bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semi-Active Suspension Design for an In-Wheel-Motor-Driven Electric Vehicle Using a Dynamic Vibration-Absorbing Structure and PID-Controlled Magnetorheological Damper
Authors: Samaroo Kyle , Awan Abdul Waheed , Islam Sheikh
Published: January 2025

The in-wheel motor (IWM) powertrain layout offers greater design flexibility and higher efficiency of an electric vehicle but has limited commercial success mainly due to the concerns of increased unsprung mass. This paper proposes a semi-active suspension system for in-wheel motors that combines both a dynamic vibration-absorbing structure (DVAS) and a PID-controlled MR damper, in order to achieve optimised comfort, handling and IWM vibration for a small car application. Whilst PID control and DVAS are not entirely new concepts, the usage of both optimisation techniques in a semi-active in-wheel motor suspension has seen limited implementation, which makes the current work novel and significant. The semi-active suspension operating both in passive fail-safe mode and full feedback control was compared to a conventional in-wheel motor passive suspension in terms of sprung mass acceleration, displacement, stator acceleration, tyre deflection and suspension travel for three different road profile inputs using MATLAB/Simulink. The implementation of a PID-controlled MR damper improved road comfort and road holding performance and decreased in-wheel motor vibration over the DVAS passive suspension mainly in terms of a maximum peak amplitude decrease of 40%, 35% and 32% for the sprung mass acceleration, tyre deflection and stator acceleration, respectively. The results are significant since they show that the use of a simple, easily implemented control scheme like PID control was able to significantly improve IWM suspension performance when paired with a DVAS. This study provides further confidence to manufacturers to commercially develop and implement the IWM layout as its major disadvantage can be reasonably addressed using a simple readily available control approach.
Smart Defect Detection in Aero-Engines: Evaluating Transfer Learning with VGG19 and Data-Efficient Image Transformer Models
Authors: Mohammadi Samira , Rahmanian Vahid , Sattarpanah Karganroudi Sasan , Adda Mehdi
Published: January 2025

This study explores the impact of transfer learning on enhancing deep learning models for detecting defects in aero-engine components. We focused on metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and loss to compare the performance of models VGG19 and DeiT (data-efficient image transformer). RandomSearchCV was used for hyperparameter optimization, and we selectively froze some layers during training to help better tailor the models to our dataset. We conclude that the difference in performance across all metrics can be attributed to the adoption of the transformer-based architecture by the DeiT model as it does this well in capturing complex patterns in data. This research demonstrates that transformer models hold promise for improving the accuracy and efficiency of defect detection within the aerospace industry, which will, in turn, contribute to cleaner and more sustainable aviation activities.
Oscillation Solutions for Nonlinear Second-Order Neutral Differential Equations
Authors: Bazighifan Omar , Alshammari Nawa , Aldosari Faten , Iambor Loredana Florentina
Published: January 2025

This research investigates the oscillation criteria of nonlinear second-order neutral differential equations with multiple delays, focusing on their noncanonical forms. By leveraging an innovative iterative technique, new relationships are established to enhance the monotonic properties of positive solutions. These advancements lead to the derivation of novel oscillation criteria that significantly extend and refine the existing body of knowledge in this domain. The proposed criteria address gaps in the literature, providing a robust framework for analyzing such differential equations. To demonstrate their practical implications, three illustrative examples are presented, showcasing the applicability and effectiveness of the results in solving real-world problems involving delay differential equations.
A Novel Approximation Method for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations Using the Representation of Ball Curves
Authors: Bhatti Abdul Hadi , Karim Sharmila , Amourah Ala , Jameel Ali Fareed , Yousef Feras , Anakira Nidal
Published: January 2025

Numerical methods are frequently developed to investigate concepts for approximately solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To achieve minimal error and higher accuracy in approximate solutions, researchers have focused on developing algorithms using various numerical techniques. This study proposes the application of Ball curves, specifically the Said–Ball curve, for estimating solutions to higher-order ODEs. To obtain the best control points of the Said–Ball curve, the least squares method is used. These control points are calculated by minimizing the residual error through the sum of the squares of the residual functions. To demonstrate the proposed method, several boundary value problems are presented, and their performance is compared with existing methods in terms of error accuracy. The numerical results indicate that the proposed method improves error accuracy compared to existing studies, including those employing Bézier curves and the steepest descent method.
Enhanced Forecasting of Equity Fund Returns Using Machine Learning
Authors: Bargos Fabiano Fernandes , Claro Romão Estaner
Published: January 2025

This paper aims to explore the integration of machine learning with risk and return performance measures, to provide a data-driven approach to identifying opportunities in equity funds. We built a dataset with 72 performance measures in the columns calculated for multiple periods ranging from 1 to 120 months. By shifting the values in the 1- and 3-month return columns, we created two new columns, aligning the data for the month t with the return for the month t+1. We categorized each row into one of three classes based on the mean and standard deviation of the shifted 1- and 3-month returns during the period. Based on cross-validated accuracy, we focused on the top three classifiers. As a result, the developed models achieved accuracy, recall, and precision values exceeding 0.92 on the test data. In addition, models trained on 1 year of data maintained predictive reliability for up to 2 months into the future, achieving precision above 90% in forecasting funds with 3-month returns above the average. Thus, this study highlights the effectiveness of machine learning in financial forecasting, particularly within the environment of the Brazilian equity market.
Fatty Acids in Cnidaria: Distribution and Specific Functions
Authors: Svetashev Vasily I.
Published: January 2025

The phylum Cnidaria comprises five main classes—Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Hexacorallia, Octocorallia and Cubozoa—that include such widely distributed and well-known animals as hard and soft corals, sea anemones, sea pens, gorgonians, hydroids, and jellyfish. Cnidarians play a very important role in marine ecosystems. The composition of their fatty acids (FAs) depends on food (plankton and particulate organic matter), symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates and bacteria, and de novo biosynthesis in host tissues. In cnidarian lipids, besides the common FA characteristics of marine organisms, numerous new and rare FAs are also found. All Octocorallia species and some Scyphozoa jellyfish contain polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) with 24 and 26 carbon atoms. The coral families can be distinguished by specific FA profiles: the presence of uncommon FAs or high/low levels of common fatty acids. Many of the families have characteristic FAs: Acroporidae are characterized by 18:3n6, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 20:5n3, 22:4n6, and 22:5n3; Pocilloporidae by 20:3n6, 20:4n3, and docosahexaenoic acid 22:6n3 (DHA); and Poritidae by arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA. The species of Faviidae show elevated concentrations of 18:3n6 and 22:5n3 acids. Dendrophylliidae, being azooxanthellate corals, have such dominant acids as EPA and 22:5n3 and a low content of DHA, which is the major PUFA in hermatypic corals. The major and characteristic PUFAs for Milleporidae (class Hydrozoa) are DHA and 22:5n6, though in scleractinian corals, the latter acid is found only in trace amounts.
Polysaccharide Fraction Isolated from Saccharina japonica Exhibits Anti-Cancer Effects Through Immunostimulating Activities
Authors: Park Min Seung , Son Seung-U , Kim Tae Eun , Shim Se Hyun , Jang Bong-Keun , Park Sunyoung , Shin Kwang-Soon
Published: January 2025

The present research aimed to assess the anti-cancer effects of the polysaccharide fraction (SJP) isolated from Saccharina japonica. The release of immune-activating cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, was markedly stimulated by the SJP in a concentration-dependent manner within the range of 1 to 100 µg/mL. Furthermore, the prophylactic intravenous (p.i.v.) and per os (p.p.o.) injection of SJP boosted the cytolytic activity mediated by NK cells and CTLs against tumor cells. In a study involving Colon26-M3.1 carcinoma as a lung cancer model, both p.i.v. and p.p.o. exhibited significant anti-lung-cancer effects. Notably, p.i.v. and p.p.o. administration of SJP at a dose of 50 mg/kg reduced tumor colonies by 84% and 40%, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, the anti-lung-cancer effects of SJP remained substantial, even when NK cell function was inhibited using anti-asialo-GM1. Fractionation with CaCl2 suggested that SJP is a mixture of alginate and fucoidan. The fucoidan fraction stimulated the immune response of macrophages more strongly than the alginate fraction. Consequently, this finding suggested that SJP from S. japonica possesses remarkable anti-cancer effects through the activation of various immunocytes. In addition, this finding indicates that the potent biological activity of SJP may be attributed to fucoidan.
Is Membrane Filtration Applicable for the Recovery of Biologically Active Substances from Spent Lavender?
Authors: Stoyanova Yoana , Lazarova-Zdravkova Nevena , Peshev Dimitar
Published: January 2025

This study explored the batch membrane filtration of 40% ethanol extracts from spent lavender, containing valuable compounds like rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and luteolin, using a polyamide-urea thin film composite X201 membrane. Conducted at room temperature and 20 bar transmembrane pressure, the process demonstrated high efficiency, with rejection rates exceeding 98% for global antioxidant activity and 93–100% for absolute concentrations of the target components. During concentration, the permeate flux declined from 2.43 to 1.24 L·m−2·h−1 as the permeate-to-retentate-volume ratio increased from 0 to 1. The process resistance, driven by osmotic pressure and concentration polarization, followed a power–law relationship with a power value of 1.20, consistent with prior nanofiltration studies of rosmarinic acid solutions. Notably, no membrane fouling occurred, confirming the method’s scalability without compromising biological activity. The antioxidant activity, assessed via the DPPH method, revealed that the retentate exhibited double the activity of the feed. Antibacterial assays using broth microdilution showed that the retentate inhibited Escherichia coli by 73–96% and Bacillus subtilis by 97–98%, making it the most active fraction. These findings validate the effectiveness of the X201 membrane for concentrating natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents from lavender extract under sustainable operating conditions.
Zeolite Membranes for Gas and Liquid Separation: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Wang Qing , Yang Xiaoyu , Wang Bin
Published: January 2025

The quest for efficient separation technologies is more critical than ever in our rapidly evolving industrial landscape, where the demand for sustainable and cost-effective solutions is paramount [...]
Heterologous and High Production of Ergothioneine in Bacillus licheniformis by Using Genes from Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Liu Zhe , Xiao Fengxu , Zhang Yupeng , Lu Jiawei , Li Youran , Shi Guiyang
Published: January 2025

Purpose: This study aimed to utilize genetically engineered Bacillus licheniformis for the production of ergothioneine (EGT). Given the value of EGT and the application of Bacillus licheniformis in enzyme preparation production, we cloned the key enzymes (EanA and EanB) from Chlorbium limicola. Through gene alignment, new ergothioneine synthase genes (EanAN and EanBN) were identified and then expressed in Bacillus licheniformis to construct strains. Additionally, we investigated the factors influencing the yield of EGT and made a comparison with Escherichia coli. Methods: The relevant genes were cloned and transferred into Bacillus licheniformis. Fermentation experiments were conducted under different conditions for yield analysis, and the stability of this bacterium was also evaluated simultaneously. Results: The constructed strains were capable of producing EGT. Specifically, the yield of the EanANBN strain reached (643.8 ± 135) mg/L, and its stability was suitable for continuous production. Conclusions: Genetically engineered Bacillus licheniformis demonstrates potential in the industrial-scale production of EGT. Compared with Escherichia coli, it has advantages, thus opening up new possibilities for the application and market supply of EGT.
Design and Realization of a Cutting Force Measuring System to Analyze the Chip Removal Process in Rotational Turning
Authors: Sztankovics István
Published: January 2025

This study focuses on a detailed analysis of the cutting forces in rotational turning, a novel machining process designed to achieve high surface quality and productivity. Unlike traditional longitudinal turning, rotational turning employs a helical cutting-edged tool that performs a circular feeding movement, introducing complex kinematics that complicates the accurate measurement of the cutting forces. To address this, the theoretical background was described for modeling the cutting force removal. The process was experimentally simulated on a CNC milling machine using a custom-designed measurement system. The major cutting force, passive force, and feed force were successfully measured and analyzed under varying feed conditions for both rotational and longitudinal turning. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the passive force during rotational turning compared to longitudinal turning, which directly contributes to lower elastic deformation in the radial direction of the workpiece. This reduction improves the dimensional accuracy and stability during machining. Additionally, the feed force was observed to be slightly higher in rotational turning, reflecting the influence of the rotational movement of the tool. These findings highlight the advantages of rotational turning for applications requiring precision and surface quality, particularly where radial deformation is a critical concern. This study establishes a reliable methodology for force measurement in rotational turning and provides valuable comparative insights into its performance relative to conventional turning processes.
Lower Semen Quality Among Men in the Modern Era—Is There a Role for Diet and the Microbiome?
Authors: Magoutas Kristina , Leathersich Sebastian , Hart Roger , Ireland Demelza , Walls Melanie , Payne Matthew
Published: January 2025

The prevalence of infertility is increasing worldwide; poor nutrition, increased sedentary lifestyles, obesity, stress, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and advanced age of childbearing may contribute to the disruption of ovulation and influence oocyte and sperm quality and overall reproductive health. Historically, infertility has been primarily attributed to female factors, neglecting the importance of male fertility; this has resulted in an incomplete understanding of reproductive health. Male factors account for 40–50% of infertility cases. In half of these cases, the proximal cause for male infertility is unknown. Sperm contributes half of the nuclear DNA to the embryo, and its quality is known to impact fertilisation rates, embryo quality, pregnancy rates, risk of spontaneous miscarriage, de novo autosomal-dominant conditions, psychiatric and neurodevelopment conditions, and childhood diseases. Recent studies have suggested that both the microenvironment of the testes and diet quality may play an important role in fertility; however, there is limited research on the combination of these factors. This review summarises current known causes of male infertility and then focuses on the potential roles for diet and the seminal microbiome. Future research in this area will inform dietary interventions and health advice for men with poor semen quality, potentially alleviating the need for costly and invasive assisted reproduction treatments and allowing men to take an active role in the fertility conversation which has historically focussed on women individually.
Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nitrogen Dynamics During Cinnamomum camphora Litter Decomposition
Authors: Gao Yuehong , Long Xiaoyu , Liao Yiqi , Lin Yonghui , He Zaihua , Kong Qin , Kong Xiangshi , He Xingbing
Published: January 2025

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can preferentially absorb the released ammonium (NH4+) over nitrate (NO3−) during litter decomposition. However, the impact of AMF’s absorption of NH4+ on litter nitrogen (N) decomposition is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of AMF uptake for NH4+ on litter N metabolic characteristics by enriching NH4+ via AMF suppression and nitrification inhibition in a subtropical Cinnamomum camphora forest. The results showed that AMF suppression and nitrification inhibition significantly decelerated litter decomposition in the early stage due to the repression of NH4+ in extracellular enzyme activity. In the late stage, when soil NH4+ content was low, in contrast, they promoted litter decomposition by increasing the extracellular enzyme activities. Nitrification inhibition mainly promoted the utilization of plant-derived N by promoting the degradation of the amide I, amide II, and III bands by increasing protease activity, and it promoted ammonification by increasing urease activities, whereas it reduced the utilization of microbial-derived N by decreasing chitinase activity. On the contrary, AMF suppression, which significantly reduced the ammonification rate and increased the nitrification rate, only facilitated the degradation of the amide II band. Moreover, it intensified the microbial-derived N decomposition by increasing chitinase activity. The degradation of the amide I and II bands still relied on the priming effects of AMF on soil saprotrophs. This was likely driven by AMF-mediated phosphorus (P) mineralization. Nutrient acquiring, especially P by phosphatase, were the main factors in predicting litter decomposition and protein degradation. Thus, AMF could relieve the end-product repression of locally enriched NH4+ in extracellular enzyme activity and promote early-stage litter decomposition. However, the promotive effects of AMF on litter protein degradation and NH4+ release rely on P mineralization. Our results demonstrated that AMF could alleviate the N limitation for net primary production via accelerating litter N decomposition and reducing N loss. Moreover, they could restrict the decomposition of recalcitrant components by competing with saprotrophs for nutrients. Both pathways will contribute to C sequestration in forest ecosystems, which advances our understanding of AMF’s contribution to nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes in subtropical forests.
Reusable Tourniquets as Potential Transmitters of Infection: A Microbiological Analysis
Authors: Szymczyk Julia , Kurpas Monika , Krasiński Bartosz , Zorena Katarzyna , Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska Wioletta
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a significant global challenge, resulting in prolonged hospital stays, higher healthcare costs, and increased morbidity and mortality rates. Reusable medical equipment, such as tourniquets, represents a potential vector for infection transmission. Despite frequent use and close contact with patients’ skin, infection control protocols often overlook these devices. This study examines microbial contamination on the surface of reusable tourniquets in both emergency department and operating theatre settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and September 2024 in Gdansk, Poland. Samples from tourniquets used in the emergency department and the operating theatre were collected after an indefinite period, 14 days, and 28 days. Bacterial contamination on the surfaces of the tourniquets was measured using Columbia agar blood medium and expressed as colony-forming units (CFUs) per cm2. Results: Significant bacterial loads were detected on reusable tourniquets, with contamination levels varying by location and duration of use. The average number of CFU/cm2 across all stages of this study was 545 CFU/cm2 for the emergency department and 101 CFU/cm2 for the operating theatre. Tourniquets used in the emergency department exhibited higher bacterial counts compared to those from the operating theatre, which showed a greater diversity of bacterial species. These findings underscore the need to revise infection control protocols for reusable tourniquets. Conclusion: This study provides critical data that may influence future policy changes aimed at reducing the risk of HAIs through the improved management of reusable medical devices.
Different Flooding Conditions Affected Microbial Diversity in Riparian Zone of Huihe Wetland
Authors: Qiqige Bademu , Liu Jingjing , Li Ming , Hu Xiaosheng , Guo Weiwei , Wang Ping , Ding Yi , Zhi Qiuying , Wu Yuxuan , Guan Xiao , Li Junsheng
Published: January 2025

The soil microbiome plays an important role in wetland ecosystem services and functions. However, the impact of soil hydrological conditions on wetland microorganisms is not well understood. This study investigated the effects of wetted state (WS); wetting–drying state (WDS); and dried state (DS) on the diversity of soil bacteria, fungi, and archaea. The Shannon index of bacterial diversity was not significantly different in various flooding conditions (p > 0.05), however, fungal diversity and archaeal communities were significantly different in different flooding conditions (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found in the beta diversity of bacterial, fungal, and archaeal communities (p < 0.05). Additionally, the composition of bacteria, fungi, and archaea varied. Bacteria were predominantly composed of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, fungi mainly consisted of Ascomycota and Mucoromycota, and archaea were primarily represented by Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Bacteria exhibited correlations with vegetation coverage, fungi with plant diversity, and archaea with aboveground vegetation biomass. The pH influenced bacterial and archaeal communities, while soil bulk density, moisture, soil carbon, soil nitrogen, and plant community diversity impacted fungal communities. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the effects of different hydrological conditions on microbial communities in the Huihe Nature Reserve; highlighting their relationship with vegetation and soil properties, and offers insights for the ecological protection of the Huihe wetland.
Fatty Acid Biomarkers in the Fe-Mn Nodules from the Kara Sea, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Shulga Natalia
Published: January 2025

The study of the influence of microorganisms on the formation of deep- and shallow-water ore deposits is a promising topic in environmental science. This problem, along with the role of organic matter in the growth of Fe-Mn nodules, remains understudied. This study focuses on the analysis of the composition and content of fatty acids in fast-growing Fe-Mn deposits and underlying sediments from various regions of the Kara Sea. Fatty acids serve as important biomarkers of diagenetic processes and reflect the different origins of organic matter. This work is based on the results of lipid extract analysis using GC–MS. Various sources of fatty acids were identified, including plankton, bacteria, terrestrial plants, and detrital material. It was found that FA content depends on the size of the nodules. Compared to underlying sediments, Fe-Mn nodules are enriched in FAs of bacterial and detrital origin, with SAFAs > MUFAs and a negligible content of PUFAs.
DCGAN-Based Feature Augmentation: A Novel Approach for Efficient Mineralization Prediction Through Data Generation
Authors: Qaderi Soran , Maghsoudi Abbas , Pour Amin Beiranvand , Rajabi Abdorrahman , Yousefi Mahyar
Published: January 2025

This study aims to improve the efficiency of mineral exploration by introducing a novel application of Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGANs) to augment geological evidence layers. By training a DCGAN model with existing geological, geochemical, and remote sensing data, we have synthesized new, plausible layers of evidence that reveal unrecognized patterns and correlations. This approach deepens the understanding of the controlling factors in the formation of mineral deposits. The implications of this research are significant and could improve the efficiency and success rate of mineral exploration projects by providing more reliable and comprehensive data for decision-making. The predictive map created using the proposed feature augmentation technique covered all known deposits in only 18% of the study area.
Design, Synthesis, and Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of (Z)-5-Benzylidene-2-(naphthalen-1-ylamino)thiazol-4(5H)-one Analogs: In Vitro and In Vivo Insights
Authors: Jung Hee Jin , Kim Hye Jin , Park Hyeon Seo , Park Hye Soo , Ko Jeongin , Yoon Dahye , Park Yujin , Chun Pusoon , Chung Hae Young , Moon Hyung Ryong
Published: January 2025

Fifteen compounds (1–15) constructed on a hybrid structure combining a β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl template and a 2-aminothiazol-4(5H)-one scaffold were designed and synthesized as potential novel anti-tyrosinase substances. Two compounds (10 and 15) showed more potent inhibition against mushroom tyrosinase than kojic acid, and the inhibitory activity of 10 (IC50 value: 1.60 μM) was 11 times stronger than that of kojic acid. Lineweaver–Burk plots indicated that these two compounds were competitive inhibitors that bound to the mushroom tyrosinase active site, which was supported by in silico experiments. Compound 10 was an anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenic substance in B16F10 cells and was more potent than kojic acid, without cytotoxicity. Compound 15 exhibited the most potent effect on zebrafish larval depigmentation and showed a depigmentation effect comparable to kojic acid, even at a concentration 200 times lower. Compounds 8 and 10 exhibited strong antioxidant capacities, scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)+ radicals, and reactive oxygen species. Hybrid compounds 10 and 15 are potential therapeutic agents for skin hyperpigmentation disorders.
Native Cyclodextrin-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Applications in Food Industry
Authors: Saxena Siddanth , Lis Manuel J.
Published: January 2025

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have become a highly usable system in various sectors because of their highly ordered structure and high porosity providing them with high storage capacity. However, their use is sometimes forbidden in the food industry due to the presence of some organic compounds which have undesirable effects. Cyclodextrins, which are considered GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the FDA, comes as a very good alternative to previously used compounds for the development of the MOFs to be used in the food packaging industry, especially in the packaging sector. The cyclodextrin MOF does possess edible, biocompatible, as well as biodegradable characteristics and due to these reasons, they have gained attention from researchers in the food industry. In this review, we focus on the recent advancements in the field of CD MOFs. We have emphasized the synthesis of these MOFs through different techniques, formations of their inclusion complex with bioactive compounds, and their characterization. Finally, we discussed the use of CD MOFs as carriers for various highly volatile bioactive compounds and their ability to increase the solubility and stability of these bioactive compounds.
The Current State-of-the-Art of the Processes Involved in the Chemical Recycling of Textile Waste
Authors: Ndagano Urbain Nshokano , Cahill Laura , Smullen Ciara , Gaughran Jennifer , Kelleher Susan M.
Published: January 2025

The textile industry’s rapid growth and reliance on synthetic fibres have generated significant environmental pollution, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable waste management practices. Chemical recycling offers a promising pathway to reduce textile waste by converting used fibres into valuable raw materials, yet technical challenges remain due to the complex compositions of textile waste, such as dyes, additives, and blended fabrics.
Experimental Investigation of Dispersant on Dynamics of Impact of Al2O3 Nanofluid Droplet
Authors: Liang Dandan , Guo Ruichao , Sun Zichun , Zhao Haizhen , Qin Guohua , Zhang Yongxin
Published: January 2025

Spray cooling, of which the essence is droplet impacting, is an efficient thermal management technique for dense electronic components in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Nanofluids are pointed as promising cooling dispersions. Since the nanofluids are unstable, a dispersant could be added to the fluid. However, the added dispersant may influence the droplet, thereby impacting behaviors. In this work, the effects of dispersant on the nanofluid droplet-impacting dynamics are studied experimentally. The base fluid is deionized water (DI water), and Al2O3 is the selected nanoparticle. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as the dispersant. Five different concentrations of nanofluids are configured using a two-step method. Droplet impacting behaviors are observed by high-speed imaging techniques. The other effects, i.e., the nanofluid particle volume fraction and the Weber number on droplet impact dynamics, are also systematically investigated. The results illustrate that the surface tension of the Al2O3 nanofluid increases with increased nanofluid concentrations. The surface tension of Al2O3 nanofluid with SDS is lower than that of DI water. And the increase in droplet impact velocity increases the spreading morphology. Nanofluid droplets exhibit spreading and equilibrium process when SDS is added. Furthermore, as the concentration of the nanofluid increases, the spreading process is inhibited. Whereas without SDS, the droplets undergo spreading, receding, and equilibrium processes. Moreover, there is no appreciable change in the impacting process with concentration increase. The empirical models of maximum spreading factor should be established without SDS and with SDS, respectively. This study can provide theoretical basis and specific guidance for experimental characterization of UAVs’ electronic devices based on the mechanism of nanofluid droplet impact on the wall.
Perspectives in MicroRNA Therapeutics for Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Finotti Alessia , Gambari Roberto
Published: January 2025

The discovery of the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cystic fibrosis (CF) has generated increasing interest in the past years, due to their possible employment as a novel class of drugs to be studied in pre-clinical settings of therapeutic protocols for cystic fibrosis. In this narrative review article, consider and comparatively evaluate published laboratory information of possible interest for the development of miRNA-based therapeutic protocols for cystic fibrosis. We consider miRNAs involved in the upregulation of CFTR, miRNAs involved in the inhibition of inflammation and, finally, miRNAs exhibiting antibacterial activity. We suggest that antago-miRNAs and ago-miRNAs (miRNA mimics) can be proposed for possible validation of therapeutic protocols in pre-clinical settings.
Neurodegenerative Disorders in Criminal Offending and Cognitive Decline Among Aging Inmates
Authors: Veggi Sara , Roveta Fausto
Published: January 2025

Dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), presents critical challenges for correctional systems, particularly as global populations age. AD, affecting 60–80% of dementia cases, primarily impairs memory and cognition in individuals over 65. In contrast, FTD, rarer than AD but not uncommon in those under 65, affects the frontal and temporal brain regions, leading to deficits in social behavior, language, and impulse control, often resulting in antisocial actions and legal consequences. Behavioral variant FTD is especially associated with socially inappropriate and impulsive behaviors due to frontal lobe degeneration. The prevalence of cognitive impairment in incarcerated populations is high, exacerbated by prison environments that compound distress and limited access to specialized healthcare. Studies indicate that up to 11% of United States state prison inmates over the age of 55 exhibit cognitive impairments, often undiagnosed, resulting in punitive rather than rehabilitative responses to symptoms like disinhibition and aggression. Ethical concerns around criminal responsibility for individuals with dementia are increasingly prominent, particularly regarding their ability to comprehend and engage in legal proceedings. The growing elderly prison population necessitates reform in correctional healthcare to include early cognitive assessment, targeted intervention, and tailored post-release programs. Addressing these needs is essential to ensure appropriate treatments, alleviate healthcare demands, and support reintegration for cognitively impaired inmates.
Effect of Mediterranean Diet in Combination with Isokinetic Exercise Therapy on Body Composition and Cytokine Profile in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Suárez-Cuenca Juan A. , Díaz-Jiménez Diana Elisa , Pineda-Juárez Juan A. , Mendoza-Mota Alondra Gissel , Valencia-Aldana Ofelia Dinora , Núñez-Angeles Said , Vera-Gómez Eduardo , Hernández-Patricio Alejandro , Loeza-Magaña Pavel , Lara-Vargas Jorge Antonio , Arteaga-Martínez José Rodolfo , Garduño-Pérez Ángel Alfonso , Montoya-Ramírez Jesús , Díaz-Aranda María Angélica , Chaparro-Hernández Roberto Carlos , Melchor-López Alberto , García Silvia , Gutiérrez-Salinas José , Mondragón-Terán Paul
Published: January 2025

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a combination of comorbidities that increase pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC) production, with subsequent body composition (BC) abnormalities and high cardiovascular risk. Treatment with diet and exercise has been suggested as possible non-pharmacological adjuvant treatment. Objective: To determine changes in BC and PIC in patients with MS after a Mediterranean-type diet (MedDiet) and/or isokinetic exercise (IE). Methods: A controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted at a third-level hospital in Mexico City. Intervention groups: G1: MedDiet + IE; G2: IE; G3: MedDiet; G4: control. Anthropometry, BC, and PIC were collected from the baseline and at 12 weeks post-intervention. MedDiet was estimated from a 24-h recall record. IE consisted of a standard high-intensity anaerobic exercise program. Results: Forty-two patients with MS aged 18–65 years old were included. The most frequent comorbidities were obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. After 6 months of intervention, a significant reduction of resistin was observed within the IE group and MedDiet + IE, whereas the former group also showed an increase in adiponectin. Interventions of MedDiet and MedDiet + IE showed a decrease in IL-10. Regarding BC, all groups increased the resistance values in relation to the baseline but were lower than the control group. Conclusions: The results suggest that MedDiet and IE have a selective impact on pro-inflammatory mediators, while the combination of MedDiet and IE may induce only minor changes in BC.
Decrease in Facial Bone Density with Aging and Maintenance Effect of Calcium Maltobionate Ingestion in Japanese Adult Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial
Authors: Suehiro Daiki , Ikeda Nami , Hirooka Kiyoto , Ihara Akinori , Fukami Ken , Ohnishi Motoko
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Facial bone density, including the jawbone, declines earlier than that of the lumbar spine and calcaneus. Calcium maltobionate is reported to mitigate bone resorption and maintain bone density of the lumbar spine in post-menopausal women, but its effects on facial bone density remain understudied. Therefore, this study compared variations in facial bone mineral density with variations in calcaneal bone mineral density and bone resorption markers among healthy women, examining differences between pre- and post-menopause and the effects of continuous calcium maltobionate intake. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial involved 48 healthy Japanese women aged 30–69 years, divided into two groups. The test food group received tablets containing calcium maltobionate, while the placebo group received tablets containing a maltose and calcium carbonate mixture for 24 weeks. Calcaneal and facial bone densities were measured pre- and post-intervention in both groups. Results: Post-intervention calcaneal bone mineral density and bone resorption marker deoxypyridinoline (DPD) showed no statistical difference between groups in pre-menopausal women. However, in post-menopausal women, the test food group exhibited significantly higher calcaneal bone density and lower DPD levels compared with the placebo group. Facial bone mineral density increased significantly in the test food group compared with the placebo group in post-menopausal participants, with similar trends observed in pre-menopausal participants. Conclusions: Facial bone mineral density could serve as a useful indicator for monitoring bone health from middle age onward. Moreover, continuous calcium maltobionate intake appears to mitigate bone density decline in pre- and post-menopausal women, contributing to osteoporosis prevention (UMIN-CTR ID: 000046391).
Nrf2 Activation as a Therapeutic Target for Flavonoids in Aging-Related Osteoporosis
Authors: Messeha Samia S. , Fidudusola Fidara F. , Gendy Sherif , Latinwo Lekan M. , Odewumi Caroline O. , Soliman Karam F. A.
Published: January 2025

Biological aging is a substantial change that leads to different diseases, including osteoporosis (OP), a condition involved in loss of bone density, deterioration of bone structure, and increased fracture risk. In old people, there is a natural decline in bone mineral density (BMD), exacerbated by hormonal changes, particularly during menopause, and it continues in the early postmenopausal years. During this transition time, hormonal alterations are linked to elevated oxidative stress (OS) and decreased antioxidant defenses, leading to a significant increase in OP. Aging is significantly associated with an abnormal ratio of oxidant/antioxidant and modified nuclear factor erythroid-derived two related factor2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway. OS adversely affects bone health by promoting osteoclastic (bone resorbing) activity and impairing osteoblastic (bone-forming cells). Nrf2 is critical in controlling OS and various cellular processes. The expression of Nrf2 is linked to multiple age-related diseases, including OP, and Nrf2 deficiency leads to unbalanced bone formation/resorption and a consequent decline in bone mass. Various drugs are available for treating OP; however, long-term uses of these medicines are implicated in diverse illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular, and stroke. At the same time, multiple categories of natural products, in particular flavonoids, were proposed as safe alternatives with antioxidant activity and substantial anti-osteoporotic effects.
Pain Perception Threshold in Young High-Altitude Natives After Acute Exposure to Severe Hypoxic Conditions
Authors: Vilca-Coaquira Kely Melina , Calisaya-Huacasi Angel Gabriel , Tejada-Flores Jeancarlo , Tintaya-Ramos Henry Oscar , Quispe-Trujillo Mariela Mercedes , Quispe-Humpiri Solanyela Anny , Rojas-Chambilla Rossela Alejandra , Peña-Vicuña Gilberto Félix , Salazar Granara Alberto , Lens Sardón Luis F. , Flores-Paredes Alcides , Yang Moua , Viscor Ginés , Hancco Zirena Ivan
Published: January 2025

Previous studies indicate that individuals at high altitudes have a lower pain threshold than those living at sea level. This study evaluates the differences in pain perception among young people living at an altitude of 3800 m and after acute exposure to a severe hypoxic environment at more than 5100 m. Fourteen people (BMI of 22.6 ± 1.2 and age of 23.3 ± 1.9 years) residing in the city of Puno (3825 m) participated in an ascent to the Populated Center of La Rinconada (>5100 m). The unilateral ischemia pain provocation test was used, applying pressure with a manual sphygmomanometer to generate transient ischemia in the arm while the patient opens and closes their hand. Onset, peak, and resolution times of pain, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded. At their residence altitude of 3828 m, the mean hemoglobin was 16.16 ± 2.29, while at 5100 m, mean hemoglobin increased to 17.57 ± 1.74. The average time to pain onset in the right arm was 30.43 s ± 14.15 at 3828 m, whereas at 5100 m above sea level, the pain perception was at 31.00 s ± 19.01. At 3828 m, the average time until pain sensation in the left arm was 19.93 s ± 9.44 and increased to 23.07 s ± 10.83 at 5100 m. During exposure to a severe hypoxic environment, the pain perception threshold was similar between 3828 m and 5100 m above sea level.
An Overview of the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter
Authors: Akgün Bora
Published: January 2025

Calorimetry at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) faces many challenges, particularly in the forward direction, such as radiation tolerance and large in-time event pileup. To meet these challenges, the CMS Collaboration is preparing to replace its current endcap calorimeters from the HL-LHC era with a high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL), featuring an unprecedented transverse and longitudinal segmentation, for both the electromagnetic and hadronic compartments, with 5D information (space–time–energy) read out. The proposed design uses silicon sensors for the electromagnetic section (with fluences above 1016 neq/cm2) and high-irradiation regions (with fluences above 1014 neq/cm2) of the hadronic section, while in the low-irradiation regions of the hadronic section, plastic scintillator tiles equipped with on-tile silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are used. Full HGCAL will have approximately 6 million silicon sensor channels and about 280 thousand channels of scintillator tiles. This will allow for particle-flow-type calorimetry, where the fine structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance particle identification, energy resolution and pileup rejection. In this overview we present the ideas behind HGCAL, the current status of the project, results of the beam tests and the challenges that lie ahead.
Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Use in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Reports from a Romanian Center
Authors: Matran Roxana , Diaconu Andra-Mihaela , Iordache Andreea Maria , Dijmărescu Irina , Coroleucă Alexandra , Păcurar Daniela , Becheanu Cristina
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The introduction of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) agents, particularly infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA), has significantly expanded the therapeutic arsenal for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While these biologics have demonstrated substantial efficacy, they are associated with a spectrum of potential adverse events (AEs). This study aims to evaluate and document these AEs to facilitate optimal patient selection and monitoring strategies of patients undergoing these therapies. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study examined pediatric IBD patients receiving anti-TNF-α therapy at the “Grigore Alexandrescu” Emergency Hospital for Children in Bucharest, Romania, from January 2015 to October 2024. AEs were categorized into non-infectious complications (acute infusion reactions, anti-drug antibody formation), dermatological effects (erythema nodosum, vasculitis), neurological effects (Guillain–Barré syndrome), and infections. AEs were analyzed in relation to the specific anti-TNF-α agent administered and comprehensively characterized. Results: Of 40 patients enrolled, 22 (55%) had Crohn’s disease (CD). The median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 14.8 years [10.8–15.9]. IFX was used in 34 (85%) patients while 6 (15%) patients received either ADA or IFX/ADA sequential therapy. Twenty-seven AEs were documented in 19 (47.5%) patients, the most prevalent being antidrug antibody formation (44.4%), infections (22.2%), and acute infusion reactions (22.2%). All ADA-exposed patients experienced at least one AE, compared to 41.2% (n = 14) patients treated with IFX, p = 0.01. Conclusions: AEs were observed in approximately half of the study cohort, with anti-drug antibody formation emerging as the most frequent complication. ADA therapy was associated with a significantly higher rate of AEs compared to IFX. These findings underscore the critical importance of vigilant monitoring for patients undergoing anti-TNF-α therapy in pediatric IBD management.
Cytotoxic Activity of Bisphosphonic Derivatives Obtained by the Michaelis–Arbuzov or the Pudovik Reaction
Authors: Szalai Zsuzsanna , Bednárik Janka , Tóth Boldizsár Szigfrid , Takács Angéla , Tekula Szilárd , Kőhidai László , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Drahos László , Keglevich György
Published: January 2025

Background: Methylenebisphosphonic derivatives including hydroxy-methylenebisphosphonic species may be of potential biological activity, and a part of them is used in the treatment of bone diseases. Methods: Methylenebisphosphonates may be obtained by the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction of suitably α-substituted methylphosphonates and trialkyl phosphites or phosphinous esters, while the hydroxy-methylene variations are prepared by the Pudovik reaction of α-oxophosphonates and different >P(O)H reagents, such as diethyl phosphite and diarylphosphine oxides. Results: After converting α-hydroxy-benzylphosphonates and -phosphine oxides to the α-halogeno- and α-sulfonyloxy derivatives, they were utilized in the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction with trialkyl phosphites and ethyl diphenylphosphinite to afford the corresponding bisphosphonate, bis(phosphine oxide) and phosphonate–phosphine oxide derivatives. The Pudovik approach led to α-hydroxy-methylenebisphosphonic species and to their rearranged products. A part of the derivatives revealed a significant cytotoxic effect on pancreatic adenocarcinoma or multiple myeloma cells. Conclusions: The new families of compounds synthesized by our novel approaches may be of practical importance due to the significant cytotoxic activity on the cell cultures investigated. Compounds lacking hydroxy groups showed anti-myeloma activity or limited effect on pancreatic cancer (PANC-1) cells unless substituted with para-trifluoromethyl group. Hydroxy-containing bisphosphonates and their rearranged derivatives demonstrated varying effects depending on structural modifications. While myeloma (U266) cells indicated greater sensitivity overall, the most significant reductions in cell viability were observed in PANC-1 cancer cells, raising potential therapeutic applications of bisphosphonates beyond myeloma-associated bone disease, particularly for malignancies like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.