bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Cairo: the political economy of urban form
Authors: Stewart Dona J.
Published: March 2003

Although a firm theoretical foundation for understanding the relationship between political economy and urban form has been created in the western based literature, such approaches are of limited applicability for understanding cities in the developing world. By analyzing the impact of four political economic regimes (Islamic, Imperialist, Arab Socialist and Transitory) on the urbanscape of Cairo, this article illustrates how political economic regimes imprint their ideology on the urban morphology. The representation of this ideology is manifested in both city form and function. Evidence from Cairo finds that political economic shifts, particularly those which alter the nature of the city’s relationship with the global economic system, had far‐reaching impacts on the city’s urbanscape. Finally, this approach is suggested as a model for application in other developing world contexts.

Bien que l’on puisse trouver dans les travaux précédents une bonne base théorique qui permet de comprendre le lien entre l’e??conomie politique et les formes urbaines, ces approches sont limitées lorsqu’on en vient a` la compréhension des villes du monde en développement. En analysant l’impact de quatre régimes politiques économiques (islamique, impérialiste, arabe socialiste et transitoire) sur le paysage urbain du Caire, cet article montre comment l’idéologie des régimes politiques économiques laisse sa marque sur la morphologie urbaine. La représentation de cette idéologie se manifeste et dans la forme et dans la fonction des villes. Les données provenant du Caire démontrent que les changements politiques économiques, particulièrement ceux qui changent la nature de la relation de la ville au système économique global, ont un impact d’une grande portée sur le paysage urbain. Finalement, je suggère que cette approche peut servir de modèle et peut être appliquée a` d’autres pays en voie de développement.
Fragmented Integration in the Singapore‐Indonesian Border Zone: Southeast Asia’s ‘Growth Triangle’ Against the Global Economy
Authors: Grundy‐Warr Carl , Peachey Karen , Perry Martin
Published: March 2003

Singapore‐Indonesian investment cooperation in the Riau islands forms the key part of an initiative in cross‐border cooperation including Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Four flagship projects – Batamindo Industrial Park, Bintan Industrial Estate, Bintan Beach International Resort, and the Karimun marine and industrial complex – are a key test of the effectiveness of a development strategy that seeks to ‘fast track’ development by creating enclaves of investment, protected from the diseconomies and constraints of their surrounding environment. This paper evaluates the progress of the flagship investments and their interaction with their surrounding communities. It shows the constraints on securing enclaves of investment opportunity in the midst of poverty and high population growth. Lessons from the development experience are linked to the political processes affecting cross‐border cooperation in Southeast Asia. This discussion reveals the retention of interstate processes predicated on the continued existence of strong nation‐states, rather than trans‐state processes which permit the weakening of national sovereignty. The negotiating pitfalls and development dilemmas emerging in this political context are identified.

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La coopération des investissements entre Singapour et l’Indonésie dans les îles de Riau forme la partie centrale d’une initiative de coopération trans‐frontalière qui comprend l’Indonésie, la Malaisie et Singapour. Quatre projets vedettes – Batamindo Industrial Park, Bintan Industrial Estate, Bintan Beach International Resort and the centre marin et industriel de Karimun – sont autant de tests de l’efficacité de la stratégie qui veut accélérer le développement en créant des enclaves d’investissement protégées des diséconomies et des contraintes de leur environnement proche. Cet article évalue le progrès des investissements vedettes et leur action mutuelle avec les communautés environnantes. Il démontre les difficultés que l’on rencontre pour obtenir des enclaves d’opportunités pour les investissements au coeur de la pauvreté et avec l’augmentation rapide de la population. Les le??ons tirées de cette expérience de développement sont liées aux processus politiques qui affectent la coopération trans‐frontalière en Asie du sud‐est. Cette discussion révèle une conservation des processus entre états organisés á partir de puissants états‐nations, plutôt que des processus entre états qui permettent un affaiblisement de la souveraineté nationale. Les pièges de la négociation et les problèmes de développement qui apparaissent dans ce contexte politique sont identifiés.
Enhancing the Capabilities of Emigration Countries to Protect Men and Women Destined for Low‐Skilled Employment: The Case of the Philippines
Authors: Tomas Patricia Santo
Published: March 2003

In the Philippines, overseas employment is a phenomenon that has evolved into a national policy which, over the years, has taken many twists and turns as a result of market changes, political developments and public pressure. Government assesses these policies mainly on two dimensions: job generation and foreign exchange remittances. Academe and non government organizations tend to look at these policies from their social costs: fragmented households, single‐parent arrangements and marital break‐ups. Workers look at overseas employment and see the ease or hardship with which they are able to negotiate the process of getting an overseas job and being protected from exploitation. While overseas employment effects such as job generation and remittances are supported by hard data, other policy effects such as social costs, orderliness or fairness are usually measured in terms of perception surveys.

This study has attempted to merge available hard data, perception survey and administrative data to evaluate pre‐identified objectives of effective overseas employment policies: orderliness, efficiency and fairness, the availability of good jobs and the ease of transferring overseas earnings. This has been done by establishing a hierarchy of intentions (based on perception, validated by resource allocations) against which composite indicators are correlated.

The composite indicators include smaller indicators weighted according to the perception of their importance. The higher the correlation the more effective the policies. The methodology is tedious and difficult, to say the least. Time‐series data are not usually available. Indicators can sometimes be awkward, even inappropriate. The assignment of weights, while based on primary intentions as validated by the budget, still constitute value judgement in the eventual disaggregation.

The study hoped to develop an index of efficacy for overseas employment policies. Indices are supposed to be easy to formulate and truly reflective of what is being measured. This study was not easy to formulate and, by that token, probably fails the rule of thumb that an index should be fairly easy to formulate and understand. As with all early efforts, however, this index can stand improvement in both its methodology and its choice of components. Even so, it provides insights and a step forward in the process that hopefully will bring a little more rigor and science in the evaluation of government policies.
Trade in Labour Services and Migrant Worker Protection with Special Reference to East Asia
Authors: Stahl Charles W.
Published: March 2003

This article argues that the East Asia international labour market is best viewed as bisected along productivity lines. Within this market, the labour‐exporting countries of East Asia provide the overwhelming proportion of low‐skilled migrant workers to the region, and are responding to perceived advantages of a policy of labour export.

On the other hand, the movement of highly‐skilled and professional (HSP) workers is best viewed as the result of globalization and the internationalization of education, training and the professions, rather than the result of explicit labour export policies of specific countries.

The central concern of the article is that protection of migrant workers is also bisected along productivity lines with HSP workers given special consideration under international policy, while measures to protect and facilitate the movement of low‐skilled workers are virtually non‐existent.

Various policy measures are suggested that might be employed to advance the cause of migrant worker protection in East Asia.
Illegal Migrants to Greece and their Choice of Destination
Authors: Lianos Theodore P.
Published: March 2003

Data on illegal migration to Greece have recently become available from the Greek Employment Observatory. This article presents some descriptive characteristics of the migrants, including country of origin, marital status, education, age, profession and place of residence. It also provides an analysis of migrants' choice of location within Greece.

The majority of illegal migrants are manual or unskilled workers seeking employment mainly in the agricultural sector or in urban areas. There is substantial differentiation between males and females in terms of age, education, marital status and profession. In a limited sense, the data provide support for the idea of “feminization” of migration flows.

Large flows of migrants are directed to the urban centres but migration as a proportion of county populations is not higher for the big urban centres (Athens and Thessaloniki) than for others.

Migrants' choice of place of residence are not affected by the rate of unemployment. Males are attracted to areas with significant agricultural production and females to urban centres. Females are willing to travel longer distances in order to find employment, but for males distance is an insignificant factor. Per capita gross domestic product is an important factor only when migration flows are measured as a proportion of the population.

Although the analysis does not justify strong policy statements, it indirectly provides some basis for arguing that allowing or tolerating illegal migration is not the best policy from the point of view of national interest.
Identity Crisis and Integration: The Divergent Attitudes of Iranian Immigrant Men and Women towards Integration into Swedish Society
Authors: Lewin Fereshteh Ahmadi
Published: March 2003

The main objective of this article is to show the divergent attitudes of Iranian immigrant men and women towards integration into Swedish society.

As several studies have shown, Iranian women have a better chance of adjusting to Western societies than Iranian men. This article discusses the notion that one of the important reasons for this is the determining role of professional position in the life of Iranian immigrants in Sweden.

As a result of the improvement in their work status and therefore an improvement in their social position, Iranian immigrant women now have greater possibilities than Iranian immigrant men to overcome the identity crisis which ordinarily makes ethnic groups and cultural minorities lose their sense of fitting into their new social reality.

This results, in its turn, in the women having a positive attitude towards the new society and increases the extent of their desire for integration into the new society.
The Migration–Development Nexus: Sri Lanka Case Study
Authors: Sriskandarajah Dhananjayan
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the relationship between migration and development in Sri Lanka, a country that has been the source of large numbers of migrants and the recipient of much development assistance. Commissioned as part of a wider study conducted by the Centre for Development Research, Denmark, this case study seeks to answer a set of specific questions about the nature and extent of links between development assistance and migration flows. The paper surveys the socio–economic context in which both migration and development have taken place in Sri Lanka, describing the causes, scale, and features of migration flows from Sri Lanka in recent decades. Two main streams of migration flows are identified: labour migration and political migration. The flows are distinguished by ethnic characteristics (the former is mostly Sinhalese and the latter pre–dominantly Tamil) and destination (the former to the Middle East and the latter to the West). Both flows have intensified during a time of protracted conflict and in the context of waraffected economic development since the early 1980s.

The importance of remittances from migrants to the Sri Lankan economy and the extent to which diaspora activities impact Sri Lanka are also discussed. Despite the lack of statistics, especially on informal remittances from the Tamil diaspora, it is suggested that the remittances have been and will continue to be a sizeable component of foreign exchange receipts in Sri Lanka. The paper concludes that the complex interactions between migration, development assistance, remittances, and conflict are important for the prospects for peace and reconstruction in Sri Lanka. The challenge in Sri Lanka will be to move from a vicious cycle of conflict, underdevelopment and migration to a more virtuous one. In this process, it is suggested that the diaspora will be a key player in the shift towards peace and remittances will be an integral part of reconstruction.
An Analytic Solution for Interest Rate Swap Spreads
Authors: Grinblatt Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that liquidity differences between government securities and short–term Eurodollar borrowings account for interest rate swap spreads. It then models the convenience of liquidity as a linear function of two mean–reverting state variables and values it. The interest rate swap spread for a swap of particular maturity is the annuitized equivalent of this value. It has a closed form solution: a simple integral. Special cases examined include the Vasicek and Cox–Ingersoll–Ross one–factor term structure models. Numerical values for the parameters in both special cases illustrate that many realistic ‘swap spread term structures’ can be replicated. Model parameters are estimated using weekly data on the term structure of swap spreads from several countries. The model fits the data well.
Changing Trends and Major Issues in International Migration: An Overview of UNESCO Programmes
Authors: Timur Serim
Published: March 2003

Over the last 50 years, the volume and significance of international migration has grown rapidly. Every region of the world, and most of the states within them, are now countries of immigration or emigration‐and some‐timesboth. This article examines international migration trends since the Second World War and reviews UNESCO programme activities. In view of the social, economic, cultural and human rights aspects of migration, the Organizationhas focused considerable efforts on its two distinct but related components: internal and international. The social, cultural, educational and occupational problems specific to women migrants‐a theme which, in the 1980s, took on increasing importance and independence as reflected in a number of UNESCOmeetings and publications‐is reviewed at some length. The complexity of recent migration flows, emerging issues and the need to provide viable policy responses has led UNESCO to develop new methods of research and support for policy formulation by establishing regional migration research networks.
International Migration in the UNECE Region: Patterns, Trends, Policies
Authors: Salt John , Clarke James
Published: March 2003

The 1990s has been a turbulent decade for inter‐national migration in the UNECE region. While recorded movements have declined in recent years in Western Europe, major questions surround the frequency of unrecorded and irregular migrations which many believe are steadily increasing in number, though the evidence is problematic. Central and Eastern Europe is characterised by short‐term, short‐distance, cross‐border movement, most of which is foreconomic purposes and takes advantage of the openness of the informal sector. In North America the main thrust of immigration has long been towards permanent settlement, whereas in Europe most migration has, initially at any rate, been temporary, albeit frequently leading to settled immigrant communities. In the 1990s immigration debates in Canada and the US seem to have increasing echoes of those across the Atlantic. Especially in the US the ‘immigrationethos’ is increasingly questioned. This paper elaborates on these issues by attempting to identify what is actually happening. How important is migration? What are the patterns and trends? How significant are new and unrecordedtypes of flows? What dilemmas are presented to the managers of the UNECEmigration systems?
Regular Adjustment of Financial Parameters of Social Protection Systems in Volatile Inflationary Environments
Authors: Scholz Wolfgang , Drouin Anne
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the problem of periodical adjustments of financial parameters which govern the revenue side of social protection systems and adjustments of social benefits‐in‐payment in a volatile visionary environment: in short, the indexation problem. It attempts to provide an insight into this problem by focusing on cyclical wage movements, usually ignored in economic and actuarial projections. Preliminary results are drawn from two numerical examples, showing impacts on social security finances, equity and consumption. Some general conclusions are drawn, notably the problem affects both pay‐as‐you‐go and funded systems. Essentially, in terms of adjustment as in other spheres, when it comes to addressing problems in the present, past experience is not necessarily the best basis for constructing a rational future.
Adequacy and Poverty Among Retired People
Authors: Hauser Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper compares the well‐being of the elderly populations in 14 highly industrialized countries. It is based on empirical data gathered by the Luxembourg Income Study referring to years around 1990. It shows that the positions of persons in pensioner households compared with persons in non‐pensioner households differ widely. In some countries there are also great differences between male and female pensioners, between age cohorts, and between the poverty ratios of the elderly population.
The Political Economy of Pension Reform in Eastern Europe
Authors: Müller Katharina
Published: March 2003

The retirement schemes in several East European countries underwent fundamental change in recent years, defying conventional wisdom in welfare state research. This article takes a new look at the determinants of paradigm choice in the area of old‐age security, comparing the Polish, Hungarian and Czech experience from an actor‐centred institutionalist perspective. The author points out that structural factors — notably the financial situation of retirement schemes and the level of external debt — largely determined the set of main pension reform actors, as well as their relative strength. The resulting actor constellations produced the basic paradigm choice, based on the actors' respective cognitive maps and consequent perception of pension reform alternatives. Tactical moves and the strategic potentialities of the chosen paradigm were also relevant.
Disquieting Quiet in Hungarian Social Policy
Authors: Ferge Zsuzsa
Published: March 2003

The paper briefly reviews the social policy of the first three freely elected Hungarian governments. The first two had no clear ideological profile, while the third one is neoconservative. The new social policy seeks to strengthen the nation, the family and the “middle classes”. Social spending is shrinking but skewed towards the better‐off, for instance by non‐refundable tax credits. The access to benefits of the poor and the unemployed has been made harsher. These developments have been accepted up to now with quiescence. The poor have no voice, and the not‐so‐poor have no solidarity for fear of losing their advantages. This policy promotes social exclusion.
Mandatory Defined‐Contribution Pension Systems: Progress — or Regression?
Authors: Turner John A.
Published: March 2003

While mandatory defined‐contribution pension systems can be designed so that they are neutral or progressive in their effects on income distribution, a number of features they commonly contain are regressive. In determining whether a defined‐contribution system is neutral or regressive, it is important to examine its actual features rather than a stylized version. Because administrative costs for managing financial accounts often are the same for large‐ or small‐value accounts, there is a tendency for for‐profit financial institutions to charge flat‐rate fees or fees that, in relation to account balances, are higher for small accounts than for large accounts. These fees are one of the reasons why defined‐contribution system tend to be regressive.
Income security for older people: An Asian perspective
Authors: Subrahmanya R. K. A.
Published: March 2003

In Asia and the Pacific, as in other developing regions, the continuing growth of the aged population has a great impact on social security programmes generally and, in particular, on the income security of older persons. In societies where traditional support systems are breaking up, their need for social security protection is increasingly important. A system of social security for the elderly population exists in most countries of the region. Many are provident fund schemes, which are basically saving schemes, and their coverage is low. Where social insurance pension schemes exist, the levels of benefits provided are also low. The focus for future development, therefore, lies in converting the savings schemes into multitiered pension schemes, extending their coverage and raising the level of benefits. In this context the critical question concerns the role of the State and the type of schemes used. The need for public pension schemes is great in Asia and the Pacific, where the level of poverty is comparatively high. Building pension schemes, whether public or private, involves a set of issues that need to be addressed. This article considers the systems currently in place and the challenges and limitations faced when considering the future development of social security in this area.
Rate of return guarantees for mandatory defined contribution plans
Authors: Turner John A. , Rajnes David M.
Published: March 2003

Many mandatory defined contribution systems provide a rate of return guarantee. The guarantees provided have generally been backed by a sequential combination of two or more of six different financing sources. Those sources are (1) reserve funds established within the pension fund, using investment earnings on the fund; (2) reserve funds established using funds provided by the owners of the pension fund management companies; (3) a defined benefit plan associated with the defined contribution plan; (4) central guarantee funds financed by contributions from pension funds; (5) funds provided by employers; and (6) the government. Nearly all the guarantees are first backed by a limited liability guarantee derived from investment earnings that would otherwise accrue to workers. In some instances, the guarantee may be funded by employers. Then they are backed by a guarantee financed by capital market institutions — pension fund managers directly or a central guarantee fund. Lastly, they are backed by an unfunded governmental guarantee with unlimited liability that is contingent on the insufficiency of private sector guarantees.
Ökonomen, Publikationen und Zitationen: Ein europäischer Vergleich
Authors: Eichenberger Reiner , Meier Ursina , Arpagausz Rolf
Published: March 2003

This paper measures the publishing activity and the impact of European economists, 1986±1996. The analysis of the number of publications in selected scholarly journals and the citations shows that, relative to population size, the British economists are in the lead. They publish much more than their German, French and Italian colleagues. At the same time, their work seems also to be cited more often. However, compared to the economists from the small western European countries, the British dominance is much less pronounced. The latter seem to be much more focused on the international academic market than scholars from the large continental countries. 160
Kapitaldeckungs- versus Umlageverfahren
Authors: Breyer Friedrich
Published: March 2003

In the academic debate on systems of old-age insurance no question is as controversial and as vigorously discussed as the choice between funded and unfunded financing modes. At first glance this is surprising because this choice seems to involve only an efficiency problem. However, closer inspection reveals that a change of the financing system implies redistribution, if not within, at least among, different generations. In this contribution, the present state of knowledge on the functioning and the effects of the two financing systems is summarized. The analysis focuses on a comparison of rates of return and risks involved in each system and on the problems connected with a transition from unfunded to funded pensions. As a result it is argued that without reference to specific criteria of distributive equity among generations the nowadays popular call for radical reform of unfunded social security systems is not well founded.
Politikberatung der Öffentlichkeit?
Authors: Pitlik Hans
Published: March 2003

Due to the incentives of both suppliers and users of policy advice the influence of economists on government decisions is almost negligible. This paper aims to explore the prospects of policy advice addressed to the general public as a countervailing power. It is argued that in order to have some impact on public opinion economists must rely primarily on propaganda and have to overcome a serious collective action problem. Yet, the organization of the academic system provides no incentives for economists to fulfil the role of general-public-oriented advisers.
Das Bündnis für Arbeit – Ein Weg aus der institutionellen Verflechtungsfalle?
Authors: Berthold Norbert
Published: March 2003

Persistently high unemployment is still the most urgent problem confronting policymakers in many continental European countries. Policymakers were not idle but their activities often treated the symptoms rather than the real causes of the malaise in labor markets. A prerequisite for solving the unemployment problem is pushing for more competition in all markets, but in particular in the labor market. However, lack of competition allows insiders to capture rents, thus making them opposed to a rigorous competitive policy approach. It is often suggested that corporatism would be an alternative and possibly even superior solution, i.e., tripartist agreements involving unions, employer associations and the government. The paper argues that this is not the case. Rather, corporatism leads to even less competition and opens additional channels for externalizing the burden of adjustment to exogenous shocks on future generations and on taxpayers at large via the social security system. Globalization might in contrast help to overcome the problem because there are fewer rents to be captured by insiders, and more open goods and factor markets make labor demand more elastic, thus enforcing more moderate wage setting and more flexible wage structures.
The effects on the predictive variance of a new subject’s score for a new test
Authors: Ishii Hidetoshi , Watanabe Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

Abstract: It is often required to predict the scores or their variations under interest. Ishii and Watanabe (2001) investigated, in the context of psychological measurement, the Bayesian predictive distribution of a new subject’s scores for tests and subjects’ scores for a new test. In this paper, the Bayesian posterior predictive distribution of a new subject’s scores for a new parallel test were considered. And the effects of the number of subjects, the number of the tests, and the test reliability were investigated. Then, it was found that, under assumptions that (co)variance parameters are known, the predictive variance of a new subject’s score for a new test was equal to the predictive variances of the new subject’s scores for the existent tests. It was also found that the effect of the number of subjects was relatively large and the effect of the number of tests was relatively small, when a new subject’s scores for existent tests were not observed.
Tapping task as an index of mental workload in a time sharing task1
Authors: Shinohara Kazumitsu , Miura Toshiaki , Usui Shinnosuke
Published: March 2003

The sensitivity of tapping task to mental workload was investigated. Thirteen subjects were asked to produce 3 s intervals continuously while performing a time sharing task. The time sharing task was designed to manipulate a demand to allocate an attentional resource to one target and a demand to switch the target to which an attentional resource was mainly allocated. Results showed that produced intervals became shorter and more variable as the time sharing task became more demanding. The subjective workload assessment by the NASA Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) indicated that subjects experienced an increasing workload as the demand of the time sharing task increased. Two sub scales of the NASA‐TLX, “effort” and “mental demand,” were rated higher than other sub scales. These results suggest that the tapping task is sensitive not only to the motor output load but also to the central processing load.
The influence of adults' actions on children's inferences about word meanings
Authors: Kobayashi Harumi
Published: March 2003

This article first establishes the effect of adults' actions on children's inferences about the shape and material of solid objects, based on data from Japanese 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐year‐olds. Japanese 2‐year‐olds are already sensitive to adults' actions in making inferences, and children become more adept at this as they become older. The invariance of the phenomenon of the effect of actions is then discussed in terms of three of its aspects: across age groups, across languages (the universality of the effect), and across tasks in lexical development. It is suggested that while specific linguistic characteristics (e.g., the means of individuation of entities), and complexity of object shape probably influence the effect of actions, action effects may have a potentially invariant/universal aspect.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human cognitive processes
Authors: Okada Tomohisa , Inui Toshio , Tanaka Shigeki , Nishizawa Sadahiko , Konishi Junji
Published: March 2003

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is now widely accepted as a tool for analyzing human brain function. Since the realization of fMRI in the early 1990s, numerous reports have been published. In this paper, we present three studies. The first examined syntactic processing of Japanese sentences and the results prove that Broca's area is involved in the use of grammar. The second study compared binocular with monocular stereopsis. There were significant activations in the right inferior parietal lobe. The third study concerned the encoding and retrieval processes underlying face recognition. It revealed activations mainly in the right prefrontal areas, which is contrary to the hemispheric encoding and retrieval asymmetry (HERA) theory. fMRI will continue to play an important role in the analysis of human brain function.
Regional brain activity during face and word discrimination: simultaneous recording of event‐related potentials and positron emission tomography
Authors: Yaguchi Kiyoshi , Nagata Ken , Kanno Iwao , Ise Masaaki , Yokoyama Eriko , Langman Paul
Published: March 2003

In order to clarify the brain mechanisms involved in the recognition of faces, words, and figures, spatiotemporal analyses were carried out with event‐related potentials (ERPs) and positron emission tomography (PET) in normal subjects. In the first experiment, we analyzed the ERPs of eight normal subjects under a passive habituation paradigm using pictures of faces and letters. In the second experiment, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured using PET was obtained simultaneously with the ERP recordings during a continuous performance task (CPT) in 12 normal subjects. This required the active discrimination of famous people's faces, meaningful words consisting of two Japanese hiragana characters, and simple geometric figures. There were similar deflections in the global field power (GFP) in the first 200 ms of the passive and active tasks, regardless of type of stimuli. This suggests a common time course in the visual information processing mechanisms during the preattentive stage. Mesiotemporal activity, dominant on the right, was seen during the face discrimination task in both the PET results and the ERP topographies. In the word task, activity that was clearly dominant on the left was observed at around a 160 ms latency in the posteriotemporal region of the ERP topography and this again coincided well with the PET data. The spatiotemporal resolution of the analyses was improved by combining PET and topographic ERP studies, and this provided additional neurophysiological information concerning cognitive processing.
Spatial and temporal variations in eye‐fixation‐related potentials
Authors: Yagi Akihiro , Kazai Koji , Takeda Yuji
Published: March 2003

When electroencephalograms (EEGs) are averaged at eye fixation pauses (at the end of saccades), the specific brain potentials related to the visual information processing can be obtained. This eye‐fixation‐related potential (EFRP) is a type of event‐related potential. In this paper, the authors introduced two systems developed at their laboratory. The first measured the distribution of EFRPs on the scalp with DC amplifiers in order to nullify eye movement artifacts. Three‐dimensional EFRP topographies were obtained. The most prominent component (lambda response) of the waveform appeared at occipital sites. The second system was designed to examine the variation in EFRPs over time, using a sliding average method. The dynamic variation in EFRPs could be observed as an animation. The sequence of variations in amplitude was continuously displayed on a screen. This indicated the process of decrease and recovery of the lambda response generated by changes between periods of brightness and darkness.
Visual ergonomics of head‐mounted displays
Authors: Menozzi Marino
Published: March 2003

Head‐mounted displays (HMDs) are increasingly used in the field and in the laboratory. Prolonged use of HMDs requires their ergonomics to be optimized in order to reduce discomfort. Among factors causing visual load are the physical/optical properties of eyepieces used in HMDs. Many HMD eyepieces are adjusted manually to fit the individual requirements of the user. Proper adjustment of the eyepieces requires some knowledge of visual ergonomics. Additionally, in order to enable comfortable viewing, restrictions on the visual information presented in HMDs, such as the motion of objects in virtual depth, must be considered. Visual performance and therefore visual load depends on the display technology used in HMDs.
The Pulfrich effect and depth constancy
Authors: Nakamizo Sachio , Lei Chen
Published: March 2003

Perceived depth of the Pulfrich effect was measured as a function of viewing distance and target velocity. The stimulus was a vertical rod, moving sinusoidally back and forth along a horizontal path 22.5 cm long, within the observer's frontoparallel plane. The two independent variables were the viewing distance (1, 2, 3, and 4 m) and the target velocity (.2, .4, and .6 Hz). Observers viewed the stimulus binocularly through a neutral‐density filter (1.0 OD) in front of the right eye and were then required to perform two tasks. The first was to adjust the position of a depth probe so that it appeared to be at the same location as the target in the center of its apparent path. The other was to reproduce the extent of the perceived depth of the target from the stimulus plane in the center of its path. The results with eight observers showed that the magnitude of the perceived depth for all target velocities in either task increased almost in proportion to the viewing distance. This result suggests that the visual system calibrates an equivalent of binocular disparity, which is assumed to be transformed from the visual latency difference in the Pulfrich effect, through the use of absolute distance information.
The relationship between cognitive dissonance and helping behavior
Authors: Ruiz Francisco , Tanaka Koji
Published: March 2003

An experiment was conducted to study the relationship between cognitive dissonance and helping behavior. A counterattitudinal procedure was employed to arouse dissonance. For half of the participants, an experimental confederate entered the room and elicited an opportunity for them to offer help. In this situation, fewer subjects in the dissonance condition offered help than subjects in the no‐dissonance condition. The least helping occurred among dissonance subjects with the highest level of commitment to the counterattitudinal task. Those with a medium level of commitment offered significantly more help. Despite the fact that results in line with Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory (subjects' attitudinal change) were obtained in the no‐helping situation, in helping situations, dissonance subjects who offered help presented significantly less attitude change than those who did not offer it. This was considered to be a result of helpfulness reducing dissonance arousal.
Effects of valence and framing in decision‐making: Assessing decision‐makers’ perceived domains of choice
Authors: Yamagishi Kimihiko
Published: March 2003

Abstract:  In comparison between choice alternatives, judgments of “How much better is a preferred option?” and “How much worse is a less preferred option?” may differ in their magnitudes. Such discrepancies are called “valence effects”. Previously,Yamagishi and Miyamoto (1996) observed systematic positive valence effects (“Better” exceeding “Worse”) in the domain of gains and systematic negative valence effects (“Worse” exceeding “Better”) in the domain of losses. The current experiments used the directions of valence effects as a tool to assess decision‐maker's interpretation of choice tasks under “framing effects” (Tversky & Kahneman, 1986). Preferences under the framing effect switch from certain options in the domain of gains to uncertain options in the domain of losses. Two experiments showed that preferences for certain options were associated with positive valence effects, whereas preferences for uncertain options were associated with negative valence effects. Moreover, conditions wherein the framing manipulations lose the effectiveness were examined. Valence effects showed that framing effects ceased to occur when decision‐makers maintained consistent domain perceptions as pertaining to gains or to losses, across the domains of gains and losses. Implications are discussed.
Reviving the Mainline: An Overview of Clergy Support for Evangelical Renewal Movements
Authors: McKinney Jennifer , Finke Roger
Published: March 2003

Evangelical renewal movements (ERMs) are proliferating in the old Protestant mainline and they show few signs of splitting from their parent denominations. Ironically, the very theological pluralism that ERMs seek to eliminate has provided an opportunity for their entry and a barrier for their expulsion. This essay offers an introduction to the evangelical movements arising in the mainline and reports the initial findings from a survey of United Methodist clergy's involvement in ERMs. As expected, United Methodist clergy are predominantly older, white males leading small congregations. Surprisingly, however, fully 29 percent of the clergy do not have a seminary degree and more than half of those with seminary degrees did not attend United Methodist‐affiliated schools—with 22 percent attending an evangelical seminary. The clergy involved in ERMs are younger, more likely to have attended evangelical seminaries (or no seminary at all), and hold more exclusive Christian beliefs. The survey also found that the once isolated evangelical clergy of the United Methodist Church are now embedded in evangelical associations and hold friendships with other evangelical clergy. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Double Effect and the End‐Not‐Means Principle: A Response to Bennett
Authors: Cavanaugh Thomas
Published: March 2003

Proponents of double‐effect reasoning — relying in part on a distinction between intention and foresight — assert that it is worse intentionally to cause harm than to cause harm with foresight but without intention. They hold, for example, that terror bombing is worse than tactical bombing in so far as terror bombing is the intentional harming of non‐combatants while tactical bombing is not. In articulating the ethical relevance of the intended/foreseen distinction, advocates of double effect employ the Kantian end‐not‐means principle.

Jonathan Bennett has recently argued that this principle cannot ground the ethical relevance of the intended/foreseen distinction. He holds that the principle demands that one benefit others while double effect deals with acts that do not benefit others. Thus, he maintains, the intended/foreseen distinction does not have ethical import and double effect is not tenable. I argue for a reading of the end‐not‐means principle that grounds the ethical relevance of both the intended/foreseen distinction and double effect.
Is (Merely) Stalking Sentient Animals Morally Wrong?
Authors: Kawall Jason
Published: March 2003

Such activities as tracking, watching, and photographing animals are frequently presented as morally superior alternatives to hunting, but could they themselves be morally problematic? In this paper I argue that, despite certain differences from the stalking of humans, a strong case can be made for the prima facie wrongness of stalking sentient animals. The chief harm of stalking is the fear and altered patterns of behaviour which it forces upon its victims. Similar harms arise for both human and non‐human victims of stalking; thus I argue thatstalking animals is a prima facie, but overridable wrong. Still, a significant disanalogy between stalking humans and stalking animals can be seen in cases in which the victim is unaware of being stalked. I argue that such stalking is generally acceptable with respect to animals, but morally wrong with respect to humans. More generally, it is much harder to justify the stalking of humans than the stalking of animals, given the greater human interest in privacy.
The Role of Drawing in Graphic Design and the Implications for Curriculum Planning
Authors: Schenk Pam
Published: March 2003

Over a number of years a programme of research has been carried out into the role of drawing in design processes, primarily the graphic design process, and on the possible implications for curriculum planing for design students. From the findings of an original in‐depth analysis of the use of drawing in the commercial environment of the design consultant, various initiatives in educational planning and assessment in England and Scotland have been fostered and a contribution has been made to the ongoing debate in drawing studies
Black Stockings and Pot Pourri: Gender Issues in Design and Technology
Authors: Southwell Mirjam
Published: March 2003

Product designers are an integral part of bringing technology to life and it is predominantly males as designers who ‘clothe’ technology in the designs which utilise it. Consequently products used by and identified with women are in fact designed by men. One of the guiding precepts of design as it is taught and practised, is that people buy particular artefacts in order to express and/or confirm their identity. It has been argued that the success of gendered designs in the late nineteenth century reflected the social construct of gender difference. I argue that this has remained unchallenged to date and that the gender stereotyping of products further stereotypes technology. The theoretical debates about gender and technology are rarely introduced to product design students because the predominantly male lecturers are reluctant to deal with the issues themselves.
Teenager Art: Creating the Self
Authors: Kárpáti Andrea , Kovaks Zita
Published: March 2003

In Hungary, where fine arts and high culture in general were the focus of educational efforts of art teachers for more than 150 years, educational reforms begun as a result of political changes in 1989, represent an overwhelming challenge. Art teachers of teenagers ready to modify their curricula need insights into the emerging teenage subcultures their students are part of in order to understand their visual world and incorporate this in art eduction. The authors of this paper have collected case studies of symbolisation processes of young peopole between 14–18 years of age and undertaken two large questionnaire surveys on the visual environment of adolescents. This paper contrasts international youth styles as recorded by T. Polemus in UK and P‐A Maset et al in Germany with Eastern European trends, summarises results of the Hungarian surveys, and outlines teaching efforts that accommodate the visual language of youth subcultures in order to help adolescents further on the road towards a creation of self.
Legitimising Sketchbooks as a Research Tool in an Academic Setting
Authors: Gilbert Jean
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the development of criteria for the production, marking and external examination of sketchbooks as research tools. The sketchbooks are developed in the Department of Education at Liverpool University in two settings: by students on a one‐ year Post Graduate Certificate of Education courses (PGCE), training to be primary teachers, and by practising primary teachers on Certificate of Advanced Studies in Education courses (CASE). In this setting the sketchbooks are weighted as the equivalent of a 5,000 word essay.
Learning How to Learn, Art Education and the ‘Background’
Authors: Cuncliffe Leslie
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the conditions that make learning how to learn in art possible. Rather than privileging risk‐taking or the playfulness of primary process thinking, I will use a Wittgensteinian understanding of mind to argue against this approach in favour of one that raises students’ awareness of the cultural and cognitive ‘backgrounds’ (forms of life and language games) against which our individual actions and risks are framed and understood. Instead of building art education on a metaphysical view of the self, this paper will advocate a social constructivist approach to curriculum, pedagogy and assessment to create a cognitive map for ‘the background’ of art. When these three are practised in a mutual way they connect individual minds to the resources or mind of culture which, in turn, makes lifelong learning possible, reclaiming the idea of art‐for‐life’s sake.
A Survey of Managerial Incentives and Investment Bias — Common Structure but Differing Assumptions
Authors: Bohlin Erik
Published: March 2003

Recent models within the agency framework concerning investment bias are reviewed, based upon a simplified structure of the pertinent information asymmetry. Tabulated overviews of contractual structures, critical assumptions, main and ancillary results, implications for future research and management are provided. As a general conclusion, the theoretical case of investment bias is rich and wide‐ranging. It is now of interest to develop models and perspectives that focus more on economic fundamentals rather than pursuing additional variations of particular assumptions. Moreover, further research is needed in empirical testing and case studies. In particular, the framework promises to bring new perspectives and managerial implications on the administrative use of capital budgeting methods.