bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyrrole Synthesis Catalyzed by AgOTf or Cationic Au(I) Complexes.
Authors: Harrison Tyler J. , Kozak Jennifer A. , Corbella‐Pane Montserrat , Dake Gregory R.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Generated from Aziridines in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Gomes Paulo J. S. , Nunes Claudio M. , Pais Alberto A. C. C. , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D. , Arnaut Luis G.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convenient Method of Synthesizing 3‐Ethoxycarbonyl Indoles.
Authors: Islam M. Shahidul , Brennan Courtney , Wang Qinwei , Hossain M. Mahmun
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Indoles with Imines by an Organic Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Yong‐Qiang , Song Jun , Hong Ran , Li Hongming , Deng Li
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Tetraarylimidazoles Using Molecular Iodine as an Efficient Catalyst.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Mothsra Poonam
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convenient Method for Synthesis of 2‐Trifluoromethyl‐1,3‐oxathiolan‐5‐ones.
Authors: Pustovit Yu. M. , Alekseenko A. N. , Subota A. I. , Tolmachev A. A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave Promoted Synthesis of Functionalized 2‐Aminothiazoles.
Authors: Kabalka George W. , Mereddy Arjun R.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carboxylate Bioisosteres of Pregabalin.
Authors: Schwarz Jacob B. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Surface Cleaning under Combined Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation: Flash Synthesis of 4H‐Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles (II) in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Peng Yanqing , Song Gonghua , Dou Ruiling
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Coumarins by Pt‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Propiolic Acids with Phenols.
Authors: Oyamada Juzo , Kitamura Tsugio
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐(2‐Hydroxyaryl)pyridines via Arynes and Pyridine N‐Oxides.
Authors: Raminelli Cristiano , Liu Zhijian , Larock Richard C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Route to 6‐CF3‐Substituted Nicotinic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Druzhinin Sergey V. , Balenkova Elizabeth S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the 2H‐Quinolizin‐2‐one Scaffold via a Stepwise Acylation—Intramolecular Annulation Strategy.
Authors: Natarajan Swaminathan R. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐(N,N‐Dialkylthiocarbamoylthio)‐5‐nitropyrimidines as New Potential Nitric Oxide Donors.
Authors: Ryabova O. B. , Khmel'nitskaya E. Yu. , Makarov V. A. , Alekseeva L. M. , Grigor'ev N. B. , Granik V. G.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemotherapy of Leishmaniasis. Part 3. Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Novel Aryl Substituted Terpenyl Pyrimidines as Antileishmanial Agents.
Authors: Chandra Naveen , Pandey Susmita , Ramesh Ramesh , Suryawanshi S. N. , Gupta Suman
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Substituted Pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidines from 2‐Arylmethylidene‐3‐fluoroalkyl‐3‐oxopropionates.
Authors: Pryadeina M. V. , Burgart Ya. V. , Kodess M. I. , Saloutin V. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzadiazepine Derivatives Catalyzed by Silver Nitrate
Authors: Kumar Rupesh , Chaudhary Preeti , Nimesh Surendra , Verma Akhilesh K. , Chandra Ramesh
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Chemistry of Enantiomerically Pure 10,11‐Dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepins
Authors: Wyatt Paul , Hudson Andrew , Charmant Jonathan , Orpen A. Guy , Phetmung Hirihattaya
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regiochemical Control in the Metal‐Catalyzed Transposition of Allylic Silyl Ethers.
Authors: Hansen Eric C. , Lee Daesung Lee Daesung
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Substituted Acylsilanes via a Highly Selective [1,4]‐Wittig Rearrangement of α‐Benzyloxyallylsilane.
Authors: Onyeozili Edith N. , Maleczka Robert E. Jr.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of Photoacylotropic (2Z)‐2‐(N‐Acyl‐N‐arylaminomethylidene)benzo[b]thiophen‐3(2H)‐ones with a Chiral Migrating Group.
Authors: Rybalkin V. P. , Vorob'eva Ya. Yu. , Borodkin G. S. , Dubonosov A. D. , Tsukanov A. V. , Tkachev V. V. , Aldoshin S. M. , Bren' V. A. , Minkin V. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ginsenoside Rg8, a New Dammarane‐Type Triterpenoid Saponin from Roots of Panax quinquefolium.
Authors: Dou Deqiang , Li Wei , Guo Na , Fu Rui , Pei Yuping , Koike Kazuo , Nikaido Tamotsu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New C21 Steroidal Glycosides from Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn.
Authors: Wang Shu , Lai Yu‐Han , Tian Bao , Yang Lin
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Derivatives of Exemestane — Synthesis and Evaluation of Aromatase Inhibition.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Bonnekessel Ch. , Jones P. G. , Palusczak A. , Hartmann R. W.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Puqienine F, a Novel Veratramine Alkaloid from the Bulbs of Fritillaria puqiensis.
Authors: Li Hui‐Jun , Jiang Yan , Li Ping , Ye Wen‐Cai
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Improved Synthesis of 2′‐Deoxyribonucleosides of Pyridazine Derivatives.
Authors: Kazimierczuk Zygmunt , Kaminski Jaroslaw , Meggio Flavio
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Convenient Synthesis of Fluorinated Penciclovir Analogues 9‐(4‐Fluoro‐3‐hydroxymethylbutyl) Guanine (FHBG) (VII) and 2‐Amino‐6‐fluoro‐9‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐hydroxymethylbutyl) Purine (6‐Fluoropenciclovir) (XII).
Authors: Cai Hancheng , Yin Duanzhi , Zhang Lan , Wang Yongxian
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two Isocoumarins from Pleurospermum angelicoides.
Authors: Shibano Makio , Naito Hideyuki , Taniguchi Masahiko , Wang Nian‐He , Baba Kimiye
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the CD‐Ring of the Anticancer Agent Streptonigrin: Studies of Aryl—Aryl Coupling Methodologies.
Authors: McElroy William T. , DeShong Philip
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Isomeric 1,3‐Dimethyl‐2,9‐dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes (VI)/(VII) and 1′‐Hydroxybrevicomin (X) from Ethyl 5‐Oxohexenoate Ethyleneacetal (I) Through Cyclopropanation of an Ester Group Followed by Oxidative Opening of the Three‐Membered Ring.
Authors: Astashko D. A. , Kulinkovich O. G. , Tyvorskii V. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spin‐Density Waves and Charge‐Density Waves in Cr Alloys
Authors: de Oliveira A. J. A. , de Camargo P. C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
195Pt NMR and DFT Computational Methods as Tools Towards the Understanding of Speciation and Hydration/Solvation of [PtX6]2‐ (X: Cl‐, Br‐) Anions in Solution
Authors: Koch Klaus R. , Burger M. R. , Kramer J. , Westra A. N.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure and Phase Behavior of Two‐Dimensional Solids Formed at Interfaces
Authors: Inaba Akira
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Advanced Chemical Design with Supported Metal Complexes for Selective Catalysis
Authors: Tada Mizuki , Iwasawa Yasuhiro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Non‐Covalent Immobilization of Catalysts Based on Chiral Diazaligands
Authors: Fraile Jose M. , Garcia Jose I. , Mayoral Jose A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwaves, Power Ultrasound, and Ionic Liquids. A New Synergy in Green Organic Synthesis
Authors: Leveque Jean‐Marc , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unusual Radical Cyclizations
Authors: Walton John C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Phase Chemical Tools for Glycobiology
Authors: Larsen Kim , Thygesen Mikkel B. , Guillaumie Fanny , Willats William G. T. , Jensen Knud J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Developments in Boron—Phosphorus Ring and Cage Chemistry
Authors: Paine R. T. , Noth H. , Habereder T. , Janik J. F. , Duesler E. N. , Dreissig D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Assembled Nanofibrillar Aggregates with Amphiphilic and Lipophilic Molecules
Authors: Sagawa Takashi , Chowdhury Saleh , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphate Ester Cleavage with Binuclear Boron Chelates
Authors: Mitra Amitabha , Atwood David A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electron Interaction Cross Sections for CF3I, C2F4, and CFx (x = 1—3) Radicals
Authors: Rozum I. , Limao‐Vieira P. , Eden S. , Tennyson J. , Mason N. J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Ligands in the Asymmetric Reformatsky Reaction
Authors: Ribeiro Carlos Magno Rocha , Cordeiro de Farias Florence Moellmann
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Liquid‐Phase Oxidation of Alkanes in the Presence of Metal Compounds
Authors: Karasevich E. I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Importance of Epidermal Keratinocytes in Itch
Authors: Andoh Tsugunobu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Construction of Optimal Combined Chemotherapy of Antitumor Drugs Based on Chronotherapy
Authors: To Hideto
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Presence of Pre‐Columbian Maize in the Old World — An Overview
Authors: Uchibayashi Masao
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural Biology and Chemistry of the Terpenoid Cyclases
Authors: Christianson David W.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Assembly‐Line Enzymology for Polyketide and Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics: Logic, Machinery, and Mechanisms
Authors: Fischbach Michael A. , Walsh Christopher T.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Plasma Techniques
Authors: Kuzuya Masayuki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Computational Approaches: Reaction Trajectories, Structures, and Atomic Motions. Enzyme Reactions and Proficiency
Authors: Bruice Thomas C.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Computational and Theoretical Methods to Explore the Relation Between Enzyme Dynamics and Catalysis
Authors: Antoniou Dimitri , Basner Jodi , Nunez Sara , Schwartz Steven D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Insights on Polymer Surfactant Complex Structures During the Binding of Surfactants to Polymers as Measured by Equilibrium and Structural Techniques
Authors: Tam Kam C. , Wyn‐Jones Evan
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
NMR Studies of Isotope Effects in Compounds with Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Hansen Poul Erik
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High Precision Analysis of Conformational and Electronic Structures of Organic Molecules by CD and MCD Spectroscopy
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao , Muranaka Atsuyu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Analysis of received‐level detection accuracy in DS‐CDMA systems
Authors: Fujii Teruya
Published: October 2006

Cellular mobile communications require the detection of received levels at mobile stations so that the positions of the mobile stations can be detected. Given that paths can be isolated in the broadband DS‐CDMA method, the technique generally used is RAKE reception, and improvements in detection accuracy due to the path diversity effect can be expected. This paper discusses the application to the DS‐CDMA technique of a method in which the average reception power is estimated fromNreception levels (the true value) obtained by sampling at a certain time interval ΔTin a mobile communication environment in which the reception voltage changes dynamically as the mobile unit runs. First, we perform a theoretical analysis of the detection accuracy of the received level in a general reception model that simultaneously takes both antenna diversity and path diversity into consideration, and then we demonstrate the plausibility of the theoretical analysis by means of computer simulations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(2): 58–71, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20217
Multifrequency loop slot antenna with omnidirectional pattern
Authors: Yokoo Yuji , Arai Hiroyuki
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we study multifrequency antennas with planar omnidirectionality for application to mobile base stations. A method for frequency sharing is implemented by connecting the antenna elements resonating at their respective frequencies by microstrip lines so that they become an open terminal at the resonance frequencies of the other elements. We propose a loop slot antenna with parasitic elements having a configuration where a loop‐shaped slot having a circumference of about one wavelength of the resonance frequency is provided in the ground plane of the dielectric substrate; the feed is through microstrip wire lines; and the dielectric substrate is surrounded vertically by planar parasitic elements as the antenna elements. This loop slot antenna with parasitic elements is connected by microstrip lines to become an open terminal and share the frequencies. Experimental and analytic results demonstrated dual‐frequency sharing of 1.5 and 2 GHz and triple‐frequency sharing of 800 MHz, 1.5 GHz, and 2 GHz. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(2): 23–32, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20302
Measurement of scattering coefficients of soil by Ka‐band polarimetric scatterometer—Dependence on soil moisture content and surface roughness
Authors: Tagawa Tetsuya , Okamoto Ken'ichi , Higuchi Akira , Ushio Tomoo , Iguchi Toshio
Published: October 2006

To clarify the scattering characteristics of the ground surface for Ka band electromagnetic waves, which is necessary for evaluation of the effect of the Ka band rain radar on board the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission core satellite, the dependence of the normalized radar cross section (backscattering coefficient) σ0 of the soil on the surface roughness and the water content in the soil was measured with a Ka band polarimetric scatterometer. The results show that the dependence of the backscatter coefficient σ0 on the surface roughness, the moisture sensitivity, and the angle of incidence is obtained for the Ka band waves. For an angle of incidence of 10°,σ0 does not depend much on the surface roughness and increases in proportion to the water content. σ0 is calculated by the theoretical equation and the empirical equation, and is found accurate by comparison with the experiment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(2): 1– 11, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20339
Generation of physical random numbers by means of photon counting
Authors: Suematsu Chie , Namekata Naoto , Shimada Ippei , Inoue Shuichiro
Published: October 2006

Random numbers were generated using the probabilistic behavior of a single photon in an optical fiber coupler. An optical fiber coupler (1:1 split ratio) distributes with equal probability a single photon to two optical paths. Therefore, a binary random number sequence was obtained. This random number generation rate was 2.94 Mbit/s. We found from the results of examining the obtained random number sequence that correlation appears between adjacent numbers of random numbers because there is a dead‐time (Td=50ns) in the photon detector. Therefore, we created a new random number sequence by sampling every second random number. This random number sequence did pass statistical tests for independence and uniformity. Consequently, the random number generation rate was 1.47 Mbit/s. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(2): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20229
Error evaluation of scale‐invariant local descriptor and its application to image indexing
Authors: Terasawa Kengo , Nagasaki Takeshi , Kawashima Toshio
Published: October 2006

One technique for image indexing is the method of extracting interest points from an image and finding point‐to‐point matches with descriptor vectors which characterize the vicinity of those interest points. In this paper, in order to improve the accuracy of these point‐to‐point matches, the authors introduce a new distance measure to replace the Mahalanobis distance used before now as the measure for the distance between descriptor vectors. The number of mismatches which tend to result from establishing matches using the Mahalanobis distance can be reduced by finding the observational error distribution of the descriptors using synthetic images including errors and revising the distance measure based thereon. Also, among the attributes of interest points, the relatively high reproducibility of the characteristic scale is of note. A technique is proposed which makes active use of characteristic scale as a descriptor, as well as Local Jet which was used before now, and the effectiveness thereof for indexing is demonstrated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(2): 31–39, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20310
Closing the gap between research and practice in HRD
Authors: Short Darren C.
Published: October 2006

At the 2006 Academy of Human Resource Development Conference in Columbus, I was asked, “What are the main steps you would take to close the gap between HRD research and practice?” This article offers an extended response.
Heat transportation by oscillatory flow with steady flow component
Authors: Inukai Akira , Takahashi Mitsugu , Hishida Makoto , Tanaka Gaku
Published: October 2006

This paper deals with heat transportation by an oscillatory flow composed of a sinusoidal oscillatory flow superimposed with a steady flow. Velocity and temperature fields, heat transportation rate, work rate, and heat transportation efficiency were investigated through numerical analysis. Results obtained elucidated that (1) the phase difference between velocity and temperature variation remained the same as that of the sinusoidal reciprocal flow without the use of a steady flow component. (2) In the upstream direction heat was mainly transported by the steady flow component and in the downstream direction transportation was mainly performed by the oscillatory flow component. (3) The heat transportation rate of the present oscillatory flow composed of both steady and oscillatory flow components was less than the arithmetic sum of the rates produced by the steady flow and the sinusoidal oscillatory flow. (4) The heat transportation rate was increased immensely by superimposing the steady flow on the sinusoidal oscillatory flow. (5) Conversely, work done by the present oscillatory flow increased only slightly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(7): 482–500, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20130
Study on a reversible thermal panel for spacecraft (detailed design based on parametric studies and experimental verification)
Authors: Nagano Hosei , Ohnishi Akira , Nagasaka Yuji , Nagashima Akira
Published: October 2006

This paper describes a new passive thermal control device—a Reversible Thermal Panel (RTP), which changes its function reversibly from a radiator to solar absorber by deploying/stowing the radiator/absorber reversible fin. Parametric studies were conducted and the RTP configuration which satisfies the thermal requirements was determined. The RTP engineering model was fabricated using highly oriented graphite sheets, honeycomb base plate, and shape memory alloy. The heat rejection performances and autonomous thermal controllability were evaluated by thermal vacuum tests. The test results show the excellent performances of heat rejection, absorption, and autonomous thermal control for the RTP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(7): 464–481, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20131
Exploring the joint effects of silicosis and smoking on lung cancer risks
Authors: Yu Ignatius Tak‐Sun , Tse Lap Ah
Published: October 2006

Cigarette smoking and silicosis are potential causes of lung cancer among workers exposed to silica dust, but their joint effects are unclear. We explored the possible interactions between silicosis and smoking on lung cancer risks by summarizing data from the published literature. The standardized mortality ratio or standardized incidence ratio reported in each published report was first adjusted using “smoking adjustment factors” to correct for the biased estimation of the expected numbers of lung cancer among smokers and nonsmokers when using general population rates in the indirect standardization process. The ratio of the effect of silicosis on lung cancer risk among smokers to that among nonsmoker was calculated and named the “relative silicosis effect (RSE)”. The synergy index was estimated to assess the additive interaction. Metaanalyses were used to obtain the weighed means of the RSE and synergy index. Ten cohort studies were reviewed and combined to yield a weighed RSE of 0.29 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.42), indicating negative risk‐ratio multiplication between smoking and silicosis on the lung cancer risk. The combined weighed synergy index was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.26), suggesting no departure from additivity. Sensitivity analyses showed that both estimates were quite robust. The independent risk‐ratio effect of silicosis on lung cancer in smokers was about 30% of that in nonsmokers, and the joint effects of smoking and silicosis on the risk of lung cancer did not deviate from additivity and hence did not support biological synergism/antagonism. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associations between ocular melanoma and other primary cancers: An international population‐based study
Authors: Scélo Ghislaine , Boffetta Paolo , Autier Philippe , Hemminki Kari , Pukkala Eero , Olsen Jorgen H. , Weiderpass Elisabete , Tracey Elizabeth , Brewster David H. , McBride Mary L. , Kliewer Erich V. , Tonita Jon M. , Pompe‐Kirn Vera , Chia Kee‐Seng , Jonasson Jon G. , Martos Carmen , Giblin Michael , Brennan Paul
Published: October 2006

Ocular melanoma is a rare neoplasm with a poorly understood etiology, especially concerning its link with ultraviolet‐light exposure. Studying the risk of second primary cancers may help to formulate causal hypotheses. We used data from 13 cancer registries, including 10,396 first occurring ocular melanoma cases, and 404 second occurring cases. To compare the second cancer incidence in ocular melanoma patients to that in noncancer population, we calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of 32 types of cancer. We also calculated SIRs of second ocular melanoma after other primaries. Ocular melanoma patients had significantly increased risk of cutaneous melanoma (SIR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.77–3.14), multiple myeloma (SIR = 2.00, 1.29–2.95), and of liver (SIR = 3.89, 2.66–5.49), kidney (SIR = 1.70, 1.22–2.31), pancreas (SIR = 1.58, 1.16–2.11), prostate (SIR = 1.31, 1.11–1.54), and stomach (SIR = 1.33, 1.03–1.68) cancers. Risks of cutaneous melanoma were highly variable between registries and were mainly increased in females, in younger patients, in first years following diagnosis, and for patients diagnosed after 1980. The risk of ocular melanoma was significantly increased only after prostate cancer (SIR = 1.41, 1.08–1.82). Risk of cutaneous melanoma after ocular melanoma had epidemiological patterns, similar to cutaneous melanoma screening in the general population. The increased risk of cutaneous melanoma would be largely due to greater skin cancer surveillance in ocular melanoma patients, and not to common etiological factors. The high SIR found for liver cancer may be explained by misclassification bias. Common etiological factors may be involved in ocular and prostate cancers. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor inhibitory effect of gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) and taxane combination therapy in EGFR‐overexpressing breast cancer cell lines (MCF7/ADR, MDA‐MB‐231)
Authors: Takabatake Daisuke , Fujita Takeo , Shien Tadahiko , Kawasaki Kensuke , Taira Naruto , Yoshitomi Seiji , Takahashi Hirotoshi , Ishibe Yoichi , Ogasawara Yutaka , Doihara Hiroyoshi
Published: October 2006

Some kinds of breast cancer cell lines, similar to several types of solid tumors, express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, gefitinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is not effective for all these cell lines. Similarly, taxane is effective for many of the cell lines, although some, such as the multidrug‐resistant MCF7/ADR cell line, show taxane‐resistance. Here, we examined the growth inhibitory effect of combination treatment with gefitinib and taxane on the breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231 (EGFR‐positive) and MCF7/ADR (EGFR‐ and HER2‐positive). To estimate the combined effect, a Combination Index was calculated for each cell line. The combination of gefitinib and taxane showed a strong synergistic effect on MCF7/ADR cells, but an invitro additive‐antagonistic effect on MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Similarly, the combination treatment showed a significantly increased tumor inhibitory effect on MCF7/ADR xenografts, but not on MDA‐MB‐231 xenografts. Regarding the mechanism of the synergistic effect, Western blotting analysis revealed that taxane activated the EGFR‐Akt pathway in MCF7/ADR cells but not in MDA‐MB‐231. To determine the optimal sequential administration of gefitinib and taxane for MCF7/ADR cells, we used flow cytometry to analyze the cell cycle and apoptosis; finding that taxane treatment followed by gefitinib produced a higher rate of G2 arrest and apoptosis than gefitinib treatment followed by taxane. These results suggest gefitinib overcomes the drug‐resistance of these cells, thereby increasing the effects of taxane on MCF7/ADR cells. Further, activation of the EGFR‐Akt pathway by taxane is related to this synergistic effect. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of UV‐A Radiation on Desmodesmus armatus: Changes in Growth Rate, Pigment Content and Morphological Appearance
Authors: Pálffy Károly , Vörös Lajos
Published: October 2006

Laboratory cultures of Desmodesmus armatus (R. Chod.) Hegew. were grown under different levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) supplemented with 3.75 mW · cm–2 UV‐A radiation. Growth rate was monitored daily, chlorophyl‐a concentration, total carotenoid content, cell number and the relative abundance of different coenobial forms was determined at the end of each experiment. Exposure to UV‐A radiation resulted in an increasing inhibition of growth towards higher PAR levels, reaching 100% at 400 µmol · m–2 · s–1. Cellular carotenoid content was higher in the presence of UV‐A radiation, on the other hand no differences were observed in cellular chlorophyll‐a concentration. UV‐A radiation also induced changes in coenobium formation with a decreasing proportion of 4‐celled coenobia and an increase in the abundance of 2‐celled and teratologic coenobia, suggesting that high intensity UV‐A radiation may influence cell cycle events or morphology development. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Can MM‐PBSA calculations predict the specificities of protein kinase inhibitors?
Authors: Page Christopher S. , Bates Paul A.
Published: October 2006

An application of the Molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM‐PBSA) protocol to the prediction of protein kinase inhibitor selectivity is presented. Six different inhibitors are placed in equivalent orientations in each of six different receptors. Fully solvated molecular dynamics is then run for 1 ns on each of the 36 complexes, and the resulting trajectories scored, using the implicit solvent model. The results show some correlation with experimentally‐determined specificities; anomalies may be attributed to a variety of causes, including difficulties in quantifying induced fit penalties and variabilities in normal modes calculations. Decomposing interaction energies on a per‐residue basis yields more useful insights into the natures of the binding modes and suggests that the real value of such calculations lies in understanding interactions rather than outright prediction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Osteoactivin acts as downstream mediator of BMP‐2 effects on osteoblast function
Authors: Abdelmagid Samir M. , Barbe Mary F. , Arango‐Hisijara Israel , Owen Thomas A. , Popoff Steven N. , Safadi Fayez F.
Published: October 2006

Our laboratory previously showed that osteoactivin (OA) is a novel, osteoblast‐related glycoprotein that plays a role in osteoblast differentiation and function. The purpose of this study was to examine the regulation of OA expression by BMP‐2 and the role OA plays as a downstream mediator of BMP‐2 effects in osteoblast function. Using primary osteoblast cultures, we tested different doses of BMP‐2 on the regulation of OA expression during osteoblast development. To test whether Smad‐1 signaling is responsible for BMP‐2 regulation of OA expression, osteoblast cultures were transfected with Smad1 siRNA, treated with 50 ng/ml of BMP‐2 and analyzed by Western blot. BMP‐2 treatment increased OA mRNA and protein expression in a dose‐dependent manner and this upregulation was blocked in Smad1 siRNA transfected cultures. We next examined whether the role of OA as a downstream mediator of BMP‐2 effects on osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. Osteoblast cultures were transfected with OA antisense oligonucleotides and treated with 50 ng/ml of BMP‐2. Cultures transfected with OA antisense oligonucleotides and treated with BMP‐2 showed a reduction of OA expression associated with a significant reduction in early and late differentiation markers induced by BMP‐2. Therefore, OA acts, at least in part, as a downstream mediator of BMP‐2 effects on osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. Our findings suggest that BMP‐2 regulates OA expression through the Smad1 signaling pathway. Our data also emphasize that OA protein acts as a downstream mediator of BMP‐2 effects on osteoblast differentiation and function. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 26–37, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term safety of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging performed in the first few days after bare‐metal stent implantation
Authors: Syed Mushabbar A. , Carlson Karen , Murphy Mandy , Ingkanisorn W. Patricia , Rhoads Kenneth L. , Arai Andrew E.
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To investigate the long‐term safety of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) performed one to seven days after coronary artery stent (bare metal) implantation.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed 119 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) who underwent emergency coronary stent implantation with a bare‐metal stent. CMR using a 1.5T scanner was performed on 51 patients (42.9%) at a mean of 2.7 ± 3.1 days after stent implantation (CMR+ group), and the remaining 68 patients (57.1%) served as controls (CMR− group). The patients were followed up to six months for major adverse cardiac events.

Results

The average stent size was 3.3 ± 0.5 × 18.4 ± 6.7 mm, and 86% of the stents were made of 316L stainless steel. There were no significant differences between the CMR+ and CMR− groups in terms of infarct features, angiographic findings, or stent characteristics. Over a mean follow‐up of 4.4 ± 2.1 months, 12 patients (10.1%) had 16 events (13.4%). Two patients had adverse events after early MRI scan (4.3%), a rate that is lower than the event rate in the patients who did not undergo MRI (16%, P = 0.04), and one of the two events was clearly not MRI related.

Conclusion

CMR on a 1.5T scanner can be safely performed within one to seven days after coronary bare‐metal stent implantation and is not associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical cardiac outcomes. In the light of accumulating data, the guidelines by stent manufacturers should be revised. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deposition and taphonomy of earthworm granules in relation to their interpretative potential in Quaternary stratigraphy
Authors: Canti M. G.
Published: October 2006

Calcium carbonate granules up to 2.5 mm in size are commonly found in Quaternary soils and sediments but have only rarely been used for any form of interpretation. Growing interest in recent years has focused on the concentration patterns in stratigraphy containing buried land surfaces, and the possibility of dating the granules. Making sense of either of these approaches requires a basic understanding of granule types, together with their modes of accumulation and destruction in stratigraphy. Details of the formation, morphology, deposition and post‐depositional changes are discussed along with the necessary ecological and pedological information on earthworm behaviour and effects, then summarised into a framework for interpretations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression patterns of ubiquitin, heat shock protein 70, α‐actin and β‐actin over the molt cycle in the abdominal muscle of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Cesar Jose Renato O. , Yang Jinzeng
Published: October 2006

Crustacean muscle growth is discontinuous due to molt cycle. To characterize molt‐related gene expression patterns, we studied the mRNA levels of molecular chaperone–ubiquitin and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) in comparison with muscle protein α‐actin and β‐actin in marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Total RNA from abdominal muscle was isolated from 3‐month‐old animals in six different molt stages. The mRNA levels of target genes were detected by reverse‐transcriptase‐multiplex PCR and expressed as the ratio to elongation factor‐1α. Ubiquitin mRNA levels were relatively steady over all stages of the molt cycle. Hsp70 levels were not detectable in early postmolt and late premolt stages, but showed a progressive increase from late postmolt to intermolt stages. Expression levels of α‐actin gene were lower during postmolt, reached a plateau in intermolt and remained relatively high in premolt stage. Levels of β‐actin increased progressively from postmolt to intermolt, reaching a maximum value in premolt. Therefore, the mRNAs encoding for ubiquitin and Hsp 70 in abdominal muscle did not increase significantly in premolt stages, which is typically associated with claw muscle degradation. Muscle structural α‐actin and cytoskeletal β‐actin were increased during intermolt and premolt stages, suggesting high muscle growth during these stages in the abdominal muscle of the L. vannamei. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 74: 554–559, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the origin of apparent low tissue signals in balanced SSFP
Authors: Bieri O. , Scheffler K.
Published: October 2006

Balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) has become increasingly important in clinical applications. Its signal properties have been investigated over several years by many groups, and various critical factors for bSSFP signal intensity and stability, such as off‐resonances, flow, and eddy currents, have been identified. It is generally accepted that bSSFP signal intensity is a function of relaxation times, excitation angles, and spin densities only. While this is true for simple phantoms, it appears that signals from tissues are significantly less intense than predicted by theory. This work demonstrates that the molecular origin of this apparent signal reduction is due to on‐resonance magnetization transfer (MT). High flip angles in combination with very short repetition times (TRs), as commonly used for bSSFP, lead to a considerable saturation in the fraction of macromolecular (MM) pool protons. As a result, bSSFP signal is strongly attenuated by up to a factor of 2 in the human brain compared to the signal expected from theory. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of star oligo/poly(2,2‐dimethyltrimethylene carbonate)s containing cholic acid moieties
Authors: Wan Tao , Liu Yan , Yu Jin‐Qiu , Chen Si , Li Feng , Zhang Xian‐Zheng , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhuo Ren‐Xi
Published: October 2006

Star oligo/poly(2,2‐dimethyltrimethylene carbonate)s containing cholic acid moieties were synthesized through the ring‐opening polymerization of 2,2‐dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (DTC) initiated by cholic acid with hydroxyl groups. Through the control of the feed ratio of the initiator cholic acid to the monomer DTC, a series of star oligomers/polymers with different molecular weights were obtained. The star oligomers/polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, combined size exclusion chromatography/multi‐angle laser light scattering analysis, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, polarizing light microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Compared with linear poly(2,2‐dimethyltrimethylene carbonate), these star oligo/poly(2,2‐dimethyltrimethylene carbonate)s had much faster hydrolytic degradation rates. With one of the star oligomers/polymers, a microsphere drug‐delivery system of a submicrometer size was fabricated with a very convenient ultrasonic dispersion method that did not involve toxic organic solvents. The in vitro drug release was studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6688‐6696, 2006
Modeling the cyclopolymerization of diallyl ether and methyl α‐[(allyloxy)methyl]acrylate
Authors: Tüzün Nurcan Ş. , Aviyente Viktorya
Published: October 2006

The free‐radical cyclopolymerization of diallyl ether (1) and methyl α‐(allyloxymethyl)acrylate (2) has been modeled with the B3LYP/6‐31G* methodology, by making use of model compounds for the growing radicals. The cyclization of both monomers is exo, with activation barriers of 5.33 and 9.82 kcal/mol, respectively. To account for the polymerizabilities of these monomers, competing reactions have also been modeled. Although both monomers have a lower barrier for homopolymerization than for cyclization, cyclization dominates due to entropy. This explains the high cyclopolymerization vs. homopolymerization of monomer 2, although its monofunctional counterpart has been reported to homopolymerize well. It has also been shown that the degradative chain transfer by H‐abstraction from the allylic carbon is not effective with this monomer. Poor cyclopolymerization of the monomer 1 has been demonstrated by modeling the degradative chain transfer by H‐abstraction from the allylic carbon, which has been shown to compete very efficiently with polymerization reactions. Additionally, intermolecular propagation reaction has been shown to be facile due to cyclization, since the attacking monomer adopts a cyclic structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007