bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracellular and cytoplasmic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases from

Haemonchus contortus
Authors: LIDDELL S. , KNOX D. P.
Published: July 2002

Full-length cDNAs encoding cytosolic (SODc) and putative extracelluar

(SODe) Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases (SODs)
from the ovine gastrointestinal parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus

have been isolated and characterized. The
predicted sequences of the H. contortus SODs showed strong
homology to other helminth SODs, the highest level of
sequence similarity was with those of the free-living nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans. The predicted amino acid sequence
of the putative extracellular form contained an N-terminal extension with

the characteristics of a signal sequence including
a potential signal peptidase cleavage site. Transcripts of both classes

of Cu/Zn SOD were detected in all life-cycle stages
examined. The cytosolic SOD mRNA was approximately 6-fold more abundant

than that of the extracellular enzyme in
adult parasites. Immunoblotting with antisera raised to
in vitro-expressed parasite SODs revealed the presence of 2 proteins

in extracts of adult H. contortus, with molecular masses of
approximately 19·8 and 18 kDa. An additional protein of
approximately 16·8 kDa was detected in adult ES material. Immunofluorescent

staining showed Cu/Zn SOD was localized
in the body wall musculature and the pharynx in adult worms and in the

uterine tract of adult females. The immunogenic
properties of recombinant H. contortus Cu/Zn SODs was
assessed in a challenge infection experiment in lambs.
The relationship of Hammondia hammondi and Sarcocystis
mucosa to other heteroxenous cyst-forming coccidia as
inferred by phylogenetic analysis of the 18S SSU
ribosomal DNA sequence
Authors: JENKINS M. C. , ELLIS J. T. , LIDDELL S. , RYCE C. , MUNDAY B. L. , MORRISON D. A. , DUBEY J. P.
Published: July 2002

The complete sequence of the 18S small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA of Hammondia hammondi and Sarcocystis mucosa
was obtained and compared to SSU rDNA sequences of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Besnoitia besnoiti, 2 species
of Frenkelia, 3 species of Isospora, and 13 species of Sarcocystis. Analyses showed that H. hammondi and T. gondii are
monophyletic and that these taxa shared a common ancestor with N. caninum and B. besnoiti. The weight of evidence
shows that S. mucosa, S. neurona, and Frenkelia species form a clade thereby supporting the conclusion that Sarcocystis
is paraphyletic.
Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance in school children
Authors: HAINES M. M. , STANSFELD S. A. , JOB R. F. S. , BERGLUND B. , HEAD J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous research suggests that children are a high risk group vulnerable to the effects of chronic noise exposure. However, questions remain about the nature of the noise effects and the underlying causal mechanisms. This study addresses the effects of aircraft noise exposure on children around London Heathrow airport, in terms of stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance. The research also focuses on the underlying causal mechanisms contributing to the cognitive effects and potential confounding factors.

Methods. The cognitive performance and health of 340 children aged 8–11 years attending four schools in high aircraft noise areas (16h outdoor Leq>66dBA) was compared with children attending four matched control schools exposed to lower levels of aircraft noise (16h outdoor Leq<57dBA). Mental health and cognitive tests were group administered to the children in the schools. Salivary cortisol was measured in a subsample of children.

Results. Chronic aircraft noise exposure was associated with higher levels of noise annoyance and poorer reading comprehension measured by standardized scales with adjustments for age, deprivation and main language spoken. Chronic aircraft noise was not associated with mental health problems and raised cortisol secretion. The association between aircraft noise exposure and reading comprehension could not be accounted for by the mediating role of annoyance, confounding by social class, deprivation, main language or acute noise exposure.

Conclusions.These results suggest that chronic aircraft noise exposure is associated with impaired reading comprehension and high levels of noise annoyance but not mental health problems in children.
Religion as a cross-cultural determinant of depression in elderly Europeans: results from the EURODEP collaboration
Authors: BRAAM A. W. , VAN DEN EEDEN P. , PRINCE M. J. , BEEKMAN A. T. F. , KIVELÄ S.-L. , LAWLOR B. A. , BIRKHOFER A. , FUHRER R. , LOBO A. , MAGNUSSON H. , MANN A. H. , MELLER I. , ROELANDS M. , SKOOG I. , TURRINA C. , COPELAND J. R. M.
Published: July 2002

Background. The protective effects of religion against late life depression may depend on the broader sociocultural environment. This paper examines whether the prevailing religious climate is related to cross-cultural differences of depression in elderly Europeans.

Methods. Two approaches were employed, using data from the EURODEP collaboration. First, associations were studied between church-attendance, religious denomination and depression at the syndrome level for six EURODEP study centres (five countries, N = 8398). Secondly, ecological associations were computed by multi-level analysis between national estimates of religious climate, derived from the European Value Survey and depressive symptoms, for the pooled dataset of 13 EURODEP study centres (11 countries, N = 17739).

Results. In the first study, depression rates were lower among regular church-attenders, most prominently among Roman Catholics. In the second study, fewer depressive symptoms were found among the female elderly in countries, generally Roman Catholic, with high rates of regular church-attendance. Higher levels of depressive symptoms were found among the male elderly in Protestant countries.

Conclusions. Religious practice is associated with less depression in elderly Europeans, both on the individual and the national level. Religious practice, especially when it is embedded within a traditional value-orientation, may facilitate coping with adversity in later life.
Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach
Authors: KÉRI S. , KELEMEN O. , BENEDEK G. , JANKA Z.
Published: July 2002

Background. The aim of this study was to assess visual information processing and cognitive functions in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and control subjects with a negative family history.

Methods. The siblings of patients with schizophrenia (N = 25), bipolar disorder (N = 20) and the controls subjects (N = 20) were matched for age, education, IQ, and psychosocial functioning, as indexed by the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Visual information processing was measured using two visual backward masking (VBM) tests (target location and target identification). The evaluation of higher cognitive functions included spatial and verbal working memory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, letter fluency, short/long delay verbal recall and recognition.

Results. The relatives of schizophrenia patients were impaired in the VBM procedure, more pronouncedly at short interstimulus intervals (14, 28, 42 ms) and in the target location task. Marked dysfunctions were also found in the spatial working memory task and in the long delay verbal recall test. In contrast, the siblings of patients with bipolar disorder exhibited spared performances with the exception of a deficit in the long delay recall task.

Conclusions. Dysfunctions of sensory-perceptual analysis (VBM) and working memory for spatial information distinguished the siblings of schizophrenia patients from the siblings of individuals with bipolar disorder. Verbal recall deficit was present in both groups, suggesting a common impairment of the fronto-hippocampal system.
Missing the forest for the trees? Deficient memory for linguistic gist in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: CABRERA A. R. , McNALLY R. J. , SAVAGE C. R.
Published: July 2002

Background. Patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit recall deficits on word learning tasks, mediated by their failure to detect semantic connections among the words.

Methods. In the present experiment, using methods devised by Bransford & Franks (1971), we tested whether this encoding problem impairs their extraction of gist from complex linguistic material.

Results. Consistent with our hypothesis, OCD patients extracted less gist from related sentences than did healthy participants. The groups did not differ in recognition memory for individual sentences or in criterion for affirming previously encountered sentences as ‘old’, as evinced by signal detection indices of memory sensitivity (d′) and response bias (β), or in recognition memory confidence.

Conclusions. These data provide further evidence that OCD patients exhibit less reliance on organizational strategies than do healthy control participants. These data are consistent with neuropsychological research suggestive of prefrontal executive problems in OCD.
Gender and cross-cultural differences in somatic symptoms
associated with emotional distress. An international study in primary
care
Authors: PICCINELLI MARCO , SIMON GREGORY
Published: July 2002

Background. Gender and cross-cultural differences in
the association between somatic symptoms and emotional distress were
investigated, using data from the World Health Organization
Collaborative Project on Psychological Problems in General Health
Care.

Methods. Data were collected at 15 centres in 14 countries
around the world. At each centre, a stratified random sample of
primary care attenders aged 15–65 years was assessed using,
among other instruments, the 28-item General Health Questionnaire and
the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Primary Health Care
Version.

Results. Females reported higher levels of somatic
symptoms and emotional distress than males. A strong correlation
between somatic symptoms and emotional distress was found in both
sexes, with females reporting more somatic symptoms at each level of
emotional distress. However, linear regression analysis showed that
gender had no significant effect on level of somatic symptoms, when
the effects of centre and emotional distress were controlled for. In
both sexes, no specific pattern of association emerged between somatic
symptom clusters and either anxiety or depression. Primary care
attenders from less developed centres reported more somatic symptoms
and showed greater gender differences than individuals from more
developed centres, but inter-centre differences were small. Finally,
gender was not a significant predictor of reason for consultation
(somatic versus mental/behavioural symptoms), after
controlling for levels of somatic symptoms and emotional distress as
well as for centre effect.

Conclusions. These data do not support the common belief
that females somatize more than males or the traditional view that
somatization is a basic orientation prevailing in developing
countries. Instead, somatic symptoms and emotional distress are
strongly associated in primary care attenders, with few differences
between the two sexes and across cultures.
Neuroleptic drugs in breast-milk: a study of

pharmacokinetics and of possible adverse effects in

breast-fed infants
Authors: YOSHIDA K. , SMITH B. , CRAGGS M. , KUMAR R.
Published: July 2002

Background. Very little is known about the

pharmacokinetics of neuroleptic drugs in breast-feeding

mothers and their infants or about possible adverse effects in

the infants.

Method. Twelve mothers who breast-fed their infants

were prescribed haloperidol, chlorpromazine

or trifluoperazine. Two methods, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and high

performance liquid

chromatography (HPLC) were used to assay these drugs in samples

from mothers, but infants'

samples were assayed only by the more sensitive EIA. Repeated

clinical and developmental

assessments of the breast-fed infants were carried out up to

30 months of age. The control subjects

were 18 bottle-fed infants whose mothers were also prescribed

neuroleptic or mood-stabilizing drugs.

Results. The total concentrations of neuroleptic drugs

and their principal metabolites in maternal

plasma were correlated with concentrations in fore-milk. Infants were

ingesting up to 3% of the

maternal daily dose per kg body weight and small amounts of the

drugs were detected in infants'

plasma and urine. Concentrations of haloperidol in the adult range

were found in plasma from 2

of 5 infants assayed by EIA but there was no evidence of any acute

or delayed adverse effects. Three

other breast-fed infants whose mothers were prescribed both

haloperidol and chlorpromazine

showed a decline in their developmental scores from the first to

the second assessment at 12–18 months.

Conclusion. More extensive longitudinal studies are needed

but, in the meantime, there appears to

be grounds for caution if breast-feeding mothers are prescribed doses

of single or two neuroleptic

drugs at the upper end of their recommended ranges.
Sex differences in the association between childhood

experiences and adult depression
Authors: VEIJOLA J. , PUUKKA P. , LEHTINEN V. , MORING J. , LINDHOLM T. , VÄISÄNEN E.
Published: July 2002

Background. In the present paper, sex differences in the

association between adult depression and

childhood experiences were examined.

Methods. The study series of the Finnish UKKI Study consisted

of a population sample of 501 men

and 499 women. Information concerning childhood experiences was gathered

retrospectively in a

baseline survey carried out in 1969–72. After the initial

phase, the mental health of the subjects was

evaluated by interviews, questionnaires and register data at the

5-year follow-up (1974–6) and at the

16-year follow-up (1985–7).

Results. Twelve per cent of men and 21% of women had

suffered from depression during the 16-year follow-up period. A

disturbed mother–child relationship and neurotic symptoms in

childhood were associated with depression in women but not in men in

the logistic model that included gender

interaction. In separate analyses by gender several childhood factors

showed statistically significant

associations with depression in women but only a few in men.

Conclusions. The finding suggests that childhood experiences

are more highly predisposing factors

to depression in women than in men.
Obstetric complications, treatment response and
brain morphology in adult-onset and early-onset males with schizophrenia
Authors: SMITH G. N. , KOPALA L. C. , LAPOINTE J. S. , MacEWAN G. W. , ALTMAN S. , FLYNN S. W. , SCHNEIDER T. , FALKAI P. , HONER W. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Substantial variability in age at onset of

illness and course of illness exists between
patients with schizophrenia. Recent studies suggest that age at illness

onset may be useful in defining
biologically and clinically distinct subgroups of patients.

Methods. Two hundred and ten males with schizophrenia were

classified as early-onset or adult-onset according to their age at
first hospitalization. Birth history, clinical functioning and treatment

response was assessed in a subgroup of patients. Brain anatomy was assessed

from CT scans in all patients and in 32 non-psychiatric control subjects.

Results. Patients with an early-onset were likely to have a

history of obstetric complications, a poor
response to neuroleptic treatment, and showed no relationship between
ventricle size and duration
of illness. Adult-onset patients were less likely to have obstetric
complications, more likely to
respond to treatment in the first years of illness, and showed an
association between brain structure and duration of illness.

Conclusions. The distinction between early- and adult-onset

patients may have important aetiological and treatment implications.
Assessing relatives' needs for psychosocial
interventions in schizophrenia: a relatives' version of
the Cardinal Needs Schedule (RCNS)
Authors: BARROWCLOUGH C. , MARSHALL M. , LOCKWOOD A. , QUINN J. , SELLWOOD W.
Published: July 2002

Background. The methodology for measuring the needs of

patients with severe mental illness is now
well established through the MRC Needs for Care Assessment Schedule and
its modification in the
form of the Cardinal Needs Assessment. This paper reports the rationale
and construction of a
relatives' version of the Cardinal Needs Schedule and looks
at preliminary data reporting on reliability and validity.

Methods. Potential problem areas for relatives were identified

from the literature. The criteria
determining Cardinal Needs for each problem included objective threshold,

carer concern, and carer
cooperation. The reliability of the Schedule was assessed in a study whereby

27 relatives of patients
with established schizophrenic illness completed two Schedules administered
by two independent
raters within a short time period.

Results. The Schedule was acceptably reliable for most areas
of
need although there were some
difficulties associated with the cooperation criteria. Concurrent measures

of relatives and patients
including EE, relative distress and patient psychopathology indicated
that the Relatives' Cardinal
Needs Schedule shows acceptable validity when used with a sample of 45
relatives.

Conclusions. The paper suggests that the Schedule may prove
to
be a useful tool for both clinicians
and researchers interested in establishing and evaluating family interventions.
Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF
Quality of Life Assessment
Authors: THE WHOQOL GROUP
Published: July 2002

Background. The paper reports on the development of the

WHOQOL-BREF, an abbreviated version of the WHOQOL-100 quality of life assessment.

Method. The WHOQOL-BREF was derived from data collected using
the WHOQOL-100. It
produces scores for four domains related to quality of life:
physical health, psychological, social
relationships and environment. It also includes one facet on overall
quality of life and general health.

Results. Domain scores produced by the WHOQOL-BREF correlate

highly (0·89 or above) with
WHOQOL-100 domain scores (calculated on a four domain structure). WHOQOL-BREF
domain
scores demonstrated good discriminant validity, content validity,
internal consistency and test–retest reliability.

Conclusion. These data suggest that the WHOQOL-BREF provides

a valid and reliable alternative
to the assessment of domain profiles using the WHOQOL-100. It is envisaged
that the
WHOQOL-BREF will be most useful in studies that require a brief assessment

of quality of life, for example,
in large epidemiological studies and clinical trials where quality of
life is of interest. In addition, the
WHOQOL-BREF may be of use to health professionals in the assessment and
evaluation of
treatment efficacy.
A simple test of copying ability and sex define survival in patients

with early Alzheimer's disease
Authors: CLAUS J. J. , WALSTRA G. J. M. , BOSSUYT P. M. , TEUNISSE S. , VAN GOOL W. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. We studied whether heterogeneous profiles
of cognitive function are relevant to
survival in patients with early Alzheimer's disease.

Methods. CAMCOG subscales of cognitive function were used as
predictors of survival, together
with gender in 157 consecutively referred patients with early Alzheimer's
disease. Statistical analysis
was performed with Cox proportional hazards analysis and Kaplan–Meier
survival curves. Survival
rates were compared with those in the general population.

Results. Eighty patients (51%) died during the follow-up that
extended to 5·7 years, with a median
survival of 4·4 years after entry. Only the praxis subscore was
statistically significant related to
survival (P<0·0001). Its predictive power was based
on only two items, including copying ability
for a spiral and a three-dimensional house, independent of age, sex, education,
overall CAMCOG
score, dementia severity and symptom duration. Kaplan–Meier curves
for the combined score of
these items (0, 1, or 2) showed three groups with significantly different
survival rates for both men
and women. Comparison of gender specific survival rates with data from
the general population
showed that excess mortality was statistically significant (P<0·01)
higher in men (51%) than in
women (21%) after follow-up extending to 5 years.

Conclusions. A simple test of copying ability defines subgroups
of AD patients with large differences
in survival rates. This suggests that parietal lobe impairment is an important
predictor of mortality
in AD. Also, the course of AD may be more benign in women than in men.
Clinical characteristics in patients with anorexia
nervosa and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: MATSUNAGA H. , KIRIIKE N. , IWASAKI Y. , MIYATA A. , YAMAGAMI S. , KAYE W. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical
characteristics, including co-morbid
personality disorders in patients with both anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive–compulsive

disorder (OCD) in comparison with age- and sex-matched patients with OCD.

Methods. Fifty-three female patients with AN were divided into
two groups based on the presence
or absence of a current diagnosis of OCD, as assessed by the Structured
Clinical Interview for
DSM-III-R Patient version (SCID-P). Twenty-one women (40%) who met the
DSM-III-R criteria
for both AN and OCD were compared with 23 female patients with OCD, using
the Yale-Brown
Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the SCID Axis II disorders.

Results. There were no significant differences on the mean
Y-BOCS severity scores between these
groups. However, AN patients with OCD were significantly more likely than
OCD patients to have
obsessions with need for symmetry or exactness and ordering/arranging
compulsions, whereas both
aggressive obsessions and checking compulsions tended to be more frequently
identified in OCD
patients compared with AN patients with OCD. AN patients with OCD were
significantly more
likely than OCD patients to meet the criteria for obsessive–compulsive
personality disorder
(OCPD).

Conclusions. These results suggest that there are some differential
characteristics of the OCD
symptomatology between these disorders, although many patients with AN
manifest significant
impairment from primary OCD symptoms with similar magnitude in severity
to that found in OCD
patients.
Risk and dangerousness
Authors: BUCHANAN ALEC
Published: July 2002

The task of improving the ability of clinicians to predict which
of their patients will be violent has
come to be seen as one of establishing the relative merits of actuarial
and clinical prediction. The
meaning of these terms is unclear. ‘Clinical’ is usually defined
by exclusion, that is, as something
other than actuarial. The term ‘actuarial’ is often used to
refer to the techniques of risk prediction
in financial services. In the psychiatric and psychological literature
relating to the assessment of
dangerousness, three further meanings have emerged. That whereby actuarial
refers to any
mathematical means of combining information is the most widely accepted.
Whichever definition
is employed, the conclusion of most reviews has been that the future is
actuarial. It is argued here
that, while mathematical approaches have been successful in showing that
risk factors for violence
in the general population apply also to the mentally disordered, important
questions remain
unanswered. Mathematical methods address only one form of probability,
that which arises from
chance. A development of another form of probability, that which arises
from causes, offers the
prospect of improved risk assessment in psychiatry. It also offers a definition
of clinical prediction
that is not based on exclusion.
Diagnostic depressive symptoms of the mixed bipolar episode
Authors: CASSIDY F. , AHEARN E. , MURRY E. , FOREST K. , CARROLL B. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is not yet consensus on the best diagnostic definition of mixed bipolar episodes.
Many have suggested the DSM-III-R/-IV definition is too rigid. We propose alternative criteria
using data from a large patient cohort.

Methods. We evaluated 237 manic in-patients using DSM-III-R criteria and the Scale for Manic
States (SMS). A bimodally distributed factor of dysphoric mood has been reported from the SMS
data. We used both the factor and the DSM-III-R classifications to identify candidate depressive
symptoms and then developed three candidate depressive symptom sets. Using ROC analysis we
determined the optimal threshold number of symptoms in each set and compared the three ROC
solutions. The optimal solution was tested against the DSM-III-R classification for cross-validation.

Results. The optimal ROC solution was a set, derived from both the DSM-III-R and the SMS, and
the optimal threshold for diagnosis was two or more symptoms. Applying this set iteratively to the
DSM-III-R classification produced the identical ROC solution. The prevalence of mixed episodes
in the cohort was 13·9% by DSM-III-R, 20·2% by the dysphoria factor and 27·4% by the new ROC
solution.

Conclusions. A diagnostic set of six dysphoric symptoms (depressed mood, anhedonia, guilt, suicide,
fatigue and anxiety), with a threshold of two symptoms, is proposed for a mixed episode. This new
definition has a foundation in clinical data, in the proved diagnostic performance of the qualifying
symptoms, and in ROC validation against two previous definitions that each have face validity.
Factors associated with neuropsychological
performance in HIV-seropositive subjects without AIDS
Authors: PEREDA M. , AYUSO-MATEOS J. L. , GÓMEZ DEL BARRIO A. , ECHEVARRIA S. , FARINAS M. C. , GARCÍA PALOMO D. , GONZÁLEZ MACIAS J. , VÁZQUEZ-BARQUERO J. L.
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous research has suggested that several factors may influence the presence of
cognitive impairment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The objective of this study
was to assess the impact of cognitive reserve capacity and other variables on neuropsychological
performance in early HIV infection.

Methods. The neuropsychological performance of 100 HIV-seropositive subjects without AIDS (71
men and 29 women) was compared with that of 63 seronegative controls (51 men and 12 women).
Measures included a neuropsychological battery, a medical examination and a psychiatric
assessment. Cognitive reserve scores were based on a combination of years in school, a measure of
educational achievement, and an estimate of pre-morbid intelligence.

Results. HIV-positive subjects had longer reaction time latencies than HIV-negative subjects. Those
in the HIV-positive group with low cerebral reserve scores showed the poorest performance on the
neuropsychological tests. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was significantly higher in the
HIV-positive group (27%) than in the controls (3·2%). Multiple regression analysis and logistic
regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with global neuropsychological
performance and cognitive impairment. Older age, lower cerebral reserve scores and not being on
zidovudine treatment were associated with lower global neuropsychological scores and with the
presence of cognitive impairment.

Conclusions. Our results suggest that although cognitive impairment is not characteristic of early
HIV infection, there is a subgroup of subjects who perform more poorly than expected. A lower
reserve capacity, older age and not being on zidovudine treatment are factors that lower the
threshold for neuropsychological abnormalities in cases of early HIV infection.
Perceived need for mental health care, findings from
the Australian National Survey of Mental Health
and Well-being
Authors: MEADOWS G. , BURGESS P. , FOSSEY E. , HARVEY C.
Published: July 2002

Background. The Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being was designed to
detect and describe psychiatric morbidity, associated disability, service use and perceived need for
care. The survey employed a single-phase interview methodology, delivering a field questionnaire
to a clustered probability sample of 10641 Australians. Perceived need was sampled with an
instrument designed for this survey, the Perceived Need for Care Questionnaire (PNCQ). This
questionnaire gathers information about five categories of perceived need, assigning each to one of
four levels of perceived need. Reliability and validity studies showed satisfactory performance of the
instrument.

Methods. Perceived need for mental health care in the Australian population has been analysed
using PNCQ data, relating this to diagnostic and service utilization data from the above survey.

Results. The survey findings indicate that an estimated 13·8% of the Australian population have
perceived need for mental health care. Those who met interview criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis
and also expressed perceived need make up 9·9% of the population. An estimated 11·0% of the
population are cases of untreated prevalence, a minority (3·6% of the population) of whom
expressed perceived need for mental health care. Among persons using services, those without a
psychiatric diagnosis based on interview criteria (4·4% of the population), showed high levels of
perceived met need.

Conclusions. The overall rate of perceived need found by this methodology lies between those found
in the USA and Canada. The findings suggest that service use in the absence of diagnosis elicited
by survey questionnaires may often represent successful intervention. In the survey, untreated
prevalence was commonly not accompanied by perceived need for mental health care.
Intra-uterine physical growth in schizophrenia:
evidence confirming excess of premature birth
Authors: ICHIKI M. , KUNUGI H. , TAKEI N. , MURRAY R. M. , BABA H. , ARAI H. , OSHIMA I. , OKAGAMI K. , SATO T. , HIROSE T. , NANKO S.
Published: July 2002

Background. Many studies have suggested a possible aetiological role for obstetric complications
in the development of schizophrenia. We focused on prenatal physical growth in schizophrenia, a
contentious issue in the literature.

Methods. We compared gestational age at birth, birth weight (BW) and birth head circumference
(BHC) between 312 schizophrenics and 517 controls, and between 187 schizophrenics and their
matched healthy siblings. Information on obstetric histories was obtained from the Maternal and
Child Health Handbooks (i.e. contemporaneous records).

Results. Gestational age at birth was significantly earlier in the schizophrenics than in the controls
(P = 0·017). Pre-term birth (gestational age of 36 weeks or less) was more common in schizophrenics
than in controls (8·0% v. 3·4%, P = 0·005, odds ratio 2·5). Low BW (2500 g or less) was more
frequent in schizophrenics than in controls (9·6% v. 4·6%, P = 0·005, odds ratio 2·2). The
schizophrenics had significantly lighter BW (P = 0·0003) and tended to have smaller BHC
(P = 0·081) compared with controls. However, multiple regression analysis showed that there was
no significant difference in BW or BHC between the schizophrenics and controls when gestational
age and maternal weight were controlled. There was no significant difference in BW or BHC
between schizophrenics and their siblings, although the schizophrenics tended to be born at earlier
gestational age than their siblings.

Conclusions. Our results suggest that prematurity at birth is associated with a risk of developing
schizophrenia in adulthood. When gestational age and maternal body weight were allowed for,
there was no evidence that schizophrenics tend to have lower mean BW or smaller BHC.
Unequal access and unmet need: neurotic disorders and the use of primary care services
Authors: BEBBINGTON P. E. , MELTZER H. , BRUGHA T. S. , FARRELL M. , JENKINS R. , CERESA C. , LEWIS G.
Published: July 2002

Background. In this paper we use data from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity to
examine how many people with neurotic disorders receive professional evaluation, and how this is
affected by clinical and sociodemographic differences. We hypothesized that psychiatric symptoms
and attendant dysfunctions would both have an effect on contacting, and that key demographic
variables would not.

Method. The household component of the British National Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity was
based on a random sample of > 10000 subjects. Psychiatric symptoms and ICD-10 diagnosis were
established by lay interviewers using the CIS-R. Social dysfunction was tapped by asking about
difficulties in performing seven types of everyday activity. We examined symptom score, ADL
deficit score and demographic variables in relation to contact with primary care physicians for
psychiatric symptoms.

Results. The major determinant of contacting a primary care physician was severity, mainly due to
the level of psychiatric symptoms, but with an independent contribution from social dysfunction.
There were also significant contributions from sex, marital status, age, employment status and
whether the subject had a physical condition as well.

Conclusions. The major influence on whether people seek the help of their family doctors for mental
health problems is the severity of disorder. Although there are some social inequalities in access to
family doctors, these are less important. The most salient finding from our study is that even people
suffering from high levels of psychiatric symptoms very often do not have contact with professionals
who might help them.
Lifetime co-morbidities between social phobia and
mood disorders in the US National Comorbidity
Survey
Authors: KESSLER R. C. , STANG P. , WITTCHEN H.-U. , STEIN M. , WALTERS E. E.
Published: July 2002

Background. General population data were used to study co-morbidities between lifetime social
phobia and mood disorders.

Methods. Data come from the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS).

Results. Strong associations exist between lifetime social phobia and major depressive disorder
(odds ratio 2·9), dysthymia (2·7) and bipolar disorder (5·9). Odds ratios increase in magnitude with
number of social fears. Reported age of onset is earlier for social phobia than mood disorders in
the vast majority of co-morbid cases. Temporally-primary social phobia predicts subsequent onset
of mood disorders, with population attributable risk proportions of 10–15%. Social phobia is also
associated with severity and persistence of co-morbid mood disorders.

Conclusions. Social phobia is a commonly occurring, chronic and seriously impairing disorder that
is seldom treated unless it occurs in conjunction with another co-morbid condition. The adverse
consequences of social phobia include increased risk of onset, severity and course of subsequent
mood disorders. Early outreach and treatment of primary social phobia might not only reduce the
prevalence of this disorder itself, but also the subsequent onset of mood disorders.
Are there two different types of thinking?
Authors: Newstead Stephen E.
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West's claim that there are two coherent and conceptually distinct types of thinking, System 1 and System 2, is questioned. Some authors equate System 2 with intelligence whereas other do not; and some authors regard the two types of system as distinct while others regard them as lying on a continuum.
The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Authors: Cowan Nelson
Published: July 2002

Miller (1956) summarized evidence that people can remember about seven chunks in short-term memory (STM) tasks. However, that number was meant more as a rough estimate and a rhetorical device than as a real capacity limit. Others have since suggested that there is a more precise capacity limit, but that it is only three to five chunks. The present target article brings together a wide variety of data on capacity limits suggesting that the smaller capacity limit is real. Capacity limits will be useful in analyses of information processing only if the boundary conditions for observing them can be carefully described. Four basic conditions in which chunks can be identified and capacity limits can accordingly be observed are: (1) when information overload limits chunks to individual stimulus items, (2) when other steps are taken specifically to block the recoding of stimulus items into larger chunks, (3) in performance discontinuities caused by the capacity limit, and (4) in various indirect effects of the capacity limit. Under these conditions, rehearsal and long-term memory cannot be used to combine stimulus items into chunks of an unknown size; nor can storage mechanisms that are not capacity-limited, such as sensory memory, allow the capacity-limited storage mechanism to be refilled during recall. A single, central capacity limit averaging about four chunks is implicated along with other, noncapacity-limited sources. The pure STM capacity limit expressed in chunks is distinguished from compound STM limits obtained when the number of separately held chunks is unclear. Reasons why pure capacity estimates fall within a narrow range are discussed and a capacity limit for the focus of attention is proposed.
The case of the missing brain: Arguments for a role of brain-to-spinal cord pathways in pain facilitation
Authors: Watkins Linda R. , Maier Steven F.
Published: July 2002

This commentary on coderre & katz,
wiesenfeld-hallin et al., and dickenson focuses
on: (a) the brain as an under-recognized contributor to pain
facilitation at the spinal cord; (b) these brain-to-spinal pathways
being activated by learning or by body infection/inflammation;
and (c) the resultant spinal release of anti-analgesic neuropeptides,
activators of the NMDA-NO cascade, and activators of glia.
Multilevel selection and the return of group-level functionalism
Authors: Wilson David Sloan , Sober Elliott
Published: July 2002

We reinforce Thompson's points by providing
a second example of the paradox that makes group selection appear
counterintuitive and by discussing the wider implications of
multilevel selection theory.
Movement imitation as faithful copying in the absence of insight
Authors: Huber Ludwig
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon use novelty as the primary requirement
for providing evidence of true imitation in animals. There are three
reasons to object to this. First, experiential learning cannot always
be completely excluded as an alternative explanation of the observed
behavior. Second, the imitator's manipulations performed during
ontogeny cannot be known in full detail. Finally, there is at present
only a weak understanding of how novel forms emerge. Data from our
own recent experiments will be used to emphasize the need for a
tighter methodology in imitation experiments.
How imitators represent the imitated: The vital experiments
Authors: Whiten Andrew
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon rightly draw attention to complex and
neglected aspects of ape imitation. However, program-level imitation
as a single, absolute category may mislead us in understanding
abstractions involved in imitation. Designing the right experiments
will offer clarity. One recent experiment has shown imitation of
sequential structure: What is needed to test other components of
what the authors propose?
Perceptual symbol systems and emotion
Authors: Charland Louis C.
Published: July 2002

In his target article, Barsalou cites current work on emotion
theory but does not explore its relevance for this project. The
connection is worth pursuing, since there is a plausible case to be made
that emotions form a distinct symbolic information processing system of
their own. On some views, that system is argued to be perceptual:
a direct connection with Barsalou's perceptual symbol systems
theory. Also relevant is the hypothesis that there may be different
modular subsystems within emotion and the perennial tension
between cognitive and perceptual theories of emotion.
Assignment of grammatical gender by native speakers and foreign learners of French
Authors: HOLMES V. M. , DEJEAN DE LA BÂTIE B.
Published: July 2002

This study compared the skill in gender attribution of foreign learners and native speakers of
French. Accuracy and fluency of gender attribution by the foreign learners were assessed in
spontaneous written production. Both groups performed on-line gender assignment to real nouns
whose gender was regular or exceptional, given their ending, and to invented nouns with
nonword stems and real-word endings. The pattern of results indicated that the native
speakers' gender attributions were primarily based on rapidly evoked lexical associations,
with gender-ending correspondences playing a significant but subsidiary role. The foreign
learners were less able to summon lexical associations, relying heavily on ending-based rules.
Overall, none of the foreign learners attained the same level of performance as any of the native
speakers. We conclude that instruction in which students learn nouns in the context of distinctive
lexical associates could profitably be supplemented by explicit instruction in gender-ending
regularities.
A variation on the variational principle and applications to entropy
pairs
Authors: BLANCHARD F. , GLASNER E. , HOST B.
Published: July 2002

The variational
principle states that the topological entropy of a topological dynamical system
is equal to the sup of the entropies of invariant measures. It is proved that
for any finite open cover there is an invariant measure such that the
topological entropy of this cover is less than or equal to the entropies
of all finer partitions. One consequence of this
result is that for any dynamical system with positive topological entropy there
exists an invariant measure whose set of entropy pairs is equal to the set of
topological entropy pairs.
Lyapunov exponents for some quasi-periodic cocycles
Authors: YOUNG L.-S.
Published: July 2002

We consider $SL(2, {\Bbb R} )$-valued cocycles over rotations of
the circle and prove that they are likely to have Lyapunov exponents $\approx
\pm \log \lambda $ if the norms of all of the matrices are $\approx \lambda
$. This is proved for $\lambda $ sufficiently large. The ubiquity of elliptic
behavior is also observed.
Invariant manifolds, conjugacies and blow-up
Authors: CHAPERON MARC , COUDRAY FABIENNE
Published: July 2002

Using a very simple blow-up, we show how to extend the stable and
pseudo-stable manifold theorems so as to get (a Banach version of)
Sternberg's local conjugacy results for hyperbolic diffeomorphisms
[9, 10].
Rank one and loosely Bernoulli actions in ${\Bbb Z}^{\bi d}$
Authors: JOHNSON AIMEE S. A. , ŞAHİN AYŞE A.
Published: July 2002

We define rank one for ${\Bbb Z}^d$ actions and show that those rank one actions with a certain tower shape are loosely Bernoulli for $d\ge 1$. We also construct a zero entropy ${\Bbb Z}^2$ loosely Bernoulli action with a zero entropy, ergodic, non-loosely Bernoulli one-dimensional subaction.
The Poincaré series of $\mathbb C\setminus\mathbb Z$
Authors: AARONSON JON , DENKER MANFRED
Published: July 2002

We show that the Poincaré series of the Fuchsian group of deck transformations of ${\mathbb C}\setminus{\mathbb Z}$ diverges logarithmically. This is because ${\mathbb C}\setminus{\mathbb Z}$ is a ${\mathbb Z}$-cover of the three horned sphere, whence its geodesic flow has a good section which behaves like a random walk on ${\mathbb R}$ with Cauchy distributed jump distribution and has logarithmic asymptotic type.
The Livšic periodic point theorem for non-abelian cocycles
Authors: PARRY WILLIAM
Published: July 2002

For hyperbolic systems and for Hölder cocycles with values in a compact metric group, we extend Livšic's periodic point characterisation of coboundaries. Here we show that two such cocycles are cohomologous when their respective ‘weights’ (of closed orbits) coincide. When it is only assumed that they are conjugate, one of the cocycles must (in general) be modified by an isomorphism (which stabilises conjugacy classes) to obtain cohomology. When the group is Lie and when a transitivity condition is satisfied, conjugacy of weights ensures that the cocycles are cohomologous with respect to a finitely extended group.
Cultural Scripts and the Social Integration of Older People
Authors: MEHTA KALYANI
Published: July 2002

The cultural strategies for the social integration of
older people within their
families of the three major ethnic groups in Singapore, the Chinese, Malays
and Indians, is the focus of this paper. Analysis of data reveals three
underlying principles, namely, reciprocity, elders as transmitters of cultural
heritage, and the social significance of auspicious days and festivals. Taken
together, the principles and strategies indicate the salient impact of cultural
factors on the subjective experience of old age.
Informal care and older Native Canadians
Authors: BUCHIGNANI NORMAN , ARMSTRONG-ESTHER CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

The number and relative proportion of older Native people in Canada are
both increasing rapidly. So also is a social problems discourse asserting that
informal care of older Native people by family and kin is traditional, and
highly appropriate today. However, neither this discourse nor previous
research satisfactorily address the informal care requirements of older Native
people nor the gendered implications that high levels of informal care provision
may have for Native caregivers. Informal care is provided to Canada's non-Native elderly people primarily by resident wives and non-resident daughters,
and secondarily by husbands and sons. Data from the pan-provincial Alberta
Native Seniors Study demonstrate that Native people aged 50 or more have
comparatively high overall care requirements. Older Native Albertans are
poor, and make extensive use of some government income support
programmes. They also make moderate use of medical services. Extensive
dependence on informal care, institutional barriers and local service
unavailability lead Native seniors to under-utilise other formal programmes
aimed generically at the older provincial population. Native seniors are much
more likely to live with kin than are other Canadians. Informal care appears
equally available to older women and men, and is provided chiefly by resident
daughters, sons and spouses, and by non-resident daughters, sisters and sons.
Extensive elderly caregiving requirements may impose a growing, double
burden on many, who are also providing care for dependent children. Without
further support, current and future requirements may significantly limit the
options of caregiving women and men.
Globalization and the social state
Authors: ARMSTRONG DAVID
Published: July 2002

One of the most common themes in the vast literature on globalization is that it is gradually undermining the state by making it meaningless if not obsolete. This article is a contribution to the growing body of literature that seeks to challenge that thesis. It does so by arguing that there are two distinct sets of processes at work in contemporary world politics: globalization and interstate interaction. While the former tends to break down territorial boundaries and replace them with new, uniform configurations of power, money and culture, the latter reconfirms territorial boundaries and the structures and processes contained by them. The interaction among states, which is often ignored by globalization theorists, may best be understood by situating it within the traditional international relations concept of an international society, provided that this is redefined to give it a more ‘constructivist’ orientation.
Stochastic mapping using forward look sonar
Authors: Leonard John L. , Carpenter Robert N. , Feder Hans Jacob S.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the problem of concurrent mapping and localization (CML) using forward look sonar data. Results are presented from processing of
an oceanic data set from an 87 kHz US Navy forward look imaging sonar using the stochastic mapping method for CML. The goal is to detect objects on the seabed, map their locations, and concurrently compute an improved trajectory for the vehicle. The resulting trajectory is compared with position estimates computed with an inertial navigation system and Doppler velocity sonar. The results demonstrate the potential of concurrent mapping and localization
algorithms to satisfy the navigation requirements of undersea vehicles equipped with forward look sonar.