bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced elimination of betamethasone in dichorionic twin pregnancies
Authors: Rodrigues Grazielle de Fátima Pinto , Benzi Jhohann Richard de Lima , Matos Luísa Helena de Castro , de Freitas Stella Felippe , Marques Maria Paula , Cavalli Ricardo de Carvalho , Moisés Elaine Christine Dantas , Duarte Geraldo , Lanchote Vera Lucia , Marcolin Alessandra Cristina
Published: October 2021

Aim

No study has evaluated the betamethasone pharmacokinetics in twin pregnancies according to chorionicity. This study aimed to describe and compare the betamethasone pharmacokinetic parameters in singleton and dichorionic (DC) and monochorionic twin pregnancies in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Methods

Twenty‐six pregnant women received 2 intramuscular doses of 6 mg of betamethasone sodium phosphate plus 6 mg betamethasone acetate due to preterm labour. Serial blood samples were collected for 24 hours after the first intramuscular dose of betamethasone esters. Betamethasone plasma concentrations were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analytical method, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained employing a noncompartmental model. Preliminary data on the betamethasone placental transfer are also presented.

Results

The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) of AUC0‐∞ 645.1 (504.3–825.2) vs. 409.8 (311.2–539.6) ng.h/mL and CL/F 17.70 (13.84–22.65) vs. 27.87 (21.17–36.69) were significantly different, respectively, in singleton pregnancies when compared to DC twins.

Conclusion

Data from this study suggest that the presence of 2 foetoplacental units may increase the betamethasone metabolism by hepatic CYP3A4 and/or placental 11β‐HSD2 enzymes. Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic clinical studies are needed to investigate whether these betamethasone pharmacokinetic changes have clinical repercussions for the newborns and require dose adjustment in DC twin pregnancies.
The dark triad and corporate sustainability: An empirical analysis of personality traits of sustainability managers
Authors: Pelster Matthias , Schaltegger Stefan
Published: October 2021

Middle managers responsible for sustainability operationalize top management decisions on the organization's social and environmental activities. With their focus on sustainability, they could be expected to consider ethical issues particularly well in their decisions and to possess ethical personality traits. While earlier research has focused on top management this paper examines the influence of personality traits of middle managers on their corporate sustainability preferences. Based on a primary survey sample of 204 professionals responsible for sustainability in their company, we study the relationship between dark triad personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) of sustainability managers and their environmental and social responsibility preferences. The analysis shows that managers who score higher on the dark triad personality scale are less concerned about environmental and social responsibility issues. The business environment, analyzed in a cross‐cultural comparison between the United States and Europe, and the organizational context function as a moderator of the influence of personality traits on sustainability preferences. The results suggest that dark triad personality traits should be considered in recruitment and assessment processes of middle managers responsible for corporate sustainability.
Linear and profilometric changes of the mucosa following soft tissue augmentation in the zone of aesthetic priority: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Raghoebar Gerry M. , Korfage Anke , Meijer Henny J. A. , Gareb Barzi , Vissink Arjan , Delli Konstantina
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To assess the outcomes of soft tissue augmentation, in terms of change in level and thickness of mid‐buccal mucosa, at implants sites in the zone of the aesthetic priority.

Material and Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched (last search on 1 June 2020). Inclusion criteria were studies reporting outcomes of different materials and timing of grafting in patients undergoing soft tissue augmentation at implant sites in the aesthetic zone with a follow‐up of ≥1 year after implant placement. Outcome measures assessed included changes in level and thickness of mid‐buccal mucosa, implant survival, peri‐implant health and patients’ satisfaction.

Results

Eighteen out of 2,185 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis revealed a significant difference in vertical mid‐buccal soft tissue change (0.34 mm, 95% CI: 0.13–0.56, p = .002) and mid‐buccal mucosa thickness (0.66 mm, 95% CI: 0.35–0.97, p < .001) following immediate implant placement in favour of the use of a graft versus no graft. Mean difference in mid‐buccal mucosa level following delayed implant placement (0.17 mm, 95% CI: 0.01–0.34, p = .042) was also in favour of the use of a graft versus no graft. With regard to mucosa thickness, the use of a graft was not in favour compared with no graft following delayed implant placement (0.22 mm, 95% CI: −0.04–0.47, p = .095). Observed changes remained stable in the medium term.

Conclusion

Soft tissue augmentation in the zone of the aesthetic priority results in less recession and a thicker mid‐buccal mucosa following immediate implant placement and less recession in mid‐buccal mucosa following delayed implant placement compared with no graft.
Is the timing of implant placement and loading influencing esthetic outcomes in single‐tooth implants?—A systematic review
Authors: Francisco Helena , Marques Duarte , Pinto Catarina , Aiquel Louise , Caramês João
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To address the following question: “Is the timing of implant placement and/or loading influencing the esthetic outcomes of implant‐supported single crowns?”

Material and Methods

A literature screening was performed in four electronic databases until June 2020. Randomized controlled clinical trials with a minimum of 10 patients and 1 year of follow‐up and reporting on dimensional changes of the peri‐implant mucosa (midfacial recession, papilla level) and esthetic indexes were included. Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used, and comparable trials were subjected to meta‐analyses.

Results

Out of 8549 articles, 72 full‐text articles were assessed for eligibility and 18 were included. Nine trials evaluated the timing of implant placement, and nine trials evaluated the timing of loading. The included trials comparing immediate implant placement to delayed implant placement evaluating the midfacial recession reported heterogeneous findings. No differences were found at 1 and 2‐years, when comparing midfacial recession and papilla level between immediate and early implant placement. In immediate and delayed implant placement, when comparing conventional and immediate loading, the midfacial mucosal margin change was not statistically significant at the 1‐year follow‐up. When evaluating the timing of implant placement and/or loading the included trials found no differences in the Pink Esthetic score, White Esthetic score, and Papilla Index between groups.

Conclusions

Both immediate and early implant placement protocols presented stable treatment results in terms of esthetic outcomes at the 1‐, 2‐, and 10‐years follow‐up. Loading protocols did not seem to influence esthetic outcomes in short‐ and medium‐term follow‐ups.
Peri‐implantitis: Summary and consensus statements of group 3. The 6th EAO Consensus Conference 2021
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Alcoforado Gil , Guerrero Adrian , Jönsson Daniel , Klinge Björn , Lang Niklaus , Mattheos Nikos , Mertens Brenda , Pitta João , Ramanauskaite Ausra , Sayardoust Shariel , Sanz‐Martin Ignacio , Stavropoulos Andreas , Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa
Published: October 2021

Objective

To evaluate the influence of implant and prosthetic components on peri‐implant tissue health. A further aim was to evaluate peri‐implant soft‐tissue changes following surgical peri‐implantitis treatment.

Materials and methods

Group discussions based on two systematic reviews (SR) and one critical review (CR) addressed (i) the influence of implant material and surface characteristics on the incidence and progression of peri‐implantitis, (ii) implant and restorative design elements and the associated risk for peri‐implant diseases, and (iii) peri‐implant soft‐tissue level changes and patient‐reported outcomes following peri‐implantitis treatment. Consensus statements, clinical recommendations, and implications for future research were discussed within the group and approved during plenary sessions.

Results

Data from preclinical in vivo studies demonstrated significantly greater radiographic bone loss and increased area of inflammatory infiltrate at modified compared to non‐modified surface implants. Limited clinical data did not show differences between modified and non‐modified implant surfaces in incidence or progression of peri‐implantitis (SR). There is some evidence that restricted accessibility for oral hygiene and an emergence angle of >30 combined with a convex emergence profile of the abutment/prosthesis are associated with an increased risk for peri‐implantitis (CR). Reconstructive therapy for peri‐implantitis resulted in significantly less soft‐tissue recession, when compared with access flap. Implantoplasty or the adjunctive use of a barrier membrane had no influence on the extent of peri‐implant mucosal recession following peri‐implantitis treatment (SR).

Conclusions

Prosthesis overcontouring and impaired access to oral hygiene procedures increases risk for peri‐implantitis. When indicated, reconstructive peri‐implantitis treatment may facilitate the maintenance of post‐operative peri‐implant soft‐tissue levels.
Long‐term outcomes of maxillary single‐tooth implants in relation to timing protocols of implant placement and loading: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pommer Bernhard , Danzinger Martina , Leite Aiquel Loise , Pitta João , Haas Robert
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The aim of the present systematic literature review was to determine whether long‐term treatment results with single‐tooth implants may differ depending on the timing of implant placement in relation to tooth extraction (immediate IP/early EP/delayed DP) and the timing of prosthetic loading (immediate IL/early EL/delayed DL).

Material and Methods

Electronic and manual searches were performed to identify studies reporting on long‐term results (survival rate and/or marginal bone resorption after ≥3 years) of maxillary single‐tooth implants in the aesthetic zone using defined placement and loading protocols. Comparative trials were subjected to meta‐analyses whilst data from single‐arm studies were pooled to evaluate differences between timing protocols.

Results

A total of 7 controlled trials were considered for meta‐analyses: immediate loading was compared to delayed loading in 3 studies on immediate placement (IPIL vs. IPDL, p = .306) and in 2 studies on delayed placement (DPIL vs. DPDL, p = 1.000) whilst 2 studies compared early versus delayed placement with delayed loading (EPDL vs. DPDL, p = .600), however, without significant differences. Pooled data analysis of 29 studies (965 implants) did not show differences between timing of placement or loading as well as marginal bone remodelling. No impact of the one abutment – one time concept, flap design and simultaneous bone or soft tissue augmentation could be established.

Conclusions

Insufficient data are available for meta‐analytic comparison of all combinations of implant placement and loading protocols.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluating the survival, the failure, and the complication rates of veneered and monolithic all‐ceramic implant‐supported single crowns
Authors: Pjetursson Bjarni Elvar , Sailer Irena , Latyshev Andrey , Rabel Kerstin , Kohal Ralf‐Joachim , Karasan Duygu
Published: October 2021

Objective

To assess the survival, failure, and complication rates of veneered and monolithic all‐ceramic implant‐supported single crowns (SCs).

Methods

Literature search was conducted in Medline (PubMed), Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until September 2020 for randomized, prospective, and retrospective clinical trials with follow‐up time of at least 1 year, evaluating the outcome of veneered and/or monolithic all‐ceramic SCs supported by titanium dental implants. Survival and complication rates were analyzed using robust Poisson's regression models.

Results

Forty‐nine RCTs and prospective studies reporting on 57 material cohorts were included. Meta‐analysis of the included studies indicated an estimated 3‐year survival rate of veneered‐reinforced glass‐ceramic implant‐supported SCs of 97.6% (95% CI: 87.0%–99.6%). The estimated 3‐year survival rates were 97.0% (95% CI: 94.0%–98.5%) for monolithic‐reinforced glass‐ceramic implant SCs, 96.9% (95% CI: 93.4%–98.6%) for veneered densely sintered alumina SCs, 96.3% (95% CI: 93.9%–97.7%) for veneered zirconia SCs, 96.1% (95% CI: 93.4%–97.8%) for monolithic zirconia SCs and only 36.3% (95% CI: 0.04%–87.7%) for resin‐matrix‐ceramic (RMC) SCs. With the exception of RMC SCs (p < 0.0001), the differences in survival rates between the materials did not reach statistical significance. Veneered SCs showed significantly (p = 0.017) higher annual ceramic chipping rates (1.65%) compared with monolithic SCs (0.39%). The location of the SCs, anterior vs. posterior, did not influence survival and chipping rates.

Conclusions

With the exception of RMC SCs, veneered and monolithic implant‐supported ceramic SCs showed favorable short‐term survival and complication rates. Significantly higher rates for ceramic chipping, however, were reported for veneered compared with monolithic ceramic SCs.
A qualitative systematic review of governance principles for mangrove conservation
Authors: Golebie Elizabeth J. , Aczel Miriam , Bukoski Jacob J. , Chau Sophia , Ramirez‐Bullon Natali , Gong Mimi , Teller Noah
Published: October 2021

Management of mangrove ecosystems is complex, given that mangroves are both terrestrial and marine, often cross regional or national boundaries, and are valued by local stakeholders in different ways than they are valued on national and international scales. Thus, mangrove governance has had varying levels of success, analyzed through concepts such as principles of good governance and procedural justice in decision‐making. Although there is substantial research on case studies of mangrove management, global comparisons of mangrove governance are lacking. This research aims to fill this gap by comparing relationships among qualities of governance across mangrove social‐ecological systems worldwide. Through a systematic literature search and screening process, we identified 65 articles that discussed mangrove governance and conservation. Case studies in these articles, drawn from 39 countries, were categorized as top‐down, bottom‐up, or comanaged and thematically coded to assess the influence of eight principles of good governance in mangrove conservation success. Across all three governance systems, the principles of legitimacy, fairness, and integration were most important in determining conservation success or failure. These principles are closely related to the concept of procedural justice, highlighting the importance of stakeholder inclusion throughout all stages of mangrove management. Thus, we recommend clearly defined roles for all governance actors, transparent communication of policy development to stakeholders, fairness in both process and outcome, and careful consideration of sustainable access to conservation resources.
An update on the prevalence and risk exposures associated with hand eczema in Danish hospital employees: A cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based study
Authors: Yüksel Yasemin T. , Ebbehøj Niels E. , Agner Tove
Published: October 2021

Background

Hand eczema (HE) is common in health care workers (HCWs). During the last decade, new recommendations have supported increased use of alcohol‐based hand rub (ABHR) to partially replace hand washings to lower the prevalence of HE. However, newer data on this recommendation is lacking.

Objectives

To assess current 1‐year prevalence of HE in HCWs, to investigate exposure, and the extent of subjective discomfort to hand washings and ABHR.

Methods

A digital questionnaire was sent to 4876 HCWs from April to May 2020.

Results

Of 2125 respondents (1779 women, 346 men), 14.7% reported HE within the last year. In total, 9.1% reported >20 hand washings per shift and 76.0% reported ABHR use >20 times per shift. HE was significantly associated with hand washings (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.73 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26‐2.36]) and glove use on wet skin (adjusted OR 1.99 [95% CI 1.27‐3.12]). Subjective discomfort to ABHR was reported significantly more often than to hand washings (P < .001) and significantly more often in HCWs with HE than in those without HE (P < .001).

Conclusions

The current 1‐year HE prevalence in HCWs of 14.7% was lower than in previously reported Scandinavian data. HE was related to frequent hand washings, as previously reported, and to glove use on wet skin, which is a possible risk factor for HE that should be further explored.
Children with contralateral or bilateral electroencephalogram epileptiform activity should not be excluded from hemispherectomy
Authors: Rydenhag Bertil
Published: October 2021

This commentary is on the case series by Nagarajan et al. on pages 387–394 of this issue.
A normative power or fortress Europe? Normative policy coherence between the European Unionʼs development, migration, and foreign policies
Authors: Siitonen Lauri
Published: October 2021

Motivation

The article aims to bring together research on policy coherence for development (PCD) with normative theorizing and normative analysis.

Purpose

The article presents a case study of normative coherence for development between the three policy areas of the European Union (EU): development, migration, and foreign policy. It shows that normative analysis can be fruitfully applied to answer the question of how coherently normative arguments are used over time and between different policy areas.

Methods and approach

The article offers a comparative study of policy coherence between the three EU policies. Methodologically, it compares the normative logics used in the relevant EU policy documents.

Findings

The study finds that coherence between the three EU policies has increased since the European “migration crisis” in 2015–2016, but not necessarily sustainably: development policy has become an instrument of migration policy, and both are increasingly coherent with foreign and security policies. Along with these policy changes, the normative logics of argumentation for each policy area have become more uniform, both over time and between the policies. Furthermore, the normative principle of PCD has been replaced with a technical understanding of coherence.

Policy implications

The findings support the hypothesis that for rules‐based (regional) co‐operation, such as the EU, it matters how the policies are argued. As a focal actor on the global development and migration agendas, EU policies have implications far beyond its borders.
Irisin injection mimics exercise effects on the brain proteome
Authors: Dehghan Fariba , Zamani Saeed , Barreiro Carlos , Jami Mohammad‐Saeid
Published: October 2021

Physical inactivity can endanger human health and increase the incidence of neurodegenerative disease. Exercise has tremendous beneficial effects on brain health and cognitive function, especially in older adults. It also improves brain‐related outcomes in depression, epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Irisin is a mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise. This study aimed to assess the proteome alterations in adult male National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI) mice brain tissue upon three different conditions including endurance exercise, resistance exercise and irisin injection. Quantification of irisin levels in blood was performed using irisin‐ELISA Kit. Quantification and identification of proteins via two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)/MS showed the alteration of at least 21 proteins due to different treatments. Cellular pathway analysis revealed common beneficial effects of sole irisin treatment and different exercise procedures suggesting the capability of irisin injection to substitute the exercise when physical activity is not possible.
Going round in circles—The Papez circuit in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Forno Gonzalo , Lladó Albert , Hornberger Michael
Published: October 2021

The hippocampus is regarded as the pivotal structure for episodic memory symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. However, what is often overlooked is that the hippocampus is ‘only’ one part of a network of memory critical regions, the Papez circuit. Other Papez circuit regions are often regarded as less relevant for AD as they are thought to sit ‘downstream’ of the hippocampus. However, this notion is oversimplistic, and increasing evidence suggests that other Papez regions might be affected before or concurrently with the hippocampus. In addition, AD research has mostly focused on episodic memory deficits, whereas spatial navigation processes are also subserved by the Papez circuit with increasing evidence supporting its valuable potential as a diagnostic measure of incipient AD pathophysiology. In the current review, we take a step forward analysing recent evidence on the structural and functional integrity of the Papez circuit across AD disease stages. Specifically, we will review the integrity of specific Papez regions from at‐genetic‐risk (APOE4 carriers), to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), to dementia stage of sporadic AD and autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). We related those changes to episodic memory and spatial navigation/orientation deficits in AD. Finally, we provide an overview of how the Papez circuit is affected in AD diseases and their specific symptomology contributions. This overview strengthened the need for moving away from a hippocampal‐centric view to a network approach on how the whole Papez circuit is affected in AD and contributes to its symptomology, informing future research and clinical approaches.
Decision making in Parkinson's disease: An analysis of the studies using the Iowa Gambling Task
Authors: Colautti Laura , Iannello Paola , Silveri Maria Caterina , Antonietti Alessandro
Published: October 2021

In Parkinson's disease (PD) impairments in decision making can occur, in particular because of the tendency toward risky and rewarding options. The Iowa Gambling Task has been widely used to investigate decision processes involving these options. The task assesses the ability to manage risk and to learn from feedback. The present paper aims at critically examining those studies in which this task has been administered to PD patients, in order to understand possible anomalies in patients' decision processes and which variables are responsible for that. A meta‐analysis has been conducted as well. Features of the task, sociodemographic and clinical aspects (including daily drugs intake), cognitive conditions and emotional disorders of the patients have been taken into account. Neural correlates of decision‐making competences were considered. It emerged that PD patients show a trend of preference toward risky choices, probably due to an impairment in anticipating the unrewarding consequences or to an insensitiveness to punishment. The possible role played by dopamine medications in decision making under uncertain conditions, affecting basal ganglia and structures involved in the limbic loop, was discussed. Attention has been focused on some aspects that need to be investigated in further research, in order to delve into this issue and promote patients' quality of life.
Decoupling of functional and structural language networks in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Trimmel Karin , Vos Sjoerd B. , Caciagli Lorenzo , Xiao Fenglai , van Graan Louis A. , Winston Gavin P. , Koepp Matthias J. , Thompson Pamela J. , Duncan John S.
Published: October 2021

Objective

To identify functional and structural alterations in language networks of people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), who frequently present with naming and word‐finding difficulties.

Methods

Fifty‐five patients with unilateral TLE (29 left) and 16 controls were studied with auditory and picture naming functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tasks. Activation maxima in the left posterobasal temporal lobe were used as seed regions for whole‐brain functional connectivity analyses (psychophysiological interaction). White matter language pathways were investigated using diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging metrics extracted along fiber bundles starting from fMRI‐guided seeds. Regression analyses were performed to investigate the correlation of functional connectivity with diffusion MRI metrics.

Results

In the whole group of patients and controls, weaker functional connectivity from the left posterobasal temporal lobe (1) to the bilateral anterior temporal lobe, precentral gyrus, and lingual gyrus during auditory naming and (2) to the bilateral occipital cortex and right fusiform gyrus during picture naming was associated with decreased neurite orientation dispersion and higher free water fraction of white matter tracts. Compared to controls, TLE patients exhibited fewer structural connections and an impaired coupling of functional and structural metrics.

Significance

TLE is associated with an impairment and decoupling of functional and structural language networks. White matter damage, as evidenced by diffusion abnormalities, may contribute to impaired functional connectivity and language dysfunction in TLE.
Maternal perception of couple relationship before and after the birth of first and second child and twins
Authors: Smorti Martina , Ponti Lucia , Prino Laura Elvira , Rollè Luca
Published: October 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the changes in quality of couples' relationships from pregnancy to postpartum in pregnant Italian women who conceived spontaneously and to analyze the differences in transition to motherhood with respect to birth of (a) first child, (b) second child, and (c) twins.

Background

The transition to motherhood leads to several changes for parents and can significantly affect a couple's adaptation. The couple's adaptation to parenthood may depend on whether they are having a first child, a second child, or twins.

Method

A total of 119 women (61 primiparous women with single pregnancy, 42 multiparous women with single pregnancy, and 16 primiparous women with twin pregnancy) completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale during the third trimester of pregnancy and 3 months after childbirth. To explore whether the three groups differed regarding the quality of the couple relationship during pregnancy, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. Subsequently, a series of mixed 2 × 3 ANOVA with Time (pregnancy and postpartum) as the within factor and Group as the between factor for each dependent variable linked to the dimensions of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale was carried out to explore whether the quality of the couple relationship differed 3 months after childbirth.

Results

Results highlighted that, during pregnancy, mothers expecting one child (both primiparas and multiparas) reported a higher level of couple relationship quality than did women expecting twins. However, after childbirth, mothers of twins reported significant improvements on some qualitative aspects of their couple relationship (Affective Expression), whereas the other mothers reported some worsening in the perceived couple relationship 3 months after the birth of the child, especially regarding global score, Dyadic Cohesion, and Affective Expression.

Conclusion

In conclusion, birth preparation courses must pay attention not only to parenting transition but also to promoting involvement of both partners in household duties. Anticipating a fair division of household chores can allow partners to prepare for childbirth and limit the stress of the couple.

Implications

The promotion of dyadic adjustment can reduce parenting stress and increase parents' well‐being.
Effects of artificial light at night on the leaf functional traits of freshwater plants
Authors: Segrestin Jules , Mondy Nathalie , Boisselet Christelle , Guigard Ludivine , Lengagne Thierry , Poussineau Sophie , Secondi Jean , Puijalon Sara
Published: October 2021

The increasing use of artificial light at night has led to ecosystem exposure to light pollution worldwide. Aquatic ecosystems are particularly exposed, since lit road networks, urban development and industrial infrastructure are frequently located along river, lake, and sea shores. Although the negative effects of night‐time lighting on the physiology, behaviour, and life‐history traits of animals have been largely documented, there is a large knowledge gap about the responses of plants, especially regarding leaf functioning and resource‐management strategies. Some authors have proposed contrasting hypotheses of mechanistic responses to dim light at night in plants, but empirical results are still lacking.

Based on field measurements of nocturnal irradiance in freshwater ecosystems located in peri‐urban areas, we performed a mesocosm experiment using three species of submerged aquatic plants. After 5 months of exposure to realistic dim light at night, four functional traits related to the resource management at the leaf level were measured.

Artificial light at night had significant effects on the leaf physiology or chemistry, affecting their resource acquisition rate, but with different response intensities depending on the species. No effect was found on morphological or biomechanical traits for any of the studied species.

These results support the hypothesis that plants could interpret dim light at night as a shaded environment and respond accordingly.

We demonstrated that the effects of light at night on plants may have been underestimated in previous work. By modifying biotic interactions (e.g., competition and herbivory), these responses can have profound effects on community structure and ecosystem functioning.
Accounting for dispersal using simulated data improves understanding of species abundance patterns
Authors: Feng Xiao , Qiao Huijie
Published: October 2021

Aim

A long‐standing question in ecology and biogeography is how the population of a species is distributed across space. The highest abundance has been hypothesized to be in the geographical centre or the niche centre, although mixed patterns from empirical studies have triggered a recent debate. Here, we propose a conceptual framework based on environmental suitability and dispersal to interpret the mixed evidence.

Location

Global.

Time period

Present.

Major taxa studied

Virtual species.

Methods

We conducted a series of simulations to demonstrate how the abundance pattern would be affected by environmental suitability and dispersal ability. We simulated different combinations of environmental suitabilities and dispersal abilities in landscapes with varied heterogeneities. We also investigated how frequently the location of the niche centre overlapped with the geographical centre.

Results

We demonstrated that the highest abundance could occur in the geographical centre, in the niche centre or somewhere in between the two centres, depending on the environmental set‐up and dispersal ability. We found that geographical and niche centres rarely overlapped, suggesting that a counteracting effect between the two factors, rather than reinforcement, is the norm in determining abundance patterns. Therefore, we would expect the highest abundance in the real world to occur between the two centres, in the niche centre, or in the geographical centre, in descending frequency.

Main conclusions

Our proposed framework can be used to interpret the mixed patterns from empirical studies when testing the abundant‐centre and abundant niche‐centre hypotheses. Understanding the role of dispersal allows us to make predictions of the location with the highest abundance, as well as its location relative to the geographical centre and the niche centre. The varied locations of highest abundance mirror the mixed evidence in the literature, suggesting that the abundant‐centre and abundant niche‐centre hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. This highlights the importance of considering the underlying mechanisms for a better understanding of biogeographical patterns.
Critical climate justice
Authors: Sultana Farhana
Published: October 2021

Climate change has had unequal and uneven burdens across places whereby the planetary crisis involves a common but differentiated responsibility. The injustices of intensifying climate breakdown have laid bare the fault lines of suffering across sites and scales. A climate justice framework helps us to think about and address these inequities. Climate justice fundamentally is about paying attention to how climate change impacts people differently, unevenly, and disproportionately, as well as redressing the resultant injustices in fair and equitable ways. Critical climate justice as a praxis of solidarity and collective action benefits from greater engagement with intersectional and international feminist scholarship. Incorporating insights from feminist climate justice bolsters solidarity praxis while enriching and reframing dominant climate change discussions for more impactful and accountable action.
Diagnostic accuracy of pocket‐sized ultrasound for aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients without heart failure: A prospective observational study
Authors: Yamanaka Harumitsu , Maita Hiroki , Kobayashi Tadashi , Akimoto Takashi , Osawa Hiroshi , Kato Hiroyuki
Published: October 2021

Aim

To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of pocket‐sized ultrasound (PsUS) for aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients without heart failure.

Methods

This prospective observational study included patients with aspiration pneumonia. PsUS was performed in six areas (bilateral chest, four dorsal areas) by an independent examiner, blinded to the computed tomography (CT) results as a reference standard. Patients with heart failure were excluded.

Results

PsUS findings of 34 patients (median age, 87.5 years) and 204 areas were analyzed. Three or more B‐lines (comet tail artifacts) were strongly suggestive (positive likelihood ratio [LR+] 17.302) of consolidation on CT (CT‐consolidation, subpleural hypoechoic area with tissue‐like echostructure) or pleural change on CT. Consolidation on US (US‐consolidation) was suggestive of CT‐consolidation or pleural changes on CT (LR+ 6.453). Pleural effusion on US was strongly suggestive (LR+ 10.989) of CT‐consolidation or pleural change on CT. Absence of either three or more B‐lines, US‐consolidation, or US pleural effusion could not rule out CT‐consolidation or pleural change on CT (negative likelihood ratio [LR−] 0.482‐0.683). However, absence of all three findings could rule out abnormal CT findings (LR− 0.230). Chest radiograph findings proved difficult to confirm or exclude CT‐consolidation or pleural changes on CT (LR+ 1.584, LR− 0.489); when combined with PsUS findings, LR− improved to 0.124.

Conclusions

Three or more B‐lines or US‐consolidation on PsUS in elderly patients with aspiration pneumonia without heart failure suggested CT‐consolidation or pleural changes on CT. When both PsUS and chest radiograph findings were negative, CT‐consolidation and pleural change could be excluded. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 1118–1124.
Influence of human land use and invasive species on beta diversity of tropical ant assemblages
Authors: Baidya Pronoy , Bagchi Sumanta
Published: October 2021

Understanding how biodiversity is distributed is increasingly becoming important under ongoing and projected human land use. Measures of beta diversity, and its partitions, can offer insights for conservation and restoration of biodiversity.

We ask how different species, functional groups, and land use contribute to beta diversity, and whether invasive species have a negative influence on beta diversity. We address these questions using ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at 277 sites distributed across five geomorphic land use types in Goa, India.

We recorded 68 species (35 genera, 7 subfamilies) of which 5 were invasive. We classified them into eight functional groups. Oecophylla smaragdina—a common tropical arboreal species, and Anoplolepis gracilepis—a globally significant invasive, contributed the most to beta diversity. Large‐bodied omnivores which may influence soil functions contributed more to beta diversity than small‐bodied predators. Lateritic plateaus contributed most to beta diversity, whereas human‐influenced plantations contributed the least. Beta diversity across sites was related to species turnover, whereas nestedness was more prominent for functional groups. This indicates how species replace one another with change in land use, but functional roles are lost despite such turnover. Sites with human land use had higher incidence of invasive species, and invaded sites contributed less to beta diversity than non‐invaded sites.

Human land use strongly influences diversity and distribution of ant assemblages. Land use may spare local species richness, but not functional groups. A small number of invasive species exert negative influence even in very speciose communities.
Wear assessment of Cr2O3‐/TiAlN‐coated DAC‐10 tool steel against steel and Al2O3 counterbodies
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Maity Saikat Ranjan , Patnaik Lokeswar
Published: October 2021

TiAlN film was deposited on Cr2O3‐coated plasma‐nitrided DAC‐10 tool steel to obtained multilayer Cr2O3/TiAlN coating layer using cathodic arc deposition technique. The structural make‐up of the coating was characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X‐ray diffraction methods, and the mechanical properties were evaluated using nanoindentation and nanoscratch test. The structural phases of the coating indicated the presence of crystalline CrO structure and cubic TiAlN phases. The coating showcased improved hardness (38 GPa), elastic modulus (387 GPa), and adhesion along with appreciable H/E (0.09) and H3/E2 (0.366 GPa) attributes. Further, friction‐induced wear behavior of the coating was investigated against steel and Al2O3 counterbodies under dry sliding conditions. The wear behavior of the coating was greatly influenced by its hardness and deformation properties and frictional behavior of the counterbodies. More spikes and fluctuation were observed in the frictional curve against Al2O3 counterbody attributed to the emanation of TiO2, Cr2O3, and Al2O3 compounds due to dry sliding leading to the formation of flakes and delamination induced debris. Against the steel counterbody, the coating mainly formed a typical smooth glossy surface ascribed to the formation of Fe2O3 compound on the worn surface.
A qualitative study of young childhood cancer survivors and their parents’ experiences with treatment‐related late effects in everyday life post‐treatment
Authors: Petersen Natasha Nybro , Hansson Helena , Lie Hanne C. , Brinkkjær Maria , Graungaard Benjamin , Hamilton Larsen Marie , Hamilton Larsen Elna , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Fridh Martin Kaj , Bækgaard Larsen Hanne
Published: October 2021

Aims

The purpose of this secondary analysis was to explore how young cancer survivors and their parents experience and manage treatment‐related late effects in daily life post‐treatment.

Design

A phenomenological‐hermeneutic explorative study.

Methods

Using purposive sampling, we included 15 childhood cancer survivors (aged 11–18 years) and their parents who participated in semi‐structured interviews from September 2019 through May 2020. We analysed the interviews paired using a thematic approach focused on meaning.

Results

The central theme, ‘Negotiation daily life’, emerged as well as three interrelated sub‐themes, that is ‘A changed everyday life’, ‘Physical activity as a tool’ and ‘Friends as a tool’. The childhood cancer survivors and their parents experienced, understood and interpreted the late effects differently. The difference between the survivors’ perceptions and those of their parents in managing treatment‐related late effects in everyday life resulted in a continuous negotiation process between the parties. Parents highlighted the negative impact of late effects on their child's daily life in relation to physical activity, school and socialization while the survivors wished to leave the cancer experience behind and ‘move on’ with their friends. As a result, most of the survivors developed strategies to manage their social activities while their parents felt that the survivors neglected the late effects.

Conclusion

The ongoing negotiation process between the childhood cancer survivors and their parents show the complexity of the new family dynamics on returning to everyday life post‐treatment. For clinical nurses, that means that there should be focus on family dynamics and how the childhood cancer survivors and parents, respectively, manage the childhood cancer survivors’ late effects.

Impact

Healthcare providers should distinguish between the needs of the survivors and those of their parents as they transition from treatment to everyday life, and especially in the management of late effects caused by the treatment.
Factors associated with non‐completion of and scores on physical capability tests in health surveys: The North Health in Intellectual Disability Study
Authors: Olsen Monica Isabel , Halvorsen Marianne Berg , Søndenaa Erik , Strand Bjørn Heine , Langballe Ellen Melbye , Årnes Anders , Michalsen Henriette , Larsen Frode Kibsgaard , Gamst Wenche , Bautz‐Holter Erik , Anke Audny
Published: October 2021

Background

This study investigated the completion rates, scores and factors associated with non‐completion and low scores on physical capability tests in a health survey administered to adults with intellectual disabilities.

Method

Assessment comprised body mass index (BMI), the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the timed up‐and‐go (TUG) test, the one‐legged stance (OLS) test; and gross motor, communication and behavioural functioning tests.

Results

The completion rates among 93 participants (aged 17–78) were 46% for the SPPB, 42% for the TUG, and 31% for the OLS. More severe intellectual disability (OR = 3.12, p < .001) and lower BMI (OR = 0.859, p = .001) were related to test non‐completion. The SPPB scores were below the reference values from the general population. Lower scores were associated with older age, motor disabilities and intellectual disability severity.

Conclusions

Including physical capability tests in health surveys among adults with intellectual disabilities is important to monitor functional status and guide prevention strategies.
Performance feedback in a group contest: A field experiment on electricity conservation
Authors: Chen Chia‐Wen , Chen Josie I. , Lin Ming‐Jen
Published: October 2021

We conduct a field experiment on electricity conservation to study whether revealing both the competitive state and the social state in a group contest affects individual beliefs and efforts. Our experiment randomizes group composition, participation, and types of information received in the contest. We find that contestants without feedback about relative performance had difficulty assessing their group's competitive status, and laggards within a group tended to be overconfident about their relative contribution. In addition, we find that contestants receiving both competitive and social information were more likely to have correct beliefs about their positions during the contest and exerted the most effort. Meanwhile, contestants receiving no performance feedback did not behave differently from those who did not participate in the contest. Overall, contestants reduced their energy use by 10% during the contest. Our results support the notion that providing feedback is important in a group contest.
First evidence of regional migration of the copper shark Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870) in the Southwest Atlantic
Authors: Cuevas Juan M. , García Mirta L. , Gómez Sebastián , Chiaramonte Gustavo E.
Published: October 2021

Regional migration of the copper shark Carcharhinus brachyurus was recorded for the first time in the Southwest Atlantic (SWA) from Argentina (latitude: –38.1037, longitude: –57.5371) to Brazil (latitude: –20.6833, longitude: –40.2846) as a result of a citizen science tagging project. The recaptured specimen was a female (103 kg weight), with 18 developing embryos within the uterus. The total distance was at least 2566 km, and it is the longest ever recorded for the species. Furthermore, it extends its northern distribution in the SWA.
Effect of carvacrol on properties and release behavior of gelatin‐egg white protein/polyethylene bilayer film
Authors: Cao Jiahui , Zhang Hong , Wang Lechuan , Zhang Huajiang , Chi Yujie , Xia Ning , Ma Yanqiu , Li Hanyu , Bai Songyuan , Zhang Xinxin
Published: October 2021

A bilayer antibacterial film of gelatin (G)—egg white protein (EW) containing carvacrol (CA) on polyethylene (PE) was prepared. This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of CA on the apparent viscosity and particle size of gelatin and egg white protein composite film‐forming solution (FFS). The static rheological results showed that the viscosity of FFS increased significantly in the presence of CA. The results of particle size showed that FFS had good stability. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that there were hydrogen bond interactions among G/EW and CA with good compatibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the incorporation of CA made the film surface structure denser. The film with CA had good antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Under the same conditions, the higher the CA content, the higher the release rate, and the release rate was positively correlated with the increase in temperature and ethanol content in the food simulant, which indicated that the bilayer antibacterial film containing CA could be used for packaging high‐fat foods. Therefore, the G/EW‐PE bilayer antibacterial film containing CA could make up for the poor water resistance of the edible monolayer film, and gave the antibacterial function that the polyethylene packaging film did not have.

Practical Applications

CA has safe and efficient antibacterial activity. It is listed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the list of additives that can be directly added to food for human consumption. Compared with the traditional single‐layer packaging film (plastic film and edible packaging film), the G/EW‐PE bilayer film containing CA can not only make up for the poor water resistance of the edible single‐layer film, but also give the plastic film new packaging performance. This study characterized the microstructure, physical properties, antibacterial properties and the release of CA in the film, which provided theoretical reference for the development of food packaging.