bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tillage, Crop Residue Management and Nutrient Levels on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Naveen Parangi , Lakshmi Y. Siva , Rekha K. Bhanu , Anjaiah T.
Published: November 2023

A field study was conducted during rabi season of 2022 at Maize Research Centre, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University, Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. The experiment comprised of 12 treatment combinations laid out in a split–plot design with three replications. The main–plot treatments included four different tillage practices:M1-Conventional tillage (Plough + Cultivator + Rotovator), M2-Residue incorporation (After 10 days of spreading the haulms, only rotovator was run), M3- Residue incorporation (After spreading the haulms, microbial consortium was sprayed and after 10 days only rotovator was run) and M4- Zero-tillage (only microbial consortium was sprayed on the haulms). Sub–plot treatments included three nutrient levels: N1- 100% RDF (240-80-80 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1), N2: 100% RDN & P and 50% RDK (240-80-40 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1), and N3: 87.5% of RDN, 75% RDP and 75% RDK (210-60-60 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1). Results revealed that, among the tillage practices, residue incorporation (M3) had recorded significantly higher growth attributes like plant height, leaf area, dry matter production and chlorophyll content (SPAD) at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest stages and yield of maize and it was on par with zero-tillage (M4) whereas all the parameters were significantly lower in conventional tillage (M1). Among the different nutrient levels, N1(100% RDF) had shown significantly superior performance in terms of  growth attributes and yield of maize and it was on par with N2 (100% RDN & P and 50% RDK) whereas N3(87.5% of RDN, 75% RDP and 75% RDK) recorded significantly lower growth attributes and yield of maize .The interaction effect due to tillage and nutrient levels on plant height, leaf area, dry matter production, chlorophyll content (SPAD) at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest and yield was non- significant.
Fairness of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Foregone Preventive Dental Care for Adults
Authors: Schuch Helena Silveira , Furtado Mariane , Silva Gabriel Ferreira dos Santos , Kawachi Ichiro , Chiavegatto Filho Alexandre D. P. , Elani Hawazin W.
Published: November 2023

Importance

Access to routine dental care prevents advanced dental disease and improves oral and overall health. Identifying individuals at risk of foregoing preventive dental care can direct prevention efforts toward high-risk populations.

Objective

To predict foregone preventive dental care among adults overall and in sociodemographic subgroups and to assess the algorithmic fairness.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prognostic study was a secondary analyses of longitudinal data from the US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) from 2016 to 2019, each with 2 years of follow-up. Participants included adults aged 18 years and older. Data analysis was performed from December 2022 to June 2023.

Exposure

A total of 50 predictors, including demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health conditions, behaviors, and health services use, were assessed.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The outcome of interest was foregoing preventive dental care, defined as either cleaning, general examination, or an appointment with the dental hygienist, in the past year.

Results

Among 32 234 participants, the mean (SD) age was 48.5 (18.2) years and 17 386 participants (53.9%) were female; 1935 participants (6.0%) were Asian, 5138 participants (15.9%) were Black, 7681 participants (23.8%) were Hispanic, 16 503 participants (51.2%) were White, and 977 participants (3.0%) identified as other (eg, American Indian and Alaska Native) or multiple racial or ethnic groups. There were 21 083 (65.4%) individuals who missed preventive dental care in the past year. The algorithms demonstrated high performance, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.84-0.85) in the overall population. While the full sample model performed similarly when applied to White individuals and older adults (AUC, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.87-0.90), there was a loss of performance for other subgroups. Removing the subgroup-sensitive predictors (ie, race and ethnicity, age, and income) did not impact model performance. Models stratified by race and ethnicity performed similarly or worse than the full model for all groups, with the lowest performance for individuals who identified as other or multiple racial groups (AUC, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70-0.81). Previous pattern of dental visits, health care utilization, dental benefits, and sociodemographic characteristics were the highest contributing predictors to the models’ performance.

Conclusions and Relevance

Findings of this prognostic study using cohort data suggest that tree-based ensemble machine learning models could accurately predict adults at risk of foregoing preventive dental care and demonstrated bias against underrepresented sociodemographic groups. These results highlight the importance of evaluating model fairness during development and testing to avoid exacerbating existing biases.
Performance of combination of local exhaust system and floor‐supply displacement ventilation system as prevention measure of infection in consulting room
Authors: Yoshihara Jun , Yamanaka Toshio , Kobayashi Tomohiro , Choi Narae , Kobayashi Noriaki
Published: November 2023

Droplet nuclei and tiny enough droplets to move as an aerosol are regarded as one of the modes of infection transmission SARS‐CoV‐2. Various measures have been taken to prevent it worldwide. Nevertheless, many scenarios cannot be avoided close‐distance conversations, for example, in a consulting room, restaurant, or crowded train. A consulting room has significant potential for doctors to contact infected patients. Therefore, this study proposes a novel approach combining a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) and floor‐supply displacement ventilation system (FSDV) in a consulting room. This study assumes that two persons (doctor and patient) are sitting face to face and talking without a mask in a simple room regarded as a consulting room. The velocity and volume of exhaled air from talking were acquired through field measurements. Then, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) steady analysis was carried out, using the results of exhaled air measurement with various parameters (hood height, hood flow rate, horizontal hood position, and air flow rate). The capture efficiency for tracer gas and contribution distribution for the hood (SVE5: scale for ventilation efficiency 5) have been calculated to reveal the hood's capture performance. In addition, infection risk for the doctor was also calculated using the Wells–Riley model to estimate the infection performance of this ventilation system. By measuring exhaled air from talking, a speed of 0.30 m/s, a volume of 5.21 L/min, and a vertical angle of 11.9° were obtained, and these values were installed into CFD. The CFD results showed that hood flow rate significantly impacts capture efficiency at SA 120 m3/h (6 ACH), and horizontal hood position significantly impacts at SA 1000 m3/h (50 ACH). SVE5 also showed hood's effective area is greatly influenced by the flow rate balance between the hood and the other exhaust routes. Under high air supply conditions: SA 1000 m3/h (50 ACH), there was almost no airborne transmission risk for a doctor with or without a hood. However, under 120 m3/h (6 ACH) conditions, the combination of the hood and FSDV system could reduce an infection risk sufficiently. The hood should be located above the infected person's head to keep the counter person's infectious risk low, indicating that the introduction of the hood is reasonable in the consulting room, where it is easy to find where the infected person is.
Evolution Behaviors of Inclusions in Warm‐Rolled L605 Thin‐Walled Tubes and Their Effects on Machinability
Authors: Xun Meng-hua , Luo He-li , Li Shang-ping , Hao Zhi-bo , Han Shao-li , Zhang Ji
Published: November 2023

This paper investigates the evolution behaviors of inclusions in the warm rolling process of L605 thin‐walled tubes and analyzes their influencing mechanism. Homogeneous spherical and irregular SiO2–Al2O3–Cr2O3(MnO + CaO) inclusions are observed in the cast tubes. After warm rolling, the homogeneous inclusions are changed into heterogeneous spherical ones with gray‐colored (Al2O3)‐rich phase and dark‐colored (SiO2)‐rich phase and Cr2O3(MnO + CaO)‐rich phase due to different deformability of various inclusions under the combined effects of diameter reduction and wall pressure. As the rolling times of tubes increases, large‐sized inclusions are crushed continuously, and the average size of the inclusions gradually decreases. At the same time, the number density of inclusions presents a first increasing and then decreasing trend. It is estimated that the critical size of the inclusions that are hard to further crack in warm rolling is about 0.5 μm. Meanwhile, the inclusions would lead to stress concentration at the positions near large‐sized irregular inclusions, causing cracks and penetrating defects. The simulation results show that the stress near the outer diameter of the inclusions is twice that in the middle and the changes of stress in the 30 μm inclusions and nearby areas exhibit a significant increase compared to the small‐sized 2 μm inclusions.
Endowing Carbon Dots with Long‐Lived Phosphorescence Emission in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Li Taotao , Zhao Yihan , Zhang Nan , Zhang Kui , Zhang Cheng , Yi Ting‐Feng
Published: November 2023

Room temperature phosphorescent carbon dots (RTP CDs) have received increasing attention in recent years due to their outstanding optical properties and potential applications. It is worth noting that RTP CDs in aqueous solution have inspired special interests because of their low toxicity, long lifetime, and ability to avoid autofluorescence and background fluorescence, exhibiting wide application prospects in time‐resolved biological imaging and sensing. However, achieving phosphorescent CDs in aqueous solutions remains a considerable challenge because water molecules and oxygen can cause the deactivation of triplet‐state excitons, resulting in phosphorescence quenching. Several strategies have been proposed to counter the problem including encapsulated CDs in a rigid matrix, hydrogen bonding, and covalent bonding fixation. Consequently, a more significant number of RTP CDs materials with excellent optical stability, long lifetime, and multicolor are successfully obtained. Herein, the recent development of RTP CDs materials in aqueous solution as well as the corresponding fabricated strategies and luminescence mechanism is detailly summarized and reviewed. Furthermore, various applications of water‐phase RTP CDs materials in information security, sensing, bioimaging, light‐emitting diodes, and fingerprinting are also discussed. Finally, an outlook on the development of CDs materials and applications is proposed.
Highly Conductive Robust Carbon Nanotube Networks for Strong Buckypapers and Transparent Electrodes
Authors: Snarski Lior , Biran Idan , Bendikov Tatyana , Pinkas Iddo , Iron Mark A. , Kaplan‐Ashiri Ifat , Weissman Haim , Rybtchinski Boris
Published: November 2023

While individual single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have remarkable strength and electrical conductivity, SWCNT networks fabricated from dispersions have inferior properties due to nanotube bundling, limiting the potential applications of SWCNT materials. Herein, a common dye molecule (purpurin) is used to exfoliate SWCNTs via noncovalent functionalization and to fabricate SWCNT materials by a simple solution‐based process. The advantageous noncovalent interactions result in efficient exfoliation and metallic SWCNT enrichment, affording SWCNT materials with high mechanical robustness and electrical conductivity. This method is used to prepare mechanically robust SWCNT films and flexible transparent conductive electrodes.
Highly Active Nanocomposite Air Electrode with Fast Proton Diffusion Channels via Er Doping‐Induced Phase Separation for Reversible Proton Ceramic Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Liu Zuoqing , Lin Yuxiao , Nie Haoyu , Liu Dongliang , Li Yinwei , Zhao Xinsheng , Li Tao , Yang Guangming , Sun Yifei , Zhu Yinlong , Wang Wei , Ran Ran , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping
Published: November 2023

Highly active and durable air electrodes are crucial for the commercialization of reversible proton ceramic electrochemical cells (R‐PCECs) for large‐scale energy conversion and storage that may be developed by introducing oxygen ion, electron, and proton triple conducting species into the electrode materials. Here, a new triple conducting nanocomposite is reported as a promising air electrode of R‐PCECs, which consists of a dominated cubic perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.72Fe0.18Er0.09O3‐δ and a minor Er2O3 phase, developed by Er doping induced phase separation of Ba0.5Sr0.5(Co0.8Fe0.2)0.9Er0.1O3‐δ precursor. The Er doping stimulates the primary perovskite phase to possess excellent hydration capability and oxygen activation ability, while the Er2O3 minor phase, as a high‐speed proton transport channel, further cooperates with the perovskite main phase to boost the kinetic rate of the electrode for both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER). As a result, the corresponding R‐PCEC achieves extraordinary electrochemical performance in fuel cell (1.327 W cm−2 at 650 °C) and electrolysis modes (−2.227 A cm−2 at 1.3 V and 650 °C), which exceed the similar cell with a typical Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ single‐phase perovskite air electrode by 82.3% and 122.7%, respectively. This Er‐doping induced phase separation provides a new way for new bifunctional electrodes development.
A 3D In Vitro Cortical Tissue Model Based on Dense Collagen to Study the Effects of Gamma Radiation on Neuronal Function
Authors: Lojek Neal M. , Williams Victoria A. , Rogers Andrew M. , Sajo Erno , Black Bryan J. , Ghezzi Chiara E.
Published: November 2023

Studies on gamma radiation‐induced injury have long been focused on hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems, yet little is known about the effects of gamma radiation on the function of human cortical tissue. The challenge in studying radiation‐induced cortical injury is, in part, due to a lack of human tissue models and physiologically relevant readouts. Here, a physiologically relevant 3D collagen‐based cortical tissue model (CTM) is developed for studying the functional response of human iPSC‐derived neurons and astrocytes to a sub‐lethal radiation exposure (5 Gy). Cytotoxicity, DNA damage, morphology, and extracellular electrophysiology are quantified. It is reported that 5 Gy exposure significantly increases cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and astrocyte reactivity while significantly decreasing neurite length and neuronal network activity. Additionally, it is found that clinically deployed radioprotectant amifostine ameliorates the DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and astrocyte reactivity. The CTM provides a critical experimental platform to understand cell‐level mechanisms by which gamma radiation (GR) affects human cortical tissue and to screen prospective radioprotectant compounds.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed [4+2] Oxidative Annulation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketoxime Acetates with Cyclopropanols toward Functional Pyridines
Authors: Wu Qinghuan , Xu Gaochen , Li Yuguang , Shen Lei , Fang Zheng , Duan Jindian , Guo Kai
Published: November 2023

A Cu(I)‐catalyzed [4+2] oxidative annulation of α,β‐unsaturated ketoxime acetates with cyclopropanols has been developed for the synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted pyridines in 28–76% yields. This method employs cyclopropanols as C2 synthons and features various functional group compatibility and gram‐scale synthesis. In addition, a plausible reaction pathway was proposed based on the mechanism studies.
Direct Upcycling of Woven Polypropylene Fabrics to Carbon‐Based Joule Heaters
Authors: Griffin Anthony , Smith Paul , Frame Parker , Jones Kaleb , Qiang Zhe
Published: November 2023

While various plastic waste management practices are demonstrated to result in materials with similar properties, morphological features of plastic waste are often lost after recycling/upcycling. Particularly, synthetic textiles are a severely underutilized waste stream that contains built‐in value stemming from their woven architectures. This work demonstrates a simple upcycling strategy to convert polypropylene‐based (PP) woven fabrics to carbon fiber mats through direct pyrolysis for direct use in various end applications without need of additional processing steps, distinct from prior works converting plastic waste to carbon‐based additives. The retention of material properties and architectures, taking advantage of the inherent value with initial product manufacturing, is investigated, with optimal conditions resulting in consistent high carbon yields. Moreover, the textile‐derived carbon shows exceptional Joule heating performance, which can be employed in various heating applications, resulting in reduced energy consumption compared to conventional heating. Furthermore, decoration of fabric‐derived carbon with metal nanoparticles is demonstrated through electroplating, leading to altered surface functionality and further enhanced Joule heating performance. This work introduces a scalable method for upcycling of plastic waste to functional carbons that can completely retain initial material architectures with controlled shrinkage, providing a viable strategy for generating value‐added products toward electrification of heating processes.
Understanding recessive disease risk in multi‐ethnic populations with different degrees of consanguinity
Authors: La Rocca Luis A. , Frank Julia , Bentzen Heidi Beate , Pantel Jean Tori , Gerischer Konrad , Bovier Anton , Krawitz Peter M.
Published: November 2023

Population medical genetics aims at translating clinically relevant findings from recent studies of large cohorts into healthcare for individuals. Genetic counseling concerning reproductive risks and options is still mainly based on family history, and consanguinity is viewed to increase the risk for recessive diseases regardless of the demographics. However, in an increasingly multi‐ethnic society with diverse approaches to partner selection, healthcare professionals should also sharpen their intuition for the influence of different mating schemes in non‐equilibrium dynamics. We, therefore, revisited the so‐called out‐of‐Africa model and studied in forward simulations with discrete and not overlapping generations the effect of inbreeding on the average number of recessive lethals in the genome. We were able to reproduce in both frameworks the drop in the incidence of recessive disorders, which is a transient phenomenon during and after the growth phase of a population, and therefore showed their equivalence. With the simulation frameworks, we also provide the means to study and visualize the effect of different kin sizes and mating schemes on these parameters for educational purposes.
Prohibition of corporal punishment and alternative justifications for the lawful use of force against children in Australia
Authors: Dallaston Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The prohibition of corporal punishment in Australia will require reform of the criminal law of assault to abolish defences in each Australian state and territory that permit the use of force on children for the purpose of punishment. This paper highlights the anomaly of those defences by undertaking a comparative doctrinal analysis with other Australian criminal law principles that excuse the use of force by parents and caregivers, including force for the purpose of management and control, and physical contact that is accepted by the community as part of everyday life. This comparison highlights the persistence in the corporal punishment defences of outdated notions of parental rights and authority over children, in contrast to broader trends in the law toward recognising that parents exercise responsibilities in the best interests of their children. In addition, this analysis confirms that abolition of Australian defences for corporal punishment will not criminalise parents and caregivers using force for purposes other than punishment.
Plasma pTau‐217 and N‐terminal tau (NTA) enhance sensitivity to identify tau PET positivity in amyloid‐β positive individuals
Authors: Woo Marcel S. , Tissot Cécile , Lantero‐Rodriguez Juan , Snellman Anniina , Therriault Joseph , Rahmouni Nesrine , Macedo Arthur C. , Servaes Stijn , Wang Yi‐Ting , Arias Jaime Fernandez , Hosseini Seyyed Ali , Chamoun Mira , Lussier Firoza Z. , Benedet Andrea L. , Ashton Nicholas J. , Karikari Thomas K. , Triana‐Baltzer Gallen , Kolb Hartmuth C. , Stevenson Jenna , Mayer Christina , Kobayashi Eliane , Massarweh Gassan , Friese Manuel A. , Pascoal Tharick A. , Gauthier Serge , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Rosa‐Neto Pedro
Published: November 2023

INTRODUCTION

We set out to identify tau PET‐positive (A+T+) individuals among amyloid‐beta (Aβ) positive participants using plasma biomarkers.

METHODS

In this cross‐sectional study we assessed 234 participants across the AD continuum who were evaluated by amyloid PET with [18F]AZD4694 and tau‐PET with [18F]MK6240 and measured plasma levels of total tau, pTau‐181, pTau‐217, pTau‐231, and N‐terminal tau (NTA‐tau). We evaluated the performances of plasma biomarkers to predict tau positivity in Aβ+ individuals.

RESULTS

Highest associations with tau positivity in Aβ+ individuals were found for plasma pTau‐217 (AUC [CI95%] = 0.89 [0.82, 0.96]) and NTA‐tau (AUC [CI95%] = 0.88 [0.91, 0.95]). Combining pTau‐217 and NTA‐tau resulted in the strongest agreement (Cohen's Kappa = 0.74, CI95% = 0.57/0.90, sensitivity = 92%, specificity = 81%) with PET for classifying tau positivity.

DISCUSSION

The potential for identifying tau accumulation in later Braak stages will be useful for patient stratification and prognostication in treatment trials and in clinical practice.

Highlights

We found that in a cohort without pre‐selection pTau‐181, pTau‐217, and NTA‐tau showed the highest association with tau PET positivity.

We found that in Aβ+ individuals pTau‐217 and NTA‐tau showed the highest association with tau PET positivity.

Combining pTau‐217 and NTA‐tau resulted in the strongest agreement with the tau PET‐based classification.
Rapid Formation of Non‐canonical Phospholipid Membranes by Chemoselective Amide‐Forming Ligations with Hydroxylamines**
Authors: Chen Jiyue , Brea Roberto J. , Fracassi Alessandro , Cho Christy J. , Wong Adrian M. , Salvador‐Castell Marta , Sinha Sunil K. , Budin Itay , Devaraj Neal K.
Published: November 2023

There has been increasing interest in methods to generate synthetic lipid membranes as key constituents of artificial cells or to develop new tools for remodeling membranes in living cells. However, the biosynthesis of phospholipids involves elaborate enzymatic pathways that are challenging to reconstitute in vitro. An alternative approach is to use chemical reactions to non‐enzymatically generate natural or non‐canonical phospholipids de novo. Previous reports have shown that synthetic lipid membranes can be formed in situ using various ligation chemistries, but these methods lack biocompatibility and/or suffer from slow kinetics at physiological pH. Thus, it would be valuable to develop chemoselective strategies for synthesizing phospholipids from water‐soluble precursors that are compatible with synthetic or living cells Here, we demonstrate that amide‐forming ligations between lipid precursors bearing hydroxylamines and α‐ketoacids (KAs) or potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) can be used to prepare non‐canonical phospholipids at physiological pH conditions. The generated amide‐linked phospholipids spontaneously self‐assemble into cell‐like micron‐sized vesicles similar to natural phospholipid membranes. We show that lipid synthesis using KAT ligation proceeds extremely rapidly, and the high selectivity and biocompatibility of the approach facilitates the in situ synthesis of phospholipids and associated membranes in living cells.
DNA barcodes and morphology reveal new species within the Rheotanytarsus guineensis species group from China (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Li Shu‐Yi , Yao Yuan , Sun Li , Ling Hai‐Ning , Jin Wei‐Dong , Lin Xiao‐Long
Published: November 2023

The Rheotanytarsus guineensis species group (Diptera: Chironomidae) is a species diverse and taxonomically difficult group. Using DNA barcodes, we found five new species within the R. guineensis species group and reviewed the species group based on adult males from China. Rheotanytarsus guoae Lin & Yao sp. n., Rheotanytarsus miaoae Lin & Yao sp. n., Rheotanytarsus qiangi Lin & Yao sp. n., Rheotanytarsus yueqingensis Lin & Yao sp. n., and Rheotanytarsus yui Lin & Yao sp. n. are all described and figured. A key to known adult males of the R. guineensis species group worldwide is provided for the first time.
Towards a Practical Use of Sulfide Solid Electrolytes in Solid‐State Batteries: Impact of Dry Room Exposure on H2S Release and Material Properties
Authors: Randrema Xavier , Leteyi Mfiban Ivan , Soler Marine , Profatilova Irina , Berthault Manon , Ramos Raphael , Lavie Julien , De Vito Eric , Blanc Lionel , Diry Sébastien , Launois Sébastien , Tarnopolskiy Vasily , Reytier Magali , Colin Jean‐François , Barchasz Céline , Liatard Sébastien
Published: November 2023

Sulfide‐based solid electrolytes (SEs) are amongst the most promising solid electrolytes for the development of solid‐state batteries (SSBs) due to their high ionic conductivity and processing advantage over oxide‐based SEs. However, one of the main drawbacks of sulfide SEs is their rapid degradation in presence of humidity. In this study, we investigated the effect of exposing three different sulfide SEs (Li7P3S11, the argyrodite Li6PS5Cl and the chloride‐doped argyrodite Li6‐xPS5‐xCl1+x) to the atmosphere of a dry room at a dew point (DP)=−40 °C. For the first time to the best of our knowledge, enhanced infra‐red (IR) laser technology was employed to follow and quantify online and in‐situ H2S evolution by the SEs in a dry room environment over 16 h. It was found that argyrodite compounds evolved approximately 8 times less H2S compared to Li7P3S11 over 16 h of exposure with peak concentrations between 5 and 16 ppm vol. The exposed materials were studied using X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and galvanostatic cycling. XPS results revealed a formation of Li2CO3 on the surface of argyrodite SEs, which served as a robust passivation layer limiting considerably reactions with the dry room atmosphere.
A 3D visualization‐based augmented reality application for brain tumor segmentation
Authors: Guerroudji Mohamed Amine , Amara Kahina , Lichouri Mohamed , Zenati Nadia , Masmoudi Mostefa
Published: November 2023

Every year on June 8th, the globe observes World Brain Tumor Day to raise awareness and educate people about brain cancer, encompassing both noncancerous (benign) and cancerous (malignant) growths. Research in the field of brain cancer plays a vital role in supporting medical professionals. In this context, augmented reality (AR) technology has emerged as a valuable tool, enabling surgeons to visualize underlying structures and offering a cost‐effective and time‐efficient alternative. Our study focuses on the efficient segmentation of brain tumor classes using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and incorporates a three‐stage approach: preprocessing, segmentation, and 3D reconstruction & AR display. In the preprocessing stage, a Gaussian filter is applied to mitigate intensity heterogeneity. Segmentation and detection are achieved using active geometric contour models, complemented by morphological operations. To establish 3D brain tumor reconstruction, a genuine scene is virtually integrated using 3D Slicer software. The proposed methodology was validated using a genuine patient dataset comprising 496 MRI scans obtained from the local Bab El Oued university hospital center. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in achieving accurate 3D brain tumor reconstruction, efficient tumor extraction, and augmented reality visualization. The obtained segmentation results showcased an impressive accuracy of 98.61%, outperforming existing state‐of‐the‐art methods and affirming the efficacy of our proposed strategy.
Simulating Non‐Adiabatic Dynamics of Photoexcited Phenyl Azide: Investigating Electronic and Structural Relaxation en Route to the Formation of Phenyl Nitrene
Authors: Das Sambit K. , Odelius Michael , Banerjee Ambar
Published: November 2023

Excited state molecular dynamics simulations of the photoexcited phenyl azide have been performed. The semi‐classical surface hopping approximation has enabled an unconstrained analysis of the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom which contribute to the molecular dissociation of phenyl azide into phenyl nitrene and molecular nitrogen. The significance of the second singlet excited state in leading the photodissociation has been established through electronic structure calculations, based on multi‐configurational schemes, and state population dynamics. The investigations on the structural dynamics have revealed the N−N bond separation to be accompanied by synchronous changes in the azide N−N−N bond angle. The 100 fs simulation results in a nitrene fragment that is electronically excited in the singlet manifold.
Rare single‐nucleotide variants of MLH1 and MSH2 genes in patients with Lynch syndrome
Authors: Mirabdolhosseini Seyed Mohsen , Yaghoob Taleghani Mohammad , Rejali Leili , Sadeghi Hossein , Fatemi Nayeralsadat , Tavallaei Mehdi , Famil Meyari Amin , Saeidi Narges , Ketabi Moghadam Pardis , Sadeghi Amir , Asadzadeh Aghdaei Hamid , Zali Mohammad Reza , Nazemalhosseini Mojarad Ehsan
Published: November 2023

Background

Approximately 5% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are hereditary. Lynch syndrome (LS), also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is the most common form of recognized hereditary CRC. Although Iran, as a developing country, has a high incidence of CRC, the spectrum of variants has yet to be thoroughly investigated.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate pathogenic and non‐pathogenic variants in MLH1 and MSH2 genes in Iranian patients with suspected Lynch syndrome (sLS).

Methods and results

In the present study, 25 peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with sLS and high microsatellite instability (MSI‐H). After DNA extraction, all samples underwent polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing to identify the variants in the exons of MLH1 and MSH2 genes. The identified variants were interpreted using prediction tools, and were finally reported under ACMG guidelines. In our study population, 13 variants were found in the MLH1 gene and 8 in the MSH2 gene. Interestingly, 7 of the 13 MLH1 variants and 3 of the 8 MSH2 variants were novel, whereas the remaining variants were previously reported or available in databases. In addition, some patients with sLS did not have variants in the exons of the MLH1 and MSH2 genes. The variants detected in the MLH1 and MSH2 genes had specific characteristics regarding the number, area of occurrence, and their relationship with demographic and clinicopathologic features.

Conclusion

Overall, our results suggest that analysis of MLH1 and MSH2 genes alone is insufficient in the Iranian population, and more comprehensive tests are recommended for detecting LS.
Experimental and Theoretical Structure Elucidation of the [2 : 1] Complex Ion of Carbo[n]helicene with n=6, 7 and 8 and Ag+
Authors: Oschwald Johannes , Reger David , Frühwald Stefan , Warmbrunn Vera , Görling Andreas , Jux Norbert , Drewello Thomas
Published: November 2023

The front cover artwork illustrates the competition of [6]‐, [7]‐ and [8]helicene for attaining a silver(I) cation. This struggle takes place in the electrospray process during solvent evaporation, leading to the well‐known tweezer‐like surrounding of Ag+ by the helicene in the [1:1] complex. In this competition, the larger helicenes outperform the smaller ones. The main topic of our investigation, however, is the resulting [2:1] complex in which a second helicene attaches via π‐π stacking to the [1:1] tweezer complex. Read the full text of the Research Article at 10.1002/cphc.202300496.
Modal finite element correlation for computer aided engineering education
Authors: Jimenez‐Martinez Moises , Torres‐Cedillo Sergio Guillermo , Cortés‐Pérez Jacinto , Reyes‐Solís Alberto
Published: November 2023

The main challenge faced by many mechanical engineering educators is the implementation of real solutions during their courses. One alternative can be a realistic case study, where the students can be engaged in the development and analysis process currently applied in the industry. This kind of teaching process not only can be used to improve the quality of teaching‐learning process but also the students can have opportunities to solve real engineering problem. Therefore, this paper reports a realistic case implemented in mechanical engineering courses given in bachelor's and master's degrees. The component under evaluation has been selected considering the student's interest, this criterion was also taken to involve several students into a real project process to their learning development. The same problem was solved during an academic semester, it was solved using different approaches and student's abilities. This procedure can be replicated for students and teachers by following steps. The first step in this process was to describe the theoretical basis for modal analysis to understand how it was structured a numerical finite element model. This model was then solved and simulated using Hypermesh, Optistruct, and HyperView software to obtain numerical modal parameters. On the other, hand, the experimental modal parameters were obtained using a three‐dimensional scanning vibrometer on 60 samples. It is well noted that the implementation of engineering software commonly used at the industry would increase students' confidence. This allows students to perform real problem‐solving activities to develop outcomes as establish goals, plan task, meet deadlines. These activities are extremely important to the actual automotive industry. Therefore, this paper shows an engineering solution process to provide a learning alternative to teach the modal finite method solutions correlation with experimental solutions.
Permethrin Contamination of Sawgrass Marshes and Potential Risk for the Imperiled Klot's Skipper Butterfly (Euphyes pilatka klotsi)
Authors: Bargar Timothy A. , Hladik Michelle L.
Published: November 2023

Nontarget effects from mosquito control operations are possible in habitats adjacent to areas targeted by ultra-low-volume (ULV) sprays of permethrin for adult mosquito control. We assessed the risks of permethrin exposure to butterflies, particularly the imperiled Klot's skipper, when exposed to ground-based ULV sprays. Samples of larval host plant leaves (sawgrass) were collected in June (in mosquito season) and January (outside mosquito season) of 2015 from sawgrass marsh habitats of the National Key Deer Wildlife Refuge (Big Pine Key, FL, USA) and analyzed for permethrin. Permethrin detection was higher in June (detected on 70% of samples) than in January (30%), and concentrations were significantly higher in June (geomean = 2.1 ng/g, median = 2.4) relative to January (0.4 ng/g, median = 0.2). Dietary risk for 4th to 5th-instar larvae was low based on the measured residues. The AGricultural DISPersal model (Ver. 8.26) was used to estimate permethrin residues on sawgrass following ULV sprays (deposited residues) to estimate immediate postspray risk. Estimated deposited residues (33–543 ng/g) were much higher than measured residues, which leads to a higher risk likelihood for butterfly larvae immediately after ULV sprays. The difference between estimated and measured residues, and between the two risk estimations, reflects uncertainty in risk estimates based on the measured residues. Research on modeling deposited pesticide residues following ground-based ULV spray is limited. More research on estimating deposited pesticide residues from truck-mounted ULV sprayers could help reduce uncertainty in the risk predictions for nontarget insects like butterflies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:267–278. Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Studies of Tsai‐Type Quasicrystal Approximants
Authors: Coates Sam , Burnie Dominic , Sharma Hem Raj , McGrath Ronan
Published: November 2023

We review scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) studies of the surfaces of periodic Tsai‐type approximants. Although they are useful analogues to the Tsai‐type quasicrystals, the surfaces of these periodic approximants behave in subtly different and often more complex ways when compared to their quasiperiodic cousins. We present a summary of STM studies conducted upon Tsai‐type approximants; we discuss the various differences and similarities between phases and surface directions, and compare these to the surfaces of the related quasicrystalline phases. We also present open questions which have been raised by these studies, and offer potential routes to answer them.
An enhanced framework for identifying brain tumor using discrete wavelet transform, deep convolutional network, and feature fusion‐based machine learning techniques
Authors: Mehrotra Rajat , Ansari M. A. , Agrawal Rajeev , Al‐Ward Hisham , Tripathi Pragati , Singh Jay
Published: November 2023

Today, the histological study of biopsy specimens is still used to diagnose brain tumors (BTs). This existing procedure is intrusive, arduous, and liable to mistakes. These downsides highlight the standing of employing a completely computerized process for identifying the evolution of tumors in the brain. A primary BT affects an estimated 0.7 million persons in the United States now and more are expected to be detected in the coming years. The ability to categorize magnetic resonance (MR) brain images into ordinary and pathological categories has the boundless ability to significantly diminish the burden on the radiologist. Pre‐processing, extraction, and reduction of features along with their classification are the parameters of statistical‐based methodologies that have been frequently used for this purpose. In this work, an enhanced framework for the identification of the BT is proposed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), deep convolutional network (DCN), and machine learning (ML). As DWT is primarily used for image compression and denoising applications however in the presented research work it has been utilized for extricating pivotal features from the MR images using the feature fusion technique. DCN is also utilized for the extraction of pivotal deep features which are then combined with the wavelet‐based features for the purpose of BT identification. The classification of tumorous and non‐tumorous MR images is done using ML applications. The results obtained from the proposed model exhibit an utmost accuracy of 99.5% with an area under curve of 1 in identifying tumorous and non‐tumorous MR images as compared to various state‐of‐the‐art models. The proposed model can be efficiently used for assisting radiologists and medical experts in validating their decisions for BT identification.
Diagnosing and treating septic arthritis, physitis and osteomyelitis in foals
Authors: Rutherford Dave
Published: November 2023

Background:Septic arthritis, physitis and/or osteomyelitis (SAPO) is a common presentation in foals, particularly those aged under seven months old. Due to its often rapid progression and the fact that prognosis is improved if treatment begins within 24 hours of the onset of clinical signs, it is important that affected patients are identified as early as possible and treatment initiated promptly.

Aim of the article:This article guides practitioners on the clinical signs of SAPO cases and outlines the diagnostic and treatment options available.
The influence of pH and salt concentration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of meniscus extracellular matrix‐derived implants
Authors: Salinas‐Fernandez Soraya , Garcia Orquidea , Kelly Daniel J. , Buckley Conor T.
Published: November 2023

Meniscus‐related injuries are a common orthopedic challenge with an increasing incidence in the population. While the preservation of viable meniscal tissue is the preferred approach in repair strategies, complex or total traumatic lesions may require alternative therapeutic approaches such as meniscal reconstruction using allografts or engineered equivalents. Although clinical studies suggest promising outcomes with the use of acellular implants, further development is needed to improve their biological and mechanical requirements. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) derived from menisci is a promising biomaterial for meniscus tissue engineering due to its recapitulation of the native tissue environment and the maintenance of tissue‐specific cues. However, the associated mechanical limitations of dECM‐derived scaffolds frequently impedes their adoption, requiring additional reinforcement or combining with stiffer biomaterials to increase their load‐bearing properties. In this study, decellularized extracellular matrix was extracted and its fibrillation was controlled by adjusting both pH and salt concentrations to fabricate mechanically functional meniscal tissue equivalents. The effect of collagen fibrillation on the mechanical properties of the dECM constructs was assessed, and porcine‐derived fibrochondrocytes were used to evaluate in vitro biocompatibility. It was also possible to fabricate meniscus‐shaped implants by casting of the dECM and to render the implants suitable for off‐the‐shelf use by adopting a freeze‐drying preservation method. Suture pull‐out tests were also performed to assess the feasibility of using existing surgical methods to fix such implants within a damaged meniscus. This study highlights the potential of utilizing ECM‐derived materials for meniscal tissue substitutes that closely mimic the mechanical and biological properties of native tissue.
Metacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorders in group: A case study
Authors: Hammersmark Ane T. , Hjemdal Odin , Hannisdal Marit , Lending Hilde D. , Reme Silje E. , Hodne Kjetil , Osnes Kåre , Gjengedal Ragne , Johnson Sverre U.
Published: November 2023

Objectives

In Metacognitive therapy (MCT), homework is used, for example, to increase awareness of thoughts and thought processes, to challenge metacognitive beliefs in real‐life situations, and to practice new ways of processing thoughts, feelings, and symptoms. All MCT treatment manuals include homework assignments to be given between each session.

Method

The following study provides a detailed description of the implementation of homework in a group‐based MCT treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) at an outpatient clinic in Norway. The treatment described in this case consisted of 10 weekly group sessions (7 patients) lasting two hours.

Results

This case study demonstrates that group‐based MCT can be used to treat GAD and describes how the use of homework can facilitate therapeutic change.

Conclusion

Overall, the effectiveness of MCT was found to be high. Homework gives patients the opportunity to take charge of their therapy and develop a sense of responsibility for their own progress, both during and after treatment.
Are restricted and repetitive behaviours in two‐ and six‐year‐olds associated with emotional and behavioural difficulties?
Authors: Carrington Sarah J. , Uljarević Mirko , Meins Elizabeth , Fernyhough Charles , McConachie Helen , Le Couteur Ann , Leekam Susan R.
Published: November 2023

Background

Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour (RRBs) serve an adaptive role in development. Elevated levels of RRBs beyond the early years, however, are associated with poorer outcome in language, cognition, and wellbeing, and are seen across a range of neurodevelopmental conditions. This study aimed to characterize the association of distinct RRB subtypes at two and six years of age, with internalising and externalising difficulties in a community sample of children.

Methods

485 parents reported on their child's insistence on sameness (IS) and repetitive sensory and motor (RSM) RRBs at two and six years of age using the Repetitive Behaviour Questionnaire (RBQ‐2). Emotional and behavioural difficulties were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at age six.

Results

Consistent with previous research, RRBs later in development better predicted emotional and behavioural difficulties at age six than RRBs earlier in development. Moreover, IS RRBs were selectively associated with internalising behaviours and RSM RRBs with externalising behaviours. Importantly, these selective associations depended on when RRBs were measured. Only IS RRBs at age six were significantly associated with internalising behaviour. By contrast, while more RSM RRBs at age six were associated with higher rates of externalising behaviours, higher rates of RSM RRBs at age two were associated with fewer externalising behaviours, adding further support to the previously reported adaptive role of RRBs in early behaviour regulation.

Conclusion

Although there is a need for further research to provide a detailed profile of the adaptive periods for IS and RSM RRBs, the present findings support the potential utility of elevated RRBs as a signal for emotional and behavioural difficulties at age six.
Exploring dental students’ attitudes toward patient‐centered management of dental fear
Authors: Daly Kelly A. , Heyman Richard E. , Shuster Michelle , Smith Slep Amy M. , Wolff Mark S.
Published: November 2023

Purpose/Objectives

A patient‐centered care (PCC) paradigm undergirds modern dental education. PCC is particularly relevant in the management of patient dental fear. The aims of this study were three‐fold: (a) to examine the preliminary psychometric properties of an author‐designed survey administered to explore dental fear knowledge and perceptions, (b) to assess how 4th‐year dental students regard dental fear, (c) and to investigate the relationship between students' knowledge and perceptions of dental fear and their clinical behavior.

Methods

In 2022, 4th‐year dental students (N = 453) participated in a cross‐sectional study. Participants completed a 16‐item survey that assessed (a) knowledge and perceptions about dental fear, (b) common biases in patient fear assessment, and (c) patient management behaviors when fear is encountered. Exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, and logistic regressions were run to address the study's aims.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors, with the two strongest factors pertaining to beliefs about the importance of dental fear (α = 0.87) and self‐efficacy in managing fear (α = 0.74). Participants indicated that it is important to assess for dental fear and rated their self‐efficacy in ability managing it as high. Ratings on both factors slightly increased the odds of engaging in routine patient screening for dental fear. Students also displayed assessment biases commonly seen among practicing dentists.

Conclusion(s)

Results indicate educational gaps within the current behavioral‐science training for dental students. Changes to improve advanced dental students’ appreciation of their patients’ dental fear are warranted.