bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of learners' organised knowledge structures in adaptive learning environments
Authors: Kalyuga Slava
Published: April 2006

Organised knowledge structures (schemas) in long‐term memory (LTM) alter the characteristics of working memory (WM). Therefore, tracing the content of WM during problem solving may provide a measure of levels of acquisition of corresponding schematic knowledge structures. In this paper, a proposed rapid approach to diagnostic assessment of levels of acquisition of organised domain‐specific knowledge structures has been used as a means of optimising cognitive load by tailoring instructions to levels of learner expertise in an adaptive computer‐based tutor in kinematics. Two alternative adaptation procedures were compared to the control condition without an adaptation. The first procedure used only results of learners' rapid test performance, and the second one combined rapid measures of performance with measures of mental load. The study indicates that the developed assessment instruments could be embedded into adaptive e‐learning packages as diagnostic tools for tailoring instructional materials to changing levels of student expertise in cognitively optimal ways. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching complex rather than simple tasks: balancing intrinsic and germane load to enhance transfer of learning
Authors: van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G. , Kester Liesbeth , Paas Fred
Published: April 2006

Research indicates that effective instructional methods for practicing simple tasks differ from effective methods for complex tasks. But unfortunately, load‐reducing methods that work relatively well to reach high retention performance for complex tasks, such as low variability and complete guidance and feedback, are precisely those methods that hinder transfer of learning. This article presents a training design approach aimed at high transfer performance for complex tasks. The basic idea is that learning tasks should always be combined with methods that induce germane cognitive load, such as high variability and limited guidance or feedback. However, especially for novices, this can only be realised by decreasing intrinsic load early in training by manipulating the element interactivity of the learning tasks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussion of ‘emerging topics in cognitive load research: using learner and information characteristics in the design of powerful learning environments’
Authors: Sweller John
Published: April 2006

Cognitive load theory began by using our knowledge of human cognition to devise instructional procedures. Insofar as those procedures have been successful, they have strengthened the cognitive theory that gave rise to them. Indeed, it has been possible to expand our knowledge of cognition by studying the manner in which information can be successfully presented to learners. As a consequence, today, cognitive load theory spans a range from the evolutionary origins of human cognitive structures to the instructional consequences that flow from those structures. In this discussion I will begin by outlining five principles that give rise to the cognitive architecture basic to cognitive load theory. I will then discuss the papers of this issue in light of this theoretical framework. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Charge‐Carrier Transport in Thin Films of Spiro‐Linked Compounds and Their Corresponding Parent Compounds
Authors: Saragi T. P. I. , Fuhrmann‐Lieker T. , Salbeck J.
Published: April 2006

The charge‐transport properties of the spiro‐linked compounds 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(diphenylamino)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene, 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N′‐di‐p‐methylphenylamino)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene, 2,2′,7,7′‐tetra(m‐tolyl‐phenylamino)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene, and 2,2′,7,7′‐tetra(N‐phenyl‐1‐naphthylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene, and their corresponding parent compounds, N,N,N′,N′‐tetraphenylbenzidine, N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis(4‐methylphenyl)benzidine, and N,N′‐bis(3‐methylphenyl)‐(1,1′‐biphenyl)‐4,4′‐diamine, N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐bis(1‐naphthyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diamine, are investigated. The field‐effect mobilities of charge carriers in thin films of the parent compounds are slightly higher than those of the spiro‐linked compounds. However, the transistor action of the parent‐compound thin films vanishes because the films crystallize after being stored in ambient atmosphere for a few days. In contrast, the hole mobilities in thin films of the spiro‐linked compounds do not change significantly after the samples are stored in ambient atmosphere for up to nine months. Also discussed is the temperature dependency of the mobilities of charge carriers, which is presented using two models, namely the Arrhenius and the Gaussian disorder models.
Stable Blue Emission from a Polyfluorene/Layered‐Compound Guest/Host Nanocomposite
Authors: Aharon E. , Albo A. , Kalina M. , Frey G. L.
Published: April 2006

In this study a blue‐light‐emitting conjugated polymer, poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene), is confined to the interlayer space of inorganic, layered metal dichalcogenide materials, metallic MoS2, and semiconducting SnS2. The nanocomposites are prepared through Li intercalation into the inorganic compound, exfoliation, and restacking in the presence of the polymer. X‐ray diffraction and optical absorption measurements indicate that a single conjugated polymer monolayer, with an overall extended planar morphology conformation, is isolated between the inorganic sheets, so that polymer aggregation or π–π interchain interactions are significantly reduced. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements show that the appearance of the undesirable green emission observed in pristine polymer films is suppressed by incorporating the polymer into the inorganic matrix. The blue emission of the intercalated polymer is stable for extended periods of time, over two years, under ambient conditions. Furthermore, the green emission is absent in the PL spectra of nanocomposite films heated at 100 °C for 7 h in air with direct excitation of the keto defect. Finally, no green emission was observed in the electroluminescence spectrum of light‐emitting devices fabricated with a polymer‐intercalated SnS2 nanocomposite film. These results support the proposed hypothesis that fluorenone defects alone are insufficient to generate the green emission and that interchain interactions are also required.
Electrophoretic Separation of Nanoparticles with a Discrete Number of Functional Groups
Authors: Sperling R. A. , Pellegrino T. , Li J. K. , Chang W. H. , Parak W. J.
Published: April 2006

A concept is describe that facilitates the modification of colloidal nanoparticles of different materials with an exactly known number of variable functional groups. In particular, a procedure for the surface functionalization of nanoparticles with a controlled number of mono‐ or bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecules of suitable chain length is reported. Conjugates of nanoparticles with one, two, and three PEG molecules per nanoparticle could be separated using gel electrophoresis. Molecules with additional functionalities could be conjugated to the free ends of the bifunctional PEG molecules. In this way the PEG molecules act as convenient spacers that allow for the sorting of nanoparticles with a discrete number of functional groups.
Transition‐Metal‐Complexed Molecular Machine Prototypes
Authors: Bonnet S. , Collin J.‐P. , Koizumi M. , Mobian P. , Sauvage J.‐P.
Published: April 2006

In the course of the last decade, many dynamic molecular systems, whose movements are controlled externally, have been elaborated. These compounds are generally referred to as “molecular machines”. Transition‐metal‐containing catenanes and rotaxanes are ideally suited to build such systems. In the present article, we will discuss a few examples of molecular machines elaborated and studied in Strasbourg. In the first section, we will discuss an electrochemically driven system consisting of a fast‐moving pirouetting rotaxane. The second section will be devoted to a linear rotaxane dimer whose behavior is reminiscent of muscle movement, in the sense that it can stretch and contract. In the rest of this article, the focus will be mostly on light‐driven machines consisting of ruthenium(II)‐complexed rotaxanes, catenanes, and scorpionates. In the case of rotaxanes and catenanes, the synthetic approach is based on the template effect of an octahedral ruthenium(II) center. Two polydentate ligands are incorporated in an axis or in a ring, affording the precursor to the rotaxane or the catenane, respectively. Ru(diimine)32+ and Ru(terpy)(phen)(L)2+ (terpy: terpyridine; phen: 1,10‐phenanthroline) complexes display the universally used 3MLCT (metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer) excited state and another interesting excited state, the 3LF (ligand field) state, which is strongly dissociative. By taking advantage of this latter state, it has been possible to propose a new family of molecular machines, which are set in motion by populating the dissociative 3LF state, thus leading to ligand exchange in the coordination sphere of the ruthenium(II) center.
Identification for decentralized model predictive control
Authors: Gudi Ravindra D. , Rawlings James B.
Published: April 2006

The problem of identifying interaction dynamics that exist between units operating in a decentralized control scheme is addressed. Identification of such interaction relationships is crucial to the deployment of coordinated decentralized control. The proposed methodology is based on a variant of the two‐step, closed‐loop identification methods proposed earlier in the literature. Alternative identification schemes relevant for this scenario are theoretically analyzed and are also evaluated based on the criteria of a priori knowledge necessary about the controller and the plant, as well as the applicability of the methods for the constrained controller case. Validation studies on representative systems taken from literature are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed schemes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Media attention and the market for ‘green’ consumer products
Authors: Thøgersen John
Published: April 2006

There are signs that a general ‘counter‐attack’ is now being orchestrated against the ‘greens’. This paper surveys the evidence regarding an ‘issue‐attention’ cycle in environmental concern in Western Europe and North America. It furthermore discusses the role of the news media in creating the cycle. It is well documented that the mass media plays an important role in determining which issues receive high or low attention by the general public. However, not only does the media's assessment of what is newsworthy mean that ‘green’ businesses will eventually lose the current of a rising issue attention cycle, but also its mere success means that stories framing ‘green’ businesses in a negative light become newsworthy while positive stories lose their newsworthiness. Therefore, and despite a large and loyal customer base, many ‘green’ companies now find themselves in a much more hostile environment than a decade ago. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The influence of eco‐labelling on consumer behaviour – results of a discrete choice analysis for washing machines
Authors: Sammer Katharina , Wüstenhagen Rolf
Published: April 2006

Eco‐labelling is an important tool to overcome market failure due to information asymmetries for environmental products. While previous research has discussed the importance of labelling, this paper provides empirical data on the influence of eco‐labels on consumer behaviour for household appliances. It reports on the results of a survey involving a total of 151 choice‐based conjoint interviews conducted in Switzerland in Spring 2004. Choice‐based conjoint analysis (also known as discrete choice) has been applied to reveal the relative importance of various product attributes for consumers. The EU energy label is used for the product category chosen in our survey, washing machines, and we investigate the relative importance of this eco‐label compared with other product features (such as brand name) in consumers' purchasing decisions. We draw conclusions for sustainability marketing and policy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sustainability marketing for the poorest of the poor
Authors: Kirchgeorg Manfred , Winn Monika I.
Published: April 2006

Recent work is reconceptualizing global poverty as an attractive growth opportunity for firms, that can simultaneously alleviate the problem of poverty. This notion has major implications for the sustainability of global society in general, and for the concepts and practice of marketing in particular. It is the purpose of this paper to explore, and bring attention to, these important implications, and to offer conceptual and practical suggestions for a sustainability marketing for the poor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sustainability: Consumer Perceptions and Marketing Strategies
Authors: McDonald Seonaidh , Oates Caroline J.
Published: April 2006

Studies of green consumer behaviour, in particular purchasing and disposal, have largely focused on demographics and/or socio‐demographics, with mixed and frequently contradictory results. To move the debate forward, we investigated a wide range of 40 sustainability activities with 78 consumers, who placed each activity on a matrix according to perceived effort and perceived difference to the environment. Patterns both across respondents and between certain pairs of activities were identified, and we suggest that this model increases our understanding of how consumers view sustainable activities. Marketers can use this information to consider marketing strategies that positively influence consumers' perceptions of such activities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Ignorant advice – customer advisory service for ethical investment funds
Authors: Schrader Ulf
Published: April 2006

Ethical investment is a growing but still small market in many countries. One obstacle for further diffusion is the lack of information transparency. The actors with the highest potential to improve transparency and to develop ethical funds into mass market products are large retail banks. To realize this potential they have to meet a high service quality standard in their financial advice about ethical funds. Based on a mystery shopping study in Germany, this paper reveals that large retail banks are not yet ready to act as diffusion agents for ethical funds. No advisor demonstrated the initiative to inform customers proactively about ethical funds and some bank employees even falsely denied their existence. Additionally, the scope and accuracy of the information provided was very limited. If banks want to change this situation they can apply a range of strategic, instrumental, and transformational marketing measures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Cover Picture: Synthesis, Characterization, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemiluminescence Properties of a Solvatochromic Azacrown‐Containing Cyanoruthenate(II): Potential Applications in Separation and Indirect Photometric Detection of Cations and Amino Acids in HPLC (Chem. Eur. J. 13/2006)
Authors: Li Mei‐Jin , Chu Ben Wai‐Kin , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: April 2006

Interesting solvatochromism, photoluminescence, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) properties are displayed by a crown ether‐containing terpyridyl cyanoruthenate(II) complex, as reported by V. W.‐W. Yam et al. in their Full Paper on page 3528 ff. Large changes in the chemical shifts of the 1H and 13C NMR signals in different solvents were observed. The complex has also been demonstrated to serve as a reagent for luminescence chemosensing and as a mobile‐phase additive in liquid chromatography separation and indirect photometric detection (IPD) of metal cations and amino acids.
An attempt to determine the absolute configuration of two ascolactone stereoisomers with time‐dependent density functional theory
Authors: Seibert Simon F. , König Gabriele M. , Voloshina Elena , Raabe Gerhard , Fleischhauer Jörg
Published: April 2006

Two stereoisomers of ascolactone (A, B), natural products with two asymmetric carbon atoms, are isolated from the marine‐derived fungus Ascochyta salicorniae. Although these compounds show virtually opposite CD spectra and [α]D, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR data exclude the presence of enantiomers and suggest ascolactone A and B to be epimeric lactones. By comparing the experimental CD spectra with those calculated employing time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), we elucidate the configuration at one of the asymmetric carbon atoms. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein circular dichroism data bank (PCDDB): Data bank and website design
Authors: Whitmore Lee , Janes Robert W. , Wallace B. A.
Published: April 2006

The Protein Circular Dichroism Data Bank (PCDDB) is a new deposition data bank for validated circular dichroism spectra of biomacromolecules. Its aim is to be a resource for the structural biology and bioinformatics communities, providing open access and archiving facilities for circular dichroism and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectra. It is named in parallel with the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a long‐existing valuable reference data bank for protein crystal and NMR structures. In this article, we discuss the design of the data bank structure and the deposition website located athttp://pcddb.cryst.bbk.ac.uk. Our aim is to produce a flexible and comprehensive archive, which enables user‐friendly spectral deposition and searching. In the case of a protein whose crystal structure and sequence are known, the PCDDB entry will be linked to the appropriate PDB and sequence data bank files, respectively. It is anticipated that the PCDDB will provide a readily accessible biophysical catalogue of information on folded proteins that may be of value in structural genomics programs, for quality control and archiving in industrial and academic labs, as a resource for programs developing spectroscopic structural analysis methods, and in bioinformatics studies. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geometrical and algebraic approach to central molecular chirality: A chirality index and an Aufbau description of tetrahedral molecules
Authors: Capozziello Salvatore , Lattanzi Alessandra
Published: April 2006

On the basis of empirical Fischer projections, we develop an algebraic approach to the central molecular chirality of tetrahedral molecules. The elements of such an algebra are obtained from the 24 projections which a single chiral tetrahedron can generate in S and R absolute configurations. They constitute a matrix representation of the O(4) orthogonal group. According to this representation, given a molecule with n chiral centres, it is possible to define an “index of chirality χ ≡ {n, p}”, where n is the number of stereogenic centres of the molecule and p the number of permutations observed under rotations and superimpositions of the tetrahedral molecule to its mirror image. The chirality index not only assigns the global chirality of a given tetrahedral chain, but indicates also a way to predict the same property for new compounds, which can be built up consistently. Chirality 18:462–468, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous absolute asymmetric synthesis in the presence of achiral silica gel in conjunction with asymmetric autocatalysis
Authors: Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Suzuki Kenta , Shimizu Masako , Ishikawa Keisuke , Soai Kenso
Published: April 2006

An enantiomerically enriched pyrimidyl alkanol with either S or R configurations was obtained stochastically from the reaction between pyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehyde and diisopropylzinc in the presence of achiral silica gel in conjunction with asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of chirality. Chirality 18:479–482, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theoretical insights into photochemical reactions initiated with circularly polarized light
Authors: Pagni Richard M. , Bartmess John
Published: April 2006

A theoretical analysis of several hypothetical photoreactions initiated with circularly polarized light has been carried out to determine the factors influencing the enantiomeric excess of recovered reactant. The anistropic g value is the dominant influence, although quantum yields and F values may be important in certain cases. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopic Study of LiCoO2 as the Negative Electrode of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chadwick Alan V. , Savin Shelley L. P. , Alcántara Ricardo , Fernández Lisbona Diego , Lavela Pedro , Ortiz Gregorio F. , Tirado José L.
Published: April 2006

Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) particles are modified using rotor blade grinding and re‐annealing and used as the active electrode material versus lithium in the 3–0 V potential interval, in which a maximum capacity of 903 mA h g−1 is achieved. X‐ray absorption near edge structure spectra reveal the complete reduction of Co3+ to Co metal at 0 V. Cell recharge leads to an incomplete reoxidation of cobalt. A maximum reversible capacity of 812 mA h g−1 is obtained, although a poor capacity retention upon prolonged cycling may limit its application.
Computational Study of 19F NMR Spectra of Double Four Ring‐Containing Si/Ge‐Zeolites
Authors: Pulido Angeles , Sastre German , Corma Avelino
Published: April 2006

19F NMR chemical shifts are calculated in order to study the F− environment in double four ring (D4R) containing Si/Ge‐zeolites. The calculations with the DFT/CSGT/B3PW91 methodology yielded an agreement within 2 ppm with respect to the experimental peaks corresponding to the D4R units containing 8Si0Ge, 7Si1Ge and 0Si8Ge of the octadecasil zeolite. The optimisation of the 7Si1Ge‐, 6Si2Ge‐, 5Si3Ge‐ and 4Si4Ge‐D4R units with DFT/B3LYP methodology shows that a covalent GeF bond is formed and therefore a Ge atom in the D4R is pentacoordinated. The displacement of the fluoride ion towards a Ge atom in the Ge‐containing D4R units locates four Si/Ge atoms in the close vicinity of the F− and this makes possible a rationalization of the 19F NMR signals in groups according to the number of Si (n) and Ge (m) atoms in the nearest F− environment, F–SinGem (where n+m=4). Thus, the calculated chemical shifts show that higher values are observed when the number of Ge atoms in the nearest F− environment increases.
Implicit motives and explicit goals: two distinctive modes of motivational functioning and their relations to psychopathology
Authors: Michalak Johannes , Püschel Oliver , Joormann Jutta , Schulte Dietmar
Published: April 2006

During the past two decades, increasing evidence has been gathered in basic research on motivation for the view that two separate systems direct human behavior: an emotion‐driven implicit system and a cognition‐based explicit system. In two studies we examined the associations between avoidance tendencies in both motivational systems and psychopathology (study 1, 53 undergraduates; study 2, 65 outpatients suffering from anxiety or mood disorders). Avoidance tendencies in implicit motives were assessed with a semiprojective technique (Multi‐Motive Grid, MMG). Avoidance tendencies of explicit personal goals were coded by two trained raters and by asking participants to judge the emotion they would expect to experience if they reached or failed to reach the goals. Psychopathology was assessed with various disorder‐specific and unspecific questionnaires. In both studies, avoidance tendencies in the implicit as well as in the explicit system were associated with clinical symptoms and other functional impairments. Implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of influences on the practice of psychotherapists and clinical psychologists in training in the UK
Authors: Lucock Mike P. , Hall Patricia , Noble Rachael
Published: April 2006

A questionnaire survey of 95 qualified psychotherapists of various therapeutic orientations and 69 psychologists in clinical training was carried out to investigate the main influences on their clinical practice, using the Questionnaire of Influencing Factors on Clinical Practice in Psychotherapies (QuIF‐CliPP). For the qualified group the most highly rated factors were current supervision, client characteristics, client feedback, psychological formulation, intuition/judgement, professional training and post‐qualification training. For the trainees, those rated highest were current supervision, past supervision, client characteristics, client feedback, psychological formulation and professional training. Evidence based factors such as treatment manuals and evidence based guidelines were rated relatively low for both groups, although the cognitive behaviour therapists rated them significantly higher than the other groups. Personal therapy was rated highly by the psychodynamic, psychoanalytic, person centred and eclectic therapists but not by CB therapists. The implications of these findings for the application of evidence based practice and the need to evaluated supervision, personal therapy and training are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social problem solving, autobiographical memory and future specificity in outpatients with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Kremers I.P. , Spinhoven Ph. , Van der Does A.J.W. , Van Dyck R.
Published: April 2006

The present study compared outpatients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and controls on social problem solving capabilities and specificity of imagining future events. It was hypothesized that patients with BPD would have more deficiencies in both these areas, and that there would be a relation between problem solving and specificity of remembering past and imagining future events. Seventy‐eight patients with BPD reported fewer active means to solve interpersonal problems and depressed patients with BPD tended to have more difficulties in imagining positive future events in a specific way compared to controls. Specificity and problem solving were hardly related in patients with BPD. Social problem solving deficits in BPD may be a consequence of disturbed emotion regulation rather than a consequence of restricted memory accessibility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial aggregation in the night eating syndrome
Authors: Lundgren Jennifer D. , Allison Kelly C. , Stunkard Albert J.
Published: April 2006

Objective:

This study examined the extent to which the night eating syndrome (NES) affects first‐degree relatives of NES and control probands.

Method:

NES participants and controls were assessed with the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), the Night Eating Syndrome History and Inventory (NESHI), 10 day sleep and food records, the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I), and a Family History Questionnaire (FHQ) to assess the presence of NES among first‐degree relatives. A proband predictive model, using logistic regression analyses and the generalized estimating equation to control for correlation among observations within families was used to assess familial aggregation.

Results:

The odds of an NES proband having an affected first‐degree relative were significantly greater than that of a control proband (odds ratio = 4.9, p < .001). A number of covariates were included in the model: proband body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2), proband gender, proband age, proband ethnicity, first‐degree relative gender, relationship to proband (i.e., mother, father, or sibling), and the interaction between relationship to proband and proband status (night eater or control); none was statistically significant (p > .05).

Conclusion:

The study showed a strong aggregation of NES in families. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
A transient lesion in splenium of the corpus callosum in a patient with childhood‐onset anorexia nervosa
Authors: Nishimura Katsuhiko , Takei Nori , Suzuki Katsuaki , Kawai Masayoshi , Sekine Yoshimoto , Isoda Haruo , Mori Norio
Published: April 2006

Objective:

Although a transient lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC) has been reported predominantly regarding patients with epilepsia, it is of rare occurrence, and its underlying biological basis remains unknown. This is a report of an SCC lesion in a patient with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method:

The patient was a 15‐year‐old girl with childhood‐onset (11 years) and a protracted course of AN. On admission, the patient showed no apparent neurological abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed a circumscribed lesion in the SCC. We treated her with nutritional rehabilitation supplemented with B vitamins.

Results:

One month later, the lesion completely disappeared, but her weight was not restored.

Conclusion:

Treatment with B‐vitamin supplementation may be beneficial for the treatment of patients with AN, in cases in which the disorder develops at an early age before brain maturation (i.e., childhood‐onset cases), along with an enduring course of malnutrition. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Comorbidity between obesity and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Population study with 13–15‐year‐olds
Authors: Rojo Luis , Ruiz Elías , Domínguez José Alberto , Calaf Myralys , Livianos Lorenzo
Published: April 2006

Objective:

This study analyzes whether obese children have a higher risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity “characteristics” (AD/HD) than do children with other nutritional states.

Method:

This study included 35,403 participants from 486 community schools. They completed the AD/HD scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and were weighed and measured. 2879 of the participants were obese and 78 were morbidly obese (BMI >40).

Results:

A discrete, nonsignificant, increment was found in the AD/HD characteristics of male participants with morbid obesity, as compared with the other nutritional states. Among morbidly obese females, the prevalence of AD/HD characteristics was slightly superior, although not significantly, to that found in participants with normal weight, overweight or obese (BMI <40).

Conclusion:

Among nonclinical populations with a communitarian origin, previous findings reporting high rates of AD/HD in obese children are not replicated. This increment in the prevalence of AD/HD among hospitalized obese children could be the result of selection bias. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Familial and sociopsychopathological risk factors for suicide attempt in bulimic and in depressed women: Prospective study
Authors: Nickel Marius K. , Simek Marietta , Lojewski Niluefer , Muehlbacher Moritz , Fartacek Reinhold , Kettler Christian , Bachler Egon , Egger Christoph , Rother Nadine , Buschmann Wiebke , Gil Francisco Pedrosa , Kaplan Patrick , Mitterlehner Ferdinand O. , Anvar Javaid , Rother Wolfhardt K. , Loew Thomas H. , Nickel Cerstin
Published: April 2006

Objective

This study was carried out to examine sociopsychopathological predictors of prospective observed suicide attempts in bulimic women purging type without comorbid major depression (BNG) at the time of study entry and in woman with major depression without comorbid eating disorder at the time of study entry (MDG).

Methods

Data from 28 BNG (age 23.5 ± 3.6) and 126 MDG women (age 33.4 ± 5.1) who had attempted suicide during 12 months' monitoring were compared.

Results

A univariate comparison of the two groups revealed various differences. Analysis of risk factors for suicide attempts using stepwise logistic regression was conducted separately for each group. The derived logistic models showed that patients from the BNG group had a history of higher incidence of sexual abuse in childhood, as well as abuse of laxatives and illicit drugs; they also lacked orientation in life, felt lonely despite family and friends, tended to direct their anger outward, and were unable to relax.

Conclusions

Sociopsychopathological risk factors for suicide attempts in the BNG and MDG appear to vary. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Chrominance signal interpolation of YUV 4:2:0 format color images
Authors: Sugita Hiroshi , Taguchi Akira
Published: April 2006

The YUV 4:2:0 format is a representative format for color images in international standards. In this format, both color difference components U and V reduce the number of pixels in the horizontal and vertical directions by one‐half. Consequently, this reduction degrades the color difference components. At a relatively high bit rate, the degradation produced by reducing the number of pixels is often worse than the degradation that depends on the coding. Thus, processing to compensate for the degradation due to the format transform becomes necessary. The pixels of the color difference components reduced once on the encoding side are determined by interpolation on the decoding side. The typical interpolation methods are bilinear interpolation, bicubic interpolation, and interpolation by a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. When these interpolation methods were applied to interpolate the color difference components in the YUV 4:2:0 format, blur and lower saturation were produced in the colors in the color difference components returned to the original number of pixels. In this paper, we propose a method that uses information in the luminance component not having a reduced number of pixels to interpolate the color difference components in the YUV 4:2:0 format. Consequently, color blurring is prevented in the edges of the image, and an objective is to improve the saturation in the entire image. We based the proposed method on bilinear interpolation and bicubic interpolation, and formulated an interpolation method using the luminance component as an extended form. The proposed method and the bicubic interpolation are compared in both objective and subjective evaluations, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(9): 1–10, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20218
Multiple model‐based reinforcement learning for nonlinear control
Authors: Samejima Kazuyuki , Katagiri Ken'Ichi , Doya Kenji , Kawato Mitsuo
Published: April 2006

This paper proposes a reinforcement learning scheme using multiple prediction models (multiple model‐based reinforcement learning, MMRL). MMRL prepares multiple pairs, consisting of the prediction model used to predict the future state of the control object and the reinforcement learning controller used to learn the control output. Using a soft‐max function of the prediction error of each prediction model, the “responsibility signal” is calculated, which takes a larger value for the module with a more accurate prediction. By weighting the learning and the control output of each module by means of the responsibility signal, modules to deal with various situations are formed. In order to achieve a robust modular structure of MMRL without a priori knowledge, such as the number of modules and the region to be covered, a prior responsibility signal is formulated, assuming spatial and temporal continuity. As a method for efficient implementation of MMRL, an optimal controller (MLQC) based on multiple linear prediction and quadratic reward models is formulated. In order to verify the performance of MLQC, a simulation was performed on the swing‐up of a single pendulum. It was shown that the linear prediction model and the corresponding controller were acquired by learning for the range near the suspended point and upright point of the single pendulum. The task can be learned in a shorter time than in the conventional method, and it is possible to handle redundancy of modules. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(9): 54–69, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20266
Symbolization and imitation learning of motion sequence using competitive modules
Authors: Samejima Kazuyuki , Katagiri Ken'Ichi , Doya Kenji , Kawato Mituo
Published: April 2006

In this research the authors evaluate a new method for control using several prediction models and recognition of movement series. In MOSAIC (MOdule Selection And Identification for Control), which uses a prediction model with several modules as proposed by Wolpert and Kawato (1998), a module that pairs a prediction model which predicts the future state to be controlled and a controller are switched and assembled based on the size of the prediction error in the prediction model. The authors propose a method using MOSAIC to divide continuous time patterns for human or robot movement into their constituent parts as several series of movement elements. Moreover, the authors evaluate a method to recognize movement patterns of another person using one's own module and imitation learning based on this method. From the results of simulations of acrobot control, the authors show that symbolization of movement patterns and imitation learning based on that are possible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(9): 42–53, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20267
Development and evaluation of drum learning support system based on rhythm and drumming form
Authors: Tsuji Yasuhiko , Nishitaka Atsuhiro
Published: April 2006

Drumming form when performing is important for a good performance and for creating good sound from the drums themselves when playing drums. The authors attempted to create a performance support system for drums from the standpoint of improving form in order to improve performance ability in performers indirectly by improving form. In this paper the authors developed a drum learning support system that can provide feedback on rhythm lapses, drum form lapses, hand stroke amplitude, and striking strength. They then performed evaluation experiments using 24 inexperienced drummers. The results confirmed performance improvements due to feedback on rhythm. Moreover, a subjective evaluation questionnaire given to three experienced drummers resulted in positive evaluations: “the system was useful for improving one's sense of rhythm” and “the system was useful for practicing striking strength, as in accents.” © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(9): 11–21, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20275
VFS on VFS: A flexible usage of file systems on UNIX
Authors: Takeuchi Ikkyu Kazumi , Nakayama Yasuichi
Published: April 2006

In a UNIX‐type operating system, the VFS mechanism enables multiple different file systems to be used on one computer. However, when the VFS mechanism is used, the various file systems must be discriminated by using individual directories. Therefore, multiple file systems cannot normally be mounted on one directory and used properly. As a result, file systems having various features such as NFS or tmpfs are not used efficiently enough. In the current research, the authors respond to this problem by proposing the TAKFS file system, which superimposes the name spaces of multiple arbitrary file systems in the same directory to enable those file systems to be handled trans‐parently. TAKFS transparently and automatically apportions actual files among the various file systems according to a combination of parameters and settings made in advance by each user indicating the files that are to be placed in each file system. If TAKFS is used, a flexible and extremely convenient system can be constructed by using currently existing file systems without changing them at all. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(9): 22–33, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20276
Research on routing consistency in the Internet routing registry
Authors: Nagahashi Kengo , Esaki Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

An IRR (Internet Routing Registry) is a database for registering routes on the Internet or AS numbers. However, there are indications that the data recorded in the IRRs are not correctly updated and do not correctly reflect the actual situation on the Internet. Accordingly, this research evaluated (1) the consistency of IRRs with actual Internet routing information and (2) differences in consistency among IRRs. Specifically, route objects in an IRR and actual BGP routing information were compared using Exact Match and Best Match methods. As a result it became clear that the Exact Match registration rate was low, while the Best Match registration rate was high. Furthermore, an evaluation of the utility of the Best Match method was able to show numerically that the correctness of the data varies greatly among the IRRs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(9): 34–41, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20277
Numerical analyses of high‐beta spherical tokamaks with varied elongation
Authors: Ogawa Toru , Kimura Toshiro , Ono Yasushi
Published: April 2006

The effect of plasma elongation on the second‐stable spherical tokamak (ST) was numerically studied using the experimentally measured pressure and current profiles of ultrahigh‐beta STs. The maximum beta of ST over 50% was obtained in the TS‐3 ST/CT experiment by applying an external toroidal field to an FRC. It was found that the marginal beta for the ballooning instability increased with the plasma elongation κ of ST. The elongated STs with κ > 2 have the magnetic shear (S)–pressure gradient (α) profiles located in the second‐stable regime for the ballooning mode and the stability margin increased with κ. The close relation between the absolute minimum‐B profile and the second stability was documented. The effect of elongation on maximum beta was observed to saturate when κ exceed 3, indicating that the optimized elongation for high‐beta STs is located around 2 < κ < 3. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 1–6, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20132
A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter
Authors: Nakamura Mantaro , Yamazaki Takayuki , Fujii Yuma , Ahmed Tarek , Nakaoka Mutsuo
Published: April 2006

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207
Control methods and compensation characteristics of a series active filter for neutral conductor
Authors: Inoue Shigenori , Wada Keiji , Shimizu Toshihisa
Published: April 2006

With an increase in the number of electronic devices, such as personal computers, connected to power distribution lines in commercial buildings, problems associated with their use, such as voltage distortion on utility outlets and excessive neutral current on the distribution lines, become more and more serious. This paper shows control methods and compensation characteristics of series active filters connected to the neutral conductor. The distinctive functions of the proposed active filter are the mitigation of third harmonic voltage and the reduction of neutral current in three‐phase four‐wire distribution systems. The required kVA rating of the proposed active filter is less than 10% of that of the harmonic producing leads. A control method of the DC capacitor voltage on the active filter circuit is also described. It was experimentally demonstrated that one of these two functions of the active filter (to mitigate harmonics or to reduce the neutral current) can be realized selectively and that the DC capacitor voltage of the active filter can be regulated to a desired value. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 53–63, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20227
Protection relay system using information network for distribution system with DGs
Authors: Okuyama Kenji , Kato Takeyoshi , Suzuoki Yasuo , Funabashi Toshihisa
Published: April 2006

We propose a new protection scheme for selective and quick disconnection of a fault area in a distribution system, which can be flexibly adopted for a large‐scale introduction of distributed generators (DGs). When a fault occurs, relays provide a binary state signal which is activated if, for instance, the current at the corresponding relay location exceeds a certain value. Although each relay cannot locate the fault point with only its own signal, it can locate the fault by utilizing signals from other relays together with its own signal. Because only a binary state signal is transmitted instead of the actual physical variable such as the magnitude of the fault current, the network traffic is much less than when a conventional protection scheme for a transmission system using an information system is applied to a distribution system. The following are the main results of a simulation on our proposed protection scheme: (1) the proposed protection scheme can successfully disconnect only a fault feeder when the relays use signals provided from the sending end of the fault feeder and all other DGs on the same feeder, (2) in the case of a fault on a DG connected feeder, the DG can be disconnected within 0.06 s. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 30–35, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20232