bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exemptions, Qualifications, Derogations, and Excuses in International Human Rights Law
Authors: Trapp Kimberley
Published: August 2020

There is a broad spectrum of permissible qualifications to human rights in the interests of achieving a legitimate aim, and this chapter outlines a typology of qualifications and the interactions between them. This chapter argues that there is nothing inherent in the form relevant qualifications take—they may take the form of exemptions from the scope of the right, exceptions to the rights protection, or a temporally limited suspension of the obligation to respect the right or the secondary obligations which flow from responsibility for a breach. Indeed, the different qualifications overlap and the structure of analysis in respect of each can be relied on to inform the others’ application on the basis of principles of systemic interpretation. While the same legitimate aim can be addressed in the human rights calculus bearing on these qualifications, the key difference lies in the nature of judicial engagement with rights protection.
Brand Equity and Semiotics
Authors: Oswald Laura R.
Published: August 2020

Marketers generally agree that consumers make brand choices based upon intangible benefits such as status, belonging, or sex appeal, rather than product attributes alone, such as ingredients. Intangible benefits are delivered to consumers through communications or brand semiotics, which include the brand’s cultural positioning, service and packaging design, media content, and technological innovations. The semiotic dimensions of brands are not just the icing on the cake, or a “value added” to the brand’s functional benefits; they form the foundation and sine qua non of brand equity. The brand equity equation banks on the strength of brand meanings to build and differentiate the brand in an increasingly cluttered market, prompting consumers to choose one brand over the other. This opening chapter introduces readers to the semiotic dimensions of brands and methods used by semioticians to leverage competitive difference in a given market. In order to understand the basic semiotic methods presented here, analysis is limited to advertising campaigns rather than design or consumer research. Marcel Danesi contributes an essay on the importance of brand names for value creation.
The Myth of Judicial Independence
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke
Published: August 2020

This book on the criminal justice system is uniquely positioned to examine judicial claims to independence, the politics of the judiciary, the rule of law, and the role of the executive in the context of a democratic polity. The authors have mined the British government’s archival vaults to assemble records including official (previously classified) Home Office files and present a ground-breaking narrative. By tracking the relationship between senior judges and the Home Office from the end of the nineteenth century to the modern day, revelations concerning the politics of the judiciary and the separation of powers are unearthed. The book argues that the claims of the senior judiciary to be independent of the executive are invalidated by historical records and the theory and practice of the separation of powers (the ‘Westminster Model’) deeply flawed. Rather, at every material point, civil servants compromised the role of the senior judiciary’s decision-making. Moreover, with the passive endorsement of senior judges, the executive repeatedly misled Parliament as to the authorship and provenance of fundamental rules governing the relationship of the individual to the state in relation to police powers of arrest, detention, and questioning. The book also explores the past and continuing impact of all this to former colonial territories and traces the close liaison between key members of the senior judiciary and the state in reconfiguring the modern criminal process in a way which weakens defence lawyers, pressurizes defendants into pleading guilty, and undermines cardinal adversarial protections.
Constitutionalism and the Westminster Model
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke
Published: August 2020

This chapter evaluates the constitutional framework of the United Kingdom, revealing a disturbing new settlement of State power. In particular, it hones in on the ‘Westminster Model’ of government which advertises a strict separation of powers supposedly insulating judges from direct executive influence. An altogether different reality emanating from the archival trove of intergovernmental files is found; one which challenges the grundnorm of judicial independence embedded within the Westminster model of governance. Although Executive dominance of the judiciary runs contrary to basic texts and beliefs, this chapter lays out an alternative perspective which implicates the senior judiciary in subterranean policymaking that has led to the steady erosion of procedural due process. It examines where the Civil Service fits into this picture, and draws attention to its servants’ inherent shortcomings as ‘bureaucrats of the law’ having assumed responsibility in large part for the body of sub-standard work distributed under the misnomer: ‘Judges’’ Rules. It explains how, on the critical issue of an individual’s vulnerability when confronted by police power, civil servants, tasked with furthering the ‘public interest’, were far more adept at bolstering ‘police interests’, with backing from the then Head of the Judiciary (Lord Chancellor) and his Law Officers (the Attorney-General and Solicitor-General). By documenting key historical events that impacted upon the criminally suspected or accused, awareness of which has been muted or unknown, this Chapter explains how the doctrine of the Separation of Powers is contravened and the principle of judicial independence muddied to the point of non-recognition.
Transformative Activities
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: August 2020

This chapter reads Elena Ferrante’s novel My Brilliant Friend as a narrative of personal transformation through a process of active learning. In transformative activity, not only the onset but the entire process of personal transformation depends on the person’s active involvement in learning what she does, and thereby transforming herself into the person she becomes. The protagonists of Ferrante’s novel illustrate how transformative activity may take place through the aspiration to transcend the subjective confines of one’s present life–– and they do so by competing fiercely against one another. Competition can be an engine of large-scale transformation, because the goal of besting another person can serve as a proximate target for one’s transformative energies.
Learning from Moral Failure
Authors: Cashman Matthew , Cushman Fiery
Published: August 2020

Pedagogical environments are often designed to minimize the chance of people acting wrongly; surely this is a sensible approach. But could it ever be useful to design pedagogical environments to permit, or even encourage, moral failure? If so, what are the circumstances where moral failure can be beneficial? What types of moral failure are helpful for learning, and by what mechanisms? This chapter considers the possibility that moral failure can be an especially effective tool in fostering learning. It also considers the obvious costs and potential risks of allowing or fostering moral failure. It concludes by suggesting research directions that would help to establish whether, when, and how moral pedagogy might be facilitated by letting students learn from moral failure.
Organized Crime, the State, and Paramilitarism
Authors: Üngör Uğur Ümit
Published: August 2020

How are paramilitarism and crime related to each other? Empirical studies of paramilitarism make abundantly clear that (organized) crime plays an important role in paramilitarism: the trade in illicit commodities and services and the fact that criminal gangs operate in secrecy are two phenomena that are closely related to paramilitary activity. The influences seem to run both ways: criminals benefit from paramilitarism, and paramilitarism often engenders crime. In many examples, entire organized crime structures have collided with states and paramilitary units. This chapter offers a deeper look at the relationships between paramilitarism and crime. It looks at how criminal organizations are coveted by states if the tasks at hand necessitate the need for trust that characterizes interpersonal relationships within criminal groups. The relationship is mutually beneficial, because it allows criminal groups to achieve a form of respectability, preserve their assets, and develop their activities by influencing law-making and extending their network. The chapter examines these shared interests and trade-offs, discusses organized crime in peace and wartime, and draws several paramilitary-criminal profiles of those who pursued not only wealth and private interests, but also political power.
Feeling Revolution
Authors: Toropova Anna
Published: August 2020

Stalin-era cinema was a technology of emotional and affective education. The filmmakers of the period were called on to help forge the emotions and affects that befitted the New Soviet Person—ranging from happiness and victorious laughter to hatred for enemies. Feeling Revolution: Cinema, Genre, and the Politics of Affect under Stalin shows how the Soviet film industry’s efforts to find an emotionally resonant language that could speak to a mass audience came to centre on the development of a distinctively ‘Soviet’ genre system. Its case studies of specific film genres, including the production film, comedy, thriller, and melodrama, explore how the ‘genre rules’ established by Western and pre-revolutionary Russian cinema were rewritten in the context of new emotional settings. ‘Sovietizing’ audience emotions did not prove to be an easy task. The tensions, frustrations, and missteps of this process are outlined in this book with reference to a wide variety of primary sources, including the artistic council discussions of the Mosfil′m and Lenfil′m studios and the Ministry of Cinematography. Bringing the limitations of the Stalinist ideological project to light, Feeling Revolution reveals cinema’s capacity to contest the very emotional norms that it was entrusted with crafting.
Aims, Scope, and Overview
Authors: Abell Catharine
Published: August 2020

This chapter introduces the issues to be addressed in the book, and provides some general philosophical background to those issues. These issues include metaphysical questions such as: what distinguishes works of fiction from works of non-fiction; what is the nature of fictive utterances; what determines the contents of works of fiction; what kinds of fictive content are there; how broad in scope is fictive content; and what kinds of things are fictional entities? They also include epistemological questions such as: how do audiences identify the contents of authors’ fictive utterances; how does understanding a work of fiction differ from interpreting it; and what role do thinking and talking about fiction from an external perspective play in enabling communication through fiction? The chapter outlines the distinctively institutional approach that the book will take to address those issues. It provides a summary of the argument to be developed over the course of the book. It identifies the limits to the book’s explanatory ambitions. Finally, it provides summaries of the chapters that follow.
Respect and Criminal Justice
Authors: Watson Gabrielle
Published: August 2020

Respect and Criminal Justice offers the first study of ‘respect’ in criminal justice in England and Wales, where the value is elusive but of persisting significance. The book takes the form of a sustained critique of the ‘respect deficit’ in policing and imprisonment. It is especially concerned with the ways in which both institutions are merely constrained and not characterised by respect. It emerges that they appeal to the word ‘respect’—relying on its inclusive ethos in official discourse when it is expedient to do so—but rarely and only superficially address the prior question of what it is to respect and be respected. Despite academic interest in the democratic design of these institutions in recent decades, respect is more akin to a slogan than a foundational value of criminal justice practice.
Dialectological evidence for a predicate focus analysis of Gascon que
Authors: Floricic Franck
Published: August 2020

This contribution provides evidence for a predicate focus analysis of Gascon que, based on unpublished dialectological material gathered in the 1970s in the Occitan area. Even though Pusch (2000: 201) observes that ‘any dia- or panchronic account of Gascon enunciatives inevitably remains conjectural, since we lack sufficient textual data from earlier stages of this Occitan variety’, the data of the locality of Les Esseintes discussed in this paper clearly show that the particle que is used in the context of a fossilized cleft sentence.
Motivating the North–South continuum
Authors: Drinka Bridget
Published: August 2020

This paper examines the claims made by Ledgeway (2012) concerning the existence of a North-South Continuum. After an examination of the theoretical issues in connexion with this claim, I present evidence from the Gallo-Romance area—the southern varieties of Occitan and Catalan and several northern oïl varieties, especially Wallon, Lorrain, and Norman—in an attempt to discover the motivations for the north / south distribution. I argue that the contrast represented by the be and have perfects is not only a retention of an ancient pattern, but also represents a reinvigoration of this dichotomy which occurred especially in the territory ruled by Charlemagne in the eighth and ninth centuries, coinciding with the growth of deponent use witnessed in scribal writing. Ledgeway’s northern languages thus participate in the ‘Charlemagne Sprachbund’ (van der Auwera 1998), while the southern languages lie outside its influence. I claim that the expansion of the be / have contrast resulted from the ‘roofing’ effect of Latin upon the language of speakers and writers of the eighth and ninth centuries, and that it left its mark on the languages of the Carolingian realm, Ledgeway’s northern varieties. Many of the Gallo-Romance varieties examined here provide evidence for this multi-stage development, while several participate only partially.
Présent inclusif and passé composé à valeur de présent accompli in modern French and Occitan
Authors: Söhrman Ingmar
Published: August 2020

Two morphologically contrary constructions in French share the idea of an event that starts in the past and goes on until present time—présent inclusif and passé composé àvaleur de présent accompli. These two constructions will be discussed and fitted into Gosselin’s temporal scheme, which is a development of Reichenbach’s and Klein’s ideas. Gosselin discusses the intervals of an action, i.e. the ingressive and egressive moments of an action on the temporal axis based on the three topic times.The constructions will also be related to corresponding temporal situations in Occitan in order to broaden the Gallo-Romance perspective.
Complex versus compound prepositions
Authors: Vincent Nigel
Published: August 2020

In addition to monomorphemic, and often monosyllabic, prepositions like French à, de, en, Gallo-Romance languages have a variety of items which have developed from original multi-word sequences. This chapter begins by examining the etymological sources and diachronic processes involved, dividing the items so formed into two distinct classes of complex prepositions (e.g. Occitan a dich de ‘by virtue of’) and compound prepositions (e.g. French avant ‘before’). It goes on to compare the different types of analysis that have been proposed for these items, concentrating in particular on the approach of nanosyntax and arguing against the syntactico-centric take on linguistic analysis that such an approach implies.
The Great Recession and Electoral Politics, 2007–2016
Authors: Hellwig Timothy , Kweon Yesola , Vowles Jack
Published: August 2020

This chapter reviews the political and economic context of the global financial crisis (GFC). We first examine the origins and immediate effects of the GFC and the ‘Great Recession’ that it spawned. Ranging beyond the European focus of the research so far, we examine the impact of the crisis across the member countries of the OECD and the ways in which that variation is shaping the contexts of individual-level behaviour. We then examine patterns of electoral volatility and the changing nature of party systems before turning to consider the reasons why some governments were defeated and why others survived. Across these outcomes, analyses show that the impact of economic factors on political outcomes varied depending on their timing: before, during, or after the GFC. The chapter concludes by introducing our main sources of data: cross-sectional individual-level survey data from twenty-five national elections in OECD democracies from 2011 to 2016 sourced from Module 4 of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES); macro-data for thirty-five OECD democracies from 1990 to 2016; and a pooled set of 113 post-election surveys from twenty-four OECD countries between 1996 and 2017.
The Shock, the Recovery, and Economic Voting Before and After the Crisis
Authors: Hellwig Timothy , Kweon Yesola , Vowles Jack
Published: August 2020

How did the GFC influence support for political incumbents? This chapter argues that an understanding of voter response to adverse shocks requires an examination of both the depth of the shock and the competence of the policymakers’ response over the course of the recovery. Examining CSES post-election surveys of twenty-three OECD countries from 1990 to 2016, this chapter shows that, in line with the conventional economic voting argument, adverse economic conditions during the crisis negatively affect incumbent support. Supporting claims about the importance of time, we find that the effectiveness of such policy efforts depend on the stages of the crisis. The economy–incumbent link strengthened during the recovery. Results also show that the degree to which macro-economic performance influences voters’ punishment of incumbent government depends on governing parties’ policy behaviour and rhetorical messages. Larger amounts of discretionary spending mitigate the negative impact of the crisis on incumbent support. By contrast, automatic stabilizers and pro-welfare pledges have a negative or little impact. If the recovery is slow in long term, no welfare policy or political pledges can prevent voters from punishing incumbent party for poor economic performance.
Introduction and Plan of the Book
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang
Published: August 2020

The notion that politics stops—and should stop—at the water’s edge is widespread in foreign policy analysis and foreign policymaking. The notion suggests that party politics becomes inappropriate, if not dangerous, to the national interest if a country faces an external threat or an international crisis. Scholars of foreign affairs have only mildly protested against the idea that external relations are exempted from democratic politics. This is least surprising with a view to the (neo-)realist school of thought that is well known for its emphasis on national interests and structural forces. Constructivist scholars of political culture and of securitization, however, have barely paid more attention to party politics than their realist colleagues. The disciplinary divide between scholars of international relations and those of comparative politics has not helped to overcome the neglect of political parties in the study of foreign policy. The chapter presents the plan of the book and introduces two lead questions: 1) to what extent is foreign, security, and defence politics exempted from party politics? and 2) how is party-political contestation in foreign, security, and defence politics structured?
Contestation and Politicization of Security and Defence Policy
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang
Published: August 2020

Votes in parliament reveal the degree to which foreign affairs are contested and politicized. Data from the US Congress since its first session in 1789 confirm the established narrative that foreign affairs have become politicized since the Vietnam War but also qualify the politicization narrative by showing that post-Vietnam levels of contestation are far from unusual if compared to the first 150 years of Congressional voting. While levels of contestation vary, foreign affairs have never been fully exempted from democratic politics. An analysis of voting behaviour in the German and the Dutch parliament confirm that democratic politics does indeed not stop at the water’s edge. A new dataset of deployment votes in eleven countries shows that dissent is also common in votes on military interventions but also highlights differences across countries. In many countries, the government is successful in building a broad coalition in support of the military intervention in question. The rising numbers of deployment votes indicate that military interventions have gained in saliency since the end of the Cold War.
Debating Military Interventions
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang
Published: August 2020

Parliamentary debates on the military missions in Afghanistan and against Daesh in Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom are analysed to demonstrate that political parties systematically differ in the way they frame the use of armed force. The analyses provide strong evidence for a left/right difference in approaching conflict generally. Left, and particularly radical left parties, exhibit ‘spiral model thinking’, i.e. a critical reflection on how one’s own policy contributes to the adversary’s behaviour. From this perspective, the threats posed by the Taliban and the jihadists of Daesh are not simply given, but their severity, at least in part, results from the intervening countries’ policy. In contrast, parties on the right have a higher tendency to take the nation state as their prime reference point and to argue in terms of national interests and national security. References to humanitarian universal values can be found across the political spectrum. A MANOVA analysis shows that an MP’s party family is a stronger predictor of the frames she will evoke than her nationality, further underlining the relevance of party politics for the study of military interventions and foreign policy more broadly.
Reading around the Edges
Authors: Watson Sethina
Published: August 2020

This chapter re-evaluates the place of hospitals in canon law by looking at the period c.1140–c.1275, the critical era that witnessed, simultaneously, the charitable revolution and the consolidation of classical canon law. It surveys the main—and conflicting—hypotheses for the development of hospitals in law at this time, to unearth an underlying problem: lack of explicit canon law for hospitals. The chapter goes on to argue that this absence of law provides the key to understanding welfare houses under the church. It was the consequence of the church’s inability to claim a general jurisdiction over hospitals and so to address them in canon law. This inability provides a key to reading law, as the general papal councils reveal. Lateran IV (1215) offered a call for alms to provide for the poor in hospitals, while Alexander III’s Lateran III (1179) offered Cum dicat Apostolus, an argument for the ecclesiastical defence of leper-houses that made no mention of the places themselves. In a similar fashion, Lateran II (1139) issued a decree against false nuns that aimed to stamp out a problem (and opportunity) fostered by the growing number of hospitals. Together, they reveal both the constraints and the imaginative legal activity of councils, who reached beyond the facilities themselves to solicit others to act. The implication, the chapter concludes, is that councils could act on people, not places, and that welfare facilities were places, not communities.
Carolingian Claims and Innovations
Authors: Watson Sethina
Published: August 2020

How, then, was this Western form accommodated in Carolingian law and practice? This chapter explores the jurisdictions under which xenodochia sat and traces the development of mechanisms in Lombardy, Rome, and Francia to guard and police these facilities. It explores, first, the many potestates under which xenodochia might rest. Since the council of Chalcedon (451), the church had declined to take welfare houses under an ecclesiastical jurisdiction, depriving bishops of any general supervisory authority. This created unusual challenges for the palace, bishops, and councils, who had to craft means to prompt into action and admonish the many different people who were responsible for individual welfare foundations. The chapter then identifies initiatives to formulate statements in law and even policies for xenodochia. Most significant was a programme of reform laid down at the council of Olona (825) under Wala, abbot of Corbie, the product of Frankish agendas and Lombard practice. This initiative was then taken to Rome where Eugenius II fashioned a papal response in 826. The silence of councils in Western Francia was finally broken at Meaux-Paris in 845/6, where the early work of the Pseudo-Isidorian forgers is here detected. In its wake, the last Frankish councils offer several bold statements regarding hospitals.
The Γ‎ Family
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The inter-relationships of witnesses within the family Γ‎ is discussed.
Excerpts of Dictys in Manuscripts of Dares
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The MSS of Dares that contain excerpts of Dictys are listed, their inter-relationships are established, and there is discussion of their contribution to the editing of the text.
Ascetic Landscapes and Aesthetic Landscapes
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

Basil and Gregory of Nazianzus use ekphrasis to produce rival interpretations of the same place. An examination of their use of ekphrasis shows that it is not an entertaining frame for or distraction from their argument, but rather the means by which their argument is conducted. This chapter uses Robert Macfarlane’s theories about language about place—that language shapes human experience of landscape and is shaped by it; that one must attend to the precision of descriptions of landscape (a key feature of ekphrasis). Ekphrasis is shown in these letters to evoke mood and character. It is also the means by which the two men argue: Basil tries to reveal a place which is both beautiful and appropriate for his ascetic project; Gregory tries to show that Basil’s language fails to engage practically with the actual place and that therefore Basil’s project will not work.
The Lexical Exercises of W. H. Auden
Authors: Gaudern Mia
Published: August 2020

This chapter takes its title from ‘A Bad Night (A Lexical Exercise)’, which establishes an ambiguity between the poem as a communicative and a philological entity. With reference to formalist theories and their critiques, an investigation is made of Auden’s understanding of philology as ‘the most poetical of all scholastic disciplines’ in relation to his use of obscure diction, particularly in his later poetry. This diction resists all attempts to read it as a method of obstructing or facilitating communication; rather, its historicity makes communication possible (with the help of the OED) without guaranteeing its efficacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Gaudern Mia
Published: August 2020

What does it mean to say that Auden, Prynne, and Muldoon’s poetry accords a special value to obsoleteness, against the backdrop of the etymological fallacy? Obsoleteness demonstrates that language is always in contention, thus destabilising both the poet’s seeming control of language and their critics’ seeming penetration of it. But the speculation, difficulty, and pedantry that is the result does not abstract this poetry beyond use: rather, its appreciation of obsoleteness constitutes a new commitment to the uses of language poetic form leaves behind, turning etymological virtuosity into poetic virtue. By way of Derrida and a recent book on Auden by Andrew W. Hass, this study is brought full circle: coming to terms with obsoleteness is understood as a coming to terms with synchrony, which gave the etymological fallacy the momentum Auden, Prynne, and Muldoon carry through into poems that show us how language is both always beyond them and constantly being reclaimed.
Cynicism and Hope
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This chapter offers a new reading of this powerful humanist interlude. It argues for Heywood’s authorship in collaboration with his father-in-law John Rastell, who also printed the play. It reads the play in the context of humanist debates about the injustices of contemporary society, and demonstrates that the epilogue effectively reverses the pessimism about the prospects of enacting thoroughgoing reform that characterizes the latter parts of the play. Setting the play in the context of the fall of Wolsey, the summoning of the Reformation Parliament, and the elevation of More to the chancellorship, it argues that the play was written and revised over the autumn of 1529, reflecting the newfound optimism about social reform generated in those months.
Selfless Intervention
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: August 2020

This monograph investigates how the international law of state jurisdiction can be harnessed to serve interests common to the international community. The author inquires how the purpose of the law of jurisdiction may shift from protecting national interests to furthering international concerns. Such a shift is arguably enabled by the instability of the notion of jurisdiction, as well as the interpretative ambiguity of the related notions of sovereignty and territoriality. At the same time, there is no denying that in the real world, ‘selfless intervention’ by states tends to combine with more parochial considerations. The author argues, however, that such considerations do not necessarily detract from the legitimacy of unilateralism, but may instead precisely serve to trigger the exercise of jurisdiction in the common interest. Eventually, he cautiously supports the exercise of selfless unilateral jurisdiction, provided that the risks of imperialism are mitigated by techniques of jurisdictional restraint. The shift towards selfless intervention in the law of jurisdiction is illustrated by four area studies regarding global environmental and human rights challenges.
The Selfless Exercise of Jurisdiction to Protect Human Rights and the Environment
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: August 2020

This chapter analyses how selfless jurisdictional intervention plays out in respect of two ‘global values’ or ‘common interests’ which occupy a central place in the contemporary global justice discourse: human rights and environmental concerns. In particular, the chapter zooms in on instances of unilateral jurisdiction aimed at regulating business activities which adversely affect human rights and the environment. It is divided into four parts: the exercise of port state jurisdiction over foreign-flagged vessels engaged in illegal, unreported or unsustainable fishing, or which endanger the marine environment on the high seas; the imposition of trade measures in pursuit of global environmental objectives; the exercise of adjudicatory jurisdiction over corporate human rights abuses; and the territorial extension of data protection legislation to protect citizens’ data privacy from abuses committed and facilitated by Internet intermediaries.
The ‘Feel Good’ Event
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: August 2020

Collective forms of affect shape the possibilities for selfhood and the affects engendered in encounters with others. This chapter examines two different types of collective affect shaping community development in Medan, Indonesia. A moral atmosphere of ‘each giving a share’ hangs over and infects programme activities, making volunteers sticky with suspicion and susceptible to arousing cynicism in others. In contrast, the affective practices of volunteers generate a different tone, engendering feelings that reaffirm their actions as making a positive difference in the lives of others. The collision between these forms of collective affect have two implications for power configurations in development. First, collective conditions determine the differential capacity/susceptibility to affect and be affected. Second, the ability to shape collective forms of affect often (but not always) map on to existing social hierarchies.
Injury
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: August 2020

Encounters between ‘beneficiaries’/residents and volunteers reveal overlooked ways that power shapes community development in Medan, Indonesia. Volunteers are susceptible to ‘affective injuries’: moments when one is impressed upon in ways that challenge one’s sense of self. Identifying volunteers’ susceptibility to be affected also reveals the capacity of beneficiaries and residents to affect local development agents. This chapter examines the potential of such susceptibilities and capacities to reverse conventional hierarchies in development, leading to a more bottom-up, responsive, and reflexive development practice. It finds that while there is potential, particularly when volunteers emphasize ‘care’ in their relations with others, volunteers are resilient to being affected by people occupying a marginal social position. The affective injuries sustained in their encounters with powerful others have more lasting effects.
Compulsion
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines how the differential capacity to affect and susceptibility to be affected shapes citizens’ access to resources in Dehradun, India. In encounters between municipal councillors and their constituents, affects are engendered that animate, mobilize or compel the former to accede to the demands of the latter, or alternatively, to ignore them. Voters’ capacity to affect in these encounters is not even, with some voters able to demand and receive more than their legal entitlements, while others are unable to secure their basic rights. The capacity to affect is therefore an important, yet overlooked factor in citizens’ ability to gain access to resources and services from the government, or their ‘entitlements’. The uneven force of citizens’ capacity to affect municipal councillors has the potential to reinforce, as well as disrupt existing forms of privilege and disadvantage.
Introduction to Effective Field Theories and Inflation
Authors: Burgess C. P.
Published: August 2020

The lecture notes presented in this chapter provide an introduction to inflationary cosmology with an emphasis on some of the ways effective field theories (EFTs) are used in its analysis. Topics covered in the chapter include introduction to cosmological backgrounds and fluctuations, including a brief discussion of inflationary models; general relativity as an effective theory; new issues raised by cosmology for EFTs, such as time-dependent backgrounds; and power-counting in cosmological EFTs. It also discusses issues surrounding the existence in the universe of both dark matter and dark energy, and the broader controversial question of their existence. It touches on the Hot Big Bang theory of cosmology, and the various types of particles believed to be 'elementary' at the temperatures of interest.
Effective Field Theories for Nuclear and (Some) Atomic Physics
Authors: van Kolck U.
Published: August 2020

These lectures are a pedagogical—not comprehensive—introduction to the applications of effective field theory (EFT) in the context of nuclear and atomic physics. A common feature of these applications is the interplay between non-perturbative physics (needed at leading order to produce non-relativistic bound states and resonances) and controlled perturbative corrections (crucial for predictive power). The essential ideas are illustrated with the simplest nuclear EFT, pionless EFT, which contains only contact interactions and, with minor changes, can be adapted to certain atomic systems. This EFT exploits the two-body unitarity limit, where renormalization leads to discrete scale invariance in systems of three and more bodies. Remarkably complex structures then arise from very simple leading-order interactions. It briefly describes some of the challenges and rewards of including long-range forces—pion exchange in chiral EFT for nuclear systems or Van der Waals forces between atoms.
Effective Field Theories for Heavy Quarks: Heavy Quark Effective Theory and Heavy Quark Expansion
Authors: Mannel Thomas
Published: August 2020

The heavy quark effective theory (HQET) and the heavy quark expansion (HQE) have developed into the standard tools in heavy-flavour physics. The lectures in this chapter introduce the basics of the approach and illustrates the methods by discussing some of their phenomenological applications. The chapter covers construction of the HQET Lagrangian, symmetries of HQET, HQET at one loop, and HQET applications to phenomenology. It also discusses HQE inclusive decays, operator product expansion (OPE), tree-level results, HQE parameters, QCD corrections, and end-point regions. It concludes by reiterating the enormous impact that both HQET and the HQE have had on particle physics phenomenology.
Solutions to Problems at Les Houches Summer School on EFT
Authors: Balsiger Marcel , Bounakis Marios , Drissi Mehdi , Gargalionis John , Gustafson Erik , Jackson Greg , Leak Matthew , Lepenik Christopher , Melville Scott , Moreno Daniel , Tammaro Michele , Touati Selim , Trott Timothy
Published: August 2020

This final chapter provides details of worked solutions to the various problems set by the lecturers during the course of the school; some of these problems appear within the chapters of this book. This chapter also contains further exercises that were added after the school are not solved here; these are left as a challenge for the enterprising reader. Problems run the range of topics covered. These problems and solutions are associated with topics that include the introduction to EFT, renormalization theory, nuclear and atomic physics, Nambu–Goldstone modes, inflation, and large-scale structure, and how each topic relates to EFTs.
The Speaker’s Expectation of Trust
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: August 2020

Given a speaker who tells one that p, there are ways of responding to what one is told whereby one wrongs (or does an injustice to) the speaker. This motivates the idea that a speaker is entitled to expect that her say-so not be responded to in those ways. Chapter 3 argued that this sort of normative expectation is the key to understanding the conversational pressure that bears on an audience who is told that p. Chapter 4 considers recent attempts to understand the source and scope of the speaker’s normative expectation. It argues that all extant attempts fail in this regard. The lesson that it takes from these failures concerns the main challenge of providing what is wanted: our account must illuminate how the interpersonal and pragmatic dimensions of the speech acts of telling and testifying interact with the epistemological dimension of testimony.
Turkisms in South Slavonic Literature
Authors: Graham Florence Lydia
Published: August 2020

Turkisms in South Slavonic Literature is a comparative analysis of Turkish loanwords in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian Franciscan sources. After providing historical background on the Order of the Bosnian Franciscans (Bosna Srebrena), Bulgarian Catholic communities, Turkish presence in Bosnia and in Bulgaria, as well as short biographies of each of the writers whose works are analysed, orthography, phonology, and how the local languages were defined in the period under study are discussed. Considerable focus is then given to complications related to establishing earliest attestations for turkisms in Bosnian and Bulgarian. Subsequently, four chapters are devoted to analysing turkisms as grouped by grammatical function: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, and conjunctions. Particular attention is given to morphophonological changes, verbal aspect, Turkish voice suffixes, and number agreement. Lastly, the context in which turkisms occur, the motivation behind these borrowings, and semantics are addressed.
Nouns
Authors: Graham Florence Lydia
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at the nominal morphology of turkisms in Bosnian and Bulgarian. It analyses why turkisms developed the gender and number that they did, since Turkish does not have gender as a category. It also discusses non-productive and productive Turkish suffixes in Bosnian and Bulgarian, Slavonic suffixes with turkisms, and pleonasm.
Redeeming Reconstruction
Authors: Shaheen Aaron
Published: August 2020

The chapter assesses the government-sponsored periodical Carry On, which frequently used the term “spirit” not just to describe the resilience of individual disabled veterans, but also the intellectual and artistic capabilities that distinguished Anglo-Americans from other races and ethnicities. In its run from 1918 to 1919,Carry On showcased the federal government’s new rehabilitative and vocational services by implicitly and explicitly drawing on evolutionary frameworks to show that only Anglo-American men were capable of transforming a prosthetic into a soul-enriching, civilization-advancing device. To make this point clearer, the magazine features several disabled African American soldiers, whose evolutionary stagnancy renders them unable to make prosthetics spiritually transformative instruments. Their depicted deficiencies are similar to the articles’ renderings of German primitiveness and brutality. In this light, the magazine shows just how slippery and manipulative racial codification could be in the opening decades of the twentieth century.
Disagreement and Convergence
Authors: Dunaway Billy
Published: August 2020

The main problem in the first five chapters is that of explaining why it is that many possible users of moral language disagree with one other, rather than talk past each other. There are other problems about moral disagreement which relate to the core claims of the realist view that I have defended. These problems center on the notion of convergence: many users of moral terms do not appear to be disposed to agree, or converge, on moral matters, even after extensive reflection. Some argue that non-converging users of moral language cannot refer to the same property. Others claim that if convergence does not obtain, then moral knowledge is not possible. This chapter shows how the realist view developed in the previous chapters should reject these claims. It should hold that reference magnetism allows for non-converging speakers to co-refer, and that the possibility of a non-converging speaker does not show that moral beliefs are at risk of being false, and so not knowledge.
Jefferson and the Simple Story of Pastoral Economies
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that resistance to Hamiltonian finance was both an economic and literary critique. The familiar opposition between Hamiltonian finance and Jeffersonian agrarianism has put the stress on the rural setting—an emphasis that has led scholars to talk about economic policy with the literary term, “pastoralism.” This chapter argues that the importance of the pastoral to Jeffersonian writers is not found in agrarianism, but on the formal structure of simplification that is essential to pastoral poetics. This same imperative toward simplicity is also located in the eighteenth-century economic science that was crucial to the Jeffersonians: French physiocracy. The chapter explains the importance of physiocracy and pastoralism to the political-economic writing of Thomas Jefferson, George Logan, and John Taylor of Caroline.
Score Compliance Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian
Published: August 2020

Score compliance authenticity in performance is that way of being faithful to a work that consists in obeying the instructions for performing it accurately, as these are recorded in the work’s score. However, scores can be understood only if they are interpreted in light of a set of notational conventions and performance practices. This is usually taken to entail that score compliance authenticity amounts to historical authenticity: on this view, the conventions and performance practices against which scores must be read are those in place at the time of composition; and so accurate performance becomes a matter of performing the work as it would have been performed, under ideal conditions, in the composer’s own time. This historicization of score compliance authenticity is controversial, however: the conventions and practices in terms of which we interpret period scores could be those in place at the time of performance, rather than those with which the composer was familiar. Abstracting away from this issue, the chapter then makes the case that score compliance authenticity is a performance value and, indeed, one that is more fundamental than garden-variety such values. This is because it is valued in performance for its own sake.
Group Agency Meets Metaethics
Authors: Dyke Michelle M.
Published: August 2020

The author argues that well-known forms of relativism are unable to accommodate, at once, a set of three highly intuitive theses about the distinctive character of moral reasons. Yet the author argues it is possible to formulate a novel form of normative relativism that has the power to accommodate these claims. The proposed view combines the relativist idea that the normative facts are attitude-dependent with the insight that there are non-human agents to which it makes sense to attribute the kinds of attitudes that give rise to normative reasons. Societies, too, can possess reasons to pursue their aims. What distinguishes moral reasons from reasons of practical rationality is that the former apply directly to societies in virtue of aims held by each society as a group, while the latter apply directly to persons in light of their own individual interests.
The Reliability Challenge in Moral Epistemology
Authors: Lutz Matt
Published: August 2020

The Reliability Challenge to moral non-naturalism has received substantial attention recently in the literature on moral epistemology. While the popularity of this particular challenge is a recent development, this form of the challenge can be traced back to a skeptical challenge in the philosophy of mathematics raised by Paul Benacerraf. The current Reliability Challenge is widely regarded as the most sophisticated way to develop this skeptical line of thinking, making the Reliability Challenge the strongest epistemic challenge to normative non-naturalism. In this chapter, I argue that the innovations that have occurred since Benacerraf’s statement of the challenge are misconceived and confused in a number of ways. The Reliability Challenge is not the most potent epistemic challenge to moral non-naturalism. The most potent challenge comes from the fact that there is a causal condition on knowledge—or, more precisely, a becaual condition—that non-natural moral facts cannot satisfy.
‘A Man…grown up into an Excellent Poet all at once’
Authors: Batt Jennifer
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the early life of Stephen Duck, revealing how it was that an agricultural labourer from Wiltshire came to write verse which attracted the attention of Queen Caroline. It draws on contemporary biographies, together with material from letters, manuscript notes, contemporary reviews, and Duck’s own writing, in order to reveal what can be recovered about Duck’s early life and initial progress as a writer. It gives account of Duck’s working life and domestic circumstances; his education; how he was first introduced to literary texts; how he began to write and what his processes in writing were; and how he found his first readers and earliest patrons. The evidence on which this chapter draws is, at times, contested and contradictory; writing about Duck could often reveal as much about attitudes to class as about the poet himself. This chapter shows that from the very beginning of Duck’s career as a writer there were those who sincerely believed that a farm labourer could succeed as a poet, while others, more suspicious of the possibilities of social mobility, anticipated such a man’s inevitable failure.