozoa. Morphological pleiomorphism in man was not positively correlated with a higher variation of DNA content than that observed in the chimpanzees and the organutan. In the gorilla, however, a significantly higher variability in DNA content was observed.
Observations on the acrosome reaction of human sperm in vitro
Authors: Talbot Prudence , Chacon Richard S.
Published: June 2005

Human sperm were incubated in vitro in serum or the defined medium TMPA and were periodically assessed for acrosome reactions using two new methods of assay. The first method, FITC‐RCA labeling, was previously shown to be valid for estimating the percentage of normal acrosome reactions of human sperm. The second method, a triple staining technique, is shown in this study to give results comparable to those obtained with FITC‐RCA labeling. The percentage of acrosome‐reacted sperm was determined at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7 hr of incubation. In both media, some sperm had reacted by 2.5 hr; a maximum percentage of reactions occurred between 5 and 7 hr. The maximum percentage never exceeded 20–25%, which represents only one‐third of the live sperm, ie, those potentially able to undergo normal acrosome reactions. It will be important in future studies to determine if this low‐peak percentage is due to the fact that: (1) Commonly used culture media are suboptimal or (2) only about 25% of the sperm in a human ejaculate are capable of undergoing normal acrosome reactions.
The three‐dimensional nature of the sperm tail wave studied using heterophil head‐to‐head agglutinins
Authors: Linnet Lars
Published: June 2005

Head‐to‐head agglutinates of bull spermatozoa, produced by heterophil agglutinins in human sera, revealed the same phenomenon as described for human spermatozoa: When rotating on the plate all agglutinates rotated counterclockwise. The interpretation lends further support to the hypothesis that the normal direction of the propagation of the overall helix‐like tail wave is counterclockwise (ie, opposite the direction of the axonemal arms), corresponding to a clockwise shape of the wave (from base to tip) at a given instant. Heteroagglutinins may be a useful tool in physioanatomical studies of spermatozoa.
Postnatal differentiation of Leydig cells in the African green monkey
Authors: Camatini Marina , Franchi Emilia
Published: June 2005

At two years of age the interstitial tissue of Cercopithecus aethiops is composed principally of undifferentiated, fibroblast‐like cells. Also present during this time are scattered differentiating Leydig cells, which are characterized by a large nucleus, numerous mitochondria, elements of smooth reticulum, and small cisternae of rough reticulum. A mean level of 1.69 ± 0.66 ng/ml of testosterone was found.

At three years Leydig cells are much more numerous and developed; since all the elements of steroid secreting cells are present, even their morphology differs from that observed in mature cells. Lipid accumulation is characteristic during this period. A mean testosterone level of 2.28 ± 0.47 ng/ml was found.

Mature Leydig cells are basically similar to that of other mammals, while they differ significantly from that of human Leydig cells.
Effects of age, lactation, and repeated cycles on rhesus monkey copulatory intervals
Authors: Wilson Mark E. , Walker Margaret L. , Gordon Thomas P.
Published: June 2005

Young, sexually mature female rhesus monkeys copulate on more days prior to conception than do older females, and this prolonged discrete mating period is associated with an earlier rise in serum estradiol prior to the first ovulation of the breeding season. The influence of repeated ovulatory cycles and the presence of a suckling infant on the copulatory patterns were examined in two separate analyses. Extending previous work, young, nulliparous females copulated on more days at the first ovulation of the breeding season than did older, multiparous females. However, the duration of the copulatory period at the second ovulation of the breeding season was similar and significantly shorter for both age groups. Furthermore, the presence of a suckling infant did not influence the duration of the mating periods in adult, multiparous females. The onset of copulatory behavior for all females was associated with serum estradiol concentrations of approximately 90 pg/ml, indicating that the age and cycle differences in the duration of the copulatory periods are due to the time course of serum estradiol prior to ovulation. A separate, longitudinal analysis of the duration of the mating period associated with the first ovulation of three successive breeding seasons indicated that females copulated on more days during their first ovulatory cycle of their first breeding season. These data indicate that the copulatory interval is longer for females during the first ovulation of the breeding season, and this pattern is accentuated in young, sexually mature animals.
Determinants of fecundity and reproductive success in captive vervet monkeys
Authors: Fairbanks Lynn A. , McGuire Michael T.
Published: June 2005

Between 1975 and 1983, adult female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) over 3.5 years of age, living in two undisturbed social groups in a captive colony in Sepulveda, California, have averaged 1.0 births per female year with a mean interbirth interval of 10.7 months. Increased fecundity did not result in decreased survival rates of offspring in this population. Fecundity was influenced by the mother's age and dominance rank. The primary factor in the age‐fecundity relationship was the age at first birth, which varied from three to five years. High‐ranking females contributed the most to the high rate of fecundity, with significantly shorter interbirth intervals, more births per female year, and more surviving infants compared to low‐ranking females.
The effects of extended time in the laboratory on selected aspects of reproduction in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Martin David P.
Published: June 2005

Reproduction data from 60 wild‐caught and 16 captive‐born, hand‐reared female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were examined. Both groups had been maintained in a controlled laboratory environment, the wild‐caught for a minimum of 10 years and the captive‐born for a minimum of 5 years. All were bred to wild‐caught males. Animals of both sexes were individually caged unless being bred. Data from 662 pregnancies indicated that, although seasonal breeding became attenuated in the laboratory, it did not disappear. Neither pregnancy outcome nor number of matings necessary for conception was affected by increasing parity or prior occurrence of fetal wastage or hysterotomy. Nor did hysterotomy affect the potential for a subsequent vaginal delivery. The number of matings necessary for conception were shown to be a useful predictor of animals that should be culled from the breeding colony. Birthweights of infants of wild‐caught females, but only male infants of house‐born females, increased with parity of the mother. Parity had only minimal effect on gestation length. Conception was shown to occur infrequently at less than 100 days postpartum even when animals were not lactating and were rebred begining as early as 56 days postpartum. Summary data were presented for pregnancy outcome, gestation length, infant birth weight, and sex for both groups of animals.
Accumulation of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose by primate oocytes fertilized in vitro
Authors: Hutz R. J. , Demayo F. J. , Chan P. J. , Dukelow W. R.
Published: June 2005

The present study was designed to investigate the accumulation of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) by squirrel monkey oocytes fertilized in vitro; to assess the effects of insulin addition to the medium on 2‐DG accumulation; and, finally, to evaluate the use of 2‐DG in viability determinations of oocytes. Accumulation of 2‐DG by unfertilized oocytes from squirrel monkeys was 13.94 fmol/oocyte/3 h and was not affected by the addition of either 10 nM or 1 μM insulin. There was no change in 2‐DG accumulation with fertilization in vitro; 2‐DG accumulation by degenerate ova was reduced to background levels. These results suggest low utilization of glucose by early primate embryos similar to that demonstrated for other mammalian species; 2‐DG appears to be a good viability indicator of early primate embryos.
The impact of cropping on wild populations of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis in Peru
Authors: Glander Kenneth E. , Tapia R. Julio , Fachin T. Augusto
Published: June 2005

A transect census technique was used to estimate the population densities of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis at two sites in Peru. Cropping of these two species had occurred five years before the census at one site and two years before at the other. The populations of S. mystax at both sites had recovered completely from cropping, and the relationship between S. mystax and S. fuscicollis had not been altered at one site and had been reversed in favor of S. mystax at the other.
Some observations on the present distribution and conservation of Alouatta and Ateles in Southern Mexico
Authors: Estrada Alejandro , Coates‐Estrada Rosamond
Published: June 2005

Some information on the past and present distribution of Alouatta and Ateles in southern Mexico and on the impact of habitat destruction on their future existence is presented. Three surveys of primate populations and forest habitats were carried out between 1981 and 1983 in southeastern Mexico. Rapid destruction of the forest is reducing the number of forested areas where Alouatta and Ateles can exist and co‐occur. Illegal hunting of the two primates also contributes to their rapid decline. Alouatta and Ateles live a precarious existence in a few large and small islands of forest, and efforts are needed to set aside some of these areas as reserves so that their future survival is ensured.
Harry Harlow: Lessons on explanations, ideas, and mentorship
Authors: Gluck John P.
Published: June 2005

Harry F. Harlow died on December 6, 1981, in Tucson, Arizona. An examination of the process of his professional contributions reveals an intensely antagonistic attitude toward simplistic explanations of psychological phenomena, and a willingness to entertain experimental ideas born in a wide variety of ways. Harlow exemplified these attitudes by designing often disarmingly simple experiments which served as crucial rejoinders to firmly stated explanatory positions. It is also clear that Harlow considered his own constructions as fair game for this style of direct analysis. As a person, Harlow is pictured as a loyal, laissez faire mentor who desired affection but not academic conformity.
Male migration and inbreeding avoidance in wild rhesus monkeys
Authors: Melnick Don J. , Pearl Mary C. , Richard A. F.
Published: June 2005

Genetic, demographic, and behavioral evidence from a population of wild rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were analyzed to test the widely held assumption that social subdivision of mammalian populations, as seen in the rhesus monkey, results in inbreeding. This assumption has been important in attempts to explain rapid rates of evolution among mammals. Demographic records were kept over a period of 42 months on a study population comprising 292 animals, subdivided into seven social groups. Blood was collected from about 80% of the animals in five of these groups. The ecology and behavior of one group was studied intensively. Groups were not found to be inbred. Rather, they were genetically similar and possessed an excess of heterozygotes at a number of loci, indicating high gene flow between groups and avoidance of consanguineous matings throughout the population. This is consonant with behavioral observations of male‐limited natal group emigration, relatively short nonnatal group male tenure, and seemingly random distribution of male migration. These results, corroborated by genetic and behavioral data on other social mammals, raise questions about current theories that draw a direct causal link between social structure and inbreeding in mammals.
More on the Homunculus Dpm4 and M1 and comparisons with Alouatta and Stirtonia (primates, platyrrhini, cebidae)
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip
Published: June 2005

The little‐worn deciduous fourth premolar and first molar of a mandibular fragment of Homunculus sp are compared with the cast of a previously described deciduous lower fourth premolar of Homunculus grandis and with lower molariform teeth of Alouatta and Stirtonia. Lower molars of Alouatta can be derived from those like Homunculus, but because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, it cannot be demonstrated that Alouatta evolved from Homunculus or is even closely related. Comparison of mandibles and upper and lower molariform teeth of Alouatta with those of Stirtonia indicate wide divergence from some distant, possibly basic platyrrhine stock.
Sources of behavioral variance: Implications for sample size decisions
Authors: Thiemann Sue , Kraemer Helena C.
Published: June 2005

Results from an intensive study of the sources of variance in a variety of chimpanzee behaviors are used to elucidate research design problems, and criteria for sample size selection are outlined. These results indicate that: (1) groups should be stratified (subdivided) only when the stratification factor is known to be strongly correlated with the behaviors of interest; (2) given a behavioral observation system with high reliability and well‐trained observers, little will be gained from assigning more than one observer to each observation; (3) taking multiple observations per subject per time period substantially strengthens a research design, so that even very small sample sizes can yield generalizable results; and (4) observations should be spread as uniformly over the time period as possible, particularly for behaviors which change over time.
Ultradian periodicities in EEG and behavior in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Ehlers C. L. , Foote S. L.
Published: June 2005

This report describes periodic oscillations in electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral activity with a cycle length of 15–30 seconds in chair‐restrained squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). These oscillations consisted of alternating episodes of vigilance, characterized by visual scanning and motor movement, and inattentiveness, characterized by behavioral quiescence with little eye or limb movement. During vigilance the EEG exhibited low‐amplitude, high‐frequency (> 16 Hz) activity. During quiescent periods, a high‐amplitude synchronized EEG was present with activity in the 8–16‐Hz band predominating. The presence or frequency of this EEG and behavioral periodicity was not modified by time of day, as no difference was found between morning and afternoon recording sessions. Although the factors or mechanisms responsible for this rhythm are unclear, it should be noted by those investigators studying the behavior or neurophysiology of Saimiri sciureus in the laboratory setting.
Observations on the ontogeny of feeding behavior in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)
Authors: Watts David P.
Published: June 2005

This report describes observations on the ontogeny of food choice in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), made during a 17‐month field study of mountain gorilla feeding ecology in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Data are presented on the feeding behavior of two infants observed from birth to the age of 8 months and on older infants and juveniles. This information is compared with data on the composition and diversity of the diets of young adults and adults in the same social group. Initial feeding by infants is usually synchronized with the mother's behavior: infants ingest the same food, or a different part of the same plant species, currently being eaten by the mother or just eaten by her. This suggests that observational learning is largely responsible for the transmission of food preferences. Most feeding by young infants, whether or not synchronized with the mother's, is on those foods eaten most frequently by adults. Infants also independently sample potential foods, some of which are apparently not consumed by adults. The frequency of sampling declines with age, although even adults occasionally ingest foods not observed to be eaten by other adults. By the age of 3 years, young mountain gorillas have developed the basic dietary patterns of adults, in terms of the number of foods eaten, the proportions in which specific foods are consumed, and diet diversity and equitability. There is a strong possibility that chemical cues influence food choice, but their role remains unclear.
Demography of Amboseli baboons, 1963–1983
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Hausfater Glenn , Altmann Stuart A.
Published: June 2005

Repeated censuses of a population of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, revealed a decrease from over 2,500 animals in 1963–1964 to 123 individuals in 1979, or from a density of about 73 to 1.8 baboons per km2 over a 15‐year period. Median group size decreased from 43 in 1964 to 27 in 1979. The largest and smallest groups declined the most; groups near the median have maintained fairly stable size and age distributions. The population seemed to have stabilized by 1983 at approximately 150 animals in six groups (median group size 28; density 2.2/km2). Although baboon population and group size appeared to be stable during 1963–1964, the age distribution and demographic parameters (age‐specific mortality and natality for one social group) during that year indicate that the population decline had already started. The rate of population decline was greatest in the 1964–1969 period and remained appreciable during the next 5 years. The decline of the baboon population was paralleled by that of other Amboseli savannah woodland mammalian species and took place during a period of very high mortality of fever trees (Acacia xanthophloea) and extensive invasion of the area by halophytes, a transition brought on by rising ground water and consequent elevation of the soil salinity zone. In this and several other primate populations, mortality of infants and juveniles appears to be the demographic variable most sensitive to environmental change.
Sexual dimorphisms in dental dimensions of higher primates
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. , Lieberman Susan S. , Gelvin Bruce R.
Published: June 2005

Dental dimensions and distributions of dental dimensions of males and females were compared for great apes (Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo, and humans (Homo). The results were examined and discussed with reference to fossil primates Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus. The analyses focused on patterns of sexual dimorphism, both with regard to mean dimensions and the distribution of those dimensions. Sex differences in mean canine dimensions were large and significant for Gorilla and Pongo, significant but smaller for Pan, and small but occasionally significant for Homo. The dispersions of measures were greater for males than for females in Gorilla and Pan but did not differ significantly for Pongo or Homo. Examination of the noncanine teeth revealed complex sex differences. In the anterior teeth, sex differences in mean dimensions were generally apparent for Gorilla and Pongo, less so for Pan, and least of all in Homo. The patterns of dispersion of measures of anterior teeth differed markedly from those of the canines. Pan exhibited the same pattern for anterior and canine teeth. Gorilla showed the opposite pattern. Pongo and Homo showed similar dispersions for males and females in many cases. Sex differences in posterior teeth followed the pattern of the canines for Gorilla and were absent for Pan. Pongo exhibited mean differences in dimensions across sex, but dispersions were similar. The pattern for Homo was most like that of Pongo, but with fewer significant differences. The genera differed with regard to the number of significant differences in means or dispersions along the tooth row. It is clear that the patterns of dimorphism differ qualitatively across all extant genera of great apes and humans. It appears that the pattern for Homo most closely resembles that of Ramapithecus, whereas Pongo most closely resembles Sivapithecus. The patterns for Gorilla and Pan appear to be unlike either of the fossil forms. It is suggested that the qualitatively distinct patterns of dental sexual dimorphism indicate substantial flexibility during recent primate evolution and that the degree of structural flexibility demonstrated provides a basis for appreciating potential for plasticity of gender differences in behavioral, social, and cultural systems.
Reproduction in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus malabaricus)
Authors: Izard M. Kay , Rasmussen D. Tab
Published: June 2005

A breeding colony of slender lorises (Loris tardigradus malabaricus) was studied to obtain data for comparison with other prosimian species, to contribute reproductive information for improving management of captive lorises, and to resolve some uncertainties in the literature regarding reproduction in the slender loris. At the Duke University Primate Center, a female slender loris reached sexual maturity at approximately ten months of age and conceived at one year of age. The length of the estrous cycle was 29–40 days, with copulation occurring over two consecutive days during estrus. Gestation length was 166–169 days. Litter size for each six births was one. Conception did not occur during an immediate post‐partum estrus, but four months after birth, resulting in a 9 1/2‐month interbirth interval. There was no evidence of reproductive seasonality. Lactation lasted between five and seven months. Reproductive rates of slender lorises are among the lowest of primates less than 500 g. Differences in reproductive parameters may exist between different subspecies of slender lorises.
Effects of ovarian hormones on the behavior of captive Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Zumpe Doris , Michael Richard P.
Published: June 2005

To examine the effects of ovarian hormones on the behavior of female Macaca fascicularis and their male partners, daily 1‐hr behavior tests were conducted while ovariectomized females were (1) untreated, (2) given estradiol benzoate (EB) (5 μg subcutaneously [s.c.]/day), (3) given estradiol benzoate together with increasing doses of progesterone (P) (5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg. s.c./day), and (4) given testosterone propionate (TP) (0.25 mg s.c./day) (six pairs, 540 tests). Weekly blood samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for plasma hormone levels (81 samples). Estrogen treatment produced plasma estradiol levels similar to those of intact females during the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Additional progesterone at the lowest dose produced plasma progesterone levels similar to or somewhat higher than those during the midluteal phase, while higher doses produced supraphysiological levels. Androgen treatment resulted in plasma levels well above the physiological range. Hormone treatments produced highly significant effects on the sexual, social, and aggressive interactions of the pairs. As in rhesus monkeys, estrogen increased male and female sexual activity, and increasing doses of additional progesterone reversed these effects. Unlike in rhesus monkeys, testosterone propionate increased both female sexual motivation (invitations) and also male sexual activity and ejaculatory performance. The direction of the hormone‐dependent changes in grooming and aggressive interactions confirmed earlier results with intact females and indicated that aggressive interactions and male grooming times were highest, and female grooming times were lowest, when copulatory activity was at its height.
Sequences and timing of dental eruption in Bolivian captive‐born squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Galliari C. A. , Colillas O. J.
Published: June 2005

Squirrel monkeys, colony‐born from Bolivian parents, were studied to establish the sequences and timing of eruption for deciduous and permanent teeth. Infants were born with a naked gingiva, and in only one monkey was di1 present at birth. The eruption of the lower deciduous teeth preceded their upper counterparts with the exception of di2, dc, and dpm2. No significant differences were found between the right and left quadrants of the mandible and maxilla. No significant sexual differences were found in the age of eruption. By the age of 14 weeks, all deciduous teeth had erupted. The sequence of eruption of the replacement teeth was different from that of milk teeth. The differences lie in the delayed eruption of canine teeth and in the inverted sequence, from the back to the front, of the premolar series. Significant sexual differences were found in total eruption (TE) for PM3 and I2 (P < 0.05) and highly significant differences (P < 0.01) in TE and initial eruption (IE) for C1, females being more precocious than males. The age at which monkeys completed dental eruption was highly variable, 103–119 weeks for males and 89–112 weeks for females. Differences were found when our results were compared with those of Long and Cooper [1968] for Colombian squirrel monkeys.
Species differences in adrenocortical activity of new world primates: Response to dexamethasone suppression
Authors: Mendoza Sally P. , Moberg Gary P.
Published: June 2005

The effect of dexamethasone‐induced alteration of adrenocortical activity was assessed in two species of New World primates: Saimiri sciureus and Callicebus moloch. Basal and stress levels of corticosteroids were determined following treatment with three doses of dexamethasone (0, 50, or 500 μg/kg). Saimiri showed substantially higher basal levels of corticosteroids than did Callicebus and a greater incremental corticosteroid response to physical restraint. Dexamethasone was found to reduce basal corticosteroids in both species, although this effect was greater for Callicebus than for Saimiri Moreover, the adrenocortical response to physical restraint was reduced by dexamethasone treatment in Callicebus but not in Saimiri. The pattern of results suggests that the species differ in the mechanisms mediating adrenocortical activity.
Infant‐directed behavior in young rhesus monkeys: Sex differences and effects of prenatal androgens
Authors: Gibber Judith R. , Goy Robert W.
Published: June 2005

Young (3–4 years old) laboratory‐reared rhesus monkeys were observed in five 15‐minute tests with 1–15‐day‐old infants. Males and females were equally likely to investigate infants. Females communicated more with infants by grin‐lipsmacking and gurgling–‐gestures that were not shown by any males. More females presented the ventrum to infants than did males. Females contacted infants more than did males by grooming, crouching over, and having full body contact with them. To see whether prenatal androgens produced the male pattern of response, we conducted similar tests with pseudohermaphrodites (prenatally androgenized genetic females) and neonatally castrated males. On most sexually dimorphic behaviors, pseudohermaphrodites behaved more like females than like males. Castrated males, like females and pseudohermaphrodites, crouched over infants more than did intact males. Castrated males differed from females only on one infant‐directed response, the grin‐lipsmack. These comparisons showed that defeminization of the repertoire of infant‐directed responses was measurable only in intact males. We conclude accordingly that prenatal androgens alone are not responsible for defeminization of this repertoire and that a contribution from postnatal androgens is likely to be necessary.
Individuality in the songs of wild agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Haimoff Elliott H. , Gittins S. Paul
Published: June 2005

Recordings were made and analyzed of the female dominated duet songs by eight adult pairs of wild agile gibbons from two sites in Peninsular Malaysia. A statistical analysis of their songs revealed that individuality occurred throughout the females' songs from both sites. Individuality in gibbon songs may allow singing individuals to more efficiently and effectively locate and identify neighboring nonmate conspecifics.
Songs of hybrid gibbons (Hylobates lar × H. muelleri)
Authors: Tenaza Richard
Published: June 2005

Two hybrid offspring, one male and one female, were produced by a Hylobates muelleri female mated to a Hylobates lar male at Micke Grove Zoo, Lodi, California. Songs of the hybrids were studied at adulthood and compared to the parental‐type songs. The hybrid female song is uniquely different from either parental type. The hybrid male song resembles the male song of H. lar, but contains an element that may be unique to H. muelleri. The study demonstrates the utility of sound‐spectographic analysis of hybrid vocalizations to further understanding of primate behavioral inheritance.
Multidimensional scaling of macaque social interaction
Authors: Maxim Peter E.
Published: June 2005

Observations of social behavior in 120 pairs of rhesus macaques were organized into three matrices: male‐male interactions, female‐female interactions, and male‐female interactions. The alternating least‐squares dimensional analysis (ALSCAL‐4) was applied to each matrix to derive one‐, two‐, three‐, and four‐dimensional solutions. For each matrix, the two‐dimensional solution gave the best fit with least stress. The loadings for each category on the two dimensions were then compared with previously derived message statements for those categories and the messages were corrected as needed to conform to these analyses. For all three matrices, the two dimensions underlying social behaviors were dominance or submissiveness by the self, and a positive or negative affiliative relationship bias to the pairmate.
Human predation and Kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii) sleeping trees in Siberut Island, Indonesia
Authors: Tenaza Richard , Tilson Ronald L.
Published: June 2005

Kloss's gibbons (Hylobates klossii) and Mentawai langurs (Presbytis potenziani) on Siberut Island, Indonesia, both sleep in emergent trees 34–55m tall, situated on crests and upper slopes of hills. They differ in that 91% of gibbon sleeping trees examined were free of lianas, whereas 89% of langur sleeping trees were draped with thick, woody lianas hanging from the branches to the ground. Because indigenous hunters climb lianas to shoot primates in treetops, gibbons are less susceptible than langurs to nocturnal human predation. Hence, the gibbons' preference for—and apparent control of—the limited supply of vineless trees gives them an advantage over langurs.
Social status and reproductive success of male Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Shively Carol , Smith David Glenn
Published: June 2005

Dominant males of nonseasonally breeding species should have more opportunity than seasonal breeders to monopolize access to estrous females and thus enhance their reproductive success. They may also use other strategies for maximizing reproductive success such as producing offspring by relatively high ranking females. To test these hypotheses, the paternity of 35 (80%) of 44 Macaca fascicularis offspring, born over a 28‐month period, was established using electrophoretically and serologically defined genetic markers. The social ranks of each of the seven potential fathers and 26 potential mothers were determined by recording outcomes of dyadio agonistic interactions. No evidence could be found to support either hypothesis. Further, in view of previously reported significant, positive correlations between male social rank and sexual activity rates in this study group, sexual activity rates do not appear to predict the number of offspring a male sires in this species.
Perimenstrual behavior changes among female yellow baboons: Some similarities to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in women
Authors: Hausfater Glenn , Skoblick Barbara
Published: June 2005

Although numerous studies have documented changes in the behavior of nonhuman primate females around the time of ovulation, very little attention has been paid to behavior changes around the time of menstruation. Yet such information is obviously relevant to under standing the origins and etiology of the adverse mood and behavior changes experienced premenstrually by many women. Analysis of data obtained during 115 hours of observation on 13 female Amboseli (Kenya) baboons (Papio cynocephalus) during 24 menstrual periods showed that prior to and during the time of menstrual onset, these individuals exhibited distinct changes in their activity budgets, nearest‐neighbor distances, and patterns of social interaction. Furthermore, in comparison to females around the time of ovulation, perimenstrual females showed increased rates of agonistic interaction and decreased (but nonzero) rates of sexual interaction with adult males. These premenstrual and perimenstrual behavior changes among female yellow baboons thus show some intriguing similarities to several commonly reported behavioral symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in women.
Dental sexual dimorphisms in some extant hominoids and ramapithecines from China: A quantitative approach
Authors: Lieberman Susan S. , Gelvin Bruce R. , Oxnard Charles E.
Published: June 2005

Studies of sexual dimorphism in the dental dimensions of some extant and fossil hominoids have been carried out by means of univariate statistical methods [Oxnard et al., 1985]. The study reported here extended these studies with multivariate statistical methods (canonical variates analyses). The extant genera studied were Gorilla, Pan, Pongo, and Homo. The fossil teeth interpolated were those of the recently discovered ramapithecines from Yunnan Province, China. For both extant and fossil species, the lengths and breadths of all maxillary and mandibular teeth were used except for the third molar, which was excluded because of its absence in so many human subjects. The nature of sexual dimorphism in the dentition of extant apes and humans was assessed, and the positions of the fossil teeth within the multivariate results for the extant forms was examined. Among the apes, the greatest sexual dimorphism was seen in Gorilla; the least was seen in Pan. Three different patterns of sexual dimorphism were apparent among the three ape species. The maxillary and mandibular patterns were different in Gorilla and Pan but more similar in Pongo. The African apes showed greater differences between variances for each sex and of each jaw; these features may have evolved most recently. The conventional notion that sexual dimorphism is mainly due to size and size‐related shape effects along a single continuum or axis was rejected. The interpolation of the fossil data placed Sivapithecus close to each of the more dimorphic apes, especially Pongo, but also showed that it had higher order differences from the extant forms studied. Ramapithecus was most similar to Homo. These results have implications both for the role of sexual dimorphism in the evolution of higher primates and for the phylogenetic relationships among them.
Gestation length in Tarsius bancanus
Authors: Izard M. Kay , Wright Patricia C. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: June 2005

A gestation length of 178 days was determined for Tarsius bancanus based on a vaginal smear containing whole sperm. This value replaces the only previously reported information on gestation length in tarsiers, a rough estimate of approximately 6 months for T. syrichta.
Visual monitoring of threatening objects by captive tamarins (Saguinus labiatus)
Authors: Caine Nancy G.
Published: June 2005

Captive social groups of red‐bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) were observed in the presence of threatening, inanimate objects. The tamarins monitored the stimuli over the course of the 20‐minute trials by conducting brief, periodic visual checks of the objects. The average number of checks per subject per trial was stable both across trials and between groups, and individual differences in rates varied relatively little around the group means. These data generate the hypothesis that there is a species‐typical execution of vigilance in the presence of mildly threatening objects. This execution takes the form of brief visual inspections of the stimulus, usually by one tamarin at a time, at a fairly consistent rate. The discussion of the data takes place in the context of the behavioral ecology of callitrichid species.
Learning set formation in a group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio): Importance of the behavioral variable measured
Authors: Lepoivre Hugues , Pallaud Berthille
Published: June 2005

A recent report of one‐trial learning in a group of saddle‐back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) conflicted with views of learning set formation based on traditional techniques employing isolated subjects. An experiment is reported in which a group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) was given a series of discrimination and habit reversal tasks. Both one‐trial learning and learning set formation occurred. Analysis of spatial behavior revealed that the group learned in a single trial to discriminate stocked from unstocked zones. Improvement in successes (reinforced “digging”) was progressive but not rapid, indicating learning set formation. It appears that outcomes depend on the behavioral variables chosen.
Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): I. Testicular volume, testosterone, and seasonality
Authors: Eley R. M. , Else J. G. , Gulamhusein N. , Lequin R. M.
Published: June 2005

To test whether the male could contribute to the birth peak seen in both wild and captive vervets, testicular volume and peripheral testosterone concentration were measured monthly in nine adults throughout a 14‐month period. Volume was an average of 15% greater during the months of June to September, the period of natural breeding activity in the wild, than at other times of the year. Testosterone concentration rose throughout the time period but did not correlate with testicular volume. Quarterly biopsies of the right testis in animals either used for or withheld from breeding revealed the presence of spermatozoa and the existence of spermatogenesis throughout the year. There was no correlation of testicular volume with breeding status or biopsy. If these results from individually caged animals are representative of group‐caged and wild animals, then such small seasonal changes are unlikely to affect year‐round breeding. Therefore, a physiological contribution by the male to natural birth peaks seen in the wild and captivity is not readily apparent.