bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Simple View of Reading Across Development: Prediction of Grade 3 Reading Comprehension From Prekindergarten Skills
Authors:   Language and Reading Research Consortium, Chiu Y. D.
Published: September 2018

We assessed the simple view of reading as a framework for Grade 3 reading comprehension in two ways. We first confirmed that a structural equation model in which word recognition, listening comprehension, and reading comprehension were assessed by multiple measures to inform each latent construct provided an adequate fit to this model in Grade 3. We next examined how well prekindergarten (pre-K) oral language (vocabulary, grammar, discourse) and code-related (letter and print knowledge, phonological processing) skills predicted Grade 3 reading comprehension, through the two core components of the simple view: word recognition and listening comprehension. Strong relations were evident between pre-K skills and the complementary Grade 3 constructs of listening comprehension and word recognition. Notably, the pre-K latent constructs of oral language and code-related skills were strongly related to each other, with a much weaker (nonsignificant) relation between the complementary Grade 3 constructs of listening comprehension and word recognition.
Maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate induces alterations of c-Myc gene, some apoptotic and growth related genes in pups’ testes
Authors: Rashad Maha M , Galal Mona K , EL-Behairy Adel M , Gouda Eman M , Moussa Said Z
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal exposure to di-( n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) on testicular development and function in pre-pubertal and post-pubertal male rat offspring. Fourteen pregnant female rats were equally divided into two groups: a control group and a DBP-treated group. During gestation day (GD) 12 to postnatal day (PND) 14, the control group was administered 1 ml/day corn oil, and the DBP-treated group was administered DBP 500 mg/kg/day by oral gavage. On PND 25 (pre-puberty) and PND 60 (post-puberty), blood for serum and the testes were collected from five male offspring of each group. To determine the relationship between the methylation state of the c-Myc promoter and the expression of the c-Myc gene, some apoptotic-related genes, such as p53 and Bax, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene, and some growth arrest-related genes, such as BRD7 and GAS1, were examined. Compared with the control ( p < 0.05), at pre-puberty, DBP induces c-Myc hyper-methylation with significant downregulation for c-Myc, p53, Bax genes, and significant upregulation for Bcl-2, BRD7, and GAS1, while at post puberty, the methylation state and expression of c-Myc and apoptosis-related genes returned to control levels in the same sequence with the fold change in the expression of BRD7 and GAS1 genes. These findings suggest that DBP induced a transient pre-pubertal increase in c-Myc promoter methylation that may be associated with disruption of both apoptotic and growth mechanisms in the testes.
Assessing the Unique Experiences and Needs of Muslim Oncology Patients Receiving Palliative and End-of-Life Care: An Integrative Review
Authors: Gustafson Carolina , Lazenby Mark
Published: September 2018

The objective of this review was to detail the experiences of Muslim oncology patients receiving palliative and end-of-life care and identify where gaps in the providing of culturally aware care occur. We also sought to examine ways in which providers could be better educated on the needs of Muslim patients at the end-of-life and identify barriers Muslims faced when being treated with hospice and palliative care models developed for non-Muslim populations. We conducted a search in April 2018 in the National Library of Medicine and CINAHL databases using the search terms “palliative care,” “Muslim,” and “cancer.” Included were articles with focuses on adult Muslims with palliative and end-of-life care experiences. We then followed the PRISMA guidelines for an integrative review and used a data extraction matrix to identify 20 papers that met the inclusion criteria of the review. We identified four major themes patient experiences, patient care delivery suggestions, Muslim provider experiences, and definitions of death, present in all 20 papers of the review. Each of the included papers was categorized based on the dominant theme in the paper. This review ultimately found that the care provided to Muslim patients is subpar for the standard of culturally competent care and that the needs of Muslim patients at the end-of-life, as well as the needs of their families, are not being met. Moving forward further research on this topic is needed with a particular focus on examining the experiences of terminally ill Muslim patients receiving treatment in non-Muslim majority settings.
Invasive Fungal Disease in Critically Ill Patients at High Risk: Usefulness of Lymphocyte Subtyping
Authors: Zhang Jiahui , Cui Na , Wang Hao , Han Wen , Li Yuanfei , Xiao Meng , Liu Dawei
Published: September 2018

Objectives:

This study aimed to investigate the distinguishing ability of lymphocyte subtyping for diagnosis and prognosis of invasive fungal disease (IFD).

Methods:

We assessed lymphocyte subtyping and evaluated the quantitative changes in key immunological parameters at intensive care unit (ICU) admission in critically ill patients at high risk and their potential influence on diagnosis and outcome of IFD. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality.

Results:

Among the 124 critically ill patients with mean Candida score 3.89 (0.76), 19 (15.3%) were in the IFD group. CD28+CD8+ T-cell counts (area under the curve [AUC] 0.899, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.834-0.964, P < .001) had better distinguishing ability than other immune parameters for IFD diagnosis. The cutoff value of CD28+CD8+ T-cell counts at ICU admission for IFD diagnosis was 59.5 cells/mm3, with 83.3% sensitivity and 86.4% specificity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified CD28+CD8+ T-cell count <59.5 cells/mm3 (odds ratio 59.7, 95% CI, 7.33-486.9, P < .001) as an independent predictor for IFD diagnosis. CD28+CD8+ T-cell counts could also predict 28-day mortality (AUC 0.656, 95% CI, 0.525-0.788, P = .045). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis provided evidence that natural killer cell count <76.0 cells/mm3 (log-rank test; P = .001), CD8+ T-cell count <321.5 cells/mm3 (log-rank test; P = .04), and CD28+CD8+ T-cell count <129.0 cells/mm3 (log-rank test; P = .02) at ICU admission were associated with lower survival probabilities.

Conclusion:

CD28+CD8+ T-cell counts play an important role in early diagnosis of IFD. Low counts are associated with early mortality in critically ill patients at high risk of IFD. Our findings add evidence to the utility of lymphocyte subtyping in a diagnostic algorithm to better define IFD in critically ill patients at high risk.
Human Rights as an Ideology? Obstacles and Benefits
Authors: David Lea
Published: September 2018

Sociology has an important part to play in understanding human rights. In this article, I trace obstacles within sociology to theoretically conceptualize human rights as an ideology. These impediments, I suggest, demonstrate the need to recognize the blind spots within sociological research. However, instead of trying to persuade readers why human rights qualifies as an ideology, I attempt to demonstrate why it is beneficial for sociological inquiry to conceptualize human rights as an ideology. Instead of following the widely accepted practice of understanding human rights as a desirable set of values designed to promote a liberal peace, I propose conceptualizing human rights as an ideology which, through its institutionalization, produces coercive organizational and doctrine power. The question of whether its organizational and doctrine power is capable of value penetration in micro-solidarity groups opens up a new prism through which sociologists can assess the successes and failures of human rights ideology on the ground.
Government retrenchment and citizen participation in volunteering: A cross-national analysis of OECD countries
Authors: Suzuki Kohei
Published: September 2018

In most industrialized countries, politicians and policy makers face unprecedented levels of fiscal pressure. Such pressure has compelled governments to conduct substantial cuts in government spending and services. While policy makers have attempted to build a strong civil society to compensate for the declining government role, previous studies have not examined the link between government retrenchment and citizen involvement in volunteering. This study examines such a relationship by conducting a cross-national study of OECD countries. After controlling for individual- and country-level factors, the findings show that government retrenchment is positively associated with citizen volunteering.
Condition monitoring of railway pantographs to achieve fault detection and fault diagnosis
Authors: Xin Tingyu , Roberts Clive , Weston Paul , Stewart Edward
Published: September 2018

Railway pantographs are used around the world for collecting electrical energy to power railway vehicles from the overhead catenary. Faults in the pantograph system degrade the quality of the contact between the pantograph and catenary and reduce the reliability of railway operations. To maintain the pantographs in a good working condition, regular inspection tasks are carried out at rolling stock depots. The current pantograph inspections, in general, are only effective for the detection of major faults, providing limited incipient fault detection or fault diagnosis capabilities. Condition monitoring of pantographs has the potential to improve pantograph performance and reduce maintenance costs. As a first step in the realisation of practical pantograph condition monitoring, a laboratory-based pantograph test rig has been developed to gain an understanding of pantograph dynamic behaviours, particularly when incipient faults are present. In the first work of this kind, dynamic response data have been acquired from a number of pantographs that have allowed fault detection and diagnosis algorithms to be developed and verified. Three tests have been developed: (i) a hysteresis test that uses different excitation speeds, (ii) a frequency response test that uses different excitation frequencies, and (iii) a novel changing gradient test. Verification tests indicate that the hysteresis test is effective in detecting and diagnosing pneumatic actuator and elbow joint faults. The frequency response test is able to monitor the overall degradation in the pantograph. The changing gradient test provides fault detection and diagnosis in the pantograph head suspension and pneumatic actuator. The test rig and fault detection and diagnosis algorithms are now being developed into a depot-based prototype together with a number of industrial partners.
Modelling and simulation of the train brake system in low adhesion conditions
Authors: Alturbeh Hamid , Stow Julian , Tucker Gareth , Lawton Alan
Published: September 2018

This paper describes the current version of the Low Adhesion Braking Dynamic Optimisation for Rolling Stock (LABRADOR) simulation tool that can predict the train brake system performance and support decision-making in the design and optimisation of the braking system including wheel slide protection, sanders and the blending and control of friction and dynamic brakes in low adhesion conditions. The model has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink and is intended to mimic the braking performance of both older and newer generations of multiple unit passenger trains. LABRADOR models have been initially validated by comparing simulation results for a single car train (Class 153) and two-car train (Class 158) in dry conditions with experimental tests, for tare and crush laden vehicles. This project is supported by RSSB and a technical steering group composed of railway braking experts, suppliers and train operators and manufacturers.
Longitudinal stability measurements of a winged biconic configuration in supersonic flow
Authors: Flock Andreas K , Kringe Pascal H , Gülhan Ali
Published: September 2018

In this article, a biconic re-entry model was investigated in a blow down wind tunnel at Mach 1.5, 2, 3, and 4. The main focus was on studying the longitudinal stability and aerodynamic efficiency in this flying regime. In particular, the influence of wings near the rear part of the model, their wing dihedral, and additional body flaps was investigated. While the purely biconic configuration was unstable, it could be stabilized with wings at a 20° downward pitch and with the additional body flaps. In general, a larger dihedral angle improved pitch stiffness.
HIV testing amongst older sexual health clinic attendees in England: an epidemiological study
Authors: Bell Sadie , Adamson Joy , Martin Fabiola , Doran Tim
Published: September 2018

Older adults with HIV are at increased risk of late diagnosis. We aimed to explore the association between age and HIV testing rates in sexual health clinics in England using Public Health England data for 2009–2014. We investigated associations between attendee age and likelihood of HIV test offer, acceptance, and coverage. For each year, increasing age was associated with reduced likelihood of test offer (Rs −0.797 to −0.958, p < 0·01). Offer rates were highest for men who have sex with men (MSM), and lowest for heterosexual females (HSFs). HSFs had the greatest decline in offer rates with age (from 86.2% for age 25–29 to 52.1% for age 70+ in 2014). Odds ratios for test offer in 2014 for attendees aged 15–49 compared with attendees aged 50+ were 1.94 (95%CI: 1.88, 2.00) for heterosexual males (HSMs), 1.86 (95%CI: 1.81, 1.91) for HSFs, and 1.54 (95%CI: 1.45, 1.64) for MSM. Overall, there was no significant association between age and test acceptance in any year (Rs −0.070 to −0.547; p > 0·05). The strongest determinant of acceptance was sexual orientation; for attendees aged 50+, compared with HSMs, acceptance was higher for MSM (OR: 1.10; 95%CI: 1.06, 1.13) and lower for HSFs (OR: 0.30; 95%CI: 0.30, 0.31).
Crushed dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine given via nasogastric tube in gastric outlet obstruction caused by cancer resulted in rapid viral load suppression
Authors: Chrdle Aleš , Jerhotová Zdeňka , Vacík Michal , Linka Marek , Chmelík Václav
Published: September 2018

Alternative modes of antiretroviral administration are sought for people with impaired intestinal passage and/or absorption. We present a case of late HIV diagnosis (CD4+ count 160 cells/µL) with gastric outlet obstruction due to stomach adenocarcinoma. Co-morbidities included oesophageal candidiasis, Helicobacter pylori-positive duodenal ulcers and cytomegalovirus duodenitis. The gastric outlet obstruction required total parenteral nutrition and parenteral medication during four weeks of diagnostic work-up leading to pyloric resection. Crushed dolutegravir, abacavir and lamivudine were administered during this time in the evening via nasogastric tube, which was kept clamped overnight. The tube was unclamped in the morning and stomach content was drained during the daytime. This mode of administration resulted in rapid and sustained viral load suppression (from 300,000 to 115 copies per mL in 28 days, 81 copies/mL after 42 days of treatment and less than 40 copies/mL thereafter). Therapeutic drug monitoring confirmed sufficient antiretroviral plasma levels during this mode of administration. The absorption of crushed dolutegravir, abacavir and lamivudine in the stomach may be considered in people with questionable gastrointestinal passage or impaired gastric emptying to achieve viral load suppression.
Do healthcare professionals and young adults know about the National Chlamydia Screening Programme? Findings from two cross-sectional surveys
Authors: Currie Susanna , Mercer Catherine H , Dunbar Kevin J , Saunders John , Woodhall Sarah C
Published: September 2018

The extent to which healthcare professionals (HCPs) and young people (YP) are aware of, and adhere to, National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) recommendations on testing frequency is unclear. To address this two cross-sectional surveys in 2015–2016: one among genitourinary medicine (GUM) and non-GUM HCPs (n = 109) and the other among YP attending a GUM clinic in England (n = 195). For both, questions were designed to measure awareness of NCSP guidance and whether respondents acted on that knowledge. This included questions about YP’s most recent test(s) (if ever) and the time since first and last sex with their most recent partners. Knowledge of NCSP testing guidelines varied among both GUM and non-GUM HCP respondents. However, lack of knowledge of the guidelines did not preclude HCPs from recommending testing in line with NCSP recommendations in practice. While most YP were not aware of NCSP recommendations, around two-thirds had tested for Chlamydia at least once in the last year. However, testing seldom appeared to coincide with partnership change. There is a knowledge gap and a discord between testing recommendations and practice. Interventions are needed to encourage appropriate testing patterns to maximise the individual and public health benefits of testing.
High-performance ocean energy harvesting turbine design – Detailed flow analysis with blade leaning strategy
Authors: Ranjith B , Halder Paresh , Samad Abdus
Published: September 2018

Oscillating water column wave energy converter is having low efficiency because of its principal component, a bidirectional turbine. An analysis of the internal flow of the turbine gives an idea of improving the performance through optimization of geometrical parameters. In this study, an impulse turbine of 0.3 m diameter with fixed guide vanes is numerically simulated by solving three-dimensional incompressible steady Reynolds averaged Navier-stokes equation with two-equation turbulence closure model. This study shows that the numerical results very well match with the experimental results. The detailed flow physics demonstrates that different types of losses occur in this type of turbine and shows that the downstream diverging path of the rotor and guide vane is responsible for low performance. In this study, the effect of guide vane lean, as well as the combined rotor and guide vane lean on the performance of the turbine, has been discussed in detail and found to increase the efficiency of the turbine.
Spatial distribution and geochemistry of major and trace elements from Mohoș peatland, Harghita Mountains, Romania
Authors: Adumitroaei Mihaela Vasilica , Iancu Gabriel Ovidiu , Rățoi Bogdan Gabriel , Doru Costel Silviu , Sandu Cristian Marius
Published: September 2018

The Mohoș peatland is used as environmental archives of deposition for major (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) and minor elements (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn). The intense mining activity of Cu-rich pyrite and polymetallic sulfide ore from Bălan districts during the past centuries with a strong pollution impact was the reason why the Mohoș peatland, located in the vicinity of a mining area, was selected for this study. The mineralogical and chemical compositions of the peat have been determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The identification of the main processes affecting the concentrations of the elements in peat was statistically evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), and the identification of the main groups was determined by hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Our results revealed that the source of chemical and mineralogical peat samples is mainly geogenic with most of the elements being accumulated following the disintegration of parental material and through volcanic activity. For Pb, Zn, Ni, Al, and Sr, the concentrations were influenced by both natural processes and anthropogenic activities, such as mining, burning of fossil fuels, traffic activities, and metallurgy. Copper was influenced by anthropogenic activities. The distribution maps of trace elements were built only for the area in which the samples were taken.
New-onset lupus nephritis after male-to-female sex reassignment surgery
Authors: Pontes L T , Camilo D T , De Bortoli M R , Santos R S S , Luchi W M
Published: September 2018

We report an original case of a 27-year-old transgender woman who developed lupus nephritis after male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. The patient had been taking hormones to induce feminization since the age of 18. She was admitted with malar “butterfly” rash, anasarca and hypertension, associated with an increase in serum creatinine (1.7 mg/dl). Renal involvement was characterized by nephritic and nephrotic syndrome. Autoantibody tests were positive for antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA, and complement levels were markedly reduced. Renal biopsy demonstrated diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and granular immune complexes deposits with a “full-house” pattern at the immunofluorescence level. The induction treatment was realized with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide and maintenance immunosuppression phase with mycophenolate, obtaining complete remission. We speculated that lupus nephritis was induced by estrogens and antiandrogen therapy and gonadectomy. In the present case, we discuss the role of sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus onset and review the cases linked to transgender patients.
A robust and powerful test for case–control genetic association study on X chromosome
Authors: Wang Peng , Xu Si-Qi , Wang Bei-Qi , Fung Wing Kam , Zhou Ji-Yuan
Published: September 2018

Hundreds of genome-wide association studies were conducted to map the disease genes on autosomes in human beings. It is known that many complex diseases are sex-determined and X chromosome is expected to play an important role. However, only a few single-nucleotide polymorphisms on X chromosome were found to be significantly associated with the diseases under study. On the other hand, to balance the genetic effect between two sexes, X chromosome inactivation occurs in most of X-linked genes by silencing one copy of two X chromosomes in females and dosage compensation is achieved. A few association studies on X chromosome incorporated the information on dosage compensation. However, some of them require the assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and some need to specify the underlying genetic model. Therefore, in this article, we propose a novel method for association by taking account of different dosage compensation patterns. The proposed test is a robust approach because it requires neither specifying the underlying genetic models nor the assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Further, the proposed method allows for different deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium between cases and controls. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed method generally outperforms the existing methods in terms of controlling the size and the test power. Finally, we apply the proposed test to the meta-analysis of the Graves' disease data for its practical use.
Preserving Power after Empire: The Credibility Trap and France’s Intervention in Chad, 1968–72
Authors: DeVore Marc R.
Published: September 2018

France’s 1968–72 intervention in Chad constitutes a forgotten turning point in the Fifth Republic’s foreign relations. Interconnected institutions and treaties gave France a disproportionate influence over its African ex-colonies. French security guarantees underscored this system, however, whereby francophone African leaders continued to accept French economic and political leadership. French leaders discovered in Chad, however, that they had fewer choices and needed to dedicate more resources to fulfilling these commitments than President Charles de Gaulle had intended. Prosperous ex-colonies’ leaders judged French commitments’ value according to how France responded to crises in its least-valued ex-colonies. Thus, although French analysts viewed intervening in Chad as irrational from a cost–benefit perspective, they found themselves pressured into it.
Parents’ use of mobile computing devices, caregiving and the social and emotional development of children: a systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Beamish Nicola , Fisher Jane , Rowe Heather
Published: September 2018

Objectives:

Mobile device use is a rapidly growing, socially acceptable interactional habit. The impact of mobile device use on social interactions, including between parents and young children, is uncertain. The aim was to describe, synthesise and evaluate the evidence about parents’ mobile device use, caregiving and children’s social and emotional development.

Methods:

Seven medical and social sciences databases were searched using keywords and subject headings. Screening for eligibility used PRISMA guidelines and scientific and reporting quality were assessed with standardised checklists.

Results:

Eight studies met the inclusion criteria (four surveys, three qualitative and one mixed-method investigation). This small group of studies is of diverse quality, but there is evidence of associations between parents’ mobile device use, attention to caregiving and changes in child behaviour. Use of mobile devices during parenting activities may be infrequent and brief, but it can be a potent distraction that reduces caregiver responsiveness to children.

Conclusions:

An emerging body of research suggests mobile devices are associated with altered attention and responsivity to children by their caregivers and may change caregiver/child interactions. The evidence precludes questions about causality or discussion of impacts on child development. Knowledge gaps have been identified and they require future targeted research.
Advancing social and emotional well-being in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Clinicians’ reflections
Authors: Balaratnasingam Sivasankaran , Chapman Murray , Chong Derek , Hunter Ernest , Lee Jason , Little Carolyn , Mulholland Kim , Parker Robert , Watson Marshall , Janca Aleksandar
Published: September 2018

Objective:

An expert reference group met on four occasions to consider ways forward in terms of Indigenous mental health. This paper summarises the discussion and recommendations.

Conclusion:

While the negative effects of colonisation and trans-generational trauma continue, we propose renewed emphasis on improving access, cultural orientation and trauma-informed care, and a focus on the needs of young Indigenous Australians.
Design optimization of a novel elastomeric baffle magnetorheological fluid device
Authors: Elliott Christopher M , Buckner Gregory D
Published: September 2018

This article details the design optimization of a novel magnetorheological fluid device, which incorporates a rolling elastomeric baffle to contain the fluid and minimize cost and complexity. The application considered here is an electronic joystick for a drive-by-wire construction machine, although designs for other semi-active applications could be similarly optimized. Performance is evaluated computationally and experimentally. A computationally efficient system model is developed and validated using finite element analysis to accurately predict the device’s magnetic flux characteristics. The design methodology is based on a variant of the firefly algorithm, which identifies promising initial designs, and conjugate gradient methods, which optimize these designs. A unique graphical method for interpreting the results of population-based firefly optimization is demonstrated. An experimental prototype, based on the optimized design, is tested and its data compared to simulation results.
Multi-Platform News Use and Political Participation Across Age Groups: Toward a Valid Metric of Platform Diversity and Its Effects
Authors: Diehl Trevor , Barnidge Matthew , Gil de Zúñiga Homero
Published: September 2018

News consumption in today’s media environment is increasingly characterized by reliance on multiple platforms: People now get their news from the web, television, radio, and various social media. Employing a nationally representative survey from the United States, this study develops an index of multi-platform news use. The index is validated by testing age group differences in the way people participate in politics. Results show that Millennials are more likely to rely on multiple platforms for news. Multi-platform news is also positively related to alternative modes of political engagement. Results are discussed in light of generational shifts in political behavior.
Stitching Tattered Cloth: Reflections on Social Justice and Qualitative Inquiry in Troubled Times
Authors: Staller Karen M.
Published: September 2018

This article is a transcript of a keynote performance delivered at the opening of the 14th Annual International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry (ICQI). I compare the troubled times we face during the first year of President Donald J. Trump’s administration in 2017 with conditions existing during the mid-to-late nineteenth century. Similarities include mass migration, religious intolerance, nativist and anti-immigrant movements, racial injustice, political division, acute income inequality, and debates over the role of science and religion. Finding inspiration in the work of social reformer Charles Loring Brace (1826-1890), I examine his efforts in founding the Children’s Aid Society (CAS) of New York in 1853. Guided by a moral compass and radical new view of social justice work, Brace used qualitative methodological approaches and melded disciplinary knowledge to devise a comprehensive intervention strategy to alleviate child suffering. His goals were nothing short of eradicating poverty and homelessness, decreasing crime and delinquency, reducing illiteracy, reducing unemployment, and improving child and maternal health outcomes. For nearly four decades Brace worked to establish a multi-service child welfare agency that continues to exist 165 years later. He contributed to creating a new profession of applied philanthropy or social work. I compare these efforts with the building of ICQI. Norman K. Denzin, ICQI’s founder, possesses the same kind of visionary leadership, commitment to social justice, and ‘dangerous’ ideas as demonstrated by Brace. I suggest ICQI grew from a similar set of building blocks and possesses the same transformative power as CAS demonstrated in troubled times.
Replaying Our Process: Video/Art Making and Research
Authors: Luttrell Wendy , Clark Emily
Published: September 2018

This article charts a collaborative and multimodal inquiry practice between a professor and a doctoral student who met during a visual methods course, Doing Visual Research With Children and Youth. Our collaboration focused on blurring the border between art making and research as a means to analyze and re-represent photographs taken by children. In stepping outside our comfort zones as researchers, we shared the same preoccupation: How much creative/artistic license would we exert regarding our use of the children’s photographs? This article explores the making of a video montage in ways that created new ways of seeing and knowing that took us by surprise and helped us rethink the interplay between methodological and ethical imperatives. We hope the article invites other professors and students to fashion collaborations that support such creative experimentation and reflection.
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs among Medical Students and the Relationship With Illicit Drug, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use
Authors: Papazisis Georgios , Tsakiridis Ioannis , Siafis Spyridon
Published: September 2018

Nonmedical use of prescription medications is a growing health problem including not only the opioid painkiller overdose epidemic but also benzodiazepine and stimulants misuse. Medical students express considerable high percentages of prescription drug misuse but also of illicit drug use, with cannabis being the frequently used illicit drug. We report the final results of a cross-sectional study among medical students that examined prevalence and motivation for use and suggest that medical students display similar patterns of misuse, for both licit and illicit drugs, to other students. Furthermore, a correlation was found between illicit drugs use with tranquilizers misuse and between smoking and alcohol misuse with opioids, sleeping drugs, and stimulants use. Considering that substance use during medical school affects students’ personal and professional lives and has potential consequences for their patients, further studies are needed to elucidate the prevalence but also the motivation for that use.
Silent lesions on MRI imaging – Shifting goal posts for treatment decisions in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Min Myintzu , Spelman Tim , Lugaresi Alessandra , Boz Cavit , Spitaleri Daniele LA , Pucci Eugenio , Grand’Maison Francois , Granella Franco , Izquierdo Guillermo , Butzkueven Helmut , Sanchez-Menoyo Jose Luis , Barnett Michael , Girard Marc , Trojano Maria , Grammond Pierre , Duquette Pierre , Sola Patrizia , Alroughani Raed , Hupperts Raymond , Vucic Steve , Kalincik Tomas , Van pesch Vincent , Lechner-Scott Jeannette
Published: September 2018

Background:

The current best practice suggests yearly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor treatment response in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.

Objective:

To evaluate the current practice of clinicians changing MS treatment based on subclinical new MRI lesions alone.

Methods:

Using MSBase, an international MS patient registry with MRI data, we analysed the probability of treatment change among patients with clinically silent new MRI lesions.

Results:

A total of 8311 MRI brain scans of 4232 patients were identified. Around 26.9% (336/1247) MRIs with one new T2 lesion were followed by disease-modifying therapy (DMT) change, increasing to 50.2% (129/257) with six new T2 lesions. DMT change was twice as likely with new T1 contrast enhancing compared to new T2 lesions odds ratio (OR): 2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.00–2.96 vs OR: 1.26 (95% CI: 1.22–1.29). DMT change with new MRI lesions occurred most frequently with ‘injectable’ DMTs. The probability of switching therapy was greater only after high-efficacy therapies became available in 2007 (after, OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.28–1.59 vs before, OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.520–1.88).

Conclusion:

MS clinicians rely increasingly on MRI alone in their treatment decisions, utilizing low thresholds (1 new T2 lesion) for optimizing MS therapy. This signals a shift towards no evidence of disease activity (NEDA)-3 since high-efficacy therapies became available.
Borderline journalism: Why do journalists accept and justify questionable practices that establish scandals? A quantitative survey
Authors: Kepplinger Hans Mathias , Viererbl Benno
Published: September 2018

The shift from descriptive reporting toward an interpretive style of journalism can be regarded as one factor to explain the rising number of reported scandals in Western democracies. While most of these critical reports are based on actual misbehaviors, there are scandals triggered by violations of journalistic norms. This article examines the question of how many journalists accept such violations of norms and what arguments they use to justify them. To answer these questions, we conducted a quantitative online survey among German journalists in June and July 2015. Participants were confronted with descriptions of factual violations of the German press codex that triggered major scandals. For each case, the journalists rated the acceptability of the questionable practice and gave their opinion on arguments for and against the violation. The majority considers the violations of norms as unacceptable and rejects arguments defending them. Nevertheless, some journalists express opposing views. The acceptance of norm violations is linked to agreement with two arguments. First, defenders of the violations claim to have a privileged insight of the story. Second, they refuse to accept responsibility for readers and the protagonists of the misleadingly reported scandals.
Transitive representations of China’s image in the US mainstream newspapers: A corpus-based critical discourse analysis
Authors: Tang Liping
Published: September 2018

This article introduces a corpus-based critical discourse analysis to explore how this linguistically oriented approach can be a helpful complement to the journalism studies of national image and beyond. It demonstrates how to use this approach to examine how China’s image is represented in three US mainstream newspapers published between 2008 and 2010. It is achieved by drawing on a linguistic framework of transitivity and taking statistical measures of collocation to exhaustively identify the recurrent transitive patterns of ‘who does what to China’ in a self-built corpus and then making an in-depth analysis of the extended concordance lines accordingly. Findings show that China’s image is represented as being related to seven participant roles: the Persuaded, the Criticized, the Labeled, the Contained, the Punished, the Helped, and the Praised, which reinforce each other to make certain themes such as economy and trade more salient and represent China in a very negative light.
Exploring the boundaries of journalism: Instagram micro-bloggers in the twilight zone of lifestyle journalism
Authors: Maares Phoebe , Hanusch Folker
Published: September 2018

The arrival of new actors in the journalistic field increasingly necessitates new conceptual approaches to better understand journalistic work in the digital age. Social network sites have played an important role in these processes, with the rapid emergence of non-traditional actors engaging in activities that may be classified as journalism. Yet, while scholarship on Twitter and Facebook has continually expanded, the visual platform Instagram has received comparatively little attention, despite being an important venue for new forms, particularly in lifestyle journalism. Through an examination of professional lifestyle Instagrammers’ discursive constructions of journalistic boundaries and their role perceptions, this article suggests that in their key values and functional understanding their approach resembles traditional journalistic occupational ideologies, and their role perceptions are very similar to those of lifestyle journalists. The findings contribute to our understanding of transformative processes in journalism more broadly, and their implications for journalistic values, ideals, and practices.
Selling cruises: Gender and mobility in promotional brochures
Authors: Vanolo Alberto , Cattan Nadine
Published: September 2018

Leisure cruising combines movement and stativity in a particular tourist experience: users are supposed to enjoy very different activities, with the movement of the ship guiding them to their destinations. This article analyses visual representations of gender and mobility in over 600 images collected from leisure cruise promotional brochures by taking advantage of a qualitative methodology and by focusing on narratives related to themes of pleasure, work, age and contact with nature/culture. The results stress the presence of an implicitly masculine gaze, with complex and non-linear associations with the themes of mobility and immobility, which relates to visual narratives in a number of different ways, testifying to the multiple meanings that may be assumed by the idea, the practice and the experience of movement.
Why wilderness? Alienation, authenticity, and nature
Authors: Vidon Elizabeth S
Published: September 2018

Focusing on the role psychoanalytic alienation plays in tourist motivation, this article contributes to recent scholarship that aims to redevelop the dialectic relationship between authenticity and alienation in tourism studies. Lacanian psychoanalysis is the primary lens through which this is accomplished, by application to wilderness and nature tourism in the Adirondacks of Upstate New York, USA. This approach adds further insight as to the draw of nature tourism by interrogating not only what nature tourists are seeking but also what drives them to seek it. As such, this attention to the dialectical relationship of authenticity and alienation has implications for theories of tourism that seek to understand the relationship of tourism motivation to touristic experience.
Curating the aural cultures of the Battery: Soundwalking, auditory tourism and interactive locative media sound art
Authors: Galloway Kate
Published: September 2018

Inside Outside Battery is a mobile media sound art installation for smartphone technologies that uses global positioning system (GPS) locative software to narrate walking visitors through the Battery, a heritage neighbourhood of St. John’s (Newfoundland, Canada). Auditory tourists, or soundwalkers, come to know the aural cultures of the Battery through the dynamic interactions of sound and place using site- and time-specific archival materials, stories, soundscapes, and expressive culture sourced from the Battery that play alongside real-time encounters with the physical and sonic materiality of the Battery. Employing practice-based ethnography, this article examines how site- and time-specific soundscape interactive documentary technologies engage socioenvironmental knowledge and foster a sense of place attachment for visitors to the Battery.
Pilgrim guides and pilgrims in productive complicity: Making the invisible visible in West Java
Authors: Hellman Jörgen
Published: September 2018

There is a growing interest in the anthropology of pilgrimage. However, as Mesaritou et al. have pointed out, the role of pilgrim guides is often peculiarly absent in the literature. The ethnography in this article builds on several pilgrimages together with a local pilgrim guide in West Java. Using this case as an example, the aim is to spur a general interest in how knowledge and authority are constructed when it comes to sites lesser known to the tourist industry (knowledge which may preexist at places that later develop as tourist sites). A key analytical question raised in this article is how guides achieve legitimacy when there exist no authoritative texts or accumulated knowledge about the site. To understand this, I introduce the analytical concept of ‘productive complicity’. The concept is used to describe how an intersubjective understanding about representations of a transcendental reality is developed at the pilgrim site. Being engaged in productive complicity enables pilgrims and their leader to collaborate in ‘reading’ the signs of transcendental presence, to reach agreement that their expectations of the pilgrimage have been fulfilled and to reinforce the legitimacy and authority of the pilgrim guide. The concept of productive complicity is easily transferred to other situations and could be used by scholars to bring out new perspectives on how pilgrim guides as well as tourist guides establish their authority.
Staging the Oriental Other: Imaginaries and performances of German-speaking cruise tourists
Authors: Gutberlet Manuela
Published: September 2018

For German-speaking tourists, an Oriental market (in Arabic: souq) is an exotic place representing the ‘Otherness’. Referring to this Oriental context, the article aims to answer the following questions: What are the tourists’ imaginaries and social narratives and what is the role that cultural brokers play? Gaining insight into the imaginaries and on-site performances of German-speaking tourists of a mega-cruise liner will contribute to the discussion of imaginaries and embodied performances in general as well as the mediation and the construction of space. The research reported upon in the article is part of a larger field study (2012–2014) in Souq Muttrah, the oldest and formerly main market in Oman. Participant observation, photography and in-depth interviews with different types of tourists, local customers, cultural brokers and on-board employees were conducted and marketing material was analysed. Results indicate that in the marketing material, the tourists are already beginning to travel backwards in time. During their visit to the souq, the multi-sensory performances and embodied imaginaries are enhanced by stories of the Arabian Nights. Cultural brokers play an essential role in ‘localizing’ the tourist experience. They adjust their own identities and direct the tourists’ performances at different stages, similar to an Oriental theme park, for example, they stop at a frankincense shop.
The liminal gaze: Chinese restaurant workers gazing upon Chinese tourists dining in London’s Chinatown
Authors: Moufakkir Omar
Published: September 2018

By examining the host gaze in a third space, this article proposes “liminal gaze” as a concept to study service encounter in light of liminality and cultural hybridity. The dynamics of gaze is examined through the lens of cultural distance with London’s Chinatown as the study area. Gaze in tourism has mainly been studied in relation to two distant cultures gazing upon each other. The study tries to understand what happens to the gaze when two cultures, which are neither distant or proximate nor identical but in-between here and there, gaze upon each other. The focus is on Chinese immigrant workers (the guesthosters) gazing upon Chinese tourists dining in Chinatown. Chinatown represents a third space where natives, tourists, and guesthosters meet, gaze, and perform. The gaze of the Chinese guesthosters upon their Chinese guests is negative despite their cultural similarity/proximity and norms of behavior rooted in Confucian belief. This finding challenges the postulate of cultural distance. The five themes which strongly emerged from the interviews as gaze moderators, including the perceived “boorish” dining behavior of the guests, power distance, acculturation and hybridization, and the perception of the authenticity of the food served, are explained.
Anthropology and sociology in tourism doctoral research
Authors: Canosa Antonia , Moyle Brent D , Moyle Char-lee , Weiler Betty
Published: September 2018

Tourism doctoral dissertations have grown exponentially in recent years. Despite this, there have been limited studies which examine the contribution of specific disciplines to tourism doctoral research over time. Subsequently, this article explores the theories, concepts and methods employed in tourism doctoral dissertations informed by the foundation disciplines of anthropology and sociology. Drawing on a database of 2155 dissertations from four countries, findings revealed exponential growth in doctoral theses grounded in anthropology and sociology between 1969 and 2013. The United States is the primary location for tourism doctoral theses informed by anthropology and sociology, with the University of California as the leading institution. Analysis revealed identity theory was the predominant theory, with socio-cultural change, ethnicity and culture core concepts. Results also showed an increase in qualitative and mixed-methods research. Future research should examine tourism doctoral theses housed in other disciplines, drawing inferences for future scholarly inquiry.
Rehabilitation within a Punitive Framework: Responsibilization and Disciplinary Utopia in the French Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Sallée Nicolas
Published: September 2018

In most Western countries, juvenile justice systems are confronted with a punitive framing of the problem of juvenile delinquency, which challenges the rehabilitative philosophy behind the first laws for minors passed in the first half of the 20th century. Through a sociohistorical study that focuses on the French case, I decrypt the emergence of a new model of ‘rehabilitation under constraint’, symbolized by the opening of new closed educational centers in 2002, followed by new supposedly rehabilitative prisons in 2007. Based on the neoliberal search for a responsibilization of youths, this model revives an old disciplinary utopia that calls our attention to the presumed need for a ‘return of authority’.