bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
British Association for Sexual Health and HIV: framework for guideline development and assessment
Authors: Kingston M , Radcliffe K , Daniels D , FitzGerald M , Lazaro N , McCarthy G , Sullivan A
Published: September 2010

This article has been prepared by the Clinical Effectiveness Group (CEG) of the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) to specify the methodology BASHH requires for guideline development and the process of guideline evaluation by the CEG. This replaces the specifications for the development of UK guidelines on the management of sexually transmitted infections and closely related conditions previously published in this journal in 2004 and updated in 2005.
Asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum in Nigerian pregnant women attending antenatal booking clinic
Authors: Balogun S T , Fehintola F A , Adeyanju O A , Adedeji A A
Published: September 2010

Susceptibility to infection by Plasmodium falciparum is increased in pregnant women. In sub-Saharan Africa, the consequences of maternal malaria include preterm birth, fetal growth restriction and increased infant mortality. Malaria transmission requires the circulation of viable gametocytes that can be ingested by the female mosquito taking a blood meal. This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of asexual and sexual stages of P. falciparum in pregnant women attending antenatal booking clinics in south-western Nigeria, an area hyper-endemic for malaria. Gametocyte carriage was about 13%, similar to that documented for children symptomatic for malaria in our area of study.
Illicit drug use in late pregnancy associated with stillbirth and eclampsia
Authors: Scott Katherine , Fagermo Narelle , Callaway Leonie , Lust Karin
Published: September 2010

We present the case of a 20-year-old student with an undiagnosed pregnancy who had taken ecstasy and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Twenty-four hours later she delivered a stillborn term infant, and subsequently developed eclampsia with seizures, hypertension and proteinuria. Illicit drug use is relatively common in women of child-bearing age in Australia, and is a risk factor for adverse obstetric outcomes. Ecstasy (MDMA [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine]) is a sympathomimetic amine, similar to amphetamine in its cardiovascular effects. LSD is a hallucinogen with complex pharmacology and has potential for significant compromise of placental blood flow. We propose that the combined vasoconstrictive effects of MDMA and LSD caused placental ischaemia, contributing to the fetal death and precipitating a cascade of endothelial dysfunction which resulted in an eclamptic syndrome.
A review of the obstetric management of patients with epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Bolt L A , O'Sullivan G , Rajasingham D , Shennan A
Published: September 2010

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare inherited skin condition characterized by the development of blisters after minor mechanical friction or trauma. There are few reported pregnancies in the literature in these women. We describe a pregnancy we recently managed. The collated series of pregnancies show that there are no additional antenatal or postnatal problems and that the skin itself does not worsen during pregnancy. Vaginal delivery is most favourable, but if a caesarean section is required, regional anaesthesia should be attempted. A multidisciplinary team should be active throughout the pregnancy of these women and a well-documented labour plan should be made in advance.
Telling the Life Story, Anxiously: The Memoirs of Teresa and Anna Campbell
Authors: Coullie Judith Lütge
Published: September 2010

Jürgen Schlaeger describes autobiography ("a discourse of anxiety") and biography ("a discourse of usurpation") as "distinctly different kinds of rhetorical constructions with different legitimizing strategies, grounds of authority, and points of view." Focusing on the memoirs of Teresa and Anna, daughters of the poet and writer, Roy Campbell (1901-1957) and his wife Mary (1898-1979), this essay examines the challenges arising when autobiography arbitrates biography.
Life Writing in Europe: Founding Conference, IABA Europe 29-31 October 2009
Authors: Huisman Marijke
Published: September 2010

Report of the Founding Conference of the International Auto/Biography Association–Europe, held at VU University Amsterdam, 29–31 October 2009.
Inciting Teaching and Learning: Loss and Mourning in Alice Kaplan's French Lessons
Authors: Kelly Ursula A.
Published: September 2010

Through a reading of Alice Kaplan's memoir, French Lessons , this essay explores the dynamics of loss and attachment within learning, teaching, and intellectual history. Drawing on psychoanalytic notions of mourning, melancholia, and reparation, I propose a reading of the memoir as elegiac, as reparative, and as educative—as a work that examines the relationship of self and other, through the emergence of a personal and professional ethics, within the vicissitudes of learning and teaching. In so doing, I argue that reading French Lessons as an account of the relationship of teaching, learning, and loss demonstrates how memoir and autobiography matter, educationally, and how their study can contribute signifi cantly to intellectual history.
Soviet-Indian Coproductions: Alibaba as Political Allegory
Authors: Salazkina Masha
Published: September 2010

This essay considers the history of Soviet Indian coproductions focusing on Ali Baba and 40 Thieve s (1980) as a political allegory over the fate of the multination state. It addresses the formal utopian character of the film and the excessive threat of sexual violence in the song-and-dance numbers.
The Digital Multitude
Authors: Whissel Kristen
Published: September 2010

This article analyzes computer-generated swarms, armies, armadas, and hordes in contemporary cinema to show how they spatialize time, dramatize historical change, and interrogate the idea that there is great power in numbers—even as they explore (in a spectacular fashion) the relationship between the individual and the collective.
City of Women: Busby Berkeley, Architecture, and Urban Space
Authors: Fischer Lucy
Published: September 2010

This essay considers issues of the cinema, architecture, women, and the city by focusing on several production numbers directed by Busby Berkeley that are set within an urban environment: “Lullaby of Broadway” (1935), “42nd Street” (1933), and “I Only Have Eyes for You” (1934). Beyond reading the city’s space and architecture as a gendered topos, the essay gestures toward connections between Berkeley’s Hollywood productions and the history of French, Soviet, and German avant-garde cinemas.
No Longer Themselves?: Framing Digitally Enabled Posthumous “Performance”
Authors: Bode Lisa
Published: September 2010

Screen performances are always technologically mediated, recorded in fragments, and recomposed, usually to create a coherent character. But performances can also be created after an actor’s death by digitally grafting an image of his or her face onto a body double or otherwise recontextualizing elements of the actor’s work. To what extent do digitally enabled posthumous “performances” represent a transformation, violation, or continuation of our conceptions of screen acting and performer presence?
Why Did Ovid Associate His Exile with a Living Death?
Authors: Grebe Sabine
Published: September 2010

When Ovid was banished to Tomis by the Black Sea he considered his exile a living death. He understood his exile as an expulsion from the known world (Rome) to an unknown world (Tomis) on the other side of the boundary of what was familiar and knowable for him. Like death, Tomis, in all its exteriority beyond the boundary of known world, was unknown and unknowable for Ovid. I shall also identify two features of Roman culture which help to explain the association of exile with death: the archaic religious background of exile and the legal history of exile.
The Simile at Iliad 16.7–11 Once Again: Multiple Meanings
Authors: Porter David
Published: September 2010

In a 2008 article Kathy L. Gaca argued that the simile at Iliad 16.7–11 represents a wartime scene of "a daughter-mother pair of refugees on the verge of being caught and dominated by warrior thugs." While praising Gaca's demonstration of the simile's wartime connotations, I resist her rejection of its peacetime associations, arguing that—as so often with Homeric similes—the language of the passage accommodates both readings. Placed at a critical turning point in the Iliad, and reaching toward both peace and war, past and future, the simile's power resides in the acutely contrasting associations that its open-ended language evokes. Only when we honor its full associative range can we appreciate its full impact.
A Catalogue of Shoes: Puns in Herodas Mime 7
Authors: Sumler Alan
Published: September 2010

In Herodas Mime 6 Metro first learns from Coritto that she purchased her scarlet dildos from Kerdon the cobbler. In Mime 7 Metro comes to Kerdon's cobbler's shop and he shows her some special shoes, which the poet displays in a catalogue. Most scholars agree that the shoes in Mime 7 refer to the dildos in Mime 6, yet more work remains to unlock their hidden meaning. I argue that the catalogue of shoes in Mime 7 stands as a catalogue of double entendres and that it is set amongst a series of sexual puns.
Human Tissue Ownership and Use in Research: What Laboratorians and Researchers Should Know
Authors: Allen Monica J , Powers Michelle LE , Gronowski K Scott , Gronowski Ann M
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND

The use of human blood and tissue is critical to biomedical research. A number of treaties, laws, and regulations help to guide the ethical collection of these specimens. However, there are no clearly defined regulations regarding the ownership of human tissue specimens and who can control their fate.

CONTENT

This review discusses the existing regulations governing human studies and the necessary components of patient consent. Legal cases that have addressed the issue of ownership of human tissue are reviewed, including recent settlements that have led to the destruction of millions of specimens of patient tissue. The unique regulations that guide the use of tissues collected postmortem are also examined. Potential changes in the future of biomedical research that uses human tissue, including genetic material, are also discussed.

The use of human tissue is directed by numerous laws and regulations. Awareness of these rules and of how and when to obtain meaningful informed consent from patients is essential for laboratorians and researchers, who should also be familiar with situations that have led to lawsuits and in some cases the destruction of valuable human tissue specimens.
The adaptive capacity of rural crafts in the face of global challenges
Authors: Contreras Juan Carlos Pacheco
Published: September 2010

This article is concerned with the adaptive capacity of craft based on research conducted as part of the Ph.D. The perseverance of Craft in a Local Rural Context. The objective of this PhD research is to explore the ways in which rural craft systems constantly transform their reality.

This
research sets out from the idea that craft is a transformative activity that produces goods through traditional technical knowledge and the use of simple tools, and where a collective meaning is expressed in the product. The proposition is that craft stands out as a socio-ecological system,
which relates a productive activity (and the necessary natural resources) with the material and immaterial legacy of a rural community. From this perspective, craft can be understood as a social system with mechanisms of a particular perseverance that can face the challenges of global dynamics.

In
the article, we review different concepts concerning the adaptive capacity of social systems. Based on the model suggested by Anderies et al. (2004), we analyse the configuration of the socio-ecological artisan system in a rural context and its social structure. Finally, we reflect on the
elements that constitute the adaptive capacity of craft in order to elicit the economic and cultural mechanisms of perseverance of craft in rural contexts. Thus the article provides a model of the adaptive capabilities of craft, and this allows craftspeople to change and respond to the disturbances
that affect the social, economic and ecological structure based on their technological memory.
Exploring net political craft: From collective to connective
Authors: von Busch Otto
Published: September 2010

Craft and design has had a dialectical history since early modernism, where craft often sided with the romanticism of the arts and craft movement, while design became primarily market-led and allied with mass production, industrialism and consumerism. This conflict, which deepened through
the twentieth century, is now exhibiting signs of reconciliation.

What happens at the borders between design and craft today, when a new generation of makers trespass and extend across this raft, to combine post-industrial design, open source shared engagement and net political craft?

An
exhibition and series of workshops at the Jnkping County Museum, Sweden, set out to examine the new household tactics of the global popular crafts and the transversal movements of critical engagement, re-examining household production, craftivism and critical design.

This article specifically
examines the Counterfeit Crochet project of artist Stephanie Syjuco whose works were exhibited at the show, to see how she uses networked craft as a critical tool for investigating contemporary modes of political power, globalized production, consumerism and DIY activism.
Bamboo canopy: Creating new reference-points for the craft of the Kotwalia community in India through sustainability
Authors: Reubens Rebecca
Published: September 2010

This article presents a framework to provide the Kotwalia, a traditional bamboo working community in India, with new directions on which to base craft evolution. The article proposes that collaborative innovation between designer and craftsperson is a means of expanding the craft vocabulary
and tapping contemporary markets. It is also argued that a link between the apparently conflicting tenets of sustainability can be achieved through responsible and strategic design innovation which integrates the social, economic, ecological and cultural aspects.
Crossing boundaries: A partnership of craft, industry and science through practice-led research into the patination of pewter
Authors: Woods Trish
Published: September 2010

The colouration of metal has a long and well-documented history. However, the colouration of pewter has not been widely exploited by industry or artists. What knowledge exists demonstrates potential, and therefore possibilities, for future expansion of the field. The research into defining,
refining and applying new and evolved processes and techniques aims to provide new opportunities for craft and industry, expanding the market potential of the material through the development of new products. As part of a Ph.D. research project, the author collaborated with the science community
and industry to develop a range of new processes and procedures for the colouration of pewter, with the intention to apply the outcomes of the research to new designs for jewellery and giftware. The collaboration necessitated establishment of a constructive dialogue across disparate practices
and the integration of diverse research processes and procedures. This article discusses the alliance of craft, science and industry as experienced through a partnership with The International Tin Research Institute (ITRI Ltd), the pewter manufacturing industry and the maker/ researcher. Drawing
on the researcher's experience, the article highlights the value of collaborative approaches to craft and contemporary practice, the positive discourse that can exist between industry, external agencies and the craft practitioner, and the impact that relationship can have on design decisions.
Music and textiles interact
Authors: Morgan Nigel , Fox Alice , Legard Phil , Robinson Matthew
Published: September 2010

This article describes a body of collaborative work titled Fifteen Images (Le Jardin Pluvieux). This web-based artefact brings novel approaches to textile representation in work produced under the umbrella of a practice-based research project in music called Active Notation a
collective name for a set of approaches that seek to re-conceptualize the nature of music notation and the performer's relationship with it. Research undertaken during the creation of Fifteen Images investigated both aural and visual reception and issues of materiality and temporality
in digital representations: how textile objects might become effective visual partners in the temporal domain of score-led music performance. Developed to exist primarily as a software artefact on the web, it links to a physical installation and performance that has stylistic and theoretical
associations with the UK touring exhibition Taking Time (Carnac 2009). A description is given of the digital assets that support the project as a whole, the digital animation of textile images and the interaction with live musical performance. The article concludes with a review of
the completed work and implications for future projects.
Material inspiration: From practice-led research to craft art education
Authors: Nimkulrat Nithikul
Published: September 2010

Craft art discourse has centred on the use of physical materials. In Finland, craft art students are trained to understand various techniques and the materiality of their chosen medium. However, the materiality is often taught in terms of physical properties (e.g. tensile, elasticity,
etc.). Conceptual or expressive properties (e.g. feel, impression, etc.) are hardly discussed and it is left to students to experiment with these properties in their studio practice. The conceptual issues of craft art practice concerning the use of materials thus remain personal and implicit.
This article illuminates how the conception of materialness generated from within practice-led research in textile art can stimulate students' creativity in relation to physical materials and enable them to design the meaning and aesthetic of their work more intentionally. The consideration
of materialness can thus serve as a useful means for textile artists and other craft artists in creating meaningful artworks with any chosen materials.
Surface and substance: A call for the fusion of skill and ideas in contemporary enamel jewellery
Authors: Turrell Jessica
Published: September 2010

This article references the ongoing practice-led research project, Innovation in Vitreous Enamel Surfaces for Jewellery. The project is based on my experience of enamel as an innovative, expressive and contemporary material. Drawing on extensive contextual research and my knowledge
of the subject area I argue that, despite this apparent potential, there is little evidence of innovative practice within the field of enamelled jewellery in Britain. I outline the cultural, historical and educational factors that I believe contribute to this deficiency. I examine the two
distinct and opposing approaches to enamel that are prevalent within contemporary jewellery. The first of these is a traditional fine practice that is predicated on skill and the inherent beauty of the materials; the second includes conceptually motivated work, where a rejection of both the
skill base and the moribund traditional associations attributed to fine enamel practice have led to enamel work that demonstrates an impoverished skill base. I argue that the prejudice that inhibits innovation can be countered by wide dissemination of best practice and give examples of an
alternative approach which values skill and knowledge, in combination with a conceptual approach, to produce work which is genuinely innovative.
Public journalism in Africa: trends, opportunities and rationale
Authors: Ocwich Denis
Published: September 2010

This article is an assessment of the trends, opportunities and rationale of public journalism practices in Africa. It is based on an extensive review of pioneering and current literature on public journalism practices on the continent and in other parts of the world. The cases from
outside Africa the United States, Latin America, Europe and Asia/Pacific are presented with the objective of juxtaposing some good practices that could be emulated by African journalists as ways of reaching out to, and engaging with, the masses of poor Africans in the rural areas. Three key
questions motivate this article: What is the trend of public journalism in Africa? What opportunities and rationale exist for public journalism on the continent? And how can the mass media promote democratic development in Africa? The article argues that although public journalism is often
linked to the United States, community radio stations in Africa undertook public journalism long before the current public journalism ideology emerged in the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It concludes that there are great opportunities and needs for public journalism in
Africa if the mass media are to help the poor Africans attain and sustain self-development, including meeting the Millennium Development Goals.
Book Reviews
Authors: Evans Graham , Obonyo Levi
Published: September 2010

Defiant Images Photography and Apartheid South Africa, Darren Newbury (2009), Pretoria University of South Africa (UNISA), 345 pp., ISBN: 978-1-86888-523-7, (paperback) 21.50 1 May 2010

Media Legislation in Africa: A Comparative Legal Survey, Guy Berger (2007), Grahamstown
UNESCO and School of Journalism and Media Studies, Rhodes University, 180 pp., ISBN 978-0-86810-442-3, free publication
DVD Review
Authors: Ndlela Martin Nkosi
Published: September 2010

Africa Umoja. The Spirit of Togetherness DVD. Live at the Nelson Mandela Theatre, A Sting Music Production
Book Reviews
Authors: Laramee Michael , Macdonald Ian W , Myers Scott , Selbo Jule , Welch Rosanne
Published: September 2010

AFRICA SHOOTS BACK: ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES IN SUB-SAHARAN FRANCOPHONE AFRICAN FILM, MELISSA THACKWAY, (2003) Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 230 pp., ISBN 0-253-21642-7, Paperback, 27.95

THE SCREENPLAY: AUTHORSHIP, THEORY AND CRITICISM, STEVEN PRICE,
XVI, (2010) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 209 pp., ISBN: 978-0-2302-2362-2, Paperback, 16.99, ISBN: 978-0-2302-2361-5, Hardback, 60.00

HOLLYWOOD SCIENCE: MOVIES, SCIENCE, AND THE END OF THE WORLD, SIDNEY PERKOWITZ, (2007) New York: Columbia University Press, 255 pp.,
ISBN: 978-0231142816, Paperback, 18.95/12.95

NEW TURKISH CINEMA: BELONGING, IDENTITY AND MEMORY, ASUMAN SUNER, (2010) London: I.B. Tauris, 208 pp., ISBN: 978-1-8451-1950-8, Paperback, 29.50

THE PEDAGOGY OF ADAPTATION, DENNIS CUTCHINS, LAURENCE RAW AND JAMES M.
WELSH (EDS), (2010) Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 172 pp., ISBN: 978-0-8108-7296-7, Paperback, 24.95

REDEFINING ADAPTATION STUDIES, DENNIS CUTCHINS, LAURENCE RAW AND JAMES M. WELSH (EDS), (2010) Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 196 pp., ISBN: 978-0-8108-7299-8, Paperback,
24.95
If it ain't on the page, it ain't on the stage: screenwriting, national specificity and the English-Canadian feature film
Authors: Kaye Janice , Davis Charles H
Published: September 2010

Like other film-producing nations, Canada's movie landscape was long ago colonized by US interests. While other nations also welcome American movies, the Canadian case is extreme: Canada has the lowest market share in the world of its own movies on its own screens. Living next to the
world's most powerful country, Canada occupies geographically, economically, linguistically and culturally a position unique in the world. The historical and ongoing predicament of the lack of success of English-Canadian feature films has been variously attributed to similarities to the United
States in language and culture, lower production budgets, and weaknesses in distribution, exhibition, marketing and quality. The role of screenwriting, however, is little understood and rarely broached. In this article, we argue the importance of screenwriting in understanding national cinemas;
show that it has institutional, sociological and nation-specific dimensions; and present Canada as an ideal case to begin examining such factors. The first dimension the institutional is defined by auteurism as well as the collaborative nature of production. The second the sociological is
greatly affected by exclusionary networks and various levels of discrimination based on such factors as gender, ethnicity/race, age, sexuality and economic class. The nation-specific area pertains to diverse historical, cultural and institutional practices particular or exclusive to the country
or region. English-Canada, for instance, experiences a unique and complex cultural policy environment. Moreover, its fractured and regional history is one that has resulted in the production of obsessively performed narratives of national identity, particularly imbricated with Qubec, the United
States, Britain and France. Our analysis draws together strands of intersecting disciplines, combining film theory and history with production studies, close textual analyses, political economy and nation theory, calling for a more complete picture of the role of screenwriting in national
cinemas.
Competitive writing: BBC Public Service television light entertainment and comedy in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Sutherland Heather
Published: September 2010

Comedy has always been the least plausibly public service genre. It is entertaining and consequently seen as trivial, closest to commercial and often close to vulgar. Yet comedy remains the key to attracting audiences and is the aspect of programming most greedily eyed by the BBC's
competitors. This article examines how, facing severe competition during the 1970s and 1980s, in the shape of ITV and the arrival of Channel 4 in 1982, the BBC responded to the challenges of this competitive landscape, highlighting the Corporation's approach to comedy writers and writing as
a key competitive tactic. Whilst ITV and Channel 4 had their successes, the BBC, through its emphasis on organic as opposed to formula comedy forms, was able to articulate clearly the differences between its light entertainment and comedy scripts and those of the competitors. For instance,
the absence of a commercial break allowed the development of more intricate plots and sub-plots, alongside in-depth characters; the structure of joke-telling adopted a more dramatic form, bringing to light wider themes, and resulting in comedic work that could inform, educate and entertain
all at once. Furthermore, the nurturing approach experienced by writers working for the Corporation allowed the encouragement of new writers (to address new niche audiences) and the taking of risks in writing (particularly those under the heading alternative comedy), ultimately enabling writers
to produce scripts that allowed the BBC to not only match its competitors, but to exceed them, principally with regard to the idea of what is termed here popular quality programming. As such, the history of the BBC's approach to comedy writers and the styles and forms of BBC comedy writing
can be a means of access to the core debates about what the BBC should do and produce as a public service; here is one strategy that was key to the Corporation's defence of its public broadcaster status and its funding by licence fee. Its comedy department, scriptwriters and scripts act as
an illustration of the shifts and tensions being experienced behind the scenes in the Corporation overall at this particular point in time.
Creative decision making within the contemporary Hollywood studios
Authors: Ross Alexander G
Published: September 2010

This article seeks to contribute to the current debate about the decision-making process within the Hollywood studios and the marketing-driven quest to micromanage the creative process in order to manufacture more consistently profitable films. The author outlines the process to which
scripts are subjected in order to determine their suitability for production and how this impacts the quality of the scripts. There are compelling questions about whether the current business model hinders relevant, definitive cultural narratives and how this affects both the quality and profitability
of contemporary films. In addition to considering the existing literature dealing with the topic, this article also draws on the author's fifteen years' experience in Hollywood as a screenwriter, agent and producer.
Glycated hemoglobin vs. the oral glucose tolerance test for the exclusion of impaired glucose tolerance in high-risk individuals
Authors: Santos-Rey Koldo , Fernández-Riejos Patricia , Mateo Joaquín , Sánchez-Margalet Victor , Goberna Raimundo
Published: September 2010

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the use of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance in high-risk individuals.

Methods: A total of 713 patients with at least two risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the study. Fasting glucose and HbA1c were measured in all individuals. Patients whose fasting glucose concentrations were below 7.0 mmol/L underwent an OGTT.

Results: From the 713 patients, 234 were euglycemic, 200 had impaired fasting glucose, 118 presented with impaired glucose tolerance and 161 met the diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes. OGTT was performed in a total of 596 patients (83.6%). Statistically significant differences were observed for HbA1c concentrations in all groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the capability of HbA1c to discriminate between normal glucose tolerance and impaired glucose tolerance. An HbA1c value of 36 mmol/mol (5.4%) gave an optimal sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 73%, and a negative predictive value of 97% for identifying patients with impaired glucose tolerance.

Conclusions: HbA1c can be used to rule outpatients at high-risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1719–22.
A Better Way to Teach Basic Microscopy, Using the Organisms Found in “Fish Poop”
Authors: Jensen Brian H.
Published: September 2010

Basic microscopy is frequently taught using prepared specimens and monocultures of ciliates. I suggest that using “fish poop” to teach microscopy not only accomplishes the same goals as traditional methods but is also advantageous because (1) students become excited about finding novel organisms, (2) it offers many links to other material covered in the course (e.g., ecosystems, niches, and phylogenetics), (3) it is adaptable to student skill level, and (4) it is free. Once the basic procedure is established, a biology teacher can easily modify the microscopy lab to meet their specific needs.
Investigation of Essential Oils as Antibiotics
Authors: Morris Amy
Published: September 2010

Many biology students are drawn to medically oriented topics. This lab activity engages students with medical interests in botany. I find that students are interested in how plants can have medical applications, for example in pharmaceuticals. Several volatile oils of plants, such as thyme, oregano, tea tree, and black pepper oils, have been found to have antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral properties. To further their interest in the plant kingdom, teachers can have students test a variety of essential oils for effectiveness as antibiotics. This activity requires only minimal microbiology technique and is appropriate for high school through introductory college biology and botany courses.
Rationality requires self-control
Authors: Lippai L.
Published: September 2010

The observation on the phenomenon of consumer self-control is a frontier of economics and psychology which is gaining more and more significance. The objective of the study is to empirically observe the phenomenon above.In this study self-control is defined as the resultant of the intra-psychic and situational variables that influence the power necessary to rationally implement inter-temporal decisions. Based on this concept the present empirical study is to map the respondents’ preference order related to their everyday activities, then examine what happens if the participants are confronted with a decision situation in which following such a preference order is not unconditionally rational from an economic point of view.The results show that only 31.6 percent of the 279 respondents giving estimable answers decided in harmony with the preference order expressed at an earlier phase of the study when they faced the tempting decision situation mentioned above.
Full of God
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: September 2010

The paper examines how ideas about disability, sexuality, gender, desire and aversion, have circulated in Hindu texts through the figure of the disabled sage Ashtavakra. In the Mahabharata, Ashtavakra learns from a woman teacher that no one is immune to desire. The Ashtavakra Gita explicitly states that a wise person sees no difference between man and woman. Two medieval devotional texts, which tell the story of a child born to two women who have sexual intercourse, invoke Ashtavakra as an authority. The texts move away from the abstract question of sex between any two women, and towards the specific instance of these two women’s relationship. Narrative, unlike medical and legal texts, is impelled towards particulars, not abstract theories. Ashtavakra represents an ascetic tradition that tends to be opposed to pleasure. But because he is disabled, he is represented as aware of the vulnerability of living beings and their susceptibility to desire; he is therefore ideally suited to make the right ethical choice in this particular instanced. Hindu ethics tend to value the particular over the general, which is why Hindu law favors local custom over universal principle.
‘O Our India!’
Authors: Robinson Catherine
Published: September 2010

Sir Edwin Arnold (1832–1904), a now neglected figure, was once honoured and revered. Focusing on Arnold’s varied writings on Indian themes, this article presents a case for reassessing his role and importance, concentrating on his contribution towards disseminating knowledge of Indian religions to Western readers and particularly his influence upon Buddhism both in terms of Western attitudes and Eastern responses. It applies Said’s theory of ‘Orientalism’ to analyse Arnold’s life and work, thereby illustrating some of the strengths and weaknesses of Said’s approach as well as some of the complexities of Arnold’s character. Arnold is shown to have pursued a popularizing project yet appealed to scholarly findings, discussed the distinctions between ‘East’ and ‘West’ but also their continuities and expressed an overt imperial ideology though critiquing it in certain respects. Addressing one allegation levelled against Said, that he does not acknowledge the depth and breadth of the ‘East’s’ impact upon the ‘West’, this article explores a range of issues centred on The Light of Asia and Buddhism. Thus it demonstrates how Arnold changed Western attitudes towards Buddhism and, through raising consciousness of the state of Bodhgaya, stimulated a campaign that was to have far-reaching consequences for ‘modern Buddhism’.
Writing in Hindi in Mauritius
Authors: Rohatgi Rashi
Published: September 2010

Abhimanyu Unnuth is a contemporary poet, playwright, novelist, and public intellectual in Mauritius. His poetry, written in Hindi, attempts to recover the religious identity of the Bihari indentured servant community of the nineteenth century in the service of a re-membrance, in the Thiong’oian sense, of a post-independence Mauritian Hindu identity. In his best work, Kaiktus ke Dant, he inhabits the character of an ancestor working the sugar cane fields and understanding that work through his tenuous connection to his left-behind Hindu society through the Ramcaritmanas of Tulsidas. This protagonist is contrasted with the shadow subject: himself, as a post-colonial, post-independence, postlabour Hindu on the island. The myths of his ancestors connect him to narratives, but not to the sense of the place that contextualizes the epic’s stories. Only by understanding, and being able to embody, the pain that his ancestors endured on the field by invoking mythic figures, can he come to be a Mauritian Hindu. This paper assesses his linguistic choices and the effect they have on the tone of his work.
Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India, by Ron Barrett
Authors: Ferrari Fabrizio Maria
Published: September 2010

Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India, by Ron Barrett. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2008. xxii + 216 pp., £39.95 (hb), £15.95 (pb). ISBN 978-0-520-25218-9 (hb), ISBN 978-0-520-25219-6 (pb).
Religion, Medicine and the Human Embryo in Tibet, by Frances Garrett
Authors: Hofer Theresia
Published: September 2010

Religion, Medicine and the Human Embryo in Tibet, by Frances Garrett. Critical Studies in Buddhism; London and New York: Routledge, 2008. pp. 208, $150.00 (hb). ISBN 978-0-415-44115-5.
Plant Community Response to Integrated Management of Meadow Hawkweed (Hieracium caespitosum) in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Wallace John M. , Prather Timothy S. , Wilson Linda M.
Published: September 2010

Meadow hawkweed is an invasive, perennial forb of upland forest openings, mountain meadows, permanent pastures, and abandoned farmlands in the Pacific Northwest. The objective of this study was to measure the plant community response, following meadow hawkweed control using selective herbicides and a single application of N–P–K fertilizer, across three levels of meadow hawkweed infestation in cleared forestlands that had been converted to pasture in northern Idaho. Clopyralid was applied to meadow hawkweed rosettes at a rate of 0.59l kg ae ha−1 (0.528 lb ac−1), and fertilizer (23–5–5, 1% Fe, 14% S) was broadcast following herbicide applications at two rates, 44 and 88 kg N ha−1. Foliar cover of meadow hawkweed, Idaho fescue, and other perennial grasses was measured in microplots at three levels of initial meadow hawkweed cover; < 25%, 40 to 60%, and > 75%. Clopyralid treatments resulted in excellent meadow hawkweed control 3 mo after treatment (MAT). Clopyralid alone appeared to shift the competitive balance in favor of perennial grasses, which increased 7, 44, and 65% above pretreatment levels in LOW, MED, and HIGH hawkweed cover plots, respectively, across fertilizer treatments. Meadow hawkweed cover remained < 5% in clopyralid plots at 52 MAT. Fertilizer effects were confined to interactions between Idaho fescue and other perennial grasses.
Principles for Ecologically Based Invasive Plant Management
Authors: James Jeremy J. , Smith Brenda S. , Vasquez Edward A. , Sheley Roger L.
Published: September 2010

Land managers have long identified a critical need for a practical and effective framework for designing restoration strategies, especially where invasive plants dominate. A holistic, ecologically based, invasive plant management (EBIPM) framework that integrates ecosystem health assessment, knowledge of ecological processes, and adaptive management into a successional management model has recently been proposed. However, well-defined principles that link ecological processes that need to be repaired to tools and strategies available to managers have been slow to emerge, thus greatly limiting the ability of managers to easily apply EBIPM across a range of restoration scenarios. The broad objective of this article is to synthesize current knowledge of the mechanisms and processes that drive plant community succession into ecological principles for EBIPM. Using the core concepts of successional management that identify site availability, species availability, and species performance as three general drivers of plant community change, we detail key principles that link management tools used in EBIPM to the ecological processes predicted to influence the three general causes of succession. Although we acknowledge that identification of principles in ecology has greatly lagged behind other fields and recognize that identification of ecological principles and the conditions in which they hold are still being developed, we demonstrate how current knowledge and future advances can be used to structure a holistic EBIPM framework that can be applied across a range of restoration scenarios.
Characterizing Pathways of Invasive Plant Spread to Alaska: II. Propagules from Imported Hay and Straw
Authors: Conn Jeffery S. , Stockdale Casie A. , Werdin-Pfisterer Nancy R. , Morgan Jenny C.
Published: September 2010

The extent and nature of spread of exotic plant species to and within Alaska by shipment of hay and straw was studied. The amounts of hay and straw imported into Alaska and the amounts and types of seed in imported and locally produced hay and straw was determined We purchased alfalfa hay, wheat straw, ryegrass straw, and timothy hay produced in Washington and Oregon (WA–OR) and locally produced straw and hay. The hay and straw were shaken over screens, and the remaining fines were mixed with sterile potting soil and incubated in the greenhouse. Forty-nine plant species were identified from hay and straw, nine of which are ranked as invasive in Alaska, including downy brome, foxtail barley, hare barley, narrowleaf hawksbeard, and quackgrass—a prohibited weed in Alaska. The number of seeds ranged from 0 to 6,205 seeds kg−1, with an average of 585 seeds kg−1, and the number of species ranged from 0 to 12, with an average of 4.2 species per bale. Crop seed comprised a large proportion of the germinated seeds in ryegrass straw, wheat straw, and timothy/brome hay (98, 78, and 62%, respectively), but was less prevalent (ranging from 0 to 38%) in the other three hay and straw crop types. Hay and straw from Alaska contained more total seeds and species than hay and straw from WA-OR, but the difference was not significant when only weed seed was used in the analysis. Alaska-grown timothy/brome hay contained significantly more total seed than alfalfa hay and wheat straw from WA–OR and Alaska-grown barley straw. The grower or distributor of the hay and straw also influenced the number of seeds and species among some crop types. Results of this study document that large numbers of alien plant species are transported by movements of hay and straw into and within Alaska.
Resistance of Native Plant Functional Groups to Invasion by Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae)
Authors: Sheley Roger L. , James Jeremy
Published: September 2010

Understanding the relative importance of various functional groups in minimizing invasion by medusahead is central to increasing the resistance of native plant communities. The objective of this study was to determine the relative importance of key functional groups within an intact Wyoming big sagebrush–bluebunch wheatgrass community type on minimizing medusahead invasion. Treatments consisted of removal of seven functional groups at each of two sites, one with shrubs and one without shrubs. Removal treatments included (1) everything, (2) shrubs, (3) perennial grasses, (4) taprooted forbs, (5) rhizomatous forbs, (6) annual forbs, and (7) mosses. A control where nothing was removed was also established. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications (blocks) at each site. Functional groups were removed beginning in the spring of 2004 and maintained monthly throughout each growing season through 2009. Medusahead was seeded at a rate of 2,000 seeds m−2 (186 seeds ft−2) in fall 2005. Removing perennial grasses nearly doubled medusahead density and biomass compared with any other removal treatment. The second highest density and biomass of medusahead occurred from removing rhizomatous forbs (phlox). We found perennial grasses played a relatively more significant role than other species in minimizing invasion by medusahead. We suggest that the most effective basis for establishing medusahead-resistant plant communities is to establish 2 or 3 highly productive grasses that are complementary in niche and that overlap that of the invading species.
Reestablishment Potential of Beach Vitex (Vitex rotundifolia) after Removal and Control Efforts
Authors: Cousins Matthew M. , Briggs Jeanne , Whitwell Ted , Gresham Chuck , Whetstone Jack
Published: September 2010

Beach vitex is an invasive plant of coastal areas of the southeastern United States from Maryland to Georgia. Many resources have been dedicated to the control of established beach vitex stands. Successful eradication will require knowledge of this plant's ability to reestablish from seed after control efforts. To understand seed-based regenerative potential, studies were conducted to characterize the fruits and seeds, document the existence and size of seed banks, determine stratification requirements for germination, and ascertain seed dormancy mechanisms. Studies of fruit lots from three consecutive years (2003 to 2005) found that the average fruit contained 1.39 seeds, and more than 76% of fruits contained at least one viable seed. A positive correlation existed between seed number and both fruit mass and fruit diameter. A substantial soil seed bank was discovered that contained viable seeds 4 yr after vegetation removal. Stratification was required for seed germination. All stratification treatments induced germination, with highest rates realized when stratification was performed at 10 C for 8 or 12 wk. Germination rates were modestly increased (from 0 to 17%) through mild scarification in the absence of stratification. Results indicate that beach vitex has physical (fruit coat) and physiological (seed) dormancy mechanisms that are capable of delaying germination for multiple seasons, allowing development of a soil seed bank. Beach vitex can reestablish from seed after vegetation removal.
Behaviour of an over-length pile in layered soils
Authors: Wang J.-J.
Published: September 2010

Piles over 50 m long in layered soils, known as over-length piles, have been widely used in large bridges and high buildings in China, but there has been little investigation into their behaviour. This paper focuses on the behaviour of such piles under vertical loading, investigated using a three-dimensional finite-element method. To obtain reasonable results, it is essential to choose an appropriate element type and stress–strain relationship. It has been suggested that the constitutive models for pile concrete, layered soils and pile–soil interface may be respectively a linear elastic model, a hyperbolic model and a rigid-plastic model. As an example, an over-length pile 75 m long and 2·5 m in diameter in layered soils about 300 m deep, used as a field testing pile during construction of the Sutong Bridge in China, was modelled and analysed. The results indicate that the over-length pile is a friction pile. Stability failure may be induced by failure of the soil along its side, and the failure sequence of the soil is from top to bottom with increasing pile load. The effects of pile length and the depth and thickness of the soft soil layer on the pile's behaviour were also investigated.
The Defense-Growth Relationship: An Economic Investigation into Post-Soviet States
Authors: McDonald Bruce D , Eger Robert J
Published: September 2010

An important question stemming from the collapse of the Soviet Union is how defense spending has influenced the economic performance of the 15 member states since their establishment as market economies. This study furthers the understanding of the relationship between defense spending and economic growth using data from the states of the former Soviet Union from 1992 to 2007. A nonlinear production function was used for direct effects, and models of investment and employment were employed for indirect effects. Contrary to expectations, the findings show that continued reliance on the defense sector in post-Soviet states has helped overall economic growth. Similarly, the growth effect of defense spending has remained nearly constant since the collapse of the Soviet Union.