bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constituent Factors and Implications of Work-Life Balance on Female Employees: A Study on the Indian IT industry
Authors:   Research Scholar, R & D centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore., Veluthan Mr. Rajesh , Valarmathi Dr. A ,   Director, Vivekananda Institute of Management Studies, Coimbatore.
Published: January 2020

The aim of this review article is to identify the factors affecting work –life balance of female of employees working in Indian IT industry. Today’s competitive world, one of the pertinent issues faced by the employees is the lack of balance in work life and family life. Due to various reasons today’s female employees in especially IT industry face multifaceted problems in their family life due to lack of balance between job life and family life. The poor match between the job and family life adversely affect the satisfaction level of employees and organizational commitment of them. This study investigates the various factors responsible for the imbalance of job and family life of female employees and gives an insight to the IT companies to review their policy and norms on job and to enhance the employee performance.
Towards A Framework for Development of Operational and Maintenance Cost Model of Highway Project in Malaysia
Authors:   Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia,, Islam Monirul , Mohamed Sarajul Fikri ,   Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia,, Mahmud Syamsul Hendra ,   Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia,, M Alghamdi Khalid Ahmed ,   Umm Alqura University, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture,, Saeed Karban Abdullah ,   Umm Alqura University, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture,
Published: January 2020

A major role of cost model is to ensure that the resource being handled is maintainable, functional and secure. The last decade has shown that attention to the idea of cost model added value to accomplish this management. In the context of cost model research and practice, the purpose of this paper is to identify, compare and describe the different cost models and investigate their value parameters. A systematic literature review of various publications has been followed in order to categorize the different theoretical models and to analyze the key quality parameters in the cost model. The established eight theoretical models were described in the sense of cost and the variant research projects and structures have taken into account very diverse parameters. In cost models, this analysis organizes 11-various quality parameters into four relevant headings: individuals, system and material, economy and social. Among all value parameters, cost reduction and customer satisfaction, followed by efficiency, are the most prioritized value parameters. This paper results provide a sound basis and realistic interpretation of future research to harmonize the definition of cost model added value as it is based solely on literature review.
Brote de origen alimentario por Campylobacter en un centro educativo de la Comunidad de Madrid
Authors: Mata Pariente Nelva , Rumayor Zarzuelo Mercedes , Hernando García Margarita
Published: January 2020

Cada año enferman 600 millones de personas en el mundo por enfermedades de transmisión alimentaria, casi 1 de cada 10, siendo los niños especialmente vulnerables.
En Europa, la campilobacteriosis fue la enfermedad de transmisión alimentaria más frecuente en 2017, representando un 70% de las zoonosis notificadas. La vía principal de transmisión del Campylobacter es a través de alimentos contaminados, como la carne de ave cruda o poco cocinada y la leche no higienizada.
Household hygiene advice for patients with Clostridium difficile: Summary of hospital practice in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Egan Catherine , Jones-Bitton Andria , Sargeant Jan , Weese J Scott
Published: January 2020

Background: While Clostridium difficile infection is a significant concern in healthcare settings, there is increasing evidence that transmission does not solely occur in
hospitals and long-term care homes. Hospital patients are regularly discharged home following or during treatment, and it is likely that many excrete spores into their
household environment, posing risks of reinfection to themselves and transmission of spores to others. Hence, recommendations on household hygiene might be
important for control of C. difficile. The objective of this study was to investigate the information provided by Ontario hospitals to patients who have laboratory-confirmed
symptomatic C. difficile infection with respect to household hygiene advice once they are discharged from hospital.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between January and August 2018 and included an anonymous online survey, a website scan of Ontario hospitals, and
a content analysis of information provided to patients on discharge. The survey was distributed to practicing infection control professionals in Ontario hospitals through the
IPAC Canada listserv. One response per hospital corporation was accepted.
Results: Responses were obtained from 46/145 (32%) Ontario hospital corporations. The majority (30/46; 65%) of respondents indicated they personally believed the
household environment was important or very important in the transmission of C. difficile. Almost half (22/46; 48%) of respondents reported that their hospital had a policy
to provide household hygiene advice to patients when discharged home. However, analysis of 31 hospital information sheets from the website scan identified that 27/31
(88%) contained a statement that suggested there is little risk of transmission in households, and only 2/31 (6.5%) provided the specific dilution of bleach that is known to be sporicidal.
Conclusion: The household hygiene advice provided by Ontario hospitals downplayed the likelihood of transmission of C. difficile spores in household environments and
described a level of hygiene that is likely inadequate to prevent transmission of C. difficile spores in the home. This may contribute to recurrent infection and colonization
of household contacts.
Using scent detection dogs to identify environmental reservoirs of Clostridium difficile: Lessons from the field
Authors: Li Chen , Zurberg Teresa , Kinna Jaime , Acharya Kushal , Warren Jack , Shajari Salomeh , Forrester Leslie , Bryce Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

Environmental reservoirs have been implicated in transmission of Clostridium difficile infections. Scent detection by canines has demonstrated promising ability to rapidly
triage hospital surfaces and equipment. 18 months of data collected post-implementation of the canine scent detection project at Vancouver Coastal Health were used to
identify key environmental reservoirs for C. difficile and possible mitigation strategies.
Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of communityacquired and hospital-acquired carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in patients with liver cirrhosis at the National Liver Institute of Egypt
Authors: Awad Samah , Ghanem Samar , Helal Marwa , Elgedawy Gamalat , Khalil Fatma , Fikry Marwa , Moustafa Mervet , Sarhan Mohammed
Published: January 2020

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is considered one of the most urgent public health problems worldwide with associated high morbidity and
mortality rates. CRE has both community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) danger because of the transmissible nature of plasmids.
Objectives: We aimed to compare the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of carbapenemase genes in CRE isolates causing CA and HA infections in cirrhotic patients
and the distribution of carbapenemase genes in both settings.
Method: CRE isolates were taken from 38 recruited cirrhotic patients at the National Liver Institute at Menoufia University in Egypt between January 2017 and January
2018 with Enterobacteriaceae isolates resistant to at least one carbapenem. Isolates were identified and described by conventional techniques and confirmed by the VITEK
2 system, which was also used for antimicrobial susceptibility and the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production. We then phenotypically and genotypically
characterized all isolates for the presence of the most prevalent carbapenemase enzymes (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase [KPC], Verona integron metallo-betalactamases [VIM], New Delhi metallo-beta lactamase [NDM], and oxacillinase-48 [OXA-48]) and genes using multiplex polymerase chain reaction confirmed results.
Results: All CRE isolates included in this study were resistant to all carbapenems tested and susceptible to colistin, while 20 of the 38 isolates were sensitive to tigecycline.
Among the 24 HA CRE isolates, nine isolates (37.5%) contained OXA-48, three (12.5%) contained both OXA-48 and NDM-1, two contained KPC (8.3%), one carried
NDM-1 (4.2%), and one included VIM (4.2%). The OXA-48 gene was the most frequent gene in both groups, and no statistically significant difference was found between
the two groups in regards to prevalence.
Conclusion: OXA-48 CRE is the most prevalent carbapenemase gene in Egyptian cirrhotic patients with similar phenotypic and genotypic characteristics to CA cases.
This indicates the equal prevalence of CRE in community and hospital settings.
Analisis Kesiapan Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah dalam Wacana Pemindahan Ibu Kota Negara Republik Indonesia ke Kota Palangkaraya
Authors: Toun Nicodemus R
Published: January 2020

Artikel ini merupakan hasil studi lapangan yang terkait dengan wacana pemindahan Ibu Kota Republik Indonesia dari Jakarta ke Palangkaraya. Secara umum, pemerintah daerah Kalimantan Tengah menyatakan kesiapan dan persetujuan terkait wacana yang digulirkan oleh pemerintah pusat tersebut, namun gubernur Provinsi Kalteng mengingatkan ada beberapa hal yang perlu untuk diperhatikan jika wacana tersebut benar-benar akan diwujudkan. Beberapa persoalan pokok tersebut adalah kesiapan anggaran untuk pembangunan infrastruktur, perencanaan tata ruang wilayah yang baik, perencanaan kesiapan SDM, dan aspek-aspek sosial budaya yang perlu untuk menjadi perhatian. Studi ini dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam terhadap beberapa informan serta analisis dokumentatif baik yang bersumber dari surat kabar, pemberitaan-pemberitaan di radio maupun di televisi dan studi lapangan oleh peneliti. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa, meskipun pemerintah daerah Kalteng sudah menyatakan kesiapannya, namun banyak faktor yang perlu untuk diperhatikan, terutama aspek sosial, politik, birokrasi, dan daya dukung lingkungan hidup. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa perlu dilakukan kajian mendalam terkait dengan perencanaan tersebut agar tidak menimbulkan permasalahan di kemudian hari.
AKUNTABILITAS BIROKRASI DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PESISIR DI KECAMATAN NUSANIWE KOTA AMBON
Authors: Rosmauli Pakpahan Ratna
Published: January 2020

Akuntabilitas Birokrasi dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pesisir di Kecamatan Nusaniwe Kota Ambon.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui dan menganalisis akuntabilitas birokrasi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi akuntabilitas birokrasi dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir di Kecamatan Nusaniwe Kota Ambon, serta menemukan konsep baru tentang akuntabilitas birokrasi yang terfokus pada program pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik anlisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas birokrasi dalam tanggung jawab birokrasi dalam mewujudkan tujuan, akuntabilitas birokrasi atas sumber daya, akuntabilitas birokrasi atas keputusan dan akuntabilitas birokrasi dalam membangun partisipasi dalam pelaksanaan program pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir di Kecamatan Nusaniwe Kota Ambon kurang terlaksanakan dengan baik sebagaimana yang diharapkan. Program pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir yang dijalankan dalam mewujudkan pengembangan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir, yaitu bantuan modal, bantuan peralatan, dan pelatihan kewirausahaan yang bertujuan untuk memberikan penguatan dalam mewujudkan kemandirian bagi masyarakat pesisir yang rata-rata bermata pencaharian sebagai nelayan yang bergerak di sektor perikanan perdesaan belum juga terlaksana dengan baik. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi akuntabilitas birokrasi dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir, yaitu : komunikasi, sumber daya, sikap pelaksana, dan struktur birokrasi kurang terlaksana dengan baik sehingga mempengaruhi akuntabilitas birokrasi dalam pelaksanaan program pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir di Kecamatan Nusaniwe Kota Ambon.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP
Authors: Adnan Mohamad Azmi , Bin Mohd Shah Muhammad Afif Shahmie
Published: January 2020

Gender differences have always been debated in a lot of platforms including in universities. In universities, both female and male leaders are being proactive with their advocacies in their own leadership pursuits in which at the same time they have to focus on their academic performances as well. Some questions may arise: how do they handle both of these pursuits at the same time? Will they portray any differences in balancing of these pursuits? Research has proven that gender differences do exist between male and female leaders especially in the aspect of leadership, academic performances and the ability of them to do multi-tasking and interestingly, this particular research has been in the favour of female leaders.In this research paper, gender differences will be determined between male leaders of Jawatankuasa Perwakilan Kolej Delima and female leaders of Jawatankuasa Perwakilan Kolej Melati, in which both of these organisations are recognized as the most victorious organisations of all residential colleges in UiTM Shah Alam. A quantitative method has been applied in the commission of this research whereby it requires 34 respondents from both organisations to answer a questionnaire. From this research, it has been found that even though prior research made by the previous researchers was in the favour of female leaders, but, male leaders of Jawatankuasa Perwakilan Kolej Delima tend to show that they could create equilibrium in both of the pursuits that they have involved in, compared to female leaders of Jawatankuasa Perwakilan Kolej Melati. A qualitative method in the form of interview also has been conducted in order to obtain thorough insights of what have been transpired by all of them in pursuing both of the pursuits. Albeit of the disparities, all of the respondents share the same attributes in which they are persevere, brave, courageous and strong to find equilibrium between both of the pursuit as their interpretation of being a victorious leader is being a survivor, not a quitter. All in all, both female and male leaders of respondents are in the pursuit of being a victorious leader as the definition of �victorious leader? for them are being a survivior in facing all of the ruthless and dreadful challenges of being a leader.
Kajian Resepsi Terhadap Teks Futūhu 'l-‘Ārifīn
Authors: Effendi Muhammad Zulkham , Wirajaya Asep Yudha
Published: January 2020

The text of Futūhu 'l-'Ārifīn speaks of the way of zikr in the Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah order. Based on the manuscript inventory, the number of Futūhu 'l-'Ārifīn manuscripts is four manuscripts, three Malay and one Javanese manuscript. The data sources used are three Malay-language manuscripts, Futūhu 'l-'Ārifīn, Fathu 'l-'ārifīn, and the order which was raised to Qadiriyah and Naqsyabandiyah. Of the three manuscripts, the manuscript Futūhu 'l-'Ārifīn  is chosen because it has advantages, such as older age, completeness and manuscript readability. Reader reception is obtained from four selected speakers based on specific qualifications. The four speakers came from the four Salafiyah boarding schools in Central Java adherents of the Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah. Based on the reception of the text reader Futūhu 'l-'Ārifīn, it is known identity and some social functions and benefits of the teachings Futūhu 'l-'Ārifīn. The identity of Futūhu 'l-'Ārifīn is a special method of zikr for the order of Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah which was narrated by Shaykh Ahmad Khatib Sambas. Meanwhile, social function and the benefit of the teachings of Futūhu 'l-'Ārifīn, that is  (1) elicit social sensitivity and good rulings; and (2) calmness and tranquility.
Dekonstruksi Wacana Patriarki dan Kebungkaman Perempuan dalam Manuskrip Hikayat Darma Tasiyah
Authors: Rohmatin Fatkhu
Published: January 2020

In the old tradition of Nusantara literature, in this case Malay and Javanese, often represented a model of society that adhered to a patriarchal system. This system puts women at the subordinate level, under the domination of men. This phenomenon was also represented in one of the manuscripts of the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia collection entitled 'Hikayat Darma Tasiyah' with the script code W 124B. This study aims to deconstruct the point of view of reading the script using Derrida's deconstruction approach model, in order to obtain a new meaning which is binary in opposition to the general meaning produced from the point of view of structural readings. With deconstruction reading, the meaning of obedience and silence turns into acts of resistance, mistakes become rebellion, expulsion is precisely like liberation and so on. As a literary work that discusses the patriarchy system, Hikayat Darma Tasiyah is actually able to turn into a destroyer of the patriarchy system itself, only through deconstruction reading.
La danza del siglo xx, un cuerpo con muchos rostros
Authors: Zapata Ospina Gustavo Adolfo
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo busca hallar el lugar del cuerpo en la danza del siglo XX occidental a través de los planteamientos de figuras canónicas de la historia de la disciplina. Con este propósito se ofrece un recorrido, que parte de François Delsarte y culmina en Pina Baush, en el que se ve cómo cada coreógrafo de la época fue reformulando las visiones de cuerpo que heredó. El artículo concluye que los autores (bailarines-coreógrafos) son el constructo de un siglo cambiante que nos deja el cuerpo como creador no solo de técnicas que posibilitan el lenguaje que hoy comprendemos, sino como vehículo de la creación misma.

doi:10.17632/jjx8fr2448.1
Sortilegios por las ensoñaciones de una ciudad fragmentada: la dramaturgia en la mirada órfica de la ciudad
Authors: Osorio Yoni Alexánder
Published: January 2020

La ciudad es un espacio que ha dejado de ser una construcción urbana, para mostrarse hoy como un cuerpo simbólico cargado de fenómenos narrativos que solo son percibidos por aquellos que se dejan seducir por las formas cadavéricas de sus calles y paredes, que invitan a poetizar su descomposición, en lo necrótico, a hacer magia con las entrañas de su mórbido cuerpo. A esa ciudad solo la habita el hombre que se deja tocar por su encantamiento morboso y se ve abocado a recorrerla para encontrar toda la carga dramática que contiene; leer sus signos y representaciones diversas de las fábulas humanas; expandir la subjetividad sin interrupción, como si la muerte de lo estable fuera su función; este encuentro con la dramaturgia de la ciudad es un hallazgo desde la mirada órfica, que es posibilidad, no enfermedad, es fuerza creadora, porque con ella se devela, se encarna el espíritu perdido, y se reconoce que solo en la experiencia del habitar, está el encantamiento de la teatralidad de la existencia humana.

doi:10.17632/ftzbps7623.1
La cachiporra. Pasillo para mandolina, tiple y guitarra
Authors: Díez Henao Gustavo Adolfo , Naranjo Bernardo Piedrahita
Published: January 2020

El pasillo La Cachiporra la escribí en 2004 en respuesta a una creciente necesidad personal de escribir música andina colombiana para nutrir el abanico de repertorios de nuestra música de la zona andina. El título refiere a palo con cabeza gruesa que se utiliza para golpear y el propósito de este título fue el de expresar el desacuerdo frente a la manera -a veces poco objetiva-  en la que se califica en diferentes festivales.El concepto estético de la obra se configura desde el uso de la modalidad con una estructura melódica sólida, con el uso de armonías ampliadas y con un discurso rítmico potente en el que se “exportan” células rítmicas de las músicas del Llano. Así mismo, como es característico en mi trabajo compositivo, procuro que el diseño sea técnicamente exigente para los instrumentistas

doi:10.17632/k9my62fmws.1
¿Musicología o investigación musical?
Authors: Sans Juan Francisco
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo reflexiona sobre las bases epistemológicas en las que se sustenta la diferenciación entre “musicología” e “investigación musical” establecida en algunos documentos del Ministerio de Cultura de Colombia, y la conveniencia de utilizar uno u otro término en la definición de sus políticas oficiales. Además, analiza las ventajas y desventajas teóricas y prácticas de ambos términos, así como la carga ideológica implícita en ellos, y trata de dilucidar cuál sería el más apropiado para un adecuado desarrollo de la disciplina en el país.
Desobedientes: creando empoderamiento a través del arte y del feminismo (s)
Authors: Ballester Buigues Irene
Published: January 2020

En este artículo se advierten los trabajos de diferentes artistas cuyos cuerpos se han empoderado como lienzos de expresión para expresar sus perspectivas sobre las diferencias con el patriarcado. Sus cuerpos y trabajos desobedientes, biertos y llevados al extremo, serán sujeto de representación y de autoafirmación, a través de los cuales empoderarse y resistir frente a las consideradas verdades absolutas patriarcales, según las cuales las mujeres han sido representadas como objetos de placer para las miradas masculinas.
Artis et educatio. Un acercamiento a la noción de arte como posibilidad de reflexión pedagógica
Authors: Montoya Yoni Alexander Osorio
Published: January 2020

El arte es una actividad humana que durante cientos de años ha servido para que el hombre reivindique su propia existencia y transmita, a través de las generaciones, los valores que ha construido en el trasegar de su historia como fruto de constantes reflexiones, sinsabores y encuentros; por eso es, por excelencia, el espacio propicio a la hora de hacer reflexiones acerca de los asuntos propios de la existencia, hasta el punto en el que se ha convertido en un instrumento pedagógico por excelencia. El artículo intenta esclarecer esa relación entre pedagogía y arte, como elemento reflexivo sobre las realidades humanas. Para ello plantea inicialmente unas definiciones necesarias en la comprensión del tema sobre educación, arte y pedagogía, desde los aportes de la historia de la pedagogía, la sociología y la psicología, para conectarse, finalmente, con la forma en la que el arte se convierte en reflexión pedagógica por retomar temáticas que van desde lo histórico, social, económico y político, inclusive, como posibilidad resiliente.
El sonido de la historia la sensibilización de las nuevas generaciones hacia las tradiciones musicales
Authors: Marquez Juan Carlos Lyons
Published: January 2020

El artículo presenta una visión del autor acerca de qué está pasando con las músicas tradicionales colombianas, en especial, las de la región Caribe. Además, hace alusión a la realidad musical de los jóvenes y cómo se pueden impactar positivamente para que tengan una mejor aceptación de las mismas, y como un compromiso, por parte de los docentes y músicos, sensibilizar estas nuevas generaciones e invitarlas a conocer y vivir nuestras tradiciones musicales.
Acercamiento del arte en la construcción de patrimonio, castillo soñado
Authors: Rojas Casallas Catalina
Published: January 2020

El artículo que se presenta a continuación es el recuento de la experiencia obtenida durante el proyecto Ex situ / In situ prácticas artísticas en comunidad, realizado en la comuna 4 de Medellín, bajo la coordinación del equipo de trabajo del Centro de Desarrollo Cultural de Moravia.Castillo Soñado se inscribe como propuesta artística que permite debatir y dar a conocer los vínculos de activación patrimonial que las prácticas artísticas realizan de forma permanente. Se amplia la experiencia de la artista teniendo en cuenta la participación de mujeres líderes del barrio, capital simbólico que entra a definir dinámicas de poder social y político al interior del barrio, generado este con el pretexto de recordar y traer a la actualidad objetos relevantes en las vidas de las mujeres participantes.
Una conversación acerca de los “que hacer” con la actividad coral en el marco de una gestión pública observatorio cultural de la provincia de Buenos Aires
Authors: Correa Eduardo
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo es la síntesis de una entrevista pública que se realizó en el Observatorio Cultural de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, en el año 20091, con el objeto de sentar algunas líneas de discusión para problematizar el diseño de una política pública referida a las diferentes ofertas de la actividad musical y, en particular, a la actividad coral que, en otras características, tiene su sustento y su permanente recambio en lo vocacional y el amateurismo, lo que de manera inevitable la transforma en un recipiente que trasciende lo artístico para incursionar en terrenos de estudio social.Eduardo Correa (*), el entrevistado, era en ese entonces Coordinador del programa de Desarrollo de la actividad Coral en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, que tiene la mayor población del país (14.000.000 de habitantes) y la mayor producción agroindustrial. Entre los años 2006 y 2010 y al frente del organismo, desarrollo diversas vías de acción que impulsaron la actividad en el sentido cualitativo. En el año 2009 impulso el programa de desarrollo en el marco del programa Argentina Punta a Punta de la Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación.
Calcium signaling, TRP channels and intracellular Ca2+ measurement in neurons
Authors: NAZIROGLU Mustafa
Published: January 2020

Calcium ion (Ca2+) has several physiological and pathophysiological functions such as communication, cell death and development in neurons. Normally, Ca2+ concentration is too high in out of the neurons (1-3 mM) as compared to the inside of the neurons (50-100 nM). Ca2+ passes the cell membranes through passive and active channels. Passive channels are leak channels. Well known active channels are including several channels such as voltage gated channels, chemical channels, store operated channels and mechanical channels (Kumar et al. 2014).  In addition, Ca2+ is released from intracellular organelles to cytosol by activation IP3 and ryanodine receptors. Apart from the well-known cell membrane Ca2+ channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels were discovered within the last decades. The TRP channels have 28 members within the 6 subgroups in mammalian. Activation and inhibition mechanisms of the TRP channels are very different from the well-known Ca2+ channels. For example, TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is activated by hot chili pepper component (capsaicin), acidic pH, high temperature and the vanilloids (Caterina et al. 1997).  TRP melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel is activated by ADP-Ribose and NAD+. TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels are also activated by oxidative stress (Nazıroğlu and Braidy, 2017). In several neuronal diseases such as epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease, intracellular free Ca2+ concentration is increased by the oxidative stress. Hence, measurement of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration is very important for discovering new calcium channel blocker drugs. In the cytosol of neurons, intracellular free Ca2+ concentration was measured by using Ca2+ indicators.      There are two main classes of calcium indicators namely chemical indicators and genetically encoded calcium indicators. Chemical indicators of free intracellular Ca2+ are Fura-2, Fluo-3, Fluo-4 and Rhod2. These dyes are often used with acetoxymethyl esters, in order to render the molecule lyphophlilic and to allow easy entrance into the cell. Genetically encoded indicators do not need to be loaded into cells, instead the genes encoding for these proteins can be easily transfected to cells. These indicators are fluorescent proteins derived from green fluorescent protein (GFP). In this presentation, I will summarize Ca2+ signaling and using the fluorescent dyes for Ca2+ imaging. In conclusion, intracellular free Ca2+ concentration can be measured by using the indicators. In the measurement techniques, laser confocal microscopy seems best technique.
Alzheimer’s disease, the road ahead
Authors: SENSI Stefano L.
Published: January 2020

The failure of all the clinical trials focused on the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including the Phase 3 aducanumab trial, is another warning that the field must take a different approach. Some authors have already called for a rejection of the amyloid hypothesis, new and old players like tau-related pathology microglia activation and neuroinflammation are now looming on the horizon, but the core of the issue is that the reductionist approach that has dominated modern medicine should be abandoned. We need an epistemological leap forward, a change in paradigm, and an embrace of a complex view of the disease as a condition resulting from the converging failure of many health-controlling systems and networks, a condition that is shaped, in each subject, by the combination of the individual “omic” lookout and its modulation by the environment. Moreover, we need to leave behind the illusion that a single bullet/intervention can be the cure and adopt a systems-biology approach (Greene and Loscalzo, 2017). The talks will discuss the multifactorial nature of AD, a condition in which, along with Aβ accumulation, the convergence of many genetic, environmental, vascular, metabolic, and inflammatory factors promotes the neurodegenerative process. All these conditions find fertile ground, inside and outside of the central nervous system, provided by the aging process. In that respect, converging approaches targeting co-morbidity factors represent one of the more promising areas of intervention as, at least, we need to remind ourselves that a third of AD cases are strongly dependent on the concerted activity of modifiable factors like low education, midlife hypertension, midlife obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, smoking, and depression (Brem and Sensi 2018). Thus, in line with a more modern, we need to reconcile ourselves to the fact that complex, nontransmissible chronic conditions must be treated with a multifaceted approach. 
Involvement of oxidative stress and TRP channels in cerebral ischemia
Authors: ARMAĞAN Hamit Hakan
Published: January 2020

Abnormalities of intracellular free Ca+2 concentration is caused through activation of mitochondrial membrane depolarization by excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In etiology of cerebral ischemia, the abnormalities of intracellular free Ca+2 concentration and excessive productions of ROS play an important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia (Chinopoulos and Adam-Vizi, 2006). Ca2+ influx occurs through activation of different cation channels. Well-known cations channels in cell membrane are chemical and voltage gated channels. Apart from the well-known cation channels, there is transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. The TRP superfamily is containing 28 members in 7 subfamilies in mammalian. Activation and inhibition mechanisms of the TRP channels are very different from the wellknown calcium channels. TRPM2 channel is activated by ADP-ribose NAD+. Another member of TRP superfamily is TRPV1 channel and it is activated several stimuli, including capsaicin, heat (≥43 °C) and acidic pH (≤ 6) (Chinopoulos and Adam-Vizi, 2006; Toda et al, 2019). Both channels are also activated by oxidative stress. Recent data indicated protective roles of some drugs on cerebral ischemia in rodents. One of the drug is duloxetine (DULOX) and it reduced the effects of Ca2+ entry and ROS through inhibition of TRPM2 channel (Toda et al. 2019). Another drug is dexmedetomidine (DEX) and it is an important drug for long-term sedation in intensive care patients, because it induces a rapid response. In addition to the intensive care patients, it has been started to use for sedation and analgesia in emergency medicine patients (McMorrow and Abramo, 2012). Recently, the protective role of DEX through inhibition of TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels on experimental cerebral ischemia in rats was reported (Akpınar et al. 2016). In the oral presentation, I discussed novel effects of TRPM2, TRPV1 and oxidative stress on the cerebral ischemia in rodents and human.  I concluded that the results of current data suggest that antioxidant drugs such as DEX and DULOX treatments reduce cerebral ischemia-induced oxidative stress and intracellular Ca2+ signaling through inhibition of TRPM2 and TRPV1 channels. It seems to that the exact relationship between TRP channel activation and the drugs in cerebral ischemia still remains to be determined. 
Experimental traumatic brain injury models in rodents
Authors: ÖCAL Özgür
Published: January 2020

Several accidents such as sport and traffic may induce head trauma for inducing mild traumatic brain injuries. Then the mild traumatic brain injuries result in primary and secondary brain injuries for resulting neurodegenerative disorders. Investigation of the traumatic brain injuries in the subject are difficult due to ethical restrictions. In addition, results of postmortem analyses of mild traumatic brain injuries are not valuable for clarifying the etiology of the mild traumatic brain injuries. Therefore, the animal models have great importance for the clarifying etiology of the mild traumatic brain injuries. Today, there are several animal models of mild traumatic brain injuries such as models of Marmarou, Feeney and Maryland (Marmarou et al. 1994; Hiskens et al. 2019). However, they are severe and acute models instead of the mild traumatic brain injuries. Recently, Dr. Mehmet Bilgen from USA discovered a valuable mechanical technique for the injuries (Bilgen, 2005). This presentation, I aimed to examine the literature for variables included in these animal models. Present data on the experimental traumatic brain injury suggested that appropriate animal models can assist in understanding the pathophysiological outcomes of patients with traumatic brain injury. The animal models could be used for discovering new therapies in the treatment of traumatic brain injuries.
The protective role of Hypericum perforatum in treatment of oxidative stress-induced multiple sclerosis is affected by extraction procedure: A literature review
Authors: DEMİRCİ Tunhan
Published: January 2020

Incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing over all the world, because effective treatment of the disease has not been discovered yet. In the treatment of MS, different inflammatory chemical drugs have been used, but they have adverse effects on the normal cells and neurons, although plant extracts including Hypericum perforatum has no adverse effects on the normal cells in human. Oxidative stress induced excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS production occurs during the several physiological and pathophysiological functions. Hypericum perforatum known as St. John’s Wort, has been proven to relieve in depression. However, results of recent studies reported modulator role of Hypericum perforatum on MS in rats (Nazıroğlu et al. 2014). The cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects of the Hypericum perforatum on MS pain pathways are not known, results in the literature suggest that the modulator effects of Hypericum perforatum in MS could be related to an increase antioxidant effect (Mojaverrostami et al. 2018). Recently, modulator roles of plant extracts such as Hypericum perforatum and through inhibition of ROS production in the treatment of MS have been reported. However, antioxidant contents of the plant extracts were affected by several factors, including extraction procedures (Dresler et al. 2018). In the presentation, I will review current data on the extraction procedures of Hypericum perforatum. In addition, I will summarize recent data on therapeutic roles of Hypericum perforatum in MS.   In conclusion, it seems that Hypericum perforatum has potential therapeutic effects against MS-induced oxidative stress. 
Signalling mechanisms for ROS-induced TRPM2 mediated microglial cell activation
Authors: SYED MORTADZA Sharifah Alawieyah , HUA JIANG Lin
Published: January 2020

Microglial cell is a highly plastic cell in which it retracts its branched processes upon activation by structurally diverse molecules. Elevation of these molecules in the brain has been implicated in a diversity of diseases conditions in the CNS, where these molecules promote production of toxicity mediators, such as ROS. Microglial cell activation in response to ROS has been of particular interest. Emerging evidence supports a role for the TRPM2 channel in ROS-induced neuroinflammation. Thus, the current study aims to examine the role of the TRPM2 channel in mediating H2O2-induced microglial activation. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted, including primary microglial isolation, single cell calcium imaging, immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy and computer-aided analysis of cell morphology. H2O2-induced microglial activation were observed in WT microglial cells but were ablated by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the TRPM2 channel. Exposure to H2O2 raised the [Ca2+]i via promoting Ca2+ influx, which was prevented by TRPM2-KO. H2O2 induced ROS production and PARP-1 activation.  H2O2induced ROS production and PARP-1 activation as well as an increase in the [Ca2+]i and microglial activation, were suppressed by inhibiting PKC and NOX. Furthermore, H2O2-induced PARP-1 activation, increase in the [Ca2+]i and microglial activation were attenuated by inhibiting the Ca2+-sensitive PYK2 and downstream MEK/ERK kinases. The findings provide strong evidence to support that the TRPM2 channel is functionally expressed and plays a major role in ROS-induced Ca2+ signalling as well as cell activation in microglia. Such information is useful for a better understanding of microglial cells in oxidative stress-related pathologies. 
New derivatives of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in the therapy of glioblastoma multiforme - preliminary studies
Authors: SİWİAK Ewelina , SOŁTYKA Maja
Published: January 2020

Tumor cells preferentially use the glycolysis process as a source of ATP regardless of the availability of oxygen (Warburg effect). GBM cells are particularly dependent on this process. A PET diagnostic test using a fluoro-labeled 2-DG derivative indicates that GBM cells accumulate 2-DG in their interior. Unfortunately, therapeutic use of 2-DG is limited due to insufficient pharmacokinetic parameters of the compound. However, a chemical modification involving the substitution of -OH groups with acetyl groups leads to an increase in 2-DG permeability across the BBB and its concentrations in GBM cells. Based on previous preliminary results using the O-acetylated 2-DG-2deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-D-glucose derivative (WP1122), we assume that the new halogen (2-BG, 2-IG, 2-CG) and acetyl 2-DG derivatives will be highly cytotoxic to GBM cells. In addition, we anticipate the analysis of a new class of 2-DG derivatives, which may be modulated with ethylbutyrate and VPA, may also modulate the activity of HDAC and thus the expression of genes involved in cell apoptosis. The obtained preliminary results on the in vitro model showed that 2-DG decreases the viability of the U87 and U251 cell lines depending on the dose. The IC50 2-DG is for the following lines: U87-0.6mM, 0.5 mM (46,72h), U251-0.7mM, 0.45mM (48,72h). The percentage of apoptotic cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and cell staining with annexinV and PI. The MTT analysis of WP122 showed that the IC50 is in the cells of U87 line-1.5mM, 0.8mM (48,72h), U2511.25mM, 0.8mM (48,72h). The MTT analyzes of the effects of HDIs: NaBt and VPA determined the IC50 for NaBt: U87-1.48mM, 0.95mM (48,72h), U251-2.1mM, 2mM (48,72h); for VPA: U87-6.2mM, 6.0mM (48,72h), U251-5.3mM, 4.2mM (48,72h). Preliminary studies in the analysis of halo-derivatives interaction with hexokinase allowed to develop a model of expression and obtain a recombinant hexokinase protein, which will then be used for crystallographic analyzes. 
Effects of The Hydroxyurea Derivative 1, 3 ,4 - Thiadiazoles on Antioxidant Vitamins and MDA in Serums of Rats and Cell Viability of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: KARAGOZOGLU Yusuf
Published: January 2020

In this study, the effects of as used ligand [1-hydroxy - 2 - (5 - (trifluoromethyl) - 1, 3, 4- thiadiazole- 2 - yl) guanidine] and its Mn, Cd, Cr complexes on the antioxidant vitamins and MDA levels in the serums of rats and antitumor activity of these chemical compounds on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells at different concentrations were investigated. When the results were compared between the levels of control and experimental groups of antioxidant vitamins and MDA statistically, it was observed that there were decreased levels of A, E, and C vitamins in groups of applied Cd (II) and Cr (II) complexes compared with the control group,  whereas MDA levels were increased. The antioxidant vitamins and MDA levels in serum were determined by HPLC. It was clearly observed that the subcutaneously MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated Ligand (L), Mn (L) 2, Cd (L) 2 and Cr (L) 2 complexes had the low levels of cell viability activity when compared to the untreated control cells clearly increased according to the control group for after incubation 24 h onwards to 48 h. Cell vialities measured by electronic microscope. As a result, it suggested that thiadiazole compounds exhibit antitumor activity with reduction in serum antioxidant vitamins of rats can cause cytotoxic effect depending on the mechanism of oxidative damage.
Pathophysiology of cation channels in pain: Focus on TRP Channels
Authors: NAZIROĞLU Musyafa
Published: January 2020

In neurons such as dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia, calcium (Ca2+) and sodium ion concentrations are higher in in outside than in cytosol, although potassium ion concentration was higher in inside of the neurons than outside of the neurons. Within the ions, it has been suggested that a dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis acts a key role in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress associated nerve damage. Ca2+ is a main intracellular messenger involved in several physiological functions of neurons such survival, death, synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter release. It has specific role in induction of peripheral pain. Ca2+ passes cell membrane via different channels such as chemical and voltage gated channels. Apart from the well-known cation channels, there is recently discovered channels namely transient receptor potential (TRP) family. The TRP superfamily is containing 6 subfamilies with 28 members in mammalian. Activation and inhibition mechanisms of the TRP channels are very different from the voltage gated calcium channels. Some TRP channels such as TRP melastatin 2 (TRPM2), melastatin 7 (TRPM7) and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) are activated by oxidative stress. Expression levels of TRPA1, TRPM2 and TRPM7 are high in DRG, phagocytic cells and hippocampus, respectively. Therefore, TRPM2 is important channels in physiological activity of phagocytic cells such as neutrophil and monocytes (Heiner et al. 2006). TRPM7 and TRPA1 have main roles in cerebral ischemia and peripheral pain molecular pathways, respectively (Carrasco et al. 2018; Sun, 2017). Till today specific antagonists of most TRP channels have not been discovered yet and they have potential targets for discovering drugs in neuroscience. In pain etiology, Ca2+ is important and it has been demonstrated in some studies that the administration of an antagonist to Ca2+ channels induces a reduction in chemotherapeutic  agents-induced neuropathic pain.  In the presentation, I discussed novel results of Ca2+ on the peripheral pain by the regulation of TRP channels.  I concluded that the results of recent studies suggest that increased cytosolic Ca2+ has through inhibition of TRP channels main role in etiology of peripheral pain. It seems to that the TRP channels are potential target for treatment of peripheral pain. 
Western-blot, PCR and immunofluorescence analysis in mitochondrial biogenesis studies
Authors: ROUSSEAU Denis
Published: January 2020

Mitochondria are providing an essential amount of energy to the cell, to achieve in homeostasis, metabolic increases, proliferation and differentiation processes. Also, mitochondrial deficiencies have severe or lethal impacts on cell viability. Among the 3000 proteins involved in mitochondrial activities, ATAD3 is a major one as essential for mitochondrial biogenesis, vital as early as embryonic implantation. In order to see its  impact at animal level, we have used ATAD3+/- mice to investigate its role in running training and in high calorie diet. We found here that ATAD3 expression level avoids running capacity improvement and has a strong effect on weight increase, underlying its important role in mitochondrial mass regulations. Prior to this presentation we will emphasize on the potential of Western-blot, PCR and immunofluorescence analysis in biomedical researches.
Traumatic brain injury models in rats
Authors: ERTİLAV Kemal
Published: January 2020

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is induced in the brain by external forces such as traffic accidents and heat trauma. Death and disability are induced by the TBI. Indeed, worldwide, about 10 million people are annually deaths or hospitalizations annually by the TBI exposures. In addition, about 57 million exposed to brain injury after TBI annually (Xiong et al. 2013). There is no direct treatment method for the TBI. After the TBI, different pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis are induced by the brain injury. Hence, investigations of new treatment methods in rodent models have important role for inhibition of the pathological processes of human. Marmarou method has been used to make a diffuse head trauma (Marmarou et al. 1994) and it is popular for induction of TBI in rats. Before induction of TBI, the animals should anesthetized by anesthetics such as ketamine and xylazine combination. The animals are placed in prone position on the trauma table under the anesthesia. After skin incision, a steel disc (10 mm X 3 mm) is placed midline between coronal and lambdoid sutures on the animal’s skull, and a 250-300 g weight is freely dropped through a cylindrical tube, with 19 mm inner diameter, from 2 m height onto the head of the animal (Marmarou et al. 1994). In the presentation, a selection of the principal models is described and the model was compared