bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zero-Shot Day–Night Domain Adaptation for Face Detection Based on DAl-CLIP-Dino
Authors: Sun Huadong , Liu Yinghui , Chen Ziyang , Zhang Pengyi
Published: January 2025

Two challenges in computer vision (CV) related to face detection are the difficulty of acquisition in the target domain and the degradation of image quality. Especially in low-light situations, the poor visibility of images is difficult to label, which results in detectors trained under well-lit conditions exhibiting reduced performance in low-light environments. Conventional works image enhancement and object detection techniques are unable to resolve the inherent difficulties in collecting and labeling low-light images. The Dark-Illuminated Network with Contrastive Language–Image Pretraining (CLIP) and Self-Supervised Vision Transformer (Dino), abbreviated as DAl-CLIP-Dino is proposed to address the degradation of object detection performance in low-light environments and achieve zero-shot day–night domain adaptation. Specifically, an advanced reflectance representation learning module (which leverages Retinex decomposition to extract reflectance and illumination features from both low-light and well-lit images) and an interchange–redecomposition coherence process (which performs a second decomposition on reconstructed images after the exchange to generate a second round of reflectance and illumination predictions while validating their consistency using redecomposition consistency loss) are employed to achieve illumination invariance and enhance model performance. CLIP (VIT-based image encoder part) and Dino have been integrated for feature extraction, improving performance under extreme lighting conditions and enhancing its generalization capability. Our model achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 29.6% for face detection on the DARK FACE dataset, outperforming other models in zero-shot domain adaptation for face detection.
Modelling and Simulation of Pico- and Nano-Grids for Renewable Energy Integration in a Campus Microgrid
Authors: Tan Kuan Tak , Krishnan Sivaneasan Bala , Chua Andy Yi Zhuang
Published: January 2025

Research in renewable energy sources and microgrid systems is critical for the evolving power industry. This paper examines the operational behavior of both pico- and nano-grids during transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes. Simulation results demonstrate that both grids effectively balance the power flow, regulate the state of charge (SOC), and stabilize the voltage during dynamic operational changes. Specific scenarios, including grid disconnection, load sharing, and weather-based energy fluctuations, were tested and validated. This paper models both pico-grids and nano-grids at the Singapore Institute of Technology Punggol Campus, incorporating solar PVs, energy storage systems (ESSs), power electronic converters, and both DC and AC loads, along with utility grid connections. The pico-grid includes a battery storage system, a single-phase inverter linked to a single-phase grid, and DC and AC loads. The nano-grid comprises solar PV panels, a boost converter, a battery storage system, a three-phase inverter connected to a three-phase grid, and AC loads. Both the pico-grid and nano-grid are configurable in standalone or grid-connected modes. This configuration flexibility allows for a detailed operational analysis under various conditions. This study conducted subsystem-level modelling before integrating all components into a simulation environment. MATLAB/Simulink version R2024b was utilized to model, simulate, and analyze the power flow in both the pico-grid and nano-grid under different operating conditions.
Study of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the EU27 Countries Taking into Account Socio-Economic Factors and GHG and PM Emissions
Authors: Kolasa-Więcek Alicja , Šteinberga Iveta , Pilarska Agnieszka A. , Suszanowicz Dariusz , Wzorek Małgorzata
Published: January 2025

The study of the relationship between human economic activity and the state of the environment in recent decades is reflected, among others, in the study of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Numerous attempts have been made to examine the existence of the EKC by correlating various measures of environmental devastation with GDP per capita indicators. In this study, the aim and research gap were to compare and confirm/exclude the obtained results with the studies previously conducted by the authors, which referred to the analysis of the EKC in relation to general GHG emissions. In this analysis, GHG emissions per capita were assumed. In recent years, in the EU countries, more and more attention has been paid to research on the EKC focused on GHG emissions, and a certain research gap has been noticed in the direction of EKC analyses for PM2.5 and PM10. In the context of PM emissions, the very negative impact on human health should be emphasized. The authors decided to analyze the EKC hypothesis based on the current available data also in relation to PM emissions. In this study, a group of socio-economic variables in the form of GDP, gross electricity production, passenger cars, and population were used in relation to GHG, PM2.5, and PM10 emissions in the EU-27 countries. The study used multiple regression analysis to test the direction of the relationship between pollutant emissions and GDP. In the case of Germany, a negative correlation was obtained for GHG, PM2.5, PM10 emissions, and GDP. The EKC approach can be successfully used both in system awareness (qualitative) and quantitative studies to prepare scenarios of changes in greenhouse gas and PM emissions and to create strategic planning, manage resources, promote innovation, and in climate policy.
Ground Testing of a Miniature Turbine Jet Engine for Specific Flight Conditions
Authors: Chachurski Ryszard , Omen Łukasz , Panas Andrzej J. , Zalewski Piotr
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the design and development project of an engine test stand specifically constructed for ground testing of miniature turbine jet engines (MTJEs) along with conclusive results of the conducted investigations. The tested engines serve as the propulsion system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform. The engine test stand was used to determine various operating parameters of the engine, with a particular focus on recording variations and changes in temperature and pressure at the engine control cross-sections: behind the compressor, the combustion chamber, and at the final cross-section of the nozzle. The analysis of the direct test results allowed the evaluation of the engine’s behavior under hydration conditions and documents the quantitative and qualitative response of the control system of the engine. Of particular interest are the results showing an increase in exhaust system temperature with a decrease in the temperature in combustion chamber under hydrated conditions. The test program assumed and considered the acting loads and forces in both standard and specific flight conditions, including scenarios for a heavy rain. The preliminary evaluation of the investigation results provided data and insights required for further analysis. Quantitatively, the measured temperature value in the exhaust system does not exceed 700 °C and the temperature increase resulting from the introduction of water and the engine’s response to the out-of-operation event is approximately 50 °C for the JetCat 140. Qualitatively different effects were observed in the combustion moment, consisting in a drop in temperature values during the introduction of water into the engine flow channel. The introduction of water into the GTM 140 inlet revealed no significant changes in the variations of pressure and temperature measured in selected engine design sections. Based on the knowledge and experience gained, a fully operational test stand to monitor the parameters and performance of the MTJEs, which are used for aerial target propulsion, was developed.
Energy Transformation Within the Framework of Sustainable Development and Consumer Behavior
Authors: Szeląg-Sikora Anna , Oleksy-Gębczyk Aneta , Ciuła Józef , Cembruch-Nowakowski Mariusz , Peter-Bombik Katarzyna , Rydwańska Paulina , Zacłona Tomasz
Published: January 2025

The energy transition currently defines the economic development of all market sectors, driven by technological progress and increasing environmental awareness. The requirements of a sustainable economy and green energy are evolving dynamically to address environmental challenges, emphasizing the reduction of CO2 emissions as well as energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. It is essential to study consumer attitudes toward products manufactured using green energy, including FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods) products. The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the energy transformation, and consequently rising energy costs, on the decision-making process of consumers of FMCG products produced in accordance with the principles of sustainable development (including green energy). It explores the factors influencing their purchasing decisions and the role that generation plays in this process. Understanding how different generations respond to the energy aspects of economic functioning is crucial for the future development of the energy sector and the implementation of sustainable economic models. Therefore, it is essential to conduct research that demonstrates the extent of the influence of increasing consumer awareness of energy transformation within the framework of sustainable development.
Online Identification Method for Mechanical Parameters of Dual-Inertia Servo System
Authors: Wang Bo , Ji Runze , Zhou Chengpeng , Liu Kai , Hua Wei , Ye Hairong
Published: January 2025

Rotary table servo systems are widely used in industrial manufacturing. In order to satisfy the demands of low-speed and high-torque applications, rotary table servo systems are typically applied with a reduction gear and gearbox, causing transmission system limit loop oscillation and reducing the system’s transmission accuracy. Accordingly, the single-axis servo rotary table is taken as the object of study, with the objective of enhancing the positioning precision of the load side. The identification of the mechanical parameters of the dual-inertia servo system is thus undertaken. A simplified mathematical model of the dual-inertia system is constructed, the principle of mechanical parameter identification of the dual-inertia system is elucidated, an online identification algorithm based on the forgetting factor recursive least square (FFRLS) is investigated, and factors affecting the identification accuracy are analyzed. The efficacy of the recognition algorithm is validated through simulations and experimentation. The experiments on the DSP 28,335 platform demonstrate that the dual-inertia system mechanical parameter recognition algorithm is capable of identifying rotor inertia, load inertia, and shaft stiffness online simultaneously. The recognition error is less than 10%, the recognition accuracy is high, and the algorithm exhibits a certain degree of robustness.
Renewable Energy Consumption Strategies for Electric Vehicle Aggregators Based on a Two-Layer Game
Authors: Ji Xiu , Li Mingge , Yue Zheyu , Zhang Haifeng , Wang Yizhu
Published: January 2025

Rapid advances in renewable energy technologies offer significant opportunities for the global energy transition and environmental protection. However, due to the fluctuating and intermittent nature of their power generation, which leads to the phenomenon of power abandonment, it has become a key challenge to efficiently consume renewable energy sources and guarantee the reliable operation of the power system. In order to address the above problems, this paper proposes an electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) scheduling strategy based on a two-layer game by constructing a two-layer game model between renewable energy generators (REG) and EVA, where the REG formulates time-sharing tariff strategies in the upper layer to guide the charging and discharging behaviors of electric vehicles, and the EVA respond to the price signals in the lower layer to optimize the large-scale electric vehicle scheduling. For the complexity of large-scale scheduling, this paper introduces the A2C (Advantage Actor-Critic) reinforcement learning algorithm, which combines the value network and the strategy network synergistically to optimize the real-time scheduling process. Based on the case study of wind power, photovoltaic, and wind–solar complementary data in Jilin Province, the results show that the strategy significantly improves the rate of renewable energy consumption (up to 97.88%) and reduces the cost of power purchase by EVA (an average saving of RMB 0.04/kWh), realizing a win–win situation for all parties. The study provides theoretical support for the synergistic optimization of the power system and renewable energy and is of great practical significance for the large-scale application of electric vehicles and new energy consumption.
Numerical Simulation on Pore Size Multiphase Flow Law Based on Phase Field Method
Authors: Wu Tianjiang , Yan Changhao , Gong Ruiqi , Zhao Yanhong , Jiang Xiaoyu , Yang Liu
Published: January 2025

The characteristics of CO2 seepage in reservoirs have important research significance in the field of CCS technology application. However, the characteristics of macro-scale seepage are affected by the geometrical characteristics of micro-scale media, such as pore size and particle shape. Therefore, in this work, a series of numerical simulations were carried out using the phase field method to study the effect of pore structure simplification on micro-scale displacement process. The influences of capillary number, wettability, viscosity ratio, interfacial tension, and fracture development are discussed. The results show that the overall displacement patterns of the real pore model and the simplified particle model are almost similar, but the oil trapping mechanisms were totally different. There are differences in flow pattern, number of dominant flow channels, sensitivity to influencing factors and final recovery efficiency. The real pore model shows higher displacement efficiency. The decrease in oil wet strength of rock will change the CO2 displacement mode from pointing to piston displacement. At the same time, the frequency of breakage will be reduced, thus improving the continuity of CO2. When both pores and fractures are developed in the porous media, CO2 preferentially diffuses along the fractures and has an obvious front and finger phenomenon. When CO2 diffuses, it converges from the pore medium to the fracture and diverges from the fracture to the pore medium. The shape of fracture development in the dual medium will largely determine the CO2 diffusion pattern.
Non-Contact Thermophysical Property Measurements of High-Temperature Corium Through Aerodynamic Levitation
Authors: Gong Yaopeng , Zhang Li , Yuan Yidan , Ma Weimin
Published: January 2025

The thermophysical properties of corium are critical for improving the predictive accuracy of severe accident analysis codes. However, due to the high melting temperature and high volatility of corium, thermophysical property measurements are extremely challenging, resulting in a significant lack of data. This study presents a non-contact measurement facility based on the aerodynamic levitation technique, enabling the measurement of the density, surface tension, and viscosity of corium components at temperatures exceeding 3000 K. Density is measured based on the axisymmetric ellipsoid assumption of levitated drops, while the surface tension and viscosity are determined using the drop oscillation method. Experimental results for key corium components, including ZrO2 and a UO2-ZrO2 mixture, are presented, addressing data gaps in the thermophysical properties of UO2-containing materials.
Integrated Assessment of the Quality of Functioning of Local Electric Energy Systems
Authors: Wójcik Waldemar , Lezhniuk Petro , Kaczmarek Cezary , Komar Viacheslav , Hunko Iryna , Sobchuk Nataliia , Yesmakhanova Laura , Shermantayeva Zhazira
Published: January 2025

This research demonstrates the possibility and expediency of forming local electric energy systems (LEESs) based on renewable sources of energy (RSE) as balancing groups in the electric power system (EPS), which can maintain efficiency and provide power supply to consumers in an autonomous mode. The LEES is a part of the EPS of thermal and nuclear power plants and is considered as a separate balancing group. LEESs are designed in such a way that they can operate autonomously in both normal and extreme conditions in the EPS. The sources of electricity in LEESs are small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs), photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs), and wind power plants (WPPs), whose electricity generation is unstable due to dependence on natural conditions. Therefore, the structure of a LEES with RSE includes an energy storage system with reserves sufficient to compensate for the unstable generation and balancing of the mode. LEESs can differ significantly in terms of key technical and economic indicators (power supply reliability, power losses, and power quality), and therefore, it is necessary to choose the optimal one. It is not advisable to optimize the quality of power supply in a LEES by individual indicators, as improvement of one indicator may lead to deterioration of another. The functional readiness of a LEES should be assessed by the quality of operation, which depends on reliability, power losses, and power quality. To simplify the task of assessing the quality of operation, which is a vector optimization problem, a method for determining the integral indicator as a number that characterizes the LEES and reflects the compromise between the values of reliability, power losses, and power quality has been developed. The integral indicator of the functioning of complex systems is based on a combination of the theory of Markov processes and the criterion method of similarity theory. The value of the integral indicator of the quality of operation of the LEES allows for comparing different variants of power transmission and distribution systems without determining individual components of technical and economic indicators—reliability, power losses, and power quality. The offered integral indicator of the quality of functioning of a LEES with RSE corresponds to the general requirements for such indicators. It reflects the actual operating conditions; allows for assessing the efficiency, quality, and optimality of power supply systems; and can be easily decomposed into partial indicators.
Assessment and Analysis of Waste Treatment and Environmental Management
Authors: Oleniacz Robert , Grzesik Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

The waste management sector plays a crucial role within the broader environmental management system [...]
Directions of Price Transmission on the Diesel Oil Market in Poland
Authors: Przekota Grzegorz , Szczepańska-Przekota Anna
Published: January 2025

The formation of crude oil prices and their impact on diesel prices represent a significant economic challenge. The economy’s dependence on energy resources means that the development and competitiveness of the economy, as well as the standard of living of society, are contingent upon energy prices, including those of liquid fuels. It is therefore important to recognise the process by which changes in the price of crude oil affect other commodities. The recognition of these dependencies will have implications for political and fiscal decision-making at the governmental level, investment strategies of enterprises, and patterns of consumption. The research presented in this paper concerns the transmission of crude oil prices and the wholesale and retail prices of diesel oil in Poland between 2010 and 2024. A correlation analysis, a Granger causality test, and an impulse response function calculation were conducted. The research demonstrated that crude oil prices are the cause of the formation of wholesale and retail prices of diesel oil. However, the causality between wholesale and retail prices is bilateral, with a stronger flow of impulses from retail prices to wholesale prices than vice versa. These findings have significant implications for the evolution of the retail market. While the current situation may lead to the monopolisation of the market, it also provides decision-makers with the ability to regulate the market, potentially reducing the volatility of retail prices relative to raw material quotations. Furthermore, it offers a means to safeguard the retail market against speculative activities and mitigate the impact of sudden increases in raw material prices.
Security of Smart Grid: Cybersecurity Issues, Potential Cyberattacks, Major Incidents, and Future Directions
Authors: Alomari Mohammad Ahmed , Al-Andoli Mohammed Nasser , Ghaleb Mukhtar , Thabit Reema , Alkawsi Gamal , Alsayaydeh Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil , Gaid AbdulGuddoos S. A.
Published: January 2025

Despite the fact that countless IoT applications are arising frequently in various fields, such as green cities, net-zero decarbonization, healthcare systems, and smart vehicles, the smart grid is considered the most critical cyber–physical IoT application. With emerging technologies supporting the much-anticipated smart energy systems, particularly the smart grid, these smart systems will continue to profoundly transform our way of life and the environment. Energy systems have improved over the past ten years in terms of intelligence, efficiency, decentralization, and ICT usage. On the other hand, cyber threats and attacks against these systems have greatly expanded as a result of the enormous spread of sensors and smart IoT devices inside the energy sector as well as traditional power grids. In order to detect and mitigate these vulnerabilities while increasing the security of energy systems and power grids, a thorough investigation and in-depth research are highly required. This study offers a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art smart grid cybersecurity research. In this work, we primarily concentrate on examining the numerous threats and cyberattacks that have recently invaded the developing smart energy systems in general and smart grids in particular. This study begins by introducing smart grid architecture, it key components, and its security issues. Then, we present the spectrum of cyberattacks against energy systems while highlighting the most significant research studies that have been documented in the literature. The categorization of smart grid cyberattacks, while taking into account key information security characteristics, can help make it possible to provide organized and effective solutions for the present and potential attacks in smart grid applications. This cyberattack classification is covered thoroughly in this paper. This study also discusses the historical incidents against energy systems, which depicts how harsh and disastrous these attacks can go if not detected and mitigated. Finally, we provide a summary of the latest emerging future research trend and open research issues.
Defect Recognition: Applying Time-Lapse GPR Measurements and Numerical Approaches
Authors: Abdelsamei Enas , Sheishah Diaa , Aldeep Mohamed , Tóth Csaba , Sipos György
Published: January 2025

Roads are critical components of infrastructure, and assessing their quality is essential to ensure the safe transport of people and goods, which in turn supports economic prosperity. Various factors, such as subsurface conditions, moisture content, and temperature, influence road performance and can degrade their efficiency as transportation networks. While surface road defects can often be identified through visual inspection, information about subsurface extensions, their impact on structural integrity, and potential risks remain concealed. This study aimed to perform a comparative analysis of dielectric permittivity (ε) using time-lapse Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements on pre- and post-renovated road sections. This study also sought to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for road assessment and to employ forward modeling for a deeper understanding of road defects and their associated hazards. Results revealed that the pre-renovated road section exhibited significant fluctuations in dielectric values, ranging from 3.13 to 15.9. In contrast, the post-renovated section showed consistent values within a narrow range of 5 to 6.6. Different crack types were classified, and the mean ε for each visually identified crack type was calculated. Despite the higher frequency of transverse cracks compared to other defects, longitudinal cracks exhibited the highest mean dielectric value (~10.3), while alligator cracks had the lowest (~8.33). Numerical simulations facilitated accurate interpretation of the defects identified in the road section, providing insights into their nature and associated risks. The methodology used for crack classification and numerical simulation can be applied to other road sections globally, offering a standardized approach to road assessment and maintenance planning.
A Review of Segmented Stator and Rotor Designs in AC Electric Machines: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Khoshoo Bhuvan , Aggarwal Anmol , Foster Shanelle
Published: January 2025

The use of segmented stator and rotor designs in AC electric machine construction offers several significant advantages, including a high-copper fill factor, increased torque density, improved field-weakening performance, simplified manufacturing processes, and enhanced mechanical strength. Additionally, segmented designs allow for the incorporation of oriented steel—either partially or fully—which exhibits excellent magnetic properties in the rolling direction, resulting in more efficient machine performance. However, lamination segmentation also introduces challenges. Parasitic air gaps between segments and an increased number of cut edges in the assembled stack can alter the magnetic properties of the machine, potentially leading to degraded performance. Furthermore, the use of oriented steel remains complex, as its highly nonlinear magnetic properties vary depending on the direction of the magnetic flux. This paper reviews the widely adopted stator and rotor segmentation techniques available in the literature, discussing their potential benefits and limitations. It also covers key aspects such as popular manufacturing approaches, the impact of segmentation on machine performance, advanced finite-element analysis (FEA) techniques for numerical modeling, and experimental methods for evaluating the performance of segmented stator and rotor constructions in AC machines. By addressing these areas, this work provides a comprehensive resource for machine designers seeking to develop AC machines with segmented stators and rotors.
Effects on Carbon Sequestration of Biomass and Investment in State-Owned Forest Farms: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China
Authors: Gao Li , Li Hua , Li Shuqiang
Published: January 2025

Enhancing carbon sequestration capacity through effective forest management is a critical strategy for mitigating climate change. China has established public administrations, known as state-owned forest farms (SFFs), primarily to manage state-owned forests. This study examines the carbon sequestration effects of forestry investment made by 211 SFFs in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2018, using a panel fixed effects model and a panel threshold model. The findings reveal that SFF investment has a significant time-lag effect on carbon sequestration, with the marginal contribution peaking three years after the initial investment. Additionally, the impact of investment exhibits spatial heterogeneity, varying across regions due to differences in environmental and ecological conditions. Threshold effects are also identified, indicating that the effectiveness of carbon sequestration is constrained by the scale and structure of investment, with diminishing returns observed beyond optimal levels. Furthermore, we found that investment increases carbon sequestration mainly by expanding forest area and improving forest quality. These findings underscore the importance of cost-effectiveness analyses to optimize forestry investment decisions. SFFs are advised to prioritize appropriate investment timing, regions, scales, and structures to achieve optimal carbon sequestration benefits and maximize resource utilization, supporting sustainable forest management and climate change mitigation efforts.
Network Congestion Control Algorithm for Image Transmission—HRI and Visual Light Communications of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Intervention
Authors: López-Barajas Salvador , Sanz Pedro J. , Marín-Prades Raúl , Echagüe Juan , Realpe Sebastian
Published: January 2025

In this study, the challenge of teleoperating robots in harsh environments such as underwater or in tunnels is addressed. In these environments, wireless communication networks are prone to congestion, leading to potential mission failures. Our approach integrates a Human–Robot Interface (HRI) with a network congestion control algorithm at the application level for conservative transmission of images using the Robot Operating System (ROS) framework. The system was designed to avoid network congestion by adjusting the image compression parameters and the transmission rate depending on the real-time network conditions. To evaluate its performance, the algorithm was tested in two wireless underwater use cases: pipe inspection and an intervention task. An Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Intervention (I-AUV) equipped with a Visual Light Communication (VLC) modem was used. Characterization of the VLC network was performed while the robot performed trajectories in the tank. The results demonstrate that our approach allows an operator to perform wireless missions where teleoperation requires images and the network conditions are variable. This solution provides a robust framework for image transmission and network control in the application layer, which allows for integration with any ROS-based system.
The Characteristics of Sex Differentiation Based on Morphological Traits During the Early Development Stage of the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus and Sex Prediction Model Comparison
Authors: Peng Yanqing , Lu Junkai , Li Ronghua , Xu Chendong , Zheng Shangbiao , Ren Zhiming , He Chuan , Mu Changkao , Song Weiwei , Wang Chunlin
Published: January 2025

To investigate the morphological traits of different sexes during the early development stage of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus, the genetic sex of 405 crablets from stages C I–V was determined using sex-linked molecular markers. The external appearance of each crab was observed, and the morphological traits, including carapace length (CL), full carapace width (FCW), abdomen width (AW), and abdomen length (AL), were measured to compare the differences between the sexes and to develop non-intrusive methods for sex identification. The genetic sex identification demonstrated that the female-to-male sex ratio at each stage did not deviate from 1:1. The gonopores of the females were first observed at stage C I using a scanning electron microscope; however, the shape difference in the abdominal flap between the sexes from stages C I to stage C V were not observed under a dissecting microscope. Correlation analysis showed that AW3 and AW4 were significantly correlated with sex at stage C V. Three methods were used to predict the sex of the crablets according to the morphological measurements; among them, the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model performed better than the threshold method or the stepwise discriminant analysis, and the accuracy at stage C V increased to 90% when detailed abdominal parameters were included. These results indicate that it is feasible to predict sex during the early development stages of P. trituberculatus through morphometric and geometric parameters, which would be helpful for the creation of monosex populations of this species.
Regulatory Compliance of Health Claims on Omega-3 Fatty Acid Food Supplements
Authors: Banović Fuentes Jelena , Beara Ivana , Torović Ljilja
Published: January 2025

Unlike the mandatory information that must be provided on a food supplement label, health claims are voluntary. This study assesses the regulatory compliance of omega-3 fatty acid (ω-3-FA) supplement label claims. Of the 97 supplements, 76 (78.4%) carried verbal claims referring to active substance, of which 68 (89.5%) were claims specific to ω-3-FA. According to the European Union Health Claims Registry, 107 claims listed on 59 supplements were authorized, as opposed to nine unauthorized claims on nine supplements. The degree to which claims aligned with regulatory standards, expressed in terms of scores scaled from 0 to 1, was the highest for supplements intended for pregnant women (1), while, in the case of adults, the mean score was 0.76 ± 0.35, and, in case of children, was 0.85 ± 0.27. Statistical analysis revealed a minor tendency for higher health claim scores to be associated with lower product prices. Furthermore, differences in compliance levels across groups of supplements formed according to the country of origin/sources of ω-3-FA/target populations were explored. The main differences were associated with products from Sweden and Italy/fish oil/supplements for pregnant women. A comparison of the daily intake of ω-3-FA provided by the supplement (based on labeled information) with the intake requirements for supplements with claims referring to ω-3-FA, supported 91 claims, five were unsubstantiated, and 11 were missing required data. Supplements also contained mineral- (19 approved) and vitamin-related claims (73, of which 9 were unauthorized). This study’s findings reveal the extent of misuse of labelled information in markets that require pre-market supplement registration. Importantly, the non-compliance of health claims can significantly undermine consumer trust.
Gluten-Free Diet Adherence Evaluation in Adults with Long-Standing Celiac Disease
Authors: Kowalski Marek K. , Domżał-Magrowska Danuta , Szcześniak Piotr , Bulska Magdalena , Orszulak-Michalak Daria , Małecka-Wojciesko Ewa
Published: January 2025

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that results from the interaction of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. According to the 2020 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines, an elimination diet (i.e., excluding products that may contain gluten) is the basic method of treating celiac disease. Following a gluten-free diet is extremely problematic, and patients often make unconscious deviations from the diet. According to the current Oslo definitions for celiac disease, depending on the clinical picture and adequate tests, several forms of celiac disease have been identified: typical, atypical, asymptomatic, potential, and refractory. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of conscious diet mistakes and unconscious deviations from a gluten-free diet in a group of patients with long-standing celiac disease and their impact on the frequency of typical and atypical symptoms. Methods: The study included 57 people diagnosed with celiac disease between 1980 and 2010. After verifying the history of the disease according to the ESPGHAN guidelines from 2020, we excluded 19 patients who had Marsh grade 1 at the time of diagnosis or those without HLA DQ2 or DQ8 haplotypes detected. After verification, the study included 38 patients, 30 women and 8 men, with a verified diagnosis of typical celiac disease. The effectiveness of the gluten-free diet was assessed in all participants. Blood was collected to determine IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase II antibodies (anti-tTG) and IgG antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides by ELISA. All survey participants provided data concerning current gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms, bowel habits, comorbidities, dietary habits, physical activity, and socioeconomic conditions. Results: A total of 25 patients (65.78%) declared strict adherence to the gluten-free diet. However, in this group, seven (18.4%) patients had significantly increased levels of anti-tTG antibodies (mean 82.3 RU/mL ± 78.9 SD at N < 20 RU/mL). Among the patients who consciously made dietary mistakes, six (46.2%) demonstrated increased levels of anti-tTG antibodies. The analysis did not reveal any difference between the frequency of intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in patients making dietary mistakes and following the gluten-free diet. Conclusions: More than half of celiac patients unconsciously or consciously make dietary mistakes, which indicates an urgent need to increase their general knowledge of CD and the appropriate diet. Regardless of whether the gluten-free diet is followed, both typical and atypical symptoms of the disease have been observed among celiac patients.
Dynamics and Stability Mechanism of Lactoferrin–EPA During Emulsification Process: Insights from Macroscopic and Molecular Perspectives
Authors: Tao Han , Ding Wei , Fang Meng-Jia , Qian Hao , Cai Wan-Hao , Wang Hui-Li
Published: January 2025

Although eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a functional fatty acid has shown significant benefits for human health, its susceptibility to oxidation significantly limits its application. In this study, we developed a nanoemulsion of the lactoferrin (LTF)–EPA complex and conducted a thorough investigation of its macro- and molecular properties. By characterizing the emulsion with different LTF concentrations, we found that 1.0% LTF formed the most stable complex with EPA, which benefited the formation and stability of the emulsion against storage and freezing/thawing treatment. As the foundation block of the emulsion structure, the binding mechanism and the entire dynamic reaction process of the complex have been fully revealed through various molecular simulations and theoretical calculations. This study establishes a comprehensive picture of the LTF–EPA complex across multiple length scales, providing new insights for further applications and productions of its emulsion.
Cold Plasma as a Novel Pretreatment to Improve the Drying Kinetics and Quality of Green Peas
Authors: Bai Jun-Wen , Li Dan-Dan , Abulaiti Reziwanguli , Wang Manqian , Wu Xiaozhi , Feng Zhenwei , Zhu Yutong , Cai Jianrong
Published: January 2025

Green peas, with their high moisture content, require effective drying techniques to extend shelf life while preserving quality. Traditional drying methods face challenges due to the dense structure of the seed coat and wax layer, which limits moisture migration. This study investigates cold plasma (CP) pretreatment as a novel approach to enhance drying kinetics and maintain the quality attributes of green peas. The results showed that CP treatment significantly improves drying efficiency by modifying the pea epidermis microstructure, reducing drying time by up to 18.18%. The moisture effective diffusivity coefficients (Deff) for untreated and CP-pretreated green peas were calculated to range from 5.9629 to 9.9172 × 10−10 m2·s−1, with CP pretreatment increasing Deff by up to 66.31% compared to the untreated group. Optimal CP parameters (90 s, 750 Hz frequency, 70% duty cycle) were found to improve the rehydration ratio, preserve color, and increase total phenolic content (TPC) by 24.06%, while enhancing antioxidant activity by 29.64%. Microstructural changes, including pore formation and increased surface roughness, as observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), partially explain the enhanced moisture diffusion, improved rehydration, and alterations in nutrient content. These findings underscore the potential of CP technology as a non-thermal, eco-friendly pretreatment for drying agricultural products, with broad applications in food preservation and quality enhancement.
Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Dextran from Maltodextrin via pH Controlled Fermentation by Gluconobacter oxydans
Authors: Baek Seung-Min , Park Bo-Ram , Chewaka Legesse Shiferaw , So Yun-Sang , Jung Ji-Hye , Lee Seul , Park Ji Young
Published: January 2025

Dextran is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) with multifunctional applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, primarily synthesized from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Dextran can be produced from dextrin through Gluconobacter oxydans fermentation, utilizing its dextran dextrinase activity. This study examined how jar fermentor conditions impact the growth and enzyme activity of G. oxydans, with a focus on the effects of pH on dextran synthesis via bioconversion (without pH control, pH 4.5, and pH 5.0; Jp-UC, Jp-4.5, and Jp-5.0). After 72 h, the cell density (O.D. at 600 nm) was 7.2 for Jp-4.5, 6.5 for Jp-5.0, and 3.7 for Jp-UC. Flow property analysis, indicating dextran production, showed that Jp-4.5 had the highest viscosity (30.99 mPa·s). 1H-NMR analysis confirmed the formation of α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in bioconversion products, with bond ratios ranging from ~1:0.17 to ~1:2.84. The distribution of molecular weights varied from 1.3 × 103 Da to 5.1 × 104 Da depending on pH. The hydrolysis rates to glucose differed with pH, with the slowest rate at pH 4.5 (53.96%). These results suggest that the production of dextran by G. oxydans is significantly influenced by the pH conditions. This dextran could function as a slowly digestible carbohydrate, aiding in postprandial glycemic regulation and mitigating chronic metabolic diseases like diabetes.
Relating the Morphology of Bipolar Neurons to Fractal Dimension
Authors: Brouse Bret , Rowland Conor , Taylor Richard P.
Published: January 2025

By analyzing reconstructed three-dimensional images of retinal bipolar neurons, we show that their dendritic arbors weave through space in a manner that generates fractal-like behavior quantified by an ‘effective’ fractal dimension. Examining this fractal weave along with traditional morphological parameters reveals a dependence of arbor fractal dimension on the summation of the lengths of the arbor’s dendrites. We discuss the implications of this behavior for healthy neurons and also for the morphological deterioration of unhealthy neurons in response to diseases.
Lilium candidum Extract Loaded in Alginate Hydrogel Beads for Chronic Wound Healing
Authors: Bâldea Ioana , Soran Maria-Loredana , Stegarescu Adina , Opriș Ocsana , Kacso Irina , Tripon Septimiu , Adascalitei Alexandra , Fericel Iulian George , Decea Roxana , Lung Ildiko
Published: January 2025

Chronic wounds are a major health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. Resistance to treatment is frequently observed, requiring an extension of the wound healing time, and improper care can lead to more problems in patients. Smart wound dressings that provide a controlled drug release can significantly improve the healing process. In this paper, alginate beads with white lily leaf extract were prepared and tested for chronic wound healing. The obtained beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, the efficiency of extract encapsulation in alginate was determined as being of. The obtained hydrogel was tested on two normal human cell lines, respectively, dermal fibroblasts (BJ-CRL-2522-ATCC) and endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells—HUVEC 2). The longer release of bioactive compounds from plant extract loaded in the alginate hydrogel resulted in more effective wound closure, compared to the extract alone, and scar formation, compared to the alginate hydrogel. Therefore, the effect of the white lily extract in combination with that of sodium alginate hydrogel improves the biological activity of the alginate hydrogel and increases the wound healing properties of the alginate.
Composite Sorbents Based on Chitosan Polymer Matrix and Derivatives of 4-Amino-N′-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamide for Uranium Removal from Liquid Mineralized Media
Authors: Matskevich Anna I. , Maslov Konstantin V. , Prokudina Veronika A. , Churakova Daria D. , Slabko Oleg Yu. , Patrushev Dmitry K. , Markin Nikita S. , Tokar’ Eduard A.
Published: January 2025

Composite adsorbents based on a natural biopolymer matrix of chitosan, to which 4-amino-N′-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamide and its Se derivative were attached, were synthesized. A complex of physicochemical analysis methods indicates that the direct introduction of a matrix with high ionic permeability into the reaction mixture contributes to the formation of homogeneous particles of composite with developed surface morphology, which enhances the kinetic and capacitive parameters of uranium sorption in liquid media. It has been established that the direct introduction of a matrix with high ionic permeability into the reaction mixture contributes to the formation of homogeneous particles with a developed surface morphology, which enhances the kinetic and capacitive parameters of uranium sorption in liquid media. The synthesized materials had increased sorption-selective properties towards uranium in the pH range from 4 to 9 under static sorption conditions. The formation of the Se derivative of amidoxime during its attachment to the polymer matrix (Se-chit) contributes to the creation of a more chemically stable and highly effective adsorbent, compared to the direct binding of 4-amino-N′-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamide with chitosan (43AF-chit). The optimal parameters for the synthesis of materials were established. It was demonstrated that the ratio of amidoxime to chitosan should be within the range of 2:1 to 1:2. As the mass content of chitosan increases, the material gradually dissolves and transforms into a gel, resulting in the formation of liquid radioactive waste with a complex chemical composition. It was found that the kinetic sorption parameters of composite materials increase 2–10 times compared to those of non-composite materials. The sorption capacity of uranium in solutions with pH 6 and pH 8 can reach approximately 400–450 mg g−1. Under dynamic sorption conditions, the effective filtration cycle values (before uranium slips into the filtrate ≥ 50%) improve significantly when transitioning from a non-composite adsorbent to a composite one: increasing from 50 to 800 b.v. for pH 6 and from 2700 to 4000 b.v. for pH 8. These results indicate that the synthesized sorbents are promising materials for uranium removal from liquid media, suitable for both purification and the recovery of radionuclides as valuable raw materials.
The Expanding Universe of Extensions and Tails: Ribosomal Proteins and Histones in RNA and DNA Complex Signaling and Dynamics
Authors: Timsit Youri
Published: January 2025

This short review bridges two biological fields: ribosomes and nucleosomes—two nucleoprotein assemblies that, along with many viruses, share proteins featuring long filamentous segments at their N- or C-termini. A central hypothesis is that these extensions and tails perform analogous functions in both systems. The evolution of these structures appears closely tied to the emergence of regulatory networks and signaling pathways, facilitating increasingly complex roles for ribosomes and nucleosome alike. This review begins by summarizing the structures and functions of ribosomes and nucleosomes, followed by a detailed comparison highlighting their similarities and differences, particularly in light of recent findings on the roles of ribosomal proteins in signaling and ribosome dynamics. The analysis seeks to uncover whether these systems operate based on shared principles and mechanisms. The nucleosome–ribosome analogy may offer valuable insights into unresolved questions in both fields. For instance, new structural insights from ribosomes might shed light on potential motifs formed by histone tails. From an evolutionary perspective, this study revisits the origins of signaling and regulation in ancient nucleoprotein assemblies, suggesting that tails and extensions may represent remnants of the earliest network systems governing signaling and dynamic control.