bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Substituted Uracil Derivatives as Scavengers of Peroxyl Radicals
Authors: Grabovskiy Stanislav A. , Murinov Yuri I. , Kabal'nova Natalia N.
Published: September 2013

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel and Cobalt‐Catalyzed Coupling of Alkyl Halides with Alkenes via Heck Reactions and Radical Conjugate Addition
Authors: Qian Qun , Zang Zhenhua , Chen Yang , Tong Weiqi , Gong Hegui
Published: September 2013

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqua‐Mediated Synthesis of Bio‐Active Compounds
Authors: Panda Siva S.
Published: September 2013

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Regioselectively Fluorinated Homo‐ and Heterocyclic Compounds by Complementary Cyclization Methods
Authors: Ruzziconi Renzo , Buonerba Federica
Published: September 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkynes XF2C—CC—P(O)(OR)2: Synthesis and Reactivity
Authors: Duda Blazej , Tverdomed Sergey , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: September 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Functionalization of Terminal Alkynes by Gold Catalysis
Authors: Mourad Asmaa Kamal , Czekelius Constantin
Published: September 2013

Review: recent progress in the application of gold complexes with optically active ligands or counteranions for activation of alkynes towards nucleophiles, including the recently reported desymmetrization of terminal diynes; 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Trends in the Development of A.M. Butlerov′s Theory of Chemical Structure
Authors: Minkin V. I.
Published: September 2013

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fundamental Problems of the Chemistry of Supramolecular and Nanosized Structures
Authors: Razumov V. F.
Published: September 2013

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Forward and Pressure Retarted Osmosis: Potential Solutions for Global Challenges in Energy and Water Supply
Authors: Klaysom Chalida , Cath Tazhi Y. , Depuydt Tom , Vankelecom Ivo F. J.
Published: September 2013

Review: [223refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: The Dipole Mediated Surface Chemistry of P‐Benzoquinonemonoimine Zwitterions
Authors: Dowben Peter A. , Kunkel Donna A. , Enders Axel , Rosa Luis G. , Routaboul Lucie , Doudin Bernard , Braunstein Pierre
Published: September 2013

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Artificial Allosteric Receptors
Authors: Kremer Christopher , Luetzen Arne
Published: September 2013

Review: 220 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Brief History of G‐Protein Coupled Receptors (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Lefkowitz Robert J.
Published: September 2013

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Immobilization of Enzymes on Porous Silicas — Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Hartmann Martin , Kostrov Xenia
Published: September 2013

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modifying Enzyme Activity and Selectivity by Immobilization
Authors: Rodrigues Rafael C. , Ortiz Claudia , Berenguer‐Murcia Angel , Torres Rodrigo , Fernandez‐Lafuente Roberto
Published: September 2013

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical FeCo Films for Perpendicular Writer Pole
Authors: Inturi Venkateswara , Yin Huaqing , Kief Mark , Hadley Matthew , Mathieu Christoph
Published: September 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Future of the Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates (PRINT) Technology
Authors: Xu Jing , Wong Dominica H. C. , Byrne James D. , Chen Kai , Bowerman Charles , DeSimone Joseph M.
Published: September 2013

Review: recent work involving the PRINT technology for application in biomedical and material sciences; 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of Enzymes and Microbes for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery and the Possibility of Their Application to Consolidated Bioprocessing Technology
Authors: Hasunuma Tomohisa , Okazaki Fumiyoshi , Okai Naoko , Hara Kiyotaka Y. , Ishii Jun , Kondo Akihiko
Published: September 2013

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Industrial Use of Immobilized Enzymes
Authors: DiCosimo Robert , McAuliffe Joseph , Poulose Ayrookaran J. , Bohlmann Gregory
Published: September 2013

Review: 351 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Coordination Compounds as Good Pesticides
Authors: Singh R. V. , Srivastava Sumit
Published: September 2013

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Catalysts to Metal Microreactor Systems
Authors: Peter Pfeifer
Published: September 2013

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of the Leaving Group and Solvent Combination on the LFER Reaction Constants
Authors: Matic Mirela , Juric Sandra , Denegri Bernard , Kronja Olga
Published: September 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic‐ferromagnetic Hetero‐structures with Spin Transport Properties and Fundamental Physical Effects
Authors: Liu Dong Ping , Han Xiu Feng
Published: September 2013

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications and Future of Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry in Structural Biology
Authors: Lopez Abraham , Tarrago Teresa , Vilaseca Marta , Giralt Ernest
Published: September 2013

Review: 63 refs.
Usage of Ultrasound and Classification Methods for Continuous Detection of Dairy Fouling
Authors: Wallhäußer Eva , Sprunk Matthias , Sayed Ahmed , Nöbel Stefan , Hussein Mohamed A. , Hinrichs Jörg , Becker Thomas
Published: September 2013

Fouling ist ein schwerwiegendes Problem in der Lebensmittel‐ und insbesondere der Milchindustrie, da es zu einer verminderten Produktqualität und erhöhten Kosten führt. Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der Milchfouling über eine Kombination von Ultraschallmessungen und Mustererkennungsmethoden verfolgt und der Reinigungsfortschritt beobachtet werden kann. In einem planaren Wärmetauscher wurde Fouling reproduzierbar erstellt und mit einem Cleaning‐in‐Place‐Zyklus abgereinigt. Dabei wurden ultraschallbasierte Messungen durchgeführt, um den Reinigungsfortschritt zu bestimmen. Das System soll so die Reinigung eines verschmutzten Wärmetauschers online verfolgen und den Zustand „sauber”︁ anzeigen.
Metal‐Functionalized Silicene for Efficient Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Hussain Tanveer , Chakraborty Sudip , Ahuja Rajeev
Published: September 2013

First‐principles calculations based on density functional theory are used to investigate the electronic structure along with the stability, bonding mechanism, band gap, and charge transfer of metal‐functionalized silicene to envisage its hydrogen‐storage capacity. Various metal atoms including Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, and Ca are doped into the most stable configuration of silicene. The corresponding binding energies and charge‐transfer mechanisms are discussed from the perspective of hydrogen‐storage compatibility. The Li and Na metal dopants are found to be ideally suitable, not only for strong metal‐to‐substrate binding and uniform distribution over the substrate, but also for the high‐capacity storage of hydrogen. The stabilities of both Li‐ and Na‐functionalized silicene are also confirmed through molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that both of the alkali metals, Li+and Na+, can adsorb five hydrogen molecules, attaining reasonably high storage capacities of 7.75 and 6.9 wt %, respectively, with average adsorption energies within the range suitable for practical hydrogen‐storage applications.
Scarcity of Rare Earth Elements
Authors: de Boer M. A. , Lammertsma K.
Published: September 2013

Rare earth elements (REEs) are important for green and a large variety of high‐tech technologies and are, therefore, in high demand. As a result, supply with REEs is likely to be disrupted (the degree of depends on the REE) in the near future. The 17 REEs are divided into heavy and light REEs. Other critical elements besides REEs, identified by the European Commission, are also becoming less easily available. Although there is no deficiency in the earth’s crust of rare earth oxides, the economic accessibility is limited. The increased demand for REEs, the decreasing export from China, and geopolitical concerns on availability contributed to the (re)opening of mines in Australia and the USA and other mines are slow to follow. As a result, short supply of particularly terbium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and neodymium is expected to be problematic for at least the short term, also because they cannot be substituted. Recycling REEs from electronic waste would be a solution, but so far there are hardly any established REE recycling methods. Decreasing the dependency on REEs, for example, by identifying possible replacements or increasing their efficient use, represents another possibility.
Chemo‐ and Regioselective Homogeneous Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroamidomethylation of Terminal Alkenes to N‐Alkylamides
Authors: Raoufmoghaddam Saeed , Drent Eite , Bouwman Elisabeth
Published: September 2013

A rhodium/xantphos homogeneous catalyst system has been developed for direct chemo‐ and regioselective mono‐N‐alkylation of primary amides with 1‐alkenes and syngas through catalytic hydroamidomethylation with 1‐pentene and acetamide as model substrates. For appropriate catalyst performance, it appears to be essential that catalytic amounts of a strong acid promoter, such as p‐toluenesulfonic acid (HOTs), as well as larger amounts of a weakly acidic protic promoter, particularly hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol (HORF) are applied. Apart from the product N‐1‐hexylacetamide, the isomeric unsaturated intermediates, hexanol and higher mass byproducts, as well as the corresponding isomeric branched products, can be formed. Under optimized conditions, almost full alkene conversion can be achieved with more than 80 % selectivity to the product N‐1‐hexylamide. Interestingly, in the presence of a relatively high concentration of HORF, the same catalyst system shows a remarkably high selectivity for the formation of hexanol from 1‐pentene with syngas, thus presenting a unique example of a selective rhodium‐catalyzed hydroformylation–hydrogenation tandem reaction under mild conditions. Time‐dependent product formation during hydroamidomethylation batch experiments provides evidence for aldehyde and unsaturated intermediates; this clearly indicates the three‐step hydroformylation/condensation/hydrogenation reaction sequence that takes place in hydroamidomethylation. One likely role of the weakly acidic protic promoter, HORF, in combination with the strong acid HOTs, is to establish a dual‐functionality rhodium catalyst system comprised of a neutral rhodium(I) hydroformylation catalyst species and a cationic rhodium(III) complex capable of selectively reducing the imide and/or ene–amide intermediates that are in a dynamic, acid‐catalyzed condensation equilibrium with the aldehyde and amide in a syngas environment.
Fully automated analysis of chemically induced γH2AX foci in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by indirect immunofluorescence
Authors: Willitzki Annika , Lorenz Sebastian , Hiemann Rico , Guttek Karina , Goihl Alexander , Hartig Roland , Conrad Karsten , Feist Eugen , Sack Ulrich , Schierack Peter , Heiserich Lisa , Eberle Caroline , Peters Vanessa , Roggenbuck Dirk , Reinhold Dirk
Published: September 2013

Analysis of phosphorylated histone protein H2AX (γH2AX) foci is currently the most sensitive method to detect DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB). This protein modification has the potential to become an individual biomarker of cellular stress, especially in the diagnosis and monitoring of neoplastic diseases. To make γH2AX foci analysis available as a routine screening method, different software approaches for automated immunofluorescence pattern evaluation have recently been developed. In this study, we used novel pattern recognition algorithms on the AKLIDES® platform to automatically analyze immunofluorescence images of γH2AX foci and compared the results with visual assessments. Dose‐ and time‐dependent γH2AX foci formation was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with the chemotherapeutic drug etoposide (ETP). Moreover, the AKLIDES system was used to analyze the impact of different immunomodulatory reagents on γH2AX foci formation in PBMCs. Apart from γH2AX foci counting the use of novel pattern recognition algorithms allowed the measurement of their fluorescence intensity and size, as well as the analysis of overlapping γH2AX foci. The comparison of automated and manual foci quantification showed overall a good correlation. After ETP exposure, a clear dose‐dependent increase of γH2AX foci formation was evident using the AKLIDES as well as Western blot analysis. Kinetic experiments on PBMCs incubated with 5 μM ETP demonstrated a peak in γH2AX foci formation after 4 to 8 h, while a removal of ETP resulted in a strong reduction of γH2AX foci after 1 to 4 h. In summary, this study demonstrated that the AKLIDES system can be used as an efficient automatic screening tool for γH2AX foci analysis by providing new evaluation features and facilitating the identification of drugs which induce or modulate DNA damage. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Transgenerational soil‐mediated differences between plants experienced or naïve to a grass invasion
Authors: Deck Anna , Muir Adrianna , Strauss Sharon
Published: September 2013

Invasive species may undergo rapid change as they invade. Native species persisting in invaded areas may also experience rapid change over this short timescale relative to native populations in uninvaded areas. We investigated the response of the native Achillea millefolium to soil from Holcus lanatus‐invaded and uninvaded areas, and we sought to determine whether differential responses between A. millefolium from invaded (invader experienced) and uninvaded (invader naïve) areas were mediated by soil community changes. Plants grown from seed from experienced and naïve areas responded differently to invaded and uninvaded soil with respect to germination time, biomass, and height. Overall, experienced plants grew faster and taller than their naïve counterparts. Naïve native plants showed negative feedbacks with their home soil and positive feedbacks with invaded soil; experienced plants were less responsive to soil differences. Our results suggest that native plants naïve to invasion may be more sensitive to soil communities than experienced plants, consistent with recent studies. While differences between naïve and experienced plants are transgenerational, our design cannot differentiate between differences that are genetically based, plastic, or both. Regardless, our results highlight the importance of seed source and population history in restoration, emphasizing the restoration potential of experienced seed sources.
First Total Synthesis of Pinolide
Authors: Yadav Jhillu Singh , Avuluri Srilatha , Kattela Shiva Shankar , Das Saibal
Published: September 2013

The first total synthesis of pinolide, a nonsymmetrical ten‐membered macrocyclic, is described starting from readily available (–)‐tartaric and L‐ascorbic acid. The key synthetic steps include Barbier allylation, Yamaguchi esterification and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reactions. The synthetic strategy has been successful for the construction of the ten‐membered core skeleton. A facile and convergent approach enabled the incorporation of all the four stereogenic centers present in the molecule.
The Application of Nafion Metal Catalyst Free Carbon Nanotube Modified Gold Electrode: Voltammetric Zinc Detection in Serum
Authors: Yue Wei , Bange Adam , L. Riehl Bill , M. Johnson Jay , Papautsky Ian , R. Heineman William
Published: September 2013

Metal catalyst free carbon nanotube (MCFCNT) whiskers were first used as an electrode modification material on a gold electrode surface for zinc voltammetric measurements. A composite film of Nafion and MCFCNT whiskers was applied to a gold electrode surface to form a mechanically stable sensor. The sensor was then used for zinc detection in both acetate buffer solution and extracted bovine serum solution. A limit of detection of 53 nM was achieved for a 120 s deposition time. The zinc in bovine serum was extracted via a double extraction procedure using dithizone in chloroform as a zinc chelating ligand. The modified electrode was found to be both reliable and sensitive for zinc measurements in both matrices.
A Non‐Enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Based on Ag/MnOOH Nanocomposites
Authors: Bai Wushuang , Zheng Jianbin , Sheng Qinglin
Published: September 2013

A novel non‐enzymatic sensor based on Ag/MnOOH nanocomposites was developed for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 sensor was fabricated by immobilizing Ag/MnOOH nanocomposites on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The morphology and composition of the sensor surface were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy. The electrochemical investigation of the sensor indicates that it possesses an excellent electrocatalytic property for H2O2, and could detect H2O2 in a linear range from 5.0 µM to 12.8 mM with a detection limit of 1.5 µM at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3, a response time of 2 s and a sensitivity of 32.57 µA mM−1 cm−2. Additionally, the sensor exhibits good anti‐interference. The good analytical performance, low cost and straightforward preparation method made this novel electrode material promising for the development of effective non‐enzymatic H2O2 sensor.
The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid was higher from phospholipid food products than from mono‐ and triacylglycerol food products in a dynamic gastrointestinal model
Authors: Domoto Nobuhiko , Koenen Marjorie E. , Havenaar Robert , Mikajiri Akihiro , Chu Boon‐Seang
Published: September 2013

The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the forms of monoacylglycerol (EPA‐MAG), triacylglycerol (EPA‐TAG), and phospholipid (EPA‐PL) during gastrointestinal passage was compared in this study using a dynamic gastrointestinal model (TIM system). The TIM system simulated the average upper gastrointestinal tract conditions of healthy human adults after intake of a meal (fed state conditions). In this study, the three EPA‐rich oils were separately homogenized with full fat milk to obtain oil‐in‐water emulsions. Plain yogurt was added into the mixture at an emulsion/yogurt ratio of 4:1 (w/w) as the food matrix of the test products. The results show that the test meals containing EPA‐PL left the stomach compartment most efficiently in comparison with the gastric emptying of EPA‐MAG and EPA‐TAG. The PLs also showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher bioaccessibility of EPA (75–80%) in comparison with MAG (30%) and TAG (38%). The better gastric emptying of EPA‐PL was likely related to the more stable emulsion of EPA‐PL in the test meal. EPA‐PL was delivered within the meal matrix into the duodenum instead of floating on the top of the test meal matrix. EPA‐MAG had the highest amount of EPA that did not leave the stomach (68% of the test meal). The results from this work indicate that EPA‐PL is a more effective form of EPA for a higher lipid bioaccessibility than MAG and TAG under the test conditions.
Periodic volcanic degassing behavior: The Mount Etna example
Authors: Tamburello G. , Aiuppa A. , McGonigle A. J. S. , Allard P. , Cannata A. , Giudice G. , Kantzas E. P. , Pering T. D.
Published: September 2013

In contrast to the seismic and infrasonic energy released from quiescent and erupting volcanoes, which have long been known to manifest episodes of highly periodic behavior, the spectral properties of volcanic gas flux time series remain poorly constrained, due to a previous lack of high‐temporal resolution gas‐sensing techniques. Here we report on SO2 flux measurements, performed on Mount Etna with a novel UV imaging technique of unprecedented sampling frequency (0.5 Hz), which reveal, for the first time, a rapid periodic structure in degassing from this target. These gas flux modulations have considerable temporal variability in their characteristics and involve two period bands: 40–250 and 500–1200 s. A notable correlation between gas flux fluctuations in the latter band and contemporaneous seismic root‐mean‐square values suggests that this degassing behavior may be generated by periodic bursting of rising gas bubble trains at the magma‐air interface.
Syntheses of 2‐Unsubstituted 1H‐1,3‐Benzazaphospholes from N‐Formyl‐2‐bromoanilides
Authors: Ghalib Mohammed , Niaz Basit , Jones Peter G. , Heinicke Joachim W.
Published: September 2013

The phosphonylation of 2‐bromo‐formylanilides 1 with triethyl phosphite in the presence of preformed Pd(0)(triethyl phosphite)n catalyst furnished 2‐phosphono‐formanilides 2 in good yields. Reduction with excess LiAlH4 provided mainly N‐methyl‐2‐phosphinoanilines 3 and minor amounts of 1,2‐unsubstituted benzazaphospholes 4. N‐Methyl‐1,3‐benzazaphospholes 5 were synthesized by the cyclocondensation of 3 with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMFA). A more convenient route to 5, avoiding the chromatographic separation of 4, is the reduction of 1 to 2‐bromo‐N‐methylaniline 6, followed by phosphonylation to 7, LiAlH4 reduction, and cyclization with DMFA. The coordination properties at σ2P of benzazaphospholes are characterized by structural data obtained by the crystal structure analysis of (5b)W(CO)5.
Forkhead box Q1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis by transactivating ZEB2 and VersicanV1 expression
Authors: Xia Limin , Huang Wenjie , Tian Dean , Zhang Lin , Qi Xingshun , Chen Zhangqian , Shang Xin , Nie Yongzhan , Wu Kaichun
Published: September 2013

Forkhead box Q1 (FoxQ1) is a master regulator of tumor metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism of FoxQ1 in regulating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis remains unknown. Here we report a novel function for FoxQ1 in modifying the tumor microenvironment to promote HCC metastasis. FoxQ1 expression was an independent and significant risk factor for the recurrence and survival in two independent cohorts totaling 1,002 HCC patients. FoxQ1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the transactivation of ZEB2 expression by directly binding to the ZEB2 promoter. Knockdown of ZEB2 decreased FoxQ1-enhanced HCC metastasis, whereas up-regulation of ZEB2 rescued the decreased metastasis induced by FoxQ1 knocking down. Additionally, serial deletion, site-directed mutagenesis, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that VersicanV1, which promoted HCC metastasis and macrophage attraction, was a direct transcriptional target of FoxQ1. FoxQ1-induced VersicanV1 expression promoted the secretion of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) from HCC cells. Chemotaxis assay showed that the culture media from FoxQ1-overexpressing HCC cells increased the migratory activity of the macrophages. Inhibition of VersicanV1 and CCL2 expression significantly inhibited FoxQ1-mediated macrophage migration. In animal studies, the up-regulation of FoxQ1 in HCC cells promoted HCC metastasis and intratumoral tumor associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration, whereas knockdown of VersicanV1 reduced FoxQ1-mediated HCC metastasis and intratumoral TAM infiltration. Depletion of macrophages using clodronate liposomes dramatically decreased FoxQ1-enhanced HCC metastasis. In human HCC tissues, FoxQ1 expression was positively correlated with ZEB2 and VersicanV1 expression and intratumoral TAM infiltration. Patients with positive coexpression of FoxQ1 and ZEB2, FoxQ1, and VersicanV1, or FoxQ1 and intratumoral TAMs were associated with poorer prognosis. Conclusion: FoxQ1 promotes HCC metastasis by transactivating ZEB2 and VersicanV1 expression, resulting in the induction of EMT and the recruitment of macrophage infiltration. (HEPATOLOGY 2014;59:958–973)
Molecular dynamics simulation of benzene in graphite and amorphous carbon slit pores
Authors: Fomin Yu. D.
Published: September 2013

It is well known that confining a liquid into a pore strongly alters the liquid behavior. Investigations of the effect of confinement are of great importance for many scientific and technological applications. Here, we present a study of the behavior of benzene confined in carbon slit pores. Two types of pores are considered–graphite and amorphous carbon ones. We show that the effect of different pore structure is of crucial importance for the benzene behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parameters on 17β‐Estradiol degradation by Ultrasound in an aqueous system
Authors: Ma Xiao‐yan , Tang Kai , Li Qing‐song , Song Ya‐li , Ni Yong‐jiong , Gao Nai‐yun
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

As the strongest natural estrogen, 17β‐estradiol (E2) which occurs in water through drainage of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants, may represent a serious health risk to humans, even at extremely low concentrations (ng L‐1). To reduce the amount of E2 in an aqueous system, KMnO4‐assisted ultrasound was adopted and compared with ultrasound and KMnO4, each alone, and the influencing factors were determined.

RESULTS

The efficiency of removal of E2 was low under single ultrasound irradiation alone, but was enhanced from14.6% to 85.5% when assisted by the addition of 3 mg L‐1 KMnO4 after 30 min contact. Degradation of E2 could be described by first‐order kinetics models. The degradation rates were proportional to the dosage of KMnO4 in the range from 0 to 5 mg L‐1. The optimal pH for the processes was alkaline (for the ultrasound) and strong acidic (for the combined ultrasound/KMnO4). The common cation Na+ initially inhibited and then promoted degradation of E2 in both processes, and anionic surfactant was a favourable factor in the degradation of E2.

CONCLUSION

KMnO4‐oxidatively enhanced ultrasound effectively removed E2 from an aqueous system. Since pH, cation and existing chemicals such as surfactant can affect the degradation of E2, these factors should be taken into consideration to obtain satisfactory results. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Advances in photobioreactors for intensive microalgal production: configurations, operating strategies and applications
Authors: Olivieri Giuseppe , Salatino Piero , Marzocchella Antonio
Published: September 2013

Over the past ten years a great deal of literature has focused on the biotechnological potential of microalgal commercial applications, mainly in the field of biofuel production. However, the biofuel production is not yet competitive, mainly due to the incidence of the photobioreactor technology on the process cost. Besides, major advances in classic photobioreactor design, several novel configurations have been proposed in the last 20 years to improve their performance expressed in terms of light absorption, biomass productivity, light to biomass yield and photosynthetic efficiency. This review aims at analyzing and classifying the most recent advances and the several novel approaches to the design, development, control and modeling of photobioreactors. The diverse approaches are grouped considering irradiance strategies, multiphase hydrodynamics, mass transfer mechanisms, modeling approaches and control strategies. Some innovative applications of the photobioreactor technology are also reported. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative expression and regulation of TMSB4X in male reproductive tissues of rats and chickens
Authors: Rengaraj Deivendran , Hwang Young Sun , Liang Xiao Huan , Deng Wen Bo , Yang Zeng Ming , Han Jae Yong
Published: September 2013

Thymosin β4 (TMSB4X) belongs to a class of highly conserved small proteins that are present in a high abundance in immune tissues, where it participates in various biological activities, including anti‐inflammation, wound healing, apoptosis, and cell survival. However, little is known about the expression and regulation of TMSB4X in reproductive tissues. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of rat Tmsb4x and chicken TMSB4X genes during testicular and epididymal development. Rat Tmsb4x was strongly detected in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes of testis at early postnatal development and transmitted to Leydig cells at sexual maturation. Also, rat Tmsb4x was detected at an increased level in the epididymis during postnatal development. When compared to the rat, expression of the chicken TMSB4X gene was low in the testis and epididymal region, and the mRNA localization was also unexpected. Three experiments were performed to examine the regulation of rat Tmsb4x in the epididymis: after elimination of Leydig cells using ethylene dimethane sulfonate (EDS); after destruction of the testis by cryptorchidism; and after castration. EDS‐treated and castrated rats were injected with testosterone propionate. The expression of Tmsb4x was significantly reduced in the epididymis of EDS‐treated, and castrated rats. In contrast, Tmsb4x was significantly enhanced in the epididymis after testosterone treatment. The expression of rat Tmsb4x was also regulated in the epididymis after cryptorchidism. Collectively, the expression of Tmsb4x was strongly detected in the testis and epididymis of rats, and was highly regulated in the epididymis by testosterone. J. Exp. Zool. 319A: 584–595, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retrieval of aerosol optical depth under thin cirrus from MODIS: Application to an ocean algorithm
Authors: Lee Jaehwa , Hsu N. Christina , Bettenhausen Corey , Sayer Andrew M.
Published: September 2013

A strategy for retrieving aerosol optical depth (AOD) under conditions of thin cirrus coverage from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is presented. We adopt an empirical method that derives the cirrus contribution to measured reflectance in seven bands from the visible to shortwave infrared (0.47, 0.55, 0.65, 0.86, 1.24, 1.63, and 2.12 µm, commonly used for AOD retrievals) by using the correlations between the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) reflectance at 1.38 µm and these bands. The 1.38 µm band is used due to its strong absorption by water vapor and allows us to extract the contribution of cirrus clouds to TOA reflectance and create cirrus‐corrected TOA reflectances in the seven bands of interest. These cirrus‐corrected TOA reflectances are then used in the aerosol retrieval algorithm to determine cirrus‐corrected AOD. The cirrus correction algorithm reduces the cirrus contamination in the AOD data as shown by a decrease in both magnitude and spatial variability of AOD over areas contaminated by thin cirrus. Comparisons of retrieved AOD against Aerosol Robotic Network observations at Nauru in the equatorial Pacific reveal that the cirrus correction procedure improves the data quality: the percentage of data within the expected error ±(0.03 + 0.05 × AOD) increases from 40% to 80% for cirrus‐corrected points only and from 80% to 86% for all points (i.e., both corrected and uncorrected retrievals). Statistical comparisons with Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) retrievals are also carried out. A high correlation (R = 0.89) between the CALIOP cirrus optical depth and AOD correction magnitude suggests potential applicability of the cirrus correction procedure to other MODIS‐like sensors.
CMAQ modeling and analysis of radicals, radical precursors, and chemical transformations
Authors: Czader Beata H. , Li Xiangshang , Rappenglueck Bernhard
Published: September 2013

Air quality simulations were performed for the Houston‐Galveston‐Brazoria area for springtime conditions in May and June of 2009. Meteorological parameters predicted by Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, for which data assimilation with recursive objective analysis was performed, are well simulated most of the time. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model driven by meteorology from WRF simulates ozone and many other trace species, including radical precursors such as HCHO and HONO, with a satisfactory agreement with observations. While CMAQ satisfactorily captures the daily variations of the OH radical, it sometimes underestimates its high daytime values. Concentrations of HO2 are often underpredicted in polluted air masses and persistently severely underpredicted at low NOx conditions, when the Houston air is affected by marine air masses. In contrast, concentrations of H2O2 and CH3OOH are almost always overpredicted by the model, the overprediction occurs frequently in the polluted air and occurs always when marine air is encountered. Those mispredictions are consistent despite day‐to‐day variations in meteorological conditions and emissions and bring into question current representation of radical‐related chemistry in the model as radical production and recirculation in the model is overtaken by termination processes and creation of more stable compounds, such as H2O2 and CH3OOH. Smaller model biases of H2O2 and peroxides are associated with lower humidity. The relative importance of various photolysis processes as radical sources in the Houston atmosphere was also elucidated. Morning HOx formation is dominated by HONO while ozone contributes the most during midday. HONO contribution to HOx formation is more pronounced at the surface layer where most of it is formed, radical production from ozone is more important at elevated levels where higher concentrations of ozone are observed. Formaldehyde contributes up to 40% and also peaks during midday, but on days when high morning concentrations of formaldehyde are observed, its contribution to HOx in the morning exceeds that of ozone. Photolysis of H2O2 is a minor contributor to radical levels.
Genetic analysis and homology modeling of capsid protein of norovirus GII.14
Authors: Chan‐It Wisoot , Thongprachum Aksara , Okitsu Shoko , Mizuguchi Masashi , Ushijima Hiroshi
Published: September 2013

In this study, a more detailed genetic characterization of the VP1 capsid protein of uncommon norovirus (NoV) GII.14 strains reported previously in Japan and China was performed using sequence analyses and homology modeling technique. The result of genetic comparison with the M7 prototype strain of GII.14 revealed that 10 amino acid mutations were observed at the same positions across the P2 and P1‐2 subdomains in both Japanese and Chinese strains. By the homology modeling of the P domain, 7 out of these 10 mutations were predicted to be located on the surface‐exposed P2 and P1‐2 subdomains. All GII.14 strains had an altered RGD‐like motif (RGT → KGT). While the Chinese strains contained 5 random amino acid changes in the S domain and the P2 subdomain, these changes were not detected in the Japanese strains. In addition, the histo‐blood group antigen (HBGA)‐binding interfaces remain identical to those of the previously determined GII.4 structure (VA387), suggesting the conservation of HBGA binding profile within the GII genogroup. Taken together, this report provides supportive structural data that antigenic drifts that occurred mostly in the P2 and P1‐2 subdomains might be sufficient to generate new mutants, thus permitting the GII.14 virus to escape the host pre‐existing immunity. These results also suggest the need for comparing the evolutionary profiles and structural models of rare NoV genotypes to an insight into NoV evolution. J. Med. Virol. 86:329–334, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of the human papillomavirus infection in self‐collected samples from young women
Authors: de Almeida Flávia Gatto , Machado Ana Paula , Fernandes Carlos Eurico dos Santos , Ferreira Alda Teixeira , Padovani Cacilda Tezelli Junqueira , Tozetti Inês Aparecida
Published: September 2013

The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the highest in young, sexually active women less than 35 years of age. Direct diagnosis of infection by enabling genotyping methods is important considering that the viral types are divided into high (HR‐HPV) and low (LR‐HPV) oncogenic risk. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of HPV infection in self‐collected samples from young women. A cross‐sectional study of 245 sexually active students (18 to 35 years of age) was undertaken with self‐collected samples. Extracted DNA was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the PGMY 09/11 and PC04/GH20 primers for the detection of HPV DNA and the β‐globin gene, respectively. Viral genotyping was performed by type‐specific PCR (TS‐PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the 236 valid samples, 68 (28.9%) were positive for HPV DNA, as genotyped by TS‐PCR and RFLP. The HR‐HPV were most prevalent, especially HPV‐16, ‐31, ‐33, and ‐45, and the most prevalent LR‐HPV were HPV‐6 and ‐83. Multi‐type HPV infections were detected in 17 (25%) samples. HPV infection was statistically more prevalent among younger women with lower educational levels and who had more partners in the past 2 years. A high prevalence of HPV infection was found in the age group examined, especially HR‐HPV types, as well as the presence of risk behaviors associated with HPV infection were observed. Considering these results, vaccinating females before the onset of sexual activity in Brazil should be emphasized. J. Med. Virol. 86:266–271, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical relevance and genotypes of circulating noroviruses in northern Taiwan, 2006–2011
Authors: Tsai Chi‐Neu , Lin Chun‐Yuan , Lin Che‐Wei , Shih Kuei‐Chung , Chiu Cheng‐Hsun , Chen Shih‐Yen
Published: September 2013

The incidence of noroviral gastroenteritis has increased dramatically in recent years, and norovirus (NoV) genogroup II.4 (GII.4) is associated with outbreaks worldwide. The NoV genotypes and their clinical relevance in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis between 2006 and 2011 in northern Taiwan were evaluated in this study. NoV sequences were amplified from 47 clinical specimens and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Based on noroviral capsid protein (VP1) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) phylogeny, circulating NoV could be divided into GII.2, GII.3, GII.12, and GII.4 and GII.16, GII.12, GII.g, and GII.4; respectively. The GII.4 subtype was predominant and could be divided further into the 2004 (Hunter), 2006b, and 2010 (New Orleans) subtypes. Regarding clinical manifestations, convulsive disorder occurred only in cases caused by NoV GII.4 2006b. Patients affected by NoV GII.4 2006b presented with a higher frequency of diarrhea (P = 0.0204), longer duration of diarrhea (P = 0.0215), more frequent hypoglycemia (P = 0.038), and electrolyte imbalance (P = 0.0487) than acute gastroenteritis caused by NoV GII.4 2010. Structural analysis showed that the amino acid changes in viral VP1 between GII.4 2006b and 2010 subtype were located mainly in the protruding domain 2 (P2 domain). In conclusion, the NoV GII.4 variants 2006b and 2010 were the main causes of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in northern Taiwan during 2006–2011. The clinical presentations and structural changes in VP1 of the two NoV GII.4 variants should be evaluated in the future. J. Med. Virol. 86:335–346, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epstein–barr virus latent membrane protein 1 polymorphism in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other oral cavity tumors in Russia
Authors: Senyuta Natalia , Yakovleva Larissa , Goncharova Elena , Scherback Liana , Diduk Sergey , Smirnova Ksenia , Maksimovich Dmitry , Gurtsevitch Vladimir
Published: September 2013

The genetic structure of EBV LMP1 alleles isolated from tumor, blood, and throat washing samples of 22 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, 17 patients with other non‐EBV‐related tumors of the oral cavity, and 19 blood donors have been studied in representatives of Central Russia and the Republics of Northern Caucasus, regions which are non‐endemic for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The analysis of the LMP1 alleles collected revealed that they practically matched previously described LMP1 variants; however, some characteristic features were also detected. In particular, the G212S substitution in LMP1 isolates investigated was not observed at all. Tumor samples obtained from nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other tumors of the oral cavity did not differ significantly either in the frequency of “high oncogenic” LMP1 alleles with 10 aa and/or 23 aa deletions (LMP1China1 and/or LMP1Med+), nor in the number of 11 aa repeats and the frequency of 5 aa motif insertions. No differences in the frequency of amino acid substitutions between LMP1 alleles obtained from tumor and throat washing samples of both patient groups were also detected. The data obtained may indicate that in both nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and patients with other tumors of the oral cavity, the EBV strains with similar LMP1 variants are found to persist. This observation allows us to suggest that in non‐endemic areas, EBV strains with any LMP1 alleles can initiate the nasopharyngeal carcinoma development but only in those individuals who have a genetic predisposition to the disease and are subjected to specific environmental, and/or dietary factors present in certain geographic areas. J. Med. Virol. 86:290–300, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immunogenicity in mice of human metapneumovirus with a truncated SH glycoprotein
Authors: Tedcastle A.B. , Fenwick F. , Robinson M.J. , Toms G.L.
Published: September 2013

The SH glycoprotein of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is twice the size of that of human respiratory syncytial virus and possesses a large, hydrophilic luminal domain. The glycoprotein is located on the surface of the virion and of virus infected cells and, if immunogenic, might be expected to play a role in anti‐viral immunity. Initial attempts to study anti‐SH antibody immunogenicity were thwarted by the instability of the SH gene on passage both in human bronchial epithelial cells and in mice. Repeated passage of virus isolates in human bronchial epithelial cells in culture resulted in the appearance and eventual predominance of HMPV mutants lacking all or most of the luminal domain of SH coincidental with the loss of productive infection in mouse lungs. Where infection was established in mice with an early cell culture passage, the virus recovered from mouse lung differed markedly from the inoculum, carrying 19 coding mutations in the SH luminal domain. Immunization of mice with a mutant virus variant expressing only 14 amino acids of the luminal domain of SH induced a cross‐reactive antibody response to both the F glycoprotein and the SH glycoprotein but a largely sub‐group specific response to the G glycoprotein. Similar patterns of response were achieved by immunization with individual HMPV glycoproteins expressed from recombinant vaccinia viruses. Recombinant truncated SH glycoprotein induced sub‐group cross‐reactive antibodies capable of neutralizing wild‐type virus. Recombinant F glycoprotein also induced cross‐reactive neutralizing antibodies whilst recombinant G glycoprotein induced largely strain‐specific, non‐neutralizing antibodies. J. Med. Virol. 86:547–557, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A CMIP5 multimodel projection of future temperature, precipitation, and climatological drought in China
Authors: Wang Lin , Chen Wen
Published: September 2013

In this study, fine‐resolution multimodel climate projections over China are developed based on 35 climate models and two emissions scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) from phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) by means of Bias Correction and Spatial Disaggregation. The yearly‐averaged temperature is projected to increase by 0.8 to 1.6 °C (0.8 to 1.7 °C), 1.5 to 2.7 °C (2 to 3.7 °C), and 1.9 to 3.3 °C (3.4 to 6 °C) under RCP4.5 (RCP8.5) in three time slices (2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099), respectively. The most warming occurs in winter and the least in summer, and the inland areas in the northwest will warm much faster than the southeast. Under the background of surface warming, the probability of extreme low temperatures in winter defined as the monthly temperature being lower than the 9th percentile of the climatological distribution will sharply reduce to 0.1–1.7% under RCP4.5 for the period 2010–2039 and even lower for the following decades. For precipitation change, a remarkable increase is found over most areas of China except the Southwest, ranging from approximately 2 to 20%. The projected precipitation changes are highly robust in northern China, but inconsistent in southern China. In spite of widespread precipitation increases, most areas of China quantified by the Palmer Drought Severity Index are projected to become drier as a consequence of increasing evaporation driven by temperature increases. Detailed examination shows that drought that is moderate or severe according to current climate standards will become the norm in the future. Not only will incidences of severe and extreme drought increase dramatically in the future, but extreme wet events will also become more probable. Furthermore, the increasing drought risk in Southwest China and the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau is nearly twice that for other parts of China.
Relationship between parallax and spatial resolution on visual comfort of an autostereoscopic display
Authors: Wang Qin , Li Da‐Hai , Liu Chun‐Ling , Wang Qiong‐Hua
Published: September 2013

A primary reason for visual discomfort caused by viewing 3D contents in autostereoscopic displays is the conflict between accommodation and convergence. Parallax directly affects the degree of conflict. In this paper, three factors are investigated—parallax magnitude, changing parallax, and spatial resolution—which are supposed to exert substantial influence upon visual comfort. The aforementioned three factors are integrated into stereoscopic sequences generated by software. With the data on the subjective evaluation of comfort from the viewers, statistical method is used to obtain both the main effects and interactions among the three factors. According to the experimental results, changing parallax might play a more crucial role in visual comfort than parallax magnitude. Spatial resolution might alleviate the negative effects in which changing parallax brings about. The experiment indicates that parallax for autostereoscopic displays should be within 50′ in consideration of comfort.
Quantification of taxanes in a leaf and twig extract from Taxus baccata L. using 13C NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Paoli Mathieu , Bighelli Ange , Castola Vincent , Tomi Félix , Casanova Joseph
Published: September 2013

In the course of our ongoing work on the chemical characterization of Taxus baccata L. growing wild in Corsica, we have developed and validated a method for direct quantification of taxane derivatives by 13C NMR using 10‐deacetylbaccatin III as reference compound and 1,6‐hexanediol as internal standard. We have observed good accuracy (relative errors between 0.3% and 3.5%), linearity (R2 = 0.999) and precision (reproducibility 8.5 mg ± 1.1%) of the measurements. The experimental procedure was applied to the quantification of six identified taxanes in a fraction of chromatography of a methanol extract of T. baccata leaves. This method can be applied to other compounds bearing the taxane skeleton. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.