bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of removal of calcium hydroxide paste from an artificial standardized groove in the apical root canal using different irrigation methodologies
Authors: Van Der Sluis L. W. M. , Wu M. K. , Wesselink P. R.
Published: September 2006

Aim  To evaluate the capacity to remove a calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paste from the root canal and to evaluate the efficacy of Ca(OH)2 removal during passive ultrasonic irrigation using either sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or water as an irrigant.

Methodology  Sixteen mandibular premolars were used. Each root was prepared to the apical foramen using GT instruments of size 30, 0.06 taper. Each root was split longitudinally. In one half of the root, a groove was cut in the canal wall 2–6 mm from the apex which was then filled with a Ca(OH)2 paste. Subsequently the roots were reassembled. In group 1 (n = 16), the teeth were ultrasonically irrigated using 50 mL 2.0% NaOCl as the irrigant. Group 2 (n = 16) was treated in the same manner as group 1, but using 50 mL water in place of the NaOCl. In group 3 (n = 16), the teeth were irrigated by syringe injection of 50 mL 2.0% NaOCl. The quantity of remaining Ca(OH)2 in the groove was scored and the data analysed with Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests.

Results  The difference in remaining Ca(OH)2 between all groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Group 1 had significantly lower scores than group 2 (P < 0.001) and group 3 (P = 0.002), but there was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.765).

Conclusions  Passive ultrasonic irrigation with 2% NaOCl was more effective in removing Ca(OH)2 paste from artificial root canal grooves than syringe delivery of 2% NaOCl or water as irrigant.
Dynamics of mutualist populations that are demographically open
Authors: THOMPSON ANDREW R. , NISBET ROGER M. , SCHMITT RUSSELL J.
Published: September 2006

Few theoretical studies have examined the impact of immigration and emigration on mutualist population dynamics, but a recent empirical study (A.R. Thompson Oecologia, 143, 61–69) on mutualistic fish and shrimp showed that immigration can prevent population collapse, and that intraspecific competition for a mutualistic partner can curb population expansion. To understand in a theoretical context the implications of these results, and to assess their generality, we present a two‐species model that accounts explicitly for immigration and emigration, as well as distinguishing the impacts of mutualism on birth rates, death rates and habitat acquisition.

The model confirms that immigration can stabilize mutualistic populations, and predicts that high immigration, along with enhanced reproduction and/or reduced mortality through mutualism, can cause population sizes to increase until habitat availability curbs further expansion.

We explore in detail the effects of different forms of habitat limitation on mutualistic populations. Habitat availability commonly limits the density of both populations if mutualists acquire shelter independently. If a mutualist depends on a partner for habitat, densities of that mutualist are capped by the amount of space provided by that partner. The density of the shelter‐provider is limited by the environment.

If a mutualism solely augments reproduction, and most locally produced individuals leave the focal patch, then the mutualism will have a minimal effect on local dynamics. If the mutualism operates by reducing rates of death or enhancing habitat availability, and there is at least some immigration, then mutualism will affect local dynamics. This finding may be particularly relevant in marine systems, where there is high variability (among species and locations) in the extent to which progeny disperse from natal locations.

Overall, our results demonstrate that the consequences of immigration and emigration for the dynamics of mutualists depend strongly on which demographic rate is influenced by mutualism.

By relating our model to a variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems, we provide a general framework to guide future empirical studies of the dynamics of mutualistic populations.
Cowpox virus infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestis populations: delayed density dependence and individual risk
Authors: BURTHE SARAH , TELFER SANDRA , LAMBIN XAVIER , BENNETT MALCOLM , CARSLAKE DAVID , SMITH ANDREW , BEGON MICHAEL
Published: September 2006

Little is known about the dynamics of pathogen (microparasite) infection in wildlife populations, and less still about sources of variation in the risk of infection. Here we present the first detailed analysis of such variation.

Cowpox virus is an endemic sublethal pathogen circulating in populations of wild rodents. Cowpox prevalence was monitored longitudinally for 2 years, in populations of field voles exhibiting multiannual cycles of density in Kielder Forest, UK.

The probability that available susceptible animals seroconverted in a given trap session was significantly positively related to host density with a 3‐month time lag.

Males were significantly more likely to seroconvert than females.

Despite most infection being found in young animals (because transmission rates were generally high) mature individuals were more likely to seroconvert than immature ones, suggesting that behavioural or physiological changes associated with maturity contribute to variation in infection risk.

Hence, these analyses confirm that there is a delayed numerical response of cowpox infection to vole density, supporting the hypothesis that endemic pathogens may play some part in shaping vole cycles.
Epidemiology of intensive care unit (ICU)‐acquired infections in a 14‐month prospective cohort study in a single mixed Scandinavian university hospital ICU
Authors: Ylipalosaari P , Ala‐Kokko T. I. , Laurila J , Ohtonen P , Syrjälä H
Published: September 2006

Background:  Our aim was to evaluate the epidemiology of intensive care unit (ICU)‐acquired infections in a prospective cohort study.

Methods:  Patients with longer than a 48‐h stay in an adult mixed medical–surgical ICU in a tertiary level teaching hospital were included. The incidence (per cent) and incidence density (per 1000 patient days) of ICU‐acquired infections and the device‐associated infection rates per 1000 device days were analysed prospectively in a 14‐month study.

Results:  Eighty (23.9%) of 335 patients, whose ICU stay was longer than 48 h, acquired a total of 107 infections (1.3 per patient) during their ICU stay, with an infection rate of 48 per 1000 patient days. The most common infections were ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) [33.8% (18.8 per 1000 respiratory days)], other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) (20%) and sinusitis (13.8%). The rate of central catheter‐related (CRI) or primary bloodstream infections was 6.3% (2.2 per 1000 central venous catheter days), and the rate of urinary tract infections was 1.3% (0.5 per 1000 urinary catheter days). The first ICU infection was observed in 58.8% (47/80) of cases within 6 days after admission. The median time from admission to the diagnosis of an ICU‐acquired infection was 4 days (25th–75th percentiles, 4.0–6.0) for VAP, 6.0 days (4.5–7.0) for LRTIs and 9.5 days (6.5–13.0) for CRIs.

Conclusions:  The rates of urinary tract infections and bloodstream infections were lower than reported previously, differentiating our results from the classic pattern of ICU‐acquired infections, with the exception of the predominance of VAP.
Breakthrough pain in opioid‐treated chronic non‐malignant pain patients referred to a multidisciplinary pain centre: a preliminary study
Authors: Højsted J. , Nielsen P. R. , Eriksen J. , Hansen O. B. , Sjøgren Per
Published: September 2006

Background: Breakthrough pain (BTP) has not formerly been discussed as such in chronic non‐malignant pain patients referred to pain centres and clinics. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and mechanisms of BTP in opioid‐treated chronic non‐malignant pain patients referred to a pain centre and to assess the short‐term effects of pain treatment.

Methods: Patients were assessed at referral (T0) and after a treatment period of 3 months (T3) using the visual analogue scale (VAS) of the brief pain inventory (BPI) within somatic nociceptive, neuropathic and/or visceral pain conditions, the mini mental state examination (MMSE) and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). The main treatment intervention from T0to T3was to convert short‐acting oral opioids to long‐acting oral opioids and to discontinue on demand and parenteral use of opioids.

Results: Thirty‐three patients were assessed at T0and 27 at T3. The prevalence of BTP declined significantly from T0(90%) to T3(70.4%). Worst, least, average and current pain intensities as well as duration of BTP were significantly reduced from T0to T3.The majority of BTPs were exacerbation of background pain assumed to be of the same pain mechanisms. High average pain intensity (BPI) was significantly associated with high scores for both anxiety and depression (HADS).

Conclusion: BTP in chronic non‐malignant pain patients seems to be surprisingly frequent and severe. Stabilizing the opioid regimen seems to reduce pain intensity in general as well as the intensity and duration of BTP. Average pain intensity was associated with anxiety and depression.
ROLE OF HYPOTHALAMIC α2‐ADRENOCEPTOR ACTIVITY IN FRUCTOSE‐INDUCED HYPERTENSION
Authors: Mayer Marcos A , Höcht Christian , Opezzo Javier AW , Peredo Horacio A , Navacchia Daniel , Taira Carlos A , Fernández Belisario E , Puyó Ana M
Published: September 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine on blood pressure and heart rate (HR) regulation, as well as on adrenergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission, in fructose hypertensive (F) rats.

The anterior hypothalamic area of control (C) and F rats was perfused with Ringer's solution containing 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine through a microdialysis concentric probe. The effects of yohimbine on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR, as well as on hypothalamic dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid (5‐HIAA) levels, were measured according to perfusion time.

Although intrahypothalamic perfusion of yohimbine increased blood pressure in C rats (ΔMAP 9 ± 1 and 11 ± 2 mmHg for 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine, respectively; P < 0.05 vs Ringer's perfusion), the α‐adrenoceptor antagonist did not modify MAP in F. Intrahypothalamic yohimbine had no effect on HR at either concentration tested. Intrahypothalamic perfusion of 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine increased DOPAC levels in C rats (135 ± 6 and 130 ± 5% of basal levels, respectively; both n = 6; P < 0.05 vs Ringer's perfusion), but not in F animals (115 ± 6 and 102 ± 6% of basal levels, respectively; both n = 6). In both C and F rats, yohimbine administration induced an increase in 5‐HIAA dialysate levels.

The results of the present study support the notion that α2‐adrenoceptor tone of the anterior hypothalamus of normotensive rats, which contributes to normal blood pressure regulation, is not involved in the control of HR in either normotensive C or hypertensive F rats. The absence of changes in MAP after yohimbine perfusion in F rats suggests that the α2‐adrenoceptor tone could be decreased in this group of rats and that this may be responsible for the maintenance of hypertension in this model. Intrahypothalamic perfusion of yohimbine increased DOPAC in the dialysate only in C rats, suggesting changes in presynaptic α2‐adrenoceptor activity in fructose‐overloaded rats. Conversely, increased 5‐HIAA levels did not differ between C and F groups.
CURCUMIN, THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA), AMELIORATES DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY IN RATS
Authors: Sharma Sameer , Kulkarni Shrinivas K , Chopra Kanwaljit
Published: September 2006

Chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes leads to the overproduction of free radicals and evidence is increasing that these contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Among the spices, turmeric (Curcuma longa) is used as a flavouring and colouring agent in the indian diet every day and is known to possess anti‐oxidant properties. The present study was designed to examine the effect of curcumin, a yellow pigment of turmeric, on renal function and oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) in rats. Four weeks after STZ injection, rats were divided into four groups, namely control rats, diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with curcumin (15 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Renal function was assessed by creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urea clearance and urine albumin excretion. Oxidative stress was measured by renal malonaldehyde, reduced glutathione and the anti‐oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Streptozotocin‐injected rats showed significant increases in blood glucose, polyuria and a decrease in bodyweight compared with age‐matched control rats. After 6 weeks, diabetic rats also exhibited renal dysfunction, as evidenced by reduced creatinine and urea clearance and proteinuria, along with a marked increase in oxidative stress, as determined by lipid peroxidation and activities of key anti‐oxidant enzymes. Chronic treatment with curcumin significantly attenuated both renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in diabetic rats.

These results provide confirmatory evidence of oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy and point towards the possible anti‐oxidative mechanism being responsible for the nephroprotective action of curcumin.
RENAL PARENCHYMAL OXYGENATION AND HYPOXIA ADAPTATION IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Authors: Rosenberger Christian , Rosen Seymour , Heyman Samuel N
Published: September 2006

The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI), formally termed acute tubular necrosis, is complex and, phenotypically, may range from functional dysregulation without overt morphological features to literal tubular destruction.

Hypoxia results from imbalanced oxygen supply and consumption. Increasing evidence supports the view that regional renal hypoxia occurs in AKI irrespective of the underlying condition, even under circumstances basically believed to reflect ‘direct’ tubulotoxicity. However, at present, it is remains unclear whether hypoxia per se or, rather, re‐oxygenation (possibly through reactive oxygen species) causes AKI.

Data regarding renal hypoxia in the clinical situation of AKI are lacking and our current concepts regarding renal oxygenation during acute renal failure are presumptive and largely derived from experimental studies.

There is robust experimental evidence that AKI is often associated with altered intrarenal microcirculation and oxygenation. Furthermore, renal parenchymal oxygen deprivation seems to participate in the pathogenesis of experimental AKI, induced by exogenous nephrotoxins (such as contrast media, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or amphotericin), sepsis, pigment and obstructive nephropathies.

Sub‐lethal cellular hypoxia engenders adaptational responses through hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIF). Forthcoming technologies to modulate the HIF system form a novel potential therapeutic approach for AKI.
RENAL OXYGEN DELIVERY: MATCHING DELIVERY TO METABOLIC DEMAND
Authors: O’Connor Paul M
Published: September 2006

The kidneys are second only to the heart in terms of O2 consumption; however, relative to other organs, the kidneys receive a very high blood flow and oxygen extraction in the healthy kidney is low. Despite low arterial–venous O2 extraction, the kidneys are particularly susceptible to hypoxic injury and much interest surrounds the role of renal hypoxia in the development and progression of both acute and chronic renal disease.

Numerous regulatory mechanisms have been identified that act to maintain renal parenchymal oxygenation within homeostatic limits in the in vivo kidney. However, the processes by which many of these mechanisms act to modulate renal oxygenation and the factors that influence these processes remain poorly understood.

A number of such mechanisms specific to the kidney are reviewed herein, including the relationship between renal blood flow and O2 consumption, pre‐ and post‐glomerular arterial–venous O2 shunting, tubulovascular cross‐talk, the differential control of regional kidney blood flow and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.

The roles of these mechanisms in the control of renal oxygenation, as well as how dysfunction of these mechanisms may lead to renal hypoxia, are discussed.
Biological control of Parkinsonia aculeata: what are we trying to achieve?
Authors: Van Klinken Rieks D
Published: September 2006

Abstract  The rangeland shrub, Parkinsonia aculeata (parkinsonia), is considered to be a serious pastoral and environmental weed in Australia. Existing biological control agents have been ineffective and native‐range surveying is currently being undertaken to find potential new agents. In this paper I develop unambiguous performance criteria to assist in prioritising potential biological control agents, and against which the success of our biological control program can be judged. These include a reduction of patch density (to below 30% cover) and size (<0.1 ha), a reduction in rates of spread and in‐fill (by reducing seed production and understorey seed bank densities to <100 viable seeds m−2), and the explicit targeting of regions most at risk from parkinsonia impacts. The development of explicit, a priori performance criteria for biological control programs should help biological control develop into a more rigorous and predictive science.
Native‐range research assists risk analysis for non‐targets in weed biological control: the cautionary tale of the broom seed beetle
Authors: Sheppard Andy , Haines Melanie , Thomann Thierry
Published: September 2006

Abstract  This case study considers the broom seed beetle, Bruchidius villosus, a narrowly oligophagous species within the Fabaceae, subtribe Genistinae for which in‐depth native‐range studies have been vital to help understand the likely field host specificity following release. Bruchidius villosus has been used in three countries as a classical biological control agent against Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius. Original host‐specificity testing of a UK population, where this species had only been observed developing on C. scoparius, suggested this population was specific to the target. The beetle was released in New Zealand. Following release, however, the agent exhibited a broader host range than in the tests, but not a broader host range than that of the species as a whole. Subsequent studies in the native range using surveys and field testing have helped to show why B. villosus populations exhibit higher specificity in the native range than would be expected from the species’ host range. This case is used to illustrate the contribution native‐range studies can make to science‐based risk analysis of biological control agents against weeds. By doing so, they also highlight the associated risks of ignoring native‐range studies and adopting of a ‘grab‐and‐run’ approach to obtaining classical biological control agents.
Can an a priori strategy be developed for biological control? The case of Onopordum spp. thistles in Australia
Authors: Briese David T
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Between 1992 and 2000, seven insect agents were released in Australia for the biological control of Onopordum spp. thistles. This paper describes the protocol used for the selection of these agents, starting with the development of a preliminary strategy, based on the ecology and population dynamics of the target weed. The strategy informed the surveys for natural enemies in the native range of Onopordum, targeting insects that attacked key transitional stages of the weed’s life cycle. Ongoing studies of Onopordum populations in both Australia and Europe, plus experimental studies on the ecology, potential impact and preliminary host specificity of the agents, led to the refinement of the strategy and the selection and prioritisation of the agents. It is argued that development of an explicit strategy prior to release should be encouraged, as it forces researchers to revisit the rationale for and aims of particular biological control projects, ensuring that the process of agent selection remains focused. It also provides a tool to improve the process of agent selection, as subsequent results can be measured against the strategy and agent success or failure evaluated against the a priori expectations.
Using simulated herbivory to predict the efficacy of a biocontrol agent: the effect of manual defoliation and Macaria pallidata Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) herbivory on Mimosa pigra seedlings
Authors: Wirf Laura
Published: September 2006

Abstract  The effect of manual defoliation, and real and simulated herbivory by the leaf‐feeding moth Macaria pallidata on the growth and biomass of Mimosa pigra seedlings was assessed to determine the likely success of defoliating herbivores as biocontrol agents against the weed. Manual removal of at least half of all leaf material, maintained over a 6‐week period, significantly suppressed plant growth, as did a single week of herbivory by M. pallidata larvae. This suggests that M. pallidata and other defoliators have the potential to be highly successful agents in the biological control program for M. pigra.
Predicting the response of Cabomba caroliniana populations to biological control agent damage
Authors: Schooler Shon , Julien Mic , Walsh Guillermo C
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Cabomba caroliniana is a submerged aquatic plant from South America that is becoming a serious weed worldwide. It spreads by seed and by fragmentation and has an extremely wide climatic range, invading lakes and ponds from tropical (Darwin, Australia: latitude 12°) to cold temperate regions (Peterborough, Canada: latitude 45°). There are currently no effective methods of managing cabomba infestations and funding has been allocated to research biological methods. Surveys have examined cabomba in its native range and have identified several potential biological control agents. The most promising are a stem boring weevil (Hydrotimetes natans) and an aquatic moth (Paracles spp.). Here we predict the change in cabomba populations after the introduction of the biological control agents. Our predictions are based on quantitative surveys of cabomba populations at three lakes in south‐east Queensland, qualitative observations of cabomba in its native range, and conceptual knowledge of how the realised niche of cabomba might be affected by herbivore damage.
Predicting population dynamics of weed biological control agents: science or gazing into crystal balls?
Authors: Zalucki Myron P , Van Klinken Rieks D
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Various factors can influence the population dynamics of phytophages post introduction, of which climate is fundamental. Here we present an approach, using a mechanistic modelling package (CLIMEX), that at least enables one to make predictions of likely dynamics based on climate alone. As biological control programs will have minimal funding for basic work (particularly on population dynamics), we show how predictions can be made using a species geographical distribution, relative abundance across its range, seasonal phenology and laboratory rearing data. Many of these data sets are more likely to be available than long‐term population data, and some can be incorporated into the exploratory phase of a biocontrol program. Although models are likely to be more robust the more information is available, useful models can be developed using information on species distribution alone. The fitted model estimates a species average response to climate, and can be used to predict likely geographical distribution if introduced, where the agent is likely to be more abundant (i.e. good locations) and more importantly for interpretation of release success, the likely variation in abundance over time due to intra‐ and inter‐year climate variability. The latter will be useful in predicting both the seasonal and long‐term impacts of the potential biocontrol agent on the target weed. We believe this tool may not only aid in the agent selection process, but also in the design of release strategies, and for interpretation of post‐introduction dynamics and impacts. More importantly we are making testable predictions. If biological control is to become more of a science making and testing such hypothesis will be a key component.
Nutrient composition of soil and plants may predict the distribution and abundance of specialist insect herbivores: implications for agent selection in weed biological control
Authors: Schwab Lori K , Raghu S
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Refining the process of selecting specialist herbivores that are used as biological control agents to maximise effects on the targets can diminish the risk to non‐target species. While biotic factors (e.g. plant demography and agent–host interactions) have been explored for clues to improve the way we make agent selection decisions, recent ecological research indicates that abiotic factors related to the habitat (e.g. plant and soil nutrient composition, and soil characteristics) are important predictors of insect herbivore community composition. In this paper we explore the relevance of plant nutrient composition to aid in selecting agents for the invasive Eurasian perennial Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) in Illinois, USA. We propose that an approach that compares such abiotic factors across the native and invaded ranges of plants in conjunction with the community composition of specialist herbivores in the native range may yield valuable clues in selecting agents that are most likely to establish and regulate populations of the target weed.
Selection of pathogen agents in weed biological control: critical issues and peculiarities in relation to arthropod agents
Authors: Morin Louise , Evans Katherine J , Sheppard Andrew W
Published: September 2006

Abstract  Plant pathogens are playing an increasing role in classical biological control of weeds worldwide. This paper presents an explicit framework consisting of various interconnected steps to facilitate and streamline the selection process for pathogen agents. It also highlights and discusses critical issues associated with the various steps of the selection framework such as the climatic‐matching approach to find well‐adapted agents, host–pathogen matching and pathogen genetic structure. Processes and issues relating to the selection of pathogens are then contrasted with those usually adopted for arthropod selection in weed biological control. In both cases optimising the level of genetic diversity in introduced agents is seen as beneficial to biological control success. The difference in regulatory approach for multiple and genetically pure pathogen strains vs. genetically variable arthropod agents is highlighted for further scientific debate.
Sourcing Strategy, Supplier Relationships and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation of UK Organizations
Authors: Cousins Paul D. , Lawson Benn
Published: September 2006

This article conceptualizes and empirically examines buyer–supplier relationships in respect of supply sourcing strategies, relationship characteristics and firm performance. Two sourcing strategies available to organizations are examined, critical and leverage, which in turn, influence the approach to managing the supplier relationship (arms‐length or collaborative). We argue that different relationship approaches are appropriate to achieving different performance outcomes. A structural equation model, using a sample of 142 manufacturing firms based in the United Kingdom, is used to test this hypothesized model. The results indicate that a critical sourcing strategy requires collaborative supplier relationships in order to achieve higher relationship and business outcomes, while leverage sourcing strategies have a direct impact on these same performance outcomes. In addition, a leverage strategy was associated with increased levels of supplier power, though this power was found not to have a significant effect on performance. Our study provides support for the importance of aligning sourcing strategies to particular supplier relationship approaches in order to improve firm performance. Managerial implications of these findings and future directions for research are then offered.
Turn Over Control to the Semantics!
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2006

Abstract. Historically, control in generative grammar has fallen within the province of syntactic theory. One primary reason for this is that Mainstream Generative Grammar (MGG) has imposed a strong uniformity criterion on analyses as a measure of their explanatory adequacy. One aspect of this uniformity criterion, which we call Interface Uniformity, holds that the syntax‐semantics interface is maximally simple, in that meaning maps transparently into syntactic structure, and that it is maximally uniform, so that the same meaning always maps into the same syntactic structure. It follows from Interface Uniformity that a nonfinite VP has a syntactic subject that is assigned its externalθ‐role.

We argue that this view is most sustainable if one does not take into account the full richness and complexity of control phenomena, but treats control strictly in terms of complementation. When a fuller range of phenomena is taken into account, it appears that it is preferable to ‘‘turn over control’’ to the semantics, which is better equipped to capture the facts. We outline how to formulate the syntax‐semantics interface so as to get the semantic facts to line up properly with the syntactic facts. This analysis of the interface extends naturally to raising.
Lingering Challenges to the Raising‐to‐object and Object‐control Constructions
Authors: Runner Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2006

Abstract. This article provides an overview of the three main approaches to raising‐to‐object sentences likeCindy believes Marcia to be a genius. The article describes the strengths and challenges faced by these accounts, reaching a number of conclusions. First, the covert ‘‘LF’’ raising account, though successful at accounting for certain interpretational facts about the construction, does not provide an analysis of the word‐order facts. Second, the overt raising account, which can account for the word order facts, still faces two main challenges; there remain important open questions about verb placement, and though none of the current approaches to extraction can easily explain it, extraction and raising‐to‐object interact in complex ways that are still not well understood. Third, the movement theory of control, which treats object control in a way parallel to overt raising‐to‐object, faces not only the challenges to the overt raising account, but several others particular to object control. Finally, the article describes the HPSG analysis of raising‐to‐object, which can account straightforwardly for the word order facts, and with the appropriate constraints can be extended to account for the extraction facts discussed.
Expanding the Scope of Control and Raising
Authors: Polinsky Maria , Potsdam Eric
Published: September 2006

This paper presents unusual patterns in raising and control and offers a syntactic account which would validate such patterns. On the empirical side, we present evidence for backward control (data from several languages), backward raising (in Adyghe), copy control (Zapotec, Assamese, Tongan) and copy raising (data from a number of languages). All the unusual cases of raising and control seem to involve an A‐movement chain in which the lower, not the higher copy is pronounced, or both copies are spelled out. We also review some constructions which, while superficially resembling backward or copy structure, do not provide any evidence for a movement chain. On the theoretical side, assuming that the more unusual patterns are an empirical reality, linguistic theory should be capable of analyzing them. We present mechanisms from the current Minimalist Program which we believe allow the attested variation.
Do All Foreign Direct Investment Inflows Benefit the Local Economy?
Authors: Axarloglou Kostas , Pournarakis Mike
Published: September 2006

The present study measures the impact of FDI inflows on the local economies of the US states that receive most of the FDI inflows in the country. It appears that FDI inflows in manufacturing have rather weak effects on local employment and wages in most of the states in the sample. However, these results are primarily due to the industry composition of the FDI. FDI inflows in Printing and Publishing, Transportation Equipment and Instruments have positive effects on local employment and wages, while FDI inflows in Leather and Stone/Clay/Glass have detrimental effects on local labour markets in most of the states in the sample. These findings indicate the importance of industry characteristics in evaluating the effects of FDI inflows on local communities. Also, they emphasise the need for US states to selectively target and attract FDI inflows in specific industries.
SETTING FREE THE MOTHER BIRD: ON READING A STRANGE TEXT
Authors: MUERS RACHEL
Published: September 2006

Deuteronomy 22:6–7 has been used in recent theological discussions of environmental ethics. Earlier traditions of interpretation (Jewish and Christian) suggest the further possibility of reading it as a text about how to read texts and about the nature and function of law. This article examines, and offers a contemporary Christian reappropriation of, these traditions of interpretation. The focus is on how the confrontation with the vulnerable other as a locus of divine revelation interrupts and transforms relations of use and exploitation. It is argued that in a Christian reading of the bird's‐nest precept Christ “does what the precept does”.
INTRODUCING MICHAEL WYSCHOGROD
Authors: BERGER DAVID
Published: September 2006

Michael Wyschogrod is an Orthodox Jewish theologian with an exceptional profile. While committed to rabbinic Judaism, he goes back to the Bible for direct inspiration and authority. His independence and originality are also evident in his unique emphasis on the corporeal election of Israel, his advocacy of theological dialogue, and his sympathetic confrontation with Christian thinkers while maintaining an uncompromising commitment to the integrity of Jewish theology.
THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MICHAEL WYSCHOGROD
Authors: SOULEN R. KENDALL
Published: September 2006

Michael Wyschogrod is the most important Jewish thinker in the Modern Orthodox tradition since Joseph Soloveitchik. The key to Wyschogrod's significance consists in the point where he differs from Soloveitchik most dramatically. Whereas Soloveitchik held that “the religious or theological logos should not be employed as the medium of communication between two [different] faith communities”, Wyschogrod regards such communication as a Jewish imperative. The essay explores Wyschogrod's use of “the theological logos as the medium of communication” with reference to his understanding of the relation of faith and reason as illustrated by the story of Franz Redner, a Holocaust survivor.
Preserved skin structure of a recently found fifteenth‐century mummy in Daejeon, Korea
Authors: Chang Byung Soo , Uhm Chang Sub , Park Chang Hyun , Kim Han Kyeom , Lee Gui Young , Cho Han Hee , Kim Myeung Ju , Chung Yoon Hee , Song Kang Won , Lim Do Sun , Shin Dong Hoon
Published: September 2006

Recently published reports on Korea's medieval mummies have been regarded as an invaluable source for studies into the physical characteristics of medieval Koreans. However, even though the mummified tissues have been investigated histologically on various previous occasions, there are many unanswered questions relating to their tissue preservation. The aim of this study was to obtain new data on the ultramicroscopic characteristics of the mummified skin of a fifteenth‐century mummy found recently in Daejeon – one of the oldest ever found in Korea. Electron microscopy revealed that much of the epidermis had decayed; what remained of the dermis was filled with collagen fibres and melanin granules or invading bacterial spores present within the mummified epidermis. Considering the histological characteristics shared by naturally formed mummies in different parts of the world, we concluded that the ultramicroscopic patterns of the Daejeon mummy were more comparable with those naturally formed mummies than with artificially formed ones. This is the first full description of the morphological characteristics of the skin collected from this recently found medieval mummy from Daejeon, South Korea.
Cooperation and Conflict
Authors: Leeson Peter T.
Published: September 2006

Abstract. A conventional wisdom in the literature contends that without a system of formal enforcement, heterogeneous groups are unable to peacefully interact for mutual benefit and are prone to eruptions of violent conflict. This article maintains that the amount of such conflict has been dramatically overstated and the occurrence of peaceful interaction dramatically understated. The common view reverses the empirical reality of the world. Historical evidence indicates that where formal institutions are absent, heterogeneous individuals signal credibility to one another by engaging in shared customs and practices, enabling peaceful intergroup exchange. This evidence challenges prevailing beliefs and suggests that peaceful cooperation characterizes most heterogeneous group interaction.
The Violent and the Weak
Authors: Kirstein Roland , Voigt Stefan
Published: September 2006

Abstract. This article explores conditions under which dictators comply with a social contract. We assume society to consist of two groups: one with a comparative advantage in using violence, the other with a comparative advantage in producing private goods. Violence can be used to produce security or to exploit the weaker group. The opportunity for exploitation is limited: it reduces the incentives of the exploited to produce private goods and increases the chances of revolution. Social contracts consist of the exchange of security against a share of the private good, produced at a high effort level. The model allows the derivation of conditions for either compliance or exploitation to occur and provides a comparative static explanation for the transition from one form of government to the other. Thus, it contributes to positive constitutional economics, the research program that is interested in explaining the emergence and change of constitutions.
Estimates of the Deterrent Effect of Alternative Execution Methods in the United States: 1978–2000
Authors: Zimmerman Paul R.
Published: September 2006

Abstract.  Using a panel of state‐level data over the years 1978–2000, this article examines whether the method by which death penalty states conduct their executions affects the per capita incidence of murder in a differential manner. Several measures of the subjective probability of being executed are developed, taking into account the timing of individual executions. The empirical estimates suggest that the deterrent effect of capital punishment is driven primarily by executions conducted by electrocution. None of the other four methods of execution (lethal injection, gas chamber asphyxiation, hanging, and/or firing squad) are found to have a statistically significant impact on the per capita incidence of murder. These results are robust with respect to the manner in which the subjective probabilities of being executed are defined, whether or not a state has a death penalty law on the books, the removal of state and year fixed effects, controls for state‐specific time trends, simultaneous control of all execution methods, and controls for other forms of public deterrence. In addition, it is shown that the negative and statistically significant impact of electrocutions is not driven by the occurrence of a “botched” electrocution during the relevant time period.
Addict Death
Authors: Cameron Samuel , Collins Alan
Published: September 2006

Abstract.  The full implications of the problem of the death of addicts have been ignored in the economic analysis of policy toward drugs. This article argues that drug dealers can, in theory, play an important role in sustaining the lives of addicts. This needs to be taken into account in policy enforcement and could lead to some radical changes to conventional policy proposals.
The 21st century renaissance of the basophil? Current insights into its role in allergic responses and innate immunity
Authors: Falcone Franco H. , Zillikens Detlef , Gibbs Bernhard F.
Published: September 2006

Abstract:  Basophils and mast cells express all the three subchains of the high‐affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor FcɛRI and contain preformed histamine in the cytoplasmic granules. However, it is increasingly clear that these cells play distinct roles in allergic inflammatory disease. Despite their presence throughout much of the animal kingdom, the physiological function of basophils remains obscure. As rodent mast cells are more numerous than basophils, and generate an assortment of inflammatory cytokines, basophils have often been regarded as minor players in allergic inflammation. In humans, however, basophils are the prime early producers of interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐13, T helper (Th)2‐type cytokines crucial for initiating and maintaining allergic responses. Basophils also express CD40 ligand which, in combination with IL‐4 and IL‐13, facilitates IgE class switching in B cells. They are the main cellular source for early IL‐4 production, which is vital for the development of Th2 responses. The localization of basophils in various tissues affected by allergic inflammation has now been clearly demonstrated by using specific staining techniques and the new research is shedding light on their selective recruitment to the tissues. Finally, recent studies have shown that basophil activation is not restricted to antigen‐specific IgE crosslinking, but can be caused in non‐sensitized individuals by a growing list of parasitic antigens, lectins and viral superantigens, binding to non‐specific IgE antibodies. This, together with novel IgE‐independent routes of activation, imparts important new insights into the potential role of basophils in both adaptive and innate immunity.
Anti‐tumor activity of mesenchymal stem cells producing IL‐12 in a mouse melanoma model
Authors: Elzaouk Lina , Moelling Karin , Pavlovic Jovan
Published: September 2006

Abstract:  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a new tool for delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor cells. In this study, we have evaluated the anti‐tumor activity of human MSCs stably transduced with a retroviral vector expressing the cytokine interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) in a mouse melanoma model. Application of MSC(IL‐12) but not control MSCs strongly reduced the formation of lung metastases of B16F10 melanoma cells. The activity of the MSC(IL‐12) cells was dependent on the presence of natural killer (NK) cells in this experimental setting. Further, MSC(IL‐12) cells elicited a pronounced retardation of tumor growth and led to prolonged survival when injected into established subcutaneous melanoma in a therapeutic regimen. The therapeutic effect of the MSC(IL‐12) was in part mediated by CD8+ T cells, while NK cells and CD4+ T cells appeared to play a minor role. The anti‐tumor effect of MSC(IL‐12) cells was of similar efficiency as observed for application of naked plasmid DNA encoding IL‐12. The presented data demonstrate that these two different strategies can induce a similar therapeutic anti‐tumor efficacy in the mouse melanoma tumor model.
Abundance and diversity of ground‐dwelling arthropods of pest management importance in commercial Bt and non‐Bt cotton fields
Authors: Torres J.B. , Ruberson J.R.
Published: September 2006

The modified population dynamics of pests targeted by the Cry1Ac toxin in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton (Bt cotton) and possible reduced insecticide use in these transgenic varieties may exert a variety of effects on ground‐dwelling predator communities. A survey of ground‐dwelling arthropods was carried out weekly each of 3 years (during the cropping season) in commercial Bt and non‐Bt cotton fields. Sixty‐five taxa of ground‐dwelling arthropods (carabids, cicindelines, staphylinids, dermapterans, heteropterans and araneids) of importance for cotton pest management were recorded in the survey. Species abundance and dynamics across seasons were evaluated with univariate analysis of variance for higher taxa or multivariate principal response curve analysis for the whole community of 65 taxa. Diversity and richness indices and cumulative species curves also were calculated. The analyses demonstrated no differences in the ground‐dwelling arthropod communities between cotton types. One araneid species, Pardosa pauxilla, comprised ∼80% of all araneids, Labidura riparia comprised ∼96% of all dermapterans, Megacephala carolina comprised ∼97% of cicindelines and four carabid species (Selenophorus palliatus, Apristus latens, Harpalus gravis and Anisodactylus merula) comprised ∼80% of carabid species. M. carolina outnumbered all other collected species in each of the 3 years. When only predatory carabid species were considered, A. merula, Calosoma sayi, Harpalus pennsylvanicus and Stenolophus ochropezus were predominant and numbers trapped were similar between cotton types. The abundance of dermapterans, staphylinids, araneids and heteropterans varied among sample dates and across seasons but did not differ between cotton types. The frequent capture of M. carolina, S. palliatus and P. pauxilla in all fields and seasons in both cottons suggests that these species may be important for monitoring further changes in local communities as result of agricultural practices.
Probing surfaces with single-polymer atomic force microscope experiments
Authors: Friedsam C. , Gaub H. E. , Netz R. R.
Published: September 2006

In the past 15 years atomic force microscope (AFM) based force spectroscopy has become a versatile tool to study inter- and intramolecular interactions of single polymer molecules. Irreversible coupling of polymer molecules between the tip of an AFM cantilever and the substrate allows one to study the stretching response up to the high force regime of several nN. For polymers that glide or slip laterally over the surface with negligible friction, on the other hand, the measured force profiles exhibit plateaus which allow one to extract the polymer adsorption energies. Long-term stable polymer coatings of the AFM tips allow for the possibility of repeating desorption experiments from solid supports with individual molecules many times, yielding good sampling statistics and thus reliable estimates for adsorption energies. In combination with recent advances in theoretical modeling, a detailed picture of the conformational statistics, backbone elasticity, and the adsorption characteristics of single polymer molecules is obtained.
Spiral twisting of fiber orientation inside bone lamellae
Authors: Wagermaier W. , S. Gupta H. , Gourrier A. , Burghammer M. , Roschger P. , Fratzl P.
Published: September 2006

The secondary osteon — a fundamental building block in compact bone — is a multilayered cylindrical structure of mineralized collagen fibrils arranged around a blood vessel. Functionally, the osteon must be adapted to the in vivo mechanical stresses in bone at the level of its microstructure. However, questions remain about the precise mechanism by which this is achieved. By application of scanning x-ray diffraction with a micron-sized synchrotron beam, along with measurements of local mineral crystallographic axis direction, we reconstruct the three-dimensional orientation of the mineralized fibrils within a single osteon lamella (∼5 μm). We find that the mineralized collagen fibrils spiral around the central axis with varying degrees of tilt, which would — structurally — impart high extensibility to the osteon. As a consequence, strains inside the osteon would have to be taken up by means of shear between the fibrils.