bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Latin American Politics and the Subnational Comparative Method: Vertical and Horizontal Challenges
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: June 2020

Decentralization has triggered widespread use of the subnational comparative method in the study of Latin American politics. Simultaneously, it has created challenges for this method that deserve careful attention. While subnational governments after decentralization can often be treated as potentially autonomous policy jurisdictions, their autonomy is also subject to new constraints and incursions, which may limit scholars’ ability to treat them as relatively independent units. By taking stock of the vibrant literature that has emerged in recent years, this article explores three major challenges that complicate the use of the subnational comparative method. Two are vertical in nature: how to theorize national causes of subnational variation, and how the varied linkages between subnational governments and transnational actors can be conceptualized in work that compares subnational units. The third challenge is horizontal, referring to interactions between governments at the same subnational level that can either enhance or subvert autonomy.
In Search of Cloudstones? The Contribution of Charismatic Rocks Towards an Understanding of Mesolithic and Neolithic Communities in the Montane Regions of South Norway
Authors: Nyland Astrid J.
Published: June 2020

This paper discusses whether a consideration of the capacity of rocks to affect humans in terms of their charisma or object-agency can aid in understanding identified variation in patterns of lithic procurement, distribution, and use. Lithic assemblages at sites dating to both the Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in two separate areas of the central mountain plateau in southern Norway demonstrate use of locally available rock. Their use contrasts with that of flint which could only be sourced at the coast. While the use of flint in regions with a restricted range of available and suitable rock types is understandable, the presence of flint in regions rich in flint alternatives is more puzzling. In order to understand the choices and actions of prehistoric communities we must consider other factors, such as a sensorial exploration of the ability of raw materials to affect humans, together with the diverging ontological perspectives that shape human–material relations and the social situations of practice. This paper argues that, in addition to their straightforward utility, lithic raw materials had socially situated object-agency and inherent characteristics of charisma and that these exerted powerful influences on human choice, perception, and preference.
MEDIEVAL COMMERCIAL SITES: AS SEEN THROUGH PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES SCHEME DATA
Authors: Oksanen Eljas , Lewis Michael
Published: June 2020

This paper explores some 220,000 medieval objects recorded in the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) online database of archaeological small finds through Geographic Information System analysis of their relationship with contemporary market sites. First, an overview of the contents of the PAS database is presented in terms of its spatial and ‘object type’ distribution. Second, the relationship of the medieval finds data against documentary evidence of commercial activity is investigated at a national level. Finally, PAS data is contextualised in its historical landscape context through case studies. It is argued that the distribution of PAS finds on the national scale can be linked with patterns of commercial activity, and that while rural and urban finds scatters have distinguishing trends, the countryside population enjoyed access to a range of sophisticated metalwork culture; also, that certain assemblages can be analysed statistically to yield new data and perspectives on local historical development.
Effects of dietary stachyose levels on caecal skatole concentration, hepatic cytochrome P450 mRNA expressions and enzymatic activities in broilers
Authors: Liu Hai-Ying , Zhao Xin-Yun , Yang Gui-Qin , Liu Ji-Zhe , Zhu Xin
Published: June 2020

Effects of dietary supplemental stachyose on caecal skatole concentration, hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450, CYP) mRNA expressions and enzymatic activities in broilers were evaluated. Arbor Acre commercial mixed male and female chicks were assigned randomly into six treatments. The positive control (PC) diet was based on maize–soyabean meal, and the negative control (NC) diet was based on maize–non-soyabean meal. The NC diet was then supplemented with 4, 5, 6 and 7 g/kg stachyose to create experimental diets, named S-4, S-5, S-6 and S-7, respectively. Each diet was fed to six replicates of ten birds from days 1 to 49. On day 49, the caecal skatole concentrations in the PC, S-4, S-5, S-6 and S-7 groups were lower than those in the NC group by 42·28, 23·68, 46·09, 15·31 and 45·14 % (P < 0·01), respectively. The lowest pH value was observed in the S-5 group (P < 0·05). The stachyose-fed groups of broilers had higher caecal acetate and propionate levels compared with control groups, and propionate levels in the S-6 and S-7 groups were higher than those in the S-4 and S-5 groups (P < 0·001). The highest CYP3A4 expression was found in the S-7 group (P < 0·05), but this was not different from PC, S-4, S-5 and S-6 treatments. There was no significant difference in CYP450 (1A2, 2D6 and 3A4) enzymatic activities among the groups (P > 0·05). In conclusion, caecal skatole levels can be influenced by dietary stachyose levels, and 5 g/kg of stachyose in the diet was suggested.
Consumption of whole purple and regular wheat modestly improves metabolic markers in adults with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a randomised, single-blind parallel-arm study
Authors: Gamel Tamer H. , Abdel-Aal El-Sayed M. , Tucker Amy J. , Pare Shannon M. , Faughnan Kate , O’Brien Charlene D. , Dykun Andrea , Rabalski Iwona , Pickard Mark , Wright Amanda J.
Published: June 2020

Whole-grain wheat, in particular coloured varieties, may have health benefits in adults with chronic metabolic disease risk factors. Twenty-nine overweight and obese adults with chronic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) > 1·0 mg/l) replaced four daily servings of refined grain food products with bran-enriched purple or regular whole-wheat convenience bars (approximately 41–45 g fibre, daily) for 8 weeks in a randomised, single-blind parallel-arm study where body weight was maintained. Anthropometrics, blood markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipaemia and metabolites of anthocyanins and phenolic acids were compared at days 1, 29 and 57 using repeated-measures ANOVA within groups and ANCOVA between groups at day 57, with day 1 as a covariate. A significant reduction in IL-6 and increase in adiponectin were observed within the purple wheat (PW) group. TNF-α was lowered in both groups and ferulic acid concentration increased in the regular wheat (RW) group. Comparing between wheats, only plasma TNF-α and glucose differed significantly (P < 0·05), that is, TNF-α and glucose decreased with RW and PW, respectively. Consumption of PW or RW products showed potential to improve plasma markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in participants with evidence of chronic inflammation, with modest differences observed based on type of wheat.
Comprehensive lipid and metabolite profiling in healthy adults with low and high consumption of fatty fish: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Hustad K. S. , Rundblad A. , Ottestad I. , Christensen J. J. , Holven K. B. , Ulven S. M.
Published: June 2020

Fish consumption is associated with reduced risk of CVD, which may be partly mediated by alterations in plasma lipids, such as HDL-cholesterol. However, comprehensive analyses of associations between fatty fish consumption and lipoprotein subclass profile are limited and show inconsistent results. Therefore, the aim of the present exploratory study was to investigate the association between fatty fish consumption and lipoprotein subclass particle concentrations and composition, with an emphasis on HDL. We performed a comprehensive plasma metabolite profiling in 517 healthy adults, using a targeted high-throughput NMR spectroscopy platform. The participants were divided into tertiles based on consumption of fatty fish, reported through a validated FFQ. We compared the concentration of metabolites between the participants in the lowest and highest tertiles of fatty fish consumption. We show that high consumers of fatty fish (>223 g/week, median intake 294 g/week) had higher particle concentrations and content of total lipids, free cholesterol and phospholipids in large and extra-large HDL particles and higher content of total cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and TAG in large HDL particles than low consumers (<107 g/week, median intake 58 g/week). Using fatty fish consumption as a continuous variable, we found that fatty fish consumption was associated with lower levels of the inflammation marker glycoprotein acetyls. In conclusion, high consumers of fatty fish seem to have a more favourable HDL-cholesterol-related lipoprotein profile and anti-inflammatory phenotype than low consumers of fatty fish. Thus, these data support the current Norwegian dietary recommendations for fish consumption regarding CVD risk.
Involvement of sphaeractinomyxon in the life cycle of mugiliform-infecting Myxobolus (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) reveals high functionality of actinospore morphotype in promoting transmission
Authors: Rocha Sónia , Rangel Luís F. , Casal Graça , Azevedo Carlos , Rodrigues Pedro , Santos Maria J.
Published: June 2020

Four new actinospore types belonging to the sphaeractinomyxon collective group (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) are described from the coelomic cavity of a marine Baltidrilus sp. (Oligochaeta, Naididae) inhabiting a northern Portuguese estuary. Host identification supports the usage of marine oligochaetes, namely of the family Naididae Ehrenberg, 1828, as definitive hosts for myxosporeans inhabiting estuarine/marine environments. The absence of mixed infections in the host specimens analysed is suggested to reflect the influence of host-, parasite- and environmental-related factors regulating myxosporean–annelid interactions. Molecular analyses matched the SSU rDNA sequences of three of the four new types with those of mugiliform-infecting Myxobolus spp., namely Myxobolus mugiliensis and a Myxobolus sp. from flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus, and Myxobolus labrosus from thicklip grey mullet Chelon labrosus. These results directly link, for the first time, the sphaeractinomyxon collective group to a myxospore counterpart, further confirming their previously hypothesized specific involvement in the life cycle of myxobolids that infect mullets. Acknowledging this life cycle relationship, the functionality of the sphaeractinomyxon morphotype is suggested to have been decisive for the evolutionary hyperdiversification of the genus Myxobolus in mullets. Unlike other actinospore morphotypes, sphaeractinomyxon lack valvular processes, which implies a limited capability for buoyancy. Considering the benthic-feeding nature of mullets, this feature is most likely crucial in promoting successful transmission to the vertebrate host.
Combined impact of ADHD and insomnia symptoms on quality of life, productivity, and health care use in the general population
Authors: van Andel Emma , ten Have Margreet , Bijlenga Denise , Beekman Aartjan T. F. , de Graaf Ron , Sandra Kooij J. J.
Published: June 2020

Background

Both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and insomnia have been independently related to poorer quality of life (QoL), productivity loss, and increased health care use, although most previous studies did not take the many possible comorbidities into account. Moreover, ADHD and insomnia often co-occur. Symptoms of ADHD and insomnia together may have even stronger negative effects than they do separately. We investigated the combined effects of symptoms of ADHD and insomnia, in addition to their independent effects, on QoL, productivity, and health care use, thereby controlling for a wide range of possible comorbidities and confounders.

Methods

Data from the third wave of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 were used, involving N = 4618 from the general population. Both the inattention and the hyperactivity ADHD symptom dimensions were studied, assessed by the ASRS Screener.

Results

Mental functioning and productivity were negatively associated with the co-occurrence of ADHD and insomnia symptoms, even after adjusting for comorbidity and confounders. The results show no indication of differences between inattention and hyperactivity. Poorer physical functioning and health care use were not directly influenced by the interaction between ADHD and insomnia.

Conclusions

People with both ADHD and sleep problems have increased risk for poorer mental functioning and productivity loss. These results underscore the importance of screening for sleep problems when ADHD symptoms are present, and vice versa, and to target both disorders during treatment.
The relationship between physical activity, BMI, circadian rhythm, and sleep with cognition in bipolar disorder
Authors: Burgess Jennifer L. , Bradley Andrew J. , Anderson Kirstie N. , Gallagher P. , McAllister-Williams R. Hamish
Published: June 2020

Background

Cognitive deficits affect a significant proportion of patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Problems with sustained attention have been found independent of mood state and the causes are unclear. We aimed to investigate whether physical parameters such as activity levels, sleep, and body mass index (BMI) may be contributing factors.

Methods

Forty-six patients with BD and 42 controls completed a battery of neuropsychological tests and wore a triaxial accelerometer for 21 days which collected information on physical activity, sleep, and circadian rhythm. Ex-Gaussian analyses were used to characterise reaction time distributions. We used hierarchical regression analyses to examine whether physical activity, BMI, circadian rhythm, and sleep predicted variance in the performance of cognitive tasks.

Results

Neither physical activity, BMI, nor circadian rhythm predicted significant variance on any of the cognitive tasks. However, the presence of a sleep abnormality significantly predicted a higher intra-individual variability of the reaction time distributions on the Attention Network Task.

Conclusions

This study suggests that there is an association between sleep abnormalities and cognition in BD, with little or no relationship with physical activity, BMI, and circadian rhythm.
The perinatal origins of childhood anxiety disorders and the role of early-life maternal predictors
Authors: Galbally Megan , Watson Stuart J. , van Rossum Elisabeth F. C. , Chen Wai , de Kloet Edo Ronald , Lewis Andrew J.
Published: June 2020

Background

The development of childhood anxiety disorders (CADs) is likely to depend on pathways that can be programmed by early-life risk factors. We test the hypothesis that early-life maternal factors can predict this programming effect on CAD.

Methods

Data were obtained from 198 women and children from the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study (MPEWS), a cohort study with data collected across pregnancy, postpartum and until 4 years of age. Maternal antenatal depression was measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV), together with antenatal hair cortisol concentrations, maternal childhood trauma and parenting stress at 6 months postpartum. CAD was assessed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment and the Child Behaviour Checklist.

Results

Antenatal depression, a history of maternal childhood trauma and lower gestational age at birth were each associated with anxiety disorders at 4 years of age in their children. A multivariate binary logistic model with these early predictors explained approximately 9% of variance in CAD outcome at 4 years of age; however, only maternal trauma and gestational age were significant predictors in the model. The effect of early parenting stress on CAD was found to vary by the concentration of maternal antenatal hair cortisol, whereby postpartum parenting stress was associated with CAD only when there were higher maternal antenatal cortisol levels.

Conclusions

This study suggests the importance of maternal factors pre-conception, pregnancy and in the postnatal period, which predict CADs and this is consistent with a developmental programming hypothesis for CAD.
EFFICIENT TWO-STEP GENERALIZED EMPIRICAL LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION AND TESTS WITH MARTINGALE DIFFERENCES
Authors: Jin Fei , Lee Lung-fei
Published: June 2020

This paper considers two-step generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimation and tests with martingale differences when there is a computationally simple$\sqrt n$-consistent estimator of nuisance parameters or the nuisance parameters can be eliminated with an estimating function of parameters of interest. As an initial estimate might have asymptotic impact on final estimates, we propose general$C(\alpha )$-type transformed moments to eliminate the impact, and use them in the GEL framework to construct estimation and tests robust to initial estimates. This two-step approach can save computational burden as the numbers of moments and parameters are reduced. A properly constructed two-step GEL (TGEL) estimator of parameters of interest is asymptotically as efficient as the corresponding joint GEL estimator. TGEL removes several higher-order bias terms of a corresponding two-step generalized method of moments. Our moment functions at the true parameters are martingales, thus they cover some spatial and time series models. We investigate tests for parameter restrictions in the TGEL framework, which are locally as powerful as those in the joint GEL framework when the two-step estimator is efficient.
ON THE SCOPE OF OUTPUT IN SLA
Authors: Zalbidea Janire
Published: June 2020

Following calls for more modality-sensitive perspectives of SLA, this study investigated the extent to which (a) producing the second language (L2) in the oral modality impacts learner-generated noticing and L2 development of grammatical structures embedded in subsequent auditory input, and whether (b) engaging in L2 production and input processing in the written modality differentially contributes to learner noticing and L2 outcomes compared to the oral modality. Participants were beginner-level L2 Spanish learners assigned to one of three pedagogic task conditions (No-output, Speaking, Writing). Two target structures differing in their relative intrinsic salience were considered in the study. Learners’ noticing behaviors were gauged using stimulated recall protocols, and L2 grammar development was measured using pre-, post-, and delayed posttests of production and written and aural acceptability judgment. Results revealed that engaging in oral output promoted greater noticing and deeper analysis of auditory input as well as more robust L2 grammar development compared to no output. However, sustained linguistic gains on the lower-salience target structure were only observed among participants who engaged in output and input processing in the written modality.
The association between sporadic Legionnaires' disease and weather and environmental factors, Minnesota, 2011–2018
Authors: Passer J. K. , Danila R. N. , Laine E. S. , Como-Sabetti K. J. , Tang W. , Searle K. M.
Published: June 2020

From 2011 through 2018, there was a notable increase in sporadic Legionnaires' disease in the state of Minnesota. Sporadic cases are those not associated with a documented outbreak. Outbreak-related cases are typically associated with a common identified contaminated water system; sporadic cases typically do not have a common source that has been identified. Because of this, it is hypothesised that weather and environmental factors can be used as predictors of sporadic Legionnaires' disease. An ecological design was used with case report surveillance data from the state of Minnesota during 2011 through 2018. Over this 8-year period, there were 374 confirmed Legionnaires' disease cases included in the analysis. Precipitation, temperature and relative humidity (RH) data were collected from weather stations across the state. A Poisson regression analysis examined the risk of Legionnaires' disease associated with precipitation, temperature, RH, land-use and age. A lagged average 14-day precipitation had the strongest association with Legionnaires' disease (RR 2.5, CI 2.1–2.9), when accounting for temperature, RH, land-use and age. Temperature, RH and land-use also had statistically significant associations to Legionnaires' disease, but with smaller risk ratios. This study adds to the body of evidence that weather and environmental factors play an important role in the risk of sporadic Legionnaires' disease. This is an area that can be used to target additional research and prevention strategies.
Insecure Attachment to Parents and PTSD among Adolescents: The Roles of Parent–Child Communication, Perceived Parental Depression, and Intrusive Rumination
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Zhen Rui , Wu Xinchun
Published: June 2020

Based on attachment theory and a social-cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this study examined the roles of parent–child communication, perceived parental depression, and intrusive rumination in the association between insecure attachment to parents and PTSD among adolescents following the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. In this study, 620 adolescents were recruited to complete self-report questionnaires. The results showed that the direct association between anxious attachment and PTSD was significant, but that between avoidant attachment and PTSD was non-significant. In addition, both anxious and avoidant attachment had indirect associations with PTSD via the mediating effects of parent–child communication openness and problems, perceived parental depression, and intrusive rumination. However, the specific paths between anxious and avoidant attachment and PTSD were different. The findings indicated that insecure attachment among adolescents following the earthquake was predictive for their PTSD, and the mechanisms underlying the association between anxious attachment and PTSD and the association between avoidant attachment and PTSD were distinct. To alleviate PTSD, more attention should be paid to improving the quality of parent–child communication for adolescents with avoidant attachment to parents, and to reducing negative cognition in adolescents with anxious attachment.
Fuel to the fire: The escalating interplay of attachment and maltreatment in the transgenerational transmission of psychopathology in families living in refugee camps
Authors: Scharpf Florian , Mkinga Getrude , Neuner Frank , Machumu Maregesi , Hecker Tobias
Published: June 2020

Maltreatment by parents can be conceptualized as pathogenic escalations of a disturbed parent–child relationship that have devastating consequences for children's development and mental health. Although parental psychopathology has been shown to be a risk factor both for maltreatment and insecure attachment representations, these factors` joint contribution to child psychopathology has not been investigated. In a sample of Burundian refugee families living in refugee camps in Western Tanzania, the associations between attachment representations, maltreatment, and psychopathology were examined by conducting structured interviews with 226 children aged 7 to 15 and both their parents. Structural equation modeling revealed that children's insecure attachment representations and maltreatment by mothers fully mediated the relation between maternal and child psychopathology [model fit: comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.96; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.05]. A direct association between paternal and child psychopathology was observed (model fit: CFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.05). The findings suggest a vicious cycle, wherein an insecure attachment to a mother suffering from psychopathology may be linked to children's risk to be maltreated, which may reinforce insecure representations and perpetuate the pathogenic relational experience. Interventions targeting the attachment relationship and parental mental health may prevent negative child outcomes.
Persistent left superior vena cava accompanying repaired tetralogy of Fallot: Does it pose a challenge for device implantation?
Authors: Konuş Ali Hakan , Sayın Muhammet Raşit , Vural Ahmet
Published: June 2020

Persistent left superior vena cava is a thoracic venous return anomaly. Tetralogy of Fallot is one of the most common congenital anomalies seen with persistent left superior vena cava. We are presenting a successful cardiac resynchronisation therapy device implantation in a patient with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and persistent left superior vena cava combination which has not been previously reported in the literature.
Role of obesity in systemic low-grade inflammation and cognitive function in patients with bipolar I disorder or major depressive disorder
Authors: Chen Mu-Hong , Hsu Ju-Wei , Huang Kai-Lin , Tsai Shih-Jen , Su Tung-Ping , Li Cheng-Ta , Lin Wei-Chen , Tu Pei-Chi , Bai Ya-Mei
Published: June 2020

Background

Studies have suggested the detrimental effects of obesity and systemic inflammation on the cognitive function of patients with bipolar or major depressive disorder. However, the complex associations between affective disorder, obesity, systemic inflammation, and cognitive dysfunction remain unclear.

Methods

Overall, 110 patients with affective disorder (59 with bipolar I disorder and 51 with major depressive disorder) who scored ≥61 on the Global Assessment of Functioning and 51 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 was defined as obesity or overweight. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines—including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP)—were measured, and cognitive function was assessed using various methods, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and go/no-go task.

Results

Patients with bipolar I disorder or major depressive disorder were more likely to be obese or overweight, had higher CRP and TNF-α levels, and had greater executive dysfunction in the WCST than the controls. TNF-α level (P < .05) but not affective disorder diagnosis or obesity/overweight was significantly associated with cognitive function deficits, although obesity/overweight and diagnosis were significantly associated with increased TNF-α level.

Conclusions

Our findings may indicate that proinflammatory cytokines, but not obesity or overweight, have crucial effects on cognitive function in patients with bipolar I disorder or major depressive disorder, although proinflammatory cytokines and obesity or overweight were found to be strongly associated. The complex relationships between affective disorder diagnosis, proinflammatory cytokine levels, obesity or overweight, and cognitive function require further investigation.
Early-life environment and human capital: evidence from the Philippines
Authors: Peet Evan D.
Published: June 2020

This study examines how human capital develops in response to early-life weather and pollution exposures in the Philippines. Both pollution and weather are examined in relation to short- and long-term human capital outcomes. We combine a three-decade longitudinal survey measuring human capital development, a database of historical weather, and multiple databases characterizing carbon monoxide and ozone in the Philippines during the 1980s. We find evidence that extreme precipitation and temperature affect short-term anthropometric outcomes, but long-term outcomes appear unaffected. For long-term cognitive outcomes, we find that early-life pollution exposures negatively affect test scores and schooling. These long-term responses to early-life pollution exposures extend to the labor market with reduced hours worked and earnings. The implication is that a 25 per cent reduction in early-life ozone exposure would increase per person discounted lifetime earnings by $1,367, which would scale to $2.05 billion at the national level (or 2 per cent of 2005 GDP).
Demographic, spatial and temporal dietary intake patterns among 526 774 23andMe research participants
Authors: Shelton Janie F , Cameron Briana , Aslibekyan Stella ,   23andMe Research Team, Gentleman Robert
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To characterise dietary habits, their temporal and spatial patterns and associations with BMI in the 23andMe study population.

Design:

We present a large-scale cross-sectional analysis of self-reported dietary intake data derived from the web-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010 dietary screener. Survey-weighted estimates for each food item were characterised by age, sex, race/ethnicity, education and BMI. Temporal patterns were plotted over a 2-year time period, and average consumption for select food items was mapped by state. Finally, dietary intake variables were tested for association with BMI.

Setting:

US-based adults 20–85 years of age participating in the 23andMe research programme.

Participants:

Participants were 23andMe customers who consented to participate in research (n 526 774) and completed web-based surveys on demographic and dietary habits.

Results:

Survey-weighted estimates show very few participants met federal recommendations for fruit: 2·6 %, vegetables: 5·9 % and dairy intake: 2·8 %. Between 2017 and 2019, fruit, vegetables and milk intake frequency declined, while total dairy remained stable and added sugars increased. Seasonal patterns in reporting were most pronounced for ice cream, chocolate, fruits and vegetables. Dietary habits varied across the USA, with higher intake of sugar and energy dense foods characterising areas with higher average BMI. In multivariate-adjusted models, BMI was directly associated with the intake of processed meat, red meat, dairy and inversely associated with consumption of fruit, vegetables and whole grains.

Conclusions:

23andMe research participants have created an opportunity for rapid, large-scale, real-time nutritional data collection, informing demographic, seasonal and spatial patterns with broad geographical coverage across the USA.
The Harp, the Lied and Ossianic Narratives in Massenet'sWerther
Authors: Franke Matthew
Published: June 2020

The climactic scene in Massenet's operaWerther– as in Goethe's novella – occurs when Werther reads a poem by Ossian. The air resembles a German lied, with a rippling harp accompaniment that may be a reference to other Ossianic settings. Steven Huebner has suggested that the lied reference is meant to create a sense of German local colour in the opera. However, little work has been done to explain why Massenet would have chosen to set an Ossianic text in the style of a German lied.

The current article addresses this question by considering the references to specific German lieder by Schumann and Schubert heard by early critics in the Ossian reading. The subsequent discussion explores the French reception of German lieder and Massenet's personal knowledge of Schubert and Schumann's music. These references to Schumann, Schubert and Ossian expose a complex set of intertextual relationships between Massenet's opera and other Ossianic music, the characters in Massenet's opera and their milieu, and Massenet's depiction of German music and culture.

Despite Huebner's well-chosen criticisms of Massenet's depiction of the German setting, I argue that the lied and its harp accompaniment are dramatically meaningful gestures that highlight Werther's Ossianic character arc throughout the opera, hinting at his sentimentality, weakness, and non-normative masculinity in relation to nineteenth-century gender stereotypes. This interpretation, following Massenet's own account of the opera's genesis, prioritizes the Ossian reading as the crux of the drama. The resulting analysis demonstrates the audible influence of Schumann and Schubert on Werther, and Massenet's musical approach to the Ossianic tropes of nature, decay and fate.
LINGUA CHARACTERICAANDCALCULUS RATIOCINATOR: THE LEIBNIZIAN BACKGROUND OF THE FREGE-SCHRÖDER POLEMIC
Authors: MILLÁN JOAN BERTRAN-SAN
Published: June 2020

After the publication ofBegriffsschrift, a conflict erupted between Frege and Schröder regarding their respective logical systems which emerged around the Leibnizian notions oflingua charactericaandcalculus ratiocinator. Both of them claimed their own logic to be a better realisation of Leibniz’s ideal language and considered the rival system a merecalculus ratiocinator. Inspired by this polemic, van Heijenoort (1967b) distinguished two conceptions of logic—logic as language and logic as calculus—and presented them as opposing views, but did not explain Frege’s and Schröder’s conceptions of the fulfilment of Leibniz’s scientific ideal.

In this paper I explain the reasons for Frege’s and Schröder’s mutual accusations of having created a merecalculus ratiocinator. On the one hand, Schröder’s construction of the algebra of relatives fits with a project for the reduction of any mathematical concept to the notion of relative. From this stance I argue that he deemed the formal system ofBegriffsschriftincapable of such a reduction. On the other hand, first I argue that Frege took Boolean logic to be an abstract logical theory inadequate for the rendering of specific content; then I claim that the language ofBegriffsschriftdid not constitute a completelingua charactericaby itself, more being seen by Frege as a tool that could be applied to scientific disciplines. Accordingly, I argue that Frege’s project of constructing alingua charactericawas not tied to his later logicist programme.
NON-WELL-FOUNDED PROOFS FOR THE GRZEGORCZYK MODAL LOGIC
Authors: SAVATEEV YURY , SHAMKANOV DANIYAR
Published: June 2020

We present a sequent calculus for the Grzegorczyk modal logic$\mathsf {Grz}$allowing cyclic and other non-well-founded proofs and obtain the cut-elimination theorem for it by constructing a continuous cut-elimination mapping acting on these proofs. As an application, we establish the Lyndon interpolation property for the logic$\mathsf {Grz}$proof-theoretically.
COMPOSITIONALITY, COMPUTABILITY, AND COMPLEXITY
Authors: PAGIN PETER
Published: June 2020

This paper starts from the observation that the standard arguments for compositionality are really arguments for the computability of semantics. Since computability does not entail compositionality, the question of what justifies compositionality recurs. The paper then elaborates on the idea of recursive semantics as corresponding to computable semantics. It is then shown by means of time complexity theory and with the use of term rewriting as systems of semantic computation, that syntactically unrestricted, noncompositional recursive semantics leads to computational explosion (factorial complexity). Hence, with combinatorially unrestricted syntax, semantics with tractable time complexity is compositional.
HOW MUCH PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC SUFFICES FOR ROSSER’S ESSENTIAL UNDECIDABILITY THEOREM?
Authors: BADIA GUILLERMO , CINTULA PETR , HÁJEK PETR , TEDDER ANDREW
Published: June 2020

In this paper we explore the following question: how weak can a logic be for Rosser’s essential undecidability result to be provable for a weak arithmetical theory? It is well known that Robinson’s Q is essentially undecidable in intuitionistic logic, and P. Hájek proved it in the fuzzy logic BL for Grzegorczyk’s variant of Q which interprets the arithmetic operations as nontotal nonfunctional relations. We present a proof of essential undecidability in a much weaker substructural logic and for a much weaker arithmetic theory, a version of Robinson’s R (with arithmetic operations also interpreted as mere relations). Our result is based on a structural version of the undecidability argument introduced by Kleene and we show that it goes well beyond the scope of the Boolean, intuitionistic, or fuzzy logic.
Inter-Individual Differences in Multivariate Time-Series
Authors: Ernst Anja F. , Albers Casper J. , Jeronimus Bertus F. , Timmerman Marieke E.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Theories of emotion regulation posit the existence of individual differences in emotion dynamics. Current multi-subject time-series models account for differences in dynamics across individuals only to a very limited extent. This results in an aggregation that may poorly apply at the individual level. We present the exploratory method of latent class vector-autoregressive modeling (LCVAR), which extends the time-series models to include clustering of individuals with similar dynamic processes. LCVAR can identify individuals with similar emotion dynamics in intensive time-series, which may be of unequal length. The method performs excellently under a range of simulated conditions. The value of identifying clusters in time-series is illustrated using affect measures of 410 individuals, assessed at over 70 time points per individual. LCVAR discerned six clusters of distinct emotion dynamics with regard to diurnal patterns and augmentation and blunting processes between eight emotions.
Modeling ELF Electromagnetic Field in the Upper Ionosphere From Power Transmission Lines
Authors: Fedorov E. N. , Mazur N. G. , Pilipenko V. A. , Vakhnina V. V.
Published: June 2020

The expected magnitude of extralow‐frequency (ELF) electromagnetic response in the upper ionosphere to ground large‐scale power transmission lines at low Earth orbit (LEO) is modeled. The full‐wave system of Maxwell's equations is numerically solved in a realistic ionosphere whose parameters have been reconstructed with the use of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. We have calculated the altitudinal structure in the atmosphere and ionosphere of electromagnetic field and Poynting flux excited by an oscillating 50/150 Hz linear current suspended above the ground. The leakage rate into the upper ionosphere was shown to increase during nighttime hours and above a high‐resistive crust. The amplitudes of electromagnetic power line emission (PLE) detected by LEO satellites correspond to the unbalanced power line current intensity of about 1–10 A, depending on the crust resistivity.
Enhancing Streamflow Forecast and Extracting Insights Using Long‐Short Term Memory Networks With Data Integration at Continental Scales
Authors: Feng Dapeng , Fang Kuai , Shen Chaopeng
Published: June 2020

Recent observations with varied schedules and types (moving average, snapshot, or regularly spaced) can help to improve streamflow forecasts, but it is challenging to integrate them effectively. Based on a long short‐term memory (LSTM) streamflow model, we tested multiple versions of a flexible procedure we call data integration (DI) to leverage recent discharge measurements to improve forecasts. DI accepts lagged inputs either directly or through a convolutional neural network unit. DI ubiquitously elevated streamflow forecast performance to unseen levels, reaching a record continental‐scale median Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient value of 0.86. Integrating moving‐average discharge, discharge from the last few days, or even average discharge from the previous calendar month could all improve daily forecasts. Directly using lagged observations as inputs was comparable in performance to using the convolutional neural network unit. Importantly, we obtained valuable insights regarding hydrologic processes impacting LSTM and DI performance. Before applying DI, the base LSTM model worked well in mountainous or snow‐dominated regions, but less well in regions with low discharge volumes (due to either low precipitation or high precipitation‐energy synchronicity) and large interannual storage variability. DI was most beneficial in regions with high flow autocorrelation: it greatly reduced baseflow bias in groundwater‐dominated western basins and also improved peak prediction for basins with dynamical surface water storage, such as the Prairie Potholes or Great Lakes regions. However, even DI cannot elevate performance in high‐aridity basins with 1‐day flash peaks. Despite this limitation, there is much promise for a deep‐learning‐based forecast paradigm due to its performance, automation, efficiency, and flexibility.
Nanoscale Imaging of High‐Field Magnetic Hysteresis in Meteoritic Metal Using X‐Ray Holography
Authors: Blukis R. , Pfau B. , Günther C. M. , Hessing P. , Eisebitt S. , Einsle J. , Harrison R. J.
Published: June 2020

Stable paleomagnetic information in meteoritic metal is carried by the “cloudy zone”: ~1–10 μm‐wide regions containing islands of ferromagnetic tetrataenite embedded in a paramagnetic antitaenite matrix. Due to their small size and high coercivity (theoretically up to ~2.2 T), the tetrataenite islands carry very stable magnetic remanence. However, these characteristics also make it difficult to image their magnetic state with the necessary spatial resolution and applied magnetic field. Here, we describe the first application of X‐ray holography to image the magnetic structure of the cloudy zone of the Tazewell IIICD meteorite with spatial resolution down to ~40 nm and in applied magnetic fields up to ±1.1 T, sufficient to extract high‐field hysteresis data from individual islands. Images were acquired as a function of magnetic field applied both parallel and perpendicular to the surface of a ~100 nm‐thick slice of the cloudy zone. Broad distributions of coercivity are observed, including values that likely exceed the maximum applied field. Horizontal offsets in the hysteresis loops indicate an interaction field distribution with half width of ~100 mT between the islands in their room temperature single‐domain state, providing a good match to first‐order reversal curve diagrams. The results suggest that future models of remanence acquisition in the cloudy zone should take account of strong interactions in order to extract quantitative estimates of the paleofield.
Associations Between Dust Storms and Intensive Care Unit Admissions in the United States, 2000–2015
Authors: Rublee C. S. , Sorensen C. J. , Lemery J. , Wade T. J. , Sams E. A. , Hilborn E. D. , Crooks J. L.
Published: June 2020

Anthropogenic climate change is influencing the incidence of dust storms and associated human exposure to coarse particulate matter (PM2.5–10) in the United States. Studies have found adverse health consequences related to dust exposure. These consequences include respiratory disease exacerbations and premature mortality, resulting in increased health care utilization. However, the impact of dust storms on critical care demand has not been studied in the United States. We seek to quantify the relationship between dust storms and surges in critical care demand by investigating the association between dust storms and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions at nearby hospitals from 2000 to 2015. ICU data were acquired from Premier, Inc. and encompass 15–20% of all ICU admissions in the United States. Dust storm, meteorology, and air pollutant data were downloaded from the U.S. National Weather Service, the U.S. National Climatic Data Center, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency websites, respectively. Associations between ICU admission and dust storms, controlling for temperature, dew point temperature, ambient PM2.5 and ozone, as well as seasonally varying confounders, were estimated using a distributed lag conditional Poisson model with overdispersion. We found a 4.8% (95% CI: 0.4, 9.4; p = 0.033) increase in total ICU admissions on the day of the dust storm (Lag 0) and a 9.2% (95% CI: 1.8, 17.0; p = 0.013) and 7.5% (95% CI: 0.3, 15.2; p = 0.040) increase in respiratory admissions at Lags 0 and 5. North American dust storms are associated with increases in same day and lagged demand for critical care services at nearby hospitals.
The EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS) score is superior to the Sokal score for predicting survival in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Pfirrmann Markus , Clark Richard E. , Prejzner Witold , Lauseker Michael , Baccarani Michele , Saussele Susanne , Guilhot François , Heibl Sonja , Hehlmann Rüdiger , Faber Edgar , Turkina Anna , Ossenkoppele Gert , Höglund Martin , Zaritskey Andrey , Griskevicius Laimonas , Olsson-Strömberg Ulla , Everaus Hele , Koskenvesa Perttu , Labar Boris , Sacha Tomasz , Zackova Daniela , Cervantes Francisco , Colita Adriana , Zupan Irena , Bogdanovic Andrija , Castagnetti Fausto , Guilhot Joëlle , Hasford Joerg , Hochhaus Andreas , Hoffmann Verena S.
Published: June 2020

Prognostic scores support clinicians in selecting risk-adjusted treatments and in comparatively assessing different results. For patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), four baseline prognostic scores are commonly used. Our aim was to compare the prognostic performance of the scores and to arrive at an evidence-based score recommendation. In 2949 patients not involved in any score development, higher hazard ratios and concordance indices in any comparison demonstrated the best discrimination of long-term survival with the ELTS score. In a second step, of 5154 patients analyzed to investigate risk group classification differences, 23% (n = 1197) were allocated to high-risk by the Sokal score. Of the 1197 Sokal high-risk patients, 56% were non-high-risk according to the ELTS score and had a significantly more favorable long-term survival prognosis than the 526 high-risk patients according to both scores. The Sokal score identified too many patients as high-risk and relatively few (40%) as low-risk (versus 60% with the ELTS score). Inappropriate risk classification jeopardizes optimal treatment selection. The ELTS score outperformed the Sokal score, the Euro, and the EUTOS score regarding risk group discrimination. The recent recommendation of the European LeukemiaNet for preferred use of the ELTS score was supported with significant statistical evidence.
Big behavior: challenges and opportunities in a new era of deep behavior profiling
Authors: von Ziegler Lukas , Sturman Oliver , Bohacek Johannes
Published: June 2020

The assessment of rodent behavior forms a cornerstone of preclinical assessment in neuroscience research. Nonetheless, the true and almost limitless potential of behavioral analysis has been inaccessible to scientists until very recently. Now, in the age of machine vision and deep learning, it is possible to extract and quantify almost infinite numbers of behavioral variables, to break behaviors down into subcategories and even into small behavioral units, syllables or motifs. However, the rapidly growing field of behavioral neuroethology is experiencing birthing pains. The community has not yet consolidated its methods, and new algorithms transfer poorly between labs. Benchmarking experiments as well as the large, well-annotated behavior datasets required are missing. Meanwhile, big data problems have started arising and we currently lack platforms for sharing large datasets—akin to sequencing repositories in genomics. Additionally, the average behavioral research lab does not have access to the latest tools to extract and analyze behavior, as their implementation requires advanced computational skills. Even so, the field is brimming with excitement and boundless opportunity. This review aims to highlight the potential of recent developments in the field of behavioral analysis, whilst trying to guide a consensus on practical issues concerning data collection and data sharing.