bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiographic Examination of Spontaneous Putaminal Hemorrhage
Authors: Park J. , Hwang Y.H. , Baik S.K. , Kim Y.S. , Park S.H. , Hamm I.S.
Published: September 2007

Background: This study was carried out to examine indications for angiographic evaluation in the case of spontaneous putaminal hemorrhage. Methods: Angiographic examinations were performed on 62 consecutive adults with spontaneous putaminal hemorrhage without remarkable subarachnoid hemorrhage. Most patients were evaluated using conventional catheter angiography except for hypertensive patients over the age of 60 who underwent a magnetic resonance angiogram or a computed tomography angiogram. Computed tomography and clinical factors such as age and hypertension were correlated with the angiographic findings. Results:Nine of the 62 patients (15%) exhibited angiographic abnormalities, including middle cerebral artery aneurysm (n = 1), arteriovenous malformations (n = 3), moyamoya disease (n = 2), and the moyamoya phenomenon associated with a proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion (n = 3). The angiographic yield was significantly higher (1) among patients at or below the median age of 55 compared with those above (9/33, 27%, versus 0/29, 0%; p < 0.01), and (2) among patients without hypertension compared with those with hypertension (5/9, 56%, versus 4/53, 8%; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Although our data could be biased due to the patient selection procedure, they suggest that angiographic evaluation is highly useful for spontaneous putaminal hemorrhage regardless of volume and shape of the hematomas, excepting hypertensive patients over 55 years of age.
Decrease in the Stroke Case Fatality Rates in a French Population-Based Twenty-Year Study
Authors: Bejot Yannick , Rouaud Olivier , Durier Jérôme , Caillier Marie , Marie Christine , Freysz Marc , Yeguiayan Jean-Michel , Chantegret Alban , Osseby Guy , Moreau Thibault , Giroud Maurice
Published: September 2007

Background: The aim of the study was to estimate trends in stroke case fatality in a French population-based study over the last 20 years, and to compare trends in men and women. Methods: We prospectively ascertained first-ever strokes in a well-defined population-based study, from 1985 to 2004, in Dijon (France) (150,000 inhabitants). The study was both specific and exhaustive. The follow-up made it possible to analyze case fatality, according to stroke subtypes and sex. Results: From the ascertainment of 3,691 strokes divided in 1,920 cerebral infarcts from large artery atheroma, 725 cerebral infarcts from small perforating artery atheroma, 497 cardioembolic infarcts, 134 cerebral infarcts from undetermined mechanism, 341 primary cerebral hemorrhages and 74 subarachnoïd hemorrhages, we observed a significant decrease in 28-day case fatality rates of almost 25% (p = 0.03). Case fatality rates decreased in men aged >75 years (p = 0.01) and in women aged >75 years (p = 0.02) and >65 years (p = 0.03). The magnitude of the decrease was smaller in women but not significantly so. According to stroke subtypes, case fatality rates significantly decreased for small perforating artery infarct (p = 0.04) and for primary cerebral hemorrhage (p = 0.03). In multivariate regression analyses, hemorrhagic stroke, the first period of the study (1985–1989), blood hypertension, previous myocardial infarction and age <85 years had a negative effect. Conclusion: This is the first population-based study using continuous ascertainment over a period of 20 years that has demonstrated a significant reduction in case fatality rates. We did not observe any significant differences between men and women.
Mechanism of Infarction Involving Ipsilateral Carotid and Posterior Cerebral Artery Territories
Authors: Yang Jae Hoon , Choi Hye-Yoen , Nam Hyo Suk , Kim Seo Hyun , Han Sang Won , Heo Ji Hoe
Published: September 2007

Backgrounds: We investigated the potential mechanism of infarction involving the territories of both the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Methods: Among consecutive patients with an ischemic stroke who had undergone both diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and cerebral angiography, those who were found to have acute lesions in the ipsilateral ICA and PCA territories on DWI were selected for this study. The mechanism of infarction was sought by investigating angiographic findings and DWI lesion patterns. The frequency of patency between the ICA and PCA in the patient group was compared with that in the normal control group. Results: Infarctions involving ipsilateral ICA and PCA territories were rare (21 of 1,388 patients, 1.5%). Sixteen of those 21 patients (76%) demonstrated steno-occlusive lesions of the relevant ICA. Cardioembolic sources were rarely found. All but 1 patient with fetal-type PCA (fPCA) or the posterior communicating artery demonstrated significant ICA stenosis. The fPCA was more frequently found in the ipsilateral hemisphere of patients with an infarction than in the control group (44.4 vs. 18.5%, p = 0.006). Ischemic lesions in the ICA territory were usually small but multiple, and those in the PCA territory were single and located in the cortex. Conclusions: Large artery atherosclerosis of the carotid artery was very common in patients with infarctions involving the ipsilateral ICA and PCA territories. Extracranial cervical artery evaluation is indispensable in those patients.
Frequency and Significance of Cardiac Sources of Embolism in the TOAST Classification
Authors: Han Sang Won , Nam Hyo Suk , Kim Seo Hyun , Lee Jong Yun , Lee Kyung-Yul , Heo Ji Hoe
Published: September 2007

Background: This study was aimed at determining the frequency and coexistent patterns of high- and medium-risk cardiac sources of embolism (CSE) as defined by the Trial of ORG 10172 in the Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification system and at investigating how identified CSE contributed to this classification. Methods: We analyzed data from 2,482 patients with acute cerebral infarctions who registered in the Yonsei Stroke Registry over a 10-year period. Cardiac sources were divided into high- and medium-risk groups based on the TOAST classification. Results: Of the 2,482 patients, 1,130 (46%) underwent echocardiographic studies. At least one CSE was detected in 629 patients (25%). Atrial fibrillation was the most common high-risk CSE. Patent foramen ovale, spontaneous echo contrast and congestive heart failure comprised most of the medium-risk CSE. Atrial fibrillation frequently accompanied coexistent CSE (69%) such as spontaneous echo contrast, congestive heart failure, and left atrial/appendage thrombus, while patent foramen ovale was detected in isolation in more than 90% of the patients. Patients with a high-risk CSE were more likely to be diagnosed with cardioembolism (83%) than patients with only a medium-risk CSE (58%). Conclusions: Our study elucidated the frequency and various coexistent patterns of CSE in Korean stroke patients as defined by the TOAST classification system. In addition, we have demonstrated a higher correlation between high-risk CSE and cardioembolism than with medium-risk CSE and cardioembolism.
Prevalence of Dementia Subtypes in El Prat de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain: The PRATICON Study
Authors: Gascón-Bayarri J. , Reñé R. , Del Barrio J.L. , De Pedro-Cuesta J. , Ramón J.M. , Manubens J.M. , Sánchez C. , Hernández M. , Estela J. , Juncadella M. , Rubio F.R.
Published: September 2007

Background: Studies on dementia subtypes show a wide variation in the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) worldwide. However, studies reporting on Lewy body dementia (LBD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are sparse. Aims: To describe the prevalence ofdementia and subtypes. Method: A 34% sample of 5,150 subjects aged 70 years and over in El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona) were screened by the Mini-Mental State Examination. When scoring <24, participants were assessed to establish a diagnosis. Results: There were 165 subjects diagnosed with dementia (prevalence of 9.4%). Subtypes of dementia were: AD 69.1%, VD 12.7%, LBD 9.1%, FTD 3% and secondary dementia 1.8%. Prevalences were: AD 6.5%, VD 1.2%, LBD 0.9% and FTD 0.3%. Conclusions: AD and VD were the most common type of dementia. Prevalence of dementia, AD and FTD were similar to those reported, while prevalence of VD and LBD were lower.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: An Alternative Option of Treatment for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer
Authors: Loizzi V. , Cormio G. , Vicino M. , Selvaggi L.
Published: September 2007

Although the incidence of cervical cancer has declined in both North America and Europe, it still represents the second most common cancer in women and the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. Most patients in the developed countries present with disease either confined to the cervix or with limited extension beyond it. Historically, the standard treatment was usually radiotherapy or radical hysterectomy with node dissection. In 1999, five randomized clinical trials performed by the Gynecologic Oncology Group, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the Southwest Oncology Group have demonstrated a significant outcome advantage when cisplatin-based chemotherapy was administered during radiation in patients with cervical cancer. In the current review, we will analyze the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy and surgery as an alternative option treatment to the standard chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer (stage Ib2 or larger).
Female-Directed Aggression Predicts Paternal Behavior, but Female Prairie Voles Prefer Affiliative Males to Paternal Males
Authors: Ophir Alexander G. , Crino Ondi L. , Wilkerson Quiana C. , Wolff Jerry O. , Phelps Steven M.
Published: September 2007

In the socially monogamous prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, male affiliation and parental care are influenced by the neuropeptide arginine vasopressin and expression of its receptor V1aR. If parental care and adult affiliation can be considered a behavioral syndrome, females might use male affiliative behavior as a cue to choose a good father. We investigated three questions: (1) do females prefer affiliative males; (2) do males that are affiliative with females demonstrate paternal behavior with pups; and (3) is male V1aR expression related to male behavior or female preference? We evaluated paternal behavior of individual males, then offered sexually receptive females a choice between paternal and non-paternal males and measured the proportion of time each male spent engaging in affiliative behavior with the choosing female. Females showed a preference for more affiliative males, but affiliation was not predictive of paternal care. Thus females did not discriminate between paternal and non-paternal males. Perhaps surprisingly, paternal behavior was correlated with the relative amount of aggression males directed toward females. Finally, females did not discriminate between males with high or low V1aR expression and V1aR expression did not predict male affiliative behavior or parental care. These data suggest that male affiliative behavior, but not paternal care, is associated with female mate choice.
Cell Proliferation in the Forebrain and Midbrain of the Adult Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana
Authors: Simmons Andrea Megela , Horowitz Seth S. , Brown Rebecca A.
Published: September 2007

The distribution of proliferating cells in the midbrain, thalamus, and telencephalon of adult bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) was examined using immunohistochemistry for the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and DNA dot-blotting. At all time points examined (2 to 28 days post-injection), BrdU-labeled cells were located in ventricular zones at all levels of the neuraxis, but with relatively more label around the telencephalic ventricles. Labeled cells, some showing profiles indicative of dividing and migrating cells, were present in brain parenchyma from 7 to 28 days post-injection. These labeled cells were particularly numerous in the dorsal and ventral hypothalamus, preoptic area, optic tectum, and laminar and principal nuclei of the torus semicircularis, with label also present, but at qualitatively reduced levels, in thalamic and telencephalic nuclei. Double-label immunohistochemistry using glial and early neural markers indicated that gliogenesis and neurogenesis both occurred, with new neurons observed particularly in the hypothalamus, optic tectum, and torus semicircularis. In all brain areas, many cells not labeled with BrdU were nonetheless labeled with the early neural marker TOAD-64, indicating that these cells were postmitotic. Incorporation of DNA measured by dot-blotting confirms the presence of DNA synthesis in the forebrain and brainstem at all time points measured. The pattern of BrdU label confirms previous experiments based on labeling with 3H-thymidine and proliferating cell nuclear antigen showing cell proliferation in the adult ranid brain, particularly in hypothalamic nuclei. The consistent appearance of new cells in the hypothalamus of adult frogs suggests that proliferative activity may be important in mediating reproductive behaviors in these animals.
Adipokine Gene Expression in Brain and Pituitary Gland
Authors: Wilkinson Michael , Brown Russell , Imran Syed A. , Ur Ehud
Published: September 2007

The brain has been recognized as a prominent site of peptide biosynthesis for more than 30 years, and many neuropeptides are now known to be common to gut and brain. With these precedents in mind it is remarkable that adipose-derived peptides like leptin have attracted minimal attention as brain-derived putative neuromodulators of energy balance. This review outlines the evidence that several adipose-specific genes are also expressed in the central nervous system and pituitary gland. We, and others, confirmed that the genes for leptin, resistin, adiponectin, FIAF (fasting-induced adipose factor) and adiponutrin are expressed and regulated in these tissues. For example, leptin mRNA was readily detectable in human, rat, sheep and pig brain, but not in the mouse. Leptin expression in rat brain and pituitary was regulated through development, by food restriction, and following traumatic brain injury. In contrast, hypothalamic resistin mRNA was unaffected by age or by fasting, but was significantly depleted by food restriction in mouse pituitary gland. Similar results were seen in the ob/ob mouse, and we noted a marked reduction in resistin-positive hypothalamic nerve fibres. Resistin and fiaf mRNA were also upregulated in hypoxic/ischaemic mouse brain. Our studies on the regulation of neuronal adipokines were greatly aided by the availability of clonal hypothalamic neuronal cell lines. One of these, N-1, expresses both rstn and fiaf together with several other neuropeptides and receptors involved in energy homeostasis. Selective silencing of rstn revealed an autocrine/paracrine regulatory system, mediated through socs-3 expression that may influence the feedback effects of insulin and leptin in vivo. A similar convergence of signals in the pituitary gland could also influence anterior pituitary hormone secretion. In conclusion, the evidence is suggestive that brain and pituitary-derived adipokines represent a local regulatory circuit that may fine tune the feedback effects of adipose hormones in the control of energy balance.
Differential Regulation of Ota and Otb, Two Primary Glycine Betaine Transporters in the Methanogenic Archaeon Methanosarcina mazei Gö1
Authors: Spanheimer R. , Hoffmann M. , Kögl S. , Schmidt S. , Pflüger K. , Müller V.
Published: September 2007

Methanogenic archaea accumulate glycine betaine in response to hypersalinity, but the regulation of proteins involved, their mechanism of activation and regulation of the corresponding genes are largely unknown. Methanosarcina mazei differs from most other methanoarchaea in having two gene clusters both encoding a potential glycine betaine transporter, Ota and Otb. Western blot as well as quantitative real-time PCR revealed that Otb is not regulated by osmolarity. On the other hand, cellular levels of Ota increased with increasing salt concentrations. A maximum was reached at 300–500 mM NaCl. Ota concentrations reached a maximum 4 h after an osmotic upshock. Hyperosmolarity also caused an increase in cellular Ota concentrations. In addition to osmolarity Ota expression was regulated by the growth phase. Expression of Ota as well as transport of betaine was downregulated in the presence of glycine betaine.
Dynamics of Eddy-Driven Low-Frequency Dipole Modes. Part III: Meridional Displacement of Westerly Jet Anomalies during Two Phases of NAO
Authors: Luo Dehai , Gong Tingting , Diao Yina
Published: September 2007

In this paper, the north–south variability of westerly jet anomalies during the two phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is examined in a theoretical model. It is found that the north–south variability of the zonal mean westerly anomaly results from the interaction between the eddy-driven anomalous stationary waves with a dipole meridional structure (NAO anomalies) and topographically induced climatological stationary waves with a monopole structure, which is dependent upon the phase of the NAO. The westerly jet anomaly tends to shift northward during the positive NAO phase but southward during the negative phase. Synoptic-scale eddies tend to maintain westerly jet anomalies through the excitation of NAO anomalies, but the climatological stationary wave and its position relative to the eddy-driven anomalous stationary wave appear to dominate the north–south shift of westerly jet anomalies.

On the other hand, it is shown that when the climatological stationary wave ridge is located downstream of the eddy-driven anomalous stationary wave, the storm track modulated by the NAO pattern splits into two branches for the negative phase, in which the northern branch is generally stronger than the southern one. However, the southern one can be dominant as the relative position between anomalous and climatological stationary waves is within a moderate range. The storm track for the positive phase tends to drift northeastward when there is a phase difference between the NAO anomaly and climatological stationary wave ridge downstream. Thus, it appears that the relationship between the NAO jets and storm tracks can be clearly seen from the present theoretical model.
Observations of Freezing Drizzle in Extratropical Cyclonic Storms during IMPROVE-2
Authors: Ikeda Kyoko , Rasmussen Roy M. , Hall William D. , Thompson Gregory
Published: September 2007

Observations of supercooled drizzle aloft within two storms impacting the Oregon Cascades during the second Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) field project are presented. The storms were characterized by a structure and evolution similar to the split-front model of synoptic storms. Both storms were also characterized by strong cross-barrier flow. An analysis of aircraft and radar data indicated the presence of supercooled drizzle during two distinct storm periods: 1) the intrafrontal period immediately following the passage of an upper cold front and 2) the postfrontal period. The conditions associated with these regions of supercooled drizzle included 1) temperatures between −3° and −19°C, 2) ice crystal concentrations between 1 and 2 L−1, and 3) bimodal cloud droplet distributions of low concentration [cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration between 20 and 30 cm−3 and cloud drop concentration <35 cm−3].

Unique to this study was the relatively cold cloud top (<−15°C) and relatively high ice crystal concentrations in the drizzle region. These conditions typically hinder drizzle formation and survival; however, the strong flow over the mountain barrier amplified vertical motions (up to 2 m s−1) above local ridges, the mountain crest, and updrafts in embedded convection. These vertical motions produced high condensate supply rates that were able to overcome the depletion by the higher ice crystal concentrations. Additionally, the relatively high vertical motions resulted in a near balance of ice crystal fall speed (0.5–1.0 m s−1), leading to nearly terrain-parallel trajectories of the ice particles and a reduction of the flux of ice crystals from the higher levels into the low-level moisture-rich cloud, allowing the low-level cloud water and drizzle to be relatively undepleted.

One of the key observations in the current storms was the persistence of drizzle drops in the presence of significant amounts of ice crystals over the steepest portion of the mountain crest. Despite the high radar reflectivity produced by the ice crystals (>15 dBZ) in this region, the relatively high condensate supply rate led to hazardous icing conditions. The current study reveals that vertical motions generated by local topographic features are critical in precipitation processes such as drizzle formation and thus it is essential that microphysical models predict these motions.
Two-Layer Baroclinic Eddy Heat Fluxes: Zonal Flows and Energy Balance
Authors: Thompson Andrew F. , Young William R.
Published: September 2007

The eddy heat flux generated by statistically equilibrated baroclinic turbulence supported on a uniform, horizontal temperature gradient is examined using a two-layer β-plane quasigeostrophic model. The dependence of the eddy diffusivity of temperature, Dτ, on external parameters such as β, bottom friction κ, the deformation radius λ, and the velocity jump 2U, is provided by numerical simulations at 110 different points in the parameter space β* = βλ2/U and κ* = κλ/U. There is a special “pivot” value of β*, βpiv* ≈ 11/16, at which Dτ depends weakly on κ*. But otherwise Dτ has a complicated dependence on both β* and κ*, highlighted by the fact that reducing κ* leads to increases (decreases) in Dτ if β is less than (greater than) βpiv*. Existing heat-flux parameterizations, based on Kolmogorov cascade theories, predict that Dτ is nonzero and independent of κ* in the limit κ* → 0. Simulations show indications of this regime provided that κ* ≤ 0.04 and 0.25 ≤ β* ≤ 0.5.

All important length scales in this problem, namely the mixing length, the scale of the energy containing eddies, the Rhines scale, and the spacing of the zonal jets, converge to a common value as bottom friction is reduced. The mixing length and jet spacing do not decouple in the parameter regime considered here, as predicted by cascade theories. The convergence of these length scales is due to the formation of jet-scale eddies that align along the eastward jets. The baroclinic component of these eddies helps force the zonal mean flow, which occurs through nonzero Reynolds stress correlations in the upper layer, as opposed to the barotropic mode. This behavior suggests that the dynamics of the inverse barotropic cascade are insufficient to fully describe baroclinic turbulence.
Dependence of Polar Low Development on Baroclinicity and Physical Processes: An Idealized High-Resolution Numerical Experiment
Authors: Yanase Wataru , Niino Hiroshi
Published: September 2007

Polar low dynamics in an idealized atmosphere in which baroclinicity, stratification, and average temperature are varied in the typically observed range is investigated using a 5-km-resolution nonhydrostatic model. The baroclinicity is found to be the most important factor that strongly controls the polar low dynamics.

When the baroclinicity is weak, a small, nearly axisymmetric vortex develops through a cooperative interaction between the vortex flow and cumulus convection. The surface friction promotes the vortex dynamics by transporting the sensible heat and moisture into the vortex center. The vortex development has a strong sensitivity to the initial perturbation.

As the baroclinicity is increased, most of the characteristics of polar low dynamics change smoothly without showing any significant regime shift. The vortex for an intermediate baroclinicity, however, moves northward, which is a unique behavior. This is caused by vortex stretching on the northern side of the vortex where intense convection produces a stronger updraft.

When the baroclinicity is strong, a larger vortex with a comma-shaped cloud pattern develops. The condensational heating, baroclinic conversion from the basic available potential energy, and conversion from the basic kinetic energy through the vertical shear all contribute to the vortex development, which depends little on the initial perturbation. The above relations between baroclinicity and vortex dynamics are proved to be robust in the typically observed range of stratification and average temperature.
Forced-Dissipative Shallow-Water Turbulence on the Sphere and the Atmospheric Circulation of the Giant Planets
Authors: Scott R. K. , Polvani L. M.
Published: September 2007

Although possibly the simplest model for the atmospheres of the giant planets, the turbulent forced-dissipative shallow-water system in spherical geometry has not, to date, been investigated; the present study aims to fill this gap. Unlike the freely decaying shallow-water system described by Cho and Polvani, equilibrium states in the forced-dissipative system are highly dependent on details of the forcing and the dissipation. For instance, it is found that for a given equilibrated energy level, the steadiness of zonal jets depends crucially on the balance between forcing and dissipation.

With long (up to 100 000 days) high-resolution (T170) calculations, the dependence of the equilibrium states on Rossby number Ro and Rossby deformation radius LD is explored, for the case when the dissipation takes the form of hypodiffusion (acting predominantly at large scales) and the random forcing at small scales is δ correlated in time. When LD is large compared to the planetary radius, zonal jets are verified to scale closely with the Rhines scale over a wide range of Ro; furthermore, the jets at the equator are found to be both prograde and retrograde with approximately equal likelihood. As LD is decreased, the equatorial jets become increasingly and consistently retrograde, in agreement with the freely decaying turbulence results. Also, the regime recently discussed by Theiss, where zonal jets are confined to low latitudes, is illustrated to emerge robustly in the limit of small LD. Finally, specific calculations with parameter values typical of the giant planets are presented, confirming many of the earlier results obtained in the freely decaying case.
Eddy–Zonal Flow Interactions and the Persistence of the Zonal Index
Authors: Gerber Edwin P. , Vallis Geoffrey K.
Published: September 2007

An idealized atmospheric general circulation model is used to investigate the factors controlling the time scale of intraseasonal (10–100 day) variability of the extratropical atmosphere. Persistence on these time scales is found in patterns of variability that characterize meridional vacillations of the extratropical jet. Depending on the degree of asymmetry in the model forcing, patterns take on similar properties to the zonal index, annular modes, and North Atlantic Oscillation. It is found that the time scale of jet meandering is distinct from the obvious internal model time scales, suggesting that interaction between synoptic eddies and the large-scale flow establish a separate, intraseasonal time scale. A mechanism is presented by which eddy heat and momentum transport couple to retard motion of the jet, slowing its meridional variation and thereby extending the persistence of zonal index and annular mode anomalies. The feedback is strong and quite sensitive to model parameters when the model forcing is zonally uniform. However, the time scale of jet variation drops and nearly all sensitivity to parameters is lost when zonal asymmetries, in the form of topography and thermal perturbations that approximate land–sea contrast, are introduced. A diagnostic on the zonal structure of the zonal index provides intuition on the physical nature of the index and annular modes and hints at why zonal asymmetries limit the eddy–mean flow interactions.
Formation of Jets by Baroclinic Instability on Gas Planet Atmospheres
Authors: Kaspi Yohai , Flierl Glenn R.
Published: September 2007

In this paper it is proposed that baroclinic instability of even a weak shear may play an important role in the generation and stability of the strong zonal jets observed in the atmospheres of the giant planets. The atmosphere is modeled as a two-layer structure, where the upper layer is a standard quasigeostrophic layer on a β plane and the lower layer is parameterized to represent a deep interior convective columnar structure using a negative β plane as in Ingersoll and Pollard. Linear stability theory predicts that the high wavenumber perturbations will be the dominant unstable modes for a small vertical wind shear like that inferred from observations. Here a nonlinear analytical model is developed that is truncated to one growing mode that exhibits a multiple jet meridional structure, driven by the nonlinear interaction between the eddies. In the weakly supercritical limit, this model agrees with previous weakly nonlinear theory, but it can be explored beyond this limit allowing the multiple jet–induced zonal flow to be stronger than the eddy field. Calculations with a fully nonlinear pseudospectral model produce stable meridional multijet structures when beginning from a random potential vorticity perturbation field. The instability removes energy from the background weak baroclinic shear and generates turbulent eddies that undergo an inverse energy cascade and form multijet zonal winds. The jets are the dominant feature in the instantaneous upper-layer flow, with the eddies being relatively weak. The jets scale with the Rhines length, but are strong enough to violate the barotropic stability criterion. It is shown that the basic physical mechanism for the generation and stability of the jets in the full numerical model is similar to that of the truncated model.
Relations between Annular Modes and the Mean State: Southern Hemisphere Winter
Authors: Codron Francis
Published: September 2007

In a zonally symmetric climatology with a single eddy-driven jet, such as prevails in the Southern Hemisphere summer, the midlatitude variability is dominated by fluctuations of the jet around its mean position, as described by the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM). To study whether this result holds for a zonally asymmetric climatology, the observed variability of the Southern Hemisphere winter is analyzed. The mean state in this case is characterized by relatively weak stationary waves; yet there exist significant zonal variations in the mean strength and meridional structure of the subtropical jet stream.

As in summer, the winter SAM signature is annular in shape and the corresponding wind anomalies are dipolar; but it is associated with two different behaviors of the eddy-driven jet in different longitudinal ranges. Over the Indian Ocean, the SAM is associated primarily with a latitudinal shift of the jet around its mean position. Over the Pacific sector, it is instead characterized by a seesaw in the wind speed between two distinct latitudes, corresponding to the positions of the midlatitude and subtropical jets. Composites of eddy forcing and baroclinicity over both sectors appear consistent with the two different behaviors. As in the zonal-mean case, high-frequency eddies both force and maintain the low-frequency wind anomalies associated with the SAM. The positive feedback by eddies is, however, not local: changes in the eddy forcing are influenced most strongly by zonal wind anomalies located upstream.
Southern “Annular Modes” Simulated by a Climate Model—Patterns, Mechanisms, and Uses
Authors: Watterson I. G.
Published: September 2007

Both high-latitude (HLM) and low-latitude modes (LLM) of variability of zonal wind in the Southern Hemisphere have been identified. Through an analysis of a simulation for 1871–2200 by the CSIRO Mark 3 climate model, the extent to which these might both be described as “annular modes,” based on their statistical patterns, physical mechanisms, and usefulness in climate study, is assessed. The modes are determined as EOF1 and EOF2 of vertically integrated zonal and monthly mean zonal wind, for 1871–1970. These match well those from ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA) data and also from the earlier Mark 2 model. The mode index time series relate to largely annular patterns of local wind and surface pressure anomalies [with HLM giving the familiar southern annular mode (SAM)], and other simulated quantities. While modes calculated from 90° sectors are only moderately correlated (mostly in the polar region) for HLM, the link increases with time scale. There is little such relationship for LLM. A momentum equation analysis using daily data confirms that both zonal modes are driven by eddies, but only HLM features a positive eddy–mean flow feedback. Variation in feedback and surface damping through the seasonal cycle relate well to that in index autocorrelation, with the HLM being more persistent in summer. Stratospheric winds feature a long-lived component that tends to lead the HLM. The HLM drives sea surface temperature anomalies that persist for months, and coupling with the ocean increases variability on longer time scales. The annular variability in the warmer climate of the twenty-second century is barely changed, but the mean climate change in the far south projects strongly on the HLM. The LLM features some statistical annularity and may have some uses. However, only the HLM can be considered to be a physically based mode—the zonal-wind equivalent to the one southern annular mode.
Equatorial Jets in Decaying Shallow-Water Turbulence on a Rotating Sphere
Authors: Kitamura Yuji , Ishioka Keiichi
Published: September 2007

Ensemble experiments of decaying shallow-water turbulence on a rotating sphere are performed to confirm the robustness of the emergence of an equatorial jet. While previous studies have reported that the equatorial jets emerging in shallow-water turbulence are always retrograde, predominance of a prograde jet, although less likely, was also found in the present ensemble experiments. Furthermore, a zonal-mean flow induced by wave–wave interactions was examined using a weak nonlinear model to investigate the acceleration mechanisms of the equatorial jet. The second-order acceleration is induced by the Rossby and mixed Rossby–gravity waves and its mechanisms can be categorized into two types. First, the local meridional wavenumber of a Rossby wave packet propagating toward the equator increases because of meridional variation of the Rossby deformation radius and/or the retrograde zonal-mean flow, resulting in a dissipation of the wave packet in the equatorial region. This mechanism always contributes to retrograde acceleration of an equatorial jet. Another mechanism is derived from the tilting of equatorial waves due to meridional shear of the zonal-mean flow. In this case, zonal-mean flow acceleration contributes to the intensification of a given basic flow.
On the Economic Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Fortanier Fabienne , Kolk Ans
Published: September 2007

The macro-level debate on the economic impact of multinational enterprises (MNEs) is still unsettled. This article explores micro-level evidence by examining what Fortune Global 250 firms themselves report about their economic impact. Such reporting embodies corporate attempts to account for their economic implications, in addition to the environmental and social aspects of their activities that have traditionally received more attention in the context of corporate responsibility. Firms' reports turn out to provide a rich illustration of the mechanisms through which MNEs (can) affect economic development (including sheer size, technology transfer, and backward linkages) and of how such impacts are being operationalized and measured. The authors test which MNEs are most likely to disclose information on the various mechanisms and find that it is influenced by region, sector, and size but not by profitability. Implications of this exploratory study for research and practice are discussed.
Pension Funds and Corporate Social Performance
Authors: Cox Paul , Brammer Stephen , Millington Andrew
Published: September 2007

This study examines the relationship between pension fund ownership of companies and corporate social performance using a unique database of more than 500 publicly listed U.K. companies. The empirical analysis emphasizes the heterogeneous character of pension fund holdings and the multidimensional nature of corporate social performance. The results highlight that the characteristics of pension fund management are significant drivers of preferences for social performance and that employee-related aspects of social performance are preferred by pension funds.
Vices and Virtues of Corporate Political Activity
Authors: Mantere Saku , Pajunen Kalle , Lamberg Juha-Antti
Published: September 2007

The authors give a critical reading of the research interests of state-of-the-art corporate political activity (CPA) literature. They demonstrate that a noncritical tendency in the literature to view CPA as a strategic activity, aimed at making profit, may encourage firms to sociopathic behavior in their political activities. Using psychiatric literature, the authors explore the nature of sociopathic CPA. They draw on a recent discussion initiated by virtue theorists, exploring firm moral agency in order to suggest the opening of several new research areas, within CPA literature, more sensitive to moral questions.
Perceptions on Social Responsibility
Authors: Peterson Robin T. , Jun Minjoon
Published: September 2007

This article outlines the results of an inquiry into the nature of entrepreneurial commitment to social responsibility as a business philosophy. Findings show that the respondents, as a group, reported a strong orientation to this view. Several social responsibility topics emerge in a position of special prominence to entrepreneurs, and their preferences for these topics do not widely vary. Furthermore, the degree of attachment to social responsibility, as an operational construct, correlates with several demographic and psychographic dimensions.
An Empirical Comparison of Two Program Models for Elementary Gifted Education
Authors: Ebmeier Howard , Dyche Barbara , Taylor Patty , Hall Maud
Published: September 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a gifted program that could be used by regular classroom teachers and to compare the cognitive achievement outcomes of gifted students in this new program with similar students in a program taught by a teacher specialist in gifted education. Results indicated that an effective gifted education program for use by regular classroom teachers could be devised. Additionally, when regular classroom teachers used this program, which was characterized by clearly defined and articulated objectives, adequate teacher inservice and monitoring activities, a direct instruction component, and a rigorous evaluation system, they produced the same cognitive gains as teacher "gifted" specialists.
Summer Institute on the Gifted: Meeting the Needs of the Regular Classroom Teacher
Authors: Robinson Ann
Published: September 2007

This paper reports the design, implementation, and evaluation of a summer institute for training teachers in the education of the gifted. Based on the characteristic of gifted children to master content quickly and on the needs of the classroom teacher to provide differentiated instruction in the content areas, the institute emphasized the role of the content specialist. Although no control group was used, the highly significant gain from pre- to posttest suggests the institute curriculum was effective. Finally, additional evaluation data indicate the institute was well received by teachers.
Are Teachers of the Gifted Specialists? A Landmark Decision on Employment Practices in Special Education for the Gifted
Authors: Renzulli Joseph S.
Published: September 2007

The relative newness of many gifted education programs and the lack of certification regulations sometimes means that teachers of the gifted must face employment insecurities that result from their lack of seniority in new instructional situations. Threatened with the termination of her teaching contract during a period of declining enrollment, a five-year gifted specialist became embroiled in a grievance procedure to determine her fitness for employment in preference to a tenured senior classroom teacher who did not have special training.

Adjudication hearings involved both teachers, the Board of Education, and the American Arbitration Association. At issue were many factors that could have far reaching impact for teachers of the gifted and the field at large.
Attributes of Excellence in Various Professions: Their Relevance to the Selection of Gifted/Talented Persons
Authors: Taylor Calvin W. , Albo Dominic , Holland John , Brandt Gil
Published: September 2007

Grades will predict grades and the academic-type tests will predict grades but they have been found through research studies to be poor predictors or no predictors at all of who will be the best in professions. The troublesome answer generally is that professional schools do not select the persons who will become the best professionals in their fields, nor who will best keep up-to-date with new knowledge and techniques in their careers. The main exception to this general finding occurs in the field of professional athletics and in the entertainment and artistic fields. The example given comes from the Dallas Cowboys scouting data and outcome of potential football recruits in their professional careers. Their correlations are about .70 with career success, whereas predictors from professional schools range from zeros to about +.20 or slightly higher—such predictors from professional schools still miss over 90% or even over 95% of the target, i.e., what is involved in succeeding in each of the professions. Consequently, neither those chosen into most professions nor their future clients will be well served by such poor predictive procedures.
A Child By Any Other Name... A Comparison of the Playfulness of Gifted and Nongifted Children
Authors: Barnett Lynn A. , Fiscella Joan
Published: September 2007

Fifteen preschool children, designated gifted by standard intelligence testing procedures, were matched with a nongifted preschool sample. The children were observed and rated on the degree of composite playfulness they established as well as on five constituent play dimensions. Results indicated the gifted children demonstrated higher degrees of physical, social, and cognitive play styles but were equivalent to the nongifted group in sense of humor and manifest joy. Significant sex differences were also obtained, with boys demonstrating more physical exuberance, active play patterns, teasing and joking during play, and less variety. Findings were discussed as they reflect on developmental changes through childhood and point to accelerated distributions for gifted children.
The Purdue Elementary Problem-Solving Inventory (PEPSI), Grade Level, and Socioeconomic Status: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Cox David W.
Published: September 2007

The effects of grade level and socioeconomic status upon Purdue Elementary Problem-solving Inventory (PEPSI) scores were investigated. Group administrations were conducted in two schools differing in the probable socioeconomic status (SES) of their pupils. Scores increased with grade level and were greater in the higher SES school, though the latter difference accounted for a much smaller proportion of the variance. It was concluded that the PEPSI is usable with most Grade 2 to Grade 6 pupils at both lower and middle socioeconomic levels, and has potential utility in teaching problem-solving skills to gifted children.
Unique Educational Acceleration: The Dilemma of John Stuart Mill and Contemporary Gifted Youths
Authors: Kelly Morgan P.
Published: September 2007

John Stuart Mill was not allowed to decide his educational fate until his late teens, and shortly after shedding the restrictions of his father's teaching methods, he began suffering severe emotional distress. He relieved his depression by resolving for himself the dilemma that continues to face the exceptionally able students of today: the choice between unfettered intellectual development or the inevitable biasing that results from being taught by another. And of the many interests competing for control of the individual's education and development, it is only the individual who must resolve this dilemma that has no legally enforceable final say.
Giftedness and Talent: Reexamining a Reexamination of the Definitions
Authors: Gagné Francoys
Published: September 2007

In the scientific literature, there is ambiguity in the distinction between the concepts of giftedness and talent. This paper examines several common definitions of these two terms, with particular emphasis on the models proposed by Renzulli (1979) and Cohn (1981). Our critique of these two models leads to a clear differentiation between giftedness and talent: the former is associated with domains of abilities which foster and explain exceptional performance in varied fields of activities, that is, talents. Thus, one can be gifted without necessarily being talented (as with the case of underachievers), but not vice versa. Several factors which can act as catalysts for the actualization of giftedness in specific talents are discussed, particularly motivation and environmental quality.
Psychometric Limitations of Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect Model for Identification and Programming of the Gifted
Authors: Clarizio Harvey F. , Mehrens William A.
Published: September 2007

The purpose of this presentation is (a) to analyze critically reseach and promotional literature on Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect (SOI) model as it relates to the cognitive functioning of gifted students, and (b) to evaluate the implications of this analysis for the identification and programming of gifted students. This evaluation is based on a review of promotional literature and available research, and is written from a measurement basis. It is concluded that the promotional literature promises more than it has delivered and that major psychometric limitations seriously limit the SOI model's usefulness.
Dimensions of Anxiety Among High IQ Children
Authors: Scholwinski Ed , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: September 2007

Responses of 584 high IQ children to the 37 item Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale were submitted to a factor analysis. The five factors that emerged (Physiological, Worry/Oversensitivity, Concentration, Lie 1, and Lie 2) were shown to be highly similar to the factors found with the normative sample. Coefficients of congruence revealed significant correspondence between all factors for the high IQ and normative group. Means and standard deviations for males and females at each age group are also reported, revealing lower levels of anxiety for the high IQ group on all variables. Reliability estimates for each age group on the three subscales of anxiety and for the total Anxiety Scale support the clinical and research use of this new scale in work with high IQ children.
Gifted and Nongifted Students' Perceptions of Intelligence
Authors: Alexander Patricia A.
Published: September 2007

Gifted and nongifted students completed a questionnaire which asked their views of the concepts of intelligence. There were many substantial differences among their views. Both groups, however, tend to view intelligence as arising from hard work and good attitudes. Gifted students also tended to rate their own intelligence accurately.