bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sinuosidades e ranhaduras na poética de Wlademir Dias-Pino
Authors: Pereira Vinícius Carvalho , Reis Célia Maria Domingues da Rocha
Published: January 2016

Nas fricções e superposições do real e do textual, mundo e texto se confundem naquilo que se dá a ler por uma hermenêutica dos sentidos. Nessa perspectiva, qualquer experiência estética consistiria na apreensão do mundo-como-texto e do texto-como-mundo a partir de suas linhas, elementos de conteúdo e expressão que permitem o vir-a-ser das coisas diante de nossa percepção. Esta, por sua vez, só possibilita que as coisas se delineiem em nossa mente, especialmente a partir de sua intuição temporal e espacial. A ambiguidade da “linha”, entre o ponto e o plano, o númeno e o fenômeno, o gráfico e o tátil, o textual e o real, é matéria da poética de Wlademir Dias-Pino, cuja arte verbo-visual, reafirmando o caráter físico da experiência poética como atrito e ranhura, devolve a unicidade das coisas a elas mesmas e desossifica nossa percepção do real.
Entre a casa-grande e o mocambo: O Moleque Ricardo no ciclo da cana-de-açúcar de José Lins do Rego
Authors: Barbosa Paula Maciel
Published: January 2016

O ensaio discute a inserção de O Moleque Ricardo, de 1935, no ciclo da cana-de-açúcar de José Lins do Rego. Defende-se a unidade dos cinco romances do ciclo, publicados entre 1932 e 1936, que figuram o momento de transitoriedade histórica em que foram escritos. A centralidade do tema do trabalho no romance de 1935 ilumina a importância desse tema em todo o ciclo, que mostra-se afinado aos debates nacionais em pauta na década de 1930. Em um segundo momento, caracteriza-se a ambiguidade do ponto de vista narrativo, devida à coexistência de proximidade e distância em relação aos trabalhadores, personagens centrais do romance.
Procedimento construtivo e tratamento dos meios expressivos: concepções sobre o conto em Edgar Allan Poe a partir da leitura crítica de Nathaniel Hawthorne
Authors: Kiefer Charles
Published: January 2016

Este ensaio rastreia a poética do conto de Edgar Allan Poe a partir das resenhas críticas que fez de Nathaniel Hawthorne, no alvorecer do capitalismo e da modernidade literária. As noções de eixo dos procedimentos construtivos e eixo dos meios expressivos, derivadas do formalismo russo, são aplicadas aqui ao próprio trabalho de Edgar Allan Poe, que funcionou como par dialético de Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Diabetes Is Mediated by Wnt5a–JNK Signaling
Authors: Bretón-Romero Rosa , Feng Bihua , Holbrook Monika , Farb Melissa G. , Fetterman Jessica L. , Linder Erika A. , Berk Brittany D. , Masaki Nobuyuki , Weisbrod Robert M. , Inagaki Elica , Gokce Noyan , Fuster Jose J. , Walsh Kenneth , Hamburg Naomi M.
Published: January 2016

Objective—

Endothelial dysfunction is linked to insulin resistance, inflammatory activation, and increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus; however, the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have identified proinflammatory signaling of wingless-type family member (Wnt) 5a through c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as a regulator of metabolic dysfunction with potential relevance to vascular function. We sought to gain evidence that increased activation of Wnt5a–JNK signaling contributes to impaired endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Approach and Results—

We measured flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery and characterized freshly isolated endothelial cells by protein expression, eNOS activation, and nitric oxide production in 85 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=42) and age- and sex-matched nondiabetic controls (n=43) and in human aortic endothelial cells treated with Wnt5a. Endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus displayed 1.3-fold higher Wnt5a levels (
P
=0.01) along with 1.4-fold higher JNK activation (
P
<0.01) without a difference in total JNK levels. Higher JNK activation was associated with lower flow–mediated dilation, consistent with endothelial dysfunction (
r
=0.53,
P
=0.02). Inhibition of Wnt5a and JNK signaling restored insulin and A23187-mediated eNOS activation and improved nitric oxide production in endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus. In endothelial cells from nondiabetic controls, rWnt5a treatment inhibited eNOS activation replicating the diabetic endothelial phenotype. In human aortic endothelial cells, Wnt5a-induced impairment of eNOS activation and nitric oxide production was reversed by Wnt5a and JNK inhibition.

Conclusions—

Our findings demonstrate that noncanonical Wnt5a signaling and JNK activity contribute to vascular insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction and may represent a novel therapeutic opportunity to protect the vasculature in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Smooth Muscle Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Links Intravascular Pressure and Atherosclerosis—Brief Report
Authors: Liu Dinggang , Lei Li , Desir Matthew , Huang Yan , Cleman Jacob , Jiang Weidong , Fernandez-Hernando Carlos , Di Lorenzo Annarita , Sessa William C. , Giordano Frank J.
Published: January 2016

Objective—

We hypothesized that the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α in vascular smooth muscle contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, and links intravascular pressure to this process.

Approach and Results—

Transverse aortic constriction was used to create high-pressure vascular segments in control, apolipoprotein E (
ApoE
)
−/−
, smooth muscle-

HIF1α
−/−

, and

ApoE
−/−

×smooth muscle-

HIF1α
−/−

double-knockout mice. Transverse aortic constriction selectively induced atherosclerosis in high-pressure vascular segments in young

ApoE
−/−

mice on normal chow, including coronary plaques within 1 month. Concomitant deletion of
HIF1α
from smooth muscle significantly reduced vascular inflammation, and attenuated atherosclerosis.

Conclusions—

HIF1α in vascular smooth muscle plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and may provide a mechanistic link between blood pressure, vascular inflammation, and lipid deposition.
Factor XI Deficiency Protects Against Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E/Factor XI Double Knockout Mice
Authors: Shnerb Ganor Reut , Harats Dror , Schiby Ginette , Gailani David , Levkovitz Hanna , Avivi Camila , Tamarin Ilia , Shaish Aviv , Salomon Ophira
Published: January 2016

Objective—

Atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis are still major causes of mortality in the Western world, even after the widespread use of cholesterol-lowering medications. Recently, an association between local thrombin generation and atherosclerotic burden has been reported. Here, we studied the role of factor XI (FXI) deficiency in the process of atherosclerosis in mice.

Approach and Results—

Apolipoprotein E/FXI double knockout mice, created for the first time in our laboratory. There was no difference in cholesterol levels or lipoprotein profiles between apolipoprotein E knockout and double knockout mice. Nevertheless, in 24-week-old double knockout mice, the atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic sinus was reduced by 32% (
P
=0.004) in comparison with apolipoprotein E knockout mice. In 42-week-old double knockout mice, FXI deficiency inhibited atherosclerosis progression significantly in the aortic sinus (25% reduction,
P
=0.024) and in the aortic arch (49% reduction,
P
=0.028), with a prominent reduction of macrophage infiltration in the atherosclerotic lesions.

Conclusions—

FXI deprivation was shown to slow down atherogenesis in mice. The results suggest that the development of atherosclerosis can be prevented by targeting FXI.
HECT‐Type Ubiquitin E3 Ligase ITCH Interacts With Thioredoxin‐Interacting Protein and Ameliorates Reactive Oxygen Species–Induced Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Otaki Yoichiro , Takahashi Hiroki , Watanabe Tetsu , Funayama Akira , Netsu Shunsuke , Honda Yuki , Narumi Taro , Kadowaki Shinpei , Hasegawa Hiromasa , Honda Shintaro , Arimoto Takanori , Shishido Tetsuro , Miyamoto Takuya , Kamata Hideaki , Nakajima Osamu , Kubota Isao
Published: January 2016

Background

The
homologous to the E6‐AP carboxyl terminus (HECT)
–type ubiquitin E3 ligase
ITCH
is an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in posttranslational modification by ubiquitin proteasomal protein degradation. Thioredoxin‐interacting protein (
TXNIP
) is a negative regulator of the thioredoxin system and an endogenous reactive oxygen species scavenger. In the present study, we focused on the functional role of ubiquitin E3 ligase
ITCH
and its interaction with
TXNIP
to elucidate the mechanism of cardiotoxicity induced by
reactive oxygen species
, such as doxorubicin and hydrogen peroxide.

Methods and Results

Protein interaction between
TXNIP
and
ITCH
in cardiomyocyte was confirmed by immunoprecipitation assays. Overexpression of
ITCH
increased proteasomal
TXNIP
degradation and augmented thioredoxin activity, leading to inhibition of
reactive oxygen species
generation, p38
MAPK
, p53, and subsequent intrinsic pathway cardiomyocyte apoptosis in
reactive oxygen species
–induced cardiotoxicity. Conversely, knockdown of
ITCH
using small interfering
RNA
inhibited
TXNIP
degradation and resulted in a subsequent increase in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Next, we generated a transgenic mouse with cardiac‐specific overexpression of
ITCH
, called the
ITCH
‐Tg mouse. The expression level of
TXNIP
in the myocardium in
ITCH
‐Tg mice was significantly lower than WT littermates. In
ITCH
‐Tg mice, cardiac dysfunction and remodeling were restored compared with WT littermates after doxorubicin injection and myocardial infarction surgery. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that
ITCH
‐Tg mice had a higher survival rate than WT littermates after doxorubicin injection and myocardial infarction surgery.

Conclusion

We demonstrated, for the first time, that
ITCH
targets
TXNIP
for ubiquitin‐proteasome degradation in cardiomyocytes and ameliorates
reactive oxygen species
–induced cardiotoxicity through the thioredoxin system.
Effectiveness and Safety of Aldosterone Antagonist Therapy Use Among Older Patients With Reduced Ejection Fraction After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wang Tracy Y. , Vora Amit N. , Peng S. Andrew , Fonarow Gregg C. , Das Sandeep , de Lemos James A. , Peterson Eric D.
Published: January 2016

Background

While aldosterone antagonists have proven benefit among post‐myocardial infarction (
MI
) patients with low ejection fraction (
EF
), how this treatment is used among older
MI
patients in routine practice is not well described.

Methods and Results

Using
ACTION
Registry‐
GWTG
linked to Medicare data, we examined 12 080
MI
patients ≥65 years with
EF
≤40% who were indicated for aldosterone antagonist therapy per current guidelines and without documented contraindications. Of these, 11% (n=1310) were prescribed aldosterone antagonists at discharge. Notably, 10% of patients prescribed an aldosterone antagonist were eligible for, but not concurrently treated with, an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker. Spironolactone was the predominantly prescribed aldosterone antagonist. At 2‐year follow‐up, aldosterone antagonist use was not associated with lower mortality (unadjusted 39% versus 38%;
HR
0.99, 95%
CI
0.88–1.33 using inverse probability‐weighted propensity adjustment) except in symptomatic
HF
patients (
HR
0.84, 95%
CI
0.72–0.99,
P
interaction
=0.009). Risks of hyperkalemia were low at 30 days, but significantly higher among patients prescribed aldosterone antagonists (unadjusted 2.3% versus 1.5%; adjusted
HR
2.04, 95%
CI
1.16–3.60), as was 2‐year risk of acute renal failure (unadjusted 6.7% versus 4.8%; adjusted
HR
1.39, 95%
CI
1.01–1.92) compared with patients not prescribed aldosterone antagonists.

Conclusions

Aldosterone antagonist use among eligible older
MI
patients in routine clinical practice was not associated with lower mortality except in patients with
HF
symptoms, but was associated with increased risks of hyperkalemia and acute renal failure. These results underscore the importance of close post‐discharge monitoring of this patient population.
Histopathological Correlates of Global and Segmental Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Experimental Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy
Authors: de Oliveira Luciano Fonseca Lemos , Romano Minna Moreira Dias , de Carvalho Eduardo Elias Vieira , Mejia Cabeza Jorge , Salgado Hélio Cesar , Fazan Júnior Rubens , Costa Renata Sesti , da Silva João Santana , de Lourdes Higuchi Maria , Maciel Benedito Carlos , Cunha‐Neto Edécio , Marin‐Neto José Antônio , Simões Marcus Vinícius
Published: January 2016

Background

Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy in humans is characterized by segmental left ventricular wall motion abnormalities (
WMA
), mainly in the early stages of disease. This study aimed at investigating the detection of
WMA
and its correlation with the underlying histopathological changes in a chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy model in hamsters.

Methods and Results

Female Syrian hamsters (n=34) infected with 3.5×10
4
or 10
5
blood trypomastigote
Trypanosoma cruzi
(Y strain) forms and an uninfected control group (n=7) were investigated. After 6 or 10 months after the infection, the animals were submitted to in vivo evaluation of global and segmental left ventricular systolic function by echocardiography, followed by euthanasia and histological analysis for quantitative assessment of fibrosis and inflammation with tissue sampling in locations coinciding with the left ventricular wall segmentation employed at the in vivo echocardiographic evaluation. Ten of the 34 infected animals (29%) showed reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (<73%). Left ventricular ejection fraction was more negatively correlated with the intensity of inflammation (
r
=−0.63;
P
<0.0001) than with the extent of fibrosis (
r
=−0.36;
P
=0.036). Among the 24 animals with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (82.9±5.5%), 8 (33%) showed segmental
WMA
predominating in the apical, inferior, and posterolateral segments. The segments exhibiting
WMA
, in comparison to those with normal wall motion, showed a greater extent of fibrosis (9.3±5.7% and 7±6.3%,
P
<0.0001) and an even greater intensity of inflammation (218.0±111.6 and 124.5±84.8 nuclei/mm²,
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions

Isolated
WMA
with preserved global systolic left ventricular function is frequently found in Syrian hamsters with experimental chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy whose underlying histopathological features are mainly inflammatory.
A Non-Newtonian Fluid Robot
Authors: Hachmon Guy , Mamet Noam , Sasson Sapir , Barkai Tal , Hadar Nomi , Abu-Horowitz Almogit , Bachelet Ido
Published: January 2016

New types of robots inspired by biological principles of assembly, locomotion, and behavior have been recently described. In this work we explored the concept of robots that are based on more fundamental physical phenomena, such as fluid dynamics, and their potential capabilities. We report a robot made entirely of non-Newtonian fluid, driven by shear strains created by spatial patterns of audio waves. We demonstrate various robotic primitives such as locomotion and transport of metallic loads—up to 6-fold heavier than the robot itself—between points on a surface, splitting and merging, shapeshifting, percolation through gratings, and counting to 3. We also utilized interactions between multiple robots carrying chemical loads to drive a bulk chemical synthesis reaction. Free of constraints such as skin or obligatory structural integrity, fluid robots represent a radically different design that could adapt more easily to unfamiliar, hostile, or chaotic environments and carry out tasks that neither living organisms nor conventional machines are capable of.
Black (W)hole: An Artscience and Education Collaboration
Authors: Mast Sara , Jellison Jessica , O’Leary Christopher , Bolte Jason , Stillwell Cindy , Kankelborg Charles , Yunes Nicolás , Key Joey Shapiro , Raley Jessica
Published: January 2016

Black (W)hole is an immersive art installation created collaboratively by artists and scientists utilizing data visualization of an extreme mass ratio inspiral (EMRI) and the sonification of its emitted gravitational waves in an experiential work of “artscience” and science education. The sensory-rich environment of the installation engages mind and body, expanding and enriching the participant’s capacity to imagine and wonder about the beauty and meaning of this highly abstract astronomical object, the black hole. The work investigates both historical and current gravitational wave astronomy, illustrating our 21st-century understanding of the cosmos.
Reading Aid: 2 Maccabees and the History of Jason of Cyrene Reconsidered
Authors: Borchardt Francis
Published: January 2016

This article investigates the prefatory material in 2 Maccabees (2:19-32; 15:38-39) in order to reveal the motivation and attitude of the epitomator of 2 Maccabees toward the text he is adapting. The article argues that the concept of auxiliary texts, recognized in Graeco-Roman and Hellenistic texts by classicist Markus Dubischar, is the lens through which to properly understand the preface and therefore the scribe’s motivation for textual adaptation. The article further employs these conclusions to question whether other texts from the Judean milieu might also be best understood in this category.
Morphological variability of Himantoglossum s.s. (Orchidaceae) in Greece
Authors: Tsiftsis Spyros
Published: January 2016

The variability of Himantoglossum s.s. populations in Greece has long been recognised, resulting in disagreements in their identification. For the purposes of the present study, several populations of H. jankae occurring throughout Greece were morphologically analysed and compared to populations of ambiguous taxonomic status from the Peloponnese and the island of Lesvos. The multivariate patterns of flower size variation of 24 Himantoglossum s.s. populations was investigated with a canonical variates analysis, and their morphometric relationships were further illustrated with a hierarchical cluster analysis. The results indicate that: a) H. jankae should be regarded as a very variable species, b) the two populations from Lesvos and Peloponnese cannot be separated from those of H. jankae, and c) there is a trend of gradual decrease in the dimensions of specific floral organs in a north to south direction, probably suggesting the effects of climatic conditions on floral morphology. All findings demonstrate that the studied populations indeed fall within the variability of H. jankae and not H. caprinum, a species whose presence in Greece cannot be attested on the basis of morphology.
New findings on the distribution of Pitcairnia azouryi (Bromeliaceae), a species restricted to Atlantic Forest inselbergs
Authors: Manhães Vitor Cunha , Couto Dayvid Rodrigues , Miranda Fábio Demolinari , Carrijo Tatiana Tavares
Published: January 2016

Pitcairnia azouryi is a species of Bromeliaceae restricted to Atlantic Forest inselbergs of southeastern Brazil. Since the species was first described, populations of P. azouryi have been observed from three locations in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. Here we report four new populations discovered after extensive fieldwork during a period of three years on 21 inselbergs in the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. With the discovery of these four new populations from the inselbergs Pedra Lisa, Pedra do Jacu, Pedra Três Irmãs e Pedra Parada Cristal (all located in the State of Espírito Santo), the number of locations where P. azouryi is known to occur has increased to seven. The analysis of these new samples allowed the evaluation of within species morphological variation, compared to the protologue description of plant height and leaf dimensions. We classify Pitcairnia azouryi as endangered (EN). This classification is based on the species’ extension of occurrence (1,470 km2), area of occupancy (ca. 53 km2), number of known populations (7), and the fact that none of its occurrence sites are within a protected conservation areas.
A new gigantic species from Turkey, Angelica turcica (Umbelliferae)
Authors: Hamzaoğlu Ergin , Koç Murat
Published: January 2016

A new species, Angelica turcica, is described and illustrated. It is a highly distinct species that is immediately characterized by a gigantic habit, with large leaves and inflated sheaths. In fruit shape it resembles Angelica purpurascens, which is known in Caucasia, Turkey and Iran.
Nomenclatural notes of Salix wangiana and S. zangica var. tibetica (Salicaceae)
Authors: HE LI , LIAO SHUAI , CHEN SHI-PIN , ZHANG ZHI-XIANG
Published: January 2016

Working within the framework of the Flora of the Pan-Himalayas project, we examined many reports regarding Salix and found that the valid publication date for Salix wangiana is later than that for S. rhododendroides. Consequently, S. wangiana is treated as a synonym of S. rhododendroides instead of the reverse. Salix wangiana var. tibetica is invalid, and therefore the intended combination S. zangica var. tibetica indeed represents a new variety, for which the authorship is “C. Wang & C.F. Fang ex N. Chao”. Furthermore, the names S. rhododendroides and S. zangica var. tibetica are lectotypified.
Is the Brazilian State “Patrimonial”?
Authors: Pereira Anthony W.
Published: January 2016

Patrimonialism is ubiquitous in the analysis of the state in Brazil, a country in which the concept has its own distinctive genealogy. However, patrimonialism has been subject to severe conceptual stretching, limiting its usefulness in comparative analysis. Furthermore, the “commanding heights” of the federal bureaucracy have become more universalistic and merit-based and less patrimonial over the past few years. Patrimonialism is therefore best viewed as one logic among many operating in the Brazilian state.

O patrimonialismo permeia a análise do Estado no Brazil, país onde o conceito possui uma genealogia própria. Contudo, o patrimonialismo tem sido objeto de certa ampliação conceitual, o que limita sua utilidade numa análise comparativa. Ademais, nos últimos anos, os altos comandos da burocracia federal se têm tornado mais universalistas e meritocráticos, além de menos patrimonialistas. Nesse contexto, o conceito pode ser visto como mais uma lógica entre várias que atuam no Estado brasileiro.
Path following control for a stratospheric airship with actuator saturation
Authors: Zheng Zewei , Yan Keyu , Yu Shuaixian , Zhu Bing , Zhu Ming
Published: January 2016

This paper proposes two different path following control schemes for a stratospheric airship with actuator saturation. Each of the control schemes consists of a guidance loop and an attitude control loop. In both schemes, guidance laws are designed according to the line-of-sight guidance-based path following principle. In the first control scheme, a robust H∞ controller without constraints is designed based on the planar model of a stratospheric airship to stabilize path-following errors. The input constraints are then addressed by using a regional [Formula: see text]-based model recovery anti-windup compensator, which prevents the unconstrained controller from misbehaving in the constrained closed loop with anti-windup augmentation and ensures the systematic stability. In the second control scheme, model predictive control is applied to guarantee the path-following of the closed-loop system and explicitly address the magnitude and rate of rudders of the stratospheric airship. Theoretical results are illustrated by numerical simulations where both closed-loop systems are capable of following their desired paths and the constraints on control inputs are satisfied.
Ethnicity, popular democratic movements and labour in Malaysia
Authors: Croucher Richard , Miles Lilian
Published: January 2016

This article uses framing theory to examine how activists and trade unions have framed labour’s political agenda in Malaysia. A polity grounded in ethnicity continues to hinder the formation of cross-ethnic collective worker identities and labour politics. However, inclusive popular democratising movements have strengthened in recent years, providing a favourable context for greater emphasis on non-ethnic political action by trade unions. The latter have shifted in this direction, adopting elements of the popular movement’s ‘human rights’ internationalism. Thus, the democratic movement’s frame has influenced that of the trade unions, with implications for framing theory.
Does Suicidal Ideation Influence Memory? A Study of the Role of Violent Daydreaming in the Relationship Between Suicidal Ideation and Everyday Memory
Authors: Chu Carol , Podlogar Matthew C. , Rogers Megan L. , Buchman-Schmitt Jennifer M. , Negley Jacob H. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: January 2016

Individuals at risk for suicide experience periods of emotional, enduring, and vivid thoughts about their death by suicide and frequently report violent daydreams about death. Daydreaming is associated with forgetfulness and memory impairments. However, no studies have examined whether suicidal ideation is associated with deficits in everyday memory capabilities and whether violent daydreaming may influence these relationships. This study tested these hypotheses in a sample of 512 young adults. Self-report measures of subjective everyday memory capabilities, violent daydreaming, and suicidal ideation were administered. Results indicated that suicidal ideation and violent daydreaming were each significantly associated with greater impairments in everyday memory retrieval and everyday memory encoding (i.e., attentional tracking). Furthermore, violent daydreaming accounted for the relationship between suicidal ideation and impairments in everyday memory retrieval and memory encoding. Notably, findings remained after controlling for gender and depressive symptoms, a robust predictor of memory impairments. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Human Protein and Amino Acid Requirements
Authors: Hoffer L. John
Published: January 2016

Human protein and amino acid nutrition encompasses a wide, complex, frequently misunderstood, and often contentious area of clinical research and practice. This tutorial explains the basic biochemical and physiologic principles that underlie our current understanding of protein and amino acid nutrition. The following topics are discussed: (1) the identity, measurement, and essentiality of nutritional proteins; (2) the definition and determination of minimum requirements; (3) nutrition adaptation; (4) obligatory nitrogen excretion and the minimum protein requirement; (5) minimum versus optimum protein intakes; (6) metabolic responses to surfeit and deficient protein intakes; (7) body composition and protein requirements; (8) labile protein; (9) N balance; (10) the principles of protein and amino acid turnover, including an analysis of the controversial indicator amino acid oxidation technique; (11) general guidelines for evaluating protein turnover articles; (12) amino acid turnover versus clearance; (13) the protein content of hydrated amino acid solutions; (14) protein requirements in special situations, including protein‐catabolic critical illness; (15) amino acid supplements and additives, including monosodium glutamate and glutamine; and (16) a perspective on the future of protein and amino acid nutrition research. In addition to providing practical information, this tutorial aims to demonstrate the importance of rigorous physiologic reasoning, stimulate intellectual curiosity, and encourage fresh ideas in this dynamic area of human nutrition. In general, references are provided only for topics that are not well covered in modern textbooks.
Foreign Workers Are Associated with Innovation, But Why? International Networks as a Mechanism
Authors: Solheim Marte C. W. , Fitjar Rune Dahl
Published: January 2016

While there is a wealth of empirical research examining the potential relations and effects of foreign workers, immigration and cultural diversity on wages, employment, economic growth, and—in recent years—innovation, very little of this research has provided a convincing empirical demonstration of the mechanisms through which foreign workers would affect innovation. Most accounts hypothesize that foreign workers provide a different perspective that contributes to a diversity of ideas in the firm, while some also add the idea that foreign workers might help a firm build international networks. Nonetheless, these mechanisms have for the most part remained entirely theoretical, with few attempts being made at uncovering the intermediary relationships. This article contributes to filling this gap by focusing on the second of these mechanisms, asking whether firms that employ foreign workers also have broader international networks and whether this may, in turn, promote innovation through access to new knowledge. This article builds on survey data from approximately 500 firms in Norway, with more than ten employees, covering all sectors and regions. We find evidence that firms with highly educated foreign workers collaborate more frequently with international partners and that there is a positive relation between having a variety of international partners and the probability of product innovation and new-to-market product innovation.
Kuyper and Dooyeweerd: Sphere Sovereignty and Modal Aspects
Authors: Keene Timothy
Published: January 2016

The article is an outline of some of the key thoughts of two Dutch Calvinist philosophers who have had a major impact on sections of modern evangelicalism. These key thoughts are sphere sovereignty, closely associated with Kuyper but adopted enthusiastically by Dooyeweerd as well, and modal aspects, which is particularly associated with Dooyeweerd. The impact of these key thoughts on how we should view social structures is given, focusing particularly on the state, the church, the family and marriage, and the university.

There is one key reservation about this line of thinking, held because so prevalent among in the Neo-Calvinist circles so inspired by Kuyper and Dooyeweerd, that of pillarisation. It is argued briefly here, effectively as a postscript, that this represents a line of thinking that does not belong to sphere sovereignty or to modal aspects.
Understanding Participatory Governance: An Analysis of Participants’ Motives for Participation
Authors: Gustafson Per , Hertting Nils
Published: January 2016

Despite the growing body of literature on participatory and collaborative governance, little is known about citizens’ motives for participation in such new governance arrangements. The present article argues that knowledge about these motives is essential for understanding the quality and nature of participatory governance and its potential contribution to the overall political and administrative system. Survey data were used to explore participants’ motives for participating in a large-scale urban renewal program in Stockholm, Sweden. The program was neighborhood-based, characterized by self-selected and repeated participation, and designed to influence local decisions on the use of public resources. Three types of motives were identified among the participants: (a) Common good motives concerned improving the neighborhood in general and contributing knowledge and competence. (b) Self-interest motives reflected a desire to improve one’s own political efficacy and to promote the interest of one’s own group or family. (c) Professional competence motives represented a largely apolitical type of motive, often based on a professional role. Different motives were expressed by different categories of participants and were also associated with different perceptions concerning program outcomes. Further analysis suggested that participatory governance may represent both an opportunity for marginalized groups to empower themselves and an opportunity for more privileged groups to act as local “citizen representatives” and articulate the interests of their neighborhoods. These findings call for a more complex understanding of the role and potential benefits of participatory governance.
Ductal Plate Malformation in the Liver of Boxer Dogs
Authors: Pillai S. , Center S. A. , McDonough S. P. , Demarco J. , Pintar J. , Henderson A. K. , Cooper J. , Bolton T. , Sharpe K. , Hill S. , Benedict A. G. , Haviland R.
Published: January 2016

Ductal plate malformations (DPMs) represent developmental biliary disorders with a wide phenotypic spectrum. This study characterizes DPM in 30 Boxer dogs. Median age was 1.5 (range, 0.3–10.0) years, with 12 dogs <1 year. Clinical features included increased serum levels of liver enzymes (28), gastrointestinal signs (16), poor body condition (14), abdominal effusion (9), and hepatic encephalopathy (2). Additional malformations included gallbladder atresia (8), atrophied left liver (2), absent quadrate lobe with left-displaced gallbladder (1), portal vasculature atresia (left liver, 1), intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (1), and complex intrahepatic arteriovenous malformation (1). All dogs had portal tracts dimensionally expanded by a moderate-to-severe multiple small bile duct phenotype embedded in abundant extracellular matrix; 80% displayed variable portal-to-portal bridging. Quantitative analysis confirmed significantly increased fibrillar collagen and a 3-fold increased portal tract area relative to 6 Boxer and 10 non-Boxer controls. Biliary phenotype was dominated by tightly formed CK19-positive ductules, typically 10 to 15 μm in diameter, with 3 to >30 profiles per portal tract, reduced luminal apertures, and negative Ki-67 immunoreactivity. CK19-positive biliary epithelium intersected directly with zone 1 hepatocytes as a signature feature when considered with other DPM characteristics. Phenotypic variation included a multiple small bile duct phenotype (all dogs), predominantly thin-walled sacculated ducts (4), well-formed saccular ducts (4), and sacculated segmental, interlobular, and intralobular ducts (Caroli malformation, 2 dogs, one with bridging portal fibrosis). Histologic evidence of portal venous hypoperfusion accompanied increased biliary profiles in every case. We propose that this spectrum of disorders be referred to as DPM with appropriate modifiers to characterize the unique phenotypes.
Research and Planning Units: An Innovation Instrument in the 21st-Century Police Organization
Authors: Bond Brenda J. , Gabriele Kathryn R.
Published: January 2016

Police research and planning units have been in existence for decades, yet little is known about these types of organizational functions. This study compared research and planning staffing arrangements within American police organizations with the reported implementation of innovative practices to assess the association between unit existence and innovative practice. Utilizing a national survey of police practices, we found that agencies with formal research and planning units reported significantly greater levels of innovative practices than those without units. This study suggests that investing in research and planning may have a positive influence on the adoption of innovative police practices. As expectations for more progressive and sophisticated policing intensifies, then a promising pathway may be building the internal capacity via research and planning-type functions. Results from this study are of value to leaders and researchers who want to understand the organizational mechanisms that support innovative police agencies.
Conceptualisations of children’s wellbeing at school: The contribution of recognition theory
Authors: Thomas Nigel , Graham Anne , Powell Mary Ann , Fitzgerald Robyn
Published: January 2016

A large study in Australian schools aimed to elucidate understandings of ‘wellbeing’ and of factors in school life that contribute to it. Students and teachers understood wellbeing primarily, and holistically, in terms of interpersonal relationships, in contrast to policy documents which mainly focused on ‘problem areas’ such as mental health. The study also drew on recognition theory as developed by the social philosopher Axel Honneth. Results indicate that recognition theory may be useful in understanding wellbeing in schools, and that empirical research in schools may give rise to further questions regarding theory.
Identity-in-the-work and musicians’ struggles: the production of self-questioning identity work
Authors: Beech Nic , Gilmore Charlotte , Hibbert Paul , Ybema Sierk
Published: January 2016

Identity work is widely regarded as a process through which people strive to establish, maintain or restore a coherent and consistent sense of self. In the face of potential disruptions of, or threats to, their identities, people seek to salvage their sense of self by resolving tensions and restoring consistency. In contrast to the current identity work literature, this research indicates that identity work is not always about seeking resolution and moving on, but sometimes about continuing struggles which do not achieve a secure sense of self. This article seeks to elaborate the understanding of unresolved identity work by exploring three contexts of the everyday practice of indie musicians. An analysis of how they struggle to construct acceptable versions of their selves as songwriter, bandleader and front(wo)man allows us to develop the conceptualization of self-questioning (as opposed to self-affirmative, resolution-oriented) identity work.
Unexpected but Incidental Positive Outcomes Predict Real-World Gambling
Authors: Otto A. Ross , Fleming Stephen M. , Glimcher Paul W.
Published: January 2016

Positive mood can affect a person’s tendency to gamble, possibly because positive mood fosters unrealistic optimism. At the same time, unexpected positive outcomes, often called prediction errors, influence mood. However, a linkage between positive prediction errors—the difference between expected and obtained outcomes—and consequent risk taking has yet to be demonstrated. Using a large data set of New York City lottery gambling and a model inspired by computational accounts of reward learning, we found that people gamble more when incidental outcomes in the environment (e.g., local sporting events and sunshine) are better than expected. When local sports teams performed better than expected, or a sunny day followed a streak of cloudy days, residents gambled more. The observed relationship between prediction errors and gambling was ubiquitous across the city’s socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods and was specific to sports and weather events occurring locally in New York City. Our results suggest that unexpected but incidental positive outcomes influence risk taking.
The Purity of His Maleness
Authors: Allan Jonathan A.
Published: January 2016

“The Purity of His Maleness: Masculinity in Popular Romance Novels” seeks to open a discussion between critical studies of men and masculinities and popular romance studies. The phrase “purity of his maleness” is taken from Janice Radway’s groundbreaking study of the popular romance novel, and from this vantage, the article considers how critical studies of men and masculinities might think about, respond to, and engage popular romance novels and scholarship.
A Behavioral Genetic Model of the Mechanisms Underlying the Link Between Obesity and Symptoms of ADHD
Authors: Patte Karen A. , Davis Caroline A. , Levitan Robert D. , Kaplan Allan S. , Carter-Major Jacqueline , Kennedy James L.
Published: January 2016

Objective: The ADHD–obesity link has been suggested to result from a shared underlying basis of suboptimal dopamine (DA); however, this theory conflicts evidence that an amplified DA signal increases the risk for overeating and weight gain. A model was tested in which ADHD symptoms, predicted by hypodopaminergic functioning in the prefrontal cortex, in combination with an enhanced appetitive drive, predict hedonic eating and, in turn, higher body mass index (BMI). Method: DRD2 and DRD4 markers were genotyped. The model was tested using structural equation modeling in a nonclinical sample ( N = 421 adults). Results: The model was a good fit to the data. Controlling for education, all parameter estimates were significant, except for the DRD4-ADHD symptom pathway. The significant indirect effect indicates that overeating mediated the ADHD symptoms–BMI association. Conclusion: Results support the hypothesis that overeating and elevated DA in the ventral striatum—representative of a greater reward response—contribute to the ADHD symptom–obesity relationship.
Comparison of Utility Managers’ and Project Managers’ Satisfaction Rating of Alternative Project Delivery Methods Used in Water and Wastewater Infrastructures
Authors: Shrestha Pramen P. , Maharajan Ruiko , Batista Jacimaria R. , Shakya Binita
Published: January 2016

Since the 1990s, the use of design-build (DB) and construction manager at-risk (CMAR) as alternative project delivery (APD) methods for water and wastewater projects has significantly increased, fast outpacing the growth of traditional project delivery methods. Currently, U.S. municipalities face challenges of an aging infrastructure, which requires replacing and expanding water and wastewater facilities at more than 7,000 utilities nationwide. This study compared and analyzed the differences between utility managers (UMs) and project managers (PMs) regarding their satisfaction levels of the various benefits when using APD methods. Respondents included UMs and PMs having experience in DB and CMAR water and wastewater projects. In this study, PMs were significantly more satisfied with the quality of project, change orders, and lower rate of disputes than UMs. In addition, PMs experienced a significantly higher schedule advantage than UMs. Most respondents were satisfied with the various advantages provided by APD methods.
Relationship between vitamin D status and leukocytes in hospitalised cats
Authors: Titmarsh Helen F , Cartwright Jennifer A , Kilpatrick Scott , Gaylor Donna , Milne Elspeth M , Berry Jacqueline L , Bommer Nicholas X , Gunn-Moore Danièlle , Reed Nicola , Handel Ian , Mellanby Richard J
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Vitamin D deficiency, as assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations, has been linked to markers of systemic inflammation in human and canine medicine. However, the relationship between vitamin D status and inflammation has not been previously investigated in cats. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and leukocyte counts in hospitalised sick cats.

Methods

Serum 25(OH)D concentrations and haematology profiles were measured in 170 consecutive hospitalised sick cats. A binary logistical regression model examined the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentration, age, sex, breed and neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil and lymphocyte counts.

Results

Cats with neutrophilia had lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations than cats with neutrophil concentrations below the upper limit of the reference interval (RI). There were no differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations in cats with monocyte, lymphocyte or eosinophil counts above their respective RI compared with cats with counts below the upper limit of the RI.

Conclusions and relevance

Hospitalised cats with a neutrophil count above the RI had lower vitamin D status. There is a need to establish whether lower vitamin D status is a cause or consequence of increased neutrophil counts.
Notes toward a speculative methodology of everyday life
Authors: Michael Mike
Published: January 2016

This article considers the sociological role of activities that seem to make no sense: what can be learnt from episodes ‘unhinged’ from the routines of everyday life? In particular, stressing a processual framework for the study of everyday life, these unhinged episodes are regarded as useful for accessing its virtuality. The paper draws on literatures on everyday life, the object and the event in order, firstly to contrast critique to speculation, and secondly to sketch out what a speculative method for the study of everyday life might look like. Along the way, a number of concepts are developed: including affordance (the combination of plan, body and object); idiocy (a positive responsiveness to that which makes no sense); and affect (an ‘exquisite sensitivity to the world’). This perspective is illustrated through a discussion of how everyday practical issues raised by the use of rolling or wheeled luggage might evoke new forms of sociality – a ‘technosociality’.
Equity in the Turkish education system: A multilevel analysis of social background influences on the mathematics performance of 15-year-old students
Authors: Özdemir Caner
Published: January 2016

This paper aims to discover the level of equity in the Turkish education system using maths outcomes of 15-year-old students in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) exam. In order to do that, associations between various social background variables and student performance are analysed via multilevel models. Female pupils, students from lower socio-economic backgrounds and students from eastern regions are all found to be disadvantaged in terms of maths outcomes. The biggest gap between students in Turkey is due to school types. The difference between selective academic schools and other types of schools is more than 100 points, which is equal to the difference between almost four grade years. However, the positive effect of attending selective academic schools is smaller for girls. Further investigations indicate that, in the Turkish education system, school type at secondary level represents the effects of socio-economic background and educational and physical resources at school in addition to previous achievements of pupils. Results of the analyses show that it is very hard to claim that the education system in Turkey is operating in a way that mitigates existing inequalities in the society. To the contrary, there are indications that the Turkish education system itself reproduces inequalities.
Exploring an Ecological Model of Perceived Usability Within a Multi-Tiered Vocabulary Intervention
Authors: Neugebauer Sabina R. , Chafouleas Sandra M. , Coyne Michael D. , McCoach D. Betsy , Briesch Amy M.
Published: January 2016

The present study examines an ecological model for intervention use to explain student vocabulary performance in a multi-tiered intervention setting. A teacher self-report measure composed of factors hypothesized to influence intervention use at multiple levels (i.e., individual, intervention, and system level) was administered to 54 teachers and 48 interventionists conducting vocabulary interventions with different levels of instructional intensity with 553 kindergarten students. The reliability and validity of the measure in the context of a specific multi-tiered intervention was explored. Of particular interest was the potential explanatory power of system-level factors, over and above intervention-specific measures of fidelity, to explain student performance in a multi-tiered context. Results indicate that the climate of the school system predicted student performance in the Tier 1 context, and intervention feasibility predicted student performance in Tier 2. However, the intervention-specific fidelity measure was not a significant predictor. This research provides supporting evidence for the use of ecological models of intervention implementation to capture factors that influence intervention use and performance in multi-tiered settings.
Teachers’ Beliefs About the Participation of Students With Severe Disabilities in School Clubs
Authors: Pence Alicia R. , Dymond Stacy K.
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers’ beliefs about the participation of students with severe disabilities (SD) in school clubs. Participants were special education teachers ( N = 60) of middle and junior high school students with SD from one state. Data were collected using a survey. Results indicate that teachers value including students in school clubs and believe that students benefit from engaging in club activities, yet they did not view this setting as a place to address curricula. Issues with supports, transportation, and planning were identified as barriers to participation. Prior experience sponsoring a school club positively affected teachers’ perceptions of benefits gained from participation.