bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T
Cell Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Palomba M. Lia , Park Jae H. , Brentjens Renier
Published: October 2022

Overview

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) represents the first known example of using the anti‐tumor potential of T cells; a phenomenon later known as the graft versus tumor effect. Since the recognition in BMT that T cells are a significant source for therapeutic anti‐cancer potential, investigators have sought for the next 6–7 decades to better harness the potential of T cells as an anti‐ cancer therapeutic. This road to discovery early on included utilizing virus specific T cells to target virus induced malignancies which express viral proteins. Recognition that T cells infiltrating tumors also mediate anti‐tumor efficacy, investigators next harnessed these tumor infiltrating T cells (TILs), expanded in the laboratory, to demonstrate therapeutic benefit primarily in the setting of melanomas. With the advent of viral vector mediated gene engineering, the field of adoptive T cell therapies made a remarkable step forward in the setting of T cells engineered to specifically recognize tumor antigens through the introduction of genes encoding tumor targeted T cells receptors (TCRs) as well as the more novel chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). These TCR and CAR engineered T cells have to date demonstrated anti‐tumor efficacies with the potential to markedly change cancer therapy in the foreseeable future. More significantly, with further understanding of the tumor immunology and consequent innovation, the ceiling on adoptive therapy using genetically engineered T cells is extremely high.
Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Sharma Padmanee , Anandhan Swetha , Siddiqui Bilal A. , Goswami Sangeeta , Subudhi Sumit K. , Gao Jianjun , Peggs Karl , Quezada Sergio , Allison James P.
Published: October 2022

Overview

The basic principles that guide cancer immunology are immune surveillance, immune editing, and immune tolerance. Rapid increase in the knowledge of mechanistic details of these basic principles has led to clinical success in the treatment of cancer. In this article, we discuss the basic principles and recent advances in the field of basic and clinical immunotherapy that has given credence to the long‐held belief that the immune system can be used to treat cancer. Further, we also focus on the challenges associated with immunotherapies in the clinic, the role of combining different types of immunotherapies and other therapeutic modalities in the treatment of cancer.
Principles of Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Nicolaides Theodore P. , Raetz Elizabeth , Carroll William L.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Pediatric malignancies differ from those that occur in adults in their relative incidence, pathological type, clinical presentation, and prognosis. The last several decades of the twentieth century have been a period of enormous accomplishment in the field of pediatric cancer research and outcomes have steadily improved largely due to results from large well‐controlled clinical trials conducted by various cooperative groups at the national and international level. This article seeks to provide a broad overview of pediatric oncology, outlining the several common cancer types that are unique to the pediatric age group.
Neoplasms of the Appendix and Peritoneum
Authors: Liu Annie , Cardona Diana , Blazer Dan
Published: October 2022

Overview

Neoplasms of the appendix, while rare, include a broad range of heterogenous malignancies. These are broadly divided into two subtypes: epithelial and nonepithelial. In this chapter, we detail the most recent classification guidelines, and describe clinical presentation, histology, and treatment options for these neoplasms.
Testis Cancer
Authors: Hawking Michael , Paner Gladell , Eggener Scott , Stadler Walter M.
Published: October 2022

Overview

This chapter reviews the epidemiology, pathology, and standardized therapy for this group of malignancies.
Epithelial Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Peritoneal Cancer
Authors: Berek Jonathan S. , Renz Malte , Friedlander Michael L. , Bast Robert C.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Most epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancers initially present in advanced‐stage and respond to surgery and platinum‐based chemotherapy. However, in the majority of these women, the disease eventually recurs and cannot be cured. Ovarian cancer has the highest fatality‐to‐case ratio of all gynecologic cancers.
1,2
The lifetime risk for ovarian cancer in the general population is 1 in 75; the prevalence in the postmenopausal population in the United States 1 in 2500. Germline mutations of
BRCA1
and
BRCA2
are associated with 10–15% of ovarian cancers and increase the risk of ovarian cancer dramatically. Factors that contribute to persistent ovulation increase the risk in women with sporadic disease, whereas oral contraceptives decrease its risk. While epithelial ovarian cancers were thought to arise from the ovarian surface epithelium or the lining of inclusion cysts beneath the ovarian surface, it has been recognized that many high‐grade serous “ovarian” carcinomas and peritoneal cancers arise in the fimbriae of the fallopian tube.
3–10
Epithelial ovarian cancers can exhibit serous, endometrioid, mucinous or clear cell histotypes. Low‐grade type I ovarian cancers grow slowly, can evolve from tumors of low malignant potential, bear predominantly
Ras
mutations, express wild type
TP53
, and respond less frequently to platinum‐ and taxane‐based therapy. High‐grade type II ovarian cancers grow rapidly, arise from precursors with
TP53
mutations, are driven by DNA copy number changes, present in late stage (III–IV) and frequently respond to platinum‐based combination chemotherapy. Due to a lack of specific symptoms or effective screening, more than 70% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed in advanced stage (III–IV). Primary treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer involves cytoreductive surgery and six cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Maintenance therapy has been established in primary and secondary treatment with targeted agents such as PARP‐inhibitors and bevacizumab depending on for example,
BRCA
mutational status. Recurrent disease with few exceptions cannot be cured with currently available agents, but survival can be prolonged with combinations of cytotoxic agents including retreatment with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Palliative agents include liposomal doxorubicin, gemcitabine, topotecan, bevacizumab, and etoposide. New therapy for low‐grade cancers involves MEK inhibitors, whereas trials of immunotherapy are underway in patients with high‐grade epithelial ovarian cancers.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Straus David J. , Kumar Anita
Published: October 2022

Overview

This article provides a historical perspective on the marked advances in radiotherapy and chemotherapy that have contributed to significant improvements in the curability of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) over the past several decades. The classic features and new insights into the epidemiology, biology, and pathologic characteristics of HL are described. With emphasis on the modern clinical approach to the staging, imaging, and treatment of HL, the article highlights how current management approaches, such as refined risk stratification, use of PET imaging, and the reduction of radiation field and dose, seek to limit long‐term toxicities of therapy while maintaining excellent cure rates. Finally, the authors describe how novel, biologically targeted therapies have contributed to significant changes in the therapeutic landscape for patients with relapsed/refractory HL.
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Authors: Palmer Jeanne , Mesa Ruben
Published: October 2022

Overview

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a diverse group of blood disorders that include essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF). These disorders share several features, including “driver mutations,” thrombotic risk, and symptom burden. The driver mutations, which are usually mutually exclusive, include Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CAL‐R), and myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene (MPL). JAK2 mutations include JAK2 V617F, JAK exon 12, and JAK exon 16. CAL‐R mutations are divided into type 1, which is a 52‐bp deletion (L367fs*46), and type 2, a 5‐bp insertion (K385fs*47). The thrombotic risk is present in all three disorders; however, it varies based on age, mutation status, and the history of the thrombotic events. The symptom burden for these disorders includes constitutional symptoms, such as fevers, night sweats, and weight loss; microvascular symptoms such as itching, headache, and peripheral neuropathy; and spleen symptoms such as abdominal discomfort and early satiety. The prognosis and treatment of these is very dependent on the risk factors, symptom burden, and disease presentation and is reviewed in this chapter.
Hematologic Complications and Blood Bank Support
Authors: Belizaire Roger , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Many of the fundamental therapies used to treat cancer (e.g., chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation) disrupt normal hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. As a result, blood transfusion for patients with cancer is an essential supportive modality. The primary focus of this article is on “classical” blood component support: how red cells, plasma, platelets, and granulocytes are collected, tested, stored, and administered to address specific deficiencies in patients with cancer. Particular attention is paid to studies of prophylactic platelet transfusion, which over the past several decades has been critical in allowing myelosuppressive treatments to be applied to a variety of malignant disease states. Current infectious risks of blood products are reviewed.
Respiratory Complications
Authors: Shannon Vickie R. , Eapen George A. , Jimenez Carlos A. , Grosu Horiana B. , Morice Rodolfo C. , Bashoura Lara , Sheshadre Ajay , Evans Scott E. , Adachi Roberto , Kroll Michael , Faiz Saadia A. , Balachandran Diwakar D. , Pravinkumar Selvaraj E. , Dickey Burton F.
Published: October 2022

Overview

The respiratory system is particularly susceptible to complications of cancer and cancer therapy. This vulnerability arises from the stringent architectural requirements for gas exchange, the continuous exposure of the respiratory tract to the external environment, and the severe symptoms that can accompany respiratory compromise. Gas exchange requires patent airways, an effective musculoskeletal ventilatory pump, a thin alveolocapillary membrane, and adequate blood flow through the pulmonary circulation. In cancer patients, primary and metastatic tumors of the chest compromise major airways; pleural effusions externally compress the lungs and impair diaphragmatic function; direct, hematogenous or lymphangitic spread of tumor replaces functioning lung parenchyma; resectional surgery reduces parenchymal volume; nonresectional surgery can transiently impair lung function; radiotherapy, chemotherapy, stem cell therapy, and infection injure the vulnerable alveolocapillary membrane; tumors directly or indirectly compromise the musculoskeletal pump; venous thromboembolism and pulmonary vasculopathy obstruct pulmonary blood flow.

The normal respiratory system contains considerable physiologic reserve, such that surgical loss of one lung is generally well tolerated. However, in cancer patients, insults to multiple components of the respiratory system may result in progressive loss of physiologic reserve and increasing dyspnea. Dyspnea, cough, wheezing, stridor, chest pain, and hemoptysis are common symptoms in the cancer setting that lead to pulmonary consultation.

In this article, we will discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of the major respiratory complications of cancer and its therapy. We begin with the direct effects of cancer and cancer therapies on the lungs, review major indirect effects of cancer on the lungs, and end with respiratory failure in the cancer patient.
Gonadal Complications
Authors: Lentz Robert W. , Klein Catherine E.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Anticancer therapies often cause alterations in gonadal function for both men and women, which can cause infertility. This chapter reviews the assessment of gonadal function in men and women, effects of specific anticancer therapies on gonadal function (including cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted agents, and radiation), and pregnancy implications of select anticancer therapies. Protective measures for fertility preservation are discussed in detail, including standard of care modalities (sperm cryopreservation in men and embryo or oocyte cryopreservation in women) and experimental techniques.
Infections in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Torres Harrys A. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Rolston Kenneth V.I.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Patients with cancer have increased risk of developing infections, owing both to their underlying disease and its treatment. This risk appears to be greatest in patients with hematologic malignancies and in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. This is due primarily to the development of various immunologic defects such as neutropenia and impaired cellular and/or humoral immunity, each associated with a unique spectrum of infection. Newer therapeutic modalities for the treatment of some cancers are changing the spectrum of infections as are the increasing use of catheters and other medical devices. While bacterial infections are documented most often, opportunistic fungal and viral infections are being encountered with increasing frequency. The morbidity and mortality of infection in cancer patients are generally greater than in the general population. Thus, early diagnosis and the prompt administration of appropriate therapy are of paramount importance. Antimicrobial resistance among these pathogens has become a worldwide problem, which can only be partially tackled by the development of novel agents. Consequently, the importance of conducting frequent epidemiologic surveillance in order to detect local epidemiologic shifts and of infection prevention, infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship cannot be emphasized enough. The number of cancer survivors is steadily increasing. Many of these patients remain immunosuppressed for substantial periods of time. Keeping these survivors healthy and infection free will continue to be a challenge for years to come.
Dual Metal‐Assisted Defect Engineering towards High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Chengxi , Baktash Ardeshir , Zhong Jun‐Xing , Chen Weijian , Bai Yang , Hao Mengmeng , Chen Peng , He Dongxu , Ding Shanshan , Steele Julian A. , Lin Tongen , Lyu Miaoqiang , Wen Xiaoming , Wu Wu‐Qiang , Wang Lianzhou
Published: October 2022

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have witnessed an unprecedentedly rapid development, especially in terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the solution‐processed perovskite films inevitably possess numerous crystallographic defects (e.g., halide vacancies), which has been shown to incur non‐radiative charge recombination and ion migration, thus limiting the enhancement of the PCE and stability of PSCs. Here, a novel dual metal (i.e., divalent and monovalent metal ions) modification strategy is reported for simultaneously reducing the defects, immobilizing the halide anions, and preventing ion loss from perovskite during post‐annealing process. Accordingly, this strategy significantly reduces non‐radiative recombination, enhancing the PCE by ≈12% and mitigating the current density‐voltage (J–V) hysteresis effect in resultant devices compared to undoped counterparts. As a result, a champion PCE exceeding 22% and a high open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.16 V is obtained for dual metal ions‐modified PSCs. The optimized devices also exhibit extended lifespan upon the dual metal treatment. The study provides a new defect engineering strategy toward more efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaics.
Ultrathin Hydrogel Films toward Breathable Skin‐Integrated Electronics
Authors: Cheng Simin , Lou Zirui , Zhang Lan , Guo Haotian , Wang Zitian , Guo Chuanfei , Fukuda Kenjiro , Ma Shaohua , Wang Guoqing , Someya Takao , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Xu Xiaomin
Published: October 2022

On‐skin electronics that offer revolutionary capabilities in personalized diagnosis, therapeutics, and human–machine interfaces require seamless integration between the skin and electronics. A common question remains whether an ideal interface can be introduced to directly bridge thin‐film electronics with the soft skin, allowing the skin to breathe freely and the skin‐integrated electronics to function stably. Here, an ever‐thinnest hydrogel is reported that is compliant to the glyphic lines and subtle minutiae on the skin without forming air gaps, produced by a facile cold‐lamination method. The hydrogels exhibit high water‐vapor permeability, allowing nearly unimpeded transepidermal water loss and free breathing of the skin underneath. Hydrogel‐interfaced flexible (opto)electronics without causing skin irritation or accelerated device performance deterioration are demonstrated. The long‐term applicability is recorded for over one week. With combined features of extreme mechanical compliance, high permeability, and biocompatibility, the ultrathin hydrogel interface promotes the general applicability of skin‐integrated electronics.
Anharmonic Cation–Anion Coupling Dynamics Assisted Lithium‐Ion Diffusion in Sulfide Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Xu Zhenming , Chen Xi , Zhu Hong , Li Xin
Published: October 2022

Sulfide‐based lithium superionic conductors often show higher Li‐ion conductivity than other types of electrolyte materials. This work unveils a unique Li‐ion conductive behavior in these materials through the perspective of anharmonic coupling assisted Li‐ion diffusion. Li hopping events can happen simultaneously with various types of lattice dynamics, while only a statistically important synchronization of motions may indicate coupling. This method enables a direct evaluation of the coupling strength between these motions, which more fundamentally decides if a specific type of lattice motion is really anharmonically coupled to the Li hopping event and whether the coupling can facilitate the Li diffusion. By a new ab initio computational approach, this work unveils a unique phenomenon in prototype sulfide electrolytes in comparison with typical halide ones, that Li‐ion conduction can be boosted by the anharmonic coupling of low‐frequency Li phonon modes with high‐frequency anion stretching or flexing phonon modes, rather than the low‐frequency rotational modes. The coupling pushes Li ions toward the diffusion channels for reduced diffusion barriers. The result from the lower temperature range (≈0–300 K) of simulation can also be more relevant to the application of solid‐state batteries.
Correlated Metals Transparent Conductors with High UV to Visible Transparency on Amorphous Substrates
Authors: Le Phu Tran Phong , Ni Shu , Repecaud Pierre‐Alexis , van der Minne Emma , Van Den Nieuwenhuijzen Karin J. H. , Nguyen Minh Duc , ten Elshof Johan E. , Morales‐Masis Monica , Koster Gertjan
Published: October 2022

Correlated metals with high carrier density and strongly correlated electron effects provide an alternative route to achieve transparent conducting materials, different from the conventional degenerately doped wide‐bandgap transparent conducting oxides (TCO). The extremely low electrical resistivity and high optical transparency in the ultraviolet‐visible spectral range shown in 4d correlated metals present an advantage over conventional TCOs. However, most of the 4d correlated metals are grown epitaxially on single crystal substrates. Here, it has been shown that Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets with different buffer layers promote the growth of high‐quality 4d2 SrMoO3 films on fused silica substrates, overcoming the use of expensive and size‐limited single‐crystal substrates. The room temperature electrical resistivity of SrMoO3 is as low as 61 µΩ cm, the lowest reported value on amorphous transparent substrates to date, without compromising its high optical transmittance. 4d1 correlated metal SrNbO3 on Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets also exhibits similarly high optical transmittance but a higher room temperature resistivity of 174 µΩ cm. These findings facilitate the use of highly conducting and transparent 4d correlated metals not only as TCOs on technologically relevant substrates for the applications in the ultraviolet‐visible spectral range but also as electrodes for other oxide‐based thin film technologies.
In‐Depth NMR Investigation of the Magnetic Hardening in Co Thin Films Induced by the Interface with Molecular Layers
Authors: Benini Mattia , Allodi Giuseppe , Surpi Alessandro , Riminucci Alberto , Lin Ko‐Wei , Sanna Samuele , Dediu Valentin Alek , Bergenti Ilaria
Published: October 2022

The hybridization of the surface orbitals of thin ferromagnetic layers with molecular orbitals represents a soft but efficient technology that is able to induce in ferromagnetic component radical modifications of the key magnetic parameters, such as magnetization, magnetic anisotropy, and others. These effects are investigated in 7 nm thick polycrystalline Co films interfaced with C60 and Gaq3 molecular layers by combining 59Co Ferromagnetic nuclear resonance spectroscopy (FNR) and magneto‐optic kerr effect (MOKE) techniques. It is demonstrated that the surface hybridization produces a significant magnetic hardening with respect to a reference Co/Al system and that the molecule‐induced effects modify the magnetic properties of entire Co layer, propagating for several nm from the interface. The FNR spectroscopy also reveals a reconstruction of the magnetic environment at the cobalt surface, whose observation in polycrystalline films is especially intriguing. The results shed new and unexpected light on the interfacial physics in such systems, whose understanding necessitates further experimental and theoretical research.
Indium Selenide/Indium Tin Oxide Hybrid Films for Solution‐Processed Photoelectrochemical‐Type Photodetectors in Aqueous Media
Authors: Bianca Gabriele , Zappia Marilena Isabella , Bellani Sebastiano , Ghini Michele , Curreli Nicola , Buha Joka , Galli Valerio , Prato Mirko , Soll Aljoscha , Sofer Zdeněk , Lanzani Guglielmo , Kriegel Ilka , Bonaccorso Francesco
Published: October 2022

2D metal monochalcogenides have recently attracted interest for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications in aqueous electrolytes. Their optical bandgap in the visible and near‐infrared spectral region is adequate for energy conversion and photodetection/sensing. Their large surface‐to‐volume ratio guarantees that the charge carriers are photogenerated at the material/electrolyte interface, where redox reactions occur, minimizing recombination processes. However, solution‐processed photoelectrodes based on these materials exhibit energy conversion efficiencies that are far from the current state of the art expressed by established technologies. This work reports a systematic morphological, spectroscopic, and PEC characterization of solution‐processed films of photoactive InSe flakes for PEC‐type photodetectors. By optimizing the thickness and hybridizing InSe flakes with electrically conductive Sn:In2O3 (ITO) nanocrystals, photoanodes with a significant photoanodic response in both acidic and alkaline media are designed, reaching responsivity up to 60.0 mA W−1 (external quantum efficiency = 16.4%) at +0.4 V versus RHE under visible illumination. In addition, a strategy based on the use of sacrificial agents (i.e., 2‐propanol and Na2SO3) is proposed to improve the stability of the InSe and ITO/InSe photodetectors. Our data confirm the potential of 2D InSe for PEC energy conversion and sensing applications, remarking the challenges related to InSe stability during anodic operation.
Wide Bandgap Nanocoatings for Polymer Dielectric with Outstanding Electrical Strength
Authors: Wang Tian‐Yu , Liu Shu‐Ming , Li Xiao‐Fen , Wang Qian , Liu Shu‐Qi , Liang Xi‐Dong , Li Shunning , Liu Bai‐Xin , Liu Jian‐Bo , Zhang Gui‐Xin
Published: October 2022

As the core components of insulation systems or film capacitors, polymer dielectrics are widely used in electrical and electronic equipment and for energy storage. However, the electrical strength is always the bottleneck that limits further application. Therefore, a coating with a wide bandgap comprising of zinc oxide and polydimethylsiloxane is designed in this paper. Experiments show that the coating effectively improves the breakdown strength and flashover voltage. A Kelvin probe force microscope is used to determine the microscopic mechanism for performance improvement, the charge dissipation characteristics and the changes in trap parameters in the nanoscale regime. This shows that many shallow traps are introduced on the polymer surface after applying the coating, which dissipate the surface charges and increase the flashover voltage. First‐principles calculations indicate that the band gap of the coating is wider than that of the polymer dielectric, which explains the enhancement in breakdown field strength. This paper presents an efficient method for enhancing the electrical strengths of polymer dielectrics, which is crucial for their application. More importantly, the experimental and theoretical methods used to determine the microscopic mechanism and the conclusions obtained in this paper provide guidance for future research on polymer dielectrics.
Opportunities and Challenges for Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Vacuum Thermal Evaporation
Authors: Lee Joo‐Hong , Kim Byung Soon , Park Jinkyun , Lee Jin‐Wook , Kim Kyungkon
Published: October 2022

Developing an effective scalable fabrication process for perovskite solar cells is urgent to getting perovskite photovoltaic technology market‐ready. Perhaps due to the relatively cost‐effective setup and tunable fabrication processes, the vast majority of research efforts have been dedicated to the development of solution‐based scalable processes. Comparatively, the vacuum thermal evaporation processes have not been studied in‐depth, regardless of their advantages in reproducibility, scalability, extendable applications, safety, and toxicity. Here possible opportunities and challenges are discussed in utilizing the vacuum thermal evaporation technique for mass production of large‐area perovskite solar modules. While this process has technical and economical potential, more research should be warranted.
4D Printing Via Multispeed Fused Deposition Modeling
Authors: Wang Fangfang , Luo Feixiang , Huang Yuanxin , Cao Xiaoshan , Yuan Chao
Published: October 2022

4D printing is an advanced technology that aims to endow the additively manufactured objects with time‐dependent transformations. Despite the great progress in the last decade, however, there are still some technical barriers for the majority of existing 4D printing techniques including the dependency on customized or expensive 3D printers and the demand of sophisticated chemistry in the preparation of active materials. Herein, an efficient and economical 4D printing approach that adopts multispeed fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique to embed graded built‐in strain into flat precursory pattern is proposed, allowing for prompt and talorable shapeshifting upon heat stimulus. Guided by the systematic optimization of FDM processing parameters, it is allowed to directly construct complex 3D structures from flat precursory patterns with flexibility and high fidelity, considerably reducing the built time and process complexity.
Machine Learning‐Assisted Microfluidic Synthesis of Perovskite Quantum Dots
Authors: Chen Gaoyu , Zhu Xia , Xing Chenyu , Wang Yongkai , Xu Xiangxing , Bao Jianchun , Huang Jinghan , Zhao Yurong , Wang Xuan , Zhou Xiuqing , Du Xiuli , Wang Xun
Published: October 2022

The quality and property control of nanomaterials are center themes to guarantee and promote their applications. Different synthesis methods and reaction parameters are control factors for their properties. However, the vast combination number of the factors with multilevels leads to the obstacle that trying all‐through the data space is nearly impossible. Herein, the combination of microfluidic synthesis method with machine learning (ML) models to address this challenge in case of perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) with tunable photoluminescence (PL) is reported. The ML‐assisted synthesis not only helps to elucidate the nucleation growth‐ripening mechanisms, but also successfully guides to synthesize PQDs with precise wavelength and full width of half maximum (FWHM) of the PL by optimizable conditions to match the time‐saving, energy‐saving, and minimal environmental pressure goals.
Oriented Low‐n Ruddlesden‐Popper Formamidinium‐Based Perovskite for Efficient and Air Stable Solar Cells
Authors: Kong Weiyu , Zeng Fang , Su Zhenhuang , Wang Tao , Qiao Liang , Ye Tianshi , Zhang Lin , Sun Ruitian , Barbaud Julien , Li Feng , Gao Xingyu , Zheng Rongkun , Yang Xudong
Published: October 2022

The relatively lower crystallinity and random orientation of quantum well structures hinder carrier transport and limit the performance of formamidinium (FA) based low‐n 2D perovskite devices. In this work, the crystallization and quantum well orientation are fine tuned to achieve efficient low‐n FA based Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells. The effects of different ionic additives on the crystallization, orientation, and photovoltaic performance of FA based low‐n 2D perovskites are comparatively investigated. It is found that NH4+ and SCN− can significantly retard the heterogeneous crystallization of low‐n phases in the intermediate state, and drive the templated growth of quantum well structure with vertical orientation. The optimized photovoltaic device based on (BA)2(FA)3Pb4I13 achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.14%, setting the highest record for FA‐based low‐n 2D perovskite solar cells as far as it is known (average n = 4). The unencapsulated device exhibited excellent stability and maintained 93.3% of its original PCE at 85 °C, and 86.3% at 1 Sun illumination after 720 h in humid ambient condition.
Impact of academic medical center access on outcomes in multiple myeloma
Authors: Vardell Victoria A. , Ermann Daniel A. , Tantravahi Srinivas K. , Haaland Benjamin , McClune Brian , Godara Amandeep , Mohyuddin Ghulam Rehman , Sborov Douglas W.
Published: October 2022

Treatment at academic cancer centers (ACs) is associated with improved survival across hematologic malignancies, though the benefit in multiple myeloma (MM) has not been examined. This study aims to evaluate survival outcomes at Commission on Cancer accredited ACs compared to non‐academic centers (NACs) for patients receiving MM‐directed therapy. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify demographics and overall survival (OS) of MM patients diagnosed from 2004 to 2017 and to compare outcomes by facility type. Survival analysis was repeated in a propensity score matched cohort, with NACs matched 1:1 to ACs by age, race, comorbidity score, insurance, year of diagnosis, distance traveled, and income. Of 163 375 MM patients, 44.5% were treated at ACs. Patients at ACs were more likely to receive MM‐directed therapy compared to NACs (81% vs. 73%, p < .001). For patients receiving treatment, median OS at ACs was 71.3 months versus 41.2 months at NACs (p < .001). When adjusted for baseline demographics, patients treated at ACs had reduced mortality; hazard ratio (HR) 0.79 (95% CI 0.78–0.81, p < .001). The propensity score matched cohort maintained this survival benefit with a median OS of 59.9 months at ACs versus 37.0 months at NACs (p < .001), HR of 0.66 (95% CI 0.64–0.67, p < .001). ACs treated younger patients with fewer comorbidities and were more likely to treat racial minorities and patients with Medicaid or private insurance, and the uninsured. In this analysis, MM patients treated at ACs have significantly improved survival. While potentially related to access to specialized care, socioeconomic factors that drive facility selection may also contribute.
End‐stage renal disease incidence in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago, and Philadelphia
Authors: Pinkerton Lynne E. , Bertke Stephen , Dahm Matthew M. , Kubale Travis L. , Siegel Miriam R. , Hales Thomas R. , Yiin James H. , Purdue Mark P. , Beaumont James J. , Daniels Robert D.
Published: October 2022

Background

Firefighters perform strenuous work in hot environments, which may increase their risk of chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and types of ESRD among a cohort of US firefighters compared to the US general population, and to examine exposure–response relationships.

Methods

ESRD from 1977 through 2014 was identified through linkage with Medicare data. ESRD incidence in the cohort compared to the US population was evaluated using life table analyses. Associations of all ESRD, systemic ESRD, hypertensive ESRD, and diabetic ESRD with exposure surrogates (exposed days, fire runs, and fire hours) were examined in Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for attained age (the time scale), race, birth date, fire department, and employment duration.

Results

The incidence of all ESRD was less than expected (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 0.79; 95% confidence interval = 0.69–0.89, observed = 247). SIRs for ESRD types were not significantly increased. Positive associations of all ESRD, systemic ESRD, and hypertensive ESRD with exposed days were observed: however, 95% confidence intervals included one.

Conclusions

We found little evidence of increased risk of ESRD among this cohort of firefighters. Limitations included the inability to evaluate exposure–response relationships for some ESRD types due to small observed numbers, the limitations of the surrogates of exposure, and the lack of information on more sensitive outcome measures for potential kidney effects.
Metabolic syndrome among commercial truck drivers: The relationship between condition prevalence and crashes
Authors: Lemke Michael K. , Thiese Matthew S. , Hege Adam , Ogbonnaya Uchenna C. , Hegmann Kurt T.
Published: October 2022

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is especially prevalent among US truck drivers. However, there has been limited research exploring associations between MetS conditions with roadway crashes among truck drivers. The objective of this paper is to assess relationships between specific combinations of individual MetS components and crashes and near‐misses.

Methods

Survey, biometric, and anthropometric data were collected from 817 truck drivers across 6 diverse US states. Survey data focused on demographics and roadway safety outcomes, and anthropometric/biometric data corresponded to five MetS conditions (waist circumference blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, triglycerides, and high‐density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios of lifetime crashes and near‐miss 1‐month period prevalence associated with: 1) specific MetS conditions regardless of presence or absence of other MetS conditions, and 2) specific MetS conditions and counts of other accompanying MetS conditions.

Results

Hypertension was the MetS characteristic most strongly associated with lifetime crash and 1‐month near‐miss outcomes, while high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and large waist circumference were most commonly present among groups of conditions associated with crashes and near‐misses. Overall, an increasing number of specific co‐occurring MetS conditions were associated with higher reporting of roadway crashes.

Conclusions

Specific combinations and higher prevalence of MetS conditions were associated with increased frequency of reported crashes. Moreover, when the co‐occurrence of MetS conditions is aggregated, a dose–response relationship with crashes appears. These results suggest that policy changes and interventions addressing MetS may increase driver health and reduce crash risk.
Rhinitis symptom in patients with self‐reported allergic rhinitis is influenced by sensitization pattern: A cross‐sectional study of China
Authors: Wu Liting , Zhang Teng , Luo Wenting , Zheng Xianhui , Zhang Hong , Ren Huali , Huang Dongming , Li Guoping , Wei Chunhua , Dong Linghua , Sun Xin , Zhang Rongfang , Wang Yi , Hu Peicun , Chen Yuemin , Zhao Qi , Hao Chuangli , Sun Baoqing
Published: October 2022

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized by distinct clinical heterogeneity and allergic sensitization patterns. We aimed to quantify rhinitis symptoms in patients with self‐reported allergic rhinitis according to the potential sensitization patterns for relevant allergens in China.

Methods

We used latent class analysis (LCA; a subset of structural equation modeling) to independently cluster patients into different patterns of atopic sensitization in an unsupervised manner, based on specific immunoglobulin E tests. AR symptom severity was assessed by the visual analogue scale. We evaluated the association between the severity of AR and the allergen sensitization patterns.

Results

LCA revealed four phenotypes of atopic sensitization among 967 patients with self‐report AR. We labeled latent classes as: Class 1, weed pollens and indoor sensitization (n = 74 [7.7%]); Class 2, weed pollen with low indoor sensitization (n = 275 [28.4%]); Class 3, low or no sensitization (n = 350 [36.2%]); and Class 4, house dust mite‐dominated sensitization (n = 268 [27.7%]). AR was more severe in Class 2 compared to the other 3 classes, indicating that upper respiratory symptoms are more severe among patients with isolated seasonal rhinitis.

Conclusion

We have identified four sensitization patterns in patients with self‐reported AR, which were associated with different clinical symptoms and comorbidities.
Anionen‐Einlagerungschemie organischer Kathoden für zweiwertige Metallbatterien mit hoher Energie und hoher Leistungsdichte
Authors: Xiu Yanlei , Mauri Anna , Dinda Sirshendu , Pramudya Yohanes , Ding Ziming , Diemant Thomas , Sarkar Abhishek , Wang Liping , Li Zhenyou , Wenzel Wolfgang , Fichtner Maximilian , Zhao‐Karger Zhirong
Published: October 2022

Multivalente Batterien sind sehr vielversprechend für nachhaltige Energiespeicheranwendungen der nächsten Generation. Hier berichten wir über eine Polytriphenylamin (PTPAn)‐Verbundkathode, die in der Lage ist, Tetrakis(hexafluorisopropyloxy)borat [B(hfip)4]− Anionen in sowohl Magnesium‐ (Mg) als auch Calcium‐ (Ca) Batteriesystemen hochreversibel zu speichern. Spektroskopische und Computerstudien zeigen den Redoxreaktionsmechanismus des PTPAn‐Kathodenmaterials. Die Mg‐ und Ca‐Zellen weisen eine Zellspannung von ∼3 V, eine hohe Leistungsdichte von ∼3000 W kg−1 bzw. eine hohe Energiedichte von ∼300 Wh kg−1 auf. Darüber hinaus könnte die Kombination der PTPAn‐Kathode mit einer Anode aus einer Calcium‐Zinn‐Legierung (Ca−Sn) eine lange Batterielebensdauer von 3000 Zyklen bei einer Kapazitätserhaltung von 60 % ermöglichen. Die Anionenspeicherchemie in Verbindung mit dem elektrochemischen Doppelionenkonzept demonstriert einen neuen gangbaren Weg zu Hochleistungsbatterien mit zweiwertigen Ionen.
Sonochemically‐Induced Reduction of Alkenes to Alkanes with Ammonia
Authors: Humblot Anaelle , Chave Tony , Amaniampong Prince N. , Streiff Stéphane , Jérôme François
Published: October 2022

With the progressive defossilization of our industry, hydrogen (H2) has been identified as a central molecule to store renewable electricity. In this context, ammonia (NH3) is now rapidly emerging as a promising hydrogen carrier for the future. This game change indirectly impacts the field of fine chemistry where hydrogenation reactions are widely deployed. In particular, the possibility of performing hydrogenation reactions using ammonia directly instead of hydrogen has become highly desirable but it remains a very difficult scientific task, which we address in this communication. Here we show that the N−H bond of NH3 can be cleaved within cavitation bubbles, generated by ultrasonic irradiation at a high frequency, leading to the in situ formation of a diimide, which then induces the hydrogenation of alkenes. Advantageously, this work does not involve any transition metal and releases N2 as a sole co‐product.
Multicomponent Assembly of Complex Oxindoles by Enantioselective Cooperative Catalysis
Authors: Hua Ru‐Yu , Yu Si‐Fan , Jie Xiao‐Ting , Qiu Huang , Hu Wen‐Hao
Published: October 2022

Chiral oxindoles are important chemical scaffolds found in many natural products, and their enantioselective synthesis thus attracts considerable attention. Highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthetic methods for constructing C3 quaternary oxindoles have been well‐developed. However, the efficient synthesis of chiral 3‐substituted tertiary oxindoles has been rarely reported due to the ease of racemization of the tertiary stereocenter via enolization. Therefore, we herein report on the multicomponent assembly (from N‐aryl diazoamides, aldehydes, and enamines/indoles) of complex oxindoles by enantioselective cooperative catalysis. These reactions proceed under mild conditions and show broad substrate scope, affording the desired coupling products (>90 examples) with good to excellent stereocontrol. Additionally, this research also demonstrates the synthetic potential of this annulation by constructing the 6,6,5‐tricyclic lactone core structure of Speradine A.
Optimal Dihedral Angle in Twisted Donor–Acceptor Organic Emitters for Maximized Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Authors: Shi Yuhao , Ma Huili , Sun Zhiyu , Zhao Weijun , Sun Guangyan , Peng Qian
Published: October 2022

The twisted donor–acceptor (D‐A) organic formwork with a large dihedral angle (θDA) is usually adopted to narrow the singlet‐triplet energy gap for obtaining excellent thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. However, the dependence of overall TADF properties on θDA has not been systematically investigated to this day. Taking new designed CzBP, CzBP‐1M and CzBP‐2M via introducing methyl as investigated models, it is found that (i) with increasing θDA, the charge transfer component in S1 is larger than that in T1 in varying degrees, leading to non‐monotonic spin‐orbit couplings; (ii) the electron‐vibration couplings between S1 and T1 states become the largest when θDA approaching 80°, facilitating phonon‐driven up‐conversion; (iii) the overall TADF rate reaches a peak at θDA≈80°. By this, the TADF on/off switching is realized via methyl moiety for regulating θDA from theoretical prediction to experimental confirmation. Importantly, the θDA near 80° would be a good descriptor for screening excellent D‐A type TADF emitters.
Ligand‐Controlled Regiodivergent Cyanoboration of Internal Allenes by Copper Catalysis
Authors: Hu Hui , Ji Guo‐Cui , Jiang Linjuan , Bi Siwei , Jiang Yuan‐Ye , Liu Yuanhong
Published: October 2022

The first copper‐catalyzed regiodivergent cyanoboration of internal allenes with B2pin2 (bis(pinacolato)diboron) and NCTS (N‐cyano‐N‐phenyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide) derivatives is reported. The β,γ‐ and α,β‐cyanoborylated products were synthesized with high regio‐ and stereo‐selectivity. Computational studies revealed that nucleophilic addition of allylcopper or related intermediates on cyanation reagent is the regio‐ and stereo‐determining step, while transmetalation with B2pin2 is the rate‐determining step. The nucleophilic addition step proceeds via inner‐sphere mechanism in the CuI/P(o‐tol)3 and CuI/Xantphos (P(o‐tol)3=tris(o‐methylphenyl)phosphine, Xantphos=4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐9,9‐dimethylxanthene) catalytic systems and via outer‐sphere mechanism in the CuII/Xantphos catalytic system, respectively.
Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Zero‐Dimensional Hybrid Lead‐Tin Bromide with Near‐Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Yield
Authors: Wei Yi , Li Chen , Li Yawen , Luo Zhishan , Wu Xiaoyu , Liu Yulian , Zhang Liming , He Xin , Wang Wei , Quan Zewei
Published: October 2022

Zero‐dimensional (0D) hybrid metal halides with perfect host‐guest structures are promising candidates to construct circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)‐active materials. However, it still remains challenging to obtain 0D chiral metal halides with simultaneously strong CPL and high photoluminescence quantum yield. Here, a new enantiomeric pair of 0D hybrid lead‐tin bromides, (RR/SS‐C6N2H16)2Pb0.968Sn0.032Br6 ⋅ 2H2O (R/S‐PbSnBr ⋅ H2O), is reported. TheR/S‐PbSnBr ⋅ H2O compounds not only show intriguing self‐trapped exciton emissions with near‐unity quantum yield, but also present intense CPL with a dissymmetry factorglumof ±3.0×10−3. Such CPL activities originate from the asymmetric [SnBr6]4−luminophores inR/S‐PbSnBr ⋅ H2O, due to the induced structural chirality by the organic ligands via N−H⋅⋅⋅Br hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, CPL emissions with tunable colors fromR/S‐PbSnBr ⋅ H2O and dehydrated compounds are reversibly observed, which extends their chiroptical applications.
Electrical Pulse Induced One‐step Formation of Atomically Dispersed Pt on Oxide Clusters for Ultra‐Low‐Temperature Zinc‐Air Battery
Authors: Ye Chenliang , Zheng Meng , Li Zhiming , Fan Qikui , Ma Haiqing , Fu Xianzhu , Wang Dingsheng , Wang Jin , Li Yadong
Published: October 2022

Atomically dispersed sites anchored on small oxide clusters are attractive new catalytic materials. Herein, we demonstrate an electrical pulse approach to synthesize atomically dispersed Pt on various oxide clusters in one step with nitrogen‐doped carbon as the support (Pt1−MOx/CN). As a proof‐of‐concept application, Pt1−FeOx/CN is shown to exhibit high activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a half‐wave potential of 0.94 V vs RHE, in contrast to the poor catalytic performance of atomically dispersed Pt on large Fe2O3nanoparticles. Our work has revealed that, by tuning the size of the iron oxide down to the cluster regime, an optimal OH* adsorption strength for ORR is achieved on Pt1−FeOx/CN due to the regulation of Pt−O bonds. The unique structure and high catalytic performance of Pt1−FeOx/CN enable the Zinc‐Air batteries an excellent performance at ultralow temperature of −40 °C with a high peak power density of 45.1 mW cm−2and remarkable cycling stability up to 120 h.
A detailed experimental and computational study of Cd complexes with pyridyl‐based thiazolyl hydrazones
Authors: Kokanov Sanja B. , Filipović Nenad R. , Višnjevac Aleksandar , Nikolić Milan , Novaković Irena , Janjić Goran , Holló Berta Barta , Ramotowska Sandra , Nowicka Paulina , Makowski Mariusz , Uğuz Özlem , Koca Atıf , Todorović Tamara R.
Published: October 2022

Interest in Cd complexes has been growing in recent years. Cd complexes are considered a potential solution in the search for novel antibiotics that can fight antimicrobial resistance. In addition, Cd complexes draw attention to material chemistry. The main objective of this work was to prepare the first Cd(II) complexes with anionic forms of pyridine‐based thiazolyl hydrazone (THs) ligands HLS2[(E)‐4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐(2‐[pyridine‐2‐ylmethylene]hydrazinyl)thiazole] and HLS3[(E)‐2‐(2‐[pyridine‐2‐ylmethylene]hydrazinyl)‐4‐(p‐tolyl)thiazole] and perform their structural and spectroscopic characterization, as well as stability in solution and upon heating. Studies related to their biological activities and possible electrochromic applications are also being conducted. Complexes [Cd(HLS2)2] (1) and [Cd(HLS3)2] (2) have been characterized by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and computational analysis of intermolecular interactions responsible for their solid‐state structures was performed. Thermal stability of1and2in the solid‐state was analyzed by TGA/MS, where as their solution stability was determined by the spectrophotometric titration method. Electrochemical andin situUV–Vis spectroelectrochemical analyses of1and2were carried out to determine redox mechanisms and the influence of the substituents and electrolytes on their redox responses. The antioxidant capacity of both complexes was tested in antioxidant assays, while their antimicrobial activity was tested against five Gram‐positive and four Gram‐negative bacteria, as well as against three fungi. The obtained results indicate their potent antioxidant capacity. The antimicrobial activity of investigated compounds on almost all tested bacterial strains was stronger than that of the standard antibiotic erythromycin. The results of docking studies indicate that the minor groove DNA is the possible biological target of1and2.