bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARACIÓN DEL RENDIMIENTO FÍSICO DE LAS SELECCIONES NACIONALES DE ALEMANIA Y COSTA RICA, DE ACUERDO CON LOS PARÁMETROS DE METROS RECORRIDOS EN ALTA, MEDIANA Y BAJA INTENSIDAD Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA POSICIÓN ALCANZADA EN LA COPA MUNDIAL DE FÚTBOL DE BRASIL 2014
Authors: Rivas Borbón Milton , Salas Cabrera Jorge , Chávez Arce Tony
Published: August 2017

Objetivo: Comparar las distancias y el porcentaje de metros recorridos en intensidades alta, media y baja de las selecciones nacionales de Alemania y Costa Rica y su relación con la posición obtenida en la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de Brasil 2014. Participantes: Selecciones de fútbol de Costa Rica y Alemania que participaron en sus respectivos partidos en el Mundial. Instrumentos: Los datos de metros recorridos en las intensidades baja, media y alta se obtuvieron de la página oficial de la FIFA. Procedimiento: Después de planteado el estudio, se ingresó a la página web oficial de la FIFA para la obtención de los datos de metros recorridos en intensidad baja, media  y alta, los cuales se  sometieron a un proceso estadístico. Análisis estadístico: Se aplicó estadística descriptiva a las distancias en metros recorridos en intensidad baja, media y alta, así como las técnicas no paramétricas, (prueba Mann-Whitney), mediante el programa SPSS (versión 17), con un nivel de significancia de p≤ 0,05. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todos los promedios porcentuales de metros recorridos de alta (Z = 2,78, p = .023), mediana (Z = 2,766, p =0,006) y baja intensidad (Z = 2,766, p = 0,012) de las selecciones de Costa Rica y Alemania. Conclusión: La selección alemana de fútbol, en comparación con la de Costa Rica, consiguió un promedio porcentual significativamente más alto en metros recorridos en las intensidades media y alta, mientras que la selección de Costa Rica obtuvo un promedio porcentual mayor en los metros recorridos en intensidad baja.
RELACIONES TERRITORIALES DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURÍSTICA EN TORNO AL PARQUE NACIONAL RINCÓN DE LA VIEJA, COSTA RICA
Authors: Miranda-Álvarez Pablo , Alvarado-Sánchez Meylin
Published: August 2017

El desarrollo de la actividad turística en Costa Rica ha estado ligado al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación del país, el cual ha servido como base para el desarrollo de su imagen turística a nivel internacional. Como resultado de este desarrollo, la Unidad Turística Pacífco Norte establecida por el Instituto Costarricense de Turismo ha experimentado el mayor crecimiento del paísdesde la década de 1990 al ofrecer productos de sol y playa junto con áreas protegidas generando un aumento en la visitación al Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja y el establecimiento, en las comunidades aledañas al área protegida, de una serie de empresas de hospedaje que ofrecen diversas actividades relacionadas con el segmento de turismo alternativo. Por tal razón, se presenta una caracterización del sistema turístico asociado con el Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja que permite identifcar las características de la oferta, demanda, el espacio geográfco y los agentes del mercado con el fn de establecer las relaciones territoriales con las comunidades aledañas al área protegida.Palabras clave:
EL SISTEMA TURÍSTICO DE LA COMUNIDAD DE COPAL, NICOYA, GUANACASTE, COSTA RICA. UN DIAGNÓSTICO PARTICIPATIVO
Authors: Flores-Abogabir Marlene Lizette , Alvarado-Sánchez Meylin
Published: August 2017

El propósito de este trabajo fue realizar un diagnóstico de las potencialidades turísticas de la comunidad de copal, siguiendo el enfoque del sistema turístico en espacios rurales; detallando cada uno de los elementos que influyen en la calidad de la actividad turística local, tales como: los recursos, el capital social comunitario, el diseño de la oferta de productos y/o servicios, el marco legal e institucional, además de los factores económicos, ambientales, políticos y de financiamiento alternativo para la implementación de una propuesta de turismo rural, entre otros. En la identificación de los elementos de este sistema, se aplica una serie de instrumentos de inventario y valoración de la vocación turística, así como visitas de campo, talleres comunales y técnicas cartográficas, de manera participativa con miembros de las organizaciones locales de base. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que los recursos y atractivos de esta comunidad son diversos, donde predominan los de tipo natural, playas, manglares, esteros, salinas y el Golfo de Nicoya; además de montañas, miradores, ríos y cataratas. Existen también atractivos culturales y arquitectónicos como las comidas típicas, fiestas patronales, ferias culturales, cementerio indígena y casa antigua; por otro lado, existe una fortaleza en el capital social de las organizaciones comunitarias, líderes comunales, así como pequeños empresarios operando de manera informal y potenciales microempresarios.
Forward Stability of Iterative Refinement with a Relaxation for Linear Systems
Authors: Alicja Smoktunowicz  , Jakub Kierzkowski  , Iwona Wróbel
Published: August 2017

Stability analysis of Wilkinson’s iterative refinement method IR(ω) with a relaxation parameter ω for solving linear systems is given. It extends existing results for ω=1, i.e., for Wilkinson’s iterative refinement method. We assume that all computations are performed in fixed (working) precision arithmetic. Numerical tests were done in MATLAB to illustrate our theoretical results. A particular emphasis is given on convergence of iterative refinement method with a relaxation. A preliminary error analysis of the Algorithm IR(ω) was given in [11]. Our opinion is opposite to that given in [11], since our experiments show that the choice ω=1 is the best choice from the point of numerical stability.
Age at Intervention for Permanent Hearing Loss and 5-Year Language Outcomes
Authors: Ching Teresa Y.C. , Dillon Harvey , Button Laura , Seeto Mark , Van Buynder Patricia , Marnane Vivienne , Cupples Linda , Leigh Greg
Published: August 2017

OBJECTIVES:

Universal newborn hearing screening has been implemented to detect permanent childhood hearing loss (PCHL) early, with the ultimate goal of improving outcomes through early treatment. However, there is disagreement between studies on the size of this benefit and in some cases whether it is significantly different from 0. There have been no studies of sufficient size in which researchers have determined reliably whether the effect varies with degree of PCHL. We aimed to explore how intervention timing influences 5-year language in children with PCHL.

METHODS:

Via a prospective study of 350 children, we used standard multiple regression analyses to investigate the effect of age at intervention or hearing screening on language outcomes after allowing for the effects of nonverbal IQ, degree of PCHL, sex, birth weight, maternal education, additional disabilities, and communication mode.

RESULTS:

The benefit of early intervention for language development increased as hearing loss increased. Children whose amplification started at age 24 months had poorer language than those whose amplification started at 3 months. The difference was larger for 70-dB HL (−11.8 score points; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: −18.7 to −4.8) than for 50-dB HL (−6.8; 95% CI: −10.8 to −2.8). Children who received cochlear implants at 24 months had poorer language than those implanted at 6 months (−21.4; 95% CI: −33.8 to −9.0). There was no significant effect of screening on outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Early intervention improves language outcomes, thereby lending support to streamlining clinical pathways to ensure early amplification and cochlear implantation after diagnosis.
Relaciones V/H para espectros asociados a las fallas inversas de la ciudad de Quito
Authors: Aguiar-Falconí Roberto , López-Moreno Eduardo , Quizanga-Martíne Diego
Published: August 2017

Se presentan los modelos de movimiento fuerte del suelo desarrollados por Abrahamson et al. (2013), [1] para aceleraciones horizontales y por Gülerce et al. (2013), [12] para aceleraciones verticales, que corresponden al programa Next Generation Attenuation (NGA WEST2) el mismo que cuenta con acreditado reconocimiento mundial. Estos modelos son aplicables al régimen tectónico cortical del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, la ciudad se encuentra sobre o muy próximo a los segmentos de fallas ciegas inversas denominadas: Puengasí, Ilumbisí-La Bota, Carcelén el Inca, Bellavista-Catequilla y Tangahuilla, El Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, está dividido en cinco zonas: sur, centro sur, centro, centro norte y norte, para cada una de ellas se determinan espectros de respuesta elástica y relaciones espectrales V/H, considerando la magnitud máxima que podría generarse por la rotura de cada uno de los segmentos de falla y teniendo en cuenta el tipo de suelo que existe en cada zona.
Systemic corticosteroid in the treatment of a 9-year-old boy with Oral Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: A case report
Authors: Silva Brunno Santos de Freitas , Tomeh Jorge Elias Kaluf , Siqueira Claudeir Felipe De Oliveira , Sant'Ana Simone Sousa Silva , Yamamoto-Silva Fernanda Paula
Published: August 2017

AIM: This report is present a rare case of oral Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (MMP) in a 9-yearold- boy successfully treated with low doses of systemic corticosteroid.CASE DESCRIPTION: A 9-year-old boy was referred to our service with the complaint of painful gingiva and generalized burning mouth sensation over 1 year. Intraoral examination revealed desquamative lesions affecting the entire attached gingiva of both the maxilla and the mandible. After the incisional biopsy the MMP diagnosis was confirmed, and the patient was initially treated with dexamethasone 0,1 mg/Ml mouth rinse twice daily for 24 weeks. Due the difficulty in eating and the presence of persistent large oral lesions, systemic prednisone 20 mg (1 mg/kg) was prescribed for 4 weeks with a 5 mg gradual reduction per week over 3 weeks. After initiating the systemic corticosteroid therapy, the patient showed total regression of the lesions, and no indication of recurrence has been observed in the past 6 months.CONCLUSION: There is no cure for MMP; however, treatment can provide complete and longlasting remission. Based on this premise, it is plausible to consider not only topical but also low doses of systemic corticosteroids in resistant cases of oral MMP, even in children. These measures could improve the quality of life of these patients by reducing pain and, consequently, improving the child’s eating behavior.
Minimal invasive periodontal surgery: a review
Authors: Reddy Sesha M. , Abdelmagyd Hossam AE. , Shetty Shishir R. , Khazi Shakeel S. , Vannala Venkata R.
Published: August 2017

Objective: Periodontal therapy success is dependent on proper diagnosis and removal of sub gingival tooth–borne deposits such as acquired pellicle, calculus. and bacterial plaque biofilm besides, proper case selection and patient cooperation. From clinical perspective, enhanced visualization during the diagnostic and therapeutic periods has been given away to produce better results when matched to old-style approaches. Minimally invasive periodontal therapy  appraises the benefits of using minimal invasive techniques, the knowledge available for improving visualization during therapy. This review reports the benefits and drawbacks of minimally invasive periodontal surgery and validation for current approach.Methods: Keywords such as minimally invasive periodontal surgery, periodontal surgery, and regeneration was used to search in Google and PubMed. Full text articles in English that were published from 1995 to 2016 are presented. Only case and control studies and randomized clinical trials were included in this review.Results: Abstracts and articles published in other languages were not included in the review. This review makes available an evidence–based assessment of the knowledge and procedures.Conclusion: Minimally invasive periodontal surgery might be considered a true reality in the field of periodontal regeneration. Clinical improvements seen were consistently associated with very limited morbidity.
The difference uses of panoramic photo and cbct evaluation of the gnathoplasty surgery outcome
Authors: Wahyuni Ayu , Yunus Muliaty , Ruslin Muhammad
Published: August 2017

Objective: Gnathoschisis is the most common congenital craniofacial abnormality in patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL and/or P). The panoramic radiograph is one means to establish a diagnosis and treatment plan with two-dimension photograph. The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is one means of supporting the maxillofacial to get a three-dimension photograph. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in the results of the use of panoramic photos and CBCT in evaluation before and after gnathoplasty surgery.Material and Methods: This is an observational descriptive research with cross-sectional study method. All samples that meet the suitable criteria are put in this research. The data gained by collecting status card at medical record installation about photo panoramic application in gnathoschisis patients was then compare to the examination with CBCT.Results: The result performed shows that there is a significant difference between panoramic and CBCT picture. The CBCT provide better evaluation about teeth age and segment position of jaw curve from the cleft size. While the panoramic photo provides a widely covered area to observe facial and teeth bone.Conclusion: The CBCT results are more accurate in evaluating gnathoplasty surgery than panoramic photo; however, exposure to the radiation should be considered.
Promotion anxieties
Authors: Medbøe Haftor , Moir Zack
Published: August 2017

Definitions and roles of the promoter within the ecology of the music industries have over recent years become the subject of attention by academics working within the field of popular music studies. It has become accepted that precise definitions are difficult to apply, due to both the varied understanding of the term ‘promoter’, and the diverse nature of their activities. Where the promoter is the conduit between artist and audience, the ways and means by which this is manifested varies greatly between individuals. Rather than further attempting to provide distinct definitions as applied to the promoter, this paper aims to offer a nuanced examination of the motivations, professional networks, and occupational challenges that contribute to the self-perceptions of five promoters working in the context of a local jazz scene within an undisclosed city in the United Kingdom.
Place and imagined community in jazz
Authors: Hytönen-Ng Elina
Published: August 2017

This article investigates the concept of imagined community amongst the professional jazz musicians; more closely the way that this imagined community functions within the scene. Through the focusing on the imagined community, the article extends the examination into the performance venues, the movement between venues and the meanings attached to them, revealing the reasons why an imagined community is beneficial for the musician. The research data is composed of ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in jazz circles in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2012. Through the exploration of the places occupied by the musicians, the article reveals how the community becomes concrete through the musicians’ movements. The article examines what added value it might hold for them. All in all, the investigation makes sense of the social conditions that create the need for such a community.
Mentalizing Domains and Belief in God
Authors: Greenway Tyler S.
Published: August 2017

Mentalizing, otherwise termed theory of mind or mindreading, is a cognitive ability that enables reasoning about the mental states of others and is theorized to be important for belief in supernatural agents. Further research is needed to investigate the nature of mentalizing itself and its relationship to belief in supernatural agents. The present study includes multiple measures of mentalizing enabling better examination of the relationships among these measures and their relationship to belief in supernatural agents. Two research questions are asked. First, is mentalizing a single construct, or do multiple domains of mentalizing exist? Second, are various measures of mentalizing related to belief in supernatural agents? Results reveal that some measures of mentalizing are interrelated, though not all are, and some measures are related to belief in supernatural agents. These findings suggest that arguments for the existence of a single mentalizing construct that is related to belief in supernatural beings may be insufficient.
Editorial
Authors: Nunes Nancy Alfieri
Published: August 2017

Editorial
In situ root identification through blade penetrometer testing – part 2: field testing
Authors: Meijer G. J. , Bengough G. , Knappett J. , Loades K. , Nicoll B.
Published: August 2017

The spatial distribution, depths and diameters of roots in soil are difficult to quantify but important to know when reinforcement of a rooted slope or the stability of a plant is to be assessed. Previous work has shown that roots can be detected from the depth–resistance trace measured using a penetrometer with an adapted blade-shaped tip. Theoretical models exist to predict both forces and root displacements associated with root failure in either bending or tension. However, these studies were performed in dry sand under laboratory conditions, using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene root analogues rather than real roots. In this paper blade penetrometer field testing on two forested field sites, with Sitka spruce and pedunculate oak in sandy silt and clayey silt, respectively, is used to evaluate models under field conditions. Root breakages could be detected from blade penetrometer depth–resistance traces and using complementary acoustic measurements. Predictions of additional penetrometer resistance at root failure were more accurate than the displacement predictions. An analytical cable model, assuming roots are flexible and fail in tension, provided the best predictions for Sitka roots, whereas thick oak roots were better predicted assuming bending failure. These matched the modes of failure observed in three-point bending tests of the root material in each case. The presence of significant amounts of gravel made it sometimes difficult to distinguish between hitting a root or a stone. The root diameter could be predicted when root strength and stiffness, and soil penetrometer resistance were known and the right interpretative model was selected. Estimates based on peak force were more accurate than those based on root displacement. This measurement procedure is therefore a potentially valuable tool to quantify the spatial distribution of roots and their reinforcement potential in the field.
WetLab-2 Preparation of Lyophilized Reagents v1
Authors: Parra Macarena , Jung Jimmy
Published: August 2017

Steps needed to prepare reagents to ship to vendor to manufacture lyophilized qPCR and RT-qPCR Reagents
Assessment of oral hygiene in a sample of orthodontically treated patients using different bracket materials with different motivational techniques in Sulaimani City
Authors: Rauf Aras , Rashid Tara , Fatah Ara , Kareem Fadil , Mohammad Nyaz
Published: August 2017

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of three different motivational techniques for maintaining good oral hygiene during the long term fixed orthodontic treatment.
Materials and Methods: This comparative study was carried in Sulaimani city, on 60 patients with their age ranged from 12-18 years having fixed orthodontic appliances for a period of  18± 6 months were selected and divided randomly according to motivational techniques into three study groups (A, B and C), each group was subsequently  subdivided into 2 subgroups according to the type of bracket material.  The sample was subjected over a period of 6 months to different motivational techniques during the orthodontic treatment. Oral health status was examined and recorded twice using simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). The results were statistically analyzed with Statistical Product and Service Solutions software (SPSS, V16).
Results: After motivation and reinforcement, improvement of oral health was observed among the patients. Visual evidence motivational technique (applied for group C) approved to be the most significant effective motivational technique (P≤ 0.001) for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment regardless the type of the bracket material.
Conclusion: Orthodontists should concern about the motivation of the patients undergoing orthodontic treatment keeping sustained oral hygiene throughout the treatment period. This study confirmed that visual evidence motivational technique is the best educational and motivational technique for orthodontic patients that should be carried out before and throughout the treatment.
Evaluation of microleakage in the gingival margin of class II resin composite restoration when using three placement techniques (An in vitro study)
Authors: Abdul-Rahman Miwan
Published: August 2017

Objective: To evaluate and compare the effect of bulk and layering composite filling techniques on the gingival microleakage in class II cavity.
Materials and Methods: Standardized 60 class II cavities were prepared in the proximal surfaces of thirty extracted non caries permanent molars and randomly were divided into two main groups A and B each composed of 30 cavities, for group (A) the gingival floor on mesial side was prepared one mm above the CEJ and for group (B) one mm below the CEJ,  then each main group was subdivided into three subgroups (n=10 cavities) according to the composite placement technique: 1) bulk, 2) horizontal, 3)  oblique. The specimens were immersed in a solution of 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The microleakage scores (0 to 3) were obtained from the cervical surface and the cervical microleakage was analyzed with a stereomicroscope.
Results: The gingival dye penetration increased when the gingival floor was below the CEJ. The microleakage is increased with bulk followed by horizontal and oblique.
Conclusion: This study predicts that the oblique layering composite filling technique of class II is betters then the other techniques when the gingival floor is above and below the CEJ.
Management of impacted permanent maxillary incisors caused by supernumerary tooth: Case report
Authors: Amin Anwar , Rashid Zhwan
Published: August 2017

Purpose: Improving patient's esthetic and appearance due to impacted upper right incisors caused by impacted supernumerary tooth by moving them in to their proper position within the dental arch. 
Methods: Surgical exposure and open tooth eruption technique with fixed orthodontic appliance have been used.
Principal Findings: Treating impacted maxillary incisors with immediate esthetic improvement.
Conclusion: Impacted maxillary incisors could be treated using surgical exposure and open tooth eruption technique with acceptable gingival contour.
Priority in selection of treatment methods used for lymphatic malformations affecting maxillofacial region
Authors: Mussa Qais
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this paper was to discuss and evaluate the treatment plan selection and the outcomes of 82 cases of lymphatic malformation in oral & maxillofacial region.
Materials & Methods: The analysis included of 82 cases of lymphatic malformation in oral & maxillofacial region during the period between January 2004 to November 2013 at maxillofacial department in Al-Hilla General Teaching Hospital. The treatment plans selection depend on details patient history, clinical examination & imaging investigations. Different  techniques were used depended on age, extension, site & types of lymphatic malformation. The treatment methods were conservative treatment, surgery, use of sclerosing agents or combinations of them.
Results: Total number of the patients were 82 complains from different types lymphatic malformation, 30 were males constituting 36.5% while 52 were females constituting 63.5% . The youngest patient was 5 days, while the oldest one was 45 years. Forty case treated by sclerotherapy and surgery (48.7%) . Surgery alone as primary treatment done for 27 patients (32.9%) other 10 cases treated by sclerotherapy alone   ( 12.1%) & 5 cases ( 6% )  only needs observation.
Conclusions: Careful treatment plan selection depends on age, extension, type of lesion & experience of surgeon associated with good prognosis. Conservative resection was the most effective method in treatment of lymphatic malformation.
Assessment of calcium ions diffusion and pH measurements of three intracanal medicaments through dentinal tubules (in vitro comparative study)
Authors: A-Qadir Chrakhan , Al-Qaisi Salam
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the release of Calcium ions from three intracanal medicaments [Ca(OH)2 , White Proroot MTA , Biodentine], and to measure the PH of these three materials.
Materials and Methods: Forty-two single rooted permanent teeth were prepared using crown down technique with Protaper rotary files to a master apical file size 40. The canals were irrigated by using 2 ml 5.25% NaOCl for 60 seconds after each instrument change, final irrigation of canals using 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 3 minutes and 5 ml of 5.25% NaOCl for 60 seconds and finally 10 ml of saline solution. The canals were dried and the intracanal medicaments were applied according to manufacturer instruction after setting of materials, both apical and coronal openings were sealed by Cavit and a layer of Epoxy resin on it. Each root was immersed in 30 ml of deionized water. The digital pH meter was used for measuring the pH values for each root 10 times per each studied period (1, 2, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60) days; The Calcium ions release measurements were taken for each studied periods using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer device. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA (F test), a p-value < 0.05 was considered as a significant.
Results: The pH values for Ca (OH)2 and PMTA groups were gradually increased and need more time for increasing than the Biodentine. The pH values for Biodentine were the highest at the first day then decreased in the 2nd and 7th days, then increased over time until sixty days. The calcium ions release values were gradually increase for three medicament and its values were highest for Biodentine followed by Ca(OH)2 and finally PMTA. The differences between groups were statistically highly significant. 
Conclusions: Biodentine exhibited highest mean values in the calcium ions release and pH measurements than other groups and PMTA showed lowest mean values in the calcium ion release and pH measurement.
Prevalence of missing permanent teeth in 9-14 years dental patients in Sulaimani city - Radiographic study
Authors: Jalal Ranj
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of missing permanent teeth in a sample of dental patients.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1133 digital OPG images, for students aged between 9-14 years, were retrieved from archived records. All the digital images were evaluated on the computer screen for determining the number, type and site of missing teeth in relation to age and sex.

Results: The prevalence of hypodontia was 14.1% (6% for males, 8.1% for females) with no sex variation. Most cases (51.28%) with hypodontia had only one missing tooth (21.79% for males, 29.49% for females). The most commonly missing teeth were the maxillary lateral incisors (37.8%), followed by the mandibular second premolars (34.1%).

Conclusion: High prevalence of missing teeth could be reported depending on OPG alone. Single tooth loss, maxillary jaw, and left side were the common features of missing permanent teeth in teenagers of our sample.
The prevalence of lower alveolar flat ridge among completely edentulous patients in Sulaimani
Authors: Al-Jmoor Cheman , Al-Kadi Faten , Abdulkareem Jwan
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of lower flat ridge among a sample of completely edentulous patients, and to correlate it with age, gender, the presence or absence of a previous denture and the period of complete edentulism.

Materials and Methods: 297 patients with lower flat ridge were included in the study. A questionnaire was used to record the data of each patient which include; the gender, the age of the patient, the presence or the absence of a previous denture, and the date of the last tooth extraction (the period of complete edentulism). The patients were informed that the recorded information was required for a research purpose, and it will be used in a survey, and their consents and agreements were taken verbally. All the collected data were checked and assessed by a prosthodontic specialist. The patients age were divided into four groups; (41-50 years), (51-60 years), (61-70 years), (more than 71 years). The period of complete edentulism were divided into two groups; (up to 5 years), and (more than 5 years). The data were correlated and descriptive statistic of tables, numbers and percentages along with Chi-Square, were used to analyze the data.

Results: The results of the study showed that; 150 (50.505%) of the patients were males and 147 (49.494%) of the patients were females. The majority of the patients were from the age group (61-70) and (51-60) years in male and female respectively. No significant differences were found between gender and age group (P>0.05). The occurrence of the lower flat ridge was significantly higher in patients with previous dentures 184(61.952%) than those without dentures 113(38.047%) in both genders (P< 0.05). Finally, the results revealed that patients who were completely edentulous for up to five years had significantly higher numbers of lower flat ridge 178(59.932%) comparing to those who were completely edentulous for more than five years 119(40.067%).

Conclusions: The presence of a previous denture, the longevity period of complete edentulism, the age, and the gender of the patient has an effect on the resorption of the lower residual ridge, and on the height of the lower residual ridge.
Comparison of Topical Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin, Cimetidine, and Meloxicam Treatment in Plaque- Induced Gingivitis
Authors: Saaed Hiwa , Muhammad Sara
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the clinical effectiveness of newly prepared topical dosage forms as an adjunct to scaling and polishing (S & P) in plaque-induced gingivitis.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 75 patients (35 males and 40 females) with a moderate to severe gingivitis randomly divided into five groups, each including 15 patients. In each group, the patients received (S & P) plus one of the oral gels (1% metronidazole, 1% ciprofloxacin, 1% cimetidine, 0.5% meloxicam) twice daily for seven days, except group 0 which were treated by (S & P) alone without any drug application. All the patients were evaluated before treatment and 7 days after treatment for plaque index [PLI], gingival index [GI], and bleeding on probing [BOP] and biochemical parameters (salivary enzymes) like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Results: There was a significant improvement following all treatments type when compared to pretreatment records with minor differences in the effects of treatment modalities on the clinical parameters (PLI, GI, and BOP). Combination therapy of (S & P) plus ciprofloxacin gel resulted in the best improvement of PLI and BOP whereas the highest significant improvement in GI was with the combination therapy of (S & P) plus cimetidine gel. Similarly, AST, ALT, CK, and LDH significantly reduced in all five groups, with the most observed reduction of both AST and CK was found in the combination therapy of metronidazole gel along with (S & P). The highest decrease in ALT and LDH was observed with the combination therapy of cimetidine gel along with (S & P).

Conclusion: The above studies revealed that adjunctive use of topical gels particularly ciprofloxacin and cimetidine along with (S & P) results in significant benefits in the treatment of plaque-associated gingivitis.
Anthropometric Dimensions of Nasopalatine Canal measured by Cone Beam Computed Tomography among Kurdish population
Authors: Mohammed Dler
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study was to find anatomical variation of nasopalatine foramen (NPF) and nasopalatine canal (NPC) in different age and gender groups among Kurdish people on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. This research included one hundred CBCT images obtained from patients visiting privet clinics with a specialty in dental and maxillofacial radiology in Sulaimani, Hawler, and Dhok governorates within a period between 2014 to 2016. Subjects were divided into three age groups (18-34, 35-49, 50-75) years old. The first group were included 15 males and 15 females, the second group 20 males and 20 females, and the third group included 15 males with 15 females. PaX i vatech digital CBCT machine was used to obtain the images by radiographers. The following measurements were estimated; number of openings of NPC at nasal fossa, mesio-lateral diameter of NPF at nasal fossa (axial section), mesio-lateral diameter of NPF at palatine fossa, anteroposterior dimension of NPC at: its upper border; middle level, and lower border, and lastly the height of NPC in sagittal section. 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) with age range 31 years were included in this study. 69% had single NPF at the nasal fossa. 23% had two openings, and 8% had three openings. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of the mesio-lateral diameter of NPF at nasal fossa, and palatine fossa were 2.60±0.69mm, and 4.11±2.09mm respectively. NPF diameter at the palatine fossa showed significant differences between genders (P < 0.05). But age group differences did not reach the significant level (P > 0.05). The means and SD of the anteroposterior dimension of NPC were 3.46±1.53mm. There were no significant differences between genders and among age groups concerning this dimension (P > 0.05). Mean and SD of the height of NPC was 13.14±3.11mm. Males demonstrated the significantly greater length of NPC than females (P < 0.05). It is concluded that there is variation in the anatomy and morphology regarding various parameters of NPC among Kurdish population. This should be considered in mind in preoperative planning to reduce the number of complications in implant and other maxillofacial surgeries in the anterior palatine area. Also, it’s obvious that CBCT has an important role in obtaining accurate measurements of NPC different dimensions which have importance to differentiate between normal and abnormal NPC and NPF.
Clinical Evaluation of Post Insertion Problems among Newly Wearers of Complete Denture Patients in Sulaimani City
Authors: Abdulazeez Jwan , Salih Hewa , Aljamoor Cheman
Published: August 2017

Growth of the aging population will presumably increase the edentulous population in need of care with complete denture prostheses. The objective was to examine complete dentures in patients experiencing difficulties with their new prostheses, determine the most frequent complaints and their possible relation to age and gender. A total number of 200 complete denture wearer patients 126 females and 74 males participated in this study. A questionnaire was used to record the information which was taken directly from the patient when they attend the dental hospital. The information includes; age, gender, and types of the complaint. The study result revealed that; female number 126 ( 63%) was more than male 74 (37%), the number of the patients within the age group of above 60 years was 158( 79%), more than patients within the age group of 60 years,  42  (21%). The significant difference was found between gender and age groups (P < 0.05).   Pain 54 (27%) was the most common complaint of most of the patients in both genders, 23 (6.5%) for male and 31 (15.5%) for females. Loose Denture complaint had the lowest number among male 10 (5%), while complaint relating to mastication and eating had the lowest number of Females 18 (9%). No significant difference was found between gender and type of complaints (P> 0. 05). Speech problem had the highest incidence among patients within the age group of up to 60 years 11 (5.5%), while the highest incidence among patients within the age group of above 60 years, were pain complaint 45 (22.5%).  Complaint relating to eating and mastication had the lowest incidence among both age groups in total 34 (17%). No significant difference was found between age group and type of complain. Pain during insertion, removing, and wearing a complete denture had the highest prevalence, alongside speech problem in one age group only.  A significant difference was found between gender and age group. No statistically significant difference was found between gender and type of complaints.
Complex medical care of the patient with comorbidity in geriatric center
Authors: Haritonova Tatiana V , Yurganova Anna N
Published: August 2017

The article presents the clinical case of treatment of 77-years old patient with comorbidity in geriatric center.
A case control study in BMC Sagar to identify the risk factors for heart failure in patients with recently diagnosed myocardial infarction
Authors: Pandey Ramesh , Pandey Shikha
Published: August 2017

Background: This study was conducted to identify the risk factors for heart failure (HF) in recently diagnosed myocardial infarction (MI) patients in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, India.Methods: In this hospital-based, case-control study, the participants were all new myocardial infarction patients hospitalized from April 2016 to March 2017 in Bundelkhand Medical College (BMC) and associated hospital Sagar, Madhya Pradesh. There were 1,691 new cases with heart failure and 6,764 patients without heart failure as controls. Controls were selected randomly as per incidence density sampling. Odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to identify potential risk factors, using conditional logistic regression models.Results: The mortality rate was 18.2% in the cases and (12.1%) in the controls (p<0.05). Important risk factors for heart failure were: stroke (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.39 to 2.89), and right bundle branch block (RBBB) (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.95 to 4.19). The factors significantly associated with heart failure Diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and age. Incidence (p<0.05). Significant factor in women was diabetes (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.88) while in men age, hypertension, and RBBB are important.Conclusions: This study might help to identify and monitor the predictive risk factors for heart failure in myocardial infarction patients. The type of risk factors was different in men and women.
The efficacy and safety of a 70% glycolic acid peel with vitamin C for the treatment of acne scars
Authors: Khee Heng Jun , May Liau MeiQi , Sam Yang Shiyao , Derrick Aw Chen Wee , Sue-Ann Ho
Published: August 2017

Acne scarring is a common complication associated with significant psychological distress. Both glycolic acid (GA) and vitamin C are known to improve the appearance of acne scarring. We performed a review of 13 patients treated with three 70% GA peels with vitamin C at four weeks apart. There was a statistically significant` improvement in acne scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation from the baseline. Maximal effects were noted four weeks after the third chemical peel. It has an excellent safety profile with no permanent adverse effects noted. A combination of 70% glycolic acid with vitamin C chemical peel is an efficacious, well-tolerated treatment of acne scarring in Asian skin. 
Health education in the context of primary health care
Authors: Martins Rosane Aparecida de Sousa , Souza Cristiane Andion de
Published: August 2017

Este estudo objetivou identificar a concepção de educação em saúde bem como a compreensão dos gerentes e coordenadores do Centro de Educação em Saúde acerca de seus papéis na efetivação das atividades e práticas, no município de Uberaba/MG. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de conteúdo temática. Participaram oito gerentes dos serviços de atenção primária à saúde. A partir da investigação se pode afirmar que prevalece entre os gerentes das unidades de saúde uma visão reducionista e equivocada sobre o significado e as perspectivas de práticas de educação em saúde, contribuindo para a reprodução de práticas tradicionais de educação em saúde no contexto das Unidades Básicas de Saúde.
Student Teacher's Language Ability and Its Effects toward Teaching and Learning Process
Authors: Sandu Asihlya
Published: August 2017

This paper attempts to explain how a student teacher’s language ability influences the process of teaching and learning in the classroom. Data was in the form of sentences taken from written reflections written by a student teacher. The reflections were written during the student teacher's four-month practicum in a school of the Pelita Harapan Foundation. The approach used in this paper is qualitative descriptive in which data was gathered, analyzed and presented using words. The results show that there are 6 forms of language that show the student teacher’s low language ability: phoneme, prefix, insertion, diction, indirect sentence, and repetition. Besides that, the effects of low language ability toward the teaching and learning process is in instruction and as a result, in classroom management.

BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK:Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan kemampuan berbahasa mahasiswa guru yang mempengaruhi proses belajar mengajar di dalam kelas. Data yang dianalisis berupa kalimat-kalimat yang diambil dari refleksi tertulis mahasiswa guru yang ditulis selama empat bulan praktek mengajar kelas tiga di salah satu sekolah YPPH. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dimana data dikumpulkan, dianalisis serta dipaparkan menggunakan kata-kata. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa terdapat enam bentuk bahasa yang menunjukkan rendahnya kemampuan berbahasa mahasiswa guru yaitu fonem, prefiks, sisipan, diksi, kalimat tidak langsung serta pengulangan. Selain itu, pengaruh kemampuan berbahasa yang rendah dapat dilihat pada instruksi mahasiswa guru yang pada akhirnya juga mempengaruhi manajemen kelas.
“Before Occupy Central, I Wasn’t Concerned”: Examining Participatory Visual Research for Social Change with Hong Kong-based Filipina Youth
Authors: Burkholder Casey
Published: August 2017

This article describes a participatory visual research project with two Hong Kong-based Filipina young women, and explores their understandings of citizenship and civic engagement through cellphilm-making (cellphone + filmmaking), collaborating on the writing of an academic article, and co-presenting research findings at an academic conference in Calgary, Canada. The study finds that Hong Kong’s Occupy Movement encouraged the participants to see themselves as engaged citizens, participate politically in the territory, and work toward social change for ethnic minorities by engaging different audiences through multiliteracy practices in a research for social change framework.
Elementary School Language and Literacy Education for Civic Engagement: An Evolving Playbook for Postmodern Times
Authors: Lotherington Heather
Published: August 2017

This paper argues for the need to postmodernize literacy education for civic engagement in an emerging new world order where humans are globally-connected in an invisible digital dimension, yet physically dispersed in greater degrees of complexity. The paper summarizes a university-school collaborative learning community’s evolving playbook on experimental multimodal and plurilingual language and literacy education, and illustrates project-based learning, inclusion of children’s linguistic and cultural knowledge in classroom learning, immersive ludic activities, collaborative problem-solving, and agentive participation in an elementary school classroom project.
Participação do Brasil na grande revolução das Geociências
Authors: Almeida Fernando Flávio Marques de
Published: August 2017

O texto do Professor Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida contém a íntegra de sua palestra apresentada ao IG-Unicamp em 06 de abril de 2005, por ocasião do lançamento em Campinas de livro editado em sua homenagem (Mantesso Neto et al. 2004). O trabalho "Participação do Brasil na Grande Revolução das Geociências" versa sobre aspecto ainda pouco investigado pelos estudiosos da historiografia moderna das Geociências no Brasil: as contribuições fundamentais oferecidas pelos pesquisadores brasileiros, em meados do século XX, para o gradual estabelecimento da Teoria da Tectônica de Placas, modernamente conhecida como Teoria da Tectônica Global. Aceitam-se hoje, amplamente, diversas correlações geológicas, notadamente entre a América do Sul e a África, mas houve grande investimento em pesquisa para que as primitivas comparações pudessem ser mais bem avaliadas, testadas e confirmadas
Relato final do II Seminário Nacional sobre Cursos de Graduação em Geologia
Authors: Carneiro Celso Dal Ré
Published: August 2017

O II Seminário Nacional sobre Cursos de Graduação em Geologia, promovido pelo Instituto de Geociências da Unicamp e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, realizou-se entre os dias 24 e 26 de abril de 2002 nas dependências da Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP. O encontro teve o apoio do Instituto de Geociências da UFBA, Companhia Baiana de Pesquisa Mineral (CBPM), Conselho Federal de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Agronomia (CONFEA), Conselho Regional de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Agronomia de São Paulo (CREA-SP), Sindicato dos Geólogos no Estado de São Paulo (SIGESP) e Federação Nacional dos Geólogos (FEBRAGEO).
A aplicação dos ostracodes (Crustacea) em pesquisas paleoceanográficas e paleoclimáticas
Authors: Bergue Cristianini Trescastro
Published: August 2017

Os ostracodes constituem um grupo de microfósseis com grande aplicabilidade à geociências, o que é atestado pela contribuição que seu estudo trouxe a paleoecologia e bioestratigrafia. A partir da segunda metade do século XX, os ostracodes revelaram-se também como uma excelente fonte de dados para estudos oceanográficos por meio da relação entre as mudanças nas suas assembléias e mudanças nas características hidrológicas, tais como a temperatura e a salinidade. A presença de uma carapaça quitino-calcítica possibilita ainda a realização de análises geoquímicas, que fornecem dados adicionais sobre eventos oceanográficos e auxiliam a compreender suas influências na biota marinha. Sua pesquisa é atualmente desenvolvida em algumas instituições brasileiras, oferecendo oportunidades para o aprimoramento da paleoceanografia em nosso país.
Bilhões de anos em uma tela de computador
Authors: Editorial Equipe
Published: August 2017

Bilhões de anos em uma semana. A instigante frase foi cunhada por alunos de geologia da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro para despertar a atenção das pessoas em geral sobre um ciclo de palestras, em janeiro de 2007. A abordagem situa precisamente a função do geocientista e das geociências nas sociedades modernas: estudar, entender e explicar, em palavras simples, a origem e padrões de evolução do planeta onde vivemos. A mesma imagem, bilhões de anos em uma tela de computador, pode ilustrar o papel de uma revista eletrônica como Terræ Didatica, que busca difundir conhecimentos geocientíficos sobre o planeta.