bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Xanthomonas oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
. Natural infection of
Leersia oryzaides, Leersia oryzaides var. japonica
and
Zizania latifolia
[Zizania aquatica]
is known (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1959). Natural infection of
Cyperus rotundus
and
C. difformis
was reported in India (48, 460), but inoculation of these hosts in the Philippines failed (48, 1689). By inoculation many wild species of
Oryza
(45, 1789),
Leptochloa filiformis
(48, 1689),
L. chinensis, L. panacea
and
Zizania aquatica
(48, 1683) have all been found susceptible. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of rice and kresek disease of rice. Blight most commonly appears on leaves of young plants, after planting out, as water-soaked stripes at the margins. These enlarge and coalesce to give the characteristic yellowish lesions with wavy edges that occur mainly along the margins of the upper parts of the leaves. These lesions may later expand to cover much of the leaf, which turns whitish or greyish and dies. Leaf sheaths of the more susceptible varieties may be affected. Kresek, which occurs in tropical regions, is a strong systemic infection in which leaves or whole young plants wither and die. In older plants the leaves become pale yellow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Limited to Asia (CMI Map 304, ed. 2, 1964). Occurrences not shown on this map include Korea, Taiwan and Indonesia (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Spread locally by wind and rain and also by flood and irrigation waters; gains entry to the field in infected planting material, to the nursery in seed, and to both nursery and field from volunteer rice plants and weed hosts usually via the irrigation water. Overwintering may occur on volunteers, on or in the rhizospheres of weed hosts, in stored infected straw and in seed, but it is unlikely in soil and plant debris exposed to the weather, at least under Japanese conditions (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). Infection is through hydathodes and wounds. Penetration through stomata results in a build-up of bacteria in the intercellular spaces, but it is not until they have been exuded on to the leaf surface and re-admitted through the hydathodes and thence into the vascular system, that symptoms of the disease appear (46, 2720).
Alternaria citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrus
spp. DISEASES: Black rot of oranges; fruit rot of lemons and tangerines, leaf spot of rough lemon and Emperor mandarin. Probably found in general on
Citrus
spp., especially fruit. Internal decay in oranges begins near the styler end. There is no external sign of this but infected fruit tend to colour prematurely and some may drop. The condition may be aggravated by weather and host nutrient balance. On lemons a soft, central rot occurs in mature fruit, beginning at the button and spreading to the axis. The rind becomes translucent before the rot appears on the surface. There is also an end rot in which the external spread is almost as extensive as that inside the fruit. On leaves of rough lemon circular or irregular necrotic spots with concentric zoning are produced. A general chlorosis, curling and leaf drop follow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The fruit rotting form is widespread although other forms may be of more limited distribution. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air-borne but no dispersal studies appear to have been reported.
Alternaria passiflorae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria passiflorae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Passiflora edulis
(passion fruit) and other species of
Passiflora
including
P. quadrangularis
(giant granadilla) and
P. foetida
. DISEASE: Brown spot of passion fruit (and other species of
Passiflora
; 43, 1519). On leaves, a small necrotic spot enlarges to more than 1 cm diam. The lesion is lighter coloured in the centre and may be rounded or angular. Sporulation occurs mostly on the lower surface and continues after the leaf has fallen. Leaf infection almost invariably causes defoliation which can be complete. On fruit, spots appear after they are half-grown, the brown lesions are up to 2 cm diam. and have a dark green margin; they become wrinkled and the fruit shrivel up in a firm rot. The runner stems develop lesions 2-4 cm long and usually associated with the leaf axils. The stem may be completely girdled and the distal portion is killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Canada, Hawaii, Indonesia, Kenya, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Carried over from season to season in the host, either on the vine or ground.
Puccinia thaliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia thaliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Canna coccinea, C. edulis, C. glauca, C. indica, C. occidentalis
and other
Canna
spp.,
Stromanthe tonckat
,
Thalia dealbata
and
T. geniculata
. DISEASE: Rust of canna. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Indonesia (Java)); Australasia & Oceania (New Caledonia); Central America and West Indies (Barbados, British Honduras, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, St Vincent, Salvador, Trinidad, Tobago); North America (Bermuda, U.S.A.); South America (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela). (CMI Map 224, ed. 2, 1969.).
Macrophomina phaseolina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Macrophomina phaseolina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous; Young (1949) lists 284 hosts. DISEASES: Charcoal rot, ashy stem blight. The most frequent symptoms are a dry or wet, dark rot of the lower stem. In maize and sorghum this usually occurs near maturity; the cortex is destroyed, lodging may take place and numerous sclerotia are found on the vascular fibres (16: 310; 24: 96; 25: 109). Leaf lesions also occur on jute and legumes (4: 349; 23: 107; 26: 139). Stem rot and canker can be severe in potato, cotton and groundnut (15: 148; 24: 202, 228, 503; 34: 541; 47, 378). In conifers and many crops the fungus causes damping-off (13: 344; 17: 115; 21: 275; 26: 139; 35: 42; 38: 550; 40: 193; 45, 2846; 48, 2030). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics. TRANSMISSION: Through plant debris in soil. Seed-borne spread may be important in some crops. Both sclerotia and pycnidia can occur on the seed surface and under the seed coat (18: 82; 27: 71). Sclerotia are probably the main source of infection which also occurs through conidia (26: 139). Sclerotia showed no loss in viability after 8 months and the fungus was recovered from cotton stubble after 24-42 weeks (25: 56; 35: 607).
Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrus aurantifolia
and other species of
Citrus
(sweet orange, rough lemon and ortanique). DISEASES: Knot of lime (
Citrus aurantifolia
) and other species of
Citrus
including sweet orange, rough lemon and ortanique. The so-called knots are gall-like growths, rounded (1-7 cm diam.) but sometimes elongated, on the stems. These swellings begin by being covered with normal bark which changes to a whitish, rough, cork-like tissue, this extends in size, becoming fissured, with mueh enlarged woody tissue. The knots are firmly attached and may occur in large numbers over considerable lengths of stem which may be girdled and killed. The surface of the knot may become soft and crumbling, but it is hard inside, where black streaking indicates the presence of mycelium. A gall may form up to 40 shoots, from multiple bud formation, some over 1 m long and often themselves bearing knots or galls (witches' broom effect). These abnormal shoots eventually die. Knots can occur on the trunk and severe infection leads to death of the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Possible confusion with other similar disease-like symptoms in citrus (and because considerable damage only seems to occur in Jamaica) makes the distribution uncertain (CMI Map 386. ed. 1, 1961). Besides Jamaica it occurs in Florida and has been described from Cameroon (27: 564) and India (40: 533); it has also been reported from Ceylon, Cuba, Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia (Java), Venezuela. Some of these records are considered to be doubtful. TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Phoma insidiosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma insidiosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum
spp.,
Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Setaria, Triticum aestivum
and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot of
Sorghum
and
Setaria
spp. and other
Gramineae
. The macroscopic symptoms are variable and not particularly distinctive. Leaf lesions have an irregular outline, sometimes beginning at the tip or edge, and are brown to grey with narrow redish-purple margins. The scattered pycnidia occur sometimes in clusters or lines, interveinally. Spotting and pycnidia form on grain and glumes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia (W.), Brazil, Canada, China, Cuba, Ethiopa, Hawaii, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Laos, Malawi, Malaysia (W.), Nepal, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Rhodesia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, USA, USSR, Venezuela, Zaire Republic, Zambia. The fungus may be detected on introduced seed. TRANSMISSION: Probably carried on the seed; infection of the seed reduces both germination and subsequent growth. May remain viable on seed for 1 yr.
Asperisporium caricae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Asperisporium caricae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Carica papaya
. DISEASE: Black spot, blight or 'rust' of papaw (
Carica papaya
). Water-soaked spots on mature leaves become necrotic, usually circular and up to 4 mm diam., the dark conidia! masses being conspicuous on the under surface. Abundant spotting causes defoliation and over 50% leaf fall can occur. Similar spots form on the fruit; they cause shallow lesions and no decay. Young leaves are not attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to Central and S. America, West Indies and USA (Florida, Texas) (CMI Map 488, ed. 1, 1972). TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed but no experimental work has been reported and there is no confirmation of an early suggestion of seed transmission (4: 682).
Hypoxylon rubiginosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hypoxylon rubiginosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On the trunks and branches of woody dicotyledonous shrubs and trees, particularly
Acer
and
Fraxinus
, but also known from
Catalpa bignonioides, Hevea
, the
Bambusae
and some
Gymnospermae
. DISEASES: Cause of a traumatic disease in
Hevea
(47, 2655) and also associated with the decay of hardwood timber (46, 2865b). Cankers occur on
Catalpa bignonioides
following injury (22: 117). Only a mild pathogen on most hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and ascospores entering through bark wounds.
Hypoxylon serpens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hypoxylon serpens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On wood of many genera of dicotyledonous trees, including decorticate logs and stumps. In Europe it is particularly common on
Fagus sylvatica
and
Camellia sinensis
in Ceylon and India. DISEASES: Cause of wood rot of economic importance in
Camellia sinensis
in Ceylon and India (47, 2655; 49, 2170) which leads to a gradual decline of the plant. It also attacks a wide range of dicotyledonous trees, but most of these are not economically important. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan in temperate and subtropical regions; particularly common in Europe. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by ascospores and conidia in wind entering through wounds or landing on other decorticate parts of the hosts.
Endothia eugeniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Endothia eugeniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Eugenia caryophyllus
. DISEASE: Acute dieback of clove,
Cryprosporella
dieback of clove. Symptoms usually include a progressive dieback of branches, leading to the main stem so as to produce a 'stag-headed' condition or even the death of the whole tree. If infection occurs near the base of the stem of young trees the whole plant will die suddenly with the leaves brown but still adhering to the branches. Affected wood is sharply demarcated from healthy tissues by a dark, reddish-brown stain, there is profuse production of gum in the wood and the vessels are occluded by tyloses (32, 508). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Zanzibar, Malaysia. TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed airborne conidia produced in pycnidia which appear around the point of infection. Perithecia are found on infected tissues at a later stage of the disease and there is no doubt that airborne ascospores also contribute to spread of the disease. The fungus enters the host through wounds in the stem, generally caused by harvesting or pruning. Root infection through wounds can also occur (32, 508).
Pseudomonas caryophylli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas caryophylli
[Burkholderia caryophylli]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Dianthus caryophyllus
. By artificial inoculation
D. barbarus
and
D. alwoodii
are also susceptible. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt and bacterial stem crack of carnation. A vascular disease. Foliage becomes greyish green at first, later yellowing and wilting and death may occur. The vascular tissue is disrupted and frayed internally and at soil temperatures below about 17°C the internodes become deeply cracked (43, 1045), which gives the name to the disease as commonly seen in Europe. Above about 20°C this symptom is rare. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Rather scattered in USA and Europe, Argentina (CMI Map 411, ed. 1, 1965). To this map should be added records from New York State (30, 321), Pennsylvania (45, 466), Italy (46, 3461), Hungary (47, 2497), Poland (45, 2860), Japan (51, 2562). In some places, especially where carnations are grown mainly under glass, the disease may no longer be present. This has been claimed for the Netherlands (44, 964a). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by infected cuttings. These may be obtained from healthy looking, but diseased mother plants, especially from the lower parts of the plant. Bacteria can pass from one cutting to another in the water of the propagating bed, or if the cuttings are held in water before planting out. Transmission directly from plant to plant is slow and limited to neighbouring plants.
Corynebacterium betae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium betae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Beta vulgaris
, both red beet and mangold. Rarely seen on sugar beet. DISEASE: Silvering disease of red beet. Systemic symptoms are first seen on a small percentage of plants 6-8 weeks old. One or more leaves show silvering along the veins. The whole leaf becomes affected and cracks may appar in places in the upper epidermis; these expose parts of the tissue beneath and give a roughened appearance to the leaf. Symptoms spread to other leaves and the plant wilts and dies, sometimes in only a few days, sometimes in several weeks. Lesions may develop on the leaves of healthy plants nearby. These may be either silvery spots 1-5 mm diam., with centres often showing cracks, or a silvery and perhaps cracked band at the edge of the leaf. The spores do not appear to spread, but the marginal silvering extends along the veins and becomes systemic, involving the whole leaf and, eventually, to the whole plant. Plants in flower may show silvering of bracts and seed clusters. Petioles, stems and roots show no consistent internal symptoms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland. TRANSMISSION: In the seed of infected plants. About 1-2% of the young plants (stecklings) arising from such seed show infection a few weeks after sowing. Transmission from plant to plant occurs both within the seedbed and to neighbouring seedbeds up to at least 50 yards downwind. This seems to be mainly in wind blown droplets in the autumn and may be serious if the autumn is wet. Also readily transmitted on knives used to trim the roots of stecklings before planting out. Various insects, larvae and slugs failed to transmit the disease in experiments (Keyworth & Howell, 1961).
Pyrenochaeta lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pyrenochaeta lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lycopersicon esculentum
; also on
Capsicum
and
Nicotiana
. DISEASE: Brown root rot or corky root of tomato (
Lycopersicon esculentum
). In Europe it seems to occur only in crops grown in close succession under glass. The plants lack vigour, become stunted and give poor yields. There is a cortical rot of the fine and medium sized roots; larger roots become corky with swollen, cracked and furrowed bark, almost canker-like; finally the stem base may rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Rumania, Scandinavia, UK (24, 78; 42, 491; 50, 3178; Last
et al, NAAS Quarterly Review
62: 68, 1963). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. This fungus occurs in a sterile mycelial state within corky root of tomatoes and pycnidia have not been found in the natural state.
Deuterophoma tracheiphila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Deuterophoma tracheiphila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrus limon
; also
Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. medica
and rough lemon. DISEASE: Mal secco of
Citrus
spp., mainly lemon (C.
limon
). The first, although less specific, symptom of this vascular disease (tracheomycosis) is a sudden wilt and death of the leaves. If infection occurs towards the base of the tree or through the roots collapse is quick and the whole tree is eventually killed. Depending on the pattern of infection wilt may begin in one section or in several parts of the tree. If infection begins in the upper canopy spread of the leaf and branch collapse is much slower. Cuts into the wood (before wilt and death of the bark) reveal the characteristic orange-yellow to reddish discoloration of the vascular tissue. The host epidermal covering over the pycnidia assumes an ashy appearance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Found in the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas: Algeria, Cyprus, France, Greece (including Crete and the Aegean Islands), Israel, Italy (including Sardinia), Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR (Republic of Georgia and Caucasus). Countries in the region that appear free from mal secco are Morocco Portugal and Spain (43, 3223). A record from Colombia (Choco, 46, 3029) probably requires confirmation and one for Uganda should be deleted (CMI Map 155, Ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Water-borne from host debris.
Venturia macularis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Venturia macularis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Populus
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America. DISEASE: Shoot-tip or scab of poplars. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia in water droplets (Dance, 1961).
Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
; has been found on
O. cubensis, Juncellus serotinus
and
Zizania latifolia
[Zizania aquatica]
. DISEASE: Lesions with pale centres and distinct brown margins develop on sheaths. They are usually small (0.5-1 cm) but several may occur together. Attack on culms results in browning, lodging and death. Can also infect roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: China, Japan; Malaya, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Is capable of overwintering in soil as sclerotia or mycelium; also in stubble and other crop residues (11, 801).
Corticium rolfsii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Corticium rolfsii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Arachis, Phaseolus
and many other legumes,
Beta, Brassica, Cannabis, Cinchona, Citrus, Cucumis, Ficus
,
Lycopersicon, Musa, Oryza, Solanum, Saccharum
and a wide variety of other crops, ornamental plants and weeds. DISEASE: Stem rot, foot rot, crown rot, sclerotium wilt, blight. Infection commonly commences at about soil level and extends a few cm above and below. Epidermis, cortex and stele are all invaded; necrosis precedes penetration. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in moist tropics and warm temperate areas; present in most of Africa and southern Asia; Australasia; Spain, Italy and through central Europe to southern Sweden; North America (particularly important in southern USA), Central America and the West Indies and much of S. America (CMI Map 311, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: A facultative parasite, capable of extensive saprophytic growth in surface layers of soil. Persists on crop residues and weed hosts. The sclerotia are disseminated by cultural practices, wind and water; a proportion survive passage through sheep and cattle. They occur as contaminants amongst seed and the fungus is occasionally seed-borne, e.g. in groundnut and watermelon, or present on vegetative propagation material. The perfect state is infrequent in the field and is probably not of primary importance in disease transmission.
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis hypogaea
. DISEASE: Late leaf spot of groundnut; also called tikka with
Mycosphaerella arachidis
(CMI Descript. 411). The circular lesions, up to
c
. 8 mm diam., become very dark brown or black with the chlorotic halos on the upper surface being less distinct and developing later than those of
M. arachidis. Mycosphaerella herkeleyi
symptoms are most clearly identified by the distinct dark stroma of the conidial state which develops on the undersurface of the leaf;
M. arachidis
forms conidia on both surfaces and has no such stroma. Severe attacks cause defoliation (13, 74; 17, 651; 35, 342). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with host (CMI Map 152, ed. 3, 1967). TRANSMISSION: In India the air dispersed conidia showed a diurnal periodicity with a peak at 1000 h (50, 1524). Carry over occurs in host debris (41, 76) and seed transmission seems unimportant.
Cercospora longipes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora longipes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Saccharum officinarum
. DISEASE: Brown spot of sugarcane. Oval to linear red brown spots first appear on the older leaves; they enlarge up to 13 mm long, develop a chlorotic halo and the centre may become straw coloured. The spots are numerous and spread progressively upwards on the plant; severe attacks cause necrosis over large areas, leaf shed and death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (see distribution of diseases in Proceedings of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists, 14th Congress, 1971). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Elsinoe ampelina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchett C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Elsinoe ampelina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vitis
spp., especially varieties of the European grape (
V. vinifera
) and of some North American grapes including
V. rupestris, V. Iabrusca
and
V. aestivalis
. Also on
Vitis
hybrids, especially those derived from susceptible Vinifera or Rupestris parents (27, 461, Arnaud & Arnaud). For details of susceptibility of cultivated varieties and hybrids see Gaudineau (general review), Arnaud & Arnaud, Jennings (33, 67), Boehm (39, 70), du Plessis, Goyal
et al.
(51, 2735), Krarajnan
et al.
(49, 2948), Mirica
et al.
(50, 2404). For susceptibility of tropical and North American
Vitis
spp. see Fennell (27, 461). DISEASE: Grape anthracnose, black spot of vine (spot anthracnose etc.), birds eye rot (fruits). General symptoms may include:
leaves -
curling downwards, laceration or chlorosis of leaf parts and death of entire young leaf; shot-hole and premature leaf abscission;
stems -
stunting and death of young shoots, deterioration of older shoots and stocks, loss of fruit yield;
fruits -
loss of young bunches and distortion, splitting, mummification or abscission of berries by direct attack on fruit surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in most grape-growing areas where suitable rainfall conditions occur (CMI Map 234, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Initially by splash dispersal of conidia produced from overwintered sclerotia on lesions on stems, petioles or old bunch stalks (du Plessis). Secondary infection from diseased leaves, fruits, etc.
Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G. , Critchett C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of the
Convolvulaceae
, especially on species of
Ipomoea (Quamoclit, Merremia
) and
Convolvulus
. Economic hosts include
Ipomoea batatas
(sweet potato,
I. pes-tigridis
and probably
I. aquatic
(=
I. replans -
water spinach);
I. horsfalliae, I. purpurea
and
Calonyction aculeatum
are amongst ormentals attacked. DISEASE: White rust of sweet potitto. common white (blister) rust of
Ipomoca (Convolvulus
etc.). Sporangial pustules are produced on lower leaf surfaces, (petioles, stem and flowers), separately from the oospores, the latter often developing in pronounced swellings, galls or elongated tumour-like growths of stem and branches (flowers, petioles, roots) (Singh & Bedi, 1966; Farlow, 1889). The disease may cause trailing species to assume an upright habit (11, 545) and individual branches may show a witches broom effect. Diseased plants can also exhibit chlorosis, general distortion, defoliation and flower abortion (Singh & Bedi, 1965, 1966; Harter & Weimer, 1929). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread on
Ipomoea
and
Convolvulus
spp. in tropical and warmer temperate regions. Main areas incluide North America (USA), tropical and South America (most countries); Africa (Moroco, Sudan and countries south of Sahara); S.W. Europe (S. France, Italy, Malta); S.W. USSR (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and Asia (India, Pakistan and Far East); Australia (Queensland) and Pacific. Apparently not recorded in S.E. Europe, nor in Middle Eastern countries from Egypt through to Afghanistan. See under notes for distribution on
I. batatas
. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangia and by short distance water dispersal of sporangia and zoospores. Initial infection by oospores from overwintered host tissue can occur (Harter & Weimer, 1929; 39, 750).
Cercospora canescens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora canescens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phaseolus
spp., also on
Lablab niger, Vigna
and
Voandzeia subterranea
[Vigna subterranea]
(51, 4672). DISEASE: Leaf spot; the symptoms are not particularly charactenstic and are often similar to others caused by other species of
Cercospora
on these crops. These species were discussed briefly in an account of
C. vanderysii
Henn on
P. vulgaris
(bean grey spot) in Colombia (38, 437). This fungus can be distinguished from
C. canescens
by the dense grey, cushion-like growth over the leaf lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in warmer regions. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cercospora cruenta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora cruenta
[Mycosphaerella cruenta]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
and
V. unguiculata
; also on
Calopogonium, Lablab niger, Phaseolus
spp. and
Stizolobium deeringianum
[Mucuna pruriens]
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cowpea. On
Phaseolus aureus
[Vigna radiata]
the leaf spots are more or less circular, purplish-red and mostly with light grey centres, usually 3-4 mm diam. ; large, irregular necrotic patches, limited by the veins, are formed, pods are destroyed, purplish stem lesions are up to 4 cm long (4, 75). On
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
the reddish-brown leaf spots (becoming necrotic) can be 1 cm diam., outline irregular, there may be coalescence of the spots and leaflets wither (14, 280; 42, 168). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in warmer regions. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Brassica
spp. DISEASE: Ringspot of
Brassica
spp. ; the symptoms are most conspicuous on the outer leaves. The small necrotic spots enlarge to an average 0.5-1 (-2) cm diam. ; the spots are generally circular with light brown or grey centres, a definite edge is bounded by a narrow water-soaked area and a chlorotic zone; where the lesions are numerous the whole leaf becomes yellowish and shows curled, cracked and ragged edges. Within the lesion the perithecia (hypophyllous at first, later amphigenous) form in a typically zonate manner; they may be extremely numerous and the lesion appears black. Rectangular or oval lesions are caused on the midribs, stems and siliqua (5, 459). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 189, ed. 3, 1969) but generally restricted to cool, moist regions; there are few records from Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Uganda). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne ascospores but no specific studies reported. The pycnidia contain spermatia which are not infective (25, 591; 41, 112).
Phomopsis sclerotioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis sclerotioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of
Cucurbitaceae
. DISEASE: Black rot of cucumber (
Cucumis sativus
). On finer roots, small isolated sunken necrotic spots. Later infections on older roots greyish black or brown areas (not necessarily sunken), bounded by darker areas (black wavy lines); coalescence occurs. Roots may be girdled and killed and the cortical tissue sloughs off. Stem infected at base from several rotted roots; stems show elongate brown (sometimes black) lesions with amber, gummy exudations. Plants are stunted, have fewer lateral shoots and small, downward cupped, leaves; partially developed fruit does not mature. Irreversible wilt (non-vascular) often reached as fruiting begins (46, 3612; 48, 3235). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Canada (British Columbia), Denmark, France, Germany, Malaysia (Sabah), Netherlands and Norway (CMI Map 509, ed. 1, 1975). TRANSMISSION: Through soil.
Melampsora medusae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Melampsora medusae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Coniferae
, especially
Larix
and
Pseudotsuga
, less commonly on
Pinus
and other genera (Ziller, 1965). Uredinia and telia on species of
Populus
, especially
Populus deltoides
, and its varieties and hybrids
P. balsamifera, P. nigra
var.
italica
and others. Its exact host range on species of
Populus
is not known due to confusion with other species of
Melampsora
and to uncertainty in the reported identity of some species of
Populus
and clones (Walker, Hartigan & Bertus, 1974). DISEASE: Leaf rust of poplars, causing severe leaf damage and early defoliation on susceptible species and clones. Continued defoliation of successive flushes of growth predisposes trees to winter injury and dieback (Peace, 1962) and can cause death of trees, especially nursery stock and trees 1-2 yr old (25, 204; 47, 241; Walker Haitigan & Bertus, 1974). Reduction in incremental growth of timber occurs with susceptible varieties. Some damage can occur to the conifer hosts. It is often severe on
Pseudotsuga menziesii
(45, 459; 47, 126) and in nurseries
Pinus
spp. and
Larix
spp. can be heavily attacked (Ziller, 1965). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA), Asia (Japan); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (France, Spain). Reports of
Melampsora
spp. on poplars (including
P. deltoides
and
P. canadensis
) from South America (Argentina, 21, 173), Uruguay (Lindquist & de Rosengurtt, 1967) may refer in part to
M. medusae
. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne urediniospores, often over long distances (suspected from eastern Australia to New Zealand). Urediniospores survive the winter in milder climates on semi-evergreen lines and on green sucker growth of deciduous trees. This is probably the main method of overwintering in the Southern Hemisphere and in warmer parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The possibility of bud carryover as occurs with
M. epitea
on
Salix
in Iceland (Jorstad, 1951) and the Canadian Arctic (Savile, 1972) should be investigated. Telia survive the winter and basidiospores formed in spring infect susceptible conifers in parts of the Northern Hemisphere (Ziller, 1965) but no conifer infection has so far been found in Australia.
Elsinoe veneta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchet C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Elsinoe veneta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rubus
spp., especially on European and American red raspberries (
R. idaeus
and
R. idaeus
var.
oculentissimus
), black raspberry (
R. occidentalis
) and on loganberries, boysenberries, youngberries, etc. (
R. ursinus, R. villosus, R. vitifolius
) and the European bramble (
R. fruticosus
). DISEASE: Cane spot or anthracnose of raspberry causing dwarfing of canes and often dieback from the tip. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, occurring especially in cooler temperate areas of North America, W. Europe and Australia (CMI Map 503, ed. 1, 1974). TRANSMISSION: Initially by wind-borne ascospores from overwintered fruiting bodies. Ascospore release usually continuing during spring-early summer (Burkholder; Jones) or until autumn (Harris; 37, 201). Also initially by rain-splashed conidia from mycelium in overwintered lesions (Burkholder; 6, 740; 42, 332). Secondary infection by conidia from current season's lesions. Role of perfect state uncertain in some areas (Burkholder; 42, 622; 43, 2354).
Fulvia fulva
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Mulder J. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fulvia fulva
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lycopersicon esculentum
. DISEASE. Leaf mould of tomato is a major disease of this crop. The first symptoms are pale chlorotic spots (margins indefinite) on the upper leaf surface. Sporulation, on the lower surface beneath the spots, is downy, light grey, becoming buff to tawny brown or olive green. Defoliation may occur. Infection of blossoms and fruits is much less important. There was an interval of
c
. 6 weeks between the incidence of severe leaf colonization (50% leaf area) and decreases in yield (48, 1982). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide (CMI Map 77, ed. 5, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By air-dispersed conidia; these were considered to be viable for 9-12 months under adverse conditions (18, 142). Seed contamination may occur.
Drechslera siccans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechslera siccans
[Pyrenophora lolii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves of
Lolium
and occasionally on
Festuca
other
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Brown blight. Causing lanceolate dark-brown spots or streaks up to 2 × 1 mm between the parallel veins of the leaf blade; these later coalesce to form brown blotches without any definite border. With age the centre of some of the larger spots may become necrotic and assume an eye-spot appearance. When infection is severe leaves may become chlorotic and die. The fungus has also been reported from
Phaseolus vulgaris
(38, 54; 42, 585). Infection on grasses causes oval, chocolate coloured leaf spots with white centres; larger lesions are dark streaks 1 cm or more long on the leaf blades. The mesophyll may be completely destroyed, leaving only the veins; spikes may be discoloured and distorted (20, 21). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Detected on seed (47, 3058; 50, 3873).
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, rye, barley,
Agropyrons repens, Cynodon dactylon, Elymus glaucus
. DISEASES: Causes yellow leaf spot of cereals and grasses; oval to lanceolate. yellow to grey brown lesions often with a yellow halo. The lesions can be distinguished from those caused by
Cochliobolus sativus
because of their lighter colour. The disease results in premature death of leaves. It can also cause a seedling blight and root rot. Common and widespread on
Agropyron repens
[Elymus repens]
and wheat, occasionally on barley and rye and recorded on many other grasses. Sometimes causes severe leaf wilt and spotting especially on durum wheat. Leaves of
Agropyron repens
[Elymus repens]
when attacked gradually lose their colour and wither from the tips backwards; they become at first pale yellow, later grey. On wheat fusiform, oval or lanceolate spots, 0.5-2 cm long, 2-4 mm wide are formed. These are at first yellow but later turn brown or greyish brown often with a yellow halo. The leaves die prematurely from the tip backwards. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia; Asia (Japan, India, Nepal); Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia); Europe (Britain, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Cyprus); S. America (Bolivia); and N. America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne spores (51, 1045p), seed-borne by both external contamination and internal infection (34, 24), secondary grass weed hosts (11, 695), carryover on stubble and other crop debris (43, 1225f; 52, 685).
Pleiochaeta setosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pleiochaeta setosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Parasitic on
Crotalaria, Cytisus, Lupinus, Ornithopus
and
Phaseolus
. DISEASE: Causes leaf, stem and pod lesions on
Cytisus
and
Lupinus
spp. ; also recorded on
Crotalaria
and
Phaseolus vulgaris
. On pods and leaves the lesions are circular to very irregular, varying considerably in size, up to 1 cm or more diameter. They are characteristically zonate and result in dieback and wilt. The seeds are attacked and there is a brown discoloration of the seed coat. On branches and leading shoots the lesions are elongate-oval, up to 2 cm long, with sharply alternating light brown and black zones (13, 166; 16, 636; 17, 185, 686; 19, 99; 28, 457; 29, 29; 37, 724; 50, 1863). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe; also Africa (South Africa); Asia (Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia, Sri Lanka); Australia (NSW, Qd, W. Australia); America (south-east USA, Brazil) (CMI Map 243, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (17, 824; 19, 99; 40, 111).
Phialophora cinerescens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phialophora cinerescens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pathogenic to species of
Dianthus, Saponaria, Petrocoptis, Gypsophila, Vaccaria, Viscaria, Silene
and
Helianthus
(52, 148; 49, 2500; 43, 760). Economically important on
Dianthus
. DISEASE: Carnation wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Italy, France); N. America (USA); New Zealand; Asia (USSR). TRANSMISSION: Through the soil, by splash-dispersed conidia, persistence of infected plant debris in the soil or mycelial growth.
Phialophora asteris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phialophora asteris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Aster novi-belgii
cultivars (michaelmas daisy) and, more rarely,
A. tradescantii
. Cultivars of
Callistephus chinensis
are also very susceptible with
A. amellus, A. linosyris
and
Bellis perennis
moderately so;
A. acris
and
A. novae-angliae
appear to be resistant (Burge & Isaac, 1974). DISEASE: Vascular wilt of michaelmas daisies, aster wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Netherlands, Denmark); New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by splash dispersed conidia and by infected plant debris in the soil.
Mycosphaerella citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrus
spp. DISEASE: Greasy spot of
Citrus
(black melanose or greasy melanose); greasy spot rind blotch has been proposed to cover all the symptoms on fruits (52, 1145). The leaves bear small blister like areas, mostly hypophyllous; these spots are at first a translucent, light yellow orange, becoming necrotic. In the field they resemble irregular flecks of dirty grease on both leaf surfaces. Most of the leaf may be affected and infected leaves fall. Very small black spots are caused on the fruits, forming an unsightly blemish; they are accentuated by delayed colouring of the rind due to retention of chlorophyll in the adjacent living cells (50, 2280; 52, 1145). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Florida.). The disease was known for many years in USA before its aetiology was determined (50, 1231); and had been erroneously attributed to
Cercospora citri-grisea
Fisher (40, 752). A similar (or identical) disease in Japan (48, 155) had been attributed to
Mycosphaerella horii
Hara (see Tanaka
et al.
; Yamada). In Florida
M. citri
was considered to differ from
M. horii
(50, 1231; 51, 3364); the former has smaller ascospores which are not constricted at the septa. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne ascospores from fallen leaves are thought to be the most important inoculum source (50, 1231).
Absidia corymbifera
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Absidia corymbifera
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A common saprophyte found in air, soil, compost and vegetable debris; pathogenic for man and other warmblooded animals. DISEASE: This is the most commonly reported cause of phycomycosis in man and other warm-blooded animals (causing mycoses). It has been recorded from infections of most organs of the body, including the alimentary tract, brain, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes, orbit, sinus, subcutaneous tissues of various hosts. The host range includes man, cattle (RMVM 9, 986), dog (RMVM 7, 215, 216), flamingo (RMVM 6, 1575), fowl, guineapig (RMVM 2, 1721), mink (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1973), okapi (RMVM 6, 575), penguin, pig (RMVM 11, 407), rabbit, reindeer and roedeer. It also causes mycotic abortion and mastitis in cattle. It has been used in studies on experimental phycomycosis in mice (RMVM 11, 954, 1560) and rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.