bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytogenetic Follow‐Up in a Case With a Primary Cutaneous Melanoma and Five Metastatic Lesions
Authors: GRAMMATICO PAOLA , EIBENSCHUTZ LAURA , ROCCELLA FRANCESCA , AMANTEA ADA , ROCCELLA MARIA , CATRICALÀ CATERINA , MICCI FRANCESCA , PORTO GIUSEPPE DEL
Published: July 2006

Cytogenetic analyses conducted on several cases of melanoma have contributed to the identification of the chromosomal regions where the sequences responsible for malignant transformation and the evolution of this tumor are probably located. With regard to these problems, it is very important to have the possibility to analyze, through the use of cytogenetics, both the primary melanoma and the metastatic lesions from the same patient. We present a case in which the primary melanoma and five different metastases were studied by using cytogenetics.

The primary tumor showed an inversion of chromosome 1 where the p36 region, often proposed in literature as the location of a melanoma susceptibility gene, was involved.

Three cutaneous and one lymphonodal metastases presented the same nine clonal chromosomal aberrations. In particular, one is a further rearrangement of the marker present in the primary tumor; another is a deletion of the 9p21pter region in which the p16 gene is located.

Our results can provide a contribution to the hypothesis of the location of a candidate gene for melanoma in the 1p36 region and can also underscore the role of the 9p21 region in the progression of melanoma.
Strain‐Specific White‐Spotting Patterns in Laboratory Mice
Authors: LAMOREUX M. LYNN
Published: July 2006

White spotting is the absence of melanocytes (pigment cells) from part or all of the locations in the body where they are normally found. At least in the case of the W (kit) locus, white spotting has been attributed to apoptosis. In addition to the death of melanoblasts, white spotting might result from their failure to migrate to their normal locations. These developmental failures are known to be melanocyte‐specific in some instances and environment‐specific in others. The environment is defined as the tissues surrounding the melanoblast. Patterns of white spotting were examined on mice mutant at the piebald (s), patch (Ph), dominant spotting (WJ2) rumpwhite (Rw) or belted (bt) loci. The dominant spotting locus has been cloned and found to encode KIT; it has been suggested that Patch encodes the linked alpha‐PDGF receptor. Piebald encodes the endothelin beta receptor. In each case, the phenotypes expressed when the allele was backcrossed onto one inbred strain C57BL/6 (B6), were compared with phenotypes expressed when the allele was backcrossed onto a different inbred strain, JU/CtLm (JU). The literature documents genetic loci that influence the extent of the white spotted area; we herein demonstrate that genetic loci also influence the location where the white spot (absence of melanocytes) will occur over the body of the mouse. Spotting occurs in a more anterior direction on JU mice that are piebald, patch or dominant‐spotted compared with similar B6 mice. The relationship is reversed in rumpwhite mice, where white spotting is more anterior in the C57BL/6 mice than in the JU mice. The spotting pattern of belted mice was not modified by the background genome. Thus, the Mendelian observations indicate that several loci, which differ in JU compared with B6 mice, influence the size and the location of white spots on the mouse.
Effects of Local Tissue Environment on the Differentiation of Neural Crest Cells in Turtle, with Special Reference to Understanding the Spatial Distribution of Pigment Cells
Authors: HOU* LING
Published: July 2006

The spatial distribution of neural crest‐derived pigment cells in turtles differs markedly from those found in chickens and mice. One hypothesis to explain such differences in the spatial distribution of pigment cells is that local tissue factors interact with neural crest cells, thereby determining their differentiation into pigment‐synthesizing cells. It is reported here that local tissue factors in the soft‐shell turtle (Trionyx sinensis japonicus) play a critical role in the development of melanophores from neural crest cells during embryogenesis. Undifferentiated neural crest cells derived from trunk neural tubes were co‐cultured in vitro with homochronous somites, or with heterochronous dermis, lung or liver for 14 days. Melanophore differentiation from neural crest cells was significantly promoted when co‐cultured with cells from lung, somites or dermis, but not when co‐cultured with liver cells. These results suggest that local tissue factors stimulate the differentiation of pluripotent neural crest derivatives toward pigment cells. It is proposed that specific environmental cues play an important role in the spatial distribution of pigment cells in a variety of vertebrate species.
The Localization of Glutathione Peroxidase in the Photoreceptor Cells and the Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells of Wistar and Royal College of Surgeons Dystrophic Rats
Authors: AKEO KIYOSHI , TSUKAMOTO HIDEO , OKISAKA SHIGEKUNI , HIRAMITSU TADAHISA , WATANABE KEIICHI
Published: July 2006

Introduction: If degenerating photoreceptor outer segments not phagocytized by RPE cells in the retina of Royal College Surgeons (RCS) rats were to undergo peroxidation, the distribution of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PO) in the mitochondria or cytoplasm of the retina might be altered. We evaluated the immunocytochemical localization of GSH‐PO to identify subcellular organelles in sections of the retinas of RCS rats.

Methods: Immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of GSH‐PO molecules in the retinas of RCS and Wistar rats aged 3 weeks. Sections were reacted with the F(ab) fragment of anti‐rat αGSH‐PO and then examined by laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results: The size of the GSH‐PO molecule in the retina was about 21 KD in the mitochondria and 23 KD in the cytosol in both strains of rats. LSM revealed fluorescent granules in the photoreceptor inner segments of the Wistar rats, and immunohistochemical TEM revealed GSH‐PO in the mitochondria of their photoreceptor inner segments and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In the RCS rats, the degenerating photoreceptor outer segments were clearly seen to be positive for anti‐GSH‐PO by conventional light microscopy (CLM). However, the photoreceptor inner segments of the RCS rats were negative for staining with anti‐GSH‐PO by LSM, and no GSH‐PO could be detected in the mitochondria of the photoreceptor inner segments or RPE cells by immuno‐TEM.

Conclusion: Degeneration of the photoreceptor outer segments induced mitochondrial damage in the photoreceptor inner segments, and as a result GSH‐PO shifted from the photoreceptor inner segments to the degenerating outer segments.
Insect Melanogenesis. II. Inability of Manduca Phenoloxidase to Act on 5, 6‐Dihydroxyindole‐2‐Carboxylic Acid1
Authors: SUGUMARAN MANICKAM , DUGGARAJU RAMANA , GENEROZOVA FRIDA , ITO SHOSUKE
Published: July 2006

Eumelanins in animals are biosynthesized by the combined action of tyrosinase, 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)chrome isomerase, and other factors. Two kinds of eumelanins were characterized from mammalian systems; these are 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI)‐melanin and 5, 6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA)‐melanin. In insects, melanin biosynthesis is initiated by phenoloxidase and supported by DOPAchrome isomerase (decarboxylating). Based on the facts that DOPA is a poor substrate for insect phenoloxidases and DHI is the sole product of insect DOPAchrome isomerase reaction, it is proposed that insects lack DHICA‐melanin. Accordingly, the phenoloxidase isolated from the hemolymph of Manduca sexta failed to oxidize DHICA. Control experiments reveal that mushroom tyrosinase, as well as laccase, which is a contaminant in the commercial preparations of mushroom tyrosinase, are capable of oxidizing DHICA. Neither the whole hemolymph nor the cuticular extracts of M. sexta possessed any detectable oxidase activity towards this substrate. Thus, insects do not seem to produce DHICA‐eumelanin. A useful staining procedure to localize DHICA oxidase activity on gels is also presented.
Accuracy of Perceived Treatment Needs Among Geriatric Denture Wearers1
Authors: Manne Stella , Mehra Rita
Published: July 2006

Patient satisfaction with and accuracy in assessing condition of dentures and oral tissue were related to their clinical evaluation and several psychological factors in 50 denture wearers 60 years of age or older. Seventy percent of those examined wore clinically inadequate dentures and 34% had unsatisfactory oral tissue. Few respondents were dissatisfied when clinical examination revealed satisfactory conditions but 70% were satisfied with inadequate dentures and 50% with unsatisfactory oral tissue. Contrary t o expectation, accuracy was not found significantly related to clinical evaluation or to psychological factors. However, satisfaction with dentures was related to their clinical evaluation: dissatisfied respondents had technically superior dentures as compared with those satisfied. These findings suggest that psychological factors are not related to denture patient assessment of their oral condition and that dissatisfaction may be of benefit to their oral health. The high proportion of those unaware of denture inadequacies indicates the need for patient education directed toward over‐, as well as under‐, adapters.
Changes in the Microvasculature and Interstitium of Aged Human Mandibles and Maxillae1
Authors: Bernick Sol , Sobin Sidney S. , Paule W.J.
Published: July 2006

The present study describes the age changes to the microvasculature and connective tissue interstitium of the osteons and periosteums of aged human mandibles and maxillae. The mandibles and maxillae obtained from 14 and 19 year old males, respectively, were also studied. In the nutrient canals of the aged osteons, the walls of the arterioles and venules stained intensely PAS positive, and alcian blue negative. The walls of the blood capillaries were thick and strongly PAS positive. There was a deposition of PAS positive material in the connective tissue stroma of the nutrient canals which progressed to the obliteration of the canal space. Many of the nutrient canals exhibited diffuse calcification within the connective tissue interstitium localized around the blood vessels. The lacunae and canaliculi of those osteons in which the nutrient canals were partially or completely obliterated were filled with PAS material. None of these histochemical changes were seen in the osteons of young individuals. The microvasculature of the aged periosteum showed similar changes. The periosteal tissue consisted of thick collagenous bundles and few osteogenic cells. There was a thin darkly stained amorphous calcified layer forming the bone surface.
A Review of the Prevalence of Temporomandibular Dysfunction
Authors: Clark Glenn T. , Mulligan Roseann
Published: July 2006

The prevalence of five representative signs and symptoms of temporomandibular pain and dysfunction were evaluated with respect to the age of several different populations. For each of the five signs and symptoms (mouth opening, joint noises, presence of degenerative joint disease, subjectively reported symptoms, and pain on function) no increase was found in the older age group over the middle‐age group. In one category (joint sounds), the prevalence decreased in the older age group when compared to the middle‐age group. When asked by questionnaire if there was pain on function, the oldest age groups had the lowest proportion of positive responses. As a result of this information it is suggested that the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders diminishes in the elderly population, although not as much as the very few numbers of elderly actually seeking treatment for this disease would suggest.
Geriatric Considerations for Prosthodontic Therapy
Authors: Berg Theodore
Published: July 2006

The geriatric population is increasing and dentists are needed who are sensitive its problems and technically competent to provide a full rante og complete, fixed, and removable prostheses as well as preventive prosthodontics. The dental profession and schools must prepare today's graduates to meet the dental needs of tomorrow's elderly population including prosthodontic therapy.
The Influence of Aging on Skin and Oral Mucosa1
Authors: Hill Murray W.
Published: July 2006

Although the skin of the elderly shows many clinically obvious changes such as wrinking, dryness and patchy pigmentation it is difficult to determine to what extent extrinsic factors are responsible. On the other hand the mucosa lining the mouth which is exposed to a different environment has been claimed to show many similar clinical changes. The literature describing age‐associated cellular changes is replete with conflicting reports. This is compounded by confusion of what constitutes “old”. There is no consensus on age‐associated changes of fundamental attributes such as epithelial thickness, rates of tissue turnover or metabolic activity. Studies being carried out by the author suggest that there are few structural changes which occur in all surface epithelia with age but glycolytic activity is significantly increased. Ultrastructurally, significant quantities of fine fibrillar material have been observed to be associated with the basement membrane of oral epithelium, blood vessels and nerve bundles in the cheek. It is concluded that structural and functional changes that occur in skin and mucosa with age have not yet been defined adequately and further research is necessary in this area.
Periodontal Diseases in the Elderly: A Critical Evaluation of Current Information1
Authors: Page Roy C.
Published: July 2006

The proportion of elderly persons in the American population is increasing significantly, and the number of individuals losing all or some of their teeth is decreasing. Consequently, the number of teeth in the elderly at risk for developing periodontis is growing. The prevalence and severity of periodontitis apparently increase with increasing age. These facts have led to the widely held supposition, that periodontitis in elderly people is an ever‐increasing burden that society and the dental profession must face. A careful assessment of the data, especially the most recent, shows that this may in fact not be the case. Elderly people have a type of periodontitis that, at any given site, usually progresses infrequently and slowly. The enhanced prevalence and severity among older people may not result from an enhanced susceptibility, but rather, most likely reflect the accumulation of lesions over time. The most recent epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of gingivitis, the precursor to periodontitis, is decreasing significantly, especially in the younger segments of the population, and that this may translate into a markedly decreased prevalence of periodontics as these same individuals enter the older age groups. The types of therapy most needed in dealing with periodontitis in older people are not complex and the capacity to perform them does not require specialized periodontal training; it can, in fact, for the most part, be performed by auxillaries such as dental hygienists. Thus, the treatment burden on the dental profession will probably not be as great as in currently anticipated. The numerous gaps in our knowledge about periodontitis in the elderly include a poor understanding of its true prevalence and severity as well as its likelihood of occurrence and rate of progression. We have almost no knowledge about the flora at normal and periodontally diseased sites. Except for the immune system, we have but little knowledge about how the host defense mechanisms change during the aging process. Resolution of these questions would aid greatly in planning prevention and treatment programs and in improving therapeutic decision‐making in individual cases.
Atypical Facial Pain in the Elderly1
Authors: Blasberg Bruce , Remick Ronald A. , Conklin Robert , Douglas Keller F.
Published: July 2006

Atypical facial pain describes a chronic pain state but does not imply an etiology. One‐hundred and two patients with atypical facial pain were evaluated. Patients were separated into two groups; 40 patients over age 60 and 62 patients under age 60. Comparisons between the two groups for sex, diagnostic classifications, location of symptoms, specific symptoms, and treatment results were performed. Medical/dental disorders (20%), psychiatric disorders (50%) and combinations of both (15%) were causes of atypical facial pain. Fifteen percent of patients had an indeterminate cause. Psychiatric treatment was effective in reducing psychopathology and pain when a psychiatric diagnosis was present. Burning of the oral mucosa as a specific symptom occurred more frequently in the elderly. No differences were noted between the two age groups in relation to sex, diagnostic classification, or treatment results. No particular psychiatric, medical or dental disorder predominated as a specific cause of atypical facial pain.
Osteoporosis and Dental Osteopenia in the Elderly1
Authors: Kribbs Patricia J. , Chesnut Charles H.
Published: July 2006

Osteoporosis is a common, morbid, and expensive disease of the elderly skeleton, particularly in the postmenopausal female, resulting in fractures of the spine, hip, and wrist. Dental osteopenia (inadequate bone mass, particularly of the mandible) is also a condition of significant morbidity for the elderly, associated with loss of teeth and poorly fitting dentures. Questions of immediate concern regarding these disorders are: (1) Are techniques available for quantitating mandibular bone mass? (2) Is dental osteopenia a localized manifestation of a generalized skeletal osteoporosis, with similar etiologies and risk factors, or is it an entirely separate disease process, due primarily to periodontal disease with its associated causal factors? (3) Are therapeutic measures noted to be of benefit in osteoporosis also of benefit in dental osteopenia? Recent studies from our laboratories address these questions and indicate efficiency of the mandibular microdensitometry technique for measuring mandibular bone mass. Also, these studies suggest that dental osteopenia is part of a generalized skeletal osteoporosis of the elderly female, and that therapy for osteoporosis would possibly be of value in the treatment of dental osteopenia.
Knowing More About the Elderly Can Help If We Want to Provide Needed Services
Authors: Barry Waldman H.
Published: July 2006

Providing health services to the elderly demands an appreciation of the diversity of individuals within the single rubric. The use of a “test” format offers an opportunity to review one's awareness of these variations and the consequences of these differences.
Dental Management of the Geriatric Head and Neck Cancer Patient1
Authors: Schweiger James W. , Salcetti Mary Anne
Published: July 2006

The geriatric patient presenting with cancer of the head and neck region constitutes slightly less than half of all oral cancers diagnosed. Cancers of this region are generally treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or combinations of these three. These patients not only present with special problems due to their age but also with challenging ones resulting from treatment of their disease. The dentist plays an important role in evaluating the patient's oral health and providing necessary services prior to any curative treatment. The dental diagnosis and treatment protocol practiced at Memorial Hospital are discussed for each therapeutic modality along with the measures taken for follow up care.
Inhibition of Alveoloar Bone Loss During Maturation of the Rat
Authors: Hardt Alfred B.
Published: July 2006

The effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) on previously described maturational bone loss were quantified in 24 Wistar rats. Four groups of six animals each were treated daily from 18 to 28 weeks of age with a subcutaneous injection of a 0.1, 1.0 or 10mg/kg dose of C12MDP or were sham treated with 0.9% NaC1. Prior to sacrifice, all animals were double‐labeled with tetracycline. The interdental bone between first and second maxillary molars was evaluated on decalcified stained sections and on undecalcified ground sections by digitizing morphometry. No significant differences in periodontal ligament width, bone height, osteoclast numbers or tetracycline labeled surface were detected. Significantly greater bone area (p<0.01) and bone width (p<0.005), and significantly fewer osteoblasts/mm of bone surface (p<0.001) were measured in rats treated with 10 mg/kg doses of C12MDP; and a dose response was demonstrated. It was concluded that C12MDP prevented interdental bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption, and that bone formation may have been indirectly reduced through a coupling mechanism.
Epidemiology of Root Caries1
Authors: Banting David W.
Published: July 2006

Over a dozen studies have been conducted on the prevalence of and factors associated with root caries, yet our knowledge of this disease process remains limited. This is due, in large part, to a lack of consistency of reporting among the studies undertaken and the wide spectrum of population groups investigated. Nevertheless, the occurrence of root caries is between 20 and 40 percent in healthy, urban adults. Certain population groups such as the institutionalized elderly and patients with periodontal disease tend to exhibit much larger prevalence rates. New root caries develops slowly and tends to be concentrated in a few individuals, usually on the buccal and proximal surfaces of teeth. It is generally accepted that only roots with gingival recession are susceptible to root caries and that age, sex, oral hygiene, diet, saliva, systemic fluoride and previous carious experience have been shown to be associated factors. The next wave of investigations of root canes should focus on testing hypotheses relating to causation so that efficacious preventive and treatment procedures can be developed.
Demographic Trends of Aging — Application to Gerodontology1
Authors: Mersel Alex , Call Richard , Mann Jonathan
Published: July 2006

Aging of the global world population both in developed and developing countries, an unbalanced male‐female ratio within this elderly population, increasing populations – including elderly – within urban areas, all will have a marked effect on the practice of dentistry. Furthermore, major epidemiological changes occurring in the dental field, including an increasing dentition life expectancy, increasing root caries prevalence, decreasing coronal caries rates in children, and the relative increase in the prevalence of periodontal problems will have further impact on the dental care system. Major changes need to be anticipated both at the level of the care provider, including the dentist, the hygienist and the dental assistant, and at the level of the potential patient, especially among the geriatric population, if the profession is to be prepared to adequately address these issues.
Comparison of Two Routines for Long‐Term Oral Hygiene Treatment with Chlorhexidine Gel in Geriatric Patients1
Authors: Nordenram Gunilla , Westphal Peter
Published: July 2006

The aims of the present study were to register the effect of toothbrushing with chlorhexidine gel for 51 weeks and compare the effect of two hygiene regimens, one with continuous use of chlorhexidine gel for toothbrushing twice a day and the other in which ordinary toothpaste was substituted for chlorhexidine 1 week every third week. The total number of participating patients was 152 institutionalized elderly, mean age 76.2 years, Gingival Index according to Löe‐Silness and Plaque Index according to Bay‐Ainamo were registered 12 times during the study. The long‐term effect of Toothbrushing with chlorhexidine gel was equal for the two hygiene regimens. The incidence of side effects was surprising small. Moderate discolouration of teeth occurred with equal distribution in both groups.
Dementia: Its Diagnosis and Medical Management
Authors: Seltzer Benjamin
Published: July 2006

“Dementia” refers to a broad neurological syndrome marked by multifaceted intellectual loss. Primary and secondary forms exist. Alzheimer's disease, a primary dementia, is the most important cause of the syndrome. It has a well‐defined pathology and a characteristic clinical presentation, but its etiology, or etiologies, remains unknown. No currently available medical therapy can reverse or arrest Alzheimer's disease. However, treatment of associated symptoms and attention to the needs of patients and their families can blunt some of the effects of this devastating illness.
Oral Physiology and the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging1
Authors: Tylenda Carolyn A. , Baum Bruce J.
Published: July 2006

Since initiation of the oral physiology component of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging in 1978 almost 500 individuals have been examined. Participants are generally healthy males and females ranging in age from 25 to 93. The goal of this study is to determine oral health status during the “normal” process of aging. A dental/medical history and subjective reports of oral motor, oral sensory and salivary function are elicited. The current objective test battery includes an oral exam, salivary flow rate determination, and assessment of taste, temperature, texture and pressure differentiation, as well as olfaction, and oral motor function. Results indicate no age‐related changes occur in stimulated parotid or unstimutated or citrate‐stimulated submandibular salivary flow rates. In addition, oral motor and oral sensory skill deficits were found to be generally independent of age. However, olfactory ability, as measured by an olfactory recognition test, declined after age 65 for both sexes, as did the ability of older subjects to judge pressure differences applied to the tongue.
An Overview of Chronic Adult Periodontitis: Its Implications for the Elderly1
Authors: Alvares Olav F.
Published: July 2006

This report presents a brief overview of the behavior, etiology, and pathogenesis of chronic adult periodontitis. The factors that place the elderly at risk for increased susceptibility to periodontitis are discussed.
Effects of Furosemide on the Oral Cavity
Authors: Atkinson Jane C. , Shiroky Jeffrey B. , Macynski Alice , Fox Philip C.
Published: July 2006

Furosemide, a potent loop diuretic, has been reported to cause xerostomia, a sensation of oral dryness. We obtained urine and salivary secretions from five normal males after oral intake of either 0.5 mg/kg body weight of furosemide or placebo. The experimental treatment resulted in a five‐fold increase in urinary output. In contrast, analysis of salivary secretions indicated there were no significant differences in flow rates, total output, total protein, or Na*, K+, or Cl− concentrations following drug or placebo. Subjectively, xerostomia was experienced 10 times more frequently after ingestion of furosemide. These data suggest that, in vivo, furosemide had a greater effect on the kidney than on the salivary gland and that the sensation of oral dryness is not solely a function of the quantitative salivary output.
Ethics as an Important Determinant of Success of Orthopaedic Dental Care for Debilitated and Elderly Patients
Authors: Schwartzseid E.E.
Published: July 2006

Ethical aspects of orthopaedic dental care for debilitated and elderly patients—the most complex and the least studied aspects of dentistry—are discussed here. Many articles on dental ethics, as a rule, do not cover the essential ethical aspects of orthopaedic care for the elderly or cover them only partially without reflecting on the problem at large. Understanding of the problem may help to provide more efficient dental care for the elderly population thus improving their quality of life.
Mechanical Properties of the Periodontal Ligament in the Incisor Teeth of Rats from 6 to 24 Months of Age
Authors: Yamane A. , Ohshima S. , Komatsu K. , Chiba M.
Published: July 2006

Mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament of the incisor have been examined in sections of the mandibles of rats from 6 to 24 months of age. Mechanical measures estimated from the load‐deformation and stress‐strain curves did not show age‐related changes, although the body and mandible weights increased gradually during the experimental period. It is suggested that qualitative and quantitative changes in the supporting tissues/unit area of the ligament are minor at a restricted region examined.
A Retrospective Oral/Dental Evaluation of 92 Head and Neck Oncology Patients, Before, During and After Irradiation Therapy1
Authors: Brown Ronald S. , Miller Joe H. , Bottomley William K.
Published: July 2006

Ninety‐two head and neck radiation/oncology patients were referred for a pre‐irradiation dental examination. Of these patients, 48 required at least one extraction, and 51 required at least one restoration. Only 19 patients did not require extractions, restorations or endodontic therapy. All but one patient required a dental prophylaxis. The oral complications of head and neck irradiation therapy were evaluated and discussed. The importance of adjuvant oral/dental care for the head and neck radiation/oncology patient is addressed. The distribution of patients requiring treatment (extractions, restorations and/or endodontic therapy) versus no treatment (a dental prophylaxis only) showed that a significantly higher number of patients (chi‐square [1] = 37.5; p < 0.01) required treatment over no treatment.
Multivariate, Replicated, Single‐Subject, Repeated Measures Designs and P‐Technique Factor Analysis A Review of Intraindividual Change Studies
Authors: Jones Constance J. , Nesselroade John R.
Published: July 2006

The precise, quantitative portrayal of intraindividual change is a key goal of developmental researchers. Research designs particularly appropriate to selected aspects of this goal are multivariate, replicated, single‐subject, repeated measures (MRSRM) designs. Data collected with these designs may be factor analyzed with P‐technique factor analysis to elucidate, for each individual studied, patterns of systematic change. The nature of the factor patterns obtained for each individual can then be compared across individuals to determine the relative idiosyncrasy or generality of patterns of change. This paper extends an earlier review (Luborsky & Mintz, 1972) of studies using multivariate, single‐subject, repeated measures designs and P‐technique factor analysis. The emphasis here is on both more recent studies and the value of subject replication in creating a confluence of idiographic and nomothetic approaches to the study of behavior and behavioral development across the lifespan.
Applications of Survival Analysis to Aging Research
Authors: Willett John B. , Singer Judith D.
Published: July 2006

Many research questions in aging research treat time as the outcome variable. Researchers ask how much time must pass before a specific type of change or event occurs, and whether these times differ by characteristics of the subjects' background, training and treatment. Because of serious technical problems that arise when analyzing duration data, specially derived statistical methods – the methods of survival analysis – are required to answer the questions. In this paper, we introduce the conceptual framework of these new methodologies for analyzing duration data. We begin by identifying the types of research question that might appropriately treat time as an outcome. We then describe the new statistical methods for addressing such questions, provide a broad overview of their application, and identify relevant published sources containing additional background and technical information.
Changes in human jaw muscles with age and dental state
Authors: Newton J.P. , Yemm R. , Abel R.W. , Menhinick S.
Published: July 2006

The effects of ageing and dental state on the cross‐sectional area and density of two jaw muscles, the masseter and medial pterygoid, were investigated using computed tomography. The study involved 84 male and 70 female subjects between the ages of 20 and 90 years. The cross‐sectional area of both muscles showed a significant reduction with age; values for female subjects being found in the lower range of the distribution. When consideration was given to the presence or absence of a natural dentition, the cross‐sectional area of both muscles in edentulous subjects showed a greater decease throughout the age range studied. There was a significant decrease in the density of the muscles with increasing age. Previously, this has been interpreted to indicate a progressive increase in fat and fibrous tissue. Subject gender and the absence of teeth appeared to have little effect on this parameter. Changes in the cross‐sectional area and density of these muscles would appear to be consistent with a general age related change of muscle tissue in the body as a whole and may specifically indicate a reduction in the masticatory forces which can be or are being utilised by ageing patients, many of whom have no remaining natural dentition.
Patient age and long term survival of fixed prosthodontics
Authors: Glantz Per‐Olof J. , Niler Krister
Published: July 2006

The possible relationship between patient age and the long term survival of fixed prostheses was studied in a randomised group of persons, who had received restorative treatment by general practitioners 13 years prior to this study. These fixed partial dentures had a mean extension of 6.9 units and a mean pontic/abutment ratio of 0.47. The group studied consisted of 77 persons who agreed to participate from an original group of 150 persons. Of the original group 20 had died, 17 were not traceable or unable to participate for medical reasons, and 36 declined to participate. The outcome of the treatment was compared between the following age subgroups (age as at the time of the original treatment) by division of the data at 37, 60 and 65 years. In these subgroups between 20 and 50 per cent of the prostheses had been lost or partially lost during the fifteen year period. Most of the failures and unacceptable quality ratings were found to be caused by fractures, loss of retention and/or dental caries. However, no systematic differences were found between any of the age subgroups studied.
Predictors of caries in old age
Authors: MacEntee M.I. , Clark D.C. , Glick N.
Published: July 2006

This study measured the incidence of dental caries for one year and identified factors associated with the risk of caries in a sample of 156 elderly subjects. The subjects were examined at baseline and after one year to record the number of missing, filled and decayed teeth, to measure oral hygiene and flow of saliva, and to estimate the numbers of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli cultured from samples of saliva. All subjects were interviewed on both occasions for information on their use of medications and dental services and on their ingestion of sugar. At baseline the elders had a mean of 19 natural teeth with 5 decayed surfaces (DS), 38 filled surfaces and a mean Plaque Index (PI) of 1. The independent group, on average, had more teeth and fillings but a lower PI and less caries. At the end of the year more than two‐thirds (71%) of the 98 institutionalised subjects and over half (59%) of the 58 independent subjects had at least one new decayed/filled surface (DFS). The mean net DFS increment per subject was 4.6 and 2.0 respectively. Regression analyses on multivariate models identified caries at baseline, residence in long term care facilities, high numbers of Lactobacilli, poor oral hygiene and frequent sugar consumption as the variables contributing most significantly to the risk of caries in old age.
The effectiveness of oral hygiene programmes for elderly people ‐ a review
Authors: de Baat C. , Kalk W. , Schuil. G.R.E.
Published: July 2006

Comprehensive oral health care is an essential feature of quality of life. In the near future, a greater number of elderly people will retain more natural teeth, whether or not supplemented by prosthetic provisions, and/or may be provided with implants. As a consequence, oral self‐care will be much more demanding. Prevention must reduce the greater risk of oral disease for elderly people. Effective early intervention strategies are: promotion of over‐all general health, obviation of stereotypes, education by dental hygienists, instruction and demonstration combined with systematic evaluation, use of a fluoride containing dentifrice, and regular professional support and use of chlorhexidine rinses for less well and confused elderly.
Age‐related satisfaction with complete dentures, desire for improvement and attitudes to implant treatment
Authors: Müller Frauke , Wahl Gerhard , Fuhr Klaus
Published: July 2006

In the edentulous lower jaw implant stabilised dentures have proved clinically so successful that the indication for this treatment is now being discussed more often with geriatric patients. The aim of this study of edentate subjects was to determine the age‐relation of the demand for denture improvement, the risks and feasibility of implant treatment. Sixty four complete denture wearers aged from 42 to 84 years took part in the study. A questionnaire was used to determine the subjective demand for denture improvement. For 33 subjects implants seemed possible. For these patients fear and scepticism concerning implant treatment were specified and quantified. Impaired general health was the most frequent absolute contra‐indication for implants; the local oral prerequisites tended to be slightly less favourable in elderly. Older patients were more satisfied with poorly fitting dentures and were less prepared to take trouble to achieve denture improvement. Although scepticism concerning implant treatment was not age‐related, patients who were keen for an improvement of their dentures were significantly younger and less sceptical about implants.
The effect of age on the recognition thresholds of three sweeteners: sucrose, saccharin and aspartame
Authors: Easterby‐Smith Verna , Besford John , Heath M. Robin
Published: July 2006

It iS believed that people's sensitivity to taste declines with age but the evidence is inconclusive. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that taste recognition thresholds (TRTs) for sweetness are higher in older than in younger individuals, using groups of 16 younger subjects (18–30) and 16 older subjects (60–85). Three test substances were used: sucrose, aspartame and saccharin. A questionnaire recorded variables which might have affected TRTs, but data failed to show any trend that might have biased the principle variate‐age. There was a significant alteration with age of recognition thresholds, at least for sucrose and saccharin. The differences between the groups for the three sweeteners were due to the fact that all the very sensitive subjects were young. None of the older subjects had particularly poor discrimination: all but one had TRTs within the range of younger subjects. Although there are age‐related taste changes, they are much less dramatic than commonly occurs with other senses, such as sight and hearing. The findings of this study have implications for institutional catering and the dietary management of older people using non‐sugar sweeteners.
Patient age, service mix and dental practice productivity
Authors: Shuman Stephen K. , Davidson Gestur B.
Published: July 2006

To further explore economic relationships between patient age and dental practice productivity detected in previous studies, this study investigated the effects of variations in the mix of services used by different age groups on time and dollar‐based dental practice outputs. Production function models for dental services were estimated using data from 31 Minnesota general dental practices reporting increased visits by older adults between June, 1980 and December, 1984. Analysis suggested that standardised time‐based measures of productivity were not greatly affected by differences in the types of services used by different age groups. In contrast, differences in service mix between age groups exerted a substantial influence on dollar‐based productivity that was independent of patient age. Overall, dental practices were less productive with older patients, but the decline in monetary productivity was not evident until patient age was disaggregated from differences in service use by different age groups.
Social problems in geriatric dentistry: an overview
Authors: McCord J. Fraser , Wilson Marie C.
Published: July 2006

Many studies have reported on the dental status of elderly patients. The results demonstrate consistent differences between normative and perceived needs in addition to varying levels of awareness of dental education among carers. This review article attempts to integrate a range of social factors which must be considered if holistic and comprehensive care is to be delivered to elderly patients.
Radiological evaluation of bone status in the jaw and in the vertebral column in a group of women
Authors: Engel Milton B. , Rosenberg Henry M. , Jordan Steven L. , Holm Karyn
Published: July 2006

Vertebral bone mineral content was determined in a group of 56 women, ages 30–62. These measurements were compared with the status of supporting bone in the jaws (alveolar, molar and bicuspid) and with gingival health. There was a significant decline in vertebral bone mineral content from the pre‐ to post‐menopausal group. Molar and bicuspid measurements were highly correlated. There was some association between lumbar bone mineral content and molar bone status for postmenopausal women. For postmenopausal women, the cases of greatest percent bone loss in alveolar crest were associated with lower lumbar bone mineral content. Gingival health did not confound the bone status measurements. The 56 subjects did not exhibit the degree of reduction in bone density that is observed in the general population. Further investigation using these radiographic techniques may reveal a link between substantial bone loss in the jaw and moderate to severe bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae.
Association between clinical and subjective indicators of oral health status in an older adult population
Authors: Locker David , Slade Gary
Published: July 2006

Since the mid–1970s a number of investigators have developed measures of the extent to which oral disorders compromise functional, social and psychological well‐being. They have also examined the associations between clinical indicators of oral health status and these subjective indicators. In general, these associations have been inconsistent and weak. One reason for this might be that the subjective indicators employed were rudimentary and insensitive to the health outcomes of oral disorders. The development of the Oral Health Impact Profile, a more sophisticated measure of the health outcomes of oral disorders, provided a method to examine this hypothesis. Using data from an oral health survey of older adults, we examined the associations between OHIP scores and a variety of clinical indicators of tooth loss, caries and periodontal disease. Even with this measure the associations were predominantly weak, the strongest of the correlations being 0.53. We also examined the influence of personal and sociodemographic characteristics on the relationship between tooth loss and its psychosocial outcomes. Five variables reflecting expectations and resources explained as much variance in OHIP scores as did the number of missing teeth. This analysis illustrates the essential distinction between disease and health and the way in which measures of oral health can be used to pursue fundamental issues in behavioural science and health services research.
Dental caries experience and use of prescription medications among people aged 60+ in South Australia
Authors: Thomson W.M. , Slade G.D. , Spencer A.J.
Published: July 2006

Medication has long been implicated as a potential risk factor for dental caries among elderly people, although epidemiological studies have reported inconsistent associations between medication usage and dental caries experience. This paper aimed to describe the frequency of medication usage, and to examine associations between medication usage and dental caries experience among non‐institutionalized persons aged 60+ years in South Australia. A cross‐sectional survey design was used to collect interview data about prescription medication usage from 1,650 people. Oral examinations were conducted among 848 people to obtain information about coronal and root canes experience. The number of prescribed medications taken ranged from 0 to 17, and the mean number taken was 1.8 (sd, 1.9). This was higher in older subjects and females. Four medication categories accounted for almost three‐quarters of the medications taken; of those, cardiovascular drugs (including diuretics) accounted for three, with analgesics the only non‐cardiovascular class. Subjects taking 3 or more prescription medications had a higher Root Canes Index (RCI, mean = 14.43; P<0.01) than those taking one or two (mean = 11.50), and those who were taking none (mean = 12.02). Examination of particular medication types revealed that people who took antidepressants and antiulcer drugs had significantly higher RCI values (P<0.05). There was only a moderate association between medication usage and root caries experience which may be attributable to xerogenic effects of medication, or non‐causal associations with underlying medical conditions.
Cytological changes in oral mucosa in denture stomatitis
Authors: Aguirre J.M. , Verdugo F. , Zamacona J.M. , Quindos G. , Ponton J.
Published: July 2006

The cytological patterns associated with the atrophic and hyperplastic forms of denture stomatitis (DS) were studied in 94 patients with DS and 33 controls. Forty percent of patients with DS and 30% of patients in the control group had a positive culture for Candida. When compared to the smears from the control group patients, the smears from patients with DS presented a higher amount of: i) cytological cellular material; ii) fungal cells; iii) cells of the intermediate and parabasal types; iv) cells of the intermediate type with a positive culture for Candida; and v) polymorphonuclear leukocytes, preferentially in association with a positive culture for Candida. Conversely, smears from the control group showed a higher percentage of cells of the superficial type than those of the patients with DS. Although no specific changes in the DS‐affected mucosa have been observed by cytology, we consider that this is a useful, easy and inexpensive technique that gives important information about the inflamed mucosa it can be used in the treatment and control of these patients.
The Scope of Coverage of the Truth in Lending Act
Authors: Landers Jonathan M.
Published: July 2006

Although the Truth in Lending Act (TIL) was actively considered by Congress for the better part of a decade questions of coverage rarely arose, and debate on the scope of the coverage provisions was almost nonexistent. The reasons appear to be twofold. First, as Justice Frankfurter observed, every statute has a “core of indisputable application” about which there is little question, and there was general agreement that certain types of transactions constituting the majority of consumer credit transactions would clearly be covered. Thus the undisputed coverage of the TIL Act was very broad. Second, legislators were preoccupied with debating a number of the substantive provisions that creditors found so objectionable and consumerists thought so necessary that little attention was focused on defining the perimeter of coverage. Moreover, as this paper will show, a number of “fringe” transactions bear at least superficial resemblance to transactions that were clearly to be covered. Thus, creditors might wisely have preferred to take their chances on later interpretations of the scope of coverage by administrators and courts rather than risking a specific congressional resolution. of the coverage issues.