bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Ekuitas Merek (Brand Equity) Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Starbucks Coffee pada Masa Pandemi (Studi Kasus di Starbucks Coffeee XXI Empire Yogyakarta)
Authors: Khaerunnisya Nida , Endang Sri Rejeki Marsudi
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh ekuitas merek (brand equity) dalam keputusan pembelian pelanggan pada gerai Starbucks XXI Empire Yogyakarta. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan observasional. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket kuesioner dengan Skala Likert pada 100 responden pelanggan Starbucks Coffee Yogyakarta XXI Empire yang dipilih secara acak dengan simple random sampling. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April - Juni 2021 dengan kriteria inklusi konsumen yang membeli produk Starbucks minimal 2 kali selama masa pandemi COVID-19.
Hasil penelitian menyatakan adanya pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara brand equity terhadap keputusan pembelian, antara brand awareness terhadap keputusan pembelian, antara brand loyalty terhadap keputusan pembelian. Semakin meningkatnya brand equity dari Starbucks Coffee maka semakin tinggi pula keputusan konsumen untuk melakukan pembelian pada Starbucks Coffee di masa pandemi COVID-19 ini.
Kajian Literatur: Peran Fungsi Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Terhadap Bisnis Jasa Makanan
Authors: Yuzarni Ririn , Deltu Sri Nova , Anugrah Aldo
Published: September 2022

Peran dari fungsi manajemen sumber daya manusia selalu menjadi topik menarik dimana saja, diseluruh dunia, terutama di dunia wirausaha. Pada dasarnya tujuan dari penelitian literatur ini adalah untuk mendapatkan hasil yang konsisten, tentang korelasi peran dari fungsi manajemen sumber daya manusia terhadap bisnis jasa makanan secara kronologis yang bersumber dari jurnal dan buku yang terkait. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif menggunakan metode observasi literatur yang bersumber dari beberapa jurnal terkait bisnis jasa makanan. Tentu saja, tulisan ini menciptakan kontribusi orisinalitas untuk pengembangan hubungan kedua variabel itu sendiri. Poin terakhir dari penelitian ini adalah dalam bentuk kesimpulan yang menunjukkan fakta bahwa fungsi manajemen sumber daya manusia memiliki peran dan sangat berpengaruh terhadap jalannya suatu usaha, khususnya pada bisnis jasa makanan.
Ovine Johne's disease
Authors: Worsley Laura , Davies Peers
Published: September 2022

Ovine Johne's disease (OJD) is commonly considered to be an ‘iceberg disease’ whereby the majority of infected individuals and the majority of the production losses associated with infection are subclinical, and only a small proportion of the infected animals develop overt, easily identifiable clinical signs. This small number of clinical cases represent the ‘tip’ of a much larger OJD subclinical iceberg, the economic impact of which is chronically underestimated. Several other diseases have also been described in this way, such as maedi visna, caseous lymphadenitis, ovine pulmonary adenomatosis and border disease. However, OJD is the most important of these diseases because of the high prevalence of flocks infected and economic impact of production losses that result from sub-clinical infections. This article reviews disease transmission, diagnosis, control and prevention as well as recent work providing estimates of the prevalence of OJD within the national flock.
PCN companies and the provision of ARRS
Authors: Cumberlege Justin
Published: September 2022

Justin Cumberlege, a Partner in the healthcare law firm Hempsons, considers points at issue in the provision of additional roles reimbursement scheme staff by primary care networks
Teste de Submissão
Authors: Silva Rogério Santos
Published: September 2022

Teste
Orange Is the New Black: um ensaio sobre a mulher encarcerada
Authors: Mascarenhas Santana João Victor , Dos Santos Freire Kayo Martins , Oliveira Cedraz Suzana , Brito Salgado Victória Gabriela
Published: September 2022

Este ensaio tem por objetivo analisar e refletir a situação em que se encontram hodiernamente as mulheres encarceradas no Brasil, e aqui se retrata a violência moral, física, psicológica e sexual cometidas contra estas mulheres. Para tratarmos desta temática, além de pesquisas bibliográficas sobre o Sistema Penitenciário pátrio, utilizaremos como objeto de estudo a série norte-americana Orange Is The New Black (OITNB), que enfoca a chegada de Piper Chapman: protagonista, mulher, branca, classe média alta, a um presídio de segurança mínima chamado Litchfield. Com o desenrolar da série, vislumbramos a vivência de diversas mulheres, distintas física e psicologicamente, mas sempre compartilhando algum serviço em comum: a repressão, a censura e a violência sofridas. Dessa forma, realizaremos uma correlação com a realidade do encarceramento feminino em nosso país.
“O drama da humana manada”: o desabafo cantado do trabalhador em tempos de precarização.
Authors: Da Silva Wanessa Galindo Falcão , Rocha Lorena do Nascimento Galdino
Published: September 2022

ResumoEstamos passando por um período de intensa precarização da mão de obra trabalhadora, sentida e externalizada, inclusive, por meio da arte. Dentre essas expressões artísticas, elegemos a música “O drama da humana manada”, da banda El Efecto, para analisarmos o atual cenário do trabalho no Brasil. Estabelecendo um diálogo entre a música escolhida, a noção de trabalho alienado de Marx e o Direito do Trabalho, percebemos que o processo de alienação do trabalhador tem se tornado ainda mais perceptível com o avanço da agenda neoliberal.Palavras–Chave: Classe trabalhadora; Alienação do trabalhador; Direitos trabalhistas. Abstract We are going through a period of intense precariousness in the labor force, felt including through art. Among these artistic expressions, we chose the song “O drama da humana manada”, by the band El Efecto, to analyze the current scenario of work in Brazil. Establishing a dialogue between the chosen music, Marx's notion of alienated work and Labor Law, we realize that the process of alienating the worker has become even more noticeable with the advancement of the neoliberal agenda.Key words: Working class; Alienation of the worker; Labor rights.
30 ANOS DO SISTEMA ÚNICO DE SAÚDE BRASILEIRO – O COMPROMISSO COM A VERDADE
Authors: Cezar Thyago , Rillo Dutka Jeniffer de Cássia
Published: September 2022

No Brasil, temas relativos à circulação de informação e comunicação cada vez mais têm sido objeto de estudo e análise, principalmente diante da grande quantidade de informações falsas que transitam livremente em nossa sociedade. Todos esses acontecimentos, aparecem de forma repetitiva no temas afetos à saúde da população, podendo ocasionar prejuízos à promoção, proteção e recuperação da saúde de nosso povo. Diante da relevância da temática afeta à comunicação em saúde, este trabalho tem como objetivo apontar dispositivos que demonstrem e reafirmam a responsabilidade do Sistema Único de Saúde em disseminar somente informações/comunicações que sejam condizentes com a realidade. Para a construção deste trabalho foi utilizado referencial bibliográfico, incluindo consulta à artigos, materiais disponibilizados na internet e legislação pertinente.
ICESat-2 laser data denoising algorithm based on a back propagation neural network
Authors: Meng Wenjun , Li Jie , Tang Qiuhua , Xu Wenxue , Dong Zhipeng
Published: September 2022

The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) photon data is the emerging satellite-based LiDAR data, widely used in surveying and mapping due to its small photometric spot and high density. Since ICESat-2 data collect weak signals, it is difficult to denoise in shallow sea island areas, and the quality of the denoising method will directly affect the precision of bathymetry. This paper proposes a back propagation (BP) neural network-based denoising algorithm for the data characteristics of shallow island reef areas. First, a horizontal elliptical search area is constructed for the photons in the dataset. Suitable feature values are selected in the search area to train the BP neural network. Finally, data with a geographic location far apart, including daily and nightly data, are selected respectively for experiments to test the generality of the network. By comparing the results with the confidence labels provided in the official documents of the ATL03 dataset, the DBSCAN algorithm, and the manual visual interpretation, it is proved that the denoising algorithm proposed in this paper has a better processing effect in shallow island areas.
Time-Resolved Fluorometry of the Aromatic Amino Acids
Authors: Laws William R. , Ross J.B. Alexander , Katsoyannis Panayotis G. , Wyssbrod Herman R.
Published: September 2022

Fluorescence spectroscopy is an extremely useful technique for understanding the complex relationships between structure and function of biological systems. The advantages of fluorescence spectroscopy include sensitivity (only a small amount of sample is needed), a wide range of time scales in which to measure particular processes (picoseconds to seconds), the ability to examine the biological system in aqueous solution, as well as many physical parameters that can be measured (quantum yield, lifetime, emission energies, anisotropy) to reveal different aspects of the system.
The potential of free-electron lasers for x-ray holographic microscopy of biological specimens
Authors: Jacobsen Chris , Kirz Janos , DiGennaro Dick , Howells Malcolm , Rothman Stephen
Published: September 2022

X-ray microscopy is a rapidly developing field that could benefit greatly from λ ≤ 4.5 nm Free Electron Lasers (FELs). Work in holographic microscopy could make possible the recording of sub-optical resolution images of hydrated specimens in a matter of milliseconds. We will discuss the exposure requirements of x-ray holographic microscopy, the opportunities and problems associated with reducing exposure times to the millisecond range. and the potential that FELs hold for dramatically advancing work in this field.
Use of a Free-Electron Laser in Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectroscopy Studies of Actinide Materials
Authors: Kleinschmidt Phillip D.
Published: September 2022

While the use of photoionization potentials to obtain bond dissociation energies of molecules is not unique, the application of this technique to the study of actinide systems, particularly the transplutonics is.
Ultraviolet Photobiology*
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: September 2022

Biology, for the most part, happens in an aqueous environment. Thus the optical properties of water are critical to studies of the effects of electromagnetic radiation on biological systems. Water does not absorb hard x-rays or long wavelength radio waves very well, but these regions of the spectrum are not of interest in this discussion. The regions of the spectrum that are important here are the two "windows" where water is reasonably transparent. The major "window" in the absorption spectrum of water extends from below 200 nm in the ultraviolet (UV) to about 1,000 nm in the near infrared. The "visible" region of the spectrum (380 to 800 nm) is in the center of this window and all of the biological processes that are included in the dicipline of photobiology (vision, photosynthesis, photomovement, photomorphogenesis, bioluminescence, chronobiology, photosensitization and ultraviolet photobiology) involve wavelengths in some part of the 200-1000 water window. In evaluating potential roles for UV free electron lasers (FELs) we are interested in wavelengths less than about 400 nm. In this part of the spectrum most biological effects are detrimental to biological materials and fall under the subdicipline refered to as UV photobiology. In addition to the biological effects of visible and UV light, these wavelength are used in spectroscopic experiments that probe biological structure and function. UV FELs may prove particularly useful in circular dichroism-, fluorescence- and Raman spectroscopy.
Absorption Properties and Desirable Photon Fluxes for Experiments Using Biological Cells and Viruses in the Ultraviolet (100 nm - 400 nm) Wavelength Region
Authors: Coohill Thomas P.
Published: September 2022

One of the persistent problems encountered in performing experiments with biological organisms in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum, is the availability of radiation sources with sufficient energy to elicit the desired response in a reasonable period of time. Hence, a large portion of UV photobiology has been conducted at wavelengths between 220 nm and 300 nm (1). Here certain important cellular chromophores, such as the genetic material DNA, absorb heavily and can be altered with the use of simple sources such as fluorescent lamps (eg. 254 nm "germicidal" lamps) or by more intense sources fractionated into monochromatic wavelengths (eg. mercury-xenon lamps and tandem grating monochromators). It is not surprising that this limited λ region is the most throughly understood area of UV cellular biology. Progress into the longer UV (300 nm to 400 nm) and the shorter UV (wavelengths less than 200 nm) regions has been hindered by lack of sources with sufficient energy.
Quantitative Studies of Multiphoton Ionization using Tunable VUV Radiation
Authors: Bamford Douglas J.
Published: September 2022

The storage ring free electron laser will make studies of multiphoton ionization in the vacuum ultraviolet possible. At relatively low laser intensities one can study two-photon resonant three-photon ionization of atoms in a regime where perturbation theory works well. In this regime cross sections for the multiphoton processes can be measured accurately and then used for sensitive, quantitative detection of atoms. At higher intensities higher-order processes such as multiple ionization can take place. The tunability, variable pulse length, and well characterized spatial distribution of the FEL will be important in unraveling the mechanisms of these processes.
Projected Operation of the SCA/FEL in the Ultraviolet
Authors: Schwettman H. A. , Smith T. I.
Published: September 2022

The Superconducting Accelerator driven Free Electron Laser (SCA/FEL) has been established as a facility for producing picosecond photon beams. The facility is to provide between 1000 and 2000 hours of FEL beam time per year for bio-medical and materials science research, and at present is capable of operating at any wavelength between 3 μm and 350 nm. Details of the present capability will be summarized in Section 2. Interest in expanding this range in both directions is strong, and components are already on hand to extend this range to greater than 10 μm. Viable options for extending the range to at least 200 nm will be discussed in Section 3. The facilities for the experimenters using the photon beams will be discussed in Section 4.
Research Opportunities Below 300 nm at the NBS Free-Electron Laser Facility*
Authors: Debenham Philip H. , Johnson B. Carol
Published: September 2022

A free-electron laser (FEL) user facility is being constructed at the Center for Radiation Research of the National Bureau of Standards in collaboration with the Plasma Physics Division of the Naval Research Laboratory. The FEL, which will be driven by the NBS-LANL cw racetrack microtron (RTM), will be operated as an oscillator with the fundamental wavelength variable from approximately 200 nm to 10 μm. The presence of harmonics should allow for operation in the VUV and EUV spectral regions. The FEL will be operational by April, 1990.
Time-resolved ultraviolet photoemission studies of surface dynamics
Authors: Bokor J.
Published: September 2022

Picosecond time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is a newly developed technique for studying dynamical processes at surfaces. The basic concept is to make use of the power of angle-resolved photoemission to analyze both the energy as well as momentum dynamics of electrons in bulk crystals as well as on crystal surfaces that have first been photoexcited to normally empty states lying above the Fermi-level. Using this technique, bulk and surface conduction band electrons have been studied on InP1,2, GaAs Schottky barriers3, and Si4 surfaces. These initial studies demonstrate the power and versatility of the technique, and point toward a wide array of investigations into surface dynamics.
Projected Performance of RF-Linac-Driven Free-Electron Lasers in the VUV and Soft X-Ray Regions*
Authors: Newnam Brian E.
Published: September 2022

For the past three years, a multidisciplinary team of Los Alamos scientists, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, has been developing the requisite technologies to extend free-electron laser (FEL) operation from infrared and visible wavelengths into the extreme-ultraviolet below 100 nm using rf-linear accelerator technology. The goal is to establish an XUV Free-Electron Laser User Facility, the next-generation light source that will make available to researchers optical power more than one-million times greater than provided by synchrotron light sources. Based primarily on a series of FEL oscillators driven by a single, rf-linac, the Los Alamos facility is designed to generate broadly tunable, picosecond-pulse, coherent radiation spanning the soft x-ray through the ultraviolet to the visible spectral ranges from 1 nm to 400 nm.
High-Resolution Photoemission Studies of Transuranic Actinides with an XUV-FEL
Authors: Cox L. E.
Published: September 2022

The evolution of electronic structure across the actinide series is unique in the periodic table. At the beginning of the series the 5f electrons are clearly in involved in bonding and are well described by band theory; beyond Pu, however, localization occurs and magnetic and other physical properties indicate a transition to atomic-like behavior has taken place. In the valence-band photoemission spectra this change is manifested by the recession of 5f spectral weight from the Fermi energy and the appearance of multiplet structure. The latter results from the coupling of electron spin and angular momentum in the 5f-ionized final state. The situation is in principle analogous to 4f photoemission in the lanthanides which are well understood, and for which the final-state multiplet intensities can be calculated accurately from atomic theory. Similar calculations have been carried out for the actinides, but to date the only opportunity for comparison with experiment has been Am. The structure observed here was not consistent with that expected for a 5f6-to-5f5 photo-emission process prompting the proposal that the surface layer is actually divalent (5f7) and exhibits a slightly different binding energy than atoms in the bulk. The observed spectrum is then the sum of three contributions. Both the tunability and resolution provided by an XUV-FEL would be immensely beneficial in sorting out problems of this kind. Being able to change the photon energy at which spectra are obtained allows controlling the escape depth of the photoelectrons and hence the relative contributions from the bulk and surface atoms. The increased resolution of an FEL over even He resonance sources could well reveal additional multiplet structure, further simplifying the analysis.
Nonlinear Spectroscopy of Atomic Systems Using XUV FELS
Authors: Mcllrath Thomas J.
Published: September 2022

Nonlinear spectroscopy of atomic systems can involve either resonant or nonresonant intermediate states. Resonant multiphoton spectroscopy can be thought of as a two step process wherein the atom is first prepared in the excited state and then probed in that state. In this talk we will discuss both processes and the prospects for doing multiphoton spectroscopy using the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) free electron laser (FEL).
Energy optimization of diffraction managed accessible solitons
Authors: Mishra Manoj , Kajala Sandeep Kumar , Sharma Mohit , Konar Swapan , Jana Soumendu
Published: September 2022

We present the generation, stability analysis, and energy optimization of diffraction managed accessible breather solitons in highly nonlocal nonlinear media comprising an array of alternately positive and negative diffracting media. The system has been modeled using a nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation and solved both analytically and numerically. The initial beam energy for the diffraction managed solitons has been determined and tabulated for a large range of both local and average diffraction. At comparatively higher diffraction values, the diffraction managed system requires significantly less energy for soliton formation than in a constant diffraction system, while it requires a little more for lower diffraction values. Naturally, an intermediate diffraction value offers the energy matching point for diffraction managed and constant diffraction systems, which in turn eases the use of both systems in a single network if necessary. The diffraction managed system requires less tuning of initial beam energy for soliton formation, and it is more prominent for negative average diffraction. The diffraction managed accessible solitons show a variety of bifurcations. They are robust against randomness in diffraction and/or nonlinearity.
Alternatives and Imperatives for Optical Interconnect in High Performance Computers
Authors: Smith Burton
Published: September 2022

High performance in a computer system chiefly depends on the bandwidth available in its interconnection network; although low latency is also valuable, concurrency can be used to tolerate latency when it is high. The tradeoff between bandwidth and aspect ratio for conventional transmission lines increasingly presents a packaging problem for high bandwidth networks—one that optical interconnect should be able to solve. For general-purpose computers, point-to-point transmission of small packets over relatively long distances is needed. Broadcast and beam deflection capabilities seem to have no role to play here. The choice between guided and free-space optics and the extent to which optics is used depend on how, and how well, some crucial “engineering details” are addressed as optical interconnect technology matures.
Observation System with an OASLM and Optical Image Processing
Authors: Rehn H. , Kowarschik R.
Published: September 2022

An optically addressable spatial light modulator (OASLM) allows for the conversion of an incoherent intensity distribution to the phase distribution of a coherent beam that reads out the OASLM. This way, coherent optical operations can be applied to the information originating from an arbitrary light source. In our contribution we present an observation system where an OASLM is used for the introduction of an image to an optical image processing system. We will demonstrate novelty filtering, contrast inversion, and shearing interferometry.
Implementation of Hybrid Micro-Optical Beam Combining Unit (MOBCU) with Smart Pixel Transmitter Array
Authors: Wakelin Suzanne , Chau Kelvin K. , Derstine Matthew W. , Wong James S. , Cloonan John
Published: September 2022

Combining the parallelism and connectivity of optics with electronics in smart pixel systems requires the development of robust and reliable optical systems. This is an important issue as the solutions to many applications must be implemented in harsh or variable environments. In addition, the combination of electronic boards that are relatively placement insensitive with optical systems that demand accurate positioning to obtain high performance, requires methods by which these demands can be fulfilled. Most bulk optical imaging systems utilizing custom and off-the-shelf optics and optomechanics can provide some solutions to optical interconnections in laboratory experiments and subsystem demonstrations. However, there are optical and size limitations to classical imaging techniques that can be overcome with the use of hybrid bulk and micro optic imaging. Use of large arrays of microlenses is an effective method of interconnecting large dilute arrays of smart pixels. The micro channel technique for 4-f imaging of focal spot arrays and device planes establishes a single optical path for each channel in the array. This type of one-to-one imaging may be usefully implemented in various imaging systems. In particular, relaying optical data from chips mounted on electronic boards. In addition to simple one to one imaging, arrays of focal spots originating from different sources must be combined together. For example, signal inputs incident a smart pixel array must be combined with the clock array that is used to read the state of the devices. We have investigated and developed passive and active alignment techniques applied to the construction of these hybrid optical components and have fabricated hybrid micro-channel beam combining units that have been integrated into a smart pixel transmitter array subsystem demonstration [1].
Ultrafast Computer Networking
Authors: Cotter David
Published: September 2022

In recent years research on ‘optics in computing’ has focused increasingly on the use of optical interconnects within future electronic computers, packet switches and routers to enhance their power and performance as stand-alone machines. At the same time, however, the interconnection between computers today has undergone a revolution; the widespread adoption of common network transport protocols has stimulated the rapidly increasing and extensive use of inter-networking, and this is manifest by the explosive growth of the global Internet. Increasingly, intelligence— data, applications, computing power itself—is becoming distributed across networks of machines. The efficiency with which machines are interconnected becomes vitally important for acceptable performance of these advanced distributed applications. The interconnection must certainly provide sufficient bandwidth, but equally important is the need to minimise latency. A simple and common example of the inadequacy of today’s computer networks is the frustratingly poor performance often experienced by users of the Worldwide Web. Increasingly in the future there will be a demand for multi-media applications that can operate with a slick and seamless interface to the network, and that provide long interaction periods with human immersion in computer generated environments, synthesised from wide-ranging distributed intelligence. There will also be an increasing volume of computer-to-computer interaction with little human intervention, using software agents. For these applications, interconnection latency must be minimised and should ideally be dominated by the fundamental delay due to the optical transmission time-of-flight.
Development of an Optoelectronic Parallel Data Sorter based on CMOS/InGaAs Smart Pixel Arrays
Authors: Walker A.C. , Tooley F.A.P. , Taghizadeh M.R. , Desmulliez M.P.Y. , Buller G.S. , Neilson D.T. , Prince S.M. , Baillie D.A. , Dines J.A.B. , Wilkinson L.C. , Forbes M.G. , Snowdon J.F. , Wherrett B.S. , Stanley C.R. , Pottier F. , Vass D.G. , Underwood I. , Williams R. , Sibbett W. , Dunn M.H.
Published: September 2022

As part of the Scottish Collaborative Initiative in Optoelectronic Sciences (SCIOS) we have been developing an optoelectronic parallel data sorter as a technology demonstrator [1]. This system is based on 32 x 32 arrays of smart pixels produced by flip-chip solder bump assembly of InGaAs/GaAs MQW modulator/detectors with Si CMOS electronics. These devices are linked by an optical system which implements a perfect shuffle interconnection. The functionality of each of the processing nodes is selected by a combination of global electronic control signals and local optical control information which is circulated along with the data. The system aims at a clock frequency of 100 MHz which would give a sorting capacity of up to 1024 16 bit words in less than 20 µs. This corresponds to an I/O data rate of 200 Gbit/s for each of the chips in the system. The programme also includes the construction of a smaller 16-channel test system based on 4 x 4 smart pixel arrays. This paper present progress on the construction and initial tests of both these demonstrators.
Smart Pixel ARray Cellular Logic (SPARCL) Processor for Eliminating SIMD I/O Bottlenecks: System Demonstration and Performance Scaling
Authors: Wu J.-M. , Kuznia C.B. , Hoanca B. , Chen C.-H. , Cheng L. , Weber A.G. , Sawchuk A.A.
Published: September 2022

Running an image or data processing routine on a computing machine requires three distinct steps: 1) moving the data from an input device (such as a memory or video camera) to the processor(s); 2) performing the operations required by the routine; and 3) moving the data from the processor(s) to an output device (a memory or display device). The processing speed, Spr, is a measure of computational performance and is defined as the number of data elements (or pixels) processed divided by the time required to process them, described by where Tl Top, Tu, is the time required to load, operate on, and unload the N × N data field or image, respectively.
Architecture and Implementation: A Buffered ATM HyperPlane Smart Pixel Array
Authors: Devenport Kent E. , Griebel Stefan K. , Richardson Michael A. , Hinton H. Scott
Published: September 2022

It has been realized that future high performance switching systems will be compromised by an interconnection bottleneck at the backplane level. Free-space optical technology promises to be an alternative to standard electrical interconnections as a way to alleviate this pending bottleneck. In addition, by using smart pixel arrays (SPAs) as the building blocks to create the free-space optical backplane, additional performance gains can be realized by embedding the switching intelligence into the backplane itself. In this paper, we present such a smart pixel array, which serves as the basic building block for a HyperPlane [1,2] based ATM switching fabric [3].
Advanced Signal Waveform Classifier
Authors: Pape Dennis R. , Anderson James A.
Published: September 2022

The rapidly changing military signal environment has reduced the probability of detecting and correctly identifying signal emitters with conventional signal analysis techniques. Increasingly complex waveforms covering large spectral bandwidths are now being used. In addition, the number of active emitters has increased dramatically. Coupled with this rapidly rising processing load is the use of techniques designed to counter the signal database identification process; for example intentionally increasing the parameter limits of the emitter or changing one or more of the emitter operating parameters. The problem of spectral analysis in this type of environment is somewhat like the problem of visual perception: we want to know what is "out there" but we do not want to know fine details unless we need to. Qualitative understanding means knowing the number and rough properties of objects present in the environment. In the case of signal analysis, this would correspond to the number, rough properties, and types of emitters.
System Analysis of Global Free-Space Optical Interconnect
Authors: Morozov V. , Neff J. , Zhou H. J.
Published: September 2022

VCSEL-based free-space global interconnections are gaining popularity since they can provide arbitrary interconnection patterns between input and output smart pixel arrays. This means that different types of free-space optical interconnect accelerators (FSOIAs) or reconfigurable routing and switching systems can be built around global interconnects. Bi-directional global interconnects exhibit a great functionality and can be used in many applications such as FFT, sorting and etc. The analysis of the feasibility and reliability of free-space global interconnects is an inevitable part of the system design since it allows the estimation of the influence of numerous physical and technical factors involved in the system realization.
A theoretical and experimental analysis of active alignment based on singular value decomposition
Authors: Naruse Makoto , Ishikawa Masatoshi
Published: September 2022

Alignment is a big problem for interconnecting two-dimensional optical sources and detectors in a system in which VCSEL arrays and photodetector arrays are used[1]. Real time active alignment techniques will be important for realizing opto-electronic computing systems for example by using piezo actuators or other auto stages to compensate for vibrations in the environment (Fig. 1) [2],[3].
A System Demonstration of Progressive Deadlock Recovery Routing based on Optoelectronic/VLSI Chips
Authors: Raksapatcharawong Mongkol , Pinkston Timothy Mark
Published: September 2022

We present a system demonstration of a sequential deadlock recovery-based scheme [1] employing a circulating token to guarantee mutual exclusive access to deadlock buffers. This system allows us to evaluate the design and implementation of a multiprocessor network router using free-space optical interconnects. The system is designed based on our CMOS-SEED chip—OMNI [2] and GaAs-based chip—WARRP [3]. These two chips are employed to implement asynchronous optical token-based resource arbitration and deadlock recovery via channel preemption, respectively. With an external node controller, this experimental system is capable of demonstrating a high-performance bandwidth-efficient deadlock recovery-based multiprocessor network router.
Design and Implementation of an Optical Page Oriented Virtual Memory for a Personal Computer
Authors: Chiarulli Donald M. , Levitan Steven P.
Published: September 2022

Hierarchical memory systems have been an integral part of computer system design for nearly three decades. In modern personal computer systems, the virtual address space of a process is implemented on a swapping disk which is at the bottom of a hierarchy consisting of a primary memory and multiple cache levels. This paper describes an alternative to this design that implements an optoelectronic (OE) memory hierarchy in which the virtual address space of a process is implemented in an optical page oriented memory. The primary advantage of this structure is the reduction in average memory access time enabled by the parallelism which is inherent in free space transfers of optical memory pages.
Chatoyant: a computer aided design tool for free space optoelectronic information processing systems
Authors: Levitan S. P. , Kurzweg T. P. , Chiarulli D. M. , Marchand P. J. , Fan C. , McCormick E B.
Published: September 2022

Free space optoelectronic information processing systems are key components of the next generation of computers and communications networks. Currently the “state of the art” for design and analysis of these systems is to use a set of ad-hoc procedures to generate end-to-end system performance estimates based on empirical characterizations of the component devices. This painstaking technique results in rough approximations, which must then be refined by actually prototyping each of the particular systems under consideration. As a result, while many systems have been proposed, few FS-O/E systems have been designed, and fewer still have been built.
Principles of all-optical switching fabrics with minimum number of stages
Authors: Giglmayr Josef
Published: September 2022

Switching fabrics may be (1) multistage architectures with shuffle interstage interconnections (Omega, Banyan) or the interconnection of nearest-neighbour switches (Spanke-Benes network, crossbar) or (2) tree structures where the latter presently are considered to be the most suitable from the point of view of a low attentuation of signals, crosstalk and insertion loss.
Mellin radial harmonic filter for scale invariant detection of contours
Authors: Lebreton Guy , Yao Jianping
Published: September 2022

Mellin-Radial harmonic (MRH) decomposition has been introduced by Mendlovic at al. [1] as an orthogonal expansion over the radius with a set of orthogonal basis functions Φ(r) = r
i
2
πN
− 1, with N integer: where (x0,y0) is the expansion center, R0 and r0 are the maximum and the minimum radius of input pattern.
All-optical Subtracted Joint Transform Correlator
Authors: Yu Wanji , Nakagawa Kiyoshi , Minemoto Takumi
Published: September 2022

When the classical joint transform correlator (CJTC) was applied to
pattern recognition, one of the most well known disadvantages was that
the cross correlation signals between the object and the reference
patterns as well as those between the reference patterns themselves
would join closely in the same output plane. This fact causes
inconvenience to identify the necessary output correlation signals
between the object and the references, especially when a large number
of references was used in the input image. Q.Zhan and
T.Minemoto(1) proposed the subtracted joint transform
correlator (SJTC) to remove the correlation signals between the
references from the output plane, and the binnary subtracted joint
transform correlator (BSJTC) to improve furthermore the output
correlation results. According to the SJTC and BSJTC, the cross
correlations between the references had been successfully removed from
the output plane by subtracting the Fourier power spectrum of the
references from the joint Fourier power spectrum of the input image.
Thus far, the subtraction processing was performed by a computer. In
this paper, a new all-optical SJTC system is proposed. In this system,
a holographic interference was introduced to perform the subtraction
of the Fourier power spectrum of reference patterns. There is not any
digital processing by a computer in the system, it is possible to
achieve the real time SJTC. The experimental arrangement of the
system, the shift-invariant characteristics and the dscriminability of
input patterns are described in the following.
Quantum Computing with Atoms
Authors: Monroe C. , Leibfried D. , King B.E. , Meekhof D.M. , Itano W.M , Wineland D.J.
Published: September 2022

One of the fundamental tenets of quantum mechanics is the existence of superposition states, or states whose properties simultaneously possess two or more distinct values. Although quantum superpositions and entanglements seldom appear outside of the microscopic quantum world, there is growing interest in the creation of “big” superpositions and massively entangled states for use in applications such as a quantum computer.1 We report first steps toward this goal by demonstrating a fondamental two-bit quantum logic gate and a “Schrödinger cat”-like state of motion with a single trapped beryllium atom. Both experiments allow sensitive measurements of decoherence mechanisms which will play an important role in the feasibility of quantum computation.
Speed and parallelism trade-offs in optoelectronic transceiver systems
Authors: Kirk Andrew , Thienpont Hugo
Published: September 2022

In this paper we will consider the design of optoelectronic transceiver systems. In particular we will examine the interdependency of channel frequency and parallelism for systems which are based on the of use optical emitters such as vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and light emitting diodes (LEDs). It is generally assumed that VCSELs are the most desirable type of optical emitters and that as threshold currents continue to be reduced these elements will be employed in large arrays for freespace data transmission. We will show however that when the effects of power dissipation and receiver sensitivity are taken into account the performance of VCSELs is not significantly better than that of other, less efficient, emitter structures and that in some regimes it will be worse. This conclusion is also supported by the work of Psaltis et al [1] in the design of GaAs optoelectronic neurons. In contrast with previous studies of the scalability of optoelectronic parallel data transmission systems [2-4] we employ a sufficiently simple model of a transceiver which enables us to close the loop between the transmission and detection of signals. Taking arrays of PnpN optoelectronic thyristors [5] as an example we will show that there exists an optimal current which should be driven through an emitter in order to maximize the total bandwidth as a function of device density.
Single pulse return radar signal identification with a multi-layer
adaptive optical classifier
Authors: Garvin C. , Wagner K.
Published: September 2022

We demonstrate an adaptive multi-layer optical classifier performing
single pulse radar target recognition to identify isolated aircraft
targets with varying orientation and/or range from the radar. The
system uses optically-calculated time-frequency representations as its
internal representation, and in particular the triple autocorrelation
[1] due to the natual range invariance of this feature. This approach
increases the separability of the input data by nonlinearly mapping it
into a higher dimensional feature space. Serial processing of the
optically computed feature vector using CCD detectors and electronic
postprocessing restricts system throughput since the massive
quantities of data overburdens electronic digital postprocessing,
whereas adaptive optical classification avoids this electronic
bottleneck. We have previously demonstrated a broadband communications
signal classifier using a non-adaptive classifer [2]. In this paper we
report an adaptive multi-layer optical classifier and present
experimental classification results in which the neural layer learns
to identify optically computed triple autocorrelation representations
of a training set of aircraft radar range profiles. The generalization
performance to untrained low resolution profiles was excellent.
Structure-aware parametric representations for time-resolved light transport
Authors: Royo Diego , Huang Zesheng , Liang Yun , Song Boyan , Muñoz Adolfo , Gutierrez Diego , Marco Julio
Published: September 2022

Time-resolved illumination provides rich spatiotemporal information for applications such as accurate depth sensing or hidden geometry reconstruction, becoming a useful asset for prototyping and as input for data-driven approaches. However, time-resolved illumination measurements are high-dimensional and have a low signal-to-noise ratio, hampering their applicability in real scenarios. We propose a novel method to compactly represent time-resolved illumination using mixtures of exponentially modified Gaussians that are robust to noise and preserve structural information. Our method yields representations two orders of magnitude smaller than discretized data, providing consistent results in such applications as hidden-scene reconstruction and depth estimation, and quantitative improvements over previous approaches.
Image-based cross-calibration method for multiple spectrometer-based OCT
Authors: Miao Yusi , Song Jun , Ju Myeong Jin
Published: September 2022

A fast and practical computational cross-calibration of multiple spectrometers is described. A signal correlation matrix (CM) can be constructed from paired B-scans in a multiple-spectrometer optical coherence tomography (OCT), where the wavelength-corresponding pixels are indicated by high cross correlation. The CM can be used to either guide the physical alignment of spectrometers or to numerically match the spectra in the post-process. The performance is comparable to the previously reported optimization approach, as demonstrated by the mirror tests, qualitative comparison of OCT and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images, and quantitative comparison of image metrics.
High throughput opto-electronic VLSI switching chips
Authors: Lentine A. L. , Goossen K. W. , Walker J. A. , Cunningham J. E. , Jan W. Y. , Woodward T. K. , Krishnamoorthy A. V. , Tseng B. J. , Hui S. P. , Leibenguth R. E. , Chirovsky L. M. F. , Novotny R. A. , Buchholz D. B. , Morrison R. L.
Published: September 2022

As the demand for telecommunications services continues to increase, the need to switch large bandwidths of data becomes important. While purely electronic solutions are possible, photonic solutions, using the integration of electronics with optical I/O (smart pixels), provides the potential for smaller physical volume, lower latency, lower power dissipation, and lower cost. We describe initial results from two opto-electronic switching chips, one with 1024 differential optical inputs and 1024 differential optical outputs with individual channels tested above 600 Mb/s and a second with 512 differential optical inputs and outputs with individual channels tested up to 900 Mb/s. The technology for the chip consists of flip-chip bonding of 850 nm GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) detectors and modulators onto silicon CMOS with substrate removal to allow access to the optical devices [1]
Design of Optoelectronic-VLSI ICs for Optically-Accessed SRAMs
Authors: Kiamilev F. E. , Rozier R. G.
Published: September 2022

Free-space optical interconnection (FSOI) of integrated circuits, called smart pixels, show great potential for efficient implementation of high-performance parallel computing, switching and signal processing systems [1]. Several FSOI technologies are now under development and prototype FSOI systems have been demonstrated. However, there has been relatively little published work that describes integrated circuit design for large-scale smart pixel ICs with over 100,000 transistors and thousands of optical I/O channels operating at 100Mbps/channel or higher data rates. Such a detailed design study is the objective of this paper. We focus on a specific problem of designing a large-scale optically-accessed SRAM. The work described in this paper builds on our earlier effort that produced a two kilobit 21,000 transistor hybrid CMOS-SEED photonic page buffer IC [2]. The 64 optical I/O channels on this IC were optically tested at 50Mbps/channel optical data throughput; corresponding to an aggregate optical data I/O bandwidth of 3.2Gbps in a 1mm2 chip area.
DNA-Assisted Self Assembly of Photonic Devices and Crystals
Authors: Hartmann Daniel , Günçer Selim , Fan Chi , Esener Sadik , Heller Mike , Cable Jeff
Published: September 2022

Photonics is playing an increasing role in modern communication, information processing, and data storage. As integrated optoelectronic systems grow in size and the desired operating bandwidth increases, new packaging techniques, such as fluidic self-assembly,1 robotic precision assembly,2 and DNA-based methods,3,4 have attracted great research interest. In this paper, we report a DNA self-assembly process and discuss its application to the construction of photonic crystals.
Packaging Optics for Smart Pixels
Authors: Ford Joseph E. , Fainman Yeshayahu
Published: September 2022

As optoelectronic devices move from the research laboratory towards the factory, optical packaging issues become increasingly important in developing a viable technology. Practical optoelectronic systems will have to be simple, inexpensive and reliable.
Electro-Optic Polarization Modulation in [110]-Oriented GaAs-InGaAs Multiple Quantum Wells
Authors: Smirl Arthur L. , Snelling M. J. , Xuang X. R. , Harken D. R. , Towe E.
Published: September 2022

Normal incidence electro-optic spatial light modulators are desirable for applications in computing and communications. Ideally, such devices should be capable of high speed operation, have a large dynamic range, and accommodate broad spectral bandwidths. They should also be insensitive to small ambient and device temperature fluctuations and should be integrable with detector and control electronics. To date, most research on semiconductor modulators has focused on amplitude modulation and has relied on the quantum-confined-Stark effect (QCSE) to produce the required change in absorption. However, limitations on the number of quantum wells that realistically can be incorporated into multiple quantum well (MQW) amplitude modulators prevents the contrast ratio from exceeding ~10:1 (and more typically it is ~4:1). In addition, QCSE modulators with a narrow optical bandwidth inherently have a narrow operating temperature range.1