bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping interactions of gastric inhibitory polypeptide with GIPR N‐terminus using NMR and molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Tikhele Sonali H. , Pissurlenkar Raghuvir R. S. , Srivastava Sudha , Saran Anil , Coutinho Evans C.
Published: July 2010

Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or GIP), a 42‐amino acid incretin hormone, modulates insulin secretion in a glucose‐concentration‐dependent manner. Its insulinotropic action is highly dependent on glucose concentration that surmounts the hypoglycemia side effects associated with current therapy. In order to develop a GIP‐based anti‐diabetic therapy, it is essential to establish the 3D structure of the peptide and study its interaction with the GIP receptor (GIPR) in detail. This will give an insight into the GIP‐mediated insulin release process. In this article, we report the solution structure of GIP(1–42, human)NH2 deduced by NMR and the interaction of the peptide with the N‐terminus of GIPR using molecular modelling methods. The structure of GIP(1–42, human)NH2 in H2O has been investigated using 2D‐NMR (DQF‐COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, 1H‐13C HSQC) experiments, and its conformation was built by constrained MD simulations with the NMR data as constraints. The peptide in H2O exhibits an α‐helical structure between residues Ser8 and Asn39 with some discontinuity at residues Gln29 to Asp35; the helix is bent at Gln29. This bent gives the peptide an ‘L’ shape that becomes more pronounced upon binding to the receptor. The interaction of GIP with the N‐terminus of GIPR was modelled by allowing GIP to interact with the N‐terminus of GIPR under a series of decreasing constraints in a molecular dynamics simulation, culminating with energy minimization without application of any constraints on the system. The canonical ensemble obtained from the simulation was subjected to a detailed energy analysis to identify the peptide–protein interaction patterns at the individual residue level. These interaction energies shed some light on the binding of GIP with the GIPR N‐terminus in a quantitative manner. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface exciton in thiophene oligomer single crystals
Authors: Shibukawa Kenta , Katano Yoshitaka , Kimura Yuki , Yoshinari Takehisa , Nagasaka Shin‐ichiro , Itoh Hiroki , Kuriyama Yasunao
Published: July 2010

A new type of surface exciton has been observed on large grown single‐crystal surfaces of the bc plane in bithiophene, quarterthiophene, and quinquethiophene and of the ab plane in terthiophene, by reflection measurements. These surfaces are well‐grown flat surfaces. The surface exciton absorption intensities decrease with time and are faster in the order of bithiophene, terthiophene, quarterthiophene, and quinquethiophene. This is the same order as their sublimation rates. The present new type of surface exciton is not confined in a surface layer potential like other ones reported before. The energy is lowered by twisting the molecular form between cis and trans forms. The surface exciton absorption band was not observed on the other side walls of the thick crystals, which are the ab and the ac planes in bithiophene, quarterthiophene, and quinquethiophene single crystals (SCs) and the bc and ac planes in a terthiophene SC. Vibronic exciton absorption bands were observed directly by the reflection measurements on these side walls.
Estimation and filtering of physiological tremor for real‐time compensation in surgical robotics applications
Authors: Veluvolu K. C. , Ang W. T.
Published: July 2010

Background

Physiological tremor is the main cause of imprecision in microsurgical procedures/robotics applications. Existing methods, such as weighted‐frequency Fourier linear combiner (WFLC), rely on estimating the tremor under the assumption that it has a single dominant frequency. This paper focuses on developing a new algorithm for accurate tremor filtering in real time.

Methods

A study conducted on several novice subjects and microsurgeons showed the tremor to contain several dominant frequencies in a band, rather than a single dominant frequency. Based on the tremor characteristics, a new algorithm band‐limited multiple Fourier linear combiner (BMFLC) has been developed to estimate a band of signals with multiple dominant frequencies. A separation procedure to separate the intended motion/drift from the tremor portion is also discussed.

Results

A simulation study was first conducted to validate the theoretical development on recorded tremor data. The experimental set‐up was designed to study the real‐time performance of the proposed algorithm. Tremor sensing using accelerometers is also discussed, with the proposed algorithm. Our experiments showed that the developed BMFLC algorithm had an average tremor compensation of 64% compared to 43% for the WFLC algorithm in real‐time for one degree of freedom (1‐DOF) cancellation of tremor.

Conclusions

The BMFLC algorithm can be applied for the three axes separately and 3‐DOF cancellation of tremor can be achieved. Further research is required to deal with complex gestures involved during microsurgery. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic kronecker graphs
Authors: Mahdian Mohammad , Xu Ying
Published: July 2010

A random graph model based on Kronecker products of probability matrices has been recently proposed as a generative model for large‐scale real‐world networks such as the web. This model simultaneously captures several well‐known properties of real‐world networks; in particular, it gives rise to a heavy‐tailed degree distribution, has a low diameter, and obeys the densification power law. Most properties of Kronecker products of graphs (such as connectivity and diameter) are only rigorously analyzed in the deterministic case. In this article, we study the basic properties of stochastic Kronecker products based on an initiator matrix of size two (which is the case that is shown to provide the best fit to many real‐world networks). We will show a phase transition for the emergence of the giant component and another phase transition for connectivity, and prove that such graphs have constant diameters beyond the connectivity threshold, but are not searchable using a decentralized algorithm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 38, 453–466, 2011
Exploring relationships between universal design and social sustainable development: some methodological aspects to the debate on the sciences of sustainability
Authors: Vavik Tom , Keitsch Martina Maria
Published: July 2010

Universal design (UD) is a rising global trend and can be related to social sustainable development (SSD), which has gained increasing recognition in the political arena and in the corporate world. UD targets needs, social participation and access to goods and services by the widest possible range of users. For this reason, it is vital to consider the inclusion and advancement of persons who have been excluded from interacting in society for different reasons. Design is often associated with making good looking, expensive products. However, as the Rio Declaration stated in 2005, designers can also contribute to better life‐quality in society and UD can work as a catalyst for this advancement. The goal of this paper is to show how UD can be related to SSD and discuss how far it presents a fruitful methodological approach for SSD. Knowledge generation in these areas means here not analyzing new approaches in one of the fields but exploring the so far uncharted cooperation possibilities of both. For that reason, the paper discusses common goals of UD and SSD by considering relevant theories in both fields. Further, methods in the UD process are examined directed at these goals. Finally, some examples and conclusions are presented as to how designers contribute with inclusive and socially sustainable solutions and how insights from UD can be used for interplay with SSD in research and practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Borderline traits and symptoms of post‐traumatic stress in a sample of female victims of intimate partner violence
Authors: Kuijpers Karlijn F. , van der Knaap Leontien M. , Winkel Frans Willem , Pemberton Antony , Baldry Anna C.
Published: July 2010

Research has shown that symptoms of a post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are prevalent among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). Furthermore, positive correlations have been reported between IPV victimization and borderline traits, and borderline traits and PTSD symptomatology. Although there is some evidence that individuals with a borderline disorder are vulnerable to developing PTSD after experiencing trauma, to our knowledge, this has never been studied empirically among a sample of victims of IPV in specific. However, the presence of borderline traits might place these victims at higher risk for developing PTSD symptoms as well. In the current study, associations between PTSD symptoms and borderline traits were examined in a Dutch sample of female help‐seeking victims of IPV (n = 120). As hypothesized, it was found that borderline traits significantly add to the vulnerability for development of PTSD in IPV victims, above and beyond the severity of IPV. Results are discussed in the light of practical implications like an early screening for borderline traits in treatment of victims of IPV. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic gelators: oligomeric and polymeric electrolytes as novel gel forming materials
Authors: Yoshida Masaru
Published: July 2010

In this article, novel gel‐forming materials based on oligomeric and polymeric electrolytes for not only water but also organic solvents, including ionic liquids, are highlighted especially the synthesis, derivatization, and physical property. The oligoelectrolytes with cationic pyridinium backbone can be very easily prepared by the intermolecular quaternization of the ampholytic monomer. The ionene polymers with N,N′‐(p‐phenylene)dibenzamide linkages as polyelectrolyte were also straightforwardly synthesized in high yields by the copolymerization of 1,4‐bis[4‐(chloromethyl)benzamide]benzene and commercially available α,ω‐ditertiary amines. The oligo‐ and polyelectrolytes provided physical hydrogels under ca. 1–5 wt% of the concentrations after heating and cooling at room temperature without any other additives. These cationic gelators have characteristic properties, such as acid resistance, a self‐healing nature after mechanical collapse, and a dispersant ability for single‐walled carbon nanotubes, which have been rarely attainable for conventional physical gelators. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 10: 230–242; 2010: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.201000007
In vivoeffects of zearalenone on the expression of proteins involved in the detoxification of rat xenobiotics
Authors: Duca Radu‐Corneliu , Mabondzo Aloise , Bravin Frédérique , Delaforge Marcel
Published: July 2010

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a lactone derivative of the resorcylic acid produced by variousFusariumspecies that are widely found in foods and animal feeds. ZEN exerts species‐specific estrogenic effects, possibly because of the metabolism differences arising from reduction, hydroxylation, or glucuro‐conjugation. The main objective of this study was to determine the levels of expression of rat proteins that are involved in the ZEN detoxification pathway upon acute ZEN treatment. This was achieved by monitoring the mRNA associated with 25 genes using RT‐PCR upon ZEN uptake. These genes code for a variety of proteins that are involved in cellular detoxifying pathways, transporters, cytochromes P450 (CYPs), hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, and transferases, and receptors that are involved in CYP expression or steroid metabolism. Liver samples from rats treated with ZEN were compared to untreated rats or animals treated with classical CYP inducers (phenobarbital, dexamethasone, β‐naphtoflavone, and clofibrate). Significant changes of mRNA expression were observed for the efflux transporter, P‐glycoprotein, monooxygenases (CYP2C7, CYP2E1, CYP3A1, CYP3A2, and aromatase), steroid dehydrogenases, and Uridine diphospho–glucuronyl transferases (UGTs). Following a single ZEN treatment, the initial modifications in mRNA levels indicate a close association with microsomal enzyme activity of the CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A protein families. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Proportional bandwidth adjustment using BER ratios, in a two‐tier hierarchical NEMO system
Authors: Sheu Tsang‐Ling , Kuo Bing‐Chi
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we present a proportional bandwidth adjustment (PBA) scheme using bit‐error‐rate (BER) ratios in a two‐tier hierarchical NEMO system, composed of an access router (AR), mobile routers (MRs), and visiting mobile nodes (MNs). Depending on the location, an MN may use direct link to AR (Tier‐0) or indirect link to AR via MR (Tier‐1). To increase system utilization, sessions generated by high‐speed MNs in one tier are allowed to use a certain amount of free bandwidth in another tier. Since Tier‐1 traffic can be temporarily buffered at MR, to reduce the blocking probability of Tier‐0, the bandwidth between Tier‐0 and Tier‐1 can be proportionally adjusted based on BER. In other words, more bandwidth is allocated to the tier with smaller BER. For the purpose of performance evaluation, we build a mathematical model with 6D Markov chains to analyze session blocking probabilities, system utilization, and normalized goodput. Analytical results are validated through a simulation. Both results demonstrate that the proposed PBA can significantly reduce the session blocking probabilities and increase the overall normalized goodput when BER ratio between Tier‐0 and Tier‐1 is very different. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MeshMon: a multi‐tiered framework for wireless mesh network monitoring
Authors: Raghavendra Ramya , Acharya Prashanth , Belding Elizabeth M. , Almeroth Kevin C.
Published: July 2010

Monitoring and troubleshooting a large wireless mesh network (WMN) presents several challenges. Diagnosis of problems related to wireless access in these networks requires a comprehensive set of metrics and network monitoring data. Collection and offloading of a large amount of data are infeasible in a bandwidth constrained mesh network. Additionally, the processing required to analyze data from the entire network restricts the scalability of the system and impacts the ability to perform real‐time fault diagnosis. To this end, we propose MeshMon, a network monitoring framework that includes a multi‐tiered method of data collection. MeshMon, dynamically controls the granularity of data collection based on observed events in the network, thereby achieving significant bandwidth savings and enabling real‐time automated management. Our evaluation of MeshMon on a real testbed shows that we can diagnose a majority (87%) of network faults with a 66% savings in bandwidth required for network monitoring. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Link optimization for energy‐constrained wireless networks with packet retransmissions
Authors: Cheng Hongbing , Yao Yu‐Dong
Published: July 2010

With the objective to minimize the energy consumption for packet based communications in energy‐constrained wireless networks, this paper establishes a theoretical model for the joint optimization of the parameters at the physical layer and data link layer. Multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) and automatic repeat request (ARQ) techniques are considered in the system model. The optimization problem is formulated into a three dimensional nonlinear integer programming (NIP) problem with the modulation order, packet size, and retransmission limit as variables. For the retransmission limit, a simple search method is applied to degenerate the three dimensional problem into a two dimensional NIP problem, for which two optimization algorithms are proposed. One is the successive quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm, combining with the continuous relaxation based branch‐and‐bound method, which can obtain the global optimal solution since the continuous relaxation problem is proved to be hidden convex. The other is a low‐complexity sub‐optimal iterative algorithm, combining with the nearest‐neighboring method, which can be implemented with a polynomial complexity. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the optimization solution, which suggests that the joint optimization of the physical/data link layer parameters contributes noticeably to the energy saving in energy‐constrained wireless networks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplicial Methods for the Solution of Systems of Nonlinear Equations
Authors: Bittner Leonhard
Published: July 2010

The paper establishes an iteration process, which has been stimulated by H. Heinrich and is of particular interest, since it constitutes the precise generalization of the special secant method. Besides investigating convergence a.s.o. the paper answers the question important also for other fields of research, whether a kind of intermediate value property holds for multidimensional functions and simplexes.
Čaplygin's Theorem of the Reducing Multiplier in Poincaré‐Četaev Variables
Authors: Ghori Q. K.
Published: July 2010

The well‐known theorem of the reducing multiplier is extended to nonholonomic dynamical systems the equations of motion of which are expressed in Poincaré‐Četaev variables. The procedure provided by the theorem is illustrated by an example.
Zur Lösung des linksseitigen Anfangswertproblems bei Systemen gewöhnlicher linearer Differentialgleichungen mit konstanten Koeffizienten (Existenz und Eindeutigkeit, Approximation durch Lösungen singulär gestörter Systeme)
Authors: Jentsch L.
Published: July 2010

Es wird eine mathematisch exakte Formulierung des linksseitigen Anfangswertproblems in einer Klasse von Distributionen gegeben, die von regulären Distributionen mit positivem Träger und der δ‐Distribution und ihren Ableitungen erzeugt wird. Zur Ermittlung von Lösungen ist die Methode der Laplace‐Transformation geeignet. Die wesentliche Voraussetzung Für die Existenz und die einzige Voraussetzung Für die Eindeutigkeit der Lösung ist, daß das charakteristische Polynom nicht identisch Null ist. Danach werden Sätze über die Approximation der distributionentheoretischen Lösung des linksseitigen Anfangswertproblems, die Für t > 0 als gewöhnliche Funktion interpretiert werden kann, durch Lösungen klassischer Anfangswertprobleme bewiesen. Dabei werden δ‐Distributionen durch reguläre Distributionen und anormale Systeme durch singulär gestörte normale Systeme approximiert. Für die Konvergenz der Lösungen der singulär gestörten Probleme gegen die distributionentheoretischen Lösung Für t > 0 sind gewisse Stabilitätskriterien hinreichend.
Rational Interpolation Using Incomplete Barycentric Forms
Authors: Salzer H. E.
Published: July 2010

In rational interpolation of ƒ(x) by (a0 + a1x + … + anxn)/(1 + b1x + … + bmxm) at xi, i = 1(1)n + m + 1, instead of solving an (n + m + 1)‐th order linear system for ai and bi, we solve only an m‐th order linear system to obtain all n + m + 1 coefficients of 1/(x ‐ xi) in the “incomplete barycentric form” of the numerator and denominator. The extension to r‐th order osculatory interpolation by (a0 + a1x + … + anr ‐ 1xnr ‐ 1)/(1 + b1x + … + bmrxmr) requires the solution of an rm‐th, instead of the usual (rm + rn)‐th order linear system. In similar treatment of non‐osculatory odd‐point rational trigonometric interpolation by a quotient of trigonometric sums, we solve a 2m‐th, instead of (2n + 2m + 1)‐th order linear system for the coefficients of 1/sin 1/2 (x ‐ xi).
On Stokes Flows in Channels and Pipes with Parallel Stationary Random Surface Roughness
Authors: Phan‐Thien N.
Published: July 2010

The Stokes flow problems of an incompressible viscous fluid in corrugated channels and pipes are considered. The flow is parallel to the corrugations which are of small amplitude ϵ and are represented by stationary random functions. A pertubation solution is developed leading to an expression for the flow rate enhancement as a function of the statistics of the corrugations. Simplification of this expression are discussed.
On the Approximation of Random Processes by Convolution Processes
Authors: Splettstösser W.
Published: July 2010

The smoothness in the mean of a weak sense stationary process is closely connected with that of its autocorrelation function. This enables one to prove results on the order of convergence of certain convolution processes to the given random process. On the other hand, it is possible to conclude smoothness properties, in case the order is known.
Time‐dependent Cauchy‐Navier splines and their application to seismic wave front propagation
Authors: Kammann P. , Michel V.
Published: July 2010

In this paper a known orthonormal system of time‐ and space‐dependent functions, that were derived out of the Cauchy‐Navier equation for elastodynamic phenomena, is used to construct reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. After choosing one of the spaces the corresponding kernel is used to define a function system that serves as a basis for a spline space. We show that under certain conditions there exists a unique interpolating or approximating, respectively, spline in this space with respect to given samples of an unknown function. The name “spline” here refers to its property of minimising a norm among all interpolating functions. Moreover, a convergence theorem and an error estimate relative to the point grid density are derived. As numerical example we investigate the propagation of seismic waves.
Functional brain imaging of trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Moissetl Xavier , Villainl Nicolas , Ducreuxl Denis , Serriel Alain , Cuninl Gérard , Valadel Dominique , Calvinol Bernard , Bouhassiral Didier
Published: July 2010

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to analyze changes in brain activity associated with stimulation of the cutaneous trigger zone in patients with classic trigeminal neuralgia (CTN).

Fifteen consecutive patients with CTN in the second or third division of the nerve, were included in this study. The fMRI paradigm consisted of light tactile stimuli of the trigger zone and the homologous contralateral area.

Stimulation of the affected side induced pain in seven patients, but was not painful in eight patients on the day of the experiment. Painful stimuli were associated with significantly increased activity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (SpV), thalamus, primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (S1, S2), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula, premotor/motor cortex, prefrontal areas, putamen, hippocampus and brainstem. Nonpainful stimulation of the trigger zone activated all but three of these structures (SpV, brainstem and ACC). After a successful surgical treatment, activation induced by stimulation of the operated side was confined to S1 and S2.

Our data demonstrate the pathological hyperexcitability of the trigeminal nociceptive system, including the second order trigeminal sensory neurons during evoked attacks of CTN. Such sensitization may depend on pain modulatory systems involving both the brainstem (i.e. periaqueductal gray and adjacent structures) and interconnected cortical structures (i.e. ACC). The fact that large portions of the classical ‘pain neuromatrix’ were also activated during nonpainful stimulation of the trigger zone, could reflect a state of maintained sensitization of the trigeminal nociceptive systems in CTN.
Dumm und krank oder schlau und gesund durch die Flimmerkiste?
Authors: Fromm Bettina , Baumann Eva
Published: July 2010

Einleitung

Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Medien ist eng verknüpft mit der Thematisierung gesundheitlicher Beeinträchtigungen bei den Rezipienten. Jenseits pauschaler Urteile erfordert die Analyse der Gesundheitsrelevanz des Fernsehens eine differenzierte Betrachtung der medienseitigen Faktoren und der verschiedenen Zuschauergruppen. Angesichts der zunehmenden Bedeutung von Medien in der Gesundheitskommunikation sollten theoretische Ansätze zur Individual- und Medienkommunikation stärker integriert werden.
Ohne Licht kein Schatten – Fehlerkommunikation in den Medien aus ärztlicher Sicht
Authors: Barth Sonja , Jonitz Günther
Published: July 2010

Einleitung

Die in der Medizin zu Recht geforderte bessere Sicherheitskultur ist in gleichem Maße für die Medien zu fordern. Prävention statt Schuldzuweisung lautet der zentrale Auftrag aller Aktivitäten zur Steigerung der „Patientensicherheit“. Verfolgt wird ein Systemansatz, der sich mit der Gesamtheit an individuellen und organisationsbezogenen Ursachen für Fehler in der Medizin befasst. Eine in diesem Sinne informierte Medienberichterstattung leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Sicherheitskultur.
New Year'S Eve Consumption Plans: Consumers’ Consumption Priorities on the Eve of 2000
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Ryan Maria M. , Ogilvie Madeleine
Published: July 2010

The celebrations that occurred on New Year's Eve 1999 provided an opportunity to collect data to generate insight into the ways in which consumers behave during symbolic occasions, particularly in relation to the consumption rituals that are planned and enacted. The sample for this study comprised 126 consumers, most of whom were Australian. Respondents provided accounts of their plans for New Year's Eve, including their thoughts and feelings relating to these plans. The processes of inclusion and exclusion were found to take on heightened importance for the occasion, manifesting in the greater physical demarcation experienced between in-groups and out-groups. This trend, however, was counteracted by the lowering of cognitive boundaries between groups as evidenced by the tendency for many respondents to cast their thoughts to the under-privileged. The findings have implications for the ways in which marketers promote their products at special times, and provide insights relevant to not-for-profit organisations.
Purchase Loyalty is Polarised into Either Repertoire or Subscription Patterns
Authors: Sharp Byron , Wright Malcolm , Goodhardt Gerald
Published: July 2010

We have observed that competitive repeat purchase markets are polarised into two radically different structures. The first and best known we call repertoire markets; these have few solely loyal buyers as most buyers allocate their category requirements across several brands in a steady fashion. The other we call subscription markets; these have many solely loyal buyers as most buyers allocate category requirements entirely to one brand. This is an empirical difference rather than a theoretical distinction, and surprisingly there appear to be no markets which occupy the middle ground between these two extremes. The repertoire-subscription distinction turns out to be an important boundary condition for some well-established generalisations about repeat purchase behavior. Despite this, the NBD-Dirichlet model of purchase incidence and brand choice fits both types of markets, and the differences in loyalty are adequately captured by the Dirichlet's switching parameter, S. This represents an important extension of the generalisability of the Dirichlet, allowing the insights gained from repertoire market analysis to be applied to customer churn analysis in subscription markets.
The Effect of Organisational Culture on Business-To-Business Relationship Management Practice and Performance
Authors: Jarratt Denise , O'Neill Grant
Published: July 2010

While an individual at an organisational interface can display effective supportive, normative relationship behaviour, it is the shared presence of this normative behaviour within organisations that will support effective relationship management practice and performance outcomes. Organisational culture, and its underpinning values, influences behaviour and expectations of individual managers within a business. Further, it shapes the employees’ shared perceptions of how other organisations should be treated, correct modes of behaviour and basic attitudes towards activities of the business.

This research identifies organisational cultural dimensions that underpin successful relationship management practice, and that lead to relationship outcomes of equality, satisfaction and performance. The importance of organisations looking inwards and evaluating their own culture as a critical starting point for relationship development is highlighted.
Increasing Fundraising Efficiency by Segmenting Donors
Authors: Srnka Katharina J. , Grohs Reinhard , Eckler Ingeborg
Published: July 2010

In recent years, private individual giving has gained much importance as a source of support for non-profit organisations (NPOs). Most academics consider psychographic criteria as the basis for segmenting and targeting donors. In marketing practice, however, fundraisers are often confined to socio-demographic data on their target groups. This article suggests certain socio-demographic characteristics, when combined with behavioural aspects, can be traced back to fundamental dimensions that represent efficient criteria for potential donor segmentation. The authors conducted an investigation in Austria to find which individuals (as defined by age, gender and social class) donate what amounts, how frequently, to which organisations, and in which forms. Reviewing the data and their statistical results in a succeeding interpretative process, they were able to deduce three basic conditions under which individuals are particularly prone to donate: (1) when the purpose of the NPO pertains to the individual's sphere; (2) when the individual might benefit from the services of an organisation; (3) when the donation does not represent overmuch expense and/or effort. These conditions are proposed as dimensions for selecting and targeting specific donor-segments, allowing NPOs to increase their fundraising efficiency through easy-to-get socio-demographic data.
‘Introducing Mr. Kau Kau’: Using ‘Prepared Role’ to Facilitate Student Learning in International Marketing
Authors: Pearce Glenn
Published: July 2010

Prepared Role is a form of dramatic convention whereby another lecturer, student or guest, is introduced into classroom drama to play an accurate and authentic role (Neelands, 1998). This paper documents the case of a PhD student performing in the Prepared Role as a visiting overseas official, addressing and interacting with university marketing students in their role as Australian marketing executives interested in exporting products and services to Papua New Guinea. Interpretive research, in the form of an open-ended response examined the contribution of Prepared Role in terms of student perceptions of learning within a drama-based marketing unit at an Australian University. Findings indicate that Prepared Role was beneficial to student learning in the context of international marketing.
Consumer Loyalty: Singular, Additive or Interactive?
Authors: East Robert , Gendall Philip , Hammond Kathy , Lomax Wendy
Published: July 2010

Consumer loyalty may be defined as a singular concept, usually as an attitude toward the loyalty object or as repeatpatronage behaviour; alternatively, the definition may combine attitude and behaviour in either an additive or an interactive expression.

We argue that definitions of loyalty are useful if they predict phenomena such as recommendation, search and retention (loyalty outcomes). In three consumer fields, we find that combination measures of customer loyalty often perform poorly as predictors of loyalty outcomes compared with singular measures since recommendation is predicted by attitude but not by repeat patronage, whereas retention and search behaviour are predicted better by repeat patronage than by attitude. We also find that the prediction of loyalty outcomes is not improved by the inclusion of an interaction term in the model.

On this evidence, we argue that combination concepts of loyalty are of limited value. Further, we find that there is no form of loyalty that consistently predicts all the different loyalty outcomes and, therefore, we should abandon the idea of a general concept of loyalty.
Evaluating a Model of Industrial Relationship Performance: A Comparison of European and Chinese Results Using the IMP Data Base
Authors: Wiley James , Wilkinson Ian , Young Louise
Published: July 2010

Firms are not isolated economic actors. Their performance depends on more than their own efforts, capabilities and resources. It is also a function of the efforts and resources of others and on the relations a firm has both directly and indirectly with these counterparts. Based on these premises, we examine whether a model of international business relationship performance developed in a Western business context generalises to a Chinese context. Contrary to expectations, given the differences in business cultures, our results suggest that the same model applies in Swedish and Chinese samples of international supplier-customer relations. The exception is that connected business relations have a significant indirect effect on performance in the Chinese but not the Swedish sample. Differences also exist in the way some items used to measure two relationship dimensions operate in the two contexts. Management implications of our results and future research directions are discussed.
Theory and Measurement of Type 1 and Type 2 Emotions
Authors: Bellman Steven
Published: July 2010

Rossiter and Bellman (2005) define two types of emotions, and this article describes how they should be measured. Type 1 emotions (e1) are automatically elicited “basal” emotions that do not require cognitive appraisal—pleasure, arousal, and possibly dominance—which should be measured on a continuous scale. Self-reports are valid although arousal is more reliably measured by skin conductance (GSR). Type 2 emotions (e2) consist of complex, differentiated emotions that do require cognitive appraisal (e.g. love, anger, contempt, empathy, nostalgia, and desire). Since cognitive labelling can show considerable variation, cross-culturally, and individually, type 2 emotions should be measured as binary (present: yes, no), using self-report ratings. A new study by Rossiter and Bellman (2007) demonstrates that binary type 2 emotions reflecting steps of attachment to the brand are important predictors of brand buying and brand loyalty.
Consumers and Corporate Social Responsibility: Matching the Unmatchable?
Authors: Beckmann Suzanne C.
Published: July 2010

Research addressing the relationships between corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and consumers-asstakeholders’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviours is dispersed over a range of topics, subsumed under different marketing concepts, and in general surprisingly under-researched given the centrality of CSR in both the normative management literature and public discourse. This paper gives an overview of the past two decades of research on consumers, marketing and CSR, taking the classical consumer decision-making model as frame of classification. The analysis reveals a significant methodology factor and a serious lack of knowledge concerning the consequences of strategic CSR activities.
The Service Dominant Logic: An MC21 Project View
Authors: Theoharakis Vasilis , Sajtos Laszlo
Published: July 2010

Vargo and Lusch (2004) propose a framework that aims to expand the boundaries of the marketing discipline by moving away from the existing exchange paradigm and creating a new one. The S-D logic has the potential to strengthen the theoretical grounds of marketing by establishing links to other disciplines. This commentary attempts to discuss some aspects of the foundational premises of the S-D logic from the perspective of the MC21 group with special emphases on innovation, value creation and resource allocation.
The Service-Dominant Logic of Marketing: A Logical and Evidential Case for Multiple Logics?
Authors: Brookes Richard W.
Published: July 2010

We examine the Vargo and Lusch (2004, p. 1) argument for a “new dominant logic for marketing, one in which services provision rather than goods is fundamental to economic exchange”. In our Contemporary Marketing Practices work we find that in the consumer products industry, especially, the traditional differentiation between what used to be a product and what used to be a service is becoming less relevant. However, our main argument is that since contemporary marketing practices are characterised by a pluralism of approaches, the Service Dominant (S-D) logic can be strengthened by recognising that firms need both to serve and create customers. In other words, given the exigencies that drive organisations to innovate, an additional foundational premise (FP) to the S-D logic is required to recognise the theoretical and practical differences between market-driven and market-driving approaches to innovation.
Paradigms, Pluralisms, and Peripheries: On the Assessment of the S-D Logic
Authors: Vargo Stephen L.
Published: July 2010

This commentary addresses some common themes of the papers from the 3rd EMAC/ANZMAC Research Symposium track on service-dominant (S-D) logic: (1) issues and approaches to measurement, (2) the need for plural versus singular paradigms, and (3) questions concerning the boundary conditions of S-D logic. It suggests that since S-D logic is not a normative theory and is an alternative to the current (goods-) dominant logic, caution must be exercised in designing empirical tests. It also suggests that since S-D logic transcends the goods vs. services logics, it obviates the need for pluralism and is capable of spanning boundaries created by goods-dominant-logic…possible path for its development.
Exploring Market Orientation and Satisfaction of Partners in the Sponsorship Relationship
Authors: Farrelly Francis , Quester Pascale , Clulow Val
Published: July 2010

In an empirical study of both sides of the sponsorship dyad, a number of key antecedents to sponsors’ renewal intentions were examined. The study involved all sponsors and clubs of a leading Australian sport property. Sponsors’ market orientation was found to be a positive factor: it influenced non-economic satisfaction which, in turn, determined sponsors’ renewal intentions. On the other hand, and as expected, properties’ market orientation exerted a negative influence on economic satisfaction as well as, more directly, on renewal. Unlike non-economic satisfaction, economic satisfaction did not explain sponsors’ renewal intentions. The results are discussed in relation to sponsorship and more broadly in relation to other marketing relationships.
Research in Action: Enquiry and Debate
Authors: Oppewal Harmen
Published: July 2010

This contribution argues that academic researchers operate in two contexts: the context of discovery and the context of justification. The contribution will elaborate on this distinction and thereby illustrate how research actually evolves and ‘works’. An understanding of this dual context will help researchers to be smarter in developing their own research.
The Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Solis Gary D.
Published: July 2010

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War introduces law students and undergraduates to the law of war in an age of terrorism. What law of armed conflict/international humanitarian law applies to particular armed conflicts? Does that law apply to terrorists as well? What is the status of participants in an armed conflict? What constitutes a war crime? What is a lawful target and how are targeting decisions made? What are rules of engagement? What weapons are lawful and unlawful, and why? This text takes the reader through these essential questions of the law of armed conflict and international humanitarian law to an awareness of finer points of battlefield law. The U.S.-weighted text incorporates lessons from many nations and includes hundreds of cases from jurisdictions worldwide.
FINITE GROUPS WHOSE NONCENTRAL COMMUTING ELEMENTS HAVE CENTRALIZERS OF EQUAL SIZE
Authors: DOLFI SILVIO , HERZOG MARCEL , JABARA ENRICO
Published: July 2010

A finite group is called a CH-group if for every x,y∈G∖Z(G), xy=yx implies that $\|\cent Gx\| = \|\cent Gy\|$. Applying results of Schmidt [‘Zentralisatorverbände endlicher Gruppen’, Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Padova44 (1970), 97–131] and Rebmann [‘F-Gruppen’, Arch. Math. 22 (1971), 225–230] concerning CA-groups and F-groups, the structure of CH-groups is determined, up to that of CH-groups of prime-power order. Upper bounds are found for the derived length of nilpotent and solvable CH-groups.
Sprigge's Ontology of Consciousness
Authors: McHenry Leemon
Published: July 2010

Timothy Sprigge advanced an original synthesis of panpsychism and absolute idealism. He argued that consciousness is an irreducible, subjective reality that is only grasped by an introspective, phenomenological approach and constructed his ontology from what is revealed in the phenomenology. In defending the unique place of metaphysics in the pursuit of truth, he claimed that scientific investigation can never discover the essence of consciousness since it can only provide descriptions of structure and function in what we normally think of as physical existence. In this paper I present a critical evaluation of Sprigge's view focusing in particular on his conception of the nature of scientific inquiry vis-à-vis the ambitious project of his metaphysics. I argue that a naturalistic metaphysics provides a more adequate approach to the relation between science and metaphysics.
Is There a Metaphysics of Consciousness Without a Phenomenology of Consciousness? Some Thoughts Derived from Husserl's Philosophical Phenomenology
Authors: Marbach Eduard
Published: July 2010

The paper first addresses Husserl's conception of philosophical phenomenology, metaphysics, and the relation between them, in order to explain why, on Husserl's view, there is no metaphysics of consciousness without a phenomenology of consciousness. In doing so, it recalls some of the methodological tenets of Husserl's phenomenology, pointing out that phenomenology is an eidetic or a priori science which has first of all to do with mere ideal possibilities of consciousness and its correlates; metaphysics of consciousness, on the other hand, has to do with its reality or actuality, requiring an eidetic foundation in order to become scientifically valuable. Presuming that, if consciousness is to be the subject-matter of a metaphysics which is not simply speculative or based on prejudice, it is crucial to get the phenomenology of consciousness right, the paper then engages in a detailed descriptive-eidetic analysis of mental acts of re-presenting something and tries to argue that their structures, involving components of non-actual experiencing, pose a serious problem for a materialistic or physicalistic metaphysics of consciousness. The paper ends with a brief comment on Husserl's broader view of metaphysics, having to do with the irrationality of the transcendental fact, i.e. the constitution of the factual world and the factual life of the mind.
Concessionary Dualism and Physicalism
Authors: Seager William
Published: July 2010

Modern physicalists frequently offer the generous concession that although dualism is false, it is not a metaphysical impossibility. And it appears that the proper formulation of physicalism allows for this concessionary position. It would be expected that dualists also could accept that while physicalism is false, it too is a metaphysical possibility. I will argue that a careful analysis of physicalism and dualism shows that in fact these concessionary positions cannot be maintained. In particular, the nature of the metaphysical determination relation which holds between matter and mind on both physicalist and dualist views precludes either from allowing that the other is a metaphysical possibility.
Fundamental Singleness: How to Turn the 2nd Paralogism into a Valid Argument
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: July 2010

[1] Experience (i.e. conscious experience) is a real concrete phenomenon. The existence of experience entails the existence of a subject of experience. Therefore subjects of experience are concretely real (or at least one is). [2] The existence of a subject of experience in the lived present or living moment of experience, e.g. the period of time in which the grasping of a thought occurs, provably involves the existence of singleness or unity of an unsurpassably strong kind. The singleness or unity in question is a metaphysically real, concrete entity. So if thoughts, or any experiences at all, really do occur or exist – and they do – then there exist entities that are genuine, concrete, metaphysical unities of an unsurpassable sort. [3] There is a metaphysically irreproachable sense in which we may – must – take these unsurpassable metaphysical unities to be themselves (a) subjects of experience, although we may also take them to be (b) thoughts or experiences. If so, there is a sound argument (using Kantian materials) to the conclusion of the 2nd Paralogism. [4] Perhaps (a) and (b) are not in the final analysis distinct. Perhaps Kant is right, in his 1772 letter to Herz, that ‘the thinking or the existence of the thought and the existence of my own self are one and the same’.
A consideration of the needs of the adult patient with dementia attending for radiotherapy and its impact on the practical consent process
Authors: Mowbray Joan , Mowbray Helen
Published: July 2010

Dementia, which affects about 5% of those aged over 65 years, is the progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the body beyond that expected from normal aging. It causes the loss of mental abilities such as thinking, remembering and reasoning and memory impairment, which is important when considering informed consent in radiotherapy. Radiotherapy treatment often involves many visits for a patient and each time it is the legal responsibility of staff to ensure that patient is aware of what is happening and why. Informed consent is challenging in patients with dementia because of the memory impairments and the nature of the information. There is enormous variation in how this illness affects people, depending on the type of dementia and the individuals themselves. Full information about the treatment itself, the benefits and risks of the treatment and the availability of any other reasonable alternatives to the proposed treatment or procedure must be made available. Dementia patients respond well to set approaches and these are detailed. It is important for staff to be familiar with the most effective approaches and consider these in obtaining informed consent.
Dosimetric comparison between 3D conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Buckey Courtney , Swanson Gregory , Stathakis Sotirios , Papanikolaou Nikos
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is considered by many to be the standard of care in the delivery of external-beam radiotherapy treatments to the prostate. The purpose of this study is to assess the validity of the purported benefits of IMRT.

Materials and Methods: Treatment plans were produced for 10 patients using both 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) and IMRT, utilising the dose constraints recommended by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0415 protocol. Three IMRT modalities used in this study were linear accelerator based IMRT, helical tomotherapy, and serial tomotherapy. The prescription to the target, 76 Gy, was the same for all plans.

Results: In general the 3D-CRT plans satisfied the RTOG criteria for planning target volume (PTV) coverage, and met or bettered the dose criteria for the organs at risk. PTV coverage was more homogeneous for the IMRT plans than the 3D-CRT plans but not significantly improved.

Conclusions: Technically, because the IMRT plans required greater effort for the optimisation, longer treatment times and higher monitor units, the use of IMRT for the fulfilment of the protocol’s dosimetric goals was not justified using these constraints.