bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Reliability of Old Semisubmersibles
Authors: Sigurdsson G. , Lotsberg I. , Myhre T. , Orbeck-Nilssen K.
Published: March 2009

Many units in the semi-submersible fleet have now reached such an age thattheir documented, minimum design fatigue life is either already exceeded, orwill, in the very near future be exceeded.

It is anticipated that these units will continue in their existing mode ofoperation for some time to come, and further, that some of these units will beconsidered as candidates for production units for benign waters, with theassociated requirement for extended lifetimes. In the case of an existing unitcontinuing in the same mode of operation, the owner may require to document, toa potential client, or national authority, that the fatigue life of the unit issatisfactory. In the case of a unit being converted the requirement for suchdocumentation will additionally be required by the Classification Society andthe method described in this may be one way to document extended fatigue lifefor these units.

In order to document satisfactory fatigue resistance it may therefore benecessary to undertake detailed evaluation of the fatigue reliability of theunits. One, or a combination, of the following detailed evaluations might beconsideredEvaluate the original design utilisation factors.Evaluate the operating history of the unit.Perform detailed fatigue evaluation of specified joints.Reliability analysis

This paper document best estimate levels of reliability of a typical‘old-age’ semi-submersible and demonstrate how the reliability varies whenClassification inspection routines are included in the analysis. In-servicedamage statistics (database) is utilised to identify the location that is mostcritical with respect to fatigue. Overview from the reported in-serviceinspection findings is given.

In addition to detailed spectral analysis, combined with a detailed FEanalysis of a critical joint, a reliability analysis has been undertaken inorder to evaluate if the probability of fatigue failure of the considered jointis at an acceptably level. The reliability evaluation accounts explicitly forprobability updating based upon information obtained from in-serviceinspection.
Legal Protection of Vessel Hull Designs and Related Technology
Authors: Glenn W.P.
Published: March 2009

Those who develop own or license vessel hull designs and related technologyhave a number of options available to protect their technology, research, anddevelopment in the United States. Traditionally protection has been obtainedthrough the cardinal points of intellectual property law - namely, patent, copyright, trade secret, and to some extent trademark law. With the enactmentof the Vessel Hull Design Protection Act ("VHDPA") in 1998, aneffective, quick and inexpensive means of protecting vessel hull designs in the United States has become available to both small and large design firms.

Introduction

Those who develop own or license vessel hull designs and related technologyhave a number of options available to protect their technology, research, anddevelopment in the United States. Traditionally protection has been obtainedthrough the cardinal points of intellectual property law - namely, patent, copyright, trade secret, and to some extent trademark law. With the enactmentof the Vessel Hull Design Protection Act ("VHDPA") in 1998, aneffective, quick and inexpensive means of protecting vessel hull designs in the United States has become available to both small and large design firms.

The Cardinal Points. The present patent laws are directed at protecting newand useful machines, processes, composition of matter (e.g. chemicals), andornamental designs. The copyright laws provide protection for an originalexpression of an idea - but not the idea itself. Federal and state trademarklaws protect any word, name, symbol, device, slogan, nonfunctional design orcombination thereof that identifies and distinguishes a specific product orservice from others in the market place. Trade secret law protects anyconfidential information that provides a competitive advantage to a company orperson. As discussed below, each cardinal point provides, to varying degrees, protection for vessel hull designs and related technology.

VHDPA-New Direction. In contrast to the cardinal points, the VHDPA providesan effective, quick and inexpensive means to protect vessel hull designs, irrespective of whether the shape is a function of creative endeavor and/orutility. The Act further represents a cautious but new direction of protectingindustrial designs in the United States - namely vessel hull designs.
Hydraulic Influence on the Development Design Selection of an Actual System
Authors: Saidi Farah B. , Upchurch John L.
Published: March 2009

The field under evaluation is situated approximately 50 miles from shore inwater depths ranging from 1,300 ft to 2,300 ft. Since the field is nearer to shore than at least one other long subsea tieback the operator felt that itmight be possible to develop it using only subsea equipment. However, beforeproceeding we needed to evaluate a number of options to verify that a longsubsea tieback really was technologically feasible and would be costeffective.

Five development options were initially considered to transport up to 600mmscfd of natural gas and associated condensate and water to shore. The optionsconsidered were a Long Distance Subsea Tieback, Subsea Tieback to a Shallow Water Platform (with full and minimal processing capability), Subsea Tiebackwith a Local Control Platform, and Subsea Tieback to a Floating Production and Storage facility.

A common concern among all of the proposed development options was flowassurance - mainly, the required line sizes, formation of hydrates and slugging. Numerous hydraulic cases were investigated using PIPESIMi (steadystate multiphase flow simulator) and OLGAii (three phase transient simulator)for the two most probable development options under operational conditions. Results from these analyses played a major role in confirming the technicalfeasibility a Long Distance Subsea Tieback and in the selection of a Long Distance Subsea Tieback as the preferred development strategy.

This paper discusses the methodology used for the analysis, results andfindings of the investigation, and the recommendations that ultimately led tothe selection of the final development solution.

Introduction

The operator had discovered a large gas field in water depths of 1,300 ft to 2,300 ft and wanted to determine both the technological and economicfeasibility of a number of potential development options before proceeding withproject sanction. A feasibility and conceptual study was performed to identifypossible development scenarios, select a preferred development scheme and toprovide an 'AFE Quality' cost estimate for project sanction.

The first step in determining the preferred option was to identify potentialoptions and eliminate the least favorable options.PIPESIM - Baker Jardine & Associates, Steady State, Mulitphase Flow SimulatorOLGA - Scandpower A/S, Transient, Multiphase Flow Simulator
Liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometry assay of bromotetrandrine in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Song Naining , Zhang Shaoyu , Li Quansheng , Liu Changxiao
Published: March 2009

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method (LC‐MS/MS) for the determination of bromotetrandrine in rat plasma has been developed and applied to pharmacokinetic study in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats after a single oral administration. Sample preparation involves a liquid–liquid extraction with n‐hexane–dichlormethane (65:35, containing 1% 2‐propanol isopropyl alcohol, v/v). Bromotetrandrine and brodimoprim (internal standard, IS) were well separated by LC with a Dikma C18 column using methanol–ammonium formate aqueous solution (20 mm) containing 0.5% formic acid (60:40, v/v) as mobile phase. Detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The ionization was optimized using ESI(+) and selectivity was achieved using MS/MS analysis, m/z 703.0 → 461.0 and m/z 339.0 → 281.0 for bromotetrandrine and IS, respectively. The present method exhibited good linearity over the concentration range of 20–5000 ng/mL for bromotetrandrine in rat plasma with a lower limit of quantification of 20 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were 2.8–7.5% and 3.2–8.1%, and the intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy ranged from −4.8 to 8.2% and −5.6 to 6.2%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after a single oral administration to SD rats with bromotetrandrine of 50 mg/kg. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failing to ponder? delusion‐prone individuals rush to conclusions
Authors: White Lars O. , Mansell Warren
Published: March 2009

Jumping to conclusions (JTC) has been proposed as an aetiological factor involved in the formation of delusions from the earliest stages. A number of researchers have thus shifted their focus to include the study of subclinical populations. Expanding on these studies, 17 delusion‐prone and 22 control students completed four versions of the beads‐in‐a‐jar paradigm (including multiple jar variants) to test recent claims regarding JTC's specificity to less ambiguous paradigms with a limited number of jars. Additional measures were administered to tease out a potential mechanism underlying JTC. The delusion‐prone group showed a higher JTC bias which proved relatively robust across variants. Task performance was related to degree of self‐reported rushing. It is concluded that delusion‐prone individuals exhibit JTC, even when confronted with more ambiguous scenarios, potentially as a consequence of feeling rushed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape reconstruction of an inverse boundary value problem of two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Yan Wenjing , He Yaling , Ma Yichen
Published: March 2009

This paper is concerned with the problem of the shape reconstruction of two‐dimensional flows governed by the Navier–Stokes equations. Our objective is to derive a regularized Gauss–Newton method using the corresponding operator equation in which the unknown is the geometric domain. The theoretical foundation for the Gauss–Newton method is given by establishing the differentiability of the initial boundary value problem with respect to the boundary curve in the sense of a domain derivative. The numerical examples show that our theory is useful for practical purpose and the proposed algorithm is feasible. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5‐Lipoxygenase‐inhibitory constituents from Schizandra fructus and Magnolia flos
Authors: Lim Hyun , Son Kun Ho , Bae Ki Hwan , Hung Tran Manh , Kim Yeong Shik , Kim Hyun Pyo
Published: March 2009

In order to establish the antiallergic properties of Schisandra fructus and Magnolia flos, several compounds isolated from these plants were tested for 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) inhibitory activity in vitro, for the first time. The compounds including schizandrins, schisandrols, gomisins, fargesin, eudesmin and lirioresinol B dimethyl ether, inhibited 5‐LOX‐catalysed leukotriene production from A23187‐treated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL‐1) cells at concentrations of 1–100 µm. In particular, constituents such as schisandrol A and gomisins showed potent inhibitory activity (IC50s < 10 µm) on 5‐LOX‐catalysed leukotriene production, but were much less active on cyclooxygenase‐2‐catalysed prostaglandin E2 and inducible nitric oxide‐catalysed NO production. These compounds have the potential to be developed as novel antiallergic agents and may contribute to the antiallergic pharmacological use of these plant materials in Chinese medicine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective antileishmania activity of 13,28‐epoxy‐oleanane and related triterpene saponins from the plant families Myrsinaceae, Primulaceae, Aceraceae and Icacinaceae
Authors: Vermeersch Marieke , Foubert Kenn , Luz Raquel Inocêncio da , Puyvelde Luc Van , Pieters Luc , Cos Paul , Maes Louis
Published: March 2009

Maesa saponins with the 13,28‐epoxy‐oleanane triterpene core skeleton were described recently to possess strong and selective in vitro and in vivo antileishmania activity. In the absence of direct chemical derivatization possibilities, a structure‐based literature search was carried out to explore a structure‐activity relationship. Crude alcohol extracts from several plant species of Myrsinaceae, Primulaceae, Aceraceae and Icacinaceae were evaluated for in vitro activity against Leishmania infantum intracellular amastigotes and cytotoxicity on MRC‐5SV2 cells, while the saponin content was evaluated qualitatively by TLC. A clear correlation was found between the presence of close analogue 13,28‐epoxy‐oleanane triterpene saponins and potent and selective antileishmania activity. This was most striking in Maesa species, except for M. macrosepala. Interesting activities were also found in extracts that did not exactly match the TLC characteristics of the Maesa saponin references, as was the case for Ardisia angusta, A. amherstiana, A. caudata, A. gigantifolia, A. roseiflora, Myrsine affinis, Acer brevipes and A. laurinum var. petelotii. This study indicates that the 13,28‐epoxy‐oleanane triterpene moiety is essential for selective antileishmania potential and that several other plant species could still be explored for antileishmania drug discovery. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between early suicide behaviors and mental health: Results from a nine‐year panel study
Authors: MacDonald Ryan , Taylor John , Clarke Diana
Published: March 2009

This paper employs community‐level data to examine the relationship between suicide behaviors, measured at age eleven, and two mental health outcomes assessed nine‐years later. Specifically, we assess the role and significance of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in substance dependence and depressive symptomatology. We evaluate these linkages in the context of two hypothesized mediators: exposure to social stress and T‐1 depressive symptoms. Results indicate suicide ideation and attempts are significant predictors of later mental health problems. However, controlling for T‐1 depression and stress exposure explains away the relationship between suicide attempts and later mental health. In contrast, suicide ideation remained a robust predictor of depression and drug dependence. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Upregulation of the CD40–CD40 ligand system in pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Lukanov Tzvetan Hristoforov , Bojinova Svetla Ivanova , Emin Alkan Levha , Veleva Galina Lubomirova , Popova Vanya Slavcheva , Konova Emiliana Ilieva
Published: March 2009

Objective

To investigate the CD40–CD40 ligand (CD40L) system in women with pre‐eclampsia.

Methods

Expression of CD40 on monocytes and expression of CD40 and CD40L on platelets were determined by whole blood flow cytometry in 23 women with pre‐eclampsia and in 23 normotensive pregnant women. Serum levels of soluble CD40L in both groups of women were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

There was a significantly higher expression of CD40 and CD40L on platelets and CD40 on monocytes in the women with pre‐eclampsia compared with normotensive pregnant women (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). The serum concentration of soluble CD40L was significantly higher in women with pre‐eclampsia compared with normotensive pregnant women (P = 0.012).

Conclusion

Pre‐eclampsia is associated with activation of the CD40–CD40L system. The activation of this system may contribute to the development or maintenance of the proinflammatory and prothrombotic responses, increased cytokine production, and endothelial cell dysfunction found in pre‐eclampsia.
Chromosomal changes in sporadic and familial head and neck paragangliomas
Authors: Sevilla María A. , Hermsen Mario A. , Weiss Marjan M. , Grimbergen Anneliese , Balbín Milagros , Llorente José Luis , Rodrigo Juan Pablo , Suárez Carlos
Published: March 2009

Objective

Paragangliomas (PGLs) of the head and neck are benign neoplasms derived from the autonomic nervous system. Familial PGLs have been associated with germline mutations in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes, and occasionally in Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) and RET. The aim of this study was to compare somatic DNA copy number changes in tumors of familial and sporadic origin.

Material and Methods

Eight familial and 16 sporadic patients were analyzed for germline mutations and exon deletions in SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, VHL, and RET by direct sequencing and MLPA. Microarray CGH analysis was applied to map genome‐wide somatic copy number changes.

Results

Fifteen cases carried a germline mutation in SDHB or SDHD, four of which not described before. Microarray CGH detected abnormalities in 10 of 18 cases, most frequently concerning deletions at 1p, 1q, and 11q, the sites where SDH are located. However, these deletions occurred in both SDH mutation–positive and SDH mutation–negative cases.

Conclusions

These data suggest that inactivating germline SDH mutations and somatic deletions of SDH genes as a “second hit” are involved in a subset, but not in all PGLs. Additional genes and mechanisms may need to be studied, especially in the group of sporadic PGL showing no chromosomal aberrations.
Effectiveness of honey on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms
Authors: Alandejani Talal , Marsan Joseph , Ferris Wendy , Slinger Robert , Chan Frank
Published: March 2009

Objectives

Biofilms formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) have been shown to be an important factor in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). As well, honey has been used as an effective topical antimicrobial agent for years. Our objective is to determine the in vitro effect of honey against biofilms produced by PA and SA.

Study Design

In vitro testing of honey against bacterial biofilms.

Methods

We used a previously established biofilm model to assess antibacterial activity of honey against 11 methicillin‐susceptible SA (MSSA), 11 methicillin‐resistant SA (MRSA), and 11 PA isolates. Honeys were tested against both planktonic and biofilm‐grown bacteria.

Results

Honey was effective in killing 100 percent of the isolates in the planktonic form. The bactericidal rates for the Sidr and Manuka honeys against MSSA, MRSA, and PA biofilms were 63‐82 percent, 73‐63 percent, and 91‐91 percent, respectively. These rates were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those seen with single antibiotics commonly used against SA.

Conclusion

Honey, which is a natural, nontoxic, and inexpensive product, is effective in killing SA and PA bacterial biofilms. This intriguing observation may have important clinical implications and could lead to a new approach for treating refractory CRS.
Hoarseness in children with cleft palate
Authors: Hamming Katherine K. , Finkelstein Marsha , Sidman James D.
Published: March 2009

Objective

Determine the rate of hoarseness in children with cleft palate (CP). Understand the relationship between velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and hoarseness in children with CP.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Subjects and Methods

Retrospective chart review of 185 patients with CP treated by a Children's Hospital Cleft Team and born between 1991 and 2001.

Results

Of total patients, 54.1 percent were male and 45.9 percent female. All types of CP were represented. The overall rate of hoarseness was 20.0 percent at age 3‐4 and 18.4 percent at age 6‐7. The presence of VPI did not correlate with the presence of hoarseness or dysphonia. VPI decreased when comparing age 3‐4 (58.4%) with age 6‐7 (30.2%,P< 0.001), but the hoarseness rates did not change, 20.8 percent at age 3‐4 and 19.5 percent at age 6‐7 (P= 0.56).

Conclusion

Patients with CP are thought to have increased risk of voice disturbances due to compensatory articulation mechanisms used when a patient has VPI. However, this study of 185 patients with CP showed no relationship between VPI and hoarseness. The overall rate of hoarseness of this population with CP was within the reported range for the normal population of children. These findings suggest that the theory that VPI causes hoarseness due to compensatory speech mechanisms may be incorrect.
ATTACHED PRIMES OF THE TOP GENERALIZED LOCAL COHOMOLOGY MODULES
Authors: GU YAN , CHU LIZHONG
Published: March 2009

Let (R,𝔪) be a commutative Noetherian local ring, letIbe an ideal ofRand letMandNbe finitely generatedR-modules. Assume that$\mathrm {pd} (M)=d\lt \infty $,$\dim N=n\lt \infty $. First, we give the formula for the attached primes of the top generalized local cohomology moduleHId+n(M,N); later, we prove that if Att(HId+n(M,N))=Att(HJd+n(M,N)), thenHId+n(M,N)=HJd+n(M,N).
FUNCTIONAL CALCULUS EXTENSIONS ON DUAL SPACES
Authors: TERAUDS VENTA
Published: March 2009

In this note, we show that if a Banach space X has a predual, then every bounded linear operator on X with a continuous functional calculus admits a bounded Borel functional calculus. A consequence of this result is that on such a Banach space, the classes of finitely spectral and prespectral operators coincide. We also apply our theorem to give some sufficient conditions for an operator with an absolutely continuous functional calculus to admit a bounded Borel one.
ON SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS WITH INDEFINITE NONLINEARITIES
Authors: LONG JING , YANG JIANFU
Published: March 2009

In this paper we consider the problem of finding standing waves – solutions to nonlinear Schrödinger equations with vanishing potential and sign-changing nonlinearities. This involves searching for solutions of the problem (1)We show that the problem has a solution, and the maximum point of the solution is concentrated on a minimum point of some function as ε→0.
The relationship of grain filling with abscisic acid and ethylene under non-flooded mulching cultivation
Authors: ZHANG Z. C. , XUE Y. G. , WANG Z. Q. , YANG J. C. , ZHANG J. H.
Published: March 2009

Grain filling is an intensive transportation process regulated by plant hormones. The present study investigated whether and how the interaction between abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene is involved in mediating the grain filling of rice (Oryza sativaL.) under non-flooded mulching cultivation. A field experiment repeated over 2 years was conducted with two high-yielding rice cultivars, Zhendao 88 (ajaponicacultivar) and Shanyou 63 (anindicahybrid cultivar), and four cultivation treatments were imposed from transplanting to maturity: traditional flooding as control (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM) or non-flooded no mulching (NM). Compared with that under TF, grain yield was reduced by 21·0–23·1% under PM (P<0·05), 1·4–1·8% under SM (P>0·05) and 50·9–55·4% under NM (P<0·05). Both PM and NM significantly (P<0·05) reduced the proportion of filled grains and grain weight and were associated with decreased grain filling rates. In SM there was a significant increase in the grain filling rate. The concentration of ABA in the grains was very low at the early grain filling stage, reaching a maximum when the grain filling rate was the highest, and showed no significant differences (P>0·05) between TF, PM and SM. However, it was significantly higher in NM. In contrast to ABA, the ethylene evolution rate and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration in the grains were very high at the start of grain filling and sharply decreased during the active grain filling period. Both PM and NM increased the ethylene evolution rate and ACC concentration, whereas these were reduced in SM. The ratio of ABA to ACC was increased under SM but decreased under PM and NM, indicating that ethylene was more enhanced than ABA when plants were grown under NM and PM. The concentration of ABA correlated with the grain filling rate as a hyperbolic curve, whereas the ethylene evolution rate correlated with the grain filling rate as an exponential decay equation. The ratio of ABA to ACC significantly correlated with the grain filling rate with a linear relationship. Application of amino-ethoxyvinylglycine (inhibitor of ethylene synthesis by inhibiting ACC synthase) or ABA to panicles under TF and PM at the early grain filling stage significantly increased activities of the key enzymes involved in sucrose to starch conversion in the grains, sucrose synthase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, grain filling rate and grain weight. Application of ethephon (ethylene-releasing agent) or fluridone (inhibitor of ABA synthesis) had the opposite effect. The results suggest that antagonistic interactions between ABA and ethylene may be involved in mediating the effect of non-flooded mulching cultivation on grain filling, and a high ratio of ABA to ethylene enhances grain filling rate.
Torah Observance and Radicalization in the First Gospel. Matthew and First-Century Judaism: A Contribution to the Debate
Authors: Cuvillier Élian
Published: March 2009

L'article analyse la tension, repérable dans quelques passages du premier Évangile, entre l'obéissance aux commandements se situant à l'intérieur du cadre donné par la Loi, et la radicalisation à laquelle invite le Jésus matthéen. L'enquête débute par une exégèse détaillée de Mt 5, 17–20. Dans un second temps, elle s'intéresse à trois épisodes où la tension entre obéissance et radicalisation est apparente: les antithèses du Sermon sur la Montagne (5, 17–48); la controverse sur le divorce (19, 1–9); l’épisode du jeune homme riche (19, 16–22). Dans une troisième partie, l'interrogation porte sur la cohérence des passages analysés avec la déclaration de Jésus en Mt 23, 2–3. Il résulte de l'enquête le constat que le référent du premier Évangile s'est déplacé: la colonne vertébrale structurant la théologie de Matthieu—et donc son identité religieuse—n'est plus prioritairement la Loi et l'obéissance aux commandements, mais le Messie et son enseignement.
A scanning electron microscope study on the route of entry of triclabendazole into the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica
Authors: TONER E. , McCONVERY F. , BRENNAN G. P. , MEANEY M. , FAIRWEATHER I.
Published: March 2009

Studies have been carried out to establish the relative importance of oral and trans-tegumental uptake of triclabendazole by the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica. Experiments were designed to block either oral uptake of drug, by use of ligatures, or trans-tegumental diffusion, by allowing the drug to bind to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the medium. Changes to the surface morphology of the tegument and gut were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Flukes were incubatedin vitrofor 24 h in TCBZ.SO at a concentration of 15 μg/ml. Tegumental disruption in ligatured and non-ligatured flukes was similar, suggesting that closing the oral route did not affect drug uptake. The gut remained unaffected by drug treatment. When BSA (30 mg/ml) was present in the medium, there was a marked decline in the level of tegumental disruption. Again, the gut retained a normal morphology. Non-ligatured flukes were also incubated for 24 hin vitroin TCBZ.SO (15 μg/ml) in the presence of red blood cells. Oral ingestion of blood was demonstrated, although the gut surface retained a normal morphology. In contrast, the tegumental surface was severely affected by the drug. The findings support previous pharmacological studies which suggest that trans-tegumental uptake of triclabendazole predominates in the liver fluke.
Welsh and English in the city of Bangor: A study in functional differentiation
Authors: Lindsay Cora F.
Published: March 2009

This article considers the ways in which the Welsh and English languages are currently used in Bangor, a cathedral and university city in North Wales. The two languages carry different kinds of authority in different contexts and are acquired in different ways by children from different backgrounds. Some religious institutions have a clear commitment to one language, but others practice various forms of bilingualism. The relationship between the two languages in education and the other public services is partially determined by consciously formulated language policies but is less consistent than some official statements might suggest. The patterns of usage in commercial and domestic life are even more various and frequently involve complex forms of code-switching. (Welsh, English, Wales, bilingualism)
Language use in peer review texts
Authors: He Agnes Weiyun
Published: March 2009

Applying the functional approach to language developed by Halliday and Hasan, this study delineates the criterial and characteristic features of language used in 13 peer review letters from a graduate seminar by native speakers of English, with an average length of 300–350 words. Examining discourse goals, global text structure, obligatory and optional elements, sequence and co-occurrence of discourse elements, verb types, modalized directives, and lexical choice, this article demonstrates that peer review texts are shaped by the institutional and situational contexts within which they are embedded, and at the same time contribute to these contexts. (Genre studies, interactive discourse analysis, written communication, systemic linguistics, peer review, classroom discourse)
Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts
Authors: Lippi-Green Rosina
Published: March 2009

Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act clearly forbids an employer to discriminate against persons of color for reasons of personal or customer preference. Similarly, a qualified job applicant may not be rejected on the basis of linguistic traits linked to national origin. In contrast to racial discrimination, however, an employer has considerable latitude in matters of language, provided in part by a judicial system which recognizesin theorythe link between language and social identity, but in practice is often confounded by blind adherence to a standard language ideology. The nature and repercussions of this type of linguistic discrimination are here explored. (Language and law, accent, discrimination, standard language ideology, critical language studies)
Sounds pretty ethnic, eh?: A pragmatic particle in New Zealand English
Authors: Meyerhoff Miriam
Published: March 2009

A social dialect survey of a working-class suburb in New Zealand provides evidence thateh, a tag particle that is much stereotyped but evaluated negatively in NZ English, may persist in casual speech because it plays an important role as a positive politeness marker. It is used noticeably more by Maori men than by Maori women or Pakehas (British/European New Zealanders), and may function as an in-group signal of ethnic identity for these speakers. Young Pakeha women, though, seem to be the next highest users ofeh. It is unlikely that they are using it to signal in-group identity in the same way; instead, it is possible that they are responding to its interpersonal and affiliative functions for Maori men, and are adopting it as a new facet in their repertoire of positive politeness markers. (Gender, ethnicity, politeness, New Zealand English, intergroup and interpersonal communication)
Female–male differences in conversational interaction
Authors: Hirschman Lynette
Published: March 2009

This article describes a preliminary experiment looking at possible differences in how females and males interact in conversation. The article analyzes data from an experiment where two females and two males talked to each other in all possible pairs; a total of 60 minutes of conversation (six dyads) was transcribed. The goal was to isolate quantifiable entities related to controlling or directing the conversation. We looked at issues such as who talked how much, how fluently or confidently – and how the two people in the conversation interacted in terms of interruptions and indications of support, agreement, or disagreement. The findings from such a small sample are only relevant to suggest hypotheses for further research. However, we noticed a number of interesting differences: the female speakers used more 1st person pronouns and fewer 3rd person references than the male speakers; the female speakers usedmm hmmat a much higher frequency than the male speakers; the female speakers also interrupted each other more; and the female/female conversation seemed more fluent than the other conversations, as measured by number of disfluencies and number of affirmative transitions upon speaker change. All of these differences suggest that this area is a fruitful one for further investigation. (Conversational analysis, gender differences)
Hawai'i Creole English as a literary language
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: March 2009

This article deals with the use of Hawai'i Creole English (HCE) as a written language in a literary or poetic function. It is argued that HCE's lack of what Kloss 1967 callsAbstand‘autonomy, distance’ presents certain technical problems for writers, and acts as a barrier to furtherAusbau(also Kloss's term, ‘elaboration’) in the literary domain, particularly in the novel. Because it has no writing system of its own, HCE is represented as if it were a deviant or non-standard variety of English. In other words, HCE is forced to be a literarydialectrather than a literarylanguage. Some practical problems connected with the elaboration process are examined, such as standardization and related theoretical issues associated with narrative technique. The article concludes by considering the likelihood of successful resolution of these problems within the current political situation in the Hawaiian Islands. (Hawai'i, pidgin, creole, minority language, standardization,Abstand,Ausbau, orthography, literature, narrative, genre)
Plagiarism and ideology: Identity in intercultural discourse
Authors: Scollon Ron
Published: March 2009

The concept of plagiarism, as used both in considerations of academic writing and in international negotiations over intellectual copyright, assumes a model of communication based on autonomous, rational, individuals who behave as originators of their own discourses. But studies of communication, beginning with Goffman's concepts of production format and footing – and also including the concepts of enactment, social role, face, politeness pragmatics, metaphors of self and communication, and innatist/social concepts of knowledge – indicate that such a unified, autonomous, and original communicative identity presupposes an oversimplified model of communication, centrally based in the ideology of the rational, autonomous individual which has been dominant in Europe since the Enlightenment. The concept of plagiarism masks the assertion of this ideological position. (Plagiarism, ideology, identity, intercultural discourse)
Language choice, social institutions, and symbolic domination
Authors: Heller Monica
Published: March 2009

The study of language choice and code-switching can illuminate the ways in which, through language, social institutions with ethnolinguistically diverse staff and clients exercise symbolic domination. Using the example of French-language minority education in Ontario (Canada), this article examines the ways in which ethnic and institutional relations of power overlap or crosscut, forming constraints which have paradoxical effects. In an analysis of two classrooms, it is shown how an ideology of institutional monolingualism is supported or undermined by program structure, curriculum content, and the social organization of turn-taking, and how individuals use language choices and code-switching to collaborate with or resist these arrangements. The effect of these processes is to contain paradoxes and to produce new relations of power within the school. (Symbolic domination, choice of language, code-switching, French/English language contact, social institutions, Canada)
Variation in a secret creole language of Panama
Authors: Aceto Michael
Published: March 2009

This article describes a secret language called “Gypsy” spoken in an English-derived creole speech community on the Caribbean island of Bastimentos in Panama. Data from this cryptolect are used as a means to examine language variation on the island. This article highlights the fact that a range of English-derived creole varieties exists in Bastimentos, lacking the effects of a lexically related metropolitan variety in the same geographical area. (Creole, cryptolect, Panama, secret language, speech play, variation)
Inventing one's “voice”: The interplay of convention and self-expression in ASL narrative
Authors: Rose Heidi M.
Published: March 2009

Drawing on the work of Jean-François Lyotard and Mikhail Bakhtin, this study analyzes personal narratives created and performed in American Sign Language (ASL) by three Deaf college students. These narratives can be viewed as “boundary phenomena” in that they reflect themes common to the Deaf oral tradition, yet were deliberately poetically created, extensively rehearsed and publicly performed, based on fact, and created with a specific rhetorical purpose. The texts are examined for literary features and themes, as well as for the key elements of performance and social-cultural context. Discussion centers on the ways in which students' individual styles emerged from exposure to the thematic and stylistic techniques of professional Deaf artists. (American Sign Language, personal narrative, narrative pragmatics, speech genres, intertextuality)
Heckling in Hyde Park: Verbal audience participation in popular public discourse
Authors: McIlvenny Paul
Published: March 2009

Speakers' Corner is a multicultural setting in a London park at which the general public can actively participate in popular debate. A successful “soap-box” orator should attract and keep an audience, elicit support from the crowd, and gain applause; indeed, a mastery of the crowd, the discourse, and the message is highly valued. However, although talk resources are deployed sensitively by speakers to elicit group affiliation and response, they are also exploitable by hecklers as resources for launching heckles and disaffiliative responses. Audiences at Speakers' Corner are not passive receivers of rhetorical messages; they are active negotiators of interpretations and alignments that may support, resist, or conflict with the speaker's and other audience members' orientations to prior talk. Using transcribed examples of video data recorded at Speakers' Corner, the timing, format, and sequential organization of heckling are described and analyzed with the tools and methods of conversation analysis. (Conversation analysis, audience response, popular public discourse, political speech, heckle)
Context-sensitivity in conversation: Eye gaze and the German repair initiatorbitte?
Authors: Egbert Maria M.
Published: March 2009

Just as turn-taking has been found to be both context-free and context-sensitive (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974), the organization of repair is also shown here to be both context-free and context-sensitive. In a comparison of American and German conversation, repair can be shown to be context-free in that, basically, the same mechanism can be found across these two languages. However, repair is also sensitive to the linguistic inventory of a given language; in German, morphological marking, syntactic constraints, and grammatical congruity across turns are used as interactional resources. In addition, repair is sensitive to certain characteristics of social situations. The selection of a particular repair initiator, Germanbitte?‘pardon?’, indexes that there is no mutual gaze between interlocutors; i.e., there is no common course of action. The selection ofbitte?not only initiates repair; it also spurs establishment of mutual gaze, and thus displays that there is attention to a common focus. (Conversation analysis, context, cross-linguistic analysis, repair, gaze, telephone conversation, co-present interaction, grammar and interaction)
Twice-told tales: Collaborative narration of familiar stories
Authors: Norrick Neal R.
Published: March 2009

Consideration of twice-told tales, of narrative events built around stories already familiar to the participants, offers a special perspective on conversational storytelling, because it emphasizes aspects of narration which lie beyond information exchange, problem-solving etc. This article seeks to show that the retelling of familiar stories has at least three functions: (a) fostering group rapport, (b) ratifying group membership, and (c) conveying group values. It is shown that familiar stories exhibit characteristic structures, conditions on tellability, and participation rights. Such stories are prefaced so as to justify their retelling on the basis of the opportunity they offer for co-narration, and this in turn allows participants to modulate rapport and demonstrate group membership. (Discourse analysis, conversation, storytelling, narrative, co-narration)
Sinhala diglossia: Discrete or continuous variation?
Authors: Paolillo John C.
Published: March 2009

Sociolinguists disagree on how to characterize diglossia with respect to the structural relatedness of the H(igh) and L(ow) varieties: Ferguson 1959, 1991 holds that H and L should be distinct but related varieties of language, while others maintain that a continuum model is more appropriate. Both discrete models (Gair 1968, 1992) and continuum models (De Silva 1974, 1979) have been proposed for Sinhala, as spoken in Sri Lanka. In this article, I employ a computer-generated multidimensional graph of relations between varieties of Sinhala to show that the distribution of H and L grammatical features in a sample of naturally occurring texts supports the discrete H and L model more than the continuum model. A rigorous characterization of diglossia as a distinct type of language situation is proposed, based on the notion “functional diasystem.” (Diglossia, Sinhala, Sri Lanka, diasystem, hybridization, continuum, South Asia, standardization)
The United States and the Burgenland, 1918–1920
Authors: Berlin Jon D.
Published: March 2009

Among the many delimitations determined by the Paris Peace Conference was the rectification of theAusgleichfrontier of 1867 between Austria and Hungary. Article 27, paragraph 5, of the Treaties of St. Germain and Trianon detached from the former Kingdom of Hungary the German-speaking western districts of the Hungarian Counties of Moson (Wieselburg), Sopron (Ödenburg), and Vas (Eisenburg). This region, then known as German West Hungary and subsequently as the Burgenland, had been the object of dispute between Austria and Hungary in the immediate postwar years. In the interval between the collapse of the Dual Monarchy in the autumn of 1918 and the Treaty of Trianon in June, 1920, the reactions of American representatives in Central Europe varied from advocation of the union of West Hungary with Austria to admonitions that the proposal was a serious miscalculation because the will of the inhabitants had not been ascertained and because historic and economic principles had been given only cursory consideration. In short, American observations mirrored the incertitude surrounding the West Hungarian controversy.
Court and Cottage: The Public Image of Maria Theresa's Government During the Transdanubian Unrest, 1765–1767
Authors: Gates Rebecca
Published: March 2009

During the years 1765–1767, there was serious peasant unrest in Transdanubian Hungary, a region where large estates owned by a few prominent families such as the Esterházy, Batthány, and Festetics were prevalent. Especially in Vas, Zala, and Somogy counties, located in western Hungary across the border from Styria, peasant inhabitants protested the growing demands for services and other payments placed upon them by landlords eager to increase the income produced by their lands. No uniform standards existed; both the size of peasant land holdings and the obligations attached to these holdings varied markedly, determined by various contracts or, more often, by custom.
The Anatomy of a Colonization Frontier: The Banat of Temešvar
Authors: Thomas Colin
Published: March 2009

If, as Meinig has suggested, the essential significance of colonization is that it produces a radical change and a totally new geography, there can be few regions in Europe which illustrate the process more vividly than the middle Danube plains, lying astride the modern borders of Hungary, Yugoslavia and Romania. Over four centuries the varied strategic and economic potentials of these countries have been viewed by successive individuals and state administrations from different standpoints with the result that each, whether peasant or feudal magnate, imperial official or socialist planner, has left his interpretation as one of a series of veneers or imprints on earlier cultural strata. Historically, the primary guiding consideration in formation of policy was strategic, as has generally been the case; yet beneath this politico-administrative structural level were numerous economic and social frameworks of action which in many ways achieved more enduring tangible expression in community and landscape alike. Within the concept of these two organizational levels, this paper will trace the emergence of the region from sparsely settled wilderness to dynamic multi-national agrarian complex in the period from the early sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century.
The Vienna Academy as an Instrument of Habsburg Foreign and Domestic Policy During the Napoleonic Era
Authors: Howard Seymour
Published: March 2009

The development of national academies of art richly served the interests of both artists and politicians. They found not only personal and group identity but prestige, support, self-advertisement, and advancement in these institutions, dedicated to promoting the arts, useful industry, and the general welfare. During the early modern rise of nationalism, such benefits contributed to the rapid growth and proliferation of state academies of art, many of which had begun in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as casual associations of artists interested in working to elevate their profession.
Austria as a Region of German Culture: 1900–1938
Authors: Luft David S.
Published: March 2009

This Essay Attempts to contribute to our understanding of the intellectual and cultural history of Central Europe by making explicit a variety of themes that haunt discourse about Austrian culture and by making some suggestions about periodizing the relationship between Austria and German culture. I originally developed these thoughts on Austria as a region of German culture for a conference in 1983 at the Center for Austrian Studies on regions and regionalism in Austria. Although the political institutions of Central Europe have undergone a revolution since then, the question of Austria's relationship to German culture still holds its importance for the historian-and for contemporary Austrians as well. The German culture I have in mind here is not thekleindeutschnational culture of Bismarck's Reich, but rather the realm that was once constituted by the German-speaking lands of the Holy Roman Empire. This geographical space in Central Europe suggests a more ideal realm of the spirit, for which language is our best point of reference and which corresponds to no merely temporal state.
The Later Habsburg Concept of Statecraft
Authors: Jenks William A.
Published: March 2009

The historian of the seventeenth century who bewails the absence of a creditable biography of Louis XIV or of William III underlines a significant development of historical writing in the twentieth century. Overpowered by those who deny that biography can be history and convinced that the masses have never secured their due share of attention in early modern times, the scholar uneasily plots an investigation of underground discontent in the gilds of Colbert's day or resolutely pens an essay that destroys once and for all the idea that the workers of France admired Napoleon. Meanwhile, in classes which race from Petrarch to Waterloo, the scholar turned teacher admits that there actually were an age of absolutism and an age of enlightened despotism, for the royal touch is inescapable.