bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre‐reinforcing the mortise‐tenon joints with near‐surface‐mounted glued‐in rods
Authors: Wu Guofang , Zhong Yong , Zhao Rongjun , Ren Haiqing
Published: December 2020

This paper reported the effects of the pre‐reinforcement to the mortise‐tenon joints with glued‐in rods that were mounted near the surface of the tenon. Fifteen full‐scale specimens that were manufactured with engineered wood products using computer numerically controlled technology were tested under monotonic loading. The initial stiffnesses and moment carrying capacities of joints with different reinforcement configurations were obtained from the established moment–rotational angle relationships. It was found from the tests that the initial stiffness of the reinforced mortise‐tenon joints increased by 2.9% to 30.8%, and the moment carrying capacity increased by 13.6% to 32.0%. Further conclusions drawn from the numerical simulation included the following: increasing the embedment length and diameter of rods, as well as the steel strength of rods and decreasing the distance to the surface, could help enhance the initial stiffnesses and moment carrying capacities of the joints. The moment and initial stiffness decreased with increasing of tenon's height to width ratio. By choosing appropriate parameters, the proposed pre‐reinforcement methods significantly increased the initial stiffness and moment carrying capacity. This study demonstrated the feasibility of pre‐reinforcing mortise‐tenon joints in new timber constructions via near‐surface‐mounted glued‐in rods and is meaningful for promoting wider application of mortise‐tenon joints in modern timber structures.
Alice im digitalen Wunderland: pädiatrische Lehre in der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Häusler Martin , Bosse Hans Martin , Fischbach Thomas , Graf Norbert , von Kleist-Retzow Jürgen‑Christoph , Kreuder Joachim
Published: December 2020

Die Umstellung der pädiatrischen Lehre im Medizinstudium von Präsenzveranstaltungen auf digitale Formate war und ist für Lehrende und Studierende eine besondere Herausforderung. Basierend auf einer Umfrage unter pädiatrischen Universitätskliniken fasst die AG Lehre der DGKJ im folgenden Beitrag bisherige Erfahrungen zur digitalen Lehre im Sommersemester 2020 zusammen. Die Umfrageteilnehmer von 17 pädiatrischen Universkliniken berichteten über ein umfangreiches Spektrum oft kurzfristig entwickelter digitaler Lehrformate. Dabei waren Vorlesungen und Seminare gut, Unterrichtsformate mit direktem Patientenbezug und Fertigkeiten‑/Kommunikationstrainings deutlich weniger gut durch digitale Formate ersetzbar. Die Implementierung digitaler Unterrichtsformate führte zu einem deutlich erhöhten Zeitaufwand für die Lehrenden. Digitale Lehrangebote benötigen eine gute IT-Infrastruktur, sie sollten in ein Curriculum eingebunden sein und durchweg direkte Austauschmöglichkeiten zwischen Studierenden und Lehrenden vorsehen. Lehrenden sollten Schulungen in Didaktik zur digitalen Lehre und zu IT-Kenntnissen angeboten werden. Diese Ergebnisse decken sich mit der Literatur zu digitalen Lehrformaten allgemein sowie zur Lehre im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie im Besonderen. Die hier vorgestellten Erfahrungen sollen nicht nur die Entwicklung digitaler pädiatrischer Lehrformate während der bestehenden Pandemie erleichtern, sondern auch darüber hinaus die Konzeption neuer digitaler Lehrangebote für die Pädiatrie im Medizinstudium anregen. Insbesondere müssen neue digitale Ersatzformate für den Unterricht am Patienten entwickelt werden.

Die Stellungnahme wurde im Konsens von der AG Lehre der DGKJ erarbeitet und vom DGKJ-Vorstand verabschiedet.
Evaluation of a novel deep learning–based classifier for perifissural nodules
Authors: Han Daiwei , Heuvelmans Marjolein , Rook Mieneke , Dorrius Monique , van Houten Luutsen , Price Noah Waterfield , Pickup Lyndsey C. , Novotny Petr , Oudkerk Matthijs , Declerck Jerome , Gleeson Fergus , van Ooijen Peter , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn
Published: December 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the performance of a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) for the classification of typical perifissural nodules (PFN).

Methods

Chest CT data from two centers in the UK and The Netherlands (1668 unique nodules, 1260 individuals) were collected. Pulmonary nodules were classified into subtypes, including “typical PFNs” on-site, and were reviewed by a central clinician. The dataset was divided into a training/cross-validation set of 1557 nodules (1103 individuals) and a test set of 196 nodules (158 individuals). For the test set, three radiologically trained readers classified the nodules into three nodule categories: typical PFN, atypical PFN, and non-PFN. The consensus of the three readers was used as reference to evaluate the performance of the PFN-CNN. Typical PFNs were considered as positive results, and atypical PFNs and non-PFNs were grouped as negative results. PFN-CNN performance was evaluated using the ROC curve, confusion matrix, and Cohen’s kappa.

Results

Internal validation yielded a mean AUC of 91.9% (95% CI 90.6–92.9) with 78.7% sensitivity and 90.4% specificity. For the test set, the reader consensus rated 45/196 (23%) of nodules as typical PFN. The classifier-reader agreement (k = 0.62–0.75) was similar to the inter-reader agreement (k = 0.64–0.79). Area under the ROC curve was 95.8% (95% CI 93.3–98.4), with a sensitivity of 95.6% (95% CI 84.9–99.5), and specificity of 88.1% (95% CI 81.8–92.8).

Conclusion

The PFN-CNN showed excellent performance in classifying typical PFNs. Its agreement with radiologically trained readers is within the range of inter-reader agreement. Thus, the CNN-based system has potential in clinical and screening settings to rule out perifissural nodules and increase reader efficiency.

Key Points

• Agreement between the PFN-CNN and radiologically trained readers is within the range of inter-reader agreement.

• The CNN model for the classification of typical PFNs achieved an AUC of 95.8% (95% CI 93.3–98.4) with 95.6% (95% CI 84.9–99.5) sensitivity and 88.1% (95% CI 81.8–92.8) specificity compared to the consensus of three readers.
The interplay of thermodynamics and ocean dynamics during ENSO growth phase
Authors: Bayr Tobias , Drews Annika , Latif Mojib , Lübbecke Joke
Published: December 2020

The growth of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is determined by the balance between ocean dynamics and thermodynamics. Here we quantify the contribution of the thermodynamic feedbacks to the sea surface temperature (SST) change during ENSO growth phase by integrating the atmospheric heat fluxes over the temporarily and spatially varying mixed layer to derive an offline “slab ocean” SST. The SST change due to ocean dynamics is estimated as the residual with respect to the total SST change. In observations, 1 K SST change in the Niño3.4 region is composed of an ocean dynamical SST forcing of + 2.6 K and a thermodynamic damping of − 1.6 K, the latter mainly by the shortwave-SST (− 0.9 K) and latent heat flux-SST feedback (− 0.7 K). Most climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) underestimate the SST change due to both ocean dynamics and net surface heat fluxes, revealing an error compensation between a too weak forcing by ocean dynamics and a too weak damping by atmospheric heat fluxes. In half of the CMIP5 models investigated in this study, the shortwave-SST feedback erroneously acts as an amplifying feedback over the eastern equatorial Pacific, resulting in a hybrid of ocean-driven and shortwave-driven ENSO dynamics. Further, the phase locking and asymmetry of ENSO is investigated in the CMIP5 model ensemble. The climate models with stronger atmospheric feedbacks tend to simulate a more realistic seasonality and asymmetry of the heat flux feedbacks, and they exhibit more realistic phase locking and asymmetry of ENSO. Moreover, the almost linear latent heat flux feedback contributes to ENSO asymmetry in the far eastern equatorial Pacific through an asymmetry in the mixed layer depth. This study suggests that the dynamic and thermodynamic ENSO feedbacks and their seasonality and asymmetries are important metrics to consider for improving ENSO representation in climate models.
Non-dystrophic myotonias: clinical and mutation spectrum of 70 German patients
Authors: Vereb Noemi , Montagnese Federica , Gläser Dieter , Schoser Benedikt
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Non-dystrophic myotonias (NDM) are heterogeneous diseases caused by mutations in CLCN1 and SCN4A. The study aimed to describe the clinical and genetic spectrum of NDM in a large German cohort.

Methods

We retrospectively identified all patients with genetically confirmed NDM diagnosed in our center. The following data were analyzed: demographics, family history, muscular features, cardiac involvement, CK, EMG, genotype, other tested genes, treatment perceived efficacy.

Results

70 patients (age 40.2 years ± 14.9; 52.8% males) were included in our study (48 NDM-CLCN1, 22 NDM-SCN4A). The most frequent presenting symptoms were myotonia (NDM-CLCN1 83.3%, NDM-SCN4A 72.2%) and myalgia (NDM-CLCN1 57.4%, NDM-SCN4A 52.6%). Besides a more prominent facial involvement in NDM-SCN4A and cold-sensitivity in NDM-CLCN1, no other significant differences were observed between groups. Cardiac arrhythmia or conduction defects were documented in sixNDM-CLCN1 patients (three of them requiring a pacemaker) and one patient with NDM-SCN4A. CK was normal in 40% of patients. Myotonic runs in EMG were detected in 89.1% of CLCN1 and 78.9% of SCN4A. 50% of NDM-CLCN1 patients had the classic c.2680C>T (p.Arg894*) mutation. 12 new genetic variants are reported. About 50% of patients were not taking any anti-myotonic drug at the last follow-up. The anti-myotonic drugs with the best patient’s perceived efficacy were mexiletine and lamotrigine.

Conclusion

This study highlights the relevant clinical overlap between NDM-CLCN1 and NDM-SCN4A patients and warrants the use of early and broad genetic investigation for the precise identification of the NDM subtype. Besides the clinical and genetic heterogeneity, the limited response to current anti-myotonic drugs constitutes a continuing challenge.
Mapping the neural circuitry of predator fear in the nonhuman primate
Authors: Montardy Quentin , Kwan William C. , Mundinano Inaki C. , Fox Dylan M. , Wang Liping , Gross Cornelius T. , Bourne James A.
Published: December 2020

In rodents, innate and learned fear of predators depends on the medial hypothalamic defensive system, a conserved brain network that lies downstream of the amygdala and promotes avoidance via projections to the periaqueductal gray. Whether this network is involved in primate fear remains unknown. To address this, we provoked flight responses to a predator (moving snake) in the marmoset monkey under laboratory conditions. We combined c-Fos immunolabeling and anterograde/retrograde tracing to map the functional connectivity of the ventromedial hypothalamus, a core node in the medial hypothalamic defensive system. Our findings demonstrate that the ventromedial hypothalamus is recruited by predator exposure in primates and that anatomical connectivity of the rodent and primate medial hypothalamic defensive system are highly conserved.
The common understanding of simplification approaches in published LCA studies—a review and mapping
Authors: Gradin Katja Tasala , Björklund Anna
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the common understanding of the variety of simplifications in LCA, by reviewing what simplification approaches are described in LCA and propose how these simplifications can be categorised. Such an overview can give guidance to researchers/practitioners as to how they should document simplifications and explain their implications to decision-makers.

Methods

The basis for this study is a systematic literature review of simplification approaches in LCA, including both previously published overviews of categories of LCA simplification approaches and LCA case studies using different simplification approaches. The PRISMA statement protocol (Moher et al. 2009) was used to minimise the risk of bias, increase scientific validity and provide guidelines for conducting the review.

Results and discussion

In all, ten categories of simplification were identified in the literature. Initially, six simplification approaches were identified based on previous categories. However, not all approaches found in case studies fit into these six previously published categories; these were therefore examined and grouped with regard to what was simplified and how, and four additional categories were identified.

The identified simplification categories were mapped and explained in terms of their role in the different stages of the LCA framework. Our results support the idea that simplifications in LCA are most often motivated by a lack of data. Most simplifications target the inventory analysis step, with an aim to reduce the inventory analysis effort.

Conclusions and recommendations

There is a need for a common simplification terminology and reporting standard. As this study shows, the categories of simplification from early studies remain relevant despite the development in LCA over the years, but additional categories are needed to cover the different types of simplification being applied in LCAs. What this study also highlights is despite recommendations that have been around for decades, there is still a lack of clear documentation of simplification with consistent terminology. One way, to ensure more transparent documentation of simplified studies and to improve the ability to interpret them and compare results, could be to include the development of a communication standard, with clear terminology as well as investigation of the applicability of different simplification approaches for different product systems and application areas. Due to the wide variety of purposes, scenarios and products assessed, it is impossible to devise a one-size-fits-all approach for simplifications. LCA practitioners need to describe, explain and evaluate the simplifications used.
Fantasy Football (Soccer) Playing and Internet Addiction Among Online Fantasy Football Participants: A Descriptive Survey Study
Authors: Columb David , Griffiths Mark D. , O’Gara Colin
Published: December 2020

The aim of the present study was to ascertain the levels of possible internet addiction within fantasy football (FF) (soccer) participants and the characteristics of the participants within this group. An online survey of questions regarding characteristics of regular FF participants and consumption of FF-related content was posted on FF internet forums (Reddit and Boards.ie). Self-selecting participants (N = 684) completed the survey containing questions on FF (time spent during weekdays/weekend on FF, gambling on FF, devices used to access FF), internet use (time spent on internet on weekdays/weekends) and an internet addiction screening questionnaire (Chen Internet Addiction Scale). Subgroup analysis was performed on each variable by nationality (Irish, UK and worldwide). Of the 684 participants, 17.5% (diagnostic) and 24.9% (screening) participants met criteria for internet addiction, above the expected level in the general population. The most frequent time spent on FF during weekdays was 30–60 min per day (32.2%) and 1–2 h per day on weekends (29.1%). Over half of participants (50.6%) gambled on FF with the majority (61.3%) gambling once per year and 74.3% of participants gambling less than €50 per year on FF. Avid FF participants demonstrated an increased likelihood of internet addiction compared prevalence rates of previous epidemiological studies among different cohorts. This may be due to FF itself and the increased consumption of FF-related content. Further large-scale nationally representative studies are required to compare regular and casual participants of FF in relation to possible internet addiction.
EVALOG
Authors: Prümper Jochen , Schneeberg Tom , Prümper Alina Marie
Published: December 2020

Hintergrund

In Kleinstbetrieben werden Arbeitsplatzevaluierungen/Gefährdungsbeurteilungen – insbesondere zur psychischen Belastung – seltener umgesetzt als in größeren Betrieben.

Ziel der Arbeit

Mit EVALOG existiert seit jüngstem ein Verfahren zur Evaluierung psychischer Belastung in Kleinstbetrieben. EVALOG beruht auf dem KFZA (Kurzfragebogen zur Arbeitsanalyse), der im Rahmen der Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastung als Standardinstrument gilt. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob EVALOG die Gütekriterien der Gebrauchstauglichkeit gem. EN ISO 10075‑3 (2004) erfüllt und wie die Verständlichkeit, Handhabbarkeit, Teilnahmemotivation und emotionale Reaktion aus Sicht von Evaluierenden und Beschäftigten beurteilt wird.

Material und Methoden

Die Studie wurde durch standardisierte Fragebögen im Feld erhoben sowie mithilfe deskriptiver sowie inferenzstatistischer Verfahren ausgewertet. Es nahmen 19 Evaluierer/-innen und 27 Mitarbeiter/-innen aus 19 österreichischen Kleinstbetrieben teil.

Ergebnisse

Der EVALOG wurde eine hohe Gebrauchstauglichkeit attestiert, die Informationen zur Evaluierung waren eingängig und gut verständlich und die einzelnen Schritte der Evaluierung einfach umzusetzen. Zudem waren die Teilnehmer/-innen der Studie hoch motiviert den Evaluierungsdialog durchzuführen und fühlten sich nach dem Dialog positiv gestimmt.

Diskussion

Mit EVALOG liegt ein wissenschaftliches fundiertes, standardisiertes, leitfadenorientiertes ökonomisches, dialogorientiertes und anwendungsfreundliches Verfahren zur Evaluierung psychischer Belastung vor, welches von Kleinstbetrieben eigenständig zum Einsatz gebracht werden kann.
The economics of the democratic deficit: The effect of IMF programs on inequality
Authors: Lang Valentin
Published: December 2020

Does the International Monetary Fund (IMF) increase inequality? To answer this question, this article introduces a new empirical strategy for determining the effects of IMF programs that exploits the heterogeneous effect of IMF liquidity on loan allocation based on a difference-in-differences logic. The results show that IMF programs increase income inequality. An analysis of decile-specific income data shows that this effect is driven by absolute income losses for the poor and not by income gains for the rich. The effect persists for up to 5 years, and is stronger for IMF programs in democracies, and when policy conditions, particularly those that demand social-spending cuts and labor-market reforms, are more extensive. These results suggest that IMF programs can constrain government responsiveness to domestic distributional preferences.
A leverage points perspective on social networks to understand sustainability transformations: evidence from Southern Transylvania
Authors: Lam David P. M. , Martín-López Berta , Horcea-Milcu Andra I. , Lang Daniel J.
Published: December 2020

Sustainability transformations research increasingly recognizes the importance of local actors and their networks to foster fundamental societal change. Local actors have different types of relations between each other (e.g., sharing material resources, giving advice) through which they jointly intervene in different system characteristics. We conducted social network analyses of 32 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who drive initiatives to foster sustainability in Southern Transylvania, Romania. In so doing, we applied a leverage points perspective by differentiating between relations according to the system characteristic they address, such as the parameters, feedbacks, design and intent of the system. Additionally, we tested for differences of centrality metrics (i.e., weighted degree, betweenness, eigenvector) from NGOs that conduct different actions (i.e., amplification processes) to increase the impact of their sustainability initiatives. Our results reveal several NGOs that have central positions in their networks for intervening in both shallower (i.e., parameters and feedbacks) and deeper (i.e., design and intent of a system) system characteristics. We also identified NGOs that are only central for intervening in specific system characteristics. In addition, we found that specific groups of amplification processes (i.e.,amplifying withinandout) are associated with the NGOs’ positions in the parameters, feedbacks, and design networks. We conclude that the leverage points perspective in social network analysis has the potential to identify key actors and shed light on the attributes of local actors for intervening in shallower and deeper system characteristics to foster sustainability transformations.
Measuring and modelling of process forces during tapping using single tooth analogy process
Authors: Geßner F. , Weigold M. , Abele E.
Published: December 2020

For machining internal threads, tapping is a commonly used process. However, due to the complex geometry of the tapping tool, each tooth has a unique geometry resulting in individual forces. Since the forces act synchronously during the process, they partly compensate each other. However, since resulting forces in tapping can cause undesired deflection of the tool which can lead to threads that are not true to gauge or tool breakage, the knowledge of the forces is crucial. To predict the occurring forces on each tooth, different modelling approaches can be used. An approach based on the chip load-cutting force relationship is the mechanistic modelling. Therefore, a suitable force model is of central importance. An empirical force model can be established using an analogy process. Within this work a single tooth analogy process is presented to measure the forces of each tooth separately. By means of a geometrical analysis of the real tool, the chip sizes, such as the cross-section area of the undeformed chip are calculated. Merging the measured process forces from the analogy process and the actual chip sizes, an empirical force model is set up using multivariate regression. The model is validated by implementing it in an existing framework and comparing the results to experimental data.
Clinicians’ Perceptions of the Appropriateness of Neurocritical Care for Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH): A Qualitative Study
Authors: Mc Lernon Siobhan , Werring David , Terry Louise
Published: December 2020

Background and Objective

Clinicians working in intensive care frequently report perceptions of inappropriate care (PIC) situations. Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Prognosticating after ICH is complex and may be influenced by clinicians’ subjective impressions and biases, which may, in turn, influence decision making regarding the level of care provided. The aim of this study was to qualitatively explore perceptions of neurocritical care in relation to the expected functional outcome for ICH patients.

Design

Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with neurocritical care doctors and nurses.

Setting

Neurocritical care (NCC) department in a UK neuroscience tertiary referral center.

Subjects

Eleven neurocritical care nurses, five consultant neurointensivists, two stroke physicians, three neurosurgeons.

Intervention

None.

Measurements and Main Results

We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews and identified five key themes: (1) prognostic uncertainty (2) subjectivity of good versus poor outcome (3) perceived inappropriate care (PIC) situations (including for frail elderly patients) (4) challenging nature of decision-making (5) clinician distress.

Conclusions

Caring for severely affected ICH patients in need of neurocritical care is challenging, particularly with frail elderly patients. Awareness of the challenges could facilitate interventions to improve decision-making for this group of stroke patients and their families, as well as measures to reduce the distress on clinicians who care for this patient group. Our findings highlight the need for effective interdisciplinary shared decision making involving the family, taking into account patients’ previously expressed values and preferences and incorporating these into bespoke care planning.
The Discovery of Cosmic Voids
Authors: Thompson Laird A.
Published: December 2020

The large-scale structure of the Universe is dominated by vast voids with galaxies clustered in knots, sheets, and filaments, forming a great 'cosmic web'. In this personal account of the major astronomical developments leading to this discovery, we learn from Laird A. Thompson, a key protagonist, how the first 3D maps of galaxies were created. Using non-mathematical language, he introduces the standard model of cosmology before explaining how and why ideas about cosmic voids evolved, referencing the original maps, reproduced here. His account tells of the competing teams of observers, racing to publish their results, the theorists trying to build or update their models to explain them, and the subsequent large-scale survey efforts that continue to the present day. This is a well-documented account of the birth of a major pillar of modern cosmology, and a useful case study of the trials surrounding how this scientific discovery became accepted.
Research on head cooling of high-speed aircraft by liquid nitrogen
Authors: Xiong H.X. , Yi S.H. , Ding H.L. , Jin L. , Huo J.J.
Published: December 2020

In the development process of high-speed aircraft, the head of the aircraft is subject to high temperatures and high speed flows, supporting the maximum heat flow and thus requiring a reliable cooling system. A new type of head cooling system is proposed herein. An internal flow channel model of the heat transfer in a ball head made from high-temperature alloy steel is constructed, then an experimental platform is built to carry out relevant experiments on the performance of this cooling system. Firstly, the influence of different experimental conditions on the cooling efficiency of the ball head is studied. For given liquid-nitrogen supply pressure, a higher heating heat flux density on the outer surface of the ball head corresponds to higher cooling efficiency. Then, the vaporisation effect under different experimental conditions is evaluated using temperature sensors at the inlet and outlet of the ball head heat exchange channel in combination with images of the visualised glass tube. It is found that liquid nitrogen can vaporise completely when flowing through the heat exchange channel. The characteristics of the heating effect and liquid nitrogen injection for the ball head were evaluated using an infrared camera. Finally, under different experimental conditions of liquid-nitrogen supply pressure, it is found that liquid nitrogen can vaporise completely in each case, and the total temperature of the vaporised nitrogen is about 300K. It can thus be collected as a secondary gas source.
Off-Label Use of Medicines: A Comparative Study on the Regulation of Medicinal Products in Selected European Union Member States
Authors: SOARES JÚNIOR Wolney da Cunha
Published: December 2020

Many governments have implemented a controlled off-label use of medicines as a tool combined with reimbursement decisions, among other policies, to avoid pharmaceutical firms gaming regulatory systems based on the requirement for marketing authorisation. This article aims to compare the drug regulations in selected European Union countries (France, Italy and Germany) in order to identify specific provisions and concrete solutions implemented by them regarding that matter. The employment of an economic analysis of the law as a theoretical framework allows for the identification of the incentives created in the long run by the referred regulations. The scholarly literature identifies a myriad of drawbacks and advantages associated with off-label practices, and a welfare analysis is ambiguous. Off-label practices are a reality; thus, it is advisable to elaborate policy measures in order to address these practices and condition them on some requirements, taking into account that off-label practices imply trade-offs among access to healthcare, protection of public health, competitiveness and innovation in the industry.
Continuity of Lyapunov exponents for non-uniformly fiber-bunched cocycles
Authors: FREIJO CATALINA , MARIN KARINA
Published: December 2020

We provide conditions that imply the continuity of the Lyapunov exponents for non-uniformly fiber-bunched cocycles in

$SL(2,\mathbb {R})$
. The main theorem is an extension of the result of Backes, Brown and Butler and gives a partial answer to a conjecture of Marcelo Viana.
The capability of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder to detect prompt radio bursts from neutron star mergers
Authors: Wang Ziteng , Murphy Tara , Kaplan David L. , Bannister Keith W. , Dobie Dougal
Published: December 2020

We discuss observational strategies to detect prompt bursts associated with gravitational wave (GW) events using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). Many theoretical models of binary neutron stars mergers predict that bright, prompt radio emission would accompany the merger. The detection of such prompt emission would greatly improve our knowledge of the physical conditions, environment, and location of the merger. However, searches for prompt emission are complicated by the relatively poor localisation for GW events, with the 90% credible region reaching hundreds or even thousands of square degrees. Operating in fly’s eye mode, the ASKAP field of view can reach$\sim1\,000$deg$^2$at$\sim$$888\,{\rm MHz}$. This potentially allows observers to cover most of the 90% credible region quickly enough to detect prompt emission. We use skymaps for GW170817 and GW190814 from LIGO/Virgo’s third observing run to simulate the probability of detecting prompt emission for GW events in the upcoming fourth observing run. With only alerts released after merger, we find it difficult to slew the telescope sufficiently quickly as to capture any prompt emission. However, with the addition of alerts releasedbeforemerger by negative-latency pipelines, we find that it should be possible to search for nearby, bright prompt fast radio burst-like emission from GW events. Nonetheless, the rates are low: we would expect to observe$\sim$0.012 events during the fourth observing run, assuming that the prompt emission is emitted microseconds around the merger.
The Effects of China's Development Projects on Political Accountability
Authors: Ping Szu-Ning , Wang Yi-Ting , Chang Wen-Yang
Published: December 2020

The literature on the relationship between foreign aid and institutions has found that the effects of aid vary across different donor characteristics and delivery mechanisms. This article focuses on China's resource-related development projects, which have been considered controversial due to the relative lack of conditionality. By distinguishing between vertical and horizontal dimensions of political accountability, the study finds that China's resource-related projects are particularly detrimental to the accountability of recipient countries' horizontal (legislative and judicial) institutions. These projects are often delivered to resource-rich countries, in the form of packaging access to resources and infrastructure construction, to improve China's own energy access. Local officials may be tempted to weaken horizontal institutions so that the projects can be implemented quickly. Nevertheless, these projects have little effect on vertical accountability, as China has less intention and capacity to fundamentally restrain electoral competition in recipient countries.
Influence of women’s empowerment indices on the utilization of skilled maternity care: evidence from rural Nigeria
Authors: Ntoimo Lorretta Favour C. , Okonofua Friday E. , Aikpitanyi Josephine , Yaya Sanni , Johnson Ermel , Sombie Issiaka , Aina Olabisi , Imongan Wilson
Published: December 2020

There is increasing evidence that women with the ability to exercise control over their sexual and reproductive lives have greater access to prompt prevention and treatment of maternal health disorders, resulting in a concomitant reduction in maternal morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the association between indices of women’s empowerment and utilization of skilled antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal maternity care in two rural Local Government Areas in Edo State, Nigeria. Data were taken from a household survey conducted in July and August 2017, and the study sample comprised 1245 ever-married women currently in a union who had given birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. A Gender Roles Framework guided the selection of independent women’s empowerment variables. Using hierarchical logistic regression, the likelihood of receiving all three levels of skilled maternal health care service (antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal) by women’s empowerment variables, grouped into resource, decision-making and influencer domains following the model of Anderson and Neuman, was assessed. Of the resource domain variables, respondent’s education and respondent’s participation in payment for their own health care positively predicted their use of all three levels of skilled maternal care, whereas their ownership of land negatively predicted this. Two decision-making domain variables were significantly associated with respondent’s use of all three levels of service: those who made decisions alone about major household purchases were twice as likely to use all three levels of services than when decisions were made by their partners or others, while respondent making decisions alone about what food to cook each day was a negative predictor. Of the influencer variables, religion and a large spousal education gap were strong positive factors, whereas living in a consensual union rather than being legally married was a negative factor. Although health system factors are important, interventions geared towards changing gender norms that constrain women’s empowerment are critical to achieving maternal health-related development goals in Nigeria. A composite strategy that targets all women’s empowerment indices is recommended, as Nigeria strives towards achieving SDG-3.
Milk quality, production process and physicochemical characteristics of Porungo, an artisanal cheese from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Nogueira Silva Naaman Francisco , Siqueira de Aguiar Ketilin , Pimentel Filho Natan de Jesus , de Paula Ferreira Iuri Emmanuel , Lanzoni Troiani Caetano Afonso , Artigiani Lima Tribst Alline , Fernandes de Carvalho Antônio
Published: December 2020

Porungo is a traditional pasta filata cheese produced using raw milk throughout the southwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The objectives of this Research Communication were to evaluate the quality of raw milk used to make Porungo cheese, to characterize its production process, and to determine its chemical composition. The results showed that the raw milk met both Brazilian and international quality requirements. Chemically, Porungo can be classified as a medium to full fat semi-hard fresh cheese. Our study has allowed the first standards and regulations for Porungo to be established in Brazil. By virtue of this, the local producers are able to formalize their activity while consumers can have access to a safe and certified product.
Meetings of The Executive Council
Authors: Long Percy W.
Published: December 2020

The Executive Council met in Parlor I of the Netherland Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 30, 1935, at 1:00 p.m., with all the officers, the Managing Trustees, and Professors Craig, Lancaster, Nitze, Tatlock, Taylor, and Walz present. The following actions were taken:
Group transdiagnostic cognitive-behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial
Authors: Roberge Pasquale , Provencher Martin D. , Gaboury Isabelle , Gosselin Patrick , Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Benoît Annie , Carrier Nathalie , Antony Martin M. , Chaillet Nils , Houle Janie , Hudon Catherine , Norton Peter J.
Published: December 2020

Background

Transdiagnostic group cognitive-behavioral therapy (tCBT) is a delivery model that could help overcome barriers to large-scale implementation of evidence-based psychotherapy for anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of combining group tCBT with treatment-as-usual (TAU), compared to TAU, for the treatment of anxiety disorders in community-based mental health care.

Methods

In a multicenter single-blind, two-arm pragmatic superiority randomized trial, we recruited participants aged 18–65 who met DSM-5 criteria for principal diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or agoraphobia. Group tCBT consisted of 12 weekly 2 h sessions. There were no restrictions for TAU. The primary outcome measures were the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and clinician severity rating from the Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5) for the principal anxiety disorder at post-treatment, with intention-to-treat analysis.

Results

A total of 231 participants were randomized to either tCBT + TAU (117) or TAU (114), with outcome data available for, respectively, 95 and 106. Results of the mixed-effects regression models showed superior improvement at post-treatment for participants in tCBT + TAU, compared to TAU, for BAI [p < 0.001; unadjusted post-treatment mean (s.d.): 13.20 (9.13) v. 20.85 (10.96), Cohen's d = 0.76] and ADIS-5 [p < 0.001; 3.27 (2.19) v. 4.93 (2.00), Cohen's d = 0.79].

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the addition of group tCBT into usual care can reduce symptom severity in patients with anxiety disorders, and support tCBT dissemination in routine community-based care.
Précis of Vigor: Neuroeconomics of Movement Control
Authors: Shadmehr Reza , Ahmed Alaa A.
Published: December 2020

Why do we run toward people we love, but only walk toward others? Why do people in New York seem to walk faster than other cities? Why do our eyes linger longer on things we value more? There is a link between how the brain assigns value to things, and how it controls our movements. This link is an ancient one, developed through shared neural circuits that on one hand teach us how to value things, and on the other hand control the vigor with which we move. As a result, when there is damage to systems that signal reward, like dopamine and serotonin, that damage not only affects our mood and patterns of decision-making, but how we move. In this book, we first ask why, in principle, evolution should have developed a shared system of control between valuation and vigor. We then focus on the neural basis of vigor, synthesizing results from experiments that have measured activity in various brain structures and neuromodulators, during tasks in which animals decide how patiently they should wait for reward, and how vigorously they should move to acquire it. Thus, the way we move unmasks one of our well-guarded secrets: how much we value the thing we are moving toward.
Theory, Method, and Social Reproduction in Social Science History: A Short Jeremiad
Authors: Wetherell Charles
Published: December 2020

Let me begin with a simple theme, repentance, and a simple message: repent from complacency in the practice and defense of social science history (SSH). I say this because I do not see social science historians meeting three major challenges that must be overcome if the larger, collective enterprise is to survive with the same vitality it had a decade ago. Those challenges are, first, to bring social theory forcefully back into historical research; second, to take formal methods to a new, higher level; and, third, to seek to train the next generation of social science historians in the theory and methods they will need in the next century.
Two hundred days of COVID-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: de Almeida Gabriel Berg , Pronunciate Micheli , Grotto Rejane Maria Tommasini , Azevedo Pugliesi Edmur , Guimarães Raul Borges , Vilches Thomas Nogueira , Mendes Coutinho Renato , Catão Rafael de Castro , Ferreira Claudia Pio , Fortaleza Carlos Magno Castelo Branco
Published: December 2020

Two hundred days after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Brazil, the epidemic has rapidly spread in metropolitan areas and advanced throughout the countryside. We followed the temporal epidemic pattern at São Paulo State, the most populous of the country, the first to have a confirmed case of COVID-19, and the one with the most significant number of cases until now. We analysed the number of new cases per day in each regional health department and calculated the effective reproduction number (Rt) over time. Social distance measures, along with improvement in testing and isolating positive cases, general population mask-wearing and standard health security protocols for essential and non-essential activities, were adopted and impacted on slowing down epidemic velocity but were insufficient to stop transmission.
Combined Rastelli procedure with supra-coronary ascending aorta replacement
Authors: Arora Yatin , Devagourou Velayoudam , Kar Tanushree
Published: December 2020

We present a 5-year-old child with pulmonary atresia palliated at infancy with midline shunt now for complete repair with aneurysmally dilated aorta. Patient underwent a combined Rastelli procedure with supra-coronary ascending aorta replacement with hemi-arch repair. Patient was discharged on post-operative day 10 and was asymptomatic on follow-up.
Incidence and impact of acute kidney injury in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome following the hybrid stage 1 palliation
Authors: Cunningham Tyler W. , Tan Yubo , Krawczeski Catherine D. , Spencer John D. , Bai Shasha , Phelps Christina , Yates Andrew R.
Published: December 2020

Objective:

Acute kidney injury leads to worse outcomes following paediatric cardiac surgery. There is a lack of literature focusing on acute kidney injury after the Hybrid stage 1 palliation for single ventricle physiology. Patients undergoing the Hybrid Stage 1, as a primary option, may have a lower incidence of kidney injury than previously reported. When present, kidney injury may increase the risk of post-operative morbidity and mortality.

Methods:

A retrospective, single centre review was conducted in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who underwent Hybrid Stage 1 from 2008 to 2018. Acute kidney injury was defined as a dichotomous yes (meeting any injury criteria) or no (no injury) utilising two different criteria utilised in paediatrics. The impact of kidney injury on perioperative characteristics and 30-day mortality was analysed.

Results:

The incidence of acute kidney injury is 13.4–20.7%, with a severe injury rate of 2.4%. Patients without a prenatal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome have a higher incidence of kidney injury than those prenatally diagnosed, (40% versus 14.5%, p = 0.024). Patients with acute kidney injury have a significantly higher incidence of 30-day mortality, 27.3%, compared to without, 5.6% (p = 0.047).

Discussion:

The incidence of severe acute kidney injury after the Hybrid Stage 1 palliation is low. A prenatal diagnosis may be associated with a lower incidence of kidney injury following the Hybrid Stage 1. Though uncommon, severe acute kidney injury following Hybrid Stage 1 may be associated with higher 30-day mortality.
Density of outdoor food and beverage advertising around gathering place for children and adolescent in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Puspikawati Septa Indra , Dewi Desak Made Sintha Kurnia , Astutik Erni , Kusuma Dian , Melaniani Soenarnatalina , Sebayang Susy Katikana
Published: December 2020

Objective:

To survey outdoor food and beverage advertisements (‘F&B adverts’) for products that may be a risk factor for obesity, diabetes and CVD located in the vicinity of gathering places for children and adolescents.

Design:

We recorded the GPS coordinates of all F&B adverts visible from the streets at distances of 0–100, 100–300 and 300–500 m from facilities often used by children and adolescents. Those for unhealthy foods and beverages were identified. The density (number per square kilometre) of such advertisements was calculated and evaluated using hotspot analysis.

Setting:

The sub-districts Mulyorejo and Sukolilo in Surabaya city and the sub-districts Banyuwangi and Giri in Banyuwangi District, Indonesia.

Participants:

None.

Results:

The proportion of all outdoor advertisements that were F&B adverts was slightly higher in Banyuwangi than in Surabaya. Of the 570 F&B adverts recorded in Banyuwangi, 227 (39·8 %) and 273 (47·9 %) were for unhealthy foods and beverages, respectively. Of 960 F&B adverts in Surabaya, 271 (28·2 %) and 445 (46·3 %) were for unhealthy foods and beverages. In both regions, F&B advert density increased near gathering places for children and adolescents; all recreational areas had at least one set of advertisements for unhealthy beverages and food at 100–300 and 300–500 m. Both regions had one hotspot with significantly high numbers of unhealthy advertisements; Banyuwangi had one cold spot with a significantly low number of healthy advertisements.

Conclusion:

Regulations to control advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages in areas frequented by children and adolescents are urgently needed.
Collection, characterization, conservation and utilization of Cordia sinensis Lam.: An underexploited multipurpose fruit species of hot arid regions
Authors: Dev Rahul , Sureshkumar M. , Kumar Sushil , Venkatesan K. , Singh Traloki , Tetarwal Arvind Singh , Patidar Anil , Dayal Devi , Meghwal P. R.
Published: December 2020

Cordia sinensis, locally known as ‘Goondi’ in India, is an underexploited multipurpose fruit species found in hot arid regions that is well adapted to drought, salt and hot conditions. The present study was undertaken to collect fruit samples from different locations in the Kachchh region of Gujarat, India, and to determine their field establishment for characterization, conservation and utilization. The maximum distribution of the species was observed in Bhuj (45%) and Mandvi (25%). Field boundaries (35%) and scrub forests (30%) had greater frequencies, whereas backyards had rarer frequencies (10%). The species most commonly occurred on levelled topography (60%) with a soil pH in the range of 8–8.5 (63%). Morphological data of three-year-old plants in the field gene bank showed a maximum coefficient of variation in the number of leaves per plant (66.6), followed by the number of branches per plant (45.62) and collar diameter (27.69). Wide variations were recorded in plant height (121.67–212 cm), spread (118–223 cm2) and the number of branches per plant (6–24.33). Specific accessions were identified for fodder (CBCG-12, CBCG-13 and CBCG-16), early flowering and fruiting (CBCG-12, CBCG-13 and CBCG-14), easier propagation by seeds (CBCG-12 and CBCG-13) and salt tolerance (CBCG-15 and CBCG-16). Preliminary findings and information provided about this species' utilization and other aspects might be useful for future research on its domestication, sole plantation and conservation aspects, improving the exploitation of this species by present and future generations.
TWO ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE GENERIC MULTIVERSE
Authors: MEADOWS TOBY
Published: December 2020

This paper critically examines two arguments against the generic multiverse, both of which are due to W. Hugh Woodin. Versions of the first argument have appeared a number of times in print, while the second argument is relatively novel. We shall investigate these arguments through the lens of two different attitudes one may take toward the methodology and metaphysics of set theory; and we shall observe that the impact of these arguments depends significantly on which of these attitudes is upheld. Our examination of the second argument involves the development of a new (inner) model for Steel’s multiverse theory, which is delivered in the Appendix.