bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental Shift Hypothesis and Preferred Memory Attributes in Elementary School Children
Authors: Hynd George W. , Obrzut John E.
Published: September 2011

Developmental preferences for memory attributes were investigated through an analysis of errors on a word-recognition test for children in grades 2, 4, and 6. 20 male and 20 females participated at each grade level. It was predicted that developmental shifts would occur whereby second graders would demonstrate a preference for orthographic distractors, fourth graders would prefer acoustic distractors, and sixth graders would evidence a preference for the associative-verbal distractors. Posttest comparisons showed that only second graders demonstrated the predicted preference. There were no other significantly preferred attributes according to grade level or sex. These findings offer limited support to the developmental shift hypothesis. Children, rather than shifting from one preferred attribute of memory to another in an orderly fashion as has been suggested, may progress through alternating stages where a number of attributes are prominant in recall to periods of development where a definite preference exists.
Handedness and Locus of Control
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Groups of 15 left-, 15 mixed-, and 39 right-handers were tested with Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Contrary to prediction, it was found that both left- and right-handers scored significantly higher, i.e., were more externally controlled, than mixed-handers. Primarily these data suggest a complex relationship between handedness and personality and they serve to reinforce the need to include mixed-handers in research on handedness.
Memory-for-Designs, Bender-Gestalt, Trail Making Test, and Wisc-R Performance of Retarded and Adequate Readers
Authors: McManis Donald L. , Figley Craig , Richert Marc , Fabre Ted
Published: September 2011

12 reading-disabled and 12 nondisabled boys, of average intellectual ability, in Grades 3 to 6 were compared on the Memory-For-Designs, Bender-Gestalt, Trail Making Test, and the 11 WISC-R subtests. Analysis of covariance showed that the reading groups were not significantly different on the Memory-For-Designs, the Bender-Gestalt, or Trail Making Test Part A, but that disabled readers scored significantly worse on Trail Making Test Part B and A + B ( ps < .005). Chi-square analyses of ratings for perceptual dysfunction of the two groups on these three tests similarly showed that only Trail Making Part B and A + B differentiated between the groups in the predicted direction ( ps < .05). Analysis of variance of the WISC-R subtests for the two groups showed significantly lower performance by disabled than nondisabled readers on all verbal subtests but only on Coding among the performance subtests ( ps < .05). Within group comparisons showed a cluster of three significantly low subtests (Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Coding) for the retarded readers. Rather than having perceptual dysfunction, the retarded readers displayed short-term memory deficits and difficulties in utilizing encoded information to guide sequential motor responses.
Suppression of Visual Observing by Rhesus Monkeys Produced by Conditioned Aversive Visual Stimuli
Authors: Kremer Mary Elizabeth , Napierala Joseph S. , Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Nine rhesus monkeys were tested in a visual observing situation to determine the influence of conditioned aversive visual stimulation. A set of meaningless visual stimuli was selected on the basis of cumulative frequency and cumulative duration of observing during a pretest phase of the experiment. Three subsets of stimuli (low, medium, high) were formed indicating level of observing during pretesting. A portion of the “medium” category of slides then served as conditioned stimuli in a classical conditioning procedure by being paired with electric shock. Following conditioning the entire set of stimuli was again presented in a visual observing situation. The results showed a significant decrease in both frequency and duration of observing of the slides with conditioned aversive qualities, relative to non-shock control slides. These findings support an aversion-produced suppression of observing relatively unconfounded by methodological, procedural, and other differences existing among previous reports on the role of fear or anxiety in this context.
Creative Thinking and Interests of Eleven-And Twelve-Year-Olds
Authors: Wagner Carol A.
Published: September 2011

Scores on What I Like To Do were not shown practical for predicting creative thinking in 100 11- and 12-year-olds from low-income backgrounds. Interests did account for a significant proportion of the variance (36%) in common with Torrance's total creative thinking score in the 50 girls. Suggestions for research are offered.
Physiognomic Perception and Educational-Vocational Preference
Authors: Ormont Ronda J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether physiognomic perception influenced community college students' selection of a variety of educational-vocational goals. Physiognomic perception, a cognitive style dimension through which people imbue objects with varying degrees of affect, was measured by a standardized and validated instrument known as the Stein Physiognomic Cue Test. The subjects were 183 community college students classified according to their stated choice of major field on a brief questionnaire. The hypothesis that students selecting various major fields of study would differ as a function of physiognomic tendencies was supported. The expectation that females would have greater physiognomic tendencies than males was not confirmed for the present sample.
Locus of Control and Cardiac Response to Reaction Time, Mental Arithmetic, and Time-Estimation Tasks
Authors: Runcie Dennis , Graham John S. , Shelton Mary L.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. 1 subjects, classified on the basis of locus of control scores, performed both reaction time and mental arithmetic tasks. In Exp. 2, similarly classified subjects were required to estimate the duration of a signal with feedback following each trial. Between-groups comparisons in Exp. 1 showed no differences on heart rate or performance measures. This does not support an explanation of differential heart rates during cardiac conditioning based upon cognitive styles of “rejecting” or “accepting” stimuli. Similar comparisons in Exp. 2 indicated significant differences for heart rate and proficiency in time estimation. These differences suggest greater task involvement for internally controlled subjects on feedback tasks, with cardiac acceleration a function of that involvement.
Decline of Immediate Recall with Age
Authors: Flowers Charles R. , Darley Frederic L.
Published: September 2011

Three hypotheses regarding decline of immediate recall with age were tested: (1) that chunking or receding efficiency declines with age, (2) that immediate recall declines more rapidly with age as the input sequence is lengthened, and (3) that order errors in recall increase with age because of slowness in identifying individual items as they are presented. The subjects (62 men, 106 women) were asked to recall word-pair strings that varied in length (2, 4, 6, and 8 words) and in type (associated and unassociated word pairs). Results indicated that chunking efficiency declines with age, and that immediate recall of 8-item word-strings declines more rapidly with age than does immediate recall of 6-item strings. Group differences with regard to order errors did not indicate a consistent increase of order errors with age.
Lateral Response to Suggestion in Relation to Handedness
Authors: Fleminger J. J. , Dalton R. , Hsu G.
Published: September 2011

Lateralization of response to the suggestion of a sensation was recorded in 100 psychiatric patients and related to their handedness. Responses showed no over-all preponderance to right or left side. There was, however, a significant association between side of response and handedness.
Scientific Citation: Two Perspectives
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

The frequency with which Soviet authors cite Soviet, non-Soviet, and American authors in papers appearing in the leading Soviet psychological journal over a period of 10 years is compared with the frequency of such citations in two American psychological journals. Also presented is an analysis of the areas of psychology from which Soviet authors most frequently draw their American references and a frequency count of the most popular American authors, papers, and books cited by Soviet authors.
Perception of the Etiology of Illness: Causal Attributions in a Heart Patient Population
Authors: Koslowsky Meni , Croog Sydney H. , La Voie Lawrence
Published: September 2011

This study examined perceived causes of myocardial infarction in a patient population of 345 men previously free from significant medical problems. Investigation of their perceptions following the life-threatening illness crisis indicated that stress and tension factors were the causes most commonly cited. Possible social and psychological correlates are analyzed using an attribution theory framework, and their implications are discussed.
Handedness and Mental Rotation
Authors: McGee Mark G.
Published: September 2011

Handedness and mental rotation test scores were examined by sex and generation for 801 individuals in 200 families. An orderly relationship between bilateralization of function on the hand preference task and mental rotation test scores was found.
Effects of Relaxation Training on Cursive Handwriting of Fourth Grade Students
Authors: Jackson Karen , Hughes Howard
Published: September 2011

A relaxation method for handwriting improvement was examined. The experimental and no-treatment control groups were composed of 10 students receiving a poor rating on handwriting characteristics and the normal control group of 10 was composed of students receiving average ratings. All three groups received nine trials of writing. Only the experimental group received relaxation training during each trial. The handwriting of the experimental group improved significantly while that of the no-treatment control group remained the same. Although the handwriting of the normal control group also improved significantly, at posttest they were no longer significantly different from the experimental group.
Harmful Effects of Clinical Training upon Students' Personalities
Authors: Layne Christopher
Published: September 2011

Subjects were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory both before and after they participated in 40-hr. workshops. Those ( n = 28) who attended workshops in applied clinical psychology became significantly more introverted relative to those ( n = 28) who attended nonpsychological workshops. Gender exerted no effects and both Neuroticism and Lie were unaffected by any variables. It was concluded that such training in applied clinical psychology causes students to become much more preoccupied with their own thoughts, feelings, and problems.
“It Hurts Red:” A Preliminary Study of Children's Perception of Pain
Authors: Scott Ruth
Published: September 2011

Children's perception of pain was investigated in an exploratory study. Some synaesthetic aspects were examined such as the color of pain, texture, shape, pattern and continuous vs intermittent quality. A projective test was developed using cartoons to illustrate two situations in which children commonly experience pain, a self-administered hammer blow and a doctor-administered needle. Interviews were tape-recorded with 58 children in hospital outpatient clinics and school situations in Kindergarten and Grades 1 through 3 in Licking County, Ohio. Significantly more children perceived the pain of a needle as jagged rather than smooth, and the pain of a hammer blow as a continuous rather than on-and-off pain. A finding of interest is the consistently greater differentiation in synaesthetic perception by the younger group on four of the five variables. Synaesthetic perception may be more characteristic of children in Piaget's preoperational stage (aged 4–6); more cognitively oriented perception may be exhibited by 7- to 9-yr.-old children who approximate the stage of concrete operations.
Maternal Age and Children's Ability
Authors: Zybert Patricia , Stein Zena , Belmont Lillian
Published: September 2011

Associations of maternal age at birth and subsequent intelligence test scores of children were examined in a series of over 1500 young men from the Netherlands. All subjects were members of 2-child families and were resident in Amsterdam at age 19 yr. Possible confounding by birth order, spacing interval, social class and sex of sibling were considered. Significant correlations between maternal age and child's ability remained in three of the four possible birth order/social class combinations.
Simple Auditory Reaction Time in Blind and Sighted Adolescents
Authors: Bernard John
Published: September 2011

This study compared simple auditory reaction times of 20 subjects aged between 11 and 15 yr. ( M = 13), 10 born-blind from the Louis Braille Institut (Montréal) and 10 normal sighted subjects of the same age and sex. Their task was to press a telegraph key as fast as possible after presentation of an auditory stimulus. Each subject executed five blocks of 10 trials; the blocks were separated by a rest period of 1 min. The results showed no significant difference ( p > .05) between born-blind and sighted people of the same sex and chronological age in regard to simple auditory reaction time.
Modality-Specific Effects on Discrimination of Short Empty Time Intervals
Authors: Hocherman Shraga , Ben-Dov Gita
Published: September 2011

The ability of human subjects to judge the duration of short empty time intervals was studied in relation to the modality composition of the marker signals. Ac each trial, a pair of empty intervals was presented by a series of three successive stimuli, and the subject was asked to point out the longer interval of the two. Tone pips and flashes of light were used as the bounding signals. All the possible combinations of auditory and visual stimuli were used, in random order, to delimit pairs of intervals. Performance was found modality-independent when the first two stimuli were of the same modality. Strong response biases were introduced by varying the modality of the first or the second stimulus. Analysis of these biases indicates that memorization of the empty time intervals is affected by the modality of the binding signals.
Response Mechanisms Underlying Kinesthetic Short-Term Memory
Authors: Simmons Roger W. , Cabe John F. Mc
Published: September 2011

The variables of reproduction cue, activity during retention interval, and orientation of the recall movement were manipulated to assess simultaneously the viability of two hypotheses of motor short-term memory. Data partially supported hypotheses as positive response biasing was evident in recall after a filled retention interval (Pepper & Herman, 1970) and that for a given range of movements some adaption to a central reference level occurred (Laabs, 1973).
Size of Home Town as a Factor Affecting Environmental Perception
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

A semantic differential was used by 168 subjects to rate forest, beach, small town, desert, and large city. Four factor scales were produced: evaluation, spiritual, activity, and aesthetic appeal. These scales served as the dependent variables in four analyses of variance in which the independent variables were size of home town and type of environment. The results showed that size of home town significantly affected perceptions of the various environments.
Violence in the Mass Media: A Case of Modelling
Authors: Simon Armando
Published: September 2011

A case study of the modelling effects of the news media in reporting an unusual act of violence is presented. Using the naturalistic unobtrusive methodology, the double assassination attempts on President Gerald Ford in September 1975 resulted in an increase in the number of assassination threats for several months thereafter. The implications were discussed.
Some Observations on Apathetic Operant Responding of Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

Schizophrenics and controls (normals and alcoholics) were compared in terms of their rates of talking (on any topic) and button-press responding when they were instructed to respond in certain ways and when they were reinforced for responding under a fixed ratio (FR) schedule. Subjects were given complete information about response-reinforcement relationships under the FR schedule. The results showed that, when subjects were told to talk at different rates, response rates of the schizophrenics and controls were fairly comparable. Reinforced rates of talking and button-pressing were higher than non-reinforced rates for both the schizophrenics and controls. However, reinforced rates of talking and button-pressing were lower for the schizophrenics compared to the controls. Such apathetic responding by the schizophrenics could not be attributed readily to medication, to a limited capacity for response, to difficulties in understanding the instructions or the contingencies of reinforcement, to the rates of non-reinforced responding, or to the value of the reinforcer (money). It was suggested that the absence of instructions which told the schizophrenics at what rate to respond under the FR schedule may have been a factor.
Perception of Effort during Constant Work to Self-Imposed Exhaustion
Authors: Horstman Donald H. , Morgan William P. , Cymerman Allen , Stokes James
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of change in effort sense and the value of this pattern in predicting work end-point at relatively high work intensity (80% V̇O2 max). The patterns of change of various physiological functions were also observed. Two modes of work (walking and running) were compared to ascertain generalizability of results. 26 healthy male volunteers served as subjects. Time to exhaustion (ET) did not differ between walking and running. As work continued during both tasks, significant increases of V̇E, V̇E/V̇O2, V̇E/V̇CO2 and HR and a significant decrease of ET were observed; while V̇O2 and R remained fairly constant. V̇O2 and V̇E during the run were about 5% greater than during the walk; there were no differences in other measures. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) from the Borg Scale were identical for both conditions, increasing in a near linear fashion from a value of 12.9 at 25% of total work time to 18.9 at exhaustion. Ratings obtained at 25 and 50% ET were extrapolated to time of exhaustion; the point of intercept corresponded to ratings of perceived exertion for maximal work. At exhaustion, subjects rated perception of respiratory exertion for the walk as less than that for the run; perception of leg exertion was not different for the two conditions. Plasma lactate, epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations following exercise did not differ between the two conditions. The findings for the walking experiment were essentially replicated in a second investigation involving another 28 subjects. It is concluded that, with the exception of V̇O2 and some ventilatory parameters, walking and running ar the same relative work intensity resulted in comparable perceptual and physiological responses. Psychophysical judgments made early during work were reasonably accurate predictors of exhaustion time.
Differences between Actual and Predicted Grade Point Averages of Black and White College Students
Authors: Brown Sidney E. , White Anthony J.
Published: September 2011

A University admissions procedure was examined to determine the validity of the predictive grade point average by comparing white students with black students. Subjects were 434 black and 373 white students enrolled over 4 yr. Analysis of variance indicated that black and white students were similar regarding their actual and predicted first quarter grade averages.
Nystagmus Duration Changes of Learning Disabled Children during Sensory Integrative Therapy
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth , Short Margaret Anne , Watson P. J.
Published: September 2011

Sensory integrative therapy was administered to 43 learning disabled children categorized according to their pretherapeutic duration of postrotary nystagmus. The duration then was recorded after relatively short or long treatments. Children displaying initial subnormal nystagmic functioning responded to therapy with increases in duration while others displayed decreases, and these effects were more apparent after long therapy. These data support the claims that learning disabled children can be meaningfully categorized according to their nystagmic responses and that attention to their interoceptive sensory functioning may be of clinical significance.
Perception: An Experiment to Compare “Here and Now” and “There and Then” Perspectives
Authors: Pendse Shripad G.
Published: September 2011

A basic tenet of humanistic psychology is that “here and now” perception is different from and superior to “there and then” perception. This article describes an experimental test of this tenet. The test is based on the close relationship between categorizing and perceiving of stimuli. Data showed that people tend to use fewer categories to sort stimuli when in a “there and then” perspective than in a “here and now” perspective. This outcome is consistent with a theorem of information theory regarding signal to noise ratio and optimal number of categories.
Effect of Different Workloads Varying in Intensity and Duration on Resolution Acuity
Authors: Vlahov Eric
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of participation in physical activity on resolution acuity. In the experiment, 21 undergraduate males participated in exercise sessions with work loads of 300, 700, and 1100 kpm for durations of 3 and 6 min. and a non-exercise control session. Resolution acuity was then determined by finding thresholds of a 20-cpd sinusoid-wave grating using the method of adjustment. A repeated-measures analysis of variance compared the effect of different workloads, intensities, and durations of workloads, and the interaction of intensity and duration on resolution acuity. Significant improvement of resolution acuity was found for all workloads relative to the non-exercise control session, for all other workloads relative to the 300 kpm/3 min. workload, and for the 1100 kpm/6 min. workload relative to the 300 kpm/6 min. and the 700/3 min. workloads. Increases in duration or intensity of exercise significantly improved resolution acuity. There was no significant interaction of the variables of intensity and duration of work on resolution acuity.
On the Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: VII. Coda
Authors: Frank George
Published: September 2011

Although for many decades research has been conducted to ascertain the meaning of responsiveness to the Rorschach test, for a variety of methodological and epistomological reasons, this research has not been too helpful. In what findings regarding responsiveness to the Rorschach blots we can feel confident was highlighted. Some suggestions for research which would help clarify the psychological meaning of responsiveness to the Rorschach stimuli were made.
Prediction of Later Cognitive Behavior from Early School Perceptual-Motor, Perceptual, and Cognitive Performances
Authors: Belka David E. , Williams Harriet G.
Published: September 2011

Multiple regression equations were generated to predict cognitive achievement for 189 young children (ages 57 to 92 mo.) 1 yr. after original administration of a battery of perceptual-motor, perceptual, and cognitive tests. Regression equations generated from maximum R2 improvement techniques indicated that a battery of perceptual and perceptual-motor performances at pre-kindergarten is useful for prediction of cognitive performance 1 yr. later at kindergarten level. This battery included one fine and two gross perceptual-motor tasks, and one visual and two auditory perceptual tasks. Inclusion of original cognitive performances did not improve the optimal prediction equation for this age group. In contrast, cognitive achievement at first grade and, particularly, at second grade levels was best predicted from knowledge of earlier cognitive performances.
Political Perception Dimensions Based on Negative Similarities
Authors: Ekehammar Bo , Sidanius Jim
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to study (a) the relationship between positive and negative similarity estimations for political stimuli and (b) the generality of dimensions of political perception across methods and populations. One sample of 199 high-school students gave estimates of the degree of positive similarity between all pairs of 8 Swedish political parties on an 11-step scale. Another sample of 148 high-school students provided the same type of data with the exception that they were also allowed to express negative similarities when the stimuli were perceived as opposite to each other. Contrary to the results from a previous study, the relationship between positive and negative similarities was linear, and the similarity distributions did not differ as expected. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are discussed. In accordance with expectations, the multidimensional scaling solution based on negative similarities was more parsimonious. Dimensions obtained were the same as those in an earlier study, which supports the generalizability of these dimensions of political perception.
Oculomotor Programming Disturbances in the Dementia Syndrome
Authors: Hutton J. Thomas , Johnston Cris W. , Shapiro Irving , Pirozzolo Francis J.
Published: September 2011

Three types of oculomotor programming disturbances are described in patients with the dementia syndrome. This report describes two of these abnormalities, poorly regulated gaze patterns and a programming type of gaze perseveration. All patients showed poorly regulated gaze patterns in contrast to the normal controls, whereas on the whole only the moderately affected patients showed the programming type of gaze perseveration. The third type of oculomotor programming disturbance is efferent perseveration of gaze (a hypokinetic, “staring” type of gaze pattern) and can be seen with severe dementia. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Personality Characteristics of Professional Artists
Authors: Götz Karl Otto , Götz Karin
Published: September 2011

The present investigation describes some personality characteristics of a group of professional artists. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was sent to 337 painters and sculptors living in West Germany. Most of them were members of the German Artists Association and were free practicing artists or professors at Art Academies. 147 male and 110 female artists returned completed forms. Data indicated that male artists were lower on Extraversion and higher on Neuroticism than a group of 300 male non-artists. Female artists were more extraverted than male artists, but their means on Neuroticism were nearly identical. Male non-artists were lowest on Neuroticism. Artists were also higher on Psychoticism than non-artists.
Validity of Perceptions during Recovery from Maximal Exercise in Men and Women
Authors: Noble Bruce J.
Published: September 2011

The Borg Scale, widely used to measure perceptions of exercise, has not been validated for use during recovery. Heart rate was used as the validity criterion. 11 untrained men and 10 untrained women were run to exhaustion on a treadmill. Heart rate and recovery ratings were obtained at:15, :45, 1:15, 1:45, 2:30, 3:30 and 4:30 min. following exercise. No significant differences were observed between sexes for both heart rate and recovery ratings. Trend analysis showed recovery ratings to be linear between :45 and 4:30 while heart rate is best described by two linear trends with a break point at 2:30. Percent recovery was significantly faster for recovery ratings at :45, 1:15, 1:45 and 4:30. Heart rate and recovery ratings were not significantly correlated at any time point. A perceptual scale should be designed which more closely approximates metabolic response during recovery.
Magnitude Estimates of Distances along Category Rating Scales
Authors: Kuznicki James T. , Nagle Dan
Published: September 2011

Discrimination power of category rating scales increases with increases in the number of categories. This increasing fineness of category rating scales was measured directly by having subjects give magnitude estimates of distances between adjacent categories. It was found that the increasing fineness could be well described by a power function. However, distances between categories were not estimated as being equal except on a 5-category scale, which was rated as very nearly equal-interval. The implications of this finding for accepting category ratings at face value and for the construction of interval scales from such data are discussed.
Evidence for Perceptual Defense Using a Lexical Decision Task
Authors: Williams Leonard J. , Evans James R.
Published: September 2011

In a tachistoscopic experiment employing a lexical-decision task, it was demonstrated that emotional (“taboo”) words are not responded to as quickly or as accurately as non-emotional (“neutral”) words by 32 college students. The results suggest evidence for “perceptual defense” uncontaminated by response bias.
Salience of Handedness in the Spontaneous Self-Concept
Authors: McGuire William J. , McGuire Claire V.
Published: September 2011

The distinctiveness postulate regarding selective perception implies that an aspect of a complex stimulus is likely to be noticed in direct proportion to its distinctiveness in the environment in which it is perceived. An implied prediction tested in the present study is that handedness is more salient in the self-concepts of left-handers than of right-handers. The spontaneous self-concept was measured in two different populations by open-ended “Tell us about yourself” questions. In each group, a significantly greater proportion of left- than right-handers mentioned their handedness as part of their self-concepts.
Effects of Frontalis Biofeedback on Subjective Ratings of Relaxation
Authors: Le Boeuf Alan
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 20 subjects with elevated muscle tension levels were provided with either contingent (Group 1) or false (Group 2) EMG feedback from the frontalis muscle. Each group received 8 sessions of identical length. Performance of the 2 groups over the final training session was compared. Group 1 showed a marked decrease in frontalis EMG levels over Session 8 whereas Group 2 showed no change in frontalis activity. However, both groups showed a significant increase in reported feelings of relaxation with no difference between groups. To investigate the possibility that subjects attaining very low frontalis levels might show a more marked subjective response, 10 subjects from Group 1 who showed the most marked decrease in EMG activity were compared with the 10 subjects from Group 2 who showed the least decrease. Although both showed an increase in mental relaxation, there was no difference between the groups.
Ideal Female-Male Traits and Evaluation of Favorability
Authors: Lee Dorothy E.
Published: September 2011

Less favorable evaluations of women physical education majors than of home economics majors, especially by men ( N = 141), in a previous study ( N = 268), led to expectations for differential Ideal Male and Ideal Female trait assignments to the two targets in this research. The expected tendency was found among this sample ( N = 217), especially among men ( N = 90).
Success in Architecture: Handedness and/or Visual Thinking
Authors: Peterson John M. , Lansky Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

Some data on sex and handedness in relation to academic predictors and success in the architecture program were reexamined. The new variable was the manner, “visually” or “cognitively,” of executing a simple line drawing. As expected, there were significant differences between persons using these different modes, differences which helped clarify the previous data. Implications for theories of lateralization, handedness, and modes of thinking are discussed.
On the Differentiation of Cognitive Reflection-Impulsivity
Authors: Lösel Friedrich
Published: September 2011

This investigation concerned the problems of confounding style and ability and generalizability in the case of indicators of cognitive reflection-impulsivity. On the basis of an interactional perspective, a number of simple assumptions about response latency and accuracy in cognitive tasks of reflection and impulsivity are developed and tasted in a sample of 46 male adolescents, aged 14 to 17 yr. The results show that the tempo variable and reasoning ability can account for a considerable portion of the inter-individual differences in accuracy. From the viewpoint of general psychology the response latency proves to be partially task-dependent, from the viewpoint of differential psychology it is a partial characteristic of persons and, probably, the real style indicator. The view that cognitive reflection represents a task-specific, problem-oriented adaptation of the conceptual tempo or intensity of alternatives-scanning is supported.
Definition of Stroop Interference in Volunteers and Non-Volunteers
Authors: Saunders David R.
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that the best measure of individual Stroop interference is the logarithm of the ratio between time to read the interference card and time to read the pure color card, i.e., log2( C/B). A review of the literature shows a very close correlation across studies between Stroop interference so-defined and (un) willingness to participate in psychological experiments, at least for studies involving the Stroop. Log2( C̅/B̅) provides a highly reliable index of this effect and should be routinely reported as a sample descriptor. (Pertinent data must be taken from the first administration of the Stroop.) Willingness to volunteer is seen as willingness to take on additional stress; low Stroop interference is seen as high tolerance for such stress.
Perception of Verticality by Boys and Girls in Grade 6
Authors: Johnson Wallace S. , Kelly Gwendolyn N. , Kelly Joseph T.
Published: September 2011

Understanding of the principle of verticality was tested by having 246 sixth grade students draw a pendulum on pictures of an abstract shape similar to a steeple. Girls performed more poorly than boys. Verticality was apparently much better understood by subjects than horizontality, also tested to provide a comparison.
Dichotic Listening in Psychiatric Patients with and without Diffuse Brain Damage
Authors: Vega Arthur , Goldstein Gerald , Shelly Carolyn , Hegedus Andrea
Published: September 2011

A dichotic listening test was administered to a group of 49 psychiatric patients with mild diffuse brain damage and a group of 89 without. Despite the lack of difference between the groups on Verbal IQ, the performance of the brain-damaged group was significantly inferior to that of the non-brain-damaged group on a number of measures of error. The most striking difference between groups occurred on the report of digits presented to the left ear, where this report was made subsequent to the report of digits to the right ear. The finding was discussed with regard to its relevance to theories of hemispheric asymmetry of language functioning.
Teaching Elementary Spelling to a Retarded Resident by Another Retarded Resident
Authors: Mulvaney Dallas E. , Fitzhugh Loren C. , Wagner Bernard R. , Hughes Lawson H.
Published: September 2011

A case report of a retarded person teaching another retarded person in a residential setting is presented. The person teaching was trained to use graduated physical and verbal prompts to teach the printing and spelling of the alphabet and certain words to the student. Over an 8-wk. period, the student thoroughly mastered the alphabet and learned to spell and read 50 words.
Wisc-R Subtest Patterns for Learning Disabled and Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Naglieri Jack A.
Published: September 2011

WISC-R subtest profiles were examined for 20 learning disabled and 20 mentally retarded children. The rank order of the WISC-R subtests supports the concept of distinct patterns for these exceptional children. Correlations between the present samples' subtests patterns and previous findings are also reported.
Children's Water-Level Drawing: A Problem of Ignoring Internal Frameworks?
Authors: Russell James , Maxwell Margaret
Published: September 2011

The effect of vessel shape on 44 children's performance on the classic water-level drawing task was studied by varying the relations between level and vessel features. When parallelism between level and base at 0° orientation, right-angle relation between level and side at 0°, and both were present, levels were drawn as if immobile after tilting. But when neither cue was present, in a spherical vessel, correct horizontal drawing was predominant. Results are interpreted as showing the importance of ignoring cues from the internal framework.
Increasing Minority Enrollment at a Predominately White Southern University: Perceptions of High School Students
Authors: White Anthony J. , Brown Sidney E. , Suddick David E.
Published: September 2011

This study surveyed 363 high school students (215 blacks and 148 whites) on their perceptions for increasing minority enrollment at a predominately white southern university. Black high school students perceived that there should be more recruiting contacts by minority admissions personnel, faculty, students, and administrators to increase minority admissions. Varied multicultural events and programs were perceived as desirable, as were increased financial aids.
The Cartesian Bull's Eye in the Classroom
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

A replication of Descartes' demonstration of the inversion of the retinal image is described. Suggestions are made for both preparing a cattle eye and constructing an artificial one for purposes of classroom demonstration.
Mental Retardation as a Facade Self Phenomenon: Construct Validation
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

Predictions from Wagner's Structural Analysis theory were tested to validate a theoretical explanation of the personality of mentally retarded adults. The Rorschach and Hand Test were administered to 44 medical students and 60 institutionalized mentally retarded adults. Results coincided with predictions based on Structural Analysis. Implications of these results for the diagnosis of mental retardation were discussed. The potential of a special Rorschach Facade Self Index for differential diagnosis of other forms of psychopathology was noted.
Male Delinquents' Perceptions of Their Parents: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Imperio Anne M. , Chabot David R.
Published: September 2011

Schaeffer's revised version of the Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory was administered to 90 male delinquents. Factor analyses of their reports on both fathers and mothers yielded three factors: Rejection vs Acceptance, Psychological Control, and Lax Control. The factor structures were similar in both analyses. The factors bore moderately close resemblance to those obtained by other investigators for different samples.
Methodological Inquiry into Elicitation Procedures: Cognitive Mapping and Free Listing
Authors: Magaña J. Raul , Norman Dennis K.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of two methods of eliciting data concerning environmental perception among children of Guadalajara, Mexico and Newton, Massachusetts. The two tasks used to assess children's perceptions of their environment were a cognitive mapping task commonly employed in previous research and a free-listing task. Data demonstrated that task specificity has a direct effect on the kind and quality of environmental elements children use to describe their environment. It is concluded that elicitation procedures should be examined thoroughly and systematically before developmental or comparative analysis is performed on experimental data.
Stability of Perceptions of Own Reactions across a Variety of Anxiety-Provoking Situations
Authors: Stattin Håkan , Magnusson David
Published: September 2011

In accordance with research on autonomic functions, it was argued that the organization of behavioral reactions expressed by an individual in one threatening situation tends to be reproduced across different kinds of anxiety-provoking situations and over time. A self-report instrument was employed on which subjects rated their different psychic and somatic anxiety reactions for each of a set of anxiety-evoking situations. The inventory was administered twice over an interval of 6 mo. The results provided support for the hypothesis of stable idiosyncratic organizations of reactions over different kinds of threatening situations and of stable reaction patterns over time. Finally, it was argued that the strength of the expressed reaction patterns was related to perceptual characteristics of the situations. The empirical results supported the hypothesis.
Handedness and Temperament
Authors: Harburg Ernest , Roeper Peter , Ozgoren Feridun , Feldstein Anna M.
Published: September 2011

Answers to a questionnaire from members of the Tecumseh Community Health Study showed a relationship of handedness and temperament, especially for younger persons. Left-handed persons rated themselves more emotional than right-handed persons, and younger sinistral males appear less extraverted than dextrals.
Preferred Tempo, Work Intensity, and Mechanical Efficiency
Authors: Taguchi Sadayoshi , Gliner Jeffrey A. , Horvath Steven M. , Nakamura Eitaro
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between preferred tempo, work intensity, and mechanical efficiency. During Exp. 1, five inexperienced subjects worked at 0 Newtons 10 min. each day for seven days. Results demonstrated that (1) preferred tempo remained very consistent from Minute 1 to Minute 10, (2) this tempo was statistically reliable from day to day, and (3) variability of preferred tempo decreased from the first day to the seventh day in four out of five subjects. During Exp. 2, four subjects from Exp. 1 cycled at workloads of 0.0, 4.9, 14.7, and 24.5 Newtons for 10 min. each on three different occasions. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, ventilation, and respiratory frequency all increased as a function of increased workload and as a function of time within, workload for 14.7 and 24.5 Newtons. 2 of the 4 subjects maintained a constant tempo within any workload but decreased their over-all rates as a function of increased resistance. There was no direct relationship between preferred tempo and mechanical efficiency. It was concluded that timing characteristics of the task may be changed to fit an increase in workload. However, once initiated, the tempo does not change even when metabolic demands are altered.
Behavioral Treatment of the Traumatically Brain-Injured: A Case Study
Authors: Horton A. Macneill , Howe Nancy R.
Published: September 2011

The present case illustrates the application of behavioral modification methodology with a traumatically brain-injured adult. Such a treatment regime utilizing a report-card system and a response-cost procedure was implemented to decrease behaviors of using foul language and biting staff members. Dramatic improvement was demonstrated.
Applicability to Youth Sports of the Leadership Scale for Sports
Authors: Chelladurai P. , Carron Albert V.
Published: September 2011

Item analyses of the responses of 54 high school wrestlers and 193 high school basketball players to the Leadership Scale for Sports support the instrument's applicability in high school sports. The scale taps highly similar response dimensions in varsity and high school athletes.
Open and Closed Skills: The Widdop ‘Y’ Analysis
Authors: Widdop Valerie A.
Published: September 2011

In 1957 Poulton was the first to coin the terms ‘open’ and ‘closed’ skills His analysis, based upon the predictability of environmental influences, suggests a vertical approach from failure to success. Knapp later, realizing that, even in unpredictable situations, an athlete could achieve success, placed skills on a horizontal continuum with success possible at any point. All authors since that time have continued to use the horizontal continuum for ‘closed-open’ skill analysis. The horizontal continuum suggests that skills may be entirely closed (spatial restrictions), entirely open (spatial and temporal restrictions), or partly closed and partly open. The ‘grey area’ of the closed-open continuum is, however, futile for skill analysis. If a skill is performed in a stationary environment, at the athlete's own pace, it is closed. If a skill is performed in a moving environment, in which external factors, no matter how small, may adversely affect the outcome of the movement, the skill is open. The “Widdop ‘Y’” suggests that skills be introduced in a closed environment. Those skills which are then to be applied in a closed environment follow the closed stem of the ‘Y,’ concentrate upon repetition, and emphasize technique, poise, and efficiency. Skills which are to be applied in a moving environment follow the open stem of the ‘Y’ and concentrate upon insight into the display, selection, and performance at the right time. Theoretically the ‘Y’ may become diamond-shaped showing that, when a skill is performed successfully 100 percent of the time, external factors no longer adversely affect performance in any situation.
Formal/Informal Dimension in Perceptions of Counselors' Dress
Authors: Littrell Mary Ann , Littrell John M. , Kuznik Anthony
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this report was to convey the consistent significance of counselors' dress in differentiating preferences for counselors among students from two races and three settings and to discuss the dimensions of dress associated with these preferences for counselors. Counselors' dress, the stimuli, were selected through procedures that avoided a priori use of the formal/informal dress dimension. Students consistently differed in their preferences for counselors wearing varying forms of attire. The results did not support the formal/informal dress dimension as a single explanation of students' differential preferences for counselors. Alternative clothing dimensions were recommended for stimuli in future research.
Effects of Health Locus of Control and Health Value upon EMG Biofeedback Training
Authors: Carlson Richard H. , Bridges Claude V. , Williams Patrick S.
Published: September 2011

Subjects who scored highly internal or external on a health locus of control scale and who scored high or low on the value each attached to good health were each given two sessions of frontalis EMG biofeedback training in accordance with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. It was predicted that both internality and high health value would be positively associated with ability to control EMG and that these influences would combine additively. The predictions were not supported but a significant interaction between internality and health value was found. This interaction could be explained by assuming that both internality and high health value increased drive which in turn produced greater muscle tension, the relationship between drive and muscle tension being an ascending sigmoid function.
Senegalese Students' Perception of L. S. Senghor
Authors: Vandewiele Michel , Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

Form D of the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to 131 Senegalese students in French. They were requested to give their perceptions of the former poet-president of Senegal L. S. Senghor. The AVA profile (5915) about which the public images clustered very heavily ( N = 93) is identical to that which previously represented the ideal perception of the President of the United States in 1964 but not the current one.