bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the in vitro properties of apheresis platelets during 7‐day storage after interrupting agitation for one or three periods
Authors: Wagner Stephen J. , Vassallo Ralph , Skripchenko Andrey , Einarson Mindy , Seetharaman Shalini , Moroff Gary
Published: August 2008

BACKGROUND: Many platelet (PLT) components undergo multiple periods of shipment before transfusion. We have previously conducted studies investigating maintenance of apheresis PLT in vitro quality measures during a single 24‐ or 30‐hour interruption of agitation, but data are not available for multiple periods without agitation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Apheresis PLTs were collected with both the Amicus (Fenwal, Inc.) and the Trima (Gambro BCT) cell separators to provide two identical PLT products, each with approximately 4 × 1011 to 5 × 1011 PLTs. One product was subjected to a single contiguous 24‐ or 30‐hour period of interrupted agitation between Days 2 and 3 of storage by placement in a standard shipping box at room temperature. The matched product was not agitated on each of 3 days (Days 0, 1, and 3) for specified intervals totaling an identical period of time.

RESULTS: Interrupting agitation for three periods resulted in greater maintenance of pH during storage than that observed using one contiguous period. These differences were significant for units held without agitation for 24 hours (Day 5, 0.08 pH units, p < 0.0001; Day 7, 0.10 pH units, p = 0.0059) and were also significant for units held without agitation for 30 hours (Day 5, 0.15, p < 0.0001; Day 7, 0.20, p < 0.0001). The two different interruption of agitation scenarios did not result in significant differences in the extent of shape change and hypotonic shock response variables after 5 or 7 days of storage.

CONCLUSION: Apheresis PLTs subjected to three periods without agitation maintained overall pH levels slightly greater than those of matched units subjected to one contiguous period without agitation. Other measures showed comparability of PLT in vitro variables with the two scenarios for interruption of agitation.
A policy informing qualitative study to improve the process of blood product recalls and withdrawals
Authors: Heddle Nancy M. , Eyles John , Webert Kathryn E. , Arnold Emmie , McCurdy Bronwen R.
Published: August 2008

BACKGROUND: Challenges associated with blood product recalls and/or withdrawals in Canada identified a need to understand the process and identify ways in which it could be improved. With the use of qualitative techniques and a modified grounded theory approach, the current process was mapped, issues were identified, and recommendations to improve the system were developed.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Potential participants were identified using a sampling strategy that included key stakeholder groups. After consenting, participants were interviewed using a semistructured interview guide. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded using a coding scheme developed from the content of the interviews. A team approach to analysis identified relevant emergent themes and led to the development of recommendations. Draft recommendations were presented at a consensus meeting, and feedback was incorporated into the final set of recommendations.

RESULTS: Forty‐five interviews were conducted. Major themes arising from the data were communication, timeliness of follow‐up information, and challenges related to patient notification. The current recall and/or withdrawal process was described and a new model for the recall and/or withdrawal process was developed. Nineteen recommendations were formulated: 12 general and 7 hospital‐specific.

CONCLUSION: Large‐scale recalls and/or withdrawals involving unknown or uncertain risks can be challenging both for hospitals and for the blood supplier. However, using a qualitative research approach, recommendations and a model for improving the system were developed. Key recommendations include the development of national guidelines for notification and the use of a group of resource experts to assess risk and assist with notification decision making.
Shortening of Median Door‐to‐Balloon Time in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Singapore by Simple and Inexpensive Operational Measures: Clinical Practice Improvement Program
Authors: LEE CHI‐HANG , OOI SHIRLEY B.S. , TAY EDGAR L. , LOW ADRIAN F. , TEO SWEE‐GUAN , LAU CINDY , TAI BEE‐CHOO , LIM IRENE , LAM SUSAN , LIM ING‐HAAN , CHAI PING , TAN HUAY‐CHEEM
Published: August 2008

Background: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is the standard reperfusion strategy for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction in our center. We aimed to shorten the median door‐to‐balloon time from over 100 minutes to 90 minutes or less.

Methods: We have been using three strategies since March 2007 to shorten the door‐to‐balloon time: (1) the intervention team is now activated by emergency department physicians (where previously it had been activated by coronary care unit); (2) all members of the intervention team have converted from using pagers to using cell phones; and (3) as soon as the intervention team is activated, patients are transferred immediately to the cardiac catheterization laboratory (where previously they had waited in the emergency department for the intervention team to arrive). An in‐house physician and a nurse would stay with the patients before arrival of the intervention team.

Results: During 12 months, 285 nontransfer patients (analyzed, n = 270) underwent primary PCI. The shortest monthly median door‐to‐balloon time was 59 minutes; the longest monthly median door‐to‐balloon time was 111 minutes. The overall median door‐to‐balloon time for the entire 12 months was 72 minutes. On a per‐month basis, the median door‐to‐balloon time was 90 minutes or less in 10 of 12 months. On a per‐patient basis, the median door‐to‐balloon time was 90 minutes or less in 182 patients (67.4%). There was 1 case (0.4%) of inappropriate activation by the emergency department. While waiting for the intervention team to convene, 1 patient (0.4%) deteriorated and had to be resuscitated in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

Conclusions: Improved health care delivery can be achieved by changing simple and inexpensive operational processes.
Diagnostic Coronary Angiography in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Sub‐study of the Coronary Artery Revascularization Prophylaxis Trial
Authors: GARCIA SANTIAGO , MCFALLS EDWARD O. , GOLDMAN STEVEN , LARSEN GREG C. , LITTOOY FRED , MORITZ THOMAS E. , REDA DOMENIC J. , WARD HERBERT B. , SHUNK KENDRICK , HATTLER BRACK
Published: August 2008

Background: Although patients in need of elective vascular surgery are often considered candidates for diagnostic coronary angiography, the safety of this invasive study has not been systematically studied in a large cohort of patients scheduled for an elective vascular operation. The goal of this sub‐study of the Coronary Artery Revascularization Prophylaxis (CARP) trial was to assess the safety of coronary angiography in patients with peripheral vascular disease.

Methods: The CARP trial tested the long‐term benefit of coronary artery revascularization prior to elective vascular operations. Among those patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography during screening for the trial, the associated complications were determined at 24 hours following the diagnostic procedure.

Results: Over 5,000 patients were screened during a 4‐year recruitment period at 18 major VA medical centers and the present cohort consists of 1,298 patients who underwent preoperative coronary angiography. Surgical indications for vascular surgery included an expanding aortic aneurysm (AAA) (n = 446; 34.4%) or arterial occlusive disease with either claudication (n = 457; 35.2%) or rest pain (n = 395; 30.4%). A total of 39 patients had a confirmed complication with a major complication identified in 17 patients (1.3%). Complication rates were higher in patients with arterial occlusive symptoms compared with expanding aneurysms (1.8% vs. 0.5%; P = 0.07) and were not dissimilar with femoral (2.8%) versus nonfemoral (4.7%) access sites (P = 0.42).

Conclusions: Coronary angiography is safe in patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing preoperative coronary angiography. The complication rate is higher in patients with symptoms of arterial occlusive disease.
Median Regression Models for Longitudinal Data with Dropouts
Authors: Yi Grace Y. , He Wenqing
Published: August 2008

SummaryRecently, median regression models have received increasing attention. When continuous responses follow a distribution that is quite different from a normal distribution, usual mean regression models may fail to produce efficient estimators whereas median regression models may perform satisfactorily. In this article, we discuss using median regression models to deal with longitudinal data with dropouts. Weighted estimating equations are proposed to estimate the median regression parameters for incomplete longitudinal data, where the weights are determined by modeling the dropout process. Consistency and the asymptotic distribution of the resultant estimators are established. The proposed method is used to analyze a longitudinal data set arising from a controlled trial of HIV disease (Volberding et al., 1990,The New England Journal of Medicine322, 941–949). Simulation studies are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed method under various situations. An extension to estimation of the association parameters is outlined.
Testing Random Effects in the Linear Mixed Model Using Approximate Bayes Factors
Authors: Saville Benjamin R. , Herring Amy H.
Published: August 2008

SummaryDeciding which predictor effects may vary across subjects is a difficult issue. Standard model selection criteria and test procedures are often inappropriate for comparing models with different numbers of random effects due to constraints on the parameter space of the variance components. Testing on the boundary of the parameter space changes the asymptotic distribution of some classical test statistics and causes problems in approximating Bayes factors. We propose a simple approach for testing random effects in the linear mixed model using Bayes factors. We scale each random effect to the residual variance and introduce a parameter that controls the relative contribution of each random effect free of the scale of the data. We integrate out the random effects and the variance components using closed‐form solutions. The resulting integrals needed to calculate the Bayes factor are low‐dimensional integrals lacking variance components and can be efficiently approximated with Laplace's method. We propose a default prior distribution on the parameter controlling the contribution of each random effect and conduct simulations to show that our method has good properties for model selection problems. Finally, we illustrate our methods on data from a clinical trial of patients with bipolar disorder and on data from an environmental study of water disinfection by‐products and male reproductive outcomes.
Sensitivity Analysis for Principal Stratum Direct Effects, with an Application to a Study of Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Sjölander Arvid , Humphreys Keith , Vansteelandt Stijn , Bellocco Rino , Palmgren Juni
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn many studies, the aim is to learn about the direct exposure effect, that is, the effect not mediated through an intermediate variable. For example, in circulation disease studies it may be of interest to assess whether a suitable level of physical activity can prevent disease, even if it fails to prevent obesity. It is well known that stratification on the intermediate may introduce a so‐called posttreatment selection bias. To handle this problem, we use the framework ofprincipal stratification(Frangakis and Rubin, 2002,Biometrics58, 21–29) to define a causally relevant estimand—the principal stratum direct effect (PSDE). The PSDE is not identified in our setting. We propose a method of sensitivity analysis that yields a range of plausible values for the causal estimand. We compare our work to similar methods proposed in the literature for handling the related problem of “truncation by death.”
Learning and Retention Rates after Training in Posterior Epistaxis Management
Authors: Lammers Richard L.
Published: August 2008

Objectives:  The objective of the study was to compare the learning and retention rates of resident physicians trained in posterior epistaxis management with nasal gauze packing on a simulation model following two training methods.

Methods:  This was a prospective, repeated‐measures study. An objective, criterion‐referenced performance standard, consisting of the number of major steps completed in the proper sequence, and the number of minor steps completed within a specified time, was used by an evaluator to assess performances. Subjects underwent two pretraining assessments 1 week prior to and the day of training and then were randomized to one of two training methods: the traditional “observation” method or a “pause‐and‐perfect” method. After training, both groups repeated the procedure until meeting the performance standard. Subjects were retested 1 and 3 months after training.

Results:  Twenty‐eight subjects participated. Baseline performance measures were similar between groups and did not change prior to training. During performance testing, experimental subjects completed a greater percentage of major steps (84%) and minor steps (86%) in less time (25 minutes) than the controls (65 and 68%, in 35 minutes) during the first attempt. All subjects met the standard within three attempts. There were no differences in major and minor steps completed between the two groups at either 1 week or 3 months after training, but performance times were shorter in the experimental group. After 3 months, 13% of control and none of experimental subjects met the performance standard.

Conclusions:  The pause‐and‐perfect training method produced more rapid progress toward a performance standard during the initial attempt and better performance times after 3 months than the traditional, observational training method. Without further practice, this skill deteriorated after 3 months with both methods of training.
How road improvement reduces poverty: the case of Laos
Authors: Warr Peter
Published: August 2008

A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to study the effect that rural road improvement has on poverty incidence in Laos. Household survey data are used to distinguish three categories of rural villages according to their road access: (i) no vehicular access; (ii) dry season only access; and (iii) all weather access. A general equilibrium model of the Lao economy is then used to simulate, first, the effect of upgrading category (i) to category (ii) roads, and second, category (ii) to category (iii) roads. The former has a larger poverty‐reducing effect but is also more costly.
Market facilities and agricultural marketing: evidence from Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Shilpi Forhad , Umali‐Deininger Dina
Published: August 2008

This article analyzes the effect of facilities and infrastructure available at the marketplace on a farmer's decision to sell at the market. The econometric estimation shows that the likelihood of sales at the market increases significantly with an improvement in market facilities and a decrease in travel time from the village to the market. The results suggest that wealth reduces a farmer's cost of accessing market facilities more than it increases her/his opportunity cost of leisure. The policy simulation indicates that the marginal benefits from an improvement in market facility will favor the poorer farmers in the context of India.
Technology adoption under seed access constraints and the economic impacts of improved pigeonpea varieties in Tanzania
Authors: Shiferaw Bekele A. , Kebede Tewodros A. , You Liang
Published: August 2008

Dry‐land legumes, well adapted to drought‐prone areas, have largely been neglected in the past despite the good opportunities they offer for income growth and food (and nutritional) security for the poor. This study evaluated the adoption and impact of two farmer and market‐preferred and disease‐resistant pigeonpea varieties that were developed and promoted in semi‐arid Tanzania. The new varieties were resistant to fusarium wilt, a fungal disease devastating the crop. However, farmers wanting to adopt new varieties did not adopt due to seed access constraints and under‐developed seed delivery systems. Adoption of new varieties is therefore analyzed using an augmented double hurdle model that allows estimating variety adoption conditional on seed access thresholds accounting for the additional information on sample separation. The study identifies the crucial role of seed access (local supply), extension, education, participatory decision making, capital, and household assets in determining adoption. The social economic benefits of the technology and policies for improved seed access were further analyzed using the extended economic surplus method (DREAM model). Even under restrictive assumptions, overall discounted benefits were found to be quite attractive, indicating the need for additional efforts to scale‐up the success story. Analysis of changes in research benefits from relaxing the seed access constraint showed that net gains would increase by up to 30% if farmer access to improved seeds can be assured. Smallholder farmers are the major beneficiaries along with consumers and rural net‐buyers who gain from productivity‐induced lower market prices.
The spatial resolution of the porcine multifocal electroretinogram for detection of laser‐induced retinal lesions
Authors: Kyhn Maria Voss , Kiilgaard Jens F. , Scherfig Erik , Prause Jan U. , La Cour Morten
Published: August 2008

Purpose:  This study aimed to investigate the spatial resolution of a porcine multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) protocol by testing its ability to detect laser‐induced retinal lesions. Furthermore, we wanted to describe time‐dependent changes in implicit time and amplitude of the different mfERG peaks after laser‐induced retinal damage.

Methods:  Three pigs underwent a three‐port pars plana vitrectomy, followed by laser photocoagulation of different lesion sizes within the visual streak. In an additional six non‐vitrectomized pigs, we studied changes in mfERG signals with time after a uniform laser photocoagulation within the visual streak. The animals were evaluated with mfERG 1 and 6 weeks after treatment. After the last mfERG examination, selected eyes were processed for histological examination.

Results:  The size of the smallest lesion detected was approximately 1/4 of the longest diameter of the optic disc (LDOD) measured in pixels. When analysing the uniform lesions we found that signals deriving from the centre of the laser lesions were characterized by a significant reduction in the amplitude of all three peaks after 1 week of observation. After 6 weeks, the amplitudes of P1 and N2 were still significantly reduced. The implicit times were unaffected by laser treatment in the acute phase. After 6 weeks only P1 was significantly delayed.

Conclusion:  We have determined the spatial resolution of the mfERG in the porcine retina to be smaller than or equal to the area of two adjacent hexagons, corresponding to a width of approximately 288 pixels or 1.2 mm. Laser lesions of uniform size resulted in a significant reduction of the amplitudes 1 and 6 weeks after treatment.
Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys
Authors: Alonso J. , Buron A. , Bruffaerts R. , He Y. , Posada‐Villa J. , Lepine J‐P. , Angermeyer M. C. , Levinson D. , De Girolamo G. , Tachimori H. , Mneimneh Z. N. , Medina‐Mora M. E. , Ormel J. , Scott K. M. , Gureje O. , Haro J. M. , Gluzman S. , Lee S. , Vilagut G. , Kessler R. C. , Von Korff M. ,   the World Mental Health Consortium
Published: August 2008

Objective:  We assessed the prevalence of perceived stigma among persons with mental disorders and chronic physical conditions in an international study.

Method:  Perceived stigma (reporting health‐related embarrassment and discrimination) was assessed among adults reporting significant disability. Mental disorders were assessed with Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0. Chronic conditions were ascertained by self‐report. Household‐residing adults (80 737) participated in 17 population surveys in 16 countries.

Results:  Perceived stigma was present in 13.5% (22.1% in developing and 11.7% in developed countries). Suffering from a depressive or an anxiety disorder (vs. no mental disorder) was associated with about a twofold increase in the likelihood of stigma, while comorbid depression and anxiety was even more strongly associated (OR 3.4, 95%CI 2.7–4.2). Chronic physical conditions showed a much lower association.

Conclusion:  Perceived stigma is frequent and strongly associated with mental disorders worldwide. Efforts to alleviate stigma among individuals with comorbid depression and anxiety are needed.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Leukocyte Subpopulation in Ascites of Women with Pre‐Eclampsia
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuo , Murase Takayuki , Kuno Souichiro , Ichikawa Go , Chisima Fumihisa
Published: August 2008

Problem Pre‐eclampsia is associated with excessive maternal systemic inflammatory response. The immune cells in ascites of pre‐eclampsia have not been studied well. In order to investigate the inflammatory response in ascites of pre‐eclampsia, we studied leukocytes subpopulation in ascites.

Method of study Maternal peripheral blood samples and ascites were taken from 10 cases of pre‐eclampsia. Antibody‐labeled cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results The leukocytes subpopulation in ascites taken from pre‐eclampsia was different from that in the peripheral blood. The largest population of leukocytes in ascites was CD14+ monocyte/macrophage. The percentages of macrophage, CD56+ cells, CD56 + 16−3− NK cell (immunoregulatory NK cell), and CD56 + 3+ T cell (CD56+ T cell including NK T cell) increased in ascites compared with those in the peripheral blood. The median percentages of CD56 + 16−3− NK cells were 22.2%. The half of the CD3+ T cells originated from the increased CD56 + 3+ T cells.

Conclusion We demonstrated the accumulation of the macrophage and the CD56+ cells into the ascites taken from pre‐eclampsia patients. This finding may relate to excessive inflammatory response in pre‐eclampsia.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Paternal Thrombophilic Gene Mutations Are Not Associated with Recurrent Miscarriage
Authors: Toth Bettina , Vocke Franziska , Rogenhofer Nina , Friese Klaus , Thaler Christian J. , Lohse Peter
Published: August 2008

Problem Recurrent miscarriage (RM) affects 1–3% of couples. So far, diagnostic procedures are performed only in female patients. However, the main part of the placentary perfusion is encoded by both the maternal and the paternal genome.

Method of study In this case–control study, German couples with two (n = 49) or three and more RM (n = 102) and 157 German control couples were analyzed for the factor V‐Leiden 1691G>A mutation (FVL), the prothrombin (PT) 20210G>A substitution, and the 677C>T replacement in the 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene.

Results No significant differences in the prevalence of the FVL, PT or MTHFR mutation were observed in male partners of RM patients and in control men [RM/control: FVL heterozygous 13/151 (8.6%): 14/157 (8.9%) (P = 0.9); PT heterozygous 2/151 (1.3%): 7/157 (4.5%) (P = 0.097); PT homozygous 0/151: 2/157 (1.3%); MTHFR homozygous 19/151 (12.6%): 18/157 (11.5%) (P = 0.12)]. This was also true for female RM patients. However, miscarriage during the embryonal period (5–10 weeks of gestation) was significantly associated with a maternal heterozygous FVL mutation (P = 0.014).

Conclusion Recurrent miscarriage was not associated with paternal thrombophilia. Men of the control group showed an even higher incidence of the PT and MTHFR mutations. Abortions in the embryonic phase of fetal development were associated with a significantly higher incidence of maternal heterozygosity for FVL.
Imaging the Lung in Radiotherapy: Where 4D Meets Multimodality
Authors: Sheng K. , Cai J. , Libby B. , Benedict S.
Published: August 2008

The increasing research and clinical interest in the intrafractional motion management of lung tumour radiation treatment is in part fuelled by the availability of multiple 4D modalities that resolve temporal information of the tumour motion. These improved imaging modalities allow the escalation of dose to the tumour besides enhancing the conformality of the dose to a moving tumour, which could improve the local control rate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; including dynamic MRI and hyperpolarized 3He tagging), 4DCT, fluoroscopy and EM transponders are reviewed in this article. The working mechanisms, advantages/disadvantages and unique information of these techniques and their contribution to the management of lung cancer are discussed.
Utility of Positron Emission Tomography in Radiotherapy Practice with Emphasis on Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Bayouth J. E. , Menda Y. , Graham M. M.
Published: August 2008

Several issues related to functional imaging in treatment planning and response assessment in head and neck cancer exist. In the pre‐radiotherapy setting, integrated positron emission tomography (PET)‐computed tomography (CT) provides more accurate delineation of disease extent in head and neck cancer than does PET or CT alone, while fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐PET shows promise in detecting distant metastases and/or primary tumour after a negative work‐up. Incorporating FDG‐PET data during the radiotherapy planning stage may significantly alter the gross tumour volume as well as identify primary tumour sites. Given sufficient time following radiation therapy (RT), FDG‐PET is valuable in identifying residual tumours where CT and/or magnetic resonance imaging are unable to. While FDG‐PET and PET‐CT show great potential, challenges exist in successfully integrating the data into radiotherapy planning. No integrated system is used throughout the planning and treatment delivery process, leading to difficulty in reconciling imaged data with accurate radiotherapy delivery. This is particularly true when attempting to accurately delineate the tumour boundary. Although the several discussed methods yield good results, target volume definition remains elusive and uncertain. By identifying targets using mathematical thresholding techniques some of this uncertainty is removed.
Validation of actigraphy for determining sleep and wake in preterm infants
Authors: Sung Melissa , Adamson T Michael , Horne Rosemary SC
Published: August 2008

Background: Actigraphy has been widely used in adults and children for the determination of sleep and wake. However, there have been limited studies in infants and to date there have been no studies to validate the reliability of actigraphy in preterm infants.

Aim: To evaluate the usefulness of actigraphy in preterm infants in a neonatal unit setting for determining sleep–wake by comparing results with those recorded from behavioural observations.

Methods: Thirty‐eight studies were carried out in 10 preterm infants (8M/2F) born at 29–34 weeks gestational age. Sleep–wake patterns were assessed over 24 h with behavioural observations and compared to actigraphy (Actiwatch AW64, Mini Mitter Company Inc., Sunriver, OR, USA). The studies were grouped into gestational ages 30–33 weeks (n = 8), 34–36 weeks (n = 20) and 37–40 weeks (n = 10).

Results: Overall, on the low‐activity threshold we found agreement rates of 84.5–88.9% between actigraphy and behavioural scoring with the predictive value for determining sleep (PVS) being between 91.3% and 95.6% and sensitivity between 88.2% and 96.8%. However, the actiwatch was not reliable for determining wakefulness with low values for predictive value of wake (PVW,31.1–53.7%) and specificity (31.5–33.6%).

Conclusion: Actigraphy can be used as a reliable indicator of sleep patterns in preterm infants in the neonatal unit setting.
Geriatric patient – psychological and emotional considerations during dental treatment
Authors: Patil Manashvini S. , Patil Sanjayagouda B.
Published: August 2008

Objective:  The world’s population is ageing rapidly with an increase in the age related diseases and disabilities. With the increase in the life span, chronic diseases play a significant role and the dental diseases are the most prevalent chronic condition. Diagnosis and treatment planning for the elderly must include considerations of the biological, psychological, social and economic status of the patient in addition to the obvious dental problems. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the psychological and emotional factors involved in the dental treatment and the methods to develop a right dental attitude.

Background:  Authorities in dental medicine have long recognized a relationship between psychology and dentistry and have attempted to describe the factors that require consideration during the dental therapy. The theoretical approaches are now replaced by practical approach of patient management.

Materials and method:  The article reviews the literature regarding the etiology for the development of psychological and emotional disturbances, factors that influence the patient’s response and methods to develop the right dental attitude.

Conclusion:  The dentist is concerned with the emotional and psychological state of the patient, for it is an essential component of treatment and the success of the treatment often depends on the emotional state of the patient. It is thus important for the dentist to be aware of practical‐ problem‐ oriented approach that helps in patient management and in maintaining and improving dental health as part of total healthcare services available to the elderly.
Submembraneous microtubule cytoskeleton: regulation of ATPases by interaction with acetylated tubulin
Authors: Arce Carlos A. , Casale Cesar H. , Barra Héctor S.
Published: August 2008

The ATP‐hydrolysing enzymes (Na+,K+)‐, H+‐ and Ca2+‐ATPase are integral membrane proteins that play important roles in the exchange of ions and nutrients between the exterior and interior of cells, and are involved in signal transduction pathways. Activity of these ATPases is regulated by several specific effectors. Here, we review the regulation of these P‐type ATPases by a common effector, acetylated tubulin, which interacts with them and inhibits their enzyme activity. The presence of an acetyl group on Lys40 of α‐tubulin is a requirement for the interaction. Stimulation of enzyme activity by different effectors involves the dissociation of tubulin/ATPase complexes. In cultured cells, acetylated tubulin associated with ATPase appears to be a constituent of microtubules. Stabilization of microtubules by taxol blocks association/dissociation of the complex. Membrane ATPases may function as anchorage sites for microtubules.
Submembraneous microtubule cytoskeleton: biochemical and functional interplay of TRP channels with the cytoskeleton
Authors: Goswami Chandan , Hucho Tim
Published: August 2008

Much work has focused on the electrophysiological properties of transient receptor potential channels. Recently, a novel aspect of importance emerged: the interplay of transient receptor potential channels with the cytoskeleton. Recent data suggest a direct interaction and functional repercussion for both binding partners. The bi‐directionality of physical and functional interaction renders therefore, the cytoskeleton a potent integration point of complex biological signalling events, from both the cytoplasm and the extracellular space. In this minireview, we focus mostly on the interaction of the cytoskeleton with transient receptor potential vanilloid channels. Thereby, we point out the functional importance of cytoskeleton components both as modulator and as modulated downstream effector. The resulting implications for patho‐biological situations are discussed.
MicroRNAs – micro in size but macro in function
Authors: Singh Sunit K. , Pal Bhadra Manika , Girschick Hermann J. , Bhadra Utpal
Published: August 2008

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that can regulate target mRNAs by binding to their 3′‐UTRs. A single miRNA can regulate many mRNA targets, and several miRNAs can regulate a single mRNA. These have been reported to be involved in a variety of functions, including developmental transitions, neuronal patterning, apoptosis, adipogenesis metabolism and hematopoiesis in different organisms. Many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are regulated by miRNAs. Studies conducted in the past few years have demonstrated the possible association between miRNAs and several human malignancies and infectious diseases. In this article, we have focused on the mechanism of miRNA biogenesis and the role of miRNAs in human health and disease.
Atlantic salmon possess three mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 6 paralogs responding differently to stress
Authors: Hansen Tom E. , Puntervoll Pål , Seternes Ole Morten , Jørgensen Jorunn B.
Published: August 2008

Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) 3 and 6 are the main p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activators in mammals. In the present study, three Atlantic salmon MKK6 orthologs were identified. The deduced amino acid sequences of the salmon MKK6 proteins were highly similar to mammalian MKK6 sequences, and they were ubiquitously expressed. All three were shown to be upstream activators of salmon p38. In cells exposed to sorbitol, sodium arsenite and UV radiation, the different salmon MKK6s were shown to be selectively activated. Thus, our results suggest a specific function of the three salmon MKK6s depending on which stress stimuli the cells are exposed to. Phylogenetic analysis of MKK6 and MKK3 sequences from different species indicate that salmon is unique in having three MKK6 gene copies, whereas other fish species possess one or two MKK6 genes. Interestingly, in contrast to mammals, fish do not have an MKK3 gene. We propose that two major duplication events have occurred for the ancestral MKK3/6 gene: one in tetrapods yielding MKK3 and MKK6, and another one in fish yielding two MKK6 paralogs. The third MKK6 copy found in salmon is probably the result of the salmonid‐specific tetraploidization event. In conclusion, we report for the first time in any species the existence of three MKK6 genes displaying distinct expression and activation patterns. Furthermore, MKK3 is dispensable in some vertebrates because it is absent from fish genomes despite being present in chicken and all mammals sequenced so far.
A Chemical Route to BiNbO4 Ceramics
Authors: Shlyakhtin Oleg A. , Oh Young‐Jei
Published: August 2008

The liquid phase sintering of fine BiNbO4 powders allows to obtain dense ceramics with excellent microwave dielectric properties (ɛ=44–46; Q×f=16,500–21,600 GHz) at T≥700°C. The thermal decomposition of freeze‐dried precursors results in the crystallization of a metastable β′‐BiNbO4 polymorph that transforms into a stable orthorhombic α‐modification at T≥700°C. The dependence of sinterability on the powder synthesis temperature shows the maximum at 600°C, corresponding to the formation of crystalline BiNbO4 powders with a grain size 80–100 nm. Sintering temperature reduction to 700°C prevents the deterioration of silver contacts during co‐firing with BiNbO4 ceramics. In situ scanning electron microscopy observation of the morphological evolution during sintering shows that the intense shrinkage soon after the appearance of a CuO–V2O5 eutectics‐based liquid phase is accompanied by complete transformation of the ensemble of primary BiNbO4 particles.
Synthesis of ZrO2 Nanoparticles by Freeze Drying
Authors: Tallón Carolina , Moreno Rodrigo , Nieto Ma Isabel
Published: August 2008

The interest in zirconia nanoparticles for either structural or functional applications depending on the stabilized phases has promoted the search for different synthesis methods. One of these methods is freeze drying. The present work deals with the preparation of zirconia nanoparticles by freeze drying using ZrOCl2 solutions. The freeze‐dried powders consist of nonspherical granules made up of soft agglomerates of ZrO2 with a dBET down to 40 nm and specific surface area values of 2–27 m2/depending on the thermal treatment. Granules have a low remaining porosity formed as a consequence of the sublimation of ice. The thermal treatment determined the crystalline phase formed, and so a study of the phase transformations with temperature has been carried out by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that at temperatures ≤400°C and a short duration of treatment, t‐ZrO2 is obtained with an acicular shape, while higher temperatures lead to the transformation into a monoclinic phase, which is accomplished by grain size growth, larger aspect ratio, and increased agglomeration. After sonication of the diluted suspensions, monomodal particle size distributions are obtained, with average sizes of ≅100 nm, thus demonstrating that agglomerates are soft and can be easily broken down.
Geographies of Youth/Young People
Authors: Evans Bethan
Published: August 2008

From the early 1990s onwards, geographers have made significant contributions to work considering the spatialities of young people's lives. Children's geographies is a vibrant subdisciplinary area and geographical work on children and young people is making important contributions to academic and policy debates within and beyond the discipline of geography. There have recently been some concerns that within children's geographies, teenagers and young people have been marginalised through a focus mainly on children and childhoods. This article reviews the position of young people in geographical research through interrogating the definition of young people in relation to children and adults and reviewing recent work on youth as a transition; through providing an overview of recent work that questions the restrictions placed on young people's use of public space; and through signposting some recent debates about the future of geographical work on young people.
Effect of Low Intensity Helium–Neon (HeNe) Laser Irradiation on Experimental Paracoccidioidomycotic Wound Healing Dynamics
Authors: Ferreira Maria Carolina , Gameiro Jacy , Nagib Patrícia Resende Alo , Brito Vânia Nieto , Vasconcellos Elza da Costa Cruz , Verinaud Liana
Published: August 2008

The effect of HeNe laser on the extracellular matrix deposition, chemokine expression and angiogenesis in experimental paracoccidioidomycotic lesions was investigated. At days 7, 8 and 9 postinfection the wound of each animal was treated with a 632.8 nm HeNe laser at a dose of 3 J cm−2. At day 10 postinfection, the wounds were examined by using histologic and immunohistochemical methods. Results revealed that laser‐treated lesions were lesser extensive than untreated ones, and composed mainly by macrophages and lymphocytes. High IL‐1β expression was shown in the untreated group whereas in laser‐treated animals the expression was scarce. On the other hand, the expression of CXCL‐10 was found to be reduced in untreated animals and quite intensive and well distributed in the laser‐treated ones. Also, untreated lesions presented vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a small area near the center of the lesion and high immunoreactivity for hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1), whereas laser‐treated lesions expressed VEGF surrounding blood vessels and little immunoreactivity for HIF‐1. Laser‐treated lesions presented much more reticular fibers and collagen deposition when compared with the untreated lesion. Our results show that laser was efficient in minimizing the local effects observed in paracoccidioidomycosis and can be an efficient tool in the treatment of this infection, accelerating the healing process.
Solar Ultraviolet Protection Provided by Human Head Hair
Authors: Parisi Alfio V. , Smith Don , Schouten Peter , Turnbull David J.
Published: August 2008

The solar erythemal UV irradiances through human hair and the protection from UV provided by human head hair have been investigated for a solar zenith angle (SZA) range of 17–51° for the conditions of a head upright in full sun, a head upright in shade and a head in full sun tilted toward the sun. The two hair lengths investigated were 49.1 ± 7.1 mm for the short type and 109.5 ± 5.5 mm for the long type. For the head upright in full sun, the irradiances through the hair ranged from 0.75 to 1.4 SED h−1 for SZA <25° and <0.6 SED h−1 in shade. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) ranged from approximately 5 to 17 in full sun, with the UPF increasing with higher SZA. The longer hair provided a lower UPF than the shorter hair and for the head oriented toward the sun, there was a marginally lower UPF than for the upright head. This research shows that the UV exposure limits to the scalp through hair can be exceeded within short timeframes and provides important information to assist employers to comply with Workplace Health and Safety legislation.
Live Cell Surface Labeling with Fluorescent Ag Nanocluster Conjugates†
Authors: Yu Junhua , Choi Sungmoon , Richards Chris I. , Antoku Yasuko , Dickson Robert M.
Published: August 2008

DNA‐encapsulated silver clusters are readily conjugated to proteins and serve as alternatives to organic dyes and semiconductor quantum dots. Stable and bright on the bulk and single molecule levels, Ag nanocluster fluorescence is readily observed when staining live cell surfaces. Being significantly brighter and more photostable than organics and much smaller than quantum dots with a single point of attachment, these nanomaterials offer promising new approaches for bulk and single molecule biolabeling.
Optical Properties of Human Melanocytic Nevi In Vivo
Authors: Zonios George , Dimou Aikaterini
Published: August 2008

We present an in vivo study of the optical properties of melanin present in melanocytic nevi of human subjects with Fitzpatrick skin type III (Caucasian descent) using optical spectroscopy. We show that the melanin absorption spectrum exhibits an exponential dependence on wavelength with a decay constant which follows a normal distribution characteristic of a random biological variable. Moreover, we demonstrate lack of correlation among melanin optical properties, melanin concentration and skin light scattering properties, which indicates that the true optical absorption of melanin can be measured free from confounding scattering effects. We also show that the average melanin absorption spectrum in vivo is in very good agreement with a previously reported oxygen photoconsumption action spectrum of melanin. Finally, we provide an overview of the emerging picture of the melanin absorption properties in vivo among various skin types and also among various skin lesions such as melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Non–High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Children and Adolescents: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Kelley George A. , Kelley Kristi S.
Published: August 2008

The authors used the meta‐analytic approach to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on non–high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL‐C) in children and adolescents. Thirteen non–HDL‐C outcomes in 404 males and females (221 exercise, 183 control) were available for pooling. Random‐effects modeling yielded a nonstatistically significant exercise minus control group reduction of 0.61% in non–HDL‐C (±SEM, −0.7±2.4 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval [CI], −5.4 to 5.0 mg/dL). A statistically significant decrease of 7% was found for percent body fat (±SEM, −2.1±0.5%, 95% CI, −3.0 to −1.2%) as well as an 8% increase in aerobic capacity (±SEM, 3.4±1.0 mL/kg/min, 95% CI, 1.4–5.3 mL/kg/min), both secondary outcomes of the study. It was concluded that aerobic exercise does not reduce non–HDL‐C but does improve percent body fat and aerobic capacity in children and adolescents. However, a need exists for additional studies on this topic.
European Nursing Organizations Stand Up for Family Presence During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Joint Position Statement
Authors: Moons Philip , Norekvål Tone M.
Published: August 2008

Empirical evidence suggests that family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has beneficial effects. Although many American professional organizations have endorsed the idea of family presence, there is less formal support in Europe. In addition, the attitude of nurses from Anglo‐Saxon countries, such as United Kingdom and Ireland, is more positive toward family presence than the attitude of nurses of mainland Europe. In order to support existing guidelines and to stimulate health care organizations to develop a formal policy with respect to family witnessed CPR, 3 important European nursing organizations have recently developed a joint position statement.
The Court's Role in Promoting Comprehensive Justice for Pregnant Drug and Alcohol Users
Authors: Johnstone Tourine , Miller Monica K.
Published: August 2008

Drug use during pregnancy is an important social and medical issue. Legislatures and courts have offered a variety of responses, ranging from imprisonment to comprehensive service programs that are rehabilitative in nature. This article discusses the prevalence and effects of prenatal drug use, followed by a presentation of the scope of legal responses and treatment options. Some courts do not provide outreach services for drug‐offending mothers, while others may offer a limited range of services. In contrast, a comprehensive justice approach would provide a wide range of health, employment, and social programs for the offender. This approach is based on philosophies of restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, and procedural justice. Such a theory‐based comprehensive justice program ultimately benefits mothers, children, and the community. Considerations are offered for judges who seek to implement a comprehensive justice approach to address this important problem.
Relationship between knee joint laxity and knee joint mechanics during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Park S-K , Stefanyshyn D J , Ramage B , Hart D A , Ronsky J L
Published: August 2008

Background:

An increase in knee laxity during the menstrual cycle may increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Objective:

To investigate whether changing knee laxity during the menstrual cycle correlates with changing knee joint loads in a cutting manoeuvre.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Laboratory testing.

Participants:

25 healthy women, with a normal menstrual cycle, no history of oral contraceptive use, and no previous knee injury

Interventions:

Serum hormone concentrations were assessed and knee joint laxity at a load of 89 N was measured during the follicular, ovulation and luteal phases. Participants performed 10 trials of a cutting manoeuvre to quantify knee joint mechanics at each test session.

Main outcome measurements:

Knee joint laxity (mm), peak knee angle (°) and knee joint moment (Nm) and knee joint impulse (Nms).

Results:

Increased knee laxity was observed during ovulation compared with the luteal phase, but no significant changes in knee mechanics corresponding to menstrual phases were found. A positive correlation was found between changes in knee laxity and changes in knee joint loads (Δmoment or Δimpulse) from the follicular phase to ovulation, and from ovulation to the luteal phase (p<0.05). Women in whom knee laxity increased showed increased knee loads, and those in whom knee laxity decreased showed decreased knee loads during the menstrual cycle.

Conclusions:

Knee laxity correlates positively with knee joint loads, and increased knee laxity during the menstrual cycle may be a potential risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in certain women during sports activity.