bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gazing into the crystal ball: future considerations for ensuring sustained growth of the functional food and nutraceutical marketplace
Authors: Marinangeli Christopher P. F. , Jones Peter J. H.
Published: April 2013

Over the last decade the concept of functional foods and nutraceuticals (FFN) has gained support from various stakeholders including the food industry, scientific and academic community, government institutions or regulators, producers and consumers. However, as one begins to evaluate the global FFN industry, several issues emerge including (i) a lack of consensus across jurisdictions for acknowledging safe and efficacious FFN, (ii) challenges regarding the classification of novel food-derived bioactives as FFN or drugs, and (iii) a disconnect between nutrient requirements and dosages of FFN required to facilitate health benefits. The objectives of the present review are to discuss the role of existing stakeholders within the FFN marketplace and identify performance indicators for growth within the FFN sector. In addition, the following report provides feasible resolutions to present and future challenges facing the global FFN industry to ensure sustained long-term growth.
An insight into the public acceptance of nutrigenomic-based personalised nutrition
Authors: Fallaize R. , Macready A. L. , Butler L. T. , Ellis J. A. , Lovegrove J. A.
Published: April 2013

It is predicted that non-communicable diseases will account for over 73 % of global mortality in 2020. Given that the majority of these deaths occur in developed countries such as the UK, and that up to 80 % of chronic disease could be prevented through improvements in diet and lifestyle, it is imperative that dietary guidelines and disease prevention strategies are reviewed in order to improve their efficacy. Since the completion of the human genome project our understanding of complex interactions between environmental factors such as diet and genes has progressed considerably, as has the potential to individualise diets using dietary, phenotypic and genotypic data. Thus, there is an ambition for dietary interventions to move away from population-based guidance towards ‘personalised nutrition’. The present paper reviews current evidence for the public acceptance of genetic testing and personalised nutrition in disease prevention. Health and clear consumer benefits have been identified as key motivators in the uptake of genetic testing, with individuals reporting personal experience of disease, such as those with specific symptoms, being more willing to undergo genetic testing for the purpose of personalised nutrition. This greater perceived susceptibility to disease may also improve motivation to change behaviour which is a key barrier in the success of any nutrition intervention. Several consumer concerns have been identified in the literature which should be addressed before the introduction of a nutrigenomic-based personalised nutrition service. Future research should focus on the efficacy and implementation of nutrigenomic-based personalised nutrition.
Play to Learn, Learn to Play: Language Learning through Gaming Culture
Authors: Ryu Dongwan
Published: April 2013

Many researchers have investigated learning through playing games. However, after playing games, players often go online to establish and participate in the online community where they enrich their game experiences, discuss game-related issues, and create fan-fictions, screenshots, or scenarios. Although these emerging activities are an essential part of gaming culture, they have not attracted much attention from researchers and only a few empirical studies have been done on learning through beyond-game culture. Language learning in particular has not been extensively researched despite the proliferation of game players who speak English as a foreign language within this community. To address how non-native English speaking (NNE) game players participate in language learning through game play and beyond-game culture, three generations of activity theories and a multiple-case study design were employed in this study. The asynchronous computer-mediated discourses were repeatedly reviewed, and email interviews with participants were conducted over three stages. The discourse analysis of interaction data and interview scripts showed how participants were engaged in language learning through gaming culture. First, words or phrases used in game play could be learned while playing games. Second, sentences or discourses could be practiced through interaction with native or more fluent peers in the online community after playing games. Third, these two types of engagement in gaming culture were closely related to influencing language learning through repeated practices and collaborative interactions. In conclusion, language learning through gaming is appropriately understood when ecological perspectives are adopted to look at both sides of gaming culture.
Plasmon-induced photoexcitation of “hot” electrons and “hot” holes in amorphous silicon photosensitive devices containing silver nanoparticles
Authors: Antoine Moulin Etienne , Wilhelm Paetzold Ulrich , Elger Pieters Bart , Reetz Wilfried , Carius Reinhard
Published: April 2013

We report on a plasmon-induced photocurrent in photosensitive devices based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) containing silver nanoparticles (NPs). The photocurrent is measured in a spectral region corresponding to optical transitions below the band gap of a-Si:H. Photoexcitation of “hot” electrons in the NPs or in defect states present in the vicinity of the NPs, resulting from plasmon decay in the NPs, is often cited as being responsible for this effect. In this study, we demonstrate that plasmon induced photogeneration of “hot” holes is also able to contribute to a photocurrent. A bifacial symmetrical transparent device was prepared in order to compare the internal quantum efficiency of both processes, the first based on the photogeneration of “hot” electrons and the second based on the photogeneration of “hot” holes.
On the fast diffusion with strong absorption
Authors: Tersenov Alkis S.
Published: April 2013

In the present paper the initial boundary value problem for the fast diffusion equation with strong absorption is considered. An optimal condition guaranteeing the strict positivity of the solution is proposed.
Analysis of nonuniform field emission from a sharp tip emitter of Lorentzian or hyperboloid shape
Authors: Sun S. , Ang L. K.
Published: April 2013

For a sharp tip emitter, due to the non-uniform emission feature and the electron beam expansion in the vacuum, it is difficult to precisely determine the average field enhancement factor βc as well as the effective emission area Seff for a single field emitter. In this paper, we conduct a numerical experiment to simulate the electron field emission from a sharp tip emitter (Lorentzian or hyperboloid shape). By collecting the emission current Itot at the finite anode area Stot, we establish the criteria in using Fowler-Nordheim plot to estimate both βc and Seff, which agree well with our initial emission condition. It is found that the values of βc and Seff depend on the emitter's properties as well as the size of the anode area Stot. In order to determine the precise value of βc, Stot must be large enough to collect all the emitted electrons from the sharp tip (e.g., Itot reaches maximum). As an example, a Lorentzian type emitter with an aspect ratio of 10 (height over width), the effective enhancement factor is about βc=33 as compared to the maximal enhancement of 35 at the apex. At similar maximal enhancement factor at the apex (=360), both types of emitters will give different average field enhancement dependent on the collecting area. The extension of this simple model to a statistical more complicated model to simulate field emission from a cathode consisting of many field emitters is also briefly discussed. This paper should be useful to analyze and characterize field emission data together with experimental measurement.
Free carrier plasma optical response and dynamics in strongly pumped silicon nanopillars
Authors: Chekulaev D. , Garber V. , Kaplan A.
Published: April 2013

We investigated time-resolved optical properties of the free carrier plasma excited by femtosecond laser pulses in silicon nanopillars. The optical response of the excited nanopillars was modelled by the 2D Maxwell-Garnett mixing rule modified to accommodate a Drude-like contribution of the free carriers. The experimental results of the plasma dynamics pump-probe study suggest that the main mechanism of the decay at high pumping is Auger recombination with a rate similar to that of the bulk silicon. We also show that the low reflective and almost fully transparent layer of the nanopillars becomes strongly absorptive when the pillars are pumped with the free carrier concentration in the range between 8×1020 and 2×1021 cm−3. The enhancement of the absorption is attributed to plasmon resonance at which the probe light and the excited plasma frequencies are matched.
Large E-field tunability of microwave ferromagnetic properties in Fe50Co50-Hf/lead zinc niobate–lead titanate multiferroic laminates
Authors: Li Shandong , Liu Ming , Shao Weiquan , Xu Jie , Chen Sha'ou , Zhou Ziyao , Nan Tianxiang , Sun Nian X. , Duh Jenq-Gong
Published: April 2013

Fe50Co50-Hf films were deposited on the (011)-cut single crystal lead zinc niobate–lead titanate (PZN-PT) substrates by a composition gradient sputtering (CGS) method. Strong converse magnetoelectric (ME) coupling was observed in the multiferroic laminates of CGS Fe50Co50-Hf/PZN-PT, which exhibited a large electric field (E-field) tunability of microwave magnetic properties. With the increase of E-field strength from 0 to 8 kV/cm, the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) fields Hr shifted upwards by 270.2 Oe and downwards by 237.7 Oe along hard axis and easy axis directions, being equivalent to 33.8 and 29.7 Oe cm/kV, respectively. Accordingly, the self-biased ferromagnetic resonance frequency fFMR significantly enhanced from 4.0 to 6.5 GHz with an increment of ΔfFMR = 2.5 GHz under a zero-bias magnetic field, and the magnetic damping constant α decreases from 0.0280 to 0.0185. The strong ME coupling between CGS Fe50Co50-Hf film and PZN-PT substrate not only enhanced the fFMR but also reduced the magnetic loss at microwave frequencies, which gives great opportunity in fabrication of tunable microwave devices.
Microstructure study of CoPt thin film with phase change from A1 → L11 → A1 → L10
Authors: Sun An-Cheng , Huang Chuan-Fa
Published: April 2013

In this study, 50-nm-thick CoPt film was sputtered on MgO(111) substrate at substrate temperature (Ts) from room temperature (RT) to 750 °C. Within the temperature range, the phase evolves in the sequence of A1 (disordered) at RT, L11 (ordered), A1, and L10 (ordered) at 750 °C. L11-ordering occurred in the range of 250 °C ≦ Ts ≦ 500 °C induces strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Microstructure results indicate that the CoPt grain size increases gradually from about 10 to 50 nm as Ts increases from RT to 600 °C. Grain size significantly increases to larger than 70 nm as Ts > 600 °C, which is attributed to the occurrence of L10-ordering. Further increase Ts to 750 °C, isotropic L10-(111) textured CoPt forms with a higher Hc of 5.0 kOe. Detailed discussion of relation between magnetic behaviors and microstructure is given.
Standing spin waves in perpendicularly magnetized circular dots at millimeter waves
Authors: Nedukh S. V. , Tarapov S. I. , Belozorov D. P. , Kharchenko A. A. , Golub V. O. , Kilimchuk I. V. , Salyuk O. Y. , Tartakovskaya E. V. , Bunyaev S. A. , Kakazei G. N.
Published: April 2013

Spin wave spectra of 40-nm thick perpendicularly magnetized circular Permalloy dots of 250 nm radius were measured using ferromagnetic resonance technique in 70-80 GHz range at 4.2 K and in 10 GHz at room temperature. The five sharp resonance peaks were observed for both frequency ranges. The resonance fields can be well described by a magneto-exchange dispersion relation, implying that the observed resonances correspond to circular “drumhead” modes with Bessel-function profiles. The relative distances between neighbor peaks for different frequency ranges were almost the same, while the absolute interpeak distances in millimeter range were ∼30% bigger than at 10 GHz, as predicted by the theory.
Apparatus for measuring the Seebeck coefficients of highly resistive organic semiconducting materials
Authors: Cai H. Y. , Cui D. F. , Li Y. T. , Chen X. , Zhang L. L. , Sun J. H.
Published: April 2013

A Seebeck coefficient measurement apparatus for high resistance organic semiconductor materials has been designed and built. It can measure materials with resistance over 7 × 1012 Ω. This is the highest material resistance value ever reported for Seebeck coefficient measurement. A cyclic temperature gradient generation technique and a corresponding algorithm are proposed to eliminate the negative effects of the long term drift of Seebeck voltage. Sources of errors in these measurements are discussed.
Ab initio study of magnetic anisotropy in cobalt doped zinc oxide with electron-filling
Authors: Shao Bin , Feng Min , Liu Hong , Wu Jian , Zuo Xu
Published: April 2013

Based on first-principles calculation, it has been predicted that the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) in Co-doped ZnO (Co:ZnO) depends on electron-filling. Results show that the charge neutral Co:ZnO presents a “easy plane” magnetic state. While modifying the total number of electrons, the easy axis rotates from in-plane to out-of-plane. The alternation of the MAE is considered to be the change of the ground state of Co ion, resulting from the relocating of electrons on Co d-orbitals with electron-filling.
Observation of two-dimensional p-type dopant diffusion across a p+-InP/n–-InGaAs interface using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Tsurumi Daisuke , Hamada Kotaro , Kawasaki Yuji
Published: April 2013

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with potential calculations has been shown to be effective for the detection of p-type dopant diffusion, even across a Zn doped p+-InP/non-doped n–-InGaAs/n+-InP heterojunction. Heterojunction samples were observed using SEM and the electrostatic potential was calculated from Zn concentration profiles obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The sensitivity of SEM for the potential was derived from the SEM observations and potential calculation results. The results were then used to investigate the dependence of the SEM contrast on the Zn diffusion length across the p+-InP/non-doped n–-InGaAs interface. Accurate dopant mapping was difficult when the Zn diffusion length was shorter than 30 nm, because the heterojunction affects the potential at the interface. However, accurate dopant mapping was possible when the Zn diffusion length was longer than 30 nm, because the factor dominating the potential variation was not the heterojunction, but rather Zn diffusion 30 nm distant from the interface. Thus, Zn diffusion further than 30 nm from a Zn-doped p+-InP/non-doped n–-InGaAs interface can be effectively detected by secondary electron (SE) imaging. SE imaging with potential calculations can be widely used for accurate dopant mapping, even at heterojunctions, and is, therefore, expected to be of significant assistance to the compound semiconductor industry.
Ferroelectric control of magnetic anisotropy of FePt/BaTiO3 magnetoelectric heterojunction: A density functional theory study
Authors: Lee Minho , Choi Heechae , Chung Yong-Chae
Published: April 2013

Using ab-initio simulations, we investigated the effects of ferroelectric polarization on the magnetic anisotropy of FePt/BaTiO3 heterojunctions. The changed electronic structure at the interface of FePt and BaTiO3 reduced the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) under ferroelectric polarization. Through the electronic density of states analysis, it was found that the MAE change is mainly due to the changed hybridization state between d-orbitals of interface Ti and Fe atoms.
Inelastic electron and Raman scattering from the collective excitations in quantum wires: Zero magnetic field
Authors: Kushwaha Manvir S.
Published: April 2013

The nanofabrication technology has taught us that an m-dimensional confining potential imposed upon an n-dimensional electron gas paves the way to a quasi-(n-m)-dimensional electron gas, with m ⩽n and 1 ⩽ n, m ⩽ 3. This is the road to the(semiconducting) quasi-n dimensional electron gas systems we have been happily traversing on now for almost two decades. Achieving quasi-one dimensional electron gas (Q-1DEG) [or quantum wire(s) for more practical purposes] led us to some mixed moments in this journey: while the reduced phase space for the scattering led us believe in the route to the faster electron devices, the proximity to the 1D systems left us in the dilemma of describing it as a Fermi liquid or as a Luttinger liquid. No one had ever suspected the potential of the former, but it took quite a while for some to convince the others on the latter. A realistic Q-1DEG system at the low temperatures is best describable as a Fermi liquid rather than as a Luttinger liquid. In the language of condensed matter physics, a critical scrutiny of Q-1DEG systems has provided us with a host of exotic(electronic, optical, and transport) phenomena unseen in their higher- or lower-dimensional counterparts. This has motivated us to undertake a systematic investigation of the inelastic electron scattering (IES) and the inelastic light scattering(ILS) from the elementary electronic excitations in quantum wires. We begin with the Kubo's correlation functions to derive the generalized dielectric function, the inverse dielectric function,and the Dyson equation for the dynamic screened potential in the framework of Bohm-Pines’random-phase approximation. These fundamental tools then lead us to develop methodically the theory of IES and ILS for the Q-1DEG systems. As an application of the general formal results, which know no bounds regarding the subband occupancy, we compute the density of states, the Fermi energy, the full excitation spectrum[comprised of intrasubband and intersubband single-particle as well as collective excitations], the loss functions for the IES and the Raman intensity for the ILS. We observe that it is the collective (plasmon)excitations that largely contribute to the predominant peaks in the energy-loss and the Raman spectra. The inductive reasoning is that the IES can be a potential alternative of the overused ILS for investigating collective excitations in quantum wires. We trust that this research work shall be useful to all – from novice to expert and from theorist to experimentalist – who believe in the power of traditional science.
Vortex-like magnetization of multilayer magnetic nanoisland systems in weak magnetic fields
Authors: Boltaev A. P. , Pudonin F. A. , Sherstnev I. A.
Published: April 2013

The results of studies of magnetization processes of multilayer structures, consisting of periodically alternating island layers of various magnetic materials, are presented. The unidirectional axis of magnetization, which does not lead to exchange bias of hysteresis loops, is found in these structures. A vortex-like type of magnetization of island structures, when the vortex magnetization is distributed on set of nanoislands, is proposed. Preliminary simulations and experiments on the effects of vortex magnetic field on island systems have shown that proposed vortex-like state can be implemented in multilayer island systems and can influence their magnetic structure.
Self‐absorption paradox is not a paradox: Illuminating the dark side of self‐reflection
Authors: Simsek Omer Faruk
Published: April 2013

Although considered an important component of a healthy personality, self‐reflection has not so far been shown to have any specific benefits for mental health. This research addresses this issue by taking into consideration two important suppressor variables, self‐rumination and the need for absolute truth. The latter is an innovative variable, defined and presented in this research. The first two studies aimed to validate a new measure that acts as an operational definition of the need for absolute truth. The first study was conducted with two group of participants; the first group consisted of 129 females and 67 males, mean age = 20 years, and the second 182 females and 104 males, mean age = 27. In the second study, participants were 22 females and 18 males, mean age = 20.5. In the final study, conducted with 296 female, 163 male participants (mean age = 37), suppressor effects were tested using structural equation modeling. The results showed that by taking account of these two suppressor variables, particularly the need for absolute truth, the expected relationship between self‐reflection and mental health was revealed. The need for absolute truth was shown to be crucial for understanding the effects of self‐reflection on mental health, therefore it should be considered in all processes of psychotherapy.
On the effectiveness of variable properties and thermophoresis on steady MHD heat and mass transfer over a porous flat surface
Authors: Salem A.M.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of thermophoresis and magnetic field on steady two‐dimensional laminar hydrodynamic flow with heat and mass transfer over a semi‐infinite permeable flat surface in the presence of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation effects. The fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity are assumed to vary as a function of temperature.

Design/methodology/approach

The boundary layer equations are transformed to non‐linear ordinary differential equations using scaling group of transformations and these equations are solved numerically by using the fourth order Runge‐Kutta method with shooting technique for some values of physical parameters.

Findings

Some of the results obtained for a special case of the problem are compared to the results published in previous work and are found to be in excellent agreement. Many results are obtained and a representative set is displayed graphically to illustrate the influence of the physical parameters involved in the problem on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, as well as the local skin‐friction coefficient, the wall heat transfer and the particle deposition rate.

Research limitations/implications

One valuable, important observation is that the effect of the variable viscosity parameter is to increase the effect of all studied parameters in the boundary‐layer's flow field. Also, the skin‐friction coefficient, wall heat transfer and wall deposition flux in a fluid of uniform viscosity are higher than in a fluid of non‐uniform viscosity when the surface is permeable.

Originality/value

The paper presents a numerical solution for two‐dimensional boundary‐layer flow with heat and mass transfer over a semi‐infinite permeable flat surface. Numerical results indicate that the combining effects of magnetic field and radiation strongly controls flow and mass transfer characteristics for the thermophoretic hydrodynamic flow. This problem is interesting from the physical point of view and also for its applications in engineering sciences.
Structure‐borne sound design of typical hull base and underwater model test
Authors: Ji Fang , Yao Xiongliang , Zhang Aman
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The structure‐borne sound generated by power equipment can be isolated effectively through vibration absorber under hull base structures. The practical vibration isolation performance is limited due to the weight, size and cost. The dramatic attenuating wave propagation characteristic of hull base without adding weight is essential to the vessel acoustic stealth.

Design/methodology/approach

The characteristics of vibration wave propagated from typical shape base link structures have been investigated according to impedance mismatch and wave conversion in non‐homogeneous structure. The hull base is simplified to three degrees of freedom damped system through the mechanical impedance method. The influence of blocking mass weight, as well as location properties to the base vibration isolation performance have been discussed. Furthermore, the structure‐borne sound design of a typical hull base is carried out.

Findings

The impedance mismatch of the hull base is further increased by the comprehensive use of high transmission loss base link structures, blocking mass as well as damping layer. The effectiveness of structure‐borne sound design is verified through numerical calculation together with underwater model test. The test data show that the noise has been reduced larger than 3 dB.

Originality/value

The paper describes what is believed to be the first application of the high transmission loss base in hull structures based on the literature survey. The method of structure‐borne sound design of a typical hull base can be applied in different types of vessels.
Bat algorithm: a novel approach for global engineering optimization
Authors: Yang Xin‐She , Hossein Gandomi Amir
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Nature‐inspired algorithms are among the most powerful algorithms for optimization. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new nature‐inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm, called bat algorithm (BA), for solving engineering optimization tasks.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed BA is based on the echolocation behavior of bats. After a detailed formulation and explanation of its implementation, BA is verified using eight nonlinear engineering optimization problems reported in the specialized literature.

Findings

BA has been carefully implemented and carried out optimization for eight well‐known optimization tasks; then a comparison has been made between the proposed algorithm and other existing algorithms.

Originality/value

The optimal solutions obtained by the proposed algorithm are better than the best solutions obtained by the existing methods. The unique search features used in BA are analyzed, and their implications for future research are also discussed in detail.
Field models of high‐temperature superconductor devices for magnetic levitation
Authors: Costamagna E. , Di Barba P. , Palka R.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe a twofold methodology for evaluating the force between field excitation system and bulk in a magnetic‐levitation device based on high‐temperature‐superconductors (HTS). The paper focuses on two‐dimensional field models for HTS bulks. As far as field analysis is concerned, the finite‐element method in two or three dimensions is used. Alternatively, the conformal mapping approach provides a flexible and accurate calculation tool, useful for the optimization of superconducting bearings.

Design/methodology/approach

Powerful mapping algorithms, developed recently for Schwarz‐Christoffel‐like transformations, have proven successful in analyzing the fields, both in the activation and in the operation condition of superconductor devices.

Findings

Assuming small displacements of the superconductor sample with respect to the excitation magnets, the force‐displacement curve was obtained for operational field cooling via Schwarz‐Christoffel maps.

Originality/value

The specific theory used is the substitution theorem for magnetic fields, along with its capability to take complex geometries into account, making it possible to model devices for real‐life applications. Using only a scalar potential, the procedure proposed for computing fields proves, in the conformally‐mapped plane, the superposition method already introduced in FEM‐based models.
New immersive worlds for educators and librarians: beyond Second Life
Authors: Floyd Joe , Frank Ilene
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Second Life has provided educators and librarians with a place to experiment with a 3D immersive environment. Avatars represent the user and users can interact real‐time in text chat and/or voice. Users can create environments that persist over time. Second Life has attracted users from around the world, providing wonderful opportunities to collaborate. However, Second Life is not the only virtual world used for educational purposes. The purpose of this paper is to examine some options.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors examine other online virtual worlds which educators and librarians can use in addition to Second Life.

Findings

It is found that there are many other virtual worlds which educators and librarians can explore.

Originality/value

This paper is useful to anyone looking for alternatives to using the virtual world Second Life.
Competition and the density dependence of metabolic rates
Authors: DeLong John P. , Hanley Torrance C. , Vasseur David A.
Published: April 2013

Although mass and temperature are strong predictors of metabolic rates, there is considerable unexplained variation in metabolic rates both within and across species after body size and temperature are taken into account. Some of this variation may be due to changes in the rate of food intake with population density, as metabolism depends on the throughput of food to fuel biochemical reactions.

Using data collected from the literature, we show that individual metabolic rates are negatively correlated with population density for a wide range of organisms including primary producers and consumers. Using new data for the zooplankter Daphnia ambigua, we also find genotypic variation in the relationship between metabolic rate and population density.

The relationship between metabolic rate and population density generally follows a power law scaling, and within a population, density‐correlated variation in metabolism can span two orders of magnitude. We suggest that density‐dependent metabolic rates arise via competitive effects on foraging rates (both exploitation and interference competition), combined with an activity response to accommodate the resource constraint induced by competition. Standard ecological models predict the kind of density‐dependent foraging patterns that could give rise to density‐dependent metabolic rates, but this has generally not been investigated.

Our results indicate that after body mass and temperature, population density represents an important third axis that may account for a large amount of unexplained variance in metabolic rates within and among species. The effect of population density on metabolism has implications for the scaling of metabolic rates from individuals to populations and the relative performance of species and genotypes and therefore also for community assembly and evolution.
Grassroots Conservatism in Post‐War Britain: A View from the Bottom Up
Authors: Cohen Gidon , Mates Lewis
Published: April 2013

It is well known the membership of British Conservative Party in the 1950s dwarfed that of other parties, but despite this there has been very little examination of the party's grassroots in this crucial period. What literature there is comes predominantly from the top‐down focus of national politics and revolves around four disputed images. Firstly, high‐levels of membership are associated with commendable engagement with formal politics. Secondly, local associations are presented as inconsequential but autonomous. Thirdly, activists are seen as uninterested in ideology and focused on campaigning and social activity. Finally, associations are presented as dominated by women precisely because of their primarily social nature. This article examines the debates about these conventional images through an analysis of the rival Conservative factions in two Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne Associations, the location of probably the most divisive splits in twentieth‐century Conservatism. It suggests that presentations of a ‘golden age’ of activism are unhelpful, that the conventional conception of autonomy obscures informal relationships, that attention to the ideological dimension is central to understanding and that the nature of female participation can only be understood by challenging the false dichotomy of social and political motivations. Taken together it argues that the study of grassroots Conservatism needs to grapple with the meanings, motivations and practices as seen from below as well as the consequences of such activity for those above. In this way the study of politics from the bottom‐up can have significant consequences for our understanding of the Conservative Party.
News from Somewhere: Enhanced Sociability and the Composite Definition of Utopia and Dystopia
Authors: Claeys Gregory
Published: April 2013

This article argues that that since utopianism is commonly held to consist of three components, the literary utopia, utopian ideologies and communal movements, the term ‘utopia’ should not describe only the first of these, the formal, literary genre, as is often the case, without addressing the other two, where utopian content is more central. Nor can ‘dystopia’, which has usually been used to describe fictional negative societies. A ‘composite’ definition of both terms, however, addresses the three components as inherent to each concept. It is then contended that most utopias are linked by their commitment to a form of enhanced sociability, or more communal form of living, sometimes associated with ideals of friendship, while their dystopian counterparts are substantively connected by the predominance of fear, and the destruction of ‘society’, as a polar opposite of friendship. These definitions imply a spectrum of both utopian and dystopian plausibility; that is to say, where enhanced sociability has been maintained for some period, ‘utopia’ has existed, and where the opposite has occurred, as in totalitarianism, ‘dystopia’ can also be used to describe a real state of affairs. Providing a ‘realistic’ concept of both terms in relation to each other, however, raises some contentious issues about whether, for instance, dystopias are created intentionally, or whether dystopia ideologies as such exist. The article also attempts to distinguish between ‘utopic’ and ‘dystopic’ phenomena, and to plot a prehistory of the concepts of utopia and dystopia.
Apparent Perfection: The Image ofJohnF.Kennedy
Authors: White Mark
Published: April 2013

This article explores the issue of how the potent, alluring image ofJohnKennedy was constructed. The essay begins with an examination of how, even before reaching theWhiteHouse,Kennedy was able to develop a multi‐faceted image as a man of letters (with the publication ofWhyEngland SleptandProfiles in Courage), military hero (through his service in the Navy during theSecondWorldWar), precocious politician, erotic symbol and symbol of the family. The importance of image to the outcome of the 1960 presidential campaign, particularly in terms of the television debates withRichardNixon, is assessed.Kennedy's presidency is examined for the way it reinforced ideas about him that had come to the fore before he became chief executive: his use of theWhiteHouse to showcase the arts, thereby strengthening his image as a man of letters and cultural refinement; the enhancing of his war‐hero status with the release of theHollywood filmPT‐109; the continued eroticization of his image through his public links withMarilynMonroe,GraceKelly andAnitaEkberg; and the prominence of his wife, siblings, children and parents in reinforcing the image ofJFKas a symbol of the family. The impact of the assassination is considered for the way it created theCamelot mythology that came to adornKennedy's posthumous reputation. HowKennedy's image was sustained from the time of the assassination to recent years – through film, music, architecture and the visual image – will also be examined.
Millet Grains: Nutritional Quality, Processing, and Potential Health Benefits
Authors: Saleh Ahmed S.M. , Zhang Qing , Chen Jing , Shen Qun
Published: April 2013

In the 21st century, climate changes, water scarcity, increasing world population, rising food prices, and other socioeconomic impacts are expected to generate a great threat to agriculture and food security worldwide, especially for the poorest people who live in arid and subarid regions. These impacts present a challenge to scientists and nutritionists to investigate the possibilities of producing, processing, and utilizing other potential food sources to end hunger and poverty. Cereal grains are the most important source of the world's food and have a significant role in the human diet throughout the world. As one of the most important drought‐resistant crops, millet is widely grown in the semiarid tropics of Africa and Asia and constitutes a major source of carbohydrates and proteins for people living in these areas. In addition, because of their important contribution to national food security and potential health benefits, millet grain is now receiving increasing interest from food scientists, technologists, and nutritionists. The aim of this work was to review the recent advances in research carried out to date for purposes of evaluation of nutritional quality and potential health benefits of millet grains. Processing technologies used for improving the edible and nutritional characteristics of millet as well as challenges, limitations, and future perspectives to promote millet utilization as food for a large and growing population are also discussed.
Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review
Authors: Belluco Simone , Losasso Carmen , Maggioletti Michela , Alonzi Cristiana C. , Paoletti Maurizio G. , Ricci Antonia
Published: April 2013

Increasing world population worsens the serious problem of food security in developing countries. On the other hand in industrialized countries, where the problem of food security is of minor concern, health problems related to food refer to 2 main factors: food safety and environmental sustainability of food production. For these reasons, new ways must be found to increase yields while preserving food quality, natural habitats, and biodiversity. Insects could be of great interest as a possible solution due to their capability to satisfy 2 different requirements: (i) they are an important source of protein and other nutrients; (ii) their use as food has ecological advantages over conventional meat and, in the long run, economic benefits. However, little is known on the food safety side and this can be of critical importance to meet society's approval, especially if people are not accustomed to eating insects. This paper aims to collect information in order to evaluate how insects could be safely used as food and to discuss nutritional data to justify why insect food sources can no longer be neglected. Legislative issues will also be discussed.
Diagnosis and management of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and related metabolic disorders: Consensus statement from the Study Group of Liver and Metabolism, Chinese Society of Endocrinology (非酒精性脂肪性肝病与相关代谢紊乱诊疗共识——中华医学会内分泌学分会肝病与代谢学组)
Authors: Gao Xin , Fan Jian‐Gao ,   Study Group of Liver and Metabolism, Chinese Society of Endocrinology
Published: April 2013

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in Western countries, affecting 20%–33% of the general population. Large population‐based surveys in China indicate a prevalence of approximately 15%–30%. Worldwide, including in China, the prevalence of NAFLD has increased rapidly in parallel with regional trends of obesity, type2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In addition, NAFLD has contributed significantly to increased overall, as well as cardiovascular and liver‐related, mortality in the general population. In view of rapid advances in research into NAFLD in recent years, this consensus statement provides a brief update on the progress in the field and suggests preferred approaches for the comprehensive management of NAFLD and its related metabolic diseases.
Integral dose delivered to normal brain with conventional intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and helical tomotherapy IMRT during partial brain radiotherapy for high‐grade gliomas with and without selective sparing of the hippocampus, limbic circuit and neural stem cell compartment
Authors: Marsh James C , Ziel G Ellis , Diaz Aidnag Z , Wendt Julie A , Gobole Rohit , Turian Julius V
Published: April 2013

Introduction

We compared integral dose with uninvolved brain (IDbrain) during partial brain radiotherapy (PBRT) for high‐grade glioma patients using helical tomotherapy (HT) and seven field traditional inverse‐planned intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with and without selective sparing (SPA) of contralateral hippocampus, neural stem cell compartment (NSC) and limbic circuit.

Methods

We prepared four PBRT treatment plans for four patients with high‐grade gliomas (60 Gy in 30 fractions delivered to planning treatment volume (PTV60Gy)). For all plans, a structure denoted ‘uninvolved brain’ was created, which included all brain tissue not part of PTV or standard (STD) organs at risk (OAR). No dosimetric constraints were included for uninvolved brain. Selective SPA plans were prepared with IMRT and HT; contralateral hippocampus, NSC and limbic circuit were contoured; and dosimetric constraints were entered for these structures without compromising dose to PTV or STD OAR. We compared V100 and D95 for PTV46Gy and PTV60Gy, and IDbrain for all plans.

Results

There were no significant differences in V100 and D95 for PTV46Gy and PTV60Gy. IDbrain was lower in traditional IMRT versus HT plans for STD and SPA plans (mean IDbrain 23.64 Gy vs. 28 Gy and 18.7 Gy vs. 24.5 Gy, respectively) and in SPA versus STD plans both with IMRT and HT (18.7 Gy vs. 23.64 Gy and 24.5 Gy vs. 28 Gy, respectively).

Conclusions

In the setting of PBRT for high‐grade gliomas, IMRT reduces IDbrain compared with HT with or without selective SPA of contralateral hippocampus, limbic circuit and NSC, and the use of selective SPA reduces IDbrain compared with STD PBRT delivered with either traditional IMRT or HT.
A Review of Social Welfare in Sub‐Saharan Africa: From the Colonial Legacy to the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: Luiz John M.
Published: April 2013

In this article, we explore the historical evolution of social welfare policy in sub‐Saharan Africa focusing on the post‐1900 period. We show that we have seen a very conflicted approach to social development. Social security was reluctantly and very slowly introduced during the colonial period, and the post‐colonial state has likewise been cautious in its approach and has not been able to build a long‐term social contract with society. Instead, it has relied on clientelism, cooption, coercion and patronage. Since the late 1990s we have seen the African state and political systems begin to mature with greater democratisation and the growth of formal welfare systems.
Is Illicit Tobacco Demand Sensitive to Relative Price?
Authors: Farrell Lisa , Fry Tim R.L.
Published: April 2013

A tough fiscal stance has become the norm for discouraging tobacco consumption. Tax and excise rises serve to increase the price of licit relative to illicit tobacco. Consequently, there has been a rise in black market tobacco consumption. This article investigates the degree of substitution between licit and illicit tobacco using novel survey data. We find that illicit tobacco smokers are sensitive to the price ratio between licit and illicit tobacco. This implies that high tobacco taxes have spillover effects that need to be accounted for in policy evaluation.
Reflux episodes detected by impedance in patients on and off esomeprazole: a randomised double‐blinded placebo‐controlled crossover study
Authors: Moawad F. J. , Betteridge J. D. , Boger J. A. , Cheng F.‐K. F. , Belle L. S. , Chen Y.‐J. , Maydonovitch C. L. , Wong R. K. H.
Published: April 2013

Background

Combined with 24‐h pH monitoring, the use of impedance is the most sensitive method available for detecting oesophageal reflux. Normal values for impedance have been previously established in healthy controls studied on and off proton pump inhibitors (PPI).

Aims

To determine the effects of PPIs on the total number of reflux episodes in the distal oesophagus measured by impedance in patients with and without gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Methods

In this prospective randomised double‐blinded placebo controlled crossover study, all patients underwent two 24‐h pH with impedance studies at least 2 weeks apart. Based on a randomisation scheme, patients received either 40 mg of esomeprazole twice daily for 1 week or identical capsule placebo for 1 week, then all patients were crossed over to the other treatment arm. GERD was defined by the validated Johnson–DeMeester score. Reflux by impedance was defined as a 50% decrease from baseline in retrograde movement of liquid between two impedance sites.

Results

Sixty‐three patients were enrolled and 41 patients completed the study [mean age 52 ± 12 years, 42% (17/41) men, 56% (23/41) Caucasian and 34% (14/41) African American]. Overall, there was no significant decrease in the total number of distal impedance episodes with esomeprazole compared with placebo (mean change 6.1 ± 22, P = 0.100). When analysed separately by GERD status, among GERD‐positive patients, there was a significant decrease in distal impedance episodes while on esomeprazole compared with placebo (mean change −16 ± 22, P = 0.023), but not in GERD‐negative patients (mean change −0.35 ± 20, P = 0.872).

Conclusion

Esomeprazole decreases significantly the number of reflux episodes detected by impedance, but only in patients with GERD.
Immunological characterization of peripheral blood leukocytes using vaccine for mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) in swine line selected for resistance toMPS
Authors: Shimazu Tomoyuki , Borjigin Liushiqi , Katayama Yuki , Li Meihua , Satoh Takumi , Watanabe Kouichi , Kitazawa Haruki , Roh Sang‐gun , Aso Hisashi , Katoh Kazuo , Suda Yoshihito , Sakuma Akiko , Nakajo Mituru , Suzuki Keiichi
Published: April 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate immunological changes in peripheral blood leukocytes in pigs that were genetically selected for their improved resistance to mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), usingMPSvaccine as an antigen. Twelve castratedMPS‐selectedLandrace pigs were compared with the same number of pigs from a nonselected line by using a time‐course analysis at the hematological level. After the second sensitization withMPSvaccine, the percentages ofBcells,CD4+T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells in total leukocytes were lower in the selected line than in the nonselected line, whereas the percentage of granulocytes in total leukocytes increased in theMPS‐selected line. We also assessed the proliferative ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated withMycoplasma hyopneumoniae, lipopolysaccharide or concanavalinA, and found that although the proliferative ability of thePBMCwas not different between the two lines at a steady state, the nonselected line showed a significantly higher proliferative ability after sensitization withMPSvaccine than the selected line regardless of antigens used. These results thus indicate that the selection of pigs on the basis ofMPSresistance changes their immunophenotype, and would give us beneficial information for the prevention ofMPSinfection.