bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The complex drivers of thermal acclimation and breadth in ectotherms
Authors: Rohr Jason R. , Civitello David J. , Cohen Jeremy M. , Roznik Elizabeth A. , Sinervo Barry , Dell Anthony I.
Published: July 2018

Thermal acclimation capacity, the degree to which organisms can alter their optimal performance temperature and critical thermal limits with changing temperatures, reflects their ability to respond to temperature variability and thus might be important for coping with global climate change. Here, we combine simulation modelling with analysis of published data on thermal acclimation and breadth (range of temperatures over which organisms perform well) to develop a framework for predicting thermal plasticity across taxa, latitudes, body sizes, traits, habitats and methodological factors. Our synthesis includes > 2000 measures of acclimation capacities from > 500 species of ectotherms spanning fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates from freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats. We find that body size, latitude, and methodological factors often interact to shape acclimation responses and that acclimation rate scales negatively with body size, contributing to a general negative association between body size and thermal breadth across species. Additionally, we reveal that acclimation capacity increases with body size, increases with latitude (to mid‐latitudinal zones) and seasonality for smaller but not larger organisms, decreases with thermal safety margin (upper lethal temperature minus maximum environmental temperatures), and is regularly underestimated because of experimental artefacts. We then demonstrate that our framework can predict the contribution of acclimation plasticity to the IUCN threat status of amphibians globally, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity is already buffering some species from climate change.
Numerical determination of plastic CTOD
Authors: Antunes F.V. , Díaz F.A. , Vasco‐Olmo J.M. , Prates P.
Published: July 2018

In previous works, a da/dN versus plastic crack tip opening displacement model was proposed to study fatigue crack growth. The plastic crack tip opening displacement, δp, which quantifies the crack tip plastic deformation, is determined numerically using the finite element method. The predictions are affected by different numerical parameters which must be identified and studied. The main parameters are the crack propagation distance, the distance of measurement points relatively to the crack tip, the size of crack tip elements, and the number of load cycles between crack increments. Some crack propagation is required for the stabilization of δp, which occurs when δp reaches its minimum value. The measurement point behind crack tip has a major effect on δp. The peak value occurs at the first node behind crack tip and a progressive decrease of sensitivity is observed with the increase of distance to crack tip. A mesh refinement study showed a coincidence of the predictions obtained with different meshes, which is a good indication for the robustness of the procedure. Finally, there is a significant effect of the number of load cycles between crack increments, NLC, in the presence of crack closure. The increase of NLC reduces the crack opening level and so increases δp.
Rediscovery of Brassicogethes salvan (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae, Meligethinae) in the southwestern Alps
Authors: Liu Meike , Sabatelli Simone , Mancini Emiliano , Trizzino Marco , Huang Min , Cline Andrew Richard , Audisio Paolo
Published: July 2018

Brassicogethes salvan (Audisio et al. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 34, 121) is certainly among the most important and unexpected recent discoveries in the European beetle fauna. The species was initially described from a couple of unidentified specimens collected in 1912 on the Maritime Alps (NW Italy).

Despite a long series of attempts to recollect the species at the type locality (Rovina Lake, Mount Argentera Massif, Cuneo Province, Piedmont, NW Italy) and several neighbouring areas of the SW Alps between 2002 and 2016, no specimens of this species were found.

We re‐discovered B. salvan in a small high valley of the Regional Natural Park of the Maritime Alps, a few dozen kilometers from the type locality. The previously unknown larval host‐plant as Descurainia tanacetifolia (L.) Rchb., Brassicaceae was determined. Some unusual life history traits were also observed. In an effort to yield a suitable taxonomic placement for this species, we present a partial preliminary molecular phylogeny for this species and related taxa. A discussion regarding some issues about its actual and potential geographic distribution in southern France and northwestern Italy is also provided.

We propose an EN (Endangered) classification for this species following the IUCN criteria, and discuss aspects of its rather problematic conservation biology.
A prospective study of joint function and the quality of life of patients undergoing total joint replacement
Authors: Miao Nae‐Fang , Lin Pi‐Chu
Published: July 2018

Aims

To investigate joint functioning and the quality of life (QOL) before and after total knee and total hip replacement and the factors that influence the QOL.

Methods

A longitudinal study was conducted between August 2015 and January 2017. A questionnaire composed of the EQ‐5D, Oxford Hip Score, and Oxford Knee Score was used to collect data before surgery and 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery.

Results

A repeated‐measures analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the EQ‐5D utility index between the preoperative and all 3 postoperative periods (F = 124.195, P < .05). There were significant differences in knee functioning (F = 133.859, P < .05) and hip functioning (F = 34.717, P < .05) between the preoperative and all 3 postoperative periods. The EQ‐5D utility index was significantly higher among patients undergoing total knee replacement than those undergoing total hip replacement (F = 15.490, P < .05) and higher among female than male patients (F = 7.613, P < .05). A positive correlation between the QOL and the perceived convenience of living at home was observed (P < .05).

Conclusions

The findings are expected to inform patient education for patients undergoing arthroplasty surgery.
An analysis of dysmenorrhoea and depressive symptoms in university students: A case‐control study
Authors: Uçar Tuba , Timur Taşhan Sermin , Aksoy Derya Yeşim , Nacar Gülçin
Published: July 2018

Aim

Dysmenorrhoea is a significant problem frequently observed in young women; it affects their daily life. The study aims were to describe and compare the presence of depressive symptoms in female university students with and without dysmenorrhoea and to infer which factors may influence dysmenorrhoea.

Methods

This case‐control study included 942 students, 471 in each group. The case group consisted of university students in a large university hospital in Eastern Turkey who applied to the adult emergency service and were diagnosed with dysmenorrhoea. The control group consisted of randomly selected students in the same university who did not report painful menstruation. The data were collected between September 2015 and May 2016 using a questionnaire.

Results

Depressive symptoms were observed in 61.1% of the students with dysmenorrhoea and 38.9% of the students without dysmenorrhoea (P < .05). The logistic regression analysis showed that depressive symptoms (OR: 1.87) and family history of dysmenorrhoea (OR: 2.20) were found to be higher in the students with dysmenorrhoea than in the students without dysmenorrhoea.

Conclusion

Students with dysmenorrhoea were more likely to have depressive symptoms and a family history of dysmenorrhoea; findings alert health care professionals to the psychological as well as physiological effects.
A mechanism to regulate sovereign debt restructuring in the euro area
Authors: Andritzky Jochen , Christofzik Désirée I. , Feld Lars P. , Scheuering Uwe
Published: July 2018

A missing element in the architecture of the euro area is a mechanism for an orderly restructuring of unsustainable sovereign debt. Clear rules for creditor participation in case of overindebtedness would strengthen market discipline and enhance the effectiveness of crisis assistance. We propose a novel two‐stage mechanism that allows for postponing the crucial distinction between liquidity and solvency crises and is part of the assistance provided by the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). At the onset of a programme, the framework includes an immediate maturity extension if the debt burden is high. If post‐crisis debt turns out to be unsustainable, the debtor country can negotiate a deeper debt restructuring. In addition, we introduce a gradual transition phase into the new regime. As current debt matures, it is replaced by a new class of bonds with Creditor Participation Clauses (CPC), which are subject to the new rules as mentioned above.
Continuous indoor rearing of Philaenus spumarius, the main European vector of Xylella fastidiosa
Authors: Morente Marina , Cornara Daniele , Moreno Aránzazu , Fereres Alberto
Published: July 2018

The phytosanitary emergence triggered by Xylella fastidiosa introduction in Europe urgently calls for research on its main vector, the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius. The difficulties faced in altering P. spumarius life cycle setting up a continuous indoor rearing under artificial conditions, obtaining a continuous availability of insects for laboratory trials, represent a great limit for research. Here, we propose a methodology to rear P. spumarius in the laboratory allowing the supply of nymphs and adults before they become available in the field. This crucial step forward will permit to overcome the seasonality barrier, reducing time and efforts currently required for experimentation on the meadow spittlebug. The proposed methodology would allow producing the data urgently required to fill the knowledge gap and finally set up an effective and environmentally friendly control strategy of P. spumarius.
Crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana RabA1a
Authors: Yun Ji‐Sook , Ha Sung Chul , Kim Shinae , Kim Yeon‐Gil , Kim Hyeran , Chang Jeong Ho
Published: July 2018

RabGTPase is a member of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, which share a GTP‐binding pocket containing highly conserved motifs that promote GTP hydrolysis. In Arabidopsis, the RabA group, which corresponds to the Rab11 group in animals, functions in the recycling of endosomes that control docking and fusion during vesicle transport. However, their molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of the GDP‐bound inactive form and both GppNHp‐ and GTP‐bound active forms of RabA1a, at resolutions of 2.8, 2.6, and 2.6 Å, respectively. A bound sulfate ion in the active site of the GDP‐bound structure stabilized Switch II by bridging the interaction between a magnesium ion and Arg74. Comparisons of the two states of RabA1a with Rab11 proteins revealed clear differences in the Switch I and II loops. These results suggested that conformational change of the Switch regions of RabA1a, derived by GTP or GDP binding, could maintain subcellular membrane traffic through the specific interaction of effector molecules.
Five Configurations of Opportunism in International Market Entry
Authors: Verbeke Alain , Ciravegna Luciano , Lopez Luis E. , Kundu Sumit K.
Published: July 2018

We investigate the conditions under which opportunism occurs in international market entry. Examining 133 entries into new markets by 38 Chinese exporters, we uncover instances of opportunistic behaviour on the part of importers. We study five variables affecting such behaviour: managerial experience, market entry share; market distance, young age, and network size. While we find no single variable on its own associated with opportunism, we do find that in concert they form five configurations of opportunism. In one configuration, even older firms with experienced managers and a large network are subject to partners behaving opportunistically when they are entering a distant market. We conclude that simplistic predictions based on the presence of a single antecedent should make way for a configurational approach whereby a set of conditions must be in place for opportunism to materialize.
Does the Diversification–Firm Performance Relationship Change Over Time? A Meta‐Analytical Review
Authors: Schommer Monika , Richter Ansgar , Karna Amit
Published: July 2018

We study the relationship between diversification and firm performance in the context of the decline in levels of diversification over time. We argue that the pressure to reduce diversification may have more strongly affected those firms whose diversification strategies were most detrimental to firm performance. We employ meta‐analytical regression (MARA) in order to test our hypotheses, using a total of 267 primary studies containing 387 effect sizes based on 150,000 firm‐level observations from over 60 years of research on the diversification–firm performance relationship. The findings suggest that levels of unrelated diversification have decreased, whereas levels of related diversification have increased since the mid‐1990s, following an initial decrease in the 1970s and 1980s. Furthermore, we find that the relationship between unrelated diversification and firm performance has improved significantly over time, whereas the relationship between related diversification and performance has remained relatively stable.
Executives’ Stakeholder Values in the Prediction of Work Process Change
Authors: Washburn Nathan T. , Waldman David A. , Sully de Luque Mary F. , Carter Min Z.
Published: July 2018

Stakeholder values are promoted as a guiding principle for executives, but researchers know very little about how the utilization of stakeholder values by executives actually impacts the firms they lead. In this study, we propose that a positive relationship exists between executive stakeholder values and work process change in organizations. We further hypothesize that the congruence of CEO and top management team (TMT) members’ stakeholder values is positively related to this type of organizational change. Results of the analysis confirm that CEO stakeholder values are related to changes in work processes, but not changes to the formal firm structure involving acquisitions or divestitures. Additionally, we find that congruence between CEO and TMT stakeholder values is associated with changes to work processes, and that these changes tend to occur more when CEO and TMT stakeholder values are aligned at higher levels, compared to lower levels of such values.
The Learning Spiral: A Process Perspective on Paradox
Authors: Raisch Sebastian , Hargrave Timothy J. , van de Ven Andrew H.
Published: July 2018

Paradox theory enables management research to replace either/or thinking with more integrative both/and approaches. Despite this achievement, greater theoretical complexity is needed to account for paradoxical tensions’ intricacies. We use dialectics theory to unpack the learning processes through which organizational members and collectives build their capacity to understand and cope with complex tensions over time. Building on these insights, we develop a paradox process model that resembles a learning spiral, in which organizations move through stages of convergence and divergence. During the convergence stages, they learn about and refine their current worldviews by constantly moving between the tension’s poles. During the divergence stages, they move beyond dynamic equilibrium to reach a higher understanding of tensions and their management. While organizations caught in equilibrium are prone to stasis and demise, those that move beyond equilibrium can achieve sustainability.
The Frequency of Substantial Salvageable Penumbra in Thrombectomy‐ineligible Patients with Acute Stroke
Authors: Bahr Hosseini Mersedeh , Woolf Graham , Sharma Latisha K. , Hinman Jason D. , Rao Neal M. , Yoo Bryan , Jahan Reza , Starkman Sidney , Nour May , Raychev Radoslav , Liebeskind David S. , Saver Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Endovascular therapy (ET) has become the standard of care for selected patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). However, many LVO or medium vessel occlusion (MVO) patients are ineligible for ET, including some who harbor salvageable tissues. To develop complementary therapies for these patients, it is important to delineate their prevalence, clinical features, and outcomes.

METHODS

In a prospectively maintained database, we reviewed consecutive AIS patients between December 2015 and September 2016. Based on the first multimodal computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, patients were categorized as having substantial penumbra if perfusion lesion volume (Tmax >6 seconds) exceeded ischemic core volume (relative cerebral blood flow <30% on CT perfusion or apparent diffusion coefficient <620 on diffusion weighted image) by ≥20%.

RESULTS

Among 174 consecutive AIS patients presenting within 24 hours of last known well time, 29 (17%) had LVO or MVO and substantial penumbra, but were deemed ET ineligible. Among these patients, mean age was 81 (±13), 45% were female, and median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 11 (interquartile range [IQR]: 5–19). The most common reasons for not pursuing ET were: distal occlusion (28%), mild neurologic deficit (16%), and temporally advanced core injury (16%). Ischemic core volume was 20 mL (±31), penumbral volume was 54 mL (±63), and mismatch ratio median was 5.6 (IQR: 2‐infinite). Severe disability or death at discharge (modified Rankin scale: 4–6) occurred in 72% of the patients.

CONCLUSION

Even in the modern stent retriever era, 1 in 6 AIS patients presents with substantial penumbra judged not appropriate for ET. This population may benefit from the development of alternative therapies, including collateral enhancement, neuroprotection, and thrombectomy devices deployable in distal arteries.
Patients receiving dialysis do not have increased energy needs compared with healthy adults
Authors: Dombrowski Andrea , Heuberger Roschelle
Published: July 2018

Background

Patients receiving dialysis are thought to have increased energy needs due to stress from the dialysis process or uraemic toxins. However, certain conditions may induce hypometabolic states potentially leading to unwanted weight gains when increased calorie intake is recommended.

Objectives

Since there is conflicting research, this study aims to assess total energy expenditure (TEE) of patients receiving dialysis through analysis of resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity levels.

Design

Comprehensive review of the current literature on REE and physical activity levels.

Methods

Two electronic databases (PubMed and CINAHL) were searched using keywords to find papers published within the last 10 years for physical activity studies and within the last five years for REE.

Inclusion criteria

Adults undergoing long‐term dialysis treatments who do not have comorbidities that influence energy expenditure such as inflammation, hyperthyroidism or cancers. Participants were also required to ambulate without assistance.

Results

Only seven of the 325 studies found were included in this review. Most studies were controlled trials with one being a prospective study. Patients receiving dialysis had rest energy expenditures comparable to healthy adults. There was not a consensus between studies as to which predictive energy equation produced accurate energy recommendations. Overall, patients receiving dialysis were significantly less active compared with healthy adults and this related to muscle mass.

Conclusion

Patients receiving dialysis tend to be sedentary or lightly active and do not have increased energy expenditure compared with healthy adults. Therefore, stable patients should not be prescribed increased calorie intake.
Species‐ and C‐terminal linker‐dependent variations in the dynamic behavior of FtsZ on membranes in vitro
Authors: Sundararajan Kousik , Vecchiarelli Anthony , Mizuuchi Kiyoshi , Goley Erin D.
Published: July 2018

Bacterial cell division requires the assembly of FtsZ protofilaments into a dynamic structure called the ‘Z‐ring’. The Z‐ring recruits the division machinery and directs local cell wall remodeling for constriction. The organization and dynamics of protofilaments within the Z‐ring coordinate local cell wall synthesis during cell constriction, but their regulation is largely unknown. The disordered C‐terminal linker (CTL) region of Caulobacter crescentus FtsZ (CcFtsZ) regulates polymer structure and turnover in solution in vitro, and regulates Z‐ring structure and activity of cell wall enzymes in vivo. To investigate the contributions of the CTL to the polymerization properties of FtsZ on its physiological platform, the cell membrane, we reconstituted CcFtsZ polymerization on supported lipid bilayers (SLB) and visualized polymer dynamics and structure using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Unlike Escherichia coli FtsZ protofilaments that organized into large, bundled patterns, CcFtsZ protofilaments assembled into small, dynamic clusters on SLBs. Moreover, CcFtsZ lacking its CTL formed large networks of straight filament bundles that underwent slower turnover than the dynamic clusters of wildtype FtsZ. Our in vitro characterization provides novel insights into species‐ and CTL‐dependent differences between FtsZ assembly properties that are relevant to Z‐ring assembly and function on membranes in vivo.
Common garden experiments disentangle plant genetic and environmental contributions to ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure
Authors: Patterson Adair , Flores‐Rentería Lluvia , Whipple Amy , Whitham Thomas , Gehring Catherine
Published: July 2018

The interactions among climate change, plant genetic variation and fungal mutualists are poorly understood, but probably important to plant survival under drought. We examined these interactions by studying the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities of pinyon pine seedlings (Pinus edulis) planted in a wildland ecosystem experiencing two decades of climate change‐related drought.

We established a common garden containing P. edulis seedlings of known maternal lineages (drought tolerant, DT; drought intolerant, DI), manipulated soil moisture and measured EMF community structure and seedling growth.

Three findings emerged: EMF community composition differed at the phylum level between DT and DI seedlings, and diversity was two‐fold greater in DT than in DI seedlings. EMF communities of DT seedlings did not shift with water treatment and were dominated by an ascomycete, Geopora sp. By contrast, DI seedlings shifted to basidiomycete dominance with increased moisture, demonstrating a lineage by environment interaction. DT seedlings grew larger than DI seedlings in high (28%) and low (50%) watering treatments.

These results show that inherited plant traits strongly influence microbial communities, interacting with drought to affect seedling performance. These interactions and their potential feedback effects may influence the success of trees, such as P. edulis, in future climates.
The effects of breathing at a frequency of 0.1 Hz on affective state, the cardiovascular system, and adequacy of ventilation
Authors: Szulczewski Mikołaj Tytus , Rynkiewicz Andrzej
Published: July 2018

The present study aimed to investigate changes induced by breathing at 0.1 Hz in affective state, cardiovascular activity, and adequacy of ventilation as well as the relation between changes in peripheral physiological processes and alteration of affect. Eighty‐three participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Two groups doing paced breathing at 0.1 Hz, one with and the other without a cover story hiding the goal of the experiment, and, as a control, paced breathing at 0.28 Hz. We measured the effects of breathing at 0.1 Hz on affective state (unpleasant and pleasant arousals), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), sympathetic control of the heart (preejection period, PEP), and adequacy of ventilation as measured by partial pressure of end‐tidal CO2 (PetCO2). The use of a cover story did not influence the effects of paced breathing on the study outcomes. In the 0.1 Hz groups, unpleasant arousal decreased only among men. Changes in RSA were not related to changes in affect. Respiratory frequency did not influence PEP. However, changes in PEP were inversely related to changes in pleasant arousal. PetCO2 decreased in all conditions, and a larger drop in PetCO2 predicted a greater decrease in unpleasant arousal. The results obtained corroborate previous findings showing that slow paced breathing may lead to moderate hyperventilation among untrained participants and suggest that hyperventilation during breathing at 0.1 Hz is not deep enough to produce an increase in affective arousal.
Tissue expression and variation analysis of three bovine adipokine genes revealed their effect on growth traits in native Chinese cattle
Authors: Fu Weiwei , Chen Ningbo , Han Shuang , Huang Jieping , Li Fen , Hao Ruijie , Chen Hong , Lei Chuzhao , Ma Yun
Published: July 2018

Adipokines play a crucial role in the regulation of energy homeostasis; however, little is known about genetic alterations in this family that may contribute to economic traits in cattle. Therefore, this study conducts transcript profiles, variations and association studies of three major adipokines, leptin (LEP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and angiopoietin‐like protein 8 (ANGPTL8), to evaluate their effects on native Chinese cattle. Using quantitative real‐time PCR, the study revealed that the bovine LEP was expressed primarily in the back and visceral fat, while TNF was predominantly expressed in spleen and ANGPTL8 was mainly expressed in back fat and liver. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including two missense SNPs (SNP1: g.12254T>C and SNP2: g.14177C>T) in LEP, a synonymous SNP (SNP3: g.2130A>G) in TNF and two SNPs (SNP4: g.629G>A and SNP5: g.884T>C) in the 5′UTR of ANGPTL8 were identified and genotyped in 537 individuals from six Chinese cattle breeds. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SNP1 might disrupt the efficient binding of LEP to its receptor, SNP3 might affect translation efficiency of TNF, and SNP4 and SNP5 were likely to affect stability, splicing and nuclear export of ANGPTL8 mRNA. Consistently, association studies indicated that three SNPs (SNP1, SNP3 and SNP5) were significantly associated with body weight, heart girth, average daily gain, hip width and body length in 100 Nanyang cattle (p < 0.05). Overall, our results support the view that LEP, TNF and ANGPTL8 could be used as biomarkers to improve the growth performance in Chinese cattle selection programmes.
The protease inhibitor antipain has a beneficial synergistic effect with trehalose for ram semen cryopreservation
Authors: Akhtarshenas Bahareh , Karami Shabankareh Hamed , Hajarian Hadi , Bucak Mustafa Numan , Abdolmohammadi Ali Reza , Dashtizad Mojtaba
Published: July 2018

Contents

The objective of this study was to examine the different concentrations of antipain and trehalose combination on post‐thawed quality of ram semen cryopreserved in tris extender. Ejaculates were collected from four rams using the artificial vagina, pooled at 37°C and diluted with (A0 Tre0: antipain 0 μM and trehalose 0 mM(Control); A10 Tre0; A50 Tre0; A0 Tre30; A0 Tre60; A10 Tre60; A10 Tre30; A50 Tre30and A50 Tre60). Diluted semen samples were gradually cooled down from 37 to 5°C in a cold cabinet; then, they were loaded into 0.25 mlstraws, frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Sperm motility (CASA), viability, membrane functionality and abnormality were evaluated after thawing process. Progressive motility in extender supplemented with A10 Tre0, A0 Tre30and A10 Tre60significantly (p < 0.05) higher as compared to the control (A10 Tre0). A10 Tre60(47.50 ± 0.73) provided the best maintenance of progressive motility in comparison with the control (40.50 ± 0.73). No significant differences were observed between all treated groups in terms of total motility,VAP,VSL,VCL,ALH,BCF,STRandLIN. The percentages of sperm with viable were significantly higher in extenders supplemented with A10 Tre0, A50 Tre0, A0 Tre30and A10 Tre60, compared to control. Addition of A10 Tre0, A50 Tre0and A10 Tre60to extenders improved the percentages of sperm abnormality, compared to the controls. A10 Tre60(67.84 ± 1.51) treatment provided the best maintenance of normal morphology compared to the other treatments. The supplementation with A10 Tre0, A0 Tre60and A10 Tre60improved the percentage of sperm membrane functionality when compared to the control (p < 0.05). Comparing these results with those of control diluents, the effects of supplementation were better except for A50 Tre60group. In conclusion, when combination of antipain (10 μM) and trehalose (30 and 60 mM) was added, they conferred a great cryosurvival capacity with their synergic effects during freeze‐thawing process.
Feasibility and acceptability of an early home visit intervention aimed at supporting a positive mother–infant relationship for mothers at risk of postpartum depression
Authors: Greve Rakel Aasheim , Braarud Hanne Cecilie , Skotheim Siv , Slinning Kari
Published: July 2018

Aims

Perinatal depression is associated with difficulties in the early mother–child interaction and negative child outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the Newborn Behavioral Observation (NBO) System included in a home visiting programme at well‐baby clinics in Norway and to examine compliance with the study protocol for a future clinical trial. The target group was pregnant women at risk for postpartum depression and their partners.

Method

An open‐label study was conducted. A total of 15 pregnant women and 10 partners were recruited during 24–28 weeks of gestation. The NBO was conducted in three home visits during the first four weeks after birth. Data were collected from surveys responded to by parents and healthcare workers at six time‐points and from video recordings of mother–infant interaction by the Emotional Availability (EA) Scale. The parents’ experience of the intervention and data collection was investigated by qualitative analyses of five interviews. The NBO is an individualised, relationship‐based method aimed to strengthen the emotional bond between the parents and their infants and enhance the parents’ alliance with the healthcare worker.

Results

Intervention completion was 97%. Data collection completion was 100% at baseline and the second time‐point and dropped to 50% for the mothers and 40% for the fathers at the sixth time‐point. However, 79% (11 of 14) of the mothers and infants took part in video recordings for the EA coding at 4 months postpartum (sixth time‐point). The usefulness questionnaires showed high acceptability among both parents and healthcare workers.

Conclusion

This study showed that the NBO conducted in home visits is a feasible and acceptable intervention for both parents and healthcare workers within the well‐baby clinic services. A future clinical trial protocol needs adjustments related to data collection.
Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism: How do cinacalcet and etelcalcetide differ?
Authors: Eidman Keith E. , Wetmore James B.
Published: July 2018

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), commonly encountered in patients receiving maintenance dialysis, is associated with numerous adverse outcomes, including mortality. Calcimimetics, agents that act on the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), were designed to overcome limitations in the use of vitamin D sterols to treat SHPT, and have demonstrated efficacy in reducing levels of PTH in randomized trials. Currently available calcimimetics include oral cinacalcet and the recently approved intravenously administered agent, etelcalcetide. While cinacalcet is an allosteric modulator of the CaSR, etelcalcetide acts as a direct CaSR agonist. Etelcalcetide's properties allow it to be administered intravenously thrice weekly at the end of a hemodialysis treatment session. Etelcalcetide has recently been shown to be more potent than cinacalcet in reducing PTH levels. However, etelcalcetide appears, like cinacalcet, to cause gastrointestinal intolerance. Additionally, etelcalcetide, which appears to reduce calcium substantially more than cinacalcet does, can prolong the QTc electrocardiographic interval. While etelcalcetide is very effective at reducing PTH levels, the current climate of dialysis cost containment in the United States may limit its widespread use. This review compares and contrasts the pharmacologic characteristics of cinacalcet and etelcalcetide, discusses the results of clinical trials involving these drugs, and posits implications for their use for clinical practice.
Incompleteness of Standard Model regarding Einstein’s Program
Authors: Elbaz Claude
Published: July 2018

The Standard Model of Particles gathers almost the whole present knowledge in theoretical physics, in a consistent system. It describes the universe as constituted fundamentally of particles, both for matter and for interactions. It is incomplete since it does not include gravitation with the three other interactions, and leans upon elementary particles such as electrons or quarks, which are considered as point-like with no known internal structure. The Einstein’s program offers means to circumvent these difficulties. It is founded upon a scalar field e (r0,t0) propagating at speed of light c, as a consistent system for universe description. Standing waves correspond to matter, which kinematical and dynamical properties are formally identical. Their space-like amplitude function u0(k0r0), supplements usual fundamental time-like equations of classical and quantum mechanics. In geometrical optics approximation conditions, when frequencies are infinitely high, and then hidden, u0(k0r0) yields Dirac’s distribution δ(r0), describing a particle as a singularity. The scalar field e(r0,t0) brings theoretical economy by yielding also the energy-momentum conservation laws, and the least action law, with determination of the Lagrangian.The frequency variations of the field e (r0,t0) are linked to electromagnetic interaction, constituted by progressive waves. Quantum domain corresponds to wave optics approximation conditions, with wave-particle duality. Adiabatic variations of frequencies, give rise to introduction of an adiabatic constant, formally identical with Planck's constant, with unification of first quantification for interactions and second quantification for matter. Local variations of speed of light yield gravitation interaction and General Relativity framework.
Improvising Technology: Constructing Virtuosity
Authors: Kaiser Jeff
Published: July 2018

In this paper, I explore how contemporary musicians using electronic technologies in improvised music conceptualize skill and virtuosity in their musical practices. This includes ideas about the role and agency of technology, learned and repeatable physical skill, skill acquisition, skill transmission, and the projection of learned skill from traditional instruments onto new instruments. The musicians’ use of idiosyncratic and individually constructed instruments—instruments with little or no history of a performance practice—makes this field a rich resource to examine how such conceptions are developed. Among the musicians I interviewed, the relationship between physical skill and virtuosity is particularly contested. While they frequently value such skill, they also connect it to perceived excesses of certain factions within Western art music, jazz, and other established musical performance practices where physical skill can be conflated with (or considered as the primary element of) musical skill, writ large. This perception of the excess and the prioritization of physical skill have led some interviewed musicians to adopt antivirtuosity as a reactive counter-ideology or to explore the less tangible concepts of hearing, creativity, imagination, memory, novelty, innovation, and even ideas of management as constitutive of musical virtuosity and skill. This paper is part of a larger ethnographic examination of a diverse cross-section of contemporary musicians who improvise with new, repurposed, and reinvented electronic technologies, including Robert Henke (one of the original authors of the software package Ableton Live), guitarist Nels Cline (Wilco), composer and flute player Anne La Berge, and trumpeter/composer Wadada Leo Smith.
Measured Impact
Authors: Skakoon James G.
Published: July 2018

This article focuses on an innovative methodology developed by researchers at Stanford University. The new way of measuring the forces that cause head injuries aim to change how engineers protect professional and weekend athletes. By embedding both accelerometers and gyroscopes within the mouth guards, the laboratory tracked all six degrees of freedom and slashed data errors to 10 percent or less. According to one of the developer, since the upper teeth are firmly coupled to the bones of the cranium, the mouthguards can provide data accurate enough for the lab to use in finite element models to describe what is happening inside the brain. The team input the incident’s kinematics data into a finite element analysis model of the brain developed by the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden. This enabled them to simulate how different structures within the brain responded to the impact. The computer simulation showed that the falx cerebri appears to be the culprit. It is a rigid vertical sheet that separates the brain’s two lobes. It lies right above the corpus callosum and extends upward, attaching to the skull at the very top. It conducts impact energy from the skull deep into the brain, where it oscillates and induces strain in the corpus callosum.
Mn3O4 thin films functionalized with Ag, Au, and TiO2 analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Bigiani Lorenzo , Barreca Davide , Gasparotto Alberto , Maccato Chiara
Published: July 2018

In the present contribution, bare and composite Mn3O4 (Mn3O4-X, with X = Ag, Au, or TiO2) thin films were fabricated by a two-step vapor-phase route, consisting in: (1) chemical vapor deposition of Mn3O4 on Si(100) substrates starting from a fluorinated β-diketonate diamine Mn(II) complex; (2) introduction of silver, gold, or titania by means of radio frequency (RF)-sputtering. The obtained results evidenced the formation of phase-pure α-Mn3O4 thin films chemically modified with fluorine, which after RF-sputtering yielded Mn3O4-X nanocomposite systems with tailored properties. In this work, data obtained by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of the surface chemical composition are presented and discussed for bare and functionalized Mn3O4 systems. In addition to wide scan spectra, particular attention is dedicated to the analysis of C 1s, O 1s, Mn 2p, Mn 3s, F 1s and, eventually, Ag 3d, Au 4d5/2, and Ti 2p core levels, as well as silver Auger signal. In the case of the Mn3O4-Au system, a quantification procedure aimed at circumventing problems arising from the overlap of Mn 2p/Au 4p1/2 and Mn 3s/Au 4f signals is proposed.
Moving Forward: Recent Developments for the Ferret Biomedical Research Model
Authors: Albrecht Randy A. , Liu Wen-Chun , Sant Andrea J. , Tompkins S. Mark , Pekosz Andrew , Meliopoulos Victoria , Cherry Sean , Thomas Paul G. , Schultz-Cherry Stacey
Published: July 2018

Since the initial report in 1911, the domestic ferret has become an invaluable biomedical research model. While widely recognized for its utility in influenza virus research, ferrets are used for a variety of infectious and noninfectious disease models due to the anatomical, metabolic, and physiological features they share with humans and their susceptibility to many human pathogens.
Staphylococcus aureus Uses the GraXRS Regulatory System To Sense and Adapt to the Acidified Phagolysosome in Macrophages
Authors: Flannagan Ronald S. , Kuiack Robert C. , McGavin Martin J. , Heinrichs David E.
Published: July 2018

Macrophages are critical to innate immunity due to their ability to phagocytose bacteria. The macrophage phagolysosome is a highly acidic organelle with potent antimicrobial properties, yet remarkably, ingested
Staphylococcus aureus
replicates within this niche. Herein we demonstrate that
S. aureus
requires the GraXRS regulatory system for growth within this niche, while the SaeRS and AgrAC two-component regulatory systems and the α-phenol soluble modulins are dispensable. Importantly, we find that it is exposure to acidic pH that is required for optimal growth of
S. aureus
inside fully acidified macrophage phagolysosomes. Exposure of
S. aureus
to acidic pH evokes GraS signaling, which in turn elicits an adaptive response that endows the bacteria with increased resistance to antimicrobial effectors, such as antimicrobial peptides, encountered inside macrophage phagolysosomes. Notably, pH-dependent induction of antimicrobial peptide resistance in
S. aureus
requires the GraS sensor kinase. GraS and MprF, a member of the GraS regulon, play an important role for bacterial survival in the acute stages of systemic infection, where in murine models of infection,
S. aureus
resides within liver-resident Kupffer cells. We conclude that GraXRS represents a vital regulatory system that functions to allow
S. aureus
to evade killing, prior to commencement of replication, within host antibacterial immune cells.

IMPORTANCE
S. aureus
can infect any site of the body, including the microbicidal phagolysosome of the macrophage. The ability of
S. aureus
to infect diverse niches necessitates that the bacteria be highly adaptable. Here we show that
S. aureus
responds to phagolysosome acidification to evoke changes in gene expression that enable the bacteria to resist phagolysosomal killing and to promote replication. Toxin production is dispensable for this response; however, the bacteria require the sensor kinase GraS, which transduces signals in response to acidic pH. GraS is necessary for phagolysosomal replication and survival of
S. aureus
in the acute stage of systemic infection. Disruption of this
S. aureus
adaptation would render
S. aureus
susceptible to phagocyte restriction.
Is lack of social support associated with a delay in seeking medical care? A cross-sectional study of Minnesota and Tennessee residents using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Authors: Reisinger Matthew W , Moss Marc , Clark Brendan J
Published: July 2018

Objective

Previous studies have demonstrated an association between social support and lower morbidity and mortality. Delay in seeking medical care is associated with poor health outcomes. The relationship between social support and delay in seeking medical care has not been established. We sought to determine whether lack of social support is associated with higher rates of delays in seeking needed medical care.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional observational study using data from the 2013 and 2014 Centers for Disease Control Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Participants who were asked questions about delays in medical care and social support were included. The primary outcome was a self-reported delay in seeking needed medical care. The primary independent variable of interest was a dichotomised measure of social support. Multivariable logistic regression was performed, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, comorbidities and access to care.

Results

Participants without social support were more likely to report delaying needed medical care when compared with participants with social support (38%vs19%, p<0.001). The association between lack of social support and delays in care persisted after adjustment for demographics, socioeconomic status, comorbidities and access to care (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.45 to 2.06; p<0.001).

Conclusions

Lack of perceived social support is associated with patient-reported delay of needed medical care. This association may contribute to the poor health outcomes experienced by those with a lack of social support.
Using an interactive virtual environment to integrate a digital Action Research Arm Test, motor imagery and action observation to assess and improve upper limb motor function in patients with neuromuscular impairments: a usability and feasibility study protocol
Authors: Behrendt Frank , Schuster-Amft Corina
Published: July 2018

Introduction

In the recent past, training systems using an interactive virtual environment have been introduced to neurorehabilitation. Such systems can be applied to encourage purposeful limb movements and will increasingly be used at home by the individual patient. Therefore, an integrated valid and reliable assessment tool on the basis of such a system to monitor the recovery process would be an essential asset.

Objectives

The aim of the study is to evaluate usability, feasibility and validity of the digital version of the Action Research Arm Test using the Bi-Manu-Trainer system as a platform. Additionally, the feasibility and usability of the implementation of action observation and motor imagery tasks into the Bi-Manu-Trainer software will be evaluated.

Patients and methods

This observational study is planned as a single-arm trial for testing the new assessment and the action observation and motor imagery training module. Therefore, 75 patients with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury or Guillain-Barré syndrome will be included. 30 out of the 75 patients will additionally take part in a 4-week training on the enhanced Bi-Manu-Trainer system. Primary outcomes will be the score on the System Usability Scale and the correlation between the conventional and digital Action Research Arm Test scores. Secondary outcomes will be hand dexterity, upper limb activities of daily living and quality of life.

Hypothesis

We hypothesise that the digital Action Research Arm Test assessment is a valid and essential tool and that it is feasible to incorporate action observation and motor imagery into Bi-Manu-Trainer practice. The results are expected to give recommendations for necessary modifications and might also contribute knowledge concerning the application of action observation and motor imagery tasks using a training system such as the Bi-Manu-Trainer.

Trial registration number

NCT03268304; Pre-results.
Neurodevelopment of 24 children born in Brazil with congenital Zika syndrome in 2015: a case series study
Authors: Alves Lucas V , Paredes Camila E , Silva Germanna C , Mello Júlia G , Alves João G
Published: July 2018

Objective

To describe the neurodevelopment of children with congenital Zika syndrome during the second year of life.

Design

Case series study.

Setting

Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Pernambuco, Brazil.

Participants

24 children with congenital Zika syndrome born with microcephaly during the Zika outbreak in Brazil in 2015 and followed up at the IMIP during their second year of life.

Main outcome measure

Denver Developmental Screening Test II, head circumference and clinical neurological examination.

Results

All children presented neurodevelopmental delay: for an average chronological age of 19.9 months, language was equivalent to that of age 2.1 months, gross motor 2.7 months, fine motor/adaptive 3.1 months and personal/social 3.4 months. Head circumference remained below the third percentile for age and gender, and growth rate up to the second year of life was 10.3 cm (expected growth 13 cm). Muscle tone was increased in 23 (95.5%) of 24 children, musculotendinous reflexes were increased in the whole sample and clonus was present in 18 (77.3%) of 24 children. All children except one had epilepsy.

Conclusion

Children born with microcephaly associated with congenital Zika virus have a significant neurodevelopmental delay.