bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early life experience with natural odors modifies olfactory behavior through an associative process
Authors: Dylla Kristina V. , O’Connell Thomas F. , Hong Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2023

Past work has shown that chronic exposure ofDrosophilato intense monomolecular odors in early life leads to homeostatic adaptation of olfactory neural responses and behavioral habituation to the familiar odor. Here, we found that, in contrast, persistent exposure to natural odors in early life increases behavioral attraction selectively to familiar odors. Odor experience increases the attractiveness of natural odors that are innately attractive and decreases the aversiveness of natural odors that are innately aversive. These changes in olfactory behavior are unlikely to arise from changes in the sensitivity of olfactory neurons at the first stages of olfactory processing: odor-evoked output from antennal lobe projection neurons was unchanged by chronic exposure to natural odors in terms of olfactory sensitivity, relational distances between odors, or response dynamics. We reveal a requirement for additional features of the environment beyond the odor in establishing odor experience-dependent behavioral plasticity. Passive odor exposure in a featureless environment lacking strong reinforcing cues was insufficient to elicit changes in olfactory preference; however, the same odor exposure resulted in behavioral plasticity when food was present in the environment. Together, these results indicate that behavioral plasticity elicited by persistent exposure to natural odors in early life is mediated by an associative process. In addition, they highlight the importance of using naturalistic odor stimuli for investigating olfactory function.
Astrocytic L-lactate signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex is essential for schema memory and neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis
Authors: Akter Mastura , Hasan Mahadi , Ramkrishnan Aruna Surendran , Zheng Xianlin , Iqbal Zafar , Fu Zhongqi , Lei Zhuogui , Karim Anwarul , Li Ying
Published: January 2023

Astrocyte-derived L-lactate was shown to confer beneficial effects on synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions. However, how astrocytic Gisignaling in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) modulates L-lactate levels and schema memory is not clear. Here, using chemogenetic approach and well-established behavioral paradigm, we demonstrate that astrocytic Gipathway activation in ACC causes significant impairment in flavor-place paired associates (PA) learning, schema formation, and PA memory retrieval in rats. It also impairs new PA learning even if a prior associative schema exists. These impairments were mediated by decreased L-lactate in ACC due to astrocytic Giactivation. Concurrent exogenous L-lactate administration bilaterally into the ACC rescues these impairments. Furthermore, we show that the impaired schema memory formation was associated with a decreased neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis caused by decreased L-lactate level in ACC upon Giactivation. Our study also reveals that L-lactate mediated mitochondrial biogenesis is dependent on monocarboxylate transporter 2 and NMDA receptor activity – discovering a previously unrecognized signaling role of L-lactate. These findings expand our understanding of the role of astrocytes and L-lactate in brain functions.
Electron transport chain RNAi in glutamate neurons extends life span, increases sleep, and decreases locomotor activity inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Landis Jessie E. , Sungu Kevin , Sipe Hannah , Copeland Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2023

RNAi targeting the electron transport chain has been proven to prolong life span in many different species, and experiments specifically withDrosophila melanogasterandCaenorhabditis eleganshave shown a distinct role for neurons. To determine which subset of neurons is implicated in this life span extension, we used the GAL4/UAS system to activate RNAi against genes of Complex I and Complex V. We found life span extension of 18 – 24% with two glutamate neuron (D42andVGlut) GAL4 lines. We used the GAL80 system to determine if the overlapping set of glutamate neurons in these two GAL4 lines imparts the life span extension. Limiting GAL4 activity to non-VGlutglutamate neurons in theD42background failed to extend life span, suggesting that glutamate neurons have a unique role in aging. Interestingly, RNAi of the electron transport chain inD42glutamate neurons also caused an increase in daytime and nighttime sleep and a decrease in nighttime locomotor activity. Changes to sleep patterns and prolonged life span were not accompanied by any changes in female fertility or response to starvation. Our findings demonstrate that a small subset of neurons can control life span, and further studies exploring the role of the electron transport chain in aging can be focused on the activity of glutamate neurons.
A pilot study of stable isotope fractionation inBombyx morirearing
Authors: Hao Li , He Yujie , Lu Jinzhong , Jia Liling , Liu Yong , Yang Dan , Shao Shuai , Lv Gang , Yang Hailiang , Zheng Hailing , Cui Xuhong , Zhou Yang , Peng Zhiqin
Published: January 2023

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen isotopes derived from three different strains of silkworms at different life stages involved in silkworm rearing, were measured to understand the fractionation characteristics of stable isotopes at different stages of silkworm development, and to trace the movement of these isotopes from food to larva to excrement and finally to silk. We found that silkworm strain had little effect on δ2H, δ18O and δ13C values. However, a large difference was found in the δ15N levels of newly-hatched silkworms between Jingsong Haoyue and Hua Kang No.3 orthogonal strains, suggesting that the mating and egg laying differences may result in an inconsistent kinetic nitrogen isotope fractionation. The δ13C values of silkworm pupae and silkworm cocoon also displayed significant differences, suggesting that heavy carbon isotopes are greatly fractionated from the larva to the silk during cocoon formation. Overall, these results may be used to clarify the relationship between isotope fractionation and the ecological process of theBombyx moriand expand our ability to resolve stable isotope anomalies at a small regional-scale level.
Simultaneous Determination of the Size and Shape of Single α-Synuclein Oligomers in Solution
Authors: Awasthi Saurabh , Ying Cuifeng , Li Jiali , Mayer Michael
Published: January 2023

Soluble oligomers of amyloid-forming proteins are implicated as toxic species in the context of several neurodegenerative diseases. Since the size and shape of these oligomers influences their toxicity, their biophysical characterization is essential for a better understanding of the structure-toxicity relationship. Amyloid oligomers are difficult to characterize by conventional approaches due to their heterogeneity in size and shape, their dynamic aggregation process, and their low abundance. This paper demonstrates that resistive-pulse measurements using polymer-coated solid-state nanopores enable single-particle level characterization of the size and shape of individual αSyn oligomers in solution within minutes. A comparison of the resulting size distribution with single-particle analysis by transmission electron microscopy and mass photometry reveals that nanopore-based characterization agrees well with both methods, while providing better size resolution and elucidating that αSyn samples are composed of stable oligomer sub-populations that contain multiples of approximately 12 monomers (i.e., 12-, 24-, 48-, 60-, 84-mers). Applying the unique capability of nanopores to approximate particle size and shape to picomolar concentrations of αSyn oligomers in the putatively toxic size range, revealed shapes that agree well with previous estimates by cryo-EM with the added advantage that nanopore-based analysis occurs rapidly, in solution, and has the potential to become a widely accessible technique.
Glial-dependent clustering of voltage-gated ion channels in Drosophila precedes myelin formation
Authors: Rey Simone , Ohm Henrike , Moschref Frederieke , Zeuschner Dagmar , Klämbt Christian
Published: January 2023

Neuronal information conductance depends on transmission of action potentials. The conductance of action potentials is based on three physical parameters: The axial resistance of the axon, the axonal insulation by glial membranes, and the positioning of voltage-gated ion channels. In vertebrates, myelin and channel clustering allow fast saltatory conductance. Here we show that inDrosophila melanogastervoltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, Para and Shal, co-localize and cluster in an area of motor axons resembling the axon initial segment. Para but not Shal localization depends on peripheral glia. In larvae, relatively low levels of Para channels are needed to allow proper signal transduction and nerves are simply wrapped by glial cells. In adults, the concentration of Para at the axon initial segment increases. Concomitantly, these axon domains are covered by a mesh of glial processes forming a lacunar structure that serves as an ion reservoir. Directly flanking the voltage-gated ion channel rich axon segment, the lacunar structures collapse forming a myelin-like insulation. Thus, Drosophila development may reflect the evolution of myelin which forms in response to increased levels of clustered voltage-gated ion channels.

One-Sentence Summary

Evolution of saltatory conductance is mirrored in fly development where glia dependent clustering of voltage-gated ion channels precedes myelination.
A Multiscale Protein Abundance Structured Population Kinetic Model Systematically Explores the Design Space of Constitutive and Inducible CAR-T cells
Authors: Rajakaruna Harshana , Desai Milie , Das Jayajit
Published: January 2023

Engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are designed to bind to antigens overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells and induce tumor cell lysis. However, healthy cells can express these antigens at lower abundances and can get lysed by CAR-T cells. A wide variety of CAR-T cells have been designed that increase tumor cell elimination while decreasing destruction of healthy cells. However, given the cost and labor-intensive nature of such efforts, a systematic exploration of potential hypotheses becomes limited. To this end, we develop a framework (PASCAR) by combining multiscale population dynamic models and multi-objective optimization approaches with data obtained from published cytometry and cytotoxicity assays to systematically explore design space of constitutive and tunable CAR-T cells. We demonstrate PASCAR can quantitatively describe in vitro and in vivo results for constitutive and inducible CAR-T cells and can successfully predict experiments outside the training data. Our exploration of the CAR design space reveals that CAR affinities in an intermediate range of dissociation constants (KD) in constitutive and tunable CAR-T cells can dramatically decrease healthy cell lysis but sustain a high rate of tumor cell killing. In addition, our modeling provides guidance towards optimal tuning of CAR expressions in synNotch CAR T cells. The proposed framework can be extended for other CAR immune cells.
Gynogenetic Production of Embryos inXenopus tropicalisUsing a Cold Shock Procedure: Rapid Screening Method for Gene Editing Phenotypes
Authors: Nakayama Takuya , Cox Amanda , Howell Mary , Grainger Robert M.
Published: January 2023

Gynogenesis is a form of parthenogenesis in which eggs require sperm for fertilization but develop to adulthood without the contribution of paternal genome information, which happens naturally in some species. InXenopus, gynogenetic diploid animals can be made experimentally. In mutagenesis strategies that only generate one allele of a recessive mutation, as might occur during gene editing, gynogenesis can be used to quickly reveal a recessive phenotype in eggs carrying a recessive mutation, thereby skipping one generation normally required to screen by conventional genetics.Xenopusoocytes do not complete meiosis until shortly after fertilization, and the second polar body is retained in fertilized eggs. Using ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated sperm, fertilization can be triggered without a genetic paternal contribution. Upon applying cold shock at the proper time to such embryos, ejection of the second polar body can be suppressed and both maternal sister chromatids are retained, leading to the development of gynogenetic diploid embryos. Because the genome of the resultant animals consists of recombined sister chromatids because of crossover events during meiosis, it is not completely homozygous throughout the whole genome. Nevertheless, the genome is homozygous at some loci proximal to the centromere that are unlikely to undergo recombination during meiosis and homozygous at reduced frequency if mutations are farther from the centromere, but still generally at a scorable level. Therefore, this technique is useful for rapid screening phenotypes of recessive mutations in such regions. We describe here a step-by-step protocol to achieve cold shock-mediated gynogenesis inXenopus tropicalis.
Preparation of Intact Nuclei for Single-Nucleus Omics Using Frozen Cell Suspensions from Mutant Embryos ofXenopus tropicalis
Authors: Nakayama Takuya , Roubroeks Janou A.Y. , Veenstra Gert Jan C. , Grainger Robert M.
Published: January 2023

Single-cell omics such as single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) have been used extensively to obtain single-cell genome-wide expression data. This technique can be used to compare mutant and wild-type embryos at predifferentiation stages when individual tissues are not yet formed (therefore requiring genotyping to distinguish among embryos), for example, to determine effects of mutations on developmental trajectories or congenital disease phenotypes. It is, however, hard to use single cells for this technique, because such embryos or cells would need to be frozen until genotyping is complete to capture a given developmental stage precisely, but intact cells cannot be isolated from frozen samples. We developed a protocol in which high-quality nuclei are isolated from frozen cell suspensions, allowing for genotyping individual embryos based on a small fraction of a single embryo suspension. The remaining suspension is frozen. After genotyping is complete, nuclei are isolated from embryo suspensions with the desired genotype and encapsulated in 10× Genomics barcoded gel beads for single-nucleus RNA-seq. We provide a step-by-step protocol that can be used for single transcriptomic analysis as well as single-nucleus chromatin accessibility assays such as ATAC-seq. This technique allows for high-quality high-throughput single-nucleus analysis of gene expression in genotyped embryos. This approach may also be valuable for collection of wild-type embryonic material, for example, when collecting tissue from a particular developmental stage. In addition, freezing of tissue suspensions allows precise staging of collected embryos or tissue that may be difficult to manage when collecting and processing cells from living embryos for single-cell RNA-seq.
Obtaining Polytene, Meiotic, and Mitotic Chromosomes from Mosquitoes for Cytogenetic Analysis
Authors: Liang Jiangtao , Bondarenko Simon M. , Sharakhov Igor V. , Sharakhova Maria V.
Published: January 2023

Chromosome visualization is a key step for developing cytogenetic maps and idiograms, analyzing inversion polymorphisms, and identifying mosquito species. Three types of chromosomes—polytene, mitotic, and meiotic—are used in cytogenetic studies of mosquitoes. Here, we describe a detailed method for obtaining high-quality polytene chromosome preparations from the salivary glands of larvae and the ovaries of females forAnophelesmosquitoes. We also describe how to obtain mitotic chromosomes from imaginal discs of fourth-instar larvae and meiotic chromosomes from the testes of male pupae for all mosquitoes. These chromosomes can be used for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a fundamental technique in cytogenetic research that is used for physical genome mapping, detecting chromosomal rearrangements, and studying chromosome organization.
Cryosectioning and Immunohistochemistry of Peripheral Tissues of Mosquitoes
Authors: Greppi Chloe
Published: January 2023

Immunohistochemistry analysis of mosquitoes is complicated by the outer cuticle that prevents reagents from penetrating peripheral tissues. This protocol incorporates a cryosectioning method that provides a higher resolution of the internal architecture of mosquito peripheral sensory tissues and enables the visualization of protein expression. This eliminates the need for enzymatic steps to digest the outer cuticle that encases these tissues. This protocol can also be adapted for other tissues, such as the brain and the legs, as chitin exoskeleton thickness does not affect antibody penetration once the sample is sectioned.
RNA In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry to Visualize Gene Expression in Peripheral Chemosensory Tissues of Mosquitoes
Authors: Herre Margaret , Greppi Chloe
Published: January 2023

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, Zika virus, and dengue virus are a menace to the human population. Although many mosquito species are not attracted to humans and do not feed on blood, human-biting female mosquitoes are strongly attracted to people and use chemosensory cues to identify a suitable host for a blood meal. Mosquitoes need blood components to reproduce, rendering them excellent vectors for blood-borne diseases. The three genera (Culex,Anopheles, andAedes) responsible for most of these diseases find hosts by using their peripheral sensory organs. These organs include the antennae, maxillary palps, and proboscis. All three contain diverse populations of highly sensitive neurons that express sensory receptors that can detect odorants, temperature, chemicals, and tastants. Although these organs are essential to the host-seeking behavior that results in biting, their small size and thick outer cuticle can hinder typical histochemical analyses. Here, we briefly review the role the peripheral sensory organs play in mosquito behavior. Then, we introduce how to investigate their gene expression profiles using immunohistochemical and RNA in situ approaches for both whole-mount and frozen-section preparations.
An optimized single-crystal to polycrystal model of the neutron transmission of textured polycrystalline materials
Authors: Malamud Florencia , Santisteban Javier Roberto , Vicente Alvarez Miguel Angel , Busi Matteo , Polatidis Efthymios , Strobl Markus
Published: January 2023

The attenuation coefficient of textured materials presents a complex dependence on the preferred orientation with respect to the neutron beam. Presented here is an attenuation coefficient model to describe textured polycrystalline materials, based on a single-crystal to polycrystalline approach, aiming towards use in full-pattern least-squares refinements of wavelength-resolved transmission experiments. The model evaluates the Bragg contribution to the attenuation coefficient of polycrystalline materials as a combination of the Bragg-reflected component of a discrete number of imperfect single crystals with different orientations, weighted by the volume fraction of the corresponding component in the orientation distribution function. The proposed methodology is designed to optimize the number of single-crystal orientations involved in the calculation, considering the instrument resolution and the statistical uncertainty of the experimental transmission spectra. The optimization of the model is demonstrated through its application to experiments on calibration samples presenting random crystallographic textures, measured on two imaging instruments with different resolutions. The capability of the model to simulate textured samples in different orientations is shown with a copper sample used as a reference in texture studies of archaeological objects and a 316L stainless steel sample produced by laser powder-bed fusion. The ability of the model to predict the attenuation coefficient of polycrystalline textured materials on the basis of a reduced number of texture components opens the possibility of including it in a least-squares fitting routine to perform crystallographic texture analysis from wavelength-resolved transmission experiments.
Linking workplace incivility and frontline employees' subjective well-being: the role of work-home enrichment and coping strategies
Authors: Tam Do Uyen , Trang Nguyen Thi Mai
Published: January 2023

Purpose

Workplace incivility (WI) has been extensively studied. However, less is known about how WI spills over into employees' lives. Building on the work-home resources model, the authors develop a conceptual model investigating work-family enrichment (WFE) as the mediator between WI and subjective well-being (SWB) and coping strategies as the moderator of this indirect relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

Survey data were gathered from 266 frontline employees (FLEs) working in different banks in Vietnam, using a convenience sampling technique. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was employed.

Findings

The results show that coworker incivility (COWI) predicts a lower level of WFE, which in turn is associated with SWB, while supervisor incivility is not. The authors also found that coping strategies moderate the adverse influence of COWI on employees' WFE.

Originality/value

Although much research has been conducted on the predictors of SWB, little is known about how WI and WFE together impact SWB, and insight into how to buffer the effects of WI are also lacking. This study thus fills a gap in the literature. Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
The effect of formal financial accessibility on love money investment
Authors: Pinto-Gutierrez Cristian , Romaní Gianni , Atienza Miguel
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to analyse whether the degree of formal financial access in a country affects love money investment, defined as capital provided to entrepreneurs from family and friends to finance their businesses, in early-stage entrepreneurial activities.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use multilevel mixed-effect regression models and an extensive database of over 700 thousand individuals from 53 countries between 2007 and 2017 taken from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor adult population survey.

Findings

This paper finds that a country’s level of accessibility to bank debt and venture capital is positively associated with the likelihood of an individual becoming a love money investor. It also finds that the amount of capital invested by love money investors is positively correlated to the level of access to bank debt and venture capital. The results of this paper confirm the hypothesis of complementarity between the financial system and friends and family financing in the capital market for early-stage entrepreneurs.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the entrepreneurial finance literature, particularly to a better understanding of the love money investors, an important source of funding and segment of the informal investment that is sparsely studied.
Modelling the impact of online learning quality on students' satisfaction, trust and loyalty
Authors: Khan Eijaz Ahmed , Cram Andrew , Wang Xiaoxia , Tran Khanh , Cavaleri Michelle , Rahman Md Jahidur
Published: January 2023

Purpose

Critically, to improve and manage online learning quality (OLQUAL), higher education providers need to regularly measure OLQUAL. Hence, a reliable measure of OLQUAL in higher education from the students' perspective is indispensable. Further, as a pioneer in examining OLQUAL outcomes in the online education context, we assert that satisfaction, trust and loyalty is a global assessment that follows the evaluation of OLQUAL. A model that delineates the perceived OLQUAL and its relationship with satisfaction, trust and loyalty are currently absent. Grounded on the cognition–affective–conation framework – this study presents the indicators of perceived OLQUAL and its influence on students' satisfaction and trust which further influences their loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach

To measure the OLQUAL instrument and proposed relationships – data were collected from 232 online undergraduate and postgraduate students. The results of confirmatory factor analysis measure five dimensions of perceived OLQUAL – comprising system quality, administrative quality, educational quality, transformative quality and social quality. Further, the proposed relationships were tested using structural equation modelling.

Findings

This study has successfully measured a second-order OLQUAL model on five primary quality dimensions (i.e. systems, administrative, educational, transformative and social). The findings confirm that students' satisfaction alone does not play a mediating role; rather, satisfaction and trust play a sequential mediating role between OLQUAL and loyalty.

Originality/value

Our new model provides a new tool for institutions and researchers to evaluate the quality of online education programs, as well as identify their strategy in developing and providing high-quality online learning to students.
Hospitality and tourism firms' board characteristics, board policies and tourism sector performance: what is the nexus?
Authors: Nimer Khalil , Kuzey Cemil , Uyar Ali
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This study investigated the micro–macro link in the hospitality and tourism (H&T) sector, specifically considering whether the gender diversity, independence and board attendance rates of H&T firms' boards, alongside the moderation effect of board policies, played a significant role in tourism sector performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The 2011–2018 data were retrieved from the World Bank and the Thomson Reuters Eikon databases, and fixed effects panel regression was conducted.

Findings

While female directors were a significant driver of tourism sector performance in terms of tourist arrivals and tourism receipts, independent directors were effective in improving tourist arrivals only. Furthermore, moderation analyses demonstrated the inefficacy of board policies in enhancing these directors' contributions to the sector's development. Moreover, the findings revealed the inefficiency of board meetings.

Practical implications

Concerning the efficacy of board policies, the results suggest that firms' boards should review and revise their policies. Surprisingly, while board-diversity policies made no difference to female directors' role in the sector's development (although females were influential), board-independence policies produced unexpected results. In the absence of a board-independence policy, independent directors are influential, but if a policy exists, they are not.

Originality/value

Although prior firm-level studies tested whether board characteristics enhanced firms' performance in the H&T sector, they did not investigate whether board characteristics promoted tourism sector performance. Moreover, the moderating effect of board policies on boards' structures and tourism sector performance has not yet been examined.
Food import demand with structural breaks, economic embargo and the COVID-19 pandemic in a wealthy, highly import-dependent country
Authors: Kaitibie Simeon , Missiame Arnold , Irungu Patrick , Ng'ombe John N.
Published: January 2023

Purpose

Qatar, a wealthy country with an open economy has limited arable land. To meet its domestic food demand, the country heavily relies on food imports. Additionally, the over three year-long economic embargo enforced by regional neighbors and the covariate shock of the COVID-19 pandemic have demonstrated the country's vulnerability to food insecurity and potential for structural breaks in macroeconomic data. The purpose of this paper is to examine short- and long-run determinants of Qatar's imports of aggregate food, meats, dairy and cereals in the presence of structural breaks.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use 24 years of food imports, gross domestic product (GDP) and consumer price index (CPI) data obtained from Qatar's Planning and Statistics Authority. They use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration framework and Chambers and Pope's exact nonlinear aggregation approach.

Findings

Unit root tests in the presence of structural breaks reveal a mixture of I (1) and I (0) variables for which standard cointegration techniques do not apply. The authors found evidence of a significant long-run relationship between structural changes and food imports in Qatar. Impulse response functions indicate full adjustments within three-quarters of a year in the event of an exogenous shock to imports.

Research limitations/implications

An exogenous shock of one standard deviation on this variable would reduce Qatar's food imports by about 2.5% during the first period but recover after the third period.

Originality/value

The failure of past aggregate food demand studies to go beyond standard unit root testing creates considerable doubt about the accuracy of their elasticity estimates. The authors avoid that to provide more credible findings.
Cooperation with the police: a path analysis of residents in two Arab American-concentrated cities
Authors: Camero Brianna , Cano-Rodriguez Karen , Chawota Takudzwa , Morgan Kayon , Potts Alicen , Solorzano-Franco Monserrat , Klahm IV Charles , Wu Yuning
Published: January 2023

Purpose

This study seeks to answer (1) how perceived neighborhood collective efficacy and disorder affect residents' cooperation with the police, both directly and indirectly through perceptions of the police and (2) how Arab American ethnicity moderates the linkages between perceived collective efficacy, disorder and cooperation.

Design/methodology/approach

Relying on survey interview data from a probability sample of 414 residents in Dearborn and Dearborn Heights, MI and path model analysis, this study tests an explanatory model of public cooperation with the police that integrates both neighborhood and policing factors.

Findings

Perceived neighborhood disorder undermines residents' desires to cooperate, and this influence is chiefly direct. Meanwhile, although no significant total effect, perception of neighborhood collective efficacy does have a positive effect on cooperation through the mediator of positive assessment of police effectiveness. Further, collective efficacy has a direct, positive effect on cooperation among Arab Americans only. Finally, perceptions of police equal treatment and effectiveness, rather than procedural justice, are significant correlates of public cooperation.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the extremely limited literature on policing and Arab American communities. The findings can deepen the understanding on why and for which groups neighborhood context is related to cooperation with the police. Findings can also add to the knowledge base for designing policies and practices that help secure and promote public support and cooperation in both Arab and non-Arab communities.
Parametric experimental investigation of additive manufacturing-based distal ulna bone plate: a response surface methodology-based design approach
Authors: Sharma Shrutika , Gupta Vishal , Mudgal Deepa
Published: January 2023

Purpose

The implications of metallic biomaterials involve stress shielding, bone osteoporosis, release of toxic ions, poor wear and corrosion resistance and patient discomfort due to the need of second operation. This study aims to use additive manufacturing (AM) process for fabrication of biodegradable orthopedic small locking bone plates to overcome complications related to metallic biomaterials.

Design/methodology/approach

Fused deposition modeling technique has been used for fabrication of bone plates. The effect of varying printing parameters such as infill density, layer height, wall thickness and print speed has been studied on tensile and flexural properties of bone plates using response surface methodology-based design of experiments.

Findings

The maximum tensile and flexural strengths are mainly dependent on printing parameters used during the fabrication of bone plates. Tensile and flexural strengths increase with increase in infill density and wall thickness and decrease with increase in layer height and wall thickness.

Research limitations/implications

The present work is focused on bone plates. In addition, different AM techniques can be used for fabrication of other biomedical implants.

Originality/value

Studies on application of AM techniques on distal ulna small locking bone plates have been hardly reported. This work involves optimization of printing parameters for development of distal ulna-based bone plate with high mechanical strength. Characterization of microscopic fractures has also been performed for understanding the fracture behavior of bone plates.
Autoimmunity‐related neutrophilic dermatosis after coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination: A case report and literature review
Authors: Kishibe Mari , Koike Katsuya , Kanno Kyoko , Ishida‐Yamamoto Akemi
Published: January 2023

Autoimmune diseases triggered by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) mRNA vaccination have been emerging. Here, we report the case of a 27‐year‐old Japanese man with autoimmunity‐related neutrophilic dermatosis, occurring as an initial cutaneous manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus with Sjögren syndrome after the second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID‐19 vaccination. The patient presented with urticarial erythema and partially annular erythema on the trunk and extremities with severe pruritus. Histopathological analysis showed vacuolar degeneration at the dermo‐epidermal junction and interstitial neutrophil infiltration. We reviewed eight patients, including the aforementioned patient, with exacerbation or new‐onset of SLE after COVID‐19 vaccination and found the patient had relatively mild symptoms, itchy annular erythema, and positive anti‐SS‐A/SS‐B antibodies. COVID‐19 mRNA vaccination can induce the production of type‐I interferon, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SLE and may cause autoimmunity‐related neutrophilic dermatosis in susceptible individuals. In the case that itchy annular erythema develops approximately 2 weeks after the vaccination, the possibility of systemic or cutaneous lupus erythematosus should be considered. For an accurate diagnosis, dermatologists should obtain a recent vaccination history and perform complete antibody profiling and skin biopsy for patients presenting with annular or erythema multiforme‐like lesions.
Establishment of a system to quantify wild‐type herpes simplex virus–induced cell–cell fusion reveals a role of N‐glycosylation of HSV‐1 envelope glycoprotein B in cell–cell fusion
Authors: Fukui Ayano , Maruzuru Yuhei , Takeshima Kosuke , Koyanagi Naoto , Kato Akihisa , Kawaguchi Yasushi
Published: January 2023

Wild‐type herpes simplex virus (HSV) strains infrequently mediate cell–cell fusion in cell cultures and barely induce large multinucleated cells. In this study, we established a system to quantify infrequent cell–cell fusion induced by wild‐type HSV strains. The established system clarified that the HSV‐1 envelope glycoprotein B and its N‐glycosylation at asparagine at position 141 were required for efficient cell–cell fusion. This study provides a link between cell–cell fusion induced by wild‐type HSV‐1 and viral pathogenesis in vivo.
Changes in cardiovascular risk factors among children and young adults with type 1 diabetes during the COVID‐19 pandemic compared to previous years—Results from the German DPV registry
Authors: Eckert Alexander J. , Linke Sabine , Schwab Karl‐Otfried , von dem Berge Thekla , Schönau Eckhard , Duran Ibrahim , Dost Axel , Joisten Christine , Bartelt Heike , Braune Katarina , Rosenbauer Joachim , Holl Reinhard W.
Published: January 2023

Background

The diverse stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic led to several social circumstances that influenced daily life and health behavior.

Purpose

To evaluate changes in cardiovascular risk factors and physical activity among children and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany compared to previous years.

Methods

A total of 32 785 individuals aged 6–21 years at baseline with T1D from the German diabetes patient follow‐up (DPV) registry contributed data on 101 484 person‐years between 2016 and 2021. The first treatment year of each individual within this period was considered as baseline. Based on trends from 2016 to 2019, we estimated differences in body mass index‐SD score (BMI‐SDS), blood pressure (BP‐SDS), and lipid levels (non‐high‐density lipoprotein [non‐HDL]) between observed and predicted estimates for the years 2020 and 2021 using linear regression analysis standardized for age, diabetes duration, sex, and migratory background. The proportion doing organized sports and smoking cigarettes was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

BMI‐SDS increased constantly from 2016 to 2021 without a significant increase above expected values for 2020/2021. Systolic BP‐SDS (difference observed vs. expected with 95% confidence interval, 2020: 0.10 [0.07–0.14], 2021: 0.17 [0.14–0.20]) and non‐HDL (2020: 2.7 [1.3–4.1] mg/dl, 2021: 4.1 [2.7–5.5] mg/dl) were significantly increased (all p < .001) in both pandemic years. The proportion of subjects participating in organized sports was reduced from over 70% in prepandemic years to 35%–65% in diverse stages/waves of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The percentage smoking cigarettes did not change.

Conclusions

We describe an increase in BP and atherogenic lipid levels coinciding with a reduction in physical activity but no acceleration of the prepandemic increases in BMI‐SDS among young people with T1D during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Psychometric testing of a Danish version of the empowerment of parents in the intensive care – Neonatology questionnaire has confirmed validity
Authors: Weis Janne , Beck Sanne Allermann , Jensen Andreas , Brødsgaard Anne , Latour Jos M. , Greisen Gorm
Published: January 2023

Aim

Investigating parent satisfaction with care is important to guide quality development. In this study, we translated and validated a Danish version of the empowerment of parents in the intensive care – neonatology (EMPATHIC‐N) questionnaire to determine validity in Danish contexts.

Method

A psychometric study design was applied. Translation was performed according to recommended international standards. Confirmatory factor analyses including standardised factor loadings, Cronbach's α reliability estimates, congruent validity and non‐differential validity testing were applied. The study was performed from June 2017 to November 2019 at a 33‐bed level IV neonatal intensive care unit.

Results

Participants were 311 parents (response rate = 42,8%). Confirmative factor analyses disclosed a moderate model fit of the instrument with Comparative Fit Index (CFI) values of 0.83–0.92. Cronbach's α showed good reliability (0.82–0.93). Congruent validity showed good positive correlations (0.48–0.71) between the instrument domains and four overall satisfaction indicators. In search of improved model fit, a version including 27 items was tested. This version showed a better model fit with CFI values of 0.92–0.99 and satisfactory Cronbach's α values.

Conclusions

Model fit for the Danish full EMPATIC‐N was moderate. The shorter version showed better psychometric properties.
Detailed assessment of suicidal ideation in youth with bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder
Authors: Huber Rebekah S. , Boxer Danielle , Smith Calen J. , Renshaw Perry F. , Yurgelun‐Todd Deborah A. , Kondo Douglas G.
Published: January 2023

Objectives

There is a critical need to better understand the factors underlying the increased suicide risk for youth with bipolar disorder (BD) in order to develop targeted prevention efforts. This study aimed to examine differences in characteristics of suicide ideation (SI) in youth with BD compared to youth with major depressive disorder (MDD) that may be associated with increased suicide risk.

Methods

One hundred and fifty‐one participants (92 MDD and 59 BD), ages 13–21, completed a diagnostic interview and clinical assessments. Lifetime symptoms of SI and SA were assessed using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to investigate whether the diagnostic group predicted the severity and intensity of the most severe or most common SI with the age of onset, age, and gender as covariates.

Results

Compared to MDD youth, BD youth were more likely to report experiencing more severe SI, p = 0.039, experiencing the most severe SI more frequently, p = 0.002, having less control of the most severe SI, p = 0.012, and that deterrents were less likely to stop them from acting on the most severe SI, p = 0.006.

Conclusion

This study highlights differences in the severity and intensity of SI in youth with BD and suggests that youth with BD have greater difficulty inhibiting thoughts of SI which may lead to less resistance to suicide action. Findings underscore the need for a more detailed assessment of SI in youth with BD to better understand SI as a proximal risk factor for future SA and a potential target for intervention.
Brain heterotopia formation by ciliopathic breakdown of neuroepithelial and blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barriers
Authors: Jung Hyun Jin , Yeo Seungeun , Jang Jaemyung , Pleasure Samuel , Choe Youngshik
Published: January 2023

The developmental functions of primary cilia and the downstream signaling pathways have been widely studied; however, the roles of primary cilia in the developing neurovascular system are not clearly understood. In this study, we found that ablation of genes encoding ciliary transport proteins such as intraflagellar transport homolog 88 (Ift88) and kinesin family member 3a (Kif3a) in cortical radial progenitors led to periventricular heterotopia during late mouse embryogenesis. Conditional mutation of primary cilia unexpectedly caused breakdown of both the neuroepithelial lining and the blood‐choroid plexus barrier. Choroidal leakage was partially caused by enlargement of the choroid plexus in the cilia mutants. We found that the choroid plexus expressed platelet‐derived growth factor A (Pdgf‐A) and that Pdgf‐A expression was ectopically increased in cilia‐mutant embryos. Cortices obtained from embryos in utero electroporated with Pdgfa mimicked periventricular heterotopic nodules of the cilia mutant. These results suggest that defective ciliogenesis in both cortical progenitors and the choroid plexus leads to breakdown of cortical and choroidal barriers causing forebrain neuronal dysplasia, which may be related to developmental cortical malformation.
Thyroid function in infants born to women with hypothyroidism: An observational study at an Australian tertiary perinatal centre
Authors: Perez Darazel B. , Jani Pranav , Maheshwari Rajesh , Shah Dharmesh
Published: January 2023

Objective

Concerns have been raised regarding thyroid dysfunction in infants born to women with hypothyroidism including those with autoimmune hypothyroidism. This concern has led to the practice of thyroid function testing in the early neonatal period. We evaluated the practice of performing a routine thyroid function test around 2 weeks of age in all healthy full‐term infants (≥37 weeks gestation) born to women with hypothyroidism to identify thyroid dysfunction.

Design, Patients, and Measurements

This retrospective, observational single centre study included full‐term infants born to women with hypothyroidism, including non‐Graves' autoimmune hypothyroidism, over a 3‐year period. Preterm infants and those born to women with Graves' disease or thyroidectomy were excluded.

Results

Of the 790 mother‐infant dyads, 780 infants (99%) had normal thyroid function. Only 10 infants (1%) had thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels > 10mIU/L at 2 weeks of age (range 10.25–106.37 mU/L). Of these, follow‐up thyroid function normalized in nine infants within 2 weeks. A routine newborn screening test identified congenital hypothyroidism in one infant. No infant born to women with known presence of anti‐thyroid antibodies had TSH levels > 10 mIU/L. Thyroid function was normal for most infants where maternal anti‐thyroid antibodies were not known (125/133, 94%).

Conclusions

Infants born to women with hypothyroidism (including autoimmune hypothyroidism) had normal thyroid function in the early neonatal period. A small proportion of infants may develop TSH levels > 10 mU/L that normalizes by 4 weeks of age. The practice of routine thyroid function testing for this cohort in addition to newborn screening test offers no additional benefit.
Progress and opportunities in advancing near‐term forecasting of freshwater quality
Authors: Lofton Mary E. , Howard Dexter W. , Thomas R. Quinn , Carey Cayelan C.
Published: January 2023

Near‐term freshwater forecasts, defined as sub‐daily to decadal future predictions of a freshwater variable with quantified uncertainty, are urgently needed to improve water quality management as freshwater ecosystems exhibit greater variability due to global change. Shifting baselines in freshwater ecosystems due to land use and climate change prevent managers from relying on historical averages for predicting future conditions, necessitating near‐term forecasts to mitigate freshwater risks to human health and safety (e.g., flash floods, harmful algal blooms) and ecosystem services (e.g., water‐related recreation and tourism). To assess the current state of freshwater forecasting and identify opportunities for future progress, we synthesized freshwater forecasting papers published in the past 5 years. We found that freshwater forecasting is currently dominated by near‐term forecasts of water quantity and that near‐term water quality forecasts are fewer in number and in the early stages of development (i.e., non‐operational) despite their potential as important preemptive decision support tools. We contend that more freshwater quality forecasts are critically needed and that near‐term water quality forecasting is poised to make substantial advances based on examples of recent progress in forecasting methodology, workflows, and end‐user engagement. For example, current water quality forecasting systems can predict water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and algal bloom/toxin events 5 days ahead with reasonable accuracy. Continued progress in freshwater quality forecasting will be greatly accelerated by adapting tools and approaches from freshwater quantity forecasting (e.g., machine learning modeling methods). In addition, future development of effective operational freshwater quality forecasts will require substantive engagement of end users throughout the forecast process, funding, and training opportunities. Looking ahead, near‐term forecasting provides a hopeful future for freshwater management in the face of increased variability and risk due to global change, and we encourage the freshwater scientific community to incorporate forecasting approaches in water quality research and management.