bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real-World Efficacy of the Hybrid Closed-Loop System
Authors: Usoh Chinenye O. , Johnson Crystal Paige , Speiser Jaime L. , Bundy Richa , Dharod Ajay , Aloi Joseph A.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) insulin pump therapy (Medtronic 670G) is an emerging technology that is growing in use worldwide. Initial clinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of HCL in reducing hypoglycemia and improving glucose control; however, these subjects were intensely monitored and supervised. There has been concern regarding the ability of patients to remain in auto mode. We aimed to assess HCL when used in a typical outpatient endocrine clinic.

Methods:

We initially analyzed data from 80 individuals with type 1 diabetes managed in an endocrine clinic by a single certified diabetes educator (CDE). We then included our other providers and had 230 subjects by the end of the study. Patients were either transitioned from traditional insulin pump or multiple daily insulin injection therapy (MDI) to HCL. Patients initiated to HCL pump therapy from July 2017 through February 2020 were studied. Endpoints of change in time in hypoglycemic/hyperglycemic range and time in target range were analyzed. The primary outcome was a change in percent time in the target range during manual mode compared with auto mode.

Results:

There was an 18.2% increase in average time in target range when comparing manual mode to auto mode (59.3% vs 70.1%, P < .0001). Average time in hyperglycemic range was significantly reduced by 26.7% (39.0% vs 28.6%, P < .0001) but without increasing average time in hypoglycemic range (1.7% vs 1.3%, P = 0.95).

Conclusions:

HCL was effective in reducing hyperglycemia and increasing time in the target range but did not increase hypoglycemia. These data suggest HCL will improve the metrics of glucose control.
Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Big Five Personality on Subjective and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Anglim Jeromy , Horwood Sharon
Published: January 2021

The current study assessed the effect of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic on subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) and whether the pandemic moderated the effect of personality on well-being. Measures of Big Five personality, SWB (life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect), and PWB (positive relations, autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance) were obtained from a sample of young adults in Melbourne, Australia ( n = 1,132; July 13–August 11, 2020) during a second wave of viral transmission and lockdown and an identically recruited pre-COVID sample ( n = 547). Well-being was lower in the COVID sample, and differences were largest for positive affect ( d = −0.48) and negative affect ( d = 0.70). While the effect of personality on well-being was relatively robust, the effect of personality on well-being was slightly reduced, and the effect of extroversion on positive affect was particularly attenuated during the pandemic.
Operating Performance of Tourism Listed Companies in China: The Perspective of Economic Value Added
Authors: Geng Songtao , Liu Suyu , Liao Xuelin
Published: January 2021

This article uses economic value added (EVA) to analyze the sustainability of performance of tourism listed companies from 2013 to 2015. The Malmquist index is used for the analysis of different operating performance across various types of tourism listed companies. It is found that the operating performance of tourism listed companies in China is not satisfactory, as merely less than half of them have a positive EVA. This study also finds that for different types of tourism listed companies, a variety of strategies for improvement should be adopted. For example, commercial companies should pay attention to the new customer needs, and scenic area companies need to increase investment in technology.
The fibula and talus position difference in functional and mechanical ankle instability: MRI findings
Authors: Yuan Chengjie , Zhu Genrui , Wang Zhifeng , Wang Chen , Wang Xu , Ma Xin
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

This study aimed to use MRI to evaluate the fibula and talus position difference in functional and mechanical ankle stability patients.

Methods:

61 and 68 patients with functional and mechanical instability, and 60 healthy volunteers were involved. Based on the axial MRI images, the rotation of the talus was identified through the Malleolar Talus Index (MTI). The position relative to the talus (Axial Malleolar Index, AMI) and medial malleolus (Intermalleolar Index, IMI) were used to evaluated the displacement of the fibula.

Results:

Post hoc analysis showed that the values of malleolar talus index was significantly larger among mechanical instability (89.18° ± 2.31°) than that in functional instability patients (86.55° ±61.65°, P < 0.001) and healthy volunteers (85.59° ± 2.42°, P < 0.001). The axial malleolar index of the mechanical instability patients (11.39° ± 1.41°) were significantly larger than healthy volunteers (7.91° ± 0.83°) (P < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in the above three indexes between the functional instability patients and healthy volunteers.

Conclusion:

The functional instability patients didn’t have a posteriorly positioned fibula and an internally rotated talus. The malleolar talus index was significantly larger among mechanical instability patients than that in functional instability patients. Increased malleolar talus index may become a new indirect MRI sign for identifying functional and mechanical instability patients.
Effects of the FDA Codeine Safety Investigation on Racial and Geographic Disparities in Opioid Prescribing after Pediatric Tonsillectomy and/or Adenoidectomy
Authors: Lawrence Amy , Cooper Jennifer N. , Deans Katherine J. , Minneci Peter C. , Wrona Sharon K. , Chisolm Deena J.
Published: January 2021

Objective. Our objective was to examine the impact of the U.S. FDA’s 2013 black box warning against codeine on codeine and other opioid prescription filling after pediatric tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy (T/A) overall and by child race and provider urbanity/rurality. Methods. Patients ≤ 18 who underwent T/A in 8/2011 to 8/2016 were identified in Ohio Medicaid claims. Interrupted time series analyses were used to evaluate the impact of the FDA warning on codeine or other opioid prescription filling post-T/A. Results. In August 2011, codeine prescription filling was lower among black than white children ( P < .001) and among children treated at institutions in metropolitan counties than less populous counties ( P < .001). The FDA warning was associated with a 24.0% drop in codeine prescription filling ( P < .001) and 5.5% increase in alternative opioid prescription filling ( P = .046). At conclusion, there remained geographic but no longer racial disparities in codeine prescribing. Conclusion. Codeine prescribing after pediatric T/A decreased after the FDA’s black box warning. However, geographic disparities in codeine prescribing remain.
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with carboplatin plus pemetrexed or carboplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with lung cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis
Authors: Hayashi Toshinobu , Shimokawa Mototsugu , Matsuo Koichi , Iihara Hirotoshi , Kawada Kei , Nakano Takafumi , Egawa Takashi
Published: January 2021

Background

Patients with lung cancer who are treated with carboplatin-based chemotherapy regimens often experience chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). However, knowledge on the effect of regimen and cofactors on the risk of CINV is limited. This study aimed to analyze and compare the incidence of CINV between lung cancer patients undergoing carboplatin plus pemetrexed (CBDCA+PEM) and those undergoing carboplatin plus paclitaxel (CBDCA+PTX) chemotherapy.

Methods

Pooled data of 240 patients from two prospective observational studies were compared using propensity score matching. Separate multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy.

Results

Delayed nausea was significantly more common in patients treated with CBDCA+PEM than in those treated with CBDCA+PTX (51.1% vs. 36.2%, P = 0.04), but the incidence of vomiting did not significantly differ between the two groups (23.4% vs. 14.9%, P = 0.14). The occurrence of CINV peaked on day 4 in the CBDCA+PTX group and on day 5 in the CBDCA+PEM group. Multivariate analysis showed that female sex, younger age, and CBDCA+PEM regimen were independent risk factors for delayed nausea, while female sex was an independent risk factor for delayed vomiting.

Conclusions

The CBDCA + PEM regimen has a higher risk of causing delayed nausea than the CBDCA + PTX regimen, and aggressive antiemetic prophylaxis should be offered to patients treated with CBDCA + PEM.
COVID-19 preventive behaviors and influencing factors in the Iranian population; a web-based survey
Authors: Firouzbakht Mojgan , Omidvar Shabnam , Firouzbakht Saeedeh , Asadi-Amoli Arman
Published: January 2021

Background

COVID19 is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus. As there has been no definitive treatment for the disease so far, the only way to control the spread is to break the chain of infection. Our study aimed to analyze the preventive behaviors and influencing factors in the Iranian population.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was a web-based survey in the Iranian population. We performed the study during the first peak of COVID-19 outbreak (from March 25th, 2020 to April 5th). We used demographic and Preventive behaviors questionnaires to collect the data. This web-based survey was publicized on the internet through the common platforms used by the Iranian population. This survey was released on the website “Porsline.com”. A total of 2097 acceptable questionnaires were filled. All data were analyzed, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.

Results

61.9% of the participants checked the hand-washing question as “Always”. 55.7 and 58.2% checked the wearing masks and gloves as “Always”, respectively. We found a significant relationship between gender and hand washing behavior (P = 0.006) and the use of masks and gloves (P < 0.001). Results showed that wearing gloves had a significant relation with the education status (P = 0.029) and economic status (P = 0.011). Wearing masks had a significant relation with economic status (P = 0.032). Overall women had better preventive behaviors.

Conclusions

Preventive behaviors have a significant relation with some socio-demographic characteristics. According to the 3 main preventive behaviors of hand-washing, wearing masks and gloves 50% of the population has not taken these behaviors seriously.
Osteoporotic vertebral fracture misdiagnosed as “normal postoperative phenomenon” in post decompression surgery: a case report
Authors: Hou Li-sheng , Zhang Dong , Ge Feng , Li Hai-feng , Gao Tian-jun
Published: January 2021

Background

Previous research and published literature indicate that some patients with spinal diseases who underwent percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic decompression (PTED) still suffer some discomfort in the early recovery stage in the form of pain, stiffness, and swelling. These are usually considered minor residual symptoms or normal postoperative phenomenon (NPF) in the clinic, occur frequently, and are acknowledged by surgeons worldwide.

To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of a patient who had an osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) misdiagnosed as NPF after she underwent PTED as a result of lumbar disc herniation (LDH).

Case presentation

A 71-year-old female with Parkinson’s disease who presented with lower back pain radiating to the legs was diagnosed as LDH in L4–5, after which a PTED of L4–5 was performed, with temporary alleviation of symptoms. However, severe lower back pain recurred. Unfortunately, the recurred pain initially misdiagnosed as NPF, in fact, was finally confirmed to be OVF by CT-scan. OVF in the early stage of post-PTED seldom occurs and is rarely reported in the literature.

With a percutaneous vertebroplasty, the pain was significantly relieved, and she resumed walking. After 36-weeks of follow-up, the pain improved satisfactorily.

Conclusion

Doctors should not immediately diagnose a relapse of back pain following PTED as NPF, and hands-on careful physical and imaging examinations are necessary to manage recurring pain rightly and timely.
HEMGN and SLC2A1 might be potential diagnostic biomarkers of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head: study based on WGCNA and DEGs screening
Authors: Wu Zhixin , Wen Yinxian , Fan Guanlan , He Hangyuan , Zhou Siqi , Chen Liaobin
Published: January 2021

Background

Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) is a chronic and crippling bone disease. This study aims to reveal novel diagnostic biomarkers of SONFH.

Methods

The GSE123568 dataset based on peripheral blood samples from 10 healthy individuals and 30 SONFH patients was used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screening. The genes in the module related to SONFH and the DEGs were extracted for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Genes with |gene significance| > 0.7 and |module membership| > 0.8 were selected as hub genes in modules. The DEGs with the degree of connectivity ≥5 were chosen as hub genes in DEGs. Subsequently, the overlapping genes of hub genes in modules and hub genes in DEGs were selected as key genes for SONFH. And then, the key genes were verified in another dataset, and the diagnostic value of key genes was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Nine gene co-expression modules were constructed via WGCNA. The brown module with 1258 genes was most significantly correlated with SONFH and was identified as the key module for SONFH. The results of functional enrichment analysis showed that the genes in the key module were mainly enriched in the inflammatory response, apoptotic process and osteoclast differentiation. A total of 91 genes were identified as hub genes in the key module. Besides, 145 DEGs were identified by DEGs screening and 26 genes were identified as hub genes of DEGs. Overlapping genes of hub genes in the key module and hub genes in DEGs, including RHAG, RNF14, HEMGN, and SLC2A1, were further selected as key genes for SONFH. The diagnostic value of these key genes for SONFH was confirmed by ROC curve. The validation results of these key genes in GSE26316 dataset showed that only HEMGN and SLC2A1 were downregulated in the SONFH group, suggesting that they were more likely to be diagnostic biomarkers of SOFNH than RHAG and RNF14.

Conclusions

Our study identified that two key genes, HEMGN and SLC2A1, might be potential diagnostic biomarkers of SONFH.
What makes palliative care needs “complex”? A multisite sequential explanatory mixed methods study of patients referred for specialist palliative care
Authors: Finucane Anne M. , Swenson Connie , MacArtney John I. , Perry Rachel , Lamberton Hazel , Hetherington Lucy , Graham-Wisener Lisa , Murray Scott A. , Carduff Emma
Published: January 2021

Background

Specialist palliative care (SPC) providers tend to use the term ‘complex’ to refer to the needs of patients who require SPC. However, little is known about complex needs on first referral to a SPC service. We examined which needs are present and sought the perspectives of healthcare professionals on the complexity of need on referral to a hospice service.

Methods

Multi-site sequential explanatory mixed method study consisting of a case-note review and focus groups with healthcare professionals in four UK hospices.

Results

Documentation relating to 239 new patient referrals to hospice was reviewed; and focus groups involving 22 healthcare professionals conducted. Most patients had two or more needs documented on referral (96%); and needs were recorded across two or more domains for 62%. Physical needs were recorded for 91% of patients; psychological needs were recorded for 59%. Spiritual needs were rarely documented. Referral forms were considered limited for capturing complex needs. Referrals were perceived to be influenced by the experience and confidence of the referrer and the local resource available to meet palliative care needs directly.

Conclusions

Complexity was hard to detail or to objectively define on referral documentation alone. It appeared to be a term used to describe patients whom primary or secondary care providers felt needed SPC knowledge or support to meet their needs. Hospices need to provide greater clarity regarding who should be referred, when and for what purpose. Education and training in palliative care for primary care nurses and doctors and hospital clinicians could reduce the need for referral and help ensure that hospices are available to those most in need of SPC input.
Quality of life, its factors, and sociodemographic characteristics of Polish women with lipedema
Authors: Dudek Joanna E. , Białaszek Wojciech , Gabriel Marcin
Published: January 2021

Background

Lipedema is a type of subcutaneous adipose tissue disorder that affects mainly women. Its main symptom is bilateral fat accumulation on the extremities with associated pain in the affected areas. Despite growing interest in lipedema among patients and medical health professionals, lipedema is still often misdiagnosed, misunderstood, and mistreated. To promote better understanding of lipedema, we aimed to investigate factors related to the quality of life and describe selected sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of women with lipedema in Poland.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional online survey that was completed by 98 women with lipedema. The participants responded to questionnaires regarding quality of life, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and depression symptom severity.

Results

The participants reported low quality of life and high severity of depressive symptoms. The more severe the symptoms related to pain, heaviness, and swelling, the lower the quality of life. Further analyses showed that depression severity mediated this relationship.

Conclusions

The current study provides initial information on screening questions, lipedema symptoms, and comorbidities, pointing to the areas needing in-depth investigation. Further steps to improve quality of life in women with lipedema and to reduce health costs should include the education of medical health professionals, using diagnostic tools that allow for differentiation among diagnoses and precise health risk assessment, and creating Polish treatment guidelines for lipedema.
Association of sickle cell disease with anthropometric indices among under-five children: evidence from 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Islam Mohammad Redwanul , Moinuddin Md , Ahmed Ayeda , Rahman Syed Moshfiqur
Published: January 2021

Background

Malnutrition continues to affect under-five children in Africa to an overwhelming proportion. The situation is further compounded by the burden of sickle cell disease (SCD). However, association of SCD with stunting, wasting, and underweight in a nationally representative sample of under-five children remains unexplored. We aimed to describe prevalence of undernutrition by sickle cell status, to evaluate its association with growth faltering ascertained by anthropometric indices, and to explore mediating role of hemoglobin.

Methods

We availed data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the sample comprised 11,233 children aged 6–59 months who were successfully genotyped for SCD. The DHS employed a two-stage, stratified sampling strategy. SickleSCAN rapid diagnostic test was used for SCD genotyping. Z-scores of length/height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ), and weight-for-age (WAZ) were computed against the 2006 World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. We fitted logistic regression models to evaluate association of SCD with stunting, wasting, and underweight. Mediation analysis was performed to capture the indirect effect of and proportion of total effect mediated through hemoglobin level in SCD-anthropometric indices association.

Results

Prevalences of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children with SCD were 55.4% (54.5–56.4), 9.1% (8.6–9.7), and 38.9% (38.0–39.8), respectively. The odds of stunting were 2.39 times higher (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.39, 95% CI: 1.26–4.54) among sickle children than those with normal hemoglobin. SCD was also significantly associated with underweight (aOR 2.64, 95% CI: 1.25–5.98), but not with wasting (aOR: 1.60, 95% CI 0.85–3.02). Association of SCD with all three anthropometric indices was significantly mediated through hemoglobin level: for SCD-HAZ, the adjusted indirect effect (aIE) was − 0.328 (95% CI: − 0.387, − 0.270); for SCD-WHZ, the aIE was − 0.080 (95% CI: − 0.114, − 0.050); and for SCD-WAZ, the aIE was − 0.245 (95% CI: − 0.291, − 0.200).

Conclusion

We presented compelling evidence of the negative impact of SCD on anthropometric indices of nutritional status of under-five children. Integration of a nutrition-oriented approach into a definitive SCD care package and its nationwide implementation could bring promising results by mitigating the nutritional vulnerability of children with SCD.
Three dimensional movement analysis of maxillary impacted canine using TADs: a pilot study
Authors: Migliorati Marco , Cevidanes Lucia , Sinfonico Giordana , Drago Sara , Dalessandri Domenico , Isola Gaetano , Biavati Armando Silvestrini
Published: January 2021

Background

The aim of the present study was to compare two different anchorage systems efficiency to disinclude impacted maxillary canines using as evaluation tool superimposed Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCTs).

Methods

The study has been conducted with two parallel groups with an allocation ratio of 1:1. Group test received treatment using as anchorage a miniscrew, control group was treated using an anchorage unit a trans palatal arch (TPA). Both groups received a calibrated traction force of 50 g. CBCT before treatment and 3 months after traction were superimposed and canine tip and root movement were evaluated in mm/month ratio.

Results

No differences were observed between groups for apex displacement, tip displacement and observation timespan. Twenty-two patients (12 female, 10 male, mean age:13.4 years) undergoing orthodontic treatment for impacted maxillary canines were recruited for this study. No differences were observed between groups for apex displacement, tip displacement and observation timespan.

Conclusions

The present pilot study provided no evidence that indirect anchorage on miniscrews could make canine disimpaction faster than anchorage on a TPA.

An apex root movement of 0.4–0.8 mm per month was found, while average canine tip movement ranged between 1.08 mm and 1.96 mm per month.

No miniscrews failures were observed.

Trial registration

The study reports the preliminary results of the randomized clinical trial registered at www.register.clinicaltrials.gov (registration number: NCT01717417).
Salting-out induced liquid–liquid microextraction for alogliptin benzoate determination in human plasma by HPLC/UV
Authors: Hammad Sherin F. , Abdallah Inas A. , Bedair Alaa , Mansour Fotouh R.
Published: January 2021

Salting-out induced liquid–liquid microextraction method has been developed for plasma sample treatment before determination of alogliptin by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Several parameters were optimized to achieve maximum enrichment, including type of extractant, volume of extractant, type of anion, type of cation, salt amount and pH. The optimum conditions were attained using 500 µL of acetonitrile, added to 1 mL of aqueous sample containing 250 mg of sodium chloride at pH 12. An RP-HPLC method was developed and validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines M10. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.1 to 50 µg/mL (correlation coefficient = 0.997). The limit of detection was 0.019 µg/mL and limit of quantitation was 0.06 µg/mL. The method was accurate and precise with an average % recovery of 99.7% and a % relative standard deviation ranging between 1.5 and 2.5. These results showed that the salting-out induced liquid–liquid microextraction methods could be better than other sample preparation protocols in terms of sensitivity, easiness, solvent consumption and waste reduction.
Dioxin and dibenzofuran like molecular analogues from the pyrolysis of biomass materials—the emerging challenge in bio-oil production
Authors: Kirkok Samuel K. , Kibet Joshua K. , Kinyanjui Thomas , Okanga Francis I. , Nyamori Vincent O.
Published: January 2021

Introduction

The aggressive search for renewable energy resources and essential pyrosynthetic compounds has marked an exponential rise in the thermal degradation of biomass materials. Consequently, clean and sustainable transport fuels are increasingly desirable in a highly industrialized economy, for energy security and environmental protection. For this reason, biomass materials have been identified as promising alternatives to fossil fuels despite the challenges resulting from the possible formation of toxic nitrogen-based molecules during biomass degradation. In order to understand the free radical characteristic challenges facing the use of bio-oil, a brief review of the effects of free radicals in bio-oil is presented.

Methodology

Pyrolysis was conducted in a tubular flow quartz reactor at a residence time of 2 s at 1 atm. pressure, for a total pyrolysis time of 5 min. The thermal degradation of biomass components was investigated over the temperature range of 200 to 700 °C typically in 50 °C increments under two reaction conditions; pyrolysis in N2 and oxidative pyrolysis in 5% O2 in N2. The pyrolysate effluent was analysed using a Gas chromatograph hyphenated to a mass selective detector (MSD).

Results

The yield of levoglucosan in the pyrolysis of cellulose in the entire pyrolysis temperature range was 68.2 wt % under inert conditions and 28.8 wt % under oxidative conditions. On the other hand, formaldehyde from pyrolysis of cellulose yielded 4 wt % while that from oxidative pyrolysis was 7 wt % translating to ⁓ 1.8 times higher than the yield from pyrolysis. Accordingly, we present for the first time dioxin-like and dibenzofuran-like nitrogenated analogues from an equimassic pyrolysis of cellulose and tyrosine. Levoglucosan and formaldehyde were completely inhibited during the equimassic pyrolysis of cellulose and tyrosine.

Conclusion

Clearly, any small amounts of N-biomass components such as amino acids in cellulosic biomass materials can inhibit the formation of levoglucosan–a major constituent of bio-oil. Overall, a judicious balance between the production of bio-oil and side products resulting from amino acids present in plant matter should be taken into account to minimize economic losses and mitigate against negative public health concerns.
The versatile role of exosomes in human retroviral infections: from immunopathogenesis to clinical application
Authors: Rezaie Jafar , Aslan Cynthia , Ahmadi Mahdi , Zolbanin Naime Majidi , Kashanchi Fatah , Jafari Reza
Published: January 2021

Eukaryotic cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediating intercellular communication. These vesicles encompass many bio-molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that are transported between cells and regulate pathophysiological actions in the recipient cell. Exosomes originate from multivesicular bodies inside cells and microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane and participate in various pathological conditions. Retroviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus -type 1 (HIV-1) and Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 engage exosomes for spreading and infection. Exosomes from virus-infected cells transfer viral components such as miRNAs and proteins that promote infection and inflammation. Additionally, these exosomes deliver virus receptors to target cells that make them susceptible to virus entry. HIV-1 infected cells release exosomes that contribute to the pathogenesis including neurological disorders and malignancy. Exosomes can also potentially carry out as a modern approach for the development of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 vaccines. Furthermore, as exosomes are present in most biological fluids, they hold the supreme capacity for clinical usage in the early diagnosis and prognosis of viral infection and associated diseases. Our current knowledge of exosomes' role from virus-infected cells may provide an avenue for efficient retroviruses associated with disease prevention. However, the exact mechanism involved in retroviruses infection/ inflammation remains elusive and related exosomes research will shed light on the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Bioactive glasses and electrospun composites that release cobalt to stimulate the HIF pathway for wound healing applications
Authors: Solanki Anu K. , Lali Ferdinand V. , Autefage Hélène , Agarwal Shweta , Nommeots-Nomm Amy , Metcalfe Anthony D. , Stevens Molly M. , Jones Julian R.
Published: January 2021

Background

Bioactive glasses are traditionally associated with bonding to bone through a hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) surface layer but the release of active ions is more important for bone regeneration. They are now being used to deliver ions for soft tissue applications, particularly wound healing. Cobalt is known to simulate hypoxia and provoke angiogenesis. The aim here was to develop new bioactive glass compositions designed to be scaffold materials to locally deliver pro-angiogenic cobalt ions, at a controlled rate, without forming an HCA layer, for wound healing applications.

Methods

New melt-derived bioactive glass compositions were designed that had the same network connectivity (mean number of bridging covalent bonds between silica tetrahedra), and therefore similar biodegradation rate, as the original 45S5 Bioglass. The amount of magnesium and cobalt in the glass was varied, with the aim of reducing or removing calcium and phosphate from the compositions. Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/bioactive glass composites were also produced. Glasses were tested for ion release in dissolution studies and their influence on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) from fibroblast cells was investigated.

Results

Dissolution tests showed the silica rich layer differed depending on the amount of MgO in the glass, which influenced the delivery of cobalt. The electrospun composites delivered a more sustained ion release relative to glass particles alone. Exposing fibroblasts to conditioned media from these composites did not cause a detrimental effect on metabolic activity but glasses containing cobalt did stabilise HIF-1α and provoked a significantly higher expression of VEGF (not seen in Co-free controls).

Conclusions

The composite fibres containing new bioactive glass compositions delivered cobalt ions at a sustained rate, which could be mediated by the magnesium content of the glass. The dissolution products stabilised HIF-1α and provoked a significantly higher expression of VEGF, suggesting the composites activated the HIF pathway to stimulate angiogenesis.
Should all patients with hypertension be worried about developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Ramin , Goharrizi Mohammad Ali Sheikh Beig , Bahardoust Mansour , Alvanegh Akbar Ghorbani , Ataee Mohammad Reza , Bagheri Mehdi , Navidiyan Ensiyeh Shabani , Zijoud Seyed Reza Hosseini , Heiat Mohammad
Published: January 2021

Background

Hypertension, the most common comorbidity among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, is accompanied by worse clinical outcomes, but there is lack of evidence about prognostic factors among COVID-19 patients with hypertension. We have come up with some prognostic factors to predict the severity of COVID-19 among hypertensive patients. In addition, epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory differences among COVID-19 patients with and without underlying hypertension were evaluated.

Methods

Medical profiles of 598 COVID-19 cases were analyzed. Patients were divided into two comparative groups according to their positive or negative history of hypertension. Then, epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory and radiological features and also clinical outcomes were compared.

Results

176 (29.4%) patients had underlying hypertension. Diabetes was significantly higher in hypertensive group [72 (40.9%) vs 76 (18%)] (P-value: 0.001). Cardiovascular and renal disorders were significantly higher in hypertensive patients. (P-value: 0.001 and 0.013 respectively). In COVID-19 patients with hypertension, severe/critical types were significantly higher. [42(23.8%) vs. 41(9.7%)], (P-value: 0.012). In the logistic regression model, Body mass index > 25 (ORAdj: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.42;P-value: 0.027), age over 60 (ORAdj: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.42;P-value: 0.021), increased hospitalization period (ORAdj: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.97;P-value: 0.013), type 2 diabetes (ORAdj: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.15 to 3.31; P-value: 0.001) and chronic kidney disease (ORAdj: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.21; P-value: 0.013) were related with progression of COVID-19.

Conclusion

Hypertensive patients with Age > 60-year-old, BMI > 25 Kg/m2, CVD, diabetes and chronic kidney disease are associated with poor outcomes in those with COVID-19 infection.
Characterization of alphabaculovirus: HearNPV-IIPR05 isolate infecting Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae
Authors: Bandi Sanjay M. , Shanmugavadivel P. S. , Kumar Lalit , Revanasidda A.
Published: January 2021

Background

The alphabaculoviruses are lethal pathogens of lepidopteran caterpillars including a polyphagous and globally recognized pest,Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner) infesting economically important agriculture crops worldwide. The biological and molecular characterizations of indigenousnucleopolyhedrovirusof the genusAlphabaculovirusisolated fromH. armigerain chickpea fields are described.

Results

The virulence of virus isolate was tested in 3rd instarH. armigeralarvae, and LC50(median lethal concentration) was estimated to be 2.69 × 104OBs ml−1. The ST50(median survival time) was 4 days post-inoculation, when the 3rd instarH. armigeralarvae were inoculated by OB (occlusion body) concentration equivalent to LC90. An average incubation period of the virus isolate in 3rd instar ranged between 4 and 6 days post-inoculation. The OBs of a virus isolate appeared irregular in shape and variable in size with diameter ranging from 0.57 to 1.46 μm on the longest edge and average of 1.071 ± 0.068 μm (mean ± SE). On the basis of phylogenetic analysis ofpolh,pif-1, andlef-8genes, the isolate was found to be a member of the genusAlphabaculovirus.The isolate showed a genetic affinity with species of group IIAlphabaculovirusesand appeared to be a group II NPV.

Conclusions

On the basis of molecular phylogeny and associated host insect, this indigenous isolate was designated as HearNPV-IIPR05 isolate, which could be a potential candidate for the biological control ofH. armigerainfesting legumes and other commercial crops.
Breast Cancer Clinical Trials: The Landscape at the Uganda Cancer Institute and Lessons Learned
Authors: Menon Manoj P. , Niyonzima Nixon , Gralow Julie , Orem Jackson
Published: January 2021

The Uganda Cancer Institute, the sole national comprehensive cancer center in Uganda, has a long and rich history of clinical investigation and locally relevant cancer research. Given the increasing burden of breast cancer in Uganda and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and driven by the limited availability of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we launched a clinical trial aimed at evaluating locally available diagnostics to detect the presence of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Preliminary data from 32 women in the diagnostic component of the study reveal high sensitivity and specificity for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor and high specificity for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 when comparing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with the gold standard (IHC). Innovative diagnostic and treatment strategies are required to address the burden of breast cancer that is increasing throughout SSA. Given the costs, infrastructure, and trained personnel associated with IHC, alternative testing options (including reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction as tested in our study) may provide an expedited and cost-effective method to determine receptor testing in breast cancer. Clinical trials conducted in the local setting are critical to determining optimal strategies for effective breast cancer management in SSA.
Improving Access to Self-Expanding Metal Stents for Patients With Esophageal Cancer in Eastern Africa: A Stepwise Implementation Strategy
Authors: Mushi Beatrice P. , Mwachiro Michael M. , Buckle Geoffrey , Kaimila Bongani N. , Mulima Gift , Kayamba Violet , Kelly Paul , Akoko Larry , Mmbaga Elia J. , Selekwa Msiba , Ringo Yona , Pritchett Natalie , White Russell E. , Topazian Mark D. , Fleischer David E. , Dawsey Sanford M. , Van Loon Katherine
Published: January 2021

PURPOSE

The eastern corridor of Africa is affected by a high burden of esophageal cancer (EC), with > 90% of patients presenting with advanced disease. Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have been previously reported as safe and effective for palliation of malignant dysphagia in resource-limited settings; however, access is limited throughout Eastern Africa.

METHODS

In response to demand for palliative interventions for patients with dysphagia because of EC, the African Esophageal Cancer Consortium (AfrECC) partnered with the Clinton Health Access Initiative to improve access to SEMS in Eastern Africa. We undertook a stepwise implementation approach to (1) identify barriers to SEMS access, (2) conduct a market analysis, (3) select an industry partner, (4) establish regulatory and procurement processes, (5) develop endoscopic training resources, (6) create a medical device registry, and (7) establish principles of accountability.

RESULTS

Following an evaluation of market demand and potential SEMS manufacturers, Boston Scientific Corporation announced its commitment to launch an access program to provide esophageal SEMS to patients in Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia at a subsidized price. Parallel regulatory and procurement processes were established in each participating country. Endoscopy training courses were designed and conducted, using the Training-of-Trainers model. A device registry was created to centralize data for quality control and to monitor channels of SEMS distribution. Principles of accountability were developed to guide the sustainability of this endeavor.

CONCLUSION

The AfrECC Stent Access Initiative is an example of a multisector partnership formed to provide an innovative solution to align regional needs with a supply chain for a high-priority medical device.
La evaluación de riesgos como criterio fundamental para una interpretación amplia a la hora de determinar la idoneidad del teletrabajo.
Authors: Rodríguez Ayuso Juan Francisco
Published: January 2021

El presente estudio ofrece un análisis exhaustivo de novedades que, desde una perspectiva eminentemente técnica, trae consigo la entrada en vigor del Real Decreto-ley 28/2020, de 22 de septiembre, de trabajo a distancia. Más concretamente, expone aquellas medidas que, en pro de la integridad, confidencialidad y disponibilidad de la información, deberán implementarse por parte de las empresas con el fin de garantizar la adecuada protección de los datos tratados por los empleados que, de forma excepcional o regular, hayan de desarrollar sus cometidos fuera de las instalaciones de la organización a la que pertenecen en la modalidad de teletrabajo.
The Implementation of Mathematics Comic through Contextual Teaching and Learning to Improve Critical Thinking Ability and Character
Authors: Lestari Farida Puput , Ahmadi Farid , Rochmad Rochmad
Published: January 2021

Students' critical thinking ability requires improvement from schools as an educational institution. Besides, it is important to maximally integrate character education into mathematics learning. One of the attempts was implementing mathematics comic that contains Pancasila values as teaching material through contextual teaching and learning. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of mathematics comic teaching material with Pancasila values in improving students' critical thinking and character. This is a quasi-experimental study that involves non-equivalent control group design. The population was fourth-grade students of elementary schools in Gajahmungkur District, and data were collected using a critical thinking test and questionnaire. The results showed that using mathematics comic teaching material with Pancasila values was (1) effective in improving students' critical thinking ability; (2) effective in developing character, especially discipline and hard work trait. In the beginning, both character traits were categorized as good, and after treatment, there was an increase in the very good category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of mathematics comic teaching material with Pancasila values is effective in improving critical thinking ability and character traits.
Understanding the influence of climate, genetic variation, and herbivory on aspen (Populus tremuloides) growth in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Brice Elaine M. , MacNulty Daniel
Published: January 2021

Predation is commonly cited as a top-down effect that structures food webs, with the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone as perhaps the most famous example. However, despite two decades of research, there is still debate as to whether wolves (Canis lupus) have indirectly benefited aspen (Populus tremuloides) by reducing herbivory from elk (Cervus canadensis). As such, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of top-down and bottom-up forces on aspen recruitment in northern Yellowstone. The UW-NPS grant funds were used to conduct a genetic analysis of 59 aspen stands in an effort to determine whether genetic variation is one control of aspen recruitment. During summer 2018, 122 leaves were collected and sent to the Mock Lab at Utah State University. The samples will undergo DNA extractions at 12 microsatellite loci, which will provide us with genotype and ploidy level, with the genotype at a resolution to distinguish clones. Concurrently, we measured aspen heights and browse rates, as well as soil moisture. The median aspen height in 2018 was 110 cm (SD=135), and the browse rate was 0.45. Stands varied in volumetric water content (VWC), ranging from a mean VWC of 2.7% to 45.2%.

 

Featured photo by Yellowstone National Park on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/efXLV2
Factors influencing amphibian distributions in Grand Teton National Park and western Wyoming
Authors: Wallace Zach , Tronstad Lusha M.
Published: January 2021

Predicting the distribution of amphibians can be difficult because habitat suitability may depend on a variety of environmental and anthropogenic factors, including water quality of wetlands, geology of watersheds, and presence of invasive pathogens. Previous studies hypothesized that water chemistry may influence the rate of chytrid infection in amphibians where higher conductivity sites may have less infection. We sampled two watersheds in Grand Teton National Park and 3 watersheds adjacent to the park, and measured amphibian presence, chytrid infection, basic water quality, major ion concentrations and geology of the wetland. This is part of a larger project where we are comparing amphibian presence and infection rate among wetlands in the Gros Ventre, Wind River, and Teton Ranges. We sampled watersheds that were predominately limestone, granite or a mixture. Water quality varied among sites with higher conductivity and ion concentrations for limestone watersheds compared to granite watersheds. This report includes preliminary results of amphibian surveys and water quality analyses. Future analyses will relate occupancy rates of amphibians to environmental factors, including water chemistry, geology, and presence of chytrid fungus, as well as comparing detection rates of amphibians with environmental DNA (eDNA) and visual observation surveys.

 

 Featured photo by Neal Herbert on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2gv9PJA
A qualitative study on Chinese visitors in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Li Rui , Pan Bing , Miller Zachary , Taff B. Derrick , Newman Peter
Published: January 2021

Grand Teton (GRTE) and Yellowstone (YELL) National Parks are experiencing an increase in visitation of Chinese tourists over the last few years, but little is known about the expectations, behaviors, and actual experiences of these new visitors. Cultural differences and language barriers contribute to misunderstanding and confusion between park management and visitors, which may lead to regulation violations and conflicts. A better understanding of Chinese tourists’ expectations and experiences is essential for better communication strategies to facilitate preservation of natural resources. To address this, we interviewed Chinese tourists traveling individually or on tour buses, and tour guides for Chinese tourists in GRTE in summer 2018. Three major themes emerged from our interviews: 1) Factors that influence Chinese tourists’ decision-making process, among those the most significant ones are the reputation of YELL and different information sources in China; 2) Dominant expectations among Chinese tourists and the role these expectations are playing in tourists’ satisfaction; and, 3) Chinese tourists’ actual experience that may be different from those of domestic travelers. Recommendations for park management are provided based on the findings.

 

Featured photo by Ken Lane on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/VWD4Sm
Optical parametric amplification of spectrally incoherent pulses
Authors: Dorrer C.
Published: January 2021

The optical parametric amplification of spectrally incoherent signals
is analyzed and simulated using a set of normalized equations
describing phase-matched three-wave nonlinear mixing. Varying the
amplifier’s properties and the seeding conditions reveals different
amplification regimes. In particular, the relative temporal walk-off
of the signal, idler, and pump has a strong impact on the temporal and
spectral properties of the amplified signal. The amplification
efficiency for spectrally incoherent signals is not significantly
lower than that of a coherent monochromatic signal, provided that the
phase-matching bandwidth is sufficient. The results obtained with the
normalized set of equations are in good agreement with simulations
based on the full description of the crystals’ dispersion for
high-gain lithium triborate and beta barium borate preamplifiers and a
low-gain deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate power
amplifier.
Measurement of leakage current and tension based on fiber Bragg grating
Authors: Yan Zhehao , Zhang Zhiguo , Mei Qin , Zhou Rui , Zhai Tong
Published: January 2021

The measurement of the leakage current and tower tension of transmission lines using fiber Bragg grating is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The resonant frequency of the proposed leakage current sensor is about 100 Hz, the system sensitivity is about 1.3 nm/A and can measure the 50 Hz and 150 Hz frequency components of the leakage current accurately. However, it cannot measure the leakage current perfectly due to the complex frequency characteristics of leakage current. The proposed tension sensor has a system sensitivity of 0.054 nm/kN and exhibits good stability, linearity, and recovery.