bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some List-Inspired Contributions across the World
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the contributions across the world inspired by Friedrich List. Listian ideas were embraced in many places around the world because they resonated with local concerns and aspirations. In Germany, Gustav Schmoller took a lead role in creating the Association for Social Policy, which began to criticize laissez-faire policies and call for “state welfare,” and supported the new direction of German policy by writing a revisionist history of European mercantilism. The chapter also tackles how Listian ideology impacted Ōkubo Toshimichi, who launched the Japan's state-led industrialization drive in the early 1870s, and Sergei Witte, who summarized List's ideas in a pamphlet published by the Russian finance ministry.
Akhu —The Effective Dead
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the supernatural, social aspect of the dead—the akhu. It establishes the “norm” from which esteemed dead diverge. The chapter considers funerary literature (Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts), Appeals to the Living, and Letters to the Dead. It shows that quotidian interactions with the dead were part of expected social behavior and that these interactions were fundamentally personal, concerned with issues of fertility or illness, rather than more profound concerns, such as admittance into the afterlife. When an ancient Egyptian died, their goal would be to become an akh so that they could remain socially “alive.” Engagement with the akh did not challenge royal authority, but was part of ancient Egyptian religious order.
Apotheosis in the Old Kingdom
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on three individuals who underwent apotheosis during the Old Kingdom: Djedi, Mehu, and Kagemni. All three examples come from the cemeteries at Saqqara, and all three individuals were deified rapidly after their deaths, with relatively modest cults. Djedi and Kagemni were both distinguished by their inclusion in imakhu kher formulae. Additionally, contemporaneous titles indicate that Djedi had a priesthood dedicated to his divinized form, and a divine determinative was used following his name—quite literally categorizing him as divine. Mehu's and Kagemni's apotheoses were demonstrated by the inclusion of their names in the divine position within theophoric names. Furthermore, the characters called Djedi and Kagemni who were included in literary texts of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period were conceivably meant to be these famed historic figures. Although this does not support the hypothesis of apotheosis, it does speak to the probable endurance of Kagemni's and Djedi's fame within social memory.
Conclusion
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter analyzes the sociopolitical and historical impact of the esteemed dead of ancient Egypt. It re-affirms that the mobilization of these esteemed dead undermined royal authority and was one of many catalysts that contributed to the decline of royal authority at the end of the Old Kingdom. The chapter similarly demonstrates how Middle Kingdom kings reacted to evolving systems of political power, which can be generalized as a shift in emphasis from mortuary access to the temple. Though the origins of apotheosis are shrouded by political and religious struggles for power, we must not lose sight of the humanity in the process. Individuals within living communities were seeking posthumous privilege, divine access, and assurance of eternal life. Though apotheosis may have been constructed and manipulated for sociopolitical gains by a few, for the many these local gods became powerful anchors that connected their communities to the divine realm. The memory of these gods was embedded within the cultural fabric that made up these communities.
The Social Organism
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter shows how Leontiev's experiences so far had led him to regard society as an organism. Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev quickly concluded from his own personal observations of Russia and the Christian East that the gravest danger to the health of the social organisms in those places was the seemingly unstoppable rise of the Westernized bourgeoisie. In search of an antidote to this menace, he turned for consolation and support to a veritable pantheon of writers. They seemed to him to harbor similar reservations about the course of nineteenth-century “progress.” Thus, he makes free use not only of Alexander Herzen but also, among others, of John Stuart Mill's warning against the rise of “collective mediocrity” and the “tyranny of numbers” in democratic government, and Alexis de Tocqueville's analysis of the dangers inherent in the universal drive toward egalitarian rule.
Introduction
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the displacement of people at the end of the Second World War. The United Nations Rehabilitation and Repatriation Administration (UNRRA) fronted an issue wherein many did not want to return home or did not have homes to return to. Numerous displaced persons were either returning soldiers, displaced civilians, ethnic Germans, Soviet refugees, or survivors from concentration camps. The UNRRA worked with the Allied military to bring these people home. Then, the International Refugee Organization, replaced the UNRRA in December 1946 with a new mandate of giving those who refused to return home to Communist countries the option of resettlement in the West.
“There Has Been a Lot of Dirt Here”
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into denunciations and accusations in line with displaced persons. Denunciation had been apparent across men and women of the International Refugee Organization. The weariness at the usage of concentration camps as an excuse for every kind of laziness and crime was echoed by other relief workers, who oscillated between infantilizing the displaced persons in their care and viewing them as psychologically damaged beyond repair. Thus, denunciations become a negative trait for displaced persons. Records of denunciation recognize the deep trauma, hostilities, disunities, and suspicions that governed both displaced families and displaced communities in the immediate post-war era.
To the Brink of Destruction
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This book exposes how America's rating agencies helped generate the global financial crisis of 2007 and beyond, surviving and thriving in the aftermath. Despite widespread scrutiny, rating agencies continued to operate on the same business model and wield extraordinary power, exerting extensive influence over public policy. This book brings the shadowy corners of this story to life by examining congressional testimony, showing how the wheels of accountability turned—and ultimately failed—during the crisis. The book asks how and why the agencies risked their lucrative franchise by aligning so closely with a process of financial innovation that came undone during the crisis. What it finds is that key institutions, including the agencies, changed from being judges to being advocates years before the crisis, eliminating a vital safety valve meant to hinder financial excess. The author's investigation offers a clear, accessible explanation of structured finance and how it works. The book avoids tired accusations, instead providing novel insight into the role rating agencies played in the worst crisis of modern global capitalism.
Love the Killjoy
Authors: Parkin Justine
Published: July 2022

This chapter shares the experience of teaching feminism theory in high school. It notes bell hooks' notion that love is the heart of feminism. Building ethics of love predicated on respect, vulnerability, and mutuality is both the prerequisite to and the practice of upending sexist, racist and heteronormative cycles of domination. Feminist thinking is so clearly entangled with questions of power and politics that it's often impossible to separate them. Outside academia, the dynamic structure of the feminism field and the thoughtful criticisms of it were not as clear to an outside observer. The chapter also tackles the educational discourse of gendered dynamics in popular media.
Working-Class Realism
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses working-class realism, which is a culture instead of a reality. The culture encourages people to be realistic and scorns them when they are thought not to be. In terms of middle-class perspective, the matter is an act of lowering and differing expectations and crushing aspirations which would result in lower levels of accomplishment. The act of deference, ceding control, and taking it are aspects of working-class realism as well. The chapter also notes the two forms of upward mobility: relative and absolute. It also includes how the desperate conditions of the Great Depression is regarded as the primary circumstance that motivated the most effective working-class upsurge in the 1930s.
The Tragedy of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
Authors: Lohanda Mona
Published: July 2022

This chapter explicates the tragedy of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Purnama stepped in as governor after Joko Widodo vacated the position for presidency in 2016. At the time, a suggestion rose that Muslims should not vote for non-Muslims and Purnama's unwisely quoted the Qur'an. The quote went viral in Facebook despite the misunderstanding and misquote. Thus, criticisms, rallies, and petitions against the governor grew. The chapter expounds on Purnama's twelve years of service in politics. It also looks into the trials into Purnama's case, which resulted in two years of imprisonment due to directly attacking Indonesia's freedom of expression. The case merely sparked a tumult of blasphemy cases.
Peace and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Sigurðsson Jón Viðar
Published: July 2022

This chapter takes a closer look at the resolution of conflicts during the Viking Age. Even though Scandinavia was a peaceful region during the Viking Age, conflicts did happen between kings, between pretenders to the throne, between kings and chieftains, and between chieftains. Resolving conflicts during that time mostly revolved around creating new social networks. The chapter revisits the 1036 peace agreement between Norwegian king Magnus Olafsson and the Danish king Harthacnut. The said pact showed that strong kinship and friendship ties contributed to reducing societal tensions and internal strife. During and after battles, men could give grið (truce) to their friends and kin, an oath which signified that they guaranteed their personal security. In other words, having a kinsman or friend on the opposite side of an armed conflict was a kind of life insurance. The chapter also explains why the Viking Age battles described as the bloodiest are usually those with the highest percentage of foreigners. The Scandinavian royalty also uses marriage to further its goal of establishing alliances. Another way to establish string ties of loyalty among kings and chieftains was for them to foster one another's sons. This enables them to build a power base at the same time. Hostages, drawn from among those held in the highest regard, were also exchanged to create peace during the Viking Age. They were treated well while in the enemy's care to ensure the good nature of future relationships.
Class and Gender in Viking Society
Authors: Sigurðsson Jón Viðar
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at the social classes in the Viking Age society: kings/chieftains, householders, and unfree thralls or slaves. The social elite was estimated to be around 1 to 2 percent of the population, while the householders and their families made up the largest group of Scandinavians. Slaves probably made up about a fourth of the population. Land ownership and family background laid the ground rules for the social hierarchy. There were still opportunities to climb the social ladder and social demotions also occurred. The chapter reviews the poem Rígsþula and its picture of the social hierarchy, then it continues by looking at which abilities members of the elite were expected to possess. Finally, it considers the women's roles in the various social ranks, first by getting to know the Oseberg chieftain better, and how women are portrayed in Hávamál.
Five Levels of Learning
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter evaluates learning at five levels: as part of patient care; within a clinic; across clinics within a hospital; within the health system as a whole, including all providers, clinics, and hospitals; and from the health care environment. The connection of learning within and across the levels resulted in the first large-scale learning mental health care system in the United States that, in turn, could create a consistent patient experience of care and improve patient outcomes. Learning at the level of patient care is the foundation for any learning health care system; in individual or group settings, patient–provider interactions are the main sources of information for clinical decision making in mental health care. Meanwhile, clinic-level learning increases the capacity to treat complex cases in ways that would not be possible with the skills of a single provider. The Army's learning architecture illustrates the interplay within and across the five levels of learning.
Managing Performance in a Learning Behavioral Health System
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter addresses the challenge of managing performance in a learning behavioral health system. Prior to 2012, the US Army could not have built a performance management system capable of providing what was needed because the Army lacked three critical pieces that had to be in place for it to work: reliable, meaningful data; a clear, coherent leadership organization for overall behavioral health care; and leaders at the local level. The Army refined its approach to performance management over several years of trial and error, keeping practices and metrics that worked and discarding those that did not. Today's Army performance management system includes three major parts, which facilitate the learning process used by leaders at all levels. The components are establishing a foundation of clinical outcome metrics, using metrics to inform changes to process, and implementing those changes to care delivery. These served as a helpful framework for the Army as it worked to gain oversight of the efficiency and effectiveness of its behavioral health clinics.
Media Discourse in the 1990s
Authors: Michlin-Shapir Vera
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the media discourse in the 1990s. Between 1989 and 1999, the Russian media experienced new freedom from state censorship but was limited in economic resources. The media had become central in constructing a new sense of self and society after the transformations in post-Soviet Russia. The chapter then notes the formation of national identity in the country as expressed by the Russian media elite in the polylogue it shaped with historical and political developments, Russian language, and Orthodox Christianity. It explores the media discourse circulating around the national identity, war and loss. Critical discourse analysis is used to analyze texts from Moskovskiye Novosti and Nezavisimaya Gazeta.
Putin’s National Calendar
Authors: Michlin-Shapir Vera
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the formation and impact of the national calendar spearheaded by President Vladimir Putin. Putin understood he had to articulate a common narrative of the past and projection of Russia's future. Militaristic holidays and religious Orthodox Christian holidays had been the two themes of the national calendar meant to unify and project a clearer sense of national identification. The chapter discusses the holidays and celebrations in the new calendar, such as Victory Day and Unity Day. Additionally, personal holidays and state ideology were included in the national calendar as well. The holidays made sense and reinforced each other and the main message of Putin's regime.
Facilitating the Exodus
Authors: Mo Yajun , Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: July 2022

This chapter follows the transition of the Southwest from a hard-to-reach backwater region to the home front of wartime China. It looks at the travel experiences of the elite refugees during the war, and traces the drastic reconfiguration of transportation networks in China and East Asia. For an internal exile, the relocation from the east coast to the Southwest was by no means merely a domestic journey. The chapter then shows that the transnational nature of China's wartime travel network reminded Chinese travelers of the semicolonial condition in which the country was embroiled. While they were concerned with China's uphill fight for survival against Japanese invasion, the utter “otherness” of the Southwest evoked an acute sense of loss. On the other hand, the lengthy sojourn enabled transplants from the east coast to have access to tourist sites in the Southwest. The chapter challenges the notion that China's nation-building processes were interrupted by the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Flying Camelot
Authors: Hankins Michael W.
Published: July 2022

This book brings us back to the post-Vietnam era, when the US Air Force launched two new, state-of-the-art fighter aircraft: the F-15 Eagle and the F-16 Fighting Falcon. It was an era when debates about aircraft superiority went public — and these were not uncontested discussions. This book delves deep into the fighter pilot culture that gave rise to both designs, showing how a small but vocal group of pilots, engineers, and analysts in the Department of Defense weaponized their own culture to affect technological development and larger political change. The design and advancement of the F-15 and F-16 reflected this group's nostalgic desire to recapture the best of World War I air combat. Known as the “Fighter Mafia,” and later growing into the media-savvy political powerhouse “Reform Movement,” it believed that American weapons systems were too complicated and expensive, and thus vulnerable. The group's leader was Colonel John Boyd, a contentious former fighter pilot heralded as a messianic figure by many in its ranks. He and his group advocated for a shift in focus from the multi-role interceptors the Air Force had designed in the early Cold War towards specialized air-to-air combat dogfighters. Their influence stretched beyond design and into larger politicized debates about US national security, debates that still resonate today. A biography of fighter pilot culture and the nostalgia that drove decision-making, the book deftly engages both popular culture and archives to animate the movement that shook the foundations of the Pentagon and Congress.
The Reagan Moment
Authors: Inboden William
Published: July 2022

In this book, the ideas, events, strategies, trends, and movements that shaped the 1980s are revealed to have had lasting effects on international relations: The United States went from a creditor to a debtor nation; democracy crested in East Asia and returned to Latin America; the People's Republic of China moved to privatize, decentralize, and open its economy; Osama bin Laden founded Al Qaeda; and relations between Washington and Moscow thawed en route to the Soviet Union's dissolution. The book places US foreign relations into global context by examining the economic, international, and ideational relationships that bound Washington to the wider world. It brings together fresh insights from untapped and declassified global sources to recast Reagan's pivotal years in power.
Introduction
Authors: Hunt Jonathan R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces Ronald Reagan and the administration that he ran. Reagan played a large role in forging a new electoral coalition, proclaiming a fresh governing creed, and transforming the United State's role in the world. The political battles of the 1980s, sparked by culture wars, cast Reagan as a single-minded opposition of Marxist-Leninism. Additionally, the chapter also discusses the work's themes such as the US–Soviet struggle, Reagan's romantic statecraft, and the mutation of the United States from the world's biggest lender to its greatest borrower. It notes how the Reagan administration handled external relations in the context of huge structural changes to the national and world economy.
Rhetoric and Restraint
Authors: Lawrence Mark Atwood
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses Ronald Reagan urging people to rethink the lessons of the lost war in Vietnam. Reagan and his aides achieved only limited success despite showing steady concern and working hard on dispelling the Vietnam syndrome. Reagan, instead, played a crucial role in sparking further debates on the lessons learned following the Vietnam War. The terrorist bombing of the US Marine barracks in Lebanon and the invasion of Grenada worsened the Vietnam syndrome by reinforcing the perceived dangers of sending American forces into confusing, war-torn settings abroad. The chapter notes Reagan and his advisers were keenly aware of the constraints imposed by public opinion, Congress, and cautious military commanders.
Reagan and the Crisis of Southwest Asia
Authors: Leake Elisabeth
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the impact of Ronald Reagan's administration on the crisis of Southwest Asia. The crisis ranges between the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Iranian revolution. The chapter notes ethnonationalist autonomy movements disrupting state-focused politics and politicizing Islam as the key consequences of Reagan's focus on state sovereignty and survival. For example, the Pashtun ethnonationalism in the Afghan–Pakistan borderlands had been a major hurdle in US relations with both Afghanistan and Pakistan throughout the twentieth century. The chapter notes that Southwest Asia represents an enduring paradox in US foreign policy. The Reagan administration's policies highlight the postcolonial importance of states and international states system in international politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Miles Simon
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites the importance, role, and impact of Ronald Reagan and his administration in the world. The Cold War had been prominent across Reagan's regime. The chapter explores the consequences of the Reagan administration's foreign policies such as the strike at the southern border in the United States due to the foreign interventions in Latin America. It mentions NATO being proof of the Reagan administration's skepticism of the policy of resulting in a more united alliance. Moreover, assessments of the successes and failures of US foreign policy during the 1980s are in line with the interests of scholars and world leaders.
Scientific Americans
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This book explores the place of science and technology in American efforts to achieve cultural independence from Europe and America's nation building in the early republic and antebellum eras. This engaging tour of scientific education and practices among ordinary citizens charts the development of nationalism and national identity alongside roads, rails, and machines. The book shows how informal scientific education provided by almanacs, public lectures, and demonstrations, along with the financial encouragement of early scientific societies, generated an enthusiasm for the application of science and technology to civic, commercial, and domestic improvements. Not only that: Americans were excited, awed, and intrigued with the practicality of inventions. Bringing together scientific research and popular wonder, the book charts how everything from mechanical clocks to steam engines informed the creation and expansion of the American nation. From the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations to the fate of the Amistad captives, the book shows how the promotion and celebration of discoveries, inventions, and technologies articulated Americans' earliest ambitions, as well as prejudices, throughout the first American century.
Grand Designs
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This chapter illustrates how civic projects articulated national ambitions. The United States needed technologies to develop industry, transport American-made products, and protect the health and homes of urban citizens. But it was the way Americans chose to promote inventions, devices, and civic constructions that put national aspirations into public conversation. Although the Erie Canal was the most prominent public works project in the early nineteenth century, water systems undertaken in American cities between the 1810s and 1850s were the most tangible evidence of civic development. Celebrated as representations of America's place among the nations of the world, the magnitude of these projects made them tourist attractions. Lithographs, paintings, sculpture, and music depicted these achievements. Moreover, the brick-and-mortar constructions visually articulated empirical ambitions through their design and embellishment. Reservoirs, pumping stations, and fountains incorporated references to ancient empires and communicated Americans' conception of nationhood with an easily understood visual rhetoric.
Developing Mission
Authors: Ho Joseph W.
Published: July 2022

This book offers a transnational cultural history of US and Chinese communities framed by missionary lenses through time and space—tracing the lives and afterlives of images, cameras, and visual imaginations from before the Second Sino-Japanese War through the first years of the People's Republic of China. When American Protestant and Catholic missionaries entered interwar China, they did so with cameras in hand. Missions principally aimed at the conversion of souls and the modernization of East Asia, became, by virtue of the still and moving images recorded, quasi-anthropological ventures that shaped popular understandings of and formal foreign policy toward China. Portable photographic technologies changed the very nature of missionary experience, while images that missionaries circulated between China and the United States affected cross-cultural encounters in times of peace and war. The book illuminates the centrality of visual practices in the American missionary enterprise in modern China, even as intersecting modernities and changing Sino-US relations radically transformed lives behind and in front of those lenses. In doing so, the book reconstructs the almost-lost histories of transnational image makers, subjects, and viewers across twentieth-century China and the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Deitrick Sabina E. , Murtazashvili Ilia
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter considers how communities have dealt with the shale boom, including its economic costs. The shale boom refers to the dramatic rise in U.S. shale gas production starting in the late 1990s and continuing into the 2020s. The focus is on how planners and government officials have responded to the challenges and opportunities from natural resource extraction. Many of these challenges may be exacerbated as state and local governments deal with the financial fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the potential for increased pressure for shale gas development as a way to boost the economy and keep prices low as the curve flattens. The chapter attempts to provide insight into the specific legal, governance, planning, and economic challenges faced, as well as an understanding of how communities have responded when they often had no choice in the matter.
The Shale Boom in Historical Perspective
Authors: Murtazashvili Ilia , Piano Ennio
Published: July 2022

This chapter offers several points that frame the analysis of governance, planning, and economic impacts associated with fracking in the rest of the book. It shows that some of the accounts of the shale boom were based on perceptions of the past, rather than facts. This chapter's reading of the gold rush history is that it was orderly, and that the government was involved in the governance of miners in California. States have also been responsive to new challenges presented by the shale boom, which calls into question the notion of laissez-faire regulatory stances by the states. On balance, states that allowed fracking balance economic opportunities with regulation of the socially costly aspects of shale gas production. It is also important to keep in mind that there are many external effects that are not internalized, including the fact that no amount of fracking is “sustainable.”
Local Jurisdictions and Variations in State Law in the Marcellus Shale Region
Authors: Robertson Heidi Gorovitz
Published: July 2022

This chapter considers each state-level legal factor—constitutions, statutes, and judicial interpretations—within the Marcellus region. It also takes a look at their impacts on local governments' shale oil- and gas-related decision-making. Local governments may be limited by their state constitutions, state statutes, and the interpretations of those documents by their state courts. Through a comparison of critical cases, the chapter shows that local governments should have a role in determining whether, where, and how drilling happens within local boundaries. Moreover, the analysis illustrates the value of a polycentric perspective on shale gas development in which multiple authorities influence how local governments respond to challenges and opportunities presented by shale gas development.
How the Legal Framework of Fracking in Appalachia Disserves the Poor
Authors: Eisenberg Ann M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines one particular way in which the so-called fracking revolution has not been so revolutionary. Specifically, the chapter illustrates first that the public discourse on fracking in the Marcellus and Utica shale region neglected a critical circumstance: these shale deposits are located in Appalachia. After a brief review of Appalachia's tragic historical relationship with natural resource extraction, the chapter examines two ways in which Ohio's, Pennsylvania's, and West Virginia's respective legal regimes have served to benefit corporate interests instead of the less privileged residents of this region. Specifically, the chapter reviews two central failures to empower landowners and communities to be better protected. First, these states' laws have failed to adequately regulate the contract-seeking professionals known as “landmen” or “land agents,” resulting in systemic unfairness in negotiations between companies and landowners. Second, these states' legal regimes have failed to adequately ensure environmental justice and prevent environmental injustice.
Using Boomtown Models to Understand the Consequences of Fracking
Authors: Hall Adelyn , Chifos Carla
Published: July 2022

This chapter reflects on the resource curse and the boom-bust consequences familiar in the rural United States. It presents a case study of Bradford County in Pennsylvania's northern tier, which lies above part of the Marcellus Shale. As largely agricultural Bradford County transforms rapidly with natural gas extraction, boomtown models are compared, with the Bradford County current shale gas boom following along lines of previous energy boomtowns. The new energy development in Bradford County and its communities follows models developed over decades by researchers and planners studying boom and bust trends and development. But in contrast to more typical scenarios, Bradford County responded with new focuses on human capital investments, new partnerships with higher education institutions, and other capacity-building initiatives for local officials and community stakeholders to shift the power balance to community development rather than reactive responses.
Private and Public Economic Impacts of Fracking in Wyoming
Authors: Roberts Gavin , Rangaraju Sandeep Kumar
Published: July 2022

This chapter studies the dynamics of the Wyoming gas boom. Natural gas development boomed in Wyoming between 2000 and 2011. New technologies combined with high gas prices expanded the array of economically recoverable gas reserves. This led to expansion in Wyoming's economy. The subsequent tax windfall led to growth in Wyoming's state government. However, more recent lower gas prices and the limited availability of low-cost gas drilling prospects in Wyoming have led to contraction in drilling and decreasing tax receipts. This led to a crisis in Wyoming. This chapter provides historical context of gas production, analyzes economic impacts, and analyzes how those impacts differed between the private and public sectors in the state of Wyoming. It concludes by clarifying which sorts of policies make the public sector less susceptible to resource-related, short-term boom and bust cycles, and protect the private sector from the associated spillover.
Human Capital Formation, Research and Development, and Innovation
Authors: Burroni Luigi , Colombo Sabrina , Regini Marino
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the institutional factors that are behind the low productivity and the low development of the so-called knowledge economy in the Mediterranean countries. It focuses on two dimensions that a large amount of literature has shown to have direct links to labor productivity. The first dimension is the supply and demand of human capital, and the second one concerns investment in research and development and in innovation. Furthermore, to better understand the main features of Mediterranean countries in a comparative perspective, it compares Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece with three countries that come closest to the “ideal types” of different models of capitalism, namely Germany for continental capitalism, Sweden for the Northern European model, and the United Kingdom for Anglo-Saxon capitalism. The chapter highlights how the inability of the four Mediterranean countries to make a transition toward a knowledge economy has been displayed in different ways.
Ordering Violence
Authors: Staniland Paul
Published: July 2022

This book advances a broad approach to armed politics—bringing together governments, insurgents, militias, and armed political parties in a shared framework—to argue that governments' perception of the ideological threats posed by armed groups drive their responses and interactions. The book combines a unique new dataset of state–group armed orders in India, Pakistan, Burma/Myanmar, and Sri Lanka with detailed case studies from the region to explore when and how this model of threat perception provides insight into patterns of repression, collusion, and mutual neglect across nearly seven decades. Instead of straightforwardly responding to the material or organizational power of armed groups, the book finds, regimes assess how a group's politics align with their own ideological projects. Explaining, for example, why governments often use extreme repression against weak groups even while working with or tolerating more powerful armed actors, the book provides a comprehensive overview of South Asia's complex armed politics, embedded within an analytical framework that can also speak broadly beyond the subcontinent.
The Politics of Threat Perception
Authors: Staniland Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses ideological projects and how they inform threat perception. It presents two arguments. First, ideology plays a central role in how governments perceive threats from armed groups, which in turn drive the armed orders they pursue toward these groups. The chapter focuses on the extent and content of nationalist inclusion, the government's position on the religious–secular dimension, and the left–right redistributive ideology that the government pursues. Second, under some conditions, tactical incentives explain more fine-grained patterns of armed politics. The chapter then considers how tactical dynamics interact with ideological assessments to categorize groups into political roles, determine state strategies, and create particular patterns of armed order.
India
Authors: Staniland Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter investigates India's distinctive patterns of armed politics. It offers a comparative historical account of the nationalist projects that survived into independence, showing how the slow but steady collapse of the Congress' nationalist project opened space for Hindu nationalism to seize the commanding heights of national power. How the Hindu majority relates to the Indian nation is a fundamental contested cleavage in Indian politics, and the ruling government's answer to this question has shifted dramatically in recent years. The chapter then explores whether these ideological projects match patterns of actual state internal security policies. A key factor in explaining state policy is the political acceptability of the demands made by armed groups. The chapter covers everything from the Kashmir insurgency to communal riots to West Bengal's militarized elections. It also looks at the Naga conflict to study in greater detail how tactical overlap emerges and vanishes, and how armed groups can change their ideological positioning.
Burma/Myanmar
Authors: Staniland Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter details how Burma/Myanmar has been the site of large-scale civil conflict and state repression since its independence in 1948. The period of British rule fostered a new Burman (also called Bamar) nationalism that set itself in opposition to both colonialism and to ethnic minorities that were seen as collaborators with these forces. This project took on a visceral and violent reality during the bloody years of World War II, when Burmese nationalists backed by Japan fought with ethnic minorities supported by the British and Americans. This process built a carrier movement known as the Anti-Fascist People Freedom League (AFPFL) with a strongly anticolonial, majoritarian nationalist political project. While articulating a broader Burmese nationalism, this project favored the Bamar ethnicity and Buddhist religion as the top of a hierarchy of priority, laying the basis for ongoing political conflict. The chapter then discusses what happened when the British departed and large-scale civil war erupted. Because war and independence occurred at the same time, it weaves together the armed orders with the broader politics, identifying the key shifts over time and their implications for armed politics.
Catastrophic Success
Authors: Downes Alexander B.
Published: July 2022

This book compiles all instances of regime change around the world over the past two centuries. In doing so, the book shows that regime change increases the likelihood of civil war and violent leader removal in target states and fails to reduce the probability of conflict between intervening states and their targets. As the book demonstrates, when a state confronts an obstinate or dangerous adversary, the lure of toppling its government and establishing a friendly administration is strong. The historical record, however, shows that foreign-imposed regime change is, in the long term, not consistently successful. The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non-compliant regimes overlooks two key facts. First, the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate, sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the intervener. Second, externally imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one, and the two typically want different things. These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary: taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other. Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic protégés or between protégés and their people. The book provides sober counsel for leaders and diplomats. Regime change, the book urges, should be reserved for exceptional cases. Interveners must recognize that, absent a rare set of promising preconditions, regime change often instigates a new period of uncertainty and conflict that impedes their interests from being realized.
The Ends of Meter in Modern Japanese Poetry
Authors: Mehl Scott
Published: July 2022

This book analyzes the complex response of Meiji-era Japanese poets and readers to the challenge introduced by European verse and the resulting crisis in Japanese poetry. Amidst fierce competition for literary prestige on the national and international stage, poets and critics at the time recognized that the character of Japanese poetic culture was undergoing a fundamental transformation, and the stakes were high: the future of modern Japanese verse. The book documents the creation of new Japanese poetic forms, tracing the first invention of Japanese free verse and its subsequent disappearance. The book examines the impact of the acclaimed and reviled shintaishi, a new poetic form invented for translating European-language verse and eventually supplanted by the reintroduction of free verse as a Western import. The book draws on materials written in German, Spanish, English, and French, recreating the global poetry culture within which the most ambitious Meiji-era Japanese poets vied for position.
“This Dead Form, Begone”
Authors: Mehl Scott
Published: July 2022

This chapter opens with the essayist and poet Kitamura Tōkoku's poetry, which can be described as free verse: Soshū no shi (The poem of a prisoner). Tōkoku himself did not broadcast his poem's characteristics effectively, and its metrical novelty went unremarked by the literary establishment. Later, in the last months of 1890 and the first months of 1891, several poets and poetry critics became embroiled in a debate over whether meter was an essential trait of poetry or not. The chapter then introduces Yamada Bimyō's “Nihon inbun ron” (On Japanese verse). Bimyō argued that any nation that aspired to a high level of civilization must embrace a metrically regular poetry, and to that end he advocated the adoption, by Japanese poets, of English prosodic structures (iambs, anapests, and the like)—a position that encountered much resistance from other poets and critics. Ultimately, the chapter focuses on the distinction and link between meter and rhythm in language. It examines another text of Tōkoku titled Hōraikyoku (Song of Mount Hōrai), which included sections in prose and metrically free verse.
The Draft Constitution in China’s Business Community
Authors: Diamant Neil J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how the Chinese business community read the constitution and came to understand their place in the new polity. To date, the voices of Chinese businessmen and their families during the 1954 constitutional discussion have been skipped over or obscured by abstractions in the concepts nationalization and transition to socialism. Newspapers frequently reported on elite capitalists' exuberant responses to the draft constitution, as did accounts that appear in archival documents not intended for public consumption. Others heaped praise on the constitutional process, in particular the Chinese Communist Party's willingness to listen to their comments and the abundance of rights and the small number of constitutional obligations. But even among those offering praise, the reports whitewashed all sorts of more nuanced reactions, many of which hinted at deeper problems. Drawing on previous experiences in the early 1950s, some argued that there was little new in the draft constitution, having encountered similar language about their class in their education about the General Line and the Election Law.
A Theory of Unofficial Market Enforcement
Authors: Morse Julia C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter presents a theory which describes in general terms the conditions under which an international organization (IO) can use unofficial market enforcement to incentivize policy improvements. This pathway requires member states to invest initially in establishing an IO's salience by working to increase its informational advantages, cement its authority with coercion, and improve its legitimacy. It also requires governments to adopt regulation that reconfigures market incentives to support an IO's mission. Under these conditions, IO focal points can harness the power of market processes indirectly and to great effect. While all market actors can influence domestic policy, unofficial enforcement via the banking sector is particularly effective at reconfiguring domestic politics and increasing incentives for policy change.
How the Noncomplier List Drives Fatf Compliance
Authors: Morse Julia C.
Published: July 2022

This chapter investigates the noncomplier list's impact on domestic politics. Drawing on qualitative evidence assembled from Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and government documents, news stories, and interviews with government officials, the chapter highlights how FATF monitoring reconfigures the domestic politics of compliance. The chapter begins by discussing why countries may fail to change their policies prior to listing and then explains how the noncomplier list alters these compliance calculations. It then sets the stage for a robust quantitative analysis. The chapter considers common empirical challenges of measuring compliance and explains the regression's main dependent variable: the month and year that a country adopts an FATF-compliant law criminalizing terrorist financing. Results show that listed countries are eight times more likely to criminalize terrorist financing in a given period, and that this effect is strongest for countries with high market integration.
Moss ( Stifter )
Authors: Frederick Samuel
Published: July 2022

This chapter analyzes Adalbert Stifter's late story “Der Kuß von Sentze” (The kiss of Sentze, 1866). In the story, moss collecting offers an escape from the self-defeating impasse of collecting naturalia. If the ephemeral life of the plant must be sacrificed to collect and preserve it (as opposed to cultivating it in a garden, for instance), then moss is exempt from this problem: though effectively killed by drying and storing, it can be brought back to life with a drop of water. The implications of this storable ephemerality—known to German and Austrian moss collectors of the day—as well as moss's unusual cryptogamic reproduction—which was only discovered in the decade and a half before Stifter wrote this novella—provide the tale with biological models that bypass sexual contact without sacrificing the perpetuation of the family line. Nonetheless, even though strategic moistening (of the kissing lips or the desiccated plant) may allow for the continued flourishing of the collected organism in question, it also importantly re-exposes that now living thing to the possibility of dispersal and decay.
Maculature/ Zettel (Frisch)
Authors: Frederick Samuel
Published: July 2022

This chapter evaluates Max Frisch's Man in the Holocene (Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän, 1979) to work out the relation between erosion (of landscape and memory/mind) and collecting as an attempt to resist dispersal through the creation of assemblages or “patchworks.” The site of collecting in this text is a wall in the protagonist's house on which he attaches handwritten notes (Zettel) and passages cut out from books. Thus, a preoccupation with worthless things (Verzetteln) is aligned with the redemptive activity of collecting as a patching or “holding together” of what is deteriorating. The effort to save what is being eroded and washed away, however, ultimately also involves the creation of debris. Frisch suggests that while catastrophes continue to threaten stability and order in the world—contributing to ever more dispersion—we can only really salvage the things in that world (and by extension the world itself) through an accumulation of (dead) knowledge, a fragmentary assemblage of waste and wisdom gleaned from the past.