bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigating state and federal student privacy laws to design educationally sound parental notice policies
Authors: Baker Thomas R.
Published: June 2008

This chapter describes the relationship between federal student privacy laws and state privacy laws, and identifies the changes in the federal law over the last ten years affecting disclosure to parents of college students. Recent litigation on health emergencies is outlined and the limited rights of college students not yet eighteen years of age are examined.
Ultrasound assessment of fetal head–perineum distance before induction of labor
Authors: Eggebø T. M. , Heien C. , Økland I. , Gjessing L. K. , Romundstad P. , Salvesen K. Å.
Published: June 2008

Objectives

To evaluate fetal head–perineum distance measured by ultrasound imaging as a predictive factor for induction of labor, and to compare this distance with maternal factors, the Bishop score and ultrasound measurements of cervical length, cervical angle and occiput position.

Methods

The study included 275 women admitted for induction of labor. The fetal head–perineum distance was measured by transperineal ultrasound imaging as the shortest distance from the outer bony limit of the fetal skull to the skin surface of the perineum. Cervical length and angle was measured by transvaginal ultrasound examination, and fetal head position was assessed by transabdominal ultrasound imaging. The Bishop score was assessed without knowledge of ultrasound measurements. Receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used for evaluation of the probability of a successful vaginal delivery. The time from induction to delivery was tested using Cox regression analysis with ultrasound measurements, parity and body mass index (BMI) as possible predictive factors.

Results

Areas under the ROC curve for prediction of vaginal delivery were 62% (95% CI, 52–71%) for fetal head–perineum distance (P = 0.03), 61% (95% CI, 51–71%) for cervical length (P = 0.03), 63% (95% CI, 52–74%) for cervical angle (P = 0.02), 61% (95% CI, 52–70%) for Bishop score (P = 0.03) and 60% (95% CI, 51–69%) for BMI (P = 0.05). The Cesarean delivery rate was 22% among nulliparous and 5% among parous women (P < 0.01). Parity, fetal head–perineum distance, cervical length and cervical angle were contributing factors predicting vaginal delivery within 24 h in a Cox regression model. Occiput posterior position had no significant predictive value.

Conclusions

Fetal head–perineum distance measured by transperineal ultrasound examination can predict vaginal delivery after induction of labor, with a predictive value similar to that of ultrasonographically measured cervical length and the Bishop score. However, we judge none of these methods used alone to be good enough in a clinical setting. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cholesterol oxides in swedish foods and food ingredients: Butter and cheese
Authors: Nourooz‐Zadeh Jaffar , Appelqvist Lars‐Åke
Published: June 2008

Fresh butter manufactured by batch or continuous technologies in Sweden contained only traces of 7‐ketocholesterol at the detection limit (0.1 ppm in the lipids) and no detectable levels of other common cholesterol oxides. Storage at 4°C for up to four mo caused an increase in the levels of the isomeric 5,6‐epoxycholestanols, the epimeric 7‐hydroxycholesterols, 20α‐hydroxycholesterol and 7‐ketocholesterol as revealed by Lipidex chromatography, TEAP‐Lipidex chromatography and GLC. Heating of butter for 10 min at the temperature interval 150–200°C under conditions similar to that in shallow‐pan kitchen frying caused a gradual increase in the total amount of cholesterol oxides from 0 to 2.5 ppm, while at 200°C the total amount of cholesterol oxides was 1.6 ppm. Butter heated five min at 200°C also had less cholesterol oxides than that heated at 190°C for 10 min. Industrially manufactured butter oil and cream oil contained only low levels of some of the cholesterol oxides. Further, three types of processed cheese (soft‐melted, hard‐melted and grated cheese) were investigated. The soft‐melted and the hard‐melted cheese types contained only traces of some of the oxides, while the grated cheese samples had 0.5–2.2 ppm of the total cholesterol oxides in the lipids.
Effect of electrolytes on foaming of nonionic surfactant solutions
Authors: Schott Hans
Published: June 2008

The effect of electrolytes and other additives on the foaming of solutions of the nonionic surfactant octoxynol 9 (Triton X‐100) was investigated and correlated with their effect on the cloud point. Foams were generated by pouring solutions as a thin stream into a vertical tube. The height of the generally fast‐draining foam columns was measured as a function of time, and their stability was rated according to the damage sustained within 13 min. The surfactant concentrations used, 0.050, 0.100 and 2.00%, were above the critical micelle concentration. Increasing concentrations increased foam height but not foam stability.

The electrolytes NaCl and Na2SO4 salted the surfactant out. They reduced its cloud point in proportion to their concentration. They also reduced the foam height, albeit to a lesser extent than the cloud point, but hardly reduced the foam stability below the cloud point.

Electrolytes which salted the surfactant in, raising its cloud point by complexation of their cations with the ether oxygens of the surfactant, namely HCl, H2SO4 and Mg(NO3)2, produced no major changes in either foam height or foam stability. The exception was Al(NO3)3, which reduced the foam height by increasing the viscosity of the solutions. Urea and NaSCN, which raised the cloud point by breaking the structure of water, and to a lesser extent citric acid, reduced the foam stability but produced no major changes in foam height.

Heating the solutions below their cloud point reduced the stability of all foams, especially of those which were the least stable at the lower temperatures. When the cloud point was exceeded by 5 C through a combination of added NaCl and heating, foam height and foam stability decreased significantly. At 10 C above the cloud point, the foam height was reduced to 1/6 of that at 12 C below the cloud point, but the former foam was slow draining and rather stable.
Interaction of lodine with nonionic surfactant and polyethylene glycol in aqueous potassium lodide solution
Authors: Chang Jung‐Hung , Ohno Makoto , Esumi Kunio , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: June 2008

When a nonionic surfactant, such as hexaoxyethylene glycol dodecyl ethers (6ED) is added to an aqueous iodine solution in the presence of potassium iodide, some spectral changes corresponding to the interaction of iodine‐potassium iodide mixture with 6ED are found above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 6ED. The absorption maximum bands of complexes formed between 6ED and iodine are significantly different from those formed between 6ED and iodine‐potassium iodide mixture in aqueous solution. The complexes of iodic compounds (such as iodine, triiodide ion and polyiodide ion) with 6ED show absorption bands at 390 nm, 370 nm and 385 nm which are assigned to an interaction between iodine‐6ED, triiodide ion‐6ED and polyiodide ion‐6ED, respectively.

When the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW=200–600) becomes high in aqueous triiodide ion solution, the maximum absorption wavelength of triiodide ion solution also shifts toward 370 nm, similar to that of the triiodide ion‐6ED complex.

If it is assumed that the absorbance between I3− and the EO chain in 6ED is the same as that between I3− and the EO chain of PEG, the concept of effective EO number can be applied to explain the behavior in the absorption spectra among I3−, 6ED and PEG. Here, the effective EO number is defined as the product of EO chain length and concentration of each 6ED and PEG in the complexes.

The effective EO number and concentration of PEG decrease in the triiodide ion‐PEG complex as the molecular weight of PEG becomes large. Moreover, the effective EO number and concentration of 6ED are lower than those of PEG at all maximum absorption wavelengths.
Biodegradation of nonionic surfactants containing propylene oxide
Authors: Naylor Carter G. , Castaldi Frank J. , Hayes Barbara J.
Published: June 2008

Insertion of oxypropylene groups into the polyoxyethylene chain of fatty and oxo alcohol ethoxylates decreased the rate and extent of biodegradation. The magnitude of the effects was proportional to the PO‐block size and the extent of branching in the alcohol. Data are presented from a series of PO‐containing nonionic surfactants in semi‐continuous activated sludge reactors over test periods of up to 12 weeks. Bioassays performed on effluents from the SCAS units showed little or no toxicity due to residual degradation metabolities towardPimephales promelas andDaphnia pulex and a stimulatory effect onSelenastrum capricornutum growth rate.
Kidney disease in nail–patella syndrome
Authors: Lemley Kevin V.
Published: June 2008

Nail–patella syndrome (NPS) is a pleiotropic autosomal-dominant disorder due to mutations in the gene LMX1B. It has traditionally been characterized by a tetrad of dermatologic and musculoskeletal abnormalities. However, one of the most serious manifestations of NPS is kidney disease, which may be present in up to 40% of affected individuals. Although LMX1B is a developmental LIM-homeodomain transcription factor, it is expressed in post-natal life in the glomerular podocyte, suggesting a regulatory role in that cell. Kidney disease in NPS seems to occur more often in some families with NPS, but it does not segregate with any particular mutation type or location. Two patterns of NPS nephropathy may be distinguished. Most affected individuals manifest only an accelerated age-related loss of filtration function in comparison with unaffected individuals. Development of symptomatic kidney failure is rare in this group, and proteinuria (present in approximately one-third) does not appear to be progressive. A small minority (5–10%) of individuals with NPS develop nephrotic-range proteinuria as early as childhood or young adulthood and progress to end-stage kidney failure over variable periods of time. It is proposed that this latter group reflects the effects of more global podocyte dysfunction, possibly due to the combination of a mutation in LMX1B along with an otherwise innocuous polymorphism or mutation involving any of several genes expressed in podocytes (e.g.NPHS2,CD2AP), the transription of which is regulated by LMX1B.
Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of d‐Psicose Fatty Acid Diesters and their Emulsification Activities
Authors: Afach Ghanwa , Kawanami Yasuhiro , Cheetangdee Nopparat , Fukada Kazuhiro , Izumori Ken
Published: June 2008

The diesterification of d‐psicose (the C‐3 epimer of d‐fructose) with fatty acid vinyl esters of selected acyl chain lengths (C8, C10, and C12) was successfully carried out using Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym 435) at 45 °C for 24 h to give the 1,6‐diacyl‐d‐psicofuranoses with a high regioselectivity in good yields (83–90%). These diesters of d‐psicose have hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB) values (6.5–8.2) similar to HLB values of monoglyceride compounds which constitute the largest single type of emulsifiers employed by the food industry. Ability of the d‐psicose diesters to stabilize oil‐in‐water emulsions and the weight‐averaged oil‐droplet diameter in the emulsions was evaluated in this study. Emulsion stability of oil droplets stabilized by d‐psicose dicaprylate (0.3%, w/v in oil phase) was comparable to d‐fructose dicaprylate (0.2%, w/v). It was further confirmed that the d‐psicose diesters exhibited an emulsification activity depending on the chain length of fatty acid; d‐psicose dicaprate showed better emulsion stability than the other diesters.
Unscrambling thermal stability and temperature adaptation in evolved variants of a cold‐active lipase
Authors: Gatti-Lafranconi Pietro , Caldarazzo Serena M. , Villa Alessandra , Alberghina Lilia , Lotti Marina
Published: June 2008

Directed evolution by error‐prone PCR was applied to stabilize the cold‐active lipase from Pseudomonas fragi (PFL). PFL displays high activity at 10 °C, but it is highly unstable even at moderate temperatures. After two rounds of evolution, a variant was generated with a 5‐fold increase in half‐life at 42 °C and a shift of 10 °C in the temperature optimum, nevertheless retaining cold‐activity. The evolved lipase displayed specific activity higher than the wild type enzyme in the temperature range 29–42 °C. Biophysical measurements did not indicate any obvious difference between the improved variant and the wild type enzyme in terms of loss of secondary structure upon heat treatment, nor a shift in the apparent melting temperature.
PRINT, PUBLICATION, AND RELIGIOUS POLITICS IN CAROLINE ENGLAND
Authors: MCCULLOUGH PETER
Published: June 2008

This article uses original research in archival sources, many of them not yet exploited by scholars of the early modern book trade, to demonstrate that the confluence of a printer-publishers' political and religious ideology and his trade was possible during the reign of Charles I. A detailed case-study of the family, life, career, as well as publications of Richard Badger (1585–1641), reveals that his emergence from the late 1620s as William Laud's house printer was rooted in a complex web of locality, kinship, self-promotion, and patronage that had at its heart a religious conservatism that flowed logically and, for a time, successfully into the movement now known as Laudianism. The article offers simultaneous insights into politics and religion in the Caroline book trade, and the emergence, flourescence – and collapse – of Laud's programme for religious change.
JOHN BOWRING AND THE GLOBAL DISSEMINATION OF FREE TRADE
Authors: TODD DAVID
Published: June 2008

The international diffusion of ideas has often been described as an abstract process. John Bowring's career offers a different insight into the practical conditions that permitted a concept, free trade, to spread across national borders. An early advocate of trade liberalization in Britain, Bowring promoted free trade policies in France, Italy, Germany, Egypt, Siam, and China between 1830 and 1860. He employed different strategies according to local political conditions, appealing to public opinion in liberal Western Europe, seeking to persuade bureaucrats and absolute rulers in Central Europe and the Middle East, and resorting to gunboats in East Asia. His career also helps to connect the rise of free trade ideas in Europe with the ‘imperialism of free trade’ in other parts of the world. Bowring upheld the same liberal ideals as Richard Cobden and other luminaries of the free trade movement. Yet unlike them, he endorsed imperial ascendancy in order to remove obstacles to global communications and spread civilization outside Europe.
Labour Market Policy for ‘Active Ageing’ in Europe: Expanding the Options for Retirement Transitions
Authors: HARTLAPP MIRIAM , SCHMID GÜNTHER
Published: June 2008

Based on the theory of Transitional Labour Markets (TLM), this article derives normative criteria for ‘active ageing’. We argue why and under what conditions more employment for older people can help to improve their quality of life and can thus be considered an important part of future social policy. To this end, the article presents a brief review of the employment situation of older workers (aged 55–64) in the different European countries so as to identify what precisely might be required at the level of labour market policy. It systematically discusses the promoting and inhibiting factors behind the significant variation in the employment of older workers across Europe, and tests their explanatory value in a simple statistical model. Finally, we put the quantitative evidence into the perspective of policy examples, summing up some general strategies for ‘active ageing’.
Dual Incentives and Dual Asset Building: Policy Implications of the Hutubi Rural Social Security Loan Programme in China
Authors: GUO BAORONG , HUANG JIN , SHERRADEN MICHAEL , ZOU LI
Published: June 2008

The Hutubi Rural Social Security Loan programme is a policy innovation in a rural area of China, which loans savings in social security accounts back to peasants for them to buy assets for agricultural and other development. In contrast to the nationwide recession in rural social security, this programme has shown its success in proliferating rural social security funds and retaining social security participants. With a focus on the administrative data of the loan programme, this study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the loan programme and examine how asset building is possible for the poor when institutional incentives are offered. The findings show that when proper policy incentives are provided, poor peasants can build assets. The Hutubi programme may be a good model for other rural areas in China and other developing countries.
Decentring Social Policy? Devolution and the Discipline of Social Policy: A Commentary
Authors: WILLIAMS CHARLOTTE , MOONEY GERRY
Published: June 2008

Constitutional change offers the opportunity for a major departure in the nature and direction of policy, practices and governance in social policy. This article explores some of the impacts devolution has for the discipline of social policy, suggesting that devolutionmattersfor social policy as a field of research and study, and for the analysis and understanding of developments in UK social policy. It argues that devolution has a number of implications in terms of comparative and transnational social policy, new sites of analysis, the language of social policy, the production of knowledge and the development of new policy communities within the UK. It also signals new perspectives based on evolving welfare subjectivities and around questions of territorial justice. Drawing on discussions about the nature of social policy in the 1970s in particular, suggestions are made as to how new and emerging perspectives within and across the nations of the UK serve to ‘decentre’ the social policy tradition. In essence, this article seeks to open up a debate for ‘theorising’ the discipline of social policy through a focus on devolution.
Is there a role forn-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of mood and behaviour? A review of the evidence to date from epidemiological studies, clinical studies and intervention trials
Authors: Appleton K. M. , Rogers P. J. , Ness A. R.
Published: June 2008

Selected biochemical evidence suggests a potential role forn-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3PUFA) in the regulation of mood and behaviour. The present paper reviews the relevant evidence, to date, from epidemiological studies, clinical studies and intervention trials. Most evidence is available investigating a role forn-3PUFA in depression, depressive illness and suicidal behaviour, but work is also available on anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, fatigue and fatigue-related disorders, aggression, hostility and anti-social behaviour, inattention, impulsivity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenic disorders. For all these aspects of mood and behaviour, the evidence available is currently limited and highly inconsistent, both in terms of study methodology and study findings. There is a clear need for further work in this area.
On a Question of Bourgain about Geometric Incidences
Authors: SOLYMOSI JÓZSEF , TÓTH CSABA D.
Published: June 2008

Given a set of s points and a set of n2 lines in three-dimensional Euclidean space such that each line is incident to n points but no n lines are coplanar, we show that s = Ω(n11/4). This is the first non-trivial answer to a question recently posed by Jean Bourgain.
A 170‐year Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca coral record from the western Pacific warm pool: 2. A window into variability of the New Ireland Coastal Undercurrent
Authors: Alibert Chantal , Kinsley Leslie
Published: June 2008

A Porites coral from New Ireland (2.5°S, 150.5°E), at the heart of the Pacific warm pool, records variations of Ba/Ca back to the early 1820s. The New Ireland Coastal Undercurrent, which flows along the north coast and transports high‐nutrient thermocline waters, is thought to be the main source of the Ba enrichment observed in the coral during El Niño. Between the 1850s and the 1960s, frequent large Ba peaks indicate that nutrients were available during both phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During La Niña, Ba could be advected along the South Equatorial Current. Also during this period, clusters of Ba/Ca peaks at nearly decadal timescale generally coincide with the return time of a strong El Niño, in accord with the high decadal variance of NINO3 sea surface temperatures. Ba enrichment in this coral primarily reflects the stratification in the thermocline that controls vertical mixing. The coral records long‐term changes in those properties affecting nutrients in surface waters, with reduced Ba after the 1960s, and even less between 1823 and 1850. These reductions are tentatively attributed to the high rate of warming at the end of the Dalton Minimum and since the mid‐20th century. An ensuing weakening of the trade winds may have produced a more stratified equatorial thermocline, hindering the transport of Ba and nutrients from the undercurrent to the shallow coastal waters north of New Ireland.
An observing system simulation experiment for climate monitoring with GNSS radio occultation data: Setup and test bed study
Authors: Foelsche Ulrich , Kirchengast Gottfried , Steiner Andrea K. , Kornblueh Luis , Manzini Elisa , Bengtsson Lennart
Published: June 2008

The long‐term stability, high accuracy, all‐weather capability, high vertical resolution, and global coverage of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) suggests it as a promising tool for global monitoring of atmospheric temperature change. With the aim to investigate and quantify how well a GNSS RO observing system is able to detect climate trends, we are currently performing an (climate) observing system simulation experiment over the 25‐year period 2001 to 2025, which involves quasi‐realistic modeling of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. We carried out two climate simulations with the general circulation model MAECHAM5 (Middle Atmosphere European Centre/Hamburg Model Version 5) of the MPI‐M Hamburg, covering the period 2001–2025: One control run with natural variability only and one run also including anthropogenic forcings due to greenhouse gases, sulfate aerosols, and tropospheric ozone. On the basis of this, we perform quasi‐realistic simulations of RO observables for a small GNSS receiver constellation (six satellites), state‐of‐the‐art data processing for atmospheric profiles retrieval, and a statistical analysis of temperature trends in both the “observed” climatology and the “true” climatology. Here we describe the setup of the experiment and results from a test bed study conducted to obtain a basic set of realistic estimates of observational errors (instrument‐ and retrieval processing‐related errors) and sampling errors (due to spatial‐temporal undersampling). The test bed results, obtained for a typical summer season and compared to the climatic 2001–2025 trends from the MAECHAM5 simulation including anthropogenic forcing, were found encouraging for performing the full 25‐year experiment. They indicated that observational and sampling errors (both contributing about 0.2 K) are consistent with recent estimates of these errors from real RO data and that they should be sufficiently small for monitoring expected temperature trends in the global atmosphere over the next 10 to 20 years in most regions of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Inspection of the MAECHAM5 trends in different RO‐accessible atmospheric parameters (microwave refractivity and pressure/geopotential height in addition to temperature) indicates complementary climate change sensitivity in different regions of the UTLS so that optimized climate monitoring shall combine information from all climatic key variables retrievable from GNSS RO data.
Climate change scenario for Costa Rican montane forests
Authors: Karmalkar A. V. , Bradley R. S. , Diaz H. F.
Published: June 2008

Tropical montane cloud forests are characterized by persistent immersion in clouds, an important source of moisture during the dry season. Future changes in temperature and precipitation could alter cloud cover at the vegetation level and seriously affect mountain ecosystems. A regional climate modeling study that focuses on changes in the distributions of temperature and precipitation in Costa Rica shows, in general, an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation under the A2 scenario. At high elevations, warming is amplified and future temperature distribution lies outside the range of present‐day distribution. Compared to the Caribbean side, temperature changes are greater at high elevations on the Pacific side. Model results also show significant changes in precipitation amounts and variability and an increase in the altitude of cloud formation on the Pacific side that may have serious implications for mountain ecosystems in and around Costa Rica.
Impact of Variation in the FTO Gene on Whole Body Fat Distribution, Ectopic Fat, and Weight Loss
Authors: Haupt Axel , Thamer Claus , Machann Jürgen , Kirchhoff Kerstin , Stefan Norbert , Tschritter Otto , Machicao Fausto , Schick Fritz , Häring Hans‐Ulrich , Fritsche Andreas
Published: June 2008

Polymorphisms in the fat mass‐ and obesity‐associated (FTO) gene have been identified to be associated with obesity and diabetes in large genome‐wide association studies. We hypothesized that variation in the FTO gene has an impact on whole body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity, and influences weight change during lifestyle intervention. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped 1,466 German subjects, with increased risk for type 2 diabetes, for single‐nucleotide polymorphism rs8050136 in the FTO gene and estimated glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Distribution of fat depots was quantified using whole body magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy in 298 subjects. Two‐hundred and four subjects participated in a lifestyle intervention program and were examined after a follow‐up of 9 months. In the cross‐sectional analysis, the A allele of rs8050136 in FTO was associated with a higher BMI, body fat, and lean body mass (all P < 0.001). There was a significant effect of variation in the FTO gene on subcutaneous fat (P ≤ 0.05) and a trend for liver fat content, nonvisceral adipose tissue, and visceral fat (all P ≤ 0.1). However, the single‐nucleotide polymorphism was not associated with insulin sensitivity or secretion independent of BMI (all P > 0.05). During lifestyle intervention, there was also no influence of the FTO polymorphism on changes in body weight or fat distribution. In conclusion, despite an association with BMI and whole body fat distribution, variation in the FTO locus has no effect on the success of a lifestyle intervention program.
Intrusions in Children's Dietary Recalls: The Roles of BMI, Sex, Race, Interview Protocol, and Social Desirability
Authors: Guinn Caroline H. , Baxter Suzanne D. , Hardin James W. , Royer Julie A. , Smith Albert F.
Published: June 2008

Dietary‐reporting validation study data and school foodservice production records were used to examine intrusions (reports of uneaten items) in school meals in 24‐h recalls. Fourth‐grade children [20 low‐BMI (≥5th and <50th percentiles); 20 high‐BMI (≥85th percentile); 50% boys; 75% black] were each observed eating two school meals (breakfast, lunch) and interviewed about the prior 24 h that evening (24E) or the previous day the next morning (PDM). Social desirability was assessed. Intrusions were classified as stretches (on meal tray), internal confabulations (in school foodservice environment but not on meal tray), and external confabulations (not in school foodservice environment). For breakfast, reported items were less likely to be intrusions for black than white children, and for low‐BMI boys than the other BMI‐×‐sex groups, and to be external confabulations for high‐BMI girls than high‐BMI boys. For lunch, reported items and intrusions were more likely to be stretches for 24E than PDM interviews. As social desirability increased, fewer items were reported for breakfast, and reported items and intrusions were more likely to be internal confabulations for lunch. For breakfast, compared to low‐BMI girls, as social desirability increased, intruded amounts were larger for high‐BMI boys and smaller for high‐BMI girls. For lunch, intruded amounts were smaller for high‐BMI girls than the other BMI‐×‐sex groups. Amounts reported were smaller for stretches than internal confabulations and external confabulations for breakfast, and external confabulations for lunch. To better understand intrusions, dietary‐reporting validation studies are needed with larger samples by BMI‐group, sex, and race.
Modeling of two-dimensional effects in hot spot relaxation in laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Feugeas J.-L. , Nicolaï Ph. , Ribeyre X. , Schurtz G. , Tikhonchuk V. , Grech M.
Published: June 2008

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of plasma heating and temperature hot spots relaxation are presented in the domain where the diffusive approximation for heat transport fails. Under relevant conditions for laser plasma interactions, the effects of the nonlocality of heat transport on the plasma response are studied comparing the Spitzer–Härm model with several frequently used nonlocal models. The importance of using a high-order numerical scheme to correctly model nonlocal effects is discussed. A significant increase of the temperature relaxation time due to nonlocal heat transport is observed, accompanied by enhanced density perturbations. Applications to plasma-induced smoothing of laser beams are considered.
Waves in Guinness
Authors: Robinson Marguerite , Fowler A. C. , Alexander A. J. , O’Brien S. B. G.
Published: June 2008

We describe a simple model of a bubbly two-phase flow which is able to explain why waves propagate downward when a pint of Guinness is poured, and also how the waves are generated. Our theory involves a physically based regularization of the basic equations of the two-phase flow, using interphasic pressure difference and virtual mass terms, together with bulk or eddy viscosity terms. We show that waves can occur through an instability analogous to that which forms roll waves in inclined fluid flows, and we provide a description of the form of these waves, and compare them to observations. Our theory provides a platform for the description of waves in more general bubbly two-phase flows, and the way in which the flow breaks down to form slug flow.
Improved radial distribution functions for Coulomb charged fluid based on first-order mean spherical approximation
Authors: Xu Qinzhi , Wu Kaisu , Mi Jianguo , Zhong Congli
Published: June 2008

In this work, we solve the Ornstein–Zernike equation in a simple, analytical, and consistent manner to obtain the like and unlike radial distribution functions (RDFs) for charged fluids. To improve mean spherical approximation (MSA) solutions, the direct correlation functions both for the density and charge contributions are modified with the Yukawa potential, respectively. On the basis of the contact values of RDFs and excess internal energy of the system, we construct correlated equations to cope with the potential parameters. Thus obtained equations are solved with the first-order MSA method. The resulting like and unlike RDFs are in good agreement with molecular simulation data within a wide range of densities and temperatures.
Cross-sectional study of periodic surface structures on gallium phosphide induced by ultrashort laser pulse irradiation
Authors: Hsu E. M. , Crawford T. H. R. , Maunders C. , Botton G. A. , Haugen H. K.
Published: June 2008

We present cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy studies of laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) formed on gallium phosphide after irradiation with ultrashort laser pulses with a pulse duration of 150fs and centered at a wavelength of 800nm. LIPSS with spatial periods (∼165nm) substantially smaller than the incident wavelength are found to have vertical profiles as high as ∼960nm measured from the crest to the trough. The present observations provide important insights into the formation mechanisms of subwavelength LIPSS.
Development of pulsed laser-assisted thermal relaxation technique for thermal characterization of microscale wires
Authors: Guo Jiaqi , Wang Xinwei , Geohegan David B. , Eres Gyula , Vincent Cécile
Published: June 2008

A transient technique is developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of one-dimensional microscale wires. In this technique, the thin wire is suspended over two copper electrodes. Upon fast (nanosecond) pulsed laser irradiation, the wire’s temperature will quickly increase to a high level and then decrease gradually. Such temperature decay can be used to determine the sample’s thermal diffusivity. To probe this temperature evolution, a dc is fed through the wire to sensor its voltage variation, from which the thermal diffusivity can be extracted. A 25.4 μm thin Pt wire is characterized to verify this technique. Sound agreement is obtained between the measured data and reference value. Applying this pulsed laser-assisted thermal relaxation technique, the thermal diffusivity of multiwall carbon nanotube bundles and microscale carbon fibers is measured. Detailed analysis is conducted to study the effect of the wire embedded in the paste/base on the final measurement result.
Comparison between high-field piezoresistance coefficients of Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors and bulk Si under uniaxial and biaxial stress
Authors: Chu Min , Nishida Toshikazu , Lv Xiaoliang , Mohta Nidhi , Thompson Scott E.
Published: June 2008

A comprehensive set of two-dimensional (2D) inversion layer piezoresistance coefficients (π-coefficients) was measured using four-point and concentric-ring wafer bending setups on the (001) and (110) surface, ⟨110⟩ and ⟨100⟩ channel, n- and p-type silicon (Si) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The extracted π-coefficients, including in-plane longitudinal, transverse, and biaxial π-coefficients, are compared to the published surface piezoresistance coefficients as well as the corresponding bulk Si values. For the (001)-oriented n-MOSFETs, the uniaxial π-coefficients depend on the applied electric field, doping density, and channel direction, while the biaxial π-coefficient has a relatively little electric field dependence. For the (001)-oriented p-MOSFETs, only the ⟨110⟩ transverse π-coefficient exhibits a strong dependence on the applied electric field. All π-coefficients for the (110)-oriented MOSFETs differ significantly from bulk Si values. A qualitative argument for the reported differences due to quantum confinement is given by investigating the 2D quantization effect.
On the geometry of supersymmetric quantum mechanical systems
Authors: Lundholm D.
Published: June 2008

We consider some simple examples of supersymmetric quantum mechanical systems and explore their possible geometric interpretation with the help of geometric aspects of real Clifford algebras. This leads to natural extensions of the considered systems to higher dimensions and more complicated potentials.
The influence of surface roughness on electrical conductance of thin Cu films: An ab initio study
Authors: Timoshevskii V. , Ke Youqi , Guo Hong , Gall D.
Published: June 2008

First-principles calculations show that atomic-scale surface roughness dramatically affects the electrical conductivity of thin films. Atomic clusters, 1–3 atoms high, deposited on the flat Cu(001) surface of an 11 monolayer thick film lead to a 30−40% reduction of its conductance. This is attributed to the destruction of isotropic Fermi surface sheets. We provide a simple parametrized formula, correlating the size of the surface added structures to the film conductance, and also demonstrate that Ta and Al surface monolayers on rough Cu surfaces cause a conductance decrease and increase, respectively.
Three-dimensional spatiotemporal behaviors of light emission from discharge plasma of alternating current plasma display panels
Authors: Cho Tae-Seung , Chung Gu-Hyun , Jung Jin-Woo
Published: June 2008

Test panel for three-dimensional observation in ac plasma display panel (PDP) has been fabricated and the spatiotemporal behavior of infrared and visible emissions has been experimentally investigated in sustain discharges. Considering the infrared and visible emissions from the cathode, the cathode fall region in ac PDP could be within 70μm in thicknesses. We measured the propagation speed of the sheath plasma to be 1.8mm∕μs. In addition, the experimental result showed that an increasing sustain frequency from 100to250kHz improved the plasma efficiency.
Polarization enhancement for poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 75∕25 copolymer films by interlayer ordering under cyclic electric field
Authors: Fang F. , Yang W. , Jia C. , Luo X.
Published: June 2008

We report an intriguing phenomenon of polarization enhancement for poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 75∕25mol% copolymer films under cyclic electric field. If the copolymer film is initially subjected to electric cycling at a comparatively low field magnitude, the remanent polarization (Pr) increases with the field cycles during the subsequent electric cycling at a higher field magnitude. The morphology and microstructure change during the electric cycling are examined. It is suggested that polymer chains in the interfacial layers between the crystalline and amorphous regions gradually increase in the ordering degree and that contributes to the polarization enhancement during electric cycling.
Adaptive radiation of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) Labeobarbus species flock (Pisces, Cyprinidae)
Authors: de Graaf Martin , Dejen Eshete , Osse Jan W. M. , Sibbing Ferdinand A.
Published: June 2008

Studying species flocks (e.g. Darwin’s finches, Caribbean anoline lizards, East African cichlid fishes) has proven to be highly successful in understanding the forces driving speciation. The only known, intact species flock of cyprinid fishes, the 15 Labeobarbus species in Lake Tana (Ethiopia), includes eight piscivorous species. Piscivory is a rare specialisation among the highly successful (>2000 species) but mostly benthivorous Cyprinidae. The extent and mechanisms of diversification of this remarkable Labeobarbus species flock, particularly among the unexpected piscivorous species, are still largely unknown. In the present study we demonstrate that all 15 Labeobarbus species are segregated to a great extent along spatial, trophic and/or temporal dimensions. The spatial distribution, diet (prey species but not prey size), time of active feeding and predation techniques differed significantly among the eight piscivores. Lake Tana’s cyprinids displayed their retained potential for ecological diversification and speciation, including the uncommon specialisation of piscivory. The latter is probably a result of the absence of common African specialist piscivores in Lake Tana. We suggest that the evolution of Lake Tana’s Labeobarbus species flock at this stage is predominantly structured by ecological selection models. The labeobarbs most likely underwent sequential stages of radiation and speciation: habitat divergence followed by trophic divergence.
The tactile integration of local motion cues is analogous to its visual counterpart
Authors: Pei Y. C. , Hsiao S. S. , Bensmaia S. J.
Published: June 2008

The visual and somatosensory systems have been shown to process spatial information similarly. Here we investigate tactile motion processing using stimuli whose perceptual properties have been well established in vision research, namely superimposed gratings (plaids), barber poles, and bar fields. In both modalities, information about stimulus motion (speed and direction) conveyed by neurons at low levels of sensory processing is ambiguous, a conundrum known as the aperture problem. Our results suggest that the tactile perception of motion, analogous to its visual counterpart, operates in multiple stages: first, the perceived direction of motion is determined by a majority vote from local motion detectors, which are subject to the aperture problem. As in vision, the conflict between the cues from terminators and other local motion cues is gradually resolved over time so that the perceived direction approaches the veridical direction of motion.
Phosphorylation of MCM3 on Ser-112 regulates its incorporation into the MCM2–7 complex
Authors: Lin Douglas I. , Aggarwal Priya , Diehl J. Alan
Published: June 2008

During late M and early G
1
, MCM2–7 assembles and is loaded onto chromatin in the final step of prereplicative complex (pre-RC) formation. However, the regulation of MCM assembly remains poorly understood. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-dependent phosphorylation contributes to DNA replication by initially activating pre-RCs and subsequently inhibiting refiring of origins during S and M phases, thus limiting DNA replication to a single round. Although the precise roles of specific MCM phosphorylation events are poorly characterized, we now demonstrate that CDK1 phosphorylates MCM3 at Ser-112, Ser-611, and Thr-719.
In vivo
, CDK1-dependent phosphorylation of Ser-112 triggers the assembly of MCM3 with the remaining MCM subunits and subsequent chromatin loading of MCMs. Strikingly, loss of MCM3 triggers the destabilization of other MCM proteins, suggesting that phosphorylation-dependent assembly is essential for stable accumulation of MCM proteins. These data reveal that CDK-dependent MCM3 phosphorylation contributes to the regulated formation of the MCM2–7 complex.
Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population ofEscherichia coli
Authors: Blount Zachary D. , Borland Christina Z. , Lenski Richard E.
Published: June 2008

The role of historical contingency in evolution has been much debated, but rarely tested. Twelve initially identical populations ofEscherichia coliwere founded in 1988 to investigate this issue. They have since evolved in a glucose-limited medium that also contains citrate, whichE. colicannot use as a carbon source under oxic conditions. No population evolved the capacity to exploit citrate for >30,000 generations, although each population tested billions of mutations. A citrate-using (Cit+) variant finally evolved in one population by 31,500 generations, causing an increase in population size and diversity. The long-delayed and unique evolution of this function might indicate the involvement of some extremely rare mutation. Alternately, it may involve an ordinary mutation, but one whose physical occurrence or phenotypic expression is contingent on prior mutations in that population. We tested these hypotheses in experiments that “replayed” evolution from different points in that population's history. We observed no Cit+mutants among 8.4 × 1012ancestral cells, nor among 9 × 1012cells from 60 clones sampled in the first 15,000 generations. However, we observed a significantly greater tendency for later clones to evolve Cit+, indicating that some potentiating mutation arose by 20,000 generations. This potentiating change increased the mutation rate to Cit+but did not cause generalized hypermutability. Thus, the evolution of this phenotype was contingent on the particular history of that population. More generally, we suggest that historical contingency is especially important when it facilitates the evolution of key innovations that are not easily evolved by gradual, cumulative selection.
Malectin: A Novel Carbohydrate-binding Protein of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and a Candidate Player in the Early Steps of ProteinN-Glycosylation
Authors: Schallus Thomas , Jaeckh Christine , Fehér Krisztina , Palma Angelina S. , Liu Yan , Simpson Jeremy C. , Mackeen Mukram , Stier Gunter , Gibson Toby J. , Feizi Ten , Pieler Tomas , Muhle-Goll Claudia
Published: June 2008

N-Glycosylation starts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where a 14-sugar glycan composed of three glucoses, nine mannoses, and two N-acetylglucosamines (Glc3Man9GlcNAc2) is transferred to nascent proteins. The glucoses are sequentially trimmed by ER-resident glucosidases. The Glc3Man9GlcNAc2moiety is the substrate for oligosaccharyltransferase; the Glc1Man9GlcNAc2and Man9GlcNAc2intermediates are signals for glycoprotein folding and quality control in the calnexin/calreticulin cycle. Here, we report a novel membrane-anchored ER protein that is highly conserved in animals and that recognizes the Glc2-N-glycan. Structure determination by nuclear magnetic resonance showed that its luminal part is a carbohydrate binding domain that recognizes glucose oligomers. Carbohydrate microarray analyses revealed a uniquely selective binding to a Glc2-N-glycan probe. The localization, structure, and binding specificity of this protein, which we have named malectin, open the way to studies of its role in the genesis, processing and secretion of N-glycosylated proteins.
Chandler: A Retrospect
Authors: Wilkins Mira
Published: June 2008

I met Al Chandler in late 1962 (or early 1963), when he visited the Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, as a guest of Associate Dean Clarence Walton. Chandler gave a seminar, based on his new book Strategy and Structure. I was then at Columbia Business School, completing my (and Frank Ernest Hill's) archive-based history of Ford Motor Company's international operations, which was my first book. As my next project, I was seeking to write an overall history of US business abroad. I wanted to figure out whether patterns I had found in my research on Ford abroad were typical (or atypical) of US corporations, in general, as the latter expanded worldwide.
The use of sagittal otoliths in discriminating stocks of common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) off northeastern Brazil using multishape descriptors
Authors: Duarte-Neto Paulo , Lessa Rosângela , Stosic Borko , Morize Eric
Published: June 2008

Duarte-Neto, P., Lessa, R., Stosic, B., and Morize, E. 2008. The use of sagittal otoliths in discriminating stocks of common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) off northeastern Brazil using multishape descriptors. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1144–1152. The shape of sagittal otoliths from the dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) was studied to test the hypothesis that two stocks exist off the northeast coast of Brazil. In all, 82 sagittal otoliths were collected from fish caught by the artisanal fleet in two coastal regions of northeastern Brazil in December 2003 and April/May 2004. Several shape descriptors were determined [area, perimeter, rectangularity, circularity, eccentricity, fractal dimension (FD), and Fourier coefficients (FCs)] to evaluate the degree of similarity in the otoliths between regions. A three-morphotype pattern was revealed through cluster and principal component analyses based on FCs of the 30th harmonics. Apparently, this pattern is not influenced by clinal factors. Despite the great variability between otolith shapes, separation of the samples from two regions was suggested using multivariate and univariate analyses of variance for all shape descriptors and using canonical discriminant analysis. The methods successfully classified 57.1 and 69.6% of otoliths from the Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte regions, respectively. The FD was a powerful descriptor in discriminating the two stocks. Differences in the shapes of sagittal otoliths may be related to different growth rates of the species and lend credence to the belief that there are two stocks along the Brazilian coast.