bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measures in curbing poor compliance to building control regulation among renovated terrace houses
Authors: Sabri Bibi Khairani Mohamed , Ujang Norsidah , Arif Afida Mastura Muhammad , Aripin Srazali
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore measures taken by local authorities in curbing poor compliance among renovated terrace houses in the state of Selangor, Malaysia.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative methodology was selected in the data collection and analysis of the study. Seven local authority officers from seven selected local authorities were invited to participate in a face-to-face interview session to share their experience. A focus group was conducted for the purpose of confirming the validity of the data collected during the interview session. The focus group consisted of 32 officers in charge of building control enforcement invited from 11 local authorities within Selangor State.

Findings

The results show that collecting revenue rather than ensuring compliance is the main objective among the authorities responsible for enforcing the regulations. There are four common tools adopted to penalize the offenders, which are compounds, demolition, prosecution and court orders, with a mix of opinions on their objective achievement. Major obstacles identified in the implementation of the enforcement task are low staffing capacity in monitoring and inspection, difficulties in preparing investigation paper and problems carrying out the demolition of illegal extensions.

Originality/value

The study uncovers obstacles to enforcing regulations on home renovations. The findings contribute toward improving the enforcement practices of local building control authorities.
Controlling the failure of marine structures attached to the bottom of the sea under dynamic loading
Authors: Nematiyan Jelodar Hossein
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Analysis of designing and controlling the failure of marine structures attached to the bottom of the sea under dynamic load obtained from the sea waves is one of the main engineering challenges in recent years. The circumstances of the onshore marine structures have their own complexity and the difficulty due to the effect of hydrodynamic factors and dynamic responses which are dominant in the marine environment. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The structure elements are composed of the metal pipe with a length of 5 m, outside diameter of 20 cm and thickness of 1.5 mm. the failure control with a safety factor of 2 indicates the absence of the above marine structure failure. It has been diagnosed to be trustworthy and reliable.

Findings

In this study, the control of marine steel structure failure with the height of 60 m under the dynamic load of the sea water waves having sinusoidal shape in the Caspian Sea has been studied and analyzed.

Originality/value

In this paper, the minimum and maximum internal force and movement in six directions of freedom were obtained for each element. To analyze and control the failure, the combination of stresses caused by static and dynamic loads has been used. According to the regulation of 10-360-AISC, the control was conducted.
Highly orthotropic panels structural stability, Farrar and Bloch waves theory
Authors: Castillo Acero Miguel
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the studies to develop structural highly orthotropic panels. These types of panels provide the capabilities required for structural morphing. They are highly deformable in one given direction; and in the perpendicular direction, one must be compliant to sustain the internal loads per certification stiffness and strength requirements.

Design/methodology/approach

Neither classic orthotropic panels nor regular cellular solids Bloch wave theories are strictly applicable on their study. A combination of computational method, MATLAB-coded, to analyze stability and classic structural beam theory is studied. Then, non-linear finite element method models are developed for an aerospace control surface application; their results are compared with reported Bloch wave sequences on periodic cellular solid panels.

Findings

The stability along stiffer direction is a requirement to obtain a continuous deformation and plasticization sequence of the cell rows in the perpendicular direction. A sample panel is sized and 3D modeled, and then produced using additive layer manufacturing process to demonstrate the initial stages of a validation and verification campaign.

Originality/value

This paper provides a new method to mechanical characterize highly orthotropic panels.
Earnings management and ownership structure in emerging market
Authors: Lassoued Naima , Ben Rejeb Attia Mouna , Sassi Houda
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether ownership structure affects earnings management in the banking industry of emerging markets.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical study is conducted using a sample of 134 banks from 12 Middle Eastern and North African countries. Econometrically speaking, the study used a panel data regression analysis.

Findings

The authors found convincing evidence that banks with more concentrated ownership use discretionary loan loss provisions to manage their earnings. The authors also found that state and institutional owners encourage earnings management, while family owners reduce this practice.

Practical implications

The findings would be valuable for investors since they should take into account ownership structure in order to reach a better investment decision. Moreover, regulatory reforms in emerging markets should push for more transparency about ownership structure, high levels of supervision, and external audit quality.

Originality/value

This study presents international evidence on the prominent role of owners in earnings management in emerging markets with weak shareholder rights protection.
A life in research
Authors: Ibarreche Santiago
Published: August 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to be a conversation with Joan Enric Ricart, conducted by Santiago Ibarreche, about his career as a successful scholar, prolific author and founder of many organizations that have contributed to the enhancement of the academic profession in the area of management.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is an interview.

Findings

The interview explores Ricart’s career, his achievements and continued search for excellence in terms of teaching, research and service in academia and society. It highlights his experiences as a faculty member, a prolific author and a founder of many organizations. It also highlights his collaborations with different institutions and professional organizations and his contributions to new areas of research such as the future of cities.

Originality/value

The interview in this special section, A Life in Research, brings out an individual scholar’s experience and history, not only as recognition of scholarly impact but also as recognition of the person.
Knowledge behavior model of e-government social media users
Authors: Shwartz-Asher Daphna , Chun Soon Ae , Adam Nabil R.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

A social media user behavior model is presented as a function of different user types, i.e. light and heavy users. The users’ behaviors are analyzed in terms of knowledge creation, framing and targeting.

Design/methodological approach

Data consisting of 160,000 tweets by nearly 40,000 twitter users in the city of Newark (NJ, USA) were collected during the year 2014. An analysis was conducted to examine the hypothesis that different user types exhibit distinct behaviors driven from different motivations.

Findings

There are three important findings of this study. First, light users reuse existing content more often, while heavy and automated users create original content more often. Light users also use more sentiments than the heavy and automated users. Second, automated users frame more than heavy users, who frame more than light users. Third, light users tend to target a specific audience, while heavy and automated users broadcast to a general audience.

Research implications

Decision-makers can use this study to improve communication with their customers (the public) and allocate resources more effectively for better public services. For example, they can better identify subsets of users and then share and track specialized content to these subsets more effectively.

Originality/value

Despite the broad interest, there is insufficient research on many aspects of social media use, and very limited empirical research examining the relevance and impact of social media within the public sector. The social media user behavior model was established as a framework that can provide explanations for different social media knowledge behaviors exhibited by various subsets of users, in an e-government context.
Enteral feeding and its impact on family mealtime routines for caregivers of children with cerebral palsy: A mixed method study
Authors: Russell Marion , Jewell Vanessa , Poskey Gail A. , Russell Asa
Published: August 2017

Background/aim

Enteral feedings are part of the daily mealtime experience for many caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. The scope of occupational therapy practice incorporates multiple aspects of the enteral feeding process. Yet, the research in this area is very limited. The purpose of this study was to provide practitioners with better understanding of the impact enteral feedings of children with cerebral palsy have on family mealtime routines.

Methods

Using a complimentary mixed method approach, data were obtained through an online survey containing the Satisfaction Questionnaire with Gastrostomy Feeding (SAGA‐8) and supplementary questions, and qualitative semi‐structured phone interviews. Participants were caregivers of children with cerebral palsy who receive their primary nutrition through a gastrostomy tube.

Results

This study's cohort consisted of n = 36, SAGA‐8, and n = 6 in‐depth interviews. The mean age of children of was 9.4 (6.94 SD) with a mean age of 3.4 (5.35 SD) when enteral feeding was introduced. While families' overall situations positively changed after the gastronomy tube placement, environmental barriers and length of feeding time continued to present a challenge to mealtime routines. The mixed methods data analysis revealed that successful adjustment to having a child with a gastronomy tube and problem solving are closely linked and a consistent part of mealtime experience.

Conclusion

Findings highlighted the necessity of comprehensive support from health professionals in achieving positive mealtime experience. Themes in this study indicated that caregivers would benefit from a professional with knowledge in the development and integration of rituals and routines to support positive outcomes.
Molecular characteristics of multifocal invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung: Report of a rare case
Authors: Tian Yan , Zheng Wenqi , Ge Huijing , Wang Yufei , Zha Nashunbayaer , Huang Shaojun , Guo Zhanlin
Published: August 2017

Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) is an uncommon entity in the lung, with a poor prognosis. Multifocal IMA of the lung is even more unusual, and there is little experience with effective treatments. Herein, we present a case of multifocal IMA diagnosed in a 36 year‐old man by video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. A right middle lobe and a nodule in the right upper lobe were resected, as were mediastinal lymph nodes, leaving behind an autonomous right lower lobe nodule. To explore the feasibility of molecular treatment, next‐generation sequencing of genetic mutations was performed after four cycles of chemotherapy (pemetrexed + cisplatin). Ultimately, a KIAA1468‐RET fusion gene was detected at a disproportionate level (~67.3%), indicating that targeted therapy may be efficacious in treating this disease.
Pregabalin reduces opioid consumption and hyperalgesia but not pain intensity after laparoscopic donor nephrectomy
Authors: Myhre M. , Romundstad L. , Stubhaug A.
Published: August 2017

Background

Gabapentinoids are increasingly used to reduce acute postoperative pain, opioid consumption and opioid‐related adverse effects. We explored the opioid‐sparing, analgesic and anti‐hyperalgesic effect of perioperative administered pregabalin in laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy.

Methods

In this randomized controlled trial, 80 patients were recruited and randomized to receive pregabalin 150 mg twice daily or placebo on the day of surgery and the first postoperative day as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen. Primary outcome was opioid consumption 0–48 h after surgery. Secondary outcomes were pain intensity at rest and with movement 0–48 h after surgery using the 0–10 Numeric Rating Scale and incisional hyperalgesia measured 24 h post‐surgery and at hospital discharge. Further secondary outcomes were adverse effects. Persistent post‐surgical pain was registered 6 weeks, 6 and 12 months after surgery.

Results

Pregabalin significantly reduced opioid consumption compared with placebo 0–48 h after surgery (median mg [25th, 75th percentile]); 29.0 (22.0–45.5) vs. 41.8 (25.8–63.6) (P = 0.04). Pain intensity 0–48 h after surgery calculated as area under the pain (NRS) vs. time curve was not statistically different between groups at rest (P = 0.12) or with movement (P = 0.21). Pregabalin decreased incisional hyperalgesia 24 h after surgery (median cm [25th, 75th percentile] 8.5 (1.0–18.5) vs. 15.5 (9.5–24.0) (P = 0.02). Nausea (P ≤ 0.01), use of antiemetics (P ≤ 0.01) and pain‐related sleep interference (P = 0.02) were reduced with pregabalin.

Conclusions

Perioperative pregabalin added to a multimodal analgesic regimen was opioid‐sparing, but made no difference to pain intensity score 0–48 h after surgery. Pregabalin may reduce incisional hyperalgesia on the first day after surgery.
The effect of adjunctive telmisartan treatment on psychopathology and cognition in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Fan X. , Song X. , Zhao M. , Jarskog L. F. , Natarajan R. , Shukair N. , Freudenreich O. , Henderson D. C. , Goff D. C.
Published: August 2017

Objective

This study examined the effect of adjunctive telmisartan on psychopathology and cognition in olanzapine‐ or clozapine‐treated patients with schizophrenia.

Method

In a 12‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder received either telmisartan (80 mg once per day) or placebo. Psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), and a neuropsychological battery was used to assess cognitive performance. Assessments for psychopathology and cognition were conducted at baseline and week 12.

Results

Fifty‐four subjects were randomized, and 43 completed the study (22 in the telmisartan group, 21 in the placebo group). After 12‐weeks of treatment, the telmisartan group had a significant decrease in PANSS total score compared withthe placebo group (mean ± SD: ‐ 4.1 ± 8.1 vs. 0.4 ± 7.5, P = 0.038, SCohen's d = 0.57). There were no significant differences between the two groups in change from baseline to week 12 in PANSS subscale scores, SANS total score, or any cognitive measures (P > 0.100).

Conclusion

The present study suggests that adjunctive treatment with telmisartan may improve schizophrenia symptoms. Future trials with larger sample sizes and longer treatment durations are warranted.
Oral health of community‐dwelling older Australian men: the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP)
Authors: Wright FAC , Chu SK‐Y , Milledge KL , Valdez E , Law G , Hsu B , Naganathan V , Hirani V , Blyth FM , Le Couteur DG , Harford J , Waite LM , Handelsman DJ , Seibel MJ , Cumming RG
Published: August 2017

Background

The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP) is a cohort study of the health of a representative sample of Australian men aged 70 years and older. The aim of this report is to describe the oral health of these men.

Methods

Oral health was assessed when the men were all aged 78 years or older. Two calibrated examiners conducted a standardized intraoral assessment. Descriptive data were analysed by statistical association tests. Participants were excluded from the collection of some periodontal assessments if they had a medical contraindication.

Results

Dental assessments of 614 participants revealed 90 (14.6%) were edentate. Men had a mean of 13.8 missing teeth and 10.3 filled teeth. Dentate participants had a mean of 1.1 teeth with active coronal decay. Those in the low‐income group had a higher rate of decayed teeth and lower rate of filled teeth. Thirty‐four participants (5.5%) had one or more dental implants, and 66.3% relied on substitute natural teeth for functional occlusion. Of those with full periodontal assessments; 90.9% had sites with pocket depths of 3 mm or more, 96.6% had sites with CAL of 5 mm or more, and 79.7% had three or more sites with GI scores of 2 or more.

Conclusions

There was a high prevalence of periodontal diseases and restorative burden of dentitions, which suggests that greater attention needs to be given to prevention and health maintenance in older Australian men.
Male urinary paracetamol and semen quality
Authors: Smarr M. M. , Kannan K. , Chen Z. , Kim S. , Buck Louis G. M.
Published: August 2017

The endocrine‐disrupting properties of paracetamol have been previously demonstrated in rodent studies of abnormal sperm morphology and diminished testosterone production, in addition to epidemiologic studies of diminished couple fecundity. In this study, we examined the relationship between paracetamol and its metabolite p‐aminophenol quantified in a single spot urine and semen quality among 501 male partners of couples planning for pregnancy. Men provided a urine specimen and two fresh semen samples collected approximately one month apart and underwent 24‐h analysis for 35 semen quality parameters. Paracetamol and p‐aminophenol were quantified in urine by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The relationship between natural‐log‐transformed urinary paracetamol and p‐aminophenol rescaled by their standard deviation and 21 Box‐Cox‐transformed, 14 non‐transformed semen parameters was assessed using linear mixed‐effects models. The median concentrations (IQR) of urinary paracetamol and p‐aminophenol were 15.5 ng/mL (5.44, 73.5) and 978 ng/mL (500, 1596), respectively. Following adjustment for creatinine and age, a 1‐standard deviation increase in log‐transformed urinary paracetamol was associated with a reduction in beat cross‐frequency and an increase in DNA fragmentation [β (95% CI): −0.59 Hz (−1.16, −0.03) and 0.05% (0.01, 0.09), respectively]. These findings were corroborated in models of categorical chemical concentrations; higher concentrations of paracetamol remained associated with reduced beat cross‐frequency and increased DNA fragmentation. A 1‐standard deviation increase in log‐transformed urinary p‐aminophenol was associated with a reduction in sperm head area [β (95% CI): −0.1 μm2 (−0.18, −0.02) and width −0.02 μm (−0.04, −0.01)]. However, only the association with sperm head area remained statistically significant in models of p‐aminophenol quartiles. Our findings suggest that adult male urinary paracetamol is associated with sperm motility and DNA fragmentation, while the metabolite, p‐aminophenol, is predominantly associated with sperm head morphometry.
Left renal vein ligation for large splenorenal shunt during liver transplantation
Authors: Tang Rui , Han Dongdong , Li Modan , Shen Shan , Huang Xin , Zhao Wenping , Dong Jiahong
Published: August 2017

Adequate hepatopetal portal vein blood flow is obligatory to ensure proper liver function after liver transplantation. Large collateral veins as shunts impair portal vein flow and even cause hepatofugal blood flow and portal steal syndrome. In particular, splenorenal shunts in liver transplant recipients can lead to allograft dysfunction and possible allograft loss or hepatic encephalopathy. Restoration of portal flow through left renal vein ligation (LRVL) is a treatment option, which is much easier compared to splenectomy, renoportal anastomosis and shunt closure, but bears the risk of moderate and temporary impairment of renal function. In addition, a patent portal vein is mandatory for LRVL. However, although LRVL has been reported to be an effective, safe and easy method to control portacaval shunts and increase hepatopetal flow in some studies, indications and safety are still not clear. In this review, we summarize existing studies on LRVL during liver transplantation.
Children who commute to school unaccompanied have greater autonomy and perceptions of safety
Authors: Herrador‐Colmenero Manuel , Villa‐González Emilio , Chillón Palma
Published: August 2017

Aim

We explored the rates of children who actively commuted to school, both accompanied and unaccompanied, and identified their safety perceptions.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study focused on 745 children, aged 6‐12 years, from public schools in the Spanish Granada region. They completed a questionnaire, providing personal data, their school grade, safety perceptions, whether they were accompanied to school and how they travelled to school. We analysed how active commuters were accompanied to school by age group and assessed the associations between safety perceptions and whether or not they were accompanied.

Results

Children aged 10‐12 years were more likely to travel to school unaccompanied, more likely to travel actively and had better safety perceptions than younger children. We also found differences in how active commuters between 10 and 12 years and children aged 6‐7 and 8‐9 years (all p < 0.001) were accompanied to school. Children aged 10‐12 years who actively commuted unaccompanied had a better understanding of safety issues than accompanied children (p < 0.010).

Conclusion

Older children who actively commuted to school unaccompanied had better safety perceptions than other children in this sample of children aged 6‐12.
Oxygen needs during resuscitation and surfactant to achieve stabilisation were independent risks factors for pulmonary interstitial emphysema in preterm infants
Authors: Nuñez‐Ramiro Antonio , Aguar Marta , Cernada Maria , Parra‐Llorca Anna , Vento Maximo
Published: August 2017

Aim

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is a severe complication of mechanical ventilation in preterm infants that leads to air leakage and, or, chronic lung disease. We determined the associated risk factors.

Methods

This was a retrospective case–control study from 2005 to 2014 at a regional referral centre in Valencia, Spain. The cases were 54 preterm infants up to 30 weeks’ gestation and, or, born weighing less than 1500 g, who were diagnosed with pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE). The 54 controls were preterm infants without PIE matched by gestational age. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were performed to assess the independent predicting factors.

Results

Infants with PIE had been resuscitated with higher mean fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2) (p = 0.008), had received higher peak mean positive end expiratory pressure (p = 0.00) and higher mean airway pressure (p = 0.026) 24 hours before diagnosis. PIE patients also received more surfactant (p = 0.00) and had higher mortality (p = 0.034). A Cox regression model identified that independent risk factors were the total amount of surfactant administered and the mean FiO2 during the 24 hours before diagnosis.

Conclusion

Independent risk factors for pulmonary interstitial emphysema in preterm infants were higher oxygen during resuscitation and a higher need for surfactant and ventilatory pressures before diagnosis.
Eigenvalue Significance Testing for Genetic Association
Authors: Zhou Yi-Hui , Marron J. S. , Wright Fred A.
Published: August 2017

Genotype eigenvectors are widely used as covariates for control of spurious stratification in genetic association. Significance testing for the accompanying eigenvalues has typically been based on a standard Tracy–Widom limiting distribution for the largest eigenvalue, derived under white-noise assumptions. It is known that even modest local correlation among markers inflates the largest eigenvalues, even in the absence of true stratification. In addition, a few sample eigenvalues may be extreme, creating further complications in accurate testing. We explore several methods to identify appropriate null eigenvalue thresholds, while remaining sensitive to eigenvalues corresponding to population stratification. We introduce a novel block permutation approach, designed to produce an appropriate null eigenvalue distribution by eliminating long-range genomic correlation while preserving local correlation. We also propose a fast approach based on eigenvalue distribution modeling, using a simple fit criterion and the general Marčenko–Pastur equation under a simple discrete eigenvalue model. Block permutation and the model-based approach work well for pure simulations and for data resampled from the 1000 Genomes project. In contrast, we find that the standard approach of computing an “effective” number of markers does not perform well. The performance of the methods is also demonstrated for a motivating example from the International Cystic Fibrosis Consortium.
How are learning strategies reflected in the eyes? Combining results from self‐reports and eye‐tracking
Authors: Catrysse Leen , Gijbels David , Donche Vincent , De Maeyer Sven , Lesterhuis Marije , Van den Bossche Piet
Published: August 2017

Background

Up until now, empirical studies in the Student Approaches to Learning field have mainly been focused on the use of self‐report instruments, such as interviews and questionnaires, to uncover differences in students' general preferences towards learning strategies, but have focused less on the use of task‐specific and online measures.

Aims

This study aimed at extending current research on students' learning strategies by combining general and task‐specific measurements of students' learning strategies using both offline and online measures. We want to clarify how students process learning contents and to what extent this is related to their self‐report of learning strategies.

Sample

Twenty students with different generic learning profiles (according to self‐report questionnaires) read an expository text, while their eye movements were registered to answer questions on the content afterwards.

Methods

Eye‐tracking data were analysed with generalized linear mixed‐effects models.

Results

The results indicate that students with an all‐high profile, combining both deep and surface learning strategies, spend more time on rereading the text than students with an all‐low profile, scoring low on both learning strategies.

Conclusions

This study showed that we can use eye‐tracking to distinguish very strategic students, characterized using cognitive processing and regulation strategies, from low strategic students, characterized by a lack of cognitive and regulation strategies. These students processed the expository text according to how they self‐reported.
Chloroquine is a potent pulmonary vasodilator that attenuates hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Wu Kang , Zhang Qian , Wu Xiongting , Lu Wenju , Tang Haiyang , Liang Zhihao , Gu Yali , Song Shanshan , Ayon Ramon J , Wang Ziyi , McDermott Kimberly M , Balistrieri Angela , Wang Christina , Black Stephen M , Garcia Joe G N , Makino Ayako , Yuan Jason X‐J , Wang Jian
Published: August 2017

Background and Purpose

Sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and excessive pulmonary vascular remodelling are two major causes of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chloroquine induced relaxation in the pulmonary artery (PA) and attenuates hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH).

Experimental Approach

Isometric tension was measured in rat PA rings pre‐constricted with phenylephrine or high K+ solution. PA pressure was measured in mouse isolated, perfused and ventilated lungs. Fura‐2 fluorescence microscopy was used to measure cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration levels in PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Patch‐clamp experiments were performed to assess the activity of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) in PASMC. Rats exposed to hypoxia (10% O2) for 3 weeks were used as the model of HPH or Sugen5416/hypoxia (SuHx) for in vivo experiments.

Key Results

Chloroquine attenuated agonist‐induced and high K+‐induced contraction in isolated rat PA. Pretreatment with l‐NAME or indomethacin and functional removal of endothelium failed to inhibit chloroquine‐induced PA relaxation. In PASMC, extracellular application of chloroquine attenuated store‐operated Ca2+ entry and ATP‐induced Ca2+ entry. Furthermore, chloroquine also inhibited whole‐cell Ba2+ currents through VDCC in PASMC. In vivo experiments demonstrated that chloroquine treatment ameliorated the HPH and SuHx models.

Conclusions and Implications

Chloroquine is a potent pulmonary vasodilator that may directly or indirectly block VDCC, store‐operated Ca2+ channels and receptor‐operated Ca2+ channels in PASMC. The therapeutic potential of chloroquine in pulmonary hypertension is probably due to the combination of its vasodilator, anti‐proliferative and anti‐autophagic effects.
Genetics of Cushing's disease
Authors: Albani Adriana , Theodoropoulou Marily , Reincke Martin
Published: August 2017

Cushing's disease (CD) is a rare disabling condition caused by Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)‐secreting adenomas of the pituitary. The majority of corticotropic adenomas are monoclonal and occur sporadically. Only rarely does CD arise in the context of genetic familial syndromes. Targeted sequencing of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes commonly mutated in other tumours did not identify recurrent mutations. In contrast, next generation sequencing allowed us recently to clarify the genetic basis of CD: we identified somatic driver mutations in the ubiquitin‐specific protease 8 (USP8) gene in a significant portion of corticotropinomas. These mutations represent a novel and unique mechanism leading to ACTH excess. Inhibition of USP8 or its downstream signalling pathways could represent a new therapeutic approach for the management of CD. In this review, we will focus on this new evidence and its implication for clinical care of affected patients.
The association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and dementia: The Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study
Authors: Aubert Carole E. , Bauer Douglas C. , da Costa Bruno R. , Feller Martin , Rieben Carole , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Yaffe Kristine , Rodondi Nicolas ,   the Health ABC Study
Published: August 2017

Objective

Data on the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and dementia are limited and conflicting. We aimed to determine whether subclinical thyroid dysfunction was associated with dementia and cognitive decline.

Design

Population‐based prospective cohort study.

Patients

Adults aged 70‐79 years with measured thyroid function, but no dementia at baseline, and Modified Mini‐Mental State (3MS) at baseline and follow‐up.

Measurements

Primary outcome was incident‐adjudicated dementia, based on 3MS, hospital records and dementia drugs. Secondary outcome was change in 3MS. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education and baseline 3MS, and then further for cardiovascular risk factors.

Results

Among 2558 adults, 85% were euthyroid (TSH 0.45‐4.49mIU/L), 2% had subclinical hyperthyroidism with mildly decreased TSH (TSH 0.10‐0.44 mIU/L), 1% subclinical hyperthyroidism with suppressed TSH (TSH < 0.10 mIU/L with normal free thyroxine [FT4]) and 12% subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH 4.50‐19.99 mIU/L with normal FT4). Over 9 years, 22% developed dementia. Compared to euthyroidism, risk of dementia was higher in participants with subclinical hyperthyroidism with suppressed TSH (HR 2.38, 95% CI = 1.13;5.04), while we found no significant association in those with mildly decreased TSH (HR 0.79, 95% CI = 0.45;1.38) or with subclinical hypothyroidism (HR 0.91, 95% CI = 0.70;1.19). Participants with subclinical hyperthyroidism with suppressed TSH had a larger decline in 3MS (−3.89, 95% CI = −7.62; −0.15).

Conclusions

Among older adults, subclinical hyperthyroidism with a TSH < 0.10 mIU/L was associated with a higher risk of dementia and a larger cognitive decline, while subclinical hyperthyroidism with mildly decreased TSH or subclinical hypothyroidism were not.
Assessment of left atrial appendage function by transthoracic pulsed Doppler echocardiography: Comparing against transesophageal interrogation and predicting echocardiographic risk factors for stroke
Authors: Wai Shin Hnin , Kyu Kyu , Galupo Mary Joyce , Songco Geronica G. , Kong William K. F. , Lee Chi Hang , Yeo Tiong Cheng , Poh Kian Keong
Published: August 2017

Aims

Transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) findings of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus, spontaneous echo contrast (SEC), and LAA dysfunction are established risk factors of cardioembolic stroke. The semi‐invasive nature of TEE limits its utility as a routine risk stratification tool. We aim to correlate TEE and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) pulsed Doppler measurements of LAA flow velocities and use TTE measurements to predict TEE findings.

Methods and Results

We prospectively measured pulsed Doppler LAA flow velocities in 103 consecutive patients on TEE and TTE. There was a strong correlation between TEE and TTE LAA emptying velocity (LAA E) (r = .88, P < .001) and a moderate correlation between LAA filling velocities (r = .50, P < .001). TTE LAA E predicted the presence of thrombus or SEC independent of atrial fibrillation (AF). To predict the presence of thrombus or SEC, the optimal TTE LAA E cutoff was ≤30 cm/s in all patients (75% sensitive, 90% specific) and ≤31 cm/s in AF patients (80% sensitive, 79% specific). To predict LAA dysfunction (TEE E ≤ 20 cm/s), the optimal TTE LAA E cutoff was ≤27 cm/s (100% sensitive, 89% specific in all patients and 100% sensitive, 74% specific in AF patients).

Conclusions

TTE assessment of LAA function is feasible and correlates well with the more invasive TEE method. It predicts the presence of thrombus, SEC, and LAA dysfunction on TEE. TTE LAA assessment has incremental value in thromboembolic risk stratification and should be utilized more frequently.
Soil fertility shapes belowground food webs across a regional climate gradient
Authors: Laliberté Etienne , Kardol Paul , Didham Raphael K. , Teste François P. , Turner Benjamin L. , Wardle David A.
Published: August 2017

Changes in soil fertility during pedogenesis affect the quantity and quality of resources entering the belowground subsystem. Climate governs pedogenesis, yet how climate modulates responses of soil food webs to soil ageing remains unexplored because of the paucity of appropriate model systems. We characterised soil food webs along each of four retrogressive soil chronosequences situated across a strong regional climate gradient to show that belowground communities are predominantly shaped by changes in fertility rather than climate. Basal consumers showed hump‐shaped responses to soil ageing, which were propagated to higher‐order consumers. There was a shift in dominance from bacterial to fungal energy channels with increasing soil age, while the root energy channel was most important in intermediate‐aged soils. Our study highlights the overarching importance of soil fertility in regulating soil food webs, and indicates that belowground food webs will respond more strongly to shifts in soil resources than climate change.
On the relationship between calcified neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in an endemic village: A large‐scale, computed tomography–based population study in rural Ecuador
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Arroyo Gianfranco , Del Brutto Victor J. , Zambrano Mauricio , García Héctor H.
Published: August 2017

Objective

Using a large‐scale population‐based study, we aimed to assess prevalence and patterns of presentation of neurocysticercosis (NCC) and its relationship with epilepsy in community‐dwellers aged ≥20 years living in Atahualpa (rural Ecuador).

Methods

In a three‐phase epidemiological study, individuals with suspected seizures were identified during a door‐to‐door survey and an interview (phase I). Then, neurologists evaluated suspected cases and randomly selected negative persons to estimate epilepsy prevalence (phase II). In phase III, all participants were offered noncontrast computed tomography (CT) for identifying NCC cases. The independent association between NCC (exposure) and epilepsy (outcome) was assessed by the use of multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, level of education, and alcohol intake. CT findings were subsequently compared to archived brain magnetic resonance imaging in a sizable subgroup of participants.

Results

Of 1,604 villagers aged ≥20 years, 1,462 (91%) were enrolled. Forty‐one persons with epilepsy (PWE) were identified, for a crude prevalence of epilepsy of 28 per 1,000 population (95% confidence interval [CI] = 20.7–38.2). A head CT was performed in 1,228 (84%) of 1,462 participants, including 39 of 41 PWE. CT showed lesions consistent with calcified parenchymal brain cysticerci in 118 (9.6%) cases (95% CI = 8.1–11.4%). No patient had other forms of NCC. Nine of 39 PWE, as opposed to 109 of 1,189 participants without epilepsy, had NCC (23.1% vs. 9.2%, p = 0.004). This difference persisted in the adjusted logistic regression model (odds ratio = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.35–6.81, p = 0.007).

Significance

This large CT‐based study demonstrates that PWE had three times the odds of having NCC than those without epilepsy, providing robust epidemiological evidence favoring the relationship between NCC and epilepsy.
Average spectral power changes at the hippocampal electroencephalogram in schizophrenia model induced by ketamine
Authors: Sampaio Luis Rafael L. , Borges Lucas T.N. , Silva Joyse M.F. , de Andrade Francisca Roselin O. , Barbosa Talita M. , Oliveira Tatiana Q. , Macedo Danielle , Lima Ricardo F. , Dantas Leonardo P. , Patrocinio Manoel Cláudio A. , do Vale Otoni C. , Vasconcelos Silvânia M.M.
Published: August 2017

The use of ketamine (Ket) as a pharmacological model of schizophrenia is an important tool for understanding the main mechanisms of glutamatergic regulated neural oscillations. Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate Ket‐induced changes in the average spectral power using the hippocampal quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). To this end, male Wistar rats were submitted to a stereotactic surgery for the implantation of an electrode in the right hippocampus. After three days, the animals were divided into four groups that were treated for 10 consecutive days with Ket (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg). Brainwaves were captured on the 1st or 10th day, respectively, to acute or repeated treatments. The administration of Ket (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg), compared with controls, induced changes in the hippocampal average spectral power of delta, theta, alpha, gamma low or high waves, after acute or repeated treatments. Therefore, based on the alterations in the average spectral power of hippocampal waves induced by Ket, our findings might provide a basis for the use of hippocampal QEEG in animal models of schizophrenia.
Ocean acidification alters zooplankton communities and increases top‐down pressure of a cubozoan predator
Authors: Hammill Edd , Johnson Ellery , Atwood Trisha B. , Harianto Januar , Hinchliffe Charles , Calosi Piero , Byrne Maria
Published: August 2017

The composition of local ecological communities is determined by the members of the regional community that are able to survive the abiotic and biotic conditions of a local ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities since the industrial revolution have increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which have in turn decreased ocean pH and altered carbonate ion concentrations: so called ocean acidification (OA). Single‐species experiments have shown how OA can dramatically affect zooplankton development, physiology and skeletal mineralization status, potentially reducing their defensive function and altering their predatory and antipredatory behaviors. This means that increased OA may indirectly alter the biotic conditions by modifying trophic interactions. We investigated how OA affects the impact of a cubozoan predator on their zooplankton prey, predominantly Copepoda, Pleocyemata, Dendrobranchiata, and Amphipoda. Experimental conditions were set at either current (pCO2 370 μatm) or end‐of‐the‐century OA (pCO2 1,100 μatm) scenarios, crossed in an orthogonal experimental design with the presence/absence of the cubozoan predator Carybdea rastoni. The combined effects of exposure to OA and predation by C. rastoni caused greater shifts in community structure, and greater reductions in the abundance of key taxa than would be predicted from combining the effect of each stressor in isolation. Specifically, we show that in the combined presence of OA and a cubozoan predator, populations of the most abundant member of the zooplankton community (calanoid copepods) were reduced 27% more than it would be predicted based on the effects of these stressors in isolation, suggesting that OA increases the susceptibility of plankton to predation. Our results indicate that the ecological consequences of OA may be greater than predicted from single‐species experiments, and highlight the need to understand future marine global change from a community perspective.
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single‐dose and multiple‐dose recombinant activated factor VII in patients with haemophilia A or B
Authors: Fernández‐Bello I. , Stenmo C. , Butta N. , Lind V. , Ezban M. , Jiménez‐Yuste V.
Published: August 2017

Monitoring recombinant activated factorVII(rFVIIa) treatment outcomes remains challenging. Thromboelastography (TEG) and the thrombin generation assay (TGA), measure coagulation dynamics over time and are being assessed as potential methods for evaluating and monitoring haemophilia treatment. Lack of standardizedTEG/TGAmethods makes it difficult to compare results and to establish a correlation with clinical outcomes.

Aims

To compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) ofrFVIIa after 3×90 μg kg−1doses vs a single dose (270 μg kg−1) in haemophilia patients and to evaluateTEG/TGAresults postdosing to determine how these assays relate toPKfindings.

Methods

Patients in this open‐label, single‐centre, randomized, crossover trial received one injection of 270 μg kg−1rFVIIa crossed over with three injections of 90 μg kg−1rFVIIa in a non‐bleeding state. ForTEG, kaolin and tissue factor were used as activators;TGAwas performed on frozen platelet‐rich and platelet‐poor plasma, with and without corn trypsin inhibitor.FVIIa activity was evaluated using in vivo samples.

Results

TGAshowed a dose‐dependent effect ofrFVIIa on thrombin generation;TEGrevealed lower dose‐dependent effects. Both showed some differences between single‐/multiple‐doserFVIIa; both supported thePKfindings.

Conclusion

WhileTEGandTGAare not yet clinically predictive, both supported thePKresults. Data suggest that, while a single dose of 270 μg kg−1rFVIIa provides slightly higher haemostatic potential than the multiple‐dose regimen of 3×90 μg kg−1, the latter results in prolonged activity levels compared with a higher single dose.
Diffusion of water in silica: Influence of moderate stresses
Authors: Wiederhorn Sheldon M. , Rizzi Gabriele , Wagner Susanne , Schell Günter , Hoffmann Michael J. , Fett Theo
Published: August 2017

Here we study the diffusive transfer of water into silica glass in the presence of externally applied stresses, and stresses caused by water induced swelling of the glass. By considering the simultaneous action of water penetration into the surface of silica glass and the development of swelling stresses in the water‐penetrated zone, several experimental findings previously published in the literature can be interpreted quantitatively. These include an apparent decrease of the diffusivity with time, an increase of water solubility in the surface region under compressive loading, the opposite effect under tensile loading and a reversal of these two effects deeper within the glass. These expectations are fully met in published experiments carried out to date.
In situ oxidation and reduction of triangular nickel nanoplates via environmental transmission electron microscopy
Authors: LAGROW A.P. , ALYAMI N.M. , LLOYD D.C. , BAKR O.M. , BOYES E.D. , GAI P.L.
Published: August 2017

Understanding the oxidation and reduction mechanisms of transition metals, such as nickel (Ni), is important for their use in industrial applications of catalysis. A powerful technique for investigating the redox reactive species is in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM), where oxidation and reduction can be tracked in real time. One particular difficulty in understanding the underlying reactions is understanding the underlying morphology of the starting structure in a reaction, in particular the defects contained in the material, and the exposed surface facets. Here‐in, we use a colloidal nanoparticle synthesis in a continuous flow reactor to form nanoplates of nickel coated with oleylamine as a capping agent. We utilise an in situ heating procedure at 300 °C in vacuum to remove the oleylamine ligands, and then oxidise the Ni nanoparticles at 25 °C with 2 Pa oxygen, and follow the nanoparticles initial oxidation. After that, the nanoparticles are oxidised at 200 and 300 °C, making the size of the oxide shell increase to ∼4 nm. The oxide shell could be reduced under 2 Pa hydrogen at 500 °C to its initial size of ∼1 nm. High temperature oxidation encouraged the nanoparticles to form pure NiO nanoparticles, which occurred via the Kirkendall effect leading to hollowing and void formation.
Staged versus index procedure complete revascularization in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Agarwal Nayan , Jain Ankur , Garg Jalaj , Mojadidi Mohammad Khalid , Mahmoud Ahmed N. , Patel Nimesh Kirit , Agrawal Sahil , Gupta Tanush , Bhatia Nirmanmoh , Anderson R. David
Published: August 2017

Background

Complete revascularization of patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease reduces adverse events compared to infarct‐related artery only revascularization. Whether complete revascularization should be done as multivessel intervention during index procedure or as a staged procedure remains controversial.

Method

We performed a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing outcomes of multivessel intervention in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease as staged procedure versus at the time of index procedure. Composite of death or myocardial infarction was the primary outcome. Mantel‐Haenszel risk ratios were calculated using random effect model.

Results

Six randomized studies with a total of 1126 patients met our selection criteria. At a mean follow‐up of 13 months, composite of myocardial infarction or death (7.2% vs 11.7%, RR: 1.66, 95%CI: 1.09‐2.52, P = 0.02), all cause mortality (RR: 2.55, 95%CI: 1.42‐4.58, P < 0.01), cardiovascular mortality (RR: 2.8, 95%CI: 1.33‐5.86, P = 0.01), and short‐term (<30 days) mortality (RR: 3.54, 95%CI: 1.51‐8.29, P < 0.01) occurred less often in staged versus index procedure multivessel revascularization. There was no difference in major adverse cardiac events (RR: 1.14, 95%CI: 0.88‐1.49, P = 0.33), repeat myocardial infarction (RR: 1.14, 95%CI: 0.68‐1.92, P = 0.61), and repeat revascularization (RR: 0.92, 95%CI: 0.66‐1.28, P = 0.62).

Conclusion

In patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease, a strategy of complete revascularization as a staged procedure compared to index procedure revascularization results in reduced mortality without an increase in repeat myocardial infarction or need for repeat revascularization.