bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT): Concurrent Validity of Fluid Ability for Preadolescents and Adolescents with Central Nervous System Disorders and Scholastic Concerns
Authors: Wodrich David L. , Kush Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

Fifty preadolescents and adolescents (33 with scholastic concerns and 17 with central nervous system disorders) were assessed with a battery that included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) Fluid subtests, and individually administered achievement tests. The KAIT Fluid IQ (FIQ) demonstrated acceptable concurrent validity with WISC-III IQ and with various achievement subtests, although an anticipated stronger association with Performance IQ than with Verbal IQ did not occur. Among subjects with scholastic concerns, KAIT FIQ was higher than WISC-III Full Scale IQ (100.6 vs. 90.3), and when KAIT FIQ was used as a predictor of achievement, more students with severe IQ/achievement discrepancies were identified (KAIT = 58%; WISC-III = 30%). Subjects with CNS disorders scored more poorly than their counterparts with scholastic concerns on the KAIT Fluid subtests but not on the WISC-III.
Administration Time Estimates for WAIS-III Subtests, Scales, and Short Forms in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Lopez Shane J. , Werth Tamara R.
Published: March 2007

Administration times were recorded for the WAIS-III subtests, IQs, and Indexes for 62 VA patients. Also calculated were the administration times for a select group of short forms. The 11 subtests that yield the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs averaged approximately 91 minutes. The 11 subtests that yield the Organization, Working Memory, and Processing Speed Indexes averaged approximately 77 minutes. The administration time estimates in the standardization sample of 75 minutes for the Full Scale IQ and 60 minutes for the Indexes do not generalize to a clinical population. Ten of 11 short forms reduced testing time by at least 50%. The least time-consuming consisted Verbal Comprehension, suming was the Ward (1990) seven-subtest short form.
Wool: Its Effect On Flame Retardant Properties of Blend Fabrics
Authors: Beninate John V. , Trask Brenda J. , Calamari Timothy A. , Drake George L.
Published: March 2007

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants were applied to twill fabrics con taining cotton and wool to study the effect of wool on the flame retardancy and physical properties of the blend fabrics. The presence of wool in untreated blend fabrics caused burning rates to decrease and oxygen index values to increase as wool content increased in the blends. These effects were also observed in cotton/ wool blends treated with low levels of the Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant, but were less pronounced in fabrics treated at high levels. Thermogravimetric analyses were conducted to study the thermal degradation of the treated and untreated fabrics. The presence of wool in treated blend fabrics did not sig nificantly change strength retention, area shrinkage and wrinkle recovery values in comparison to similarly treated 100% cotton fabrics.
Volatile Products From Pyrolysis of Cotton Fabrics Finished With Thps-Urea-Phosphate
Authors: Franklin William E.
Published: March 2007

Volatile products evolved during the pyrolysis of cotton fabrics treated with various add-ons of THPS-urea-phosphate flame retardant were measured by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry. Molar fractions of nine primary, volatile pyrolysis products were determined, accounting for 82-89 mole percent of the products. Three classes of volatile products were distinguished on the basis of the response of the product fractions to add-on of the flame retardant. Increasing add-on decreased the anhydroglucose fractions. Small add-ons increased the "furan" fractions and large add-ons decreased them. Nonfuel fractions increased with increasing add-on. Inverse relations were found between anhydroglucose fractions and water fractions and between "furan" fractions and carbon dioxide fractions. The flame retardancy of the cotton fabrics had the best correlation with the water fractions. These results are compared and contrasted with data from the pyrolysis of cotton fabrics treated with another flame retardant, THPOH-ammonia.
Upholstered Furniture Room Fires—Measurements, Comparison With Furniture Calorimeter Data, and Flashover Predictions
Authors: Babrauskas Vytenis
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a series of room fire tests using upholstered furniture items for comparison with their open burning rates, previously determined in a furniture calorimeter. For the four tests conducted good agreement was seen in all periods of the room fires, including post-flashover, noting that only fuel- controlled room fires were considered. Difficulties in making accurate mass and heat flow measurements in the room's window opening were found, and it is sug gested that with present day instrumentation only exhaust stack measurements are reliable. Finally, a number of simplified rules or theories for predicting room flashover based on room physical properties and open-burning heat release values were examined and compared. Broad agreement was generally found, with recommended ones selected on the basis of well-controlled asymptotic behavior.
Extinguishability of Flammable Textiles: Part Vi. Contact Type Test Devices
Authors: Fairall Patricia A. , Spivak Steven M.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study is to provide an understanding of how ex tinguishability may be measured using slapping as the strategy of extinguish ment. The slapping device utilized consisted of a stationary backboard and a mechanized moveable board which made contact with the backboard. Between these two boards was a strip of burning fabric. Initial experiments utilized the time to extinguish, and investigated variables such as differing slapper designs and fabric burning parameters. Later experiments measured heat transfer dur ing extinguishment with a redesigned slapping device. Separate studies of ex tinguishing burning fabrics on mannequins did not fully agree with findings from the slapping device. In the heat transfer experiments, ANOVA interac tions of fiber type, fabric weight and test criteria were found to significantly in fluence heat transfer during extinguishment. Regression analysis found fiber type and test criteria significant, but weave and weight were found to in significantly affect heat measurements during extinguishment. Extinguishment by slapping is a dynamic test and there are many variables that are difficult to control. Thus, slapping or contacting methodologies are not sufficiently developed for use as a standardized test method for extinguishability.
Combustion Conditions and Exposure Conditions for Combustion Product Toxicity Testing
Authors: Huggett Clayton
Published: March 2007

A number of procedures have been described in the literature for investigation of the inhalation toxicity of combustion products. There is need for agreement on test methods and test conditions to facilitate communication, allow the ex change of data, and provide a basis for control of hazards due to combustion products in fires. Combustion systems and animal exposure systems which have been employed are classified according to their basic attributes. Simple con siderations of limiting stoichiometry in the combustion module can guide the selection of conditions which simulate real fire environments. The dynamics of the exposure system will determine the procedural dose received by the test animal and can be related to real fire exposure. Many past investigations have failed to take adequate account of these fundamental principles.
The Mode of Burning Zone Spread Along Cylindrical Cellulosic Material
Authors: Sato Kenji , Sega Setsuko
Published: March 2007

The variations of the mode of downward burning zone spread along a cylin drical cellulosic material with oxygen concentration and cylinder diameter were examined. The experiments were conducted in an apparatus for oxygen index measurements. Two types of fuel, cardboard cylinder and filter paper cylinder, were examined. It was shown that at an appropriate oxygen concentration higher than that of air both steady flaming spread and steady smoldering spread occur along a cardboard cylinder. This bimodality of burning zone spread extended to wide oxygen concentrations. Similar bimodality was observed also for filter paper cylinder. The range of oxygen concentration for each spread mode changed with diameter. Based on the experimental results, the spread mode along cellulosic material was discussed.
Factors Involved in the Ignition of Cellulosic Upholstery Fabrics By Cigarettes
Authors: Ihrig A.M. , Rhyne A.L. , Norman V. , Spears A.W.
Published: March 2007

Experimental cigarettes that approach the lower practical limits in tobacco density and circumference of that which can be produced were tested for their ignition propensity in three mock-up furniture configurations on 33 cellulosic fabrics over polyurethane and untreated cotton batting substrates. The three configurations were: flat, L or tight crevice-cigarette placed at the junction of the horizontal and vertical panels, and V or open crevice-cigarette placed in the crevice between a vertical panel and a second panel at a 20° angle. The cigarette heat outputs ranged from about 700-1,500 cal/cig and the fabrics covered the typical types (prints, weaves, velvets) and weights from 4.0-22.8 oz/yd2. For 18 of 33 fabrics over polyurethane all cigarettes in all configurations produced either no ignitions or 100% ignitions. The most important variables which influenced ignition propensity over polyurethane were yarn "smoldering proclivity" which showed a statistical correlation with the alkali metal content of the fabric, fabric density and fabric weight. Cigarette heat output influenced ignition propensity over polyurethane only in the L and V configurations and only over a narrow range of weighted fabric characteristics. Over cotton bat ting, all cigarettes produced nearly 100% ignitions in the L and V configura tions. In the flat configurations over cotton batting the combined K+ and Na+ level of the fabric and fabric density showed a significant effect whereas cigarette heat output again had an effect only over a narrow range of weighted fabric characteristics.
Effects of Interliners on the Ignitability of Upholstered Furniture
Authors: Eggestad Jan , Johnsen Anne Cathrine
Published: March 2007

Eight different multiple-layer interliners were tested in combination with five different cover fabrics and two different filling materials according to standard method BS 5852:part 1: Fire test for furniture. The interliners were composed of materials commonly used as interliner materials in upholstered furniture in Norway. The filling materials were standard polyurethane foam and high-resilient foam (cold cure). It was found that these interliners did not cause any significant change in the ignitability of a mock-up chair compared with the ignitability of similar combinations of fabrics and filling materials without interliners. When a cigarette was the ignition source, use of HR foam as filling material often caused a reduction in ignitability, seen in relation to similar combinations composed of interliners and standard foam. The cover fabric seems to make the greatest contribution to the ignitability of upholstered furniture when a flame is used as ignition source. Parameters such as production of smoke and other toxic gases were not considered in this study.
The Effect of Low Concentration Fire Retardant Impregnations on Wood Charring Rate and Char Yield
Authors: Nussbaum Ralph M.
Published: March 2007

The charring rate and the char yield have been determined for specimens of pine sapwood treated with 15 different inorganic and organic chemicals, many of them known as effective flame retardants, and compared with data for un treated wood. Retentions of 1, 5 and 15% were used. At most, the charring rate was reduced by 17% for impregnated wood (a phosphonate). At 1% retention, no significant effects were obtained. The char yield was increased by 100-150% at 15% retention for some chemicals, but the increase was lower at lower reten tions. The relationship between charring rate and char yield was different for different chemicals.
Dry Testing of Water Spray Systems
Authors: Lev Y. , Strachan D.C.
Published: March 2007

Fire protection water spray systems are prone to blockages which can make them less effective in a fire situation. Testing these systems with water is unpopular with operators since it can cause major interference with plant operations. A number of candidate dry test methods have been considered in the present study. Following these considerations and a demonstration of the use of a mist-based system, it was decided to develop this method further. The principal objectives of the present study have been to optimise the performance of such a system and to produce design data which will facilitate the develop ment of equipment for a wide range of pipe networks including Halon fire ex tinguishing systems.

The work included mathematical modelling of mist losses during pipe flow confirmed by laboratory tests. An investigation of the effect of partial blockage on mist emission and the determination of minimum mist density to ensure acceptable visibility was also carried out.
Utilization of Drosophila Melanogaster Flies in the Evaluation of Toxic Products from Burning Materials
Authors: Talapková D. , KoŠik M. , Špilda I.
Published: March 2007

Various polymeric materials were combusted in small scale laboratory equipment and the toxicity of evolved gases evaluated by the leth ality of Drosophila melanogaster flies. The results were compared with data ob tained for the same materials in experiments with mice.
Experiments for Hydrogen Chloride Transport and Decay in a Simulated Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System and Comparison of the Results with Predictions from a Theoretical Model
Authors: Galloway F. Merrill , Hirschler Marcelo M.
Published: March 2007

The transport of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas in air was studied in a simulated heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The test system was a tube of square cross section, 0.305 m (1 ft) on each side, with a total length of ca. 120 m. The sides of the apparatus were built of painted and unpainted gypsum wallboard, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), ar ranged in two different configurations. All four tests were run at normal room temperature. Hydrogen chloride gas was injected into the air at the entrance to yield initial HCl concentrations of ca. 3,000-4,000 ppm (vol). The experiments were typically conducted for 30 min. Gaseous HCl concentrations were mea sured at 9 locations along the conduit, and the results were compared with pre dictions from an existing model for HCl transport and decay from fire at mospheres. The model was used in a purely predictive mode, i.e., unchanged, since the flow dynamics are well defined in this scenario and since HCl decay parameters for each type of surface used had been developed for the model in previous studies.
Flame Retarding Polycarbonate/ ABS Blends with a Brominated Phosphate
Authors: Green Joseph
Published: March 2007

Triphenyl phosphate and a brominated phosphate were compared as flame retardant additives for polycarbonate/ABS blends. The concentration of the flame retardant was varied from 6 to 14% and the polycarbonate/ABS ratio was varied from 3/1 to 1/1. A commercial polycarbonate/ABS blend is 3/1 with about 14% triphenyl phosphate for a UL-94 V-0/5V rating. Reducing the polycarbonate or the flame retardant level gives products which do not pass UL-94 V-0/5V. Compositions containing the brominated phosphate with UL-94 V-0/5V ratings include use of 6% flame retardant or 14% flame retardant with polymer ratios down to 1/1. Cone calorimetry data show significantly longer time to ignition, lower total heat release and lower peak heat release rate for the brominated phosphate-containing resin. Mechanical properties are also given.
One-Dimensional Analytical Model of Flame Spread Over Solids
Authors: Fangrat J. , Wolański P.
Published: March 2007

In this work, a simple one-dimensional analytical model of flame propagation over a solid fuel layer was developed. It was assumed, on the basis of the previous works, that the main mechanism controlling the flame propaga tion is the process of heat transport from the flame to the fuel layer by radiation and convection in the gas phase (just above the surface layer). Heat conduction processes in the layer were neglected but heat losses to the surrounding area were taken into account.
Environmental Hazards Associated with a Fuel Leakage in a Confined Space of Air
Authors: Badr Osama
Published: March 2007

Hazardous situations associated with a fuel leak into a confined space of air at ambient temperature and pressure have been simulated by a long tube of air with a fuel container located at one side. At the other side, the boundary conditions of having a closed end (zero diffusion flux) or an open end (zero concentration of leaking fuel) have been considered. A generalized mathe matical model of the transient one-dimensional diffusion equation has been utilized to establish the approximate size of the flammable zone as a function of dimensionless diffusion time and tube geometry. It has been suggested that such solutions are valid for situations when mixing occurs by molecular and/or convective diffusion provided adequate estimates of the effective diffusivities are made. Moreover, the model facilitates the calculation of the time after which the fuel is dissipated in the surrounding atmosphere until it is diluted below the lower flammability limit and thus, the entire confined space becomes safe. Applications of such a model for some typical fuels is also presented and discussed.
On the Length of Flames under Ceilings
Authors: Thomas Philip , Karlsson Björn
Published: March 2007

Two sets of experimental data on flame length under flat ceilings from a burner in a lower corner of a room have been correlated by conventional dimensionless variables.
Ignition Propensity Testing at Different O2 Concentrations
Authors: Wu E-Chung , Ihrig Arthur M. , Norman Vello
Published: March 2007

Ignition propensity of cigarettes on soft furnishings is a function of oxygen availability. Oxygen availability, in turn, depends on air movement, and substrate permeability and geometry. Experiments are described where oxygen concentrations over a range from 14 to 36% were used to control oxygen availability and thereby simulate the effects of the other above named parame ters. The experiments were carried out with two cigarettes (high and low tobacco density and paper permeability), two fabrics (Denim and California Standard, both treated with a range of levels of potassium acetate to obtain an array of different ignitabilities), and two configurations (Flat and L).

Each cigarette was characterized in terms of an Ignition Oxygen Level (IOL) (minimum O2 concentration required for ignition) and an Extinction Oxygen Level (EOL) (maximum O 2 concentration below which the cigarettes self- extinguish). The IOL is a function of fabric ignitability, and the EOL is a func tion of fabric permeability. When the results are plotted on a grid of Fabric Ig nitability (FI) versus Oxygen Availability (OA) three domains result: (1) combinations of FI and OA where ignitions take place, (2) combinations of FI and OA where the cigarette self-extinguishes, and (3) combinations of FI and OA where the cigarette burns its whole length without causing an ignition.

The experiments demonstrated that when cigarettes are ranked according to ignition propensity, the rankings can reverse depending on test conditions. Thus, of the two test cigarettes, the high density/paper permeability cigarette was more ignition-prone under conditions of limited oxygen availability, whereas the low density/paper permeability cigarette became more ignition- prone as oxygen availability increased.
Studies on the Flammability of Short Kevlar® Fiber-Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite
Authors: Kutty Sunil K.N. , Nando Golok B.
Published: March 2007

The flammability of short Kevlar® aramide fiber-thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) has been investigated with respect to fiber loading and various flame retardant additives such as halogen containing polymers, anti mony oxide/chlorine donor combination, zinc borate, and aluminum hydroxide. Smoke generation was reduced drastically, while the oxygen index was reduced marginally in the presence of short fibers. The best improvement in the oxygen index was obtained with antimony oxide/chlorinated paraffin wax combination, in the weight ratio 1:6. A 70 phr loading of aluminum hydroxide improved LOI and reduced smoke generation.
Corrosivity Test Methods for Polymeric Materials. Part 3- Modified DIN Test Method
Authors: Bennett James G. , Kessel Stephen L. , Rogers Charles E.
Published: March 2007

This is the third in a series of papers to investigate corrosivity test methods published by the Polyolefins Fire Performance Council, an operating unit of The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. In the first paper, 24 polymeric materials were evaluated for smoke corrosivity following the "Stan dard Test Method for Measuring the Corrosive Effect of Smoke from the Burn ing or Decomposition of Materials and Products" proposed by ASTM E05.21.70 which uses a radiant combustion/exposure apparatus. The second paper dis cussed the evaluation of the same 24 materials using the CNET corrosion test method "Plastics-Smoke Generation-Determination of the Corrosivity of Fire Effluents (Static Method)" under consideration by ISO TC61/SC4/WG2 and IEC TC89/WG3 and compared the CNET combustion results with the ASTM E05.21.70 results. In this paper, the 24 polymeric materials were evaluated us ing a modified "Testing of Cables, Wires and Flexible Cords; Corrosivity of Combustion Gases DIN 57 472 Part 813 Standard" acid gas test method and the results are compared to the previous ASTM E05.21.70 and CNET results. These commercially available polymeric materials cover a broad range of com positions used for wire and cable insulation and jacketing.

The samples were decomposed in a modified DIN apparatus under dynamic conditions and the combustion gases were absorbed in a water trap where the pH and the conductivity were measured. The DIN apparatus was modified by the addition of gas dispersion frits for improved absorption of the combustion gases in the aqueous solution. The acid content of the aqueous solutions was determined using a silver nitrate/ammonium thiocyanate Volhard titration. The data demonstrate that the modified DIN test method using these indirect determinations of corrosive potential does differentiate polymeric materials, ranking them in a similar order to the ASTM E05.21.70 test method. Little cor relation with the CNET % Corrosivity Factor "COR" was found. Reasons for these differences are discussed.

To complete the review of corrosion test methods, studies are under way to evaluate these same 24 materials with the "Fire Response Standard for Deter mining the Corrosive Effect of Combustion Products Using a Cone Corro simeter" proposed by ASTM D09.21.04.
A Note on an Oxygen Index Test on Electric Cables
Authors: Nakagawa Yuichi
Published: March 2007

An oxygen index test was conducted on thirteen different electric cable samples, to determine the limiting oxygen index (i.e., LOI) of each cable composite, its sheath and its insulated wire. A statistical comparative analysis for the data pairs has shown that the LOI of the cable composite correlated sig nificantly well with that of its sheath material whereas it hardly had any sig nificant correlations with that of its insulated wire. This implies that the LOI of a cable composite may be an alternative to that of its sheath material in some cases, though it should be considered that the former tends to be a little higher than the latter. Adoption of the oxygen index test on electric cable com posites instead of that on the sheath coverings could only have merit in simplification and convenience of the sample preparation for the test.
Mechanism of Action of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants in Nylon 6. II. Ammonium Polyphosphate/Talc
Authors: Levchik S.V. , Levchik G.F. , Camino G. , Costa L.
Published: March 2007

Talc added to PA-6 fire retardant with APP increases the oxygen index and upgrades the UL94 ranking to class V0. A chemical reaction of APP with talc, detected in the mixtures above 350°C, prevents volatilization of poly phosphoric acid and increases the amount of thermally stable solid residue. The inorganic phosphates that are formed improve the insulating properties of the intumescent layer on the surface of burning PA-6, as compared to the use of APP alone.
Inter-Bolt Variability of Cotton Duck #4 and the Effects on Cigarette Ignition Propensity Test Outcome
Authors: Jupe Richard , Shipley Donald K. , Hudson William Z. , Wanna Joseph T. , Greear Linda C.
Published: March 2007

Two bolts of cotton duck fabric that meet military specifications and the purchasing guidelines described by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for use as a substrate in "Test Methods for Quantifying the Propensity of Cigarettes to Ignite Soft Furnishings" were tested with smoldering cigarettes to determine the effect of inter-bolt variations on cigarette ignition propensity test outcome. The test was designed around an ASTM method that calls for the control of all known test variables, except for those inherent to the fabric's manufacture. The ignitability of each fabric was determined by testing two sets of 48 replications for each of two experimental cigarettes. The two bolts of cotton duck fabric showed a statistically significant difference in ignitions, independent of environmental and experimental fac tors. Two additional bolts of cotton duck #4 were analyzed. Cigarette ignition test results and the physical parameters of the additional bolts offer evidence that the NIST specifications are difficult to meet and further that test results are extremely sensitive to fabric properties.
Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Simulating Enclosure Fires
Authors: Chow W.K.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on comparing results on the fire environment predicted by using the technique of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (or field modelling) on simulating an enclosure fire at the preflashover stage with those results reported experimentally in the literature. The theory behind this is to solve a system of partial differential equations describing conservation of mass, momentum and heat with the k-ε turbulence model. The computer pro gram PHOENICS is used as the simulation tool. By specifying the geometrical configurations of the enclosure and the location, size and thermal power of the fire source, it is possible to predict the fire-induced flow and temperature fields. The package can be executed in an IBM personal computer at or above 486 level. Experiments reported by Steckler et al. at the National Bureau of Stan dards, U.S.A. on a single fire chamber; Nakaya et al. at the Building Research Institute, Japan on a double room fire chamber; the corner fire plume by Tran and Janssens; the two-room fire experiment reported by Hagglund at the Na tional Defence Research Establishment (abbreviation: FOA), Sweden; and in the full-scale burning hall by Ingason and Olsson at the Swedish National Test ing and Research Institute (abbreviation: SP), Sweden are considered. Some of the results on the temperature and interface height of the smoke layer are com pared with the popular fire zone model CFAST.
Coupling of Large Fire Phenomenon with Object Geometry and Object Thermal Response
Authors: Gritzo Louis A. , Nicolette Vernon F.
Published: March 2007

The effect of an object in or near a large fire on the physical pro cesses which result in the heat flux from the fire is defined by the object geometry and temperature, and therefore the fire phenomena and the object physical states can be coupled. Two primary modes of coupling, radiative and convective, and their relative influence on heat flux, are investigated using observations from ex perimental data and numerical simulations. Radiative coupling occurs when a comparatively cold object reduces the incident heat flux (by up to 65%) due to radiative cooling of nearby media. Convective coupling includes: (1) changes in the geometry of the flame zone, and (2) object-induced turbulence which alters and often enhances the flow, mixing, and, hence, combustion processes within the fire. Increases in the heat flux approaching a factor of three have been observed due to these phenomena.
Temperature Distribution Induced by Fires in a Small Chamber with Forced Ventilation
Authors: Chow W.K. , Tsui S.C.
Published: March 2007

Experimental studies on the temperature distribution in forced- ventilation fires at preflashover stage were conducted in a small test chamber with ethanol pool fires. A total number of twenty-eight tests divided into four cases of ventilation conditions were performed. The effect of ventilation rate, ven tilation positions and the size of the pool fire on the heat release rate, temperature rise, height of hot layer and heat flux on the wall surface were studied. The rate of heat release was determined by the methods of mass loss rate and oxygen con sumption. With the calculated heat release rate, the experimental results on the smoke temperature rise were compared with the results predicted by using the energy balance equation as recommended by Deal and Beyler and the correlation relations derived by Foote, Pagni and Alvares. It is found that the equation pro posed by Foote, Pagni and Alvares gave a reasonable prediction on the tempera ture for this set of experiments.
Predictability of Flashover by Zone Models
Authors: Chow W.K.
Published: March 2007

Two additional flashover inspection criteria were established from a recent study on identifying routes to chaos in a compartment fire. There, phase space diagrams on fire temperatures and their time rates of change were analyzed. The proposal was applied to study whether flashover can be predicted by a two-layer zone model. Two popular zone models ASET and CFAST were se lected. Compartments of different sizes and fires with different heat release rates were considered. Transient values of the fire temperatures and their time deriva tives were studied. It is concluded that in addition to the current flashover crite ria based on gas temperature near to the ceiling, heat flux at the floor level and flames coming out of the openings, the rate of change of fire temperature should be inspected.
A Two Dimensional Model of Heat Transfer Across a Fire Retardant Epoxy Coating Subjected to an Impinging Flame
Authors: Bhargava A. , Griffin G.J.
Published: March 2007

This work reports studies on the heat transfer in two dimensions through epoxy based fire resistant coatings. A model has been developed to pre dict the temperature and surface thickness profiles of a coating material when subjected to an impinging jet flame. The model was tested for two different types of coatings tested under the same conditions. Predictions from the model com pared very favourably with the experimental results except for those cases where delamination of the coating from the substrate occurred.
Kinetics of the Nonisothermal Degradation of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Sea Cheon Oh  , Hae Pyeong Lee  , Yi Sung-Chul , Kyong Ok Yoo
Published: March 2007

The kinetics of the thermal degradation of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) have been studied using a conventional nonisothermal thermo gravimetric technique at several heating rates ranging from 10°C/min to 50°C/min. The dynamic thermogravimetric analysis curve and its derivative have been analyzed using a variety of analytical methods reported in the litera ture to obtain the kinetic parameters such as activation energies, reaction or ders, and pre-exponential factors. When Freeman-Carroll's method is used, apparent activation energy ranging from 105.2-258.3 kJ/mol at various heating rates is given whereas the Flynn-Wall method gave values ranging from 220.9-344.3 kJ/mol. Friedman and Ozawa methods gave apparent activation en ergy between 55.0-237.0 kJ/mol and 75.3-305.1 kJ/mol upon fractional weight loss, respectively.
The City of Cinema: Interpreting Urban Images on Film
Authors: Leigh Nancey Green , Kenny Judith
Published: March 2007

To augment the economic and political analysis of cities which is the traditional content of urban planning curricula, the authors developed a course titled Cinema City. The objective of the course is to expand the students' understanding of both how people respond to life in cities and how this response is in fact influenced by the images they see depicted in film. Striking arguments can be made that our willingness to address urban problems is influenced by our history of such popular images. This paper outlines the authors' experience with the course, indicating both the pedagogical benefits and scholarly value of such an approach.
Planning the Global Countryside:Comparing Approaches to Teaching Rural Planning
Authors: Hibbard Michael , Römer Claudia
Published: March 2007

Planning is largely an urban field. While the issues facing megacities around the world have received a great deal of attention from plan ners, the converse of global urbanization— global rural decline—has occurred. The latter is also becoming the focus of significant schol arship. To explore the impacts of globalization on rural areas, we made a comparative assess ment of how rural planning is conceptualized and taught in the three nations with the larg est economies: Germany, Japan, and the U.S. We begin with a discussion of the meaning of rurality and a summary of the issues facing rural Germany, Japan, and the U.S. We then report on education for rural planning in the three countries. We conclude with a brief discussion of the challenges that globalization presents to rural planners.
Genetic Correlation between Circadian Eclosion Rhythm and Photoperiodic Diapause in Drosophila littoralis
Authors: Lankinen Pekka
Published: March 2007

Populations of Drosophila littoralis are known to be latitudinally highly variable in photoperiodic adult diapause and pupal eclosion rhythm. Phenotypic correlations between the two time-measuring systems among the strains from different latitudes are, however, weak. In the present study, two differing strains were crossed reciprocally in order to search for causal (genetic) correlations between the two traits in the strains. Segregation in the F2 generations showed that variation in each trait was based on a few variable loci only. In the F2, flies having different eclosion times also differed in their diapause. This association was not complete and could have been due to genetic linkage between the traits. For that reason, the hybrid generations were raised for eight generations more to allow recombination between the traits. In F8, selection against diapause was started in the lines by raising them in a light-dark cycle of 15:9, where only females of the southern type reproduce. After eight selected generations, the lines were studied for the traits. Diapause was completely of the southern type, and the eclosion rhythm had also changed in parallel. The change in the phase of the free-running rhythm was not complete. From the present experiment, and from earlier knowledge of the geographical variation in D. littoralis, I conclude that the same pacemaker that is seen in the eclosion rhythm could also participate in daylength measurement for diapause. However, there are also noncorrelated variable parts in the measuring systems of both traits, which may mask the correlated variation.
Self-Sterilizing Materials. 2 . Evaluation of Surface Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Ikeda Tomiki , Yamaguchi Hideki , Tazuke Shigeo
Published: March 2007

The cross-linked polyacrylamide films containing covalently-bonded N'-4- (2-acryloyloxyethyl)phenyl-N5-4-chlorophenylbiguanide hydrochloride (CPF-2) exhibit antibacterial activity at their surfaces and successfully act as self- sterilizing materials. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that inoc ulated cells of E. coli and S. aureus onto CPF-2 films undergo morphological changes, such as shrinkage and deformation, while those inoculated on blank cross-linked films remain intact. These morphological changes were ascribed to the collapse of the bacterial cells due to the action of released N1-4-(2-hydroxy ethyl)phenyl-N5-4-chlorophenylbiguanide hydrochloride from CPF-2 by hy drolysis.
Surface Pressure and Surface Potential Studies of Poly(Isobutylcyanoacrylate)-Ampicillin Interactions at the Water-Air Interface
Authors: Baszkin Adam , Deyme Michel , Couvreur Patrick , Albrecht Geneviéve
Published: March 2007

Surface pressure and surface potential studies of poly(isobutyl- cyanoacrylate) monolayers spread at the air-water interface were performed in the presence and in the absence of ampicillin in the aqueous subphase. They reveal that penetration/adsorption of the drug is enhanced when isobutyl- cyanoacrylate was polymerized in presence of adjuvants (glucose and dextran). Surface pressure-area experiments clearly show that the association which forms ampicillin with the adjuvant free polymer is weak and can easily be dis rupted. This association is strong enough to resist high compression in the case of the adjuvant loaded polymer.
Potent Immunomodulating Activities of Polyvinyladenine and (Vinyladenine-Alt-Maleic Acid) Copolymer
Authors: Akashi Mitsuru , Iwasaki Hiroaki , Miyauchi Noriyuki , Sato Toshinori , Sunamoto Junzo , Takemoto Kchi
Published: March 2007

Polyvinyladenine [poly(VAd)] and poly(vinyladenine-alt,co-maleic anhydride) [poly(VAd-MA)] were prepared by free radical polymerization of vinyladenine and copolymerization of vinyladenine with maleic anhydride.
Poly(amino acid) Copolymers as a Potential Soluble Drug Delivery System. 2. Body Distribution and Preliminary Biocompatibility Testing In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Mccormick-Thomson L. Anne , Sgouras Dionyssios , Duncan Ruth
Published: March 2007

Poly(amino acid) copolymers of Mw 25,000-50,000 daltons con taining GluNa,Tyr (either 1:1 or 4:1) or GluNa,Ala,Tyr (either 1:1:1 or 6:3:1) were radioiodinated and their body distribution measured in rats following in travenous administration. In all cases the blood clearance was rapid (more than 80% over 15 min), but organ distribution was markedly dependent on the poly(amino acid) copolymer composition. Copolymers with high tyrosine con tent were recovered in the lungs (80% at 15 min), poly(GluNa,Tyr) (4:1) was located in liver and kidney and poly(GluNa,Ala,Tyr) (6:3:1) located almost ex clusively in the kidney. Kidney-associated radioactivity probably represented material destined for excretion in urine. These structure-dependent organ- specific distributions are important for the design of poly(amino acid) copoly mers as targetable drug-carriers. All the copolymers examined were much less toxic than poly-L-lysine to P388D 1 and Hep G2 cells cultured in vitro. When ad ministered intravenously to To mice, poly(GluNa,Tyr) (1:1) showed immediate respiratory toxicity at a dose of 100 mg/kg and later onset respiratory toxicity when given at 10 mg/kg. Poly(GluNa,Tyr) (4:1) and poly(GluNa,Ala,Tyr) (6:3:1) at 100 mg/kg and poly(GluNa,Ala,Tyr) (1:1:1) at 10 mg/kg showed no overt signs of toxicity when administered intravenously, and did not alter blood levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase or alkaline phospha tase, therefore showing no signs of impaired liver function.
Molecular Weight Dependence of Antibacterial Activity in Cationic Disinfectants
Authors: Ikeda Tomiki , Yamaguchi Hideki , Tazuke Shigeo
Published: March 2007

New oligomers of in-chain quaternary ammonium salts as well as polymers were examined for antibacterial activity with special attention to the effect of their molecular weights. Two sets of homologs with different spacer structures were prepared: one with a rigid p-xylylene spacer and the other with a flexible hexamethylene spacer. It was found that the activity depends strongly on the molecular weight and that both bacteriostatic and bacteri cidal activity increase in the order of monomer — dimer < trimer < tetramer < polymer.
Polymer Drugs and Polymeric Drugs, Part VII*: Antitumor Conjugated Polymeric Drugs Consisting of 5-Fluorouracil and Polyanionic Polymers
Authors: Yashima Eiji , Uchida Satoshi , Akashi Mitsuru , Miyauchi Noriyuki , Morita Norikazu , Minota Tomonori
Published: March 2007

Derivatives of 5-flurorouracil 1-N-p-vinylbenzoyl-5-fluorouracil (VBFU) were prepared and the solvolysis rates were determined and compared with other 1-N-substituted 5-fluorouracils. VBFU was homopolymerized and copolymerized with maleic anhydride or poly(ethylene glycol) macromonomer. The hydrolysis of these polymeric drugs was studied in a phosphate buffer solu tion, and in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated using Ehrlich's ascites or Sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice.
Sequence Selective Molecular Recognition of Long DNA Sequences by Oligomethylene-Linked Oligoimidazole Analogs of Distamycin
Authors: Lee Moses , Walker Clint , Cooper Monica , Forrow Steven M. , Hartley John A.
Published: March 2007

We have studied a series of homologous N-to-N oligomethylene linked bis(diimidazole) analogs 4a-f (number of methylene groups = 1 to 6, re spectively) and a dipicolinamide congener 4g that bind to long GC-containing sequences of DNA. Results from an ethidium binding assay reveal that, for 4a-f, the compounds with an even number of methylene groups have larger ap parent binding constants, Kapp, than those with an odd number. The Kapp values of the compounds with an odd number of methylene groups are close to that of their monomeric analog 3 suggesting that they may be binding to DNA in a monodentate fashion. The binding of these compounds to T4 DNA and their larger binding constants for poly(dG-dC) over poly(dA-dT) indicated minor groove binding selectivity and tolerance for GC sequences. The ability of com pounds 4b-f to bind selectively to DNA was illustrated by an MPE-Fe(II) foot printing study which showed that compound 4f gave the most distinct foot prints. CD titration studies on compounds 4b, d, and f further demonstrated the GC tolerance of these compounds and that they can bind to 7 ~ 8 base pairs of DNA in a bidentate fashion. The minor groove and bidentate bind ing of the ethylene linked compound 4b on the underlined sequence of
Staff Injuries Sustained During Altercations with Psychiatric Patients
Authors: HARRIS GRANT T. , RICE MARNIE E.
Published: March 2007

Most studies of violence within mental health facilities have focused on patient assaults. In the present study, we examined all types of patient-staff altercations that resulted in a staff member losing time from work. In the 500-bed psychiatric institution we studied, there were 123 such incidents over a 7.5-year period. Compared to incidents that resulted in no time being lost from work, lost-time incidents more often resulted from staff members restraining patients than from patients assaulting staff. In general, the injuries sustained during patient assaults tended to be relatively minor; the injuries sustained in restraints, such as falls, sprains, or strains, tended to much more serious in terms of time lost from work. The implications of the study for staff training are discussed.
Adolescent “Acting-Out” and Childhood History of Sexual Abuse
Authors: RUNTZ MARSHA , BRIERE JOHN
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire examining childhood history of sexual abuse and later (adolescent) behaviors was administered to a sample of 278 undergraduate women. Subjects with a history of sexual abuse were more likely than their nonabused peers to report “delinquent” teenage behaviors in four categories: school problems, conflict with authority, early sexual behavior, and eating problems. The functional aspects of such behaviors in abuse victims are explored, both in terms of escape from jeopardy and as a “cry for help.” It is suggested that problem behaviors in adolescents be considered potential evidence of ongoing or previous abuse.
Characteristics of Spouse Abusers
Authors: HAMBERGER L. KEVIN , HASTINGS JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

With increased attention being paid to the problem of male to female spouse abuse, the importance of understanding abuser characteristics is growing. Although violence abatement programs are developing, it has been observed clinically that abusers frequently fail to volunteer for such treatment when it is available. In an initial study, religious affiliation and history of abuse as a child predicted volunteering for treatment, but not following through. In a second replication study, both history of abuse and having witnessed maternal abuse predicted volunteering, and following through on accepting treatment. When both groups were combined, history of abuse as a child predicted both volunteering and following through on treatment for violence abatement. Witnessing of maternal abuse was marginally related to volunteering and following through on treatment acceptance. These results are discussed in terms of setting programmatic and social policy for motivating spouse abusers to accept treatment.
Anger Control Treatment for Forensic Patients
Authors: STERMAC LANA E.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluates the efficacy of a short-term cognitive-behavioral anger control intervention with forensic patients. Forty subjects participated in the study and were randomly assigned to an anger control treatment or to a control group. The anger control group consisted of six one-hour sessions of cognitive-behavioral and stress inoculation treatment while the control group consisted of a psychoeducational treatment of comparable length. Subjects were assessed pre- and postintervention on measures of anger, impulsivity, and coping strategies. The results of the study demonstrated that following treatment, anger control subjects reported significantly lower levels of anger than did control subjects. In addition, following participation in the anger control treatment, subjects reported a greater use of cognitive restructuring strategies and less use of self-denigration strategies than did the controls. The overall results of this study support the efficacy of a short-term cognitive-behavioral treatment for anger control with forensic patients. The potential use of this short-term intervention for the prediction and assessment of treatability is also discussed.
Patterns of Homicide Among Women
Authors: GOETTING ANN
Published: March 2007

The population of 136 women arrested in Detroit, Michigan, for homicides committed during 1982 and 1983 is analyzed in the context of their killings. Analyses include demographic and social characteristics of offenders and victims, demographic and social relationships between offenders and victims, circumstances of offense, and arrest disposition. Where feasible, comparisons are made with sex-general populations of homicide offenders.
Mental Health Professional as Expert Witness
Authors: GALLIANO GRACE , NICHOLS MARGARET
Published: March 2007

Psychologists and other mental health professionals are increasingly called upon to offer expert testimony in cases in which a battered woman is pleading self-defense in the assault or homicide of her batterer. A short overview of current perspectives on the battering phenomenon is offered. The functions and purposes of psychological evaluation regarding the existence of battered woman's syndrome are delineated. Finally, the actual technique of such evaluation and the preparation for testimony are described. Such expert testimony is examined in the context of a feminist contribution to forensic psychology and to greater equity within the justice system.