bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Modeling of High-Quality Development of Sports Industry Driven by Big Data Digital Economy
Authors: Dong Bo
Published: April 2022

The overall structure layout of sports industry is inappropriate, and the effect is not ideal. The improper layout of industrial structure is not only an important factor hindering the healthy and rapid development of sports but also a key factor leading to the unsatisfactory effect of sports industry. In order to solve the problem that the potential of related industries is not brought into full play and the industrial quality is not high, this paper puts forward the research on dynamic modeling of high-quality development of sports industry driven by big data digital economy, understands the dynamic relationship between them through the research on the mechanism of high-quality development of sports industry driven by digital economy, and constructs the evaluation system of high-quality development of sports. The experimental results show that digital economy can give high-quality development power to the sports industry, improve industrial production efficiency, reduce production and transaction costs, promote industrial innovation, and provide diversified and personalized services for consumers. It is also helpful to the quality reform, efficiency reform, and power reform of the sports industry. However, in the initial stage of the integration of sports industry and digital economy, the weight of efficiency reform has not been significantly improved, and the efficiency of all production factors of sports industry needs to be further improved.
Moxifloxacin Induced Liver Injury by Causing Lachnospiraceae Deficiency and Interfering with Butyric Acid Production through Gut–Liver Axis
Authors: Sun Yuan , Cong Ling , Yang Song , Zhao Rui , An Zhuoling , Liu Lihong
Published: April 2022

Cases of unpredictable, idiosyncratic liver damage of moxifloxacin (MXF) have been occasionally reported. However, the health effects of MXF exposure remain controversial. The current study examined the metabolic phenotypes and intestinal flora characteristics of hepatotoxicity induced by MXF. Rats were administered moxifloxacin hydrochloride tablets at doses of 36, 72, and 108 mg/kg body weight/day for 21 days. The levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were decreased, whereas those of lipids (arachidonic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and linoleic acid) were increased, reflecting disorders of energy–related and lipid metabolism. Enrichment analysis of the differential metabolites suggested that butanoate metabolism was associated with MXF–induced liver injury. 16S rRNA sequencing uncovered that the diversity of gut intestinal was decreased in MXF–treated rats. Specifically, the abundance of Muribaculaceae was increased, whereas that of Lachnospiraceae, a family of butyrate–producing bacteria, was decreased. The combined serum metabonomics and gut microbiome datasets illustrated the involvement of butanoic acid and energy metabolism in the regulatory changes of the gut–liver axis associated with MXF–induced liver injury. The regulation of endogenous small molecules and intestinal flora during drug–induced liver injury was first described from the perspective of the gut–liver axis, providing a research basis for the mechanism of clinical drug–induced liver injury.
Orthodontic Management of a Rare Incidence Bilateral Maxillary Canine-First Premolar Transposition Using Fixed Appliance
Authors: Mereani Samer , Alotaibi Amjad , Bokhari Ahmed
Published: April 2022

Objective. A change in the location of two permanent teeth within the same quadrant of the dental arch is known as tooth transposition. This article illustrates the nonextraction treatment of a bilaterally complete transposition between maxillary canines and first premolars, using fixed mechanics. Material and Method. Upper and lower preadjusted, edgewise, fixed appliances with MBT prescription (

0.022

″

×

0.028

″

slot size brackets) were used for the treatment. After providing room for the canine teeth, the piggyback technique was used to bring the right canine to the arch in the position of the first premolar. In the final phase of treatment, both the upper and lower arches had

0.019
×
0.025

stainless steel wire with Class II elastic 4 oz on the right and left sides. Result. It showed that the maxillary first premolars and canines were favorably aligned into transposed position. The upper right and left premolars occluded with the lower canines in Class I relationship and good intercuspation as well as skeletal and molar Class I relationships were maintained with a pleasant facial profile. Conclusion. The early diagnosis plays a significant role as much as considering esthetics and function factors in deciding which treatment strategy should be followed. The key to a successful and stable result is substantial treatment planning and careful orthodontic management.
From East-West Balancing to Militant Anti-Communism
Authors: Costa Ettore
Published: April 2022

The journal known as Socialist World—the short-lived publication of the Committee of the International Socialist Conference—is instructive for what it reveals about European Social Democracy at the beginning of the Cold War and about the problems of internationalism among Socialists. At first, the journal served to mediate between West European anti-Communist Socialists and the Communists in Eastern Europe. The Socialists tried to reach a common understanding of world affairs through a dialogue across borders, but divergent ideas and the impact of international events tore this cohabitation apart. After the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, Socialist World became an instrument of anti-Communist propaganda. The articles in the journal also reveal the interests, concerns, and opinions of Socialists during the early Cold War regarding bipolar confrontation, planning, European integration, and colonialism. The journal was too public to allow frank discussion and too overburdened with rules to focus on topics of greater interest. Socialist parties that aspired to gain election in their countries wanted to protect their respectability—a concern made more urgent by the Cold War.
Feudal Contradictions between Communist Allies
Authors: Delury John
Published: April 2022

In the late 1970s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and North Korea arrived at contradictory answers regarding the question of succession, testing the strength of bilateral ties at a complex moment in the two countries’ domestic politics and in the Cold War. Blaming the excesses of Maoist radicalism on “feudal thinking,” Deng Xiaoping launched a campaign in the summer of 1980 to “eliminate feudalism” from the Chinese Communist Party and elevate a new generation of leaders. Just a few months later, at the Sixth Congress of the Korean Workers’ Party, Kim Il Sung went public with what Deng saw as the ultimate “feudal” act: a plan to pass down the role of Supreme Leader to his eldest son, Kim Jong Il. By scrutinizing the public record and secret transcripts of Sino-Korean diplomacy, this article traces the origins of their contradictory approaches to political succession and the evolution of Deng's response to Kim's plan from disapproval to acquiescence.
Bulgaria as the Sixteenth Soviet Republic?
Authors: Nehring Christopher
Published: April 2022

Throughout the Cold War, Bulgaria was a close ally of the Soviet Union. After the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union disintegrated, evidence emerged that Todor Zhivkov, the long-time leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party, had proposed that Bulgaria officially join the USSR as the “sixteenth Soviet republic.” However, these offers, which would have entailed the sacrifice of national sovereignty, are best understood as tactical maneuvers. Zhivkov used the tactic not just once, but at least three times. Nonetheless, it is highly unlikely that he ever intended for Bulgaria to be fully incorporated into the Soviet Union. Instead, he used Bulgarian national sovereignty as a bargaining chip during negotiations for financial and economic support to strengthen his personal rule.
The Weight of the Soviet Past in Post-1991 Russia
Authors: Tumarkin Nina , Suny Ronald Grigor , Wood Elizabeth , Hanson Stephen E. , Graziosi Andrea
Published: April 2022

Four distinguished experts on Soviet history and Soviet politics discuss the issues raised by Andrea Graziosi in his article “The Weight of the Past in Post-Soviet Russia,” which appeared in the Winter 2020–2021 issue of the JCWS. The article and the discussion forum are the first of several items that will be published in the journal over the next few years assessing a variety of legacies of the Cold War.
About the Need for a Harmonised Labelling for Locally Produced Food
Authors: Kapała Anna
Published: April 2022

Consumers are increasingly interested in buying locally produced food but often cannot recognise it on the market. As the European Union has not introduced a local food labelling scheme, the study examines how selected countries defined and labelled local food and whether the implemented brands are suitable for fulfilling their functions of identifying, promoting and guaranteeing local products, avoiding misleading consumers. The question of to what extent geographical indications can be used as a tool to identify locally produced food is also considered. The analysis shows that there is a variety of local or regional, public and private brands that are the result of bottom-up initiatives and local self-governance, but their proliferation, differences in legal nature and the meaning of the messages conveyed adversely affect their function. Therefore, a harmonised labelling should be introduced at the UE level, otherwise at a national level, as a ready-made tool for promoting and distinguishing local products on the market, ensuring a uniform understanding of the label for all participants in the food chain, preventing fraud and unfair competition, and giving consumers confidence in its message.
«Aufstieg und Fall» der Evolutionsmorphologie im deutschen Sprachraum
Authors: Hoßfeld Uwe
Published: April 2022

After a short description of the history of comparative anatomy and morphology in the German-speaking area this article presents three important zoologists and morphologists and their individual scientific concepts. Alexej N. Sewertzoff, Victor Franz and Hans Böker belong to the most important morphologists in the twentieth century. In this century, morphology went through several rises and declines in Germany: the first decline took place after the death of the anatomist Max Fürbringer in 1920, the second during and after the Third Reich. In Germany at the beginning of the 1930s and 1950s different parts of an evolutionary morphology concept were recycled with important ideas by Sewertzoff and through scientific activities of Dietrich Starc's morphology school in Frankfurt am Main.
Medizingeschichte und Pharmakologie
Authors: Bickel Marcel H.
Published: April 2022

Both boundaries and communication exist between medical disciplines. Chairs for the combination of pharmacology and medical history were ereated in the 19th century. Some medical historians have dealt with pharmacology and its history (Heischkel, Sigerist, Temkin, Ackerknecht, Lesky, Mettler). In turn, individual pharmacologists have contributed to the history of medicine (Kobert, Leake, Binz, Hans Fischer), the last two particularly to its institutionalization.
«Ein Instrument medizinischen Lebens»: Henry E. Sigerist und die Frage «Wozu Medizingeschichte? »
Authors: Kümmel Werner F.
Published: April 2022

Henry E. Sigerist's justification of what purpose the history of medicine might serve spans from his inaugural lecture in Zurich (1921) to the publication of his first volume of A History of Medicine in 1951. At first his line of argument followed the more traditional perception that knowledge of the history of medicine may not only offer theoretical insight, but also be of practical use to practitioners of medicine. However, subsequently he adopted a more general approach and in 1931 defined the history of medicine as being a part of the humanities, thus offering equal access to medical and scientific approaches. He also underlined the links between the history of medicine and other historical disciplines. In 1931 he declared that "the history of medicine is history" and "the history of medicine is medicine". By 1936 he referred to the subject as "an instrument of medical life" and in 1951 declared it to be "the compass that guides us into the future".
Renaissance der Zürcher Moulagen
Authors: Geiges Michael L.
Published: April 2022

Auch in Zürich gerieten die Moulagen in den 1970er Jahren zunehmend in Vergessenheit, und die Sammlung drohte aufgelöst zu werden. Durch die Sonderausstellung «Wachsbildnerei in der Medizin» 1979 in der Medizinhistorischen Sammlung der Universität Zürich konnte eine Renaissance der Zürcher Moulagen eingeleitet werden, welche 14 Jahre später ihren Höhepunkt mit der Eröffnung eines öffentlich zugänglichen Museums erreichte und im darauffolgenden Jahr mit der Schaffung eines Kuratoriums mit Vertretern aus Universitätsspital und Universität Zürich institutionalisiert wurde. Unterdessen ist ein neues Zeitalter für die Moulagen angebrochen. Die Moulagensammlung dient weiterhin als Lehrsammlung für Studenten und zur medizinischen Information für die Öffentlichkeit und soll mit aktuellen Krankheitsbildern erweitert werden. Neu kann die zunehmende Bedeutung der Objekte als medizinhistorische Dokumente z.B. in Sonderausstellungen oder Publikationen aufgezeigt und genutzt werden.
Zur Ethik ärztlichen Handelns bei Gebärunvermögen
Authors: Sahmland Irmtraut
Published: April 2022

Confronted with the inability to give birth to a child, delivery could be achieved by embryotomy - that was only permitted, when the foetus was dead - or by Caesarean section - where the chance to save mother and child as well was merely theoretical until the end of the 19th century. In two statements of the Theological Faculty of the Sorbonne in Paris embryotomy was absolutely rejected (1648), in nearly all cases of impossible delivery the Caesarean section was required (1733).

In 1749 Johannes Stähelin starts a daring attempt to justify embryotomy by application of natural law to the situation of critical childbirth. Keywords of the theological statements are confronted with categories of the natural law in a sophisticated way, nevertheless the basis of Christian confession is maintained. This argumentation in order to justify embryotomy as a lawful method to deliver a woman seemed to be more adequate to the medical sphere than claiming the Caesarean section.The ethical debate continued until the problem was solved by mastering Caesarean section.
Le traitement de la rage chez l'homme dans les campagnes vaudoises et fribourgeoises avant Pasteur: les observations thérapeutiques des Drs Guisan et Schaller au milieu du XIXe siècle
Authors: Bosson Alain
Published: April 2022

The picture showing the little Joseph Meister being treated against rabies under Louis Pasteur's eyes, on July 6, 1885, has quickly become a symbol of the triumphant progress of medicine, even though diseases with high mortality like tuberculosis or diphtheria could still not be healed with efficient therapeutic means. But before the discoveries of Pasteur, what was actually, in daily practice, the kind of response an ordinary doctor could give to human rabies? A Swiss physician, Charles-Hector Guisan, developed a therapy based on the use of sodium arsenate, which he published in the columns of the Gazette e/e.s //ôpttaux c/v/As et /«///fa/rev in 1854. This arsenic therapy was to be put into practice on a larger scale in the canton of Fribourg by Dr Jean-Louis Schaller (1816-1880), who meticulously wrote observations in a notebook on the cases of 13 persons wounded by a rabid dog in 1855.
Flückiger und Italien: Die Italienreisen des Schweizer Apothekers und Pharmakognosten Friedrich August Flückiger'
Authors: Ledermann François
Published: April 2022

The Swiss pharmacist and professor of pharmacy, F. A. Flückiger, made eleven trips to Italy. His first journey took him to Naples but he also visited Rome, Venice, Florence, Sicily and the coast of the Liguria several times. His diary as well as his documented voyage reports allow us to reconstruct his routes, the places visited and the means of transportation used. They show the wide range of interests of Flückiger who observed nature, history and geography of the places visited.
Neurophysiologie de l'inspiration: un chapitre des relations entre science et littérature autour de 1900
Authors: Piccand Marc
Published: April 2022

How does the literary inspiration phenomenon find an explanation around 1900? As an unexpected glimpse of imagination, is inspiration opposed to the idea of making? Does the individual attend as a passive spectator the work of his motive system or is he its master? Can we suppose that the opposition between automatic and self-willed language is legitimate?

By investigating models of physiological psychology, which are focused on the brain and the nervous system, we will try to answer these questions. And by reading some doctor's, neurologist's and philosopher's writings, we will go in search of a concrete representation of the literary inspiration phenomenon. Indeed, if inspiration is a process which results from an organic motive combination, as several scientists seem to consider, it should be visible enough to have its own physiological model.
Tradition und Innovation in der Zürcher Anthropologie zwischen 1915 und 1925
Authors: Chaoui Natalie Janine , Schmutz Hans-Konrad
Published: April 2022

An analysis of the publications of the Zurich anthropologists, Adolph Hans Schultz (1891-1976) and Otto Schlaginhaufen (1879-1973) from 1915 to 1925 revealed that both were interested in various subjects and worked on different materials but used the same quantitative method of their teacher, Rudolf Martin (1864-1925).Thus, this method is likely to be the supporting element of the Zurich school of anthropology. The 1915-1925 period describes the earliest stage in Schultz's scientific career and his first years in America, prior to his expeditions to Panama, Siam, and Borneo which presumably led to a change in his object selection. Eugenics became an interdisciplinary guideline of research furthered by the Zurich school of anthropology. Schlaginhäufen as head of the Department of Anthropology and a foundation for anthropological research had a direct influence on other research groups within his university.
Medikamentöse Therapie psychisch Kranker in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts: Der Arzneischatz von Ludwig Binswanger sen. in seinem «Asyl Bellevue»
Authors: Wittern Ursula , Hirschmüller Albrecht
Published: April 2022

This paper examines the drugs used in Ludwig Binswangens private sanatorium "Bellevue" in Kreuzlingen on the Lake of Constance between 1857 and 1870. The available patient records have revealed the administrated drugs, prescriptions have been transcribed, and the guidelines for the use of the drugs have been reconstructed by means of the literature.

It becomes obvious that the armamentarium of drugs prescribed was limited and can be connected with the treatment of physical ailments which the "somatist" Binswanger considered as the main cause for psychic disorders. Binswanger was very careful when prescribing one of the few available "psychotropic" drugs like opium and morphine. This restraint in using drugs is in contrast with many recommendations and habits of Binswangens contemporaries and shows that he put higher emphasis on the effectiveness of the "therapeutic milieu" than on a pharmacotherapy of insanity.
OwseiTemkin (1902-2002) Ein Medizinhistoriker des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Bickel Marcel H.
Published: April 2022

An overview is given of the life and work of Owsei Temkin (1902-2002), historian of medicine in Leipzig and Baltimore.
Student Achievement and Educational Change in Scotland, 1980-1995
Authors: Paterson Lindsay
Published: April 2022

The paper examines statistical evidence relating to educational expansion in Scotland since the early 1980s, concentrating on the secondary sector because that is where the Conservative government’s main policy initiatives took place, and because the statistical evidence is more thorough there. It illustrates attainment and participation, both their levels and their social distribution. It also looks at evidence on students’ experience of schooling and on the attitudes of the wider community towards schools. Its main conclusion is that Scottish expansion has been accompanied and supported by a deeply embedded social philosophy of public provision which has, on the whole, resisted political challenge from the New Right.
Analysing the Policy Process
Authors: Humes Walter M.
Published: April 2022

This paper starts by charting the recent development of policy analysis as a research field within Scottish education. It is suggested that the impact of New Right policies combined with the contributions of academic commentators have stimulated the emergence of a critical perspective on the policy process. Thereafter, some of the approaches open to policy researchers are examined: a contrast between ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ methods is offered, though it is emphasised that these should not be regarded as mutually exclusive alternatives. The value of theoretical models as a way of making sense of source material is also considered and particular attention is focused on the insights which discourse analysis can provide. Some of the ideas of Foucault and Lyotard are used to illustrate the potential of discourse analysis and several examples of its application to educational policies in Scotland are given. Finally, it is argued that researchers need to be resistant to pressures from policy makers if they are to fulfil their public responsibilities satisfactorily.
The Internet is not a Panacea
Authors: Conlon Tom
Published: April 2022

Technology enthusiasts and politicians have portrayed the Internet in unrealistic and misleading ways which give an inflated impression of its suitability for school education. This paper seeks to redress the balance. It argues that the Internet is not a library, nor a ‘community’, nor a panacea for difficult problems of teaching and learning. To determine the benefits and pitfalls for education will require extensive research and evaluation in which not only the Internet but also its alternatives should be explored. Until this is done, the option of saying no to the Internet is a legitimate one for schools.
Parents as Partners in Assuring the Quality of Schools
Authors: Martin Jane , Ranson Stewart , Tall Graham
Published: April 2022

The need to improve the relationship between schools and parents has been an increasing focus of public policy since the 1970s with a raft of legislation both in Scotland and in England and Wales designed to encourage parental rights and responsibilities. One development has been the involvement of parents as part of the inspection process of schools. This paper looks at the pioneering work on the Quality Assurance Unit of the Education Department of Strathclyde Regional Council before its demise in April 1996 through an analysis of parental questionnaires. The data gives a unique insight into how parents judge their children’s schools at the time of inspection and underlines the value of their contribution as quality assurers. The authors interpret the analysis in terms of a development model of parental involvement in schools resulting in an interactive partnership between parents and their children’s schools and recommend ways forward for the new education authorities.
Education, Local Government and the Scottish Parliament
Authors: Paterson Lindsay
Published: April 2022

Education will be one of the main areas of policy for the Scottish parliament. The paper discusses some of the implications of this for comprehensive secondary education and for citizenship, and assesses the role of local government in education in the context of the new parliament. It argues, on the one hand, that the principles of comprehensive education are no longer being fully met by the structure of secondary schools which Scotland has inherited from the 1960s, and so that radical renewal is required. On the other hand, it argues that fulfilling the comprehensive ideal requires now that attention be given to developing active citizenship through education. Local government is the best agency to lead these renovations, essentially because of its rootedness in local culture, but it itself will have to acquire new capacities of policy development and of redistribution if it is to able to fulfil that potential.
Educational Research and Scottish Democracy (The 1998 Sera Lecture)
Authors: Paterson Lindsay
Published: April 2022

Scottish educational research has a great deal to contribute to the evolution of Scottish democracy after the Scottish parliament is elected in May 1999. Educational research has relevant strengths in its empirical base, in its work on policy implementation, in its study of policy pluralism and networks, in its understanding of the social conservatism of influential aspects of Scottish culture, and in its impact on popular views about education. On the other hand, there has been remarkably little research on the popular politics of Scottish education. We know little of why education was one of the two or three most significant reasons why the 1997 referendum so clearly endorsed a Scottish parliament. And we have little research-based analysis of the nature of education’s past or prospective contribution to Scottish democracy. To take full advantage of the opportunities, Scottish educational researchers will have to develop a much fuller engagement than hitherto with politics and political culture.
Strategic Management in Further Education Colleges: A Pilot Study
Authors: McTavish Duncan
Published: April 2022

There is an urgent need for academic research in further education in Scotland. This study exploring models of strategy operating in Scottish Further Education colleges has two broad aims: to assess the applicability of each of the models and to outline the policy and practical implications of the findings; and to identify areas requiring further and sustained research to bring Scottish further education into mainstream education and management research.

The first model of strategy considered was strategic control from the centre. This model had some relevance but was limited in providing a full explanation of the relationship between colleges and their principal stakeholder, the SOEID. Further research is required on the further education policy community and on the roles which existing agents play in this community. Second, a model of strategic fit emphasising the management of resources in an externally competitive environment was observed. This model was contextualised by a post-incorporation environment where colleges, now removed from local authority control, are relatively autonomous. An autonomy/competition matrix was constructed to diagrammatically represent this. The research found management practice attuned to this model, though 'excess competition' was in evidence with consequential policy implications.

Two emerging models of strategy were observed. One saw a growing use of organisational and sectoral strengths (core competencies) to grasp developmental opportunities. This perspective of strategy—‘strategic stretch’—highlights the requirement of colleges to address their organisational infrastructure and internal capabilities. The final model—strategy as the management of networks—accentuated the strategic importance of group and network activity. The colleges studied illustrated considerable managerial activity which was group based. Three broad implications of this were identified: first, a need for colleges to understand the management of networks and the roles played by network members; second, a likely reconfiguration of the autonomy/competition matrix due to the strains the current configuration places on collaborative working; third, the desirability of constructing an agenda to research the further education policy community as it progresses through change.
University Funding in Scotland: Trends and Developments Since 1993
Authors: Midwinter Arthur , Mcvicar Murray
Published: April 2022

This article charts the modernisation of higher education funding during the Thatcher years, and examines trends in funding since 1995–6. It demonstrates that support based on unit costs have been reduced in this period. The 1996 Research Assessment Exercise ( which allocates funding to universities by assessing research performance) resulted in an increasing concentration of funding in high rated departments, with the traditional universities attracting more of the research-based funding and less resources awarded to the central institutions.

The authors also examine the implications for higher education funding of the Government’s Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). They show that, by maintaining the Conservatives’ spending plans, further real reductions have occurred in 1998-9. Thereafter, the figures show a modest growth in spending but less than implied in Government press statements about the impact of the CSR. The authors conclude that the continuing emphasis on ‘efficiency-based’ savings will lead to increased teaching loads and a further squeeze in the higher education sector.
Relative Rating – A Meaningless Measure
Authors: Sparkes R.A.
Published: April 2022

A common indicator used to determine the ‘performance’ of a school subject department is its Relative Rating, which compares the mean grade that its candidates achieve in the public examination of that subject with the mean grade that they achieve in all the other subjects they are presented for at the same time. Since it is the same candidates, it is assumed that any difference between these mean grades is due to the effectiveness of their subject departments - a positive rating identifying a department that is ‘above average’. Our study shows that this argument is flawed, firstly because candidates perform so inconsistently across their different subjects, that only a small proportion of the ‘rating’ can be attributed to departmental effectiveness and secondly because a department’s Relative Rating is only reliable if its candidates are exactly representative of all candidates nationally, which is unlikely to be true. It is therefore concluded that this indicator is completely useless for its intended purpose.
Stress Associated with Being a Student Teacher: Opening out the Perspective
Authors: Miller David , Fraser Edna
Published: April 2022

Studies of student teacher stress have focused almost exclusively on the teaching practice placement; this has produced at best a partial picture and may have contributed to an underestimation of the pressures on such individuals. The aim of the current study was to take a more wide-ranging look at the stress and anxiety felt by primary teaching students in the course of their training. A questionnaire survey was followed up by a small number of interviews. It was found that students experience stresses of various types, both on placement and in college. The writers draw attention to high expectations, uncertainty and the emotional aspect of becoming a primary teacher.
Environmental Education “Should go Further”
Authors: Laing Moira , McNaughton Marie Jeanne
Published: April 2022

This paper examines the more proactive role which the revised guidelines in Environmental Studies 5-14 give to Education for Sustainable Development and identifies the practical implications for primary schools. In a case study context, it documents how a team of researchers worked with a school’s teaching staff to help them interpret, plan and implement environmental learning more effectively. The experience of working with the staff has enabled useful conclusions to be drawn about practical and successful Ways forward for the implementation of Education for Sustainable Development in Scottish primary classrooms.
Scottish Local Government Reform and Instrumental Music Instruction
Authors: Johnston Derek
Published: April 2022

Research concerned with Scottish local government reform has largely ignored the implications for one aspect of education provision – instrumental music instruction. This paper attempts to focus on this area through exploring the main policy issues with regard to the delivery of this service during a period of change. It is argued that the experience of music tuition under Scotland’s new unitary authority structure is an example of how local government can misinterpret its responsibilities towards the local community and, in doing so, threaten its continued influence over the formation of education policy. It is suggested that the administration of music instruction could supply local authorities with the opportunity to strengthen local democracy through empowering communities in the policy formation process. However, inadequate delivery may lead to the intervention of central government and councils’ loosing control over an area of their education provision.
Striving for Inclusion: Evaluation of Provision for Young People with Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (SEBD) in Secondary Schools in a Scottish Council
Authors: Hamill Paul , Boyd Brian
Published: April 2022

In 1997, a Council in Scotland embarked upon a restructuring of its provision for secondary age pupils with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD). In 1999, the Council commissioned researchers from the University of Strathclyde, Faculty of Education, to undertake a study during school session 1998/99 with the aim of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of this new approach. The findings of the study were wide ranging but, in particular, evidence emerged to show that while no two schools organised provision in the same way, the establishment of in-school support bases was the dominant model. However, the rationale, organisation and effectiveness of provision varied considerably. It was also evident that the key departments at council level did not share the same degree of commitment in relation to the new initiative. There were also unresolved issues in respect of the empowerment of the professionals working in schools. Many of these issues are particularly relevant in the light of the Government’s New Community Schools initiative which embodies a multi-agency approach.
Images of Setting in the Primary Classroom
Authors: Davidson Julia
Published: April 2022

Setting in Scottish primary schools is a relatively recent phenomenon and should be regarded as experimental rather than as an established alternative model of organising groups of pupils. Setting is defined here as arranging students for a given curriculum area in separate classes with different teachers, based on students’ attainment levels in that particular area. Setting has been advocated in Scottish secondary schools and also, in some contexts, in primary schools (SOEID, 1996): it is attractive to some Education Authorities and Headteachers; although others are more cautious or even sceptical about the efficacy of the method. The research reported here was part of a larger two and a half year study of 16 primary schools which was completed in 1999. In the four case-study schools which this paper highlights, setting was operating for Mathematics. This paper outlines the various research methods used and illustrates some of the topical issues (both positive and negative) for students and their teachers associated with setting in the context of these four primary schools. A question is posed about whether the differentiation disaffection of many students found in previous studies of setting in schools in England is exactly replicated in these four Scottish schools.
Special Educational Needs and Individualised Education Programmes: Issues of Parent and Pupil Participation
Authors: Kane Jean , Riddell Sheila , Banks Pauline , Baynes Anne , Dyson Alan , Millward Alan
Published: April 2022

Recent statute in Scotland (Children (Scotland) Act, 1996; Standards in Scotland's Schools, etc. Act (Scotland), 2000; Disability Discrimination Act, 1995, as amended) has lent force to attempts to increase the participation of pupils and parents in educational processes, particularly in decision-making. These attempts are apparent in policy recommendations (SOED, 1994; SO EID, 1998) and are further evidenced in the field of special educational needs (SEN) in the response to recent proposals for consultation (SEED, 2002) and in the drafting of new legislation with regard to additional support needs. While there is a consensus that such participation is desirable, education professionals are not in agreement about what constitutes participation, nor have schools found easy the development of more participative ways of working with pupils and their parents. This article discusses these issues in relation to the findings of a recent Scottish Executive funded research project Raising the Attainment of Pupils with Special Educational Needs (Banks, et al., 2001)
Power, Control and Status in Physical Education
Authors: Thomson Ian
Published: April 2022

For most of the twentieth century physical education was a low status subject in Scottish secondary schools. Opportunities for enhanced status arose from two separate systems of national courses and examinations. The first conferred Degree status on graduates of the two specialist colleges of physical education. The other incorporated physical education into a new national structure of Standard Grade and Higher Grade examinations. The latter served to amalgamate two conceptions of the nature and purpose of physical education which had divided the profession along gender lines. Control of the content of college Degree courses passed to the Council for National Academic Awards and the General Teaching Council. They were able to impose value judgements about academic work, teaching practice and practical performance which ran counter to the whole culture of physical education. In a political judgement, the Secretary of State terminated training at one specialist college and merged the other with a larger institution.
Expertise, Expert Teaching and Experienced Teachers’ Knowledge of Learning Theory
Authors: MacLellan Effie , Soden Rebecca
Published: April 2022

Through the inception of the Chartered Teacher Programme in Scotland there is the intention that continuing professional development can enable teachers to become increasingly effective in promoting learning in the classroom (Scottish Executive, 2002a & b). Whilst this seems a very laudable aim, it is nevertheless a very woolly aim since what is meant by learning (and its promotion) is not contextualised either in a body of literature or within any framework to link the many possible influences on learning in any coherent way. The implications of such a ‘non-located’ idea suggest that any conception of learning – from the lay person’s common sense ideas to the most theoretically rigorous - are equally valid within formal schooling: clearly a conclusion that one hopes would neither be intended by the teaching profession, nor by society at large. However, one of the most important influences on contemporary conceptions of learning comes from research on what experts know and how they think, in contrast to the ways novices approach new tasks and solve problems. This article examines conceptions of ‘expertise’ and through these and findings from a small-scale research study, discusses understandings of the ‘expert teacher’, concluding that for the Chartered Teacher Programme to be meaningful, provision must be made for the incorporation of constructivist theories of knowledge.
Language and who we are: Some Scottish Student Perspectives
Authors: Nicolson Margaret
Published: April 2022

This paper explores the importance to students in Scottish Higher Education of the languages they speak and the factors shaping views of language. Family, peer group, education, and community are shown to be powerful factors in determining attitudes to one’s own language(s). Of particular impact upon the status of indigenous languages are socio-political pressures and, notably, the cultural and educational legacies which continue to prevail when thinking about language. Changing contexts play a part in modifying some individuals’ attitudes to their own language(s). The paper illustrates this with findings from a survey, which shows that monolinguals may have a divergent view on language from bilinguals. The conclusion notes that languages in Scotland continue to be placed in a rather awkward relationship to a potential multilingual ethos. In a newly devolved political context, a resurgence in thinking about the role of language in Scottish society is a priority.
Gender and Pupil Performance: Where do the Problems Lie?
Authors: Croxford Linda , Tinklin Teresa , Frame Barbara , Ducklin Alan
Published: April 2022

Over the last 30 years policies to promote equal opportunities in education focused on overcoming the disadvantages experienced by females. More recently there has been concern about lower levels of attainment by males in national examinations. The article suggests that policies aimed at recent male underachievement in secondary schooling are too simplistic. It presents statistical evidence to show a gender gap in attainment since 1975; gender differences from pre-school onwards; relatively greater progress by males than females in post-compulsory schooling; wide social class differences in attainment; preponderance of boys referred to learning and behavioural support; continuing differences in subject choice which reflect gender differences in careers.

This article is based on research commissioned by the Scottish Executive. The research was carried out over one year, in 2000, and was based on a review of the relevant research literature and policy documents, statistical analysis of official data and case studies of six secondary schools in different parts of Scotland, together with their associated primary schools. Overall, 76 members of staff were interviewed in the case study schools, of whom 14 were in primary schools. Further findings from the research are detailed in Tinklin, et al., 2001.
Small Schools Meeting the Challenge: An Investigative Survey of Small Schools in County Durham
Authors: Smith Phillip , Hudson Barbara
Published: April 2022

This survey emerged from concerns raised by Headteachers in 1998 when schools in England and Wales were introducing the National Literacy Strategy. Headteachers were concerned that they would be unable to respond to the national initiative and effectively deliver what was, in their view, a curriculum framework designed for larger schools with single age classes. At the same time some in local government questioned the effectiveness of small schools. Concerns centred on whether small schools could adequately deliver the national curriculum, improve pupils’ attainment in line with Local Education Authority (LEA) targets and, because of their high unit cost, provide good value for money. This survey was set up to look at the effectiveness of small schools in County Durham. It focuses on the Headteacher who because of his/her unique role, is an essential contributor to school improvement projects. The findings have been used to inform the debate on the overall effectiveness of small schools in the County and have subsequently led to the LEA working with the National College for School Leadership to develop ways of supporting Headteachers in small schools.
‘[An] Educational Crisis in Scotland’: The Democratic Intellect Revisited
Authors: Limond David
Published: April 2022

In George Elder Davie’s 1961 work “The Democratic Intellect”, it was noted that there was a distinctive Scottish intellectual and academic tradition, one of philosophical quizzicality, which was disrupted and mortally wounded in the 1850s by a calculated programme of anglicisation of the Scottish universities. This article takes as its starting point Davie’s central, though as yet untested, empirical claim that the relatively poor performance of Scottish candidiates in the 1853-8 examinations for entry into the prestigious Indian Civil Service (ICS) gave a significant fillip to those seeking grounds to reform Scottish higher education. It suggests how this proposition (which is vital to Davie’s argument) might be scrutinised using extant archival records of the erstwhile ICS. Understandably, the conclusion suggests the need for future work.
Providing ‘Opportunity For All’ Through Higher Still: A Continuing Challenge for Physical Education in Scotland.
Authors: Thorburn Malcolm
Published: April 2022

This paper comments on the development of Higher Still policy in general and the practice of Higher Still Physical Education (HSPE) in particular. The analysis of Higher Still policy provided by Raffe, et al. (2002) is critiqued alongside consideration of how conflicts were defined and resolved, and the extent to which weak leadership and specific implementation decisions affected HSPE progress. In reporting on HSPE practice, the author’s professional involvement in policy formation and field research from 30 semi-structured interviews with physical education teachers is considered. Findings indicate that many teachers found it difficult to follow the pedagogy and assessment practices associated with the rationale. Furthermore, ‘short termism’ through curriculum reductionism and rote preparation for assessment occurred. Accordingly, this paper provides discussion points for further policy review in an attempt to promote improved quality of learning and assessment experiences for students and feelings of self-efficacy for teachers.
New Community Schools in Scotland: Issues for Inter-Professional Collaboration
Authors: McCulloch Ken , Tett Lyn , Crowther Jim
Published: April 2022

The issues raised for inter professional collaboration are reviewed through data derived from a case study of a Scottish ‘New Community School’ cluster. The attitudes of staff from Nursery, Primary and Secondary schools to collaboration are examined and differences discussed. The findings show that there were generally positive attitudes to collaboration but secondary school staff saw themselves as having the least to gain. In general staff need continuing support from managers and funders as well as persistence and patience in building up their work over time. In practice, however, both these criteria were difficult to fulfil. This suggests that it is better to go for small achievable gains as part of an overall longer-term strategy rather than big objectives that are difficult to reach. However, it was found that respondents were set major tasks to achieve and links were not made between the macro and micro levels of activity. It is suggested that collaboration is only one of many solutions to the problem of delivering effective services and there are a number of circumstances when it is best avoided. Such situations include when resources of time, energy and money are extremely limited, when organisations are unstable, when organisations have very similar functions or when continuing support is unavailable.
“Fitting in?” Scottish Primary Teachers’ Expectations of School Entrants
Authors: Cassidy Maria
Published: April 2022

Although attendance is not compulsory, in Scotland today, a substantial majority of three and four year old children experience some form of pre-school provision prior to school entry. Given such high rates of participation the impact of pre-school experiences on children’s readiness for primary school has become an important issue for those involved in the early stages of compulsory schooling. This paper considers the differences in education, beliefs and practices of the adults, particularly teachers, involved in providing for children’s learning in Scottish pre-schools and primary schools. It reports the expectations primary 1 teachers have of children as they start school, and what use they subsequently make of the information transferred from pre-school settings to plan for further learning in a study conducted within one Scottish Local Authority area. The paper then examines factors that may impact on the practices of the primary teachers involved in children’s successful transition from the pre-school sector to the primary sector.