bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Drugs Approved by the FDA: Agents Pending FDA Approval: Supplemental Applications Filed by Manufacturer: Significant Labeling Changes
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: June 2010

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information; however, if there are any questions, let us know at hospitalpharmacy@wolterskluwer.com .
Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy
Authors: Sterling Jacyntha
Published: June 2010

Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest will be abstracted monthly regarding a broad scope of topics. Suggestions or comments may be addressed to: Jacyntha Sterling, Drug Information Specialist at Saint Francis Hospital, 6161 S Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136 or e-mail: jasterling@saintfrancis.com .
Gabapentin: Uremic Pruritus
Authors: Generali Joyce , Cada Dennis J.
Published: June 2010

Off-Label Drug Uses

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label DrugFacts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label DrugFacts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific FDA-unapproved drug uses. This new guide to the literature will enable the health care professional/clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and to determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. The most relevant data are provided in tabular form, so the reader can easily identify the scope of information available. A summary of the data—including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations—precedes each table of published studies. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information prior to patient care decisions. Direct questions or comments regarding “Off-Label Drug Uses” to hospitalpharmacy@wolterskluwer.com .
Evaluation of Different Lansoprazole Formulations for Nasogastric or Orogastric Administration
Authors: Olabisi Adekemi , Chen Julie , Garala Maya
Published: June 2010

Background

Critically ill patients who require treatment with proton pump inhibitors are often unable to swallow solid dosage forms and have nasogastric (NG) or orogastric (OG) tube placement. Many of these patients will need medications in a liquid dosage form for easy administration. The aim of this study was to determine which extemporaneous preparation of lansoprazole is least likely to cause NG or OG tube blockage.

Methods

Lansoprazole capsules, oral disintegrating tablets, and packets were each dissolved in apple juice, cranberry juice, orange juice, ginger ale, water, and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The resulting suspension was individually passed through an 18-French NG tube and collected in a graduated cylinder. The tubes were then inspected for clots. The amount of drug retrieved from the cylinder was rated as none, partial, or complete. The physical consistency and pH changes of the suspension were assessed for stability at 0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes.

Results

Complete drug retrieval and no clots were observed when any of the lansoprazole dosage forms were mixed with 8.4% NaHCO3 or when the disintegrating tablet was mixed in any of the solutions. The pH of each admixture remained fairly constant over 15 minutes, but the packet-in-water combination showed a significant lowering in pH immediately after mixing.

Conclusion

The use of NaHCO3 to make suspension for any lansoprazole formulation is associated with the least likelihood of tube blockage or pH variations. Thus, it may be the preferred delivery vehicle for NG/OG administration of lansoprazole, unless the Solutab is available.
Mesalamine
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Levien Terri
Published: June 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD-ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The May 2007 monograph topics are lapatinib, aliskiren, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, telavancin, and ambrisentan. The DUE is on aliskiren.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA; Agents Pending FDA Approval; Supplemental Applications Filed by Manufacturer; Significant Labeling Changes
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: June 2010

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information; however, if there are any questions, let us know at hospitalpharmacy@wolterskluwer.com .
Prevention of Controlled Substance Diversion - Use of Diversion Detection Software
Authors: O'neal Brian , Siegel Jerry
Published: June 2010

This is the fifth of a six-part series on diversion of controlled substances in an acute health care setting. The six articles are meant to accompany the recommendations in the Hospital Pharmacy article “Controlled Substance Diversion Detection: Go the Extra Mile” for a comprehensive analysis of all aspects of controlled substance handling. 1 The series focuses on preventing diversion from automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs), the operating room, and at all handling points within a pharmacy. The objective of the series is to provide practical recommendations to aid pharmacy managers as they seek to prevent or detect diversion. Experience is key to diversion detection; however, a pharmacy should not have to experience its own diversion in order to learn from it. The collective experience of pharmacy leaders at the Ohio State University Medical Center and the University of Kansas Hospital are gathered to assist other pharmacy leaders in the hopes that they do not have to gain this experience firsthand. This article will describe the features of one popular reporting software package along with the experience that the University of Kansas Hospital has had in using this software. This description is an attempt to demonstrate the value of an add-on software package and to encourage its use by more hospital pharmacies.
Linezolid-Induced Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome; Fatal Pulmonary Toxicity after One Dose of Cyclophosphamide; Psychosis following Initiation of Zonisamide; Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis; Review of Rashes Associated with Antiepileptic Drugs; Review of Drug-Induced Sweet Syndrome
Authors: Shuster Joel
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) medWatch program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting preventable ADR to medWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
Lidocaine: Cough (Fentanyl Induced)
Authors: Generali Joyce , Cada Dennis J.
Published: June 2010

Off-Label Drug Uses — This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label DrugFacts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label DrugFacts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific FDA-unapproved drug uses. This new guide to the literature will enable the health care professional/clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and to determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. The most relevant data are provided in tabular form, so the reader can easily identify the scope of information available. A summary of the data—including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations—precedes each table of published studies. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information prior to patient care decisions. Direct questions or comments regarding “Off-Label Drug Uses” to hospitalpharmacy@wolterskluwer.com .
A Comparison of Adverse Effects of Simvastatin plus Gemfibrozil and Atorvastatin plus Gemfibrozil
Authors: Werremeyer Amy B. , Koo Ji M. , Welch Justin M.
Published: June 2010

Background

The manufacturer of simvastatin recommends a dose limitation of 10 mg daily when used in combination with gemfibrozil, due to increased risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Little information is available regarding the risk of adverse effects of atorvastatin when used in combination with gemfibrozil.

Purpose

To compare the rate of discontinuation or dose reduction due to adverse effects with simvastatin and gemfibrozil versus atorvastatin and gemfibrozil.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients taking gemfibrozil in combination with simvastatin 10 mg, simvastatin 80 mg, or atorvastatin 40 mg for at least 6 months.

Results

A total of 166 patients were included; 59 were taking simvastatin 10 mg (S10), 47 were taking simvastatin 80 mg (S80), and 60 were taking atorvastatin 40 mg (A40). There was no significant difference in the rate of discontinuation or dose reduction due to adverse effects among the groups (10.2% for S10, 21.2% for S80, and 10% for A40, P = 0.159). A paired comparison of discontinuation or dose reduction due to adverse effects between the simvastatin 80 mg and atorvastatin 40 mg groups approached a trend toward a difference ( P = 0.104). Severe adverse effects occurred in the simvastatin 80 mg and atorvastatin 40 mg groups.

Conclusion

Our results did not show a significant difference in discontinuation or dose reduction due to adverse effects between patient groups taking gemfibrozil in combination with simvastatin 10 mg, simvastatin 80 mg, or atorvastatin 40 mg. However, the rate of this outcome in the S80 group was approximately double that for the S10 and A40 groups. Further studies are needed to compare the safety of these statin-gemfibrozil combinations.
Paliperidone
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Baker Danial E. , Levien Terri
Published: June 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD-ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The July 2007 monograph topics are rotigotine transdermal system, maraviroc, armodafinil, fluticasone furoate, motexafin gadolinium. The DUE is on rotigotine transdermal system.
Recent Publications on Medications and Pharmacy
Authors: Sterling Jacyntha
Published: June 2010

Hospital Pharmacy presents this feature to keep pharmacists abreast of new publications in the medical/pharmacy literature. Articles of interest will be abstracted monthly regarding a broad scope of topics.
ARV Medication Errors: Experience of a Community-Based HIV Specialty Clinic and Review of the Literature
Authors: Cocohoba Jennifer , Dong Betty J.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To describe antiretroviral (ARV) medication errors reported within a community Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) clinic, identify potential strategies to prevent errors, and review the literature pertaining to ARV medication errors.

Design

Review of voluntarily reported ARV errors. Errors were classified using the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC-MERP) Index. The clinic's medication distribution process was also analyzed.

Setting

Community-based clinic with HIV-experienced clinicians in an urban setting.

Results

Thirty-seven errors were reported over 3 years; 81.1% of these were classified as NCC-MERP category C. Most errors resulted from lapses in clinic and pharmacy systems of care (n = 21). Pharmacy and clinic prescribing errors were less (n = 11).

Conclusion

ARV medication errors were notable. Changes in drug distribution and prescribing processes may reduce future ARV medication errors.
Director's Forum - Developing Patient-Centered Pharmacy Services through Residency Training
Authors: Mcmillen Katie , Weber Robert J.
Published: June 2010

Hospital pharmacy directors are faced with the challenge of implementing patient-centered services, which often requirers changing the pharmacists' role in patient care. An approach to develop pharmacists focused on patient care is to support post-graduate training programs that provide the pharmacists with specific patient-care skills. This month's Director's Forum presents a brief overview of pharmacy residency training as well as practical tips for directors interested in developing a residency program.
Impact of Educational Interventions to Prevent Drug Interactions between Oral Fluoroquinolone or Tetracycline Antibiotics with Polyvalent-Cation Supplements
Authors: Depestel Daryl D. , Depestel Jill M. , Walker Paul C.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

Fluoroquinolone and tetracycline antibiotics are routinely used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. A disadvantage with their oral administration is the potential for a drug interaction leading to decreased absorption when coadministered with oral supplements containing polyvalent cations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of several inservices aimed at educating nursing staff on reducing this drug interaction.

Methods

To assess the impact of the educational interventions, a retrospective chart review was conducted in two phases to determine the incidence of the drug interaction. Phase 1 was conducted before implementation of the educational inservices. Following the educational inservices, phase 2 was conducted to determine their impact on reducing coadministration.

Results

This interaction occurs frequently in hospitals; we found that these antibiotics were given within 2 hours of polyvalent-cation containing supplements in 72.5% of patients before inservices. An inservice involving multiple approaches significantly reduced the frequency of the drug interaction to 10%; P < 0.001.

Conclusion

Educational inservices directed toward nursing staff were successful in significantly reducing the incidence of this drug interaction.
Ongoing Incidents Involving Fentanyl Patches are Alarming!; Insulin CONCENTRATE U-500; WHO: Dilute Vincristine in a Minibag
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L.
Published: June 2010

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program (MERP), which is presented in cooperation with the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 800-233-7767 (800-23-ERROR).

Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported through the ISMP ( www.ismp.org ) or USP ( www.usp.org ) Web sites or communicated directly to ISMP by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Evaluation of Parenteral Nutrition Management in a Hospital without a Formal Nutrition Support Team
Authors: Williams Nancy Toedter
Published: June 2010

Purpose

A preliminary review of several adult inpatients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) revealed opportunities for improvement. In response, a drug usage evaluation (DUE) was conducted to: 1) determine specific areas of adult PN management needing improvement; 2) evaluate the current PN order forms; 3) identify reasons for PN wastage; 4) establish pharmacist involvement in prescribing/monitoring of PN in a community hospital without a formal nutrition support team.

Methods

A prospective DUE was performed on various adults receiving PN from January through February 2005. The following data were collected and evaluated: 1) PN indication; 2) whether ordered PN formula met patients' estimated needs; 3) adequate adjustments of electrolyte or glucose imbalances; 4) appropriate ramping/tapering of PN; 5) appropriate laboratory data ordered. Additionally, a record was kept of PN solutions wasted from January through April 2005.

Results

Twenty-two adult patients receiving PN were prospectively reviewed. Protein and caloric needs were met in only 59% of patients (n = 13), and electrolytes were abnormal in 73% of patients (n = 16), with most physicians making minimal or no electrolyte adjustments. PN was not routinely ramped up upon initiation. Phosphorus, triglycerides, and prealbumin were not routinely monitored. An average of 14.5 PN bags was wasted per month. In response to these findings, the PN order forms were redesigned to facilitate appropriate monitoring and to facilitate physician-initiated consults for pharmacists to manage PN. One year after implementation, a 40% reduction in PN wastage was noted.

Conclusions

Pharmacists play an integral role in PN management, resulting in improved patient monitoring and a reduction in expensive PN wastage.
Etoposide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, Prednisone (EPOCH) for Treatment of Lymphomas
Authors: Leu Lily , Solimando Dominic A. , Waddell J. Aubrey
Published: June 2010

The increasing complexity of cancer chemotherapy now requires that pharmacists be familiar with these highly toxic agents. This column will review various issues related to preparation, dispensing, and administration of cancer chemotherapy, and review various agents, both commercially available and investigational, used to treat malignant diseases.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or US Government.
Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pump and Reservoir Logistics: Results from a Multicenter Questionnaire
Authors: Hutchison Rob W. , Anastassopoulos Kathryn , Vallow Sue , Mordin Margaret , Olson William , Hewitt David , Sikirica Vanja
Published: June 2010

Purpose

To understand and quantify the logistics (ie, acquisition, utilization, storage, distribution, maintenance, repair) of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) pumps and analgesics in the acute postoperative pain setting.

Methods

As part of a larger multicentered, observational study, 29 hospitals in the United States were surveyed to examine IV PCA logistics. Data were collected via interviews with hospital staff using a standardized hospital questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were calculated on all site characteristics and IV PCA logistics data.

Results

: Average beds per hospital and inpatient surgery volume per year were 455.5 beds and 6,483.2 patients. The majority of sites (75.9%) owned their pumps and, on average, reported 1.3 pump types and 2.3 different storage locations. Most hospitals utilized 3 of 4 different opioid agents (ie, morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, meperidine). Morphine is the most common prefilled reservoir (75.9%), while hydromorphone is the most common pharmacy staff-filled reservoir used (72.4%). A fentanyl staff-filled reservoir is available in 62.5% of the hospitals.

Conclusions

: The process of providing IV PCA from initial order to set-up is complex and variable. The process to IV PCA initiation involves the understanding of various types of pumps and analgesics, coordination of hospital staff, and substantial time to implement. Future postoperative care should explore improved technologies (or means of delivery) to reduce the complexity and steps involved with IV PCA while continuing to deliver on-demand pain relief.
Getting the Most Out of Your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee
Authors: Sanborn Michael
Published: June 2010

The Director's Forum series is written and edited by Michael Sanborn and Robert Weber and is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. Another specific goal of this column is to address many of the key challenges that pharmacy directors face today, while providing information to foster growth in pharmacy leadership and patient safety. This month's Forum focuses on the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee and discusses essential functions and ways to maximize committee effectiveness.
Failure to Cap IV Tubing and Disinfect IV Ports Places Patients at Risk for Infections; Unintended Consequences of CPOE; Numerous Problematic Name Pairs Relegated to History
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L.
Published: June 2010

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program (MERP), which is presented in cooperation with the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 800-233-7767 (800-23-ERROR).

Reports published by ISMP are anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported through the ISMP ( www.ismp.org ) or USP ( www.usp.org ) Web sites or communicated directly to ISMP by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Eculizumab and Temsirolimus
Authors: Worley Katherine B. , Whitmore M. Brooke , Waddell J. Aubrey , Solimando Dominic A.
Published: June 2010

The increasing complexity of cancer chemotherapy now requires that pharmacists be familiar with these highly toxic agents. This column will review various issues related to preparation, dispensing, and administration of cancer chemotherapy, and review various agents, both commercially available and investigational, used to treat malignant diseases. Questions or suggestions for topics should be addressed to Dominic A. Solimando, Jr., President, Oncology Pharmacy Services, Inc., 4201 Wilson Blvd #110545, Arlington, VA 22203, e-mail: OncRxSvc@aol.com ; or J. Aubrey Waddell, Associate Professor, University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy; Oncology Pharmacist, Pharmacy Department, Blount Memorial Hospital, 907 E. Lamar Alexander Parkway, Maryville, TN 37804, e-mail: waddfour@charter.net .

The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or US Government.
A Prospective Observational Study of Risk Factors for Candida glabrata in an SICU: Role of Fluconazole
Authors: Gentry Chris A. , Callen Erin D. , Flournoy Dayl J. , Winner Jamie S. , Slater Leonard N.
Published: June 2010

Background

Candida glabrata has emerged as a serious nosocomial pathogen, particularly in surgical intensive care units (SICU).

Purpose

To determine potential risk factors for the emergence of C. glabrata colonization or infection (C/I) in the SICU.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted collecting and analyzing variables associated with the development of C/I with C. glabrata versus non- glabrata Candida species in our SICU.

Results

Fourteen patients developed C/I with C. glabrata (cases), while 21 patients developed C/I with non- glabrata Candida species (controls). Univariate analyses identified the following continuous variables as being statistically significant for the development of C/I with C. glabrata: number of days prior to antifungal or penicillin class therapy. The following categorical variables were significant by univariate analyses: any prior use of piperacillin/tazobactam, penicillin class, or fluconazole, or at least 5 days of use of fluconazole. Any prior use of levofloxacin was found to be statistically significant for controls. Multivariate-logistic regression analysis identified more than 5 days of fluconazole use and no prior use of levofloxacin as independent risk factors for the development of C. glabrata C/I in the SICU.

Conclusions

Prior fluconazole use was identified as an independent risk factor for development of C. glabrata C/I.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA Agents Pending FDA Approval Supplemental Applications Filed by Manufacturer Significant Labeling Changes
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: June 2010

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information; however, if there are any questions, let us know at hospitalpharmacy@wolterskluwer.com .
Intern Pharmacists as Change Agents to Improve the Practice of Nonprescription Medication Supply: Provision of Salbutamol to Patients with Asthma
Authors: Schneider Carl R , Everett Alan W , Geelhoed Elizabeth , Padgett Cale , Ripley Scott , Murray Kevin , Kendall Peter A , Clifford Rhonda M
Published: June 2010

Background:

Earlier work established an evidence practice gap during provision of nonprescription salbutamol (albuterol). Pharmacist interns are hypothesized to be in a position to improve professional practice in the community pharmacy setting.

Objective:

To explore the potential of intern pharmacists to improve the professional practice of community pharmacy staff in the provision of nonprescription salbutamol.

Methods:

Intern pharmacists (n = 157) delivered an asthma intervention in 136 pharmacies consisting of an educational activity to pharmacy staff and a health promotion campaign to consumers. Post-intervention, simulated patients presented to 100 intervention and 100 control community pharmacies with a request for salbutamol. The appropriate outcome was medical referral for poor asthma contral and correction of poor inhaler technique. Incidence and quantity of patient assessment and counseling provided during the visit were also assessed. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of medical referral.

Results:

A doubling in the rate of medical referral was seen in the intervention group (19% vs 40%; p = 0.001). Assessment of reliever use frequency was the main predictor of medical referral (OR = 22.7; 95% CI 9.06 to 56.9). Correction of poor inhaler technique did not improve; however, a reduction in salbutamol supplied without patient assessment (23% vs 8%; p = 0.009) or counseling (75% vs 48%; p < 0.001) was noted.

Conclusions:

A doubling in the rate of medical referral showed a clear improvement in professional practice during the provision of nonprescription salbutamol. The improved patient outcome in the intervention group was due to increased assessment of reliever use frequency. Identification of poor inhaler technique remained near zero in both groups, which suggests that intern pharmacists were able to improve the current practice of community pharmacies yet were unable to establish a new practice behavior. This study provides evidence that intern pharmacists can act as change agents to improve pharmacy practice.
Physical activity and training against obesity
Authors: Apor Péter , Rádi Attila
Published: June 2010

A járványként terjedő túlsúly és kövérség, valamint a fizikai inaktivitás, illetve az ezekből eredő krónikus betegségek (szív-ér betegségek, cukorbaj, egyes daganatfajták, mozgatórendszeri ártalmak) egyre emelkedő terhe ellen közösségi szinten csak az egészséges összetételű és mennyiségű táplálkozás, valamint a rendszeres testmozgás segít. A dolgozat a testmozgással elért klinikai előnyöket, a hatásmechanizmusokat, a javasolt mozgásformákat összegezi és gyakorlati tanácsokat ad a mozgásprogram kivitelezésében.
Piscicides and Invertebrates: After 70 Years, Does Anyone Really Know?
Authors: Vinson Mark R. , Dinger Eric C. , Vinson Deanna K.
Published: June 2010

The piscicides rotenone and antimycin have been used for more than 70 years to manage fish populations by eliminating undesirable fish species. The effects of piscicides on aquatic invertebrate assemblages are considered negligible by some and significant by others. This difference of opinion has created contentious situations and delayed native fish restoration projects. We review the scientific evidence and report that short-term (< 3 months) impacts of piscicides to invertebrate assemblages varied from minor to substantial and long-term (> 1 year) impacts are largely unknown. Recovery of invertebrate assemblages following treatments ranged from a few months for abundances of common taxa to several years for rarer taxa. Variation in reported effects was primarily due to natural variation among species and habitats and a lack of adequate pre- and post-treatment sampling which prevents determining the true impacts to invertebrate assemblages. The factors most likely to influence impacts and recovery of aquatic invertebrate assemblages following piscicide treatments are: (1) concentration, duration, and breadth of the piscicide treatment; (2) invertebrate morphology and life history characteristics, including surface area to volume ratios, type of respiration organs, generation time, and propensity to disperse; (3) refugia presence; and (4) distance from colonization sources.

Resumen

Los piscicidas rotenona y antimicina han sido utilizados por más de 70 años para manejar poblaciones de peces, eliminando especies indeseables. Para algunos autores los efectos de los piscicidas en las asociaciones de invertebrados acuáticos son considerados como insignificantes sin embargo, para otros, son importantes. La diferencia entre las opiniones ha creado una situación tirante, retrasando así los proyectos de restauración de peces nativos. Revisando la evidencia científica, se encontró que en el corto plazo (<3 meses) los impactos de los piscicidas en las asociaciones de invertebrados varió de menor a sustancial, y en el largo plazo (>1 año) los impactos son básicamente desconocidos. Tras recibir los tratamientos, la recuperación de dichas asociaciones fue de pocos meses para los taxa más abundante hasta varios añs para los taxa más raros. La variación en los efectos reportados se debió principalmente a la variación natural entre especies y hábitats y a la falta de un adecuado muestreo pre y post-tratamiento. Los factores que más probablemente determinen el impacto y recuperación de las asociaciones de invertebrados después del tratamiento con piscicidas son: (1) concentración, duración y espectro del tratamiento de piscicida; (2) la morfología de los invertebrados así como las características de su historia de vida, incluyendo la razón superficievolumen, tipo de órganos respiratorios, tiempo generacional y propensión a la dispersión; (3) presencia de refugios; y (4) distancia hacia las áreas de colonización.
Desenvolvimento de plantas de maracujazeiro-amarelo produzidas por enxertia hipocotiledonar em cinco porta-enxertos de passifloras silvestres
Authors: Nogueira Filho Geraldo Costa , Roncatto Givanildo , Ruggiero Carlos , Oliveira João Carlos de , Malheiros Euclides Braga
Published: June 2010

O experimento foi realizado em área de pequeno produtor fornecedor da Maguari (Kraft Foods do Brasil) em Araguari - MG, e teve por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de maracujazeiro-amarelo propagado por enxertia hipocotiledonar, sobre cinco porta-enxertos de passifloráceas nativas. Os tratamentos utilizados foram cinco porta-enxertos: P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. caerulea, P. alata, P. gibertii e P. cincinnata, e o maracujazeiro-amarelo de pé-franco como controle, totalizando seis tratamentos. Para todos os tratamentos, a variedade-copa utilizada foi o maracujazeiro-amarelo Cv. FB 200. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A parcela foi constituída de uma fileira de 20 metros de comprimento contendo quatro plantas. A condução foi realizada conforme os tratos culturais recomendados para a cultura. As características avaliadas foram: altura das plantas, número de folhas, diâmetro da região da enxertia, diâmetro do enxerto, diâmetro do porta-enxerto, relação enxerto/porta-enxerto. As plantas de P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. caerulea e pé-franco apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento. Já as plantas sobre o porta-enxerto P. alata não desenvolveram bem. Embora as plantas de pé-franco tenham superado numericamente o desenvolvimento das enxertadas sobre P. cincinnata e P. gibertii, não houve diferenças significativas entre eles. O porta-enxerto P. alata influenciou negativamente na altura das plantas, número de folhas, diâmetro da região da enxertia, diâmetro do enxerto, diâmetro do porta-enxerto e na relação enxerto/porta-enxerto.
Resistência de amendoim - bravo aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS
Authors: Gazziero Dionisio L. P. , Brighenti Alexandre M. , Maciel Cleber D. G. , Christofolleti Pedro J. , Adegas Fernando S. , Voll Elemar
Published: June 2010

Uma das práticas agrícolas mais eficientes para o controle de plantas daninhas na agricultura é o uso de herbicidas seletivos. Todavia, a aplicação de um mesmo herbicida, ou de herbicidas com o mesmo mecanismo de ação, durante anos consecutivos, na mesma área, pode resultar na seleção de biótipos de plantas daninhas resistentes a esses herbicidas. Com o objetivo de confirmar a resistência de um biótipo (E-298) da planta daninha amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla) aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS, encontrado em área de cultivo de soja, no município de Cafelândia, PR, foi conduzido um experimento em área pertencente à Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR. As plantas provenientes da população com suspeita de resistência foram tratadas com diversos herbicidas e doses, e comparadas com plantas de uma população suscetível de amendoim-bravo. Os tratamentos foram estabelecidos considerando as doses recomendadas dos herbicidas, metade delas e, duas, quatro e oito vezes superiores a recomendada. Os produtos e as doses aplicadas foram cloransulan nas doses 0,0; 0,015; 0,03;0,06; 0,12; 0,24 kg i.a./ha, mais o espalhante adesivo Agral 0,2% v/v, imazetaphapyr nas doses 0,0; 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 kg i.a./ha, imazaquin nas doses 0,0; 0,075; 0,15; 0,3; 0,6; 1,2 kg i.a./ha, mais o espalhante adesivo Assist 0,3% v/v, sulfentrazone nas doses 0,0; 0,3; 0,6; 1,2; 2,4; 4,8 kg i.a./ha, mais o espalhante adesivo Assist 0,3% v/v, e lactofen nas doses 0,0; 0,082; 0,165; 0,33; 0,664; 1,329 kg i.a./ha. O biótipo resistente apresentou diferentes níveis de resistência cruzada entre os herbicidas cloransulan, imazethapyr e o imazaquin, e as relações médias de GR50 obtidas foram > 6,85; 11,90 e > 7,18, respectivamente. As curvas de dose-resposta do biótipo resistente apresentaram valores inferiores ao biótipo suscetível, em todas as doses estudadas para os herbicidas cloransulan, imazethapyr e imazaquin. Para os herbicidas sulfentrazone e lactofen, que apresentam mecanismo de ação diferente da inibição da enzima ALS, ocorreu alto índice de controle de ambos os biótipos de amendoim-bravo avaliados, principalmente, nas maiores doses, provando a não existência de resistência múltipla nesse biótipo de amendoim-bravo estudado.
Estimativa da área foliar de plantas daninhas: Solanum americanum Mill
Authors: Tofoli Gustavo R. , Bianco Silvano , Pavani Maria do Carmo M. D. , Silva Roseli C.
Published: June 2010

A maria pretinha (Solanum americanum Mill) é uma planta daninha infestante de diversas culturas e além da competição pode causar outros problemas. Nos estudos envolvendo a biologia e o controle de plantas daninhas, a área foliar é uma das mais importantes características a serem avaliadas, mas tem sido pouco estudada porque sua determinação exige equipamentos sofisticados ou utiliza técnicas destrutivas. Visando obter equações que permitissem a estimativa da área foliar desta planta daninha utilizando características lineares do limbo foliar, facilmente mensuráveis em plantas no campo, foram estudadas correlações entre a área foliar real e as seguintes características das folhas: comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C), largura máxima do limbo (L) e o produto (C x L). Para tanto, foram mensuradas 200 folhas coletadas de plantas sujeitas às mais diversas condições ecológicas em que a espécie sobrevive, considerando-se todas as folhas das plantas desde que não apresentassem deformações oriundas de fatores, tais como, pragas, moléstias e granizo. Todas as equações, lineares simples, geométricas e exponenciais, permitiram boa estimativa da área foliar (Af) da maria pretinha. Do ponto de vista prático, sugere-se optar pela equação linear simples envolvendo o produto (C x L), a qual apresentou o menor QM Resíduo. Assim, a estimativa da área foliar de S. americanum pode ser efetuada pela equação AF = 0,5632 x (C x L), com coeficiente de determinação (R2) de valor igual a 0,9516.
Efeito do armazenamento da calda na eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em: I. pós-emergência
Authors: Ramos Hamilton H. , Durigan Julio C.
Published: June 2010

Diferentes tipos de pulverizadores são utilizados para a aplicação de herbicidas sendo que, em pequenas propriedades, é comum, por questões econômicas, a adaptação de barras ou pistolas manuais a tanques de grande capacidade. Por outro lado, em grandes propriedades, é crescente a tendência da substituição do sistema tradicional de reabastecimento dos pulverizadores pelo sistema de calda pronta. Em ambos os casos, pode haver a necessidade de um armazenamento prolongado nos tanques ou no veículo reabastecedor, principalmente na ocorrência de períodos prolongados de chuva. Torna-se, portanto, importante a determinação de períodos de tempo pelos quais as caldas de herbicidas possam ser armazenadas, sem que haja prejuízo à eficácia dos mesmos. O presente trabalho estudou os efeitos do tempo de armazenamento da calda sobre a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, no ano agrícola de 91/92, em Área da Fazenda Experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, município de Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Avaliou-se as formulações comerciais de glyphosate, mistura pronta de glyphosate + 2,4?D, MSMA e paraquat com 00, 05, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias de armazenamento da calda, além de uma testemunha, onde não se efetuou a aplicação de herbicidas. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle, geral e por espécie, aos 15, 31 e 46 dias após a aplicação e os resultados obtidos mostram que nenhum dos períodos de armazenamento testados interferiu significativamente na eficiência dos herbicidas (teste de F a 5%), independente do produto utilizado e da época de avaliação. Portanto, conclui-se que as caldas dos herbicidas testados puderam ser utilizadas normalmente, quando armazenadas por até 30 dias.
Teores de macro e micronutrientes e a relação c/n de várias espécies de plantas daninhas
Authors: Souza Luciano S. , Velini Edivaldo D. , Maimoni-Rodella Rita C. S. , Martins Dagoberto
Published: June 2010

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar os teores de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn) e a relação C/N, presentes na matéria seca da parte aérea das seguintes espécies de plantas daninhas: Ageratum conyzoides L., Amaranthus lividus L., Bidens pilosa L., Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link., Commelina benghalensis L., Cyperus rotundus L., Digitaria horizontalis Willd., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Indigofera truxillensis H.B.K., Ipomoea acuminata Roem. et Schult, Panicum maximum Jacq., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb., Richardia brasiliensis Gomez e Sida cordifolia L. Os teores de macronutrientes obtidos da matéria seca das plantas daninhas, foram maiores em geral nas dicotiledôneas. Em relação às monocotiledôneas não houve um padrão de comportamento para os micronutrientes. Entretanto, o teores de carbono foram, em média, superiores para todas as monocotiledôneas, sendo que as dicotiledôneas apresentaram relações C/N menores do que as monocotiledôneas.
Modernidade medieval: cidadania e urbanismo na era global
Authors: Alsayyad Nezar , Roy Ananya
Published: June 2010

Este artigo examina formas de cidadania associadas ao urbanismo contemporâneo. Concentra-se em três espaços paradigmáticos: o enclave fechado, a ocupação regulamentada e o campo. Os autores argumentam que a paisagem formada pela cidadania urbana é crescentemente fragmentada e dividida. Essas geografias são constituídas por soberanias múltiplas e concorrentes que, quando exercidas sobre o território, dão origem a feudos de regulação ou a zonas "sem lei". A fim de entender essas práticas, os autores empregam o quadro conceitual da "cidade medieval". O uso da história como teoria joga luz em tipos particulares de cidadania urbana, tais como a "cidade livre" ou o "bairro étnico", presentes em diferentes momentos do medievalismo e que guardam semelhanças com processos atuais.
História de uma coleção: Miguel Calmon e o Museu Histórico Nacional
Authors: Abreu Regina
Published: June 2010

Retraçando a trajetória da Coleção Miguel Calmon, doada ao Museu Histórico Nacional, no Rio de Janeiro, em 1936, estabelece seu significado no contexto histórico e ideológico daquela insti-tuição, que a expôs desde seu ingresso, até seu desmonte, no final da década de 1960. São duas as reflexões cenlrais: a primeira sobre a noção de história subjacente ao modelo de museu que vigorou no Museu Histórico Nacional desde sua fundação, em 1922 alé aos anos 1960; a segunda sobre a construção do personagem Miguel Calmon, apresentado e ritualmente visitado na sala que recebeu seu nome.
Estudo de um caso de frente fria secundária sobre o sul do Brasil
Authors: Saldanha Claudinéia Brazil , Fedorova Natalia , Carvalho Maria Helena de
Published: June 2010

Neste trabalho foi feita uma análise da situação sinótica e dos parâmetros meteorológicos associados a uma frente fria secundária que se formou no ar frio, na retaguarda da frente fria. Esta frente esteve associada a neve, a precipitações intensas espalhadas e a baixa visibilidade no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram utilizados dados fornecidos pelo NCEP, imagens do satélite GOES no canal infravermelho, dados de estações meteorológicas do Rio Grande do Sul, cedidos pelo Oitavo Distrito de Meteorologia e dados de radiossondagem do aeroporto Salgado Filho. Estudaram-se as distribuições horizontal e vertical (pelos campos, perfis verticais e seções verticais perpendiculares à frente e ao longo da mesma) dos vários parâmetros meteorológicos, tais como, temperatura, pressão, umidade, vorticidade relativa e outros, do modelo do NCEP, para a identificação da posição e da estrutura espacial da frente secundária. Calcularam-se índices de instabilidade (K, Showalter, Totals, Sweat e índice de levantamento) e energia para verificar o comportamento e a instabilidade da atmosfera na região da frente fria secundária. A frente secundária foi observada claramente na imagem de satélite e nos campos de temperatura, umidade, divergência de umidade, em baixos níveis, e de advecção de vorticidade no nível de 500 hPa.
Efficacy of condensed tannin presents in acacia extract on the control of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep
Authors: Minho Alessandro Pelegrine , Filippsen Laerte Francisco , Amarante Alessandro Francisco Talamine do , Abdalla Adibe Luiz
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential uses of acacia extract (AE) on Trichostrongylus colubriformis control in sheep. The lambs were allocated in three groups of six animals. Two groups were experimentally infected with third-stage larvae of T. colubriformis and one was remained as non-infected control. Thirty days post-infection, the infected animals from treated group were supplemented with AE. During and after the treatment, the values of faecal eggs counts (FEC), number of third-stage larvae recovered per gram of faeces (LPG), number of FEC accumulated per animal during the treatment period, nematode egg viability, and worm burden were determined. Animals from non-infected group did not presented FEC values, during the experimental period. The average of total accumulated amount of FEC output per group, during the 10 days of the treatment was lower in AE treated lambs (P<0.05). The values of egg viability were statistically reduced (P<0.05) on days 4, 7 and 10 post treatment (p.t.). The number of LPG was lower (P<0.05), at the days 10 and 14p.t., in treated animals. AE showed potential to be used on the prophylaxis of gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep.
Influência das condições de processamento nas propriedades mecânicas de compósitos de polipropileno com fibras de vidro
Authors: Lopes Paulo Edson , Sousa José Alexandrino de
Published: June 2010

A eficiência de reforçamento de termoplásticos com fibras de vidro (FV) curtas depende da preservação do comprimento médio da FV (Ln) durante o processamento e da otimização das interações na interface fibra-polímero. Investigamos neste trabalho, a influência das variáveis materiais e de processamento (viscosidade, temperatura, rotação e configuração da rosca) numa extrusora dupla-rosca e das interações interfaciais com agente de acoplagem (aminosilano) e compatibilizante interfacial (PP-g-MAH) nas propriedades mecânicas de compósitos de polipropileno (PP) com 30% em peso de FV. As variáveis que contribuíram para a preservação do Ln da FV na extrusora foram aquelas que permitiram a menor viscosidade da matriz na zona de mistura da FV na extrusora, enquanto aumento na rotação e perfil de cisalhamento mais intenso da rosca, apesar de reduzirem o Ln da FV, contribuíram para maior molhamento/adesão interfacial da FV pela matriz, resultando em superior resistência à tração (smáx) e inferior resistência ao impacto Izod (RI) dos compósitos. O uso de PP-g-MAH resultou em aumentos substanciais na smáx e RI do compósito, em função do compatibilizante interfacial influir positivamente tanto na preservação do Ln da FV como na melhoria da adesão interfacial fibra-polímero, confirmada por análise morfológica MEV de superfícies crio-fraturadas.