bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the behaviour of barnacles: I. The relation of cirral and other activities to temperature
Authors: Southward A. J.
Published: May 2009

In previous papers (Southward, 1950, 1951 Southward & Crisp, 1952, 1954 a, b: see also Kitching, 1950 Moore & Kitching, 1939) it has been shown that the geographical distribution of several common intertidal animals in Britain is related to the temperatures prevailing in the different regions. Species of generally southern distribution in Europe are commonest on, or restricted to, the south and west coasts of Britain, where temperatures are higher, while those species of essentially northern character are commoner in the north and east where the temperatures are lower. Where species of northern and southern distribution occur side by side in the same habitat, and are in competition, it seems important to know the range of temperatures over which processes such as feeding and respiration can be carried out, as well as the often narrower range of temperatures within which breeding can take place (cf. Orton, 1920). For example, the two common intertidal barnacles of the European coasts,Chthamalus stellatus(Poli) andBalanus balanoides(L.), occur side by side only in Britain and Northern France, where they reach the northern and southern limits respectively of their distributions. From the distributions it can be inferred that the vital activities of the two species are keyed to different temperature ranges. This implies that for each species there is an optimum range of temperature, above or below which the species becomes less efficient at feeding, respiring or reproducing. Where the two species occur side by side, there may be periods of the year when one of them is living outside its optimum range, and is at a disadvantage compared with the other species.
Studies on marine flagellates II. Three new species of Chrysochromulina
Authors: Parke Mary , Manton Irene , Clarke B.
Published: May 2009

The three new species to be described below are the first of a considerable series of related forms, recently isolated from marine plankton off the British coasts and possessing in common a number of rather unusual characters which make their classification difficult. They are all very small and extremely fragile unicellular flagellates, with the characteristic golden brown plastid colour and metabolic products found in the Chrysophyceae to which they undoubtedly belong. Within this group their placing is more difficult and it cannot even be adequately discussed until the whole range of new forms is available for comparison. The most that we can do on this occasion is to make some provisional generic comparisons in order to establish a system of nomenclature. Unfortunately, existing descriptions of relevant genera are both scanty and incomplete, a defect which is easily explained by the nature of the organisms and the need for special facilities for their adequate study.
The growth rate of the Long Rough Dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.)—a correction
Authors: Bagenal T. B.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper (Bagenal, 1955) on the growth rate of the Long Rough Dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.) in the Clyde Sea area, a serious mistake was made.

The ages of 1561 Long Rough Dabs, which were collected from October 1953 to September 1954, were determined from an examination of the otoliths, and from the age analysis each fish was allocated to a population f to a, de-pending on when it was supposed to have spawned. This procedure was designed to obviate the difficulty during the winter and spring when fish of the same year-class would be grouped differently according to the condition of the otolith edge.
On a new scyphomedusa, Paraphyllina ransoni n.sp.
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

Maas (1903) described two specimens of a deep-water coronate scyphomedusa collected on the Siboga Expedition in the Malay Archipelago. He erected for these a new genus Paraphyllina and called the species P. intermedia. It differed from Periphylla in that the rhopalia were perradial and not interradial. In 1903, Lo Bianco figured a specimen taken in the Mediterranean near Capri which was identified for him by Maas as P. dodecdbostrycha (see also Maas, 1904, p. 48, footnote); Mayer (1910) saw this specimen and re-described and figured it as Paraphyllina intermedia. A fourth specimen ascribed to this species by Ranson (1936) was found washed up on the shore at Villefranche.
The host-specificity, micro-ecology, adhesive attitudes, and comparative morphology of some trematode gill parasites
Authors: Llewellyn J.
Published: May 2009

In recent years there have been several accounts of the occurrence of diclidophoroidean trematodes parasitic on the gills of fishes, e.g. Price (1943), Sproston (1946), Dawes (1947), Brinkmann (1952), and Chauhan (1953), and these accounts have included descriptions of the morphology of the parasites. The distribution records have revealed a generally high degree of host specificity and, in some species, a preference even for certain gill arches of the particular hosts, while the morphological descriptions have shown that there is a considerable variation in the form of the parasites, extending to various degrees of deviation from bilateral symmetry (PI. I, figs. 1–11). These morpho-logical variations are present in spite of the fact that the different parasites occupy such broadly similar habitats in the gill chambers of their respective hosts. But, as far as I am aware, this is the first attempt to investigate the distribution and morphology of the parasites in relation to their micro-habitats.
Studies on the biology of limpets: II. The breeding of Patella vulgata L. in Britain
Authors: Orton J. H. , Southward A. J. , Dodd J. M.
Published: May 2009

Some preliminary observations in North Cornwall (Orton, 1946) showed that the periods of breeding of the three British species of limpets were different. In order to determine these differences more accurately, and to study the breeding cycle, samples of limpets from six localities in Britain were examined at regular intervals for 5 years. This paper gives the results obtained for the common limpet Patella vulgata, which was present at all the localities sampled and was the most intensively studied of the three species. Later papers will deal with the remaining species and with other aspects of the investigations.
Contributions to the Comparative Anatomy of Some British Actiniæ
Authors: Rees Olwen M.
Published: May 2009

The main object of this paper is to give a comparative anatomical description of some British Anemones as well as to describe each individually; but the account is not so full as it was expected to be, as it was not possible to get all the species required.

In most cases the specimens were examined externally before sections were cut. Each specimen was prepared according to the usual method used with paraffin wax, and I found during the progress of the work that borax carmine was the stain which gave the most satisfactory results.

I should like to thank Miss E. de Fraine, D.Sc., Mr. F. W. Durlacher, and Mr. F. S. Wright for much assistance in the course of the work.

For specimens collected and sent I am deeply indebted to Dr. E. J. Allen and his staff at Plymouth, Miss Delap, of Valentia Island, and Monsieur Louis Fage, of the Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

FAM. SAGARTIDÆ (Gosse, 1858).

“Actiniinæ with a contractile pedal disk; body-wall smooth, or provided with verrucæ or tubercles, and usually perforated with cinclides, with or without a cuticle. Tentacles usually numerous and retractile, not very long, smooth, simple and generally entacmæous, sphincter muscle characteristically well developed and mesogloeal, occasionally diffuse endodermal, or even absent. At least six pairs of mesenteries, may be fertile or sterile. Acontia present.” The above is the definition used by Haddon in “The Actiniaria of the Torres Straits” in 1898. There has been a great deal of discussion concerning this family.
A Method of Separating Sponge Spicules by Filtration
Authors: Crawshay L. R.
Published: May 2009

The separation of sponge spicules by the method here described has been employed by me from time to time, for some years past, with such satisfactory results that it may be recommended with confidence as a useful and time-saving method of preparing these or other minute hard structures for microscopic examination.
Polychæta of Plymouth and the South Devon Coast, including a list of the Archiannelida
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: May 2009

The present list of Polychætes is a revision of the list published in 1904, as part of the general list of the Plymouth Marine Invertebrate Fauna (Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., vol. vii., 1904, p. 219). It is the result of work carried on in the intervals of other researches, as opportunity offered, and there are in all probability a good many gaps still to be filled.
Physical Factors on the Sandy Beach. Part II. Chemical Changes—Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Sulphides
Authors: Ronald Bruce J.
Published: May 2009

The presence of living organisms and their metabolic products introduce a further series of biochemical factors into the physical conditions of life on the sandy beach.

The gaseous exchanges of animals and plants lead to changes in the pH of the interstitial waters of the beach, but the calcareous matter associated with the sand acts as an alkali-reserve, preventing undue rise of acidity, and incidentally widening the potential range of carbonassimilation of the surface flora.
The Absorption of Glucose by Ostrea edulis
Authors: Yonge C. M.
Published: May 2009

Normal healthy oysters with openings drilled in both inhalent and exhalent chambers, remove considerable amounts of glucose from solution. The average diminution in 5 experiments, each consisting of two such animals kept in 4 litres of sea-water containing about 0-2% of glucose, was 8-17% at the end of 36 hours.

In similar experiments, using the same oysters after their mouths had been plugged with wax and plasticine, there was only an average diminution of 1-4:6% in the glucose at the end of 36 hours. In two of the experiments there was no diminution, and in the three others there was evidence that one of the two oysters in each had been incompletely plugged and glucose had passed into the alimentary canal.

Oysters which had been plugged for 8 days so that they were bleeding profusely, the mantle cavity containing vast numbers of leucocytes, were used for a third set of experiments in which the average diminution was 7-4% at the end of 36 hours.

There was no evidence of bacterial decomposition of glucose within the experimental period.

These results, taken with those of previous investigations, show that the ciliated epithelia of Lamellibranchs cannot absorb (nor ingest phagocytically). Absorption takes place in the tubules of the digestive diverticula within the alimentary canal, and, in the mantle cavity, only through the agency of phagocytes which are extruded in great numbers when Lamellibranchs bleed as a result of bad conditions.

The opinion of Ranson that Marennin and other soluble matter is absorbed directly by the ciliated epithelia in the mantle cavity cannot be upheld, this material being deposited in the cells by the phagocytes which either absorb it directly from the mantle cavity and gut, or transport it from the digestive diverticula.
The Genus Ilyanthus, Forbes
Authors: Stephenson T. A.
Published: May 2009

The genus Ilyanthus was erected by Forbes (1840) for I. scoticus; little is known about that species, and its anatomy is undescribed. There is no evidence that any subsequently described species is really a genuine Ilyanthus, and the genus-name can only be used provisionally for others until I. scoticus can be dissected. Meanwhile the genus-name must be reserved for I. mitchellii, the main subject of this paper. Gosse described this species from a specimen which he saw in 1853 (see Actinologia, p. 232); it must have been in poor condition or semi-contracted, and his figure (PL. 8, Fig. 6) is quite misleading. Andres erected (1883, p. 462) a genus Mesacmœa for his Ilyanthus stellatus of 1880, and, as I hope to show below, M. stellata is either specifically or at any rate generically identical with I. mitchellii; so that Mesacmœa now becomes a synonym; if it should prove, later on, when I. scoticus can be examined, that I. mitchellii does not really agree with it, i.e. is no Ilyanthus, then the name Mesacmœa can be revived for mitchellii and stellatus. Carlgren (Actiniaria of the Danish Ingolf—Expedition, 1921) has given a few anatomical details of Me acmœa, gained from notes by Andres in his possession; they agree with my description of I. mitchellii as far as they go, but there are not enough of them to make a full understanding of the genus possible. In Andres' 1883 monograph will be found a description of another species, I. partenopeus (p. 459).
The Larval Stages of Longipedia coronata Claus, L. scotti G. O. Sars, and L. minor T. and A. Scott, with a Description of the Male of L. scotti
Authors: Nicholls A. G.
Published: May 2009

1. The nauplius stages of three species of Longipedia are described, and the segmentation and armature of the appendages of L. coronata are given in tabular form.

2. The main features in the external structure of the copepodite stages are summarised in a table.

3. Additional points of resemblance between the nauplii of Longipedia and the cirripedes are presented.

4. Notes are given on breeding and development under laboratory conditions ; there is no evidence of parthenogenesis.

5. Feeding in the copepodite stage of Longipedia is described.

6. A description is given of the hitherto unknown male form of L. scotti.
Stolonization in Myrianida
Authors: Okada Yô E.
Published: May 2009

Myrianida pinnigera (Montagu) is one of the representative Syllids in the Plymouth district. Here, it is found always in close association with Ascidiella aspersa and Phallusia mammillata, possibly feeding upon the body fluid of these Ascidians.
Edwardsia callianthus Spec. nov. A New British Species from Menai Straits
Authors: Rawlinson Ruth
Published: May 2009

While collecting in Menai Straits in July, 1932, Professor Orton found three specimens of an Edwardsia-like anemone. They were kept alive in finger bowls for several months; and when they were examined in the following November about two dozen young anemones were discovered with them. These Professor Orton kindly showed to me, and suggested a further examination of th young and adults.
Studies on the biology of limpets: III. Hermaphroditism in the three British species of Patella
Authors: Dodd J. M.
Published: May 2009

Sex phenomena in molluscs have been widely investigated, and the relevant literature on the subject has been reviewed by Coe (1943,1944). Coe recognizes ambisexuality (monoecism, hermaphroditism) and unisexuality (dioecism, gonochorism) and further subdivides ambisexuality into functional ambisexuality (functional hermaphroditism), consecutive sexuality, rhythmical consecutive sexuality and alternative sexuality. Of these, functional hermaphroditism is of widespread occurrence: it is encountered in all the main groups, with the exception of scaphopods and cephalopods. Of the more than 20,000 species of living gastropods approximately half are functional hermaphrodites when fully adult (Coe, 1944). Limpets of the genus Patella are unisexual, though there is evidence that sex change may occur in some of the species (Orton, 1920, 1928, in Patella vulgata; Bacci, 1947, in P. coeruled). Little is known with certainty of the mechanism of sex-determination in these animals, but sexuality appears to be labile since it seems that more than 90% of individuals of P. vulgata change sex at some stage in their life history. Aberrant sexual forms might therefore reasonably be expected to occur. In the present paper thirty hermaphrodite gonads encountered in an examination of 64,576 limpets are described and their significance in the wider context of sexual phenomena in molluscs is discussed.
The attenuation of light in sea and estuarine waters in relation to the concentration of suspended solid matter
Authors: Jones D. , Wills M. S.
Published: May 2009

Experiments have been reported recently (Atkins, Jenkins & Warren, 1954) in which the relative concentration of suspended matter at different depths in the sea was determined by filtering samples of water through collodion membranes and measuring the relative albedos. Also reported in the same paper are the results of a series of observations of the visual range of a Secchi disc at station E1 in relation to the concentration of phytoplankton.
On the hydroid Merona cornucopiae (Norman)
Authors: Rees W. J.
Published: May 2009

During a short visit of seven days to the Station Biologique, Roscoff, in June 1955, I was able to make some observations on living colonies of Merona cornucopiae (Norman) and on other hydroids. The object of my visit was to see living polyps of Tricyclusa singularis which were also found, but unexpectedly Merona was found during dredging and provided the opportunity for a much needed re-description from living material.
Mechanical properties ofPinnaadductor muscle
Authors: Abbott B. C. , Lowy J.
Published: May 2009

It is well known that the smooth adductors of lamellibranch molluscs can hold the shells closed against the tension exerted by the elastic hinge ligament for prolonged periods without visible signs of fatigue. Two opposing hypotheses have been put forward to explain this phenomenon. One postulates that tonic contraction is a tetanic phenomenon and that the economy of lamellibranch smooth muscles is due to their slow speed of relaxation (Ritchie, 1928); whilst the other proposes the existence of a ‘catch mechanism’ which enables tension to be maintained without expenditure of energy, so that no excitation is needed during tonic contraction (Jordan, 1938).
The density of the eggs of Calanus finmarchicus
Authors: Salzen E. A.
Published: May 2009

The vertical distribution of plankton organisms and their eggs depends largely on their surface area and density (Eyden, 1923). Gross & Raymont (1942) observed that the eggs of Calanus finmarchicus had a density (1.045–1.049 g/cc) greater than that of sea water (1.0235–1.025 g/cc), and that they sank at the rate of approximately 2.5 cm/min at 13°C. These workers pointed out that since the embryo takes 24 h to complete development, the eggs will sink in still water to a depth of 36 m before hatching and yet the data available, although not extensive, suggests that both eggs and nauplii are found most abundantly nearer the surface than this (Nicholls, 1933; Kraefft, 1910). If these observations are correct, then in addition to density and viscosity, there must be a third factor affecting the distribution of these eggs. Unfortunately, Gross & Raymont did not consider the possible effect of viscosity in their method for determining density, and they themselves commented on the disturbing degree of variation in some of their results. Their measurements of the rate of sinking of the eggs in sea water also showed considerable variation. It seemed worth while, therefore, to measure the density of these eggs using the density gradient technique of Linderstrøm-Lang (1937), a method which enables the individual and precise measurement of the density of small living objects, independent of their shape, i.e. surface area. This method was being used in work on Psammechinus eggs at the Marine Station, Millport, and, at the suggestion of Dr A. P. Orr, the following measurements were made on the eggs of Calanus finmarchicus.
Underwater observations on escallop (Pecten maximus L.) beds
Authors: Baird R. H. , Gibson F. A.
Published: May 2009

In an age-frequency distribution plot of a biological population, it is axiomatic that there should be, in general, a preponderance of young. This expected distribution is not found when sampling some marine animals, notably lobsters and escallops. Many workers, including Priol (1930), Tang (1941), Elmhirst (1945), Baird (1952), Fairbridge (1953), and Mason have noted the absence ofyoung escallops (Pecten sp.) in the expected numbers in dredge hauls.

A dredge without teeth, lined with sprat netting, was used at Brixham in an attempt to catch the young escallops, but this dredge filled so quickly with sand, gravel and shell that very few escallops were caught, although those taken did have a generally lower size-range than the escallops caught with a standard toothed dredge. At Castletownbere (Co. Cork) a naturalist's dredge similarly failed to catch many escallops.
Remarks on Dr. Petersen's Report of the Danish Biological Station for 1895
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: May 2009

It may be predicted of a Report by Dr. Petersen that it is sure to contain matter of great interest, both to the ichthyologist and to the student of fishery questions; and the volume for 1895 is assuredly no exception to the rule.
On the Pelagic Fauna of Plymouth for September, 1897
Authors: Browne Edward T.
Published: May 2009

In the Journal of this Association for 1896 (Vol. IV., No. 2, p. 168) I published a few notes on the Pelagic Fauna of Plymouth for September, 1893 and 1895. This year (1897) I again occupied a table in the Laboratory during September for the study of medusae, and alos made a few entries in my notebook on the occurence of certain animals belonging to other groups, and kept a special look-out for the animals which I noted in previous years. Unfortunately I was not able to visit Plymouth during September in 1894 and 1896, consequently the record is broken by two blank years, and spoilt for an accurate comparison of one year with another, but it shows that more Atlantic forms were present in 1895 than in 1893 or 1897.
Factors Affecting the Durability of Silk Plankton Tow-Nets and Young Fish Trawl-Nets
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: May 2009

Owing to the combined action of bacteria, sunlight, sea-water, and general wear and tear the costly silk tow-nets when in constant use are only found to last a few months, or with less use for over twelve months. The young fish trawl-nets, made of a hemp material known as “stramin,” if used several times a week are expected to last over three months.
Note on an Apparatus for Determining the Quantity of Dissolved Gases in Sea Water, and in Fluids Containing Organic Matter
Authors: Harvey H. W.
Published: May 2009

An apparatus was devised with the primary object of determining the atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen dissolved in sea water from on board ship in fine weather. It was found that the apparatus could be used at sea in fine weather, but owing to the difficulty of manipulation when any sea was running there was a possibility of error which necessitated duplicate determinations being made, each of which took about twenty minutes. In the Laboratory, on the other hand, the apparatus gives rapid and reasonably accurate results, and may be of use for the estimation of oxygen or other dissolved gases in fluids which contain organic matter, rendering Winkler's method of oxygen determination impossible, and where there is an insufficient quantity of fluid and time to carry out extraction of the gases by means of a mercury pump.

The apparatus was made as shown diagramatically in Fig. I, consisting of a glass bulb filled with mercury, with the necessary means of evacuating it and trapping any air leak which may occur in the process. It is mounted in a weighted teak box with hinged door and can be let down by a line to any desired depth in the sea, the tap t opened by a messenger and the charge of sea water (4.59 c.c. in this particular apparatus) drawn in, as shown in Fig. II. The apparatus is then drawn up, tap t and screw pinch cock s closed, and the bulb evacuated by lowering the mercury reservoir and opening tap q (Fig. III).
The Growth Of Balanus Balanoides (L.) and B. Crenatus Brug. Under Varying Conditions Of Submersion
Authors: Barnes H. , Powell H. T.
Published: May 2009

The length, breadth, and in part the height, of individual Balanus balanoides and B. crenatus have been measured over several seasons, and the mean specific growth-rates calculated. The B. balanoides had settled at various known intertidal levels, and both species under conditions of permanent submersion.

Under all conditions, except on the highest intertidal panels, length increases rapidly subsequent to settlement and during the early summer. B. crenatus can reach its virtual maximum size (20–25 nun. rostro-carinal length) in a single growing season, under the conditions studied. Late-settled B. crenatus continue to grow further into the autumn, and begin to grow again early in the spring of the second season at the end of which the virtual maximum size is reached. The seasonal growth of both intertidal and submerged B. balanoides is similar, but the growth-rate is a function of submersion, which is, of course, dependent upon the tidal level. However, maximum growth is not reached in the first season and there is consequently relatively more growth in the second season than in B. crenatus.

The mean specific growth-rates in both species decrease with increasing size and, with permanently submerged B. crenatus, there is no suggestion that during the first spring and early summer any change in the environmental factors was effective. On the intertidal panels, the mean specific growth-rates at a given size vary with the tidal level, and this effect is most marked in the smaller barnacles.
Notes From the Plymouth Aquarium. II
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

As known from ancient times, Electric Rays (Torpedo) have the power of giving severe numbing shocks, and it has repeatedly been stated that this power, which is electrical, is used both as a means of protection and for paralysing prey. That the shock is used in the capture of prey seems never to have been definitely proved. Indeed Roule (1935, p. 161) expresses the opinion that the electric shock is not used for securing food and even doubts that it is normally and effectively used as a means of defence. There appears to be no detailed account of the manner in whichTorpedo feeds, but the ninth edition (1925) of theGuide to the Aquarium of the Zoological Station at Naplesmentions (p. 106) that the Electric Ray rises from the mud to throw itself against approaching mullet (Mugil), and that the mullet, overcome by fright and electric shock, fall to the ground to be eaten. This very short and incomplete account was not seen until after the following paragraphs had been written.

BothTorpedo nobilianaBonaparte and T.torpedoL. occur from time to time off Plymouth, the former being by far the commoner, and both have been kept in our aquarium tanks. They are sluggish fishes, spending most of the time lying still on the bottom, occasionally swimming for short spells. They swim by sculling with the tail, which has a large caudal and two dorsal fins. This mode of swimming differs strikingly from that of normal rays, which undulate the pectoral fins and trail their tails' it resembles the swimming movements ofRhina squatina (L.), another fish with a sluggish disposition and, as noted below, some other resemblances to Torpedo.
On The Growth and Feeding of the Larval and Post-Larval Stages of the Clyde Herring
Authors: Marshall S. M. , Nicholls A. G. , Orr A. P.
Published: May 2009

1. Samples of herring from the Clyde sea-area were obtained weekly from the time of hatching in March until metamorphosis in June.

2. The rate of growth was regular, about 3 mm. in length per week; the development was similar to that described from elsewhere.

3. The herring which hatched off the south-west of Arran gradually moved northwards into the mouth of Loch Fyne and remained there until metamorphosis.

4. The proportion feeding was usually small. The food consisted mainly of copepods, both young stages and adults. The size of the food organisms eaten depended roughly on the size of the herring
Stanley Wells Kemp 1882–1945
Authors: Hardy A. C.
Published: May 2009

Stanley Kemp, Sc.D., F.R.S., Secretary of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom and Director of the Plymouth Laboratory, died on 16 May 1945 at the age of 62. His death at the height of his power has come as a most grievous blow to both marine science and zoology in general.
The Species of Teredo From Plymouth Waters
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: May 2009

In the many references to Teredo from Plymouth early workers assumed that the common form was T. navalis L. Orton (1913) refers to this species, but he has recently told me that he did not try to identify the species precisely. It is almost certain that he was dealing with T. norvegica Spengler, which, it is now known, is the common large species in these waters. Harington (1922) ascribes the species with which he worked at Plymouth to T. norvegica, with a query, and no doubt he identified the species correctly. Yonge (1926) states that the Teredo with which he worked from the experimental raft near Plymouth Breakwater were probably all T. norvegica. Later he identified them as that species. Unlike T. navalis it does not carry its young in a brood pouch, but sends its eggs directly into the sea.

Three species have been found in recent years from the Plymouth district, two from the experimental raft moored near the Breakwater and from other fixed wood, and one from driftwood. The two commonly occurring from the raft are (1) T. norvegica and (2) a much smaller species carrying its young in a brood pouch, closely related to, if not identical with, T. navalis. The third species, occurring occasionally in driftwood, is T. megotara Forbes & Hanley. Purchon (1941), who worked at the last species from specimens in a tank at the Plymouth Laboratory, saw no sign of a brood pouch; and in those collected later from Wembury and examined by myself it was found that the eggs, shed directly into the sea, were very numerous.
The Ecology of the Tamar Estuary III. Salinity and Temperature Conditions in the Lower Estuary
Authors: Milne A.
Published: May 2009

An attempt has been made to give the range and rate of fluctuation of salinity (and, to a lesser extent, of temperature) that organisms experience at various points on the bed of the lower Tamar Estuary and in the overlying water especially near the surface. Such work until now does not seem to have been attempted. The following general facts emerge: On proceeding from high-water mark to low-water mark there is an increase in the range, rate and duration of fluctuation in salinity. Also the upper limit of the salinity range rises very slightly while the lower limit falls by a large amount, i.e. there is a more or less uniform gradient from high-water mark to low-water mark. Near high-water mark the fluctuation is less and of shorter incidence and is distributed over a higher level of the total salinity range (for the intertidal area) than near low-water mark. Owing to stratification, the farther down the intertidal area the (slightly) longer is the duration of the high salinities, especially in winter. At mid-tide mark the fluctuation is very similar to that on the bottom in mid-river, but is of twice the rate.
Photography of the sea floor
Authors: Vevers H. G.
Published: May 2009

During the last sixty years many attempts have been made to take photographs underwater at depths varying from just below low-water to many thousands of feet. The pioneer work of Boutan (1893) showed clearly that the essential requirements were a relatively light apparatus fitted with a good source of illumination. Ewing, Vine & Worzel (1946) gave a list of workers who have obtained underwater photographs at wading or diving depths. In their own work Ewing, Vine & Worzel have designed a number of underwater cameras with which they have taken some thousands of pictures of the sea-bottom. In their free-floating cameras the apparatus is allowed to sink to the bottom with a ballast weight. On touching the bottom a trigger sets off the camera which takes two pictures with a time interval of 30 sec. After this the ballast is released and a float brings the apparatus to the surface. In their suspended cameras the component parts are mounted, as in the free-floating cameras, on a vertical pole, with the camera near the top and a trigger at the base. Activation of the camera occurs when the trigger touches the bottom. Their most satisfactory light source proved to be the photoflash bulb. With one or other of these cameras they have obtained large numbers of clear photographs in depths ranging from 10 to 2400 ft., and have used these in studies of bottom deposits, sand ripples, and the distribution of animal life. (See also Ewing, Woolard, et al, 1946.)
On the biology of Mytilicola intestinalis (Steuer)
Authors: Hockley A. R.
Published: May 2009

The copepod parasite Mytilicola intestinalis was first described by Steuer (1902) from the gut of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.) in the Gulf of Trieste. Monod & Dollfus in 1932 recorded the same species from M. edulis from Marseilles. In 1939 the parasite was first recorded on the German North Sea coast by Caspers near Cuxhaven, and in 1947 by Ellenby from Blyth, Northumberland. It is now widespread along the English south coast in M. edulis, but the distribution still shows some irregularities that are discussed in this paper.

I am grateful to Prof. J. E. G. Raymont for facilities at University College, Southampton, and for the use of a research table at Plymouth; to Mr F. S. Russell, F.R.S., and the staff of the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association for their assistance; and to Dr D. P. Wilson for facilities to collect at Exmouth. Dr H. A. Cole and Mr J. N. R. Grainger have kindly given me information from their papers not yet published. Dr D. J. Crisp and Dr H. G. Stubbings have assisted by sending me several samples of mussels, and I am grateful also for information received from several other friends named in the text.
Note on a method for determination of ammonia in sea water
Authors: Buljan M.
Published: May 2009

Since the estimation of ammonia in sea water by existing methods either presents difficulties or requires much time, an alternative based on a different principle has been explored.
Factors affecting the distribution of silicate in the North Atlantic Ocean and the formation of North Atlantic deep water
Authors: Cooper L. H. N.
Published: May 2009

In the deep water of the eastern North Atlantic below 2000 m. the variations with depth of salinity, temperature, density, oxygen, phosphorus compounds and nitrate are quite small. By contrast the silicate content is doubled in a descent from 2000 to 4000 m.

The distinctive behaviour of silicate is revealed by diagrams (Fig. I) relating it to salinity, temperature, density and total phosphorus at station 2659 worked by R.R.S. Discovery II on 12 May 1950 (Armstrong, 1951; Cooper 1952, Table IV). The temperature-salinity diagram (Cooper, 1952, fig. 15, to 1500 m. only) suggests that between 1200 and 2000 m. we have to deal with simple mixing of the mean Gulf of Gibraltar and North Atlantic Deep waters. If silicate concentration were subject only to mixing processes the curves in Fig. I between these depths would be straight lines. They are not—consequently it would seem that solution of either particulate silica or of aluminosilicates may be occurring. As yet, clear interpretation is not possible. At least five hypotheses may be erected to explain, in whole or in. part, the observed distribution: (i) solution of bottom deposits; (ii) solution of ‘clay’ and of silica in suspension; (iii) concentration by vertical partition; (iv) tundra drainage; (v) sinking of surface water. These are examined in turn.
Steroid sulphatase, arylsulphatase and β-glucuronidase in marine invertebrates
Authors: Corner E. D. S. , Leon Y. A. , Bulbrook R. D.
Published: May 2009

The widespread occurrence of sulphatases in the Mollusca was first demonstrated by Soda & Hattori (1933 a, b) who showed that these enzymes are mainly concentrated in the digestive glands. That extracts from marine molluscs also possess β-glucuronidase activity was first noted by Dodgson, Lewis & Spencer (1952) who studied the optimum conditions for the activity of this enzyme and arylsulphatase in Patella vulgata (L.) and Littorina littorea (L.) and applied their findings in an investigation of the distribution of both enzymes among various other marine molluscs (Dodgson, Lewis & Spencer, 1953).
Entionella monensis sp.nov., an entoniscid parasite of the spider crab Eurynome aspera (Pennant)
Authors: Hartnoll R. G.
Published: May 2009

The family Entoniscidae (Isopoda-Epicaridea) is included in the superfamily Bopyrina, which comprises the families Bopyridae, Dajidae and Entoniscidae. The Bopyridae are parasitic in the branchial cavity or on the abdomen of decapods, mainly Macrura and Anomura. The Dajidae occur in the incubatory chamber or on the dorsal surface of mysids and euphausiids, and rarely on Brachyura. The Entoniscidae are found in the visceral cavity of Anomura and Brachyura (an exception is Synalpheion, in a macruran, Coutière 1908), surrounded by a membrane of host origin, and communicating with the branchial cavity of the host by a pore. Together with this internal habitat the family has extreme morphological specialization. Females of the Bopyridae have distinct thoracic segmentation and well-developed peraeopods; in the Dajidae the peraeopods are distinct, but segmentation is less evident; in adult females of the Entoniscidae, however, the peraeopods consist of only the enlarged oostegites, with rudimentary endopodites in some species, and the thorax has only traces of segmentation.
W. R. G. Atkins, C.B.E., O.B.E.(Mil.), Sc.D., F.R.I.C, F.Inst.P., F.R.S. 1884–1959
Authors: Cooper L. H. N.
Published: May 2009

William Ringrose Gelston Atkins was appointed Head of the Department of General Physiology at the Plymouth Laboratory in February 1921 at the age of 36 having already at Trinity College, Dublin, applied widely the methods of physics and chemistry to the problems of biology, particularly botany. He was very well equipped to study the physics and chemistry of sea water as an environment for marine life. He served with great distinction at Plymouth, apart from the years of the Second World War, until he retired from the staff in March 1955 and enjoyed only four years of leisure before his death on 4 April 1959.
Chemical changes in sea water off Plymouth during 1958
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I.
Published: May 2009

Analyses of sea water collected during 1958 at the International Hydrographic Station E1 (lat. 50° 02′ N., long. 4° 22′ W.) are given here in the same form as in earlier reports (Armstrong, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958; Armstrong & Butler, 1959). The methods of collection and analysis remain the same. Salinities were determined by the Government Chemist, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. We wish again to thank Lt.-Cdr. C. A. Hoodless, D.S.C., and the crew of R.V. ‘Sarsia’, and Capt. W. J. Creese and the crew of R.V. ‘Sula’ for help at sea.
The new aquarium and new sea-water circulation systems at the Plymouth Laboratory
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

Before describing the new aquarium some mention should be made of the final state of the old, which was described in detail some years ago (Wilson, 1952). Various suggestions for improvement made at that time were subsequently carried out. Thus the central table tanks were removed in 1953 and the central curtains, after shortening, were hung from the ceiling above the front top edge of the south-side tanks. This gave greatly improved viewing of the tank contents through exclusion of direct daylight to the public hall, and the viewing was still further improved when the south-side windows were blackened inside and the tanks lit solely by electric light. Modifications to the reservoirs (described below) brought about a clarity of the sea water never before attained.
On the organic binding of iodine in the tunic ofCiona intestinalisL.
Authors: Barrington E. J. W. , Barron Norma
Published: May 2009

It is now known that organic binding of iodine takes place in the endostyle ofCiona(Barrington, 1957) andAmphioxus(Thomas, 1956; Barrington, 1958), and there isevidence that at least di-iodotyrosine and thyroxine are formed as a result of this processinCiona(Barrington, 1959; Robertson, personal communication. Since this biosynthesis appears to be a specialized property of a restricted group of cells, it has been suggested (Barrington, 1959) that it is not a chance by-product of endostylar secretion but that the thyroidal products are a biochemical necessity for the animals concerned. Attention has been drawn also to the occurrence of iodine binding at the surface of the tunic (or test) ofCiona(Barrington, 1957), and it is the purpose of the present paper to present some analysis of this latter situation and to enquire as to its possible relationship with the endostylar activity.
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Iron and Manganese in Marine Zooplankton
Authors: Cooper L. H. N.
Published: May 2009

Analyses of phosphorus, nitrogen, iron and manganese are recorded for Balanus nauplii (a cirripede crustacean), post-larval Callionymus (a teleostean fish), mature Sagitta elegans (a chaetognath), Pleurobrachia (a ctenophore) and for crab zoeas and megalopas (Table I). A sample of Sagitta setosa in 1934 contained much more iron than that in S. elegans here reported. The ctenophore, Pleurobrachta, is relatively poor in phosphorus, nitrogen and iron and its ash-free protoplasm must evidently be rich in either fats or carbohydrates. Neither Pleurobrachia nor Balanus nauplii effect any appreciable concentration of manganese from sea water.
The Plankton in the Upper Reaches of the Bristol Channel
Authors: Rees Colin B.
Published: May 2009

The plankton collected at a station in the Bristol Channel in 1936-7 is related to chemical and hydrographical factors.

On account of the varying speeds of the tidal streams, the observations refer, not to a single point, but to a series of points along a length of the channel. Gradients of salinity, phosphate, and a possible complicated gradient of oxygen saturation, were determined, and, from the average monthly salinities, an annual cyclical movement of water deduced.
Blood And Urine Constituents ofLophius PiscatoriusL.
Authors: Brull L. , Nizet E.
Published: May 2009

The blood ofLophius piscatoriusis poor in haemoglobin, the volume of red cells being only 17%. The plasma contains less than 40 g. of protein/1., of which only 6 7 % is albumin. This explains its low osmotic pressure. As is well known, it contains more crystalloids than mammalian blood, A(depression of freezing-point) being 0–84°, the same figure being found at Naples, Woods Hole and Plymouth. This rather high concentration is not due to organic constituents, that of total non-protein nitrogen being of the same magnitude as in mammals; it is mainly due to a high content of sodium chloride. Chloride is at a concentration of 15.3 m.equiv./1oo ml., sodium at 18.5, while in mammals they reach 9 and 15 respectively.

Total non-protein nitrogen concentrations in plasma are similar to concentrations in mammals; themain non-protein nitrogen constituents of plasma are neither urea, ammonia, uric acid or allantoin, but trimethylamine or trimethylamineoxide. Of our analysis 37% of non-protein nitrogen of plasma remain unidentified, so far as we can rely upon our chemical methods. The power of concentration of the kidney for non-protein nitrogen on the whole is not high; it varies up to fifteen times. But the degree of concentration by the kidney, small for most constituents, even for trimethylamine, seems to be very high for creatine which is the main representative of non-protein nitrogen. Of our urine analysis, 30% of non-protein nitrogen remain as yet unidentified.
Experiments with Radioactive Strontium (90Sr) on Certain Molluscs and Polychaetes
Authors: Fretter Vera
Published: May 2009

IfArion hortensisbe fed on a diet which contains 90Sr, autoradiographs show that the isotope istaken up by the digestive and lime cells of the digestive gland. From the former it passes to th haemocoel; in the lime cells it is concentrated around the calcium spherules. Some of the tracer enters the body through the wall of the intestine. Calcium stores which surround blood vessels and calcium cells in the mantle also concentrate the tracer.

InAplysia.punctata90Sr from the surrounding water passes through the surface of the body, and especially the gill; inAcanthodoris pilosaions which enter the tissues from the sea water accumulate around the numerous calcium concretions in the mantle. These marine molluscs obtain cations directly from the water as well as by way of the food.

There is a slow uptake of strontium ions by the ctenidia ofMytilus edulis, though, even in filtered sea water, the gut is the more important area for their ingress to the body. It is possible that they enter with the mucous feedingsheets. They pass readily into the cells of the digestive gland. Some of the isotope taken in with the food is absorbed by the wall of the intestine; this also occurs in Patella vulgata, in which the intestine provides a much larger area, and inLepidochitona cinereus.

Mytilusplaced in filtered sea water which is activated with 90Sr, so increasing the strontium content by 007%, show the tracer localized for excretion within 10 hr. Ions are aggregated in the pericardial glands, not in the kidney.
Spectral Composition of the Light of Pholas Dactylus L.
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: May 2009

A spectral emission curve for the light of Pholas dactylus has been determined by means of spectral niters and photomultiplier cell. Emission extends from about 440 to 670 mμ, with a maximum at about 490 mμ. The emission curve is compared with the action spectrum determined by Hecht.
Notes on the Medusa Amphinema Krampi Russell
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper (Russell, 1956) I described a new medusa Amphinema krampi from a single specimen. I have now found three more specimens in collections made with a 2 m stramin ring trawl by R.V.Sarsia. Two of these were caught on 13 June 1956 at 48° 29' N., 9° 05' W. with 450 fathoms of wire out; one was a female 7 mm high and the other a male about 5 or 6 mm in height. The third specimen, a male 6·5 mm high, was taken on 4 July 1956 at 47' N., 5° 47' W. with 880 fathoms of wire out. Of the three specimens the female being the best preserved was kept intact; the two males were used for sectioning.

It is now possible to add to my previous description of the species. As in the specimen already described, the umbrellas are crumpled and have their margins turned inwards. In the female, however, it is certain that there is a small apical projection. The radial canals leave the stomach below the lower limits of the gonads so that there are fairly long 'mesenteries'. The marginal tentaculae are six in number in each specimen, two perradial and four interradial. It is possible therefore that the eight which I recorded in my first specimen may have been an abtext-abstract number. The interradial female gonads are irregularly folded and much corrugated. All specimens have exactly the same coloration as that given in my previous description. A drawing of the female medusa is given in Fig.
A Micro-Analytical Scheme for the Determination of Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipid and RNA Levels in Marine Invertebrate Larvae
Authors: Holland D. L. , Gabbott P. A.
Published: May 2009

A micro-analytical scheme for the determination of protein, total carbohydrate, freereducing substances, total lipid, phospholipid and RNA levels in marine invertebrate larvae is described and discussed. The scheme is designed for use with 1–2 mg dry weight of tissue. Values of 171·0, 15·03, 50·4 and 11·58 μg/mg dry weight of larvae (flesh + shell) are given for the levels of protein, total carbohydrate, total lipid and RNA respectively, in newly released larvae ofOstrea edulisL.