bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potatoes and Maillard Reaction Products (MRPs): The need for a benefit‐risk approach
Authors: Liska DeAnn , Cook Chad , Szpylka John , Wang Ding Ding
Published: June 2021

During heating, hundreds Maillard reaction products (MRPs) can form in foods that contain reducing sugars and amino nitrogen groups, which provide browning and positive sensory aspects to a food. Recent in vitro and animal evidence suggests many MRPs may contribute to promoting health. However, literature has focused primarily on one MRP – acrylamide ‐ purported to have negative health outcomes. As a consequence, the potentially beneficial attributes of MRPs have been largely neglected. Moreover, traditional approaches to risk assessment of foods have not taken into account nutritional benefits. We performed an analysis of the literature on MRPs and human health to evaluate the breath of evidence. As potatoes have been a primary focus relative to acrylamide, we also evaluated whether potatoes could be utilized as a potential model for a benefit‐risk assessment. Results indicate the evidence from clinical trials is fragmented, with few clear areas specific to health outcomes developed – either positive or negative. In particular, the literature on risks associated with dietary acrylamide is controversial and inconclusive. The literature on potatoes supports an important positive role in the American diet ‐ specifically with respect to fiber and potassium nutriture, two of the four nutrients of concern in the U.S. population. Our findings indicate the need for a benefit‐risk approach to ascertain that decreased consumption of foods like potatoes ‐ based on a single compound ‐ does not lead to unintended consequences of further nutrition inadequacies and other potential negative health outcomes. Sponsored by the Frozen Potato Products Institute.
Willingness to Pay for Nutrition Counseling Services in Vietnam
Authors: Hoang M , Nguyen P , Hajeebhoy N , Menon P , Rawat R
Published: June 2021

Alive & Thrive Viet Nam, a six year initiative (2009‐2014), has developed and incorporated social franchising in government health services to provide high quality nutrition counseling services (NCS) to improve infant and young child feeding practices. One element of franchising not yet implemented widely is fee for service to address cost recovery for the model. In the long run, the sustainability and feasibility for replication and expansion of the model could rely on clients' willingness to pay (WTP) for the service. This research aims to estimate the client's WTP for the NCS and to examine the potential associated factors with their WTP, using data from 2,511 women with a child <2y old from 4 provinces in Vietnam. An iterative bidding technique was employed to explore individual WTP. The first bid was defined as 20,000 VND (~ 1 USD) which was about the level of the actual service cost. Depending on the responses of “yes” or “no”, the bid increased or decreased, respectively. Finally, the respondents were asked about the highest price they would be willing to pay. Overall, 92.6% of clients reported a need for NCS. The WTP rates at the bid of VND 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 40,000 and 100,000 were 95.2%, 94.4%, 90.7%, 68.9% and 33.4%, respectively. The mean and median of the maximum WTP were 58,500 and 50,000 VND, respectively. In multiple regression models, WTP rates and WTP amounts were lower among worse‐off wealth index quintiles and farmers. No differences on WTP were found for ethnicity or place of residence. In conclusion, there is a high demand for nutrition counseling services and there is a WTP by almost all segments of society for these services which would potentially cover cost of delivery.

Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, through Alive & Thrive, managed by FHI360
Pulse Pressure and Blood Triglyceride Levels among a Young Multi‐Ethnic Group Living in South Florida
Authors: Ajabshir Sahar , Exebio Joel , Zarini Gustavo , Nayer Ali , Vaccaro Joan , Huffman Fatma
Published: June 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between pulse pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) differences), and blood triglyceride levels in a young multi‐ethnic group living in South Florida.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 77 young adults, males (n=40) and females (n=37), ages 18‐36 years recruited from Florida International University campus. Serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D and triglyceride were measured by ELISA method. SBP and DBP were measured by an automated monitor. Alcohol consumption and tobacco use were calculated from a demographic questionnaire. A multi‐linear regression model was run, adjusting for age, body mass index, serum vitamin D level, alcohol consumption and tobacco use.

Results

Pulse pressure was positively associated with triglycerides (P=0.002), while 25(OH)D was negatively associated (P=0.047). This association remained significant after controlling for covariates (B=2.541, P=0.002 for pulse pressure, B=‐2.049, P=0.015 for 25(OH)D). The model explained 25.3% of the variation in triglycerides.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that higher pulse pressure and lower 25(OH)D may be associated with elevated triglycerides levels. Interventions are needed to confirm these results.
Dietary Diversity in Children 6 to 11 Age with Food Insecurity from Food Assistance Programs in San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Authors: Mundo Rosas Verónica , Gaona Pineda Elsa B. , Shamah Levy Teresa , Cuevas Nasu Lucia , Angulo Estrada Juan Salomón
Published: June 2021

Objective

To Evaluate the dietary diversity in school age children with food insecurity (FI) at their households.

Methods: Were analyzed 404 children's information who received food assistance programs in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Households were classified with FI by the Latin American and Caribbean household food Security measurement scale (ELCSA). Dietetic data were obtained through food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Children's dietary diversity was classified through a rate and terciles. Dietary diversity adjusted proportions were calculated according to FI in households using multinomial regression models. Results: FI was found in 81.2% of the children. 47.1% of those with severe FI have low dietary diversity. A greater proportion of children with severe FI consume legumes. In contrast a grater proportion of children with food security consume meat and sugar‐sweetened drinks.

Conclusion

Dietary diversity and food consumption with better nutrimental quality are determined by FI condition at household. It is necessary to create strategies that improve disponibility and access to nutritive and low price food.

Supported by FOMIX, SLP‐COPOCYT. Project: FMSLP‐213‐CO2‐208475
Baseline Household Agriculture and Child Nutrition Linkages in the Nutrition Links Project
Authors: Aryeetey Richmond , Colecraft Esi , Marquis Grace , Clark Shelley , Owusu Raymond , Aidam Bridget , Gyorkos Theresa , Lartey Anna
Published: June 2021

The Nutrition Links Project is testing effect of integrated agriculture and nutrition strategies on livelihoods, nutrition, and health status of infants in Ghana's Eastern Region. Logistic regression were used to determine relationships between infant nutrition (EBF, diet diversity, Hb <11 g/dl, anthropometry), and household agriculture resource ownership (land, livestock) and practices (farming, home gardening) in the last year, with baseline data. Only 57% of 1081 households owned agricultural land but 77% cultivated food, 40% had a home garden, and 79% owned livestock. Mean child age was 5.8+3.5 months. Wasting, underweight and stunting rates were 6%, 11%, and 12%, respectively. Exclusive breastfeeding in past 24 hr was 86% and 52% among infants <3 months and 3‐6 mo, respectively. Only 24% of infants > 6 months were fed diets with 4+ food groups in past 24 hr. Infants in households with home gardens were less likely to exclusively breastfeed (OR=0.65; p=0.04) but also less at risk of underweight (OR=0.53; p=0.01). Land ownership was associated with lower risk of wasting (OR=0.59; p=0.04). We conclude that although agricultural activities are associated with better infant nutritional indicators, interventions are needed to improve infant and young child feeding practices in the Eastern Region.
Trends in the Contribution of Perceived, Received, and Integrative Social Support to Food Security
Authors: Miller Meghan , Melgar‐Quiñonez Hugo , Dallmann Diana , Ballard Terri
Published: June 2021

Social support (SocSp) is the perception and/or actuality of having assistance available from others and belonging to a supportive network. This study examines the potential contribution of perceived support (belief that one can count on others), received support (receipt of material goods), and integrative support (belonging to a community) to one's food security status. The Gallup World Poll (GWP), a nationally representative survey of adult individuals in 150 countries, incudes the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Four questions related to SocSp were selected from the GWP questionnaire and analyzed to determine their relationship to respondents' food security. Respondents who answered “don't know” or “refused” to any of the eight items of the FIES were excluded from the analysis. Using data from 42 countries (approximate n=1000/country), 40.8% of the interviewees were categorized as food secure and 59.2% food insecure (which includes mildly, moderately and severely food insecure). Logistic regression models were developed and adjusted for income, country and area of residence, gender, education, age, and number of children in the household. The odds of being food insecure were significantly higher for those who did not perceive they had someone to count on locally (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.96, 2.27) or abroad (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.39) and for those dissatisfied with their ability to meet people (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.43, 1.69). This research provides evidence of the contribution of perceived and integrative SocSp to food security. Moreover, it confirms the importance of distinguishing between types of SocSp for in‐depth understanding of the experience of food insecurity.
Household Food Insecurity and Sleep Quality among Latinos with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bermúdez‐Millán Angela , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Segura‐Pérez Sofia , Damio Grace , Chhabra Jyoti , Wagner Julie
Published: June 2021

Background

Household food insecurity (HFI) is prevalent among Latinos and related to type 2 diabetes risk. Sleep restriction adversely effects glucose homeostasis. We investigated relationships between HFI and sleep among persons with diabetes. Methods: Cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data (N=116) from the stress management CALMS‐D trial were used. HFI was measured with the 5‐item US Household Food Security Scale which classifies respondents as living in food secure or mildly, moderately or severely food insecure households. Sleep was measured with the 3‐factor model of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A score of 5 or above indicates inadequate sleep and poor sleep quality. Results: Mean age was 60, 83% were women and mean HbA1c was 8.5%. ANOVA showed an inverse=U shaped association between HFI and sleep quality (<P=.001), after adjusting for confounders. Global PSQI means (SD) were: food secure 4.2 (4.0); mild food insecure 6.9 (4.0); moderate food insecure 8.6 (5.0); severe food insecure 5.4 (4.0). Tukey's LSD post‐hoc tests showed the following significant differences (P<0.05): food secure vs mild and vs moderate food insecurity; moderate vs severe food insecurity.

Conclusions

Mild and moderate but not severe HFI was associated with poor sleep quality. The lack of findings regarding severe food insecurity might be due to overt hunger that might promote excessive sleeping.
Parent‐child relationships between food insecurity and eating behaviors
Authors: Bruening Meg , Lucio Joanna
Published: June 2021

Objective

Anecdotal evidence suggests that parents protect their children from food insecurity and its effects, but few studies have concurrently assessed food insecurity among youth and parents. The purpose of this study was to examine food insecurity and eating behaviors among an urban sample of dyads.

Methods

Parent‐adolescent dyads (n=57) were recruited to complete surveys from 5 public housing sites in Phoenix, Arizona during 2014. Surveys addressed risk and resiliency factors related to food insecurity including eating behaviors. Multivariate regression assessed the relationship between parent and child behaviors in the context of food insecurity, adjusting for site, parent and child age, gender us‐born status, and household size.

Results

Food insecurity was extraordinarily prevalent with 70.8% of parents reporting food insecurity and 36.9% reporting very low food security. Among adolescents, 48.3% reported some level of food insecurity, with 15.5% reporting very low food security. After adjusting for food insecurity status, parents' and adolescents' fruit, vegetable, sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption were not associated. Significant associations were observed between parents' and adolescents' mindful eating (β=.52; p=.006) and parents' and adolescents' binge eating (OR=14.9; p=.003) were significantly related.

Conclusions

Parents may protect their children against food insecurity given the lower rates in the adolescents compared to their parents and parents consumed fewer fruits, vegetables and more sugar‐sweetened beverages Interventions addressing food insecurity among parents and adolescents may want to address shared emotional eating and capitalize on shared eating awareness.
Adult Full Spectrum Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplement Users Have a Lower Prevalence of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies
Authors: Bird Julia , Ciappio Eric , Murphy Rachel
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Many Americans consume inadequate intakes of micronutrients, yet it is still commonly believed that clinical nutrient deficiencies are rare in the US. Using biochemical nutrient status data from NHANES 2003‐2006, we determined the proportion of the US adult population deficient in one of more of the following nutrients: vitamins A, B6, B12,C, D, E, folate, iron or iodine.

Methods

We defined three categories of dietary supplement (DS) use: no DS use, use of full‐spectrum multivitamin/multimineral supplements (FSMV) containing 蠅12 vitamins and 6‐14 minerals, and use of any DS other than a FSMV. Adults age 19y and over were included, and pregnant or breastfeeding women were included as a single category (total n=14310). Standard age and gender‐based cutoffs for deficiencies established by the WHO, CDC, and other previously published reports were used. Data analysis accounted for the complex survey design and were weighted to the representative US population.

Results

Overall, 33.7% of US adults were deficient in 蠅1 vitamin/mineral. Men age 19 to 50y had the lowest prevalence of deficiency (28.1% deficient) while women aged 19 to 50y, and pregnant or breastfeeding women had the highest prevalence (42.5% and 47.6% deficient). Among DS non‐users, 31.1% were deficient in 1, 11.2% were deficient in 2, and 3.6% were deficient in 蠅3 vitamins or minerals. In contrast, 22.9%, 5.4% and 1.8% of DS users and 12.1%, 1.8% and 0.5% of FSMV users had either 1, 2, or 蠅3 deficiencies, respectively.

Conclusion

The prevalence of any vitamin or mineral deficiency is high in the US population, especially among women of childbearing age. Users of DS, especially FSMV, had a lower prevalence of any vitamin or mineral deficiency compared to non‐users.
Effect of Muscadine Juice and Elderberry Preparations on Wild‐Type H1N1 Influenza Virus‐Induced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Elrod Susan , Greenspan Phillip
Published: June 2021

Elderberry phenolic compounds have been previously shown to be cytoprotective when cells are incubated with H1N1 influenza virus; the current experiments were designed to examine whether similar beneficial effects can be observed with the muscadine grape. Two commercial elderberry products and a concentrated muscadine juice were added to Manin‐Darby canine kidney cells at various time points relative to the addition of 100 pfu H1N1 influenza virus. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) was also used as a positive control. After 48 hours, the amount of lactate dehydrogenase released due to cell lysis was employed as the marker for cytotoxicity. All three extracts showed inhibition of cytotoxicity when added to the cells at the same time as the virus at an extract dilution of 1:160; inhibition of cytotoxicity was approximately 50%. A similar pattern of inhibition was observed when the extracts, at a dilution of 1:160, were added to the cells six and twenty‐four hours after viral incubation. When cells were infected with the virus for six hours and, after virus removal, the cells were incubated with the three extracts at a concentration of 40 µg phenolics/ml, cytoprotective activity was also observed. A significant effect was not observed when the experiments were performed by incubating the extracts first and then the virus. Overall, these data suggest that muscadine phenolics act in manner similar to those in the elderberry in providing cytoprotection against the H1N1 virus and this effect can be observed without direct contact between extract and virus.
Effect of dietary supplements on total nutrient intake in Korean children and adolescents
Authors: Kang Minji , Kim Dong Woo , Lee Han Na , Lee Yun Jeong , Jung Hyun Ju , Paik Hee‐Young , Song YoonJu
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of dietary supplements (DS) on total nutrient intake. Data from a total of 3,134 subjects between 9 and 18 years of age were obtained from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007‐2009). The nutrient database for DS was established using the labels and total nutrients intake were combined from the foods and from DS. The prevalence of DS use was 28.5%. Among subjects who reported DS product names, 85.2% were defined as identified DS users, for whom complete nutrient information for the DS used was available. Identified DS users were more likely to be younger, to have a higher household income, and to possess a greater nutritional knowledge compared to nonusers. For total nutrients intake, identified DS users had a significantly lower prevalence of inadequate intakes below the estimated average requirement in vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. However, identified DS users were also more likely to have an excessive intake of iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C. Our results suggest that DS use by children and adolescents can improve micronutrient status, but also increases the risk of excessive intake of certain vitamins and minerals.

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (grant number NRF‐2013R1A1A3010359).
Food Insecure Children's Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Is More Likely to Be Misclassified
Authors: Ding Meng , Zizza Claire
Published: June 2021

Although food insecurity is more prevalent in households with smokers, no studies have examined the misclassification of children's secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure by household food security status. Our population‐based sample included 8453 participants (3‐12y) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999‐2010. Food security status was assessed by the USDA 18‐item Food Security Survey Module. Self‐reported SHS exposure by household reference participants were compared to children's serum cotinine levels. Serum cotinine levels of 蠅0.05 ng/ml were indicative of SHS exposure. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between household food security status and misclassification of SHS exposure. Controlling for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, children who were food insecure (Odds Ratio 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1‐1.6) were more likely to have their SHS exposure misclassified, compared to their fully food secure counterparts. The association was attenuated when family income was included in the model. In conclusion, regardless of food security status, household reference participants' reports of SHS exposure among children, especially food insecure children, may be biased.
Nutrient Contribution of Snacking in Americans: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011‐2012
Authors: Gugger Carolyn , Bidwai Samruddhi , Joshi Nandan , Holschuh Norton , Albertson Ann
Published: June 2021

This study examined snacking patterns, nutrient contribution and intakes by snack frequency in the U.S. population. Using a 1‐day 24 hour recall from NHANES 2011‐12, frequency of snacking and associated nutrient contribution from snacks was assessed for children aged 2‐18 yr (n=2985) and adults 19+ yr (n=4878). Snacking occasions where only water was reported were excluded from the analysis. On average, children and adults reported 2.2 and 2.1 snacking occasions/d, respectively; 8.9% of children and 10.2% of adults reported no snacking occasions. Most snacking occasions occurred at home (>70%). Snacking, including foods and beverages, provided approximately one‐fourth of total daily energy intake in both children (498 kcals; 25.7%) and adults (530 kcals; 24.1%). When removing beverages, snack foods alone contributed 20% (379 kcals) of total daily energy in children, and 16% (361 kcals) of total daily energy in adults. In children and adults, snacks made a significant contribution towards total daily intake of key nutrients. For comparative purposes, these populations were classified into groups based on their snacking frequency. Total energy intakes increased with snacking frequency; children (n=555; 19%) and adults (n=667; 14%) consuming 4+ snacks/d consumed on average 19% and 43% more total energy compared to non‐snackers, respectively. However, snacking frequency was not associated with overweight/obesity in children and adults after controlling for confounding variables. These findings demonstrate that snacking plays a central role in American eating patterns and associated nutrient intakes.
10‐year beverage intake trends among U.S. preschool children: Rapid declines between 2003 and 2010, but stagnancy in recent years
Authors: Ford Christopher , Ng Shu Wen , Popkin Barry
Published: June 2021

Total energy intake among U.S. preschool children (ages 2‐5y) decreased between 2003‐04 and 2009‐10. However, little is known about how intakes of beverages among U.S. preschoolers changed from 2003‐04 through 2011‐12. We examine trends in intakes of beverages during this period, as well as how eating location and source may have contributed to these changes.

Cross‐sectional dietary data among preschoolers from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003‐04, 2005‐06, 2007‐08, 2009‐10 and 2011‐12 were used. Survey‐weighted mean intakes by survey year, eating location, and source, were computed for total sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs), milks, 100% juice, low/no‐calorie beverages, 12 key beverages, total beverages and total foods.

Total caloric intake fell by 132 kcal/d, with intakes of beverages falling by 55 kcal/d, in preschoolers between 2003‐04 and 2011‐12. Decreases in intakes of total SSBs (‐57 kcal/d), juice drinks (‐37 kcal/d), caloric soft drinks (‐13 kcal/d), and >1% fat, low‐sugar milk (‐42 kcal/d) were among the major changes. By eating location, total beverage intake at home fell by 73 kcal/d. By source, total beverage intake from stores fell by 106 kcal/d. Changes in intakes occurred primarily between 2003‐04 and 2009‐10, as there were no significant differences in beverage intakes between 2009‐10 and 2011‐12. Intakes of total calories (+49 kcal/d), and calories from foods (+53 kcal/d), trended upward between 2009‐10 and 2011‐12, but changes were not significant.

These findings suggest improvements in the diets of preschoolers between 2003‐04 and 2009‐10. However, the rising intakes of total calories and calories from foods between 2009‐10 and 2011‐12 is a cause for concern.
Egg Consumption in Adult Women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007‐2010)
Authors: Mitchell Diane , Vernarelli Jacqueline , Lohse Barbara
Published: June 2021

To provide supporting data for the development of an intervention to increase egg consumption in low‐income women, we analyzed a subset of women (age 18+) from NHANES. Food codes were used to characterize egg consumers based on the form of eggs consumed either as eaten alone or as a major ingredient. Women consuming very small amounts of egg (e.g. baked goods) were considered non‐consumers. All data were analyzed using appropriate survey weights and procedures in SAS Ver 9.3. Eggs eaten alone or as a major ingredient are consumed by 1.4% of adult women. Logistic regression models showed that body weight status, race/ethnicity and age were predictors of egg consumption. Obese women were more likely to consume eggs than lean women (OR 0.76, 95%CI 0.66‐0.88); Mexican‐American women were more likely to consume eggs than Non‐Hispanic White women (OR 1.38, 95%CI 1.08‐1.87). College graduates were more likely to be non‐consumers than high school graduates (OR 1.33, 95%CI 1.03‐1.73). Income was not a significant predictor of egg consumption. Egg consumers consume significantly more energy (p=0.02), fat (p=0.0003), cholesterol (p<0.0001), and protein (p=0.0009) than non‐consumers. No differences were found between consumers and non‐consumers for any of the micronutrients examined. The relationships between egg consumption and dietary factors did not change with adjustment for total energy intake, despite the observation that egg consumers have a higher caloric intake than non‐consumers. The low consumption of eggs observed in adult women provides some basis for an intervention to consume more eggs as part of a healthful diet. Funded by the American Egg Board
Catalysts for Health Behavior Change in Midlife and Older Rural Adults: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Folta Sara , Seguin Rebecca , Morgan Emily , Graham Meredith , Nelson Miriam , Paul Lynn , Kenkel Donald
Published: June 2021

Positive health behaviors, such as a heart healthy diet, physical activity, and tobacco cessation, can help reduce cardiovascular disease risk at any age. However, many people do not adopt these behaviors. This qualitative study's purpose was to identify and understand specific catalysts for health behavior change among midlife and older residents of rural communities, a group inadequately represented in research and at elevated risk for chronic disease.

Seventeen focus groups were held with 126 sedentary, overweight/obese adults aged 40‐91 years (64±12 years; 57% female) residing in government designated “medically underserved” rural Montana towns (average population <3,000). Groups were stratified by age (40‐64 and 蠅65) and gender. The topic guide had questions about barriers and facilitators to healthy eating, active living, and smoking cessation. Transcripts were reviewed and common themes were identified related to behavior change.

Participants were generally aware of heart healthy behaviors and some reported recently making a major change. Catalysts for change included a serious household medical event (e.g. heart attack), shift in family structure (e.g. death of a partner), policy change (e.g. indoor smoking ban), or desire to reduce aging associated functional decline. For women, in particular, the opportunity to take part in health programs (e.g. classes) was a catalyst. These findings provide important insight about what motivates rural residents to change behavior and may inform interventions relevant for this population.

Funded by NHLBI, R01 HL120702‐01.
Determinants of the low dietary fiber intake and relationship with Metabolic Syndrome – a Brazilian community‐based study
Authors: Ramos Fernanda , McLellan Kátia , Corrente José , Burini Roberto
Published: June 2021

Many of the so‐called disease of our time have emerged in conjunction with the discordance between our ancient genetically determined biology and the activity patterns in the “western lifestyle”. Hence, consumption of grain products, have been inversely associated with mortality from a number of chronic diseases. The adequacy of fiber seems to work by diluting the energy intake that would potentiate the higher energy expenditure of physical exercise in promoting body fat loss, along with insulin sensitivity, vasodilation, lower inflammation states, etc.

To find the determinants of dietary fiber intake and its role in metabolic syndrome (MetS).

In a cross‐sectional design the baseline data from subjects over 35 yrs of age participants of an ongoing dynamic cohort study (Botucatu, SP, Brazil) during the 2007‐2013 period were retrospectively collected in accordance to the inclusion criteria. They were distributed according to their dietary fiber intake in 3 groups (P25, P25‐75 and P75) and analyzed with the co‐variables gender, age, income, education, physical activity (IPAQ) and pathognomonic markers of obesity, and MetS (ATP III, NCEP) and its components.

Overall (n=605) individuals had a high caloric diet and a low intake of all sources of fiber. Even in the highest quartile, dietary fiber was far below the daily recommended intake, along with its source of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. The quartile distributions of dietary fiber intake were not influenced by any of the studied variables.

The low fiber intake as an independent result of age, gender, education and economic reasons, lead us to probable cultural reasons, what would make the intervention even more challenging.
The Relationship Between Caffeine Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes Markers in Three Minority Ethnicities With or Without Diabetes
Authors: Mikati Nadine , Zarini Gustavo , Vaccaro Joan , Huffman Fatma
Published: June 2021

This cross sectional study examines the association between caffeine intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) markers in three ethnicities: Haitian Americans (HA), African Americans (AA) and Cuban Americans (CA) with or without T2D. Subjects (CA=349, HA=257 HA and AA=249) with a mean age of 58.47 years were recruited at various community centers in South Florida. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and insulin levels were measured from blood samples following an overnight fast. Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 (HOMA‐2) was used to estimate beta cell function (HOMA2‐β) and insulin resistance (HOMA2‐IR). Caffeine intake was collected using the semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed by Walter Willett. Statistical analysis included t‐test, chi‐square and linear regression controlling for age, gender and waist circumference. Results indicated that as caffeine intake increased, CA with diabetes and AA without diabetes had significantly higher A1C levels (p=0.001 and p=0.042 respectively). These findings suggest closer monitoring of caffeine with respect to glycemic control may be meaningful in some ethnic groups. Funding for this research was provided through an NIH/NIDDK sponsored grant.
Dietary Antioxidants in Relation to Serum CRP in Mid‐Life and Older African Americans
Authors: Rancano Katherine , Ralston Penny , Lemacks Jennifer , Ilich Jasminka
Published: June 2021

Serum CRP is an indirect marker of inflammation and is prominent in the etiology of chronic disease. Racial/ethnic differences in serum CRP may contribute to disparities for chronic disease prevalence in African Americans (AA). Antioxidants mediate inflammation and may reduce risk for chronic disease. Our purpose was to examine the relationship between antioxidant intake (carotenoids, vitamins A, C, E, and selenium) and serum CRP taking into account possible confounders (age, BMI, cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, smoking, medications, and energy intake)in mid‐life and older AA. The participants included AA men and women >45y (n=75, 69% women). Self‐administered questionnaires were used to collect data on sociodemographics, perceived health, and medication use. Twenty‐four hour dietary recalls, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected using standard procedures. Correlation analysis results showed BMI was significantly positively associated with serum CRP (R2=0.230, p<0.05). Step‐wise linear regression analysis controlled for confounders, reveled a slight inverse, but nonsignificant, trend for antioxidant intake and serum CRP (vitamin A (RAE) R2=‐0.101, carotene R2= ‐0.024, vitamin C R2= ‐0.057, vitamin E R2=‐0.126, and selenium R2= ‐0.016). Antioxidants accounted for 2.9% of variance in serum CRP (R2=0.029). Although antioxidants did not significantly affect serum CRP in this population, other variables may be influencing the relationship, such as physical activity and gender.
In‐home Food Supply among Elderly Home‐Delivered Meal Recipients with High Blood Pressure or Diabetes
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , McWilliams Rita , Senger‐Mersich Angela , Cuite Cara , Hallman William
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION

The U.S. 2011‐2012 prevalence of diabetes and high blood pressure in adults >60 was 21% and 67% respectively. This study examined 2 subsets of 2010 – 2013 MOW recipients in 5 states, who were >60 years and lived alone: with self‐reported current diagnosis of HBP and with self‐reported current diagnosis of diabetes and associated the results with the sodium and sugar content of their in‐home food supply.

METHODS

During home‐visits, data collectors interviewed study participants re their current health status and inventoried their in‐home food supplies.

RESULTS

The 719 participants in this study were 66% female; 68% White, 28% Black, and on average, 79.9±9.5 years old. Three‐quarters had 5 meals delivered/week by MOW.

Most of the in‐home food supply calories (71%) were from dry shelf‐stable foods, indicating a preponderance of processed food. A current diagnosis of HBP and of diabetes were reported by 65% and 34% of participants. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for sodium (100% daily value (DV)/2,000 calories = 2,400 mg/day) was 1.56, and for sugar (100% DV/ 2,000 calories = 50 g/day(proxy)) was 2.03 indicating the sodium and sugar content of their in‐home food supply was, on average, 56% and 103% higher than recommended.

CONCLUSION

The levels of sugar and sodium in food supplies of participants diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes are not congruent with current recommendations and increase the risk of other chronic conditions. The excess sodium and sugar in the in‐home food supplies of elderly individuals with HBP and diabetes represents a preventable health risk to be addressed via nutrition and health communication programs.
Nutrient Intake Status by Income Level on the Elderly Korea Population– Based on 2010‐2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey –
Authors: Kim Soon , Lim Hee , Yun Jae , Kim Soon
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between nutrient intake and economic status of the elderly population. Data from 5,059 elderly subjects (over 65 years old, 2,163 men, 2,896 women) from the KNHANES (2010‐2012) were used in our analysis with their demographic data. Economic status was classified into the follow 4 groups based on the self‐reported average monthly income of household with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE) : low, middle, high and higher. In men, Lower economic status showed a significantly lower mean intake of the nutrients including energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C and a significantly higher alchol consumption and smoking. In women, Lower economic status showed a significantly lower mean intake of the nutrients including energy, protein, fat, calcium, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and a significantly higher smoking. Therefore, this study suggests that gender specific approaches based on economic situation should be considered in developing the nutritional intervention program.
Use of Dietary Supplements in Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Ward Briana , Thomas Lauren , Kiely Mary , Yazici Yusuf , Woolf Kathleen
Published: June 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease accompanied by pain, joint stiffness, swelling, impacting quality of life. Individuals with RA may turn to complementary health approaches, including dietary supplements, as a possible way to manage their disease. The purpose of this study was to examine dietary supplement use among individuals with RA (n=84; age 53 ± 14 y; BMI 29.8 ± 7.7 kg/m2; duration of disease 13.7 ± 9.2 y). Height and weight were measured. Patients completed 7‐ day weighed food records and were interviewed about their use of dietary supplements. Disease activity was assessed using the Multi‐Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire, C‐reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The individuals with RA in this study reported using 3 ± 4 dietary supplements per day. There were no significant relationships between disease activity, duration of disease, age, and mean number of dietary supplements used per day. However, 68 of the study participants (81%) reported daily dietary supplement use, including vitamins (n=52 [62%]), minerals (n=36 [43%]), multivitamin and mineral formulations (n=41 [49%]), herbal remedies (e.g., resveratrol, grape seed extract) (n=12 [14%]), amino acids (n=3 [4%]), dietary substances (e.g., fish oils) (n=26 [31%]), and other compounds (e.g., Co‐enzyme Q10, glucosamine) (n=17 [20%]). Unfortunately, only limited research has examined the safety, efficacy, and potential interactions of dietary supplements with conventional treatments for RA. Because individuals with RA frequently use dietary supplements, more research is needed.
Soft Drinks Consumption among Pregnant Women in Colombia: Factors associated
Authors: Ramirez‐Velez Robinson , Meneses‐Echávez Jose , Gonzalez‐Ruiz Katherine , Martinez‐Torres Javier , Correa‐Bautista Jorge
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE

Soft drinks are becoming a common component in the diets of pregnant women. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with regular consumption of soft drinks in Colombian pregnant

METHODS

A cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted of data from the 2010 National Nutrition Survey of Colombia(ENSIN 2010), in 1,865 pregnant women aged between 13 and 49 years. Soft drink consumption and associated factors (pregnancy trimester, age, ethnicity, urbanicity, academic level, SISBEN score, and geographic region) were collected by structured questionnaire. Associations were established through a multivariable regression model. All analyzes were calculated by complex samples.

RESULTS

We found the 17% of pregnant women consume at least a daily soft drink. To be between 13 to 17 years old, belonging to an ethnic groups (afro‐colombian), being in the first pregnancy trimester and to belong to SISBEN level II showed the highest daily consumption pattern (23.8%, 22.8%, 21.4% y 20.9%). Regression models show that being between 13 to 17 years old (OR 1.92 IC95% 1.04‐3.55); to reside in the eastern area (OR 1.85 IC95% 1.05‐3.27), or Central (OR 1.73 IC95% 1.01‐2.96), and being in the first pregnancy trimester (OR 1.59 IC95% 1.01‐2.52); were associated with soft drinks daily consumption.

CONCLUSIONS

The women studied show a high prevalence of daily consumption of soft drinks, so it is recommended that comprehensive interventions which are involved nutritional and educational component.
Ancient Whole Grain Gluten‐Free Egg‐Free Teff, Buckwheat, Quinoa and Amaranth Pasta
Authors: Kahlon Talwinder , Chiu Mei‐chen
Published: June 2021

This report demonstrates innovative ancient whole grain, gluten‐free, egg‐free pasta (no chemicals added) made using a kitchen counter‐top appliance. Whole grain, fusilli pasta was prepared with teff, buckwheat, quinoa and amaranth flours. These ancient grains are called “Super Foods” due to their ideal essential amino acids and mineral profiles. Dough formulations contained 95% whole grain flour and 5% guar gum. Taste panels of 62 in‐house volunteers judged amaranth pasta significantly (p 蠄 0.05) higher in color/appearance than other pastas tested. Odor/aroma of buckwheat pasta and texture/mouth feel of teff pasta were significantly better than quinoa and amaranth pasta. Acceptance and taste/flavor of teff and buckwheat pasta were similar and significantly higher than quinoa and amaranth pasta (teff = buckwheat > quinoa > amaranth). The USDA food guide recommends that at least ½ of all the grains eaten should be whole grains. The FDA allows food Health Claim labels for food containing 51% whole gains and 11 g of dietary fiber per serving. Novel health promoting whole grain, good source of protein, gluten‐free, egg‐free (no chemicals added) pasta had teff 87%, buckwheat 82%, quinoa 61% and amaranth 15% acceptance. Amaranth pasta needs improvement in several sensory attributes by fortification and/or processing for the desired results. Ancient whole grain, gluten‐free, egg‐free pasta would increase whole grain consumption and offer a healthy option to vegetarians as well as to gluten sensitive individuals.
Hair as a Novel Long Term Biological Indicator for Assessing the Human Na and K Nutritional Status
Authors: Momcilovic Berislav , Prejac Juraj , Višnjević Vjeran , Mimica Ninoslav , Skalny Anatoly
Published: June 2021

How much sodium (Na) and potassium (K) should be in the human diet so that it would not be accompained with cardiovascular events is a perenial epidemiology challenge. Urinary Na and K are the standard short term biological indicators of Na and K dietary exposure. In this study we have assessed Na and K population status from frequency distribution properties of their concentration in the hair as a long term biological indicator. The study was conducted according to the Basic Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Na and K were analyzed in 1072 hair samples of healthy adult subjects (733 [female]and 339 [male]) with ICP MS and ICP EMS, respectively. The median values (µg•g‐1) were Na ([female]254 and [male]371) and K ([female]74.3 and [male]143), respectively; the log transformed data were analyzed with the method of median derivatives (Thyroid 2014;24:1018‐1026). The observed sigmoid curves had a linear range: Na ([female] 55,6 ‐ 1307, [male] 84.0 – 1450), K ([female] 18.9 – 467, [male] 25.8 – 1079). This linear and adequate segment of hair saturation with Na and K is itself an exponential 3‐compartment Michaelis‐Menton kinetic model, where the respective sparse, true, and ample adequate Na and K hair deposition may be identified. We propose that the human true adequate Na and/or K hair concentrations should be: Na ([female] 420 – 563, [male] 790 ‐ 975), K ([female] 142 – 283, [male] 286 ‐ 588).This is the first personalized human Na and K assessment based on the results of their intermediary metabolic response.
Fetal Exposure to the Great Chinese Famine May Cause Hyperlipidemia in Adulthood
Authors: Du Shufa , Zhang Bing , Wang Huijun , Popkin Barry
Published: June 2021

Cardiovascular diseases are increasing rapidly in China, yet there are limited population‐based data on risk factors. To examine the long‐term impacts of fetal exposure to the great Chinese famine in 1959 – 1961, we analyzed levels and patterns of blood cholesterol and other lipids by using the China Health and Nutrition Survey data for 8,639 adults aged 18 years old and older who donated blood samples in 2009. We measured all biomarkers with Hitachi 7600 clinical chemical autoanalyzer and used general linear regression models to analyze the association between fetal exposure to the great famine and lipids level and patterns. We selected as our exposure adults who were born during the peak of great famine from January 1st, 1959 to December 31st, 1961 and would have been in utero during the famine period. Adjusted for age, gender, education, income, and other social‐environment variables, participants who were born during the great famine had elevated total cholesterol (197.7 vs. 188.7 mg/dL, p<0.001), elevated triglycerides (163.2 vs. 151.7 mg/dL, p=0.06), elevated high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (57.0 vs. 55.0 mg/dL, p<0.05), and elevated low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (123.2 vs. 115.7 mg/dL, p<0.001). The elevated levels and patterns of blood lipids suggest that fetal exposure to the great Chinese famine is a risk of the increasing cardiovascular diseases in China. This exposure affects approximate 53 million Chinese adults today.

This study was supported by the NIH (R01‐HD30880) and the Fogarty International Center, NIH (5D43TW007709).
Effectiveness of Synthetic Medicine versus FI Matrix Natural Therapy for Auto‐immune Diseases and Cancer
Authors: Tulp Orien , Izunobi Felicia , Einstein George
Published: June 2021

Autoimmune disorders with a dysfunctional immune system may be severely disabling. To determine the clinical efficacy and safety of F1 matrix natural therapy compared to traditional allopathic therapy using NSAIDs, COX‐2 inhibitors, and other agents for autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis[n=20], gout [n=10], and for certain adenocarcinomas [n=10] we randomly applied the GP Einstein F1 matrix therapy to patients with autoimmune conditions compared with conventional therapy. Previous studies with the GP Einstein matrix described below demonstrated that Integrated Immuno‐ Stimulation Mathematical Function and Matrixes of Sigma (3Σ) Quantum Energy Therapy Model is highly effective in infections, auto‐immune diseases and shrinking tumors.Einstein Mathematical Model of Effective Therapy is presented as follows: ∂ΣIQBET > ∂ΣIQBPDE (1) ∂t1 ∂t2, Where the left side of the equation represents the effectiveness of the Einstein Integrated Immuno‐Stimulation Mathematical Functions and Matrixes of Natural Therapy over time, and the right side of the equation represents traditional synthetic pharmacologic Medical Therapy including potential toxicity and side effects. Results demonstrated marked reduction in pain index and improvement in quality of life in all arthritic, gouty, and fibromyalgia patients who received the Natural Matrix therapy and reduction in tumor mass in adenocarcinoma patients. These results suggest that application of the Einstein Natural F1 matrix therapy is a safe and effective treatment regimen for a broad range of autoimmune and other pathophysiologic states.
Useful Correlates of Body Weight and Food Perception
Authors: Thaw Andrew , Brewer William
Published: June 2021

The use of Implicit Association Tests (IAT's) allow researchers to expose not only a person's biases and attitudes, but also their cognitions that they are either unaware of, or unwilling to reveal. In the present study, we examined the results of IAT's that contained images of foods and accompanying words that were either positive or negative. Our hypothesis concerns the establishment of correlations between IAT results and biometric data (gender, self‐perception, dieting status, etc.). Prior data from this lab revealed consistent alterations in IAT results of subjects with negative, self‐reported attitudes towards excess body weight. Data reported here further support the presence of response bias to certain foods as well as consistent, but moderate correlations between biometric data and IAT responses. Additionally, participants who agreed to a re‐test of the IAT were fitted with an Emotiv EEG Headset to track neural activity during the test. Regional brain activity was correlated with IAT responses to determine generalized evoked potential activity. Unique patterns of EEG activity in a subset of participants suggest brain activity during the IAT that is purportedly related to cognitions concerning body weight. Specifically, participants with the strongest body image concerns had brain activity that differed from participants with little to no reported body image concerns. Use of similar IAT's are ongoing to determine the role such tests could play in predicting subsequent weight gain and/or disordered eating in college students.