bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nomenclatural standards of apple cultivars bred at the Pavlovsk experiment station of VIR
Authors: Bagmet L. V. , Shlyavas A. V.
Published: December 2021

In the framework of the program of creating nomenclatural standards of domestic cultivars initiated by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), nomenclatural standards of apple cultivars bred at the Pavlovsk Experiment Station of VIR have been developed. The cultivars in question are ‘Kormay’, ‘Kordonovka’, ‘Kryukovskoye’, ‘Krasnoshchyokoye’, ‘Leningradskaya Zelyonka’, ‘Leningradskiy Sinap’, ‘Leningradskoye Zheltoye’, ‘Lyubimitsa Tarasenko’, ‘Novogodneye’, ‘Novoye Polosatoye’, ‘Pashkevicha Krasnoye’, and ‘Sigovskoye’.
Revealing the potential of potato varieties with colored pulp in the conditions of the Murmansk region
Authors: Travina S. N.
Published: December 2021

A collection of 15 potato varieties ‘Seyanets Stepana’, ‘Stepan’, ‘Yekzotika’, ‘Fioletik’, ‘Kubinka’, ‘Vasilok’, ‘Lekar’’, ‘Severnoye Siyaniye’, ‘Ametist’, ‘Gurman’, ‘Perlamutrovyy’, ‘Ves siniy’, ‘Ves krasnyy’, ‘Klyukvenno-krasnyy’, ‘Malina’ was studied in the Arctic North. All the studied accessions demonstrated antioxidant properties and suitability for dietetic and therapeutic nutrition. The study was conducted in accordance with the VIR Guidelines. During a three-year study, the studied varieties displayed purple (blue) and red tuber pulp coloration of varying degrees of intensity. Even the varieties with white flesh ‘Kubinka’ (к-25276), ‘Vasilok’ (к-25199) had a slightly colored pulp along the vascular ring. The trait of colored tuber pulp variability is determined at the gene level. Probably, the long Polar day and low air temperatures contributed to the intense biosynthesis of anthocyanins. When studying economically valuable traits in the conditions of the Murmansk region, almost all varieties behaved as late ripening and unsuitable for cultivation for early production. The standard variety ‘Khibinskiy ranniy’ produced an average of 520 g/bush with 76% marketability in the trial dig. By the final harvesting, the standard yields an average of 800 g/bush with 87% marketability. The highest values of early yield accumulation (79-80% of the standard) in the Arctic North were displayed by the varieties ‘Fioletik’ (k-24754) and ‘Severnoye Siyaniye’ (k-25344). High yields at the final harvest were characteristic of the varieties ‘Fioletik’ (k-24754), ‘Gurman’ (vr.k.-p 523), and ‘Perlamutrovyy’ (vr.k.-p 526). In terms of the starch content, the varieties ‘Kubinka’ (19,3%), ‘Yekzotika’ (15,2%), ‘Gurman’ (16,7%) ‘Fioletik’ (14,2%), ‘Lekar’’ (13,2%), ‘Perlamutrovyy’ (14,2%) were distinguished. The high starch content is likely due to meteorological conditions and the genetic characteristics of the varieties. All varieties show signs of late ripening. For cultivation in the Arctic North, the varieties ‘Fioletik’ (к-24754), ‘Severnoye Siyaniye’ (k-25344); ‘Gurman’ (vr.k.-p 523), ‘Perlamutrovyy’ (vr.k.-p 526), and ‘Klyukvenno-krasnyy’ (vr.k.-p 522) can be recommended.
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: on the history of the Russian translation
Authors: Chukhina I. G. , Miftakhova S. R. , Dorofeyev V. I.
Published: December 2021

An urgent need to use a unified nomenclature for cultivated plants was indicated at the beginning of the 20th century by R.E. Regel, A.I. Malzev, K.A. Flyaksberger. Half a century later, an appendix to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Stockholm, 1952) published the first formulated rules for naming cultivated plants, which provided a basis for the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants issued as a separate edition in 1953. The primary goal of the Code was to eliminate confusion, promote order and uniformity in the naming of new varieties and the use of accepted variety names, i.e. to establish unified nomenclature rules. The main categories of the nomenclature for cultivated plants (cultivar, group, grex) do not represent a hierarchical system. So far, nine editions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants had been published, of which four were translated into Russian (1953, 1958, 1961 and 1969). The prepared translation of the ninth edition is going to be published in the Vavilovia journal.
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Preamble. Division I: Principles
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: December 2021

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Art and Memory as Reconciliation Tool? Re-Thinking Reconciliation Strategies in the Western Balkans
Authors: Savić-Bojanić Maja , Kalemaj Ilir
Published: December 2021

The violent demise of Yugoslavia and the bloody period that marked most of the 1990s in this region have sparked academic interest in the peacebuilding and reconciliation initiatives which emerged after the conflict. Scholarly literature on the subject went in the directions of transitional justice, social psychology and socio-political approaches. However, an unexplored alley of scholarly interest remains in the role of the arts in these processes. By examining the role of arts and memory creation, this introductory article posits these against the background of a problematic reconciliation process in post-conflict areas of the Western Balkans as its core topic. Situated in a post-Yugoslav geographic space, where ethnic conflicts still hinder development, people rest much on the interpretation of the meaning of lived experiences, and the role of images, arts, myths and stories, which are used to either create or dissemble the path to peace between the many ethnic communities that inhabit this area of Europe. The use of several overlapping, yet differently interpreted themes relating to lived experiences and history shows them as symbolic transitional justice policies. They broadly deal with how such knowledges are interpreted through lived moments, such as cinema, museums and public monuments.
Forgetting and Remembering the Socialist Past
Authors: Kajinić Sanja
Published: December 2021

In the early 1990s, the cultural landscape of Croatia went through radical changes, one of them being the destruction of the monuments built under socialism. Drawing on the author’s research on the monuments in the capital city of Zagreb, and on the existing research on the politics of memory in the broader post-Yugoslav region, this article asks about the disappearance of the monuments to partisan women in contemporary Zagreb. The main research question regards the gender dimension of the under-representation of women in public space. The hypothesis is that egalitarian gender relations, analyzed here through memorial representation, are important for the democratization of post-socialist societies. Additional focus is on ethnic belonging as an influential explanatory category in accounting for the disappearance of monuments to minority women in contemporary Croatia. The article adds a new empirical vantage point to help better understand the comparative framework of how the socialist past is remembered through monuments.
(Not) Dealing with War Crimes on Film
Authors: Jaugaitė Rimantė
Published: December 2021

This article argues that contemporary post-Yugoslav cinema contributes to a better understanding of the deeply divided societies in the aftermath the Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001), in terms of stimulating empathy for the Other, and, more specifically, raising awareness of the loss of human lives, thus memorializing and commemorating these experiences. It also explores how film directors deal with social issues, including war crimes, and how they appear as activist citizens while their governments struggle to take relevant action. The research aims to bridge the gap between the more theoretical literature that focuses on the role of the media in dealing with the past and more practical analysis providing examples from contemporary post-Yugoslav cinema, and to illuminate the link between film, peace-building and active citizenship. Finally, the article stresses how the idea of post-war reconciliation may be communicated through films and pertains to the notion that a positive film effect exists.
Different Voices and Luminosities
Authors: Bakić Sarina
Published: December 2021

The author of this article will put an emphasis on museum practices that have encouraged the reconciliation process and dialogue in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Western Balkans. Moreover, this article will contribute to the ongoing discussions in museum and cultural studies expressing the need for reconsidering the values and roles of museum practices. It is about the comprehensive range of innovative approaches that can foster dialogue and reconciliation processes in the context of today’s Western Balkans societies, which are marked by distrust, prejudices, misunderstandings and numerous divisions and indoctrinations. This will be an attempt to verify two clear examples of museum practices emphasising the specific thesis about museums as the ‘new educational institutions’, their comprehensive and alternative roles in the construction of ‘new knowledge’ nurturing dialogue, intercultural interactions and exchange of opinions, ideas and experiences. The main question is whether this concept is sustainable and broadly possible in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Western Balkans, due to the lack of cultural policy and political consensus that will support this indispensable process.
A Battle for Sovereignty
Authors: Pavlović Aleksandar , Pudar Draško Gazela , Lončar Jelena
Published: December 2021

This article examines the role, status and perceptions of the Serbian cultural heritage in Kosovo from both Kosovo Albanian and Serbian perspectives. The analysis focuses on two cases, which attracted particular resistance on each of the two sides: the passing of legislation in the Kosovar parliament in 2012 that aimed to protect Serbian cultural heritage and the 2015 unsuccessful Kosovo bid for unesco membership. Both moments demonstrate how cultural heritage is primarily approached from the statehood perspective and used to additionally deepen inter-ethnic distances. The authors shed more light on the discrepancies between the international peacebuilding efforts and the internationally imposed legal framework, challenging the reduction of the peacebuilding efforts to institutional design, while dominant discourses of both Serbian and Albanian elites essentially deepen the enmity and serve as resistance mechanisms to the international peacebuilding strategies.
Sprache – die Mitte der Welt Dichtung – die Mitte der Sprache
Authors: Stierle Karlheinz
Published: December 2021

Art seemingly responds to a universal anthropologic need for art, caused by what the philosopher Schelling designates as the “unendlichen Mangel am Sein”. Its answer is based on the dense presence of the artwork. The form of the poem as exploration of the medium of language will be exemplarily elaborated on in the following analysis.
„compassio“, Leidenschaft, Ekstase
Authors: Schulze-Witzenrath Elisabeth
Published: December 2021

Expressions and gestures of mourning for the loved one have been a theme of religious art from early on. In the Middle Ages, after the discovery of the suffering Christ (“Christus patiens”), they are shown in numerous depictions of the crucifixion, especially in those of the taking down of the cross.

Since the 13th century, the attitude of “compassion”, which commemorates Christ’s act of redemption and, according to theological interpretation, thereby brings about one’s own salvation, has promoted empathy with the other. After the theme had been increasingly treated aesthetically in painting, non-religious models of mourning also appeared in poetry from the 16th century onwards, whose actions were oriented towards the respective epoch-specific image of man (passion, ecstasy). The article analyses relevant poetic and musical works.
A Medieval Open Work
Authors: Simian Rafael
Published: December 2021

Guigo II is commonly known and praised among specialists of Western mysticism for his Scala claustralium, a work that presents a spiritual program for cloistered monks. His Meditations, on the other hand, have usually been relegated to the margin of attention. The First Meditation, in particular, is generally regarded as a minor piece. The paper argues, however, that a new approach can make better sense of the First Meditation, while also enabling us to recognize its specific function and value. Seen from this new perspective, Guigo’s purpose with the text is to train and exercise his readers’ minds according to the spiritual program laid out in the Scala. The paper shows that the First Meditation realizes that goal, surprisingly, by having the same essential features that Umberto Eco found in the ‘open works’ of the Western avant-garde.
Interpreting Hamlet’s Pregnant Silences: Nietzsche and Benjamin
Authors: Quiring Björn
Published: December 2021

In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the protagonist frequently and eloquently refers to his own taciturnity and to the fundamental insights into the ways of the world that this silence conceals from his interlocutors. It is partly due to this emphasis on a pivotal inaccessibilty that the play has provoked numerous philosophical interpretations. For example, Nietzsche in The Birth of Tragedy and Walter Benjamin in Origin of the German Trauerspiel have dealt with Hamlet’s loquacious refusal to communicate, and their interpretations, while problematic in some respects, can contribute to a better understanding of the drama, especially when they are placed in relation to one another. While Nietzsche’s somewhat forced interpretation traces Hamlet’s silence to the Dionysian experience of ancient tragedy, Benjamin’s counter-interpretation construes this silence as the expression of a specifically Protestant, melancholic conception of history, as well as of its dialectical overcoming. Although Origin of the German Trauerspiel convincingly demonstrates that Hamlet transforms his relationship to society and its language in the course of the play by reinterpreting the contingency of historical events as manifestations of eternal providence, a closer reading of the drama shows that this reinterpretation is not, as Benjamin claims, unfolding a genuinely Christian dialectic, at the endpoint of which stands the blissful silence of assured salvation. Rather, this reinterpretation appears as the expression of an amor fati that in many respects prefigures Nietzsche’s categorical affirmation of blind necessity; Hamlet’s interpretation of the course of the world as a circulus vitiosus resembles the idea of the eternal return, embracing this figure of thought in its most hopeless and most seminal form: as an apotheosis of endless annihilation.
Zeitstrukturen im Gedicht
Authors: Huber Irmtraud
Published: December 2021

The lyric is often associated with an attempt to escape from time into stasis or eternity and is juxtaposed as atemporal to the temporal dynamics of (narrative or dramatic) plot. Resisting such common attributions, this paper develops an analytical framework that highlights the complexity and variety of temporal structures to be found in poetry. Understood as a contribution to the growing field of lyricology, the suggested framework aims to be widely applicable to poetry in general, but is here introduced and exemplified with reference to poems by Rainer Maria Rilke.
Revisiting ‘Third-Person’ Narrative Unreliability
Authors: Álvarez-Amorós José A.
Published: December 2021

Taking its cue from the critical treatment given to unreliable narration by Wayne C. Booth and his early followers, and in contrast to the claims often made in the field of authentication theory, this paper seeks to join the debate on “third-person” narrative unreliability by outlining an inclusive approach to this phenomenon in which the “person” parameter need not be a determining factor. To theorize and illustrate this approach, a methodological context is first developed by juxtaposing Genette’s revisionist stance on voice and perception with Booth’s 1961 dismissal of the vocal issue and his controversial assimilation of tellers and observers. Then Ryan’s dissenting views are addressed by identifying common ground between her idea of the impersonal narrator and the principles of inclusivity which precisely rest on the impersonating potential of that figure. Finally the inclusive conception of unreliability is shown at work in three Jamesian tales – “The Aspern Papers” (1888), “The Liar” (1888), and “The Beast in the Jungle” (1903) – whose different vocal options do not seem to immunize their narrators against charges of untrustworthiness.
Multidirektionale Assemblage
Authors: Uffelmann Dirk
Published: December 2021

Multidirectional Assemblage: Boris Khersonskii’s Family Archive Boris Khersonskii’s most acclaimed and translated volume of poetry Semeinyi arkhiv [Family Archive] (2003/2006) consists of semi-fictional miniatures narrating the sufferings of the members of a Southwest-Ukrainian Jewish Family in the short 20th century. The speaker’s laconic tone invites less of a trauma-studies approach to the Stalinist Great Terror and the Shoah than a media-sensitive update of the formalist focus on material devices and the determination of meaning from below. This contribution proposes to read Family Archive as an assemblage of imagined material media (photographs, letters, auction objects) which trace multidirectional vectors of commemoration. It proposes the notion of directionality for resolving the undecidability of referential and a-referential readings of quasi-documentary poetry.
Biochemical and histologic changes in albino rats in response to charcoal powder exposure
Authors:   University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Oriakpono O. E. , Anuforo C. ,   Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, Nduonofit E. E. ,   University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Deeyah B. K. ,   University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Ekeke M. C. ,   University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Published: December 2021

Background. In developing and under-developed countries, charcoal production predisposes workers to charcoal dust. This is a common occurrence as workers in this field are not properly protected and as such are exposed to charcoal dust through inhalation and skin contact. Charcoal comprises many components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to the possible health risk associated with such exposure, this study was designed to determine the effects of charcoal powder of particle size 125 µm - 150 µm on certain biomarkers in male albino rats. Albino rats were used because of their similar physiology to humans. Materials and Methods. 20 albino rats weighing between 250 g and 300 g were used for this study; they were randomly distributed in 4 groups (5 rats each) and the charcoal powder was incorporated into their feed at different percentages; control, group 1 (10 % charcoal), group 2 (30 % charcoal) and group 3 (charcoal powder bedding) for 50 days. Using standard procedures and methods, the following parameters were tested: Hematological parameters, semen parameters, liver enzymes, renal function, hormones and lung histology. Results. The results indicated a decrease in the level of liver enzymes AST (IU/L) and ALT (IU/L) in group 1, group 2 and group 3 when compared to the control with the lowest value of 48.75 IU/L and 11.50 IU/L respectively recorded in group 2. Prolactin (mIU/L) had mean values of 1.73, 1.30 and 1.83 in group 1, group 2 and group 3 respectively while the control was 2.10. Testosterone (nmol/L) had a mean value of 1.18, 0.53 and 0.25 in group 1, group 2 and group 3, respectively, while the control was 0.90 with a significant difference (P<0.05). Creatinine (µmol/L) increased in group 1 and group 2 with a slight reduction in group 3 when compared to control (1.04) with a value of 1.35, 1.40 and 1.23, respectively. Total sperm count (´105/mL) had a mean value of 58.33, 50.00 and 43.25 in group 1, group 2 and group 3, respectively, while the control was 100.50. The lung histology for the treated groups revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells and thickening of inter-alveolar walls. Conclusion. Long term exposure to charcoal powder through nasal or oral route had serious effects on rats’ health, such as kidney damages, inflammation of the lungs and decrease in fertility in males primarily due to the presence of PAHs in charcoal.
Inter-ecosystem relation (an attempt of classification)
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Tsaryk Y. V.
Published: December 2021

The importance of inter-ecosystem relations is a priori clear to most of ecologists. Inter-ecosystem relations provide for the integrity of ecological systems of all levels (from consortion to biosphere). The relations between consortions and other ecosystems have not been studied in detail so far. Hence, there is a lack of information about classification of inter-ecosystem relations. Among the most well-studied are anthropogenic relations between natural ecosystems and urboecosystems (Holubets, 2000). We propose a classification of the inter-ecosystem relations based on the following criteria: by origin (natural, anthropogenic, natural-anthropogenic), by frequency (dispo­sable, cyclic, acyclic, permanent), by consequences (normal, catastrophic, evolutio­nary), by relation type (trophic, topic, fabric, foric, mediopatic, behavioral). As the proposed classification is a pioneer one, we believe it will be developed and transformed during the field research of the inter-ecosystem relations. A detailed program of research should be elaborated.
Peroxidase activity of erythrocytes hemoglobin under action of low-frequency vibration
Authors:   Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Ukraine, Dotsenko O. I. , Taradina G. V. ,   Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Ukraine, Mischenko А. М. ,   Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Ukraine
Published: December 2021

Background. Hemoglobin is a hemoprotein which in the presence of oxidative equivalents, such as H2O2, can act as peroxidase with a very high oxidative potential. Hemoglobin oxidation is accompanied by generation of highly oxidized forms of iron and globin radicals that have high oxidative activity and are toxic to cells. In addition, peroxidase activity may indicate structural changes that occur in the hemoglobin molecule as a result of chemical modification. Materials and Methods. Erythrocyte suspension was subjected to vibration for 3 h within the frequency range from 8 to 32 Hz with amplitudes of 0.5 ± 0.04 and 0.9 ± 0.08 mm. At certain intervals, hemoglobin peroxidase activity was determined together with the content of its ligand forms in the hemolysates of cells. Additionally, experiments were performed to investigate the mechanism and calculate the kinetic parameters of peroxidase reaction. Results and Discussion. Experimental data on low-frequency vibrations effect on erythrocyte hemoglobin peroxidase activity were analyzed. The kinetics of the oxidation reaction of p-phenylenediamine by hemoglobin in erythrocytes was studied. It was found that peroxidase oxidation has a ping-pong mechanism. The kinetic parameters of the peroxidase reaction involving hemoglobin were determined. The change of kinetic parameters after two-hour exposure to the incubation medium and low-frequency vibration was studied. A possible mechanism of action of hemoglobin in oxidation reactions involving H2O2 was proposed. Conclusion. Any effect that initiates the formation of methemoglobin leads to an increase in the peroxidase activity of hemoglobin due to the involvement of the latter in the pseudoperoxidase cycle and the formation of toxic reactive globin radicals. The high content of oxyhemoglobin in the cell, observed under vibrations within the frequency range of 16–32 Hz with an amplitude of 0.9 ± 0.08 mm, can prevent its oxidation and involvement in the pseudoperoxidase cycle.
Antibacterial and phytotoxic activity of the Schiff’s bases of 5-phenyl-4-amino-3-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazole with the donor substituents in the 4th position on heterosystem
Authors:   T. H. Shevchenko National University “Chernihiv Colehium”, Ukraine, Tkachuk N. V. , Yanchenko V. O. ,   T. H. Shevchenko National University “Chernihiv Colehium”, Ukraine, Demchenko A. M. ,   Nizhyn Mykola Gogol State University, Ukraine
Published: December 2021

Background. Triazoles and Schiff’s bases have a high biological activity. For the practical use of the derivatives, their low toxicity is important. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antibacterial and phytotoxic properties of Schiff’s bases of 5-phenyl-4-amino-3-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazole with donor substituents in the 4th position of heterosystem. Materials and methods. In the study of antibacterial activity of the derivatives, corrosion-active 4-day association cultures of ammonifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria were used as a test culture of microorganisms. Sensitivity of bacteria to derivatives was determined by diffusion method in agar using sterile paper disks according to the standard method. In the investigation of phytotoxic activity of the derivatives, Lepidium sativum of the “Ajour” cultivar was used as a test plant. Seed germination and biometric indices (length, weight of the aboveground part and roots) of 5-day sprouts were determined, the phytotoxic effect of the derivatives was calculated. Experimental data were processed using methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The introduction of substituents does not provide for an increase in antibacterial properties of the studied compounds in relation to some corrosion active ammonifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Low activity was observed regarding the association culture of ammonifying bacteria to the compound without substituents in the phenyl fragment and the compound with fluor as a substituent in the phenyl fragment at a concentration of 2.0%. Derivatives with the methoxyl substituent in the phenyl fragment and with the hydroxyl substituent in the phenyl fragment did not show any antibacterial activity against the association culture of ammonifying bacteria isolated from ferrosphere in meat-peptone broth. Antibacterial action against the association of sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio orizae with organic acid-producing bacteria Anaerotignum propionicum for derivatives were not detected. Phytotoxic properties were observed for the compound with the hydroxyl substituent that influenced the processes of growth in the test plant. Conclusion. The introduction of electron-donor substituents into the basic structure did not provide for an increase in antibacterial properties against corrosive bacteria. Phytotoxic properties were observed for the compound with the hydroxyl substituent in the phenyl fragment, which influenced the L. sativum growth processes by inhibiting growth of the above-ground part and roots. Other compounds either did not show any action, or demonstrated a weak stimulating effect on the growth and development of the test plant.
Problems of biotic and landscape diversity conservation in the Ukrainian Carpathians highlands
Authors:   Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, NAS of Ukraine, Kyyak V. , Mykitchak T. ,   Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, NAS of Ukraine, Reshetylo O. ,   Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, NAS of Ukraine; Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine
Published: December 2021

Introduction. The highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians belong to the territories with the highest concentration of rare species and coenotic diversity in Ukraine. Due to highland ecosystem transformation, a large number of populations and communities of rare species are under the threat of degradation and elimination. Climate change. At present, effective growth and development of plants begins 2–3 weeks earlier compared to the 1980–90s. Sharp seasonal distribution of precipitation causes negative changes in the highland water-body hydrology regime affecting freshwater populations of plankton crustaceans and amphibians. Demutative successions. During the first 10–20 years of the succession its influence on the structure and vitality of the majority of rare species populations is mostly positive, but 30–40 year-long demutations usually cause negative dynamics. Overgro­wing results in the simplification of spatial structure and fragmentation, as well as decreasing of population density, disappearing of rare species from the community structure. Active protection measures should be locally implemented in protected territories: traditional type of grazing, mowing, and shrub or tree cutting in the cases of protection of extremely rare phytocoenoses and populations. Anthropogenic impact. Intensive recreation pressure causes digressive changes in numerous communities, which are located along the popular tourist paths to the glacial lakes, mountain summits etc. Unfortunately, the systematic violation of the protection regime in the highland zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians is obvious nowadays. Gathering medicinal and ornamental species poses a serious threat. Uncontrolled increase in the number of recreants in the highland areas for the last 5 years has destroyed its aquatic ecosystems more than in the previous 30–40 years. Usage of vehicles for recreation purposes (4×4, quads and motorcycles) refers to significant destructive factors for highland ecosystems. Protection measures. Population conservation and revival of communities is usually possible under the condition of moderate and short-term anthropogenic pressure. The visiting regime of the most popular highland sites must be put under control immediately, while mass ascensions must be completely forbidden.
Diet of the little Athene noctua (Scopoli, 1769) on the territory of Berehovo district (Transcarpathian region)
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Zahorodnyi I. , Romaniuk L. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Hnatyna O. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Pokrytiuk L. ,   Western Ukrainian Ornithological Society, Ukraine, Dykyy I. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine
Published: December 2021

Objectives. The Little Owl is the most common owl in the Western Palearctic and its population is declining significantly in Europe. Therefore, conservation and study of this owl is an important issue in most European countries. Analysis of trophic patterns at the local level provides interesting and valuable information about the predator’s eating habits. The owl’s diet investigation allows us to analyze their potential adaptations to habitats with different levels of environmental transformation. Materials and Methods. We studied nutrition of the Little Owl Athene noctua, in agricultural lands of Berehove district of Transcarpathian region in Ukraine. In total, 1446 pellets were collected at 15 pellet stations in 2002–2020 and 2506 prey items were identified. The prey items represented 18 vertebrate species (16 species of small mammals of three orders Rodentia, Soricomorpha, Carnivora, as well as reptiles of the family Lacertidae and birds of the order Passeriformes and arthropods. Results. Vertebrates play a major role in feeding the Little Owl (over 99 % of total prey biomass in all of the studied sites). The common vole is the most common prey in the owl’s diet (52.1 % of the total prey number and 67.5 % of the biomass of the prey caught), as well as a high proportion of mice of the genus Apodemus and Sylvaemus. The contribution of invertebrates to total prey biomass is insignificant (0.3 %). A large number of invertebrates were observed in the diet of the Owl in summer and were almost completely absent in winter. Conclusions. According to our data, the Little Owl is a typical predator generalist in Transcarpathia. The 28 taxa found in the pellets show a wide range of food objects in a relatively small area, and high level adaptations to habitats with different levels of environmental transformation (agrosystems and anthropogenic areas).
Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on the regulation of glucose uptake by lymphocytes in diabetes mellitus (Review)
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Maslakova A. O. , Liuta M. Ya. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Sybirna N. O. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine
Published: December 2021

For most cells, including lymphocytes, glucose is a primary energy source, and, therefore, it is vital to understand the regulatory mechanisms that control the work of glucose transporters. Lymphocytes are pivotal for mediation of immune and inflammatory responses. A feature of lymphocytes is increasing glucose utilization during activation of the immune function, which is strongly dependent on glucose uptake. Some studies show that elevated glucose concentration in diabetes mellitus affects lymphocytes’ glucose transporters expression, whichcorrelates with impaired immune functions and may become one of the predisposing factors of contracting infectious diseases. Recent studies have focused on glucose transporters as therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases, including diabetes mellitus. This review demonstrates the effect of photobiomodulationtherapy on glucose uptake by Na+-coupled glucose carrier SGLT1 and facilitated diffusion glucose carriers of the GLUT family (GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4) in normal and diabetic lymphocytes.
The effect of Galega officinalis L. extract on the content of the advanced glycation end products and their receptors in rat leukocytes under experimental diabetes mellitus
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Furtak Kh. Ye. , Hachkova H. Ya. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Sybirna N. O. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine
Published: December 2021

Background. Diabetes mellitus intensifies non-enzymatic glycosylation (glycation) of biomolecules under conditions of chronic hyperglycemia and facilitates accumulation of advanced glycation end products. Disorders of the cells of various tissues are caused by binding of advanced glycation end products to the corresponding receptors, the level of receptors for advanced glycation end products increases under conditions of hyperglycemia. The interaction between receptors for advanced glycation end products and advanced glycation end products leads to the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species, changes in intracellular signaling, gene expression, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and contributes to the development of diabetic complications. The search for factors of natural origin that will slow down the development of specific complications of diabetes, determines the feasibility of studies of the corrective ability of biologically active substances isolated from medicinal plants for the process of glycation of proteins in diabetes. Materials and methods. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin. Separation of blood leukocytes was performed in Ficoll density gradient. To determine the extent of advanced glycation end products and receptor for advanced glycation end products in leukocyte immunoperoxidase labeling was performed. Results. A decrease in the content of advanced glycation end products in leukocy­tes under conditions of experimental diabetes mellitus was found. The obtained data indicate a possible contravention of glucose uptake by leukocytes in the studied pathology. At the same time, an increase in exposure to the receptor for advanced glycation end products leukocyte membranes in response to chronic hyperglycemia has been demonstrated. The ability of alkaloid free fraction of Galega officinalis extract to reduce the content of receptors for end products of glycation on the membranes of immunocompetent cells in diabetic animals has been confirmed, which may be due to the presence of biologically active substances with hypoglycemic action in its composition. Conclusion. Corrective effect of alkaloid free fraction of Galega officinalis L. extract on the content of receptor for advanced glycation end products in diabetes mellitus is mediated by its normalizing effect on carbohydrate metabolism.
Effect of a novel thiazole derivative and its complex with polymeric carriers on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in murine lymphoma cells
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Popovych M. V. , Shalai Ya. R. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Mandzynets S. M. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine, Mitina N. E. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine, Zaichenko O. S. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine, Babsky A. M. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine
Published: December 2021

Background. Previous studies have shown a pronounced cytotoxic effect of thiazole derivatives in combination with polymeric carriers on tumor cells. At the same time, the derivatives were not cytotoxic against non-cancerous cells in vitro. It was shown that thiazole derivatives at concentrations of 10 and 50 μM affected the prooxidant and antioxidant systems of lymphoma cells in vitro. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the complex of thiazole derivative N-(5-benzyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-1-benzofuran-2-carboxamide (BF1) in combination with polymeric carriers poly(VEP-co-GMA)-graft-mPEG (Th1), poly(PEGMA) (Th3) and poly(PEGMA-co-DMM) (Th5) on the antioxidant defense system of the NK/Ly cell in vitro. Materials and Methods. The experiments were performed on white wild-type male mice with grafted NK/Ly lymphoma. Tumor cells were inoculated into mice intraperitoneally. Ascites was drained from the abdominal cavity of anaesthetized mice with a sterile syringe on the 7th-10th day after inoculation. Investigated compounds BF1, BF1 + Th1 (Th2, Th12), BF1 + Th3 (Th4, Th14), BF1 + Th5 (Th6, Th16) at a final concentration of 10 μM were added to the lymphoma samples and incubated for 10 min; the activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined according to the techniques described previously. Results. It was found that all the studied complexes based on thiazole derivative BF1 and polymeric carriers poly (VEP-co-GMA)-graft-mPEG (Th2, Th12), poly (PEGMA) (Th4, Th14) and poly (PEGMA-co-DMM) (Th6, Th16) at a concentration of 10 μm increased the activity of SOD, while the activity of CAT and GPX were reduced compared to control. Complexes Th2, Th12 and Th4 increased the significance of the BF1 influence on lymphoma cells from P <0.05 to P <0.01. Pure polymeric carriers did not affect the level of the antioxidant defense system enzymes. Conclusions. Thus, it was found that the polymeric carriers in combination with thiazole derivative BF1 increased the significance of thiazole derivative BF1 influence on the activity of the antioxidant defense system of lymphoma cells, while pure polymeric carriers did not affect the activity of SOD, CAT or GPX. The results of this work can be used for further studies of complexes of thiazole derivative and PEG-containing polymeric carriers as potential antitumor drugs.
FROM THE HISTORY OF SOME PERSONAL NAMES IN DAGESTAN LANGUAGES
Authors: Abdullaev I. Kh.
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the origin of some names on the basis of data from Dagestan and other languages. The ways of mutual influence and mutual assimilation of Dagestan languages, their development of a common fund of anthroponymy are traced. So, for example, on the basis of the Darginian word ghabza "hero; brave" in the process of interaction of three languages (Darginian, Lak and Avar), common elements in anthroponymy appear for them.
PROBLEMS OF TRANSFORMATION OF DAGESTAN LANGUAGES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MIGRATION PROCESSES
Authors: Magomedov M. I.
Published: December 2021

The study of the influence of migration processes plays an important role in the study of the development of productive forces, education, languages and peoples. The nature of population migration in Dagestan has changed quite significantly in recent decades. The purpose of the article is to identify the linguistic and sociocultural problems associated with the change in the Dagestan languages under the influence of migration.
ETHYMOLOGICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF NAKH-DAGESTAN LANGUAGES (TO THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM)
Authors: Abdullaev I. Sh.
Published: December 2021

Based on a review of the latest achievements of modern general and Dagestan linguistics, the article proposes the thesis of the relevance of the transition to explanatory linguistics - a requirement that has remained declarative since the time of the young grammarians of the 19th century and is repeated today.
TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF WISH FOR EVIL IN LAX
Authors: Adukhova Zh.M.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the types of speech acts with the general meaning of a curse. The typological structure of the formulas of the speech act of ill will (or curse), their structural and pragmatic features are considered. The standard structures of performative utterances of ill will (or curse) are defined.
SOME WORDS AND SEMANTIC PARALLELS BETWEEN GEORGIAN AND AVAR LANGUAGES
Authors: Azmaiparashvili L. G.
Published: December 2021

Basing on the data of Georgian and Avar languages and their dialects, the article discusses some similarities that are confirmed in compound word formation (compound words which denote collectively ‘parents’, ‘siblings’, ‘spouses’, ‘domestic cattle’, ‘insects’, somatisms, compound words denoting ‘rainbow’), in phonosemantic vocabulary; In adverbs, adjectives, verbs derived from nouns (‘tiny hair’, ‘color’, ‘way’); In deverbative nominals, collocations and phrasemes (‘engaged girl’, ‘talking’, ‘lie’, ‘paying attention’).
REFLECTION OF THE "HEART" CONCEPT IN THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE CHAMALA LANGUAGE
Authors: Alieva Z. M.
Published: December 2021

The article presents a semantic analysis of phraseological units of the unwritten Chamali language containing the somatism "heart". The Chamali people perceive the heart as the center of spiritual activity, and use phraseological units with this somatism to express such emotional and mental states of a person as: love, hate, fear, sadness, sadness, longing, joy, surprise, admiration, etc.
CONSENTING CLASSES IN CESIAN LANGUAGES IN A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ASPECT
Authors: Testelets Ya.G.
Published: December 2021

The article deals with some unresolved problems of the reconstructed Proto-Tsezic genders suggested by M. E. Alekseyev in 1988 – the prefix of gender I singular, gender V and its correspondences in other branches of East Caucasian, and the apophony marking of gender in the East Tsezic languages (Bezhta and Gunzib).
PECULIARITIES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN AVARTS AND ARABS
Authors: Alieva P. M.
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to linguistic and cultural analysis of greetings, farewell expressions, other welcoming formulas in Arabic and Avar languages in order to reveal the ethnic component, distinguishing the Avars from the Arabs, and also similarities and differences in behavior and etiquette. The comparative analysis showed the existence of general and differential features in the conceptualization and the usus of speech behavior.
THE FATE OF NATIONAL LANGUAGES IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
Authors: Borzaeva B. B.
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the influence of the English language on the status of national languages in globalisation. The positive and negative aspects of the influence of the new world on the development, preservation and functioning of the Chechen language in society are considered. The author makes arguments on preventing the disappearance of language, cultural identity, traditions of small peoples in a global context.
EMOTIONAL CONCEPTS IN THE DARGIN LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD
Authors: Hasanova U. U.
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the concepts of the emotional sphere in the Dargin language picture of the world. It is noted that the images of the emotional sphere are most clearly highlighted in phraseological units, proverbs and sayings. The concepts of positive semantics are such concepts as razidesh "joy", talih1, igbar "happiness, luck". And the concepts of negative semantics include: urehi "fear", balag "trouble, grief", kyasdesh "envy", gyimi "evil".
ABOUT THE FEATURES OF FORMATION OF AVAR PERSONAL NAMES (in comparison with Russian and English names)
Authors: Guseinova M. K.
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the peculiarities of the formation of Avar personal names in comparison with Russian and English names. The general and national-specific conditions for the formation of names in different linguistic cultures under the influence of historical and cultural phenomena are revealed. It is shown that despite the apparent similarity of modern anthroponymic systems, each nation has its own special traditions of naming people, reflecting the ethnic view of the world.
FEATURES OF SOUND INGUISH LANGUAGE
Authors: Kieva Z. Kh. , Mereshkov S. A.
Published: December 2021

The article revealed the vocabulary-semantic, grammatical and functional features of sound images in the Ingush language. Their differences from similar phenomena were revealed, the goals of using this linguistic phenomenon in speech were revealed, and the place of sound reflective words in the system of parts of speech of the Ingush language was also determined.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE SUBJECT IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE
Authors: Magomedov D. M.
Published: December 2021

This article is devoted to the ways of expressing the subject in the Avar language, in which case word forms expressing subjective actions are singled out as the subject. In the Avar language, the subject, predicate and direct object form the basis of a three-part sentence of transitional semantics and a two-part sentence of intransitive semantics. The subject is coordinated with the predicate verb in class and number.
FEATURES OF SEMANTICS OF SOME AVARIAN TOPONYMS
Authors: Otsomieva-Tagirova Z.M. , Bashirova R.S.
Published: December 2021

The study of the peculiarities of determining the semantics of toponyms is a necessary stage in the development of regional linguistics. The question of the essence of the semantics of propernames, and even more so of such special names as toponyms, is solved ambiguously. Defining the semantics of a toponym, we are based on the semantics of the original word (appellative), taking into account the uniqueness of the toponym, its place in the system of proper names and common nouns, the peculiarities of its use in the speech of individuals and entire collectives at different time slices, the attitude of speakers to the named objects, the peculiarities of the linguistic means used in that understanding, as well as the uniqueness of each toponym separately. The formation of artificial and natural nominations is shown by the example of toponyms and anthroponyms, and the interaction of appellatives/onomas as a result of semantic derivation of geographical names.
SEMANTIC-STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF PHRASEOLOGISTS IN AVAR FOLK FAIRY TALES
Authors: Ramazanova M. Sh.
Published: December 2021

According to the structure and generalized integral semantics inherent in them, two main groups of phraseological units are distinguished. One group consists of phraseological units that are equivalent in their semantics to a sentence, others act as semantic equivalents of words and phrases. Phraseological expressions, which include proverbs and sayings, perform the corresponding stylistic functions as vivid expressive means. One of the ways to create imagery in Avar proverbs is parallelism.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PROBABIES AND SPELLS IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE
Authors: Ramazanova P. M.
Published: December 2021

Proverbs and sayings in the Avar language have a sentence structure and semantic features. The presence in the structure of proverbial expressions of already established phraseological units, characteristic of the Avar language, is explained by the fact that the Avar language is characterized by phraseological design of concepts that do not have lexical means that adequately convey these concepts.
ON THE FEATURES OF FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF SOME MODAL PARTICLES IN THE LESGIN LANGUAGE
Authors: Rashidov A. A.
Published: December 2021

The article is dedicated to the problem of forming and functioning of the affirmative and negative modal particles of Lezghin language.