bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of Sex Pheromone Compounds on Adult Female Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Locomotor Patterns
Authors: Walaszczyk Erin J. , Goheen Benjamin B. , Steibel Juan Pedro , Li Weiming
Published: February 2016

Synchronization of male and female locomotor activity plays a critical role in ensuring reproductive success, especially in semelparous species. The goal of this study was to elucidate the effects of individual chemical signals, or pheromones, on the locomotor activity in the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus). In their native habitat, adult preovulated females (POF) and ovulated females (OF) are exposed to sex pheromone compounds that are released from spermiated males and attract females to nests during their migration and spawning periods. In this study, locomotor activity of individual POF and OF was measured hourly in controlled laboratory conditions using an automated video-tracking system. Differences in the activity between a baseline day (no treatment exposure) and a treatment day (sex pheromone compound or control exposure) were examined for daytime and nighttime periods. Results showed that different pheromone compound treatments affected both POF and OF sea lamprey ( p < 0.05) but in different ways. Spermiated male washings (SMW) and one of its main components, 7α,12α,24-trihydroxy-5α-cholan-3-one 24 sulfate (3kPZS), decreased activity of POF during the nighttime. SMW also reduced activity in POF during the daytime. In contrast, SMW increased activity of OF during the daytime, and an additional compound found in SMW, petromyzonol sulfate (PZS), decreased the activity during the nighttime. In addition, we examined factors that allowed us to infer the overall locomotor patterns. SMW increased the maximum hourly activity during the daytime, decreased the maximum hourly activity during the nighttime, and reduced the percentage of nocturnal activity in OF. Our findings suggest that adult females have evolved to respond to different male compounds in regards to their locomotor activity before and after final maturation. This is a rare example of how species-wide chemosensory stimuli can affect not only the amounts of activity but also the overall locomotor pattern in a vertebrate species.
Three-dimensional scaffold of gelatin–poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) for regenerative medicine: Proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Chhabra Hemlata , Kumbhar Jyoti , Rajwade Jyutika , Jadhav Sachin , Paknikar Kishore , Jadhav Sameer , Bellare Jayesh R
Published: February 2016

Cell-based tissue engineering offers great promise to regenerative therapy, but so far it has been restricted due to insufficient number of cells obtained from donors and the lack of efficient ways of delivering them to target sites. This study shows, for the first time, the ability of a composite scaffold of gelatin and poly(methyl vinyl ether- alt-maleic anhydride) (GP-2) as a niche for expansion and multilineage differentiation ability of human umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells. First, the in vivo biocompatibility of scaffolds was checked by subcutaneous implantation of scaffolds in male Wistar rats for up to 45 days. Hematological parameters and histology of skin near implanted region rule out the probability of any adverse effects due to the scaffolds. The isolated human umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on to pre-optimized scaffolds and induced to differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages by culturing in respective induction media. The human umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells were found to be viable and proliferated well on scaffolds when assessed with live/dead and PicoGreen assay. The biochemical assays such as alkaline phosphatase activity and triglycerides estimation confirmed the differentiation of cells toward particular lineages when cultured on scaffolds with appropriate inductive media. The study exhibited the proficiency of scaffold GP-2 for mesenchymal stem cells’ adherence, proliferation, and differentiation and also showed its engraftment efficiency. Taken together, our study establishes the in vivo biocompatibility of composite scaffold and, importantly, indicates its potential for stem cell–based therapy.
Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of quaternized poly[bis(2-chloroethyl)ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] against targeted pathogenic and multi-drug-resistant bacteria
Authors: Kumar Bipul , Mathur Anurag , Pathak Rajiv , Sardana Kabir , Gautam Hemant K , Kumar Pradeep
Published: February 2016

Here, we have investigated in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of a quaternized cationic polymer, poly[bis(2-chloroethyl)ether- alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] (polyquaternium-2), against gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria along with several multi-drug-resistant bacterial strains. The antimicrobial efficacy of this polymer was first tested against some clinical pathogens followed by microorganisms isolated from acne lesions. Interestingly, polyquaternium-2 exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, for which very limited drugs are available. Most importantly, the polymer displayed low haemolytic activity and non-toxic behaviour against mammalian cells. The results showed the promising potential of the projected polymer to be utilized as an antibacterial agent for various biomedical applications.
Comparison Between Premixed and Compounded Parenteral Nutrition Solutions in Hospitalized Patients Requiring Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Beattie Colleen , Allard Johane , Raman Maitreyi
Published: February 2016

Rationale: Parenteral nutrition (PN) may be provided through compounded or premixed solutions. Objective: To determine the proportion of stable custom‐compounded PN prescriptions that would fit within a 20% deviance of an existing premixed PN solution. Methods: A retrospective study design was used. Inpatients who received PN in non–critical care units in the preceding year were screened for eligibility. Results are reported descriptively as means (95% confidence intervals) and proportions. Results: We reviewed 97 PN prescriptions that met inclusion criteria. Stable hospital PN prescriptions compared with the reference premixed prescription provided 1838 (1777–1898) vs 1843 (1781–1905) kcal/d, P = .43; dextrose, 266 (254–277) vs 225 (216–234) g/d, P < .001; amino acids, 100 (95.9–104) vs 95.2 (91.7–98.7) g/d, P < .001; and lipids, 53.2 (51.3–55.1) vs 76.5 (73.8–79.2) g/d, P < .001. Fifty‐eight of 97 (59.8%) matched for 2 of 3 macronutrients. Hospital compared with premixed lipid was lower 53.6 (43–64.2) g/d vs 75.5 (60.5–90.5) g/d, P < .001. Electrolytes differed between hospital and premixed solutions: sodium, 98.6 (95.0–102) vs 66.9 (64.6–69.9) mmol/L, P < .001; potassium, 93.7 (89.0–98.3) vs 57.4 (55.4–59.4) mmol/L, P < .001; and magnesium, 5.4 (4.8–5.4) vs 7.6 (7.4–7.9) mmol/L. Conclusions: Calories and protein were remarkably similar, but dextrose, lipid, and electrolytes differed between hospital PN and the reference premixed prescription. We believe that there may be a role for premixed solutions in quaternary centers in stable non–critically ill patients.
An Analysis of Individual and Institutional Contributions to the Fashion Marketing Forum From 2004 to 2014
Authors: Hyun Jonghan , Hahn Kim , Leslie Catherine Amoroso
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was twofold: to define the fashion marketing forum - a collection of publication outlets where fashion marketing scholars can effectively exchange ideas, learn from each other’s work, and maximize contribution to the field - and to analyze the contributions of individuals and institutions to the fashion marketing forum. For the first purpose, a select group of fashion marketing scholars was contacted in order to identify a list of 14 journals, which could define the fashion marketing forum. For the second purpose, the defined forum was reviewed from 2004 to 2014, utilizing established methodology. Specifically, a total of 992 fashion marketing articles were identified, reviewed, and coded for authorship and institutional affiliation, and then analyzed based on four different measures designed to control the various factors. The results of this study provide a current snapshot of publishing activity in the field of fashion marketing.
Relationship between the Infant Feeding Preferences of Chinese Mothers’ Immediate Social Network and Early Breastfeeding Cessation
Authors: Bai Dorothy Li , Fong Daniel Yee Tak , Lok Kris Yuet Wan , Tarrant Marie
Published: February 2016

Background:

The relationship between support from members of a mother’s social network and breastfeeding continuation is receiving increased attention.

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to describe the infant feeding preferences of Chinese mothers’ immediate social network and to examine the association between these preferences and early breastfeeding cessation.

Methods:

In total, 1172 mother-infant pairs were recruited from 4 public hospitals in Hong Kong and followed prospectively for 12 months or until breastfeeding stopped.

Results:

Over 40% of participants’ partners preferred breastfeeding and half had no infant feeding preference. Only about 20% of participants’ mothers or mothers-in-law preferred breastfeeding, and less than 10% reported that all of the 3 significant family members (partner, mother, and mother-in-law) preferred breastfeeding. The partner’s preference for infant formula or mixed feeding (odds ratio [OR], 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-4.71) or having no preference (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16-2.30) was strongly associated with higher odds of stopping breastfeeding before 1 month. For every additional family member who preferred breastfeeding, the odds of stopping breastfeeding was reduced by almost 20% (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.97). However, living with a parent-in-law (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.02-2.07) was also a predictor of early breastfeeding cessation. Knowing someone who had breastfed for ≥ 1 month (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.97) or having been breastfed as a child (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.45-0.98) significantly lowered the odds of early breastfeeding cessation.

Conclusions:

The infant feeding preferences of mothers’ immediate social network are significantly associated with breastfeeding continuation. Prenatal breastfeeding education programs should involve significant family members to promote breastfeeding.
Use of Donor Human Milk and Maternal Breastfeeding Rates
Authors: Williams Thomas , Nair Harish , Simpson Judith , Embleton Nicholas
Published: February 2016

The number of human milk banks is growing worldwide. The introduction of donor human milk (DHM) to neonatal units has been advocated as a strategy to promote maternal breastfeeding. However, concern has been raised that the introduction of DHM may actually lead to a decrease in maternal breastfeeding. To address this question, we conducted a systematic literature review of studies that assessed maternal breastfeeding rates before and after the introduction of DHM. We searched 7 electronic databases, carried out citation tracking, and contacted experts in the field. Where data for breastfeeding rates before and after the introduction of DHM were directly comparable, a relative risk was calculated. Our search identified 286 studies, of which 10 met the inclusion criteria. Definitions of patient populations and study outcomes varied, limiting meaningful comparison. Where possible, relative risks (RR) were calculated on aggregated data. The introduction of DHM had a significant positive impact on any breastfeeding on discharge (RR, 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.35; P = .005) but none on exclusive maternal breastfeeding on discharge (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.91-1.40; P = .27) or on exclusive administration of own mother’s milk (OMM) days 1 to 28 of life (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.78-1.49; P = .65). A single-center study demonstrated a significant decrease in the percentage of feeds that were OMM after the introduction of DHM. In conclusion, the available data demonstrate some evidence of positive and negative effects on measures of maternal breastfeeding when DHM is introduced to a neonatal unit.
Comparison of two Medication Therapy Management Practice Models on Return on Investment
Authors: Gazda Nicholas P. , Berenbrok Lucas A. , Ferreri Stefanie P.
Published: February 2016

Objective:

To compare the return on investment (ROI) of an integrated practice model versus a “hub and spoke” practice model of pharmacist provided medication therapy management (MTM).

Methods:

A cohort retrospective analysis of MTM claims billed in 76 pharmacies in North Carolina in the 2010 hub and spoke practice model and the 2012 “integrated” practice model were analyzed to calculate the ROI.

Results:

In 2010, 4089 patients received an MTM resulting in 8757 claims in the hub and spoke model. In 2012, 4896 patients received an MTM resulting in 13 730 claims in the integrated model. In 2010, US$165 897.26 was invested in pharmacist salary and $173 498.00 was received in reimbursement, resulting in an ROI of +US$7600.74 (+4.6%). In 2012, US$280 890.09 was invested in pharmacist salary and US$302 963 was received in reimbursement, resulting in an ROI of +US$22 072.91 or (+7.9%).

Conclusion:

The integrated model of MTM showed an increase in number of claims submitted and in number of patients receiving MTM services, ultimately resulting in a higher ROI. While a higher ROI was evident in the integrated model, both models resulted in positive ROI (1:12-1:21), highlighting that MTM programs can be cost effective with different strategies of execution.
Frequency-domain stability lobe prediction for high-speed face milling process under tool–workpiece dynamic interaction
Authors: Shi Zhenyu , Liu Luning , Liu Zhanqiang , Zhang Xianzhi
Published: February 2016

Self-excited vibrations of the face milling process can result in instability, poor surface finish and machine tool failure. In order to avoid chatter vibrations, this article develops an algorithm for predicting the stability lobes for face milling processes. It considers the factors including radial instantaneous chip thickness, entry and exit angles and the dynamic interaction between cutting tool and workpiece which is often neglected by many researchers. An electronic impact hammer is used to identify the dynamic parameters of the face milling system. Milling experiments have been conducted to validate the predictive capability of the developed algorithm for stability lobes. The results show that the prediction model can estimate the stable and unstable zones for face milling process. This article provides a frequency-domain method for establishing stability lobes which can predict stability zones rapidly. The outcome of this research will bring about methodologies for cost-effective monitoring of face milling processes and maximize the material removal rate.
Compensation system design of disturbing torques for a magnetically suspended sensitive gyroscope with double spherical envelope surfaces
Authors: Xin Chaojun , Cai Yuanwen , Ren Yuan
Published: February 2016

Magnetically suspended sensitive gyroscopes (MSSGs) provide an interesting alternative for achieving precious attitude angular measurement. But the high accuracy is sensitive to various disturbing torques acting on the rotor. In order to compensate for the drift errors produced by disturbing torques, this paper proposes a compensation system of Lorentz force magnetic bearings. Based on the geometric construction and running regularity of the compensation system, the analytical expression of the compensation torque has been deduced, and the generation mechanism of the compensation torque is revealed, which laid the foundation for the design of high-precision MSSGs. The common issues caused by disturbing torques can be effectively resolved by the proposed method in gyroscopes with a levitating rotor. To verify the feasibility and superiority of this compensation method, comparative simulations are carried out before and after the disturbing torques were compensated.
Application limits for continuously welded rails on temporary bridge decks
Authors: De Backer Hans , Outtier Amelie , Ferdinande Ben , Schotte Ken , Mys Jan
Published: February 2016

The possibility of omitting rail expansion devices from the track configuration, when continuously welded rail is continued over temporary bridge decks, is investigated in detail. More specifically, the related rail track to temporary bridge interaction phenomena are analysed using finite element modelling. A first parametric analysis assesses the additional rail stresses due to moving trainloads and temperature variations, based on stipulations provided in the unit identification code 774-3R. In addition the model is expanded to a more complex structure that is able to simulate the buckling behaviour of the rail track using non-linear methods. Using this model, a second parametric study is performed in which only thermal loading is considered. This allows for determining the parameters, which are predominant in determining the critical buckling temperature of the rails, and for assessing the magnitude of the safety margin necessary, when it comes to thermal buckling of the rails and the temporary bridges. It can be concluded that, depending on the magnitude of two main factors, the lateral ballast resistance and the amplitude of the initial track misalignment, a considerable reduction of the track stability might arise. Therefore, a minimal characteristic lateral ballast resistance of 4 kN is recommended along with a maximal allowable misalignment amplitude of 7 mm has to be prescribed when thermal track buckling has to be considered in the design.
Women in community corrections in New York City: HIV infection and risks
Authors: El-Bassel Nabila , Marotta Phillip L , Shaw Stacey A , Chang Mingway , Ma Xin , Goddard-Eckrich Dawn , Hunt Tim , Johnson Karen , Goodwin Sharun , Almonte Maria , Gilbert Louisa
Published: February 2016

Although the incidence of HIV among women on probation, parole and alternatives to incarceration programs is significant to public health, drivers of this concentrated epidemic among women under community corrections remain understudied. This study examined prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections and the associations between substance use, socio-demographic factors and the prevalence of biologically-confirmed HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among a sample of 337 substance-using women recruited from community correction sites in New York City. Prevalence of HIV was 13% and sexually transmitted infections was 26% ( Chlamydia, trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea). After adjusting for covariates, HIV-positive women were 1.42 times more likely to use crack/cocaine than HIV-negative women (95% CI = 1.05–1.92). HIV-positive women were 25% less likely than HIV-negative women to report any unprotected vaginal and anal sex with their main partner (95% CI = 0.57–0.99). They were 70% less likely than HIV-negative women to report unprotected vaginal sex with a non-paying casual partner (95% CI = 0.1–0.9) and 22% less likely to report unprotected vaginal sex across all partners (95% CI = 0.61–0.99). Community corrections settings may be optimal venues to launch HIV/sexually transmitted infections prevention that have potential to reach and engage an ever-growing number of substance-using women.
Legal Knowledges and Surveillance in the Condo World
Authors: Lippert Randy K , Treffers Stefan R
Published: February 2016

This article explores legal knowledges and surveillance in residential condominiums, a form of property ownership and collective governing arrangement that is proliferating globally. Drawing from extensive empirical qualitative study of this realm in Toronto, Canada and New York, USA, including interviews with condo board members, owners and industry representatives, we map various legal knowledges and forms of surveillance and how these relate to condo governance and condo life. We demonstrate how surveillance is enabled by various legal knowledges flowing into the condo world, including those stemming from an evolving condo statute in the form of ‘counter-law’, but also from civil law, municipal law and criminal law. We show these legal knowledges have spawned video surveillance, key fobs, human surveillance, reserve fund studies, financial audits and safety inspections that together form a governing assemblage of private actors. This surveillance is largely focused on board and owners’ practices in relation to financial viability and property value, which has accompanied the condo becoming foremost an investment rather than a residential community. Much relevant legal knowledge and surveillance is increasingly commodified rather than developed or provided by the community, thus underscoring that the condo is an ever expanding conduit for the flow of such commodities. The article concludes with a discussion of several implications of this analysis, including the notion that the condo world may be experiencing a spiral of more and more law and surveillance.
What Drives the Stock Market Return in India? An Exploration with Dynamic Factor Model
Authors: Mukherjee Paramita , Roy Malabika
Published: February 2016

In this article, we examine the role of the institutional investors, both domestic and foreign, in driving the return on the Indian equity market in the last decade. An attempt is made to identify the influence of other possible determinants, more specifically domestic and international financial variables, on the market returns as well. Whether there is a change in the relationship is also studied. The results uncover some interesting facts. First, there is evidence of institutional investors driving the market return after 2008, though it did not have any impact before 2008. Second, the return is significantly led by the movement of interest rates within and outside the country for the entire decade. Third, most of the major and emerging stock markets and the US market also have significant influence on Indian equity market return. Fourth, gold return used to affect the equity market return in pre-2008 years, but it ceased to do so after 2008. The results show that the determinants of the Indian equity market return have changed after the recent economic crisis of 2008.

JEL Classification: C53, G11, G21, F32
Food in Relation to Sustainable Development Expressed in Swedish Syllabuses of Home and Consumer Studies: At Present and Past
Authors: Gisslevik Emmalee , Wernersson Inga , Åberg Helena , Larsson Christel
Published: February 2016

Little is known what the term sustainable development entails in relation to the school subject of home and consumer studies and the subject’s knowledge area of food. The aim is to illustrate how food is expressed in national syllabuses of home and consumer studies at present and in the past, and its operationalization into sustainable development. Using qualitative content analysis, the results show three themes: (a) maintenance of the family and household, (b) maintenance of the earth’s resources and (c) maintenance of the future generations. The first theme is characterized by concrete tangible judgements based on experiences of family members and is predominant in earlier syllabuses. The second and third themes are predominant in later syllabuses and show a movement into complex and abstract contemplations of global ecological, social and economic conditions for the purchase of food. The presentation of food in relation to sustainable development has changed over the years, consequently demonstrating the didactic challenge of home and consumer studies.
Decoding Japan’s Security Discourse: Diverse Perspectives
Authors: Basu Titli
Published: February 2016

East Asian theatre is fast evolving. China’s arrival as a major power in international politics is altering the existing regional balance of power and intensifying Japan’s quest for securing a rightful place in the international system. Japan is reacting to the asymmetrical power politics and Shinzo Abe is increasingly becoming restless in attempting to redefine Japan’s secondary power identity. This requires undoing the limitations that were forced on Japan in the post-war period, including the constitutional restrictions, especially the pacifist clause. Amid fiercely contested domestic debate, reinterpreting the pacifist constitution is certainly a bold step towards infusing clarity in Japan’s future security role. The key objective is to convey to Japan’s allies concerning the manner the SDF will cooperate with the US and other regional powers, such as Australia, India, Philippines, etc. How this ‘limited’ right to collective self-defence will translate into operation will remain to be seen. To understand the rapidly unfolding policy shift, it is imperative to understand the different waves of the debate on collective self-defence and deconstruct the recent cabinet decision; explore the arguments of the competing schools of thought in Japan; examine the nuances and drivers that propelled Japan to redefine its passive constitution; and understand how regional and extra-regional powers evaluate this policy reorientation. Few regional stakeholders raised an alarm over the approach adopted by Abe to achieve the policy objective underscoring his militarist ambitions. While the aggressive historical baggage has caused considerable unease, it is premature to be alarmed over Japan’s shifting security posture as possible re-militarisation is unlikely to represent the traits of Imperial Japan.
Book Review: Rajiv Bhatia, India Myanmar Relations—Changing Contours
Authors: Malik Preet
Published: February 2016

Rajiv Bhatia, India Myanmar Relations—Changing Contours. New Delhi: Routledge, 2016, pp. 280, ₹ 9600.
Book Review: Subash C. Kashyap (Ed.), The Political Philosophy of the Dalai Lama: Selected Speeches and Writings
Authors: Bernstorff Dagmar
Published: February 2016

Subash C. Kashyap (Ed.), The Political Philosophy of the Dalai Lama: Selected Speeches and Writings. New Delhi: Rupa Publications, 2014, pp. 590, ₹ 995.
Book Review: Henry Kissinger, World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History
Authors: Gaffar Md. Abdul
Published: February 2016

Henry Kissinger, World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History. London: Allen Lane, 2014, pp. 420, ₹ 899.
Book Review: Joseph S. Nye Jr., Is the American Century Over
Authors: Chandra Vikash
Published: February 2016

Joseph S. Nye Jr., Is the American Century Over. Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press, 2015, pp. Vii +147, price not mentioned.
Growth in Oral Reading Fluency of Spanish ELL Students With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Rubin Daniel Ian
Published: February 2016

The process of learning to read is difficult for many children, and this is especially true for students with learning disabilities (LD). Reading in English becomes even more difficult when a student’s home language is not English. For English language learner (ELL) students with LD, acquiring the necessary skills to read fluently is an even greater challenge. The process of repeated reading has been beneficial for many students with LD, yet there is little information regarding its effect on ELL students. This column discusses the use of a fluency-based reading intervention with elementary-level, Spanish-speaking ELL students with specific LD.
Aortic valve rupture after blunt chest trauma presenting at a District General Hospital
Authors: Goldie Simon , Sandeman Jack , Carty Nick , Lewis Susie
Published: February 2016

Traumatic aortic regurgitation is a rare complication of blunt chest wall injury. Cardiovascular decompensation can occur rapidly as the heart struggles to maintain cardiac output. As the condition is often not apparent at the time of injury, these patients may be brought by ambulance to trauma units without cardiothoracic facilities under the care of general and orthopaedic surgeons. Here, we report a case of traumatic aortic regurgitation secondary to a high-speed motor vehicle accident and the management in a district general trauma unit leading to transfer to a cardiothoracic centre. The diagnosis of traumatic aortic regurgitation should be considered in patients who experience blunt chest wall injuries and demonstrate signs of cardiac decompensation.
Wearing class: A study on clothes, bodies and emotions in Turkey
Authors: Karademir Hazır Irmak
Published: February 2016

This article examines how cultural capital shapes the ways Turkish women, both religiously covered and not covered, experience their ‘presented self’ in social interactions. The analysis draws on 44 in-depth interviews conducted as part of a larger project on embodiment of class in Turkey, using the parts where the interviewees reflect on the repercussions of different clothing and adornment tastes. It approaches clothing as an embodied practice and uses the conceptual tools Bourdieu offers to analyse the link between women’s appearance-driven experiences and wider class-cultural processes. Consistent with its theoretical framework, it examines the experiencing of tastes by analysing women’s emotions. The analysis demonstrates that, regardless of the volumes of capital they hold, the majority of the sample presume that the ‘dressed body’ does have value and enhances or limits opportunities, suggesting the relevance of the term ‘capital’ to refer to such embodied competence, as Bourdieu did. Moreover, some of the emotional responses are found to be more common among culturally cultivated interviewees of both Islamic-leaning and secular fractions while others only appear among those having limited access to cultural and economic resources. Interview excerpts show that the aesthetic categorisations made by the culturally advantaged, regardless of their religious orientation, are internalised by those who suffer from such hierarchies most, highlighting the role of class culture–driven symbolic violence in maintaining inequalities. The material is then contextualised within the class dynamics in Turkey, where self-fashioning has remained a value-laden domain since the beginning of the country’s top-to-bottom modernisation. Focusing on how tastes are lived in the everyday, this article reveals the subtle processes that manifest and reproduce class privileges and calls for an emphasis on the repercussions of embodying particular tastes, which could enhance our understanding of taste, power and cultural exclusion more directly than interrogations of the correlations between taste and class position.
Cultural diversity on the Council of Europe documents: The role of education and the intercultural dialogue
Authors: Fuentes Juan Luis
Published: February 2016

Democratic governance of cultural diversity is one of the more important worries of the majority of European states. A few years ago, this concern existed mainly in central and northern Europe; today, however, it has become a matter of general interest for the whole continent. This is shown through two relevant facts: the European Union declared 2008 as European Year of Intercultural Dialogue and, in a broader context, the Council of Europe published a white paper based on this topic. The aim of this paper is analyse the different approaches to the question of cultural diversity within the Council of Europe, with particular attention to education. Therefore, I have made a historical review of the main documents of this institution – related to this topic – from its foundation to the present day, in order to find the key to the current approach. I have not reviewed such documents from a legal perspective but, rather, made an analysis based on two ideas. Firstly, in view of different ways of managing cultural diversity, I have observed the stance that these texts have maintained in this regard. Secondly, I have tried to investigate the role that education has played in this process.
Younger Onset Dementia
Authors: Sansoni Janet , Duncan Cathy , Grootemaat Pamela , Capell Jacquelin , Samsa Peter , Westera Anita
Published: February 2016

This literature review focused on the experience, care, and service requirements of people with younger onset dementia. Systematic searches of 10 relevant bibliographic databases and a rigorous examination of the literature from nonacademic sources were undertaken. Searches identified 304 articles assessed for relevance and level of evidence, of which 74% were academic literature. The review identified the need for (1) more timely and accurate diagnosis and increased support immediately following diagnosis; (2) more individually tailored services addressing life cycle issues; (3) examination of the service needs of those living alone; (4) more systematic evaluation of services and programs; (5) further examination of service utilization, costs of illness, and cost effectiveness; and (6) current Australian clinical surveys to estimate prevalence, incidence, and survival rates. Although previous research has identified important service issues, there is a need for further studies with stronger research designs and consideration of the control of potentially confounding factors.
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Pillai Jagan A. , Bermel Robert , Bonner-Jackson Aaron , Rae-Grant Alexander , Fernandez Hubert , Bena James , Jones Stephen E. , Ehlers Justis P. , Leverenz James B.
Published: February 2016

Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, and macular volume (MV) utilizing spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were compared among patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia, non-Alzheimer’s disease (non-AD) dementia, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and age- and sex-matched controls in a cross-sectional cohort study. A total of 116 participants were diagnosed and evaluated (21 AD, 20 aMCI, 20 non-AD, 20 PD, and 34 controls) after comprehensive neurological, neuropsychology, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric evaluations. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, GCL thickness, and MV were measured. Analysis of variance models were used to compare groups on MRI volumetric measures, cognitive test results, and SD-OCT measures. Associations between SD-OCT measures and other measures were performed using mixed-effect models. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography analysis of retinal markers, including RNFL thickness, GCL thickness, and MV, did not differ between amnestic MCI, AD dementia, PD, non-AD, dementia, and age- and sex-matched controls in a well-characterized patient cohort.
Seeking harmony: estimands and sensitivity analyses for confirmatory clinical trials
Authors: Mehrotra Devan V , Hemmings Robert J , Russek-Cohen Estelle ,   on behalf of the ICH E9/R1 Expert Working Group
Published: February 2016

In October 2014, the Steering Committee of the International Conference on Harmonization endorsed the formation of an expert working group to develop an addendum to the International Conference on Harmonization E9 guideline (“Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials”). The addendum will focus on two topics involving randomized confirmatory clinical trials: estimands and sensitivity analyses. Both topics are motivated, in part, by the need to improve the precision with which scientific questions of interest are formulated and addressed by clinical trialists and regulators, specifically in the context of post-randomization events such as use of rescue medication or missing data resulting from dropouts. Given the importance of these topics for the statistical and medical community, we articulate the reasons for the planned addendum. The resulting “ICH E9/R1” guideline will include a framework for improved trial planning, conduct, analysis, and interpretation; a draft is expected to be ready for public comment in the second half of 2016.
Traces of the World: Cel Animation and Photography
Authors: Frank Hannah
Published: February 2016

The animated cartoon has traditionally been excluded from photographic theories of cinema on the grounds that the animation camera is only incidental to the cartoon’s production, an assumption this article challenges. Taking as its basic premise that all works of celluloid animation were photographic in origin, this article demonstrates the ways in which the physical reality of our world, and particularly the world of the animation studio, leaves its mark on the cartoon image. Through the frame-by-frame analysis of cartoons by Warner Bros and other major American studios of the mid-20th century, the author catalogues the various visual imperfections that testify to cel animation’s photographic origins. These include improperly placed cels, reflections of the camera apparatus, dust and dirt particles, and even the fingerprints left by anonymous labourers. Although these mistakes may only appear on the screen for a fraction of a second, each has been preserved for posterity as a still photograph. In effect, an animated cartoon is a photographic record of its own production. A model for this method is the work of the artist Andrew Norman Wilson, whose ScanOps (2012) consists of a series of photographs culled from Google Books. Ultimately, this method of analysis serves as an inquiry into both the politics and the aesthetics of the labour process.
Global justice and global realities
Authors: Nili Shmuel
Published: February 2016

Should global political theory “get real,” focusing on real-world moral failures? I argue that, insofar as we think it important to reflect on global morality in a world of separate states, the answer is yes. In the article’s first stage, I set up the argument by suggesting that our only convincing reasons to reject the idea of a world state are non-ideal—these reasons concern failures to comply with moral duties, rather than ideal visions of a perfectly just world of full compliance. Therefore, any theory assuming a world of separate states must itself be a non-ideal theory focusing on compliance failures. In the article’s second stage, I contend that this necessary focus should lead global political theorists to make more use of social-scientific knowledge than they typically do, while recognizing the structural obstacles confronting global social science. In the article’s third stage, I indicate some under-studied normative implications of these obstacles, tying the debate on ideal and non-ideal global theory to other methodological questions in global political philosophy.
Should global political theory get real? An introduction
Authors: Floyd Jonathan
Published: February 2016

This special edition brings together (1) the recent methodological worries of the moralism/realism and ideal/non-ideal theory debates with (2) the soaring ambition of work in international or global political theory, as found in, say, theories of global justice. Contributors are as follows: Chris Bertram, Jonathan Floyd, Aaron James, Terry MacDonald, David Miller, Shmulik Nili, Mathias Risse and Matt Sleat.
Current and Next Generation Portable Screening Devices for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Micheletti J. Morgan , Hendrick Andrew M. , Khan Farah N. , Ziemer David C. , Pasquel Francisco J.
Published: February 2016

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of legal blindness in the United States, and with the growing epidemic of diabetes, a global increase in the incidence of DR is inevitable, so it is of utmost importance to identify the most cost-effective tools for DR screening. Emerging technology may provide advancements to offset the burden of care, simplify the process, and provide financially responsible methods to safely and effectively optimize care for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). We review here currently available technology, both in production and under development, for DR screening. Preliminary results of smartphone-based devices, “all-in-one” devices, and alternative technologies are encouraging, but are largely pending verification of utility when used by nonophthalmic personnel. Further research comparing these devices to current nonportable telemedicine strategies and clinical fundus examination is necessary to validate these techniques and to potentially overcome the poor compliance around the globe of current strategies for DR screening.
Postindustrial capitalism and the problems with Bourdieu’s social and cultural capital in understanding the Black/White achievement gap in the United States and United Kingdom
Authors: Mocombe Paul C
Published: February 2016

This hermeneutical essay demonstrates why and how Pierre Bourdieu’s social reproduction theory is neither an adequate explanation for understanding praxis nor the Black/White academic achievement gap in contemporary postindustrial economies like that of the United States and the United Kingdom. The underlining hypothesis of the work is that the origins of Black academic underachievement vis-à-vis Whites in the United States and United Kingdom is structural and grounded in what Paul C. Mocombe refers to as “a mismatch of linguistic structure and social class functions” in postindustrial economies, which renders Bourdieu’s theory problematic. In other words, the structurally differentiated divergent identities created by the lack of (social and cultural) capital among Blacks vis-à-vis the capital of the upper-class of owners and high-level executives are no longer marginalized, but are celebrated and commodified in postindustrial economies to produce surplus value for capital, status, and upward economic social mobility. Hence, underclass cultural capital is reified along with bourgeois cultural capital as appropriate praxes for consumption in postindustrial societies, which makes the need for Blacks to succeed academically null and void.
Ultrasound-guided selective block of the anterior branch of the obturator nerve for transurethral resection of bladder tumour
Authors: Smith HE , Borowski W , Bohm M , Kata SG
Published: February 2016

Introduction:

Bladder perforation is a serious complication of transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT). One of the risk factors is an “obturator jerk”, caused by stimulation of the obturator nerve, causing powerful adduction of the leg. As almost half of all bladder tumours are located on the lateral wall and 55–100% of resections on the lateral wall can result in obturator jerk; this is not an insignificant risk.

Patients:

We have introduced regional anaesthetic nerve block of the anterior branch of the obturator nerve in patients with known lateral wall tumours undergoing TURBT.

Methods:

This procedure was performed by two consultant anaesthetists in our unit. Patients are positioned supine with the leg slightly abducted and laterally rotated. Ultrasound (US) is used to identify the anterior branch of the adductor longus, brevis and magnus muscles in the medial thigh, 2–3 cm inferior to the inguinal crease. The obturator nerve is situated in the plane between adductor longus and adductor brevis, medial to pectineus. An insulated needle is passed under US guidance and a nerve stimulator is used to elicit a twitch. Levobupivicaine is used to infiltrate the anterior branch of the obturator nerve to achieve motor block of the adductor brevis, adductor longus and gracillis muscles. TURBT is then performed.

Results:

This prospective pilot series includes 18 TURBT procedures. These were performed under spinal anaesthetic ( n=16) or general anaesthetic without muscle relaxant ( n=2). Tumours characteristics were; large flat areas of re-resection ( n=5), flat bladder lesions ( n=1) or exophytic lesions ( n=12). There were no incidences of obturator jerk observed during TURBT (0/18). There were no intra or post-operative complications.

Conclusion:

This simple technique can be easily applied to patients undergoing TURBT. Larger studies are required, but our series supports the use of this technique to reduce obturator jerk, which is an important risk factors for bladder perforation.
Analyzing and interpreting “imperfect” Big Data in the 1600s
Authors: Mazur Dennis J
Published: February 2016

One of the characteristics of Big Data is that it often involves “imperfect” information. This paper examines the work of John Graunt (1620–1674) in the tabulation of diseases in London and the development of a life table using the “imperfect data” contained in London’s Bills of Mortality in the 1600s. London’s Bills of Mortality were Big Data for the 1600s, as they included information collected over time, the depth and accuracy of which improved gradually. The main shortcoming of the data available at the time was its nonuniform upkeep and the lack of depth of variables included at its outset. Due to these characteristics, it provides a perfect model for the examination of imperfect Big Data, as it has been analyzed, criticized, and interpreted repeatedly since the 1600s.
Risk Factors in Adolescent Hypertension
Authors: Ewald D. Rose , Haldeman Lauren A.
Published: February 2016

Hypertension is a complex and multifaceted disease, with many contributing factors. While diet and nutrition are important influences, the confounding effects of overweight and obesity, metabolic and genetic factors, racial and ethnic predispositions, socioeconomic status, cultural influences, growth rate, and pubertal stage have even more influence and make diagnosis quite challenging. The prevalence of hypertension in adolescents far exceeds the numbers who have been diagnosed; studies have found that 75% or more go undiagnosed. This literature review summarizes the challenges of blood pressure classification in adolescents, discusses the impact of these confounding influences, and identifies actions that will improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
Erfolgsabhängige Beteiligungsentgelte in vergleichender europäischer Perspektive: Empirische Befunde und Erklärungsansätze
Authors: Hardes Heinz-Dieter , Wickert Heiko
Published: February 2016

Die strategischen Bedingungen vieler Unternehmen haben sich aufgrund des internationalen Wettbewerbs in Richtung flexible Industrieproduktion verändert. Die Methoden der betrieblichen Entgeltpolitik können hiervon nicht unberührt bleiben. Variable Beteiligungsentgelte, verstanden als Gewinn- und Kapitalbeteiligungen, werden in diesem Kontext vielfach als entsprechende Flexibilisierungsinstrumente seitens der betrieblichen Entgeltpolitik betrachtet. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird die Häufigkeit betrieblicher Beteiligungsentgelte empirisch untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich in Deutschland (West) eine generelle Zunahme von Beteiligungsentgelten im Zeitverlauf sowie eine selektive Verbreitung differenzierter Formen monetärer Partizipation, was mit Hilfe agency-theoretischer Überlegungen begründet werden kann. Ein internationaler Vergleich mit Frankreich und Großbritannien zeigt, dass in diesen beiden Ländern Beteiligungsentgelte vergleichsweise häufiger verbreitet sind und zudem eine gröβere Varianz aufweisen. Die Logik der agency-Theorie vermag diese internationalen Unterschiede kaum zu erklären. Zusätzlich sind daher insbesondere institutionelle Erklärungsfaktoren heranzuziehen.
Tendenzen und Ergebnisse empirischer Personalforschung der 90er Jahre in West-Deutschland
Authors: Sackmann Sonja , Elbe Martin
Published: February 2016

Der Personalforschung in Deutschland werden Mängel vorgeworfen, wie z.B. eine ungenügende empirische Ausrichtung der Disziplin. In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden deshalb die Ergebnisse empirischer Personalforschung in West-Deutschland seit 1990, vor dem Hintergrund der eigenen Untersuchung der Autoren “Best Practices in Human Resource Management”, diskutiert. Es werden folgende Themen behandelt: Situation der Personalleiter, Bedeutung der Personalabteilung, Personalrekrutierung, Personalentwicklung, Leitstungsbeurteilung, Entlohnungspraktiken und Führung. Der Vergleich von 27 Studien führt zu folgenden Ergebnissen: Die Personalleiter erachten Führung, Personalentwicklung und Personalrekrutierung als die wichtigsten Zukunftsaufgaben. Die Notwendigkeit der Verknüpfung von Entgeltsystemen und individueller Leistung wird stark empfunden, doch findet dies in den praktizierten Entgeltsystemen kaum Niederschlag. Die Ziele der Personalbeurteilung bleiben in den meisten Unternehmen unklar. Obwohl die Personalleiter ihre Abteilungen als wichtig und effektiv einschätzen, erachten sie diese nicht als Schlüsselfaktoren für den Unternehmenserfolg. Eine stärkere Anbindung des Personalmanagements an die Unternehmensstrategien ist notwendig.