bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shorter Chinese Samyukta Agama
Authors: Bingenheimer Marcus
Published: September 2007

This study provides an overview of what is known about the shorter Chinese Samyukta Agama and also an annotated translation of its first 22 suttas, which corresponds to the Pali Bhikkhu Samyutta. Recent research suggests that T.100 belongs to the corpus of Sarvastivada Literature. The annotations resolve some unique expressions, correct some mistakes found in the textus receptus, and point out significant differences between the versions of the suttas. The text base for Chinese is the CBETA/Taisho edition, for Pali the Chatta Sangayana edition published by the Vipassana Research Institute, if not indicated otherwise (but with volume and page references to the Pali Text Society editions). The paper is a first result of the Bieyi za ahan jing-Project 1 at the Chung-hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies, Taiwan, which aims at a digital edition and translation of the complete work.
Chinese Version of the Dantabhumi Sutta
Authors: Anālayo Ven.
Published: September 2007

The present article supplies an annotated translation of the Madhyama Agama version of the Dantabhumi Sutta. The translation is followed by a discussion of some of the more significant differences to be found between the Chinese and the Pali versions, which are of particular relevance for the role of satipatthana in relation to jhana.
Comparison of the Pali and Chinese Versions of the Bhikkhu Samyutta, a Collection of Early Buddhist Discourses on Monks
Authors: Choong Mun-keat
Published: September 2007

This article first briefly examines the textual structure of the Bhikkhu Samyutta of the Pali Samyutta-nikaya in conjunction with two other versions preserved in Chinese translation in Taisho vol. 2, nos. 99 and 100. Then it compares the main teachings contained in the three versions. These three versions of this collection on the subject of monks represent three different early Buddhist schools within the Sthavira branch. This comparative study of these three different versions focuses on four major topics: physical appearance, Dharma talk, solitude, and heat meditation. It reveals significant differences in structure and doctrinal content, thus advancing the historical/critical study of early Buddhist doctrine in this area.
Two Concepts of Meditation and Three Kinds of Wisdom in Kamalasila’s Bhavanakramas
Authors: Adam Martin T.
Published: September 2007

A close reading of the three Bhavanakramah texts, written by Kamalasila (740–795 CE), reveals that their author was aware of two competing concepts of meditation prevalent in Tibet at the time of their composition. The two concepts of meditation,associated with the Sanskrit words bhavana and dhyana, can be related respectively to the Indian and Chinese sides of the well-known debates at bSam yas. The account of the Mahayana path outlined in these texts implies an acceptance of the precedence of bhavana over dhyana. In this paper I argue that Kamalasila advocated bhavana – a conception of meditation which encompasses non-conceptual dhyana, but which also includes a discernment of reality (bhuta-pratyaveksa) that is conceptual in nature. Such conceptual discernment should not be understood simply as a process of ordinary rational understanding (cintamayi prajña) but rather as constituting a special kind of meditative wisdom (bhavanamayi prajña). A failure to recognize the subtle differences between Kamalasila’s employment of the terms dhyana and bhavana, along with his advocacy of the latter, could easily lead to mistranslation and, with this, a basic misunderstanding of his position. In particular, it could lead to a conception of insight (vipasyana) that is overly intellectual in nature. Given the historically important role that these texts played in the formation of Tibetan Buddhism, the implications of such a misconception could be far-reaching. This paper attempts to clarify the key meditation terminology found in the Bhavanakramas as well as demonstrate the rationale for using ‘meditation’ as the default translation for bhavana.
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana, Soonil Hwang
Authors: Appleton Naomi
Published: September 2007

Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana, Soonil Hwang (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. xiii + 160, £65.00. ISBN 0 415 35550 8
Doubting the Kalama-Sutta
Authors: Evans Stephen A.
Published: September 2007

The Kalama-sutta is frequently cited as proof of the rational and empirical spirit of early Buddhist epistemology, ‘The Buddha’s charter of free enquiry’, according to Soma Thera. A close reading, however, calls that interpretation into question. The Kalamas do not ask what is the truth, and the Buddha does not tell them how to find it. Rather the Kalamas ask ‘Who is telling the truth?’ in what may have been the pursuit of sacred or quasi magical power through the person of a teacher. The Buddha, in turn, encourages them to adopt a set of attitudes and actions, which includes choosing a teacher. The method of evaluation that the Buddha gives, which includes the famous ‘know for yourselves’ is found to be as least as much ethical as it is epistemological and to invoke the opinion of authority and the public. The Buddha here seems to call for a decision that is partly based on faith, and the Kalamas respond not with independent research, but with an act of faith in committing themselves to (and being accepted by) the Buddha.
The pursuit of Happiness
Authors: Sharpe Kevin
Published: September 2007

Scientific studies of happiness (as subjective well-being) provide a lot of information about it: thus, a person’s level of happiness usually stays within a certain genetically determined range despite life’s ups and downs, happiness relates to activity in specific parts of the brain and to the presence or absence of serotonin and dopamine, and we have evolved to pursue happiness. Raising happiness within the set range can involve high self-esteem, a sense of control over life, and an outgoing, optimistic personality. In addition, the person’s view of the world influences his or her level of happiness. Flow, personal relationships, and having values and goals can also contribute. Pursuing happiness and seeking to remove unhappiness appear to be primary human motivations, biologically based. The study of implicit religion, therefore, ought at least to look at happiness and ask about the relationship between it and implicit religion.
The Faith of Actors
Authors: Grainger Roger
Published: September 2007

Over a period of several months, twenty-five actors were invited to answer the question ‘What is acting really about?’ Eighteen out of the twenty-five replied. Their response provides evidence for the claim that theatre is itself an inherently spiritual medium (as well as a vehicle for explicitly religious plays), and that the relationship of professional actors to their craft may be considered to be implicitly religious.
Orpheus and the Underground
Authors: Gauthier François
Published: September 2007

This three-part article highlights a personal liaison with the concept of implicit religion as both cultural analyst and religion theorist. The lack of unity and methodological rigour which characterize the reception of the concept of implicit religion to date fuels the desire to apply it in a systematic fashion to a contemporary youth culture phenomenon which satisfies the orphic metaphor of initiation, night-time and music, and has been widely interpreted as harbouring some sort of religiosity or rapport with the sacred: the English-born-turned-global phenomenon of techno-music-fuelled raves. The first section presents general information on raves, methodological considerations and an ‘ethnographic’ account stemming from field research conducted with a small group of Montreal ravers in 2002. The second section is interpretative, starting with a synthesis of existing interpretations according to which raves are driven by various religious ‘anthropo-logics’. The three definitional vectors of implicit religion are then systematically applied to the material presented in section one, while drawing parallels with Bailey’s (1997) presentation. The third and last part uses the prior analysis as a basis from which to critique the concept of implicit religion. It tries to show how the definition of implicit religion has shortcomings with regards to the orphic—or, more precisely, the transgressive—pole of religion, paramount in the study of raves. It also argues that the concept of implicit religion is tributary of a typically ‘modern’ inflexion permeating sociological theories on religion; an inflexion which has oriented research to date in this field and which has led to confusion as to the status of implicit religion as religion or ‘something like it’. The article closes with a few hints as to which theoretical avenues the author thinks could overcome the conceptual difficulties outlined.
Implicit Religion in Dreams
Authors: Gollnick James
Published: September 2007

Throughout history, virtually every major religion has prized dreams as a primary means of divine revelation. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, many in the fields of psychotherapy and pastoral counseling have recognized that dreams can help their clients develop the religious and spiritual dimensions of their lives. This article argues that the concept of implicit religion can encourage dreamers to appreciate spiritual wisdom they might otherwise overlook in the secular and nonreligious imagery of their dreams.
No room for squares
Authors: May Christopher
Published: September 2007

Blue Note records retains a reputation for excellent music packaged stylishly for a hip audience. This article suggests its longevity has been achieved through the conjunction of four elements. Firstly, Alfred Lion and Francis Wolff were respected for their (mainly black) artists, avoiding the exploitative culture of other jazz labels to ensure important artists did their best work for Blue Note. Secondly, they established a house style that has become emblematic for jazz overall. Thirdly, and coincidently, the period when Blue Note was most active documenting jazz music has become the period regarded by many as the pinnacle of jazz attainment. Lastly, these factors have been exploited by a series of owners who have sought to reinforce the brand of Blue Note. The interaction of these four elements ensures that Blue Note remains the jazz label that most people, jazz fans and others, are familiar with.
'Black, Brown and Beige' and the politics of Signifyin(g)
Authors: Burrows George
Published: September 2007

Duke Ellington has attracted critical attention from across the whole cultural spectrum and yet he is in many ways a problematic figure who remains misunderstood. This paper draws on Michel Foucault’s consideration of polemics to illuminate critical strategies that have been directed towards Ellington. It explores how we might move beyond polemics and reinterpret Ellington as an artist ‘beyond category’ by considering his most controversial and ambitious work, Black, Brown and Beige, as a Signfyin(g) text. Ellington’s unique working practices, the special sound world of his band, his declared tendency to ‘say things without saying them’ and his view of himself as a black bandleader-composer of ‘Negro folk music’ all help inform a reassessment of the work in light of recent developments in African-American critical thinking and to establish the political legacy of Ellington’s cultural positioning as a trickster figure critiquing polemics by slipping between, about or around musical categories.
Failure to fuse
Authors: Brennan Matt
Published: September 2007

Festivals play a central role in popular music mythology. In 1969, the Newport Jazz Festival made headlines when producer George Wein controversially announced his intention to openly incorporate rock acts, including Sly and the Family Stone and Led Zeppelin, into the jazz festival. Newport 1969 is retrospectively represented as a symbol of the problems of integrating jazz and rock, but a critical examination of the festival and its coverage clearly illustrates how distinctions between jazz and rock—and jazz and rock audiences, for that matter—are socially constructed. This article will reconsider the importance of Newport 1969 by revisiting debates occurring in the pages of Down Beat, Rolling Stone, Jazz and Pop, and other music journalism during 1969 which discussed the merits of a merger between jazz and rock, and proposes that Newport 1969 was a watershed that exposed the key tensions in the emerging culture war between the two genres.
Re-Uniting with the Kosmos
Authors: Bernard Penelope S.
Published: September 2007

This paper considers the need for interdisciplinary study in the fields of religion, nature and culture, and the role of western scholarship in contributing to the current crises facing human/nature relations. In identifying the common fundamental theme that pervades much of the literature on the current environmental crisis, that of our mental separation from the kosmos (as in the ancient Greek sense) I consider the need to explore the role of scholars in being able to lead us back into a sense of unity with it. In suggesting ways through which this could come about, I explore my own research experiences and how they changed my basic worldview. I then consider how some of these experiences have challenged my understanding of the relationship between humans, nature and spirit.
What if Religions had Ecologies? The Case for Reinhabiting Religious Studies
Authors: Taylor Sarah McFarland
Published: September 2007

Meaningful connections need to be forged between the literary realm of ecocriticism and religious studies, and more attention needs to be paid to the natural history of the physical environments that religious communities inhabit and to how those communities shape and are in turn shaped by those environments. When physical environments are considered as integral parts of academic religious inquiry and no longer rendered invisible or relegated to mere ‘backdrops’ for the larger human drama, scholars will be able to provide a more nuanced sense of religion as it is truly lived in context.
Exploring Religion, Nature and Culture—Introducing the Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture
Authors: Taylor Bron
Published: September 2007

A wide-ranging, interdisciplinary, taboo-free inquiry is essential to engage the central question animating this new journal: What are the relationships among human beings, their diverse religions, and the earth’s living systems? Likewise, it is critical that we wrestle with the terms that constitute the journal’s title—religion, nature and culture—given their diverse and contested meanings. I argue that the proper approach for this new journal is to provide habitat for all reasoned scholarly debate surrounding these terms and the relationships among them. Illustrating this argument by focusing especially on the term religion, I maintain that it is much more important for this journal to entertain interesting hypotheses about people and their environments than it is to resolve disagreements about the precise meaning, analytical value, or boundaries of phenomena that would be understood as religion by some but not all observers.
Opportunity, Challenge and a Definition of Religion
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: September 2007

In assembling an array of disciplines to study religion, nature and culture, the International Society for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture presents an opportunity for progress through cross-fertilization and synthesis. In so doing, the Society also challenges us to communicate with each other despite our differing assumptions. Such communication requires, first, that we explicitly define our terms, not least the three terms central to the society’s name. Ideally, our definitions will be at once substantive, applicable cross-culturally, and explicitly embedded in theory. Fortunately, current scholarship makes such definitions appear possible. In the case of the term religion, for example, cognitive science supports defining it, broadly yet substantively, as a system of thought and action for interpreting and influencing the world, built on anthropomorphic premises. Anthropomorphism, in turn, may be theorized as the inevitable consequence of a strategy of perception for an ambiguous world: namely, guess first at what matters most. Similarly broad, substantive definitions appear possible for nature and culture as well.
Religious Environmentalism
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: September 2007

My topic is the important and unprecedented phenomenon of religious environmentalism. In its most compressed form my message is simple: religious environmentalism is good for environmentalism, good for religion, and good for the earth community. I will also hazard a few thoughts on the role scholars can play in this movement.
Gospel Judases
Authors: Walsh Richard
Published: September 2007

The canonical Judas is not a developed, literary character, but, rather, a sign within Christian discourse of the fated, traitorous disciple who came to an appropriate reward. Christian mythology employs that figure in order to demarcate boundaries between insiders and outsiders. The discourse uses that Judas as a scapegoat to exorcise evil. When modern critics remove the individual gospels from the canon, their readings depict several different Judases: for example, Mark’s apocalyptic victim, Matthew’s repentant murderer, Luke’s apostate apostle, and John’s thieving demon. Such readings expose the determinism that creates the gospel Judases and the (at least, potential) anti-Semitism that creates the canonical Judas. More importantly, reflection on such “isms” creates the mythic space necessary for the modern critic’s mythic self-definition. As a result, the modern Judases are themselves signs within some modern mythology, stressing individual freedom, rather than canonical mythology. As these modern Judases fail as exemplars of human freedom, Judas remains a sign of alienation and victimization.
Biblical Prophecy in Recent American Theological Politics
Authors: Levy Gabriel
Published: September 2007

This article argues for the relevance of biblical thought to progressive political philosophy. One of the most significant problems for political philosophy is the role that religion, and particularly the role that biblical faith, ought to play. Philosopher Leo Strauss provided some of the most influential answers to this problem. He is also often credited with providing some of the intellectual foundation for the “neoconservative” movement. In particular, Strauss addressed two questions relevant to today’s political environment: What is the role of truth in politics? And, what is the relation between philosophical reason and prophetic revelation? This article offers a genealogy of the concept of prophecy with particular focus on sexuality and media technology. It juxtaposes a biblical story with a modern one about how religious sovereigns come to acquire information about things beyond their control. It concludes with the argument that the Bush doctrine is an anathema to Straussian political philosophy. Neither Bush’s invocation of prophecy nor his neoconservatism provide him any theoretical ground to walk on.
Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema, by Rachel Dwyer
Authors: Foulston Lynn
Published: September 2007

Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema, by Rachel Dwyer. Abingdon: Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2006. x + 208 pp., £65.00 (hb); £19.99 (pb). ISBN 0-415-31424-0 (hb); 0-415-31425-9 (pb).
Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, by Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds)
Authors: Dwyer Graham
Published: September 2007

Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, by Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds). Abingdon: Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2006. xvi + 308 pp., £65 (hb); £19.99 (pb). ISBN 0-415-22390-3 (hb); ISBN 0-415-22391-1 (pb).
Subtle Bodies, Wrathful Deities and Men in Buddhist Tantric Traditions
Authors: Child Louise
Published: September 2007

Combining fearsome images, ‘magical’ rites of subjugation and challenging portrayals of sexuality, wrathful deities appear to epitomize all that makes tantric Buddhism distant from early Buddhism’s traditional orientations. On one level, this distance can be attributed to processes of incorporation of ‘demonic’ elements from other indigenous religious traditions. Drawing from the theoretical perspectives of Durkheim and Mauss, however, I will argue that it is precisely this motif of ‘incorporation’ that not only gives wrathful deities their distinctive potency, but also positions them at the centre of the ambivalence that is tantric Buddhism. While the tantric Siddha, in common with Mauss’s magician, incorporates bodily leavings and peripheral rites, he also, I suggest, absorbs and negotiates potentially poisonous emotional states such as terror and anger through the medium of the subtle body, thereby forming a model of masculinity that is both a defining force within tantric Buddhism and suggestive of further investigation within anthropological studies of male cultures more broadly.
Raj Karega Khalsa (The Khalsa Shall Reign)
Authors: Robinson Catherine Anne
Published: September 2007

This article arises out of experience teaching Sikhism to undergraduates and critical reflection on professional practice in terms of the representation of Sikhism in scholarship and education. Such experience and reflection reveal that Sikhism tends to be represented in the form of the Khalsa and that the understanding of the Khalsa is modern in character. Hence this article identifies the origins of current orthodoxy in the campaigning activities of Tat Khalsa and identifies how Tat Khalsa style orthodoxy has influenced research and teaching. In so doing, it examines the history of Sikh Studies but especially the debate surrounding Hew McLeod which shows how controversial it is to challenge the consensus. It also reviews school textbooks and school and examination syllabuses in order to demonstrate a pro-Khalsa bias. This article concludes by setting out how research and teaching can provide a fuller and fairer picture of Sikhism by taking seriously diversity and plurality, for example, by the inclusion of other movements and popular practice.
‘Love Me Two Times.’ From Smallpox to AIDS
Authors: Ferrari Fabrizio F.
Published: September 2007

Smallpox was eradicated in the 1970s but the cult of Sitala, the Bengali ‘smallpox goddess’, has resisted. With the spread of AIDS some modifications occurred. Sitala is increasingly worshipped as an AIDS-goddess. Devotees look at contagion as a (desirable) form of possession and believe their faith will protect them. As it was for smallpox, when variolation was preferred to vaccination, the contact with the goddess is looked upon as a form of love, in both maternal and sexual terms. The relation between Sitala, smallpox and AIDS will be analyzed from an indigenous perspective and according to modern ethno-psychoanalytical theories. The issues herein discussed are: (1) the identification of Sitala with smallpox; (2) the existence of a pan-Indian ‘plague goddess’; and (3) the consolidated presence of a ‘smallpox myth’. I wish so to demonstrate the fallaciousness of those theories which look at Sitala as a response to the irrational or as a manifestation of the untamed female nature. By identifying Sitala with the fertility/agricultural cycle rather than with one or more diseases, I hope to explain the mechanics at the origin of Sitala’s worship, a ritual system grounded in the paradox of the ‘barren mother’.
Monolingualism
Authors: Ellis Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

It is frequently observed that bilingualism and multilingualism are more common in the world than monolingualism, and yet, as Romaine (1995) points out, it is rare to find a book with the title ‘Monolingualism’. Linguistic theories have often assumed monolingualism to be the norm (Pavlenko, 2000), and this view is often held by individual monolinguals who are speakers of a dominant language such as English (Edwards, 1994). This paper will review three representations of monolingualism in the applied linguistics literature. The first is as an unmarked case, against which bilingualism and multilingualism are set as the exception. The second representation is of monolingualism as a limitation on cognitive, communicative, social and vocational potential (Kirkpatrick, 2000; Crozet, Liddicoat & Lo Bianco, 1999). Perspectives from language policy documents in Australia are presented to illustrate the second representation. The third and most critical representation employs metaphors of disease, sickness and disability to portray monolingualism as a pathological state (Skutnabb-Kangas, 2000a; Oller, 1997). This latter strand of literature critiques the influence of the monolingual perspectives held by those who wield authority in language policy and in education. The paper concludes with a call for the development of a framework within which to understand monolingualism and its social and educational effects.
George Braine (ed.) (2005). Teaching English to the World: History, Curriculum, and Practice
Authors: Lvovich Natasha
Published: September 2007

George Braine (ed.) (2005). Teaching English to the World: History, Curriculum, and Practice. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Pp. v+191. ISBN 0-8058-5401-0.
Michael Clyne (2005). Australia’s Language Potential
Authors: Piller Ingrid
Published: September 2007

Michael Clyne (2005). Australia’s Language Potential. Sydney: UNSW Press. Pp. xii + 208. ISBN 0-86840-727-5.
Henri Boyer (sous la direction de) et Carmen Alén Garabato, P. Baccou, M.-L. Rouquette (2006). De l’école occitane à l’enseignement public: vécu et représentations sociolinguistiques
Authors: Le Pichon-Vorstman E M M
Published: September 2007

Henri Boyer (sous la direction de) et Carmen Alén Garabato, P. Baccou, M.-L. Rouquette (2006). De l’école occitane à l’enseignement public: vécu et représentations sociolinguistiques. Paris: L’Harmattan. Pp. 162. ISBN 2-7475-9885-3 (hbk).
Bieito Silva Valdivia (2006): Castelanismos morfosintácticos no galego . Avaliación da competencia do alumnado
Authors: Fernández López Xemma
Published: September 2007

Bieito Silva Valdivia (2006): Castelanismos morfosintácticos no galego . Avaliación da competencia do alumnado. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico (Colección Investigación Educativa 18, Instituto de Ciencias da Educación). 265 pp., ISBN 84-9750-623-5.
Francisco Raga Gimeno (2005). Comunicación y cultura. Propuestas para el análisis transcultural de las interacciones comunicativas cara a cara
Authors: Gestido de la Torre Eloi
Published: September 2007

Francisco Raga Gimeno (2005). Comunicación y cultura. Propuestas para el análisis transcultural de las interacciones comunicativas cara a cara. Madrid e Frankfurt: Iberoamericana e Vervuert. 277 pp., ISBN 84-8489-166-6.
Protocols for More Effective Induction of Tetraploid Rainbow Trout
Authors: Hershberger William K , Hostuttler Mark A
Published: September 2007

Practical use of tetraploids in culture of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to make triploid production fish depends on (1) the effectiveness of the induction process and (2) the ability of tetraploids to reproduce and yield viable offspring. Investigations were undertaken to develop a protocol for the induction of tetraploidy to compensate for differences in time to first cleavage (i.e., first cleavage interval [FCI]). Small aliquots of eggs (∼500) from individual females were immediately fertilized and evaluated for FCI. The remaining eggs were stored at 4°C for less than 24 h and were subjected to varying hydrostatic pressures at different initiation times and durations of treatment based on FCI. The most successful protocol involved treatment at 9,000 lb/in2(633 kg/cm2) for 8 min starting at 62–65% of the FCI for two strains, while the results for the third strain were less clear and need further investigation. Observed population-level changes FCI over one generation of culture in our facilities reinforced the desirability of using protocols that varied with FCI. With the variation noted in FCI and the lack of information on its control, we recommend that treatment initiation be based on FCI analysis of a sample of eggs from each female used for tetraploidy induction. Although more research is needed to optimize the yield from this approach to triploid production, there is the potential for the selection of the best tetraploid lines to predictably generate genetically improved triploid rainbow trout for aquaculture.
Evaluation of the Ability of Partially Autolyzed Yeast and Grobiotic-A to Improve Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Sealey Wendy M , Barrows Frederic T , Johansen Katherine A , Overturf Kenneth , LaPatra Scott E , Hardy Ronald W
Published: September 2007

We evaluated the ability of partially autolyzed yeast and Grobiotic-A to improve immune response and disease resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Experimental diets were prepared by adding partially autolyzed yeast or Grobiotic-A to a practical trout diet at the manufacturer-recommended level of 2%; the control was the same diet without supplementation. Rainbow trout (initial weight = approximately 14.3 g) were cultured in 145-L fiberglass tanks (50 fish/tank; 3 tanks/diet) in a freshwater flow-through system. Fish were hand-fed the diets to apparent satiation 3 times/d, 6 d/week for 9 weeks. At 3 and 9 weeks postweighing, fish were sampled to determine respiratory burst activity, plasma protein, total immunoglobulin and lysozyme, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression. At the conclusion of the feeding trial (9 weeks), fish remaining after sampling were pooled by diet; one subsample was examined for the ability to respond humorally to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and another subsample was challenged by intraperitoneal injection with IHNV. Dietary inclusion of 2% partially autolyzed yeast or Grobiotic-A had no negative impacts on health or growth of rainbow trout. In contrast, although substantial variability was observed for immune response variables, use of 2% partially autolyzed yeast or Grobiotic-A produced striking improvements in survival of rainbow trout after experimental challenge with IHNV.
Comparison of Three Larval Fish Gears to Sample Shallow Water Sites on a Navigable River
Authors: Niles Jonathan M. , Hartman Kyle J.
Published: September 2007

Fish sampling within rivers can be challenging, particularly for early life stages. We sought to evaluate the ability of three larval sampling devices (light traps, benthic sleds, and activity traps) to sample a shallow, structurally diverse area in a navigable river. Larval fish were sampled for 8 weeks from June 17 through August 3, 2002. The results indicated that larval abundances peaked during late June. The light trap collected more larvae (9,221 individuals) than the benthic sled (396 individuals) and activity trap (65 individuals). The light trap also collected more taxonomic groups than the benthic sled and activity trap (11 groups versus 7 and 5 groups, respectively). Light-trap catch per unit effort was significantly higher than that for both benthic sleds and activity traps for the most common taxonomic groups (Cyprinidae (Notropis and Pimephales spp.), Atherinidae, and Lepomis spp.). The coefficient of variation was lower for the light trap (214%) than for the benthic sled (966%) and activity trap (279%). While light traps may be limited in determining associated larval fish densities, they can be an effective means of determining species presence or absence and their relative abundance. Of the gears evaluated, we found that light traps were the most effective in sampling larval fish in shallow, structurally diverse areas of a large navigable river.
Smallmouth Bass and Largemouth Bass Predation on Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Other Salmonids in the Lake Washington Basin
Authors: Tabor Roger A. , Footen Brian A. , Fresh Kurt L. , Celedonia Mark T. , Mejia Francine , Low David L. , Park Linda
Published: September 2007

We assessed the impact of predation by smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and largemouth bass M. salmoides on juveniles of federally listed Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and other anadromous salmonid populations in the Lake Washington system. Bass were collected with boat electrofishing equipment in the south end of Lake Washington (February–June) and the Lake Washington Ship Canal (LWSC; April–July), a narrow waterway that smolts must migrate through to reach the marine environment. Genetic analysis was used to identify ingested salmonids to obtain a more precise species-specific consumption estimate. Overall, we examined the stomachs of 783 smallmouth bass and 310 largemouth bass greater than 100 mm fork length (FL). Rates of predation on salmonids in the south end of Lake Washington were generally low for both black bass species. In the LWSC, juvenile salmonids made up a substantial part of bass diets; consumption of salmonids was lower for largemouth bass than for smallmouth bass. Smallmouth bass predation on juvenile salmonids was greatest in June, when salmonids made up approximately 50% of their diet. In the LWSC, overall black bass consumption of salmonids was approximately 36,000 (bioenergetics model) to 46,000 (meal turnover consumption model) juveniles, of which about one-third was juvenile Chinook salmon, one-third was coho salmon O. kisutch, and one-third was sockeye salmon O. nerka. We estimated that about 2,460,000 juvenile Chinook salmon (hatchery and wild sources combined) were produced in the Lake Washington basin in 1999; thus, the mortality estimates in the LWSC range from 0.5% (bioenergetics) to 0.6% (meal turnover). Black bass prey mostly on subyearlings of each salmonid species. The vulnerability of subyearlings to predation can be attributed to their relatively small size; their tendency to migrate when water temperatures exceed 15°C, coinciding with greater black bass activity; and their use of nearshore areas, where overlap with black bass is greatest. We conclude that under current conditions, predation by smallmouth bass and largemouth bass has a minor impact on Chinook salmon and other salmonid populations in the Lake Washington system.
Influence of Motorboat Use on Thermal Refuges and Implications to Salmonid Physiology in the Lower Rogue River, Oregon
Authors: Reid Ian S.
Published: September 2007

Motorboats can affect the behavior, physiology, and ecology of riverine fishes in several ways. One interaction that has been inadequately examined is the influence of motorboats and their wakes on thermal refuges and fishes using them. I used maps and thermal imagery to locate refuges, and continuous temperature monitors, behavioral observations, and bioenergetics models (including Q10) to quantify effects of motorboat use on salmonids in the lower Rogue River, Oregon. Motorboat wake height was inversely related to motorboat proximity; however, there was no clear relation between wake height and the intensity of temperature increases in thermal refuges. Eight of 10 boat passes were associated with slight increases in refuge temperatures (mean = 0.1°C; SD = 0.8; N = 10), although temperature differences before, during, and after boat activity were not significant (ANOVA: F = 0.41; df = 2, 18; P = 0.66). The presence of motorboats and their wakes did not appear to provoke startle responses in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha when boats passed 3 m or farther from fish. Bioenergetics models showed negligible increases in salmonid daily standard metabolism or the chance of mortality from temperatures associated with boat wakes. These findings, albeit limited in scope, suggest that the current level of motorboat activity and its associated wakes have minor effects on the physiology of migrating salmonids using thermal refuges in the lower Rogue River.
Use of Catenary Geometry to Estimate Hook Depth during Near-Surface Pelagic Longline Fishing: Theory versus Practice
Authors: Rice Patrick H. , Goodyear C. Phillip , Prince Eric D. , Snodgrass Derke , Serafy Joseph E.
Published: September 2007

Management and conservation of many highly migratory fish species are based on population assessments that rely heavily on catch and effort data from the pelagic longline fishing industry. In 2003, we monitored hook time at depth for shallow-set commercial longlines (i.e., four hooks between surface buoys) targeting swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Windward Passage between Haiti and Cuba. We deployed temperature–depth recorders (TDRs) on about every 13th hook and attached them to branchlines just above the hook. Most TDRs were placed on branchlines that were predicted by catenary geometry to be at the deepest hook position between floats. Additional TDRs were also placed at the shallowest predicted hook position. We monitored 10 pelagic longline sets with a length (mean ± SE) of 44.9 ± 2.0 km. Time at depth for each TDR was binned into 5-m depth intervals. The expected bimodal distributions of hook time at depth were not observed; modes were 40 m for both the shallowest and deepest predicted hook positions. The majority of the hook depth distributions for shallow and deep hook positions achieved only 43% and 31%, respectively, of the depths predicted by catenary equations (i.e., <92 and <127 m). Individual TDRs were poor estimators of hook time at depth for other TDRs in the same catenary hook position during the same set (significant mean depth differences = 76.2–100%) and were even worse predictors of the depths fished during other sets (significant mean depth differences = 100%). Hook depth predictions based on catenary geometry drastically overestimated actual fishing depth in this study. These results indicate that the use of catenary geometry for estimating hook depth and subsequent vertical fishing effort is inadequate and fails to capture both within- and among-set variability, potentially resulting in biased stock assessments.
Characterisation of thermally altered cement pastes. Influence on selenite sorption
Authors: Mace N. , Landesman C. , Pointeau I. , Grambow B. , Giffaut E.
Published: September 2007

Cementitious materials are an integral part of the engineered barrier system in the French design of a deep geological radioactive waste repository. A maximum increase in temperature to 70°C resulting from exothermic hydration reactions and heat generation by the radioactive waste could lead to significant changes in hydrated cement paste mineralogy, which in turn will affect the sorption of radionuclides. Cementitious materials were prepared with ordinary Portland Cement at 20 and 70°C using different temperature conditions of hardening, cure and alteration. Selenite uptake was measured in each system. The sorption of selenite was studied in a pH and Eh range where Se(IV) is stable. Sorption kinetics and sorption isotherms of selenite were determined at 20 and 70°C for up to 140 days in the concentration range of 2 × 10−11 to 8 × 10−4 mol/l for initial selenite. With increasing temperature, the hydrogarnet phase appeared and the crystallinity of C–S–H phases increased (formation of afwillite). Ettringite could no longer be detected. With the temperature increase, the specific surface area was about four times lower than the specific surface area of the sample aged at 20°C. The distribution ratios (Rd) decreased with temperature as a result. At 20°C, there was an initial fast sorption process (surface process) followed by a slower process such as a diffusion process into the solid phases. Rd values of 3600 ± 400 l/kg were obtained for 20°C altered cement suspensions at 30 days and for selenite concentration ranging from 8 × 10−12 to 6 × 10−7 mol/l. At 70°C, the sorption kinetics were similar and Rd values were found to be 1290 ± 80 l/kg. Saturation of the sorption site(s) was observed for selenite concentrations greater than approximately 2 × 10−7 mol/l.
Performance of plain and blended cements exposed to high sulphate concentrations
Authors: Al-Dulaijan S. U. , Macphee D. E. , Maslehuddin M. , Al-Zahrani M. M. , Ali M. R.
Published: September 2007

The sulphate resistance of plain (ASTM C150 Type I and Type V) cements and cements blended with silica fume, fly ash, blast furnace slag or Superpozz, a new generation of supplementary cementing materials, exposed to sodium sulphate solutions was evaluated in this study. Cement mortar specimens were exposed to sulphate concentrations of up to 25 000 ppm. The sulphate resistance of the selected cements was evaluated by visual examination and measuring expansion and reduction in the compressive strength. Morphological changes in cements, due to sulphate exposure, were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The mineralogical changes in cements exposed to a solution with 15 000 ppm sulphate were evaluated. Cracks were noted in Type I and silica fume cement mortar specimens exposed to a sulphate concentration of 15 000 ppm or more. In Type V cement, the sulphate tolerance was 25 000 ppm. Cracks were not noted in the blast furnace slag, fly ash, and Superpozz cement mortar specimens exposed to 25 000 ppm sulphate solution. It is suggested to use Type V cement or Type I cement blended with fly ash, blast furnace slag or Superpozz in sulphate-bearing environments.
Love of Life and Death Distress: Two Separate Factors
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: September 2007

The objectives of the current investigation were threefold: a) to explore the gender differences on love of life (a new construct in the well-being domain) and death distress (death anxiety, death depression, and death obsession); b) to explore the relationship between the scales of these constructs; and c) to examine the factorial structure of these scales. The sample was 245 volunteer Kuwaiti college students (53.5% women). Their mean age was 21.9 ( SD = 2.3). They responded to the Love of Life Scale, the Death Anxiety Scale, the Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety, the Death Depression Scale-Revised, and the Death Obsession Scale. Gender differences on love of life were not significant. However, women had significantly higher mean scores for the four death distress scales than did their male counterparts. All the correlations between love of life and the death distress scales were not significant except one pertaining to love of life and death depression (negative) in women. Two oblique factors were extracted: death distress and love of life. It was concluded that these constructs represent two distinct and independent factors. Counselors and clinicians dealing with death distress would find that it is not associated with love of life.
The Beliefs in the Inheritance of Risk Factors for Suicide Scale (Birfss): Further Results on Demographic Correlates, Dimensionality, Reliability, and Validity
Authors: Voracek Martin , Egle Johanna , Schleicher Stefanie , Loibl Lisa Mariella , Sonneck Gernot
Published: September 2007

Convergent lines of evidence from adoption, family, geographical, immigrant, molecular genetic, surname, and twin studies of suicide point to genetic contributions to risk factors for suicidal behavior. Related mental health literacy (knowledge and beliefs) of professionals and laypersons may, however, lag behind this research progress. The purpose of this study was to further validate the 22-item Beliefs in the Inheritance of Risk Factors for Suicide Scale (BIRFSS), a novel instrument for assessing individuals' beliefs in the genetics of suicide. Data from a general population sample of 159 Austrian adults showed adequate internal scale consistency. Due to deliberate content heterogeneity, the instrument has a subscale structure, but factor analysis of items extracted a dominant first factor. BIRFSS scores were positively related to overall and specific knowledge on suicide facts (convergent validity), whereas unrelated to the Big Five personality dimensions, locus of control, social desirability, and verbal intelligence (discriminant validity). Demographic correlates of BIRFSS scores included respondents' age and religiosity (both positive ones), but not respondents' sex, educational level, or political orientation.
Hopelessness and Suicidality in Turkish and American Respondents
Authors: Gençöz Faruk , Vatan Sevginar , Walker Rheeda L. , Lester David
Published: September 2007

In samples of both Turkish and American students, the correlates of suicidal ideation were found to be similar, with depression, hopelessness, and attitudes toward the ownership of life predicting the level of suicidal ideation in both samples. Results using a Western measure of religiosity, however, were different in the two cultures, indicating the need for measures of religiosity specifically tailored for Turkish culture.
Trophic state assessment based on late summer phytoplankton community structure: a case study for epilimnetic lake water
Authors: Szelag-Wasielewska Elżbieta
Published: September 2007

Phytoplankton species composition, abundance and biomass were studied in samples taken from the epilimnion of Lake Strzeszyńskie in late August of each year from 2000-2005. The number of phytoplankton species was relatively low, with the greatest species diversity observed in the Chlorophyceae. Total phytoplankton abundance was high, with major contributions by picophytoplanktonic cyanobacteria, which formed aggregations. Total phytoplankton biomass was generally low, with the sum of the 2-5 biomass-dominant species always exceeding 50% of the total phytoplankton biomass. The taxonomic composition of the group of biomass dominants was relatively stable inter-annually. On the basis of phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a concentration, Lake Strzeszyńskie can be classified as oligo-mesotrophic and mesotrophic, respectively. Trophic index values calculated on the basis of abundance of phytoplankton indicator taxa were higher than the values based on their biomass, and mean values indicate that the lake is mesotrophic or intermediate between mesotrophic and eutrophic.
Holocene diatom biostratigraphy of the SW Gulf of Gdańsk, Southern Baltic Sea (part II)
Authors: Witak Małgorzata , Dunder Julita
Published: September 2007

The diatom records of two sediment cores taken in the SW part of the Gulf of Gdańsk indicate paleoenvironmental variability in the last three stages of formation of the Baltic Sea: the Mastogloia, the Littorina and the Post-Littorina. Diatom community compositions of the cores show the influence of several factors on past environmental conditions of the study area: (1) regional salinity changes, (2) changes of the Vistula River inflow, and (3) sedimentary processes connected with the Hel Peninsula development.
Estuaries — a biological point of view
Authors: Wołowicz Maciej , Sokołowski Adam , Lasota Rafał
Published: September 2007

Estuaries are considered adverse environments for many living organisms because of their unstable environmental conditions. Variability in salinity, temperature and oxygen concentration of the water, diverse substrata and geomorphological structures are major contributors to increased ecological stress in estuaries. These variations contribute to the characteristic estuarine spatial and temporal changes of physico-chemical properties, which operate even at small scales.

In terms of biology estuaries represent fascinating environments — transition zones between freshwater and marine biomes. Freshwater entering an estuary has a major influence on the ecology of the system, its productivity, diversity and the distribution of organisms, with a high variability of niches favouring an increase of biodiversity and biomass. Many estuarine species/organisms show broad and efficient physiological adaptations (ecotypes) in response to these environmental factors. Under locally specific conditions, even different genetic clades (groups) can be formed. Estuaries serve as vital nursery systems for many fish and unique feeding grounds for migratory birds. On the other hand, estuaries are often seriously degraded habitats, hence providing an ideal environment for combining studies on ecology, nature conservation and human impact.