bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Adh, Adh-dup
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

ADH is a homodimer with subunits of 27.4 kD; the polypeptide is 255 amino acids long with Acetyl-Ser at the amino terminus. There are two common allozymes, Slow (S) and Fast (F), that differ in electrophoretic mobility due to a threonine/lysine substitution at position 192. Unlike the ADH of other species, Drosophila ADH does not use Zn+ + as a cofactor. Amino acid sequence comparisons reveal significant differences between Drosophila ADH on one hand and ADH from yeast or horse liver on the other (the latter two being quite similar); these observations suggest that the Drosophila protein is not homologous to other ADHs (Thatcher 1980; Benyajati et al. 1981). Rather, sequence comparisons show similarities between Drosophila ADH and Klebsiella ribitol dehydrogenase (Jornvall et al. 1981). The evolution of ADH in the genus Drosophila has been discussed by Sullivan et al. (1990).
Cuticle Protein Genes: Lcpl, Lcp2, Lcp3, Lcp4, Pep, Edg78E, Edg84A, Edg9La
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Members of the cutin family. These are four of the five major protein components of the third-instar larval procuticle (the main layer of the cuticle) (Fristrom et al. 1978; Silvert et al. 1984). These proteins bind chitin and can be solubilized from untanned cuticles with 7 M urea; upon tanning of the cuticle, they become cross-linked and insoluble. The solubilized (untanned) proteins have an apparent Mr of 8-20 kD. The only detectable modification of these proteins is the excision from each of them of the first 16 amino acids, the signal peptide; the resulting N-terminus is unmodified. Direct amino acid sequencing of 50-75% of the residues confirmed the sequence predicted from nucleic acids data (Fristrom et al. 1978; Snyder et al. 1982; Silvert et al. 1984).
knirps and Related Genes: kni, knrl, egon
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Throughout this superfamily of proteins, the region extending from Cys-5 to Arg-81 is conserved, with 20 amino acids being identical in all of the related proteins and 40 others common to several of them (kni Sequence). In the km-group proteins, as in other proteins in the superfamily, the conserved region is divided into two putative finger domains: one with four Cys (C4) and one with five (C5) (Evans 1988; Evans and Hollenberg 1988; Nauber et al. 1988; Harrison 1991). The three proteins encoded by the kni-group genes are more than 80% identical in the finger regions and identical for a group of 19 amino acids adjacent to the fingers (KNI box), but they are completely divergent in other regions, kni and knrl have several segments of short repeats (Fig. 20.1) (Rothe et al. 1989).
Krüppel: Kr
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The protein sequence can be divided into three regions. Two of the regions, the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal segments (221 and 108 amino acids, respectively) are >30% Ala, Ser, and Pro. The third region, at the middle of the protein, is made up of four and a half repeats of a 28-amino-acid segment; these segments have the characteristics of C2H2 Zn-fingers. A potential glycosylation site is found near the C-terminus. Short segments near the N-terminus show similarities with the hunchback (hb) protein (Rosenberg et al. 1986; Evans and Hollenberg 1988; Harrison 1991).
Ovarian Tumor: Otu
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

OTU proteins are localized in ovaries. The 104 kD form predominates in pupal stages when advanced stages of oocyte maturation are absent. The 98 kD form is the more abundant one in adult females, when most of the ovarian mass comprises egg chambers at more advanced stages (G. L. Sass and L. L. Searles, personal communication).
Salivary Gland Secretion Protein Genes: Sgs3, Sgs5, Sgs7, Sgs8
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Genes for seven proteins have been identified, SGS1 and SGS3-8. Proteins are numbered in order of increasing electrophoretic mobility except for SGS6 which is slightly slower than SGS3 (Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981). Partial sequences for SGS3, SGS7 and SGS8 confirmed the primary structure derived from nucleotide sequences and the existence of a 23-amino-acid signal peptide (Fig. 27.1) (Crowley et al. 1983). These proteins attach larvae to a solid substratum prior to pupariation. Cys residues and glycosylation appear to play a role in the function of SGS.
Size Variations Among the Elements that Constitute the Genes of Drosophila (Leader, coding region 3’ Untranslated Region, Exons, Introns)
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The discussion in this chapter centers around two questions: (1) what are the size ranges of the various elements that constitute a functional gene? And (2) is there a correlation between the size of one element and the size of another. The data analyzed in this chapter are derived from 73 of the genes presented in Part I. Because 12 of those 73 genes have multiple transcripts, they encompass a total of 87 transcripts. Two partly overlapping datasets can be examined: Dataset A includes all 87 transcripts, but elements shared by different transcripts of the same gene are considered only once. For example, if two transcripts of a gene differ only with respect to the poly (A) site, both 3’ untranslated regions (3’ UTR) are included in the analysis, but the leader is counted only once, since it is the same for both transcripts. Dataset B includes only one representative from each family of related genes or from the group of multiple transcripts of a given gene. In this case the sample is reduced to 40 “unrelated” transcripts. The size of a few elements were found to be outside the expected size range suggested by statistical analyses and so were excluded from the analysis. These elements are the 3’ UTR ofbsg25D II and the leader, 3’ UTR and introns of Ubx.
Variability in the Patterns of Agonistic Behavior of Preschool Children
Authors: Lauer Carol
Published: November 2023

Behavioral plasticity is a basic part of the primate adaptation. This quality is one of the reasons that our order has been so successful. Primate aggressive behaviors are among those that follow a flexible pattern varying through time and space in individuals and in populations. Aggression has been defined as ‘“behavior directed toward causing physical injury to another individual,’ or sometimes ‘behavior where the goal is physical injury to another individual”‘ (Fedigan 1982:72). Knowing what is the intent or goal of an animal, however, can be impossible. Wilson has said (as noted in Chapter 1, this volume) aggression is “a physical act or threat of action by one individual that reduces the freedom or genetic fitness of another” (Wilson 1975:577). This, too, is problematic since, except in extreme instances, measuring a reduction of freedom or of fitness is difficult. Because of these problems the term agonistic activity is often used. An agonistic act is any behavior relating to conflict situations whether assertive or submissive. It can involve attack, retreat or defense (Wilson 1975; Fedigan 1982).
Introduction: The Jordanian Entity
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

Jordan is a hereditary monarchy of the Hashemite family, with the prince as its cornerstone.The monarchy has been characterized by a conservatism wary of radical notions, no matter where they originated. Instead, it has adhered to that brand of Arab nationalism that first came to attention in the “Great Arab Rebellion” (or “revolution,” thawra) of Sharif Husayn bin ‘Ali, the amir of Mecca, during World War I. According to this view, the Hashemites had a historic claim to Arab national leadership. Their mission was to work for Arab political unity under their own guidance within the Arabian Peninsula, paying lip service to existing territorial interests there, and the Fertile Crescent.
The Nabulsi Interlude
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

A prime principle of the Hashemite Entity was that it was the cabinet’s function to carry out the policy determined by the Hashemite ruler. The Nabulsi cabinet denied the validity of this principle in accordance with a widespread wish to adopt a new approach, presumably better suited to the spirit of the times and in the expectation that Hussein would acquiesce. Also, the cabinet had a new political orientation: pro-Nasser, pan-Arab nationalist, “radical.” The general elections of 21 October 1956 were governed by several election laws based on the 1952 constitution that gave the vote to every Jordanian male citizen of twenty and over.
Education, Democracy, and the Science of Individual Differences
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

When W. I. Thomas, the University of Chicago sociologist, posed his questions about race, he did so in order to encourage research that would dispel popular ideas about the innate inferiority of some races. In I9I2, at the height of the progressive era, Thomas used a variety of sources, including Franz Boas and W. E. B. Du Bois, to argue for the primacy of culture and social environment in the formation of group character and to insist on the capacity of all races to learn. Thomas was not specifically addressing the problem of the schools, but his article contained a significant quote which underscored the meaning of the American faith in education as it had hitherto been understood and expressed by social progressives. In Po land, in the mid-nineteenth century, according to one of Thomas’s sources, “the feeling of the nobles with regard to education of the peasant was expressed in the opinion . . . that culture not only did not become the peasant, but for the most part he was incapable of it.” The belief that certain segments of the population were incapable of being educated.
Volunteers in War
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

The history of volunteers in war has not yet been written. To be sure, some volunteers such as those of the French Revolution and the “generation of 1914” have received some attention, but they have not been regarded as part of a historical process. Yet the history of volunteers is continuous from the French Revolution through the Second World War. We will not be able to write that history here, nor to follow the volunteers into all the armies in which they served, even in those nations which concern us. Instead, we must proceed by example to illustrate aspects of the history of the volunteers which were crucial in the formation of the Myth of the War Experience.
The Appropriation of Nature
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

The importance of nature in helping to mask the reality of war has accompanied our analysis at every tum. The war itself led to a heightened awareness of nature, which in turn, as an integral element of the Myth of the War Experience, served to direct attention away from the impersonality of the war of modem technology and the trenches toward preindustrial ideals of individualism, chivalry, and the conquest of space and time. The snowy heights of the Alps and the blue skies over Flanders’ fields made it possible for those who fought there-aviators or mountain troops-to appropriate what seemed to be immutable in a changing world-a piece of eternity. Moreover, nature could point homeward, to a life of innocence and peace. Nothing is more exemplary of this particular Arcadia-this transcendent function of nature-than the scene in Walter Flex’s The Wanderer Between Two Worlds, where Flex and his friend Wurche lie in virgin fields directly behind the trenches, or the scenes of sun-drenched soldiers bathing in a pond behind the front that Paul Fussell found were among the most frequently used images in English war literature.
Tiny Vessels
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: November 2023

William Harvey, for all his fastidious dissections, measurements, and calculations, could only postulate the existence of the most important vessels of the vertebrate circulatory system, the capillaries. But Harvey’s work, in the first half of the seventeenth century, antedated practical microscopes and microscopy, and the microcirculation is just that micro. Perhaps I ought to emphasize for the reader comfortably uninitiated into the relevant arcana that microscopes and microscopy are not at all the same thing. Squint through an ordinary microscope at practically any bit of biological material and you’ll see almost nothing. Light must be made to pass upward through very thin preparations in order to have much hope of visual revelation, and then it helps a great deal to provide optical contrast, whether just dark and light, or with contrasting colors. An elaborate contemporary technology concerns itself with how to preserve material without loss of structural integrity, how to embed it in wax or plastic or to freeze it, how to cut the stiffened result into slices a thousandth or ten-thousandth of an inch thick, and how to attach intense dyes to the slices so such thin pieces absorb enough light to be visible.
And, Finally
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: November 2023

You’ve now come through what amounts to a textbook of circulatory physiology-a close approximation to what I’d have written had I been primarily interested in classroom use. The language has been less for mal than in most texts, and the analogies and allusions have been a more diverse lot, but the only real omission has been a lot of jargon. As far as rigor and depth, you’ve put up with about what is ordinarily asked of undergraduate physiology students. I say these things to suggest to the reader who is not a scientist that science isn’t all that formidable. One can join us at least intellectually and not be limited to looking in through some narrow window.
Raymond Robins and Discussions on Political and Economic Cooperation 1917-1918
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

I suppose that you know Raymond Robins personally. I did not till I met him here From what I see of him here, I judge that when he fights, he does it so wholeheartedly that his opponents do not quickly forget it. And I do not suppose that there is any great cordiality towards him in the camp of the Administration. But whether or not he has been on the right side before, he has been and is on the right side here. Of all the officials of our Government, whose trail I have encountered here, he has been the most important, the most intelligent, the most singleminded in his patriotism and the most sympathetic to democracy—in short, the best American. In those qualities he has been not only pre-eminent, but—unfortunately—almost unique He has done more than any other individual here to win a little
Chicherin-Poole Discussions, May-August, 1918
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

The death of United States Consul General Maddin Summers and the departure to the United States of Raymond Robins presented Ambassador David Francis an opportunity to consolidate informal contacts with the Bolsheviks during the second week of May 1918. Soviet Foreign Minister Georgi Chicherin took the occasion of Summers’ death to telegraph Francis directly, expressing condolences and requesting permission to attend the funeral service. Francis granted the request, and Chicherin sent Vladimir Voznesenski, Chief of the Far Eastern Division of the Foreign Commissariat, who gave a most friendly tribute to the United States.
The United States Responds: Red Scare and Definitive Policy, 1919-1920
Authors: McFadden David W
Published: November 2023

The Bolshevik economic initiatives of 1919 and 1920, despite initial receptiv ity by American businesses, met increasing hostility and a worsening political and economic climate in the United States. The United States’ response to Martens and his mission became caught up in the anti-radical hysteria that became known as the Red Scare. The Bolsheviks’ efforts to trade with the United States were continually stymied by the refusal of the United States government to lift the economic restrictions on such trade, even after the Allies had officially lifted the blockade imposed during the war. The Red Scare poisoned the political climate, and several government investigations launched as a part of it included serious harassment of the Martens bureau, leading eventually to a deportation order against Martens at the very end of 1920 and his departure from the United States early in 1921.
Fighting the War: 1965–1967
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

From the end of 1965 until the end of 1967 the war in Vietnam became more and more of an American affair. At the beginning of 1965 the United States stationed 23,000 troops in Vietnam. A year later the number was 184,000, rising to 385,000 at the end of the year and 535,000 by the beginning of 1968. Although the United States preferred conventional “big unit” confrontations with the NLF and the North Vietnamese, the enemy decided when to engage the Americans and ARVN forces, thereby limiting their own casualties until the time they expected the Americans would weary of the war.

General William C. Westmoreland, the U.S. commander, tried unsuccessfully to counter these tactics with an attrition strategy of his own. He sent giant B-52 bombers and smaller fighter bombers over South Vietnam to terrorize the Vietcong. After the bombers had prepared the battlefield, helicopter-borne American units descended on the countryside on search-and-destroy missions to root out and kill enemy soldiers. Americans would fly out from their bases in the morning, pursue the Vietcong or North Vietnamese in fire fights, and return to bases in the evening. The tokens of progress in the war became the “body count” of soldiers killed, rather than territory captured or decapitation of the enemy’s command and control structure. Westmoreland adopted the procedure because it seemed to provide the quantifiable data that McNamara insisted upon.
The Know Nothings in Office
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

With more than 10,000 lodges and 1,000,000 members, the Know Nothings entered 1855 brimming with confidence.1 In the first weeks of January, Know Nothing governors were inaugurated in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, and the Order believed (correctly, as it turned out) that upcoming spring elections in New England would provide additional victories. But Know Nothings soon discovered that they could not automatically parlay their electoral successes into legislative accomplishments. In New York, Know Nothing leaders anticipated using their legislative strength to defeat the re-election bid of their arch enemy, Senator William H. Seward. However, Know Nothing defections to the Seward camp enabled the senator to win a narrow victory. In Pennsylvania, too, the Order encountered difficulties. Factional divisions ran so deep within the Pennsylvania Order that although a majority of legislators were Know Nothings, they failed to elect anyone to the state’s vacant United States Senate seat, and the resentment generated by this stalemate paralyzed the legislature for the remainder of the session. Even in Massachusetts, where their 400-seat majority assured easy approval of the Know Nothing legislative agenda, the session’s achievements were partially overshadowed by the improprieties of one of their leaders. Nonetheless, when the legislative sessions of 1855 concluded, northern Know Nothings had enacted numerous laws addressing nativism, slavery, temperance, and political reform—the four major facets of the Know Nothing agenda.
“Our Order Must Be Nationalized”: Slavery Divides the Know Nothing Party
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

Many Know Nothing leaders attributed the Order’s early electoral success to the party’s ability to adapt to local political situations. But by early 1855 it became apparent that the loose coalition of councils that had sufficed for state and local contests could not elect a President. To win the White House in 1856 the Order would need to present a single agenda that appealed to voters in all sections of the Union and disseminate that agenda through a coordinated national organization.
‘‘Where Money Rules and Morals Rot”: The Vise of Modernity
Authors: Maclean Nancy
Published: November 2023

Soon after he reached the Paris Peace Conference, Woodrow Wilson received a communication from his secretary in Washington. “If America fails now,” Joseph Tumulty warned, “socialism rules the world.”1 That sense of a world poised on the brink of a precipice reached well beyond the halls of Versailles. Back home, the events of 1919 defied assumptions that millions of small-holding white men had constructed their lives on. As black Americans stood their ground and fought back, undaunted, against their white assailants in the nationwide race riots of that year, white supremacy appeared vulnerable. As the woman suffrage movement won its seventyyear-long battle for the right to vote, male prerogative no longer seemed assured. As one in every five American workers walked off their jobs to go on strike, the rights of property seemed less clear. And, finally, as Wilson set out to build a global League of Nations, the levers of power moved farther from the hands of non-elite white men than ever before. A middle-class man inclined to fear, in fact, could see in the events of 1919 the nightmare of the republic’s founders come true: growing economic inequality had bred concentrated power above and below a great mass with little stake in society.
Men in the Middle: Te Class Composition of the Klan
Authors: Maclean Nancy
Published: November 2023

“It has worried me to think,” Klansman S. B. Yarborough would muse in the 1930s, “that I’ve worked hard all my life and just can’t seem to make no headway.” Surveying his years of effort, Yarborough concluded forlornly, “It’s right down disheartening to try so hard and never git nowhare.” Like his older brother, Roy, Kligrapp of the Athens Klan, Scott Yarborough had ample reason for frustration with his life. The Yarborough brothers had grown up in a mill community outside Athens in a family with ten children. Only six survived infancy. Their father, B. F. Yarborough, had lost an arm in the Civil War. Relegated to teaching in a rural public school, he developed a reputation for bitterness and cruelty toward his students and his own children. The pay from school-teaching being too paltry even to buy shoes for all of his family, Ben Yarborough sent his sons and daughters to work early “doing everything that come to hand,” from hired labor in the fields to mill work.
Paramilitary Paternalism: The Politics of Terror
Authors: Maclean Nancy
Published: November 2023

In September of 1917, the body of Rufus Moncrief, a thirty-yearold black man, was found riddled with bullets on a country road just south of Athens. Above his corpse was tacked a terse note: “You have assaulted one white girl but you will not assault another.” The murder of Moncrief, carried out by just two carloads of men operating under cover of darkness, was mild compared with those that followed as the war aggravated social tensions. A year later, a posse of enraged white men pursued and caught Obe Cox, whom they accused of raping and murdering the wife of a prominent white farmer in neighboring Oglethorpe County. As several thousand spectators gathered, they chained Cox to an iron post, assembled a pyre beneath him, and burned him alive.1 Prior to these two cases, no lynching had occurred in Clarke County for more than forty years. So tranquil was it that Athens appeared a haven to many black Georgians fleeing harsher territory.2 Then, suddenly, things changed. Between 1917 and 1921, four lynchings took place in the vicinity, each one involving an allegation of some threat to the purity or safety of a white woman. The Klan rode the crest of this wave of killings, encouraged as much by the tacit approval they received from most whites as by the acts themselves. In their wake, it set to work with its own campaign of intimidation and terror. Escalating the attacks on African Americans and including deviant whites among its targets, the Klan would test the limits of that community acceptance.
Manly Resistance, Slavish Submission, and the Political Culture of the Low Country
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

The political history of the lowcountry yeomanry poses more than the ordinary challenges of evidence and analysis. For the contradictions of American republicanism were played out larger than life in that corner of the United States, and they left an indelible mark on the historical record. In the Low Country, the historian is confronted at once with the most apparently “aristocratic” political culture in the nation in the arrogation of political power by a small and fabulously wealthy planter elite and with a political culture as authentically “democratic” as any other in its broad extension of the franchise to all adult free white men. The appearance of yeoman farmers in the political record primarily in the blurry figure of “the people” testifies to the first characteristic; the posturing evident everywhere in the same record to claim the mantle of “the people” testifies to the second. Critical to but barely discernible in the region’s politics, yeoman farmers have a political history as important to tell as it is difficult to grasp.
Generative Semantics 1: The Model
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2023

The Chomskyan universe was unfolding as it should in the middle of that optimistic and captious decade, the 1960s. The Bloomfieldians were driven to the margins. There was a cadre of feisty, clever, dedicated linguists and philosophers working on generative grammar. Young linguists everywhere were clamoring for their thoughts. The graduate program was up and running, generating an impressive, indemand, soon-to-be-influential string of philosophical doctors. MIT was a strong-hold of truth and wisdom in l guage studies, Chomsky was the uniformly acknowledged intellectual leader, spects was the new scripture.

The central, defining concern o the work codified, extended, and enriched in that scripture was to get beneath the literal surface oflanguage and explore its subterranean logical regularities, to find its deep structures, to get at meaning. “In general,” Chomsky had told the troops, “as syntactic description becomes deeper, what appear to be semantic questions fall increasingly within its scope; and it is not entirely obvious whether or where one can draw a natural bound between grammar and ‘logical grammar’” (1964d [1963]:51). Aspects not only endorses the KatzPostal principle which enacts this concern, and the principle’s attendant innovations, like semantic interpretation rules and trigger morphemes and reevaluations of problematic data, Aspects strengthens it, by adding base-recursion to the model, discarding an entire class of semantic interpretation rules in the bargain, and consequently inventing deep structure.
Rural Clergymen and the Communication Networks of 18th-Century New England
Authors: Brown Richard D
Published: November 2023

Early in May 1770 a recent Yale graduate who was about to accept a call from the church at Danbury, Connecticut, reflected on his decision in a letter to his sister at home in Norwich:The Body of the People I fear are rather too close and contracted-tho’ some Particular Gentlemen seem sufficiently liberal. The town is considerably large and Pleasant for a country Place. I expect you will tell me, whenever you come to see me, that the People are not genteel Eno’, and that you wonder I would settle in such a Place where there are no more Gentlefolks. But Plain, honest, wealthy Farmers, I believe are generally the best People to a Minister-They are in general such kind of People as the old fashion folks at our End of the Town.... They are in general I believe a kind People in their Way. They don’t seem altogether Agreeable at Present, but I trust I shall soon get used to them.
May We Kill in Abortion Cases?
Authors: Kamm F M
Published: November 2023

Assuming that the fetus is a person (infant) and accepting the output cut off argument with its five conditions for the violinist cases, we shall now consider an analogous argument for the permissibility of abortion. We will consider objections to it in Chapter 5.
Creating Responsibly
Authors: Kamm F M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall consider problems with the cut off abortion argument and then examine two alternative arguments for the permissibility of abortion. The cut off abortion argument has many problems. The one that I want to focus on now is that when creating new people, just making sure that they will be no worse off than if they had never existed and will not be harmed relative to prospects they had before being conceived are not sufficient conditions.
Injuries and the Social Pathologies
Authors: Young T Kue
Published: November 2023

Among the most serious health problems affecting Native Americans in the decades since the end of the Second World War are injuries due to accidents and violence. In the younger age groups injuries are by far the most important causes of mortality and morbidity, and overall, they may account for as much as 25 %-40% of all deaths.
Gender Rules Women and the Regulation of Brewing
Authors: Bennett Judith M
Published: November 2023

Historians of women can only be grateful for the very close regulation to which commercial brewing was subject from a very early date. Because local officers wanted not only to ensure an honest trade in ale but also to extract income from it, we know more about brewing than any other aspect of women’s work in the middle ages. But medieval women themselves felt little gratitude. Some women, such as Gillian wife of Richard Pykard, actively resisted supervision. In 1275, when the aletasters of her hamlet in Wakefield manor (Yorkshire) came to look over her work, she brazenly told them that she would sell ale against their regulations, adding that she cared not at all about the orders of the bailiffs or even the earl. And some women, such as the brewsters of Exeter, even joined together to object to what they considered to be unreasonable restraints on their trade. In 1317, they were so upset by the proclaimed prices at which they had to sell their ale that they took down their ale signs and refused to sell at all. Yet such protests, whether individual or collective, were not very common, and most brewsters seem to have endured regulation as a necessary fact of the trade. None of them, however, could have welcomed the persistent efforts of aletasters, bailiffs, and others to interfere in the small profits they made from brewing and selling ale.
These Things Must Be If We Sell Ale Alewives in English Culture and Society
Authors: Bennett Judith M
Published: November 2023

In 1948, Felix Frankfurter, writing a majority opinion for the Supreme Court of the United States, drew on his memory of the traditional English “alewife, sprightly and ribald;’ to review a Michigan law that proscribed women from selling liquor unless they worked in establishments owned by their husbands or fathers. Noting that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution “did not tear history up by the roots,” Frankfurter accepted that “bartending by women may ... give rise to moral and social problems.” Living hundreds of years and thousands of miles away from the “historic calling” of alewives, Frankfurter drew on his cultural memory of them to conclude that women who serve liquor, especially women who are unsupervised by fathers or husbands, are unruly, disruptive, and troublesome. Armed with such assumptions, one of the greatest jurists of the twentieth century allowed a law to stand that discriminated on the basis of not only sex but also marital status.
“Since the War Broke Out”: The Marriage of Kate and William Mclure
Authors: Cashin Joan
Published: November 2023

Scholars are just beginning to examine how the upheavals of the Civil War affected sex roles and married life among white southerners. Thus far two schools of thought have emerged on the impact the war may have had on the ways that men and women related to each other. Some historians argue that women’s lives were essentially unchanged by the war, as women continued to adhere to traditional 0sex roles, while another scholar contends that the war opened up opportunities for more women to go to school and participate in voluntary activities outside the home. We know very little about how the war may have affected men’s personal lives or about how relationships between men and women may have begun to shift during the war itself. A close examination of one couple’s experiences can begin to answer these questions, and it may suggest the ways that other Southern marriages were being transformed.
a
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

A cooperative, nonprofit alliance of musicians strongly oriented toward avant-garde jazz. The AACM was an outgrowth of the Experimental Band, organized by pnst. Muhal Richard Abrams in 1961. Stimulated by NYC’s Jazz Composers’ Guild and created as a kind of interactive musical networking environment to provide a forum for rehearsals, perfs., and the sympathetic exchange of new musical ideas, the AACM was formalized in May ’65, w. Abrams as president. The AACM incl., at various times, Roscoe Mitchell, Anthony Braxton, Joseph Jarman, Lester Bowie, Chico Freeman, Leroy Jenkins, et al. Activities incl. rec. sess., radio shows, and concerts, many of which took place at the U. of Chi.; AACM Festival in NYC, ’77; many grants funneled to individuals fr. NEA, Ill. Arts Council, etc. Of the many ensembles that emerged fr. the AACM, among the most prominent were the gp. Air and the gps. of Chico Freeman and George Lewis.
d
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Da costa, paulhino, perc, comp; b. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5/31/48. Started on perc. 1955, working w. samba gps. and tour. w. Brazilian bands. Moved to US in ’73, pl. w. Sergio Mendes for four yrs. He has played on hundreds of pop, jazz, and soul rec. dates incl. sess. for Dizzy Gillespie; Milt Jackson; Freddie Hubbard; Joe Pass; Anita O’Day; and Ella Fitzgerald. A three-time winner of the NARAS Most Valuable Player award ’80–82, DB called him “one of the most talented percussionists of our time.” CDs: Pab.; A&M; w. Terence Blanchard; Fitzgerald (Pab.); H. Hancock (Col.); Gillespie; Pass; M. Davis (WB).
i
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Ibrahim, abdullah (Adolphe Johannes Brand aka Dollar Brand), pno, comp, sop sax, fl, cello; b. Capetown, South Africa, 10/9/34. Studied priv. fr. age 7, pl. in church; then self-taught. Listened to Louis Jordan in his teens. First prof. job w. vocal gp. Streamline Bros.; also subbed w. Tuxedo Slickers. As Dollar Brand, pl. w. Willy Max in Capetown 1959; led own gp., Jazz Epistles, w. Hugh Masekela, Makaya Ntshoko, Kippie Moeketsi ’60–1. Moved w. wife, singer Sathima Bea Benjamin, to Zurich ’62. Led trio in Eur. ’62–5. Duke Ellington, who heard him at a club in Zurich, rec. him for Reprise ’63. Pl. at festivals in Juan-les-Pins, Palermo ’63; Montmartre club, Copenhagen ’64–5. Came to the US and app. at NJF ’65. Pl. w. Elvin Jones, also subbed for Ellington on tour ’66, then tour. Eur. w. Don Cherry, Gato Barbieri, M. Ntshoko, Johnny Gertze ’66–8. Stud. w. Hall Overton. Converted to Islam ’68; known by Muslim name fr. mid ’70s. Ret. to Africa ’68, living in Swaziland, Capetown, and Johannesburg ’68–76. Tour. Eur. frequently in mid ’70s, mainly as solo pno.; also w. 10–pc. band ’74. Moved to NYC ’76. Pl. in duo w. Carlos Ward fr. ’76; led own spt. Ekaya fr. ’83. Led perf. of mixedmedia opera, Kalahari Liberation, in Eur. ’82. Much of Ibrahim’s work reflects the influences of South African popular and folk musics, Ellington, and Thelonious Monk. Some of his orchestral work has an impressive African rhythmic sensitivity. Polls: DB critics TDWR ’75. Fests: prod. fests in Swaziland; all major in Eur. fr. ’60s. TV: Eur. TV, incl. apps. w. Danish Radio bb in ’60s and ’70s. Film: mus. for Chocolat ’87; No Fear No Die. CDs: Enja; BL; Japo; Tiptoe; Kaz; Rep. (as Dollar Brand); w. Barbieri (Aff.).
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Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

La porta, john d., cl., saxes, comp, arr; b. Philadelphia, PA, 4/1/20; d. Sarasota, FL, 5/12/04. Began on cl. at age 9. Stud. cl. w. Wm. Dietrich, Joseph Gigliotti, Leon Russianoff 1932–57. Pl. in Youth Symph. cond. by Leopold Stokowski ’37–8. Stud. comp. w. Ernst Toch, Alexis Haieff ’45–6; improv. w. Lennie Tristano ’47–8; received B. Mus. ’56, M. Mus. Ed. ’57 fr. Manh. Sch. of Mus. Pl. w. Bob Chester, Richard Himber, Ray McKinley early ’40s; Woody Herman ’44–6; Tristano late ’40s; Charles Mingus ’50–67; Metronome All-Stars ’51–2; own gps ’51–62. Founding member and mus. dir. of Jazz Composers Wkshp. ’52–4. App. w. Gunther Schuller at Brandeis Mus. Fest. ’57; Leonard Bernstein and N.Y. Philharm. perf. Teo Macero’s Fusion ’58–9. Taught at Parkway Mus. Inst., Bklyn. ’48–51. Reed coach for Marshall Brown’s Newport Youth Band ’53–8. Active as clinician ’59–81. Taught at Manh. Sch. of Mus. ’60–2; Berklee Sch. of Mus. fr. ’62. Dir. Greater Bost. HS Stage Band ’64–5. Pl. w. Bost. Sax Qt. w. Charlie Mariano ’60s; Berklee Sax Qt. fr. ’62; Herb Pomeroy Orch fr. ’76; John La Porta–Bob Winter Duo fr. ’81. La Porta was a founding member of the Nat’l Assoc. of Jazz Educs. and the author of eight instructional texts, incl. Tonal Organization of Improv. Techniques (Kendor); Guide to Improv. (Berklee); Guide to Jazz Phrasing and Interpretation (Berklee). His numerous arrs. for hs band are publ. by Berklee, Kendor, and Marshall Brown Music. La Porta taught and lectured at Berklee and in Fla. Polls: Play. ’61; NAJE Award ’86; Berklee Award ’87. Fests: all major ’50s–’60s. Film: Trocadero w. Bob Chester Orch. perf. La Porta comp. ’42. CDs: w. C. Parker (Verve); T. Macero (Stash); C. Mingus (Deb; Sav.; Atl.); W. Herman (Col.); H. Mobley (Sav.); H. Merrill (Em.; Verve).
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Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Zarchy, zeke (rubin), tpt; b. NYC, 6/12/15. Musical family. Pl. w. Joe Haymes 1935; Benny Goodman ’36; Artie Shaw ’36; Bob Crosby ’37. Joined Red Norvo in NYC, then back w. B. Crosby ’38. With Tommy Dorsey ’39; Glenn Miller ’40; NBC staff, NYC ’40–2. Mil. service ’42–5; overseas w. Glenn Miller AAF Band ’44–5. Freelance work in LA after WWII and w. Frank Sinatra; lead tpt. w. Paul Weston for over twenty yrs. Many foreign tours, incl. eighteen trips to Japan since ’73 w. Billy Vaughn Orch. Also tour. w. Benny Goodman Tribute Band; w. Ray Conniff to Brazil several times fr. ’83; three Glenn Miller Reunion tours ’85–91. Zarchy cont. to pl. lead and solo tpt. into his late seventies. CDs: w. Glenn Miller (BB; Vict.); Goodman (BB); T. Dorsey (Tax); Artie Shaw (Class.); Bob Crosby (Dec.). ZARDIS, CHESTER, bs; b. New Orleans, LA, 5/27/1900; d. New Orleans, 8/14/90. Worked w. Kid Rena, Chris Kelly, and A. J. Piron in NO dur. 1920s. Pl. tba. and bs. w. Sidney Desvigne and Fats Pichon on riverboats in ’30s (also pl. w. Pichon in ’39). Pl. briefly w. Count Basie at Apollo Theatre, NYC while w. Duke Dejan’s Dixie Rhythm Band ’36–7. Rec. w. Bunk Johnson ’42; George Lewis ’43. Pl. at Preservation Hall and toured US and Eur. w. its resident band ’66–7. Led own Legends of Jazz band in early ’80s. CDs: w. Geo. Lewis (Mos.); Bunk Johnson (Story.).
Introduction
Authors: Davidson Herbert A
Published: November 2023

The most intensely studied sentences in the history of philosophy are probably those in Aristotle’s De anima that undertake to explain how the human intellect passes from its original state, in which it does not think, to a subsequent state, in which it does. Aristotle started from the presupposition that human thoughts reflect the external world without distortion, the antithesis of what would be Immanuel Kant’s perspective. Reasoning that the presence of any inborn quality would color thoughts received by the human intellect and hence prevent the intellect from performing its assigned task, he found the human intellect to be a “part of the soul” which has the ability to “become each thing” but in itself originally has “no nature” whatsoever other than the ability to think. Then came the statements that were to echo down through the centuries.
Greek And Arabic Antecedents
Authors: Davidson Herbert A
Published: November 2023

Here I shall examine Greek and early Arabic speculation on the following topics: (1) the stages through which the human intellect can pass; (2) the type of entity the active intellect is; (3) the manner in which the active intellect produces human thought; (4) the active intellect’s role in bringing the sublunar world or segments of it into existence; and (5) the rationale that the active intellect furnishes for certain religious phenomena. My object will not be to reproduce the systems of the philosophers discussed but to draw attention to statements and theories that shed light on Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes.
Alfarabi On Emanation, The Active Intellect, And Human Intellect
Authors: Davidson Herbert A
Published: November 2023

The present chapter deals primarily with four works of Alfarabi which offer a more or less full treatment of the subjects I am considering: al-Madina al-Faq,ila and al­ Siyasa al-Madaniyya, which will be treated as representing one position; a work entitled The Philosophy of Aristotle, which suggests a second position; and the Risāla ft az-cAql (known in Latin as De intellectu, De intellectu et intellecto, or De intelligentiis), which represents yet another. Alfarabi’s lost commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics will also be touched on briefly. Works attributed to Alfarabi but expressing views very similar to Avicenna’s should be omitted from any discussion of Alfarabi, since they are almost certainly not his.
Prologue
Authors: Glinert Lewis
Published: November 2023

The story of Hebrew is much like the story of the Jews: Misty origins, ancient splendor, sudden eclipse followed by centuries of alien domination, staunched somehow by an infinite ability to adapt and survive-and culminating, in our century, in a dramatic paradox of ruin and rebirth. The beginnings of Hebrew are bound up with the Jewish Bible. In fact, for most people ancient Hebrew is the Hebrew of the Bible, an august and infinitely subtle language, meticulously cultivated by the biblical schools of prophets over hundreds of years. One can study it, after a fashion. Indeed, the number of biblical grammar books and dictionaries must surely run into thousands._ Yet the complexities of the biblical tenses or word order have never been fully fathomed, nor the precise shades of meaning in all those words for “righteous” or “loving-kindness” or “sin.” However, the Bible is not the whole story of Hebrew, not even of ancient Hebrew. There are the hosts of inscriptions and messages unearthed by excited archaeologists. Schoolchildren’s calendars, engineers’ plaques, army mayday calls, and the leftovers of Israelite bureaucrats ... all in a kind of biblical Hebrew. They, and the biblical scrolls discovered after two millennia in the Judean Desert (the Dead Sea Scrolls), are witness to a remarkable tradition: The Bible as copied and recopied by 2,000 years of Jewish scribes iis the same Bible. Even the Jewish traditions of pronunciation-the so-called pointing-are now rated by scholars as a superb freeze-frame of ancient pronunciation.
The Entries
Authors: Glinert Lewis
Published: November 2023

Acharon, pl. Acbaronim (Ashkena1zi: Achren, pl. Achr6hnim) Latter-day religious authorities “Before you check it in the Acharonim, look up the Rishonim.” SeeRishon. Jews did not traditionally talk of “medieval” or “modern.” They talked of Rishonim versus Acharonim. Rishonim (literally “First Ones”) denotes the Torah scholars of medieval times; Acharonim (literallly “Latter Ones”) are the scholars of the Renaissance and later times. Bridging the two, in the early sixteenth century, was Rabbi Yosef Caro. His great code of practice, the Shulchan Aruch, has become “final” and more or less binding on all generations since.
Virus and Cell: Determinants of Tissue Tropism
Authors: Shenk Thomas E
Published: November 2023

A number of viruses exhibit a predilection, or tropism, for certain tissues or cell types, sometimes demonstrating considerable selectivity. After infection, the expression of some viruses can also be related to state of the host cell. Anecdotal accounts suggest that some viruses that persist in the body can be influenced by host state, the classic example being cold sores, which are reactivations of latent herpes simplex virus, in synchrony with the menstrual cycle or stress.
Virus Detection Systems
Authors: Richman Douglas D
Published: November 2023

The presence of a virus in an infected host can be ascertained either by detecting the virus particle (virion) itself or its components. Detection methods can be classified as open minded (not requiring advance knowledge of the kind of virus sought) or as probe specific (using reagents designed to detect specific viruses) (Richman et al., 1984). Detection of the virus is open minded when its success is not restricted to any single class or family of virus. Open minded methods include virus isolation and electron microscopy.
Evolution of Influenza and RNA Viruses
Authors: Palese Peter
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the one following will deal with the evolutionary emergence in nature of human influenza viruses. There are three major types of influenza viruses, designated A, B, and C, all of which cause the disease we characteristically recognize as influenza, but only influenza A has been associated with pandemics. There is a uniquely rapid and uniform rate of evolution in influenza A virus genes. At the other end of the spectrum, influenza C viruses exhibit a much slower evolutionary rate, with coexistence in man of several evolutionary lineages. Influenza B viruses appear to be intermediate between influenza A and influenza C viruses in terms of their evolutionary rate.
Afterword: A Personal Summary Presented as a Guide for Discussion
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D
Published: November 2023

I would like to do three things. The first is to present an anecdotal report of an outbreak of influenza from personal experience. Then, I would like to pluck out a few highlights and quotable quotes from the contributions to this book. Finally, I would like to make a series of arguable categorical assertions. These were written when I was, as yet, unencumbered with the wisdom of this book’ s contents. In 1976, I was sufficiently concerned about the emergence of two pandemics of influenza within 2 decades that I brashly wrote an op ed article for the New York Times, in which I expressed this concern and also made a prediction, that didn’ t seem too rash at the time, that there would be another pandemic. Although we are still waiting, I gather that many others share with me the concern that another influenza pandemic is eventually going to happen.
The Immigrant Persians
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks
Published: November 2023

Nur Jahan was born in 1577 in Kandahar, a trading town on the border of Persia by the upper reaches of the Mughal empire.+ Her father, Mirza Ghiyas Beg, had fled the poverty and destitution of his native Persia and, with her mother, known to later tradition as Asmat Begam, and her two brothers and one sister, was on his way to the Mughal court at Fatehpur Sikri in India. It was well known that Akbar, the third Mughal emperor (r. 1556-1605), had created a court of great tolerance and learning, where people of all faiths, races, and nationalities could meet. Already other members of Ghiyas Beg’s family had traveled to India in hopes of prospering in ways impossible in their homeland, and Ghiyas Beg had similar hopes for himself and for his children.
Rise of the Junta (1611-1620)
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks
Published: November 2023

It has been said that there are no more poisonous ties than those of a family, and Nur Jahan’s immediate acquisition of power made the best and worst of such alliances. It is a usual remark among the “writers of the affairs of Hindostan … that no family ever rose so suddenly, or so deservedly, to rank and eminence, than the family of” Itimaduddaula. Moreover, concerning the rise of that family, there is no question more controversial than the exact role played by Nur Jahan.