bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth patterns in adverse environments
Authors: Cameron Noël
Published: July 2007

The triple‐logistic pattern of human growth in linear dimensions is probably one of the most recognizable models within human biology. The fact that postnatal somatic growth occurs in three phases (infancy, childhood, adolescence) creates opportunities for the individual expression of this genetically directed, but environmentally modified, phenomenon. The impact of the environment works to alter the duration and intensity of critical stages within the total process resulting in individual patterns that can differ radically from the general pattern. However, the constancy of the general pattern is so fixed that its presence in children is taken as a reflection of good health. Departures from that pattern are recognized as reflecting ill health. While the cessation of growth in response to an acute attack is uniformly dramatic, the gradual response to chronic adverse stimuli is less easily predicted and interpreted. For example, in chronic scenarios the loss of centile position that precedes the eventual establishment of normal increments can be viewed as either a poor or a good growth response, as either maladaptive or adaptive, as either poor health or good health. This article reviews such growth patterns in urban South African children exploring the relationship between environment and growth outcome. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life history trade‐offs in human growth: Adaptation or pathology?
Authors: Bogin Barry , Silva Maria Inês Varela , Rios Luis
Published: July 2007

Human beings growing‐up in adverse biocultural environments, including undernutrition, exposure to infection, economic oppression/poverty, heavy workloads, high altitude, war, racism, and religious/ethnic oppression, may be stunted, have asymmetric body proportions, be wasted, be overweight, and be at greater risk for disease. One group of researchers explains this as a consequence of “developmental programming” (DP). Another group uses the phrase “predictive adaptive response” (PAR). The DP group tends to view the alterations as having permanent maladaptive effects that place people at risk for disease. The PAR group considers the alterations at two levels of adaptation: (1) “short‐term adaptive responses for immediate survival” and (2) “predictive responses required to ensure postnatal survival to reproductive age.” The differences between the DP and PAR hypotheses are evaluated in this article. A life history theory analysis rephrases the DP versus PAR debate from disease or adaptation to the concept of “trade‐offs.” Even under good conditions, the stages of human life history are replete with trade‐offs for survival, productivity, and reproduction. Under adverse conditions, trade‐offs result in reduced survival, poor growth, constraints on physical activity, and poor reproductive outcomes. Models of human development may need to be refined to accommodate a greater range of the biological and cultural sources of adversity as well as their independent and interactive influences. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is there an elephant in the room? Addressing rival approaches to the interpretation of growth perturbations and small size
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Magnus P.D.
Published: July 2007

Two interpretations of growth perturbation and small size are commonly applied in human biology: an adaptationist approach in which small size is considered to be an a relatively beneficial adjustment to environmental stressors, and a biomedical approach in which small size is considered nonadaptive, a sign of dysfunction or pathology. These two interpretations conflict, but are used without acknowledging or addressing the conflict. This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the two. This exercise does not prove the indisputable superiority of either approach. Considerations of epistemology show that biologists will never be faced with a decisive test of either, much as they might like such clear cut evidence. Nevertheless, it is possible that a gradual decrease in the productivity of one approach will become a sufficient reason to abandon it. Alternatively, if specific areas of application can be distinguished, each approach might continue to be productive in its own domain. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation of drying process of corn kernels during microwave and convective treatment
Authors: Bihercz Gábor , Beke János , Kurják Zoltan
Published: July 2007

Drying is a necessary technology and a very energy‐demanding process in the area of meat and vegetable processing; it is a tool for finishing semiprocessed or processed goods. Taking the given conditions into consideration, development of technology is necessary, which serves several aims that are often in disagreement with each other (in terms of improvement of availability value, avoidance of artificial additives, energy optimization, reduction of other cost factors, etc.). Until now, several scientific works have been published serving solutions for one specific problem of practice. The main idiosyncrasy of these works is the difference between their methods and availability; hence these are unsuitable to give a uniform model for products with different physical‐biological properties: because, it goes without saying, circumstances of their birth as well as their aims differ so much. Computer support nowadays allows us to build a uniform model based on previous research and auxiliary measurement results, which can simulate the drying process of some of the most important agricultural products. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of air velocity distribution in a multilayer conveyor dryer by computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Yue Xiaoyu , Zhao Jinhong , Shi Ejuan , Chen Youqing , Liu Xiangdong
Published: July 2007

In many drying processes of a multilayer conveyor dryer, uneven air distribution in the drying chamber often results in inefficient drying and nonuniform moisture content of the products. In order to understand this, the condition of air distribution in the drying chamber of a multilayer conveyor dryer was studied through both experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The measurement of air velocity in the drying chamber of a six‐layer conveyor dryer was conducted, and a three‐dimensional CFD model for the dryer was established. The drying process using the air velocity measurement was numerically simulated, and the results were compared with those from the practical drying and measuring process. Three velocity homogenization schemes of the dryer structure were established, and their velocity distributions were obtained by the 3D CFD model and analyzed by the evaluation scheme for the optimization of velocity distribution in a multilayer conveyor dryer. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of bentonite and local anesthetics composition
Authors: Zhumagalieva Sh. N. , Kudaibergenova B. M. , Beisebekov M. K. , Abilov Zh. A.
Published: July 2007

The interaction of the bentonite of the Manrak deposit of the East‐Kazakhstan region with the AK‐29 and richlokain local anesthetics has been studied to synthesize the new prolonged medical compounds. The methods of equilibrium swelling, sedimentation, electrophoresis, rotational viscosimetry, and IR spectroscopy have been used. The comparative analysis of interaction of bentonite clay with medical compounds has been carried out. The dependence of interaction nature on an anesthetic structure has been observed. Results of anesthetic release from polymer show a high degree of their fixation and prolongation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Determination of the polymer‐solvent contact angle by the capillary raising curve, applied to the field of supports for homogeneous catalysts
Authors: Suman M.
Published: July 2007

A comprehension of the phenomenon that controls the diffusion of an organic solvent to the pores of a polymeric matrix is fundamental for optimizing the operating conditions to distribute a homogeneous catalyst, which has to be supported on it. The traditional sessile drop method is impossible to use when a high polymer‐solvent affinity exists. In this case, a different determination technique, similar to the Wilhelmy static mode method and based on the direct observation of the capillary raising curve of the solvent on the polymeric surface, has been set together with an experimental apparatus specifically built to perform measurements at a desired temperature and atmosphere. Such a technique has been demonstrated to be easy and promising for differentiating the behavior of different polyolefins [polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), heterophasic copolymers (COPO)] at equal solvent and different temperatures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Evaluation of swelling capacity of poly(vinyl alcohol) fibrous mats dealt with polyoxometalate containing vanadium
Authors: Yin Rong , Guan Xiao‐Hui , Gong Jian , Qu Lun‐Yu
Published: July 2007

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fibrous mats dealt with polyoxometalate containing vanadium were prepared by electrospinning method. The fibrous mats were characterized by infrared spectra, X‐ray powder diffraction patterns, and scanning electron microscopy photographs. The results showed that PVA could combine with polyoxometalate by intermolecular H‐bonding. The studies of the diameter distributions indicated that the average diameter of the fibrous mats was about 260–420 nm. The effects of the polyoxometalate content, electrode potential, temperature, and time on the swelling capacity of the fibrous mats in water were investigated. The existence of the polyoxometalate containing vanadium was advantaged for the crosslinking of PVA fibrous mats. The swelling degree of PVA fibrous mats containing polyoxometalate dealt with 383 K for 18 h approached zero in water. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Chemical modification of oil palm empty fruit bunch: Determination of optimum condition and characterization
Authors: Tay G. S. , Rozman H. D.
Published: July 2007

In this study, optimum condition for the reaction of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), epichlorohydrin (ECH), and propylene oxide (PO) with oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) were determined. The treated EFB was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It is evident from FTIR analysis that all the reagents used were chemically attached to the EFB. From the results of hydroxyl (OH) group determination, it was shown that for all types of reaction, except ECH reaction, more OH groups are generated and accessible. However, no significant difference is observed as the modification level was increased. The density of treated EFB regardless of the types of reaction was relatively lower than that of the untreated EFB. From WAXD analysis, it was found that the crystallinity of EFB was disrupted when the modification level achieved about 30%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Optimization of dyeing of wool with madder and liposomes by central composite design
Authors: Montazer M. , Taghavi F. A. , Toliyat T. , Moghadam M. Bameni
Published: July 2007

The preparation and production of multilamellar liposomes from Soya lecithin with 75% phosphatidylcholine were carried out and the behavior of liposomes in dye‐bath at different temperature, time, and concentration were examined. It was found that liposomes with concentration of below 3% o.w.f. (on weight of fabric) in the dye‐bath increases the amount of K/S for the samples dyed at 85°C or below 85°C for 60 min. Dyeing of wool at higher temperature and longer time with higher concentration of liposomes reduces the color strength. The results showed that using 2% o.w.f. of liposomes in dye‐bath at 85°C for 60 min improves the K/S. The Central Composite Design is used for the experimental plan with three variables on the results of color strength. Statistical analysis confirms the optimum conditions obtained by the experimental results. It was also found that wash, light, wet and dry rub fastness properties of samples dyed with madder including liposomes have not changed significantly. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Birefringence and orientation parameters of cold‐drawn viscose fibers
Authors: Fouda I. M. , Seisa E. A.
Published: July 2007

This study was carried out by two beam polarizing interference Pluta microscope to obtain changes undrawn viscose fibers. Application of the appropriate mathematical equations indicates that the refractive indices in the direction of the drawing force increase with increasing the draw ratio and decrease in the perpendicular direction. The changes in the draw ratio were evaluated to obtain the shrinkage stress, the mechanical function factors 〈P2(cos θ)〉 and 〈P4(cos θ)〉, the average work per chain W′ for a collection of chains, and the average mechanical orientation. The optical results were to obtain the three optical orientation functions, the dielectric constant and the dielectric susceptibility and the average orientation function. Also calculation of the intrinsic crystalline
$ \Delta n_c^o $
and amorphous $ \Delta n_a^o $
birefringence. Evaluation of another opto‐mechanical parameters were given, too. An empirical formula was suggested to evaluate the relationship between the draw ratio and some determined opto mechanical parameters. Illustrations using microinterferogram, graphs, and tables are given. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable aliphatic copolyesters with poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft segments
Authors: Pepic Dragana , Nikolic Marija S. , Djonlagic Jasna
Published: July 2007

A series of aliphatic poly(ether–ester)s based on flexible poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) and hard poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) segments were synthesized by the catalyzed two‐step transesterification reaction of dimethyl succinate, 1,4‐butanediol, and α,ω‐hydroxy‐terminated PTMO (Mn = 1000 g/mol) in the bulk. The content of soft PTMO segments in the polymer chains was varied from 10 to 50 mass %. The effect of the introduction of the soft segments on the structure, thermal, and physical properties, as well as on the biodegradation properties was investigated. The composition and structure of the aliphatic segmented copolyesters were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weights of the polyesters were verified by viscometry of dilute solutions and polymer melts. The thermal properties were investigated using DSC. The degree of crystallinity was determined by means of DSC and WAXS. Biodegradation of the synthesized copolyesters, estimated in enzymatic degradation tests on polymer films in phosphate buffer solution with Candida rugosa lipase at 37°C, was compared with hydrolytic degradation in the buffer solution. Viscosity measurements confirmed that there was no change in molecular weight of the copolyesters leading to the conclusion that the degradation mechanism of poly(ester–ether)s based on PTMO segments occurs through the surface erosion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
The synthesis of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐g‐poly(methylmethacrylate) brush type graft copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization method
Authors: Arslan Hülya , Yeşilyurt Nazlı , Hazer Baki
Published: July 2007

Brush type of poly (3‐hydroxy butyrate), PHB, copolymer synthesis has been reported. Natural PHB was chlorinated by passing chlorine gas through PHB solution in CHCl3/CCl4 mixture (75/25 v/v) to prepare chlorinated PHB, PHB‐Cl, with the chlorine contents varying between 2.18 and 39.8 wt %. Toluene solution of PHB‐Cl was used in the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate, MMA, in the presence of cuprous bromide (CuBr)/2,2′‐bipyridine complex as catalyst, at 90°C. This “grafting from” technique led to obtain poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐g‐poly(methylmethacrylate) (PHB‐g‐PMMA) brush type graft copolymers (cylindrical brush). The polymer brushes were fractionated by fractional precipitation methods and the γ values calculated from the ratio of the volume of nonsolvent to volume of solvent of brushes were ranged between 2.8 and 9.5 depending on the molecular weight, grafting density, and side chain length of the brushes, while the γ values of PHB, PHB‐Cl, and homo‐PMMA were 2.7–3.8, 0.3–2.4, and 3.0–3.9, respectively. The fractionated brushes were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, 1H‐NMR spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. PHB‐g‐PMMA brush type graft copolymers showed narrower molecular weight distribution (mostly in range between 1.3 and 2.2) than the PHB‐Cl macroinitiator (1.6–3.5). PHB contents in the brushes were calculated from their TGA thermograms and found to be in range between 22 and 42 mol %. The morphologies of PHB‐g‐PMMA brushes were also studied by scanning electron microscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Objective classification of Navarro River salmon habitat: a watershed‐based critical habitat case study
Authors: Viers Joshua H.
Published: July 2007

Prevailing freshwater conservation approaches in the USA stem from policy‐based ecosystem management directives, science‐based gap analyses, and legal interpretations of critical habitats. In California, there has been no systematic prioritization of freshwater habitats critical to the persistence of anadromous salmonid populations.

Anadromous salmonids provide an optimal focal species for conservation prioritization of freshwater habitats in California owing to their flagship, umbrella and keystone status.

The Navarro River is a key watershed for both Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act recovery efforts in the state of California. This watershed serves as a case study in the use of iterative discriminant analysis to objectively classify freshwater habitats critical to the persistence of two species of threatened anadromous salmonids, steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch).

Riverscape parameters were used initially to define suitable habitat for focal species; subsequent refinement accounted for human disturbance within the watershed. Results from this study identify 22.1 km of riverine habitat critical to the persistence of coho salmon in the Navarro River watershed, which need active conservation or restoration; it also identified an additional 269.4 km of riverine habitat in need of protection for its aquatic habitat values.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic structure of Spanish white‐clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) populations as determined by RAPD analysis: reasons for optimism
Authors: Beroiz B. , Callejas C. , Alonso F. , Ochando M.D.
Published: July 2007

Spanish populations of the white‐clawed crayfish have declined sharply over the last three decades. Although Austropotamobius pallipes was once widely distributed and very abundant in most of the limestone basins of the country, outbreaks of crayfish plague since 1978 have reduced its populations, and now only some 500–600 small populations are left.

Consequently, the species now enjoys protection under national legislation. Management decisions regarding the conservation of a threatened species require an understanding of the genetic structure of its populations.

Using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting the genetic variability of 11 populations of A. pallipes was assessed over the species' range in Spain, and their phylogenetic relationships determined.

Substantial genetic differentiation was detected among the populations tested; no clear relationship was found between patterns of genetic variability and hydrological basin. The RAPD markers showed the degree of genetic variability of these populations to be similar to, and in some cases slightly higher than, that reported in previous studies on other Spanish and European populations of A. pallipes.

The results offer hope for the recovery of this species in Spain, and provide information that might be useful in the management of crayfish reintroduction programmes.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting elementary‐age children's searching and browsing: Design and evaluation using the international children's digital library
Authors: Hutchinson Hilary Browne , Druin Allison , Bederson Benjamin B.
Published: July 2007

Elementary‐age children (ages 6–11) are among the largest user groups of computers and the Internet. Therefore, it is important to design searching and browsing tools that support them. However, many interfaces for children do not consider their skills and preferences. Children are capable of creating Boolean queries using category browsers, but have difficulty with the hierarchies used in many category‐browsing interfaces because different branches of the hierarchy must be navigated sequentially and top‐level categories are often too abstract for them to understand. Based on previous research, the authors believe using a flat category structure, where only leaf‐level categories are available and can be viewed simultaneously, might better support children. However, this design introduces many more items on the screen and the need for paging or scrolling, all potential usability problems. To evaluate these tradeoffs, the authors conducted two studies with children searching and browsing using two types of category browsers in the International Children's Digital Library. Their results suggest that a flat, simultaneous interface provides advantages over a hierarchical, sequential interface for children in both Boolean searching and casual browsing. These results add to our understanding of children's searching and browsing skills and preferences, and possibly serve as guidelines for other children's interface designers.
Probing the role of hydrogen bonds in the stability of base pairs in double‐helical DNA
Authors: Every Alicia E. , Russu Irina M.
Published: July 2007

Aromatic stacking and hydrogen bonding between nucleobases are two of the key interactions responsible for stabilization of DNA double‐helical structures. The present work aims at defining the specific contributions of these interactions to the stability of individual base pairs in DNA. The two DNA double helices investigated are formed, respectively, by the palindromic base sequences 5′‐dCCAACGTTGG‐3′ and 5′‐dCGCAGATCTGCG‐3′. The strength of the NH···N inter‐base hydrogen bond in each base pair is characterized from the measurement of the protium–deuterium fractionation factor of the corresponding imino proton using NMR spectroscopy. The structural stability of each base pair is evaluated from the exchange rate of the imino proton, measured by NMR. The results reveal that the fractionation factors of the imino protons in the two DNA double helices investigated fall within a narrow range of values, between 0.92 and 1.0. In contrast, the free energies of structural stabilization for individual base pairs span 3.5 kcal/mol, from 5.2 to 8.7 kcal/mol (at 15°C). These findings indicate that, in the two DNA double helices investigated, the strength of NH···N inter‐base hydrogen bonds does not change significantly depending on the nature or the sequence context of the base pair. Hence, the variations in structural stability detected by proton exchange do not involve changes in the strength of inter‐base hydrogen bonds. Instead, the results suggest that the energetic identity of a base pair is determined by the number of inter‐base hydrogen bonds, and by the stacking interactions with neighboring base pairs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 87: 165–173, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Mimicking Biological Cation‐Transport Based on Sphere‐Surface Supramolecular Chemistry: Simultaneous Interaction of Porous Capsules with Molecular Plugs and Passing Cations
Authors: Merca Alice , Haupt Erhard T. K. , Mitra Tamoghna , Bögge Hartmut , Rehder Dieter , Müller Achim
Published: July 2007

Spherical capsules of the type [{(Mo)Mo5}12{Mo2(ligand)}30]n− exhibiting 20 {Mo9O9} pores with crown ether functions allowed us to perform a sophisticated study of the title phenomenon based on synthetic work as well as NMR spectroscopy. The pores of the host system interact in solution specifically with guests that can be noncovalently bonded, such as formamidinium and acetamidinium cations, while having different affinities to the pores. The exchange between the guest species present in solution and in the pores was investigated, including, besides the extreme scenarios of complete pore closing and complete opening, that of stepwise pore plugging. Because of this option it was possible to model for the first time passive transmembrane cation transport based on gated pores/channels. These have the appropriate dimensions and can even adopt different structure flexibilities in response to different cations. The present investigation is based on related syntheses as well as on numerous detailed 7Li NMR studies of Li+ transport/exchange equilibria in dependence of the pore environment/guest situations. One compound containing capsules with sulfate ligands (2) could be obtained in which all the pores are plugged with formamidinium cations and another corresponding one was obtained with additionally encapsulated Ca2+ ions (3); these were taken up after temporary release of some of the formamidinium plugs/guests upon short heating of the related solution.
Synthesis of New Self‐assembled PdII and PtII Rectangular Metallomacrocycles: A Comparative Study of their Inclusion Complexes
Authors: Chas Marcos , Abella Dolores , Blanco Víctor , Pía Elena , Blanco Gerardo , Fernández Antonio , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos , Peinador Carlos , Quintela José M.
Published: July 2007

New palladium and platinum metallocycles have been synthesized by reacting 4,4′‐bipyridinium‐based ligands with PdII and PtII complexes. Strict thermodynamic self‐assembly of 1 and [M(en)(NO3)2] (M=Pd, Pt) 6 a,b afforded metallocycles 7 a,b. However, the synthesis of 8 a,b and 9 a,b required a self‐assembly process that used sodium p‐phenylenediacetate (12) as a template. Finally, metallocycles 10 a,b were synthesized under high dilution conditions from ligand 4. The formation of inclusion complexes between metallocycles 7–10 and substrates 13 and 14 were studied by low‐temperature 1H NMR, and the association constants were determined in nitromethane and water by following the characteristic charge‐transfer band that these metallomacrocycles show in their UV‐visible absorption spectra. A clear correlation between the affinity for a substrate and the dimensions of the metallocycle was observed. Metallocycles 8 b and 9 b exhibited the highest binding constants in water and nitromethane. This observation is in agreement with the DFT (B3LYP)‐optimized geometries obtained for the different metallomacrocycles, which indicate that only macrocycles 8 and 9 possess a cavity with a width larger than 3.5 Å. The insertion of hydroquinone or diol 13 into the cavity of metallocycle 11 a was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography.
Analogy of the Coordination Chemistry of Alkaline Earth Metal and Lanthanide Ln2+ Ions: The Isostructural Zoo of Mixed Metal Cages [IM(OtBu)4{Li(thf)}4(OH)] (M=Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu), [MM′6(OPh)8(thf)6] (M=Ca, Sr, Ba, Sm, Eu, M′=Li, Na), and their Derivatives with 1,2‐Dimethoxyethane
Authors: Maudez William , Meuwly Markus , Fromm Katharina M.
Published: July 2007

As previously shown, alkali and alkaline earth metal iodides in nonaqueous, aprotic solvents behave like transition metal halides, forming cis‐ and trans‐dihalides with various neutral O‐donor ligands. These compounds can be used as precursors for the synthesis of new mixed alkali/alkaline earth metal aggregates. We show here that Ln2+ ions form isostructural cluster compounds. Thus, with LiOtBu, 50 % of the initial iodide can be replaced in MI2, M=Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, to generate the mixed‐metal alkoxide aggregates [IM(OtBu)4{Li(thf)}4(OH)], for which the MOH contacts were investigated by theoretical methods. With M′OPh (M′=Li, Na), a new mixed‐metal aryloxide cluster type [MM′6(OPh)8(thf)6] is obtained for M=Ca, Sr, Ba, Sm, Eu. Their stability versus DME (DME=1,2‐dimethoxyethane) as bidentate ligand is studied.
The purchase versus illegal download of music by consumers: the influence of consumer response towards the artist and music
Authors: Ouellet Jean‐François
Published: July 2007

Based on qualitative and quantitative surveys, I show that consumer responses toward a particular song and toward its performer(s) play distinct roles in explaining consumer choices to either buy or illegally download that song. The various types of consumer responses to songs and artists are first identified through qualitative research and then validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of survey data. While consumer responses to music explain the need to reexperience and acquire the song, consumer responses to performers explain purchase over illegal downloading. Copyright © 2007 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft tissue sarcomas of the skull base: Time for a new paradigm
Authors: DeMonte Franco
Published: July 2007

Wide surgical resection with negative margins remains the treatment of choice for soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck and skull base. There is Level 1 evidence to support the addition of radiation to surgical resection for extremity soft tissue sarcoma, but its use in head and neck and skull base tumors is less well established, although it probably is worthwhile. The role of traditional chemotherapy, if any, probably is small, and newer agents need to be assessed under controlled conditions to identify benefit.
On solving the cracked‐beam problem by block method
Authors: Dosiyev A. A. , Cival Buranay S.
Published: July 2007

An extremely accurate solution is obtained for the cracked‐beam problem by one‐block version of the block method (BM). The obtained numerical results demonstrate the exponential convergence of the BM with respect to the number of quadrature nodes. A simple and high accurate formula to compute the stress intensity factor is given. The comparisons with other high accurate results in the literature have been carried out. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Judgments of body weight based on food intake: A pervasive cognitive bias among restrained eaters
Authors: Vartanian Lenny R. , Herman C. Peter , Polivy Janet
Published: July 2007

Objective:

Two studies examined the influence of meal‐size information on restrained and unrestrained eaters' judgments of body weight and size.

Method:

In Study 1, restrained and unrestrained eaters made body‐weight and body‐size judgments of a woman who had eaten either a small meal or a large meal. In Study 2, participants watched a video of a woman eating a small or large meal, and selected from two photographs of women's bodies (a heavier one and a thinner one), the woman whom they had seen in the video.

Results:

Restrained eaters were influenced by meal‐size information, judging women who had eaten a smaller meal as being thinner and weighing less (Study 1), and also choosing the thinner body to represent the woman who had eaten a smaller meal (Study 2). Unrestrained eaters were not influenced by food‐intake information.

Conclusion:

Restrained eaters' (but not unrestrained eaters') judgments of others appear to be biased by meal‐size information, suggesting that restrained eaters' food‐ and weight‐related cognitive biases might be more pervasive than has previously been assumed. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Ephrin‐A1 stimulates migration of CD8+CCR7+ T lymphocytes
Authors: Hjorthaug Hanne S. , Aasheim Hans‐Christian
Published: July 2007

We have previously demonstrated that binding of ephrin‐A1 to Eph receptors on human CD4+ T cells stimulates migration. Here, we show that a distinct population of CD8+ T lymphocytes, expressing the chemokine receptor CCR7, also binds ephrin‐A1 and is stimulated to migrate after binding. The Eph receptor signaling pathway taking part in the migration event was here investigated. Induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins was seen after ephrin‐A1 binding. In particular, induced phosphorylation and kinase activity of the Src kinase family member Lck was observed. An Lck inhibitor inhibited ephrin‐A1‐induced migration, indicating the involvement of Lck in the migration event. In addition, we observed an induced association of the focal adhesion‐like kinase proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and the guanidine exchange factor Vav1 with Lck. PI3K inhibitors also inhibited migration, and studies in transfectants indicate an association of PI3K with EphA1. Further, ephrin‐A1‐induced migration could be related to the activation of Rho GTPases. This was also observed by using an inhibitor of the Rho‐associated kinase ROCK, a downstream effector of Rho. Our results suggest that stimulation of Eph receptors on CD8+CCR7+ T cells leads to migration involving activation of Lck, Pyk2, PI3K, Vav1 and Rho GTPase.
New Single‐Molecule Magnets by Site‐Specific Substitution: Incorporation of “Alligator Clips” into Fe4 Complexes
Authors: Barra Anne‐Laure , Bianchi Federica , Caneschi Andrea , Cornia Andrea , Gatteschi Dante , Gorini Lapo , Gregoli Luisa , Maffini Monica , Parenti Francesca , Sessoli Roberta , Sorace Lorenzo , Talarico Anna Maria
Published: July 2007

“Alligator clips” suitable for grafting on H‐terminated silicon or gold surfaces have been incorporated into single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) of the Fe4 family. Tripodal ligands 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐10‐undecen‐1‐ol (H3L1) and 11‐(acetylthio)‐2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)undecan‐1‐ol (H3L2) have been used to replace the six methoxide bridges in [Fe4(OMe)6(dpm)6], affording new Fe4 derivatives [Fe4(L1)2(dpm)6] (1) and [Fe4(L2)2(dpm)6] (2) in high yield (Hdpm = dipivaloylmethane). The molecular structures have been unambiguously established by XRD combined with ESI‐MS and magnetic characterization techniques, including DC and AC magnetometry and high‐frequency EPR spectroscopy. The two SMMs have an S = 5 ground state and an easy‐axis magnetic anisotropy leading to slow relaxation of the magnetization at low temperature, with effective anisotropy barriers of 15.9(2) K in 1 and 15.1(2) K in 2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Triuracils – 1,3‐Bis[ω‐(N‐methyluracil‐1‐yl)alkyl]thymines and Their 5,5′‐Cyclic Counterparts
Authors: Semenov Vyacheslav E. , Galiullina Leisan F. , Lodochnikova Olga A. , Kataeva Olga N. , Gubaidullin Aidar T. , Chernova Alla V. , Efremov Yurij Y. , Latypov Shamil K. , Reznik Vladimir S.
Published: July 2007

A series of acyclic compounds with two 3,6‐dimethyluracil or 3‐methyluracil units attached to a a thymine or isocyanurate fragment by polymethylene or xylylene spacers are investigated. Ring‐closure reactions with paraformaldehyde in aqueous HCl in the presence of copper(I) chloride afforded pyrimidinophanes which can be considered macrocyclic counterparts of the acyclic triuracils. By X‐ray diffraction data the structures of the macrocycles in the solid state are characterised by a close arrangement of the uracil units, but there are no π‐π contacts between them. On the contrary, significant hypochromism of the macrocyclic triuracils compared with their acyclic counterparts indicates stacking between the thymine and 3,6‐dimethyluracil units in chloroform and H2O solutions. The conformational behaviour of the acyclic and macrocyclic compounds in solution has been determined by NMR, UV and computational methods. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Time‐domain BEM solution of convection–diffusion‐type MHD equations
Authors: Bozkaya N. , Tezer‐Sezgin M.
Published: July 2007

The two‐dimensional convection–diffusion‐type equations are solved by using the boundary element method (BEM) based on the time‐dependent fundamental solution. The emphasis is given on the solution of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) duct flow problems with arbitrary wall conductivity. The boundary and time integrals in the BEM formulation are computed numerically assuming constant variations of the unknowns on both the boundary elements and the time intervals. Then, the solution is advanced to the steady‐state iteratively. Thus, it is possible to use quite large time increments and stability problems are not encountered. The time‐domain BEM solution procedure is tested on some convection–diffusion problems and the MHD duct flow problem with insulated walls to establish the validity of the approach. The numerical results for these sample problems compare very well to analytical results. Then, the BEM formulation of the MHD duct flow problem with arbitrary wall conductivity is obtained for the first time in such a way that the
equations are solved together with the coupled boundary conditions. The use of time‐dependent fundamental solution enables us to obtain numerical solutions for this problem for the Hartmann number values up to 300 and for several values of conductivity parameter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of futures trading on the distribution of spot index returns: Implications for CVaR in the Spanish market
Authors: Illueca M. , Lafuente J.A.
Published: July 2007

There is extensive empirical research on the potential destabilizing effects of futures trading activity on spot market volatility. Rather than just focusing on spot volatility, the authors deal with the contemporaneous relationship between futures trading volume and the overall probability distribution of spot market returns. Empirical evidence using intraday data from the Spanish stock index futures market over the period 2000–2002 is provided. Their findings reveal that the density function of spot return conditional to spot volume depends on unexpected futures trading volume.
Organic matter accumulation during the Holocene in the Guadalquivir marshlands (SW Spain)
Authors: Ortiz José E. , Torres Trinidad , López‐Pamo José E. , Soler Vicente , Llamas Juan F. , Barettino Daniel , García María J.
Published: July 2007

The distribution of biomarker compounds and magnetic susceptibility observed in the sediment from a 20 m core drilled in the marshlands of the estuarine region of the Guadalquivir River (southwest coast of Spain) has allowed us to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental evolution of this area during the Holocene. Several organic compounds (n‐alkanes, n‐ketones, n‐alkanols, n‐alkanoic acids and organic sulphur), as well as different biomarker ratios, have been used to show changing environmental conditions through time. These geochemical proxies suggest good preservation of the organic matter, although some diagenesis has occurred to particular organic compounds, especially the n‐alkanoic acids. Our data indicate a major allochthonous supply of terrestrial plants, with less influence from aquatic plants or algae through the core. There are markedly different palaeoenvironmental conditions between the uppermost 5 m (last 6 ka cal. B.P.) and the rest of the core. From 5 m (ca 6 ka cal. B.P.) to 19 m (ca 8 ka cal. B.P.) depth the palaeoenvironmental conditions were almost constant. Based on organic sulphur content and n‐alkane content logs, anoxic conditions prevailed from 8 to 6 ka cal. B.P., while oxic conditions with enhanced convection of water (prevalence of fluvial input), and consequently a greater organic matter supply, predominated in the upper 5 m of the core. Similarly, little variation in the magnetic susceptibility profile below 5 m indicates stable environmental conditions, while in the upper 5 m conditions shifted to one with elevated water input and clastic sediment supply. This is linked to palaeofloral alterations in the Guadiamar/Guadalquivir drainage basins and/or anthropogenic effects. We propose that from ca 8 to 6 ka cal. B.P. a stable landscape physiognomy in the surroundings of the estuarine area of the Guadalquivir River, with a predominance of pines and grassland. However, over the last 6 ka cal. B.P. a variation in the terrestrial plant biomarker compounds suggests an alternation of relatively dry and humid phases and/or the impact of human populations on altering the vegetation community have occurred. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal lobe epilepsy: Differential pattern of damage in temporopolar cortex and white matter
Authors: Sankar Tejas , Bernasconi Neda , Kim Hosung , Bernasconi Andrea
Published: July 2007

Our purpose was to quantify structural changes of the temporopolar cortex (TPC) and its white matter (TPWM) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using MRI volumetry and texture analysis. We studied 23 patients with hippocampal atrophy, and 20 healthy controls. Gradient magnitude and entropy were calculated to model signal intensity blurring on T1‐MRI. Two observers assessed signal changes and atrophy visually. Compared to controls, TLE patients had a decrease in TPC and TPWM volume ipsilateral to the seizure focus. The gradient magnitude and entropy were decreased ipsilateral to the focus only in TPWM, indicating blurring of this compartment. Eighty‐seven percent of TLE patients had at least one volumetric or textural abnormality. Although sensitivity of visual and quantitative assessment of TPC atrophy was comparable (43 and 39%), specificity was higher for volumetry (54% vs. 95%). Compared to visual analysis of signal changes in TPWM on T1‐MRI, texture metrics had higher sensitivity (65% vs. 17%) and specificity (100% vs. 69%). The proportion of patients with blurring of TPWM as determined by texture analysis was higher than that seen on visual inspection of T2 images (78% vs. 43%). We found no clear association between volumetric or textural changes of TPC and TPWM and outcome after surgery. Structural changes of the anatomically distinct TPC and TPWM are found ipsilateral to the seizure focus in the majority of TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis. MRI post‐processing allows dissociating different pathological tissue characteristics and shows that atrophy involves gray and white matter, whereas blurring is confined to white matter. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting and elevated trkB receptor expression following systemic administration of low dose domoic acid during neonatal development
Authors: Bernard Paul B. , MacDonald Debra S. , Gill Daphne A. , Ryan Catherine L. , Tasker R. Andrew
Published: July 2007

We have previously reported that serial systemic injections of low‐dose (subconvulsive) domoic acid (DOM) during early postnatal development produces changes in both behavior and hippocampal cytoarchitecture in aged rats (17 months) that are similar to those seen in existing animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Herein we report further hippocampal changes, consisting of mossy fiber sprouting and associated changes in the trkB receptor population in young adult (3 months) rats, and further, report that these changes show regional variation throughout the septo‐temporal axis of the hippocampus. Groups of Sprague Dawley rat pups were injected daily from postnatal day 8–14 with either saline (n = 23) or 20 μg/kg DOM (n = 25), tested for key indicators of neonatal neurobehavioral development, and then left undisturbed until ∼90 days of age, at which time brain tissue was removed, hippocampi were dissected, fixed and processed using either Timm's stain to visualize hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) or trkB immunohistochemistry to visualize full length trkB receptors. Multiple sections from dorsal, mid, and ventral hippocampus were analyzed separately and all measures were conducted using image analysis software. The results indicate significant increases in MFS in the inner molecular layer in treated animals with corresponding changes in trkB receptor density. Further we identified significant increases in trkB receptor density in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and area CA3 and report increased mossy fiber terminal density in the stratum lucidum in treated rats. The magnitude of these changes differed between sections from dorsal, mid, and ventral hippocampus. We conclude that low dose neonatal DOM produces cytoarchitectural changes indicative of abnormal development and/or synaptic plasticity that are progressive with age and show regional variation within the hippocampal formation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
When the bough breaks the cradle will fall: Promoting the health and well being of infants and toddlers in juvenile court
Authors: Lederman Cindy S. , Osofsky Joy D. , Katz Lynne
Published: July 2007

Approximately one‐third of the children in the child welfare system are under the age of six. These children are almost invisible in our juvenile courts. It is now clear from the emerging science of early childhood development that during the first few years of life, children develop the foundation and capabilities on which all subsequent development builds. Living in emotional and environmental impoverishment and deprivation provides a poor foundation for healthy development. These very young and vulnerable children are exhibiting disproportionate developmental and cognitive delays, medical problems, and emotional disorders. However, there is growing evidence that early planned interventions can help. The juvenile court must take a leadership role in focusing on the very young child and learning more about risk, prevention, and early intervention in order to facilitate the healing process.
Presidential address: Early parent‐infant interaction and mental health
Authors: de Chateau Peter
Published: July 2007

The importance and meaning of early mother‐infant interaction and their possible connection with developmental psychopathology and child psychiatry practice are presented. In an experimental study healthy mothers and their infants were kept together immediately after delivery instead of separating them. Correlation was found between early interactive behavior and later outcome measurements. Other effects of early contact were evaluated with the help of interviews, questionnaires, developmental screening, analyses of videotapes, and are discussed. In another study the outcome of a longitudinal, prospective 30‐year follow‐up on a group of former infant‐patients at the Child Guidance Clinics in Stockholm was the subject of investigation. A major finding was that some 60% of this very young population suffered from a number of serious difficulties and problems later on, which is not very encouraging.
Initial attachment of osteoblastic cells onto sol‐gel derived fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings
Authors: Wang Yongsheng , Zhang Sam , Zeng Xianting , Ma Lwin Lwin , Khor Khiam Aik , Qian Min
Published: July 2007

Initial cell attachment and spreading of anchorage‐dependent cells onto the material surface are crucial concerns for the development of more effective implants. In this study, MG63 cells were employed to investigate the initial cell response to sol‐gel derived fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA) coatings. Along with that, surface roughness, wettability, and protein adsorption were also characterized for those FHA coatings, respectively. It was observed that both the surface roughness and contact angle have a slight increase in response to the incorporation of more fluorine ions. All FHA coatings showed similar amount of adsorbed proteins (∼1.6 μg/cm2) upon testing in culture medium. Cell counting showed that no significant difference was observed for the amount of initially attached cells between HA and fluoridated HA coatings during the first 4 h culture. On the other hand, the well‐spread cell on all prepared coating surface indicates that the incorporated fluorine ions have no adverse effect on cell spreading process. Therefore, it was suggested from this study that the prepared fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings have comparable bioactivity to that of pure hydroxyapatite coating, and these results are meaningful for further investigation for application of FHA coatings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008