bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real Options Framework for Dealing with Uncertainty in Project Management: A Moroccan Infrastructure Project
Authors: Gharib Jihane , Berrado Abdelaziz , Benabbou Loubna
Published: April 2020

The Real Options Valuation allows for the consideration of possible options that are instinctively embedded in investment projects, in which the decision-makers have the flexibility to respond to the outcome of uncertainty. The business managers’ abilities to react to future market conditions tend to impact the value of the investment project by maintaining or improving the upside potential and limiting the downside loss. This process must be regulated by a decision analysis model, capable of capturing the particularities of each project.
This paper presents detailed literature review of the real options, includes their area of applications in the literature, then proposes a framework to ease the understanding and the use of this method. Later, a case study of a Moroccan infrastructure project, that had already undergone an evaluation, is outlaid. The paper fully addresses the gaps of the previous study, provides a corrected model for an improved valuation of this project and a suitable use of real options. It also illustrates its application and analyzes the obtained results.
Insurgence and National Security in Nigeria: A Focus on Boko Haram
Authors: Zhizhi Able Shibinya , Okon Emmanuel Okokondem
Published: April 2020

The contemporary Nigeria has become a theatre of genocide, bloodshed and insecurity over the past years due to the carnage activities of terrorist groups. Terrorists of various groups and camps unleash havoc on the Nigerian populace. Though these groups are numerous, one of the most noticeable and deadly group is Boko Haram. This paper attempts to investigate if this group is one of the major security challenges confronting Nigeria today. The result reveals that a number of factors, including bad governance and religious and political manipulations, and the long and porous borders of Nigeria promote Boko Haram activities. As such, there is significant relationship between Boko Haram insurgency and national security in Nigeria. This paper recommends that at all levels of government, governance should be taken as a serious business especially in the area of provision of security and public goods such as improved infrastructure and the creation of the enabling environment needed for investment that would in turn creation opportunities for employments which will lead to reduction in poverty.
The Leading Global Experiences in the Application of Equitable Economy and Solidarity
Authors: Malika Aied , El Amine Abdelli Mohammed
Published: April 2020

This study is designed to highlight the important role of the growing role played by the equitable economy and solidarity in building a balanced and integrated into the society, characterized by the values of solidarity in the framework of the spirit of the voluntary contribution and the spirit of the personal initiative, as well as the principles of equity and social justice that seeks this economy established and consolidated, the study found that the pilot experiences for both the state of Canada, Ecuador, Brazil, Finland, France, Spain, the reputation and excellence by relying primarily on the legal framework for this sector and organized the second degree of integration of all segments of society in the form of labor organizations for each category but every geographical region, the study recommended in the end to adopt the principle of integration and horizontal and vertical cooperation between these organizations in order to achieve effectiveness More competitive.
Nigerian Elite and the Culture of Primitive Accumulation
Authors: Egharevba Stanley Edebiri , Ovenseri-Ogbomo Friday Osaru
Published: April 2020

Nigeria is endowed with vast human and material resources to engender development but it still continues to luxuriate within the confines of a top speed in reverse to oblivion. As its relics, neocolonialism has given birth to industrialization, urbanization and militarization of the political process which generally has created “sudden billionaires” on one end of the ladder (elected or appointed public officials) and extremely poor masses (unemployed graduates and depressed masses) at the other end of the ladder. This paper basically exposes the developmental retrogressive outlooks of the masses due to primitive capitalist accumulation by the few elites who have piloted the affairs of the nation.
Determinant of Private Sector Credit and Its Implication on Economic Growth in Nigeria: 2000-2017
Authors: Gbenga Olorunmade , James Samuel Olusegun , Adeyinka Adewole  Joseph
Published: April 2020

The study examined the determinant of private sector credit and its implication on economic growth in Nigeria. The fluctuation in the supply of money and credit is the basic causal factor at work in cyclical process; when money supply falls, prices decrease, profit decrease, production activities become sluggish and production falls and when money supply expands, price rise, profit increase and the total output increases and finally growth takes place. The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between Private Sector Credit and Gross Domestic Product. Data were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. Simple regression analysis was used to achieve the stated objective. It was revealed in the determinant of credit supply equation 1 that there was significant relationship between Total credits to private sector and money supply in Nigeria. It was also discovered in the Private Sector Credit and Economic Growth Equation 2 that there was significant relationship between private sector credit and economic growth in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that there should be persistence increase of money supply to Nigerian economy in order to increase the flow of credit to the real sector of the Nigerian economy, financial institutions should distribute more credit to the real sector for productive purposes in order to increase Gross domestic product.
Impact of Environmental Pollution on Healthy and Productivity of Farm Animals
Authors: A. A. M Habeeb, , EL-Tarabany A. A.
Published: April 2020

Pollution may be defined as addition of undesirable material into the environment as a result of human activities. Pollution may be of the following types: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, thermal pollution, radiation pollution and noise pollution. The impact of different pollution as a general on healthy of farm animals are cancer, neurobehavioral disorders, cardiovascular problems, reduced energy levels, premature death, asthma, asthma exacerbations, headaches and dizziness, irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat, reduced lung functioning, respiratory symptoms, respiratory disease, disruption of endocrine and reproductive and immune systems. Exposure to environmental pollutants affected reproductive functions and in particular, produced adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes, fertility, and fetal health. Exposures to ambient levels of pollutants are associated with low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, neonatal death, and decreased fertility and decrease of sperm quality in males and indicated also that female fertility was also disturbed. The most common disorder of male fertility is the insufficient production of normal sperm, with good mobility in the somniferous tubules. Polluted drinking water by chemicals produced waterborne diseases like, typhoid, liver and kidney damage. In this paper the effects of various environmental factors on healthy, function of animal, fertility and reproductive efficiency are reported.
A Literature Review on the Separation of Chemical Compounds
Authors: Husien Nemah  Sahib  Mohammed , Gafel Rajaa  Abd Alameer , Jaffer Noor  Dia
Published: April 2020

This  literature  involved  explanation  about  separation organic  components  in  mixture such  as(chromatography ,extraction ,filtration, centrifuge…) , principles of separation  , methods of separation ,types of separation , purification  of separated  compounds , conditions of separation , physical and chemical properties of  mixture.
Access to Justice through Legal Aid: A Study in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Rabiul
Published: April 2020

Equal access to justice for the rich and poor alike is prerequisite to the maintenance of the rule of law. But the justice system through judicial administration is very costly in Bangladesh and that cost has been the most difficult factor for the poor and vulnerable sectors of people in case of getting justice. Thus an adequate legal aid system is one of the effective ways to ensure access to justice as well as to establish rule of law. In this paper attempts have been made to examine the present condition of the legal aid services in Bangladesh, the establishment and functions of the different legal aid committees but, importance is especially given to the local govt. level where legal aid services are provided by the District, Upazila and Union Legal Aid Committees. The study compares the role of the govt. and non- govt. organizations in dissemination of legal aid services among the people who do not manage themselves to get proper remedy due to various limitations and discriminations. After reviewing the collected data and analysis of these, it has observed that the cases to which legal aid services are provided include both the civil and criminal matters and the cases relating to family affairs. Finally conclusion is drawn after evaluating the activities of the aforesaid organizations and by making substantial recommendations to the concerned authority.
Anti-Corruption Policy Strategies for Nigeria towards National Development: Evidence from Least Corrupt Countries
Authors: Olaniyi Adeniran Adetayo
Published: April 2020

Anti-corruption policy strategies in Finland and Singapore were examined, and lessons were drawn for Nigeria. Finland and Singapore were chosen because they are among the least fifth corrupt countries in the world from 2010 to 2017, and they have different norms. Another reason is that the norm in Finland is fairly similar to the norms of Sweden, Denmark, Norway, New Zealand, and Australia which are also among the least corrupt countries in the world, while the norm of Singapore is fairly similar to Hong Kong and Japan which are also among the least corrupt countries in the world. It was revealed that the case of Nigerian society is similar to that of Singaporean society. In Finland, it was observed that anti-corruption measures and institutions are weak as it does not have a separate unit dedicated to investigate or prosecute corruption-related offences, but there is a guiding principle such that anti-corruption measures are integrated into general good governance policy grounded on the rule of law. Also in Singapore, anti-corruption was achieved through anti-corruption policy that has been in existence since the year 1959, although there was a situation of deplorable condition and widespread corrupt practices, but the new government in the late 1950s set up a strategy which resulted that top political leaders set themselves as role models for civil servants and showing zero tolerance for corrupt behaviour. Finally, recommendations were suggested.
Assessment of Menstrual Waste Disposal and the Environment: The Role of Adult Education in Nigeria
Authors: Olatumile Adekunle , Ajayi Elizabeth Aanuoluwapo
Published: April 2020

The phenomenon of menstruation portends great impact on the environment and its calls for concern. Environmental effect of menstrual hygiene and related issues has been downplayed Nigeria. This study was conducted to assess menstrual waste disposal practices and it’s implication on the environment. A self-constructed questionnaire was used to elicit information for the survey design research. While multistage sampling technique was used to select 194 participants of females within the age range of 20 and 59 in Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State. The four research questions raised for the study were answered descriptively while the two hypotheses were tested using inferential statistics at 0.05 level of significance. Finding revealed among others that though the female adults were aware of the environmental implication of indiscriminate menstrual waste disposal, they practices does not correlate with their awareness because menstrual waste disposal knowledge is not in public domain, while the knowledge gained is informal from older women who themselves lack adequate knowledge. It was therefore recommended among others, that adults deserves to be empowerment by Adult Education through Menstrual Waste Education (MWE)   to improve hygiene as well as the environment during menstrual cycle due to the precarious situation it places on women.
Present Scenario of Waste Management in India
Authors: Das Pradip Kumar
Published: April 2020

In India, approach towards waste management is unscientific. Even today, large portion of solid waste is dumped indiscriminately on outskirts of places without any prior treatment leading to groundwater contamination and increase in air pollution. Resource recovery from waste and safe disposal of residual in scientifically designed landfills are grossly neglected. The present system is focused on collection and transportation of largely mixed unsegregated waste for sustainable solid waste management, but the capacity to plan and manage the system and ensure the enforcement of rules is a major challenge. This study analyses current scenario of waste management in India. Besides presenting few mitigation choices to respond to the growing challenge, it also suggests mechanisms for ensuring integrated waste management systems.
Assessing Banks Internal and Macroeconomic Factors as Determinants of Non- Performing Loans: Evidence from Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Bhattarai Bishnu Prasad
Published: April 2020

This study has attempted to ascertain the factors affecting to non-performing loans in Nepalese commercial banks using a sample of ten commercial banks for the period of 2013-2017 with 50 observations, a balanced set of panel data. The descriptive and causal comparative research designs have been adopted for the study. The dependent variable was non-performing loans, while independent variables included both bank specific factors; bank size, return on assets, total loan and advance to total deposit ratio, capital adequacy ratio and macro-economic factors; real gross domestic product growth rate and inflation. The existence of high levels of NPLs would hinder the benefits to the county through inefficient financial intermediation. Hence, there is a national level responsibility towards banks, to manage the NPL ratio at an acceptable level. Consequently, it is important to identify “what causes NPLs and significance of these factors on NPLs”. Therefore, this study would help to get an insight on the bank specific and macro-economic factors, which affect NPLs in commercial banks and in which magnitude bank specific or macroeconomic factors contribute to NPLs. The estimated ordinary least square (OLS) regression model reveals that the bank specific: ROA, LTD and CAR and macroeconomic factors GDP have significant impact on nonperforming loan in Nepalese commercial banks.
Pragmatic Analysis on Staff Related Issues in Selected Hospitals
Authors: Roja K. , Kusuma G.D.V. , Kumar B. Ravi
Published: April 2020

For the efficient management of an organization, it is pertinent that personnel working in different capacities in the different departments make possible friendly relations. Superiors would remain superiors even if they are influenced by ego. The supervisors acting like a superior and behaving like an officer/administrator, the possibilities of degeneration in the relations can’t be overruled. The service of hospitals based on the staff it is essential for all the personnel irrespective of the rank and position they hold make sincere and honest efforts to accomplish the organizational goals. The present study is an attempt to portray the staff related issues in selected hospitals like GEMS, KIMS, RIMS, GMR.
Profile of APSRTC-With Reference to Visakhapatnam City
Authors: Lydia R. , Ravi Kumar B. , Lakshmi B. Vijaya
Published: April 2020

Transportation plays an important role in the modern society particularly RTC buses. For the continuous development of India there should be a synchronized transport system. Competitiveness and increasing productivity are based on the efficient transport system that exists in the country. Efficient transport is indispensable to the economic development of nation. There are various modes of transport that include road transport, rail transport etc. The present study is an endeavor to depict the empirical profile of APSRTC – Visakhapatnam City.
Operational and Efficient Production Functions: Measuring Efficiency in Abyek Cement Factory
Authors: Bidabad Bijan , Sherafati Mahshid , Mohammadi Roohollah
Published: April 2020

In this paper, Leontief linear production functions with one product, and one activity are used to derive the production function of Abyek Cement Factory. The mathematical closed form of production function and also, profit, cost, and demand functions for production factors are obtained for the cited factory.

We tried to calculate Operational Production Function of Abyek Cement Factory. It was realized that Leontief linear production function is applicable, and its mathematical form can properly express the economic structure of production in a cement factory.

The efficient production function for this factory is also derived in this research. This function exhibits the costs incurred due to the inefficient production of the factory during different years. According to the findings, it was concluded that if the Abyek Cement Factory produces efficiently through employing optimal amounts of factors of production, it can reduce costs by 21 to 52 percent without any change in production level. Calculations were done for both short-term and long-term periods.

JEL: D22, L11, L61
Internal, External, and Religiosity Determinant of Performance in Indonesian Navy Primary Cooperative(Primkopal)
Authors: Mulyono Lilik , . Miyasto , . Roikhan
Published: April 2020

The background of this research is the desire to make Cooperative as the Indonesian Economy Piillar yet the goal has not been achieved. On the other hand the majority of Indonesian people are Islam who have the obligation to run the sharia completely and perfectly. In Islamic business which is guided by Tawheed and by applying the Islamic economic value that upholds the value of brotherhood, honesty, mutual trust, reject usury, and justice is the basic sharia that must be run for the ummah.Therefore, the board, supervisors, executors, and members of the cooperative are expected to implement the guidelines to create and increase the true welfare, namely happiness and peace of mind.The research by SEM-PLS method concluded that the test result to get empirical evidence with internal, external, and religiosity  variables  in cooperative management and performance at Headquarter of Navy Detachment Primary Cooperative, Jakarta give the positive impact for cooperative development on sharia concept.The recommendations that writer can disclose is the need for seriousness in managing cooperatives, whole in strategy, structure, system, commitment, and capital for the welfare of the members. Furthermore it can help the worship more beneficial by implementing concept of sharia which is blessed by Allah SWT.
Installment Financial Sharing (IFS): A Financial Subsystem of Rastin PLS Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan
Published: April 2020

Installment Financial Sharing (IFS) is a subsystem of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) Banking System, and the guidelines, instructions, organization, workflow and electronic mechanism of Rastin PLS Banking have been put forward for this subsystem as well. Profit in this financial sharing method is based upon the yield of the real sector, and bank as an intermediary of funds, receives a commission as like as an agent, and provides capital management and financial services to financer (depositor) and participates in investment project of the entrepreneur on behalf of the depositor. In installment Financial Sharing, the contribution of the depositor is paid back by installments and ownership of the project is finally transferred to entrepreneur.Financial innovations of "Mughasatah Certificate" and "Musharakah Mughasatah Certificate" and "Rental Mughasatah Certificate" are used in this subsystem. The financer (depositor) of sharing project receives a certificate, which is negotiable in Rastin Certificate Market via the internet.
Islamic Monetary Policy and Rastin Swap Bonds
Authors: Bidabad Bijan
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This paper aims to examine monetary instruments in Islamic central banking framework. As a conclusion, to revive Islamic monetary policy, we should provide some public equity-based instrument as a necessary replacement for conventional bonds and treasury bills to activate non-usury open market operations.

Design: We define a type of new negotiable bond as: “Rastin Swap Bonds (RSBs)”, which is based on swapping money between two persons for two different periods.

Findings: RSB is a financial paper that observes the right for the lender to borrow an equal amount to his lending from the borrower. Four types of RSBs in domestic money and foreign currency are defined, and their Sharia allowances and monetary, fiscal, and financial effects are evaluated.

Research limitations: This bond is a novel design, and it is required to be more elaborated for further practical development and adjustment.

Practical implications: Islamic central banking is not different from conventional central banking as a whole, but the role of an Islamic central bank in conducting monetary policy is restricted to use interest-free monetary instruments in an environment that commercial banks are obliged to implement non-usury banking operations.

Social implications: Islamic financial instruments should be usury-free and efficient in applying monetary, fiscal, and financial policies at different levels of the central bank, government and commercial banks and non-banking money and financial institutions. Rastin Swap Bond will serve as an important instrument for resource mobilization and will be a primary vehicle for the development of the Islamic capital market and central banking operations.

Originality/value: Conventional interest-bearing bonds are not allowed in Islamic central banking. This restriction mostly distinguishes Islamic central banking from the conventional one in implementing monetary policy.

Article Type: Technical paper

JEL: G21, G28, H81
Rastin Swap Card (RSC): A Financial Instrument of Rastin Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan
Published: April 2020

Rastin Swap Card is defined in Rastin Banking. This card is issued based on the Swap Contract in Rastin Banking or principle of sovereignty rights of contracts. In Rastin Swap Card there are two periods. In the first period card issuer lends money to the cardholder, and in the second period borrows money from card holder instead. At the first stage card issuer credits a certain amount of money for specific time duration to the card of cardholder and requests the cardholder to deposit the same amount for the same period at the end of the cited time duration (first maturity) in the issuer's deposit account. Card issuer and cardholder can agree for a combination of amount and duration for which the product of them (amount by the duration) be equal for both operations of lending money by the issuer and depositing by the cardholder.Rastin Swap Card (RSD) has no interest rate and is different from conventional debit and credit cards, but considering the ICT-based systems, RSD is being processed and managed through electronic banking systems. Rastin Swap Card can be issued in both local and foreign currencies. Bank receives a fee by offering Rastin Swap Card service.

JEL: E43, E44, E52, E58, E62, E63
Practices of Islamic Ethics in the Electronics Industry in Bangladesh: A Study on Minister Hi-Tech Park Electronics Ltd.
Authors: Khan M.A Razzak , Latif Wasib Bin , Ahmed Selim , Hira Marzan Ara , Tanu Dil Ruba
Published: April 2020

The main purpose of this paper is to identify the practices of Islamic ethics at Minister Hi-Tech Park Electronics Ltd. on the basis of focus group discussion. Islam places the most emphasis on ethical values in all aspects of human life especially in business. By running the business Islamic point of view Minister Hi-Tech Park Electronics Ltd. is attaining competitive advantage. There have been three focus group of discussion; the first one is with the internal employees of the company (top management to field level employee, the second one is with the board of Shariah and stakeholders of the company (investors, suppliers, creditors, competitors) and the third one is with the income and tax revenue board of Bangladesh. The paper has also presented the various repeatedly verses from Quran and the teachings of the prophet. The three focus groups discussed on the basis of Quran, Hadith and the variables like “Islam as entire course of life”, “Morality of individuals, Superiority of business concept, “Integrated business ethics”, Racism, Mutual consent, Halal Items practice of Minister Hi-Tech Park Ltd. Being Muslims, we have to follow the rules and regulation of Islamic ethics which stated by Islamic jurisprudence. Minister Hi-Tech Park Ltd. will sustain its image and will be able to survive.
Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP): A Complementary System of Rastin Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan , Allahyarifard Mahmoud
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This paper aims to define a new protocol, whereby brings the required preparations for the bank to collect its claim or its customer’s claim through withdrawal from the debtor’s account in other banks and financial institutions that have signed the protocol.

Design: According to this protocol and under central bank supervision, the bank (as owner or attorney of the third party) as claimer of check, promissory note, bill, or a debt initiated by customer's commitment based on collaterals or guarantees, withdraws the claim from the debtor’s accounts in other banks and financial institutions that are members of the protocol through Automatic Clearing House (ACH).

Findings: Despite taking collaterals, guarantees, and binding of contracts, executive debt collection process through the legal proceedings is a major challenge that banks, financial institutions, and persons are facing. The legal and execution process of debt collection through collaterals and guarantees are complicated, lengthy, and costly. Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) solves the problem by proposing a protocol to be accepted by banks to permit withdrawal of the account of the debtor in other banks.

Practical implications: It is seen much that a person owes a lot to a person or bank, but s/he deposits her/his money at her/his accounts in other banks. The Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) is an agreement between banks which permits the bank to collect the debt through online-withdraw from the accounts of the debtor at other banks after depleting the account of the debtor at the agent bank.

Social implications: This protocol increases reliance and security upon commitments and provides fast settlement and debt collection without time-consuming judicial process. It also reduces judicial proceedings and execution of active files in courts and consequently related costs.

Originality/value: Complementary systems in Rastin Banking have been designed to solve the prevailing problems of banking and financial activities. IWP was designed to provide necessary arrangements for fast, clean debt collection and encashing check and collecting the bill.

JEL: L86, L87, G21, G24
Property Title, Formal Credit Access and Business Expansion
Authors: Okon Emmanuel O.
Published: April 2020

The cardinal objective of this study is to examine the impact of Land Title Document on credit access and business growth.  A case study was applied on Nasarawa state, Nigeria to better understand the phenomenon been researched. Information was gathered from the field through face-to-face interviews and through the administering of questionnaire among business operators in some selected towns. The research revealed that a large proportion of respondents do not have Land Title Document to their business premises and that they have never made a request for it from government agency before. 60.00% of respondents’ responded that the duration of the processing of the document takes months/years.  44.52% of respondents reported that never have banks made request for  the document before granting loan facilities while  30.24%  of respondents’ indicated ‘yes, often’. From the responses, 40.47% of respondents were of the view that possession of ‘C of O’ document will not enhance their capital based and business expansion. The views of the respondents suggest that delay is a major problem in the processing of Land Title Document. Among the reasons cited for the delays are problems with documentation and legal issues. A reasonable percentage of respondents (31.43%) were of the view that the cost of obtaining ‘C of C’ is high and difficult in the State. A suggested solution is that the government agency handling this document should be reorganize and the steps required to obtain this document should be reduced and made uniform within the State.
An Exploratory Analysis of Market Segmentation and Young Mobile Phone Consumers in Nigeria
Authors: Chinwendu Okonkwo Deborah
Published: April 2020

Purpose - The subject of market segmentation with respect to the use of mobile phones is an area that offers promising insights to strategic marketing decisions. The principles of market segmentation as established and grounded in marketing theory contain a multi-dimensional task of segmenting, targeting and positioning. Since telecommunications has inevitably transformed the entire well – being of man, of whom the young people are an interesting category, there has been a rising interest on various patterns of mobile phone usages among young consumers. This study therefore focuses on identifying various segments inherent within the younger consumers’ category in order to aid the formulation and implementation of adequate strategic marketing decisions.

Design/methodology/approach - This study adopts the exploratory research approach as it attempts to get a general grasp of issues revolving around target market segmentation, as it relates to mobile phone usage patterns among young consumers. Secondary data was used and analysed vis-à-vis the outcome of a segmentation exercise previously conducted by a field expert.

Findings - This study has adapted the six very important segments inherent among young mobile phone users vis: ‘talk n texters’, ‘gaming youths’, ‘talkative trendies’, ‘aspiring to be accepted’, ‘sophisticated careerists’, and ‘international  business users’ and practically related them to the Nigerian younger consumers context.

Practical Implications - The implication of this study for marketing practice is that organizational decisions are better guided as it becomes a lot easier to make target marketing decisions. Besides, the differing characteristics among the young mobile phone users category have been made more visible, necessitating the design of a more focused product offering suitable to each consumer category.

Originality/Value – This study is a unique effort directed at an area of concern in marketing with very little or no attention accorded to it within the Nigerian market. It captures an interesting segment of the Nigerian mobile technologies market and presents a framework that offers a good basis for much more complex research activities in the nearest future.
Non-Usury Bank Corporation (NUBankCo): The Solution to Islamic Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we are going to introduce a new Islamic financial institution with elaborated economic and financial characteristics. «Non-Usury Bank Corporation» (NUBankCo) is defined in a way that depositors are the shareholders of the Bank. This corporation is a new kind of shared ownership corporation which its shareholders are deposit holders and their deposits work as corporation’s equities. The defined bank can perform non-usury operations, and by designing a behavioral model, it is shown that NUBankCo can draw an environment that the welfare of society is to be maximized. Mobility of deposit resources in NUBankCo is less than conventional banks, and there are fewer conflicts between large and small shareholders/depositors and limits the emergence of shareholders’ cartels and thus huge sudden outflow of funds which creates bankruptcy crises.OECD’s corporate governance criteria are completely adaptable to this bank. Other pronouncements like Basel, AAOFI, IFSB, and FSF can be applied to this bank. NUBankCo can be established in different countries and can be adapted to different monetary, banking, foreign exchange, and commercial laws and regulations and can coexist in competition with conventional banks.NUbankCo will be Islamic in deposit mobilization side and will be Islamic in the loan/credit side for certain Islamic contracts and banking operations. Foreign currency exchange operations, bonds, commercial papers, and precious metals transactions, cash and draft operations, and credit and beneloan (non-interest loan) operations are characterized for NUBankCo to be fully Islamic.
Stabilizing Business Cycles by PLS Banking and Ethic Economics
Authors: Bidabad Bijan
Published: April 2020

In addition to discuss economic cycle’s theories in this paper by decomposing money market into two markets of "saving-depositing" and "investment-credit facilities", we study the time structure behavior of depositor-bank-investor and conclude that the traditional banking structure creates fluctuations in money sector and interest rate. These fluctuations affect the real sector through saving and investment and undulate the economy as well. Mathematical derivations show that banking structure is one of the main factors of economic cycles. Therefore, the abolition of usury (Riba) is proposed as the solution to relate directly investment to saving via The Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing Banking. In this framework, the bank offers investment management services and obtains commission. In The Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing Banking risks are practically transferred from credit facility sector (loans) to deposit sector and bank does not face any losses. On the other hand, the creation of a strong structural relationship between the interest rate of deposits and credit facility interest rate does not let any losses to occur in the capital market while there is profit in the deposit market. This concept is against the conventional banking system in which if the borrower obtains profit or loss; he has to pay interest (profit) to the depositor.The second pathological defect of economic crisis is the excessive consumption and economic greed and similar bad habits which expand economic cycles. The adjustment of mankind behavior, according to Islamic and other divine religions ethical and mystical tuitions, will practically prevent the intensity of crises. Prevention of extravagance frees a large portion of economic resources, and therefore, the magnitude of the business cycle will be reduced, and economic stability will be relatively increased.
Social Changes: An Islamic Sufi Approach
Authors: Bidabad Bijan
Published: April 2020

Change of the society begins with change and transformation of humankind. Human beings change is due to their educations in all respects of social customs, etiquette, organizational skills, and customs of ethical and occupational. Different ideas about the way to change people's opinion return back to human beings' notions. However, some believe that imbalance of forces in various classes of the society is the reason for revolutions and changes in. If a notion is rejected, then its tradition will collapse, and tradition-breaking starts. Because notion connects values to nature of objects and value them, and this credited value is known as a reality for human beings. Transformation starts when those notions that convert customs and habits to tradition, and then to institution start to change. Combination of old and new notions appears a synthesis of notion, and in the next step, the synthesis works as a thesis and reappearance of antithesis ends to revolutions and evolution of the societies. General rules of being are not specific to a particular science. Further, social pressures, evolutions, and revolutions comply with the laws of mechanics. Mechanical laws are highly adaptable to bring the forces and pressures into individual and social changes analysis. As empirical scientist discovered and described the mathematical rules of physical laws to analyze and study the physical and chemical phenomena; it is time to place that psychologists, as well as social scientists, discover the mathematical expressive rules within individual and interpersonal behavioral realms. Islam proposes the most important theory of social changes and evolution toward ethical promotion, and principally, though considers class differences and conflicts regarding the issues of interest, wealth and materialism, but enlightens people that all these affairs are just credited and should not be emphasized more than necessary. Birth of a human being is birth of a thinking force that regarding the average intelligence and norms condition of human society, can solve his problems, and among the born based on the probability distribution functions, some are with very high IQs who can initiate large changes in larger societies. Instead of inhibiting population growth, raise a population reform agenda. Therefore, considers special rules dealing with male-female relationships and marriage.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Financing in Bangladesh: A Review of Literature
Authors: Islam K. M. Anwarul , Karim Miajee Md. Rezaul
Published: April 2020

The paper has talked about writing accord among approach creators, financial specialists, and business specialists that small and medium enterprise (SMEs) are drivers of monetary development. A sound SME segment contributes unmistakably to the economy through making greater work openings, creating higher generation volumes, expanding sends out and presenting advancement and enterprise skills.The dynamic job of SMEs in creating nations safeguards them as motors through which the development targets of creating nations can be accomplished.
Effect of Entrepreneurial Networks on Family Business Development: A Conceptual Consideration
Authors: Agbim Kenneth Chukwujioke
Published: April 2020

Family businesses are generally affected by resource constraints. These resource constraints are occasioned by the vagaries in the business environment. Consequently, budding and established family business entrepreneurs are now resorting to the acquisition and sharing of intangible resources as a strategy for achieving family business development. One type of resource that is increasingly being employed is entrepreneurial networks. In spite of the known supports entrepreneurial networks give to entrepreneurs at the different states of family business development, empirical evidences are still rear. Based on the foregoing, this study undertook a literature review and thereafter proposes that: the effect of family network on family business start-up is significant; the effect of intra-industry network on family business formalization is significant; the effect of professional network on family business professionalization is significant; the effect of extra-industry network on family business diversification is significant; the effect of social network on family business internationalization is significant; and the effect of intra-firm network on family business succession is significant. For family business development to be influenced by entrepreneurial networks, budding entrepreneurs, founder and/or descendant CEOs and employees of family businesses need to be actively involved in network relationships that encourage and facilitates resource acquisition and sharing. Moreover, an empirical study is recommended based on these propositions. This is to validate the propositions and to further add to the family business development and entrepreneurial networks literature.
APROVECHAMIENTO DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS ORGÁNICOS DE LAS FRUTAS MEDIANTE DIGESTIÓN ANAEROBIA
Authors: Vera-Loor José , Anchundia-Vélez Gema , Sccipa-Mendoza María
Published: April 2020

Debido al gran volumen de residuos de frutas que se generan diariamente en diversas operaciones relacionadas con el procesamiento de frutas, verduras, entre otros, y las actividades económicas de origen agroindustrial, se plantea que es posible realizar la digestión anaeróbica de estos residuos biodegradables. Es por esta razón que la investigación tiene como finalidad discutir las bases teóricas que fundamentan el aprovechamiento de los residuos sólidos orgánicos de las frutas mediante procesos de digestión anaerobia. En la actualidad los residuos sólidos orgánicos (fracción húmeda) de la industria no tienen un objetivo específico para su uso, la mayoría de ellos son enviados al basurero. Dada la necesidad de aprovechar los residuos de cáscaras de frutas se requieren biorreactores debidamente diseñados y construidos. El uso de combinaciones de residuos sólidos orgánicos de las frutas en procesos de digestión anaeróbica puede potenciar la producción o rendimiento de metano y a su vez generar mayor productividad y factibilidad desde la perspectiva económica. En este sentido, la piña y naranja pueden ser evaluadas para determinar la relación óptima para obtener mayores rendimientos de producción energética (metano).

Palabras clave: bioconversión, metano, subproductos, frutas, digestión anaerobia.
DISTRIBUCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS FINANCIERO DE UNA PLANTA DE PRODUCCIÓN DE ÁCIDO LÁCTICO
Authors: García-Mujica Robert , Benavides-Cedeño Génesis , Alcívar-Cedeño Ulbio
Published: April 2020

Este proyecto se realizó con el fin de utilizar el suero lácteo residual de los procesos de las industrias lácticas del sector localizado en la provincia de Manabí, cantón Santa Ana, como materia prima para la obtención de ácido láctico, para lo cual, se llevó a cabo el cálculo de la demanda potencial anual en Manabí ($23.360) representando este valor el 16% de la demanda nacional, cubriendo el 10% del mercado del ácido láctico. A continuación, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica para evaluar la producción de ácido láctico, se determinó un rendimiento del 8,3% de ácido láctico a partir de la fermentación del suero de leche utilizando como microorganismo la bacteria lactobacillus bulgaricus. Luego se llevó a cabo el dimensionamiento de los equipos requeridos en la planta para la producción del ácido láctico, evitando el sobredimensionamiento de los equipos que aumentan el costo de producción. Cada uno de los equipos cuenta con su ficha técnica en la cual consta su capacidad, dimensiones y energía requerida para su funcionamiento. Por último, se realizó una propuesta económica que cuenta con la cotización de los equipos necesarios para la implementación de la planta, también consta del gasto anual efectuado por los insumos utilizados en la industria, proyectando una idea de la inversión que requiere la puesta en marcha de una planta a esta escala.

Palabras clave: ácido láctico, suero lácteo, fermentación, lactobacillus bulgaricus, AutoCAD.
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN KOMIK MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR BERBASIS BUDAYA
Authors: Martha Rusmana Indra , Mila Kurniawarsih
Published: April 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan media pembelajaran komik sebagai media pembelajaran untuk siswa kelas IV Sekolah Dasar yang menarik, sehingga siswa tidak mudah bosan dan jenuh ketika belajar. Media pembelajaran ini dibuat berdasarkan analisis kebutuhan terhadap kompetensi matematika yang seharusnya dimiliki oleh siswa Sekolah Dasar kelas IV. Alat pengumpul data berupa angket untuk guru dan siswa. Penelitian ini mengacu pada Model pengembangan ADDIE. Penelitian ini terdiri dari beberapa langkah, yaitu: Analysis-Design-Develepoment-Implementation-Evaluation. Dari pengembangan ini dihasilkan produk berupa komik matematika sebagai media pembelajaran. Produk yang dikembangkan sudah melaui tahap validasi oleh para ahli dan dinyatakan layak untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MATEMATIS SISWA MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SCRAMBLE
Authors: Mustika Helma , Mariati
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi dari hasil pengamatan di SMP Negeri 5 Batang Gansal ditemui hasil belajar siswa masih tergolong rendah, dan masih banyak siswa yang tidak mau bertanya dan malas menyelesaikan soal dengan alasan tidak paham, siswa beranggapan matematika sulit dan memusingkan, anggapan itu muncul karena siswa kesulitan mengerjakan soal matematika dan siswa merasa bosan dengan proses pembelajaran yang kurang menyenangkan.  Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran Scramble di kelas VII SMP Negeri 5 Batang Gansal. Jenis Penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK), dengan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu tes, lembar observasi dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis pemahaman konsep matematika dengan kriteria ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) yaitu 75 dan analisis lembar observasi. Berdasarkan uji hipotesis penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan pada pra siklus, siklus I dan siklus II. Jumlah siswa yang tuntas pada prasiklus sebanyak 6 siswa atau (35,29%), pada siklus I sebanyak 13 siswa atau (76,47%), dan siklus II sebanyak 16 siswa atau (94,12%). Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran Scramble dapat meningkatkan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 5 Batang Gansal.
Personal Protective Equipment used in Coronavirus Pandemic
Authors: ASAN Ali
Published: April 2020

Cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China's Hubei province, was reported to the China country Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 31, 2019. The causative agent was identified as a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) on January 7, 2020, and the causative agent was identified as a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that has not previously been detected in humans. Later, the name of the 2019-nCoV disease was accepted as COVID-19, and the virus was named as SARS-CoV-2 due to its similarity to SARS CoV.1-3
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period, special attention should be paid to personal protective equipment (PPE). Medical staff protection is particularly important because of the risk of infecting other medical team members, not only doctors, nurses, or paramedics but also other support staff necessary to ensure continuity of care for patients.
La correspondance familiale de Le Corbusier
Authors: Baudouï R. , Dercelles A.
Published: April 2020

Acumulada durante cerca de sesenta años, la correspondencia familiar de Le Corbusier permanece como una fuente documental preciosa. Relato de vida, relato histórico, relato de la creación, hoy en día todavía muestra una riqueza increíble sobre la que los autores intentan arrojar luz para comprender su economía doméstica, la eficiencia social pero también la función propedéutica.