bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organized Labor, Democracy, and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Keane Lauren , Pacek Alexander , Radcliff Benjamin
Published: April 2013

In this paper we attempt to assess how labor unions affect cross-national variation in life satisfaction. We argue that cross-national differences in the extent of labor organization play a significant role in determining why citizens in some nations express greater subjective satisfaction with life than others. We examine this proposition using data on nations that cover the political and economic spectrum. To anticipate our findings, we show that individual union membership has a consistent positive effect on individual well-being. Our main focus, though, is the effects of the national level of union density on the general, overall level of satisfaction within a country, considering both union members and nonmembers. We find that union density is strongly associated with the general level of well-being but that this effect is conditioned, as we expect, by the level of democracy: in democratic countries, union density produces greater levels of life satisfaction, while in highly authoritarian settings, it appears to reduce satisfaction. In each case, these effects obtain for members and nonmembers alike, thus highlighting the importance of labor unions for the general, overall level of quality of life across nations.
Cuba, Labor, and Change
Authors: Magnusen Karl O. , Rodríguez Leonardo
Published: April 2013

Labor has played a significant role in Cuba's past, but this country's labor movement has been largely unremembered and understudied since the revolution in 1959. Yet there was a time when a strong labor move ment and pro-labor legislation were prominent features within the coun try. This article reintroduces the topic of Cuban labor and its develop ment, includes both English and Spanish literature sources, has a base of personal interviews with exiled labor leaders, and identifies the major federations that existed within the Cuban Confederation of Labor up to the revolution. Additionally, the article summarizes trends affecting labor in post-revolutionary Cuba, and examines scenarios for change as Cuba and labor enter a new millennium.
Fighting the Union in a "Union Friendly" Company
Authors: Nissen Bruce
Published: April 2013

This article examines the efforts of the Communications Workers of America (CWA) to organize the workers of the NCR Corporation after it had been acquired by AT&T. It documents extreme "union busting" mea sures by the corporation at the same time AT&T was engaged in a "part nership" with the union in the already unionized parts of the parent com pany. Three issues are analyzed from the case: (1) the failure of U.S. labor law to protect workers wishing to organize into unions; (2) impli cations for unions dealing with "union friendly" companies like AT&T; (3) implications for organizing strategy for unions. The article concludes with some thoughts on union organizing and the power relationship be tween unions and large employers in the United States today.
The Individual Decision to Unionize
Authors: McClendon John A. , Wheeler Hoyt N. , Weikle Roger D.
Published: April 2013

This study examines determinates of two employee behaviors in the union organizing process: pro-union activism in the organizing campaign, and vote for union certification. Using data gathered from six union or ganizing attempts, campaign activism and voting behavior is analyzed in terms of hypotheses drawn from Wheeler's (1985) theory of industrial conflict. Results indicate that support for union certification is influenced by a perceived lack of job security, management's lack of respect for employees, the belief that union representation would be effective, favor able attitudes about unions, and anger at the employer. Few differences were found for union activism and vote, suggesting that distinctive forms of union support are not influenced by different determinants.
Coverage of Labor and Management in the Willow Run Assembly Plant Shutdown
Authors: Oshagan Hayg , Martin Christopher
Published: April 2013

This article is a content analysis of four newspapers' coverage of management and organized labor during a two-year period when General Motors was deliberating whether to shut down its Willow Run, Ypsilanti, Michigan, or its Arlington, Texas, assembly plant. Four aspects of the coverage were analyzed, based on the major issues raised in the limited previous research on organized labor and mass media. The analysis re vealed that across all four newspapers, GM's position was given more mention, was accorded preference in placement, and was more positively framed. These findings are discussed in the context of the current and historical roles and treatment of organized labor by the mass media.
Understanding the Impact of Mine Health and Safety Programs: Controlling and Taking Risks
Authors: Hall Alan
Published: April 2013

This article uses a labour process approach to understand the impact of formal health and safety programs on day-to-day risk-taking within an underground mining company. While the analysis recognizes the critical role of market conditions and institutional relations in shaping the appli cation of worker participation programs and other health and safety mechanisms, it also emphasizes a detailed examination of the politics and ideologies which characterize everyday social relations in the mine as workers, supervisors, and managers work out the terms and conditions of risk taking. The contradictory and shifting natures of worker and em ployer interests in health and safety are also recognized as critical factors.
Organizing Immigrant Workers in New York City: The LIUNA Asbestos Removal Workers Campaign
Authors: Kieffer David , Ness Immanuel
Published: April 2013

This article examines how the new LIUNA organizers re-created a working union, successfully rebuilding its membership base and estab lishing enforceable recognition and bargaining relationships with man agement. We maintain that understanding the structure of local industries and local markets is essential to formulating and implementing successful organizing campaigns. Unions need to take into account both preexisting compromises and the constantly shifting balance of power between capi tal and labor. Unions need to adapt to changes in the local labor market by formulating strategies to address vertical disintegration. Encouraging construction industry networks and employer associations is one such strategy that was employed in the LIUNA campaign. Another, comple mentary, strategy was aimed at fluid labor markets and their undermining of trade union power and wage standards. In New York City, construction firms had subcontracted asbestos removal work to labor brokers who employed a work force made up almost entirely of recent immigrants. To rebuild the union, the campaign appealed to the interests of these mostly undocumented workers by recruiting as organizers respected members of immigrant networks.
UNITE's Victory at Richmark: Community-Based Union Organizing in Communities of Color
Authors: Juravich Tom , Hilgert Jeff
Published: April 2013

As the labor movement refocuses its commitment to organizing, it is turning increasingly toward organizing in communities of color. We know from quantitative research that workers of color are more likely to organize and are concentrated in low-wage industries that are more sus ceptible to organizing. Despite major victories such as Justice for Janitors in Los Angeles and a string of victories by UNITE in the South, unions have much to learn about organizing in communities of color. This article is an in-depth analysis of UNITE's victory among predominantly El Salvadoran workers at the Richmark plant in Everett, Massachusetts. It is based on interviews with union staff, community activists, and workers at the Richmark plant. Given its unusual circumstances, Richmark is in many ways not a model for organizing. Yet there are important lessons to be learned from the Richmark victory that extend beyond this Everett- based plant and inform organizing in communities of color. First, UNITE did not just enter the El Salvadoran community for this campaign but already had a presence in the community. Second, UNITE organizers recognized and nurtured the rank-and-file leadership that emerged. And, finally, the organizers and staff at UNITE were flexible, adapting both to the situation and to the workers at Richmark. While schooled in a specific model of organizing, they were able to look beyond those models and emerged victorious.
Teaching Organizing through Workers' Experiences
Authors: Conrow Teresa , Delp Linda
Published: April 2013

In order to increase our labor movement's ability to grow, we must strengthen our education programs and link them directly to work-site organizing campaigns. Popular theater, as adapted from the work of Augusto Boal, is a useful tool to strengthen the strategic analysis and organizing skills of workers and organizers. The authors' approach to "problem-solving interventions" is described and illustrated with examples from organizing campaigns.
Women in Carpentry Apprenticeship: A Case Study
Authors: Byrd Barbara
Published: April 2013

This paper examines barriers to women's participation in the construction trades using a case study of a carpentry apprenticeship program. It finds that women, though they continue to face obstacles to working in the trade, remain determined to participate. It also suggests that though external efforts to open the trade to women have met with resistance, attempts to upgrade apprenticeship training and attract qualified applicants may inadvertently help ease the way for women to enter the trade. The paper concludes with speculation about the value to the union of welcoming qualified and determined women apprentices.
Strategic Campaigns and International Collective Bargaining: The Case of the IBT, FIET, and Royal Ahold NV
Authors: Russo John
Published: April 2013

Both national and international labor organizations are beginning to critically examine current trade union structures and determine how they can best reorganize structurally, strategically, and tactically in order to meet the challenges of globalization. This case study will show how the IBT and the FIET developed a worldwide company council in attempt to gain recognition and basic labor and bargaining rights for all Royal Ahold NV. While an important first step for trade unions, trade unions must be cognizant of both the benefits and limitations of the emerging structures and tactics.
Parental Money Help to Children and Stepchildren
Authors: Henretta John C. , Van Voorhis Matthew F. , Soldo Beth J.
Published: April 2013

Divorce and remarriage have reshaped the American family giving rise to questions about the place of stepchildren in remarried families. In this article, we examine money transfers from a couple to each of their children. We introduce characteristics of the family and estimate the role of shared family membership affecting all children in the family as well as the difference that stepchild status and other individual characteristics make in transfer flows. Data are from the Health and Retirement Study. There are two central results in the analysis. Overall, provision of financial help from parents to children is a family phenomenon. Although help to a particular child is episodic, differences between families in provision of help were much greater than the differences in helping one child versus another within families. Second, stepchild status does differentiate one child from another within a family. Stepchildren are disadvantaged, particularly stepchildren of the wife.
A Relational Approach to Religion and Spirituality in Marriage
Authors: David Prabu , Stafford Laura
Published: April 2013

Using a relational model of religion and spirituality in marriage, the role of individual relationship with God, couple’s joint religious communication, and forgiveness were examined as predictors of marital satisfaction. Data from 342 heterosexual married couples were analyzed using an actor partner interdependence model and path analyses. Results indicate that one’s individual relationship with God is important to marital quality indirectly as it appears to manifest itself in religious communication between partners, which in turn is directly linked to martial quality. Also, one’s own forgiveness and forgiveness of the spouse are both positively linked to marital quality, whereas one’s tendency not to forgive and one’s spouse’s tendency not to forgive are both detrimental to marital quality. Finally, joint religious communication is more strongly associated with marital satisfaction among mixed-faith couples than same-faith couples.
Prevalence, clinical characteristics and disability of migraine and probable migraine: A nationwide population-based survey in Korea
Authors: Kim Byung-Kun , Chung Yun Kyung , Kim Jae-Moon , Lee Kwang-Soo , Chu Min Kyung
Published: April 2013

Background

Epidemiological data on probable migraine (PM) in Asia have rarely been reported. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and disability of PM in comparison with strict migraine (SM) in Korea.

Methods

The Korean Headache Survey (KHS) is a nationwide interview survey that investigates the status of headache disorders among adults aged 19–69. We used data from the KHS.

Results

In a representative sample of 1507 individuals, the one-year prevalence of SM was 6.0%, and that of PM was 11.5%. Most PM sufferers missed the criterion of typical headache duration (82.0%). Multivariable regression analyses revealed that PM sufferers had an increased odds ratio (OR) for mild headache intensity (OR = 2.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–3.90) and decreased ORs for living in a small city (OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.26–0.94), living in a rural area (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.14–0.92) and headache frequency five to nine days per month (OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.11–0.78) compared to SM sufferers. Some SM and PM sufferers experienced decreased activity (26.4% in SM vs. 18.0% in PM) and missed activity (12.1% in SM vs. 14.4% in PM) due to headache.

Conclusions

PM is a prevalent headache disorder in Korea. Some sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of PM are different from those of SM.
The Parent Version of the Preschool Social Skills Rating System
Authors: Hess Markus , Scheithauer Herbert , Kleiber Dieter , Wille Nora , Erhart Michael , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike
Published: April 2013

The Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) developed by Gresham and Elliott (1990) is a multirater, norm-referenced instrument measuring social skills and adaptive behavior in preschool children. The aims of the present study were (a) to test the factorial structure of the Parent Form of the SSRS for the first time with a German preschool sample (391 children) and (b) to present a modified version appropriate for 3- to 6-year-olds in German preschools. The sample consisted of 391 children (187 males, 204 females) from German preschools and their parents. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) revealed a poor overall fit testing the original version. For the extended age range (3-6 years) a revised version of the SSRS with a reduced and newly composed item pool is proposed based on explorative factor analyses. Results are discussed with respect to practicability and revision of SSRS for German preschool populations.
Bernstein–Galerkin approach in elastostatics
Authors: Garijo D , Valencia ÓF , Gómez-Escalonilla FJ , Díez J López
Published: April 2013

Since 1994, two main meshless methods have been developed and widely used: these are the element free Galerkin method and the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method. Both methods solve partial differential equations by posing a numerical approximation to the solution using the moving least squares technique. Using Bernstein polynomials as the shape functions of Galerkin weak form-based methods improves the numerical approximation achieved at boundaries without losing accuracy inside the domain.
Crush dynamics of rubber tube under low velocity impact
Authors: Zhang ZH , Chen Y , Hua HX , Wang Y
Published: April 2013

It is proved that hyperelastic honeycomb coatings can attenuate underwater blast loads impinged on the ship hull. The crush behavior of a unit tube cell of the coating made of rubber material is investigated in this study. A series of tests are conducted to investigate the crush dynamic behavior of the tube under low velocity impact loads. Numerical analyses are carried out to explore the impact process of the rubber tube and the role of some dynamic parameters, thereby serve as a reference in the design of new coating. Some characteristics, such as the geometric imperfections, nonlinear elasticity and material viscosity, are analyzed. The results of simulation and experiments show that the geometric imperfections not only attenuate the shock force in the buckling and the force plateau stages, but also enhance the shock force in the densification stage greatly and promote the global peak force initiation, while the material viscosity enhances the force plateau and attenuates the shock force in the densification stage greatly. These effects are illustrated and quantified with the aid of experiments and numerical calculations.
Transonic moist air flows with release of latent heat by non-equilibrium condensation
Authors: Xiuling Sun , Liang Li , Guojun Li
Published: April 2013

This study proposes a numerical method for solving transonic moist air flows with non-equilibrium condensation by taking FLUENT as the secondary development platform. The governing equations consist of moist air motion equations with an additional source term in the energy equation, which considers the effects of heat addition, and a set of four ordinary differential equations that are related to the generation of condensate mass. The moist air motion equations are solved using the standard features of the code in FLUENT, whereas the four ordinary differential equations are modelled using the user-defined-scalar transport modelling provided by FLUENT. This numerical method is validated both under internal and external flow conditions in a turbine cascade and over the NACA 0012 airfoil. Further investigations include testing the moist air flows in a compressor cascade channel and over the asymmetric RAE 2822 airfoil. The results show that the non-equilibrium condensation of moist air under transonic flow condition has a significant influence on the flow field structure and the aerodynamic performance of the turbine and compressor cascade.
Recruitment approaches to identifying newly diagnosed HIV infection among African American men who have sex with men
Authors: Ellen J M , McCree D H , Muvva R , Chung S-E , Miazad R M , Arrington-Sanders R , Jones K , Burnett P , Fichtenberg C
Published: April 2013

Summary

To determine effectiveness of alternate venue testing (AVT), social network strategy (SNS) and provider referral (PR) for identifying previously undiagnosed HIV-infected 18–64-year-old African American men who have sex with men (AA MSM) by a health department. For AVT, staff used a mobile clinic to conduct HIV testing. For PR, staff solicited contact information from HIV-infected AA MSM, located contacts and offered HIV testing. For SNS, HIV-positive AA MSM recruited network associates for HIV testing. Two hundred and eighteen self-identified AA MSM were tested through AVT (25.2% HIV positivity) of whom 20 were newly identified HIV-positive. Fourteen HIV-positive men participated in SNS; 22 AA MSM contacts were recruited through SNS, eight (36.4%) were HIV positive and none were new positives. Two HIV-infected men participated in the PR strategy, yielding two AA MSM sex partners (one previously positive). The results suggest the need for health departments to consider using several complimentary strategies for identifying previously undiagnosed HIV infections in AA MSM in urban environments such as Baltimore.
Demonstration of a stall detection system for induced draft fans
Authors: Bianchi Stefano , Corsini Alessandro , Sheard Anthony G
Published: April 2013

Because aerodynamic stall is a major potential cause of mechanical failure in axial fans, effective stall-warning techniques have had wide application for many years. The study assesses the application of stall-detection to a class of heavy-duty fans for induced draft service in coal-fired power plants. With a multi-MW installed power, this class of fans operates at constant rotational speed, utilising variable-pitch in motion blades to adjust fan duty point. This load modulation system, in the presence of blade erosion or fouling, could result in fans becoming prone to stall as a consequence of the reduced pressure capacity. This article reports on a novel methodology, first proposed for the early detection of stall in low-speed axial-flow fans for tunnel ventilation. With respect to the original concept, which was based on the analysis of hydrodynamic pressure as measured on the fan ducting, the investigation demonstrates the potential of processing far-field pressure signals in identifying stall pre-cursors, and in so doing, establishing the stall incipience. This acoustic stall-detection system is characterised in a laboratory environment exploring the fan operating envelope. Time-resolved pressure measurements are carried out with pre-polarised pressure transducers fitted into (a) the fan casing over the fan blades (near field) and (b) in the inlet plenum 1 diameter upstream of the fan rotor (far field). The evolution of the rotating stall for the fan under scrutiny is first presented. The rationale of the signal processing technique is given, together with a sensitivity study on its metrical parameters. Finally, the signal visualization technique is used to compare the patterns related to the presence of stall in the pressure signals recorded in the near- and the far field.
Coupled Rock-Eval pyrolysis and spectrophotometry for lacustrine sedimentary dynamics: Application for West Central African rainforests (Kamalété and Nguène lakes, Gabon)
Authors: Sebag David , Debret Maxime , M’voubou Makaya , Obame Rolf Mabicka , Ngomanda Alfred , Oslisly Richard , Bentaleb Ilham , Disnar Jean-Robert , Giresse Pierre
Published: April 2013

In recent years, Nguène Lake and Kamalété Lake (Gabon, West Central Africa) have been studied repeatedly, providing comprehensive reconstructions of environmental changes over the last millennia. Both lakes are in different geomorphological and environmental settings. They are therefore excellent sites to test new methodological approaches. Indeed, the sedimentary cores provide various facies, and the previous studies provide references for calibrating the results of new methods. In this methodological issue, the present study aims to evaluate the potential of spectrophotometric and Rock-Eval coupled analysis to describe the Holocene lake and marsh deposits from tropical moist forests. This assessment is carried out on samples taken from two well-documented reference cores. The spectrophotometric analysis provides reproducible colour measurements, which inform about the nature of the main colour-bearing constituents. Coupled with Rock-Eval pyrolysis, this technique can be used to describe lithological changes and identify the probable source of sedimentary organic matter. In the studied cases, this approach identified the facies dominated by detrital terrigenous inputs (‘iron bearing’ signature and high OI values) and those associated with a more abundant primary production (‘chlorophyll’ signature, low OI and high HI), providing a distinction between palustrine and lacustrine dynamics. However, although the facies are comparable, sedimentary dynamics and sediment sources may vary depending on geomorphological and climatic contexts.
Holocene floodplain deposition and scale effects in a typical European upland catchment: A case study from the Amblève catchment, Ardennes (Belgium)
Authors: Notebaert Bastiaan , Verstraeten Gert , Houbrechts Geoffrey , Petit François
Published: April 2013

This study quantifies Holocene alluvial sediment deposition in the Belgian Amblève catchment (1080 km2), situated in the Ardennes uplands. An extended coring data set is used for a quantitative description and a quantification of the alluvial depositions. The floodplains fall into three main types: the upper and lower floodplains and the steep reaches. Total Holocene alluvial sediment deposition amounts to 32 Tg, or 0.029 Tg/km2. Dating of sediments using iron slag as tracer shows that on average 42% of contemporary storage was accumulated during the last 600 years. Radiocarbon dating of fluvial deposits at eight sites in the catchment confirms that the majority of the sediment is relatively recent. The increased sedimentation rates for this period are related to anthropogenic land use, possibly enhanced by climatic variations. A fluvial sediment budget was constructed for this 600 yr time period and shows that export from the catchment has about the same importance as storage in the floodplains, while lateral reworking of existing floodplain deposits only affects half the quantity of sediments. Overall, floodplain sediment storage in the Amblève catchment, comparable with other upland catchments, is of lesser importance compared with catchments dominated by loess. This can mainly be explained by lower sediment supply resulting from less intense anthropogenic land use, despite the higher sediment transport efficiency through the fluvial system. Floodplain sediment storage is scale-dependent, with initially a sharp increase in catchment area-specific sediment deposition, followed by a steady decrease with increasing catchment area.
A futurist perspective on the Anthropocene
Authors: Rull Valentí
Published: April 2013

An important feature of the ongoing debate about the acceptance of the Anthropocene as a formal chronostratigraphic unit with the same rank as the Holocene (epoch) has been either the existence or the lack of a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). In addition, the utility of the Anthropocene as a stratigraphic unit has also been questioned. In this paper, it is proposed that the discovery of the GSSP may not be a major problem and could only be a matter of time. However, the term Anthropocene itself, defined on the basis of the stratigraphic expression of human activities (e.g. large-scale agriculture and land clearance, accelerated release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere) may significantly impact the current stratigraphic framework guided by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Indeed, the formal usage of this term can not only lead to stratigraphic and terminological inconsistencies but can also influence the future development of the established chronostratigraphic scheme. These points should be considered by the ICS Anthropocene Working Group before making a final decision. The stratigraphic status of the Anthropocene, however, is a formal issue that should not affect current and future research on human-induced environmental and sedimentary changes, including their stratigraphic imprint. The message is twofold: leave the formal chronostratigraphic aspects to the ICS, and keep producing and organizing knowledge independently of the formal debate. Doing so would require the development of a parallel and likely transitory chronological system without formal stratigraphic value, from which the term Anthropocene would be, at least temporarily, excluded.
Time as a social practice
Authors: Moran Chuk
Published: April 2013

If there is more than one time, what is a time and how do they relate to each other? I argue that times order something more basic that we may call temporality. Temporality involves more than past, present, and future; it includes duration, access, inevitability, and much more. Times are social efforts to translate operations of temporality into meaningful codes and organize their material influence. Times relate primarily by translation and material influence. One reinforcing set has emerged that reifies a simple notion of time that makes it difficult to imagine other times. This is starting to change.
The role of numeracy in moderating the influence of statistics in climate change messages
Authors: Hart P. Sol
Published: April 2013

In recent years, researchers have examined how numerical ability may moderate an individual’s response to different types of numeric information, but there is scant research examining how numerical ability may moderate responses to non-numeric vs. numeric information. The present study uses an experiment (complete data for 120 participants) to examine a moderated-mediation model that tests how numeracy may moderate the impact of numeric and non-numeric descriptions of climate change risks on worry and concern for victims, which may, in turn, impact willingness to donate to relevant organizations. The inclusion of numeric instead of non-numeric descriptors significantly increased both concern for victims and willingness to donate for low numerate individuals while there was no difference for highly numerate individuals.
Pharmacological approaches to the management of schizophrenia: 10 years on
Authors: Castle David , Keks Nicholas , Newton Richard , Schweitzer Isaac , Copolov David , Paoletti Nick , Burrows Graham , Tiller John
Published: April 2013

Objective:

To review the contemporary landscape regarding pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia.

Method:

Selective literature review.

Results:

Newer antipsychotic agents include aripiprazole, asenapine, paliperidone, sertindole and ziprasidone. Each has some particular benefits and some shortcomings. Overall treatment efficacy (for positive symptoms at least) has not advanced substantially but some newer agents might have a better profile than older typical agents for negative and cognitive symptoms. Metabolic side effects and hyperprolactinaemia remain a problem with some of the newer agents and appropriate monitoring is required.

Conclusions:

Whilst newer antipsychotics have been welcome additions to our pharmacological armamentarium, mostly in terms of tolerability, we have still not seen a ‘quantum leap’ agent brought to market. Mechanisms of action apart from post-synaptic dopamine blockade appear worthy of further investigation in this regard.
Issues in the evaluation and treatment of anxiety and depression in migrant women in the perinatal period
Authors: Neale Alice , Wand Anne
Published: April 2013

Objectives:

Perinatal depression and anxiety are prevalent in migrant women. The main aims of this literature review were to understand the psychosocial determinants of depression and anxiety in migrant women antenatally and to explore common clinical presentations. In addition, we aimed to identify barriers and facilitating factors for help-seeking and treatment, in order to identify directions for service development and improvement.

Methods:

A review of the literature was performed using electronic databases.

Results:

Depression and anxiety are over represented in migrant women in the perinatal period. Somatic symptoms are common presentations for emotional distress. An identified difficulty is a perceived lack of support, often as a result of cultural dislocation and social isolation. Significant barriers to help-seeking include the perception that limited assistance is available and reluctance to share personal information with an unknown clinician. Preferred therapeutic approaches include the use of clinical consultants from the same or similar culture, as well as practical and emotional support rather than medical management of symptoms.

Conclusion:

Clinicians should be aware of psychosocial issues in this vulnerable population. Group programmes with a focus on education about mental and physical health, available supports, and socialisation are effective in engaging and assisting pregnant migrant women.
A Reflective Adventure for Student Teachers
Authors: Carlson Teresa B. , McKenna Peter
Published: April 2013

Throughout life, my intellect, social, and physical abilities have proved to be above average. I have never before felt totally vulnerable, inadequate or afraid. This high ropes experience has privileged me with momentary insights into what some overweight or low self-esteemed children and adults must live through, every day of their lives.
Multivariate Analysis in Experiential Education: Exploring the Possibilities
Authors: Ewert Alan , Sibthorp Jim
Published: April 2013

Multivariate analytic techniques offer a broad range of useful research methods that permit the experiential educator to test theoretical models, analyze the effects of several variables acting together, and predict the effects of one set of variables upon another set of variables. This paper provides a discussion of several of these techniques, including analysis of variance, multiple regression, factor analysis, path analysis, and structural equation modeling.
World Religions, Spirituality, and Experiential Education
Authors: Henderson Karla A.
Published: April 2013

In simplest terms, religion is defined as an organized and institutional group experience with accepted faiths and beliefs. Spirituality is a personal belief in something greater than oneself. Because religion is so important in many people's lives, experiential educators may have an obligation to understand more about the essence of religions and acknowledge the influence of spirituality. Religion and spirituality are important and their impact may be embodied in classes, extracurricular activities, recreation, and the outdoors. Further, religious beliefs are a direct reflection of what is morally valued and how ethical issues are addressed. The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly eight of the world's religions so that experiential educators might want to examine what the major religions mean and some of the implications for spirituality and educational programs. For educators who know little about religions other than their own, these descriptions may be a place to start an exploration of how religion influences the ways people behave in the world.
Green Fire and Religious Spirit
Authors: Haluza-Delay Randolph
Published: April 2013

Spirituality is central to human experience. Spirituality, even within traditional religious practices, can be a source of motivation for environmentally aware lifestyles. To help this “green fire” burn well, experiential educators would do well to acknowledge religious beliefs and practices. Doing so would also avoid perpetuating the modern separation of the spiritual and the secular. Research in religious experience has tended to follow the categories of William James. This has value as James acknowledged the importance and experiential basis of spirituality and religion. However, both James and contemporary society tend to disassociate reason and religious experience. A “critical experientialism” is needed when it comes to considering spirituality. A summary of Christian activism and theology about environmental concerns is presented, in part to show the richness of one particular spiritual tradition in this area.
Teaching and Learning with the Seventh Generation: The “Inward Bound” Experience
Authors: Dunlop Nancy
Published: April 2013

How can a college course for students planning healthcare careers promote compassion in the form of service to others? This article describes a community action learning program in which pre-health students from the University at Albany, State University of New York, worked at a traditional Native American community in upstate New York in return for lessons in Iroquois spirituality, healing, and ecology. Included are citations from educational research, quotes by community residents and students, and a description of the holistic, integrative curriculum in which the community action learning took place. Although a description of a student vision quest is included, this article problematizes the appropriation of Native American traditions, as well as the danger of “great white hope” philanthropy. It suggests that reciprocity between community members and students helped to alleviate these problems, leading to a deepened recognition of compassion and a broader definition of healing of oneself others, and the planet.
In Search of the Sacred: A Conceptual Analysis of Spirituality
Authors: Beringer Almut
Published: April 2013

Spirituality has captured experiential educators' attention primarily via researching lived experience and exploring implications for programming. This article seeks to complement empirical study and pedagogy with conceptual inquiry. Drawing on religious studies, a conceptual analysis of spirituality reveals “the sacred” to be fundamental to understanding spirituality. The article discusses the two notions of broad and specific spirituality, and considers modes of human consciousness and functioning that make spiritual experience possible The article, further, alerts experiential educators that spiritual education is, in part, religious education. Issues this raises are addressed.
Over the Edge: Can Holistic Education Contribute to Experiential Education?
Authors: Hutchison David , Bosacki Sandra
Published: April 2013

This article compares and contrasts experiential and holistic education and suggests some points of entry where basic principles of holistic education could serve to enhance the conceptual foundations of the philosophy of experiential education. The article begins by comparing three curriculum orientations: transmission (back-to-basics education), transaction (progressive and experiential education), and transformation (holistic education). The paper then assesses the definition of experiential education put forward in three recent contributions to the Journal. It is suggested that these definitions could well be enriched by privileging forms of consciousness beyond the cognitive, by deepening the notion of relationship to include embeddedness, and by honouring the “state of being” alongside “acts of doing.”
Service-Learning and Students' Personal and Civic Development
Authors: Waldstein Fredric A. , Reiher Todd C.
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this paper is to report student perceptions articulated in surveys conducted in six school districts over two years (1996 and 1997) and to explore the hypothesis that service activities, including service-learning, can contribute to cognitive, affective, civic and social development among students. Analyses of the data revealed patterns of behavior that can be interpreted with consistency and in ways that advocates of service-learning would generally expect. The results support the hypothesis that community service, including service-learning, relate positively to the cognitive, affective, civic, and social development of youth, and supports the utility of the service-learning pedagogy.
Enhancing Your Experiential Program with Narrative Theory
Authors: Cassidy Kathy
Published: April 2013

The narrative perspective reminds us that experiential learning must be more than teaching participants how to apply predetermined skills and generic concepts to future life situations. Participants must be given the opportunity to explore personally meaningful concepts that come from their own history, context, and feelings for true learning to occur. In this article narrative theory is used as a framework from which to explore the different stages of experiential learning and the consequent role of the facilitator in connecting experiences to the ongoing life story of each participant.
Risking a Debate - Redefining Risk and Risk Management: A New Zealand Case Study
Authors: Zink Robyn , Leberman Sarah
Published: April 2013

This paper examines the gulf between the perceptions of risk and risk management of twelve New Zealand outdoor instructors and the definitions and managerial practices surrounding risk and risk management. This gulf is supported by the discursive practices of risk and risk management which privileges objective and rational models of thinking, denying the subjective experience of both the instructor and the student. Broadening the definitions of risk to recognize the opportunities as well as the loss inherent within risk, better reflects the complexity of this phenomenon. This may open the way for discussion about risk as a social process, rather than just a process of rational decision-making. Refocusing the risk debate on the opportunities it provides may allow the discussion to move away from risk being dominated by its management, to focusing on the learning goals and objectives of adventure education.
What is Wilderness Therapy?
Authors: Russell Keith C.
Published: April 2013

Despite a growing number of programs operating in the United States under the guise of “wilderness therapy,” a consistent and accepted definition is lacking. Rehabilitative, outdoor-based approaches, such as “challenge courses,” “adventure-based therapy,” or “wilderness experience programs,” are often used interchangeably to describe “wilderness therapy.” This paper attempts to shed light on this issue by presenting an integrated and consistent definition of wilderness therapy to guide program design and future research efforts. Three trends in the industry are also explored which support the notion that wilderness therapy programs are searching for recognition by state agencies, national accreditation agencies, insurance companies and mental health professionals. These trends support the idea that consistent wilderness therapy practices may be emerging which support the use of a consistent definition.
Adventure Therapy—Critical Questions
Authors: Itin Christian M.
Published: April 2013

This article explores the basic definition of adventure therapy, which leads to the critical questions of whether adventure therapy is a profession, and if there should be a certification system. In considering the definition of Adventure Therapy three basic areas are considered in the defining process. These basic areas are: (a) level of change, (b) degree held, and (c) population served. In considering whether adventure therapy is a profession or a set of tools and techniques, the place of adventure therapy in academic institutions is considered. The consideration of certification includes an exploration of who gets to define what is certified. The article concludes with a number of challenges raised for those who consider their practice to be adventure therapy.
Future Directions in Adventure-Based Therapy Research: Methodological Considerations and Design Suggestions
Authors: Newes Sandra L.
Published: April 2013

The need for more methodologically sound research in adventure therapy (AT) is commonly discussed among AT professionals. Clearly, as the culture of the psychological community is increasingly influenced by both managed care and the movement toward empirically-validated treatments, the need for solid research in AT is becoming progressively more urgent. This article focuses on summarizing some of the necessary considerations for conducting outcome studies in AT from the perspective of psychotherapy outcome research. Specific suggestions for future design strategies that can be implemented in AT settings will also be discussed.
Emerging Issues in Therapeutic Adventure with Families
Authors: Burg James E.
Published: April 2013

With a history of effective treatment of individuals and groups, it is a natural evolution for therapeutic adventure to incorporate families into the treatment paradigm. This article looks at the development of adventure family therapy as a specific sub-discipline of therapeutic adventure, including the integration of family therapy theories and a review of the research. Future obstacles, such as scope of practice limitations, lack of theoretical integration in practice, and research limitations are also discussed.
Trends in Outdoor Adventure Education
Authors: Attarian Aram
Published: April 2013

Trend analysis is an important source of information for adventure program professionals as trends can provide information for decision-making, encourage the development of new programs, train staff, instigate new policies and procedures, and (re)allocate resources. This article investigates the past, current, and future trends in adventure education by examining Ewert's (1987) trend analysis, which identified a number of trends projected to show growth by the year 2000. The trends presented and discussed herein include participation rates, restrictions on land and water resources, certification and accreditation of programs and leaders, artificial adventure environments, evaluation and accountability, growth in adventure programs and activities and litigation.
Paul Petzoldt's Perspective: The Final 20 Years
Authors: Wagstaff Mark , Cashel Christine
Published: April 2013

Paul Petzoldt, who died in 1999, was one of the early pioneers in outdoor education that saw the future need for trained outdoor leaders. Petzoldt honed his ability to teach outdoor leadership education throughout a lifetime of guiding, teaching and writing. In an effort to foster the outdoor profession's rich tradition, portions of unpublished manuscripts, journals, notes and letters written by Petzoldt served as sources for this article. These unpublished records were written during the last twenty years of his life and focus on the process of training outdoor leaders to conduct educational expeditions. The authors chose three interconnected, recurring themes out of a larger body of work that address refinements in Petzoldt's philosophy and methods made over the last twenty years of his life. These refinements include: (a) crucial components in the first 24 hours of an educational expedition, (b) the “grasshopper teaching” method and, (c) judgment and decision-making.
Leadership and Gender-Role Congruency: A Guide for Wilderness and Outdoor Practitioners
Authors: Wittmer Carrie R.
Published: April 2013

Research in the field of psychology concerning gender and leadership (e.g., Carli, 1999; Eagly Makhijani, & Klonsky 1992; Jordan, 1991; Rojahn & Willemsen, 1994; Swim, Borgida, Maruyama, & Myers, 1989) unearths a challenging paradox for women leaders. If women assume a leadership style that is gender-role incongruent—a stereotypically “masculine” leadership style—they may receive negative evaluations from their participants. This creates particular challenges in outdoor and wilderness contexts where leaders need to be able to employ a variety of leadership methods. So what choices do women have in developing a successful leadership style? How can male and female leaders address gender-role expectations in their programs? Outdoor and wilderness leaders can break down gender-role expectations by identifying their leadership styles and internalized gender biases, creating awareness in colleagues of gender-role expectations, and mentoring program participants in becoming effective leaders.
An Exploration of Differences and Perceptions of Difference between Male and Female Challenge Course Instructors
Authors: Clemmensen Belinda
Published: April 2013

This paper explores and interprets data that expresses difference, and perception of difference, between male and female challenge course instructors. The data has been collected over several challenge course-training workshops in which the combination of co-instructors was either a co-ed pairing or two women working together. The concept of open-coding (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) was used to work with the data and yielded five key areas to be examined: technical/concrete skills and information, teaching/facilitation skills, role modeling and facilitating growth, being relaxed and fun, and being open and supportive. In some cases, differences were noted. Conclusions discuss the continued opportunity for women to work together in the absence of male co-instructors in order to further explore what is possible in challenging traditional gender constraints.