bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attachment and Culture
Authors: Keller Heidi
Published: December 2012

This article proposes to reconceptualize attachment theory as a culture-sensitive framework. First the seminal contribution of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are recognized in proposing a new paradigm for understanding children’s development, synthesizing the interdisciplinary knowledge of relationship formation present during the 1950s (Bowlby) and developing a fieldwork approach in combination with quasi-experimental procedures in the laboratory (Ainsworth). It is argued that students of attachment theory have expanded the framework with respect to the intergenerational transmission and the organizational nature of attachment, relations with psychopathology and clinical applications, and its psychophysiological foundation. It is further argued that attachment theorists were not responsive to developments in evolutionary sciences and cultural/anthropological approaches of parenting and child development. From an evolutionary perspective, contextual variability is crucial to meet the purpose of adaptation. It is demonstrated that the assumptions of monotropy, the conception of stranger anxiety, as well as the definition of attachment in mainstream attachment research are in line with the conception of psychological autonomy, adaptive for Western middle-class, but deviate from the cultural values of many non-Western and mainly rural ecosocial environments. In the concluding paragraph, a strategy is proposed for an empirical research program that would contribute to the cultural foundation of attachment.
Tracking Citations
Authors: Chirkina Galina V. , Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: December 2012

The earliest hypothesis concerning the phonetic-phonological roots of reading and writing learning disabilities is usually attributed to Boder in the U.S. literature. Yet by following a trail of references to work in psychology and education conducted some 30 years earlier in the USSR, we find the seeds of this idea already well established in the work of Russian educator and psychologist Roza Levina. Here we trace the Soviet origins of these ideas and discuss their heretofore unrecognized importance in the field of learning disabilities and special education.
Pubertal Development and Sexual Intercourse Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: Savolainen Jukka , Mason W. Alex , Hughes Lorine A. , Ebeling Hanna , Hurtig Tuula M. , Taanila Anja M.
Published: December 2012

There are strong reasons to assume that early onset of puberty accelerates coital debut among adolescent girls. Although many studies support this assumption, evidence regarding the putative causal processes is limited and inconclusive. In this research, longitudinal data from the 1986 Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study ( N = 2,596) were used to address three theoretical explanations: (a) a direct effect premised on biological processes, (b) a mediated path based on social psychological processes, and (c) a spurious effect derived from the evolutionary theory of socialization. In support of the social psychological pathway, the negative association between age at menarche and coital status at age 15 was almost fully mediated by differential social exposure—an empirical construct measuring involvement in high-risk social contexts.
Tolerability and Safety of Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Intravenous Vasopressor Therapy
Authors: Mancl Erin E. , Muzevich Katie M.
Published: December 2012

Background: Enteral nutrition (EN) is recommended within the first 24–48 hours following admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) once resuscitation and hemodynamic stability have been achieved; however, hemodynamic stability is not well defined. Objective: To evaluate the tolerability and safety of EN in critically ill patients receiving intravenous (IV) vasopressor therapy. Methods: A retrospective medical record review was conducted in an urban academic medical center and included adult ICU patients from 2011 who received concomitant EN and IV vasopressor therapy for ≥1 hour. EN tolerance was defined as an absence of gastric residuals ≥300 mL, emesis, positive finding on abdominal imaging, and evidence of bowel ischemia/perforation. Results: Two hundred fifty‐nine patients received 346 episodes of concomitant EN and IV vasopressor therapy. Overall EN tolerability was 74.9%. Adverse events included rising serum lactate (30.6%), elevated gastric residuals (14.5%), emesis (9.0%), positive finding on kidney/ureter/bladder radiograph (4.3%), and bowel ischemia/perforation (0.9%). An inverse relationship was found between maximum norepinephrine equivalent dose and EN tolerability (12.5 mcg/min for patients who tolerated EN vs 19.4 mcg/min, P = .0009). This relationship remained statistically significant after controlling for other variables (P = .019). Patients who tolerated EN were less likely to have received dopamine (63.8% vs 77.6%, P = .018) or vasopressin (58.9% vs 77.9%, P = .0027). These patients received concomitant therapy for less time and received more nutrition. Conclusions: Most patients receiving IV vasopressor therapy tolerate EN. Tolerability was related to the maximum cumulative vasopressor dose and may be related to the specific vasopressor administered.
IABP before cardiac surgery: clinical benefit compared to intraoperative implantation
Authors: Böning A , Buschbeck S , Roth P , Scheibelhut C , Bödeker RH , Brück M , Niemann B
Published: December 2012

Background:

The aim of this study was to determine whether preoperative compared to intraoperative intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) is advantageous regarding 30-day and 2-year survival in high-risk patients (acute myocardial infarction, severely impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), low output syndrome) undergoing coronary surgery.

Methods:

In the years 2004 to 2008, 156 consecutive patients undergoing coronary surgery with IABP support (119 preoperative, 37 intraoperative IABP) were observed. Applying Fisher’s exact test, as well as Wilcoxon and median tests, possible group differences were evaluated. After univariate analysis, models of logistic regression and Cox-regression were built.

Results:

Preoperative hemodynamic state and risk profile of the two patient groups were comparable: patients with preoperative IABP showed a similar level of urgency (21.9% vs. 18.9% emergencies), cardiogenic shock (8.4% vs. 10.8%), inotropes (8.4% vs. 8.1%), impaired LVEF (30.3% vs. 29.7%) and ventilation (5.9% vs. 5.4%) compared to patients with intraoperative IABP. Nevertheless, patients with intraoperative IABP demonstrated a significantly higher 30-day mortality rate (37.8% vs. 5.9%) and 2-year mortality rate (54.0% vs. 18.1%) compared to patients with preoperative IABP. Logistic regression revealed that patients with intraoperative IABP have a 16-times higher 30-day mortality rate after coronary surgery (OR: 16.386, 95% CI: 4.858-55.266) than patients with preoperative IABP. Two-year mortality (OR: 9.317, 95% CI: 3.430 to 25.311) and survival time were significantly better in patients with preoperative IABP therapy.

Conclusion:

Considering the significant benefit for patients with preoperative compared to intraoperative IABP and the absence of vascular problems after IABP insertion, the results of this study indicate a more liberal indication for IABP in high-risk patients before coronary bypass surgery.
Validation of the Instability Shoulder Index Score in a Multicenter Reliability Study in 114 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Rouleau Dominique M. , Hébert-Davies Jonah , Djahangiri Ali , Godbout Véronique , Pelet Stéphane , Balg Frédéric
Published: December 2012

Background:

Anterior shoulder stabilization surgery with the arthroscopic Bankart procedure can have a high recurrence rate in certain patients. Identifying these patients to modify outcomes has become a focal point of research.

Purpose:

The Instability Shoulder Index Score (ISIS) was developed to predict the success of arthroscopic Bankart repair. Scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores predicting a higher risk of recurrence after stabilization. The interobserver reliability of the score is not known.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

This is a prospective multicenter (North America and Europe) study of patients suffering from shoulder instability and waiting for stabilization surgery. Five pairs of independent evaluators were asked to score patient instability severity with the ISIS. Patients also completed functional scores (Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index [WOSI], Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand–short version [QuickDASH], and Walch-Duplay test). Data on age, sex, number of dislocations, and type of surgery were collected. The test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC: >0.75 = good, >0.85 = very good, and >0.9 = excellent) were used for analysis.

Results:

A total of 114 patients with anterior shoulder instability were included, of whom 89 (78%) were men. The mean age was 28 years. The ISIS was very reliable, with an ICC of 0.933. The mean number of dislocations per patient was higher in patients who had an ISIS of ≥6 (25 vs 14; P = .05). Patients who underwent more complex arthroscopic procedures such as Hill-Sachs remplissage or open Latarjet had higher preoperative ISIS outcomes, with a mean score of 4.8 versus 3.4, respectively ( P = .002). There was no correlation between the ISIS and the quality-of-life questionnaires, with Pearson correlations all >0.05 (WOSI = 0.39; QuickDASH = 0.97; Walch-Duplay = 0.08).

Conclusion:

Our results show that the ISIS is reliable when used in a multicenter study with anterior traumatic instability populations. There was no correlation between the ISIS and the quality-of-life questionnaires, but surgical decisions reflected its increased use.
Increased Hip and Knee Flexion During Landing Decreases Tibiofemoral Compressive Forces in Women Who Have Undergone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Tsai Liang-Ching , Powers Christopher M.
Published: December 2012

Background:

Those who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) have been shown to exhibit increased muscle co-contraction, decreased knee flexion, and elevated tibiofemoral compressive forces. Elevated tibiofemoral compressive forces may be associated with the high risk of developing knee osteoarthritis in this population.

Purpose:

To examine whether muscle co-contraction and tibiofemoral compressive forces in women after undergoing ACLR can be reduced through the use of a landing strategy that emphasizes greater hip and knee flexion.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten female recreational athletes who had previously undergone ACLR participated in this study. Participants performed a single-legged drop-land task before and after a training session that encouraged them to use greater hip and knee flexion during landing. Peak tibiofemoral compressive forces before and after training were estimated using an electromyography (EMG)–driven knee model that incorporated joint kinematics, EMG, and subject-specific muscle volumes and patellar tendon orientation estimated from magnetic resonance imaging. A co-contraction index (CCI) was calculated to quantify the level of co-contraction between knee flexor and extensor muscles.

Results:

After training, peak hip and knee flexion as well as hip and knee flexion excursions increased significantly. Additionally, participants demonstrated a significant decrease after training in the areas of muscle co-contraction (CCI [mean ± SD], 0.28 ± 0.10 vs 0.18 ± 0.05; P < .001) and peak tibiofemoral compressive force (97.3 ± 8.0 vs 91.3 ± 10.2 N·kg−1; P = .044).

Conclusion:

Increased muscle co-contraction as well as elevated tibiofemoral compressive loads observed in individuals following ACLR can be reduced by using a landing strategy that encourages greater hip and knee flexion.

Clinical Relevance:

The findings of the current study provide useful information for the growth of rehabilitation and/or intervention programs aimed to decrease knee joint loading to prevent or delay the development of knee osteoarthritis in those who have undergone ACLR.
The unruly city
Authors: Botnick Ken , Raja Ira
Published: December 2012

Many questions concerning the future of the urban Indian landscape have at their core the conflict of a modernist design aesthetic, which privileges uniformity and predictability, with what many consider to be the unsightly presence of a chaotic local aesthetic. The hand-painted signboard, a hallmark of Indian urban experience, is largely disdained by modernist planners, who became especially vocal in the lead-up to the Commonwealth Games in 2010, when the goal of transforming Delhi into a ‘world class city’ envisioned, among other measures, a reining in of the city’s frenetic signboard culture. This paper examines the ingenuity of the hand-painted signboard which employs complex visual strategies such as three-dimensional depth cues, typographic innovation and visual metaphor, while assessing the unique ways in which hand-painted signage shapes the experience of public space in an urban environment. Against ideas of uniformity and order which underpin liberal modernist visions of the city both in relation to its visual cultures and the use of public spaces, this paper proposes what we call an ‘aesthetic of accommodation’: the visual and the social order here become sites for the expression of an ‘adjustment’ ethic visible in the hybrid art practice of hand-painted signboards and the multiple rather than single usage of public spaces evident in the manner in which signboards spill onto sidewalks and sidewalks onto streets.
Kabīr and the print sphere
Authors: Friedlander Peter
Published: December 2012

For Hindi speakers Kabīr (ca. 1398–1519) is a seminal figure in the early history of Hindi literature. The contemporary image of Kabīr is as a champion of an earthy spirituality which transcended all religious boundaries and a scathing critic of all established religions. In this paper I examine how prior to the 19th century multiple identities for Kabīr were transmitted through oral and manuscript based traditions at networks of local sites. I then show how in the 19th century regional perceptions of Kabīr’s identity were negotiated as print cultures developed and how caste issues then influenced perceptions of Kabīr’s identity within nationalist histories of Hindi literature. The conclusion is that multiple localized identities were inherent in constructions of Kabīr in manuscript and oral traditions, but that Kabīr’s incorporation into print cultures has led to contestations at a national level about how to construct a single unitary identity for Kabīr.
Duplicity, intimacy, community
Authors: Srivastava Sanjay
Published: December 2012

In the annals of Indian modernity, narratives of tricksters and counterfeiters have a long, popular, and cautionary history. The topographies of deception outlined by colonial and post-colonial police reports established both its history as an aspect of modern industrial life as well as the city as the ‘scene of the crime’. This article explores the meanings that attach to certain contemporary acts of deceiving and faking, and the ways in which they are both produced by being in the city as well as producing certain kinds of relationships. The article focuses on the residents of a Delhi slum and their various acts of producing fake identity cards and a variety of other documents. It offers a discussion about simulation and dissimulation, feigning and duplicity, and passing and pretending as significant contexts for gaining security of livelihood and residence in the city as well as constituting specific senses of community. Faking and counterfeiting, the article suggests, are arenas where the state both constitutes itself and contributes to the making of imagined non-state sensibilities of community.
Popular printing and intellectual property in colonial Bengal
Authors: Gupta Abhijit
Published: December 2012

This article surveys the early history of printing in colonial Bengal, in particular the rise of the indigenous book trade in the Battala area of Calcutta. The article argues that the likes of Gangakishore Bhattacharya and Bhabanicharan Bandyopadhyay were among the first to attempt to socialize the printed book, leading to the rise of a substantial interpretive community by the middle of the 19th century. At the same time, traces of manuscript book practice lingered in the printed book, especially in the disposition of the title-page and other paratextual apparatus. This article scrutinizes the interface between the manuscript and the printed books, and asks how the conceptions of intellectual property, authorship and entailment evolved within the ambit of the popular book trade. By looking at a number of title-pages from the period, the article tries to examine the relationship between intellectual property and the rise of the popular.
Kolkata turning
Authors: Bose Brinda , Chakravarty Prasanta
Published: December 2012

This article tries to explore the shifts in contemporary urban Bengali cinema and map and historicize the main trends in relation to changes in the political fortunes of the city. In this context, the article tentatively wishes to accomplish two things: one, to show the main trends in urban Bengali film-making, post-1990s; and two, to read closely two recent Bengali films, in a search for ways of mapping this newness. The article first identifies three new possibilities in Bengali cinema: first, the inward-looking, often apolitical sketches that celebrate liberal development and psychosomatic indulgences, second, the sentimental, community-based films that sometimes take political changes on board as well, and attempt to bridge the rural-urban divide; third, cult-ish films of a newer pedigree that show impatience with old Left and progressive values, and are also technically experimental and avant-garde. The second objective of the article is to discuss specifically two contemporary filmmakers – Moinak Biswas and Suman Mukhopadhay – and place their films within this ferment.
Seven theses on photography
Authors: Pinney Christopher
Published: December 2012

Benjamin and Barthes provide the starting point for a series of inter-connected propositions which seek to return the theorization of photography to the primacy of the pro-filmic. The index is reclaimed as a trace of the photographic event, capable only of delivering what Barthes termed the corps. The resulting contingency and exorbitance are the basis of photography’s prophetic and ‘troubling’ potential which free us from viewing photography as simply a screen for the social. The argument is advanced largely using material from India and a case is made for a new conception of ‘world system photography’ which folds ‘belated’ histories into the ‘global’.
The prehistory of the superhero comics in India (1976–1986)
Authors: Chandra Nandini
Published: December 2012

The world of the Hindi heroes of the 1970s, while decked in battle gear, largely belonged to the official state apparatus, either as members of vigilante self-defence squads – of which Bahadur was a pioneer – or bonafide members of the police force, like Inspector Vikram. The costumed superhero only emerged at the end of the Nehruvian period, gradually coming to defy its signature science and rationality. My article seeks to explore questions of the political economy of the superhero genre and the affective valences of the supernatural in imaging/negotiating the national and transnational, through this conjunctural moment of the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Salman Rushdie, aesthetics and Bollywood popular culture
Authors: Mishra Vijay
Published: December 2012

This essay deals with the manner in which Salman Rushdie’s works engage with the heterogeneous logics of ethics and aesthetics. Drawing upon the work of Jacques Rancière it is argued that Rushdie neutralizes the two by introducing what Rancière calls a dissensus in the ethical-aesthetic hierarchy. The dissensus works on a principle of ‘excess’ so that within the domain of aesthetics the ethical is pushed to its limits. The order of desire (aesthetics) and the order of knowledge (ethics) are no longer seen as hierarchical and mutually exclusive categories. By examining two versions of an unpublished novel by Rushdie (‘Madame Rama’) it is suggested that Bollywood cinema functions as a mode in which the two orders come together. In this early and mercifully unpublished novel, one finds the beginnings of Rushdie’s belief that works of art are sites of ideological and ethical contestations.
Understanding and Accessing Standards-Based Mathematics for Students With Mathematics Difficulties
Authors: Jitendra Asha K.
Published: December 2012

In this introduction to the special issue, the author provides a brief overview of (a) standards-based mathematics and implications for students with learning disabilities and those at risk for mathematics difficulties and (b) research on mathematics interventions/instructional practices and student outcomes. Furthermore, the author highlights how the articles in this special issue address these areas. The article concludes with a description of the purposes of this special issue.
Putting Parolees Back in Prison
Authors: Steen Sara , Opsal Tara , Lovegrove Peter , McKinzey Shelby
Published: December 2012

As the prison population in the United States has ballooned over the past 30 years, people entering prison for parole revocation have come to constitute an increasingly large percentage of all prison admissions (35% in 2006). As a result, researchers have begun to turn their attention toward this criminal justice decision-making point to examine the factors that relate to why an individual is returned to prison. Notably, this developing body of research focuses almost entirely on one decision maker: the parole board who ultimately determines whether or not an individual on parole stays in the community, receives alternative sanctions, or returns to prison. Notably, this ignores the fact that parole revocation is a process beginning with the parolee who commits a violation behavior, turning next to the parole officer who uses his or her discretionary power to determine whether or not to file a complaint, and ending with the decision of the parole board. In this article, we examine each stage of this revocation process using structured qualitative interviews with 35 parole officers as well as quantitative data on 300 individuals on parole in Colorado between 2006 and 2007, who we followed for an 18-month period. We find that parolees with mental health needs commit significantly more technical violations; that race, gender, age, and measures of parolee effort affect whether a parole officer files a complaint; and that the decision made by the parole board is either largely random or driven by variables unspecified in our models.
Justice League?
Authors: Kort-Butler Lisa A.
Published: December 2012

The literature argues that media depictions of criminal justice present messages that conform to and promote the dominant ideology about the crime problem and how to solve it. Research has focused on television news and adult programs, but little research has examined messages about justice present in children’s shows. To fill this gap, an ethnographic content analysis of children’s cartoons was conducted, using a sample of episodes from Batman: The Animated Series, Spider-Man, and Justice League Unlimited. Several themes emerged. First, the justice system is often depicted as ill equipped to handle serious crime. Second, story lines suggested that the justice system is relatively weak, plagued by corruption or ineffectiveness. Third, heroes are driven by their notions of justice, recognizing that only they can stop the worst criminals and are morally obligated to do so. Fourth, heroes are willing to use force to capture offenders, but they also use brain power. Finally, although heroes work largely outside the law, they are supportive of the efforts of honest justice system actors. In sum, these shows provide messages about justice that are consistent with and supportive of the dominant ideology that derides rehabilitation and emphasizes incapacitation. They are also congruent with messages, images, and frames presented in adult-oriented media. By drawing on moral elements and the problem frame, they act as cultural primers by which young people may interpret subsequent imagery of crime and justice. The consistency across genres contributes to the social reality of crime and control.
Aspartylglucosaminuria
Authors: Opladen Thomas , Ebinger Friedrich , Zschocke Johannes , Sengupta Devjani , Ben-Omran Tawfeg , Shahbeck Noora , Moog Ute , Fischer Christine , Bürger Friederike , Haas Dorothea , Ruef Peter , Harting Inga , Al-Rifai Hilal , Hoffmann Georg F.
Published: December 2012

Aspartylglucosaminuria is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder leading early to a progressive intellectual disability. Monozygous Qatari twins presented with an unusual perinatal manifestation characterized by severe muscular hypotonia, scarce spontaneous movements, multiple contractures, and respiratory insufficiency. Biochemical investigations suggested aspartylglucosaminuria, and a novel homozygous mutation c.439T>C (p.S147P) was found in the aspartylglucosaminidase gene. However, it cannot be excluded that the unusual neonatal presentation is due to an additional autosomal recessive disease in this multiply consanguineous family. The classical aspartylglucosaminuria phenotype (progressive speech delay, psychomotor retardation, and behavioral abnormalities) was observed in 3 Turkish siblings. Although aspartylglucosaminuria was suspected early, the definite diagnosis was not confirmed until the age of 18 years. A novel homozygous mutation c.346C>T (p.R116W) was found. These 5 cases emphasize that aspartylglucosaminuria is panethnic and may possibly present with prenatal manifestation. Screening for aspartylglucosaminuria should be done in all patients with unexplained psychomotor retardation.
Advancing Neurologic Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit With a Neonatal Neurologist
Authors: Mulkey Sarah B. , Swearingen Christopher J.
Published: December 2012

Neonatal neurology is a growing subspecialty area. Given the considerable amount of neurologic problems present in the neonatal intensive care unit, a neurologist with expertise in neonates is becoming more important. We sought to evaluate the change in neurologic care in the neonatal intensive care unit at our tertiary care hospital by having a dedicated neonatal neurologist. The period post–neonatal neurologist showed a greater number of neurology consultations ( P<.001), number of neurology encounters per patient ( P<.001), a wider variety of diagnoses seen, and an increase in the use of video electroencephalography ( P=.022), compared to the period pre–neonatal neurologist. The neonatologists expressed appreciation for having a dedicated neurologist available. Standardized protocols for treating hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and neonatal seizures were also developed. Overall, by having a neonatal neurologist, neurology became part of the multidisciplinary team providing focused neurologic care to newborns.
Role of Ca2+ Homeostasis Disruption in Rotavirus-Associated Seizures
Authors: Yeom Jung Sook , Kim Young-Soo , Park Ji Sook , Seo Ji-Hyun , Park Eun Sil , Lim Jae-Young , Park Chan-Hoo , Woo Hyang-Ok , Youn Hee-Shang
Published: December 2012

Rotavirus infection disturbs cellular Ca2+ homeostasis by triggering an increase in Ca2+ permeation. A theoretical link between Ca2+ dysregulation and seizures in patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis has been suggested, but no prior studies have investigated this relationship. To test our hypothesis that patients with rotavirus-associated seizures have greater Ca2+ homeostasis disruption than those without seizures, we compared clinical and laboratory data—including corrected total serum Ca2+ levels—between the 2 groups. Age, gender, maximum body temperature, day of admission, levels of electrolytes except Ca2+, blood pH, and urine ketone levels were not related to seizure occurrence. Significantly lower Ca2+ levels were found among the seizure (+) group (9.22 ± 0.50 vs 9.66 ± 0.46 mg/dL, P = .01). Although Ca2+ levels were within normal ranges and did not directly cause the seizures, our results provide preliminary evidence for a relationship between Ca2+ homeostasis disruption and seizures in rotavirus patients.
Fatal Outcome in Hemiconvulsion-Hemiplegia Syndrome
Authors: Jayakody Himali , Joshi Charuta
Published: December 2012

Hemiplegia-hemiconvulsion-epilepsy syndrome is characterized by prolonged unilateral clonic seizures in a child followed by the development of hemiplegia. Focal status epilepticus results in unilateral cerebral edema of the epileptic hemisphere in the acute phase followed by cerebral hemiatrophy. Literature in the last 5 years does not describe malignant cerebral edema or resultant death. We report a case of a 3-year-old girl with hemiplegia-hemiconvulsion-epilepsy syndrome who died due to malignant cerebral edema and temporal lobe herniation. The first indication of worsening of clinical status after being seizure free was voltage suppression on continuous electroencephalography (EEG). We describe neuroimaging, EEG findings, and neuropathologic findings at autopsy and review pertinent literature. We also evaluate the evolving role of continuous EEG monitoring in the pediatric intensive care unit.
Torticollis
Authors: Tomczak Kinga K. , Rosman N. Paul
Published: December 2012

Torticollis refers to a twisting of the head and neck caused by a shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle, tipping the head toward the shortened muscle, while rotating the chin in the opposite direction. Torticollis is seen at all ages, from newborns to adults. It can be congenital or postnatally acquired. In this review, we offer a new classification of torticollis, based on its dynamic qualities and pathogenesis. All torticollis can be classified as either nonparoxysmal (nondynamic) or paroxysmal (dynamic). Causes of nonparoxysmal torticollis include congenital muscular; osseous; central nervous system/peripheral nervous system; ocular; and nonmuscular, soft tissue. Causes of paroxysmal torticollis are benign paroxysmal; spasmodic (cervical dystonia); Sandifer syndrome; drugs; increased intracranial pressure; and conversion disorder. The description, epidemiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment, and prognosis of the most clinically significant types of torticollis follow.
Disorganization as Related to Discoordination and Attention Deficit
Authors: Lifshitz Nirit , Josman Naomi , Tirosh Emanuel
Published: December 2012

Our objective was to examine the association of attention deficit and disorganization in boys with and without specific developmental disorder of motor function. Four groups of boys between the age of 7 and 12 years—(1) Disorganization + coordination disorder (n = 30); (2) Coordination disorder (n = 33); (3) Disorganization (n = 28); and (4) Control (n = 29)—were included. Teachers completed the Questionnaire for Assessing the Students’ Organizational Abilities for the Teacher and the Conners’ Teachers Rating Scale–Revised. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children and 2 subscales of an intelligence test (vocabulary and similarities) were administered. A significantly increased rate of attention deficit in children with organizational deficit was identified. Attention deficit in children with specific motor disorder was exclusively associated with an organizational deficit. Organizational deficit in childhood is highly associated with attention deficit, and this association is particularly relevant in children with specific coordination disorder.
Clinical Observations on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children With Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Zhang Dong-Qing , Li Fu-Hai , Zhu Xiao-Bo , Sun Ruo-Peng
Published: December 2012

The objective was to investigate the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with frontal lobe epilepsy and related factors. The medical records of 190 children diagnosed with frontal lobe epilepsy at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University between 2006 and 2011 were retrospectively collected, and a follow-up analysis of the prevalence of ADHD in these children was conducted. Of the 161 children with an effective follow-up, 59.0% (95/161) with frontal lobe epilepsy suffered from ADHD as well. Analysis of epilepsy and ADHD-related factors indicated that the incidence of ADHD was 89.4% (76/85) in children with abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) discharges on the most recent EEG, which was significantly higher than the ADHD incidence of 25% (19/76) in children with normal readings on the most recent EEG ( P < .01). Children with frontal lobe epilepsy have a high incidence of ADHD. Sustained abnormal discharge on the electroencephalogram is associated with increased comorbidity of ADHD with frontal lobe epilepsy.
Subsequent Infections in Survivors of Sepsis
Authors: Wang Tisha , Derhovanessian Ariss , De Cruz Sharon , Belperio John A. , Deng Jane C. , Hoo Guy Soo
Published: December 2012

Purpose:

Sepsis is a devastating condition with considerable mortality. The causes of long-term mortality are poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that patients with sepsis are more susceptible to recurrent infections and death due to infectious complications, we investigated the outcomes of patients who survived sepsis, with regard to the incidence of recurrent infections and mortality.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study of the patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for sepsis from 2001 to 2002 who achieved 30-day survival (sepsis survivors [SSs], N = 78) and a control group of patients admitted to the ICU for noninfectious conditions with a similar severity of illness (N = 50) was performed. The primary end point was the number of recurrent infections in the first year posthospitalization.

Results:

The SSs group had higher rates of infections following hospital discharge compared to controls. Using a multivariable model, having survived sepsis was the strongest predictor of the development of subsequent infections (rate ratio [RR]: 2.83, P= .0006), the need for rehospitalization for infection in the year after the initial hospitalization (RR: 3.78, P = .0009), and postdischarge mortality (hazard ratio = 3.61, P = .003).

Conclusions:

Critically ill patients who survive sepsis have an increased risk of recurrent infections in the year following their septic episode that is associated with increased mortality.
The Role of Pain in Understanding Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Frequency of Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Authors: Grubert Elizabeth , Baker Tamara A. , McGeever Kelly , Shaw Benjamin A.
Published: December 2012

Objectives: To evaluate racial/ethnic differences in physical activity among White, Black, and Hispanic adults aged 65 years and older, and to assess the potential role of pain as a mediator. Methods: Analyses were based on data from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between race/ethnicity and pain and the odds of regular physical activity. Results: Compared to Whites, the odds of both light physical activity and moderate/vigorous physical activity were lower among Blacks, but not Hispanics. A graded inverse association between levels of pain severity and the odds of physical activity was found, but pain did not mediate racial/ethnic differences in physical activity. Discussion: When compared to Whites, older Blacks appear to have relatively low rates of physical activity even without comparatively high levels of pain, while older Hispanics experience relatively high rates of pain, but are perhaps more resilient to the effects of pain on physical activity.
Analytical method for the singularity analysis and exhaustive enumeration of the singularity conditions in single-degree-of-freedom spherical mechanisms
Authors: Gregorio Raffaele Di
Published: December 2012

In spherical-mechanism kinematics, instantaneous pole axes play the same role as, in planar-mechanism kinematics, instant centres. Their locations only depend on the mechanism configuration when spherical single-degree-of-freedom mechanisms are considered. Such a property makes them a tool to visualize and/or to analyse the instantaneous kinematics of those mechanisms. This article addresses the singularity analysis of single-degree-of-freedom spherical mechanisms by exploiting the properties of instantaneous pole axes. An exhaustive enumeration of the geometric conditions which occur for all the singularity types is given, and a general analytical method based on this enumeration is proposed for implementing the singularity analysis. The proposed analytical method can be used to generate systems of equations useful either for finding the singularities of a given mechanism or to synthesize mechanisms that have to match specific requirements about the singularities.
Patient-specific finite element modeling of bones
Authors: Poelert Sander , Valstar Edward , Weinans Harrie , Zadpoor Amir A
Published: December 2012

Finite element modeling is an engineering tool for structural analysis that has been used for many years to assess the relationship between load transfer and bone morphology and to optimize the design and fixation of orthopedic implants. Due to recent developments in finite element model generation, for example, improved computed tomography imaging quality, improved segmentation algorithms, and faster computers, the accuracy of finite element modeling has increased vastly and finite element models simulating the anatomy and properties of an individual patient can be constructed. Such so-called patient-specific finite element models are potentially valuable tools for orthopedic surgeons in fracture risk assessment or pre- and intraoperative planning of implant placement. The aim of this article is to provide a critical overview of current themes in patient-specific finite element modeling of bones. In addition, the state-of-the-art in patient-specific modeling of bones is compared with the requirements for a clinically applicable patient-specific finite element method, and judgment is passed on the feasibility of application of patient-specific finite element modeling as a part of clinical orthopedic routine. It is concluded that further development in certain aspects of patient-specific finite element modeling are needed before finite element modeling can be used as a routine clinical tool.
Degree Mobility from the Nordic Countries
Authors: Wiers-Jenssen Jannecke
Published: December 2012

Full-degree mobility from Western countries is a topic that has been little researched. Existing literature tends to be normative; mobility is seen as an advantage per se. In this article it is questioned whether mobility is an advantage when investigating degree mobility and employability of students from the Nordic countries. Results show that students who undertake a full degree abroad constitute a selected group regarding social origin and “mobility capital.” Overall, the employability of mobile and nonmobile students is fairly similar, and there is little evidence that degree mobility enhances employability. But the mobile degree students are more likely to hold international jobs in the domestic labor market; hence mobility has an impact on “horizontal” career opportunities. Degree mobility implies a risk of brain drain, and the authors find that a substantial proportion of students from Finland, Denmark, and the Faroe Islands stay abroad after graduation. Norwegian and Icelandic students are far more likely to return to their home country. It is suggested that this pattern is not only due to labor market opportunities but also due to the structure of public support schemes. Generous support systems encourage a larger number of students to go abroad, not only the most dedicated. Widened participation is seen to result in more students returning to their country of origin.
Paper trails: The development of management accounting at Alex. Cowan & Sons Ltd, Penicuik, 1779–1965
Authors: Ding Ying Yong , McKinstry Sam
Published: December 2012

This article examines the development and operation of management accounting in a significant UK papermaking firm, Alex. Cowan & Sons Ltd, of Penicuik, Scotland, over a period in excess of 150 years, and is the first known study of management accounting within the UK paper industry in the academic historical literature. It explains developments in the firm’s management accounting systems in the context of internal and external factors affecting the firm and in terms of the key individuals who made changes, by means of the Systems/Contingency model. Based on the Cowan case, the authors hypothesize that management accounting across the UK papermaking industry is likely to have been well developed for a long period of time, in view of the commercial pressures under which the industry operated.
The Influence of Instructional Settings in Reading and Math on Postsecondary Participation
Authors: Lombardi Allison , Doren Bonnie , Gau Jeff M. , Lindstrom Lauren E.
Published: December 2012

Little is known of the relationship between the least restrictive environment (LRE) provision of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and postsecondary participation for secondary students with disabilities despite the current policy emphasis on college and career readiness for all students. In this study, we examined the instructional setting in English/language arts and mathematics among secondary students with disabilities using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study–2. Logistic regression analyses revealed that students with disabilities were 2 times more likely to participate in 2- and 4-year programs if they received general education instruction in math. Follow-up moderator analyses showed the likelihood of 4-year postsecondary participation among students with hearing, speech, visual, orthopedic, and other health impairments was significantly amplified if they received language arts instruction in general education classrooms. These findings serve as useful baseline data to compare with student outcomes during and after the No Child Left Behind Act and will ultimately inform transition planning for secondary students with disabilities.
Expenditure Patterns Under the Four Major Public Cash Benefit and Health Insurance Programs for Working-Age Adults With Disabilities
Authors: Riley Gerald F. , Rupp Kalman
Published: December 2012

Using linked administrative records, we examined expenditure patterns under cash benefit and health insurance programs for 68,794 individuals first eligible for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) and/or Supplemental Security Income (SSI) in 2000. Expenditures were tracked until death, age 65, or December 31, 2006. Cumulative per capita expenditures averaged US$111,160 in 2006 constant dollars, with 54% incurred under DI, 5% under SSI, and about 20% each under Medicare and Medicaid. SSI and Medicaid expenditures were somewhat higher early on. We concluded that SSI is a relatively low-expenditure program, but it has a major impact on total expenditures by providing access to Medicaid. An important role of SSI and Medicaid is to provide a temporary safety net supporting DI beneficiaries during their DI and Medicare waiting periods. The linkage of expenditure data under these four programs may be useful for evaluating the potential savings of initiatives to encourage individuals with disabilities to remain in the workforce.
Barriers to Accessible Health Care for Medicaid Eligible People With Disabilities
Authors: McDoom M. Maya , Koppelman Elisa , Drainoni Mari-Lynn
Published: December 2012

People with disabilities (PWD) are more likely than those without disabilities to experience barriers when accessing healthcare, often leading to unmet needs. The chasm between what providers perceive as adequate care for PWD and the actual health care needs as perceived by PWD remains significant. Using data from 360 health care providers and 540 Medicaid eligible PWD, we compared perceived barriers to care faced by PWD from the perspective of both providers and PWD. Our results indicated major variations in provider and PWD perceptions about barriers to care. PWD and providers both perceived transportation issues as the highest ranked barriers and physical access issues as the lowest ranked barriers. Multivariate results indicated that PWD reported barriers when communicating with providers, although providers did not consider communication as a major barrier. Among PWD, those with multiple types of disabilities were more likely to experience barriers when communicating with providers compared with other PWD. In addition, providers considered insurance a barrier to care, although this was not the perception of PWD. Particularly in the era of health care reform, policy responses to these findings should address the specific needs of people with different types of disabling conditions rather than assuming all PWD face similar challenges in accessing and utilizing health care.
Testing Accommodations Under the Amended Americans With Disabilities Act
Authors: Lovett Benjamin J.
Published: December 2012

The 2008 amendments to the Americans With Disabilities Act have now been followed by implementation guidelines from the Department of Justice. These guidelines take strong positions on how testing entities should review requests for testing accommodations from examinees with disabilities. In this article, themes from the guidelines are evaluated against the findings of recent empirical research, highlighting major discrepancies. In general, the Department of Justice places more trust in the accommodations expertise of K–12 schools, clinical professionals, and testing entities than is warranted by empirical research. This trust is likely to lead to excessive recommendation of testing accommodations, even when they threaten a test’s validity. Several implications of these findings for practice and policy are discussed.
The Sedimentation of an Institution
Authors: Soin Kim , Huber Christian
Published: December 2012

The Financial Services Act 1986 was the first comprehensive attempt to create a unified statutorily based system of regulation within the U.K. financial sector. It generated a framework of regulation that is in a continuous state of development and modification. In this article, we study the development of U.K. financial regulation between 1986 and 2011. We trace how competing theorizations and logics of regulation have led to the institutionalization of a meta-form of financial regulation. In doing so, we address the conundrum of conscious, strategic theorizations leading to cognitive taken-for-granted institutions by identifying four catalysts that contribute to institutionalization when concurring with theorization. These are the evocation of political ideologies, the appropriation of scandals, the growing number of actors, and the increasing organization of actors. Finally, we argue that sedimentation is the appropriate metaphor for the version of institutionalization occurring in this setting.