bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prostitution and the Question of Sexual Identity in Medieval Europe
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo
Published: February 2007

What has by now become the master narrative of the
history of sexuality holds that not only homosexuality but the whole
concept of sexuality is a creation of nineteenth-century bourgeois
society. This article argues that sexual identities, constructed through
what Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick calls "minoritizing discourses," can be found
much earlier, in premodern Western societies. In the European Middle Ages,
for example, although there is nothing congruent to a modern homosexual
identity, prostitution was a sexual identity in any relevant sense of the
word. This case raises the question of whether the interplay between act
and identity might not be more complex than many interpreters of Michel
Foucault would make it, and whether the fact that sexuality is socially
constructed means that it was constructed only in the nineteenth century.
Married Women's Property and Male Coercion: United States Courts and the Privy Examination, 1864-1887
Authors: Braukman Stacy Lorraine , Ross Michael A. (Michael Anthony)
Published: February 2007

This article addresses an overlooked area of married
women's property law: the separate or privy examination. Under state
privy examination laws, a married woman who intended to sell or mortgage
her own property was required to be interviewed by a public official
in order to determine whether she understood the transaction and whether
her husband had coerced her into it. This article traces the dramatic
transformation in the ways in which courts interpreted these supposedly
protective statutes from the mid-1860s to the late 1880s. It raises and
answers complex questions about how the rise of an integrated national
economy and the judiciary's increasing emphasis on creditors' rights
affected married women's property interests in the late nineteenth
century.
Rescuing Sex from Prudery and Prurience: American Women's Use of Sex Education as an Antidote to Obscenity, 1925-1932
Authors: Wheeler Leigh Ann
Published: February 2007

The United States in the 1920s and 1930s witnessed dramatic
shifts in legal and popular attitudes toward sexuality and
obscenity. Female antiobscenity reformers were at the crux of these
transformations--simultaneously holding back some changes and urging
others forward. This article examines the antiobscenity work of
Catheryne Cooke Gilman and the organization over which she presided,
the Minneapolis, Minnesota, Women's Cooperative Alliance (WCA). It uses
Gilman's fluctuating alliances with sex educator Mary Ware Dennett
and social purity reformer Reverend William Sheafe Chase to demonstrate
how, why, and to what effect the WCA used explicit sex education as a tool
for divesting obscene amusements of their allure. Among other things,
the author concludes that the WCA inadvertently helped liberate the
commercial forms of sexual expression it fought against. By extending
protection to graphic educational information, even while continuing
to suppress sexually explicit commercial material, Gilman and the WCA
helped to dismantle existing obscenity law in ways that fueled the growing
free speech movement and eventually undermined the law's usefulness for
fighting obscenity.
Was Mom Chung "A Sister Lesbian"? Asian American Gender Experimentation and Interracial Homoeroticism
Authors: Wu Judy Tzu-Chun
Published: February 2007

Reputedly the first American-born woman of Chinese descent
to become a physician, Margaret Chung (1889-1959) gained wide
recognition as a supporter of the Allied cause during the 1930s and
1940s. This article examines the historical significance of her
life, not in terms of her accomplishments in the public realm of work
and politics, but by focusing on her private choices. Chung decided not
to marry or have children during a time when the social pressure for
Chinese American women to do both was intense. Instead, she developed
erotic relationships with white women. She also experimented with gender
presentation, adopting masculine and feminine personas. Wu explores
Chung's gender identities as wells as her homoerotic interracial
relationships, expanding the existing understanding of Asian American
sexuality during the first half of the twentieth century and
revealing the ways in which women of color negotiated shifting gender,
sexual, and racial norms from the late Victorian through the modern
eras.
Organized Women and the Strong State: The Beginnings of Female Associational Activity in Germany, 1810-1840
Authors: Huber-Sperl Rita
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the history of German women's
associations from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth
century. Women's organizational efforts endured a lengthy and fitful
process, which was a product of German political culture and mentality at
the time. Women's associations operated within the confines of patriarchal
norms, the reality of a powerful state, and a bourgeoisie interested
in defensive re-forms. Against this background, bourgeois women could
safeguard their associations' existence only by seeking out influential
allies, shying away from the semblance of political activism, and making
themselves indispensable in the realm of social welfare. The article
also argues that, during the first half of the nineteenth century,
German women's associations did not enjoy the same freedoms as their
American counterparts.
Emotion, Identity, and the Female Subject: Tamil Women's Magazines in Colonial India, 1890-1940
Authors: Sreenivas Mytheli
Published: February 2007

This article examines women's magazines published in colonial India
from the 1890s to the 1940s. Focusing on texts in the Tamil language,
the author argues that these magazines developed a paradigm of emotion
in which a discourse of love, affection, and pleasure prompted radical
critiques of women's oppression. This study calls attention to Tamil
women's print culture, an area that historians have neglected. As the
author suggests, this culture of print is part of a broader history
of middle-class identity as it developed under the conditions of
colonial modernity. That is, in redefining emotion, women's writing
also redefined the female subject. The texts developed new notions of
subjective interiority that displaced such conventional identity markers
as kinship or caste. These shifts both resonated with developments in
metropolitan contexts and reflected their specifically colonial conditions
of production.
Cultural Materialism: Reflections on a Theoretical Odyssey from Africa to the West Indies
Authors: Robertson Claire C.
Published: February 2007

This article addresses how theory has shaped the author's choice of
research topic and analysis as she takes her readers on a journey to
Ghana, Kenya, North America, and Saint Lucia. Coming from the position
of a reformed materialist feminist moving toward cultural materialism,
the author examines how theory helped her empirical work or contributed
to problems; she determines whether theory has helped her to see what
scholars otherwise have ignored, or caused her to overlook aspects
of the data that still need analysis. This relationship provides
a pragmatism and flexibility useful for making historical analysis
reflect its grass roots in the data. Thus, the author uses the term
"materialist" in two senses, both in the tradition of (in her case,
revisionist) Marxist economic analysis and in the sense of a close
connection to the data, the "materials." The author's odyssey through
many geographical and theoretical locations forced by the data has led
to her attempt to syncretize approaches in developing the concept of
cultural materialism. Cultural materialism involves imbricating culture
with economy in ways that illuminate both.
Welfare State Retrenchment and the Nonprofit Sector: The Problems, Policies, and Politics of Canadian Housing
Authors: Colderley Christopher A.
Published: February 2007

Throughout the 1980s, neoconservative governments—fueled by the conviction that the delivery of goods and services is more efficient when left in the hands of the nongovernmental sector, and that nonprofits are more sensitive to personal and individual needs because they are not bound by “bureaucratic” and “majoritarian” constraints—called upon volunteer activity to substitute for the state in many areas of social policy. This doctrine viewed “the relationship between government and the nonprofit sector in terms that are close to what economists would call a zero-sum game.” Advocates of this position believed that once the welfare state dissipated most social welfare activities would be (re)supplied through the expansion of the third sector. Despite the prominence of these beliefs, the evidence overwhelmingly suggests otherwise.
The Surprising Career of Federal Fair Housing Law
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: February 2007

Unlike the breakthrough civil rights legislation of 1964–65, which dismantled the South's Jim Crow system and led to rapid advances in job access and educational opportunity for minorities throughout the nation, the federal fair housing legislation of the 1960s produced little substantive change. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 quickly became case studies in the dominant tradition of presidential leadership in legislative reform, joining such modern classics as Social Security and the Marshall Plan. The Open Housing Act of 1968, however, belongs to a different era of national policy development.
Creating the National War Labor Board: Franklin Roosevelt and the Politics of State Building in the Early 1940s
Authors: Workman Andrew A.
Published: February 2007

In January 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order creating a National War Labor Board (NWLB) to arbitrate wartime industrial disputes. Roosevelt's order provided enormous power for the board, which could, on its own motion, intervene in any labor conflict it deemed a threat to “the effective prosecution of the war” and subsequently impose settlements on the parties. In practice, the board replaced free collective bargaining for the duration of the war. Most scholars of the era agree that the NWLB, operating at a time when New Deal labor policy was still in formation and many unions had not yet become entrenched in their industries, had a profound impact on the evolution of the American industrial relations system during the war and thereafter.

Despite a superficial similarity to earlier labor boards, the NWLB was a curious creature born, in the words of one of its members, “out of deadlock,” and of a breed uncommon on the American political landscape. The board's authority was nominally grounded on an agreement by a 1941 national labor-management conference to eschew strikes and lockouts in lieu of arbitration. Yet this conference had reached an impasse and its “agreement” had been forced on the business delegates by Roosevelt.
Race and Reapportionment, 1962: The Case of Georgia Senate Redistricting
Authors: McCrary Peyton , Lawson Steven F.
Published: February 2007

Courts, both state and federal, often play a substantial role in the adoption and implementation of changes in public policy. Properly understood, the impact of court decisions must be examined in the context of actions and reactions by other branches of government, political parties, and interest groups. Among the most transformative court decisions over the last half century are those involving legislative reapportionment and minority voting rights. Beginning in the 1960s, the federal courts restructured the nation's political institutions through decisions striking down malapportioned legislatures and local governing bodies through what used to be termed the “reapportionment revolution,” perhaps the only revolution ignored altogether by historians. Shortly thereafter the courts extended their attack on quantitative vote dilution (which the “one-person, one-vote” standard is designed to address) to include protection against electoral rules that dilute the voting strength of racial minorities.
Organized Medicine on Trial: The Federal Trade Commission vs. the American Medical Association
Authors: Ameringer Carl F.
Published: February 2007

During the 1970s, the Federal Trade Commission took on the powerful American Medical Association, hastening the end of the medical profession's domination of the health-care industry. The pivotal confrontation was the FTC's administrative action (the “FTC proceeding”), commenced in 1975, against the AMA. According to the FTC, ethical restrictions on physician advertising, solicitation, and contract practice bore no reasonable relationship to procompetitive concerns, the touchstone of the FTC's public-interest calculus. By eliminating these restraints, FTC commissioners and attorneys cut the ties that bound rank-and-file physicians to their national, state, and local medical societies, thereby undermining the structure of organized medicine. Stripped of its organizing principles and enforcement mechanisms, the medical establishment weakly resisted the formation of large-scale provider networks and the integration of insurance products and delivery systems, known as health maintenance organizations or HMOs.
Making Reform Happen: The Passage of Canada's Collective-Bargaining Policy, 1943–1944
Authors: Hollander Taylor
Published: February 2007

Patrick Conroy, the secretary-treasurer of the Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL) from 1941 to 1951, was not someone who gave up easily. As a friend observed, the Scottish-born coal miner was a committed trade unionist whose “moral certitude was admirable and… one of his great strengths.” In late 1942, however, Conroy seemed ready to call it quits on the CCL's campaign to win a national collective-bargaining policy in Canada. Since its inception in September 1940, the Congress, which represented most of the industrial unions in the country, had pushed hard for a comprehensive labor policy like the National Labor Relations or Wagner Act in the United States, which protected and advanced the rights of workers. But the Liberal government of Prime Minister Mackenzie King repeatedly refused to move beyond a turn-of-the-century conciliatory framework that emphasized moral suasion and compromise. In late 1942, when a regional organizer asked Conroy whether a collective-bargaining policy appeared likely in the future, the CCL leader replied: “We do not feel it worthwhile to raise people's hopes when the record of the federal government is as it has been.”
Abortion Policy BeforeRoe: Grassroots and Interest-Group Mobilization
Authors: Nossiff Rosemary
Published: February 2007

In 1965 abortion was illegal in every state in America except when the woman's life was endangered. Eight years later, in its decision inRoe v. Wade, the Supreme Court held that a woman's decision to have an early elective abortion was constitutionally protected.
Public Education Changes Partners
Authors: Glenn Charles L.
Published: February 2007

Although actual classroom practice has changed far less than one might imagine over the past hundred years, thefunctionand themeaningof American public education have become profoundly different. There are few occupations whose day-to-day activities have changed as little as have those of school-teachers, but the relationship of schools and society has become very different than it was in 1900.
The End of Liberalism: Narrating Welfare's Decline, from the Moynihan Report (1965) to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (1996)
Authors: Graebner William
Published: February 2007

Between 1965 and the end of the century, welfare—that is, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)—expanded dramatically; came under attack from conservatives, libertarians, and liberals; and then, in the 1990s, was virtually eliminated as a federal program through legislation that had broad, bipartisan support. Throughout that process of growth and declension, social scientists played central roles in shaping perceptions of welfare, most significantly by examining the impact of welfare on the work ethic, on family structure, on gender relations, on poverty, and on inner-city, black communities. This is an enormously complex story, and I have engaged it by focusing on four influential texts, each by a prominent social scientist: Daniel P. Moynihan'sThe Negro Family: The Case for National Action(1965), otherwise known as the MoynihanReport; Charles Murray'sLosing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980(1982); Martin Anderson'sWelfare: The Political Economy of Welfare Reform in the United States(1978); and David T. Ellwood'sPoor Support: Poverty in the American Family(1988). Although this approach inevitably oversimplifies somewhat, it also makes possible a more intensive critical reading of these key historical documents.
Transforming the Progressive Era Welfare State: Activists for the Blind and Blind Benefits
Authors: Krainz Thomas A.
Published: February 2007

On the evening of 21 November 1918, more than one hundred people gathered at Sullivan's Hall in Denver, Colorado, to celebrate voters’ recent approval of the Act for the Relief of the Adult Blind, a statewide initiative commonly referred to as blind benefits or blind pensions or blind aid. The new law guaranteed up to $300 annually in cash relief for each impoverished blind resident. The evening's entertainment included piano, violin, and vocal solos and duets as well as readings of poetry and literature. While people listened, they enjoyed a simple assortment of sandwiches, pies, and doughnuts. The electoral victory capped years of hard work by a small group of dedicated activists, most of whom were themselves blind. One leader of the local blind community, Mrs. Jennie Jackson, addressed the gathering to thank those who had helped to secure the initiative's approval and to proclaim joyously that “the adoption of this bill will be a great benefit to many of the blind of this state.”
Machine Politics, Police Corruption, and the Persistence of Vote Fraud: The Case of the Louisville, Kentucky, Election of 1905
Authors: Campbell Tracy A.
Published: February 2007

Although vote fraud is an acknowledged component of American political culture, scholarship on the inner workings of stealing elections is rather thin. Despite popular exposés by nineteenth-century muckrakers, the functioning dynamics of vote stealing remains somewhere beneath the visible layer of political analysis. The Gilded Age has been the recipient of some extensive studies of ballot corruption, but scholars have generally concluded that the extent of fraud in changing the actual outcome of a specific race was exaggerated, and with the advent of the Australian, or secret, ballot in the early 1890s, American elections took on a decidedly freer and fairer tone. The scholarship surrounding vote fraud has also tended to focus on a secondary issue: Did the secret ballot diminish fraud to the point where earlier turnout levels could be seen as inflated? Following the lead of Walter Dean Burnham, numerous scholars have answered decidedly in the negative—the level of fraud was so insignificant as not to change turnout totals in any meaningful way.
Radio Regulation Revisited: Coase, the FCC, and the Public Interest
Authors: Moss David A. , Fein Michael R.
Published: February 2007

It is now more than forty years since Ronald Coase's seminal article on the Federal Communications Commission first appeared in the pages of theJournal of Law and Economics. The article remains important for a number of reasons, not least of which is that it offered his first articulation of the Coase Theorem. Of even greater importance for our purposes, the article literally redefined the terms of debate over American broadcast regulation, in both historical and contemporary treatments of the subject.
Efflorescences and Economic Growth in World History: Rethinking the "Rise of the West" and the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Goldstone Jack A
Published: February 2007

The "Rise of the West" has been treated by economic historians as stemming from the onset of rapid economic growth, driven by technological advances. In contrast, all premodern and non-Western economies have been treated as showing only slow or no growth, interrupted by periodic crises. This is an error. Examined closely, many premodern and non-Western economies show spurts or efflorescences of economic growth, including sustained increases in both population and living standards, in urbanization, and in underlying technological change. Medieval Europe, Golden Age Holland, and Qing China, among other cases, show such remarkable efflorescences of impressive economic growth.Yet these did not lead to modern industrialized societies. The distinctive feature of Western economies since 1800 has not been growth per se, but growth based on a specific set of elements: engines to extract motive power from fossil fuels, to a degree hitherto rarely appreciated by historians; the application of empirical science to understanding both nature and practical problems of production; and the marriage of empirically oriented science to a national culture of educated craftsmen and entrepreneurs broadly educated in basic principles of mechanics and experimental approaches to knowledge. This combination developed from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries only in Britain, and was unlikely to have developed anywhere else in world history.
The Controversy over Retrospective Moral Judgment
Authors: Buchanan Allen E.
Published: February 2007

The mandate of the U.S. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation
Experiments required that the Committee take a position on the
validity of retrospective moral judgments. However, throughout its
period of operation, the Committee remained divided on the
question of whether sound judgments of individual culpability and
wrongdoing should be included in its Final Report. This essay
examines the arguments that various committee members
marshalled to support their opposing views on retrospective moral
judgment and explains the significance of the controversy.
Paying for Medical Care: A Jewish View
Authors: Dorff Elliot N
Published: February 2007

Money motivates people, lubricates the movement of resources,
mobilizes talent, and breaks down some barriers. But money also
has a darker side; it can distract, corrupt, distort, and cruelly
exclude. Money is a useful but unruly servant; sometimes, a hard
master. The professional, at least in part, belongs to the world of
money. We sometimes distinguish the amateur from the
professional in that the amateur does it for love; the professional, for
money. The professional has one foot in the marketplace, but also,
purportedly, professes something else--beyond the bottom line. The
following discussion explores the morally complex ties and
tensions between money and the medical professions.
Who Should Manage Care? The Case for Providers
Authors: Stobo John D
Published: February 2007

Health care professionals should be the ones to make allocation
decisions in the managed care setting because they are in the best
position to assess outcomes, cost effectiveness, and quality of
care.
Reasonable Magic and the Nature of Alchemy: Jewish Reflections on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Authors: Zoloth Laurie
Published: February 2007

The controversy about research on human embryonic stem cells
both divides and defines us, raising fundamental ethical and religious
questions about the nature of the self and the limits of science. This
article uses Jewish sources to articulate fundamental concerns about
the forbiddenness of knowledge in general and of knowledge thought of
as magical creation. Alchemy, and the turning of elements into gold
and into substances for longevity, and magic used for the creation of
living beings was at stake in various Talmudic texts. Since contemporary
discourse calls regenerative science magical, and makes claims about its
restorative power, careful reflection on when magic is forbidden and when
it is responsible allows a novel understanding of ethical questions in
stem cell research.
Country or State? Reconceptualizing Kukka in the Korean Enlightenment Period, 1896-1910
Authors: Hwang Kyung Moon
Published: February 2007

The Korean enlightenment period, 1896--1910, was characterized by intellectual experimentation and adaptation, as the leading intellectuals attempted to reconcile the new ideas and models originating from the West, as well as from contemporary Japan and China, with the very powerful equivalents from the Korean-Confucian tradition, and in constant consideration of the circumstances of the day. This study examines a key example of the reformulation of a traditional concept, that of kukka (commonly translated as "state"). The new meanings involved a wider array of concerns, including political legitimacy, sovereignty, and even rights. Furthermore, the notion of kukka provided the enlightenment activists an opportunity to get to the heart of their urgent concerns: What kind of Korean nation and polity should prevail in the brave new world of competing civilizations, and what should the enlightenment intellectuals' role be in this process? Two competing revisions of this ancient term emerged--one insisting that the kukka constituted a collective entity of people, land, and government and the other adopting a perspective that equated kukka with the ruling authority, or the "state." This study argues that the former, collectivist notion of the kukka was the first and foremost reconceptualization of this term in the Korean enlightenment period. Furthermore, the two contrasting concepts of kukka corresponded to differing views about the appropriate political form for Korea at the time. Ironically, while those who adopted the Western-oriented, statist notion of kukka called for an authoritarian ruling order dominated by a powerful state, the intellectuals who advocated the more liberal, people-centered concept of the collective kukka attempted to reconcile their political theory with, of all things, Confucian teachings. The Confucian intellectual tradition supported these activists' collectivist definition of kukka by establishing the concept of kukka-as-family, by providing a holistic connection between self-cultivation and the condition of the larger kukka, and by validating the efforts of sagely activists, such as the enlightenment thinkers, in working to save the kukka. In an important sense, the enlightenment project can be viewed as the latest in a long history of Confucian reform movements in Korea.
Finland Pays Its Debts and Gets Books in Return: ASLA Grants to the Finnish Academic Libraries, 1950-1967
Authors: Mäkinen Ilkka
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the political and historical context, implementation,
and effects of the ASLA program and especially how it was used to
fund the purchase of American books for Finnish academic libraries
during the years 1950-67. In 1949 the U.S. Congress passed a law
(P.L. 81-265) that transformed Finnish payments on the loans acquired
from the United States after World War I into a fund. Out of the fund,
grants for travel in the United States were given to Finnish researchers
and specialists. Finnish institutions of higher education were given
grants in order to acquire American scientific and scholarly books as
well as technical equipment. In Finland the program is known according
to its Finnish acronym: ASLA (Amerikan Suomen lainan apurahat, or Grants
from Finland's American Loan). Today it is called the ASLA-Fulbright
program. The essay describes the relation of the ASLA program to the
United States, cultural diplomacy in general, and how the program
influenced Finnish academic
libraries. Sources include published congressional documents and Finnish
archival sources, especially papers of the Helsinki University Library,
its chief librarian, Lauri O. Th. Tudeer, and the Council (later Board)
of Scientific Libraries.
A Cold War Best-Seller: The Reaction to Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon in France from 1945 to 1950
Authors: Poulain Martine
Published: February 2007

Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon served as the pioneer
publication
denouncing Stalinist strategies. First released in 1940 in London,
Jewish publishers reissued subsequent French editions of Darkness at
Noon in the mid-1940s amidst a climate of Communism, facing major
obstacles that included a paper shortage. The Communists regarded paper
as a rare
commodity in war-torn Europe, and it would not easily be turned over
to anti-Communist movements. Publicly heralded in France, Darkness
at Noon survived Cold War Communist censorship and underground book
sales. While French Communist party members abhorred Koestler's message
and his successful publications, Western critics and democratic-minded
European readers clung to the revolutionary statements envisioned in
the book. This essay describes the difficulties, from lack of funds
to political warnings, the author and publishers experienced when
attempting to
release the work. It also follows the various reactions to Darkness
at Noon, both exceedingly positive and sharply negative.
"Illumino" for All: Opening the Library Association of Portland to the Public, 1900-1903
Authors: Gunselman Cheryl
Published: February 2007

This essay explores the establishment of public library service in

Portland, Oregon, which occurred when the Library Association of Portland,
a private subscription library, opened to the public in 1902. Four main
elements of the transition are identified and examined:

opposition by library board members to opening to the public; the
1900 bequest of a major collection of books, left to the association
by merchant John Wilson with the condition that the collection be made
available to the public at no charge; the role of Mary Frances Isom, the
new and untried head of the library in 1902; and the library's unusual
form of governance, under which the Library Association board operated
the institution under a contract arrangement with the city and county,
which provided its funding.
Collection Development in Public and University Libraries of the Former German Democratic Republic since German Unification
Authors: Smith Kathleen A
Published: February 2007

9 November 1999 marked the ten-year anniversary of the German
Wende, the peaceful revolution that preceded the unification
of East and West Germany. The impact of this change on East German
library collections, the book market, and higher education cannot be
overestimated. The relative importance of public and university libraries
shifted as these institutions integrated themselves into West German
librarianship, shaped by democracy, federalism, and capitalism. The
resulting changes in collection development, particularly in terms of
acquisitions budgets, are still being felt today.
My Infinite Library
Authors: Gould Warwick
Published: February 2007

A literary scholar interacts with various other speakers at the symposium
and makes his own case for the necessity of physical materials that
are always yielding new insights. He rues the apparent denigration of
paper materials and the reduction of books even in research libraries
and suggests that research librarians should be scholars as well.
Excavating the Imagination: Archival Research and the Digital Revolution
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: February 2007

A literary scholar recounts his personal experience with manuscripts
and archival materials of great variety and sees a pendulum shift back
toward examining original source materials. Special collections need to
reinsert themselves into the mainstream of intellectual life and promote
themselves to students and scholars more effectively.
Behind Adobe Walls and Iron Bars: The Utah Territorial Penitentiary Library
Authors: Bashore Melvin L.
Published: February 2007

Drawing upon a wealth of detail recorded in the writings of imprisoned
Mormon polygamists and other published and unpublished records from
the Utah Territorial Penitentiary, we get a glimpse of the educational
and intellectual life of an inmate population unique in the annals of
American penal history. Utah lagged behind other state and federal
prisons in establishing a prison library. It also differed somewhat
in the way in which the library was founded. This frontier library was
popular with inmates, and the bulk of the collection contained classics
and good literature.
Civil Rights and the Louisiana Library Association: Stumbling toward Integration
Authors: Harris Steven R. (Steven Robert)
Published: February 2007

The twentieth-century civil rights movement had a profound impact on
the Louisiana Library Association (LLA). In the 1940s and 1950s, the
association made halting attempts to end professional segregation and
grant equal rights to African American librarians, but these ultimately
failed. Pressure from the American Library Association in the 1960s could
not achieve integration either, and the two organizations severed their
ties from 1962 to 1965. Ultimately, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided
the greatest motivation to integrate by invalidating the cultural and
legal institutions of Jim Crow.
Louis Zukofsky in Kentucky in History
Authors: Beyers Chris
Published: February 2007

Louis Zukofsky's epic poem, A , is typically regarded as either a modernist collage poem or a postmodern poem that problematizes that view. This essay considers these interpretive paradigms as it elucidates the work's "Kentucky" theme. Zukofsky visited Kentucky in 1963 and subsequently alluded to the state in A 14 and A 18. Allusions to Kentucky emphasize Appalachian culture and economic deprivation. The poem presents Chester Cornett (an eastern Kentucky chairmaker whose nonutilitarian approach to craft caused him to be considered more of an artist than a craftsman) as an example of the validity of Marx's economic theory and Spinoza's ethical philosophy. In the end, the poem's assertion of totalizing views of history mark it as modern, while its complementary vision of aspects that such theories leave out mark it as postmodern.
Ontological Incoherence in Women in Love
Authors: Levy Eric P
Published: February 2007

The goal of classical ontology is to explain being or reality in terms of universally consistent first principles. But there are examples of subsequent ontologies whose first principles are not in harmony with each other, but instead are reciprocally antagonistic. In such cases, the ontology is incoherent. Even as Lawrence presupposes mind-body dualism, he revolutionizes the conception of its opponent terms. The problem of incoherence entails the problem of time--a topic that can be illuminated by comparing Lawrence with Bergson. Whereas Bergson, through the concept of duration, foregrounds the process of continuous accretion or development, Lawrence foregrounds the striving for definitive disconnection from that which has been accumulated. At bottom, Birkin seeks not the intimacy of interpersonal love, but connection with the impersonal creative principle. He does this through seeking satisfaction in new forms of love relationship, beyond those which he has already created and achieved.
The Paradox of Slave Mutiny in Herman Melville, Charles Johnson, and Frederick Douglass
Authors: Lock Helen
Published: February 2007

Melville's "Benito Cereno" is a problematic text that students of color, especially, can find troubling. However, when this story is studied alongside two other narratives of shipboard slave rebellions--Charles Johnson's Middle Passage and Frederick Douglass's The Heroic Slave--it becomes apparent that Melville is making the same point as these writers about such rebellions through the subtle use of paradox as the key rhetorical strategy. In these texts not only are slave mutinies seen as inherently paradoxical, but so is the status quo that the mutinies seemingly invert, so that mutineers and officers, slave and free, are revealed to be two sides of the same coin--ultimately they are each other. By foregrounding inconsistencies, the use of paradox serves to undermine and invert apparent fixed verities, and then reveals beneath them the organic interdependence of the mirror and its image. Those involved in the rebellions described by Melville, Johnson, and Douglass usually fail to realize this, however, like Narcissus, they cannot recognize the inverted image as themselves. This interdependence, in "Benito Cereno" especially, is therefore found in the story's subtext: Melville's covert means of making a subversive point. Such use of paradox is in fact broadly characteristic of the slave-mutiny narrative genre as a whole, providing a useful approach for studying all such texts.
Race, Human Empathy, and Negative Capability: The Poetry of Yusef Komunyakaa
Authors: Salas Angela M.
Published: February 2007

Whether they are reading about German history, Greek mythology, homosexuality, or parenthood, many readers still seek a convenient monolithic "African American perspective" from African American authors. Indeed, writers as imaginative and meritorious as James Baldwin, Robert Hayden, Rita Dove, and Gwendolyn Brooks have all contended with the consequences of being read and described as spokespeople for their race, rather than as poets whose subjectivity was and is informed, but not determined, by race. Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Yusef Komunyakaa tries to escape such narrow readings of his work, exhibiting a determined arc towards an all-encompassing vision, while also honoring the particularity of his personal, race-inflected, observations and experiences. In so doing, Komunyakaa complicates reductive, race-obsessed readings of his work, drawing force and strength from the particularity of his experience as an African American southerner raised in Klan country, but functioning imaginatively from many different positions.
"I don't actually mind the bone saw": Narratives of Gross Anatomy
Authors: Reifler Douglas R
Published: February 2007

Gross anatomy, an early rite of initiation into the medical profession,exposes students to death, graphic details of the
human body, and fatal disease processes. Writing stories about their experiences in gross anatomy and reading the
stories to each other helps students to formulate their responses to these issues in human terms.
The Doctor's Order: Eugenic Anxiety in Henry James's Washington Square
Authors: Scheiber Andrew Joseph
Published: February 2007

The world of Washington Square is shaped by representations absorbed from the evolutionary biology of James's era.
Through the relationship between Austin Sloper and his daughter Catherine James dramatizes and critiques these
representations, suggesting how the novelist is plagued by the same epistemological and ethical problems as
nineteenth-century science.
Pretty Reflections
Authors: Haley Darryl E
Published: February 2007

Haley invokes the classic myth elements of death and resurrection
in the symbol of the phoenix to render and to complete his
experience as a recovering, needle-using, crack cocaine addict. His
narrative is a classic study in the importance of images in the
healing process.
Vassar Miller, Swimming on Concrete
Authors: Kellner Bruce
Published: February 2007

Vassar Miller, born in 1924 with cerebral palsy, became a
significant poet of astonishing range and power, in spite of her
profound physical hardships. In eight books, culminating in
publication of her collected poems, If I Had Wheels or Love (1991).
Her major subjects are her affliction, her sexuality, poetry itself,
and---most often---her religious faith, all eloquently reflected through
her command of both formal prosodies and organic verse forms, as
well as through her anger and her somtimes wicked wit. Bruce
Kellner was her correspondent, initmate friend, explicator in printer,
and occasional partner in poetry readings, for nearly twenty-five
years, until her death in 1998. His memoir accounts for their
relationship.
Sisyphus Without Knees: Exploring Self-Other Relationships Through Illness and Disability
Authors: Zaner Richard M
Published: February 2007

Two literary works
are studied for the remarkable way they reveal important dimensions of the
relationships between Self and Other. One is the memoir by Jean-Dominique
Bauby, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,
and the other the novel by Dalton Trumbo, Johnny Got His Gun (recognized as one of the finest antiwar
statements).

Bauby suffered a massive brain-stem
stroke that left him able to move only one eyelid. Helped by a speech therapist
to use this meager movement, he managed both to communicate and to write the memoire, published just two days before he died.

Trumbo developed a
character, Joe Bonham, who, massively injured in World War I, is left with
almost no sensory contact with the surrounding world—no limbs, lips, ears,
nose, or eyes. He discovers that he can bump his head, but then struggles to
get others to recognize his Morse code. A nurse does, in a scene that is among
the most compelling in modern literature.

How each man,
whose embodiment has been severely compromised—one "real," the other
"fictional"—manages to contact other people is explored. The phenomenon of
embodiment is seen as far more complex than often appreciated. The ways in
which each establishes significant relationships with others helps readers
understand important dimensions of embodiment and being with others.
The Business of Patriarchy: Black Paternity and Illegitimate Economies in Richard Wright's The Long Dream
Authors: Yukins Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

This essay examines how in The Long Dream (1958) Wright portrays
the developing consciousness of a man torn between filial allegiance to
his black father and social subservience to white patriarchal authority
figures. Recognizing Wright's interest in Freudian and Marxist theories,
I argue that Wright uses this father-son relationship to explore
the psychological and economic effects of racialized patriarchy in
twentieth-century America. Wright's protagonist derives from his father
an understanding of his own social illegitimacy, but he also inherits
from his father both material and symbolic means by which to challenge
this racist social order.
The Picture of Charles Bon: Oscar Wilde's Trip through Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha
Authors: Crowell Ellen
Published: February 2007

In this essay, I argue that Oscar Wilde's trip through the "ruined" South reinforced his nascent preoccupation with the relationship between beauty and decay, a preoccupation that informed his most iconic creation, Dorian Gray: the beautiful aristocrat in whom physical decline and Aestheticism merge. I argue that Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) is a novel whose gothicism was in part born of the same aesthetics of ruin as William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! (1936), and demonstrate that in Wildean dandyism (as expressed through both Wilde's self-aestheticization and his prose) Faulkner recognized a model through which to critique the multiple and contradictory performances of Southern aristocracy. By first directly invoking Wilde and then reworking the temptation scene in Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890), Faulkner reinterprets dandyism for the South­­casting the dandy as a culturally-perceived monster who registers the threat that miscegenation and deviant sexuality pose to the postbellum South.
Levels of Victimization in the Plays of Loula Anagnostaki
Authors: Sakellaridou Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

Like her own characters, Loula Anagnostaki has often suppressed
political memory and political awareness when talking about her
plays. Yet underneath the veneer of psychological drama that
focuses on the relations of the individual with the self and the other,
there always looms a historical inquiry that accounts for everything.
Political amnesia or apathy or indifference are only a stance that
camouflages the material forces shaping the life and behavior of the
characters. Like a cultural historian, Anagnostaki deconstructs the
official history of dates, events, and periodization in order to explore
that history's effect on the personal lives of people. Ranging from an
absurdist to a social realist aesthetic that finds its finest form in
The Victory and The Cassette, her plays transcend the obvious
level of a deadly interpersonal struggle to reveal other levels of
victimization, where national legacy, class, gender, age, and
culture constitute the nexus of her material analysis.
Acheson and the Formulation of the Truman Doctrine
Authors: Frazier Robert
Published: February 2007

The Truman Doctrine speech marked a major change in American
foreign policy. Literally it was only a request to the Congress for funds
in peacetime to defend two Near Eastern countries from pro-communist
and Soviet pressure. The American administration justified this
request by emphasizing the danger of totalitarianism as opposed to
democracy rather than playing on fears of Soviet aggression or invoking
the specter of communism. Dean Acheson was almost completely responsible
for this approach, but his motives can only be suggested. Nevertheless
the Congress and the American people recognized the real issues and
supported the request.
Concepts of Greekness: The Recorded Music of Anatolian Greeks after 1922
Authors: Pappas Nicholas G
Published: February 2007

Abstract: It is well attested that Asia Minor Greeks faced
considerable hostility upon their arrival in Greece after 1922. Among the
manifestations of this intolerance were claims that they displayed too
many Levantine characteristics to be gn�sioi �Ellhnew. Considerable pressure was brought to bear on these refugees to conform,
which in turn raised concerns among the refugees about the maintenance
of their cultural distinctiveness. This paper suggests that, through
the recorded performances of the refugee community in Athens after
1924, historians may begin to appreciate the identity crisis which
the Mikrasi�tew experienced. The refugees found in their
own highly developed music an avenue for the unchallenged expression
of their own concept of Greek identity. Ironically, their own musical
idiom, which provided them with a measure of commercial success and a
temporary means of identity preservation, was to be ultimately subsumed
within the broader, locally developed reb�tiko genre that it had
unwittingly encouraged. Relegated in reb�tiko scholarship to the
level of a mere catalyst for the musical revolution of the buz�ki
that followed, the recorded performances of the refugees preserve for us
some of the dilemmas of mass relocation and identity among the displaced
of Asia Minor.
Theoi and Theodotos: Thematic Collections and Generation of Meaning in Cavafy's Poetry
Authors: Paschalis Mihalis
Published: February 2007

The thematic order in which Cavafy arranged his published poems can
yield additional meaning for them that may not emerge, or be so obvious,
in the poems' chronological arrangement. The study of five poems of
the collection G 10 (no. 3, "But the Wise Perceive Things about
to Happen"; no. 4, "The Ides of March"; no. 5, "Things Ended"; no. 6,
"The God Abandons Antony"; no. 7, "Theodotos") shows important thematic
and semantic interaction not only among the texts themselves but also,
quite significantly, among titles (quotations), proper names, and
Plutarch's text.
Sound and the Nation: Rethinking the History of Early Greek Film Production
Authors: Hess Franklin L
Published: February 2007

The worldwide debut of mechanically reproduced film sound in the late
1920s changed the technological prerequisites for participating in
cinema's ongoing discourse about modernity and had a dramatic impact on
national cinemas around the world. In Greece, it initiated an ethological
turn in the cinema industry and prompted the nationalization of film
content. The ethological turn of Greek cinema reached its resolution with
the 1932 release of The Lover of the Shepherdess (O agaphtik�w
thw boskopo�law), the first Greek film to use sound-on-film
technology. Through its visual and sonic strategies for representing
cinematic space, this film provides insight into the possibilities
and problems of the project of national cinema in Greece in the early
1930s. The film's soundtrack, in conjunction with the montage and mise
en sc�ne, places Greek cinema's ethological turn within a broader
historical context and lends critical perspective to Greece's encounter
with a global cinema industry that was changing dramatically as a result
of the advent of film sound.