bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПРОБЛЕМА СУПЕРІНФЕКЦІЙ: СВІТОВА ЗАГРОЗА СМЕРТІ ЧИ МОЖЛИВОСТІ ЇЇ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО ПОДОЛАННЯ?
Authors: Koshak Yu. F.
Published: April 2021

За даними ВООЗ, у 2017 р. 10,4 млн осіб захворіли на туберкульоз, 47 % хворих були інфіковані збудниками з множинною медикаментозною стійкістю до антимікобактерійних препаратів, а 1,7 млн з них померли. Щороку фіксують до 700 тис. випадків смерті від інфекційних захворювань у пульмонології: ХОЗЛ, бронхіальної астми, атипової пневмонії та інтерстиційних захворювань легень. Генералізовані септичні інфекції з нагноєннями коронавіруси викликають мутації мікроорганізмів до антибактерійних препаратів та формують стійкість до медикаментів.

Мета дослідження – покращити ранню діагностику резистентного туберкульозу та перервати шляхи її формування за допомогою молекулярно-технологічних методів.

Огляд даних доводить необхідність покращення ранньої діагностики суперінфекцій, яка дасть змогу запобігти формуванню розширеної стійкості мікроорганізмів до антибактерійних препаратів. Велика швидкість утворення резистентності бактерій нині випереджає впровадження нових протимікробних препаратів, що становить загрозу старіючому населенню планети. Через формування резистентності мікроорганізмів, змішаної специфічної та неспецифічної флори до основних препаратів у світі спостерігається поява глобальних захворювань, зумовлених «супербактерією – жахливою бактерією – superbug». Через низький рівень сучасної молекулярної діагностики цей рівень «суперінфекцій» є прихованим, а зареєстрована кількість суттєво занижена. За відсутності ефективних глобальних кроків, спрямованих на зменшування швидкості формування резистентності мікроорганізмів, до 2050 р. кількість населення планети може зменшуватися по 10 млн осіб на рік через реактивацію атипових пневмоній, вторинного туберкульозу (ТБ), розширення тотального резистентного туберкульозу (XXDR).

Висновки. Впровадження сучасних молекулярно-генетичних технологій дозволить з високою точністю встановити етіологію процесу, провести видову ідентифікацію мікобактерій та мікроорганізмів і визначити фенотипну та генотипну чутливість бактерій до антимікобактерійних препаратів. Така діагностика сприятиме ефективному лікуванню пацієнтів, які вже заражені стійкими штамами бактерій.
МУЛЬТИСИСТЕМНИЙ ЗАПАЛЬНИЙ СИНДРОМ, АСОЦІЙОВАНИЙ ІЗ SARS-COV-2 У ДИТИНИ
Authors: Pavlyshyn H. A. , Dyvonyak O. M. , Boyarchuk O. R. , Tomashivska T. V. , Chornota I. D. , Slyva V. V. , Horishna I. L. , Panchenko O. I.
Published: April 2021

Метою роботи був аналіз клінічних особливостей та лікування мультисистемного запального синдрому, асоційованого із SARS-CoV-2, на прикладі клінічного випадку у хлопчика раннього шкільного віку.

Наведено динаміку клінічних проявів, лабораторно-інструментальних показників у дитини з Кавасакі-подібним захворюванням, асоційованим із COVID-19, під час стаціонарного лікування у відділенні інтенсивної терапії міської дитячої комунальної лікарні м. Тернополя. Акцентується увага практичних лікарів на важливості своєчасної діагностики рідкісного, але потенційно тяжкого мультисистемного запального синдрому, асоційованого з COVID-19, у дітей.
ПОШИРЕНІСТЬ ВЖИВАННЯ ТЮТЮНОВИХ ВИРОБІВ СЕРЕД МОЛОДОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ
Authors: Gutor T. H. , Kozij-Bredelyeva S. P.
Published: April 2021

Мета: проаналізувати поширеність вживання тютюнових виробів серед молодого населення Львівської області.

Матеріали і методи. Проведено соціологічне вибіркове анонімне опитування молодих осіб (n=410, віком 18–44 роки) Львівської області щодо поширеності вживання тютюнових виробів і популярності новітніх методів куріння.

Результати. У ході дослідження з’ясовано, що з появою новітніх систем нагрівання тютюну прихильників звичайних сигарет серед молодих осіб Львівської області не поменшало. Навпаки, до них приєднались курці IQOS та Glo. Встановлено, що кожна третя молода особа Львівської області ((34,39±2,35) %) вживала тютюнові вироби. Вперше в Україні пристрої для нагрівання тютюну з’явилися у продажу в 2016 (IQOS) і 2018 (Glo) роках, а частка осіб, які їх використовують, постійно зростає. З’ясовано, що зі всіх респондентів (11,71±1,59) % використовували тютюнові вироби для нагрівання IQOS та Glo, при чому з-поміж них (47,92±2,47) % вживали їх щодня. Також встановлено, що значно зростає поширеність альтернативних методів вживання тютюну серед жіночого населення молодого віку.

Дослідження показало, що (72,92±2,19) % респондентів назвали основною причиною початку використання даних виробів як спосіб заміни куріння традиційних сигарет. Решта користувачів спробували їх як розвагу і через цікавість (продукцію постійно вдосконалюють – це стосується як оновлення дизайну, розмірів, форми, так і зручностей при використанні – зростає тривалість роботи без підзарядки тощо). Серед опитаних (6,25±1,20) % осіб повною мірою не усвідомлювали ризиків використання цих пристроїв для власного здоров’я. А з курців звичайних сигарет (1,85±0,67) % анкетованих частково розуміли шкідливий вплив куріння на свій організм.

Висновки. Робота аргументує потребу в науковому опрацюванні системи попередження новітніх методів вживання тютюнових виробів з-поміж молодого населення і запровадження правил контролю за тютюном та новими пристроями для куріння на законодавчому рівні.
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПСИХОГРАФІЧНОЇ СЕГМЕНТАЦІЇ ДЛЯ НАЛАГОДЖЕННЯ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ У СФЕРІ ПІДГОТОВКИ ЛІКАРІВ
Authors: Voronenko Yu. V. , Hulchiy O. P. , Zakharova N. M. , Balashov K. V.
Published: April 2021

Мета: надати рекомендації для здійснення прицільної комунікації з ключовими групами споживачів послуг безперервного професійного розвитку на основі попередньої сегментації.

Матеріали і методи. Анкети 1768 респондентів, які представляють всі регіони України, щодо важливості чинників вибору форми безперервного професійного розвитку піддано факторному аналізу, за результатами якого отримано чотири фактори, значення яких використано для проведення кластерного аналізу (метод к-середніх). Оцінку результатів здійснювали на основі даних дескриптивної статистики, статистичну вірогідність різниці показників визначали методи попарного порівняння та дисперсійного аналізу.

Результати. У результаті сегментування, здійсненого на основі аналізу анкет лікарів – споживачів освітніх послуг, виявлено чотири ключові фактори вибору форми безперервного професійного розвитку: професійність, доступність навчального курсу, рівень соціальної активності, формалізм слухача, на основі яких утворено сім кластерів слухачів, що відрізняються за соціодемографічними та психографічними характеристиками.

Висновки. Критичними завданнями є оптимізація освітнього процесу, мінімізація документообігу, часу відриву від роботи фахівців, налагодження роботи з онлайн-медіа, облік, аналіз та комунікація з наявними освітніми послугами.
MitraClip After Failed Surgical Mitral Valve Repair—An International Multicenter Study
Authors: Rahhab Zouhair , Lim David Scott , Little Stephen H. , Taramasso Maurizio , Kuwata Shingo , Saccocci Matteo , Tamburino Corrado , Grasso Carmelo , Frerker Christian , Wißt Theresa , Garberich Ross , Hausleiter Jörg , Braun Daniel , Avenatti Eleonora , Delgado Victoria , Ussia Gian Paolo , Castriota Fausto , Nerla Roberto , Ince Hüseyin , Öner Alper , Estevez‐Loureiro Rodrigo , Latib Azeem , Regazzoli Damiano , Piazza Nicolo , Alosaimi Hind , de Jaegere Peter P. T. , Bax Jeroen , Dvir Danny , Maisano Francesco , Sorajja Paul , Reardon Michael J. , Van Mieghem Nicolas M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Recurrence of mitral regurgitation (MR) after surgical mitral valve repair (SMVR) varies and may require reoperation. Redo mitral valve surgery can be technically challenging and is associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity. We aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of MitraClip as a treatment strategy after failed SMVR and identify procedure modifications to overcome technical challenges.

Methods and Results

This international multicenter observational retrospective study collected information for all patients from 16 high‐volume hospitals who were treated with MitraClip after failed SMVR from October 29, 2009, until August 1, 2017. Data were anonymously collected. Technical and device success were recorded per modified Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium criteria. Overall, 104 consecutive patients were included. Median Society of Thoracic Surgeons score was 4.5% and median age was 73 years. At baseline, the majority of patients (82%) were in New York Heart Association class ≥III and MR was moderate or higher in 86% of patients. The cause of MR pre‐SMVR was degenerative in 50%, functional in 35%, mixed in 8%, and missing/unknown in 8% of patients. The median time between SMVR and MitraClip was 5.3 (1.9–9.7) years. Technical and device success were 90% and 89%, respectively. Additional/modified imaging was applied in 21% of cases. An MR reduction of ≥1 grade was achieved in 94% of patients and residual MR was moderate or less in 90% of patients. In‐hospital all‐cause mortality was 2%, and 86% of patients were in New York Heart Association class ≤II.

Conclusions

MitraClip is a safe and less invasive treatment option for patients with recurrent MR after failed SMVR. Additional/modified imaging may help overcome technical challenges during leaflet grasping.
Acute Viral Illnesses and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bahouth Mona N. , Venkatesan Arun
Published: April 2021

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised concerns about the correlation with this viral illness and increased risk of stroke. Although it is too early in the pandemic to know the strength of the association between COVID-19 and stroke, it is an opportune time to review the relationship between acute viral illnesses and stroke. Here, we summarize pathophysiological principles and available literature to guide understanding of how viruses may contribute to ischemic stroke. After a review of inflammatory mechanisms, we summarize relevant pathophysiological principles of vasculopathy, hypercoagulability, and hemodynamic instability. We will end by discussing mechanisms by which several well-known viruses may cause stroke in an effort to inform our understanding of the relationship between COVID-19 and stroke.
Endothelial Dysfunction in the Brain
Authors: Sashindranath Maithili , Nandurkar Harshal H.
Published: April 2021

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID)-19 pandemic has already affected millions worldwide, with a current mortality rate of 2.2%. While it is well-established that severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections, a number of neurological sequelae have now been reported in a large proportion of cases. Additionally, the disease causes arterial and venous thromboses including pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and a significant number of cerebrovascular complications. The increasing incidence of large vessel ischemic strokes as well as intracranial hemorrhages, frequently in younger individuals, and associated with increased morbidity and mortality, has raised questions as to why the brain is a major target of the disease. COVID-19 is characterized by hypercoagulability with alterations in hemostatic markers including high D-dimer levels, which are a prognosticator of poor outcome. Together with findings of fibrin-rich microthrombi, widespread extracellular fibrin deposition in affected various organs and hypercytokinemia, this suggests that COVID-19 is more than a pulmonary viral infection. Evidently, COVID-19 is a thrombo-inflammatory disease. Endothelial cells that constitute the lining of blood vessels are the primary targets of a thrombo-inflammatory response, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 also directly infects endothelial cells through the ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor. Being highly heterogeneous in their structure and function, differences in the endothelial cells may govern the susceptibility of organs to COVID-19. Here, we have explored how the unique characteristics of the cerebral endothelium may be the underlying reason for the increased rates of cerebrovascular pathology associated with COVID-19.
Promoting Empirical Knowledge in Habsburg Europe
Authors: Ciancio Luca
Published: April 2021

Recent studies on the functions performed by natural and mathematical sciences in Renaissance courts have shown how closely and extensively the domains of medicine, astrology and politics interacted with each other. The dedicatory letters to Cardinal and Prince-Bishop Bernardo Cles printed in works of medicine, astronomy and natural philosophy by scholars like Marco Antonio Rozoni (1524), Sebastian Münster (1527), Luca Gaurico (1531) Pietro Antonio Mattioli (1533) and Ludovico Nogarola (1536) reveal how much attention Ferdinand I’s Supreme Chancellor, a prelate and politician of unquestioned authority and power, devoted to such influential domains of natural science. In particular, they suggest that Bernardo was not unfavorable to a view of natural knowledge inspired by the anti-astrological skepticism of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. What is more, his intellectual proximity to learned physicians working in the wake of Nicolò Leoniceno’s medical humanism lends credit to the image of a patron, and a ruler, who was oriented to rely preferably on natural knowledge grounded in repeatable sensorial experience.
Damages and Reparation in Energy Related Investment Treaty Arbitrations
Authors: Verburg Cees
Published: April 2021

International investment tribunals are frequently required to interpret and apply rules of Customary International Law (CIL) in investor-State disputes. This article examines how investor-State tribunals, in particular those constituted on the basis of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), have interpreted the CIL ‘full reparation’ standard regarding damages and reparation. By reference to ECT jurisprudence it is established that tribunals often utilize teleological interpretive tools to give content to this norm. Furthermore, some critical comments are made concerning the manner in which ECT tribunals subsequently apply the ‘full reparation’ standard. It is argued that the combination of the commonly adopted approaches to interpretation and application may explain why investors are occasionally capable of obtaining significant amounts of compensation in these public law disputes.
Towards the Next Generation Operational Meteorological Radar
Authors: Weber Mark , Hondl Kurt , Yussouf Nusrat , Jung Youngsun , Stratman Derek , Putnam Bryan , Wang Xuguang , Schuur Terry , Kuster Charles , Wen Yixin , Sun Juanzhen , Keeler Jeff , Ying Zhuming , Cho John , Kurdzo James , Torres Sebastian , Curtis Chris , Schvartzman David , Boettcher Jami , Nai Feng , Thomas Henry , Zrnić Dusan , Ivić Igor , Mirković Djordje , Fulton Caleb , Salazar Jorge , Zhang Guifu , Palmer Robert , Yeary Mark , Cooley Kevin , Istok Michael , Vincent Mark
Published: April 2021

This article summarizes research and risk reduction that will inform acquisition decisions regarding NOAA’s future national operational weather radar network. A key alternative being evaluated is polarimetric phased-array radar (PAR). Research indicates PAR can plausibly achieve fast, adaptive volumetric scanning, with associated benefits for severe-weather warning performance. We assess these benefits using storm observations and analyses, observing system simulation experiments, and real radar-data assimilation studies. Changes in the number and/or locations of radars in the future network could improve coverage at low altitude. Analysis of benefits that might be so realized indicates the possibility for additional improvement in severe-weather and flash-flood warning performance, with associated reduction in casualties. Simulations are used to evaluate techniques for rapid volumetric scanning and assess data quality characteristics of PAR. Finally, we describe progress in developing methods to compensate for polarimetric variable estimate biases introduced by electronic beam-steering. A research-to-operations (R2O) strategy for the PAR alternative for the WSR-88D replacement network is presented.
Moisture Variation with Cloud Effects during a BSISO over the Eastern Maritime Continent in a Cloud-Permitting-Scale Simulation
Authors: Wei Yuntao , Pu Zhaoxia
Published: April 2021

Despite the great importance of interactions between moisture, clouds, radiation, and convection in the Madden–Julian oscillation, their role in the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) has not been well established. This study investigates the moisture variation of a BSISO during its rapid redevelopment over the eastern Maritime Continent through a cloud-permitting-scale numerical simulation. It is found that moisture variation depends closely on the evolution of clouds and precipitation. Total moisture budget analysis reveals that the deepening and strengthening (lessening) of humidity before (after) the BSISO deep convection are attributed largely to zonal advection. In addition, the column moistening/drying is mostly in phase with the humidity and is related to the maintenance of BSISO. An objective cloud-type classification method and a weak temperature gradient approximation are used to further understand the column moistening/drying. Results indicate that elevated stratiform clouds play a significant role in moistening the lower troposphere through cloud water evaporation. Decreases in deep convection condensation and reevaporation of deep stratiform precipitation induce moistening during the development and after the decay of BSISO deep convection, respectively. Meanwhile, anomalous longwave radiative heating appears first in the lower troposphere during the developing stage of BSISO, further strengthens via the increase of deep stratiform clouds, and eventually deepens with elevated stratiform clouds. Accordingly, anomalous moistening largely in phase with the humidity of BSISO toward its suppressed stage is induced via compensated ascent. Owing to the anomalous decrease in the ratio of vertical moisture and potential temperature gradients, the cloud–radiation effect is further enhanced in the convective phase of BSISO.
The NASA GSFC 94-GHz Airborne Solid-State Cloud Radar System (CRS)
Authors: Walker McLinden Matthew L. , Li Lihua , Heymsfield Gerald M. , Coon Michael , Emory Amber
Published: April 2021

The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s (GSFC’s) W-band (94 GHz) Cloud Radar System (CRS) has been comprehensively updated to modern solid-state and digital technology. This W-band (94 GHz) radar flies in nadir-pointing mode on the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft, providing polarimetric reflectivity and Doppler measurements of clouds and precipitation. This paper describes the design and signal processing of the upgraded CRS. It includes details on the hardware upgrades [solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) transmitter, antenna, and digital receiver] including a new reflectarray antenna and solid-state transmitter. It also includes algorithms, including internal loop-back calibration, external calibration using a direct relationship between volume reflectivity and the range-integrated backscatter of the ocean, and a modified staggered–pulse repetition frequency (PRF) Doppler algorithm that is highly resistant to unfolding errors. Data samples obtained by upgraded CRS through recent NASA airborne science missions are provided.
Evaluation of ECMWF Precipitation Predictions in China during 2015–18
Authors: Liu Cui , Sun Jianhua , Yang Xinlin , Jin Shuanglong , Fu Shenming
Published: April 2021

Precipitation forecasts from the ECMWF model from March to September during 2015–18 were evaluated using observed precipitation at 2411 stations from the China Meteorological Administration. To eliminate the influence of varying climatology in different regions in China, the stable equitable error in probability space method was used to obtain criteria for 3- and 6-h accumulated precipitation at each station and classified precipitation into light, medium, and heavy precipitation. The model was evaluated for these categories using categorical and continuous methods. The threat score and the equitable threat score showed that the model’s forecasts of rainfall were generally more accurate at shorter lead times, and the best performance occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. The miss ratio for heavy precipitation was higher in the northern region than in the southern region, while heavy precipitation false alarms were more frequent in southwestern China. Overall, the miss ratio and false alarm ratio for heavy precipitation were highest in northern China and western China, respectively. For light and medium precipitation, the model performed best in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. The model predicted too much light and medium precipitation, but too little heavy precipitation. Heavy precipitation was generally underestimated over all of China, especially in the western region of China, South China, and the Yungui Plateau. Heavy precipitation was systematically underestimated because of the resolution and the related parameterization of convection.
Income Support Policies and the Rise of Student and Family Homelessness
Authors: Parolin Zachary
Published: April 2021

This study investigates whether the generosity and accessibility of publicly provided income support contributes to levels of family homelessness. Using data on student homelessness from most public school districts in the United States, I find that greater access to cash assistance from the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program reduces levels of family homelessness and that the reduction is particularly strong for majority–Black and Native American school districts. The results suggest that the observed decline in access to TANF cash assistance may be an important driver of the rise in family homelessness. Evidence is inconclusive about whether greater access to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) or greater generosity of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) reduces levels of homelessness.
The Concentrated Geography of Eviction
Authors: Rutan Devin Q. , Desmond Matthew
Published: April 2021

Preventing eviction is a tractable, efficient way to reduce homelessness. Doing so requires understanding the precise geography of eviction. Drawing on more than 660,000 eviction records across seventeen cities, this study finds the geography of evictions to be durable across time. Rather than occurring when the status quo is disrupted, through gentrification or other modes of neighborhood change, eviction is itself the status quo in some pockets of American cities. The study shows that a few buildings are responsible for an outsized share of cities’ eviction rates. Focusing on three cities—Cleveland, Ohio; Fayetteville, North Carolina; and Tucson, Arizona—it finds that the one hundred most-evicting parcels account for more than one in six evictions in Cleveland and two in five evictions in Fayetteville and Tucson. Policy-makers looking to prevent homelessness can use the diagnostic tools developed in this study to precisely target high-evicting neighborhoods and buildings.
The Growth and Shifting Spatial Distribution of Tent Encampments in Oakland, California
Authors: Finnigan Ryan
Published: April 2021

Tent encampments have become an especially common form of homelessness in West Coast cities like Oakland, California, where the number of people living in tent encampments increased by 130 percent between 2017 and 2019. Living in tent encampments provides residents both benefits and risks, depending on the encampments’ location, size, and stability. Using data from Google Street Views, I document the growth and spatial dynamics of tent encampments in west and central Oakland over the last decade. The number and size of tent encampments rapidly increased between 2014 and 2019, varying widely in their stability. City interventions like the city’s outdoor transitional housing sites displaced several large tent encampments. Combined with overall tent encampment growth, these displacements dispersed the encampments throughout nearby neighborhoods and other parts of the city.
How to Address Homelessness: Reflections from Research
Authors: O’Regan Katherine M. , Ellen Ingrid Gould , House Sophie
Published: April 2021

This commentary considers policy implications of research in this volume and elsewhere, and we emphasize the benefits of policy approaches that move “upstream,” to the prevention of homelessness. Policies that address the structural causes of homelessness, described by numerous articles in this ANNALS volume, are the furthest upstream and may be the most important in eradicating homelessness, and policies aimed at prevention are next. We point out that effective prevention requires targeting those most at risk, and we call for creative use of data and better coordination with institutions and systems that may be able to identify the antecedents to homelessness. We note that currently, the homelessness shelter system is strained, so we argue for a radical rethinking of its role, with a shift of resources to efforts further upstream. The existing racial disparities in both pathways to and incidence of homelessness bring urgency to making more than marginal policy changes.
Understanding the Dynamics of Homelessness among Veterans Receiving Outpatient Care: Lessons Learned from Universal Screening
Authors: Montgomery Ann Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

Addressing homelessness among veterans has been a top policy priority for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) since 2009. Part of the multitiered strategy to prevent and end homelessness among veterans was the implementation of a universal screen for housing instability among all veteran outpatients at VA facilities. Data from more than six million veterans responding to this screen have provided insight into veterans’ housing instability, as well as the characteristics of individuals and structural forces that may influence housing insecurity among veterans; the current article synthesizes these findings. Although the universal screen for housing instability has been effective at linking veterans with needed resources, questions remain regarding the best ways to ensure that they remain in safe, affordable, adequate, and permanent housing.
How Well Do Housing Vouchers Work for Black Families Experiencing Homelessness?: Evidence from the Family Options Study
Authors: Solari Claudia D. , Walton Douglas , Khadduri Jill
Published: April 2021

We investigate whether racial disparities exist among homeless families with priority access to the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program. The families we studied moved from emergency shelter into subsidized housing and sometimes left the HCV program, and our results suggest that the HCV program works as well for Black families as it does for White families. The rates at which families used the vouchers to lease a housing unit are similarly high for each group. The rate at which families exit from the HCV program does not differ between White and Black families, but the factors that predict exit do differ by race. For all families, access to a voucher reduces returns to homelessness, doubling up, and moving. These results confirm that in the United States—a country with a history of racial disparities in housing—the HCV program can help alleviate the effects of severe poverty and provide housing opportunities that advantage both White and Black families.
Housing Matters, Services Might: Findings from the High Needs Families Program Evaluation
Authors: Rog Debra J. , Henderson Kathryn A. , Wagner Clara A. , Abbruzzi Emily L.
Published: April 2021

Permanent supportive housing for families experiencing homelessness—typically, subsidized housing that is not time limited and provides access to a range of support services—has substantially increased over the past 10 years, despite an absence of rigorous evidence of its effectiveness. We examine the benefits of subsidized housing with supportive services compared to subsidized housing alone. Our findings suggest that supportive housing offers more opportunities for access to services and benefits than subsidized housing alone, but it may not be beneficial to families’ housing stability or to family members’ employment or involvement with the criminal justice system. We argue that housing that is coupled with intensive case management, that is service rich, and that provides and adheres to harm reduction principles may help to strengthen supportive housing’s effectiveness.
Sophisticated Hate Stratagems: Unpacking the Era of Distrust
Authors: Kirk Rita , Schill Dan
Published: April 2021

Over the past decade, the rise of political extremism and its associated linguistic expression resulted in communication companies’ decisions to restrict hate speech and, in many cases, ban speech emanating from specific users. Before we attempt to regulate expression per se—whether through “cancelling” expression, “deplatforming” speakers through suspensions or platform restrictions, rewriting social media terms of service, or criminalizing harmful speech—we should seek a clearer understanding of how hate appeals are used to accomplish particular communication purposes. In this analysis, we analyze hate speech as a stratagem—an artifice or trick of war—used with great effect during the 2020 election. Our concern is how this tactic is used to harm the body politic, reducing citizen ability to engage with divergent publics and points of view, and threatening democratic rule. Critically, we must understand how communication on social media platforms is being used to destabilize the communication environment and prevent the robust discussion of ideas in a public forum, a prerequisite for democratic governance.
Robot Application for Hepatopancreatic Disorders, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and Achalasia
Authors: Rosemurgy Alexander , Bourdeau Timothy , Luberice Kenneth , Sucandy Iswanto , Ross Sharona
Published: April 2021

Introduction

We undertook this study to describe the number and variety of robotic operations undertaken for hepatopancreatic and esophageal disorders.

Methods

Data from 2015 through March of 2018 were analyzed for da Vinci™ robot application for hepatopancreatic disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and achalasia.

Results

From 2015 through 2017, robotic hepatopancreatic operations increased 49%, robotic hepatic operations increased 107%, and robotic pancreatic operations increased 26%. Quarter after quarter, robotic application increased for hepatopancreatic operations, hepatic operations, and pancreatic operations ( P < .001 for each) with acceleration over the most recent months. The application of the Xi robot platform increased from 12% of robotic hepatopancreatic operations in 2015-71% in 2018 (1075% increase in numbers). From 2015 through 2017, robotic fundoplications and myotomies increased by 55%, robotic fundoplications increased by 59%, and robotic Heller myotomies increased by 211%. Quarter after quarter, robotic application increased for fundoplications and Heller myotomies ( P < .001 for each) with acceleration over the most recent months. The application of the Xi robot platform increased from 13% of these robotic operations in 2015-64% in 2018 (935% increase in numbers). Less than 10% of hepatopancreatic operations, fundoplications, and myotomies are undertaken robotically.

Conclusions

There has been an accelerating increase in the number of robotic operations for hepatopancreatic disorders, GERD, and achalasia over the past 3 ¼ years. Application of the Xi robot has dramatically increased, both absolutely and relatively. Still only a small proportion of operations for hepatopancreatic disorders, GERD, and achalasia use the robotic platform; this is changing fast.
Robotic Roux-en-Y Hepaticojejunostomy for Right Hepatic Duct Transection. Application of Minimally Invasive Technique for High Bile Duct Injury
Authors: Sucandy Iswanto , Giovannetti Andres , Spence Janelle , Ross Sharona , Rosemurgy Alexander
Published: April 2021

Minimally Invasive bile duct repair is an emerging modern technique in hepatobiliary surgery. Conventional laparoscopic technique had been sporadically reported by high volume surgeons as an alternative to open operation, however, the majority of those repairs were undertaken for biliary injury below the biliary bifurcation. Roux-en-Y Hepaticojejunostomy below the biliary bifurcation is technically much simpler to complete when compared to that above the hilar plate (high bile duct injury). The risk of long-term anastomotic stricture is also higher as bile duct caliber decreases. This is anatomically inherent as we travel further cranial beyond the hilar plate. In this multimedia article, we describe our minimally invasive technique for high bile duct injury repair using robotic technology.
Leadership Preparation and the Career Paths of Black Principals
Authors: Berry Risha R. , Reardon Robert Martin
Published: April 2021

Leadership training and administrative experience are key components of sponsored mobility as the candidate’s participation in district- or school-sponsored training for aspiring school principals combined with the opportunity to avail of administrative experiences effectively constitute a pipeline to the principalship. The literature reveals that principals are the primary sponsor of teachers entering into the principalship pipeline. We conceptualize two of the above key areas (leadership training & administrative experience) as components of contest mobility and the other two (participation & opportunity) as components of sponsored mobility. Contest mobility encompasses academic credentialing and management experience and assumes every candidate has an equal chance and the same opportunity as any other candidate to contest for a school leadership position. These actions are not sponsored by the candidate’s district or school. In contrast, sponsored mobility encompasses the informal process used to facilitate transition to leadership for some teachers, but not for others. We use restricted data from the 2011 to 2012 Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) to discern whether there were differences between Black and White principals’ exogenous contest mobility and endogenous sponsored mobility prior to the attainment of their principalships.
School Credentials: A Matter of Educational Sector, School and Urban Locality’s Socio-Economic Contexts
Authors: Addi-Raccah Audrey
Published: April 2021

Based on an ecological approach, the study examines the types of matriculation credentials that students achieved in four social contexts defined by the socio-economic status (SES) of the schools and the urban localities in which they are situated while comparing between Jewish and Arab educational sectors in Israel. About 23,726, 12th grade students from 453 schools located in 66 large urban localities were analyzed using hierarchical multilevel models. In the Jewish education, students obtained higher credentials in high-SES schools located in high-SES localities (congruent schools); whereas in the Israeli-Arab education, students obtained the highest credentials in high-SES schools located in low-SES localities (enclave schools). The findings are discussed in view of the exposure to “context vulnerability” and Israeli-Arab segregation.
From Being System-Involved to Changing the System: Infiltrating the System
Authors: Desai Shiv R.
Published: April 2021

One model for engaging young people to be more civically minded and to help them develop a critically conscious sociopolitical identity is through youth organizing and participatory action research. Over the last 3 years, I have worked with Leaders Organizing 2 Unite and Decriminalize (LOUD) members—a majority of which we system-involved—who have worked toward creating a more socially just and humanizing juvenile justice system through youth activism and youth participatory action research (YPAR). Through this process, youth have developed their sociopolitical identity by finding their voice, speaking out against injustices, and raising awareness on critical issues that are needed to reform the juvenile justice system, where minoritized youth are overrepresented, sentenced longer, and face more severe punishments. Thus, this paper seeks to address the processes of YPAR that empower system-involved youth to advocate against racist policies and challenge the oppression found in the juvenile justice system.
“I Want to Advocate for Our Kids”: How Community-Based Organizations Broker College Enrollment for Underrepresented Students
Authors: Ramirez Irma Y.
Published: April 2021

This exploratory study examines the role community-based organizations have in bridging low-income students of color to postsecondary institutions. Data came from interviews with organization staff, high school students, and college students associated with three distinct community-based organizations located in a mid-size city. The findings suggest that organization staff are well-positioned in youth, academic, and community social networks. Staff become social brokers across these networks through three steps: cultivating authentic and safe relationships, lessons from students, and becoming advocates. Community-based organization staff strategically advocate for underrepresented student college enrollment and admissions by serving as social brokers between students, schools, and their communities.
Urban Teen Summit: A Community and School Collaboration for Developing Student Leaders of Color
Authors: Scott Lawrence , Kearney W. Sean , Druery Donna , Pingue Ashland
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the strengths and challenges that emerged from the first 3 years of a high school student leadership development program located in an urban setting. This study was developed as an instrumental case study of one student leadership development program serving urban public high schools in South Central Texas. Feedback was solicited from 10 current and former participants regarding the successes and challenges they encountered within this program. Three themes emerged from these interviews: personal voice, a sense of responsibility, and building community relationships. Discussion is included regarding considerations for secondary administrators about the potential utility of this model in helping develop student leaders of color in urban settings.
John Senders, Human Error, and System Safety
Authors: Strauch Barry
Published: April 2021

Objective

I examine John Senders’ work and discuss his influence on the study of error causation,error mitigation, and sociotechnical system safety.

Background

John Senders’ passing calls for an evaluation of the impact of his work.

Method

I review literature and accident investigation findings to discuss themes in Senders’ work and potential associations between that work and error causation and system safety.

Results

Senders consistently emphasized empirical rigor and theoretical exploration in his research, with the desire to apply that work to enhance human performance. He has contributed to changing the way error has been viewed, and to developing and implementing programs and techniques to mitigate error. While a causal relationship between Senders’ work and safety cannot be established, an association can be drawn between his research and efforts to mitigate error.

Conclusion

Because of Senders’ work, we have a better understanding of error causation and enhanced ways of mitigating system errors. However, new sources of error, involving advanced systems and operators’ knowledge and understanding of their functionalities can, if not addressed, degrade system safety.

Application

Modifications to advanced automation and operator training are suggested, and research to improve operator expertise in interacting with automated systems proposed.
The Wounds of COVID-19 and Responses to the Challenges: A Commentary on India’s Macroeconomic Scenario
Authors: Pant Vimal , Pathak Prachi
Published: April 2021

The COVID pandemic has ravaged the economic health of all countries round the world. This work is a commentary on the scale of the impact the disease has created on the economy and how the country has responded to the challenge. It looks into the interventions of the government as well as their possible implications on the macroeconomic health of the country. We have also suggested measures that could assist in redeeming the economic health and bringing out the vulnerable businesses from existential crisis.

JEL Classification Codes: E00, E20, E23, E24, E32
Revisiting Fred W. Riggs’ Model in the Context of ‘Prismatic’ Societies Today
Authors: Basu Rumki
Published: April 2021

F. W. Riggs initiated seminal areas of enquiry and research right from the beginning of his journey as an author and a theorist in public administration. His lifetime publications testify to a search for an ‘authentic’ model for analysing the administrative structures and behaviour of developing countries since the 1960s. Riggs pursued what is known as the ‘ecological’ study of public administration which presumes that public administration, functioning in different environments, influences and is influenced by the environment in which it functions. Scholars of comparative public administration have long been familiar with the ‘fused– prismatic–diffracted model’, which was later reformulated by Riggs to exert enormous influence on the understanding of public administration and organisational behaviour in different parts of the world. In the wake of the tremendous transformation with diverse developmental strategies in the Third World and South Asia in particular, in the last fifty years, it becomes important to re-examine Riggs’ models both in the Indian and other developing country contexts today.
Pathways to mental health consultations: A study from a tertiary care setting in India
Authors: Goyal Sneha , Sudhir Paulomi M , Sharma Mahendra Prakash
Published: April 2021

Background:

Research indicates that help seeking for mental health is low and often delayed. Understanding pathways to care is crucial to facilitate mental health referrals and reduce the time to consultation.

Methods:

In the present study, 63 individuals were assessed on illness severity, attitudes towards help-seeking and pathways-to-care.

Results:

Multiple pathways for therapy were noted, a delayed-pathway, two-step referral pathway and a direct-pathway. Most prominent pathway was the delayed-pathway. The direct-pathway had least treatment delay, contributed by timely recognition of symptoms by the patient. As first point of contact, patients preferred psychiatrists and popularly sought information about treatment via media.

Conclusions:

There are multiple pathways to consultations, often leading to treatment delay in care received. Timely recognition of symptoms was associated a direct pathway and the least delay. These findings have implications for strengthening routes to mental health specialists at early stages and increasing awareness about treatment available.
‘Love comes first, and it is ahead of any different political partisanism’: How political polarizations compare to other forms of discrimination in Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Authors: Agrest Martín , Nemirovsky Martín , Dishy Gabriella , Abadi Daniel , Leiderman Eduardo
Published: April 2021

Background:

Affective polarization and stigma toward individuals with schizophrenia and toward immigrants in Argentina are not new despite its importance and dissemination. However, no research has been conducted taking into consideration political partisanship and attitudes toward these groups.

Aims:

Political polarization and attitudes toward socialization across party lines are studied in conjunction with attitudes toward immigrants and toward individuals with schizophrenia.

Method:

Individuals from Buenos Aires ( n = 712) were surveyed for their political partisanship and their attitudes toward Peruvian and Bolivian immigrants, people with schizophrenia and partisans from the opposing political party. A modified version of the Bogardus scale was used.

Results:

Social distance was from highest to lowest toward people with schizophrenia, political opponents, and immigrants. Individuals with schizophrenia were strongly discriminated against by most participants: 86% would definitely or probably not want them to take care of their children, 83% would not want them to be their healthcare provider, and 81% would not want to marry them. Immigrants were comparatively not discriminated against: 10% would not want them to take care of their children, 8% would not want to receive health care from them, and 28% would not want to marry them. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner partisans showed the lowest level of discrimination toward these two groups, compared to Mauricio Macri partisans and to independent voters. However, the former group had greater discriminatory attitudes toward Mauricio Macri partisans than the latter.

Conclusions:

As compared to other discriminatory attitudes, discrimination toward persons with schizophrenia is widespread and pervasive. Lower levels of discrimination toward people with schizophrenia and toward immigrants would not predict attitudes toward the opposing political partisans.
The association of mental health with positive behaviours, attitudes and virtues in community-dwelling older adults: Results of a population-based study
Authors: Martins Eduardo Luiz Mendonça , Salamene Laís Cunha , Lucchetti Alessandra Lamas Granero , Lucchetti Giancarlo
Published: April 2021

Background:

Despite major advancements in understanding of the factors associated with mental health in older adults, studies assessing positive behaviours, attitudes and virtues are still scarce in the literature.

Aims:

This study aims to investigate whether factors related to positive behaviours, attitudes and virtues are associated with mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress) and satisfaction with life in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults.

Methods:

A population-based, cross-sectional study of Brazilian older adults who were users of the public health system and seen by Family Health teams was conducted in 2017. Instruments were applied to assess cognition, physical activity, sleep, quality of life, social support, religiousness, spirituality, satisfaction with life, resilience, altruism, volunteerism, loneliness, meaning in life and mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress). Analyses were carried out using linear and logistic regression models.

Results:

A total of 534 (93.5%) older adults were included. Positive behavioural factors and values including volunteerism, meaning in life, resilience, peace, loneliness, faith and religiousness were associated with mental health outcomes (i.e. depression, anxiety and stress), as were traditional factors, such as sleep, gender, social support and cognitive state.

Conclusions:

Aspects related to positive behaviour, attitudes and virtues can impact the mental health of the older population. These results can serve to alert health professionals on the importance of addressing these factors and help guide the implementation of preventive measures and interventions for this age group.
Mechanical characterization of LM25 alloy matrix composite reinforced with boron carbide
Authors: Ahmad Zeeshan , Khan Sabah
Published: April 2021

Alumnium alloy LM 25 based composites reinforced with boron carbide at different weight fractions of 4%, 8%, and 12% were fabricated by stir casting technique. The microstructures and morphology of the fabricated composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Elemental mapping of all fabricated composites were done to demonstrate the elements present in the matrix and fabricated composites. The results of microstructural analyses reveal homogenous dispersion of reinforcement particles in the matrix with some little amount of clustering found in composites reinforced with 12% wt. of boron carbide. The mechanical characterization is done for both alloy LM 25 and all fabricated composites based on hardness and tensile strength. The hardness increased from 13.6% to 21.31% and tensile strength 6.4% to 22.8% as reinforcement percentage of boron carbide particles increased from 0% to 12% wt. A fractured surface mapping was also done for all composites.