bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The Development of endo‐Selective Epoxide‐Opening Cascades in Water
Authors: Morten Christopher J. , Byers Jeffery A. , Van Dyke Aaron R. , Vilotijevic Ivan , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Grids with Unusual, High Nuclearity — A Structural Approach
Authors: Stadler Adrian‐Mihail
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Racemic β‐Sheets as Templates of Relevance to the Origin of Homochirality of Peptides: Lessons from Crystal Chemistry
Authors: Weissbuch Isabelle , Illos Roni A. , Bolbach Gerard , Lahav M.
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Soluble Polymer Carriers for the Treatment of Cancer: The Importance of Molecular Architecture
Authors: Fox Megan E. , Szoka Francis C. , Frechet Jean M. J.
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids: Mononucleotides
Authors: Migaud M.
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in Spintronics
Authors: Zabel Hartmut
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lipoxygenases — Structure and Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Andreou Alexandra , Feussner Ivo
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactive Electrophilic Oxylipins: Pattern Recognition and Signaling
Authors: Mueller Martin J. , Berger Susanne
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymes in Jasmonate Biosynthesis — Structure, Function, Regulation
Authors: Schaller Andreas , Stintzi Annick
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Top Hits in Contemporary JAZ: An Update on Jasmonate Signaling
Authors: Chung Hoo Sun , Niu Yajie , Browse John , Howe Gregg A.
Published: January 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Lectin‐Based Drug Design: Combined Strategy to Identify Lead Compounds using STD NMR Spectroscopy, Solid‐Phase Assays and Cell Binding for a Plant Toxin Model
Authors: Ribeiro João P. , André Sabine , Cañada F. Javier , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Butera Anna Paola , Alves Ricardo José , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús
Published: January 2010

The growing awareness of the sugar code—i.e. the biological functionality of glycans—is leading to increased interest in lectins as drug targets. The aim of this study was to establish a strategic combination of screening procedures with increased biorelevance. As a model, we used a potent plant toxin (viscumin) and lactosides synthetically modified at the C6/C6′ positions and the reducing end aglycan. Changes in the saturation transfer difference (STD) in NMR spectroscopy, applied in inhibition assays, yielded evidence for ligand activity and affinity differences. Inhibitory potency was confirmed by the blocking of lectin binding to a glycoprotein‐bearing matrix. In cell‐based assays, iodo/azido‐substituted lactose derivatives were comparatively active. Interestingly, cell‐type dependence was observed, indicating the potential of synthetic carbohydrate derivative to interact with lectins in a cell‐type (glycan profile)‐specific manner. These results are relevent to research into human lectins, glycosciences, and beyond.
Stability of TiO2 Polymorphs: Exploring the Extreme Frontier of the Nanoscale
Authors: Vittadini Andrea , Sedona Francesco , Agnoli Stefano , Artiglia Luca , Casarin Maurizio , Rizzi Gian Andrea , Sambi Mauro , Granozzi Gaetano
Published: January 2010

The structure of two ordered stoichiometric TiO2 nanophases supported on Pt(111) and (1×2)‐Pt(110) substrates, prepared by reactive evaporation of Ti in a high‐oxygen background, is compared by discussing experimental data (i.e. low‐energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy) and density functional theory calculations. Two rectangular phases, called rect‐TiO2 and rect′‐TiO2 were obtained on both the hexagonal Pt(111) and the rectangular (1×2)‐Pt(110) substrates, generally suggesting that they are weakly interacting with the substrates. The rect‐TiO2 phase is actually confined to a TiO2 double layer, while the rect′‐TiO2 can extend up to a thickness of several layers and is obtained when higher Ti doses are evaporated. While the rect‐TiO2 is best described as a thickness‐limited lepidocrocite‐like nanosheet, growing as a single‐domain‐commensurate (14×4) phase on (1×2)‐Pt(110) and as a six‐domains‐incommensurate phase on Pt(111), the thicker rect′‐TiO2 phase can be best described as a TiO2(B) supported nanolayer (NL). This represents the first example of the TiO2(B) phase in the form of a supported NL, whose properties are still largely unexplored. The important point is that, because of the weak interaction between the oxide NLs and the Pt surfaces, the substrate does not play a role in stabilizing the 2D nanostructures. Rather, it acts as a sort of lab bench where sub‐nanosized titania crystallites self‐assemble, so that the final NLs are representative of 2D confined titania at the bottom of the nanoscale.
The Use of Second‐Harmonic Generation to Study Diffusion through Films under a Liquid Phase
Authors: van der Veen Monique A. , De Roeck Marjan , Vankelecom Ivo F. J. , De Vos Dirk E. , Verbiest Thierry
Published: January 2010

Knowledge of the diffusion of chemicals through buried films is important for a wide variety of systems—from sensing to drug delivery. Herein, we show that second‐harmonic generation (SHG) can be used to follow the diffusion through a thin film buried under a liquid in situ. More specifically, the diffusion of 4‐(4‐diethylaminostyryl)‐1‐methylpyridinium iodide through zeolite precursor films of different thickness is followed. The diffusion coefficients are calculated according to Fick’s law.
The central nervous system as target for antihypertensive actions of a proline‐rich peptide fromBothrops jararacavenom
Authors: Lameu Claudiana , Hayashi Mirian A. F. , Guerreiro Juliano R. , Oliveira Eduardo F. , Lebrun Ivo , Pontieri Vera , Morais Kátia L. P. , Camargo Antonio C. M. , Ulrich Henning
Published: January 2010

Pyroglutamyl proline‐rich oligopeptides, present in the venom of the pit viperBothrops jararaca(Bj‐PROs), are the first described naturally occurring inhibitors of the angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE). The inhibition of ACE by the decapeptideBj‐PRO‐10c (<ENWPHPQIPP) and otherBj‐PROs was classically used to explain the pharmacological effects of these venom peptides in mammals resulting in a decrease of blood pressure. Recent studies, however, suggest that ACE inhibition alone is not sufficient for explaining the antihypertensive actions exerted by these peptides. In this study, we show that intracerebroventricular injection ofBj‐PRO‐10c induced a significant reduction of mean arterial pressure (MAP) together with a decrease of heart rate (HR) in spontaneously hypertensive rats, indicating thatBj‐PRO‐10c may act on the central nervous system. In agreement with its supposed neuronal action, this peptide dose‐dependently evoked elevations of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in primary culture from postnatal rat brain. The N‐terminal sequence of the peptide was not essential for induction of calcium fluxes, while any changes of C‐terminal Pro or Ile residues affectedBj‐PRO‐10c's activity. Using calcium imaging by confocal microscopy and fluorescence imaging plate reader analysis, we have characterizedBj‐PRO‐10c‐induced [Ca2+]itransients in rat brain cells as being independent from bradykinin‐mediated effects and ACE inhibition.Bj‐PRO‐10c induced pertussis toxin‐sensitive Gi/o‐protein activity mediated through a yet unknown receptor, influx and liberation ofcalcium from intracellular stores, as well as reduction of intracellular cAMP levels.Bj‐PRO‐10c promoted glutamate and GABA release that may be responsible for its antihypertensive activity and its effect on HR. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A developmental study of enteric neuron migration in the grasshopper using immunological probes
Authors: Knipp Sabine , Bicker Gerd
Published: January 2010

Pioneering migratory enteric neurons on the midgut of a locust embryo at 63 to 65% E. The neurites are labelled immunofluorescently by an antibody against grasshopper fasciclin I (red). The merged DIC image illustrates the overall morphology. From Knipp and Bicker, Developmental Dynamics 238:2837–2849, 2009.
E(nos)/CG4699 required for nanos function in the female germ line of Drosophila
Authors: Yu Lin , Song Yan , Wharton Robin P.
Published: January 2010

The translational repressor Nanos is required in the germ line stem cells of the Drosophila ovary to maintain their capacity for self‐renewal. Following division of the stem cells, Nanos is inhibited in the daughters that differentiate into cysts and ultimately become mature oocytes. The control of Nanos activity is thus an important aspect of the switch from self‐renewal to differentiation. In this report, we describe a genetic interaction between nanos and Enhancer of nos, an allele of the previously uncharacterized locus CG4699. We find that E(nos) protein is required for normal accumulation of Nanos in the ovary and thus for maintenance of the germ line. The mechanism by which E(nos)/CG4699 protein acts is not clear, although it has been found in a complex with Mof acetylase. Consistent with the finding that E(nos) interacts with Mof, we observe that nanos and mof also interact genetically to maintain normal oogenesis. genesis 48:161–170, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Squaraine Compounds: Tailored Design and Synthesis towards a Variety of Material Science Applications
Authors: Beverina Luca , Salice Patrizio
Published: January 2010

The interest in squaraine compounds, a relatively old class of dyes, has been recently renewed due to their potential usefulness in a large number of technologically relevant fields such as two‐photon absorbing materials, field‐effect transistors, solar cells, NIR‐emitting fluorescent probes and sensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Aim of the present review is to summarize the most convenient strategies for squaraines and polysquaraines syntheses and to discuss the design strategies enabling for the preparation of squaraines having properties relevant for a given material application. In particular, in the first section of the review we will describe the various synthetic approaches for the preparation of squaraine and polysquaraine derivatives. The second section will focus on squaraines applications. We will describe in detail the use of squaraines in bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. Within the topic of bio‐related applications we will also discuss the applications of squaraines as histological probes. Within the NLO‐related applications, we will focus on squaraine‐based electro‐optic and two‐photon absorbing materials. Dealing with photoconduction related applications, we will discuss the most recent applications of squaraine compounds in various kinds of devices such as solar cells, hybrid solar cells and NIR‐responsive photodetectors. In all of the cases we will mainly focus on structure–property relationships highlighting the role of the active molecule design in the final device performances.
Analytical characterization of PEG polymers by MEKC
Authors: Plata María R. , Contento Ana M. , Ríos Ángel
Published: January 2010

Characterization of PEGs with average molecular masses of up to 2000 has been achieved using MEKC with UV detection. A rapid derivatization procedure with phenyl isocyanate using microwave radiation, in order to introduce chromophore groups in PEGs, has been developed involving a reaction time of 60 s. Different optimized conditions in accordance with the molecular weight have been studied to obtain the oligomer separation. The weight‐average molecular mass the number‐average molecular mass and the degree of polydispersity (molecular mass distribution) were calculated for the different PEGs obtaining similar results with those certified for standards. A good precision was obtained for characterizing the different oligomers. Ethylene glycol was used as the internal standard for the analysis of low‐molecular‐weight PEGs. The developed method was satisfactorily applied to the characterization of these polymers in several real samples, such as lubricant eye drops, toothpaste, tap water and eye make‐up remover.
Techniques for reducing out‐of‐band radiation in OFDM based transmission systems
Authors: Brandes Sinja , Cosovic Ivan , Schnell Michael
Published: January 2010

Orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) suffers from high out‐of‐band radiation that prohibits the efficient use of the available spectrum particularly in OFDM based overlay systems. Recently, three different techniques for sidelobe suppression have been proposed and are recapitulated in this paper. One approach referred to as subcarrier weighting is based on weighting the individual subcarriers such that their sidelobes cancel each other. Alternatively, cancellation carriers are inserted at the edges of the spectrum in order to cancel the sidelobes of the transmit (Tx) signal. Thirdly, with the multiple choice sequences method, the symbol vector is transformed into multiple equivalent Tx sequences and the one with the lowest sidelobe power is transmitted. Sidelobes are reduced significantly at the expense of a slightly increased bit error rate or a reduced throughput. In order to further improve performance, in the paper, the combination with Tx windowing and reasonable combinations of the three methods are proposed and investigated. Simulation results show that the suppression achieved with the joint application of two techniques considerably exceeds the suppression achieved with the methods applied separately. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of chromosome arm 20q abnormalities in myeloid malignancies using genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis
Authors: Huh Jungwon , Tiu Ramon V. , Gondek Lukasz P. , O'Keefe Christine L. , Jasek Monika , Makishima Hideki , Jankowska Ania M. , Jiang Ying , Verma Amit , Theil Karl S. , McDevitt Michael A. , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P.
Published: January 2010

Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 is a common abnormality associated with myeloid malignancies. We characterized abnormalities of chromosome 20 as defined by metaphase cytogenetics (MC) in patients with myeloid neoplasms to define commonly deleted regions (CDR) and commonly retained regions (CRR) using genome‐wide, high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP‐A) analysis. We reviewed the MC results of a cohort of 1,162 patients with myeloid malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasia (MDS/MPN), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We further analyzed a subcohort of 532 patients by SNP‐A using the Affymetrix Genome‐Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 and GeneChip Human Mapping 250K Nsp arrays. By MC, 5% (54/1,162) harbored a deletion of 20q; in 30% (16/54), del(20q) was the sole cytogenetic abnormality. By SNP‐A analysis, we identified del(20q) in 23 patients, 3 not detected by MC. In four cases, monosomy 20 with a marker chromosome by MC was proven to be an interstitial deletion of 20q by SNP‐A. We defined 2 CDR and 2 CRR on chromosome arm 20q: CDR1 spanned 2.5 Mb between bands 20q11.23 and 20q12, while CDR2 encompassed 1.8 Mb within 20q13.12. CRR1 spanned 1.9 Mb within 20q11.21 and CRR2 encompassed 2.5 Mb within 20q13.33. In contrast to other chromosomes frequently affected by deletions, no somatic copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN‐LOH) was detected. Our data suggest that SNP‐A is useful for the detection of cryptic aberrations of chromosome 20q and allows for a more precise characterization of complex karyotypes. Furthermore, SNP‐A allowed definition of a CDR on 20q. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of human endogenous retrovirus‐K expression in melanomas by CpG methylation
Authors: Stengel Sven , Fiebig Uwe , Kurth Reinhard , Denner Joachim
Published: January 2010

The overall prognosis of patients with advanced melanoma is poor due to the lack of effective treatment. A key factor for successful therapy is an early detection of disease. Therefore, reliably detection methods and meaningful tumor markers are required. Expression of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)‐K(HML‐2) was found elevated in melanomas and it was shown that HERV‐K supports the in vitro transition of melanoma cells from adherent to a more malignant, nonadherent phenotype. Furthermore, the detection of HERV‐K‐specific antibodies in melanoma patients was found to correlate with reduced survival. However, the reason for HERV‐K expression in melanomas still remains unclear and its use as a tumor marker needs further investigation. Therefore, the tumor‐specific transcriptional regulation of HERV‐K expression in melanoma was studied in detail. Human melanoma cell lines were investigated for HERV‐K expression using real‐time PCR. Five cell lines showed very high levels of HERV‐K mRNA as a result of increased promoter activity. This promoter activity was directly silenced by DNA methylation in reporter gene experiments. Higher levels of long terminal repeat (LTR) methylation in cells not expressing HERV‐K compared with cells expressing HERV‐K were found using methylation‐sensitive PCR and bisulfite sequencing. Treatment of cell lines with the demethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine resulted in increased levels of HERV‐K expression in cells previously not expressing HERV‐K and it was shown that this increase is not the result of transcription factor activation. These results demonstrate that increased HERV‐K expression in melanomas may be due to increased promoter activity and demethylation of the 5′LTR. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exogenous neuropeptide Y promotes in vivo hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Decressac Mickael , Wright Ben , David Belin , Tyers Pam , Jaber Mohamed , Barker Roger A. , Gaillard Afsaneh
Published: January 2010

Adult neurogenesis mainly occurs in two brain regions, the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely expressed throughout the brain and is known to enhance in vitro hippocampal cell proliferation. Mice lacking either NPY or the Y1 receptor display lower levels of cell proliferation, thereby suggesting a role for NPY in basal in vivo neurogenesis. Here, we investigated whether exogenous NPY stimulates DG progenitors proliferation in vivo. We show that intracerebroventricular administration of NPY increases DG cell proliferation and promotes neuronal differentiation in C57BL/6 adult mice. In these mice, the proliferative effect of NPY is mediated by the Y1 and not the Y2 receptor, as a Y1 ([Leu31,Pro34]), but not a Y2 (NPY3–36), receptor agonist enhanced proliferation. In addition, no NPY‐induced DG cellular proliferation is observed following NPY injection when coadministered with a Y1 antagonist or in the Y1 receptor knockout mouse. These results are in line with data obtained in Y1−/− mice, demonstrating that NPY regulates in vivo hippocampal neurogenesis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human BLCAP transcript: new editing events in normal and cancerous tissues
Authors: Galeano Federica , Leroy Anne , Rossetti Claudia , Gromova Irina , Gautier Philippe , Keegan Liam P. , Massimi Luca , Di Rocco Concezio , O'Connell Mary A. , Gallo Angela
Published: January 2010

Bladder cancer‐associated protein (BLCAP) is a highly conserved protein among species, and it is considered a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene originally identified from human bladder carcinoma. However, little is known about the regulation or the function of this protein. Here, we show that the human BLCAP transcript undergoes multiple A‐to‐I editing events. Some of the new editing events alter the highly conserved amino terminus of the protein creating alternative protein isoforms by changing the genetically coded amino acids. We found that both ADAR1 and ADAR2‐editing enzymes cooperate to edit this transcript and that different tissues displayed distinctive ratios of edited and unedited BLCAP transcripts. Moreover, we observed a general decrease in BLCAP‐editing level in astrocytomas, bladder cancer and colorectal cancer when compared with the related normal tissues. The newly identified editing events, found to be downregulated in cancers, could be useful for future studies as a diagnostic tool to distinguish malignancies or epigenetic changes in different tumors.
Alterations of microRNAs and their targets are associated with acquired resistance of MCF‐7 breast cancer cells to cisplatin
Authors: Pogribny Igor P. , Filkowski Jody N. , Tryndyak Volodymyr P. , Golubov Andrey , Shpyleva Svitlana I. , Kovalchuk Olga
Published: January 2010

Cancer cells that develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents are a major clinical obstacle in the successful treatment of breast cancer. Acquired cancer chemoresistance is a multifactorial phenomenon, involving various mechanisms and processes. Recent studies suggest that chemoresistance may be linked to drug‐induced dysregulation of microRNA function. Furthermore, mounting evidence indicates the existence of similarities between drug‐resistant and metastatic cancer cells in terms of resistance to apoptosis and enhanced invasiveness. We studied the role of miRNA alterations in the acquisition of cisplatin‐resistant phenotype in MCF‐7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells. We identified a total of 103 miRNAs that were overexpressed or underexpressed (46 upregulated and 57 downregulated) in MCF‐7 cells resistant to cisplatin. These differentially expressed miRNAs are involved in the control of cell signaling, cell survival, DNA methylation and invasiveness. The most significantly dysregulated miRNAs were miR‐146a, miR‐10a, miR‐221/222, miR‐345, miR‐200b and miR‐200c. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR‐345 and miR‐7 target the human multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1. These results suggest that dysregulated miRNA expression may underlie the abnormal functioning of critical cellular processes associated with the cisplatin‐resistant phenotype.
A note on the bichromatic numbers of graphs
Authors: Epple Dennis D. A. , Huang Jing
Published: January 2010

For a pair of integers k, l≥0, a graph G is (k, l)‐colorable if its vertices can be partitioned into at most k independent sets and at most l cliques. The bichromatic number χb(G) of G is the least integer r such that for all k, l with k+l=r, G is (k, l)‐colorable. The concept of bichromatic numbers simultaneously generalizes the chromatic number χ(G) and the clique covering number θ(G), and is important in studying the speed of hereditary properties and edit distances of graphs. It is easy to see that for every graph G the bichromatic number χb(G) is bounded above by χ(G)+θ(G)−1. In this article, we characterize all graphs G for which the upper bound is attained, i.e., χb(G)=χ(G)+θ(G)−1. It turns out that all these graphs are cographs and in fact they are the critical graphs with respect to the (k, l)‐colorability of cographs. More specifically, we show that a cograph H is not (k, l)‐colorable if and only if H contains an induced subgraph G with χ(G)=k+1, θ(G)=l+1 and χb(G)=k+l+1. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 65: 263–269, 2010
A theoretical analysis of relational job design and compensation
Authors: DeVaro Jed
Published: January 2010

In an analysis that blends ideas from organizational behavior and economics, I propose a new theoretical model that integrates relational job design and compensation. In the model, employers choose both a level of compensation and levels of relational job architecture (both the degree to which workers have contact with the beneficiaries of their work, and the degree to which a job offers opportunities for employees to affect the lives of beneficiaries) with an eye toward maximizing profit. Higher levels of compensation increase the average productivity of new hires, whereas higher levels of relational job architecture motivate existing employees to work harder. Several key predictions emerge from the theory: (1) higher levels of relational architecture, and sometimes higher levels of compensation, yield greater worker effort, (2) the response of worker effort to an increase in the degree to which the worker values monetary compensation has an inverted‐U shape, (3) increases in the price of the firm's service or product yield increases in compensation, and also changes in the provision of relational architecture that depend on the way in which both components of relational architecture affect the worker's cost of exerting effort. Themes emphasized throughout are the benefits of embedding ideas from organizational behavior in the optimizing frameworks that are fundamental to economics, and also the benefits of merging theories of job design with theories of compensation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristics
Authors: Piccolo Ronald F. , Greenbaum Rebecca , Hartog Deanne N. den , Folger Robert
Published: January 2010

In the current study, we draw on the original job characteristics model (JCM) and on an elaborated model of work design to examine relationships between ethical leadership, task significance, job autonomy, effort, and job performance. We suggest that leaders with strong ethical commitments who regularly demonstrate ethically normative behavior can have an impact on the JCM elements of task significance and autonomy, thereby affecting an employee's motivation (willingness to exert effort), which in turn will be evidenced by indications of enhanced task performance and organizational citizenship behavior. We conducted a field study by surveying pairs of co‐workers in a diverse set of organizations. Results provide support for a fully mediated model whereby task significance and effort fully mediate relationships between ethical leadership and subordinates' job performance. Implications for future research on job design are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Not what it was and not what it will be: The future of job design research
Authors: Oldham Greg R. , Hackman J. Richard
Published: January 2010

This summary commentary explores the likely future directions of research and theory on the design of organizational work. We give special attention to the social aspects of contemporary work, the process by which jobholders craft their own jobs, the changing contexts within which work is performed, and the increasing prominence of work that is performed by teams rather than individuals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical methodology for sulfonated lignins
Authors: Brudin Stella , Schoenmakers Peter
Published: January 2010

There is a significant need to characterize and classify lignins and sulfonated lignins. Lignins have so far received a good deal of attention, whereas this is not true for sulfonated lignins. There is a clear demand for a better understanding of sulfonated lignins on a chemical as well as physical level. Many of the analytical methods have been developed with different goals in mind, for example, detection of sulfonated lignins in pulp‐mill effluents, elucidation of structural changes in lignosulfonates during a pulping process, or identification of properties that may affect a formulation when sulfonated lignins are used as a dispersant. When sulfonated lignins are used in industrial applications, analytical data obtained using different techniques may be necessary to enable prediction of their behavior in the target application. In the present review, a critical discussion of established and promising analytical techniques for the characterization of sulfonated lignins is presented.
Pretransplant cryptococcosis and outcome after liver transplantation
Authors: Sifri Costi D. , Sun Hsin-Yun , Cacciarelli Thomas V. , Wispelwey Brian , Pruett Timothy L. , Singh Nina
Published: January 2010

The posttransplant outcomes and optimal management of patients with end-stage liver disease who develop cryptococcosis prior to transplantation have not been defined. We discuss these issues in the context of successful liver transplantation and pretransplant cryptococcal disease. Our report suggests that liver transplantation may be cautiously considered under the umbrella of fluconazole therapy in patients with end-stage liver disease and pretransplant cryptococcosis, provided that disease control is achieved with adequate treatment before transplantation.
Effects of Temperature and Solvent on the Energy Transfer and β‐Phase Formation in the Iridium(III) Complex‐Containing Polyfluorene in Solutions and as Suspended Nano‐Particles
Authors: Liu Shu‐Juan , Xu Wen‐Juan , Ma Ting‐Chun , Zhao Qiang , Fan Qu‐Li , Ling Qi‐Dan , Huang Wei
Published: January 2010

The effects of temperature and solvent on the β‐phase formation and energy transfer in an Ir(III) complex‐containing polyfluorene were investigated. Efficient energy transfer from polyfluorenes host to Ir complexes guest can be realized at low temperature. The formation of β‐phase was observed both in THF solution at low temperature and as suspended nano‐particles at room temperature. In addition, phosphorescent polymer nanoparticles were prepared successfully and exhibited efficient phosphorescent emission.

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Molecules that modulate Apaf‐1 activity
Authors: Pérez‐Payá Enrique , Orzáez Mar , Mondragón Laura , Wolan Dennis , Wells James A. , Messeguer Angel , Vicent María J.
Published: January 2010

Programmed cell death, apoptosis, is a highly regulated cellular pathway, responsible for the elimination of cells in the organism that are no longer needed or extensively damaged. Defects in the regulation of apoptosis could be at the molecular basis of different diseases, either when it is insufficient or excessive. The formation of the macromolecular complex, apoptosome, is a key event in this pathway, which has also been defined as the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. The apoptosome is a holoenzyme multiprotein complex formed by cytochrome c‐activated apoptotic protease‐activating factor (Apaf‐1), dATP, and procaspase‐9. Recent studies have produced a wealth of information about the regulation and functions of Apaf‐1, but additional studies aimed at elucidating its role as a signaling device at the crosstalk between different signaling pathways are needed to take advantage for the development of modulators of apoptosis pathways and possible therapeutic applications.  © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev 31:649‐675, 2011
Further results on error estimators for local refinement with first‐order system least squares (FOSLS)
Authors: Manteuffel Thomas , McCormick Steven , Nolting Joshua , Ruge John , Sanders Geoff
Published: January 2010

Adaptive local refinement (ALR) can substantially improve the performance of simulations that involve numerical solution of partial differential equations. In fact, local refinement capabilities are one of the attributes of first‐order system least squares (FOSLS) in that it provides an inexpensive but effective a posteriori local error bound that accurately identifies regions that require further refinement. Previous theory on FOSLS established the effectiveness of its local error estimator, but only under the assumption that the local region is not too ‘thin’. This paper extends this theory to the case of a rectangular domain by showing that the estimator's effectiveness holds even for certain ‘thin’ local regions. Further, we prove that when the approximation satisfies a local saturation property, convergence of a FOSLS ALR scheme is guaranteed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermally conductive and electrically insulative nanocomposites based on hyperbranched epoxy and nano‐Al2O3 particles modified epoxy resin
Authors: Fu Ji‐Fang , Shi Li‐Yi , Zhong Qing‐Dong , Chen Yi , Chen Li‐Ya
Published: January 2010

Novel epoxy nanocomposites based on a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy, an epoxy functionalized hyperbranched polymer (HTTE) and nano‐Al2O3 were synthesized with the aim of determining the effect of the nano‐Al2O3 particles and HTTE on the structure and properties of epoxy nanocomposites. The mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, bulk resistivity, and thermal stability of the nano‐Al2O3/HTTE/DGEBA ternary composites were evaluated and compared with the corresponding matrix. The improvement in impact properties of these nanocomposites was explained in terms of fracture surface analysis by SEM. The results indicate that the incorporation of nanoparticles and hyperbranched epoxy effectively improved the toughness of epoxy composites without sacrificing thermal conductivity and bulk resistivity compared to the neat epoxy and Al2O3/DGEBA, obtaining a well dispersion of nanoparticles in epoxy matrix and solving the drawbacks for single fillers filled epoxy nanocomposite. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CS‐Fe(II,III) complex as precursor for magnetite nanocrystal
Authors: Wang Yongliang , Li Baoqiang , Zhou Yu , Jia Dechang , Song Yang
Published: January 2010

Chitosan‐iron ions complex (CS‐Fe(II,III) complex) was used as precursor to synthesize magnetite nanocrystals and the mechanism was discussed. The magnetite nanocrystals have diameters of about 10 nm and clusters were formed due to slight aggregation of several magnetite nanocrystals. FT‐IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) investigations indicated that the Fe(II) and Fe(III) were chelated by NH2 and OH groups of chitosan in CS‐Fe(II,III) complex, and the molar ratio of NH2/Fe(II,III) was approximately 2. This chelation effect destroyed the hydrogen bonds of chitosan. In the following alkali treatment process, the chelated Fe(II) and Fe(III) provided nucleation site and formed the magnetite nanocrystals. After alkali treatment, the chelation effect between iron ions and NH2 groups disappeared and some kind of weak interaction formed between magnetite and NH2 groups. Moreover, the OH groups of chitosan have an interaction with the synthesized magnetite nanocrystals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Network parameters of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/montmorillonite hydrogels: effects of accelerator and clay content
Authors: Erbil C. , Topuz D. , Gökçeören A. T. , Şenkal B. F.
Published: January 2010

The results of network parameters of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/montmorillonite (PNIPAAm/MMT) hydrogels prepared with two different types and concentrations of accelerators (tetramethylethylenediamine, TEMED and quaternary TEMED containing decyl bromide, QTEMED) using three different clay contents (1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt% of total monomer concentration) at two different polymerization temperatures (10 and 32°C) were presented and discussed. It was observed that when the reaction temperature of PNIPAAm crosslinked with MMT was chosen as 10°C both volume swelling ratios (i.e., thermodynamic interaction) and shear moduli, G increased. In hydrogels, thermodynamic interaction is reflected by polymer–water interaction parameter (χ). The lower is the value of χ, the stronger is the interaction between polymer and water, and the lower is the interaction between hydrophobic groups or between polymer chains. In addition, increase in MMT content was slightly affected on these intermolecular interactions. Therefore, this effect that combines high‐shear modulus with lower value of χ in the same molecular structure was defined as clay content‐independent diffusion behavior. On the other hand, in the case of the hydrogels synthesized with the higher concentration of TEMED and MMT, the values of χ and G decreased. These facts were interpreted that increase in both accelerator concentration and clay content, for fixed NIPAAm concentration made the number of effective crosslinks between MMT layers smaller. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic particles as powerful purification tool for high sensitive mass spectrometric screening procedures
Authors: Peter Jochen F. , Otto Angela M.
Published: January 2010

The effective isolation and purification of proteins from biological fluids is the most crucial step for a successful protein analysis when only minute amounts are available. While conventional purification methods such as dialysis, ultrafiltration or protein precipitation often lead to a marked loss of protein, SPE with small‐sized particles is a powerful alternative. The implementation of particles with superparamagnetic cores facilitates the handling of those particles and allows the application of particles in the nanometer to low micrometer range. Due to the small diameters, magnetic particles are advantageous for increasing sensitivity when using subsequent MS analysis or gel electrophoresis. In the last years, different types of magnetic particles were developed for specific protein purification purposes followed by analysis or screening procedures using MS or SDS gel electrophoresis. In this review, the use of magnetic particles for different applications, such as, the extraction and analysis of DNA/RNA, peptides and proteins, is described.
Synthesis of well‐defined rod‐coil block copolymers containing trifluoromethylated poly(phenylene oxide)s by chain‐growth condensation polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Kim Yun Jun , Seo Myungeun , Kim Sang Youl
Published: January 2010

Well‐defined trifluoromethylated poly(phenylene oxide)s were synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction by a chain‐growth polymerization manner. Polymerization of potassium 4‐fluoro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenolate in the presence of an appropriate initiator yielded polymers with molecular weights of ∼4000 and polydispersity indices of <1.2, which were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. Initiating sites for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were introduced at the either side of chain ends of the poly(phenylene oxide), and used for ATRP of styrene and methyl methacrylate, yielding well‐defined rod‐coil block copolymers. Differential scanning calorimetry study indicated that the well‐defined trifluoromethylated poly(phenylene oxide)s showed high crystallinity and were immiscible with polystyrene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1049–1057, 2010
Novel diblock copolymer‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes via a combination of living and controlled/living surface polymerizations
Authors: Priftis Dimitrios , Sakellariou Georgios , Mays Jimmy W. , Hadjichristidis Nikos
Published: January 2010

Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions were used to functionalize multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with 1‐benzocylcobutene‐1′‐phenylethylene (BCB‐PE) or 4‐hydroxyethylbenzocyclobutene (BCB‐EO). The covalent functionalization of the nanotubes with these initiator precursors was verified by FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). After appropriate transformations/additions, the functionalized MWNTs were used for surface initiated anionic and ring opening polymerizations of ethylene oxide and ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL), respectively. The OH‐end groups were transformed to isopropylbromide groups by reaction with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide, for subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene or 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate to afford the final diblock copolymers. 1H NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TGA, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for the characterization of the nanocomposite materials. TEM images showed the presence of a polymer layer around the MWNTs as well as the dissociation of MWNT bundles. Consequently, this general methodology, employing combinations of different polymerization techniques, increases the diversity of diblocks that can be grafted from MWNTs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1104–1112, 2010
Epoxy‐based networks combining chemical and supramolecular hydrogen‐bonding crosslinks
Authors: Montarnal Damien , Tournilhac François , Hidalgo Manuel , Leibler Ludwik
Published: January 2010

We combine the supramolecular chemistry of heterocyclic ureas with the chemistry of epoxides to synthesize new crosslinked materials incorporating both chemical and supramolecular hydrogen‐bonded links. A two‐step facile and solvent‐free procedure is used to obtain chemically and thermally stable networks from widely available ingredients: epoxy resins and fatty acids. The density of both chemical and physical crosslinks is controlled by the stoichiometry of the reactants and the use of a proper catalyst to limit side reactions. Depending on the stoichiometry, a wide range of thermomechanical properties can be attained. The method can be used to produce elastomeric objects of complex shapes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1133–1141, 2010
Thermosensitive behavior of poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) double hydrophilic block copolymers
Authors: Dong Anjie , Zhai Yinglei , Xiao Li , Qi Haiying , Tian Qi , Deng Liandong , Guo Ruiwei
Published: January 2010

The poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PEG/PDMAEMA) double hydrophilic block copolymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using mPEG‐Br or Br‐PEG‐Br as macroinitiators. The narrow molecular weight distribution of PEG/PDMAEMA block copolymers was identified by gel permeation chromatography results. The thermosensitivity of PEG/PDMAEMA block copolymers in aqueous solution was revealed to depend significantly on pH, ionic strength, chain structure, and concentration of the block copolymers. By optimizing these factors, the cloud point temperature of PEG/PDMAEMA block copolymers can be limited within body temperature range (30–37 °C), which suggests that PEG/PDMAEMA block copolymers could be a good candidate for drug delivery systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 503–508, 2010
Synergistic effects of PEG and MWCNTs on crystallization behavior of PLLA
Authors: Li Yanli , Wu Haiyan , Wang Yong , Liu Li , Han Liang , Wu Jun , Xiang Fangming
Published: January 2010

This work reported the crystallization behaviors of poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) with the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and/or functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs). The crystallization behaviors occurred in the different conditions, including nonisothermal, isothermal and during the annealing process, were analyzed comparatively using differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarized optical microscope. The results show that PEG as an efficient plasticizer of PLLA enhances the mobility of PLLA chain segments, which leads to the decrease of glass transition temperature and the enhancement of crystallization ability of PLLA. FMWCNTs as a nucleating agent of PLLA crystallization promote the crystallization of PLLA apparently. With the presence of PEG and FMWCNTs, the crystallization of PLLA is well improved in all conditions, indicating the synergistic effects of PEG and FMWCNTs on PLLA crystallization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 520–528, 2010
Quantum modeling of semiconductor gain materials and vertical‐external‐cavity surface‐emitting laser systems
Authors: Bückers Christina , Kühn Eckhard , Schlichenmaier Christoph , Imhof Sebastian , Thränhardt Angela , Hader Jörg , Moloney Jerome V. , Rubel Oleg , Zhang Wei , Ackemann Thorsten , Koch Stephan W.
Published: January 2010

This article gives an overview of the microscopic theory used to quantitatively model a wide range of semiconductor laser gain materials. As a snapshot of the current state of research, applications to a variety of actual quantum‐well systems are presented. Detailed theory–experiment comparisons are shown and it is analyzed how the theory can be used to extract poorly known material parameters. The intrinsic laser loss processes due to radiative and nonradiative Auger recombination are evaluated microscopically. The results are used for realistic simulations of vertical‐external‐cavity surface‐emitting laser systems. To account for nonequilibrium effects, a simplified model is presented using pre‐computed microscopic scattering and dephasing rates. Prominent deviations from quasi‐equilibrium carrier distributions are obtained under strong in‐well pumping conditions.
Angular distributions of electrons emitted from free and deposited Na8 clusters
Authors: Bär Matthias , Dinh Phuong Mai , Moskaleva Lyudmila V. , Reinhard Paul‐Gerhard , Rösch Notker , Suraud Eric
Published: January 2010

We explore from a theoretical perspective angular distributions of electrons emitted from a Na8 cluster after excitation by a short laser pulse. The tool of the study is time‐dependent density‐functional theory (TDDFT) at the level of the local‐density approximation (LDA) augmented by a self‐interaction correction (SIC) to put emission properties in order. We consider free Na8 and Na8 deposited on the surfaces MgO(001) or Ar(001). For the case of free Na8, we distinguish between a hypothetical situation of known cluster orientation and a more realistic ensemble of orientations. We also consider the angular distributions for emission from separate single‐electron levels.