bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflict between Confession and the Testimony When Proving Murder
Authors: Abargouei Vajihe Sadat Pournajafi , Anne Smith Hassan Ghasemi Moghadam
Published: August 2016

An important aspect is fundamental in criminal law, and jurisprudence arguments would be a judicial conflict in proving the crime. During the procedure of a murder case, it is possible the conflicts arise between the evidence of confession and religious testimony as a proof to prove the murder crime to specify the murderer; such that any of the argument suggests the particular person’s culpability. Because of the various case, determining the probative value of each of them would have a significant impact on such conflict to resolve, regarding jurisprudence and legal. Therefore, the legislator in Article 213 of the Penal Code of Islam, adopted in 2013, has made it clear the probative value of any argues, prioritizing any evidence of confession than that of religious statement while conflicting with each other. If the legislator takes precedence of the evidence of faith over the religious testimony provided that assessing both things of evidence by the adjudicating authority and s/he does waive to apply the phrase to the text of Article, the discovery of the truth and identifying the actual perpetrator with justice-based purpose will be more compatible.
Position of Citizenship Rights in Criminal Procedure Law Enacted on 2014
Authors: Davoodian Ehsan
Published: August 2016

Citizenship rights is a legal term which has several definitions in diverse social and ideological schools; in some cultures its political and social aspects are emphasized more and terms such as nationality and voting right are mentioned and there is no theoretical agreement on it. But generally it can be said that citizenship rights are a collection of legislations and laws intended to protect human personality and dignity in all judicial-political and social fields and a citizen enjoys citizenship rights through living in a special geographical region and by virtue of the relationship existing between he/she and the ruling government. Based on this approach citizenship rights branching out the basic laws of every country, lay a responsibility upon both the citizen and the government and are also entry into force and performance guaranteed such as observing privacy, environment protection and so on.
Criminal Liability and Crime and Punishment Proportionality in the Crime of Legal Entities
Authors: Soltani Samira , Ramazani Ahmad
Published: August 2016

One of the innovations of Islamic Penal Code in 2013 was to accept criminal liability of legal entities. By accepting criminal liability of legal entities, the way to punish them is arisen. As a legal person cannot commit any crime, any punishments are not applicable to them. Accordingly, Article 20 of this Law enumerated a list of penalties applicable to legal persons and it was tried to use penalties in accordance with the legal entities to deal with them. Punishments such as dissolution, confiscation, cash fine, announcement of the judgment, Diyeh, social and economic exclusion; such as a ban on business activities, prohibition of the public invitation to raise capital and ban from drawing business documents listed in Article 20 and Article 14, are a set of punishments which relatively different from usual punishment for individuals. These penalties are relative diversity, but what is objectionable is that the details and conditions of implementation of each of these punishments are not clear. If legislator described the details exactly or provided the condition to require the adoption of The Executive Bylaw of the punishment, it would be better. Given that all the points and issues about penalties for legal persons are not stated in this law as well as ambiguities in the law for a comprehensive definition of legal person, the way to implement main and supplementary punishments, In this study it was tried to evaluate and criticize the legal entities penalties including main and supplementary ones and their grading.
Stipulation in the International Commercial Contracts
Authors: Tehrani Ali Honari
Published: August 2016

According to the principle of will power or will dominance and the principle of freedom to contract which have been manifested in the article number ten of the civil code the will power of individuals dominates the regulations of closing a contract and its after effects and the freedom of will power here has gained the acceptance as a principle. By closing a contract by two free wills that contract becomes binding and according to the binding principle or provision in contracts the sides of a contract will be committed to carry out the terms and content which is inserted in a contract unless it becomes terminated with by the volition of the sides of the contract themselves or due to a legal cause. Since according to the principle of freedom to contract its sides can shun from closing any contract which is an obvious violation of law, due to the same reason they can also take into consideration any condition or term which isn’t an obvious violation of law and according to the principle of binding ness of contracts the sides of them and their vicars are bound to execute the conditions which are stated in it. One of the conditions of contracts which can be considered is the condition of stipulation.
In the present study in addition to scratch the surface on the subject of stipulation in contracts it is expected that the theoretical aspect of the essence of stipulation gets evident, the view point of Islamic jurisprudence and the legal proceedings become stated and the issue that stipulation is claimable under what conditions and in what manner. By carry out a comparative study we get aware of the views in several legal systems toward stipulation and also its position in the private international law and the latest changes in the domain of stipulation specifically ones which are presented at the international level.
An Optimized Mathematical Model for Items Supplies Planning of a Logistic System
Authors: Nasiri Khalili Mohammad Ali , Kafaei Razavi Mostafa , Kafaee Razavi Morteza
Published: August 2016

Items supplies planning of a logistic system is one of the major issue in operations research. In this article the aim is to determine how much of each item per month from each supplier logistics system requirements must be provided. To do this, a novel multi objective mixed integer programming mathematical model is offered for the first time. Since in logistics system, delivery on time is very important, the first objective is minimization of time in delivery on time costs (including lack and maintenance costs) and the cost of purchasing logistics system. The second objective function is minimization of the transportation supplier costs. Solving the mathematical model shows how to use the Multiple Objective Decision Making (MODM) can provide the ensuring policy and transportation logistics needed items. This model is solved with CPLEX and computational results show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Jordanian Evidence on the Capital Structure
Authors: Ramadan Imad Zeyad
Published: August 2016

This study aims to identify the extent to which ownership structure and management efficiency affect capital structure in the Jordanian companies. The results show that the impact of institutional investors and the percentage of ownership of major shareholders are statistically significant and are among the determinants of the capital structure for the Jordanian companies. Also, the current study has concluded that the management efficiency has a statistically significant effect on capital structure of the Jordanian companies in general, and the return on total assets and return on equity are among the determinants of the capital structure for the Jordanian companies.
The Role of Emotion Regulation Strategies and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) in Social Adjustment of Adolescents With Conduct Disorder
Authors: Imanparvar Soheila , Ghasemi Meysam
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this research was to explain the role of emotion regulation strategies and behavioral activation system (BAS) in social adjustment of adolescents with conduct disorder. The method of study is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all junior high school students in Ardabil in 2016. The sampling was conducted by the multistage cluster method and then 50 subjects with conduct disorder were selected as the sample group using this method. Data of the present study were collected using Rutter behavioral disorders questionnaire (form B), students adjustment questionnaire, emotion regulation questionnaire and activation system and behavioral inhibition questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient test and regression analysis using SPSS software. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between social adjustment and behavioral activation (BAS) and emotion regulation system (P<0.05). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that behavioral activation and emotion regulation system can significantly explain 16% variances in social adjustment of students with conduct disorders. Accordingly, it can be concluded that behavioral activation and emotion regulation system plays a role in social adjustment.
Developing Improvement Planning Phase in Project Management Maturity Models
Authors: Eshtehardian Ehsan , Saeedi Farhad
Published: August 2016

The suggested cycle of project management maturity model generally include phases of evaluation, planning, improvement and finally cycle repeat which is largely based on a cycle known as Deming or PDCA. “Improvement Planning Phase” is the most important phase requiring development among these models that it is not discussed much. The major criteria for prioritization and planning in this phase were investigated in a research by authors. At first, the literature of subject is reviewed, by doing a series of interviews with project management consultants then prioritization criteria is identified, and eventually it is continued with more analysis on each of these criteria by distributing the questionnaire. The most significant criteria can be mentioned as current maturity level, desired maturity level for each process, relative balance between maturity levels of different processes, relations (predecessor & successor) between processes, the impact of each process on success, resources and organizational effort required for implementation, the role of organization (employer/contractor) and the acceptance of organization in different processes. Finally, according to the criteria a model was developed for “improvement planning phase”. A model is regarded as an improvable point in these models if it pays attentions to all criteria in addition to the relative importance of each criterion and importance of each process compared to each criterion in form of a specific procedure.
Analyzing the Effect of Social Internet of Things on Making the Internet Marketing Smart
Authors: Hemmati Mahdi
Published: August 2016

The development of social internet of things in recent years led to widening the data and information scope. A wide scope of new services caused by this procedure. In this regard, a new pattern called the social internet of things is created by integrating the social network and internet of things (IOT) which shows the network communication of things. IOS can put a step toward the marketing world. In this paper, the effect of IoT on internet marketing and making it smart are taken into consideration by considering marketing in human social network.
Solving the First Kind Fuzzy Integral Equations Using a Hybrid Regularization Method and Bernstein Polynomials
Authors: Moloodpour A. K. , Jafarian A.
Published: August 2016

A hybrid of regularization methodand Bernstein polynomials is used to solve the first kind fuzzy integral equations. In this paper, first the regularization method applied to convert the first kind fuzzy integral equation into the second kind fuzzy integral equation. Then by approximating Bernstein polynomials, the obtained second kind fuzzy integral equation is solved. In this method, one parameter was created in the second kind equation. When this parameter tends to zero, the solutions of integral equation of the second kind tend to solutions of the integral equation of the first kind. The obtained solutions are comparable to the solutions of the other similar methods. Performance of the mentioned method is illustrated by considering some example.
Reorganisation of Hoxd regulatory landscapes during the evolution of a snake-like body plan
Authors: Guerreiro Isabel , Gitto Sandra , Novoa Ana , Codourey Julien , Nguyen Huynh Thi Hanh , Gonzalez Federico , Milinkovitch Michel C , Mallo Moises , Duboule Denis
Published: August 2016

Within land vertebrate species, snakes display extreme variations in their body plan, characterized by the absence of limbs and an elongated morphology. Such a particular interpretation of the basic vertebrate body architecture has often been associated with changes in the function or regulation of Hox genes. Here, we use an interspecies comparative approach to investigate different regulatory aspects at the snake HoxD locus. We report that, unlike in other vertebrates, snake mesoderm-specific enhancers are mostly located within the HoxD cluster itself rather than outside. In addition, despite both the absence of limbs and an altered Hoxd gene regulation in external genitalia, the limb-associated bimodal HoxD chromatin structure is maintained at the snake locus. Finally, we show that snake and mouse orthologous enhancer sequences can display distinct expression specificities. These results show that vertebrate morphological evolution likely involved extensive reorganisation at Hox loci, yet within a generally conserved regulatory framework.
Nonlinear dynamics of surfactant-laden two-fluid Couette flows in the presence of inertia
Authors: Kalogirou A. , Papageorgiou D. T.
Published: August 2016

The nonlinear stability of immiscible two-fluid Couette flows in the presence of inertia is considered. The interface between the two viscous fluids can support insoluble surfactants and the interplay between the underlying hydrodynamic instabilities and Marangoni effects is explored analytically and computationally in both two and three dimensions. Asymptotic analysis when one of the layers is thin relative to the other yields a coupled system of nonlinear equations describing the spatio-temporal evolution of the interface and its local surfactant concentration. The system is non-local and arises by appropriately matching solutions of the linearised Navier–Stokes equations in the thicker layer to the solution in the thin layer. The scaled models are used to study different physical mechanisms by varying the Reynolds number, the viscosity ratio between the two layers, the total amount of surfactant present initially and a scaled Péclet number measuring diffusion of surfactant along the interface. The linear stability of the underlying flow to two- and three-dimensional disturbances is investigated and a Squire’s type theorem is found to hold when inertia is absent. When inertia is present, three-dimensional disturbances can be more unstable than two-dimensional ones and so Squire’s theorem does not hold. The linear instabilities are followed into the nonlinear regime by solving the evolution equations numerically; this is achieved by implementing highly accurate linearly implicit schemes in time with spectral discretisations in space. Numerical experiments for finite Reynolds numbers indicate that for two-dimensional flows the solutions are mostly nonlinear travelling waves of permanent form, even though these can lose stability via Hopf bifurcations to time-periodic travelling waves. As the length of the system (that is the wavelength of periodic waves) increases, the dynamics becomes more complex and includes time-periodic, quasi-periodic as well as chaotic fluctuations. It is also found that one-dimensional interfacial travelling waves of permanent form can become unstable to spanwise perturbations for a wide range of parameters, producing three-dimensional flows with interfacial profiles that are two-dimensional and travel in the direction of the underlying shear. Nonlinear flows are also computed for parameters which predict linear instability to three-dimensional disturbances but not two-dimensional ones. These are found to have a one-dimensional interface in a rotated frame with respect to the direction of the underlying shear and travel obliquely without changing form.
How to interact with knowledge-intensive business services: A multiple case study of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in China
Authors: Zhou Dan , Kautonen Mika , Wang Hecheng , Wang Lin
Published: August 2016

Empirical support for the process and mechanism of interactions with knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) is scarce, particularly with regard to small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs). Our study investigated how four SMMEs in China’s electrical appliance industry cluster attained high performance through interactions with KIBS. For our research, knowledge integration can be understood as knowledge identification, knowledge accession, and knowledge utilization. We investigated the mechanism involved in interactions between SMMEs and KIBS by tentative multiple case studies, and found that interactions with technology-based KIBS improved the performance of SMMEs by influencing their knowledge accession and knowledge utilization. Interactions with traditional professional KIBS, however, mainly influence SMMEs’ knowledge identification and knowledge accession. technology-based KIBS generally acts as a knowledge source and professional KIBS as a knowledge bridge for SMMEs. Interaction with technology-based KIBS is a kind of complementary interaction, while interaction with professional KIBS is a kind of supplementary interaction.
The Production of Lift Independently of Incidence
Authors: Thwaites Brian
Published: August 2016

In the past few years, two problems in applied aerodynamics have received much attention. The first is the problem of low drag in which it is desired to reduce considerably the drag of aerofoils over a certain range of lift coefficient by suitable design and construction. The second is the problem of increasing the lift in which it is desired principally to obtain a higher maximum lift coefficient.
The Wright Brothers
Authors: Wilbur  , Orville
Published: August 2016

On 6th January 1916 Lord Northcliffe, seconding a vote of thanks to Mr. Griffith Brewer for his lecture on the Life and Work of Wilbur Wright, said among other things : “The fact remains, however, that after more than one hundred years of experiment with aeroplanes, these two brothers were the first people in the world who made a machine to fly, and flew it. I make that remark emphatically, because there is one point to which Mr. Griffith Brewer did not call attention, and that is the attempt that has been made to rob the Wright brothers of the credit of their invention. We have not heard much of that in England, but ‘a prophet is not without honour save in his own country,’ and in the United States there have been long and persistent attempts to belittle the work of Wilbur and Orville Wright. I have closely read and followed the history of the hundred years of aeroplane experiments, and I am convinced that the credit of the first flying aeroplane is due to the Wright Brothers, and from the point of practical flying to nobody else. As an Englishman I am in an independent position, and I know that these words of mine will go across the Atlantic, and I believe they will assist in stopping the spread of the insidious suggestion that the Wrights did not invent the aeroplane.”
The Nature of the Distortion of Swept-Back Wings
Authors: Hill G. T. R.
Published: August 2016

The distortion of straight wings is simple and familiar; upward bending causes slight changes in dihedral angle and loads offset either fore or aft of the flexural axis cause twisting, which involves changes in incidence. When wings are heavily swept back, bending causes change of incidence as well as change of dihedral angle, while the changes of incidence due to twisting are no longer equal to the angles through which the wing structure twists.
Use of Wind Tunnel Model Data in Aerodynamic Design
Authors: Hills R.
Published: August 2016

The 805th Lecture to be read before the Royal Aeronautical Society was given on 19th October 1950 at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London. Major G. P. Bulman, C.B.E., F.R.Ae.S., President of the Society, presided during the first part of the meeting and introduced the Lecturer, Mr. R. Hills, B.A., A.F.R.Ae.S., who had been engaged for some years on low and high speed tunnel work and was in charge of the No. 2 eleven and a half foot tunnel at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.
Measurement of Downwash at a Mach Number of 1.45 Behind Two Wings of Finite Span
Authors: Hilton W. F.
Published: August 2016

Measurements were made of the downwash effects behind two finite wings 3.1 percent, thick, having square and 20° raked tips respectively. The tests were conducted at a Mach number of 1.45 and a Reynolds number of 1.2 millions by traversing a yawmeter 1.62 chords behind the trailing edge of the finite wings.

In general, a maximum downwash of the order of ½° per degree of wing incidence was observed in that portion of the tip Mach cone behind the wing, and a maximum upwash of similar magnitude was observed in that part of the tip Mach cone situated outboard of the wing.

Thus it is apparent that these effects are large enough to affect the lift on any surface situated in the tip Mach cone behind a finite wing. In particular, placing the rear surface in the downwash region behind a finite wing, will tend to reduce the overall lift while placing it in the upwash region will tend to magnifiy the variations of lift initiated by the finite wing.
The Arithmetic of Airworthiness
Authors: Tye Walter
Published: August 2016

One of the many problems facing the aeronautical engineer is to make a vehicle, the reliability of which is tolerable, from an assembly of bits and pieces which, individually, are more or less unreliable. The practical answer has been to duplicate, triplicate, and generally to multiply the items about which doubt is felt.

This approach to reliability (and hence to safety) finds its way into codes of airworthiness, either as straightforward demands for duplication, or as requirements that no single failure should cause trouble.

On the whole these intuitive assessments of the probability of failure, and the design consequences in terms of duplication, seem to have been sound. It is, however, as well to examine the problems numerically, if we can. Possibly no very clear and decisive answers will emerge, but a little light may be shed on the paths we seek to follow.
Fundamentals of Fighter Design
Authors: Lloyd F. H. M.
Published: August 2016

The present trend of fighter design is towards high speeds at greater heights.

For some time it has been apparent that two types of fighter are necessary. Firstly, the small, highly manœuvrable and very fast single-seater fighter with high rate of climb and comparatively short range, and secondly, a larger type for escort duties which is necessarily somewhat slower and less manœuvrable. As in all engineering, and particularly in aircraft engineering, the conclusions which are reached to arrive at a final design never produce an ideal. If this were possible it would only be necessary to consider one type of fighter, for the small single-seater would have the range of the escort fighter, or alternatively the escort fighter would have the speed, manœuvrability and climb of the small single-seater.
The 1914 Tests of the Langley “Aerodrome”
Authors: Abbot C. G.
Published: August 2016

It is everywhere acknowledged that the Wright brothers were the first to make sustained flights in a heavier-than-air machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903.

Mainly because of acts and statements of former officers of the Smithsonian Institution, arising from tests made with the reconditioned Langley plane of 1903 at Hammondsport, New York, in 1914, Dr. Orville Wright feels that the Institution adopted an unfair and injurious attitude. He therefore sent the original Wright Kitty Hawk plane to England in 1928.
The Euler Critical Load for Pinned-Pinned ‘Polynomial’ Tapered Struts
Authors: Turton F. J.
Published: August 2016

The differential equation for the deflection of a tapered strut cannot usually be solved by formal methods; we propose to attack the problem in the reverse direction; given the deflection-curve as a polynomial, we find the shape of the longitudinal section for struts of given strength. It will appear that the shapes so found are quite different from those for struts “ of uniform stress ” yet it is possible to get substantial saving in weight for a given strength (for some of the examples up to 11 per cent., the theoretical maximum being 13.4 per cent.
Retardation Efficiency of Shock-Absorber and Arrester Gear
Authors: Walker P. B.
Published: August 2016

The complexity of much of the mechanical gear used for shock absorption and arresting in aircraft engineering is apt to obscure some of the broad generalizations that may be deduced from the elementary principles of classical mechanics. More particularly does this apply to the distance required to arrest the motion of an aircraft or falling body when the retarding force must not exceed a specified value. This note merely presents some more or less self-evident truths which may be of some value in dealing with new landing and arrester problems.
Making Commercial Aircraft Pay
Authors: Du Merle G.
Published: August 2016

The Sixth Louis Bleriot Lecture was given in London by General Guy du Merle on 19th March 1953 at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate, S.W.I. Mr. G. H. Dowty, F.R.Ae.S., President of the Society, presided and welcomed particularly M. Jules Jarry, President of the Association Francaise des Ingenieurs et Techniciens de l'Aeronautique, and members of A.F.I.T.A., who had come over from France for the occasion.

Introducing the Lecturer, the President outlined his career. After leaving school General du Merle went into the corps of aeronautical engineers, which was then of civil status but had since been militarised. He spent two years at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l'Aéronautique, graduating in 1932, and obtained his certificate as a pilot of military aircraft including seaplanes. For the next two years he served as an engineer pilot at the Centre d'Essais en Vol (Flight Testing Centre) testing prototype aeroplanes at Villacoublay, during which time he flew both French and foreign aircraft. He next became Engineer at the Technical Department of Aeronautics at the Air Ministry and then Director of the Department. While a professor at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de I'Aéronautique he had published a book on the construction of aeroplanes, a copy of which was in the Library of the Society. Upon being attached to civil aviation at the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, he founded and directed for two years the National School of Civil Aviation at Orly. General du Merle was then appointed Director of Navigation and Air Transport at the same Ministry, and represented France at a number of international meetings on Civil Aviation. Appointed Ingénieur Général de l'Air, he had regained for a short time his original Ministry, which he now represented on the Interim Committee of E.D.C. He had been on missions to England a number of times since the end of the war, and in 1947 had flown several British aeroplanes, including the Sea Fury, the Meteor and the Vampire. He was a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and was also an Officer of the Legion d'Honneur and held the Medaille de l'Aéronautique. General du Merle was at present Commandant des Ecoles et Stages at the Ministere des Travaux Publics et des Transports (Officer in charge of Schools and Courses).
Recent Ideas in Plastics for Aircraft Structures
Authors: Gordon J. E.
Published: August 2016

Strong plastics consist of two-phase arrangements of pairs of brittle solids which in combination may be very tough. Improvement now depends upon an understanding of brittle solid theory. The strength of brittle solids is generally very low but may occasionally approach the very high theoretical values. This is due to the high inherent strength being generally marred by tiny defects. When these defects are removed or contained high strength may be achieved. The various mechanisms by which this may be done are exemplified in mica, common salt, glass, metal whiskers and so on. The relevance of these substances and mechanisms to the manufacture of plastics is discussed.
Reciprocation of Triply Partitioned Matrices
Authors: Kosko E.
Published: August 2016

In a recent note Professor Duncan gives a method for finding the reciprocal of a matrix which is triply partitioned both horizontally and vertically. In spite of the apparent complication of the formulae, such a procedure may shorten the calculations in the case when the submatrices involved are especially simple (e.g. null or diagonal), or when their arrangement exhibits some symmetry. In Ref. 1, the submatrices a to j of the desired reciprocal are obtained by a series of operations summarised in equations (3) to (19); these operations consist altogether of 5 inversions of submatrices, 29 matrix multiplications of various orders and 15 matrix additions.
The Aerodynamics of the Helicopter in Forward Flight
Authors: Brailsford E. N.
Published: August 2016

Existing methods of estimating the blade loadings on a helicopter rotor in forward flight have suffered from the necessity of using false simplifying assumptions in order to make possible an analytical approach. The following list gives the most usual of these assumptions:

(i)

Blades have no twist or taper, or are twisted and tapered in a particular way.

(ii)

The coning angle is small enough to neglect the resulting changes in velocities, angles, and so on.

(iii)

The disc is horizontal.

(iv)

The components of velocity parallel to the blade length may be neglected, and forces are calculated for and act with reference to the velocities normal to the blade length.

(v)

There is no variation in downwash over the disc, or the variation is capable of simple expression.

(vi)

The blades extend from hub, and tip losses are neglected.

(vii)

The blades have pure flapping hinges and the analogy between flapping and feathering enables loadings calculated for flapping blades to be referred to a “hingeless” rotor system.
Power Loss and Fuel Pressure Rise Due to Centrifugal Pumping in Tip-Driven Helicopter Rotors
Authors: Czernin A.
Published: August 2016

As one being intimately concerned with the development of the jet-propelled helicopter for the past thirteen years, I would like to comment on some of the statements in the Technical Note by P. R. Payne, published in the May 1955 Journal, which I feel are misleading and indeed wrong.
The High Temperature Turbo-jet Engine
Authors: Ainley D. G.
Published: August 2016

The 985th Lecture to be given before the Society, “ The High Temperature Turbo-jet Engine ” by D. G. Ainley, B.Sc, A.M.I.Mech.E., A.F.R.Ae.S., was given at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George St., London, S.W.I on 15th March 1956, with Mr. N. E. Rowe, C.B.E., D.I.C., F.C.G.I., F.I.A.S., F.R.Ae.S., in the Chair. Introducing the Lecturer, Mr. Rowe said that Mr. Ainley had been working on gas turbines since 1943 when he joined the gas turbine division of the Royal Aircraft Establishment. He transferred to Power Jets Ltd. and later to the National Gas Turbine Establishment. His early work was associated with the development of axial flow compressors, contraction design and so on; he then transferred to turbine design, became head of the section dealing with turbine and heat transfer problems and for the past five or six years had been chiefly engaged on the cooling of gas turbine blades. Mr. Ainley graduated from the University of London, Queen Mary College, with first class honours. In 1953 he was awarded the George Stephenson Research Prize by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
Some Notes on Temperature Gradients in IRAQ
Authors: Towxesend E. J. D.
Published: August 2016

Whilst carrying out various tests on radiators and airscrews in Iraq, it was necessary to take the air temperatures up to 10,000 feet, and the results of twenty-six flights are given in these notes as it is thought they may be of interest to aircraft designers requiring data to predict the performance of their aircraft in a tropical climate.
Secondary Stresses in Airship Hull Structures
Authors: Baker J. F.
Published: August 2016

In Part I. of this paper the theoretical stress analysis was given for a hexagonal braced tubular structure, supported at one end and subjected at the other to a system of longitudinal forces, giving no resultant load and no resultant couple. This tube had no bracing members in the planes of the bulkheads.
More on Economic Performance and Political Support in Britain: A Reply to William R. Keech
Authors: Hibbs Douglas A.
Published: August 2016

I am flattered that a political scientist of William Keech's caliber uses words such as ingenious and outstanding to describe my work. I am also grateful that he took the time and was given the opportunity by the Review to show the implications of my theory of political support for a stylized case where unmeasured sources of support for British governments among the occupational classes are nil (aqj = 0), the only performance variable valued by voters is the unemployment rate, which has a reasonable contemporaneous impact of –0.02, and where the decay rate parameter g for past performance outcomes is set equal to the sensible value of 0.8 (implying a backward-looking discount rate of 0.25 per quarter).

A check of selected entries in Keech's Table 1 indicates they are correct, and I have no important disagreements with his interpretations of their behavioral implications. One caveat, however, about Keech's statement that my model “presumes that the performance of the old government affects the support of the new one with exactly the same slope (bn = b0 in equation A), but with opposite sign”: the absolute value of the partial derivative of Y* with respect to Zt–k in my model is b gk, which of course depends on lag k. b(bn, b0) is a scale parameter; the slope, as defined in the usual way, is given by the (time varying) derivative above.
Liberalism in north Antrim, 1900–14
Authors: McMinn J.R.B.
Published: August 2016

In the general election of January 1906, R. G. Glendinning, a taciturn baptist linen manufacturer of Belfast, won the North Antrim parliamentary seat. The significance of this event was his success in an overwhelmingly protestant constituency at the expense of the highly articulate and intelligent unionist sitting member, William Moore, the principal architect of the Ulster Unionist Council and the leader of the unionist campaign to expose the devolutionary dangers of ‘Macdonnellism’. Furthermore Glendinning had campaigned as a ‘liberal unionist’, but had been condemned as a home ruler by his opponent and indeed upon arrival in the house of commons took his seat on the liberal government benches. Some years later, in 1913, despite the heightened political temperature, it was still possible for a meeting on 24 October in Ballymoney town hall attended by some four or five hundred protestants to denounce ‘the lawless policy of Carsonism’, and for this same meeting to be addressed by such noted nationalists as Captain Jack White, Sir Roger Casement and Mrs Alice Stopford Green. Their audience was invited to sign an anti-covenant devised by White and closely modelled on, though directly opposed to, the Ulster Solemn League and Covenant. As late as 1925 an independent protestant candidate, George Henderson, representing the Unbought Tenants Association, secured one of the seven County Antrim seats in the Northern Ireland parliament, thus preventing the election of an official unionist, R. D. Megaw. Then there is the interesting phenomenon of the Independent Orange Order which in the years before 1914 had established itself more firmly in north Antrim than anywhere else. The area also threw up in this period a number of prominent individuals who became active in non-unionist politics, of whom the Reverend J. B. Armour, the Reverend D. D. Boyle, John Pinkerton and Samuel Craig McElroy are perhaps the best known. Finally Bally money and the Route was the epicentre of the Ulster tenant-right movement in the last three decades of the nineteenth century.
Sir Piers Crosby, 1590–1646: Wentworth’s ‘tawney ribbon’
Authors: Clarke Aidan
Published: August 2016

Sir Piers Crosby, knight and baronet, lived for fifty-six years, but it is not perhaps too much to say that only a single day in that life has brought him to historical notice. That day was 28 November 1634. On the previous afternoon, Lord Deputy Wentworth had informed a joint meeting of the two houses of the Irish parliament that his government was not prepared to honour the promise which King Charles I had given to landed proprietors in Ireland six years earlier and would not permit the passage of acts relinquishing historic royal claims to Irish land. When the commons met on 28 November, a majority of the members vented their anger and disappointment by defeating an entirely uncontroversial government bill. Prominent among that majority, their ringleader if Wentworth is to be believed, was a renegade privy councillor, Sir Piers Crosby. That Wentworth’s account of what happened was seriously misleading is well established, and I have examined it elsewhere as an illustration of the proposition that one of Wentworth’s major achievements was to impose his version of the events of his deputyship upon generations of historians, approving and disapproving alike. His influence similarly colours historical impressions of the people with whom he dealt, and the purpose of this paper is to suggest the interpretative difficulties to which that may give rise by reconstructing the shape of the career of one individual who suffered the dual misfortune of crossing Wentworth’s path and being remembered only by what Wentworth wrote of him.
Select Documents XLIII: A secret return of the Volunteers of Ireland in 1784
Authors: Kelly James
Published: August 2016

Though the Volunteers had an enormous impact on Irish politics in the years between their formation in the mid 1770s and their dissolution in 1793, there has been comparatively little historical investigation of this phenomenon. One important and problematical matter in need of resolution is the size of the Volunteer force. Contemporary estimates abound, but they are often more valuable for the insight they give into contemporary thinking on Volunteering than reliable guides to the number of Volunteers in Ireland at any given time. In the absence of registers or other schedules of the hundreds of corps that constituted the Volunteers, it is improbable that we shall ever be able to provide absolute answers to the question of just how numerous they were. We are not wholly bereft of documentation, however, and by combining the more trustworthy of contemporary calculations and such lists as exist it is possible to throw much light on the rise and decline of Volunteering in the 1770s and 1780s. One of the most important and most detailed of these lists is the ‘secret’ and little known ‘Return of the Volunteers with private observations’ which was compiled in the early winter of 1784–5 as Dublin Castle readied itself for an attempt to replace this independent and highly politicised paramilitary body with a compliant and non-political militia.
Irish life and progress in colonial South Australia
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: August 2016

South Australia was the least Irish part of nineteenth-century Australia. Proportionately fewer Irish arrived at Port Adelaide than at the other great immigrant ports of the southern continent. They also came later: relatively few Irish participated in the first dozen years of colonisation in South Australia after its inception in 1836. In contrast with other parts of Australia the Irish were slow to reach a tenth and never reached a third of the colonial population. They were not in South Australia ‘a founding people’. They were indeed conspicuously a minority which faced the established and unquestioned primacy of Anglo-Scottish colonisation.

South Australia was overwhelmingly English in its origins. From the beginning it was virtually a fragment of southern England, a Home Counties colony expressly designed for superior expatriates. It was also heavily advertised as a haven for Protestant dissenters. The first Catholic priest in South Australia, William Benson, was hardly exaggerating when he described it in 1843 as ‘a little dissenting colony, exclusively Protestant evangelical’. He went further, saying that ‘when this colony was established no Catholic gentlemen of property were allowed to join the founders’ — implying thereby that the planners deliberately discouraged Irish participation. Only when the colonial population reached 14,000, asserted Benson, did ‘our late evangelical governors’ feel confident enough to permit a minority of Catholics reasonable and equal entry. Another Catholic Irishman, Major Thomas O’Halloran, also claimed that the early colonial planners had been anti-Irish, wishing to restrict their numbers to less than 5 per cent of the colonial population. It is little wonder that South Australia seemed, in Irish eyes, the most alien quarter of the new continent.
Changing fortunes on the Aran Islands in the 1890s
Authors: Harvey Brian
Published: August 2016

By the turn of the twentieth century the west of Ireland had become a geographical expression synonymous with poverty and destitution. Whilst in the eighteenth century Connacht was regarded as inaccessible, it was not considered to be overpopulated, hungry or poverty-stricken. Its economic and social condition began to change for the worse in the nineteenth century. From 1816-17 onwards the western seaboard was affected more and more severely by a series of famines and localised distress and typhus. Hardship on the islands off Mayo and Galway was so severe in 1822-3 that London philanthropists set up a committee to launch a large-scale relief programme. The committee blamed the distress on potato failure, ‘want of employment’, high rents and low agricultural prices.

The deterioration in economic and social conditions is considered to have been exacerbated by the equalisation of the currencies of, and the removal of tariffs between, Ireland and Great Britain in the mid 1820s. Some rural industries, like textiles, glass and kelp-production, were wiped out. The resistance of the western economy to natural disaster was thereby severely weakened. The western isles were hit badly by the distress of 1835 and even more so by the Great Famine ten years later. Rents remained high whilst incomes fell.
The Butler revolt of 1569
Authors: Edwards David
Published: August 2016

In June 1569 an English gentleman named Robert Mainwaring was seized on the borders of County Carlow by Irish rebels. They forced a noose around his neck, tightened it, and proceeded to drag him ‘up and down in a halter’, like a man condemned to be hanged. As with many terrorist acts, Mainwaring’s degradation was a carefully calculated publicity stunt, and it quickly achieved its objective. News of his predicament was relayed to London, where the identity of his captors aroused widespread alarm in government circles. He was persecuted on the orders of Sir Edmund Butler of Cloghgrenan, a leading Anglo-Irish lord who was the brother and principal heir of the then childless tenth earl of Ormond, Thomas Butler, and the recent recipient of some generous grants of land and office from the crown. Despite Sir Edmund’s position as deputy governor of the hitherto loyal Ormond lordship in Counties Kilkenny and Tipperary, it soon became clear
that his seizure of Mainwaring had signalled the outbreak of a general revolt by several branches of the Butler family.
The Church of Ireland: a critical bibliography, 1536–1992 Part I: 1536–1603
Authors: Murray James
Published: August 2016

One of the things which has united historians across the generations when writing about the Reformation in its Tudor Irish context is the conviction that the state was ultimately unsuccessful in securing the allegiance of the indigenous population to its religious dictates. Where this agreement has broken down, and continues to break down, is in the significance attached to the Tudor state’s failure, and in determining precisely when it became apparent.

Until the end of the 1960s most examinations of sixteenth-century Ireland identified the Tudor failure as being synonymous with the practical and absolute failure of the Protestant Reformation. These studies were generally characterised by a partipris approach and by their employment of an interlinked and deterministic vision to explain this failure. Echoing the observations of contemporaries like Archbishop Loftus of Dublin, who spoke of the Irish people’s ‘disposition to popery’, writers of all religious persuasions saw the Reformation’s failure as an inevitable consequence of the inherently conservative character of the island’s inhabitants.
Northern Ireland and British fascism in the inter-war years
Authors: Loughlin James
Published: August 2016

During the civil rights campaign of the late 1960s the perception of the Stormont government as fascist was widespread among nationalists—a perception expressed in Nazi salutes and the chant ‘S.S.—R.U.C.’ when confronting the police. The historical reference this perception embodied, however, was less than comprehensive. In particular, it obscured the attraction that fascism and movements inspired by fascism had for many people in Britain and Ireland in the inter-war years; and while fascism did not give rise to a movement of major importance in Northern Ireland, it nevertheless had a more significant presence there than has sometimes been thought. For instance, Robert Fisk's view that the only fascists in the north were Italian émigrés, grouped in Belfast and Derry, is inaccurate. In fact at various times in this period there existed branches of the British Fascists (B.F.), representatives of Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists (B.U.F.), together with a brief but significant initiative on Northern Ireland by the leader of the Blueshirt movement in the Irish Free State, General Eoin O'Duffy. Unlike the local representatives of Italian fascism, who confined their activities chiefly to greeting visiting Italian dignitaries and maintaining links with the homeland, these groups were very much concerned with domestic politics. Fascism in Northern Ireland, however, has other claims to attention than those occasioned by their activities alone, for it also serves to illuminate the neglected area of B.U.F. attitudes to Ireland in general.