bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal regions associated with prostate cancer risk localize to lamin B‐deficient microdomains and exhibit reduced gene transcription
Authors: Helfand Brian T , Wang Yuanyuan , Pfleghaar Katrin , Shimi Takeshi , Taimen Pekka , Shumaker Dale K
Published: October 2011

The lamins are major determinants of nuclear shape and chromatin organization and these features are frequently altered in prostate cancer (CaP). Human CaP cell lines frequently have nuclear lobulations, which are enriched in A‐type lamins but lack B‐type lamins and have been defined as lamin B‐deficient microdomains (LDMDs). LDMD frequency is correlated with CaP cell line aggressiveness and increased cell motility. In addition, LNCaP cells grown in the presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) show an increased frequency of LDMDs. The LDMDs are enriched in activated RNA polymerase II (Pol IIo) and androgen receptor (AR) and A‐type lamins form an enlarged meshwork that appears to co‐align with chromatin fibres and AR. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated that chromosomal regions associated with CaP susceptibility are preferentially localized to LDMDs. Surprisingly, these regions lack histone marks for transcript elongation and exhibit reduced BrU incorporation, suggesting that Pol II is stalled within LDMDs. Real‐time PCR of genes near androgen response elements (AREs) was used to compare transcription between cells containing LDMDs and controls. Genes preferentially localized to LDMDs showed significantly decreased expression, while genes in the main nuclear body were largely unaffected. Furthermore, LDMDs were observed in human CaP tissue and the frequency was correlated with increased Gleason grade. These results imply that lamins are involved in chromatin organization and Pol II transcription, and provide insights into the development and progression of CaP. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die Geschichte der α‐Adrenozeptor‐Agonisten
Authors: Starke Klaus
Published: October 2011

Die Geschichte der α‐Adrenozeptor‐Agonisten reicht nicht so weit zurück wie die der α‐Adrenozeptor‐Antagonisten; letztere müsste man mit den Mutterkorn‐Vergiftungen des Mittelalters beginnen lassen. Die Zuordnung der beiden körpereigenen chemischen Signale Adrenalin und Noradrenalin zu den α‐Adrenozeptor‐Agonisten ist aber ein besonders prominentes Stück Wissenschaftsgeschichte.
α2‐Adrenozeptoren: Drei Subtypen für ein breites Wirkspektrum
Authors: Gilsbach Ralf , Preißl Sebastian , Hein Lutz
Published: October 2011

Die Erkenntnisse der letzten Jahre haben entscheidend zum Verständnis der α2‐Adrenozeptor‐vermittelten Wirkungen beigetragen. Für zahlreiche Effekte konnten sowohl die beteiligten Subtypen als auch die involvierten zellulären Systeme und die intrazelluläre Signaltransduktion aufgeklärt werden. Auffällig ist die Prädominanz von α2‐Adrenozeptor‐Adrenozeporen auf nicht adrenergen Neuronen für die Agonist‐vermittelten Effekte. Die Hoffnung, die klinisch relevantesten Wirkungen durch subtypselektive Substanzen diskriminieren zu können, hat sich aufgrund der zentralen Rolle des α2A‐Adrenozeptorsubtyps leider bisher nicht erfüllt. Eine Ausnahme stellt eventuell die Blockade von α2C‐Adrenozeptoren zur Therapie neuropsychiatrischer Erkrankungen dar. Die Entschlüsselung der für die jeweiligen pharmakologischen Wirkungen essentiellen Zelltypen und Signalmechanismen wird eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für die Generierung neuer Pharmaka sein, die mit Subtyp‐Selektivität oder funktionaler Selektivität (“biased signaling”) spezifisch die α2‐Adrenozeptoren modulieren.
α2‐Agonisten und adrenerge Pharmaka bei ADHS
Authors: Clement Hans‐Willi , Schulz Eberhard
Published: October 2011

Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit‐Hyperaktivitätsstörung, kurz ADHS, ist eine der häufigsten Störungen in der Kinder‐ und Jugendpsychiatrie mit einer Prävalenz von ca. 5 bis 10 % aller Kinder‐ und Jugendlichen. Jungen sind dabei etwa 3‐ bis 4‐mal häufiger betroffen als Mädchen. Kernsymptome sind das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit, die Hyperaktivität und andere Symptome wie gesteigerte Impulsivität und Störungen im Sozialverhalten. Die medikamentöse Therapie von ADHS im Kindes‐ und Jugendalter ist Baustein einer multimodalen Behandlung mit unterschiedlichen Therapieansätzen. Die α2‐adrenergen Agonisten Clonidin und Guanfacin sind in Deutschland bislang nicht zur Therapie der ADHS zugelassen, sie könnten jedoch zukünftig neben den Stimulanzien und anderen Pharmaka als weitere wirksame Therapieoptionen zur Behandlung von ADHS im Kindes‐ und Jugendalter eine wichtige Rolle spielen.
Die Natur als Apotheke gegen Tropenkrankheiten: Tirandamycin B gegen lymphatische Filariosen
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: October 2011

Insgesamt kennt man acht Nematodenarten, die eine Filariose, eine Wurmkrankheit des Menschen, verursachen können. Zwei sind für die lymphatische Filariasis verantwortlich: Wucheria bancrofti steht für 90 Prozent der geschätzten 120 Millionen Fälle in 83 Ländern und Brugia malayi (zumeist in Südostasien) für die restlichen 10 Prozent (siehe Abb. 1). Insgesamt sind 1,3 Milliarden Menschen einem Infektionsrisiko ausgesetzt. Zudem gibt es noch Onchocerca volvulus, die bei ca. 37 Millionen Menschen in 34 Ländern (häufig Afrika) die Flussblindheit hervorruft, die bedeutendste Filariose.
Analysis of Cardamonin by Square Wave Voltammetry
Authors: Carvalho Ana M. , Gonçalves Luís M. , Valente Inês M. , Rodrigues José A. , Barros Aquiles A.
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Several biochemical studies have already shown that cardamonin has health promoting properties, such is in agreement with typical characteristics of chalcones. Although being a very promising compound for the nutraceutical field there is a lack of studies concerning its electroanalytical properties.

Objective

To develop an electroanalytical methodology for the quantification of cardamonin in cardamom.

Methodology

Cardamonin was analysed electrochemically by means of a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) using square wave voltammetry (SWV). It was extracted from cardamom spice and quantified thereafter using the standard additions method to overcome matrix effects.

Results

A limit of detection (LOD) of 0.15 mg/L and good linearity (r2 = 0.9998) were obtained. Decoction using ethanol as the extraction solvent appears to be the simplest extraction technique. Spectrophotometric analysis (maximum absorbance peak was found in ethanol at 344 nm with a value of molar extinction coefficient of (2.8 ± 0.1) × 104 L mol−1 cm−1) and mass spectrometry analysis by electrospray in the positive ion mode were also performed.

Conclusion

Cardamonin was detected voltammetrically. The LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the proposed voltammetric methodology are adequate for trace analysis of this compound in several phytochemical matrices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data sources on drug safety evaluation: a review of recent published meta‐analyses
Authors: Alves Carlos , Batel‐Marques Francisco , Macedo Ana Filipa
Published: October 2011

Purpose

Meta‐analysis is a quantitative approach to summarize the findings from several studies and has been applied with increasing frequency to clinical trials. Because of their sample size and duration limitations, experimental studies (ESs) could not be able to detect late or rare adverse events (AEs), which may be identified in well‐designed observational studies (OSs). This study aims to identify and analyze meta‐analyses from both ES and OS where safety was found to be an outcome measure.

Methods

The meta‐analyses inclusion criteria was established as at least one AE as primary outcome. Safety outcomes were considered as the increase in the risk for an AE after a pharmacological intervention. A MEDLINE search for meta‐analyses published in the New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Journal of American Medical Association, British Medical Journal, Annals of Internal Medicine, PLoS Medicine, Annual Review of Medicine, and Archives of Internal Medicine, between October 2005 and September 2010, was carried out.

Results

Sixty meta‐analyses met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 53 included only ES, 4 included both ES and OS, and 2 included only OS. Of the 6 meta‐analyses that included OS, 4 included cohort and case–control studies, and 2 included cohort, case–control, and cross‐sectional studies. One meta‐analysis did not report the type of studies included.

Conclusions

Experimental studies were found to be the main source of meta‐analyses on drug safety. The role of meta‐analyses in pharmacovigilance is a matter of ongoing debate, and efforts are being made to develop guidelines on the use of meta‐analysis in drug safety assessments, to better combine evidence about harms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable shape memory polymers based on poly(D,L‐lactic acid) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate and piperazine
Authors: Ruan Changshun , Wang Yuanliang , Zhang Maolan , Luo Yanfeng , Fu Chunhua , Huang Meina , Sun Jiaoxia , Hu Chengbo
Published: October 2011

A novel series of biodegradable shape memory polyurethane ureas (SMPUUs) were designed and synthesized based on poly(D,L‐lactic acid) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate and piperazine. Their structure, degree of crosslinking, thermal properties, shape memory behaviors and mechanical properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy, weight analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile testing. The results reveal that successfully introducing the piperazine into the backbone of the SMPUUs gives them excellent shape memory behaviors and good mechanical properties. This, in combination with the ideal shape recovery temperature, which can be designed near human body temperature, could make these biodegradable polyurethanes of great interest as potential biomaterials for medical implantations. On increasing the percentage of hard content of the SMPUUs from 9.00 to 12.12 wt%, the shape fixation rate increases from 95.3 to 98.2%, but the shape recovery ratio decreases from 98.6 to 93.2%; also, both the tensile modulus and tensile strength increase, but elongation at break decreases. To profile the advantages of our SMPUUs, a polyurethane based on poly(D,L‐lactic acid) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,4‐butanediamine was chosen as control. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Carbon Nano‐onions for Imaging the Life Cycle of Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Ghosh Mitrajit , Sonkar Sumit Kumar , Saxena Manav , Sarkar Sabyasachi
Published: October 2011

Real‐time X‐ray or magnetic resonance imaging are known methods used for biomedical diagnosis. By the oral administration of barium meal, X‐ray imaging can be extended for use in soft tissue imaging. The oral ingestion of a fluorescent probe is a new approach to imaging a living species. Here, water‐soluble carbon nano‐onions are introduced as a nontoxic, fluorescent reagent enabling Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) to be imaged alive. It is demonstrated that these water‐soluble carbon nano‐onions, synthesized from wood waste, colorfully image all the development phases of Drosophila melanogaster from its egg to adulthood. Oral ingestion of up to 4 ppm of soluble carbon nano‐onions allows the optical fluorescence microscopy imaging of all the stages of the fruit fly life cycle without showing any toxic effects. The fluorescent Drosophila melanogaster excretes this fluorescing material upon the withdrawal of carbon nano‐onions from its food.
Enacting Significance: A New Perspective on the Nature of Information within Systems
Authors: Beynon‐Davies Paul
Published: October 2011

The concept of information is clearly foundational to the systems, behavioural and information sciences but lacking in a clear conceptual foundation. In this paper, we propose that the concept is clearly overloaded and suggest that a new vocabulary is needed to enhance our powers of understanding and explanation. We argue that information is better situated at the intersection of signs, patterns and systems, which involves the enactment of forma (the substance of a sign), informa (the content of a sign) and performa (the use of signs in coordinated action). To demonstrate the utility of this framework and to help us breakdown entrenched conceptions, we deliberately consider a ‘strange’ case from a different time and culture. We conclude with a discussion of the usefulness of this framework in helping us better understand the complex entanglement of signs, systems and patterns and how this helps unravel the multifaceted nature of information. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Function of proton channels in lung epithelia
Authors: Fischer Horst
Published: October 2011

The properties of the voltage‐dependent H+ channel have been studied in lung epithelial cells for many years, and recently voltage‐dependent H+ channel 1 (HVCN1) messenger RNA expression has been linked directly to H+ channel function in lung epithelium. The H+ channel is activated by strong membrane depolarization, intracellular acidity, or extracellular alkalinity. Early on it was noted that these are surprising physiological channel characteristics when considering that lung epithelial cells have rather stable membrane potentials and a well pH‐buffered intracellular milieu. This raised the question under which conditions the H+ channel is active in lung epithelium and what is its physiological function there. Current understanding of the HVCN1 H+ channel in lung epithelial acid secretion, its activation by an alkaline mucosal extracellular pH, and its role in the regulation of the mucosal pH of the lung has resulted in a model of mucosal pH regulation based on the parallel function of the HVCN1 H+ channel and the CFTR HCO3− channel, which suggests that HVCN1 is a critical factor that maintains a neutral surface pH in the lung. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012,1:247–258. doi: 10.1002/wmts.17

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
An approach to theory‐based youth programming
Authors: Duerden Mat D. , Gillard Ann
Published: October 2011

A key but often overlooked aspect of intentional, out‐of‐school‐time programming is the integration of a guiding theoretical framework. The incorporation of theory in programming can provide practitioners valuable insights into essential processes and principles of successful programs. While numerous theories exist that relate to youth development practice, they often remain inaccessible to practitioners. Therefore, the goal of this article is to synthesize two theoretical perspectives, the social development model and self‐determination theory, into a practitioner‐friendly programming framework. The resulting social development programming model outlines specific components, processes, and outcomes of effective and intentional youth development programs.
The importance of mentoring relationships among youth workers
Authors: Gassman Julianne , Gleason Michael C.
Published: October 2011

Organizational leaders often work to retain their employees and teach them the knowledge needed in becoming future organizational leaders. The purpose of the study examined in this article was to determine how mentoring within Camp Adventure Child and Youth Services contributes to the development of students selected to deliver programs to children and youth worldwide. Strong evidence of mentoring and development were found in both the training and delivery of services. The results of this study are meaningful not only for the particular program studied but for all youth‐serving organizations. Supervisors and administrators of youth‐serving organizations should be intentional about developing and promoting healthy mentoring relationships to create positive environments for staff and the youth being served.
Putting youth development into practice: Learning from an innovative fellowship program
Authors: Fischer Robert L. , Craven Monica A. G. , Heilbron Patricia
Published: October 2011

Professionals who work with youth can have a tremendous impact on the development and life trajectory of these young people. This article reports on an effort to provide support and professional development for those who work with youth during nonschool hours in a youth development fellowship program. Combining intensive residency workshops and a six‐month coaching experience, the fellowship was designed to teach participants how to integrate youth resilience and youth development perspectives into their work. The evaluation collected data from the fellows and their coaches during the course of the program. The study offers insights into the types of benefits achieved through this type of focused intervention with youth workers, as well as the challenges of conducting such an effort.
Coralline Algae from the Prang Formation (Middle-Late Eocene) of the Lumshnong Area, Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya
Authors: Misra P.K. , Jauhri A.K. , Tiwari R.P. , Kishore S. , Singh Ajay Pratap , Singh S.K.
Published: October 2011

The present paper records nine species of coralline algae from the Prang Formation of middle-late Eocene age from the Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. The algae are associated with the larger foraminifera including Nummulites, Alveolina and Discocyclina throughout the succession. The temporal distribution of algal species indicates that seven species are known from the Eocene. Of the remaining two, one ranges from the Palaeocene to Eocene and the other is Palaeocene in age. The coralline algae and larger foraminifers are differentiated into two associations, the lower one indicating inner-ramp environment of high energy and the upper one showing deposition in relatively calm waters of deeper ramp environment.
Studies on Tapiolite from Arehalli Pegmatite, Hassan District, Karnataka
Authors: Maithani P.B. , Singh Yamuna
Published: October 2011

Tapiolite hosted in lithium-caesium-tantalum (LCT)-type granitic pegmatite, near Arehalli, of Holenarsipur schist belt (HSB), occurs as euhedral crystals within the muscovite books or in association with columbite-tantalite. In this study, compositional and crystallographic characteristics of the tapiolite are presented. The tapiolite is Ta-rich (79.8% Ta2O5)and also Fe-rich (13.1% FeO) with minor amounts of Nb (3.80% Nb2O5) and Mn (0.30% MnO2), and is a Fe-end member of the FeTa2O6-MnTa2O6 series, ferrotapiolite. The tapiolite has very restricted compositional range. Calculated structural formula of the investigated tapiolite is [(Fe0.27 Mn0.66)0.93 (Nb0.45 Ta1.57 Ti0.004 Sn0.03)2.027O6].

The observed unit-cell dimension of studied tapiolite (a。= 4.7582Å and co = 9.2186Å) matches with the value published in the international centre for diffraction data (ICDD) card for tapiolite standard (a°= 4.750 Å, co = 9.205 Å), suggesting that the investigated mineral belongs to the category of ordered tapiolite. Furthermore, crystallographic data also reveal that studied tapiolite has not been affected by chemical substitutions. Restricted composition of tapiolite coupled with minor to trace content of Fe3+, Mn, Sn, Ti, Sc and REEs support this interpretation.
Implication of Drainage Basin Parameters of Chhoti Gandak River, Ganga Plain, India
Authors: Singh Dhruv Sen , Awasthi Amit
Published: October 2011

The drainage basin parameters of the groundwater-fed Chhoti Gandak River originating in the terai area of the Ganga Plain were analyzed using topographical sheets, satellite data, and field documentation with emphasis to its implication for flood mitigation and recharging of groundwater. The analyses indicate dominance of first order streams, gentle slope gradient, low surface run-off, low sediment production, high infiltration rate, and low value of basin relief. The low water storage capacity, spreading of water and concentration of peak discharge in the distal part of the river basin explain that whenever precipitation is high in the catchment area there is flood in the distal part of the basin. The bifurcation ratio value (4.34) of this basin describes that the drainage is carved naturally by slope and local relief and not influenced by geological structures like lineaments and faults.

These parameters provide useful information for the prediction of basin behavior during prolonged heavy rainfall that generate floods and suggest that water resource management and developmental planning should be done with reference to the drainage basin parameters.
Time, Space, and Jurisdiction in Atlantic World Slavery: The Volunbrun Household in Gradual Emancipation New York
Authors: Jones Martha S.
Published: October 2011

The widow Drouillard de Volunbrun and her household boarded the brigMary & Elizabethin November 1796, only after many failed attempts to leave the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Like many others, they sought refuge from the violence and deprivation of the Haitian Revolution. In the party were the widow, her mother, a male companion, Marie Alphonse Cléry and, at best count, twenty enslaved people. Catastrophe struck November 18 when theMary & Elizabethwrecked on the west end of the Miguana Reef, off the Bahamas. The vessel and cargo were “totally” lost, but the captain, crew, and twenty-nine passengers, including the Volunbrun household, were “saved.” By the following April of 1797, the household was again at sea, bound for New York City. New York was, Shane White explains, “the center of the heaviest slaveholding region” in the North. Slaveholdings were small, with slaves a shrinking minority of the overall population. Still, one in five households held at least one slave. The household maintained a modest profile during their first four years in the city, moving to what was then the city's northeast periphery, Eagle Street near Bowery. Their neighbors were skilled workers, including butchers, masons, and men working the maritime trades. The widow put most of those she termed slaves to work manufacturing cigars.
High quality InSAR data linked to seasonal change in hydraulic head for an agricultural area in the San Luis Valley, Colorado
Authors: Reeves Jessica A. , Knight Rosemary , Zebker Howard A. , Schreüder Willem A. , Shanker Agram Piyush , Lauknes Tom R.
Published: October 2011

In the San Luis Valley (SLV), Colorado legislation passed in 2004 requires that hydraulic head levels in the confined aquifer system stay within the range experienced in the years 1978–2000. While some measurements of hydraulic head exist, greater spatial and temporal sampling would be very valuable in understanding the behavior of the system. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data provide fine spatial resolution measurements of Earth surface deformation, which can be related to hydraulic head change in the confined aquifer system. However, change in cm‐scale crop structure with time leads to signal decorrelation, resulting in low quality data. Here we apply small baseline subset (SBAS) analysis to InSAR data collected from 1992 to 2001. We are able to show high levels of correlation, denoting high quality data, in areas between the center pivot irrigation circles, where the lack of water results in little surface vegetation. At three well locations we see a seasonal variation in the InSAR data that mimics the hydraulic head data. We use measured values of the elastic skeletal storage coefficient to estimate hydraulic head from the InSAR data. In general the magnitude of estimated and measured head agree to within the calculated error. However, the errors are unacceptably large due to both errors in the InSAR data and uncertainty in the measured value of the elastic skeletal storage coefficient. We conclude that InSAR is capturing the seasonal head variation, but that further research is required to obtain accurate hydraulic head estimates from the InSAR deformation measurements.
Invited Review Article: Interferometric gravity wave detectors
Authors: Cella G. , Giazotto A.
Published: October 2011

A direct detection of gravitational waves is still lacking today. A network of several earthbound interferometric detectors is currently operating with a continuously improving sensitivity. The window of interest for observation has a lower cut off in the frequency domain below some tens of hertz, determined by the effect of seismic motion. For larger frequencies, the sensitivity is limited by thermal effects below few hundreds of hertz and by the quantum nature of light above that value. Each of these sources of noise pose a big technological challenge to experimentalists, and there are big expectations for the next generation of detectors. A reduction of thermal effects by at least one order of magnitude will be obtained with new and carefully designed materials. At that point the quantum nature of light will become an issue, and the use of quantum non-demolition techniques will become mandatory. In this review, we discuss interferometric detection of gravitational waves from an instrumental point of view. We try to address conceptually important issues with an audience of non-experts in mind. A particular emphasis is given to the description of the current limitations and to the perspectives of beating them.
Control of vibronic excitation using quantum-correlated photons
Authors: Oka Hisaki
Published: October 2011

We theoretically investigate the two-step excitation of a molecular vibronic state using quantum-correlated photons with time delay in order to control the population of the vibronic excited state. A Morse oscillator having three sets of vibronic states, namely, the ground state, intermediate states, and excited states, is used to evaluate the efficiency of the two-step excitation process. We show that we can efficiently and selectively excite only a target state by using correlated photons and can control the excitation population of the target state by adjusting the delay time of the correlated photons. The potential of controlling a chemical reaction using correlated photons is also discussed.
Assembling the Flood: Producing Spaces of Bad Water in the City of Hull
Authors: Walker Gordon , Whittle Rebecca , Medd Will , Walker Marion
Published: October 2011

In this paper we approach flooding as a socio–natural–technical assemblage, a phenomenon that comes into being in relation to the spaces that ‘bad water’ occupies. We use the case of the major flood in the city of Hull (UK) in June 2007, and the accounts of those who experienced it, to follow the water of the flood into homes and household spaces. We find that the spatial and temporal occurrence of the flood is not simply known and definable, but is instead emergent in specific local contexts. We show how the assemblage of the flood can be understood at different resolutions, moving from the flood as a city event; to the street-level processes and interventions which shaped how water flowed locally; and into the detail and materiality of the home, its transgression by water, and the process of the home becoming a flooded space. Through the analysis of data from two parallel projects examining the experiences of adults and children after the June 2007 event, we show that the boundaries of the flood remained open and contested, their spatial and temporal definition fuzzy and socially complex. Implications are explored in relation to the processes embroiled in producing flood status and the consequences for the actors involved. Wider conclusions for understanding the experience of disaster are also drawn.
Industrial and Provident Societies and Village Pubs: Exploring Community Cohesion in Rural Britain
Authors: Cabras Ignazio
Published: October 2011

In the UK, pubs are often the nodes and centres of the local social network. Particularly in villages and rural areas, pubs play an important role in stimulating community cohesion and social capital by enhancing socioeconomic activities, such as communal initiatives and business activities, within communities. Despite this, there has been a constant decline in the number of British pubs during the past decades. The factors influencing this decline are many and diverse: the rise of pub chains and theme pubs which target a more commercial type of custom, the result of progressively tougher drink–driving laws, rising prices and alcohol duties, the increased popularity of home entertainment, and the smoking ban. Since village pubs work as a network tier for the entire area, their disappearance often means the disappearance of major centres of social aggregation. This also has a significant impact on rural economies, given the importance of these businesses for local supply chains. The creation of Industrial and Provident Societies (I&PSs) in villages and small communities may represent a valid way to rescue a number of village pubs from closure. An I&PS is an organisation carrying on an industry, business, or trade, either as a cooperative or for the benefit of the community. This paper discusses the functioning of I&PSs and their potential with regard to pubs in rural areas by presenting original data obtained from primary research, including interviews held with owners, managers, and customers of village pubs. In addition, the paper provides case studies of communities who used an I&PS to save their local pubs and assets, and explores how this solution may help villagers to keep their centres of social aggregation economically viable and sustainable. It is concluded that I&PSs can represent a valuable solution for many rural communities. It is also concluded that the level of community cohesion among villagers, the investment required for setting up the I&PS, and the availability of financial grants and public sector support all have an important impact on their development.
Cd8
enhancer

E8
I

and Runx factors regulate CD8α expression in activated CD8
+
T cells
Authors: Hassan Hammad , Sakaguchi Shinya , Tenno Mari , Kopf Aglaja , Boucheron Nicole , Carpenter Andrea C. , Egawa Takeshi , Taniuchi Ichiro , Ellmeier Wilfried
Published: October 2011

Cd8a
and
Cd8b1
coreceptor gene (
Cd8
) expression is tightly controlled during T-cell development by the activity of five
Cd8
enhancers (

E8
I
–E8
V

). Here we demonstrate a unique transcriptional program regulating CD8 expression during CD8
+
effector T-cell differentiation. The
Cd8
enhancer

E8
I

and Runx/core-binding factor-β (CBFβ) complexes were required for the establishment of this regulatory circuit, because

E8
I

-, Runx3-, or CBFβ-deficient CD8
+
T cells down-regulated CD8α expression during activation. This finding correlated with enhanced repressive histone marks at the
Cd8a
promoter in the absence of

E8
I

, and the down-regulation of CD8α expression could be blocked by treating

E8
I

-, Runx3-, or CBFβ-deficient CD8
+
T cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Moreover, Runx/CBFβ complexes bound the
Cd8ab
gene cluster in activated CD8
+
T cells, suggesting direct control of the
Cd8a
locus. However, CD8
+
effector T cells maintained high levels of CD8α when CBFβ was conditionally deleted after activation. Thus, our data suggest an

E8
I

- and Runx3/CBFβ-dependent epigenetic programming of the
Cd8a
locus during T-cell activation, leading to Runx/CBFβ complex-independent maintenance of CD8α expression in effector T cells.
Myosin II isoform switching mediates invasiveness after TGF-β–induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Beach Jordan R. , Hussey George S. , Miller Tyler E. , Chaudhury Arindam , Patel Purvi , Monslow James , Zheng Qiao , Keri Ruth A. , Reizes Ofer , Bresnick Anne R. , Howe Philip H. , Egelhoff Thomas T.
Published: October 2011

Despite functional significance of nonmuscle myosin II in cell migration and invasion, its role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) or TGF-β signaling is unknown. Analysis of normal mammary gland expression revealed that myosin IIC is expressed in luminal cells, whereas myosin IIB expression is up-regulated in myoepithelial cells that have more mesenchymal characteristics. Furthermore, TGF-β induction of EMT in nontransformed murine mammary gland epithelial cells results in an isoform switch from myosin IIC to myosin IIB and increased phosphorylation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIA on target sites known to regulate filament dynamics (S1916, S1943). These expression and phosphorylation changes are downstream of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-E1 (E1), an effector of TGF-β signaling. E1 knockdown drives cells into a migratory, invasive mesenchymal state and concomitantly up-regulates MHC IIB expression and MHC IIA phosphorylation. Abrogation of myosin IIB expression in the E1 knockdown cells has no effect on 2D migration but significantly reduced transmigration and macrophage-stimulated collagen invasion. These studies indicate that transition between myosin IIC/myosin IIB expression is a critical feature of EMT that contributes to increases in invasive behavior.
CLUMPED CHLOROPLASTS 1 is required for plastid separation in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Yang Yue , Sage Tammy L. , Liu Yi , Ahmad Tiara R. , Marshall Wallace F. , Shiu Shin-Han , Froehlich John E. , Imre Kathleen M. , Osteryoung Katherine W.
Published: October 2011

We identified an
Arabidopsis thaliana
mutant,
clumped chloroplasts 1
(
clmp1
), in which disruption of a gene of unknown function causes chloroplasts to cluster instead of being distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The phenotype affects chloroplasts and nongreen plastids in multiple organs and cell types, but is detectable only at certain developmental stages. In young leaf petioles of
clmp1
, where clustering is prevalent, cells lacking chloroplasts are detected, suggesting impaired chloroplast partitioning during mitosis. Although organelle distribution and partitioning are actin-dependent in plants, the actin cytoskeleton in
clmp1
is indistinguishable from that in WT, and peroxisomes and mitochondria are distributed normally. A CLMP1-YFP fusion protein that complements
clmp1
localizes to discrete foci in the cytoplasm, most of which colocalize with the cell periphery or with chloroplasts. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that chloroplasts within
clmp1
clusters are held together by membranous connections, including thin isthmi characteristic of late-stage chloroplast division. This finding suggests that constriction of dividing chloroplasts proceeds normally in
clmp1
, but separation is impaired. Consistently, chloroplast size and number, as well as positioning of the plastid division proteins FtsZ and ARC5/DRP5B, are unaffected in
clmp1
, indicating that loss of CLMP1-mediated chloroplast separation does not prevent otherwise normal division. CLMP1-like sequences are unique to green algae and land plants, and the CLMP1 sequence suggests that it functions through protein–protein interactions. Our studies identify a unique class of proteins required for plastid separation after the constriction stage of plastid division and indicate that CLMP1 activity is also required for plastid distribution and partitioning during cell division.
Ancient lipids reveal continuity in culinary practices across the transition to agriculture in Northern Europe
Authors: Craig Oliver E. , Steele Val J. , Fischer Anders , Hartz Sönke , Andersen Søren H. , Donohoe Paul , Glykou Aikaterini , Saul Hayley , Jones D. Martin , Koch Eva , Heron Carl P.
Published: October 2011

Farming transformed societies globally. Yet, despite more than a century of research, there is little consensus on the speed or completeness of this fundamental change and, consequently, on its principal drivers. For Northern Europe, the debate has often centered on the rich archaeological record of the Western Baltic, but even here it is unclear how quickly or completely people abandoned wild terrestrial and marine resources after the introduction of domesticated plants and animals at ∼4000 calibrated years B.C. Ceramic containers are found ubiquitously on these sites and contain remarkably well-preserved lipids derived from the original use of the vessel. Reconstructing culinary practices from this ceramic record can contribute to longstanding debates concerning the origins of farming. Here we present data on the molecular and isotopic characteristics of lipids extracted from 133 ceramic vessels and 100 carbonized surface residues dating to immediately before and after the first evidence of domesticated animals and plants in the Western Baltic. The presence of specific lipid biomarkers, notably ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids, and the isotopic composition of individualn-alkanoic acids clearly show that a significant proportion (∼20%) of ceramic vessels with lipids preserved continued to be used for processing marine and freshwater resources across the transition to agriculture in this region. Although changes in pottery use are immediately evident, our data challenge the popular notions that economies were completely transformed with the arrival of farming and that Neolithic pottery was exclusively associated with produce from domesticated animals and plants.
Polymorphisms in fibronectin binding protein A of
Staphylococcus aureus
are associated with infection of cardiovascular devices
Authors: Lower Steven K. , Lamlertthon Supaporn , Casillas-Ituarte Nadia N. , Lins Roberto D. , Yongsunthon Ruchirej , Taylor Eric S. , DiBartola Alex C. , Edmonson Catherine , McIntyre Lauren M. , Reller L. Barth , Que Yok-Ai , Ros Robert , Lower Brian H. , Fowler Vance G.
Published: October 2011

Medical implants, like cardiovascular devices, improve the quality of life for countless individuals but may become infected with bacteria like
Staphylococcus aureus
. Such infections take the form of a biofilm, a structured community of bacterial cells adherent to the surface of a solid substrate. Every biofilm begins with an attractive force or bond between bacterium and substratum. We used atomic force microscopy to probe experimentally forces between a fibronectin-coated surface (i.e., proxy for an implanted cardiac device) and fibronectin-binding receptors on the surface of individual living bacteria from each of 80 clinical isolates of
S. aureus
. These isolates originated from humans with infected cardiac devices (CDI;
n
= 26), uninfected cardiac devices (
n
= 20), and the anterior nares of asymptomatic subjects (
n
= 34). CDI isolates exhibited a distinct binding-force signature and had specific single amino acid polymorphisms in fibronectin-binding protein A corresponding to E652D, H782Q, and K786N.
In silico
molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that residues D652, Q782, and N786 in fibronectin-binding protein A form extra hydrogen bonds with fibronectin, complementing the higher binding force and energy measured by atomic force microscopy for the CDI isolates. This study is significant, because it links pathogenic bacteria biofilms from the length scale of bonds acting across a nanometer-scale space to the clinical presentation of disease at the human dimension.
Piezoelectric materials mimic the function of the cochlear sensory epithelium
Authors: Inaoka Takatoshi , Shintaku Hirofumi , Nakagawa Takayuki , Kawano Satoyuki , Ogita Hideaki , Sakamoto Tatsunori , Hamanishi Shinji , Wada Hiroshi , Ito Juichi
Published: October 2011

Cochlear hair cells convert sound vibration into electrical potential, and loss of these cells diminishes auditory function. In response to mechanical stimuli, piezoelectric materials generate electricity, suggesting that they could be used in place of hair cells to create an artificial cochlear epithelium. Here, we report that a piezoelectric membrane generated electrical potentials in response to sound stimuli that were able to induce auditory brainstem responses in deafened guinea pigs, indicating its capacity to mimic basilar membrane function. In addition, sound stimuli were transmitted through the external auditory canal to a piezoelectric membrane implanted in the cochlea, inducing it to vibrate. The application of sound to the middle ear ossicle induced voltage output from the implanted piezoelectric membrane. These findings establish the fundamental principles for the development of hearing devices using piezoelectric materials, although there are many problems to be overcome before practical application.
Alcohol Brand Preferences of Underage Youth: Results from a Pilot Survey among a National Sample
Authors: Siegel Michael , DeJong William , Naimi Timothy S. , Heeren Timothy , Rosenbloom David L. , Ross Craig , Ostroff Joshua , Jernigan David H.
Published: October 2011

This study is the first investigation to explore the alcohol brand preferences of underage youth via a national survey. The authors conducted a pilot study of a new, Internet-based alcohol brand survey with 108 youth aged 16 to 20 years who were recruited from an existing panel and had consumed alcohol in the past month. The authors ascertained respondents’ consumption of each of 380 alcohol brands during the past 30 days, including which brands of alcohol were consumed during heavy drinking episodes. The findings suggest that, despite the wide variety of alcohol brands consumed by older adolescents in this study, the volume of alcohol consumed is concentrated among a relatively small number of brands. Accurate measurements of alcohol brand preferences will enable important new research into the factors that influence youth drinking behavior. This study establishes the feasibility and validity of a new methodology to determine patterns of brand-specific alcohol consumption among underage drinkers.
Study of fishbone instabilities induced by energetic particles in tokamak plasmas
Authors: He H.D. , Dong J.Q. , Fu G.Y. , He Z.X. , Jiang H.B. , Wang Z.T. , Zheng G.Y. , Liu F. , Long Y.X. , Shen Y. , Wang L.F.
Published: October 2011

Fishbone instabilities, driven by trapped and barely passing energetic particles (EPs), including electrons and ions (EEs or EIs), are numerically studied with the spatial distribution of EPs taken into account. The dispersion relations of the modes are derived for slowing-down and Maxwellian models of EP energy distribution. It is found that the modes with frequency comparable to the toroidal precession frequency ωd of EPs are resonantly excited. Electron and ion fishbone modes share the same growth rates and real frequencies but rotate in opposite directions. The frequency of the modes is found to be higher in the case of near-axis heating than that of off-axis heating. The fishbone instabilities can only be excited by barely trapped or barely passing and deeply trapped particles in positive and negative spatial density gradient regions, respectively. In addition, the most interesting feature of the fishbone modes induced by barely passing particles is that there exists a second stable regime in the higher βh (pressure of EPs/toroidal magnetic pressure) region, and the modes exist in the range of βth1 < βh < βth2 (βth is threshold or critical beta of EPs) only. The results are well confirmed with Nyquist technology. The possible physical mechanism for the existence of the second stable regime is discussed.
Acartia tonsa production in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil
Authors: Muxagata Erik , Amaral Waldemar J. A. , Barbosa Carla N.
Published: October 2011

Muxagata, E., Amaral, W. J. A., and Barbosa, C. N. 2012. Acartia tonsa production in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 475–482. Acartid copepods are abundant in estuaries, harbours, and semi-enclosed waters. A monitoring programme with the objective of evaluating copepod production, particularly that of Acartia tonsa, the dominant taxon in the Patos Lagoon estuary, was implemented. Zooplankton samples are collected monthly from two fixed locations with bongo nets 30 cm in diameter with nets of 90 and 200 μm mesh. Over a full year, 33 quantitative samples were analysed; copepods represented 40% of the organisms collected with the 90-μm mesh. Adults and copepodites of A. tonsa accounted for ∼19% of the total copepod fauna at both locations. Daily production rates of A. tonsa were calculated as 0.40 mg C m−3 d−1 for the inner estuary and 3.65 mg C m−3 d−1 in the channel. The value of 1 333 mg C m−3 year−1 calculated for A. tonsa at the channel station is very high relative to the situation in other estuaries, indicating that the estuary has a high production of copepods.
Contemporary microsurgical concept for the treatment of Cushing’s disease: endocrine outcome in 83 consecutive patients
Authors: Honegger Juergen , Schmalisch Kathrin , Beuschlein Felix , Kaufmann Sarah , Schnauder Guenter , Naegele Thomas , Psaras Tsambika
Published: October 2011

Background  Evidence suggests that occult adenoma remnants are responsible for persistent Cushing’s disease (CD) following transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). To optimize the outcome, we have adapted our microsurgical concept. The influence of our surgical strategy on remission rate and pituitary function is presented.

Design and patients  83 patients undergoing TSS for newly diagnosed CD. An enlarged resection was performed in 36 patients. A modified exploration technique with radial incisions was performed in 19 patients in whom an adenoma was not readily detectable.

Results  The overall remission rate of primary surgery was 84·3% (70/83). A remission rate of 87·5% (63/72) was achieved in microadenomas. Six patients with microadenomas were re‐operated for persistence, and hypercortisolism was corrected in five of them. With re‐operation included, the overall remission rate for microadenomas was 94·4%. No procedure‐related complications occurred in primary surgery. Of the patients in remission, 72·5% had early postoperative random cortisol levels below 2 μg/dl, 17·4% had cortisol levels between 2 and 5 μg/dl, and 10·1% had cortisol levels >5 μg/dl. 15·2% of the patients with microadenomas developed postoperative partial hypopituitarism and 3% diabetes insipidus. No increased rate of hypopituitarism was found with enlarged adenomectomy compared to selective adenomectomy. Only a slightly higher rate of partial hypopituitarism (23·1%) was found if extensive exploration was required.

Conclusion  With our microsurgical concept, a high initial cure rate is achievable with minimal surgical morbidity. Enlarged adenomectomy has no adverse effect on the rate of postoperative hypopituitarism. Early repeat surgery is a successful option if CD persists.
Differences in perceptions of early childhood oral health‐related quality of life between fathers and mothers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: PANI SHARAT C. , BADEA LAILA , MIRZA SUNAH , ELBAAGE NOJOOD
Published: October 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 244–249

Objective.  The aim of this study was to use an Arabic version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in a pilot study, to evaluate differences in parental perception of the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of their children below 71 months of age and assess their suitability as proxy assessors.

Methods.  A translated version of the ECOHIS was administered to the parents (both fathers and mothers) of 97 children aged between 2 and 6 years. The overall ECOHIS scores and the mean number of ‘don’t know’ responses between parents were compared using a paired t‐test. The correlation of the ECOHIS scores to the dft was compared using a linear regression model. The reliability of the parents’ responses was compared using the Cronbach’s alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results.  Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale responses and their relation to the dft of the child seem to suggest that fathers have significantly less accurate knowledge of the OHRQoL of their children than mothers.

Conclusion.  The concern showed by Saudi fathers does not correlate to the oral status of their child. Saudi fathers may not be apt as proxies to assess the OHRQoL of their children.