bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total Phenolic Content, Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase Activities in Ganoderma Infected Oil Palm Seedlings – Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF)
Authors: Saallah Sharinee , Md Noh Normahnani , Mohd Azmi Mohd. Azraie , Ahmad Rafie Meor Badli Shah , Amit Samsudin
Published: August 2022

Basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense is the most predominant disease of oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia. Although an effective method for controlling the disease is elusive, research towards early detection and remedy for disease control measures remains crucial for plantation operation. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) offers a practical alternative that should be seriously considered and implemented. This study evaluated the enzyme activities (TPC, PPO, PO activity) in oil palm seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and infected with G. boninense. Artificial inoculation was conducted using oil palm germinated seeds in the nursery, and plant responses were analysed at 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of post-inoculation (WPI). At 20 WPI, the highest accumulation of total phenolic content (TPC) was recorded in T3 (AMF + G. boninense) with 6.09 mg/g compared to T1 (untreated), T2 (G. boninense), and T4 (AMF), which recorded TPC of 3.24 mg/g, 4.19 mg/g and 3.87 mg/g respectively with no significant difference indicating the natural presence of phenol compound in healthy tissue at concentration enough for defense, whether as free compound or in the conjugated form which released after the attack. Both T2 and T3 showed higher peroxidase (PO) levels with 122.8 unit/g tissue and 116.5 unit/g tissue compared to T1 (73.63 unit/g tissue) and T4 (80.6 unit/g tissue). The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity was also higher in both T2 (142.3 unit/g tissue) and T3 (111.7 unit/g tissue) compared to T1 (55.3 unit/g tissue) and T4 (36.3 unit/g tissue). Seedlings treated with AMF also showed increased plant growth compared to untreated seedlings. It was observed that T3 seedlings with AMF prophylactic treatment showed the highest chlorophyll content even with G. boninense infection.
Natural Growth of Plant by Bio-Organic Input
Authors: Mohamad Masitah
Published: August 2022

Fertilizers are usually added on plants to improve the plants growth and production. OHN isa fluid form of fertilizers which consists of leftover of agricultural and wet market wastesand also microbes. OHN was fermented and added to the plants when it’s ready to use after1 week. The experiment is done to produce organic fertilizer from wet market waste for abetter soil fertility and also to increase the growth of spinach plants by using differentconcentrations of OHN. In this experiment, two different concentrations of OHN were madewhich is 10% and 20% and there was also controlled. The efficiency of this experiment wasmeasured by the height of the plant, number of leaves and the length of spinach. In the endof this experiment, OHN with a concentration of 20% have shown an excellent result whichhave the 21.7 cm height of the plant, 23 number of leaves, and 7.3 cm length of spinach.The study has shown that the OHN with the concentration of 20% able to enhance thegrowth of the spinach. As a conclusion, the implementation of OHN in plants has beenapproved to enhance the growth of plants, reduce amount of market wastes and also sustainthe fertility of the soil and also known as organic fertilizer.
Effects of flowing water on soaking water quality during the retting process of pepper berries (Piper nigrum L.)
Authors: Megat Ahmad Azman Puteri Nurain , Shamsudin Rosnah , Che Man Hasfalina , Ya'acob Mohammad Effendy
Published: August 2022

This study assesses the effects of flowing water on soaking water quality during the retting process of pepper berries. Generally, there are organic matters and the bioactive compounds that naturally exist in pepper that may have leached out into the soaking water because of the prolonged retting process. Daily samplings were carried out by triplicate of water sample for 7 consecutive days. The soaking test was carried out by having 5 kg of pepper berries soaked under the flowing water with the flow rate 70 L/min. Six parameters were measured based on standard methods: pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand total dissolved solids and colour. The results showed the changes of soaking water in turbidity (from 13.73 ±0.85 NTU to 33.53 ±0.71 NTU), pH (from 6.95 ±0.02 to 6.23), dissolved oxygen (from 7.75 ±0.09 g/ml to 6.15 ±0.02 g/ml), chemical oxygen demand (from 24.33 ±1.53 g/ml to 27.67 ±1.53 g/ml), total dissolved solid (from 39.53 ±2.36 g/ml to 58.50 ±0.65 g/ml) and total colour change (from 0.53 ±0.09 to 0.87 ±0.03) during the retting process were corresponding to the soaking time. As a result, this study reveals that the use of flow water for the retting process has a higher tendency to avoid sedimentation and, in the meantime, to ensure the quality of the white pepper.
Effect of Mulberry Leaves Extract (Morus alba) on Growth of Post Larvae in Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Authors: Zakaria Siti Nor Fatihah , Muhd Farouk Harman
Published: August 2022

The study was conducted to assess the effect of mulberry leaves extract (Morus alba) on the growth rate of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In the present study, the mulberry leaves extract was mixed with commercial pellets using the spray method; pellets with 5 % and 10 % mulberry leaves extract. Meanwhile, the control treatment was a commercial pellet with no mulberry leaves extract. M. rosenbergii were fed with the experimental pellets for 30 days and each treatment had 10 tails of M. rosenbergii juveniles. The result showed that the juveniles fed with pellet with 10 % mulberry leaves extract had the highest survival rate and the total number of moulting. As a conclusion, the mulberry leaves demonstrated a good effect on the growth of M. rosenbergii and reduced the mortality rate, thus, the present study suggests the use of mulberry extract as a potential nutrient supplement in the feed to increase the production of M. rosenbergii post-larvae.
Activated Carbon Produced from Rice Husk by NaOH and KOH Activation and its Adsorption in Methylene Blue
Authors: Chia Chin Hua , Zakaria Sarani , Sajab Mohd Shaiful , Saad Mohamad Jani
Published: August 2022

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) rice husk activated carbon were prepared using a method of two-step comprising of carbonisation and activation processes. These adsorbent samples were used to remove methylene blue (MB) solution. Some chemical and physical characteristics of adsorbents were determined using proximate analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (BET) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) before  carrying out the MB adsorption experiments. The analyses of adsorption kinetics were performed at several conditions of pH, MB concentration and temperature to investigate the efficiency of adsorption of the samples on the MB solution. The analyses of adsorption kinetics related to the pseudo-second-order model. The capacity of adsorption of the KOH rice husk activated carbon (RHACK) on MB achieved a maximum of adsorption at 317.24 mg/g as compared to the NaOH rice husk activated carbon (RHACNa) at 210.90 mg/g. The model of intraparticle diffusion showed that the process of adsorption of RHACK and RHACNa against MB included the diffusion of MB molecules and external mass transfer to the surface of adsorbents.
Persiapan Siswa Kelas 6 dalam Menghadapi Ujian Akhir Sekolah di Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) 14 Bebesen Aceh Tengah
Authors: Harahap Ahmad Yunus Mokoginta , Ainun Ainun , Rahmayati Rahmayati
Published: August 2022

Untuk mengukur ketercapaian suatu kompetensi pembelajaran diperlukan alat ukur yang berupa evaluasi hasil belajar. Ada beberapa macam evaluasi yang bisa dijadikan alat ukur di sebuah lembaga pendidikan seperti tes sumatif yang bertujuan untuk menentukan kenaikan kelas, dan ujian sekolah yang bertujuan untuk menentukan lulus dan tidak lulus. Dalam upaya mempersiapkan ujian sekolah ada bermacam cara yang dilakukan oleh seorang siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan persiapan siswa kelas 6 SDN 14 Bebesen dlam menghadapi ujian sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, teknik pengumpullan data yang dialkukan menggunakan wawancara dan observasi, teknik analisa data menggunakan tiga tahap analisis yakni reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa siswa kelas 6 SDN 14 Bebesen dalam mempersiapkan diri menghadapi ujian sekolah adalah dengan mempersiapkan materi, giat belajar bahkan mendaftar les tambahan di lembaga bimbingan, mengurangi waktu bermain, walaupun juga ada siswa yang tanpa mempersiapkan diri dengan matang
ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION OF FLAMMER UNITS DURING ANTI-TERRORISM OPERATION
Authors: Minasov V. , Zhuravskiy O.
Published: August 2022

The purpose of the article is to analyze the study of trends in the development of major types of firearms by advanced countries; execution of tasks of fire defeat of the enemy with the use of firearms in modern armed conflicts; analysis of the use of flamethrower units during the anti-terrorist operation; problems of development of available samples of firearms of domestic production and delineation of ways of their overcoming; the main provisions of the current guidelines on fire damage to the enemy with the use of firearms, in particular, the Guidelines for the operational work of military authorities.
The analysis showed that the issues of combat use of units armed with jet infantry flamethrowers were studied incompletely. Previous studies do not allow to establish the degree of conformity of the capabilities of parts of jet infantry flamethrowers to the scope of combat missions that may be entrusted to them during the anti-terrorist operation. These studies are usually partial in nature and do not allow a full assessment of the combat capabilities of flamethrower units.
The article presents views on improving tactics and testing of new methods of using firearms in a hybrid war. Based on the generalization of the experience of modern armed conflicts, a number of possible typical ways of using firearms in defensive combat (operations), in offensive (counter-offensive) combat (operations), during the operation to withdraw troops (forces) from enemy strikes, during actions as part of the rear guard unit, during combat operations by flamethrower units of the Navy.
The list of these methods of using firearms is not exhaustive. With the further accumulation of combat experience, it can be supplemented.
The analysis allows us to state that the firearms currently in the service of the CBRN troops of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are significantly inferior in their characteristics to the considered modern and promising models and do not meet modern requirements for armed struggle.
Keywords: jet infantry flamethrower, thermobaric charge, fire damage, use of flamethrower weapons, flamethrower.
PERFECTION OF METHODOLOGY OF ESTIMATION OF EFFICIENCY OF SUBSYSTEM OF REARWARD SECRET SERVICE IN THE SEPARATE MECHANIZED BRIGADE DURING CONDUCT OF BATTLE ACTIONS
Authors: Levchenko I. , Firsov А. , Snigur L. , Ivanchenko E.
Published: August 2022

In the article the improved methodology of evaluation of efficiency of subsystem of rearward secret service offers in the separate mechanized brigade that can be used for the evaluation of efficiency of the system of the rearward providing of the separate mechanized brigade during the conduct of battle actions. On efficiency of implementation of tasks from rearward secret service basic influence is carried out degree of full strength by the personnel of group of rearward secret service and their knowledge on speciality, organization of connection with a senior chief, realization of order in relation to realization of rearward secret service, the state of transport vehicles on that comes true rearward secret service, terms, season, daypart. All of it can carry out substantial influence on implementation of tasks from rearward secret service. The improved methodology of evaluation of efficiency of subsystem of rearward secret service is given in the separate mechanized brigade that can be used for the evaluation of efficiency of the system of the rearward providing of the separate mechanized brigade during the conduct of battle actions.
During research of process of the rearward providing of troops an important theoretical and practical task is an estimation of efficiency of subsystem of rearward secret service in the separate mechanized brigade during the conduct of battle actions. The certain going near the decision of this task were worked out in a number of sources. However, experience of anti-terror operation on territory Donetsk and Luhansk areas, other armed conflicts of the last decades testifies to the necessity of perfection of methodology of estimation of efficiency of subsystem of rearward secret service that would take into account changes in requirements to the subsystem of rearward secret service in the separate mechanized brigade during, and promoted efficiency of the system of the rearward providing on the whole.
Keywords: separate mechanized brigade, rearward providing, efficiency of subsystem rearward secret service, reconnaissance group, method of expert evaluation, objects of rearward secret service.
SOURCES OF SITUATION FORECASTING ERRORS IN COMPUTER SIMULATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Sharipova I. , Trutniev S. , Levchenko A. , Golovko O.
Published: August 2022

Modern trends in the development of the theory and practice of scientific research show that one of the main elements of determining the reliability of research results is computer modeling. With the development of high-level programming languages and the availability of technical means, a significant number of researchers are using modeling software as a research tool. With the help of simulation systems, decisions are made that affect human lives, the directions of development of industries and the prospects of the state. Experts in the relevant industries, based on the results of computer calculations, do not take into account the peculiarities of the accuracy of calculations in a computer with binary numbers and the influence of binary arithmetic on the results of simulation. In the article, the authors used an approach to determine the sources of computer modeling errors using fragments of program code. With the help of fragments of the program code the differences of results of decimal and binary calculations with features of representation of binary numbers with a floating point are shown. It was found that the result of calculations is most influenced by errors of number denormalization, cyclicity errors of of sum operation and rounding errors depending on the description of the accuracy of representation of variables directly in the program code. The use of this approach makes it possible to exclude or determine the ranges of numerical values, the representation of which in binary form, can lead to distortion of the simulation results already during the implementation of software products.
Keywords: floating point representations, numerical simulation values, mathematical model, computer architecture, simulation errors, rounding errors, denormalization errors.
The Role of Meeting Size in Attendees' Psychological Response and Consequence Behavior: A Social Anxiety Approach
Authors: (Tracy) Lu Ying , Wei Wei , Wu Laurie , Swanson Jason , Getz Donald
Published: August 2022

This research was to examine the effects of meeting size on attendee experience at association meetings. From perspectives of social anxiety, this research investigates how meeting size influences attendees' social anxiety levels; how attendees' perceived self-esteem and group identity
at meetings moderate the effects of meeting size on social anxiety; and how attendees' perceived social anxiety influences their satisfaction with meeting attendance and perceived return-on-investment (ROI) of the meeting. With a survey of 470 attendees, results showed that the bigger the
meetings are, the less social anxiety attendees will feel. The impact of meeting size is further moderated by self-esteem and group identity. Furthermore, attendees' felt social anxiety negatively affects their meeting satisfaction and perceived ROI of the meeting. Theoretical and practical
contributions of the research are discussed.
Delirium in Covid-19 Patients: Literature Review
Authors: Saragih Ady Fitra
Published: August 2022

Many countries throughout the world have experienced an extraordinary health crisis as a result of the coronavirus-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2). The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is particularly concerning in older adults, for whom multimorbidity and vulnerability that underpins the risk of negative consequences following the illness. Individuals who are diagnosed with the coronavirus disease 2019 have breathing and digestive issues. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has the potential to affect central nervous system (CNS) which results in delirium and respiratory failure. Delirium is a severe brain dysfunction that can be potentially lethal and is characterized by inattention and mental changes that are fluctuating.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Related Emotional Stress
Authors: Hartanto Kristian S.
Published: August 2022

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) or Takotsubo syndrome is a syndrome indicated by the presence of temporary left ventricle (LV) regional systolic dysfunction which mimics the symptoms of myocardial infarction. TTS patients have been reported to experience severe and sudden emotional or physical distress and the previous diagnosis of psychiatric disorders may be reported among some of the patients indicating the relationship between an emotional stressor and cardiac dysfunction. The sympathetic nervous system and catecholamines play an essential role to mediate the effect of emotional stressors on the heart. This article briefly discusses the relationship between the emotional stressor and cardiac dysfunction in TTC.
Covid-19 and Mental Health Disorders in General: A Literature Review
Authors: Maulana Elzan Zulqad
Published: August 2022

In December 2019, there was an outbreak of a respiratory disease in Wuhan, China. The outbreak was initially reported from a viral infection attributed to Novel Coronavirus ended up classified as a SARS CoV-2. The symptoms from this virus were vary due to the ACE2 Receptor located in many organs of the body, but mostly in lung epithelial cells. The diseases were flu-like type but commonly developed into severe acute respiratory syndrome if the inflammation was occurred progressively. Numbers of hospital admission were significantly higher due to the patients with COVID-19 that needs to be isolated and treated. Up until now, the pandemic still haunts us and living besides us. Our society was overwhelmed by the viral infection, due to the new mutations and variants of the SARS CoV-2. There were mental health disturbances such as anxiety and major depression, traumatic events and moral injury that experienced by public and healthcare providers which affected by this pandemic. In this article we would like to evaluate overall mental health conditions of general society. Early recognition may improve better outcomes for our society, so we can overcome this pandemic without having any mental health disturbances. Developing effective strategies in order to manage COVID-19 related tasks as general public, especially healthcare providers.
To Study the Correlation between Body Image and Self Esteem in Adolescents and Young Adults Aged 18-25 Years of Age
Authors: Nazia Ali  , Vrinda Ramnani  , Ona P Desai
Published: August 2022

In the current scenario that we live in, the bitter truth is that we define beauty by what is on the outside andvisible to the naked eye. The body image of a person plays such a huge role in one’s life that we constantly striveto achieve the perfect body. This has led to various mental, behavioural and emotional issues. Unfortunatelypeople have even lowered their self-esteem. Body image and self-esteem have a great impact on the quality of lifeand well-being of every individual. So the research aims to establish a relationship between body image and selfesteemamong adolescents and young adults.The data was collected using Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, Body Shape Questionnaire and Body Mass Indexand it was analysed using correlation test. The results show that there exists correlation between body image andself-esteem adolescents and young adults. The study helped occupational therapists plan an intervention withoutstigma or judgment.
Effect of Task Oriented Training with Conventional Therapy and Conventional Therapy Alone in Hemiparesis: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sonika Girsa  , Ajeet kumar saharan
Published: August 2022

Background: Independency for basic self handling is the primary want of every human. Impaired upper extremityfunctional movements due to stroke followed by hemiparesis leads to poor participation in daily living activities.Objective: To determine and compare the effectiveness of Task Oriented Training (TOT) with ConventionalExercise Program (CEP) and Conventional Exercise Program alone in hemiparetic post stroke patients forimproving functional performance.Method: 24 subjects with post stroke hemiparesis were assigned into two groups (12 in each group). The outcomemeasure was Fugl- Meyer assessment scale (FMA) and Wolf motor function assessment scale (WMFA). GroupA subjects were treated with conventional therapy only while group B subjects were treated with Task Orientedtraining. The intervention was provided to both the groups for 5 times a week for a total duration of 8 weeks.Results: The results demonstrated significant improvement in functional ability for subjects of group B incomparison to group A (p<0.05) whereas sensorimotor function doesn’t significantly improved with Combinationtreatment (CEP+ TOT).Conclusion: The results shows that CEP along with TOT are effective in decreasing dependency in self careactivities by increasing functional ability of patients. Therefore, Task oriented training with conventional exerciseprogram can be practiced in physiotherapy for management of hemiparesis.
Strength calculation of eccentrically compressed concrete elements with a composite polymer reinforcement
Authors: Mukhamediev T. A. , Maiorov S. A.
Published: August 2022

Introduction. According to experimental data, at a certain design, the strength of eccentrically compressed elements increases due to the work of a composite polymer reinforcement located in a compressed cross-sectional area. However, dependences for calculating the strength of eccentrically compressed elements, represented in acting regulations for the design of concrete structures with a composite polymer reinforcement, appear to be inapplicable for calculating the reinforcement compression stress and, therefore, require refinement.

Aim. To develop a methodology for calculating the strength of eccentrically compressed concrete elements with a composite polymer reinforcement, considering the work of the latter in a compressed cross-sectional area.

Materials and methods. Considering the work of a reinforcement in the compressed cross-sectional area, the methodology of calculating the strength of eccentrically compressed elements was developed taking into account the positions of current design standards and verified by the data of experimental studies performed by domestic and foreign researchers.

Results. The results of methodology reliability tests were obtained using the experimental data of test samples with a carbon, glass, and basalt-plastic reinforcement of various profile types. During the calculation of eccentrically compressed elements using the proposed dependencies for calculating the height of an element compressed cross-sectional area, the accuracy and reliability were established to be comparable with those calculated according to dependencies adopted in current regulations for the design of concrete structures with a composite polymer reinforcement.

Conclusions. The proposed dependencies for calculating the height of a compressed cross-sectional area provide the sufficient accuracy of strength calculations for eccentrically compressed concrete elements both with and without taking into account the compression work of a composite polymer reinforcement.
Effects of composite material layering on the buckling mode of a cylindrical shell
Authors: Adegova L. A. , Bobrysheva M. V. , Shcherbinina A. E.
Published: August 2022

Introduction. At present, composite materials are widely used in building structures and their components. The relevance of the work is determined by the buckling study of a shell structure made of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Despite the available experience in creating geometric models of finite element grids and studying the buckling of shell structures, the task of analyzing the mechanical behavior of shell layers remains insufficiently investigated. Therefore, research into the effects caused by polymer layering variations on a buckling mode appears to be urgent for regulating the layering process at various angle combinations due to a lack of sufficient data.

Aim. The study was aimed at identifying a layering pattern, under which maximum and minimum critical forces operate.

Materials and methods. The object of the study involves a cylindrical shell with a radius of 300 mm, a height of 600 mm, and a wall thickness of 1.56 mm made of eight variously-oriented carbon fiber layers impregnated with epoxy resin. The design modeling was performed using the finite element method. The cylindrical shell walls were modeled in terms of Laminate type flat elements, taking into account the composite layers. At the lower end, the cylinder was rigidly fixed and 100 kN axial compressive force was applied to the upper end of the cylinder. Using a software package, the variants of buckling modes were obtained for further analysis.

Results. The data, describing the buckling of a cylindrical shell, including the critical load coefficient at the first buckling mode were obtained by the finite element method. In addition, the dependence of a critical force on layering patterns was determined. Depending on the critical force value and the buckling mode, the most and least favorable patterns of layering in a package of a composite material were selected.

Conclusions. The orientation of layers in a composite material package affects the buckling mode and the value of critical force. An optimal selection of the layer orientation increases the critical force value by 2.25 times based on the information about the conditions of structural loading and fastening.
Determination of the concrete heat emission during its hardening in isothermal conditions
Authors: Barannik N. V. , Kotov S. V. , Potapova E. S. , Malakhin S. S.
Published: August 2022

Introduction. The heat emission of concrete during its hardening in adiabatic conditions is typically determined according to the GOST 24316 State Satndard. This method is quite limited in research possibilities, since under the conditions of constantly increasing temperature, it appears impossible to adequately assess the influence of various components or hardening conditions on the processes occurring during the concrete hardening. The assessment of the heat emission during the isothermal hardening allows much more information about the hardening process of the studied material to be obtained. The direct determination of the concrete heat emission during hardening in isothermal conditions appears to be extremely difficult in technical aspect.

Aim. The study is aimed at developing a method for determining the heat emission of the concrete in isothermal conditions.

Materials and methods. The GOST 31108-2016 TsEM I 52.5N portland cement, quartz sand, crushed gabbrodiabase, and the GOST 23732-2011 mixing water were used in the study. The strength of concrete samples was determined in accordance with the GOST 10180-2012 State Standard. The TAM Air (TA Instruments) isothermal calorimeter was used for calorimetric studies.

Results. As a result of the performed studies, a method for determining the concrete heat emission in isothermal conditions was developed on the basis of assessment of the heat emission during the hardening of model mixtures reflecting the composition of the studied concrete. The optimal particle size of the sand and crushed stone fractions for model mixtures comprises 0.16–0.315 mm. The heat emission during the isothermal hardening of 10 model mixtures reflecting the composition of the studied concrete grades was determined. The strength class of 10 concrete compositions differing in cement content was established. The dependence of the heat emitted by model mixtures on the strength classes of the studied concrete compositions was determined. The heat emission of model mixtures during the isothermal hardening was established to be directly dependent on the strength of the studied concrete compositions.

Conclusions. The determination of the amount of heat emitted by model mixtures reflecting the composition of concrete mixtures during the isothermal hardening represents a useful cost-effective test significantly accelerating and facilitating the process of control and design of concrete compositions.
Analysis of regulatory documents regarding data collection for probability calculations of reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Zenin S. A.
Published: August 2022

Introduction. A sustainable system of risk management in construction is in great demand for both consumers and suppliers of construction products. As one of the main elements of such a system, probability calculations of loader-bearing structures provide a necessary level of reliability and optimality of construction solutions. At the same time, the transition towards risk-oriented design, including the assessment and management of risks, implies the presence of sufficient statistic data, along with the methods of data collection and probability modeling. This study is focused on the issues concerned with collecting data for probability calculations.

Aim. To propose suggestions for improving the national regulatory framework as related to probability calculations of reinforced concrete structures and collecting the necessary data.

Materials and methods. The main objectives of the study were to investigate and analyze Russian and foreign experience in the field of risk assessment and management in terms of building structures and facilities based on probability calculations. In order to achieve these objectives, an analysis of existing Russian and international documents was carried out. In the course of the study, national regulatory legal acts and standardization documents including codes of rules and GOSTs were considered. In addition, some national regulatory technical documents, which were not included in the lists of both obligatory and non-obligatory applications, were analyzed, as well as other specialized regulatory technical documents. An analysis of foreign regulatory technical documents was conducted, including those regulating the initial data characteristics to perform probability calculations (loads, materials, and calculation models). In general, the methodology for analyzing regulatory technical documents involved a detailed study of the selected documents, an analysis of their positions concerning the issue under consideration, as well as an assessment of the completeness and sufficiency of the positions of the documents concerning the methods for determining the initial data characteristics for probability calculations of reinforced concrete structures regarding loads, materials and calculation models.

Conclusions. On the basis of the conducted analysis, specific subject areas for research works are formulated focusing on the development of probability calculations of reinforced concrete structures. A system of regulatory documents is proposed enabling an optimal risk-oriented design of reinforced concrete structures to be implemented.
THE HEROIC FEMALE CHARACTER IN FAIRY TALES AND EPICS OF SOME ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
Authors: Dam Thi Tham
Published: August 2022

The author uses analysis, synthesis, and comparison methods to give readers a comprehensive view of the heroic female character in fairy tales and epics of some ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands. It is an exciting and unique topic since the female hero has not been paid much attention and is rarely mentioned in research papers. Therefore, in this article, the writer has made significant contributions and new findings of the brave female heroes in fairy tales and epics of the Central Highlands. Their talents, wisdom, dignity, and extraordinary health are united. They won battles against sinister villains to protect the peace, prestige, and honor of their villages and themselves when those are violated, which is similar to male heroes. In particular, the heroic female character represents the matriarchy’s authority and the village’s wish for wealth and happiness. Through the image of the heroine, readers will understand more about the regional culture, including customs, habits, lessons about humanity, and beautiful features in the beliefs of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands.
New azodyrecins identified by a genome mining-directed reactivity-based screening
Authors: Choirunnisa Atina Rizkiya , Arima Kuga , Abe Yo , Kagaya Noritaka , Kudo Kei , Suenaga Hikaru , Hashimoto Junko , Fujie Manabu , Satoh Noriyuki , Shin-ya Kazuo , Matsuda Kenichi , Wakimoto Toshiyuki
Published: August 2022

Only a few azoxy natural products have been identified despite their intriguing biological activities. Azodyrecins D–G, four new analogs of aliphatic azoxides, were identified from two Streptomyces species by a reactivity-based screening that targets azoxy bonds. A biological activity evaluation demonstrated that the double bond in the alkyl side chain is important for the cytotoxicity of azodyrecins. An in vitro assay elucidated the tailoring step of azodyrecin biosynthesis, which is mediated by the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase Ady1. This study paves the way for the targeted isolation of aliphatic azoxy natural products through a genome-mining approach and further investigations of their biosynthetic mechanisms.
Tuberculosis in the Children of Ukraine: the Epidemiological Situation and Areas of Improvement of Antituberculosis Care
Authors: Feshchenko Yurii , Bilogortseva Olga , Dotsenko Yaroslava , Shekhter Iryna , Sivachenko Oksana , Khlybova Viktoriia , Panasiukova Oksana
Published: August 2022

Introduction. The main thrust of the global tuberculosis response for decades has been focused on tuberculosis (TB) in adults. However, this approach has failed to achieve the expected results in TB control. Therefore, WHO has changed the paradigm of TB control with a focus on childhood TB.
Objective. To investigate the epidemiological situation of childhood tuberculosis in Ukraine in dynamics, to define the main factors of negative changes, and to define the directions for improvement of antituberculosis care.
Materials and Methods. Epidemiological, clinical, statistical.
Results. The epidemiological situation in Ukraine remains difficult. Over the past 10 years, the relapse rate of TB in adults has increased significantly, from 13.6% to 23.0%, and the number of patients with drug-resistant (DR) TB (in children by 11.0% in 2020). The volume of professional examination of children for TB decreased significantly, which led to an increase in the structure of the disease of severe forms requiring surgical treatment, and a significant under-recognition of patients and individuals with latent TB infection.
Etiological verification of the diagnosis in children is very difficult. Practically 50.0% of unhealthy inpatients, even with very scrupulous examination, fail to detect MBT by any method (in Ukraine this figure reaches 70.0%).
Conclusions. In spite of positive dynamics of morbidity and mortality, WHO estimations show significant underdiagnosis of TB patients in Ukraine. The relapse rate in adults and DR-TB patients of all age groups is increasing; the percentage of children under 14 years old in the age structure is increasing.
Early detection of TB infection in children is extremely important for TB control in the country, which requires free access of the child population to systematic screening for TB with the Mantoux test and a new skin test with highly specific TB biomarkers (ESAT-6, CFP-10).
Modern methods of molecular-genetic diagnostics of TB are quickly and efficiently implemented in NIFP, treatment of children with DR-TB with new anti-TB drugs was started. For the first time in Ukraine, the Center of surgical treatment of children with tuberculosis of the respiratory organs was established at the Institute.
Keywords. TB in children, epidemiological indicators, dynamics of morbidity, drug-resistant TB, improvement of anti-TB care.
NON-PLASMIN-THROMBOLYTICS: NECESSITY, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS (review of literature data and own research)
Authors: Zabolotnyi Dmitry , Chernyshenko Volodymyr , Shydlovska Tetiana , Zabolotna Diana , Stohnii Yevhenii , Verevka Serhij
Published: August 2022

State of the problem. Thrombotic complications are a common risk factor for a variety of diseases and are one of the leading causes of death. This leads to a strong interest in finding effective means of prevention and treatment. A characteristic feature of the last decade is the growing interest and numerous attempts to introduce into clinical practice fibrinolytic enzymes that are not functionally related to the hemostasis system.
The aim of the work. Investigation of molecular mechanisms that cause the lack of efficiency of native fibrinolysis in relation to fibrin clots with impaired regularity of fibrin structure. Correlation of own achievements in the field of biochemistry and medicine with systematized literary material. The possibilities created by non-plasmin fibrinolytics and the advantages of their use are considered.
Discussion and conclusions. The reasons of the complications caused by insufficient efficiency of both own fibrinolytic system, and the entered fibrinolytics are substantiated. It is shown that the leading role in such complications is played by violation of the regularity of the structure of fibrin clots. The mechanisms of action of leading fibrinolytic agents are considered and the expediency of using alternative non-plasmin fibrinolytics is substantiated. The properties and expediency of the use of fibrinolytics based on components of snake venoms and bacterial proteinases as effective means for the breakdown of fibrin with impaired regularity of structure are discussed.
Key words: fibrosis, thrombotic therapy, fibrinolytic enzymes, hemostasis system.
Evaluation of the genotoxicity of diflubenzuron by micronucleus test on red blood cells Danio rerio
Authors: Medyankina Mariya , Kochetkov Nikita , Golovacheva Natalya , Nikiforov-Nikishin Dmitry
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the genotoxicity of (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzoyl)urea) is investigated by a micronuclear test on Danio rerio, as a standard test object, at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l. As a result of the work, a significant increase in the frequency of occurrence of micronuclei (0.73%) was found, while other nuclear anomalies in the maximum concentrations of erythrocytes were also significant. It was found that the frequency of micronuclei in concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/l on the fifth day of the experiment was the maximum, while at the maximum concentration (2 mg/l) the level of micronuclei was lower, which is probably due to toxic effects. An increase in the level of micronuclei may be associated with the genotoxic effect of DFB decay products. The genotoxicity results obtained using the micronucleus test method were contradictory. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct additional studies using the comet method or experiments on cell cultures.
Synthesis and Characterization of Imidazole Based Cationic Surfactants as Disinfectants
Authors: Midha Divya , Singh Hari , Kour Sharanmeet , Goel Gaurav , Chand Mahendra Bahadur
Published: August 2022

Citric acid-based cationic surfactants using 1-methyl imidazolium as coordinizing agent has been synthesized and characterized. The cationic surfactants is produced in excellent yields (70%) and has been examined by TGA, FTIR, 1H NMR and are found to have good surface-active properties. FTIR analysis showed the presence of ester confirmed by 1H NMR (the chemical shift value of 3.7 ppm and 3.8 ppm is due to the presence of an ester) in the surfactant. The biodegradability confirmed by BOD analysis. It is found that cationic imidazolium surfactants having surface tenstion of (12 mN/m) with chloride as a counter ion. The results show that cationic imidazolium surfactants with longer hydrophobic chains have a lower CMC value. TGA result shows good thermal properties of cationic surfactant. Invitro study of cationic surfactant over fungal cell indicates its antifungal activity (70% inhibition at 350 ppm) and its appliaction as disinfactant.
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Authors: Siregar Uly Astuti
Published: August 2022

Diabetes tipe 2 (DM tipe 2) disebabkan oleh banyak faktor diantaranya gaya hidup, lingkungan dan faktor genetik. Particulate Matter (PM) 2,5 merupakan fine partikel yang terdapat pada asap kendaraan bermotor, dapat menyebabkan efek sistemik diantaranya inflamasi yang memicu terjadinya resistensi insulin. Gaya hidup seperti diet tinggi lemak juga dapat menimbulkan peningkatan resiko terjadinya DM tipe 2. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efek paparan PM 2,5 terhadap berat badan dan kadar gula darah tikus wistar yang diberi diet tinggi lemak. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan post test control group design. Delapan belas ekor tikus wistar dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok paparan PM 2,5 dan diet normal, kelompok paparan PM 2,5 dan diet tinggi lemak dan kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberi paparan PM 2,5. Berat badan dan kadar gula darah diperiksa setelah paparan selama 30 hari. Analisis data menggunakan uji one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan Post Hoc Test LSD. Hasil penimbangan berat badan kelompok control(153.67±11.219 gram,) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan berat badan kelompok diet normal (150.67±18.250 gram) dan diet tinggi lemak (151.33±14.278 gram), tidak terdapat perbedaan berat badan antar kelompok. Hasil pengukuran kadar gula darah pada kelompok diet tinggi lemak lebih tinggi (172.67±34.268 mg/dl) dibandingkan kelompok diet normal (148.50±24.898 mg/dl) dan kelompok kontrol (84.33±17.351 mg/dl), ditemukan perbedaan antara kelompok diet normal dengan kontrol dan dan kelompok diet tinggi lemak dengan kontrol. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu  paparan PM 2,5 tidak menyebabkan perbedaan berat badan antar kelompok dan pemberian diet tinggi lemak dapat meningkatkan kadar gula darah secara bermakna.

Kata kunci : paparan  PM 2.5, berat badan, gula darah
Yerel ve Devşirme? İki Kimlik: Hemithea ve Eileithyia
Authors: Kırca E. Deniz Oğuz
Published: August 2022

Çalışmanın amacı, Karyalı Bozburun Yarımadası’nın kuzey ve güneyinde (Bybassos ve Phoinix) karşımıza çıkan; iki farklı isim gibi görünmekle birlikte benzer işleve sahip Hemithea ve Eileithyia’nın bağlantısını, tanrıçalarla doğrudan ilişkili olan yazıt külliyatı (adak yazıtları), antik metinler, mitsel kurgular ve kısmen tarihsel coğrafyaya dayalı etimolojik olasılıklar ışığında sorgulamaktadır.

Özellikle antik Akdeniz’de farklı lakaplar alan yeryüzü tanrıçalarıyla bağlantılı yerleşkelerin etimolojik ve topografik bağlamda irdelenen kökenleri göstermektedir ki Anadolu coğrafyasına yayılmış uzak hafızalar, gittikleri yerlerde ortak bazı kodların yansıması olmalıdır. Hatta farklı coğrafyalara ait olmalarına rağmen kutsiyet atfedilmiş olan sosyal buluşma/pazar işlevli ve “dişil” kimlikli kentçikler (Hemithea ile özdeş Kastabos ve Hemite yakınlarındaki Kastabala), böylesi bir hafızanın temsilcileri addedilebildiği gibi Anadolu’nun eski halklarının görünmeyen bağlarına (Geç Bronz Çağı’ndan itibaren) işaret ediyor dahi olabilir.

Bozburun Yarımadası, Kilikya gibi görece uzak bölgelerdeki etnobotanik bulguların desteklediği bitkisel uygulamalardan anlaşıldığı gibi, tıbbi değeri yüksek flora zenginliğine bağlı olarak kendi çapında sağaltım ve sağlık alternatifleri sunan bir bölge olmalıydı. Sağlıkla ilişkisi kuzey ve güney sektörleriyle kısıtlı olmayıp orta alandaki Syrna ve Hydas gibi diğer tüm demoslarda çözümlerin sunulduğu bir bütün olarak ele alınmalıdır. Göründüğü kadarıyla kadın ve çocuk sağlığı, üreme, düşük, vb. konularda veya rahat bir doğum gerçekleştirmek isteyenler için yerel çözümler sunan belli başlı merkezlere sahipti. Bu merkezlerde özel reçeteler kullanılıyor, sedatif preparatlarla uygulanan enkoimesis, psikoterapi, bir trans ilah olan Artemis’in farklı tezahürleri Hemithea ve Eileithyia, hatta Apollon adına yapılan şifalı büyü gibi uygulamalar gerçekleştiriliyor olmalıydı. Bu kapsamda, erken dönemlerde karşımıza çıkan Hemithea, zamanla ismini, işlevini ve şöhretini Eileithyia’ya devretmiş olabilir.
Çivi Yazılı Kayıtlardan Antik Yunan Kaynaklarına Efsaneleşen Anadolulu Kral Adı Mita/Midas
Authors: Yıldırım Nurgül
Published: August 2022

Eski Anadolu uygarlıkları içerisinde Anadolu kültür mirasına Muškiler/Frigler, başkentleri Gordion (Polatlı-Ankara) ve onların ünlü kralları Mita/Midas oldukça derin etkiler bırakmıştır. Özellikle Hellenistik dönemle birlikte efsanevi yönleriyle mitoslara konu edilen Frig Kralı Midas, hem Frigler’in Anadolu siyasi tarihindeki varlığı hem de kralın icraatları açısından ayrıca merak konusu olmuştur. Kral Mita/Midas adıyla ilişkili olarak erken veriyi Orta Hitit dönemi sonlarına tarihlenen Hitit çivi yazısıyla kaydedilmiş Pahhuwalı Mita metinleri sağlamıştır. Bu metinlerin ardından Mita kral adına MÖ 8. yüzyıl ortalarından sonra Asur çivi yazılı kayıtlarda rastlanılmıştır. Bu kayıtlarda Muškili Mita olarak geçen kral Anadolu siyasetinin belirleyicilerinden, güçlü bir lider figürü olarak aktarılmıştır. Yine aynı döneme tarihlenen Hiyeroglif Luvice kayıtlarda Mita olarak yazılan kral adı, Eski Frigce yazıtlarda Mida olarak anılmış ve kral Mida genellikle inanç pratiklerine ait metinlerde kaydedilmiştir. Anadolu kökenli bir kral adı olan Mita’nın temelde birincil kaynaklarla tarihi ve dilbilimsel açıdan irdelenmesinin amaçlandığı bu çalışmada, Mita/Midas adını kullanan kralların tarihi süreç içerisinde hem siyasi hem de efsanevi varoluşuna dair aktarımlara da yer verilmiştir.
Antalya Kaleiçi Panhagia Kilisesi ve Câmi-i Cedid
Authors: Dayar Evren
Published: August 2022

Bizans döneminde piskoposluk merkezi olan Antalya Kaleiçi Panaghia Kilisesi, câmiye dönüştürüldüğü XVI. yüzyılın başlarına kadar Hristiyan cemaatinin ibadetine açık kaldı. Kilise, Sultan II. Bayezid’in emriyle câmiye çevrildikten sonra Câmi-i Cedid (Yeni Câmii) adını almıştı. Ne var ki İslam egemenliği döneminde uzun süre kullanılan ve Rum nüfusun meskûn olduğu bir semtte bulunan kilisenin câmiye dönüştürülmesi, kentin demografik yapısında yaşanan değişimin de etkisiyle bir süre sonra cemaatler arası çekişmelere neden oldu.

Panaghia Kilisesi câmiye dönüştürüldükten sonra yaklaşık dört asır boyunca ibadethane işlevi görmüş, XIX. yüzyılın sonunda yanarak tahrip olmuş, daha sonra da terk edilmiştir. Bu makale Panaghia Kilisesi’nin ve dönüştürüldükten sonraki adıyla Câmi-i Cedid’in Osmanlı dönemindeki dönüşümünü ve terk edilmesiyle sonuçlanan sürecin nedenlerini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda konuya ilişkin mevcut literatür eleştirel bir analize tabi tutulmuş, tarihi kaynaklar yeniden değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, kaynakların yetersiz olduğu koşullarda, yapının kentin dinî manzara’sı içindeki yerinden ve kentin nüfus yapısından hareketle câminin tarihi ve ona atfedilen önem yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır.