bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispossession
Authors: Kalb Don
Published: September 2018

In the twenty‐first century the classic Marxian concept of dispossession reappeared in anthropology and the social sciences. The context is the discussions about neoliberalism, neoliberal globalization, the alter‐globalist movement, and later financialization. Dispossession is here seen as a systemic property of late capitalist modes of accumulation and regulation. It refers to the transfer to big capital, or to states that serve big capital, of control over assets or rights once owned or accessed by small proprietors, or managed as a commons by social groups such as citizens or peasants.
Ethnography, Rapid‐Assessment
Authors: Scrimshaw Susan C.
Published: September 2018

Rapid ethnographic or rapid‐assessment procedures (RAP) focus ethnographic methods on answering specific practical questions about problems and service programs to provide solutions in an abbreviated period of time compared with the traditional year of fieldwork. This applied anthropology action research method has been widely used globally for community participatory research and for application to health programs, development projects, agricultural programs, and other areas. Checklists and guidelines allow people from many disciplines to assess their programs and communities, ideally in the context of existing anthropological work.
G
amio,
M
anuel (1883–1960)
Authors: Morales Elena Nava
Published: September 2018

Manuel Gamio Martínez is considered the father of Mexican anthropology. He swung between academia and the administration of public and governmental institutions. Gamio's works contributed to archaeology and ethnology. With a strong influence of Boasian culturalism, his most important works are on topics such as migration, social changes in indigenous peoples, Mexican identity and archaeology of Teotihuacan, the Mexican federal district, and Zacatecas. Some relevant posts Gamio held in Mexico were chair of the Dirección de Antropología (a governmental bureau dedicated to anthropological research), subsecretary of public education, and director of the Instituto Indigenista Interamericano (Interamerican Indigenist Institute).
Health Care Sectors
Authors: Pool Robert
Published: September 2018

Medical systems are often seen as consisting of three main health care sectors: professional, folk, and popular. In practice these sectors are not discrete entities but components of dynamic health care constellations involving continual interaction between sectors and between different medical systems. Processes of mobility and globalization are increasingly driving this interaction and contributing to growing medical pluralism. Political and economic interests influence which sectors are dominant and which subordinate.
Cultural Evolution
Authors: Lycett Stephen J.
Published: September 2018

Cultural evolution refers to the concept that cultural behaviors may have been subject to Darwinian evolutionary processes, thus influencing their distribution temporally and geographically. There are, however, at least two levels at which the concept of culture can be seen to relate potentially to evolutionary theory. At a basic level, the ability to produce what most anthropologists conceive of as culture is inevitably a product of our biological (including cognitive) evolution. Thus, our capacity to express culture may have evolved through a series of stages during our long evolutionary history. At a second, more controversial level, culture may itself evolve and be governed in terms of its expressed diversity and change through time by many of the same forces as those seen in biological evolution. According to proponents of this latter view, culture is scientifically amenable to study using theoretical principles and methodological tools originally designed to study biological evolution.
Education, Linguistic Anthropology of
Authors: Wortham Stanton , Perrino Sabina
Published: September 2018

This entry reviews recent research in the linguistic anthropology of education, a subfield within linguistic anthropology. Educational processes are always mediated through language, and anthropologists have for decades studied how language and culture operate in various types of educational processes. Theories and methods from linguistic anthropology have been applied to educational activities and institutions in ways that illuminate how education accomplishes both academic and social ends. This work has not only expanded our understanding of education but also provided important insights into processes of broad anthropological concern.
Advertising
Authors: de Waal Malefyt Timothy
Published: September 2018

Anthropologists and cultural critics have investigated advertising from a range of perspectives, including as a form of manipulation for creating false desires in consumers; as an agent for prompting consumers to make their own relevant interpretations; as a “magical” system for enchanting products and brands that offer desirable lifestyles; for its global reach and ability to affect local culture; and for its internal dynamics among advertising agencies' people and practices, which make it a preeminent creative industry. Advertising is discussed here from these perspectives as a persuasive symbolic system that converts commodity objects and services into symbolic images and narratives that are valued and adapted to specific consumer tastes. As such, advertising reveals itself to be a relational system that continuously adapts to shifting artistic, political, social, economic, and cultural contingencies.
Arctic Environments and Peoples
Authors: Nuttall Mark
Published: September 2018

The Arctic is experiencing dramatic environmental change. Recent scientific research suggests that the region has been warming twice as much as the rest of the globe, especially since the 1980s. But the livelihoods of the peoples of the Arctic are also affected by pollutants and contaminants, industrial development, and resource extraction which threaten to disrupt human–environmental relations; influence the climate; impact ecosystems, animal habitats, and movement; and affect food security and human health. This entry provides a snapshot of some issues in human–environmental relations in the Arctic, with reference to controversies surrounding polar bear conservation, the roles indigenous peoples' play in international environmental governance, and the impacts of the oil, gas, and mining industries.
Geertz,Clifford (1926–2006)
Authors: Ghannam Farha
Published: September 2018

Clifford Geertz was one of the most influential US anthropologists of the twentieth century and a driving force behind the interpretive turn in anthropology. His work made the concepts of culture, symbol, interpretation, and thick description central to ethnography and anthropological writing. He is a key figure in symbolic and interpretive anthropology and his work has also been influential in other fields, such as sociology, political science, history, psychology, and religious studies.
Rock Art, Paleolithic and Hunter‐Gatherer
Authors: Lewis‐Williams J. D.
Published: September 2018

The magnificent Upper Paleolithic cave art of western Europe, while it is the most widely known through archaeological and anthropological research, is by no means the only rock art in the world. Hunter‐gatherer rock art is found worldwide. In North America, southern Africa, and Australia in particular, ethnographic information from indigenous people has made a major contribution toward credible interpretations of rock paintings and engravings made thousands of years ago.
G
hurye,
G
ovind
S
adashiv (1893–1983)
Authors: Upadhya Carol
Published: September 2018

Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, the “father of Indian sociology,” shaped a distinctively Indian brand of sociology marked by a cultural–historical and anthropological approach. As head of the Department of Sociology at Bombay University from 1924 to 1959, where he trained many prominent sociologists of the next generation, as the founder of the Indian Sociological Society, and as the editor of the
Sociological Bulletin
, he played a key role in the institutionalization and professionalization of the discipline in India.
B
ücher,
K
arl (1847–1930)
Authors: Spittler Gerd
Published: September 2018

The economist Karl Bücher made important contributions to economic anthropology in
Die Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft
(1893) (
Industrial Evolution
1901) and
Arbeit und Rhythmus
(Work and Rhythm) (1896). In the first book, he analyzed the domestic mode of production (independent domestic economy) and the reciprocal relations between households regarding gifts and the exchange of labor. His ideas influenced Bronisław Malinowski, Richard Thurnwald, Marcel Mauss, Karl Polanyi, Alexander Chayanov, and Marshall Sahlins. In the second book, Bücher analyzes long and strenuous work processes in societies with little technical equipment. Work that is performed rhythmically enables the worker to keep up monotonous activities. Musical instruments and work songs also support work performance. Work, play, music, and poetry form a single unit. Bücher also had a considerable impact on industrial sociology and folklore studies.
Ethnocentrism
Authors: Kozaitis Kathryn A.
Published: September 2018

Ethnocentrism is the human tendency to consider one's own cultural traditions and values as natural and superior compared to those of other groups. Early evolutionary theorists advanced ethnocentric explanations of humanity by arguing for a hierarchical view of human progress from savagery to civilization. Ethnographers countered ethnocentrism by documenting cultural variation and by explaining cultural differences as embedded in historical, environmental, and structural conditions. Ethnocentrism is a learned worldview; parents transmit ethnocentric sensibilities to their children during their formative years; educators may reinforce it through a biased curriculum; and political elites may reward it by acknowledging national priorities and discrediting those of national rivals. Absolute ethnocentrism inspires ignorance and irrational rejections of cultures and ethnicities deemed as “foreign” or “dangerous.” Anthropologists oppose ethnocentrism and instead promote cross‐cultural awareness, communication, and cooperation.
Multispecies Ethnography
Authors: Locke Piers
Published: September 2018

Multispecies ethnography is an approach that aims to consider the agency of nonhuman life forms and their social, historical, and ecological connectivity with human life. Extending the ethnographic gaze, it explores the ways other life forms are implicated with human lives, landscapes, and technologies, whether terrestrial, airborne, aquatic, or microscopic. This challenges the humanist epistemology upon which ethnography traditionally depends, which has conceptually and ecologically segregated the human. Multispecies ethnography draws on posthumanist theory, which also informs similar developments in geography and in science and technology studies. As a more‐than‐human approach to anthropology, multispecies ethnography is open to perspectives from the natural as well as the social sciences, often engaging with other life sciences in order to integrate multiple understandings of the mutual becomings that entangle human and nonhuman life in shared environments.
Motivation
Authors: Anderson E. N.
Published: September 2018

Anthropologists rarely study motivation directly but assume motivation by major biological and social needs, including desire to conform and desire to rise in status and authority. Many also assume, at least heuristically, rational self‐interest; others dispute this sharply, pointing to the roles of emotions and cultural norms. Theories of motivation, many tracing back to Immanuel Kant's original “anthropology” work, are summarized in this entry.
Coarsening of (αTi) + (βTi) Microstructure in the Ti–Al–V Alloy at Constant Temperature
Authors: Gornakova Alena S. , Straumal Boris B. , Prokofiev Sergey I.
Published: September 2018

The microstructure evolution of the Ti–6 wt% Al–4 wt% V alloy with increasing annealing time t at constant temperature T = 800 °C is studied. This temperature is in the two‐phase region (αTi) + (βTi) of Ti–Al–V ternary phase diagram. The annealing time t varies from 7 to 840 h. The microstructure of the annealed samples is investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The average grain size of (αTi) and (βTi) phases grows approximately proportional to t1/4. This indicates that both processes are controlled by the diffusion along grain boundaries (αTi)/(αTi) and (βTi)/(βTi) and/or interphase boundaries (αTi)/(βTi).
High‐Temperature‐Triggered Thermally Degradable Electronics Based on Flexible Silicon Nanomembranes
Authors: Li Gongjin , Song Enming , Huang Gaoshan , Guo Qinglei , Ma Fei , Zhou Bin , Mei Yongfeng
Published: September 2018

An advanced transient approach enables the sudden degradation and subsequent disappearance of device‐grade electronic systems on a temporary platform with limited remains over a desired period for long‐term stable operation. To satisfy the requirements for flexible devices in transient electronics capable of working at high temperature, transient Si‐nanomembrane (Si‐NM) electronics integrated with high‐temperature degradable poly‐α‐methylstyrene (PAMS) are presented. Systematic experimental studies suggest that a 4 µm thick PAMS interlayer in the Si‐NM device ensures stable operation below the decomposition temperature of PAMS (≈300 °C), while the device undergoes transient process when triggered at higher temperature. Experimental characterization and theoretical modeling reveal the essential properties of the flexible device and its failure mechanism. Demonstrations of such a transient component in high‐temperature electronics highlight the potential advantages in the demands for circuit safeguards, information security, and sensing/control systems.
Self‐Cleaning Surfaces for Heat Recovery During Industrial Hydrocarbon‐Rich Gas Cooling: An Experimental and Numerical Study
Authors: Maggiolo Dario , Seemann Martin , Thunman Henrik , Santos Olga , Larsson Anton , Sasic Srdjan , Ström Henrik
Published: September 2018

The cooling of hydrocarbon‐rich gases in industrial processes often leads to severe fouling, which impedes heat recovery, restricts operative conditions, and increases maintenance costs. The present work investigates whether self‐cleaning surfaces represent a possible solution to overcome this technological bottleneck. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic treatments of compact heat exchanger plates are experimentally and numerically investigated during cooling of syngas produced from biomass gasification. The experimental evidences related to the operation of heat exchanger plates are assessed first, and a deeper insight into the relevant phenomena is thereafter obtained by performing numerical simulations. Our analysis identifies the hydrophobic treatment as the most promising solution and unveils the induced self‐cleaning mechanism: the formation of small‐sized and movable condensed droplets that enhance the collection and removal of gas impurities. These findings open up new routes toward the development of cheaper, more efficient, and sustainable gas cooling systems. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 317–325, 2019
Association between carotid atheroma and cerebral cortex structure at age 73 years
Authors: Alhusaini Saud , Karama Sherif , Nguyen Tuong‐Vi , Thiel Alexander , Bernhardt Boris C. , Cox Simon R. , Corley Janie , Taylor Adele , Evans Alan C. , Star John M. , Bastin Mark E. , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Deary Ian J. , Ducharme Simon
Published: September 2018

Objective

To examine the relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and cerebral cortical thickness and investigate whether cortical thickness mediates the association between carotid atheroma and relative cognitive decline.

Methods

We assessed 554 community‐dwelling subjects (male/female: 296/258) from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and carotid Doppler ultrasound studies at age 73 years. The relationship between carotid atherosclerosis markers (internal carotid artery stenosis, intima–media thickness, velocity, pulsatility, and resistivity indexes) and vertex‐wide cerebral cortical thickness was examined cross‐sectionally, controlling for gender, extensive vascular risk factors (VRFs), and intelligence quotient at age 11 (IQ‐11). We also determined the association between carotid stenosis and a composite measure of fluid intelligence at age 73 years. A mediation model was applied to examine whether cortical thickness mediated the relationship between carotid stenosis and cognitive function.

Results

A widespread negative association was identified between carotid stenosis (median = 15%) and cerebral cortical thickness at age 73 years, independent of the side of carotid stenosis, other carotid measures, VRFs, and IQ‐11. This association increased in an almost dose–response relationship from mild to severe degrees of carotid stenosis, across the anterior and posterior circulation territories. A negative association was also noted between carotid stenosis and fluid intelligence (standardized beta coefficient = −0.151, p = 0.001), which appeared partly (approximately 22%) mediated by carotid stenosis‐related thinning of the cerebral cortex.

Interpretation

The findings suggest that carotid stenosis represents a marker of processes that accelerate aging of the cerebral cortex and cognition that is in part independent of measurable VRFs. Cortical thinning within the anterior and posterior circulation territories partially mediated the relationship between carotid atheroma and fluid intelligence. Ann Neurol 2018;84:576–587
Loss of Protocadherin‐12Leads to Diencephalic‐Mesencephalic Junction Dysplasia Syndrome
Authors: Guemez‐Gamboa Alicia , Çağlayan Ahmet Okay , Stanley Valentina , Gregor Anne , Zaki Maha S. , Saleem Sahar N. , Musaev Damir , McEvoy‐Venneri Jennifer , Belandres Denice , Akizu Naiara , Silhavy Jennifer L. , Schroth Jana , Rosti Rasim Ozgur , Copeland Brett , Lewis Steven M. , Fang Rebecca , Issa Mahmoud Y. , Per Huseyin , Gumus Hakan , Bayram Ayse Kacar , Kumandas Sefer , Akgumus Gozde Tugce , Erson‐Omay Emine Z. , Yasuno Katsuhito , Bilguvar Kaya , Heimer Gali , Pillar Nir , Shomron Noam , Weissglas‐Volkov Daphna , Porat Yuval , Einhorn Yaron , Gabriel Stacey , Ben‐Zeev Bruria , Gunel Murat , Gleeson Joseph G.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To identify causes of the autosomal‐recessive malformation, diencephalic‐mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD) syndrome.

Methods

Eight families with DMJD were studied by whole‐exome or targeted sequencing, with detailed clinical and radiological characterization. Patient‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells were derived into neural precursor and endothelial cells to study gene expression.

Results

All patients showed biallelic mutations in the nonclustered protocadherin‐12 (PCDH12) gene. The characteristic clinical presentation included progressive microcephaly, craniofacial dysmorphism, psychomotor disability, epilepsy, and axial hypotonia with variable appendicular spasticity. Brain imaging showed brainstem malformations and with frequent thinned corpus callosum with punctate brain calcifications, reflecting expression of PCDH12 in neural and endothelial cells. These cells showed lack of PCDH12 expression and impaired neurite outgrowth.

Interpretation

DMJD patients have biallelic mutations in PCDH12 and lack of protein expression. These patients present with characteristic microcephaly and abnormalities of white matter tracts. Such pathogenic variants predict a poor outcome as a result of brainstem malformation and evidence of white matter tract defects, and should be added to the phenotypic spectrum associated with PCDH12‐related conditions. Ann Neurol 2018;84:638–647
Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugate mit Pyrrol‐basierten KSP‐Inhibitoren als Payload‐Klasse
Authors: Lerchen Hans‐Georg , Wittrock Sven , Stelte‐Ludwig Beatrix , Sommer Anette , Berndt Sandra , Griebenow Nils , Rebstock Anne‐Sophie , Johannes Sarah , Cancho‐Grande Yolanda , Mahlert Christoph , Greven Simone , Terjung Carsten
Published: September 2018

Trotz der Vielfalt an zytotoxischen Wirkstoffklassen konnten bisher nur wenige erfolgreich in Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugaten (ADCs) eingesetzt werden. Um die Therapieoptionen und potenziell auch das therapeutische Fenster von ADCs zu erweitern, ist die Identifizierung von Payloads mit einem neuen Wirkmechanismus wichtig. Eine neue Payload‐Klasse in Form von Kinesin‐Spindelprotein‐Inhibitoren (KSPis) wurde entwickelt, die zu hochwirksamen ADCs gegen Targets wie HER‐2 oder TWEAKR/Fn14 führt. Die Optimierung umfasst die Identifizierung geeigneter Linker‐Anknüpfungsstellen im Wirkstoffmolekül, die Stabilisierung der Antikörperanbindung zur Vermeidung von Dekonjugation sowie ein maßgeschneidertes Design des Profils der aktiven Metaboliten, um eine langanhaltende Exposition in der Tumorzelle zu erreichen, so wie es der Wirkmechanismus der KSP‐Inhibition erfordert. Diese KSPi‐ADCs zeichnen sich durch eine hohe und selektive Wirksamkeit an diversen Tumormodellen in vitro und in vivo aus, die auch die komplette Remission eines von Patienten abgeleiteten Blasenkarzinommodells umfasst.
Immunaffine amperometrische Detektion bakterieller Infektionen
Authors: Zhu Yingdi , Jović Milica , Lesch Andreas , Tissières Lovey Lysiane , Prudent Michel , Pick Horst , Girault Hubert H.
Published: September 2018

Immunaffinitätsanreicherung und empfindliches amperometrisches Auslesen wurde in einer Point‐of‐Care‐Plattform zur Analyse bakterieller Infektionen kombiniert. Bakterielle Zellen wurden aus komplexen Matrices durch Immunaffinität selektiv eingefangen und angereichert und durch amperometrisches Untersuchen des Redoxzustands stoffwechselaktiver Indikatoren nachgewiesen. Die Identität der bakteriellen Spezies und die Zelllebensfähigkeit wurden so bestimmt. Die Methode wurde erfolgreich zur Diagnose bakterieller Infektionen verwendet, was die Untersuchung der Antibiotikasensibilität innerhalb von nur wenigen Stunden Gesamtarbeitszeit mit einschloss.
Ex Situ Formation of Methanethiol: Application in the Gold(I)‐Promoted Anti‐Markovnikov Hydrothiolation of Olefins
Authors: Kristensen Steffan K. , Laursen Simon L. R. , Taarning Esben , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: September 2018

A protocol for the Au‐promoted anti‐Markovnikov hydrothiolation of olefins using ex situ generated methanethiol is reported. The use of S‐methylisothiourea hemisulfate salt as a solid precursor for methanethiol generation ensures a safe and reliable deliverance of a stoichiometric amount of this thiol. The procedure was shown to work for a broad range of olefins providing the corresponding hydrothiolated adduct in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic evaluations suggest that thiyl radicals are generated and that gold acts as an efficient but stable radical initiator.
Zirconium‐Assisted Activation of Palladium To Boost Syngas Production by Methane Dry Reforming
Authors: Köpfle Norbert , Götsch Thomas , Grünbacher Matthias , Carbonio Emilia A. , Hävecker Michael , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Schlicker Lukas , Doran Andrew , Kober Delf , Gurlo Aleksander , Penner Simon , Klötzer Bernhard
Published: September 2018

C‐saturated Pd0 nanoparticles with an extended phase boundary to ZrO2 evolve from a Pd0Zr0 precatalyst under CH4 dry reforming conditions. This highly active catalyst state fosters bifunctional action: CO2 is efficiently activated at oxidic phase boundary sites and PdxC provides fast supply of C‐atoms toward the latter.
A series of lanthanide complexes with 2‐fluoro‐N'‐(furan‐2‐ylmethylene) benzohydrazide ligand: Synthesis, characterization, luminescent properties and biological evaluation
Authors: Ajlouni Abdulaziz M. , Taha Ziyad A. , Hijazi Ahmed K. , Al‐Momani Waleed M.
Published: September 2018

Lanthanide (III) complexes were synthesized with Schiff base ligand 2‐fluoro‐N′‐(furan‐2‐ylmethylene) benzohydrazide (L). These complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, molar conductivity measurements, spectral analysis, luminescence and thermogravimetric analysis. The Schiff base ligand is a tridentate chelate and coordinates to the central lanthanide ion with 1:2 metal‐to‐ligand ratio. The conductivity data show a 1:1 electrolytic nature with general formula [LnL2(NO3)2]NO3. Eu and Tb complexes exhibit the characteristic luminescence emissions of the central metal ions attributed to efficient energy transfer from the ligand to the metal centre. Most of the complexes exhibit antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the ligand and its Ln (III) complexes was determined using a radical scavenging method, which indicates that the Ln (III) complexes exhibit more effective antioxidant activity than the ligand.
Crystal growth, structural and spectroscopic characterization, antimicrobial activity, DNA cleavage, molecular docking and density functional theory calculations of Zn(II) complex with 2‐pyridinecarboxylic acid
Authors: Tamer Ömer , Avcı Davut , Çelikoğlu Emine , İdil Önder , Atalay Yusuf
Published: September 2018

A Zn(II) complex with 2‐pyridinecarboxylic acid was prepared, and its crystal structure characterization was carried out using X‐ray diffraction analysis. The spectroscopic properties of the Zn(II) complex were determined by means of Fourier transform infrared, Raman and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques. The coordination sphere for the central Zn(II) ion was found to be a distorted octahedron. The C═O, C═C and C═N stretching vibrations were found highly active and strong, leading to intramolecular charge transfer within the Zn(II) complex. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to provide further understanding of structural, spectroscopic and nonlinear optical properties of the complex. The occurrence of hydrogen bonding interactions in the Zn(II) complex was explained by natural bond orbital analysis. According to obtained hyperconjugative interaction energies, metal–ligand charge transfer interactions occur in the Zn(II) complex. The antimicrobial activities were determined against standard Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains and yeasts using the minimum inhibitory concentration method. Having a significant effect against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important in that the complex can be used as a new antifungal agent. The calculated free binding energy of the interaction of the Zn(II) complex with DNA was found to be 6.72 kcal mol−1, indicating a high binding affinity between the complex and DNA.
Vertane Chancen? Die aktuelle politische Debatte um Erweiterte DNA‐Analysen in Ermittlungsverfahren*
Authors: Lipphardt Veronika
Published: September 2018

Wasted Chances? The Current Political Debate on DNA Phenotyping and Biogeographical Ancestry Analysis in Criminal Investigation in Germany. This paper discusses diverse understandings of ‘responsible science’ in heated political debates. It takes a current public debate around a German law amendment draft concerning the use of novel forensic genetic techniques, namely DNA‐phenotyping and biogeographical ancestry analysis, as an example. A distinction is being made between an understanding that emphasizes scientific debate and precision, and another one that focuses on political agency. The paper also addresses the question whether and how science studies scholars, given their depth of expertise in the analysis of complex problems spanning disciplinary boundaries, should contribute to national debates in policy fields where no such dialogue exists yet.
Pyruvate Kinase Muscle‐1 Expression Appears to Drive Lactogenic Behavior in CHO Cell Lines, Triggering Lower Viability and Productivity: A Case Study
Authors: Tang Danming , Subramanian Jayashree , Haley Benjamin , Baker Jordan , Luo Lucas , Hsu Wendy , Liu Peter , Sandoval Wendy , Laird Michael W. , Snedecor Brad , Shiratori Masaru , Misaghi Shahram
Published: September 2018

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are used to express a variety of therapeutic proteins. However, lactogenic behavior displayed by some CHO cell lines during manufacturing processes may result in a decline in viability, productivity, and possible alterations in product quality. In cultured cells, lactate is produced during glycolysis through irreversible conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and then lactate via sequential function of pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. In the process of cell line development (CLD), two lactogenic cell lines expressing different antibody molecules are identified. The lactogenic behaviors of these cell lines can be differentially mitigated through optimization of either nutrient feeds or culture pH, depending on the cell line. Analysis of various proteins involved in the glycolysis pathway reveal a direct correlation between the pyruvate kinase muscle‐1 (PKM‐1) isoform levels and lactogenic behavior. CRISPR mediated knockout of the PKM‐1 isoform abolishes lactate accumulation even under lactogenic conditions. Furthermore, a cell line lacking expression of both PKM‐1 and PKM‐2 enzymes capable of maintaining productivity, viability, and growth without displaying lactogenic behavior is identified. Targeted deletion of PKM in CHO cells may be tolerated due to expression of PKL (liver) and PKR (red blood cell) isoforms of pyruvate kinase. All together, these findings suggest that PKM‐1 up‐regulation during antibody production could trigger lactogenic behavior and that this enzyme is dispensable for CHO cell survival.
Development and validation of LC–MS/MS method for quantification of bictegravir in human plasma and its application to an intracellular uptake study
Authors: Prathipati Pavan Kumar , Mandal Subhra , Destache Christopher J.
Published: September 2018

A sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantification of bictegravir in human plasma. A small volume of only 50 μL aliquot of plasma was precipitated with acetonitrile containing an internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was performed on a Kinetex EVO C18 column, 50 × 3.0 mm, 5 μm using an isocratic mobile phase containing 80:20 acetonitrile–water with 0.1% formic acid. A mass spectrometer was operated in ESI positive multiple reaction monitoring mode using the m/z 450.1/289.1 for bictegravir and 420.1/277.1 for IS. The dynamic range of the method was 1–10,000 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of ≥0.9991. The precision results of calibration standards were in the range of 0.05–4.57% and accuracies were 95.07–104.70%. The mean extraction recovery was 98.64% with a precision of 2.91%. The method was validated as per US Food and Drug Administration guidelines and was found to be accurate and precise. The method was successfully applied to in vitro cellular uptake study.
Multi‐component profiles through the blood–brain barrier in rat after oral administration of over‐the‐counter drug Keke capsule by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐ time‐of‐flight MSE method
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Song Yonggui , Feng Bingwei , Zeng Qiang , Shan Baixi , Liu Kuangyi , Su Dan
Published: September 2018

Keke capsule as a traditional Chinese medicine formulation is used to relieve cough, for analgesia and to reduce bronchial asthma. The multi‐components are absorbed into the blood and brain after oral administration of Keke capsule, with no systematic investigation so far. A reliable and rapid UPLC–QTOF–MSE combined with a data processing software platform was used to characterize the components of Keke capsule and simultaneously identify bioactive components in blood and brain tissues in rat after oral administration. Consequently, a total of 41 components of Keke capsule, including alkaloids, flavone, flavonols, triterpene, lignanoid, organic acids, glycosides and coumarin were identified. Twenty‐one components were found in plasma, including 18 prototypes and three metabolites; 15 components were found in brain tissues, including 10 prototypes and five metabolites. Alkaloids and flavonoids in Keke capsule were the main components which were absorbed into blood. The main alkaloids of Keke capsule can pass through the blood–brain barrier and show different distribution tendencies in brain tissues. The main components of keke capsule was simultaneously analyzed by throughput analysis, and the corresponding bioactive components were examined by blood‐brain barrier in the rat after oral administration of the capsule.
Morphology‐Controlled Bi2O3 Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Selective Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate
Authors: Miao Can‐Can , Yuan Gao‐Qing
Published: September 2018

In this paper, Bi2O3 electrocatalysts for the electroreduction of CO2 to formate were synthesized with different morphologies, including nanoparticles and thin nanorods. Comparatively, Bi2O3 nanoparticles have higher catalytic activity than Bi2O3 thin nanorods. The Faradaic efficiency of formate formation at a moderate potential of −1.2 vs. RHE in aqueous solution could reach 91 %. In addition, a maximum current density for formate production of up to 22 mA cm−2 was achieved, which is almost 3 times higher than that of Bi2O3 thin nanorods. In particular, the catalytic activity of the Bi2O3 nanoparticle catalyst was almost stable over a 23‐hour period of electrolysis, exhibiting its application prospect in the electroreduction of CO2 to formate.
Microporous Organically Pillared Layered Silicates (MOPS): A Versatile Class of Functional Porous Materials
Authors: Rieß Martin , Senker Jürgen , Schobert Rainer , Breu Josef
Published: September 2018

The design of microporous hybrid materials, tailored for diverse applications, is a key to address our modern society's imperative of sustainable technologies. Prerequisites are flexible customization of host–guest interactions by incorporating various types of functionality and by adjusting the pore structure. On that score, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been the reference in the past decades. More recently, a new class of microporous hybrid materials emerged, microporous organically pillared layered silicates (MOPS). MOPS are synthesized by simple ion exchange of organic or metal complex cations in synthetic layered silicates. MOFs and MOPSs share the features of “component modularity” and “functional porosity”. While both, MOFs and MOPS maintain the intrinsic characteristics of their building blocks, new distinctive properties arise from their assemblage. MOPS are unique since allowing for simultaneous and continuous tuning of micropores in the sub‐Ångström range. Consequently, with MOPS the adsorbent recognition may be optimized without the need to explore different framework topologies. Similar to the third generation of MOFs (also termed soft porous crystals), MOPS are structurally ordered, permanently microporous solids that may also show a reversible structural flexibility above a distinct threshold pressure of certain adsorbents. This structural dynamism of MOPS can be utilized by meticulously adjusting the charge density of the silicate layers to the polarizability of the adsorbent leading to different gate opening mechanisms. The potential of MOPS is far from being fully explored. This Concept article highlights the main features of MOPS and illustrates promising directions for further research.
The Important Role of the Nuclearity, Rigidity, and Solubility of Phosphane Ligands in the Biological Activity of Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Svahn Noora , Moro Artur J. , Roma‐Rodrigues Catarina , Puttreddy Rakesh , Rissanen Kari , Baptista Pedro V. , Fernandes Alexandra R. , Lima João Carlos , Rodríguez Laura
Published: September 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Laura Rodríguez, Alexandra R. Fernandes, João Carlos Lima, Pedro V. Baptista, and Kari Rissanen at the Universitat de Barcelona, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, and University of Jyväskylä. The image depicts the direct effect of the phosphine on the different biological activity of Au(I) complexes. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201802547.
Intelligent use of fog devices in edge‐cloud paradigm to assist in E‐polling
Authors: Khalid Adnan , Shahbaz Muhammad , Khan Imran Ahmed
Published: September 2018

Internet is playing a vital role in providing information to billions of people around the world. It is the fastest way to communicate information worldwide. Over the years, information technology has provided solutions to many problems in different domains of life. With the advent of cloud computing and the internet of things (IOT), most of these domains are now employing cloud networks to save resources and money. Cloud provides a platform to store and process information with minimal resources and investment. Due to the vast geographical distribution and large distances between the cloud networks and the end user nodes, transmission of data over cloud networks provides problems of latency and delay that can cause major hazards in applications that require real‐time processing. In order to analyze the issues related to slow/no response from Clouds, a case study based on a mock E‐poll held under the Election commission of Pakistan is analyzed, and a remedy to the latency experienced during the polling process has been suggested. It involves the use of the newly proposed Fog Computing Paradigm to allow fast processing of real‐time data. This paper provides a solution to latency issues in cloud networks by proposing an intelligent way of identifying which data can be processed on close‐proximity Fog networks and which can be sent to the cloud for bulk processing. The aim is to reduce the time consumed for real‐time processing over the traditional cloud setup.
Acceleration and energy consumption optimization in cascading classifiers for face detection on low‐cost ARM big. LITTLE asymmetric architectures
Authors: Corpas Alberto , Costero Luis , Botella Guillermo , Igual Francisco D. , García Carlos , Rodríguez Manuel
Published: September 2018

This paper proposes a mechanism to accelerate and optimize the energy consumption of a face detection software based on Haar‐like cascading classifiers, taking advantage of the features of low‐cost asymmetric multicore processors (AMPs) with limited power budget. A modelling and task scheduling/allocation is proposed in order to efficiently make use of the existing features on big. LITTLE ARM processors, including (1) source‐code adaptation for parallel computing, which enables code acceleration by applying the OmpSs programming model, a task‐based programming model that handles data‐dependencies between tasks in a transparent fashion; (2) different OmpSs task allocation policies which take into account the processor asymmetry and can dynamically set processing resources in a more efficient way based on their particular features.

The proposed mechanism can be efficiently applied to take advantage of the processing elements existing on low‐cost and low‐energy multi‐core embedded devices executing object detection algorithms based on cascading classifiers. Although these classifiers yield the best results for detection algorithms in the field of computer vision, their high computational requirements prevent them from being used on these devices under real‐time requirements. Finally, we compare the energy efficiency of a heterogeneous architecture based on AMPs with a suitable task scheduling with that of a homogeneous symmetric architecture.
ILC2: at home in the thymus
Authors: Cupedo Tom
Published: September 2018

The relevance of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) for anti‐infectious immunity remains a matter of constant debate. At the same time, evidence for additional, non‐immune related functions of ILC is steadily increasing. In the thymus, non‐immune functions of ILC were shown for group 3 ILC (ILC3), which regulate differentiation and proliferation of thymic epithelial cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Withers and colleagues [Eur. J. Immunol. 2018. 48: 1481–1491] now show that ILC2, a subset of ILCs specialized in tissue protection and regeneration, are the major ILC subset in the adult thymus, heavily outnumbering ILC3. These findings raise novel questions on the function of thymic ILC, and warrant re‐evaluation of the importance of ILC2 and their cytokines during thymic function and repair.
Passive dosing yields dissolved aqueous exposures of crude oil comparable to the CROSERF (Chemical Response to Oil Spill: Ecological Effects Research Forum) water accommodated fraction method
Authors: Bera Gopal , Parkerton Thomas , Redman Aaron , Turner Nicholas R. , Renegar D. Abigail , Sericano Jose L. , Knap Anthony H.
Published: September 2018

The Chemical Response to Oil Spill: Ecological Effects Research Forum's water accommodated fraction procedure was compared with 2 alternative techniques in which crude oil was passively dosed from silicone tubing or O-rings. Fresh Macondo oil (MC252) was dosed at 30 mg/L using each approach to investigate oil dissolution kinetics, which was monitored by fluorometry as estimated oil equivalents (EOEs). Subsequent experiments with each dosing method were then conducted at multiple oil loadings. Following equilibration, test media were analytically characterized for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry and dissolved oil using biomimetic solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The results showed that equilibrium was achieved within 72 h for all methods. Measured PAH concentrations were compared with oil solubility model predictions of dissolved exposures. The concentration and composition of measured and predicted dissolved PAHs varied with oil loading and were consistent between dosing methods. Two-dimensional GC compositional data for this oil were then used to calculate dissolved toxic units for predicting MC252 oil acute toxicity across the expected range of species sensitivities. Predicted toxic units were nonlinear with loading and correlated to both EOE and biomimetic SPME. Passive dosing methods provide a practical strategy to deliver and maintain dissolved oil concentrations while avoiding the complicating role that droplets can introduce in exposure characterization and test interpretation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2810–2819. © 2018 SETAC
Power transitions in the host country and the survival of subsidiaries in infrastructure industries
Authors: Fernández‐Méndez Laura , García‐Canal Esteban , Guillén Mauro F.
Published: September 2018

Research Summary

We argue that for firms competing in infrastructure industries, a change in the government that granted the permission to invest in the host country increases the likelihood of divestment of foreign subsidiaries. The logic surrounding this behavior lies in the fact that these firms may develop cooperative relationships with the granting government and that a power transition depreciates the relational capital accumulated and the effectiveness of the commitments achieved. Building on the literature on relational governance and the relational view of corporate political actions, we argue that this effect increases with host country governmental discretion and with investment longevity. An empirical analysis of the survival of foreign investments made by Spanish firms from infrastructure industries during the period 1986 to 2008 provides support for our hypotheses.

Managerial Summary

The aim of this article is to analyze how changes in the host government that granted the investment in the host country influence firms’ foreign subsidiaries’ survival in the case of firms competing in infrastructure industries. We found that for firms in these industries, power transitions in the host country erode the cooperative relationship they may have with the granting government, increasing the probability of firms' foreign subsidiary divestiture. In addition, we identify two factors that make this effect greater: the length of operation of the foreign subsidiary and host country governmental discretion.
Hippocampal contributions to serial‐order memory
Authors: Long Nicole M. , Kahana Michael J.
Published: September 2018

Our memories form a record not only of our experiences, but also of their temporal structure. Although memory for the temporal structure of experience likely relies on multiple neural systems, numerous studies have implicated the hippocampus in the encoding and retrieval of temporal information. This review evaluates the literature on hippocampal contributions to human serial‐order memory from the perspective of three cognitive theories: associative chaining theory, positional‐coding theory and retrieved‐context theory. Evaluating neural findings through the lens of cognitive theories enables us to draw more incisive conclusions about the relations between brain and behavior.
On the classification of different flavours of Indian Ocean Dipole events
Authors: Verdon‐Kidd Danielle C.
Published: September 2018

There is a large discrepancy between studies on how the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is defined. Indeed, the definition of historical events varies substantially, resulting in conflicting classifications, hampering hydroclimatic impact assessment of this phenomenon. Therefore, this paper aims to compare the various methods that have previously been adopted to define IOD events and demonstrate an alternative method that specifically captures different “flavours” of IOD. It is shown that the choice of sea surface temperature (SST) data set and climatological baseline has significant impact on the resulting classification of IOD events. Furthermore, not all events display the traditional dipole signature pattern of warming/cooling occurring at opposite poles. Rather, some events could be considered “pseudo dipoles,” whereby the SST anomalies in the two poles are not of opposite sign. Importantly, the different types of IOD (i.e., “pseudo and true”) are associated with varying impacts on rainfall for surrounding regions. To overcome these issues, this study treats Indian Ocean SST anomalies as a continuum of a finite maximum number of statistically distinguishable patterns using a neural network‐based cluster analysis. Ten individual SST patterns were identified with distinct rainfall teleconnections. In particular, four strong IOD patterns (two positive and two negative) were identified, alongside three pseudo dipoles representing anomalously warm conditions across the entire Indian Ocean Basin, with a SST gradient towards the east (i.e., a pseudo negative dipole) or west (i.e., a pseudo positive dipole). The occurrence of each of the 10 self‐organizing mapping (SOM) patterns is shown to be variable over the past 130 years, with some types more common during certain phases of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation or during the first (or second) half of the 20th century. The implications of these findings are particularly significant for attribution studies, development of proxy climate reconstructions, climate model evaluation and future climate change assessment.
Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Global Career Intention: The Mediating Role of Cultural Intelligence
Authors: Presbitero Alfred
Published: September 2018

Drawing from social cognitive career theory, this study asserts that the personality traits of extraversion and openness to experience are positively and significantly related to global career intention (GCI). Moreover, drawing from self‐efficacy theory, this study asserts that cultural intelligence mediates the relationship between these personality traits and GCI. Results from a study in Australia of 158 undergraduate students demonstrated that extraversion and openness to experience are positively and significantly related to GCI. Results also showed that cultural intelligence partially mediates the relationship between (a) extraversion and GCI and (b) openness to experience and GCI.