bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Concepts
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett
Published: October 2017

This book weaves together themes from natural ontology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and information, areas of inquiry that have not recently been treated together. The sprawling topic is Kant’s how is knowledge possible? but viewed from a contemporary naturalist standpoint. The assumption is that we are evolved creatures that use cognition as a guide in dealing with the natural world, and that the natural world is roughly as natural science has tried to describe it. Very unlike Kant, then, we must begin with ontology, with a rough understanding of what the world is like prior to cognition, only later developing theories about the nature of cognition within that world and how it manages to reflect the rest of nature. And in trying to get from ontology to cognition we must traverse another non-Kantian domain: questions about the transmission of information both through natural signs and through purposeful signs including, especially, language. Novelties are the introduction of unitrackers and unicepts whose job is to recognize the same again as manifested through the jargon of experience, a direct reference theory for common nouns and other extensional terms, a naturalist sketch of uniceptual—roughly conceptual— development, a theory of natural information and of language function that shows how properly functioning language carries natural information, a novel description of the semantics/pragmatics distinction, a discussion of perception as translation from natural informational signs, new descriptions of indexicals and demonstratives and of intensional contexts and a new analysis of the reference of incomplete descriptions.
A Clumpy World
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett
Published: October 2017

Anything with a structure that tends actively to maintain or reconstitute itself over time, by simple persistence, by cycling, by reproducing, or by causing itself to be replicated, maintains or increases its own kind while depleting materials and resources for constituting other kinds. This creates natural (real kinds) and real categories, which produce limited variety in nature, which supports induction, making possible both cognition and languages that are learnable. The time stages of an individual bear a resemblance to the members of a real kind in being like one another for a reason, so that knowledge of an individual over time is much like inductive knowledge of a real kind over its members.
Infosigns and Natural Information
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett
Published: October 2017

Using a varied list of natural signs as examples, there are straightforward reasons to reject several familiar attemps, such as Dretske’s, to capture what they have in common. Correlational theories run into an obdurate problem of defining, in a principled way, the reference class within which such correlations must hold. A similarity among the signs on our list can be found, however, by treating “being an infosign” as like “being an affordance.” “Natural information” is then the content that is carried by an infosign. A state of affairs, A, that is an infosign of a state of affairs, B, carries the natural information that B, relative to a reference class and relative to an animal that, owing to its actual location in the world, could interpret it.
Introduction to Part I
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett
Published: October 2017

This book weaves together themes from natural ontology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and information, areas of inquiry that have not recently been treated together. The sprawling topic is Kant’s how is knowledge possible? gbut viewed from a contemporary naturalist standpoint. The assumption is that we are evolved creatures that use cognition as a guide in dealing with the natural world, and that the natural world is roughly as natural science has tried to describe it. Very unlike Kant, then, we must begin with ontology, with a rough understanding of what the world is like prior to cognition, only later developing theories about the nature of cognition within that world and how it manages to reflect the rest of nature. And in moving from ontology to cognition we must traverse another non-Kantian domain: questions about the transmission of information both through natural signs and through purposeful signs, including, especially, language.
Introduction to ideas of development
Authors: Toye John
Published: October 2017

The 2008 financial crisis has sparked student demands to rewrite the economics curriculum, giving more space to economic history and the history of economic thought. This can be done within a survey of the main narratives of socioeconomic development. Pre-18th-century discussions of improvement were narratives of linear social progress, however. Once the moderns triumphed over the ancients, the term ‘development’ became common in English. The alternative ‘civilization’ proved to be too ambiguous and too controversial. The development concept bifurcated into ‘organic and constructive versions’, the first with passive (evolutionary) and the latter with active (policy) implications. All development narratives stem from one or the other of these two strands.
Evolutionary social progress, 1762–1848
Authors: Toye John
Published: October 2017

Early travellers’ accounts of the lifestyles of native Americans inspired Adam Smith to create the first model of human socioeconomic progress. Each of the four stages of progressive change were based on a distinctive mode of subsistence, but the transaction between stages was explained poorly. The advent of the Industrial Revolution provoked Karl Marx to update this model by drawing on Guizot’s history of medieval class conflict as the mechanism of transition in a universal scheme of evolutionary stages of the mode of production and their distinctive methods of labour exploitation. This was the basis of Marx’s claim to have done for social science what Darwin had done for evolutionary theory in the natural sciences.
Development within the limits of order, 1820–70
Authors: Toye John
Published: October 2017

After the upheavals of the French Revolution, Enlightenment thinkers were blamed for loosening the bonds of society. In nineteenth-century France, Saint-Simon advocated a social compromise whereby scientists and artists planned the path of progress while the propertied classes retained political power albeit acting as trustees for the interests of the poor. Comte called for a scientific sociology to inform the design of political institutions. In Britain, Bentham rejected the doctrine of natural rights in favour of the principle of utility, while J. S. Mill flirted with Comte’s positivism briefly. Marx made little impact and socialism came in the guise of Fabianism and middle-class trusteeship for the poor. In Germany, Hegel interpreted the French Revolution as a phase in a moral struggle for freedom and called for freedom to be reconciled with the idea of the common good embodied in the state. List envisaged the common good as protectionist trade policy.
Double-edged development, 1767–
Authors: Toye John
Published: October 2017

Many writers on development are extremists, either venerating it as the source of economic cornucopia and human fulfilment or denouncing it as bringing loss of authentic community and culture, greater exploitation, and the curtailment of liberty. A minority, however, have taken a more nuanced and ambivalent position—that, like the curate’s egg, development is good in parts. For example, Adam Ferguson acknowledged the benefits of commercial society but warned against the infinite expansion of human wants, increasing inequality, and the loss of community cohesion. Similar emphasis on the mixed results of development arises in the work of J. S. Mill, Friedrich Engels, and Joseph Schumpeter (‘creative destruction’). In more recent times Albert Hirschman pointed out the negative externalities such as environmental pollution caused by economic production growth—but man-made global climate change is a newer version. All change creates both winners and losers and this fuels the extreme evaluation of it.
Introduction
Authors: McDonald Peter D.
Published: October 2017

The introduction begins by reflecting on how we look at the English writing system and how we think about language, culture, and community. It then explains why the idea of the modern state as an artefact of writing is central to the book. Taking issue with Goody, Watt, McLuhan, and Anderson, all of whom associated the Europeanized modern ‘nation-state’ with the ‘Western’ writing system and/or its traditions of print, it shifts the focus of attention to constitution-making and to the questions Tagore raised about the state’s capacity to grasp human difference. The last sections explain why the book is an exercise in intellectual as well as institutional history, why it is wary about the traditions of literary criticism that have dominated the academy in Europe and America for the past forty years, and why it has a capacious historical and geographical range.
T. S. Eliot vs the League and UNESCO
Authors: McDonald Peter D.
Published: October 2017

This chapter begins with the framing of the UNESCO constitution in 1945 and T. S. Eliot’s objections to the conception of culture that underpinned it. It then traces the development of Eliot’s own traditionalist-conservative cultural thinking from ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’ (1919) and After Strange Gods (1934) to Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (1948), focusing on the idealist-organicist assumptions that shaped his commitment to cultural diversity, his idea of an exclusively Christian Europe, and his anti-Semitism. The third section shows how he pitted the internationalism of his little magazine the Criterion, which was a forum for his ‘European Idea’, against the ICIC. The chapter concludes by comparing Eliot’s ineffectual intervention in the UNESCO debates in the 1940s to Claude Lévi-Strauss’s no less controversial but more influential intervention in the 1970s.
Energy flow and species interactions at the edge
Authors: Jacobsen Dean , Dangles Olivier
Published: October 2017

Chapter 7 elucidates the relationships between the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems at high altitude through the description of material cycles and food webs. Following the landscape continuum model, material cycling is profoundly influenced by the physical structure of the waterscape (e.g. vegetation cover); as a result a great diversity of energetic pathways characterize high altitude waterscapes, along an autotrophy–heterotrophy gradient. Similarly, high altitude aquatic food webs embrace a great diversity of trophic compartments, feeding strategies, and processes (trophic cascades and terrestrial subsidiarity) that are profoundly shaped by environmental harshness. Harsh conditions also generate stress gradients along which the strength and direction of species interactions (from competition to facilitation) and their functional role (e.g. as ecosystem engineers) are modified. The resulting structural and functional changes affect in turn species coexistence and trigger potential ecosystem shifts.
Graduate Work
Authors: Tholen Gerbrand
Published: October 2017

The expansion of higher education (HE) has been one of the most important changes to affect Western labour markets. More than a third of all British workers are now degree holders. The graduate labour market is often understood as that part of the labour market characterized by high skills and high knowledge intensity and required in an increasingly complex economy. HE is presumed to be the developer of these advanced skills. Yet with the graduatization of the workforce come growing concerns about as well as misunderstanding of what jobs graduates occupy, how they utilize their skills, and education’s role within graduate work and the competition for jobs. The book examines some of the assumptions placed on graduate work, graduate jobs, graduate skills, and graduate careers. It provides valuable insights into how we can understand the meaning of graduate work within a rapidly changing economic, technological, and organizational context. Based on in-depth qualitative case studies on software developers, financial analysts, laboratory scientists, and press officers, the book shows that the graduate labour market is more heterogeneous than often is understood. What counts as graduate work remains contested and under constant reinterpretation and renegotiation. Also, access to work, job performance, and career advancement are not necessarily driven by university qualifications and skills associated with HE. The book begins to explore how, and to what extent, those workers with university degrees are defined by their educational experiences, status, and qualifications, mounting a powerful critique against the idealization of graduate work.
Introduction
Authors: Tholen Gerbrand
Published: October 2017

This introductory chapter outlines the aim and the organization of the book. It starts off by explaining how the growth of higher education has changed the labour market. The labour market for graduate workers has never been so under pressure and in flux. The chapter outlines a range of trends that are changing the work of, and the demand for, graduate workers. It has become hard to define terms such as graduate occupation, graduate skills, and graduate careers as well as to define the role of higher education in work. It is this gap in our understanding that the book aims to tackle. The chapter describes the empirical sociological study on which the book is based and the organization of the book.
The Ideal of the Graduate Worker
Authors: Tholen Gerbrand
Published: October 2017

This final chapter concludes the book and reflects on the findings described in the previous chapters. The chapter explains how the idealized version of graduate workers (as being a distinct labour market grouping aligned with high-skilled, high-waged employment) has not really wavered. To understand the status of graduate workers as a group we need to understand the symbolic power graduates hold within the labour market (through symbolic categorization and classification). Yet the case studies also show that the meanings of graduate work, skills, and occupations vary, leaving room for interpretation and contention. The chapter reflects on the role of higher education in the labour market, how we can improve our understanding of graduate work, and what this means for debates about skill policy and social mobility.
Government Drafting and Handling of Legislation
Authors: Russell Meg , Gover Daniel
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the government’s role in the Westminster legislative process, drawing both from the public record and interviews with insiders. It demonstrates that government is more responsive to parliament than is often assumed. The chapter begins by explaining some of the key contributors to the process inside government—including ministers, civil servants, and government lawyers. It provides a summary of the limited literature on these actors, and more generally on government’s role in the process. It summarizes the pre-parliamentary development of the 12 case study bills, including ‘agenda setting’ ‘policy formulation’, and legislative drafting. It also discusses government’s role during the parliamentary stages. It emphasizes that throughout the process government is mindful of parliament’s likely response (‘anticipated reactions’), which creates hidden forms of parliamentary power. It also discusses the sources of government amendments, showing that these are often driven by parliamentary concerns.
The Role of Non-Party Parliamentarians
Authors: Russell Meg , Gover Daniel
Published: October 2017

This chapter analyses the role of non-party parliamentarians, including ‘Crossbenchers’ and bishops in the House of Lords, in the Westminster legislative process and parliament’s impact on policy. Westminster is highly unusual in having around 200 members in the Lords who take no party whip, and who have the potential to influence decision-making as ‘pivotal voters’. Many of these members are recognized experts, with considerable persuasive power. This chapter summarizes their organization, the (very limited) existing literature on their contribution, and the roles that they played on the 12 case study bills. In several cases, non-party parliamentarians were vocal, and successful, in securing legislative change. More generally, this group has subtle forms of influence over the whole dynamic of debate in the Lords, and in parliament’s power of ‘anticipated reactions’. Under the coalition government, particularly on the Welfare Reform Bill, such parliamentarians were more assertive, but with limited policy success.
The Role of Outside Pressure Groups
Authors: Russell Meg , Gover Daniel
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the role of outside pressure groups in the Westminster legislative process. Pressure groups include charities, NGOs, companies, professional organizations, and various other groups which seek to influence policy. It is often assumed that such groups focus their attention primarily on the government, not parliament, but this chapter finds their role in the legislative process to be extensive and more important than some previous literature suggests. The chapter considers the various ways in which pressure groups can use Westminster to exert influence, including through relatively new routes such as select committees, public bill committees, and a more assertive House of Lords. It reviews the contributions of pressure groups to the forms of influence explored in other chapters, including informing debate, promoting amendments, and ‘anticipated reactions’. It also emphasizes that parliament can be important for ‘counteractive lobbying’, to protect gains made by groups at earlier stages.
The Role of Select Committees
Authors: Russell Meg , Gover Daniel
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the various means by which specialist select committees in both the House of Commons and House of Lords interact with and influence government legislation. The development of select committees is widely seen as important at Westminster, having encouraged greater expertise and specialization among members, and cross-party work. Yet the select committees have only a limited formal role in the legislative process, because the ‘committee stage’ occurs elsewhere. Nonetheless, this chapter shows extensive select committee influence on the 12 case study bills. The committees can be important to setting the policy agenda, informing members, influencing debate, encouraging amendments, and—potentially—supporting the government. This particularly applies to the constitutional committees in the House of Lords, and select committees conducting pre-legislative scrutiny of draft bills. However, other committees can also be important, as demonstrated by the Commons Health Committee’s intervention over the smoking ban in the Health Bill (2005–06).
The Role of Cross-Party Working
Authors: Russell Meg , Gover Daniel
Published: October 2017

While various previous chapters have explored the role of individual groups in the legislative process, this chapter considers modes of cross-party working and the importance of cross-party influence on policy at Westminster. Cross-party work is often considered to be relatively weak at Westminster, but this chapter shows that there are various mechanisms (including, but not confined to, the select committees) through which it is now encouraged. The chapter in particular considers cross-party support for amendments proposed to the 12 case study bills. It notes that most of the largest changes to the bills showed clear evidence of cross-party pressure, and that cross-party initiatives had a significantly higher chance of success than those promoted by only a single group. The fear of cross-party coalitions forming is very important to parliament’s power of ‘anticipated reactions’. The chapter concludes that the ‘cross-party mode’ at Westminster is now relatively strong.
Rationality, Reasons, and Criticism
Authors: Kiesewetter Benjamin
Published: October 2017

Chapter 2 elucidates why the normative question about rationality is important and why the normativity of rationality is plausible. It presents an argument to the effect that the criticizability of irrationality entails the normativity of rationality (2.1). It goes on to explain and support the main premise of this argument, namely that a person is criticizable only if she violates a decisive reason (2.2). This premise is defended against three possible alternative conceptions of criticism, which hold that criticizability can be grounded in the violation of a subjective ‘ought’ (2.3), in malfunctioning (2.4), or in acting in a less than virtuous way (2.5). The other premise of the argument, that irrationality is criticizable, is subsequently discussed. The main conclusion is that those sceptical about the normativity of rationality are committed to a highly revisionary error theory about ordinary attributions of rationality and irrationality (2.6).
Setting the Stage
Authors: Borch Fred L.
Published: October 2017

Explores the role of the Dutch in the Indies from 1595, when sailors from Amsterdam first arrived in the islands, to 1942, when the Japanese invaded the colony and inflicted a devastating defeat upon the Dutch. The history of the Dutch in the Indonesian archipelago is critical to understanding the impact of the Japanese occupation after 1942, and the nature of the war crimes committed by the Japanese. This is because the ultimate goal of the Japanese occupiers was to erase all aspects of Dutch culture and influence the islands. The chapter begins with an examination of the early Dutch settlement of the islands, and the development of the colonial economy. It then discusses the so-called “Ethical Policy,” which sought to unify the islands under Dutch rule and implement European ideas about civilization, culture, and prosperity. The chapter looks at the colony’s social structure prior to World War II and closes with a discussion of the colony’s preparations for war with the Japanese in 1942. A short postscript explains what occurred between August 1945, when the Japanese surrendered, and December 1949, when the Netherlands East Indies ceased to exist.
Prosecuting the Japanese
Authors: Borch Fred L.
Published: October 2017

In coordination with the other Allies in the Pacific, the Dutch decided to prosecute war criminals in their custody at military tribunals. These “temporary courts-martial” were created by the colonial authorities in 1946 and were located in twelve different cities and towns in the East Indies. This chapter explains how these temporary courts-martial were organized, and how the Dutch decided on the thirty-eight war crimes that could be prosecuted at these tribunals. The chapter looks at the rules of evidence created for use at the military tribunals, and examines defences available to those persons accused of committing war crimes. It also looks at how the war crimes tribunals operated in practice between 1946 and 1949.
Conclusion
Authors: Borch Fred L.
Published: October 2017

The Dutch convened military tribunals, and prosecuted those responsible for war crimes during the occupation of the Netherlands East Indies, for one reason: To punish those who had murdered, tortured, and otherwise brutally mistreated the Dutch, Eurasian, Chinese, Indian, Malay, and Indonesian citizens of the colony. This chapter looks at the impact of the trials on Indonesia (and Indonesians) and on the Netherlands. It briefly discusses how war crimes committed by Dutch Army forces against Indonesians between 1946 and 1949 undermined the legitimacy of the war crimes tribunals in the eyes of some Indonesians. The chapter concludes by looking the influence of the temporary courts-martial proceedings on the development of the law of international armed conflict.
Core Logic
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: October 2017

Core Logic has unusual philosophical, proof-theoretic, metalogical, computational, and revision-theoretic virtues. It is an elegant kernel lying deep within Classical Logic, a canon for constructive and relevant deduction furnishing faithful formalizations of informal constructive mathematical proofs. Its classicized extension provides likewise for non-constructive mathematical reasoning. Confining one’s search to core proofs affords automated reasoners great gains in efficiency. All logico-semantical paradoxes involve only core reasoning. Core proofs are in normal form, and relevant in a highly exigent ‘vocabulary-sharing’ sense never attained before. Essential advances on the traditional Gentzenian treatment are that core natural deductions are isomorphic to their corresponding sequent proofs, and make do without the structural rules of Cut and Thinning. This ensures relevance of premises to conclusions of proofs, without loss of logical completeness. Every core proof converts any verifications of its premises into a verification of its conclusion. Core Logic makes one reassess the dogma of ‘unrestricted’ transitivity of deduction, because any core ‘restriction’ of transitivity ensures a more than compensatory payoff of epistemic gain: A core proof of A from X and one of B from {A}∪Y effectively determine a proof of B or of absurdity from some subset of X∪Y. The primitive introduction and elimination rules governing the logical operators in Core Logic are subtly different from Gentzen’s. They are obtained by smoothly extrapolating protean rules for determining truth values of sentences under interpretations. Core rules are inviolable: One needs all of them in order to revise beliefs rationally in light of new evidence.
The Road to Core Logic
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: October 2017

We situate Core Logic and Classical Core Logic within a wider logical landscape. Core Logic lies at the intersection of two orthogonal lines of reform of Classical Logic—constructivization and relevantization. We explain the genesis of Core Logic and describe its carefully formulated rules of inference. We reveal how Core Logic arises as a smooth generalization of the proto-logic involved in working out the truth values of sentences under particular interpretations; and the case for the complete methodological adequacy of Core Logic for constructive deductive reasoning, and of Classical Core Logic for non-constructive deductive reasoning. Core Logic deserves the label ‘Core’, because it is both fully employed, and sufficient, as the metalogic involved in any process of rational belief revision. No rule of Core Logic can be surrendered. We end by speculating on two possible explanations—semantic and methodological—of how Core Logic might have been bloated to Classical Logic.
The Relevance Properties of Core Logic
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: October 2017

Ironically Anderson and Belnap argue for the rejection of Disjunctive Syllogism by means of an argument that appears to employ it. We aim to establish a ‘variable-sharing’ result for Classical Core Logic that is stronger than any such result for any other system. We define an exigent relevance condition R(X,A) on the premise-set X and the conclusion A of any proof, exploiting positive and negative occurrences of subformulae. This treatment includes first-order proofs. Our main result on relevance is that for every proof of A from X in Classical Core Logic, we have R(X,A). R(X,A) is a best possible explication of the sought notion of relevance. Our result is optimal, and challenges relevantists in the Anderson–Belnap tradition to identify any strengthening of the relation R(X,A) that can be shown to hold for some subsystem of Anderson–Belnap R but that can be shown to fail for Classical Core Logic.
The Institutional and Political Context of Multi-Level Elections in France, Germany, and Spain
Authors: Golder Sona N. , Lago Ignacio , Blais André , Gidengil Elisabeth , Gschwend Thomas
Published: October 2017

To get a sense of the institutional variation across the three countries and six regions, this chapter discusses the electoral rules, regime types, and party systems in the given cases. The party systems vary in the extent to which they are nationalized, with some countries having important differences at the subnational level, such as regional parties that compete in a single region, and other countries having party systems that look similar across multiple arenas. To put the elections studied in context, the chapter also discusses the political and economic situation facing citizens of the different regions during the period under analysis. The analyses cover a period of financial stress in these countries, though variation is seen in how much different countries, and regions within countries, suffered from the global financial crisis that began shortly before the study. Parties and voters are expected to vary accordingly in their reaction to the crisis.
The Nature of Fiction
Authors: Stock Kathleen
Published: October 2017

Drawing upon extreme intentionalism, a theory of fiction is built, arguing that a fiction is a set of instructions to a reader, instructing her to imagine various things. Call this ‘the basic claim’. This view is defended against those, such as Gregory Currie, Peter Lamarque and Stein Olsen, and David Davies, who would agree with the basic claim as one condition of fiction, but who would argue that a theory of fiction also needs additional conditions. It is also defended against those, such as Stacie Friend and Derek Matravers, who would reject even that basic claim. Finally there is a consideration of what to say about less straightforward cases, such as split narrative, ‘ambiguous fictions’, ‘fictions within fictions’, unreliable narration, and those cases where a fictional character appears as such in a fiction.
Depression Is Not Like Anything On Earth
Authors: McGilchrist Iain
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes depression and its various symptoms from the point of view of a psychiatrist. The chapter argues that depression is not the same as being sad and certainly not the same as anxiety or even panic. It is something like a deep existential terror that seeps into the sufferer’s bones and poisons their blood. It may be accompanied by a tormenting restlessness, in which every single decision is excruciatingly hard. Depression is an umbrella term for many conditions, such as having a difficult personality that makes you perpetually unhappy, or suffering from a deadly episodic illness. The chapter talks about experiences with bouts of depression and medication and the use of alternative remedies and therapies.
The Epidemiology of Depression
Authors: Lewis Gemma , Lewis Glyn
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the epidemiology of depression. It first explains what epidemiology is before turning to issues associated with the measurement and classification of depression. In particular, it considers the diagnosis of depression according to two main criteria provided by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for mental disorders (DSM-V) and the ICD-10. It then reviews research on the frequency and distribution of depression in the population, including community surveys of mental health that have been conducted in the United States since the end of the Second World War. It also examines the influence of age and gender on the incidence of depression and concludes with some theoretical accounts of the possible causes (determinants) of depression.
Depression in the Ill and the Dying
Authors: Hughes Julian C
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on depression in ill and dying patients. The symptoms of depression are the same in sick people and in those approaching death as they are in anyone else. While pervasive low mood, loss of pleasure and interest (anhedonia), and loss of energy are still core to the syndrome of depression, the triad of worthlessness or low self-esteem, helplessness, and hopelessness can sometimes be more important. The biological features of depression are also often present. However, in illness, or when death is near, some things may be different. This chapter first considers what makes depression different in people who are ill or dying before discussing a variety of case histories, based on real experience but not reflecting any particular individual, which each raise specific issues to do with depression in the ill and the dying. It suggests that the holism of a biopsychosocial and spiritual approach must be taken into account both to assist diagnosis and to ensure appropriate treatment, while also providing a less circumscribed and more humane approach to the ill and the dying.
Depression in Criminal Law and Process
Authors: Loughnan Arlie
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines the relevance of depression to criminal law and process by focusing on criminal process, criminal responsibility, liability, sentencing, disposal, and parole. Depression gives rise to challenging issues for criminal law and criminal process, including the issue of degrees of incapacity or impairment and issues of co-morbidity. Furthermore, as an affective condition, depression fluctuates over time, which may create difficulties in relation to evidence and proof at a trial for an offence that will have been committed sometime earlier. This chapter considers defendants with depression, reflecting the central concern of the criminal law with the individual accused of crime. It shows that depression may affect the defendant’s progress through the criminal justice system’s processes of arrest, charge, and prosecution, trial, and appeal. The chapter concludes by discussing the significance of ordinary people’s understanding of depression for its role in criminal law and process.
An Argument for Optimism
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: October 2017

This chapter formulates an argument for the main thesis that focuses on a particular type of problem, called a boundary problem. Roughly, a boundary problem is a logical problem involving independently plausible but mutually inconsistent theses, each of which concerns what it takes for a claim, or a certain class of claims, to be true or knowable or understood. Topics identified in this chapter as raising boundary problems include the mind–body problem, the problem of free will, the indeterminancy of meaning, identity over time (or persistence, as it usually called), and the impenetrability of matter. The key idea of the argument is that we can and have solved boundary problems in the past.
Two Arguments from Disagreement
Authors: Stoljar Daniel
Published: October 2017

This chapter criticizes two disagreement arguments for pessimism. The first, due to David Chalmers, asserts on empirical grounds that there is no large collective convergence to, or agreement on, the truth on the big questions of philosophy. The second, inspired by Peter van Inwagen, asserts that disagreement in philosophy is of a certain special epistemological kind, viz., it rationally requires suspension of judgement, at least in many cases; hence progress is impossible. The existence of ‘epistemic peers’ as a condition of suspension of judgement is discussed. It is suggested that neither argument is persuasive. The chapter ends by asking whether any argument from disagreement may succeed.
Laocoon Today
Authors: Wellbery David E.
Published: October 2017

David Wellbery charts some of the many ways in which Lessing’s Laocoon has been ‘good to think with’ among the various artistic and literary theoreticians of the twentieth century. Wellbery revises his own earlier interpretative mode: rather than see semiotics and ‘media theory’ as Lessing’s primary contribution, he suggests that the most valuable contexts of Laocoon lie in Lessing’s reflections on the nature of critical judgment, the primacy of human action, and the texture of human emotion.
Lessing’s Laocoon as Analytical Instrument
Authors: Giuliani Luca
Published: October 2017

Luca Giuliani evaluates Laocoon as an ‘analytical tool’ for twenty-first-century classical archaeology. In doing so, he returns to some of the same literary case studies that so engrossed Lessing 250 years ago—and none more so than Homer’s Iliad. By probing Lessing’s theories of the respective workings of art and text, and exploring them in the context of ancient depictions of the Iliad (especially seventh- and sixth-century BC vase-paintings), the chapter explores both the virtues and the problems of Lessing’s account. As Giuliani argues, this historical perspective can help us formulate the analytical importance of Lessing’s framework; at the same time, the perspective of ancient art can help us see how Lessing’s text is as much a treatise against as about the visual arts.
Prisms of Expectation
Authors: Shea C. Michael
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 examines the various types of hopes and expectations that Roman Catholic authorities nourished for the Church of England as a potential missionary opportunity, with a special focus on Newman and the Oxford Movement. The chapter examines transnational social networks between Rome and England, and published and unpublished materials relating to Vatican-supported missionary initiatives in Oxford, as well as the depth of learning that certain figures in Rome displayed in Tractarian theology. The chapter considers adumbrations of the idea of doctrinal development in publication venues associated with Roman authorities, and offers an assessment of the degree to which Newman’s Essay on Development might have been considered novel or heterodox in the middle decades of the nineteenth century.
Promise and Peril in Rome, Part Two
Authors: Shea C. Michael
Published: October 2017

This chapter offers an overview of what has become known as the Roman School of theology, a theological movement that was in ascendancy in Rome during the middle decades of the nineteenth century. The chapter explores the Roman School’s central themes, which included ecclesiocentric and ultramontane apologetics, a renewal of positive theology with a focus on patristic sources, as well as a robust and elaborated theology of tradition. Perrone’s distinct vision of faith and reason is presented against the backdrop of this movement and used to highlight the differing ways in which Perrone and those who followed him regarded the writings of Hermes and Bautain. The analysis culminates in the hypothesis that Perrone would have likely looked upon Newman’s work with certain reservations but also with considerable sympathy.
After the Newman–Perrone Exchange
Authors: Shea C. Michael
Published: October 2017

Chapter 7 examines the impact that Newman’s theory of development had upon Perrone and others in Rome. This influence was displayed in a public lecture that Perrone gave in Rome, when he proposed Newman’s thought as an answer to perceived threats facing the Church. The chapter explores traces of the Essay on Development in Perrone’s 1847 book on the Immaculate Conception, and later in Perrone’s 1854 book on Protestantism and the rule of faith. The chapter examines the impact that Perrone’s thought had in Rome and throughout the Church during this time, and in deliberations leading up to the bull Ineffabilis, which promulgated the decree of the Immaculate Conception in 1854. The evidence shows how Newman’s theory had an important impact upon the Roman Catholic Church, affecting the language that the Church came to use in referring to doctrinal change in history.
The Epistemic Norms of Action
Authors: Gerken Mikkel
Published: October 2017

Chapter 6 concerns the normative relationship between action and knowledge ascriptions. Arguments are provided against a Knowledge Norm of Action (KNAC) and in favor of the Warrant-Action norm (WA). According to WA, S must be adequately warranted in believing that p relative to her deliberative context to meet the epistemic requirements for acting on p. WA is developed by specifying the deliberative context and by arguing that its explanatory power exceeds that of knowledge norms. A general conclusion is that the knowledge norm is an important example of a folk epistemological principle that does not pass muster as an epistemological principle. More generally, Chapter 6 introduces the debates about epistemic normativity and develops a specific epistemic norm of action.
The Epistemic Norms of Assertion
Authors: Gerken Mikkel
Published: October 2017

Chapter 7 extends the discussion of epistemic norms to the linguistic realm. Again, it is argued that a Knowledge Norm of Assertion (KNAS) is inadequate and should be replaced with a Warrant-Assertive Speech Act norm (WASA). According to WASA, S must be adequately warranted in believing that p relative to her conversational context in order to meet the epistemic requirements for asserting that p. This epistemic norm is developed and extended to assertive speech acts that carry implicatures or illocutionary forces. Particular attention is given to the development of a species of WASA that accounts for assertive speech acts having a directive force, such as a recommendation. Thus, Chapter 7 contributes to the debates concerning epistemic norms of assertions.
The Divine Presence
Authors: ter Haar Barend J.
Published: October 2017

Statues and other images were central in the worship of the anthropomorphic deities that became increasingly popular from the Song onwards. Stories would be attached to them, both more personal recent memories and collectively transmitted miracles from the more distant past. These images and stories structured how people imagined the deity and what he was capable of. They enabled them to identify the deity when he appeared to them in a dream, in a vision, or even in real life. This chapter follows the ways in which people encountered Lord Guan in temples and shrines, as well as in dreams and visions, and how they actively enacted him in ritual theatre and different forms of spirit possession. It closes by looking at some of the stories that local people in some regions told of the deity’s early life, again with the aim of making him more real and more imaginable.
Summing Up and Looking Forward
Authors: ter Haar Barend J.
Published: October 2017

Over the last decades we have seen a certain revival of his cult, although it seems that much of today’s interest in Lord Guan is now shaped by the figure of Guan Yu as a God of Wealth and as a protagonist in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The final chapter sums up the way in which people constructed their own stories around the worship of Lord Guan. Some room is given to the use of the label ‘Confucianization’ to the late imperial worship of Lord Guan, and similarly other analytical terms for local cults are discussed against the light of our empirical study. The chapter concludes by reiterating that Lord Guan for most of his divine career was deeply enmeshed with collective local interests in bringing rain and protecting communities and only developed a truly personal relationship with the educated strata.
Introduction
Authors: Hamilton Kirk , Hepburn Cameron
Published: October 2017

While current economic discourse tends to focus on GDP and its growth, there is an older tradition in economics of assessing the wealth of a nation. This book builds on this tradition by defining the components of wealth (produced, natural, human, intellectual and institutional capital, and net foreign assets) and considers how the management of this portfolio can lead to increasing social welfare. Four factors have increased the salience of wealth: a financial crisis centred on the implosion of balance sheet positions, the subsequent emphasis on the distribution of wealth within societies, significant progress in the measurement of wealth, and concerns about the natural capital that is humanity’s common endowment. The chapters in this book span concepts, theory, and empirical work, including research on historic wealth creation and destruction, the economic characteristics of the components of wealth, and the means of managing wealth in order to sustain social welfare.
Wealth and Happiness
Authors: Senik Claudia
Published: October 2017

Does wealth accumulation impact subjective well-being? Within a country, household wealth has been shown to improve individual well-being by providing a safety net of protection against negative income shocks, by allowing current and expected consumption flows, and by its potential use as a collateral. At the aggregate level, direct evidence about the relationship between national wealth and happiness is almost non-existent, owing to data limitations and statistical identification problems. However, aggregate wealth impacts well-being indirectly, via positive channels such as institutional quality and improvement in health, life expectancy, and education. Wealth also brings about negative environmental degradations and other damages. The stock of accumulated wealth is also likely to affect happiness indirectly, via its influence on the rate of GDP growth, because both the level of income flows and the rate of income growth have been shown to be factors of higher well-being.
Wealth Creation and the Entrepreneurial State
Authors: Mazzucato Mariana
Published: October 2017

Building on the core ideas in the author’s book The Entrepreneurial State: debunking private vs. public sector myths, the chapter looks at the narrow way in which public policy is viewed in economics and the implications of this for our understanding of wealth creation. Focusing on the relationship between the State and innovation-led growth, it looks at the key role that public policies have had in taking on extreme risk and uncertainty in the innovation process. This has entailed the State acting not just as lender of last resort, but as investor of first resort. In this context, economic policy is more about market making and shaping, rather than just a market fixing. The chapter then focuses on the implications of this different understanding of public policy, for a more ‘collective’ understanding of wealth creation, and ways to ensure that not only risks but also rewards are socialized.
Cities, Wealth, and the Era of Urbanization
Authors: Zenghelis Dimitri
Published: October 2017

Over the next fifty years, most new wealth will be accumulated in cities; this includes physical infrastructure (road, rail, electricity, telecommunications and sanitation), productive capital (houses, offices and factories) and knowledge capital (skills, knowhow and ideas). The development of cities will also determine humanity’s ability to preserve natural capital. Consequently, urbanization deserves urgent attention from policymakers, academics and businesses worldwide. The current global urbanization project is peaking and within a century it will be all but over. The richest and fastest growing cities are those which increasingly specialize in knowledge-based sectors, facilitating the flow of knowledge across people, institutions and enterprises. Well-governed, connected, clean and uncongested cities are likely to attract productive capital, talent and creativity. But the consequences of bad governance and inaction over planning can stymie performance and erode human welfare for decades or centuries.
Wealth and Sustainability
Authors: Hamilton Kirk , Hartwick John , Hamilton Kirk , Hartwick John
Published: October 2017

In 1974, it was a live question whether the exhaustion of natural resources, such as oil, would necessarily lead to the decline of economic activity. Solow showed that constant levels of consumption could be sustained if there is sufficient substitutability between produced and natural factors of production. Hartwick then proved that underpinning this result is a saving rule—set investment in produced capital equal to the value of resource depletion at each point in time. A large literature has shown that a comprehensive measure of the change in real wealth—net saving—plays a central role in determining whether current well-being can be sustained. The current composition of wealth serves to define the policy challenges that countries face in achieving sustainable development. If substitution possibilities are limited between natural and other factors of production, as one might expect, then technical progress is a necessary complement to policies for sustainability.