Assessing the variability of soil temperatures in Land Surface Models using outputs from the Soil Parameter Model Intercomparison Project (SP-MIP)
Authors: Verhoef Anne , Zeng Yijian , Cuntz Matthias , Gudmundsson Lukas , Thober Stephan , McGuire Patrick C. , Bergner Hannah , Boone Aaron , Ducharne Agnès , Ellis Rich , Kim Hyungjun , Koirala Sujan , Lawrence Dave , Oleson Keith , Swenson Sean , Tafasca Salma , de Vrese Philipp , Seneviratne Sonia , Or Dani , Vereecken Harry 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Soil temperature is a crucial variable in Land Surface Models (LSMs) because it affects the fractions of frozen and unfrozen water content in the soil. For example, getting the coupling between below-ground heat- and water transfer correct in LSMs is very important in permafrost regions because these are particularly sensitive to climate change. Poor predictions of the energy- and water balance in these regions will lead to large uncertainties in predicted carbon fluxes, and related land-atmosphere feedbacks. Also, simulated near-surface soil temperatures can be used to diagnose and explain model differences in skin temperatures and soil heat fluxes, both of which are pivotal in the prediction of the surface energy balance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soil temperature is generally under-researched as part of LSM intercomparisons. Here we present an analysis of the spatial distribution (including the vertical distribution along the soil profile) and seasonal evolution of soil temperature simulated by eight LSMs as part of the Soil Parameter Model Intercomparison Project (SP-MIP). We found large inter-model differences in key metrics of the annual soil temperature wave, including the amplitude, phase shift and damping depth, which were partly attributed to diversity in hydraulic as well as thermal soil properties. Soil layer discretisation also played a role.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: Via manipulation of model soil hydraulic properties, and the soil texture inputs required to calculate these properties, controlled multi-model experiments have been conducted as part of SP-MIP, this MIP was&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;originally proposed at the GEWEX-SoilWat workshop held in Leipzig (June 2016).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The model experiments closely followed the LS3MIP protocol (van den Hurk et al. 2016). Eight land models (CLM5, ISBA, JSBACH, JULES, MATSIRO, MATSIRO-GW, NOAH-MP and ORCHIDEE) were run globally on 0.5&amp;#176; with GSWP3 forcing, from 1980-2010, for vertically homogeneous soil columns. There were 4 model experiments, leading to 7 model runs: &lt;em&gt;Experiment 1.&lt;/em&gt; Global soil hydraulic parameter maps provided by SP-MIP; &lt;em&gt;Experiment 2&lt;/em&gt;. Soil-hydraulic parameters derived from common soil textural properties, provided by SP-MIP, using model-specific pedotransfer functions (PTFs); &lt;em&gt;Experiment 3&lt;/em&gt;. Reference run with all models applying their default soil hydraulic settings (including their own soil maps to derive the parameters); &lt;em&gt;Experiment 4&lt;/em&gt;: four runs using spatially uniform soil hydraulic parameters for the whole globe (loamy sand, loam, clay and silt) provided by SP-MIP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Differences between the model experiments will allow the assessment of the inter-model variability that is introduced by the different stages of preparing model parameters. Soil parameters for Experiments 1 and soil textures for Experiment 2 at 0.5&amp;#176; resolution were prepared from dominant soil classes of the 0-5 cm layer of SoilGrids (Hengl &lt;em&gt;et al. &lt;/em&gt;2014) at 5 km resolution. Brooks and Corey hydraulic parameters come from Table 2 of Clapp and Hornberger (1978), Mualem-Van Genuchten hydraulic parameters are ROSETTA class average hydraulic parameters (Schaap &lt;em&gt;et al. &lt;/em&gt;2001), and soil textures are from Table 2 of Cosby &lt;em&gt;et al. &lt;/em&gt;(1984). Experiments 4 a-d use the USDA soil classes, using the same PTFs for Brooks and Corey and Mualem-van Genuchten parameters as in Experiment 1.&lt;/p&gt;