bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Dialogue
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

Mr. Smith lies in the intensive care unit. There is a dispute about whether he should be maintained on a ventilator, or started on renal dialysis. Would these measures be of benefit to him? Would they merely prolong the dying process? We bioethicists are called to the bedside for a consultation. Our initial response to the consultation request will be both unanmous and vociferous. Let Mr. Smith speak for himself. We must hear the voice of the patient—the voice that for too many decades or centuries, the paternalistic practice of medicine sought to ignore or suppress. As the playwright eloquently phrased it: Whose life is it, anyway? Perhaps we will find upon further inquiry that the voice of Mr. Smith cannot now be heard. Perhaps he is comatose or delirious. In that event, ironically, we demand even more that we somehow manage to find his voice and listen to it. Perhaps he has executed an advance directive. Perhaps he had conversations about his wishes with his loved ones. Perhaps twenty years ago he once made a passing comment to a stranger on the street. No matter; we will move mountains to find that voice and then to listen to what it said.
New Technologies
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

Those of us who became involved in bioethics in the 1970s heard a certain message repeated ad nauseam. It seemed to assume qualities of a ritualistically invoked mantra. As one of the two major bioethics think tanks dating from those days already has a mantra named after it, I will call this mantra the “Hastings mantra.”1 The Hastings mantra has two parts: • The development of novel medical technologies confronts us with ethical challenges of a sort never before encountered. • It is vitally important that we address those emerging ethical challenges pro-actively, before the technology has come into wide- spread use. (The mantra seldom proceeds to answer the logical follow-up question, “Or else what?” since one cannot provide any very long list of technologies that were not put into use merely because pro-active bioethical analysis objected.)
Defiance
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

The prevailing image of European Jews during the Holocaust is one of helpless victims, but in fact many Jews struggled against the terrors of the Third Reich. In Defiance, Nechama Tec offers a riveting history of one such group, a forest community in western Belorussia that would number more than 1,200 Jews by 1944-the largest armed rescue operation of Jews by Jews in World War II. Tec reveals that this extraordinary community included both men and women, some with weapons, but mostly unarmed, ranging from infants to the elderly. She reconstructs for the first time the amazing details of how these partisans and their families-hungry, exposed to the harsh winter weather-managed not only to survive, but to offer protection to all Jewish fugitives who could find their way to them. Arguing that this success would have been unthinkable without the vision of one man, Tec offers penetrating insight into the group’ s commander, Tuvia Bielski. Tec brings to light the untold story of Bielski’ s struggle as a partisan who lost his parents, wife, and two brothers to the Nazis, yet never wavered in his conviction that it was more important to save one Jew than to kill twenty Germans. She shows how, under Bielski’ s guidance, the partisans smuggled Jews out of heavily guarded ghettos, scouted the roads for fugitives, and led retaliatory raids against Belorussian peasants who collaborated with the Nazis. Herself a Holocaust survivor, Nechama Tec here draws on wide-ranging research and never before published interviews with surviving partisans-including Tuvia Bielski himself-to reconstruct here the poignant and unforgettable story of those who chose to fight. “ The saga of the Bielski partisans is one of the most elevating and inspiring stories in the chronicle of death and despair that is the Holocaust.... Defiance is an accomplished and startling work of Holocaust documentation.” --Los Angeles Times “ Powerful and meticulous. This story is like almost no other.” --Leon Wieseltier, The New Republic
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time Americans spoke very freely about the importance of constructing oneself properly. They encouraged people, especially the young, to “self-improvement” and “self-culture,” to “make something of themselves.” As examples for imitation, they pointed to individuals they called “self-made men.” Today the language for speaking about the self has changed enormously, and it is not even clear to us what was meant by the old-fashioned terminology.
Shaping the Selves of Others
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham
Published: November 2023

“Men must be subjected to some law,” William Ellery Channing observed, “and unless the law in their own breast, the law of God, of duty, of perfection, be adopted by their free choice as the supreme rule, they will fall under the tyranny of selfish passion, which will bow their necks for an outward yoke.” Concern with self-improvement, that is, making one’s own character, led quite naturally to a concern with the improvement of the characters of others. Since a failure to subdue the passions in human nature posed a political threat, there was a collective, as well as an individual, impulse toward the imposition of self-control. This was a generation whose reformers were extraordinarily successful in embodying their values in institutions that were designed to shape human character. Common (public) schools for children, professional schools for adults, penitentiaries, workhouses, insane asylums, Indian reservations—all professed didactic objectives. Even the age-old institution of the family came under renewed examination as the locus for character-formation.
The Platonic Quest in New England
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about a particular kind of self-cultivation: the pursuit of spiritual self-transcendence. Unlike many other mysticisms, this one did not despair at the corruption of the world but expressed rather the opposite attitude: a boundless optimism that believed all things possible—even the attainment of the divine. Still more remarkably, it appeared where one might least expect to find mysticism: in a prosperous young nation, within a region where the market revolution was far advanced, and among members of a religious denomination dedicated to thoroughgoing rationalism.
Margaret Fuller’s Heroic Ideal of Womanhood
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham
Published: November 2023

When Margaret Fuller (1810–1850) was fifteen years old, a famous hero came to town. Hoping to meet him, she made bold to write a letter to the Marquis de Lafayette. “Sir, the contemplation of a character such as yours fills the soul with a noble ambition. Should we both live, and it is possible to a female, to whom the avenues of glory are seldom accessible, I will recal [sic] my name to your recollection.” Alexander Hamilton or Benjamin Franklin would have understood such feelings of virtuous ambition in a young person—but, as this writer acknowledged, the path to fame would be countless times harder for a girl. The young Margaret Fuller derived her heroic ambition in part from the classical republicanism in which she was educated but also from Neoplatonic and Romantic aspirations that would have been alien to Hamilton and Franklin. Her goal was no mere passing adolescent phase; at the age of thirty she shared her deepest feelings with a friend: “I must die if I do not burst forth in genius or heroism.” The juxtaposition of “genius” and “heroism” suggests the blending of Romantic with classical ideals in her mind.
Postscript
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: November 2023

The word had been abroad, a day or two before he died, that he was soon to. A phone-call from a London newspaper broke to me the likelihood, and asked if I would write something. Against his dying. I said no, because I was bespoken in that I had already set down my say. A couple of years ago the Sunday Times had asked me to write, not an obituary, but a tribute, to wait the day. I remember that it was a discomposing experience, writing it, and new to me, this speaking of someone as if he or she were already dead. I haven’t ever written a pickled obituary for The Times proper; haven’t been asked to.
A Roman Experience: Virgil, Augustus, and the Future
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

We have been studying Virgil’s vision of nature, history, and process, and finding it bound up with his idea of what it is to be an Italian and a Roman. Such a conception is, in modern terms, an ideology; indeed it is in the large sense a political ideology, since it concerns the individual’s relation to his society, affirms the emotional as well as practical importance of the city and its institutions, and explores the character of nationhood. This raises the question of its relationship to politics in the more obvious sense—that is, to the figure of Augustus and, perhaps more interestingly, to his constitutional settlement and to the moral and social outlook associated with his name. It has often been asked how far Virgil was a genuine admirer of Augustus and a believer in his cause. In looking for an answer, we should also ask how far Virgil was creating his own ideology, and inviting Augustus to follow that, if he should so choose.
Direction of the Script and Methods of Inscribing
Authors: Jeffery L H
Published: November 2023

North Semitic inscriptions were written continuously from right to left; this has been amply demonstrated, at least from the time of our earliest surviving examples in the second millennium B.C. It is also evident from the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions that, in adopting the Semitic alphabet, the Greeks naturally accepted with it the basic principles (a) that the correct direction of the letters, following each other in the abecedarium, was from right to left, and (b) that therefore any writing ought to begin in this retrograde way.
Materials Used
Authors: Jeffery L H
Published: November 2023

As wood was the material from which the Greeks of the eighth and early seventh centuries made their cult-statues and the structural parts of their buildings, before they mastered the art of carving in stone on a monumental scale, so it was one of the earliest materials used for public inscriptions of any length. The most famous example of this practice, the set of wooden ‘axones’ on which Solon‘s law-code was inscribed at Athens, has been so well discussed already that little need be said here.
The Life of Theopompus
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah
Published: November 2023

Very little reliable evidence has come down to us about the lives of the Greek historians or of Greek writers in general. Even what appears to be contemporary evidence is often subject to doubt. A few sensational examples bring this point home. Was Thucydides a descendant of a Thracian prince named Olorus or did his father acquire that name through xenia? Did Herodotus travel to Egypt, as he said he did, or was that claim a literary and rhetorical motif? Is the Seventh Letter of Plato a personal account of important events of his own life, or a clever forgery?
Theopompus, Isocrates, and the Myth of Rhetorical History
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah
Published: November 2023

Of the historians who wrote during the fourth century BC, Xenophon is the only one whose works have survived intact, and his reputation for accuracy and impartiality has declined steadily since the discovery of the papyrus fragments known as the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia. Among the lost historians, Theopompus of Chios was by far the most prolific and, along with Ephorus, the most influential. All would agree that the disappearance of their works is a great loss. Nevertheless, it is generally believed that the work of those two historians was marred by an excessive concern with rhetorical effects and by a passion for pointing a moral. In effect, it is alleged that during the fourth century, history became the servant and tool of rhetoric at the expense of historical accuracy.
Theopompus on Demosthenes
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah
Published: November 2023

Without doubt, Theopompus and Demosthenes were of like mind on a number of issues. They held similar views about Philip, the theoric fund, the incompetence of the Athenian generals, and the indolence of the Athenian people. The question naturally arises, therefore, what Theopompus thought of Demosthenes. If Theopompus disapproved both of Philip’s morals and of his policies, there is a strong temptation to infer that he must have approved of the prudish, water-drinking Demosthenes.
Conclusion
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah
Published: November 2023

Now that Theopompus has been removed from under the shadow of Isocrates, it is possible to see him for what he was: orator, historian, statesman, a man of overwhelming literary ambition and overweening ego. He knew most of the 'great men' of his day and had travelled to most of the important cities in Greece. He apparently liked very few of those whom he met and very little of what he saw.
Palaiologan Learning
Authors: Ševčenko Ihor
Published: November 2023

Despite its small extent, political weakness, and growing impoverishment, the late Byzantine state, along with its Greek satellite principalities, produced a re- mark able cultural efflorescence. To call it a renaissance, as many scholars have done, tends to blur its fundamental difference from the one, true Renaissance which occurred in western Europe in the fifteenth century. It is also confusing to speak of Byzantine humanism for this or any other period.
The Governing Classes: (2) Valentinian I and the Imperial Court
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2023

In 369 Symmachus visited the court at Trier, as a member of the delegation which conveyed to the Emperor Valentinian the congratulations of the senate upon the achievement of his quinquennalia, and presented the aurum  oblaticium, the ‘voluntary tax’ offered by the senate to commemorate the occasion.1 From the period of Symmachus’ stay ‘in the tents’, which kept him in the north for about a year, survive fragments of three panegyrics celebrating the emperors and their victories. Symmachus seems himself to have accompanied Valentinian on one of his campaigns of 369 along the Rhine, and in return for his participation in this adventure, received the honorary rank of comes  tertii  ordinis. A companion of the orator on this campaign may well have been another literary man, the poet and tutor of the boy Gratian, Ausonius; but there is no need to fear that Symmachus and his colleague with the army ever fell into much personal danger. The ‘campaign’ witnessed by Symmachus seems rather to have resembled a conducted tour of the frontier region. He attended a successful skirmish against helpless (and one suspects, harmless) Alamanni; he was present at the reception by Valentinian of an embassy of Burgundians; he describes in some detail the inauguration by the emperor of the construction of a new fortified post somewhere in barbarian territory on the right bank of the Rhine. All in all, Symmachus was given a representative, if unspectacular, view of life on the frontiers; the emperor may have felt well satisfied if his guest was convinced that the taxes which he had brought were to be well spent.
The Usurpation of Maximus
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2023

News of the invasion of Gaul by Maximus will have reached Gratian in north Italy in the early summer of 383. In May the court had moved from Milan to Patavium, on its way to Raetia for a campaign against the Alamanni; by 16 June it was at Verona. Dropping the campaign, the emperor must very soon have left for Gaul, to face instead the threat from Maximus. For five days, the armies faced each other, somewhere near Paris; but they never joined battle. Over this short period, Gratian’s position was seriously eroded by desertions which, beginning with his Moorishcalvary (who may have remembered Maximus’ service in Africa in the time of Valentinian), 4 culminated in the defection of his leading general, Merobaudes, consul for the second time in this very year. Gratian had no alternative but to turn his back, in an attempt to reach the Alps and regain safety in Italy; but he was caught at Lyon by Maximus’ general Andragathius and killed (25 August). His corpse was retained by Maximus for its diplomatic value and not given burial.
‘Ordo Renascendi’: (2) Italy
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2023

In returning to his native province at a critical moment of its history, Rutilius Namatianus was about to offer his contribution to the preservation of Roman life in a region battered by invasion, where the political experience of the upper classes had suffered the profound effects of disruption and uncertainty. For Italy also, which had suffered much less than Gaul, his journey offers an approach to the same central question of the continuity of Roman life in the years after the barbarian invasions. If Rutilius’ visits to dispossessed members of the Gallic aristocracy reveal his anxieties concerning the province to which he was now returning, visits which he paid to other acquaintances may suggest that, in Italy at least, a feeling was already in the air that life was resuming its normal style. These men were senators, recent office-holders at court and at Rome, who still possessed their country residences along the coast of Italy.
Law And Morality
Authors: Clark Gillian
Published: November 2023

WHY begin with law as a way into women’s lives? The law codes of any society tell us something about actions the society wishes to prevent and persons it wishes to protect. They do not tell us enough, because legislation has to deal in general rules which do not always match what people think or do. But late Roman law was presented in the form of the emperor speaking to his people. It is not written in the deliberately impersonal style of a present-day legal draughtsman, whose aim is to be clear and unambiguous-by those standards, it is quite start lingly emotional in tone and imprecise in content. The emperor responds to questions and protests, exhorts, scolds, threatens fearful penalties, or tries to explain why a change in the law is necessary.
Virgil's Aeneid
Authors: Paschalis Michael
Published: November 2023

The capacity of proper names to condense concepts, descriptions, or short narratives can tell us a lot about the Aeneid. But names only 'suggest' or 'evoke' meaning, which can be elicited and/or understood properly only by viewing it in a reading of the epic as a whole. Virgil's epic reveals recurrent semantic patterns, which show that names are substituta ble semantic units. One way to elicit their meaning is by exploring the semantic environment in which they occur as well as related semantic environments elsewhere in the narrative, and by examining the way names combine with semantic units of transparent meaning. This study offers a complete semantic analysis of the Aeneid by book, based on the discussion of semantic components and semantic sequences, and using the Laocoon-Horse sequence as a model. The analysis reveals a sustained, pervasive, and deep-going exploitation of the meaning of names. It yields new interpretations for every episode in the epic and provides the semantic features of most major characters. It sheds new light on the significance of Polydorus, the death of Anchises at Drepanum, the Nisus and Euryalus relationship, and Camilla's features in relation to the spearthrow of Metabus. It shows the authenticity of the Helen episode, as well as the significance of the catalogue of the of sinners in Tartarus, and of the deaths of Pallas and Turnus.
The Growth Of Laconism
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Neither mythology nor archaeology suggest that there was anything peculiar about Bronze-Age Lacedaemon. Certainly Homer depicts the country of Menelaus and Helen as much like other kingdoms, and the only hint of things to come lies in his charming picture of Artemis following the hunt on Mount Taygetus; for the hounds and hunting of Sparta were famous to the end of antiquity and beyond. As for the first dark centuries of the new Dorian state, all we have to throw light on its reputation are some lines of oracular verse, so old that they single out a people which was obscure after the eighth century as the first warriors in Greece. Sparta is allowed, perhaps only in compliment to Helen, to claim the fairest women.
The Fourth Century in Greece
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

By 404 B.C. Sparta had brought Athens to her knees and succeeded to the hegemony of most of Greece. The impression made by this achievement was enormous, though to us Athens’ mistakes and Persia’s gold may seem to have had a good deal to do with it. There seems to have been a spate of literature, now almost entirely lost, describing Sparta’s institutions from a crudely utilitarian viewpoint, even though Athens, and some of Sparta’s former allies, were soon struggling not without success against her predominance. Aristotle complains that many laconizing works simply praise these institutions as conducive to victory and conquest (the idea of Spartan timidity and slowness has disappeared), and instances that of one Thibron, probably the Spartan commander of that name active against Persia in the 390s. Plato’s Laws also suggests that the Spartans (and Cretans) themselves regarded their way of life as purely military in purpose: one of the interlocutors points out that the place looks more like a camp than a city. But they were clearly not alone.
Kings and Ephors
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Outside Italy the issues were different. Men were mostly faced, not with the choice between despotism or a republic, but with settling the precise amount of power to be wielded either, in the newly centralized monarchies, by the king or, in the Empire, by the emperor over the princes or the princes over the cities. Furthermore, the Reformation exacerbated the old question of relations between Church and ruler and introduced the possibility of a difference of faith between ruler and subject.
France in the Eighteenth Century (I)
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

As the reign of Louis XIV passed its peak, its critics increased in number and importance. Between the defenders of orthodoxy in Church and state on the one hand (who must at best, in the courtly words of Bossuet, doubt if Sparta’s political ideas were ‘aussi solides que specieuses’, and her virtues not too proud and arrogant) and the discontented Utopian romancers, who had left antiquity far behind them on the other, there appeared a new kind of reformer. In one of the most famous can be traced a faint but definite tinge of laconism, both monarchic and, far more prophetic for the ensuing century, educational and social. Fenelon, who brings many famous figures of antiquity on to the stage in his Dialogues des Marts, can paint his only Lacedaemonian.
Marcus Aurelius and the Supernatural
Authors: Rutherford R B
Published: November 2023

Philosophy in the first and second centuries AD looks within, to the soul and spiritual well-being of the inner man. It also looks outwards, far beyond the individual and his particular needs and longings, to embrace the relationship between man and God, between human life and universal mind. It is, then, at once a highly personal pursuit and a quest for universal truths: it seeks to apprehend the divine forces and to understand their relation to the world; but this enterprise is not a purely intellectual enquiry, for it is directed toward practical ends, namely to determine how a man should live, and how he may best serve. God, act as Nature requires of him, and thus fulfil his highest potential. The answers given by the different philosophic schools were of course many and varied, but there was much common ground, not least in their practical assumptions: that philosophy constitutes a sustained enquiry into the nature of the good life, and that its function is to enable the practitioner to become good.
The Textual Tradition of Euripides’ Orestes
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Orestes, produced in 408 BC towards the end of Euripides' life, was one of the most popular Greek tragedies in antiquity, and was consequently preserved in a large number of medieval manuscripts. Having investigated about sixty of the most important, James Diggle explains the complicated relationships which exist among them. He also examines afresh the contribution of the papyri and quotations which preserve parts of the play. In the course of these analyses he throws much light on problems of text and interpretation, on metre, and on the activities of Byzantine scholars. This examination of Orestes is the last major task in the completion of the study of the Euripidean manuscript tradition. As such it will be indispensable to all students of the transmission of Greek tragedy.
Associates ofΘ (RfRw; Aa; Cr)
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Four manuscripts which are often associated with Θ are AaCr RfRw.
Associates of ξ
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

So far I have conducted my discussion of the ‘Moschopoulean re¬ cension’ on the terms dictated by Turyn. It was he who chose XXaXb as representative witnesses to that ‘recension’. And it is worthwhile to examine how he came to make that choice. He be an by taking X: ‘a typical representative of a manuscript with pure Moschopulean scholia . . . X is a representative of the Moschopulean recension, if we rely on the basic rule that the concomitant scholia of a certain recension indicate likewise that the poetic text of the ms. in question belongs to the same recension’ (42-3).1 Later he added Xa: ‘for the Moschopulean recension, I shall take the concordant testimony of ... X ... and Xa’ (98). When the testimony of X and Xa proves discordant, he adds the testimony of Xb, ‘in order to establish the Moschopulean reading’ (98).
Testimonia
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

There are few places where the indirect tradition is right or probably right and the Euripidean tradition is wrong or probably wrong:
Women Bodies in Classical Greek Science
Authors: Dean-Jones Lesley
Published: November 2023

In this book Professor Dean-Jones gives a close analysis of theories concerning womenߣs bodies in such authors as the Hippocratics and Aristotle. She demonstrates the centrality of menstruation in classical theories of female physiology, pathology, and reproduction, and suggests that this had both negative and positive repercussions in attitudes towards women's bodies in that society. In particular, she argues that many of the medical principles governing clinical practice on male patients derived from the observation that healthy women menstruate and women who are seriously ill tend not to. Many of the primary sources dealt with are not yet accessible in English, and to date research done on this material has appeared only in discrete articles, in several languages, and scattered in various publications. In addition to presenting many original theories, therefore, the book is important in assembling and presenting both original texts and the results of scholarly research on these texts in a way that is fully accessible to the non-specialist.
The Personnel of Procedure
Authors: Todd S C
Published: November 2023

One of the most notorious features of the administration of justice in England today is its expense. This subject is studied in detail by Jackson (1977: 511-63); he gives a full survey of what it is that needs to be paid for, and where the money comes from. In the popular mind, the reason why the law is expensive is that barristers are overpaid; according to Du Cann (1964: 17-18), indeed, this is the chief cause for the traditional unpopularity of lawyers in this country. The view that lawyers earn too much may be correct, but it is a superficial explanation of the phenomenon in question. English law is expensive because it is professional: each case, including the unseen but indispensable preliminary work behind the scenes, occupies considerable time on the part not only of barristers, but also of judges and court officials, and of solicitors and their staffs; these are highly trained experts, whose time costs money. It would of course be possible to make the administration of justice in this country vastly cheaper; but to do this would involve changing our concept of the justice which the system is designed to deliver. If justice is seen as the application to successive concrete sets of circumstances of a highly complex system of rules, with a great wealth of regulations resulting from the system of case-law and of precedent, and with a high premium being placed on the need for certainty of the law, then necessarily only professionals will be able to master the subject and it will take them considerable time to apply it.
Procedure in Action
Authors: Todd S C
Published: November 2023

We conclude our discussion of Athenian procedural law by looking at the relationship between image and reality. The precise identification of these terms, however, is a matter for debate. From one point of view, the material which we have already covered (in Chapters 6-8) represents what actually happened in a trial, whereas here we shall be exploring what may have been going on under the surface. But there is also a sense in which the three previous chapters paint a possibly idealized picture; and what follows will therefore aim to examine how far the system succeeded in practice.
Personal Relations
Authors: Todd S C
Published: November 2023

Citizenship at Athens was a man’s business, in that the active exercise of citizen rights in the public sphere was confined to men. This presumably is why (as we have seen on several occasions in Chapter 10) the law drew a far sharper distinction between male and female citizens than it did between male and female metrics. Similarly, Athenian social practice permitted female as well as male slaves equally to enter certain civic arenas, such as shopping or especially trading in the agora, where citizen men could play a part, but not (at least, not without a loss of respectability) citizen women. Women at Athens do not normally come to court as litigants, at least in person; nor do they appear as witnesses. Indeed, as Schaps (1977) shows, citizen women are in Athenian courts virtually anonymous: the orators are careful never to refer to the names of the women they mention, except when those concerned are of low repute or (what in the speaker’s eyes amounts to the same thing) are related to the opponent, or else when they are dead and so beyond reproach.
Merovingian Noblemen
Authors: George Judith w.
Published: November 2023

Fortunatus’ poems to noblemen afford further insights into the life of the poet and his Merovingian patrons. Poems addressed to an individual present a vivid image of that individual, and also reflect the particular relationship between poet and patron: Fortunatus may be the formal, public panegyrist for an ambitious aristocrat, for example, or a valued friend who writes bread-and-butter notes, invitations, commendations-and formal poetry as well. Fortunatus addressed a number of poems to nobles present at the court at Metz in 567, his patrons on his arrival there. His poems to Duke Lupus of Champagne, Gogo, and the two Provenc;al noblemen, Dynamius and Iovinus, were the pieces de resistance of a young poet determined to establish himself But they also put flesh on the frequently bare bones of contemporary biographical detail, presenting three-dimensional portraits of widely differing characters to whom the poet responded with varying degrees of formality and empathy.
The Treasures of the Erechtheion
Authors: Harris Diane
Published: November 2023

The nomenclature of the Ionic temple north of the Parthenon still remains one of the thorniest issues in Greek archaeology. We call the temple ‘the Erechtheion’, while recognizing that only two ancient authors ever used that term: Pausanias and pseudo-Plutarch. There is some considerable doubt whether the cult of Erechtheus was in fact housed inside this Ionic temple.
Clouds
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

The metrical style and rhythms of the lyric mark out the play very clearly into three sections. In the two songs that precede the parabasis and Strepsiades’ full enrolment as Socrates’ pupil (275 ff.= 298 ff. and 457ff.), the chorus uses metres with dignified associations, and, as far as their metrical patterns are concerned, both songs (except, perhaps, for the trochees at 457) would be compatible with contemporary tragedy.
Wasps
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

While dramatically Wasps is rich in comic fantasy and invention, it is not particularly adventurous metrically. However, the idea of opposition in musical taste between the old and the young is fitfully present as a subordinate theme. It is used early in the play to produce an exceptionally varied and elaborate parodos in the form of a sort of paratragic cantata, beginning with the Old Jurymen’s ‘aubade’ in the metrical style, presumably, of Phrynichus. Then follows the duet between the chorus leader and his son and Philocleon’s solo. At this point (334), there is an abrupt change to distinctively comic metres: trochaic and cretic. From here onwards, trochaic, with some aeolo-choriambic and iambo choriambic, becomes the dominant metre of the play.
Ecclesia1usae
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

In Wealth, the change in the dramatic role of the chorus is clear and complete, but Ecclesiarusae presents a puzzle. Up to 580, the chorus behave in the normal way, and in their song at 571-80 they seem set to play the same sort of role as the chorus of Knights: encouraging their champion and offering regular comment on the action. But in fact, after 580, nothing is heard from them in the play as we have it until u.27ff.
Realism in the Ion: Response to Lee
Authors: Arnott W Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Kevin Lee presents a sensitive and observant reading of Euripides’ Ion, emphasizing its dual perspectives of time and place, and effectively contrasting the adolescent (and at times unworldly1) Ion, who lives at Delphi in the immediacy of the present, and the older Creusa, whose view is repeatedly focused on one horrific day long ago in her native Athens. Here I am in total sympathy with Lee’s approach, and have virtually nothing to add to, or subtract from, the persuasive analyses with which he supports his interpretations.
The Tragedy of the Oresteia: Response to van Erp Taalman Kip
Authors: Garvie A F
Published: November 2023

In her paper on ‘The Unity of the Oresteia’, Dr van Erp Taalman Kip argues that ‘the true dividing-line runs [not between Choephori and Eumenides but] between Agamemnon and Choephori’. She stresses, quite correctly, that the Oresteia is our only surviving trilogy, and it is indeed hazardous to speculate about the rules that normally determined the unity of the Aeschylean trilogy. Aristotle’s Poetics is singularly unhelpful to anyone trying to make such an attempt. The unity of the Oresteia can be discussed in terms of that trilogy alone. Especially problematic is the reconciliation in the final play. In what sense can a trilogy that ends ‘happily’, whether or not Aeschylus normally wrote trilogies of this kind, be described as ‘tragic’? Are we to say that the Oresteia consists of two tragedies and a non-tragedy, so that the unity of the whole becomes immediately suspect, or that the happy ending negates, or at least cancels out, the genuine tragedy that has preceded, so that the trilogy as a whole is no longer ‘tragic’, or that, despite the happy ending, the suffering which the first two plays present is sufficient to impose a sense of tragedy on the whole composition?
Introductory Note
Authors: Easterling P E
Published: November 2023

The authors of the papers in this second section are concerned to locate Greek tragedy in its Greek context, theatrical, cultural, or socio-political. A series of contextual co-ordinates present themselves.

Taplin and Gredley place tragedy against its Attic ‘twin’, Aristophanic Old Comedy. Refining an earlier (1986) argument, and with a glance at metatheatrical self-reference and (rather differently from Lee) at tragic laughter, Taplin pinpoints three important indicators that distinguished the two theatrical forms and so helped to establish their self-definition: chorus, gods, and closures. The tragic chorus (‘not unlike the tragic mask’) is distinctively ‘serious but blank’; the tragic gods are distinctively inhuman; the tragic closure (and here Taplin stands apart from Segal in the first section) is characteristically and distinctively open-ended, with Eumenides a striking exception under all three headings. Finding (like van Erp Taalman Kip) a solution, therefore a closed ending, in Eumenides, Taplin sees in the final procession that incorporates the Erinyes into the city of Athens a comic-like anomaly to be explained.
Law
Authors: Mcdowell A G
Published: November 2023

Most of the surviving legal records from Deir el-Medina were drawn up for individuals and most are on ostraca. They do not seem to have carried any particur legal weight in themselves but were kept primarily as reminders for future reference; at any rate, no such document is ever produced in the course of a later proceeding, though litigants are evidently drawing on their family archives when they cite names, dates and events from many years in the past and even several generations before their own. The function of these legal records is reflected in their contents. They are relatively laconic, concentrating on the plaintiffs statement of the case, the court ‘s verdict, and the names of judges and witnesses; moreover, they generally concern private disputes over economic transactions or property, or property arrangements such as wills and testaments. Crimes against individuals such as murder, assault, and rape are hardly documented in our sources, not because they did not occur, but because no one had an interest in keeping a record of the event and its aftermath.
Epilogue
Authors: Mcdowell A G
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of the Twentieth Dynasty, when work in the Valley of the Kings was repeatedly interrupted by the proximity of hostile Libyan and Meshwesh nomads (see above No. 176), the situation of the workmen and their families in their isolated valley became increasingly precarious. It was presumably for this reason that they eventually abandoned the village inhabited by their ancestors for over 400 years and moved down to more more densely populated areas, some settling within the massive walls of Medinet Habu and others going as far as East Thebes. No document refers to the decision to leave or the move itself, and the date can only be estimated to fall in the early years of Ramesses XI. The following letter to the deputy of the Estate of Amen-Re, Hori in East Thebes from the scribe of the Necropolis Djehutymose and the scribe of the army of Medinet Habu, Pen-ta-hut-nakhte (the very title suggests the unsettled conditions of the times), indicates to what extent the gang had already been dispersed by the second half of that king ‘s reign.
Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

Despite the importance of warfare in the collapse of the Roman Empire, there is no modern, comprehensive study available. This book discusses the practice of warfare in Europe, from both Roman and barbarian perspectives, in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. It analyses the military practices and capabilities of the Romans and their northern enemies, at policy, strategic, operational, and tactical levels, and covers civil wars, sieges, and naval warfare. Dr Elton analyses in depth the issue of barbarization, and shows that it did not affect the efficiency of the Roman army. Other sections of the book discuss organization, fortifications, and equipment.
Introduction
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

In AD 350 the Roman Empire was ruled by two Augusti, the surviving sons of Constantine the Great, Constans (in the West except Thrace) and Constantius II (Thrace and the East). The army was divided into three major field armies, in Gaul under Constans, in Illyricum under the magister militum Vetranio, and in the East under Constantius. During the previous decade there had been little hostility by barbarians in Europe, with only a Frankish attack in 341/2 and an attack on Britain in 342/3 being known.
Barbarian Military Practices
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

Conflict between Romans and barbarians was common, but the form it took and the reasons for fighting are complicated and not clearly understood. For any attempt to understand this conflict, it is necessary to examine two features of barbarian society-its perceptions of the Empire and its martial nature-which lay behind much conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Rawson Beryl , Weaver Paul
Published: November 2023

The concept of the ‘Roman family’ is of strategic importance in the study of Roman society. This applies whether the focus is on social structure, or the legal framework of Roman institutions, or cultural, moral, and emotional sensibilities, or quantitative economic questions. This importance is reflected in the vast expansion of scholarship devoted to the field and in the increase in serious attention to ‘the family’ over the last two decades. The field has expanded to embrace areas of study as diverse as the Roman aristocracy, municipal elites, the familial roles of women and children and slaves and freedmen, and housing. There have also been fertile contributions from cognate disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, archaeology, art history, and legal scholarship.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Elderly Members of the Roman Family
Authors: Parkin Tim
Published: November 2023

While the nuclear family has been the focus of most recent work on the Roman family, scholarly attention is beginning to turn again towards less central figures. But one group which has received very little attention has been the elderly. Full treatment would require, among other things, consideration of general social attitudes towards the elderly. Here I wish to consider only a few aspects of one sector of this age group within the family: the status of elderly parents and their means of livelihood, and their degree of dependence in differing circumstances. What ties of affection and duty existed between adult offspring and their aged parents? How different was the life of the aged male head of a wealthy family, for example, from that of an impoverished, elderly widow with no surviving descendants? I will first consider the expectations and rights people had with regard to forms of support or welfare in their old age, and then the effect old age itself might have had on such rights.
Conflict in the Roman Family
Authors: Dixon Suzanne
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I consider how conflict in the Roman family was viewed in the Roman moral system and how it might be analysed from modern theoretical perspectives. Debates and programmes emanating from the International Year of the Family have highlighted some changing perceptions of family life. In some senses, the family as an institution has been increasingly exposed in recent years as the site of violence and abuse, rather than the idyllic haven constructed in the nineteenth century and propagated in modern representations such as situation comedies and advertisements for processed food. Yet families are still perceived as the vital building blocks of any society and social workers are now more reluctant than their fore-runners to destroy families by removing children or gaoling errant parents, because they acknowledge the symbolic and emotional significance of the family unit to all its members, including victims, oppressors, and accomplices. This emotional emphasis coexists with the persistent state perspective of the family as a core social unit for producing and rearing citizens, workers, and soldiers.
Interpreting Epithets in Roman Epitaphs
Authors: Nielsen Hanne Sigismund
Published: November 2023

Recent research has placed much emphasis on the interpretation of epitaphs to clarify important problems concerning the structure of the Roman family. But only isolated pieces of information from each inscription have been registered and used in these quantitative studies. Inscriptions, like the one quoted above, consist of many different elements, and our interpretation of each epitaph depends on how these are interrelated. I have been interested to see what happened if a sample of inscriptions was made taking into consideration all possible information—or as much as possible—from each epitaph, and thus combining the advantages of the quantitative approach to the epigraphic material with the interpretation made on the basis of a reading of each epitaph.
Hanno’s Punic Heirs: Der Poenulus-Neid des Plautus
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

If you like a right mess, then Plautus’ Poenulus (The Dear/Little Carthaginian) is the play for you. It is normally written off as ‘One of the least successful … ‘—and remarked on for the curiosity of its inclusion of passages of (more, or less genuine?) Punic. Otherwise, scholarship writes the play down, with ‘logical’ analysis of the unacceptability of the structuring of the plot, and ‘archaeological’ dialysis of the text as botched, contaminated, interpolated miscegenation. Take everything that can hardly be a Greek dramatist’s fault-Alexis, if it was his lost 200-years young Karchedonios that Plautus was abusing: see how first the raw Roman public of the early second-century gathered for the kill as their scriptwriter mauled the play, then theatre-companies thrashed it into the first century, and scribes sliced and stitched it into the schoolrooms and libraries of Rome and the West.
Introduction: Writing In Other Languages
Authors: Reckert Stephen
Published: November 2023

So Me definitions are called for at the outset. Is ‘writing’ the act of putting signs on paper? Or the signs themselves, as organized in texts? Or both? And ‘other’ —but other than what? The missing antecedent only becomes clear when we remember that ‘languages’ are sign systems—which, as structural anthropology has taught us, are not confined to the linguistic, but shape entire cultures. The ‘other’ is thus whatever falls outside one’s own cultural frame of reference, or canon.
A Minimalist Poetics
Authors: Reckert Stephen
Published: November 2023

It is sobering to reflect that the oldest and westernmost body of lyric poems in any continental European vernacular (for the even older and metrically more sophisticated verse of the Celtic bards belongs to a very different cultural world, insular and Atlantic) is written not in a European script but in Hebrew and Arabic characters, and has an Arabic name. Though the kharjas, as they are called, were all transcribed on what is today Spanish soil, the earliest of them date from a time when it was not yet possible to speak of such a thing as a Spanish language.
Structure, Style, and Symbol
Authors: Reckert Stephen
Published: November 2023

The word structure has by now lost most of its power either to charm or to alarm, and no longer raises hackles even in the remoter Common Rooms of Cambridge. The sense in which I use it here has less to do with any orthodox structuralist definition than with that of Umberto Eco, for example, to whom it means not the physical consistency of a work—its form—but rather that aspect of it that makes it possible to break the work down into a system of relations and then isolate, among these, the ones that are common to other like systems. Thus, for Eco (1968: 29), ‘the structure … of a work is what it has in common with other works’.