bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonreciprocal phase characteristics of single—mode magneto—optic rib waveguides
Authors: Inuzuka Hirosei , Okamura Yasuyuki , Yamamoto Sadahiko
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the nonreciprocal phase characteristics of a magneto‐optic waveguide important for formation of nonreciprocal optical guided‐wave devices. Theoretical and experimental investigations are carried out for a single‐mode rib waveguide fabricated on an La‐ and Ga‐substituted YIG thin film. Usually, nonreciprocal phase characteristics are measured by means of the optical path length difference of a Mach‐Zehnder interferometer. In this paper, however, a simpler method is used in which a phase constant difference of two orthogonally polarized modes (the vertically polarized mode affected by an applied magnetic field and the horizontally polarized mode not affected by the applied magnetic field) in a straight waveguide is used. In confirmation of the nonreciprocity, the direction of the optical wave is reversed instead of the direction of the applied magnetic field. In the case of a conventional three‐layer structure (air/YIG/GGG substrate), the film thickness dependence of the nonreciprocity is measured. In addition to a rather good agreement with the theoretical value, existence of an optimum film thickness is confirmed. Further, an experiment is carried out for a four‐layer waveguide in which a high index layer (TiO2) is placed on YIG.

As expected from the theory, it is confirmed that the nonreciprocity is increased to twice that of the unloaded structure. It is demonstrated that this configuration is effective for fabrication of a nonreciprocal phase shifter.
Finite—element formulation for nonlinear dielectric slab waveguides
Authors: Hayata Kazuya , Nagai Michio , Koshiba Masanori
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a new general‐purpose numerical method based on the finite‐element method for both TE and TM polarizations, by which the guided mode behaviors in a dielectric slab waveguide with an arbitrary nonlinear material and an arbitrary refractive index profile can be analyzed systematically. The matrix equation derived in this paper is a nonlinear matrix eigenvalue problem with the effective relative permittivity as an eigenvalue and the principal electromagnetic field as an eigenvector. The equation can be solved in a self‐consistent way by an iterative calculation with the linear solution as an initial value. In the present formulation, the biaxial anisotropy of the nonlinear permittivity tensor for the TM wave is taken into account rigorously. A uniaxial approximation which has often been used is not employed at all. From these features, the present method is considered to be a powerful analysis method for a practical nonlinear dielectric slab waveguide. Further, it can be used for investigation of the validity of various approximate methods. The present method is applied to the nonlinear TE and TM wave propagation in a symmetric three‐layered slab waveguide with a nonlinear core layer and the effectiveness of the method is confirmed.
Development of Mo metallization process of AIN ceramic surfaces
Authors: Takahashi Masaaki , Yamada Kazuji , Oukouchi Takahiko , Kanai Kiyoshi , Kurihara Koichiro
Published: July 2007

To utilize the highly thermally conductive aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic as an insulating substrate for power semiconductor devices, molybdenum (Mo) metallization on the AlN ceramic was investigated. To metallize the AIN ceramic surface with Mo, the Mo paste and sintering methods, which are used to metallize the alumina surface, cannot be used because of the high purity of the AlN ceramic. Therefore, 10 to 15 wt% of glassified MnO‐SiO2 (64 : 36 wt%) was added to the Mo paste as a sintering agent. To carry out sintering, the metallized AlN ceramic was heated at temperatures up to 900°C under forming gas (H2 : N2) containing H2O vapor, and then heated at 1280 ∼ 1300°C under dry forming gas. The AlN ceramic metallized with Mo by the foregoing procedure had a heat resistance as low as 0.8 ∼ 1.3°C/W when the ceramic was inserted between a transistor and a Cu base. No change was observed in the heat resistance of metallized ceramic after 1000 thermal cycles.
A measurement method for visualization of static electricity distribution
Authors: Fujiwara Osamu , Azakami Takashi , Kondoh Takeshi , Katoh Kazuo
Published: July 2007

The number of damaging incidents due to electrostatic discharges (ESD) on digital electronic equipment has been increasing with the increased use of integrated semiconductor elements with lower operation power. We proposed the idea that by visualizing the static electricity which caused ESD for realtime recognition and tracking, preventive measures could be applied before ESD occur. This paper proposes a measuring principle in which the electric potentials induced on an array of small square electrodes placed in parallel in the vicinity of a charged body are proportional to the amount of the charge of the body. A prototype based on this principle was built and attempts were made at visualization and tracking for the static electricity distribution of a charged body. As a result, we confirmed that we could visualize charge distributions of a charged body directly below the electrode array using the electric potential data from a finite number of measuring electrodes. Furthermore, we could observe a two‐dimensional charge distribution of a charged body using an acrylic sheet.
High‐density wiring technology in multiwire boards
Authors: Fukutomi Naoki , Iwasaki Yorio , Kojima Fujio , Kamiyama Hiroharu , Asai Masahide , Kawada Nobuo
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the recent requirement for high‐density packaging technology and discusses the high‐density wiring technique for the Multiwire board. A proposal is made for the wiring rule as well as the fundamental manufacturing processes, which can realize twice higher wiring density compared with the traditional method. The Multiwire wiring employing the insulated wires as conductor can realize the wire crossings on the same plane. However, the technique has the following problem. When thin wire is used and the wiring pitch is reduced to realize a high‐density wiring, the strength of the wire is reduced, its adhesion to the board is degraded, and an interference with the adjacent wire due to stylus is produced. Then there are dangers of producing such defects as wire breakage, floating wire, position shift and flaws in a wire insulator. Those phenomena place a limit on the high‐density implementation by reduciong of the wiring pitch. From such a viewpoint, the diagonal wiring is newly utilized positively, leading to the wire breakage prevention at three or four wire crossovers which has a high breakage probability. Based on the estimation of the number of terminals and the terminal pitch of the LSI package in the future, the required wiring density is calculated. The industrially practical accuracy is assigned to the manufacturing processes, and considering those situations, the high‐density wiring rules are discussed. As a result, the following wiring rules are derived. The through‐holes are located by a 2.54‐mm grid and at the center, and eight passings (five orthogonal plus three diagonal) in a 2.54‐mm grid can be made as the highest wiring density. In addition, some intermediate wiring rules for five, six and seven passings are also presented. An example is shown in which the new wiring rule is applied to the product based on those investigations.
High‐efficiency high‐repetition rate KrF excimer laser
Authors: Hotta Kazuaki , Arai Motohiro , Ito Sinji
Published: July 2007

Discharge‐excited KrF excimer lasers with wavelength of 248 nm are expected to be useful as a light source for microlithography of 64‐Mbit DRAM. This paper reports on a high‐repetition‐rate UV preionized discharge‐excited KrF excimer laser with a new capacitor‐transfer‐circuit configuration in which peaking capacitors are buried in the wall of the laser vessel. This KrF laser delivers a high efficiency of 4 percent, a high average power of 150 W at 600 Hz, and a high‐repetition rate of 700 Hz. The gas lifetime has been confirmed to exceed 3 × 106 shots without a gas purifier.

This paper also discusses oscillation efficiency, high‐repetition rate operations and the gas lifetime for KrF excimer lasers with an ultraviolet (UV) automatic preionization and a capacitor‐transfer circuit. It has been confirmed that long gas lifetime and high‐repetition rate have been achieved due to the high oscillation efficiency.
Analysis of noise properties of dc‐SQUIDs
Authors: Matsuda Mizushi , Kuriki Shinya , Matachi Atsushi , Hasegawa Hideki , Hamasaki Katsuyoshi , Yamashita Tsutomu
Published: July 2007

The characteristics of low‐frequency noise in a dc‐SQUID are discussed from both the simulation analysis by numerical calculations and the measured results. The acbias method conceived based on the simulation results is used for evaluation of the low‐frequency noise in a SQUID after it is separated into: (1) the component due to asymmetric fluctuation of the two junction parameters; and (2) the variation of the magnetic flux linking with the SQUID ring. It is found that for the former, the magnitude is strongly dependent on the inductance value and the value is rather large even in the SQUID with Josephson elements of the type other than the tunnel junctions. With respect to the latter, the magnitude is on the same order as the parameter fluctuation noise and is caused mainly by the trapped magnetic flux.
Design method for polarization‐maintaining optical fibers with zero total dispersion at two wavelengths
Authors: Furukawa Shinichi , Ogura Kazuhito , Hinata Takashi , Hosono Toshio
Published: July 2007

The design method for the polarization‐maintaining optical fiber with two hollow circular pits across the core‐clad interface was investigated under the following two conditions: (1) the total dispersion for one of nondegenerated HE11 modes is zero simultaneously at the two wavelengths of 1.30 μm and 1.55 μm (the zero dispersion condition); and (2) the modal birefringence (=B) is maximum. The polarization‐maintaining optical fibers with hollow circular pits across the coreclad interface are the structure which can maximize the modal birefringence in angularly nonuniform refractive index profiles in the case where no dispersion is considered. To satisfy the conditions for (1) and (2), the relative index difference of the core and the clad Δ1, the normalized minimum distance between the core center and the pit periphery D [Δ(R0‐a3)/a1; R0; the distance between the core center and the pit center, a1: the core radius, a3: the pit radius], and the normalized pit radius (= a3/a1) are used as parameters. The principal results obtained in this paper are as follows. (1) If D is decreased, B also reduces since a3/a1 must also be decreased for the zero dispersion condition. (2) B can be maximized if two hollow pits are in contact with the core periphery (D = 1.0). (3) When Δ1 is 0.5 to 1.5 percent, the attained maximum value of B is 0.75 × 10−4 to 2.23 × 10−4.
Fabrication of high‐gain dc‐squid magnetometer with nbn nanobridges
Authors: Irie Akinobu , Hamasaki Katsuyoshi , Yamashita Tsutomu
Published: July 2007

A high‐gain dc‐SQUID using NbN nanobridges has been fabricated for biomedical magnetic measurements, and its device parameters and intrinsic energy sensitivity have been evaluated. Since the fabricated device uses NbN nanobridges for Josephson junctions, it has a smaller capacitance than that of conventional tunneling‐type devices.

The NbN nanobridges have large normal conductivities of around 10 Ω, resulting in a high gain. Since the reduction of loop inductance and device capacitance is necessary for energy‐sensitivity improvement, the slit uses an edge‐junction to reduce parasitic inductances and capacitances which are problems in a washer‐type dc‐SQUID with a split.

As a result, it has been confirmed that the device capacitance is due to the bridge portion itself and that the parasitic inductance of the slit portion is reduced by using edge junctions. Thus, the improvement on the energy sensitivity can be expected and the NbN nanobridge dc‐SQUID is promising for biomedical magnetic measurement applications.
Variable spatial difference by using of delay wave characteristics in spatial network method
Authors: Kimura Hideaki , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro , Shibata Tsugumichi
Published: July 2007

Recently, computer aided design (CAD) for microwave or millimeter‐wave devices has become very important. In particular, the necessity of simulation of a system based on numerical analysis has increased. Analysis on the time domain is available for estimating pulse propagation characteristics on high‐speed devices.

For this purpose, this paper proposes the spatial network method using full electromagnetic components and presents its characteristics.

However, the time‐step in iterative computation is the same in the whole system and it demands the same space difference length corresponding to the same wave propagation time.

The forementioned limitation becomes an obstacle for an efficient analysis of a large model with high accuracy, since many discretized points increase memory and computing time.

Finally, a variable difference method of space in the spatial network method is described by using delay characteristics of lumped circuit elements at each node.
Uhf band high‐power mosfet
Authors: Katsueda Mineo , Okabe Takeaki , Takei Ichiro , Fujita Yuzuru
Published: July 2007

Development of a high‐frequency, high‐power transistor is expected for communication and broadcast usages. In recognition of superior high‐frequency performance and thermal stability of the lateral power MOSFET, the authors have attempted to improve power and frequency characteristics. By means of the self‐align method using high melting point, 1.5‐μm metal gate, a high‐frequency characteristic of a cutoff frequency of 4 GHz was attained.

Since the high output power depends on high breakdown voltage and low on‐resistance, the trade‐off between the breakdown voltage of 100 V and the on‐resistance was carried out using two‐dimensional analysis. Based on the findings, a chip was fabricated which has a saturation output power of 50 W and a drain efficiency of 50 percent at 860 MHz.

Further, the output was increased by the parallel operation of multichips containing an internal matching circuit. With three chips, an output power of 100 W, a power gain of 12 dB, and a drain efficiency of 45 percent were attained. With a four‐chip push/pull configuration, an output power of 150 W, a power gain of 12 dB and a drain efficiency of 47 percent were attained.
An analysis method in EISCAP when the coefficient matrices of the state equations are singular by switches
Authors: Oota Ichirou , Ueno Fumio , Inoue Takahiro , Eam Tan Sin
Published: July 2007

In the analysis of switched circuits, the same number of different state equations must be solved as the number of states of the circuit depending on the on‐off of the switches. As a result of this property, the analysis of the switched circuits is made complex and requires a long time.

The authors have developed a numerical analysis program called EISCAP for the switched circuits. In this program for CAD, the particular solution of the state equation is derived using the inverse of the coefficient matrix. It may happen, however, that capacitors are connected in series or inductors are connected in parallel by the switching operation. Then the coefficient matrix of the state equation becomes singular, and the particular solution cannot be derived using the inverse matrix.

This paper proposes an analysis procedure for the case where the coefficient matrix of the state equation is singular. The proposed procedure has the following features: (1) the traditional EISCAP program can directly be used by a simple matrix manipulation; (2) the analysis can be executed when the data of the circuit containing series capacitors or parallel inductors are directly inputted, which has been impossible in other circuit analysis programs; and (3) the result of simulation agrees well with the result of measurement.
Response to Manz and Manz's article on self‐directed learning (hrdq 2:1): An instructional design perspective
Authors: Spitzer Dean R.
Published: July 2007

Hooray for Manz and Manz (1991) who have presented many stimulating thoughts concerning self‐directed learning (SDL), an area of educational research and development that is vital to the future of this nation. Hooray for Campbell (1991) who, in his response to the Manz and Manz article, did an admirable job of arguing for the immediate application of SDL to business organizations. Some degree of SDL is essential for meeting the training needs of any business organization. In most such organizations (including my own), there is a mind‐boggling array of training needs, all crying out for attention. It is simply impossible to address all these needs through externally directed (formal) courses.
The effectiveness of employee assistance program supervisor training: An experimental study
Authors: Schneider Robert J. , Colan Neil B.
Published: July 2007

This study employed an experimental design to assess the effectiveness of supervisor training conducted by a large corporate employee assistance program (EAP). A total of 291 supervisors were randomly assigned to one of three study groups, and data were collected immediately following the training sessions. Supervisor training conducted by both in‐house and contracted EAP trainers was found to be effective. In addition, these data demonstrate that supervisor training is best viewed as a process and not as a single event. Additional training had a significant impact on supervisors' knowledge of the EAP even after controlling for previous training and previous experience with the EAP.
Management styles, mediating variables, and stress among HRD professionals
Authors: Lind Susan L. , Otte Fred L.
Published: July 2007

This exploratory study examined the relationship between management styles, selected potential mediating variables, and employee stress levels. Members of a human resource professional organization who worked in business and industry were randomly selected and asked to complete five survey instruments. Variables included stress level, certain personality and demographic characteristics, and the perceived management style of their managers. Significant differences in employee stress levels were found between the management styles. Different combinations of the mediating variables predicted stress in each of the management styles. In addition, when management style was included as a predictor variable, it was the biggest predictor of stress. The relationship between management style and employee stress level has implications for today's HRD practitioners.
Policy‐making under extreme uncertainty: Developing country responses to global warming
Authors: Killick Tony
Published: July 2007

This paper explores how national rural development policies within low‐income countries should respond to global warming, given the very large uncertainties surrounding its extent and effects. The wide range of opinions concerning the facts of global warming is described and the discussion of policy responses is organized around general principles for the design of policy in the face of chronic uncertainty. However, the question is posed whether political systems are likely to be able to play the type of role envisaged; and the limitations of what national policies towards global warming can achieve are stressed.
Programming development assistance
Authors: Galli Rosemary E.
Published: July 2007

This essay discusses the politics of programming development assistance. The first section presents a macro‐view of the development ‘system’ as a background to the first case study, the country programming exercise in Colombia. The second very different case is of the attempt to reorganize the debt of Guinea‐Bissau through a structural adjustment programme. The case studies reveal the two programming experiences to be political rather than simply technical exercises. They show the effort to find a disinterested coordinator to be futile. The conclusion argues that coordination should be the major responsibility of host country nationals who draw their primary inspiration from the so‐called beneficiaries of development assistance.
Labour markets, poverty and adjustment
Authors: Addison Tony , Demery Lionel
Published: July 2007

The labour market is one of the most important channels through which adjustment programmes affect the poor. Adjustment's poverty impact will differ between competitive and imperfect labour markets. Two effects on poverty are highlighted: changes in real wages arising from changes in labour demand and prices, and the reallocation of labour between sectors. These effects can work in the same or opposite directions, depending on the economy's structure. Since some workers may gain, and some may lose, workers can have conflicting interests during adjustment.
The impact of environmental policies on agricultural trade
Authors: Diakosavvas Dimitris
Published: July 2007

In recent years much prominence has been given to environmental issues and to the interrelationships between environmental and economic policies. At the same time, concern has also been expressed over the potential tradeoffs between environmental policies and trade policies in so far as the former can be used as protectionist devices. The paper presents some empirical evidence of the impact of environmental policies on agricultural trade for 10 agricultural commodities. It is concluded that trade for the most polluting commodities has been altered from what is predicted by the Heckscher‐Ohlin (H‐O) theorem of comparative advantage.
Adjustment, social sectors, and demographic change in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ekouevi Koffi , Adepoju Aderanti
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the impact of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) on social sectors in Sub‐Saharan Africa and its implications for demographic change. Our analysis suggests a continuing deterioration of social sectors which may have been accelerated by a decade of implementation of SAPs. In that context, two speculative scenarios are envisioned for the region's demographic change: a delayed demographic transition justified by the persistence of conditions that sustain high fertility; and a crisis‐led transition where hardship might accelerate the transition. Country specific studies are more suited than comparative studies to unravel these issues.
The demographic situation in Nigeria and prospects for fertility transition
Authors: Orubuloye I. O.
Published: July 2007

Data sources from the 1980s are used to examine the main features of Nigeria's population patterns and trends. Fertility has remained relatively constant up until very recently, when there has been evidence for a decline in fertility in the south of the country. In the north, fertility remains high, contraceptive use remains low, and women continue to marry at young ages. The mortality declines of the oil boom years are threatening to reverse, as economic crisis hits health services. Although there is some evidence of rising contraceptive knowledge and use in the south, certain features of Nigerian family structures militate against fertility decline. This situation is likely to change only through education and the transformation of women's status.
Recent trends in fertility in Botswana
Authors: Diamond Ian , Rutenberg Naomi
Published: July 2007

Fertility trends in Botswana have been the subject of much debate in recent years as a number of surveys in the mid to late 1980s suggested that a fertility decline was under way. This paper first reviews the demographic evidence for a fertility decline and argues that the magnitude of the decline was rather less than some commentators had suggested. The paper then places the trends in fertility in the social and economic context of Botswana in the 1980s. It is argued that there could have been a short‐term decline in childbearing as a result of economic crises brought on by a major drought and helped by the government of Botswana's strategies to alleviate the effects of the drought on its people.
The politics of agenda setting in international health: Child health versus adult health in developing countries
Authors: Reich Michael R.
Published: July 2007

This paper compares the politics of agenda setting in international health policy, for the issues of child health and adult health, along five political streams: organizational, symbolic, economic, scientific and politician politics. The approach is a modified version of Kingdon's ‘garbage can model’ of how public policy agendas are set. The analysis shows that the five political streams all favoured child health over adult health as an issue on the international health policy agenda, until recently. In the early 1990s, the World Bank has asserted greater influence on this agenda than previously, with a concerted effort to shift the focus from child health to adult health and to give greater attention to the preventive aspects of adult health in poor countries.
A note on ‘strategic’ trade theory and the South
Authors: Stewart Frances
Published: July 2007

This note discusses the relevance of strategic trade theories for Southern economies. These theories explore the implications for trade of games‐playing by large firms in oligopolistic industries and justify government support for domestic firms. The paper argues that — in contrast to other recent theories emphasizing technology gaps, economies of scale and learning — the strategic theories have little relevance for Third World governments. This is partly because restrictive assumptions make the policy conclusions widely inapplicable, and partly because the type of industries involved are typically non‐existent or inappropriate for Third World economies.
Paths to the job satisfaction of bank employees
Authors: Sekaran Uma
Published: July 2007

Using a sample of 267 bank employees, this study traced the paths to the job satisfaction of employees at the workplace through the quality of life factors of job involvement and sense of competence. Results indicated that personal, job, and organizational climate factors influenced the ego investment or job involvement of people in their jobs, which in turn influenced the intrapsychic reward of sense of competence that they experienced, which then directly influenced employees' job satisfaction. Implications of these findings for managers are discussed.
Degrees of separation: technological interactivity and account management
Authors: Hughes Tim , Foss Bryan , Stone Merlin , Cheverton Peter
Published: July 2007

Purpose

There has been an increasing application of remote technology to customer service. This research, from business‐to‐business financial services, seeks to gain insight and understanding into how the supplier/customer relationship and account management are impacted.

Design/methodology/approach

Taking a realism approach, the qualitative research in this study was based on gaining access to experts, suppliers and customers who had direct experience of the subject area.

Findings

Three levels of account management are identified in the paper: transactional, operational and strategic. The service offered at all levels often requires close and intensive cooperation on both sides, but increasingly it has been centralised and automated. Key account management is practised as an integrative relationship function, but it has limitations and by definition it is not available to all customers.

Research limitations/implications

This exploratory research suggests a number of factors that may impact on the effectiveness of remote servicing. Understanding the relationship impact of remote servicing may be enhanced by recognising the appropriate levels and types of service for each situation. Further research is needed in this area.

Practical implications

Managers need to carefully consider the transactional, operational and strategic implications of applying new technologies to managing interactions with customers. A better understanding of these may help in justifying the expense of relational efforts in account servicing.

Originality/value

In providing contextually rich data from a sector that is utilising technology as part of a strategy to centralise and automate many aspects of customer service this research explores some important aspects of remote servicing.
The Rending of the Veil and Markan Christology: "Unveiling" the 'YIOΣ ΘEOY (Mark 15:38-39)
Authors: Gurtner Daniel
Published: July 2007

This paper examines Mark's use of Jewish temple cosmology as a means of interpreting the rending of the temple's veil in 15:38. Profiling the relationship between the temple veil and the heavenly firmament (Gen. 1:6) in Second Temple and Rabbinic literature, this paper explores apocalyptic images, such as the opening of heaven, doors, etc., to inform a contextual reading of the tearing of the temple curtain. It argues that the veil belongs within an apocalyptic tradition providing an exposition of the death of Jesus. This helps us understand the nature of the centurion's profession subsequent to the tearing of the veil.
Effects of the Breathe Right Nasal Strips on Nasal Ventilation
Authors: Gosepath Jan , Mann Wolf J. , Amedee Ronald G.
Published: July 2007

The Breathe Right nasal strips are more and more commonly used, mainly by athletes, who hope to enhance their physical performance in competition and training. The effect of the device in such situations is uncertain and perhaps somewhat controversial. To investigate the effects of the nasal strips on nasal ventilation, 20 Caucasian individuals were objectively assessed using anterior rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry. The results showed a significant increase in all subjects of transnasal airflow and in the average cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity that quantifies objectively the subjective impression of improved nasal breathing. In such patients where an improvement in nasal ventilation is desired, the use of the Breathe Right nasal strips seems to offer a beneficial treatment.
Myospherulosis of the Upper Eyelid as a Complication of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Biedlingmaier John F. , Aronsky Michael A. , Whelan Philip J.
Published: July 2007

Myospherulosis is a chronic inflammatory reaction to the mixture of red blood cells and petroleum based ointments. A literature review does not reveal any cases involving ophthalmic manifestations. We present the first reported case of a patient experiencing recurrent eyelid inflammation from myospherulosis after endoscopic sinus surgery. The pathophysiology and management of myospherulosis are discussed.
Middle Paleolithic human remains from the Gruta da Oliveira (Torres Novas), Portugal
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Maki Julia , Zilhão João
Published: July 2007

Ongoing excavations in the Middle Paleolithic levels at the Gruta da Oliveira, Portugal have yielded four fragmentary human remains, a manual phalanx and an ulna from levels 9 and 10, and a humerus and a tibia from levels 18 and 19. The first two remains date to ≈39 ka 14C BP (≈43.5 ka cal BP), whereas the latter two derive from earlier in oxygen isotope stage 3. The preserved portions of the phalanx, humerus, and tibia align them morphologically with the Neandertals. In addition, the Oliveira 4 tibial diaphysis shows evidence of carnivore (probably canid) gnawing. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locomotion and habitat use of Stampflii's putty‐nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans stampflii) in the Taï National Park, Ivory Coast
Authors: Bitty E. Anderson , McGraw W. Scott
Published: July 2007

Stampflii's putty‐nosed monkeys Cercopithecus nictitans stampflii are large, rare, poorly known guenons with a discontinuous distribution in West Africa. Putty‐nosed monkeys occur at low densities in Ivory Coast's Tai National Park where they are believed to have migrated from less forested regions north of the park (Eckardt and Zuberbühler: Behav Ecol 15 (2004) 400–411). In this article, we compare the positional behavior of Putty‐nosed monkeys to that of three other guenon species in the Tai Forest and provide an additional test of the relationship among locomotion, body size, maintenance activity, and habitat use in generalized arboreal quadrupeds. Our results indicate that putty‐nosed monkeys confine the great majority of their locomotion to the main canopy where most movement occurs on boughs and branches. Comparison of overall locomotor frequencies across the four Tai guenon species reveals a general pattern; quadrupedalism accounts for at least 70% of the total profile, climbing ranges between 15 and 20%, and leaping accounts for 5–10% of total movement. The overall locomotor consistency among the taxa, especially between putty‐nosed and Diana monkeys, is significant considering marked interspecific differences in support preference and strata use. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wahre mittlere spezifische Bodenzahl als Maßstab für die Rektifizierwirkung von Füllkörpersäulen
Authors: Kirschbaum Emil
Published: July 2007

Die theoretische und experimentelle Erforschung der Vorgänge, welche sich in Füllkörpersäulen der Destillier‐ und Rektifiziertechnik abspielen, hat in der letzten Zeit beachtliche Fortschritte zu verzeichnen. Eine Verarbeitung der gewonnenen Ergebnisse führt zu klar deutbaren Begriffen, über welche im Folgenden berichtet wird und die für die Beurteilung der Wirkung von Füllkörpersäulen und für deren Vorausberechnung von grundsätzlicher Bedeutung sind. Die Ausführungen und Erkenntnisse haben nicht nur in der Rektifiziertechnik, sondern auch überall dort Gültigkeit, wo Füllkörpersäulen Anwendung finden, wie es vor allem bei Absorptionsapparaten der Fall ist.
Untersuchungen über galvanische Vermessingung
Authors: Ueberreiter Kurt
Published: July 2007

Wegen ihrer großen technischen Bedeutung wurden die galvanischen Messingbäder schon häufig untersucht. Besonders Raub und Krause befassen sich in einer größeren Arbeit mit dem Aufbau galvanischer Messing‐Niederschläge. Im folgenden werden Versuchsergebnisse mit Messing‐Bädern bei höheren Meßtemperaturen mitgeteilt. Zweck der Untersuchung ist, die Zusammenhänge zwischen Legierungszusammensetzung, Stromausbeute und der Niederschlagsmenge in Abhängigkeit von Badzusammensetzung, Temperatur sowie Stromdichte zu erforschen.
Zur Frage der Herstellung synthetischer Fettprodukte in Deutschland
Authors: Wachs Werner , Reitstötter Josef
Published: July 2007

Unter Zugrundelegung der heute in Deutschland gegebenen Fabrikationsmöglichkeiten werden die vorliegenden chemischen, technischen und wirtschaftlichen Aussichten erörtert, inwieweit natürliche Fette sowohl für Ernährungs‐ wie technische Zwecke durch synthetische Produkte ersetzt werden können.
Messung der Zähigkeit von Flüssigkeiten bei höheren Drücken II. Teil: Untersuchung der Zähigkeit von Ölen im Druckbereich bis 1000 at und für Temperaturen bis 120° C
Authors: Weber Wolf
Published: July 2007

Fritz und Weber haben eine neue Apparatur zur Messung der Zähigkeit von Flüssigkeiten bei hohem Druck beschrieben und einige Einzelheiten über die Temperatureinstellung und den Temperaturgang während der Versuche mitgeteilt. Im Anschluß daran werden nachfolgend die experimentelle Durchführung des Meßverfahrens geschildert und die Versuchsergebnisse angegeben, die mit der Apparatur im Bereich der Drücke bis 200 at bei Temperaturen bis 120° erzielt wurden. Außerdem werden zusätzlich Versuchsergebnisse mitgeteilt, die in einer früheren, nicht veröffentlichten Untersuchung mit einer ähnlichen Apparatur bei Drücken bis 1000 at und Temperaturen von 20°–60° gewonnen worden waren. In der Diskussion der Ergebnisse wird besonders die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Druckkoeffizienten der Viskosität betrachtet und der Druckkoeffizient in Beziehung gebracht zu konventionellen Maßzahlen, wie Viskositätspolhöhe und Viskositätsindex. Schließlich wird eine von Kießkalt angegebene Beziehung zwischen der Temperaturabhängigkeit und der Druckabhängigkeit der Viskosität nachgeprüft.
Lichtechtheit von Druckfarben für das graphische Gewerbe
Authors: Dossmann Hilde
Published: July 2007

In der Druckfarbenindustrie wird es als ein Mangel empfunden, daß die Angaben über die Lichtechtheit von Druckfarben für das graphische Gewerbe nur auf empirisch festgestellten Vergleichswerten beruhen und daß es bisher nicht möglich war, zwei verschiedene Farben bezüglich ihres Verhaltens gegenüber Belichtung richtig zu bewerten. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen Versuch dar, die Lichtechtheit von Druckfarben auf Grund ihrer Farbänderung durch Belichtung jederzeit reproduzierbar zahlenmäßig zu erfassen und auf einfache und anschauliche Weise darzustellen. Darum wurde auch vorerst bewußt der exaktere, rein farbmetrische Weg nicht beschritten.
Wärmedurchgang durch Graphit‐ und Porzellanrohre in Verdampfapparaten
Authors: Kirschbaum Emil
Published: July 2007

Im folgenden werden Versuchsergebnisse über die Wärmeleitung von Graphit‐ und Porzellanrohren mitgeteilt, welche für stark korrodierende Flüssigkeiten in Frage kommen. Während Graphitrohre Wärmedurchgangszahlen aufweisen, die in der Größenordnung der von Metallrohren liegen, haben die Verdampfer mit Porzellanrohren eine sehr niedrige Leistung.
Bewertung von Wärmeübergang und Druckverlust in Wärmeaustauschapparaten
Authors: Grassmann Peter
Published: July 2007

Die zielstrebige Entwicklung von Wärmeaustauschern mit kleinem Druckverlust und dennoch hohem Wärmeübergang setzt einen Maßstab voraus, der einen eindeutigen Vergleich verschiedener Typen erlaubt und die Grenze erkennen läßt, bis zu der die Höherzüchtung im günstigsten Fall getrieben werden kann. Im folgenden wird versucht, diese Lücke durch die Definition einer „Gütezahl”︁ zu schließen.
Metallische Werkstoffe für Laboratorium und Industrie in Amerika
Authors: Walter R.
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassende Veröffentlichungen der American Chemical Society über die in Amerika gebräuchlichen Werkstoffe veranlaßten den folgenden Fortschrittsbericht. In einer weiteren Arbeit wird über nichtmetallische Werkstoffe berichtet.
Wirkung von Rektifizierböden
Authors: Kirschbaum Emil
Published: July 2007

Versuche mit Rektifizierböden zeigten bei bestimmten Gemischen, daß die Wirkung des Austauschbodens sich sowohl bei niedrigem als auch bei hohem Gehalt an leichter siedendem Stoff im Gemisch stark ändert. Im folgenden wird gezeigt, daß sich diese Abhängigkeit der Bodenwirkung von der Gemisch‐Konzentration durch die Größen erklären läßt, die den Wärmeübergang zwischen Flüssigkeit und Dampf auf dem Rektifizierboden bestimmen.
Die Herstellung von Phosphaten als Düngemittel
Authors: Trömel G.
Published: July 2007

Die Kenntnis der Calciumphosphate ist grundlegend für das gesamte Gebiet der Phosphatdüngung. Die an ein Phosphatdüngemittel zu stellenden Forderungen werden entwickelt und die Grundzüge der technischen Verfahren besprochen.
Eine Viscositäts‐Temperatur‐Beziehung reiner Kohlenwasserstoffe
Authors: Luther H.
Published: July 2007

Aus einer „gemeinsamen Viscositäts‐Temperatur‐Kurve”︁ hydrierter und unhydrierter mono‐n‐alkylsubstituierter Ringsysteme wird die „korrespondierende Viscositäts‐Temperatur Tη”︁ abgeleitet, bei der alle Substanzen gleiche Viscosität besitzen. Mit dieser Temperatur wird das ihr entsprechende Volumen der Substanzen bestimmt und gezeigt, daß es proportional Tη ist. Die daraus folgenden Möglichkeiten der Viscositätsbestimmung aus Dichtemessungen und der Erfassung ihrer Grundlagen werden diskutiert.
Die Viscosität reiner Kohlenwasserstoffe in übereinstimmenden Zuständen
Authors: Luther H.
Published: July 2007

Bei zahlreichen Arbeiten über die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Viscosität von Flüssigkeiten lag die Vermutung nahe, daß sich ihre meist empirischen Ergebnisse unter einem gemeinsamen Gesichtspunkt zusammenfassen lassen müßten. Ein Vergleich mit Ergebnissen unserer Arbeiten1) zeigt, daß eine Reihe bekannter Viscositäts‐Temperaturbeziehungen aus einem Prinzip hinsichtlich der Viscosität übereinstimmender Zustände abgeleitet werden kann.
Oberflächenchemie des Kohlenstoffs
Authors: Hofmann U. , Ohlerich G.
Published: July 2007

Es können Sauerstoff‐, Schwefel‐ und Stickstoff‐Verbindungen auf der Kohlenstoff‐Oberfläche erzeugt und nachgewiesen werden. Die hierbei und bei der Adsorption wie bei der katalytischen Leistung wirksame Oberfläche kann im Elektronenmikrobild sichtbar gemacht werden. Anscheinend spielen aktive Stellen für die HBr‐katalyse keine Rolle, vielmehr ist das in den Basisflächen zutage liegende Sechsecknetz der C‐Atome für die untersuchten Eigenschaften des Kohlenstoffs wirksam. Die katalytische leistung von 100 C‐Atomen in der Oberfläche beträgt bei 150° ungefähr 20 Molekeln HBr pro Stunde.
Die Papierchromatographie der Zucker
Authors: Cramer Fr.
Published: July 2007

Die Papierchromatographie hat in den letzten Jahren zum Trennen und Erkennen kleinster Mengen organischer Stoffe besondere Bedeutung erlangt. Ihre Anwendung zur Trennung der Zucker wird zusammenfassend dargestellt. Auf die vielseitige Anwendbarkeit im Gesamtgebiet der organischen Chemie wird kurz eingegangen.
Einige Probleme aus der Physik und der Chemie der Halbmetalle und der Metametalle
Authors: Klemm W.
Published: July 2007

Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Elemente in „Echte Metalle”︁, „Metametalle”︁, „Halbmetalle”︁ und „Nichtmetalle”︁ zu unterteilen. Die Volumenverminderung beim Schmelzen der an der Grenze zwischen Halb‐ und Metametallen stehenden Elemente läßt sich aus den allgemeinen Aufbauprinzipien leicht verstehen. – Bei einigen Untersuchungsreihen bleibt ein Element (Mg oder Ni) unverändert, während der zweite Partner vom Nichtmetall zum Metall hin variiert wird; die Gesetzmäßigkeiten werden besprochen. – Während die Nichtmetalle eine starke Tendenz zur Mischbarkeit und Verbindungsbildung haben, ist sie bei den Halb‐ und Metametallen sehr gering, um bei den Metallen wieder anzuwachsen. – Einige Systeme mit Metametallen, bei denen in Zweistoffsystemen neue Phasen auftreten, die sich von den Metallen selbst nur durch eine Variation der Achsenverhältnisse unterscheiden, werden besprochen. Trotz der geringen Verschiedenheit liegen selbständige Phasen vor, die durch heterogene Gebiete geschieden sind.
Die silicatischen Tonminerale (Auszug)
Authors: Jasmund K.
Published: July 2007

Die Zahl der Arbeiten über Tonminerale steigt seit Jahren. Dies hat im wesentlichen zwei Gründe: 1) Die Untersuchungsverfahren für diese feinstkrystallinen Teilchen wurden ständig vervollkommnet. 2) In den letzten Jahren begann man die vielfältige technische Verwendbarkeit dieser Minerale wissenschaftlich zu fundieren. Das Ergebnis ist vielversprechend.
Komplexverbindungen in der anorganischen Chemie
Authors: Hein Fr
Published: July 2007

Zahlreiche neue Ergebnisse sind erzielt worden und haben zur Abrundung der bisherigen Vorstellungen und zu neuen Erkenntnissen geführt. Nach einer allgem. Übersicht kann hier wegen Raummangel nur über die Kohlenoxyd‐Komplexe, Stickoxyd‐Komplexe, Komplexe in wasseranalogen Lösungssystemen, Komplexkonstitution und Bildung von Metallorganoverbindungen sowie eine kleine Auswahl weiterer wesentlicher Fortschritte berichtet werden.
Komplexverbindungen als Katalysatoren in der präparativen organischen Chemie
Authors: Hesse G.
Published: July 2007

Bereits durch lockere Molekelbindung, die aber stets an bestimmten Stellen eintritt, werden die chemischen Eigenschaften der beteiligten Molekeln wesentlich geändert. Diese Eigenschaftsänderungen können Ursache chemischer Reaktionen sein. Gibt das Reaktionsprodukt den Partner wieder frei oder wird er im Laufe der Umsetzung wieder gebildet, so handelt es sich um eine Katalyse.
Innere Komplexverbindungen in der Farbenchemie
Authors: Pfitzner H.
Published: July 2007

In den letzten 3 Jahrzehnten sind zahlreiche metallhaltige Farbstoffe entwickelt worden. Weitere wertvolle Produkte sind auf dem vielgestaltigen und verzweigten Gebiet zu erwarten. Es wird ein Überblick über Aufbau, Eigenschaften und Verwendung gegeben.
Komplexverbindungen in der analytischen Chemie
Authors: Mahr C.
Published: July 2007

Komplexverbindungen gewinnen in der analytischen Chemie steigende Bedeutung. Erst organische Komplexe ermöglichen oft die modernen physikalisch‐chemischen Analysenverfahren. Trotzdem haben gute, selektive Fällungsreaktionen für einzelne lonen nicht an Interesse verloren.
Organische Peroxyde (Auszug)
Authors: Eggersglüss G. W.
Published: July 2007

Einzelnachweis und Trennung von Peroxyden sind für zahlreiche chemische Umsetzungen, besonders auch auf biochemischem Gebiet, von Interesse. Es wurden Chromatographie, Reaktionen, Verteilungskoeffizienten, mikrogasanalytische Bestimmung und Darstellung zahlreicher Peroxyde untersucht).
Schnellverfahren zur Schwefel‐Bestimmung in Baustoffen, insbesondere in Trümmerschutt und seinen Aufbereitungsprodukten
Authors: Fischer J.
Published: July 2007

Im Stickstoffstrom wird aus Trümmerschutt bei 1350° SO2 ausgetrieben und nach Absorption in neutraler H2O2‐Lösung direkt als H2SO4 titriert. Von 0,05—5% S können mit ausreichender Genauigkeit rasch bestimmt werden.
Vorstellungen zur oxydativen Entalkylierung von tertiären Aminen und Äthern
Authors: Horner L.
Published: July 2007

Es wird gezeigt, daß man zu einem guten Verständnis der oxydativen Entalkylierung gelangt, wenn man den primären Angriff der Oxydationsmittel an die Heteroatome verlegt. Man erhält dann Zwischenverbindungen mit einem Elektronenseptett, die eine Schlüsselstellung für alle Folgereaktionen einnehmen. Formal nehmen diese Radikalsalze eine Übergangsstellung analog den Ketylen ein. Es ist außerordentlich, daß Autoxydations‐ und Substitutionsvorgänge ebenfalls im Sinne einer Kettenreaktion über Durchgangsradikale verlaufen.
Neue Methode zur Bestimmung des vergärbaren Zuckers in Sulfitablaugen
Authors: Doering H.
Published: July 2007

Das in einem Gärgefäß entwickelte CO2 wird in einem Gärrohr, das Natronlauge enthält, absorbiert und mit Salzsäure titrimetrisch bestimmt. Mit Hilfe der Gay‐Lussacschen Gärungsgleichung wird die vergärbare Zuckermenge erhalten.
Neuere Fortschritte bei der Trennung der Seltenen Erden
Authors: Bock R.
Published: July 2007

Seit der zusammenfassenden Übersicht von Prandtl ist besonders durch neuartige Verfahren eine ganze Reihe von Fortschritten bei der Trennung der Seltenen Erden gemacht worden, durch die ihre Reindarstellung wesentlich erleichtert wird. Die wichtigsten in den letzten 10 Jahren veröffentlichten Arbeiten werden besprochen.
Neue Erkenntnisse über Fluor‐Verbindungen im Holzschutz
Authors: Becker G.
Published: July 2007

Unter den anorg. Holzschutzsalzen sind die Fluor‐Verbindungen – jedenfalls in Deutschland – besonders wichtig. Es werden die Wirksamkeit und ihre Grundlagen sowie die Beeinflussung der Eisenkorrosion durch Fluoride und Fluosilicate behandelt und Ergebnisse und Vorstellungen über deren Eindringen in das Holz – insbes. als Fluorwasserstoff – dargelegt.
Die Plasmaeiweißkörper im Blickfeld des Chemikers
Authors: Schultze Herm. E.
Published: July 2007

Seit Anfang des Jahrhunderts haben die Biologen das Protein‐Gebiet eingehend bearbeitet. Emil Fischer, dem wir den Nachweis von Peptid‐Ketten in den Proteinen verdanken, hat 1906 die Prophezeiung ausgesprochen, daß sich die organische Chemie eines Tages wieder den Eiweißkörpern zuwenden wird. Diesen Zeitpunkt hielt Graßmann 1937 für noch nicht gekommen. Nach weiteren 12 Jahren erscheint es nun reizvoll, die Frage für das z. Z. besonders aktuelle Gebiet der Plasmaeiweißkörper erneut aufzuwerfen. Es wird daher eine Übersicht vorgelegt, welche den heutigen Stand der Plasmaeiweiß‐Forschung vermittelt und dem Chemiker Anregungen geben soll.
Die Herstellung „naßfester”︁ Papiere durch Zusatz von Kunstharzen zur Papiermasse
Authors: Wilfinger H.
Published: July 2007

Der für Papier neue technologische Eigenschaftskomplex der Naßfestigkeit wird erläutert und definiert. An den chemischen Grundtypen Polyäthylenimin, Harnstoffharze und Melaminharze werden die verschiedenen Handelsprodukte unter bes. Berücksichtigung der auf dem deutschen Markt erschienenen Handelsmarken beschrieben und ihre Anwendung sowie die erhaltenen Ergebnisse mitgeteilt.