bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Diagram Technique for Calculation of Transport Constants of Random Inhomogeneous Materials. II. Low‐Field Hall Effect
Authors: German A. I. , Chaikovskii I. A.
Published: July 2007

Diagram methods are applied for evaluating the off‐diagonal (Hall) components of the ac effective magnetoconductivity tensor σ(ω) in an inhomogeneous material for the case of low magnetic field. Closed expressions for σ(ω) are obtained in two approximations, namely in the self‐consistent cumulant approximation and in the effective‐medium approximation (EMA). Our expression for σ(ω) in the EMA coincides with the one obtained earlier by Fishchuk. The obtained results are applied to the model of a random binary mixture consisting of two conducting materials 1 and 2 with conductivity tensors σ and σ and volume fractions x and 1 − x, respectively. In the special case of σ = 0 and ω = 0 the (dc) Hall conductivity σ in both above‐mentioned approximations has a percolation threshold at some critical value Xc. In each approximation the value of xc coincides with the one for the dc diagonal (ohmic) conductivity σ* taken in the same approximation: the self‐consistent cumulant approximation gives xc = 1 – exp (−1/3), while in the EMA xc is equal to 1/3.
Periodic Solutions in Bubble Mode Resonance
Authors: Sigal M. A.
Published: July 2007

A theory of periodic solutions for magnetostatic modes in a hexagonal bubble lattice based upon the application of the quasiperiodic Weierstrass ζ‐function and its even derivatives as matrix potential in common with new boundary conditions on the elementary cell is introduced. Periodic solutions for magnetostatic fields described by doubly periodic elliptic functions P(z) are obtained. The magnetic field structure for all four branches is investigated and is constructed for the low‐frequency branch ω = ω1.
A Mössbauer Effect Investigation of Fe Hyperfine Fields and Solubility Limit of Cr in Fe3−x CrxSi Alloys
Authors: Babu T. V. S. M. Mohan , Bansal C.
Published: July 2007

Detailed Mössbauer effect studies on Fe3−xCrxSi alloys show a solubility of Cr up to a composition of x = 0.5 and a precipitation of Cr3Si phase beyond this composition. The effect of Cr on the hyperfine fields at the inequivalent (AC) and (B) sites is understood in terms of a local environment model with Cr substituting at the B site with a very small moment. Presence of B32 order besides the DO3 order is also indicated.
Plasma Waves in a Finite Superlattice
Authors: Kuchma A. E. , Sverdlov V. A. , Ermolin A. V.
Published: July 2007

Dispersion equations for plasma waves in a superlattice with a finite number of conducting layers are obtained. It is shown that the existence of surface‐like plasma waves in a finite superlattice is possible under definite conditions which represent the generalization of the well‐known restrictions for the surface waves in semiinfinite superlattices. Results are demonstrated for the case of a superlattice containing N = 3 layers.
Dynamical Transport Theories versus Semi‐Classical Solutions of the Boltzmann Kinetic Equation
Authors: Farvacque J.‐L.
Published: July 2007

In 1989, a dynamical transport theory was proposed. This theory is based on the use of the dielectric properties of materials. However, mistakes are made in the derivation, making this method far from being able to include as a coherent limit the classical solution of the relaxation time approximation of the Boltzmann kinetic equation. A corrected version of this theory is presented. Potentialities of this theory versus the classical relaxation time approach are pointed out (screening effects, local field effects, carrier‐carrier scattering, galvanomagnetic effects of second order, etc.). Finally, the coherence between our method and the relaxation time solution is shown as soon as classical approximations are used.
Valence Band Crystal Field Splitting of Hexagonal Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Twardowski A. , Chern‐Yu K. , Chen F. R. , Kuo S. S. , Ro C. S. , Chiu K. C. , Chou W. C. , Yang S. L. , Chuu D. S. , Chen Y. F.
Published: July 2007

The valence band crystal field and spin‐orbit splitting in hexagonal diluted magnetic semiconductors based on CdSe and CdS is studied. It is found that the crystal field splitting is practically magnetic ion independent for CdSe based crystals, whereas in the case of CdS based samples a strong influence of magnetic ion substitution on crystal field splitting is observed.
Effect of Crystal Anisotropy on Infrared Hole Transitions in Uniaxially Stressed Semiconductors
Authors: Bakhanova E. V. , Vasko F. T.
Published: July 2007

Peculiarities of permittivity are studied for semiconductors with degenerate band structure modified by the uniaxial compression which induces valence band splitting. For [001] and [111] stress orientations cubic crystals become uniaxial, whereas for the [110] stress orientation they become biaxial. The contribution of intersubband hole transitions to the permittivity and the absorption coefficient is found to be significantly anisotropic in the frequency range corresponding to the subband splitting energy. Therefore, studying birefringence for different stress orientations may allow deformation potentials and stiffness constants to be determined.
Wave Reflection Analysis of a Quasibound State Using a Global Transfer Matrix
Authors: Redhammer R. , Urban F.
Published: July 2007

An illustrative analysis of the quasibound state using a complex reflection coefficient is presented. The global transfer matrix technique is formulated and used to evaluate the reflection coefficient. The quasibound state interacting with a half‐space continuum is the well‐known problem of a quantum well in an electric field and here it is called a quantum well mirror. The dependences of rectangular quantum well mirror and double barrier reflection coefficient on energy are compared. The wave functions are shown as well. A new way of finding the quasibound state energy and determining the quasibound state thickness based on the global transfer matrix behaviour is proposed.
Amplification of a Space‐Charge Wave in a Two‐Dimensional Electron Gas in a Strong Electric Field
Authors: Tralle I. E. , Filonov A. B.
Published: July 2007

The possibility of charge‐wave amplification in the two‐dimensional electron gas of the GaAs‐(AlGa)As heterostructure is considered. The amplification is the consequence of a beam instability in the 2D electron plasma which, in turn, is the consequence of the inversion of the electron distribution function of GaAs in a strong electric field.
Beam Instability and Space‐Charge Wave Amplification in a Semiconductor Plasma
Authors: Tralle I. E. , Sizjuk V. A.
Published: July 2007

The amplification of a space‐charge wave in a semiconductor induced by the beam instability is considered. The electron beam is regarded as being injected out of the quantum well by means of resonant tunneling. The plasma‐beam interaction is treated in terms of the hydrodynamic equations of a two‐component liquid and the Poisson equation. The increment of SCW is calculated and the dependence of the increment on the different parameters such as temperature, carrier concentration, spacing of grating, and so on is also considered.
Photoemission and Mössbauer Effect Studies of Sputter‐Deposited Fe‐Pd Alloys
Authors: Zhang S. L. , Zhang J. R.
Published: July 2007

XPS core level and Mössbauer spectra of sputter‐deposited Fe‐Pd alloy films are studied. These films are composed of nonequilibrium b.c.c. and f.c.c. phases depending on the alloy composition. The core level spectra of Fe 2p and Pd 3d states reveal that the binding energy shift has a strong concentration dependence and the charge transfer between the constituent elements is appreciable. Mössbauer spectra at 290 K show that with increasing Pd concentration the average magnetic hyperfine field slightly increases in the b.c.c. alloys, whereas it decreases rapidly in the f.c.c. alloys.
Size and temperature dependence of electrical transport properties of vacuum evaporated Bi2Se3 films
Authors: Fouad S. S. , Morsy A. Y. , Talaat H. M. , El‐Tawab M. E.
Published: July 2007

The Bi2Se3 films of thicknesses in the range 50 to 546 nm are vacuum deposited on glass substrates at room temperature. After annealing for 1 h at 423 K, the electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, and the thermoelectric power are measured. It is observed that the resistivity is strongly affected by both the film thickness and temperature, and the activation energy (ΔE) is found to vary from 0.116 to 0.279 eV with the decrease in film thickness. The Hall coefficient (RH) as well as the mobility increase with increasing film thickness. Also, the thermoelectric power varies in a similar manner. It is found that the deposits were all of n‐type and the carrier concentrations (n) measured by different methods have the order of 1020 cm−3. The analysis combining the data from thermoelectric power and electrical conductivity measurements, by using the effective mean free path theory of size effect in thin films developed by Pichard et al. leads to the determination of mean free path, carrier concentration, Fermi energy, and the parameter Ug = (d ln 1g/d ln E), where Ug is a parameter determining the energy dependence of the mean free path of carriers in infinitely thick films.
Modification of the absorption edge due to grain boundaries and mechanical stresses in polycrystalline semiconductor films
Authors: Maity A. B. , Chaudhuri S. , Pal A. K.
Published: July 2007

Explicit expressions for the absorption coefficient beyond the absorption edge are obtained by considering the Franz‐Keldysh effect and mechanical stress to be operative simultaneously in the grain boundary regions of polycrystalline semiconductor films. The expressions are successfully utilized to explain the tail end of the absorption spectrum of ZnTe films.
Influence of uniaxial anisotropic edge‐film surfaces upon the properties of a vortex lattice
Authors: Saif A. G.
Published: July 2007

The influence of edge‐film surfaces upon the properties of a vortex lattice is studied. The film is considered to be a uniaxial anisotropic high‐temperaure superconductor of arbitrary thickness. Exact integral expressions are investigated for the distributions of the fields inside and outside the sample. Moreover, an analytical form of the total current density is calculated. Using these solutions, the forces on the vortex segments are completely determined. A simple form of the Gibbs free energy of the system is investigated. Agreement with previous results is achieved for some limiting cases of film thickness as well as for the isotropic case.
Emission‐limited currents in low‐mobility solids
Authors: Godlewski J. , Kalinowski J. , Mancini G. , Stizza S.
Published: July 2007

Results of computer‐calculated solutions of a set of equations describing emission‐limited currents (ELC) in low‐mobility solids are presented. The continuity of current equation with electric field‐dependent mobility is used to calculate the field dependence of ELC under various injection conditions. Its shape and steepness are found to change strongly with decreasing scattering length of injected carriers, approaching the standard description of the one‐dimensional Onsager model with field‐independent mobility. The recombination of the charge carriers at the contact is shown to reduce the current without remarkable change of its functional dependence on practically accessible electric fields.
Entropy and specific heat of the 3D ising model as functions of temperature and microscopic parameters of the system
Authors: Kozlovskii M. P. , Pylyuk I. V.
Published: July 2007

Explicit expressions for the critical amplitudes of the specific heat and other thermodynamic functions of the three‐dimensional Ising model with extracted universal part and non‐universal factor are obtained applying the non‐Gaussian measure density of fluctuation distribution for the calculation of the partition function. The curves for thermodynamic characteristics as functions of temperature and microscopic parameters of the Hamiltonian near the phase transition point are presented.
MFRG and DPIR for a S = 3/2 transverse ising model in a random field
Authors: Song W. J. , Yang C. Z.
Published: July 2007

A spin‐3/2 transverse Ising model in a random field (RFTIM) is studied within the framework combined by mean‐field renormalization group theory (MFRG) with the discretized pathintegral representation (DPIR). The phase diagrams and the other critical properties are investigated.
Electric field dependent dielectric constants in amorphous semiconductors
Authors: Khan W. I.
Published: July 2007

The electric field dependence of dielectric constants in amorphous semiconductors is obtained theoretically. It can be shown, taking into consideration the lattice thermal energy, that the polarization vector Ps can exist in different orientations included in a cone. When an electric field is applied, the total energy changes and a new equilibrium is reached. This gives a relationship between field and polarization. A first‐order process effect is observed under certain conditions. Some experimental evidence of the field dependence is produced. Finally a method of evaluation of the coefficients involved in the free energy is presented.
The effect of doubled CO2 and model basic state biases on the monsoon‐ENSO system. II: Changing ENSO regimes
Authors: Turner A. G. , Inness P. M. , Slingo J. M.
Published: July 2007

Integrations of a fully‐coupled climate model with and without flux adjustments in the equatorial oceans are performed under 2 × CO2 conditions to explore in more detail the impact of increased greenhouse gas forcing on the monsoon‐ENSO system. When flux adjustments are used to correct some systematic model biases, ENSO behaviour in the modelled future climate features distinct irregular and periodic (biennial) regimes. Comparison with the observed record yields some consistency with ENSO modes primarily based on air‐sea interaction and those dependent on basinwide ocean wave dynamics. Simple theory is also used to draw analogies between the regimes and irregular (stochastically forced) and self‐excited oscillations respectively. Periodic behaviour is also found in the Asian‐Australian monsoon system, part of an overall biennial tendency of the model under these conditions related to strong monsoon forcing and increased coupling between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) thus serves as a useful descriptor for the coupled monsoon‐ENSO system in this case. The presence of obvious regime changes in the monsoon‐ENSO system on interdecadal timescales, when using flux adjustments, suggests there may be greater uncertainty in projections of future climate, although further modelling studies are required to confirm the realism and cause of such changes. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Leukaemogenic mechanism of human T‐cell leukaemia virus type I
Authors: Yasunaga* Jun‐ichirou , Matsuoka Masao
Published: July 2007

Adult T‐cell leukaemia (ATL) is a neoplastic disease derived from CD4+ T‐lymphocytes and etiologically associated with human T‐cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV‐I). In addition to structural genes, HTLV‐I encodes regulatory and accessory genes in the pX region. Among them, Tax is thought to play a central role in leukaemogenesis through its potent transforming activity. However, since Tax is a major target of the host immune system, its expression is often lost in ATL cells, indicating Tax is dispensable in the last phase of leukaemogenesis. The HTLV‐I bZIP factor (HBZ), encoded on the HTLV‐I minus strand, was recently shown to be expressed in all ATL cells, and to support growth of human T‐cell lines. These findings suggest that HBZ is critical to ATL onset. In addition to viral factors and genetic and epigenetic changes in cellular genes, the host immune status and genetic background also function in leukaemogenesis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viability and sustainability of civilizations, corporations, institutions and ecological systems
Authors: Grossmann Wolf Dieter , Watt Kenneth E. F.
Published: July 2007

Abstract— The viability and sustainability of civilizations, corporations, institutions and ecological life‐support systems (CIES) can now effectively be enhanced with new insights, new methods and new strategies. This is urgently needed because CIES's are increasingly more endangered by new as well as long‐known threats and risks. CIES' have many strengths to deal with these but also many deficiencies or weaknesses. Strengths and deficiencies of systems are relative terms which have to be assessed against potential threats and risks.

Important potential threats are analysed and, in particular their combinations into new, more severe threats. Here a viability approach for CIES's is used to analyse their strengths and deficiencies and devise new criteria showing how to make these systems more capable of dealing with threats and more capable of viable evolvement.
Systems modelling of cost and quality: An application of extended physical system theory and simulation
Authors: Sushil  , Pankaj
Published: July 2007

This paper develops an integrated systems approach towards quality and cost in production systems. A spinning unit producing medium count ranges of yarn, has been taken as a case for study. The first part deals with developing a suitable methodology for the purpose by modifying the existing physical system theory modelling framework. The second part deals with the aspect of simulation for studying the impact of various processes and the quality of the output. Finally, the response of cost of output to the quality of output has been studied using the modified cost equation and carrying out the sensitivity analysis.
Systems characteristics in information systems design
Authors: Xu Li D.
Published: July 2007

Although many information systems (IS) design methods and techniques are available to IS professionals, none of them completely supports the design process. One of the problems is that there is a mismatch between IS design method; and the system to be built. Actually, in designing an IS, the methods or techniques employed should match the types and characteristics of the system to be built. Thus paper will explore the relationship between IS types/characteristics and systems design methods, and provide IS designers with a systems framework to develop methods or techniques that match the types and characteristics of IS.
Life symptoms: The behaviour of open systems with limited energy dissipation capacity and evolution
Authors: Winiwarter Peter , Cempel Czeslaw
Published: July 2007

For income distributions, city‐size distributions and word frequencies we observe skewed or long‐tailed distributions of the PARETO‐ZIPF type. In general ‐for properties of units belonging to the same astrophysical, biological, ecological, urban, social, political, economic or mechanical machinery system ‐ we observe similar regularities referred to as Pareto law, Zipfs law or rank‐size law. We give a short historical overview over the discovery of these empirical regularities. Then we review a variety of theoretical tentatives, none of which can “explain” that similar regularities are observed in such an incredible wide range of scientific research areas.

Finally, departing from a very specific model ‐ describing tribo‐vibro‐acoustic processes in machines ‐ we propose a generalized theoretical framework in terms of energy transformation with limited internal energy dissipation capacity, which is applicable to all fields.

The proposed model “unifies” a large variety of concepts and applies a coherent terminology to fields, which have at first sight nothing in common. For the observed life symptoms, theoretical predictions can be compared with past and future empirical observations.

What is most important is the model's inference power: from the observations of a set of units at a given moment of life‐time (a snapshot of the system), one can predict the average behaviour of a single unit over its entire life‐time.
To evolve an ear. Epistemological implications of gordon pask's electrochemical devices
Authors: Cariani Peter
Published: July 2007

Abstract ‐ In the late 1950's Gordon Pask constructed several electrochemical devices having emergent sensory capabilities. These control systems possessed the ability to adaptively construct their own sensors, thereby choosing the relationship between their internal states and the world at large. Devices were built that evolved de novo sensitivity to sound or magnetic fields. Pask's devices have far‐reaching implications for artificial intelligence, self‐constructing devices, theories of observers and epistemically‐autonomous agents, theories of functional emergence, machine creativity, and the limits of contemporary machine learning paradigms.
Will there be a fifth kondratiev cycle/structure?
Authors: De Greene Kenyon B.
Published: July 2007

Previous research in the development of a comprehensive theory of the Kondratiev cycle/structure is reviewed. The problem of paradigm exhaustion is emphasized. The structure of the first four Kondratievs is contrasted with that inferred for a possible fifth. The main driving forces and constraints characteristic of a fifth Kondratiev recovery are discussed. These are new technologies, job creation, new sources of energy, environmental constraints, and availability of financial capital. It is concluded that many of the ingredients for a recovery are present but that there are countervailing factors as well. Further, the contextual field of forces in which the Kondratiev is embedded is now more turbulent, and a Kondratiev recovery would have to be part of a radical transformation in social, economic, and environmental thinking.
Variety in design
Authors: Glanville Ranulph
Published: July 2007

It is argued that creativity might be amplified through the co‐operative sharing of brain power (in contrast to Ashby's amplification of intelligence by restricting attention to the problem). This argument is extended to the act of design (seen as the making of the new), where it is proposed that the nature of the computer is to encourage co‐operative sharing because, by making perfect copies, it denies ownership. This, in turn, underpins the processes of collaging and transformation that so suit the computer. A means of using the computer is proposed in which both sharing and distortion are encouraged, so that the new may be made while the individual's sense of creation and of origination is respected. Possible questions and difficulties are raised. Some are resolved.
Uncertainty and the communication of time
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet
Published: July 2007

Prigogine and Stengers (1988) [47] have pointed to the centrality of the concepts of “time and eternity” for the cosmology contained in Newtonian physics, but they have not addressed this issue beyond the domain of physics. The construction of “time” in the cosmology dates back to debates among Huygens, Newton, and Leibniz. The deconstruction of this cosmology in terms of the philosophical questions of the 17th century suggests an uncertainty in the time dimension. While order has been conceived as an “harmonie preetablie”, it is considered as emergent from an evolutionary perspective. In a “chaology”, one should fully appreciate that different systems may use different clocks. Communication systems can be considered as contingent in space and time: substances contain force or action, and they communicate not only in (observable) extension, but also over time. While each communication system can be considered as a system of reference for a special theory of communication, the addition of an evolutionary perspective to the mathematical theory of communication opens up the possibility of a general theory of communication.
Model validation in soft systems practice
Authors: Checkland Peter
Published: July 2007

The concept of ‘a model’ usually evokes the connotation ‘model of part of the real world’. That is an almost automatic response. It makes sense especially in relation to the way the concept has been developed and used in natural science. Classical operational research (OR), with its scientific aspirations, and systems engineering, use the concept in the same way and in addition use models as surrogates for the real world, on which experimentation is cheap. In these fields the key feature of a model is representativeness. In soft systems methodology (SSM) models are not of part of the world; they are only relevant to debate about the real world and are used in a cyclic learning process. The paper shows how the different concepts of validation in classical OR and SSM lead to a way of sharply defining the nature of ‘soft OR’.
The value of a systems approach for advancing the co‐evolution of ethnic cultures and society
Authors: Lapointe Gregory V.
Published: July 2007

Traditional ethnic cultures have difficulties co‐evolving with their rapidly changing environments, especially the larger societal environment. Often cultural systems are unable to assist members in coping with accelerating technological, social and political changes. Systems inquiry offers ways and means to address this predicament. This article explores the value of applying a systems approach to the creation of institutional arrangements by which ethnic groups might better develop their cultural systems in order to create mutually beneficial co‐evolutionary relationships with the societal environment.
Molecular approach to living systems
Authors: Tracy Lane
Published: July 2007

Living systems theory (LST) generates a large set of hypotheses that are thought to be applicable to the following eight levels of living systems: cell, organ, organism, group, organization, community, society, and supranational system. Many of the disciplines from which LST has derived its cross‐level propositions are concerned not only with the properties of individual systems, but also with interactions between them. This paper focuses on linked systems and the linkages between them, rather than on individual systems. Intersystem relationships at various levels of living systems are examined for cross‐level commonalities. The paper pays particular attention to dyads as the building blocks of quasi‐living systems and higher‐level living systems. Shared template elements, a common destiny, joint activity, and exchange of resources between and among systems are found to be common, cross‐level factors in the bonding of systems.
Only connect! An annotated bibliography reflecting the breadth and diversity of systems thinking
Authors: Lane David C. , Jackson Mike C.
Published: July 2007

The field of systems thinking is both broad and diverse. This paper tries to provide assistance to outsiders wishing to find out what systems thinking is and also to insiders interested in exploring areas of the systems movement other than their own. A selection of books, papers and articles is given. Each has a full reference and a brief annotation, this being an account of, and a critical comment on, its content. The selection does not aim to be definitive or authoritative and obviously displays the predilections of the authors. However, the hope is that it will convey a sense of the intellectual and practical endeavours that, to the authors, constitute systems thinking and that it may aid the exploration of the range of holistic ideas that people have found useful in thinking about and acting in the world.
An example of the operation of the MPSB filter
Authors: Ho Joseph Kim‐Keung
Published: July 2007

The multi‐perspective, systems‐based (MPSB) framework has been formulated as a meta‐structure of knowledge of management disciplines. As such, it also acts as a powerful filter (or lens) for managers to make sense of the various management approaches and techniques that their companies employ from time to time. This paper describes, with the help of a case study, how it works. In the process, the various key concepts of the MPSB project are also explained and utilized in the case study.
Lack of effect ofNω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester on bromocriptine‐induced locomotor sensitization in mice
Authors: Kayir Hakan , Ceyhan Mert , Yavuz Oğuzhan , Uzbay I. Tayfun
Published: July 2007

The present study was designed to investigate the effects ofNω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitory agent, on bromocriptine‐induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Adult male Swiss‐Webster mice (26–32 g) were the subjects. Saline orL‐NAME (15–60 mg/kg) was injected to mice intraperitoneally 30 min before bromocriptine (5 mg/kg), and locomotor activity was recorded for 240 min in an open field activity monitoring system. This procedure lasted for 2 weeks, once in 2 days from Monday to Friday, six sessions in total. After a 2‐day drug‐free period, a challenge injection of bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered by all groups of mice. Other groups of mice treated with bromocriptine according to the aforementioned procedure exceptL‐NAME pretreatments were challenged with saline orL‐NAME (15–60 mg/kg) plus bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) after a 2‐day drug‐free period. Bromocriptine produced a significant locomotor sensitization.L‐NAME (15–60 mg/kg) did not have any significant effect on the development and expression of bromocriptine‐induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Meanwhile, the data also imply that NO‐related mechanisms may not be responsible for bromocriptine‐induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Synapse 61:869–874, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An All-Volunteer Army? Recruitment and its
Problems
Authors: Korb Lawrence J. , Duggan Sean E.
Published: July 2007

The current condition of Army manpower, like the situation in Iraq,
is grave and deteriorating. The January 2007 decision by the George
W. Bush administration to send additional ground combat and support
troops to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan has thrown the Army's
manpower shortages into stark relief. This latest escalation,
however, not only runs the risk of breaking the all-volunteer Army
but also undermines our national security. Several questions must
therefore be addressed: Is an all-volunteer Army desirable? What are
the current difficulties facing Army recruitment and retention? What
consequences have the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan had on the
service? Before engaging a more substantive discussion which
includes the present demographics of the force and the recruitment
process, one point should be made clear. We believe the
all-volunteer model is the right one and should be maintained if at
all possible.
Suicide and Changing Values and Beliefs in Ireland
Authors: Cleary Anne , Brannick Teresa
Published: July 2007

Abstract. This paper addresses some of the generalized theories explaining rising suicide rates in Ireland. The conclusion here is that linking suicide patterns to changing beliefs and values is problematic. Church attendance as well as adherence to traditional values remain high in this country compared to European levels, and variations in beliefs and values, especially rural/urban differences, do not fit with general explanations. Moreover, attitudes to value areas fluctuate in that justification for suicide - which showed an upward trend in the 1980s - was reversed in the 1990s, and this may have resulted from increased public focus and debate. Generalized explanations are unlikely to decipher complex phenomena such as suicidal behavior. Religious belief, if protective in relation to suicide, is unlikely to act alone. Social transformations have a differential impact depending on one's socio-economic positioning, which translates ideas of a general male vulnerability to suicide into focused areas of male distress.
The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
Authors: Garnefski Nadia , Kraaij Vivian
Published: July 2007

Abstract. The psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) as well as its prospective relationships with symptoms of depression and anxiety were studied in an adult general population sample. The results showed that the CERQ had good factorial validity and high reliabilities, with Cronbach's αs ranging between .75 and .87. In addition, the cognitive emotion regulation strategies accounted for considerable amounts of variance in emotional problems and strong relationships were found between the cognitive strategies self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing and positive reappraisal (inversely) and symptoms of depression and anxiety, both at first measurement and at follow-up. The CERQ might therefore be considered a valuable and reliable tool in the study of individual risk and protective factors associated with emotional problems, while providing us with important targets for intervention.
Construct Validation of a Short Five-Factor Model Instrument
Authors: Muck Peter M. , Hell Benedikt , Gosling Samuel D.
Published: July 2007

Abstract. The five-factor model (FFM) is currently the predominant model in trait psychology. To meet the need for an extremely brief measure of the FFM, Gosling, Rentfrow, and Swann (2003) developed the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), which can be administered in about a minute. Here we describe the development and construct validation of a German version of the TIPI (the TIPI-G). Using a multijudge (self and peer), multiinstrument (TIPI-G and the German version of the NEO-PI-R) design, we evaluated the TIPI-G in terms of internal consistency, factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and coverage of the NEO-PI-R facets. Together the analyses suggest that the 10 unipolar items of the TIPI-G can provide an efficient approximation for longer measures of the FFM personality constructs. As such, the TIPI-G is recommended for research where time is limited, where the primary theoretical focus is on other constructs, or where it is desirable to reduce the testing burden on participants.
Construct Validity of the Questionnaire on Experience with Skin Complaints (Short Form)
Authors: Müller Horst , Brockow Thomas , Franke Annegret , Resch Karl-Ludwig , Calliess Iris Tatjana , Schmid-Ott Gerhard
Published: July 2007

Abstract. Introduction: Feelings of stigmatization can strongly influence quality of life in individuals with chronic skin diseases. The Short-Form of the Questionnaire on Experience with Skin Complaints (SF-QES) differentiates four factors of stigmatization: self-esteem and retreat, experienced refusal, concealment, and composure. The current study aimed to investigate the construct validity of the SF-QES. Method: The analysis was based on the complete SF-QES records of a clinical psoriasis trial, which yielded 1,005 records at baseline, 1,010 records at the end of therapy, and 885 and 827 records, respectively, at two follow-ups. Factor analyses and corresponding structural equation models (SEMs) using robust maximum likelihood estimation (RML) were applied. Additionally, the responsiveness of the scales to judgments of treatment success and two different interventions were compared. Results: The factor analyses provided results that widely agreed with the supposed four factors. SEM, however, showed moderately insufficient fit for this model, but supported five factors and the discrimination between affected self-esteem and retreat. The retreat scale was clearly most responsive to treatment success and intervention type. Conclusion: The construct validity of the SF-QES was largely supported, but the factor retreat should be separated from affected self-esteem and is most sensitive to physical intervention.
Development and Validation of the Implicit Memory Theory Scale
Authors: Niedźwieńska Agnieszka , Neckar Jacek , Baran Beata
Published: July 2007

Abstract. The present research developed and tested a new individual-difference measure of beliefs about autobiographical memory. We assumed that someone's implicit memory theory results in high or low skepticism about memory credibility. Based on the metamemory literature we hypothesized that this skepticism might be a predictor of memory accuracy in various memory tasks. The first phase of the research developed the Implicit Memory Theory Scale (IMTS). The exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors that were converted into three subscales of the 37-item measure. Cronbach α coefficients and test-retest correlations showed acceptable to high reliability for the global scale and three subscales. Validation studies indicated that the scale was sensitive to individual differences in professional knowledge of autobiographical memory and manipulation that involved providing respondents with this kind of knowledge. As predicted, IMTS scores were associated with accuracy in a misinformation experiment. The potential utility of the IMTS for memory research and an applied setting is discussed.
Penetration electric fields driving main phase Dst
Authors: Burke William J. , Gentile Louise C. , Huang Cheryl Y.
Published: July 2007

On the basis of three selection criteria we have analyzed the main phase electrodynamics of 17 magnetic storms that occurred between 1999 and mid‐2005: (1) the availability of solar wind measurements from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite, (2) a minimum Dst ≤ −100 nT, and (3) no significant recovery episode between the beginning and maximum epoch of the main phase (dDst/dt > 0). We combined the Volland‐Stern and Siscoe‐Hill models to estimate the intensities of electric fields (EVS) in the equatorial plane as the polar cap potential divided by the width of the magnetosphere along the dawn‐dusk axis. A survey of provisional Dst and EVS traces over the 5.5 years of interest shows that all sustained excursions of EVS above quiet time levels of 0.22 ± 0.08 mV/m were closely tied to the main phases of storms. In every instance, EVS returned to background at or near the beginning of the recovery phase. The data indicate very high correlations between Dst and IVS = ∫EVSdt during the main phase of all selected storms.
Elasticity of serpentines and extensive serpentinization in subduction zones
Authors: Reynard Bruno , Hilairet Nadège , Balan Etienne , Lazzeri Michele
Published: July 2007

Elastic constants of lizardite [Mg3Si2O5(OH)4] were computed using first‐principles quantum mechanical calculations within the density functional theory. The predicted c‐axis compressibility is much larger than measured. Modeling of the weak O‐H⋯O interactions between layers must be improved in order to better predict layered hydrated mineral elastic properties. The large computed bulk modulus range is consistent with equation of state and seismic velocities in chrysotile‐lizardite serpentinites, but shear wave velocities are lower than the lowest theoretical estimate. The low seismic velocities measured for chrysotile serpentinites can be attributed to specific contribution of the nanotube‐textured chrysotile. For antigorite, the data from acoustic and EoS measurements are consistent. If used for interpreting seismic velocities, the inferred degrees of serpentinization of the mantle wedge are higher than with the commonly used calibrations using chrysotile‐serpentinite properties. Serpentine is likely a dominant phase in low velocity areas of the mantle wedge at 30–50 km depths.
Nonlocal Wigner-like correlation energy density functional: Parametrization and tests on two-electron systems
Authors: Katriel Jacob , Bauer Michael , Springborg Michael , McCarthy Shane P. , Thakkar Ajit J.
Published: July 2007

Reparametrization of Wigner’s correlation energy density functional yields a very close fit to the correlation energies of the helium isoelectronic sequence. However, a quite different reparametrization is required to obtain an equally close fit to the isoelectronic sequence of Hooke’s atom. In an attempt to avoid having to reparametrize the functional for different choices of the one-body potential, we propose a parametrization that depends on global characteristics of the ground-state electron density as quantified by scale-invariant combinations of expectation values of local one-body operators. This should be viewed as an alternative to the density-gradient paradigm, allowing one to introduce the nonlocal dependence of the density functional on the density in a possibly more effective way. Encouraging results are obtained for two-electron systems with one-body potentials of the form rζ with ζ=−1∕2,+1∕2,1, which span the range between the Coulomb potential (ζ=−1) and the Hooke potential (ζ=2).
Temperature induced stress phase transition in CdTe quantum dots observed by dielectric constant and thermal diffusivity measurements
Authors: Moreira S. G. C. , da Silva E. C. , Mansanares A. M. , Barbosa L. C. , Cesar C. L.
Published: July 2007

The authors measured the dielectric constant by capacitance method and the thermal diffusivity by thermal lens technique in the temperature range from 20to300K for CdTe quantum dot doped borosilicate glass samples. Results show a huge difference between the thermal behavior of the pure glass matrix, without quantum dots, and of the doped glass, especially around 90 and 250K. The authors attributed this difference to the phase transition experienced by the CdTe nanocrystals due to the high pressure exerted by the glass matrix over the CdTe quantum dots. The temperature induced stress is caused by the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the quantum dot and the glass matrix.
Spin-dependent resonant tunneling through 6μm diameter double barrier resonant tunneling diode
Authors: Fang Z. L. , Wu P. , Kundtz N. , Chang A. M. , Liu X. Y. , Furdyna J. K.
Published: July 2007

A vertical resonant tunneling diode based on the paramagnetic Zn1−x−yMnyCdxSe system has been fabricated with a pillar diameter down to ∼6μm. The diode exhibits high quality resonant tunneling characteristics through the electron subband of the quantum well at a temperature of 4.2K, where a clear phonon replica was observable in addition to the primary peak. Both peaks show a giant Zeeman splitting in an applied magnetic field. Employing a self-consistent real-time Green’s function method, the current-voltage characteristic was simulated, showing good agreement with the measured result.
Dynamic range of nanoresonators with random rough surfaces in the presence of thermomechanical and momentum exchange noise
Authors: Palasantzas G.
Published: July 2007

The authors investigate the simultaneous influence of thermomechanical and momentum exchange noise on the linear dynamic range DR of nanoresonators with random rough surfaces. The latter are characterized by the roughness amplitude w, the lateral correlation length ξ, and the roughness exponent 0<H<1. The dynamic range increases with increasing roughness (decreasing H and/or increasing roughness ratio w∕ξ) if the quality factor due to gas collisions is smaller than the intrinsic quality factor associated with thermomechanical noise. The influence of the roughness ratio w∕ξ on DR is significant for intermediate roughness exponents that are commonly observed in experiments.
Vacancy-type defects in TiO2/SiO2/SiC dielectric stacks
Authors: Coleman P. G. , Burrows C. P. , Mahapatra R. , Wright N. G.
Published: July 2007

Open-volume (vacancy-type) point defects have been observed in ∼80-nm-thick titanium dioxide films grown on silicon dioxide∕4H silicon carbide substrates as stacks with high dielectric constant for power device applications, using variable-energy positron annihilation spectroscopy. The concentration of vacancies decreases as the titanium dioxide growth temperature is increased in the range from 700to1000°C, whereas grain boundaries form in the polycrystalline material at the highest growth temperatures. It is proposed that the optimal electrical performance for films grown at 800°C reflects a balance between decreasing vacancy concentration and increasing grain boundary formation. The concentration of vacancies at the silicon dioxide∕silicon carbide interface appears to saturate after 2.5h oxidation at 1150°C. A supplementary result suggests that the quality of the 10-μm-thick deposited silicon carbide epilayer is compromised at depths of about 2μm and beyond, possibly by the migration of impurities and∕or other defects from the standard-grade highly doped 4H silicon carbide wafer beneath the epilayer during oxidation.
Birefringence enhancement in annealed TiO2 thin films
Authors: van Popta Andy C. , Cheng June , Sit Jeremy C. , Brett Michael J.
Published: July 2007

Postdeposition thermal annealing is used to enhance the form birefringence of nanostructured TiO2 thin films grown by electron-beam evaporation using the serial bideposition technique. Thin films were grown on fused silica substrates using oblique deposition angles between 60° and 75° and repetitive 180° substrate rotations to produce birefringent thin films that are structurally anisotropic. Postdeposition annealing in air, between 200 and 900°C, was used to increase the form birefringence of the films by changing the TiO2 phase from the as-deposited amorphous state to a polycrystalline state that exhibits a greater inherent density and larger bulk refractive index. The optical properties, microstructure, and crystallinity were characterized by Mueller matrix ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. It was found that the in-plane birefringence increased significantly upon thermal annealing, in some cases yielding birefringence values that doubled in magnitude, from 0.11 to 0.22 at a wavelength of 550nm for films annealed at 400°C.
Vibrational spectra of ketamine hydrochloride and 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in terahertz range
Authors: Wang Guangqin , Shen Jingling , Jia Yan
Published: July 2007

The terahertz spectrum of ketamine hydrochloride at room temperature, in the range of 0.2–2.6THz, has been measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS). Full-geometry optimizations and frequency calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) are also applied to predict the absorption spectra of ketamine hydrochloride and 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The results of the simulation show qualitative agreement with the experimental data especially for MDMA, and the observed spectra features are assigned based on the DFT calculation. The results suggest that use of the terahertz TDS technique can be an effective method for the detection and inspection of illicit drugs.
Transport through small world networks
Authors: Çalışkan S. , Novotny M. A. , Cerdá J. I.
Published: July 2007

We numerically investigate the transport properties through a system where small world networks are added to a one-dimensional chain. One-electron Green’s function method is applied to standard tight-binding Hamiltonians on networks, modeled as (i) adding connections between any two nonadjacent random sites in the chain, (ii) introducing finite one-dimensional chains between any pair of such connected sites, and (iii) attaching finite dangling chains at random sites in the chain. Due to the small world bonds and dangling conduction paths, the systems have irregular geometrical shapes, leading to quenched disordered systems. We consider the qualitative influence of the small world bonds and dangling bonds on the transmittance and find that the systems exhibit a strong energy dependence on the transmittance, with strong sample-to-sample fluctuations.
Absolute metastable atom-atom collision cross section measurements using a magneto-optical trap
Authors: Matherson K. J. , Glover R. D. , Laban D. E. , Sang R. T.
Published: July 2007

We present a new technique to measure absolute total collision cross sections from metastable neon atoms. The technique is based on the observation of the decay rate of trapped atoms as they collide with room temperature atoms. We present the first measurement of this kind using trapped neon atoms in the P23 metastable state colliding with thermal ground state argon. The measured cross section has a value of 556±26Å2.