bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of Tinplate by Foods Packed in Cans
Authors: Dickinson Denis
Published: February 2008

Continuing his article, the author discusses the corrosive effects of different fruits and vegetables on tinplate, the effects of trace elements in the form of spray residues, the importance of lacquers and some aspects of canning technique.
DESIGN AGAINST CORROSION
Authors: Trigg C.F.
Published: February 2008

The following article briefly outlines some of the methods which may be adopted in designing against corrosion. Not only must the engineer utilise to the full the new alloys and processes evolved by the metallurgist and chemist, but there is ample scope for increased mechanisation of plants for surface preparation and protective treatments, particularly for use in the field.
Methods and Materials in Cathodic Protection
Authors: Higgins W.F.
Published: February 2008

CATHODIC protection is complementary to the physical protection of metals, since it is used in conditions where painting and similar methods are not practicable, or not wholly satisfactory; in the case of metals which are buried in damp ground or immersed in aqueous fluids. The underlying principle is that, if metal surfaces in need of protection can be made completely cathodic, no corrosion will occur. This is effected by the introduction of an artificial anode which sets up a flow of current, the circuit of which is completed by the aqueous medium acting as the electrolyte.
Corrosion in the Petroleum Industry PART 1
Authors: Garner F.H. , Hale A.R.
Published: February 2008

For economic reasons it is most essential that oil refineries should remain on stream for as long a period as possible. However, shut‐downs for inspection purposes are nevertheless imperative, but it is again necessary that these be kept to a minimum. One of the most important factors in postponing shut‐downs is the elimination of corrosion and erosion. In this series of articles the whole question of corrosioti in the oil industry is discussed by two authorities.
Protection of Bimetallic Junctions
Authors: Wilkie A.G.
Published: February 2008

Metals and other materials require a satisfactory life or service under practical conditions and to ensure this a knowledge of the developments in the field of anti‐corrosion is necessary. The assessment of the suitability of materials to be used in a particular structure presents corrosion as a serious and related problem.
HOW CAREFULLY DO YOU CONTROL YOUR SALT SPRAY TEST?
Authors: Holden H.A.
Published: February 2008

Salt‐spray testing, in which specimens or actual articles are contained in a closed cabinet and exposed to the ‘fog’ produced by the atomisation of a salt solution, is probably the most widely used method of accelerated corrosion testing in industrial laboratories. Many other salt‐spray‐testing techniques have been developed and used, but this short survey will be limited to consideration of the so‐called ‘salt‐fog’ testing method.
CORROSION OF METAL CONTAINERS
Authors: Sanders R.K.
Published: February 2008

The corrosivity of the materials used for the fabrication of metal containers has always been an important consideration in the choice of these materials and the use to which they can be put. As far as this country is concerned, at any rate, tinplate is the material most commonly used for metal containers which are used for literally hundreds of different products, for each of which the tinplate/ product complex must be studied for possible harmful corrosive effects. In this article the author considers tinplate, ‘blackplate’ and aluminium in their roles as structural metals for containers, outlining their corrosion characteristics under varying conditions and reviewing the present state of knowledge of this important subject of metal container corrosion.
CLIMATIC TEST CHAMBERS
Authors: Grindrod John
Published: February 2008

IN order to make available to industry generally the means for testing materials and products under various climatic conditions, particularly in tropical conditions conducive to corrosion, the Dutch research organisation Centrale Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (T.N.O.)—Central Organisation for Applied Physical Research—has recently founded an institute at Rijswijk (Z.H.), near Delft, known as Klimaat‐kamers T.N.O., which incorporates test chambers for simulating climatic conditions to be found in various parts of the world. Should sufficient interest be forthcoming from industry it is further proposed to enlarge the institute to include other facilities such as test installations for observing the effect of salt spray, dust storms and low temperatures.
Recent Books and Technical Literature
Authors: Dawihl W.
Published: February 2008

When we speak of hard metals today we tend to think exclusively of the sintered products of one or more carbides with an addition of cobalt, although in fact this classification includes all alloys based on carbides of metals manufactured either by sintering the carbides in the form of powder, or by melting, which possess the characteristic properties of wear resistance and hardness at high temperatures. The development and scope of the hard‐metal technique has been discussed in a book entitled Handbuch der Hartmetalle, the first volume of which was recently published in Germany. After the war a photostat copy was obtained of the manuscript of Dr. Dawihl's book, and preparations were put in hand by three companies, Hard Metal Tools Ltd., Metropolitan‐Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd. and Murex Ltd., for a translation of this work. They found that by removing or condensing information that is well known or had previously been published in English it was possible to reduce the size of the book and economise on production costs, without detracting from its value. In the English version, therefore, although new facts and theories stand as a full translation of the original, the remainder is considerably condensed and has been printed in italics. The first part of the book (Chapters 1–10) deals fully with the scientific principles of the sintering technique necessary for the understanding of the production of hard metal. The second part (Chapters 11–14), which is unfortunately incomplete, describes the technical production of hard metals. The third part discussing the manufacture and application of tools is entirely missing, but it is expected that these chapters will be published by Springer‐Verlag of Berlin.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES—5
Authors: Peterson Charles L. , Fink Frederick W. , Peoples Robert S.
Published: February 2008

Battelle Memorial Institute, one of the pioneers in contract research, has been conducting an ever‐increasing volume of sponsored investigations for industry since 1929. In recent years, a substantial amount of Government research for American defence has been added to that supported by industry. It is natural that the Institute, whose first sponsored investigations were largely metallurgical in scope, should contract for corrosion research at an early date. The growth, the investigations, and the philosophy of the Corrosion Division will be discussed in this article. However, this subject is so closely aligned with the increase in size of the Institute as a whole, that a review will be given first of the origin and philosophy of the Battelle system of conducting research.
LATEX/CEMENTS
Authors: Rawlings E.G.
Published: February 2008

For many years rubber has been employed to combat corrosion in numerous industries and new applications are continually being found for this versatile material. The accepted method of using rubber has, however, been in the form of sheet linings to concrete or metal tanks, etc., or as structures either constructed from or lined with ebonite. The modern corrosion engineer, however, has rubber at his disposal in yet another form, namely as one of the basic raw materials for a member of the acid‐resisting cement group, i.e. the latex/cements. These cements, whilst being comparative new‐comers to this field, have proved their worth under many widely varying conditions. The purpose of this article is therefore to outline the methods of preparation of these compounds, to detail their rather unique properties and to cover in detail their applications in a number of industries.
Magnetic Water Treatment Apparatus
Authors: Laureys J. , Van Muylder J. , Pourbaix M.
Published: February 2008

This report deals with the results of an examination, carried out at the CEBELCOR laboratory in Brussels, of an apparatus for the magnetic treatment of water (CEPI apparatus, super model, type 3/8, No. S7734). It was found possible with the aid of this apparatus to reduce to one‐third of its normal amount the incrustation produced in an easily incrustable laboratory distiller fed by drinking water of the Brussels water supply. The following description covers, first, the apparatus itself, then the working method adopted and, finally, the results obtained.
CORROSION IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Cartwright Major P.A.
Published: February 2008

Although Singapore has been taken as the example in the following article, the general factors of climate in relation to atmospheric corrosion are applicable in all tropical areas. The information given here by Major Cartwright will be of particular value to readers who manufacture or package for export to such areas.
The Mechanism of Corrosion of Metal Pipes in Soils and Practical Method of Prevention
Authors: Robson W.W. , Taylor A.R.
Published: February 2008

SEVERE and rapid corrosion of lead piping is rare and usually of a localised nature, and it has been suggested that the following factors may result in this kind of attack:
Salt‐Glazed Vitreous Clay Pipes
Authors: Singer Felix
Published: February 2008

Stoneware is probably the oldest, or one of the oldest, engineering materials. Two thousand years ago the Romans were using it for water conduits, and the wonderfully preserved pipes that still exist from those days show how imperishable the material is. In this article Dr. Singer examines the reasons for the success of stoneware drainpipes and compares the material with others sometimes used for this purpose. He concludes that no other material yet approaches stoneware for reliability.
Plant Instruments in Corrosive Atmospheres: THEIR DESIGN, SITING AND MAINTENANCE
Authors: Walter Leo
Published: February 2008

Modern industrial instruments often have to be placed in surroundings which can easily corrode both outer and inner parts, resulting in, firstly, deterioration in appearance and, secondly, breakdown of accuracy of measurement. In its early stages corrosion can obstruct the movement of inner working parts. In electronic instruments, for example, the contacts between, say, the socket of a valve and the wired or printed circuit might suffer. In this article questions of instrument design and panel design are discussed, the importance of correct installation and maintenance is emphasised and some examples of avoidable corrosion given.
SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CORROSION
Authors: Keynes A.
Published: February 2008

This short article is in the nature of thinking aloud. The zoriter is in the very preliminary stages of a research project into the above mentioned subject, and has formed certain ideas as to the line of research which seem to him to be worth pursuing. It should be explained that the writer is by profession an economist, and has some engineering background, but has no special knowledge of corrosion apart from that which has been gained as a result of reading, and particularly conversations with corrosion experts. He would be particularly grateful, and this is indeed the main purpose of the article, to receive any ideas and comments from readers.
CHEMICAL‐ AND CORROSION‐RESISTANT FLOORS
Authors: Mohr Bernard
Published: February 2008

This article deals with corrosion‐resisting floor surfaces, provided over suitable load‐bearing bases, to withstand the corrosive action of chemicals to which they will be subjected. When considering suitable acid‐ and chemical‐resistant floors, apart from corrosion, the type of traffic, maintenance, ease of renewal, amount of solution present on the floor and personnel reactions should be taken into account also. When designing new floors, attention must be paid to possible vibrations resulting from traffic or nearby machinery, possible settling of the floor, and the live and dead loads it will be subject to.
Corrosion of Aluminium in Proximity with Iron
Authors: Bird C.E. , Evans U.R.
Published: February 2008

It is generally agreed that the corrosion of aluminium or an aluminium‐based alloy is accelerated by electrical contact with copper or iron. Considerable ingenuity has been shown in working out designs which avoid such contacts, notably in ship construction; the subject has received authoritative discussion from Whiteford. Where contact can be avoided, the danger is greatly reduced, and perhaps the main unsatisfactory feature of the present situation is that there are engineers and architects—even today—who apparently do not know that precautions are necessary. The possible dangers arising from proximity, in absence of contact, still deserve consideration and form the main subject of the research described below.
The Trend of Protective Metal Spraying Practice
Authors: Stanton W.E.
Published: February 2008

Metal spraying was first established in this country on a commercial basis in 1922, since when the demand for the process has increased at a truly remarkable rate. The protection of ferrous materials by means of sprayed coatings of zinc and aluminium has in fact now become commonplace. A wide range of metals and alloys which are regularly deposited by the spraying process finds service in many different applications. The amount of metal sprayed for anti‐corrosive coatings, however, far exceeds the total amount used for other purposes. Prior to the last war, sprayed zinc coatings were in greatest demand, but since then there has been a marked preference for those of aluminium. The utilisation of sprayed aluminium has by no means been fully exploited and the range of products being protected in this way is daily expanding. This is mainly due to the fact that, besides providing extremely efficient protection of ferrous materials, the spraying process continues to be the best and in certain instances the only practical method of depositing the metal.
METALLIZED COATINGS FOR HEAT CORROSION PROTECTION
Authors: Franklin J.R.
Published: February 2008

The protection by metallizing of iron and steel against heat corrosion has proved so successful in the past that it is rapidly becoming the accepted standard in many industries. It is well recognised that iron‐aluminium alloys offer resistance to oxidation at elevated temperatures; they are, however, hard and brittle and consequently difficult to fabricate. As a result, they have been used most economically so far in the form of a relatively thin coating or layer on steel.
Preservation of Military Equipment
Authors: FITZSIMMONS V.G. , STOCKDALE MAJOR A.F. , BURNS R.M.
Published: February 2008

A Symposium on preservation of mobilisation requirements was held in late October at the United States Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory, Port Hueneme, California. The question was very fully discussed and abstracts of some of the more important lectures, which will interest our readers, are given below.
A Fight Against Ignorance: An Argument in Favour of a Corrosion Research Association
Authors: ALMS E.N.
Published: February 2008

On leaving university the science graduate, having been taught to be meticulous in his methods, is far more accurate and painstaking than the blunt demands of practice require. Thus at first his work tends to be hampered by unnecessary attention to detail. Usually he quickly rids himself of unwanted refinements and soon adopts more practical methods which, in their coarseness, would have shocked his lecturers. The rigorous training, however, enables him to use a balanced judgment in adjusting his technique. Eventually he will be tackling most of his practical problems with what, by his old standards, would have been crude methods, yet retaining, perhaps subconsciously, enough refinement to produce worthwhile results.
Application of a Systematic Scheme for Examining
Authors: Cotton J.B. , Watkins R.J.
Published: February 2008

In a previous issue, a systematic scheme for the examination of corroded metal specimens was presented, and the purpose of this article is to illustrate how the procedure has been applied to components which have failed in service. The ubiquity of the scheme is demonstrated by reference to six examples chosen from a wide range of materials which have been used under diverse operating conditions. Detailed application of the various techniques mentioned in the scheme is discussed for the first example only, the remaining samples being dealt with more briefly.
PLASTICS AND THE CORROSION OF IRON AND STEEL
Authors: Curson G.A.
Published: February 2008

With present‐day moulding and extrusion techniques there is a wide range of articles that can be made from solid plastics and there is an ever‐increasing market for these products in industry and the home. Despite the attractive finish of these plastics articles and their ability to withstand corrosion and mechanical damage, there are objections to the use of the solid material for some applications. From an engineering point of view, there are difficulties of rigidity and mechanical strength, whilst economy also rules out the use of solid plastics in many cases, since, whilst it may be possible to mass‐produce large quantities of moulded plastics articles for domestic use, where there is a very large market potential, it is another thing to produce small runs of specialised engineering products economically. For these reasons there is an ever‐increasing demand for plastics finishes to both standard and purpose made metal goods either to protect the base metal or to produce an attractive finish.
THE REPAIR OF CAR PARTS BY CHROMIUM PLATING
Authors: Rykowa A.W.
Published: February 2008

The wear of different car parts is affected by a variety of external factors. Mechanical wear takes the greatest toll of moving surfaces. Minute as the particles which wear away are, in their total they are the essential factor which causes the surface structure, the original dimensions and the shape of the parts to change gradually. Moving parts are not the only ones to deteriorate from mechanical wear: stationary parts, such as connections by threads, wedges, slots, etc., also suffer heavily.
INDUSTRIAL FINISHES: FORMULATION AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Macrae J.
Published: February 2008

The formulation of industrial finishes to protect and improve the appearance of mass‐produced articles has become an increasingly complicated technique with the growing range of materials flow available. In this article Mr. Macrae, after discussing surface preparation and application methods, describes the formulation and performances of stoving enamels, cold‐curing finishes and air‐drying finishes. He concludes that even with the number of resins available today there is still much room for improvement.
Rôle of Corrosion Inhibitors IN WATER TREATMENT
Authors: Streatfield E.L.
Published: February 2008

It does not need much imagination to picture fairly vividly the immense problems occurring in industry due to the ravages of corrosion. Water is a universal service, but by reason of the impurities • it contains in its natural state it may rapidly corrode the heating system or the cooling system or the process system in which it is employed. The photographs in the following article show examples of what may happen.
CATHODIC PROTECTION IN ISRAEL: PART 1—ON THE LAND
Authors: Spector D.
Published: February 2008

Israel, located in the sub‐tropical zone, is a very small country, measuring about 300 miles in length and averaging about 35 miles in width. Its rainy season only lasts for about three and a half months, with hardly any rainfall in the southern area. Irrigation, consequently, is almost entirely dependent on extensive water works. At present, the main source of water is from deep wells, of which there are some 4,000. Until recently, regional water works also drew their supply exclusively from such wells. In July of 1955, however, a water project, utilising as its source the Yarkon River, was inaugurated as the first link in a national water works. Steel so far employed in water works and irrigation networks amounts to approximately 500,000 tons, with an ever‐increasing rate of expansion.
Zinc Anodes for Cathodic Protection
Authors: Morgan J.H.
Published: February 2008

Historically, zinc was first used to provide cathodic protection to the copper‐sheathed hulls of warships a century and a quarter ago. The practice continued with steel‐hulled ships and ‘zincs’ were fitted to most naval vessels. The sacrificial action was not great and electrical contact to the hull was often poor. Reports that zincs were lasting well became common and this was occasionally regarded as synonymous with good practice. The benefit that properly engineered cathodic protection might bring to ships and other metal structures became apparent just prior to, and during, the last war. Two developments seemed necessary to achieve this protection from zinc. Firstly, some modification to the metal was necessary so that the anode remained electrochemically active and, secondly, engineering of the anode itself, in shape, size and disposition, was equally essential.
CATHODIC PROTECTION IN ISRAEL: PART 2—ON SEA AND IN THE HOME
Authors: Spector D.
Published: February 2008

In Part 1 the author described the corrosion problem in Israel as it affects buried pipelines, and the measures now in hand to protect the extensive irrigation networks. In Part 2 he now turns to two other problems: that of protecting the growing Israeli fishing fleet and that of protecting domestic water systems.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES—13: MINISTRY OF SUPPLY TROPICAL TESTING ESTABLISHMENT, PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA
Authors: Bain A.A.J.
Published: February 2008

Soon after the beginning of the 1939–45 war the Services became aware of the vital necessity of studying the behaviour of stores and materials in tropical climates. In consequence the Army established in Nigeria two special units known as the West Africa Tropical Testing Establishment and the Signal and Radar Tropical Testing Establishment. Both were operated from Port Harcourt with activities centred there and at Victoria Beach and other stations near Lagos. The work tended to concentrate on radio and optical equipment—that is, the stores in connection with which tropical deterioration had been particularly disastrous in the early stages of the war. In 1947 the two units were amalgamated and control of the combined establishment known as the Tropical Testing Establishment passed from the War Office to the Ministry of Supply.
The Protection of Vessels, Pipe Lines and Pumps with ‘NEOPRENE’ COATINGS
Authors: Curson G.A.
Published: February 2008

Neoprene coatings are not paints and their application is not within the scope of tradesmen without instruction. This is particularly the case with the high or low build catalysed materials employed for the protection of immersed surfaces subject to violent fluid movement as, for instance, on pump impellers and casings, road tankers, etc.
CORROSION AND WATER TREATMENT
Authors: Sindery G.G.
Published: February 2008

Inhibition of corrosion is a specialised division of the science of water treatment. The necessity for treatment of industrial waters for the prevention of scale deposits and to adjust the dissolved constituents to suit a particular manufacturing process is clearly recognised, but the conditioning of the pretreated water to prevent corrosion is often not considered at all or at least given only superficial attention. It is usually not until the incidence of corrosion poses maintenance problems and affects the manufacturing process that the corrosion aspect of water treatment is looked at seriously.
MAGNETIC TREATMENT OF LIQUIDS FOR SCALE AND CORROSION PREVENTION
Authors: Vermeiren Theo
Published: February 2008

It would be difficult to consider modern techniques without magnetism. Radar, television, radio, the electronic microscope, cyclotrons in atomic energy, etc., could not work without the existence of permanent magnets to guide the electrons or to increase their kinetic energy. It is well known that magnetic fields may have an effect on the behaviour of dissolved matter as well as of crystalline matter; it is therefore logical that these fields could act during the reactions in which these matters take a part, and more particularly on corrosion and scale formation.
ROTO‐FINISH AND CORROSION CONTROL
Authors: Fishlock D.J.
Published: February 2008

Three countries dominate the scene in the Western world's metal‐finishing industries. The U.K., birthplace of electroplating, anodising, phosphating and many metal‐colouring techniques, remains pre‐eminent in certain respects. The U.S.A. with its enormous industrial potential and amazing virility has taken the lead in many ways—particularly in accelerating and automating metal finishing. The third, Germany, has long been respected for its occasional valuable contribution, but has emerged during its post‐war rehabilitation as a leading light in finishing developments. An enigmatic fourth, Russia, remains outside the scope of this brief appraisal which outlines some of the metal‐finishing techniques of continental origin now carried out by Roto‐Finish Ltd.
Protecting Steelwork with Epoxide Enamel
Authors: Dell G.A.
Published: February 2008

Hangers' epoxide enamel is an air‐drying twin‐pack material of which the major constituent is an epoxy resin solution pigmented with either titanium dioxide or other pigment according to the colour required. The minor ingredient, or curing agent, is a special blend of principally polyamide‐type resin which reacts with the epoxy resin after mixing. The mixed paint assumes its best characteristics some eight to sixteen hours after mixing, according to the prevailing temperature at the time. If the material is used soon after that period the resultant dry films will show their best properties.
PREPARATION OF STEEL SURFACES FOR REPAINTING
Authors: Hurst John
Published: February 2008

Perhaps it is true to say that the correct time to repaint is before it becomes necessary! Unfortunately, the economics of modern industry are such that even in efficient industrial organisations, maintenance is not always rated highly in the priorities of budget expenditure. The ideal at which to aim is the gradual build‐up of paint thicknesses, achieved only by repainting at fairly regular intervals, while the original paintwork is still in good condition. If repainting is carried out at this time, preparation can, in the main, be limited to cleaning and perhaps rubbing down of painted surfaces with little necessity for large‐scale preparation of the steelwork itself.
STEELS FOR THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY: A COMPARISON OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN QUALITIES Part 1
Authors: Kirk F.A. , Williams J.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this article is to make a detailed comparison of the corrosion and heat resisting steels specified in Great Britain and in the United States, for use in the petroleum industry. The great advances that have been made in the design of steels from the beginning of this century are due to discoveries made by Brearley and Pasel of the beneficial effects of chromium upon the scaling and corrosion resistance of iron. This article is a condensed version of the paper presented at the 1957 International Petroleum Equipment Conference at Stuttgart.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE TAPES FOR PIPE PROTECTION
Authors: Chitty K.S.
Published: February 2008

It would be easy to make the general statement that the only major factor an engineer need consider when selecting a pipe‐protection material is that it should resist corrosion. Certainly he must be concerned with electrolytic and galvanic attack, abrasion, chemical action and the effect of weather. This, however, is only part of the story. This article reviews the properties of polyvinyl chloride tapes and the very real part which they, and, in particular Scotchrap PVC tapes, are playing in the prevention of pipeline deterioration.
HIGH‐NICKEL ALLOYS: IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Part 2
Authors: Swales G.L.
Published: February 2008

Part 1 of this article, published in our March issue, dealt with the applications of high‐nickel alloys in petroleum production and in the fundamental distillation processes. The second part deals with applications of these alloys to combat specific corrosion problems in a variety of refinery treating processes and also discusses the selection of materials for high‐temperature applications in refinery and associated petrochemical processes.
INTERNALLY COATED STEEL DRUMS
Authors: Zuideveld R.
Published: February 2008

The object of providing steel drums with protective inside coatings is principally to allow their use for products which are incompatible with plain steel. Secondly there is a tendency to use internally coated containers merely for increasing the lifetime, e.g. to enable them to be used several times for first‐grade products. This article describes the technique of internally coating these drums.
INHIBITION BY SUGAR
Authors: Radley J.A. , Stanley J.S. , Moss G.E.
Published: February 2008

The attack of copper and copper alloys by aqueous ammonia solutions is rapid in the presence of air, but it is inhibited by small amounts of glucose and other reducing sugars. Non‐reducing sugars, such as sucrose and the sugar alcohols also have inhibiting action although it is not so powerful. These are the topics with which the authors are here concerned. They also refer to the rate of attack of aluminium by ammonia and the acceleration of this attack in the presence of glucose. This, they say, is not so in the case of zinc, where the presence of glucose does not affect this rate.
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF ALUMINIUM BRONZES
Authors: Fitzgerald‐Lee G.
Published: February 2008

The addition of aluminium to copper results in an improvement in the corrosion‐resisting properties of the metal; this article discusses why aluminium bronzes are noted for their performance in a number of industrial applications in which a wide range of corrosive materials—gaseous, liquid and solid—are encountered.
WRAPPING FOR PROTECTION WITH PETROLATUM‐BASED TAPE
Authors: Brewis W.A.
Published: February 2008

Research by such bodies as the D.S.I.R. and by industrial groups or individual firms has grown enormously since the war, so that today we are more corrosion conscious than ever before. In the midst of this it is surprising to read of hesitancy over comparatively simple problems bearing on long‐term protection under abnormally severe conditions, of pipeline, sewage plant, roof members in chemical works, dye houses, tanneries, breweries and the like. Many simple facts are lost sight of and are swamped by complex conjecture and speculation.
Control Test for Filming Amines
Authors: Coates K.B.
Published: February 2008

Successful and economical use of high‐molecular‐weight filming amines such as Alfloc Dispersion No. 190 for the prevention of corrosion in condensate systems depends on careful control, and this in the past has proved difficult as no satisfactory ‘field’ test for the determination of small quantities has been readily available. This difficulty has now been overcome.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF CORROSION CONTROL
Authors: Clark Warren O.
Published: February 2008

Recent developments in marine cathodic protection have produced automatic static, solid‐state polarisation control systems. Methods are now available capable of providing complete and continuous protection of all under‐water portions of a ship's hull under any conditions. This evaluation is by a U.S. Navy engineer responsible for initiating many repairs attributable to electrolysis damage.
Intercrystalline Failure of Stainless Steel in Saline Water
Authors: ROSS T.K.
Published: February 2008

FAILURE of stainless steel in chloride solutions has been the subject of several investigations, and a recent communication has commented upon similar failures arising in alkaline conditions where heat transfer occurs. Although it is generally stated that cracking due to chlorides is invariably transcrystalline, and that due to alkalis is intercrystalline, Wanklyn and Jones have reported that both forms of failure occur in alkaline solutions.
HUMIDITY
Authors: Summer W.
Published: February 2008

Of the naturally occurring corrosive media, humidity causes the most widespread damage. It is defined as the content of water vapour in air. Corrosivity increases with humidity and dry air is non‐corrosive. This article discusses the physical characteristics of humidity and its effects.
Soil Micro‐organisms in Relation to Corrosion and Cathodic Protection
Authors: Harris J.O.
Published: February 2008

The complex nature of soil bacteria makes it imperative that they be considered in any problem related to soil. This paper gives data obtained by Kansas State University from a research project credited in the U.S. as a new approach to corrosion. Most conclusions hitherto have been drawn from soil samples taken in undisturbed soil such as might be found along a pipeline right‐of‐way; this paper considers largely soil found in the pipeline ditch.
LOW‐PRESSURE ENAMEL SPRAYING TECHNIQUE: Material Waste and Time Redaction
Authors: Vaughan T.B.
Published: February 2008

Losses due to overspray can be as high as 50% with certain shapes, and it is the aim of this article to show that with the use of new techniques, it is possible considerably to reduce these losses. It is shown there is a strong case for motion study in connection with the use of spray guns; the system used with one item cannot always be used for another and detailed study of spraying technique for each item is recommended.
Corrosion‐resistant Cements and Their Applications
Authors: Evans V.
Published: February 2008

For the purposes of this article, adhesives, lutes and putties are excluded even though many of them have applications in the corrosion‐resistant field. Included are the pouring and mortar‐type cements based on bitumen or sulphur, sodium and potassium silicate solutions, silica sols, rubber or synthetic rubber latices, and synthetic resins. The author considers the composition and working properties of these cements and surveys present trends in their use in industry. Recent and possible future developments are covered.
Recent Developments in Phosphating
Authors: Holden H.A.
Published: February 2008

The phosphate treatment of metals has been in industrial use for over 50 years and is the most widely used method of treating light‐gauge steel as a preparation for painting; in addition, during the last 20 years, its use as an aid in the cold forming of steel in such operations as tube and wire drawing has been established. As a result of these trends, phosphating is now a very significant part of the whole metal finishing industry. This review includes advancements in operation, composition and use.
EFFECTS OF FOULING AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: PART 2
Authors: Partington A.
Published: February 2008

Last month the author considered the effects of fouling on harbour installations and power stations after briefly surveying the history of measures taken to prevent it. This month, emphasis is on ships. Satisfactory anti‐corrosive and anti‐fouling compositions, properly applied, have an important beneficial effect on the frictional resistance, and without sufficient precaution, fouling and corrosion of a ship's hull eventually often add over 20% to the resistance of a new ship.
RECENT APPLICATIONS IN CORROSIVE CONDITIONS OF: RIGID PVC PIPING
Authors: Trébucq D A.
Published: February 2008

Of the thermoplastics group of materials, unplasticised polyvinyl chloride, commonly known as rigid PVC, appears to have made the slowest progress in the U.K. It was introduced here shortly after the war, but, as recently as 1958, the annual usage for industrial pipes was estimated at only 500 tons. In the same year, France, Holland and Italy processed approximately 4,000, 8,000 and 12,000 tons respectively. This article indicates the scope of the material in corrosive environments.
Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium‐Zinc in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions
Authors: Sheth K.G. , Rama Char T.L.
Published: February 2008

Results are presented of the inhibitor efficiencies of acridine, nicotinic acid, thiourea, strychnine and quinine hydrochloride on the corrosion of aircraft aluminium‐zinc alloy. The first three inhibitors are the most efficient. Polarisation studies with quinine hydrochloride show that anode polarisation is low, whereas cathode polarisation is considerable. The corrosion process with this inhibitor appears to be essentially under cathodic control.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF…: Preventive Maintenance of Refinery Tanks
Authors: Sherwood P.W.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion is a major cause of refinery tank failure. Its cost can be minimised by three measures: cathodic protection ; protection by painting or lining under a well‐planned schedule; or removal of the tank from service as soon as it has ended its useful life. The objective must be to incur the minimum overall cost, and the best solution is often a combination of these measures. Though costs and conditions mentioned pertain to the U.S.A., the conclusions in the main are the same elsewhere.
ROPES: CORROSION and ALLIED TESTING
Authors: Campbell R.E.
Published: February 2008

The fact that steel ropes are subject to corrosion and consequent shortening of their service life is by no means a new problem. It is not, however, always appreciated that many new problems have arisen in recent times, due to the extension of rope usage into fields of application where corrosion resistance and prevention is a problem. This article, which describes certain aspects of the corrosion work at the Blakeney, Norfolk, testing station, draws attention to these problems and a system which has been devised to combine laboratory investigations with a form of field test, and the value of the data which has accrued.
Corrosion Problems in Chile
Authors: Hoar T.P.
Published: February 2008

Though Chile is cut off through geographical considerations from the mainstreams of knowledge in the corrosion protection field,there are several small centres of investigation, research and development that may be the nuclei for future growth. Engineers there have been forced to develop their own methods and have in many cases been remarkably successful. After a recent stay in Chile, which included a wide coverage of the industrial scene, Dr. Hoar presents a firmly outlined picture of the ‘corrosion situation’.
PLATINUM in ANODES: Cathodic Protection Applications—Part I
Authors: Walkiden G.W.
Published: February 2008

The increasing use of platinum — containing anodes in cathodic protection and the discussions which took place at the recent International Congress on Metallic Corrosion in London, make this subject of topical interest. In this review paper the author provides a balanced overall picture of the various applications in this field. The development, advantages and limitations are described of three types of support for a thin layer of the metal, as well as an alternative use of platinum in the platinum‐lead bi‐electrode. At present only two types of platinum electrode can be widely recommended.
Corrosion in the Man‐made Fibre Industry
Authors: Evans L.S.
Published: February 2008

The manufacture of fibres involves the handling of large quantities of corrosive chemicals. In fact, the third largest user of sulphuric acid in the U.K. is the viscose rayon industry. The real problem, as in most industries, is to choose the most economic answers to the corrosion problems, many of which are akin to those in the chemical industry. Since the industry usually works round the clock, there can be no allowance for failure. The author discusses metals, plastics, rubbers, and paints which have proved successful.
Boiler Feed‐water Treatment for Corrosion Control — Part I
Authors: Fortune H.J.
Published: February 2008

This paper is concerned with boilers and feed systems in power stations of relatively modern design—in general, those commissioned since 1945. The author considers a number of inter‐related factors, commonly accepted as being influential in corrosion, in relation to boiler‐water and feed‐water control. These factors are: boiler design, insoluble boiler deposits, chemical conditions of boiler water and feed water, low‐load and off‐load water conditions and hide‐out.
CHLORINE FROM HOOKER CELLS Reinforced PVC and Polypropylene Show Promise as TAKE‐OFF PIPES
Authors: Burrows M.G.T.
Published: February 2008

MURGATROYD's Salt & Chemical Co. Ltd. have operated a battery of Hooker cells at Elworth, Cheshire, for the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen since 1950. In the present review, a summary is given of the steps taken to find the most suitable materials for the chlorine take‐off pipes from the cells to the chlorine collecting main.
High‐temperature Oxidation and Hot‐dipped Aluminium Coatings
Authors: Nicholls John H.
Published: February 2008

High‐temperature oxidation is a most important aspect of corrosion and in this article the fundamentals of the subject are discussed with particular reference to the protective action of aluminium and diffused aluminium coatings on steel.
Pre‐stressed Reinforced Concrete Pipes
Authors: Spector D.
Published: February 2008

Improved current distribution from suitably selected deep groundbeds may be achieved as compared with conventional surface groundbeds. This is of considerable importance in municipal areas where interference problems with other sub‐soil structures are inevitable. More particularly so where comparatively high current densities are required for the protection of pre‐stressed concrete pipes. Cathodic protection of pre‐stressed concrete pipes poses problems utterly different from those met in the practice of cathodic protection of coated steel pipes and, in view of lack of sufficient experience, protective criteria have yet to be established.
ANODISING IN PRACTICE: Recent Advances — PART 1
Authors: Porter F.C.
Published: February 2008

Increasing utilisation of the properties of hardness, corrosion resistance and electrical insulation has taken place rapidly in recent years. Still scope exists for further development of anodised aluminium as knowledge of the mechanism involved grows. In the first of this two‐part article the author deals mainly with bright and conventional architectural anodising.
SILVER PLATING
Authors: Benham R.R.
Published: February 2008

The choice of electrodeposited silver solely because of its corrosion resistance is infrequent since a thick deposit to overcome porosity is necessary. Nevertheless, its anti‐corrosive properties are important in the very many applications in which it is used where this is not the first consideration. This article discusses modern techniques in plating which result in quicker plating times for a given thickness and describes methods for the reduction of tarnish. Trends and developments are reviewed.
THE MECHANICAL INFLUENCE OF Corrosion on Metals — Part 1
Authors: Liddiard E.A.G.
Published: February 2008

The electrochemical approach to corrosion problems has been stressed before, but here the author dwells more on the thermodynamic aspects since comparatively small changes in energy, and hence in chemical activity, which are caused by stress may result in very marked changes in the damaging effects of corrosion. Part 1 of the article opens with a thermodynamic approach covering borderline corrosion and the corrosion of crystals, and then deals with the effect of stress on chemical attack. Following this is a comprehensive survey of types of metal deformation (e.g. slip, cleavage and grain boundary movement) and concludes with data regarding the properties of grain boundaries and the effect of temperature and rate of loading. Stress corrosion is the major subject to be covered next month.
THE MECHANICAL INFLUENCE OF Corrosion on Metals — Part 3
Authors: Liddiard E.A.G.
Published: February 2008

The two previous parts of this article dealt with such subjects as borderline corrosion, the corrosion of crystals, the effect of stress on chemical attack, and stress corrosion. In this final instalment the author' considers the effect of fatigue and alternating stresses on the corrosion process, and concludes by surveying the effects of fretting corrosion, and those of cavitation and impingement attack.
Solution Potentials and their Interpretation in PIPELINE CATHODIC PROTECTION—PART 1
Authors: Ferris L.C.
Published: February 2008

In order to understand thoroughly the subject of pipeline cathodic protection it is essential to comprehend fully the significance of solution potentials. In this article, reproduced by courtesy of the Pipeline Engineer (Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.), the author does this in considerable detail.
The use of epoxide resins in ANTI‐CORROSION PAINTS
Authors: Denny J.P.M.
Published: February 2008

Of all the resins used by paint technologists in the formulation of paints the most interesting, as a class, are the epoxy resins. This interest stems, not from their chemical composition, but from the enormous range of practical uses to which these resins can be put. An attempt has been made in this paper, read to the N.E. branch of BACE, to rationalise the common ways in which epoxy resins are used as protective film formers and to simplify the choice of systems for any particular corrosion problem.
Lead/platinum anodes for marine applications
Authors: Peplow D.B. , Shreir L.L.
Published: February 2008

Tests have been carried out on lead/platinum bielectrodes in sea‐water at 50 A/ft2 for one year to determine the effect of lead alloy compositions on the growth of the lead peroxide. The results indicate that small additions of tellurium or bismuth to a 1 % Ag/Pb alloy are effective in reducing the formation of lead peroxide. Lead/platinum bi‐eleetrodes of suitable lead‐alloy composition, are considered to provide an inexpensive anode material for power‐impressed cathodic protection systems for marine applications.
Microbial degradation of plastics
Authors: Summer W.
Published: February 2008

The corrosion caused in metals attacks the basic material, i.e. the metal, itself. Degradation of plastics is an effect caused by the attack on, or reaction with, the plasticiser which, in fact, becomes depleted. This results in an embrittlement or, at least, in a stiffening of the plastic material. Over the past 15–20 years, numerous investigations have been carried out into the behaviour of plastics in the presence of moulds and bacteria and, while the data obtained for individual materials may, quite naturally, vary, a definite pattern has emerged from these tests.
Bacterial corrosion of pipelines
Authors: Wormwell F. , Booth G.H.
Published: February 2008

The terms ‘bacterial corrosion’ and ‘microbiological corrosion’ are used synonymously to describe corrosion that is caused by, or is stimulated by, bacterial action. The fundamental nature of the corrosion is the same as in the more common process involving inorganic agents. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the basic processes of corrosion before the true role of bacteria can be appreciated.
HALOGENATED SOLVENTS
Authors: Lindley J.
Published: February 2008

The inert‐gas purification plant at Dounreay, the purpose of which is to purify and recycle argon gas returning from alpha‐active dry boxes, was commissioned in 1959 and ran successfully for nearly three years when a sudden reduction in argon purity was noted. Upon investigation it was found that severe corrosion had taken place at the base of the refrigerant dryer units and a hole had opened up between the pure and impure argon flows in the plate‐like construction of the dryer.