bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Techniques for the Safety Use of High-Frequency Ultrasound-Guided for Facial Procedures: A Technical Note
Authors: Castilho Vivian Almeida , Furtado Gisele Rosada Donola , Barbosa Kledson Lopes , Costa Michelle Fechine , Saliba Tania Adas , Junior Orlando Adas Saliba , Penaranda Leonard Pacheco
Published: August 2023

Background: The knowledge of facial anatomy and its correlation with ultrasonography is crucial for several professionals in clinical practice. Therefore, understanding facial anatomical structures through dynamic ultrasonography images is essential for the clinical practice of guided aesthetic facial procedures. The purpose of this study is to demystify and provide a clear understanding of high-frequency guided ultrasound in facial aesthetic procedures, using visual aids and analogies to simplify the learning process.

Study Design: The authors present a technical note outlining a protocol for the safe use of high-frequency ultrasound-guided facial procedures.

Discussion: Proper training is necessary for the use of high-frequency ultrasound in facial procedures to enhance the quality of treatments and achieve more positive outcomes. This technology allows real-time monitoring of the muscular and vascular anatomy while applying injectable products on the face, helping to prevent complications such as vascular occlusions. However, guided aesthetic procedures often face challenges due to operators' lack of experience and knowledge of correct protocols. To address this, we provide a step-by-step approach to performing ultrasound-guided procedures more efficiently. The pedagogical approach used in this manuscript, utilising a flight plan analogy, provides a clear and concise understanding of the practical application of ultrasound (US) in facial aesthetics, making the learning process simple and effective.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Activity of a New Gd(III) Coordination Polymer with 6-Phenylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid and 4,4’-Bipyridine Ligands
Authors: Tai Xi-Shi , Wang Yuan-Fang , Wang Li-Hua , Yan Xi-Hai
Published: August 2023

A new Gd(III) coordination polymer, {[Gd(L1)3(H2O)2]∙L2}n (1) (HL1 = 6-phenylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid, L2 = 4,4’-bipyridine) was synthesized using 6-phenylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid, 4,4’-bipyridine, NaOH and GdCl3∙6H2O. The structure of Gd(III) coordination polymer has been characterized by IR and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The result of single crystal analysis indicates that fundamental unit of Gd(III) coordination polymer contains one Gd(III) ion, three L1 ligands, two coordinated water molecules and one uncoordinated 4,4’-bipyridine. In 1, the Gd(III)  ion is eight-coordinated and surrounded by six O atoms from three L1 ligands and two O atoms from two coordinated water molecules, respectively. The complex 1 exhibits 1D chained structure by the bridging interactions of  two carboxyl-oxygen atoms and O−H∙∙∙N hydrogen bonds interactions. The 1D chains are further connected by - stacking interactions to form 3D network architecture. The photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity of complex 1 has also been investigated. The complex 1 exhibits good CO2 reduction activity. With the increase of time, the yield of CO from 18.2 mmol/g in the first hour to 60.3 mmol/g in the third hour. And the CO selectivity has reached 100%. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA   License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
To Worry or to Believe
Authors: Hata Susan R.
Published: August 2023

In this narrative medicine essay, a current associate program director who entered medicine-pediatrics residency the year work-hours were capped and heard worried remarks about the quality of training residents would receive now hears the same worries expressed after residents voted to unionize at her hospital.
Association of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes With Labor Market Outcomes
Authors: Huckfeldt Peter J. , Yu Jeffrey C. , O’Leary Paul K. , Harada Ann S. M. , Pajewski Nicholas M. , Frenier Chris , Espeland Mark A. , Peters Anne , Bancks Michael P. , Seabury Seth A. , Goldman Dana P.
Published: August 2023

Importance

An intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) has been shown to improve diabetes management and physical function. These benefits could lead to better labor market outcomes, but this has not been previously studied.

Objective

To estimate the association of an ILI for weight loss in type 2 diabetes with employment, earnings, and disability benefit receipt during and after the intervention.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included participants with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity and compared an ILI with a control condition of diabetes support and education. Data for the original trial were accrued from August 22, 2001, to September 14, 2012. Trial data were linked with Social Security Administration records to investigate whether, relative to the control group, the ILI was associated with improvements in labor market outcomes during and after the intervention period. Difference-in-differences models estimating relative changes in employment, earnings, and disability benefit receipt between the ILI and control groups were used, accounting for prerandomization differences in outcomes for linked participants. Outcome data were analyzed from July 13, 2020, to May 17, 2023.

Exposure

The ILI consisted of sessions with lifestyle counselors, dieticians, exercise specialists, and behavioral therapists on a weekly basis in the first 6 months, decreasing to a monthly basis by the fourth year, designed to achieve and maintain at least 7% weight loss. The control group received group-based diabetes education sessions 3 times annually during the first 4 years, with 1 annual session thereafter.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Employment and receipt of federal disability benefits (Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance), earnings, and disability benefit payments from 1994 through 2018.

Results

A total of 3091 trial participants were linked with Social Security Administration data (60.1% of 5145 participants initially randomized and 97.0% of 3188 of participants consenting to linkage). Among the 3091 with fully linked data, 1836 (59.4%) were women, and mean (SD) age was 58.4 (6.5) years. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics were similar between linked participants in the ILI and control groups. Employment increased by 2.9 (95% CI, 0.3-5.5) percentage points for the ILI group relative to controls (P = .03) with no significant relative change in disability benefit receipt (−0.9 [95% CI, −2.1 to 0.3] percentage points; P = .13).

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cohort study suggest that an ILI to prevent the progression and complications of type 2 diabetes was associated with higher levels of employment. Labor market productivity should be considered when evaluating interventions to manage chronic diseases.
Esketamine vs Midazolam in Boosting the Efficacy of Oral Antidepressants for Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Xiao Chunfeng , Zhou Jia , Li Anning , Zhang Ling , Zhu Xuequan , Zhou Jingjing , Hu Yongdong , Zheng Yunying , Liu Jing , Deng Qiying , Wang Haibo , Wang Gang
Published: August 2023

Importance

Loss of a previously effective response while still using adequate antidepressant treatment occurs in a relatively high proportion of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD); therefore, there is a need to develop novel effective treatment strategies.

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of a single subanesthetic dose of esketamine in boosting the efficacy of oral antidepressants for treating fluctuating antidepressant response in MDD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This single-center, double-blind, midazolam-controlled pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted at Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University in China. The study enrolled participants aged 18 years and older with fluctuating antidepressant response, defined as patients with MDD experiencing fluctuating symptoms after symptom relief and stabilization. Patient recruitment was conducted from August 2021 to January 2022, and participants were followed-up for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed as intention-to-treat from July to September 2022.

Interventions

All participants in the esketamine-treated group received intravenous esketamine at 0.2 mg/kg in 40 minutes. Participants in the midazolam control group received intravenous midazolam at 0.045 mg/kg in 40 minutes.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the response rate at 2 weeks, defined as a 50% reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Secondary outcomes included response rate at 6 weeks, remission rates at 2 and 6 weeks, and change in MADRS and Clinical Global Impression–Severity score from baseline to 6 weeks; remission was defined by a MADRS score of 10 or lower.

Results

A total of 30 patients (median [IQR] age, 28.0 [24.0-40.0] years; 17 [56.7%] female) were randomized, including 15 patients randomized to midazolam and 15 patients randomized to esketamine; 29 patients completed the study. Response rates at 2 weeks were significantly higher in the esketamine-treated group than in the midazolam control group (10 patients [66.7%] vs 1 patient [6.7%]; P < .001). Participants treated with esketamine experienced significantly greater reduction in MADRS score from baseline to 2 weeks compared with those treated with midazolam (mean [SD] reduction, 15.7 [1.5] vs 3.1 [1.3]; P < .001). No serious adverse events were observed in this trial, and no psychotogenic effects and clinically significant manic symptoms were reported.

Conclusions and Relevance

This pilot randomized clinical trial found that a single subanesthetic dose of esketamine could boost the efficacy of oral antidepressants in treating fluctuating antidepressant response, with a good safety profile.

Trial Registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2100050335
Ending Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics Faculty Requirement for Pediatric Residency Programs—Desperate Times Do Not Justify Desperate Actions
Authors: Froehlich Tanya E. , Spinks-Franklin Adiaha , Christakis Dimitri A.
Published: August 2023

This Viewpoint discusses the issues at stake and potential adverse consequences of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medial Education’s proposal to remove the requirement for pediatric training programs to have board-certified developmental-behavioral pediatrician faculty members.
Trends in Anesthesia/Sedation for Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Encounters in Pediatric Emergency Departments, 2012-2022
Authors: Hayatghaibi Shireen E. , Kandil Ali I. , Zhang Bin , Alves Vinicius V. , Ayyala Rama S. , Dillman Jonathan R. , Trout Andrew T.
Published: August 2023

This cross-sectional study assesses trends over time in sedation/anesthesia use for computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) across pediatric emergency departments (EDs).
Treatment of Ruptured Wide‐Necked Aneurysms using a Microcatheter Injectable Biomaterial
Authors: Zhang Zefu , Albadawi Hassan , Fowl Richard J. , Mayer Joseph L. , Chong Brian W. , Oklu Rahmi
Published: August 2023

Ruptured wide‐neck aneurysms (WNAs), especially in a setting of coagulopathy, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is shown that by trapping a sub‐millimeter clinical catheter inside the aneurysm sac using a flow diverter stent (FDS), instant hemostasis can be achieved by filling the aneurysm sac using a novel biomaterial, rescuing catastrophic bleeding in large‐animal models. Multiple formulations of a biomaterial comprising gelatin, nanoclay (NC), and iohexol are developed, optimized, and extensively tested in vitro to select the lead candidate for further testing in vivo in murine, porcine, and canine models of WNAs, including in a subset with aneurysm rupture. The catheter‐injectable and X‐ray visible versions of the gel embolic agent (GEA) with the optimized mechanical properties outperform control groups, including a subset that receive a clinically used liquid embolic (Onyx, Medtronic), with and without aneurysm rupture. A combinatorial approach to ruptured WNAs with GEA and FDS may change the standard of medical practice and save lives.
Enhancement of Efficiency and Stability for Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells by Using Improved Doping Method
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Wang Liang , Bi Huan , Baranwal Ajay Kumar , Kapil Gaurav , Sanehira Yoshitaka , Liu Jiaqi , Liu Dong , Shen Qing , Hayase Shuzi
Published: August 2023

In recent years, tin halide perovskite solar cells (PKSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lead‐PKSCs. However, due to defects such as Sn4+ and iodide vacancies, their efficiency is lower than lead‐PKSCs. To address this issue, various strategies are proposed to improve the quality of perovskite, including copper iodide (CuI) doping. Unfortunately, the conventional solvent composition of DMF:DMSO = 4:1 has limited the solubility of CuI, resulting in inconsistent results and limited efficiency improvements. However, this research proposed a preprocessing method of CuI to decrease the defects and improve the perovskite layer's morphology. As a result, the efficiency of tin‐PKSCs with both P‐I‐N and hole transport layer (HTL) free structures is enhanced, increasing from 9.8% to 13.1% and 9.4% to 10.5%, respectively. Moreover, the doped tin‐PKSCs have exhibited better stability, retaining 75% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after being stored in a glovebox for 102 days.
Transition to a market economy and chronic psychosocial stress in northern Laos: An exploratory study of urinary free cortisol in rural residents
Authors: Kibe Mihoko , Mizuno Yuki , Masuoka Hiroaki , Kosaka Satoko , Natsuhara Kazumi , Hirayama Kazuhiro , Inthavong Nouhak , Kounnavong Sengchanh , Tomita Shinsuke , Umezaki Masahiro
Published: August 2023

Objectives

The indigenous population in northern Laos has experienced a transition from self‐sufficiency to a market‐oriented economy, which may have brought about unprecedented chronic psychosocial stress. This study examined the association between the transition to a market economy and urinary free cortisol (UFC) concentration as a stress biomarker among rural residents of three villages with different degrees of integration into the market economy.

Methods

An interview survey and urine sample collection were conducted in August 2018 and March 2019. We measured the UFC concentration in spot urine samples collected in the morning from participants aged 20–60 years (n = 168) using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine differences in UFC concentrations among villages by sex, with time of arrival for the survey, age, and body mass index included as covariates.

Results

The UFC concentration was higher in men living in the village with the highest degree of integration into the market economy than in those in the two villages with a lower dependence on cash, possibly linking increased stress levels with a change in employment type. This trend was not observed in women.

Conclusion

Socioeconomic changes incidental to a transition to a market economy may increase the stress levels of men in northern Laos.
Epidemiology of spinal muscular atrophy caused by SMN1 deletions in Maritime Canada
Authors: McKee‐Muir Olivia , Dyack Sarah , Taillon Monique , Brock Jo‐Ann , Sheriko Jordan
Published: August 2023

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), caused primarily by deletions in SMN1, leads to progressive loss of lower motor neurons. Newborn screening for SMA is under consideration for the Maritime Newborn Screening Program. The incidence of this disease has not been explored in Maritime Canada which includes the provinces of Nova Scotia (NS), New Brunswick (NB), and Prince Edward Island (PEI). In this retrospective chart review, patients were identified from the IWK Clinical Genomics Lab and Maritime Medical Genetics Service databases for SMN1 genetic testing between 2000 and 2020. The incidence of SMA in Maritime Canada was 1:11,900. Among patients born between 2000 and 2020, NB and PEI had lower proportions of type 1 SMA (12% and 0%, respectively) when compared to NS (50%). The majority of type 1 patients had 2 copies of SMN2, the majority of type 2 patients had 3 copies, and the majority of type 3 patients had 4 copies. There was a delay to molecular diagnosis for all subtypes, longest in type 3. This study provides the best available SMA epidemiology in Maritime Canada and expands our understanding of the pattern of disease severity relative to SMN2 copy number in this region.
AI‐based assessments of speech and language impairments in dementia
Authors: Parsapoor Mahboobeh
Published: August 2023

Recent advancements in the artificial intelligence (AI) domain have revolutionized the early detection of cognitive impairments associated with dementia. This has motivated clinicians to use AI‐powered dementia detection systems, particularly systems developed based on individuals' and patients' speech and language, for a quick and accurate identification of patients with dementia. This paper reviews articles about developing assessment tools using machine learning and deep learning algorithms trained by vocal and textual datasets.
Synthesis of Levulinic Acids From Muconic Acids in Hot Water
Authors: Ver Elst Céderic , Vroemans Robby , Bal Mathias , Sergeyev Sergey , Mensch Carl , Maes Bert U. W.
Published: August 2023

Levulinic acid is a key biorenewable platform molecule. Its current chemical production from sugars is plagued by limited yields, char formation and difficult separations. An alternative and selective route starting from muconic acid via simple heating in water at high temperature (180 °C) has been developed. Muconic acid can be obtained from sugars or catechol fermentation. Chemical oxidation of catechol is another possibility which advantageously can also be applied on substituted catechols, hereby providing substituted muconic acids. When applying the disclosed hydrothermal protocol on these substrates hitherto unknown substituted levulinic acids were accessed. In particular, 3‐propyllevulinic acid has been synthesized from 4‐propylcatechol, prepared from pine wood. This propylated derivative has been used for the synthesis of a 3‐propyllevulinate diester, i.e. butane‐1,4‐diyl bis(4‐oxo‐3‐propylpentanoate), via esterification with 1,4‐butanediol. The diester showed superior performance as plasticizer in comparison to the corresponding levulinate diester in both PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and PLA (polylactic acid). It plasticizes equally effective as the notorious commercial phthalate‐based benchmark DEHP (di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate) in PVC.
Anion‐(π)n‐π Catalytic Micelles
Authors: Tan Mei‐Ling , Ángeles Gutiérrez López M. , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan
Published: August 2023

Anion‐π catalysis operates by stabilizing anionic transition states on π‐acidic aromatic surfaces. In anion‐(π)n‐π catalysis, π stacks add polarizability to strengthen interactions. In search of synthetic methods to extend π stacks beyond the limits of foldamers, the self‐assembly of micelles from amphiphilic naphthalenediimides (NDIs) is introduced. To interface substrates and catalysts, charge‐transfer complexes with dialkoxynaphthalenes (DANs), a classic in supramolecular chemistry, are installed. In π‐stacked micelles, the rates of bioinspired ether cyclizations exceed rates on monomers in organic solvents by far. This is particularly impressive considering that anion‐π catalysis in water has been elusive so far. Increasing rates with increasing π acidity of the micelles evince operational anion‐(π)n‐π catalysis. At maximal π acidity, autocatalytic behavior emerges. Dependence on position and order in confined micellar space promises access to emergent properties. Anion‐(π)n‐π catalytic micelles in water thus expand supramolecular systems catalysis accessible with anion‐π interactions with an inspiring topic of general interest and great perspectives.
Effect of thermal stretching on properties of poly (arylene ether nitrile)/aramid staple fiber composites
Authors: Mo Chao , Wu Chenjiang , He Liang , Wu Hanrong , Tong Lifen , Liu Xiaobo
Published: August 2023

Semi‐crystalline poly (arylene ether nitrile) (PEN) with outstanding thermal stability and mechanical properties are expected to be used in structural materials. Increasing the crystallinity of PEN helps improve the processability of the materials as well as the thermal and mechanical properties of the products. In present work, the comprehensive properties of PEN composites are improved by the introduction of aramid staple fiber combined with hot stretching method. The effects of aramid fiber content and hot stretch multiplicity on the properties of the composite were investigated. The result shows that when the mass fraction of aramid fiber (AF) powder is 0.3% (PEN/AF3), the composites have the best overall performance, including thermal and mechanical properties. In addition, when the tensile ratio was 300% (PEN/AF3‐300), the properties of the samples are greatly improved, with the crystallinity increasing to 36.1%, the thermal decomposition temperature of 5% (Td5%) increasing by 10°C, and the tensile strength increasing to 195.40 MPa, which is 87.34% higher than that of the non‐thermal tensile composites. Therefore, this work provides a technical route for the preparation of high performance semi‐crystalline PEN composites, which is beneficial for the development of PEN applications.
Toughening modification of epoxy resins by epoxy‐terminated hyperbranched polyethers fabricated by doping sorbitol with inositol
Authors: Lu Siyuan , Wu Gang , Niu Fangfang , Liu Yangdong , Liu Xingsheng , Xu Wan , Chen Zhenbin
Published: August 2023

Increasing social awareness concerning the design of excellent performance toughening agents to curb the adverse effects of insufficient toughness on the wide range of applications of epoxy resin (EP). Herein, a small amount of sorbitol was doped into carbocyclic inositol as a core monomer, and bisphenol‐A and epichlorohydrin were used to produce epoxide‐terminated hyperbranched polyether by one‐pot preparation method. After that, the prepared polymer was used as modifier to improve the toughness and strength of petroleum‐based EPs. Results demonstrated that after adding the homemade epoxy‐terminated hyperbranched polyether (EHBPE) to the EP, the polyether prepared with the ratio of sorbitol and inositol displayed significant advantages compared with the polyether with monomers using only sorbitol and inositol, respectively. In particular, the impact, and tensile strengths of EHBPE‐IS/EP cured sample with EHBPE‐IS loading at 20% were increased by 197.5%, 139.6%, respectively, compared with those of neat EP. In brief, EHBPE‐IS, a member of the family of EHBPEs, provided a facile method for the preparation of bifunctional modifier for tough and strong EP with promising industrial applications.
Risk factors and clinical characteristics of autism spectrum disorder with regression in China
Authors: Han Lu , Guan Luyang , Zhang Ziyi , Li Wenqing , Li Jinhui , Bao Chenxi , Ye Mei , Tang Min , Ke Xiaoyan
Published: August 2023

Autism spectrum disorder with regression (ASD‐R) is characterized by the loss of previously acquired skills during the initial year of life. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, patterns of regression, and potential risk factors associated with ASD‐R in the Chinese Han population. A case–control study was conducted between September 2020 and March 2022. A total of 186 children were enrolled, including 58 children with ASD‐R, 70 with ASD without regression (ASD‐NR), and 58 typically developing children. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and potential risk factors related to ASD‐R were assessed using a combination of questionnaires, interviews, and physician assessments. The results revealed that children with ASD‐R exhibited more severe impairments in social communication and stereotyped behaviors compared with those with ASD‐NR. Language regression, constituting 40% of cases within the ASD‐R group, was found to be the most common type of regression. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that fever (OR = 4.01, 95% CI: 1.26–12.76) and diarrhea (OR = 6.32, 95% CI: 1.38–29.03) were identified as significant risk factors for ASD‐R. These findings contribute to our understanding of the heterogeneity of ASD and highlight the importance of considering immune responses and gastrointestinal factors in the etiology of ASD‐R.
Specificity of affective dynamics of bipolar and major depressive disorder
Authors: Stapp Emma K. , Zipunnikov Vadim , Leroux Andrew , Cui Lihong , Husky Mathilde M. , Dey Debangan , Merikangas Kathleen R.
Published: August 2023

Objective

Here, we examine whether the dynamics of the four dimensions of the circumplex model of affect assessed by ecological momentary assessment (EMA) differ among those with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

Participants aged 11–85 years (n = 362) reported momentary sad, anxious, active, and energetic dimensional states four times per day for 2 weeks. Individuals with lifetime mood disorder subtypes of bipolar‐I, bipolar‐II, and MDD derived from a semistructured clinical interview were compared to each other and to controls without a lifetime history of psychiatric disorders. Random effects from individual means, inertias, innovation (residual) variances, and cross‐lags across the four affective dimensions simultaneously were derived from multivariate dynamic structural equation models.

Results

All mood disorder subtypes were associated with higher levels of sad and anxious mood and lower energy than controls. Those with bipolar‐I had lower average activation, and lower energy that was independent of activation, compared to MDD or controls. However, increases in activation were more likely to perpetuate in those with bipolar‐I. Bipolar‐II was characterized by higher lability of sad and anxious mood compared to bipolar‐I and controls but not MDD. Compared to BD and controls, those with MDD exhibited cross‐augmentation of sadness and anxiety, and sadness blunted energy.

Conclusion

Bipolar‐I is more strongly characterized by activation and energy than sad and anxious mood. This distinction has potential implications for both specificity of intervention targets and differential pathways underlying these dynamic affective systems. Confirmation of the longer term stability and generalizability of these findings in future studies is necessary.
Longitudinal follow up of data‐driven cognitive subtypes in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pourzinal Dana , Yang Jihyun , Sivakumaran Kumareshan , McMahon Katie L. , Mitchell Leander , O'Sullivan John D. , Byrne Gerard J. , Dissanayaka Nadeeka N.
Published: August 2023

Aim

The dual syndrome hypothesis proposes that there are two cognitive subtypes in Parkinson's disease (PD): a frontal subtype with executive/attention impairment and gradual cognitive decline, and a posterior‐cortical subtype with memory/visuospatial deficits and rapid cognitive decline. We aimed to compare the rate of global cognitive decline between subtypes derived using data‐driven methods and explore their longitudinal performance within specific cognitive domains to better understand the prognosis of each subtype.

Method

Frontal, posterior‐cortical, globally impaired, and cognitively intact PD subtypes were identified at baseline using k‐means clustering (N = 85), and 29 participants (34%) returned for follow‐up assessments on average 4.87 years from baseline. Linear mixed effects models compared progression of subtypes on global cognition; psychological symptoms; parkinsonism; and the memory, attention, executive, language, and visuospatial cognitive domains.

Results

The frontal subtype was lost to attrition. While rate of change in parkinsonism, anxiety, and apathy differed between subtypes, there was no difference in the rate of global cognitive decline. However, the posterior‐cortical subtype declined most rapidly in verbal memory, card sorting, trail making, and judgement of line orientation (JLO), while the cognitively intact group declined most rapidly on verbal memory and semantic fluency. The globally impaired subtype declined most rapidly in JLO, although this should be interpreted with caution due to high attrition.

Conclusion

Despite limited sample size, the present study supports the differential progression of the posterior‐cortical subtype compared to cognitively intact and globally impaired PD. These results encourage further, large‐scale longitudinal investigations of cognitive subtypes in PD.
An empirical investigation on the benefits of gamification in communication within university development teams
Authors: Ren Wei , Barrett Stephen
Published: August 2023

The field of software management recognizes communication as a fundamental aspect, which has garnered significant attention in recent years. In response, scholars have advocated for the implementation of innovative pedagogical approaches to foster students' engagement in communication. One such approach is the utilization of gamification, the integration of game design elements into nongame contexts, which has been demonstrated to be an effective teaching technique across various fields of education. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gamification on in‐team communication quality within the context of software development. To this end, an experimental design was employed with four teams of third‐year students enrolled in software development courses. The results of the study indicate that the introduction of gamification significantly enhances communication quality among the students. Furthermore, our findings indicate that a specific gamification strategy, feedback, plays a crucial role in guiding the students toward desired communication behaviors. On the basis of the results of this study, it can be concluded that gamification presents a promising approach to enhance communication quality within software development teams.
Photoisomerisation of Exo‐Imine Complexes and the Role of MECP in the Reverse Thermal Equilibrium: An Experimental and DFT Computational Investigation**
Authors: Ibraimo Patia Raissa , Singh Kuldip , Davies David L. , Lelj Francesco
Published: August 2023

Complexes [MCl2Cp*]2 (M=Ir, Rh), [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2 and [Ir(C^N)2Cl]2 (HC^N=a, phenylpyridine ; b, phenylpyrazole,) react with imine ligands derived from ο‐aminophenol to yield complexes with an exocyclic C=N bond which has a cis or trans configuration. The trans isomer is favoured except for sterically crowded complexes Cp*M (M=Ir, Rh) when the imine has a mesityl substituent, for which the cis isomer is favoured. The complexes undergo photoisomerisation in visible light but revert back to the original isomer over time or when heated. The rate of the thermal reverse isomerisation depends on the imine substituent and the metal fragment. DFT calculations correctly reproduce the favoured isomer and suggest that the reverse isomerisation occurs by a rehybridisation at the N atom as found in organic imines. In addition, a triplet state, thermally accessible by a Minimum Energy Crossing Point (MECP) provides a low energy pathway for reverse isomerisation in the case of the half‐sandwich complexes.
Resolving phenylephrine HCl and guaifenesin enantiomers on cellulose‐based chiral stationary phases: Separation of four enantiomers on 50‐mm column
Authors: Tantawy Mahmoud A. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Yehia Ali M.
Published: August 2023

Chiral high performance liquid chromatographic technique usually employs polysaccharide‐based stationary phases in a normal phase mode. This frequently generates large waste of organic solvents. Using shorter columns of 50 mm length as well as a mobile phase with a high water percentage are common approaches for greening this analytical technique. In this context, a new chiral chromatographic technique was developed for simultaneous enantio‐separation of phenylephrine HCl and guaifenesin racemates. Four 50 mm cellulose‐based columns were experimented to separate the four enantiomers in a reversed phase mode. A face centered design was then employed to optimize the mobile phase acetonitrile% and flow rate on Lux Cellulose‐1 (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The simultaneous resolution of the cited drugs enantiomers was achieved using acetonitrile–water (30:70, by volume), with a flow rate of 0.5 ml min−1. These optimized chromatographic conditions separate the enantiomers in 7 min running time, generating about 1.0 ml acetonitrile per run. The proposed method was favorably compared with other reported chiral ones in terms of waste volume generated and analysis time required.
Big tau: What, how, where and why
Authors: Fischer Itzhak
Published: August 2023

Over the last 50 years the different isoforms of tau proteins (45–60 kDa) have been a focus of research because of their roles in modulating the dynamic properties of microtubules shaping the structure and function of neurons but also becoming a center of attention in the pathology of neurodegeneration associated with tauopathies. Much less attention has been given to Big tau, a unique isoform containing exon 4a encoding about 250 amino acids to form a much longer projection domain of a protein of 110 kDa. Big tau is expressed in peripheral neurons and selective regions of the central nervous system in a defined transition during postnatal developmental stages. Although Big tau was discovered 30 years ago, there has been a persistent gap of knowledge regarding its physiological properties and pathological implications. This Perspective summarizes the progress so far in defining the structure and expression of Big tau within and outside the nervous system, proposes a role for Big tau in improving axonal transport in projecting axons, considers its potential in averting tau aggregation in tauopathies and highlights the need for further progress.
Cancer prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates in Afghanistan in 2020: A review study
Authors: Shayan Nasar Ahmad , Rahimi Ali , Özcebe Hilal
Published: August 2023

Background

Afghanistan is in an epidemiological transition, as cancer is the second leading cause of mortality due to non‐communicable diseases. This study is the first to provide a comprehensive perspective on the overall cancer situation in Afghanistan by discussing the top five most common cancers, their incidence variations, risk factors, and preventive measures. The limited number of cancer studies conducted in Afghanistan highlights the importance of the present review.

Recent Findings

This article provides an overview of cancer burden in Afghanistan in 2020. It utilizes IARC‐generated GLOBOCAN 2020 data for one, three, and five‐year prevalence rates, the estimated number of new cancer cases, and mortality rates by age group in Afghanistan. According to GLOBOCAN, the top five common cancers in both sexes in Afghanistan were breast (n = 3173, 14.3%), stomach (n = 2913, 7.8%), lung (n = 1470, 6.6%), cervix uteri (n = 1200, 5.4%), and colorectum (n = 1084, 4.9%).

Conclusion

This study provides a brief overview of the general cancer situation in Afghanistan, and a more in‐depth analysis of the five common cancers identified. Effective therapies, awareness, and prevention initiatives targeting lifestyle, immunization, early diagnosis, and environmental risk factors are essential for addressing the impact of population growth and aging on cancer incidence in Afghanistan. Further research and extensive studies are needed to better understand cancer burden in the country.
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of ZY‐IL1 in Three Patients with Cryopyrin‐Associated Periodic Syndromes
Authors: Hissaria Pravin , Kansagra Kevinkumar , Patel Hardik , Momin Taufik , Ghoghari Ashok , Patel Harilal , Sharma Bhavesh
Published: August 2023

We present the first results of the proof‐of‐concept phase 2a study of oral NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor in subjects with cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Three adult subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of CAPS were enrolled and administered 50 mg of ZYIL1 twice daily for 7 days. A total of 5 treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 2 subjects. All 5 TEAEs were mild in severity and considered unrelated to the study drug. At steady state, the average plasma concentration and trough concentration ranged from 2.5 to 4.2 and 1.4 to 2.5 µg/mL, respectively. Inflammatory markers and disease activity (physician and patient global assessment score) decreased notably 12 hours post‐last dose.
Trans‐ethnic polygenic risk scores for body mass index
Authors: Qu Hui‐Qi , Connolly John J , Hakonarson Hakon
Published: August 2023

Background

Obesity is a complex trait caused by a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors that contributes to the risks of numerous serious diseases. Predictive measures of body mass index (BMI) hold significant promise, with implications for the prevention and early intervention of obesity, promoting overall improvement in health.

Main body

An effective BMI polygenic risk score (PRS) model can assist with the prediction and early detection of obesity at the individual level, aligning with the objectives of precision medicine in the management of obesity. However, potential health disparities may emerge among under‐represented populations with a high prevalence of obesity, primarily due to the lack of genomic data available for these populations. The development of a trans‐ethnic (TE) PRS for BMI necessitates collective action from the research community, and requires genomic data from diverse populations.

Conclusion

The current BMI‐PRS model exhibits moderate performance, which could be improved in several key areas: integrating genomic information through TE GWAS studies, including admixed populations, considering gene–environment interactions, implementing advanced machine learning techniques, and incorporating genomic‐informed risk assessment (GIRA) with the inclusion of family history, environmental and lifestyle factors for the risk prediction.
A liposomal radionanoformulation for targeted drug delivery and real time monitoring by radionuclide imaging for HER2 overexpressing cancers
Authors: Suman Shishu Kant , Mukherjee Archana , Sharma Rohit Kumar
Published: August 2023

Liposomal formulations carrying chemotherapeutic drugs have demonstrated great potential as effective drug delivery systems. Smart nanoformulations decorated with targeting agents and probes are desired for site specific delivery of drugs and real time monitoring. In this study, we aimed to develop liposomal formulation loaded with doxorubicin and tagged with trastuzumab antibody (Ab) for targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive tumors. Liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection method using modified lipids to conjugate trastuzumab and radiolabel with Tc‐99m radioisotope using DTPA for imaging by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Doxorubicin was loaded using the active pH gradient method. The conjugation of Ab to liposomes was validated by SDS‐PAGE and MALDI‐MS. 99mTc labeled liposomes encapsulating doxorubicin conjugated with antibody (99mTc‐Lip‐Ab‐Dox) and 99mTc labeled liposomes encapsulating doxorubicin (99mTc‐Lip‐Dox) were found to be stable in blood plasma and saline using chromatography method. The specificity of 99mTc‐Lip‐Ab‐Dox against HER2 receptor was evident from cell uptake and inhibition studies. Results also corroborated with confocal microscopy studies. In vivo studies in tumor bearing severe combined immunodeficient mice by SPECT imaging and biodistribution studies revealed higher uptake of 99mTc‐Lip‐Ab‐Dox in tumor and less accumulation in the liver compared to 99mTc‐Lip‐Dox. In conclusion, liposomal nanoformulation for immunotargeting and monitoring of drug delivery was successfully formulated and evaluated. Encouraging results in preclinical studies were obtained with the radioformulation. Such smart radioformulations will not only serve the purpose of site‐specific controlled release of drugs at the target site but also aid in optimizing the drug doses and schedule of cancer treatment by monitoring pharmacokinetics.
Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for large pedunculated colorectal carcinoma: A retrospective multicenter study
Authors: Inagaki Katsuaki , Yamashita Ken , Oka Shiro , Tanino Fumiaki , Yamamoto Noriko , Kamigaichi Yuki , Tamari Hirosato , Nishimura Tomoyuki , Okamoto Yuki , Tanaka Hidenori , Kotachi Takahiro , Yuge Ryo , Urabe Yuji , Kitadai Yasuhiko , Tanaka Shinji
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Complete en‐bloc resection of pedunculated colorectal carcinoma is necessary for a proper pathological diagnosis. However, due to poor visibility, large pedunculated colorectal carcinomas are difficult to snare and resect en‐bloc using endoscopic resection or polypectomy. Additionally, the bleeding risk of large pedunculated colorectal carcinomas is relatively high. We aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for large pedunculated colorectal carcinomas.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study to assess 36 consecutive patients with 36 large pedunculated colorectal carcinomas who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection and evaluated the outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection. Furthermore, patients were divided into two groups according to the procedure time, and the factors related to the procedure time were assessed.

Results

The mean tumor size was 34.1 ± 9.9 mm. The en‐bloc, complete en‐bloc, and curative resection rates were 97% (35/36), 97% (35/36), and 81% (29/36), respectively. The rate of severe bleeding during the procedure was 11% (4/36); however, it could be controlled endoscopically in all patients. The rate of intraoperative perforation and delayed bleeding was 0% (0/36). Delayed perforations occurred in one patient that required surgery. A long procedure time was correlated with the location of the flexure and poor endoscope operability. No recurrence was observed in any patient. None of the patients died of colorectal carcinoma.

Conclusions

Our results showed the feasibility and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for large pedunculated colorectal carcinomas.
Efficacy of a training programme for the management of diabetes mellitus in the hospital: A randomized study (stage 2 of GOVEPAZ healthcare)
Authors: Dei Cas Alessandra , Aldigeri Raffaella , Ridolfi Valentina , Vazzana Angela , Ciardullo Anna Vittoria , Manicardi Valeria , Sforza Alessandra , Tomasi Franco , Zavaroni Donatella , Zavaroni Ivana , Bonadonna Riccardo C.
Published: August 2023

Aims

To assess the efficacy of a structured educational intervention for health professionals on the appropriateness of inpatient diabetes care and on some clinical outcomes in hospitalised subjects.

Methods

A multicentre (6 regional hospitals) cluster‐randomized (2:1) two parallel‐group pragmatic intervention trials, as a part of the GOVEPAZ study, was conducted in three clinical settings, that is, Internal Medicine, Surgery and Intensive Care. Intervention consisted of a 2‐month structured education of clinical staff to inpatient diabetes care. Twelve wards ‐ 2 for each hospital ‐ and 6 wards ‐ 1 for each hospital ‐ were randomized to usual care and to the intervention arm, respectively. Consecutively hospitalised diabetic subjects (n = 524, age 74 ± 14 years, 57% males, median HbA1C 57 mmol/mol) were included. The clinical appropriateness of inpatient diabetes management was assessed by a previously validated multi‐domain performance score (PS). Clinical outcomes included hypoglycemia, glucose control biomarkers, clinical conditions at discharge and inpatient mortality rate.

Results

A numerically, but not statistically significant, higher PS (+0.94; 95% C.I.: −0.53 ‐ +2.4) was achieved in the intervention than in the usual care wards. Hypoglycemias (p = 0.32), glucose control (p = 0.89) and survival rates (p = 0.71) were similar in the two experimental arms. Plasma glucose on admission (OR = 1.52 per 1 SD; C.I. 1.07–2.17; p = 0.021) and the number of hypoglycemic events per patient (OR = 1.55 per 1 SD; C.I.:1.11–2.16; p = 0.011) were independently associated with the inpatient mortality rate.

Conclusions

Structured education of the clinical staff failed to improve the inpatient appropriateness of diabetes care or clinical outcomes. In‐hospital hypoglycemia was confirmed to be an independent indicator of death risk.
The next stages of treatment‐oriented research: Commentary on Wade et al. (2023)
Authors: Steinglass Joanna , Attia Evelyn
Published: August 2023

Treatments for eating disorders have established benefits; yet, current psychotherapies focus specifically on the cognitions and behaviors of the eating disorder. Wade et al. (2023) propose that the myriad symptoms and disorders that occur together with eating disorders merit specific attention in treatment research protocols. We seek to amplify the authors' call to take a fresh look at the characterization of eating disorders, and the need for treatment research to consider both the role of symptoms that occur as part and parcel of an eating disorder (such as mood, anxiety, and obsessionality) and the role of co‐occurring disorders (such as obsessive–compulsive disorder and substance use disorders). We discuss additional aspects in the care of patients with eating disorders that were beyond the scope of Wade et al., such as the impact of systems of care, and consideration of medication trials. We propose that current research priorities (mechanism‐based treatment development, transdiagnostic symptoms, and patient perspectives) can be leveraged to advance treatment research and develop a systematic approach to evaluation and treatment planning.
Color Tunable Emission and Oxygen Sensing from a Discrete Europium−Pyrene Assembly
Authors: O'Neil Alex T. , Pope Jade , Harrison John A. , Kitchen Jonathan A.
Published: August 2023

We report the synthesis of a new pyrene, dipicolinic acid‐based ligand (L1H) and its corresponding multi‐emissive and multifunctional europium complex [Eu(L1)3] that is capable of single component color switchable emission from red to blue and also white. At high concentration (10 mM) the single component system results in near pure white emission (CIE coordinates x,y=0.329, 0.324). Furthermore, the system showed ratiometric oxygen sensing with oxygen significantly quenching the pyrene centered emission but not the Eu3+ emission, resulting in an overall emission color change from blue to red on increasing oxygen content.
Education, neuroscience, and types of creativity
Authors: Dietrich Arne , Zakka Sandra
Published: August 2023

The concept of multiple intelligences has taken hold in education. The idea that there are different types of intelligence for different domains helps inform educational approaches to learning and development. Evidence in creativity research, particularly from neuroscience, is accumulating that there are also different types of creativity. This, however, has not been the predominant way neuroscience has approached creativity. Consequently, the idea of different types of creativity has also not yet taken hold in education. Despite psychology regarding creativity as being made up of many complex, multifaceted, and varied cognitive and emotional processes deployed across many different domains, we still think of, and test, creativity as if it were a single, separate, cohesive, and discrete thing. Having perseverated on experimental paradigms that are theoretically and conceptually incoherent, this paper explains why empirical neuroscience research has failed to identify and distinguish different types of creativity. This is particularly important because neuroscience can take a lead in establishing the idea of multiple creativity types. The paper then outlines the negative implications for education if creativity is continuously being treated as a single faculty or monolithic entity. Finally, the paper introduces a division of creativity into three types that could result in a more individual approach to teaching and promoting creativity in classrooms.