bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ship-based detection of glyoxal over the remote tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Sinreich R. , Coburn S. , Dix B. , Volkamer R.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. We present the first detection of glyoxal (CHOCHO) over the remote tropical Pacific Ocean in the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL). The measurements were conducted by means of the University of Colorado Ship Multi-Axis Differential Optical Spectroscopy (CU SMAX-DOAS) instrument aboard the research vessel Ronald H. Brown. The research vessel was on a cruise in the framework of the VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study – Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) and the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) projects lasting from October 2008 through January 2009 (74 days at sea). The CU SMAX-DOAS instrument features a motion compensation system to characterize the pitch and roll of the ship and to compensate for ship movements in real time. We found elevated mixing ratios of up to 170 ppt CHOCHO located inside the MBL up to 3000 km from the continental coast over biologically active upwelling regions of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. This is surprising since CHOCHO is very short lived (atmospheric life time ~2 h) and highly water soluble (Henry's Law constant H=4.2×105 M/atm). This CHOCHO cannot be explained by transport of it or its precursors from continental sources. Rather, the open ocean is a source for CHOCHO to the atmosphere. Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) photochemistry in surface waters is a source for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere, e.g. acetaldehyde. The extension of this mechanism to very soluble gases, like CHOCHO, is not straightforward since the air-sea flux is directed from the atmosphere into the ocean. For CHOCHO, the dissolved concentrations would need to be extremely high in order to explain our gas-phase observations by this mechanism (40–70 μM CHOCHO, compared to ~0.01 μM acetaldehyde and 60–70 μM DOM). Further, while there is as yet no direct measurement of VOCs in our study area, measurements of the CHOCHO precursors isoprene, and/or acetylene over phytoplankton bloom areas in other parts of the oceans are too low (by a factor of 10–100) to explain the observed CHOCHO amounts. We conclude that our CHOCHO data cannot be explained by currently understood processes. Yet, it supports first global source estimates of 20 Tg/year CHOCHO from the oceans, which likely is a significant source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This chemistry is currently not considered by atmospheric models.
Aircraft observations of enhancement and depletion of black carbon mass in the springtime Arctic
Authors: Spackman J. R. , Gao R. S. , Neff W. D. , Schwarz J. P. , Watts L. A. , Fahey D. W. , Holloway J. S. , Ryerson T. B. , Peischl J. , Brock C. A.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Understanding the processes controlling black carbon (BC) in the Arctic is crucial for evaluating the impact of anthropogenic and natural sources of BC on Arctic climate. Vertical profiles of BC mass were observed from the surface to near 7-km altitude in April 2008 using a Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) during flights on the NOAA WP-3D research aircraft from Fairbanks, Alaska. These measurements were conducted during the NOAA-sponsored Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) project as part of POLARCAT, an International Polar Year (IPY) activity. In the free troposphere, the Arctic air mass was influenced by long-range transport from biomass-burning and anthropogenic source regions at lower latitudes especially during the latter part of the campaign. Maximum average BC mass loadings of 150 ng kg−1 were observed near 5.5-km altitude in the aged Arctic air mass. In biomass-burning plumes, BC was enhanced from near the top of the Arctic boundary layer (ABL) to 5.5 km compared to the aged Arctic air mass. At the bottom of some of the profiles, positive vertical gradients in BC were observed in the vicinity of open leads in the sea-ice. BC mass loadings increased by about a factor of two across the boundary layer transition in the ABL in these cases while carbon monoxide (CO) remained constant, evidence for depletion of BC in the ABL. BC mass loadings were positively correlated with O3 in ozone depletion events (ODEs) for all the observations in the ABL suggesting that BC was removed by dry deposition of BC on the snow or ice because molecular bromine, Br2, which photolyzes and catalytically destroys O3, is thought to be released near the open leads in regions of ice formation. We estimate the deposition flux of BC mass to the snow using a box model constrained by the vertical profiles of BC in the ABL. The open leads may increase vertical mixing in the ABL and entrainment of pollution from the free troposphere possibly enhancing the deposition of BC to the snow.
New trajectory driven aerosol and chemical process model: chemical and aerosol Lagrangian model (CALM)
Authors: Tunved P. , Partridge D. G. , Korhonen H.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. A new Chemical and Aerosol Lagrangian Model (CALM) have been developed and tested. The model incorporates all central aerosol dynamical processes, from nucleation, condensation, coagulation and deposition to cloud formation and in-cloud processing. The model is tested and evaluated against observations performed at the SMEAR II station located at Hyytiälä (61°51' N, 24°17' E) over a time period of two years, 2000–2001. The model shows good agreement with measurements throughout most of the year, but fails in reproducing the aerosol properties during the winter season, resulting in poor agreement between model and measurements especially during December–January. Nevertheless, through the rest of the year both trends and magnitude of modal concentrations show good agreement with observation, as do the monthly average size distribution properties. The model is also shown to capture individual nucleation events to a certain degree. This indicates that nucleation largely is controlled by the availability of nucleating material (as prescribed by the [H2SO4]), availability of condensing material (in this model 15% of primary reactions of monoterpenes (MT) are assumed to produce low volatile species) and the properties of the size distribution (more specifically, the condensation sink). This is further demonstrated by the fact that the model captures the annual trend in nuclei mode concentration. The model is also used, alongside sensitivity tests, to examine which processes dominate the aerosol size distribution physical properties. It is shown, in agreement with previous studies, that nucleation governs the number concentration while transport from clean areas takes place. It is also shown that primary number emissions almost exclusively govern the CN concentration when air from Central Europe is advected north over Scandinavia. We also show that biogenic emissions have a large influence on the amount of potential CCN observed over the boreal region, as shown by the agreement between observations and modeled results for the receptor SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, during the studied period.
Measurements of HONO during BAQS-Met
Authors: Wentzell J. J. B. , Schiller C. L. , Harris G. W.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) were performed as part of the 2007 Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) at the Harrow Ontario supersite between 20 June and 10 July 2007. Nitrous acid is an important precursor of the hydroxy radical and understanding its chemistry is important to understanding daytime oxidation chemistry. The HONO measurements were made using a custom built Long Path Absorption Photometer (LOPAP). The goal of this work was to shed light on sources of daytime HONO in the border region. During the course of the campaign HONO mixing ratios consistently exceeded expected daytime values by as much as a factor of 6. Mean daytime concentrations of 61 pptv were observed. While HONO decay began at sunrise, minimum HONO values were not measured until the late afternoon. There was little difference between the daytime (mean=1.5%) and night-time (mean=1.7%) ratios of HONO/NO2. Thus there was a very strong daytime source of HONO which is consistent with other recent studies. Correlations of daytime HONO production with a variety of chemical and meteorological parameters indicate that production is dependent on UV radiation, NO2 and water vapour but is not consistent with a simple gas phase process. Apparent rate constants for the production of HONO from photolyticly excited NO2 and water vapour vary from 2.8–7.8×10−3 molec−1 s−1, during the campaign.
Dissolution of cobalt and zinc from natural and anthropogenic dusts in seawater
Authors: Thuróczy C.-E. , Boye M. , Losno R.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Atmospheric dust inputs to the surface ocean are a major source of trace metals likely to be bio-available for phytoplankton after their dissolution in seawater. Among them, cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) are essential for phytoplankton growth and for the distribution of the major groups such as coccolithophorids, cyanobacteria and diatoms. The solubility in seawater of Co and Zn present in natural and anthropogenic dusts was studied using an open-flow reactor with and without light irradiation. Those dusts can be transported in the atmosphere by the wind before being deposited to the surface ocean. The analyses of cobalt and zinc were conducted using voltammetric methods and the global elemental composition of dust was determined by ICP-AES. This study highlighted the role of the dust origin in revealing the solubility characteristics. Much higher dust solubility was found for zinc as compared to cobalt; cobalt in anthropogenic particles was much more soluble (0.78%) in seawater after 2 h of dissolution than Co in natural particles (0.14%). Zinc showed opposite solubility, higher in natural particles (16%) than in anthropogenic particles (5.2%). A natural dust event to the surface ocean could account for up to 5% of the cobalt inventory and up to 50% of the Zn inventory in the mixed layer in the Pacific Ocean whereas the cobalt and zinc inventories in the mixed layer of the Atlantic Ocean might already include the effects of natural dust inputs and the subsequent metal dissolution. Anthropogenic sources to the surface ocean could be as important as the natural sources, but a better estimate of the flux of anthropogenic aerosol to the surface ocean is needed to further estimate the anthropogenic inputs. Variations in natural and anthropogenic inputs may induce large shifts in the Co/Zn ratio in the surface ocean; hence it could impact the phytoplankton community structure.
Differences in community composition of bacteria in four glaciers in western China
Authors: An L. Z. , Chen Y. , Xiang S.-R. , Shang T.-C. , Tian L.-D.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Microbial community patterns vary in glaciers worldwide, presenting unique responses to global climatic and environmental changes. Four bacterial clone libraries were established by 16S rRNA gene amplification from four ice layers along the 42-m-long ice core MuztB drilled from the Muztag Ata Glacier. A total of 151 bacterial sequences obtained from the ice core MuztB were phylogenetically compared with the 71 previously reported sequences from three ice cores extracted from ice caps Malan, Dunde, and Puruogangri. Six phylogenetic clusters Flavisolibacter, Flexibacter (Bacteroidetes), Acinetobacter, Enterobacter (Gammaproteobacteria), Planococcus/Anoxybacillus (Firmicutes), and Propionibacter/Luteococcus (Actinobacteria) frequently occurred along the Muztag Ata Glacier profile, and their proportion varied by seasons. Sequence analysis showed that most of the sequences from the ice core clustered with those from cold environments, and the sequence clusters from the same glacier more closely grouped together than those from the geographically isolated glaciers. Moreover, bacterial communities from the same location or similarly aged ice formed a cluster, and were clearly separate from those from other geographically isolated glaciers. In summary, the findings provide preliminary evidence of zonal distribution of microbial community, and suggest biogeography of microorganisms in glacier ice.
Ionospheric transients observed at mid-latitudes prior to earthquake activity in Central Italy
Authors: Nenovski P. , Spassov Ch. , Pezzopane M. , Villante U. , Vellante M. , Serafimova M.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Ionograms from Rome (41.8N, 12.5E) and Sofia (42.4N, 23.2E) ionospheric stations during earthquake (EQ) activity with magnitude (M) between 5 and 6 in Central Italy are analyzed. It is found that several ionospheric disturbances occur in the intermediate E-F region before the EQ shock. In fact, besides sporadic E (Es) layer development (of type h) of short duration (transients), fmin increase, trace gaps near the critical frequencies, and E region trace disappearance are also observed within one to three hours before the EQ shock. Before the EQ shocks we find that the F2 region parameters are practically undisturbed. The only exception is the so-called fork trace that appears mostly near the critical frequency of the F2 region. Acoustic gravity waves (AGW) are suggested as one of the possible sources of transients observed in the ionosphere before the EQ shock.
Spinal Network Development
Authors: Sillar Keith T , McLean David L
Published: June 2010

This article is a review of research into the development of the spinal networks that control rhythmic locomotor movements. By the time they reach adulthood, most animals display a complex repertoire of characteristic motor behaviours that are essential for their survival. One such behaviour is locomotion, which involves rhythmically repeating movements of the body or appendages, produced by the coordinated contractions of different skeletal muscle groups. Muscle contractions are generated by bursts of action potentials in motorneurons (MNs) whose firing patterns are controlled by networks of interneurons that reside principally in the spinal cord and hindbrain. This article provides an overview of current knowledge on the development of the neuronal networks that control locomotion.

Key Concepts:

Locomotion in vertebrates involves rhythmic contractions of functionally antagonistic pairs of muscles.

The locomotor rhythm is generated by networks of neurons in the central nervous system, often called central pattern generators (CPGs).

The neural networks responsible for locomotion arise early in vertebrate development, often before birth or hatching.

Locomotor network development precedes the emergence of the behaviours the networks will eventually control.

Neural mechanisms for locomotor rhythm generation appear to be similar across a range of species.

The basic rhythm is generated by glutamate‐mediated excitation and glycine‐mediated inhibition.

The motor output generated by immature locomotor networks often lacks the flexibility required of adult behaviour.

During locomotor network maturation there is a sequence of changes in the properties of and connections between spinal neurons.

During development, locomotor networks are progressively influenced by neuromodulatory systems, many of which originate from nuclei in the brainstem.

Serotonin released from neurons of the raphe nuclei in the brainstem appears to be a particularly important neuromodulator.

The way in which additional components are added sequentially to locomotor networks in different species ensures the motor output matches the development stage‐specific behavioural requirements of the host organism.
Immunological Discrimination between Self and Nonself
Authors: Defaweux Valérie , Heinen Ernst
Published: June 2010

Immunological self–nonself discrimination capacity is acquired during lymphopoiesis, formation of mature lymphocytes in the primary lymph organs and during immunopoiesis, the immune responses in the peripheral lymph organs. It rests on specific antigen recognition by B‐ and T cells, but, the innate immune defence system ensures antigen presentation and the delivery, or not, of associated co‐stimulatory signals leading to immune responses or tolerance. Thus both, the acquired and the innate immune defences, play determinant roles in the immunological discrimination. Whether caused by infection or by other factors, alterations of lymphocytes or of antigen presentation can perturb self‐tolerance and trigger autoimmune reactions.

Key Concepts:

Self–nonself discrimination rests on both the natural and specific immune defences.

During lymphopoiesis, recognition of antigen by immature B‐ or T cells leads to clonal deletion.

During immunopoiesis, the development of immune responses or of tolerance largely depends on the cells’ environment leading or not to co‐stimulatory signals.

Lymphocytes ensure specific recognition; accessory cells detect internal or external danger signals, emit co‐stimulatory signals and control lymphocyte activation or death.
Dendritic Cells (T‐lymphocyte Stimulating)
Authors: Girolomoni Giampiero , la Sala Andrea
Published: June 2010

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the principal antigen‐presenting cells for T lymphocytes, and direct both the quality and the quantity of the immune responses. DCs in peripheral tissues continuously sample the surrounding environment and migrate to regional lymph nodes where they present the antigens captured in the periphery to naïve T lymphocytes. By expressing high levels of co‐stimulatory molecules essential for naïve T‐cell activation, DCs efficiently direct expansion and then differentiation of antigen‐specific effector T cells. In addition DCs, by secreting different cytokines at the time of antigen presentation, provide an additional signal instructing naïve T cells to differentiate into diversely specialised subsets for appropriate adaptive immune response. Given the central role in the activation and regulation of immune responses DCs represent an ideal target for immune system manipulation aimed at either boost responses to pathogens and tumoural cells or reducing self‐harmful autoimmune reactions.

Key Concepts:

Dendritic cells are components of the innate immune system specialised in antigen presentation and cytokine secretion.

Dendritic cells efficiently capture molecules in the surrounding environment including foreign and self‐antigens.

Dendritic cells are activated by molecules signalling infection or tissue injury.

Molecules associated with potentially pathogenic organisms are recognised by Toll‐like receptors expressed by dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells have the unique ability to prime naïve T lymphocyte to proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells’ primary task is the rapid and abundant release of type I interferons, in response to viral infection.
Ultracentrifugation
Authors: Völkl Alfred
Published: June 2010

Essentially, centrifuges used in laboratory settings or in the industry are devices for separating particles from a heterogeneous mixture. Fundamental to separation is the increase in the effective gravitational force by spinning the sample in the single cavity or the tubes of a rotor as the ‘mobile part’ of a centrifuge. Subjected to the respective centrifugal force thus applied, the individual constituents of a sample will differentially sediment according to their physical properties as well as the density and viscosity of the sample solution.

Ultracentrifuges are optimised for spinning a rotor at very high speeds generating centrifugal forces as high as 1 000 000
g
. There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, preparative and analytical ultracentrifuges. Preparative ultracentrifuges are used in biology for the fractionation of fine particulate samples such as tissue homogenates aiming to isolate subcellular organelles, macromolecules, bacteria or viruses. By means of analytical centrifuges, the physico‐chemical properties of a sedimenting particle or molecular interactions of macromolecules and their possible subunits, respectively, can be unravelled.

Key Concepts:

Centrifugation, in particular high‐speed (ultra)centrifugation, is a widely used technique to elucidate fundamental processes such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in mitochondria, the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes or the interactions of intracellular multiprotein complexes.

Ultracentrifugation is basically carried out in two ways: preparative and analytical centrifugation.

The former aims to isolate and purify, for example, subcellular organelles or multiprotein complexes; the latter allows to analyse interactions between macromolecules and to unravel physico‐chemical properties like mass and size of such particles.

Preparative centrifugation performed as batch‐type (conventional) centrifugation is mostly used to separate and enrich organelles out of complex biological mixtures.

The alternative, continuous‐flow centrifugation, is particularly useful for the large‐scale collection of particles out of a diluted solution as it combines high centrifugal force with high throughput.

Theoretically, two kinds of preparative centrifugation have to be distinguished: differential centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation.

Differential centrifugation fractionates organelles of a tissue homogenate according to their size and shape, yet leads only to an enriched rather than a highly purified preparation of a particular organelle.

To get a preparation genuinely purified, common contaminants have to be subsequently removed by density gradient centrifugation.

Rate zonal and isopycnic density gradient centrifugations differ in their basic concepts and the types of density gradients used.
Annealing‐Free High Efficiency and Large Area Polymer Solar Cells Fabricated by a Roller Painting Process
Authors: Jung Jae Woong , Jo Won Ho
Published: June 2010

Polymer solar cells are fabricated by a novel solution coating process, roller painting. The roller‐painted film – composed of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) – has a smoother surface than a spin‐coated film. Since the roller painting is accompanied by shear and normal stresses and is also a slow drying process, the process effectively induces crystallization of P3HT and PCBM. Both crystalline P3HT and PCBM in the roller‐painted active layer contribute to enhanced and balanced charge‐carrier mobility. Consequently, the roller‐painting process results in a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.6%, as compared to that for spin coating (3.9%). Furthermore, annealing‐free polymer solar cells (PSCs) with high PCE are fabricated by the roller painting process with the addition of a small amount of octanedi‐1,8‐thiol. Since the addition of octanedi‐1,8‐thiol induces phase separation between P3HT and PCBM and the roller‐painting process induces crystallization of P3HT and PCBM, a PCE of roller‐painted PSCs of up to 3.8% is achieved without post‐annealing. A PCE of over 2.7% can also be achieved with 5 cm2 of active area without post‐annealing.
Disparities by ethnicity, language, and immigrant status in occupational health experiences among Las Vegas hotel room cleaners
Authors: Premji Stéphanie , Krause Niklas
Published: June 2010

Objective

We examined disparities in workers' occupational health experiences.

Methods

We surveyed 941 unionized Las Vegas hotel room cleaners about their experiences with work‐related pain and with employers, physicians, and workers' compensation. Data were analyzed for all workers and by ethnicity, language, and immigrant status.

Results

Hispanic and English as second language (ESL) workers were more likely than their counterparts to report work‐related pain and, along with immigrant workers, to miss work because of this pain. Hispanic, ESL, and immigrant workers were not consistently at a disadvantage with regard to their own responses to work‐related pain but were so with respect to reported responses by workers' compensation, physicians, and employers.

Conclusions

There are indications of disparities in occupational health experiences within this job title. The use of different group classifications, while implying different mechanisms, produced similar results. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:960–975, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical study on mesothelioma in Japan: Relevance to occupational asbestos exposure
Authors: Kishimoto Takumi , Gemba Kenichi , Fujimoto Nobukazu , Aoe Keisuke , Kato Katsuya , Takeshima Yukio , Inai Kohki
Published: June 2010

Background

In 2003, the number of deaths due to malignant mesothelioma in Japan was 878; however, only 85 cases of mesothelioma due to asbestos exposure were authorized for compensation. The reasons for this discrepancy require evaluation.

Method

We examined medical records, X‐rays, and pathology results to evaluate mesothelioma cases in Japan between 2003 and 2005; used a questionnaire to identify occupational and environmental histories, and determined the concentration of asbestos fibers in pathology specimens.

Results

We identified 442 definite cases of malignant mesothelioma with a median age of 68 years. There were 316 malignant mesothelioma cases with occupational asbestos exposure, 12 cases with neighborhood exposure and 5 cases with likely domestic exposure. Most (78%) of the 87 cases exceeded 1,000 asbestos particles per gram of dry lung tissue.

Conclusion

We conclude that 79.2% of cases of mesothelioma in Japan in recent years were caused by asbestos exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1081–1087, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
European political trends viewed through patterns of Web linking
Authors: Romero‐Frías Esteban , Vaughan Liwen
Published: June 2010

This study explored the feasibility of using Web hyperlink data to study European political Web sites. Ninety‐six European Union (EU) political parties belonging to a wide range of ideological, historical, and linguistic backgrounds were included in the study. Various types of data on Web links to party Web sites were collected. The Web colink data were visualized using multidimensional scaling (MDS), while the inlink data were analyzed with a 2‐way analysis of variance test. The results showed that Web hyperlink data did reflect some political patterns in the EU. The MDS maps showed clusters of political parties along ideological, historical, linguistic, and social lines. Statistical analysis based on inlink counts further confirmed that there was a significant difference along the line of the political history of a country, such that left‐wing parties in the former communist countries received considerably fewer inlinks to their Web sites than left‐wing parties in countries without a history of communism did. The study demonstrated the possibility of using Web hyperlink data to gain insights into political situations in the EU. This suggests the richness of Web hyperlink data and its potential in studying social‐political phenomena.
Neural tube defect genes and maternal diabetes during pregnancy
Authors: Salbaum J. Michael , Kappen Claudia
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is a well‐known teratogen that increases the risk for birth defects, such as neural tube defects (NTDs). We have previously shown that maternal diabetes profoundly affects gene expression in the developing embryo, in particular a suite of known NTD genes. In rodent experimental systems, NTDs present as phenotypes of incomplete penetrance in diabetic pregnancies. This property is difficult to reconcile with observations of consistently altered gene expression in exposed embryos. We here show that maternal diabetes increases the overall variability of gene expression levels in embryos. RESULTS: Altered gene expression and increased variability of gene expression together may constitute the molecular correlates for incomplete phenotype penetrance. DISCUSSION: Based on this model, we suggest that maternal diabetes reduces the precision of gene regulation in exposed individuals. Loss of precision in embryonic gene regulation may include changes to the epigenome via deregulated expression of chromatin‐modifying factors. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying such epigenetic modifications in diabetic pregnancies will help to understand how teratogenic insults compromise embryonic development and possibly provide avenues for therapeutic intervention. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry: Findings after 5 years of enrollment, 2003–2009
Authors: Roberts Susan S. , Miller Richard K. , Jones Judith K. , Lindsay Karen L. , Greene Michael F. , Maddrey Willis C. , Williams Ian T. , Liu John , Spiegel Robert J.
Published: June 2010

INTRODUCTION: Ribavirin, with interferons or pegylated interferons, is used to treat chronic hepatitis C. Ribavirin is contraindicated in pregnancy (FDA Pregnancy Category X) and in men whose partners may become pregnant. In 2003, the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry was established to monitor pregnancy exposures to ribavirin and to evaluate the potential human teratogenicity of prenatal exposure.METHODS: This voluntary registry enrolls pregnant women who have been exposed to ribavirin during pregnancy or during the six months prior to conception either directly, by taking ribavirin, or indirectly through sexual contact with a man taking ribavirin. Women are followed until delivery; live born infants are followed for one year. The Registry aims to enroll 131 live births following direct (maternal) exposure to ribavirin and 131 live births following indirect (male) exposures.RESULTS: After more than five years of operation, the Registry has enrolled 49 live births with direct exposure and 69 live births following indirect exposure. Six outcomes with birth defects have been reported. All were among live born infants: torticollis (2), hypospadias (1), polydactyly and a neonatal tooth (1), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (1), ventricular septal defect and cyst of 4th ventricle of the brain (1). Three received direct exposures ([6.1% (95% CI: 1.2, 16.9)], three were exposed indirectly [4.3% (95% CI: 0.9, 12.2)].CONCLUSIONS: Although current enrollment is far short of the required sample size, preliminary findings have not detected a signal indicating human teratogenicity for ribavirin. However, findings must be interpreted with caution concerning direct or indirect prenatal ribavirin exposures. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does the ligand‐biopolymer equilibrium binding constant depend on the number of bound ligands?
Authors: Beshnova Daria A. , Lantushenko Anastasia O. , Evstigneev Maxim P.
Published: June 2010

Conventional methods, such as Scatchard or McGhee‐von Hippel analyses, used to treat ligand‐biopolymer interactions, indirectly make the assumption that the microscopic binding constant is independent of the number of ligands, i, already bound to the biopolymer. Recent results on the aggregation of aromatic molecules (Beshnova et al., J Chem Phys 2009, 130, 165105) indicated that the equilibrium constant of self‐association depends intrinsically on the number of molecules in an aggregate due to loss of translational and rotational degrees of freedom on formation of the complex. The influence of these factors on the equilibrium binding constant for ligand‐biopolymer complexation was analyzed in this work. It was shown that under the conditions of binding of “small” molecules, these factors can effectively be ignored and, hence, do not provide any hidden systematic error in such widely‐used approaches, such as the Scatchard or McGhee‐von Hippel methods for analyzing ligand‐biopolymer complexation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 932–935, 2010.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Preparation, Crystal Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Phase Transitions in GdNiO3 and DyNiO3 Perovskites.
Authors: Alonso J. A. , Martinez‐Lope M. J. , Casais M. T. , Martinez J. L. , Demazeau G. , Largeteau A. , Garcia‐Munoz J. L. , Munoz A. , Fernandez‐Diaz M. T.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Arylboron Compounds Generated in situ from Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Takaya Yoshiaki , Ogasawara Masamichi , Hayashi Tamio
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Allylation of Acetals Through Intramolecular Transfer of an Allylsilane.
Authors: Fujita Kazuya , Inoue Atsushi , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Acid Catalyst in the Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation of Acetals with Silylated Nucleophiles.
Authors: Tanaka Nobuyuki , Masaki Yukio
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Nucleophilic Substitution of 3‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilyloxyalk‐2‐enylphosphonium Salts.
Authors: Lee Phil Ho , Cho Minkyoung , Han In‐Sup , Kim Sunggak
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Dithiooxamides from N‐Arylimino‐1,2,3‐dithiazoles.
Authors: Besson Thierry , Rees Charles W. , Thiery Valerie
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Density Functional Studies of Alkali‐Exchanged Zeolites. Cation Location at Six‐Rings of Different Aluminum Content.
Authors: Vayssilov Georgi N. , Staufer Markus , Belling Thomas , Neyman Konstantin M. , Knoezinger Helmut , Roesch Notker
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: K2NbAlO2[(As,Nb)O4]2, Isostructural with KTiOPO4.
Authors: Nakagawa Takeshi , Matsumoto Takeo , Chani Valery I. , Fukuda Tsuguo
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of a PrCoAl4 Single Crystal.
Authors: Tung L. D. , Buschow K. H. J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Chemical Vapor Deposition Studies of Molecular Precursors to NbP Films.
Authors: Scheper Joseph T. , Jayaratne Kumudini C. , Liable‐Sands Louise M. , Yap Glenn P. A. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Winter Charles H.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Urethane Group Directed Reductive Couplings Mediated by SmI2.
Authors: Matsuda Fuyuhiko , Kawatsura Motoi , Dekura Fumiko , Shirahama Haruhisa
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Recent Developments in Higher‐Order Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Nair Vijay , Anilkumar G. , Nandakumar M. V. , Radhakrishnan K. V. , Rajesh C.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Amination of Enolsilanes Using C2‐Symmetric Copper(II) Complexes as Chiral Lewis Acids.
Authors: Evans David A. , Johnson Douglas S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a Powerful and Chemoselective Catalyst for Acetalization of Carbonyl Compounds under Almost Neutral Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Karimi Babak , Seradj Hassan , Ebrahimian Gholam‐Reza
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Reactivity of Bis(iodozincio)methane in Tetrahydrothiophene.
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro , Yamamoto Yuhei , Utimoto Kiitiro
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of N‐Protected γ‐ and δ‐Amino‐β‐keto‐esters.
Authors: Li Baoqing , Franck Richard W.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Xenon Fluorotriflate: An Efficient Reagent for the Synthesis of (p‐Phenylene)bisiodonium Salts.
Authors: Pirguliyev Namig Sh. , Brel Valery K. , Kasumov Tahir M. , Grishin Yuri K. , Zefirov Nikolai S. , Stang Peter J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient and Practical Route to Novel α‐Allenic Ketones Through a Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Kumar K. , Kaur S. , Ishar M. P. S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Iodides with Copper(I) Cyanide.
Authors: Sakamoto Takao , Ohsawa Kazutoshi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isonitrile Complexes of Group‐VI Metal Carbonyls and Their Use as Mediator in the [2 + 2 + 2]‐Cyclization of Alkynes.
Authors: Sugihara Takumichi , Yamada Mamiko , Nishizawa Mugio
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Excellent Diastereoselective Synthesis of β‐Coumarinylacrylates Using the Wittig and Wittig—Horner Reagents: Salient Features of Their Stereochemistry and Preferred Conformation.
Authors: Dutta Lakshmi Narayan , De Prabir Kumar
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reactions with Heterocumulenes.
Authors: Elliott Mark C. , Monk Alexandra E. , Kruiswijk Elbertus , Hibbs David E. , Jenkins Robert L. , Jones David V.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Design of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Thrombin Utilizing a Piperazinedione Template. Part 1.
Authors: Cody Wayne L. , et al. et al.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antichagasic Properties of New 1,2,6‐Thiadiazin‐3,5‐dione 1,1‐Dioxides and Related Compounds.
Authors: Di Maio Rossanna , Cerecetto Hugo , Seoane Gustavo , Ochoa Carmen , Aran Vicente J. , Perez Eduardo , Gomez Barrio Alicia , Muelas Susana
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereoselective Approach to Optically Active Bifunctional 1,3‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐diphenyldisiloxanes.
Authors: Oishi Motoi , Kawakami Yusuke
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Synthesis of Stannyl Selenides.
Authors: Beletskaya I. P. , Amosova S. V. , Potapov V. A. , Starkova A. A.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis of Carotenoids in Bittermelon at High Temperature.
Authors: Lan Huong Tran T. , Raymundo Leoncio C.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Farnesyl Diphosphate Isomers.
Authors: Shao Ying , Eummer Jeffrey T. , Gibbs Richard A.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Formal Total Synthesis of Phytuberin
Authors: Kraus George A. , Wang Xuemei
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Stage Deprotection/Reduction of 1,2‐O‐Isopropylidene Furanoses to the Corresponding Tetrahydrofurans.
Authors: Ewing Gregory J. , Robins Morris J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fagaridine Revisited.
Authors: Kessar S. V.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: BN 80927: A Novel Homocamptothecin with Inhibitory Activities on Both Topoisomerase I and Topoisomerase II.
Authors: Lavergne Olivier , Harnett Jeremiah , Rolland Alain , Lanco Christophe , Lesueur‐Ginot Laurence , Demarquay Daniele , Huchet Marion , Coulomb Helene , Bigg Dennis C. H.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.