bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dynamic state of the macrophage plasma membrane. Attachment and fate of immunoglobulin, antigen and lectins
Authors: Loor F. , Roelants G. E.
Published: February 2007

The dynamic state of the macrophage plasma membrane and its possible role in antigen presentation were studied by fluorescence microscopy. Our main observations are as follows: (a) macrophages from the peritoneal cavity of mice have easily detectable surface Ig which, in small/medium macrophages, remains associated with the membrane for four days in culture. On larger macrophages it is progressively lost by capping. Most of this surface Ig is rapidly redistributed in polar caps by divalent but not monovalent anti‐Ig reagents. Complete clearance of the membrane is, however, difficult to obtain. (b) Binding and redistribution of concanavalin, phytohemagglutinin and poly‐L‐lysine on macrophages are as described for lymphocytes. However, pokeweed mitogen, which binds in a detectable way only to thymocytes and not to peripheral B or T lymphocytes, binds also to macrophages and redistributes in polar caps by itself. (c) Antigen binds well to macrophages at 37 °C and weakly at 0 °C, but binding is not sensitive to NaN3. Macrophages do not show selectivity for antigen binding. Part of the bound antigen is redistributed in caps and endocytozed, but some antigen is still detected at the cell surface after 4 days of culture. Antigen binding is not antibody mediated. Antigen appears to stick to a ubiquitous macrophage membrane component and not to a receptor. Part of the endocytozed antigen is later reexposed at the plasma membrane surface.

These findings extend the fluid mosaic model to the macrophage membrane and reconcile high endocytic activity and membrane fluidity with the antigen presentation role of macrophages.
T cell suppression in vitro. II. Nature of specific suppressive factor
Authors: Feldmann Marc
Published: February 2007

The mechanism of specific T cell suppression in vitro was investigated. It was found that suppression of hapten‐reactive B cells only occurred in the presence of hapten linked to the carrier to which the T cells were reacting. Thus, there was the same requirement for linked recognition in T cell suppression as was previously described in cooperation. The nature of the suppressive factor was investigated, and like the cooperating factor, it was found to have specificity for the immunizing carrier protein and to be fully absorbed by peritoneal macrophages. The ratio of helper to suppressor activity obtained from activated T cells did not change between 4 and 8 days after injection of antigen and thymocytes. Both activities were absorbed by Sepharose beads conjugated with polyvalent anti‐mouse Ig, anti‐ϰ or anti‐μ‐chain antibody. There was thus a resemblance between the T cell suppressive factor and the immunizing factor, although it is not yet known whether both properties are expressed by one and the same molecule. This must await further biochemical characterization of specific T cell factors.
The preparation and purification of HL‐A monospecific antigens using platelets and various lymphoid sources
Authors: Voigtmann R. , Uhlenbruck G. , Pardoe G. I. , Rogers K.
Published: February 2007

HL‐A‐active protein fragments have been isolated from lymphoid sources (tonsillar tissue, cells from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL cells)) and from platelets. The yields and specific activities of products obtained by enzymic chaotropic treatment indicate the superiority of 3 M KCl extraction of platelets. Individual HL‐A antigenic specificities were further distinguished in fractions separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antigens were separated between the LA and FOUR loci, and within the LA locus. Purified monospecific HL‐A antigenic preparations were conjugated with aminoethyl‐Sepharose‐4B, and used to remove corresponding specificities from alloantisera.
Enhancing T lymphocytes from tumor‐bearing mice suppress host resistance to a syngeneic tumor
Authors: Treves A. J. , Carnaud C. , Trainin N. , Feldman M. , Cohen I. R.
Published: February 2007

The cell‐mediated immune response of animals to a lethal syngeneic tumor was investigated by inoculating C57BL mice with Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) cells T lymphocytes, obtained from the enlarged spleens of the tumor‐bearing mice were found to be cytotoxic to 3LL target cells in vitro. However, we found that such spleen cells enhanced tumor growth in vivo when mice were injected with a mixture of spleen cells and tumor cells. Removal of T lymphocytes by treatment of the spleen cells with anti‐Θ serum plus complement reduced the enhancement of tumor growth. Hence, the tumor enhancing cells, like the cytotoxic cells, appeared to be T lymphocytes. Removal of T lymphocytes from normal mice by adult thymectomy before tumor inoculation led to a reduction in the number of tumor metastases. Thus, enhancing T lymphocytes appear to exist in normal as well as in tumor‐bearing mice. Investigation of this mechanism of tumor enhancement suggested that the enhancing T lymphocytes act as suppressor T cells inhibiting natural immune resistance to tumor growth.
Antibody‐induced changes in expression of the H‐2 antigen
Authors: Lesley Jayne , Hyman R.
Published: February 2007

Continuous exposure of a BALB/c myeloma line to anti‐H‐2d antibody in the absence of complement, for 3 hours at 37 °C, results in the loss of sensitivity to lysis by added complement or by added anti‐H‐2d and complement (antigenic modulation). 125I‐labeled anti‐H‐2d was used to follow the fate of the modulating antibody. Iodinated rabbit anti‐mouse Ig was used to detect anti‐H‐2 Ig remaining on the cell surface at various times. It was found that the amount of anti‐H‐2 antibody detectable on the cell surface decreases by 1/3 to 1/2, and that this decrease occurs by internalization of the bound antibody (and presumably of the antigen). Maintenance of antigenic modulation over a 24‐hour period involves a steady state of continuous binding of free antibody and its internalization.

Recovery from antigenic modulation occurs during 3 hours after removal of the anti‐H‐2 antibody and involves a decrease in the amount of mouse anti‐H‐2d remaining on the cell surface (as detected by labeled rabbit anti‐mouse Ig) and an increase in the amount of surface antigen detected by the ability to bind 125I‐labeled anti‐H‐2d.
An anti‐theta sensitive hapten‐carrier response in nude mice
Authors: Kirov Sylvia Mary
Published: February 2007

Spleen cells from congenitally athymic (“nude”) mice were found to give a good anti‐hapten response when cultured with the hapten‐carrier, dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐flagellin, but not when cultured with DNP coupled to two other proteins, hemocyanin and human IgG. This response to DNP‐flagellin was anti‐theta‐sensitive. The evidence indicated that the mice had a small population of T cells, a proportion of which had become primed naturally to flagellin or to related antigens and could function as specific helper cells in a collaborative anti‐DNP response. The existence of such flagellin‐primed T cells was confirmed by the ability of such mice to mount a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to flagellin injected into the hind footpad.
The generation of antibody diversity. II. Plaque morphology as a simple marker for antibody specificity at the single‐cell level
Authors: Cunningham A. J. , Pilarski Linda M.
Published: February 2007

This paper investigates the validity of plaque morphology as a simple marker for distinguishing single cells producing antibody with different specificities. Plaques on an indicator mixture of related erythrocytes may be clear, with both red cell types lysed, or partial with only one lysed, or “sombreros” where both target erythrocytes are lysed but to different extents. The technique can be adapted for use with defined antigens by testing cells against indicator erythrocytes half of which are coupled at high density with the antigen and half at low density: again the population is split into clear and partial plaques. Various arguments and control experiments have been put forward to support the claim that plaque morphology depends on antibody specificity, and hence V region structure, and not on amount of antibody or C region changes: morphology remains the same at different temperatures of incubation, and as a plaque grows at 37 °C, and is not affected by different concentrations of complement in the medium.
Tolerance induction to a hapten protein conjugate in vivo: Are suppressor T cells involved
Authors: Huchet R. , Feldmann Marc
Published: February 2007

The cellular basis of high and low zone tolerance to dinitrophenylated human IgG (DNP‐HGG) was investigated in mice by using an analysis of carrier hapten relationships to identify the nonresponding cell. Low zone tolerance in vivo was found to be solely due to tolerance at the T cell level, confirming the previous work of Mitchison and Rajewsky. High zone tolerance, after a single injection of 10 mg of deaggregated DNP‐HGG was due to essentially complete T cell tolerance. It was also due to partial B cell tolerance in the intact host. The degree of B cell tolerance was much more marked if tested in vitro than in vivo, and for IgG antibody rather than IgM. The mechanism of high zone tolerance induction was analyzed. Two and three days after antigen injection there was a transient appearance of T cells which, in the presence of the tolerogen, specifically suppressed DNP‐reactive B cells in vitro. The significance of these specific suppressor T cells in the mechanism of induction of high zone tolerance is discussed.
A one‐step procedure for separating mouse T and B lymphocytes
Authors: Parish C. R. , Kirov Sylvia M. , Bowern Narelle , Blanden R. V.
Published: February 2007

A procedure is described for both depleting and obtaining in pure form Ig‐bearing cells from mouse lymphoid populations. The Ig‐bearing cells are identified by rosetting and the rosettes separated from the nonrosetting lymphocytes by centrifugation on Isopaque/Ficoll. The rosettes sink with the red cells and the nonrosetting lymphocytes float. The procedure is > 99.5 % efficient at depleting mouse lymphoid populations of Ig‐rosetting cells and is also > 97 % efficient at removing the Ig‐bearing cells detected by radioautography. Furthermore, after lysis of the red cells by hypotonic shock the Ig‐bearing cells are recovered in a highly pure form. The total recovery of white cells and rosettes applied is > 85 %.

This procedure was shown to produce a functional separation of T and B lymphocytes. The cell population depleted of Ig‐rosettes behaved as a pure T cell preparation. It lacked precursors of antibody‐forming cells, but contained virtually all of the Θ‐positive lymphocytes, the bulk of the helper cells detected in two in vitro hapten carrier antibody responses and all the cells which responded and produced cytotoxic cells in MLC. In contrast, the preparation of Ig rosettes expressed B cell properties. This population contained all of the antibody forming cell precursors, few helper cells and Θ‐positive lymphocytes and no MLC‐responding cells. However, there was some evidence that a small subpopulation of T cells exists which possesses surface Ig.

The separation system was used to formally demonstrate that carrier primed T cells collaborate with hapten primed B cells to generate an anti‐hapten antibody response to a hapten‐carrier conjugate. It was also established that in MLC responder B cells in no way collaborate with responder T cells to generate cytotoxic cells.
Analysis of antibody populations to oligo‐D‐alanine determinants. V. A method for measuring hapten inhibition by decreased initial rate of red cell sensitization
Authors: Trissl Dorothea , Weiler E.
Published: February 2007

A method is described to analyze separately the affinity of allotypic or subclass antibody subpopulations of anti‐poly‐D‐ala antisera. The basic assay is a kinetic hemolysis method (Weiler, E., Weiler, I. J., Sprenger, R. and Dittrich, B., Eur. J. Immunol. 1971. 1: 377) wherein binding of antibody to antigen‐equipped sheep red blood cells is measured. The binding reaction is inhibitable by hapten. Inhibition is not constant during the reaction but decreases with time. We therefore preferred to measure inhibition of initial rate of binding, because it reflects the decreased free antibody concentration at equilibrium with hapten.

Hapten concentrations necessary to reach 50 % inhibition are shown to differ widely in different sera. Relation of inhibition data to average affinity of sera is discussed.
The i antigen complex: A new specificity unique to dividing human cells
Authors: Thomas D. B.
Published: February 2007

Evidence is presented that erythroagglutinin, anti‐i, sera recognize a membrane antigen characteristic of dividing human cells. The antigen was present on fetal tissues, cultured cell lines and mitogen‐stimulated lymphocytes and absent from normal adult tissues. Cell synchrony studies with cultured lymphoblasts indicate that antigen expression is maximal during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Absorption studies have shown that antibodies to this determinant are distinct from the erythroagglutinin activity of sera. The significance of “division antigens” in relation to oncofetal antigens is discussed.
Helper activity in vitro to a defined determinant
Authors: Henry Claudia , Trefts P. E.
Published: February 2007

To selectively induce a thymus‐derived (T) cell response to the hapten azophenylarsonate (Ars) we have injected BALB/c mice with the hapten covalently attached to mycobacteria. Spleen suspensions were then tested for evidence of Ars‐specific helper function by their ability to restore the in vitro anti‐lactoside (Lac) secondary response of T‐depleted Lac precursor cells. Helper activity was demonstrated when a double conjugate containing both Lac and Ars was added. Using column procedures which exclude adherent and Ig‐bearing cells, and treatment with anti‐T antiserum we excluded antibody as the responsible agent and implicated T cells. A comparison of the activity of hapten and protein‐specific helper cells revealed differences which may explain the infrequent demonstration of haptenspecific T function following immunization with hapten‐protein conjugates. The demonstration of Ars‐specific helper activity is interpreted as support for the contention that receptors on T cells are basically similar to those on antibody precursor cells.
T cell‐independent development of B memory cells
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Blitstein‐Willinger Eveline
Published: February 2007

Speen cells derived from sheep red blood cell (SRBC)‐primed nude mice gave a typical secondary response when challenged in vitro with SRBC in the presence of SRBC‐primed T cells. The results demonstrate that B memory cells of both IgM and IgG type develop in the absence of functioning T cells. Moreover, these results indicate that Θ‐antigen‐bearing cells, reactive to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A), are not involved in the initiation of B cell triggering, but rather in the differentiation step leading to antibody‐forming cells.
A rapid micromethod for the detection of membrane‐associated antigens on monolayer cells by indirect immunofluorescence
Authors: Sorg C.
Published: February 2007

Tumor cells grown as monolayers in microtiter plates are used for the detection of surface antigens by indirect immunofluorescence. A procedure has been developed to keep the cells firmly attached during all reactions and washings. The test is read directly from the plates under a fluorescence microscope. A positive reaction is characterized by a coherent fluoresceinating ring encircling the cell membrane.
New Scalable Asymmetric Aminomethylation Reaction for the Synthesis of β2‐Amino Acids
Authors: Moumné Roba , Denise Bernard , Guitot Karine , Rudler Henri , Lavielle Solange , Karoyan Philippe
Published: February 2007

β‐Amino acids are useful tools in the design of peptidomimetics, and the development of new methods for their syntheses, particularly the synthesis of β2‐amino acids, remains an important challenge. Here we report a new scalable route based on the aminomethylation of silyl ketene N,O‐acetals by Mannich‐type iminium electrophiles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Regioselective Monobromination of Free and Protected Phenols
Authors: Pla Daniel , Albericio Fernando , Álvarez Mercedes
Published: February 2007

A comparative study of the advantages of using THF compared with DMF in regioselective monobromination reactions of highly activated polyphenols, their ethers, and their tert‐butyl carbonate derivatives under mild conditions is described. Bromination with the common reagent N‐bromosuccinimide in polar solvents provided an easy and fast approach to aromatic electrophilic substitution at the most electronically favored positions with respect to O‐substituents. Tight control of the reaction temperature as well as short reaction times afforded better isolated yields (from 70 % to quantitative) of bromides when THF was used as the solvent instead of the classically used DMF. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Preparation of α‐Acetonylpiperidines from α‐Allylated Heterocycles by a Bromocyclocarbamation Reaction
Authors: Kuznetsov Nikolai Yu. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Godovikov Ivan A. , Bubnov Yuri N.
Published: February 2007

2,6‐Disubstituted (alkyl)(allyl)‐ and diallylpiperidines containing C=C bonds in different environments can be selectively transformed into α‐acetonylpiperidines, including the alkaloid (±)‐6‐epipinidinone. The key step is the bromocyclocarbamation reaction of the N‐Boc‐protected α‐allylheterocycle with N‐bromosuccinimide. The bulky tert‐butyl group on the piperidine ring can affect the diastereoselectivity of the cyclization by 1,5‐asymmetric induction. The structure of one of the isolated diastereomers was established by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. The prepared bicyclic bromides were readily dehydrobrominated with tBuOK and the corresponding enols were hydrolyzed to α‐acetonylpiperidine hydrochlorides. The method presented is convenient and simple to perform. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Microsensors for the Selective Response of Epinephrine in Presence of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Valentini F. , Palleschi G. , Morales E. Lopez , Orlanducci S. , Tamburri E. , Terranova M. L.
Published: February 2007

Modified stainless steel microelectrodes (microwire diameter: 300 μm) were assembled using functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) deposited by the EPD method (electrophoretical deposition process). The functionalized SWCNTs, which covered the microelectrode surfaces, showed an improved sensitivity and selectivity toward the electrochemical detection of epinephrine. These chemical sensors hampered the voltammetric responses of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA), while the electrochemical oxidation of epinephrine was significantly enhanced. Using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique, epinephrine showed a very well resolved peak centered around 240 mV, while 1 mM of AA (present in the same solution) was not detected. The corresponding permeability and permselectivity parameters were also evaluated for ascorbic acid and uric acid. To investigate the sensor selectivity, a comparative study performed using microsensors assembled with non functionalized carbon nanotubes, deposited on the microelectrode surfaces by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique, was also carried out. This study was useful to highlight that the presence, or the absence of electrostatic barriers on SWCNT's walls (due to the presence of some chemical functional groups), can be able to control the electrochemical response of these sensors. This optimization resulted in microsensors with a good linear range (2–100 μM) epinephrine; a good sensitivity (28.1 A M−1 cm−2) and interelectrodes reproducibility (RSD%=7.0, n=6), a detection of limit (LOD=3σ) of 2 μM; a response time of 6 s; a significant operational stability (of 13 hours in continuous working conditions) and long term stability (1 month).
Electrochemical and Surface Properties of Multilayer Films Based on a Ru2+ Metallodendrimer and the Mixed Addenda Dawson Heteropolyanion
Authors: Zynek Monika , Serantoni Marina , Beloshapkin Sergey , Dempsey Eithne , McCormac Timothy
Published: February 2007

The successful formation of organized multilayer assemblies, formed from the Dawson type mixed addenda heteropolyanion, [P2W17 VIVO62]8−, and a Ru2+ pentaerythritol based metallodendrimer, [RuDen]8+, has been achieved on carbon electrode surfaces. Cyclic voltammetric studies of the assembly across a wide pH domain, namely, 2 to 7 was possible. Upon redox switching, the redox couples associated with the RuIII/II redox system, of the cationic metallodendrimer, and both the VIV/V and the tungsten‐oxo framework of the heteropolyanion, were clearly evident. The multilayer assembly exhibited good stability towards both redox cycling and soaking over extended periods of time in aqueous buffer solutions. In addition, the constructed multilayer films were found to be quite compact in nature. The films were further characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine their elemental composition. Surface morphology of the multilayer films was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The electrocatalytic reduction of iodate by the multilayer film was also investigated.
A Protein‐Resistant Matrix for Electrochemical Based Recognition Assays
Authors: Pallarola Diego , Domenianni Luis , Priano Graciela , Battaglini Fernando
Published: February 2007

In this work, two well known polymers, carboxymethyl dextran and poly(ethyleneglycol), are used for easily producing a platform for electrochemical affinity assays, avoiding nonspecific adsorption of proteins. In this way, modified electrode surfaces able to bind a recognition agent are constructed through simple and reliable reactions.
Catalytic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry of Germanium(IV) in the Presence of Gallic Acid and Vanadium(IV)‐EDTA
Authors: Li Yi‐Heng , Chen Xin‐Huan , Huang Mei‐Hua , Zhou Fang‐Qin
Published: February 2007

A highly sensitive and selective catalytic adsorptive cathodic striping procedure for the determination of trace germanium is presented. The method is based on adsorptive accumulation of the Ge(IV)‐gallic acid (GA) complex onto a hanging mercury drop electrode, followed by reduction of the adsorbed species. The reduction current is enhanced catalytically by addition of vanadium(IV)‐EDTA. The optimal experimental conditions include the use of 0.03 mol/L HClO4 (pH1.6), 6.0×10−3 mol/L GA, 3.0×10−3 mol/L V(IV), 4.0×10−3 mol/L EDTA, an accumulation potential of −0.10 V(vs. Ag/AgCl), an accumulation time of 120 s and a differential pulse potential scan mode. The peak current is proportional to the concentration of Ge(IV) over the range of 3.0×10−11 to 1.0×10−8 mol/L and the detection limit is 2×10−11 mol/L for a 120 s adsorption time. The relative standard deviation at 5.0×10−10 mol/L level is 3.1%. No serious interferences were found. The method was applied to the determination of germanium in ore, mineral water and vegetable samples with satisfactory results.
Construction and Evaluation of a Gold Tubular Electrode for Flow Analysis: Application to Speciation of Antimony in Water Samples
Authors: Santos João Rodrigo , Lima José L. F. C. , Quinaz M. Beatriz , Rodríguez J. Antonio , Barrado Enrique
Published: February 2007

A tubular gold electrode (TGE) is described for the first time by summarizing the important aspects of its construction and evaluation. Applicability of the TGE is evaluated in the speciation of Sb(III) and Sb(V) using anodic stripping voltammetry in a single flow manifold. Studies with surface active interferences and metallic cations were performed. The proposed conditions for antimony determination showed good tolerance towards cationic, anionic and nonionic surface active substances. A linear response for antimony was obtained for solutions containing significant amounts of several metallic cations. Linear calibration curves for Sb(III) were obtained in the range 1–10 ppb with a detection limit of 0.19 ppb (CV=2.91%, n=5, [Sb(III)]=5 ppb). For Sb(V), linear calibration curves were in the range 1–15 ppb with a detection limit of 0.32 ppb (CV=1.41%, n=5, [Sb(V)]=5 ppb). The figures of merit achieved sustain for the good applicability of the proposed method as it allows the determination of antimony at levels below maximum values permitted in consuming waters. Results of antimony concentration determined in water samples were validated against the ICP‐MS reference procedure or compared with reference water samples.
Multi‐scale modelling approach for the pushover analysis of existing RC shear walls—Part I: Model formulation
Authors: Mulas Maria Gabriella , Coronelli Dario , Martinelli Luca
Published: February 2007

This work focuses on the modelling issues related to the adoption of the pushover analysis for the seismic assessment of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. To this purpose a prototype reference structure, one of the RC shear walls designed according to the multi‐fuse concept and tested on shaking table for the CAMUS project, is modelled at different levels of refinement. The meso‐scale of a stiffness‐based fibre element and the micro‐scale of the finite element (FE) method are herein adopted; in the latter separate elements are adopted for the concrete, the steel and the steel–concrete interface. This first of the two companion papers presents in detail the wall under study, illustrating the design philosophy, the geometry of the wall, the instrumentation set‐up and the test programme. The two modelling approaches are then described; the most important points in terms of element formulation and constitutive relations for materials are presented and discussed for each approach, in the light of the particular design of the wall and of its experimental behaviour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic behaviour of self‐centring braced frame buildings with reusable hysteretic damping brace
Authors: Zhu Songye , Zhang Yunfeng
Published: February 2007

This paper presents the seismic behaviour of a concentrically braced frame system with self‐centring capability, in which a special type of bracing element termed reusable hysteretic damping brace (RHDB) is used. The RHDB is a passive energy dissipation device with its core energy‐dissipating component made of superelastic Nitinol wires. Compared with conventional bracing in steel structures, RHDB has a few prominent performance characteristics: damage free under frequent and design basis earthquakes in earthquake prone areas; minimal residual drifts due to the self‐centring capability of RHDB frame; and ability to survive several strong earthquakes without the need for repair or replacement. This paper also includes a brief discussion of the RHDB's mechanical configuration and analytical model for RHDB. The seismic performance study of RHDB frame was carried out through a non‐linear time history analysis of 3‐storey and 6‐storey RHDB frame buildings subjected to two suites of 20 earthquake ground motions. The analysis results were compared with buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) frames. This study shows that RHDB frame has a potential to outperform BRB frames by eliminating the residual drift problem. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the politics of evaluation to achieve impact
Authors: Mohan Rakesh , Sullivan Kathleen
Published: February 2007

This chapter examines issues in managing the politics of evaluation by considering the context in which an evaluation occurs and by maximizing both evaluators' independence from and their responsiveness to stakeholders.
Evaluators' role in facilitating the convergence of factors to create legislative impact
Authors: Greer Hal
Published: February 2007

Whether a study will have legislative impact often depends on multiple factors that may be beyond the control of evaluators. Nevertheless, evaluators can play an important role in facilitating the convergence of factors that can create legislative impact.
A utilization‐focused approach to evaluation by a performance audit agency
Authors: Perry Ron , Thomas Bob , DuBois Elizabeth , McGowan Rob
Published: February 2007

This chapter describes the experience of an auditor's office in providing practical solutions to a long‐term problem involving county jails.
Lamotrigine therapy in elderly patients with epilepsy, bipolar disorder or dementia
Authors: Sajatovic Martha , Ramsay Eugene , Nanry Kevin , Thompson Thomas
Published: February 2007

Introduction

In spite of circumstances that precipitate high use of anticonvulsants in geriatric populations, there is a paucity of data on the use of antiepileptic drugs in elderly patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders.

Methods

Reports of lamotrigine therapy in elderly patients with epilepsy, bipolar disorder (BD), or dementia were identified by conducting an electronic search of major publication databases. Abstracts and presentations from professional meetings were searched as were the bibliographies of relevant articles.

Results

Fourteen reports were identified, and included well‐controlled prospective trials, retrospective analyses, and case reports of lamotrigine treatment. Controlled trials in elderly patients with epilepsy demonstrate efficacy and tolerability comparable to gabapentin. Improvement in bipolar depressive symptoms, improvement in core manic symptoms, and delay in mood relapse was reported in geriatric patients with BD. Preliminary case studies in patients with dementia note improvement in cognition and symptoms of agitation and depression.

Conclusion

Review of the available literature suggests lamotrigine is effective and well tolerated in elderly patients with epilepsy and relatively well‐tolerated and may be effective in delaying mood relapse, particularly in the depressive pole, in patients with BD. While very limited literature suggests that lamotrigine may be effective and relatively well‐tolerated in patients with dementia, further studies are needed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Setting priorities for research: a practical application of ‘payback’ and expected value of information
Authors: Fleurence Rachael L.
Published: February 2007

Background: Setting priorities for research using economic in addition to scientific criteria can ensure that resources are spent efficiently and equitably.

Objective: This study applies two priority setting methods ‘payback’ and expected value of information (EVI) to two research areas (osteoporosis and pressure ulcers) and where appropriate to four clinical trials: the Record Trial, the Vitamin D and Calcium Trial and the Hip Protector Trial (osteoporosis), and the Pressure Trial (wound care).

Methods: Two decision‐analytic models were developed. For ‘payback’, the PATHS model was used to estimate the expected net benefits of conducting the four clinical trials. An EVI framework was applied to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of conducting further research in the two disease areas investigated.

Results: The application of ‘payback’ suggests that the Record Trial and the Vitamin D and Calcium Trial would be cost‐effective. The Hip Protector and the Pressure Ulcer Trial are cost‐effective under certain assumptions concerning the likelihood of obtaining positive, negative or inconclusive results. The EVI method suggests that research would be potentially cost‐effective in these areas in the populations considered.

Conclusion: EVI provides strategic information for setting priorities for research between disease areas and study populations. ‘Payback’ provides information on the cost‐effectiveness of specific research designs. However, further work in this area, particularly concerning the issue of implementation of research, is required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐year post‐fire erosion rates in Bitterroot National Forest, Montana
Authors: Spigel Kevin M. , Robichaud Peter R.
Published: February 2007

Accelerated runoff and erosion commonly occur following forest fires due to combustion of protective forest floor material, which results in bare soil being exposed to overland flow and raindrop impact, as well as water repellent soil conditions. After the 2000 Valley Complex Fires in the Bitterroot National Forest of west‐central Montana, four sets of six hillslope plots were established to measure first‐year post‐wildfire erosion rates on steep slopes (greater than 50%) that had burned with high severity. Silt fences were installed at the base of each plot to trap eroded sediment from a contributing area of 100 m2. Rain gauges were installed to correlate rain event characteristics to the event sediment yield. After each sediment‐producing rain event, the collected sediment was removed from the silt fence and weighed on site, and a sub‐sample taken to determine dry weight, particle size distribution, organic matter content, and nutrient content of the eroded material. Rainfall intensity was the only significant factor in determining post‐fire erosion rates from individual storm events. Short duration, high intensity thunderstorms with a maximum 10‐min rainfall intensity of 75 mm h−1caused the highest erosion rates (greater than 20 t ha−1). Long duration, low intensity rains produced little erosion (less than 0·01 t ha−1). Total C and N in the collected sediment varied directly with the organic matter; because the collected sediment was mostly mineral soil, the C and N content was small. Minimal amounts of Mg, Ca, and K were detected in the eroded sediments. The mean annual erosion rate predicted by Disturbed WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) was 15% less than the mean annual erosion rate measured, which is within the accuracy range of the model. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a hybrid genetic algorithm–simulated annealing algorithm for fuzzy programming of reservoir operation
Authors: Chiu Yu‐Chen , Chang Li‐Chiu , Chang Fi‐John
Published: February 2007

We present a novel approach for optimizing reservoir operation through fuzzy programming and a hybrid evolution algorithm, i.e. genetic algorithm (GA) with simulated annealing (SA). In the analysis, objectives and constraints of reservoir operation are transformed by fuzzy programming for searching the optimal degree of satisfaction. In the hybrid search procedure, the GA provides a global search and the SA algorithm provides local search. This approach was investigated to search the optimizing operation scheme of Shihmen Reservoir in Taiwan. Monthly inflow data for three years reflecting different hydrological conditions and a consecutive 10‐year period were used. Comparisons were made with the existing M‐5 reservoir operation rules. The results demonstrate that: (1) fuzzy programming could effectively formulate the reservoir operation scheme into degree of satisfaction α among the users and constraints; (2) the hybrid GA‐SA performed much better than the current M‐5 operating rules. Analysis also found the hybrid GA‐SA conducts parallel analyses that increase the probability of finding an optimal solution while reducing computation time for reservoir operation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
B‐scan ultrasound in the management of patients with occult abdominal hematomas
Authors: Kaplan Gerson N. , Sanders Roger C.
Published: February 2007

Experience with B scan ultrasound in the study of a series of patients admitted to the Johns Hopkins hospital for suspected occult hematomas has been reviewed. Patients included in this report acquired hematomas primarily as the result of medical or surgical therapy. The ultrasonic appearance in most patients is that of a cyst, due to unclotted or homogeneously clotted blood which generates no internal echoes. As soon as fragmentation of the clot occurs, internal echoes are usually found. B scanning was of value in detection, localization and follow‐up of hematomas and was the only diagnostic test used in seven of eleven cases.

The advantage of this technique for diagnosis and follow‐up are related to the simplicity of the procedure, its lack of sideeffects and low cost.
Subxiphoid echocardiography
Authors: Chang Sonia , Feigenbaum Harvey
Published: February 2007

A technique is described for doing the echocardiographic examination with the transducer in the subxiphoid region instead of along the left sternal border (routine examination). This examination has proved to be extremely useful in patients in whom the routine examination was difficult. These patients include those with emphysema and large barrel chests. The examination is most successful in patients whose diaphragms are depressed. In patients whose diaphragms are elevated due to marked obesity, ascites, or distended abdomens this subxiphoid examination may be very difficult. In those patients in whom both routine and subxiphoid examinations were performed the ultrasonic dimensions of the left ventricle were quite comparable with both approaches. However, there were some significant differences in the measurements of the right ventricle with the two examinations. Technically satisfactory examinations of the aorta and left atrium were inconsistent with the subxiphoid approach. Thus the subxiphoid examination was most useful for examining the left ventricle. Since the subxiphoid examination views different areas of the left ventricle, the technique holds promise of providing a means of examining areas of the heart not visualized with the routine approach.
Ultrasonically guided percutaneous puncture technique
Authors: Holm H. H. , Rasmussen S. N⊘Rby , Kvist Kristensen J.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasound provides anatomical sectional pictures of organs and lesions on the basis of which optimum direction and depth of puncture can be established. The use of a specially designed transducer with a central canal through which the needle is introduced ensures the maintenance of the correct direction during the procedure.

A number of areas of applicability are discussed and it is found that as an aid in percutaneous puncture ultrasound has essential advantages when compared to radiology.
Influence of body position on intracranial pulsations and blood pressure
Authors: Fernandez Heriberto , McKinney William , Toole James F. , Barnes Ralph , Meyer David
Published: February 2007

Changes in blood pressure (measured by the indirect method) were noted in 20 normal human subjects lying supine when a tilt table position was changed. The amplitude of intracranial echo pulsations was affected also by changes in the position of the body. This effect varied from subject to subject and even in the same subject, changes in the amplitude of pulsations in different locations within the brain might occur in different directions simultaneously.
Ventricular aneurysm: Use of echocardiography
Authors: Kreamer Robert , Kerber Richard E. , Abboud Francois M.
Published: February 2007

Two cases of anterolateral ventricular aneurysm are presented; results of pre‐ and postoperative echocardiography were shown to correlate well with other diagnostic methods in demonstrating the lesion. Diagnostic ultrasound is a potentially valuable technique in the management of patients with ventricular aneurysm.
Ultrasonography of echinococcal cysts
Authors: King Donald Latham
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonographic examinations were carried out on four patients who had a total of six hydatid cysts. Three different patterns of cyst structure were recognized. These patterns are simple cyst, cyst with non‐specific complex internal structure, and a “cyst within a cyst” pattern. The latter pattern depicting a daughter cyst within the primary cyst is thought to be a distinctive feature of echinococcal cysts, if not specific for them. Recognition of the cyst within a cyst pattern should permit a reasonably confident Ultrasonographic diagnosis of hydatid disease.
Assessment of differences in sonar biparietal diameter values regarding fetal age and weight
Authors: Sabbagha Rudy E.
Published: February 2007

Various investigators have reported different mean BPD measurements to represent the attainment of a specific gestational week or of a predicted mean weight. These differences are too large to be attributed solely to inherent population variabilities. Nonuniformity in methodology and in standardization of equipment are additional factors contributing to this observed variance. Furthermore in ascertaining the accuracy of sonar BPD measuring methods, comparison of in utero results can only be made with postnatal caliper readings obtained from fetuses delivered by repeat cesarean section. This study demonstrates that the closest correlation between prenatal sonar and postnatal caliper BPD values is obtained when nonpersistent image scanning (NPIS) and electronic calipers are integrated into the procedure of ultrasonic cephalometry. However since the calibration of electronic markers is dependent upon the speed of ultrasound through the skull and brain tissue per unit of time, it is mandatory that a universally agreed upon velocity be used by all manufacturers of ultrasonic equipment. Biparietal diameter differences resulting from inherent population variabilities alone, can only be assessed after uniform methodology is adopted. Until such time, each center utilizing diagnostic sonography must establish and depend on its own intrauterine BPD scale, for the clinical management of patients.
Ultrasonic patterns of tumors of the liver
Authors: Melki Gerard
Published: February 2007

This study deals with the ultrasonic analysis of tumors of the liver and involves 85 cases of anatomically confirmed neoplasms. We shall describe four specific patterns of cancer: the large, highly echogenic nodule, anechoic nodules surrounded by a band of echoes, which correspond to necrotic, metastatic nuclei; the indistinct, transonic region within in echogenic parenchyma, often found in cancers observed in the course of cirrhosis; the large, entirely homogeneous hepatomegaly, which is the normal pattern of primary cancers, but which can be mistaken for a fluid collection. We consider that accurate information about these patterns may lead to a more reliable and precise diagnosis.
The influence of ovarian sonication on fetal development in the rat
Authors: Garrison Benjamin M. , Bo Walter J. , Krueger Wayne A. , Kremkau Frederick W. , McKinney William M.
Published: February 2007

This study was undertaken to determine whether sonication of the ovaries on day 8 of pregnancy would alter fetal development in the rat. Mating was confirmed by the presence of sperm (day 1 of gestation) in the vaginal smear, and the rats were grouped and treated on day 8 as follows: Group I (controls) had both ovaries surgically exposed to sonic gel for 10 min/ovary; group II received 10 watts/cm2 temporal peak intensity of pulsed ultrasound through the body wall for 10 min/ovary; group III received 100 watts/cm2 in a similar manner as group II; group IV was treated the same as group III except the ultrasound was applied directly to the surgically exposed ovaries. The frequency employed was 1.9 mHz. The animals were sacrificed on days 15–17, implantation sites and resorptions were counted, and fetal viability was determined. There were no statistically significant differences in the percentage of resorptions among any of the groups. The data indicated that the ovaries were functional with regard to fetal development.
Use of split‐screen video tapes for ultrasound training
Authors: Goldberg Barry B.
Published: February 2007

Various split‐screen approaches were used to produce video training tapes. These included A‐mode, B‐scan, and M‐mode ultrasonograms, patient‐transducer relationships and ultrasonic equipment settings. During the procedures, audio information was simultaneously recorded. The entire process was monitored in the central control area, which was easily accessible to the ultrasonic examination rooms. The use of this split‐screen audio‐video technique is recommended for those ultrasonic facilities interested in the training of physicians and technologists. The equipment is easy to operate with only minimal instruction and television engineers or producers are not required.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis in infants and children
Authors: Hasch Ernst
Published: February 2007

A series of 91 infants and children ranging in age from one day to 15 years and presenting a variety of urologic symptoms was examined by intravenous pyelography and ultrasonic scanning of the kidneys. Ultrasonic examinations were performed without knowledge of the indication for and results of pyelography, in order not to prejudice the interpretation of the results. Pyelography demonstrated hydronephrosis in 20 cases of 181 kidneys examined. The ultrasonic scanning demonstrated hydronephrosis in 19 of these 20 kidneys, the negative result being a case of minimal hydronephrosis. Six kidneys with radiographically dilated pelves were ultrasonically diagnosed as hydronephrosis in three, suspicion of hydronephrosis in one, pelvic dilatation in one and one kidney as normal. In eight kidneys with normal pyelography the ultrasonic scanning suggested hydronephrosis in five and pelvic dilatation in three cases. The criteria used were the demonstration of the dilated renal pelvis and to some extent separation of the calyceal echoes. The results indicate that ultrasonic examination can become a reliable screening procedure in infants and children with urologic symptoms.
Quantitative echography — The basis of tissue differentiation
Authors: Ossoinig Karl C.
Published: February 2007

Quantitative echography performed with a simple but optimally designed and standardized commercial A‐scan instrument has become the basis of acoustic tissue differentiation in the examination of the eye, orbit and periorbital region. The reflectivity of a lesion is determined by comparing the signal intensities obtained from the lesion with „standard”︁ signals. Two types of quantitative echography are applied: In Type I identical system sensitivities are used to display and compare the signal intensities from an unknown lesion and from known standards. If a high defined, comparable system sensitivity and a standardized A‐scan unit are used, the display of the standard pattern is not necessary; it is then sufficient to measure the height of the lesion spikes and to determine its percentage of the display height. With Type I quantitative echography mass lesions such as tumors can be classified into five groups. Type I quantitative echography requires a special design of the A‐scan instrument used (e.g., S‐shaped amplifier characteristics, dynamic range of 36 dB, calibration of system sensitivity in dB). In Type II quantitative echography identical intensities of both abnormal and “standard” signals are displayed by adjusting the system sensitivity at the proper levels. The difference between the two sensitivity settings indicates the reflectivity of the lesion. Type II quantitative echography is used for the evaluation of single surfaces (e.g., the surface of a tumor). This type of quantitative echography requires an A‐scan instrument with a sensitivity control which is calibrated in dB and can be adjusted continuously. This technique can be applied in any other region of the human body as well if high‐frequency ultrasound (frequencies above 6m Hz) can be used.