bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« Classification internationale des handicaps » ? Présupposés et enjeux politiques d'un choix de traduction : approche sociolinguistique et historique
Authors: Rossignol Christian
Published: November 2011

Rossignol Christian - « An internationational classification of Handicaps » ? Presuppositions and political stakes in the choice of a translation: a sociolinguistic and historical approach.

A W.H.O. report « International Classification of impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps : A manual of classification relating to the consequences of disease » was translated into French in 1988 under the title : « Classification internationale des handicaps : déficiences, incapacités et désavantages. Un manuel de classification des conséquences des maladies ». After retracing the historical evolution of the uses of the terms handicapé and inadapté between the end of W.W.II and the present day, the author pinpoints the problems posed by this translation. He then develops hypotheses relating to the political stakes involved in the French notion of handicap and describes the situation which seems to have been a contributing factor.
Reprise et reformulation du discours d'autrui : les commentaires radiophoniques immédiats des interventions du président de la République
Authors: Lemarchand Jacques
Published: November 2011

"Commenter" met en oeuvre un ensemble complexe d'opérations énonciatives. Dans un corpus de commentaires radiophoniques immédiats, cette relation inter-textuelle comporte une accumulation de citations ou de reformulations thématiques, explicitement revendiquée par les journalistes comme "commentaire" et "analyse". La tension contexte narratif/ formes de transmission du discours d'autrui dépasse le cadre du discours rapporté et intègre à la problématique de l'hétérogénéité énonciative un éventail de phénomènes linguistiques marquant dans le discours de soi une trace du discours de l'autre. L'analyse des marques de la personne permet d'étudier ces phénomènes.
La revue de presse : un art du montage
Authors: Claquin Françoise
Published: November 2011

Une approche du phénomène citationnel en revue de presse radiophonique focalisée sur l'opposition de deux exercices d'Ivan Levaï permet d'examiner comment le journaliste intègre dans l'oral les fragments sélectionnés d'articles de ses confrères de la presse écrite. Nous tentons de cerner la spécificité de la pratique langagière du directeur de l'Information de France Inter et de dégager quelques caractéristiques du genre revue de presse. La recherche sur la modalité de la reformulation et l'exploration des procédés de montage des citations prouve une similarité du fonctionnement des deux émissions qui ne s'opposent que par le rapport à l'actualité et la dimension de l'événement. Cette première approche expose certains rituels et modes de construction du sens et esquisse en quoi le phénomène citationnel est une composante essentielle de ce genre médiatique.
Distorsion entre l'écrit véritable et l'écrit édité en cas de guerre et en cas de mort
Authors: Genensohn Charchina L.
Published: November 2011

La recomposition et la réécriture, au moins partielle, avant publication, de textes posthumes par les dépositaires - en l'espèce, de lettres écrites du front par un lieutenant normalien tué en 1916 - pose la question de l'écart et des distorsions entre l'écrit de départ et l'écrit édité. Un texte- témoin, les épreuves d'imprimerie corrigées, aux passages raturés ou biffés, première mouture du texte des lettres finalement édité, laisse apparaître à l'analyse, outre des intentions et des procédés de correction, des effets sur le texte qui dévoilent l'intérêt et les enjeux d'une telle pratique dans un groupe sociolinguistique supposé homogène.
Note sur l'expression de la hiérarchie comme dénégation chez L. Hjelmslev et N. Chomsky
Authors: Gandon Francis
Published: November 2011

La linguistique structurale de Hjelmslev et la grammaire générative de Chomsky se présentent comme deux dispositifs puissants et fortement hiérarchisés. Glossématique et grammaire generative procèdent toutes deux de hiérarchies "ontologiques" puissantes. On peut considérer comme énigmatique le fait que les terminologies, censées les imprimer et exprimer, se comportent en réalité comme des dénégations. Cette brève note a pour objet de poser le problème des rapports (spécialement chez Chomsky) entre cette structuration de droit et la terminologie qui y répond mal.
Les performatifs explicites et le "présent" d'allocution. Paroles yéménites
Authors: Naim-Sanbar Samia
Published: November 2011

Naïm-Sanbar Samia - Explicit performatives and the "present" of allocution, Yemeni speech.

The mapping of the essentially pragmatic function of performative utterances onto the linguistic plane is studied in reference to the functioning of some explicite performatives in Yemeni Arabic (Saana). The study reveals connections between the temporal dimension of an utterance, the role of the speaker (as governed by verbal semantics) and the presence of an addressee. It shows that, in Yemeni Arabic, there are linguistic criteria that enable us to sort out performative utterances from constative utterances.
Leur wolof dit-il qui ils sont ? La perception des appartenances régionales et ethniques au travers du wolof urbain parlé par les adolescents
Authors: Juillard Caroline , Moreau Marie-Louise , Alioune Ndao Pape , Thiam Ndiassé
Published: November 2011

Juillard Caroline, Marie-Louise Moreau, Pape Alioune Ndao et Ndiassé Thiam - Does their Wolof say who they are ? Perceiving regional and ethnic membership through the urban Wolof spoken by teenagers.

This is an account of a survey of the regional and ethnic identification of young native Wolof-speakers in Dakar and Ziguinchor. Although they think they can pin-point where Wolof-speakers come from, the respondents over-rate their ability to identify and are only vaguely conscious of the clues they use to decide. They tend to assimilate native Wolof-speakers to Wolofs and conceive regional identities in ethnic rather than geographic terms. The performance of the Dakarese and of the Ziguinchorese are differenciated by the latter 's more adequate representation of the Senegalese linguistic universe.
Ombres et lumière d'une expansion linguistique. Les attitudes des Diola et des Peul d'Oussouye à l'égard du wolof
Authors: Moreau Marie-Louise
Published: November 2011

Malgré l'appropriation généralisée du wolof dans les centres urbains sénégalais, les identités linguistiques restent opérantes dans les zones rurales et les petites agglomérations. L'enquête sur les attitudes linguistiques à Oussouye (Casamance) auprès des sujets diola (ethnie localement majoritaire) et peul montre que si l'expansion nationale du wolof est accepté par le moitié des enquêtes de chaque groupe, l'attitude à l'égard de son usage familial est défavorable et son acquisition apparaît moins désirable que celles des langues ethniques et du français. L'expansion du wolof est vue comme une menace sur l'identité ethnique.
L'enseignement des langues africaines dans les associations d'immigrés
Authors: Gautier Gérard
Published: November 2011

Galtier Gérard - The teaching of African languages by volountary immigrant Associations.

The article presents the activities of cultural associations devotes to the conservation and the teaching of African languages in France. Aside from the demographic weight of speakers of these languages in immigration generally, the action of these associations is determined by various considerations pertaining to identity, manifested e.g. in the choice of spellings that require special characters, as well as by the sociolinguistic situation of the communities employing these languages in Africa.
Voir la femme et acheter : éthographie des photographies publicitaires
Authors: Conein Bernard
Published: November 2011

L'analyse d'un corpus de photographies publicitaires sur les parfums livre de précieuses informations sur la fonction sociale des représentations portant sur l'apparence physique. L'information visuelle sur l'apparence physique, le visage et la posture est immédiatement évaluée socialement comme si la perception était couplée à un jugement car les comportements. L'apparence et les expressions faciales sont évalués sans avoir besoin de passer par des conventions car ils fournissent directement des informations interprétées au niveau social. La démarche, inspirée par l'éthologie, que Goffman choisit pour décrire les photos publicitaires constitue de ce point de vue un cadre pour comprendre comment opère cette liaison entre perception de la conduite et évaluation.
Quand les linguistes ont mal aux mots et quand l'État prend les citoyens pour des gamins ou on n'en finit jamais avec la langue de bois
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean
Published: November 2011

Calvet Louis-Jean - When words hurt linguists and when the State takes its citizens for little children, or : there's no doing away with Newspeak.

In the USA the fashion of "political correctness" has given birth to an oversimplification of the relationships between form and meaning : to think "correctly" today is easy, you just have to find the right words... And this naive analysis is answered for not only by the man in the street, but also by certain linguists.

Faced with the rebirth of Newspeak, should linguists not be the first to criticize this futile confusion ?
Français, patois et mélange... ou variétés de discours en Poitou ?
Authors: Auzanneau Michelle
Published: November 2011

Le discours de la communauté rurale du Sud de la Vienne et des Deux-Sèvres, en Poitou, présente différentes combinaisons régulières d'unités relevant de deux systèmes apparentés, le français et le poitevin. Ces "variétés de discours", mises en évidence grâce au concept de "bilinguisme dialectal", constituent un continuum linguistique et correspondent à des codes distincts pour la communauté. Leur distribution dans la population s'explique en rapport avec la façon dont les individus se sont inscrits et s'inscrivent dans cette société rurale en changement rapide depuis le début du siècle. Les variétés de discours se trouvent chargées de valeurs fonctionnelles et symboliques, leur usage dans les conditions particulières permettent aux locuteurs de se positionner dans la sociabilité de la communauté rurale.
Rapport dynamique entre l'oral monologal surveillé et l'écrit rédigé : une étude empirique
Authors: Boubnova Galina
Published: November 2011

Galina Boubnova - The dynamics between careful monologai speech and the formal written style: an empirical study.

This empirical study of scientific discourse is organized along two main lines. Analysing the discourse process of speech in order to extract the material surdeterminations proper to the oral order: pluridimensionnal encoding, irreversibility, linear progression. These specifics of oral encoding, coped with by the speaker at the cognitive level, are visible through a close interaction between the prosodie and syntactic components. A special analytical grid is thus devised in order to avoid distorting the observable reality of monologai oral speech.

The second main line deals with the analysis of transcoding written to oral speech and vice-versa. It displays the strategies that the speakers use to go from one system to the other and permits one to characterize the transformations undergone in the process.
Variété des activités narratives dans des contextes scolaires et extrascolaires
Authors: Gajo Laurent , Koch Petra , Mondada Lorenza
Published: November 2011

Laurent Gajo, Petra Koch, Lorenza Mondada - Diversity of narrative activities in and out of school.

By studying narrative sequences, this article aims at describing a number of interactive mechanisms linked to curricular and extra-curricular contexts. Using a holistic approach and relying upon conversational analysis, it wishes to show how young non native French-speaking migrants develop and build up their activities and their discursive abilities in French and in German. The opposition school/out-of-school is modalized through a large range of contexts the configurations of which, though sensitive to external constraints, are broadly re-defined within the interaction itself.
Anamnèse d'un dommage ou comment le français est venu aux Bretons
Authors: Prémel Gérard
Published: November 2011

Cet article constitue une étape dans une recherche concernant le processus d'acculturation qu'ont connus dans leur formation initiale, les petits bretons celtophones nés entre 1900 et 1935. A travers une enquête menée auprès de personnes ayant vécu cette formation, jointe à une recherche archivistique concernant les rapports d'inspecteurs (primaires et d'académies) qui en dessinent la stratégie, nous avons tenté de dégager les facteurs qui ont concouru à la contention et au déclin de la langue bretonne. La construction de l'espace public comme lieu d'hégémonie de la langue française ; l'internalisation - par des pratiques pédagogiques appropriées - de la langue française comme surmoi collectif et le repli corrélatif de la langue régionale aux seules pratiques familiales, semblent les plus significatifs de ces facteurs, tant par leurs implications symboliques que par leurs interactions.
Engagement du sujet et altérité
Authors: Peluau Béatrice
Published: November 2011

Béatrice Peluau - Personal involvement and the others.

Through the study of enunciative marks, this article aims at a better understanding of the stakes involved in writing during one's professional activity. Its main axis is a confrontation between the ways the subject, the object and the others are presented in texts describing that activity. Given that the written word is more and more prevalent in the workplace and that the demands of self-involvement made on employees is ever-increasing, we would like to blaze a trail for the reading of such texts in which the dialogism within the profession surrounding the activity is accounted for. The analysis of the variations existing in professional texts, a priori very strongly coded, makes it possible to pinpoint the variability of enuciative situations and to show how the authors symetrically inscribe their own as well others' involvement in the activity described.
« Un vrai borain » : aspects sociolinguistiques du français parlé dans le borinage
Authors: Thiam Ndiassé
Published: November 2011

Thiam Ndiassé - « Un vrai borain » : sociolinguistic aspects of spoken French in the "Borinage".

"Le Borinage" is a region of the Belgian Hainaut near Mons, corresponding to the Coal Basin and historically marked by a diglossic situation between French and a sub-dialect of Picard, the Borain patois. Surveying a stratified sample allowed us to measure a trace of this historical situation, based on the pronunciation of the local French /r/. The analysis applies the variatio- nist model to this sociolinguistic variable. The known characteristics of the historical use of patois are to be found in the différenciation of the marked variable /r/ (rolled) according to level of instruction, sex and age. In a second section, the results are illuminated by the metalinguistic discourse of the Borains themselves, obtained during the interviews.
Sur les mécanismes du paysage sociolinguistique et identitaire d'Afrique du Nord
Authors: Manzano Francis
Published: November 2011

Francis Manzano - On the mechanisms of the North-African sociolinguistic and identity landscape.

Studies of the linguistic situation in North-Africa are usually based on the dichotomy between the colonial language (French) vs. the national language (Arabic). Legitimate as this may seem, such a way of broaching the question hardly accounts for the deeper mechanisms of the local sociolinguistic system. In order to understand what is occurring under our very eyes, it is necessary to consider the time element of the question of language and variation in North-Africa. We may then observe the stability of a tri-polar structure which defines the linguistic landscape, largely due to the geographic situation of the region. The distribution between the three poles (Berber, Romance, Semitic languages) may vary, as do the power relations within each. But at the end of the day, the interactive system is still there, strongly balanced and, for that reason, little subject to radical change.
La lecture de romans policiers : une activité cognitive
Authors: Soldini Fabienne
Published: November 2011

La lecture de romans policiers à énigme s'inscrit dans un rapport de compétition auteur-lecteur, qui est aussi un rapport de coopération. La confrontation entre les résultats d'analyse d'un corpus de romans à énigme et des lecteurs réels ont permis de construire la lecture en tant qu'activité cognitive. Le lecteur pour actualiser le récit et participer au jeu doit effectuer un ensemble d'opérations cognitives telles la construction de topics et d'hypothèses, auxquelles s'ajoutent des modes et des formes de raisonnement adaptées issues de la logique naturelle.
L'hypothèse de bon comme indexical dynamique et topologique dans l'échange
Authors: Duval France
Published: November 2011

L'auteur s'attache à préciser les conditions d'usage de bon comme étant inscrites dans le processus de production de l'échange conversationnel initié par un locuteur dont l'intention est de construire une co-référence avec son auditeur. L'examen des conditions d'usage de onze occurrences de bon dans les échanges d'un protocole montre que vide ou plein de sens, bon fonctionne comme un indexical dynamique et topologique, à savoir qu'il crée une relation de fait évidente avec l'accomplissement ou le non accomplissement de l'intention collective. Le contenant et le contenu de bon informent ostensiblement sur l'existence ou non des objets conversationnels visés.
L'argot en danger de métissage !
Authors: Boulard Gilles
Published: November 2011

Partant d'un livre anecdotique consacré au thème du déclin de l'argot classique remplacé par un jargon banlieusard, nous essayons de mettre en évidence les ressorts d'une argumentation, qui, se cachant derrière une nostalgie de bon aloi, consiste essentiellement en idées réactionnaires et racistes empreintes d'un farouche conservatisme. Il s'agit de souligner les dangers et les dérives auxquels s'expose le lettré menant une croisade contre les évolutions sociales au nom de préférences qu'il n'aurait pas su mettre de côté.
L'événement dans le texte : quand le sida devient un scandale public
Authors: Barthélémy Michel
Published: November 2011

La presse généraliste traite de sujets pouvant présenter une complexité particulière, d'ordre technique, scientifique ou autre. Parfois, elle met en cause la manière dont spécialistes et responsables se sont acquittés de leur tâche. L'information revêt alors une forme de dénonciation. Celle-ci n'est pas l'expression d'une plainte que son auteur voudrait voir ratifier. Elle a plutôt valeur de scheme pour accomplir, dans la réception et par les opérations de lecture, le transfert du problème, du registre scientifique, médical et administratif (impliquant des connaissances particulières), au registre de sens commun, accessible à un public de citoyens. Il s'agit de permettre à tout lecteur, armé de sa seule compétence de membre ordinaire de la société, de saisir la nature du problème, grâce aux seules ressources fournies par le récit. L'analyse porte sur un article réputé avoir " lancé " l'affaire du sang contaminé.
Ethnos et demos : la construction discursive de l'identité collective
Authors: Sériot Patrick
Published: November 2011

Une source de malentendu constant au sujet des entités collectives dans tout travail de comparaison entre l'Est et l'Ouest de l'Europe est le terme de « nation ». On oppose id l'acception jacobine, issue du contractualisme des Lumières, où la nation est un projet politique (une Société, qui n'a pas d'existence en dehors d'un Etat), et l'acception romantique, issue des thèses herderiennes, pour laquelle la nation est avant tout un peuple, une langue, une culture (une Communauté homogène, qui peut précéder tout Etat). On étudie le fonctionnement de ces deux acceptions en tant que catégories de discours.
Sciences du langage et discours sur le "discours public" en Pologne 1989-1992
Authors: Dutka Anna
Published: November 2011

Dutka, Anna - The sciences of language and discourse on "public discourse" in Poland (1989-1992).

After the collapse of Communism, the plurality of enunciative sources which produce public speaking puts to the test the conception of "the language of politics" of the 80s. This paper shows how the "other's" discourse is identified, invalidated, and how the instability of the meaning of words is coped with. The descriptive framework is usually provided by sociology and literary theory ; and the description shows how political changes explode the consensus that prevailed during the years of opposition.
Lecture(s) récursive(s) : analyse et interprétations (Patrick Sériot, N.S. Troubetzkoy, l'Europe et l'humanité, écrits linguistiques et paralinguistiques)
Authors: Vâlku-Poustovaia Irina
Published: November 2011

Cet article réactif met en jeu la subjectivité de l'auteur par rapport à la lecture. Après une présentation du livre qui sert de matériel, on analyse la notion de "récursivité", élément constitutif de la réception (compréhension) d'un texte, ce qui permet d'envisager la contextualisation du discours dans la multitude des contextes possibles. La lecture de N. Troubetzkoy et de sa doctrine eur- asiste dans la la présentation de P. Sériot entraîne une interrogation sur la récursivité inévitable de toute compréhension et sur l'importance, pour l'interprétation d'un texte, de la démarche théorique choisie. L'article examine comment l'analyse (le discours rapportant) implique différentes interprétations d'un énoncé selon différents points de vue - auteur des textes originaux, traducteur/analyste, lecteur/analyste - et selon l'attente par rapport au texte.
Éléments pour une sémiotique pragmatique : la situation, comme lieu du sens
Authors: Esquenazi Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

L'auteur définit le sens comme le résultat d'une confrontation entre un ensemble d'interprétations possibles et une situation. Il rappelle d'abord les fondements d'une telle sémiotique pragmatique, en explorant les apports communs de Peirce et Wittgenstein ; puis dégage le concept de "situation sémiotique" de la notion d'"event" proposée par Whitehead. Il définit ensuite les composantes grammaticale, syntaxique et interprétative de la sémiotique. Enfin, il propose, à titre d'illustration, de considérer les contributions possibles d'une sémiotique pragmatique à l'esthétique.
Figures mortes et effets comiques : ou le fonctionnement métalinguistique du calembour chez San-Antonio
Authors: Rullier Françoise
Published: November 2011

Rullier Françoise - Dead figures and funny effects, or the metalinguistic functioning of puns in San-Antonio.

Comedians often play on the automatisms of language, particularly by waking up sleeping metaphors. Their puns may reflect two opposite stances concerning the complexity of the relationship between words and meaning: R. Devos allows words to take command, whereas San-Antonio plays on words to show that he is taking his distance. The clichés in his books are meant to be clichés, as the puns and other metalinguistic signals tell us. He is searching for a position against ticks of language and, through them, against the low-class literature that uses them, as if looking at them with a critical eye could allow him to escape from being categorized as paraliterature and enter the realm of real literature.
De "société" à "socialisme" : l'invention néologique et son contexte discursif. Essai de colinguisme appliqué
Authors: Branca-Rosoff Sonia , Guilhaumou Jacques
Published: November 2011

La découverte, au sein des papiers inédits de Sieyès datés des années 1780, de la première attestation du mot socialisme est une bonne occasion pour montrer comment l'analyste de discours peut investir un contexte, une fois sa description effectuée à l'aide d'outils historico-linguistiques (ici les dictionnaires des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles). L'article suit une double dynamique : d'abord, l'étude des dictionnaires retrace l'extension du mot société jusqu'à son affirmation politique pleine et entière qui à son tour suscite des créations néologiques. Tel est le contexte favorable à "l'invention" de socialisme. Ensuite, l'étude du cheminement analytique d'un des plus grands législateurs de la Révolution française nous mène jusqu'à l'expression de "Traité du socialisme", expression fortement associée aux catégories politiques de Sieyès (qui diffèrent de l'usage courant du XIXe siècle).
Un avatar du colinguisme lexical : Boiste 1803 ?
Authors: Glatigny Michel
Published: November 2011

En 1803, le Dictionnaire universel de Boiste paraît avec l'ajout du latin absent de la première édition (1801). Cette présence, peu explicable d'après le paratexte, est en lien avec les conditions de la production dictionnairique de l'époque. Boiste se distingue du Dictionnaire de l'Académie en trouvant dans un colinguisme au moins apparent le moyen d'accumuler les mots et les sens, témoignages des changements de la société. La parenté certaine avec le Dictionnaire françois-latin de Lallemant (1780) montre que Boiste n'utilise pour chaque item français qu'une seule des "traductions" latines proposées par Lallemant, quel que soit le nombre des acceptions : il trouve ainsi une garantie respectable contre la dispersion d'une polysémie mal gérée. Est-ce une résurgence ou un détournement du colinguisme ?
Le discours de la pauvreté de la Banque Mondiale
Authors: Corten André
Published: November 2011

Corten André - The discourse about poverty of the World Bank.

The 1990 the World Development Report of the World Bank is entirely dedicated to poverty. The lexical frequency of the terms « poor » and « poverty » in the report is very high. Yet, although the discursive mechanism appears to control modal values in the fight against poverty, it operates by constructing a new semiotic object condemned to disappear. Thus, the mission promoted by the World Bank, can only succeed. Firstly, in the unfolding of the narrative the poor are made to desappear. Then, through an association of the terms « poor » and « poverty » with other terms, or with modalizations which cancel one another, the « distressing » and « scandalous » situation in which « more than one billion people live » becomes meaningless. Finally, the operation of obliteration entails the shift of the pair « poor »/« rich » towards the pairs « poor » / « non-poor », and « very poor » / « poor ».
SLADE, un projet de sociologie du langage
Authors: Leimdorfer François , Fenoglio Irène , Varro Gabrielle , Wald Paul
Published: November 2011

Leimdorfer François, Irène Fenoglio, Gabrielle Varro, Paul Wald - SLADE, a Project in the Sociology of Language.

Slade, or "Sociology of Language, Analysis of Discourse, Enunciation", was the title of a project inspired by Pierre Achard. The members of the group that implemented it present the main lines, showing its scientific pertinence and effects on on-going research. The principal objective is to connect the linguistic and sociological approaches to discourse and language, by placing the construction of meaning at the center of the observed discourse activities. Along with the theory of enunciation, P. Achard's Discourse Semantics serve as a common basis for the proposed analyses, emphasizing categorization and reworking such notions as "genre" (type), "registre" and "corpus".
De la Méthode Directe aux Investigations philosophiques de Wittgenstein. Savoirs et transferts de savoirs
Authors: Bouquet Simon
Published: November 2011

Me plaçant dans la perspective d'une histoire des idées rendant compte des transferts bilatéraux entre savoirs et savoir-faire, j'envisage la philosophie du langage de Wittgenstein sous l'angle de la relation qu'elle entretient avec les savoirs de la linguistique (dans leur dualité millénaire : savoirs logico-grammaticaux et savoirs rhétorico-herméneutiques) et les savoir-faire de l'enseignement des langues étrangères. Cela m'amène à poser l'auteur des Investigations philosophiques comme le théoricien d'une « sémantique du genre » et à faire l'hypothèse que cette position au regard des sciences du langage s'étaye sur un transfert du savoir-faire didactique de la Méthode Directe.
Fonctions de l'alternance des langues chez des enfants bilingues francophones-anglophones
Authors: Giancarli Pierre-Don
Published: November 2011

GIANCARLI Pierre-Don - Fonctions de l'alternance des langues

chez des enfants bilingues francophones-anglophones.

Un bilingue face à un autre bilingue parlant les mêmes langues X et Y que lui a tendance à donner libre cours à une exploitation des ressources de ses deux langues, d'où de fréquents contacts de langues en production. Mais en plus des ressources propres à chacune de ses langues, le bilingue a la possibilité d'alterner en entre celles-ci, ce qui constitue un type de contact appelé alternance ou "switching", que nous définirons comme passage complet (à la fois conscient et non-imposé) de X à Y résultant d'une activation en succession des systèmes linguistiques correspondant à X et à Y. Pourquoi les enfants bilingues ont-ils recours à l'alternance de langues ? Le présent article propose quelques réponses à cette question.
La lecture-en-action : entre le présupposé d'un monde objectif et son accomplissement situé
Authors: Barthélémy Michel
Published: November 2011

BARTHÉLÉMY Michel - Public Space and Humanitarian Aid.

This paper examines a text produced by an NGO, to see how it proceeds in order to resolve the uncertainty surrounding the identity of a population as victims - Rwanda refugees in Zaire, as it happens. It is not these people's situation that is equivocal but the fact that certain member States of International Organizations in charge of refugee aid decide not to help them, at the cost of keeping the real situation from international public opinion. Through this case study, the aim is to show the pertinence for textual analysis of centering one's approach on the description of reading procedures, considered to be a course of observable actions rather than a set of cognitive operations. The analysis seeks to sound the process of how meaning is built into a text, as well as how the reality described by the text is a social construct.
Implementing Integrated Supply Chain Management
Authors: Carey Dermot
Published: November 2011

The concept of supply chain integration (SCI) has been widely set out in the academic literature in recent years. The advantages associated with the integrated approach have been articulated, as have possible approaches to planning for SCI. However, there is a dearth of literature in the area of SCI implementation. This chapter describes a piece of action research that aims to identify some of the critical success factors and inhibitors to success in relation to SCI. The action research was carried out in a complex hospital environment. Implementing anything that is new is typically met with resistance. Resistance to change is a natural response and the only way to get buy-in is to impress. That usually means presenting something of benefit and interesting. SCI in this regard requires that innovation is present in both concept and output. Innovative ideas, approaches and re-invention is a constant requirement for operational and strategic efficiencies. Similarly in SCI new and challenging ways must be incorporated into the implementation process.
Managing Uncertain Inventory in Supply Chain with Neural Network and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Authors: Lee CKM , Benjamin Ng Wenwei , Pokharel Shaligram
Published: November 2011

Demand uncertainty leads to fluctuations in inventory position at each echelon of a supply chain causing bullwhip effect, which can lead to significant cost and loss of efficiency and waste of resources. One of the aspects that can reduce potential bullwhip effect is the sharing of real time information for which the recently mass produced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) can be of great value. The use of RFID technology can also help in increasing the visibility of the flow of goods and material, keeping track of the location and quantity at each distribution centre and warehouses. This will also help in the periodic and near real time optimization of inventory level of goods and material. The data collected with RFID can be analysed in artificial Neural Network (NN) to forecast the future demand. In this chapter, a framework is proposed by combining RFID with artificial neural network so that lean logistics can be realized in the supply chain.
Reverse Logistics for Sustainable Waste Management Processes
Authors: McLeod Fraser , Cherrett Tom
Published: November 2011

This chapter highlights some of the innovative approaches that have been taken by businesses involved in reverse logistics for the removal of waste from urban areas. The chapter reviews some of these approaches and suggests which could be used more widely, recognising the specific limitations which may restrict their applicability. These innovative approaches include: the use of delivery vehicles to take-back waste/recyclate to out-of-town facilities such as a freight consolidation or recycling centre; combining commercial and household waste collections; deploying public transport vehicles to carry specialist recyclate; using multi-modal transport; ‘smart’ bin technology and pipelines for the removal of waste from buildings.
Discontinuous Innovation in Supply Relationship Management
Authors: Lamming Richard , Jia Fu
Published: November 2011

Innovation may be divided into two types: incremental and discontinuous (Tidd et al. 2009). The first of these refers to ‘doing what is already done but better.’ The latter may come through the emergence of a new technology, a completely new market or a new business model and refers to decision making under uncertainty. The focus of this chapter is the implementation of discontinuous innovation (DI) in supply chain relationships. The authors review two research-led projects: the development and implementation of the SCRIA (Supply Chain Relationship in Aerospace) Relationship Evaluation Tool (RET) and the development of the concept of Value-Transparency (V-T). Both projects originated in the authors’ academic research in the early 1990s and were aimed at subsequent implementation in the context of supply chain relationships. One was successfully implemented; the other was not. The authors introduce future research exploring some supply relationship context-specific barriers and enablers in the implementation of radical concepts or DI through case based research method.
Wavelet Filters Evaluation in Power Constrained Visual Sensor Networks
Authors: Abdelhamid Mammeri , Hadjou Brahim , Khoumsi Ahmed , Ziou Djemel
Published: November 2011

While designing a wavelet-based coder (WBC) in the context of Visual Sensor Network (VSN), engineers and designers must respect their strict constraint on power consumption. This makes the selection of the appropriate wavelet, among many existing competitors, not an easy task. A set of wavelet filters are evaluated and the best of them are selected. The comparison is performed in terms of the quality of the reconstructed image at the base station and the power consumption of a visual sensor (VS) processing the wavelet. Image quality is measured objectively using PSNR and SSIM, and subjectively using the mean opinion score of many viewers. For power consumption, we have developed a power model based on the number of times basic operations are performed by the filters. Moreover, we show and discuss some factors, such as decomposition level and filter length, influencing the power dissipation of a given VS while executing a given wavelet under evaluation. Our results provide a good reference for designers of WBC for power-constrained applications such as VSN.
Using Line Cameras for Monitoring and Surveillance Sensor Networks
Authors: Zheng Jiang Yu
Published: November 2011

The innovative combination of wireless sensor network (WSN) technology with visual monitoring and surveillance technology in computer vision has been emerging as an important new paradigm. This emerging technology will play a crucial role in visual monitoring and surveillance for automatic object detection and tracking in applications such as real-time traffic monitoring and control, vehicle parking control, intrusion detection, security surveillance, military battlefield monitoring, and so on. Compared to traditional WSNs with scalar sensing data, the development of WVSNs presents much greater challenges in terms of node’s computation power, storage, wireless bandwidth capacity and energy conservation due to the processing and transmission of the huge amount of two-dimensional (2D) image data. We introduce the use of linear CCD sensors for wireless sensor network here. It reads temporal data from a CCD array continuously and stores them to form a 2D image profile. Compared to most of the sensors in the current sensor networks that output temporal signals, it delivers more information such as color, shape, and event of a flowing scene. On the other hand, it abstracts passing objects in the profile without heavy computation and transmits much less data than a video from normal cameras. This paper focus on several unsolved issues of line sensors in capturing targets in the 3D space such as sensor setting, shape analysis, robust object extraction, and real time background adapting to ensure long-term sensing and visual data collection via networks. All the developed algorithms are executed in constant complexity for reducing the sensor and network burden. A sustainable visual sensor network can thus be established in a large area to monitor passing objects and people for surveillance, traffic assessment, invasion alarming, etc.
Missionale gemeentes in die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika – Teologies verantwoord
Authors: Van der Merwe J. Christo
Published: November 2011

Missional congegrations in the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa – Theologically substantiated The Christian churches are experiencing a major paradigm shift as they attemp to navigate the 20th century. Around the mid-fourth century to the mid-twentieth century CE, often referred to as the ‘age of Christendom’, Christianity and the institutional church had a central place, which was culturally supported in the public life of most Western societies. Today it is impossible to talk about culture without using the plural. Society has changed into what is called a ‘pluriverse’ of cultures determined by aspects such as geography, race, ethinicity, class, and worldview. For Christian denominations, this paradigm shift has become exceedingly challenging. This article discerns and experiments with approaches to ministry that are vitally challenged by the many current understandings of what it means to be church today. By taking the concept missio Dei as point of departure the article describes the church as being called to be a missional church and the Christian leaders as being called to exercise missional leadership. The article addresses the notion of missio trinitatis as fundamental to the understanding of the missio Dei. God is one who lives by sharing, and the Trinity is the doctrine of a God whose very essence is sharing, thus the consequence is that those who believe in such a God must live a similar life. Matthew 28:19−20 serves as basis for a discussion on the ‘embodiment’ of the church’s missional theology as well as a basis for the development of a missional praxis. The fundamental conviction argued in this article is that there can be no place for a future church that is not missional in essence.
Introducing a Primary Health Care nurse training course at the University of Limpopo: Experiences and views of trainees
Authors: Delobelle Peter A. , Mamogobo Pamela M. , Marincowitz Gert JO. , Decock Rika , Depoorter AnneMarie
Published: November 2011

Background: A new post-basic Primary Health Care (PHC) nurse training was piloted at the University of Limpopo in rural South Africa in order to reinforce PHC services and to address the backlog of trained PHC nurses. The training comprised residential and decentralised training modules based on the principles of problem based learning and community based education, and a patient-centred care approach developed in the field of family medicine was applied for acquiring consultation skills. Clinical reasoning was improved through on-site supervision by individual preceptors. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the satisfaction, experiences and views of trainees in the first year of implementing the new PHC nurse training programme.Method: The study had a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional design, and used quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection that included a semi-structured survey questionnaire and focus group discussion. A purposive sample of trainees enrolled in the pilot programme (n = 15) was recruited for this study. Results were analysed quantitatively for the survey questionnaire and content analysis was used for qualitative data.Results: Results revealed trainee satisfaction with the quality of community based visits and classroom lectures and dissatisfaction with on-site supervision and training material. Qualitative findings indicated a need to improve information and communication of supervisors and preceptors, and to provide more training material. Factors related to the work environment were identified as barriers to implement learning, but the use of tools developed in family medicine curricula was perceived as beneficial. Lessons learnt included the need for strong programme coordination and stakeholder commitment, as well as the need to develop a competence framework for PHC nursing.Conclusion: The implementation of a pilot programme for PHC nurse training had the outcomes of trainee satisfaction with the mixed method of teaching, and valuable lessons were learned with regard to programme implementation and organisation. Integration of tools and concepts developed in the field of family medicine proved beneficial, and several recommendations were formulated to inform similar projects.
Simplifying a hydrological ensemble prediction system with a backward greedy selection of members – Part 1: Optimization criteria
Authors: Brochero D. , Anctil F. , Gagné C.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Systems (HEPS), obtained by forcing rainfall-runoff models with Meteorological Ensemble Prediction Systems (MEPS), have been recognized as useful approaches to quantify uncertainties of hydrological forecasting systems. This task is complex both in terms of the coupling of information and computational time, which may create an operational barrier. The main objective of the current work is to assess the degree of simplification (reduction of the number of hydrological members) that can be achieved with a HEPS configured using 16 lumped hydrological models driven by the 50 weather ensemble forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Here, Backward Greedy Selection (BGS) is proposed to assess the weight that each model must represent within a subset that offers similar or better performance than a reference set of 800 hydrological members. These hydrological models' weights represent the participation of each hydrological model within a simplified HEPS which would issue real-time forecasts in a relatively short computational time. The methodology uses a variation of the k-fold cross-validation, allowing an optimal use of the information, and employs a multi-criterion framework that represents the combination of resolution, reliability, consistency, and diversity. Results show that the degree of reduction of members can be established in terms of maximum number of members required (complexity of the HEPS) or the maximization of the relationship between the different scores (performance).
Rogue waves in 2006–2010
Authors: Nikolkina I. , Didenkulova I.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The evidence of rogue wave existence all over the world during last five years (2006–2010) has been collected based mainly on mass media sources. Only events associated with damage and human loss are included. The waves occurred not only in deep and shallow zones of the World Ocean, but also at the coast, where they were manifested as either sudden flooding of the coast or high splashes over steep banks or sea walls. From the total number of 131 reported events, 78 were identified as evidence of rogue waves (which are expected to be at least twice larger than the significant wave height). The background significant wave height was estimated from the satellite wave data. The rogue waves at the coast, where the significant wave height is unknown or meaningless, were selected based on their unexpectedness and hazardous character. The statistics built on the selected 78 events suggests that extreme waves cause more damage in shallow waters and at the coast than in the deep sea and can be used for hazard assessment of the rogue wave phenomenon.
Rethinking earthquake-related DC-ULF electromagnetic phenomena: towards a physics-based approach
Authors: Huang Q.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Numerous electromagnetic changes possibly related with earthquakes have been independently reported and have even been attempted to apply to short-term prediction of earthquakes. However, there are active debates on the above issue because the seismogenic process is rather complicated and the studies have been mainly empirical (i.e. a kind of experience-based approach). Thus, a physics-based study would be helpful for understanding earthquake-related electromagnetic phenomena and strengthening their applications. As a potential physics-based approach, I present an integrated research scheme, taking into account the interaction among observation, methodology, and physical model. For simplicity, this work focuses only on the earthquake-related DC-ULF electromagnetic phenomena. The main approach includes the following key problems: (1) how to perform a reliable and appropriate observation with some clear physical quantities; (2) how to develop a robust methodology to reveal weak earthquake-related electromagnetic signals from noisy background; and (3) how to develop plausible physical models based on theoretical analyses and/or laboratory experiments for the explanation of the earthquake-related electromagnetic signals observed in the field conditions.
Computed Tomography of a Cat with Primary Intratracheal Lymphosarcoma Before and After Systemic Chemotherapy
Authors: Dugas Brandy , Hoover John , Pechman Robert
Published: November 2011

A 12 yr old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented with worsening tachypnea of 1 mo duration and open mouth breathing. Radiographs revealed tracheal narrowing at the thoracic inlet. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a contrast enhancing 8-cm long fusiform mass within the dorsal tracheal membrane. Tracheobronchoscopy confirmed the presence of the tracheal mass at the thoracic inlet, and lymphoma was diagnosed based on uniformly atypical lymphoid cells on aspirated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The cat was treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisolone. Thoracic radiographs and CT performed 1 mo after completion of the 6 mo chemotherapy protocol revealed resolution of the tracheal mass. The cat remained clinically normal at 21 mo after treatment.