bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Characteristics and Emergent Treatments of Patients with Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Zhang Guoxiang
Published: December 2015

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with anaphylactic shock, and discuss the appropriate emergent treatments. Methods: 18 cases of anaphylactic shock patients received emergent treatments in our hospital from October 2009 to October 2011 were randomly selected. Retrospective analysis was made on the basic information such as clinical characteristics, emergency treatments, etc. Results: Through retrospective analysis, it was found out that the drug-induced anaphylactic shock accounted for 88.89%, biotoxins-induced anaphylactic shock accounted for 5.55%, and blood transfusion-induced anaphylactic shock accounted for 5.55%. The main clinical characteristics of anaphylactic shock are: the illness occurred suddenly, developed fast, hard to predict, without indication, and can cause death, etc. The recovery rate reached 94.44% after emergent treatments, but there was only 1 case of anaphylactic shock patients who died because of not getting timely treatment. Conclusion: Understanding the clinical characteristics of anaphylactic shock, timely and effective treatment measures are the keys of successful treatment.
Analysis on Effect of Jinshuibao Capsule Combined Treatment on Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Yu Xinmin
Published: December 2015

Objective: To discuss the clinical effect of jinshuibao capsule combined treatment on newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Method: 62 cases of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients, who were treated in our hospital from January 2011 to January 2012, were served as the object of study. They were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. Patients in the control group received a single 2SHRZ/4HR chemotherapy, while the treatment group received jinshuibao capsule combined treatment on the base of control group. The improvement of clinical symptoms, chest X-ray film and laboratory examination results of both groups were compared and analysed. Results: The total effective rate of clinical treatment, lesion absorption, sputum negative conversion and improvement rate of clinical symptom of treatment group was obviously better than the control group. The difference of clinical effect between two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Jinshuibao capsule combined treatment has  satisfactory clinical effect on newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis.
Clinical Effect of Ambroxol Hydrochloride Injection on 83 Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: He Hengzhao
Published: December 2015

Objective: To discuss the effect of ambroxol hydrochloride injection on acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Method: 83 cases of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were randomly divided into observation group and control group, both were given conventional treatment, observation group added ambroxol hydrochloride injection, the control group added bromhexine hydrochloride injection, the effect, PaO2 index and adverse reactions were compared. Result: The total effective rate (95.24%) and PaO2 index (71.22 ± 8.92) mmHg in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the occurrence of adverse reactions (4.76%) was lower than that of the control group, p < 0.05. Conclusion: Ambroxol hydrochloride injection can effectively relieve acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, improve PaO2 index, and have fewer adverse reactions, be worthy of promotion.
Clinical Analysis of 38 Cases of Obstetric Emergency Hysterectomy
Authors: Hao Xiaoqin
Published: December 2015

Objective: To discuss and analyze the clinical situation of emergency obstetric hysterectomy. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 38 cases obstetric emergency hysterectomy medical records from 2002 to 2011 in our hospital is made. Result: 38 cases of emergency obstetric hysterectomy indications are uterine massive bleeding. placental factor medical records are 20 cases, accounted for 52.3%, with the cure rate of 97.4%, and perinatal child mortality rate is 7.9%. Conclusion: Hysterectomy is a quick, effective means of treatment of acute obstetric massive bleeding, effectively reduced the rate of cesarean section, also can reduce the incidence of obstetric hysterectomy.
Closed Reduction and Internal Fixation with Hollow Needle for High-Risk Aged Trochanter Fracture
Authors: Deng Zhongping
Published: December 2015

Objective: To discuss the therapeutic efficacy of closed reduction and internal fixation with hollow needle for high-risk aged trochanter fracture. Methods: 60 patients with high-risk aged trochanter fracture, who received treatment in our hospital from February 2010 to August 2012, were selected, 40 cases underwent closed reduction and internal fixation with hollow needle, as the treatment group. 20 cases received DHS internal fixation, as the control group. follow-up was made for six months to two years to observe the therapeutic efficacy. Results: 59 cases were cured successfully, 1 case had infection and bone exposure, which was cured through changing medicine, there was no cases of death, hip varus deformity, fixation loosening and other complications. Conclusion: The closed reduction and internal fixation with hollow needle for high-risk aged trochanter fracture has the advantages of being relatively easy to use, reliable to fix, minimal trauma, less bleeding, less complication, high cure rate, etc. worthy of extensive promotion and application in clinical.
Clinical Effect Observation of Spiral CT in The Etiological Diagnosis of Senile Acute Abdomen
Authors: Li Jun
Published: December 2015

Objective: To discuss the clinical application value of multi-slice spiral CT in etiological diagnosis of senile acute abdomen. Methods: To select 80 cases of elderly patients with acute abdomen received treatment from June 2006 to August 2012 in our hospital. Among them, 40 patients were diagnosed by multi-slice spiral CT technique and considered as CT group; 40 patients were diagnosed by liver MRI technology and considered as MRI group. The diagnostic accuracy and adverse reaction rate of two groups were compared, and the comparison results were analyzed statistically using SPSS statistical software. Result: The diagnosis rate of CT group was significantly higher than that of MIR group, while the adverse reaction rate was significantly lower than that of MIR group, p < 0.05, with statistical significance. Conclusion: multi-slice spiral CT can accurately diagnose the cause of senile acute abdomen. It has important clinical significance for the treatment of senile acute abdomen, and it has clinical application value.
Nursing Analysis of Traumatic Spinal Injury in Emergency Nursing
Authors: Wu Yanli
Published: December 2015

Spinal injuries account for about 4.2% of the whole body fractures, usually occur in the young, middle-aged, the vast majority are caused by indirect forces, and direct violence is relatively rare. Spinal injury was common in T12~L1, followed by C1~2, C5~7, but there are about 20% spinal injury are multiple vertebral fractures. In addition to vertebral fractures, spinal injury is often associated with combined injury of accessory fracture, ligament rupture, etc. If associated with spinal cord injury, it may cause paraplegia. The purpose of this paper is to explore the nursing measures of traumatic spinal injury. In this paper, 134 cases of spinal injury patients adopted nursing measures were summarized. Results showed that among the 33 cases of type I patients, there was no case died in the emergency department or with increased neurological damage. There was also no case with aggravated neurological damage in 31 cases of type II patients, and finally smooth admission. In the 21 patients with type III, 7 patients had poor spine stability, and had a certain tendency of neurological damage, and then transferred to the department of orthopedics. 5 cases had delayed neurological symptoms and transferred to the department of orthopedics. The other 5 cases had no abnormal changes over 3 days observation and went home to conduct conservative treatment and got better results.
Discussion on Key Point of Architectural Landscape Design
Authors: Wang Hongliang
Published: December 2015

With the improvement of people’s quality of life and living environment of the building requirements, architectural landscape design should continue to improve the building use group's satisfaction and increase the intensity of ecological architecture landscape construction, in order to ensure efficiency and utility of architecture landscape planning. This is so that the living personnel can fully experience the beautiful architectural landscape, thereby improving people's satisfaction of the building. Currently, since there is an increasing trend of people’s move towards green ecological direction, and the ecological architecture landscape planning design is becoming important, hence creating the green eco-building environment is the inevitable development direction of architecture landscape in future. Based on work experience, starting from the ecological architecture landscape design principles, this paper will present the key point of current ecological architecture landscape design, in order to provide some ideas for building landscape design development.
The biogeography of the Plastisphere: implications for policy
Authors: Amaral-Zettler Linda A , Zettler Erik R , Slikas Beth , Boyd Gregory D , Melvin Donald W , Morrall Clare E , Proskurowski Giora , Mincer Tracy J
Published: December 2015

Microplastics (particles less than 5 mm) numerically dominate marine debris and occur from coastal waters to mid‐ocean gyres, where surface circulation concentrates them. Given the prevalence of plastic marine debris (PMD) and the rise in plastic production, the impacts of plastic on marine ecosystems will likely increase. Microscopic life (the “Plastisphere”) thrives on these tiny floating “islands” of debris and can be transported long distances. Using next‐generation DNA sequencing, we characterized bacterial communities from water and plastic samples from the North Pacific and North Atlantic subtropical gyres to determine whether the composition of different Plastisphere communities reflects their biogeographic origins. We found that these communities differed between ocean basins – and to a lesser extent between polymer types – and displayed latitudinal gradients in species richness. Our research reveals some of the impacts of microplastics on marine biodiversity, demonstrates that the effects and fate of PMD may vary considerably in different parts of the global ocean, and suggests that PMD mitigation will require regional management efforts.
The ethics of offsetting nature
Authors: Ives Christopher D , Bekessy Sarah A
Published: December 2015

Biodiversity offsetting is transforming conservation practice around the world. Development activities that degrade or destroy biodiversity at one location are now increasingly acceptable because of compensatory environmental gains generated elsewhere. This change represents a major shift in how nature is protected, and yet its philosophical justification has received little attention. We argue that biodiversity offsetting aligns most easily with a utilitarian ethic, where outcomes rather than actions are the focus. However, offsetting schemes often neglect to account for the multiple values that people assign to biodiversity – including unique, place‐based values. Furthermore, the implications of defining nature as a tradeable commodity may affect our sense of obligation to protect biodiversity. Ironically, offsetting may exacerbate environmental harm because it erodes ethical barriers based on moral objections to the destruction of biodiversity. By failing to consider the ethical implications of biodiversity offsetting, we risk compromising the underlying motivations for protecting nature.
Census of the blond titi monkey Callicebus barbarabrownae (Pitheciidae) in the semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest of Chapada Diamantina, Brazil
Authors: Corsini Cintia F. , Moura Antonio Christian de A.
Published: December 2015

In Brazil, the destruction of the Atlantic forest and the Caatinga dry forest continues to the present, having a profound effect on the non-human primates. Here we present data on abundance of the critically endangered Callicebus barbarabrownae (Pitheciidae), the only primate endemic to the Caatinga, and evaluate if human presence impacts their distribution. We conducted over 152 km of line transect surveys, mostly in semi-deciduous forest near the Chapada Diamantina National Park, NE Brazil. The blond titi monkey occurred at an extremely low abundance, even when considering calls their abundance was lower than that reported for closely related species in different Atlantic forest areas surveyed previously. Although hunting pressure is high in the area, the reasons for their lower abundance are yet unclear. The presence of taller and relatively undisturbed forest seemed key factors for the presence of the species even in areas with heavy human presence. We speculate that they could prefer wetter habitats and gallery forests. Our results are the first record of blond titi monkey in protected area. The long term survival of this critically endangered species may depend on increasing the number of conservation units and stimulating conservation awareness in the local human population.
Predation of birds by an endangered primate species, Callicebus coimbrai, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Vinhas Luana , Souza-Alves João Pedro
Published: December 2015

No abstract
Report of a black spider monkey (Ateles chamek) swimming in a large river in central-western Brazil
Authors: Nunes André Valle
Published: December 2015

No abstract
Ocorrência de Sapajus flavius e Alouatta belzebul no centro de endemismo Pernambuco
Authors: Fialho Marcos de Souza , Valença-Montenegro Mônica Mafra , Silva Thiago César Farias da , Ferreira Juliana Gonçalves , Laroque Plautino de Oliveira
Published: December 2015

No abstract
Capture of a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) by a capuchin monkey (Sapajus sp.) in the Ibura National Forest, Sergipe (Brazil)
Authors: Albuquerque Natasha M. , Silvestre Saulo M. , Cardoso Thayane S. , Ruiz-Esparza Juan Manuel , Rocha Patrício A. , Beltrão-Mendes Raone , Ferrari Stephen F.
Published: December 2015

No abstract
Comparison of commercial analytical techniques for measuring chlorine dioxide in urban desalinated drinking water
Authors: Ammar T. A. , Abid K. Y. , El-Bindary A. A. , El-Sonbati A. Z.
Published: December 2015

Most drinking water industries are closely examining options to maintain a certain level of disinfectant residual through the entire distribution system. Chlorine dioxide is one of the promising disinfectants that is usually used as a secondary disinfectant, whereas the selection of the proper monitoring analytical technique to ensure disinfection and regulatory compliance has been debated within the industry. This research endeavored to objectively compare the performance of commercially available analytical techniques used for chlorine dioxide measurements (namely, chronoamperometry, DPD (N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine), Lissamine Green B (LGB WET) and amperometric titration), to determine the superior technique. The commonly available commercial analytical techniques were evaluated over a wide range of chlorine dioxide concentrations. In reference to pre-defined criteria, the superior analytical technique was determined. To discern the effectiveness of such superior technique, various factors, such as sample temperature, high ionic strength, and other interferences that might influence the performance were examined. Among the four techniques, chronoamperometry technique indicates a significant level of accuracy and precision. Furthermore, the various influencing factors studied did not diminish the technique's performance where it was fairly adequate in all matrices. This study is a step towards proper disinfection monitoring and it confidently assists engineers with chlorine dioxide disinfection system planning and management.
Controlling Legionella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa re-growth in therapeutic spas: implementation of physical disinfection treatments, including UV/ultrafiltration, in a respiratory hydrotherapy system
Authors: Leoni E. , Sanna T. , Zanetti F. , Dallolio L.
Published: December 2015

The study aimed to assess the efficacy of an integrated water safety plan (WSP) in controlling Legionella re-growth in a respiratory hydrotherapy system located in a spa centre, supplied with sulphurous water, which was initially colonized by Legionella pneumophila. Heterotrophic plate counts, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella spp. were detected in water samples taken 6-monthly from the hydrotherapy equipment (main circuit, entry to benches, final outlets). On the basis of the results obtained by the continuous monitoring and the changes in conditions, the original WSP, including physical treatments of water and waterlines, environmental surveillance and microbiological monitoring, was integrated introducing a UV/ultrafiltration system. The integrated treatment applied to the sulphurous water (microfiltration/UV irradiation/ultrafiltration), waterlines (superheated stream) and distal outlets (descaling/disinfection of nebulizers and nasal irrigators), ensured the removal of Legionella spp. and P. aeruginosa and a satisfactory microbiological quality over time. The environmental surveillance was successful in evaluating the hazard and identifying the most suitable preventive strategies to avoid Legionella re-growth. Ultrafiltration is a technology to take into account in the control of microbial contamination of therapeutic spas, since it does not modify the chemical composition of the water, thus allowing it to retain its therapeutic properties.
Role of mafic and ultramafic rocks in drinking water quality and its potential health risk assessment, Northern Pakistan
Authors: Begum Shaheen , Shah Mohammad Tahir , Muhammad Said , Khan Sardar
Published: December 2015

This study investigates the drinking water (groundwater and surface water) quality and potential risk assessment along mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Swat district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provence, Pakistan. For this purpose, 82 groundwater and 33 surface water samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. Results showed that the majority of the physico-chemical parameters were found to be within the drinking water guidelines set by the World Health Organization. However, major cationic metals such as magnesium (Mg), and trace metals (TM) including iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) showed exceeded concentrations in 13%, 4%, 2%, 20%, 20% and 55% of water samples, respectively. Health risk assessment revealed that the non-carcinogenic effects or hazard quotient values through the oral ingestion pathway of water consumption for the TM (viz., Fe, Cr and Mn) were found to be greater than 1, could result in chronic risk to the exposed population. Results of statistical analyses revealed that mafic and ultramafic rocks are the main sources of metal contamination in drinking water, especially Ni and Cr. Both Ni and Cr have toxic health effects and therefore this study suggests that contaminated sites should be avoided or treated for drinking and domestic purposes.
Assessment of molecular methods as a tool for detecting pathogenic protozoa isolated from water bodies
Authors: Adamska M. , Sawczuk M. , Kolodziejczyk L. , Skotarczak B.
Published: December 2015

Several species belong to the Cryptosporidium and Giardia genus, the main parasitic protozoa occurring in water, but only some of them are infectious to humans. We investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and identified their species in the water samples collected from natural water bodies in north-western Poland. A total of 600 samples from water bodies used for bathing, sewage discharge, as drinking water sources and watering places for animals were screened. The samples were collected during a 3-year period in each of the four seasons and filtered using Filta-Max (IDEXX Laboratories, USA). Genomic DNA was extracted from all samples and used as a target sequence for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and TaqMan real-time PCR, as well as for reverse line blotting (RLB) methods. PCR methods seem to be more sensitive to detect Giardia and Cryptosporidium DNA in water samples than RLB methods. All PCR products were sequenced and three were identified as C. parvum and four as G. intestinalis. The overall prevalence of C. parvum (0.5%) and G. intestinalis (0.6%) in the samples suggests that the risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in north-western Poland is minimal.
Analysis of physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water in Mafikeng, South Africa
Authors: Mulamattathil Suma George , Bezuidenhout Carlos , Mbewe Moses
Published: December 2015

Mafikeng, the capital of the North West Province, receives water from two sources, namely the Molopo eye and the Modimola dam. Once treated, the potable water is mixed and supplied to the city via distribution systems. This study was designed to assess the quality of drinking water in Mafikeng and also to determine whether the water from the two sources has an impact on the mixed water quality. Physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological quality (faecal coliforms (FCs), total coliforms (TCs), heterotrophic bacteria and Peudomonas spp.) was monitored at three drinking water sites weekly for 4 months. The results revealed that the physico-chemical quality of the water was generally acceptable. The pH ranged from 5.7 ± 0.18 to 8.6 ± 0.14, the temperature ranged from 18.3 ± 0.69 to 25.1 ± 0.69 °C and the total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 159.9 ± 22.44 to 364.4 ± 12.44 mg/l. These values are within the target water quality range for drinking water as prescribed by WHO, Department of Water Affairs and SANS 241. What is of concern was the microbial quality of the water. FCs, TCs, heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. were present in some of the treated water samples. The most significant finding of this study is that all drinking water samples were positive for Pseudomonas spp. (>100/100 ml).
Adenovirus, enterovirus and thermotolerant coliforms in recreational waters from Lake Guaíba beaches, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Authors: Maurer C. P. , Simonetti A. B. , Staggemeier R. , Rigotto C. , Heinzelmann L. S. , Spilki F. R.
Published: December 2015

In the present study, molecular detection of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and enteroviruses (EV) was performed in surface water samples collected from beaches Ipanema and Lami, located on the shores of Lake Guaíba, city of Porto Alegre, RS, southern Brazil. Furthermore, water safety was evaluated by counting thermotolerant coliforms (TC), following local government regulations. A total of 36 samples were collected monthly from six different sites along the beaches. Viral genomes were found in 30 (83.3%) samples. The higher detection rate was observed for HAdV (77.8%), followed by EV (22.2%). Although low concentrations of TC have been found, the occurrence of viral genomes in water samples was frequent and may pose a potential risk of infection for people bathing in these beaches.
Sensitivity of antibiotic resistant and antibiotic susceptible Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus strains against ozone
Authors: Heß Stefanie , Gallert Claudia
Published: December 2015

Tolerance of antibiotic susceptible and antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus strains from clinical and wastewater samples against ozone was tested to investigate if ozone, a strong oxidant applied for advanced wastewater treatment, will affect the release of antibiotic resistant bacteria into the aquatic environment. For this purpose, the resistance pattern against antibiotics of the mentioned isolates and their survival after exposure to 4 mg/L ozone was determined. Antibiotic resistance (AR) of the isolates was not correlating with higher tolerance against ozone. Except for ampicillin resistant E. coli strains, which showed a trend towards increased resistance, E. coli strains that were also resistant against cotrimoxazol, ciprofloxacin or a combination of the three antibiotics were similarly or less resistant against ozone than antibiotic sensitive strains. Pigment-producing Enterococcus casseliflavus and Staphylococcus aureus seemed to be more resistant against ozone than non-pigmented species of these genera. Furthermore, aggregation or biofilm formation apparently protected bacteria in subsurface layers from inactivation by ozone. The relatively large variance of tolerance against ozone may indicate that resistance to ozone inactivation most probably depends on several factors, where AR, if at all, does not play a major role.
Reconstruction of river water quality missing data using artificial neural networks
Authors: Tabari Hossein , Hosseinzadeh Talaee P.
Published: December 2015

The monitoring of river water quality is important for human life and the health of the environment. However, water quality studies in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, are restricted by the existence of missing data. In this study, the efficiency of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) networks for recovering the missing values of 13 water quality parameters was examined based on data from five stations located along the Maroon River, Iran. The monthly values of other existing water quality parameters were used as input variables to the MLP and RBF models. According to the achieved results, the hardness missing values were estimated precisely by both the MLP and RBF networks, while the worst performance of the networks was found for the turbidity parameter. It was also found that the MLP models were superior to the RBF models to reconstruct water quality missing data.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for triclocarban in aquatic environments
Authors: Zeng Kun , Zou Yanmin , Liu Jianxia , Wei Wei , Zhang Meng , Zhou Jun , Zhang Zhen , Gai Zikuan
Published: December 2015

A sensitive, competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of triclocarban (TCC) in waters and sediments. Haptens were synthesized by derivatizing the paraposition of a phenyl moiety of TCC. The synthesized hapten was then coupled to bovine thyroglobulin to be used as an immunogen, based on which, a high affinity monoclonal antibody 4D5 was produced with the hybridoma technique. Under the optimized conditions, using the monoclonal antibody, excellent performances of the assay were obtained: satisfactory sensitivity (IC50 (50% inhibition concentration) value, 0.43 ng/mL; limit of detection, 0.05 ng/mL); good linear range (0.05–10 ng/mL); and satisfactory accuracy (recoveries 70.7–107% in waters; 74.8–98.3% in sediments). Furthermore, TCC was found with the concentration ranging from not detected to 422.12 ng/L in waters and from 6.68 ng/g to 78.67 ng/g in sediments in Yunliang River, Ancient Canal and Hongqiao Port in Zhenjiang City. In conclusion ELISA could be applied for monitoring TCC in aquatic environments.
Validation of computational non-Newtonian fluid model for membrane bioreactor
Authors: Sørensen Lasse , Bentzen Thomas Ruby , Skov Kristian
Published: December 2015

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems are often considered as the wastewater treatment method of the future due to their high effluent quality. One of the main problems with such systems is a relative large energy consumption, compared to conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems, which has led to further research in this specific area. A powerful tool for optimizing MBR-systems is computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling, which gives researchers the ability to describe the flow in the systems. A parameter which is often neglected in such models is the non-Newtonian properties of active sludge, which is of great importance for MBR systems since they operate at sludge concentrations up to a factor of 10 compared to CAS systems, resulting in strongly shear thinning liquids. A CFD-model is validated against measurements conducted in a system with rotating cross-flow membranes submerged in non-Newtonian liquids, where tangential velocities are measured with a Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA). The CFD model is found to be capable of modelling the correct velocities in a range of setups, making CFD models a powerful tool for optimization of MBR systems.
Groundwater and stream E. coli concentrations in coastal plain watersheds served by onsite wastewater and a municipal sewer treatment system
Authors: Humphrey Charles , Finley Algernon , O'Driscoll Michael , Manda Alex , Iverson Guy
Published: December 2015

The goal of this study was to determine if onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWS) were influencing groundwater and surface water Escherichia coli concentrations in a coastal plain watershed. Piezometers for groundwater monitoring were installed at four residences served by OWS and five residences served by a municipal wastewater treatment system (MWS). The residences were located in two different, but nearby (<3 km), watersheds. Effluent from the four septic tanks, groundwater from piezometers, and the streams draining the OWS and MWS watersheds were sampled on five dates between September 2011 and May 2012. Groundwater E. coli concentrations and specific conductivity were elevated within the flow path of the OWS and near the stream, relative to other groundwater sampling locations in the two watersheds. Groundwater discharge in the OWS watershed could be a contributor of E. coli to the stream because E. coli concentrations in groundwater at the stream bank and in the stream were similar. Stream E. coli concentrations were higher for the OWS in relation to MWS watersheds on each sampling date. Water quality could be improved by ensuring OWS are installed and operated to maintain adequate separation distances to water resources.
Adsorption of sunset yellow FCF from aqueous solution by chitosan-modified diatomite
Authors: Zhang Y. Z. , Li J. , Li W. J. , Li Y.
Published: December 2015

Sunset yellow (SY) FCF is a hazardous azo dye pollutant found in food processing effluent. This study investigates the use of diatomaceous earth with chitosan (DE@C) as a modified adsorbent for the removal of SY from wastewater. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicate the importance of functional groups during the adsorption of SY. The obtained N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm values accord well with IUPAC type II. Our calculations determined a surface area of 69.68 m2 g−1 for DE@C and an average pore diameter of 4.85 nm. Using response surface methodology, optimized conditions of process variables for dye adsorption were achieved. For the adsorption of SY onto DE@C, this study establishes mathematical models for the optimization of pH, contact time and initial dye concentration. Contact time plays a greater role in the adsorption process than either pH or initial dye concentration. According to the adjusted correlation coefficient (adj-R2 > 0.97), the models used here are suitable for illustration of the adsorption process. Theoretical experimental conditions included a pH of 2.40, initial dye concentration of 113 mg L−1 and 30.37 minutes of contact time. Experimental values for the adsorption rate (92.54%) were close to the values predicted by the models (95.29%).
Use of the ferrates (FeIV–VI) in combination with hydrogen peroxide for rapid and effective remediation of water – laboratory and pilot study
Authors: Lacina Petr , Goold Scott
Published: December 2015

In recent years, particles of iron in higher oxidation states (FeIV–VI), commonly called ferrates, have been presented theoretically as very effective oxidants. They can potentially be used for elimination of a wide range of organic and inorganic contaminants. However, so far the majority of applications have been carried out only as laboratory tests using model samples in many cases. The application of ferrates in remediation programs has so far proved to be more complicated with results failing to meet expectations. Therefore there is a necessity to consider the suitability of their use or consider their possible combination with other agents in order to reach required removal efficiencies in remediation. This study is focused on laboratory experiments using industrial groundwater leading to the proposal of a pilot field application realized as an ex-situ remediation. The combination of ferrates with hydrogen peroxide was used in this study in order to enhance the removal efficiency during pilot remediation of groundwater strongly contaminated by a wide range of organic contaminants. This combination has been shown to be very effective. During the 24-hour reaction time the majority of detected contaminants were removed by approximately 60–80%. Moreover, the unpleasant odor of the water was suppressed and suspended particles were removed by the flocculation effect of ferric sludge.
Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors using computed tomography images
Authors: Cho Eun-Ae , Kim Sung-Jin , Choi Yoon Jeong , Kim Kyung-Ho , Chung Chooryung J.
Published: December 2015

Objective: 

To evaluate the morphologic features and the relative position of the incisive canal with regard to the maxillary incisor roots using computed tomography (CT).

Materials and Methods: 

Morphologic evaluation of the incisive canal and its proximity to the maxillary central incisors were measured using CT images of 38 adults with skeletal and dental class I normal occlusion. Linear measurements were performed on the axial cross-sectional images corresponding to three vertical levels, the palatal opening of the incisive canal (L1), midlevel between the opening level and the root apex of the maxillary central incisors (L2), and the root apex of the maxillary central incisors (L3).

Results: 

The percentage of subjects with an incisive canal width greater than the interroot distance of the central incisors was 86.8% and 63.2% at levels L1 and L2, respectively. The anteroposterior distance between the maxillary incisor roots and the boarder of the incisive canal was approximately 5–6 mm at levels L1 and L2.

Conclusion: 

The anteroposterior distance between the maxillary central incisor roots and the incisive canal was approximately 5–6 mm. More than 60% of the subjects had an incisive canal width greater than the interroot distance. Evaluation of the proximity of the incisive canal to the maxillary incisors, along with its dimensional characteristics, may be helpful when a considerable amount of maxillary retraction is planned.
Effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on orthodontically induced root resorption caused by torque: A prospective, double-blind, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Raza Hasnain , Major Paul , Dederich Douglas , El-Bialy Tarek
Published: December 2015

Objectives: 

To evaluate the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on orthodontically induced tooth root resorption caused by torque in human subjects.

Materials and Methods: 

Ten healthy patients (12–35 years of age) who required extraction of all first premolars as a part of their routine orthodontic treatment were recruited. A 15° twist was applied in the arch wire using 0.019 × 0.025-inch TMA in a 0.022-inch bracket system (Synergy R) that produced a buccal root torque of approximately 5 N/mm at the bracket level. Using a split mouth design, randomization, and blinding, one side of the arch received LIPUS for 20 minutes per day for 4 weeks at an incident intensity of 30 mW/cm2 of the transducers’ surface area. The other side served as a self-control, which received a sham transducer. After 4 weeks, all first premolars were extracted and micro–computed tomographic analysis was performed on these extracted teeth. A linear mixed-model statistical analysis was used.

Results: 

LIPUS-treated teeth showed significantly less total volume of resorption lacunae compared to control teeth by a mean difference of (0.54 ± 0.09 mm3) (P < .001) and percentage of root resorption by a mean difference of (0.33 ± 0.05 mm3) (P < .001). In addition, significantly fewer resorption lacunae were found on all root surfaces in the LIPUS group compared to the control except in the instance of the distal surface.

Limitations: 

This study was performed on limited number of cases during a 4-week period.

Conclusions: 

LIPUS minimizes root resorption when applied during torque tooth movement over a 4-week period.
Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Their Reduction After Testosterone Replacement in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Dhindsa Sandeep , Ghanim Husam , Batra Manav , Kuhadiya Nitesh D. , Abuaysheh Sanaa , Sandhu Sartaj , Green Kelly , Makdissi Antoine , Hejna Jeanne , Chaudhuri Ajay , Punyanitya Mark , Dandona Paresh
Published: December 2015

OBJECTIVE

One-third of men with type 2 diabetes have hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of testosterone replacement on insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes and HH.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 94 men with type 2 diabetes were recruited into the study; 50 men were eugonadal, while 44 men had HH. Insulin sensitivity was calculated from the glucose infusion rate (GIR) during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Lean body mass and fat mass were measured by DEXA and MRI. Subcutaneous fat samples were taken to assess insulin signaling genes. Men with HH were randomized to receive intramuscular testosterone (250 mg) or placebo (1 mL saline) every 2 weeks for 24 weeks.

RESULTS

Men with HH had higher subcutaneous and visceral fat mass than eugonadal men. GIR was 36% lower in men with HH. GIR increased by 32% after 24 weeks of testosterone therapy but did not change after placebo (P = 0.03 for comparison). There was a decrease in subcutaneous fat mass (−3.3 kg) and increase in lean mass (3.4 kg) after testosterone treatment (P < 0.01) compared with placebo. Visceral and hepatic fat did not change. The expression of insulin signaling genes (IR-β, IRS-1, AKT-2, and GLUT4) in adipose tissue was significantly lower in men with HH and was upregulated after testosterone treatment. Testosterone treatment also caused a significant fall in circulating concentrations of free fatty acids, C-reactive protein, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and leptin (P < 0.05 for all).

CONCLUSIONS

Testosterone treatment in men with type 2 diabetes and HH increases insulin sensitivity, increases lean mass, and decreases subcutaneous fat.
Rewarding Work, Priceless Collaborations, Much Gratitude
Authors: Simoneau Guy G.
Published: December 2015

In this editorial of his final issue as Editor-in-Chief, Dr Guy G. Simoneau shares his thoughts on how changes in the areas of physical therapy research design, professional collaboration, publishing and communication technology, and publication standards played out in the world of JOSPT and recognize the many people who supported and implemented the changes.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(12):967–969. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.0115
JOSPT Experiences Tremendous Growth, Change in 14 Years With Editor-in-Chief Simoneau in Charge
Authors: Nyland John A.
Published: December 2015

As Editor-in-Chief, Dr Guy G. Simoneau and his editorial board have taken JOSPT from an acceptable US-based journal to a highly influential worldwide force behind contemporary orthopaedic and sports physical therapy research and practice. Today, the bridge Dr Simoneau constructed spans the orthopaedic and sports physical therapy globe for the betterment of clinical practice and research. His work fully supports JOSPT's latest strategic plan to provide value-added knowledge translation, develop a broader authorship and readership, increase global marketing of the JOSPT brand, and expand current relationships to new partners and stakeholders. The bridge places JOSPT on very firm footing, tying its rich history to the promise of an exciting and successful future.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(12):970–971. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.0116
A Special Thanks to 2015 JOSPT Contributors
Authors: Simoneau Guy G.
Published: December 2015

Editor-in-Chief Dr Guy G. Simoneau recognizes the authors, associate editors, International Editorial Review Board members, and manuscript and musculoskeletal imaging reviewers who contributed to the various aspects of the Journal over the past 12 months.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(12):972–974. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.0117
Comminuted C2 Articular Pillar Fracture in a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis and Recurrent Falls
Authors: Sault Josiah D. , Elliott James M.
Published: December 2015

The patient was a 60-year-old woman, with long-standing balance deficits due to multiple sclerosis, referred to physical therapy by her primary care physician secondary to increasing fall frequency. Following evaluation, the physical therapist escorted the patient to her primary care physician's office, where a computed tomography scan was immediately performed, revealing a comminuted C2 articular pillar fracture.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(12):1051. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.0412
Effects of Asphalt Source, Asphalt Grade, and Inclusion of Additives on Asphalt Foaming Characteristics
Authors: Zhang Jun , Arambula Edith , Newcomb David , Bhasin Amit , Little Dallas
Published: December 2015

Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) produced by foaming is widely used in the asphalt paving industry and is the largest segment of the WMA market in the United States. To produce foaming, a small quantity of cold water is injected into hot asphalt to cause a reduction in the asphalt viscosity and improve the coating of the aggregate particles. The primary objectives of the study reported here were to compare the foaming characteristics of asphalts of different sources and grades and to evaluate the effect of certain additives on the characteristics of the foamed asphalt. To characterize the foamed asphalt, a laser distance meter (LDM) was used in the laboratory. The LDM was used as an alternative to the dipstick (traditionally used in foaming measurements) because of its better repeatability and accuracy. The LDM results indicated that the foaming characteristics depended on the source and performance grade of the asphalt. The addition of a foaming-enhancing additive had a significant effect on the foaming characteristics of most asphalt. However, no obvious difference in foaming characteristics was observed when warm-mix additives were used as part of the foaming process.
Rheological and Chemical Characterization of Biobinders from Different Biomass Resources
Authors: Dhasmana Heena , Ozer Hasan , Al-Qadi Imad L. , Zhang Yuanhui , Schideman Lance , Sharma Brijendra Kumar , Chen Wan-Ting , Minarick Mitchell James , Zhang Peng
Published: December 2015

The increasing costs and strong worldwide demand for petroleum and the adverse environmental impact of the consumption of nonrenewable energy sources have encouraged the development of alternative sources of renewable energy. One source of renewable energy can be developed in biorefineries, where biomass feedstocks can be converted to biocrude oil through thermochemical processes. Biocrude oil can replace petroleum-based transportation fuels and can be used to build and maintain transportation infrastructure, which requires an energy-intensive process that consumes natural resources, including mineral aggregates, steel, cement, and petroleum-based binder. This study aimed to characterize biocrude oil as an alternative binder material, which is referred to here as biobinder. The hydrothermal liquefaction technique was used to produce biobinder from spirulina algae (microalgae), swine manure, and nanoalgae. A chemical analysis was performed with the saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes technique to characterize the percentage of different components present in the biobinder. A rheological characterization of biobinders was conducted to evaluate their feasibility for use in pavement construction and to predict their performance during the service life of a pavement. Surface free energy properties of biobinders also were determined with the use of a sessile drop device to characterize adhesion properties. The results indicated that biobinder had significantly different rheological and chemical properties than conventional asphalt binder. When blended with conventional binder, biobinder showed the potential to reduce the stiffness of original binder. As a result, it might be used to rejuvenate mixes with recycled asphalt materials or find an application under low-temperature conditions.
The present and future of quality measures and public reporting in neurosurgery
Authors: Bekelis Kimon , McGirt Matthew J. , Parker Scott L. , Holland Christopher M. , Davies Jason , Devin Clinton J. , Atkins Tyler , Knightly Jack , Groman Rachel , Zyung Irene , Asher Anthony L.
Published: December 2015

Quality measurement and public reporting are intended to facilitate targeted outcome improvement, practice-based learning, shared decision making, and effective resource utilization. However, regulatory implementation has created a complex network of reporting requirements for physicians and medical practices. These include Medicare’s Physician Quality Reporting System, Electronic Health Records Meaningful Use, and Value-Based Payment Modifier programs. The common denominator of all these initiatives is that to avoid penalties, physicians must meet “generic” quality standards that, in the case of neurosurgery and many other specialties, are not pertinent to everyday clinical practice and hold specialists accountable for care decisions outside of their direct control.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has recently authorized alternative quality reporting mechanisms for the Physician Quality Reporting System, which allow registries to become subspecialty-reporting mechanisms under the Qualified Clinical Data Registry (QCDR) program. These programs further give subspecialties latitude to develop measures of health care quality that are relevant to the care provided. As such, these programs amplify the power of clinical registries by allowing more accurate assessment of practice patterns, patient experiences, and overall health care value. Neurosurgery has been at the forefront of these developments, leveraging the experience of the National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database to create one of the first specialty-specific QCDRs.

Recent legislative reform has continued to change this landscape and has fueled optimism that registries (including QCDRs) and other specialty-driven quality measures will be a prominent feature of federal and private sector quality improvement initiatives. These physician- and patient-driven methods will allow neurosurgery to underscore the value of interventions, contribute to the development of sustainable health care solutions, and actively participate in meaningful quality initiatives for the benefit of the patients served.