bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlorogenic acid: A comprehensive review of the dietary sources, processing effects, bioavailability, beneficial properties, mechanisms of action, and future directions
Authors: Lu Huijie , Tian Zhimei , Cui Yiyan , Liu Zhichang , Ma Xianyong
Published: September 2020

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs), a group of hydroxycinnamates, are generally abundant in everyday foods and beverages, most prominently in certain coffee drinks. Among them, the chlorogenic acid (CGA), also termed as 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (5‐CQA), is one of the most abundant, highly functional polyphenolic compounds in the human diet. The evidence of its health benefits obtained from clinical studies, as well as basic research, indicates an inverse correlation between 5‐CQA consumption and a lower risk of metabolic syndromes and chronic diseases. This review focuses on the beneficial properties for health and mechanisms of action of 5‐CQA, starting with its history, isomers, dietary sources, processing effects, preparation methods, pharmacological safety evaluation, and bioavailability. It also provides the possible molecular mechanistic bases to explain the health beneficial effects of 5‐CQA including neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, gastrointestinal protective, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, glucose and lipid metabolism regulatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The information summarized here could aid in the basic and clinical research on 5‐CQA as a natural dietary additive, potential drug candidate, as well as a natural health promoter.
Development of insect‐proof starch adhesive containing encapsulated cinnamon oil for paper box adhesion to inhibit Plodia interpunctella larvae infestation
Authors: Kim Jungheon , Yoon Chan Suk , Lee Sang‐eun , Na Ja Hyun , Han Jaejoon
Published: September 2020

The objectives of this study were to develop insect‐resistant adhesives and apply them to a cardboard packaging system for preventing Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae infestation. Cinnamon essential oil (CO), an insecticide, was encapsulated with maltodextrin (CS/MD/CO), β‐cyclodextrin (CS/β‐CD/CO), and polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA/CO) in corn starch (CS) paste. This resulted in a sustained and gradual release of CO from the starch‐based insect‐proof adhesives. Penetration pathways of insects into corrugated cardboard boxes were investigated through the use of a screening test for infestation profiling. Microscopic images of encapsulated CO in an oil in water (O/W) emulsion were observed to confirm the morphology of the adhesives. Adhesion forces of CS, CS/CO, CS/MD/CO, CS/β‐CD/CO, and CS/PVA/CO were determined to be 6.2 N, 4.0 N, 3.1 N, 6.0 N, and 5.8 N, respectively. Consequently, significant decreases of adhesion force in the CS/CO and CS/MD/CO were found to be due to the presence of the surfactant (Span® 80) and the low adhesive properties of MD. The duration of the insecticidal activities of the developed adhesives was evaluated by measuring their release rates for 14 days and repellent profiles up to 24 hr and 40 days. As a result, CS/β‐CD/CO and CS/PVA/CO were found to have an inhibited rapid release and sustained repellent profiles. In conclusion, CS/β‐CD/CO and CS/PVA/CO were determined to be suitable for encapsulation models and could be applied to industrial cardboard containers to prevent cases of insect invasion.

Practical Application

Corn starch‐based natural adhesives with an insect‐proof property were applied to food containers consisted of corrugated cardboard boxes. Cornflake cereal packaging using insect‐proof corrugated cardboard successfully prohibited pest invasion in commercial food distribution simulation model. Developed insecticidal adhesives are able to control insect penetration in distribution and storage steps.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of shoulder tendons in patients with Hashimoto's disease
Authors: Buyuksireci Dilek Eker , Tecer Duygu , Bolayir Basak , Yon Merve Ecem Erdogan , Akturk Mujde , Gunendi Zafer , Gogus Feride
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To investigate the thickness of the shoulder tendons and the measurement of acromiohumeral distance (AHD) in patients with Hashimoto's disease (HD).

Material and Methods

Twenty‐eight patients with subclinical hypothyroid HD, 40 patients with euthyroid HD, and 51 healthy subjects were included. The thicknesses of biceps brachii, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus tendons at both shoulders were evaluated with ultrasonography. Serum levels of thyroid stimulated hormone (TSH), free tri‐iodothyronine, free thyroxine (FT4), anti‐thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and anti‐thyroglobulin (anti‐TG) antibodies levels were measured.

Results

Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), free T3 and free T4 levels were similar between the three groups (P = .839, P = .205, P = .374, P = .430 and P = .497, respectively). Biceps brachii, supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendon thicknesses in dominant arm and biceps brachii, subscapularis and infraspinatus tendon thicknesses in non‐dominant arm were significantly increased in euthyroid HD compared to healthy controls (P = .003, P = .030, P < .001; P = .035, P = .042, P < .001, respectively). Biceps brachii tendon thickness in dominant arm and subscapularis and supraspinatus tendon thicknesses in non‐dominant arms were significantly increased in subclinical hypothyroid HD compared to healthy controls (P = .025; P = .046, P = .017, respectively). However there was no such difference between euthyroid HD and subclinical hypothyroid HD groups (P < .05). There was low correlation between biceps brachii tendon thickness and free T4 level in non‐dominant shoulder in patients with HD (r = .272 P = .030). For the rest of the tendons, there was no correlation between TSH, anti‐TPO, anti‐TG levels and tendon thicknesses in patients with HD.

Conclusions

This study suggests that thyroid autoimmunity in HD may lead to an increase in thickness of shoulder tendons.
Long‐term observational study on 6223 survivors of arsenic poisoning due to contaminated milk powder during infancy
Authors: Liu Rong , Tabuchi Takahiro , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Miyashiro Isao , Sobue Tomotaka
Published: September 2020

In 1955, an outbreak of arsenic poisoning caused by the ingestion of arsenic‐contaminated Morinaga Dry Milk occurred in western Japan. This study aimed to assess the mortality and cancer incidence risk among Japanese individuals who were poisoned during this time as infants. In total, 6223 survivors (mean age at enrollment, 27.5 y) who had ingested contaminated milk when they were aged ≤ 2 y participated in this study. Follow‐up was conducted from 1982 to 2018 (mean follow‐up duration, 30.3 y). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) were used to compare mortality and cancer incidence rates of subjects with the respective Japanese population rates, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the SMR and SIR were also calculated. In total, 561 deaths and 524 new cancer cases were observed. A statistically significant increase in mortality rate was observed for all causes (SMR, 1.15; 1.01‐1.19), nervous system disease (2.83, 1.62‐4.19), respiratory disease (2.02, 1.37‐2.62), genitourinary system disease (2.25, 1.10‐3.73), and traffic accident (2.03, 1.14‐3.04). In contrast, a significant decrease in cancer incidence rate was observed for all cancers (SIR, 0.96; 0.84‐0.99), stomach cancer (0.77, 0.57‐0.92), colon cancer (0.63, 0.41‐0.85), rectum cancer (0.69, 0.43‐0.95), and breast cancer (0.72, 0.52‐0.89). Liver cancer showed a high mortality rate (SMR, 1.68; 1.06‐2.31). In this study, after the long‐term follow‐up we revealed overall and cause‐specific mortality and cancer incidence risk among survivors who ingested arsenic‐contaminated dry milk as infants.
An economic evaluation framework for land‐use‐based conservation policy instruments in a changing climate
Authors: Gerling Charlotte , Wätzold Frank
Published: September 2020

Climate change is a key threat to biodiversity. To conserve species under climate change, ecologists and conservation scientists suggest 2 main conservation strategies regarding land use: supporting species’ range shifts to enable it to follow its climatic requirements by creating migration pathways, such as corridors and stepping stones, and conserving climate refugia (i.e., existing habitat areas that are somewhat buffered from climate change). The policy instruments that could be used to implement these conservation strategies have yet to be evaluated comprehensively from an economic perspective. The economic analyses of environmental policy instruments are often based on ecological effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness criteria. We adapted these general criteria to evaluate policy instruments for species’ conservation under climate change and applied them to a conceptual analysis of land purchases, offsets, and conservation payments. Depending on whether the strategy supporting species’ range shifts or conserving climate refugia is selected, the evaluation of the policy instruments differed substantially. For example, to ensure ecological effectiveness, habitat persistence over time was especially important for climate refugia and was best achieved by a land‐purchase policy instrument. In contrast, for the strategy supporting range shifts to be ecologically effective, a high degree of flexibility in the location of conserved sites was required to ensure that new habitat sites can be created in the species’ new range. Offset programs were best suited for that because the location of conservation sites can be chosen comparatively freely and may also be adapted over time.
CD8‐positive cutaneous lymphoproliferation associated with large granular lymphocyte leukemia in a patient with X‐linked agammaglobulinemia
Authors: Daou Hala , Hatch Leigh A. , Weinkle Allison , Morey Gabriel Eli , Messina Jane , Zhang Xiaohui , Sokol Lubomir , Seminario‐Vidal Lucia
Published: September 2020

Patients with primary immunodeficiency are at increased risk for malignancy, especially hematologic neoplasms. This paper reports a unique case of a 47‐year‐old man with X‐linked agammaglobulinemia who presented with progressive asymptomatic violaceous papules and plaques on his face, hands, and trunk for 1 year. Skin biopsies revealed deep, nodular infiltrates of histiocytes and CD8‐positive lymphocytes, with a CD4:CD8 ratio of 1:10. Laboratory studies showed cytopenias. Flow cytometry in the skin, blood, and bone marrow (BM) showed a CD3+/CD8+/CD57+ large granular lymphocyte population. BM biopsy showed 30% involvement with these atypical T‐cells. T‐cell gene rearrangement studies of skin, blood, and BM revealed identical T‐cell clones. He was diagnosed with T‐large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T‐LGLL) with an associated CD8+ cutaneous lymphoproliferation. Skin involvement was suspected to represent infiltration by T‐LGLL. However, co‐existence of two lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), T‐LGLL and CD8+ granulomatous LPD, remains a possibility. In general, cutaneous infiltrates associated with LGLL are rare and poorly understood. It has been suggested that they are markers of poor prognosis. Our case report describes skin, blood, and BM findings in an immunosuppressed patient with T‐LGLL in detail. These findings have not yet been reported and their significance requires further investigation.
Measurements meet perceptions: rheology–texture–sensory relations when using green, bio‐derived emollients in cosmetic emulsions
Authors: Huynh A. , Garcia A.G. , Young L.K. , Szoboszlai M. , Liberatore M.W. , Baki G.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Product aesthetics and sensory performance can strongly influence a cosmetic product’s acceptance by consumers. However, classic sensory analysis is time‐consuming, expensive and does not provide information on the target group’s preference. In the previous phase of this project, we had untrained consumers evaluate six cosmetic emulsions based on their aesthetics using a check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) survey. In this project, our goals were to quantitatively characterize the rheology and textural properties of the six cosmetic emulsions containing green, bio‐derived emollients and identify statistical relationships between the consumers’ description of products and the instrumental measurements.

Methods

Six emulsions were prepared—three with olive oil and three with heptyl undecylenate as an emollient. Four sensory‐like attributes, namely firmness, work of shear, stickiness and adhesiveness, were tested using a texture analyser. Rheological characterization included continuous flow testing and oscillatory measurements. Droplet size and stability were also evaluated. Statistical relationships were quantified between measurements in this study and sensory survey results published previously.

Results

The textural and rheological results indicated that the emulsions were different—as designed. The texture and rheology measurements had analogous grouping outcomes to the consumers’ discrimination. Emulsions 1 and 2 were the firmest, hardest to spread, stickiest and had the highest viscosity, while Emulsions 5 and 6 were the least firm, easiest to spread, less sticky than Emulsions 1 and 2, and had the lowest viscosity. Emulsions 3 and 4 fell in between the other two groups. Using olive oil instead of heptyl undecylenate as an emollient increased firmness, spreading, stickiness, viscosity and droplet size of the emulsions in every case—when comparing emulsions within each pair. All six emulsions had a shear‐thinning behaviour. Viscosity and firmness directly correlated for the emulsions. Emulsions were visually stable at room temperature over the course of 6 months and viscosity remained relatively constant over this period also.

Conclusion

Certain sensory attributes can be reliably predicted with instrumental measurements. Identifying and quantifying sensory–texture–rheology relationships can contribute to achieving appropriate product characteristics tailored to suit market needs.
Optimal mixed charging schemes for traffic congestion management with subsidy to new energy vehicle users
Authors: Wu Zhongming , Cai Xingju , Li Min , Hu Leyu
Published: September 2020

Traffic congestion and emissions are two severe and urgent problems in the transportation field. To alleviate congestion and encourage green travel, this paper studies a mixed charging scheme for the multimodal transportation network including conventional vehicles (CV) and new energy vehicles (NEV). We exploit the optimal mixed charging schemes according to the mixed equilibria and system optimum model. The mixed equilibria characterized by the variational inequality system represents that the players follow either the user equilibrium or Cournot–Nash equilibrium principle in routing choice. The proposed mixed scheme comprises a regular tolling plan and a tradable credit plan for the CV and NEV users, respectively, where the tradable credits can be seen as a subsidy to the NEV users since they are issued free by the government. Moreover, the existence of the optimal mixed charging scheme is proved for the multimodal transportation network and demonstrated numerically by a concrete example.
Effect of multiple injections of botulinum toxin into painful masticatory muscles on bone density in the temporomandibular complex
Authors: Raphael Karen G. , Janal Malvin N. , Tadinada Aditya , Santiago Vivian , Sirois David A. , Lurie Alan G.
Published: September 2020

Background

Adverse effects of masticatory muscle injections of Botulinum Toxin (Btx) have been noted in animal and, less dramatically, human studies.

Objective

Among women treated in multiple community‐based private practices, to compare TMJ bone density and mandibular condylar volume between patients with myofascial TMJD receiving multiple masticatory muscle Btx treatments and similarly diagnosed women not receiving such treatment.

Methods

Cohorts consisted of women whose treatment charts indicated a diagnosis of myofascial TMJD: 35 received at least 2 Btx treatment cycles; 44 received none. Bone density at pre‐specified regions of interest (ROI) was defined by grey scale values from Cone Beam CT, adjusting for a fixed density phantom included in each scan. Mean bone density and mandibular condyle volume were compared between groups. Dose‐response effects were tested within the Btx‐exposed group.

Results

The mean density of primary and secondary ROIs was similar between exposure groups, as was condylar volume. Among Btx‐exposed women, increasing dose of Btx to the temporalis muscle was inversely proportional to the density of the trabecular area of the mandible body. Many Btx‐exposed women received smaller doses of Btx to the masseter muscles than in most TMJD Btx clinical trials.

Conclusion

Masticatory muscle injections of Btx failed to produce clinically significant TMJ bone‐related changes. Should Btx receive regulatory approval for treatment of myofascial TMJD, a phase IV study is recommended to evaluate potential adverse effects of Btx on bone and muscle when administered at higher doses and/or for more treatment cycles.
Parental decision regret in childhood hypospadias surgery: A systematic review
Authors: Vavilov Sergey , Smith Grahame , Starkey Malcolm , Pockney Peter , Deshpande Aniruddh V
Published: September 2020

We conducted a systematic review of the literature to establish the prevalence of and predictive factors for parental decision regret in hypospadias surgery. A search strategy without language restrictions was developed with expert help, and two reviewers undertook independent study selection. Five studies were included in this review (four for quantitative analysis) with a total of 783 participants. The mean overall prevalence of parental decision regret was 65.2% (moderate to severe – 20.3%). Although significant predictors of regret were identified (post‐operative complications, small size glans, meatal location, decision conflict between parents, parental educational level and others), they had unexplained discordance between studies. Parental decision regret after proximal hypospadias surgery and refusing surgery was inadequately reported. In conclusion, even though the prevalence of parental decision regret after consenting for the hypospadias repair appears to be high, risk factors associated with it were discordant suggesting imprecision in estimates due to unknown confounders.
Differential regulation of epithelial growth by gingival and periodontal fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Lu Emily Ming‐Chieh , Hobbs Carl , Dyer Carlene , Ghuman Mandeep , Hughes Francis J.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which gingival and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts regulate epithelial phenotype.

Background

Fibroblast populations regulate the epithelial phenotype through epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions (EMI). Previous studies have proposed that maintenance of the junctional epithelium (JE) is dependent on the differential effects from gingival and PDL tissues. However, these cell populations are undefined and the signalling mechanisms which may regulate JE are unknown.

Methods

Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections of dentogingival tissues to identify phenotypic differences in fibroblast populations. The effect of distinct fibroblasts on epithelial phenotype was studied via 3D organotypic cultures, consisting of an H400 epithelium supported by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) or human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF), embedded in collagen gel. To investigate the involvement of Wnt signalling in EMI, the Wnt antagonist rhDKK1 was added to HGF constructs. The gene expression of Wnt antagonists and agonists was tested via RNA extraction and qPCR. Specific gene silencing using RNA interference was performed on HPDLF/HGF constructs.

Results

Gingival fibroblasts were characterized by Sca1 expression, and PDL fibroblasts, characterized by Periostin and Asporin expression. Through the construction of 3D organotypic cultures, we showed that HGF supported epithelial multilayering, whilst HPDLF failed to support epithelial cell growth. Furthermore, HGF constructs treated with rhDKK1 resulted in a profound reduction in epithelial thickness. We identified SFRP4 to be highly specifically expressed in HPDLF, at both the mRNA and protein levels. A knockdown of SFRP4 in HPDLF constructs led to an increase in epithelial growth.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates the presence of phenotypically distinct fibroblast populations within dentogingival tissues and that these specific populations have different influences on the epithelium. Our data suggest that a downregulation of Wnt signalling within PDL may be important in maintaining the integrity and anatomical position of the JE.
A Referendum Experiment with Participation Quorums
Authors: Hizen Yoichi
Published: September 2020

This paper conducts a laboratory experiment focused on a yes/no referendum in which the outcome is valid only if voter turnout is greater than a predetermined level. Such a participation quorum is argued to induce the minority group of voters to abstain strategically in particular when the quorum is large. In our experiment, subjects are randomly divided into two groups yes and no in advance of voting, and the level of quorum changes round by round. We observe that (i) if the quorum is small, all subjects go to the polls, and (ii) if the quorum is large, subjects in the ex‐ante majority group go to the polls, whereas subjects in the ex‐ante minority group tend to abstain. As a result, if the quorum is large, it frequently happens that the outcome is rendered invalid because of low voter turnout. Furthermore, when the number of subjects in each referendum increases, subjects of the ex‐ante minority abstain more aggressively, and there arises room for the ex‐post minority to win if the expected number of members is similar between the two groups. Therefore, if policy makers would like to avoid the possibility of strategic abstention, then our results suggest that they should impose either no quorum or only a relatively small quorum which most voters expect will be dwarfed by the actual turnout. If policy makers also care about the possible determination of either yes or no with extremely low voter turnout, as well as strategic abstention, then a relatively small quorum is recommended.
The clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of nonsustained repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia from the left His‐Purkinje system
Authors: Wang Cheng , Ju Weizhu , Chen Hongwu , Yang Gang , Zhang Fengxiang , Zhou Lei , Chen Minglong
Published: September 2020

Background

Repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (RMVT) arising from the left His‐Purkinje system can occasionally be encountered during clinical practice. We describe eight cases as a unique entity in this study to characterize the clinical and electrophysiological features of the patients.

Methods

Eight patients with frequent palpitation (five men with median age of 28 years) were included in the study from January 2003 to July 2018. Twelve‐lead ECG (Electrocardiogram), Holter, and echocardiographic tests were performed after medical history interrogations and physical examinations. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy was essential to all patients, and catheter ablation was attempted if the patients could not tolerate or were not responsive to drug therapy.

Results

No patients had a history of syncope and a family history of sudden cardiac death. ECGrecording was characterized by frequent ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular couplets, and salvos of nonsustained VT competitive with sinus rhythm. The QRS morphology of ectopic beats was in the right bundle branch block pattern with severe left axis deviation. The width of the QRS complex from ECG was 135 ms (120‐140) during ventricular tachycardia. Verapamil had no effect on all VT individuals. Enlargement of the left ventricle was found in two patients. Four out of six cases were successful with catheter ablation treatment.

Conclusion

RMVT arising from the left His‐Purkinje system is a special arrhythmic and nonverapamil‐sensitive entity. The electrophysiological mechanism of this treatment appears to be focal firing, which is amendable to catheter ablation in symptomatic and high‐burden patients.
Field detection of multiple RNA viruses/viroids in apple using a CRISPR/Cas12a‐based visual assay
Authors: Jiao Jian , Kong Kangkang , Han Jinmeng , Song Shangwei , Bai Tuanhui , Song Chunhui , Wang Miaomiao , Yan Zhenli , Zhang Hengtao , Zhang Ruiping , Feng Jiancan , Zheng Xianbo
Published: September 2020

Co‐infection of apple trees with several viruses/viroids is common and decreases fruit yield and quality. Accurate and rapid detection of these viral pathogens helps to reduce losses and prevent virus spread. Current molecular detection assays used for apple viruses require specialized and expensive equipment. Here, we optimized a CRISPR/Cas12a‐based nucleic acid detection platform for the diagnosis of the most prevalent RNA viruses/viroid in apple, namely Apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd). We detected each RNA virus/viroid directly from crude leaf extracts after simultaneous multiplex reverse transcription‐recombinase polymerase amplification (RT‐RPA) with high specificity. Positive results can be distinguished by the naked eye via oligonucleotide‐conjugated gold nanoparticles. The CRISPR/Cas12a‐RT‐RPA platform exhibited comparable sensitivity to RT‐qPCR, with limits of detection reaching 250 viral copies per reaction for ASPV and ASGV and 2500 copies for the others. However, this protocol was faster and simpler, requiring an hour or less from leaf harvest. Field tests showed 100% agreement with RT‐PCR detection for 52 samples. This novel Cas12a‐based method is ideal for rapid and reliable detection of apple viruses in the orchard without the need to send samples to a specialized laboratory.
Reliability of pelvimetry is affected by observer experience but not by breed and sex: A cross‐sectional study in beef cattle
Authors: Vernooij Johannes , de Munck Florine , van Nieuwenhuizen Evelien , Webb Edward , Jonker Herman , Vos Peter , Holm Dietmar
Published: September 2020

Pelvis size plays an important role to prevent dystocia in cattle caused by the foeto‐maternal disproportion in commonly primiparous females. The reproducibility and repeatability are two important aspects for the reliability of the measurements to use in the selection of cattle for culling. Pelvic measures were taken with a Rice pelvimeter from 224 young cattle (180 females and 44 males) of four beef breeds in South Africa. One experienced and two inexperienced observers each measured pelvic height and width twice. The proportion measurements with a maximum difference of 0.5 cm within animal compared with the first measurement by the experienced observer are around 80% and by the inexperienced observers around 50% for pelvic height and around 60% for pelvic width. Breed and sex do not affect the reliability of pelvimetry by an experienced observer. Under‐ and overestimation of pelvis size were observed in inexperienced observers, which seems to be unrelated to breed and sex.
Factors associated with improvement in depressive symptoms among older persons after hospitalisation – a prospective design with two follow‐ups
Authors: Sjölund Britt‐Marie , Olsson Annakarin , Engström Maria
Published: September 2020

Background

Depression is a common disorder in old age and increases with hospitalisation. The aim was to investigate whether improvement in depressive symptoms after hospitalisation is associated with education level, age, gender, living situation, self‐efficacy, activities in daily living and quality of life by (1) examining the prevalence of depressive symptoms at baseline and at 1st and 2nd follow‐up (2) examining different factors’ association with depressive symptoms at baseline and (3) examining different factors’ association with improvement in depressive symptoms at baseline and at 1st and 2nd follow‐up.

Methods

The study consisted of 145 patients, 65 years and older. Data were collected between February 2015 and September 2016 through interviews conducted using structured protocols. The instrument used was Katz index of ADL, Geriatric Depression Scale‐20, Life Satisfaction Questionnaire and the General Self‐Efficacy Scale. The participants were interviewed before discharge from hospital, after 1.5 month and after 3 months.

Results

The prevalence of depressive symptoms in older persons was high after hospitalisation. Factors associated with improvement of depressive symptoms after hospitalisation were higher educational level, improvement in activities in daily living and quality of life. Non‐significant results were found for improvement of depressive symptoms and gender, age, living situation or self‐efficacy.

Conclusions

Depression is a common health problem in older persons, especially after hospitalisation. It is therefore important that healthcare staff screen older persons for depression during hospitalisation, as this allows identification of those in need and a possibility to help them in an appropriate manner. Persons with lower educational level and depressive symptoms need special attention.
Sex differences in the effect of acute fasting on excitatory and inhibitory synapses onto ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons
Authors: Godfrey Nathan , Borgland Stephanie L.
Published: September 2020

Key points

Fasting can increase motivation for food and can energize reward‐seeking.

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons respond to motivationally relevant information and fasting can influence mesolimbic dopamine concentration.

An acute overnight fast differentially alters food approach behaviours and excitatory synaptic transmission onto VTA dopamine neurons of male or female mice.

While inhibitory synapses onto VTA dopamine neurons are not altered by fasting in male or female mice, male mice had strengthened excitatory synapses whereas female mice had increased endocannabinoid‐mediated short‐term plasticity at excitatory synapses.

These results help us understand how fasting differentially influences excitatory synaptic transmission onto dopamine neurons and may inform different strategies for fasting‐induced food seeking by male and female mice.

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are important for energizing goal‐directed behaviour towards food and are sensitive to changes in metabolic states. Fasting increases the incentive motivation for food and the mobilization of energy stores and has sex‐dependent effects. However, it is unknown how acute fasting alters excitatory or inhibitory synaptic transmission onto VTA dopamine neurons. An acute 16 h overnight fast induced increased food‐seeking behaviour that was more predominant in male mice. Fasting increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency and amplitude in male, but not female, mice. This effect was not due to altered release probability as there was no change in the paired pulse ratio, nor was it due to an altered postsynaptic response as there was no change in the AMPA receptor/NMDA receptor ratio or response to glutamate uncaging. However, this effect was consistent with an increase in the number of release sites. In addition, depolarization‐induced suppression of excitation, a measure of short‐term endocannabinoid‐mediated plasticity, was enhanced in female but not male fasted mice. There were no fasting‐induced changes at inhibitory synapses onto dopamine neurons of male or female mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that fasting influences excitatory synapses differentially in male and female mice, but preserves inhibitory synapses onto dopamine neurons, indicating that the mesolimbic circuits of male and female mice respond differently to acute energy deprivation.
Scalar Power Spectra and Scalar Structure Function Evolution in the Richtmyer–Meshkov Instability Upon Reshock
Authors: Noble Christopher D. , Herzog Josh M. , Rothamer David A. , Ames Alex M. , Oakley Jason , Bonazza Riccardo
Published: September 2020

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of a twice-shocked gas interface is studied using high-speed planar laser-induced fluorescence in the Wisconsin Shock Tube Laboratory's vertical shock tube. The initial condition is a shear layer with broadband diffuse perturbations at the interface between a helium–acetone mixture and argon. This initial condition is accelerated by a shock of nominal strength M = 1.9, and then accelerated again by the transmitted shock that reflects off the end wall of the tube. Three individual experiments are analyzed, the energy spectrum and the structure functions of the light gas mole fraction field are calculated and compared.
Experiments and Simulations on the Turbulent, Rarefaction Wave Driven Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
Authors: Morgan R. V. , Jacobs J. W.
Published: September 2020

Experiments were performed to observe the growth of the turbulent, Rayleigh–Taylor unstable mixing layer generated between air and SF6, with an Atwood number of A=(ρ2−ρ1)/(ρ2+ρ1)=0.64, where ρ1 and ρ2 are the densities of air and SF6, respectively. A nonconstant acceleration with an average value of 2300g0, where g0 is the acceleration due to gravity, was generated by interaction of the interface between the two gases with a rarefaction wave. Three-dimensional, multimode perturbations were generated on the diffuse interface, with a diffusion layer thickness of δ=3.6 mm, using a membraneless vertical oscillation technique, and 20 experiments were performed to establish a statistical ensemble. The average perturbation from this ensemble was extracted and used as input for a numerical simulation using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Miranda code. Good qualitative agreement between the experiment and simulation was observed, while quantitative agreement was best at early to intermediate times. Several methods were used to extract the turbulent growth constant α from experiments and simulations while accounting for time varying acceleration. Experimental, average bubble and spike asymptotic self-similar growth rate values range from α=0.022 to α=0.032 depending on the method used, and accounting for variable acceleration. Values found from the simulations range from α=0.024 to α=0.041. Values of α measured in the experiments are lower than what are typically measured in the literature but are more in line with those found in recent simulations.
Importance of Sub-Grid Scale Modeling for Accurate Aerodynamic Simulations
Authors: Ekman Petter , Venning James , Virdung Torbjörn , Karlsson Matts
Published: September 2020

The Ahmed body is one of the most well-investigated vehicle bodies for aerodynamic purposes. Despite its simple geometry, the flow around the body, especially at the rear, is very complex as it is dominated by a large wake with strong interaction between vortical structures. In this study, the flow around the 25 deg Ahmed body has been investigated using large eddy simulations and compared to high-resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Special emphasis was put on studying three commonly used sub-grid scale (SGS) models and their ability to capture vortical structures around the Ahmed body. The ability of the SGS models to capture the near-wall behavior and small-scale dissipation is crucial for capturing the correct flow field. Very good agreement between simulations and PIV measurements were seen when using the dynamic Smagorinsky-Lilly and the wall-adopting local eddy-viscosity SGS models, respectively. However, the standard Smagorinsky-Lilly model was not able to capture the flow patterns when compared to the PIV measurements due to shortcomings in the near-wall modeling in the standard Smagorinsky-Lilly model, resulting in overpredicted separation.
Subcooled Flow Boiling on Micro-Porous Structured Copper Surface in a Vertical Mini-Gap Channel
Authors: Li Junye , Lin Yuhao , Zhou Kan , Li Wei
Published: September 2020

An experimental investigation of subcooled flow boiling in a rectangular mini-gap channel with the dimension of 0.5 mm × 5 mm was conducted with deionized water as the working fluid. Fabricated by electroless plating method and high-temperature treatment, the copper-based hydrophobic micro-porous surface was utilized in the experiments. High-speed flow visualization was conducted to picture the flow patterns during the experiment. The mass fluxes were in the range of 200–400 kg/m2s, and the wall heat fluxes were spanned from 35 to 350 kW/m2. The onset of flow boiling, heat transfer coefficient, and pressure drop were discussed with the variation of heat fluxes and mass fluxes, the trends of which were analyzed along with the flow patterns. Because of the numerous nucleation sites on micro-porous surface, the superheat required for the onset of boiling are of small amounts of about 2 K. Due to the intense nucleation process, the boiling curves appeared to be a negative slope after the onset of boiling, which was more obvious in the lower mass flux conditions. In the high heat flux conditions, heat transfer coefficients under lower mass flux condition were higher because the intense nucleation process occurred and the elongated bubble flow along with the film evaporation heat transfer was formed. The film evaporation heat transfer inside the elongated bubble is more efficient to release the latent heat than the nucleate boiling. However, the appearance of the elongated bubble flow would attribute to higher pressure drop and severer pressure drop fluctuation due to its expansion toward upstream.
Tumor repolarization by an advanced liposomal drug delivery system provides a potent new approach for chemo-immunotherapy
Authors: Ringgaard L. , Melander F. , Eliasen R. , Henriksen J. R. , Jølck R. I. , Engel T. B. , Bak M. , Fliedner F. P. , Kristensen K. , Elema D. R. , Kjaer A. , Hansen A. E. , Andresen T. L.
Published: September 2020

Liposomal oxaliplatin remodels the tumor microenvironment and potentiate TLR-agonist–mediated immune responses in cancer.
The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity
Authors: Andermann Tobias , Faurby Søren , Turvey Samuel T. , Antonelli Alexandre , Silvestro Daniele
Published: September 2020

Human driven extinctions of recent past pale in comparison to future predictions, as a major global extinction wave is unfolding.
Revealing the in vivo growth and division patterns of mouse gut bacteria
Authors: Lin Liyuan , Wu Qiuyue , Song Jia , Du Yahui , Gao Juan , Song Yanling , Wang Wei , Yang Chaoyong
Published: September 2020

d
-amino acid–based in vivo metabolic labeling and FISH enable visualization of how different bacteria grow and divide in the gut.
Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials
Authors: Neubrech Frank , Duan Xiaoyang , Liu Na
Published: September 2020

Recent advances in the field of dynamic plasmonic color generation are discussed in view of potential display applications.
On-site identification of ozone damage in fruiting plants using vapor-deposited conducting polymer tattoos
Authors: Kim Jae Joon , Fan Ruolan , Allison Linden K. , Andrew Trisha L.
Published: September 2020

Vapor-deposited polymer tattoos enable on-site monitoring of ozone-induced oxidative damage in fruiting plants.
Temperature change in subtropical southeastern Africa during the past 790,000 yr
Authors: Chevalier Manuel , Chase Brian M. , Quick Lynne J. , Dupont Lydie M. , Johnson Thomas C.
Published: September 2020

Across the glacial-interglacial cycles of the late Pleistocene (∼700 k.y.), temperature variability at low latitudes is often considered to have been negligible compared to changes in precipitation. However, a paucity of quantified temperature records makes this difficult to reliably assess. In this study, we used the Bayesian method CREST (Climate REconstruction SofTware) to produce a 790,000 yr quantified temperature reconstruction from a marine pollen record from southeast Africa. The results reveal a strong similarity between temperature variability in subtropical Africa and global ice volume and CO2 concentrations, indicating that temperature in the region was not controlled by local insolation, but followed global trends at these time scales, with an amplitude of ∼4 °C between glacial minima and interglacial maxima. The data also enabled us to make an assessment of the impact of temperature change on pollen diversity, with results showing there is no link between glacial-age temperatures/CO2 and a loss of diversity in this record.
The Challenges of Vaccine Development against Betacoronaviruses: Antibody Dependent Enhancement and Sendai Virus as a Possible Vaccine Vector
Authors: Zaichuk T. A. , Nechipurenko Y. D. , Adzhubey A. A. , Onikienko S. B. , Chereshnev V. A. , Zainutdinov S. S. , Kochneva G. V. , Netesov S. V. , Matveeva O. V.
Published: September 2020

To design an effective and safe vaccine against betacoronaviruses, it is necessary to use their evolutionarily conservative antigenic determinants that will elicit the combination of strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Targeting such determinants minimizes the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection. This phenomenon was observed in animal trials of experimental vaccines against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV that were developed based on inactivated coronavirus or vector constructs expressing the spike protein (S) of the virion. The substitution and glycosylation of certain amino acids in the antigenic determinants of the S-protein, as well as its conformational changes, can lead to the same effect in a new experimental vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Using more conservative structural and accessory viral proteins for the vaccine antigenic determinants will help to avoid this problem. This review outlines approaches for developing vaccines against the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that are based on non-pathogenic viral vectors. For efficient prevention of infections caused by respiratory pathogens the ability of the vaccine to stimulate mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract is important. Such a vaccine can be developed using non-pathogenic Sendai virus vector, since it can be administered intranasally and induce a mucosal immune response that strengthens the antiviral barrier in the respiratory tract and provides reliable protection against infection.
Are disruptive innovations recognised in the healthcare literature? A systematic review
Authors: Sounderajah Viknesh , Patel Vanash , Varatharajan Lavanya , Harling Leanne , Normahani Pasha , Symons Joshua , Barlow James , Darzi Ara , Ashrafian Hutan
Published: September 2020

The study aims to conduct a systematic review to characterise the spread and use of the concept of ‘disruptive innovation’ within the healthcare sector. We aim to categorise references to the concept over time, across geographical regions and across prespecified healthcare domains. From this, we further aim to critique and challenge the sector-specific use of the concept. PubMed, Medline, Embase, Global Health, PsycINFO, Maternity and Infant Care, and Health Management Information Consortium were searched from inception to August 2019 for references pertaining to disruptive innovations within the healthcare industry. The heterogeneity of the articles precluded a meta-analysis, and neither quality scoring of articles nor risk of bias analyses were required. 245 articles that detailed perceived disruptive innovations within the health sector were identified. The disruptive innovations were categorised into seven domains: basic science (19.2%), device (12.2%), diagnostics (4.9%), digital health (21.6%), education (5.3%), processes (17.6%) and technique (19.2%). The term has been used with increasing frequency annually and is predominantly cited in North American (78.4%) and European (15.2%) articles. The five most cited disruptive innovations in healthcare are ‘omics’ technologies, mobile health applications, telemedicine, health informatics and retail clinics. The concept ‘disruptive innovation’ has diffused into the healthcare industry. However, its use remains inconsistent and the recognition of disruption is obscured by other types of innovation. The current definition does not accommodate for prospective scouting of disruptive innovations, a likely hindrance to policy makers. Redefining disruptive innovation within the healthcare sector is therefore crucial for prospectively identifying cost-effective innovations.
Models of support to family members during the trajectory of cancer: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Samuelsson Maria , Wennick Anne , Jakobsson Jenny , Bengtsson Mariette
Published: September 2020

Introduction

A cancer diagnose, for example, colorectal cancer, not only affects the cancer-person stricken, but also the surrounding family. Thus, this scoping review intends to identify appropriate models of support that will guide the development of a model of support to family members during the trajectory of colorectal cancer.

Methods and analysis

This scoping review will be guided by the methodological framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley, refined by Levac et al and Colquhoun et al, and described by the Joanna Briggs Institute. All the stages will be conducted iteratively and reflexively. First, a search strategy will be developed with a librarian and applied in the following peer-reviewed databases: PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PsycINFO. Additional searches will be performed in Google Scholar and SwePub for identification of grey literature and hand searched in the reference lists. Searches will be conducted from December 2019 to February 2020. A draft of the preliminary search strategy was performed in PubMed in November 2019. Subsequently, three members of the research team will independently screen all abstracts for relevance, as well as the full-text articles. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria will be critically evaluated using the Joanna Brigg Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. A descriptive summary of study characteristics and of the scoping review process will be presented, including a visual flow diagram. Lastly, a thematic analysis as presented by Braun and Clarke will be conducted. To enhance validity, contact nurses of persons with colorectal cancer will be provided an overview of the preliminary results.

Ethics and dissemination

Being a secondary analysis, ethical approval is not needed for this study. The findings of the analysis will be used to inform the design of a future study aiming to develop a model of support and an upcoming scoping review, which will be published in a scientific journal and presented at relevant conferences.