bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communitarianism: The New Panacea?
Authors: Newman Otto , De Zoysa Richard
Published: September 2012

Social discontent has focused strongly on the loss of community life. Differentiation and polarization are widely deplored. Communitarianism, for a while, gave promise of healing the breach. Its program of restoring communal bonds by shoring up the moral, social, and political fabric attracted support of major political figures in all parts of the world. However, after its early startling success, the momentum proved to be short lived. The movement's disinclination to confront issues head-on, together with its reliance on personal exhortation rather than social reform, has led to decline. More recent approaches have opened up avenues of social reform. Redirecting emphasis on issues such as the widening inequality gap, the rise of the underclass, plus “the disappearance of work” could well bring Communitarianism back to the fore.
The Unauthorized Mexican Immigrant Population and Welfare in Los Angeles County: A Comparative Statistical Analysis
Authors: Marcelli Enrico A. , Heer David M.
Published: September 2012

Using a unique 1994 Los Angeles County Household Survey of foreign-born Mexicans and the March 1994 and 1995 Current Population Surveys, we estimate the number of unauthorized Mexican immigrants (UMIs) residing in Los Angeles County, and compare their use of seven welfare programs with that of other non-U.S. citizens and U.S. citizens. Non-U.S. citizens were found to be no more likely than U.S. citizens to have used welfare, and UMIs were 11% (14%) less likely than other non-citizens (U.S.-born citizens). While these findings are not surprising given the institutional and legal obstacles UMIs face, they are in light of recent restrictive immigration and welfare policy changes. They also directly contradict public perceptions that UMIs use an undeserved share of public assistance. Lastly, we demonstrate how results differ depending on the unit of analysis employed, and on which programs constitute “welfare.”
Trends in Asian American Racial/Ethnic Intermarriage: A Comparison of 1980 and 1990 Census Data
Authors: Lee Sharon M. , Fernandez Marilyn
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we use data from the 1990 census to compare patterns of Asian American intermarriage with those reported by Lee and Yamanaka (1990). Lee and Yamanaka (1990) used data from the 1980 census to examine patterns of Asian American racial and ethnic intermarriage. They reported that one- quarter of married Asian Americans were outmarried; of these, 90% were married to non-Asians. Variations by gender and nativity were also observed. Women and the native-born were more likely to be outmarried. We expect to see a decline in Asian American intermarriage since 1980 because of high levels of immigration, growth of the Asian population, and increased social distance between Asian Americans and Whites. Our main findings show that: (i) the overall outmarriage rate has declined; (ii) Asian American inter-ethnic marriages (that is, marriages between two Asian Americans of different Asian ethnicities) have increased; and (iii) social distance, measured by an Index of Intermarriage Distance, between Asian Americans and other racial and ethnic groups has widened. We conclude by discussing some implications of the findings for the role of racial and ethnic intermarriage as an indicator of intergroup relations.
Competition and Commitment in Voluntary Memberships: The Paradox of Persistence and Participation
Authors: Cress Daniel M. , McPherson J. Miller , Rotolo Thomas
Published: September 2012

Much of the research on voluntary associations has argued that commitment to the group determines member participation and persistence. In this framework, highly committed members participate to a greater degree than less committed members, and maintain their connection with the group over longer periods of time. Less committed members, on the other hand, participate sporadically, and tend to drop their memberships easily. This commitment thesis implies a positive relationship between participation and persistence: the more the member participates, the longer the duration of membership. We argue that this individual level thesis should be supplanted by a system level understanding, in which the competition among social groups for individual resources determines persistence and participation. This competition thesis predicts a negative relationship between persistence of membership and participation in group activities: the more the member participates, the shorter the average duration of membership. We use event history analysis to test these opposing hypotheses on a sample of 1587 membership spells covering a fifteen year time period. We find strong and consistent support for the competition thesis.
Efficiently Studying Rare Events: Case-Control Methods for Sociologists
Authors: Lacy Michael G.
Published: September 2012

Case-control designs involve samples stratified disproportionately on a binary dependent variable. This design, though infrequently used by sociologists, offers tremendous logistical efficiency in the study of rare events, such as divorce, joining a religious cult, or committing a crime. This paper attempts to sensitize sociologists to the many situations in which this design is useful, and offers general and accessible guidance on the practice of case-control research. Using the epidemiologic literature, I explain the underlying logic of case-control design, discuss how to conduct case-control sampling, and briefly cover data analysis issues. I conclude with an empirical illustration of a case-control study examining factors associated with the change of chief administrative officers at post-secondary educational institutions.
Toward a Neo-Darwinian Sociology: Its Nomological Principles and Some Illustrative Applications
Authors: Crippen Timothy
Published: September 2012

In a thought-provoking appraisal of the state of macrosociological theory, Gerhard Lenski argues that its shortcomings can be rectified, in part, by reference to nomological reasoning. Moreover, developments in behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology, and population genetics offer interesting insights into analyses of social behavior across time and space and, in the process, reveal some useful hints about the manner in which sociocultural theorists might proceed in developing more elegant theoretical statements. With these considerations in mind, the argument elaborated in this essay suggests: (1) that contemporary sociocultural science has much to contribute to the development of a general theory of social behavior, (2) that theory refinement in the sociocultural sciences can be enhanced significantly by reference to general principles (specifically, an amended version of the “maximization principle”) developed in recent years in the evolutionary behavioral sciences; and (3) that reliance on such general analytical principles is enormously helpful in clarifying some seemingly troublesome theoretical problems in, for example, studies of social demography and human ecology and of social stratification and mobility.
Immigrants' Progress: Ethnic and Gender Differences among U.S. Immigrants in the 1980s
Authors: Waldinger Roger , Gilbertson Greta
Published: September 2012

Using data from the June 1986 and June 1988 Current Population Surveys, we look at differences in occupational achievement, education, occupational prestige, and per capita income among a large number of first-generation immigrant groups. We seek to explore a central question in the debate about the economic prospects of immigrants: Do groups convert education into occupational prestige in similar ways? To address this issue, we examine differences in estimated rates of returns to socioeconomic occupational scores for education among immigrant groups. Notwithstanding language difficulties and unfamiliarity with the labor market—characteristics that we could not measure with this dataset—the labor market experiences of higher-skilled immigrants appear not to differ appreciably from that of native whites of native parentage. By contrast, low-skilled immigrants are concentrated in low-level jobs where the structure of employment seems to limit the rewards to additional gains in skill.
Structure of Child-Rearing Values in Urban China
Authors: Xiao Hong
Published: September 2012

Developed primarily from studies undertaken in the market economy, child socialization theory suggests a central link between social class and child-rearing values. Middle-class parents value children's autonomy, whereas working-class parents endorse children's conformity. This research argues that the effects of class on child-rearing values differ in the market and the command economies. Drawing data from the World Values Survey, it examines the relationships among social class, education, occupational autonomy, and the valuation of children's autonomy and conformity in urban China. The findings suggest that while class and education influence child-rearing values of Chinese adults, the effect of class and the magnitude of education differ from what has been observed in market economies or capitalist societies. Furthermore, occupational autonomy is not the driving force of value variations. Sources and implications of the findings are discussed.
The Conditional Effect of Peer Groups on the Relationship between Parental Labeling and Youth Delinquency
Authors: Liu Xiaoru
Published: September 2012

Peer attitudes toward delinquency and peer involvement in delinquency are hypothesized to modify the relationship between parental labeling, both actual and perceived, and youth delinquency involvement. The models were tested using data from the initial three waves of the National Youth Survey. As hypothesized, both actual and perceived parental labeling increase subsequent youth delinquency. Parental labeling has a stronger effect on youth delinquency when peer attitudes toward delinquency are more positive and when youths reported more friends engaging in delinquency. The conditional effects were observed for both actual parents' labeling and youth perception of parental labeling. Peer attitudes toward delinquency and peer participation in delinquency had independent interactive influences on the relationship between parental labeling and subsequent youth delinquency.
The End of Romance: The Demystification of Love in the Postmodern Age
Authors: Dowd James J. , Pallotta Nicole R.
Published: September 2012

We focus on the changing understanding of romance in contemporary American society. Through an analysis of romantic comedies and dramas produced in Hollywood between 1930 and the present, we demonstrate how the decline of the romantic drama is due to significant social and cultural change, the most important of which is the weakening of norms governing the choice of romantic partners. The romantic comedy, however, has more than compensated for the decline in dramas, with the decade of the 1990s seeing more romantic films produced than in any previous time in the history of filmmaking. Although the contemporary romantic comedy almost invariably reinforces the most conservative tendencies in our culture, we argue that these films nonetheless work effectively to reinforce a usable cultural script governing romantic behavior. By depicting ideal culture as a real possibility, the romantic comedy nurtures the utopian wish of “slipping one over on modernity.”
Social Control Theory as a Theory of Conformity: The Case of Asian/Pacific Drug and Alcohol Nonuse
Authors: Nagasawa Richard , Qian Zhenchao , Wong Paul
Published: September 2012

This study uses data from the Asian Student Drug Survey to examine the extent to which social control and peer cluster theories explain drug and alcohol use among students of various Asian American subgroups. The data suggest that drug and alcohol use differs significantly among the various subgroups. Pacific Islander and Filipino American youths have the highest rates, whereas Chinese American youths have the lowest rates of use. Among some ethnic groups, families, friends, and teachers are unable to keep youths from using drugs and alcohol. Even so, families play an important role for Chinese and Asian Indians, and teachers are important in keeping Southeast Asians from drug and alcohol use. Commitment to school and to high moral standards also insulates youths from drug and alcohol use. Contrary to social control theory, however, use of drugs and alcohol by peers strongly affects alcohol and drug use. The data suggest that youths of all ethnic groups tend to use drugs and alcohol when their peers have tried marijuana, have gotten drunk, have been gang members, or have encouraged marijuana use. In general, the data are consistent with social control theory, with the exception of peer influence on drug and alcohol use as predicted by peer cluster theory.
Social Integration, Fear of Crime, and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Adams Richard E. , Serpe Richard T.
Published: September 2012

This study examines the relationship among features of the local community, fear of crime, and subjective well-being. It draws from the community literature on social integration and from stress theory to develop a model linking ecological factors, reported crime, social status characteristics (e.g., race, age, children in the home), and safety precautions to feelings of vulnerability to crime and fear of crime. We then extend the analyses to examine how vulnerability and fear affect life satisfaction (an indicator of subjective well-being) directly and indirectly via mastery. Using data collected in the Los Angeles Metropolitan area and multiple-regression analysis, we find that social integration into the local community significantly reduces feelings of vulnerability and reduces fear of crime. The analyses also show that people living in the suburbs feel much less vulnerable to crime and are much less fearful than residents of Los Angeles County. Finally, feelings of vulnerability and fear of crime have their major impact on life satisfaction indirectly by decreasing people's sense of control over their lives. Policy implications for reducing fear of crime are discussed in the conclusion.
Generations, Microcohorts, and Long-Term Mobilization: The Estonian National Movement, 1940–1991
Authors: Johnston Hank , Aarelaid-Tart Aili
Published: September 2012

Generational cohorts are often key collective actors in large-scale mass mobilizations and in movements that develop over long periods. Based on seventy-two biographical interviews, we analyze the generational composition of the Estonian national opposition. Several microcohorts are identified on the basis of experience of historical events and specific political opportunities. These microcohorts clustered around two master collective action frames that, over the long term, shaped the trajectory of the movement into two wings, one claiming a pure Estonian frame for collective action and the other an accommodationist frame. This article traces these dual streams of the national movement during its forty-year trajectory and extrapolates from the analysis several conditions in which generational cohorts are likely to be fundamental causal elements in social movement development.
Beyond the Pales of Babylon: The Ideational Components and Social Psychological Foundations of Rastafari
Authors: Kebede Alemseghed , Knottnerus J. David
Published: September 2012

While resource mobilization theory has been the dominant paradigm for the study of social movements in the last several decades, critics contend that it is flawed because it glosses over the role of ideational elements in the development of such collective ventures. As a corrective to the weaknesses of this approach, we utilize a recently developed social psychological framework derived from the social constructionist perspective and the new social movement literature to examine a non-western social movement primarily located in the Caribbean, Rastafari. Concepts used to analyze the Rastafari include social movement community, framing, and collective identity. In directing attention to the symbolic beliefs and informal social processes of this group, we suggest that both political and religious motivations shape the Rastafarians' perceptions of the dominant order which they oppose (i.e., Babylon). Attention is also directed to the Rastafarians' ability to refashion their language and interpretations of the world. This study, we argue, is significant because it contributes to international, historical, and/or comparative research of collective enterprises, which is essential to a more comprehensive understanding of social movements.
Whose Memories? Whose Victimhood? Contests for the Holocaust Frame in Recent Social Movement Discourse
Authors: Stein Arlene
Published: September 2012

Fifty years after the end of World War II, the Holocaust is being utilized as a symbolic resource by US social movements. This article investigates social movement “framing” processes, looking at the use of Holocaust rhetoric and imagery by social movement organizations and actors. I explore how competing movements, the lesbian/gay movement and the Christian right, battle over the same symbolic territory, and how the Holocaust frame is deployed by each. Two forms of symbolic appropriation in relation to the Holocaust are documented: metaphor creation and revisionism.
Collective Action across Borders: Opportunity Structures, Network Capacities, and Communicative Praxis in the Age of Advanced Globalization
Authors: Schulz Markus S.
Published: September 2012

This paper analyzes the dynamics of the Zapatista uprising with research tools inspired by recent social movement theory. It finds that the insurgent indigenous peasants of Chiapas rose up in arms under conditions of relative economic and political deprivation at a particularly opportune moment after developing a project of insurgency and acquiring significant organizational strength. Militarily, the Zapatistas would not have been able to hold out long against the overwhelming force of the federal army. But enormous media attention and massive national and international protest prevented the regime from military crackdowns. The Zapatistas' ability to link personal, organizational, and informational networks has helped to gain crucial support. Using globalized means of communication, they were able to disseminate their messages around the world where they touched a chord in the discourse of an incipient global civil society linked by non-governmental organizations, fax machines, and the internet.
Leadership Status, Gender, Group Size, and Emotion in Face-to-Face Groups
Authors: Lucas Jeffrey W. , Lovaglia Michael J.
Published: September 2012

In two experiments, we investigated the emotional reactions of group members in typical face-to-face interaction on different tasks. Results from both experiments supported the proposition that high-status group leaders would report more positive emotional reactions to group work than would non-leaders. We also found that women reported more positive emotion than men. Unexpectedly, we also found that women leaders were rated more likable than other group members while men leaders were not. As expected, leaders were rated as more competent and willing to contribute than were other group members. Less expected was the finding that women leaders were rated as competent and as willing to contribute as men leaders. While women leaders were not rated less competent than men leaders, members of groups led by a woman rated group performance lower than did members of groups led by a man. Group size did not affect the degree of positive emotion of group members or ratings of leaders, perhaps because differences in size among groups were small. Of methodological interest, experimentally induced status differences maintained themselves through several weeks of group interaction.
Is There a Supply Side to Occupational Sex Segregation?
Authors: Okamoto Dina , England Paula
Published: September 2012

We examine evidence for supply-side explanations of occupational sex segregation, using the 1979–93 NLSY. Supply-side explanations, such as those derived from neoclassical economic theory and gender socialization, look to individual characteristics of workers, such as values, aspirations, and roles, to explain occupational outcomes. Contrary to human capital theory, we find no tendency for individuals with early plans for employment intermittency or more actual breaks in employment to work in predominantly female occupations. This suggests that women who anticipate breaks in employment do not choose female occupations because of lower wage penalties for time out of the labor force. A second neoclassical view, from the theory of compensating differentials, posits that women sacrifice some pay for “mother-friendly” features of jobs. Consistent with this, white and Latina mothers are in more female jobs than are nonmothers, but the opposite is true for African-American women. The gender socialization perspective posits a long-term effect of gendered attitudes and aspirations formed in youth. Consistent with this, we find that those aspiring to or expecting to work in predominantly female jobs are in more heavily female jobs fourteen years later. Also, for women (but not men), more liberal gender role attitudes predicts working in a more sex-typical occupation. For men (but not women), having had either a father or mother who worked in a female occupation predicts working in a more heavily female occupation.
A Sociological Perspective on the Use of Technology: The Adoption of Internet Technology in U.S. Organizations
Authors: Guthrie Doug
Published: September 2012

An understanding of the meaning new technologies have for society must begin with an understanding of the types of actors that employ a given technology. While the Internet has become a rapidly expanding area of inquiry with respect to trends among individual users, there has been little systematic empirical work on the organizational characteristics related to this form of information technology. This article examines the use of Internet-based technology by U.S. organizations. An analysis of a national sample of 712 organizations in the United States surveyed in 1996 shows three significant findings: (1) financial organizations were more likely than other types of organizations to be early users of Internet-based technology; (2) CEOs with backgrounds in engineering and sales were likely to guide their organizations to make use of this type of information technology; and (3) organizations with large proportions of employees with degrees of higher education were likely to make use of Internet-based information technology. Viewed together, the results suggest that the social structure of the workplace and the specific markets in which an organization is embedded played significant roles in the spread of the Internet across U.S. organizations.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Educational Aspirations of High School Seniors
Authors: Qian Zhenchao , Blair Sampson Lee
Published: September 2012

Using the second follow-up of the National Education Longitudinal Study, we explore how human, financial, and social capital affect educational aspirations differently across racial/ethnic groups. While individual educational performance is important for all racial/ethnic groups, human and financial capital have stronger impact on educational aspirations for whites than for minorities. Asian-American students' aspirations are affected by human capital and whether English is a native language. Parental involvement in school activities—one measure of social capital—has a strong impact on educational aspirations for African Americans and Hispanics. We then explore the causes for racial/ethnic differences in educational aspirations. When individual characteristics and human, financial, and social capital are introduced, racial/ethnic minorities have greater educational aspirations than whites. The results suggest that factors affecting educational aspirations are different across racial/ethnic groups and some of the racial/ethnic differences in educational aspirations can be accounted for by some other factors.
Impersonal Trust in Global Mediating Organizations
Authors: Pixley Jocelyn
Published: September 2012

The concept of impersonal trust in indirect social relationships is often treated as analogous to the personal trust of direct interpersonal relationships (whether “primary” or “secondary”). Studies in economic sociology of personal networks and overlapping trust relations among directors of major corporations, however, regard trust (or mistrust) as more exclusively a “property” of direct relationships. Personal trust relations, this study argues, are qualitatively different from impersonal ones, such as global mediating organizations of trust that give institutional promises to guard investments against future risk. They attempt to fulfill the claims of economic rationality in the face of the insuperable problem of temporality. Impersonal trust organizations include multinational accountancy firms and credit-rating agencies that provide allegedly reliable and objective ratings of firms and governments to financial speculators. Although a director of Moody's Investors Services argues (with reference to the 1997 East Asian “crisis”) that “markets are made up of atomised individuals, outside the controls of even the most vigilant governments,” this neglects the mediating trust organization itself, an “authority” that not only constantly tries to maintain its trustworthy appearance but one that unintentionally gives rise to increasing constraints and lack of agency. The implications of paying greater attention to impersonal trust in such global organizations are discussed.
The Importance of Racial-Ethnic Identity and Social Setting for Blacks, Whites, and Multiracials
Authors: Jaret Charles , Reitzes Donald C.
Published: September 2012

We explore racial-ethnic identity in three ways: (1) by assessing the importance of racial-ethnic identity for self-concept; (2) by comparing the importance of racial-ethnic identity in different settings (at home, in one's neighborhood, in public, at work); and (3) by contrasting the importance of racial-ethnic identity with other identities (gender, age, occupation, marital status, and social class). Data were gathered in a random national telephone survey. Results indicate that for blacks racial-ethnic identity is a more important component of self-concept than it is for multiracials and whites (both of whom say they place little importance on it). Other findings show that the importance of racial-ethnic identity varies across settings (e.g., it is most important for blacks at work and least important at home) and that in general the multiracials are not highly distinguishable from both blacks and whites. Moreover, an interesting and unexpected finding is that for all three groups, the single most important identity is sex/gender.
From Americanization to Multiculturalism: Political Symbols and Struggles for Cultural Diversity in Twentieth-Century American Race Relations
Authors: Downey Dennis J.
Published: September 2012

Multiculturalism has been a central concept in conflicts over race/ethnic relations for more than a decade, yet the debates that it ignited offer little systematic understanding of its origins and meaning. This research seeks to clarify those issues through an analysis of multiculturalism, and cultural diversity more broadly, from a symbolic and historical perspective. Symbolic analysis of multiculturalism focuses on its multivalence—an essential property of political symbols that facilitates the synchronization of diverse interests. Historical analysis focuses on the shifting balance of interests, and political struggles over cultural diversity through the course of the century, which provides the layers of meanings from which multiculturalism draws. Of particular importance is the interplay between movements seeking greater equity in race/ethnic relations and market-based interests that find elective affinities with specific symbolic expressions of those relations—particularly the affinity between cultural diversity and economic competitiveness that developed in the context of economic globalization.
The Academy under Siege: An Outline of Problems and Strategies
Authors: Wood James L.
Published: September 2012

This special issue of Sociological Perspectives has focused attention on a series of difficulties the academy has experienced in the 1990s. What can be done? Among other strategies, the faculty can form alliances with professional organizations, students, and the legislature. This article details the various ways these three groups can assist the faculty in addressing common problems of all four groups. The professional organizations can assist, for example, by helping publicize problems such as attacks on tenure and departmental eliminations, as well as issue official reports and provide legal aid when necessary; students can help by organizing voter registration campaigns to support legislators favorable to higher education, as well as indicate the students' public support for proper funding for higher education; and the legislature can help by passing laws strengthening higher education against the serious challenges well documented in these pages, as well as provide proper funding for higher education.
Resort Workers: Adaptations in the Leisure-Work Nexus
Authors: Adler Patricia A. , Adler Peter
Published: September 2012

Sociological studies of the relationship between work and leisure have not yet focused on the arena where the two are juxtaposed most significantly: hospitality workers who manufacture resort leisure. In this article, based on four years of participant observation and in-depth interviewing, we examine four types of resort workers—new immigrants, locals, seekers, and managers—and consider the intertwined role of work and leisure in their lifestyles and careers. Their adaptations run the gamut of the leisure-work nexus, as they incorporate various combinations of materialism and experientialism. Rooted in the drive for subsistence, leisure, and career advancement, these workers' lives range from structure to transience and touch on the interface between motivations, goals, and values in mainstream versus alternative-track lifestyles. We offer extrapolations for how these workers' adaptations reflect broader issues of the American workplace.
The Effectiveness of Gifts as Unilateral Initiatives in Bargaining
Authors: Large Michael D.
Published: September 2012

Unilateral initiatives are intended to overcome hostility and impasse in bargaining by eliciting trust and thereby allowing for positive bargaining behavior. Previous research demonstrates the effectiveness of unilateral initiatives in the form of small symbolic concessions on the focal issue under negotiation. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of gift giving as unilateral initiatives and assesses the importance of two dimensions of gift giving—the cost of the gift to the giver and the benefit to the receiver. Subjects negotiated with a simulated actor that made unilateral initiatives in the form of gifts. The cost and benefit of the gifts were manipulated, and results indicate that the cost of the gifts was important in determining bargaining behavior (concession making and fine use) while the benefit of the gifts was less so. The effectiveness of gifts as unilateral initiatives implies the generality of the effect of initiatives across exchange domains.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Perceptions of Self-Efficacy
Authors: Boardman Jason D. , Robert Stephanie A.
Published: September 2012

Following Bandura's (1982) social-cognitive theory of self-efficacy, Wilson (1996) hypothesizes a relationship between neighborhood-level socioeconomic status and individual-level perceptions of efficacy. This article evaluates this hypothesis and pursues the following research questions: (1) Are the socioeconomic characteristics of individual's neighborhoods related to their level of self-efficacy? and (2) if so, is this relationship simply due to lower individual-level socioeconomic status (SES), or is neighborhood SES associated with self-efficacy over and above individual-level SES? This project links individual-level data from a national sample of adults in the United States (Americans Changing Lives Survey [1986]) with contextual information from the 1980 census on the poverty and unemployment characteristics of respondents' neighborhoods. Results indicate that high proportions of neighborhood unemployment and public assistance are associated with low levels of self-efficacy above and beyond individual-level SES.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Extended Family Households
Authors: Kamo Yoshinori
Published: September 2012

Prevalence of extended family households and factors associated with them are examined for non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics using data from the 1990 U.S. Census. Nuclear family households and three distinct types of extended family households (upward, downward, and horizontal) are identified, and racial/ethnic differences in the distribution of these types are noted. I contend that household extensions occur as a result of a combination of economic, demographic, and cultural factors. To examine economic aspects of household extension, I first examine income distributions across various household types. Then, using multinomial logistic regression, I identify economic, demographic, and cultural factors related to the three different types of extended family households. Even after racial/ethnic differences in demographic and economic variables are accounted for, preferences for downward extension among African Americans, upward extension among Asians, and horizontal extension among Hispanics still remain, suggesting an independent effect of racial/ethnic culture regarding household extension.
Virtue and Marital Conflict: A Theoretical Formulation and Research Agenda
Authors: Jeffries Vincent
Published: September 2012

This article presents a theoretical perspective and a research agenda for the study of the relationship between love and effective conflict management in marriage. Love is conceptualized as virtue. Five virtues, regarded as components of benevolent love, are considered: prudence, temperance, fortitude, justice, and charity. The contribution of each virtue to conflict management is considered in relation to static and process models of marital interaction and in relation to Sorokin's five dimensions of the variation of love. Ideas from symbolic interactionist, exchange, and conflict theories are employed as perspectives in the analysis. Propositions are formulated relating each of the virtues to effective conflict management.
The Worldwide Founding of Ministries of Science and Technology, 1950–1990
Authors: Jang Yong Suk
Published: September 2012

This article explores the increasing involvement of the state in science, in particular the establishment of a new cabinet-level ministry for science and technology by 146 countries from 1950 to 1990. As confirmatory analyses to test hypotheses, I employ event history techniques—piecewise exponential models with period-specific effects. The results show that although internal, functional conditions exerted a positive influence on the adoption rate of science ministries during the earlier period (1950–70), institutional effects have become more influential over time (1971–90). The increasing institutional effects were supported by three findings. First, the baseline founding rate of science ministries during the later period is significantly higher than that of the earlier period, which indicates that the ministry of science and technology became an expected and legitimated governmental structure since the late 1960s. Second, the amount of global organizational discourse on science and national development has a positive and significant effect on the founding of science ministries throughout the world in the later period. Third, direct linkage to international science organizations and discourse, as measured by the number of memberships of each country in the International Council of Science Unions (ICSU), strongly affects the founding of science ministries during both periods and even more strongly during the latter one.
The Egyptian Blogosphere
Authors: Walsh-Haines Grant
Published: September 2012

This work attempts to answer the following question: What do Egyptian blogs tell us about how queer liberation can be achieved in Egypt? Through qualitative research and content and discourse analysis, I explore queer blogs and attempt to untangle their meaning. I begin with a brief review of recent Egyptian economic history, focusing on metaphorical colonization and the policing of gender and sexuality. Also important for contextualizing of this study is a review of identity formation and national identity, as well as of recent issues surrounding censorship. In order to fully understand Egypt’s contemporary political culture, we must also understand the ways and words that individuals use to describe their lives on the Internet. Evaluating colonization and imported modes of policing, censorship, identity formation, geographical location, and a stirring national narrative are all aspects of Egyptian political culture, but are rarely, if ever, discussed comprehensively. I hope to demystify the underground politico-cultural currents that exist in the queer Egyptian blogosphere. Through the process of reconciling political discourse with modern technology, in this instance blogging, I argue that subversive optimism, coupled with online activism, has the potential to challenge existing structures of heteronormativity. According to my findings, change hinges on challenging difficulties and disconnects between gay men’s and lesbian women’s experiences.
Evaluation of Mucocilliary Function of Eustachian Tube in Children with Chronic Otitis Media Mucosal Type
Authors: Bhatta R , Guragain R , Bhusal CL
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 2-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6767
Study on Functioning of Efferent Auditory Pathway in Mentally Challenged
Authors: Yerraguntla K , Vanila VJ , Bellur R
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 5-7 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6775
Analysis of Taste Disturbances in Patients Before and After Mastoid Surgery
Authors: Maharjan R , Shrivastav RP , Bhattarai H
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 14-16 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6778
Outcome of Endoscopic DCR at TUTH
Authors: Pradham B
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 20-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6780
Benign and Malignant Lipogenic Tumors of the Retropharyngeal Space
Authors: Chhetri DK
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 22-24 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6781
Spindle Cell Rhabdomyoscarcoma of the Tongue - A Rare Entity
Authors: Khadim MT , Asif A , Ali Z , Jamal S , Ahmad R
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 27-28 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6783
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Authors: Dutta H
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 33-35 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6786
Palisade Cartilage Myringoplasty
Authors: Bhattarai H
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 36-37 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6787
Migrating Foreign Body Bronchus
Authors: K.C. A , Sinha BK , Guragain R
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.2 Issue 2 (July-Dec 2011) 23-24 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i2.6801
Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablet of albendazole
Authors: Rane Devendra Revanand , Gulve Hemant Narhar , Patil Vikas Vasant , Thakare Vinod Madhaorao , Patil Vijay Raghunath
Published: September 2012

Albendazole is broad spectrum anthelmintic use against many helminths. It is used for treatment of Threadworm, Hookworm, and Tapeworm. It has low bioavailability due to its first pass metabolism.  In the present work, fast dissolving tablet of Albendazole was design with a view to and provide a quick onset of action. The main objective of the study was to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Albendazole to achieve a better dissolution rate and further improving the bioavailability of the drug. Fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression and using super disintegrants in different concentration and evaluated for the pre-compression parameters. The prepared tablets were evaluated for post compressional evaluation. Among all, the formulation F3 containing 5%w/w superdisintegrant Crospovidone and 20%w/w Microcrystalline Cellulose was considered to be best formulation, which release up to 99.097% in 40 min.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i10.11848 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(10): 311-316
A supplementary report on the toxic manifestations of CHOP regimen in subjects with intermediate grade NHL
Authors: Remesh Ambili
Published: September 2012

Cancer chemotherapy engenders a gamut of unpredictable and perilous toxicities, which can cause substantialmortality, morbidity, and results in escalated healthcare costs due to increased requirement for ameliorative treat-ments and toxicity-related hospitalization. The main objective of this article is to report a range of adverse effects ofCHOP regimen in patients with intermediate grade Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL). This randomized prospective study was conducted on de novo intermediate grade NHL patients, aged >20?60 years, receiving CHOP chemotherapyregimen. Out of 30 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria, only 25 patients completed 6 cycles of chemotherapy and were evaluated for various toxicities. Evaluation of all the 25 subjects showed that, in comparison with the baseline, most patients exhibited toxic damages. The hepatopancreatic, dermatological, vascular and nephrologicaldamages, eventually resulted in weight loss, hepatomegaly, alopecia, hypotension, as well as abnormal levels of serum liver markers, serum creatinine and blood glucose. But, the necessity to interrupt the CHOP treatment did not arise in any of the patients. Thus, in this study combination chemotherapy with CHOP protocol was well tolerated by majority of the subjects.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i10.11850 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(10): 322-327
Development and validation of TLC densitometry method for the determination of Gliclazide in tablet dosage form
Authors: Retnaningtyas Yuni , Wulandari Lestyo , Erliana Feby
Published: September 2012

Some tablet pharmaceutical preparations containing Gliclazide as sole active ingredient, are marked now in Indone-sia. The determination of the component of preparation both qualitatively and quantitatively is important to ensure quality of the product. This research is aimed to develop a TLC method to analyze gliclazide in its single component tablet formulation. Gliclazide were dissolved with chloroform. Gliclazide was chromatographed on silica Gel 60 F254 TLC plate using toluene: ethyl acetate in the ratio of 1:1 (v/v) as mobile phase. Gliclazide showed Rf value of 0.58 and was scanned at 234nm using Camag TLC Scanner 3. This method validation showed a good linearity with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999 while the coefficient of variation of the regression function (Vx0) = 2.406%. Specificity showed calculation of purity and identity more than 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was respectively 28.78 and 86.35 ng/spot respectively. The mean absolute recovery of Gliclazide from the simulation  sample was  100.5% ± 0.113 and the method precision was less than  5.3% whereas the mean of the recovery data was 100.3%. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of Gliclazide in commercial tablet formulations and the recovery of label claim were100.494%±0.348 for brand A and 100.111%±1.257% for brand B.  The developed method was successfully used for the assay of gliclazide. The method is simple, sensitive and precise; it can be used for the routine quality control testing of marketed formulations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i10.11852 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(10): 332-335
Non-Stoichiometry and Calphad Modeling of Frank-Kasper Phases
Authors: Joubert Jean-Marc , Crivello Jean-Claude
Published: September 2012

One of the many singularities of Frank-Kasper phases is their ability to accommodate extremely large composition ranges by atom mixing on the different sites of the crystal structures. This phenomenon will be reviewed in the present paper with special emphasis on the experimental demonstration of this phenomenon, the theoretical calculation of disordered structures and the modeling of these phases.
Development of a Fish Cell Biosensor System for Genotoxicity Detection Based on DNA Damage-Induced Trans-Activation of p21 Gene Expression
Authors: Geng Deyu , Zhang Zhixia , Guo Huarong
Published: September 2012

p21CIP1/WAF1 is a p53-target gene in response to cellular DNA damage. Here we report the development of a fish cell biosensor system for high throughput genotoxicity detection of new drugs, by stably integrating two reporter plasmids of pGL3-p21-luc (human p21 promoter linked to firefly luciferase) and pRL-CMV-luc (CMV promoter linked to Renilla luciferase) into marine flatfish flounder gill (FG) cells, referred to as p21FGLuc. Initial validation of this genotoxicity biosensor system showed that p21FGLuc cells had a wild-type p53 signaling pathway and responded positively to the challenge of both directly acting genotoxic agents (bleomycin and mitomycin C) and indirectly acting genotoxic agents (cyclophosphamide with metabolic activation), but negatively to cyclophosphamide without metabolic activation and the non-genotoxic agents ethanol and D-mannitol, thus confirming a high specificity and sensitivity, fast and stable response to genotoxic agents for this easily maintained fish cell biosensor system. This system was especially useful in the genotoxicity detection of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a rodent carcinogen, but negatively reported in most non-mammalian in vitro mutation assays, by providing a strong indication of genotoxicity for DEHP. A limitation for this biosensor system was that it might give false positive results in response to sodium butyrate and any other agents, which can trans-activate the p21 gene in a p53-independent manner.