bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic classification of autism spectrum disorder in children using cortical thickness and support vector machine
Authors: Squarcina Letizia , Nosari Guido , Marin Riccardo , Castellani Umberto , Bellani Marcella , Bonivento Carolina , Fabbro Franco , Molteni Massimo , Brambilla Paolo
Published: July 2021

Objective

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with a heterogeneous phenotype. The role of biomarkers in ASD diagnosis has been highlighted; cortical thickness has proved to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of ASD core symptoms. We apply support vector machine, a supervised machine learning method, in order to identify specific cortical thickness alterations in ASD subjects.

Methods

A sample of 76 subjects (9.5 ± 3.4 years old) has been selected, 40 diagnosed with ASD and 36 typically developed subjects. All children underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination; T1‐MPRAGE sequences were analyzed to extract features for the characterization and parcellation of regions of interests (ROI); average cortical thickness (CT) has been measured for each ROI. For the classification process, the extracted features were used as input for a classifier to identify ASD subjects through a “learning by example” procedure; the features with best performance was then selected by “greedy forward‐feature selection.” Finally, this model underwent a leave‐one‐out cross‐validation approach.

Results

From the training set of 68 ROIs, five ROIs reached accuracies of over 70%. After this phase, we used a recursive feature selection process in order to identify the eight features with the best accuracy (84.2%). CT resulted higher in ASD compared to controls in all the ROIs identified at the end of the process.

Conclusion

We found increased CT in various brain regions in ASD subjects, confirming their role in the pathogenesis of this condition. Considering the brain development curve during ages, these changes in CT may normalize during development. Further validation on a larger sample is required.
One‐year mortality in NSTEMI patients is unaffected by timing of PCI within the first week of admission: Results of a real‐world cohort analysis
Authors: Fagel Nick D. , Amoroso Giovanni , Rabbering Tanja , Gescher Froukje , Vink Maarten A. , Slagboom Ton , van der Schaaf René J. , Herrman Jean‐Paul R. , Patterson Mark S. , Vos Nicola S. , Verbeek Eva C. , de Winter Robbert J. , Riezebos Robert K.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

We aimed to explore the impact of time to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (T2P) on 1‐year mortality in non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients.

Background

The current guidelines recommend an early invasive strategy for NSTEMI patients. However, impact of an early invasive strategy on mortality is a matter of debate. For that reason, real world data are of great value to determine the optimal treatment window.

Methods

This retrospective single center cohort study was performed in a high‐volume PCI center in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Intermediate‐ and high‐risk NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI were included. The main discriminant was timing of PCI after admission (T2P), stratified according to different time windows (<24 h, 24–72 h, 72 h–7 days or >7 days). We analyzed 1‐year mortality and the time distribution of overall survival.

Results

In total, 848 patients treated between January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2018 were included in the analysis. T2P was <24 h in 145 patients, 24–72 h in 192 patients, 72 h–7 days in 275 patients, and >7 days in 236 patients. The mean GRACE‐risk score was 127.1 (SD 28.7), 130.0 (33.1), 133.8 (32.1), and 148.7 (34.6) respectively, p = <0.001. After adjusting for confounders, 1‐year mortality in patients with T2P <24 h did not significantly differ when compared with T2P 24–72 h (OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.33–3.51) and T2P 72 h–7 days (OR 1.72; 95% CI = 0.57–5.21) but was significantly higher in T2P >7 days (OR = 3.20; 95% CI = 1.06–9.68).

Conclusions

In an unselected cohort of patients with NSTEMI, treatment by PCI <24 h did not lead to improved survival as compared to aT2P <7 days strategy. Delay in PCI >7 days after admission resulted in worse outcome.
Rational Design of Semiconductor Heterojunctions for Photocatalysis
Authors: Di Liberto Giovanni , Cipriano Luis A. , Tosoni Sergio , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: July 2021

Electronic structure calculations provide a useful complement to experimental characterization tools in the atomic‐scale design of semiconductor heterojunctions for photocatalysis. The band alignment of the heterojunction is of fundamental importance to achieve an efficient charge carrier separation, so as to reduce electron/hole recombination and improve photoactivity. The accurate prediction of the offsets of valence and conduction bands in the constituent units is thus of key importance but poses several methodological and practical problems. In this Minireview we address some of these problems by considering selected examples of binary and ternary semiconductor heterojunctions and how these are determined at the level of density functional theory (DFT). The atomically precise description of the interface, the consequent charge polarization, the role of quantum confinement, the possibility to use facet engineering to determine a specific band alignment, are among the effects discussed, with particular attention to pros and cons of each one of these aspects. This analysis shows the increasingly important role of accurate electronic structure calculations to drive the design and the preparation of new interfaces with desired properties.
[2.2]Paracyclophane‐Based TCN‐201 Analogs as GluN2A‐Selective NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Rajan Remya , Schepmann Dirk , Steigerwald Ruben , Schreiber Julian A. , El‐Awaad Ehab , Jose Joachim , Seebohm Guiscard , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: July 2021

Recent studies have shown the involvement of GluN2A subunit‐containing NMDA receptors in various neurological and pathological disorders. In the X‐ray crystal structure, TCN‐201 (1) and analogous pyrazine derivatives 2 and 3 adopt a U‐shape (hairpin) conformation within the binding site formed by the ligand binding domains of the GluN1 and GluN2A subunits. In order to mimic the resulting π/π‐interactions of two aromatic rings in the binding site, a [2.2]paracyclophane system was designed to lock these aromatic rings in a parallel orientation. Acylation of [2.2]paracyclophane (5) with oxalyl chloride and chloroacetyl chloride and subsequent transformations led to the oxalamide 7, triazole 10 and benzamides 12. The GluN2A inhibitory activities of the paracyclophane derivatives were tested with two‐electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology using Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing selectively functional NMDA receptors with GluN2A subunit. The o‐iodobenzamide 12 b with the highest similarity to TCN‐201 showed the highest GuN2A inhibitory activity of this series of compounds. At a concentration of 10 μM, 12 b reached 36 % of the inhibitory activity of TCN‐201 (1). This result indicates that the [2.2]paracyclophane system is well accepted by the TCN‐201 binding site.
Improving the perception of physician compassion, communication skills, and professionalism in the outpatient clinic
Authors: Del Fabbro Egidio
Published: July 2021

A randomized controlled trial using video vignettes of patient‐physician interactions compares an integrated electronic health record with a standard electronic health record. The physician using an integrated electronic health record is perceived as more compassionate, skilled in communication, and professional.
Emergence of Ring‐Shaped Microstructures in Restricted Geometries Containing Self‐Propelled, Catalytic Janus Spheres
Authors: Pariente Jose Ángel , Blanco Álvaro , López Cefe , Gibbs John G.
Published: July 2021

The evaporation of liquid droplets containing colloids is an omnipresent natural phenomenon that has received much attention due to the fundamental effects it entails, as well as the multitudes of fields in which it can be applied. The deposition of particulates onto a solid surface during evaporation tends to form ring‐like stains, which are a hallmark of the “coffee‐ring effect.” A wide variety of systems has already been employed to suppress or enable this effect, however, little attention has been focused on particles in restricted geometries that are driven far from equilibrium. Here, we investigate how self‐propelled, “active” catalytic Janus microspheres affect the ring stains left behind during the drying of a geometrically confined suspension containing such particles. Self‐propulsion results indirectly from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the catalytically active hemispherical shell, while the diametrically opposite face is inert; this is how the system is driven out of equilibrium. The magnitude of activity can be controlled by adjusting the volume concentration of aqueous H2O2 within the suspension. This parameter strongly influences the ring‐shaped microstructures obtained, especially when the concentration is sufficiently high to produce oxygen bubbles that take over the motion as opposed to auto‐phoresis.
Active and Passive Motion in Complex pH‐Fields
Authors: Möller Nadir , Seiffert Sebastian , Palberg Thomas , Niu Ran
Published: July 2021

We create pH landscapes of increasing spatial complexity by placing ion exchange resin beads of different types and sizes in a closed cell featuring a negatively charged bottom substrate. We thus extend previous measurements in a chemically homogeneous background to investigations in chemically structured backgrounds, which evolve in time. We determine local pH gradients by photometry and study the resulting solvent flows along the substrate by tracking passive tracer particles. Analytical modelling of the dispersion of chemicals is possible for situations with dominantly diffusive transport. We then release phoretic swimmers in differently shaped pH fields and study their motion for selected examples. Catalytic Janus swimmers assembled in the wake of a mobile pH source form a modular swimmer showing a noise‐dominated trajectory. For standard modular swimmers with passive cargo, we identify well‐defined and reproducible swimming trajectory types at and around single pH sources. These include swimmer deflection and swing‐by maneuvers, swimmer trapping and escape, as well as circular orbits. More complicated paths result from combining the pH fields of multiple pH sources. Finally, we address swimmer‐swimmer interactions resulting from the superposition of their own pH fields. Our findings clearly demonstrate the high potential of chemically structured environments for swimmer steering. They can further be rationalized in a simple heuristic model considering the interplay of phoretic flows on different length and time scales and its influence on swimmer speed, orientation and emerging propulsion direction. In view of the vast range of possible combinations, our study has to remain preliminary. We anticipate, however, that it will aid the general understanding of transport experiments in pH‐driven systems and other types of phoresis and thus also help design novel and useful strategies for directed transport on the micro‐scale.
Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Ketamine Enantiomers and Their Metabolites After Administration of Prolonged‐Release Ketamine With Emphasis on 2,6‐Hydroxynorketamines
Authors: Weiss Michael , Siegmund Werner
Published: July 2021

Modeling of metabolite kinetics after oral administration of ketamine is of special interest because of the higher concentrations of active metabolites because of the hepatic first‐pass effect. This holds especially in view of the potential analgesic and antidepressant effects of 2R,6R‐ and 2S,6S‐hydroxynorketamine at low doses of ketamine. Therefore, a 9‐compartment model was developed to analyze the pharmacokinetics of ketamine enantiomers and their metabolites after racemic ketamine administered intravenously (5 mg) and as 4 doses (10, 20, 40, and 80 mg) of a prolonged‐release formulation (PR‐ketamine). Using a population approach, the serum concentration‐time data of the enantiomers of ketamine, norketamine, dehydronorketamine, and 2,6‐hydroxynorketamine obtained in 15 healthy volunteers could be adequately fitted. The estimated model parameters were used to simulate serum concentration‐time profiles; after multiple dosing of PR‐ketamine (2 daily doses of 20 mg), the steady‐state concentrations of R‐ and S‐ketamine were 1.4 and 1.3 ng/mL, respectively. The steady‐state concentration of 2R,6R‐hydroxynorketamine exceeded those of R‐norketamine (4‐fold), R‐dehydonorketamine (8‐fold), and R‐ketamine (46‐fold), whereas that of 2S,6S‐hydroxynorketamine exceeded that of S‐ketamine by 14‐fold. The model may be useful for identifying dosing regimens aiming at optimal plasma concentrations of 2,6‐hydroxynorketamines.
Constitutional Dynamic Inhibition/Activation of Carbonic Anhydrases
Authors: Su Dandan , Zhang Yan , Ulrich Sébastien , Barboiu Mihail
Published: July 2021

In this review we consider one important member of the metalloenzymes family, the carbonic anhydrase (CA), involved in the treatment of several common diseases. Different approaches have emerged to regulate the activity of CA, mostly acting on the inner catalytic active site or outer microenvironment of the enzyme, leading to inhibition or activation of CA. In recent years, gradually increased attention has focused on the adoption of constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC) strategies for the screening and discovery of potent inhibitors or activators. The participation of reversible covalent bonds enabled the enzyme itself to select the optimal ligands obtained from diverse building blocks with comparatively higher degree of variety, resulting in the fittest recognition of enzyme ligands from complex dynamic systems. With the increasing implementation of CDC for enzyme targets, it shows great potential for drug discovery or CO2 capture applications.
Molecular Design of 3D Porous Carbon Framework via One‐Step Organic Synthesis
Authors: Wang Jinquan , Fu Xinpu , Yan Ning , Zhang Yugen
Published: July 2021

A new practical method for construction of 3D porous carbon was developed through molecular design via one‐step synthesis from commercially available carbon tetrabromide and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene on a gram‐scale, and the obtained porous carbon has a well‐defined sp1‐sp3 all‐carbon structure (C13), high stability, and high surface area.
An evolving α‐dependent mobility model for a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ghosh Ramkrishna , Mohanty Suneeta , Pattnaik Prasant Kumar
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we represent an innovative α‐based mobility model for a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using Sugeno type‐2 fuzzy inference system (T2FIS) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Specifically, the spotlight is on the deployment of suchlike energy level, neighbor count, and hop count to base station (BS) solution to critical applications, like monitoring applications for public security, border control enforcement, and so on. A type‐2 fuzzy logic (T2FL)‐dependent α mobility controller is introduced to support on the variation of a followship weighting metric α to select that close by UAV is the relevant to be pursued. Modification the proper values for the followship weight α is somewhat a demanding function. We have selected T2FL app for variation the values of the followship metric α choosing appropriate type‐2 fuzzy signifiers essentially energy level, neighbor count, and hop count to BS. T2FIS is utilized to pick the appropriate followship weight computation. Efficacy of the suggested framework is made by way of analysis of the statistics and multiple linear regressions (MLRs).
The effects of host plant species and larval density on immune function in the polyphagous moth Spodoptera littoralis
Authors: Karlsson Green Kristina
Published: July 2021

Immune functions are costly, and immune investment is usually dependent on the individual's condition and resource availability. For phytophagous insects, host plant quality has large effects on performance, for example growth and survival, and may also affect their immune function. Polyphagous insects often experience a large variation in quality among different host plant species, and their immune investment may thus vary depending on which host plant species they develop on. Larvae of the polyphagous moth Spodoptera littoralis have previously been found to exhibit density‐dependent prophylaxis as they invest more in certain immune responses in high population densities. In addition, the immune response of S. littoralis has been shown to depend on nutrient quality in experiments with artificial diet. Here, I studied the effects of natural host plant diet and larval density on a number of immune responses to understand how host plant species affects immune investment in generalist insects, and whether the density‐dependent prophylaxis could be mediated by host plant species. While host plant species in general did not mediate the density‐dependent immune expression, particular host plant species was found to increase larval investment in certain functions of the immune system. Interestingly, these results indicate that different host plants may provide a polyphagous species with protection against different kinds of antagonisms. This insight may contribute to our understanding of the relationship between preference and performance in generalists, as well as having applied consequences for sustainable pest management.
Macronutrient balancing in free‐ranging populations of moose
Authors: Felton Annika M. , Wam Hilde K. , Felton Adam , Simpson Stephen J. , Stolter Caroline , Hedwall Per‐Ola , Malmsten Jonas , Eriksson Torsten , Tigabo Mulualem , Raubenheimer David
Published: July 2021

At northern latitudes, large spatial and temporal variation in the nutritional composition of available foods poses challenges to wild herbivores trying to satisfy their nutrient requirements. Studies conducted in mostly captive settings have shown that animals from a variety of taxonomic groups deal with this challenge by adjusting the amounts and proportions of available food combinations to achieve a target nutrient balance. In this study, we used proportions‐based nutritional geometry to analyze the nutritional composition of rumen samples collected in winter from 481 moose (Alces alces) in southern Sweden and examine whether free‐ranging moose show comparable patterns of nutrient balancing. Our main hypothesis was that wild moose actively regulate their rumen nutrient composition to offset ecologically imposed variation in the nutritional composition of available foods. To test this, we assessed the macronutritional composition (protein, carbohydrates, and lipids) of rumen contents and commonly eaten foods, including supplementary feed, across populations with contrasting winter diets, spanning an area of approximately 10,000 km2. Our results suggest that moose balanced the macronutrient composition of their rumen, with the rumen contents having consistently similar proportional relationship between protein and nonstructural carbohydrates, despite differences in available (and eaten) foods. Furthermore, we found that rumen macronutrient balance was tightly related to ingested levels of dietary fiber (cellulose and hemicellulose), such that the greater the fiber content, the less protein was present in the rumen compared with nonstructural carbohydrates. Our results also suggest that moose benefit from access to a greater variety of trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses, which provides them with a larger nutritional space to maneuver within. Our findings provide novel theoretical insights into a model species for ungulate nutritional ecology, while also generating data of direct relevance to wildlife and forest management, such as silvicultural or supplementary feeding practices.
Flexible High Energy Density Sodium Dual‐ion Battery with Long Cycle life
Authors: Li Yongpeng , Guan Qun , Cheng Jianli , Wang Bin
Published: July 2021

Flexible fiber‐shaped sodium dual‐ion batteries (FSDIBS) as a proof of concept are fabricated by using the hierarchical ReS2 nanosheets anchored on the carbon nanotube (ReS2@CNT) fiber as anode and graphite on the CNT as cathode. Owing to large interlayer spacing and weak layer coupling force of the ReS2 nanosheets and the anion accommodation of the graphite combined with good flexibility of the CNT fiber, the FSDIBS demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performances with high working voltage and high specific volumetric energy density, durable cycling life, and good flexibility. The FSDIBS show a specific discharge capacity of 97.8 mAh cm−3 at a current density of 630 mA cm−3 and high specific energy density of 25.12 mWh cm−3 (based on the whole volume of the two electrodes) and superb stability with a capacity retention of 91.8% even after bending for 2100 cycles. Moreover, a series of ex situ/in situ characterizations are verified that the reversible shuttles of the Na+ cations and anions between the anode and cathode are simultaneously occurred during the charge/discharge process.
Organic Conjugation of Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Improved Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion and H2 Fixation
Authors: Hayat Asif , Taha Taha Abdel Mohaymen , Alenad Asma M. , Yingjin Lin , Mane Sunil Kumar Baburao , Hayat Ashiq , Khan Muhammad , Rehman Ata Ur , Khan Wasim Ullah , Shaishta Naghma
Published: July 2021

The systematic alteration of a carbon nitride unit (CNU) for visible light photocatalytic water splitting is a promising research subject owing to the increasingly serious energy and environmental complications. Herein, the conjugated monomer 3,6‐dibromopyridazine (DBP) is integrated within polymeric carbon nitride (PCN named as CNU = carbon nitride containing urea precursor) via thermal condensation, which is designated as CNU‐DBP. These samples are used for the first time in the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 reduction and hydrogen (H2) evolution through water splitting. Such integration intimidates the electron density, promoting charge transfer separation and elevating the photocatalytic activity of CNU under visible light illumination. The superior sample such as CNU‐DBP9.0 after 4 h of photooxidation generates 65.7 μmol of CO and 17.3 μmol of H2 of the reaction system, emphasizing the highest photocatalytic activity. The H2 evolution rate (HER) for pristine CNU is found as 11.9 μmol h−1, whereas for CNU‐DBP9.0 it is estimated at 178.2 μmol h−1 with 15 times greater activity. This process predicts a significant diversion in the specific area, bandgap, and chemical composition and promotes the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers from the ground state to the excited state of CNU, thereby considering it a best candidate for the photoreduction of CO2 source and water splitting into H2.
Long‐term safety and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy in patients with epilepsy: Results from a multicenter, open‐label trial
Authors: Ben‐Menachem Elinor , Dominguez Jacqueline , Szász József , Beller Cynthia , Howerton Charles , Jensen Lori , McClung Carrie , Roebling Robert , Steiniger‐Brach Björn
Published: July 2021

The primary objective of this trial (SP1042; NCT02582866) was to assess long‐term safety and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy (200‐600 mg/day) in adults with focal (partial‐onset) seizures or generalized tonic‐clonic seizures (without clear focal origin). This Phase III, long‐term, open‐label, multicenter, follow‐up trial enrolled patients with epilepsy who were taking lacosamide in, and completed, the previous double‐blind trial (SP0994; NCT01465997). Primary safety outcomes were treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs), discontinuations due to TEAEs, and serious TEAEs. One hundred and six patients were enrolled and received lacosamide: 84 (79.2%) completed the trial and 22 (20.8%) discontinued. The median duration of exposure was 854.0 days, with a median modal dose of 200 mg/day. Ninety‐six (90.6%), 64 (60.4%), and 44 (41.5%) patients had ≥12, ≥24, and ≥36 months of lacosamide exposure, respectively. At least one TEAE was reported by 61 (57.5%) patients. The most common (≥4%) TEAEs were headache (10 [9.4%]), nasopharyngitis (eight [7.5%]), and back pain (five [4.7%]). One (0.9%) patient discontinued due to a TEAE (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy; not considered drug‐related), 14 (13.2%) patients reported serious TEAEs, and seven (6.6%) patients reported TEAEs that were considered drug‐related. Overall, long‐term lacosamide monotherapy was generally well tolerated up to 600 mg/day, with no new safety signals identified.
Seismic fragility and intensity measure investigation for rocking podium structures under synthetic pulse‐like excitations
Authors: Bantilas Kosmas E. , Kavvadias Ioannis E. , Vasiliadis Lazaros K. , Elenas Anaxagoras
Published: July 2021

Rocking podium structures (RPSs) refer to a wide class of structural systems in which the base storey consisting of freestanding columns that can uplift during seismic excitations. Due to the rocking response, the base storey can be considered as a base isolation system on the condition that a rocking overturn is prevented. In the present study, the seismic response of RPSs is assessed within a probabilistic framework. For this purpose, synthetic pulse‐like acceleration records are generated. The performance of several ground motion intensity measures in predicting the rocking response of RPSs with different superstructure's fundamental period, lateral displacement profiles and rocking column configuration are examined. The effect of these structural parameters on the rocking response is evaluated in terms of seismic fragility. Finally, the seismic behaviour of the rocking storey, as a seismic isolation technique, is evaluated by examining both the rocking stability and the seismic demand reduction of the superstructure simultaneously.
Controls on the development of continuous gullies: A 60 year monitoring study in the Moldavian Plateau of Romania
Authors: Ionita Ion , Niacsu Lilian , Poesen Jean , Fullen Michael A.
Published: July 2021

Gully erosion is a major environmental threat on the Moldavian Plateau (MP) of eastern Romania. The permanent gully systems consist of two main gully types. These are: (1) discontinuous gullies, which are mostly located on hillslopes and (2) large continuous gullies in valley bottoms. Very few studies have investigated the evolution of continuous gullies over the medium to longer term. The main objective of this study was to quantitatively analyse the development of continuous gullies over six decades (1961–2020). The article aimed at predicting temporal patterns of gully head erosion based on field data from multiple gullies.

Fourteen representative continuous gullies were selected near the town of Barlad, most of them having catchment areas < 500 ha. Linear gully head retreat (LGHR) and areal gully growth (AGG) rates were quantified for six decades. Two main periods were distinguished and compared (i.e., the wet 1961–1980 period and the drier 1981–2020 period). Results indicate that gully erosion rates have significantly decreased since 1981. The mean LGHR of 7.7 m yr−1 over 60 years was accompanied by a mean AGG of 213 m2 yr−1. However, erosion rates between 1961 and 1980 were 4.0 times larger for LGHR and 5.9 times more for AGG compared to those for 1981–2020.

Two regression models indicate that annual precipitation depth (P) is the primary controlling factor, explaining 57% of LGHR and 53% of AGG rate. The contributing area (CA) follows, with ~33%. Only 43% of total change in LGHR and 46% of total change in AGG results from rainfall‐induced runoff during the warm season. Accordingly, the cold season (with associated freeze–thaw processes and snowmelt runoff) has more impact on gully development. The runoff pattern, when flow enters the trunk gully head, is largely controlled by the upper approaching discontinuous gully.
Toxicity and Risk Assessment of Zinc and Aluminum Mixtures to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (Crustacea: Cladocera)
Authors: Castelhano Gebara Renan , de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho Lays , Bruno de Abreu Cínthia , da Silva Mansano Adrislaine , Moreira Raquel Aparecida , Swerts Rocha Giseli , Gama Melão Maria da Graça
Published: July 2021

Despite the co-occurrence of metals in aquatic environments, their joint effects are generally not considered during risk assessments. Data on the combined effects of zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al) on aquatic animals are extremely scarce in the literature, although these metals are commonly used in domestic and industrial activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mixtures of Zn and Al on the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. We evaluated immobility (at 48 h) and ingestion rates (at 24 h). We also performed chronic toxicity tests for single metals. The environmental risks of these substances for tropical freshwaters were estimated from the risk quotient (measured environmental concentration/predicted no-effect concentration). In immobility tests, our results showed a 48-h median effect concentration (EC50) of 0.22 mg Zn L−1 and 0.52 mg Al L−1, and we observed synergistic effects of Zn and Al, following the independent action model. The ingestion rates of C. silvestrii were inhibited at 0.1, 0.4, and 0.5 mg Al L−1, and they were increased at 0.08 mg Zn L−1; we observed antagonistic effects in all treatments combined with 0.5 mg Al L−1. In terms of chronic toxicity, a 7-d EC50 occurred at 0.11 mg Zn L−1 and 0.37 mg Al L−1. The risk assessment suggests a potential risk of these metals at environmentally relevant concentrations, especially when in a mixture. Therefore, we recommend mixture toxicity tests during risk assessments to ensure that zooplankton are protected. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2912–2922. © 2021 SETAC
An Environmentally Friendly Method for the Identification of Microplastics Using Density Analysis
Authors: Barnett Symiah , Evans Robert , Quintana Belén , Miliou Anastasia , Pietroluongo Guido
Published: July 2021

Current methodologies for microplastic polymer identification such as Fourier-transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry are neither cost-efficient nor practical in fieldwork. Density analysis is an inexpensive and readily transportable alternative method. However, current density analysis methods use many different hazardous solutions to carry out separation and identification of plastics. We demonstrate the use of water, sucrose, and ethanol solutions for the density analysis of microplastics. The method developed was able to successfully distinguish between and identify 8 polymers commonly found in microplastic pollution. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3299–3305. © 2021 SETAC
Intraspecific Variation in Mercury, δ15N, and δ13C Among 3 Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) Populations in the Northern Antarctic Peninsula Region
Authors: McKenzie Ashley C. , Silvestro Anahí M. , Marti Lucas J. , Emslie Steven D.
Published: July 2021

Mercury (Hg) is a pervasive environmental contaminant that accumulates in the organs and tissues of seabirds at concentrations capable of causing acute or long-term adverse health effects. In the present study, Hg concentrations in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) egg membranes and chick feathers served as a proxy for Hg bioavailability in the marine environment surrounding the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Stable isotopes were measured in conjunction with Hg to infer information regarding feeding habits (δ15N, diet/trophic level; δ13C, foraging habitat). The Hg concentrations were low relative to toxicity benchmark values associated with adverse health effects in birds and ranged between 0.006 and 0.080 µg g–1 dry weight (n = 65) in egg membranes and 0.140 to 1.05 µg g–1 fresh weight (n = 38) in feathers. Egg membrane δ15N signatures suggested that females from different breeding colonies had similar diets consisting of lower and higher trophic prey prior to arrival to breeding grounds. In contrast, δ15N signatures in feathers indicated that chick diet varied by colony. The Hg concentrations demonstrated significant positive relationships with δ15N, providing support for the hypothesis of Hg biomagnification up the food chain. The δ13C signatures in both tissue types provided evidence of foraging habitat segregation among populations. The differences in Hg exposure and foraging ecology suggest that each colony has localized foraging behaviors by breeding adults that warrant additional investigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2791–2801. © 2021 SETAC

Abstract

Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chicks being fed by parent at breeding colony at Hope Bay, northern Antarctic Peninsula in the austral summer of 2013/2014.
Country-Specific Environmental Risks of Fragrance Encapsulates Used in Laundry Care Products
Authors: Cai Yaping , Lin Jianming , Gimeno Sylvia , Begnaud Frédéric , Nowack Bernd
Published: July 2021

Fragrance encapsulates (FEs) are designed to deliver fragrance components, notably in laundry care products. They are made of thermoset polymeric shells surrounding the fragrance content. These materials enter the environment mainly during laundry washing, but little is known about their distribution in and impact on the environment. The aim of the present study was to estimate the environmental concentrations of FE shells in freshwater, sediment, and soil compartments for 34 selected countries and to compare them with ecotoxicological effects. Probabilistic material flow analysis was used to estimate worst-case predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). The lowest freshwater PEC was predicted for Finland (0.00011 µg/L) and the highest for Belgium (0.13 µg/L). Accumulation of FE shells between 2010 and 2019 was considered for sediments and sludge-treated soils. The PECs in sediments ranged from 3.0 µg/kg (Finland) to 3400 µg/kg (Belgium). For sludge-treated soil, the concentration was estimated to be between 0 (Malta and Switzerland) and 3600 µg/kg (Vietnam). Ecotoxicological tests showed no effects for FE shells at any tested concentration (up to 2700 µg/L freshwater, 5400 µg/kg sediment, and 9100 µg/kg soil), thus not allowing derivation of a predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC). Therefore, to characterize the environmental risks, the PEC values were compared with highest-observed-no-effect concentrations (HONECs) derived from ecotoxicological tests. The PEC/HONEC ratios were 9.3 × 10–6, 0.13, and 0.04 for surface waters, sediments, and sludge-treated soils, respectively, which are much below 1, suggesting no environmental risk. Because the PEC values constitute an upper boundary (no fate considered) and the HONEC values represent a lower boundary (actual PNEC values based on NOECs will be higher), the current risk estimation can be considered a precautionary worst-case assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:905–916. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Ecosystem service variation and its importance to the wellbeing of smallholder farmers in contrasting agro‐ecological zones of East African Rift
Authors: Ketema Haile , Wei Wu , Legesse Abiyot , Zinabu Wolde , Temesgen Habtamu , Yirsaw Eshetu
Published: July 2021

Smallholder farmers lead their lives using multiple ecosystem services (ESs). Understanding the contribution of these services to smallholder farmers' wellbeing is essential for addressing ecosystem‐related problems. While the economic valuation of ESs has received major emphasis, smallholder farmer perceptions of ESs, ecosystem disservices (EDs), and the importance of their wellbeing are repeatedly overlooked. We analyzed variations in ES values (ESVs) in response to land use land cover (LULC) change, perceptions of ES/ED and the importance of these ecosystems to wellbeing in contrasting agro‐ecological zones (AEZs). To obtain datasets, we used geospatial technology, focus group discussion, and face‐to‐face cross‐sectional surveys in a highly populated area of the Southeastern escarpment of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The research was carried out between October 1 and December 30, 2018. The results revealed the following. (1) Total area of 75,246.98 ha (34%) was changed to various LULC classes across AEZs. Woodland decreased at annual rates of 5.28% while agroforestry increased at annual rates of 1.03%, respectively. (2) ESV was estimated to be approximately $164 million and declined by approximately $24 million between 1988 and 2018, owing to the expansion of cultivated land. (3) More than 55% of smallholder farmers consistently identified benefits from food‐cereal and vegetables, food‐meat, and erosion control, problems associated with human disease vectors, as of very high importance for their wellbeing. ESs are the positive benefits while ecosystem functions that are perceived as negative for human wellbeing are termed as EDs. ESs were perceived as positively contributing to wellbeing, while EDs detracted from health and material wellbeing. The assigned values varied significantly with AEZs and socioeconomic groups, highlighting the need for careful consideration of site‐specific ecosystem management strategies that improve smallholder farmers' wellbeing and sustainable development. Moreover, the cost incurred due to ESV loss may not be covered by economic gains resulting from the expansion of cultivated land and thus, implementing appropriate land‐use policies at the local level would recuperate ES values.
Anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells with multilayer LSC/CGO/LSC cathode
Authors: Solovyev A.A. , Kuterbekov K.A. , Nurkenov S.A. , Nygymanova A.S. , Shipilova A.V. , Smolyanskiy E.A. , Rabotkin S.V. , Ionov I.V.
Published: July 2021

The multilayer La0.6Sr0.4CoO3/Ce0.9Gd0.1O2/La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 (LSC/CGO/LSC) thin film cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with the different thickness of the LSC and CGO layers are obtained by magnetron sputtering. Cathodes are deposited onto the NiO/8YSZ anode‐supported 8YSZ/CGO bilayer electrolyte. The influence of the deposited multilayer cathode on the SOFC performance is investigated in the temperature range between 800 and 600°C. It is shown that the thin‐film multilayer cathode allows increasing the SOFC efficiency, and the obtained optimum thickness of the LSC and CGO layers provides the maximum power density for SOFCs. The maximum power density of 2430, 1170, and 290 mW cm–2 is obtained respectively at 800, 700, and 600°C for the SOFCs with the LSC/CGO/LSC layer 50/50/50 nm thick. The polarization resistance measured at 800 and 750°C on the symmetric SOFC with the CGO electrolyte and LSC/CGO/LSC cathode is 0.17 and 0.3 Ω cm2, respectively.
The neural representation of abstract words may arise through grounding word meaning in language itself
Authors: Hultén Annika , van Vliet Marijn , Kivisaari Sasa , Lammi Lotta , Lindh‐Knuutila Tiina , Faisal Ali , Salmelin Riitta
Published: July 2021

In order to describe how humans represent meaning in the brain, one must be able to account for not just concrete words but, critically, also abstract words, which lack a physical referent. Hebbian formalism and optimization are basic principles of brain function, and they provide an appealing approach for modeling word meanings based on word co‐occurrences. We provide proof of concept that a statistical model of the semantic space can account for neural representations of both concrete and abstract words, using MEG. Here, we built a statistical model using word embeddings extracted from a text corpus. This statistical model was used to train a machine learning algorithm to successfully decode the MEG signals evoked by written words. In the model, word abstractness emerged from the statistical regularities of the language environment. Representational similarity analysis further showed that this salient property of the model co‐varies, at 280–420 ms after visual word presentation, with activity in regions that have been previously linked with processing of abstract words, namely the left‐hemisphere frontal, anterior temporal and superior parietal cortex. In light of these results, we propose that the neural encoding of word meanings can arise through statistical regularities, that is, through grounding in language itself.
The use of thyroid cartilage needle electrodes in intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroidectomy: Case–control study
Authors: Türk Yiğit , Kıvratma Göktuğ , Özdemir Murat , İçöz Gökhan , Makay Özer
Published: July 2021

Background

The most commonly used recording‐side method in intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) detects the stimulus with the endotracheal tube surface (ETS) electrodes placed in the endotracheal tube during thyroidectomy. The thyroid cartilage needle (TCN) electrode method is an alternative recording‐side system in IONM. This study compared two recording‐side techniques in IONM.

Methods

Data were retrospectively analyzed from 885 patients who underwent thyroidectomy between January 2012 and December 2020, with 110 ETS and 775 TCN electrodes. Patients' demographics, diagnosis, surgery type, and amplitudes of all stimulation steps were compared. Costs per patient were calculated.

Results

No significant differences were found in the demographic data between the two groups. All amplitudes were higher in the IONM system where TCN electrodes were used than that with ETS electrodes (all stimulation steps p < 0.001, except left‐V2 p = 0.007). Further, TCN electrodes were 20 times cheaper than the ETS electrodes.

Conclusion

TCN electrodes are an inexpensive and efficient alternative to ETS electrodes in IONM.
Fatty Liver Is an Independent Risk Factor for Delayed Recovery from Anesthesia
Authors: Shapses Mark , Tang Lin , Layne Austin , Beri Andrea , Rotman Yaron
Published: July 2021

Fatty liver (FL) is associated with altered activity of hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzymes, but the clinical significance is unknown. Many anesthetic agents are metabolized in the liver. We aimed to determine whether FL impacts recovery from anesthesia as a surrogate for altered drug metabolism. This was a single‐center, retrospective, case‐control study of all adults who underwent anesthesia and concurrent abdominal imaging (n = 2,021) in a hospital setting. FL (n = 234) was identified through radiology reports. Anesthesia recovery, the primary endpoint, was defined by Aldrete’s recovery score (RS, 0‐10), assessed following postanesthesia care unit (PACU) arrival, with RS ≥8 considered discharge eligible. FL and controls were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses, adjusting for confounders. A secondary matched‐pairs analysis matched FL and controls 1:1 for confounders. Time from airway removal to discharge eligibility was compared using multivariate Cox regression. On PACU arrival, 54.1% of FL were discharge eligible compared to 61.7% of controls (P = 0.03), with lower activity scores on univariate (P = 0.03) and multivariate analysis (P = 0.03). On matched‐pairs analysis, discharge eligibility, activity, consciousness, and total RSs were lower in FL (P ≤ 0.04 for all). Median time from airway removal to discharge eligibility was 43% longer in FL (univariate, P = 0.01; multivariate hazard ratio, 1.32; P = 0.046). To further exclude confounding by obesity, we performed a sensitivity analysis limited to a body mass index <30, where FL was still associated with lower activity (P = 0.03) and total RS (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Patients with FL have delayed recovery from anesthesia, suggesting altered drug metabolism independent of metabolic risk factors.
Influence of slip condition on transient laminar flow over an infinite vertical plate with ramped temperature in the presence of chemical reaction and thermal radiation
Authors: Yanala Dharmendar Reddy , Mella Anil Kumar , Vempati Srinivasa Rao , Goud B. Shankar
Published: July 2021

An analysis was made using the numerical approach of a transient laminar slip flow over an infinite vertical plate with ramped and constant temperatures in which chemical reaction is involved and thermal radiation had to be considered. Slip conditions have caused much concern because of their broad applicability in industry and chemical engineering. By following the finite element technique, the equation of momentum together with the equations of energy and species was numerically solved. The expressions for skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are also derived. The variations in fluid velocity, fluid temperature, and species concentration are displayed graphically whereas numerical values of skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are presented in tabular form for various values of the pertinent flow parameters. The findings indicate that the radiation has a noticeable impact to a minor intensity of R and is more apparent in the constant condition than in the ramped condition. Radiation and buoyancy effects produce a strong flow near the plate, which is accelerated by slip. Finally, it is shown logically and mathematically that when two buoyancies are opposite and equal in magnitude with equal solutal and thermal diffusions, the flow should be taken as stationary flow in the absence of radiation and the presence/absence of slip.
Heat transfer enhancement in oscillatory two‐phase flow of Casson and ferrofluid comprising differently shaped nanoparticles in a horizontal composite channel
Authors: Rahim Tahira , Abbas Zaheer , Abid Nomana , Hasnain Jafar
Published: July 2021

The most commonly discussed topic at the present time is the fluid flow in a channel having a porous area, as it is of practical importance for petroleum extraction, frequently isolated irrigation, coolant circulation, biofluid transportation in living organisms, and industrial cleaning systems. An investigation of heat transfer characteristics of unsteady magnetohydrodynamics oscillatory two‐immiscible fluid flow of Casson fluid (CF) and ferrofluid (FF) in a long‐infinite horizontal composite channel is performed analytically. The channel is divided into two regions. Region I is occupied by a porous region with CF, while Region II is a clear region filled with FF. The mathematical system of coupled partial differential equations is solved analytically considering the two‐term periodic and nonperiodic functions. The influences of physical parameters such as CF parameter, porosity parameter, nanoparticles volume fraction, Hartmann number, periodic frequency parameter, oscillations amplitude, and pressure on momentum as well as heat transfer are presented through graphical illustrations (two‐dimensional along with three‐dimensional) and in tabular form using the MATHEMATICA program. Four different shaped nano‐size ferroparticles are used in this study. The investigation of four different nanosized ferroparticles exhibits that the momentum transfer is higher when brick‐shaped nanosized ferroparticles are added to the base fluid, water. It is also observed that thermal performance enhances in the case of brick‐shaped nanosized ferroparticles compared to the blade, cylinder, and platelet‐shaped nanosized ferroparticles. It is observed that the dispersion of brick‐shaped nanosized ferroparticles is recommended in base fluid water for greater thermal performance through a horizontal channel.