bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geomorphometric monitoring of eroding historic coastal landfills
Authors: Grieve Stuart , Xue Shudan , Spencer Kate
Published: March 2022

Low lying, flood prone, coastal areas have historically been identified as ideal locations to dispose of landfill waste due to their low land values. It is estimated that there are in excess of 10,000 such landfills in Europe alone, many of which are now threatened with erosion as sea level rise driven by anthropogenic climate change renders flood defences ineffective. Many of these historic coastal landfills do not have records of the quantity or composition of the waste stored within them and in many of these locations waste is already being eroded into the coastal zone. The potential consequences of such waste release are wide ranging, impacting human health, coastal communities and marine ecosystems.

Geomorphometric techniques can be used to quantify volumes of released waste and landfill erosion rates, which when combined with geochemical investigation of landfill waste can form a critical component of hazard assessment, landscape management and remediation efforts. Here, we report the preliminary results and future plans of a new monitoring programme, for one such historic coastal landfill in the South East of England. This work integrates terrestrial and aerial laser scanning, aerial photography and fieldwork to constrain the volume of waste contained within this site, and estimates the rate of erosion of landfill material into the marine environment.
Conflicting ecosystem services within coastal natural hydrosystems. The case of Louros-Arachthos-Amvrakikos, W. Greece.
Authors: Pouliaris Christos , Kofakis Petros , Chrysanthopoulos Efthymios , Myriounis Christos , Markantonis Konstantinos , Koltsida Evgenia , Pappa Dimitra , Kaliampakos Dimitrios , Perdikaki Martha , Kallioras Andreas
Published: March 2022

A major problem faced by European coastal zones is the lack of understanding for the complex cross-littoral interactions between major anthropogenic activities. This shortcoming results generally in single-sector management of coastal water resources and water-related ecosystem services instead of a multi-sector ecosystem-based management approach. The above problem becomes more pronounced when conflicts arise between all involved ecosystem services.

The study site involves a coastal natural and artificial hydrosystem in the Region of Epirus (NW Greece) that incorporates: (a) irrigation management through a complex network of surface canals; (b) an important water transfer infrastructure; (c) upstream-located hydropower dams that utilise surface water resources; (d) two river basins (Louros and Arachthos) that are hydraulically connected with the underlying aquifer system and discharging into the sea; (e) a karstic aquifer that supports both surface water resources as well as anthropogenic demands (drinking water supply and irrigation); and (f) a sensitive marine ecosystem (Amvrakikos) as final receptor that is highly depended on upstream water quantity and quality.

This research aims to provide an ecosystem service analysis through the identification and characterisation of all involved socio-economic and environmental processes that link land- and sea-based economic and human activities.
Evaluating the evolution of cyclone IDAI using the physically based PASM air-sea flux model
Authors: Fernandes Royston , Redelsperger Jean-Luc , Bouin Marie-Noelle
Published: March 2022

Earth System Models (ESM) and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) systems often have large biases in their representation of surface-atmosphere fluxes when compared to observations. Over sea, these biases are more pronounced due to dynamic non-linear interactions between atmosphere and sea surface waves. This non-linearity is not accurately represented by traditional semi-emiprical models like COARE. To this end, the PASM (Physically derived Air-Sea Momentum flux) model, developed by us, is the first attempt to represent air-sea exchanges by considering the two-way interaction between the ocean-waves and the atmospheric flow. It can simulate (i) the main turbulent eddies of the air-flow, and (ii) the wind-wave interactions including wave growth, transport and breaking. This model has been previously demonstrated to better predict the air-sea fluxes under 10m high wind speeds greater than 20m/s, where traditional approaches like COARE fail. In this study, we evaluate for the first time, the evolution of cyclone IDAI off the coast of Madagascar, using PASM and COARE approaches, to demonstrate the efficiency of our physically based model in better simulating the evolution and trajectory of cyclones, and thus its usefulness in ESM and NWP models.
The influence of ozone feedbacks on Final Stratospheric Warmings and their surface impact
Authors: Friedel Marina , Chiodo Gabriel , Stenke Andrea , Domeisen Daniela , Peter Thomas
Published: March 2022

In the Arctic, the timing of the Final Stratospheric Warming (FW), which marks the transition from winter to summer, is subject to a large interannual variability. Early and late FWs have previously been linked to different mechanism and are associated with different surface responses. While early FWs are predominantly wave driven and followed by a negative Arctic Oscillation (AO) at the surface, late FWs are more radiatively driven and not linked to a specific surface pattern. Simultaneously, the time around the vortex weakening in spring is marked by large year-to-year variations in stratospheric ozone concentrations which both respond and feed back into dynamics. A causal connection between stratospheric ozone anomalies and the FW date via ozone-dynamic feedbacks is thus plausible, but still largely unstudied.

 

We investigate the relationship between springtime ozone anomalies and the FW date at both 10 and 50 hPa in Chemistry Climate model simulations with fully interactive and prescribed climatological ozone. For years with low springtime ozone concentrations, we find that the FW at 50 hPa is significantly delayed by 1-2 weeks and is not followed by surface anomalies. In contrast, in years with high springtime ozone concentrations, the 50 hPa FW happens 1-2 weeks earlier than average and precedes a negative AO pattern at the surface. Most importantly, the connection between springtime ozone concentrations and 50 hPa FW date is only present in model simulations where ozone anomalies are radiatively active. In addition, surface patterns after early FWs are enhanced when interactive ozone is included in the simulations. No clear relationship between stratospheric ozone anomalies and 10 hPa FW date is found

 

We identify additional radiative heating/cooling due to high/low ozone anomalies as the main mechanism whereby ozone feedbacks affect the FW date and discuss subsequent impacts on wave dissipation. Following our results, stratospheric ozone anomalies contribute to the occurrence of late and early FWs in spring and significantly enhance surface impacts of early FWs, which emphasizes the importance of interactive ozone chemistry for subseasonal to seasonal predictions.
Quaternary Seismogenic Activity Along the Eastern Periadriatic Fault System: Dating of Fault Gouges via Trapped Charge Methods
Authors: Prince Erick , Ustaszewski Kamil , Tsukamoto Sumiko , Grützner Christoph , Vrabec Marko
Published: March 2022

The Periadriatic Fault System (PAF) is one of the most important tectonic and geomorphological features in the Alps. It has accommodated between 150-300 km of right-lateral strike-slip motion between the European and Adriatic plates from about 35 Ma until 15 Ma. However, for such a large-scale feature, the eastern PAF reveals relatively little instrumental and historical seismic activity, especially when compared to nearby structures in the adjacent Southern Alps. With this project, we aim to show which fault segments of the eastern PAF system accommodated seismotectonic deformation in the Quaternary by applying trapped charge dating methods to fault gouges produced by its activity. We use optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and electron spin resonance (ESR). The principle for both is the accumulation of unpaired electrons in lattice defects of quartz and feldspar, due to natural radiation product of the decay of radiogenic nuclides, which are then released during an earthquake due to shear heating allowing the system to reset (Fukuchi 1992, Aitken 1998, Tsukamoto et al., in Tanner 2019). Due to their dating range (a few decades to ~1Ma) and low closing temperature, trapped charge methods provide a unique opportunity to date earthquake activity during the Quaternary at near-surface conditions. During our field campaigns, we collected 19 fault gouge samples from 15 localities along the PAF, the Labot/Lavanttal fault, and the Šoštanj fault. From each locality, we controlled the structures found in the field, which allowed us to relate the observed deformation features in outcrop scale to the activity along each fault. Aside from the fault gouge in the cores of the large-scale structures at the sampled localities, we additionally found gouge and cataclasites formed within the host rocks in small-scale faults presenting the orientation of the respective regional fault, providing supplementary evidence of activity.
Lithogenic inputs to the Southern Ocean assessed with thorium and rare earth elements
Authors: Perez Tribouillier Habacuc , Noble Taryn L. , Townsend Ashley T. , Charlier Bruce L.A. , Chase Zanna
Published: March 2022

 

The Southern Ocean is a key regulator of global climate, and it’s responsible for about one-quarter of the global carbon export. Part of this export is fuelled by phytoplankton, however, in some areas of the ocean, phytoplankton activity remains to a minimum despite the abundance of nutrients. These areas, known as high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC), from which the Southern Ocean is the largest one, exist due to the absence of the micro-nutrient iron (Fe). The Kerguelen Plateau located in the Indian sector of the SO hosts one of the largest phytoplankton blooms in the SO during spring and summer. This study focused on the role of Heard and McDonald Islands, located in the southern part of the Kerguelen Plateau, on the Fe fertilization of the whole region, and their role in overcoming HNLC conditions. For this, we combined thorium, rare earth element concentrations and Nd isotopic composition to trace the lithogenic supply of Fe. Our results highlight the importance of Heard and Mc Donald Islands, surrounding shallow areas and probably the melting of glaciers from Heard Island on the supply of Fe that fuels the bloom in the region.  We used thorium isotopes (230Th and 232Th) to estimate the flux of Fe produced by the dissolution of lithogenic particles. These results suggest that thorium isotopes can be used to calculate the fluxes of other elements not only in the remote open ocean but also near continental margins. Cerium and europium anomalies, together with the neodymium isotopic composition data seem to indicate that Heard and McDonald Islands are the main contributors to the natural Fe fertilization of the region. This study highlights the need for more systematic studies to obtain a better understanding of the functioning of the Southern Ocean carbon pump and its relationship with global climate.
Orographic rainfall processes in India – results from the IMPROVE project
Authors: Turner Andrew , Hunt Kieran , Phadtare Jayesh , Chattopadhyay Rajib , Das Subrata Kumar , Deshpande Sachin , Fletcher Jennifer , Kalshetti Mahesh , Menon Arathy , Ross Andrew , Schiemann Reinhard , Stein Thorwald , Bhowmik Utsav
Published: March 2022

Regional orography around India exerts a profound control on weather and climate, both in summer and winter as part of the diurnal cycle of convection, as well as in extreme events.  This poster summarizes the key results of the Indo-UK IMPROVE project (Indian Monsoon Precipitation over Orography: Verification and Enhancement of understanding).  IMPROVE considers two focal regions.  The Western Ghats intercept the monsoon flow across the Arabian Sea and receive some of the most frequent and heaviest summer rainfall, including being subject to extremes such as the 2018 Kerala floods.  Meanwhile, the Himalayas play a vital role in separating dry midlatitude flows from tropical airmasses in summer, while suffering extremes in winter due to western disturbances - cyclonic storms propagating on the subtropical westerly jet. 

We examine the impact of orography on the observed convective diurnal cycle and assess its simulation in models at a range of resolutions including convection-permitting scales.  MetUM and WRF model experiments, in addition to DWR retrievals, are used to identify key mechanisms between forcing at the large scale from the BSISO and newly identified regimes of on- and offshore convection near the Western Ghats.  An additional aspect to this work is consideration of a novel Froude number approach for understanding the convective regimes.  Secondly, the role of orography in extreme events is considered, including its interactions between passing tropical depressions or western disturbances.  Finally, land-atmosphere interactions occurring during the diurnal cycle of precipitation in the Western Ghats and Himalayas regions are discussed.  IMPROVE works towards a deeper understanding of orographic rainfall and its extremes over India and uncovering why such mechanisms may be poorly represented in models.
How sensitive are Aeolus Lidar Surface Returns (LSR) to the types of surface? Insights for LSR-based retrieval of AOD over ocean by using Aeolus.
Authors: Labzovskii Lev , van Zadelhoff Gerd-Jan , Donovan David , De Kloe Jos , Josset Damien
Published: March 2022

The Aeolus mission offers unique opportunities for lidar surface returns (LSR) applications considering its incidence angle (~37.5o) and the operated wavelength (~355 nm). Previous Aeolus-oriented studies have indicated that the contrast between LSR over dark and bright surfaces is expected to be particularly pronounced at 355 nm. We evaluated this surmise by comparing new LSR estimates from novel Aeolus prototype processor (using an optimal estimation approach) with various types of land for the Intensive Observation Period of Aeolus (September 2019) and an additional period during the same year. We discerned a very clear LSR gradient between the signal from water (mostly weak, but variable) and the signal from land (mostly strong), whereas the strongest LSR was found over white surfaces (ice or snow). Moreover, the sensitivity of LSR to the type of surface was also identified as the gradient between the brightest surfaces (snow/ice, sparse vegetation) and the dark surfaces (herbaceous forest, mangrove, wetland) was significant. Specifically, besides Antarctica and Greenland, the strongest returns over land were reported over the snow-covered areas of Tibet and Andes, followed by the arid areas of Northern America, Northern Africa and Middle East. Notably, the LSR from water was not always low as the average LSR estimate over water exhibited the strongest variability (~0.001 – 0.042 sr-1) and yielded most statistical outliers. The application of sea ice mask from MERRA-2 model revealed that most strong LSR cases over water were associated with the undetected ice. The masking of detected ice has resulted in the dramatic reduction of the average LSR over water. As a result, the related LSR variability over water was dwindled by the factor of ~10 down to ~0.001 – 0.004 sr-1 and >95% of outliers disappeared. Our findings about the sensitivity of Aeolus surface returns to the type of surface are beneficial because statistically robust LSR estimates over ocean lay the foundation for the Aeolus LSR-based Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieval over ocean. This retrieval can be established based on the fundamental link between LSR, near-surface wind speed and AOD over sea surface.
InfoWas – Developing an Information System for Water Quality in the North and Baltic Seas – Forecasting Oxygen Deficiency Zones
Authors: Marki Alexandra , Große Fabian , Jandt-Scheelke Simon , Li Xin , Schwichtenberg Fabian , van der Lee Eefke , Sathyanarayanan Anju , Nerger Lars , Lorkowski Ina
Published: March 2022

Seasonally occurring oxygen deficiency zones (ODZs) are a regular feature in the coastal zones of the Baltic and North Seas, and their frequency has increased over the last years. The development of ODZs is favoured in areas of high primary production supported by excess nutrient loads from land, sluggish ventilation and strong salinity and/or temperature gradients. For forecasting the risk of oxygen deficiency, we redefine the oxygen deficiency index (ODI) originally developed for the North Sea by Große et al. (2016) to account for the fundamental differences between Baltic and North Seas (e.g., haline vs. thermal stratification) and to obtain a common ODI, applicable to both seas and in an operational context. The InfoWas system is based on the results from the operational physical-biogeochemical model (HBM-ERGOM) at the BSH. The model system is further coupled with the Parallel Data Assimilation Framework (PDAF) developed at the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). Since ODZs in coastal zones can become hazardous to organisms and can cause ecological and economic consequences for the environment, the fisheries and the tourism-industries, combining the operational InfoWas system with the revised ODI offers intuitive, short-term forecasts of the risk of oxygen deficiency on a high spatio-temporal resolution for the entire coastal zone of the North and Baltic Seas. These easily interpretable forecasts will help to quickly inform environmental agencies of potentially upcoming harmful events and to act in advance in order to diminish environmental and economic consequences.
Compositional changes of settling dust in time on buildings in Budapest: centennial evidence of air pollution trends
Authors: Török Ákos
Published: March 2022

Dust is one of the main pollutants that settle on historic structures and cause the blackening of stone surfaces. The stone facades of historic buildings became dark, and besides its aesthetic alteration, dust deposition and subsequent chemical reactions led to the deterioration of the construction material. The composition of dust changes in time due to climate change, clean air acts and changes in transportation, industrial activities and heat. The present study tries to detect the temporal changes in the composition of dust by using a stone buildings as dust traps in Budapest. The studied historic building is more than one hundred years old, and no façade cleaning was done in the past century. Visual inspection of the city centre building suggested that dust accumulation show a distinct pattern representing differences in the vertical profile in terms of thickness and colour. Dust samples were collected from layer to layer representing newly settled and historical dust. Scaffolds were made to reach the various elevations of the building facades. Besides the dust, host rock samples were also picked to detect textural and compositional changes of the porous oolitic limestone material. The textural-mineralogical analyses (XRD, SEM) and chemical compositional tests (XRF, LA-ICP-MS) provide evidence of changes in composition of dust with time. In all host rock samples, gypsum was detected but in various proportions. Good correlations were also found between water-soluble calcium and gypsum content and between sulphate and gypsum content both for black crusts and host rocks, forming two distinct fields in calcium vs gypsum and sulphate vs gypsum graphs. Gypsum was also found in the dust either as a primary or as a secondary mineral phase. Metals, transition metals and water-soluble ions also occur in various concentrations in different layers of dust. The detected elements primarily include  Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni. From soluble salts, chloride, nitrate and sulphate were also detected. The changes in elemental and ionic concentrations reflect temporal changes in dust composition and provide indirect evidence for air quality changes and air pollution levels.
Concept for open-path gas measurements between a drone and a base station
Authors: Dunker Tim , Berge Asbjørn , Haugholt Karl H. , Moore Richard J. D. , Tørring Håvard
Published: March 2022

We present a platform for open-path tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy between a drone and a base station. This is a step towards an open-path measurement between two collaborating drones, which to our knowledge has not yet been achieved. Such a system enables mapping of remote (permafrost tundra, e.g.) or hazardous areas (landfills, e.g.) and localization of emissions. We use a commercially available quad-copter drone that carries a reflector and a LED for being tracked. The base station consists of a self-made pan-tilt unit that carries a camera to track the drone, and the optical measurement system. The base station is controlled through a field--programmable gate array. We decided to built the base station ourselves to ensure a fast response, enabling tracking of the drone. To demonstrate the concept, our tunable diode laser absorption setup is tailored towards the detection of ammonia (NH3) because of its fairly strong absorption, and thus comparatively easy detectability. The distributed feedback laser operates at a centre wavelength of 1512 nm, with a bandwidth of approximately 2 nm (full width at half maximum), and a typical output power of 10 mW. We characterize the stability of the drone, the reflector, and the laser system. We aim to further develop this concept such that it (a) can be implemented on two collaborating drones, without the need for a base station, and (b) to measure other greenhouse gases or pollutants, such as methane or hydrogen sulphide.
Impacts of summer 2021 wildfire events in Southwestern Turkey on air quality with multi-pollutant satellite retrievals
Authors: Eke Merve , Cingiroglu Fulya , Kaynak Burcak
Published: March 2022

Climate change has several impacts on our Earth. Even though wildfires are natural processes to sustain structure of an ecosystem, there is a significant increase in the global fire cases and their extent in the recent years caused by the climate change. These wildfires have important impacts on air quality, climate and relatedly public health. Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) indicated that Siberia, North America, and the Mediterranean regions are greatly impacted by wildfires and the intensities of these fires are expressed as Fire Radiative Power (FRP). Effect of wildfires can also be observed with gas pollutant satellite retrievals of CO, NO2, and HCHO which is an important volatile organic carbon (VOC).

Turkey was challenged with wildfires that result in the destruction of forests, the death of animals and devastating impacts on local people in 2021. CAMS Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) indicated that the worst fire case observed in Turkey compared with other Mediterranean countries. Global Forest Watch fire counts showed that, fire counts reached up to 695 and 385 in summer (between June-August) 2021 for Antalya and Mugla provinces, respectively. However, fire counts did not exceed 165 fires in the summer season for either Antalya or Mugla in the last five years. Moreover, there was a significant increase in fires in the forested lands for Mersin province as well. Fire counts reached up to 171 per day (31st August) in Antalya province and fire smokes were observable from MODIS Corrected Reflectance images in the fire period. In addition, air pollutants caused by these fires were observable with high resolution TROPOMI retrievals.

In this study, multi-pollutant satellite retrievals were used to investigate the wildfires air quality impacts on the Southwestern Turkey. VIIRS S-NPP Fire Radiative Power product and TROPOMI CO, NO2, and HCHO, products were used to analyze impacts of these extreme wildfire cases. Products were processed spatially and temporally for two months (July-August 2021). A specific attention was given on period of 28th July-12th August. A 1×1 km2 gridded domain covering the impacted region was selected to investigate the spatial distribution of these pollutants. 29th and 31st of July were the days where the impacts of wildfires were analyzed specifically. Wind speed and direction were used to understand the relation between meteorological conditions and the pollution distribution caused by the wildfires. Aerosol signals will be also investigated using MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) and TROPOMI aerosol index (AI) retrievals.
Dynamic mesh optimisation for efficient numerical simulation of density-driven flows: Application to the 2- and 3-D Elder problem
Authors: Bahlali Meissam L. , Salinas Pablo , Jackson Matthew D.
Published: March 2022

Density-driven flows in porous media are frequently encountered in natural systems and arise from the gravitational instabilities introduced by fluid density gradients. They have significant economic and environmental impacts, and numerical modelling is often used to predict the behaviour of these flows for risk assessment, reservoir characterisation or management. However, modelling density-driven flow in porous media is very challenging due to the nonlinear coupling between flow and transport equations, the large domains of interest and the wide range of time and space scales involved. Solving this type of problem numerically using a fixed mesh can be prohibitively expensive.  Here, we apply a dynamic mesh optimisation (DMO) technique along with a control-volume-finite element method to simulate density-driven flows. DMO allows the mesh resolution and geometry to vary during a simulation to minimize an error metric for one or more solution fields of interest, refining where needed and coarsening elsewhere. We apply DMO to the Elder problem for several Rayleigh numbers. We demonstrate that DMO accurately reproduces the unique two-dimensional (2D) solutions for low Rayleigh number cases at significantly lower computational cost compared to an equivalent fixed mesh, with speedup of order x16. For unstable high Rayleigh number cases, multiple steady-state solutions exist, and we show that they are all captured by our approach with high accuracy and significantly reduced computational cost, with speedup of order x6. The lower computational cost of simulations using DMO allows extension of the high Rayleigh number case to a three-dimensional (3D) configuration and we demonstrate new steady-state solutions that have not been observed previously. Early-time, transient 3D patterns represent combinations of the previously observed, steady-state 2D solutions, but all evolve to a single, steady-state finger in the late time limit.
Development of an ecohydrological and carbon flux peatland network in Ireland: progress for enhanced biodiversity and climate protection in Europe
Authors: Regan Shane , O'Connor Mark , Eakin Maurice , Lynn Deirdre
Published: March 2022

Biodiversity loss and climate change are the two grandest challenges facing humanity today, with the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems undermining nature's ability to regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and protection against extreme weather. It is thereby critical that long-term observational scientific data is collected for improved evidence of environmental change and serve as the basis for science, policy and decision making. Long-term, regular, standardised and co-located measurement of key biotic, abiotic and process parameters at sites representative of environmental and ecological gradients is essential. This is required for developing an advanced understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes, and their responses to environmental stresses induced by anthropogenic pressures such as land-use and climate change. Integrated scientific monitoring is thus essential. It is on this basis that an ecohydrological and carbon (C) flux network, incorporating hydrometric, ecological, eddy covariance/flux-chamber GHG and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) monitoring, is being deployed on a suite of contrasting peatlands in Ireland. The observation sites reflect the biogeographical and hydrological gradient that support Irish peatlands, and cover a range of conditions from intact, degraded/restored and severely damaged. The substantive cover of peatland in Ireland (> 20%) makes them key components of Irelands Climate Action Plan, though they are currently a large source of carbon (> 6 million tonnes CO2e per year) due a long history of mismanagement, and there is currently a large drive to arrest C emissions and restore their sequestration function through national and European Union funded restoration projects. A primary purpose of the network is to thereby measure and report on the impact restoration work has on C emissions, upscale fluxes to landscape level, and to determine the hydrological thresholds required for restoration-engineering design. This paper will present the rational of the network and an overview of current results and their influence on Irish conservation and climate related policy. In addition to this, and arising from the peatland pavilion at the Climate Summit COP26, Glasgow, is the advancement of a European peatlands initiative, where countries with significant peatland cover will seek to formally work together in order for advanced peatland action. The network presented in this paper will contribute significantly to this dialogue and form part of a larger pan-European Network.
Development of noise reduction method based on MSSA (Multi-channel Singular Spectrum Analysis)     -Application to near field noise observed in Boso Peninsula, Japan-
Authors: Kaneko Shu , Mogi Toru , Yoshino Chie , Hattori Katsumi
Published: March 2022

The Boso Peninsula is one of the most tectonically active regions in Japan due to its location on a plate boundary. Focal zones of the past enormous earthquakes (1703 Genroku Kanto Earthquake (M8.2), the 1923 Taisho Kanto Earthquake (M7.9)) and slow slip events (SSE) region are located southwest and southeast of the peninsula, respectively. Therefore, it is important to survey the subsurface resistivity structure of these regions from a geophysical point of view. The magnetotelluric (MT) survey was conducted to clarify the resistivity structure from 2014 to 2016. However, observed MT data was contaminated by artificial noise sources (e.g., leak current from DC-driven trains and power lines). Conventional noise reduction methods using remote reference (Gamble et al., 1979) and robust statistics such as BIRRP (Chave and Thomson. 2004) are inadequate to deal with the noise. The reason is that the noise included in Boso MT data is originated from a near field source and is coherent between the magnetic field and the electric field.

Therefore, we propose a NEW method using MSSA(Multi-channel Singular Spectrum Analysis) to reduce the influence of the noise. MSSA can decompose multiple time series to several principal components (PCs). In our new method, choosing PCs based on the correlation between each component, they are discriminated into trend components, quasi-periodic components (=interested MT signal), and noise components. We applied MSSA to 7ch (5ch for observation site data (horizontal magnetic field, vertical magnetic field, and horizontal electric field) and 2ch for reference site data (horizontal magnetic field)) to extract 'clean' MT data from noisy Boso MT data. In this presentation, the results of time series and MT analysis applying this method will be presented.
Expansion of the Irish National Seismic Network – Planning, Site-Testing and Installation of Real-Time Seismic Stations
Authors: Grannell James , Mollhoff Martin , Craig David , Collins Louise , Horan Clare , Grange Philippe , Bean Christopher
Published: March 2022

The Irish National Seismic Network (INSN) is operated by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS) and co-funded by the Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI). The goal of the INSN is to monitor seismic activity in Ireland and its near-offshore. Since its inception in 1980 until 2014, the INSN gradually increased its complement to six real-time, broadband seismic stations, housed in small bunker-style structures. From November 2018, the INSN received additional funding from the GSI with the aim of doubling the number of operational seismic stations to twelve. 
In this presentation, we describe the methods used in planning the prospective site locations for the new seismic stations, details on the deployment of test stations and the subsequent analysis of the data from the test stations. In particular, we make use of power-spectral density plots (PSD), real-time seismic amplitude method (RSAM) and signal-to-noise ratios of local events recorded during the test deployments. We also describe the layout of the structures housing the new seismic stations, which include traditional bunker-style designs, as well as shallow borehole and underground cave installations. We also note that much of this work took place under the Covid-19 lockdowns in Ireland. We present results of the fully-operational new stations, and show comparisons with the pre-existing seismic stations.
Stone materials processing waste used as secondary raw material for construction adhesives: preliminary results.
Authors: Graziano Sossio Fabio , Marone Paolo , Trinchillo Antonio , Cappelletti Piergiulio
Published: March 2022

As is now widely known, any industrial activity produces wastes. These materials, more and more often, represent a logistic and environmental problem since they require regulations and treatments for disposal/storage that inevitably affect the general costs of the final product.

Wastes from stone materials processing, in short, retain all the mineralogical and compositional characteristics of the original materials even if, in some way, may be contaminated by the processing itself, or by wearing and tearing of industrial tools.

This research presents preliminary results from testing prototypes of construction adhesives made up recycling 1) a quartzite (India) stone waste mixed with 2) sand (also from India) as fine aggregates in mix design of the adhesives.

First, both wastes were characterized by physical, chemical and mineralogical points of view.

Particle size distribution along with X-ray Diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscopy were carried out to acquire precise physical, mineralogical, and chemical information on wastes.

Experimental research started by mix designing different recipes considering a reference adhesive and a waste containing ones. Fresh doughs, as reported in European standard EN12004-2:2017, were cured for 28 days and used to stick on a concrete support three types of tiles with different grip: i) a polished metal plate, ii) a ceramic tile and a iii) natural stone slab. For each type a statistical valid number of sticked samples was tested.

After curing time, adhesive capabilities were tested by the Pull Off - Adhesion Test, as reported in European standard EN12004-2:2017, with very promising results, comparable to those obtained by normally marketed adhesives.

Further mix design additions useful for improving adhesive capabilities are currently under development.

Experimental procedures and results carried out in this research by using wastes from India can be safely extended to materials of different origins, proposing itself as an alternative method to storage for the reuse of these kind of wastes.
Decadal Oscillations in Southern Ocean Air-Sea Exchange Arises from Zonal Asymmetries in the Atmospheric Circulation
Authors: Haumann F. Alexander , Cerovečki Ivana , MacGilchrist Graeme A. , Sarmiento Jorge L.
Published: March 2022

Air-sea exchange of heat, freshwater, and carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean exhibits large anomalies on decadal time scales. In particular, anomalies in the exchange of carbon-dioxide between the atmosphere and the ocean are dominated by decadal fluctuations. Since known modes of Southern Ocean climate variability, like the Southern Annular Mode, cannot explain these fluctuations, previous studies have suggested a strong link to decadal variability in the tropics. Here, we show that these fluctuations mainly arise from zonal sea-level pressure gradients between 35°S and 63°S that only correlates with tropical climate variability on regional scales. An atmospheric state of increased zonal pressure gradients leads to a stronger meridional exchange of heat and moisture. Such an enhanced meridional exchange favors air-sea fluxes either through a direct modification of the air-sea temperature and humidity gradients, or through resulting changes in ocean mixing and water-mass transformation. The latter changes have profound influences on the surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the surface ocean, which controls the surface carbon-dioxide flux. In order to capture this decadal mode of variability in the atmospheric circulation, we define a Southern Decadal Oscillation (SDO) index that is based on the zonal sea-level pressure gradients. This index explains more than two thirds of the variance in the total Southern Ocean carbon-dioxide flux and also dominates the variance in the surface heat and freshwater fluxes on time scales longer than five years. Our results provide an important step in understanding variations in the Southern Ocean surface climate on decadal time scales and imply that the surface ocean buoyancy forcing may control decadal variations in the water masses formed in this region.
Transdimensional ambient-noise surface wave tomography of the Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland
Authors: Rahimi Dalkhani Amin , Ágústsdóttir Thorbjörg , Árni Gudnason Egill , Zhang Xin , Weemstra Cornelis
Published: March 2022

Six en-echelon arranged volcanic systems are aligned NE-SW along the Reykjanes Peninsula, each comprising a fissure swarm with the central area marked by a maximum volcanic production. Five out of six systems host a high-temperature geothermal field. In this study, we image the shear wave velocity structure of the entire Reykjanes Peninsula using a recently developed one-step 3D transdimensional surface wave tomography. The transdimensional tomography algorithm uses a variable model parametrization by employing Voronoi cells in conjunction with the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method. We use the frequency dependent-travel times (with a frequency range of 0.1-0.5 Hz) derived from the recorded ambient noise data to image the area. The data are recorded between April 2015 until August 2015 using seismic stations from four different seismic networks (i.e., IMAGE, ÍSOR/HS Orka, REYKJANET, and SIL). The area covered by all stations is 120 km by 70 km. Approximately 45 km by 25 km of the station areal coverage is onshore; the rest is offshore. Additionally, based on the previous studies, using a frequency range of 0.1-0.5 Hz, it is expected to resolve the shear wave velocity structure up to a maximum depth of 10 km. The results show that the algorithm successfully recovered the velocity structure below the areas sampled with sufficient ray paths coverage. The areas with fewer ray paths result in a smoother velocity structure. We observe a few low-velocity anomalies at depths around 4-6 km, which are likely to be associated with the high-temperature fields around those depths. In other words, the low-velocity anomalies appeared below the location of the known high-temperature fields, which are Reykjanes, Eldvörp, Svartsengi, and Krýsuvík.
Exploring the Effect of Aerosol on Marine Cloud Cover Using a Counterfactual Approach
Authors: Goren Tom , Feingold Graham , Gryspeerdt Edward , Kazil Jan , Quaas Johannes
Published: March 2022

Aerosol–cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus clouds (Sc) are among the most challenging frontiers in cloud–climate research. In particular, the cloud cover susceptibility to droplet concentration remained under-represented in the literature. We developed methodologies to estimate what would have been the cloud cover and the associated radiative effect of currently observed Sc, but in a hypothetical cleaner world. The first methodology uses a realistic Lagrangian large eddy simulation coupled with satellite observations and provides a process-oriented analysis. The other uses a simple model and provides a global estimate of the radiative impact. We found that overcast Sc decks would have broken up sooner had they not been influenced by anthropogenic aerosol, thereby causing a significant effective radiative forcing.
Elevation-dependent surface temperature changes in the Andes
Authors: Stöckhardt Marie , Hänchen Lorenz , Thomas Christoph , Maussion Fabien , Wohlfahrt Georg
Published: March 2022

On average, surface temperatures are rising globally, but the pace of warming varies with regional factors. Rates of warming are expected to increase with elevation, a phenomenon referred to as elevation-dependent warming (EDW). Drivers of EDW include albedo changes due to an upward migration of snow- and treelines, as well as a rise of the condensation level and water vapour changes.

Amplified warming in high altitudes can have a great impact on mountain ecosystems and agriculture, which are particularly sensitive to changes in climate. The cryosphere is also impacted by EDW, with consequences for downstream water availability. While various studies have reported the presence of EDW, it is still unclear whether the phenomenon occurs in all mountain ranges or at all elevations. Research on EDW is made more difficult by sparse station observations: satellite data can be used to overcome these limits and facilitate analysis on the scale of whole mountain ranges and for longer time periods.

In this study, we used 20 years of land surface temperature (LST) observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) on board of the TERRA satellite. The Andes were chosen as study area due to their latitudinal and altitudinal extent, which covers a wide range of climate and socio-economic zones.

We found warming to occur predominantly in the midlatitudes, while in the tropical Andes both, cooling and warming patterns occur. Additionally, seasonal variations of the magnitude and sign of the trends are more pronounced in the tropical latitudes than in the southern Andes. On average, EDW occurs in the western part of the Andes (Pacific watershed), while we find no elevation-dependence or even an opposite pattern (less warming at higher elevations) for the eastern side (Atlantic watershed). Our results depict the complex nature of EDW and call for further process-based studies supported by remote sensing data.
Climatic impacts on early modern European grain harvest yields
Authors: Charpentier Ljungqvist Fredrik , Christiansen Bo , Esper Jan , Huhtamaa Heli , Leijonhufvud Lotta , Seim Andrea , Skoglund Martin Karl , Thejll Peter
Published: March 2022

We assess, within a framework of consistent statistical analysis, the inter-annual temperature and hydroclimate signal on grain harvest yields across diverse environmental settings of Europe during the early modern period (c. 1500–1800). To this end, we consider both different grain types and various climate parameters. We go beyond previous studies by applying identical analyses to several regions, by using a larger number of grain yield and harvest records, and by employing a more extensive and diverse set of the latest generation of annually resolved palaeoclimate reconstructions and early instrumental datasets. Hitherto, regional inter-comparisons of historical climate–yield relationships have been constrained by the application of different data and statistical methods. We pay particular attention to the issue of statistical significance in the presence of strong auto-correlation in both the harvest and climate data. Our analyses also consider various seasonal targets, crop types, frequency bands, and lagged harvest responses to climate. Overall, a comparatively weak climate–yield relationship is found, which is consistent with modern observations, as opposed to a strong climate signal we previously have found embedded in early modern grain price data.
Turn your scientific abstract into a vlog: evaluating best-practice in vlog production
Authors: Adamson Kathryn , Cortes Juliette , Fantini Emanuele , Postma Roland
Published: March 2022

Social media platforms enable scientists to engage with a range of public audiences from science-oriented professionals to less aware, topic-interested lay publics. Increasingly, short videos, including vlogs, have proven a valuable communication method thanks to their audiovisual nature, which allows their creators to move beyond traditional, written scientific content. In particular, recent work has shown that embedding multimedia storytelling into science communication strategies such as vlogs is a powerful means of conveying the relatable ‘human face’ behind the science. However, creating video content can be daunting for many scientists who are unfamiliar with stepping across the art-science divide. Developing an effective video is an art that one can only learn by making videos and receiving feedback from professional media producers and the intended audience.

Accordingly, to enhance vlog capabilities amongst earth scientists and share EGU abstract content beyond the science community, we have led vlog training short courses with EGU attendees to develop their skills in video-making for science-interested, but not topic-aware, audiences. The objectives of the short course were: to explore the processes of designing, storyboarding, and filming effective vlogs, grounded in science communication theory and practice. Short course attendees used their training to produce a vlog of their EGU abstract to document the motivations, tribulations, and human nature behind the science – a side that conference abstracts rarely convey. Vlogs were promoted via social media platforms to EGU conference participants and science-interested audiences beyond. 

By embedding reflection and discussion throughout, as part of a co-production approach, here we evaluate: 1) the art and guiding principles for producing an effective vlog, 2) the practice of training earth scientists to develop vlogs, including challenges and considerations for further dissemination of this approach.
Variation in vulnerability to seawater intrusion with response to change in groundwater level in the coastal region of Sankaraparani river basin, India
Authors: Ramesh RamyaPriya , Vengadesan Manivannan , Lakshmanan Elango
Published: March 2022

Increasing urbanisation and dependency on groundwater in the coastal regions has increased the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer to seawater intrusion. The objective is to understand the variation in vulnerability to seawater intrusion with response to change in groundwater level in the coastal region of Sankaraparani river basin, located in the southeast coast of India. The hydrogeology of the coastal region of Sankaraparani river basin is comprised of alluvium formation as upper aquifer and sandstone formation as lower aquifer which is separated by clayey formation. Nearly 33 groundwater samples were collected from the different depth in the coastal region during June 2019. The GALDIT index was used to calculate the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer to seawater intrusion using the parameters such as aquifer type, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater level, distance of pumping wells from the sea, impact of seawater intrusion and thickness of aquifer. Based on the GALDIT index, about 3 km2 of the coastal region is highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion, whereas 276 km2 of the coastal region is moderately vulnerable to seawater intrusion during June 2019. The sampling wells located at a distance of less than 500 m are highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion. The variation in vulnerability of coastal aquifer to seawater intrusion is calculated with a decrease and increase in groundwater level. Nearly, 10 km2 of the coastal region is found to be highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion if the groundwater level is decreased by 3 m, while about 350 km2 of the coastal region is moderately vulnerable. The coastal region is predicted to be low vulnerable to seawater intrusion if the groundwater level is increased by 1 m. This indicates that the increase in groundwater level by increasing the groundwater recharge will decrease the impact of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers.