bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison Between Seawater-Based and Freshwater-Based Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: April 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 182799, “Seawater-Fracturing-Fluid Development Challenges: A Comparison Between Seawater-Based and Freshwater-Based Fracturing Fluids Using Two Types of Guar Gum Polymers,” by Maryam Alohaly, Ahmed BinGhanim, and Raed Rahal, Halliburton; and Sabiq Rahim, Texas Tech University, prepared for the 2016 SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, 25–28 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Despite the lack of freshwater resources in the Arabian peninsula, fresh water is still used in unconventional-resource operations there. Seawater, however, is plentiful and could substitute for fresh water. The high salinity of seawater raises many chemical challenges in developing design criteria for fracturing fluids. This paper examines the chemistry of developing seawater-based fracturing fluids using two types of polymers as gelling agents and compares results to existing fresh-water-based-fracturing-fluid data under different conditions.

Introduction

The oil and gas industry faces many challenges, including the availability of fresh water for making fracturing fluids, especially in the Arabian peninsula and other arid regions.

Using seawater to make fracturing fluid can help address several obstacles and reduce costs. However, using sea water to make fracturing fluids also poses several new challenges. The high salinity of seawater and its propensity for scaling, compared with fresh water, make it crucial to consider different factors and chemical properties that influence the process of developing fracturing fluid.

This paper presents issues that can arise when using seawater as a base to develop fracturing fluids with two different types of guar as the viscosifying agent—hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) and carboxy-methylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG).

Ion Composition of Seawater

The high concentration of sulfate in seawater affects ion pairings in sea water. Sulfate can form ion pairings with strontium, calcium, and magnesium. Fifty percent of the sulfate present in seawater is free ions that can interact with polymer chains. Mixing, evaporation, and precipitation can change with ocean depth or location, which affects the salinity of seawater around the world and in stratification within a specific region. The major-ion composition in open waters, however, is almost always the same because the oceans are well-mixed by currents.

The seawater in the Arabian Gulf can have significant evaporation rates, leading to hypersaline conditions; hence, the Arabian Gulf ’s major-ion content is very high. This is one of the major factors to consider when designing seawater-based fracturing fluids. Another challenge to consider is variation of salinity throughout the year in the Arabian Gulf.
Cost-Effective Production Metering and Allocation in a Mature Offshore Oil Field
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: April 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 180887, “A Cost-Effective Methodology for Production Metering and Allocation Using Real-Time Virtual Metering in a Mature Offshore Oil Field: A Case Study of the Greater Angostura Field,” by Italo Raffaele Acuna, BHP Billiton, prepared for the 2016 SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 13–15 June. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

This paper describes how the use of production-modeling tools, coupled with field pressure/temperature-data-acquisition systems and programming software, served as a means to improve production allocation and surveillance on a real-time basis in the Greater Angostura Field. The complete paper discusses a practical approach to obtain accurate real-time well-production rates without the need for purchasing costly flowmeters for each well. It also demonstrates how virtual metering can be used to identify production-optimization opportunities in the production system more readily.

Introduction

The Greater Angostura Field is located 25 miles offshore Trinidad and Tobago. The field was developed in three phases: Phase 1, which includes the Kairi, Canteen, and Horsts fields; Phase 2, which includes the Aripo gas development; and Phase 3, which was scheduled to have been completed by the second half of 2016.

At the time this paper was written, the Angostura development consisted of 21 producers and seven gas injectors. The facilities and gathering system included one manned central-processing platform (CPP), four unmanned well- protector platforms (WPPs), and one gas-export platform (GEP). All wells have dry production trees and are distributed as follows:

Canteen 1 (C1) WPP: five producers and two injectors

Kairi 1 (K1) WPP: three producers and two injectors

Kairi 2 (K2) WPP: nine producers and three injectors

Aripo (A) WPP: three producers

The production from the wells in each WPP is commingled in each platform’s header and routed as follows:

Canteen 1 (C1) WPP: one subsea production flowline to the low-pressure gathering system

Kairi (K1) WPP: two subsea production flowlines to either the low-pressure or the high-pressure gathering system

Kairi (K2) WPP: two bridge-connected flowlines to either low- or high-pressure gathering system

Aripo (A) WPP: one subsea production flowline to GEP

The oil produced from C1, K1, and K2 is processed on the CPP and pumped to shore. The gas produced from these three WPPs is distributed to export gas. The production of the Aripo WPP is sent directly to the GEP for sales.
Benefits of Cutting Pipe under Compression in Deepwater Rig Operations
Authors: Ahmad Abdo , Garg Ashootosh , Sankar Maniram , Omonze Dickson , Agrawal Vivek , Mudgal Abhay , Patowary Markandeya , Nayak Jyoti Prakash , Pinto Thomas
Published: April 2017

This paper will describea tubing cut operation carried out on a deepwater rig without having to first perform the usual, time consuming rig operations to work tension down to the target cut depth. Avoiding this standard procedure was achieved through application of a unique "Mechanical Cutter based Cutting Pad platform" (MCCP). Utilization of this technology enabled the operator to avoid having to unseat the tubing hangar and expose non-shearble across BOP and loss functionality of Surface Controlled Sub-surface Safety Valve. The other add-on benefits from this system is reducing number of wireline in the deepwater environment.

Prior to introduction of MCCP, all others technologies recommendedthat the pipebe placed in tension achieve a successful cut. MCCP technology allows the flexibility of effective and efficient tubing cut with string in both tension and compression which is highly desirable in deepwater intervention. The is achieved as the tool incorporated grinding of tubing surface which enables a smooth cut.

The first deepwater tubing cut application was in offshore India in February 2014 in a 5 well deepwater side track operation. In the 5 wells, MCCP cut three 5.5", 20 lb/f 13 Cr 80 and one 7" 29 lb/f 13Cr80.

The MCCP eliminated several hazards associated with cutting the tubing in tension in this Deepwater environment and ensured that the operation was carried out in a safe and efficient manner. This paper will detail the efficiency and value added of cutting tubulars in compression or neutral load.
Investigation into the Economic Impact and Recovery Effect of Various Completion Timing Strategies in Unconventional Wells
Authors: Karan Dhuldhoya , Stephen Holtz
Published: April 2017

Traditional development of unconventional resources has consisted of completing and stimulating the entire lateral length of a horizontal well shortly after drilling to total depth (TD). In the top five liquids-rich North American producing basins, a majority of unconventional well completions occur from three to seven months after spud. Some wells are recompleted after a period of production to increase recovery. Because of the sharp decline in commodity prices in late 2014, some operators are employing a development strategy of drilling wells but delaying completion, which has created a backlog of drilled, but uncompleted, wells (DUCs). Operators can adopt this strategy if they are required to hold drilling leases, preserve cash, have contractual commitments, or when there is some added benefit to delaying the completion or partially stimulating sections of the lateral at different times. This paper investigates the economic and recovery aspects of delaying investment in unconventional well completion and stimulation.

A methodology is presented, consisting of numerical reservoir simulation and economic evaluation through real options analysis (ROA). First, the study focuses on the recovery aspects of completing and producing from one lateral interval, while leaving another interval uncompleted for a period of time using numerical reservoir simulation with advanced gridding and reservoir modeling capabilities. Next, the study explores the economic value produced by delaying investment evaluated with ROA. To quantify the value of the delaying option, a sensitivity analysis is then performed to demonstrate the effect of the volatility of commodity prices and development costs. Finally, to connect the real options theory with the practical aspects of unconventional resource development, the underlying assumptions about operational capabilities are evaluated.

Results indicate that there is potential for optimizing asset value in unconventional resource development by adopting alternative completion strategies and investment timing. Net-present value (NPV) after 10 years could be increased by stimulating one section of the lateral and subsequently recompleting the well by stimulating the previously uncompleted interval. Timing the recompletion with an increase in commodity prices and considering the magnitude of the increase showed strong correlation with NPV improvement. Production log and fiber-optic analysis indicate that a greater amount of hydrocarbon production (i.e., depletion) occurs in the heel section of a multi-stage, fractured horizontal well (MFHW). The time-phased completion strategy could remediate this problem by isolating production in the lateral at different times, helping to ensure that only the completed lateral interval is producing at a given time.
Development of Non-Damaging Solid Free Polymer Pill for Controlling Fluid Loss in Mumbai Offshore
Authors: Mahato P K , Raj Prithvi , Bahuguna V K
Published: April 2017

Severe fluid loss problems was experienced in Mumbai High and Bassein lime stone in Neelam, mainly due to pressure depletion consequent to sustained production from the layers. Loss problem in producing zones are presently being controlled with imported pills which contain some solid materials and poses multiple problems during work over operations like retrieval of packer etc. WSS Ahmedabad has made an in-house efforts to develop a solid free pill which can develop high viscosity in the producing zone and form a plug like structure to prevent losses and having thermal stability for minimum 120 hrs or till work-over job completed at 120°C and no residue after the job

Fresh cross linked gel was prepared by using various additives as per the field conditions and stability of the cross linked gel was optimized. Using HPHT filter press, the wall building coefficient ‘Cw’ and spurt loss ‘Vsp’ were calculated for cross linked polymer under different conditions. Disintegration of cross linked gel with different concentration of HCl, acetic acid & suitable gel breakers were optimized. Series of experiments were carried out for delay time v/s thermal stability for proper placement of pill at target zone.

The clean pill has been designed with available indigenous chemicals and biodegradable polymer. The pill develops high viscosity in the thief zone and forms a plug like structure. The crosslinking of the plug can be controlled by optimizing the dosage of delaying agents to allow for its easy placement. The designed cross linked pill may be self-degraded after 6-7 days at reservoir temperature. Pill can also be easily disintegrated in mild HCl. (if required) and can be flowed back after the completion of work over job, without damaging the producing zone

The X-linked polymer plug is dependable well control method for safely isolating the producing zone during well service operations. The X-linked polymer plug so developed is envisaged for its field trial. The paper describes the results of intensive lab studies and execution methodology for the development of a solid free, thermostable, biodegradable X-linked polymer plug which can be used as temporary isolation in Mumbai offshore. The newly developed polymer plug may prove to be an indigenous & cost effective thermosetting polymer plugs. the successful field trial will be extremely beneficial for isolating the thief zones in lime stone reservoirs where this phenomenon is very common and different type of products by different companies have tried with mixed results
Economic Design of Surfactant-Polymer Flooding Under Low Oil Price
Authors: Zhou Kang , Hou Jian , Ren Xiaoyun , Yu Bo
Published: April 2017

Surfactant-Polymer (SP) flooding has been successfully used in some heavy oilfields in China. However, it still remains a challenge to extend the application of this method to more complex reservoirs especially considering the current low oil price, the high chemical cost and the complex reservoir conditions. So the paper studies the effect of liquid flow rate, SP injection mode, reservoir properties, well patterns and well spacing on the development performance of SP flooding, which can provide valuable guidance for economic design of SP flooding for various reservoir conditions under low oil price.

In order to evaluate the technical and economic suitability of the SP flooding, the ratio of enhanced oil production to equivalent chemical injection (EOPPC) is defined. In this paper, a basic reservoir model is established and history matched based on the pilot test in Shengli Oilfield. Then, a series of typical reservoir conditions are simulated by changing geological properties such as permeability heterogeneity and oil viscosity. Based on these reservoir models, the effect of liquid flow rate, SP injection mode, reservoir properties, well patterns and well spacing on SP flooding is studied. Besides, the relationships between optimum SP design and reservoir properties are discussed. Finally, a mathematical model characterizing the relationship between SP flooding performance, operational parameters and reservoir properties is established.

Results show that a lower SP flooding rate of 0.1PV/a and a higher post-SP water flooding rate of 0.2PV/a obtains the highest EOPPC of 44.73m3/t. As the permeability heterogeneity and oil viscosity increase, a lower concentration and larger slug size are preferred for better SP flooding performance when the total amount of chemicals is kept unchanged. Streamline analysis indicates injection and production well pairs should be located perpendicular with high permeable channels in order to increase sweep efficiency. In this paper, the line drive and five-spot well patterns obtain a higher sweep efficiency of over 82%. Considering the cost of well drilling and surface facilities, the economic well spacing is 140m between each pair of injector and producer. The developed quantitative prediction model has a fitting precision of over 98% and it is capable of assisting economic design of SP flooding for various reservoir conditions under low oil price.

The paper carries out studies on economic design of SP flooding according to particular reservoir properties. It also provides effective guidance for future pilot tests and commercial applications in more complex heavy oilfields under low oil price.
Static Modeling of Deepwater Syn-Rift Reservoir Using Trend Analysis and Conceptual Geological Model in Absence of Effective Seismic Attributes: A Case Study from Mesozoic Reservoir, Offshore East Coast of India
Authors: Chakraborty Suvajit , Negi Satyapal , Kumar Alok , Pandey Nitesh
Published: April 2017

Static Modeling of deep water sand rich reservoir of braided fluvial origin, deposited in syn-rift set up is challenging in order to capture the reservoir complexities like presence of low permeability facies and complex fault geometry. It becomes more difficult with limited well controls and lack of effective seismic attributes. To characterize such complexities, a robust rocktype based modeling approach is considered with effective spatial control on properties. A rocktype based static modeling approach using geostatistical techniques guided by conceptual depositional model is adopted here as a case study. Five rocktypes are classified based on hydraulic units (HU), defined by FZI (Flow Zone Indicator) technique using porosity and permeability measurements from core data. A depositional model of braided fluvial setup is conceptualized based on integrated analysis of core data, well log and overall reservoir architecture. Using this conceptual depositional model, trend analysis for different rocktypes is carried out to derive vertical proportion curve (VPC) and variograms which are then used to populate reservoir properties away from the wells. The static model was simulated for dynamic studies to depict production profile scenarios for assessing the commercial viability of the field. Pressure data from appraisal wells has established three different fluid contacts separating the reservoir into different segments. Surgically interpreted faults are used to define the segment boundaries and build a detail as well as appropriate fault network model. Use of rocktypes based on FZI method, instead of Sand-Shale classification scheme, helped in capturing the reservoir heterogeneities within a sand rich system. A property modeling approach using trend analysis along with concept based variogram models have provided better control on properties away from the well especially when the seismic attributes are not that effective. The model was validated in a recently drilled appraisal well. The reservoir properties at this well location have shown great match with the pre drill predictions from the model.
Raageshwari Deep Gas Hydro-Fracturing Campaign, Accelerated Project Delivery - An Example of Robust Integrated Project Management
Authors: Shrivastava Pranay , Sharma Vedant , Anand Saurabh , Otubaga Ademola , Trivedi Ranjan , Muda Mazlan , Parasher Arunabh , Tiwari Shobhit , Aihevba Leste
Published: April 2017

This paper will describe how good project management and communications between the various project stake holders resulted in the successful completion of the Raageshwari 15 wells fracturing campaign. The 93 fracturing stages were completed under budget and in a shorter time frame than planned. The management of the project included multiple and diverse operations and equipment including perforating, wireline, well testing, hydraulic fracturing, HSE, and waste water management.

The Raageshwari deep gas field (RDG) is a deep, tight, high condensate gas reservoir located in Rajasthan, India. The 15 wells were located on 3 separate pads within 2 km radius. Their location, in a sparsely populated arid part of India adds to the logistical challenges. Some of the key challenges during the project were: Key operations such as fracturing and perforating cannot be performed at night.Economic handling and disposal of waste water.Continuous supply of water suitable for fracturing and other wellsite operations.Limited space available on the well pads.Requirement for simultaneous operations involving high risk activities such as perforating and high pressure pumping.High CT cleanout frequency due to the requirement of underflushing the frac stages, close proximity of the adjacent stages, and the small volume in the 3 ½ inch monobore completions.Logistics and supply chain management in a remote location.

Solutions for these obstacles included improved procedures, workflows and key technology introductions. These included: Simultaneous rig up to multiple wells.Simultaneous operations covered through Risk assessment and controls in place.Selective perforation technology to reduce perforating time.Mechanical evaporators and a robust CSR team for waste water management.

The various optimizations resulted in a reduction in days per frac stage from 4 in the previous campaigns to 2 in this campaign. The project was delivered with 0 LTI (Lost Time Injuries), and a phenomenal HSE record due to robust safety procedures, frequent audits, safety drills etc.

This paper will detail how the challenges in this project were overcome resulting allowing a high speed fracturing campaign to be successfully executed in a remote location.
Unconventional Hydrocarbons: Gas Hydrates - Drilling Challenges and Suitable Technology
Authors: Motghare Prashant D , Musale Amol
Published: April 2017

National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 02 (NGHP-02) was conducted from 3-March-2015 to 28- July-2015 off the eastern coast of India. The primary goal of this expedition was to explore for highly saturated gas hydrate occurrences in sand reservoirs that would become targets for future production tests. The first two months of the expedition were dedicated to logging-while-drilling (LWD) operations, and the next three months were dedicated to coring operations. With a total of five months of continuous field operations, the expedition was the most comprehensive dedicated gas hydrate investigations taken by India.

NGHP-02 has fulfilled the objective of discovering gas hydrates in sand reservoir, explore presence of free gas below gas hydrate stability zone and the identification of sites for pilot production testing for NGHP Expedition-03. The objective of this paper is to highlight challenges faced during drilling for Coring/ Logging/ Modular Formation Dynamic Tester (MDT) operations in NGHP-02 and potential risk associated with drilling gas hydrate in Krishna Godavari (KG) offshore of India for pilot production testing. The paper will also thrust on suitable well design, optimum drilling parameters, and ways to mitigate well control issues associated with drilling.

Operational complexities of NGHP-02 are minutely analysed and discussed in this paper. During drilling of well for gas hydrates in NGHP-02 expedition, the problems observed were gas plume below seafloor, drill pipe stuck in thick sand layer due to wellbore instability, difficulty in lowering logging & MDT tool in gas hydrate zone, wire line logging tool stuck inside drill pipe while pulling out logging tool. To overcome drilling hazards, feasibility study of suitable drilling technology like managed pressure drilling, casing while drilling, proper well design considering all the potential hazards to drill the well safely are discussed in detail.
Dietas a base de forraje tradicional y nopal (Opuntia spp.) enriquecido con proteínas para alimentar cabras
Authors: Flores-Hernández Arnoldo , Araújo-Filho Teodorico , Gomes da Silva Fernando , Ramírez-Ordoñez Sergio , Murillo Amador Bernardo
Published: April 2017

El objetivo fue determinar la composición química de las dietas y su efecto en la ganancia de peso vivo, consumo y rechazo de alimento. El estudio se realizó mediante un diseño completamente azar con tres repeticiones y como factor principal tres dietas cuyos componentes fueron: dieta 1) 40% heno de alfalfa + 60% heno de sorgo, dieta 2) 40% nopal seco natural + 60 % heno de sorgo y dieta 3) 40% nopal seco enriquecido con proteínas + 60% heno de sorgo. Los resultados mostraron que la dieta de nopal enriquecido con proteínas y la dieta de nopal seco natural poseen una calidad nutritiva mayor, pero las condiciones de secado y/o almacenamiento tuvieron efecto en la calidad de los componentes de las dietas evaluadas. La ganancia de peso vivo fue mayor en cabras alimentadas con la dieta de nopal-E, pero el porcentaje de alimento rechazado (menor palatabilidad) fue mayor para esta dieta. La ganancia de peso vivo fue menor en alfalfa y nopal seco natural, respectivamente. La ganancia de peso y el tiempo de alimentación mostraron correlación positiva y significativa; sin embargo, se debe determinar el tiempo óptimo de alimentación y evaluar el costo-beneficio de las dietas utilizadas.
The Byzantine cisterns of Constantinople
Authors: Ward K. A. , Crapper M. , Altuğ K. , Crow J.
Published: April 2017

The most unusual aspect of Byzantine Constantinople's water system was the large number of cisterns throughout the city. This research integrates the two most recent in-depth studies of the cisterns to determine that there have been at least 211 cisterns attributed to the Byzantine city. The distribution of the cisterns indicates that the size and number of cisterns constructed reduced over time, with more and larger cisterns developed prior to the 7th century. Cisterns are concentrated in the older area of the city and sparser on the periphery, but with later ones more common in the peripheral areas, suggesting that water provision was extended over time, and although the majority of cisterns are small, most storage volume is concentrated in the three largest open-air cisterns. The extended, detailed list produced will allow more in-depth investigations to proceed. Analysis of the distribution of cisterns across the city creates a framework for understanding the development and functioning of Byzantine Constantinople's complex water supply system.
Characteristic numbers of granular activated carbon for the elimination of micropollutants from effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Benstoem F. , Pinnekamp J.
Published: April 2017

Adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) is a promising step to extend existing treatment trains in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and, thus, to reduce the concentration of micropollutants (MPs) (e.g. pharmaceuticals) in wastewater. It is common practice to use characteristic numbers when choosing GAC for a specific application. In this study, characteristic numbers were correlated for five different GACs, with measured adsorption capacities of these carbons for three pharmaceutical MPs (carbamazepine, diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole) and dissolved organic carbon of a WWTP effluent. The adsorption capacities were measured using rapid small scale column tests. Density of GAC showed the highest correlation to adsorption of MP. All other characteristic numbers (iodine number, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface and methylene blue titre) are not suitable markers for choosing an appropriate activated carbon product for the elimination of MPs from municipal wastewater.
Akredytywa dokumentowa na gruncie UCP 600
Authors: Szpojankowski Aleksander
Published: April 2017

W związku z coraz większą rolą globalizacji i handlu międzynarodowego zrodziła się potrzeba stworzenia bezpiecznych metod finansowania transakcji ponadnarodowych. Z tego powodu powstał instrument w postaci akredytywy dokumentowej, która w bezpieczny sposób umożliwia przedsiębiorcom finansowanie, przede wszystkim międzynarodowych transakcji. W artykule akredytywa dokumentowa została przedstawiona na gruncie uniwersalnego standardu, wydanego w 2007 roku przez Międzynarodową Izbę Handlową w Paryżu, UCP 600 z uwzględnieniem rodzajów akredytywy, zasad wedle jakich się ją stosuje oraz wyjątków od niej.
Prawnopodatkowa problematyka mobilnych kontenerów budowlanych. Glosa do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z 15.3.2016 r. (II FSK 84/14)
Authors: Brejdak Paulina
Published: April 2017

Glosa odnosi się do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z 15.3.2016 r.  (II FSK 84/14) dotyczącego opodatkowania podatkiem od nieruchomości. Głównym problemem jest prawidłowa interpretacja definicji mobilnego kontenera budowlanego. Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny w wyroku wyraźnie wskazuje, że mobilny kontener budowlany nie jest budynkiem, ale jest tymczasowym obiektem budowlanym. W konsekwencji, mobilne kontenery budowlane nie podlegają opodatkowaniu. Ponadto, w kontekście niniejszego wyroku uwydatnia się istotny problem, jakim jest brak precyzyjności i jasności prawa podatkowego.
Foliar anatomical study of Boerhavia diffusa L.: a potent medicinal plant
Authors: Pramanick* Debasmita Dutta , G. Maiti G.
Published: April 2017

Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae), commonly known as ‘Punarnava’, has a long history of multifarious uses in Indian system of medicine as well as ethno-medicinal system. The plant is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries of both the hemispheres. The plant in whole or aerial parts or roots, used widely by the indigenous people of India, are well reputed for anti-bacterial, hepato-protective, hypo-glycemic, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant and anti-stress properties. The present paper, deals with nodal and petiolar anatomical study of B. diffusa along with foliar architectural pattern, is an attempt to authenticate and reduce the adulteration to the crude drugs.
Determination of antibiotic resistance and enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from foods sold by street vendors in Gaborone, Botswana
Authors: Loeto Daniel , Wale Kabo , Coetzee Tidimalo , Khare* Krishna B. , Sigwele Thabang Carol , Letsholo Baemedi , Ndabambi Nkosi
Published: April 2017

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the causes of foodborne diseases worldwide. Staphylococcal food poisoning ensues after ingestion of contaminated food and results in symptoms of gastroenteritis such as vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. The present paper aims to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from foods sold by street vendors in Gaborone, Botswana, and to determine its enterotoxigenic potential and antibiotic resistance profile. One hundred eight food samples comprising starch, meat, salads and vegetables portions were collected from these vendors and tested for the presence of S. aureus. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus to the species level was performed using the Vitek 2 automated identification and susceptibility testing system (BioMerieux, Marcy-I’Etoile, France). Enterotoxins were detected by the Reversed Passive Latex Agglutination method (SET-RPLA). Results showed that 49 (45%) of the samples tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The organism was isolated at higher frequencies in vegetables and starchy foods (34.7%) than in meats (30.6%). These differences in isolation rates however, were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin G (52.4%), tetracycline (38.1%), methicillin (26.2%) and vancomycin (11.9%). Four Staphylococcal enterotoxin types A-D, were detected among the isolates. Staphylococcal enterotoxin D was the most prevalent (52.9%), while enterotoxin C was produced by the least number of isolates (5.9%). Of note, five isolates simultaneously expressed two or more enterotoxin types in varying combinations. The present study underscores a potential risk of staphylococcal food poisoning and transmission of methicillin resistant S. aueus strains for consumers of street vended food products in Gaborone, Botswana especially in the absence of a quality assurance regulatory framework. As a mitigating factor, sensitization of street food vendors on the importance of food and personal hygiene is strongly recommended.
Phytoremediation of Arsenic by Trapa natans in a Hydroponic System
Authors: Baruah Sangita , Borgohain Jayasree , Sarma K.P.
Published: April 2017

Phytoremediation of arsenic (As) by water chestnut (Trapa natans) in a hydroponic system was studied. Plants were grown at two concentrations of arsenic, 1.28 mg/L and 10.80 mg/L, in a single metal solution. Scanning Electron Microscope‐Energy Dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDX) confirmed highest arsenic concentration in the roots, followed by shoots and leaves. SEM‐EDX also confirmed internalization of arsenic in T. natans and the damage caused due to arsenic exposure. Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT‐IRS) indicated that the binding characteristics of the arsenic ions involved the hydroxyl, amide, amino, and thiol groups in the biomass. Chlorophyll concentration decreased with increasing metal concentration and duration of exposure, but proline content increases with increasing concentration in the plant. Morphological changes were studied on the 3rd, 5th and 7th day. Unhealthy growth and chlorosis were found to be related with arsenic toxicity. From the above studies it is clear that T. natans can be used successfully for the removal of arsenic ions by a phytoremediation process.
Risks from Ebolavirus Discharge from Hospitals to Sewer Workers
Authors: Haas Charles N. , Rycroft Taylor , Bibby Kyle , Casson Leonard
Published: April 2017

Current World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance for the disposal of liquid waste from patients undergoing treatment for Ebola virus disease at hospitals in the U.S. is to manage patient excreta as ordinary wastewater without pretreatment. The potential for Ebolavirus transmission via liquid waste discharged into the wastewater environment is currently unknown, however. Possible worker inhalation exposure to Ebolavirus‐contaminated aerosols in the sewer continues to be a concern within the wastewater treatment community. In this study, a quantitative microbial risk assessment was carried out to assess a sewer worker's potential risk of developing Ebola virus disease from inhalation exposure when performing standard occupational activities in a sewer line serving a hospital receiving Ebola patients where there is no pretreatment of the waste prior to discharge. Risk projections were estimated for four scenarios that considered the infectivity of viral particles and the degree of worker compliance with personal protective equipment guidelines. Under the least‐favorable scenario, the median potential risk of developing Ebola virus disease from inhalation exposure to Ebolavirus‐contaminated aerosols in the sewer is approximately 10‐5.77 (with a first to third quartile range of 10‐7.06 to 10‐4.65), a value higher than many risk managers may be willing to accept. Although further data gathering efforts are necessary to improve the precision of the risk projections presented here, the results suggest that the potential risk that sewer workers face when operating in a wastewater collection system downstream from a hospital receiving Ebola patients warrants further attention, and that current authoritative guidance for Ebolavirus liquid waste disposal—to dispose in the sanitary sewer without further treatment—may be insufficiently protective of sewer worker safety.
Entrepreneuriat Social et Participation Citoyenne
Authors: Brouard Francois , Larivet Sophie , Sakka Ouafa
Published: April 2017

RÉSUMÉ L'entrepreneuriat social est un concept émergeant, notamment dans les sciences de l'administration. Pourtant, en dehors d'une pratique directoriale spécifique, il est aussi une forme de participation citoyenne trop méconnue. L'objectif de cet article, basé sur une revue de la littérature et une approche théorique, est de présenter le concept d'entrepreneuriat social afin de mieux saisir son positionnement par rapport à la participation citoyenne. L'entrepreneuriat social constitue une forme particulière de participation à l'espace public par l'action, les entreprises sociales agissant au quotidien pour transformer le paysage social. En particulier, cet article souligne le contexte de développement de l'entrepreneuriat social, définit le concept et les notions connexes d'entreprise sociale et d'entrepreneur social, et, enfin, présente une réflexion sur la contribution de l'entrepreneuriat social à la participation citoyenne. L'article montre que l'entrepreneuriat social est une façon pour les citoyens d'agir directement et avec maîtrise sur la société.   ABSTRACT Social entrepreneurship is an emerging concept, notably in administrative sciences. However, not only is it a specific managerial practice but it is also a type of citizen participation that is not well-known. The objective of this article, based on a literature review and a theoretical approach, is to present the concept of social entrepreneurship in order to better understand its relation to citizen participation. Social entrepreneurship represents a specific type of citizen participation involving actions. Social enterprises act daily to transform the social landscape. More specifically, this article presents the context of development of social entrepreneurship, proposes a definition of the concept and of other connected notions like "social enterprise" and "social entrepreneur", and, finally, analyzes the contribution of social entrepreneurship to citizen participation. It shows that social entrepreneurship is a way for citizens to act directly and with some power on society.
Voluntary Participation in Community Economic Development in Canada: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Lamb Laura
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in community economic development (CED) initiatives in Canada. The objective of the analysis is to better understand how individuals make decisions to volunteer time toward CED initiatives and to determine whether the determinants of participation in CED are unique when compared to those of participation in volunteer activities in general. The dataset employed is Statistics Canada's 2004 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP). To date, there has been no prior econometric analysis of the decision to participate in community economic development initiatives in Canada. Results suggest a role for both public policymakers and practitioners in influencing participation in CED. Résumé Cet article constitue une analyse empirique du processus de prise de décision chez les individus en ce qui a trait à la participation aux initiatives canadiennes de développement économique communautaire (DÉC). Le but de l'analyse est de mieux comprendre la façon dont les individus prennent la décision de consacrer du temps au bénévolat dans les initiatives de DÉC. Elle sert aussi à trancher la question de savoir si les facteurs de participation aux initiatives de développement économique communautaire sont uniques ou communs à la participation à des activités bénévoles en général. Les données employées dans le cadre de cette analyse sont puisées de l'Enquête canadienne sur le don, le bénévolat et la participation effectuée par Statistique Canada en 2004. À ce jour, aucune analyse économétrique n'a été menée sur la décision de participer aux initiatives canadiennes de DÉC. Les résultats suggèrent que les responsables de l'élaboration des politiques ainsi que les praticiens influencent tous deux la participation aux initiatives de DÉC.
Cooperatives and the State: The Case of Ontario
Authors: Heneberry Jen , Laforest Rachel
Published: April 2017

In the early 2000s, the cooperative movement in Ontario came together in order to lobby its provincial government for active cooperative development support programs. Momentum was building for these types of programs. Already, many provincial governments had implemented active support programs in their jurisdiction. Despite having one of the largest cooperative sectors in Canada, Ontario was lagging behind. This article assesses the progress of the efforts of the Ontario cooperative movement to date. It details how the Ontario cooperative movement developed a sectoral identity for itself and framed its objectives in an effort to strengthen its relationship with the Ontario government.RÉSUMÉLe mouvement coopératif en Ontario s'est rassemblé au début des années 2000 afin de faire pression sur le gouvernement provincial pour qu'il développe des programmes de soutient actif pour coopératives. Déjà plusieurs gouvernements provinciaux avaient mis en place de telles politiques. L'Ontario tardait malgré le fait qu'il avait un des plus grands secteurs coopératifs au Canada. Cet article examine le progrès qu'a connu le mouvement coopératif en Ontario dans ses efforts. Il décrit comment le mouvement coopératif a construit une identité sectorielle autour de laquelle il a pu ancrer ses demandes auprès du gouvernement ontarien.
Volunteering with Newcomers: The Perspectives of Canadian- and Foreign-born Volunteers
Authors: Behnia Behnam
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT Canadian- and foreign-born volunteers have contributed to the settlement of newcomers into Canadian society. Despite their important contribution, little has been reported about the experiences and perspectives of these volunteers. Using the information collected from face-to-face interviews with 60 Canadian- and foreign-born volunteers who support newcomers, this article discusses factors that motivate people to volunteer with newcomers. The study results revealed among other findings that (1) to become a volunteer, one not only needs to be motivated but also needs to believe that volunteering will produce the expected positive results and to have confidence in one’s ability to complete the assigned tasks, (2) once people become volunteers, the experience of volunteering tests their perceived self-efficacy and their belief about the effectiveness of their volunteer work. Success or failure in their expectations influences their decision to continue or discontinue their volunteer work. RÉSUMÉ De nombreux bénévoles nés au Canada et à l’étranger contribuent à l’intégration de nouveaux venus dans la société canadienne. Malgré leurs contributions importantes, il y a peu d’écrits sur les expériences et perspectives de ces bénévoles. Cet article se fonde sur des entrevues face à face avec soixante bénévoles nés au Canada ou à l’étranger afin de mieux comprendre ce qui les motive à aider les nouveaux venus. Les résultats révèlent entre autres que (1) pour devenir bénévole, non seulement faut-il être motivé mais il faut aussi croire que le bénévolat entraînera bien les effets positifs escomptés et être confiant de son aptitude à accomplir les tâches assignées et (2) l’expérience du bénévolat met à l’épreuve la perception de sa propre efficacité et l’impression qu’on a de la valeur de son travail bénévole. Le succès ou l’échec de ces attentes a une influence sur la décision de continuer à faire du bénévolat ou non.
Knowledge Mobilization, Collaboration, and Social Innovation: Leveraging Investments in Higher Education
Authors: Nichols Naomi , Phipps David , Provencal Johanne , Hewitt Allyson
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT This article is a qualitative literature synthesis in the areas of community-campus collaborations, knowledge mobilization and social innovation. The article aims to be useful to people who work in academic settings, community organizations, public institutions, and government. The authors utilized a purposive sampling methodology to explore the following questions: 1. How can university-based knowledge mobilization leverage investments in higher education research and development (R&D) through community-campus collaboration and social innovation? 2. What is the role of university-wide knowledge mobilization projects in supporting community-campus connections and ultimately social innovation strategies that contribute to the public good? Our review indicates considerable interplay between community-campus collaborations, knowledge mobilization and social innovation given that knowledge mobilization facilitates – and is facilitated by – collaboration. With sufficient knowledge mobilization, community-campus collaborations stimulate social innovation. The article concludes with recommendations based on our review of the literature. RÉSUMÉ Cet article se fonde sur une synthèse littéraire qualitative portant sur les collaborations communautaires/académiques, la mobilisation du savoir et l’innovation sociale. Il se veut utile pour toute personne travaillant dans un milieu académique, un organisme communautaire ou une institution publique. Les auteurs ont recours à une méthode d’échantillonnage raisonné pour répondre aux questions suivantes : 1. Comment la mobilisation du savoir universitaire – au moyen de la collaboration communautaire/académique et de l’innovation sociale – peut-elle faire augmenter les investissements en recherche et développement dans l’enseignement supérieur? 2. Comment les projets de mobilisation du savoir universitaire peuvent-ils resserrer les liens entre campus et communauté et, en fin de compte, appuyer des stratégies d’innovation sociale qui contribuent au bien commun? Notre évaluation indique qu’il y a beaucoup d’influences réciproques entre les collaborations communautaires/académiques, la mobilisation du savoir et l’innovation sociale, surtout que la mobilisation du savoir facilite la collaboration et vice versa. En effet, avec une mobilisation du savoir suffisante, les collaborations communautaires/académiques stimulent l’innovation sociale. Cet article se termine par des recommandations provenant de notre analyse documentaire.
Why Philanthropy Matters: How the Wealthy Give, and What It Means for Our Economic Well-Being
Authors: Anderson Keith
Published: April 2017

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Youth Community Gardening Programming as Community Development: The Youth for EcoAction Program in Winnipeg, Canada
Authors: Fulford Stephanie , Thompson Shirley
Published: April 2017

The Youth for EcoAction (YEA) program is a project of the Boys and Girls Clubs of Winnipeg involving at-risk youth. This community development program focuses on urban agriculture and community gardening and was developed using the Circle of Courage pedagogy. The program was analyzed through participatory methods. YEA youth interns built skills, improved self-esteem, increased environmental awareness, enhanced food security, and fostered their own social networks to help counter the attraction to gangs and dealing with other issues. Benefits were also felt at a broader community level, through positive environmental, social, and physical changes. Youth-serving agencies, community development organizations, and government policy makers could look to the YEA as a model for youth empowerment and community revitalization. Le programme Youth for EcoAction (YEA) pour les jeunes à risque est l’œuvre des Clubs garçons et filles de Winnipeg. Il met l’accent sur l’agriculture urbaine et le jardinage communautaire. Les Clubs ont développé YEA en recourant à la pédagogie du Cercle du courage. Pour analyser ce programme, les auteurs de cet article ont employé une méthode participative. Pour les jeunes, les bénéfices de YEA incluent le développement de compétences, une sécurité alimentaire accrue et la formation de réseaux qui les aident à échapper à la tentation des gangs et autres problèmes. À un niveau communautaire, les bénéfices comprennent des améliorations environnementales, sociales et physiques. Pour les agences jeunesse, les organismes de développement communautaire et les stratèges gouvernementaux, le programme YEA peut servir de modèle d’autonomisation des jeunes et de revitalisation de la communauté.