bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Legislative Deterrence Measures on the Number of Asylum Applications in Switzerland (1986–1995)
Authors: Holzer Thomas , Schneider Gerald , Widmer Thomas
Published: June 2018

In the late eighties and early nineties, almost all Western European nations adopted an increasingly restrictive policy towards the growing number of asylum seekers. We develop a push-and-pull model and evaluate whether these newly created deterrence measures had a significant impact on the number of asylum applications in Switzerland. The statistical tests in the form of Box-Tiao intervention analyses shows that states are only partially able to control global migration. We particularly demonstrate that only one of the unilateral measures adopted by the Swiss government reached the main goal and led to a substantial reduction in the number of applications in 1990. Further, legal reforms did not affect the number of asylum requests of refugees fleeing from a violent conflict in the neighborhood of the host country.
Adaptation and Integration of Greek Working Class Immigrants in the City of Toronto, Canada: A Situational Approach
Authors: Nagata Judith A.
Published: June 2018

En abordant le problème de l'intégration des Grecs à Toronto, on a adopté la méthode de l'analyse de situation. Suivant l'exemple de plusieurs anthropologistes, cette méthode insiste moins sur l'identité au groupe de référence, et plus sur les exigences normatives d'institutions sociales et de situations particulières. Il ressort que le comportement des immigrants peut osciller entre “Grec” et “Canadien”, suivant les circonstances. Ce point de vue jette quelque doute sur les croyances traditionnelles suivant lesquelles il y a corrélation entre la durée de résidence et le degré d'intégration. Les résultats indiquent que, en dépit d'une forte persistance de conservatisme culturel grec à la première génération, ceci peut être renforcé artificiellement par des contraintes extérieures ou laissé de côté en faveur des exigences des institutions canadiennes pour une plus grande ascension sociale. En parvenant au succès dans la société-hôtesse, toutefois, les membres de la deuxième génération peuvent de nouveau revenir au conservatisme grec sous la forme d'une participation active aux organisations ethniques.
Alien Commuters in United States Labor Markets
Authors: Jones Lamar B.
Published: June 2018

En réponse à l'interêt du public et des specialistes, pour les problèmes des émigrants, le Gouvernaient des Etas Unis a fait approuver une loi en 1965 pour reformer la politique d'immigration du pays.

Dans ce numéro le Sénateur Edward M. Kennedy et Peter Rodino, membre de la Chambre des Représentants, parlent du point de vue actuel du Congrès Americain vis à vis de l'immigration. De leurs commentaires il semble clair que la préoccupation du Gouvernment Fédéral se centre sur les problèmes de la durée des années de résidence aux Etas Unis, après laquelle un émigrant ne peut pas être renvoyer; Sur la nécéssité de fixer un nombre global d'immigrants, sans distinction de continent; sur la priorité à donner soit aux émigrants qui viennent pour rejoindre leurs familles, soit aux ouvriers spécialisés et aux techniciens, soit aux refugiés politiques; et sur les autres questions similaires.

La loi du 1965 n'a pas changé la précédente résponsabilité des bureaux fédéraux d'immigration, comme le montrent les articles de M. Raymond Farrel, Commissaire du Service d'immigration et Naturalisation, de M. Arnold R. Weber, sous-sécrétaire au Travail, et de Barbara Watson, qui dirige le bureau de l'Assurance et des Affaires Consulaires du Département de l'Etat.

Bien que la loi du 1965 ait amélioré la legislation précédente, elle a cependant laisser irrésolu certains problèmes, qui concernent soit les pays d'émigration, soit les Etas Units. Ces problèmes sont, par exemple, le commerce des cerveaux, la qualification du travail, et les frontaliers.

Les problèmes sont discutés dans les articles de Ruth Murphy, Vice-President Exécutif de la Conférence Américaine pour l'Immigration et la Naturalisation, qui représente les agences volontaires travaillant dans le Département des immigrants et par Lamar B. Tones, profésseur d'Economie à l'Université de la Louisienne qui, dans sa réflexion, envisage à la fois les interêts pratiques et la recherche académique.
Immigrant Absorption and Religion
Authors: Mol J. J.
Published: June 2018

Dr. Mol, Professor, Sociology of Religion, McMaster University, Canada, and Secretary of Sociology of Religion Committee of the International Sociological Association, is pursuing, among other things, the relationship of religious membership to the assimilation of immigrants. As he states in the article, he his aware that “for larger, more elaborate theories of immigrant adjustment and for comprehensive empirical studies additional, more refined concepts have to be introduced.” However the editors feel that as an introduction to this important aspect of the assimilation of migrants, the present article is a stimulating pioneering effort.
Region of Origin and Rural-Urban Migration in Mexico: Some General Comments and a Case Study of Entrepreneurial Migration from the West
Authors: Rollwagen Jack R.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the question of the representativeness of the findings on rural-urban migration in Mexico and the effect that the selection of cases from one greographical region has upon generalizations about rural-urban migration in Mexico in general. The conclusion presented is that generalizations about migration based on research in any one region of Mexico lead to biased statements concerning the total process of rural-urban migration in Mexico. Data on rural-urban migration from a village in western Mexico is presented and compared with material contained in three published studies of migration from villages in southern Mexico to illustrate region-related variations.
Undocumented Immigration from Mexico: Research Report
Authors: Bustamante Jorge A.
Published: June 2018

This paper focuses on three aspects of the undocumented immigration from Mexico to the United States. First is presented, a statement on the state of the art regarding the empirical research on this phenomenon; second is, a review of what we know on some of the characteristics of this migration and the presentation of preliminary findings of a survey conducted by the author in nine Mexican border cities, based on interviews with Mexican undocumented emigrants recently deported from the United States; and third is, a discussion on past attempts to solve the problems and some suggestions on how it might be solved.
Differentials in the Ability to Convert Education into Income: The Case of the European Ethnics
Authors: Martin Walter T. , Poston Dudley L.
Published: June 2018

This paper investigates the extent to which European immigrant groups to the United States differentially convert their educational attainment into income. Particular attention is given to variations among 1st generation immigrants and three types of second generation immigrants. We find that 2nd generation male immigrants with foreign-born fathers and native-born mothers are best able to convert their education into income. Empirical analyses reported are based on data drawn from a public use sample of the 1970 U.S. Census of Population.
Creating the Reserve Army? The Immigration Program of Sao Paulo, 1886–1930
Authors: Holloway Thomas H.
Published: June 2018

This paper analyzes the relationship among coffee labor needs, the flow of immigrants to Sao Paulo, and the immigration policies of the state government from the decline of slavery in the 1880s to the onset of the Great Depression. Generally, the study seeks to determine to what degree and by what criteria the immigration program of São Paulo may be considered a “success”. The author uses this, then to help specify the changing relationship between the coffee planters and the state government.
Intermarriage among Spanish Surnamed Californians, 1962–1974
Authors: Schoen Robert , Nelson Verne E. , Collins Marion
Published: June 2018

The nature and extent of outgroup marriage among Mexican Americans in California during the 1962–1974 period is analyzed here through marriage records coded to indicate the Spanish surname status of the bride and groom. A high level of outmarriage was found, on the order of one-third to two-fifths of those marrying. Differentials in outmarriage proportions by age and sex were examined and tended to be relatively small. More substantial differentials were found with regard to marriage order, where higher order marriages of Spanish surnamed persons were more likely than first marriages to involve a non-Spanish surnamed partner. The largest differentials were generational, with Spanish surnamed persons not born in Mexico much more likely to outmarry than were those born in Mexico.
A Geographical Appraisal of Transfrontier Commuting in Western Europe: The Example of Alsace
Authors: Tuppen J.N.
Published: June 2018

Despite the restrictions which political boundaries may place upon movement, daily international transfers of labor have increased substantially in Western Europe since the early 1960s. The phenomenon is particularly intense in the French border region of Alsace from which, in 1976, over 27,000 frontaliers moved to work in either Western Germany or Switzerland. Workers are generally young and possess only limited qualifications; they appear strongly motivated by the high relative value of a German or Swiss salary, but are also influenced by factors such as job availability and working conditions. These movements pose various problems for economic development in Alsace.
Occupational Adjustment of Refugees: The Vietnamese in the United States
Authors: Stein Barry N.
Published: June 2018

This paper provides a detailed description of the pattern of occupational adjustment of the Vietnamese refugees to the United States and compares their experiences with other recent refugee and immigrant groups, such as the refugees from Nazism, the Hungarian refugees, the Cuban refugees, two immigrant groups, one to Canada and one to the United States.
New York City and the New Caribbean Immigration: A Contextual Statement
Authors: Bryce-Laporte Roy Simón
Published: June 2018

This paper explores the socio-historical, demographic and cultural aspects of Caribbean migration to New York as a traditional entrepôt of immigration and as an indicator of the degree of economic and political development of the United States. The Caribbean emigration movement is an old one and predominantly urban in character. The recent increase in the Caribbean presence in New York City implies serious changes for its cultural and ethnic configuration, greater cosmopolitization, and international linkages. Similarly, the movement emphasizes the need for a new and more egalitarian, integrated and multi-level public policy and attitude on the part of the United States toward these immigrants, their source countries, and their cities of settlement.
International Migration from the Dominican Republic: Findings from a National Survey
Authors: Ugalde Antonio , Bean Frank D. , Cárdenas Gilbert
Published: June 2018

The Dominican migration to the United States has been primarily directed to the New York area. The officially reported addresses given by Dominican aliens to the INS suggest a heavy concentration in the New York/New Jersey region. Using survey data, this study seeks to provide a profile of international Dominican migrants most of whom come to the United States. Reasons for migration by age, sex, and social strata are discussed, and an examination of return migration patterns is presented.
Garifuna Settlement in New York: A New Frontier
Authors: González Nancie L.
Published: June 2018

Over more than a 200 year period, the Garifuna (Black Caribs) have become increasingly dependent upon migratory wage labor. Lately this has involved women as well as men, and a primary destination of this movement has been the United States. This article describes the process and explores the implications of this new phase for the maintenance of traditional sociocultural forms, both at home and in New York City.
International Migration Trends in Latin America: Research and Data Survey
Authors: Kritz Mary M. , Gurak Douglas T.
Published: June 2018

Since the 1950s, international migration in Latin America has been transformed from immigration from extra-regional sources, to migration among countries within Latin America itself. While this shift has been noted in the literature, its systematic study remains in its infancy. This paper provides an overview of the literature dealing with international migration in Latin America, and it addresses problems with transit and census data for the region. In addition, the main themes of the other papers of this issue are introduced and several lines of needed research are suggested.
International Migration Policies in Latin America
Authors: Torrado Susana
Published: June 2018

This paper examines international migration policies in Latin America in the context of the two major flows currently taking place: labor migrations of unskilled workers between bordering countries which are characterized by unequal levels of development; and the migration of highly skilled persons, both to (European skilled immigrants) and from (brain drain to industrialized countries) the region. There are major gaps in policy formulations on the labor migrations of unskilled workers in spite of the size of the movements and the human and national interest involved. On the migration of skilled personnel, Latin American governments have tried some policies but, unfortunately, these have not been successful.
Shifting Patterns in Migration from Bordering Countries to Argentina: 1914–1970
Authors: Carrón Juan M.
Published: June 2018

During the 20th Century the pattern of immigration to Argentina has changed in several important ways. During the 1914 to 1947 period, immigrants from border areas tended to locate in the interior areas which were experiencing economic growth. From 1947 to 1960 some of these immigrants began to locate in the Buenos Aires area, but the majority continued to settle in the interior which was now experiencing economic decline. During the 1960–1970 period, border country immigrants were settling predominantly in the Buenos Aires area where they sought work in the stagnant areas of the economy. These shifts in the geographic and occupational locations of immigrants from border countries reflect the role of immigration in the adaptation of the economy to crisis.
Fascist Emigration Policy in the 1920s: An Interpretive Framework
Authors: Cannistraro Philip V. , Rosoli Gianfausto
Published: June 2018

This article delineates the general trends and patterns of emigration policy as it evolved within the Fascist government during the 1920s, explaining that policy in the broader context of official theory.
Intergenerational Change in Ethnic Identity in the Puerto Rican Family
Authors: Rogler Lloyd H. , Cooney Rosemary Santana , Ortiz Vilma
Published: June 2018

This research focuses upon intergenerational changes in ethnic identity within the family. The analysis is guided by the theoretical postulate that ethnic identity is influenced by receptivity to external influences stemming from the host society and by length of exposure to the new host environment. Findings indicate that both education and age at arrival have significant independent effects upon the ethnic identity of mothers, fathers and children and that the child's education and age at arrival are significantly and independently related to changes in ethnic identity in the family.
History and Trends in U.S. Bound Migration from a Mexican Town
Authors: Reichert Josh , Massey Douglas S.
Published: June 2018

This article examines historical trends in U.S. bound migration from a rural Mexican town. The data consist of detailed migration histories collected for all town residents in 1978. From these histories, successive migrant cohorts were constructed for the period 1940–1978. Analysis of these cohorts indicates that prior to 1965, migration was limited primarily to males working in the United States as braceros. Since 1965, migration has been characterized by the increased participation of women and children, and by the growing predominance of legal U.S. residents among migrants. Trends in the size and composition of migrant cohorts over the thirty-eight year period are related to shifting U.S. immigration policies.
Part I: Overview: Some Thoughts about Refugees and the Descendants of Theseus
Authors: Rose Peter I.
Published: June 2018

Refugees: A word that conjures up images of sad-eyed children with bloated bellies in dusty border camps. Refugees. Alexander Solzhenitsyn and his friends at a press conference in Zurich. Refugees. A family of bewildered Vietnamese arriving at a snowy airport in northern Minnesota. Refugees. A group of sullen Cubans behind a cyclone fence on an old army post in Arkansas. Refugees. Two elderly Soviet Jews being lionized at a community center in New Jersey.
The UNHCR and Relief Operations: A Changing Role
Authors: Cuny Frederick C.
Published: June 2018

This article briefly explores the changing role of the UNHCR and the requirements that must be met to make this role more effective.
The Political Refugee: 35 Years Later
Authors: Beyer Gunther
Published: June 2018

This article describes the human and socioeconomic aspects of the political refugee problem before and after World War II, and explains the facts which caused the flows of forced migrations throughout the world.
Refugee Asylum: Policy and Legislative Developments
Authors: Jaeger Gilbert
Published: June 2018

This article highlights the development of new facts and trends concerning asylum to and protection of refugees, especially between 1975 and 1980. Asylum is singled out as the fundamental act of protection and dealt with from its position in international law.
Part III: Policy Responses: Voluntary Agencies and Government Policy
Authors: Winkler Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

This article examines the role of the voluntary agencies as intermediary between government policy and refugee assistance. This is explored through the four facets of assistance: advocacy; education; program initiatives; and policy implementation.
Immigration Policies and Refugees in Australia
Authors: Price Charles
Published: June 2018

An examination of immigration policies shows that Australia modified its White Australia Policy of 1901–1958 to meet the needs of displaced persons and refugees during the past thirty years.
Refugee Act of 1980
Authors: Kennedy Edward M.
Published: June 2018

This article traces the legislative history of the Refugee Act of 1980, identifies the goals Congress intended to achieve, discusses its implementation in relation to the recent influx of Cuban refugees and shows how it can be utilized beneficially in the future.
Refugee Dynamics: Angolans in Zambia 1966 to 1972
Authors: Hansen Art
Published: June 2018

The following study of Angolan refugees in Zambia examines the decision-making dynamics of refugee movements, documents a case of extensive self-settlement, describes the background to the refugee movement, and briefly compares the welfare of self-settling refugees and those who are in government schemes.
Africa's Resettlement Strategies
Authors: Rogge John R.
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the options for African asylum states in their attempts to support large refugee communities, given the limited resources that most have at their disposal.
The Lithuanian Refugee Experience and Grief
Authors: Baškauskas Liucija
Published: June 2018

This article argues that though a population of refugees may experience the process of assimilation/acculturation as well as that of multiple identity formation with ever changing group boundary maintenance mechanisms, they also experience grief, which accounts for a variety of their individual and collective behaviors.
Occupational Assimilation of Refugees
Authors: Finnan Christine Robinson
Published: June 2018

This article presents a model explaining how refugee communities help their members accept downward occupational mobility usually associated with refugee resettlement. The article describes how refugees shape an image of themselves consistent with the occupational role, while they shape an image of the role consistent with their self-images.
Part VI: Resources: The Refugee Experience: Defining the Parameters of a Field of Study
Authors: Stein Barry N.
Published: June 2018

This article deals with the following stages of the refugee experience: perception of a threat; decision to flee; the period of extreme danger and flight; reaching safety; camp behavior; repatriation, settlement or resettlement; the early and late stages of resettlement; adjustment and acculturation; and residual states and changes in behavior caused by the refugee experience.
West Indian Migration to the United States Virgin Islands: Demographic Impacts and Socioeconomic Consequences
Authors: de Albuquerque Klaus , McElroy Jerome L.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the movements of British West Indians to the United States Virgin Islands. It emphasizes the demographic impact on the host society and the underlying socioeconomic forces and legal framework.
Lebanese Migration and Settlement in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Burnley I. H.
Published: June 2018

The Lebanese have become one of the largest immigrant populations in Australia and mark a major departure from the earliest preference for British and Continental European settlers. The recent migration of Lebanese has intensified religious diversity in Australia with Moslem, Maronite Christian, Antiochan Orthodox, Melkite and Druze communities all being in evidence. Over three-quarters of the more than 45,000 Lebanese in Australia, as the result of strong village chain migrations, have settled in metropolitan Sydney where many have formed separate religious and village clusters based strongly on kin ties, rather than anyone Lebanese ethnic quarter. While quite strong residential concentration has occurred this resembles that of immigrant populations from southern Europe and while higher unemployment has occurred recently, there is evidence of considerable residential mobility and dispersion within the first generation in Sydney.
The Political Integration of Mexican American Children: A Generational Analysis
Authors: Lamare James W.
Published: June 2018

This article investigates the integration of various generations of Chicano children into the United States political system. Specifically, it focuses upon the assimilation and acculturation of these children into prevailing American political orientations. Even with controls for socioeconomic status, language environment and education, generational experiences structure the political views of these children. There is a linear progression of political integration from the newcomers through the second generation. Third generation Chicanos, however, recede in their political assimilation and acculturation.
The Role of Households in International Migration and the Case of U. S. -Bound Migration from the Dominican Republic
Authors: Pessar Patricia R.
Published: June 2018

Analysis of the role of the household in migration necessitates a theoretical framework that encompasses both variables. This study of Dominican migration contributes to this goal by exploring several propositions. Principal among these is the claim that the structure within which Dominican migration occurs is capital's requirement for a continuous stream of cheap, vulnerable labor and the need of households to reproduce themselves at an historically and culturally prescribed level of maintenance. The article's emphasis on household strategies clarifies several important issues, such as variation in the rates of migration among groups in the same peripheral area, the increased improvishment of nonmigrant members of sending communities, and the intensified dependency of emigrant households on the core economy.
Sex, Ethnicity and Chicano Status Attainment
Authors: Tienda Marta
Published: June 2018

Using data from the 1979 Chicano Survey, this study analyzes the determinants of status attainment among the U.S. population of Mexican descent. The process of status attainment is essentially the same for Chicano men and women, although women experience a net handicap for current occupation attainment. Close ethnic attachment, measured by language and association, does not lower socioeconomic attainment; in fact, Spanish competency has a positive effect upon the status of first job. The importance of a structural understanding of ethnicity, rather than a cultural interpretation, is stressed for future research on Chicano stratification.
Immigrants and Minorities: Old Questions for Mew Directions in Research
Authors: Hirschman Charles
Published: June 2018

This article examines the questions and issues that should be included in the study of immigrant and ethnic group socioeconomic progress. Assimilation, opportunity structures and institutional responses to minorities and immigrants are discussed.
Fertility Variation among the U. S. Foreign Stock Population in 1900
Authors: Guest Avery M.
Published: June 2018

In the late nineteenth century, the United States population included a large number of first and second generation immigrants from European countries, often with relatively high fertility levels. This article investigates the degree to which fertility behavior changed as a result of social structural characteristics of the environment such as urbanization and children's role, the diffusion of fertility values and information from the native population, and the role of cultural values or resistance to change. On the whole, little evidence is found that adaptation was culturally unique, although groups maintained distinctive fertility levels over generations. Substantial evidence suggests that immigrant women modified their fertility behavior as a consequence of social structural factors and contact with the native U.S. population.
Community Structure and Vietnamese Refugee Adaptation: The Significance of Context
Authors: Starr Paul D. , Roberts Alden E.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the significance of understanding the refugee experience as a product of the relationship between individual refugees and the larger social context or environment. It suggests that studies focusing upon such relationships, linking both micro and macrolevel data, could provide useful insights about refugee adaptation in varied contexts. To illustrate the usefulness of such an approach, an analysis of the effects of community structure upon the adjustment of a sample of Vietnamese refugees in America is presented.
The Decline of the Finnish American Left 1925–1945
Authors: Kivisto Peter
Published: June 2018

Finnish immigrants have frequently been cited as the most politically radical ethnic group in America during the first three decades of the twentieth century, as indicated by the support they provided to the major left-wing organizations of the time. However, by 1945 this tendency was dissipating. Although political repression and nativist asperity were significant factors in undermining the left, they do not fully account for the downfall of leftist support. This article examines four other major factors: 1) the Bolshevization of the American left; 2) mass emigration to the Soviet Union; 3) the erosion of the ethnic community; and 4) the emergence of the “New American Society”.
International and Internal Migration Decision Making: A Value-Expectancy Based Analytical Framework of Intentions to Move from a Rural Philippine Province
Authors: De Jong Gordon F. , Abad Ricardo G. , Arnold Fred , Cariño Benjamin V. , Fawcett James T. , Gardner Robert W.
Published: June 2018

This study compares determinants of internal and international migration intentions, drawing upon interview data from a sample of adults in Ilocos Norte, a largely rural province in the Philippines. A regression model is applied to test the relative determinants of intentions to migrate to Manila and to Hawaii. The study is based on a value-expectancy model of migration decision making. The results document the importance of subjective expectations related to the attainment of different values and goals in Manila and Hawaii.
Transitional Labor: Undocumented Workers in the Los Angeles Automobile Industry
Authors: Morales Rebecca
Published: June 2018

This article examines the employment of undocumented workers by Los Angeles manufacturers of automobile parts. It suggests that this is part of a broad trend towards primary labor market erosion. The labor force is termed transitional because it is seen as facilitating firms during the current period of industrial change. Insight into the role of these workers is derived from eight case studies representing 926 workers. Regressions on the determinants of wages and the percent undocumented in the workplace are developed from 21 firms and 2,321 workers.
Themes on Circulation in the Third World
Authors: Chapman Murray , Prothero R. Mansell
Published: June 2018

This article focuses upon circulation, or reciprocal flows of people, with specific reference to Third World societies. The many forms of circulation in Third World societies have lead to a profusion of terms, which efforts at constructing typologies have attempted to codify. Such attempts have underlined the lack of in-depth and longitudinal data to test classificatory frameworks. Explanatory models are similarly numerous: The partial nature of such explanations, as well as the lack of scholarly attention to circulation within rural areas, stresses the need for integrated theory and for data to be collected simultaneously at several levels of enquiry both through and across time. The broader contribution of Third World studies of circulation lies in the transfer of methods and concepts to societies and populations different from those from which they initially evolved and in which they were first tested.
The Labor Supply of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Borjas George J.
Published: June 2018

Several recent studies have begun the systematic analysis of the labor market characteristics of Hispanics in the United States. This research has focused on two related issues: a) how the immigration and assimilation experience affects Hispanic earnings;2 and b) the measurement of wage differentials between Hispanics and non-Hispanics.3 The main findings of this research are that the earnings of (some) Hispanic immigrants rise rapidly after immigration; and that the wage differential between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites is generally due to differences in observable skill characteristics. This article extends previous research by focusing on another labor market characteristic: the labor supply of Hispanic immigrants.4
Introduction
Authors: Kubat Daniel
Published: June 2018

“At some future point in world civilization, it may well be discovered that right to free and open movements of people on the surface of the earth is fundamental to the structure of human opportunity and is therefore basic in the same sense as free religion, speech and franchise”. Roger Nett, ETHICS 81: 218
Singapore's Foreign Workforce: Some Reflections on its Benefits and Costs
Authors: Stahl Charles W.
Published: June 2018

This article provides some empirical information pertaining to the benefits and costs of foreign labor to Singapore and subjects to critical analysis some of Pang and Lim's hypotheses concerning the costs of labor importation presented in a previous article in this journal. The article concludes with a discussion of the real cost to Malaysia of Singapore's labor importation policies and its potential for disruption of Malaysia's development plans.
Canada's Guestworkers: Some Comparisons of Temporary Workers in Europe and North America
Authors: Wong Lloyd T.
Published: June 2018

Historically, as the new world opened up, many of the 60 to 70 million migrants who arrived in the Americas between 1800 and 1930 intended to make a permanent settlement and break with their homelands, while others intended to eventually re-migrate home. Contemporary migration increasingly includes the flow of temporary workers along with the flow of permanent settlers. Böhning (1979), as noted in Martin and Richards (1980:9), cites a current situation of increased migration pressure in the world at a time when most countries are moving to restrict immigration. Furthermore, Miller (1981:xv) notes:

The world today is awash with international migrants; legally admitted foreign workers, illegal aliens, political refugees, and, proportionally fewer, fewer than heretofore, permanent immigrants…international migration increasingly encompasses either legally admitted foreign workers who are expected and sometimes constrained to repatriate after sojourns abroad or illegal aliens who enter a country outside the ambit of immigration law.
Media, Migrants and Marginalization: The Situation in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Oepen Manfred
Published: June 2018

Imagine a city somewhere; a fairly large city of 130,000 inhabitants, where the citizens have an unusually imbalanced communication, infrastructure. Although 90 percent of the population own a radio, they receive only one hour and thirty minutes of broadcasting a day. Although 90 percent own a TV set they receive only forty-five minutes of TV programs every second week. Movies are shown irregularly, maybe once a week. Five dailies and a dozen magazines in the local language are available but, since they are imported from abroad their content is irrelevant to the people. A dozen libraries hold fewer than 31,000 books. Cultural events like theater or dance and song performances are scarce, with no more than two or three per month.

One would expect this city to be someplace in the Third World. Yet, it is the fourth largest Turkish city. However, it is not located in Turkey, but may be found in the very center of Europe—Berlin.
Economic Development: The Middle Class and International Migration in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Bray David
Published: June 2018

The Dominican Republic is classified as one of a group of Latin American and Caribbean countries whose international migratory flows appear to be primarily composed of the urban middle class, rather than the rural poor. It is argued that Dominican middle class international migration has emerged as a partial solution to a political economic crisis that was dramatized by the April Revolution of 1965 and deepened through the 1970s with the failure of industrialization strategies to generate significant changes in the class structure.
The Social and Emotional Adjustment of Immigrant Children: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Aronowitz Michael
Published: June 2018

This article reviews the existing research on the prevalence of social and emotional adjustment problems among immigrant children, examines the findings on the kinds of adjustment problems exacerbated by migration or particular to immigrant school children and reviews and assesses effectiveness of intervention programs developed specifically to aid such children. Also considered is a theoretical framework which would facilitate conceptualizing the process of immigration among children, their particular needs, and how these might best be met by primary and secondary preventive mental health interventions.
Turkish Migration and Workforce Participation in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Manderson Lenore , Inglis Christine
Published: June 2018

The structure of labor markets and the nature of the participation in them of various social groups such as migrants has increasingly become an area of concern for planners in social welfare and migration policy as well as for those concerned with the broader theoretical questions of the nature and changes in the patterns of class relations and stratification. This article presents a detailed qualitative analysis of individual patterns of workforce participation. In particular, it focuses on the work experiences of a group of Turkish women and their husbands in Sydney, Australia.
The Recent Migrations of Belize, Central America
Authors: Everitt John C.
Published: June 2018

The study of migrations in Central America has become a topic of considerable interest and debate in the past few years both because of the interesting number of people involved and because of the increasing number of countries concerned with these movement networks (Lippman and Diaz-Briquets, 1981:8–11). Underlying these discussions about migration is the very real fact that migration “can profoundly alter a community or an entire country within a short time” (Weeks, 1981:149), and recent migrations into and out of Belize support this contention.
Irregular Migration: Policy Responses in Africa and Asia
Authors: Brennan Ellen M.
Published: June 2018

This article presents an overview of policies adopted to curb or respond to irregular migration flows. The article is presented in two sections. The first section, which is an overview of policies adopted in all regions of the world and in both developed and developing countries, attempts to show that there are a number of similarities in the decision-making process and in the content of policies that cut across regional lines and levels of development. The second section discusses policies adopted by governnments in Africa asnd Asia — regions that have been relatively neglected in policy analyses of irregular migration.
Argentine Experience in the Field of Illegal Immigration
Authors: Villar Juan Manuel
Published: June 2018

The processes which gave rise to and then increased migration from contiguous states to Argentina and the context in which it took place are examined in this article. Argentine policies toward foreigners from nearby countries helped to initiate deficiencies in the Argentine administrative system devised to regulate migrant entry and sojourn. These deficiencies consequently influenced the evolution of the illegal alien phenomenon, particularly in the availability of various types of temporary residency permits. This evolution ultimately led to widespread overstaying and the subsequent needs for legalization.
The Politics of Immigration Reform
Authors: Simpson Alan K.
Published: June 2018

The U.S. is the target for international migration, more now than ever. Population growth and economic stagnation in the Third World are increasing the pressures for outmigration, and current immigration law is wholly incapable of responding to the ever increasing flow of illegal immigrants. Border apprehensions of illegal aliens in the U.S. were up 40 percent during 1983, and total apprehensions reached 1.25 million by the year's end.1 Recent public opinion polls have disclosed that an overwhelming majority of the American public demands immigration reform, and yet we as a nation have been distinctly unwilling or unable to respond to this clear public sentiment. This article will discuss the politics of the issue: the current “Simpson-Mazzoli” Immigration Reform and Control Act, previous immigration legislation, current counterproposals for U.S. immigration policy, and the political realities of immigration reform.
Research on Undocumented Immigrants and Public Policy: A Study of the Texas School Case
Authors: Flores Estevan T.
Published: June 2018

The Texas School Case arose over an attempt to deny undocumented immigrant children (irregular status migrants) access to public education. This article reviews and evaluates the case and social, political and educational issues pertinent to it. It further provides social and demographic data from a sample of parents of undocumented children while analyzing the international ramifications of the case.
Major Obstacles to Control of Irregular Migrations: Prerequisites to Policy
Authors: Moulier-Boutang Yann , Garson Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2018

This article examines three basic obstacles thwarting all attempts to reduce irregular migration. The first, rather well known and analyzed, underscores the dependency of all regulation of migratory flows on the system of economic and political relations between developed and developing countries. The second obstacle resides in the persistance and growth of subsequent dependent irregular migration. This obstacle also reveals the relative autonomy of population movements compared with the employment situation in the labor market. The third, generally ignored obstacle, is the role played by migration itself, particularly the discriminatory status of foreign workers in the labor market, in producing irregular migration.
Immigration: An International Economic Perspective
Authors: Marshall Ray
Published: June 2018

An effective American immigration policy has been complicated by the diversity of political interests and the absence of reliable statistics to determine the magnitude of the impact on the American economy. Estimates1 of the number of illegal aliens in the U.S. range from one to twelve million.2 While political biases and complexities and data inadequacies complicate our analysis, some generalizations, examined in this essay, seem to be confirmed by worldwide experience.
Immigration Reform in France and the United States: Reflections and Documentation
Authors: De Wenden Catherine Wihtol , Costa-Lascoux Jacqueline
Published: June 2018

Similarities and dissimilarities in France and American efforts to come to grips with irregular migration are analyzed. The symbolic importance of immigration reform is argued to be a key political concern in both nations although the politics of immigration reform has assumed a more partisan flavor in France particularly since the municipal elections of 1983.
Venezuela: Illegal Immigration from Colombia
Authors: Pellegrino Adela
Published: June 2018

This study examines the insertion of illegal Colombian immigrants in Venezuela.

The geographic distribution of Colombians shows the majority of them to be located in frontier states. This is quite logical considering geographic and cultural proximity. At the time of the 1950 census, 77.5 out of every 100 Colombians living in Venezuela, were in the states of Tachira and Zulia; by the 1971 census, the percentage had decreased to 60 percent.
Female Predominance in Immigration to the United States since 1930: A First Look
Authors: Houstoun Marion F. , Kramer Roger G. , Barrett Joan Mackin
Published: June 2018

After a brief comparative discussion of postwar international migration flows, this article analyzes U.S. statistics on the characteristics of immigrants to the United States, by sex; discusses the reasons for the predominance of female immigrants since 1930; and lays the statistical groundwork for future analyses of its implications for the U.S.
Immigration, Gender and the Process of Occupational Change in the United States, 1970–80
Authors: Tienda Marta , Jensen Leif , Bach Robert L.
Published: June 2018

This paper documents the changes in the occupational allocation of native and foreign-born women between 1970 and 1980 and decomposes the observed changes into an industry shift, and intra-industry occupational recomposition shift, and an interaction of these two main effects. Our finding that the allocation of immigrant women into two blue-collar occupations (laborers and farm laborers) and immigrant men into four blue-collar occupations (operatives, service workers, laborers and farm laborers) increased at a faster rate than the growth of the immigrant workforce indicates the advancement of a process of occupational succession whereby immigrants are channeled into jobs vacated by domestic workers. This interpretation is particularly suggested for the expansion of immigrant workers in the operative (men only) and farm laborer (both men and women) occupations because employment has declined continuously in these job categories since World War II.
The Labor Market Experience of Female Migrants: The Case of Temporary Mexican Migration to the U.S.
Authors: Kossoudji Sherrie A. , Ranney Susan I.
Published: June 2018

In spite of the public debate surrounding Mexican migration to the United States, little is known about the labor market activities of the female component of this flow. This article, using a Mexican national survey, provides a characterization of the labor market activities of temporary female migrants. The roles of schooling, work experience, origin region in Mexico, and legal status are discussed in comparing female and male migrants’ working experiences.
Notes on the Incorporation of Third World Women into Wage-Labor through Immigration and Off-Shore Production
Authors: Sassen-Koob Saskia
Published: June 2018

The focus is on the growth of export-production in Third World countries and on the massive increase in Third World immigration to the U.S. Both have taken place over the last fifteen years and both contain as one constitutive trait the incorporation of Third World women into waged employment on a scale that can be seen as representing a new phase in the history of women. The article posits that there is a systemic relation between this globalization and feminization of wage-labor.
Female Employment and the Social Reproduction of the Puerto Rican Working Class
Authors: Safa Helen I.
Published: June 2018

This article assesses the contribution women make to the social reproduction of working class families in Puerto Rico, a society which has undergone rapid industrialization, migration and urbanization in the period since 1940. The first part of this paper will attempt to explain this phenomenon through an analysis of the role of women in the industrialization process in Puerto Rico. In the second part we shall move to a micro-level of analysis in order to understand the impact which women's earnings have on the household economy. Both levels of analysis are necessary if we are to understand the role of women in the social reproduction of working class families in a developing society like Puerto Rico.
The Linkage between the Household and Workplace of Dominican Women in the U.S
Authors: Pessar Patricia R.
Published: June 2018

This article explores the interdependence between the household and workplace in the lives of Dominican, immigrant women. Ethnographic research documents that while women's participation in wage work contributes to an improvement in domestic social relations, these household level changes do not in turn stimulate modifications in female workers’ consciousness and demands for improved working conditions. Paradoxically, the beliefs about immigration and work which are rooted in the family, and the immigration goals that are realized through household cooperation, militate against working class identification and organized resistance in the workplace.
The Workday Routines of Turkish Women in Federal Republic of Germany: Results of a Pilot Study
Authors: Münscher Alice
Published: June 2018

International economic crises have pushed many migrants out of employment. At the same time, insecure, unstable and poorly paid jobs increasingly have become available, particularly to women, for whom the already narrow spectrum of available employment opportunities has been even more limited through various restrictions on their entry into the labor market. This article is based on results of a pilot survey of Turkish women in Federal Republic of Germany. The interrelationships between women's roles outside and inside the family and the effects of paid work on women are also discussed.