bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and histologically validated measures of the entorhinal subfields in ex vivo MRI
Authors: Oltmer Jan , Slepneva Natalya , Llamas Rodriguez Josue , Greve Douglas N. , Williams Emily M. , Wang Ruopeng , Champion Samantha N. , Lang-Orsini Melanie , Nestor Kimberly , Fernandez-Ros Nídia , Fischl Bruce , Frosch Matthew P. , Magnain Caroline , van der Kouwe Andre J. W. , Augustinack Jean C.
Published: March 2022

Neuroimaging studies have routinely used hippocampal volume as a measure of Alzheimer’s disease severity, but hippocampal changes occur too late in the disease process for potential therapies to be effective. The entorhinal cortex is one of the first cortical areas affected by Alzheimer’s disease; its neurons are especially vulnerable to neurofibrillary tangles. Entorhinal atrophy also relates to the conversion from non-clinical to clinical Alzheimer’s disease. In neuroimaging, the human entorhinal cortex has so far mostly been considered in its entirety or divided into a medial and a lateral region. Cytoarchitectonic differences provide the opportunity for subfield parcellation. We investigated the entorhinal cortex on a subfield-specific level—at a critical time point of Alzheimer’s disease progression. While MRI allows multidimensional quantitative measurements, only histology provides enough accuracy to determine subfield boundaries—the pre-requisite for quantitative measurements within the entorhinal cortex. This study used histological data to validate ultra-high-resolution 7 Tesla ex vivo MRI and create entorhinal subfield parcellations in a total of 10 pre-clinical Alzheimer’s disease and normal control cases. Using ex vivo MRI, eight entorhinal subfields (olfactory, rostral, medial intermediate, intermediate, lateral rostral, lateral caudal, caudal, and caudal limiting) were characterized for cortical thickness, volume, and pial surface area. Our data indicated no influence of sex, or Braak and Braak staging on volume, cortical thickness, or pial surface area. The volume and pial surface area for mean whole entorhinal cortex were 1131 ± 55.72 mm3 and 429 ± 22.6 mm2 (mean ± SEM), respectively. The subfield volume percentages relative to the entire entorhinal cortex were olfactory: 18.73 ± 1.82%, rostral: 14.06 ± 0.63%, lateral rostral: 14.81 ± 1.22%, medial intermediate: 6.72 ± 0.72%, intermediate: 23.36 ± 1.85%, lateral caudal: 5.42 ± 0.33%, caudal: 10.99 ± 1.02%, and caudal limiting: 5.91 ± 0.40% (all mean ± SEM). Olfactory and intermediate subfield revealed the most extensive intra-individual variability (cross-subject variance) in volume and pial surface area. This study provides validated measures. It maps individuality and demonstrates human variability in the entorhinal cortex, providing a baseline for approaches in individualized medicine. Taken together, this study serves as a ground-truth validation study for future in vivo comparisons and treatments.
Indistinguishable Leakage-Resilient Circuit Compiler
Authors: Xu Shiyou , Wang Jian , Wang Liangliang
Published: March 2022

Transforming any circuit into a circuit with the same functionality but resilience against well-defined classes of leakage is an essential subject of cryptography. Whereas, according to the relationship between $VBB$ and simulated leakage-resilient circuit compiler, the compiling needs a specific mechanism to guarantee that its input is free of any leakage. Unfortunately, it makes it tough to implement this strategy in the context of actual leaks. In this work, we formally propose the indistinguishable bounded leakage-resilient circuit compiler $\bar{C}$ to solve the problem mentioned above. Specifically, it specifies that any polynomial-time adversary who derives the bound secret information from the circuit compiler can not distinguish an equivalent compiled circuit $\bar{C}^{\prime}$ with the same output. To achieve this goal, first, we utilize the leakage-resilient indistinguishable encoding as its input. Second, it takes advantage of the indistinguishability obfuscation $(IO)$ program to construct an obfuscated circuit that removes the random coins of the input encoding . Its total running time is the original circuit $C$ running time plus $poly(\kappa )$, and the size is independent of the original $C$. As this new compiler overcomes the restriction of the simulated-based leakage resilient circuit compiler,it will bring an independent interest result in leakage-resilient cryptography.
Fully compressible convection for planetary mantles
Authors: Ricard Yanick , Alboussière Thierry , Labrosse Stéphane , Curbelo Jezabel , Dubuffet Fabien
Published: March 2022

The numerical simulations of convection inside the mantle of the Earth or of terrestrial planets have been based on approximate equations of fluid dynamics. A common approximation is the neglect of the inertia term which is certainly reasonable as the Reynolds number of silicate mantles, or their inverse Prandtl number, are infinitesimally small. However various other simplifications are made which we discuss in this paper. The crudest approximation that can be done is the Boussinesq approximation (BA) where the various parameters are constant and the variations of density are only included in the buoyancy term and assumed to be proportional to temperature with a constant thermal expansivity. The variations of density with pressure and the related physical consequences (mostly the presence of an adiabatic temperature gradient and of dissipation) are usually accounted for by using an anelastic approximation (AA) initially developed for astrophysical and atmospheric situations. The BA and AA cases provide simplified but self-consistent systems of differential equations. Intermediate approximations are also common in the geophysical literature although they are invariably associated with theoretical inconsistencies (non-conservation of total energy, non-conservation of statistically steady state heat flow with depth, momentum and entropy equations implying inconsistent dissipations). We show that, in the infinite Prandtl number case, solving the fully compressible (FC) equations of convection with a realistic equation of state (EoS) is however not much more difficult or numerically challenging than solving the approximate cases. We compare various statistical properties of the Boussinesq, AA and FC simulations in 2-D simulations. We point to an inconsistency of the AA approximation when the two heat capacities are assumed constant. We suggest that at high Rayleigh number, the profile of dissipation in a convective mantle can be directly related to the surface heat flux. Our results are mostly discussed in the framework of mantle convection but the EoS we used is flexible enough to be applied for convection in icy planets or in the inner core.
Cabbage Looper Control on Cabbage in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Story R. N. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the Hill Farm, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. Seedling cabbage was transplanted onto 38-inch rows on 17 Feb with 15 inch spacing between plants. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of single row plots containing 10 plants. Pesticides were applied with a hand-held CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Treatments were applied on 7, 21 Apr and 7 May. Evaluations of cabbage looper damage were made on 16 May by: (1) counting the number of feeding holes > 2 cm2 in each of 6 wrapper leaves in each plant, and (2) visually inspecting the head for damage and rating it damaged or undamaged. The leaf rating was calculated as the mean number of holes per leaf, while the head damage was expressed as the percentage of heads damaged.
European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1983
Authors: Frye R. D. , Carey D. R.
Published: March 2022

Granular and wettable powder formulations of Broot and Furadan were applied to sweet corn for European corn borer control at Fargo, ND. The granules were applied to the whorl of the plant and wettable formulations were applied to the foliage. Hand sprayers and metal salt shakers were used to dispense sprays and granules respectively. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot consisted of a single row of sweet corn 100 ft long. There were guard rows between the treated rows and on the edges of the field. Treatments were applied in late Jul. Larvae in 10 dissected corn stalks per replicate were counted in late Sep.
European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1982
Authors: Frye R. D. , Carey D. R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied to sweet corn in Fargo, ND. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized test. Plots consisted of 3 rows of sweet com approximately 27 m long. There were 2 guard rows on the edges of the field. Treatments were applied to the center row in each plot. Ten days prior to insecticide application, 25 plants in the center of each row were marked for treatment and infested with corn borer egg masses (in the black head stage) supplied by the Corn Insects Research Laboratory, Ankeny, Iowa. The treatments were applied in the whorl of the corn plants in late Jul. Analyses are based on data from examination of ears (harvest) and stalks (fall) for borer larvae. Analyses of variance and Duncans Multiple Range Tests were conducted with borer counts from ears, stalks and ears and stalks combined. Data were transformed by .
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1985
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Florida Market 10’ eggplant was transplanted 15 May, near Benson, NC. Single row plots 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Applications were made using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 54 gal/acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied 18, 25 Jun, 2, 9, 17, 23, and 30 Jul. Foliar damage was evaluated 17 Jun, 1, 8, 15, and 29 Jul and insect counts on 3 plants per plot were made 10, 17, 24 Jun, 1, 8, 15, and 29 Jul. Fruit was harvested and the % of damaged fruit recorded on 1 Aug.
Reduction of Onion Thrips in Transplanted and Seedling Onions, 1985
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Lindgren Dale T. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Onion seeds were sown on 18 Apr at the University of Nebraska West Central Research and Extension Center Horticulture Plots, North Platte, NE. Transplants were started in the greenhouse from seed on 4 Mar and set in the plots 18 Apr. Onions were irrigated when needed by an overhead sprinkler system. Plots consisted of double rows, 1 seedling and 1 transplant, spaced 18 inches apart and 10 ft in length. The distance between plots was 30 inches. Treatments were applied 18 Jul with a hand-held sprayer at 40 gal/acre at 25 psi. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment. Evaluations were made by counting the number of adult and nymphal thrips on 2 plants at 5 locations in each replicate. Percent thrips reduction was calculated using the formula presented in the table.
Fruit Insect Control, 1985
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Large Red Cherry’ peppers were transplanted 7 Jun, near Benson, NC. Single row plots 10 ft long on 60 in centers were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Applications were made using a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 54 gal/acre at 60 psi. Fruit was harvested and plants were artificially infested with 2 European corn borer egg masses per plant on 30 Jul. Treatments were applied 2, 9, and 16 Aug. Fruit was harvested and the % of infested fruit recorded on 13 and 22 Aug.
Apple, Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 5 single-tree plots (3 ‘Rome Beauty', 2 ‘Golden Delicious') of 32-year-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 3.86 k/hr and delivered 935 1/ ha. Dates of application were 3 Apr [delayed dormant (DD)], 12 Apr [pre-pink (PP)], 5 and 6 May [petal fall (PF)], 19 May [first cover (1C)], 3 Jun [second cover (2C)], 13 Jun [third cover (3C)], 27 and 28 Jun [fourth cover (4C)], 11 Jul [fifth cover (5C)j, 28 Jul [sixth cover (6C)], 10 and 11 Aug [seventh cover (7C)] and 24 and 25 Aug [eight cover (8C)]. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Benlate, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200, Polyram, Solubor and Streptomycin. Effect of treatments on RAA was determined by counting colonies on the periphery of each tree. AA control was determined by counting infested leaves on each of 10 top terminals and AA/most infested leaf/terminal for each tree. Effect of treatments on ERM was determined by sampling 20 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect on SP was determined by counting adults and larvae on the periphery of test trees observed during a 3-minute period. Control of WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs found on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Treatment effectiveness on fruit feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 500 apples per treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 18 Sep. Fruit picked from ‘Golden Delicious’ trees were rated for finish (1-9 worst).
Colorado Potato Beetle Insecticide Trial, 1985
Authors: Graustein Mark R.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established on the grounds of the University of Delaware Experiment Station near Georgetown, DE on 4 Apr. They consisted of a single row 25 ft long on 36 inch centers, bordered on both sides by guard rows. Twelve treatments replicated 4 times were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Standard planting, fertility and weed control practices were followed. The Temik 15G treatments were applied at drag off using a single row Noble® applicator. The first Temik 15G treatment was banded over the row and lightly incorporated with a hoe. The second Temik 15G treatment was apphed as a side dress in the cultivator furrow 6 inches from the row. All of the foliar treatments were applied with a C02 propelled backpack sprayer using 2 R&D Sprayer Inc., HC 12 hollow cone drop nozzles delivering a total of 26.4 gal per acre at 40 psi. The Ambush* 25W and UC 84572 compounds were applied on 8, 16 May, 4 and 18 Jun. The Duter and Fenvalerate treatments were applied 16 May, 4 and 18 Jun. Data collection consisted of counting the number of adults and larvae per 10 plants. Foliar damage was rated on a scale of 1 to 5 with one being the least severe and 5 the most severe. For the yield analysis, the entire row was dug and all tubers were collected, weighed and separated by size into 3 groups: (1) “extra smalls” were any tuber less than 1⅞ inches in diameter; (2) “smalls” were any tuber more than 1⅞ inches but less than 2½ inches in diameter; and (3) “mediums, larges, oversized” were any tuber measuring more than 2Vi inches in diameter. Total yield is expressed in CWT per acre and each of the above groups is expressed as a % of total yield.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1986
Authors: Hollingsworth Craig S. , Voss Robert Hurley , Ferro David N.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 8 May in South Deerfield, MA. Fertilizer was applied at planting (1000 lb/acre, 10N:10P:19K) and at first hilling (160 lbs/acre of urea 45). Soil was a fine sandy loam with a pH of ca. 5.3. The previous year potatoes were grown in the same field; therefore, Colorado potato beetle (CPB) pressure was heavy. Treatment blocks were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of 2 30-ft rows with a 3 ft fallow area separating each plot. Applications were applied with a C02 pressurized sprayer at 40 psi, with a delivery rate of ca. 65 gal/acre. Applications were made on 18 and 19 Jun and on 3, 9 and 23 Jul. Foliar applications of Agrikelp (of 1.0 and 2.0 qt. formulation/acre) were applied on 29 Jun and 7 Jul. The synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was tank mixed with Ambush treatments. Temik 15G applied at planting was administered to each seedpiece using calibrated hand scoops. Temik 15G (3.0) was applied at plant emergence on 3 Jun. CPB densities were determined by counting adults and larvae on 10 primary stalks in each plot. Densities were first determined 18 Jun before foliar treatments were applied. Early Temik treatments has already effected larval densities by this time. At mid-season, each plot was rated for defoliation on a scale from 1 (0-20%) to 5 (80-100%). When a treatment scored 5's in 2 of 4 plots, further treatment and evaluation was discontinued.
Potato Leafhopper Control, Missouri (Southern), 1986
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Munson R. E. , Booker B. E.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 20 x 40 ft were established in a 3-month-old stand of alfalfa at the University of Missouri’s Wurdack Farm located in Crawford and Dent Counties. Sixteen treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 11 Jun at 16.5 gal/acre using 8002 flat fan nozzles, 50 mesh screens, and 20 lb/square inch pressure on a 20 ft tractor-mounted boom. The alfalfa was ca. 9 inches tall at time of treatment with a temperature near 75°F and 2-4 mph winds. PLH populations were estimated by 10 (180 degree) sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net at 1, 3, 10, 21, and 28 days posttreatment.
Clover Root Curculio Control, Kentucky 1986
Authors: Parr John C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was in a 4 and a 1 year old stand of ‘Buffalo’ variety alfalfa during 1985 and 1986, respectively. The plots were 34 x 40 ft and the treatment and the untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Furadan 4F was mixed so as to apply 1 lb (AI)/acre in 20 gal total volume per acre. The treatment was applied 28 days before harvest (mid Apr) when the alfalfa was ca. 6 inches high. Population densities of the clover root curculio were determined by placing two 1 ft2 cages per replicate at random on alfalfa plants after the first harvest was removed and prior to emergence of new adult Sitona. After all Sitona had emerged (late June), the cages were removed and the area beneath the cages was sampled with a D-vac suction sampler. To separate the Sitona from plant and soil debris, the D-vac samples were placed in Berlese funnels for 48 hours.
Control of Alfalfa Insects, Fort Collins, Co, 1986
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Lordier Martha , Meyer Wendy
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 16 May with a CO2 powered sprayer calibrated to deliver 26.6 gpa through 4 flat fan 8006 nozzles, mounted on a hand-held boom, at 30 psi. Plots were 12 ft × 18 ft and were arranged in 4 replicates of a split plot design with alfalfa variety (Perry and Ranger) as main plots and insecticide treatment as subplots. Varietal information is not included here. Crop height was ca 1.5 ft at time of application. Alfalfa was planted in the fall of 1986. Soil type was a clay loam. No rainfall was received during the experiment.
Apple, Cyhexatin Formulation Study, 1986
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of cyhexatin miticide (Plictran 50W, XRM-4868 5F) were applied at 0.5 lb Al/acre to 5 row plots of 32-year-old trees at Swan Pond orchard. Applications were made with a FMC Bean 4000 CP airblast sprayer which traveled at 4.0 k/hr and delivered 935 1/ha. Dates of application were 10 Jul (after precount) and 15 Jul. Treatment effectiveness was determined by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each of 4 random replications selected from the center row of each treatment. ERM were removed from leaves with a mite-brushing machine and active stages were counted with a binocular microscope.
Control of Pale Western Cutworm in Winter Barley, Springfield, Co, 1986
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Plots were 6 rows wide × 50 ft long, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments applied on 19 Apr, with a CO2 powered sprayer calibrated to apply 26 gpa at 30 psi through 4 flat fan 8006 nozzles mounted on a 6 ft handheld boom. The crop was in Feekes growth stages 6-7. Treatments were evaluated on 24 Apr.
Control of Fall Armyworm in Field Corn, 1985
Authors: Tasistro A. , Mihm J. A.
Published: March 2022

'Pool 24' corn was planted on 5 Jul at the Poza Rica Experiment Station, Puebla, Mexico. Twenty four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plot size was 6 rows (0.75 m apart) × 5.0 m. Corn was thinned to 40,404 plants per hectare. All rows were infested, but only the four central ones were treated and evaluated. An avg of 26.4 larvae/plant were initially applied on 18 Jul when the crop was at the 3 expanded leaf stage. On 1 Aug the crop was reinfested at the 7-8 expanded leaf stage with an avg of 21 larvae/plant. The insecticides were applied on 24 Jul with corn at the 5.5 leaves stage. Liquid formulations were applied with a bicycle compressed air sprayer, using 8004 nozzles, 2.8 kg/cm2 and delivering 483 liters/ha. Granular formulations were applied with hand applicators, delivering 0.2 cc/stroke. Evaluations consisted of: a) Number of total and undamaged plants, at three intervals: one week after initial infestation, one week after treatment application ;md one week after reinfestation; b) Plant and ear height, on 12 Sep; c) Number of harvested plants and ears, and grain yield (15% moisture) on 24 Oct.
Control of Thrips and Aphids on Seedling Cotton with Granular In-Furrow Insecticides and Seed Treat-Ments, 1986
Authors: Burris Gene , Ratchford Kevin , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of an experimental granular organophosphate insecticide on thrips and cotton aphids was compared to Temik 15G, Furadan 15G, Lance 15G and Orthene 80SP seed treatments at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Test plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and were 4 rows (40 inch spacing) × 65 ft. Cotton was planted on 30 Apr on a commerce silt loam soil fertilized (pre-plant) with 90 lb N/acre. Test treatments were applied in-furrow at planting with a John Deere 7100 planter, equipped with granular applicator split boxes. Terraclor Super × (Terraclor 1.0 lb + Terrazole 0.25 lb Al/acre) was applied with each granular treatment, and one of the seed treatments, as a standard fungicide treatment. Major pest and/or secondary pest treatments were initiated in Jun and maintained on a 'as needed' basis through Aug. Efficacy of the various treatments on thrips and cotton aphids was measured by washing insects from 10 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 200 mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm) and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Leaf measurements were made on 5 Jun with a Licor leaf area machine, measuring all leaves from 5 plants/plot that were removed from the field and immediately processed. Stand data were taken from the 2 middle rows of each plot in 20 ft flagged sections on 4 and 20 Jun. Plant height of 20 randomly selected plants within each plot was measured on 4 Jun. Yields were determined by solid picking the 4 row plots with a mechanical harvester on 20 Sep and 7 Oct.
Temik 15G and Nemacur 15G In-Furrow Rate Test on Delta (Commerce Silt Loam) Soil, 1986
Authors: Burris Gene , Ratchford Kevin , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Temik 15G and Nemacur 15G were tested at 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 lb Al/acre for control of thrips and aphids on seedling cotton. Orthene 80SP seed treatments (6.4 oz (AI)/100 lb seed) with and without Terraclor Super × (TSX) and blended Di-Syston + TSX were included for comparison. Test plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plot size was 4 rows (40 inch spacing) × 65 ft. Cotton was planted on 30 Apr and fertilized with 90 lb N/acre applied preplant. Test treatments were applied in-furrow at planting with a John Deere 7100 planter, equipped with granular application split boxes. Terraclor Super × (Terraclor 1.0 lb + Terrazole 0.25 lb (AI)/acre) was applied with the Temik 15G and Nemacur 15G treatments, and one of the seed treatments, as a standard fungicide treatment for delta conditions. The Di-Syston treatment was a commercial blend with TSX. Major pest and/or secondary pest treatments were initiated in Jun and maintained on an 'as needed' basis through Aug. The effects of the test treatments on thrips and cotton aphids were measured by washing insects from 10 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 200 mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm) and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Leaf area measurements were made on 22 and 29 May with a Licor leaf area machine, measuring all leaves from 5 plants/plot that were removed from the field and immediately processed. Stand data were taken from the middle 2 rows of each plot in 20 ft flagged sections on 4 Jun. Plant height of 20 randomly selected plants within each plot was measured on 4 Jun. Yields were determined by solid picking the 4 row plots with a mechanical harvester on 20 Sep and 7 Oct.
Control of Heliothis Spp. on Cotton, 1986
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Graves Jerry B.
Published: March 2022

A full-season study was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to evaluate selected insecticides and insecticide combinations for Heliothis spp. control on cotton. Cotton was planted 6 May on 1.02-m centers. Plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a C02 system for spraying small plots. Materials were applied in 11.4 liters of water/acre with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatment' were applied on 15, 22, 30 Jul, 5 and 13 Aug. Plots were oversprayed 22 Aug with Cymbush 3E (0.06 lb (AI)/acre) + Monitor 4EC (0.25 lb (AI)/acre). Plan: damage was monitored 2-3 days after each insecticide application by examining 25 squares/plot. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows in each plot on 2 Oct
Chemical Control of the Fall Armyworm on Cotton, 1986
Authors: Mink J. S. , Luttrell R. G.
Published: March 2022

First and third instar fall armyworm larvae were exposed to cotton structures treated with several insecticides. The insecticides were applied using a motorized spray table calibrated to spray 6.0 gal per acre with a TX-4 hollow cone nozzle mounted above the conveyor belt. Leaf disks cut from untreated cotton leaves and then treated on the spray table were used to determine mortality of first instar larvae. The treated leaf disks were placed on moist filter paper in 100 × 15 mm pitre dishes and 10 neonate larvae were placed on each disc using a small camel's hair brush. The covered dishes were placed in a 30�C temperature chamber and mortality was observed 24 h post-treatment. Each treatment contained 5 dishes and was replicated twice. A "water-pic" bioassay system was used to obtain mortality of third instar larvae due to insecticide treatment. Cotton terminals were obtained from an untreated field by cutting the top ca. 30 cm of the stem using pruning shears. The plant material was washed, trimmed and placed in 30 ml test tubes filled with water. The test tubes were then placed in an upright position in wooden holding boxes (0.5 × 0.8 m). After spraying the material on the spray table, one third instar larva was placed on each terminal and caged using a 472 ml styrofoam cup. The boxes were held at room temperature and mortality was observed 48 h post-treatment. After 48 h survivors were placed in diet cups and held in a 30�C temperature chamber until pupation, at which time mortality was again observed. This was necessary to allow appropriate time for several biological treatments to cause mortality. Each treatment consisted of 20 larvae and was replicated 4 times. All tests included a water control treatment.
Evaluation of Dipel 8L for Heliothis SPP. Control in Mississippi, 1986
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Hurst Michael
Published: March 2022

Three rates of Dipel 8L alone and in combination with Galecron 4E were evaluated at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots were 12 rows (40 inch centers) by 520 ft long and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Cotton was planted 6 May and later thinned to approximately 20,000 plants/acre. Treatments were applied 26 Jul and 7 Aug by high clearance tractor equipped with 2 TX-4 nozzles per row calibrated for a total volume of 5 gal/acre. All plots received insecticide applications for early season thrips, boll weevil and aphids as needed throughout the season. In addition, Cymbush 3E at 0.05 lb (AI)/acre was applied to the untreated check plots on 12 Aug to prevent further yield loss by Heliothis spp. larvae. Cymbush 3E plus Bolstar 6E plus Guthion 2L at 0.05, 0.5 and 0.2 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied on 19 Aug to suppress Heliothis spp. larvae, boll weevil, and aphids in all plots. Field data were obtained by whole plant search of 5 plants at 2 locations within the center 4 rows of each plot. Data from 12 Aug were obtained from 5 plants at 3 locations in the center 4 rows of each plot. Predator populations were sampled by taking 25 sweeps from the center 4 rows of each plot with a 15 inch diam sweep net on 12 Aug. The Heliothis spp. larval population on 23 Jul prior to treatment indicated an average of 2.7 small worms (<0.25 inches long), 3.0 medium worms (>0.25 <0.5 inches long) and 3.9 large worms (>0.5 inches long) per 10 plants.
Evaluation of Pyrethroid and Organophosphorus Compounds for Heliothis SPP. Control in Mississippi, 1986
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against Heliothis spp. larvae in nonirrigated cotton planted 19 May and thinned to ca. 20,500 plants/ acre. Plots 8 rows by 50 ft separated by 15 ft plowed alleys were located at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticides were applied to 8 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system and 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with 15 inch drops between rows. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 4 mph and 38 psi. Plots within a replication were sprayed consecutively with the boom being rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Treatment dates were 22 Jul, 29 Jul, 5 and 23 Aug. All plots received additional applications of insecticide for control of early season thrips, boll weevils and aphids as needed throughout the season. Aphids were evaluated by counting the number of aphids on 3 leaves of 2 plants in each plot on 1 Aug. Heliothis spp. larvae were counted by whole plant search of 10 plants in each plot. Yield was obtained by picking the 2 center rows of each plot by mechanical picker on 24 Oct. No field data other than yield were collected after 8 Aug and Heliothis spp. larval numbers had diminished in the check plot to a mean of 3.2/10 plants and to 0.5 or 0.0 in all other treatments.
Tarnish Plant Bug Control, 1985
Authors: Schuster M. F. , Langston W. C.
Published: March 2022

These tests were conducted to compare control of tarnish plant bug (TPB) and cotton fleahopper (CF) of insecticides, an IGR, and exotoxin to a Vydate standard. 'Paymaster 145' was planted on 7 May and standard cultural practices were followed. Plots were 8 rows wide by 40 feet long in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The sprays were applied 26 Jun with conventional and ULV ground equipment. The plots were sampled 1 and 6 days after application with a D-Vac of 50 row ft. Numbers of phytophagus and beneficial insects were counted and recorded as shown in tables.
Spider Mite Control on Cotton, 1985
Authors: Schuster M. F. , Langston W. C.
Published: March 2022

'Paymaster 145' was planted on 7 May and grown by standard methods. The test area was a randomized complete block with 8 row plots 40 ft long. The test insecticides were applied in 5 gal/acre with a Hi-Boy sprayer. Plots were infested on 10 Jul with a Yazoo City, Mississippi strain of two-spotted spider mite known to be resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbon, organophosphate, and carbamate miticides. All plots except Capture 0.05 lb (AI)/acre plots were over-sprayed with 0.05 lb (AI)/acre Ammo to induce mite build-up. Twenty-five leaves on the 6th node from the terminal were examined for mite infestation on 1 Aug, and 25 leaves on the third node from the terminal on 6 and 15 Aug.
Yield Enhancement with Galecron, 1985
Authors: Schuster M. F. , Langston W. C.
Published: March 2022

Galecron was applied at 0.25 and 0.125 lb (AI)/acre to determine if Galecron would enhance yield. Cotton was planted on 7 May and standard cultural practices for the Blackland of Texas were used. The experimental area was divided into equal halves by a 25 ft alley and the experimental design was a paired block with 0.125 and 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, Galecron being paired with a non-Galecron treatment. Thus, all Galecron plots were side-by-side and drift, vapor, etc. contamination to the non-Galecron was minimal as they were located down wind in the prevailing wind. Plots were 8 rows by 40 ft and replicated 4 times. To preclude the effects of cotton fleahoppers, the entire experimental area was sprayed with 0.25 lb (AI)/acre Azodrin each time Galecron was applied. All other insects were controlled as needed. Galecron applications were made on 13 Jun (6th leaf stage), 20, 25, and 1 Jul with a Hi-Boy sprayer at 5 gal/acre. Squares and bolls were counted by whole plant examination of 0.001 acre on 11 Jul and bolls on 30 Jul. Yield was obtained by stripping the two center rows on 6 Sep.
Evaluation of Dyfonate for Control of Early-Season Insect Pests on Cotton, 1986
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Anderson R. M. , Schmidt K. M.
Published: March 2022

Two small-plot field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Dyfonate MS for control of early-season insect pests on dryland cotton. In test 1 (located on a commercial farm near Corpus Christi, TX), three treatments and an untreated were compared in four-row by 50-ft plots of 'GP-3774' cotton planted 7 Mar on 30-inch rows. Treatments in test 1 were applied beginning at the four-leaf stage on 11, 16, 24 and 29 Apr. In test 2 (located at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi), three treatments and an untreated were compared in four-row by 50-ft plots of 'TAMCOT SP-37' cotton planted 22 Mar on 38-inch rows. Treatments in test 2 were applied beginning at the three-leaf stage on 16, 24, 29 Apr, 6 and 13 May. Treatment applications for both tests were made with a C02 pressurized (36 psi) backpack sprayer equipped with size 3-X hollow-cone nozzles. In test 1, applications made on 11, 16, and 24 Apr were directed over the row bed (i.e., one nozzle/row) at 2.8 gal total spray/acre, whereas the application on 29 Apr was broadcasted over the row bed and middles (i.e., 3 nozzles/row) at 8.2 gal total spray/acre. In test 2, directed applications were made on 16 and 24 Apr, and broadcast applications were made on 29 Apr, 6 and 13 May. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated in both tests by inspecting: (1) the terminals of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of fleahopper nymphs and thrips, and (2) the terminal leaves (third leaf from apex) of 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of aphids. In each test, seed cotton was hand-harvested twice from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Efficacy Trial with At-Planting Applications of Counter for Control of Early-Season Insect Pests on Cot-Ton, 1986
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Anderson R. M. , Schmidt K. M.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi, TX, to evaluate Counter for control of early-season insect pests on dryland cotton. Seven treatments and an untreated check were compared in 2-row by 40-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Mar on 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was applied in the seed furrow at-planting with Candy granular applications. Counter treatments were also applied in a 6-inch incorporated band at planting time. Edaphic conditions at planting time consisted of; (1) 16.7% water (by weight) in top four inches of soil, and (2) a temperature of 71�F at four inches below surface of soil. Less than one inch of rain fell at the test site over a 6-wk period following application of the treatments. Efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by inspecting: (1) terminals of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for presence of fleahopper nymphs and thrips, and (2) terminal leaves (third leaf from apex) of 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot for presence of aphids. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Rice Water Weevil Control, 1985
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. ; The design was a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 blocks. Each experimental unit was 20 ft × 5 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent contamination from other units. Units were fertilized 14 May preplant with urea at 67 lb N/acre, broadcast seeded 20 May with Labelle at 100 lb/acre, and treated 28 May with Bolero and propanil each at 3 lb Al/acre. Propanil was applied again at 4 lb Al/acre on 13 Jun. Units were flush-irrigated on 20 May, 4 Jun, and 18 Jun and a permanent flood was applied 28 Jun. Granular insecticides were applied with a hand shaker and the remaining treatments were applied at 22.5 gal/acre with a CO2 pressurized (20 psi) 4 nozzle hand boom. Agridex was mixed with Alsystin at 0.25% by volume. From 18 Jul to 31 Jul, 10 soil cores (4 inches diam × 4 inches deep) containing approximately 1 plant/core were removed from each unit. Plants were washed in a 20 mesh screen bucket and rice water weevil larvae and pupae were recovered and counted. Plants were measured or examined for height, root length, no. of tillers and leaves, root weight and whole plant weight. An additional 33 lb N/acre in the form of urea was applied at panicle differentiation. Units were harvested on 7 Nov.
Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1985
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the above site. The experimental design was a randomized block with 10 treatments and 4 blocks. Each experimental unit was 40 ft by 6 rows (32 inch row spacing). Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at the equivalent of 20 gal finished spray/acre. Plants were in the R6 growth stage. Nine ft of row were sampled in each experimental unit with a vertical beat sheet on those dates recorded in the table. Fourteen ft of the middle 2 rows of each experimental unit were harvested at maturity. No significant differences in yield among the treatments were observed. No phytotoxicity was observed for any treatment.
Value of Furadan and Pydrin for Sunflower Beetle and Stem Weevil Control, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Warnes Dennis , Wiersma John , Auwater Gordon
Published: March 2022

A set of plots were established at 8 different locations representative of present and recent past sunflower production in MN. Individual plots were 4 rows × 35 ft in 30 inch rows. The same 11 treatments and 4 replicates were used at each location and arranged in a randomized complete block design with different randomization at each location. Soil types varied from clay at Crookston to sandy loam at Oklee. Furadan 4F and 15G were applied in a 4 inch band on the row at, or as soon after, planting as possible and incorporated. Foliar applications of Furadan 4F and Pydrin 2.4E were broadcast at the appropriate plant stage. Foliar applications were made with a hand held CO2 sprayer using about 20 gal of total material per acre applied at 40 lb psi. Defoliation readings and stem infestations were collected during the growing season. Heads were taken by hand on the center two rows, dried, threshed and yields of clean seed recorded. Yields were analyzed by location and together and are so reported.
Efficacy of Microbial Insecticides on Tobacco Leaves for Tomato Hornworm Control, Ontario, Canada, 1985
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Two Microbial Insecticides Were Evaluated In The Laboratory With Field-Treated Tobacco Leaves Against Tomato Hornworms At The Research Station, Agriculture ! Canada, Delhi, Ontario. Tobacco Seedlings Of The Variety Candel Were Transplanted Into A Field Of Fox Loamy Sand On 28 May. Plots, 20 × 3.5 Ft Each, Were J Arranged In A Randomized Block Design With Two Replications. Each Plot Was A Single Row Of 10 Plants. Materials Were Applied To The Upper And Lower Surfaces J Of Tobacco Leaves Using A Knapsack Sprayer With An Adjustable Nozzle At A Rate Of 40 Gal Per Acre On 19 August. Test Insects Were 4Th- And 5Th-Instar Larvae J Of The Tomato Hornworm Collected From Tobacco Plants In An Untreated Field, And The Larvae, 10 For Each Replicate, Were Placed Individually In 24-Oz Wide mouth jars. Two hours after application of the insecticides, random samples of tobacco leaves were collected from each plant, taken to the laboratory and � placed in the jars with the larvae. Rearing was conducted at room temperature (72-74�F) and 16 h photoperiod. Mortality was assessed daily for 4 days. Larvae that remained on the leaves and showed any reaction when gently touched were considered alive.
Control of E. Hirtipennis and M. Persicae on Burley Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Eight foliar-applied insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Burley tobacco was transplanted on 6 Jun. Plots were 30 ft × 3 rows spaced 42 inches apart. Plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Soil classification was Huntington with 2-5% slope, pH 6.6. Insecticide treatments were applied 3 times during the season (8 Jul, 24 Jul, 7 Aug). Sprays were applied with 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 gal/acre and tank pressure of 30 psi. Flea beetle damage was evaluated as number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from top of plant. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident infestation) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf basis). Rainfall for the growing season was 9.93 inches with an additional 2 inches of irrigation on 18 Jun. Tobacco was harvested on 19 Sep.
Spring Control of Bluegrass Billbug on Kentucky Bluegrass Plots at University Park, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticide treatments and 1 fertilizer treatment were applied 13 May for control of bluegrass billbug. The field plots consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 6 X 15 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a C02 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 30 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. The granular insecticide formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. They were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. The fertilizer treatment was applied with a 6-ft Scotts fertilizer spreader. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 71°F; soil temp, 59°F; % RH, 61; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, sandy-loam; % soil mositure, 9.4; soil pH, 5.7; % organic matter, 3.6. Posttreatment counts were made 65 days later (18 Jul). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicte with a cup-cutter (4") and the total number of bluegrass billbug larvae were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count.
Spring Control of Bluegrass Billbug on Kentucky Bluegrass Plots at University Park, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticide treatments and one fertilizer treatment were applied 13 May for control of bluegrass billbug. The field plots consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 6 x 15 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a C02 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 30 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. The granular insecticide formulations were applied with a hand held shake-They were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. The fertilizer treatment was applied with a 6-ft Scotts fertilizer spreader. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 71°F; soil temp, 59°F; % RH, 61; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, sandy-loam; % soil moisture, 9.4; soil pH, 5.7; % organic matter, 3.6. Posttreatment counts were made 65 days later (18 Jul). Bluegrass billbug control w is evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate with a cup-cutter (4") and the total number of bluegrass billbug larvae were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin Co., Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen insecticide treatments were applied on 18 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 6 x 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, and mixed with a fine grade of calcined clay top dressing (Terragreen) to facilitate product distribution. At treatment tim the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temp, 76°F; soil temp, 80°F; % RH, 78; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; % soil moisture, 13.4; soil pH, 5.7; % organic matter, 2.7; water pH, slightly acidic; amount of rain occurring over posttreatment period, 2.65 inches. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 35 DAT (23 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded. An average of 22.5 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 18 Aug.
Control of Leafminer on Chrysanthemum Under Laboratory Conditions, 1986
Authors: Yost Jeffrey T. , Oatman Eric , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment was applied to 10 chry santhemum plants ca. 4 weeks old which had been pinched to 3 leaves per plant. Citation granular and tablets were applied to soil 13 Aug. On 16 Aug, all plants were exposed to a laboratory colony of leafminers for 20 min, to achieve uniform oviposition. On the morning of 21 Aug, the number of larvae on each plant was counted with the aid of a hand lens and transmitted light, and on that afternoon foliar materials were applied. At the time of application, larvai were predominantly in the late second and early third instar. After the applied materials had dried, plants were individually tipped over sand-filled mea; trays to collect emerging larvae. Pupae were counted and held for adult emergence.