bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Association of QT Dispersion and QT Dispersion Ratio with Extent and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Yilmaz Remzi , Demirbag Recep , Gur Mustafa
Published: February 2006

Background: Although prolongation of the QT intervals in acute ischemic conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction, intracoronary balloon inflation, and exercise induced ischemia, has been shown, association of rest QT intervals with extent and severity of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been assessed so far. The effects of extent and severity of stable CAD on rest QT interval were analyzed in this study.

Methods: Rest 12‐lead electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded in 162 clinically stable subjects undergoing coronary angiography before the angiography for measurement of corrected QT dispersion (cQTd) and the QT dispersion ratio (QTdR) defined as QT dispersion divided by cycle length and expressed as a percentage. Angiographic “vessel score,”“diffuse score,” and “Gensini score” were used to evaluate the extent and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Subjects were grouped as follows: those with normal angiogram (Group 1), those with insignificant (<50%) coronary stenosis (Group 2), and those with 1‐ (Group 3), 2‐ (Group 4), or 3‐vessel disease (Group 5).

Results: cQTd and QTdR were higher in Group 3 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively), in Group 4 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.001 for both) and Group 2 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively), and in Group 5 compared with Group 1 (P < 0.001 for both) and Group 2 (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). cQTd and QTdR were positively correlated with the vessel score (r = 0.422, P < 0.001; r = 0.358, P < 0.001, respectively), diffuse score (r = 0.401, P < 0.001; r = 0.357, P < 0.001, respectively) and Gensini score (r = 0.378, P < 0.001; r = 0.373, P < 0.001, respectively). In multiple linear regression analyses, cQTd was found to be independently associated only with diffuse score (β= 0.325, P = 0.038). Also, QTdR was independently associated with diffuse score (β= 0.416, P = 0.006) and Gensini score (β= 0.374, P = 0.011).

Conclusions: Rest cQTd and QTdR are increased, and related to the extent and severity of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with stable CAD.
Effects of Three Fluoroquinolones on QT Analysis After Standard Treatment Courses
Authors: Tsikouris James P. , Peeters Michael J. , Cox Craig D. , Meyerrose Gary E. , Seifert Charles F.
Published: February 2006

Background: Fluoroquinolone (FQ) agents have been speculated to influence the risk of Torsades de pointes (Tdp). Methods of evaluating this risk are varied and not systematic. QTc interval (QTc) prolongation is the most commonly used marker of Tdp, but has questionable utility. QT dispersion (QTd) may be a more selective marker of Tdp. No assessment of QTd for FQs has been reported. The current study evaluates the effects of three commonly prescribed FQs by comprehensive QT analysis.

Methods: In an open‐label crossover study, 13 healthy participants received 3 treatments in random order: ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily, levofloxacin 500 mg once daily, and moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily. Each treatment was given for 7 days with a 1‐week washout period. Twelve‐lead electrocardiographic measurements were performed prior to the first dose, 2 hours after the first dose, and following the 7‐day medication course. QTc prolongation was determined by measurement of lead II, and QTd from the difference between the maximum and minimum QTc intervals among the 12 leads. The data were analyzed using Friedman ANOVA, with the Wilcoxon signed rank test post hoc analysis, with P < 0.05 significance.

Results and Conclusions: No difference was seen in baseline QTc (P = 0.48) or QTd (P = 0.92). Following 7 days of moxifloxacin, the QTc was prolonged by 6 ms relative to baseline (408 ms, P = 0.022), and 11 ms from the 2‐hour measurement (403 ms, P = 0.003). Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin had no effect on QTc, and no FQ changed the QTd. Within our study population, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin did not display an increased risk for Tdp. Moxifloxacin, while showing QTc prolongation, did not affect QTd, and an increased Tdp risk is questionable.
The 12‐Lead ECG in Patients with Mahaim Fibers
Authors: Sternick Eduardo Back , Gerken Luiz Márcio
Published: February 2006

The aim of this review article is to discuss the electrocardiographic presentation of the so called variants of pre‐excitation (“Mahaim fibers”) during sinus rhythm and tachycardia.
Ultrastructural Description ofBreviata anathema, N. Gen., N. Sp., the Organism Previously Studied as “Mastigamoeba invertens”
Authors: WALKER GISELLE , DACKS JOEL B. , MARTIN EMBLEY T.
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT.An understanding of large‐scale eukaryotic evolution is beginning to crystallise, as molecular and morphological data demonstrate that eukaryotes fall into six major groups. However, there are several taxa of which the affinities are yet to be resolved, and for which there are only either molecular or morphological data. One of these is the amoeboid flagellateMastigamoeba invertens. This organism was originally misidentified and studied as a pelobiont using molecular data. We present its first light microscopical and ultrastructural characterisation. We demonstrate that it does not show affinities to the amoebozoan pelobionts, because unlike the pelobionts, it has a double basal body and two flagellar roots, a classical Golgi stack, and a large branching double membrane‐bound organelle. Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA suggest an affinity with the apusomonads, when a covariotide correction for rate heterogeneity is used. We suggest that previous molecular results have been subject to artefacts from an insufficient correction for rate heterogeneity. We propose a new name for the taxon,Breviata anathema; and the unranked, apomorphy‐based name “Breviates” forBreviataand its close relatives.
Oxidation of HIPed TiC Ceramics in Dry O2, Wet O2, and H2O Atmospheres
Authors: Shimada S. , Onuma T. , Kiyono H. , Desmaison M.
Published: February 2006

Isothermal oxidation of dense TiC ceramics, fabricated by hot‐isostatic pressing at 1630°C and 195 MPa, was performed in Ar/O2 (dry oxidation), Ar/O2/H2O (wet oxidation), and Ar/H2O (H2O oxidation) at 900°–1200°C. The weight change measurements of the TiC specimen showed that the dry, wet, and H2O oxidation at 850°–1000°C is represented by a one‐dimensional parabolic rate equation, while the oxidation in the three atmospheres at 1100° and 1200°C proceeds linearly. Cross‐sectional observation showed that the dry oxidation produces a lamellar TiO2 scale consisting of many thin layers, about 5 μm thick, containing many pores and large cracks, while H2O‐containing oxidation decreases pores in number and diminishes cracks in scales. Gas evolution of CO2 and H2 with weight change measurement was simultaneously followed by heating the TiC to 1400°C in the three atmospheres. Cracking in the TiO2 scale accompanied CO2 evolution, and the H2O‐containing oxidation produced a small amount of H2. A piece of single crystal TiC was oxidized in 16O2/H218O to reveal the contribution of O from H2O to the oxidation of TiC by secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Lethal photosensitization and guided bone regeneration in treatment of peri‐implantitis: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Shibli Jamil Awad , Martins Marilia Compagnoni , Ribeiro Fernando Salimon , Garcia Valdir Gouveia , Nociti Francisco Humberto , Marcantonio Elcio
Published: February 2006

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lethal photosensitization and guided bone regeneration (GBR) on the treatment of ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis in different implant surfaces. The treatment outcome was evaluated by clinical and histometric methods. A total of 40 dental implants with four different surface coatings (10 commercially pure titanium surface (cpTi); 10 titanium plasma‐sprayed (TPS); 10 acid‐etched surface; 10 surface‐oxide sandblasted) were inserted into five mongrel dogs. After 3 months, the animals with ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis were subjected to surgical treatment using a split‐mouth design. The controls were treated by debridment and GBR, while the test side received an additional therapy with photosensitization, using a GaAlAs diode laser, with a wavelength of 830 nm and a power output of 50 mW for 80 s (4 J/cm2), and sensitized toluidine blue O (100 μg/ml). The animals were sacrificed 5 months after therapy. The control sites presented an earlier exposition of the membranes on all coating surfaces, while the test group presented a higher bone height gain. Re‐osseointegration ranged between 41.9% for the cpTi surface and 31.19% for the TPS surface in the test sites; however differences were not achieved between the surfaces. The lethal photosensitization associated with GBR allowed for better re‐osseointegration at the area adjacent to the peri‐implant defect regardless of the implant surface.
Resorbable screws for fixation of autologous bone grafts
Authors: Raghoebar Gerry M. , Liem Robert S. B. , Bos Rudolf R. M. , Van Der Wal Jacqueline E. , Vissink Arjan
Published: February 2006

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of resorbable screws made of poly (d.l‐lactide) acid (PDLLA) for fixation of autologous bone grafts related to graft regeneration and osseointegration of dental implants. In eight edentulous patients suffering from insufficient retention of their upper denture related to a severely resorbed maxilla, the floor of both maxillary sinus and width of the alveolar crest were augmented with an autologous bone graft from the iliac crest. Randomly, the bone graft used to augment the alveolar crest was fixed with two titanium screws on one side and two resorbable screws on the other side (split‐mouth design). Three months after the reconstruction, a bone biopsy was taken with a trephine including one resorbable screw (N=8). Subsequently, six implants were placed in the left and right posterior maxilla. Six months later, at the abutment connection, a bone biopsy was taken including the other resorbable screw (N=8). The biopsies were processed for light microscopic examination. In addition, clinical parameters were scored. Wound healing was uneventful. Clinically no difference in wound healing was observed between sides treated with either a resorbable or titanium screw. No implants were lost. Six months after implantation, implant retained overdentures could be fabricated in all patients. All patients functioned well with their overdentures (follow‐up 22.2±4.3 months). Three as well as 9 months after insertion (remnants of), the resorbable screws were still visible after reflecting the mucoperiosteum. Histological examination confirmed that a considerable quantity of remnants of the resorbable screws was still present, although areas with some fragmentation of the PDLLA were also observed. The screws were separated by a fibrous tissue layer containing many giant cells from the bone. Particles of PDLLA were observed within these giant cells. This study revealed that resorbable screws made of PDLLA can be used for fixation of bone grafts. The bulk of the PDLLA material is still present after 9 months.
The Johnson Doctrine
Authors: RABE STEPHEN G.
Published: February 2006

In May 1965, when U.S. troops landed in the Dominican Republic, President Lyndon Johnson pronounced his “Johnson Doctrine,” declaring that the United States would never again permit the establishment of a Communist regime in the Western Hemisphere. Although the Dominican intervention marked the first armed, overt U.S. intervention in Latin America in over three decades, the intervention and the Johnson Doctrine did not mark a signal departure in inter‐American relations. Since the late nineteenth century, the United States has maintained a sphere of influence within the Western Hemisphere, exercising predominant influence in the region and limiting the freedom of action of Latin American nations.
The Law:“Extraordinary Rendition” and Presidential Fiat
Authors: WEAVER WILLIAM G. , PALLITTO ROBERT M.
Published: February 2006

The administration of George W. Bush engages in the use of “extraordinary rendition,” the kidnapping of foreign citizens and the delivery of those citizens to third‐party jurisdictions. In at least one such rendition, a foreign national was kidnapped from U.S. soil and delivered to a foreign jurisdiction where he was tortured. These renditions are accomplished outside of treaties and courts and are solely the result of presidential fiat. The claims to executive power to undertake these actions are of recent origin, and the great balance of U.S. history and law weighs against these claims. The actions of the Bush administration have been aided by judicial deference, a deference that challenges historical assumptions and law concerning executive power.
Cytochrome P450 Cyp4x1 is a major P450 protein in mouse brain
Authors: Al‐Anizy Mohammed , Horley Neill J. , Kuo C.‐W. S. , Gillett Lorna C. , Laughton Charles A. , Kendall David , Barrett David A. , Parker Terry , Bell David R.
Published: February 2006

A novel cytochrome P450, CYP4x1, was identified in EST databases on the basis of similarity to a conserved region in the C‐helix of the CYP4A family. The human and mouse CYP4x1 cDNAs were cloned and found to encode putative cytochrome P450 proteins. Molecular modelling of CYP4x1 predicted an unusual substrate binding channel for the CYP4 family. Expression of human CYP4x1 was detected in brain by EST analysis, and in aorta by northern blotting. The mouse cDNA was used to demonstrate that the Cyp4x RNA was expressed principally in brain, and at much lower levels in liver; hepatic levels of the Cyp4x1 RNA were not affected by treatment with the inducing agents phenobarbital, dioxin, dexamethasone or ciprofibrate, nor were the levels affected in PPARα–/– mice. A specific antibody for Cyp4x1 was developed, and shown to detect Cyp4x1 in brain; quantitation of the Cyp4x1 protein in brain demonstrated ≈ 10 ng of Cyp4x1 protein·mg−1 microsomal protein, showing that Cyp4x1 is a major brain P450. Immunohistochemical localization of the Cyp4x1 protein in brain showed specific staining of neurons, choroids epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. These data suggest an important role for Cyp4x1 in the brain.
Identification of β‐amyrin and sophoradiol 24‐hydroxylase by expressed sequence tag mining and functional expression assay
Authors: Shibuya Masaaki , Hoshino Masaki , Katsube Yuji , Hayashi Hiroaki , Kushiro Tetsuo , Ebizuka Yutaka
Published: February 2006

Triterpenes exhibit a wide range of structural diversity produced by a sequence of biosynthetic reactions. Cyclization of oxidosqualene is the initial origin of structural diversity of skeletons in their biosynthesis, and subsequent regio‐ and stereospecific hydroxylation of the triterpene skeleton produces further structural diversity. The enzymes responsible for this hydroxylation were thought to be cytochrome P450‐dependent monooxygenase, although their cloning has not been reported. To mine these hydroxylases from cytochrome P450 genes, five genes (CYP71D8, CYP82A2, CYP82A3, CYP82A4 and CYP93E1) reported to be elicitor‐inducible genes in Glycine max expressed sequence tags (EST), were amplified by PCR, and screened for their ability to hydroxylate triterpenes (β‐amyrin or sophoradiol) by heterologous expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Among them, CYP93E1 transformant showed hydroxylating activity on both substrates. The products were identified as olean‐12‐ene‐3β,24‐diol and soyasapogenol B, respectively, by GC‐MS. Co‐expression of CYP93E1 and β‐amyrin synthase in S. cerevisiae yielded olean‐12‐ene‐3β,24‐diol. This is the first identification of triterpene hydroxylase cDNA from any plant species. Successful identification of a β‐amyrin and sophoradiol 24‐hydroxylase from the inducible family of cytochrome P450 genes suggests that other triterpene hydroxylases belong to this family. In addition, substrate specificity with the obtained P450 hydroxylase indicates the two possible biosynthetic routes from triterpene‐monool to triterpene‐triol.
Structure and influence on stability and activity of the N‐terminal propeptide part of lung surfactant protein C
Authors: Li Jing , Liepinsh Edvards , Almlén Andreas , Thyberg Johan , Curstedt Tore , Jörnvall Hans , Johansson Jan
Published: February 2006

Mature lung surfactant protein C (SP‐C) corresponds to residues 24–58 of the 21 kDa proSP‐C. A late processing intermediate, SP‐Ci, corresponding to residues 12–58 of proSP‐C, lacks the surface activity of SP‐C, and the SP‐Ciα‐helical structure does not unfold in contrast to the metastable nature of the SP‐C helix. The NMR structure of an analogue of SP‐Ci, SP‐Ci(1–31), with two palmitoylCys replaced by Phe and four Val replaced by Leu, in dodecylphosphocholine micelles and in ethanol shows that its α‐helix vs. that of SP‐C is extended N‐terminally. The Arg‐Phe part in SP‐Ci that is cleaved to generate SP‐C is localized in a turn structure, which is followed by a short segment in extended conformation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of SP‐Ci(1–31) in microsomal or surfactant lipids shows a mixture of helical and extended conformation at pH 6, and a shift to more unordered structure at pH 5. Replacement of the N‐terminal hexapeptide segment SPPDYS (known to constitute a signal in intracellular targeting) of SP‐Ci with AAAAAA results in a peptide that is mainly unstructured, independent of pH, in microsomal and surfactant lipids. Addition of a synthetic dodecapeptide, corresponding to the propeptide part of SP‐Ci, to mature SP‐C results in slower aggregation kinetics and altered amyloid fibril formation, and reduces the surface activity of phospholipid‐bound SP‐C. These data suggest that the propeptide part of SP‐Ci prevents unfolding by locking the N‐terminal part of the helix, and that acidic pH results in structural disordering of the region that is proteolytically cleaved to generate SP‐C.
The catalysis of the SARS 3C‐like protease is under extensive regulation by its extra domain
Authors: Shi Jiahai , Song Jianxing
Published: February 2006

The 3C‐like protease of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus has a C‐terminal extra domain in addition to the chymotrypsin‐fold adopted by piconavirus 3C proteases hosting the complete catalytic machinery. Previously we identified the extra domain to be involved in enzyme dimerization which has been considered essential for the catalytic activity. In an initial attempt to map out the extra‐domain residues critical for dimerization, we have systematically generated 15 point mutations, five deletions and one triple mutation and subsequently characterized them by enzymatic assay, dynamic light scattering, CD and NMR spectroscopy. The results led to identification of four regions critical for enzyme dimerization. Interestingly, Asn214Ala mutant with a significant tendency to form a monomer still retained ≈ 30% activity, indicating that the relationship between the activity and dimerization might be very complex. Very surprisingly, two regions (one over Ser284–Thr285–Ile286 and another around Phe291) were discovered on which Ala‐mutations significantly increased the enzymatic activities. Based on this, a super‐active triple‐mutant STI/A with a 3.7‐fold activity enhancement was thus engineered by mutating residues Ser284, Thr285 and Ile286 to Ala. The dynamic light scattering, CD and NMR characterizations indicate that the wild‐type (WT) and STI/A mutant share similar structural and dimerization properties, thus implying that in addition to dimerization, the extra domain might have other mechanisms to regulate the catalytic machinery. We rationalized these results based on the enzyme structure and consequently observed an interesting picture: the majority of the dimerization‐critical residues plus Ser284–Thr285–Ile286 and Phe291 are clustered together to form a nano‐scale channel passing through the central region of the enzyme. We therefore speculate that this channel might play a role in relaying regulatory effects from the extra domain to the catalytic machinery.
MODELING THE BEHAVIOR OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN pH‐MODIFIED CHICKEN SALAD DURING COLD STORAGE AND TEMPERATURE ABUSE CONDITIONS
Authors: GUENTERT ANN M. , MOHTAR RABI H. , LINTON RICHARD H. , TAMPLIN MARK , LUCHANSKY JOHN B.
Published: February 2006

Listeria monocytogenes grows at refrigeration temperatures (5C or below) and tolerates various environmental stressors. The Food and Drug Administration specifies a zero tolerance for this pathogen in certain ready‐to‐eat processed foods. Modeling its dynamic behavior to fluctuation in temperature at various pH levels is critical to the safety of food. This study presents linear and nonlinear models to predict the behavior of L. monocytogenes in pH‐modified chicken salad at various cold storage and temperature abuse conditions. A linear model of the kinetics accounting for simple and interactive effects of storage time, temperature and pH was developed. Predictions of the linear model were inconsistent with laboratory observations. The limitations of the linear model were reflected in the poor correlation of model predictions to the observed values (r2 = 0.58). A proposed nonlinear model was therefore used to model the observed data. The four model parameters (N(0), Cc(0), kmax and Nres ) were optimized for each of the nine treatments. Correlation coefficient (r2) values ranged from 0.70 (pH 5.2, 7.2C) to 0.99 (pH 4.0, 21.1C), indicating an improved accuracy. Developing a functional and validated microbial predictive model for chicken salad requires further analyses and collection of data at additional pH and temperature values to determine a single set of parameter values that would represent the microbial behavior at the full range of pH and temperatures observed under storage conditions. Future experiments should address the adaptive nature of L. monocytogenes, as the response to environmental stressors affects the survival of the organism in food systems.
MONTE CARLO‐BASED FOOD IRRADIATION SIMULATOR
Authors: KIM J. , MOREIRA R.G. , RIVADENEIRA R. , CASTELL‐PEREZ M.E.
Published: February 2006

The Monte Carlo electron‐transport simulation (MCNP‐5) and computer axial tomography (CT) scan technology were used to predict the dose distribution in an irregular‐shaped food product, an apple‐phantom composed of paraffin wax, chloroform and methyl yellow. The Monte Carlo code used was successfully tested against the experimental data, resulting in less than 5% discrepancy between the simulation and measured data.

The geometry and composition CT data of a real apple (Red Delicious) was then used to simulate the dose distribution in an apple irradiated by 1‐ and 5‐MeV photon‐beams. For the 5‐MeV photon simulations, a lesser amount of energy was deposited closer to the surface (at the right‐side surface) of the apple. It also shows a more uniform distribution in the forward direction. For a 1‐MeV simulation, a higher energy was distributed at the right half of the apple, and there was no warming‐up region as shown in the 5‐MeV simulation.
ESTIMATION OF HEDONIC RESPONSES FROM DESCRIPTIVE SKIN SENSORY DATA BY CHI‐SQUARE MINIMIZATION
Authors: ALMEIDA I.F. , GAIO A.R. , BAHIA M.F.
Published: February 2006

Six topical formulations were evaluated by a trained panel according to a descriptive analysis methodology and by a group of consumers who rated the products on a hedonic scale. We present a new approach that describes the categorical appreciation of appearance, texture and skinfeel of the formulations by the consumers as a function of related sensory attributes assessed by the trained panel. For each hedonic attribute, a latent random variable depending on the sensory attributes is constructed and made discrete (in a nonlinear fashion) according to the distribution of consumer‐hedonic scores in such a way as to minimize a corresponding chi‐square criterion. Standard partial least squares (PLS) regression, bootstrapping and cross‐validation techniques describing the overall liking of the hedonic attributes as a function of associated sensory attributes were also applied.

Results from both methods were compared, and it was concluded that chi‐square minimization can work as a complementary method to the PLS regression.
Definition and Outcome of a Curriculum to Prevent Disordered Eating and Body‐Shaping Drug Use
Authors: Elliot Diane L. , Moe Esther L. , Goldberg Linn , DeFrancesco Carol A. , Durham Melissa B. , Hix‐Small Hollie
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Almost one half of male and female students participate in high school‐sponsored athletics, and high school also is a time when classroom health promotion curricula are less effective. The Athletes Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids is a sport team–centered drug‐use prevention program for male high school athletes, which has been shown to reduce alcohol and illicit drug use. Just as anabolic steroid use is associated with male athletes, female sport participants may be at a greater risk for disordered eating and body‐shaping drug use. Extending sport team–centered programs to young women athletes required defining and ranking factors related to developing those harmful behaviors. Survey results from a cross‐sectional cohort of female middle and high school student athletes were used to identify and prioritize potential curriculum components, including mood and self‐esteem, norms of behavior, perceptions of healthy body weight, effects of media depictions of women, and societal pressures to be thin. The derived sport team–centered program was prospectively assessed among a second group of female student athletes from 18 high schools, randomized to receive the intervention or the usual care control condition. The Athletes Targeting Healthy Exercise and Nutrition Alternatives (ATHENA) intervention is a scripted, coach‐facilitated, peer‐led 8‐session program, which was incorporated into a team's usual training activities. The ATHENA program significantly altered the targeted risk factors and reduced ongoing and new use of diet pills and body‐shaping substances (amphetamines, anabolic steroids, and sport supplements). These findings illustrate the utility of a structured process to define curriculum content, and the program's positive results also confirm the sport team's potential as a vehicle to effectively deter health‐harming behaviors. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(2):67‐73)
An Integrated Curriculum Approach to Increasing Habitual Physical Activity in Children: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Oliver Melody , Schofield Grant , McEvoy Erin
Published: February 2006

Abstract: A relatively new concept is that of “integrating” physical activity throughout the school curriculum, thereby teaching children about lifestyle physical activity in a variety of contexts. One method by which this may be achieved is by utilizing pedometers as a motivational and educational tool for measuring accumulated physical activity. No research is available that shows in‐depth integration of physical activity into the curriculum or that investigates the efficacy of pedometer use for this purpose. The purposes of this study were to (1) design and implement a 4‐week elementary school curriculum unit, based around pedometer walking and (2) quantify, using pedometry, the physical activity levels of children (N = 78) prior to, and during, the unit implementation. Results showed that more than one half of the participants were achieving >15,000 steps daily, and children were significantly more active on weekdays than weekends (p = .0001). Boys were more active than girls at baseline (p = .01) and during intervention weekdays (p = .03). Differences between baseline and intervention weekdays were nonsignificant for the complete sample; however, significant increases in step counts were observed when the children with low activity levels, especially females, were examined separately. Overall, the integration of physical activity using pedometer‐based activities is feasible. However, any increases in activity may be restricted to children who are least active. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(2):74‐79)
A simplified technique for diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the shoulder joint in the dog
Authors: Martini F. M. , Pinna S. , Bue M. Del
Published: February 2006

A modified technique is presented for surgical and diagnostic arthroscopy of the shoulder joint in the dog. The technique involves access to the joint through two points only; one was created in place of the drainage needle‐cannula, which was replaced with a portal, while the second was located more caudally compared with previous techniques. Using a changing guide rod system the two portals are completely interchangeable in order to perform easier arthroscopic surgery either in the cranial or caudal aspect of the joint. The presence of only one portal caudal to the lateral collateral ligament allows more freedom of movement and avoids interference between the arthroscope and the instruments. The modified procedure was performed on 33 joints affected by osteochondritis dissecans or tenoligament diseases and facilitated straightforward diagnostic examinations, and simple and rapid surgical procedures.
Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions: unveiling the early lesion
Authors: Gorrel C. , Larsson Å.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the factors initiating feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORLs). Fifty‐six teeth (clinically and radiographically unaffected by ORLs) were harvested. Of these, 43 were from cats that had ORLs in other teeth (group A) and 13 were from cats with no clinical or radiographic evidence of ORLs in any teeth (group B). Twenty‐six teeth in group A and one tooth in group B showed histological evidence of external root resorption (surface resorption and replacement resorption resulting in ankylosis). Some teeth in group B showed healed cementum resorption. It has previously been assumed that FORLs were similar to lesions associated with peripheral inflammatory root resorption, and were associated with periodontal disease. These histological findings suggest instead that a FORL is a non‐inflammatory replacement resorption, resulting in ankylosis. The periodontal ligament of resorbing teeth lacked normal fibrous architecture, but was not inflamed. Resorption was not identified in cervical cementum. However, the histological appearance of the cervical cementum differed between the two groups. Several aetiopathogenetic explanatory models which arise from these observations are discussed.
Clinical and pathological findings of acute zinc intoxication in a puppy
Authors: Gandini G. , Bettini G. , Pietra M. , Mandrioli L. , Carpenè E.
Published: February 2006

This report describes the clinical and pathological findings in a case of acute zinc poisoning in a young dog. The puppy suffered four days of progressively more severe vomiting and diarrhoea. Jaundice and pale mucous membranes, severe haematemesis and haemoglobinuria were other findings. Despite intensive therapy, the dog died a few hours after hospitalisation. Postmortem examination revealed a metallic foreign body in the stomach, catarrhal gastritis, hepatomegaly and enlarged, dark kidneys. Histology showed hepatic centrilobular vacuolar degeneration, haemoglobinuric nephrosis with early tubular necrosis, haemosiderosis and extramedullary haematopoiesis, as well as neuronal damage. The foreign body was mainly composed of zinc. Plasma zinc values were markedly raised (34·5 ug/ml; normal range 0·8 to 1·0 ug/ml). Pathophysiological mechanisms of zinc poisoning are discussed.
Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum in two cats
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Baines E. A. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: February 2006

Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum is an infrequently observed presentation in cats. This report details two cases of pneumoperitoneum in the cat. The first case was suspected to have been caused by a gastric perforation secondary to gastric lymphoma. The second case was caused by a perforated gastric ulcer in a cat that had been recently treated with corticosteroids and a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug.
Balloon dilation for the treatment of chronic recurrent nasopharyngeal stenosis in a cat
Authors: Glaus T. M. , Tomsa K. , Reusch C. E.
Published: February 2006

Balloon dilation was used for the treatment of a recurrent nasopharyngeal stenosis in a cat with chronic stertorous breathing. The procedure was performed on three occasions at intervals of three and four months using a 15 mm valvuloplasty balloon dilation catheter. After the first dilation, clinical signs reappeared within two weeks due to re‐stenosis. After the second dilation, all signs of nasopharyngeal disease disappeared, and did not recur. Endoscopic re‐evaluation after four months revealed a markedly enlarged nasopharyngeal opening with some degree of stenosis, and a third balloon dilation was performed. Five months later, the cat remained without clinical signs, although some recurrence of the stenosis was visible endoscopically. Complications occurred after the first dilation, and included mild conchal necrosis and transient mucopurulent discharge. Balloon dilation is a minimally invasive technique and can be a successful procedure for treating nasopharyngeal stenosis in cats.
Owners’ assessments of their dog's quality of life during palliative chemotherapy for lymphoma
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Herrtage M. E. , Dobson J. M.
Published: February 2006

The owners of 25 dogs with multicentric lymphoma which were treated by multidrug chemotherapy were interviewed to assess the quality of their pet's life during treatment. Sixty‐eight per cent of the owners considered their dog's quality of life to be the same as before the lymphoma occurred, and the remaining 32 per cent felt that their pet's quality of life on chemotherapy treatment was acceptable but poorer than before the lymphoma occurred. Treatment complications were reported by 52 per cent of owners. Ninety‐two per cent of owners had no regrets about treating their dog with multidrug chemotherapy. The results suggest that, while many dogs developed treatment complications during multidrug chemotherapy, most owners felt that the quality of life of their pets was good during treatment and had no regrets about opting for palliative chemotherapy.
Pyogranulomatous skin disease and cellulitis in a cat caused by Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Patel A.
Published: February 2006

This report describes a case of Rhodococcus equi infection causing pyogranulomatous skin disease and cellulitis in a two‐year‐old female domestic shorthaired cat. The case differed from previously reported cases in cats in its clinical presentation and in the locations of the lesions, which were similar to those seen in horses. The presence of an intracellular organism was confirmed by cytology and on histopathology. The aetiological diagnosis was confirmed by routine biochemical tests specific for R equi on a pure isolate obtained from a biopsy specimen. The report also reviews the literature of the documented feline cases and discusses the common pitfalls in the diagnosis of such infections.
Medulloblastoma in a cat: clinical and MRI findings
Authors: Kitagawa M. , Koie H. , Kanayama K. , Sakai T.
Published: February 2006

A two‐year‐old, castrated crossbred cat presented with loss of balance and anorexia. A mass of the caudal aspect of the cerebellum was revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mass was hypointense on T1 ‐weighted images, iso‐ and hyperintense on T2‐weighted images and was enhanced by intravenous gadolinium contrast medium. The MRI characteristics of this case were similar to those of medulloblastoma of the cerebellar vermis in humans. The authors were able to remove almost all of the tumour. The cat was discharged from hospital on day 22 after surgery, but died on day 45. The excised tissue was histologically diagnosed as medulloblastoma.
Neurological dysfunction in three dogs and one cat following attenuation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts
Authors: Yool D. A. , Kirby B. M.
Published: February 2006

Neurological dysfunction is an uncommon complication following extrahepatic portosystemic shunt ligation. Three dogs and one cat are described that developed neurological signs within 21 to 42 hours of attenuation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. None of these cases had biochemical evidence of hepatic encephalopathy postoperatively. Two dogs died during management of status epilepticus following aspiration of food. One dog died six months postoperatively. The cat had persistent neurological dysfunction at discharge, but was alive and had recovered most of its neurological function at the time of writing, 37 months after surgery. This report demonstrates the potential for animals with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts to develop postoperative neurological signs and highlights the difficulty of managing such cases. Two dogs had both intrahepatic and extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Large intestinal malrotation (partial situs inversus) may have been linked to the development of a portosystemic shunt in the remaining dog.
Body cavity lipomas in six dogs
Authors: Mayhew P. D. , Brockman D. J.
Published: February 2006

Histologically confirmed lipomas were surgically removed from the thoracic or abdominal cavities of six dogs. Three dogs had a large intra‐abdominal mass causing severe abdominal distension. Two dogs had a mass extending into the pelvic canal, compressing the colon and causing obstipation. One dog with an intrathoracic mass had a history of coughing and intermittent cyanosis. All dogs had complete resolution of signs after surgical resection of the tumour. Recurrence occurred in one dog with an abdominal lipoma, two years after the initial surgery. This recurrent lipoma was treated successfully by surgical resection.
Isoniazid‐induced seizures with secondary rhabdomyolysis and associated acute renal failure in a dog
Authors: Haburjak J. J. , Spangler W. L.
Published: February 2006

Isoniazid‐induced seizures resulted in rhabdomyolysis and associated acute renal tubular necrosis in a dog. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric renal failure, although recognised in the dog, are reported infrequently as a consequence of seizures. The clinical presentation of isoniazid toxicity in a dog is described.
Treatment of canine lymphoma by veterinarians in first opinion practice in England
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Herrtage M. E. , Dobson J. M.
Published: February 2006

A survey of canine lymphoma treatment strategies by veterinarians in first opinion practice was undertaken by sending questionnaires to 1000 randomly selected, first opinion small animal veterinary practices throughout England. Completed replies were received from 382 veterinarians. Ninety‐five per cent of respondents had diagnosed canine lymphoma in the preceding 12 months. Eighty‐seven per cent of respondents treated at least 50 per cent of the cases of canine lymphoma they diagnosed. A multidrug combination of vincristine, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone (COP) was the treatment protocol most commonly used. A doxorubicin‐based treatment protocol was used by 2 per cent of respondents to treat canine lymphoma initially. The study suggests that, despite several reports of improved survival times with doxorubicin‐based protocols, most veterinarians in first opinion practice in England treat canine lymphoma with COP.
Oesophageal stricture in a cat due to oral administration of tetracyclines
Authors: McGrotty Y. L. , Knottenbelt C. M.
Published: February 2006

A three‐year‐old, male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented with dysphagia and regurgitation following treatment with oral doxycycline and oxytetracycline for Haemobartonella felis infection. Fluoroscopy confirmed the presence of multiple strictures along the entire length of the oesophagus. Balloon dilatation was performed successfully on two occasions and the symptoms resolved. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of oesophageal strictures associated with oral administration of tetracyclines in a cat in the UK.
Surgical management of true patent urachus in a cat
Authors: Laverty P. H. , Salisbury S. K.
Published: February 2006

A five‐week‐old kitten presented with clinical signs consistent with a patent urachus. The urachal anomaly was revealed by exploratory celiotomy and surgically excised without complications. Follow‐up radiographic evaluation confirmed the complete removal of the urachal anomaly. Twenty‐five months after surgery the cat remained healthy and without problems.
Canine neoplasia in the UK: estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs
Authors: Dobson J. M. , Samuel S. , Milstein H. , Rogers K. , Wood J. L. N.
Published: February 2006

Neoplasia is common in pet dogs but accurate figures for the incidence of tumours in this, as in other species, are sparse. The purpose of this study was to document the occurrence of tumours in a defined population of dogs. From a database of 130,684 insured dogs, claims relating to the investigation or treatment of tumours or tumour‐like lesions during a 12‐month period were accessed and followed up. A total of 2546 claims were tumour related and were classified according to tumour site and type. Because the demographics of the insured population were skewed towards younger animals, a standard population, as described in the veterinary literature, was used in the calculation of tumour incidence rates. The skin and soft tissues were the most common sites for tumour development, with a standardised incidence rate of 1437 per 100,000 dogs per year, followed by alimentary (210), mammary (205), urogenital (139), lymphoid (134), endocrine (113) and oropharyngeal (112). Canine cutaneous histiocytoma was the most common single tumour type, with a standardised incidence rate of 337 per 100,000 dogs per year, followed by lipoma (318), adenoma (175), soft tissue sarcoma (142), mast cell tumour (129) and lymphosarcoma (114). These data are unique and provide a valuable basis for future research into the aetiology and epidemiology of canine tumours.
A tension band technique for stabilisation of sacroiliac separations in cats
Authors: Raffan P. J. , Joly C. L. , Timm P. G. , Miles J. E.
Published: February 2006

A tension band technique was used in conjunction with a transarticular pin to stabilise 24 sacroiliac separations in 19 cats. The authors suggest that this technique is simpler and safer than the transarticular screw technique, and as effective.
Cystic meningioma in a dog
Authors: Kitagawa M. , Kanayama K. , Sakai T.
Published: February 2006

There have been few reports of the occurrence of, and treatment methods for, cystic meningioma in the dog. This report describes a case in a Maltese which presented with a three‐month history of seizures. Cystic meningioma was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging using contrast medium (gadoteridol) enhanced images. Attempted surgical removal of the mass was successful, and the outcome following surgery was good.
Relationship between faecal character and intestinal transit time in normal dogs and diet‐sensitive dogs
Authors: Rolfe V. E. , Adams C. A. , Butterwick R. F. , Batt R. M.
Published: February 2006

The relationship between stool character and whole gut transit time (WGTT), which is the average time for the passage of material through the lumen of the alimentary tract from ingestion to defecation, was studied in eight control dogs and 12 dogs with nonspecific dietary sensitivity. Dogs were fed four diets in a cross‐over design, and faecal quality was assessed daily and WGTT determined using plastic pellets. Faecal quality was unaffected by diet in the control dogs. Dogs with dietary sensitivity produced looser faeces compared with the control dogs, and this was significant for two of the diets. There was no significant effect of diet on mean WGTT within or between groups. Minimum WGTT, which was the interval to the first appearance of markers in faeces, was shorter in sensitive dogs compared with controls, and this was significant for two of the four diets. There were significant, inverse relationships between minimum WGTT and both mean faeces score and percentage unacceptable defecations. These data suggest that rapid transit of certain dietary components may impact negatively on stool quality and contribute to loose faeces in dogs with non‐specific dietary sensitivity.
Radiotherapy of pituitary tumours in five cats
Authors: Kaser‐Hotz B. , Rohrer C. R. , Stankeova S. , Wergin M. , Fidel J. , Reusch C.
Published: February 2006

Five cats tentatively diagnosed with pituitary adenoma (four cases) or pituitary carcinoma (one case), based on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging, were treated with radiotherapy. Electrons were applied in four cats and electrons and photons in the fifth. Ten to 12 fractions of 3·5 to 4·0 Gy each were delivered on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday schedule. The mean total dose applied was 39 Gy. No severe acute side effects to treatment were seen. Follow‐up CT examination was performed in four cats; the mass had disappeared in one cat and remained stable or slightly decreased in size in the other three. The survival times were 5·5, 8·0, 15·0, 18·0 and 20·5 months, with two cats dying of causes unrelated to the tumour. Based on these cases, radiotherapy appears to be a valuable treatment option for feline pituitary tumours.
Atrial septal defect in five dogs
Authors: Guglielmini C. , Diana A. , Pietra M. , Cipone M.
Published: February 2006

The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiographic, and two‐dimensional, M‐mode and Doppler echocardiographic findings of five cases of canine ostium secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD) are described. The atrial septal anomaly was associated with other congenital cardiac abnormalities in two dogs: ventricular septal defect in one case and tricuspid dysplasia in the other. ASD was found in addition to dilated cardiomyopathy and suspected atrial thrombosis in one geriatric dog, but was the only cardiac abnormality detected in the remaining two dogs. Colour Doppler imaging facilitated the diagnosis of ASD in all subjects. The long‐term prognosis for dogs with isolated and small‐sized ASD is usually good, but can be compromised by the presence of concurrent congenital or acquired cardiac diseases.
Cellophane banding of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in two Irish wolfhounds
Authors: Connery N. A. , McAllister H. , Skelly C. , Pawson P. , Bellenger C. R.
Published: February 2006

Two three‐month‐old, male Irish wolfhound siblings were diagnosed with breed‐typical left divisional congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts consistent with patent ductus venosus. The shunts were amenable to surgical dissection at a posthepatic location. Both dogs had cellophane banding for shunt attenuation. One dog was euthanased after developing post‐ligation neurological dysfunction, which was refractory to treatment. The other dog survived and demonstrated shunt attenuation. Successful surgical management using cellophane banding of a patent ductus venosus has not been previously described in a large‐breed dog.
Kinking of endotracheal tubes during maximal flexion of the atlanto‐occipital joint in dogs
Authors: Campoy L. , Hughes J. M. L. , McAllister H. , Bellenger C. R.
Published: February 2006

Endotracheal tubes manufactured from red rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were compared, using radiographic techniques, in dog cadavers, under in vitro conditions and in anaesthetised dogs (in vivo study). All endotracheal tubes were radiographed in‘neutral’and flexed positions and the percentage reduction in the ventrodorsal radiographical diameter of the tube was calculated. The red rubber tubes kinked completely in 40 per cent of the cadavers, 75 per cent of the in vitro study and 40 per cent of anaesthetised dogs. The PVC tubes kinked completely in only one case (in vivo study). However, these tubes had a mean reduction in diameter of 15 per cent in the dog cadaver study, 19 per cent in the in vitro study and 26 per cent in the in vivo study. During procedures in which the trachea is intubated and the atlanto‐occipital joint of the patient must be flexed, PVC endotracheal tubes may be less prone to kinking than red rubber tubes.