bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent duct flow with inclined or V-shaped ribs mounted on one wall
Authors: Mahmoodi-Jezeh S.V. , Wang Bing-Chen
Published: December 2021

In this research, highly disturbed turbulent flow of distinct three-dimensional characteristics in a square duct with inclined or V-shaped ribs mounted on one wall is investigated using direct numerical simulation. The turbulence field is highly sensitive to not only the rib geometry but also the boundary layers developed over the side and top walls. In a cross-stream plane secondary flows appear as large longitudinal vortices in both inclined and V-shaped rib cases due to the confinement of four sidewalls of the square duct. However, owing to the difference in the pattern of cross-stream secondary flow motions, the flow physics is significantly different in these two ribbed duct cases. It is observed that the mean flow structures in the cross-stream directions are asymmetrical in the inclined rib case but symmetrical in the V-shaped rib case, causing substantial differences in the momentum transfer across the spanwise direction. The impacts of rib geometry on near-wall turbulence structures are investigated using vortex identifiers, joint probability density functions between the streamwise and vertical velocity fluctuations, statistical moments of different orders, spatial two-point autocorrelations and velocity spectra. It is found that near the leeward and windward rib faces, the mean inclination angle of turbulence structures in the V-shaped rib case is greater than that of the inclined rib case, which subsequently enhances momentum transport between the ribbed bottom wall and the smooth top wall.
Human Rights Violations in Space: Assessing the External Validity of Machine-Geocoded versus Human-Geocoded Data
Authors: Stundal Logan , Bagozzi Benjamin E. , Freeman John R. , Holmes Jennifer S.
Published: December 2021

Political event data are widely used in studies of political violence. Recent years have seen notable advances in the automated coding of political event data from international news sources. Yet, the validity of machine-coded event data remains disputed, especially in the context of event geolocation. We analyze the frequencies of human- and machine-geocoded event data agreement in relation to an independent (ground truth) source. The events are human rights violations in Colombia. We perform our evaluation for a key, 8-year period of the Colombian conflict and in three 2-year subperiods as well as for a selected set of (non)journalistically remote municipalities. As a complement to this analysis, we estimate spatial probit models based on the three datasets. These models assume Gaussian Markov Random Field error processes; they are constructed using a stochastic partial differential equation and estimated with integrated nested Laplacian approximation. The estimated models tell us whether the three datasets produce comparable predictions, underreport events in relation to the same covariates, and have similar patterns of prediction error. Together the two analyses show that, for this subnational conflict, the machine- and human-geocoded datasets are comparable in terms of external validity but, according to the geostatistical models, produce prediction errors that differ in important respects.
Untying Hands: De-escalation, Reputation, and Dynamic Audience Costs
Authors: Quek Kai
Published: December 2021

Two states in a dispute refuse to back down. One ties its own hands to strengthen its stand and gain advantage; the other tries to untie the tied hands to preempt disadvantage. Tying hands is a well-studied strategy, but it tells only part of the story, and the response strategy of untying hands remains unexplored. Can a state untie the tied hands of its opponent to give freedom back to its opponent—the freedom to concede? I identify three strategies of untying hands: counterthreat, reassurance, and normative framing. I show experimentally that these strategies can reduce the public costs of backing down and the perceived reputational damage from backing down. Tied hands and audience costs are not static and immutable, but dynamic and malleable by the other side.
Diagnostic and treatment challenges in neurofibroma concerning the external nose
Authors: Shakrawal N , Chouhan M , Solanki B
Published: December 2021

Background

This paper discusses clinical features and management aspects of an extremely rare entity, neurofibroma of the external nose.

Methods

Database searches were performed using PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar to identify previously published articles.

Results

Twelve articles comprising 13 patients with neurofibroma of the external nose were included. The mean age of presentation was 31 years. Sixty-nine per cent of patients were diagnosed at final histopathology. External approach rhinoplasty was performed in 76.9 per cent of patients, while the intranasal approach was used in 15.3 per cent of patients. There was a 15.3 per cent association with neurofibromatosis type 1. Recurrence was noted in 23 per cent of patients.

Conclusion

It may be challenging to diagnose this entity clinically because of its rarity and striking features on histopathology. Neurofibroma of the external nose should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis for any soft progressive swelling over the nose. Management requires complete excision, with cosmesis and restoration of functions.
Analytical edge power loss at the lower hybrid resonance: ANTITER IV validation and application to ion cyclotron resonance heating systems
Authors: Maquet V. , Druart A. , Messiaen A.
Published: December 2021

In the ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF), the presence of a lower hybrid (LH) resonance can appear in the edge of a tokamak plasma and lead to deleterious edge power depositions. An analytic formula for these losses is derived in the cold plasma approximation and for a slab geometry using an asymptotic approach and an analytical continuation near the LH resonance. The way to minimize these losses in a large machine like ITER is discussed. An internal verification between the power loss computed with the semi-analytical code ANTITER IV for ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) and the analytic result is performed. This allows us to check the precision of the numerical integration of the singular set of cold plasma wave differential equations. The set of cold plasma equations used is general and can be applied in other parameters domain.
Characteristics of collisional damping of surface ion-acoustic mode in Divertor Plasma Simulator-2 (DiPS-2)
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae , Park In Sun , Hong Sunghoon , Chung Kyu-Sun , Jung Young-Dae
Published: December 2021

The dissipation of ion-acoustic surface waves propagating in a semi-bounded and collisional plasma which has a boundary with vacuum is theoretically investigated and this result is used for the analysis of edge-relevant plasma simulated by Divertor Plasma Simulator-2 (DiPS-2). The collisional damping of the surface wave is investigated for weakly ionized plasmas by comparing the collisionless Landau damping with the collisional damping as follows: (1) the ratio of ion temperature

$({T_i})$

to electron temperature

$({T_e})$

should be very small for the weak collisionality

$({T_i}/{T_e} \ll 1)$

; (2) the effect of collisionless Landau damping is dominant for the small parallel wavenumber, and the decay constant is given as

$\gamma \approx{-} \sqrt {\mathrm{\pi }/2} {k_\parallel }{\lambda _{De}}\omega _{pi}^2/{\omega _{pe}}$

; and (3) the collisional damping dominates for the large parallel wavenumber, and the decay constant is given as

$\gamma \approx{-} {\nu _{in}}/16$

, where

${\nu _{in}}$

is the ion–neutral collisional frequency. An experimental simulation of the above theoretical prediction has been done in the argon plasma of DiPS-2, which has the following parameters: plasma density

${n_e} = (\textrm{2--9)} \times \textrm{1}{\textrm{0}^{11}}\;\textrm{c}{\textrm{m}^{ - 3}}$

,

${T_e} = 3.7- 3.8\;\textrm{eV}$

,

${T_i} = 0.2- 0.3\;\textrm{eV}$

and collision frequency

${\nu _{in}} = 23- 127\;\textrm{kHz}$

. Although the wavelength should be specified with the given parameters of DiPS-2, the collisional damping is found to be

$\gamma = ( - 0.9\;\textrm{to}\; - 5) \times {10^4}\;\textrm{rad}\;{\textrm{s}^{ - 1}}$

for

${k_\parallel }{\lambda _{De}} = 10$

, while the Landau damping is found to be

$\gamma = ( - 4\;\textrm{to}\; - 9) \times {10^4}\;\textrm{rad}\;{\textrm{s}^{ - 1}}$

for

${k_\parallel }{\lambda _{De}} = 0.1$

.
Darmstädter Ferienkurse 2021
Authors: Erwin Max
Published: December 2021

Darmstadt was a bit different this year. The original 1946 courses had 120 registered participants in situ; I was told that the number this time around was larger (around 140), but only just. As an announcement for the final post-concert wrap stated, these were the COVID-19 courses. So: much smaller, much more concentrated, with almost every performance streamed online, and every other seat in the concert hall marked off with a weird sort of police tape with the Darmstadt logo on it. It's difficult to write about these things without lapsing into world-historical rhetorical posturing, as if the best lens to view the series of overlapping catastrophes we are living through is a biannual summer course for what, for better or worse, continues to be referred to as new music.
The approximate number system represents magnitude and precision
Authors: Gallistel Charles R.
Published: December 2021

Numbers are symbols manipulated in accord with the axioms of arithmetic. They sometimes represent discrete and continuous quantities (e.g., numerosities, durations, rates, distances, directions, and probabilities), but they are often simply names. Brains, including insect brains, represent the rational numbers with a fixed-point data type, consisting of a significand and an exponent, thereby conveying both magnitude and precision.
Distinguishing the specific from the recognitional and the canonical, and the nature of ratios
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: December 2021

There are three independent properties of a mode of presentation (m.p.) of a number: being specific; being recognitional; and being canonical. A perceptual m.p. of the form that many Fs is specific although it is neither recognitional nor canonical. The literature has not distinguished noncanonical from nonspecific m.p.s of numbers. Ratios are fundamentally ratios of magnitudes.
The approximate number system represents rational numbers: The special case of an empty set
Authors: Pinhas Michal , Zaks-Ohayon Rut , Tzelgov Joseph
Published: December 2021

We agree with Clarke and Beck that the approximate number system represents rational numbers, and we demonstrate our support by highlighting the case of the empty set – the non-symbolic manifestation of zero. It is particularly interesting because of its perceptual and semantic uniqueness, and its exploration reveals fundamental new insights about how numerical information is represented.
The perception of quantity ain't number: Missing the primacy of symbolic reference
Authors: Núñez Rafael E. , d'Errico Francesco , Gray Russell D. , Bender Andrea
Published: December 2021

Clarke and Beck's defense of the theoretical construct “approximate number system” (ANS) is flawed in serious ways – from biological misconceptions to mathematical naïveté. The authors misunderstand behavioral/psychological technical concepts, such as numerosity and quantical cognition, which they disdain as “exotic.” Additionally, their characterization of rational numbers is blind to the essential role of symbolic reference in the emergence of number.
NS and NNS processing of idioms and nonidiom formulaic sequences: What can reaction times and think-alouds tell us?
Authors: Zheng Hang , Bowles Melissa A. , Packard Jerome L.
Published: December 2021

Although researchers generally agree that native speakers (NSs) process formulaic sequences (FSs) holistically to some extent, findings about nonnative speakers (NNSs) are conflicting, potentially because not all FSs are psychologically equal or because in some studies NNSs may not have fully understood the FSs. We address these issues by investigating Chinese NSs and NNSs processing of idioms and matched nonidiom FSs in phrase acceptability judgment tasks with and without think-alouds (TAs). Reaction times show that NSs processed idioms faster than nonidioms regardless of length, but NNSs processed 3-character FSs faster than 4-character FSs regardless of type. TAs show NSs’ understanding of FSs has reached ceiling, but NNSs’ understanding was incomplete, with idioms being understood more poorly than nonidioms. Although we conclude that idioms and nonidioms have different mental statuses in NSs’ lexicons, it is inconclusive how they are represented by NNSs. TAs also show that NNSs employed various strategies to compensate for limited idiom knowledge, causing comparable processing speed for idioms and nonidioms. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing subtypes of FSs and considering NNSs’ quality of understanding in discussions of the psychological reality of FSs.
Non-classical polynomials and the inverse theorem
Authors: BERGER AARON , SAH ASHWIN , SAWHNEY MEHTAAB , TIDOR JONATHAN
Published: December 2021

In this paper wecharacterizewhen non-classical polynomials are necessary in the inverse theorem for the Gowers$U^k$-norm. We give a brief deduction of the fact that a bounded function on$\mathbb F_p^n$with large$U^k$-norm must correlate with a classical polynomial when$k\le p+1$. To the best of our knowledge, this result is new for$k=p+1$(when$p>2$). We then prove that non-classical polynomials are necessary in the inverse theorem for the Gowers$U^k$-norm over$\mathbb F_p^n$for all$k\ge p+2$, completely characterising when classical polynomials suffice.
Psychopathy in women: insights from neuroscience and ways forward for research
Authors: Tully John , Frey Annalena , Fotiadou Maria , Kolla Nathan J. , Eisenbarth Hedwig
Published: December 2021

Psychopathy is a severe form of personality disturbance, resulting in a detrimental impact on individuals, healthcare systems, and society as a whole. Until relatively recently, most research in psychopathy has focused on male samples, not least because of its link with criminal behavior and the large proportion of violent crime committed by men. However, psychopathy in women also leads to considerable problems at an individual and societal level, including substance misuse, poor treatment outcomes, and contribution to ever-increasing numbers of female prisoners. Despite this, due to relative neglect, most research into adult female psychopathy is underpowered and outdated. We argue that the field needs revitalizing, with a focus on the developmental nature of the condition and neurocognitive research. Recent work international consortia into conduct disorder in female youth—a precursor of psychopathy in female adults—gives cause for optimism. Here, we outline key strategies for enriching research in this important field with contemporary approaches to other psychiatric conditions.
Judging Contemporary Art with Kant
Authors: Cazeaux Clive
Published: December 2021

This article demonstrates the relevance of Kant to the interpretation of contemporary art. The defining properties of contemporary art are the impossibility of definition in material, formal or stylistic terms, and the central role that concepts play in the interpretation of a work. Danto and Osborne suggest how concepts might be applied but they do not develop their proposals. Kant’s theory of judgement can provide a fuller account on the basis of the notions of purposiveness and play. The way in which these notions explain the application of concepts to the world, I argue, provides a model of how concepts can be combined to form an interpretation of a work of contemporary art. A detailed example is given.
Predicting the Soil Freezing Characteristic From the Particle Size Distribution Based on Micro‐Pore Space Geometry
Authors: Wang Chong , Li Shuangyang , Lai Yuanming , Chen Qian , He Xiaojia , Zhang Hao , Liu Xiaoyu
Published: December 2021

Knowledge of freezing characteristic of a porous media is necessary to investigate heat and water transfers in cold regions. The unfrozen water content of soil‐water system is affected by its complicated internal characteristics and external factors such as temperature and pressure. Although various experimental and analytical methods have been proposed to explore the complex relation between unfrozen water and temperature, most of them are empirical or limited. In this study, a sphere‐cylinder dual structure is proposed according to surface adsorption and double electrical layer effect, and then a theoretical upscaling framework is presented based on particle size distribution and the Clapeyron equation. The proposed model predicts the freezing characteristic in soil‐water systems from a new pore structure considering the micro‐pore space geometry. In order to evaluate the new model, 21 data sets from literature and two data sets from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests in this study are used to compare with predicted results, and excellent match is obtained. The improved method has an advantage in predicting unfrozen water content at lower temperatures. In addition, from the soil freezing characteristic curve, it can be found that the residual unfrozen water contents are positively associated with clay content. Moreover, in low temperature range, T2 cut‐off value decreases with the decrease of temperature. As a fundamental study, the soil freezing characteristic researched in this study is helpful for the research on the hydraulic conductivity of frozen soil, which is significance for the stability analysis in cold region engineering, and the hydro‐ecological process in seasonal frozen soil area.
Impact of molecular tumour board discussion on targeted therapy allocation in advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Slootbeek Peter H. J. , Kloots Iris S. H. , Smits Minke , van Oort Inge M. , Gerritsen Winald R. , Schalken Jack A. , Ligtenberg Marjolijn J. L. , Grünberg Katrien , Kroeze Leonie I. , Bloemendal Haiko J. , Mehra Niven
Published: December 2021

Background

Molecular tumour boards (MTB) optimally match oncological therapies to patients with genetic aberrations. Prostate cancer (PCa) is underrepresented in these MTB discussions. This study describes the impact of routine genetic profiling and MTB referral on the outcome of PCa patients in a tertiary referral centre.

Methods

All PCa patients that received next-generation sequencing results and/or were discussed at an MTB between Jan 1, 2017 and Jan 1, 2020 were included. Genetically matched therapies (GMT) in clinical trials or compassionate use were linked to actionable alterations. Response to these agents was retrospectively evaluated.

Results

Out of the 277 genetically profiled PCa patients, 215 (78%) were discussed in at least one MTB meeting. A GMT was recommended to 102 patients (47%), of which 63 patients (62%) initiated the GMT. The most recommended therapies were PARP inhibitors (n = 74), programmed death-(ligand) 1 inhibitors (n = 21) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (n = 19). Once started, 41.3% had a PFS of ≥6 months, 43.5% a PSA decline ≥50% and 38.5% an objective radiographic response.

Conclusion

Recommendation for a GMT is achieved in almost half of the patients with advanced prostate cancer, with GMT initiation leading to durable responses in over 40% of patients. These data justify routine referral of selected PCa patients to MTB’s.
Temporal and genomic analysis of additive genetic variance in breeding programmes
Authors: Lara Letícia A. de C. , Pocrnic Ivan , Oliveira Thiago de P. , Gaynor R. Chris , Gorjanc Gregor
Published: December 2021

Genetic variance is a central parameter in quantitative genetics and breeding. Assessing changes in genetic variance over time as well as the genome is therefore of high interest. Here, we extend a previously proposed framework for temporal analysis of genetic variance using the pedigree-based model, to a new framework for temporal and genomic analysis of genetic variance using marker-based models. To this end, we describe the theory of partitioning genetic variance into genic variance and within-chromosome and between-chromosome linkage-disequilibrium, and how to estimate these variance components from a marker-based model fitted to observed phenotype and marker data. The new framework involves three steps: (i) fitting a marker-based model to data, (ii) sampling realisations of marker effects from the fitted model and for each sample calculating realisations of genetic values and (iii) calculating the variance of sampled genetic values by time and genome partitions. Analysing time partitions indicates breeding programme sustainability, while analysing genome partitions indicates contributions from chromosomes and chromosome pairs and linkage-disequilibrium. We demonstrate the framework with a simulated breeding programme involving a complex trait. Results show good concordance between simulated and estimated variances, provided that the fitted model is capturing genetic complexity of a trait. We observe a reduction of genetic variance due to selection and drift changing allele frequencies, and due to selection inducing negative linkage-disequilibrium.
TiMEG: an integrative statistical method for partially missing multi-omics data
Authors: Das Sarmistha , Mukhopadhyay Indranil
Published: December 2021

Multi-omics data integration is widely used to understand the genetic architecture of disease. In multi-omics association analysis, data collected on multiple omics for the same set of individuals are immensely important for biomarker identification. But when the sample size of such data is limited, the presence of partially missing individual-level observations poses a major challenge in data integration. More often, genotype data are available for all individuals under study but gene expression and/or methylation information are missing for different subsets of those individuals. Here, we develop a statistical model TiMEG, for the identification of disease-associated biomarkers in a case–control paradigm by integrating the above-mentioned data types, especially, in presence of missing omics data. Based on a likelihood approach, TiMEG exploits the inter-relationship among multiple omics data to capture weaker signals, that remain unidentified in single-omic analysis or common imputation-based methods. Its application on a real tuberous sclerosis dataset identified functionally relevant genes in the disease pathway.
Magnetic structure study of the sawtooth chain antiferromagnet $$\hbox {Fe}_2\hbox {Se}_2\hbox {O}_7$$
Authors: Nawa Kazuhiro , Avdeev Maxim , Berdonosov Peter , Sobolev Alexey , Presniakov Igor , Aslandukova Alena , Kozlyakova Ekaterina , Vasiliev Alexander , Shchetinin Igor , Sato Taku J.
Published: December 2021

A magnetic structure of the sawtooth-chain antiferromagnet $$\hbox {Fe}_2\hbox {Se}_2\hbox {O}_7$$

Fe
2

Se
2

O
7

was investigated by magnetization measurements, single crystalline and powder neutron diffraction experiments, and a further analysis on the Mössbauer spectra. These experiments revealed a nearly collinear antiferromagnetic structure with magnetic moments aligned along the b-axis, indicating dominant antiferromagnetic exchanges between Fe(1)–Fe(2) and Fe(2)–Fe(3) sites. The magnon dispersion relation derived from the linear spin wave approximation suggests the possible flat band nature of magnons.
An adaptive shortest-solution guided decimation approach to sparse high-dimensional linear regression
Authors: Yu Xue , Sun Yifan , Zhou Hai-Jun
Published: December 2021

High-dimensional linear regression model is the most popular statistical model for high-dimensional data, but it is quite a challenging task to achieve a sparse set of regression coefficients. In this paper, we propose a simple heuristic algorithm to construct sparse high-dimensional linear regression models, which is adapted from the shortest-solution guided decimation algorithm and is referred to as ASSD. This algorithm constructs the support of regression coefficients under the guidance of the shortest least-squares solution of the recursively decimated linear models, and it applies an early-stopping criterion and a second-stage thresholding procedure to refine this support. Our extensive numerical results demonstrate that ASSD outperforms LASSO, adaptive LASSO, vector approximate message passing, and two other representative greedy algorithms in solution accuracy and robustness. ASSD is especially suitable for linear regression problems with highly correlated measurement matrices encountered in real-world applications.
Relation of hypertension with episodic primary headaches and chronic primary headaches in population of Rafsanjan cohort study
Authors: Mohammadi Movahedeh , Ayoobi Fatemeh , Khalili Parvin , Soltani Narges , La Vecchia Carlo , Vakilian Alireza
Published: December 2021

Headache has a variety of types, such as episodic primary headaches (EPH) and chronic primary headache (CPH) in its primary form. There is a positive correlation between these two types of headaches and hypertension (HTN), but in some works this correlation has been reported negatively. Therefore, we planned to study HTN-CPH as well as HTN-EPH correlation in our population. A sample of Rafsanjan population (10,000 individuals) entered the cohort study, as one of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN). We compared the frequency of HTN categories in CPH and EPH cases with a normal population. Out of 9933 participants (46.6% males and 53.4% females) about 29% had EPH and 7.5% had CPH. HTN was found in 24.27% of EPH cases and 31.98% of CPH cases. HTN was also found to be associated with EPH and CPH in the crude model. Two Categories of HTN (Long controlled and uncontrolled) were not associated with EPH. On the other hand, CPH showed associations with all of the HTN categories. After included all variables and confounders, EPH and CPH had association with HTN without any considerable changes. There is strong HTN-EPH as well as HTN-CPH correlations in the studied population.
Association between distinct coping styles and heart rate variability changes to an acute psychosocial stress task
Authors: Machado Arthur Viana , Pereira Mirtes Garcia , Souza Gabriela G. L. , Xavier Mariana , Aguiar Carolina , de Oliveira Leticia , Mocaiber Izabela
Published: December 2021

Modern life comprises a myriad of stressful situations, ranging from life-threatening ones to others not so deadly, all of which activate a physiologic stress response. Engaging in healthy ways to cope can prevent us from wearing out our physiological systems. Heart rate variability (HRV) is often used as an index of emotion regulation response. Hence, our goal is to investigate whether the habitual use of coping strategies is related to a distinct pattern of HRV changes when the individual is exposed to a moderate psychosocial stressor. In this study, 60 female participants performed a psychosocial stress task—oral speech preparation—while ECG signals were collected during the whole experimental procedure. Heart rate (HR), HRV parameters (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF) and coping strategies (Brief COPE) were registered. Participants were divided into two groups (low and high groups) as a function of their scores on the maladaptive and adaptive coping strategies of the Brief COPE. As expected, the task alone induced increases in heart rate and reductions in HRV parameters. Additionally, the analyses revealed a different pattern of HRV (SDNN, RMSSD, LF and HF) changes in response to the stressor, with participants using less maladaptive strategies being able to maintain the HRV at baseline levels when confronting the stressor, while those using more maladaptive strategies reducing HRV during the task. These results show a different pattern of HRV changes as a function of the coping style, suggesting a possible autonomic advantage, namely, the maintenance of HRV, in individuals who use maladaptive coping strategies less frequently.
Chemoselectivity-independent Cu-mediated coupling to construct the hydroquinoline skeleton of symbioimine
Authors: Fujita Rie , Hanaya Kengo , Sugai Takeshi , Higashibayashi Shuhei
Published: December 2021

Construction of the hydroquinoline skeleton of symbioimine by Cu-mediated N-alkenylation or O-alkenylation of an allyl aminoalcohol, in which either chemoselectivity could lead to the target compound, was investigated. O-alkenylation followed by Claisen rearrangement was favored with high selectivity under a ligand-free condition. Subsequent intramolecular condensation furnished the hydroquinoline skeleton of symbioimine.
Detection and characterization of small-sized microplastics (≥ 5 µm) in milk products
Authors: Da Costa Filho Paulo A. , Andrey Daniel , Eriksen Bjorn , Peixoto Rafael P. , Carreres Benoit M. , Ambühl Mark E. , Descarrega Josep B. , Dubascoux Stephane , Zbinden Pascal , Panchaud Alexandre , Poitevin Eric
Published: December 2021

Microplastics (MPs) have gained a high degree of public interest since they are associated with the global release of plastics into the environment. Various studies have confirmed the presence of MPs throughout the food chain. However, information on the ingestion of MPs via the consumption of many commonly consumed foods like dairy products are scarce due to the lack of studies investigating the “contamination” of this food group by MPs. This lack of occurrence data is mainly due to the absence of robust analytical methods capable of reliably quantifying MPs with size < 20 µm in foods. In this work, a new methodology was developed to accurately determine and characterize MPs in milk-based products using micro-Raman (μRaman) technology, entailing combined enzymatic and chemical digestion steps. This is the first time that the presence of relatively low amounts of small-sized MP (≥ 5 µm) have been reported in raw milk collected at farm just after the milking machine and in some processed commercial liquid and powdered cow’s milk products.
The illusion of having a large virtual body biases action-specific perception in patients with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Ryu Hokyoung , Seo Kyoungwon
Published: December 2021

The illusion of having a large body makes us perceive objects as smaller than they really are. This action-specific perception effect occurs because we perceive the property of an object (i.e., size) differently according to our unique action capability (i.e., the affordance of body size). Although the body-ownership illusion contributing to this action-specific perception has been studied, its effects remain unclear in neurological patients. We examined the action-specific perception impairments of MCI patients by means of body-ownership illusion in a non-immersive virtual reality environment. Twenty healthy young adults, 21 healthy older adults, and 15 MCI patients were recruited. We assessed their “original-body action-specific perception” and “enlarged-body action-specific perception” using the original and enlarged sizes of their virtual bodies, respectively. The MCI patients’ original-body action-specific perception was no different than that of the healthy controls (p = 0.679). However, the enlarged-body action-specific perception of the MCI patients was significantly biased (p < 0.001). The inclusion of the enlarged-body action-specific perception provides additional discriminative power for early diagnosis of MCI (89.3% accuracy, 75.0% sensitivity, 100.0% specificity, and 87.5% balanced accuracy).
Prediction across healthcare settings: a case study in predicting emergency department disposition
Authors: Barak-Corren Yuval , Chaudhari Pradip , Perniciaro Jessica , Waltzman Mark , Fine Andrew M. , Reis Ben Y.
Published: December 2021

Several approaches exist today for developing predictive models across multiple clinical sites, yet there is a lack of comparative data on their performance, especially within the context of EHR-based prediction models. We set out to provide a framework for prediction across healthcare settings. As a case study, we examined an ED disposition prediction model across three geographically and demographically diverse sites. We conducted a 1-year retrospective study, including all visits in which the outcome was either discharge-to-home or hospitalization. Four modeling approaches were compared: a ready-made model trained at one site and validated at other sites, a centralized uniform model incorporating data from all sites, multiple site-specific models, and a hybrid approach of a ready-made model re-calibrated using site-specific data. Predictions were performed using XGBoost. The study included 288,962 visits with an overall admission rate of 16.8% (7.9–26.9%). Some risk factors for admission were prominent across all sites (e.g., high-acuity triage emergency severity index score, high prior admissions rate), while others were prominent at only some sites (multiple lab tests ordered at the pediatric sites, early use of ECG at the adult site). The XGBoost model achieved its best performance using the uniform and site-specific approaches (AUC = 0.9–0.93), followed by the calibrated-model approach (AUC = 0.87–0.92), and the ready-made approach (AUC = 0.62–0.85). Our results show that site-specific customization is a key driver of predictive model performance.
Antibody Conjugation Technologies
Authors: Hermanson G. T. , van Delft F. L.
Published: December 2021

A key quality attribute of any ADC is the mode of attachment of the linker-drug to the monoclonal antibody. Early generation technologies were based exclusively on one of two approaches, i.e. covalent bond formation with – abundantly available – lysine or cysteine sidechains. However, the need to develop ADCs with increased therapeutic index, and the insight that homogeneity, proper site selection, and stability all play a key role in this matter, has served as an inspiration for the development of a contemporary conjugation toolbox filled with alternative conjugation approaches. This chapter discusses in depth the state of the art in antibody conjugation, providing a comprehensive overview of technologies currently employed in clinical and late-stage preclinical ADC programs. The pros and cons of each technology are also discussed. Besides, a range of promising emerging technologies is highlighted, judged on their potential for application in next-generation ADCs.
Non-cleavable Linkers: Permanently Linked, for Better or for Worse
Authors: Dugal-Tessier Julien , Jain Nareshkumar
Published: December 2021

Often overlooked, non-cleavable linkers are an important tool in antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) discovery. This chapter discusses the use of non-cleavable linkers in the context of ADCs. Non-cleavable linkers have the advantage of being able to modulate the activity of the metabolite through modifications such as changing membrane permeability, potency, or affinity to transporters. Since non-cleavable linkers are a part of the active metabolite, changes in the linker will alter the active metabolite. Non-cleavable linkers do not have membrane permeability, are more stable, and are usually better tolerated in pre-clinical studies than their cleavable counterparts. Many ADCs with non-cleavable linkers have gone into the clinic, but the vast majority has utilized only two constructs (MCC-DM1 and mc-MMAF). Different platform toxicities such as liver toxicity (MCC-DM1) and ocular toxicity (mc-MMAF) have been observed; nonetheless, two ADCs using these non-cleavable linkers have been approved. This area has been relatively unexplored compared to cleavable linkers, and this chapter will discuss how the use of non-cleavable linkers can be an important tool in ADC discovery.
Acid-labile Linkers
Authors: Savoy E. A. , Olatunji F. P. , Yoon H. , Mesbahi N. , Knight J. R. , Berkman C. E.
Published: December 2021

Acid-labile linkers (pH-sensitive linkers) are a class of chemically cleavable linkers that were explored during the early development of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) and are still used widely. In fact, the first ADC approved by the FDA, Mylotarg®, used a hydrazine-based acid-cleavable linker. Despite serum stability issues, acid-labile linkers are frequently employed in ADC applications due to their cleavage propensity within acidic subcellular compartments following the internalization of the ADC-biomarker complex. Indeed, the ideal characteristic of an acid-labile linker is that its linkage to the drug payload remains stable in circulation at physiological pH while effectively releasing the drug in the endosomal/lysosomal environment. This chapter aims to review the field of acid-sensitive cleavable linker technologies relevant to ADCs.
Click-cleavable ADC Linkers
Authors: Rossin R. , Robillard M. S.
Published: December 2021

Linker technologies used in current clinical antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) generally rely on intracellular processes – and therefore require ADC internalization – to liberate the cytotoxic payload. This limits the type of receptors that can be targeted with ADC therapies, especially in solid tumors. The recent emergence of the field of bioorthogonal chemistry has led to the development of several reactions that afford in vivo linker cleavage through reaction with an exogenous molecule, the activator, which is administered separately. This click-cleavable ADC approach allows the targeting of ADCs to noninternalizing targets in the tumor microenvironment, affording a strong bystander effect and greatly expanding the target scope for ADCs. The first and still most commonly applied bioorthogonal cleavage reaction with in vivo potential is pyridazine elimination (also known as click-to-release), which occurs upon the reaction of a trans-cyclooctene (TCO) with a tetrazine, which led to the first click-cleavable ADC technology. In this chapter, we will describe the development of TCO and tetrazine ADC linkers and activators, and we will compare the pyridazine elimination reaction to other bioorthogonal approaches for the triggered release of cytotoxins from ADCs.
Enhancing the Polarity of the Linker-drug in ADCs
Authors: Hoogenboom Jorin , van Berkel Sander S.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the advances made in the field of enhancement of polarity of linker-drugs and the application thereof in the field of ADC research with a particular focus on clinical-stage ADCs. While the topics discussed here include the application of polar payloads, polar linkers, and polar capping, the prime focus of this chapter is on polar linkers that span PEG linkers, peptide-based linkers, saccharide-based linkers, sulfur/phosphorus-based linkers, and amine-based linkers. The use of polar linkers is discussed in conjunction with hydrophobic payloads with the objective to generate ADCs retaining the pharmacokinetic profile of native antibodies, as well as having good efficacy.
Trastuzumab Deruxtecan Targeting HER2-expressing Cancers with a DXd-ADC System Consisting of a Novel Protease-sensitive Linker and DNA Topoisomerase I Inhibitor with a Hydroxyl Group
Authors: Nakada Takashi , Abe Yuki , Agatsuma Toshinori
Published: December 2021

A novel DXd-ADC technology has been discovered with the study of ADC linker technology applied to a potent DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor. A high drug-to-antibody ratio with homogeneous conjugation, has strong potency on heterogeneous tumors by the bystander antitumor effect, and alleviates safety concerns in systemic circulation with its high linker-drug stability. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) could provide valuable therapy with great potential for providing effective treatment for breast cancer and other HER2-expressing cancers in clinical settings. Indeed, T-DXd was recently approved for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive unresectable or recurrent breast cancers in the United States, Japan, and EU and with HER2-positive unresectable or recurrent gastric cancers in the United States and Japan.
Unraveling the interactions of reductants and reaction path over Cu-ZSM-5 for model coal-gas-SCRviaa transient reaction study
Authors: Cheng Jie , Xu Ruinian , Liu Ning , Dai Chengna , Yu Gangqiang , Wang Ning , Chen Biaohua
Published: December 2021

Cu-ZSM-5 was selected as a candidate catalyst to explore the interaction between coal gas components and elucidate the reaction mechanism in the coal-gas-SCR process.
Highly active and stable Co (Co3O4)_Sm2O3nano-crystallites derived from Sm2Co7and SmCo5intermetallic compounds in NH3synthesis and CO2conversion
Authors: Marakatti Vijaykumar S. , Ronda-Lloret Maria , Krajčí Marian , Joseph Boby , Marini Carlo , Delgado Juan Jose , Devred François , Shiju N. Raveendran , Gaigneaux Eric M.
Published: December 2021

Structural and electronic properties of Sm2Co7and SmCo5Intermetallic compound derived catalysts in activation of N2and CO2molecules.
Correction: Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 inhibits choline-induced atherosclerosis through CDCA-FXR-FGF15 axis
Authors: Tang Jinghui , Qin Manman , Tang Le , Shan Dan , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Yifeng , Wei Hua , Qiu Liang , Yu Jun
Published: December 2021

Correction for ‘Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 inhibits choline-induced atherosclerosis through CDCA-FXR-FGF15 axis’ by Jinghui Tang et al., Food Funct., 2021, 12, 9932–9946, DOI: 10.1039/D1FO02021H.
Palladium(ii) complexes of 2,2′-tellurobis(N,N-diphenyl acetamide): efficient catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling at room temperature under air
Authors: Singh Poornima , Singh Ajai K.
Published: December 2021

Three complexes, [Pd(L2)2Br2](C1), [(L2)PdCl(μ-Cl)2PdCl(L2)](C2), and [Pd(L2)PPh3Cl2](C3), where L2 = 2,2′-tellurobis(N,N-diphenylacetamide), catalyze Suzuki–Miyaura coupling (loading: 0.001 mol % of Pd) of eleven ArX at room temperature under air.
Hollow microspherical Bi2MoO6/Zn–Ti layered double hydroxide heterojunction for efficient visible-light photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants
Authors: Yang Xiu-Jie , Wu Lunan , Hu Ruona , Xing Junqi , Zhou Guohao , Lu Shufen , Wu Jun , Li Peng , Liu Dong
Published: December 2021

The construction of a Bi2MoO6/Zn–Ti layered double hydroxide heterojunction can effectively enhance the photocatalytic activity owing to efficient charge separation.
Enhanced phosphate removal by zero valent iron activated through oxidants from water: batch and breakthrough experiments
Authors: Zeng Weilong , Li Bing , Lin Xueying , Lv Sihao , Yin Weizhao , Li Ping , Zheng Xiangyu , Wu Jinhua
Published: December 2021

This model is used to illustrate the enhanced P removal by oxidant stimulated ZVI.
CCNB2 is a novel prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target in low-grade glioma
Authors: Wang Dengfeng , Sun Hongjiao , Li Xiaohui , Wang Gang , Yan Guizhong , Ren Haijun , Hou Boru
Published: December 2021

Background: Cyclin B2 (CCNB2) is an important component of the cyclin pathway and plays a key role in the occurrence and development of cancer. However, the correlation between prognosis of low-grade glioma (LGG), CCNB2, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is not clear. Methods: The expression of CCNB2 in LGG was queried in Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) and TIMER databases. The relationships between CCNB2 and the clinicopathological features of LGG were analyzed using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database. The relationship between CCNB2 expression and overall survival (OS) was evaluated by GEPIA2. The correlation between CCNB2 and LGG immune infiltration was analyzed by the TIMER database. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect CCNB2 expression. Results: The expression of CCNB2 differed across different tumor tissues, but was higher in LGG than in normal tissues. LGG patients with high expression of CCNB2 have poorer prognosis. The expression of CCNB2 was correlated with age, WHO grade, IDH mutational status, 1p/19q codeletion status, and other clinicopathological features. The expression of CCNB2 in LGG was positively correlated with the infiltration level of B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. qRT-PCR results revealed that the expression of CCNB2 in LGG tissues was higher than normal tissues and higher expression of CCNB2 was associated with worse prognosis. Conclusion: CCNB2 may be used as a potential biomarker to determine the prognosis of LGG and is also related to immune infiltration.
Spectrum and energy efficient kalman‐based hybrid combiner for mmWave massive MIMO systems
Authors: Abid Wafa , Hajjaj Moufida , Bouallegue Ridha
Published: December 2021

The hybrid beamforming can significantly improve the spectral and energy efficiencies of the millimeter‐wave (mmWave) massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems without obvious performance loss. However, the fundamental limitation of existing hybrid beamforming is that they include high‐resolution analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) which consume high power. To overcome this fundamental limitation, in this paper, spectrum and energy efficient mmWave massive MIMO transmission scheme is proposed that jointly optimizes the hybrid combiner and the number of ADC bits. Particularly, the hybrid combiner is presented as a combination of three parts: the analog combiner matrix, the quantization matrix, and the digital baseband matrix which is based on the Kalman filter. Unlike most existing works that rely on sumrate optimization to design the hybrid combiner, in this work, the mean square error (MSE) is chosen as the main performance metric to describe the reliability of the system. Simulations results confirm that the proposed Kalman based hybrid combiner exhibits the best performance in terms of spectral and energy efficiencies compared to minimum mean square error (MMSE) and zero forcing (ZF) receivers.
Design and analysis of hardware Trojans in approximate circuits
Authors: Dou Yuqin , Wang Chenghua , Gu Chongyan , O'Neill Máire , Liu Weiqiang
Published: December 2021

Approximate computing can accept errors in computation systems to achieve better utilisation of hardware resources. Approximate computing has been successfully developed in integrated circuits, such as approximate arithemtic circuits and approximate accelerators. Unfortunately, recent works show that approximate circuits also have security vulnerabilities. Hardware Trojan is one of the biggest threats to hardware security. However, very limited research has been conducted on hardware Trojans in approximate circuits. In this letter, two types of hardware Trojans, namely Function‐destructive Trojans and Information‐leaking Trojans, are presented. The Trojans are designed based on the characteristics of approximate circuits. The effectiveness of the hardware Trojans are analysed using the evaluation metrics for approximate circuits.
Fast multi‐physics simulation approach in underwater exploration via deep learning technique
Authors: Zhu Yue , Zhou Yuanguo , Javaid Fawad , Ren Qiang , Liu Wenyuan
Published: December 2021

When underwater pressure wave is generated, moving water particles cut off the geomagnetic field and produce induced currents, which will simultaneously induce electromagnetic field in the whole space. Due to the large distribution range and slow attenuation of this pseudo‐radiation, it is possible to observe above the sea surface. In this work, we introduce a novel long‐ and short‐term memory neural network and the corresponding training algorithm, to model the multi‐physics process instead of solving magneto‐hydrodynamics equations via numerical methods. Compared with commercial software, the proposed approach is much faster and easier to apply, which puts forward a feasible alternative for predicting the electromagnetic field distribution excited by underwater pressure wave.