bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biofuel: A Tool for Addressing the Rapid Needs for Sustainable Development
Authors: Shretha Shrota , Paudel Shambhu
Published: January 2010

The energy crisis, climate change and global warming and the impending food crisis are interlinked issues, which are threatening the prosperity, solidarity, and demand of the people and also their existence. Immense network of protected areas for the protection of biodiversity are still affected at this tenure due to such linkage, which is crucial and targeted issues of global community.Petrolium product are being gift for the people of Kathmandu valley from their relatives living in terai, at this moment.Nowdays, biofuels can be product for addressing rapid needs of urban people. The use of biomass fuels can therefore contribute to waste management as well as fuel security and help to prevent climate change, though alone they are not a comprehensive solution to these problems. For the sustainable production of biofuel, policies and plan of the region should be reformed. It needs further exploration for optimum in the region. Key Words: Rapid, Biological, Sustainable, Poverty, Biofuel DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2531 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp109-112
Understanding Climate Change Adaptation Issues in Nepal
Authors: Dahal Ngamindra
Published: January 2010

Nepal has observed trend of annual increase in temperature per decade by 0.41°C which is much higher than global average. Climate change is relatively new challenge of global scale but have strong local effects. The evidences of the global warming and climate change are more prominent on the Himalayan region of the globe with melting of ice, glacier retreat, and worst of all the incidence of glacial lake outburst floods with the aftermath falling directly on the ecosystem. The most critical areas are the resource poor developing countries like Nepal which are first to face this calamity yet helpless to implement any concrete ideas still. Nepal has to develop its mechanism to disseminate information regarding climate change and its rational use in planning and implementing policy processes with simultaneous approach on the research to follow the trend of climate change. Thus, this paper focuses on Nepal strategies to cope with challenges of climate change keeping in view the shifting focus of global climate policy. Key Words: Climate change, Global warming, Glacial retreat, Depleting ice, Ecosystem DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2536 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp138-144
Mainstreaming Conservation Agendas in the Current Socio-Political Development Context
Authors: Khatri Top B
Published: January 2010

Key Words: Conservation, Green sector, GDP, Federalism, Restructuring, Educating and Awaring, Ecological and economic benefits, Liability, Select group of audience, Biopolitics, Positive guidance and conflict. DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2543 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp199-201
Issues & Options of Sustainable Livelihoods and Biodiversity Conservation of High Altitude Community Forests of Pyuthan District
Authors: Thaker RB , KC Nahakul , Subedi Ramu , Brahmmney Peter , Yadav NP , Phulara Nirmala Kr
Published: January 2010

Community Forest is one of the most successful forestry programs; however, it has several anomalies pertaining to the high altitude community forests. Construction of Goth (small hut) , cultivation of crops , wildlife hunting , heavy grazing and lopping and haphazard NTFP collection are the major issues of high altitude community forests whereas it possesses a large range of pasture land which provides livestock for grazing as well as valuable NTFPs for collectors. It is also a reservoir of important and commercially viable biological diversity which has a great potential for bio-prospecting. Key Words: Livelihoods, NTFPs, Wildlife conflict, Land tenure, Pasture land, Epidemic disease, Wetlands, Bio-prospecting, Indigenous knowledge & Skill technology (IKST) DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2544 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp202-211
1-Substituted 3-dimethylaminoprop-2-en-1-ones as building blocks in heterocyclic synthesis: New routes to 6-aroylpyridazin-3-ones, 4,6-diaroylpyridazin-3-imines and 3-aroylpyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines
Authors: Agamy Samia Michel
Published: January 2010

The Wittig reaction of 3-aryl/heteroaryl-2-arylhydrazono-3-oxopropanals 2c,d with ethyl triphenylphosphonioacetate in the presence of methanesulfinylmethyl carbanion affords 2-substituted 6-aroylpyridazin-3(2H)-ones (5a,b) in moderate yields. Compounds 5a,b were also obtained from the reaction of 2c,d with acetic anhydride in presence of potassium acetate. 1-Substituted-3-dimethylaminoprop-2-ene-1-ones 1b,d couple with 5-methylisoxazole-3-diazonium chloride to yield isoxazolylhydrazonopropanals 2g,h. Compounds 1a,b couple with 5-methylpyrazole-3-diazonium chloride to yield pyrazolylhydrazonopropanals that readily cyclise to the corresponding pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines. The reactivity of 2-arylhydrazono-3-oxopropanals 2a–f towards a variety of active methylene reagents was investigated.
Stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-ketene selenothioacetals via hydrozirconation of alkylacetylenic selenides
Authors: Zhong Ping , Guo Meng-Ping
Published: January 2010

Hydrozirconation of internal acetylenic selenides afforded (E)-α-zirconated vinylic selenide intermediates, which react with alkylsulfenyl chlorides to give (Z)-ketene slenothioacetals in good uield.
FeCl3-adsorbed on montmorillonite K-10: An efficient catalyst for one-pot dealkylation–acetylation of ethers
Authors: Lakouraj Mansour , Movassagh B. , Fasihi J.
Published: January 2010

Direct conversion of ethers into acetates is achieved by treatment of ethers with acetic anhydride in the presence of FeCl3-adsorbed on montmorillonite K-10.
Oxidation of urazoles via in situ generation of Cl+ by using N,N,2,3,4,5,6-heptachloroaniline or a UHP/MCln system under mild conditions
Authors: Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Bagherzadeh Mojtaba , Chehardoli Gholamabbass , Mallakpour Shadpour E , Mamaghani Manochehr
Published: January 2010

A combination of inorganic hydrolysable chloride salts and UHP (hydrogen peroxide–urea complex) in the presence of wet SiO2 was used as an effective oxidising agent for the oxidation of urazoles and bis-urazoles to their corresponding triazolinediones under mild and heterogeneous conditions in good to excellent yields. Oxidation of urazoles and bis-urazoles also occurred with N,N,2,3,4,5,6-heptachloroaniline. The in situ generation of Cl+ appears to be required for the oxidation of urazoles using these reagents.
Samarium (III) triiodide catalysed reaction of salicylaldehydes with active methylene compounds
Authors: Chen Jue , Zhang Yongmin
Published: January 2010

The unambiguous synthesis and isolation of 2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran derivatives are described. The Knoevenagel condensation of 2-hydroxy benzaldehydes with active methylene compounds catalysed by samarium triiodide resulted in coumarium derivatives in fair yields under refluxing conditions.
Methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation over a novel titanium-modified γ-Al2O3 supported copper catalyst
Authors: Qi Gong-Xin , Jin-Hua Fei , Hou Zhao-Yin , Zheng Xiao-Ming
Published: January 2010

A titanium-modified γ-Al2O3 supported CuO catalyst prepared by impregnation method shows high activity of methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation.
Generation of peracetic acid on aging of perborate solution in acetic acid: Kinetics of oxidation of organic sulfides
Authors: Karunakaran Chockalingam , Sheerin S.K. Thabasum , Palanisamy Pachagoundenpalayam N.
Published: January 2010

Perborate in acetic acid generates peracetic acid on aging and affords H2O2 in ethylene glycol; the oxidations of dialkyl, alkyl aryl and diaryl sulfides in ethylene glycol–acetic acid are second order and uncatalysed by acid, and follow a common mechanism.
Aflatoxin Contamination in Food and Body Fluids in Relation to Malnutrition and Cancer Status in Cameroon
Authors: Tchana Angele  N. , Moundipa Paul F. , Tchouanguep Félicité  M.
Published: January 2010

Aflatoxins are food contaminants usually associated with hepatitis, immunodepression, impairment of fertility and cancer. The present work was to determine the presence of aflatoxins in eggs, milk, urine, and blood samples that were collected from various sources and periods; and hepatitis B virus antigen in blood samples. Aflatoxin was found in eggs (45.2%), cow raw milk (15.9%), breast milk (4.8%), urine from kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor children (45.5%), and sera from primary liver cancer patients (63.9%); HbsAg was also detected in 69.4% of the serum samples, but there was no association between both factors. Both AF and hepatitis B virus seem to be risk factors that could increase the incidence and prevalence rates of malnutrition and cancer in Cameroon.
Theoretical Models and Operational Frameworks in Public Health Ethics
Authors: Petrini Carlo
Published: January 2010

The article is divided into three sections: (i) an overview of the main ethical models in public health (theoretical foundations); (ii) a summary of several published frameworks for public health ethics (practical frameworks); and (iii) a few general remarks. Rather than maintaining the superiority of one position over the others, the main aim of the article is to summarize the basic approaches proposed thus far concerning the development of public health ethics by describing and comparing the various ideas in the literature. With this in mind, an extensive list of references is provided.
Brushite-Forming Mg-, Zn- and Sr-Substituted Bone Cements for Clinical Applications
Authors: Pina Sandra , Ferreira José M.F.
Published: January 2010

Calcium phosphate cements have been in clinical use for the last 10 years. Their most salient features include good biocompatibility, excellent bioactivity, self-setting characteristics, low setting temperature, adequate stiffness, and easy shaping to accomodate any complicated geometry. They are commonly used in filling bone defects and trauma surgeries as mouldable paste-like bone substitute materials. Substitution of trace elements, such as Mg, Sr and Zn ions, into the structure of calcium phosphates is the subject of widespread investigation nowadays, because of their impending role in the biological process. Subtle differences in composition and structure of these materials may have a profound effect on their in vivo behaviour. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to provide a simple, but comprehensive overview of the present achievements relating to brushite-forming cements doped with Mg, Zn and Sr, and to identify new developments and trends. In particular, the influence of ionic substitution on the chemical, physical and biological properties of these materials is discussed.
Porous Dielectrics in Microelectronic Wiring Applications
Authors: McGahay Vincent
Published: January 2010

Porous insulators are utilized in the wiring structure of microelectronic devices as a means of reducing, through low dielectric permittivity, power consumption and signal delay in integrated circuits. They are typically based on low density modifications of amorphous SiO2 known as SiCOH or carbon-doped oxides, in which free volume is created through the removal of labile organic phases. Porous dielectrics pose a number of technological challenges related to chemical and mechanical stability, particularly in regard to semiconductor processing methods. This review discusses porous dielectric film preparation techniques, key issues encountered, and mitigation strategies.
Effects of Marine Toxins on the Reproduction and Early Stages Development of Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Vasconcelos Vítor , Azevedo Joana , Silva Marisa , Ramos Vítor
Published: January 2010

Marine organisms, and specially phytoplankton species, are able to produce a diverse array of toxic compounds that are not yet fully understood in terms of their main targets and biological function. Toxins such as saxitoxins, tetrodotoxin, palytoxin, nodularin, okadaic acid, domoic acid, may be produced in large amounts by dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, bacteria and diatoms and accumulate in vectors that transfer the toxin along food chains. These may affect top predator organisms, including human populations, leading in some cases to death. Nevertheless, these toxins may also affect the reproduction of aquatic organisms that may be in contact with the toxins, either by decreasing the amount or quality of gametes or by affecting embryonic development. Adults of some species may be insensitive to toxins but early stages are more prone to intoxication because they lack effective enzymatic systems to detoxify the toxins and are more exposed to the toxins due to a higher metabolic growth rate. In this paper we review the current knowledge on the effects of some of the most common marine toxins on the reproduction and development of early stages of some organisms.
Self-Assembled Three-Dimensional Non-Volatile Memories
Authors: Abelmann Leon , Tas Niels , Berenschot Erwin , Elwenspoek Miko
Published: January 2010

The continuous increase in capacity of non-volatile data storage systems will lead to bit densities of one bit per atom in 2020. Beyond this point, capacity can be increased by moving into the third dimension. We propose to use self-assembly of nanosized elements, either as a loosely organised associative network or into a cross-point architecture. When using principles requiring electrical connection, we show the need for transistor-based cross-talk isolation. Cross-talk can be avoided by reusing the coincident current magnetic ring core memory architecture invented in 1953. We demonstrate that self-assembly of three-dimensional ring core memories is in principle possible by combining corner lithography and anisotropic etching into single crystal silicon.
Luteolin Isolated from the Flowers of Lonicera japonica Suppresses Inflammatory Mediator Release by Blocking NF-κB and MAPKs Activation Pathways in HMC-1 Cells
Authors: Kang Ok-Hwa , Choi Jang-Gi , Lee John-Hwa , Kwon Dong-Yeul
Published: January 2010

Luteolin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxylflavone) is a plant flavonoid and pharmacologically active agent that has been isolated from several plant species. In the present study, the effect of luteolin from the flowers of Lonicera japonica on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus A23187-induced mast cell activation was examined. Luteolin significantly inhibited the induction of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by PMA plus A23187. Moreover, luteolin attenuated cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and intracellular Ca2+ levels. In activated HMC-1 cells, the phosphorylation of extra-signal response kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK 1/2), but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) were decreased by treatment of the cells with luteolin. Luteolin inhibited PMA plus A23187-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, IκB degradation, and luciferase activity. Furthermore, luteolin suppressed the expression of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, GM-CSF, and COX-2 through a decrease in the intracellular Ca2+ levels, and also showed a suppression of the ERK 1/2, JNK 1/2, and NF-κB activation. These results indicated that luteolin from the flowers of Lonicera japonica exerted a regulatory effect on mast cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as RA, allergy disease and IBD.
Epidemiologic Studies of Isoflavones & Mammographic Density
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Verheus Martijn , A. Tice Jeffrey
Published: January 2010

Isoflavones, phytoestrogens in soy beans with estrogen-like properties, have been examined for their cancer protective effects. Mammographic density is a strong predictor of breast cancer. This review summarizes studies that have examined the association between isoflavones and breast density. Observational investigations in Hawaii and Singapore suggest slightly lower breast density among women of Asian descent with regular soy intake, but two larger studies from Japan and Singapore did not observe a protective effect. The findings from seven randomized trials with primarily Caucasian women indicate that soy or isoflavones do not modify mammographic density. Soy foods and isoflavone supplements within a nutritional range do not appear to modify breast cancer risk as assessed by mammographic density.
Oxidative Stress Induced Mitochondrial Failure and Vascular Hypoperfusion as a Key Initiator for the Development of Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Aliev Gjumrakch , Palacios Hector H. , Gasimov Eldar , Obrenovich Mark E. , Morales Ludis , Leszek Jerzy , Bragin Valentin , Solís Herrera Arturo , Gokhman Dmitry
Published: January 2010

Mitochondrial dysfunction may be a principal underlying event in aging, including age-associated brain degeneration. Mitochondria provide energy for basic metabolic processes. Their decay with age impairs cellular metabolism and leads to a decline of cellular function. Alzheimer disease (AD) and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) are two leading causes of age-related dementia. Increasing evidence strongly supports the theory that oxidative stress, largely due to reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces mitochondrial damage, which arises from chronic hypoperfusion and is primarily responsible for the pathogenesis that underlies both disease processes. Mitochondrial membrane potential, respiratory control ratios and cellular oxygen consumption decline with age and correlate with increased oxidant production. The sustained hypoperfusion and oxidative stress in brain tissues can stimulate the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and brain endothelium probably increase the accumulation of oxidative stress products, which therefore contributes to blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and brain parenchymal cell damage. Determining the mechanisms behind these imbalances may provide crucial information in the development of new, more effective therapies for stroke and AD patients in the near future.
A New Baroreceptor Sensitivity-Restoring Ca-Channel Blocker Diminishes Age-Related Morning Blood Pressure Increase in Hypertensive Patients: Open-Label Monitoring of Azelnidipine Treatment for Hypertension in the Early Morning (At-HOME) Study
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Shirayama Masayuki , Hiramatsu Katsutoshi , Shiosakai Kazuhito , Sugiyama Mitsunori , Shimada Kazuyuki
Published: January 2010

Background: Morning blood pressure (BP) surge, which exhibits an age-related increase, is a risk factor for stroke in elderly hypertensive patients, independently of the 24-h BP level. We studied the effect of the new baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS)-restoring Ca-channel blocker (CCB) azelnidipine (AZ) on this age-related morning BP increase. Methods: We conducted a 16-week prospective study to clarify the effect of morning dosing of AZ on home BPs measured in the morning and in the evening in 2,546 hypertensive patients (mean age, 65.1 years; female, 53.6%). Results: At baseline, ME-Dif (morning systolic BP [SBP]–evening SBP) increased with age, independently of ME-Ave (average of the morning and evening SBPs). This age-related increase of ME-Dif was exaggerated by regular alcohol drinking and beta-blocker use. After AZ treatment (14.3 ± 3.6 mg/day), ME-AV and ME-Dif were significantly reduced independently of each other, with reductions of –18.1 ± 15.6 and –2.5 ± 13.2 mmHg, respectively (both p < 0.001). AZ treatment decreased age-related increase in ME-Dif particularly in patients who were regular consumers of alcohol and in beta-blocker users. Conclusions: The new BRS-restoring CCB AZ significantly reduced age-related increase in morning BP and had some potential benefit on cardiovascular protection in hypertension, particularly in elderly patients and/or consumers of alcohol.
An Innovative Procedure for Calibration of Strapdown Electro-Optical Sensors Onboard Unmanned Air Vehicles
Authors: Fasano Giancarmine , Accardo Domenico , Moccia Antonio , Rispoli Attilio
Published: January 2010

This paper presents an innovative method for estimating the attitude of airborne electro-optical cameras with respect to the onboard autonomous navigation unit. The procedure is based on the use of attitude measurements under static conditions taken by an inertial unit and carrier-phase differential Global Positioning System to obtain accurate camera position estimates in the aircraft body reference frame, while image analysis allows line-of-sight unit vectors in the camera based reference frame to be computed. The method has been applied to the alignment of the visible and infrared cameras installed onboard the experimental aircraft of the Italian Aerospace Research Center and adopted for in-flight obstacle detection and collision avoidance. Results show an angular uncertainty on the order of 0.1° (rms).
Real-time PCR Machine System Modeling and a Systematic Approach for the Robust Design of a Real-time PCR-on-a-Chip System
Authors: Lee Da-Sheng
Published: January 2010

Chip-based DNA quantification systems are widespread, and used in many point-of-care applications. However, instruments for such applications may not be maintained or calibrated regularly. Since machine reliability is a key issue for normal operation, this study presents a system model of the real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) machine to analyze the instrument design through numerical experiments. Based on model analysis, a systematic approach was developed to lower the variation of DNA quantification and achieve a robust design for a real-time PCR-on-a-chip system. Accelerated lift testing was adopted to evaluate the reliability of the chip prototype. According to the life test plan, this proposed real-time PCR-on-a-chip system was simulated to work continuously for over three years with similar reproducibility in DNA quantification. This not only shows the robustness of the lab-on-a-chip system, but also verifies the effectiveness of our systematic method for achieving a robust design.
Developing a Sustainability Assessment Model: The Sustainable Infrastructure, Land-Use, Environment and Transport Model
Authors: Yigitcanlar Tan , Dur Fatih
Published: January 2010

Measuring the comparative sustainability levels of cities, regions, institutions and projects is an essential procedure in creating sustainable urban futures. This paper introduces a new urban sustainability assessment model: “The Sustainable Infrastructure, Land-use, Environment and Transport Model (SILENT)”. The SILENT Model is an advanced geographic information system and indicator-based comparative urban sustainability indexing model. The model aims to assist planners and policy makers in their daily tasks in sustainable urban planning and development by providing an integrated sustainability assessment framework. The paper gives an overview of the conceptual framework and components of the model and discusses the theoretical constructs, methodological procedures, and future development of this promising urban sustainability assessment model.
Interaction of Host Cellular Proteins with Components of the Hepatitis Delta Virus
Authors: Greco-Stewart Valerie , Pelchat Martin
Published: January 2010

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known RNA pathogen capable of propagation in the human host and causes substantial global morbidity and mortality. Due to its small size and limited protein coding capacity, HDV is exquisitely reliant upon host cellular proteins to facilitate its transcription and replication. Remarkably, HDV does not encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which is traditionally required to catalyze RNA-templated RNA synthesis. Furthermore, HDV lacks enzymes responsible for post-transcriptional and -translational modification, processes which are integral to the HDV life cycle. This review summarizes the known HDV-interacting proteins and discusses their significance in HDV biology.
Initiation of HIV Reverse Transcription
Authors: Isel Catherine , Ehresmann Chantal , Marquet Roland
Published: January 2010

Reverse transcription of retroviral genomes into double stranded DNA is a key event for viral replication. The very first stage of HIV reverse transcription, the initiation step, involves viral and cellular partners that are selectively packaged into the viral particle, leading to an RNA/protein complex with very specific structural and functional features, some of which being, in the case of HIV-1, linked to particular isolates. Recent understanding of the tight spatio-temporal regulation of reverse transcription and its importance for viral infectivity further points toward reverse transcription and potentially its initiation step as an important drug target.
ATSKIRTYS VISUOMENINĖJE APLINKOS SAMPRATOJE
Authors: Čaikauskas Gintaras
Published: January 2010

The paper is devoted to different aesthetic categories of the existing environment and to disjuncture between the social order, creators’ ideas and public conception of the results. Architectural design presented as a dominating subject among artistic subjects reflects development of human culture as well as regular evolution of the whole civilization. Conflict sources reflect society’s miscommunication reasons. Evaluation of artistic activities is based on outstanding examples of former and contemporary projects and realizations.

Santrauka

Įvairiais aspektais analizuojamos aplinkos estetinės kategorijos, atskleidžiant prieštaravimus tarp socialinio užsakymo, kūrėjų sumanymų bei rezultatų visuomeninės sampratos, taip pat aiškinamasi, kokios yra atskirties atsiradimo priežastys. Architektūros kūryba pateikiama kaip neatsiejama, dominuojanti meninių disciplinų visumos dalis, atspindinti ne tik žmonijos kultūros, bet ir visos civilizacijos raidos ypatybes, besiformuojanti veikiant bendriems evoliucijos dėsniams. Būdingų prieštaravimų ištakos atskleidžia tarpusavio nesusikalbėjimo priežastis. Meninės veiklos pasekmės ir vertinimo klausimai analizuojami remiantis ryškesniais šiuolaikiniais pavyzdžiais.
PAMĄSTYMAI APIE LOUIS’O I. KAHN’O ĮŽVALGAS
Authors: Palekas Rolandas
Published: January 2010

Louis Kahn’s creativity and thoughts are somewhere between modernism and postmodernism. His works respect the architectural traditions and eternal human values. Presented and commented Louis Kahn’s thoughts about architecture, as an artistic field of creation, are presented and commented in the paper. It revews the essence of creativity, feelings and actions that accompany creativity, and analyses the importance of such issues as proportion, material and their naturalistic character in today’s architecture as well as the importance of the conception and respect for rules in the architect’s work.

Santrauka

Pateikiamos ir komentuojamos Louis’o Kahn’o mintys apie kūrybą ir architektūrą. Aptariama kūrybiškumo esmė, jausmai ir veiksmai. Paliečiami proporcijos ir medžiagos natūralumo svarbos klausimai šiandieninėje architektūroje. Aptariama koncepcijos reikšmė, taip pat taisyklių ir įstatymų paisymo ar nepaisymo problema architekto kūryboje.
KAI KURIE ŠIUOLAIKINĖS ARCHITEKTŪROLOGIJOS ASPEKTAI
Authors: Stauskas Vladas
Published: January 2010

The paper presents and analyses in detail the content and significance of the new definition of architecture “as the art and science of designing the environment (space)” for contemporary architecturology and architectural practice. It discusses in greater detail the social and ecological tasks of architecture in contemporary society as well as the responsibility of the architect and new research trends in architecturology. The paper also focuses on the importance of regionality trend in the context of modern globalization and touches upon the questions of architects’ professional training specialization.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje plačiau pristatomas ir detalizuojamas naujojo architektūros apibrėžimo „Architektūra – tai menas ir mokslas formuoti aplinką (erdvę)“ – turinys ir reikšmė šiuolaikinei architektūrologijai ir architektūros praktikai. Detaliau aptariami socialiniai ir ekologiniai architektūros uždaviniai dabartinėje visuomenėje, architekto atsakomybė, naujos tyrimų kryptys architektūrologijoje. Atskirai aptarta regionalumo krypties svarba dabartinės globalizacijos fone. Paliesti architektų profesinio rengimo specializacijos klausimai.
EXCHANGE OF VALUES IN CONTEMPORARY RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE IN POLAND SYMBOL IN THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN EAST AND WEST
Authors: Uścinowicz Jerzy
Published: January 2010

Poland is situated in the area of cultural and religious borderland, in the sphere of Latin and Greek-Slavonic influence. The Author reviews the past and present examples of the exchange of values in the Christian Churches, i.e. the Eastern (Orthodox and Uniate) and the Western (Roman Catholic and Protestant). They are portrayed through mutual conversion of temples, incorporation of traditional orthodox iconography in contemporary Roman Catholic churches as well as by adaptation of historic temples for their mutual ecumenical use. The values give testimony to the synthesis of art of both Christian Churches as well as to the return to their ecclesial unity.

Santrauka

Poland is situated in the area of cultural and religious borderland, in the sphere of Latin and Greek-Slavonic influence. The Author reviews the past and present examples of the exchange of values in the Christian Churches, i.e. the Eastern (Orthodox and Uniate) and the Western (Roman Catholic and Protestant). They are portrayed through mutual conversion of temples, incorporation of traditional orthodox iconography in contemporary Roman Catholic churches as well as by adaptation of historic temples for their mutual ecumenical use. The values give testimony to the synthesis of art of both Christian Churches as well as to the return to their ecclesial unity.
ALTERNATYVIOS ENERGETIKOS STATINIŲ IR ĮRENGINIŲ POVEIKIO PASTATŲ ARCHITEKTŪRAI IR PAJŪRIO KRAŠTOVAIZDŽIAMS ASPEKTAI
Authors: Grecevičius Petras , Abromas Jonas , Dubra Vytautas
Published: January 2010

Lately there are increasing signs of urbanization in the West Lithuanian landscapes which have an influence on the identity of the region, its historic and natural environment values. Housing development among seaside settlements is increasing. Lately some complexes of wind – power stations were installed. Unfortunately, they are built too close to residential areas, cultural heritage and landscape values. It is planned to install wind – and wave-power station fields in the high sea. Separate sun-power collectors are built on building roffs. Small-sized hydropower stations areconstructed or renovated. All these objects undoubtedly have an influence on building architecture and seaside lanscapes. On the basis of investigation data on some Lithuanian seaside settlements, useful planning and juridical suggestions are presented in the work to ensure sustainable development of the seaside region.

Santrauka

Pasaulinės bendruomenės deklaruojamos darnaus vystymosi nuostatos įpareigoja analizuoti atskirų šalies regionų ir gyvenviečių galimybes, išteklius tam, kad kuo greičiau itin pagerintume kiekvieno žmogaus gyvenimo kokybę. Pastaruoju laikotarpiu Vakarų Lietuvos teritorijos kraštovaizdyje vis labiau daugėja urbanizacijos ženklų, darančių negatyvų poveikį regiono identitetui, istorinės ir gamtinės aplinkos vertybėms. Tankėja užstatymas gyvenamaisiais pastatais tarp atskirų pajūrio gyvenviečių. Pastaruoju laikotarpiu regione įrengta keliolika vėjo jėgainių kompleksų, kai kur pastatytos pavienės jėgainės. Deja, jėgainės statomos labai arti gyvenamųjų teritorijų, kultūros paveldo ir kraštovaizdžio vertybių. Jau planuojama įrengti vėjo jėgainių laukus atviroje jūroje. Matyt, greit jūroje atsiras ir bangų energiją panaudojančios konstrukcijos. Ant pastatų stogų įrengiami pavieniai saulės kolektoriai. Renovuojamos arba statomos naujos nedidelės hidraulinės jėgainės. Regione yra perspektyvūs geoterminio vandens ištekliai. Visa tai neabejotinai jau daro įtaką architektūrinei pastatų bei pajūrio kraštovaizdžių raiškai. Ateityje ta įtaka dar labiau didės. Siekiant aukštos Lietuvos pajūrio kraštovaizdžių estetinės vertės, išsaugoti savitumą, būtina daug reglamentuojančių ir planavimo bei teisinių priemonių, kurios garantuotų aukštą kraštovaizdžio kokybę ne tik artimiausiais metais, bet ir tolimoje perspektyvoje. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojami kai kurie Lietuvos pajūrio gyvenviečių darnaus vystymosi aspektai, susieti su naujų energetinių įrenginių ir statinių poveikiu architektūrinei aplinkai, pateikiami preliminarūs siūlymai ieškant sprendimų, kaip naujus aplinkos elementus kuo tinkamiau išnaudoti gerinant pastatų architektūrą, praturtinant kraštovaizdžius.
SPALVA NAUJOJOJE VILNIAUS ARCHITEKTŪROJE
Authors: Kučinskas Romualdas
Published: January 2010

This paper attempts to make a review of reasons for the use of colour, bringing together the guidelines for the analysis of colour in architectural composition and analysing the use of colour in the new Vilnius architecture during the first years of the 21st century.

The overview of colour usage in Vilnius architecture was based on the methodical scheme proposed by I. Araujo. As far as the relation between colour and architecture is concerned, he suggests employment of the following closely intertwined components: volume and surface, colour and light. Light in the Araujo’s scheme is not solely a physical or metaphysical factor; it is an equivalent compositional constituent part in terms of colour. The foregoing allows including the stages of achromatic modern architecture into the research of chromatic composition.

Having carried out an overview of colour usage in today’s architecture of Vilnius, it must be stated that the peculiarities functioning in the city are not based on holistic or global principles. Different chromatic conceptions are simultaneously applied in the city. One of them pursues a contemporary achromatic line in architecture. The other conception makes an attempt at continuing the tradition of colour usage in architecture.

Santrauka

Šio tyrimo tikslas yra atkreipti dėmesį į Lietuvoje mažai tyrinėtą temą. Taip pat apžvelgti jau atliktus spalvos tyrimus ir atsirinkti architektūrinei kompozicijai tinkamus tyrinėjimo metodus. Remiantis šiais metodais, nagrinėjami XXI a. pradžios Vilniaus architektūros spalviniai sprendimai. Nagrinėjant stengiamasi apsiriboti formaliomis, tai yra išorinėmis vizualinėmis kompozicijos savybėmis.

Apžvelgiant spalvos naudojimą Vilniaus architektūroje, pasinaudota I. Araucho pasiūlyta metodine schema. Nagrinėjant spalvos ir architektūros santykį, jis siūlo pasitelkti glaudžiai tarpusavyje susijusius komponentus – tūrį ir paviršių, spalvą ir šviesą. Araucho schemoje šviesa nėra vien tik fizinis ar metafizinis faktorius, ji yra lygiavertis spalvai kompozicijos dėmuo. Tai leidžia įtraukti į spalvinės kompozicijos tyrimus reikšmingus achromatinės modernios architektūros pastatus.

Apžvelgus spalvos naudojimą šiandieninėje Vilniaus architektūroje reikia konstatuoti, kad mieste neveikia holistiniu, visuotiniu principu funkcionuojantys spalviniai savitumai. Mieste vienu metu yra taikomos skirtingos spalvinės koncepcijos. Viena iš jų tęsia modernistinę, achromatinės architektūros kryptį. Kita koncepcija bando pratęsti spalvos naudojimo tradicijas architektūroje. Nagrinėjant atskirų pastatų spalvines kompozicijas, pastebimas siekis atskirti spalvą nuo kompozicijos tektonikos. Pastatai kuriami kaip vizualiai netektoniški objektai. Vietoj tūrio kuriamas reginys.
MIESTŲ MENINIO APŠVIETIMO ŠIUOLAIKINĖS TENDENCIJOS
Authors: Valevičius Martynas
Published: January 2010

The paper is dedicated to contemporary tendencies in artistic lighting. The tendencies are disclosed through lighting of both urban holistic specific architectural and engineering objects, and analysis of lighting tool tendencies is proposed. The paper deals with an idea that contemporary lighting integrates new functions into architecture – different types of art and communication. Tools of contemporary lighting are related to scientific and technical progress and new opportunities. An idea is proposed that due to profound planning of lighting, the light, form and technology might be used in the process of creating urban lighting. In this process a great role belongs to urban aesthetics, media and ecology. A conclusion is drawn, that contemporary lighting integrates new functions into architecture; the priorities of tendencies in contemporary artistic urban lighting should be given in complex: combining aesthetical and economic subjects.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos miestų meninio apšvietimo šiuolaikinės tendencijos. Keliama idėja, kad šiuolaikinis apšvietimas į architektūrą integruoja naujas funkcijas – įvairias meno ir komunikacijos rūšis. Šiuolaikinio apšvietimo priemonės yra susijusios su mokslo ir technikos pažanga bei jos galimybėmis. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad įžvalgiai planuojant ir kuriant miesto apšvietimą, šviesą, formą ir technologiją galima panaudoti drauge. Šiame procese svarbų vaidmenį atlieka miesto estetika, medija ir ekologija. Straipsnyje pateikiamas teorinių įžvalgų ir praktinių realizacijų apibendrinimas.
Regulation of Ovulation and Egg Disposal in the Parasitic Hymenoptera
Authors: Flanders Stanley E.
Published: January 2010

Among the attributes of the parasitic Hymenoptera that contribute to the ability of certain species to maintain host populations at low densities is the power to restrict egg deposition to sites suitable for the continued development of the offspring, and to regulate, regardless of host density, the number of eggs deposited per host (Flanders 1947). High searching capacity is, in part, a function of female longevity correlated with the conservation of reproductive material. It is self evident that time used in wasteful oviposition means less time for searching and consequently less effective control of the host.
Males and Intersexes in a Normally Thelyotokous Insect, Tropidophryne melvillei Compere (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae)
Authors: Doutt Richard L. , Smith Richard A.
Published: January 2010

Tropidophryne melvillei Compere is apparently indigenous to the region of Kenya Colony, Africa, where it was found to parasitize Pseudococcus sp. (Compere, 1939). In 1948 this parasite was introduced into California from Kenya Colony by the Division of Biological Control of the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station (Smith and Flanders, 1949).
Observations on Feeding Habits of First-instar Larvae of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae)
Authors: Jacobson L. A. , Blakeley P. E. , Farstad C. W.
Published: January 2010

The pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., has been a major pest of cereals in the prairie region of Western Canada since 1911. Present control measures consist of (a) cultural measures that inhibit oviposition in fields being summer-fallowed and (b) starvation of the young larvae by destroying the volunteer plant growth by means of cultivation at a critical period. Cultural operations to minimize oviposition in fields being summer-fallowed have become accepted procedure throughout the area. Control by starvation is practised during outbreak years in fields that have-been “stubbled in” or in those tilled during the moth flight. This procedure has been recommended generally throughout potentially infested areas, but more precise methods of evaluating larval numbers are required so that control may be used only where critical populations are present.
A Note on the Dusting of Crops with Fluorescein to Mark Visiting Bees
Authors: Musgrave A. J.
Published: January 2010

Last year a short note (Musgrave, 1949) described the possibilities of fluorescein for marking insects. The method has since been adopted and much elaborated by the Apiculture Department here (Townsend, 1950).

But another and very interesting question remained insufficiently answered: was it possible to dust a growing crop with fluorescein (and presumably, certain other solids) in such a way that visiting bees alighting on the crop would pick up the dust and carry it back to the hive an their bodies in detectable quantities? If it were then a very useful tool in field research in Entomology generally might well be available. During the summer of 1950 an experiment was devised to answer this question.
The Extralimital Distribution of Some Species of Coleoptera
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: January 2010

The following notes report the occurrence in Nova Scotia ofSthereus ptinoides(Germ.) and indicate the distribution in North America of 35 species introduced there from the Old World. Of the Old World species, ten are reported from America for the first time; previous records of two others are probably erroneous. Two, which were named and described inRhyssemusMuls. andScolytusGeoff. as species native to America, are considered introduced, and new synonymy is proposed for them. Confusion of introduced with native species is noted inStethorusWeise andRhinoncusSchön. The material recorded from Newfoundland was collected in the Northern Insect Survey, which is a co-operative project of the Canada Department of Agriculture and the Defence Research Board, Canada Department of National Defence.
The Generic Positions of Some North American Species Commonly Referred to Pyrausta Schrank (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

It has for some time been realized that the genus Pyrausta as it stands in current North American lists is a very unnatural one. Forbes (1926) pointed out that a fundamental division of the Pyraustinae possible on the basis of the presence or absence in the male fore wing of the frenulum hook, and that species of both types have ordinarily been included in Pyrausta. Subsequent studies of genitalic structure—particularly that by Pierce and Metcalfe (1938)—have borne out the importance of this division.
The Precipitin Test as an Entomological Tool
Authors: West A. S.
Published: January 2010

The current rapid advance in many fields of biology is being facilitated by the discovery of new ‘tools’ or the extended application of old ‘tools’. Radioactive isotopes, paper chromatography, the electron microscope and cytogenetics are but a few examples. Entomology is benefiting by the use of these tools. Recently the serological reaction known as the precipitin test is being more frequently applied in numerous biological studies. It is the purpose of this paper to point out the uses of the precipitin test in Entomology.
The Adult Feeding Habit of Some Conifer-infesting Weevils
Authors: Plumb George H.
Published: January 2010

During the course of examining a white pine tree on May 25, 1945, the writer noticed a small black weevil clinging to the sheath of a needle fascicle, on the current year's shoot. The weevil was in a position parallel to the fascicle, its head directed upward, and its beak resting against the needle sheath. Closer scrutiny revealed a droplet of resin about the tip of the beak, and several small holes in the sheath distal to the beetle. When the beetle was removed, it was in the act of boring another similar hole in the needle fascicle. A brief search resulted in the finding of additional weevils in the same position on other twigs. Since no weevil of this habit on pine could be called to mind, six specimens were collected and two more were taken on May 29.
The Bramble Leaf hopper, Typhlocyba tenerrima H.-S. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), A Destructive European Insect New to the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Andison Harry
Published: January 2010

In July, 1947, a leafhopper was found causing serious injury to the foliage of loganberries in the Brentwood area of Vancouver Island, B.C. A survey made at that time in southern Vancouver Island showed that this species was widely distributed, and that it occurred also on raspberries and blackberries. In 1948 it was again found injuring loganberries on Vancouver Island and was found also in the lower Fraser Valley; and in 1949 it was observed 40 miles north of Victoria, at Cowichan Bay, feeding on wild blackberry. It is probable that this species had been present in the coastal area of British Columbia for some time before it was first observed in 1947 causing economic damage.
Aggregations of the Snow-flea, Achorutes socialia Uzel (Collembola), Recurring Over Three Years
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

Aggregations of various species of spring-tails on the surface of the snow have been noted and reported upon by several authors. Of these species, the one occurring most commonly is Achorutes socialis Uzel (Podura nivicola Fitch) which Folsom (1916) records as being a common species in most parts of Europe and occurring in several localities in the north-eastern United States. MacNamara (1919b) studied the habits of this species as it appeared in the vicinity of Arnprior, Ontario, reporting that it “may be as thick as 500 to the square foot, while in hollows and depressions in the snow—such as foot-prints—from which they cannot escape, they sometimes accumulate in solid masses that could be ladled out with a spoon.” James (1933) noted an assemblage of this species at Pottageville, Ontario, and reported that “beneath the hemlocks they covered the snow with a frequency of over 400 to the square foot.” A related species, tentatively identified as A. bengtssoni Agren, appeared in a population estimated by Park (1949) as exceeding 4,000,000 from three exit holes in an area of six square feet in Illinois in December, 1946.
The Canadian Cixiidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

Eleven species of the family Cixiidae have been recorded from Canada (Metcalf, 1936, Gen. Cat. Hemip. 4 (2)). Ten of these are represented in the Canadian National Collection. In addition, ten other species are represented by Canadian specimens. Three of these are previously undescribed. The following are descriptions of the new species, keys to the genera and species known to occur in Canada, and distributional notes on the species from specimens in the collection. External characters are used in the keys. These are not always reliable in determining the males of some closely allied species, because of the frequent absence of dark elytral markings in that sex. The male genitalia show good specific characters, and figures of these are given for the species difficult to determine reliably an external characters.
A Study of the Embryology of Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae)
Authors: Rempel J. G.
Published: January 2010

The embryonic development of the bertha armyworm is traced from the time of oviposition until blastokinesis. The following are described: the egg; fertilization and cleavage; formation of blastoderm, serosa, and amnion; the germ band; formation and differentiation of the lower layer; germ layers and derivatives; blastokinesis.
Identification of the Root Maggots (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Attacking Cruciferous Garden Crops in Canada, with Notes on Biology and Control
Authors: Brooks A. R.
Published: January 2010

A great number of papers and notes have been written on the root maggots attacking cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, and radish in Canada and the United States during the past 75 years. These deal chiefly with the occurrence, life-history, and control of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), or species which have been misidentified as that species. The Canadian work has followed the lead of Gibson and Treherne (1916), but in spite of the accumulation of information on the life-history of the species, on cultivation methods, and on insecticides, the pests of these cruciferous plants remain as noxious as ever.