bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The roller‑coaster ride of the Hungarian administrative elite: politico‑administrative relations in east‑central Europe
Authors: Ágh Attila
Published: December 2014

Résumé — Les montagnes russes de l’élite administrative hongroise : les relations politico?administratives en Europe centrale et orientale —. Cet article traite des évolutions de l’élite administrative hongroise restituées dans le contexte de l’Europe centrale et orientale. Il se concentre sur la Hongrie, qui représente le pire scénario en Europe centrale et orientale, particulièrement dans la période du gouvernement Orbán après 2010. Le rapport de la Freedom House , Nations en transit 2013, a souligné le fait que c’est en Hongrie que l’on trouve la pire version du recul de la démocratie au sein des nouveaux États membres de l’Union européenne, avec le plus grand déclin entre 2010 et 2011. Sous le gouvernement du Premier ministre Viktor Orbán, le parti conservateur Fidesz a utilisé sa large majorité parlementaire pour accroitre le contrôle politique sur un certain nombre d’institutions clefs. Ainsi, cet article questionne les raisons particulières de ce cas d’étude catastrophique que représente la Hongrie en examinant les réformes de ses administrations publiques à travers les processus de politisation et de professionnalisation. Il aborde particulièrement l’histoire contemporaine de l’élite administrative hongroise au cours du second gouvernement Orbán (2010?2014).
Dutch Central Government Elites from 1980 to 2012: Changing Characteristics and Interactions with Political Officeholders
Authors: van der Meer Frits M. , Raadschelders Jos C.N.
Published: December 2014

Résumé La haute fonction publique d’État néerlandaise a rarement été décrite en termes élitistes dans un pays avec une forte culture sociale égalitaire. Cet article analyse les caractéristiques des élites administratives néerlandaises, leur perception des relations qu’elles entretiennent avec les responsables politiques, l’influence du New Public Management sur leur mode de fonctionnement et la façon dont leur rôle et leur position dans le système politico?administratif sont influencés par les alternances politiques et les réformes institutionnelles comme la création du Senior Executive Service.
Body mass index of 16-year olds in urban Maseru, Lesotho
Authors: Van den Berg Violet L. , Seheri Lisemelo , Raubenheimer Jacques
Published: December 2014

Background: Overweight and/or obesity amongst children and adolescents is a global epidemic with health consequences that track into adulthood. No data are currently available regarding overweight/obesity amongst adolescents in Lesotho.Aim and setting: To assess the prevalence of overweight and/or obesity and the associated risk factors amongst 16-year olds in urban Maseru, Lesotho.Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on a systematic sample of 16-year olds ingrade four (N = 221; 56.6% girls) from randomly-selected schools in urban Maseru. Diet histories and data on lifestyle, physical activity and knowledge, attitudes and/or perceptions and practices regarding nutrition were obtained during structured interviews and body mass index (BMI) was determined.Results: Amongst these 16-year olds, 27.2% girls and 8.3% boys were overweight and/or obese based on World Health Organization cut-offs for BMI; 39.8% were insufficiently active or inactive;6.4% used alcohol regularly; and 11.7% used tobacco. Whilst 28.1% reported no television watching/electronic gaming/computer usage (combined screen time) outside school, 23.6% reported ≥ 4 hours of combined screen time outside school. Most (91.4%) consumed < 3 servings of vegetables/day; 86.4% consumed < 2 servings of fruits/day; and 95.5% consumed < 2 servings of dairy/day. The majority consumed maize porridge (56.1%), bread (63.8%) and margarine/oil/fat (82.3%) daily and added sugar to their food (74.2%). Fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, pulses and traditional foods were only consumed weekly or less often. Most bought from tuck shops (18.6% daily; 54.3% weekly). Various gaps in knowledge, perceptions and practices were identified that may benefit from educational intervention.Conclusions: The current study identifies westernised dietary and lifestyle changes, along with overweight and/or obesity, amongst 16-year old adolescents in Lesotho.
User Centered Clinical Decision Support Tools
Authors: Sofianou A. , Kannry J. , Mann D.M. , McGinn T.G. , McCullagh L.J.
Published: December 2014

Background: Dissemination and adoption of clinical decision support (CDS) tools is a major initiative of the Affordable Care Act’s Meaningful Use program. Adoption of CDS tools is multipronged with personal, organizational, and clinical settings factoring into the successful utilization rates. Specifically, the diffusion of innovation theory implies that ‘early adopters’ are more inclined to use CDS tools and younger physicians tend to be ranked in this category.

Objective: This study examined the differences in adoption of CDS tools across providers’ training level.

Participants: From November 2010 to 2011, 168 residents and attendings from an academic medical institution were enrolled into a randomized controlled trial.

Intervention: The intervention arm had access to the CDS tool through the electronic health record (EHR) system during strep and pneumonia patient visits.

Main Measures: The EHR system recorded details on how intervention arm interacted with the CDS tool including acceptance of the initial CDS alert, completion of risk-score calculators and the signing of medication order sets. Using the EHR data, the study performed bivariate tests and general estimating equation (GEE) modeling to examine the differences in adoption of the CDS tool across residents and attendings.

Key Results: The completion rates of the CDS calculator and medication order sets were higher amongst first year residents compared to all other training levels. Attendings were the less likely to accept the initial step of the CDS tool (29.3%) or complete the medication order sets (22.4%) that guided their prescription decisions, resulting in attendings ordering more antibiotics (37.1%) during an CDS encounter compared to residents.

Conclusion: There is variation in adoption of CDS tools across training levels. Attendings tended to accept the tool less but ordered more medications. CDS tools should be tailored to clinicians’ training levels.

Citation: McCullagh LJ, Sofianou A, Kannry J, Mann DM, McGinn TG. User centered clinical decision support tools: Adoption across clinician training level. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 1015–1025

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-05-RA-0048
Influencia de factores morfológicos y ambientales sobre el crecimiento en diámetro de Caesalpinia gaumeri greenm en un bosque tropical caducifolio,en México
Authors: Interián-Ku Víctor M. , Vaquera-Huerta Humberto , Valdez-Hernández Juan I. , García-Moya Edmundo , Romero-Manzanares Angélica , Borja-De la Rosa Amparo
Published: December 2014

Caesalpinia gaumeri Greenm es una especie de gran importancia económica en la selva baja caducifolia del sureste de México. La madera de esta especie es utilizada como poste en las construcciones rurales. Este estudio tiene por objeto conocer la influencia de los factores morfológicos y ambientales en el crecimiento diamétrico anual, así como el turno para el aprovechamiento de la madera. Se evaluó el crecimiento diamétrico de 32 árboles ubicados en cuatro categorías diamétricas y clasificados de acuerdo con la calidad y la incidencia de luz solar en su copa. El estudio duró 22 meses; el diámetro a la altura del pecho se registró bimensualmente y las variables climáticas (temperatura ambiental, humedad relativa y precipitación total), diariamente. Los resultados sugieren que la tasa de crecimiento anual (TCA) incrementa de las categorías diamétricas menores a las mayores, de las calidades de copa dañadas a las simétricas y de las incidencias intermedias de luz solar a las de incidencia total. La mayor TCA se observó en las categorías diamétricas de 12.50 a 22.49 cm, en árboles con copas simétricas e incidencia de luz solar plena sobre la copa. La TCA acumulada se correlacionó positivamente (r = 0.94) y fue altamente significativa (P < 0.001) con la precipitación. Para un buen crecimiento diamétrico de C. gaumeri se requiere de la combinación de diámetros mayores en el fuste, mayor calidad de la copa, incidencia de luz solar plena en la copa y la estación lluviosa
Frecuencia de varroosis y nosemosis en colonias de abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera) en el estado de Zacatecas, México
Authors: Medina-Flores Carlos A. , Guzmán-Novoa Ernesto , Espinosa-Montaño Laura G. , Uribe-Rubio José L. , Gutiérrez-Luna Ramón , Gutiérrez-Piña Francisco J.
Published: December 2014

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia y grado de infestación de varroosis (Varroa destructor) e infección de nosemosis (Nosema spp.) en colonias de abejas (Apis mellifera) del estado de Zacatecas, durante el otoño y la primavera. Se inspeccionaron 299 colonias comerciales de abejas distribuidas en 15 municipios pertenecientes a tres zonas ecológicas: 1) zona semiseca templada, 2) zona semiseca semicálida y 3) zona subhúmeda templada. La prevalencia general fue 2.3 % para la nosemosis y 88 % para la varroosis. El nivel de infestación de varroa varió significativamente (P = 0.05) entre el otoño y la primavera, y entre zonas sólo varió en la primavera (P < 0.001). Durante el otoño, 44 % de las colonias presentaron niveles de infestación ≥ 5 %, mientras que en la primavera sólo 28 % superó dicho nivel. Nosema spp. se observó solamente en 4.7 % de la población analizada en primavera; la mayoría de los casos (86 %) se detectó en la zona semiseca semicálida. Los resultados indican que la varroosis es la parasitosis más común de las abejas melíferas adultas en Zacatecas. La nosemosis no representa un problema serio para la apicultura de la entidad, debido a la baja frecuencia.
Physical and biogeochemical controls on light attenuation in a eutrophic, back-barrier estuary
Authors: Ganju N. K. , Miselis J. L. , Aretxabaleta A. L.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Light attenuation is a critical parameter governing the ecological function of shallow estuaries. In these systems primary production is often dominated by benthic macroalgae and seagrass; thus light penetration to the bed is of primary importance. We quantified light attenuation in three seagrass meadows in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, a shallow eutrophic back-barrier estuary; two of the sites were located within designated Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs). We sequentially deployed instrumentation measuring photosynthetically active radiation, chlorophyll a (chl a) fluorescence, dissolved organic matter fluorescence (fDOM; a proxy for colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorbance), turbidity, pressure, and water velocity at 10 min intervals over 3-week periods at each site. At the southernmost site, where sediment availability was highest, light attenuation was highest and dominated by turbidity and to a lesser extent chl a and CDOM. At the central site, chl a dominated followed by turbidity and CDOM, and at the northernmost site turbidity and CDOM contributed equally to light attenuation. At a given site, the temporal variability of light attenuation exceeded the difference in median light attenuation between the three sites. Vessel wakes, anecdotally implicated in increasing sediment resuspension, did not contribute to local resuspension within the seagrass beds, though frequent vessel wakes were observed in the channels. With regards to light attenuation and water clarity, physical and biogeochemical variables appear to outweigh any regulation of boat traffic within the ESAs.
Retrieving surface waves from ambient seismic noise using seismic interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution
Authors: van Dalen Karel N. , Mikesell T. Dylan , Ruigrok Elmer N. , Wapenaar Kees
Published: December 2014

Retrieving virtual source surface waves from ambient seismic noise by cross correlation assumes, among others, that the noise field is equipartitioned and the medium is lossless. Violation of these assumptions reduces the accuracy of the retrieved waves. A point‐spread function computed from the same ambient noise quantifies the associated virtual source's spatial and temporal smearing. Multidimensional deconvolution (MDD) of the retrieved surface waves by this function has been shown to improve the virtual source's focusing and the accuracy of the retrieved waves using synthetic data. We tested MDD on data recorded during the Batholiths experiment, a passive deployment of broadband seismic sensors in British Columbia, Canada. The array consisted of two approximately linear station lines. Using 4 months of recordings, we retrieved fundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves (0.05–0.27 Hz). We only used noise time windows dominated by waves that traverse the northern line before reaching the southern (2.5% of all data). Compared to the conventional cross‐correlation result based on this subset, the MDD waveforms are better localized and have significantly higher signal‐to‐noise ratio. Furthermore, MDD corrects the phase, and the spatial deconvolution fills in a spectral (f, k domain) gap between the single‐frequency and double‐frequency microseism bands. Frequency whitening of the noise also fills the gap in the cross‐correlation result, but the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the MDD result remains higher. Comparison of the extracted phase velocities shows some differences between the methods, also when all data are included in the conventional cross correlation.
Kovalente Verknüpfung cyclischer TAT‐Peptide mit GFP resultiert in der direkten Aufnahme in lebende Zellen mit sofortiger biologischer Verfügbarkeit
Authors: Nischan Nicole , Herce Henry D. , Natale Francesco , Bohlke Nina , Budisa Nediljko , Cardoso M. Cristina , Hackenberger Christian P. R.
Published: December 2014

Der Transport von freien Molekülen in das Zytoplasma und den Zellkern mittels Arginin‐reicher zellpenetrierender Peptide (CPPs) ist auf kleine Substanzen beschränkt, während große Frachten wie Proteine mittels Endozytose aufgenommen werden und nicht aus den Endosomen entkommen können. Vor kurzem entdeckten wir, dass sich die Transduktionseffizienz Arginin‐reicher CPPs durch Cyclisierung maßgeblich erhöhen lässt, und prüfen hier ob cyclische CPPs auch den Transport ganzer Proteine, hier GFP, in das Zytosol von lebenden Zellen ermöglichen. GFP‐Konjugate cyclischer und linearer CPPs wurden ausgehend von orthogonalen Azid‐funktionalisierten CPPs und Alkin‐GFP erhalten. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur die cyclischen CPP‐GFP‐Konjugate von lebenden Zellen in Zytosol und Nukleoli mit sofortiger biologischer Verfügbarkeit aufgenommen werden. Die vorgestellte Methode erweitert die Anwendung von cyclischen CPPs mit dem effizienten Transport von ganzen, funktionalen Proteinen in lebenden Zellen.
The Internet, Cross‐Border Data Flows and International Trade
Authors: Meltzer Joshua Paul
Published: December 2014

The Internet and the free flow of data across borders is becoming a key platform for international trade. Digital products can be sold online and the Internet provides opportunities for business to use the Internet to manage global supply chains, communicate with customers and access IT in the cloud. At the same time, governments are restricting the Internet in ways that reduce the ability of businesses and entrepreneurs to use the Internet as a place for international commerce and limit the access of consumers to goods and services. This article discusses the importance of the Internet and cross‐border data flows for international trade. It proposes steps that governments should take to apply existing international trade rules and norms and identifies where new trade rules are required to further support the Internet and cross‐border data flows and drivers of international commerce and trade.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cascade Reactions of 7‐Vinylindoles: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of C7‐Functionalized Indoles
Authors: Shi Feng , Zhang Hong‐Hao , Sun Xiao‐Xue , Liang Jing , Fan Tao , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: December 2014

The first catalytic asymmetric cascade reaction of 7‐vinylindoles has been established by the rational design of such substrates. Cascade reactions with isatin‐derived 3‐indolylmethanols in the presence of a chiral phosphoric acid derivative allow the diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of C7‐functionalized indoles as well as the construction of cyclopenta[b]indole and spirooxindole frameworks (all >95:5 d.r., 94–>99 % ee). This approach not only addresses the great challenge of the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of C7‐functionalized indoles, but also provides an efficient method for constructing biologically important cyclopenta[b]indole and spirooxindole scaffolds with excellent optical purity. Investigation of the reaction pathway and activation mode has suggested that this cascade reaction proceeds through a vinylogous Michael addition/Friedel–Crafts process, in which dual H‐bonding activation of the two reactants plays a crucial role.
Dynamic ordering of early generated striatal cells destined to form the striosomal compartment of the striatum
Authors: Newman Helen , Liu Fu‐Chin , Graybiel Ann M.
Published: December 2014

The mature striatum is divided into a labyrinthine system of striosomes embedded in a surrounding matrix compartment. We pulse‐labeled striosomal cells (S cells) and matrix cells (M cells) in cats with 3H‐thymidine and followed their distributions during fetal and postnatal development. We identified three maturational phases in S‐cell distributions. The early phase (sampled at embryonic day [E]27–E35 following E24‐E28 3H‐thymidine) was characterized by a transient medial accumulation of synchronously generated S cells within the caudate nucleus adjoining the ganglionic eminence, potentially a waiting compartment. Band‐like arrangements of synchronously generated S cells then formed beyond this medial band. During the second phase (sampled at E38–E45), the loosely banded S‐cell distributions were transformed into clustered arrangements typical of developing striosomes. In the third phase (sampled from E52 into the postnatal period), these developed into the typical mature striosomal architecture. At adulthood, gentle mediolateral birthdate‐gradients in S cells were still evident, but M cells, produced over mid to late prenatal ages, became broadly distributed, without apparent gradients or banding arrangements. These findings suggest that the maturational histories of the striosomal and matrix neurons are influenced by their generation times and local environments, and that future S cells have transient, nonstriosomal distributions prior to their aggregation into striosomal clusters, including a putative waiting compartment. Further, the eventual patterning of the striosomal compartment reflects outside‐in, band‐like gradient patterns of settling of synchronously generated S cells, patterns that could be related both to neural processing in the mature striatum and to patterns of vulnerability of striatal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:943–962, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unconditional Uniqueness for the Cubic Gross‐Pitaevskii Hierarchy via Quantum de Finetti
Authors: Chen Thomas , Hainzl Christian , Pavlović Nataša , Seiringer Robert
Published: December 2014

We present a new, simpler proof of the unconditional uniqueness of solutions to the cubic Gross‐Pitaevskii hierarchy in . One of the main tools in our analysis is the quantum de Finetti theorem. Our uniqueness result is equivalent to the one established in the celebrated works of Erdős, Schlein, and Yau. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparative study of capillary electrophoresis and isothermal titration calorimetry for the determination of binding constant of human serum albumin to monoclonal antibody
Authors: Andrási Melinda , Lehoczki Gábor , Nagy Zoltán , Gyémánt Gyöngyi , Pungor András , Gáspár Attila
Published: December 2014

This paper focuses on the investigation of the interactions between the anti‐HSA‐mAb and its protein antigen using CZE, ACE, and isothermal titration calorimetry. The CZE revealed the formation of the anti‐HSA‐mAb·HSA and anti‐HSA‐mAb·(HSA)2 complexes and the binding constants determined by plotting the amount of the bound anti‐HSA‐mAb as a function of the concentration of HSA. The ACE provided information on the binding strength from the change in effective electrophoretic mobility of the anti‐HSA‐mAb. These two separation techniques estimated the presence of two binding sites. The equilibrium dissociation constant values obtained by CZE and ACE were found to be 2.26 × 10−6 M for anti‐HSA‐mAb·HSA, 1.22 × 10−6 M for anti‐HSA‐mAb·(HSA)2 and 4.45 × 10−8 M for anti‐HSA‐mAb·HSA, 1.08 × 10−7 M for anti‐HSA‐mAb·(HSA)2, respectively. The dissociation constant data obtained by ACE were in congruence with the values obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry (2.74 × 10−8 M, 1.04 × 10−7 M).
Early integration of bilateral touch in the primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Tamè Luigi , Pavani Francesco , Papadelis Christos , Farnè Alessandro , Braun Christoph
Published: December 2014

Animal, as well as behavioural and neuroimaging studies in humans have documented integration of bilateral tactile information at the level of primary somatosensory cortex (SI). However, it is still debated whether integration in SI occurs early or late during tactile processing, and whether it is somatotopically organized. To address both the spatial and temporal aspects of bilateral tactile processing we used magnetoencephalography in a tactile repetition‐suppression paradigm. We examined somatosensory evoked‐responses produced by probe stimuli preceded by an adaptor, as a function of the relative position of adaptor and probe (probe always at the left index finger; adaptor at the index or middle finger of the left or right hand) and as a function of the delay between adaptor and probe (0, 25, or 125 ms). Percentage of response‐amplitude suppression was computed by comparing paired (adaptor + probe) with single stimulations of adaptor and probe. Results show that response suppression varies differentially in SI and SII as a function of both spatial and temporal features of the stimuli. Remarkably, repetition suppression of SI activity emerged early in time, regardless of whether the adaptor stimulus was presented on the same and the opposite body side with respect to the probe. These novel findings support the notion of an early and somatotopically organized inter‐hemispheric integration of tactile information in SI. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1506–1523, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Ratio Controller for Regulation of Turnout Flow Rate
Authors: Stringam Blair L. , Wahl Tony L.
Published: December 2014

Setting and adjusting flow rates through turnout gates is a common task for canal operators and irrigators. When downstream flow measurement is available, the flow source is a relatively stable canal, and the turnout is controlled by a sluice gate for which flow rate is approximately proportional to gate opening, a simple ratio calculation can be used to estimate the change of gate position needed to reach a desired flow rate. This method can be used to estimate the next necessary manual gate adjustment or it can be incorporated into an automated ratio controller. The control method is analysed to demonstrate its stability and example applications are modelled to compare its performance to that of a typical proportional controller. The method generally performs as well as the proportional controller, with no need for empirical tuning. The one tuning parameter required by the method is the selection of a control cycle time. Cycle time is related to the settling time required for the canal reach between the turnout gate and the measurement device to attain equilibrium following a flow change. A design parameter for estimating a stable control cycle time is proposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the Fixation Temperature Tlow on the Crystallization Behavior and Shape‐Memory Performance of Crystallizable Copolyesterurethanes
Authors: Jiang Yi , Fang Liang , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas
Published: December 2014

Multiblock copolymers (PDLCL) composed of crystallizable poly(ω‐pentadecalactone) (PPDL) segments forming hard domains and crystallizable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) segments forming switching domains, have been recently introduced as multifunctional shape‐memory material. The shape‐memory properties of PDLCL are related to the crystallization and melting behavior of PCL switching domains, which enable the temporary fixation of an applied deformation via crystallization as well as the recovery of the original shape by melting of the PCL crystals upon heating. In this work, we explored the effect of different fixation temperatures (Tlow = 0, 10, 20 and 25 °C) on the crystallization behavior of PCL domains in compression‐molded films prepared from PDLCL with identical weight contents of PCL and PPDL segments in the starting composition by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results demonstrated that lower Tlows ≤ 10 °C supported the nucleation of PCL domains, while a Tlow ≥ 20 °C facilitated the growth of PCL crystals. Reducing Tlow, on one hand, increased the degree of crystallinity of PCL domains, which resultantly improved the shape fixation ratio (Rf) from 83% at 25 °C to 89% at 0 °C. Furthermore, the onset temperature of the recovery process (Ts) related to the crystalline PCL domains, was shifted from Ts = 29 °C to 14 °C when Tlow decreased from 25 to 0 °C, causing an increase in the width of the shape‐memory transition. In contrast, the shape recovery ratio, with constant high values of Rr ≥ 96% and the almost identical characteristic switching temperature at Tsw ≈ 42 °C, were found to be independent from the applied Tlow. The obtained results confirmed that the shape‐memory performance of multiblock copolymers with crystallizable switching domains can be tailored by altering the fixation temperature during programming.
Reconstruction of distal hand and foot defects with the free proximal peroneal artery perforator flap
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Kuo Yur‐Ren , Chen Yen‐Chou
Published: December 2014

Background

The proximal peroneal artery perforator (PPAP) flap is a reliable, thin fasciocutaneous flap. The purpose of this article was to report our experience with the use of free PPAP flaps for reconstruction of defects of the distal hand and foot.

Patients and Methods

From November 2012 to September 2013, 9 patients received reconstruction with 10 free PPAP flaps. The defect locations included the big toe (2 cases), metatarsophalangeal joint (5 cases), dorsal finger (2 cases) and volar finger (1 case). Flaps were raised based on proximal peroneal perforator vessels without sacrificing the peroneal artery. The first dorsal metatarsal artery (5 cases) and digital artery (5 cases) were dissected as recipient vessels.

Results

The flap sizes varied from 2.5 x 2 cm to 9 x 5 cm. All of flaps were survival after surgery. One flap suffered from venous thrombosis and was successfully salvaged by performing a venous thrombectomy and vein graft. The donor sites were all primarily closed with minimal morbidities. Follow‐up observations were conducted for 7 to 20 months, and all patients had good functional recovery with satisfying cosmetic results.

Conclusion

Perforators arising from the peroneal artery in the proximal lateral leg can be used to design small, pliable fasciocutaneous flaps. Although the pedicle is short, the vessel diameter is adequate for microvascular anastomosis to the distal foot and hand recipient vessels. The free PPAP flap may be a good option for reconstructing distal hand and foot defects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:183–190, 2016.
Hepatic arterial spin labelling MRI: an initial evaluation in mice
Authors: Ramasawmy R. , Campbell‐Washburn A. E. , Wells J. A. , Johnson S. P. , Pedley R. B. , Walker‐Samuel S. , Lythgoe M. F.
Published: December 2014

The development of strategies to combat hepatic disease and augment tissue regeneration has created a need for methods to assess regional liver function. Liver perfusion imaging has the potential to fulfil this need, across a range of hepatic diseases, alongside the assessment of therapeutic response. In this study, the feasibility of hepatic arterial spin labelling (HASL) was assessed for the first time in mice at 9.4 T, its variability and repeatability were evaluated, and it was applied to a model of colorectal liver metastasis. Data were acquired using flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery‐arterial spin labelling (FAIR‐ASL) with a Look–Locker readout, and analysed using retrospective respiratory gating and a T1‐based quantification. This study shows that preclinical HASL is feasible and exhibits good repeatability and reproducibility. Mean estimated liver perfusion was 2.2 ± 0.8 mL/g/min (mean ± standard error, n = 10), which agrees well with previous measurements using invasive approaches. Estimates of the variation gave a within‐session coefficient of variation (CVWS) of 7%, a between‐session coefficient of variation (CVBS) of 9% and a between‐animal coefficient of variation (CVA) of 15%. The within‐session Bland–Altman repeatability coefficient (RCWS) was 18% and the between‐session repeatability coefficient (RCBS) was 29%. Finally, the HASL method was applied to a mouse model of liver metastasis, in which significantly lower mean perfusion (1.1 ± 0.5 mL/g/min, n = 6) was measured within the tumours, as seen by fluorescence histology. These data indicate that precise and accurate liver perfusion estimates can be achieved using ASL techniques, and provide a platform for future studies investigating hepatic perfusion in mouse models of disease. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Reliability of the Functional Evaluation Scale for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Gait Domain: A Pilot Study
Authors: de Carvalho Eduardo Vital , Hukuda Michele Emy , Escorcio Renata , Voos Mariana Callil , Caromano Fátima Aparecida
Published: December 2014

Background and Purpose

The progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results in the emergence of multiple and varied synergies to compensate muscle weakness and to deal with the demands of the functional tasks (e.g. gait). No functional evaluation instrument for individuals with DMD allows the detailed description (subjective qualitative evaluation) and compensatory movement scoring (objective quantitative evaluation) exclusively of gait. For this reason, clinicians and therapists face difficulties in assessment and decision‐making of this functional activity. This study aimed to elaborate the gait domain of the Functional Evaluation Scale for DMD (FES‐DMD‐GD) and test its intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliabilities and its relationship with age and timed motor performance.

Method

We listed all the compensatory movements observed in 102 10‐m gait videos of 51 children with DMD. Based on this report, the FES‐DMD‐GD was created and submitted to the review of 10 experts. After incorporating the experts suggestions, three examiners scored the videos using the FES‐DMD‐GD. The intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliabilities was calculated. Spearman correlation tests investigated the relationships between FES‐DMD‐GD and age and timed motor performance (p < 0.05).

Results

The FES‐DMD‐GD was composed of three phases and had 14 items to quantify compensatory movements on gait. Intra‐class correlation coefficients ranged from acceptable (0.74) to excellent (0.99). FES‐DMD‐GD correlated to age and timed motor performance.

Conclusion

This pilot version of FES‐DMD‐GD showed reliability and correlated to age and timed motor performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Business Model Evaluation: Quantifying Walmart's Sources of Advantage
Authors: Brea‐Solís Humberto , Casadesus‐Masanell Ramon , Grifell‐Tatjé Emili
Published: December 2014

We develop an analytical framework on the basis of the economics of business performance to provide quantitative insight into the link between a firm's business model choices and their profit consequences. The method is applied to Walmart by building a qualitative representation of its business model and mapping that representation on an analytical model that quantifies the company's sources of advantage over time. The analysis suggests that the effectiveness of a particular business model depends not only on its design (its levers and how they relate to one another) but, most importantly, on its implementation (how the levers are pulled). Copyright © 2014 Strategic Management Society.
Seeking the general explanation: A test of inductive activities for learning and transfer
Authors: Shemwell Jonathan T. , Chase Catherine C. , Schwartz Daniel L.
Published: December 2014

Evaluating the relation between evidence and theory should be a central activity for science learners. Evaluation comprises both hypothetico‐deductive analysis, where theory precedes evidence, and inductive synthesis, where theory emerges from evidence. There is mounting evidence that induction is an especially good way to help learners grasp the deep structure (i.e., underlying principles) of phenomena. However, compared to the clear falsification logic of hypothetico‐deductive analysis, a major challenge for induction is structuring the process to be systematic and effective. To address this challenge, we draw on Sir Francis Bacon's original treatise on inductive science. In a pair of experiments, college students used a computer simulation to learn about Faraday's law. In the inductive conditions, students sought a general explanation for several cases organized according to Bacon's tenets. In contrast, other students used a more hypothetico‐deductive approach of sequentially testing (and revising) their hypotheses using the simulation. The inductive activity led to superior learning of a target principle measured by in‐task explanations and posttests of near transfer and mathematical understanding. The results provide two important pieces of information. The first is that inductive activities organized by Bacon's tenets help students find the deep structure of empirical phenomena. The second is that, without an inductive “push,” students tend to treat instances separately and fail to search for their underlying commonalities. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 58–83, 2015
Addressing the stereochemistry of complex organic molecules by density functional theory‐NMR
Authors: Bagno Alessandro , Saielli Giacomo
Published: December 2014

Determining the stereochemistry of organic molecules is a long‐standing problem, with implications for stereoselective reactions, catalysis, and the structure of natural products. NMR spectroscopy is widely employed to this purpose; however, the interpretation of results is often entrusted to empirical methods or expert systems. Quantum chemical calculations, generally based on density functional theory, provide a reliable framework to predict the relevant parameters (chemical shifts and coupling constants, generally involving 1H and 13C) of diastereoisomers with useful accuracy. While the approach virtually spans all molecules of interest in organic chemistry, including those that contain heavy atoms, the analysis of results still poses significant challenges. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:228–240. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1214

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
AR based ornament design system for 3D printing
Authors: Aoki Hiroshi , Mitani Jun , Kanamori Yoshihiro , Fukui Yukio
Published: December 2014

In recent years, 3D printers have become popular as a means of outputting geometries designed on CAD or 3D graphics systems. However, the complex user interfaces of standard 3D software can make it difficult for ordinary consumers to design their own objects. Furthermore, models designed on 3D graphics software often have geometrical problems that make them impossible to output on a 3D printer. We propose a novel AR (augmented reality) 3D modeling system with an air-spray like interface. We also propose a new data structure (octet voxel) for representing designed models in such a way that the model is guaranteed to be a complete solid. The target shape is based on a regular polyhedron, and the octet voxel representation is suitable for designing geometrical objects having the same symmetries as the base regular polyhedron. Finally, we conducted a user test and confirmed that users can intuitively design their own ornaments in a short time with a simple user interface.
The Inescapability of “Church” in the History of Christianity
Authors: Gregory Brad S.
Published: December 2014

Laurie Maffly-Kipp's insightful address about the perils and promise of church history concludes with an invitation “to begin a conversation” about how “the ‘church history’ of this new century can be both creatively forward-looking and respectful of the lineages that have brought us here.” I offer here some brief remarks on her address as a small contribution to that conversation.
Divine Imperium and the Ecclesiastical Imaginary: Church History, Transnationalism, and the Rationality of Empire
Authors: Johnson Sylvester A.
Published: December 2014

Laurie Maffly-Kipp's address to the American Society of Church History proffers the challenge of engaging seriously with the “church” in church history. She notes that scholarship on Christianity has increasingly focused on broader cultural themes in lieu of a more strict concern with churches as institutions in their own right. Maffly-Kipp's challenge reminded me of a particular context in the history of Christianity: the eighteenth-century city-state of Ogua (or, more familiarly, Cape Coast), in present-day Ghana. In the 1750s, the family of a local youth sent their child, Philip Quaque, to study abroad in London under the auspices of the Anglican Church. The young Quaque spent the next eleven years of this life cultivating expertise in Anglican liturgy, Christian theology, and British mores. Before returning home in his early twenties, he was ordained to the Anglican priesthood—the first African to have done so.
Revisiting the population status of the sea urchinDiadema antillarumin northern Puerto Rico
Authors: Mercado-Molina Alex E. , Montañez-Acuña Alfredo , Rodríguez-Barreras Ruber , Colón-Miranda Roberto , Díaz-Ortega Geraldine , Martínez-González Neidibel , Schleier-Hernández Sandra , Sabat Alberto M.
Published: December 2014

The mass mortality suffered by the sea urchinDiadema antillarumbetween 1983–1984 is considered one of the major causes of coral reef degradation in the Caribbean. Its near disappearance resulted in a disproportionate growth of macroalgae that has led to a ‘phase shift’ from coral-to-algal dominated reefs. The close relationship between this echinoid and the functioning of coral reef ecosystems makes it imperative to better understand the potential for recovery of its populations. From 2009 to 2011, we assessed the density and size structure ofD. antillarumin various reefs where previous population data were available. Results indicate a modest increase in density in all localities with respect to the last time they were surveyed in 2003/2004. Nevertheless, density values are still lower than values reported for the island prior to the die-off. Overall density did not surpass 1.49 ind. per m−2, and did not change considerably during the studied period. Lack of population growth coincided with a lack of juveniles; suggesting that population growth at the studied sites may be limited by the number of individuals recruiting into the juvenile stage.
A Universalist: Fathering Fields
Authors: Shapiro Daniel
Published: December 2014

I have been asked to write personally of John [Merryman]. Not of him as scholar,
educator, author, nor even as father of the fields of art and cultural property
law, but as the person who did these things, and more. To present an inclusive,
all-embracing picture of John, the universalist, both in himself and what he has
done.

First, I owe my interest, career, and whatever contributions I have made as
lawyer, teacher, and writer on art and cultural property law to John. Nearly 30
years ago, as a corporate litigator and neophyte collector interested in the
connection between art and law, I read Law Ethics and the Visual Arts.1 In chapters entitled “Plunder, Destruction, and
Reparation” and “An Artist’s Life,”
I was taken by its commitment to culture, its questions—such as, Can
art be more valuable than a life?—and its overarching ethical yet
concrete approach to them. I became a fledgling in the fields of art and
cultural property law. A few years later I met John at a conference in
Amsterdam. He became a mentor, model, and friend.
Comparing the water, energy, pesticide and fertilizer usage for the production of foods consumed by different dietary types in California
Authors: Marlow Harold J , Harwatt Helen , Soret Samuel , Sabaté Joan
Published: December 2014

Objective

To compare the use of water, energy, pesticides and fertilizer to produce commodities for two dietary patterns that vary in the content of plant and animal products.

Design

A unique analysis using ‘real-world’ data was performed, in contrast to previous analyses which applied simulated data. Consumption data from the Adventist Health Study were used to identify two dietary patterns with a markedly different consumption of several plant and animal products. State agricultural data were collected and applied to commodity production statistics. Indices were created to allow a comparison of the resource requirements for each dietary pattern.

Setting

California, USA.

Subjects

None.

Results

The diet containing more animal products required an additional 10 252 litres of water, 9910 kJ of energy, 186 g of fertilizer and 6 g of pesticides per week in comparison to the diet containing less animal products. The greatest contribution to the difference came from the consumption of animal products, particularly beef.

Conclusions

Consuming a more plant-based diet could to an extent alleviate the negative environmental impacts related to food production. As a method to feed ourselves more sustainably, behavioural adjustments appear to be a very important tool.
Instruction-Based Approach-Avoidance Effects
Authors: Van Dessel Pieter , De Houwer Jan , Gast Anne , Tucker Smith Colin
Published: December 2014

Prior research suggests that repeatedly approaching or avoiding a certain stimulus changes the liking of this stimulus. We investigated whether these effects of approach and avoidance training occur also when participants do not perform these actions but are merely instructed about the stimulus-action contingencies. Stimulus evaluations were registered using both implicit (Implicit Association Test and evaluative priming) and explicit measures (valence ratings). Instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were observed for relatively neutral fictitious social groups (i.e., Niffites and Luupites), but not for clearly valenced well-known social groups (i.e., Blacks and Whites). We conclude that instructions to approach or avoid stimuli can provide sufficient bases for establishing both implicit and explicit evaluations of novel stimuli and discuss several possible reasons for why similar instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were not found for valenced well-known stimuli.
Independent recruitment of Igh alleles in V(D)J recombination
Authors: Alves-Pereira Clara F. , de Freitas Raquel , Lopes Telma , Gardner Rui , Marta Filipa , Vieira Paulo , Barreto Vasco M.
Published: December 2014

How the vast majority of B cells express only one of the two alleles at their immunoglobulin loci remains a biological puzzle. Here, in mice reconstituted with a single haematopoietic stem cell, we demonstrate that each of the two immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) alleles has a similar probability to be the first to undergo VH to DJH rearrangement. We also observe this similar probability in clones from multipotent and common lymphoid precursors. The extreme biases in the expression of the alleles that we find in more differentiated subsets are mostly due to constraints imposed by early rearrangements. Our data demonstrate that each of the two Igh alleles in a B cell behaves independently of the other, up to the moment when a successful rearrangement in one allele triggers a feedback mechanism that prevents further recombination.
Systematic comparison between SDS-PAGE/RPLC and high-/low-pH RPLC coupled tandem mass spectrometry strategies in a whole proteome analysis
Authors: Yin Xuefei , Zhang Yang , Liu Xiaohui , Chen Chen , Lu Haojie , Shen Huali , Yang Pengyuan
Published: December 2014

Systematic comparison of two fractionation methods, which are SDS-PAGE in the protein level and high-pH RPLC in the peptide level.
Template-free synthesis of hierarchical γ-Al2O3 nanostructures and their adsorption affinity toward phenol and CO2
Authors: Cai Weiquan , Hu Yuzhen , Yu Jiaguo , Wang Wenguang , Zhou Jiabin , Jaroniec Mietek
Published: December 2014

Hierarchical γ-Al2O3 nanostructures with tunable morphologies, and enhanced adsorption performance towards phenol and CO2 were synthesized for the first time by a facile template-free hydrothermal method using thiourea as precipitating agent.
Striped patterns induced by delamination of drying colloidal films
Authors: Giorgiutti-Dauphiné F. , Pauchard L.
Published: December 2014

The drying of a dispersion of nanoparticles on a solid substrate can result in the formation of spontaneous well-ordered stripe patterns left on the substrate.
Benzobisthiadiazole-based conjugated donor–acceptor polymers for organic thin film transistors: effects of π-conjugated bridges on ambipolar transport
Authors: Wang Yang , Kadoya Tomofumi , Wang Lei , Hayakawa Teruaki , Tokita Masatoshi , Mori Takehiko , Michinobu Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2014

Inserting different π-spacers into the polymer backbone allows tailoring of the opto-electrical properties, molecular organizations, and the type of charge carriers in the TFTs.
Adenosine receptors mediate the hypoxic ventilatory response but not the hypoxic metabolic response in the naked mole rat during acute hypoxia
Authors: Pamenter Matthew E. , Dzal Yvonne A. , Milsom William K.
Published: December 2014

Naked mole rats are the most hypoxia-tolerant mammals identified; however, the mechanisms underlying this tolerance are poorly understood. Using whole-animal plethysmography and open-flow respirometry, we examined the hypoxic metabolic response (HMR), hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) and hypoxic thermal response in awake, freely behaving naked mole rats exposed to 7% O2for 1 h. Metabolic rate and ventilation each reversibly decreased 70% in hypoxia (from 39.6 ± 2.9 to 12.1 ± 0.3 ml O2min−1kg−1, and 1412 ± 244 to 417 ± 62 ml min−1kg−1, respectively;p< 0.05), whereas body temperature was unchanged and animals remained awake and active. Subcutaneous injection of the general adenosine receptor antagonist aminophylline (AMP; 100 mg kg−1, in saline), but not control saline injections, prevented the HVR but had no effect on the HMR. As a result, AMP-treated naked mole rats exhibited extreme hyperventilation in hypoxia. These animals were also less tolerant to hypoxia, and in some cases hypoxia was lethal following AMP injection. We conclude that in naked mole rats (i) hypoxia tolerance is partially dependent on profound hypoxic metabolic and ventilatory responses, which are equal in magnitude but occur independently of thermal changes in hypoxia, and (ii) adenosine receptors mediate the HVR but not the HMR.