bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherent structures and associated subgrid-scale energy transfer in a rough-wall turbulent channel flow
Authors: Hong Jiarong , Katz Joseph , Meneveau Charles , Schultz Michael P.
Published: September 2012

This paper focuses on turbulence structure in a fully developed rough-wall channel flow and its role in subgrid-scale (SGS) energy transfer. Our previous work has shown that eddies of scale comparable to the roughness elements are generated near the wall, and are lifted up rapidly by large-scale coherent structures to flood the flow field well above the roughness sublayer. Utilizing high-resolution and time-resolved particle-image-velocimetry datasets obtained in an optically index-matched facility, we decompose the turbulence into large (${\gt }\lambda $), intermediate ($3\text{{\ndash}} 6k$), roughness ($1\text{{\ndash}} 3k$) and small (${\lt }k$) scales, where $k$ and $\lambda (\lambda / k= 6. 8)$ are roughness height and wavelength, respectively. With decreasing distance from the wall, there is a marked increase in the ‘non-local’ SGS energy flux directly from large to small scales and in the fraction of turbulence dissipated by roughness-scale eddies. Conditional averaging is used to show that a small fraction of the flow volume (e.g. 5 %), which contains the most intense SGS energy transfer events, is responsible for a substantial fraction (50 %) of the energy flux from resolved to subgrid scales. In streamwise wall-normal ($x\text{{\ndash}} y$) planes, the averaged flow structure conditioned on high SGS energy flux exhibits a large inclined shear layer containing negative vorticity, bounded by an ejection below and a sweep above. Near the wall the sweep is dominant, while in the outer layer the ejection is stronger. The peaks of SGS flux and kinetic energy within the inclined layer are spatially displaced from the region of high resolved turbulent kinetic energy. Accordingly, some of the highest correlations occur between spatially displaced resolved velocity gradients and SGS stresses. In wall-parallel $x\text{{\ndash}} z$ planes, the conditional flow field exhibits two pairs of counter-rotating vortices that induce a contracting flow at the peak of SGS flux. Instantaneous realizations in the roughness sublayer show the presence of the counter-rotating vortex pairs at the intersection of two vortex trains, each containing multiple $\lambda $-spaced vortices of the same sign. In the outer layer, the SGS flux peaks within isolated vortex trains that retain the roughness signature, and the distinct pattern of two counter-rotating vortex pairs disappears. To explain the planar signatures, we propose a flow consisting of U-shaped quasi-streamwise vortices that develop as spanwise vorticity is stretched in regions of high streamwise velocity between roughness elements. Flow induced by adjacent legs of the U-shaped structures causes powerful ejections, which lift these vortices away from the wall. As a sweep is transported downstream, its interaction with the roughness generates a series of such events, leading to the formation of inclined vortex trains.
Validation of FFQ-based assessment of dietary lignans compared with serum enterolactone in Swedish women
Authors: Lin Yulan , Wolk Alicja , Håkansson Niclas , Peñalvo Jose Luis , Lagergren Jesper , Adlercreutz Herman , Lu Yunxia
Published: September 2012

The validity of using FFQ to assess dietary lignans is uncertain. We aimed to validate the use of FFQ for the assessment of dietary intake of lignans compared to the serum biomarker enterolactone, the main product of dietary lignans' metabolism in human subjects. A random sample of women, aged 55–75 years, from the Swedish Mammography Cohort was selected. Information from two FFQ, the FFQ-87 (sixty-seven food items) and the FFQ-97 (ninety-three food items), and blood samples were collected. Dietary intake of lignans (secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, pinoresinol, medioresinol and syringaresinol) was assessed by the FFQ. Serum concentrations of enterolactone were analysed by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. The correlation coefficient between energy-adjusted lignan intake and serum enterolactone was estimated in crude and multivariable-adjusted models, taking into account the factors potentially influencing the serum enterolactone. Among the 135 participants aged 55–75 years, with a mean BMI of 26·7 kg/m2, the average energy-adjusted intake of total lignans was 1616 (sd 424) and 1516 (sd 409) μg/d according to the FFQ-87 (forty-five food items containing lignans) and the FFQ-97 (sixty-five food items containing lignans), respectively. The mean concentration of serum enterolactone was 23·2 (sd 15·4) nmol/l. The adjusted Pearson's correlation between dietary intake of lignans assessed by the FFQ-97 and serum enterolactone was statistically significant (r 0·22, P= 0·01). No significant correlation was observed for the FFQ-87 (r 0·09, P= 0·30). The present study indicates that the FFQ-97 might be better than the FFQ-87 for assessing dietary intake of lignans, although the correlation was low.
The Life of Plants and the Limits of Empathy
Authors: Marder Michael
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT: This article examines the possibility of an ethical treatment of plants grounded in empathy. Upon considering whether an empathetic approach to vegetal life is compatible with the crucial features of plant ontology, it is concluded that the feeling of empathy with plants disregards their mode of being and projects the constructs and expectations of the human empathizer onto the object of empathy. Vegetal life, thus, reveals the limits of empathy, as well as its anthropocentric and potentially unethical underpinnings.
WILL MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION ELIMINATE LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS? EVIDENCE FROM NORTHERN COASTAL TANZANIA
Authors: PARKER MELISSA , ALLEN TIM
Published: September 2012

This article documents understandings and responses to mass drug administration (MDA) for the treatment and prevention of lymphatic filariasis among adults and children in northern coastal Tanzania from 2004 to 2011. Assessment of village-level distribution registers, combined with self-reported drug uptake surveys of adults, participant observation and interviews, revealed that at study sites in Pangani and Muheza districts the uptake of drugs was persistently low. The majority of people living at these highly endemic locations either did not receive or actively rejected free treatment. A combination of social, economic and political reasons explain the low uptake of drugs. These include a fear of treatment (attributable, in part, to a lack of trust in international aid and a questioning of the motives behind the distribution); divergence between biomedical and local understandings of lymphatic filariasis; and limited and ineffective communication about the rationale for mass treatment. Other contributory factors are the reliance upon volunteers for distribution within villages and, in some locations, strained relationships between different groups of people within villages as well as between local leaders and government officials. The article also highlights a disjuncture between self-reported uptake of drugs by adults at a village level and the higher uptake of drugs recorded in official reports. The latter informs claims that elimination will be a possibility by 2020. This gives voice to a broader problem: there is considerable pressure for those implementing MDA to report positive results. The very real challenges of making MDA work are pushed to one side – adding to a rhetoric of success at the expense of engaging with local realities. It is vital to address the kind of issues raised in this article if current attempts to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in mainland coastal Tanzania are to achieve their goal.
Group music composing strategies: A case study within a rock band
Authors: Biasutti Michele
Published: September 2012

This paper reports on the compositional processes of an Italian rock band whilst composing a new piece over seven group composing sessions. The band members were videotaped during the group composing sessions in their rehearsal room. A qualitative analysis of the video recordings was performed using the Constant Comparative Method. In the analysis, 59 different behaviours emerged, which were subsequently reduced into 13 categories. When analysing the categories, five themes (activities) were defined. The five activities were: context definition, experimenting, constructing, playing and evaluating. The activities were employed as a coding technique for time coding the videotaped data, which revealed the time percentages spent by the musicians in each of the group composing activities. Results from the joint qualitative and percentage time analysis indicate the importance of the strategies adopted by the musicians during group composing. The results are discussed by taking into account the impact of the processes employed in a group composing setting as well as suggestions for future research. The implication for music education involves the possibility to apply approaches based on the development of cognitive processes rather than the product of collaborative composing activities.
Too hard, too soft or just about right: paradigms in music teachers’ action research
Authors: Cain Tim
Published: September 2012

This article considers some paradigms of educational research, and their relation to teachers’ action research in their classrooms or studios. The positivist/scientific paradigm and the interpretive/naturalist paradigm are examined, with reference to two cases of music teachers’ action research studies. These studies are found to be flawed because the paradigms underpinning them are inappropriate for classroom-based action research. The critical theory approach is also discussed but only briefly, because no instances of music teachers’ action research in this paradigm have been found. The participatory paradigm is explained, with reference to a third case of music teachers’ action research. The article argues that, for teachers’ classroom-based action research, this paradigm is more appropriate than others. It suggests that music teachers’ action research in the participatory paradigm: (a) includes self-study, (b) involves students, (c) considers the influence of context, (d) involves more than one turn of the action research cycle, and (e) engages with, and contributes to, the development of theory.
A SUCCESSIVE LUMPING PROCEDURE FOR A CLASS OF MARKOV CHAINS
Authors: Katehakis Michael N. , Smit Laurens C.
Published: September 2012

A class of Markov chains we call successively lumbaple is specified for which it is shown that the stationary probabilities can be obtained by successively computing the stationary probabilities of a propitiously constructed sequence of Markov chains. Each of the latter chains has a(typically much) smaller state space and this yields significant computational improvements. We discuss how the results for discrete time Markov chains extend to semi-Markov processes and continuous time Markov processes. Finally, we will study applications of successively lumbaple Markov chains to classical reliability and queueing models.
Community incidence of pathogen-specific gastroenteritis: reconstructing the surveillance pyramid for seven pathogens in seven European Union member states
Authors: HAAGSMA J. A. , GEENEN P. L. , ETHELBERG S. , FETSCH A. , HANSDOTTER F. , JANSEN A. , KORSGAARD H. , O'BRIEN S. J. , SCAVIA G. , SPITZNAGEL H. , STEFANOFF P. , TAM C. C. , HAVELAAR A. H.
Published: September 2012

By building reconstruction models for a case of gastroenteritis in the general population moving through different steps of the surveillance pyramid we estimated that millions of illnesses occur annually in the European population, leading to thousands of hospitalizations. We used data on the healthcare system in seven European Union member states in relation to pathogen characteristics that influence healthcare seeking. Data on healthcare usage were obtained by harmonized cross-sectional surveys. The degree of under-diagnosis and underreporting varied by pathogen and country. Overall, underreporting and under-diagnosis were estimated to be lowest for Germany and Sweden, followed by Denmark, The Netherlands, UK, Italy and Poland. Across all countries, the incidence rate was highest forCampylobacterspp. andSalmonellaspp. Incidence estimates resulting from the pyramid reconstruction approach are adjusted for biases due to different surveillance systems and are therefore a better basis for international comparisons than reported data.
Animal Figurines from Neolithic Çatalhöyük: Figural and Faunal Perspectives
Authors: Martin Louise , Meskell Lynn
Published: September 2012

This article presents a study of the zoomorphic figurine assemblage from Neolithic Çatalhöyük in central Turkey. Figurine manufacture, depositional condition and contexts of discard are discussed, to find that their fragmentation seems related to fabrication methods and use rather than intentional breakage. We show animal figurines deriving mostly from midden contexts, indicating an expediency in their use. Analysis then focuses on a sub-set of 104 relatively complete quadruped figurines. We introduce a method for transparently grouping them into morphological types, with the aim of querying whether they reflect actual animal forms, and if so, to explore representational variation and consistency within those forms. Three key findings emerge from this sub-study: 1) while ambiguity exists, many figurines strongly suggest real animal forms; while wide morphological variation is seen within ‘taxon’ groups, there are clear areas of consistency in depiction, implying an intention for recognition that persisted over extensive time periods; 2) across animal forms, careful attention is given to modelling heads, horns, tails, and sometimes neck and forequarters, showing a hierarchy in representation; 3) figurine makers at Çatalhöyük were adept at expressing different forms of the same animal type, adults and juveniles, removable features, animal movement, and occasionally very finely modelled forms. The combined evidence — viewed alongside the Çatalhöyük faunal remains and other animal portrayals — is employed to consider alternative interpretations of the figurines. While no one interpretation fits the highly varied assemblage, we argue that they most likely played roles in real everyday activities, such as animal exchange, herding, management, hunting and tracking, and thus reflect aspects of human–animal engagements not witnessed by other archaeological finds.
Dense Graphs With a Large Triangle Cover Have a Large Triangle Packing
Authors: YUSTER RAPHAEL
Published: September 2012

It is well known that a graph with m edges can be made triangle-free by removing (slightly less than) m/2 edges. On the other hand, there are many classes of graphs which are hard to make triangle-free, in the sense that it is necessary to remove roughly m/2 edges in order to eliminate all triangles.

We prove that dense graphs that are hard to make triangle-free have a large packing of pairwise edge-disjoint triangles. In particular, they have more than m(1/4+cβ) pairwise edge-disjoint triangles where β is the density of the graph and c ≥ is an absolute constant. This improves upon a previous m(1/4−o(1)) bound which follows from the asymptotic validity of Tuza's conjecture for dense graphs. We conjecture that such graphs have an asymptotically optimal triangle packing of size m(1/3−o(1)).

We extend our result from triangles to larger cliques and odd cycles.
Simulating 2008: A Mock Presidential Election's Impact on Civic
Engagement
Authors: Deitz Janna L. , Boeckelman Keith
Published: September 2012

Young adults have particularly low levels of civic engagement. Incorporating
experiential learning activities as part of the political science curriculum shows
promise to reverse this trend. We analyze the impact of a mock presidential election
simulation on the civic engagement of college-aged students. Exit surveys of student
participants and a one-year follow-up survey confirm that this experiential learning
activity had a positive effect on participants' levels of political knowledge, their
interest in public life, and their attitudes about government in general.
Yard Sign Displays and the Enthusiasm Gap in the 2008 and 2010
Elections
Authors: Makse Todd , Sokhey Anand E.
Published: September 2012

In the run up to the 2010 midterm elections, pundits and politicos often talked of
an “enthusiasm gap” between Republicans and Democrats. Although conventional
treatments have typically equated these gaps with changes in turnout and the
composition of the electorate, we argue that the term better describes the
participatory patterns of highly engaged voters. Using multiple data sources,
including a geocoded, county-wide study that tracked yard sign displays between 2008
and 2010, we examine the visible evidence of enthusiasm gaps in voters'
neighborhoods. Our findings echo recent narratives, yet suggest that scholars have
missed important dimensions in their examinations of these “wave” elections.
Simulating Humanitarian Aid Decision Making in International Relations
Classrooms
Authors: Stodden William P.
Published: September 2012

Simulations are an excellent way to introduce and reinforce complex topics for both
novices and experienced students in an international relations class. One such
topic, the provision of aid in a humanitarian crisis, can be taught through the use
of collaborative and active-learning techniques found in a simulation. This article
presents a simulation for an international relations course that models and
illustrates the challenges that well-meaning decision makers face when determining
an appropriate international response in a humanitarian crisis.
When Did the Campaign End? An Examination of the Timing of Vote Returns
in the 2008 General Election in Washington State
Authors: Pirch Kevin A.
Published: September 2012

During the past decade the United States has seen an increase in alternative forms
to Election Day voting, including voting by mail. Voting by mail has spurred a
number of studies concerning the effects it has on voter turnout and other aspects
of voting. However, one important facet of voting by mail has not been examined—when
people decide to send in their vote. Because ballots are mailed out weeks before the
election, voting by mail creates, in effect, a rolling Election Day. This could have
profound effects for campaigns as candidates must determine when to use campaign
resources and campaign to an electorate who might have already voted. Using data
from the 2008 general election in Washington State, this study examines when voters
turned in their ballots and determines if age, partisanship, or other factors play a
role in the timing of turning in a ballot.
Research Ethics 101: Dilemmas and Responsibilities
Authors: Fujii Lee Ann
Published: September 2012

The emphasis in political science on procedural ethics has led to a neglect of how researchers should consider and treat study participants, from design to publication stage. This article corrects this oversight and calls for a sustained discussion of research ethics across the discipline. The article's core argument is twofold: that ethics should matter to everyone, not just those who spend extended time in the field; and that ethics is an ongoing responsibility, not a discrete task to be checked off a “to do” list. Ethics matter in all types of political science research because most political science involves “human subjects.” Producers and consumers of political science research need to contemplate the ambiguous and oftentimes uncomfortable dimensions of research ethics, lest we create a discipline that is “nonethical,” or worse, unethical.
Methodological Lessons Learned from Conducting Civic Education Research
in High Schools
Authors: Matto Elizabeth C. , Vercellotti Timothy
Published: September 2012

With the growing size of the “Millennial Generation” and its potential impact on
American democracy, the civic education of this cohort deserves study. Using news
media and discussion of politics at home and in the classroom at four public high
schools in New Jersey, we conducted an experiment to measure changes in media use,
political knowledge, and political efficacy. Although the experiment generated
useful substantive findings, we also learned important lessons about the challenges
associated with conducting research in high schools. We present suggestions to aid
in studying a crucial segment of the population: adolescents who are on the cusp of
entering the electorate.
The Political Geography of Campaign Finance: Contributions to 2008
Republican Presidential Candidates
Authors: Sebold Karen , Limbocker Scott , Dowdle Andrew , Stewart Patrick
Published: September 2012

In fundraising, potential candidates who do not collect sizable amounts of “early
money” may be effectively eliminated even before the start of the Iowa Caucus. This
winnowing raises concern about the impact money has on narrowing the field of
candidates from whom voters can choose. To better grasp patterns of successful
fundraising, we explore where candidates obtain funds during the preprimary and
primary periods. We use individual contributions data from the Federal Election
Commission during the preprimary and primary periods of the 2008 Republican
presidential nomination contest. Findings suggest that although California, New
York, and Texas provide disproportionate amounts of early financing, the ability of
presidential aspirants to broaden their support is indicative of campaign
success.
Forecasting in a Polarized Era: The Time for Change Model and the 2012
Presidential Election
Authors: Abramowitz Alan
Published: September 2012

The 2012 presidential campaign takes place at a time of deep political division in
the United States. Democrats and Republicans differ sharply over Barack Obama's
performance in office as well as a wide range of issues ranging from government
spending and health care to immigration and gay marriage. These divisions are
shaping the strategies of the candidates and the outlook for November. Overwhelming
majorities of Democrats and Republicans, including overwhelming majorities of
independents who lean toward a party, can be expected to support their own party's
nominee. As a result, the outcome will depend on which party does a better job of
mobilizing its supporters and appealing to a small group of swing voters in 10 or 12
battleground states.
Election Forecasting for Turbulent Times
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. , Tien Charles
Published: September 2012

Election forecasters face increasing turbulence in their relevant environments,
making predictions more uncertain, or at least apparently so. For US presidential
contests, economic performance and candidate profiles are central variables in most
statistical models. These variables have exhibited large swings recently. Before the
2008 US presidential election, the economy fell into a Great Recession, and the
candidate of one of the two major parties was, for the first time, a black man.
These unprecedented conditions were trumpeted in the media, with heightened frenzy
over the “horse race” question of who was going to win the White House. In the
press, many forecasts appeared, taking different forms—polls, models, markets,
pundits, to name some—offering a broader range of possible outcomes than ever
before. Just looking at the predictions of the statistical modelers alone, we find
that for 2008 many teams offered estimates of the incumbent (Republican) vote,
ranging over an 11 percentage point spread. At one extreme, Lockerbie (2008) forecast 41.8% while at the other
extreme Campbell (2008) forecast 52.7%. Of
course, other methodologists offered their own, different, forecasts. The media, in
its various forms, added to the hyperbole, aggressively reporting different
forecasts on an almost daily basis.
Forecasting the Presidential and Congressional Elections of 2012: The
Trial-Heat and the Seats-in-Trouble Models
Authors: Campbell James E.
Published: September 2012

This article presents forecasts of the 2012 presidential and US House of
Representatives elections. The presidential forecasts are of the national two-party
presidential vote percentage for the in-party candidate and are based on the
trial-heat and economy forecasting equation and its companion convention-bump
equation. The House election forecast is of the net seat change for the Democratic
Party from 2010 to 2012. This forecast is produced from two versions of a
seats-in-trouble forecasting equation.
Incumbency, National Conditions, and the 2012 Presidential
Election
Authors: Holbrook Thomas M.
Published: September 2012

Although research at other levels of elected office has shown that incumbency has a
powerful, additive effect on votes (Hogan 2004; Jacobson 2009; Krebs 1998), these effects largely have been ignored
in presidential forecasting models (but see Abramowitz 2008). Instead, some scholars speculate about the conditional
effects of incumbency; specifically, the decreased applicability of the
retrospective model when the president is not on the ticket leaving the
somewhat-harder-to-blame-or-reward vice president to represent the administration.
The difficult-to-predict 2000 presidential election generated some discussion on
this point. Although I and others argued (Campbell 2001; Holbrook 2001;
Wlezien 2001) that part of the explanation
for the forecasting error in 2000 lies with Al Gore's failure to embrace the Bill
Clinton-Al Gore record and reinforce retrospective voting, others indicate that the
retrospective cue may generally be weaker when the president is not on the ticket
(Campbell 2001; Lewis-Beck and Tien 2001; Nadeau and Lewis-Beck 2001). Indeed, Campbell (2001; 2008) argues
in favor of only giving half weight to presidential performance variables when the
vice president, rather than president, is representing the incumbent administration.
The logic here is simple: absent the president on the ticket, it is more difficult
to frame the election as a referendum, leading voters to attach less weight to
incumbency-oriented considerations. This is not to say that factors such as
presidential approval and economic performance are unimportant when incumbents do
not run, only that these factors might matter less.
Economic Expectations and Election Outcomes: The Presidency and the
House in 2012
Authors: Lockerbie Brad
Published: September 2012

Do our models of political behavior bear any resemblance to reality? Forecasting
elections is one opportunity to assess whether our models of voting behavior are
accurate. Over the past few decades, political scientists have been willing to put
themselves out there to forecast elections. Explaining a past event allows us the
ability to retrofit our models before we make them available to the broader
community. In short, forecasting elections provides us the opportunity to develop
humility. The forecasting community has done a reasonable job over the past few
elections. Aside from 2000, forecasters have been largely accurate. Even in 2000,
the forecasting community can claim a modest victory. The community was right about
the popular vote winner; it just happened that the popular vote winner lost the
election that counts—the Electoral College.
Ensemble Predictions of the 2012 US Presidential
Election
Authors: Montgomery Jacob M. , Hollenbach Florian M. , Ward Michael D.
Published: September 2012

For more than two decades, political scientists have created statistical models
aimed at generating out-of-sample predictions of presidential elections. In 2004 and
2008, PS: Political Science and Politics published symposia of the
various forecasting models prior to Election Day. This exercise serves to validate
models based on accuracy by garnering additional support for those that most
accurately foretell the ultimate election outcome. Implicitly, these symposia assert
that accurate models best capture the essential contexts and determinants of
elections. In part, therefore, this exercise aims to develop the “best” model of the
underlying data generating process. Scholars comparatively evaluate their models by
setting their predictions against electoral results while also giving some attention
to the models' inherent plausibility, parsimony, and beauty.
Forecasting the 2012 Presidential Election with State-Level Economic
Indicators
Authors: Berry Michael J. , Bickers Kenneth N.
Published: September 2012

Nearly all forecast models of US presidential elections provide estimates of the
national two-party vote (Campbell 2008).
Each of the nine forecasts published in the 2008 forecasting issue of PS:
Political Science and Politics made national popular vote total
predictions for the major party candidates, while only one provided an expected
result in the Electoral College (Klarner 2008). These national vote models are assumed to be reliable forecasts of
who is likely to win the general election. In most cases, this assumption is
reasonable. It becomes problematic, however, at precisely the point that forecasts
are most interesting: when elections are close. In tight elections, national
forecasts can and have produced a “winner” different from the actual winner.
Consider the forecasts and ultimate outcome of the 2000 election. Each of the 2000
presidential election forecasts predicted vice president Al Gore to win a majority
of the two-party popular vote, which he did, but none correctly predicted governor
George W. Bush to assume the presidency (Campbell 2001). Never in US history have White House residents been determined
through a national popular vote. Presidential elections are decided through contests
in the states and the District of Columbia. The forecast model we developed
explicitly models the presidential contest based on factors inherent to these 51
jurisdictions. This modeling approach allows us to make a projection of the
Electoral College result, which popular vote estimates cannot.
Beyond the Empirical-Normative Divide: The Democratic Theory of Jane Mansbridge
Authors: Williams Melissa S.
Published: September 2012

Jane Mansbridge's intellectual career is marked by field-shifting contributions to democratic theory, feminist scholarship, political science methodology, and the empirical study of social movements and direct democracy. Her work has fundamentally challenged existing paradigms in both normative political theory and empirical political science and launched new lines of scholarly inquiry on the most basic questions of democratic equality, deliberation, collective action, and political representation. Her three best-known books—Beyond Adversary Democracy(1980),Why We Lost the ERA(1986) andBeyond Self-Interest(1990a)—have become part of the political science canon and remain staples on graduate course syllabi decades after their publication. The importance of Mansbridge's work has been recognized by her colleagues through a trifecta of major APSA awards: the Gladys M. Kammerer Award (1987), the Victoria Schuck Award (1988), and, most recently, the James Madison Award and Lecture (2011).
Considering Careers beyond Academia: Advice for Graduate
Students
Authors: Lowenthal Abraham F.
Published: September 2012

The author draws upon his experience and observations outside academia to provide
ten suggestions for graduate students in political science who are exploring
nonacademic career options. Their mentors may also find this advice useful.
Annual Medeting and Exhibit Review: Disappointment and
Renewal
Authors: Brintnall Michael
Published: September 2012

Under threat of Hurricane Isaac, APSA cancelled the 108th Annual Meeting, scheduled
to begin in New Orleans August 30, two days prior to its start. Preconference
activities scheduled for August 29 already had been canceled because of the storm
threat. In the words of then-president G. Bingham Powell, Jr. and incoming president
Jane Mansbridge this cancellation was “a disappointing intellectual loss and a
particular problem for the untenured members of our association who were counting on
various ways on their participation.” The storm's slow, persistent trajectory over
the Gulf Region made it impossible to seek to restart the meeting after its opening
days. The devastation to the Gulf Region from Hurricane Isaac was significant, and
APSA expresses sympathies to the families of those who lost their lives and their
homes, and to the thousands who suffered emotional, financial, and physical
damage.
2013 Annual Meeting Call for Papers
Authors: Boone Catherine , Fung Archon
Published: September 2012

Visit www.apsanet.org/2013 to review the calls for each division.
The influence of sentence context and accented speech on lexical access in second-language auditory word recognition
Authors: LAGROU EVELYNE , HARTSUIKER ROBERT J. , DUYCK WOUTER
Published: September 2012

Until now, research on bilingual auditory word recognition has been scarce, and although most studies agree that lexical access is language-nonselective, there is less consensus with respect to the influence of potentially constraining factors. The present study investigated the influence of three possible constraints. We tested whether language nonselectivity is restricted by (a) a sentence context in a second language (L2), (b) the semantic constraint of the sentence, and (c) the native language of the speaker. Dutch–English bilinguals completed an English auditory lexical decision task on the last word of low- and high-constraining sentences. Sentences were pronounced by a native Dutch speaker with English as the L2, or by a native English speaker with Dutch as the L2. Interlingual homophones (e.g., lief “sweet” – leaf /liːf/) were always recognized more slowly than control words. The semantic constraint of the sentence and the native accent of the speaker modulated, but did not eliminate interlingual homophone effects. These results are discussed within language-nonselective models of lexical access in bilingual auditory word recognition.
CAUCHY–MIRIMANOFF AND RELATED POLYNOMIALS
Authors: NANNINGA PAUL M.
Published: September 2012

In 1903 Mirimanoff conjectured that Cauchy–Mirimanoff polynomials En are irreducible over ℚ for odd prime n. Polynomials Rn, Sn, Tn are introduced, closely related to En. It is proved that Rm, Sm, Tm are irreducible over ℚ for odd m≥3 , and En, Rn, Sn are irreducible over ℚ, for n=2qm, q=1,2,3,4,5 , and m≥1 odd.
The quality factor of x-rays/gamma rays as one is realistic?
Authors: Akber Syed F.
Published: September 2012

The quality factor for x-rays, gamma rays and electrons assigned as one need to be revised. It is observed that as the energy decreases, mean lethal radiation dose (Do)decreases as well and become more potent. It is therefore proposed that radiation quality in biological systems should be assessed in the mitotic phase of the cell cycles. Furthermore, based on the mean lethal radiation dose within specific energy range, an appropriate quality factor of x-rays, gamma rays and electrons should be assigned.
Effects of pregabalin on sleep in generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Holsboer-Trachsler Edith , Prieto Rita
Published: September 2012

Sleep disturbance is a cardinal symptom in both DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This review summarizes the results of clinical trials and pooled analyses that provide data on pregabalin's effect on sleep disturbance in patients diagnosed with GAD. The hypothesized mechanism of action of pregabalin is distinctly different from other anxiolytics. Pregabalin binds to a membrane α2δ subunit protein to inhibit release in excited central nervous system neurons of neurotransmitters implicated in pathological anxiety. Treatment with pregabalin has been found to be associated with significant improvement in GAD-related sleep disturbance across seven placebo-controlled clinical trials. Treatment with pregabalin is associated with improvement in all forms of insomnia and improvement in sleep has been found to be correlated with reduction in functional impairment and improvement in quality of life on subjective global measures. Results of a mediational analysis suggest that 53% of the effect of pregabalin on sleep disturbance was due to a direct effect and 47% was due to an indirect effect, mediated through prior reduction in anxiety symptom severity. In patients with GAD, improvement in sleep has been found to be associated with a reduction in daytime sleepiness. However, dose-related sedation is reported, typically in the first 2 wk of treatment, in approximately 10–30% of patients, depending on the dose used and the speed of titration. Insomnia is a common component of the clinical presentation of GAD and pregabalin appears to be an efficacious treatment for this often chronic and disabling symptom.
River profile controls on channel morphology, debris flow disturbance, and the spatial extent of salmonids in steep mountain streams
Authors: May Christine L. , Lisle Thomas E.
Published: September 2012

In the geologically and topographically diverse mountain ranges of the Pacific Northwest, a broad‐scale means of prioritizing salmonid habitat conservation areas based on geomorphic process domains is examined. We propose that steepness and concavity indices derived from the relation between drainage area and channel slope provide a means of identifying basins that express different reach‐scale morphologies, fish habitat capacity, and risk of episodic disturbance. Strongly concave river profiles that develop in mountainous terrain indicate that almost all of the relief in the drainage network occurs in headwater streams. In these basins a large proportion of the channel network has low‐gradient morphologies, which provide favorable habitat for many salmonid species. The severity of pulse disturbances is also reduced because low‐gradient main stem channels inhibit debris flow conveyance, and in these networks the distribution of fish can expand into tributaries, allowing for a spatial spreading of risk. In contrast, rivers with poorly concave or steeper profiles have a greater abundance of high gradient reaches that limit the distribution of fish to a small portion of the channel network and facilitate debris flow‐passage. The combined influence of a limited spatial distribution of fish and an increased risk of debris flows may cause populations in these basins to be less resilient to pulse disturbances. A case example from the Klamath Mountains, an area with broad variation in the steepness and concavity of river profiles, was used to develop this approach and aid conservation planning for imperiled populations of anadromous salmonids.
The great escape: An intra‐Messinian gas system in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Lazar Michael , Schattner Uri , Reshef Moshe
Published: September 2012

This study explores, for the first time, the response of the Mediterranean seafloor to desiccation and its affect on climate during the Messinian lowstand. New high‐resolution 3‐D pre‐stack depth migrated seismic reflection data show evidence for gas outflow stemming from pre‐Messinian sources. Our results indicate that giant pockmarks formed during this lowstand. Emission continued throughout the Messinian and persisted after it ended as evident by pockmark arrays on the then‐seafloor. High reflectivity between the top‐Messinian and overlying Pliocene sediments indicates significant gas accumulation immediately below the latter. Attribute analysis show minor chaotic paths through the Plio‐Pleistocene, which do not reach the present‐day seafloor. Our data indicate that as long as sea level was low there was massive gas escape to the shallow sea and atmosphere. We suggest that this probably resulted in the mid‐Messinian climatic shift. Major emissions identified here indicate an indirect cause to negative climatic feedback during this period.
How do volcanic rift zones relate to flank instability? Evidence from collapsing rifts at Etna
Authors: Ruch Joel , Pepe Susi , Casu Francesco , Acocella Valerio , Neri Marco , Solaro Giuseppe , Sansosti Eugenio
Published: September 2012

Volcanic rift zones, characterized by repeated dike emplacements, are expected to delimit the upper portion of unstable flanks at basaltic edifices. We use nearly two decades of InSAR observations excluding wintertime acquisitions, to analyze the relationships between rift zones, dike emplacement and flank instability at Etna. The results highlight a general eastward shift of the volcano summit, including the northeast and south rifts. This steady‐state eastward movement (1–2 cm/yr) is interrupted or even reversed during transient dike injections. Detailed analysis of the northeast rift shows that only during phases of dike injection, as in 2002, does the rift transiently becomes the upper border of the unstable flank. The flank's steady‐state eastward movement is inferred to result from the interplay between magmatic activity, asymmetric topographic unbuttressing, and east‐dipping detachment geometry at its base. This study documents the first evidence of steady‐state volcano rift instability interrupted by transient dike injection at basaltic edifices.
Response of migrating tides to the stratospheric sudden warming in 2009 and their effects on the ionosphere studied by a whole atmosphere‐ionosphere model GAIA with COSMIC and TIMED/SABER observations
Authors: Jin H. , Miyoshi Y. , Pancheva D. , Mukhtarov P. , Fujiwara H. , Shinagawa H.
Published: September 2012

This paper compares results from a whole atmosphere‐ionosphere coupled model, GAIA, with the COSMIC and TIMED/SABER observations during the 2008/2009 northern winter season. The GAIA model has assimilated meteorological reanalysis data by a nudging method. The comparison shows general agreement in the major features from the stratosphere to the ionosphere including the growth and decay of the major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event in 2009. During this period, a pronounced semidiurnal variation in the F region electron density and its local‐time phase shift similar to the previous observations are reproduced by the model and COSMIC observation. The model suggests that the electron density variation is caused by an enhanced semidiurnal variation in the E × B drift, which is probably related to an amplified semidiurnal migrating tide (SW2) in the lower thermosphere. The model and TIMED/SABER observation show that the SW2 tide amplifies at low latitudes from the stratosphere to the thermosphere as well as the phase variation. Possible mechanisms for the SW2 variability in the low latitude stratosphere could be the change of its propagation condition, especially the (2, 2) mode, due to changing zonal background wind and meridional temperature gradient, and/or an enhancement of its source due to redistribution of stratospheric ozone. Present results also show a prominent long‐term variation of the terdiurnal migrating component (TW3) in the ionosphere and atmosphere.
Acceleration and deceleration of coronal mass ejections during propagation and interaction
Authors: Shen Fang , Wu S. T. , Feng Xueshang , Wu Chin‐Chun
Published: September 2012

A major challenge to the space weather forecasting community is accurate prediction of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) induced Shock Arrival Time (SAT) at Earth's environment. In order to improve the current accuracy, one of the steps is to understand the physical processes of the acceleration and deceleration of a CME's propagation in the heliosphere. We employ our previous study of a three‐dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation for the evolution of two interacting CMEs in a realistic ambient solar wind during the period 28–31 March 2001 event to illustrate these acceleration and deceleration processes. The forces which caused the acceleration and deceleration are analyzed in detail. The forces which caused the acceleration are the magnetic pressure term of Lorentz force and pressure gradient. On the other hand, the forces which caused the deceleration are aerodynamic drag, the Sun's gravity and the tension of magnetic field. In addition the momentum exchange between the solar wind and the moving CMEs can cause acceleration and deceleration of the CME which are now analyzed. In this specific CME event 28–31 March 2001 we have analyzed those forces which cause acceleration and deceleration of CME with and without interaction with another CME. It shows that there are significant momentum changes between these two interacting CMEs to cause the acceleration and deceleration.
On the linkage of mesospheric planetary waves with those of the lower atmosphere and ionosphere: A case study from Indian low latitudes
Authors: Niranjan Kumar K. , Taori A. , Sathishkumar S. , Kamalakar V. , Ghodpage R. , Gurubaran S. , Patil P. T. , Rao S. V. B. , Patra A. K.
Published: September 2012

In this paper we study the planetary‐scale wave features using concurrent observations of mesospheric wind and temperature, ionospherich'F, and tropospheric wind from Tirunelveli, Gadanki, and Kolhapur, all located in the Indian low latitudes, made during February 2009. Our investigations reveal that 3 to 5 day periodicity, characterized as ultrafast Kelvin (UFK) waves, was persistent throughout the atmosphere during this period. These waves show clear signatures of upward wave propagation from troposphere to the upper mesosphere, linking the ionosphere through a clear correlation between mesospheric winds and h'F variations. We also note that the amplitude of this wave decreased as we moved away from the equator. These results are the first of their kind from Indian sector, portraying the vertical as well as latitudinal characteristics of the 3 to 5 day UFK waves simultaneously from the troposphere to the ionosphere.
Influence of fracture scale heterogeneity on the flow properties of three‐dimensional discrete fracture networks (DFN)
Authors: de Dreuzy J.‐R. , Méheust Y. , Pichot G.
Published: September 2012

While permeability scaling of fractured media has been so far studied independently at the fracture‐ and network‐ scales, we propose a numerical analysis of the combined effect of fracture‐scale heterogeneities and the network‐scale topology. The analysis is based on 2·106discrete fracture network (DFNs) simulations performed with highly robust numerical methods. Fracture local apertures are distributed according to a truncated Gaussian law, and exhibit self‐affine spatial correlations up to a cutoff scaleLc. Network structures range widely over sparse and dense systems of short, long or widely distributed fracture sizes and display a large variety of fracture interconnections, flow bottlenecks and dead‐ends. At the fracture scale, accounting for aperture heterogeneities leads to a reduction of the equivalent fracture transmissivity of up to a factor of 6 as compared to the parallel plate of identical mean aperture. At the network scale, a significant coupling is observed in most cases between flow heterogeneities at the fracture and at the network scale. The upscaling from the fracture to the network scale modifies the impact of fracture roughness on the measured permeability. This change can be quantified by the measureα2,which is analogous to the more classical power‐averaging exponent used with heterogeneous porous media, and whose magnitude results from the competition of two effects: (i) the permeability is enhanced by the highly transmissive zones within the fractures that can bridge fracture intersections within a fracture plane; (ii) it is reduced by the closed and low transmissive areas that break up connectivity and flow paths.