bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide in L-cysteine Solution and its Structural, Morphological, Optical and Thermal Characteristics
Authors: Alshamsi Hassan Abbas , Jaber Nuha Abd Al-Baqir , Altaa Salam H. Alwan
Published: September 2021

The current research reports a cost-effective, efficient ad green reducing agent (L-cysteine) to reduce the graphene oxide (GO) for large-scale reduced graphene oxide (rGO) synthesis. Fabrication of rGO was performed by the reduction of GO using different concentrations from L-cysteine. Synthesis of rGO was noticed by change in color of GO solution from brown to black. For additional confirmation, the structural, morphological, optical and thermal properties of synthesized rGO were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis). The XRD, FTIR and EDS results showed the oxygen-containing groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and epoxy. The UV-Vis spectrum for GO exhibited an absorbance peak at 233 nm which undergoes a red shift of the absorbance peak to 265, 273 and 278 nm due to reduction of GO to rGO using 5, 8 and 10 mg/L of L-cysteine respectively. XRD patterns demonstrated the disappearance of the characteristics peak of GO (11.1) and reinforced this appearance of peak around ~26, indicating the efficient reduction of GO and restoration of graphene sp2 hybridized structure. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy showed the gradual disappearance of band at 1745 cm-1 assigned to GO as L-cysteine concentration was increased. The thermal stability of the GO was much lower than those of all the rGO powders where the increased concentration of L-cysteine resulted in enhanced more thermal stability and higher C/O ratio in rGO. The SEM images confirmed the successful structurally exfoliation of two dimensional rGO sheets and showed the folded, curled and flake-like morphology of the graphene nanosheets.
Improvement Photoactivity Properties of SnS Thin Film by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Najim Firas A’aid , Khadayeir Abdulhussain Abbas
Published: September 2021

Tin sulphide (SnS) thin films were produced using low-cost chemical spray pyrolysis method (CSP). The optical and structural properties of SnS Nano films were examined by varying thickness. The films exhibit an orthorhombic structure with preferential orientation in the (111) direction, according to X-ray diffraction studies. The films show a reduction in crystallite as films thickness increases. The results showed that the films had about < 70% transparency in the visible portion. Optical band gap exhibited same behavior. The thickness dependency is mentioned in the results produced by dispersion parameters and other optical constants.
Detection of tetM, armA, blaPER-1 and blaIMP genes in E. coli isolates among the gram negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections
Authors: Khalaf Shahrazad Ahmed , Mahmood Nibras Nazar , Saleh Mohammed Abdul Daim
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to define the prevalence of gram negative bacteria that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) and to look for the genes tetM, blaIMP, and ND M-1 in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. This study was conducted on 205 urine samples collected from outpatients having a urinary tract infection for Baquba teaching hospital. The VITEK 2 compact device, which is fully automated, was used to identify the causative microorganisms and also used in antimicrobials susceptibility test. Combined-disk test was used for phenotypic determination of beta lactamases producing isolates and after DNA extraction, PCR was used to determine the genotypic status of the16S rRNA, tetM, blaIMP, andNDM-1genes..Out of 205 urine samples, only 72(35.12%) were found to have gram negative bacteria, isolated microorganisms wereEscherichia coli44 (35.7%),K. Pneumonia18(14.6%),P. aeruginosa8(6.5 %) were2(1.6 %) diagnosed asBurkholderia cepacia. Overall highest susceptibility was observed for imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, momocycline, colistin and to tazobactam and 32 isolates fromE. coliwere confirmed to be ESBL producers. 16S rRNA gene sequencing attributed the isolates toEscherichia coli. Among the 10 E. coli isolates recovered from the UTI patients, isolateswhichpositive fortetM( 90%) and which negative forarmA,blaPER-1andblaIMP. The most common gram negative bacteria found to cause UTIs were E. coli andK. pneumoniae.This study found that a few pathogens ofE. coliare resistant to IPM and MEM. The frequency oftetMgenes that are responsible for this resistance among pathogenicE. coliisolates in diyala, was high.
Detection of SalmonellaTyphimurium in water and meat using nanosensor
Authors: Al-Atafy Qsay kamil Hadi , Al-Janabi Jihad Deiyb Mahal , Al-Mayahi Basim Abd Al-Hassan
Published: September 2021

The sensor dimensions are chosen (10 * 10 mm) and manufactured by the laser engraving system as a dimension of the fine copper die and installed on the glass substrate coated with the nano material and the mould is coated with silver by thermal vacuum evaporation and the fixation of the connecting electrodes. The surface properties and the structural, optical and electrical properties of the thin films were studied. Samples prepared with an X-ray diffraction device (XRD) were examined to ensure the presence of elements or compounds entering the coating layer, and an examination with an atomic force microscope (AFM) to identify the crystal size of the coating compound and a scanning electron microscope. Field (SEM) is to prove the existence and proportions of active ingredients. The UV nano composite spectra were studied to investigate the optical behavior of ZnO-rGO membranes (transmittance and absorption). The sensing properties were determined by measuring changes in the conductivity of the prepared bacteria present in water and flesh using current and voltage measurement I-V by two mass device methods and the results were accurate. The results proved that ZnO-rGO has high sensitivity towards bacteria and is made of thin films of nano composites and has a high performance to detect bacteria in water and meat. The goal of this study is to design and manufacture a nano sensor with high efficiency to detect a type of bacteria that the thin films deposited in the vacuum have properties excellent for accurate detection. The microbial detection devices based on thin materials are inexpensive and do not require trainers to use them, and they operate at room temperature. Thus they have the advantage of remote positioning and monitoring in dangerous places.
The Impact of Transforming Growth Factor-b1 on the men infertility
Authors: Alkafagi Arshed S. , Kadhum Wejdan M. , Gafil Abbas Abbas
Published: September 2021

The influence of cytokines in the reproductive system is becoming increasingly important. The major cytokines involved in the proliferative system are TGFβ-1 that performs many cellular functions, including controlling cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Current information indicates a close interrelationship between immune and reproductive functions resulting from the participation of certain cytokines and their receptors. Cytokine-converting growth factor-b (TGF-b) is initially purified from human platelets, a rich source of this protein. In addition to platelets, TGF-b1 is also generated in other blood elements from these elements plasma (semen plasma) and circulating white blood cells. However, more than many years after the initial isolation of TGF-b1, there is no consensus on the amount of TGF-b1 present in normal human plasma. TGFb1 is considered as a critical regulator of reproductive tissue development and characteristic cyclic modification. The physiological significance of TGFb1 in reproductive biology and productivity has been extensively examined in Tgfb1 null mutant mice. Genetic deficiency of TGFb1 disrupts the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, inhibiting luteinizing hormone (LH) synthesis and leading to subsequent effects on testosterone production in males. These studies demonstrate the profound importance of TGFb1 in males and provide a basis for exploring the importance of this cytokine in Human infertility and sexual dysfunction.
Anti-quorum sensing effect of streptococcus agalatiaceae by Zinc Oxide, Copper Oxide, and Titanium Oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Abdul-Hamza Haneen K. , Mohammed Ghaidaa J.
Published: September 2021

Quroum sensing system found in many species of bacteria, including Streptococcus agalactiae that use to regulate many virulence and pathogenicity characteristics. So, this study achieved to detect the inhibitory effect of (CuO, ZnO, TiO2) nanoparticles on quorum sensing of Streptococcus agalactiae. The bacterial isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae were obtained from vaginal and rectal swabs from pregnant women who visited maternity and children hospital in Al-Diwaniyah city from 7/2018 to 4/2019. Three metal oxides nanoparticles (CuO, ZnO, TiO) were used which was examined using a scanning electron microscope and then three different concentrations were prepared (100,250,500) μg\ml to study its effectiveness against quorum sensing. The nanoparticles showed their effectiveness in inhibiting the quorum sensing of Streptococcus agalactiae through the formation of a clear inhibition zone around the wells. Copper oxide nanoparticles showed high efficiency in inhibition of the quorum sensing with a diameter of (35) mm. Also, zinc oxide nanoparticles showed efficacy against the quorum sensing with diameter (27) mm, while the less inhibition effect appeared with the use of titanium oxide, where the diameter of inhibition was (20) mm. The results of the study showed the efficiency of nano-oxides (TiO2, ZnO, CuO) in inhibiting the quroum sensing of S.agalactiae bacteria, and copper oxide was the most efficient among them. So, there is need to further studies to detect the effect of nanoparticles on quorum sensing and virulence factors of other bacteria.
Study the pathogenicity of the bacteria associated with Periplanta americana cockroach on Gelleria mollonella. L worm larva
Authors: Alyas S S , Ibrahim R K , Kareem A A
Published: September 2021

In this study, the bacterial genera associated with the Periplaneta americana cockroach were isolated from the residential areas and nurseries in Baghdad city with concentrations 10-2, 10-4, 10-6 and their effect on the larvae of Gelleria mollonella. L worm was studied in the laboratory by food spraying method. Conclusion: The results showed that the highest percentage of larvae mortality was at the concentration 10-2 (33.33%) for both Acinetobacter lwoffii and Enterobacter cloacae bacteria. While the highest rate of larvae mortality was at the concentration 10-4 (33.33%) for each of Pseudomonas oleovorans, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas the concentration 10-6 showed the highest mortality rate (50%) of Pseudomonas oleovorans and Klebsiellaella bacteria. Results of the study showed predominance of the effect of Pseudomonas oleovorans and Klebsiella pneumonia on the mortality rate of the larvae of the great Gelleria mellonell L. worm as it was 50%, while the effect of Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas oleovorans yielded the highest mortality rate of 33.33% at each of the concentrations 10-2,10-4 10-6 whereas the results showed that the concentration 10-2 for each of Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter aerogenes had no effect on larvae mortality.
Synthesis titanium dioxide nanoparticles doped with silver and Novel antibacterial activity
Authors: Abdulkadhim Waleed K.
Published: September 2021

Pure and Ag doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesis via a hydrothermal process and have anti-bacterial activity were examined against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. The effect of Ag doping on TiO2 to rutile phase transformation was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),(EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and (UV). The average size of the TiO2 was in the range of (12.6)nm, and the doped TiO2+Ag had an average size of (12)nm. The antibacterial activity of the Tio2 and TiO2+Ag were evaluated against E. coli,S. aureus using the release of cellular materials method. The results showed that TiO2+Ag nanoparticles as a novel DNA-mediated antibacterial agent. The TiO2+Ag nanoparticles were observed to destroy the bacterial cells by permeating the bacterial nucleic acid and cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in the loss of cell wall integrity, nucleic acid damage, and increased cell-wall permeability.
Compressive Strength, Wear, and Structure Characteristics as a Result of Silicon Carbide Addition on a Copper Base
Authors: Ghareeb Suha M. , Aman Allah Sabah Mahmoud , Darweesh Salih Y.
Published: September 2021

The current research aims to study of the effected of the reinforced materials on the extent of failure or resistance of the metals. The powder method was used to manufacture models of copper-based composites, then copper was reinforced by silicon carbide at percentages of (0,5,10,15,20)%, and alumina was used as a fixed support at (10% Al2O3), Moreover, the mixture was ground by a steel mill for 2, 4, and 6 hours and then pressed with a press capacity of 20 tons. The homogeneous mixture was placed inside a steel mold and pressed at 5 tons for a time of one minute. After sintering at 900°C for two hours, the samples were prepared. The diagonal compressive strength tests, the wear test and examination of an atomic force microscope in three different grinding periods were carried out. The results of the examination showed that the highest compressive strength was obtained (53.3 Mpa) at a six-hour grinding time with a percentage of 20%SiC, while the wear rate showed a decrease in its value as it was less weary at a six-hour grinding time, and at a percentage of 20%SiC also (1.10368 * 10 -7 g/cm). The images obtained from the atomic force microscope showed that the total surface topography and the morphology of the grains formed on the surface have a high degree of homogeneity and arrangement after the heat treatment. We observed the regularity in the growth of the superimposed layer and noted that the grains were arranged perpendicular to the axis. As the crystalline heights are approximately equal, the best characteristic parameters of the results were found at sintering of 900°C, grinding time of six hours, and cementing content of 20%.
Effect of heat treatment on the characteristics and NH3 Sensing properties of Tin Dioxide SnO2 Thin Film
Authors: jarrah Radhiyah M.S.al , Allawi Hamza Huda , Jaafer Noor Ali
Published: September 2021

In this research, Spray pyrolysis technique used to prepared Tin dioxide (SnO2) thin films on glass substrate with thickness about 200± 8 nm by dissolved 2.2563 g of SnCl2.2H2O in 100 ml of ethanol then added 60 drops from concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). After that the films were annealed at different temperatures (300, 400 and 400 °C ). X-ray analyses shows that the structure of all SnO2 films is polycrystalline with tetragonal rutile crystalline structure with preferential orientation in the direction (200).

The optical measurements show that the optical transition has been direct and the average band gap has been tendency to decreases from 3.98 eV to 3.73 eV with increasing of Ta. The extent and nature of transmittance and optimized band gap of the material assure to utilize it for sensor applications.

From sensing measurements for NH3 gas at different operating temperature (100,200,250 and 300)°C and gas concentration 1(5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% ) can be seen that the sensitivity increases with increasing operating temperature and gas concentration, the response time decreases to smallest value (4s) at operating temperature 200 °C while the recovery time (22 s).
Improving the physical and mechanical properties of nickel by adding nano titanium oxide by powder technology
Authors: Ali Muhammed A. , Jassim Ismael K.
Published: September 2021

In the current article aims to study the effect of Nano construction on the physical and mechanical properties of nickel, samples were made from samples of nickel-based metal and supported with nano titanium oxide, with volumetric ratios of (0,5,10,15,20) %, where the matrix and the reinforcement were ground using a homemade microwave mill with milling times of (3, 6, 9) hours. After that the required weights were prepared and the powders were pressed at (100 bar) and for a time of one minute only. Then the samples resulting from pressing were thermally treated by means of oven and at 1200°C for a time of two hours, physical tests were carried out that included green density and bulk, true porosity, and mechanical properties are hardness, wear rate. The physical and mechanical tests gave the best results after sintering and at a milling time of 9 hours and reinforcement from (0-20) % where the green density decreased from (7.01-5.20) g/cm3, and the bulk density after sintering decreased from (8.43-7.20) g/cm3, porosity increased from (15.43-8.8)%. The mechanical properties increased the hardness from (99-240) Kg/mm2, while the wear rate decreased from (4.03×10-7-6.59×10-8) g/cm. All these results indicate an improvement in nickel metal with an increase in the Nano composition ratio.
Effect of hexagonal synthetic aperture on the optical system with focal error
Authors: Kharnoob Ali Abduljaleel , Hassan Adnan Falh
Published: September 2021

We introduce a new approach by using hexagonal synthetic aperture in an optical system and obtaining a high-resolution image. This paper illustrates two cases of an optical system with a hexagonal synthetic aperture where the study was included, First, study the effect of a hexagonal synthetic aperture on a diffraction-bound optical system, Second, study the effect of hexagonal synthetic aperture on an optical system with a focal error of 25λ and 50λ. The results showed a significant improvement in the central intensity, a clear decrease in the secondary peaks, and a decrease in the width of the central intensity curve, which gives a high-resolution image as a result of improving the signal to noise ratio.
Study The Spectral and Thermal Properties of The Molecule Tetracene (C18-H12) by Using Semi Empirical Quantum programs
Authors: Abdulla Zeno M. , Mohammed Abdul Hakim Sh.
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to determine the spectral properties of the Tetracene molecule (C18H12) using the Semi-empirical quantum programs (Hyper Chem8.0, WinMopac7.21) by (MNDO-PM3) method ( Modified Neglect of Differential Overlap-Parameterization Model3) The study envelope computation of the space geometry of the Tetraene molecule was calculated using the initial and final matrices, including the length, the angle between the bonds, the angle of the dipole, and the charge of each atom in the Tetracene molecule, The total energy, binding energy, electronic energy, core-core repulsion, ionization potential, molecular weight, moment of inertia, and dipole moment of the molecule were also calculated The curved potential energy of each molecule has been plotted as it is adopted to vary the length of the bonds, (C1-H19) and (C1-H15) in the Tetracene molecule compared to the result of the total energy values of Tetracene in equilibrium. In addition to the potential energy curve, the dissociation energy of spectroscopy was calculated for molecule and the molecular orbit including ELUMO equal to (-1.353), EHOMO equal to (-7.87eV), Egap equal to (6.517 eV) of Tetracene. Likewise, the vibration frequencies of the Tetracene molecule were obtained in the infrared region and electron transmission in the UV region. Some thermal properties (thermodynamics) of Tetracene were also calculated, including heat of formation, entropy, heat capacity, enthalpy and, gibbs free energy, at a temperature (298K), the value of the Tetracene molecule was equal to (84.445)kcal.mol-1, (114.6487)Cal.mol-1.K-1, (54.8085)Cal.mol-1.K-1,(8484.7728)Cal.mol-1 (-25716.70)Cal.mol-1 respectively. The results of the theoretical study agreed with the experimental results and almost with the previous research.
Green Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ruta Leaf Extract
Authors: Mamdooh Nabeel W. , Naeem Ghassan A.
Published: September 2021

In this paper, green synthesis of AgNPs is carried out by means of an environmentally friendly, cost-effective and safe technology using Ruta leaf extract as a reducing agent for silver. Furthermore, biological activity of produced AgNPs was examined against different microorganism with multiple resistances to antibiotics, which isolated from different disease states. The produced AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by Ruta leaf extract were confirmed by their change of color from colorless to yellow and lastly to reddish brown. UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis of the AgNPs synthesized showed characteristic surface plasmon absorption peak at 415 nm. Where the X-ray diffraction showed that, the nanoparticles were crystalline in nature with a face-centered cubic structure (FCC). Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrograph showed the creation of spherical nanoparticles with size from 30 to 50 nm in diameter. The element silver of the sample was obtained from the Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray (EDX). The stability and distribution size were detected using zeta potential and DLS analysis.
Structural properties of pure and Sn doped ZnO thin film prepared using sol-gel method
Authors: Alqaisi Marwa Mudfer , Ghazai Alaa J.
Published: September 2021

In this work, the pure ZnO and Sn doped ZnO thin films with different volume ratios (2, 4, 6, and 8V/V) of tin chloride have been successfully prepared by using sol-gel method. The structural properties were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Atomic force microscope (AFM). The results showed that, pure ZnO and Sn doped ZnO thin films have polycrystalline in nature with hexagonal structure. The structure have different plane at (1 1 1),(0 0 2),(1 0 1),(1 0 2),(1 1 0),(1 0 3),(1 1 2) belong to 2θ of 31.64, 34.30,36.13, 47.43, 56.49, 62.73, 67.83 respectively. The orientation of (002) at 2θ = 34.30 has a narrow FWHM, low strain, and crystalline size equal to 4.913, 3.683, 3.686, 2.455, and4.911 respectively for pure, Sn doped ZnO. Particle shapes were spherical granules morphology for all samples. The AFM images showed that the size of the grains on the surface of thin films increases with the increase in the concentration of impurity which agreement with the SEM results.
Study of structural and magnetic properties for the magnetic system Ba0.2Sr0.8Fe12O19 nanoparticle powder via chemical coprecipitation method
Authors: Abbas Mustafa Ali , Ajeel Khalid I. , jeber Raheem Abed
Published: September 2021

The present work is an experimental study and interested in hexaferrite samples preparation of the system Ba0.2Sr0.8Fe12O19 nanoparticle powder by chemical coprecipitation method used to prepare fine nanoparticles. The structural properties of this system have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and were found the average grain size to be (33.685)nm. Magnetic properties were calculated by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), it was the results proved that the saturation magnetization reaches to (85.633)emu/gr and the residual magnetization is (39.342)emu/gr. The coercivity of (4665.909)Oe is also observed. The hysteresis loop was studied and shown that, this system of hard ferrite materials.
Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial activity of polyaniline-CdS nanocomposites
Authors: Al-Kilabi Raad Hussein Ghali , Alkhayatt Adel H. Omran , Ressen Ali Hassan
Published: September 2021

Polyaniline (PANI) semiconductor polymer and cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) was prepared by chemical oxidation method and sol-gel method respectively. (10-40) wt% content of CdS NPs was added polyaniline conductive polymer powder to prepared PANI-CdS nanocomposites. The Fourier transform infrared analysis FT-IR spectra of the prepared samples revealed that the effective groups and peak locations referred to the confirming chemical bond are well-matched with the reported literature. The XRD results shows a very wide peak of PANi polymer which indicate to some crystallinity of PANi structure. Whereas the diffraction pattern of CdS NPs shows high crystallinity and polycrystalline nature of hexagonal wurtzite phase. The diffraction pattern of PANI-CdS nanocomposites shows lower peaks intensity than of CdS NPs and improved with the increase of CdS NPs content. The antibacterial activity of PANi and PANi-CdS nanocomposites was estimated by agar well diffusion method against four types of pathogenic bacteria Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. It was found that there is a strong antibacterial activity and the greatest effect was for the prepared PANi-CdS NPs 40 wt% and the highest activity was found against Staph. aureus bacteria as well as with the increase of nanoparticles content.
Structural, Morphology and Optical properties of Ag-doped Nanostructured CdS thin films
Authors: Shaban Zina M , Khlati Jenan A , Khadayeir Abdulhussain A , Habubi Nadir F , Chiad Sami S
Published: September 2021

Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) method is employed to deposit CdS and Silver (Ag)-doped CdS films. The effect of Ag doping at 1, and 3 wt-% levels is considered. The principal X-ray diffraction peak was along (020) plane. Maximum grain size was observed at the (CdS:3% Ag) films. The dislocation density parameter increased from 53.04 to 37.08, whereas the strain(%) parameter decreases from 25.23 to 21.10. Atomic force Microscope (AFM) images indicate a polycrystalline structure, and reveal that the undoped CdS and doped CdS:Ag films have discontinuous surfaces with spherically grains decreased from (58.05 to 45.77 nm) with the increase of doping from 0% to 3%. Root-mean square (Rrms) roughness of surface is about (9.81-5.42) nm. Also, there was a clear decrement in transmittance as Ag increment. The optical energy bandgap Eghas been decreased from 2.47 to 2.37 eV due to increase in Ag content. The absorption coefficients with photon energy increase with increasing concentration doping in Ag.
Preparation and Investigation Physical Properties of Functionally Graded Materials of Aluminum-Nickel Alloys
Authors: Hussein Massoud Aziz , Al-Shafaie Saad Hameed , Radhi Nabaa S.
Published: September 2021

Materials that are functionally graded and have a layered structure made of nickel and aluminum were fabricated by powder metallurgy procedure. Al/Ni FGM consist of five layers. The functionally graded material sample starts with pure aluminum and ends with pure nickel. the graded layers were (25 Ni-75Al) %, (50 Ni-50 Al) % and (75 Ni-25Al) %. Samples were sintered at a temperature 600° C. Apparent density, green density, porosity, and shrinkage of each layer were measured.
Analysis of Thermal Effect in Thin Disk Laser: A Review
Authors: Shibib K.S. , Abdulrazzaqand M.J. , Bader J. K.
Published: September 2021

Since its first invitation in 1993, solid-state diode end-pumped thin-disk laser attracts much attention due to its significant improvements in the solid-state laser system. It had many advantages; it has high optical and electrical efficiency, high produced peak power, a simple cooling system, and high beam quality more than the usual solid-state diode laser system. The thin-disk laser (TDL) permits an effective pulse mode, which permits a new type of very short-pulsed laser system that could be used in the industry. Due to the influence of the many factors such as effective cooling system, the type of pumping, and the used thin crystal, a one-dimensional heat flow through thin-disk laser could be achieved which permits excellent enhancement in the beam quality. Finally, in this work, a review is made to the works devoted to discussing the basic principle and the solutions used to analyze the thermal effect in the thin disk laser.
Thermo Elastic Properties of Nano-TiO2 Under High Pressure Using Different Equations of State
Authors: Ghazal Abdulwahab Ibrahim , Al-sheikh Adnan Mohammed
Published: September 2021

In this paper, different EOSs (Birch-Murnaghan, modified Lennard-Jones, Singh and Kao, Tait) are used to study the effect of high pressure on thermo-elastic properties of nano TiO2 (Nano titanium dioxide). The results of V/Vo variation calculations under high pressure, using all the four EOSs, showed excellent agreement with the experimental data. This gives a conclusion that the EOSs used in the calculations of bulk materials, (Birch-Murnaghan, modified Lennard-Jones, Tait), can be used to perform the calculation for nanomaterials. The results obtained using these equations showed a complete agreement between them, on the one hand, and with the experimental data, on the other hand, when calculating the change of V/VO under high pressure. While the results obtained by S-K EOS differed from the results of the rest of the EOSs when calculating the change of, isothermal bulk modulus and thermal expansion coefficient, for Nano TiO2 under high pressure. This deviation may be attributed to considering B’O a constant value (B’O = 4) across all the derivation of S-K EOS.
Finding Roots of Nonlinear Equation for Optoelectronic Device
Authors: Rasheed Mohammed , Shihab Suha , Alabdali Osama , Rashid Ahmed , Rashid Taha
Published: September 2021

New three iterative methods in order to solve non-linear problems for PV cell equations with various data of R (load resistance) have been investigated. A series of hybrid algorithms Newton’s, Predictor-Corrector Type (A1), Predictor-Corrector Type (A2) and Dekker’s are implemented to obtain approximate solutions for non-linear functions. The purpose of the present paper is to analysis on numerical comparison between the standard Newton’s algorithm with A1, A2 and DM algorithms. It is evidenced that these methods have nearly eight computations while; the proposed method has six computations per iteration. The Numerical and illustrative results reveal that the new suggested technique (DM) is more accurate, least iterations for convergence than other numerical methods and a computational Matlab 18a is used for this paper.
On the Solution of Nonlinear Equation for Photovoltaic Cell Using New Iterative Algorithms
Authors: Rasheed Mohammed , Alabdali Osama , Shihab Suha , Rashid Ahmed , Rashid Taha
Published: September 2021

Root finding is a basic example that still remnant an interest to several researchers. Several hybrid experiments are developed to obtain approximate solutions for nonlinear equations. Thus, this paper presents an analysis on numerical comparison between common method and the other methods. An evaluation iterative method MATLAB is utilized for this paper. Numerical and interpretative results prove that Dekker’s Formula is acceptably efficient, accurate, and easy to use compared with other iterative methods.
Sensor and Regional Gradient Detectability of Distributed Systems
Authors: Al-Saphory Raheam A. , Al-Jawari Naseif J.
Published: September 2021

In this paper the Regional Gradient Detectability ( R G – Detectability) based on Sensors and Actuators Structures (SAS). So, we reflect a class of Distributed Parameter Systems (DPSs) in Sobolev Space (SS) such that the dynamics of the system is ruled by Strongly Continuous SemiGroup (SCSS). More accurately, we discover numerous outcomes connected with diverse types of structures with a view to accomplish that Regional Gradient Observability ( R G – Observabilityty) notion. Therefore, we establish that, the existence of Gradient Detectable System (GD – System) is not realized in general case, but it perhaps Regionally Gradient Detectable System (RG – Detctable System).
Use of a modified Markov models for parallel reliability systems that are subject to maintenance
Authors: Ameer issa Laith Abd Al , Haddi Hassan Zahir Abdul
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we shall describe the reliability function R(t) as probability that the system will not malfunction within a given interval of execution times for maintained systems. Although, we shall be concerned with developing the reliability functions and predicted time to equipment breakdown (MTTF), Time between failures on average (MTBF) and the overall repair time (MTTR) from concepts of Markov model and some of transformations of Laplace to obtain the reliability and availability.
Oscillatory Flow and Variable Viscosity by the Heat for the Prandtl -Eyring Fluid through Porous Channel
Authors: Al-Khafajy Dheia G. Salih , Al-Kaabi Wedyan A.Muhi
Published: September 2021

This paper looked into the effect of heat transfer on the magnetohydrodynamics oscillatory flow of Prandtl-Eyring Fluid through a porous channel. The perturbation procedure is used to obtain accurate forms for velocity profiles. and discuss the solutions for two types of flow “Couette flow and Poiseuille flow” of this problem. The results are presented by graphs. The first section in your paper.
On semi θ-‘ axioms
Authors: Alkazragy Ali. , Mayah Faik. , Al-Hachami Ali Kalaf. H.
Published: September 2021

The aim of this paper is to introduce some new separation axioms based on the idea of defining new kinds of open sets, namely semi-θ-open sets. We study there basic properties and also the implications of these new separation axioms among themselves and with the known axioms T2,T1
and T0
are obtained.
QOTRU: A New Design of NTRU Public Key Encryption Via Qu-Octonion Subalgebra
Authors: Abo-Alsood H.H. , Yassein H. R.
Published: September 2021

NTRU is an open-source public key cryptosystem that encrypts and decrypts data using lattice-based cryptography. It is more resistant to attacks than other common public-key cryptosystems, and its performance has been demonstrated to be significantly higher. Any cryptosystem that uses non-commutative computations in its encryption and decryption processes becomes a highly lattice attack-resistant system as a result of Shamir’s conclusion. This paper presents a new multidimensional public-key cryptosystem which is a non-commutative variant of the NTRU called QOTRU. It operates in the subalgebra of octonion algebra called Qu-octonion subalgebra with a new mathematical structure of two public keys and five private keys. This new structure has enhanced the public key system to be more secure and complex.
Doubly Truncated Exponentiated Inverted Gamma Distribution
Authors: Abid Salah H. , Kadhim Fadhl J.
Published: September 2021

Based on the ongoing actual need for probability distributions that are more elastic than that already in place, we present here the doubly truncated Exponentiated Inverted Gamma distribution (DTEIGD). The rth raw moments function form derives for new density. Stress-strength reliability, Shannon and relative entropies have also been discussed.
A New Type of Step Sizes for Unconstrained Optimization
Authors: Hassan Basim A. , Younis Maha S. , Taha Mohammed W. , Ibrahim Abdulkarim Hassan
Published: September 2021

Step sizes is very important for a global convergence gradient method for solving the problems of unconstrained optimization. The new step sizes formulas techniques proposed, the key idea used in the construction of the algorithm is to approximate Hessian by a suitable diagonal matrix, which has been found to be the most efficient in this paper. Under weaker conditions, we define the convergences of the proposed methods. In addition, we will show that performance of proposed algorithm is better than of the gradient descent (GD) method.
Influence of Heat Transfer on Magnetohydrodynamics Oscillatory Flow for Bingham Fluid with Variable Viscosity Through a Porous channel
Authors: Al-Khafajy Dheia G. Salih , Mohammed Safaa N.
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to study a mathematical model explaining the impacts influence of heat transfer on magnetohydrodynamics oscillatory flow for Bingham Fluid with variable viscosity through a porous channel. The governing equations are solved numerically by developing a suitable finite difference scheme. As an application of the theory in the field of magneto. We used the perturbation method to obtain a clear formula for fluid motion. The results obtained are illustrated by graphs after we reached the momentum equation solution, and used the MATHEMATICA program for plot the velocity and temperature of the fluid for two types of flow (Poiseuille and Couette).
Increase the Reliability of Critical Units by Using Redundant Technologies
Authors: Abbas Sameer Abd Karim , Haddi Hassan Zahir Abdul
Published: September 2021

In this article, we will look at the importance of each unit in a mixed system and attempt to estimate the impact of their effect on the system’s overall performance depending on their importance. We will also demonstrate how to use an addition technique to enhance the efficiency of the units that have a greater impact on the system’s overall performance than others.
A Numerical Study for Solving Mathematical Fuzzy Population Model
Authors: Mechee Mohammed S. , Mahdi Ahlam A.
Published: September 2021

Population models are used to determine maximum harvest for agriculturists and to understand the dynamics of biological invasions and for environmental conservation. Also, population models are used to understand the spread of parasites, viruses and disease. However, the mathematical model of population can be used to make future prediction of the growth of population. In this paper, numerical study for solving mathematical fuzzy population model has been introduced. The development of direct explicit numerical integrators of RK-type to be consistent with solving fuzzy ordinary differential equations. The computational efficiency of the numerical method has been developed. The advantage and the efficiency of the proposed method have been shown clearly using the numerical results which are agree well with analytical solutions due to the proposed method is more efficient and accurate method.
α-PSB update method
Authors: Mahmood Saad Shakir , Ibraheem Haider Aliwe
Published: September 2021

In this work, we propose modification for PSB update with a new extended Quasi – Newton condition for unconstrained optimization problem, so it’s called (α – PSB) method. PSB update kind of rank two update, which solve the unconstrained optimization problem, but this update can’t guarantee the positive definite property of Hessian matrix. In this work, the guarantee of positive definite property for the Hessian matrix be confirmed by updating the vector sk, which represent the difference between the next gradient and the current gradient of the objective function which assume to be continuous twice and differentiable. Then we proved the existentialism of this update. Numerical results are reported where the comparison between the proposed method and the PSB update method under standard problems.
A Novel Encryption System Based on PGP Using Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem and Bézier Curve for Secure Information Exchange
Authors: Ghadi Dua Mohammed
Published: September 2021

This paper presents an approach to generating a secure ciphertext. Quadratic Bézier curve equation has been used in this paper to add more secure and complexity to elliptic curve cryptosystem. Proposed method using quadratic Bézier curve with ElGamal elliptic curve cryptosystem (ElGamal ECC). The idea of proposed method is encrypt the key that has been generated by public key in ElGamal elliptic curve cryptosystem by using quadratic Bézier curve equation based on PGP behavior. The proposed method have been more efficiency and complex. This method have been compared with different keys size to computing the randomness tests National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and running time for the encryption and decryption process.
Digital Watermark Technique: A Review
Authors: makhrib Zainab F. , karim Abdulamir A.
Published: September 2021

Multimedia security is extremely significant concern for the internet technology because of the ease of the duplication, distribution and manipulation of the multimedia data. The digital watermarking is a field of information hiding which hide the crucial information in the original data for protection the illegal duplication and distribution of multimedia data. This paper presents a survey on the existing digital image watermarking techniques. In the digital watermarking the secret information are implanted into the original data for protecting the ownership rights of the multimedia data. The image watermarking techniques may divide on the basis of domain like spatial domain or transform domain. The while spatial domain techniques directly work on the pixels and the frequency domain works on the transform coefficients of the image. This survey elaborates the most important methods of spatial domain and transform domain and focuses on the merits and demerits of these techniques.
Experimental Investigation of gamma-ray shielding capability of clay used as building materials in Thi Qar Province
Authors: Abdul Alaa T. , Rashid Jabbar M.
Published: September 2021

Clay is one of the oldest building materials known to man uses in construction. This material has many important potentials and features, and the methods of using this material in construction in the past and present varied greatly, responding to environmental determinants; Such as the climate, the quality of the soil, and the available materials on the one hand. The aim of the present study is to test the ability of this material to attenuate gamma-ray radiation. Gamma ray attenuation coefficients such as linear and mass attenuation half value layer, tenth value layer, and mean free path for deferent thickness slabs of clay was measured using 3”×3” NaI(Tl) gamma spectroscopy system at energy 662 KeV, 1173 KeV, and 1332 KeV. The measured values of the attenuation parameters showed good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The elemental compositions of the clay slabs analyzed by using an EDXRF spectrometer. The obtained results appear that the clay is a suitable alternative for radiation protection and achieve a safe level of radiation exposure for photons that have moderate energy.
A New Neuron Ion Channel Model Under Time Varying Input Currents
Authors: Khudhur Ahmed Mahmood , Shano Ahmed M , Abbas Abdul Salam Hassan
Published: September 2021

In recent years, it has been argued and shown experimentally that ion channel noise in neurons can cause fundamental effects on the neuron’s dynamical behavior. Most profoundly, ion channel noise was seen to be able to cause spontaneous firing and stochastic resonance. However, Hodgkin-Huxley model affected when inserting some colored noise terms inside the conductance’s, where those effects captured by colored noise due to the gate multiplicity. This paper presents a new ion channel model under time varying periodic input currents. It firstly introduced the effect of without, with (colored noise), on the proposed model and the comparison of ion channel based on HH, Fox- Lu, and Linaro models. Additionally, in order to overcome the limitations of other parameter estimation methods, the proposed method fully constraints their models and obtains all models capabilities of reproducing the data. Finally, the relationship between the sequence of colored noise and the spike frequency are simulated efficiently each gate compared with microscopic simulations of the stochastic Markov process method. The simulation results revealed that above a critical value of the input frequency and also below a certain amplitude value, the colored terms play a very prominent role on the firing statistics. In addition, the spiking rate generated from the proposed model very close to microscopic simulations and doesn’t effect by the membrane size.
The Effect of Different Thickness on The Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Abdullah Muhaj T. , Raoof Lamyaa M. , Hasan Mazin H. , Abd Ahmed N. , Mohammed Ibraheem M.
Published: September 2021

In the recent years TiO2 films are extensively studied because of their interesting chemical, optical and electrical properties. In the researcher work, TiO2 thin films have received great attention, because of having excellent photocatalytic and antibacterial properties when exposed to UV light (320 – 400 nm). TiO2 films spectra have maximum transmission at (900 nm) and exhibit high visible transmittance, up to 78 %, for 150 nm, which decreased slightly to 61.4 % for 450 nm. When wavelength decreases the absorptance will increase. The absorption coefficient is increasing with thickness decreasing (the probability of occurrence direct transition). From the light scattering effect for its high surface roughness the formation stage of anatase was appear with increase in grain size and density of layers. The refractive index increases with thickness increasing, and then the enhancement of growth crystalline. It have found a wide range of applications in various fields like photocatalysis, antibacterial and protective coatings, antireflecting coatings, etc.
Lightness Enhancement by Fuzzy Logic Depending on Power Membership Function
Authors: Jawad Murtadha k. , Daway Hazim G. , Mohamad Haidar J. , Daway Esraa G.
Published: September 2021

Lightness problem considered one of the challenging fields in the image enhancement category. The power membership function based on a fuzzy logic algorithm is developed within this paper to enhance lightness in the color images. The suggested algorithm depends on nonlinear power function to enhance image contrast. The suggested algorithm compared with other algorithms such as fuzzy logic (square method), fuzzy logic (cubic method), Histogram Equalization and Multi-Scale Retinex. Different criteria used to evaluate the performance of the presented algorithm like Mean Square Error in the Saturation (MSES), Mean Square Error in the Hue (MSEH), nature image quality Evaluator and entropy. The evaluated methods show that the suggested algorithm improved the lightness and contrast batter than the other methods.
Optical Fiber Communication Affected by Magnetic Field of a Straight Conductor
Authors: Khudhair Muntadher J. , Mohammed Khalid Ghalib , Mohammed Firas S.
Published: September 2021

This paper deals with the effect of magnetic field of a straight Conductor on data transmission in optical fiber communication systems. A proposed method utilized to measure the stability of system performance. The experimental and simulation results demonstrated that the system instability increases effectively under the effect of external Magnetic Field. The experimental results show linear dependence of the output power fluctuation with the low magnetic field. Furthermore, for higher magnetic field values the maximum probability values of the output power close to110%. Moreover, high values of Q-factor (≥ 6) indicate a lower rate of received signal loss and the effect of the external magnetic field can be neglected in common applications.
Fabrication and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles by Electrolysis Technique for schottky photodiode applications
Authors: Abd Ahmed N. , Jabbar Mushtak A. , Hassoni Majid H.
Published: September 2021

In this research gold nano-particles (AuNPs) was synthesized by electrolysis Technique. Au thin films were deposited on the silicon and the borosilicate glass at a Temperature (80 °C) by dropcasting method. Structural, optical and topographic properties of prepared Au NPs was estimated by UV-VIS spectrometer, TEM, AFM, and XRD diffraction. The open circuit Voltage (Voc=2.8 mV) and Short-circuit density (Isc=5mA). This resultant relive that the fill factor (F.F) and conversation efficiency (η), were 32% and 9.3% respectively.