54 ESTABLISHMENT OF PREGNANCY BY OVINE NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYOS RECONSTRUCTED USING CAFFEINE-TREATED IN VITRO-MATURED OOCYTES AS CYTOPLAST RECIPIENTS
Authors: Lee J.-H. , Marfil M. , Panarace M. , Medina M. , Campbell K. H. S. 
Published: December 2006

In embryos reconstructed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), components of the oocyte cytoplasm are capable of reprogramming the somatic genome to control subsequent development. Although the mechanisms that control nuclear reprogramming are unknown, we have previously hypothesized that the occurrence of nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) and premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in the donor nucleus are beneficial. In previous studies we have demonstrated that treatment of ovine oocytes with caffeine (10 mM), a protein phosphatase inhibitor, increased the activities of both MPF and MAPK in enucleated oocytes (Lee and Campbell 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 125) and additionally resulted in a significant increase in the occurrence of NEBD and PCC in donor nuclei. Furthermore, SCNT embryos reconstructed following caffeine treatment had significantly increased cell numbers at the blastocyst stage. More recently we have demonstrated that the use of caffeine treated ovine oocytes as cytoplast recipients can regulate the expression of several developmentally important genes in SCNT embryos, including Oct-4 and interferon-tau (Choi et al. 2006 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 18, in press). This study was designed to establish the developmental potential of NT embryos reconstructed using caffeine treated oocytes as cytoplast recipients. Ear skin fibroblast cells established from a Merino ram were quiesced in DMEM containing 0.1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 3 days. Oocyte maturation and embryo reconstruction and culture were performed as previously described (Lee and Campbell 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 125) with the exception that ovaries from Merino � Romney Marsh cross ewes were stimulated with FSH sponge (Folltropin�-V; Bioniche Animal Health, Beltsville, Ontario, Canada) and were collected at slaughter on Day 13 following sponging. Blastocyst stage embryos were surgically transferred to the uterine horn of synchronized Merino � Romney Marsh cross recipients (three blastocysts per recipient). Recipient ewes were scanned by ultrasonography at Days 30, 60, and 90 following embryo transfer. All data were analyzed by chi-square test. There were no differences in fusion (145/167; 86.8% vs. 174/205; 84.9%), cleavage (123/145; 84.8% vs. 135/174; 77.6%), or the development to blastocyst (33/145; 22.8% vs. 34/174; 19.5%) between control SCNT embryos and caffeine treated SCNT embryos. However, although the frequency of pregnancy between control and caffeine-treated NT groups (5/15; 33.3% vs. 7/14; 50.0%) at 30 days was not significantly different, control SCNT embryos showed significantly lower pregnancies (1/15; 6.7%) than caffeine treated SCNT embryos (4/14; 28.6%) at both 60 and 90 days. In conclusion, embryos reconstructed using caffeine-treated cytoplasts can induce pregnancy at the same frequency as untreated controls; furthermore, the results suggest that SCNT embryos produced in this way are more able to maintain pregnancy.