bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The World Crisis
Authors: Churchill The Rt. Hon. Winston S.
Published: September 2014

The World Crisis is considered by many to be Winston Churchill’s literary masterpiece. Published across five volumes between 1923 and 1931, Churchill here tells the story of The Great War, from its origins to the long shadow it cast on the following decades. At once a history and a first-hand account of Churchill’s own involvement in the war, The World Crisis remains a compelling account of the conflict and its importance.

Volume I covers the origins and earliest days of the war from 1911–1914, as well as the longer history of the collapse of the Great Power system from the Franco Prussian war onwards. Churchill here explores the international tensions over the Balkan states that triggered the conflict as well as the arms race between the British and German navies.
The World Crisis
Authors: Churchill The Rt. Hon. Winston S.
Published: September 2014

The World Crisis is considered by many to be Winston Churchill’s literary masterpiece. Published across five volumes between 1923 and 1931, Churchill here tells the story of The Great War, from its origins to the long shadow it cast on the following decades. At once a history and a first-hand account of Churchill’s own involvement in the war, The World Crisis remains a compelling account of the conflict and its importance.

The third volume of The World Crisis covers the climax and the end of the war, from 1916–1918. Churchill here explores some of the most important moments of the conflict, including the battles of Verdun, Jutland, Passchendaele and the Somme as well as the American entry into the war that marked the beginning of its end. Churchill here also recounts his time on the front line during his brief exile from political office and his return to government in Lloyd-George’s wartime coalition as Minster of Munitions
Medicine, Sport and the Body
Authors: Carter Neil
Published: September 2014

What role does sports medicine play in today's society? Is it solely about treating sports injuries? Should it only be concerned with elite sport?

This book provides a history of the relationship between sport, medicine and health from the mid-19th century to today. It combines the sub-disciplines of the history of medicine and the history of sport to give a balanced analysis of the role of medicine in sport and how this has evolved over the past two centuries.

In an age where sports medicine plays an increasingly prominent role in both elite and recreational sport, this book provides a timely and clear analysis of its rise and purpose.
What is Online Research?
Authors: Hooley Tristram , Marriott John , Wellens Jane
Published: September 2014

The massive expansion of the internet into every aspect of our lives creates a challenge for social researchers: can they simply transfer their traditional methods and techniques online or do they need to reinvent research methods for the new environment? As online research becomes increasingly prevalent it becomes more important for researchers to have an answer to these questions and an approach to conducting research online. This book is a straightforward, accessible introduction to social research online.

It covers the key issues and concerns for social scientists: online surveys, focus groups, interviews, ethnographies and experiments, as well as discussing the implications of social media, and of online research ethics. It provides a detailed, up-to-date glossary and bibliography for those new to the area. Short, clear case studies throughout allow students to see examples of the research in practice. Wide-ranging and interdisciplinary, What is Online Research? shows social scientists of all levels - from undergraduates to established researchers - how to engage in the online environment in appropriate ways, and points the way forward for future research.
Personality superfactors and healthy behaviors of professional athletes
Authors: Lipowski Mariusz , Bieleninik Łucja
Published: September 2014

Background

Personality traits seem to be excellent predictors of starting, continuing and discontinuing physical activity. Moreover, they constitute an important determinant of health-seeking behaviors. Therefore, consideration of personality-related variables may be helpful in explaining either motivation of athletes or the goals they achieve.

Participants and procedure

The study included 1229 individuals, among them 532 active athletes and 697 persons with no history of competitive sporting activities. The group of sportspersons included 286 team sport athletes, 124 representatives of individual sport disciplines and 125 combat sport athletes.

Results

The athletes were found to have moderate levels of all analyzed personality dimensions. Multiple regression analysis showed that personality traits explained 46% of variance in the level of Positive Psychological Attitudes (F = 4.0, p = 0.009) and 36% of variance in the level of Health Practices (F = 2.7, p = 0.043) presented by female combat sport athletes. Personality profile explained 30% of variance in the level of Proper Nutrition Habits (F = 7.8, p < 0.001) and 40% of variance in Positive Psychological Attitudes (F = 11.2, p < 0.001) of male combat sport athletes. Personality profile explained 38% of variance in the level of Proper Nutrition Habits (F = 7.2, p < 0.001) and 30% of variance in Positive Psychological Attitudes (F = 5.1, p = 0.001) presented by men who practiced individual sport disciplines.

Conclusions

Our study confirmed that the personality super-factors are associated with health-seeking behaviors of athletes regarding proper nutrition habits, positive psychological attitudes and health practices.
Multidimensional versus unidimensional models of emotional contagion: the Emotional Contagion Scale in a Polish sample
Authors: Wróbel Monika , Lundqvist Lars-Olov
Published: September 2014

Background

The Emotional Contagion Scale (ECS) measures individual differences in susceptibility to catching emotions expressed by others. Although initially the scale was reported to have a unidimensional structure, recent validation studies have suggested that the concept of emotional contagion is multidimensional. The aim of the study was therefore to test whether the structure of the ECS in a Polish sample corresponds with that observed for other non-English speaking populations.

Participants and procedure

The scale, translated into Polish, was completed by 633 university students in four independent samples. To investigate the factor structure of the ECS, confirmatory factor analyses of five alternative models were conducted.

Results

The results supported a multifaceted solution, which confirmed that susceptibility to emotional contagion may be differentiated not only across positive vs. negative states but also across discrete emotions. Moreover, the verification of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity of the Polish version indicated that its parameters are acceptable and comparable with the characteristics of other adaptations.

Conclusions

The Polish ECS, together with other adaptations of the scale, shows that the construct developed in the United States can be successfully measured in other cultural contexts. Thus, the Polish version can be treated as a useful tool for measuring individual differences in susceptibility to emotional contagion.
Psychopathology of family violence perpetrators: the personality categorization of perpetrators
Authors: Rode Danuta , Marganski Alison J.
Published: September 2014

Background

This research explores the psychopathology of family violence perpetrators. In particular, we examine whether it is possible to differentiate between various types of domestic violence offenders based on a profile of personality factors and temperament traits.

Participants and procedure

Males convicted of domestic violence were recruited by psychologists via a center dedicated to supporting courts through psychological diagnoses of family violence offenders. Those who agreed to participate in the study were administered questionnaires and interviewed (N = 325).

Results

After data were collected, cluster analysis was performed on various factors related to psychopathology to determine whether any natural groupings exist. Four distinct subgroups emerged. The subgroups were subsequently analyzed for differences in personality factors and temperament traits.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that men who perpetrate domestic violence are not a homogeneous group; they are heterogeneous in nature. Violence perpetrator classifications are described and a discussion follows, along with implications for treatment and recommendations for future research.
Competition between core and periphery-based processes in warm convective clouds – from invigoration to suppression
Authors: Dagan G. , Koren I. , Altaratz O.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. How do changes in the amount and properties of aerosol affect warm clouds? Recent studies suggest that they have opposing effects. Some suggest that an increase in aerosol loading leads to enhanced evaporation and therefore smaller clouds, whereas other studies suggest clouds' invigoration. In this study, using a bin-microphysics cloud model, we propose a theoretical scheme that analyzes the evolution of key processes in warm clouds, under different aerosol loading and environmental conditions, to explain this contradiction. Such a framework reveals a robust reversal in the trend of the clouds' response to an increase in aerosol loading. When aerosol conditions are shifted from super-pristine to slightly pollute, the clouds formed are deeper and have a larger water mass. Such a trend continues up to an optimal concentration (Nop) that allows the cloud to achieve a maximal water mass. Hence, for any concentration below Nop the cloud formed contains less mass and therefore can be considered as aerosol limited, whereas for concentrations greater than Nop cloud periphery processes, such as enhanced entrainment, take over leading to cloud suppression. We show that Nop is a function of the thermodynamic conditions (temperature and humidity profiles). Thus, profiles that favor deeper clouds would dictate larger values of Nop, whereas for profiles of shallow convective clouds, Nop corresponds to the pristine range of the aerosol loading. Such a view of a trend reversal, marked by the optimal concentration, Nop, helps one to bridge the gap between the contradictory results of numerical models and observations. Satellite studies are biased in favor of larger clouds that are characterized by larger Nop values and therefore invigoration is observed. On the other hand, modeling studies are biased in favor of small, mostly trade-like convective clouds, which are characterized by low Nop values (in the pristine range), and therefore cloud suppression is mostly reported as a response to an increase in aerosol loading.
A novel algorithm for detection of precipitation in tropical regions using PMW radiometers
Authors: Casella D. , Panegrossi G. , Sanò P. , Milani L. , Petracca M. , Dietrich S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. A novel algorithm for the detection of precipitation is described and tested. The algorithm is applicable to any modern passive microwave radiometer on board polar satellites independently of the observation geometry and channel frequency assortment. The algorithm is based on the application of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and on the definition of a threshold to be applied to the resulting linear combination of the brightness temperatures in all available channels. The algorithm has been developed using a two-year dataset of co-located SSMIS and TRMM-PR measurements and AMSU-MHS and TRMM-PR measurements. This dataset was partitioned into 4 classes depending on the background surface emissivity (vegetated land, arid land, ocean, and coast) and the same procedure was applied for each surface class. In this paper we describe the procedure and we evaluate the results in comparison with many well-known algorithm for the detection of precipitation. The novel CCA algorithm show a small rate of false alarms and superior detection capability, it can efficiently detect (POD between 0.53 and 0.70) minimum rain rate varying from 0.15 mm h−1 (AMSU over ocean) to 0.40 (SSMIS over coast) with the remarkable result of 0.23 mm h−1 over arid land surface. The total amount of precipitation that the CCA algorithm can detect is around 80% over Ocean and Vegetated land and between 68 and 75% over coast and arid land.
Spatial and seasonal variability of medium- and high-frequency gravity waves in the lower atmosphere revealed by US radiosonde data
Authors: Zhang S. D. , Huang C. M. , Huang K. M. , Yi F. , Zhang Y. H. , Gong Y. , Gan Q.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We extended the broad spectral method proposed by Zhang et al. (2013) for the extraction of medium- and high-frequency gravity waves (MHGWs). This method was applied to 11 years (1998–2008) of radiosonde data from 92 stations in the Northern Hemisphere to investigate latitudinal, continuous vertical and seasonal variability of MHGW parameters in the lower atmosphere (2–25 km). The latitudinal and vertical distributions of the wave energy density and horizontal momentum fluxes as well as their seasonal variations exhibit considerable consistency with those of inertial gravity waves. Despite the consistency, the MHGWs have much larger energy density, horizontal momentum fluxes and wave force, indicating the more important role of MHGWs in energy and momentum transportation and acceleration of the background. For the observed MHGWs, the vertical wavelengths are usually larger than 8 km; the horizontal wavelengths peak in the middle troposphere at middle–high latitudes. These characteristics are obviously different from inertial gravity waves. The energy density and horizontal momentum fluxes have similar latitude-dependent seasonality: both of them are dominated by a semiannual variation at low latitudes and an annual variation at middle latitudes; however at high latitudes, they often exhibit more than two peaks per year in the troposphere. Compared with the inertial GWs, the derived intrinsic frequencies are more sensitive to the spatiotemporal variation of the buoyancy frequency, and at all latitudinal regions they are higher in summer. The wavelengths have a weaker seasonal variation; an evident annual cycle can be observed only at middle latitudes.
A model using marginal efficiency of investment to analyze carbon and nitrogen interactions in terrestrial ecosystems (ACONITE Version 1)
Authors: Thomas R. Q. , Williams M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles are coupled in terrestrial ecosystems through multiple processes including photosynthesis, tissue allocation, respiration, N fixation, N uptake, and decomposition of litter and soil organic matter. Capturing the constraint of N on terrestrial C uptake and storage has been a focus of the Earth System Modeling community. However, there is little understanding of the trade-offs and sensitivities of allocating C and N to different tissues in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Here we describe a new, simple model of ecosystem C–N cycling and interactions (ACONITE), that builds on theory related to plant economics in order to predict key ecosystem properties (leaf area index, leaf C : N, N fixation, and plant C use efficiency) based on the outcome of assessments of the marginal change in net C or N uptake associated with a change in allocation of C or N to plant tissues. We simulated and evaluated steady-state ecosystem stocks and fluxes in three different forest ecosystems types (tropical evergreen, temperate deciduous, and temperate evergreen). Leaf C : N differed among the three ecosystem types (temperate deciduous < tropical evergreen < temperature evergreen), a result that compared well to observations from a global database describing plant traits. Gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) estimates compared well to observed fluxes at the simulation sites. Simulated N fixation at steady-state, calculated based on relative demand for N and the marginal return on C investment to acquire N, was an order of magnitude higher in the tropical forest than in the temperate forest, consistent with observations. A sensitivity analysis revealed that parameterization of the relationship between leaf N and leaf respiration had the largest influence on leaf area index and leaf C : N. A parameter governing how photosynthesis scales with day length had the largest influence on total vegetation C, GPP, and NPP. Multiple parameters associated with photosynthesis, respiration, and N uptake influenced the rate of N fixation. Overall, our ability to constrain leaf area index and allow spatially and temporally variable leaf C : N can help address challenges simulating these properties in ecosystem and Earth System models. Furthermore, the simple approach with emergent properties based on coupled C–N dynamics has potential for use in research that uses data-assimilation methods to integrate data on both the C and N cycles to improve C flux forecasts.
Hydrologic impact of climate change on Murray–Hotham catchment of Western Australia: a projection of rainfall–runoff for future water resources planning
Authors: Islam S. A. , Bari M. A. , Anwar A. H. M. F.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Reduction of rainfall and runoff in recent years across southwest Western Australia (SWWA) has attracted attention to the climate change impact on water resources and water availability in this region. In this paper, the hydrologic impact of climate change on the Murray–Hotham catchment in SWWA has been investigated using a multi-model ensemble approach through projection of rainfall and runoff for the periods mid (2046–2065) and late (2081–2100) this century. The Land Use Change Incorporated Catchment (LUCICAT) model was used for hydrologic modelling. Model calibration was performed using (5 km) grid rainfall data from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP). Downscaled and bias-corrected rainfall data from 11 general circulation models (GCMs) for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios A2 and B1 was used in LUCICAT model to derive rainfall and runoff scenarios for 2046–2065 (mid this century) and 2081–2100 (late this century). The results of the climate scenarios were compared with observed past (1961–1980) climate. The mean annual rainfall averaged over the catchment during recent time (1981–2000) was reduced by 2.3% with respect to the observed past (1961–1980) and the resulting runoff reduction was found to be 14%. Compared to the past, the mean annual rainfall reductions, averaged over 11 ensembles and over the period for the catchment for A2 scenario are 13.6 and 23.6% for mid and late this century respectively while the corresponding runoff reductions are 36 and 74%. For B1 scenario, the rainfall reductions were 11.9 and 11.6% for mid and late this century and the corresponding runoff reductions were 31 and 38%. Spatial distribution of rainfall and runoff changes showed that the rate of changes were higher in high rainfall areas compared to low rainfall areas. Temporal distribution of rainfall and runoff indicate that high rainfall events in the catchment reduced significantly and further reductions are projected, resulting in significant runoff reductions. A catchment scenario map has been developed by plotting decadal runoff reduction against corresponding rainfall reduction at four gauging stations for the observed and projected periods. This could be useful for planning future water resources in the catchment. Projection of rainfall and runoff made based on the GCMs varied significantly for the time periods and emission scenarios. Hence, the considerable uncertainty involved in this study though ensemble mean was used to explain the findings.
Comment on "Streamflow input to Lake Athabasca, Canada" by Rasouli et al. (2013)
Authors: Peters D. L.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. This comment paper addresses data and analysis issues in a paper entitled "Streamflow Input to Lake Athabasca, Canada" by Rasouli et al. (2013). Analyses of observed and naturalized lake level data for Lake Athabasca are redone in this comment paper with corrected hydrometric data to provide northerners and researchers with the correct information for environmental assessments. The comment paper also highlights the importance of including in the analysis not only direct inflows to Lake Athabasca, but also the hydraulic influences on lake outflow, especially when meaningful future projections of lake levels are required for water management.
Evaluating digital terrain indices for soil wetness mapping – a Swedish case study
Authors: Ågren A. M. , Lidberg W. , Strömgren M. , Ogilvie J. , Arp P. A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Trafficking wet soils within and near stream and lake buffers can cause soil disturbances, i.e. rutting and compaction. This – in turn – can lead to increased surface flow, thereby facilitating the leaking of unwanted substances into downstream environments. Wet soils in mires, near streams and lakes have particularly low bearing capacity and are therefore more susceptible to rutting. It is therefore important to model and map the extent of these areas and associated wetness variations. This can now be done with adequate reliability using a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM). In this article, we report on several digital terrain indices to predict soil wetness by wet-area locations. We varied the resolution of these indices to test what scale produces the best possible wet-areas mapping conformance. We found that topographic wetness index (TWI) and the newly developed cartographic depth-to-water index (DTW) were the best soil wetness predictors. While the TWI derivations were sensitive to scale, the DTW derivations were not and were therefore numerically robust. Since the DTW derivations vary by the area threshold for setting stream flow initiation, we found that the optimal threshold values for permanently wet areas varied by landform within the Krycklan watershed, e.g. 1–2 ha for till-derived landforms versus 8–16 ha for a coarse-textured alluvial floodplain.
Risk identification of agricultural drought for sustainable Agroecosystems
Authors: Dalezios N. R. , Blanta A. , Spyropoulos N. V. , Tarquis A. M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Drought is considered as one of the major natural hazards with a significant impact on agriculture, environment, society and economy. Droughts affect sustainability of agriculture and may result in environmental degradation of a region, which is one of the factors contributing to the vulnerability of agriculture. This paper addresses agrometeorological or agricultural drought within the risk management framework. Risk management consists of risk assessment, as well as a feedback on the adopted risk reduction measures. And risk assessment comprises three distinct steps, namely risk identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation. This paper deals with risk identification of agricultural drought, which involves drought quantification and monitoring, as well as statistical inference. For the quantitative assessment of agricultural drought, as well as the computation of spatiotemporal features, one of the most reliable and widely used indices is applied, namely the vegetation health index (VHI). The computation of VHI is based on satellite data of temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The spatiotemporal features of drought, which are extracted from VHI, are areal extent, onset and end time, duration and severity. In this paper, a 20-year (1981–2001) time series of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/advanced very high resolution radiometer (NOAA/AVHRR) satellite data is used, where monthly images of VHI are extracted. Application is implemented in Thessaly, which is the major agricultural drought-prone region of Greece, characterized by vulnerable agriculture. The results show that agricultural drought appears every year during the warm season in the region. The severity of drought is increasing from mild to extreme throughout the warm season, with peaks appearing in the summer. Similarly, the areal extent of drought is also increasing during the warm season, whereas the number of extreme drought pixels is much less than those of mild to moderate drought throughout the warm season. Finally, the areas with diachronic drought persistence can be located. Drought early warning is developed using empirical functional relationships of severity and areal extent. In particular, two second-order polynomials are fitted, one for low and the other for high severity drought classes, respectively. The two fitted curves offer a forecasting tool on a monthly basis from May to October. The results of this drought risk identification effort are considered quite satisfactory offering a prognostic potential. The adopted remote-sensing data and methods have proven very effective in delineating spatial variability and features in drought quantification and monitoring.
GIS modelling of seismic vulnerability of residential fabrics considering geotechnical, structural, social and physical distance indicators in Tehran city using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques
Authors: Rezaie F. , Panahi M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The main issue in determining the seismic vulnerability is having a comprehensive view to all probable damages related to earthquake occurrence. Therefore, taking factors such as peak ground acceleration (PGA) in the time of earthquake occurrence, the type of structures, population distribution among different age groups, level of education, the physical distance to a hospitals (or medical care centers), etc. into account and categorized under four indicators of geotechnical, structural, social and physical distance to needed facilities and distance from dangerous ones will provide us with a better and more exact outcome. To this end in this paper using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the amount of importance of criteria or alternatives are determined and using geographical information system (GIS), the vulnerability of Tehran metropolitan as a result of an earthquake, is studied. This study focuses on the fact that Tehran is surrounded by three active and major faults of the Mosha, North Tehran and Rey. In order to comprehensively determine the vulnerability, three scenarios are developed. In each scenario, seismic vulnerability of different areas in Tehran city is analysed and classified into four levels including high, medium, low and safe. The results show that regarding seismic vulnerability, the faults of Mosha, North Tehran and Rey respectively make 6, 16 and 10% of Tehran area highly vulnerable and also 34, 14 and 27% are safe.
Interaction of marine ice-sheet instabilities in two drainage basins: simple scaling of geometry and transition time
Authors: Feldmann J. , Levermann A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Recent regional simulations and observations suggest a destabilization of the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica. Whether the initiated ice drainage will be limited to Pine Island and Thwaites basin or extend to the Filchner–Ronne basin depends on the possibility of an interaction of the different drainage basins. Using a conceptional flow-line geometry, we investigate the possibility of whether a marine ice-sheet instability (MISI) can be triggered from the direction of the ice divide as opposed to coastal forcing and investigate the interaction between connected basins. We find that the initiation of a MISI in one basin can induce a destabilization in the other. The underlying mechanism of basin interaction is based on dynamic thinning and a consecutive motion of the ice divide which induces a thinning in the adjacent basin and a successive initiation of the instability. Our simplified and symmetric topographic set-up allows to scale both the geometry and the transition time between both instabilities. We find that the ice profile follows a universal shape that is scaled with the horizontal extent of the ice sheet and that the same exponent of 1/2 applies for the scaling relation between central surface elevation and horizontal extent as in the pure Shallow Ice Approximation (Vialov profile). Altering the central bed elevation we find that the extent of grounding line retreat in one basin determines the degree of interaction with the other. We conclude that for the three-dimensional case the possibility of such drainage basin interaction cannot be excluded and hence needs further investigation.
Political Economy and the roots of Rawls’ original position
Authors: Pontin Fabrício
Published: September 2014

O impacto e a relevância da teoria econômica para o desenvolvimento de A Theory of Justice são, frequentemente, deixados de lado na imensa literatura a respeito das obras de John Rawls. Ainda assim, entender os elementos de economia política na obra de Rawls é fundamental para a compreensão dos motivos pelos quais ele abandonará uma abordagem utilitarista para a filosofia política e, consequentemente , par a noss o entendimento das principais questões que dão origem à noção de justiça como equidade. Este artigo tem dois objetivos principais: primeiramente, descrever a influência de John Stuart Mill, Kenneth Arrow e Vilfredo Pareto na virada metodológica encontrada na ideia de posição original; segundo, descrever os elementos históricos pressupostos para a compreensibilidade dos ideais rawlsianos. Concluirei com algumas observações que sugerem um complemento historicista e fenomenológico para as descrições ideais encontradas no liberalismo político tal como é entendido por Rawls.
Pintura e histeria: lógica da sensação e figuras não-representativas em Bacon e Deleuze
Authors: Vieira da Silva Cíntia
Published: September 2014

O artigo procura mostrar alguns elementos da análise deleuziana da pintura de Francis Bacon, concentrando-se nos aspectos que permitem considerar tal pintura como visceralmente anti-representativa. A pintura de Bacon figura sensações, promovendo, ao mesmo tempo, a experimentação e novas corporeidades por meio dessa produção figural. Pensando as relações entre os corpos e as forças que atuam sobre eles, provocando as ondas sensoriais, Deleuze concebe a pintura em geral, e a de Bacon em particular, como paradoxal experiência histérica do pensamento, experiência em que corpo e pensamento encontram-se maximamente articulados.
William Hazlitt: Um Crítico de Arte sob o Signo da Revolução
Authors: Pimenta Pedro Paulo
Published: September 2014

O artigo propõe-se a reconstruir a trajetória de William Hazlitt, procurando mos- trar que sua formação como crítico de arte esteve estreitamente ligada a certos eventos decorrentes da Revolução Francesa. Um elemento nesta direção é representado pela sua visitação, a partir da virada para o século XIX, ao Louvre. Refletindo sobre sua experiência parisiense, o crítico formula a ideia de que a linguagem da pintura almeja uma universali- dade inimaginável no âmbito da política. Com isso, busca-se sugerir a existência de alguma espécie de nexo entre esses dois fenômenos aparentemente desconectados.
O livre-pensamento: um entusiasmo da razão?
Authors: Taranto Pascal
Published: September 2014

A acusação de entusiasmo é um dos temas mais paradoxais da polêmica entabulada por Berkeley no Alciphron contra o livre-pensamento. Com efeito, o entusiasmo designa tradicionalmente uma forma de iluminação religiosa aparentemente incompatível com as pretensões do livre-pensamento à racionalidade crítica. Ora, essa acusação não se dirige aos principais deistas como Toland e Collins (antes qualificados como racionalistas obstinados) mas principalmente a Shaftesbury, cuja análise inovadora do entusiasmo como paixão universal, criativa ou destrutiva segundo o temperamento do indivíduo, é recusada por Berkeley. Este artigo quer mostrar que a recusa de Berkeley traz subentendida uma concepção da razão como disciplina educativa heterônoma e que ela reenvia a uma imagem tradicional do homem, cuja natureza só é bestial antes ou sem a educação religiosa, contra a reavaliação do papel epistemológico e moral conferido pela análise shaftesburiana do entusiasmo ao desejo e ao sentimento individuais. Freethinking: an Enthusiasm of Reason? Abstract In the polemic raised by Berkeleys Alciphron against Freethinking, one of the most paradoxical topics is the accusation of enthusiasm. For enthusiasm traditionnally means a kind of religious illumination seemingly incompatible with the critical rationalism the freethinkers pretend to assume. Now this accusation is not raised against the foremost british deists like Toland and Collins (rather dismissed as rationalistic bigots), but against Shaftesbury, whose new analysis of enthusiasm as a universal passion, creative or destructive following only the temper of the individual, is strongly rejected by Berkeley. This papers aim is to show that Berkeleys rejection of this modern sense of enthusiasm involves a traditional and conservative conception of reason as an heteronomous, educational discipline of man, whose nature would only be bestial before -or withoutreligious education, against the new epistemological and moral role given to desire and sentiment by Shaftesburys analysis of enthusiasm.
A crítica de Hume ao argumento do desígnio
Authors: Marques José Oscar De Almeida
Published: September 2014

É comum considerar que o chamado argumento do desígnio (o argumento a posteriori para provar a existência de Deus a partir da ordem e funcionalidade do mundo) teria sido refutado ou seriamente abalado por Hume. Mas a natureza e o alcance dessa alegada refutação são problemáticos, pois Hume muitas vezes expressou suas críticas por meio de seus personagens e evitou assumi-las diretamente enquanto autor. Em vez de supor que Hume procedeu dessa forma apenas para disfarçar suas verdadeiras convicções e evitar um conflito com as autoridades eclesiásticas, proponho que sua posição nesse assunto não é tão categórica como às vezes se supõe, e que os famosos argumentos de Filo nos Diálogos mostram apenas que é possível que a ordem e funcionalidade do mundo tenham surgido sem a intervenção de um desígnio consciente, mas não podem por si sós dar a essa hipótese o mínimo grau de plausibilidade necessário para torná-la digna de uma séria consideração. De fato, antes da revolução explicativa operada por Darwin um século depois, ninguém estava realmente em condições de vislumbrar uma alternativa plausível à atuação de algum tipo de inteligência na geração da ordem e funcionalidade do mundo. Humes Critique of the Argument from Design Abstract The so-called argument from design (the a posteriori argument to prove the existence of God from the order and functionality of the world) is commonly considered to have been refuted or seriously impaired by Hume. But the nature and scope of this alleged refutation is problematic because Hume often expressed his criticisms through other characters mouth and avoided to assume them directly as author. Contrarily to the supposition that Hume proceeded in this way only to disguise his true convictions and to avoid a confrontation with ecclesiastical authorities, I propose that his stance on the matter is not, in fact, as clear-cut as it is sometimes supposed, and that Philos famous arguments in the Dialogues show only that it is possible for the order and functionality of the world to have arisen without the intervention of an intelligent design, but cannot by themselves lend to this hypothesis the least degree of plausibility needed to make it worthy of serious consideration. In fact, before the explanatory revolution inaugurated by Darwin a century later, nobody was in position to envisage a plausible alternative to the operation of some sort or other of intelligence in the generation of the order and functionality of the world.
Razão e zombaria em Shaftesbury
Authors: Nascimento Luís F. S.
Published: September 2014

Sensus Communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour é o segundo de um conjunto de seis tratados que Anthony Ashley Cooper publicou em 1711 com o nome de Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. O presente artigo busca analisar a estreita relação que os conceitos de razão e zombaria assumem nesta obra e a sua importância para a elaboração da noção shaftesburiana de senso comum. Reason and raillery in Shaftesbury Abstract Sensus Communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour is the second of a collection of six treatises which Anthony Ashley Cooper (the third Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671-1713) published in 1711 under the title of Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. This paper aims to analyze the close relation that the concepts of reason and raillery assume in the referred work and its importance to the elaboration of Shaftesburian notion of common sense.
Notas sobre o múltiplo na primeira Crítica
Authors: Marques Ubirajara Rancan de Azevedo
Published: September 2014

Examina-se aqui uma solução de tipo idealista para o problema da possibilidade do múltiplo, a qual, assim parece, levaria à exigência da admissão de um espaço e um tempo inatos. Eliminando-se qualquer pretensa concessão inatista por parte de Kant, porém, observa-se que o resultado alcançado, neste caso, favorece a originalidade do idealismo transcendental. Consideration on multiple in the first Critique Abstract It is examined here a solution, of an idealist kind, to the problem concerning the possibility of the manifold, which, it seems, would lead to the requirement of the admission of an inate space and time. However, by excluding any pretense inatist concession from Kants perspective, it is observed that the achieved result, in this case, supply the originality of transcendental idealism.
Linguagem e negação: sobre as relações entre pragmática e ontologia em Hegel
Authors: Safatle Vladimir
Published: September 2014

Trata-se de abordar o problema da teoria hegeliana da linguagem a partir do ponto onde pragmática e ontologia se articulam. Isto exige uma reflexão sobre a maneira com que Hegel organiza as dinâmicas da pragmática da linguagem levando em conta os modos de manifestação de uma negação ontológica no interior do campo de experiências lingüísticas da consciência.
Sartre e a psicanálise contemporânea
Authors: Gonçalves Camila Salles
Published: September 2014

Este artigo mostra de que modo a tentativa de fundar uma psicanálise existencial permeia a obra filosófica de Sartre, faz referência a filosofias que são incorporadas e recriadas no processo de dar forma ao projeto de psicanálise existencial e analisa exemplos de como seria a psicanálise dele resultante. No final, sugere o modo pelo qual a análise crítica que Sartre realiza da psicanálise freudiana pode hoje inspirar o pensamento psicanalítico brasileiro contemporâneo.
O uso público da razão como procedimento: Um contraste entre Rawls e Habermas
Authors: Melo Rúrion Soares
Published: September 2014

Para poder encontrar uma base comum de justificação de princípios e normas que,sob condições de um pluralismo social e cultural, pudessem ser publicamente reconhecidos,John Rawls e Jürgen Habermas fazem uma reconstrução do ponto de vista sob o qualé possível fundamentar imparcialmente normas de ação. Mas de acordo com a concepçãohabermasiana de democracia, a legitimidade das normas depende da institucionalização deprocedimentos que promovem a deliberação e aumentam as chances de se alcançardecisões válidas de acordo com o uso público da razão. Esse procedimento se refere à trocadiscursiva de razões na qual os participantes buscam chegar a um acordo somente combase no melhor argumento, ancorando a validade das normas na possibilidade de um acordoracionalmente fundamentado por parte de todos os possíveis concernidos, consideradosparticipantes em discursos racionais.
A metáfora do cálculo no período intermediário de Wittgenstein
Authors: Azize Rafael Lopes
Published: September 2014

Este artigo investiga alguns usos da metáfora da linguagem como cálculo emWittgenstein. A metáfora do cálculo emerge, nos anos 30, numa interlocução com o referencialista,e é ali instrumental na recondução do olhar filosófico para os usos efetivos dosimbolismo linguístico. Contudo, foi levada longe demais, ao sugerir uma imagem dalinguagem composta apenas de inferências à maneira dos sistemas de regras fechados. Istoembargaria certa expansão pragmática do contexto criterial da análise conceitual. Mas aaplicabilidade do símile do cálculo não é invalidada. A metáfora será reativada em manuscritosposteriores, sempre e quando puder servir aos mesmos propósitos do período intermediário,à medida que o ambiente dialógico convoque novas vozes dogmaticamente referencialistas.Ainda assim, é nos manuscritos intermediários que melhor se esclarece o seufuncionamento. Tal movimento exemplifica, por fim, um método filosófico que não procedepor meio da superação de problemas à maneira científica.
Unsafe reasoning: a survey
Authors: Faria Paulo
Published: September 2014

Judgments about the validity of at least some elementary inferential patterns(say modus ponens) are a priori if anything is. Yet a number of empirical conditions mustin each case be satisfied in order for a particular inference to instantiate this or that inferentialpattern. We may on occasion be entitled to presuppose that such conditions aresatisfied (and the entitlement may even be a priori), yet only experience could tell us thatsuch was indeed the case. Current discussion about a perceived incompatibility betweencontent externalism and first-person authority exemplifies how damaging the neglect ofsuch empirical presuppositions of correct reasoning can be. An externalistic view of mentalcontent is ostensibly incompatible with the assumption that a rational subject should beable to avoid inconsistency no matter what the state of her empirical knowledge may be.That fact, however, needs not be taken (as it often is) as a reductio of externalism: alternatively,we may reject that assumption, adding to the agenda of a philosophical investigationof rationality an examination of the vicissitudes of logical luck. I offer an illustrationand defense of that alternative.
Hobbes às avessas: o direito natural e a crise da democracia liberal
Authors: Simões Bruno
Published: September 2014

Nas décadas de 1920 e 1930, Carl Schmitt e Leo Strauss estabeleceram leiturasdistintas, e em parte complementares, do legado filosófico-político de Thomas Hobbes,especialmente da fundação moderna do direito natural e da conseqüente decadência doEstado em virtude dos fenômenos da neutralização e despolitização. Nosso objetivo, naretomada de suas críticas ao liberalismo, é delimitar uma possível gênese do pensamentoconservador a partir do legado intelectual desses autores.
Hobbes y la tragedia del lenguaje
Authors: Rinesi Eduardo
Published: September 2014

Lo que el título de este artículo designa como “la tragedia del lenguaje” constituyeuna de las dimensiones del “trasfondo trágico” sobre el que se recortan las líneasmayores de la gran teoría política moderna. Me gustaría mostrar que hay una dimensiónpropiamente trágica en el pensamiento de Hobbes y que una parte importante de la tragediacon la que lidia el autor del Leviatán es la que se refiere a las palabras y sus significados,e ilustrar este punto a partir de una comparación entre el tratamiento que da Hobbesal problema del lenguaje y el que puede encontrarse en una pieza literaria mayor del teatroisabelino: Hamlet, de Shakespeare, donde esa “tragedia del lenguaje” se expresa a travésde numerosos y célebres juegos de palabras. Eso nos permitirá, adicionalmente, ensayaruna reflexión sobre la relación entre la tragedia y la comedia, y observar el modo en que elpensamiento hobbesiano limita y dialoga con ambas.
O problema das leis em Hobbes
Authors: Villanova Marcelo Gross
Published: September 2014

A partir da pergunta "como poderia Hobbes escrever as leis naturais sendo elas,por definição, não-escritas?", tentarei abordar a relação entre as leis naturais e civisdepois da instauração da commonwealth. Para tal, chamarei a atenção para a distinçãohobbesiana entre "lei escrita" e "registro escrito" da lei e algumas conseqüências a partirdesta distinção. Por exemplo, se como Hobbes nos fala, que a interpretação correta dasleis naturais não dependem dos filósofos e sim da autoridade do Estado, estaria a legitimidadeda própria formulação das leis naturais incluída aí? O paradoxo da perguntainicial deve significar que algo importante foi negligenciado na literatura crítica arespeito das diferenças entre lei civil e lei natural. Pretende-se investigar essa negligênciapara melhor compreensão da sua postulação filosófica, passando por temas caros comoo “silêncio das leis”, o direito de resistência, fórum interno e fórum externo, ação eintenção, Estado e governo.
Mapeando argumentos no sofisma ‘omnis homo de necessitate est animal’
Authors: Perini-Santos Ernesto
Published: September 2014

O sofisma ‘omnis homo de necessitate est animal’ é um dos mais discutidos naliteratura filosófica medieval. Meu objetivo neste texto é o de propor uma hipótese deanálise das estratégias argumentativas para uma resposta positiva, isto é, que consideraesta frase verdadeira. Para isto, trabalharei com três textos: a hipótese será formulada apartir da leitura do Anonymus GC611, soph. 7, e será em seguida testada, de maneirapreliminar, nos bem mais longos Anonymus Erfordensis e Gonville e Caius 512-543. Umaestratégia postula próprio de ser como relatum de uma frase descrevendo a essência dealgo, enquanto a outra propõe que tais sentenças são tornadas verdadeiras pela speciesassociada a sua apreensão.
A teoria reconstrutiva do direito. Notas sobre a gênese lógica do sistema dos direitos fundamentais em Habermas
Authors: Repa Luiz
Published: September 2014

Nesse artigo procuro mostrar que a reconstrução habermasiana da gênese lógica dosistema de direitos é uma tentativa de explicitar o significado da práxis constituinte,reduzindo-a a dois elementos, o princípio do discurso e o conceito de forma jurídica. Oprincípio do discurso pode ser objeto de uma reconstrução interna, pela qual os participantesda práxis deliberativa podem reconhecê-lo como imanente a essa práxis. Issoporque o princípio do discurso se assenta nos pressupostos da socialização lingüística emgeral. O mesmo não se passa com a forma jurídica, que não pode ser derivada dascondições comunicativas da linguagem e precisa de uma reconstrução de outro tipo,própria de uma teoria da evolução social.
A substância e o ser dos itens não-substanciais em Z1
Authors: Zillig Raphael
Published: September 2014

Ao introduzir o estudo da substância em Metafísica Z1, Aristóteles apresenta umargumento cujo ponto inicial corresponde a uma questão acerca do estatuto ontológico decertos itens não-substanciais. Normalmente, entende-se que o objetivo desse argumento éestabelecer a compreensão da substância como ser primeiro. Pretende-se, aqui, propor umainterpretação alternativa para tal argumento. A questão acerca do estatuto ontológico decertos itens não-substanciais não teria o papel de estabelecer a compreensão da substânciacomo ser primeiro, mas dirigir a investigação para a razão pela qual a substância étomada como ser primeiro.
Política Cotidiana y Tolerancia en las obras de John Locke y Robert Nozick
Authors: Morresi Sergio
Published: September 2014

En 1974, Robert Nozick publicó *Anarquía, Estado y Utopía*, una obra que, porprimera vez, otorgaba estatus teórico a una de las corrientes del pensamiento neoliberal:el libertarianismo. En buena medida, el texto de Nozick se reclama como una relectura enclave de filosofía analítica de la teoría política de John Locke. En este artículo se ofrecenalgunos argumentos para mostrar que, aunque la perspectiva de Nozick presenta ciertassimilitudes retóricas con la obra del filósofo inglés, en cada uno de los puntos fundamentales(como por ejemplo la idea de derecho, la noción de persona, el papel de la política ylos conceptos de justicia y bien público) Nozick se aparta claramente de las premisas lockeanas.Como conclusión, se sostiene que al alejarse de la concepción lockeana, Nozickdefiende una sociedad en la que la política está ausente y en la que el Estado aparece,paradójicamente, menos limitado que en las concepciones liberales clásicas.