bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Oil Prices and Exchange Rate: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Siddiqui Taufeeque Ahmad , Ahmed Haseen , Naushad Mohammad , Khan Uzma
Published: May 2023

Oil is among the enormously vital and most traded commodities globally, involving many forex transactions in the face of various types of shocks attributable to geopolitics, supply, demand, market crisis, etc. This study uses a systematic literature review approach to explore the Literature from the SCOPUS database considering the relationship between oil prices and exchange rates by analyzing the papers from 1998 to 2022 and includes the final 123 papers. This study emphasizes three objectives; Literature developed so far, standard methodologies and findings, and the research gaps which can be pursued in further studies. Findings show that vast literature is developed around these variables and sub-topics in various dimensions, such as the stock market, gold prices, economic growth, etc. Research around the variables has increased in the recent past, indicating the continued relevancy of the relationship. However, it can be due to increased access to higher education and research. This study also finds the gap in the literature and has implications for the policymakers in monetary and fiscal policy planning, as well as investors across the globe in making portfolio management strategies.
Crude Oil Price Movements between Fundamental and Uncertainty: Evidence from Frequency Causality Tests
Authors: Mounir Amine
Published: May 2023

This paper studies the cyclo-stationary causality of crude oil price movements using (1) net inventory withdrawals as a fundamental related factor and (2) the VIX index as an uncertainty/financial related factor. It uses frequency causality tests to assess their predictive power for crude oil movements with different time cycles. Results show that WTI crude oil prices had a quick reaction to oil net inventory withdrawals movements and a lesser extent to VIX before 2010. However, this result reversed after, revealing no predictive power of the fundamental related factor while the VIX is observed as a persistent leading indicator with high frequencies over the period 2010:12 - 2022:06.
Impact of Renewable Energy on the Economy of Saudi Arabia
Authors: AL-Tamimi Khaled Abdalla Moh'd , Jaradat Mohammad Sulieman , Aityassine Fatima Lahcen Yachou , Soumadi Mustafa M.
Published: May 2023

The objective of the study was to identify the impact of renewable energy on Saudi economy during 2000-2021. Analytical techniques were used to conduct this study. An analysis of the study used a set of variables, in which Renewable energy perceives as independent variable and the dependent variables are GDP per capita, net foreign direct investment, unemployment, fixed capital formation, and net foreign trade. The data of the study were analyzed using the E-views program. According to the study, renewable energy has an impact on certain economic variables and does not have an impact on others. A partial validity is found for the study's central hypothesis. According to our findings, renewable energy contributes significantly to net foreign direct investment, unemployment, and fixed capital formation, but not to GDP per capita, net foreign trade, or fixed capital formation.
The Effect of Crude Oil Price and Inflation on Algae Export in Indonesia
Authors: Muthalib Dzulfikri Azis , Muthalib Abd Azis , Nuryadi Ahmad Muhlis , Arifuddin Arifuddin , Harafah La Ode Muhammad , Kamaluddin Murdjani , Sahili La Ode , Azis Muh. Irfandy , Tambunan Rince
Published: May 2023

The aim of this study is to test and analyze the long-term and short-term effects of crude oil prices and inflation on algae export in Indonesia. The effects were tested using multiple cointegration regression and error correction models. Furthermore, annual time series data from 2012 to 2021 was used in this study and the results of the analysis show that in the long term, crude oil price and inflation have a positive effect on algae export. While in the short term, only crude oil price positively influences its exportation.
The Effects of Environmental Cost, Environmental Disclosure and Environmental Performance on Company Value with an Independent Board of Commissioners as Moderation
Authors: Hidayat Imam , Ismail Tubagus , Taqi Muhamad , Yulianto Agus Solikhan
Published: May 2023

Company value is one of the most important indicators to increase the company's competitiveness in the midst of very tight business competition. This study aims to determine the effects of Environmental Cost, Environmental Disclosure, Environmental Performance on Company Value with an  Independent Board of Commissioners as Moderation partially and simultaneously. This research was conducted on the Indonesia Stock Exchange  in 2018-2021. Purposive sampling was used as the sampling method and 14 companies were obtained. Multicollinearity test and heteroscedasticity test were used as the classical assumption test. Eviews 9 software with panel data regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. Based on the results of the study,  it was found that Environmental Costs have a negative effect on Company Value, Environmental Disclosure has no effects on Company Value, Environmental Performance has no effects on Company Value, Environmental Costs have negative effects on Value Companies with an Independent Board of Commissioners as Moderation, Environmental Disclosure has no effect on Company Value with an Independent Board of Commissioners as Moderation, and Environmental Performance has no effects on Company Value with an Independent Board of Commissioners as Moderation.
Strategic Decision-Making on Mining Sector Company Stock Prices and Economic Variable (State Space Model Application)
Authors: Ahadiat Ayi , Kesumah Fajrin Satria Dwi , Azhar Rialdi , Wisnu Febryan Kusuma
Published: May 2023

Energy sector is not excluded from the recession in global economics. However, one can be stable during such outbreak was gold prices which showed incredible stable prices and relatively increasing. That also affected on daily stock prices for the gold producing companies such as PT Aneka Tambang (issuer code: ANTM) that showed conversely increasing than other mining sector companies. This study aims to investigate causal relationships between ANTM stock prices and Indonesian exchange rates in order to have strategic decision-making for investors by employing State Space model and to provide forecasting daily data for both variables. The study found that the State Space model confirmed their dynamic relationship, in which ANTM was not only affected by itself but also by the movement of exchange rates. The forecasting graphs then provide the insight of strategic decision-making for investors to strongly invest on gold-based company as they have an increasing projection for the next 20 days.
The Relationship between the Highest Prices and Trading Volume in the Share Indices of Energy and Oil Companies in Kazakhstan
Authors: Zhussipova Elmira Y. , Ydyrys Serikbay Saduakasuly , Makhanbetova Ulmeken , Tayauova Gulzhanat , Pirmanova Zhansulu
Published: May 2023

This study uses econometric methods to reveal the relationship between the highest price formation and trading volume in the share indices of energy and oil companies traded on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE). The study used daily transaction data of KEGC, KZAP, and KZTO companies for 200 trading days in 2022. The analysis is based on the VAR method. The shock effect analysis concluded that there is a mutual interaction between the trading volume and the highest price formation for all three companies. Trading volume had a causal effect on the highest price of only one company (KZTO). The existence of a correlation between the trading volume and the highest price formation is important for investment decisions. This can be interpreted as an indication of a connection between the trading volume and the highest price formation in KASE. More information on this relationship can be obtained by performing similar analyses for other companies traded in the KASE.
The Successfulness of the Reasons for Malaysia’s Energy Initiatives
Authors: Islam Rabiul , Osman Nazariah , Shuib Md. Shukri , Dharfizi Awang Dzul-Hashriq , Ghani Ahmad Bashawir Abdul , Sultana Sabina
Published: May 2023

From the standpoint of Neoliberal Institutionalism, this study explores Malaysia's participation in activities that make energy the topic and/or object of foreign policies, whether through bilateral or multilateral engagements. This research, which aims to evaluate the relevance of energy in Malaysia's economy and diplomacy and to explain Malaysia's reason for its involvement in these cooperations, is necessary because of Malaysia's growing involvement in the global energy market. Information for this study was gathered from a variety of government sources, interviews, published statistical data, and previous studies. The study demonstrates how vital energy is to Malaysia's economy. The Lao PDR-Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore Power Integration Project (LTMS-PIP) initiative, in which Malaysia is participating, is evidence of the viability of multilateral power commerce in the area. The Peninsula Gas Utilisation (PGU) pipeline in Peninsular Malaysia and the Four-Fuel Diversification Policy 1981 (4FDP 1981), which increases natural gas utilisation, are related to Malaysia's participation in the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (MT-JDA). Malaysia would want to think about streamlining its energy administration.
The Dynamic Relationship among Domestic Stock Returns Volatility, Oil Prices, Exchange Rate and Macroeconomic Factors of Investment
Authors: Shabbir Malik Shahzad , Said Laila Refiana , Pelit Irem , Irmak Esma
Published: May 2023

This study investigates the impact of oil price variations, exchange rates, macroeconomic factors and domestic stock volatility in South Asian countries. This study employs a general autoregressive heteroskedastic (GARCH) model using quarterly data from 2001 to 2021. The results reveal that there is a significant relationship between the domestic stock of credit and macroeconomic factors. We find surprising results for the set of the countries; there is a negative impact of asset portfolio investment in the domestic stock for Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan and a positive effect for the remaining countries. There is a positive impact on the economic growth in the majority of countries with the exception of Afghanistan and Bangladesh. Inflation seems to increase while there is an increase in the credit in the economy except for Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. Exchange rate has a negative impact on the domestic stock except for India and Nepal. Further, there is a positive effect on the interest rate spread in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Finally, oil prices have a significant impact on exchange rates within the countries’ investments.
Aspects to Consider in the Evaluation of Photovoltaic System Projects to Avoid Problems in Power Systems and Electric Motors
Authors: Charris Narciso Castro , Santos Vladimir Sousa , Eras Juan José Cabello
Published: May 2023

This paper analyzes the problems in electrical power systems with high penetration of photovoltaic systems, which must be considered in evaluating new projects with these generation sources. The study analyzes the characteristics of photovoltaic systems, their generated effects, and proposals for technological improvements. The features of electric motors and their affectation when they are fed from networks with power quality problems are also described. As a result, the variability in energy production, the difficulties in frequency regulation, the increase in harmonics, and the instability in generating reactive power, are the main problems caused by the massive use of photovoltaic systems. Regarding electric motors, it is shown that harmonics and voltage regulation are the power quality problems that most affect their operation. None of the studies conducted analyzes the direct influence that photovoltaic systems can have on the process of electric motors. Considering the growth prospects for using photovoltaic systems and the importance of electric motors, it is suggested that the scientific community develop research focused on this problem.
Die Mängelrüge im Baurecht – Eine Übersicht anhand aktueller Beispiele aus der Praxis zum Werkvertragsrecht nach OR
Authors: Stöcklin Fabia
Published: May 2023

The notice of defects is essential for the assertion of claims in the event of a defect in the work and regularly poses a challenge in practice due to the complex and detailed case law. Therefore, the following article shows the regulation of the notice of defects in construction law based on examples of current cantonal and federal court case law.
Das schutzwürdige Interesse als Voraussetzung für den Anspruch auf vorsorgliche Beweisführung gemäss Art. 158 Abs. 1 lit. b ZPO
Authors: Chevalley Cyrill A. H.
Published: May 2023

Art. 158 para. 1 lit. b var. 2 of the Swiss Civil Procedure Code allows a party to evaluate the chances of a potential litigation through pre-trial taking of evidence. This requires a legitimate interest. The article discusses the way in which case law and doctrine interpret this condition and advocates a less restrictive interpretation.
Managing Partnerinnen und Managing Partner in Anwaltsunternehmen der DACH-Region: Rollen – Typen – Anforderungen
Authors: Buschor Dario Ramon
Published: May 2023

Noch vor wenigen Jahrzehnten galten Anwältinnen und Anwälte in den meisten Teilen der Welt als Freiberuflerinnen und Freiberufler, die sich mehrheitlich in Einzelkanzleien um die rechtlichen Angelegenheiten ihrer Klientschaft kümmerten. Heute ist ein grosser Teil von ihnen, wenn auch weiterhin eine Minderheit, in Kanzleien tätig, die Hunderte Millionen Franken, Euro oder Dollar Umsatz erwirtschaften und mehrere Hundert (oder gar Tausend) Anwältinnen und Anwälte beschäftigen.
A Biblical Foundation for Visions and Dreams
Authors: Adderley Wilfred
Published: May 2023

This article looks at the biblical foundation that supports the idea that God is still speaking to human beings today through visions and dreams. God has not left communication of his will for humans today totally in the hands of Scripture since he continues to communicate with religious leaders, pastors, the church, unbelievers, and those who hate him through visions and dreams. This article illustrates that God continued to communicate his will through vision and dream experiences from the time of creation until today. Despite widespread skepticism among many toward visions and dreams, God continues to speak by these supernatural manifestations as he did during the Old and New Testament periods.
The Effect Cytokinin Aplication and Kosarmas Fertilizer on Rice Seed Filling Impari Sembilan in Pintupadang.
Authors: Jumaria Nasution  , Silitonga Romaya Sitha
Published: May 2023

Impari Sembilan is one of the superior varieties used in Pintupadang. This seedling is one of the superior varieties produced from an agricultural hall in Indonesia. Rice productivity efforts can be increased by using superior varieties administration of growth regulators.  Cytokines application a role in the formation of grains and root during the initial process of grains development, affect the percentage of seed and will affect the yield. kosarmas fertilizer is an organic fertilizer from cow dung, charcoal, candlenut shell and golden snails as organic fertilizer which improves soil physic. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of cytokynins and KOSARMAS fertilizer on wet weight, dry weight, seed filling of Impari rice plants. This study used a completely randomized design with two factors, namely the cytokinin concentration of 0,10,25,50 ppm and Kosarmas liquid fertilizer concentration of 0,20,30,50 ml. Based on the analysis of error variance of 5%. Cytokinin at a concentration of 50 ppm increased the height of Impari rice stalks while cytokinin applied at a concentration of 25 ppm increased, the amount of fresh weight of 100 rice seed, dry weight of sed. A dose of 30 ml kosarmas fertilizer increases the total amount of panicle grain.
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Mukarim ,A. K. 2005. Peupukan berimbang pada tanaman pangan khusus padi sawah : Seminar Rutin Pulitbang Tanaman Pangan. Bogor. Ookura, T.Wada, M.Sakakakibara, Y.Jeong,K.H.Maruta, I.Kawamaru,Y and Kasamo,K.1994. Indentifacition and characterization of family of gene for the plasma membrane H+-ATP ase Oryza sativa L. Plant cell Physiol.,35:1251-1256.
Oparka, K.J, and Gates ,. P.J.1981. Transport Of assimilates in the developing caryopsis of rice. Ultrastructure of the pericarp vascular bundle and its connection with the aleurone layer. Planta,151:561-573.
Shah, S.H.2006.The response of nigella Sativa L.to foliar application of gibberellic acid and kinetin.Biol.Plant.In Press.
Taize and Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology Third Edition. Sinauer Association: USA.
Food Crop Land Use Planning in Banggai Regency
Authors: Katili Hidayat
Published: May 2023

Land used to plan to be implemented by considering the appropriateness of existing commodity land needs to be managed to provide information about the appropriateness of specific commodity lands for increasing income and regional development. so this research aims to find out what crop commodities are superior and the carrying capacity of land towards food crop agriculture and to direct the allocation of food crop agricultural land in Banggai Regency. The data analysis used the economic approach of the landfill is an analysis of Localization, Specialization, Basis for determination Leading commodities, Land Suitability analysis for land resource potential analysis. The results showed that localization of eight food commodities that spread throughout the study area while the special or typical food crops namely field rice, corn, and cassava as well as bases in this region, namely, field rice and corn 15 districts (65.2%), cassava 13 districts (56.5%). Furthermore, based on the calculation of the carrying capacity of paddy, peanuts and green beans that experienced a "deficit", corn, soybeans, cassava, and sweet potatoes experienced a "surplus" and land suitability ie quite suitable (S2) and marginal appropriate (S3). Then the directions for allocation of paddy rice directed to 4 sub-district (West Toili, Moilong, Batui, Masama); rice field to 4 sub-district (Batui, Pagimana, Bualemo, and Lamala); corn in the 3 sub-district (Nuhon, Simpang Raya and Pagimana); peanut in the 3 sub-district (West Toili, Bunta and North Balantak); kedelei directed (Bualemo District sub-district); cassava is directed towards the sub-district (Bunta, Nuhon and Bualemo); and sweet potatoes in sub-districts (Nuhon, Simpang Raya and Lamala).
Characteristics of Chemical Properties of Oil Palm Soil at Plant Age in Different Areas of Land
Authors: FS Harahap , Rendi Fitra Yana
Published: May 2023

This study aims to identify the fertility variable that is an obstacle in Bilah Hulu Subdistrict, Labuhanbatu Regency by evaluating the status of soil fertility and assessing alternative management in accordance with the status of soil fertility found in the Center of the People's Palm Oil Plantation, N Satu Aek Nabara Village, Bilah Hulu District, Labuhanbatu Regency with a height of ± 80 meters above sea level. This research is a phenomenological qualitative descriptive study with a land survey and is supported by qualitative laboratory analysis. Soil sampling is carried out in the survey area sequentially based on where the estimated nature of the soil is different from the purposive random sampling method, so the results of the soil analysis obtained are expected to reflect the true value. 60 cm and recording the coordinates using the Global Positioning System. Whereas soil management information is obtained by direct field observation and in-depth interviews with farmers in a snowball aiming to obtain complete information from farmers. Soil chemical properties analyzed in C-organic laboratory, CEC, Base Saturation. To determine the chemical properties of the soil with certain criteria that have been determined. Based on Technical Instructions for Evaluating Soil Fertility. Soil fertility parameters that become obstacles in the status of soil fertility in N Satu Aek Nabara Village, Bilah Hulu District, Labuhanbatu Regency are low soil organic matter content, and very low soil fertility. The direction of management of soil fertility for sloping land units in the lower, palm, and peak areas of palm oil is in the form of adding organic matter with compost and fertilizer and inorganic substances in accordance with recommendations to improve soil fertility status.
Response to the growth of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to giving variation of organic fertilizers
Authors: Meiliana Friska , Jumaria Nasution
Published: May 2023

Tomato plant (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) is one of the horticultural commodities that have the potential to be developed because it has quite high economic value. One of the efforts made to increase the growth of tomato plants is by using organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer is the best and natural soil repairer than artificial/synthetic. This study aims to determine the response of tomato plant growth to organic fertilizer by observing plant height, the number of leaves, and stem diameter. This study used an experimental method with a randomized block design consisting of 4 treatments, namely compost, manure, and green manure. The results of the observations were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and statistical data processing was performed using the F test at the level of α = 5%. The results showed that the growth of tomato plants for the highest plant measurement, the highest average number of leaves, and stem diameter were found in the compost (PK) treatment.
The Effect Of MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) And Origin Of Stem Cutting On Growth Moringa Olifera (Moringa) Plant Seeds
Authors: Yususf Mukhtar , Susanti Rini
Published: May 2023

Moringa olifera is known worldwide as a nutritious plant and WHO has introduced Moringa as an alternative food to overcome nutritional problems (malnutrition). Moringa plants are sought after because they can be processed into a variety of herbal medicines to raw materials for skincare products. "Moringa seeds and leaves are in a trend to be used for processed skincare products because of the nutrients they contain. This research was conducted from March 2020 until June 2020 in the village of Sei Karang, Stabat Subdistrict, Langkat Regency using a factorial randomized block design with 2 levels of treatment ie without MSG (P0), 2 g / 5 liters of water (P1), 5 g / 5 liters of water (P2), 7 g / 5 liters of water (P3), and stem cuttings (W1), middle cuttings (W2) and tip cuttings (W3). The results showed that the treatment of cuttings in the middle (W1) showed the highest with a value of 9.67 on the observation of the number of shoots, while the interaction of MSG and the origin of cuttings showed a significant effect on the emergence of the highest treatment shoots at P1W1 (2.5 g / 5 liters of water and stem section) with a value of 12.67 days and observation of root length in the P2W2 treatment (5 g / 5 liters of water and the middle section) with a value of 10.67
Evaluation Of Land Resource For Development Of Sorgum Plants In The Pantai Gemi Village District Stabat
Authors: Risnawati  , Mukhtar Yusuf  , Rini Susanti
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study is to find the location of the land that is suitable or appropriate for sorghum plants seen at the level of the land suitability class are grouped in 5 classes of suitability, namely S1 (highly suitable), S2 (quite appropriate), S3 (marginal suitable), N1 (not appropriate at this time), and N2 (not as permanent). The results of the external scientific minimum in accredited national journals which have an ISSN, the results of the research done to get that to plant sorghum can be developed in fields of agricultural village beach gemi district stabat Kabupaten langkat with attention to some aspects of (1) the availability of excessive water can be done making drainage and (2) retention of nutrients; pH that is slightly sour can be improved by the administration of lime sedangkann low C organic can be corrected with the provision of organic matter can improve the nutrient content increased in the soil.
Analysis of Sungai Ular Water Quality Viewed from The Impact of Palm Oil Industry Activities And PDAM
Authors: Kurniawan Zahir , Agustina Nur Ariyani , Pratomo Bayu
Published: May 2023

This research aims to determined the effect of industry wastes of Palm Oil and PDAM to the river water quality use parameters of the water caracteristic, parameters that using to determine the water Pollution level as ;  Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Mangan (Mn), Aluminium (Al), Besi (Fe), Timbal (Pb), turbidity, and water quality standards of Sungai Ular. This research was carried out in Sungai Ular to Serdang Bedagai Regency and Deli Serdang Regency and next in The Laboratorium Socfindo Seed Production & Laboratories (SSPL) in September - October 2020. The research  method is used a Purposive sampling. At all the stations of Sungai Ular stations that have determined in this research are result of parameters from BOD are into to the class II all of stations, and concentration of COD all of stations into to the class, and another parameters are still below the threshold to all of stations so can said from averaged of parameters all of stations, the  Water quality of Sungai Ular are still classified below the threshold in accordance with government regulation number 82 of 2001.

 

Keywords: Quality, River, Pollution, Industry.
Test of Some Varieties and Application Pesticides of Cloves Leaves to Eliminate Worm in Corn (Zea mays L).
Authors: Nasution Erti Kumala Indah , Harahap Samsinar , Bisri Ahmad , Nasution Koirul Fadli
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this research is to find out to determine the test of several varieties and the application of vegetable pesticides for clove leaves for Eradicating Leaf worms on Corn Plants (Zea mays L). From the results of statistical data analysis, the treatment of several varieties showed no significant effect on the parameters of plant height 3, 5, and 9 weeks after planting,  diameter 3 and 5 weeks after planting, ear weight per sample, and ear weight per plot, but had no significant effect on the parameters. Plant height at 7 weeks after planting, stem dimensions 7 and 9 weeks after planting, and intensity of leaf caterpillar pests at 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks after planting. From the results of statistical data analysis, clove leaf vegetable pesticide treatment showed a significant effect on the parameters of plant height at 5 weeks after planting, stem diameter 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks after planting, but had no significant effect on plant height parameters aged 3, 7 and 9 weeks after planting, ear weight per sample, ear weight per plot and intensity of attack of leaf worm pests aged 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks after planting. From the results of statistical data analysis, the interaction between the two treatments above shows an insignificant effect on all observed parameters.
Growth Response of Soybean (Glycine max L Merrill) to NPK Fertilizer Dosage and Distance Planting in the Field
Authors: Lisdayani  , Putri Mustika Sari  , Syahman margolang
Published: May 2023

In The effort to increase soybean production, various treatments can be applied, one of which is cultivation in which spacing between the plants is adjusted to obtain ideal production. Spacing is determined depending on seed growth, soil fertility, season, and the variety of plants. Apart from spacing, the use of compound fertilizer is also very important in the growth and production of soybean plants. One way to reduce production costs and improve the soil and crop yield quality is applying a compound fertilizer such as NPK Mutiara (16:16:16). NPK (16:16:16) fertilizer has a balanced composition of nutrients and dissolves slowly until the end of the growth process. The purpose of this study is to discover the effect of plant spacing and dosage of NPK Mutiara (16:16:16) fertilizer, and the best interaction between spacing and NPK Mutiara (16:16:16) fertilizer dosage, on the growth and yield of soybean plants (Glycine max (L) Merrill). The research was conducted in a farmer’s experimental garden, in Jalan Eka Suka 11, Pangkalan Mansur Village, Medan Johor District, at a height of ± 15 meters above sea level. The method used is a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with the first factor being plant spacing, and the second -factor being NPK fertilizer dosage. The results of the research show that NPK fertilizer dosage and plant spacing both have a significant effect on plant height and the number of branches. The highest plant height, 75.50 cm, was obtained using the treatment J3 (40 cm x 40 cm spacing), compared with the other two treatments. The lowest plant height, 61.08 cm, was obtained using the treatment J1 (30 cm x 30 cm spacing). The highest number of branches was seen in the treatment K3, with 7.00 stalks, while the lowest number of branches was found in the treatment K0, with 6.03 stalks.
Potato Cultivation Technology for Increasing Famers Income in Area Exposed to the Eruption of Mount Sinabung, Karo District
Authors: Sebayang Lukas , Mieke Afni Hardyani
Published: May 2023

The negative impact of land exposed to the eruption of Mount Sinabung can be improved through the provision of soil amendments and improvement of soil fertility so that the physical and chemical properties of the land are suitable for potato plants. This study aims to compare the potato cultivation technology package recommended by the North Sumatra AIAT with the farmer technology package on land exposed to the eruption of Mount Sinabung. The experiment was conducted in one of the potato production centers that experienced the impact of the eruption in Kutarayat Village, Naman Teran District, Karo Regency, located 3 km from the eruption center from January - December 2019. The treatment of the cultivation technology package studied were: 1). Recommended technology package: Soil processed twice, dolomite 2 tons/ha, manure sown in arrays 20 tons/ha, sawdust 5 tons/ha, NPK 500 kg/ha, urea 100 kg/ha, KCl 100 kg/ha; 2). Farmer's technology package: soil is processed once, manure in holes 10 tons/ha, NPK 250 kg/ha, urea 100 kg/ha, KCl 100 kg/ha. The results of the study showed that: (1) the growth of potato plants that received the recommendation package cultivation technology treatment was better than the farmers' technology package. (2) potato tuber production with the application of recommended technology resulted in the highest tuber production of 39.81 t/ha, while the farmer's cultivation technology package was 23.79 t/ha. (3) Likewise, the weight of large tubers (> 200 g/tuber ) was significantly higher and more abundant than the farmers' technology package. Potato planting with the recommendation package input resulted in the highest tuber production of 39.81 t/ha. Economically profitable with a B/C ratio of 2.69.

Key words: Potato, eruption, mount Sinabung, technology package
Application Two Different Calcium on Sweet Corn Growth (Zea mays saccharata Strutt.) in Ultisol
Authors: Sihotang Marcel Clinton , Sipayung Rosita , Charloq
Published: May 2023

Sweet corn is a crop has a very good nutrient and tastes sweet and Calsium influenced contain. Ultisol is one of the soil that spreaded vastly in Indonesia, up to 25% of Indonesian total terrestrial area. Ultisol is an acidic soil, hence clacification can be applied to deal with it. The purpose of this research was to determine the growth response of sweet corn in two sources of calcium nutrients application to Ultisol soil. This research was conducted in the gauze of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara with an altitude of ± 32 m above sea level starting from October 2017 to December 2017. This research used a Non Factorial Completely Randomized Design with 7 treatments and 4 repetition, the treatment of which was calcium nutrient, shell egg (9.22 g / 15 kg soil), eggshell (13.84 g / 15 kg soil), eggshell (18.45 g / 15 kg soil), dolomite 1 x Aldd (equivalent to 9.22 g / 15 kg of soil), dolomite 1.5 x Aldd (equivalent to 13.84 g / 15 kg of soil), dolomite 2 x Aldd (equivalent to 18.45 g / 15 kg of soil). The results showed that the two sources of calcium nutrients (eggshell or dolomite) applications had no significant effect on plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, canopy and root wet weight, and canopy and root dry weight.
Application of Natural Growth Regulator on Viability of Soursop Seeds (Annona Muricata Linn.).
Authors: Ismail Marzuki  , T. Irmansyah  , Sitepu Ferry
Published: May 2023

Soursop (Annona Muricata Linn.) is a plant that has hard seeds that inhibits germination. One way that can be done to accelerate the process of germination of soursop is by scarifying and using natural growth regulators. This research aim was to identify the effect of scarification and immersion of natural growth regulators on the viability of soursop seeds. This research was conducted at the USU Faculty of Agriculture from July to September 2018 by using a Completely Randomized Design of two treatment factors namely, (1) Scarification (without scarification / control and scarification) and (2) Immersion of Natural Growth Regulators (No Immersion / Control, Immersion with young coconut water; red onion extract and young coconut water). The scarification treatment and immersion of young coconut water and/or red onion extract gave the highest yield, significantly on plant height, leaf number and vigor index.
The Efforts To Increase Vegetative Growth of White Corn (Zea mays L) With Vesicle Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) and Distance Planting Treatment
Authors: Silitonga Yusnita Wahyuni , Erwin Harahap Darmadi , Hamidi Hasibuan Ilal , Hanafiah Nasution Muhammad Nizar
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study was to see the effect of giving Vesicle Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) on the vegetative growth of white corn (Zea mays L), distance treatment of plant and interaction  both of them on the vegetative growth of white corn. This study used a  randomized block design (RBD) on factorial with two-factor and three replications. The first factor is the treatment of giving VAM (A) with various doses consisting of A1 (10 g/plot), A2 (20 g/plot) and A3 (30 g/plot), while the second factor is the treatment of plant spacing (J) with various sizes consisting of J1 (50 cm x 15 cm), J2 (50 cm x 25 cm) and J3 (50 cm x 35 cm). Data collection starts from planting to flowering, namely plant height, number of leaves, flowering time. Data analysis was carried out through analysis of variance and further test of DMRT at 95% confidence level. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the fungal treatment only had a significant effect on plant height and cob length, but did not significantly affect the number of leaves, flowering time. The plant spacing treatment only had a significant effect on plant height but had no significant effect on the number of leaves and flowering time. The interaction of the fungus treatment and plant spacing treatment showed that there was an interaction effect of the two treatments on plant height but did not significantly affect the number of leaves, flowering time. The treatment interaction A3J3 had the highest plant size of 114.55 cm.
Optimum Dosage of N Determination in achieve Optimization of Hybrid Rice Grain Contents Percentage
Authors: Syarifah Risqa Naila Khusna , Purwanto  , Hanifa Hana
Published: May 2023

Padi hibrida mulai dikembangkan oleh para peneliti untuk mendukung peningkatan produksi padi nasional karena sifatnya yang dapat menghasilkan produksi lebih tinggi dibandingkan padi inbrida. Namun, di Indonesia peningkatan hasil panen padi hibrida belum sesuai harapan, salah satunya karena penerapan teknik budidaya yang kurang cermat, termasuk teknik pemupukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dosis pemupukan nitrogen yang optimum pada padi hibrida yang dapat mendukung perolehan persentase gabah isi tertinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap dengan dua faktor dan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk N (0 kg N/ha, 100 kg N/ha dan 200 kg N/ha), faktor kedua adalah varietas padi hibrida (Mapan-P05, Intani 602 dan SL8SHS-Sterling). Variabel yang diamati meliputi karakteristik pertumbuhan (jumlah daun) serta hasil dan komponen hasil padi hibrida (jumlah gabah per malai, bobot gabah per rumpun, persentase gabah isi). Data penelitian dianalisis dengan analisis varians dan regresi polinomial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis pemupukan N optimum untuk varietas Mapan-P05, Intani 602 dan SL8SHS-Sterling adalah 98,79 kg N/ha (R2=0,805), 104,34 kg N/ha (R2=0,919) dan 99,78 kg N/ha (R2=0,809).
Laccase activity as an indicator of peat degrading microbes in several types of peatlands use in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Hijri Nurul , Naspendra Zuldadan , Harianti Mimien , Budi Prasetyo Teguh , Budi Prasetyo Teguh
Published: May 2023

Land clearing and drainage activities on peatlands had boosted the decomposition rate of organic matter, caused by an increase in soil temperature and soil microbial activity. Enzyme activity is a sensitive indicator to measure changes in the decomposition process. The enzyme activity associated with the decomposition of organic matter is Laccase. This research aimed to study Laccase as an indicator of lignin degradation in several types of peatland use in Pesisir Selatan, West Sumatra, namely forests, shrubs, oil palm plantations, agricultural land, and bare land. The Laccase activity was measured by using the ABTS method. The results of our study show that Laccase activity in several types of peatland use from the highest to the lowest follows the order: agricultural land (LP) 3.20 μg.g-1.hour-1 > bare land (LT) 1.46 μg.g-1.hour-1 > shrub (SB) 1.17 μg.g-1.hour-1 > smallholder oil palm plantation (PSr) 0.66 μg.g-1.hour-1 > private company oil palm plantation (PSs) 0.70 μg.g-1.hour-1 > forest (H) 0.06 μg.g-1.hour-1. Soil characteristics that affect the enzyme activity are water content, which is negatively correlated with the Laccase enzyme. The higher the water content in the peat material, the lower the Laccase activity. Therefore, it is necessary to control the soil water content high to prevent the rate of peat decomposition.

Keywords: Laccase, enzyme, oil palm plantation, land use, peatland.
Agronomy Performance and Resistance of Shallots against Fusarium Wilt Disease under Various Salicylic Acid Treatments
Authors: Khotimah Khusnul
Published: May 2023

This research aims to know the agronomic character and resistance of shallots against fusarium wilt disease under various salicylic acid treatments. This research was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with one factor, namely the treatment of salicylic acid concentrations (0 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm, and 25 ppm) with 3 replications. Each treatment was inoculated with Fusarium acutatum inoculum (106 conidia ml-1 distilled water) except for the negative control, without being inoculated with Fusarium acutatum inoculum. The materials used included shallot bulbs of the Tajuk variety, synthetic salicylic acid, Fusarium acutatum inoculum. Variables of observation of agronomic characters include; plant height, number of leaves, fresh tuber weight while the disease component variables include; incubation period, and disease incidence. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 95%, then the DMRT test (95%) was carried out to determine the differences between treatments. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the 0 ppm treatment (control) and the 15, 20, and 25 ppm treatment on the characters of plant height, fresh weight, and disease incidence. Meanwhile for the character of the number of leaves and incubation period there was no significant difference between the control and salicylic acid treatment. Salicylic acid treatment at a concentration of 15 ppm showed the highest plant height (34.26 cm), the highest number of leaves (24.46 strands), the highest fresh tuber weight (6.30 g), and the least disease incidence (14.55%).
Quantitative and epidemiological analysis of measles cases in Macapá-AP from 2017 to 2021
Authors: Mendes Fabrízio do Amaral , Rodrigues Rafael Henrique de Andrade , Souza Yngrid Sheron Ribeiro de , Rodrigues Gabriel Vinícius de Andrade , Dias Claudio Alberto Gellis de Mattos , Dendasck Carla Viana , Oliveira Euzébio de , Fecury Amanda Alves
Published: May 2023

Objective: To epidemiologically analyze measles cases in Macapá from 2017 to 2021, considering their sociodemographic and clinical aspects. Method: A descriptive study with a quantitative approach and analysis of secondary data was carried out. The population consisted of all notifications with suspected or confirmed measles in the Health Units of Macapá through the compulsory measles and rubella notification forms. Result: 788 suspected cases were registered in Macapá, with 576 confirmed cases in the period evaluated. The year 2021 was predominant in cases with n=407 (71%) confirmed notifications. It also demonstrates the profile of reported cases, the majority being children, with a slight predilection for males, coming mainly from the urban area. Conclusion: The data indicate an exponential growth of measles in the municipality studied, and vaccination coverage and health policies in primary care should be encouraged and reinforced.
A Tribute to R.M. Vaughan : He Stirred a Cauldron of Canadian Craft and Culture
Authors: Moffatt Ken
Published: May 2023

[Para. 1]: "It is an honour to write a tribute to a colleague, collaborator, and friend R.M. Vaughan, who died in 2020. I knew R.M. as a personal friend who I visited in Toronto, Montreal, Fredericton, and Berlin. I called on him regularly as an educator, interviewer, and performer for a variety of events in Toronto, including at Ryerson University, Buddies in Bad Times Theatre, and the Gardiner Museum. For a while we shared a home in Toronto."
A phenomenological study of the breastfeeding experiences of African American women and the implications of societal racialization
Authors: Knox-Kazimierczuk Francoise A. , Summers Crystal , Lotz Kevin V.
Published: May 2023

Background. UNICEF & The World Health Organization (WHO) recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life (UNICEF & WHO, 2017). Research has reported reduced risk for all selected pediatric diseases with breastfeeding durations meeting this recommendation. Despite the proven benefits, breastfeeding rates for low-income African American mothers remain far below the guidelines established by Healthy People 2030. 

Purpose. The purpose of this research study was to explore the socio-cultural barriers and assets of breastfeeding experienced by African American mothers. The study was designed to elicit responses focused on barriers and facilitators of breastfeeding, specifically focusing on race as a key upstream determinant for both positive and negative experiences. 

Methods. In this study, a hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative approach was used conducting focus groups and in-depth interviews. Eight African American WIC eligible mothers consented to participate in the study. 

Results. Data was analyzed using two coders, who looked for themes within the text derived from participants’ experiences. Four main themes emerged from the experiences of the participants: (a) Healthcare provider bias, (b) Distrust/Fear, (c) Agency/Control, and (d) Support Networks. 

Conclusion. This study offers a novel approach to examining disparities in breastfeeding rates, duration, and exclusivity through directly engaging low-income African American mothers. This study suggests culturally appropriate training for providers, increasing the diversity of providers, providing peer coaches, and support groups for African American women would be beneficial for African American WIC eligible women wanting to be successful at breastfeeding.
Ambiguity in Arabic Negative Polar Questions
Authors: Al-Jarf Reima
Published: May 2023

Negative yes-no (polar) questions in Colloquial Arabic (CA) are formed by intonation without adding yes-no question particles, in which case, a statement is uttered with a rising intonation, whether this polar question is negative or affirmative. This case is more common in CA than written MSA. Sometimes, the same negative polar question is uttered with different intonations, giving different meanings. This article investigates the multiple meanings of negative polar questions in Hijazi Arabic (HA), the kinds of ambiguities resulting from using different rising intonations, and how negative polar questions are answered. A sample of negative polar questions in HA was collected. Each was uttered with different rising intonations by a sample of students enrolled in a Semantics and Pragmatics course at the College of Languages and Translation and recordings of those were made. The student informants were asked about the meaning conveyed by each intonation of the same negative polar question. Results showed that ما شريت فستان الأسبوع الماضي؟ Didn't you buy a dress last week?” is a negative polar question formed with a change in intonations. It is ambiguous and may render the following meanings: (i) a neutral question about whether she bought the dress or not, replying with the truth-value of the situation, or is replying to the polarity used in the question. The answer would be either "Yes" or "no", or an echo answer: "Yes I bought it" or "No I didn't buy it"; (ii) a confirmation question to which the reply is "yes" only; (iii) a confirmation question to which the reply is "no" only; (iv) disapproval: "Didn't you buy a dress last week? Why do you want to by another dress? (v) an exclamation: Wow! You have bought a new dress, although you bought one last week! What a surprise! The context makes it clear which meaning each intonation implies. Detailed results of the interpretation of a sample of ambiguous spoken negative polar questions are reported.
IN-VIVO ANTHELMINTIC AND TOXICITY STUDY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF PROSOPIS AFRICANA AGAINST HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS IN GOATS
Authors: MUHAMMED M.M. , ISTIFANU W.A. , SAMAILA A.B. , PANDA S.M.
Published: May 2023

In-vivo anthelmintic and toxicity study of Prosopis africana against Haemonchuscontortusin goats were evaluated for maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and therapeutic dose (TD) in this experiments. Two extracts, aqueous extract of stem bark (AESB) and aqueous extract of leaves (AELF) were obtained. Phytochemical constituents identified in the extracts include Tannins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Cardiac glycosides and Saponins. In maximum tolerated dose and acute toxicity study, eighteen West African Dwarf goats (aged 5-6 months old) were used. Three dose regimes of 1000 mgkg-1, 2000 mgkg-1and 3000 mgkg-1body weight for each type of extract was orally administered to three goats per dose with each dose being replicated thrice. Animals were observed for 48 hours for apparent signs of toxicity. Four weeks later they were re-examined for signs of delayed cytotoxic effects. At the same time, the goats were evaluated for egg per gram reduction. The results shows at the dose of 1000 mgkg-1, there was no mortality and no evidence of toxicity in both gross and histopathological lesions. At the dose of 2000 mgkg-1to 3000 mgkg-1, various histopathological changes were observed, and at 3000 mgkg-1 stem bark, showed highest reduction (94.2 %) in egg per gram. In this study, 1000 mgkg-1 and 3000 mgkg-1are considered as MTD and TD respectively.