bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Perfect Price Discrimination Market Model with Production, and a Rational Convex Program for It
Authors: Goel Gagan , Vazirani Vijay V.
Published: November 2011

Recent results showing PPAD-completeness of the problem of computing an equilibrium for Fisher's market model under additively separable, piecewise-linear, concave (PLC) utilities have dealt a serious blow to the program of obtaining efficient algorithms for computing equilibria in “traditional” market models, and has prompted a search for alternative models that are realistic as well as amenable to efficient computation. In this paper, we show that introducing perfect price discrimination into the Fisher model with PLC utilities renders its equilibrium polynomial time computable. Moreover, its set of equilibria are captured by a convex program that generalizes the classical Eisenberg-Gale program, and always admits a rational solution. We also give a combinatorial, polynomial time algorithm for computing an equilibrium.

Next, we introduce production into our model, and again give a rational convex program that captures its equilibria. We use this program to obtain surprisingly simple proofs of both welfare theorems for this model. Finally, we also give an application of our price discrimination market model to online display advertising marketplaces.
Special advisers and the transmission of ideas from the policy primeval soup
Authors: Gains Francesca , Stoker Gerry
Published: November 2011

This article examines the work of ministerial special advisers who play a key but underresearched role in transmitting policy ideas in government. We argue that this focus is necessary to challenge the reification of neoliberalism as an explanatory determinant of policy making. Initially we discuss the literature on the transmission of social science ideas into policy making, contrasting this with a governmentality approach. We then consider the role of UK special advisers, illustrating this empirically by drawing on advisers’ reflections of their role. We conclude by highlighting ambiguity, inconsistency and agency in the takeup and deployment of ideas in policy making.
Clean-Up of Wastes from the Textile Industry Using Anionic Clays
Authors: Flores Jorge , Lima Enrique , Maubert Marisela , Aduna Enrique , Rivera Jose Luis
Published: November 2011

Toxic dyes must be removed from waste water coming from the textile and paint industries. Adsorption is one possible method of removing dyes under ‘soft’ conditions, without the generation of secondary hazardous materials. The present study used the carbonate-containing layered double hydroxides (LDH), Mg-Al and Mg-Zn-Al (with a M2+/M3+ ratio of 3), as adsorbents to remove two industrial colorants, Astrazon Remazol Brilliant Blue and Direct Red, present in low concentrations in aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of adsorbents at the surfaces of LDH, as well as the properties of the solutions containing the dyes control how the colorants are removed. Both fresh and calcined LDH were effective in the removal experiments, with effectiveness ranging from 50 to 100%. Analysis of kinetic data demonstrated that the adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second-order model better than the pseudo-first order model, information which is useful for system design in the treatment of wastes from the textile industry. Parameters such as pH of solutions and concentration of dye in solution influenced mainly the initial adsorption rate.
Schema Theory and Schema Therapy in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Review
Authors: Hawke Lisa D. , Provencher Martin D.
Published: November 2011

Schema theory was developed for patients with chronic psychological problems who fail to make significant gains in cognitive therapy. Although the theory has been applied most frequently to personality disorders, mood and anxiety disorders may also be a relevant application. This article reviews the literature applying schema theory to mood and anxiety disorders. The literature suggests that people with mood and anxiety disorders present high levels of early maladaptive schemas, some of which would appear to reflect the characteristics of the individual disorders. Preliminary research suggests that schema therapy may be successfully extended to mood and anxiety disorders. Further research is necessary to examine the utility of schema therapy for these clienteles and to identify the individuals who stand to benefit most.
Integrating Spirituality Into Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in an Acute Psychiatric Setting: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rosmarin David H. , Auerbach Randy P. , Bigda-Peyton Joseph S. , Björgvinsson Thröstur , Levendusky Philip G.
Published: November 2011

Results from national studies in the United States suggest that spiritually integrated psychotherapy may be desired by and beneficial for a specific subset of patients. However, protocols to facilitate these aims within the context of evidence-based psychosocial treatments are few, and, consequently, the availability of spiritually integrated cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is limited. This article describes the development and implementation of a brief (50-minute), stand-alone Spirituality & CBT group piloted in an acute psychiatric setting. This novel treatment includes (a) psychoeducation about the relevance of spirituality to psychiatric symptoms, (b) the integration of spiritual beliefs into cognitive restructuring, and (c) the use of spiritual exercises in behavioral activation and self-care. We further report results from a brief survey of 45 patients regarding the perceived relevance of spirituality to symptoms and treatment and their subjective experiences in the group.
Physico-chemical and biological studies of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of an N4 coordinating ligand derived from diacetylbisethylenediamine and benzoic acid
Authors: Singh Pal , Srivastava Nanda
Published: November 2011

Mononuclear metal complexes of the type [ML1]Cl2 (where, M = = Cu(II), Co(II)
or Ni(II) and L1 = ligand) were synthesized by the reaction of a new N4
coordinating ligand, derived from diacetylbisethylenediamine with benzoic
acid, and the corresponding hydrated metal chloride salts. The metal
complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, melting point
determination, molar conductance and magnetic moment measurements, IR,
UV-Vis, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and ESR spectroscopy. The ligand and all the metal
complexes were stable in the solid state at room temperature. From the
analytical and spectroscopic investigations, the stoichiometry of the
complexes was found to be 1:1 (metal:ligand). Based on the electronic
spectra and magnetic moment data, the metal complexes had a square planar
geometry. The molar conductance values show the 1:2 electrolytic nature of
the metal complexes. A cyclic voltammetric study of the Cu(II) metal complex
has also performed, which showed one electron quasi-reversible reduction
around -0.92 to -1.10 V. In vitro biological activities of the ligand and
metal complexes was checked against two bacteria Bacillus subtilis and
Escherichia coli and two fungi Aspirgillus niger and A. flavus which showed
the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the ligand and its metal
complexes.
How to Concretize Research on the Coupling of Ecosystems to Human Activities? From Socioeconomic Indicators to Styles of Living and Acting
Authors: Jetzkowitz Jens , Schneider Jörg
Published: November 2011

Recent ecological studies have identified human activity as a relevant dimension of current evolutionary processes. However, most of these studies rely on socioeconomic indicators that consider the impact of activities on ecosystems but have only limited informative value on the effects of concrete patterns of action. This paper focuses on the concept of style as a tool for the study of the interface between society and nature. We exemplify our thesis with reference to changes in plant biodiversity in settlements, and start by summing up the methods and findings of our interdisciplinary research project that aimed to explain the distribution of native and alien plants. Since the findings indicate that styles of living and acting influence plant species composition, we apply the findings of our research strategy beyond the narrow focus of our study. Finally, we comment on methodological implications for the study of the societal aspects of social-ecological systems.
From student hard drive to web corpus (part 1): the design, compilation and genre classification of the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers (MICUSP)
Authors: Römer Ute , O'Donnell Matthew Brook
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we provide a detailed account of the steps that were central to designing and compiling the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers (MICUSP). MICUSP is a new collection of 829 papers (around 2.6 million words) written by University of Michigan students in their final undergraduate year or in their first three years of graduate education. The papers come from sixteen disciplines, ranging from Humanities and Arts to Physical Sciences, and represent a range of different text types. In this paper, we offer an overview of the design of MICUSP, the online submission process used to collect papers, and the text-type classification of the papers.
Grammatical patterns in Spanish: verbs of existence and appearance
Authors: Ferrero Carmen López
Published: November 2011

In this paper,22 The research presented in this paper was carried out in the framework of the competitive national project ‘Las categorías de verbo y adverbio en el DAELE’ (reference HUM2006–06982), awarded by the Spanish Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior e Investigación Científica, and directed by Dr Paz Battaner Arias at the Pompeu Fabra University. I describe the grammatical patterns of a set of Spanish verbs that are frequently used in specialised discourse to provide structure, organise information in the text and function as connectors. The verbs selected for the study are the following unaccusative verbs of existence and appearance: ocurrir (‘occur’), suceder (‘happen/take place’), existir (‘exist’), aparecer (‘appear’) and resultar (‘turn out’).

The grammatical and lexico-graphical description of these verbs is compared with the results provided by consulting the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA) database of the Real Academia Española in three thematic fields: Science and Technology, Economics and Finance, and Law. The results of the research highlight three specific patterns of use for the unaccusative verbs of existence and appearance studied in specialised texts, placing particular emphasis on the constructions that contribute to the texture of discourse. I propose that these patterns should be incorporated into dictionaries of use (‘codifiers’) as lexicographical data that may enrich the information given about these words, whose meanings are clearly diffuse.
A Deleuzian Cineosis: Cinematic Semiosis and Syntheses of Time
Authors: Deamer David
Published: November 2011

In Cinema 1 Deleuze creates the taxonomy of the movement-image by extending Henri Bergson's account of the sensory-motor process in Matter and Memory through the semiotic system of Charles Sanders Peirce. Through this nexus of Bergson and Peirce, Deleuze can account for each image and sign, their impetus and their relationship to one another. In contrast, the taxonomy of the time-image, the focus of Cinema 2, is given no such genesis. Rather, the images and signs appear in situ, as if ready-made. This article proposes that the impetus for the taxonomy of the time-image lies in the account given of the three passive syntheses of time in Difference and Repetition, and that the nine aspects of the passive syntheses can be seen to correspond to the nine proper signs of the time-image.
Judaism: The Search for Peace in the Holy Land
Authors: Rabkin Yakov M.
Published: November 2011

Judaism is often invoked as an obstacle to the resolution of the conflict in the Holy Land. While Israeli nationalists have made ample use of Judaic concepts, the founding fathers of Zionism and most of their followers have been estranged from religion. This paper analyses the role of different trends in Judaism in their relation to Zionism and to political applications of religion to sacralise the conflict in Palestine-Israel. While the relatively recent National Judaism has become the standard-bearer of Zionism and has provided the most intransigent settlers, the millennia-old Rabbinic Judaism offers traditional tools and approaches to reach a peaceful accommodation.
Principles of affix ordering: An overview
Authors: Rice Keren
Published: November 2011

This article provides an introduction to factors that are involved in the ordering of affixes that are word-class preserving in languages with complex morphology. On the one hand, grammatical principles are proposed, including semantic, syntactic, phonological, and morphological ones. On the other hand, affix ordering is sometimes considered to be arbitrary from a synchronic perspective, with affixes occurring in an order specified by a template. Finally, extra-grammatical factors such as frequency, productivity, and parsability are argued to be important in determining affix ordering. I focus on synchronic grammatical principles in languages that have received less attention in the literature.
Welcome to Computers––A New Open Access Journal for Computer Science
Authors: Quigley Aaron
Published: November 2011

For the past seven decades, computers have radically changed the world we live in. From machines for calculation, computers are now platforms for information processing and computation, supporting the entire spectrum of human endeavour. While computer science is a relatively young field, it is shaping how people live in our modern world. There is not an area of human society that has not been affected by computers and the power they afford us. Computer science touches on every facet of science, art, engineering and economics. Its impact ranges from electronic commerce to improved medical devices; and from enhanced communication to new forms of media and entertainment. The future, with ubiquitous computational power and natural user interfaces, will extend and enhance all human capabilities. To reach this future we need to quickly and freely disseminate our cutting edge research results globally, and this journal aims to help us achieve that. [...]
Chemopreventive Activity of Vitamin E in Breast Cancer: A Focus on γ- and δ-Tocopherol
Authors: Smolarek Amanda K. , Suh Nanjoo
Published: November 2011

Vitamin E consists of eight different variants: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols (saturated phytyl tail) and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols (unsaturated phytyl tail). Cancer prevention studies with vitamin E have primarily utilized the variant α-tocopherol. To no avail, a majority of these studies focused on variant α-tocopherol with inconsistent results. However, γ-tocopherol, and more recently δ-tocopherol, have shown greater ability to reduce inflammation, cell proliferation, and tumor burden. Recent results have shown that γ-enriched mixed tocopherols inhibit the development of mammary hyperplasia and tumorigenesis in animal models. In this review, we discuss the possible differences between the variant forms, molecular targets, and cancer-preventive effects of tocopherols. We recommend that a γ-enriched mixture, γ- and δ-tocopherol, but not α-tocopherol, are promising agents for breast cancer prevention and warrant further investigation.
Pdx1- and Ngn3-Cre-Mediated PLAG1 Expression in the Pancreas Leads to Endocrine Hormone Imbalances That Affect Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Declercq Jeroen , Kumar Anujith , Gysemans Conny , Di Pietro Caterina , Schraenen Anica , Chintinne Marie , Lemaire Katleen , Van Lommel Leentje , Van De Casteele Marc , Heimberg Harry , Pipeleers Daniel , Schuit Frans C. , Mathieu Chantal , Ectors Nadine , Van De Ven Wim J. M. , Verfaillie Catherine M.
Published: November 2011

Pleomorphic adenoma gene-like 1 (PLAGL1) has been linked to transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. Here, we investigated the role of the related pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) in glucose homeostasis. PLAG1 transgenic mice in which expression of the PLAG1 transgene can be targeted to different organs by Cre-mediated modulation were crossed with Pdx1-Cre or Ngn3-Cre mice, resulting in double transgenic P1-Pdx1Cre or P1-Ngn3Cre mice, respectively. P1-Pdx1Cre and P1-Ngn3Cre mice developed hyperplasia of pancreatic islets due to increased β- and δ- but not α-cell proliferation. In young P1-Pdx1Cre mice (less than 15 weeks) there was a balanced increase in the pancreatic content of insulin and somatostatin, which was associated with normoglycemia. In older P1-Pdx1Cre mice the pancreatic somatostatin content far exceeded that of insulin, leading to the progressive development of severe hypoglycemia beyond 30 weeks. In contrast, in older P1-Ngn3Cre mice the relative increase of the pancreatic insulin content exceeded that of somatostatin and these mice remained normoglycemic. In conclusion, forced expression of PLAG1 under the control of the Pdx1 or Ngn3 promoter in murine pancreas induces different degrees of endocrine hormone imbalances within the pancreas, which is associated with hypoglycemia in P1-Pdx1Cre mice but not P1-Ngn3Cre mice. These results suggest that once stem cell-derived islet transplantations become possible, the appropriate balance between different hormone-producing cells will need to be preserved to prevent deregulated glucose metabolism.
Novel Culture Technique Involving an Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Reduces the Marginal Islet Mass to Correct Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes
Authors: Shin Jun-Seop , Min Byoung-Hoon , Lim Jong-Yeon , Kim Byoung-Keun , Han Hyun-Ju , Yoon Kun-Ho , Kim Sang-Joon , Park Chung-Gyu
Published: November 2011

Islet transplantation is limited by the difficulties in isolating the pancreatic islets from the cadaveric donor and maintaining them in culture. To increase islet viability and function after isolation, here we present a novel culture technique involving an histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) to rejuvenate the isolated islets. Pancreatic islets were isolated from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and one group (FIs; freshly isolated islets) was used after overnight culture and the other group (RIs; rejuvenated islet) was subjected to rejuvenation culture procedure, which is composed of three discrete steps including degranulation, chromatin remodeling, and regranulation. FIs and RIs were compared with regard to intracellular insulin content, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) capacity, gene expression profile, viability and apoptosis rate under oxidative stresses, and the engraftment efficacy in the xenogeneic islet transplantation models. RIs have been shown to have 1.9 ± 0.28- and 1.7 ± 0.31-fold greater intracellular insulin content and GSIS capacity, respectively, than FIs. HDACi increased overall histone acetylation levels, with inducing increased expression of many genes including insulin 1, insulin 2, GLUT2, and Ogg1. This enhanced islet capacity resulted in more resistance against oxidative stresses and increase of the engraftment efficacy shown by reduction of twofold marginal mass of islets in xenogeneic transplantation model. In conclusion, a novel rejuvenating culture technique using HDACi as chromatin remodeling agents improved the function and viability of the freshly isolated islets, contributing to the reduction of islet mass for the control of hyperglycemia in islet transplantation.
Optimization of Immunosuppressive Therapy for Spinal Grafting of Human Spinal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of ALS
Authors: Hefferan Michael P. , Johe Karl , Hazel Thomas , Feldman Eva L. , Lunn J. Simon , Marsala Martin
Published: November 2011

Previous rodent studies employing monotherapy or combined immunosuppressive regimens have demonstrated a variable degree of spinal xenograft survival in several spinal neurodegenerative models including spinal ischemia, trauma, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accordingly, the characterization of optimal immunosuppressive protocols for the specific neurodegenerative model is critical to ensure reliable assessment of potential long-term therapeutic effects associated with cell replacement. In the present study we characterized the survival of human spinal stem cells when grafted into the lumbar spinal cords of a rodent model of ALS, SOD1 (G93A) male and female rats (60–67 days old). Four different immunosuppressive protocols were studied: i) FK506 (q12h); ii) FK506 (qd) + mycophenolate (PO; q12h, up to 7 days postop); iii) FK506 (qd) + mycophenolate (IP; q12h, up to 7 days postop); and iv) FK506 (qd) + mycophenolate (IP; qd, up to 7 days postop). Three weeks after cell grafting the number of surviving human cells was then systematically assessed. The highest density of grafted cells was seen in animals treated with FK506 (qd) and mycophenolate (IP; qd; an average 915 ± 95 grafted cells per spinal cord section). The majority of hNUMA-positive cells colocalized with doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactivity. DCX-positive neurons showed extensive axodendritic sprouting toward surrounding host neurons. In addition, migrating grafted cells were identified up to 500 μm from the graft. In animals treated with FK506 (q12h), FK506 (qd) + mycophenolate (PO; q12h) or FK506 (qd) + mycophenolate (IP; q12h), 11.8 ± 3.4%, 61.2 ± 7.8%, and 99.4 ± 8.9% [expressed as percent of the FK506 (qd) and mycophenolate (IP; qd)] cell survival was seen, respectively. In contrast to animals treated with a combination of FK506 + mycophenolate, robust CD4/8 immunoreactivity was identified in the vicinity of the injection tract in animals treated with FK506 only. These data suggest that a combined, systemically delivered immunosuppression regimen including FK506 and mycophenolate can significantly improve survival of human spinal stem cells after intraspinal transplantation in SOD1 (G93A) rats.
Exploring the Effects of Perceived Service Provider Sincerity on Consumers' Emotional State and Satisfaction during Service Consumption
Authors: Gountas Sandra , Mavondo Felix , Ewing Michael , Gountas John
Published: November 2011

A holistic approach to satisfaction and its effects seems to be particularly important in high-affect, high-involvement, and extended duration services such as those offered by many travel and tourism providers. This means understanding the complexities of service provision and its processes. Consumers value service interaction that appears sincere. For this reason, organizations expect service providers to manage their service "performance" to reflect a genuine display of positive emotions towards the customer, which has a direct impact on customer satisfaction and possibly overall life satisfaction. This study explores consumers' perception of sincerity and tests its effects on positive emotions and satisfaction in an extended duration service. The findings indicate that perceived service sincerity positively influences consumers' emotions during a service and has important direct and indirect effects on life satisfaction, service satisfaction, and intention to repurchase. Implications for managers and opportunities for further research are discussed.
Wine Tourism Experience and Consumer Behavior: The Case of Sicily
Authors: Asero Vincenzo , Patti Sebastiano
Published: November 2011

Wine tourist behavior-based research is essential to the development of wine tourism and to help wine producers to manage wine tourist demand. Wine tourism has increased substantially in the last decade throughout the whole Italian peninsula. Sicily, which represents an area becoming
ever more a center of attraction concerning wine tourism, so far lacks research regarding winery visits and wine tourists in general. This article focuses on the wine tourism experience and consumer behavior, aiming to explore attitudes and characteristics of wine tourists in Sicily. To better
understand the wine tourism phenomenon a survey was carried out in 16 member wineries of the Movimento Turismo del Vino, using a self-administered questionnaire. This research is exploratory and the results are very similar to those observed in other surveys. Hence, the Sicilian wine tourists
are likely to correspond to the wine tourist's profile defined on the basis of similar research.
Current Paths in South African Tourism Research
Authors: Visser Gustav , Hoogendoorn Gijsbert
Published: November 2011

The African continent is not well represented in international tourism scholarship. Nevertheless, tourism is afforded considerable policy importance in the region, not least South Africa, Africa's leading tourism destination. The number of investigatory voices interrogating the nexus
of tourism and development in South Africa is small relative to other continents, but expanding. This article provides a review of the existing research paths and proposes new directions for scholarship focused on the South African tourism system.
Fandom as industrial response: Producing identity in an independent Web series
Authors: Christian Aymar Jean
Published: November 2011

I frame the development, production, and distribution of a Web series, The Real Girl's Guide to Everything Else, as a fan-driven response to an industrial product, Sex and the City. As intermittent participants in the Hollywood industry, the series creators, a diverse group of lesbian, bisexual, and straight women of various ethnicities, positioned their series as a market-oriented product intended to reform the industry from its margins and participate in a growing new media economy. Expanded notions of fan production and industry are needed, as are fresh frameworks for analyzing the effects of digital distribution, especially for communities of color, of women, and of sexual minorities.
Outside oneself in "World of Warcraft": Gamers' perception of the racial self-other
Authors: Rowland Thomas D. , Barton Amanda C.
Published: November 2011

The popularity of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) has created a unique, heavily populated virtual reality wherein player characters are explicitly differentiated by the physical characteristics of their avatars. To investigate the way real-life race perceptions influence these adopted player-character identities, we invited MMO players to participate in an online survey. In this study, we are particularly interested in overlap, or deviation, between real-life racial perceptions and the perception of fictional fantastic races (elves, dwarves). On the basis of the data collected, we found that whether players consciously associate themselves with their avatars or consciously dissociate themselves from their avatars, real-life racial tendencies unconsciously manifest through players' choices of their avatars and in their interactions with other players within the game environment.
Particle mass yield from β-caryophyllene ozonolysis
Authors: Chen Q. , Li Y. J. , McKinney K. A. , Kuwata M. , Martin S. T.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The influence of second-generation products on the particle mass yield of β-caryophyllene ozonolysis was systematically tested and quantified. The approach was to vary the relative concentrations of first- and second-generation products by controlling ozone concentration, while observing the change in particle mass yield. For all organic particle mass concentrations Morg of this study (0.5 < Morg < 230 μg m−3), the data show that particle-phase organic material was in large part composed of second-generation products. For 0.5 < Morg <10 μg m−3, a range which overlaps with atmospheric concentrations, the particle mass yield was not sensitive to ozone exposure, implying that the constituent molecules were rapidly produced at all investigated ozone exposures. In contrast, for Morg > 10 μg m−3 the particle mass yield increased with ozone exposure. These different dependencies on ozone exposure with M org are explained by a combination of the ozonolysis lifetimes of the first-generation products and the volatility distribution of the resulting second-generation products. First-generation products that have short lifetimes produce low-volatility second-generation products whereas first-generation products that have long lifetimes produce high-volatility second-generation products. The ultimate particle mass yield was defined by mass-based stoichiometric yields α0 = 0.17 ± 0.05, α1 = 0.11 ± 0.17, and α2 = 1.03 ± 0.30 for corresponding saturation concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μg m−3. Terms α0 and α1 had low sensitivity to the investigated range of ozone exposure whereas term α2 increased from 0.32 ± 0.13 to 1.03 ± 0.30 as the ozone exposure was increased. These findings potentially allow for simplified yet nevertheless accurate parameterizations in air quality and climate models that seek to represent the ozonolysis particle mass yield of certain classes of biogenic compounds.
Changing Struggles for Relevance in Eight Fields of Natural Science
Authors: Hessels Laurens K. , van Lente Harro , Grin John , Smits Ruud E.H.M.
Published: November 2011

This paper investigates the consequences of institutional changes on academic research practices in eight fields of natural science in the Netherlands. The authors analyse the similarities and differences among the dynamics of these different fields and reflect on possible explanations for the changes observed. The study shows that the increasing pressure for productivity, as measured in bibliometric terms, can counteract the pressure for practical utility. Moreover, the work indicates that the dynamics of science varies much more across scientific fields than most of the literature suggests is the case.
What’s Behind a Name: The Kaufman Prize of the Canadian Geriatrics Society
Authors: Hogan David B.
Published: November 2011

The Kaufman Prize has been given by the Canadian Geriatrics Society for nearly 30 years, but few Society members are aware of who Kaufman was or why the Prize was named after him. They are equally unclear about the objectives established for the Prize and how successful it has been in achieving them. This paper reviews the history of the Kaufman Prize and the eponymous A.R. Kaufman. The original objectives of the award were to encourage clinical research in geriatric medicine and to foster research interest in medical residents. Over the years the Prize has allowed the Society to both recognize and encourage excellence in age-related research among trainees. With the renaming of the Prize, now would be an opportune time for the Society to review both its objectives and its format.
Acetylene
Authors: Pässler Peter , Hefner Werner , Buckl Klaus , Meinass Helmut , Meiswinkel Andreas , Wernicke Hans‐Jürgen , Ebersberg Günter , Müller Richard , Bässler Jürgen , Behringer Hartmut , Mayer Dieter
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Industrially Important Reactions3.2.Other Reactions; Derivatives4.Production4.1.Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects4.2.Partial Combustion Processes4.2.1.BASF Process (Sachsse‐Bartholome)4.2.2.Other Partial Combustion Processes4.2.3.Submerged Flame Process4.2.4.Partial Combustion Carbide Process4.3.Electrothermic Processes4.3.1.Production from Gaseous and/or Gasified Hydrocarbons (Hüls Arc Process)4.3.2.Production from Liquid Hydrocarbons (Plasma Arc Process)4.3.3.Production from Coal (Arc Coal Process)4.3.4.Production from Calcium Carbide4.3.4.1.Wet Generators4.3.4.2.Dry Generators4.3.4.3.Acetylene Purification4.4.Other Cracking Processes4.4.1.Thermal Cracking By Heat Carriers4.4.2.Acetylene as a Byproduct of Steam Cracking5.Safety Precautions, Transportation, and Storage5.1.General Safety Factors and Safety Measures5.2.Acetylene Storage in Cylinders6.Uses and Economic Aspects6.1.Use in Metal Processing6.2.Use as Raw Material in Chemical Industry6.3.Competitive Position of Acetylene as Chemical Feedstock7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Acrylonitrile
Authors: Langvardt Patrick W.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

5.

Quality Specifications and Chemical Analysis

6.

Storage and Transportation

7.

Uses

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Ammonia, 1. Introduction
Authors: Appl Max
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Occurrence and History2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Storage and Shipping4.1.Storage4.1.1.Pressure Storage4.1.2.Low‐Temperature Storage4.1.3.Underground Storage4.1.4.Storage of Aqueous Ammonia4.2.Transportation5.Quality Specifications and Analysis6.Environmental, Safety, and Health Aspects6.1.Environmental Aspects of Ammonia Production and Handling6.2.Safety Features6.3.Health Aspects and Toxicity of Ammonia7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Future Perspectives
Antibiotics, 1. General
Authors: Ohno Masaji , Otsuka Masami , Okamoto Yoshinari , Yagisawa Morimasa , Kondo Shinichi
Published: November 2011

Antibiotics can be defined as chemical substances capable of inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. In the past decades, numerous compounds possessing various biological activities have been discovered. Antibiotics can be of microbial origin, semisynthic, or totally synthetic. Their classification is based mostly on structural characteristics. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the classes of antibiotica.

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.General Definition1.2.Historical Development and Classification1.3.Nomenclature2.Chemotherapeutic Use of Antibiotics2.1.Microbial Pathogens2.2.Tumor Cells2.3.Chemotherapeutic Uses2.4.Use in Agriculture2.5.Units2.6.Analysis3.Classification of Antibiotics3.1.β‐Lactams3.1.1.Natural Penicillins3.1.2.Semisynthetic Penicillins3.1.3.Natural Cephalosporins3.1.4.Semisynthetic Cephalosporins3.1.5.Cephamycins3.1.6.1‐Oxacephems3.1.7.β‐Lactamase Inhibitors3.1.8.Penems3.1.9.Carbapenems3.1.10.Monocyclic β‐Lactams3.2.Tetracyclines3.3.Anthracyclines3.4.Aminoglycosides3.5.Nucleosides3.5.1.N‐Nucleosides3.5.2.C‐Nucleosides3.5.3.Carbocyclic Nucleosides3.6.Macrolides3.6.1.12‐Membered Ring Macrolides3.6.2.14‐Membered Ring Macrolides3.6.3.16‐Membered Ring Macrolides3.6.4.Polyenes3.7.Ansamycins3.8.Peptides3.9.Enediyne3.10.Other Important Antibiotics4.Antibiotic Resistance
Caprolactam
Authors: Ritz Josef , Fuchs Hugo , Kieczka Heinz , Moran William C.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

History

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Processes via Cyclohexanone

4.1.1.

Cyclohexanone Oxime

4.1.2.

Beckmann Rearrangement to Caprolactam

4.1.3.

Improvement of the Oximation Process

4.1.4.

Gas‐Phase or Catalytic Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime

4.1.5.

Modified Oximation and Beckmann Rearrangement

4.2.

Photooximation

4.3.

Production from Toluene

4.4.

Recovery from Nylon‐6 Waste

4.5.

Former Commercial Routes

4.6.

New Routes in Development

4.7.

Environmental Protection

5.

Quality Specifications

6.

Analysis

7.

Storage and Transportation

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology
Glyoxal
Authors: Mattioda Georges , Blanc Alain
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production5.Uses6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Information Storage Materials, 1. Magnetic Recording
Authors: Middleton Barry K.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.History1.2.Magnetism and Magnetic Materials: Definitions2.Principles2.1.Digital Record and Replay2.2.Media Requirements for Digital Recording2.3.a.c. Bias Audio Recording2.4.Video Recording2.5.Transports2.6.Electronic Systems3.Magnetic Recording Media3.1.γ‐Fe2O33.2.Chromium Dioxide3.3.Cobalt‐Modified γ‐Fe2O33.4.Metal Particles3.5.Metal‐Evaporated Tape (MET)3.6.Metal Film Disk Media3.7.Perpendicular Recording4.Recording Heads5.Economic Aspects
Nitro Compounds, Aliphatic
Authors: Markofsky Sheldon B.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production4.Quality Specifications and Analysis5.Storage and Transportation6.Uses of Nitroalkanes and their Derivatives6.1.Nitromethane and Derivatives6.2.Nitroethane and Derivatives6.3.1‐Nitropropane and Derivatives6.4.2‐Nitropropane and Derivatives7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Propionic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Samel Ulf‐Rainer , Kohler Walter , Gamer Armin Otto , Keuser Ullrich
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Carbonylation of Ethylene (BASF Process)4.2.Oxidation of Propanal4.3.Direct Oxidation of Hydrocarbons4.4.Construction Materials5.Storage and Transportation6.Quality Specifications7.Environmental Protection8.Uses8.1.Use as Food and Feed Preservative8.2.Other Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology11.Derivatives11.1.Salts11.2.Propionic Anhydride and Propionyl Chloride11.3.Esters11.4.Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives11.4.1.Properties and Production11.4.1.1.2‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives11.4.1.2.3‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives11.4.1.3.2,2‐Dichloropropionic Acid11.4.2.Uses11.4.2.1.2‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives11.4.2.2.3‐Chloropropionic Acid11.4.2.3.2,2‐Dichloropropionic Acid11.4.3.Toxicology
Seasonings
Authors: Fischer Leonard G.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Uses3.Resources and Raw Materials4.Production5.Storage and Transportation6.Quality Specifications7.Economic Aspects
Terephthalic Acid, Dimethyl Terephthalate, and Isophthalic Acid
Authors: J. Sheehan Richard
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Production3.1.Amoco Oxidation3.2.Amoco Purification3.3.Multistage Oxidation3.4.Dynamit‐Nobel (Witten) Process3.5.Esterification of Terephthalic Acid3.6.Hydrolysis of Dimethyl Terephthalate3.7.Alternative and Past Technologies4.Environmental Protection5.Quality Specifications6.Storage and Transportation7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Textile Auxiliaries, 1. Introduction
Authors: Fischer Klaus
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Definitions2.Historical Aspects3.Economic Aspects4.Environmental Aspects
Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Hofmann Ernst , Klimisch Hans‐Joachim , Backes René , Vogelsang Regina , Franz Lothar , Feuerhake Robert
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Properties

2.1.

Physical Properties

2.2.

Chemical Properties

3.

Production

3.1.

Production Processes at Laboratory Scale

3.2.

Reaction of Acetylene with Alcohols

3.2.1.

Reaction Conditions

3.2.2.

Dependence of Reaction Conditions on the Nature of the Alcohol

3.2.3.

Process Description

3.2.4.

Production of Vinyl Ethers under Pressure

3.2.5.

Pressure‐free Production of Vinyl Ethers

4.

Environmental Protection, Waste Disposal

5.

Quality Specifications

6.

Chemical Analysis

7.

Storage and Transport

8.

Use

9.

Toxicology
Corrosion, 1. Electrochemical
Authors: Gräfen Hubert , Horn Elmar‐Manfred , Schlecker Hartmut , Schindler Helmut
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Basic Electrochemistry2.1.Electrochemical Equilibrium2.2.Electrochemical Kinetics2.2.1.Corrosion Elements2.2.2.Mixed Electrode and Mixed Potential2.2.3.Overpotential and Polarization2.3.Current Density ‐ Potential Curves2.4.Hydrogen Overpotential and Acid Corrosion2.5.Oxygen Overpotential and Oxygen Corrosion2.6.Protective Film Formation and Passivity3.Types of Electrolytic Corrosion3.1.Uniform and Nonuniform Surface Corrosion3.2.Forms of Localized Corrosion without Applied Mechanical Stress3.2.1.Pitting Corrosion3.2.2.Crevice Corrosion3.2.3.Selective Corrosion3.2.3.1.Intergranular Corrosion3.2.3.2.Spongiosis3.2.3.3.Dezincification3.2.3.4.Line‐ and Layer‐Type Corrosion3.3.Forms of Local Corrosion under Mechanical Stress3.3.1.Stress Corrosion Cracking3.3.1.1.Unalloyed and Low‐Alloy Steels3.3.1.2.Stainless Steels3.3.1.3.Nonferrous Metals3.3.1.4.Special Types of Stress Corrosion Cracking3.3.1.5.Hydrogen‐Induced Cracking at Low Temperatures3.3.1.6.Hydrogen Corrosion at Elevated Temperatures3.3.2.Corrosion Fatigue3.3.3.Differentiation Between Types of Corrosion Cracking
Glass, 2. Production
Authors: De Jong Bernard H. W. S. , Beerkens Ruud G. C. , Nijnatten Peter A. , Le Bourhis Eric
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Historical Background

2.

Raw Materials

2.1.

Chemical Impurities and Decoloration

2.2.

Waste Glass (Cullet)

2.3.

Preparation of Raw Materials

3.

Melting Units

3.1.

Flat Glass and Container‐Glass Tanks

3.2.

Unit Melters

3.3.

All‐Oxygen‐Fired Melters

3.4.

Electrical Melting Units

3.5.

New Melter Designs

3.6.

Pot Furnaces and Day Tanks

4.

Melting, Fining, and Homogenization

5.

Energy‐Saving Technologies

6.

Glass Cooling

7.

Heating and Regulating Glass Melts

8.

Refractory Lining of Melting Units

9.

Vapor‐Deposited Glasses

10.

Occupational Health
Steel, 4. Surface Coating
Authors: Pankert Roger
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Hot‐Dip Coating

2.1.

Plant and Processes

2.2.

Other Coating Processes

3.

Electrolytic Coating (Electroplating)

3.1.

Plant and Processes

3.2.

Electroplating Cells

3.3.

Coating Types

4.

Vacuum Vapor Deposition

4.1.

Plant and Processes

4.2.

Further Developments

5.

Coil Coating

5.1.

Plant and Processes

5.2.

Coating Systems

6.

Roll‐Bonded Cladding

6.1.

Principles

6.2.

The Process

6.3.

Variations

7.

Summary
Three‐Dimensional Porous Core‐Shell Sn@Carbon Composite Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications
Authors: Li Xifei , Dhanabalan Abirami , Gu Lin , Wang Chunlei
Published: November 2011

A three‐dimensional porous core‐shell Sn@carbon anode on nickel foam substrate was fabricated by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique followed by high temperature treatment. The carbon shell with a thickness of about 3.2 nm was formed on porous Sn structure at high temperature. 3D porous structure and carbon shell were designed to buffer volume expansion/shrinkage of Sn lattice upon cycling and increase the electrical conductivity. After 315 charge/discharge cycles Sn@carbon anode exhibited high specific capacity of 638 mAh g−1 with the low capacity fade of average 0.11 mAh g−1 per cycle. Sn@carbon based anodes was demonstrated to have promising potential for high performance lithium ion batteries application.
Molecular Understanding of the Open‐Circuit Voltage of Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells
Authors: Yamamoto Shunsuke , Orimo Akiko , Ohkita Hideo , Benten Hiroaki , Ito Shinzaburo
Published: November 2011

The origin of open‐circuit voltage (VOC) was studied for polymer solar cells based on a blend of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and seven fullerene derivatives with different LUMO energy levels and side chains. The temperature dependence of J–V characteristics was analyzed by an equivalent circuit model. As a result, VOC increased with the decrease in the saturation current density J0 of the device. Furthermore, J0 was dependent on the activation energy EA for J0, which is related to the HOMO–LUMO energy gap between P3HT and fullerene. Interestingly, the pre‐exponential term J00 for J0 was larger for pristine fullerenes than for substituted fullerene derivatives, suggesting that the electronic coupling between molecules also has substantial impact on VOC. This is probably because the recombination is non‐diffusion‐lmilited reaction depending on electron transfer at the P3HT/fullerene interface. In summary, the origin of VOC is ascribed not only to the relative HOMO–LUMO energy gap but also to the electronic couplings between fullerene/fullerene and polymer/fullerene.
Honatisine, a Novel Diterpenoid Alkaloid, and Six Known Alkaloids from Delphinium honanense and Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: He Yang Qing , Ma Zhan Ying , Wei Xiao Mei , Liu Dong Jie , Du Bao Zhong , Yao Bing Hua , Gao Li Ming
Published: November 2011

A novel diterpene alkaloid named honatisine (1) has been isolated from the whole plants of Delphinium honanense, along with six known alkaloids, siwanine E (2), isoatisine (3), atisine (4), delcorinine (5), uraphine (6), and nordhagenine A (7). Their structures were deduced on the basis of their spectral data. All of them were evaluated by a SRB assay for their cytotoxicity, and compound 1 showed a significant cytotoxic activity (IC50=3.16 μM) against the MCF‐7 cell line.
Phenolic Derivatives from Ruprechtia polystachya and Their Inhibitory Activities on the Glucose‐6‐phosphatase System
Authors: Bruzual De Abreu Maryan , Temraz Abeer , Malafronte Nicola , Gonzalez‐Mujica Freddy , Duque Sandra , Braca Alessandra
Published: November 2011

Two new compounds, 5‐methyl‐2‐(2‐methylbutanoyl)phloroglucinol 1‐O‐(6‐O‐β‐D‐apiofuranosyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1) and trans‐2,3‐dihydrokaempferol 3‐O‐(4‐O‐sulfo)‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (2), together with 14 known flavonoids, trans‐dihydrokaempferol 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (3), trans‐taxifolin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranoside (4), quercetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (5), quercetin 3′‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranoside (6), catechin 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (7), trans‐taxifolin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (8), cis‐dihydrokaempferol 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (9), catechin (10), myricetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (11), quercetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranoside (12), quercetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranoside (13), quercetin 3‐O‐(3″‐galloyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (14), quercetin 3‐O‐(2″‐galloyl)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (15), and epicatechin 3‐O‐gallate (16), were isolated from the leaves of Ruprechtia polystachya Griseb. (Polygonaceae). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments as well as MS analyses. All compounds, except 1, showed inhibition of the enzyme glucose‐6‐phosphatase in intact microsomes.
Volatiles of Curcuma manggaVal. & Zijp (Zingiberaceae) from Malaysia
Authors: Wahab Ikarastika Rahayu Abdul , Blagojević Polina D. , Radulović Niko S. , Boylan Fabio
Published: November 2011

Analysis by GC and GC/MS of the essential oil obtained from Malaysian Curcuma mangga Val. & Zijp (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes allowed the identification of 97 constituents, comprising 89.5% of the total oil composition. The major compounds were identified as myrcene (1; 46.5%) and β‐pinene (2; 14.6%). The chemical composition of this and additional 13 oils obtained from selected Curcuma L. taxa were compared using multivariate statistical analyses (agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis). The results of the statistical analyses of this particular data set pointed out that 1 could be potentially used as a valuable infrageneric chemotaxonomical marker for C. mangga. Moreover, it seems that C. mangga, C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., and C. longa L. are, with respect to the volatile secondary metabolites, closely related. In addition, comparison of the essential oil profiles revealed a potential influence of the environmental (geographical) factors, alongside with the genetic ones, on the production of volatile secondary metabolites in Curcuma taxa.
Critical Evaluation of Different Mass Transfer Models Taking Zinc Extraction as an Example
Authors: Klapper P. , Repke J.‐U. , Raatz S.
Published: November 2011

Different mass transfer models were evaluated on the basis of zinc extraction with the liquid ion exchanger di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid. Comparison of the models showed that the film model inadequately describes the time dependence of zinc concentration in aqueous solution. The best match of the measured time‐concentration profiles was achieved by adapting the film‐penetration model. Studies were carried out in a stirred cell with a planar interface stabilized by the mixing conditions. Under the chosen experimental conditions mass transfer was limited by zinc transfer in the aqueous phase. The mass transfer equations of each model were solved analytically using empirical correlations for the modeling parameters.