bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Job’s comforter and the mad satrap
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

The British Are Coming The last two months of 1950 were “a dreadful passage for Truman,” writes biographer David McCullough, in General Omar Bradley’s view worse than the snow, mud, and blood of the Battle of the Bulge. They were awful for Dean Acheson, too. If having both enemies and “friends” crying for his head was not enough, now came the unwelcome visit of what Acheson called “a Job’s comforter,” Clement Attlee, ostensibly prompted by Truman’s inept remarks about using atomic bombs in Korea. Coming just “as all our forces were going to pieces,” this little summit might force inopportune peace talks and tear holes in the western alliance.
Command in japan
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Japan: A Preview and Overview Dean Acheson was in his element when engaged in European affairs, with the Soviet Union as his target. By his own accounting, the Japanese peace treaty of 1951 was his single triumph in Asia. Washington held all the high cards in Japan; otherwise, creating situations of strength in Asia was a daunting task. The treaty capped a long-term goal of linking this latent powerhouse to the western coalition. Japan stood strategically off the Asian land mass, heavily populated with an educated and industrious people. A historically proven power in war, Japan could now become invaluable in hosting U.S. military bases. Unlike MacArthur’s Formosa, it was a truly unsinkable aircraft carrier. In Theodore Roosevelt’s time, it was the first Asian nation to garner the real respect of American statesmen. In Acheson’s time, he was among the first U.S. officials to fasten on its importance, but George Marshall and especially George Kennan paved the way toward restoring Japan for the western, anti-Soviet coalition in Truman’s first term. Acheson’s sponsorship for the next steps was essential, but to keep the issue out of conservatives’ line of fire, John Foster Dulles received the job to make the treaty itself.
Failure in indochina and china
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Slouching Toward the Big Muddy1 Well before the start of the Korean War, the American commitment in Southeast Asia grew apace. As already described in Chapter 16, a string of diplomatic junkets marked signs of things to come. Following Philip Jessup’s 1949 –50 sweep through Asia came Allen Griffin touring on the issue of economic aid, David Bell on Philippine reform, and John Melby on military aid. Melby returned warning against deeper involvement. But belief that Japanese economic recovery depended on stability in Southeast Asia further prodded Washington toward intervention in Indochina. Acheson like most of his colleagues was convinced the United States could improve on France’s performance. Second thoughts came when Ho Chi Minh’s forces smacked French armies about in the fall of 1950, but instead of giving up, the Americans looked for new solutions. At first, Washington just wrote larger checks to Paris. Acheson claimed to believe the “Associated States” established by France, with Vietnam headed by Emperor Bao Dai, were virtually sovereign, but the Asian states he sought to enlist to the same view were unpersuaded.
Picking up sticks in egypt and iran
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Introduction It is virtually impossible to change one part of the world without causing dangerous shifts in others, and in this, actors in world politics are sometimes like wallpaper hangers. As soon as they get one corner of the roll to stick, another unrolls, and they have to start over. Hanging new wallpaper—trying to make something close to what the world formerly looked like—while trying to get into the swing of new rhythms is especially hard, if not impossible. This is what American officials tried to do in the colonial and ex-colonial world of the 1940s and 1950s.
Lisbon to letdown: the fate of the edc
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Forward Power in Europe On European matters, Acheson greeted 1952 with a mixture of hope and unease. In February, NATO Council and Big Three meetings would gather in Portugal’s capital, where he hoped the allies could complete work on the European Defense Community. He also expected to finish its necessary twin, the “contractuals” that would virtually reinstate the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and were the equivalent of a peace treaty between the FRG and the western occupying powers. He expected the two tasks to take another thirty to sixty days. France still insisted on sewing Germany into the pan-European fabric of the EDC before actually allowing it to rearm. In Bonn, Konrad Adenauer would not give the European Defense Community a single soldier until the occupation ended. Satisfying both would allow the west to establish enough forward-based forces to worry if not defeat the Red Army. But even as a climactic settlement seemed imminent, France, Germany, and Britain were all throwing sand into the gears of this vital position of strength.
The Escape
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P
Published: November 2023

Edward Gorsuch Was A Good Farmer, and 1849 was a good year for his farm. by november, bacon, potatoes, and cider filled the basement for the winter. his slaves had put up jelly, preserves, and pickles in the pantry, where they also stored sweet potatoes and a keg of molasses. gorsuch’s forty or so cows (including the bull and several calves), fifty pigs (counting the shoats), thirty sheep, and uncounted ducks and chickens mooed, snorted, bleated, quacked, cackled, and crowed the prosperity of the farm. the dozen horses and six plows had done their season’s work, and the corn house full of wheat (figure 1. 1) was a testament to the hard and successful labors of the animals and slaves who worked them. Well, the granary had been full, but Gorsuch noticed that some wheat was missing and unaccounted for. It was not enough to be a serious financial loss or to affect the diet of the humans and animals for which Gorsuch was responsible as the patriarch of Retreat Farm in rural Baltimore County, Maryland, but as a careful husbandman, he made a mental note of the mystery. The lost grain could be a symptom of what might become a larger problem. The bin was about five bushels low, too much to be the quick work of rodents, and there was no evidence of a break-in by larger creatures. So the perpetrator or perpetrators of the robbery must have been human.1
Prologue: The Ambiguity of New Deal Economics
Authors: Collins Robert M
Published: November 2023

Over the years, economists have developed several definitions of economic growth. Usually they use the term to mean either an absolute or per capita increase in an aggregate measure of national income, such as the well-known gross national product (or its more recent variation, the gross domestic product). Refining the matter even further, economists often take care to distinguish between economic expansion, which entails increasing the use of existing capacity, and economic growth, which involves increasing the economy’s productive capacity itself. Few Americans, however, have used the term with such precision. Rather, they have generally construed growth to mean a significant increase in something: more economic activity, more production, more consumption. In this century, growth has also assumed unmistakable connotations of technology, industrialism, materialism, and consumerism—forces often as disorienting as they are rewarding. It was precisely this broader, richer, popular understanding of economic growth that drove some Americans to question its desirability even as the events that heralded the Great Depression were making growth, however defined, increasingly problematic.
The Emergence of Economic Growthmanship
Authors: Collins Robert M
Published: November 2023

Although focused and articulated most clearly by the new Council of Economic Advisers, the postwar interest in economic growth per se was not the Council’s unique discovery or intellectual property. Talk of abundance, hopes of abundance, plans for abundance were all in the air as the war drew to a close. Even before the war’s end, an informal committee that included Alvin Hansen and Gerhard Colm of the Bureau of the Budget’s Fiscal Division had noted that “after the war, the volume of demand and production … will have to increase steadily from year to year in order to sustain full employment as the productive power of our country expands.”1 But in such thinking, growth remained more the by-product of sustained full employment than a primary end in itself. In a similar fashion, the Committee for Economic Development, a prominent business organization, recognized when developing its suggestive and influential “stabilizing budget policy” in 1947 that “reasonable stability of total demand at an adequate level … means a steadily rising level of demand as our productive capacity grows.”2 Here too, however, growth remained subordinate to economic stability as the focus of policy.
Honor and Male Identity in the Old Regime
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I discuss the formation and maintanance of male codes of honor in the Old Regime. I believe this will not only provide us with an understanding of the ways upper-class male identity was constructed in that era, but also with a model for the way this process worked after 1789, which is the primary focus of this book. I hope to show here how the concept of honor originated in an ideology of noble military service and became associated, on account of strategies of inheritance, reproduction, and power with the idea of noble race.
The Culture of the Sword: Manliness and Fencing in the Third Republic
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most popular novel of the early Third Republic was Georges Ohnet’s Le Maître des forges (The Ironmaster), first published in 1882, and in its 181st edition in 1884. Though not a writer of the first rank, Ohnet achieved a considerable following for his works by treating subjects of contemporary interest and employing the formulas for literary success of his day.
Down & out, on the Road
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

Covering the entire period from the colonial era to the late twentieth century, this book is the first scholarly history of the homeless in America. Drawing on sources that include records of charitable organizations, sociological studies, and numerous memoirs of formerly homeless persons, Kusmer demonstrates that the homeless have been a significant presence on the American scene for over two hundred years. He probes the history of homelessness from a variety of angles, showing why people become homeless; how charities and public authorities dealt with this social problem; and the diverse ways in which different class, ethnic, and racial groups perceived and responded to homelessness. Kusmer demonstrates that, despite the common perception of the homeless as a deviant group, they have always had much in common with the average American. Focusing on the millions who suffered downward mobility, Down and Out, On the Road provides a unique view of the evolution of American society and raises disturbing questions about the repeated failure to face and solve the problem of homelessness.
Who Were the Homeless?
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

Who Were the Tramps and Beggars whose presence created such apprehension among charity workers and municipal officials? Limitations inherent in the available sources make it infeasible to calculate the size of the homeless population with any exactitude. It is possible, however, to trace relative changes in the number of homeless persons and to learn a good deal about their background and characteristics. At the state and local level, statistics on arrests and incarcerations for vagrancy, lodgings in police stations and way- farers’ lodges, and relief of vagrants in almshouses all provide insights into the nature of homelessness in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
On the Road
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

Enforced Idleness Made Men Take to the Road; depressions doubled and trebled the number of homeless; industrial accidents could turn workers into street beggars. During the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, many middle-class commentators failed to under- stand these facts of economic life. “The labor union ‘recognizes’ the tramp as ‘the victim of our present economical [sic] system,’” the New York Times proclaimed pompously in 1886, “instead of recognizing in him, as other people do, the victim of a violent dislike to [ sic] labor and a violent thirst for rum.”

To those who viewed the new homelessness of the post–Civil War decades in this manner, the issue was simple: there were some people who simply did not want to work. By the 1890s some critics were beginning to acknowledge a relationship between depressions and the increase in the number of vagrants. The main point, however, John J. McCook argued, was that tramps were drunkards and poor workmen—that was why they were the first to be let go during a depression.
Outcome in Adoption: Lessons from Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Bohman Michael , Sigvardsson Soren
Published: November 2023

As a legal measure to protect abandoned and socially deprived children, adoption has rather recent traditions in Europe and Great Britain. While legislation on adoption for the benefit of the child was first introduced in the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, such laws were not enacted on the European continent or in Great Britain until some hundred years later. For instance, the first Swedish Adoption Act came into force in 1917, but not until 1959 did adopted children become full legal members of their new families. In the German Federal Republic modem adoption laws were not implemented until 1977. This reluctance to recognize the legal rights of the adopted child may reflect the fundamental importance of biological family relationships in Roman-European legal tradition, which still prevails in most European countries.
Adjustment in Interracial Adoptees: An Overview
Authors: Silverman Arnold R , Feigelman William
Published: November 2023

This chapter is divided into four parts. In the first part we offer a historical overview of transracial adoption; the second part examines how laws and social agencies presently encourage or impede this practice. Next, we summarize the social science research on the outcomes associated with transracial adoption. Last, we speculate on the future of this new pattern of adoptive relationships.
Controlling Dissent
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

Almost from the start of hostilities in Europe, President Wilson had been concerned about what would happen to American liberties if the United States ever entered the Great War. He knew from his study of history how patriots had persecuted loyalists in the American Revolution, about the “odious” Sedition Act of 1798 that cut, he wrote, “perilously close to the root of freedom of speech and of the press,” and of Lincoln’s harsh measures against dissenters in the Civil War. He believed that because of the way human nature operated, war would inevitably lead to “moral exhaustion” and a loosening of the principles of just and temperate government.
A Family of Great Price
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

Whatever its advantages locally over the Puritans’ reform program, northwestern British Quaker domesticity was still politically and economically implausible. Neither the Royalist nor Puritan state had use for a system which created conscience to the exclusion and disdain of a morally authoritative upper class or the profession of university-trained ministers of the Word of God. Not counting jail time or tithe destraints, the Anglican authorities squeezed Cheshire and Welsh Quakers between 1660 and 1685 for at least £1,500 in persecutorial fines. Quaker domesticity was also too expensive for a pre-industrial society of limited wealth, especially in one of that society’s poorest regions. The Quakers’ plain infrastructure of un paid, spiritually educated ministers and modest meeting houses hid their households’ need for more wealth than northwestern England could supply.
Palaces on Monday
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

This was an age of utopianism. Political leaders had utopian visions, and so did many citizens, especially the younger generation. The spirit is hard to capture in an age of skepticism, since utopianism, like revolution, is so unreasonable. How could anyone have seriously believed in a radiant future, totally different from the miserable past and the chaotic present/ The problem of understanding is all the greater because of the distance between the utopian vision and Soviet reality. It is tempting to dismiss the vision as simply deception and camouflage, especially since the utopian rhetoric actually did serve those purposes, among others, for the Soviet regime. But the vision cannot be dismissed in a study of everyday Stalinism. Not only was it a part of Stalinism, and an important one at that, but it was also a part of everyone’s everyday experience in the 1930s. A Soviet citizen might believe or disbelieve in a radiant future, but could not be ignorant that one was promised.
A Demographic Portrait of America’s Oldest Old
Authors: Taeuber Cynthia M , Rosenwaike Ira , Willis David P
Published: November 2023

The oldest old are a small but rapidly growing group. In 1900, there were 252,000 persons aged 80 to 84 years and only 122,000 persons aged 85 years and over (Figure 2-1). In 1990 there were 3.9 million and 3.0 million, respectively.
The Clinician’s Experience: Power Versus Magic in Medicine
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

TRADITIONALLY, THE PRACTICE of medicine has been divided into its science, concerned with disease, and its art, associated with the actual care of patients. As in many a tense marriage, arguments have been advanced about the differences, similarities, and mutual need of each of these aspects for the other. In these discussions, when the concern is that the needs of the sick are being overlooked in modern scientific medicine, the importance of empathy, compassion, communication, and other humane qualities of physicians are stressed.
Planter Republicanism versus Junker Monarchism
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis
Published: November 2023

Despite Analogies Between plantations and knight’s estates as commercial enterprises and political communities, these estates and their proprietors functioned within very different geographic, demographic, political, and racial milieus. Although the plantation and Rittergut were both hierarchical and authoritarian institutions, Southern society as a whole was less hierarchical and more fluid, less authoritarian and more democratic, than was East Elbian society. This chapter will explore these differences and their historical evolution in such a way as to illuminate the crucial distinction between the mid-nineteenth-century planter and Junker elites: the former’s libertarian but racist republicanism versus the latter’s militarist and corporatist monarchism. (A synonym for corporatist is estatist, or standisch; and a good definition of an estate, or Stand, is “a legally defined segment of the population in a society which has distinctive rights and duties established by law."1) Wecan highlight this critical disjuncture between the South and East Elbia by juxtaposing some comments from a pair of prominent mid-century politicians, Ernst Gottfried Georg von Biilow-Cummerow (1775-1851) of Pomerania and Jefferson Finis Davis ( 1809-89) of Mississippi.
Study of Genetic Factors in Disease
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines epidemiologic concepts and approaches to assessing the role of genetic factors in disease using population studies. The outcomes of interest are not only disease and disease precursors but normal variants of physiologic attributes, such as eye color and facial features. A brief overview of the biologic basis for the role of genetic factors in health and disease is given in section 5.2. Then, clues to the importance of genetic factors in disease that can be obtained from epidemiologic studies of disease occurrence are reviewed in section 5.3. Section 5.4 addresses epidemiologic approaches to evaluating the importance of genetic factors in the absence of defined genetic mechanisms. We focus on three general types of investigations: migrant, admixture, and inbreeding studies. In section 5.5, epidemiologic approaches to studying the role of measured genes in disease occurrence are discussed, including different study designs and analytic issues, as well as interpretations and limitations of these studies.
The Scholastic Frontier in Western Massachusetts
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

The Following Essay is a True Spin-Off from The Invasion Within. In 1985 The Massachusetts Review invited me to con tribute an article to a special double issue they were planning on New England. Their nominee was “Dr. Wheelock and the Iroquois,” an iconoclastic look at the fashionable myth that Dartmouth was founded as an “Indian college,” which I had given at the Iroquois Conference in 1977 and at Dartmouth in 1978. But it had already appeared in The European and the Indian and in a festschrift for William Fenton, “Mr. Iroquois,” and was about to reappear in a somewhat new guise in a chapter on English schools for Indians in The Invasion Within.
The Power of Print in the Eastern Woodlands
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

One of the French Jesuits’ Keys to Evangelical success was their early appreciation that the natives, members of an oral culture, were extremely impressed by printed books and the Europeans’ ability to read and write. They quickly turned this phenomenon to their advantage by awing the Indians with their “shamanic” powers to “read minds at a distance.” Since natives all over the eastern woodlands were initially impressed by literacy, books, and writing, I wondered why the English missionaries had not been able to capitalize on the natives’ astonishment to the same degree. “The Power of Print” was the result.

The French material had been discussed in The Invasion Within in the context of Jesuit methods of conversion, but the English and Indian data were largely new.
The FBI Dissemination Program
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

How Did The Fbi get its list of subversives to be investigated in its in- quest of 1953? What it knew and what it did with what it knew required the use of informers and the co-optation of private persons like university presidents and other educational officials. The FBI, the educational administrators, and the political leaders who were often their go-betweens never made public what they were doing. Secrecy made deceit possible. So far as the university administrators were concerned, the deceit characteristically took the form of denying that they made inquiries into the political beliefs and activities of teachers when, in fact, they bartered what they knew to the FBI in exchange for what the FBI knew. So far as the political go-betweens were concerned, it took the form of silence, scrupulously protecting the educators and the FBI.
The Big Bands
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

The Big Band Era has traditionally been assigned to the years 1935 to 1945, although some jazz historians prefer a less precise bracketing and refer to the period as running from the midl 930s to the midl 940s. We do not quarrel with the dates as representing the decade or so during which the big bands, the music they produced, and the vocalists and instrumentalists they featured constituted the popular musical form of the time. But we hasten to point out that large musical units employing jazz expression had been around for some years. The genesis of such units can be dated to the early years of the century when brass bands, most including some reed instruments, flourished.
Spike Hughes: Impressions of Ellington in New York (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

It has recently been on my mind that America does not honestly know or appreciate the real treasure she possesses in Duke Ellington. It must be the old, old story of the prophet being without honour in his own country when Duke is billed as “The King of Symphonic Jazz” (Whiteman is now “The Dean”!)-oh, the vulgarity of Broadway advertising!
Spike Hughes: “Meet the Duke!” (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The following article appeared in London’s Daily Herald on the eve of Ellington’s arrival in England. In it, Spike Hughes asserted that while Americans viewed Ellington as “just the successful leader of a successful band,” Europeans had discovered him as “the first genuine composer of Jazz.” Earlier selections in this volume by R. D. Darrell, Abbe Niles, and Janet Mabie counter that claim. Yet Hughes’s effort to sepa rate Ellington’s importance as a composer from his popularity as a performer-as though the two were mutually exclusive-underlines a recurring theme in Ellington criticism.
Ellington: “My Hunt for Song Titles” (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Sequel to Ellington’s 1931 article in the British periodical Rhythm (see 9) appeared in August 1933, shortly after his trip to England. Ellington once again used the opportunity to explain his music and artistic goals to a foreign audience. But this time he did so by showing how the titles of his pieces reflected aspects of the black-American experience, especially “the life of Harlem.”
Constant Lambert on Ellington (1934)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

An artist like Louis Armstrong, who is one of the most remarkable virtuosi of the present day, enthralls us at a first hearing, but after a few records one realizes that all his improvisations are based on the same restricted circle of ideas, and in the end there is no music which more quickly provokes a state of exasperation and ennui. The best records of Duke Ellington, on the other hand, can be listened to again and again because they are not just decorations of a familiar shape but a new arrangement of shapes. Ellington, in fact, is a real composer, the first jazz composer of distinction, and the first Negro com poser of distinction. His works-apart from a few minor details-are not left to the caprice or ear of the instrumentalist; they are scored and written out, and though, in the course of time, variants may creep in-Ellington’s works.
R. D. Darrell: Ellington in an Encyclopedia (1936)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

While recorded jazz, dance and popular music does not fall within the scope of this Encyclopedia, the compiler would be stupid indeed arbitrarily to rule out a considerable number of works of this type which soar far above the levels set by the ordinary machine-products of Tin Pan Alley, and which reveal incomparable powers of rhapsodic melodic invention and an instinct for tonal nuances and orchestral ingenuities equal to the most brilliant flights of Rim sky-Korsakov’s or Richard Strauss’ imagination. This would be ineptly named “Encyclopedia of the World’s Best Recorded Music” if it included many a work of very minor genius, merely because it happened to be signed by the name of some celebrated “serious” composer, and dogmatically ruled out works of superb fantasy and exuberant vitality because they happened to be cast in the smaller and highly limited forms of modern dance music.
Carnegie Revisited (1943/1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Among major offerings on Mr. Ellington’s program were his “Perfume Suite” and selections from his well-known “Black, Brown and Beige.” In the former, there is an ingratiating little piece called “Dancers in Love” which gives Mr. Ellington a chance to display his pianistic talents, as well as a startling trumpet solo in the final section, “Coloratura,” played by William [“Cat”] Anderson. Space does not permit mention of all the vocal and instrumental soloists. Suffice it to say, they acquitted themselves with honor, to the obvious enjoyment of the capacity audience.
Ellington: “Reminiscing in Tempo” (1964)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Llington’s sober and restrained tone in the following Down Beat article-which has nothing to do with the 1935 piece of the same title-may have resulted from his editor’s request for a “philosophical utterance.” Gone are the whimsical flights that characterize so many of Ellington’s journalistic statements. Instead he offers a straightforward assessment of the music business over the years, reflecting on changes in the jazz press, the role of the media in disseminating jazz, and the profession of the big band musician.
Mexicanas
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

Beginning Around 1910 Mexican migration into the United States increased substantially as many people fled the violence and social dislocation of the Mexican Revolution and others sought improved economic opportunities in the American economy. Once they arrived in the U.S., Mexican women and men alike faced discrimination, prejudice, poverty, and insecurity as they confronted a hostile Anglo world and an exploitative market economy. Mexican women, however, found that the processes of migration, settlement, and cultural adaptation affected them in unique ways as a consequence of their complicated position as working-class, minority women within the dominant Anglo culture and their problematical gender status within their own and the larger culture.

Their situation was further complicated by the fact that their migration coincided with a period of dramatic change in the United States. The rise of a consumer economy, the imperatives of war and depression, and the dynamics of gender politics altered women’s lives in complex ways. Women’s political rights and roles were expanding, their labor force rates increasing, and their family roles shifting.
The Hedgehog and the Foxes
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

To many readers the title of this essay may seem whimsical if not obscure. “Lincoln a hedgehog?!” remarked the baffled president of the Abraham Lincoln Association when he first heard the proposed title. Lincoln himself might have appreciated the analogy-given his penchant for animal metaphors and his fondness for Aesop’s Fables. This particular analogy might at first glance appear to be unflattering, though: the Encyclopedia Britannica says of the hedgehog that “the brain is remarkable for its low development.
Wives: Partnership and Patriarchy
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

Wives who were living in households headed by their husbands occupied the most powerful, socially desirable position open to aristocratic women in Yorkist and early Tudor England, with the exception of the tiny number who combined marriage with appointments at court. Wifehood constituted a career that incorporated reproductive, managerial, political, and social functions essential to the survival and prosperity of their husbands’ patrilineages. With few exceptions, wives devoted their energy and attention to their marital families and the households in which they resided from the time they married. But these responsibilities required them to look beyond their residences and to maintain ties with their natal kin, more distant marital relatives, and friends at court since they needed these networks to advance their husbands’ and sons’ careers and arrange their daughters’ marriages. Wives also remained important to their families of birth by serving as intermediaries for them with their husbands and in-laws. Wives who carried out these duties successfully were rewarded materially for their accomplishments and earned the love and respect of their husbands and the admiration of their wider circle of family and friends.
Motherhood: Bearing and Promoting the Next Generation
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

Motherwood was a crucial dimension of aristocratic women’s careers as wives. Their success in bearing children, particularly sons, ensured the survival of their husbands’ lineages and constituted a crucial service to their spouses and in-laws. Although they could never become full members of their husbands’ patrilineages, their children represented their marital families’ future. Their position as the mothers of the next generation strengthened their relationships with their spouses and increased their leverage with their husbands’ close kin. On the practical side, becoming mothers added substantially to the responsibilities they had already assumed as wives. In addition to the physical labor of reproduction, they supervised their children’s educations and care and cooperated with their husbands to settle them in appropriate careers and marriages. Performing these tasks increased their influence over the use of their husbands’ incomes and enhanced their power and authority in their households.
Widows: Women of Property and Custodians of Their Families’ Futures
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

Widowwood was the culmination of aristocratic women’s careers as wives and mothers. Like wifehood and motherhood, it was a stage in most of their lives: 70 percent of 751 male testators who married at least once had surviving wives. Freed from the disabilities of coverture, widows continued to perform tasks they had first assumed as wives and mothers, but with a new degree of independence and authority. Where they had functioned as junior partners during their marriages, they now acted on their own. If they were heiresses, they controlled their inheritances and the income it yielded for the first time. They were the only aristocratic women who headed their own households. In addition, most widows assumed new responsibilities as executors of their husbands’ wills and guardians of their minor and unmarried children.
Continuity and Discontinuity
Authors: Grossmann Atina
Published: November 2023

The National Socialist triumph in 1933 ended the hopeful and problematical experiment that had been Weimar sex reform. The National Socialists de stroyed sex reform leagues, closed birth control clinics, and arrested and forced the emigration of many movement doctors and activists. At the same time they expropriated many of the movement’s social health and public hygiene goals in the name of Volksgesundheit, placing them in the service of an ultimately genocidal racial hygiene program.
No Zero Hour
Authors: Grossmann Atina
Published: November 2023

This book ends with a discussion curiously similar to the one with which it began: German efforts to cope with defeat and postwar reconstruction and its perceived effects on women, family, and social health. Once again, the politics of reproduction and sexuality, and especially questions around abortion, birth control, and marriage and sex counseling, took center stage as a new welfare state (in this case, two new welfare states) was organized. But after 12 years of National Socialism, the repression of sex reform in the Soviet Union, and the exile of many of the most committed exponents of sex reform, the terms of debate had shifted.
Better Red
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

Better Red is an interdisciplinary study addressing the complicated intersection of American feminism and the political left as refracted in Tillie Olsen's and Meridel Le Sueur's lives and literary texts. The first book-length study to explore these feminist writers' ties to the American Communist Party, it contributes to a reenvisioning of 1930s U.S. Communism as well as to efforts to promote working-class writing as a legitimate category of literary analysis. At once loyal members of the male-dominated Communist party and emerging feminists, Olsen and Le Sueur exhibit in their writing tendencies both toward and away from Party tenets and attitudes--at points subverting formalist as well as orthodox Marxist literary categories. By producing working-class discourse, Olsen and Le Sueur challenge the bourgeois assumptions--often masked as classless and universal--of much canonical literature; and by creating working-class women's writing, they problematize the patriarchal nature of the Left and the masculinist assumptions of much proletarian literature, anticipating the concerns of "second wave" feminists a generation later.
Arms Control: The Dilemma of Patriotic Pacifism
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

In his Rescript of 24 August 1898, Tsar Nicholas II asserted that “a possible reduc tion of the excessive armaments which weigh upon all nations” was “an ideal towards which the endeavors of all governments should be directed.” Using the household language of pacifism, the tsar’s call to the powers for a conference that emphasized arms reduction admitted that the constant spiral of arms expenditure never bought security. Instead,

the intellectual and physical strength of the nations, labor and capital, are for the major part diverted from their natural application, and unproductively consumed. Hundreds of millions are devoted to ... terrible engines of destruction, which, though to-day regarded as the last word of science, are destined to-morrow to lose all value.... The economic crises, due ... to the system of armaments d l’outrance are transforming the armed peace of our days into a crushing burden, which the peoples have more and more difficulty in bearing. It appears evident, then, that if this state of things were prolonged, it would inevitably lead to the very cataclysm which it is desired to avert.
War: The Anatomy of an Anachronism
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

When the war broke out in 1914, no Continental peace activist was taken by sur prise. Never had the international pacifist community deluded itself. A year later in his Swiss exile, Alfred H. Fried wrote:

Pacifism, which public opinion … has declared a failure has in reality been fully justified by the war. Because we saw that war was bound to result from this condition of national isolation, we worked, warned and sought to develop the forces of organization as a preventative. We had no illusions; we were engaged in the struggle against a catastrophe which we clearly foresaw We never doubted that the

Pacifists and legal internationalists had denounced war as a lingering anachronism that threatened civilization; they never claimed that a specific war would never occur. They had characterized war among civilized nations as a flagrant contradiction of real international cultural and economic ties; they never claimed that rational forces controlled national policy decisions.
Pacifism and Contemporary Crises
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, the rival alliance system that defined the formal structure of European international life unceremoniously buried the remnant congress system. The collective security of the post-Napoleonic era, shaped at Vienna, was replaced by the classic balance of power following the Franco-Prussian War and the Treaty of Frankfurt. After 1892, the Dual Alliance composed of the French Republic and tsarist Russia faced the Triple Alliance of Hohenzollern Germany, the Hapsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the conservative constitutional monarchy in Italy led by the House of Savoy. British participation in the first was formalized in 1904 and 1907. Political leaders from both sides along with “realist” scholars and publicists routinely stated that the purposes of the agreements were purely defensive: to preserve peace through strength, deter aggression, and insure national security.
Harmony and Antagonism: Workers, Managers, and the Social Relations of Production
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

Charles and Sarah Metcalf traveled to Lowell, Massachusetts, in the spring of 1841. Soon after their arrival, Charles wrote to their parents in Winthrop, Maine, about their prospects for working and living in the “city of spindles.” He also advised them about sending another sibling, Mary, in search of employment.
Solidarity and Fragmentation: Workers’ Social Dynamics on the Shop Floor
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

Relationships between workers, as well as between labor and management, were the foundation of social dynamics in the industrial order. These relationships were shaped by a variety of factors: occupation, experience, skill, age, gender, and ethnicity all affected how operatives worked with one another on the factory floor. Even the most seemingly homogeneous labor force was usually divided into a wide variety of specialized jobs. And every factory work force was filled with cross-currents of mutuality, deference, tension, friendship, self-interest, and other emotions which coursed through individual operatives.
To the Streets and the Halls: Workers, Protest, and Organizing
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

Working-class protest in the mechanized factories of antebellum New England took a variety of forms —from verbal and written criticisms of factories, to defiance of company regulations, to work stoppages, to the formation of labor organizations. Sometimes the expression of workers’ discontent was spontaneous and not intended to be a conscious critique of industrial labor. In other instances, simple statements and acts resonated with a deeper feeling of opposition to the factory system.
“Africa For The Africans”: Pan-Africanism And Black Populism, 1918-1930
Authors: Fredrickson George M
Published: November 2023

World War I altered the course of world history in ways that strongly affected black protesters in the United States and South Africa. It halted the imperial expansion of the West (although it would take another world war to reverse it), shook the faith of Western nations in the inevitability of peaceful progress under the auspices of liberal capitalism, spawned in Soviet Communism a competing program for modernizing the world, and encouraged a new upsurge of ethnic nationalism under the banner of “self-determination.” For colonized and oppressed groups whose domination had taken the form of racial oppression, it inspired dreams of liberation from the tyranny of the West or the white race but did not provide the means to realize those dreams or settle the question of whether the struggle should be based on the Marxist vision of an uprising of the working classes throughout the world or on the Zionist model of national self realization in a territory of one’s own.
Antebellum Minstrelsy and the Camivalesque
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

Nothing amidst the array of American culture so appalls and fascinates as nineteenth-century blackface, that improbable entertainment featuring performers who darkened their faces with burnt cork. Minstrel songs have elicited an astonishing range of contradictory interpretations from modem authors,1 and Bayard Taylor’s contemporary description of a sojourn in the saloons of California provides a key to understanding the wide range of later reaction:
Postbellum Blackface Song Authenticity and the Minstrel Demon
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

The passing of slavery did not spell the doom of minstrelsy by any means, for the main authors of the entertainment tended to be northerners in search of an exoticism blackface still provided. Troupes, mostly based in large urban centers, expanded yet further to casts numbering as many as sixty or eighty. “Towards the end of the last century,” according to James Weldon Johnson, “[minstrelsy] provided the most gorgeous stage spectacle to be seen in the United States.”1 Even when vaudeville largely replaced minstrel troupes on theater stages in the last decade of nineteenth century, individual blackface acts remained highly successful well into the twentieth.
Church and State in Early Modern England, 1509–1640
Authors: Solt Leo F
Published: November 2023

Based on both primary sources and the best scholarship of the last several decades, Leo Solt provides a synthesis of this crucial period which saw the establishment of the Anglican Church and the strengthening of the English monarchy.
Relations Of Rescue
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

In the 1870s, a group of Protestant mission women, appalled by the heavily masculine atmosphere of the cities of the American West, came together to construct a dominion of female authority. Creating a network of mission-sponsored homes, the Protestant women maintained what they called ‘women’s work for women’, in virtual freedom from male authority. The author presents a sophisticated treatment of the interaction of the Protestant women with women from different ethnic backgrounds, raising some interesting questions about culture and assimilation.
On the Use and Misuse of Darwinism in the Study of Human Behavior
Authors: Symons Donald
Published: November 2023

Daiwin ’s theory of evolution by natural selection answered one of the great existential questions: “Why are people?” (Dawkins, 1976). But once we know why people are, a second question immediately suggests itself: “What of it?”(Medawar, 1982). Had such tough-minded thinkers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as Thomas Hobbes and Samuel Johnson been apprised of Daiwin ’s discovery, says Medawar, they might well “have demanded to know what great and illuminating new truth about mankind followed from our realisation of his having evolved” (p. 191 ). This essay is a meditation on the question, “What of it?” One of the major aims of this essay is to critically analyze the following hypothesis, which many scholars believe to be entailed by the proposition that human beings are the products of natural selection: Human behavior per se can be expected to be adaptive (i.e., reproduction-maximizing), and hence a science of human behavior can be based on analyses of the reproductive consequences of human action. My critique of this hypothesis perhaps can be introduced most easily by way of an example.
Why This Book?
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

Few ideas have been so ingrained in the literature of medicine and parasitology as the idea that parasites should evolve toward benign coexistence with their hosts. Few ideas in science have been so widely accepted with so little evidence. And few ideas are so at odds with the fundamental principles on which they are supposedly based, with such a great potential for missed opportunity. The proponents of this idea rarely trace it to fundamental evolutionary principles; when they do they reveal a misunderstanding of the most basic evolutionary process: natural selection. One can pardon the early proponents. Theobald Smith (1934), Hans Zinsser (1935), and N. H. Swellengrebel (1940) were writing at a time when evolutionary biologists were just beginning to integrate natural selection with their newly found understanding of genetics (Fisher 1930, Haldane 1932). Even those writing on the subject through midcentury can be excused. Until William D. Hamilton (1964) and George C. Williams (1966) clarified the process of natural selection, even prominent biologists focusing on evolutionary processes were more than a bit confused (e.g., Wynne-Edwards 1962, Lorenz 1964). As the time since Hamilton and Williams’s landmark writings has passed from years to decades, however, the perpetuation of this idea that parasites inexorably evolve to benignness has become distressing; it serves as an indicator of just how disconnected modem evolutionary biology is from modem health sciences. In recent years both theoretical and empirical studies have led to a rejection of obligate evolution to benignness (Levin & Pimentel 1981, Anderson & May 1982, Ewald 1983, 1988, 1991a, Levin 1983, May & Anderson 1983), yet it is still presented in well-respected journals and medical texts as the foundation upon which evolutionary arguments are built (e.g., Palmieri 1982, Doyle & Lee 1986, Hoeprich 1989, Snewin et al 1991, Waters et al 1991).