bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing Bodies: Isadora Duncan, Movement, and Metaphor
Authors: Jankowski Harmony
Published: September 2015

Building on the work of interdisciplinary literary and dance scholars from Frank Kermode to Carrie Preston, this paper attends to depictions of Isadora Duncan appearing in novels, poems, and portraits by modernist writers such as Max Eastman, John Dos Passos, and Gertrude Stein, among others. These diversely experimental texts hold in common a preoccupation with Duncan's perpetual motion, emphasizing shifts in her personal life, choreography, and performance quality over time. “Writing Bodies” theorizes the different expressive roles her image takes on, arguing that the texts use Duncan's image to query the relationship between embodied movement and its literary representations.
CORD Awards Panel 2014: “Celebrating the Scholarship of Deidre Sklar”
Authors: Albright Ann Cooper
Published: September 2015

You are not quite old enough to be my blood ancestor, but I am going to figure you as one anyway. My desire to claim you as a relative, intellectually speaking, is based on the groundbreaking work you have done across the fields of dance, performance studies and critical cultural studies. Your monographDancing with the Virgin: Body and Faith in the Fiesta of Tortugas, New Mexico(2001a) and seminal essays such as “On Dance Ethnography” (2001a) and “Can Bodylore Be Brought to Its Senses?” (1994) have demonstrated that we do not need to leave the body behind as we engage with new theories of cultural meaning. I had always admired your work and thought you were an interesting scholar and fun to be around, but it was being part of your panel on “corporeal rhetorics” during the international “Theory and Practice” conference in Paris, France, in 2007 that helped me make connections between our academic trajectories. This experience really pushed my thinking into new directions. I want to quote your abstract for that panel:

This panel presents the concept of “corporeal rhetoric” in order to explore the question of agency vis à vis corporeal regimes. [This use of] “rhetoric” implies that bodily practices and events have somatic effects on performers and audiences that likewise work to convince. In short, kinetic sensation is a medium of persuasion. Acknowledging that techniques of the body carry ideological loads, we explore the persuasive force of manipulations of kinetic energy, the organization of rhythm and temporal dynamics, muscular tension and flow, spatial relations and shape, directionality and focus, to bring out the interplay of the somatic and the ideological in the transmission of movement practice. (Sklar 2007)
Kazuo Ohno's Dance and His Methodology: From Analyzing His Butoh-fu
Authors: Miyagawa Mariko
Published: September 2015

Kazuo Ohno is considered as a dancer of improvisation, and it is not clear what kind of methods he used for creating his butoh. This is because Ohno did not establish his choreographic language or systematize his methods. However, the notations or notes for creation called “butoh-fu” are an important object for revealing the secrets of his butoh because he wrote them each time he created a new performance. How did these notes work in his dance, and what kind of process was there between notes and his movements? I aim to find his methodology from this relation of words and movements by analyzing his process of making pieces.
blind spot: Media, Memory, and Performing Resistance
Authors: Sakamoto Michael
Published: September 2015

This performative lecture explores artistic, social, cultural, and philosophical issues embedded in interdisciplinary dance theater artist Michael Sakamoto's latest solo work, blind spot. Combining film, video, and photography, dance, and theatrical performance, blind spot attempts to tell a story of looking without seeing, yet with sudden, ephemeral flashes of insight. Using his own history and perception-projection as a racialized, “Asian-American” body practicing butoh, an “Asian” form, Michael speaks of self-contradiction, code switching, and embracing both socialized and subjective identity. Inspired by the Buddhist conception of impermanence and ontological questions of embodied truth in media-based art forms, blind spot is rooted in the belief that every moment is an instance of not knowing, simultaneously revealing our fear and desire, making life a circuitous, nonlinear journey of mapping such “blind spots.”

From Michael's artist statement on blind spot: The fear of not seeing is the same as that of not knowing. From implosive desire, we give primacy to sight at the cost of vision. Within and without language-delineated, behavioral paradigms, we alternate between embracing our passion/obsession and holding ourselves at arm's length in the third person. Our mediated image—dead to the world but with a life of its own—becomes both bulwark against and support for the tenuous, febrile cord connecting us to heredity and lineage in the ways we both speak and act.
Bodies of Silence and Resilience: Writing Marginality
Authors: Zervou Natalie
Published: September 2015

Since 2009, the financial crisis in Greece has brought about a need to revisit the past and challenge previous historical assumptions in order to understand the socio-political present more effectively. Dance, and performing arts in general, have reflected this urge by giving voice to marginalized events and perspectives in Greek history, and by challenging the dominant rhetoric of ancient Greek lineage and continuity that often overlooked the significance of ethnic minorities. As such, the focus has shifted away from a sense of unity toward a fragmented understanding of Greek identity that is re-envisioning history and documenting the present by taking into consideration under-represented communities, such as ethnic minorities and immigrants.

Drawing on a series of collaborative video-dance projects by Despina Stamos and Jill Woodward (passTRESpassandBodies of Resilience), which engage with the subject position of immigrants in Greece during the crisis, this paper examines the relationship between marginality and dominant national histories, as well as the role of dance in (re)writing these “margins” and rendering them visible. Especially at a time when extreme nationalism and racism are on the rise in Greece, can dance provide the subjects of discrimination with agency, and create a space for them to “speak” against racist violence? How are these immigrants’ embodied histories in dialogue with the current rewriting of Greek identity and history?
Intersections of Dance and Poetry in Post-Industrial Michigan
Authors: Davis Emma , Custer Nic
Published: September 2015

In post-industrial Michigan cities of Flint and Detroit, there is a need for art that brings residents together while addressing community issues. Collaborations in dance and poetry engage both traditional and nontraditional audiences while creating a unique visual and audio performance. Separately, the art forms receive less interest. Performing together outdoors, dance and poetry receive more viewer attention, while in traditional dance settings, the message of the two forms is reinforced by one another. “Intersections of Dance and Poetry in Post-Industrial Michigan” examines five collaborations in Flint and Detroit that address community issues while reaching across divisions of class and culture.
Shear-flow dispersion in turbulent jets
Authors: Craske John , Debugne Antoine L. R. , van Reeuwijk Maarten
Published: September 2015

We investigate the transport of a passive scalar in a fully developed turbulent axisymmetric jet at a Reynolds number of $\mathit{Re}=4815$ using data from direct numerical simulation. In particular, we simulate the response of the concentration field to an instantaneous variation of the scalar flux at the source. To analyse the time evolution of this statistically unsteady process we take an ensemble average over 16 independent simulations. We find that the evolution of $C_{m}(z,t)$, the radial integral of the ensemble-averaged concentration, is a self-similar process, with the front position and spread both scaling as $\sqrt{t}$. The longitudinal mixing of $C_{m}$ is shown to be primarily caused by shear-flow dispersion. Using the approach developed by Craske & van Reeuwijk (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 763, 2014, pp. 538–566), the classical theory for shear-flow dispersion is applied to turbulent jets to obtain a closure that couples the integral scalar flux to the integral concentration $C_{m}$. Model predictions using the dispersion closure are in good agreement with the simulation data. Application of the dispersion closure to a two-dimensional jet results in an integral transport equation that is fully consistent with that of Landel et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 711, 2012, pp. 212–258).
Numerical investigation of transition in a boundary layer subjected to favourable and adverse streamwise pressure gradients and elevated free stream turbulence
Authors: Brinkerhoff Joshua R. , Yaras Metin I.
Published: September 2015

Laminar-to-turbulent transition of a boundary layer subjected to streamwise pressure gradients and elevated free stream turbulence is computed through direct numerical simulation. The streamwise pressure distribution and elevated free stream turbulence levels mimic the conditions present on the suction side of highly-cambered airfoils. Longitudinal streamwise streaks form in the laminar boundary layer through the selective inclusion of low-frequency disturbances from the free stream turbulence. The spanwise spacing normalized by local inner variables indicates stabilization of the streaks occurs by the favourable pressure gradient and prevents the development of secondary streak instability modes until downstream of the suction peak. Two distinct processes are found to trigger transition to turbulence in the adverse pressure gradient region of the flow. One involves the development of varicose secondary instability of individual low-speed streaks that results in their breakdown and the formation and growth of discrete turbulent spots. The other involves a rapid amplification of free stream disturbances in the inflectional boundary layer in the adverse pressure gradient region that results in a largely homogeneous breakdown to turbulence across the span. The effect of high-frequency free stream disturbances on the streak secondary instability and on the nonlinear processes within the growing turbulent spot are analysed through the inviscid transport of instantaneous vorticity. The results suggest that free stream turbulence contributes to the growth of the turbulent spot by generating large strain rates that activate vortex-stretching and tilting processes within the spot.
On the meaning of mixing efficiency for buoyancy-driven mixing in stratified turbulent flows
Authors: Davies Wykes Megan S. , Hughes Graham O. , Dalziel Stuart B.
Published: September 2015

The concept of a mixing efficiency is widely used to relate the amount of irreversible diabatic mixing in a stratified flow to the amount of energy available to support mixing. This common measure of mixing in a flow is based on the change in the background potential energy, which is the minimum gravitational potential energy of the fluid that can be achieved by an adiabatic rearrangement of the instantaneous density field. However, this paper highlights examples of mixing that is primarily ‘buoyancy-driven’ (i.e. energy is released to the flow predominantly from a source of available potential energy) to demonstrate that the mixing efficiency depends not only on the specific characteristics of the turbulence in the region of the flow that is mixing, but also on the density profile in regions remote from where mixing physically occurs. We show that this behaviour is due to the irreversible and direct conversion of available potential energy into background potential energy in those remote regions (a mechanism not previously described). This process (here termed ‘relabelling’) occurs without requiring either a local flow or local mixing, or any other process that affects the internal energy of that fluid. Relabelling is caused by initially available potential energy, associated with identifiable parcels of fluid, becoming dynamically inaccessible to the flow due to mixing elsewhere. These results have wider relevance to characterising mixing in stratified turbulent flows, including those involving an external supply of kinetic energy.
Vortex breakdown of compressible subsonic swirling flows in a finite-length straight circular pipe
Authors: Rusak Zvi , Choi Jung J. , Bourquard Nicholas , Wang Shixiao
Published: September 2015

A global analysis of steady states of inviscid compressible subsonic swirling flows in a finite-length straight circular pipe is developed. A nonlinear partial differential equation for the solution of the flow stream function is derived in terms of the inlet flow specific total enthalpy, specific entropy and circulation functions. The equation reflects the complicated thermo–physical interactions in the flows. Several types of solutions of the resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the columnar case together with a flow force condition describe the outlet state of the flow in the pipe. These solutions are used to form the bifurcation diagram of steady compressible flows with swirl as the inlet swirl level is increased at a fixed inlet Mach number. The approach is applied to two profiles of inlet flows, solid-body rotation and the Lamb–Oseen vortex, both with a uniform axial velocity and temperature. The computed results provide for each inlet flow profile theoretical predictions of the critical swirl levels for the appearance of vortex breakdown states as a function of the inlet Mach number, suggesting that the results are robust for a variety of inlet swirling flows. The analysis sheds light on the dynamics of compressible flows with swirl and vortex breakdown, and shows the delay in the appearance of breakdown with increase of the inlet axial flow Mach number in the subsonic range of operation. The present theory is limited to axisymmetric dynamics of swirling flows in pipes where the wall boundary layer is thin and attached and does not interact with the flow in the bulk.
Observations of hypervelocity boundary-layer instability
Authors: Parziale N. J. , Shepherd J. E. , Hornung H. G.
Published: September 2015

A novel optical method is used to measure the high-frequency (up to 3 MHz) density fluctuations that precede transition to turbulence within a laminar boundary layer in a hypervelocity flow. This optical method, focused laser differential interferometry, enables measurements of short-wavelength, high-frequency disturbances that are impossible with conventional instrumentation such as pressure transducers or hot wires. In this work, the T5 reflected-shock tunnel is used to generate flows in air, nitrogen and carbon dioxide with speeds between 3.5 and $5~\text{km}~\text{s}^{-1}$ (Mach numbers between 4 and 6) over a 5° half-angle cone at zero angle of attack. Simultaneous measurements are made at two locations approximately midway along a generator of the 1-m-long cone. With increasing Reynolds number (unit values were between 2 and $5\times 10^{6}~\text{m}^{-1}$), density fluctuations are observed to grow in amplitude and transition from a single narrow band of frequencies consistent with the Mack or second mode of boundary-layer instability to bursts of large-amplitude and spectrally broad disturbances that appear to be precursors of turbulent spots. Disturbances that are sufficiently small in initial amplitude have a wavepacket-like signature and are observed to grow in amplitude between the upstream and downstream measurement locations. A cross-correlation analysis indicates propagation of wavepackets at speeds close to the edge velocity. The free stream flow created by the shock tunnel and the resulting boundary layer on the cone are computed, accounting for chemical and vibrational non-equilibrium processes. Using this base flow, local linear and parabolized stability (PSE) analyses are carried out and compared with the experimental results. Reasonable agreement is found between measured and predicted most unstable frequencies, with the greatest differences being approximately 15 %. The scaling of the observed frequency with the inverse of boundary-layer thickness and directly with the flow velocity are consistent with the characteristics of Mack’s second mode, as well as results of previous researchers on hypersonic boundary layers.
Vortex-ring-induced stratified mixing
Authors: Olsthoorn Jason , Dalziel Stuart B.
Published: September 2015

There is tantalizing evidence that some mechanically driven stratified flows tend towards a state of constant mixing efficiency. We provide insight into the energy balance leading to the constant mixing efficiency and isolate the responsible mechanism. The work presented demonstrates an important mixing efficiency regime for periodically forced externally driven stratified flows. Externally forced stratified turbulent mixing is often characterized by the associated eddies within the flow, which are the dominant mixing mechanism (Turner, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 173, 1986, pp. 431–471). Here, we study mixing induced by vortex rings in order to characterize the mixing induced by an individual eddy. By generating a long sequence of independent vortex-ring mixing events in a density-stratified fluid with a sharp interface, we determine the mixing efficiency of each ring. After an initial adjustment phase, we find that the mixing efficiency of each vortex ring is independent of the Richardson number. By studying the mixing mechanism here, we demonstrate consistent features of a volumetrically confined, periodically forced external mixing regime.
Non-equilibrium scaling laws in axisymmetric turbulent wakes
Authors: Dairay T. , Obligado M. , Vassilicos J. C.
Published: September 2015

We present a combined direct numerical simulation and hot-wire anemometry study of an axisymmetric turbulent wake. The data lead to a revised theory of axisymmetric turbulent wakes which relies on the mean streamwise momentum and turbulent kinetic energy equations, self-similarity of the mean flow, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress and turbulent dissipation profiles, non-equilibrium dissipation scalings and an assumption of constant anisotropy. This theory is supported by the present data up to a distance of 100 times the wake generator’s size, which is as far as these data extend.
FINITE SYMMETRIC GRAPHS WITH 2-ARC-TRANSITIVE QUOTIENTS: AFFINE CASE
Authors: REZA SALARIAN M.
Published: September 2015

Let $G$ be a finite group and ${\rm\Gamma}$ a $G$-symmetric graph. Suppose that $G$ is imprimitive on $V({\rm\Gamma})$ with $B$ a block of imprimitivity and ${\mathcal{B}}:=\{B^{g};g\in G\}$ a system of imprimitivity of $G$ on $V({\rm\Gamma})$. Define ${\rm\Gamma}_{{\mathcal{B}}}$ to be the graph with vertex set ${\mathcal{B}}$ such that two blocks $B,C\in {\mathcal{B}}$ are adjacent if and only if there exists at least one edge of ${\rm\Gamma}$ joining a vertex in $B$ and a vertex in $C$. Xu and Zhou [‘Symmetric graphs with 2-arc-transitive quotients’, J. Aust. Math. Soc. 96 (2014), 275–288] obtained necessary conditions under which the graph ${\rm\Gamma}_{{\mathcal{B}}}$ is 2-arc-transitive. In this paper, we completely settle one of the cases defined by certain parameters connected to ${\rm\Gamma}$ and ${\mathcal{B}}$ and show that there is a unique graph corresponding to this case.
Introduction: Photography and Twentieth-Century German History
Authors: Harvey Elizabeth , Umbach Maiken
Published: September 2015

History conjures up an image of the past and transports it into our present. Photographs both facilitate and, at times, markedly determine this historical process, especially for the twentieth century. For better or worse, they have irrevocably shaped the way we imagine the characters and sites of modern history. From infamous dictators to mass political rallies, from radical protests to everyday leisure pursuits: photographs form powerful frames through which we historians represent the past to ourselves and to our audiences.
Selfhood, Place, and Ideology in German Photo Albums, 1933–1945
Authors: Umbach Maiken
Published: September 2015

This article explores the significance of photography and photo-album making as practices that many Germans used to record their lives during the Third Reich. Millions of photos not only offer insights into everyday life under National Socialism: mass photography itself had a transformative effect, turning seemingly mundane actions into performances for the camera and into conscious acts of self-representation. The article also considers the relationship between amateur snapshots, on the one hand, and propagandistic and commercial photographs, on the other. Identifying connections between the genres, it argues that these are best understood as two-way processes of borrowing and (re-)appropriation, in which private subjectivity and public ideology constantly commingled. Particularly important in linking the two were photos of emotional or affective states, such as relaxation, exploration, introspection, and even melancholy, which were often defined or underscored by the ways in which both civilians and soldiers positioned themselves in relation to particular landscapes. The photographic archival record is highly varied, but such variation notwithstanding, photos helped cement immersive “experience” as the basis for individual and collective identity; this was central to the ideology of the National Socialist regime, even if it never wholly controlled its meanings.
Working Photos: Propaganda, Participation, and the Visual Production of Memory in Nazi Germany
Authors: Prehn Ulrich
Published: September 2015

This article examines images of Germany's “working world” in the 1930s and 1940s. Analyzing photos from three different genres—factory photography, special-occasion industrial photography, and the work of nonprofessional photographers—it addresses a series of questions: How was the “working world” depicted in photographs from this period? What were the different modes, functions, and effects of visual representations of work and workers in these three genres? In what ways did these photographs contribute to the (visual) production and “shaping” of memory—in terms of worker experiences, as well as with respect to attempts by the National Socialists to promote ideological notions of community-building (Vergemeinschaftung)? The main argument is that photography served as an important tool for the mobilization and self-mobilization of German workers under the Nazi regime.
From Private Photography to Mass Circulation: The Queering of East German Visual Culture, 1968–1989
Authors: McLellan Josie
Published: September 2015

This article describes how a particular kind of queer figure moved from private photography into the mainstream of East German visual culture. It begins with a set of private photographs from the late 1960s from the collection of Heino Hilger, a regular, with his friends, at the East Berlin bar Burgfrieden. The photographs show how dressing in drag and the act of photography were important ways of constituting a gay male subculture. After the decriminalization of sex between men in 1968, the gay scene became bolder and more political in East Germany. The subversion of gender norms was central to the activism of groups such as the Homosexual Interest Group Berlin (HIB) and Gays in the Church. The visibility of the queer figure culminated in the late 1980s, when parts of the film Coming Out were filmed in Burgfrieden and when the popular monthly Das Magazin published a three-part feature on male homosexuality. What all these cultural artifacts and events had in common was not just a critique of the heterosexual norm, but also a queering of the boundaries between masculinity and femininity.
3D geology in a 2D country: perspectives for geological surveying in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Meulen M.J. , Doornenbal J.C. , Gunnink J.L. , Stafleu J. , Schokker J. , Vernes R.W. , van Geer F.C. , van Gessel S.F. , van Heteren S. , van Leeuwen R.J.W. , Bakker M.A.J. , Bogaard P.J.F. , Busschers F.S. , Griffioen J. , Gruijters S.H.L.L. , Kiden P. , Schroot B.M. , Simmelink H.J. , van Berkel W.O. , van der Krogt R.A.A. , Westerhoff W.E. , van Daalen T.M.
Published: September 2015

Over the last ten to twenty years, geological surveys all over the world have been entangled in a process of digitisation. Their paper archives, built over many decades, have largely been replaced by electronic databases. The systematic production of geological map sheets is being replaced by 3D subsurface modelling, the results of which are distributed electronically. In the Netherlands, this transition is both being accelerated and concluded by a new law that will govern management and utilisation of subsurface information. Under this law, the Geological Survey of the Netherlands has been commissioned to build a key register for the subsurface: a single national database for subsurface data and information, which Dutch government bodies are obliged to use when making policies or decisions that pertain to, or can be affected by the subsurface. This requires the Survey to rethink and redesign a substantial part of its operation: from data acquisition and interpretation to delivery. It has also helped shape our view on geological surveying in the future.

The key register, which is expected to start becoming operational in 2015, will contain vast quantities of subsurface data, as well as their interpretation into 3D models. The obligatory consultation of the register will raise user expectations of the reliability of all information it contains, and requires a strong focus on confidence issues. Building the necessary systems and meeting quality requirements is our biggest challenge in the upcoming years. The next step change will be towards building 4D models, which represent not only geological conditions in space, but also processes in time such as subsidence, anthropogenic effects, and those associated with global change.
The complete mitochondrial genome of Pseudanoplocephala crawfordi and a comparison with closely related cestode species
Authors: Zhao G.H. , Wang H.B. , Jia Y.Q. , Zhao W. , Hu X.F. , Yu S.K. , Liu G.H.
Published: September 2015

Pseudanoplocephala crawfordi is an important zoonotic cestode of economic significance and public health concern. In spite of its significance as a pathogen, the systematics, genetics, epidemiology and biology of this parasite remain poorly understood. In the present study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of P. crawfordi, which is 14,192 bp long and encodes 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated amino acid sequences using the Bayesian inference (BI) method showed that P. crawfordi was closely related to the family Hymenolepididae. Considering that the taxonomic status of P. crawfordi has been controversial when based only on morphological features, the mt genome obtained here will provide novel molecular markers to ascertain the phylogenetic position of this parasite accurately.
Energy-optimal relative timing of stance-leg push-off and swing-leg retraction in walking
Authors: Hasaneini S. Javad , Bertram John E. A. , Macnab Chris J. B.
Published: September 2015

Swing-leg retraction in walking is the slowing or reversal of the forward rotation of the swing leg at the end of the swing phase prior to ground contact. For retraction, a hip torque is often applied to the swing leg at about the same time as stance-leg push-off. Due to mechanical coupling, the push-off force affects leg swing, and hip torque affects the stance-leg extension. This coupling makes the energetic costs of retraction and push-off depend on their relative timing. Here, we find the energy-optimal relative timing of these actions. We first use a simplified walking model with non-regenerative actuators, a work-based energetic-cost, and impulsive actuations. Depending on whether the late-swing hip torque is retracting or extending (pushing the leg forward), we find that the optimum is obtained by applying the impulsive hip torque either following or prior to the impulsive push-off force, respectively. These trends extend to other bipedal models and to aperiodic gaits, and are independent of step lengths and walking speeds. In one simulation, the cost of a walking step is increased by 17.6% if retraction torque comes before push-off. To consider non-impulsive actuation and the cost of force production, we add a force-squared (F2) term to the work cost. We show that this cost promotes simultaneous push-off force and retracting torque, but does not change the result that any extending torque should come prior to push-off. A high-fidelity optimization of the Cornell Ranger robot is consistent with the swing-retraction trends from the models above.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PREFERENCE INFORMATION IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT DECISION MAKING? A CASE STUDY OF COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING
Authors: Wortley Sally , Flitcroft Kathy , Howard Kirsten
Published: September 2015

Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the role of community preference information from discrete choice studies of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in health technology assessment (HTA) reports and subsequent policy decisions.

Methods:We undertook a systematic review of discrete choice studies of CRC screening. Included studies were reviewed to assess the policy context of the research. For those studies that cited a recent or pending review of CRC screening, further searches were undertaken to determine the extent to which community preference information was incorporated into the HTA decision-making process.

Results:Eight discrete choice studies that evaluated preferences for CRC screening were identified. Four of these studies referred to a national or local review of CRC screening in three countries: Australia, Canada, and the Netherlands. Our review of subsequently released health policy documents showed that while consideration was given to community views on CRC, policy was not informed by discrete choice evidence.

Conclusions:Preferences and values of patients are increasingly being considered “evidence” to be incorporated into HTA reports. Discrete choice methodology is a rigorous quantitative method for eliciting preferences and while as a methodology it is growing in profile, it would appear that the results of such research are not being systematically translated or integrated into HTA reports. A formalized approach is needed to incorporate preference literature into the HTA decision-making process.
Disturbance impacts on large rain-forest vertebrates differ with edge type and regional context in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Froese Graden Z.L. , Contasti Adrienne L. , Mustari Abdul Haris , Brodie Jedediah F.
Published: September 2015

Anthropogenic edge effects, whereby disturbance strength increases in proximity to ecotone boundaries, are known to strongly affect individual species but we lack a general understanding of how they vary by species, disturbance type and regional context. We deployed 46 camera-trap stations for a total of 3545 trap-days at two sites in Sulawesi, Indonesia, obtaining 937 detections of five vertebrate species. Anoa (Bubalus spp.) were more abundant near edges, booted macaque (Macaca ochreata) and red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) were less abundant near edges, and edges did not impact Sulawesi warty pig (Sus celebensis) or Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga). But the relative importance of habitat disturbance from agriculture, roads and villages differed for each species, and edge-induced disturbances varied not only in magnitude but also in direction between the study areas. In the strongest instance, macaque local abundance was 3.5 times higher near villages than it was 3 km into the forest in one reserve, but 2.8 times higher 3 km into the forest than near villages in the other reserve. Our results suggest that responses to habitat edges among species and edge types are idiosyncratic, and that landscape-level context can strongly alter the influence of local disturbance on biodiversity.
Further support for thermal ecosystem engineering by wandering albatross
Authors: Haupt Tanya M. , Sinclair Brent J. , Shaw Justine D. , Chown Steven L.
Published: September 2015

On sub-Antarctic Marion Island, wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) nests support high abundances of tineid moth,Pringleophaga marioni, caterpillars. Previous work proposed that the birds serve as thermal ecosystem engineers by elevating nest temperatures relative to ambient, thereby promoting growth and survival of the caterpillars. However, only 17 days of temperature data were presented previously, despite year-long nest occupation by birds. Previous sampling was also restricted to old and recently failed nests, though nests from which chicks have recently fledged are key to understanding how the engineering effect is realized. Here we build on previous work by providing nest temperature data for a full year and by sampling all three nest types. For the full duration of nest occupancy, temperatures within occupied nests are significantly higher, consistently byc. 7°C, than those in surrounding soils and abandoned nests, declining noticeably when chicks fledge. Caterpillar abundance is significantly higher in new nests compared to nests from which chicks have fledged, which in turn have higher caterpillar abundances than old nests. Combined with recent information on the life history ofP. marioni, our data suggest that caterpillars are incidentally added to the nests during nest construction, and subsequently benefit from an engineering effect.
Proteomics of pediatric heart failure: from traditional biomarkers to new discovery strategies
Authors: Xu Mingguo , Ramirez-Correa Genaro A. , Murphy Anne M.
Published: September 2015

Heart failure in children is a complex clinical syndrome with multiple aetiologies. The underlying disorders that lead to heart failure in children differ significantly from those in adults. Some clinical biomarkers for heart failure status and prognosis appear to be useful in both age groups. This review outlines the use and the present status of biomarkers for heart failure in paediatric cardiology. Furthermore, clinical scenarios in which development of new biomarkers might address management or prognosis are discussed. Finally, strategies for proteomic discovery of novel biomarkers and application to practice are described.
Stem cell therapy for CHD: towards translation
Authors: Wehman Brody , Siddiqui Osama T. , Mishra Rachana , Sharma Sudhish , Kaushal Sunjay
Published: September 2015

Stem cell therapy has the optimistic goal of regenerating the myocardium as defined by re-growth of lost or destroyed myocardium. As applied to patients with heart failure, many confuse or limit the regenerative definition to just improving myocardial function and/or decreasing myocardial scar formation, which may not be the most important clinical outcome to achieve in this promising field of molecular medicine. Many different stem cell-based therapies have been tested and have demonstrated a safe and feasible profile in adult patients with heart failure, but with varied efficacious end points reported. Although not achieved as of yet, the encompassing goal to regenerate the heart is still believed to be within reach using these cell-based therapies in adult patients with heart failure, as the first-generation therapies are now being tested in different phases of clinical trials. Similar efforts to foster the translation of stem cell therapy to children with heart failure have, however, been limited. In this review, we aim to summarise the findings from pre-clinical models and clinical experiences to date that have focussed on the evaluation of stem cell therapy in children with heart failure. Finally, we present methodological considerations pertinent to the design of a stem cell-based trial for children with heart failure, as they represent a population of patients with very different sets of issues when compared with adult patients. As has been taught by many learned clinicians, children are not small adults!
Clinical management of patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Rossano Joseph W.
Published: September 2015

Acute heart failure is a common and serious complication of congenital and acquired heart disease, and it is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and costs. When a patient is admitted to the hospital with acute heart failure, there are several important goals for the hospital admission, including maintaining adequate perfusion, establishing the underlying aetiology for the heart failure, patient and family education, and discharge from the hospital in a stable condition. The pathway to home discharge is variable and may include inotropic therapy, mechanical circulatory support, and/or heart transplantation. This review will cover the epidemiology, presentation, and management of acute heart failure in children.
Diagnosis and treatment of foetal heart failure: foetal echocardiography and foetal hydrops*
Authors: Huhta James C.
Published: September 2015

Foetal echocardiography has progressed to be able to diagnose many forms of CHD and to assess the prognosis of cardiac lesions based on their anatomy and presentation in utero. This article outlines a straightforward method for the rapid evaluation of foetus that may have congestive heart failure with or without hydrops and for the differentiation of the pre-hydropic state from normal. The presence of signs of foetal heart failure, such as cardiomegaly or valvular regurgitation, gives clues to the aetiology of hydrops. The assessment of the prognosis of hydrops foetalis can be difficult but can be aided by the use of the cardiovascular profile score. Once identified, the neurohumoral effects of foetal heart failure can be ameliorated using transplacental digoxin if the hydrops has not progressed.
Cardiac complications in childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines
Authors: Franco Vivian I. , Lipshultz Steven E.
Published: September 2015

Cardiovascular complications are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among survivors of childhood cancer, after cancer relapse and secondary malignancies. Although advances in cancer treatment have improved the 5-year survival rates, the same treatments, such as anthracyclines, that cure cancer also increase the risk for adverse cardiovascular effects. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity in survivors of childhood cancer is progressive and can take years to develop, initially presenting as sub-clinical cardiac abnormalities that, if left undetected or untreated, can lead to heart failure, myocardial infarction, or other clinical cardiac dysfunction. A higher cumulative dose of anthracycline is associated with cardiotoxicity in children; however, sub-clinical cardiac abnormalities are evident at lower doses with longer follow-up, suggesting that there is no “safe” dose of anthracycline. Other risk factors include female sex, younger age at diagnosis, black race, trisomy 21, longer time since treatment, and the presence of pre-existing cardiovascular disease and co-morbidities. Cardioprotective strategies during treatment are limited in children. Enalapril provides only temporary cardioprotection, whereas continuous anthracycline infusion extends none. On the other hand, dexrazoxane successfully prevents or reduces anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity in children with cancer, without increased risks for recurrence of primary or second malignancies or reductions in anti-tumour efficacy. With more childhood cancer survivors now reaching adulthood, it is vital to understand the adverse effects of cancer treatment on the cardiovascular system and their long-term consequences to identify and establish optimal prevention and management strategies that balance oncologic efficacy with long-term safety.
Emerging science in paediatric heart transplantation: donor allocation, biomarkers, and the quest for evidence-based medicine
Authors: Daly Kevin P.
Published: September 2015

Heart transplantation offers excellent survival benefit to children with end-stage heart failure. With its success, the number of potential recipients continues to exceed the number of available donors. Developing strategies to safely increase donor utilisation is crucial to decreasing wait-list mortality. A new paediatric heart allocation policy is set to be implemented with the goal of prioritising the most urgent listed candidates. Owing to excellent outcomes of ABO-incompatible heart transplantation, the sickest infants will soon receive priority for heart offers irrespective of blood group. Allosensitisation poses unique challenges within the paediatric population; ongoing multi-centre studies are poised to refine our understanding of key risk factors and optimal treatment strategies. Biomarkers for acute cellular rejection, such as donor-specific cell-free DNA, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy, such as VEGF-A, may lead to a decreased need for invasive screening. Ultimately, well-designed and executed randomised control trials of post-transplant immunosuppression are required to improve long-term outcomes after paediatric heart transplantation.
More lessons learned from the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study
Authors: Law Yuk M.
Published: September 2015

Paediatric heart transplantation has evolved over the last 3 decades. The research group, Pediatric Heart Transplant Study, has been in step with that evolution over the nearly 20 years of its existence by utilising its registry to contribute a wealth of clinical research to the field. The highlights of its studies will be presented in this review.
Summary of the 2015 International Paediatric Heart Failure Summit of Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute
Authors: Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Quintessenza James A. , Karl Tom R. , Asante-Korang Alfred , Everett Allen D. , Collins Susan B. , Ramirez-Correa Genaro A. , Burns Kristin M. , Cohen Mitchell , Colan Steven D. , Costello John M. , Daly Kevin P. , Franklin Rodney C. G. , Fraser Charles D. , Hill Kevin D. , Huhta James C. , Kaushal Sunjay , Law Yuk M. , Lipshultz Steven E. , Murphy Anne M. , Pasquali Sara K. , Payne Mark R. , Rossano Joseph , Shirali Girish , Ware Stephanie M. , Xu Mingguo , Jacobs Marshall L.
Published: September 2015

In the United States alone, ∼14,000 children are hospitalised annually with acute heart failure. The science and art of caring for these patients continues to evolve. The International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit of Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute was held on February 4 and 5, 2015. The 2015 International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit of Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute was funded through the Andrews/Daicoff Cardiovascular Program Endowment, a philanthropic collaboration between All Children’s Hospital and the Morsani College of Medicine at the University of South Florida (USF). Sponsored by All Children’s Hospital Andrews/Daicoff Cardiovascular Program, the International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit assembled leaders in clinical and scientific disciplines related to paediatric heart failure and created a multi-disciplinary “think-tank”. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarise the lessons from the 2015 International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit of Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute, to describe the “state of the art” of the treatment of paediatric cardiac failure, and to discuss future directions for research in the domain of paediatric cardiac failure.
Decision-Making and Prepotent Response Inhibition Functions in Excessive Internet Users
Authors: Sun De-Lin , Chen Zu-Ji , Ma Ning , Zhang Xiao-Chu , Fu Xian-Ming , Zhang Da-Ren
Published: September 2015

Introduction: Excessive Internet use (EIU), also described as Internet addiction or pathological Internet use, has already become a serious social problem around the world. Some researchers consider EIU as a kind of behavioral addiction. However, there are few experimental studies on the cognitive functions of excessive Internet users (EIUers) and limited data are available to compare EIU with other addictive behaviors, such as drug abuse and pathological gambling.

Methods: In this study, we examined EIUers' functions of decision-making and prepotent response inhibition. Two groups of participants, EIUers and controls, were compared on these two functions by using a Gambling Task and a Go/no-go Task, respectively.

Results: Compared with controls, EIUers selected significantly less net decks in the Gambling Task (P =.007). Furthermore, the EIUers made progress in selecting strategy, but more slowly than did the control group (EIUers, chunk 3 > chunk 1, P<.001; controls, chunk 2 > chunk P<.001; controls, chunk 2 > chunk 1, P<.001). Interestingly, EIUers' accuracy during the no-go condition was significantly higher than that of controls (P=.018).

Conclusion: These results showed some similarities and dissimilarities between EIU and other addictive behaviors such as drug abuse and pathological gambling. The findings from the Gambling Task indicated that EIUers have deficits in decision-making function, which are characterized by a strategy learning lag rather than an inability to learn from task contingencies. EIUers' better performance in the Go/no-go Task suggested some dissociation between mechanisms of decision-making and those of prepotent response inhibition. However, EIUers could hardly suppress their excessive online behaviors in real life. Their ability of inhibition still needs to be further studied with more specific assessments.
The Lives of Young Fathers: A Review of Selected Evidence
Authors: Lau Clayton Carmen
Published: September 2015

While young fathers have been neglected in social research in the UK, over the past fifteen years a small but growing body of empirical evidence has emerged across a range of studies. This review article draws selectively on this literature to document the characteristics of young fathers in the UK and their lived experiences. It presents compelling evidence for the desire of young fathers to be engaged as parents, despite the sometimes multiple challenges that they face. The article begins with a demographic profile of young fathers and documents what is known of young fathers’ relationships with their children, the child's mother and wider kin. It goes on to consider a range of practical issues facing young fathers. The article concludes with a consideration of young fathers’ support needs and experiences of professional support, drawing out the implications for policy and professional practice.