bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directional Drilling Taps the Underground
Authors: Kramer Steven R. , Gary Glenn A.
Published: June 2018

This article describes how the entire water main network of Flower Mound, Texas, was replaced by directional drilling, a trenchless technology that cuts down on service and site disruptions. Topics covered include: system description; open‐cut method; directional drilling method; cost comparison; change of pipe material; construction plan; and, drilling operations.
How Should Wells Be Prepped for Summer Use?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This month's column focuses on preparing wells for peak summer season use. It is recommended to perform well equipment inspections, maintenance, static water level measurements, and water quality analysis prior to the startup and operation of seasonal wells. Several different types of testing techniques are discussed that include water quality, well equipment, water level, and startup.
Which Disinfectant Will Work Best for Us?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

The question in this month's column concerns alternative disinfectants, in particular potassium permanganate, and how applicable they are to small systems. The alternative disinfectants discussed include potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ultraviolet, and ozonation. The article states that small systems may find their disinfection application requires a combination of different chemicals and techniques to achieve a high‐quality finished water. A list of AWWA references is given for further information on alternative disinfectants.
Traffic Crosses Easily with High‐line Vehicle Ramp
Authors: Hughes Bob
Published: June 2018

To address the problem of vehicles driving over a fire hose that crosses a street as part of a bypass situation or a flushing operation, the Elsinore Valley Municipal Water District developed the High‐line Vehicle Ramp. The device weighs approximately 40‐50 lbs. and is strong and durable, allowing the safe, transitional crossover of all types of traffic. It is included as standard equipment on field service trucks, allowing crews to devote more time to restoring water service to customers instead of directing traffic and repairing damage to high‐line hoses.
A Survivor's Tale of the NW Earthquake
Authors: Tarbuck Brian
Published: June 2018

This article describes how the February 28, 2001 earthquake effected Seattle Public Utilities' new 120‐mgd Tolt Treatment Facility. After conducting an inspection and checking the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, it was determined that there was no damage. The article stresses the importance of communications in the event of a disaster, and that email or website postings can get the word out very quickly to a large number of people.
Does Cheap PAC Cost Too Much?
Authors: Newcombe Gayle , Cook David
Published: June 2018

“To obtain the most effective and efficient treatment, this article discusses how water supply managers should choose the appropriate type of carbon for their water, use the correct dose of powdered activated carbon (PAC), and consider the various factors that influence PAC dose. Doses required for the removal of MIB and cost estimates for prolonged PAC dosing are given. An action plan for effective PAC treatment is outlined.”
EDU Offers New Concept in Training
Authors: Rentfrow Diane D.
Published: June 2018

This article describes an improved education and training program, called the Employee Development University, that Southern California Water Company instituted to establish an exceptionally motivated workforce with improved standards of integrity, professionalism, and competence. To create an improved training program, a shift was made from the traditional platform to a needs‐based platform, which seeks to instill within each employee a commitment for lifelong learning. This process encourages employees to be more proactive, to learn new skills that would help them during their entire lives, and to be accountable for learning these new skills.
Assessment Tools and Techniques
Authors: Smith James F. , Swigert Mark
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how information about the condition of filters and effectiveness of backwashing procedures can be obtained with simple tools that are readily available at every utility or obtainable at minimal cost. A listing of the general equipment needed is given along with tips for creating additional tools. By using these techniques to modify wash cycles, one treatment plant was able to reduce the amount of wash water used per wash by 38 percent. The improved backwashing protocol also decreased the ripening period. A filter inspection program that includes tests described in this article and performed on a regular basis, can aid a utility in maximizing the performance of its filters and identifying problems.
Modified Valve Operator Enhances Safety and Portability
Authors: Doucette Leon
Published: June 2018

The city of Bloomington, Minnesota, had owned a pickup‐mounted valve operator for about 10 years. Because of the way it was mounted on the truck, utility crews had to stand in a traffic lane while operating it. Also, it was “semipermanently” mounted on one truck, while the operators wanted a valve operator that could be moved easily from one vehicle to another. To address these issues, a new valve operator system was designed and has greatly improved the safety, usefulness, and efficiency of the operation in three ways: crews can avoid standing in street traffic while operating the valves; the equipment can be mounted on any pickup truck in about 10 minutes; and, crews can park in front of a valve and quickly swing the operator into position.
Public Notification Now Required Within 24 Hours
Authors: Keegan Michael
Published: June 2018

The US Environmental Protection Agency has recently tightened public notification regulations to require notification to all consumers within 24 hours in the event of a serious drinking water problem or emergency such as contamination at levels that pose an immediate threat to human health. This article discusses how to prepare a thorough public notification/crisis communication plan that complies with the new regulations.
Establishing a Tradition of Contamination Prevention
Authors: Pierson Gregory L. , Burlingame Gary , Martin Kate
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the importance of establishing a tradition for the sanitary handling and storage of potable water pipe and appurtenances, from the place of their manufacture to their completed installation. The article lists some practices to consider following that would impove the sanitary conditions or facilitate better control during water main repair and construction.
What Do We Need to Know to Start a Cross‐Connection Control Program?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

Some small systems managers may think their system is not vulnerable to backflow incidents because their utility services mostly residential areas and common contamination problems posed by commercial enterprises are nonexistent. This belief has been repeatedly proven wrong. This article explains the basics of setting up a program that will get public buy‐in and protect drinking water.
Small Systems Is POU the Right Choice for Your System?
Authors: Pamperl Anne
Published: June 2018

Point‐of‐use (POU) treatment often looks attractive to small community water systems, especially when compared to the difficulty and cost of installing centralized treatment or finding a new drinking water source. However, appearances can be deceiving. POU treatment may not be the right solution for everyone. This article explains the drawbacks and advantages of installing POU devices as an alternative to centralized treatment.
2002 Gimmicks and Gadgets Contest Blue Box Snares Top Honors
Authors:   Dallas County WCID No. 6 Employees
Published: June 2018

Dallas County Water Control and Improvement District No. 6 employees wanted a way to test customer meters onsite. Before they built the testing device, a meter had to be removed, replaced, and taken to the shop to be tested. So, they created a Blue Box with everything in it to test the meters on site. The Blue Box helps determine whether a meter needs replacing without pulling it, taking it to the shop, and testing it. This saves the district time and money, and keeps customers happy by knowing that their meters are reading accurately.
Expedient Clean‐out Tool Takes Third
Authors: Anderson Carl
Published: June 2018

Distribution system crews for the Charter Township of Plymouth in Michigan had to carry around a large assortment of tools to clean out manholes and other compacted areas. This simple hand tool, made with readily available materials, is a waterworks “Swiss Army Knife” that solves multiple problems with its multi‐positional, multi‐length ability.
Why Should We Avoid Dead Ends?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This month the question concerns reasons for not allowing dead ends in the water distribution system main lines. They include stagnation, fire flow reduction, water quality deterioration, and corrosion. Dead ends can also affect water pressure, flushing operations, and water service during main repair and maintenance. The article states that in some systems, flushing dead ends must be done weekly, which can be an excessive use of water in drought areas or where water supply is at a premium. The article lists exceptions to the rule and explains why a looped system is more desirable. Further sources of information are listed.
Waking Up to Changing Water Quality
Authors: Ballantyne Liza , Bache Geoff , Currie Don , Smith Anita
Published: June 2018

During the summer and early fall of 2001, higher than usual raw and treated water manganese levels were detected at the District Municipality of Muskoka MacTier Water Treatment Plant in Ontario, Canada. This article reports on an extensive study to investigate the source of manganese and to establish factors that contributed to the sudden rise in manganese levels. The study was later expanded to determine a treatment that would control manganese concentrations at the MacTier WTP.
Water Care Critical for Kidney Dialysis
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Gaughan William J.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses special issues with water treatment for kidney dialysis machines that include chlorine residual concerns, carbon removal of chlorine, and the relationship between water department personnel and the medical facility staff as to who controls the water for dialysis.
Setting the Alarm for an Early Warning
Authors: Schreppel Connie K.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the Mohawk Valley Water Authority's search to find technologies to implement a utility‐wide early‐warning water quality monitoring system coupled with rapid‐screening methods to detect or confirm a contamination event. MVWA chose a multiparameter sensing instrument that has the capabilities and performance for an on‐line monitoring system component. The device measures chlorine or monochloramine, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, oxidation‐reduction potential, and temperature. The article also describes several rapid‐screening processes that MVWA incorporated in the water quality‐monitoring program.
Protecting the Environment While Improving Water Quality
Authors: Murphy Brian M. , Jonas Scott , Harbour Joseph
Published: June 2018

Environmental considerations play an increasing role in decisions involving distribution system operation and maintenance (O&M), specifically distribution system flushing. This article discusses how the Bellevue (Washington) Utilities Department conducted a field study to evaluate the effect its flushing program and related standard operating procedures had on receiving surface waters. The study focused on refining the flushing velocity to minimize the volume and intensity of discharged water, determining how much solids discharged to the waterways came from the water distribution system, and addressing public perception issues about environmental protection and conservation management.
When Should Meters Be Replaced?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

The month's question asks when water meters should be replaced. The article discusses: meter life expectancy factors; how a good unaccounted‐for water program can determine if water meters are working properly; customer complaints on billing may reveal trends that indicate failing meters; the importance of testing meters; and, new technologies such as advanced metering systems that include electronic equipment for reading the meters remotely. Further sources of information are listed.
Utility's Extra Valves Save the Day
Authors: Miller Doug
Published: June 2018

This article reports on a freight train derailment that tore loose a fire hydrant from a water line in the small town of Lyle, Washington. The article describes how the Klickitat Public Utility District (KPUD) handled the substantial loss of water pressure in the community by turning off three valves to completely isolate the fire hydrant and wellhouse area. KPUD had the foresight to install new valves in the early 1990s when they added new fire hydrants, preparing for a new waterline extension. Without the newer valves, the system could not have been pressurized until the train car had been removed because there would have been no access to the shutoff valve at the wellhouse fire hydrant.
‘C’‐ing Inside the Pipe With Tracers
Authors: Nevins Tom , Wright Charles , Damewood Mel
Published: June 2018

This article reports on an innovative method that accurately measures inside pipe diameter. It is an in situ tracer testing technique that uses vitamin C as the tracer and takes into account non‐uniform deposits on the pipe wall over the entire length of the pipeline. The article describes the Eugene (Oregon) Water & Electric Board's experience using this tracer method.
Using the AWWA Website: What's Up Online?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question is about navigating the AWWA website. The article uses an “interactive” method of explaining how to find information on the website.
Weighing Lead Pipe Replacement
Authors: Boyd Glen R. , Kirmeyer Gregory J. , Caprara Michael
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a 5 step procedure that provides a systematic guide for screening, evaluating, and selecting lead pipe rehabilitation and replacement technologies for site‐specific applications. The available technologies discussed in the article include: open‐trench replacement; replacement on new route; replacement using existing route; slip lining; and pipe coating. The article ends with a discussion of noncontrollable or controllable factors to consider when determining the appropriate technology.
Covering the Distance with Videoconferencing
Authors: Montecinos Crystel C. , Walker Mark , Basham Adele
Published: June 2018

This article describes a program in Nevada that uses videoconferencing for water operator training classes. A multiagency and multidisciplinary partnership has used videoconferencing since 1999 to meet the challenge of providing education and training that complies with federal regulations related to operator certification to small water systems spread across great distances in the state of Nevada.
Light Rod Illuminates Dark Meters
Authors: Fredericksen Alan
Published: June 2018

The Light Rod is basically an extended flashlight that slides into one end of vinyl tubing with an acrylic rod slid inside the other end of the tubing. It can be used while it is dark outside for reading a meter that is submerged under water. Insert the rod end into the water or meter box, keeping the flashlight out of the water. The light transmits to the end of the rod and illuminates the meter. It can be used as a safety tool at night and a shortened version can be used to direct traffic at a job site.
Picking the Best Backup for Your Utility
Authors: Sengupta Sid , Magella Mark , Pittman Larry
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the provision of on‐site backup power capabilities at water and wastewater treatment facilities and pumping stations to provide alternative power during interruptions of the commercial electric power supply such as the August 14, 2003 blackout. The basic steps for evaluating and designing reliable on‐site standby power systems are listed, along with a variety of available on‐site power generation systems, three different categories of electrical load requirements for water treatment plants, and common operating ratings for engine‐generators. Other topics covered include: fuel selection and storage; selection of starting systems; location; portable units; maintenance practices; utility considerations; and, further sources of information.
Regs Intended to Help Small Systems Ensure Safe Water
Authors: Bielanski Jenny
Published: June 2018

This article summarizes new and proposed rules for small water systems that have recently become, or will soon become, effective. Chemical and Radiological Rules include: arsenic; radionuclides; and, Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (Stage 1 DBPR). Microbial Rules include: Filter Backwash Recycling Rule; and, Long‐Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Upcoming rules include: Long‐Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule; Stage 2 DBPR; and, Ground Water Rule. Also discussed are rule implications and alternative compliance options.
Teaming Up to Clarify Communications
Authors: Post Arlene
Published: June 2018

This article describes how the Las Virgenes (California) Municipal Water District (LVMWD) redesigned its structure in order to achieve greater clarity and consistency in customer‐related communications. Going from an organizational structure based on bureaucratic “silos” that separated field and office functions relating to customers, LVMWD decided to combine Public Outreach, Office Customer Service, Billing, Meter Reading, and Field Customer Service into a single department. LVMWD used the method of looking at itself through the eyes of the customer to determine how to reorganize to achieve the greatest efficiency for its customers.
Video Counting Devices Save Time, Reduce Injuries
Authors: Shaw Nancy , Haddix Pryce L.
Published: June 2018

This article describes how the American Water Quality Control and Research Laboratory simplified and accelerated its workload by using an automated bacterial colony counter to perform bacterial plate counts. The electronic counter combines video photography, image analysis, and data management in a spreadsheet format. Colony‐counting technology based on image analysis uses a high‐resolution monochrome or color video camera paired with a plate viewer. Video images are digitized, and colony forming units (CFU) are detected through their contrast to an agar background. For most instruments, the detection information is transferred to spreadsheet software. The article discusses evaluating the accuracy of the video counter, overall savings, and lists further sources of information.
How Do We Keep Tank Water Fresh?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's column answers questions on operation and maintenance of finished water storage tanks. The article cites the AWWA Manual of Practice, Steel Water Storage Tanks (M42), as recommending that storage facilities need to be taken out of service, cleaned, inspected, and disinfected prior to return to service at least once every three years. The article addresses tank turnover, citing an AwwaRF report, Guidance Manual for Maintaining Distribution System Water Quality, as recommending a 2.5‐day turnover rate, which is equal to a 40% turnover per day. The article also addresses the change in pressure in the system when the tank water level fluctuates, citing several sources that agree on the general rule that every 2.31‐ft. change is equal to a 1‐psi change in the system.
Dual System Lives on at NASA's Plum Brook Station
Authors: Puzak Robert M. , Kimpton Arthur
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a multiyear project by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to make improvements to the dual water system at the Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. The dual system consists of a raw water system for cooling processes and fire protection that uses untreated water pumped directly from Lake Erie via two pumping stations, and a treated water storage system that uses treated water from the Erie County Department of Environmental Services (ECDOES), stores it in an underground reservoir and pumps it into two elevated water storage tanks. NASA contracted with an outside contractor to perform hydraulic analysis of the water systems and to provide recommendations on improving them. Flow tests were performed to collect data needed to calibrate both models; once calibrated, multiple scenarios and analyses were run for both systems to meet the NASA objectives. This article details the solid engineering rationale that the study provided for NASA to justify the needed capital improvements and changes to the system.
Choosing the Right Valve for Surge Control
Authors: Ballun John V.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses choosing the right valve to control pressure surges in pipelines. In particular, the article discusses two categories of valves that are the most commonly used in water distribution systems: fast‐closing check valves, including swing check valves that operate automatically in less than a second without the use of external power or signals from the pumping system; and, control valves, which operate slowly, opening in 1 to 5 minutes to carefully regulate changes in pipeline fluid velocity. Control valve operation is discussed and a list of further resources is provided.
Tragedy Could Have Been Prevented
Authors: Crude Steve E. , Walker Richard
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the aftermath of the E. coli outbreak in the Walkerton, Ontario, Canada municipal drinking water system in May 2000 that caused seven deaths and more than 2,300 cases of waterborne disease. The system operators admitted that they failed to perform monitoring and treatment, withheld adverse monitoring results, and falsified operating records. However, the article states they were not solely to blame because the inquiry found that severe and systemic deficiencies in the operator training and regulatory systems of the Ontario government contributed to the tragedy. The article focuses on the roles and responsibilities of the water system operators and what actions they should have taken to prevent the tragedy.
Reciprocity Requires Resolve
Authors: DeNileon Gay Porter , Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the difficulties of operator certification reciprocity between states. The article points out that although states are federally mandated to certify water treatment operators, each state can set its own standards and requirements, making automatic acceptance of one state's operators by another state impossible without some form of agreement on the mutual quality and standards of each other's certification programs. The article discusses the value of certification, and how not having a reciprocity program in effect acts as a potential barrier to fulfilling future water utility workforce needs.
Second Place, Turb‐Assist Tackles Tough Spaces
Authors: Hunter Stefanie J.
Published: June 2018

The Turb‐Assist device streamlines the process of calibrating turbidimeters. It eliminates direct contact with the water or cleaning solution, fits onto the bottom of the turbidimeter body over the drain plug, and is secured to the turbidimeter with an attached strap, thus leaving the operator's hands free to control the draining water.
What Should Contract Operators Know?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about running a water operator contract/consulting business. The article discusses basic business rules, defining each particular job, provisions that should be included in the contract, supporting materials and players, and further resources such as the Small Business Administration and primacy agencies for Maine and South Dakota.
How to Conduct Effective Public Meetings of Any Size
Authors: Moyer Jack , Aurit Scott
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how conducting public meetings effectively can have a tremendous effect on the success of a project and on the long‐term relationship between the utility and the public. The article discusses three main components of conducting successful public meetings and provides resources for developing presentation skills.
GIS Improves South Dakota Water
Authors: Hohn Curt , Payne Marshall
Published: June 2018

This article discusses geographic information system (GIS) software used by WEB Water Development Association of Aberdeen, South Dakota to help improve operation efficiencies and customer service. The article describes efforts to improve WEB's business needs and mapping processes by using a custom map editor application to simplify and standardize data entry, and an application to meet WEB's automated customer service and work‐ticket needs. A brief explanation of how a GIS system operates is provided, along with long‐term benefits of using a GIS application.
How Much Water Should We Drink?
Authors: Burlingame Gary
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns the amount of water the human body requires each day. Research and sources are discussed, all agreeing that a healthy person needs to drink 8‐15 glasses of water a day; men should drink more than women; active people in hotter and drier climates require more water; and, everyone should drink thoughout the day without waiting for a thirst trigger, especially senior citizens. The occurrence of death due to overhydration is discussed and further resources are given.
What Do We Do Now for New Rules?
Authors: Allen Jason
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns compliance issues for small systems with the Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts (Stage 2 DBP) Rule and the Long Term 2 (LT2) Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Compliance deadlines are discussed, along with training opportunities offered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), AWWA, and other organizations. The four options water systems have for planning ahead to meet the IDSE requirements are also discussed.
Baltimore County Says: Pipe Futures Are Plastic
Authors: Mazurek Mike
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a main replacement project in northeast Maryland's Baltimore County near the Chesapeake Bay. An 8‐in. metal water main that had experienced acute failures over the years due to corrosion‐causing longitudinal cracks that split the pipe was replaced by high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe. The article discusses installation, horizontal directional‐drilling (HDD) technology, and suitability of the PE pipe for the soil type in that area.
Taken Down by Disease can Bird Flu Halt Operations?
Authors: Gertig Kevin R.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses pandemic planning in relation to an outbreak of H5N1, the avian influenza strain currently circulating in Asia, Europe, and other parts of the world. Emergency preparedness requires an examination of each element of water supply and distribution to ensure that safe drinking water is provided to customers. The “multisectoral approach,” or communications with local health, emergency management, law, fire, and other agencies, is discussed. Further topics covered include: evaluating operational changes; protecting employees; pandemic assumptions and facts; and ensuring business continuity. A pandemic planning checklist is provided.
Making Sense of Automation's Alphabet Soup
Authors: Hughes John R.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses several computer‐based automated systems related to water treatment that include supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, automatic meter reading (AMR), geographic information systems (GIS), automated mapping and global positioning systems (GPS), and customer information systems (CIS) integrated with a GIS.
Organized Training Brings Grandparented Operators Up to Snuff
Authors: Cadwell Odetta Cross
Published: June 2018

This article describes an effort by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) to revise its operator certification rule in order to meet changing U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) requirements. IDEM's revision required all nontransient noncommunity systems and all community water systems serving fewer than 100 persons to have a responsible certified operator in charge. To assist the more than 936 affected water systems, IDEM allowed current operators to be grandparented as certified operators for their systems and developed the Indiana Water Operator Training (IWOT) program to train them. The article discusses the program development, how program workshops were tailored to meet the needs of the attending operators, teaching techniques, and the key personnel involved in the program.
How Do We Know Adhesives Are Safe for Attaching Disinfectant to Pipe Walls?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns the safety of the adhesives used for attaching the calcium hypochlorite tablets to the inside walls of pipe for the process of chlorinating water mains after a repair. After the calcium hypochlorite tablets dissolve, the adhesive remains stuck to the top of the pipe. The article cites AWWA Standard C651‐05, which requires the use of a food‐grade adhesive in potable water applications that should not be harmful to humans if consumed in a small amount, and is fully cured, a condition that requires 24 hours.
Presentation is Everything
Authors: Friedman Karen
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the importance of developing speaker presentation skills to take your career to a higher level and provides helpful hints on presenting key information in a clear and concise manner.
Home Sweet Home
Authors: Knoll Jim
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the design and fabrication of a 20‐gpm redundant arsenic treatment unit equipped with pretreatment for removing iron and manganese. Installed in October 2006, the system incorporates arsenic‐adsorbent cartridges that allow a small system footprint and ease in replacing exhausted media.
How Should I Prepare for My State Operator's Exam?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about study materials for preparing for the state operator's exam. The article recommends materials from AWWA and explains how to either access them from AWWA's website or by calling AWWA Customer Service and requesting a bookstore catalog. The article presents a two‐step process for choosing the best references for each particular situation: determine what your state recommends for reference material, and then determine the subject areas in which you need assistance. The article provides test‐taking tips and lists AWWA resources on operator certification.
O2‐B‐Gone Grabs Third Place
Authors: Simpson Russell
Published: June 2018

This article presents the 2007 Opflow Gimmicks & Gadgets Contest Third Place Winner, O2‐B‐Gone. This device tests valves to ensure the air release‐vacuum breaking floats and orifice function properly.
Crack Down on Water Tank Foundation Problems
Authors: Plaatsman James P. , McCarthy Michael A. , Litz Joseph P.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how to determine if cracks in the foundation of concrete storage tanks are superficial or are a real structural problem. The article describes the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia's experience with alkali silica reaction (ASR) on the deteriorating concrete pile caps of the tank foundations, discusses how the city investigated and evaluated the damage, and the repairs that were required. The article provides an inset of information from AWWA Manual M42, Steel Water Storage Tanks, that indicates who should be responsible for storage tank foundation design.
Consider a Car‐Care Approach to Improve Well Performance
Authors: Bailey Jim , Wicklein Andreas
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a holistic approach to well operation and maintenance by managing the entire lifecycle of the well to optimize long‐term performance. The article focuses on several key factors that influence well performance, including design, construction, operation, biological and mechanical plugging, and maintenance. To maintain long‐term performance, the article recommends planning rehabilitation at regular intervals, and discusses primary rehabilitation options. The third option, impulse generation, is discussed in detail and its advantages are listed, along with a phased impulse generation approach taken by the city of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, to rehabilitate a 24‐in.‐diameter water supply well.
US/Canadian Consumers: Tap Water Quality Is Improving
Authors: Mendro Mary Lou
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how strict government regulations and effective communication efforts by public water suppliers are affecting consumer attitudes about tap water quality. The article reports on a 2006 Canadian survey that revealed a significant rebound in consumer confidence in tap water supplies since 2002. The results of a similar 2005 American survey are also presented and discussed, revealing that Americans are slightly more trusting of private utilities than governments to provide them with accurate information about their drinking water supplies.
Forecast R&R Costs to Sustain Water Infrastructure
Authors: Harlow Ken , Steirer Marsi
Published: June 2018

This article discusses an effort by the San Diego Water Department to forecast replacement and refurbishment (R&R) costs and analyze funding options. A capital asset management system (CAMS) was used, along with the department's existing asset database, to provide ongoing analysis as the department's asset knowledge improved. The basic principles of CAMS are discussed, along with its versatile functionality, reporting capabilities and long‐term performance.
What to Tell Your Customers About Hard Water
Authors: Nemeth Karla
Published: June 2018

This article discusses posting a fact sheet on the Internet answering questions about water hardness, a communication technique used by Zone 7 Water Agency in Livermore, California, to inform customers of water hardness at all times. The article lists questions and answers about hard water that include defining water hardness, the difference between water hardness/softness, how water becomes hard, indications of hard water, measuring hard water, and increases/decreases in water hardness.
Plexiglas Target Eases Ultrasonic Flow/Level Meter Calibration
Authors: Hill Frank , Kendrick Ron
Published: June 2018

This article describes a target device that determines exact water levels through a flume or in a vessel. This device is a simple and efficient way to determine distances between the sensor and the material to be measured, thus ensuring proper signal calibration of the measuring instrument. The article provides a list of materials used to construct the device and instructions on assembly.
Harnessing the Sun Solar Panels Power Treatment Plant
Authors: Wolan Michael , Connor Scott , Kuster Thomas
Published: June 2018

To curtail its escalating power‐generation costs and follow through on its commitment to preserving the environment, New Jersey American Water (NJAW) installed a ground‐mounted dual‐array photovoltaic (PV) system at its Canal Road facility in late 2005. The solar PV system is the largest ground‐mounted system on the East Coast. About 15 percent of the plant's peak usage is supplemented by the system, reducing the amount of energy purchased from outside suppliers. The project is part of NJAW's aggressive energy‐reduction program to help reduce greenhouse gases, but the system is producing a new revenue stream through the sale of tradable solar‐specific Renewable Energy Credits that electric marketers must acquire to meet the New Jersey Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard. The article explains how the system converts sunlight into electricity, system design, construction details, operation and maintenance, and unexpected challenges that came up.
Use a Multifaceted Approach to Manage High Source‐Water Nitrate
Authors: Jones Christopher S. , Hill Dennis , Brand Gordon
Published: June 2018

This article discusses nitrate removal at the Des Moines Water Works (DMWW) Fleur Drive Treatment Plant, the world's largest ion‐exchange nitrate‐removal facility. The multiple water sources used by the plant are detailed, along with nitrate removal strategies that include ion exchange, source water blending, and off‐river storage and biological denitrification. The utility also uses continuous, online measurement equipment to monitor nitrate in filter effluent, accessible through the utility's supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system.
Are Pressure Testing and Leak Testing the Same Thing?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks if there are separate requirements for pressure testing and leak testing when installing a new water main. The article provides a brief overview of the historical development of these tests for ductile iron, stating requirements from AWWA standards dating from 1938 through the standard's revisions in 1949, 1954, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1993, 1999, and the latest revision in 2005.
How Are Standards Developed?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks what the process is for developing an AWWA Standard. The article first defines standards and then goes on to discuss the AWWA Standards Council comprised of volunteers from utilities, government, manufacturers and academics and how it creates a standard including constraints, committee work, achieving consensus, and voting for final approval of a standard. A list of categories of AWWA Standards is provided.
Examining the Use of UV‐254
Authors: Sung Windsor
Published: June 2018

This article discusses ultraviolet (UV) light absorption at 254 nm as a useful measurement that serves as a surrogate test for reactive natural organic matter (NOM). Operators can measure the UV‐254 of a sample with a spectrophotometer in less than 15 minutes by measuring the intensity of UV light at the proper wavelength before and after it passes through a water sample in a cell of known path length (usually 1 or 10 cm). Applying UV‐254, predicting THM4 formation, predicting 90th percentile lead, required ozone dose, and UV‐254 recommendations are all discussed.
How Can We Better Track Our Water?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns water loss and tracking water. The article discusses water audits as a way to compare the amount of water that comes in with the amount that goes out to determine if input and outflow balance. “Apparent” and “real” water loss are discussed, along with the accuracy of measuring devices, researching billing information, and ideas for creating a strategy for detecting and fixing leaks.
Do You Really Have a Free Chlorine Residual?
Authors: Spon Robert
Published: June 2018

This article begins by discussing the US Environmental Protection Agency‐accepted colorimetric N,N‐diethyl‐pphenylenediamine (DPD) method as the most commonly used procedure to determine free chlorine residuals in water. The DPD indicator immediately reacts with free available chlorine, hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ion, to form a pink color, which is proportional to the chlorine concentration. However, some DPD test results may be misleading because monochloramine residual interferes with DPD free analysis, creating a false‐positive, phantom reading. The article provides a series of questions that will help determine if free chlorine residual is really present in the water system. Phantom residuals are discussed, along with ammonia contamination. The article provides a phantom free chlorine checklist, chlorine demand calculations, and an interpretation of a breakpoint chlorination curve.
Go Trenchless to Combat Excavation Costs
Authors: Ariaratnam Samuel T.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses alternative construction methods such as horizontal directional drilling (HDD) and pipe bursting for installing and replacing underground pipelines. The article describes how the two technologies work, along with common pipe materials for trenchless technologies.
Optimize Spent‐Filter Backwash Water
Authors: Leible Bob
Published: June 2018

This article discusses an effort by the city of Aurora, Illinois, to improve treatment and handling of spent‐filter backwash water. The capacity of the its backwash pond limited the plant's ability to backwash filters, among other issues, and the article discusses operational solutions that were considered, how process control optimized treatment, and additional benefits from modifications that deferred the need for costly capital improvements.
Polyphosphate Chemicals: Dosing Rates and Recipes
Authors: Spon Robert
Published: June 2018

This article discusses polyphosphate chemicals as an alternative to ion exchange softening for controling calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) carbonate hardness. The article describes how to determine a target phosphate dosage rate, provides general principles to consider for polyphosphate dosing, discusses the addition of orthophosphate corrosion inhibitor to reduce lead and copper solubility and to control corrosion and byproduct release. Dosage limitations by the NSF/ANSI Standard 60 and the Safe Drinking Water Act are discussed.
Corrosion Control: Less Is More
Authors: Gipson Tyler
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a treatment process used by the Tulsa Public Works Department that eliminates soda ash from corrosion control treatment, and uses only caustic soda to protect its pipes from corrosion. Bringing the water slightly above the point of calcium carbonate saturation creates a calcium carbonate film on internal pipe surfaces that protects the pipe material. The article discusses several options that Tulsa evaluated at its A.B. Jewell Water Treatment Plant, explains the chemistry of caustic soda, provides software model calculations, jar test results, full‐scale testing, and compares costs.
Going Mobile: Field Force Computing Improves Productivity
Authors: Stern Chris , Iadarola Brent
Published: June 2018

This article presents an AwwaRF Tailored Collaboration research report titled “Field Computing Applications and Wireless Technologies for Water Utilities”, that analyzes current use by water utilities of field computing applications and mobile technologies. The report takes a closer look at the technologies and work practices in place at several U.S. utilities and provides an overview of current and emerging field computing and wireless technologies on the market. The research methodology included a comprehensive literature review, a survey of U.S. and Canadian AwwaRF‐member water utilities, case studies from five water utilities, and a review of secondary research about current and emerging technologies for the utility sector. The report focused on three key components of mobile technology: benefits, challenges, and technology. Mobile resource management (MRM), an emerging category of business solutions that enhances efficiency, asset management, and customer service, is discussed along with real‐world application of field computing technology. Two examples of utilities using mobile technology are provided.
Reduce Apparent: Water Loss
Authors: Hannah Craig
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a project to install a fixed‐network, automated meter reading system using performance contracting at the city of Anderson, Indiana, in order to fund infrastructure improvements, reduce operations and maintenance costs, and reduce water loss. The article discusses the importance of correct meter sizing and typing and, of 41 large meter typing candidates studied in Anderson, the engineer could justify the cost of converting 33 horizontal turbine meters to compound, fire service, or single‐jet meters of the same size. The article describes how demand profiles can help determine which kind of meter is the most accurate type for each particular kind of service, i.e. apartment complexes, nursing homes, and hospitals. Safety considerations, fire‐suppression systems, and determining costs of meter sizing and typing are all discussed. The article provides a sidebar, “The Standards of Meter Sizing and Typing.”
Training Programs: Building Tomorrow's Leaders: For a Better Future
Authors: Sykes Richard
Published: June 2018

This article discusses two workforce development programs created by the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) in Oakland, California. These programs were created to address the potential loss of 60‐65 percent of first‐ and second‐level supervisors in EBMUD's operations, maintenance, and other field functions, representing an approximate 10 percent of the utility's total workforce. The first program is called the LEAD Academy and focuses on developing future first‐level supervisors; the second program is called the Pathways Program and focuses on developing future superintendents and assistant superintendents. The article discusses each program in detail, including the development process, the curriculum, the participant selection process, significant hurdles to implementing and maintaining the processes, and the success rate and immediate benefits of the programs. The article provides an inset of the 11 curriculum subject categories of the LEAD Academy.
How Can we Tap into Stimulus Package Funds?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how small water systems can tap into stimulus package funds. These funds come from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, also known as the Economic Stimulus Act, that was signed into law by President Barack Obama on February 17, 2009. Funds are available until September 30, 2010, through various government agencies. The article lists the different government departments and agencies and how much each were allotted, and gives a website for all federal agencies that received stimulus package funds, the agencies' plans for using the funds, announcements for grant competitions, allocations of formula grants, and competitive grants awarded. The article provides pointers on applying for these funds.
Optimize Coagulation and Flocculation
Authors: Linder Kevin , Zachman Brad
Published: June 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of plant optimization, which refers to achieving the highest quality of finished water possible, as measured by low turbidity and particle counts. The article discusses coagulation and flocculation in detail, focusing on these processes as the foundation of the entire water treatment process, and provides optimization tips in the form of common tools that can be useful in optimizing the coagulation and flocculation processes.
Hydrant Drain Hole Cleaner Gets the Job Done
Authors: Carey Stan
Published: June 2018

This article describes the Hydrant Drain Hole Cleaner, a device for cleaning hydrant drain holes developed by the Suffolk County Water Authority on Long Island, New York. Construction of the device is discussed, along with operation, benefits, and materials and tools used to build it.
Early Warning System: Minimizes Water Quality Problems
Authors: Pesacreta George
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a project by the city of Raleigh, North Carolina, to adopt an early warning system for water quality that established sampling points and targeted testing sites on its Falls Lake Reservoir and its Wake Forest Reservoir. Raleigh's sampling system checklist is discussed, along with an innovative aspect of the early warning system that uses in vivo chlorophyll a/in vivo C‐Phycocyanin ratios for water supply testing. The article discusses an algal bloom event on the Wake Forest Reservoir that was stimulated by air diffusers when a drought occurred. Timely monitoring of raw water pigment levels helped staff document dramatic results.