bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Esophageal Cancer in Kazakhstan: Multi-omic Research Challenges
Authors: Rakhimova Saule , Akilzhanova Ainur , Zhukov Yurii , Omarov Marat , Zhumadilov Zhaxybay
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth most common cancer in Kazakhstan, fifth leading cause of mortality among men, and ninth leading cause of mortality among women. Advances in high-throughput sequencing over the last decade have made mapping the whole genetic variation in genome-wide scale possible. Transcriptome sequencing has become a powerful method for detecting driver mutations in cancer, since somatic point mutations as well as aberrant RNA variants, such as fusion genes and alternative splicing, can be identified. The aim of the study was to identify the genetic basis of EC by performing whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) study in Kazakhstani patients.Materials and methods. We included patients with EC who had been admitted to the oncology center in Astana, Kazakhstan during the 2013-2014 year period. A pair of fresh frozen EC, its adjacent normal tissue specimen, and venous blood were obtained. So far, five pairs of EC samples were subjected to RNA-seq. Total RNA was isolated, and its quality was assessed using Agilent Bioanalyzer. The cDNA library was prepared following the standard mRNA protocol by Illumina and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq2000. Bionformatic analysis is ongoing.Results. During 2013, a total of 74 patients with EC were hospitalized in the oncology center, Astana, Kazakhstan. Radical and palliative surgery was performed on 39 and 34 patients, respectively, and 1 patient refused surgery treatment. The median age of the patients was 66 years (range 49-86 years). 88.4% of the patients were diagnosed with advanced stages T3-T4, and 74.5% from them has dysphagia III-IV levels. 83% of the cases were squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The major localizations for this type of cancer were the middle section (58.2%), lower section (37.2%), and upper section (4.6%) of the cases.Conclusion. ESCC is the most common histologic subtype of esophageal cancer in our patients and is characterized by a poor prognosis. Most patients were diagnosed with late stages T3-T4. Using high throughput sequencing approach, we could potentially identify a higher number of crucial molecular pathways involved in esophageal carcinogenesis that could facilitate the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies. The early detection of EC gives hope of a long-term survival for patients.
Therapeutic Potential of Noble Nanoparticles for Wound Repair
Authors: Saliyev Timur , Kulsharova Gulsim , Akhmetova Alma , Nurgozhin Talgat , Mikhalovsky Sergey
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Nanoparticles made of noble metals, such as gold and silver, have a great potential to be effectively employed for wound management. The nano-size of such particles provides an opportunity to enlarge the contacting area, which results in more effective anti-bacterial action and faster wound repair. It must be noted that the shape of noble nanoparticles might play a crucial role in the manifestation of their anti-microbial properties. The modern state of technology allows fabrication of the nanoparticles with the desired shape and physical properties. In order to provide efficacy and close contact with the wound, the noble nanoparticles can be incorporated into a special matrix made of a cryogel (based on polymethyl methacrylate). This combination might serve as a foundation for developing completely new types of wound dressing.Materials and methods. We have developed a few methods for synthesizing gold and silver nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes. After fabrication of metallic nanoparticles, they were characterized by using Tunneling Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Malvern Zetasizer system in order to determine the average population size and consistency. The silver nanoparticles was synthesized using sodium borohydride reduction of silver nitrate. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles was conducted by using the Turkevich method.Results. We have developed a synthetic cryogel based on polyacrylamide (by cryogelation reaction) at several temperatures. At the second step, we developed a method for conjugating fabricated gold and silver nanoparticles to the surface (or pores) of cryogel through covalent bonds so they can provide antibacterial action within the wound. By following the developed protocol, we were able to obtain an approximate cryogel layer (1 cm thickness) with embedded gold and silver nanoparticles. This conjugate was analyzed and confirmed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and TEM.Discussion. The obtained results indicate the feasibility of the fabrication of a novel type of wound dressing. At the next step, we are planning to elucidate the bio-compatibility of the combination of cryogel and nanoparticles. Moreover, anti-bacterial properties of this new type of wound dressing will be analyzed.
PTH Gene Polymorphism and Breast Cancer Risk in Kazakhstan
Authors: Sikhayeva Nurgul , Abilova Zhannur , Shtefanov Ivan , Makishev Abai , Akilzhanova Ainur
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. In Kazakhstan, breast cancer holds first place among causes of women death caused by cancer in the 45-55 year age group . Many studies have shown that the risk of acquiring breast cancer may be related to the level of calcium in the blood serum. One of the important regulators of calcium metabolism in the body is the parathyroid hormone. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding the parathyroid hormone (PTH) are associated with breast cancer development risk, and may modify the associative interaction between the levels of calcium intake and breast cancer. Experimental studies have shown that PTH gene has a carcinogenic effect. At least three studies showed a weak positive correlation between the risk of acquiring breast cancer and primary hyperparathyroidism, a state with high levels of PTH and often high levels of calcium. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate potential association between PTH gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk among Kazakhstani women.Methods. Female breast cancer patients (n = 429) and matched control women (n = 373) were recruited into a case – control study,. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood of study participants using Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, USA). Detection of PTH gene polymorphism (rs1459015) was done by means of the TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay of real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 19.0.Results. PTH gene alleles were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). Distribution was 59% CC, 35% CT, 6% TT in the group with breast cancer and 50% CC, 43% CT, 6% TT in the control group. Total difference (between the group with breast cancer and the control group) in allele frequencies for PTH polymorphism was not significant (p > 0.05). No association was found between rs1459015 TT and breast cancer risk (OR = 1.039; 95%, CI 0.740 - 1.297; p = 0.893).Conclusion. We found no association between PTHrs1459015 polymorphism and breast cancer in our present study. Further studies are required to confirm our results and clarify role of PTH gene genotypes on breast cancer risk.
Diagnostics of Cognitive Function in Women of Menopausal Period at Level of Primary Health Care
Authors: Zhilgeldina N. , Ulykbassova T.
Published: January 2016

Introduction. In the medical community, there is no consensus on whether or not climacteric changes are pathologic and require treatment. One of the main problems related to menopause is misperception of menopause; consequently, there is no consensus on treatments for psychological dysfunction and cognitive deficits in menopausal women. Timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of psychological disorders and cognitive dysfunction are imperative and complicated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate physician perceptions of cognitive and psychological deficits in menopausal women in outpatient settings.Methods. 215 obstetricians-gynecologists working in out-patient services were surveyed using a multiple choice questionnaire assessing perceptions and knowledge of menopausal transition.Results. Of total respondents, 42.0% ± 2.5 of physicians found it hard to define menopausal period, and 67.5% ± 3.2 could not give a clear definition of hormone replacement therapy. On the question “cognitive function includes…,” 62.5% ± 2.1 of physicians selected “memory,” 32.3% ± 1.8 selected attention, 77.5% ± 3.2 selected mood and/or imagination, 37.4% selected intellect, 36.3% ± 3.1 of respondents selected character traits, and 6.2% ± 1.7 selected speech. Regarding the question “how do you study memory status function?” it was estimated that 71.2% ± 2.5 of study participants have studied the memory only on the basis of subjective complaints, and none of the respondents (100%) have ever used neuropsychological tests.Conclusion. The survey allows us to ascertain that primary medical care services lack the ability to appropriately recognize and diagnose cognitive deficits in women of menopausal age. Based on these data, we can assume that proper mental care is not provided. Thus, the study indicates a need to create training programs for general practitioners and other specialists (cardiologists, neurologists, and endocrinologists) to fulfill this need. Implementation of a standard of care, testing, and treatment of cognitive and psychological function, such as the use of neuropsychological tests and questionnaires, in an out-patient setting for menopausal women would improve the quality of life during a woman’s transition period.
Judgment, Imagination and the Search for Justice
Authors: Savage Roger W. H.
Published: January 2016

The multiplicity of demands and claims in ultra-pluralistic societies complicates the search for justice. Furthermore, the normative force of competing ideals gives rise to an aporia at the heart of the idea of justice’s federating force. In this article, I argue that exemplary moral and political acts evince these ideals by reason of their fittingness with respect to the demands of the situations to which they respond. As such, these acts lay claim to their normative value by exemplifying the “rule” that each act summons. Drawing upon aesthetic experience’s lateral transposition onto the planes of ethics and politics, I show how imagination is operative in practical judgments (phronesis). Accordingly, I relate the search for justice to an eschatology of non-violence, which for Paul Ricœur takes the place of the critique of ideology in its opposition to an ontology of lingual understanding.
El proceso de datos abiertos en Brasil y España: aspectos positivos y dificultades
Authors: Pineda Nebot Carmen , Marques Ferreira Marco Aurelio
Published: January 2016

Con la popularización del uso de internet y el avance de la sociedad civil organizada cada vez más países han iniciado la implementación del modelo de Gobierno Abierto. Algunos autores han argumentado sobre los contrastes entre los países, especialmente por las diferencias en las tradiciones democráticas. En esa dirección, comprender los desafíos y las limitaciones en el proceso de Datos Abiertos en diferentes países podrá ofrecer insights teóricos y prácticos capaces de rellenar lagunas aún existentes en la teoría sobre democracia, participación social y transparencia. Por tanto, considerando las diferencias y similitudes entre Brasil y España, se pretende realizar un análisis comparativo a partir de las lecciones y de las experiencias, así como de los desafíos y las limitaciones entre esos países.
Un cuestionamiento de los supuestos que vertebran la sociedad moderna en búsqueda de nuevos modelos de gobernanza: el gobierno, la sociedad civil y la empresa nadando en un mar de complejidad
Authors: García Magariño Sergio
Published: January 2016

Con este artículo se pretenden tres objetivos. El primero consiste en hacer una aproximación introductoria al concepto de gobernanza, con el fin de establecer un lenguaje común desde el que abordar sus múltiples facetas en colaboración con otros autores. El segundo es plantear algunas preguntas marco relativas a la gobernanza que puedan guiar la reflexión de diferentes actores, de forma que no sean aportaciones fragmentadas sino diferentes componentes de un acervo de conocimiento coherente. Por último, se aspira a iniciar una exploración de las preguntas planteadas atendiendo a las implicaciones prácticas para la gobernanza de ciertos principios. En este sentido, como en otras ocasiones, la ciencia y la religión son consideradas dos fuentes de las que adquirir percepciones para encontrar modelos más efectivos de organización y desarrollo social. El artículo se fundamenta en la ponencia inaugural que la oficina de asuntos públicos de la comunidad bahá’í de España realizó en la jornada celebrada el día 22 de mayo de 2014 en el Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales titulada «El imperativo de la colaboración: el gobierno, la sociedad civil y la empresa navegando en un mar de complejidad». Consta de cuatro partes: 1. ¿A qué nos referimos por gobernanza? 2. Propósito de la jornada. 3. Sectores y niveles de gobernanza y preguntas marco. 4. Cuestionando algunos principios subyacentes.
Evaluating Femoral-Sciatic Nerve Blocks, Epidural Analgesia, and No Use of Regional Analgesia in Dogs Undergoing Tibia-Plateau-Leveling-Osteotomy
Authors: Boscan Pedro , Wennogle Sara
Published: January 2016

This is a retrospective study evaluating femoral-sciatic nerve blocks (FSBs), epidural analgesia, and non-regional analgesia (NRA) in dogs undergoing tibia-plateau-leveling-osteotomy surgery. Thirty-five records met the criteria for each of the FSB and epidural analgesia groups. Seventeen anesthesia records met the criteria for the NRA or control group. The parameters reported were: isoflurane vaporizer setting, rescue analgesia/anesthesia drugs received, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and recovery quality (0–4, with 0 being poor and 4 being good). Rescue analgesia-anesthesia during surgery was performed with either fentanyl, ketamine, or propofol. A larger percentage of dogs in the NRA group required rescue analgesia during surgery. The FSB group had a higher recovery quality with median (95% confidence interval of four (±0.3) when compared to two (±0.8) in NRA (p < 0.01). No difference between groups was observed on any other parameter reported. As part of a multimodal analgesia approach for tibia-plateau-leveling-osteotomy surgery, the use of femoral and sciatic nerves blocks with bupivacaine appears to be an alternative technique to help with analgesia and anesthesia during surgery.
Prophylactic Gastropexy Incorporating a Gastrotomy Incision in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 21 Cases (2011–2013)
Authors: Round Sarah , Popovitch Catherine
Published: January 2016

The objective of this retrospective study was to report any complications associated with incorporating a gastrotomy incision into a right-sided incisional prophylactic gastropexy. The medical records of dogs that underwent a gastrotomy for the removal of gastric foreign material and had a prophylactic right-sided incisional gastropexy performed at the gastrotomy site between April 2011 and February 2013 were reviewed. Two wk postoperative recheck examination and suture removal reports were reviewed and owners were contacted via phone and e-mail for long-term follow-up. In total, 21 cases were reviewed, 19 with long-term follow-up. No complications of the surgery were reported. We concluded that a prophylactic right-sided incisional gastropexy could successfully be performed incorporating the gastrotomy site without significant complications.
Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Soft Tissue Sarcoma: An Evidence-Based Review of Case Management
Authors: Hohenhaus Ann E. , Kelsey Jennifer L. , Haddad Jamie , Barber Lisa , Palmisano Matthew , Farrelly John , Soucy Anita
Published: January 2016

Canine cutaneous and subcutaneous soft tissue sarcomas (STS) account for 20.3% of malignant neoplasms of the skin. This article makes recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in dogs with STS, using evidence-based medicine concepts. Although our review of the literature on the management of canine STS found many of the studies to be less than rigorous, board-certified specialists in internal medicine, surgery, pathology, oncology, and radiation oncology were able to make several recommendations based on the literature review: cytology and biopsy are important for presurgical planning; wide (>3 cm margins) surgical excision decreases the likelihood of tumor recurrence; the use of a histologic grading scale is useful in predicting biologic behavior; and, in select cases, chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be beneficial adjunct treatments to surgical excision. More research is necessary to determine minimum size of surgical margins, the impact of radiation therapy on incompletely resected tumors, the ideal chemotherapy protocol for high grade STS, and the optimal methods of monitoring dogs for tumor recurrence and metastasis.
“We Cannot Content Ourselves with Remaining Spectators”: Musical Performance, Audience Interaction, and Nostalgia in the Films of David Lynch
Authors: Reed Katherine M.
Published: January 2016

This article examines David Lynch’s appropriation of pre-existing popular music as a means to engender a new mode of reception in his films. The director’s uses of Roy Orbison hits serve as case studies for the semiotic analysis of this unique film/spectator interaction.
Synthesis and Structure of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Semi-interpenetrating Polymer Network Gels
Authors: Naga Naofumi , Uchiyama Yukie , Takahashi Yuri , Furukawa Hidemitsu
Published: January 2016

Semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) gels have been synthesized using a hydrosilylation reaction of 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS) as a joint molecule, and a,w-nonconjugated dienes, 1,5-hexadiene (HD) or 1,9-decadiene (DD) as linker molecules in the presence of polystyrene (PS) as a liner polymers in toluene or cyclohexane. Network structure, mesh size and mesh size distribution, of the resulting semi-IPN gels was quantitatively characterized by means of a scanning microscopic light scattering (SMILS). The relaxation peaks derived from three kinds of structures were detected in the semi-IPN gels prepared in toluene by the SMILS analysis. One was derived from the mesh formed by TMCTS/a,w-nonconjugated dienes about 1-2 nm. Others were derived from transition networks about 20-150 nm and large clustered liner polymer chains about 700-2300 nm. Effect of concentration and molecular weight of the liner polymer on the network structure of the semi-IPN gels in toluene was investigated. The relaxation peaks derived from transition networks or random coils formed by aggregated PS chains were detected in the semi-IPN gels containing high concentration or high molecular weight PS. The semi-IPN gels containing PS were also prepared in cyclohexane as a poor solvent for PS at 40ºC, which was a higher temperature than the upper critical solution temperature (UCST = 34ºC) of PS in cyclohexane. The network structure of the semi-IPN gels was traced by SMILS on the cooling process. In the semi-IPN gel with the short linker molecule of HD, the relaxation peak derived from clustered PS chains was detected over the UCST. By contrast, the relaxation peak derived from transition network was observed in the semi-IPN gel with the long linker molecule of DD.
Economic Growth and Infrastructure Investments in Energy and Transportation: A Causality Interpretation of China’s Western Development Strategy
Authors: Shiu Alice , Li Raymond , Woo Chi-Keung
Published: January 2016

Were the large investments in energy and transportation infrastructure effective in fostering economic growth? Or did economic growth trigger these infrastructure developments? To answer these questions, we develop a simple model of production capacity constraints and use China’s Western Development Strategy (WDS) as an example to investigate how the relationships among energy investment, transportation infrastructure expansion and economic growth differ in the pre- and post-WDS periods. Our Granger causality analysis uses a panel data sample for China’s 30 provinces in the Western and non-Western regions for the period of 1991-2012. We find Granger causality only in the post-WDS period from transportation infrastructure expansion to economic growth and from economic growth to energy investment. These results suggest energy and transportation capacity constraints in the post-WDS period but not the pre-WDS period.

Their policy implication is that China should continue its energy and transportation infrastructure investments with improved coordination.
De jaarrekeningplicht van een ontbonden rechtspersoon – een nadere duiding (gevraagd)
Authors: de Wit E.H.
Published: January 2016

De jaarrekeningplicht van een ontbonden rechtspersoon – een nadere duiding (gevraagd)

In de literatuur is discussie over de vraag of de jaarrekeningverplichtingen van toepassing zijn voor rechtspersonen in liquidatie. In deze bijdrage bespreekt de auteur wat deze discussie feitelijk betekent voor de praktijk, en doet voorstellen tot een nadere invulling van en aanvulling op de geldende wettelijke regelingen.
Gefaalde scheiding
Authors: Keijzer T.A. , de Kluiver C.C.
Published: January 2016

Gefaalde scheiding

Op 29 september 2015 wees het Hof Den Bosch arrest over afgeleide schade. In deze bijdrage gaan de auteurs in op de bredere casus. Eerst wordt de keuze voor de enquêteprocedure en de toepassing daarvan besproken. Vervolgens wordt het aspect van vennootschappelijke concurrentie behandeld, door vergelijking met het leerstuk van corporate opportunity. Tot slot komen het leerstuk van afgeleide schade en de daarvoor belangrijke vraag of een bestuurder de opzet heeft gehad om aandeelhouders te benadelen aan bod.
Typing Safe Antibiotics in Amoxicillin Hypersensitive Patients—Development of a Stepwise Protocol
Authors: Specjalski Krzysztof , Kita-Milczarska Karolina , Chełmińska Marta , Jassem Ewa
Published: January 2016

Introduction: A history of an adverse reaction to amoxicillin, irrespective of the mechanism involved, significantly elevates patients’ anxiety and affects therapeutic decisions in the future, leading to unnecessary avoidance of antibiotics. As a consequence, it would be useful to find a safe and reliable protocol for typing safe alternative antibiotics. The aim of the study was to determine negative predictive value of typing safe antibiotic in patients with a history of hypersensitivity reaction to amoxicillin. Material and methods: 71 patients, aged 20−83, with a history of an adverse reaction to amoxicillin were retrospectively analysed. On the basis of the reaction type they were divided into three groups: A—symptoms not typical for hypersensitivity reactions, B—allergy manifested by urticaria and/or angioedema, C—anaphylaxis. In group A amoxicillin was tested, in group B—cefuroxime, and in group C—macrolide: azithromycin or clarithromycin. Telephone follow-up visits were performed twice: 6−12 months and 3−5 years after the clinical assessment to evaluate tolerance of antibiotics. On the basis of the follow-up results, the negative predictive value (NPV) of the protocol was calculated. Results: The full diagnostic protocol was applied in 62 participants. Amoxicillin was found safe in 22, cefuroxime—in 21 and macrolide—in 19 patients. No anaphylactic reactions were observed during the tests. On the basis of the telephone follow-up, the NPV of the protocol was 96% in the first follow-up and 97% in the second one. Conclusion: A stepwise approach including SPTs, ICTs and provocations with amoxicillin / cefuroxime/macrolide—depending on a patient’s history—is safe and allows typing an antibiotic in the vast majority of patients.
Bottom Dressing by a Dual-Arm Robot Using a Clothing State Estimation Based on Dynamic Shape Changes
Authors: Yamazaki Kimitoshi , Oya Ryosuke , Nagahama Kotaro , Okada Kei , Inaba Masayuki
Published: January 2016

This paper describes an autonomous robot's method of dressing a subject in clothing. Our target task is to dress a person in the sitting pose. We especially focus on the action whereby a robot automatically pulls a pair of trousers up the subject's legs, an action frequently needed in dressing assistance. To avoid injuring the subject's legs, the robot should be able to recognize the state of the manipulated clothing. Therefore, while handling the clothing, the robot is supplied with both visual and tactile sensory information. A dressing failure is detected by the visual sensing of the behaviour of optical flows extracted from the clothing's movements. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is implemented and validated in a life-sized humanoid robot.
From Florida to ACE
Authors: Yonge David T.
Published: January 2016

Each one of us, for one reason or another, has been drawn to AWWA, an organization that defines what it means to be dedicated to the world's most important resource, water. My voyage with AWWA began in 2011 as I was entering my senior year at the University of Central Florida (UCF), in Orlando. I remember asking my mentor and soon‐to‐be academic advisor, Steven Duranceau, which organizations I should join; the first one he suggested was AWWA. Over the past four years, my involvement with AWWA has changed from new student member to one of UCF's student leaders.
Water Audits in the United States: Challenges, Successes, and Opportunities
Authors: Andrews Lucy , Sturm Reinhard
Published: January 2016

Quantification of water loss in real and financial terms – and guidance on effective approaches to water loss audit data validation – resulted from a study that analyzed a composite data set of water audits from five US entities.
Switching to Lowercase Messaging: A Capital Idea
Authors: Goetz Melanie K.
Published: January 2016

It's not just what you say; it's how you type it. Capitalizing every letter in a water utility's billing statement might turn out to be a turn‐off for customers and could obscure a utility's good intentions.
Growing a Public–Private Water Conservation Partnership Program With Restaurants in New York City
Authors: Kenniff Vlada , Flowers Che , Pho Kara
Published: January 2016

A Voluntary Nonresidential Water Efficiency Program in New York City Shows Water Savings can be Achieved and Sustained.
Is Water Conservation Dead?
Authors: LaFrance David B.
Published: January 2016

Recently I received an e‐mail from a colleague who was writing out of frustration about why there is so much negative media rhetoric about water conservation. Admittedly my colleague is a leading expert on water conservation strategies and knows, better than most, the benefits of water conservation and also why sometimes it is mistakenly cast as a scapegoat. I find it interesting that not that long ago, water conservation was a “crazy” idea. At best it was thought of as a public relations program to appease the “enviro” types. But today, despite the media rhetoric, we know differently.
Effect of Biopesticides Against Sucking Insect Pests of Brinjal Crop Under Field Conditions
Authors: S. Shahzad Ali  , Sher Ahmad  , S. Sohail Ahmed  , Huma Rizwana  , Saima Siddiqui  , S. Shahbaz Ali  , Irshad Ali Rattar  , Munawer Ali Shah
Published: January 2016

A field study was carried out during 2013 at the experimental area of Entomology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, (ARI) Tando Jam to examine the effect of bio-pesticides against sucking insect pests of brinjal crop under field conditions. Five treatments with three replications were applied. The treatments were: T1=chemical control (confidor/Diamond), T2=Neem (Azadirachta indica), T3= Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), T4= Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globus), T5= Untreated (Control). Three insect pests were found infesting brinjal including white flies, jassid and mites. Pre treatment- and post-treatment observations were recorded. The results revealed that against white fly, the first spray of chemical control(confidor) showed highest reduction percent (96.62%) followed by Neem extract (82.60%), Tobacco extract (75.95%), Eucalyptus extract (73.93%) and lowest for untreated control (11.07%); while in the second spray also, chemical control(Diamond) showed highest effect against white fly (78.32%); followed by Neem extract (67.53%), Tobacco extract (56.43%), Eucalyptus extract (42.25%) and least by untreated plot (5.49%). Against jassid, chemical control (confidor) showed highest effect (77.90%) as observed during 1st spray, followed by Neem extract (55.95%), Tobacco extract (53.38%), Eucalyptus extract (53.99%) and untreated control (8.00%), while after second spray also chemical control (Diamond) showed highest reduction percent (81.70%) followed by Neem extract (68.73%), Tobacco extract (55.72%), Eucalyptus extract (50.66%) and the lowest was resulted by untreated control (13.91%). Against mites population on brinjal the first spray results showed that chemical control (confidor) showed highest effect (98.19%) followed by Neem extract (96.19%), Tobacco extract (95.75%), Eucalyptus extract (86.86%) and least population was recorded in untreated control (9.96%). After second spray, chemical control (Diamond) showed highest reduction percent (99.65%), followed by Neem extract (98.33%), Tobacco extract (92.85%), Eucalyptus extract (88.93%) and the lowest reduction percent was resulted by untreated control (9.14%) respectively. Chemical control (confidor/Diamond) showed its superiority in effect to combat sucking insect pests studied in brinjal, followed by Neem extract, Tobacco extract, Eucalyptus extract and untreated control remained the least.
La rue, l’agence et le centre de travailleurs
Authors: Chauvin Sébastien
Published: January 2016

Cet article analyse le système d’allocation des emplois dans le travail journalier aux États-Unis, dont la main-d’oeuvre est fréquemment composée de migrants hispaniques sans papiers. À partir de cinq études de cas, il compare l’embauche informelle réalisée sur des parkings ou devant des grandes surfaces, d’une part au travail journalier formel en agence commerciale, d’autre part à l’embauche par l’intermédiaire de centres associatifs autogérés. L’examen des modes alternatifs d’allocation proposés par les intermédiaires associatifs montre que ceux-ci, soumis aux mêmes contraintes que les intermédiaires commerciaux, reproduisent des traits observés chez ces derniers, tout en fournissant néanmoins des services cruciaux aux journaliers et en constituant une base solide de leur mobilisation juridique et politique, que ce soit pour leur droit à chercher des emplois sur un lieu public, pour la récupération de salaires non versés, ou pour les réformes permettant de régulariser leur statut migratoire.
La nouvelle informalité et la flexibilité du travail au Brésil
Authors: Lima Jacob Carlos , Rangel Felipe , Yerochewski Carole
Published: January 2016

L’objet de cet article est de discuter la question de la nouvelle informalité au Brésil, ainsi que de nourrir la réflexion sur les nouvelles identités sociales construites dans cette situation. En termes empiriques, notre découpage privilégie : a) le travail informel dans les pôles de production de l’habillement (confection et chaussures) ; b) le commerce ambulant, qualifié aussi de « transnational », constitué par des personnes engagées dans la commercialisation de produits bon marché « mondiaux », qui achètent des marchandises au-delà des frontières nationales et les revendent dans les villes brésiliennes. La recherche a été réalisée entre 2011 et 2014 et consiste en visites exploratoires dans les lieux de production et commercialisation, en observations du travail et en entrevues avec des travailleurs, auxquels s’ajoutent des données secondaires obtenues auprès des institutions publiques et privées.
Les récupérateurs de déchets à Casablanca : l’« inclusion perverse » de travailleurs à la marge
Authors: Florin Bénédicte
Published: January 2016

Cet article se fonde sur des entretiens menés auprès des récupérateurs de Casablanca qui sillonnent la ville pour y collecter les déchets recyclables ou qui travaillent sur la principale décharge de la métropole marocaine. Du fait de leur activité liée au déchet et des caractéristiques de leur espace de vie, ces récupérateurs sont clairement à la marge de la ville et en marge de la société. Pour autant, leur travail est étroitement imbriqué au secteur formel qui fonctionne grâce à cette main-d’oeuvre à bas prix dans une forme d’« inclusion perverse » où l’exclu est cependant à l’intérieur d’un système qui repose sur lui (Sawaia, 1999). Nous analysons ci-dessous les relations entre les acteurs (récupérateurs, secteur privé et pouvoirs publics) en mettant en exergue ce qui, dans les pratiques professionnelles, brouille les frontières entre le formel et l’informel, entre le visible et l’invisible, réinterrogeant ainsi la notion de marge. Enfin, cette porosité se traduit par des difficiles tentatives de sortie de la marge, via la résistance et la mobilisation, par les récupérateurs.
Les aspirations des travailleuses de la garde d’enfants en milieu familial
Authors: D’Amours Martine
Published: January 2016

Le présent article porte sur une forme particulière de travail de soins, soit la garde d’enfants à domicile, telle qu’elle est exercée dans le cadre institutionnel québécois. Après avoir exposé la précarité des conditions d’emploi de celles qui exercent cette activité, formellement à titre de travailleuses indépendantes, il met l’accent sur l’appréciation subjective qu’elles en ont : quelle importance accordent-elles aux marges d’autonomie procurées par leur statut ? Quelles voies privilégient-elles pour améliorer les conditions d’exercice de leur activité ? Comment envisagent-elles leur avenir professionnel ? Les résultats issus d’une enquête réalisée en 2011 auprès de 3 769 responsables de services de garde en milieu familial révèlent une importante diversité à cet égard, expliquée par l’imbrication des inégalités construites dans la trajectoire professionnelle, de la division du travail au sein de la famille et de l’expérience de la migration.
L’exposition de la performance, entre reenactment et tableau vivant
Authors: Boucher Mélanie
Published: January 2016

Expositions that consist of presentation of performances have an interest in generating a series of questions on the types of performances that are favourable for occupying space and time. What are they? This article retraces two types, re-enactment and the tableau vivant, and presents their main characteristics. These types of performances are prone to induce modifications in exhibition practices, and through that, raise questions regarding the relationship between research and creation. The cases, Seven Easy Pieces (2005), by Marina Abramovic at the Solomon R. Guggenheim, and An Immaterial Retrospective of the Venice Biennale (2013), by Alexandra Pirici and Manuel Pelmus at the Venice Biennale, serve initially as exemplification, then as epistemic presentation of the two types of performances considered. Through strategies however comparable, Seven Easy Pieces and An Immaterial Retrospective of the Venice Biennale presume diverse purposes. The first work would have as objective, iconization, by relying on the presence of the artist, as well as on the rigour of the document research. The second work offers an example of the critical use of the exposition, by exploiting a research that is not neither put forth nor supported.
Telomeres open a window on stem cell division
Authors: Rodriguez-Brenes Ignacio A , Wodarz Dominik
Published: January 2016

Measuring the length distribution of telomeres can reveal information about biological processes that are otherwise difficult to analyze experimentally.
Effects of Mo surface oxidation on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells fabricated by three-stage process with KF postdeposition treatment
Authors: Kamikawa Yukiko , Nishinaga Jiro , Ishizuka Shogo , Shibata Hajime , Niki Shigeru
Published: January 2016

The surface oxidation condition of the Mo back contact on a soda lime glass (SLG) substrate was varied by air annealing and chemical etching. Then, the evolution of a photovoltaic property was studied for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells grown by a three stage process with KF postdeposition treatment. Upon the removal of the oxidized layer from the Mo surface by chemical etching, the c-axis orientation of MoSe2 tended to be random, whereas the c-axis was perpendicular when the Mo surface was oxidized. An enhancement of the diffusion of Na and K from SLG to CIGS was observed upon removing the molybdenum oxide, which functions as a barrier to alkali-metal diffusion. The varied orientation of MoSe2 can also affect the alkali-metal diffusion kinetics. The open-circuit voltage (V
OC) markedly increased after removing the oxidized layer from the Mo surface, mainly as a result of an increase in carrier density in CIGS.
Room-temperature deposition of HfNx barrier by radical-assisted surface reaction for through-silicon-via in three-dimensional LSI
Authors: Sato Masaru , Takeyama Mayumi B. , Noya Atsushi
Published: January 2016

We have demonstrated the preparation of a low-temperature-deposited HfN
x
film as a diffusion barrier applicable to the Cu-through-silicon-via. The sputter deposition of the Hf film without substrate heating and the subsequent radical-assisted surface nitridation reaction successfully forms a thin film of Hf3N2 in a single phase; this so far has not been obtained by reactive sputtering. The obtained phase is actually stable at temperatures up to 500 °C and shows excellent barrier properties comparable to those of the HfN barrier interposed between Cu and SiO2, deposited by reactive sputtering at 350–400 °C.
First insights into the diversity of gill monogeneans of‘Gnathochromis’andLimnochromis(Teleostei, Cichlidae) in Burundi: do the parasites mirror host ecology and phylogenetic history?
Authors: Kmentová Nikol , Gelnar Milan , Koblmüller Stephan , Vanhove Maarten P.M.
Published: January 2016

Monogenea is one of the most species-rich groups of parasitic flatworms worldwide, with many species described only recently, which is particularly true for African monogeneans. For example,Cichlidogyrus, a genus mostly occurring on African cichlids, comprises more than 100 nominal species. Twenty-two of these have been described from Lake Tanganyika, a famous biodiversity hotspot in which many vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, including monogeneans, underwent unique and spectacular radiations. Given their often high degrees of host specificity, parasitic monogeneans were also used as a potential tool to uncover host species relationships. This study presents the first investigation of the monogenean fauna occurring on the gills of endemic ‘Gnathochromis’ species along the Burundese coastline of Lake Tanganyika. We test whether their monogenean fauna reflects the different phylogenetic position and ecological niche of‘Gnathochromis’ pfefferiandGnathochromis permaxillaris. Worms collected from specimens ofLimnochromis auritus, a cichlid belonging to the same cichlid tribe asG. permaxillaris, were used for comparison. Morphological as well as genetic characterisation was used for parasite identification. In total, all 73Cichlidogyrusindividuals collected from ‘G.’ pfefferiwere identified asC. irenae. This is the only representative ofCichlidogyruspreviously described from‘G.’ pfefferi, its type host.Gnathochromis permaxillarisis infected by a species ofCichlidogyrusmorphologically very similar toC. gillardinae. The monogenean species collected fromL. auritusis considered as new for science, but sample size was insufficient for a formal description. Our results confirm previous suggestions that‘G.’ pfefferias a good disperser is infected by a single monogenean species across the entire Lake Tanganyika. AlthoughG. permaxillarisandL. auritusare placed in the same tribe,Cichlidogyrussp. occurring onG. permaxillarisis morphologically more similar toC. irenaefrom‘G.’ pfefferi, than to theCichlidogyrusspecies found onL. auritus. Various evolutionary processes, such as host-switching or duplication events, might underlie the pattern observed in this particular parasite-host system. Additional samples for theCichlidogyrusspecies occuring onG. permaxillarisandL. auritusare needed to unravel their evolutionary history by means of (co-)phylogenetic analyses.
Heat and momentum transport scalings in horizontal convection
Authors: Shishkina Olga , Grossmann Siegfried , Lohse Detlef
Published: January 2016

In a horizontal convection (HC) system heat is supplied and removed exclusively through a single, top, or bottom, surface of a fluid layer. It is commonly agreed that in the studied Rayleigh number (Ra) range, the convective heat transport, measured by the Nusselt number, follows the Rossby (1965) scaling, which is based on the assumptions that the HC flows are laminar and determined by their boundary layers. However, the universality of this scaling is questionable, as these flows are observed to become more turbulent with increasing Ra. Here we propose a theoretical model for heat and momentum transport scalings with Ra, which is based on the Grossmann and Lohse (2000) ideas, applied to HC flows. The obtained multiple scaling regimes include in particular the Rossby scaling and the ultimate scaling by Siggers et al. (2004). Our results have bearing on the understanding of the convective processes in many geophysical systems and engineering applications.
Codetection of acoustic emissions during failure of heterogeneous media: New perspectives for natural hazard early warning
Authors: Faillettaz Jerome , Or Dani , Reiweger Ingrid
Published: January 2016

A simple method for real‐time early warning of gravity‐driven rupture that considers both the heterogeneity of natural media and characteristics of acoustic emissions attenuation is proposed. The method capitalizes on codetection of elastic waves emanating from microcracks by multiple and spatially separated sensors. Event codetection is considered as surrogate for large event size with more frequent codetected events marking imminence of catastrophic failure. Using a spatially explicit fiber bundle numerical model with spatially correlated mechanical strength and two load redistribution rules, we constructed a range of mechanical failure scenarios and associated failure events (mapped into acoustic emission) in space and time. Analysis considering hypothetical arrays of sensors and consideration of signal attenuation demonstrate the potential of the codetection principles even for insensitive sensors to provide early warning for imminent global failure.
Average field‐aligned current configuration parameterized by solar wind conditions
Authors: Carter J. A. , Milan S. E. , Coxon J. C. , Walach M.‐T. , Anderson B. J.
Published: January 2016

We present the first large‐scale comparison of the spatial distribution of field‐aligned currents as measured by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment, with the location and brightness of the average auroral oval, determined from the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration far ultraviolet instrument. These distributions are compared under the same interplanetary magnetic field magnitude and clock angle conditions. The field‐aligned currents and auroral oval drop to lower latitudes, as the interplanetary magnetic field becomes both increasingly stronger in magnitude and increasingly southward. We find that the region 2 currents are more closely aligned with the distribution of auroral UV emission, whether that be in the discrete auroral zone about dusk or in the postmidnight diffuse aurora sector. The lack of coincidence between the region 1 field‐aligned currents with the auroral oval in the dusk sector is contrary to expectation.
Seismic parameters of hcp‐Fe alloyed with Ni and Si in the Earth's inner core
Authors: Liu Jin , Lin Jung‐Fu , Alatas Ahmet , Hu Michael Y. , Zhao Jiyong , Dubrovinsky Leonid
Published: January 2016

Iron alloyed with Ni and Si has been suggested to be a major component of the Earth's inner core. High‐pressure results on the combined alloying effects of Ni and Si on seismic parameters of iron are thus essential for establishing satisfactory geophysical and geochemical models of the region. Here we have investigated the compressional (VP) and shear (Vs) wave velocity‐density (ρ) relations, Poisson's ratio (ν), and seismic heterogeneity ratios (dlnρ/dlnVP, dlnρ/dlnVS, and dlnVP/dlnVS) of hcp‐Fe and hcp‐Fe86.8Ni8.6Si4.6 alloy up to 206 GPa and 136 GPa, respectively, using multiple complementary techniques. Compared with the literature velocity values for hcp‐Fe and Fe‐Ni‐Si alloys, our results show that the combined addition of 9.0 wt % Ni and 2.3 wt % Si slightly increases the VP but significantly decreases the VS of hcp‐Fe at a given density relevant to the inner core. Such distinct alloying effects on velocities of hcp‐Fe produce a high ν of about 0.40 for the alloy at inner core densities, which is approximately 20% higher than that for hcp‐Fe. Analysis of the literature high P‐T results on VP and VS of Fe alloyed with light elements shows that high temperature can further enhance the ν of hcp‐Fe alloyed with Ni and Si. Most significantly, the derived seismic heterogeneity ratios of this hcp alloy present a better match with global seismic observations. Our results provide a multifactored geophysical constraint on the compositional model of the inner core which is consistent with silicon being a major light element alloyed with Fe and 5 wt % Ni.
Large eddies modulating flux convergence and divergence in a disturbed unstable atmospheric surface layer
Authors: Gao Zhongming , Liu Heping , Russell Eric S. , Huang Jianping , Foken Thomas , Oncley Steven P.
Published: January 2016

The effects of large eddies on turbulence structures and flux transport were studied using data collected over a flat cotton field during the Energy Balance Experiment 2000 in the San Joaquin Valley of California in August 2000. Flux convergence (FC; larger fluxes at 8.7 m than 2.7 m) and divergence (FD) in latent heat flux (LE) were observed in a disturbed, unstable atmospheric surface layer, and their magnitudes largely departed from the prediction of Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory. From our wavelet analysis, it was identified that large eddies affected turbulence structures, scalar distribution, and flux transport differently at 8.7 m and 2.7 m under the FC and FD conditions. Using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition, time series data were decomposed into large eddies and small‐scale background turbulence, the time‐domain characteristics of large eddies were examined, and the flux contribution by large eddies was also determined quantitatively. The results suggest that large eddies over the frequency range of 0.002 Hz < f < 0.02 Hz (predominantly 300–400 m) enhanced the vertical velocity spectra more significantly at 8.7 m than 2.7 m, leading to an increased magnitude of the cospectra and thus LE at 8.7 m. In the FD case, however, these large eddies were not present and even suppressed in the vertical velocity spectra at 8.7 m. Consequently, the cospectra divergence over the low‐frequency ranges primarily caused the LE divergence. This work implies that large eddies may either improve or degrade the surface energy balance closure by increasing or decreasing turbulent fluxes, respectively.