bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Curnen Edward C. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

1. The cause for the phenomenon of hemagglutination with heated PVM suspensions has been sought.

2. Evidence in wide variety indicates that the component responsible for hemagglutination is the virus particle itself.

3. The virus is capable of combining with a substance present in lung tissue of certain mammalian host species susceptible to infection by PVM. The occurrence of such combination accounts for a number of unusual properties manifested by this pneumotropic virus.
STUDIES ON SCRUB TYPHUS
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Rights Fred L. , Jackson Elizabeth B.
Published: June 2004

A complement-fixing antigen specific for scrub typhus occurs in the body fluids and tissues of infected mice, white rats, and cotton rats.

The specific serological substance is demonstrable only in those animals which develop a rapidly fatal disease after an incubation period of a few days. Such an experimental infection is induced in mice and rats by the intravenous injection of suspensions of yolk sac rich in R. orientalis.

Ether extraction is an important step in the preparation of a complement-fixing antigen from tissues of mice dying with scrub typhus.

The Imphal No. 8 and Calcutta strains of R. orientalis are indistinguishable on the basis of complement fixation and cross-immunity tests.

The complement-fixing antigen in body fluids of infected mice and rats and in our preparations of tissues from such animals occurs as a soluble antigen. Under the proper conditions the soluble antigen can be stored or dehydrated without loss of serological activity.
FORMATION OF SEROLOGICALLY REACTIVE DEXTRANS BY STREPTOCOCCI FROM SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
Authors: Hehre Edward J. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

Serologically reactive dextrans were synthesized from sucrose by 22 of 48 strains of streptococci isolated from the blood of patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis. One strain formed an appreciable amount of levan as well as dextran. Nine strains of group H streptococci from throats formed dextran serologically similar to that formed by the described endocarditis streptococci. Six strains of S. salivarius from throats and feces, which were included for comparison, formed levan which agreed in serological properties with the purified levan previously described for one strain of that species.

The experimental method comprised a series of serological tests that were controlled and supplemented by physical and chemical tests, and furnished a relatively simple but entirely adequate way of recognizing and distinguishing dextrans and levans in bacterial cultures without isolation of the purified polysaccharides. The possible use of dextran and levan formation in the differential description of non-hemolytic streptococci is suggested.
LABORATORY TRANSMISSION OF JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS BY SEVEN SPECIES (THREE GENERA) OF NORTH AMERICAN MOSQUITOES
Authors: Reeves W. C. , Hammon W. McD. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Griselda G. Wolf and Carlos Espana
Published: June 2004

In the present studies ten common species of Western North American mosquitoes have been tested for their ability to act as vectors of Japanese B encephalitis virus (see summary Table XII). The strain of Japanese B encephalitis virus which was used was adapted to direct mouse brain passage, probably a disadvantage, but no freshly isolated strain was available. Of the ten species of mosquitoes tested, seven were demonstrated to be laboratory vectors. These seven species represent three genera (Culex, Aedes, and Culiseta). In previously reported work Japanese and Russians had only incriminated five species of two genera (Aedes and Culex) (1–3). Transmission was made to mice 21 times and to a chicken once. Two attempts to infect mosquitoes from an infected chicken were unsuccessfui, but no significance is attached to so few experiments. Repeated tests for virus in the eggs, or in imagines reared from eggs of infected female mosquitoes have been negative. In this we failed to confirm results claimed by Japanese investigators (5, 6).

These data, in addition to the published accounts by Japanese and Russian workers of the natural epidemiology of this disease lead us to believe that this virus might well establish itself in North America, especially if introduced in those areas where our native encephalitides are now endemic. These studies also indicate that species of mosquitoes (Culex tarsalis, Culex pipiens,

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Aedes dorsalis, and Culiseta inornata) now known to be fully incriminated vectors of the Western equine or St. Louis encephalitis viruses can also serve as laboratory vectors of the Japanese B virus. Methods for the effective abatement of these species should be further developed and put into practice if future epidemics of encephalitis of the Western equine, St. Louis, or Japanese B types in Western North America are to be prevented or brought under control.
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Koprowski Hilary
Published: June 2004

The influence of one virus on the growth of another in tissue culture was investigated.

The 17DD High strain of yellow fever virus was found capable of completely suppressing the growth of both the Asibi strain of the same virus and of the heterologous West Nile virus, even when these were added to the cultures in large amounts.

The 17DD High strain of yellow fever virus and the West Nile virus produced either partial or complete suppression of growth of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, depending upon the quantity of the latter inoculated into the cultures. Owing to lack of methods for the detection of interference except in a single direction, reciprocal interference with these viruses could not be investigated.

The 17DD High strain of yellow fever virus and the West Nile virus were able to suppress completely, or almost completely, the growth of influenza A virus added to the infected cultures in maximal amounts. Interference in the reverse direction, even with the use of small amounts of the neurotropic viruses, was not demonstrable.

Cultures infected with the 17DD High strain of yellow fever virus were examined for the presence of neutralizing antibodies and non-specific antiviral substances; neither was found present.
COLORADO TICK FEVER AND DENGUE
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Hammon William McD. , Laurent Angela , Stewart Mabel O.
Published: June 2004

Six human beings were inoculated with dengue and developed typical disease. Two of these were reinoculated and proved immune. The remaining four were later inoculated with Colorado tick fever. Three developed typical disease. The fourth, who remained well, has previously lived in an endemic area (Colorado). One patient was inoculated with Colorado tick fever first and later with dengue. He developed both diseases.

Colorado tick fever and dengue do not give a cross-immunity.

Hamsters can be infected with Colorado tick fever but not with dengue.

Colorado tick fever and dengue appear to be distinct disease entities.
ANTIBODY FORMATION IN VOLUNTEERS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCI OR THEIR TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , MacLeod Colin M. , Kaiser Samuel J. , Robinson Betty
Published: June 2004

1. A modification of the microanalytical quantitative precipitin method, five to ten times as sensitive as the older procedure, has been used to measure the type-specific antibody response in human beings. Injections of type-specific pneumococci or equivalent amounts of their type-specific polysaccharides led to comparable antibody production. In general, the few hundredths of a milligram of polysaccharides injected functioned as extraordinarily powerful antigens.

2. Subcutaneous injections of the polysaccharides were as effective as intracutaneous, and the resulting antibody levels, which were highly variable individually, remained relatively constant for 5 to 8 months, gradually tapering off during periods of observation that exceeded 2 years in some instances.

3. After the injection of several type-specific polysaccharides widely diverse combinations of selective and non-selective responses were observed.

4. Booster doses had little or no effect in increasing circulating antibody, even after 2 years. A tentative explanation is given of this unexpected result.

5. Possibly because they frequently harbor pneumococci, normal human beings appear to be in serological equilibrium with the C-antigen of pneumococcus, since in most instances the quite appreciable anti-C content of their sera remained relatively constant during periods of a year or longer. Many of the sera also contained antibody to S VII.
MOUSE-PROTECTIVE TITERS OF SERA OF VOLUNTEERS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCI OR THEIR TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Walter Annabel W. , Schenkein Edna L. , Sutliff Wheelan D.
Published: June 2004

1. Sera of human subjects immunized with pneumococci or their type-specific polysaccharides showed type-specific antibody by mouse protection tests as well as on determinations of the specifically precipitable nitrogen.

2. The ratio, mouse-protective units to antibody nitrogen, was less in human sera of low potency than in more potent human or animal sera.
PLASMA SUBSTITUTES
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Miller L. L. , Alling E. L. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Hemoglobin and globin alone, supplemented, or modified in various ways are seriously considered as plasma substitutes.

Human globin given to doubly depleted (anemic and hypoproteinemic) dogs by vein contributes to the production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein, but there is some toxicity and weight loss. Dog hemoglobin given intraperitoneally is better tolerated and somewhat more completely utilized with more blood proteins formed and less weight loss.

Dog globin (tryptic digest) given by vein in anemic dogs is associated with a moderate production of new hemoglobin.

Horse globin by mouth contributes to the formation of new hemoglobin in the standard anemic dog.

Dog hemoglobin given intraperitoneally in protein fasting, non-anemic dogs is well utilized to maintain nitrogen and weight balance. A dl-isoleucine supplement fails to improve this utilization of hemoglobin for maintenance in the dog. A small supplement of dl-methionine greatly improves the utilization of dog hemoglobin for maintenance in the dog and further addition of isoleucine is without effect.

The intermediary metabolism of dog hemoglobin is not yet worked out. Electrophoretic analyses (Table 6) suggest that globin appears in the peripheral circulation after intraperitoneal injections of hemoglobin.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH PRESSURES ON HEMAGGLUTINATING ANTIBODIES
Authors: Boyd William C.
Published: June 2004

It was found that exposure of hemagglutinating sera to pressures of the order of 3,000 to 4,000 atmospheres destroyed their agglutinating power, but did not convert them to inhibiting ("blocking") antibodies. Higher pressures (4,500 to 5,500 atmospheres) were required to destroy inhibiting anti-Rh0 antibodies in a "blocking" serum. This conforms with ideas already held that the "blocking" antibodies are significantly more stable than the agglutinating antibodies.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN LIQUID MEDIA
Authors: Dubos René J. , Davis Bernard D.
Published: June 2004

1. Certain water-soluble esters of long chain fatty acids (in particular of oleic acid) favor submerged and diffuse growth of mycobacteria throughout the depth of synthetic liquid media.

2. Esters of oleic acid increase considerably the amount of growth yielded by avian strains in synthetic media.

3. The addition of serum albumin to synthetic liquid media permits visible growth of minimal inocula of virulent human tubercle bacilli (10–8 mg.) within 11 to 15 days.

4. Cultures growing diffusely in media containing the water-soluble esters— with or without albumin—consist of cells of classical morphology and staining properties, which again exhibit the usual mode of growth when returned to the standard synthetic or egg yolk media.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FACTORS AND SEX ON THE TOXICITY OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN RATS
Authors: György Paul , Seifter Joseph , Tomarelli Rudolph M. , Goldblatt Harry
Published: June 2004

Six groups of rats on different diets were exposed to the inhalation of carbon tetrachloride (about 300 p. p. m.) for 150 days. Food intake and changes in weight were followed throughout the experiment. Animals fed a diet low in protein showed greater susceptibility than rats on a diet high in protein. Methionine was a good substitute for protein (casein) in the diet. Increase in fat intake with correspondingly lower carbohydrate intake exerted a harmful effect, especially evident in combination with a low protein diet. In this change of the fat: carbohydrate ratio, whether the increased fat or the lowered carbohydrate is the specific factor must remain unanswered at the present time.

Necrotizing nephrosis was the presenting sign of the intoxication caused by carbon tetrachloride, in addition to hepatic changes, such as hydropic degeneration, necrosis, and cirrhosis. Dietary factors (methionine and methionine-containing protein, as well as low fat intake) more consistently prevented renal injury than cirrhosis of the liver.

Under identical dietary conditions, especially with higher fat intake, male rats appeared to evince greater susceptibility to carbon tetrachloride than female rats. The significance of this observation and its wider applicability has been discussed.
HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets, with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneousiy new hemoglobin and plasma protein.

The reserve stores of blood protein-producing materials in this way are largely depleted, and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for considerable periods of time. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and to injury by many poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments. These incomplete experiments are not recorded in the present paper but give supporting evidence in harmony with those tabulated.

Under these conditions (double depletion) the dogs use effectively the proteins listed above—egg, lactalbumin, meat, beef plasma, and digests of various food proteins and hemoglobin.

Egg protein at times seems to favor slightly the production of plasma protein when compared with the average response (Tables 1 and 2).

Various digests and concentrates compare favorably with good food proteins in the production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein in these doubly depleted dogs.

Whole beef plasma by mouth is well utilized and the production of new hemoglobin is, if anything, above the average—certainly plasma protein production is not especially favored. "Modified" beef plasma by vein causes fatal anaphylaxis (Table 4).

Hemoglobin digests are well used by mouth to form both hemoglobin and plasma protein. Supplementation by amino acids is recorded. Methionine in one experiment may have been responsible for a better protein output and digest utilization (Table 7).
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Bendich Aaron , Bezer Ada E.
Published: June 2004

1. The microquantitative precipitin method can be used to compare the relative activity of different preparations of the blood group A substance from hog stomachs and to study the effect of chemical treatment upon its stability.

2. With samples of about 25 µg. antibody nitrogen, an error of ±1.7 µg. antibody nitrogen will result in an error of ±12 per cent in the estimation of the amount of A substance.

3. The blood group A substance showed no significant loss of activity at 37°C. after 48 hours at pH 1.07 to 10.7 or after 2 hours at 100°C. over a pH range from 2.97 to 7.58. Exposure at 100°C. at pH 1.03 or at 9.03 or higher resulted in loss of activity. Parallel results were obtained by the hemagglutination inhibition and quantitative precipitin methods.

4. The solubility of specific precipitates of the blood group A substance from hog stomach and its homologous antibody formed in man was found to be about 1.6 µg. antibody N/ml.

5. A comparison is given of the chemical properties and activity of blood group A substances obtained by several procedures from pools of hog stomachs.
SULFONAMIDE CHEMOTHERAPY OF COMBINED INFECTION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS AND BACTERIA
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry
Published: June 2004

1. Sulfonamide chemotherapy controls the bacterial component of combined infection with influenza virus and pneumococci in rats.

2. Reinstillation of fluid (broth, physiological salt solution) into the respiratory passages of mice several days after sublethal viral infection converts the viral infection into a lethal one.

3. Sulfonamide chemotherapy controls the bacterial component of combined bacterial and viral infection of mice, produced by intrabronchial inoculation of mixtures of bacteria and sublethal or lethal doses of virus.

4. Bacterial pneumonia may be superimposed upon sublethal viral infection in mice by inhalation of fine droplets of bacterial suspension several days after inoculation of virus. Normal mice inhaling fine droplets of bacterial suspension fail to develop obvious disease.

5. Sulfonamide chemotheiapy controls bacterial pneumonia superimposed on sublethal viral infection by inhalation of fine droplets of bacterial culture.

6. The secondary bacterial penumonia does not convert the sublethal viral infection into a lethal one.

7. If another pandemic of influenza occurs, it is probable that sulfonamide chemotherapy will be valuable in the treatment of secondary bacterial pneumonia and will be effective in lowering the case fatality rate if the viral component of the infection is not severe enough by itself to cause death.
ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Smith Margaret G. , Blattner Russell J. , Heys Florence M.
Published: June 2004

A colony of chicken mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) was established from a single adult female mite and her offspring. This colony of mites was shown to be free of the virus of St. Louis encephalitis. Infection of mites from this homogeneous colony with the virus of St. Louis encephalitis was accomplished by feeding on chickens having viremia. The virus was recovered as readily from mites which had not been allowed to feed for 8 days as from mites freshly engorged, showing that the demonstration of virus in the mites does not depend on the presence of fresh infective chicken blood. Transovarian passage of the St. Louis virus into the second generation has been demonstrated in mites infected experimentally. The female mite infected as an adult can pass the St. Louis virus through eggs laid after additional feeding on normal blood. Persistence of the virus for a period of 6 months has been shown in a colony of mites infected experimentally in the laboratory.
LOCALIZATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN THE CYTOPLASM OF LIVER CELLS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. , Lavin George I.
Published: June 2004

The attempt has been made to determine the character of the basophile material that occurs normally in the cytoplasm of liver cells and accumulates in association with the hyperplasia of liver cells and of newly formed bile ducts when the azo dye butter yellow is administered to white rats. This substance in the normal liver cells, in the parenchymatous foci of basophile hyperplasia that are precursors of hepatomas, and in the hyperplastic basophile ducts that precede the cholangiomas produced by butter yellow has the characteristics of ribonucleic acid. It absorbs ultraviolet radiation of wave length 2537 Å. It does not, like desoxyribonucleic acid, give the Feulgen reaction. It is removed from the cytoplasm by ribonuclease, and precipitation with lanthanum acetate protects it against the enzyme.
STUDIES ON ENDEMIC PNEUMONIA OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Coccobacilliform bodies, pleuropneumonia-like organisms, or other cultivable pathogenic bacteria were not demonstrable in lung and exudate suspensions from selected adult rats naturally infected with endemic pneumonia or from experimentally infected mice.

The specific factor in lung suspensions from mice was identified with an agent which was active on dilution through 107. It failed to pass through Berkefeld N filters but was generally present in V filtrates, with a loss in titer up to 1000-fold. It was largely removed from suspension on centrifugation at a speed of 9000 R.P.M. for 30 minutes.

Attempts to cultivate the agent in embryonated eggs were uniformly unsuccessful. In fluid suspension it failed to withstand storage at 40°C. for a week but remained viable for at least 3 months in a frozen state under dry ice.

The relation of the infective agent to viruses and to pleuropneumonia-like organisms is discussed.
INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL KIDNEY DAMAGE ON HISTOCHEMICALLY DEMONSTRABLE LIPASE ACTIVITY IN THE RAT. COMPARISON WITH ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Wachstein M.
Published: June 2004

Lipase activity was found in the cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubules in tissue sections of rat, rabbit, dog, mouse, hamster, and guinea pig, stained according to Gomori's method. Uranium and mercury poisoning do not inactivate the enzyme in necrotic cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. Its activity diminished in the atrophic and regenerating cells of the kidneys of rats, surviving the acute phase of the intoxication. In the acute stage of choline deficiency marked reduction in enzymatic activity was seen in the necrotic tubules, and in the atrophied and regenerating tubules in the subacute stage. Lipase activity was markedly diminished in hydronephrotic kidneys 10 to 12 days after ligation of the ureter. In sections stained for alkaline phosphatase activity nearly identical alterations were found. Experimental damage influences both histochemically demonstrable enzymes in a similar manner.
A RICKETTSIAL INFECTION IN CANADIAN VOLES
Authors: Baker James A.
Published: June 2004

From apparently normal voles captured on Grosse Isle, Province of Quebec, Canada, an infective agent has been grown in embryonated eggs, and by inoculation an inapparent infection was established in voles, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and rats. No growth of the agent was obtained in the absence of living cells, and the manner of its development in the yolk sac of embryonated eggs, as well as morphological, epidemiological, and pathogenic features, indicates a rickettsial nature.

The inability to transmit infection by either cage or intrauterine contact points to a vector, and mites are shown to have a probable part in the epidemiology.

Mice infected with the vole agent resist lethal doses of the Karp strain of scrub typhus, and certain epidemiological, morphological, and immunological features support the relationship indicated by the mouse tests. It is therefore concluded that voles on this island have an inapparent infection due to a rickettsia that may be related to the rickettsia of scrub typhus.
STUDIES ON ENDEMIC PNEUMONIA OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

A specific disease entity was established in white mice by the nasal instillation of lung and exudate suspensions from each of 14 adult albino rats affected with endemic pneumonia.

The induced disease was characterized by pneumonia (96 per cent), otitis media (94 per cent), and rhinitis (30 per cent). It progressed slowly after an incubation period of 7 to 14 days and was attended by a variable mortality which reached 33 per cent in 22 weeks.

Maintenance of the disease was regularly accomplished by direct transmission from mouse to mouse but only by the nasal route and only from the three foci of involvement. It was also transmissible by direct contact but required a prolonged period of exposure.

The relation of the disease to infectious catarrh, which it closely resembles, is discussed.
INHIBITION OF PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE IN MOUSE BRAINS BY VIRUSES AND ITS PREVENTION BY PREPARATIONS OF DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE
Authors: Racker E. , Krimsky I.
Published: June 2004

1. Inhibition of glucose utilization in homogenates of brains of mice infected with poliomyelitis virus (Lansing strain) is reported. The inhibition occurs with glucose, or fructose-6-phosphate as substrate. No inhibition occurs in the presence of hexosediphosphate.

2. Brain homogenates of mice infected with the Theiler FA strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus show inhibition ranging between 45 and 85 per cent (average 73 per cent).

3. Purified preparations of the Lansing and the Theiler FA strain invariably inhibit glycolysis when added to homogenates of normal mouse brain. A similar, but much less consistent inhibition is provoked by adding high concentrations of non-neurotropic viruses (influenza A and tobacco mosaic virus) to normal mouse brains.

4. The magnitude of inhibition caused by the purified virus is a function of the virus concentration and depends on temperature and time of incubation of the virus-brain mixture.

5. The inhibition of glycolysis in the brains of mice infected with Theiler FA virus and in normal brain-Theiler FA virus mixtures is prevented by the addition of preparations of DPN and glucose.
INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA ON EXPERIMENTAL NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Sulkin S. Edward , Zarafonetis Christine , Goth Andres
Published: June 2004

Anesthesia with diethyl ether significantly alters the course and outcome of experimental infections with the equine encephalomyelitis virus (Eastern or Western type) or with the St. Louis encephalitis virus. No comparable effect is observed in experimental infections produced with rabies or poliomyelitis (Lansing) viruses.

The neurotropic virus infections altered by ether anesthesia are those caused by viruses which are destroyed in vitro by this anesthetic, and those infections not affected by ether anesthesia are caused by viruses which apparently are not destroyed by ether in vitro. Another striking difference between these two groups of viruses is their pathogenesis in the animal host; those which are inhibited in vivo by ether anesthesia tend to infect cells of the cortex, basal ganglia, and only occasionally the cervical region of the cord. On the other hand, those which are not inhibited in vivo by ether anesthesia tend to involve cells of the lower central nervous system and in the case of rabies, peripheral nerves. This difference is of considerable importance in view of the fact that anesthetics affect cells of the lower central nervous system only in very high concentrations.

It is obvious from the complexity of the problem that no clear-cut statement can be made at this point as to the mechanism of the observed effect of ether anesthesia in reducing the mortality rate in certain of the experimental neurotropic virus infections. Important possibilities include a direct specific effect of diethyl ether upon the virus and a less direct effect of the anesthetic upon the virus through its alteration of the metabolism of the host cell.
EXPERIMENTAL VIBRIO INFECTIONS OF DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: Wilson Armine T.
Published: June 2004

Developing chick embryos are highly susceptible to infection with strains on V. cholerae representing Gardner and Venkatraman's 6 groups and the types Inaba and Ogawa. There is a moderate decrease in susceptibility with advancing age of the embryo. The influence of dosage on survival rates is not marked, probably because a minimal dose, consisting of a very few organisms, is sufficient to produce death rapidly.

Passive protection of a low order is conferred on the embryos by the introduction of inactivated specific immune serum at the time of inoculation of vibrios. This protective influence is enormously enhanced by the previous or simultaneous administration of guinea pig complement.

The antigens of group I organisms which give rise to embryo-protective and bacteriolytic antibodies are dual in character. One antigen is shared by all members of the group and is productive of antibodies which will protect against infections with all strains of the group, of whatever type. The other antigen is type-specific, and its antibodies are protective and lytic only for organisms of the homologous type.
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS
Authors: Maris Elizabeth P. , Enders John F. , Stokes Joseph , Kane Lewis W.
Published: June 2004

Of 163 persons giving positive complement fixation tests who were exposed to mumps, 1 afterwards developed the disease; of 285 negative reactors similarly exposed, 56 afterwards came down with mumps.

Of 78 individuals subjected to intimate exposure to mumps whose tests were originally negative and who failed to develop the disease, 41 per cent gave positive reactions when tested 1 month later.

Seventy-seven per cent of complement fixation tests done on the sera of 565 normal adults who admitted a previous attack of mumps were positive. A similar correlation was recorded in tests on the sera of a small group of children with positive histories. Of 356 medical students admitting previous attacks, 80 per cent gave positive tests. Of 386 normal adults who denied previous attacks, 42 per cent gave positive tests; of 85 children giving negative histories, 38 per cent reacted positively.

The results of complement fixation tests on the sera of 1665 normal adults (over 17 years) and 679 children (1 to 17 years) are recorded. It has been shown that 63 per cent of the adults and 57 per cent of the children had antibody in their blood which reacted with the virus of mumps. In groups in which exceptionally intense exposure was not known to have occurred in the past, the proportions of positive reactors were: adults, 61 per cent; children, 49 per cent. In contrast to these normal persons, the incidence of positive reactors among permanently institutionalized mental defectives was 38 per cent of 356 adults and 32 per cent of 475 children.

In only 2 per cent of 320 normal adults and children did the titer of complement-fixing antibody reach 1–192. In no instance in which the endpoint was determined was a higher titer recorded.

The results of complement fixation tests on the sera of mother and newborn infant were essentially the same in 5 instances.
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS
Authors: Enders John F. , Kane Lewis W. , Maris Elizabeth P. , Stokes Joseph
Published: June 2004

The results of skin tests read at 48 hours on several hundred adults and children in which heat-inactivated mumps virus was the antigen have been presented and discussed. They can be summarized as follows:—

Of 89 persons tested before the onset of mumps, 89 per cent exhibited erythematous reactions 10 mm. or less in diameter and 95 per cent, reactions 15 mm. or less in diameter.

Of 40 persons tested during the first 5 days of mumps, 95 per cent exhibited reactions 10 mm. or less and 98 per cent reactions 15 mm. or less.

Of 480 exposed persons the attack rate of mumps was 46 per cent among 340 with reactions 10 mm. or less and 10 per cent among 240 with reactions greater than 10 mm. The attack rate was only 2 per cent among 161 with reactions exceeding 15 mm.

The attack rates in 13 skin-tested groups which were exposed to mumps tended to be inversely proportional to the incidence of reactions exceeding 10 mm.

The incidence of reactions exceeding 10 mm. was approximately twice as high among 529 adults (persons 18 years or older) as it was among 306 children (persons under 18 years).

Of 179 adults giving positive histories of mumps, 82 per cent exhibited skin reactions exceeding 10 mm. In certain groups the correlation between history and positive skin test was as high as 0.9. Of 132 adults giving negative histories, 58 per cent exhibited skin reactions of this magnitude. The proportion of reactions exceeding 10 mm. in a small number of children giving positive histories was 75 per cent. The proportion of reactions less than 10 mm. was 15 per cent.

Of 167 adults with positive complement fixation tests, 87 per cent exhibited skin reactions exceeding 10 mm. Of 111 adults with negative complement fixation tests, 52 per cent exhibited reactions exceeding 10 mm. Of 43 children with positive complement fixation tests, the skin test reactions exceeded 10 mm. in 70 per cent. The skin reactions exceeded 10 mm. in 29 per cent of 105 children with negative complement fixation tests.

In 69 of 72 individuals in whom skin reactions exceeded 10 mm., complement-fixing antibody either appeared in the blood or increased in amount within about 2 weeks after the tests were done. Such antibody responses likewise were observed in 34 of 76 individuals in whom skin reactions were 10 mm. or less. The data summarized up to this point were obtained with virus derived from the infected parotid gland of monkeys.

The results of simultaneous tests in 82 individuals employing materials prepared from infected monkey parotid gland and amniotic membrane of chick embryos infected with mumps virus indicated in general that the same individual responded in a similar manner to both antigens. In many instances, however, the membrane material produced weaker reactions. Occasionally an individual failed to react at all to one of these materials but did respond to the other.
STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Evans Charles A. , Slavin Howard B. , Berry George Packer
Published: June 2004

Two-week-old mice inoculated with herpes virus on the pad of a hind foot regularly developed paralysis of the infected limb followed by paraplegia and encephalitis terminating fatally 5 or 6 days after inoculation.

Hyperimmune rabbit serum given intraperitoneally at the time virus was inoculated on the foot pad prevented the formation of an herpetic lesion of the foot pad. When the antiserum was given 12 hours after inoculation of the virus, a typical infection of the epithelium of the foot pad developed, but the virus was prevented from causing obvious signs of infection of the nervous system in many of the animals.

Amputation of the foot 2 hours after the inoculation of the virus prevented the paralysis of the hind leg. Some of the mice died of a delayed encephalitis. Amputation of the foot at 24 hours neither prevented nor delayed the sequence of paralysis of the hind leg, encephalitis, and death.

In order to study immune serum therapy of an infection of the nervous system uncomplicated by a peripheral focus of infection or by traumatic disturbance of the central nervous system, 2-week-old mice were inoculated on the foot pad, the infected feet were amputated 24 hours later, and the immune serum was administered at varying intervals thereafter.

Using litter mate controls and statistically significant numbers of mice, it was shown that hyperimmune rabbit serum, administered during the first one-third of the incubation period, retards and, in some cases, arrests the progress of herpetic infection within the nervous system.
STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner
Published: June 2004

Intracerebral injection of preparations of influenza viruses into mice led to tonic and clonic convulsions and death in tetanus, usually within 24 to 72 hours. Histological examination revealed the destruction of the ependymal lining of the ventricles as the dominant finding.

These reactions were obtained in four different strains of mice as well as in rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters. They were observed in mice after injection of mouse and egg-adapted virus, and all strains of virus tested gave these responses as long as sufficient quantities of the agents were injected. Control materials, such as normal allantoic fluids, particulate components of normal chorio-allantoic membranes, and suspensions of normal murine lungs, gave uniformly negative results. Activation of a latent virus as well as the inadvertent admixture of a neurotropic agent to the influenza cultures was excluded.

Propagation of the influenza viruses in the central nervous system could not be demonstrated and, in fact, the agents were no longer demonstrable in 4 days. It was concluded that the observed neurological reactions were the result of toxic activities rather than of virus propagation.

Comparison between the infectivity, hemagglutinating capacity, and the toxic activity showed that preparations with the higher titers of virus and hemagglutinin were also the more toxic ones.

The toxic agents could not be separated from the infectious particles by the use of such technics as differential high speed centrifugation, adsorption onto and elution from chicken red cells, and precipitation by protamine.

The toxic effect of influenza A virus preparations was specifically neutralized by anti-influenza A and not by anti-influenza B serum, and conversely. In addition, antigenic differences were noted between two strains of influenza A virus by this method of testing.
STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude
Published: June 2004

Upon intra-abdominal or intravenous injection of allantoic fluids infected with influenza viruses, mice frequently died within 8 to 96 hours. Similar results were observed upon injection of rabbits, rats, and guinea pigs.

Autopsy of the mice revealed widespread necrosis of liver and spleen, hemorrhages into the intestines, pleural exudation, and other occasional findings. Survivors frequently developed pulmonary consolidation or jaundice. The dominant type of lesion depended on the strain of virus used.

All attempts to demonstrate propagation of the influenza viruses outside of the respiratory tract failed. It was concluded that the early lesions were the result of toxic activities of the virus and not of virus multiplication in the affected tissues.

Injection into chick embryos of highly diluted inocula produced higher titers of virus, hemagglutmin, and toxicity in the allantoic fluids than the use of more concentrated seed culture. Serial passage of various strains in high dilution frequently increased the toxic activity.

The infectivity often reached its peak in 24 hours when tests for toxicity were still negative. Maximal toxicity was usually not attained before 48 hours.

The toxic activity could not be separated from the infective property by such means as differential centrifugation and adsorption onto and elution from chicken red cells. However, upon heating, formalinization, and irradiation with ultraviolet light, the ability of the agents to propagate was lost at a faster rate than the toxic property.

The toxic property remained stable for 2 to 3 months at 4°C. This stability was comparable to that of the infectivity for chick embryos.

Specific immune sera neutralized in high dilution the toxic activity of the homologous virus. Non-specific neutralization occurred in low dilutions of normal and heterologous immune sera. Strain differences were indicated by this method of testing.

Vaccination of mice by the subcutaneous or intra-abdominal routes protected mice specifically against the toxic effects of intra-abdominally or intravenously injected preparations of virus.
THE RAPID PRODUCTION OF ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN RHESUS MONKEYS BY INJECTION OF HETEROLOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN TISSUE WITH ADJUVANTS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Wolf Abner , Bezer Ada E.
Published: June 2004

1. A picture resembling acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in the human being has been regularly and rapidly produced in rhesus monkeys by injection of emulsions of adult rabbit and monkey brain administered with adjuvants.

2. No lesions of the central nervous system resulted from injection of similar emulsions of fetal rabbit brain or adult rabbit lung.

3. A description of the gross and histological findings in the central nervous system is given and compared with features of human demyelinating disease.

4. The experimental findings are in accord with the hypothesis that antibody to the injected brain emulsion reacts with the tissues of the nervous system of the animal to produce the pathological changes.
PROPERTIES OF PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) IN RELATION TO ITS STATE
Authors: Curnen Edward C. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

Additional evidence is presented that PVM is capable of combining firmly with lung tissue particles or erythrocytes from certain susceptible species. Release of the virus from such combination can be effected by treatment with alkali as well as by heating. Free virus expressed from infected lungs without grinding the tissues is infectious and causes hemagglutination when tested directly. The concentration of virus can be estimated more accurately by means of the hemagglutination technique than from the results of infectivity tests in mice. Present evidence indicates that PVM may occur in 4 different states and that in each state it manifests distinctive properties.
DISINFECTION OF CLOUDS OF MENINGOPNEUMONITIS AND PSITTACOSIS VIRUSES WITH TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL VAPOR
Authors: Rosebury Theodor , Meiklejohn Gordon , Kingsland Lawrence C. , Boldt Martin H.
Published: June 2004

1. Triethylene glycol in excess of saturation, introduced as a vapor into a cloud chamber in which a dynamic cloud of either meningopneumonitis virus or psittacosis virus was developed simultaneously with, or in most instances subsequently to, the glycol cloud, induced distinct reduction in concentration of air-home virus, as measured both by cloud sampling in capillary impingers and by exposure of mice to the cloud. The relative humidity in the chamber was held between 35 and about 60 per cent.

2. Reduction of virus concentration in samplers, in glycol runs as compared with controls, ranged from 0 to 93 per cent (average, 62 per cent).

3. Reduction of infective response in mice, based on counts of focal lesions on lung surfaces, ranged from 55 to 98 per cent (average 73 per cent).
THE EFFECT OF LIPIDS AND SERUM ALBUMIN ON BACTERIAL GROWTH
Authors: Dubos René J.
Published: June 2004

Long chain fatty acids have been found to exhibit both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the growth of tubercle bacilli and of a certain unidentified micrococcus culture.

The toxicity of the fatty acids was much reduced or abolished by (a) esterification, even when the resulting product was a water-soluble ester, and (b) addition of crystalline serum albumin to the culture medium; other proteins tested were inactive in this respect.

Marked growth stimulation of the microorganisms studied was obtained when certain long chain fatty acids were added to the culture medium in the form of their water-soluble esters, or in admixture with adequate amounts of serum albumin.

Abundant growth of the micrococcus resulted from the addition of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, or arachidonic acid (0.0001 to 0.001 per cent) to a mineral medium containing glucose as sole source of carbon; in the case of this microbial species, none of the other substances tested could substitute for these unsaturated fatty acids.

Enhancement of growth of tubercle bacilli was obtained by adding to the medium 0.001 to 0.01 per cent of a variety of fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated) even in the absence of glucose or of any other readily available carbon compound.

These results suggest that long chain fatty acids can affect the growth of different microbial species through different metabolic channels and that, in order to study the mechanism of these metabolic and growth reactions, it is essential to use the fatty acids under conditions where they cannot manifest their toxic properties.
THE NUCLEIC ACID AND CARBOHYDRATE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Knight C. A.
Published: June 2004

Both ribonucleic and desoxyribonucleic acids have been obtained from purified particles of PR8 influenza virus. These particles were also found by extraction with formamide to contain carbohydrate in addition to that of the nucleic acids. Carbohydrate-rich fractions, essentially devoid of nucleic acid, were obtained not only from the particles representing PR8 virus but from those of Lee influenza virus as well. The carbohydrate in each case appeared to be a polysaccharide composed of mannose, galactose, and glucosamine units.
REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTAL MIXED INFLUENZA AND STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Wilson H. E. , Saslaw Samuel , Doan Charles A. , Woolpert O. C. , Schwab J. L.
Published: June 2004

1. The vital importance of the cellular defense forces in the resistance of the monkey to combined streptococcus and influenza virus infections has been demonstrated.

2. Some of the conditions prejudicial to the maintenance of an optimum cellular reserve in the infected animal have been revealed; viz., undernutrition, physical cold, intratracheal route of infection.

3. The potential threat exerted by latent foci of streptococci, and the importance, in relation to the combined infection with virus, of cellular and humoral immunity, together or separately, have been demonstrated. The essential rôle of optimum nutrition (notably as concerns the vitamin B complex, and folic acid specifically) in the prevention of disastrous illness from these infectious agents, individually or in combination, would seem to have been proven.

4. Signs of glomerular nephritis appeared in a significant number of monkeys receiving Streptococcus hemolyticus and influenza virus in sequence, followed by reinoculation or spontaneous reappearance of the streptococci.

5. Reinoculation of Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, resulted in a prompt "booster" increase in the opsonic index. Virus instillation was followed by just as sudden a depression in this index.

6. Reinoculation failed to evoke either the granulocytosis or the leucopenia in monkeys which are characteristic effects of the streptococcus and the virus respectively when these agents are introduced for the first time by way of the nasal mucous membrane.

7. Simultaneous intranasal inoculation of influenza virus, type A, and Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, in nutritionally normal Macaca mulatta failed to produce obvious signs of disease. In most of the animals, however, a streptococcus-induced leucocytosis followed by a delayed virus-induced granulopenia developed.

8. Inoculation of influenza virus followed in 4 to 17 days by streptococci produced obvious signs of disease in five of eleven animals which had become leucopenic as result of the action of the virus, and fatal streptococcal septicemia in two monkeys.

9. The development of signs of infection in previously healthy monkeys exposed to virus followed by streptococci confirms both the clinical and laboratory experience of other observers, that virus infection may predispose to secondary bacterial invasion, and, that at times, under unfavorable circumstances, the infection may become overwhelming. Although the complete mechanism of resistance is as yet not wholly clear, the depressant or inhibitory effect of the virus on both its cellular and humoral elements has been established.