bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer Program GALS
Authors: McLellan C. D.
Published: July 2019

GALS, an acronym for Geographic Adjustment by Least Squares, is a comprehensive electronic computer program for adjusting horizontal control survey networks of triangulation, trilateration, traverse or any combination thereof. Adjustment is by variation of geographic coordinates using observation equations.

Input includes coordinates, fixed or preliminary, for all points, and observed lengths, azimuths, and directions appropriately weighted; it may also include correlated position equations thus enabling the user to carry out adjustment by sections.

Output includes adjusted coordinates for all points, residuals for all observations, and covariance factors for points selected by the user. Standard error ellipse data for a point or points relative to datum (fixed points) or to any other point may be printed out on request.

The program can be used for network design as well as for adjustment; with the program in simulation mode a proposed survey network can be entered and standard error ellipses to analyze the configuration can be called for.

As the program is in basic Fortran IV it is relatively machine independent. Space requirements in computer core storage is reduced by banding the matrix of normal coefficients into a diagonal band, a vertical band and a unit matrix band.
Correlating Airborne Control and Township Surveys in Alberta
Authors: Deyholos J.
Published: July 2019

In Alberta, mineral and oil and gas rights must be described according to the rectangular township system. Since the survey control system generally follows an informal pattern, it must be correlated to governing points in the township system in remote areas for use in exploratory and development surveys.

A description is given of an experimental application in northern Alberta of a method of extending control and correlating it with the local skeletal township frame-work. A novel feature of the experiment was the transportation and setting in place of large preassembled steel towers by helicopter.

Control stations were fixed by trilateration using ground tellurometer measurements between intervisible stations and an auto-tape helicopter line-crossing technique for lines between nonintervisible stations. Subsequently, trilateration connections were made from control stations to governing monuments of the local township system by auto-tape measurements to a hovering helicopter.

The experiment proved practical and economical. With the advances in measuring and hovering systems that can be expected soon, this type of operation holds even greater promise for the near future.
Systematic Errors in Tellurometer and Geodimeter Measurements
Authors: Jones Harold E.
Published: July 2019

From an analysis of field measurements made by the Geodetic Survey of Canada in 1969-1970, on about 200 lines in different localities and generally between 7 and 27 km long, it is clear that

1) there is a systematic diurnal variation in geodimeter measurements between ground stations, with daytime measurements about 4 ppm longer than nighttime measurements; 2) systematic diurnal variations of a few ppm sometimes occur in a network of tellurometer measurements from either ground or tower stations, and 3) tellurometer measurements are generally 2-5 ppm shorter than geodimeter measurements.

There is a general agreement between the observed discrepancies and those that can be predicted from Best’s model of temperature and vapor pressure variations in the lower 100 meters of the atmosphere. From this it can be concluded that

4) the mean of day and night geodimeter measurements between ground stations, or a measurement made near sunrise or sunset, is reliable; 5) systematic meteorological errors in geodimeter measurements between tower stations are generally less than one ppm, and 6) tellurometer measurements are generally a few ppm short.
Use of Aerial Triangulation in Large-Scale Mapping
Authors: Rratky V.
Published: July 2019

The special character of large-scale photogrammetric mapping and its relatively high accuracy requirements make the use of aerial triangulation not as easy, or as common, as in topographical mapping. The analytical treatment of aerial triangulation can cope best with specific problems concerned with the accuracy and efficiency of the operation. In connection with the Hull project, a study was set up to prove some of the points in question. Some affiliated photogrammetric operations were also analyzed to establish their effect on the accuracy of the triangulation.
Principal Property and Least Squares Adjustment Design
Authors: Kouba Jan
Published: July 2019

A general concept of least squares adjustments is discussed in conjunction with a scheme of adjustments in phases or sequential adjustments. It is shown that deletion of parameters and observations that no longer are directly involved in subsequent adjustment sections does not influence the adjusted participating quantities (in a section); neither does it influence the corresponding weight-coefficient matrix and the square sum of residuals, provided that all quantities common to all adjacent sections are retained. The properties of the sequential weighting are demonstrated on numerical examples. Also a statistical test (Chi-square distribution test) incorporated into such an adjustment design is proposed.
Problems in Collecting Non-Topographic Urban Surveying Data
Authors: Hamilton A. C. , McLaughlin J. D. , Kolls F. J.
Published: July 2019

Some of the basic problems in establishing an information system on the urban physical environment have been defined from experience on a pilot project to establish such a system. Data were collected on all aspects of the physical environment for a 43-block area of central Fredericton and classified into four main groups as subsurface, surface, above surface and intangible. Approximately one third of the data came from air survey, one third from field survey and one third from existing records. In all, some 27 data sets were identified, and there are no authoritative specifications in existence for any of these sets. It is concluded that the lack of specifications on precision, completeness and update frequency is the major problem in the collection of data for an information system on the urban physical environment.
Survey Data in an Information System of the Urban Physical Environment
Authors: McLaughlin John D.
Published: July 2019

The surveying profession has the opportunity to make an important contribution towards the design and development of information systems of the urban physical environment. However, the achievement of this role will require an awareness of the urban information process and, more especially, an understanding of the needs for urban information. This can only be attained through a rigorous urban surveying research program.
Snow Cover and Melting Snow from ERTS Imagery
Authors: Golding Douglas L.
Published: July 2019

To evaluate the usefulness of ERTS imagery for obtaining information on snow cover for small mountain watersheds, two specific objectives were set: (1) to determine if snowpack ablation due to chinooks can be detected on ERTS imagery, and (2) to determine if melting snow can be distinguished from snow that has not yet begun to melt. The length of ERTS return period and the frequency of cloud cover over the mountains in winter combined to make the ERTS system almost useless in studying transient phenomena of short-return period such as the chinook.

Melting snow could be distinguished from snow that had not reached melting temperature. The latter appeared light toned on both visible and near-infrared imagery because of its high reflectivity in these portions of the spectrum. Melting snow, however, appeared dark on near-infrared imagery because much of the incident infrared radiation is absorbed by the thin film of water on the surface of the melting snow.
Detection of SO2 Fume Damage to Forests on ERTS-1 Imagery
Authors: Murtha Peter A.
Published: July 2019

Sulphur dioxide fumes have been affecting the forests around Wawa, Ontario, which have been under surveillance for a. number of years and which were recently covered by ultra-small-scale (1:160,000) air photography for damage-assessment purposes. Selected as a Canadian Forestry Service ERTS-1 test site, the area was imaged on four successive ERTS-1 passes during the summer of 1973.

Interpretation supported by electronic color enhancement was used to delineate, on ERTS imagery, three damage zones: total-kill, heavy-kill and medium-damage zones. The zones delineated are similar to the results of aerial sketch mapping and airphoto interpretation. Band 5 provided the greatest detail for assessing the damage to the forests, followed by bands 4, 6 and 7. Comparison with winter ERTS images showed that even though the total kill could be separated from heavy-kill damage zoned, total kill could not be consistently separated from clear-cut logging, burned areas, frozen lakes and bogs.
Detection and Delineation of Natural Disasters: Landslides and Floods
Authors: Moore W. C.
Published: July 2019

ERTS imagery interpretation for synoptic environmental assessments has many practical advantages and some limitations. There is no typical ERTS signature for landslides because the spectral anomalies vary greatly with surface conditions. The low reflectance of open water bodies in the near-infrared bands is a good indicator of the extent of flooding. Background knowledge is important for both landslide detection and flood reconnaissance with ERTS imagery. The detection and delineation of flooding appear to have the greatest potential for operational applications of ERTS.
Doppler Data Versus Results from High Precision Traverse
Authors: Meade Burford K.
Published: July 2019

The transcontinental traverses (TT) in the conterminous United States will contribute to the framework of high precision control for a new adjustment of the triangulation networks consisting of about 125,000 stations. This high precision traverse net, forming eight loops and extending over a distance of approximately 22,000 kilometres, is being established with relative accuracies of about one part per million along the traverse.

Plans have been made to observe positions, using Doppler equipment, at more than 100 stations spaced at intervals of about 300 kilometres throughout the United States network. The Doppler positions will be used to supplement the scale control in the overall adjustment of the net. Previous evaluations have indicated that positions obtained by Doppler have accuracies in the order of one or two metres. About 35 positions of stations along the transcontinental traverses have been determined by Doppler. These results are compared with results obtained from the high precision traverse surveys.
Internal and External Consistency of Doppler, Satellite-Triangulation, and Terrestrial Networks
Authors: Pinch M. C.
Published: July 2019

The geodetic triangulation network in Canada was adjusted to compute results that can be used to relate the triangulation and Doppler satellite networks. The adjustment was run at reasonable cost, using program GALS and a technique for adjusting survey networks in sections.
Mean Sea Level as a Reference for Geodetic Leveling
Authors: Lennon G. W.
Published: July 2019

The use of mean sea level as a surface of reference that might provide an independent control for geodetic leveling has been a long term goal arising from the classical analogy between the geoid as an equipotential surface and the surface assumed by a hypothetical undisturbed world ocean.

The problems associated with this aim are now known to be vast, and are associated with the dynamics of the marine system, notably its response to meteorological forces, to variations in density and to the effects of basic circulation patterns. In consequence the mean sea level surface varies rapidly in both time and space. This identifies in fact a distinctive scientific discipline, coastal geodesy, in which contributions are required by both geodesists and oceanographers.

It has come to be recognized that the coastal zone is a hazardous environment for all observational techniques concerned. On the one hand, the difficulties of measurement of coastal sea levels have only recently been understood; on the other hand, precise leveling procedures are now known to be influenced by the attraction of marine tides and by crustal deformation of tidal loading.

Much of the data available for study are therefore inadequate and, moreover, it should be noted that long-time series are required. It is now possible to lay plans for both geodetic and oceanographic procedures to remedy these deficiencies in the long-term interests of the study.
Problems Related to Absolute Orientation of Geodetic Systems
Authors: Groten E.
Published: July 2019

Absolute orientation of astrogeodetic systems, obtained by (1) computing absolute gravimetric deflections of plumb line according to Molodensky’s linear solution, (2) fitting astrogeodetic geoid sections to global geoids obtained from satellite or other data, (3) matching small astrogeodetic geoid sections with detailed gravimetric geoids, are described, and corresponding errors and problems are discussed. Experiments made in determining the absolute orientation of the European Datum are pointed out. The use of Molodensky’s formula for the transition from one ellipsoid to another (where deviations from Laplace’s condition are supposed to exist) is tested. The results are related to the geoids by Bomford, Heitz, Groten and Rummel and Vincent and Marsh. General conclusions and inferences with respect to determining geodetic datums are given.
Aspects of Large Leveling Nets
Authors: Alberda J. E.
Published: July 2019

A survey is given of some recent literature on the probabilistic model for leveling observations. The author thinks that the different approaches can be reconciled and that the time has come for a revision of the international formulas for the evaluation of the accuracy.

A theoretical study is made concerning the connection between the density (or loop size) of a schematic net and the precision of height differences in the net. The study, which is summarized in an appendix, is based on an investigation of schematic nets consisting of “square loops”.

Some attention is devoted to the adjustment, which is very simple. The execution of the adjustment is closely connected with the statistical analysis and evaluation; the author advocates adjustment by steps.

The last section is devoted to some remarks on the use of statistical test. In this respect there is hardly anything that is peculiar to leveling nets, and available general testing procedures can be applied directly.
The North American Redefinition in Perspective
Authors: Hamilton Angus C.
Published: July 2019

The redefinition is an engineering application of the pure or basic science accomplishments in geodesy since 1927. Assuming that a geocentric coordinate system is adopted, it will mark the end of the era of best-fitting regional or continental surfaces and the advent of an era of one-world spheroids.

To ensure that the resources necessary to see it through become available, it is essential that popular support for redefinition be forthcoming from users of the redefined coordinates, such as provincial/state and urban governments. The confusion that comes with any change in coordinates will be minimized if the redefinition is completed so that redefined plane coordinates will be available when the conversion to metric units takes place.
An Approach to the Enhancement of Photomaps
Authors: Jessiman E. G. , Walsh M. R.
Published: July 2019

A scheme for line and type enhancement on photomaps, which is effective in either dark or light areas of the photomap, has been developed by the Surveys and Mapping Branch of the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. Enhancement is shown as a white line bordered by narrow black lines.
Doppler Leveling
Authors: Kouba Jan
Published: July 2019

It is a common feeling among geodetic users of the Doppler satellite that the limitation of the system has been nearly approached; it is usually quoted in the range of 0.6 - 1.6 metres in each coordinate depending on the extent of the survey area and time span of the observations [Anderle 1974; Anderle and Tannenbaun 1974; Beauglass 1974; DOD 1972].

Traditionally, all three coordinates are given the same attention, and usually the height component is considered to be of the lowest accuracy owing to orbit, atmospheric effect and antenna phase center uncertainty.

Individual sources of error contributing to the height determination in particular are examined. It is estimated that, with improved instrumentation (i.e., new antenna designs, which are just becoming available on the market) and some improvement in error modeling, the accuracy attainable between two stations about 50 km apart will be about 0.2 m (1σ). This would result from observations of at least 30 satellite passes with either U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory (NWL) or broadcast satellite ephemeris.

When orthometric (spirit-leveled) height differences between such points are known, a relative profile of geoid-ellipsoid separations could be obtained with a speed and accuracy that compares favourably to the classical methods, such as astrogeodetic leveling or gravimetric methods. Such profiles could provide a useful control frame for classical geoid determination over large areas.
Prediction of Deviations of the Vertical Using Heterogeneous Data
Authors: Lachapelle Gérard
Published: July 2019

A method for estimating deviations of the vertical from a combination of topographic-isostatic deviations of the vertical and dynamic information in the form of geopotential coefficients is presented. The method is especially well suited for large areas, either continental or oceanic, where no geodetic measurements, such as gravity anomalies or deviations of the vertical, are available. It is ideally applicable in mountainous areas and along coastlines where the deviations depend greatly on the topography. Numerical results using topographic-isostatic data calculated in Canada, Switzerland and West Germany are presented.

Furthermore, if geodetic data such as observed deviations of the vertical and gravity anomalies are available in the area considered, they can be combined with existing estimated deviations by using least squares collocation to achieve a greater accuracy.
The Map Folio Series of the Lands Directorate
Authors: Simpson-Lewis Wendy
Published: July 2019

This informal report reviews the reasons for establishing the Map Folio Series, a new publication format in the Lands Directorate of Environment Canada. The utilization of both textual and cartographic techniques to portray the complexities of natural resource issues enhances existing Lands Directorate scientific publications. Aspects of various publication formats are discussed briefly. The subjects of the first three printed folios and the topics of three folios in progress are described.
Astrogravimetric Leveling by Least Squares Collocation
Authors: Lachapelle Gérard
Published: July 2019

The application of least squares collocation to astrogravimetric leveling is described and the fundamental equation of astrogravimetric leveling in least squares collocation is derived. This method is easier and quicker to use than classical astrogravimetric leveling and is therefore well suited for extensive application. Six different covariance functions for use in flat and rugged topography areas are presented and comparisons are made between the accuracy estimates obtained when using these covariance functions and those obtained when using Bomford’s empirical formulas for astrogeodetic leveling; results are in very good agreement. Two astrogeodetic profiles located in Canada were used for this purpose. Finally, comparisons are made between the accuracy estimates obtained for the difference of geoid undulations calculated by astrogravimetric leveling when using the covariance functions mentioned and different configurations of observed deviations of the vertical and gravity anomalies.
Land Titles in Newfoundland
Authors: Mcewen A. C.
Published: July 2019

The evolution of land titles in Newfoundland is an inseparable historical part of a struggle towards settlement and self-government. An initial period of English colonial expansion ended in the early 18th century when imperial policy forbade permanent habitation, so as to more effectively promote the fishing and other interests of the mother country. In defiance of prohibitions against them settlers continued to increase and, even though various forms of statutory ownership have long been available, possessory claims still remain the basis of a substantial portion of all land titles in Newfoundland.
Hydrographic Research in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Douglas G.R.
Published: July 2019

Prior to the mid 1960s, few ships dared to venture into the high Arctic regions of Canada. The advent of hydrocarbon exploration and the virtual certainty of production, coupled with the possibility of year-round shipping, has given the bathymetric charts of the Arctic a totally new importance. The Canadian Hydrographic Service is responding to this new importance by developing systems and techniques to cope with the charting requirements in the hostile environment. The ever present ice, the remoteness of the area and the specialized requirements preclude the use of conventional survey techniques and platforms.

This paper reviews the research and development of new systems, the adaptation of existing platforms and the development of techniques of the past decade that have enabled the Canadian Hydrographic Service to carry out reconnaissance and detailed surveys in this unique environment. The future systems, which are intended to provide continuous bathymetric profiles from the surface of the ice, and alternate solutions to enhance present bottom coverage are discussed. Developments to improve the capability and reliability of tidal and current measurements in ice-covered waters are also described.
Keeping Land-Related Information Up-to-Date
Authors: Roberts Willis F.
Published: July 2019

The Maritime Provinces, through an agency called the Land Registration and Information Service (LRIS), are implementing a phased program to build a land information system. The program incorporates a control survey system, mapping system, parcel indexing system, land titles system and an integrated land information system. The Maritime Provinces encompass an area of approximately 52 000 square miles containing an estimated 800 000 parcels of land and a total population of 1.6 million people.

To date, LRIS has produced 40 000 coordinated survey markers at linear distances of 300 m to 4 000 m; 8 000 maps at scales from 1:1 000 to 1:20 000; 370 000 parcels of land have been identified on maps and specified parcel information placed on computer files. Legislation has been presented to three provincial legislatures for a new Land Titles System and a prototype Land Titles System has been demonstrated using a centralized computer facility with on-line access by terminals for data entry and retrieval.

Future projects will be carried out to change from current analogue methods of map production to digital mapping production and to operate a computerized land titles system as one of a series of computerized data information subsystems that will provide information to a comprehensive land information system for the management of the Maritime resources.
Technology of Data Processing Systems
Authors: Lochovsky F. H.
Published: July 2019

Several functional parts — hardware, software and techniques — of a data processing system can be identified. In this paper the current technology of these different parts is reviewed. The hardware has been greatly influenced in recent years by advances in semiconductor technology. Data bank management system (DBMS) technology has significantly affected the software aspects of data processing. Finally, on-line processing, distributed processing and data base administration techniques are being used to effectively apply current hardware and software technology.
A New University Center of Surveying in Canada
Authors: Blais J. A. R. , Krakiwsky E. J.
Published: July 2019

The establishment of a new surveying engineering program at The University of Calgary represents a major milestone in the history of the surveying profession in Canada. It is the first university surveying engineering center west of Ontario, and the establishment of the program required two decades of dedicated work by the profession in western Canada. This program includes an undergraduate component, graduate studies, research activities and continuing education. The Division of Surveying Engineering started in September, 1979, with two full-time professors, five sessional lecturers and 22 undergraduate students. Three additional full-time professors are joining the Division for the second semester, and about 10 graduate students have already applied for graduate programs. When fully operational, circa 1981, the Division of Surveying Engineering will have about 12 teaching members and will occupy 900 m2 of newly renovated floor space in The University of Calgary engineering complex.
Block Adjustment of Models
Authors: Schut G. H.
Published: July 2019

The historical development of the block adjustment of models is described, as it can be found in French, English and German-language photogrammetric literature. This is followed by a short account of the adjustment program developed by the author at the National Research Council of Canada. Finally, the accuracy that can be obtained with such an adjustment is illustrated with results taken from international and Canadian tests.
On Solution Algorithms for Large Sparse Systems of Normal Equations in Photogrammetry
Authors: Steidler Franz
Published: July 2019

The question of which algorithm is most appropriate for the solution of normal equations with different structures has been investigated. The solution methods are a direct solution for banded and banded-bordered matrices, a special direct solution technique for arbitrary sparse systems of equations and the method of conjugate gradients. The algorithms have first been applied to photogrammetric bundle adjustment with self-calibration, which leads to a banded-bordered matrix of the normal equations, and secondly to calculations of digital height models that are generated by a simple version of the method of finite elements and which lead to band matrices.
The Land Surveyor’s Role in Tomorrow’s Society
Authors: Roberts Willis F.
Published: July 2019

The land surveying profession has undergone a number of upheavals during the last 100 years. The first of these was caused by the migration to Western Canada and the building of the railroads; the second by the movement to the cities and the improvement of highways; the third by the development of the north and the technological revolution in survey methods. The profession has been successful in surviving these changes because of its careful watch on developments in its field. Nevertheless, the present influenciaI position of surveyors will be maintained only if they remain alert to the advantages of the new technology, principally in the fields of data processing and land records management.
An Extension of Chronometric Gyroscope Observation Methods
Authors: Caspary W. F. , Schwintzer P. A. W.
Published: July 2019

An observation method for gyroscopic azimuth determination which is based on transit readings at all graduation lines of the auxiliary scale of the collimator, is proposed. For the adjustment of approximately 60 pairs of observations (time reading ti and scale reading αi) per swing the following three models are discussed in detail:

1) the time readings are considered as the observed values while the scale readings are considered errorless; 2) the scale readings are considered as the observed values while the time readings are considered errorless; 3) both time and scale readings are observed values and therefore to be adjusted.

The authors concluded that the most accurate azimuths can be obtained by using model 3.

Laboratory and field tests with a MOM Gi-B1 and a Wild GAK-1 showed that the proposed observation method gives standard deviations for the position of the mean axis of the gyrooscillation of one second of arc for MOM and five seconds for Wild gyro, as measures of the internal accuracy, — in the same time that would have been taken using any standard method of observation.
Rural Development by Land Consolidation in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Fritzsche Hartmut
Published: July 2019

Land consolidation is an effective instrument for improving living conditions and farm management conditions in rural areas in the Federal Republic of Germany. After a short introduction the author describes the land consolidation procedure. Planning, construction, surveying and parcel reorganization are the dominant fields in land consolidation, and these jobs are done mainly by surveying engineers. The application of geodetic techniques has become routine although new techniques are continually being developed. Planning and management for the welfare of all inhabitants in the rural areas of the country are the focal point of the land consolidation procedure.
On Satellite Signal Processing Techniques Applicable to GPS Geodetic Equipment
Authors: Hui Patrick J.
Published: July 2019

Four different signal processing techniques applicable to GPS geodetic equipment are considered in this paper. These are: pseudorange measurements, integrated Doppler counts, carrier phase measurements and interferometric measurements. Hardware requirements and error budgets are reviewed. Inherent performance limitations of each technique and design trade-offs involved in attempting to achieve the full performance potential, using state-of-the-art electronics are discussed. The above provides a basis for comparative analysis of those signal processing techniques applied to GPS geodetic equipment.
Hydrographic Surveying in the Great Lakes during the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Sandilands R. W.
Published: July 2019

This paper reviews the development of hydrographic surveys in the Great Lakes during the 19th century. It traces the work of the early Admiralty surveyors and of the U.S. Corps of Engineers through to the formation of the Canadian Hydrographic Service and describes some of the methods used and the hardships faced by the early surveyors.
Results from a Precise Photogrammetric Densification of Urban Control Network
Authors: EL-HAKIM S. F.
Published: July 2019

Adjustment of a photogrammetric block located in the city of Sudbury, Ontario, demonstrates that an accuracy of 2 cm in planimetric coordinates can be achieved using a minimum number of control points if additional constraints in the form of observed spatial distances are combined with the photogrammetric mathematical model to reduce the control point requirement. This accuracy has been estimated by error ellipsoids of the adjusted ground coordinates, and by independent field checking. The data have also been used to compare different mathematical functions for the compensation of systematic errors in the method of bundle adjustment with self-calibration.
Determination of Deflection of the Vertical by the Astrogeodetic Difference Method
Authors: Teskey W. F.
Published: July 2019

In certain survey applications the effect of deflection of the vertical cannot be ignored without producing large systematic errors. To avoid this problem some method of determining deflection, or change in deflection, must be used. A new method to determine change in deflection, the astrogeodetic difference method, is described. Field test results confirming the accuracy of the method are given. A cost estimate is made and potential applications are briefly discussed.
Integrated Surveys: The South African Experience
Authors: Fisher R. C. , Merry C. L. , Hamilton A. C.
Published: July 2019

In the Republic of South Africa it has been mandatory since 1927 to connect most boundary surveys to the control survey network. Copies of all survey diagrams must be examined and approved at the offices of regional surveyors general, and are used to keep the property maps up to date. In this paper the responsibilities and functions of the respective government agencies and of the private practitioner are described, together with the procedures typically involved in the subdivision of a parcel of land. The more significant mileposts leading to the present system are described briefly, and a critique of its strengths and weaknesses is presented.
The Legal Liability of the Chartmaker
Authors: Troop Peter M.
Published: July 2019

Recent developments in the law have imposed increased liability and responsibility on government departments and agencies providing services to the public. The Canadian Hydrographic Service as the Crown Agency providing reliable information to the marine navigator must be aware of the legal responsibilities and duties and the extent to which the Crown may be liable for shipping casualties and other marine accidents.

The degree of reliance placed on charts and other nautical publications of the CHS potentially expose the Government of Canada, under the Crown Liability Act to claims by ship owners and cargo owners, for damages ranging up to many millions of dollars based upon misleading or inaccurate charts. Members of the CHS need to be aware of this responsibility and take all necessary measures to protect and to limit this potential exposure of the Government of Canada. The importance of the CHS establishing standards of excellence and providing for mechanisms to ensure that these standards of excellence are met is emphasized. Special reference is made to the legal problems and other scientific investigations and the manner by which the Crown can discharge its responsibility and limit its liability therefor.

The heavy reliance by government and the marine public on the hydrographer’s creditability and expertise is also described as well as the use to which the information and results are put. The legal problems associated with changing technology, new procedures and the updating of older charts and publications to meet modern charting standards are reviewed and discussed.
Linear Least-Squares Computations Using Givens Transformations
Authors: Blais J. A. R.
Published: July 2019

Givens transformations provide a direct method for solving linear least-squares estimation problems without forming the normal equations. This approach has been shown to be particularly advantageous in recursive situations because of characteristics related to data storage requirements, numerical stability and computational efficiency. The following discussion will concentrate on the problem of updating least-squares parameter and error estimates using Givens transformations. Special attention will be given to photogrammetric and geodetic applications.
Surveying Computations: Backsight — Turning Point — Foresight
Authors: Frankich Kresho
Published: July 2019

Surveying computations are an integral part of the surveying profession. Until only a few decades ago they were performed by logarithms, mechanical calculators and slide rules. Mathematical models had to be given in forms suitable for the computational means available to the profession.

The invention of digital or high-speed electronic computers led to a revolution in data handling and problem solving practices. The application of modern computers and calculators in surveying necessitates a radical reorganization of scientific research and everyday engineering work. Analytical methods of computations have not lost their importance, although the domains of their applications have changed. Computers brought a variety of numerical methods which, together with approximation theory, have become the most important part of surveying computations.
Who is Qualified to Survey Canada’s Offshore?
Authors: Kerr A. J. , Mukherjee P. K.
Published: July 2019

An examination is made of what constitutes offshore survey, who is qualified to carry out such a survey and what is Canada’s offshore in terms of the new international law of the sea.

It is submitted that the term “offshore” as used in a generic sense consists of two components, i.e., (1) the seabed and subsoil; and (2) the superjacent water column.

It appears that under the Canada Lands Surveys Act the term “survey” is inadequately defined, giving rise to the impression that only persons holding a commission as a Canada Lands Surveyor may survey the offshore in any sense, including hydrographic surveying.

It is submitted that the term “hydrographic surveying” when used in a given context, could denote either a methodology, or a purpose or both.

It is proposed that more precise definitions are required for the term “survey” in relevant federal legislation and that consideration be given to defining legal surveys in terms of title or ownership as is the case for example, with Nova Scotia legislation. This would make it clear that boundary or delimitation surveys for the purpose of separating jurisdictional units are not regulated under the Canada Lands Surveys Act. This would be consistent with international practice where it has been geographers and hydrographers who have been considered the experts in the field of delimitation of boundaries between maritime jurisdictional units.

It is further proposed that all offshore surveys using hydrographic methodology, in particular those carried out for the purpose of defining boundaries of jurisdictional units, be brought under the regulatory authority of the Dominion Hydrographer through appropriate legislation.
Accuracy of the Mekometer Scale
Authors: Meier D. , Rüeger J. M.
Published: July 2019

The results of recent investigations into the absolute scale of Mekometer measurements and frequency measuring techniques are summarized. On this basis a revised procedure is proposed for the reduction of Mekometer distances.
The Study of Digital Cartographic Data Features in Preparation for an American National Standard
Authors: Schmidt Warren
Published: July 2019

The Features Working Group of the U.S. National Committee for Digital Cartographic Data Standards studied cartographic feature classification systems and seeks to specify a model that is consistent and comprehensive. Since its inception in August 1982, it has addressed the issues of scale independence, data organization, form of feature definition and basic cartographic data. Six goals for features in a national standard were recommended: independence from symbolization or scale; universality; logical structure; single classes with multiple attributes; explicit definition; and derivation from basic feature sets. A prototype classification system based on three levels was tested. Future work calls for preparation of alternatives, assembly of feature sets and glossaries, and cost estimates for future standards.
Tide Mark or Tidal Datum: The Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach to Tidal Boundary Delimitation
Authors: Nichols Susan , McLaughlin John
Published: July 2019

With increasing competition for coastal resources and a concomitant rise in property values, the precise delimitation of property rights and boundaries is emerging as a major public issue in Canada’s coastal zones. Of particular concern, at least in the Maritime Provinces, is the ambiguity and confusion surrounding the delimitation of tidal boundaries. Recent court cases in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island demonstrate the need to clarify legal and scientific terminology and the technical procedures employed in surveying these boundaries.
The Use of Relative Terrestrial Control Data in SPACE-M Photogrammetric Block Adjustments
Authors: Blais J. A. R. , Chapman M. A.
Published: July 2019

The formulation of the photogrammetric block adjustment program SPACE-M has recently been extended to use relative terrestrial information. Such relative data are readily available from local survey networks with unknown biases in translation and/or orientation and/or scale with respect to the geodetic datum. The formulation in terms of coordinate differences is briefly discussed with test results using various simulated and real data sets. The implications for topographical mapping and related applications are outlined with preliminary recommendations.
The Mechanics of Survey Practice in New Zealand
Authors: (Lex) McRae J. A. , Hollier John
Published: July 2019

This article is intended to explain the systems of surveys and the basic field procedures adopted by surveyors when carrying out surveys in New Zealand. It complements a previous article published by J. A. McRae in the September 1981 Canadian Surveyor entitled Survey Practice in New Zealand, and deals with the legislative background to and the mechanics of the surveying process.
Development and Implementation of a Photogrammetric Control System in Alberta
Authors: Balce A.E.
Published: July 2019

A new service and system within the Alberta Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ABSM) is briefly described. The system has been developed using a computer system development methodology, adopted as the standard within the Alberta government. Details of services and materials available are included for the benefit of the industry. Future plans and capabilities of the new system are summarized.
On the Zariski multiplicity conjecture for weighted homogeneous and Newton nondegenerate line singularities
Authors: Eyral Christophe , Ruas Maria Aparecida Soares
Published: July 2019

We present new families of weighted homogeneous and Newton nondegenerate line singularities that satisfy the Zariski multiplicity conjecture.
Quantum holonomies and the Heisenberg group
Authors: Nelson J. E. , Picken R. F.
Published: July 2019

Quantum holonomies of closed paths on the torus [Formula: see text] are interpreted as elements of the Heisenberg group [Formula: see text]. Group composition in [Formula: see text] corresponds to path concatenation and the group commutator is a deformation of the relator of the fundamental group [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], making explicit the signed area phases between quantum holonomies of homotopic paths. Inner automorphisms of [Formula: see text] adjust these signed areas, and the discrete symplectic transformations of [Formula: see text] generate the modular group of [Formula: see text].
Higgs potential from Wick rotation in conformal BSM
Authors: Oda Ichiro
Published: July 2019

It is well known that in order to make the path integral of general relativity converge, one has to perform the Wick rotation over the conformal factor in addition to the more familiar Wick rotation of the time axis to pass to the spacetime with Euclidean signature. In this paper, we will apply this technique to a scalar field in the conformally invariant scalar–tensor gravity with a conformally invariant beyond-standard-model (BSM). It is then shown that a potential term in the conformally invariant potential, which corresponds to the Higgs mass term in the Higgs potential of the Standard Model (SM), can have a negative coefficient. The change of sign of the potential term naturally induces spontaneous symmetry breakdown of the electroweak gauge symmetry after symmetry breaking of conformal symmetry (local scale symmetry) via the Coleman–Weinberg mechanism around the Planck scale. This study might shed light on the fact that the existence of a stable vacuum in quantum gravity is relevant to that in the SM.
On singular solutions to Clairaut-type equations
Authors: Mudruk Vladimir I. , Zyryanova Olga V.
Published: July 2019

Singular solutions to the Clairaut-type equations in general setting when functions determined nonlinearity have a special form are studied. A number of new singular solutions are found.
Cosmological evolution of the proton-to-electron mass ratio in an extended Brans–Dicke theory
Authors: Mohamadnejad Ahmad
Published: July 2019

We study variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio [Formula: see text] by incorporating Standard Model (SM) of particle physics into an extended Brans–Dicke theory. We show that the evolution of the Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV), with expansion of the Universe, leads to the variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio. This is because the electron mass is proportional to the Higgs VEV, while the proton mass is mainly dependent on the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) energy scale, i.e. [Formula: see text]. Therefore, using the experimental and cosmological constraints on the variation of the [Formula: see text], we can constrain the variation of the Higgs VEV. This study is important in understanding the recent claims of the detection of a variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio in quasar absorption spectra.
A Novel Objective Grouping Evolutionary Algorithm for Many-Objective Optimization Problems
Authors: Guo Xiaofang , Wang Xiaoli
Published: July 2019

The thorniest difficulties for multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) handling many-objective optimization problems (MaOPs) are the inefficiency of selection operators and high computational cost. To alleviate such difficulties and simplify the MaOPs, objective reduction algorithms have been proposed to remove the redundant objectives during the search process. However, those algorithms can only be applicable to specific problems with redundant objectives. Worse still, the Pareto solutions obtained by reduced objective set may not be the Pareto solutions of the original MaOPs. In this paper, we present a novel objective grouping evolutionary algorithm (OGEA) for general MaOPs. First, by dividing original objective set into several overlapping lower-dimensional subsets in terms of interdependence correlation information, we aim to separate the MaOPs into a number of sub-problems so that each of them can be able to preserve as much dominance structure in the original objective set as possible. Subsequently, we employ the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to generate Pareto solutions. Besides, instead of nondominated sorting on the whole population, a novel dual selection mechanism is proposed to choose individuals either having high ranks in subspaces or locating sparse region in the objective space for better proximity and diversity. Finally, we compare the proposed strategy with the other two classical space partition methods on benchmark DTLZ5 (I, M), DTLZ2 and a practical engineering problem. Numerical results show the proposed objective grouping algorithm can preserve more dominance structure in original objective set and achieve better quality of Pareto solutions.
A Method for Human Gait Recognition from Video Streams Using Silhouette, Height and Step Length
Authors: Ramakić Adnan , Bundalo Zlatko , Bundalo Dušanka
Published: July 2019

This paper proposes and presents one way for people recognition from video streams. People recognition can be realized using various biometric features, behavioral or physiological, and methods based on that features. This work proposes and describes an algorithm for people recognition from video streams that is composed of two modules, module for dataset creation and module for recognition. Module for dataset creation involves creation of various types of person images and parameters. Module for recognition includes multiple comparisons of the images and different parameters comparison. These parameters are average height and average step length of a person during a gait cycle. For experimental purposes, a dataset for 15 persons in gait is created using a long-range stereo camera in outdoor environment. The algorithm has high accuracy in people recognition and easily can be upgraded with additional steps and modules, so it is suitable for use in various applications.
Classification of ribbon 2-knots presented by virtual arcs with up to four crossings
Authors: Kanenobu Taizo , Sumi Toshio
Published: July 2019

We consider classification of the oriented ribbon 2-knots presented by virtual arcs with up to four crossings. We show the difference by the 2-fold branched covering space, the Alexander polynomial, the number of representations of the knot group to SL[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] a finite field, and the twisted Alexander polynomial.