bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Interplay between Alcoholic Liver Disease, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Malnick Stephen , Maor Yaakov
Published: April 2020

Background: Fatty liver may be the result of several factors. The two main contributors are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Summary: NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and is the major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide as a result of the obesity epidemic. ALD is also a common cause of chronic liver disease. Obesity is a major contributory factor to MetS and is also common in individuals who consume large amounts of alcohol. There is a similar hepatic pathology and both can result in severe fibrosis, cirrhosis, and its complications including hepatocellular carcinoma. This review discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, and genetics of both NAFLD and ALD and their interaction. It is necessary to understand this better in order to prevent and treat these important causes of liver disease worldwide. Key Message: Obesity, MetS, and alcohol consumption are linked to the development and progression of fatty liver disease. The coexistence of these factors in many patients requires a reassessment of many aspects of treatment of fatty liver disease.
ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНОЇ РОЗРОБКИ ЛІКАРСЬКОГО ЗАСОБУ ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ЙОДНОЇ ПРОФІЛАКТИКИ РАДІАЦІЙНИХ УРАЖЕНЬ У ДІТЕЙ
Authors: Voronenko D. V. , Shostak T. A. , Bilous S. B. , Oliinyk P. V.
Published: April 2020

Мета роботи. Обґрунтування необхідності розширення асортименту лікарських засобів для йодної профілактики у випадку радіаційних аварій.

Матеріали і методи. Застосовували методи інформаційного пошуку, систематизації, контент-аналізу, порівняння та узагальнення.

Результати й обговорення. За результатами аналізу асортименту препаратів із калію йодидом станом на 1 грудня 2019 року встановлено, що на українському фармацевтичному ринку зареєстровано 30 позицій з калію йодидом у вигляді 7 лікарських форм. Зареєстровані препарати призначені для лікування захворювань щитоподібної залози та профілактики йодного дефіциту і містять дозу стабільного йоду 100–200 мкг, що недостатньо для профілактики радіаційних уражень. Обґрунтовано необхідність розробки рідких лікарських засобів із калію йодидом у формі перорального розчину екстемпорального виготовлення або промислового виробництва для проведення йодної профілактики дитячому населенню та дітям у пологових будинках, дитячих лікарнях та інших дитячих закладах. Запропоновано впровадження промислового виробництва перорального розчину з концентрацією калію йодиду 65 мг/мл (6,5 %). У аптеках із правом екстемпорального виготовлення лікарських засобів у випадку отримання повідомлення про радіаційну аварію запропоновано виготовляти 0,65 % і 0,32 % розчини калію йодиду для профілактики радіаційних уражень у дітей різного віку.

Висновки. Встановлено відсутність на українському фармацевтичному ринку препаратів калію йодиду для захисту новонароджених та дітей до 3-х років від радіаційних уражень щитоподібної залози. З урахуванням міжнародних та національних вимог обґрунтовано необхідність розробки рідких пероральних лікарських засобів з калію йодидом промислового виробництва або екстемпорального виготовлення для проведення йодної профілактики дітям віком від народження до 3 років.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОЇ БАЗИ У СФЕРІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДОСТУПНОСТІ ЛІКІВ ДЛЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ
Authors: Nazarkina V. M.
Published: April 2020

Мета роботи. Аналіз і систематизація нормативно-правової бази у сфері забезпечення доступності ліків для населення.

Матеріали і методи. Нормативно-правові акти, аналітичні документи, офіційні сайти органів влади, наукові праці вітчизняних вчених щодо державного регулювання цін на лікарські засоби; аналіз історичний, логічний, узагальнення і систематизація.

Результати й обговорення. В контексті забезпечення державою гарантій доступності медичної та фармацевтичної допомоги для населення держава здійснює регулювання цін на ліки шляхом декларування цін, встановлення граничних націнок, референтного ціноутворення. За умов відсутності в Україні обов’язкового медичного страхування впроваджуються пілотні проекти та урядові програми щодо підвищення доступності ліків для населення. За період незалежності державою прийнято низку нормативно-правових актів у сфері фармацевтичного ціноутворення, а саме: 25 Постанов КМУ, більше 20 наказів МОЗ України. За результатами опитування працівників аптек, часта зміна та суперечливість нормативної бази є однією з основних проблем, що зумовлює низьку ефективність системи державного регулювання фармацевтичної діяльності. Це, у свою чергу, впливає на якість надання фармацевтичної допомоги населенню.

Висновки. З метою створення ефективної системи цінового регулювання пропонується оптимізувати нормативно-правову базу в напрямку кодифікації, що дозволило б оперативно вносити зміни, уникати правових колізій та, нарешті, підвищити якість та доступність фармацевтичної допомоги для населення.
АСОРТИМЕНТНО-ВІДШКОДУВАЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СИМВАСТАТИНУ ЯК ЗАСОБУ ПРОФІЛАКТИКИ ГОСТРИХ ПОРУШЕНЬ МОЗКОВОГО КРОВООБІГУ В	РЕЄСТРАХ УРЯДОВОЇ ПРОГРАМИ «ДОСТУПНІ ЛІКИ»
Authors: Levytska O. R.
Published: April 2020

Мета роботи. Дослідження d динаміці торгових назв (ТН) симвастатину, які включені в реєстри урядової програми «Доступні ліки» (далі – Реєстри), з погляду асортименту та частки відшкодування їх вартості пацієнту.

Матеріали і методи. Матеріали дослідження – інформація з восьми Реєстрів за 2017–2020 рр. щодо реімбурсації вартості ТН симвастатину. Використано методи інформаційного пошуку, аналізу та узагальнення.

Результати й обговорення. Встановлено, що у Реєстри було включено від 4 до 16 ТН симвастатину з урахуванням різних дозувань. Динаміка оптово-відпускної ціни та роздрібної ціни (РЦ) за упаковку ТН симвастатину свідчить їхнє зниження упродовж аналізованого періоду. Індекс зміни цін для 93,8 % аналізованих ТН із урахуванням різних дозувань мав значення менше 1 і знаходився в межах 0,52…0,98. Результати аналізу динаміки частки відшкодування вартості ТН симвастатину та доплати споживачем показав, що у першому та другому Реєстрах для всіх ТН із урахуванням різних дозувань декларувалось 90…100 % відшкодування вартості, у третьому – пʼятому – 60…100 %, в інших Реєстрах – 50…100 % вартості ЛЗ. Порівняльний ситуативний аналіз РЦ на ТН симвастатину з урахуванням різних дозувань у 176 аптеках м. Львова та у восьмому Реєстрі показав, що її мінімальний показник в аптеках був нижчий, ніж у Реєстрі, а максимальний – для 61,5 % ТН був нижчий або дорівнює ціні у Реєстрі. Тільки для 5 ТН РЦ в аптеках була вища, ніж у Реєстрі.

Висновки. Від початку реалізації урядової програми «Доступні ліки» асортимент ТН симвастатину з урахуванням різних дозувань зріс учетверо. Кількість ТН симвастатину з повним відшкодуванням збільшилась від 25 % у першому до 56,3 % у восьмому Реєстрі, що свідчить про підвищення цінової доступності симвастатину для хворих із гострими порушеннями мозкового кровообігу. Встановлено низьку флексибільність щодо відповідності РЦ в аптеках м. Львова та у восьмому Реєстрі, що, на наш погляд, можна пояснити значною часовою затримкою між адміністративним ухваленням рішення про величину РЦ симвастатину та ринковою її зміною.
ВИВЧЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ СУПОЗИТОРІЇВ ВАГІНАЛЬНИХ «МЕЛАНІЗОЛ» ПРИ ТРИВАЛОМУ ЗАСТОСУВАННІ У ЩУРІВ
Authors: Dolzhykova O. V. , Maloshtan L. M.
Published: April 2020

Мета роботи. Вивчення впливу вагінальних супозиторіїв «Меланізол» на організм інтактних щурів-самиць за умови тривалого повторного вагінального уведення.

Матеріали і методи. Вивчення токсичності вагінальних супозиторіїв «Меланізол» та їхньої основи на тлі уведення статевозрілим щурам-самицям проведено протягом 30 діб. Контролювали динаміку маси тіла тварин, клінічні та біохімічні показники крові, показники сечі. В кінці досліду проводили макроскопічне дослідження і оцінку коефіцієнтів маси внутрішніх органів.

Результати й обговорення. Проведено вивчення впливу вагінальних супозиторіїв «Меланізол» в дозі 21 мг/кг (з урахуванням суми діючих речовин) на здорових щурах-самицях за умов тривалого повторного вагінального застосування (рекомендований шлях введення). Експериментально встановлено, що супозиторії «Меланізол» в умовно-терапевтичній дозі при тривалому вагінальному уведенні здоровим щурам-самицям не проявляє негативного впливу на масу тіла, показники клінічної крові, біохімічні показники крові та показники сечі тварин у порівнянні з контрольною групою тварин. Проведене дослідження внутрішніх органів тварин довело, що органи були звичайного вигляду без запалення та інших змін. Масові коефіцієнти внутрішніх органів експериментальних тварин не виявило достовірної різниці між показниками дослідних та контрольної груп тварин.

Висновки. Отримані в результаті експерименту дані свідчать, що у дозі 21 мг/кг вагінальні супозиторії «Меланізол» не чинять токсичного впливу на організм здорових щурів-самиць, що дозволяє рекомендувати досліджувані супозиторії «Меланізол» для подальшого вивчення як лікарського засобу для лікування вагінітів.
ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ СКЛАДУ ПІНОМИЙНОГО ЗАСОБУ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ МЕТОДУ МІКРОФОТОГРАФУВАННЯ
Authors: Zaika S. V. , Baranova I. I. , Bezpala Yu. О. , Martynyuk T. V.
Published: April 2020

Мета роботи. Вивчення структури піни в експериментальних зразках із метою обґрунтування раціонального складу шампуню для лікування себореї.

Матеріали і методи. Об’єктами досліджень були експериментальні зразки піномийних основ із низкою сучасних поверхнево-активних речовин (ПАР)  аніонного, амфотерного та неіоногенного характеру (динатрій лауретсульфосукцинат, натрій лауретсульфат, натрій міретсульфат, натрій лаурилсаркозинат, магній лауретсульфат, кокамідопропілбетаїн, динатрій кокоамфодіацетат, етоксильований амід рапсової олії, ПЕГ-7 гліцерил кокоат / ПЕГ-200 гліцерил пальмітат) та обраними активними фармацевтичними інгредієнтами (АФІ): α-ліпоєвою кислотою, октопіроксом та сечовиною. Мікроскопічний аналіз пін дослідних зразків проводили за допомогою лабораторного мікроскопа «Konus-Akademy» з окуляром-камерою ScopeTek DCM510. Для візуалізації отриманих зображень використовували програмне забезпечення ScopePhoto™ (version 3.0.12.498).

Результати й обговорення. На основі проведеного дослідження доведено, що до вибору основних та со-ПАР необхідно підходити дуже ретельно. Завдяки методу мікрофотографування, доведено, що на стабільність готового засобу впливає вибір виду та співвідношення основних та со-ПАР, а також додавання АФІ. За допомогою методу мікрофотографування обрано оптимальних склад (на цьому етапі дослідження), який мав задовільні фізико-хімічні та органолептичні властивості.

Висновки. За допомогою проведеного мікроскопічного аналізу піни розроблених зразків обґрунтовано вибір оптимальної піномийної основи (%): (натрій лауретсульфату 5,0; магній лауретсульфату 5,0; кокамідопропілбетаїну 2,5; динатрій кокоамфодіацету 2,5; етоксильованого аміду рапсової олії 3,0; ПЕГ-7 гліцерил кокоату / ПЕГ-200 гліцерил пальмітату 0,5; води очищеної до 100,0) з АФІ (α-ліпоєвою кислотою, октопіроксом та сечовиною). При вивченні структури масиву піни обраного зразка, встановлено, що піна мала сферичну форму бульбашок та характеризувалася мінімальною поверхневою енергією. Отримані дані свідчать про її стійкість і стабільність.
Ocorrência de Fe-Ti-V associado ao Magmatismo Gabro-Anortosítico da Serra da Alegria, Maciço Rio Apa, Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Godoy Antonio Misson , Vieira Otávio Augusto Ruiz Paccola , Araújo Larissa Marques Barbosa de , Luvizotto George Luiz , Manzano Jefferson Cassu
Published: April 2020

O Maciço Rio Apa constitui exposições de rochas paleoproterozoicas na porção extremo sul do Cráton Amazônico. A região é constituída por rochas do Complexo Rio Apa, Grupo Alto Tererê e pelo Grupo Amonguijá, formado pelas suítes Vulcânica Serra da Bocaina e Plutônica do Batólito Alumiador. O segmento norte do batólito é caracterizado por rochas ácidas-básicas da Serra da Alegria, ocorrendo, na parte central, rochas da Sequência Magmática Ácida-Intermediária, representadas pelo granito homônimo. No seu entorno, no sopé das escarpas, aflora a Sequência Magmática Gabro-Anortosítica da Serra da Alegria, composta por magnetita gabro, quartzo gabro a leuco gabro, pegmatito básico e anortosito. Essas rochas gabroides constituem uma ocorrência magmática, cumulática básica, estratiforme, semiconcordante, formada por processos de cristalização fracionada, por flotação dos plagioclásios em anortosito, nas porções superiores da câmara magmática e, na parte inferior, por segregação gravítica, a concentração de cumulus de óxido de ferro constitui magnetita gabro e magnetitito. Os minerais magmáticos identificados correspondem a andesina-labradorita, apresentando teor de anortita entre An36,76– An58,06 e clinopiroxênio cálcico do tipo ferro-augita e augita. Os óxidos de ferro predominantes são ferromagnetita, com valores de FeOt entre 88,03 e 92,98%, e titanomagnetita, com valores de TiO2 entre 1,13 e 6,39%. As fases subordinadas são representadas por vanádio magnetita, com valores de V2O5 entre 0,75 e 0,98%, e ilmenita. O magmatismo básico-anortosítico sin a pós-orogênico foi resultado da cristalização de um magma mantélico primário que, associado a processos de diferenciação, gerou variedades de gabros e diabásios de composições Fe-toleíticas e diferenciados anortosíticos, em ambientes de arco de ilha a intraplaca.
Iron Metabolism Contributes to Prognosis in Coronary Artery Disease: Prognostic Value of the Soluble Transferrin Receptor Within the AtheroGene Study
Authors: Weidmann Henri , Bannasch Johannes H. , Waldeyer Christoph , Shrivastava Apurva , Appelbaum Sebastian , Ojeda‐Echevarria Francisco Miguel , Schnabel Renate , Lackner Karl J. , Blankenberg Stefan , Zeller Tanja , Karakas Mahir
Published: April 2020

Background

Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Iron deficiency, a frequent comorbidity of coronary heart disease, causes an increased expression of transferrin receptor and soluble transferrin receptor levels (sTfR) levels, while iron repletion returns sTfR levels to the normal physiological range. Recently, sTfR levels were proposed as a potential new marker of iron metabolism in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of circulating sTfR levels in a large cohort of patients with coronary heart disease.

Methods and Results

The disease cohort comprised 3423 subjects who had angiographically documented coronary heart disease and who participated in the AtheroGene study. Serum levels of sTfR were determined at baseline using an automated immunoassay (Roche Cobas Integra 400). Two main outcomes were considered: a combined end point of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death and cardiovascular death alone. During a median follow‐up of 4.0 years, 10.3% of the patients experienced an end point. In Cox regression analyses for sTfR levels, the hazard ratio (HR) for future cardiovascular death and/or myocardial infarction was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.11–1.44,
P
<0.001) after adjustment for sex and age. This association remained significant (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03–1.46,
P
=0.02) after additional adjustment for body mass index, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, C‐reactive protein, and surrogates of cardiac function, size of myocardial necrosis (hs‐Tnl), and hemoglobin levels.

Conclusions

In this large cohort study, sTfR levels were strongly associated with future myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. This implicates a role for sTfR in secondary cardiovascular risk prediction.
Modern Evolutionary Biology and Brazilian Population Genetics: Theodosius Dobzhansky at the University of São Paulo
Authors: Brige de Carvalho Tito
Published: April 2020

On the one hand, much has been written on Theodosius Dobzhansky’s central role in the development of the field of population genetics and modern evolutionary theory, as well as on his sociopolitical worldview in the middle of the Twentieth Century. On the other hand, much has also been written on Dobzhansky’s role in the institutionalization of genetics in Brazil, where he spent a considerable amount of time. Unfortunately, these literatures developed without any points of intersection or cross-reference. This article places Dobzhansky’s work in Brazil in the broader contexts of the science and politics of its historical period.
The Theologian and the Torturer
Authors: Friedman Michael D.
Published: April 2020

Craig Pearce’s TNT series Will (2017) incorporates many of the same historical facts used by biographers to argue that Shakespeare was a Catholic, but he employs them to criticize the excesses of fundamentalist religions, past and present. Pearce depicts the Jesuit priest Southwell as both an ardent defender of his faith and an ambitious zealot who is indifferent to the suffering of his supporters, who are tortured and executed as a result of their connection to him. Concurrently, Pearce portrays Richard Topcliffe, Queen Elizabeth’s torturer, as a Puritan who enjoys sadistically tormenting recusant Catholics on behalf of England’s Protestant government. Pearce links these characterizations to contemporary religious fundamentalists, specifically supporters of enhanced interrogations among the Religious Right and Muslim extremists who perform public executions. The religious partisanism that Pearce condemns in Will should also be avoided in biographical studies of Shakespeare.
Human Nature Is the Bride
Authors: Cere Daniel
Published: April 2020

Recent scholarship has accented the impact of evolving forms of bridal mysticism on late medieval popular spiritualities of the Low Countries. Under the laicizing impulses of Devotio Moderna, these narratives were extended as models for the spiritual life of the laity as well as the consecrated religious. A number of Bosch’s key works appear to engage and explore the themes of bridal anthropology, as well as advance perspectives on bridal eschatology. These intersections between the Boschian imagination and the evolving tradition of bridal mysticism shed light on the puzzling play of the religious and the erotic in his work.
Packaging Polytheism as Monotheism
Authors: Jacob Ashna Mary , Menon Nirmala
Published: April 2020

This essay deconstructs the godhead that Tolkien constructs in his mythopoeia. Tolkien’s polychronicon, The Silmarillion, splits the godhead between a creator God and a pantheon of gods and goddesses. Tolkien claims that Ilúvatar is a Yahweh-like God and the primary deity; on the other hand, the Valar, the fourteen gods and goddesses created by this primary God, who assist in creation, shape the world, have power over elements, and reign as ‘mistaken gods’ among the Elves, Dwarves, and Men, are not deities. This split of godhead is ignored, and the mythopoeic deity acclaimed as the biblical God and his angels is upheld as a Christian allegory. The essay negates the Christian parallels associated with Ilúvatar and Valar and establishes that Tolkien packages polytheism as monotheism. Monotheism does not permit secondary god/gods. Polytheism on the other hand often features an abstract creator God who creates a polytheistic pantheon. Tolkien’s model, which features a Creator deity and a pantheon of created deities, falls under the second category. The essay infers that Tolkien’s two-tier godhead firstly invalidates the norm of monotheism, and secondly conforms to creator deity and created deity structure of polytheism.
Crepidomanes shenzhenense (subg. Crepidomanes; Hymenophyllaceae), a new filmy fern species from Guangdong, southern China

Authors: WANG HUI , ZHAO GUO-HUA , RAVI BASKARAN XAVIER , LU SHU-GANG
Published: April 2020

A new filmy fern, Crepidomanes shenzhenense (Hymenophyllaceae) is described from Shenzhen, Guangdong, southern China. Crepidomanes shenzhenense is a tiny fern characterized by having a broadly obovate lamina only with internal false veinlets and crenate to dissected margins of involucre lips. The new species is presently known from two localities in Shenzhen. The distinctiveness between the new species and three relevatives, C. parvifolium, C. megistostomum and C. latealatum complex, are presented in detail.
Description of Stenomitos kolaenensis and S. hiloensis sp. nov. (Leptolyngbyaceae, Cyanobacteria) with an emendation of the genus

Authors: SHALYGIN SERGEI , SHALYGINA REGINA R. , REDKINA VERA V. , GARGAS CORY B. , JOHANSEN JEFFREY R.
Published: April 2020

Stenomitos is a recently established cyanobacterial genus, some species of which appear to be cryptic. Here we describe two new species in this genus, Stenomitos kolaensis sp. nov. isolated from the Al-Fe humic podzols of a boreal forest near Nikel town, Murmansk region, Russia and S. hiloensis sp. nov. isolated from a basaltic seep wall on Akeola Road, Hilo, Hawaii, USA. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the 16S and 16S-23S ITS rRNA gene regions using Bayesian Inference, and Maximum Likelihood. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S-23S ITS rRNA region resulted in both S. kolaensis and S. hiloensis forming separate clades from other Stenomitos lineages. Antarctic strains of Stenomitos frigidus (previously reported as “Leptolyngbya frigida”) show that species to be polyphyletic and in need of revision. The structure of the conserved ITS regions (Box-B, D1-D1ʹ, V2 and V3 helices) provided support for separation of the species, and the p-distances among aligned ITS regions further confirmed that a number of species exist within the genus. S. kolaensis and S. hiloensis can be distinguished from other described Stenomitos species (S. rutilans and S. tremulus) by their geographical distribution, habitat preference, 16S rRNA phylogeny, and differences in the secondary structure of the 16S-23S ITS region.
Why so different? A case study about Floras from a Mediterranean island

Authors: BAGELLA SIMONETTA , BECCA GIOVANNA , BEDINI GIANNI , CARIA MARIA CARMELA , PISANU STEFANIA , URBANI MALVINA , USAI MARIA FRANCA , FILIGHEDDU ROSSELLA
Published: April 2020

In light of the hypothesis that different authors, who have access to the same information and tools, can give different interpretations of the same reality, namely the vascular plants, existing within a determinate geographic boundary, this research aims to verify how and to what extent these differences can affect a checklist, and what critical issues and positive effects may arise in them.         To this purpose, we compared two different checklists which were developed approximately in the same period for the same geographic area, the island of Sardinia (Italy).        The results show that checklists of the same area can differ in quantitative terms, establishing a different value of floristic richness. Moreover, they can differ in qualitative terms due to the different approach adopted by the authors concerning nomenclature, taxonomy, and interpretation, delimitation, and circumscription of taxa.                These discrepancies may have positive side effects as they offer insights for critical reviews and further investigation.
Evidence approach to checklists: critical revision of the checklist of the Adriatic Sea fishes
Authors: KOVAČIĆ MARCELO , LIPEJ LOVRENC , DULČIĆ JAKOV
Published: April 2020

The updated checklist of Adriatic Sea fishes with a critical assessment of each species using an evidence approach is provided. Each fish species in Adriatic Sea listed in the last published checklist and those reported in published new records not included in the most recent Adriatic checklist, have been included. Of the total of 466 fish species, the presence in the Adriatic Sea was confirmed for 444 species by at least one positive record of the species in the area, the presence of 10 species is still unconfirmed, and 12 fish species are excluded from the list. An evidence approach protocol is recommended for general use for compiling checklists of marine fishes.
A new North Eurasian species of the Alona affinis complex (Cladocera: Chydoridae)
Authors: SINEV ARTEM Y. , KARABANOV DMITRY P. , KOTOV ALEXEY A.
Published: April 2020

Our analysis of Alona cf. affinis (Cladocera: Chydoridae) populations from European Russia, Siberia and Far East of Russia bearing denticles at the posteroventral corner, based on both their morphology and genetic study considering variability of mitochondrial COI and 16S and nuclear 18S genes, revealed that they belong to a separate taxon described here as Alona sibirica sp. nov. Previously populations with denticles at the posteroventral corner were recorded from Sweden, Finland, Ukraine, European Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia, but never reported outside the temperate regions of Eurasia, so A. sibirica sp. nov. is presumably the only species of the A. affinis group with denticles at the posteroventral corner of the valves. The primary distribution area of the new species is North-East Palaearctic, while Eastern Europe and Central Asia are the areas of the species penetration, where it is less common and frequently coexisting with A. affinis s. str.
A new species of Cnemaspis Strauch 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Langkawi Archipelago, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia with an updated checklist of the herpetofauna of Tuba Island
Authors: QUAH EVAN S. H. , WOOD PERRY L. JR. , ANUAR M.S. SHAHRUL , MUIN MOHD ABDUL
Published: April 2020

A new, diminutive species of Rock Gecko Cnemaspis tubaensis sp. nov. of the C. kumpoli group, is described from Tuba Island, Langkawi Archipelago, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia and is differentiated from all other species in the kumpoli group by having a unique combination of morphological and color pattern characteristics, including a maximum SVL of 37.0 mm; 10 or 11 supralabials; eight or nine infralabials; 15–18 semi-linearly arranged paravertebral tubercles; lateral caudal furrow present; lateral caudal tubercles on the anterior portion of the tail; caudal tubercles not encircling tail; five or six precloacal pores; 28 or 29 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; smooth ventrals; smooth subcaudals with an enlarged median row of scales; subcaudal region light-grey and speckled with yellow; absence of light-colored ocelli on the shoulder; no yellow postscapular band; dorsum light-brown with sage-green blotches and black spots; flanks with scattered yellow spots; absence of black gular markings in both sexes; and 13.0–22.0% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergences in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene (ND2). Cnemaspis tubaensis sp. nov. is the fourth species of Cnemaspis to be described from the Langkawi Archipelago and underscores the underestimated biodiversity of the islands which is in need of more thorough herpetological inventories.
New Afrotropical species of the genus Coridiellus J.A. Lis, 1990 with a key to its species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Dinidoridae)
Authors: KOCOREK ANNA
Published: April 2020

Coridiellus pseudocyclopeltus, a new species of the dinidorid subfamily Dinidorinae, is described from Zaire and is compared with Coridiellus cyclopeltus (Distant, 1890). It is the seventh species of this genus known from Afrotropical Region. A key to all the species of the genus Coridiellus is also provided. Male parameres are used for identification and their photographs are given for the first time for all species of the genus.
Visible Light Activity in Phenol Degradation of C60@P25 Photocatalyst with Core–Shell Structure
Authors: Ma Ming-Guang , Wei Yun-Xia , Li Sheng-Ying , Liu Fang , Zhao Guo-Hu
Published: April 2020

C60@P25 photocatalyst with core–shell structure was synthesized by adsorption methods. Under visible light irradiation, the electrons of the excited C60 (C*60) adsorbed on the surface of P25can be injected into the conduction
band of the P25. The electrons could combine with O2 easily, which promotes the formation of hydroxyl radicals which contributes to the dramatic visible light activity of C60@P25 photocatalyst in phenol degradation. The apparent rate constant of
C60@P25 photocatalyst in phenol degradation is almost 3.3 times of which of P25. At the same time, the phenol can be mineralized completely. Under UV irradiation, the photogenerated electrons on the conduction band of P25 can be injected into
the LUMO orbit of C60, which is too low that electrons could not combine with O2 easily, interdicting the formation of hydroxyl radicals, resulting in the decrease of photoactivity and weakening in the mineralization of phenol.
Hydrophobic Performance of Core/Shell Nanoarrays Modified by Stearic Acid
Authors: Han Hongxing , Pan Lin , Zhang Manying , Zhao Lei , Liu Zhifeng
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we successfully prepare hydrophobic surface of ZnO/ZnS nanorods arrays modified by stearic acid. The morphology, microstructure, optical transmittance and self-cleaning property are examined by SEM, XRD, UV-vis and water contact angle measurements, respectively. The ZnO/ZnS
core/shell nanoarrays shows a higher value of water contact angle in compare with that of pure ZnO nanorods arrays. After treatment by stearic acid, the resulting ZnO/ZnS nanostructure exhibits the best hydrophobicity with water droplets about 146.5 . The results show that the surface hydrophobicity
of ZnO/ZnS nanoarrays can be improved by using stearic acid with low-surface-energy.
Hybrid Co3O4/Co9S8 Nanowires for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Tong Yongli , Cheng Xinyu , Liu Xiaoyun , Qi Dongli , Chi Baoqian , Wang Yufen
Published: April 2020

We successfully synthesize hierarchical Co3O4@Co9S8 nanowires on nickel foam by a facile two-step method. The as-prepared samples show one-dimensional nanowires decorated with uneven surface after vulcanization process with pure Co3O4
nanowires to form Co3O4 @Co9S8 composite, which exhibit high specific capacitance of 2667 F g–1 at 12 A g–1, maintaining 76.78% capacitance retention of initial capacitance. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor
(ASC) device shows excellent capability of energy storage and power output with an energy density of 267.9 mW h cm–3 at power density of 7.5 W cm–3 and 187.5 mW h cm–3 at 15 W cm–3. In addition, it exhibits excellent cycling
capability with 84.2% retention after 6000 cycles. Therefore, the as-prepared material can be used as promising energy storage materials.
Synthesis of NiCo2O4@MnO2 Core–Shell Arrays for High Performance Energy Storage
Authors: Zhao Rongda , Dai Jinqiu , Wu Fufa
Published: April 2020

Smooth NiCo2O4 nanowire@MnO2 nanosheet structure arrays grown on the surface of Ni foam base is synthesized via a simple two-step hydrothermal method. As-synthetic NiCo2O4@MnO2 electrode material shows higher performance
of electrochemistry than single-phase NiCo2O4 and MnO2, which presents area capacitance of 877.4 C cm–2 at a current density 1 mA cm–2. This wonderful property could be associated with special core–shell structure, which
possesses opening appearance with large active surface area and fabulous approaches of the electrolyte immersion and ion transmission. Further, the as-assembling device with a working voltage window of 1.5 V shows a highest energy density value of 0.64 Wh cm–3 and a highest
power density value of 7.47 W cm–3. The device displays long-cycle stability with 75% increased of initial capacity after 8000 cycles. Providing a material used for the new-generation device for energy storing and high power and energy density with long life.
Preparation of Photocatalytic Decorative Concrete Based on Nano-Titanium Dioxide Adsorbed by Clay Brick from Building Waste and Its Application in Pavement Structure of Railway Freight Yard
Authors: Liu Ruiping , Mao Jia , Li Xiangyu
Published: April 2020

In this paper, based on the clay brick of building waste, nano-titanium dioxide photocatalytic decorative concrete was prepared, and its application in the pavement structure of a railway freight yard was studied. The results show that the loading capacity of nano-titanium dioxide on
clay sand carrier is better than that on zeolite sand. With the increase of powder content, the photocatalytic efficiency of decorative concrete surface decreases, but the degree of reduction is small. Compared with laboratory conditions, the reduction rate of NOX in surface
layer of decorative concrete under natural curing condition is lower. The photocatalytic efficiency did not decrease significantly at 90 days. Cement cementing could greatly improve the bonding effect of nano-titanium dioxide, which made the photocatalytic activity of decorative concrete surface
layer have good durability. In this paper, decorative concrete is applied to the pavement engineering of a railway container yard in Liaoning Province. The pavement structure combination design, cement concrete pavement thickness design, pavement panel design and joint design are analyzed.
Enhanced Efficiency of Halide Perovskite Solar Cells by Solvent Engineering
Authors: Liu Xibin , Tao Jiayou , Liao Gaohua , Zou Zhijun , Li Fen , Sun Xiaoxiang , Li Chang , Li Qiyun , Qi Xiang , Zou Xinchang
Published: April 2020

During the process of the low-temperature solution fabrication, it always leads to high defects density at the grain boundaries and the interfaces, which are great barriers toward excellent solar cells. Different polar molecules of solvents are brought in to modify the surface composition
by tuning the nucleation densities to obtain perovskite films with high crystallization quality. In this work, with efficiently exchanging intramolecular mechanism, high-quality MAPbI3-based perovskite films had been conveniently fabricated. Two kinds of polar molecules of dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were added to the dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent to result in perovskite films with high quality. As a result, the device with NMP solvent treatment outputs improved efficiency of 18.5% at the short-circuit current (Jsc)
of 23.3 mA cm–2, with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.075 V and a fill factor of 77.1% under standard AM 1.5 solar illumination. This method of solvent engineering might provide a convenient way for the application of perovskite-based photovoltaic devices.
Growth of Large-Scale Praseodymium Hexaborides (PrB6) Nanowires and Enhanced Field-Emission Performance
Authors: Xu Junqi , Wang Yanrui , Wang Wenjie , Xu Zijun , Jia Yonglei , Zhang Yandi , Huang Minghui , Wang Lubin , Liu Fengyuan , Xie Wenhe
Published: April 2020

Large-scale PrB6 nanowires were fabricated by an effective, catalyst-free, and a simple low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process. These nanowires, characterized in detail by various analytical instruments, demonstrated the large aspect ratio and high single-crystalline
grown along the [001] crystal direction perpendicular to the (001) crystal plane. The field electron emission equipment tests manifest that the asgrown PrB6 products have a low turn-on field (Eto, 2.32 V/μm), a threshold field (Ethr,
4.28 V/μm), a high field enhancement factor (β, 2336), as well as a stable current-density (J) of field-emission. The relationships of the field electron emission parameters, such as J, Eto, and β versus cathode gap (d),
have been established when d is increased from 500 μm to 800 μm. The outstanding properties suggest that the PrB6 products may be promising emitters in the cold-field-emission cathode application.
Undercatch Adjustments for Tipping-Bucket Gauge Measurements of Solid Precipitation
Authors: Kochendorfer John , Earle Michael E. , Hodyss Daniel , Reverdin Audrey , Roulet Yves-Alain , Nitu Rodica , Rasmussen Roy , Landolt Scott , Buisán Samuel , Laine Timo
Published: April 2020

Heated tipping-bucket (TB) gauges are used broadly in national weather monitoring networks, but their performance for the measurement of solid precipitation has not been well characterized. Manufacturer-provided TB gauges were evaluated at five test sites during the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (WMO-SPICE), with most gauge types tested at more than one site. The test results were used to develop and evaluate adjustments for the undercatch of solid precipitation by heated TB gauges. New methods were also developed to address challenges specific to measurements from heated TB gauges. Tipping-bucket transfer functions were created specifically to minimize the sum of errors over the course of the adjusted multiseasonal accumulation. This was based on the hypothesis that the best transfer function produces the most accurate long-term precipitation records, rather than accurate catch efficiency measurements or accurate daily or hourly precipitation measurements. Using this new approach, an adjustment function derived from multiple gauges was developed that performed better than traditional gauge-specific and multigauge catch efficiency derived adjustments. Because this new multigauge adjustment was developed using six different types of gauges tested at five different sites, it may be applicable to solid precipitation measurements from unshielded heated TB gauges that were not evaluated in WMO-SPICE. In addition, this new method of optimizing transfer functions may be useful for other types of precipitation gauges, as it has many practical advantages over the traditional catch efficiency methods used to derive undercatch adjustments.
The Influence of the Resolution of Orography on the Simulation of Orographic Moist Convection
Authors: Heim Christoph , Panosetti Davide , Schlemmer Linda , Leuenberger Daniel , Schär Christoph
Published: April 2020

Currently, major efforts are under way to refine the horizontal resolution of weather and climate models to kilometer-scale grid spacing (Δx). Besides refining the representation of the atmospheric dynamics and enabling the use of explicit convection, this will also provide higher resolution in the representation of orography. This study investigates the influence of these resolution increments on the simulation of orographic moist convection. Nine days of fair-weather thermally driven flow over the Alps are analyzed. Two sets of simulations with the COSMO model are compared, each consisting of three runs at Δx of 4.4, 2.2, and 1.1 km: one set using a fixed representation of orography at a resolution of 8.8 km, and one with varying representation at the resolution of the computational mesh. The spatial distribution of precipitation during daytime is only marginally affected by the orographic details, but nighttime convection to the south of the Alps—triggered by cold-air outflow from the valleys—is very sensitive to orography and precipitation is enhanced if more detailed orography is provided. During daytime, the onset of precipitation is delayed. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle of precipitation is reduced, even though more moisture converges toward the Alpine region during the afternoon. The hereby accumulated moisture sustains precipitation during the evening and nighttime over the surrounding plains. For these differences, the effects of changes in orographic detail are more important than changes in grid spacing. In addition, the individual convective cells are weaker, but their number increases with higher resolved orography.
The elephant and imperial continuities in North India, 1200–1600CE
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: April 2020

This paper builds on my earlier study of the relationship between the elephant and imperial sovereignty in north India, extending the argument from 1200 to 1600ce. The ritual and military use of the elephant signalled a self-conscious imperial formation, based on the Ghaznavid model, with the emperor as king-of-kings and elephant-master, ruling over subjugated tributary monarchs. However, new conditions in the sixteenth century led to the rise of a centralised and expansive state, now armed with gunpowder weapons, and thus no longer dependent on tributary relations or the elephant. The elephant, which formerly stood for divine or satanic power, was now humanised, and the emperor’s status was elevated above it as the closest living being to God. In short, studying the imperial formation in the north through its use of elephants renders meaningless the characterisation of linear evolution from a more orthodox Islamic state (‘Delhi Sultanate’) to a tolerant one (‘Mughal Empire’).
Civil war and religion in medieval Japan and medieval Europe: War for the Gods, emotions at death and treason
Authors: Buc Philippe
Published: April 2020

To compare and contrast medieval Japan and medieval Western Europe allows one to discover three things. First, analogous to Catholic holy war, in Japan becomes visible a potential for war (albeit seldom actualised) for the sake, quite surprisingly, of Buddhism. Second, the different role played by emotions during war: in Europe, when vicious (and motivated by emotions such as greed, ambition or lust), they endanger the victors; thus the concern for right emotions foster, to a point, proper behavior during war; in Japan, however, the focus is on the emotions of the defeated, which may hamper a good reincarnation and produce vengeful spirits harmful to the victors and to the community at large. Finally, while Japanese warriors could and often did switch sides, the archipelago did not know for centuries anything approaching the European concept of treason, ideally punished with the highest cruelty, hated and feared to the point of generating collective paranoia and conspiracy theories. Western treason was (and is still) a secularised offspring of the Christian belief in the internal enemy of the Church, the false brethren. Arguably, the texture of the religions present in the two ensembles gave their specific form to these three aspects of warfare.
Technology symbolization: political mechanism of local e-government adoption and implementation
Authors: Tan Haibo , Zhao Xuejiao , Zhang Nan
Published: April 2020

Why did some local e-government projects start off with a bang but end with a whimper? Using the case study of an online administrative approval system in Jiangmen, China, this study explores the political mechanism behind the adoption and implementation of local e-government projects. We propose a framework for analyzing the adoption and implementation of e-government projects that encompasses three aspects: environment (political institutions); process (perceptions of information technology, power relations, and strategic interaction); and performance. The political environment shapes people’s perceptions of information technology and provides motivations and constraints for relevant stakeholders. Stakeholders choose different strategies and actions based on their positions in the power structure, which finally influences the performance of the project. In this study, due to local government leaders’ motivation to seek political achievement and subordinate agencies’ strategic responses in the Chinese political system, the online system finally turned into a symbolic tool that did very little to improve government performance.

Points for practitioners

• A framework is proposed for analyzing the adoption and implementation of e-government projects that encompasses three aspects: environment (political institutions); process (perceptions of information technology, power relations, and strategic interaction); and performance. • A concept—technology symbolization—is emphasized by exploring the ways in which e-government can be used as a promotion tool for local officials. • With the advent of the new generations of information technology, e-government practitioners cannot ignore the political environment and the impact of political institutions on information technology implementation.
How satisfied are siblings of homicide victims with police?
Authors: Tasker Susan Louise
Published: April 2020

Police personnel and services may have a tremendous impact on the psychological well-being of siblings who become victims of the murder of a brother or sister. Despite this, only one study has examined satisfaction with police from the perspective of siblings. The current study helps correct this paucity of research by studying a sample of 67 siblings aged 6–40 ( M = 20.4) years when a sibling was murdered. Satisfaction with police contact and service were quantitatively and qualitatively explored. Overall, almost 60% of the participants indicated satisfaction. Participants were satisfied when police were beacons of humanity and committed to justice.
Histological Features of Postnatal Development of the Eye in White Rabbits
Authors: Yamagiwa Yoshinori , Kurata Masaaki , Satoh Hiroshi
Published: April 2020

Rabbits are frequently used in studies assessing the toxicity of ophthalmic drugs; however, the postnatal histological changes that occur in the rabbit eye have not been fully described. To characterize postnatal ocular development in white rabbits, a histological investigation of the eyes and eyelids was sequentially performed between postnatal days (PNDs) 1 and 42. The eyes opened during PNDs10 to 12. Significant changes prior to eyelid opening included the proliferation of uveal and optic nerve cells, regression of the lenticular vasculature, and thinning of the retina with a decreasing number of retinal cells. After eyelid opening, several significant changes occurred in the anterior segment, including thickening of the cornea and the development of lacrimation-related tissues in the eyelid and conjunctiva. Additionally, the differentiation of retinal layer-derived cells and optic nerve thickening occurred. The lens size continued to increase throughout the postnatal period. The histological structure of the eyes and eyelids was nearly mature by PNDs28 to 42. This study characterizes the postnatal changes in the histological features of the eyes in juvenile white rabbits, providing fundamental knowledge on the appropriate design of histological studies of the eyes in juvenile rabbits, particularly ophthalmic drug evaluations.
Unreliability of Delay Caused by Bike Unavailability in Bike Share Systems
Authors: Beauvoir Valentin , Moylan Emily
Published: April 2020

The recent proliferation of bike share operations has augmented established docked systems in major cities with several stationless operators. By relaxing control of where the bikes may be located, the stationless systems are more agile but less certain. We hypothesize that a stationless bike share system reduces access and egress distance while increasing unreliability, offering a trade-off from the customer’s perspective. This work presents a framework for quantifying the trade-off between expected trip time and variability in trip time for stationed and stationless bike share systems. The systems are modeled subject to shared assumptions where possible, and the trade-off is measured for about 1,000 simulated journeys corresponding to a 1 h simulation. Sensitivity to the shared assumptions is tested to support the generalizability of the results. The findings indicate that stationed systems have higher expected user costs and lower variance in user cost. As expected, the user cost distributions are asymmetrical. This analysis supports the context-specific adoption of stationed or stationless bike share operations based on user attributes (trip purpose, walk speed, destination choice, etc.) and operator attributes (budget for bicycles, support for public transport, value on reliability, etc.).