bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Velocity and Pressure Distribution along the Surface of Annular Aerofoils with Thick Symmetrical Sections
Authors: Pivko Svetopolk
Published: August 2016

An approximate method is shown for the estimation of the velocity and pressure distribution over the surface of circular annular aerofoils with thick symmetrical sections, at zero incidence.

Figure 1 shows an annular aerofoil or profiled ring obtained when an aerofoil with symmetrical section rotates about an axis.

From the theory of wing sections it is known that the aerodynamic effect of a symmetrical aerofoil section, at zero angle of attack, may be approximately replaced by the effect of sources and sinks distributed along the chord of the section.
Part III. Schneider Trophy Engine Design
Authors: Wilkinson G. S.
Published: August 2016

When considering the engine programme for the 1927 Schneider Trophy Race, a study was made of the machines used in the race held in 1925.

There appeared to be a considerable divergence of opinion between experts as to the best form of engine to adopt. Some thought it would be essential to have a Vee type of engine. Some thought the “Lion” or “Broad Arrow” type to be suitable. This view was supported by Mr. Mitchell in the discussion on the paper on the 1925 race read before the Society by Major Buchanan in January, 1926. Others seriously considered the radial type of engine.

We of the Napier Company were, perhaps, a little biassed, but we thought the “Broad Arrow” type of engine would be best under all the circumstances, and in view of the accumulated experience we had of that type, it could be developed to a very high standard of mechanical performance and power output.
A New Type of Combined Airscrew Hub Dynamometer and Thrust Meter
Authors: Hellyer F. K.
Published: August 2016

From time to time attempts have been made to produce a dynamometer capable of measuring the power output of an aero-engine during flight at various atitudes. The type that has proved the most suitable up to date in flight tests is the Bendemann hub acting on the hydraulic principle which was originally designed in Germany. The principle has recently been tested in America with moderately satisfactory results, and experiments with a modified form of the apparatus are at present being conducted at the Royal Aircraft Establishment. The Bendemann hub and its accessories are somewhat complicated and are difficult to instal in a machine and to maintain in a serviceable condition, also the apparatus will not work properly at altitudes above 20,000 feet owing to increased viscosity of the working fluid at low temperatures.

The apparatus described below is simpler in construction, lighter and more robust than the Bendemann hub, and should be capable of giving equally good results irrespective of altitude; moreover, the work of fitting it to a Service machine would not be great and would not necessitate the employment of specially skilled mechanics.
The Development of Aviation and Aeronautical Research in Holland in Recent Years
Authors: Van Der Maas H. J.
Published: August 2016

To understand aviation in Holland well, it is necessary to draw special attention to two points. The first is that Holland is a small country with a small military force and industry; both are also relatively small. The second point is that Holland has always occupied a central position in traffic lines. These two leading factors also rule things in aviation. They explain the following:

The industry exists without any financial aid from the Government and only a small number of military machines are required annually. The air–traffic company (K.L.M.—Royal Dutch Air Lines) has a small amount of Government subsidy, but has, however, the advantage that the interest of our bankers and shipping concerns, in a quite natural way, is directed towards traffic in general and this interest could be won for air traffic in particular. The Government is fully alive to the importance of this new branch of transport.

When we now turn to history the following can be seen.
Dynamic Forces in Aircraft Engines
Authors: Carter B. C.
Published: August 2016

Having–honoured me with an invitation to deliver a lecture this Session, the Society intimated that the most acceptable subject would be “Heavy–Oil Engines for Aircrat.” Unfortunately difficulties intervened which prevented the Society's choice from being adopted, and the outcome has been the hurried preparation of this lecture upon a subject which may seem remote from that mentioned.

As regards the broad title, this remoteness is more apparent than real, however, since the difficulties to be surmounted in evolving heavy–oil engines for aircraft relate quite as much to the mechanics of engine design as to problems of fuel injection and combustion. That this is so may be gathered from the paper Mr. Pye read before the British Association last summer, and from Mr. Chorlton's comments in the December issue of the Society's Journal. In Mr. Pye's paper, information is given which shows that much progress has been macfe in this country (and notably at the Royal Aircraft Establishment) in the direction of obtaining satisfactory combustion at high engine speeds with airless fuel injection.
Tests on Model Propellers
Authors: Hodgson John L.
Published: August 2016

In 1915, when dealing with various problems connected with Lifting Screws, the author desired to obtain a general idea as to the performance of a propeller when it was moved at various speeds forwards and backwards along its axis of rotation, and to express this information in some simple way, so that the approximate performance of any similar propeller working in a fluid medium of any density might readily be deduced.

If, when comparing the performance of similar propellers working at the same slip ratio, the resistances due to skin friction and viscosity are assumed to follow the velocity squared law, and change of density in the neighbourhood of the propeller is neglected, there are six main factors to be considered.
Magnetos
Authors: Young A. P.
Published: August 2016

In his opening remarks, Mr. Young stated that the magneto was an electrical machine of very small compass for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy at a very high potential. The electrical energy appears as high tension sparks which occur at regular intervals and in synchronism with the movement of the pistons. Each spark is the result of a very rapid rise of pressure in the secondary winding of the armature of the magneto. To-day magnetos are being produced capable of giving regularly 16,000 sparks per minute or 270 sparks per second.
The Effect of Reduced Intake-Air Pressure and of Hydrogen on the Performance of a Solid Injection Oil Engine
Authors: Mucklow G. F.
Published: August 2016

(a)Introductory.—The paper deals with experiments carried out in the engineering laboratories of the University of Manchester on a Crossley solid-injection oil engine in which small quantities of hydrogen or coal gas were introduced along with the air supply to the engine.

(b)Range of Investigation.—Three series of trials were run with hydrogen, each at a different load, namely, 53·4, 39·4, and; 24·4 b.h.p. The maximum amount of hydrogen used was slightly more than 3 per cent. by volume of the air supply, corresponding, at the lightest load, to some 14 per cent, by weight of the oil fuel supply.

Three corresponding series of trials were run using coal gas in place of hydrogen, the maximum volume of gas employed being 5 per cent. of the air supply. At the lightest load this corresponds to approximately 2·4 times the weight of fuel oil used.

(c)Conclusions.—Such quantities of hydrogen or coal gas can be used satisfactorily in the type of engine considered. No trouble was experienced due to pre-ignition or other causes, and the engine appeared to run more sweetly when gas was being used.

When running at constant load and speed, the admission of small quantities of gas appears to cause combustion to take place at a slower rate, giving a lower maximum pressure and more burning down the expansion stroke. The thermal efficiency is in consequence slightly reduced, while the heat-losses to exhaust are increased.
Multimodal Imaging in Psychiatry: The Electroencephalogram as a Complement to Other Modalities
Authors: Salisbury Dean F. , O'Donnell Brian F. , Nestor Paul G. , Shenton Martha E. , McCarley Robert W.
Published: August 2016

The use of different imaging modalities provides the clinician and researcher with different views of anatomy and physiology at unprecedented levels of detail. Multimodal imaging allows for noninvasive measurement of structure and function in humans during complex behavior, and thus provides information about the inner workings of the brain previously unavailable. The present paper examines the various imaging techniques available, and describes their application to the clinic—in the case of epilepsy—and to research—in the case of schizophrenia. Because the electroen-cephalogram has a dynamic response in milliseconds, it provides the best temporal sensitivity of functional measures of brain activity. When coupled with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging measures of brain structure, this multimodal approach provides a powerful tool for understanding brain activity. Clinically, the use of multimodal imaging has provided greater precision in localization of the epileptogenic focus. For researchers attempting to determine the underlying causes of schizophrenia, the use of multimodal imaging has helped lead the field away from a specific lesion view to a more distributed system abnormality view of this disorder.
Do Dual-Action Neurotransmitter Agents Offer an Advantage in Psychiatric Treatment?
Authors: Shelton Richard C. , Charney Dennis S. , Trivedi Madhukar
Published: August 2016

Antidepressant treatments have evolved over the last 20 years, and many new drugs with complex mechanisms of action are available. It has become apparent that mechanism of action is significant in terms of treatment impact. We may have some capacity to predict the potential outcomes of treatment based on what drugs we use. Depression management requires elaborate assessment in order to keep track of treatment progress and know how to move through the sequences of therapy. Many patients with depression who are treated with antidepressants do not experience full remission, and a large number of patients who do recover eventually relapse. Remission as a treatment goal is difficult to achieve. One of the reasons why remission rates are low is that the currently available treatment choices are implemented improperly. Also, our understanding of the neurobiology of depression is still in the early stages. As we gain more knowledge about what this disorder truly entails, we will be able to achieve better treatment outcomes, and we can hope that remission will become the standard of care in treating patients with depression.
Migraine: A Border Between Psychiatry and Neurology
Authors: Marazziti Donatella
Published: August 2016

In spite of the fact that migraine seems to have been present throughout the history of man (Areteus of Cappadocia gave a detailed description of it in the first century AD) and has a high prevalence, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. This is probably due to the fact that it is an episodic and self-limiting, although discomforting, disorder.

It is only in the last few decades that migraine has undergone systematic investigation exploring possible genetic, hormonal, biochemical, and psychological factors. As a result, its nature is now becoming less enigmatic, and some comprehensive models on the underlying mechanisms are available.

We review the most intriguing hypotheses related to the pathophysiology of migraine, focusing especially on theories of serotonin dysfunction, which may also explain the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders detected in migraine patients.
Psychosocial and Economic Implications of Trichotillomania: A Pilot Study in a South African Sample
Authors: Seedat Soraya , Stein Dan J.
Published: August 2016

Trichotillomania (TTM) is increasingly being recognized as a prevalent disorder. Nevertheless, few data are available regarding the effects of TTM on quality of life or the economic costs associated with this disorder. Two hundred members of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Association of South Africa were surveyed in this pilot study, using a detailed self-report questionnaire. Of the 75 respondents, 27 reported hair pulling as a symptom. Results from this investigation indicate that hair pulling may be associated with substantial morbidity, including significant effects on occupational, academic, social, and family functioning. Additional costs may be incurred by delays in seeking treatment and incorrect diagnoses. While further work in a larger sample of patients is clearly needed, psychoeducation of practitioners and the public on TTM may result in earlier referral, diagnosis, treatment, and greater cost savings in the long term.
Libido and Hormones
Authors: Canale Domenico , Pistoia Stefania
Published: August 2016

Libido is the drive to have a sexual activity. Gonadal hormones play a major role in activating and maintaining libido in both men and women. Other hormones, though, interact with them in influencing sexuality, such as prolactin and also brain neurotransmitters. The role of hormones declines with age and sexuality becomes more mind-induced. Nevertheless, some aspects of sexuality remain linked to hormones. For example, a reduction of central arousability is typical of hypogonadal state. However, it is not clear at what level of androgen deficiency the loss of libido begins and if adequate external stimuli can overcome a partial deficiency.
Can Too Much Sex be a Bad Thing?
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Black Donald W.
Published: August 2016

Psychiatry has a long tradition of believing that too much sex is a bad thing. The classical literature provides detailed accounts of men and women who demonstrated apparently pathological sexual appetites. Since Freud, psychoanalytic authors have held that masturbation is unhealthy, and psychodynamically oriented thinkers have written on Don Juanism and nymphomania.
New Developments in Electroconvulsive Therapy and Magnetic Seizure Therapy
Authors: Lisanby Sarah H. , Morales Oscar , Payne Nancy , Kwon Edward , Fitzsimons Linda , Luber Bruce , Nobler Mitchell S. , Sackeim Harold A.
Published: August 2016

New findings regarding the mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have led to novel developments in treatment technique to further improve this highly effective treatment for major depression. These new approaches include novel electrode placements, optimization of electrical stimulus parameters, and new methods for inducing more targeted seizures (eg, magnetic seizure therapy [MST]). MST is the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce a seizure. Magnetic fields pass through tissue unimpeded, providing more control over the site and extent of stimulation than can be achieved with ECT. This enhanced control represents a means of focusing the treatment on target cortical structures thought to be essential to antidepressant response and reducing spread to medial temporal regions implicated in the cognitive side effects of ECT. MST is at an early stage of development. Preliminary results suggest that MST may have some advantages over ECT in terms of subjective side effects and acute cognitive functioning. Studies designed to address the antidepressant efficacy of MST are underway. As with all attempts to improve convulsive therapy technique, the clinical value of MST will need to be established through controlled clinical trials. This article reviews the experience to date with MST, and places this work in the broader context of other means of optimizing convulsive therapy in the treatment of depression.
Exploring the Boundaries of Anxiety and Psychosis
Authors: Hollander Eric
Published: August 2016

This issue of CNS Spectrums explores the boundaries and relationship between anxiety and psychosis from various perspectives. Anxiety may be conceived as being secondary to psychosis, or psychosis emerging from an anxiety disorder. Anxiety might also be a symptom, or part and parcel, of a psychotic illness. Finally, pharmacologic treatment of psychosis might precipitate an anxiety disorder, or psychopharmacologic approaches to anxiety disorders might precipitate psychosis. Thus, the relationship between these two symptom clusters may be complex and multidetermined.

First, I would like to thank Stefano Pallanti, MD, of both the Institute of Neurosciences at the University of Florence Medical School and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, for defining the challenge, assembling an international cohort of experts, and guest editing this issue.

In this issue, Rossi and colleagues present original research derived from a study of 400 inpatients that examines the pattern of comorbidity among obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and other personality disorders. Of interest, the highest co-occurence of OCPD is with the cluster A disorders (paranoid and schizoid)—the “odd” cluster.

Pallanti and colleagues describe the development of social phobia in 12 patients with paranoid schizophrenia during clozapine treatment. Two thirds of these patients had significant improvement of social phobic symptoms with fluoxetine augmentation of clozapine. This new observation is certainly reminiscent of the induction of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology with atypical neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia.
Primary Care Physicians' Attitude Toward Diagnosis and Treatment of Late-life Depression
Authors: Harman Jeffrey S. , Brown Ellen L. , Have Thomas Ten , Mulsant Benoit H. , Brown Greg , Bruce Martha L.
Published: August 2016

Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of late-life depression is common, especially in primary care settings. To help assess whether physicians' attitude and confidence in diagnosing and managing depression serve as barriers to care, a total of 176 physicians employed in 18 primary care groups were administered surveys to assess attitudes towards diagnosis, treatment, and management of depression in elderly patients, (individuals over 65 years of age). Logistic regression was performed to assess the association of physician characteristics on attitudes. Nearly all of the physicians surveyed felt that depression in the elderly was a primary care problem, and 41% reported late-life depression as the most common problem seen in older patients. Physicians were confident in their ability to diagnose and manage depression, yet 45% had no medical education on depression in the previous three years. Physicians' confidence in their ability to diagnose, treat, and manage depression, and their reported adequacy of training, do not appear to correspond to the amount of continuing medical education in depression, suggesting that physician overconfidence may potentially be serving as a barrier to care.
Single Isomer Versus Racemate: Is There a Difference? Clinical Comparisons in Allergy and Gastroenterology
Authors: Flockhart David A. , Nelson Harold S.
Published: August 2016

Many commonly prescribed drugs exist as a mixture of two distinct chiral isomer forms (enantiomers), each with its own unique chemistry, receptor affinity, and pharmacokinetic profile. Much is unknown concerning the clinical utility of these single enantiomers. This review of the stereoisomers of two commonly used drugs—albuterol for asthma and omeprazole for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers—examines the improved efficacy, pharmacokinetics, decreased adverse effects, and fewer drug-drug interactions associated with single enantiomers.
New investigational drugs with single-agent activity in multiple myeloma
Authors: Rajan A M , Kumar S
Published: July 2016

The treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) is rapidly evolving. In the United States, four drugs (panobinostat, ixazomib, daratumumab and elotuzumab) were approved for the treatment of MM in 2015. As a result of improved diagnosis and therapy, there has been a dramatic improvement in the outcome of MM in the last decade, probably more than any other malignancy. Numerous agents continue to be studied in preclinical models and in clinical trials, with many demonstrating clinical efficacy that appears promising enough to have a trajectory for regulatory approval. The purpose of this article is to summarize the current data and provide perspective on new investigational agents with promising single-agent activity in MM. The agents reviewed include Isatuximab, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody; marizomib, a new proteasome inhibitor; oprozomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor; filanesib (ARRY-520), a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor; dinaciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; venetoclax (ABT-199), a selective BCL-2 inhibitor; and LGH-447, pan PIM kinase inhibitor.
Socioeconomic disadvantage and oral-health-related hospital admissions: a 10-year analysis
Authors: Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc
Published: July 2016

Objective:

The aim of this Western Australian population study was to assess the relationship of socioeconomic disadvantage and: 1) trends in hospitalisations for oral-health-related conditions over 10 years; 2) insurance status, costs and length of stay in hospital; and 3) specific conditions (principal diagnosis) patients were admitted for.

Methods:

Hospitalisation data (of oral-health-related conditions) were obtained for every episode of discharge from all hospitals in Western Australia for the financial years 1999–2000 to 2008–2009. Area based measures (using the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage) was used to determine relationships between socioeconomic status and other variables.

Results:

The most disadvantaged in the population are being hospitalised at significantly higher rates than other groups, stay in hospital for longer, and at higher costs. This trend remained over a period of 10 years. Those least disadvantaged have the second highest rates of hospitalisation, but the likelihood of being admitted for different procedures differ between these two extremes.

Conclusions:

The importance of socioeconomic determinants of health are evident when analysing these hospitalisations. Recognition that lifestyle choices are severely restricted among the most marginalised and disadvantaged groups in the population can no longer be ignored in attempts to reduce health inequalities.
Understanding natural herpes simplex virus immunity to inform next‐generation vaccine design
Authors: Sandgren Kerrie J , Bertram Kirstie , Cunningham Anthony L
Published: July 2016

Incremental advances in our knowledge of how natural immune control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) develops have yielded insight as to why previous vaccine attempts have only been partially successful, however, our understanding of these pathways, particularly in humans, is still incomplete. Further elucidation of the innate immune events that are responsible for stimulating these effector responses is required to accurately inform vaccine design. An enhanced understanding of the mechanism of action of novel adjuvants will also facilitate the rational choice of adjuvant to optimise such responses. Here we review the reasons for the hitherto partial HSV vaccine success and align these with our current knowledge of how natural HSV immunity develops. In particular, we focus on the innate immune response and the role of dendritic cells in inducing protective T‐cell responses and how these pathways might be recapitulated in a vaccine setting.
Springtime precipitation effects on the abundance of fluorescent biological aerosol particles and HULIS in Beijing
Authors: Yue Siyao , Ren Hong , Fan Songyun , Sun Yele , Wang Zifa , Fu Pingqing
Published: July 2016

Bioaerosols and humic-like substances (HULIS) are important components of atmospheric aerosols, which can affect regional climate by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and some of which can damage human health. Up to date, release of bioaerosols and HULIS initiated by precipitation is still poorly understood. Here we present different release processes for bioaerosols, non-bioaerosols and HULIS during a precipitation event in Beijing, China. Large fungal-spore-like aerosols were emitted at the onset and later weak stage of precipitation, the number concentration of which increased by more than two folds, while the number concentration of bacteria-like particles doubled when the precipitation strengthened. Besides, a good correlation between protein-like substances that were measured simultaneously by on-line and off-line fluorescence techniques consolidated their applications to measure bioaerosols. Furthermore, our EEM results suggest that the relative contribution of water-soluble HULIS to microbial materials was enhanced gradually by the rain event.
CO2 Emission Increases with Damage Severity in Moso Bamboo Forests Following a Winter Storm in Southern China
Authors: Liu Sheng , Xu Hangmei , Ding Jiuming , Chen Han Y. H. , Wang Jiashe , Xu Zikun , Ruan Honghua , Chen Yuwei
Published: July 2016

Despite the prevalence of disturbances in forests, the effects of disturbances on soil carbon processes are not fully understood. We examined the influences of a winter storm on soil respiration and labile soil organic carbon (SOC) of a Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycle) plantation in the Wuyi Mountains in Southern China from May 2008 to May 2009. We sampled stands that were damaged at heavy, moderate, and light levels, which yielded aboveground biomass inputs to the soil at 22.12 ± 0.73 (mean ± 1 s.e.m.), 10.40 ± 1.09, and 5.95 ± 0.73 Mg per hectare, respectively. We found that soil respiration rate and annual cumulative CO2 emissions were significantly higher in heavily damaged sites than moderately and lightly damaged sites. Soil temperature was the most important environmental factor affecting soil respiration rate across all studied stands. However, soil respiration sensitivity to temperature (Q10) decreased in heavily damaged sites. Microbial biomass carbon and its proportion to total SOC increased with damage intensity. Soil respiration rate was positively correlated to microbial biomass carbon and soil moisture. Our results indicated that the increase of soil respiration following canopy disturbance from winter storm resulted from increased microbial biomass carbon, soil moisture, and temperature.
Structurally-driven Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties within Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thin Films
Authors: Petsagkourakis Ioannis , Pavlopoulou Eleni , Portale Giuseppe , Kuropatwa Bryan A. , Dilhaire Stefan , Fleury Guillaume , Hadziioannou Georges
Published: July 2016

Due to the rising need for clean energy, thermoelectricity has raised as a potential alternative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Specifically, thermoelectric devices based on polymers could offer an efficient path for near-room temperature energy harvesters. Thus, control over thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers is crucial and, herein, the structural, electrical and thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films doped with p-toluenesulfonate (Tos) molecules were investigated with regards to thin film processing. PEDOT:Tos thin films were prepared by in-situ polymerization of (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) monomers in presence of iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate with different co-solvents in order to tune the film structure. While the Seebeck coefficient remained constant, a large improvement in the electrical conductivity was observed for thin films processed with high boiling point additives. The increase of electrical conductivity was found to be solely in-plane mobility-driven. Probing the thin film structure by Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering has shown that this behavior is dictated by the structural properties of the PEDOT:Tos films; specifically by the thin film crystallinity combined to the preferential edge-on orientation of the PEDOT crystallites. Consequentially enhancement of the power factor from 25 to 78.5 μW/mK2 has been readily obtained for PEDOT:Tos thin films following this methodology.
Trophoblastic debris modifies endothelial cell transcriptome in vitro: a mechanism by which fetal cells might control maternal responses to pregnancy
Authors: Wei J. , Lau S. Y. , Blenkiron C. , Chen Q. , James J. L. , Kleffmann T. , Wise M. , Stone P. R. , Chamley L. W.
Published: July 2016

The mechanisms by which the fetus induces maternal physiological adaptations to pregnancy are unclear. Cellular debris, shed from the placental syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal blood and phagocytosed by maternal endothelial and immune cells, may be one of these mechanisms. Here we show that trophoblastic debris from normal first trimester placentae induces changes in the transcriptome and proteome of endothelial cells in vitro, which might contribute to the adaptation of the maternal cardiovascular system to pregnancy. Trophoblastic debris also induced endothelial cells to transcribe placenta-specific genes, including the vasodilator hormone CSH1, thereby expanding the effective functional size of the placenta. Our data suggest that the deportation of trophoblastic debris is an important part of the complex network of feto-maternal communication.
Immunogenicity of a novel tetravalent vaccine formulation with four recombinant lipidated dengue envelope protein domain IIIs in mice
Authors: Chiang Chen-Yi , Pan Chien-Hsiung , Chen Mei-Yu , Hsieh Chun-Hsiang , Tsai Jy-Ping , Liu Hsueh-Hung , Liu Shih-Jen , Chong Pele , Leng Chih-Hsiang , Chen Hsin-Wei
Published: July 2016

We developed a novel platform to express high levels of recombinant lipoproteins with intrinsic adjuvant properties. Based on this technology, our group developed recombinant lipidated dengue envelope protein domain IIIs as vaccine candidates against dengue virus. This work aims to evaluate the immune responses in mice to the tetravalent formulation. We demonstrate that 4 serotypes of recombinant lipidated dengue envelope protein domain III induced both humoral and cellular immunity against all 4 serotypes of dengue virus on the mixture that formed the tetravalent formulation. Importantly, the immune responses induced by the tetravalent formulation in the absence of the exogenous adjuvant were functional in clearing the 4 serotypes of dengue virus in vivo. We affirm that the tetravalent formulation of recombinant lipidated dengue envelope protein domain III is a potential vaccine candidate against dengue virus and suggest further detailed studies of this formulation in nonhuman primates.
Role of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in depression and dietary intake of glucoraphanin confers stress resilience in mice
Authors: Yao Wei , Zhang Ji-chun , Ishima Tamaki , Dong Chao , Yang Chun , Ren Qian , Ma Min , Han Mei , Wu Jin , Suganuma Hiroyuki , Ushida Yusuke , Yamamoto Masayuki , Hashimoto Kenji
Published: July 2016

The transcription factor Keap1-Nrf2 system plays a key role in inflammation which is involved in depression. We found lower expression of Keap1 and Nrf2 proteins in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus in mice with depression-like phenotype compared to control mice. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines inNrf2knock-out (KO) mice were higher than those of wild-type mice, suggestive of enhanced inflammation in KO mice. Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B (TrkB) signaling in the PFC, CA3 and DG plays a role in the depression-like phenotype ofNrf2KO mice. TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, but not antagonist ANA-12, produced antidepressant effects inNrf2KO mice, by stimulating TrkB in the PFC, CA3 and DG. Pretreatment with Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (SFN) prevented the depression-like phenotype induced after repeated social defeat stress. Interestingly, dietary intake of 0.1% glucoraphanin (a precursor of SFN) containing food during juvenile and adolescent stages also prevented the depression-like phenotype evoked in adulthood, after repeated social defeat stress. These findings suggest that Keap1-Nrf2 system plays a key role in depression and that dietary intake of SFN-rich food during juvenile stages and adolescence can confer stress resilience in adulthood.
CD271 regulates the proliferation and motility of hypopharyngeal cancer cells
Authors: Mochizuki Mai , Tamai Keiichi , Imai Takayuki , Sugawara Sayuri , Ogama Naoko , Nakamura Mao , Matsuura Kazuto , Yamaguchi Kazunori , Satoh Kennichi , Sato Ikuro , Motohashi Hozumi , Sugamura Kazuo , Tanaka Nobuyuki
Published: July 2016

CD271 (p75 neurotrophin receptor) plays both positive and negative roles in cancer development, depending on the cell type. We previously reported that CD271 is a marker for tumor initiation and is correlated with a poor prognosis in human hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC). To clarify the role of CD271 in HPC, we established HPC cell lines and knocked down the CD271 expression using siRNA. We found that CD271-knockdown completely suppressed the cells’ tumor-forming capability both in vivo and in vitro. CD271-knockdown also induced cell-cycle arrest in G0 and suppressed ERK phosphorylation. While treatment with an ERK inhibitor only partially inhibited cell growth, CDKN1C, which is required for maintenance of quiescence, was strongly upregulated in CD271-depleted HPC cells, and the double knockdown of CD271 and CDKN1C partially rescued the cells from G0 arrest. In addition, either CD271 depletion or the inhibition of CD271-RhoA signaling by TAT-Pep5 diminished the in vitro migration capability of the HPC cells. Collectively, CD271 initiates tumor formation by increasing the cell proliferation capacity through CDKN1C suppression and ERK-signaling activation, and by accelerating the migration signaling pathway in HPC.
The origin of chromosomal inversions as a source of segmental duplications in the Sophophora subgenus of Drosophila
Authors: Puerma Eva , Orengo Dorcas J. , Aguadé Montserrat
Published: July 2016

Chromosomal inversions can contribute to the adaptation of organisms to their environment by capturing particular advantageous allelic combinations of a set of genes included in the inverted fragment and also by advantageous functional changes due to the inversion process itself that might affect not only the expression of flanking genes but also their dose and structure. Of the two mechanisms originating inversions —ectopic recombination and staggered double-strand breaks and subsequent repair— only the latter confers the inversion the potential to have dosage effects and/or to generate advantageous chimeric genes. In Drosophila subobscura, there is ample evidence for the adaptive character of its chromosomal polymorphism, with an important contribution of some warm-climate arrangements such as E1+2+9+12. Here, we have characterized the breakpoints of inversion E12 and established that it originated through the staggered-break mechanism like four of the five inversions of D. subobscura previously studied. This mechanism that also predominates in the D. melanogaster lineage might be prevalent in the Sophophora subgenus and contribute to the adaptive character of the polymorphic and fixed inversions of its species. Finally, we have shown that the D. subobscura inversion breakpoint regions have generally been disrupted by additional structural changes occurred at different time scales.
An integrated process for the extraction of fuel and chemicals from marine macroalgal biomass
Authors: Trivedi Nitin , Baghel Ravi S. , Bothwell John , Gupta Vishal , Reddy C. R. K. , Lali Arvind M. , Jha Bhavanath
Published: July 2016

We describe an integrated process that can be applied to biomass of the green seaweed, Ulva fasciata, to allow the sequential recovery of four economically important fractions; mineral rich liquid extract (MRLE), lipid, ulvan and cellulose. The main benefits of our process are: a) its simplicity and b) the consistent yields obtained from the residual biomass after each successive extraction step. For example, dry Ulva biomass yields ~26% of its starting mass as MRLE, ~3% as lipid, ~25% as ulvan and ~11% as cellulose, with the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of the final cellulose fraction under optimized conditions producing ethanol at a competitive 0.45 g/g reducing sugar. These yields are comparable to those obtained by direct processing of the individual components from primary biomass. We propose that this integration of ethanol production and chemical feedstock recovery from macroalgal biomass could substantially enhance the sustainability of marine biomass use.
Effect of leptin combined with CoCl2 on healing in Sprague Dawley Rat fracture model
Authors: Liu Pengcheng , Liu Junfeng , Xia Kuo , Chen Liyang , Wu Xing
Published: July 2016

To evaluate the effect of leptin combined with CoCl2 on rat femur fracture healing. 48 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two main groups. Then standardized femur fractures were created to all rats. Control group rats were treated with 0.5 mL physiological saline, and experimental group rats were treated with 5 μg/Kg.d leptin and 15 mg/Kg.d CoCl2 along with 0.5 mL physiological saline for 42 days intraperitoneally. Each main group was divided into three subgroups for each evaluation at second, fourth and sixth weeks, each subgroup included eight rats. The radiological evaluation showed that the fracture healing progress of experimental group was superior to control group from second week. At fourth week, experimental group had better fracture healing progress than control group significantly. Results of biomechanics show the ultimate load (N) and deflection ultimate load (mm) of experimental group was significantly increased than that in control group from fourth week. The present result demonstrated that leptin combined with CoCl2 significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of HIF1A, Vegfa, Runx2, Bmp2, Bglap and Alpl. It suggested that leptin combined with CoCl2 have a positive effect on rat femur fracture healing by activating the HIF1A pathway.
NLRP3 protects alveolar barrier integrity by an inflammasome-independent increase of epithelial cell adherence
Authors: Kostadinova Elena , Chaput Catherine , Gutbier Birgitt , Lippmann Juliane , Sander Leif E. , Mitchell Timothy J. , Suttorp Norbert , Witzenrath Martin , Opitz Bastian
Published: August 2016

Bacterial pneumonia is a major cause of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, characterized by alveolar barrier disruption. NLRP3 is best known for its ability to form inflammasomes and to regulate IL-1β and IL-18 production in myeloid cells. Here we show that NLRP3 protects the integrity of the alveolar barrier in a mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia and ex vivo upon treatment of isolated perfused and ventilated lungs with the purified bacterial toxin, pneumolysin. We reveal that the preserving effect of NLRP3 on the lung barrier is independent of inflammasomes, IL-1β and IL-18. NLRP3 improves the integrity of alveolar epithelial cell monolayers by enhancing cellular adherence. Collectively, our study uncovers a novel function of NLRP3 by demonstrating that it protects epithelial barrier function independently of inflammasomes.
Langmuir–Blodgett films of salophen-based metallosurfactants as surface pretreatment coatings for corrosion mitigation
Authors: Gonawala Sunalee , Leopoldino Verônica R. , Kpogo Kenneth , Verani Cláudio N.
Published: August 2016

Langmuir–Blodgett films of metallosurfactants prevent up to 30% of acidic and saline corrosion, showing potential as surface pretreatment coatings.
A bentonite–gold nanohybrid as a heterogeneous green catalyst for selective oxidation of silanes
Authors: Maya R. J. , John Jubi , Varma R. Luxmi
Published: August 2016

A highly efficient, green and recyclable heterogeneous bentonite–gold nanohybrid catalyst was developed for the selective oxidation of silanes.
Colloidal synthesis of wurtz-stannite Cu2CdGeS4nanocrystals with high catalytic activity toward iodine redox couples in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Huang Shoushuang , Zai Jiantao , Ma Dui , He Qingquan , Liu Yuanyuan , Qiao Qiquan , Qian Xuefeng
Published: August 2016

Wurtz-stannite Cu2CdGeS4nanocrystals were synthesizedviaa facile hot-injection method at a low temperature.
Acid-triggered release of doxorubicin from a hydrazone-linked Gd3+-texaphyrin conjugate
Authors: Lee Min Hee , Kim Eun-Joong , Lee Hyunseung , Park Sun Young , Hong Kwan Soo , Kim Jong Seung , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: August 2016

The hydrazone-based Gd3+-texaphyrin doxorubicin conjugate 1, releases active doxorubicin at acidic pH values, allowing its components to be followed by two complementary imaging methods, namely Off–On fluorescence enhancement and MR imaging.
Bowl-shaped Tröger's bases and their recognition properties
Authors: Mosca Lorenzo , Čejka Jan , Dolenský Bohumil , Havlík Martin , Jakubek Milan , Kaplánek Robert , Král Vladimír , Anzenbacher Pavel
Published: August 2016

The electron rich bowl-shaped tris-Tröger bases calix-1 and calix-2 display fluorescence quenching in presence of nitroaromatic analytes. Crystal structures show the formation of inclusion complexes.
Saturation dynamics and working limits of saturated absorption cavity ringdown spectroscopy
Authors: Sadiek Ibrahim , Friedrichs Gernot
Published: July 2016

The decay transient dynamics and the optimum experimental conditions for reliable gas absorption measurements have been investigated using saturated CRDS (Sat-CRDS, SCAR).
Separation of dynamic and nondynamic correlation
Authors: Ramos-Cordoba Eloy , Salvador Pedro , Matito Eduard
Published: July 2016

A decomposition of the second-order reduced density matrix provides natural orbital based indices that provide a separation of dynamic and nondynamic correlation.
Melting of gelatin gels confined to silica nanopores
Authors: Prado J. Rachel , Chen Jun , Kharlampieva Eugenia , Vyazovkin Sergey
Published: July 2016

Nanoconfinement increases the melting temperature of gelatin gel. The effect is linked to slowing down the gelatin chain mobility and reveals itselfviadecrease of the preexponential factor of the process.
Direct oxidative pathway from amplex red to resorufin revealed by in situ confocal imaging
Authors: Lefrançois Pauline , Vajrala Venkata Suresh Reddy , Arredondo Imelda Bonifas , Goudeau Bertrand , Doneux Thomas , Bouffier Laurent , Arbault Stéphane
Published: July 2016

The conversion of Amplex Red (AR) to the fluorescent dye resorufin (RS) is employed in many biochemical assays. Here, direct generation of RS from AR at a mild oxidation potential is proven by a series of in situ electrochemical techniques.
Applications and stereoselective syntheses of P-chirogenic phosphorus compounds
Authors: Dutartre Mathieu , Bayardon Jérôme , Jugé Sylvain
Published: August 2016

This review reports the best stereoselective or asymmetric syntheses, the most efficient P*-building blocks and functionalisation of P-chirogenic compounds, in the light of chiral phosphorus compound applications.
A new NBS/oxone promoted one pot cascade synthesis of 2-aminobenzimidazoles/2-aminobenzoxazoles: a facile approach
Authors: Daswani Ujla , Dubey Nitin , Sharma Pratibha , Kumar Ashok
Published: July 2016

A rapid and transition metal free synthesis of 2-aminobenzazoles using readily available substrates.
Structural and mechanistic diversity of multidrug transporters
Authors: Mousa Jarrod J. , Bruner Steven D.
Published: July 2016

The review article surveys recent structural and mechanistic advances in the field of multi-drug and natural product transporters.
100% hyperbranched polymers via the acid-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts aromatic substitution reaction
Authors: Yang Dong , Kong Jie
Published: July 2016

A highly efficient and benign strategy to synthesize hyperbranched polymers with a degree of branching of 100% was presented via the Friedel–Crafts reaction.
A soybean meal-based wood adhesive improved by a diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether: properties and performance
Authors: Yuan Cheng , Luo Jing , Luo Jianlin , Gao Qiang , Li Jianzhang
Published: July 2016

A soybean meal was used to make an effective, biodegradable adhesive for plywood applications using the long-chain crosslinker diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (DGDE) and the denaturation agent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
Electrochemical assessment of phenol and triazoles derived from phenol (BPT) on API 5L X52 steel immersed in 1 M HCl
Authors: Espinoza-Vázquez A. , Rodríguez-Gómez F. J. , González-Olvera R. , Angeles-Beltrán D. , Mendoza-Espinosa D. , Negrón-Silva G. E.
Published: August 2016

The phenol-derived triazoles beginning at 10 ppm show excellent inhibition against corrosion when immersed in 1 M HCl.
Hydrogen desorption behaviour and microstructure evolution of a γ-AlH3/MgCl2 nano-composite during dehydriding
Authors: Duan Congwen , Hu Lianxi , Sun Yu , Wan Zhipeng
Published: August 2016

A deep insight into the mechanism of the dehydriding reaction of γ-AlH3 nano-composite.
A facile synthesis method and electrochemical studies of a hierarchical structured MoS2/C-nanocomposite
Authors: Li Zhenyou , Ottmann Alexander , Thauer Elisa , Neef Christoph , Sai Huazheng , Sun Qing , Cendrowski Krzysztof , Meyer Hans-Peter , Vaynzof Yana , Mijowska Ewa , Xiang Junhui , Klingeler Rüdiger
Published: July 2016

A facile synthesis of MoS2 nanosheet coated BC nanofiber network as an additive free anode for LIBs has been reported. The strong interaction between the nanosheets and the carbon fibers endures it with enhanced cycling and rate performances.
Development of multilayer Sn–Ni alloy coating by pulsed sonoelectrolysis for enhanced corrosion protection
Authors: Shetty Sandhya , Jaffer Sadiq M. Mohamed , Bhat D. Krishna , Hegde A. Chitharanjan
Published: August 2016

Multilayer Sn–Ni alloy coatings developed using ultrasound effect periodically are found to exhibit better corrosion resistance than their monolayer alloy coatings.
Facile fabrication of highly omniphobic and self-cleaning surfaces based on water mediated fluorinated nanosilica aggregation
Authors: Wei Cunqian , Tang Yongqiang , Zhang Guangfa , Zhang Qinghua , Zhan Xiaoli , Chen Fengqiu
Published: July 2016

Liquid repellent surfaces are being promisingly applied in industry and our daily lives.
Functionalized R9–reduced graphene oxide as an efficient nano-carrier for hydrophobic drug delivery
Authors: Hashemi Mohaddeseh , Yadegari Amir , Yazdanpanah Ghasem , Jabbehdari Sayena , Omidi Meisam , Tayebi Lobat
Published: July 2016

A novel, stable, functionalized, and targeted graphene-based drug delivery system for smart transportation of hydrophobic agents is introduced.
Tuning the hydride reductions catalyzed on metal nanoparticle surfaces
Authors: Choi Sungmoon , Jeong Yujin , Yu Junhua
Published: July 2016

Charge becomes an important factor that determines the reactivity of nanoparticle-catalyzed reactions when electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles and reactants occurs.
Formation of hierarchical bone-like apatites on silk microfiber templates via biomineralization
Authors: Xu Zongpu , Shi Liyang , Hu Doudou , Hu Binhui , Yang Mingying , Zhu Liangjun
Published: July 2016

Hierarchical bone-like apatites can be formed on silk microfiber templates and the resulting biocomposites achieved good cytocompatibility.
Fluorene-based mononuclear gold(i) complexes: the effect of alkyl chain, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and mechanochromism characteristics
Authors: Chen Zhao , Nie Yuting , Liu Sheng Hua
Published: July 2016

Three gold(i) complexes were synthesized, and these gold(i) complexes exhibit AIE or alkyl chain-dependent mechanochromism characteristics.