bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ability of Right- and Left-Hemisphere-Damaged Individuals to Produce and Interpret Prosodic Cues Marking Phrasal Boundaries
Authors: Baum Shari R. , Pell Marc D. , Leonard Carol L. , Gordon Jeanne K.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments were conducted with the purpose of investigating the ability of right- and left-hemisphere-damaged individuals to produce and perceive the acoustic correlates to phrase boundaries. In the production experiment, the utterance pink and black and green was elicited in three different conditions corresponding to different arrangements of colored squares. Acoustic analyses revealed that both left- and right-hemisphere-damaged patients exhibited fewer of the expected acoustic patterns in their productions than did normal control subjects. The reduction in acoustic cues to phrase boundaries in the utterances of both patient groups was perceptually salient to three trained listeners. The perception experiment demonstrated a significant impairment in the ability of both left-hemisphere-damaged and right-hemisphere-damaged individuals to perceive phrasal groupings. Results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses concerning the cerebral lateralization of speech prosody.
Integrated Cues of Voicing and Vowel Length in German: A Production Study
Authors: Braunschweiler Norbert
Published: July 2017

This paper examines influences of phonological representations upon the temporal relations in the production of word-medial VC-sequences. The parameters under investigation are vowel, closure, and release duration in a selected set of German disyllabic words. The words include systematically varied word-medial VOWEL LENGTH /a/ versus /a:/ preceded by the contrasting stops /p, b/, /t, d/, and /k, g/. One point of interest is the extent to which the duration of the vowel and of the closure interact in distinguishing the sets of consonants in intermediate position. The results provide evidence for an anticipatory vowel-lengthening effect before VOICED stops instead of a nearly constant duration of the “vowel + closure” sequence as claimed in the literature. Both LONG and SHORT vowels show a lengthening effect when preceding VOICED stops. Further, closure durations of VOICED stops are shorter than those of VOICELESS stops, but are not a function of preceding VOWEL LENGTH. If the stop closures somehow “compensate” for the greater lengthening of the LONG vowels, they should show a larger duration difference when preceded by LONG vowels, which they do not. Following the results of the production study, a tentative model for the temporal vowel and obstruent production is proposed.
A Comparison of Human and Statistical Language Model Performance using Missing-Word Tests
Authors: Owens M. , O'Boyle P. , McMahon J. , Ming J. , Smith F. J.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents results from a series of missing-word tests, in which a small fragment of text is presented to human subjects who are then asked to suggest a ranked list of completions. The same experiment is repeated with the WA model, an n-gram statistical language model. From the completion data two measures are obtained: (i) verbatim predictability, which indicates the extent to which subjects nominated exactly the missing word, and (ii) grammatical class predictability, which indicates the extent to which subjects nominated words of the same grammatical class as the missing word. The differences in language model performance and human performance are encouragingly small, especially for verbatim predictability. This is especially significant given that the WA model was able, on average, to use at most half the available context. The results highlight human superiority in handling missing content words. Most importantly, the experiments illustrate the detailed information one can obtain about the performance of a language model through using missing-word tests.
Feature object extraction applied to activity-based intelligence threat understanding
Authors: Stubberud Stephen C. , Kramer Kathleen A.
Published: July 2017

Activity-based intelligence, the assessment of both the situation and potential threats, relies on several sources of information. Some of these sources provide information, such as time and position, that is easily represented mathematically. Other pieces of information may come in the form of patterns or imagery. The intelligence problem eventually requires a human analyst. However, the ever-increasing amount of data that must be investigated can overwhelm the analyst and, thus, necessitates the development of automated tools to process the information. An intelligent evidence accrual technique is proposed as a means to combine information in order to identify potential threats. The technique is able to provide both a measure of evidence and a level of uncertainty for the state. The approach is based upon a fuzzy Kalman filter that fuses several types of observations to monitor activities over a duration of time and provide an assessment of the situation. A data-to-image mapping and correlation that allows the combination of disparate elements is incorporated.
Investigation of the mechanical properties of lignin nanofibrous structures using statistical modeling
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Abdolkarim , Lin Li-Ting , Ko Frank
Published: July 2017

The growing use of nanomaterials, environmental concerns and related industrial applications have provided unique opportunities for the development of nanofibers from natural biopolymers such as lignin. The main purpose of this study was to develop a direct relationship between lignin single nanofiber, the aligned nanofiber mat and the twisted nanofiber yarn’s strength using the weakest link theory of strength and the statistical model proposed for parallel fiber bundles. Twisted yarn strength was obtained via in situ mechanical properties of yarn constituent nanofibers affected by the Weibull distribution parameters, fiber fragmentation phenomenon, and obliquity. The results showed that the estimated strength of the single nanofiber and the aligned nanofiber mat was in a good agreement with the experimental data. As it might be expected, the yarn’s estimated strength was found to be highly influenced by the fiber fragmentation phenomenon.
Human wetness perception of fabrics under dynamic skin contact
Authors: Raccuglia Margherita , Pistak Kolby , Heyde Christian , Qu Jianguo , Mao Ningtao , Hodder Simon , Havenith George
Published: July 2017

This experiment studied textile (surface texture, thickness) and non-textile (local skin temperature changes, stickiness sensation and fabric-to-skin pressure) parameters affecting skin wetness perception under dynamic interactions. Changes in fabric texture sensation between WET and DRY states and their effect on pleasantness were also studied. The surface texture of eight fabric samples, selected for their different structures, was determined from surface roughness measurements using the Kawabata Evaluation System. Sixteen participants assessed fabric wetness perception, at high pressure and low pressure conditions, stickiness, texture and pleasantness sensation on the ventral forearm. Differences in wetness perception (p < 0.05) were not determined by texture properties and/or texture sensation. Stickiness sensation and local skin temperature drop were determined as predictors of wetness perception (r2 = 0.89), and although thickness did not correlate with wetness perception directly, when combined with stickiness sensation it provided a similar predictive power (r2 = 0.86). Greater (p < 0.05) wetness perception responses at high pressure were observed compared with low pressure. Texture sensation affected pleasantness in DRY (r2 = 0.89) and WET (r2 = 0.93). In WET, pleasantness was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to DRY, likely due to the concomitant increase in texture sensation (p < 0.05). In summary, under dynamic conditions, changes in stickiness sensation and wetness perception could not be attributed to fabric texture properties (i.e. surface roughness) measured by the Kawabata Evaluation System. In dynamic conditions thickness or skin temperature drop can predict fabric wetness perception only when including stickiness sensation data.
Observations by Light and Electron Microscopy on Wool Cuticle Fractions Obtained by Ultrasonics
Authors: Bradbury J. H. , Rogers G. E. , Filshie B. K.
Published: July 2017

The “cuticle material” produced by the action of ultrasonic vibrations on wool fibers has been examined by microscopic techniques. It was found that despite prior laboratory cleaning of virgin wool with solvents the contamination of the wool fiber surface by dust particles, keratinized flakes derived from the skin epidermis, and bacteria was extremely high. Ultrasonic treatments in aqueous solution remove most of these contaminants but are insufficient for releasing much cuticle material. The study has indicated that stringent measures must be taken to remove contaminating particles from the fiber surface prior to ultrasonic release of cuticle material for chemical study. Although an anionic detergent was tested and found to remove most contaminants, a cleaning procedure has not been devised which could be regarded as completely effective.
The 4,5-Dihydroxy-2-Imidazolidinone System for Cross-Linking Cotton
Authors: Vail Sidney L. , Verburg Gerald B. , Young Alvin H. P.
Published: July 2017

The 4,5-dihydroxy-2-imidazolidinone system, with methyl and/or methylol substituents in the 1,3-positions, has been studied with respect to the geometry of the hydroxyls in the 4,5-positions and with respect to the textile properties of cotton cross-linked with these agents. In addition, some of the impurities and byproducts expected in this system are discussed. Fabrics finished with the cross-linking agents have been compared with respect to acidic and basic hydrolysis of the finish, wrinkle recovery angle, chlorine damage, discoloration, and formaldehyde release.
The Dynamics of Roller Drafting Part II
Authors: Plonsker Harvey R. , Backer Stanley
Published: July 2017

The response of a sliver to steady-state drafting over a wide range of draft ratios and the response of a sliver to a tensile-like separation test are shown to be divided into two regions of behavior. At low drafts or strains, associated with a tensile force buildup, the principal mode of sliver deformation is by fiber extension producing a Poisson-like consolidation of the sliver cross section. At higher drafts or strains, the principal mode of sliver deformation is by sliding of the fibers relative to one another. The response of a sliver to low drafts or strains corresponds to the behavior of a continuous, extensible material. Fiber uncrimping extension is found to be a major variable controlling sliver behavior and the shape of the drafting force vs draft curve in the low draft range.
Some Developments of Olofsson's Theory of Woven Fabric Structure
Authors: Stuart I. M.
Published: July 2017

The theory of woven fabric structure and yarn shape proposed by B. Olofsson is described and appraised. Some developments of this theory are given. These developments enable more straight-forward application of the theory to be made. Alternative but similar formulas are deduced which are applicable to the case of a partially set fabric under no tension. Some applications of these formulas are described and the connection with similar theories of yarn shape used by Peirce is shown.
Crossliking Cotton in an Unheated Dehydrating Atmosphere
Authors: Kullman Russell M.H. , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: July 2017

A new approach to the crosslinking of cotton was investigated. Finished fabrics with wrinkle resistance properties similar to those of damp cured fabrics were produced by treatments in which the curing operation takes place over an extended period of time in an unheated dehydrating atmosphere. The crosslinking reaction, which produces wrinkle resistance, is promoted by removal of water from the fabric by contact with dried air at room temperature. The in fluence of changes in various parameters of the treatment was explored. Dimethylol methyl carbamate, dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea, and formaldehyde were used as crosslinking agents with hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid as catalysts. In dehydration curing, deswelling of the fiber during reaction is evidently slow and not as complete as in conventional curing at high temperature.
Scientific Inference and the Donnan Membrane Theories of Dyeing
Authors: McGrkcor R. , Ezuddin K.H.
Published: July 2017

In using a Donnan membrane theory, single-ion distribution coeflicicnts are introduced through ionic distribution equations to show agreement between experimental measurements and theoretical estimates. Agreement between theory and experiment provides no proof of correctness.
Effects of a Poly(Sodium Acrylate) Finish on Moisture-Related Properties of Cotton-Containing Durable-Press Fabrics
Authors: Cirino Vidabelle O. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: July 2017

Durable-press cotton/polyester fabrics with 100%, 79%, 50%, 35%, and 0% cotton contents were modified by in situ network polymerization of sodium acrylate. The fabrics were characterized for mositure-related properties. There were substantial reductions in both drop absorption and wicking times at about 1% add-on of poly(acrylic acid) with little change in other properties. At about 4% add-on of poly(acrylic acid), substantial increases in moisture regain and water of imbibition accompanied shorter times for drop absorption and wicking up 2 cm and 3 cm of fabric. Other textile performance properties are discussed in relation to the hydrophilic characteristics of the fabrics.
A Comparison of the Carding and Processing Performance of 2.25 with 1.5-Denier Cotton/Polyester Opening-Room Blends
Authors: Simpson Jack , Fiori Louis A.
Published: July 2017

Various levels of cotton and polyester fibers blended during opening and picking were investigated to determine their effect on carding efficiency and processing performance. A medium staple cotton of average fiber properties and a high-modulus polyester (2.25 denier) were used in the blends.

Shear friction and compression recovery of the blends increased as the percent polyester increased. For the 2.25-den polyester blends, shear friction was slightly lower and compression recovery practically the same as for 1.5-den polyester/cotton blends. Higher polyester content increased friction and cylinder load, thereby reducing carding action so that the short-term sliver variability and neps of the cotton component in the card web increased. Cylinder load and neps in the card web were lower for the 2.25 than the 1.5-den polyester blends. Higher polyester contents slightly improved yarn grade, and the grades for the 2.25-den were higher than those for the 1.5-den polyester blends. Increased friction and length uniformity of the polyester improved drafting so that second-drawing sliver, roving, and yarn uniformity improved when polyester was added to the blend. Carding waste was practically the same whether using 2.25 or 1.5-den polyester; very little polyester was lost in the waste. At constant end breakage, spinning production increased up to a 50/50 blend and then decreased as the percent of 2.25-den polyester was increased.

These findings indicate that for cotton and polyester blended in the opening room, one with a high percentage of cotton can be processed more efficiently than the reverse.
Probabilistic Assessment of Irregularity in Random Fiber Arrays—Effect of Fiber Length Distribution on “Variance-Length Curve”
Authors: Su Moon Won
Published: July 2017

The exact distribution and moments are derived for the length (mass) aggregate of fibers to be found within an interval L of a random fiber array as a direct function of the constituent fiber length distribution and the interval size L. The moments immediately facilitate computation of irregularity in terms of the coefficient of variation or the better-known “variance-length curve”, B( L), without using an autocorrelation function required by the traditional time-series approach. The B( L) curve thus obtained reflects the effects of fiber lengths and their orientation on irregularity of the fiber array in the absence of other contributing factors. For a population of uniform fiber lengths, the new results are shown to be compatible with that obtained by using the time-series method. Effects of fiber length and fineness on the resulting yarn irregularity are examined theoretically for a number of selected yarn counts.
Some Studies on Solvent Dyeing of Direct and Reactive Dyes on Cellophane
Authors: Shah C. D. , Srinivasan R.
Published: July 2017

Two direct and two reactive dyes were applied on Cellophane by a method of preswelling and then solvent dyeing from a 1:1 mixture of dimethylformamide and perchloroethylene. For producing reactive dyeings, a new technique of preswelling with sodium carbonate solution was evolved. Absorption spectra of the dyes in aqueous solution, solvents mixture, and on Cellophane were examined to study the changes in hue, if any. Values of the y/ x-band ratio were examined to study the physical state of the dyes in the various media, and characteristic fading curves were examined for comparative studies of lightfastness of the dyes applied on Cellophane by the conventional method from aqueous medium and by the methods of solvent dyeing tried herein.
The Temperature Dependence of the Rate of Crosslinking with Formaldehyde and of the Hydrolysis of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Meyer U. , Müller K. , Zollinger H.
Published: July 2017

The kinetics of the crosslinking of cotton fabrics in aqueous solution with formaldehyde using hydrochloric acid as catalyst, and the acid degradation (hydrolysis) of cotton were measured simultaneously at 67.4°C, 77.6°C, and 87.0°C. Some related kinetic measurements of these two reactions were also carried out with the pad-dry-cure process, catalyzed by MgCl2, at 140°C, 160°C, and 180°C. The apparent activation energies of crosslinking and hydrolysis were calculated. They are discussed with reference to the improvement in the dry crease-recovery angle/tensile strength relation at lower reaction temperatures. For the reaction in aqueous solution the rate of degradation of the accessible as well as the highly-ordered fractions of cellulose were determined. Finally, the apparent reaction enthalpy of the crosslinking reaction was estimated.
Flame-Retardant Coating Based on THPOH-Dimethylolurea-NH3 for Cellulosic and Cellulosic-Blend Fabrics
Authors: Cashen Norton A. , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: July 2017

A semi-pilot-plant scale technique for the THPOH-DMU-NH2 polymeric layering or coating of cotton and cotton-modacrylic blends has been studied. The coated fabric, as the substrate, was topped by an acrylic polymer, applied either as an emulsion or as a surface skin. The method for applying the surface skin was by a transfer, employing an acrylic film cast on silicone-treated release paper. These treatments rendered cottons and blends flame retardant and imparted a smooth, plastic or simulated-leather surface that maintained an aesthetically desirable hand.
A Modified Approach to the Study of Blended Yarn Structures
Authors: Gupta B. S. , Kayaman M.
Published: July 2017

The paper describes a method by which two different but important aspects of blended yarn structures could be studied together by a common procedure and set of parameters. These two aspects are: fiber helix migration, the importance of the study of which has been generally overlooked in blended yarns, and preferential radial migration. The present work is largely a theoretical attempt to relate a fiber helix migration parameter, the mean fiber position [Formula: see text], with a preferential radial migration parameter, the linear migration index V. The latter is a new parameter that is introduced in this paper, and although quite similar to Hamilton's migration index M in its general properties, it characterizes the preferential radial migration on a linear scale and bears, under uniform packing conditions, an exact and a simple relationship with [Formula: see text]. An appendix included at the end gives the treatment relating [Formula: see text]with M. The results of a small experiment carried out on a binary blend, 50/50 by weight of 3- and 6-denier, 21/2-in. staple, Kodel® polyester fibers, are also described. These provided a limited but useful means of checking the theoretical relations.
Wrinkle Recovery via Cellulose-Glycidol Vapor-Phase Reactions
Authors: Ward T. L. , Benerito R. R.
Published: July 2017

Glycidol vapor was reacted with unmodified cotton, carboxymethylated (CM) cotton, diethylaminoethylated (DEAE) cotton, and aminized cotton in a heated vacuum oven. The glycidol was either reagent grade or was generated during the reaction by heating glycerine carbonate or a mixture of propylene carbonate and glycerine. Both wet and conditioned (dry) wrinkle recoveries of CM or DEAE cottons were substantially improved.
Thickness of Thin-Layer Liquid Film on a Rotating Roll and its Measurement by the X-Ray Backscattering Technique
Authors: Chao Nelson P. C.
Published: July 2017

A mathematical model is provided to describe the thin-layer liquid film thickness on the surface of a rotating roll which is partially immersed in a liquid bath. The equation expresses the initial film thickness in terms of roll speed and immersion depth as well as liquid viscosity, surface tension, and density. The roll speed and liquid viscosity are the two dominant parameters affecting the film thickness. An x-ray backscattering technique was used to measure the film thickness. An important feature of this technique is that it permits the measurements to be carried out under a steady-state condition without disturbing the liquid film and the roll. The principle of a portable instrument and the technique involved in the measurements are described. Within the scope of the present investigation with Newtonian liquid and laminar flow, the experimental values of film thickness determined by the x-ray backscattering technique agreed very well with the theoretical values predicted by the mathematical model.
Postactivation Catalysts for Recurability of DMDHEU-Glycolic Acid Durable-Press Fabrics
Authors: Franklin W. E. , Wade C. P. , Rowland S. P.
Published: July 2017

Potential postactivation catalysts for promoting the recurability of durable-press cotton fabrics that have been finished with DMDHEU and glycolic acid were studied to find optimum catalysis and creasing conditions for these fabrics. A thorough study was made of the effects of concentration and creasing temperature in postactivation catalysis with magnesium chloride and zinc nitrate. The catalytic activity of other potential metal salt catalysts was surveyed, and the effects on catalytic activity of divalent, trivalent, and tetravalent metal cations and various anions were measured. Several phase-separation catalysts were studied as postactivation catalysts.
Sorptive Composite Fabrics Containing Activated-Carbon Yarns
Authors: Macnair Richard N. , Arons Gilbert N. , Coffin Laurance G.
Published: July 2017

Experimental woven and knit fabrics were prepared for potential use in protective clothing. Inherently weak activated-carbon yarns were incorporated in these fabrics with stronger yarns of other types, but in all cases Aramid warp yarns were used. In some fabrics carbon yams were covered with cotton yarns before the fabric was manufactured, which resulted in improved durability without any loss of sorptivity. Their strength, air permeability, thickness, weight, and abrasion resistance were greater than those of activated all-carbon fabrics. Thermal insulation was greater than that of a typical business-suit fabric and less than that of current impregnated protective fabrics.
A New Approach to the Objective Evaluation of Fabric Handle from Mechanical Properties
Authors: Pan N. , Yen K. C. , Zhao S. J. , Yang S. R.
Published: July 2017

The existing problems of the current methods for fabric handle evaluation are analyzed and as an alternative, a new measure, the weighted Euclidean distance (WD) value, of total handle is proposed. Using this method, one can specify the preferences of fabric handle. The whole process for deriving and calculating this measure is also introduced. Through illustration and comparison with Kawabata's THV value, the advantages and applicability of the WD value to fabric handle evaluation are demonstrated.
Color Fading Behavior of Anthraquinone Dyes Due to Environmental Conditions
Authors: Saito Masako , Minemura Chizuyo , Nanashima Naomi , Kashiwagi Maresuke
Published: July 2017

The color fading behavior of natural anthraquinone dyes due to environmental condition has been investigated. The results show that the chemical nature of the substrate fibers determines the direction of the light fading reaction involved. The extent of the color fading of those dyes under light irradiation is clearly related to the oxidation index of each dye for cellulosic fibers, whereas a different mechanism operates for proteinaceous fibers.
A Quick Test for Measuring Fabric Dimensional Stability
Authors: Ly N. G. , Denby E. F. , Hoschke B. N.
Published: July 2017

A test that takes less than one hour as opposed to the conventional one day test is proposed for measuring the relaxation shrinkage and hygral expansion of fabrics. There is no need for a controlled environment, the only equipment required being a household microwave oven and a scaled ruler. The test's simplicity makes it suitable for use in a commercial environment, especially for quality control during fabric finishing and garment making.
Endotoxin Reduction in Cotton: Preparation of Yarn and Fabric from Detoxified Cotton
Authors: Rousselle Marie-Alice , Domelsmith Linda N.
Published: July 2017

Endotoxins, which are found in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria, are suspected of being a causative agent of byssinosis, a pulmonary dysfunction found in some textile mill workers exposed to cotton dust. Cotton sliver and lint were treated with solvent systems previously shown to reduce the endotoxin content of cotton dust as measured by Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Endotoxins in sliver or lint were reduced by several of the solvent systems. Yarns were spun from sliver treated with 95% ethanol containing either sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. Single-knit fabric was successfully prepared from a badly weathered cotton lint treated with 95% ethanol/sodium hydroxide.
Comparative Evaluation of Yarn Hairiness by Different Methods
Authors: Viswanathan G. , Munshi V. G. , Ukidve A. V. , Chandran K.
Published: July 2017

Using a rapid yarn hairiness tester, the Shirley yarn hairiness meter, this work has confirmed that for cotton yarns, the statistical distribution of the number of protruding ends of different lengths is exponential. The study indicates that, compared to the other hair length settings available on the hairiness meter, the recommended 3 mm hair length is suitable and advantageous. Further there is a high correlation between the Shirley hairiness meter and two other hairiness indices, the modified Jedryka and the Digital fibrograph, considered in this work.
Oxidation Behavior of High Strength Chain-Extended Polyethylene Fibers
Authors: Carlsson D. J. , Colin G. , Chmela S. , Wiles D. M.
Published: July 2017

The resistance to oxidation of polyethylene fiber intended for engineering applications has been compared with that of conventional polyethylene films. The highly ordered fiber was appreciably more resistant to γ-initiated oxidation and somewhat more resistant to photo-oxidation. Oxidation products from the γ-initiated oxidation were quite highly ordered with respect to the fiber axis as shown by polarized infrared spectroscopy. Photo-oxidation products showed random orientation, possibly as a result of the more extensive chain scission that must accompany the photo-process. Despite the higher resistance of γ-radiation damage of the chain-extended fiber structure as compared to unoriented film, the irradiated fiber did show a slow post-irradiation oxidation.
Physical Ageing and Annealing in Fibers and Textile Materials
Authors: Sukigara Sachiko , Dhingra R. , Postle R. , Tao Xiaoming
Published: July 2017

The theory of viscoelasticity of textile assemblies developed in Parts I and III of this series of papers is applied to an experimental study of the performance of fabrics after physical equilibration processes such as ageing and annealing. The fabrics studied include those produced from wool and polyester fibers and also wool/polyester blends. The effect of annealing variables (temperature, time, and regain) on the fabric visco-elastic performance has been analyzed using the free volume concept. The fabric stress relaxation curves for any given annealing conditions can be predicted from two time shift factors, one depending on annealing temperature and the other on annealing time, and the knowledge of the fabric stress relaxation spectrum. The time shift factors are used to construct a series of master stress relaxation curves, thus providing a convenient means of describing the ageing and annealing behavior of textile materials. The relationship between ageing and annealing performance has also been examined for wool fabrics. The results indicate that the ageing and annealing processes can both be considered in terms of similar mechanisms, and the annealing process may be regarded as an accelerated ageing phenomenon.
Using Place-Referenced Approaches to Extend Language-Minority Youths’ Problem-Solving Abilities and Literacy Engagement
Authors: Schecter Sandra R. , Rashkovsky Karine , Atari Yonah
Published: July 2017

We examine an action research initiative focusing on youths who were born and/or began formal schooling in Canada but raised in homes where the societally dominant language was not extensively spoken. Concepts of place and situation were used as heuristics to extend secondary-level students’ problem-solving abilities and literacy engagement and—using activities revolving around youths’ locations within family, school, and community ecologies—to stimulate reflection on their personal and socially situated identities. The structure of secondary schooling, including its engagement of placemaking processes, is not conducive to the promotion of pedagogies that beneficially support the learning of this student cohort.
The Effect of the Immediate Feedback by the Collaborative Education Tool ViLLE on Learning for Business Mathematics in Higher Education
Authors: Kuikka Matti , Laakso Mikko-Jussi , Joshi Marjo
Published: July 2017

This article outlines the effect of the collaborative educational tool ViLLE when learning business mathematics in higher education. ViLLE validates students’ answers during the assessment process and provides immediate feedback, enabling students to receive feedback and guidance about the correctness of their answers. The learning results in the business mathematics course in Turku University of Applied Sciences are used for the study. The effect of the ViLLE tool is researched by quasi-experimental study using the 2013 course as the control group and 2014 course as the treatment group. This research confirmed that the usage of the ViLLE tool improved the students’ learning of business mathematics.
A Process Chart to Design Experiential Learning Projects
Authors: Zhu Suning , Wu Yun , Sankar Chetan S.
Published: July 2017

A high-impact practice is to incorporate experiential learning projects when teaching difficulty subject matters so as to enhance students’ understanding and interest in the course content. But, there is limited research on how to design and execute such projects. Therefore, we propose a framework based on the processes described by the Project Management Body of Knowledge and the instructional characteristics known to influence the quality of student learning experiences. Its effectiveness is evaluated by analyzing a case study of mapping a municipal storm drain system using global positioning system equipment. The results of the evaluation revealed that the project facilitated the students’ understanding of the pertinent technical concepts, helped them realize the importance of teamwork, and provided them with an opportunity to contribute in a meaningful way to enhance a community’s ability to cope with major rainfall events. We develop a process chart based on the framework and expect its use in designing and implementing real-world experiential learning projects in courses will provide a win–win situation for the community, students, and faculty members.
Italian Alcohol Advertising: A Qualitative Content Analysis
Authors: Beccaria Franca
Published: July 2017

The role of alcoholic beverage advertising in alcohol consumption and in changes in drinking patterns has received considerable attention from alcohol researchers in countries with temperance traditions but none in Italy. This paper is a content analysis of alcoholic beverage advertising in a sample of 41 Italian television advertisements, taped from six national television channels. Beer in advertisements was consumed primarily outside the home and not at meals. Wine was shown as being drunk at meals in a convivial framework, with no representation of everyday domestic consumption. Advertisements for sparkling wine show consumption in a context of celebration, and often, as in advertisements for aperitifs, with erotic overtones. From the advertisements for digestive liqueurs, the makers appear to be trying to move to a younger market. Some advertising seems directed specifically at women, whose consumption has declined in Italy in recent years. In general, alcohol advertisers seem to be attempting to move alcohol consumption into new situations beyond the traditional mealtime table.
Drinking in Tango Lyrics: An Approach to Myths and Meanings of Drinking in Argentinian Culture
Authors: Munné Myriam I.
Published: July 2017

A study of cultural aspects of drinking analyzes the lyrics and titles of 82 Argentinian sung tangos, written between 1914 and 1977, in terms of references to drinking and drunkenness. Champagne, as the drink of the brothel or the cabaret, is the most commonly mentioned beverage, and is associated with status and parties. But the primary motivations given for drinking, usually by a male narrator, are negative: to forget—particularly to forget a lost love—and to drown sorrows. Paradoxically, the alcohol is often seen as facilitating remembering and as making one sad. The song's narrator often presents himself as a drunkard, seen through others' eyes; but he gets drunk “not just for the pleasure,” but to express his feelings of nostalgia, sadness and loss in love.
Alcohol, Communities and Researchers: Theorizing the Relationships in an Unstable mixture
Authors: D'Abbs Peter
Published: July 2017

The growing importance of local communities as sites for preventive alcohol-related initiatives has generated interest in the role of research associated with community action. To date, however, this has not led to a theoretically informed account because of a failure to account reflexively for researchers' own practices and the use of conceptually inadequate models of “community.” This paper proposes an analytical framework, derived from the author's association with alcohol initiatives in several northern Australian towns and drawing on Bourdieu's concept of the social field. It is argued that the initiation of local action generates a complex social field in which stakeholders pursue their interests by mobilizing forms of capital: economic, social, political, and symbolic. Research, as well as the conveyance of valued information, is imbued with symbolic and political capital. The analysis concludes with four propositions relating to how, by whom, and with what consequences research is likely to be utilized in these settings.
Recovery Careers of People in Alcoholics Anonymous: Moral Careers Revisited
Authors: Hoffmann Heath C.
Published: July 2017

The concept of the “moral career” has been used to study the normative sequence of statuses that the mental patient (Goffman, 1959), the marijuana user (Becker, 1953), and the psychiatric resident (Light, 1980) experience as they develop a new identity. This work is limited, though, because these three authors do not discuss variations from the normative model of the moral careers they describe. In this paper I reexamine the moral career looking at participants in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). While a wealth of research has been devoted to studying the recovery careers of AA participants, the primary focus has been on the moral career of the member who abstains from alcohol, commits herself to AA activities, and embeds herself in social networks that largely consist of other AA members. As a result, we learn mostly about the ideal career path that people should follow in recovery, and not the range of moral careers that members actually exhibit. I compensate for this shortcoming by analyzing the range of roles and statuses occupied by AA Insiders, including AA Regulars, Rank and File members, Bleeding Deacons, Elder Statesmen, and Circuit Speakers. I also discuss the alternative moral careers that depart from the ideal Insider recovery career, including the Tourist, the Relapse career, and the Graduate career. These moral careers reflect variation in AA members' commitment to and participation in AA-related activities.
Script(ing) Treatment: Representations of Recovery from Addiction in Hollywood Film
Authors: Hersey Curt
Published: July 2017

American films and television programs increasingly feature characters recovering from addiction. These representations are based on previous depictions and help create a cultural understanding of addicts. This study analyzes the depiction of addicts and addiction in three Hollywood films whose narratives are largely situated within a treatment center: Clean and Sober (1988), When a Man Loves a Woman (1994), and 28 Days (2000). It concludes that the films depict a stock experience of treatment that is surprisingly univocal, as well as unrealistic when compared with the availability and realities of real-life programs. In addition, the films limit their representations of successful recovery to white, upper-class individuals and offer only one conceptual framework for addiction.
A Big Night Out in Melbourne: Drinking as an Enactment of Class and Gender
Authors: Lindsay Jo
Published: July 2017

Alcohol is a ubiquitous substance in Western cultures but knowledge about contemporary drinking cultures and consumption contexts is relatively sparse. Examining the ways in which drink choice and drinking settings are differentiated opens up new areas for analysis and health intervention. Drinking is not simply shaped by variables such as class and gender but is an enactment and expression of these social divisions. What, where, and how a person drinks is a simultaneous enactment of class and gender. This argument is based on research of drinking practices in pubs and clubs in Melbourne, Australia. The project used a qualitative methodology which involved a series of 30 field observations in 10 licensed premises. In addition 35 patrons (15 females and 20 males) aged 18–30 were recruited from the venues and participated in qualitative interviews about their drinking practices. Understanding drinking as an expression of social location has implications for models of alcohol research and health interventions.
Pills, Thrills and Bellyaches: Case Studies of Prescription Pill Use and Misuse among Marijuana/Blunt Smoking Middle Class Young Women
Authors: Bardhi Flutura , Sifaneck Stephen J. , Johnson Bruce D. , Dunlap Eloise
Published: July 2017

Recent survey research has documented important increases during the 2000s in the misuse and abuse of several prescription drugs (Vicodin, Percocet, Codeine, Dilaudid, Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan, Adderall, Ritalin, among others). This article focuses upon the patterns of pill use and misuse among young women who are middle-class white and college-educated, and they are also experienced marijuana users who report recreational consumption of other illegal drugs. The ethnographic data provides insights about various ways and reasons that such prescription pill misuse occurs among 12 college-educated, (upper) middle-class, white/Asian women in their 20s who were involved in a major ethnographic study of marijuana and blunts. Three patterns of pill use were observed: recreational; quasi-medical; and legal medical; shifts among these patterns of pill use was common. Few reported that their pill use interfered with their conventional jobs and lifestyles; they concealed such use from their employers and coworkers, and from non-using friends and family members. None reported contacts with police nor seeking treatment specifically for their pill misuse. Many reported using prescription pills in conjunction with illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy) and alcohol. Pills were used as a way to enhance the euphoric effects of other drugs, as well as a way to avoid the negative side effects of illegal drugs. Some reported pill use as a means for reducing expenditures (and use of) alcohol and cocaine. The implications suggest a hidden subpopulation of prescription pill users among regular users of marijuana and other illegal drugs. Future research should include users and misusers of various pills to better understand how prescriptions pills interact with illegal drug use patterns.
Addiction Medicine and Addiction Psychiatry in America: The Impact of Physicians in Recovery on the Medical Treatment of Addiction
Authors: Freed Christopher R.
Published: July 2017

Two distinct medical disciplines treat addiction in the United States: Addiction medicine and addiction psychiatry. This article argues that physicians recovering from alcoholism or drug abuse played a key role in creating the field of addiction medicine, and that the development of addiction medicine inadvertently contributed to the formation of addiction psychiatry. Addiction medicine's undercurrent of recovery, specifically questions about the knowledge that recovering physicians call on to treat addiction, remains central to an ongoing professional conflict between addiction medicine and addiction psychiatry.
A Demographic Interpretation of the Decrease in Alcohol Consumption in Italy
Authors: Cipriani Francesco , Tusini Stefania
Published: July 2017

Aging changes in the Italian population were hypothesized as explaining the overall wine consumption decrease in the period 1970–2000. However, examining both the expected and the observed changes of alcohol consumption in the general population, population age group proportion variations between 1969 and 1999 were found to have no major effect in determining the consumption reduction trend.
Alcohol Consumption Patterns of Two Cohorts of Italian Men Today and at their Moment of Maximum Consumption
Authors: Guidoni Odillo Vidoni
Published: July 2017

This article describes the alcohol consumption patterns of a sample of 114 males aged 40–45 and 65–70, and analyzes their alcoholic habits today and in the peak consumption periods they identified. The habits we looked at included a study of the behavior, social and personal context and details that characterized alcohol consumption at any particular moment. This part of the study was conducted by first asking the participants to fill in a questionnaire of closed-ended questions, and then by submitting the participant to a semi-structured open-ended interview where his lifetime use of alcohol was discussed.

The data illustrated how the sample diminished its alcohol consumption from the period of maximum consumption up until today, due to a change in drinking habits. A stronger impact on consumption seems to be the drop in drinking regularity, with a reduction in daily consumption and a rise in occasional drinking.

The two age groups seem to manifest two different drinking models: the elder one, though having diminished the quantity of alcohol consumed, has largely maintained its drinking patterns of wine and, to a lesser extent, beer. The younger age group has shifted from a pattern in which the prevalent beverage was beer with occasional consumption of high-strength alcohol, which had a largely social role, with relatively frequent episodes of excessive consumption with friends in non-family contexts, to a classic Mediterranean style of consumption very similar to that of the elder age group.
Changes in the Social Meaning of Alcohol Consumption in Italy: A “Privileged” Look
Authors: Beccaria Franca
Published: July 2017

Explanations of the social mechanisms behind the consumption decline have been discussed and studied with several key informants who, for professional reasons occupied positions allowing them to observe the phenomenon under study: people from the world of alcoholic beverages production, representatives of the union of public facility operators, journalists, dieticians, and physicians.

Our “specialist” interview panel members not only confirmed the conclusions that emerged from the individual interviews, but they also introduced partly or entirely new ideas. The experts confirmed that in Italy, wine often held a function of prestige for the younger age group (40–45 years old): wine consumption fell, while favouring more costly and prestigious products, and more attention was given to wine's quality. The attention given to quality was often a signal to others of the social class to which one belonged or aspired. Often it permitted the public to integrate new consumption styles with values established over time.

The alimentary-hedonistic style seems compatible with the greater importance being given to health issues that emerged from the interviews with the consumers and key informants. Despite the belief of experts on alcohol that the attention given to alcoholic-related problems in Italy is insufficient, this research has revealed that the mass media, and general practitioners as well, have been paying increasing attention to citizens' overall health.
“Have a Sip of This”: The Impact of Family on the Drinking Patterns of Untreated Heavy Drinkers Living in the West Midlands, UK
Authors: Ferrins-Brown Maria , Dalton Sue , Maslin Jenny , Hartney Elizabeth , Kerr Cicely , Orford Jim
Published: July 2017

In a project investigating the experiences of heavy drinkers in the community, one aspect of it focused on family interactions and family drinking patterns. Two-hour, one-to-one confidential interviews were conducted with 501 male and female participants, ages 25–55, drinking a weekly average of 50+ units if male and 35+ units if female, and untreated for their drinking in the last 10 years. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative data was collected from each participant. This included detailed questioning about family (both family of origin and adult family) relationships and drinking patterns and their possible influence on the participant's own drinking patterns. Additional qualitative data collected on a sub-sample of 30 participants formed the basis of a three-stage grounded theory analysis, which allowed for the ongoing development and exploration of emerging themes. Analysis culminated in the development of three conceptual models: Family Traditions Model, Relationship Cohesion Model, and Emotional Blocking Model. The paper presents these models and outlines their influence on the individual drinking patterns of untreated heavy drinkers.