bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Acute Effectiveness and Safety of the Constant-Flow, Pressure-Volume Curve to Improve Hypoxemia in Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Hata J. Steven , Simmons Jonathan S. , Kumar Avinash B. , Rickelman John H. , Nickel Ellen J. , Simmons Shawn T. , Torner James
Published: January 2011

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of the constant-flow, pressure-volume curve (PVC) to prescribe positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in acute lung injury (ALI) and risk of cardiopulmonary deterioration during the PVC process. Design: A retrospective, cohort study. Setting: A surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary, university hospital. Patients: Fifty consecutive ventilated patients diagnosed with ALI undergoing the PVC maneuver from 1999 to 2003. Interventions: Titration of PEEP based on the lower inflection point of the constant-flow, pressure-volume curve. Measurements and Main Results: Patients were divided into 2 groups based on PVC-guided PEEP changes of <3 cm H2O (PVC-NC or “no change”) or ≥3 cm H2O (PVC-CHG or “change”) from the initial empiric prescription. There was a greater increase in partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)/fractional concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2) in the PVC-CHG group, with a mean change of 80 ± 50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 61, 98) versus 42 ± 54 (95% CI 17, 67) in the PVC-NC group. Eighty-two percent of patients (41/50) showed an increase in ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) by 20% within 6 to 24 hours after the PVC test—greater in the PVC-CHG group (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.02, 2.01). Thirteen percent (4/30) within the PVC-CHG group and none within the PVC-NC group (0/20) required a 25% increase in vasoactive infusion rates ( P = .089) in relation to the procedure. Univariate logistic regression showed that PVC-CHG was significantly associated with a 20% change in PaO2/FiO2 (OR 7.54, 95% CI 1.37, 41.41). Multivariate logistic modeling showed that PVC-guided PEEP changes of ≥3 cm H2O, age ≤65 years, and pre-PVC FiO2 ≥.85 were significantly associated with a 20% increase in PaO2/FiO2 (receiver operator area under the curve = .86). Conclusions: In the setting of acute lung injury, use of the constant-flow, pressure-volume curve to prescribe PEEP appears associated with improvement in oxygenation with limited risk of acute, process-related, cardiopulmonary deterioration.
Rapid Rewarming of Hypothermic Patient Using Arctic Sun Device
Authors: Cocchi Michael N. , Giberson Brandon , Donnino Michael W.
Published: January 2011

There are multiple commercially made devices currently available for inducing hypothermia in patients with postcardiac arrest, but whether these devices can be used successfully for rewarming patients suffering from accidental hypothermia remains largely unexplored. We describe a case in which a patient with severe accidental hypothermia secondary to environmental exposure was successfully, safely, and rapidly warmed using a temperature regulation device traditionally used for therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in patients with postcardiac arrest. Clinicians may wish to consider the use of these devices when attempting to warm patients suffering from severe environmental hypothermia.
Exploring the Impact of Medical Marijuana Laws on the Validity of Self-Reported Marijuana Use Among Juvenile Arrestees Over Time
Authors: Miller Riane N. , Kuhns Joseph B.
Published: January 2011

Past studies have found that underreporting of marijuana use is particularly high. The present study extends previous research that examined the temporal validity of self-reported marijuana use among juvenile arrestees. Furthermore, the present study explores whether the passage of medical marijuana laws in some states have affected the validity of self-reported marijuana use among juvenile arrestees. Using existing juvenile offender interview and urinalysis data from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM) for the years 1998 to 2002, we find that the validity of self-reported marijuana use was low, but quite stable, over time even after the threshold for a positive test was changed. However, study sites in states that had passed medical marijuana laws had significantly higher validity levels than states that had not, suggesting that the passage of medical marijuana laws may affect validity of self-reported marijuana use.
Disability-Free Life Expectancy: A Cross-National Comparison Among Bulgarian, Italian, and Latin American Older Population
Authors: Minicuci Nadia , Noale Marianna , León Díaz Esther Maria , Gómez León Madelín , Andreotti Alessandra , Mutafova Margareta
Published: January 2011

Objective: To present sociodemographic and health status harmonized variables constructed to evaluate cross-national differences in term of Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) across different surveys. Method: The study comprises national surveys conducted in Bulgaria, Italy, and Latin America and the Caribbean. A homogeneous group of health determinants for the older population was created and the DFLE indicator based on Sullivan’s method was developed considering the harmonized common variables on disability. Results: For all countries, DFLE values decline as age increases for both sexes, with a pronounced decline among women. Regardless the native country, women always present higher Life Expectancy than men at each age; however, they live a higher percentage of these years with disability. Discussion: Further research should be carried out with standardized instruments that allow a more direct comparison, along with measurements of the potential differences across countries, which could explain differences in disability prevalence and DFLE.
Review of inverse probability weighting for dealing with missing data
Authors: Seaman Shaun R , White Ian R
Published: January 2011

The simplest approach to dealing with missing data is to restrict the analysis to complete cases, i.e. individuals with no missing values. This can induce bias, however. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) is a commonly used method to correct this bias. It is also used to adjust for unequal sampling fractions in sample surveys. This article is a review of the use of IPW in epidemiological research. We describe how the bias in the complete-case analysis arises and how IPW can remove it. IPW is compared with multiple imputation (MI) and we explain why, despite MI generally being more efficient, IPW may sometimes be preferred. We discuss the choice of missingness model and methods such as weight truncation, weight stabilisation and augmented IPW. The use of IPW is illustrated on data from the 1958 British Birth Cohort.
Decentralized Robust Vibration Control of Smart Structures with Parameter Uncertainties
Authors: Jiang Jian-Ping , Li Dong-Xu
Published: January 2011

This study deals with decentralized robust vibration control of a smart composite panel with parameter uncertainties. The composite panel with four collocated piezoelectric actuators and velocity sensors is modeled using finite element method, and then the size of the model is reduced in the state space using Modal Hankel Singular Value. The parameter uncertainties presented by natural frequencies and modal damping ratios are considered in controller design process. To suppress the vibration induced by external disturbance, a decentralized robust H∞ controller is developed using linear matrix inequality techniques. Numerical simulation for the smart panel is performed in order to investigate the effectiveness of decentralized vibration control (DVC). When the system is subjected to an initial displacement field or distributed white noise disturbance, numerical results show that the DVC system is very effective. Although there are 20% parameter uncertainties for modal frequencies, damping ratio, and control input, the decentralized controller can effectively suppress the vibration excited by the external disturbance. Furthermore, the decentralized controller composed of four three-order systems can be practically implemented well.
Piezo-Polymer-Composite Unimorph Actuators for Active Cancellation of Flow Instabilities Across Airfoils
Authors: Haller D. , Paetzold A. , Losse N. , Neiss S. , Peltzer I. , Nitsche W. , King R. , Woias P.
Published: January 2011

This article presents a smart device for active cancellation of flow instabilities. An array of two piezo unimorph actuators fabricated in piezo-polymer-composite technology is combined with a thin silicone membrane to mimic a movable wall with a closed surface. By locally displacing the thin membrane, a surface wave is generated that interferes with naturally occurring flow instabilities within the boundary layer of an airfoil. Using flow sensors and an intelligent control enables a destructive interference and therefore, an attenuation of natural flow instabilities. This leads to a delay of transition. The boundary layer remains laminar which means drag is reduced. Within the next pages, the setup of the device with actuators, membrane, sensors, and control is introduced. The main focus of this article is on actuator design, modeling, and implementation for wind tunnel experiments. Results of actuator characterization are presented. The non-linear behavior of the piezoactuator (harmonic distortions and impact of high electric fields) is investigated in detail. This study concludes with the results obtained in wind tunnel experiments which prove the functionality of the presented approach. A maximal attenuation of natural occurring flow instabilities of 80% is achieved.
Design and Verification of a Non-linear Black-Box Model for Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Actuators
Authors: Quang Truong Dinh , Kwan Ahn Kyoung
Published: January 2011

An ion polymer metal composite (IPMC) is an electro-active polymer that bends in response to a small applied electrical field as a result of mobility of cations in the polymer network and vice versa. This article presents a novel accurate nonlinear black-box model (NBBM) for estimating the bending behavior of IPMC actuators. The NBBM is a combination of two advanced designs which are a general multi-layer perceptron neural network (GMLPNN) and a self-adjustable learning mechanism (SALM). Here, the GMLPNN is constructed with an ability to auto-adjust its structure based on its characteristic vector, while the SALM is built to take part in training the GMLPNN decisive parameters. For the model verification, an IPMC actuator is set up to investigate the IPMC characteristics as well as to generate training data. Next, the advanced NBBM model for the IPMC system is performed with suitable inputs to estimate the IPMC tip displacement. Finally, the model parameters are optimized by using the SALM mechanism with training data. The NBBM model ability is evaluated by a comparison of the estimated and real IPMC bending characteristics.
Financial Crisis 2008-2009: What Does the Silence of Institutional Theorists Tell Us?
Authors: Munir Kamal A.
Published: January 2011

This article is a reflection on why the 2007-2009 financial crisis was largely ignored by organization theorists, in particular, institutional theorists. The general lack of engagement with the events that transpired in this period of turmoil is surprising given their potential to inform the ongoing inquiries into the dynamics of organizations, markets, communities, and society in general. Given corporate excesses that led to the crisis, it is difficult to imagine how life could go on as usual for organization theorists. Losing the forest for the trees is no longer an option. Nor is continuing to act as a cheerleader for big business. Who knows, the time may even have come to turn prescriptive!
A Ductile Damage Nonlocal Model of Integral-type at Finite Strains: Formulation and Numerical Issues
Authors: Andrade F.X.C. , César de Sá J.M.A. , Andrade Pires F.M.
Published: January 2011

This contribution is devoted to the formulation and numerical implementation of a ductile damage constitutive model enriched with a thermodynamically consistent nonlocal theory of integral type. In order to describe ductile deformation, the model takes finite strains into account. To model elasticity, a Hencky-like hyperelastic free energy potential coupled with nonlocal damage is adopted. The thermodynamic consistency of the model is ensured by applying the first and second thermodynamical principles in the global form and the dissipation inequality can be re-written in a local form by incorporating a nonlocal residual that accounts for energy exchanges between material points of the nonlocal medium. The thermodynamically consistent nonlocal model is compared with its associated classical formulation (in which nonlocality is merely incorporated by averaging the damage variable without resorting to thermodynamic potentials) where the thermodynamical admissibility of the classical formulation is demonstrated. Within the computational scheme, the nonlocal constitutive initial boundary value problem is discretized over pseudo-time where it is shown that well established numerical integration strategies can be straightforwardly extended to the nonlocal integral formulation. A modified Newton-Raphson solution strategy is adopted to solve the nonlinear complementarity problem and its numerical implementation, regarding the proposed nonlocal constitutive model, is presented in detail. The results of two-dimensional finite element analyses show that the model is able to eliminate the pathological mesh dependence inherently present under the softening regime if the local theory is considered.
Nonlocal Damage Gradient Model for Fracture Characterization of Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Chow Chi L. , Jianghui Mao  , Jie Shen
Published: January 2011

This article presents the development of a generalized nonlocal damage-coupled material model. The model introduces the concept of cumulative damage gradient through a set of damage evolution equations within the irreversible thermodynamics framework. The conventional damage-coupled plasticity models require either self-developed finite element codes or the mandatory use of regular elements. The proposed material model is implemented in a commercial finite element code ABAQUS (Version 6.5) via its UMAT subroutine. The implementation of this model on ABAQUS is described with a focus on the nonlocal treatment together with the derivation of the consistent tangent modulus (Jacobian). As a numerical example, the nonlocal damage model is applied to center-cracked specimen made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Comparison is made between the computed results and experimental ones. The validity of the proposed model is examined, and its effectiveness for engineering application is elucidated.
Level of Agreement Between Self and Spouse in the Assessment of Personality Pathology
Authors: South Susan C. , Oltmanns Thomas F. , Johnson Jarrod , Turkheimer Eric
Published: January 2011

Informant reports can provide important information regarding the presence of pathological personality traits, and they can serve as useful supplements to self-report instruments. Ratings from a spouse may be a particularly valuable source of personality assessment because spouses are very well acquainted with the target person, have typically known the person for a long time, and witness behaviors across a variety of situations. In the current study, self- and spouse report measures based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV) personality disorder criteria were collected from a nonclinical sample of 82 couples ( N = 164). Agreement between self- and spouse report for several pathological personality factors was significant and somewhat higher than has been found for self and peer agreement. Nevertheless, the magnitude of self—spouse agreement was still moderate in size (mean r = .36). Findings are discussed with regard to using spouse report in the assessment of personality pathology.
The Risk of Venous Thrombosis, Including Cerebral Vein Thrombosis, Among Women With Thrombophilia and Oral Contraceptive Use
Authors: Dayan N. , Holcroft C. A. , Tagalakis V.
Published: January 2011

Several small studies have reported an elevated risk of venous thrombosis (VT) with thrombophilia and oral contraceptive (OCP) use. We aimed to summarize the risk of VT among women with thrombophilia and OCP use and to assess the interaction between the 2 factors. We selected 15 studies that assessed the prevalence of OCP use and thrombophilia among reproductive-aged women. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for each study and pooled using the random effects model. We found an increased risk of VT among women with OCP use (pooled OR 3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-4.5) and with thrombophilia (pooled OR 4.5, CI 3.4-5.9), respectively. Heterogeneity was significant ( I2 >80%). Women with both thrombophilia and OCP use had a 14-fold risk of VT compared to healthy OCP nonusers (pooled OR 14.25, CI 6.2-32.8). Oral contraceptive use and thrombophilia similarly increase VT risk. Our study confirms an interaction between OCP use and thrombophilia.
Retail Gentrification and Race: The Case of Alberta Street in Portland, Oregon
Authors: Monroe Sullivan Daniel , Shaw Samuel C.
Published: January 2011

Alberta Street is emblematic of Portland’s image as a city that embraces the “creative class,” ranking high in being “bohemian” and embracing “diversity.” It is a street that has had a decline in Black businesses and an increase in White ones, both mainstream and bohemian. Through interviews with longtime Black and White residents, we find that race is salient for understanding their use and opinion of the new retail sector. Many Blacks have negative feelings, and they use racial language to articulate why they dislike the products offered and how they feel culturally excluded. Longtime, mainstream White residents, in contrast, fully embrace the new retail. These findings should give pause to cities that promote economic development by making themselves attractive to the “creative class”: They may be refashioning their cities and neighborhoods—including their retail—in a way that is hostile to some forms of diversity, including longtime Black residents in gentrifying neighborhoods.
The Politics and Consequences of Including Stakeholders in International Development Evaluation
Authors: Cullen Anne E. , Coryn Chris L. S. , Rugh Jim
Published: January 2011

Participatory evaluation approaches have a relatively long history of advocacy and application in the international development evaluation community. Despite widespread use and apparent resonance with practitioners and donors alike, very little empirical research exists on why and how participatory evaluation approaches are used in international development settings. In this article, we present results derived from a mixed method investigation of a sample of practicing international development evaluators regarding their perceptions of how and why stakeholders are included in international development evaluations. Findings suggest that participatory evaluation approaches are interpreted and practiced in widely differing ways. Implications for international development evaluation practice and future research are discussed.
Teaching Daily Living Skills to Seven Individuals With Severe Intellectual Disabilities: A Comparison of Video Prompting to Video Modeling
Authors: Cannella-Malone Helen I. , Fleming Courtney , Chung Yi-Cheih , Wheeler Geoffrey M. , Basbagill Abby R. , Singh Angella H.
Published: January 2011

We conducted a systematic replication of Cannella-Malone et al. by comparing the effects of video prompting to video modeling for teaching seven students with severe disabilities to do laundry and wash dishes. The video prompting and video modeling procedures were counterbalanced across tasks and participants and compared in an alternating treatments design within a multiple probe across participants design. For six participants, video prompting was more effective than video modeling, which was generally ineffective. For one participant, neither video modeling nor video prompting was effective, but in vivo instruction led to skill acquisition. One participant who was deaf was also able to learn both skills using video prompting, even though he could not hear the voice-over instructions. These data suggest that the duration of the video may influence its effectiveness as a teaching tool and that the voice-over instructions may not be necessary.
A discourse of disparagement
Authors: Barnes Cliona
Published: January 2011

This article explores the construction and maintenance of hegemonic masculinity in the classroom through discussion and analysis of boys’ talk about girls in school. Key in this process is the marking of distance between masculinity and femininity, and boys’ talk in this context is representative of a deeply entrenched discourse of disparagement which positions femininity as a subordinated ‘other’. Using examples from field research the article explores how boys strive to position themselves in opposition to femininity and in relation to the hegemonic norms which police and regulate their behaviour in the group context. There is specific focus on how boys disparage girls’ gendered practices against a legitimizing backdrop of the public discourse of a ‘crisis for masculinity’. The article documents the circular and self-perpetuating relationship between the continuing prevalence of a widely shared expression of hegemonic masculinity, boys’ disparaging talk about girls, and the positioning of boys as educationally disadvantaged subjects.
Bringing up global or local citizens?
Authors: Korhonen Maija , Komulainen Katri , Räty Hannu
Published: January 2011

The article explores the conditions of entrepreneurship education in Finnish schools from the perspective of the school’s tradition of national and territorial socialization and the new aim of educating European and global citizens. Entrepreneurship education presents a new challenge for the school system with regard to territorial socialization and the construction of the spatial self. The theme is discussed by using data consisting of Finnish pupils’ narratives of entrepreneurship which were produced in the essay writing competition Good Enterprise! in 1986–2006. The analysis focuses on the prize-winning narratives which reflect both the pupils’ possible selves and the ideals of entrepreneurship education. The article explores what kinds of representations of space, place and possible self young people produce in their narratives and what kinds of representations are favoured by school. Narratives representing entrepreneurship as familiar, domestic, rural and local activity constantly succeeded in the competition whereas the ideal of the global self was not so much appreciated. Moreover, the images of entrepreneurial spaces and places reproduced conventional representations of femininity and masculinity. The competition seemed to construct local and national versions of self and citizenship which were gendered, too.
Pregnancy outcomes in multiple sclerosis following subcutaneous interferon beta-1a therapy
Authors: Sandberg-Wollheim Magnhild , Alteri Enrica , Moraga Margaretha Stam , Kornmann Gabrielle
Published: January 2011

Background: Women with multiple sclerosis (MS) are advised to discontinue interferon-beta therapy before trying to conceive. Unplanned pregnancies occur and risks related to exposure remain unclear.

Methods: To determine pregnancy outcomes following interferon-beta therapy, we examined pregnancies from a global drug safety database containing individual case safety reports received in the post-marketing setting and safety data from clinical trials of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in MS.

Results: One thousand and twenty-two cases of exposure to subcutaneous interferon beta-1a during pregnancy were retrieved; 679 had a documented outcome. In cases for which exposure duration was available ( n = 231), mean time of foetal exposure to subcutaneous interferon beta-1a before treatment discontinuation was 28 days; most pregnancies (199/231; 86.1%) were exposed for ≤45 days. To avoid bias, only outcomes for prospective data ( n = 425) in pregnancies exposed to interferon beta-1a in utero were analysed further. Of these, 324 (76.2%) resulted in normal live births and four (0.9%) in live births with congenital anomalies (3 [0.7%] were ‘major’). Four (0.9%) pregnancies resulted in stillbirths (1 [0.2%] with foetal defects). There were 5 (1.2%) ectopic pregnancies, 49 (11.5%) spontaneous abortions and 39 (9.2%) elective terminations. Most pregnancies exposed to subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in utero were associated with normal live births. The rates of spontaneous abortion and major congenital anomalies in live births were in line with those observed in the general population.

Conclusions: These data should be taken into account when considering options for women with MS who become pregnant or who are planning pregnancy while on treatment with subcutaneous interferon beta-1a.
Climatic Strategies of Indoor Thermal Environment for Residential Buildings in Yangtze River Region, China
Authors: Baizhan Li  , Wei Yu  , Meng Liu  , Nan Li
Published: January 2011

Yangtze River Valley is situated within the Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone, and residents in this region of China would require HVAC system to alleviate thermal comfort conditions, although this is tempered by the Design Code (DBJ50-071-2007) for energy efficiency. A 1-year survey of about 200 residential homes was carried out in eight cities covering the breadth of the region. The acceptable temperature range for the residents in this area was 16.3—28.1°C and the thermal neutral temperature was found to be 27.6°C in summers and 17.5°C in winters. People in different area can vary in their adaptability and comfortableness. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the national comfort parameter introduced in the Code for Design of Heating and Ventilation and Air Conditioning (GB50019-2003). The results found that if air-conditioning system was set to 27.5°C instead of 26°C as required by GBJ19-87: Design Standard of Heating and Ventilation and Air Conditioning, a 16.5% saving of energy consumption could be achieved. The findings demonstrated the role of natural ventilation in the expansion of the thermal comfort zone for the residents, especially during the summer seasons. A climatic adaptability model has been established by this study to contribute to the passive climatic design strategies for a better economic and energy efficiency of buildings.
Talking Turkey: Anti-immigrant attitudes and their effect on support for Turkish membership of the EU
Authors: Azrout Rachid , van Spanje Joost , de Vreese Claes
Published: January 2011

Recent studies have shown that the most important factor explaining opinions on European Union issues is attitudes towards immigrants. Two arguments are given to explain this effect. We contend that these arguments are both built on the idea that people with anti-immigrant attitudes frame other Europeans as an out-group. We then test the validity of these arguments by measuring how respondents in a voter survey frame the issue of Turkish membership. We find that framing the issue in terms of out-groups indeed mediates the effect of anti-immigrant attitudes on support for Turkish membership. This finding offers new insights into why levels of public support vary over different EU issues, because opposition is likely to increase when an issue is more easily framed in terms of out-groups.
Changed planning for planned and unplanned change
Authors: van Woerkum Cees , Aarts Noelle , Van Herzele Ann
Published: January 2011

Change, planned and unplanned, can be the product of events (change by chance), new language (change from societal interaction), and practices (track-bound change), and can involve many different societal actors. To position planning as an activity within this broader context, we present a model that captures the interplay between these three sources of change, leading to a typology of change-inducing phenomena. Change, consequently, can be managed in an active and effective way rather than being viewed as an environment of fuzzy conditions and unpredictable dynamics. Our model may be helpful to planners, as an analytic tool, usable in educational curricula as well as in the practice of planning.
The Role of HRD in Crisis Situations: Lessons Learned From Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Germain Marie-Line
Published: January 2011

Investor fraud, scandals, terrorist acts, and natural disasters are typical unexpected crises organizations can face today. As a consequence, knowledge management and change management have become central themes in organizations.Although the field of Human Resource Development (HRD) has not focused extensively on crisis intervention, recent natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina have started grasping the attention of HRD scholars and practitioners who recognize the role organizational development can play. This article examines knowledge sharing in crisis situations. Specifically, it analyses a 2006 report from the U.S. government on the preparation for and response to Hurricane Katrina by identifying its key themes, scenario facts, and lessons learned. It then makes suggestions on how organizations can improve knowledge-sharing practices in crisis situations, such as the development of integrative planning between agencies and the establishment of robust systems to capture, manage, and disseminate large volumes of data.
Human Resource Development and Society: Human Resource Development’s Role in Embedding Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability, and Ethics in Organizations
Authors: Garavan Thomas N. , McGuire David
Published: January 2011

Human resource development (HRD) is increasingly expected to play a facilitative role in corporate social responsibility (CSR), sustainability, and ethics in organizations. However, there is also significant skepticism concerning HRD’s ability to make a contribution to these areas. It is criticized for moving away from its mission to advocate humanistic values in organizations to totally embracing a short-term business agenda. This article argues that societal HRD (SHRD) can make an important and long-lasting contribution to CSR, sustainability, and ethics through its capacity to question a continual focus by organizations on efficiency and performance. However, it must also be conscious of its business role. Both objectives must be pursued side-by-side. The article outlines a framework of activities that HRD may use to reorient the agenda, hold organizations accountable, provide leadership on CSR, sustainability, and ethics, and at the same time ensure that the organization is profitable and successful. The article summarizes the six articles that are included in this issue.
Shifting Boundaries: The Role of HRD in a Changing World
Authors: Lee Monica
Published: January 2011

HRD is no longer “training and development,” instead it is played out in the boundaries between individuals and amongst communities and societies. Lee 2007 established a case for the adoption of a holistic perspective of HRD and argued that we are moving into a world of shifting boundaries, conflict, and change This article extends the argument to examine more closely the nature of HRD in relation to the challenges that are faced; question what it is about the nature of HRD that might lend itself to mediating the future; and outlines some examples and dilemmas that are exposed by this.
Conceptualizing the Behavioral Barriers to CSR and CS in Organizations: A Typology of HRD Interventions
Authors: Garavan Thomas N. , Heraty Noreen , Rock Andrew , Dalton Eugene
Published: January 2011

A considerable body of research exists on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate sustainability (CS). However, there is significantly less on the influence of employees on the adoption of CSR and CS initiatives. Given the centrality of employees as stakeholders in CSR/CS adoption, it is important to understand how barriers at individual, organizational, and institutional levels of analysis influence the adoption of CSR/CS initiatives. An understanding of these barriers will illuminate the potential contribution of human resource development (HRD) to their removal. HRD has a major role to play in changing employee behavior and organizational values and there are significant affinities between HRD and CSR/CS concerning behavior and change. This article discusses a typology of HRD interventions that may be used to address barriers to the implementation of CSR/CS initiatives.
An Automated Virtualization Performance Analysis Platform
Authors: Stewart Kyle E , Humphries Jeffrey W , Andel Todd R
Published: January 2011

This research compares three traditional categories of virtualization to a technique known as hybrid virtualization. Each technique is evaluated in terms of both capability and performance. The traditional methods of platform virtualization such as full virtualization, paravirtualization and operating system virtualization each comes with its own set of capabilities and engineering trade-offs. Hybrid virtualization attempts to leverage the benefits of full and operating system virtualization by allowing virtual machines of each type of virtualization to run simultaneously on the same host machine. This research measures the time required for each virtualization technique to perform a workload inside virtual machines as the number of virtual machines running the workload scales. This performance data will help determine the usefulness of the hybrid technique in building a military cyber warfare training simulation environment based on virtualization. The goal is to determine which technique is capable of supporting large-scale environments required by realistic network training scenarios. The capability evaluation results indicate that hybrid virtualization successfully leverages the benefits of its two virtualization components while minimizing the trade-offs of each individual technique. The performance results indicate that the performance of each virtualization technique differs significantly relative to the workload applied. Some workloads saw no significant differences in performance between techniques. However, in the workloads that did show significant difference, the hybrid technique performed as well as or better than full virtualization or operating system virtualization alone. This leads to the conclusion that hybrid virtualization is a viable candidate as the basis for a military cyber warfare simulation and training environment.
Impact of exposure to interferon beta-1a on outcomes in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: exploratory analyses from the PRISMS long-term follow-up study
Authors: Uitdehaag Bernard , Constantinescu Cris , Cornelisse Peter , Jeffery Douglas , Kappos Ludwig , Li David , Sandberg-Wollheim Magnhild , Traboulsee Anthony , Verdun Elisabetta , Rivera Victor
Published: January 2011

Objective: To explore the effects of exposure to subcutaneous (sc) interferon (IFN) beta-1a on efficacy in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) enrolled in the PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) study.

Methods: Patients with RRMS received IFN beta-1a, 44 or 22 µg sc three times weekly (tiw), or placebo, for 2 years, at which point placebo recipients were re-randomized to IFN beta-1a, 44 or 22 µg sc tiw, for a further 2–4 years. Long-term follow-up visits occurred 7–8 years after enrolment and allowed participation of patients who had previously discontinued treatment. Post hoc descriptive analyses were conducted within the lower (MIN) and upper (MAX) quartiles of patients divided according to cumulative dose of IFN beta-1a and cumulative time on treatment. Outcomes were explored in patients initially randomized to IFN beta-1a, 44 µg sc tiw, who had received continuous or noncontinuous therapy during the study.

Results: For both cumulative dose and time analyses, the MIN and MAX groups comprised 96 and 95 patients, respectively. The continuous and noncontinuous groups included 45 and 91 patients, respectively. The MAX DOSE and MAX TIME groups had lower annualized relapse rates, lower rates of conversion to secondary progressive MS, lower percentages of patients with Expanded Disability Status Scale progression, higher percentages of relapse-free patients, and less T2 burden of disease than the MIN groups. The continuous therapy group had a lower annualized relapse rate and lower percentages of patients with Expanded Disability Status Scale progression or conversion to secondary progressive MS than the noncontinuous therapy group.

Conclusions: The findings of these post hoc analyses suggest that high exposure to sc IFN beta-1a may be associated with better clinical outcomes than low exposure, and also highlight the importance of maximizing adherence. Additional prospective investigation is warranted to evaluate further the effects of treatment exposure on outcomes and to determine the benefits of interventions to improve adherence.
Myoclonic disorders: a practical approach for diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Kojovic Maja , Cordivari Carla , Bhatia Kailash
Published: January 2011

Myoclonus is a sudden, brief, involuntary muscle jerk. It is caused by abrupt muscle contraction, in the case of positive myoclonus, or by sudden cessation of ongoing muscular activity, in the case of negative myoclonus (NM). Myoclonus may be classified in a number of ways, although classification based on the underlying physiology is the most useful from the therapeutic viewpoint. Given the large number of possible causes of myoclonus, it is essential to take a good history, to clinically characterize myoclonus and to look for additional findings on examination in order to limit the list of possible investigations. With regards to the history, the age of onset, the character of myoclonus, precipitating or alleviating factors, family history and associated symptoms and signs are important. On examination, it is important to see whether the myoclonus appears at rest, on keeping posture or during action, to note the distribution of jerks and to look for the stimulus sensitivity. Electrophysiological tests are very helpful in determining whether myoclonus is cortical, subcortical or spinal. A single pharmacological agent rarely control myoclonus and therefore polytherapy with a combination of drugs, often in large dosages, is usually needed. Generally, antiepileptic drugs such as valproate, levetiracetam and piracetam are effective in cortical myoclonus, but less effective in other forms of myoclonus. Clonazepam may be helpful with all types of myoclonus. Focal and segmental myoclonus, irrespective of its origin, may be treated with botulinum toxin injections, with variable success.
Marriages Are More Satisfying When Wives Are Thinner Than Their Husbands
Authors: Meltzer Andrea L. , McNulty James K. , Novak Sarah A. , Butler Emily A. , Karney Benjamin R.
Published: January 2011

Body weight plays a significant role in attraction and relationship formation, but does it continue to shape more established relationships? The current 4-year longitudinal study of 169 newlywed couples addressed this question by examining the implications of own and partner body mass index (BMI) for the trajectory of marital satisfaction. In contrast to findings from studies of attraction and mate selection, own and partner BMI demonstrated inconsistent effects on the trajectory of satisfaction. However, consistent with predictions derived from interdependence theory, normative resource theories, and evolutionary perspectives, husbands were more satisfied initially and wives were more satisfied over time to the extent that wives had lower BMIs than their husbands, controlling for depression, income, education, and whether the relationship ended in divorce. These findings suggest that a dyadic perspective may be more appropriate than an individual one for understanding how partners' qualities shape established relationships such as marriage.
Monkey See, Monkey Do, Monkey Hurt
Authors: Orue Izaskun , Bushman Brad J. , Calvete Esther , Thomaes Sander , de Castro Bram Orobio , Hutteman Roos
Published: January 2011

Children witness violence at home, at school, in their neighborhood, and in the media. Children may also experience violence, as a victim, at home, at school, and in their neighborhood. A longitudinal study tested whether children who are exposed to a heavy dose of violence come to regard it as normal behavior and subsequently behave more aggressively themselves. Participants were 777 children (8 to 12 years old) who completed questionnaires twice (6 months apart) about exposure to violence (witnessed and experienced), their own aggression, the aggression of peers, and normative beliefs about aggression. The results showed that witnessing violence predicted increases in aggression 6 months later through changes in normative beliefs. Likewise, experiencing aggression as a victim predicted increases in aggression 6 months later through changes in normative beliefs. These findings show that when children think violence is commonplace in many contexts, they are more likely to aggress against others.
High STAT5 levels mediate imatinib resistance and indicate disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Warsch Wolfgang , Kollmann Karoline , Eckelhart Eva , Fajmann Sabine , Cerny-Reiterer Sabine , Hölbl Andrea , Gleixner Karoline V. , Dworzak Michael , Mayerhofer Matthias , Hoermann Gregor , Herrmann Harald , Sillaber Christian , Egger Gerda , Valent Peter , Moriggl Richard , Sexl Veronika
Published: January 2011

In BCR-ABL1+ leukemia, drug resistance is often associated with up-regulation of BCR-ABL1 or multidrug transporters as well as BCR-ABL1 mutations. Here we show that the expression level of the transcription factor STAT5 is another parameter that determines the sensitivity of BCR-ABL1+ cells against tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib, nilotinib, or dasatinib. Abelson-transformed cells, expressing high levels of STAT5, were found to be significantly less sensitive to TKI-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo but not to other cytotoxic drugs, such as hydroxyurea, interferon-β, or Aca-dC. The STAT5-mediated protection requires tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 independent of JAK2 and transcriptional activity. In support of this concept, under imatinib treatment and with disease progression, STAT5 mRNA and protein levels increased in patients with Ph+ chronic myeloid leukemia. Based on our data, we propose a model in which disease progression in BCR-ABL1+ leukemia leads to up-regulated STAT5 expression. This may be in part the result of clonal selection of cells with high STAT5 levels. STAT5 then accounts for the resistance against TKIs, thereby explaining the dose escalation frequently required in patients reaching accelerated phase. It also suggests that STAT5 may serve as an attractive target to overcome imatinib resistance in BCR-ABL1+ leukemia.
Detailed images of the shallow Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand, determined from narrow-azimuth 3D seismic reflection data
Authors: Kaiser A. E. , Horstmeyer H. , Green A. G. , Campbell F. M. , Langridge R. M. , McClymont A. F.
Published: January 2011

Previous high-resolution seismic reflection investigations of active faults have been based on 2D profiles. Unfortunately, 2D data may be contaminated by out-of-the-plane reflections and diffractions that may be difficult to identify and eliminate. Although full 3D seismic reflection methods allow out-of-the-plane events to be recognized and provide superior resolution to 2D methods, they are only rarely applied in environmental and engineering studies because of high costs. A narrow-azimuth 3D acquisition and processing strategy is introduced to produce a high-resolution seismic reflection volume centered on the Alpine Fault Zone (New Zealand). The shallow 3D images reveal late Quaternary deformation structures associated with this major transpressional plate-boundary fault. The relatively inexpensive narrow-azimuth 3D acquisition pattern consisting of inline source and receiver lines was easily implemented in the field to provide 2- by [Formula: see text] CMP coverage over an approximately 500- by [Formula: see text] area.The narrow-azimuth acquisition strategy was well suited for resolving complex structures within the fault zone. Challenges in processing the data were amplified by the effects of strong velocity heterogeneity in the near surface and the presence of complex dipping, diffracted, and truncated events. A carefully tailored processing scheme including surface-consistent deconvolution, refraction static corrections, noise reduction, dip moveout (DMO) corrections, and 3D depth migration greatly improved the appearance of the final stacks. The 3D images reveal strong reflections from the faulted and folded late Pleistocene erosional basement surface. A steeply dipping planar main (dominant) fault strand can be inferred from the geometry and truncations of the overlying postglacial sediments. The 3D images reveal that the average apparent vertical displacement [Formula: see text] of the basement surface across the dominant fault strand at this location is somewhat less than that estimated from a pilot 2D seismic reflection profile, suggesting that the provisional dip-slip rate based on the 2D data is a maximum.
Tools to aid the selection of ideal attribute parameter values
Authors: Hammon William S.
Published: January 2011

In a survey of Landmark, Paradigm, Schlumberger, and TerraSpark commercial products, the median number of parameters per volume process (such as attributes, or smoothing processes) was two (Figure 1a), with some volume processes having as many as 18 parameters. Each parameter used to control a volume process represents an added dimension to the parameter space of that process. With many parameters, evaluating that parameter space to find the best combination of parameters for a given data set can be quite time-consuming. Selecting the best parameter values can be daunting for an experienced user and an effective “barrier to entry” for a potential new user, causing them to not even try and instead move on to another type of technique.
The link between seismic inversion, rock physics, and geostatistical simulations in seismic reservoir characterization studies
Authors: Grana Dario , Dvorkin Jack
Published: January 2011

Reservoir models are typically based on geostatistical simulations of facies and their physical properties, such as porosity, permeability, and fluid. Seismic data are often used to guide these simulations. However, seismic response directly depends only on the elastic properties of the subsurface, which may be or may not be linked to the physical parameters used in reservoir simulation.
Rock physics modeling of static and dynamic reservoir properties—a heuristic approach for cemented sandstone reservoirs
Authors: Avseth Per , Skjei Norunn
Published: January 2011

Rock physics models for fluid and stress dependency in reservoir rocks are essential for quantification and interpretation of 4D seismic signatures during reservoir depletion and injection. However, our ability to predict the sensitivity to pressure from first principles is poor. The current state-of-the-art requires that we calibrate the pressure dependence of velocity with core measurements. A major challenge is the fact that consolidated rocks often break up during coring, and hence the stress sensitivity is likely to be overpredicted in the laboratory relative to the in-situ conditions (Furre et al., 2009). For unconsolidated sands, acquisition of core samples is not very feasible due to the friable nature of the sediments. One physical model that has been applied to predict pressure sensitivity in unconsolidated granular media is the Hertz-Mindlin contact theory. Several authors (Vernik and Hamman, 2009, among others) have suggested empirical models with fitting parameters that correlate with microcrack intensity, soft porosity, and aspect ratio of the rock, and feasibility studies can be undertaken based on assumptions about these parameters. These models may not be easy to use for poorly to moderately consolidated sandstones with contact cement, where crack parameters and aspect ratios are difficult to quantify.