bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humiliation’s media cultures: On the power of the social to oblige us
Authors: Cefai Sarah
Published: July 2020

Humiliation, which Silvan Tomkins paired with shame (‘shame-humiliation’), has not received much attention in queer, feminist and cultural analysis. This article addresses this omission by putting forward an account of humiliation’s eventful ‘structure of feeling’. In line with Raymond Williams’ original conception, and in conversation with affect studies, my account links humiliation’s structure to the broader socio-political tensions it articulates: especially, the tension between individualisation and collective social experience within neoliberalism. The cultural economy of reputation in particular reveals how, from within the eventful structure of humiliation, we become attuned to the social as that which affectively obliges us. By mediating the affective obligation of the social, media cultures train us in an affective sociality. My analysis questions the deeper reasoning that subtends humiliation and the repercussions of the affective obligation of the social for how we think about culture, identity and power in the context of networked media.
Data capitalism and the user: An exploration of privacy cynicism in Germany
Authors: Lutz Christoph , Hoffmann Christian Pieter , Ranzini Giulia
Published: July 2020

Ever since empirical studies found only a weak, if any, relationship between privacy concerns and privacy behavior, scholars have struggled to explain the so-called privacy paradox. Today, a number of theoretical arguments illuminate users’ privacy rationales, including the privacy calculus, privacy literacy, and contextual differentiations. A recent approach focuses on user resignation, apathy, or fatigue. In this piece, we concentrate on privacy cynicism, an attitude of uncertainty, powerlessness, mistrust, and resignation toward data handling by online services that renders privacy protection subjectively futile. We discuss privacy cynicism in the context of data capitalism, as a coping mechanism to address the tension between digital inclusion and a desire for privacy. Moreover, we introduce a measure for privacy cynicism and investigate the phenomenon based on a large-scale survey in Germany. The analysis highlights the multidimensionality of the construct, differentiating its relationships with privacy concerns, threat experience, Internet skills, and protection behavior.
Tribological behaviour of fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites: A review
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Singh KK
Published: July 2020

Application of fibre-reinforced polymer composites has increased over the last two decades as compared to conventional materials. This improvement in the application of fibre-reinforced polymer composites is attributed to their unique material properties, such as high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratio, specific modulus and internal vibration damping. However, in most of the industrial applications, composite materials encounter tribological complications. Economic indicators and market dynamics suggested that the market for composite materials is booming and the dominant materials are carbon fibres, glass fibres and thermoset polymer (polyester resin) in resin segments. That is why tribological characteristics are crucial in designing carbon and glass-based fibre-reinforced polymer components. Owing to this importance, the study of tribological behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer composite materials has expanded significantly. The present study has made an attempt to review the fundamental tribological applications and critical aspects of fibre-reinforced polymers, based on research work, which has been carried out over the past couple of decades. This work has primarily focused on the fibre-reinforced polymer composites, based on carbon and glass fibres with thermosets as the matrix material for probing into tribological behaviours. In the process, the focus has largely been on the most commonly occurring erosive and abrasive mode of wear process.
Development and application of numerical simulation and experiment for studying the compressive forming technology of transmission lines
Authors: Ye Zhongfei , Wu Chuan , Xia Yifan , Chen Xiangjun
Published: July 2020

In this paper, an explicit dynamic finite element model is built to study the compressive forming technology used in the metal connector of transmission lines of power system. Additionally, to improve the calculation accuracy, an optimized reversed calculation method for determining the equivalent friction coefficients is designed and coupled into the dynamic finite element model. It is validated with a carefully designed experiment that the coupled dynamic finite element model is effective in describing the plastic flow and in determining the grip strength of the compressive forming structure. Finally, with the dynamic finite element model, an optimized compressive forming process window is obtained for controlling the formation of edge flaws while keeping sufficient grip strength.
An experimental investigation on infusion time and strength of fiber metal laminates made by vacuum infusion process
Authors: Dariushi Soheil , Farahmandnia Sepideh , Rezadoust Amir Masoud
Published: July 2020

The vacuum infusion process can be used to fabricate fiber metal laminates with reduced manufacturing time and cost. In this method, the holes in the aluminum layers are created due to the better flow of the resin and to ensure that the fibers are completely impregnated. Created holes can cause problems in using these fiber metal laminates. For example, structural strength is reduced and some parts of the composite layers are exposed to environmental conditions. A proper solution to these problems has been proposed and investigated in this article. If a non-perforated aluminum layer is used as the first layer to be in contact with the mold, this layer becomes the outer layer of the structure made of fiber metal laminates. This non-symmetric fiber metal laminate will still be resistant to moisture and other environmental conditions due to the presence of an intact aluminum layer on the outermost layer, such as conventional fiber metal laminates. This aluminum layer also increases the strength of fiber metal laminates in comparison with fiber metal laminates that its all aluminum layers are perforated. In this paper, the effect of holes diameter of aluminum layers on the resin flow rate (consequently the duration of the fabrication) and the mechanical strength of the structure were investigated. The results showed that holes in the upper and middle layers of aluminum can significantly increase the speed of fabrication, but the presence of the holes causes a slight decrease in the final strength of the sample.
Can palatal depth influence the buccolingual inclination of molars? A cone beam computed tomography-based retrospective evaluation
Authors: Arvind TR Prasanna , Dinesh SP Saravana
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To interpret a correlation between buccolingual inclination of molars and palatal depth in hyperdivergent patients and to identify importance of determining inclination of molars in assessing transverse discrepancies (as skeletal or dental)

Design:

This was a retrospective cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study.

Setting:

The study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods:

This was a retrospective CBCT study of 79 patients who underwent diagnostic CBCT for treatment purposes. The CBCT scans were evaluated systematically and the required parameters were accessed with suitable reference planes. Student’s t-test (95% confidence interval) was performed to determine buccolingual inclination of first molars between the right and left sides. Only patients with a vertical growth pattern and skeletal class I relation were included and they were classified into three groups based on their palate depth.

Results:

In patients with palatal depth > 22 mm, the mean inclination of molars was 7.4°; with palatal depth in the range of 19–22 mm, the mean inclination of molars was 5.23°; and with palatal depth < 19 mm, the mean inclination of molars was 2.9°. Results showed that there was a significant correlation between the buccolingual inclination of molars and the palate depth in vertical growers ( P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The buccolingual inclination of first molars is increased in patients with greater palatal depth. This parameter is helpful in classifying crossbites as skeletal or dental. The amount of compensation required to correct the cross bite can be adjusted using Korkhaus Index.
Knowledge of, and attitudes to, shared decision-making in orthodontics in the UK
Authors: Barber Sophy K , Ryan Fiona , Cunningham Susan J
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To establish UK orthodontic treatment providers’ knowledge of, and attitudes to, shared decision-making (SDM). SDM involves patients as equal partners in decisions about treatment.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

Online survey across the UK.

Population:

Dentists and orthodontists providing orthodontic treatment in the UK.

Methods:

Potential participants were contacted through the British Orthodontic Society mailing lists. An online survey was developed to examine knowledge of, and attitudes to, SDM using a combination of evidence-based statements and free text boxes. Questions regarding previous training in SDM and preferences for further training were also included.

Results:

The survey was completed by 210 respondents, yielding an approximate response rate of 15%. Respondents were mainly consultants (34%) and specialist orthodontists (42%). SDM was well described in terms of the people involved in this process, how it is approached, the components and topics of discussion, and the overall purpose of SDM. Generally, there was consistency in attitudinal responses, with the largest variance in responses to questions about the professional–patient partnership, the interface between SDM and clinical guidelines, and accepting a decision that is discordant with the professional’s opinion. Fifty-one respondents reported having some previous teaching/training in SDM, with the majority (87%) indicating that they would like more training.

Conclusion:

Clinicians providing orthodontic treatment in the UK have a good understanding of the meaning of shared decision-making. Concerns raised about using SDM and knowledge gaps suggest there is value in providing SDM training for the orthodontic team and that orthodontic providers would welcome it.
Management and Outcome of Feet Deep Frostbite Injury (III and IV Degrees): A Series Report of 36 Cases
Authors: Zhang Nan , Yu Xin , Zhao Jingchun , Shi Kai , Yu Jiaao
Published: July 2020

Deep feet frostbite is a severe trauma and often leads to amputation due to full-thickness skin necrosis and subcutaneous tissue damage. A retrospective analysis was performed between June 2013 and June 2019 to review the management measures and outcomes of clinical treatment, and available data had been collected including demographic characteristics, risk factors, and injury environment record. Treatment protocols, wound management, and outcomes were also presented. There were 36 patients diagnosed with deep feet frostbite with a mean age of 51.5 years; the ratio for male to female is 5:1. Drunk and mental disorders were the main risk behaviors for frostbite occurrence. As for the injury environment, mean temperature and wind speed were −20.5 °C and 3.3 m/s, respectively. Fourteen cases achieved wound healing without surgery intervention, 5 cases received skin graft, and 17 cases received amputation. Most amputations (12 cases) were restricted at toe level; only 1 case received whole feet amputation. Our finding indicated that feet deep frostbite in our hospital showed a male predominant and older age including various risk behaviors and coexistence risk factors. Clinical management based on pathology mechanism needs further improvement, as the amputation rate was still high. How to avoid amputation and lower the amputation level are the focus of future efforts.
Complementary Medicine Use and Uptake of Cancer Screening Among US Adults: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Voiß Petra , Höxtermann Melanie Désirée , Dobos Gustav , Cramer Holger
Published: July 2020

Background: Cancer screenings can considerably reduce cancer mortality. There is limited information on the association between complementary medicine use and adherence to recommended cancer screenings. In this study, the potential associations between uptake of cancer screening and consultations with complementary medicine practitioners or mind-body medicine use are examined. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of the 2017 National Health Interview Survey of a population-based sample (n = 26 742; response rate = 80.7%). Age- and sex-related risk groups for breast cancer (women 45 years and older), cervical cancer (women 21 years and older), and colorectal cancer (45 to 85 years) were analyzed in 2018. Prevalence of complementary medicine use in the past 12 months as well as prevalence of cancer screening uptake in the past 12 months were calculated. Results: At least one complementary medicine approach was used by 32.4% of participants. Controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables, individuals who consulted a chiropractor or naturopath or who used mind-body medicine approaches were more likely to take up Pap smear test (odds ratio = 1.20-1.35), mammography (odds ratio = 1.22-1.38), and/or colorectal cancer screening (odds ratio = 1.18-1.37). Those consulting a homeopath were more likely to take up Pap smear test (odds ratio = 1.33). No association was found between consultations of practitioners of chelation therapy or traditional medicine and cancer screening uptake. Conclusion: Complementary medicine use seems to be associated with a better adherence to cancer screening. Individuals who consulted a chiropractor or naturopath or who used mind-body medicine approaches were more likely to take up the recommended screening.
“How Dare You!” African American Faculty and the Power Struggle With White Students
Authors: Thomas Vanessa
Published: July 2020

Higher education institutions are hiring more Intellectuals of Color to diversify their faculty. However, the diverse faculty presents an adverse dynamic between White male students and Black female professors. White students tend to exhibit disruptive, intimidating behavior toward Black faculty. Historical stereotypes, prejudices, biases, racism, oppression, and White supremacist attitudes and beliefs displayed in society express itself in the classroom. Black faculty face unique challenges in comparison with their White colleagues when teaching White students. White students more frequently disrespect and challenge the competency of Black faculty while disrupting the classroom learning environment. Meanwhile, Black faculty must display a high level of emotional labor to cope with the daily stressors.
The Stroman Effect: Participants in MEN Count, an HIV/STI Reduction Intervention for Unemployed and Unstably Housed Black Heterosexual Men, Define Its Most Successful Elements
Authors: Bowleg Lisa , Massie Jenné S. , Holt Sidney L. , Boone Cheriko A. , Mbaba Mary , Stroman Wayne A. , Urada Lianne , Raj Anita
Published: July 2020

Interventionists often prioritize quantitative evaluation criteria such as design (e.g., randomized controlled trials), delivery fidelity, and outcome effects to assess the success of an intervention. Albeit important, criteria such as these obscure other key metrics of success such as the role of the interactions between participants and intervention deliverers, or contextual factors that shape an intervention’s activities and outcomes. In line with advocacy to expand evaluation criteria for health interventions, we designed this qualitative study to examine how a subsample of Black men in MEN Count, an HIV/STI risk reduction and healthy relationship intervention with employment and housing stability case management for Black men in Washington, DC, defined the intervention’s success. We also examined the contextual factors that shaped participation in the study’s peer counseling sessions. We conducted structured interviews with 38 Black men, ages 18 to 60 years ( M = 31.1, SD = 9.33) who completed at least one of three peer counseling sessions. Analyses highlighted three key themes: (a) the favorable impact of Mr. Stroman, the lead peer counselor, on participants’ willingness to participate in MEN Count and disclose their challenges—we dubbed this the “Stroman Effect”; (b) the importance of Black men intervention deliverers with relatable life experiences; and (c) how contextual factors such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic, needs for housing and employment services and safe spaces to talk about challenges, and absentee fathers shaped participation. We discuss the study’s implications for sustainable programs after funding ends and future multilevel health interventions to promote health equity for poor urban Black men.
Anterior Interosseous–to–Ulnar Motor Nerve Transfers: A Single Center’s Experience in Restoring Intrinsic Hand Function
Authors: McLeod Graham J. , Peters Blair R. , Quaife Tanis , Clark Tod A. , Giuffre Jennifer L.
Published: July 2020

Background: Transfer of the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) into the ulnar motor branch improves intrinsic hand function in patients with high ulnar nerve injuries. We report our outcomes of this nerve transfer and hypothesize that any improvement in intrinsic hand function is beneficial to patients. Methods: A retrospective review of all AIN-to-ulnar motor nerve transfers, including both supercharged end-to-side (SETS) and end-to-end (ETE) transfers, from 2011 to 2018 performed by 2 surgeons was conducted. All adult patients who underwent this nerve transfer for any reason with greater than 6 months’ follow-up and completed charts were included. Primary outcome measures were motor function using the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) grading system and subjective satisfaction with surgery using a visual analog scale. Secondary outcome measures included complications and donor site deficits. Results: Of the 57 patients who underwent nerve transfer, 32 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average follow-up and average time to surgery were 12 and 15.6 months, respectively. The overall average BMRC score was 2.9/5, with a trend toward better recovery in patients who received earlier surgery (<12 months = BMRC 3.7, ≥12 months = BMRC 2.2; P < .01). Patients with an SETS transfer had better results that those with an ETE transfer (SETS = 3.2, ETE = 2.6). There were no donor deficits after operation. One patient developed complex regional pain syndrome. Conclusions: Patients with earlier surgery and an in-continuity nerve (receiving an SETS transfer) showed improved recovery with a higher BMRC grade compared with those who underwent later surgery. Any improvements in intrinsic hand function would be beneficial to patients.
Adaptive neural network sliding mode control for active suspension systems with electrohydraulic actuator dynamics
Authors: Sun Jinwei , Zhao Kai
Published: July 2020

The object of this article is to design an observer-based adaptive neural network sliding mode controller for active suspension systems. A general nonlinear suspension model is established, and the electrohydraulic actuator dynamics are considered. The proposed controller is decomposed into two loops. Since the dynamics of the actuator is assumed highly nonlinear with uncertainties, the adaptive neural network is presented in the inner loop to ensure the control system robustness against uncertainties, and the self-tuning weighting vector is adjusted online according to the updated law obtained by Lyapunov stability theory. In the outer loop, a model reference sliding mode controller is developed to track the desired states of the hybrid reference model that combines skyhook and groundhook control methods. Besides, to obtain the unmeasured states of the system, an unscented Kalman filter is utilized to provide necessary information for the controller. Simulation results show that the exerted force can be tracked precisely even in the existence of uncertainties. Moreover, the proposed controller can improve the suspension’s performance effectively.
Acute effects of aerobic activity, static stretching, and explosive exercises on muscular performance and range of motion of young soccer players
Authors: Šarabon Nejc , Hostnik Jurij , Markovic Goran
Published: July 2020

The current study aims to investigate the acute effects of light aerobic activity, static stretching (SS), strengthening and explosive exercises on lower-body muscular performance and range of motion (ROM). Dose-response effect of SS on performance and ROM was also studied. Nineteen young male soccer players (age: 13.9 ± 0.46 years) participated in a cross-over randomized trial. Participants performed 5-minute aerobic activity, followed by seven bouts of SS of calf, quadriceps, adductor and hamstring muscles lasting 20 seconds each. Additionally, two sets of strengthening and explosive exercises were performed after SS in the experimental condition. Power and strength were assessed by counter-movement jump (CMJ) and maximal voluntary contraction of hip adductors, while 3 flexibility tests were used for assessing ROM of lower body. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed an increase in CMJ performance after aerobic activity, followed by a decrease after SS in a dose-dependent manner that continued to be present 15 minutes post-SS. Strengthening and explosive exercises did not neutralize the acute negative effects of SS on CMJ performance. No significant acute effect of selected interventions on maximal and explosive strength of hip adductors was observed. Finally, sit-and-reach and hip abduction ROM increased after aerobic activity and continued to increase throughout the SS protocol, and was preserved 15 minutes post-SS. Our results confirm that SS can impair lower-body power in young soccer players, and that these negative effects last at least 15 minutes. Excessive use of SS, as performed in this study, should be avoided during warm-up of young soccer players.
Topical anaesthesia as an adjuvant to local anaesthetic injection in open trigger digit release: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Laohaprasitiporn Panai , Monteerarat Yuwarat , Limthongthang Roongsak , Vathana Torpon , Wilairatana Vajara
Published: July 2020

We conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare pain scores and patient satisfaction between topical anaesthetic cream (5% lidocaine-prilocaine cream) versus placebo cream, applied approximately 90 minutes before local anaesthetic injection for open trigger digit release. One hundred participants were enrolled and randomly allocated into the two groups between May 2019 and February 2020. The visual analogue pain scores and satisfaction scores were measured. Most participants were female with Quinnell Grade 2–3 trigger digits. The pain scores during needle injection, local anaesthetic infiltration, the overall pain and satisfaction scores had no statistically significant differences between groups. There was no correlation between duration of topical anaesthetic drug application and pain scores. Subgroup analysis did not show significant differences in pain scores between genders. No complications were found during the study period. The topical anaesthetic drug was ineffective to use on the palmar skin during open trigger digit release surgery.

Level of evidence: II
The importance of significant event analysis
Authors: Cooper-Moss Nicola , Smith Neil , Umesh Chauhan Professor
Published: July 2020

Significant event analysis (SEA) is a structured quality improvement activity that is well established in general practice. Participation in SEA prompts primary care teams to reflect on their clinical reasoning, to highlight exemplary care, and to identify any potential improvements in both practice and wider healthcare systems. This article provides an overview of the SEA process and the events surrounding a SEA meeting. Cancer care examples are used to demonstrate how SEA can be used to enhance team-based learning and improve future patient care.
Assessment of Simple Bedside Wound Characteristics for a Prediction Model for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Outcomes
Authors: Bender Clara , Cichosz Simon Lebech , Pape-Haugaard Louise , Hartun Jensen Merete , Bermark Susan , Laursen Anders Christian , Hejlesen Ole
Published: July 2020

Background:

Evidence-based learning systems built on prediction models can support wound care community nurses (WCCNs) during diabetic foot ulcer care sessions. Several prediction models in the area of diabetic foot ulcer healing have been developed, most built on cardiovascular measurement data. Two other data types are patient information (i.e. sex and hemoglobin A1c) and wound characteristics (i.e. wound area and wound duration); these data relate to the status of the diabetic foot ulcer and are easily accessible for WCCNs. The aim of the study was to assess simple bedside wound characteristics for a prediction model for diabetic foot ulcer outcomes.

Method:

Twenty predictor variables were tested. A pattern prediction model was used to forecast whether a given diabetic foot ulcer would (i) increase in size (or not) or (ii) decrease in size. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) in a receiver-operating characteristics curve were calculated.

Results:

A total of 162 diabetic foot ulcers were included. In combination, the predictor variables necrosis, wound size, granulation, fibrin, dry skin, and age were most informative, in total an AUC of 0.77.

Conclusions:

Wound characteristics have potential to predict wound outcome. Future research should investigate implementation of the prediction model in an evidence-based learning system.
Anatomic Structures at Risk During Posterior to Anterior Percutaneous Screw Fixation of Posterior Malleolar Fractures: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Czerwonka Natalia , Momenzadeh Kaveh , Stenquist Derek S. , O’Donnell Seth , Kwon John Y. , Nazarian Ara , Miller Christopher P.
Published: July 2020

Background. There are no established guidelines for fixation of posterior malleolus fractures (PMFs). However, fixation of PMFs appears to be increasing with growing evidence demonstrating benefits for stability, alignment, and early functional outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk to anatomic structures utilizing a percutaneous technique for posterior to anterior (PA) screw fixation of PMFs. Methods. Percutaneous PA screw placement was carried out on 10 fresh frozen cadaveric ankles followed by dissection to identify soft tissue and neurovascular structures at risk. The distance from the guidewire to each anatomic structure of interest was measured. The correlation between the mean distances from the guidewire to each structure was calculated. Results. The sural nerve was directly transected in 1/10 specimens (10%) and in contact with the wire in a second specimen (10%). There was a significant correlation between the proximity of the guidewire to the apex of Volkmann’s tubercle and its proximity to the sural nerve. The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle belly was perforated by the guidewire 40% of the time but was not tethered or entrapped by the screw. Conclusions. Percutaneous PA screw placement is a safe technique which can be improved with several modifications. A mini-open technique is recommended to protect the sural nerve. There may be potential for tethering of the FHL with use of a washer or large screw head. Risk to the anterior and posterior neurovascular bundles is minimal.

Levels of Evidence: Level V
Fixation of Unstable Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions and Displaced Osteochondral Fragments Using New Biodegradable Magnesium Pins in Adolescents
Authors: Jungesblut Oliver D. , Moritz Menard , Spiro Alexander S. , Stuecker Ralf , Rupprecht Martin
Published: July 2020

Objective

Fixation of unstable osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions and displaced osteochondral fragments are frequently performed procedures in pediatric orthopedic surgery. Since 2018, CE-certified MAGNEZIX pins are used in our institution in these cases. The aim of this study was (1) to analyze safety, efficiency, and limitations of magnesium-pin-based fixation of unstable OCD lesions and displaced osteochondral fragments and (2) to report clinical and radiological outcomes at short-term follow-up (FU).

Design

In this prospective cohort study, 19 patients (10 girls and 9 boys) were included. Inclusion criteria were (1) magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed unstable OCD lesion or displaced osteochondral fragment, (2) fixation with magnesium-based pins, and (3) minimum FU of 6 months. X-rays were taken 6 weeks and 6 months after operation and magnetic resonance imaging scans every 4 to 6 months to assess the healing progress.

Results

In total 67 pins were used, with a mean of 3.6 ± 1.4 per patient. Average age at surgery was 13.7 years (11-17 years). Mean time of operation was 56 ± 31 minutes, including arthroscopy, fixation, and patellar realignment ( n = 6). No intraoperative complications occurred. Average FU was 11.3 ± 4.2 months (6-20 months). No redislocation or new dislocation occurred. Until now a complete radiographic healing occurred in 12 cases. Due to an implant failure in one case 11 weeks after the index surgery a revision became necessary.

Conclusions

In short-term FU of 11 ± 4 months MAGNEZIX pins provide high stability after fixation of unstable OCDs and displaced osteochondral fragments leading to uncomplicated and timely healing.
Political Ideology Predicts Perceptions of the Threat of COVID-19 (and Susceptibility to Fake News About It)
Authors: Calvillo Dustin P. , Ross Bryan J. , Garcia Ryan J. B. , Smelter Thomas J. , Rutchick Abraham M.
Published: July 2020

The present research examined the relationship between political ideology and perceptions of the threat of COVID-19. Due to Republican leadership’s initial downplaying of COVID-19 and the resulting partisan media coverage, we predicted that conservatives would perceive it as less threatening. Two preregistered online studies supported this prediction. Conservatism was associated with perceiving less personal vulnerability to the virus and the virus’s severity as lower, and stronger endorsement of the beliefs that the media had exaggerated the virus’s impact and that the spread of the virus was a conspiracy. Conservatism also predicted less accurate discernment between real and fake COVID-19 headlines and fewer accurate responses to COVID-19 knowledge questions. Path analyses suggested that presidential approval, knowledge about COVID-19, and news discernment mediated the relationship between ideology and perceived vulnerability. These results suggest that the relationship between political ideology and threat perceptions may depend on issue framing by political leadership and media.
Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in subclinical obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Krypotos Angelos-Miltiadis , Engelhard Iris M.
Published: July 2020

Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) refers to the effect of stimuli that have been associated with a pleasant or aversive event on instrumental behaviors. Given that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to excessive compulsions, which in the laboratory can be tested via testing instrumental responses, we assessed PIT effects in individuals with subclinical levels of OCD. Participants from a nonclinical population were separated in groups with low (OC−) and high (OC+) levels of OCD. Participants learned to associate one button press ( R1) with the cancellation of an aversive outcome ( O1) and another button press ( R2) with the cancellation of another aversive outcome ( O2). Subsequently, they watched stimuli of five different colors ( S1– S5) that were followed by O1, O2, a novel negative outcome ( O3: video of a house on fire), or two neutral outcomes ( O4: plus sign; O5: caret symbol), respectively. In the last phase, participants saw S1– S5 while they were allowed to press the R1 or the R2 button. Contrary to predictions, the OC− compared to OC+ group showed somewhat stronger specific PIT effects, indicated by more R1 and R2 responses during the presentation of the S1 and S2, respectively. No reliable evidence was found for general PIT.
Orbital atherectomy for treating calcified iliac artery disease to enable large bore device delivery: A case series report
Authors: Rao Siddhartha , Martinsen Brad J , Higgins Joseph , Dhandhusaria Henisha , Patel Dwijesh
Published: July 2020

The current standard of care for the treatment of flow-limiting calcific iliac artery disease is balloon angioplasty and subsequent stent placement. However, the presence of calcified lesions may prevent adequate stent expansion or impede the delivery of large bore devices, such as those for transcatheter aortic valve replacement or endovascular aneurysm repair implants. Plaque modification through vessel preparation with orbital atherectomy may enable stent expansion and subsequent proper large device delivery with low rates of procedural complications. A retrospective, single center, case series of 13 subjects treated with orbital atherectomy in iliac arteries to enable large bore device delivery was conducted. Patients were selected for treatment based on iliac artery disease or inability to deliver devices. The procedural complication rate was defined as the composite of flow-limiting dissection, perforation, slow flow, vessel closure, spasm, embolism, and thrombosis. Technical success was assessed as angiographic luminal gain and subsequent successful delivery of large bore devices through the treatment area, as well as freedom from procedural complications. Orbital atherectomy vessel preparation of severely calcified iliac artery lesions resulted in adequate stent expansion safely and enabled delivery of rigid/large profile devices. Further studies are warranted to evaluate patient selection criteria, as well as long-term efficacy and safety rates of orbital atherectomy in the iliac artery.
The price of certainty: How the politics of pandemic data demand an ethics of care
Authors: Taylor Linnet
Published: July 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic broke on a world whose grip on epistemic trust was already in disarray. The first months of the pandemic saw many governments publicly performing reliance on epidemiological and modelling expertise in order to signal that data would be the basis for justifying whatever population-level measures of control were judged necessary. But comprehensive data has not become available, and instead scientists, policymakers and the public find themselves in a situation where policy inputs determine the data available and vice versa. This essay asks how we can live with what Amoore has termed ‘post-Cartesian doubt’ in situations of existential risk, and what kind of approach to science and data can answer the moral and human demands of a situation such as the Covid-19 pandemic. I suggest that science and policy could be able to control the pandemic better by addressing the sources of uncertainty and missing data not as gaps in the information landscape, but as individuals who are likely to be members of less-visible and less powerful groups including low-wage workers, the elderly, migrants, prisoners and others. This would shift both data use and policy toward an ethics of care, an embodied approach which asks what people need and how they behave in relation to each other, rather than how to manage population-level behaviour. This approach, I argue, is more appropriate for pandemic response than a utilitarian calculation of how many people each country should expect to lose as a result of the disease.
AI ethics should not remain toothless! A call to bring back the teeth of ethics
Authors: Rességuier Anaïs , Rodrigues Rowena
Published: July 2020

Ethics has powerful teeth, but these are barely being used in the ethics of AI today – it is no wonder the ethics of AI is then blamed for having no teeth. This article argues that ‘ethics’ in the current AI ethics field is largely ineffective, trapped in an ‘ethical principles’ approach and as such particularly prone to manipulation, especially by industry actors. Using ethics as a substitute for law risks its abuse and misuse. This significantly limits what ethics can achieve and is a great loss to the AI field and its impacts on individuals and society. This article discusses these risks and then highlights the teeth of ethics and the essential value they can – and should – bring to AI ethics now.
Computer-Mediated Advertising as a Correlate of Buying Behavior Among Youths From South-East Nigeria
Authors: Asogwa Chika Euphemia
Published: July 2020

This study examined the correlation between exposure to computer-mediated adverts and the buying behavior of youths from Enugu State. The correlational survey was used for the study, while a sample of 385 was selected through a multistage sampling technique. In the analysis of the result, simple percentages were used to achieve the research objectives, while the Pearson correlation coefficient ( r) was used to test the hypotheses raised. The result showed a strong positive correlation between the engagement in computer-mediated communication (CMC) and exposure to computer-mediated adverts ( r = .815, n = 362, p < 005). The findings also showed a strong negative correlation between the format of computer-mediated advertising (CMA) and the duration of viewing ( r = −.241, n = 362). Finally, the researcher found a strong positive correlation between exposure to CMA and buying decision ( r = −.666, n = 362, p < 005). The researcher concludes that the level of engagement in CMA correlates exposure and eventual purchase likelihood. The researcher recommends, among others, that efforts aimed at reaching youths through CMC should also incorporate their level of engagement.
Low Emotional Awareness as a Transdiagnostic Mechanism Underlying Psychopathology in Adolescence
Authors: Weissman David G. , Nook Erik C. , Dews Aridenne A. , Miller Adam Bryant , Lambert Hilary K. , Sasse Stephanie F. , Somerville Leah H. , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: July 2020

The ability to identify and label one’s emotions is associated with effective emotion regulation, rendering emotional awareness important for mental health. We evaluated how emotional awareness was related to psychopathology and whether low emotional awareness was a transdiagnostic mechanism explaining the increase in psychopathology during the transition to adolescence and as a function of childhood trauma—specifically, violence exposure. In Study 1, children and adolescents ( N = 120, age range = 7–19 years) reported on emotional awareness and psychopathology. Emotional awareness was negatively associated with psychopathology (p-factor) and worsened across age in females but not males. In Study 2 ( N = 262, age range = 8–16 years), we replicated these findings and demonstrated longitudinally that low emotional awareness mediated increases in p-factor as a function of age in females and violence exposure. These findings indicate that low emotional awareness may be a transdiagnostic mechanism linking adolescent development, sex, and trauma with the emergence of psychopathology.
Intra-articular Administration of Tranexamic Acid Has No Effect in Reducing Intra-articular Hemarthrosis and Postoperative Pain After Primary ACL Reconstruction Using a Quadruple Hamstring Graft: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lee Ja-Woon , Kim Sang-Gyun , Kim Su-Hyun , Cho Hyun-Woo , Bae Ji-Hoon
Published: July 2020

Background:

Insufficient data are available to support the routine use of tranexamic acid (TXA) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgeries with respect to administration method and frequency, exposure duration, dose, and adverse effects.

Purpose:

To investigate whether intra-articular (IA) administration of TXA could reduce hemarthrosis and postoperative pain in patients after ACL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods:

A total of 47 patients were included in this study, which was performed between July 2017 and May 2019. Single-bundle reconstructions using autologous hamstring tendon grafts were performed in all patients. The patients were randomized into 2 groups: the TXA group (received the index procedure with 100-mL IA injection of TXA [30 mg/mL]) and a control group (did not receive IA injection of TXA). No patients received a drain. Blood loss was calculated on the basis of hemoglobin balance at postoperative day (PD) 2. The visual analog scale (VAS) for pain score was assessed at PD 3. The midpatellar circumference was measured at PD 2 and PD 5. Knee range of motion (ROM) was evaluated 6 weeks after surgery.

Results:

The mean ± SD blood loss was 467 ± 242 mL in the TXA group and 558 ± 236 mL in the control group. No significant differences were found for blood loss ( P = .20), VAS pain scores ( P = .28), ROM at postoperative week 6 ( P = .61), or patellar circumference at PD 2 ( P = .75) and PD 5 ( P = .84).

Conclusion:

This study showed that IA administration of 3.0 g of TXA had no effect in reducing blood loss and postoperative pain after primary anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction using quadruple hamstring autografts.

Registration:

NCT04042688 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
Surgical Outcomes of Os Trigonum Syndrome in Dancers: A Case Series
Authors: Walsh Keifer P. , Durante Elizabeth C. , Moser Brad R. , Coetzee J. Chris , Stone McGaver Rebecca
Published: July 2020

Background:

Management of ankle pain in dancers can be challenging because of the repetitive stress and complex demands placed on this region. Despite the prevalence of ankle injuries in this population, literature on surgical outcomes and return to dance is limited.

Purpose:

To retrospectively evaluate the efficacy and functional outcomes after surgical excision of a symptomatic os trigonum in dancers.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Between June 2006 and June 2016, a total of 44 dancers underwent surgical excision of a symptomatic os trigonum at a single institution and by a single surgeon. All patients presented with symptoms of posterior ankle impingement syndrome and subsequently failed nonsurgical treatment. Clinical analysis was conducted using various pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcome questionnaires, including the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12), Foot Function Index–Revised (FFI-R), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, as well as subjective patient satisfaction.

Results:

A total of 44 patients (54 ankles; mean age, 18.2 years) were retrospectively evaluated at a mean follow-up of 33.4 months. The VR-12 Physical Health score improved from a mean score of 37.8 ± 11.9 to 51.2 ± 10.5 ( P < .001). The cumulative FFI-R score improved from 46.45 ± 13.8 to 31.2 ± 9.7 ( P = .044), with the subcategory of “activity limitation” representing the highest-scoring FFI-R subcategory at 65.28 ± 13.4 preoperatively and improving to 34.47 ± 12.4 at follow-up ( P < .001). The mean VAS score for subjective pain improved significantly from 5.39 ± 2.84 to 1.73 ± 2.10 ( P < .00044).

Conclusion:

Overall, the findings of the present study demonstrate that dancers of varying style and level improved significantly according to various clinical measures. Patients included in this study reported that they returned to their previous level of dance upon completion of physical therapy and maintained thriving postoperative careers, which for several meant dancing at the professional level.
Magnitude and Associated Factors of Neural Tube Defects in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bitew Zebenay Workneh , Worku Teshager , Alebel Anmut , Alemu Ayinalem
Published: July 2020

Neural tube defects remain a major problem in developing countries, but there are limited comprehensive national reports to date in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of neural tube defects and associated factors in Ethiopia. Electronic databases and other sources were used to retrieve studies. Fifteen out of 862 studies were included in the final analysis. The estimated pooled prevalence of neural tube defects among children in Ethiopia was 63.3 cases per 10 000 children. The pooled prevalence of spinal bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele was 41.09, 18.90, and 1.07 per 10 000 children, respectively. Previous family history and unplanned pregnancy were risk factors for neural tube defects. Folic acid supplementation during the first trimester of pregnancy was found to be protective. Neural tube defects are widespread in Ethiopia. Hence, fortification of food with folic acid or folic acid supplementation during childbearing age is recommended.
Caregiver Strengths, Attitudes, and Concerns About Reading and Child Development in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Mathieu Irène , Wallis Kate , Japa Ingrid , Cordero Ramona , Deverlis Adriana , Steenhoff Andrew P. , Lowenthal Elizabeth
Published: July 2020

Background. Parents’ beliefs about and engagement in reading aloud to young children and other positive parenting practices have been associated with early childhood development (ECD) and later achievement. Aim. This exploratory study sought to assess parental attitudes and self-reported practices regarding ECD in a rural, low-income community in the Dominican Republic with many risk factors for ECD delays, including high rates of poverty, iron-deficiency anemia, and malnutrition. Methods. We used the Parent Reading Belief Inventory and open-ended questions to evaluate parental beliefs regarding reading, self-efficacy in promoting child development, current positive parenting practices, and parents’ concerns about the development of their 0- to 5-year-old children in Consuelo, Dominican Republic. We explored associations between demographic factors and strength of positive parenting beliefs and practices. Results. Overall participants had positive attitudes toward reading and their own importance in promoting their children’s development. Participants with at least some high school education had significantly higher Parent Reading Belief Inventory scores ( P = .03) than those with less formal education. Participants reported frequently singing, talking, and playing with their children, but less frequently reading with them. Few participants had access to reading materials for young children. Parental interest in programs to support ECD was high. Parents raised concerns about their children’s behavior, personal and educational attainment, and early literacy. Conclusion. Children whose parents have less formal education may benefit most from interventions to promote beliefs and practices likely to improve ECD. In this community, there is high interest in learning more about ECD.
What Do Patients Want? A Qualitative Analysis of Patient, Provider, and Administrative Perceptions and Expectations About Patients’ Hospital Stays
Authors: Nepal Sansrita , Keniston Angela , Indovina Kimberly A , Frank Maria G , Stella Sarah A , Quinzanos-Alonso Itziar , McBeth Lauren , Moore Susan L , Burden Marisha
Published: July 2020

Patient experience is increasingly recognized as a measure of health care quality and patient-centered care and is currently measured through the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS). The HCAHPS survey may miss key factors important to patients, and in particular, to underserved patient populations. We performed a qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews with 45 hospitalized English- and Spanish-speaking patients and 6 focus groups with physicians, nurses, and administrators at a large, urban safety-net hospital. Four main themes were important to patients: (1) the hospital environment including cleanliness and how hospital policies and procedures impact patients’ perceived autonomy, (2) whole-person care, (3) communication with and between care teams and utilizing words that patients can understand, and (4) responsiveness and attentiveness to needs. We found that several key themes that were important to patients are not fully addressed in the HCAHPS survey and there is a disconnect between what patients and care teams believe patients want and what hospital policies drive in the care environment.