bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estudio sobre formación en competencia audiovisual de profesores y estudiantes en el sur de Ecuador
Authors:   Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador, Marín Gutierrez Isidro , Rivera Rogel Diana ,   Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador, Celly Alvarado Stephany ,   Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
Published: July 2015

La educación en competencias mediáticas constituye una necesidad en el digitalizado mundo actual, principio que en Ecuador se encuentra avalado por la Ley de Comunicación. Sin embargo, aunque la sociedad ecuatoriana dedica gran cantidad de horas a estar frente a las pantallas de televisión y computacionales, ni los escolares ni los profesores, en particular, tienen la formación suficiente para hacer frente a los medios de comunicación. Ante tal realidad, este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre los niveles de competencia mediática en el contexto escolar de Ecuador, entre estudiantes y profesores de las ciudades de Loja y Zamora. Para ello se aplicó una encuesta a una población de 1.643 individuos. Y aunque los resultados no son concluyentes, permiten señalar que los profesores de Loja son los que han tenido mayor formación (en un 21,9% son competentes), seguidos de los estudiantes de la ciudad de Loja (19,5% poseen una alta competencia). Les siguen los profesores de la ciudad de Zamora (18,9% ha recibido formación audiovisual) y, por último, están los estudiantes de la ciudad de Zamora (16,6% muestra competencia).
Televisión e infancia. Una aproximación comparativa y etnográfica al consumo televisivo en niños chilenos de estratos socioeconómicos medio-alto y bajo
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vergara Leyton Enrique , Vergara del Solar Ana ,   Universidad Diego Portales (Chile), Chávez Ibarra Paulina ,   Universidad Diego Portales (Chile)
Published: July 2015

En el siguiente artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio sobre las significaciones de la televisión en la vida cotidiana de la infancia, en que se explora el caso de un grupo de niños y niñas de Santiago de Chile, pertenecientes a los estratos socioeconómicos medio-alto y bajo. Desde un punto de vista conceptual, esta investigación parte del supuesto de que los niños se desenvuelven como sujetos activos en su relación con la televisión a través de una interpretación particular de sus contenidos, aun cuando estos estén mediados por los adultos y por las características propias del formato televisivo. Se destaca el carácter contextual del uso de la televisión, así como su presencia en diferentes instancias de la vida cotidiana.
La formación en comunicación/educación para el cambio social en la universidad española. Rutas para un diálogo interdisciplinar
Authors:   Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, España, Barranquero Carretero Alejandro , Rosique Cedillo Gloria ,   Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, España
Published: July 2015

El presente estudio evalúa el grado de implantación de la comunicación para el cambio social y de la comunicación/educación en las universidades públicas y privadas españolas. La metodología parte de una revisión bibliográfica de los fundamentos teóricos de ambas disciplinas, como base para el diseño y aplicación de dos protocolos orientados a analizar la fisonomía de dicha formación en los estudios de grado y posgrado en Comunicación, desde su incorporación al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES). En último término, se reivindica el diálogo interdisciplinar y una mayor implantación de las asignaturas del área en los planes de estudio, habida cuenta de la importancia que en los últimos años están adquiriendo los procesos educomunicativos implementados por la ciudadanía y/o para ella.
Estudios sobre Comunicación y Educación en Iberoamérica: panorama de los cursos de posgrado
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, Romancini Richard
Published: July 2015

De modo a perceber como a interface entre a comunicação e a educação é estudada no espaço ibero-americano, no contexto da pós-graduação, o trabalho realiza um levantamento sobre esta situação. De natureza bibliográfica, a pesquisa realiza um exame dos programas de pós-graduação em comunicação ibero-americanos, indicando os cursos que, em suas ementas, linhas de pesquisa, áreas temáticas ou outras características possuem o traço de interesse. Deste modo, concluiu-se que a maioria dos países da região possuem programas que trabalham algum aspecto da relação entre comunicação e educação e que esta abordagem se dá tanto em cursos de mestrado quanto de doutorado e a partir de enfoques bastante diversificados, o que é discutido no trabalho.
Construcción discursiva de memorias del pasado reciente en medios argentinos
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina, Aniceto Paulo Damian
Published: July 2015

Desde el 24 de marzo de 2004, cuando el entonces presidente argentino Néstor Kirchner anunció el proyecto que transformaría al ex centro clandestino de detención de la Escuela Superior de Mecánica de la Armada (ESMA) en un Museo de la Memoria, hasta la finalización de ese proceso, el 24 de marzo de 2008, el universo de discursos mediáticos en Argentina puso en circulación distintas representaciones sobre la relación entre el presente de la memoria y el pasado reciente. La memoria, en esta línea de planteo, se configura como un conjunto de efectos de sentidos a partir de reconstrucciones del pasado trágico. Compartimos los puntos concluyentes de este trabajo, que analiza comparativamente los discursos de los periódicos argentinos de distribución nacional Página 12 y La Nación, que construyen el acontecimiento ESMA, centro para la memoria y, a partir de ello, producen sentidos sobre el pasado de la dictadura militar.
Chilenas y su identificación con los personajes femeninos de Pasión de Gavilanes
Authors:   Universidad de Chile, Aguilera Cordero Ricardo Ismael
Published: July 2015

Las investigaciones publicadas no han profundizado en la importancia de los personajes femeninos desplegados en las telenovelas, que se vuelven referentes para sus telespectadoras. En este sentido, y tomando como objeto de estudio a un grupo de doce mujeres de entre 26 y 64 años de los estratos socioeconómicos C3 y D, el presente trabajo se propone establecer los modos de identificación que surgen a partir de la recepción de los personajes femeninos desarrollados en la última emisión de la telenovela colombiana Pasión de Gavilanes. Para conseguir este propósito, se procede a obtener información respecto de la percepción que de tales personajes tienen las consumidoras de la telenovela, tarea realizada a través de entrevistas en profundidad con pauta semiestructurada. Como resultado, se observa que la admiración por un personaje es secundaria si se la compara con la identificación por simpatía, destacando que la figura de la actriz es relevante para seguir la telenovela a través de sus distintos episodios.
Modeling and Simulation of CO2 Absorption into Promoted Aqueous Potassium Carbonate Solution in Industrial Scale Packed Column
Authors: Altway Ali , Susianto Susianto , Suprapto Suprapto , Nurkhamidah Siti , Nisa Nur Ihda Farihatin , Hardiyanto Firsta , Mulya Hendi Riesta , Altway Saidah
Published: July 2015

Carbon dioxide gas is a harmful impurity which is corrosive and it can damage the utilities and the piping system in industries. Chemical absorption is the most economical separation method which is widely applied in chemical industries for CO2 removal process. Hot potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is the most effective solvent that has been used extensively, especially for the CO2 separation process from gas synthesis and natural gas. This paper aims to develop mathematical model for investigating the CO2 absorption into promoted hot K2CO3 solution in industrial scale packed column in an ammonia plant. The CO2 was removed from the gas stream by counter-current absorption in two stages column. To represent the gas-liquid system, a rigorous mathematical model based on the two-film theory was considered. The model consists of differential mass and heat balance and considers the interactions between mass-transfer and chemical kinetics using enhancement factor concept. Gas solubility, mass and heat transfer coefficients, reaction kinetics and equilibrium were estimated using correlations from literatures. The model was validated using plant data and was used to compute temperature and concentration profiles in the absorber. The variation of CO2 recovery with respect to changes in some operating variables was evaluated. The effect of various kinds of promoters added into K2CO3 solution on the CO2 recovery was also investigated. The simulation results agree well with the plant data. The results of the simulation prediction, for the absorber pressure of 33 atm with a lean flow rate of 32,0867 kg/h, temperature of 343 K, and semi lean flow rate of 2,514,122 kg/h, temperature of 385 K, showed %CO2 removal of 95.55%, while that of plant data is 96.8%. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Thermal Behavior and Hydrogen Production of Methanol Autothermal Reforming Performed Using Oxygen Enrichment and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3/CeO2 Catalyst
Authors: Lesmana Donny , Wu Ho-Shing
Published: July 2015

A fixed-bed reactor designed for the autothermal reforming (ATR) of methanol under adiabatic conditions was constructed to experimentally determine the profile of temperature and catalyst activity generated using the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3/CeO2 catalyst. The effect of oxygen enrichment in this experiment was investigated, and the experimental results showed that an increase in oxygen concentration correlated with an increase in the temperature of the catalytic bed; by contrast, this increase in oxygen concentration resulted in a reduction of the startup time of the catalyst. Moreover, the reaction temperature was determined to vary with the position within the catalytic fixed bed. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
The Applications of Mixed Metal Oxides to Capture the CO2 and Convert to Syn-Gas
Authors: Babhare Sajan , Raskar Reshma , Bobade Komal , Gaikwad Abaji
Published: July 2015

The applications of different mixed metal oxides were explored for the capture of CO2 and convert of CO2 to syn-gas. The several samples of the mixed metal oxides were prepared by the sol-gel, solid-solid fusion, precipitation, molten salt and template methods in order to investigate the performance of mixed mtal oxides to the CO2 applications. These samples were calcined for the 3 h in air at 900 oC. The mixed metal oxides samples were characterized by acidity/basicity, surface area, XRD pattern, SEM images and to capture CO2. The basicity and surface area of the samples of mixed metal oxides were found to be in the range from 0.7 to 15.7 mmol.g-1 and 2.24 to 138.76 m2.g-1, respectively. The ob-tained results of prepared mixed metal oxides by different method were compared for the purpose of searching the efficient materials. The temperature profiles of the captured CO2 by the samples of mixed metal oxides were obtained in the range 100 to 800 oC. The captured CO2 was found to be in the range from 7.36 to 26.93 wt.%. The conversions of CO2 by methane were explored to syn-gas over the mixed metal oxides including the calcium iron lanthanum mixed metal oxides and (5 wt.%) Pd/Al2O3 at 700 oC with the gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) 6000 ml.h-1.g-1 of methane, 6000 ml.h-1.g-1 of CO2 and 24000 ml.h-1.g-1 of helium. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Application of La-ZSM-5 Coated Silicon Carbide Foam Catalyst for Toluene Methylation with Methanol
Authors: Ghosal Debarpita , Basu Jayanta Kumar , Sengupta Sonali
Published: July 2015

The performance of toluene methylation reaction was studied on H-ZSM-5 catalyst modified with La, Ce and Nb at different percentage loading. It was found that 10% metal loading produced the best performance in the reaction in terms of toluene conversion. The catalyst was coated on silicon carbide foam support which showed better conversion than the pelleted catalyst. Again, among the treated and untreated H-ZSM-5, the La-ZSM-5 catalyst is chosen for the reaction for its highest selectivity towards xylene, the main product. All catalysts were characterized in terms of surface properties, SEM, XRD and NH3-TPD. Kinetic study was done on La-ZSM-5 catalyst with 10% loading. In this kineticstudy, Langmuir Hinshelwood kinetic model with surface reaction as rate controlling step was selected as the rate equation. The activation energy was found to be 47 kJ/mol. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Cu/Cu2O Nanoparticles Prepared in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Badawy Sayed M. , El-Khashab R. A. , Nayl A. A.
Published: July 2015

Copper/Copper oxide (Cu/Cu2O) nanoparticles were synthesized by modified chemical reduction method in an aqueous medium using hydrazine as reducing agent and copper sulfate pentahydrate as precursor. The Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The analysis revealed the pattern of face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure of copper Cu metal and cubic cuprites structure for Cu2O. The SEM result showed monodispersed and agglomerated particles with two micron sizes of about 180 nm and 800 nm, respectively. The TEM result showed few single crystal particles of face-centered cubic structures with average particle size about 11-14 nm. The catalytic activity of Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was investigated and compared with manganese oxide MnO2. The results showed that the second-order equation provides the best correlation for the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 on Cu/Cu2O. The catalytic activity of hydrogen peroxide by Cu/Cu2O is less than the catalytic activity of MnO2 due to the presence of copper metal Cu with cuprous oxide Cu2O. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Production of Biodiesel from Coconut Oil Using Microwave: Effect of Some Parameters on Transesterification Reaction by NaOH Catalyst
Authors: Suryanto A. , Suprapto Suprapto , Mahfud Mahfud
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of reaction time and NaOH catalyst in transesterification of coconut oil enhanced by microwave and to obtain a biodiesel. Reaction was conducted in batch reactor which equipped by microwave. Coconut oil contains saturated fatty acids about 70% with medium chain (C8-C14), especially lauric acid and myristic acid. The reaction was initiated by mixing oil and methanol with oil to methanol mole ratios of 1:3, 1:6, 1:9 and 1:12, catalyst concentration of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 wt.%, as well as setting electrical power at 100, 264 and 400 W. The reaction times were of  0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 min. The result showed that microwave could be employed as an energy source and was able to accelerate the transesterification process to produce biodiesel using NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel yields increase with increasing microwave power. The highest yield of biodiesel obtained  was of  97.37%  with reaction conditions set at 0.2 wt.% catalyst, a reaction time of 2 min, molar ratio of methanol to oil 1:9 and microwave power of 400 watt. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: July 2015

Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Subglacial discharge at tidewater glaciers revealed by seismic tremor
Authors: Bartholomaus Timothy C. , Amundson Jason M. , Walter Jacob I. , O'Neel Shad , West Michael E. , Larsen Christopher F.
Published: July 2015

Subglacial discharge influences glacier basal motion and erodes and redeposits sediment. At tidewater glacier termini, discharge drives submarine terminus melting, affects fjord circulation, and is a central component of proglacial marine ecosystems. However, our present inability to track subglacial discharge and its variability significantly hinders our understanding of these processes. Here we report observations of hourly to seasonal variations in 1.5–10 Hz seismic tremor that strongly correlate with subglacial discharge but not with basal motion, weather, or discrete icequakes. Our data demonstrate that vigorous discharge occurs from tidewater glaciers during summer, in spite of fast basal motion that could limit the formation of subglacial conduits, and then abates during winter. Furthermore, tremor observations and a melt model demonstrate that drainage efficiency of tidewater glaciers evolves seasonally. Glaciohydraulic tremor provides a means by which to quantify subglacial discharge variations and offers a promising window into otherwise obscured glacierized environments.
An empirical model of the extreme ultraviolet solar spectrum as a function of F10.7
Authors: Girazian Z. , Withers P.
Published: July 2015

The F10.7 solar index is frequently used as a proxy for the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance. However, the relationship between F10.7 and the EUV spectrum has not been quantified in great detail for Solar Cycles 23 and 24. We use more than 2800 spectra (2003–2010) from the Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) to construct an empirical model of the EUV spectrum as a function of F10.7P = 
(F10.7+F10.7A) where F10.7A is the 81 day average. We compare our spectra to the HEUVAC model and find the HEUVAC soft X‐ray irradiance is ∼65% larger than SEE during solar minimum and HEUVAC H Lymann continuum fluxes are ∼30% smaller. We derive power law relationships between F10.7P and the ionizing irradiance—the integrated flux within some EUV wavelength band—in units of energy flux (FE) and photon flux (FP) for five neutral species and show that the relationship between F10.7P and FE is more linear than that of FP and that the magnitude of FP and its solar cycle variation is species dependent. In addition, we derive power law relationships between F10.7P and the ionization frequencies of these species and confirm that F10.7P is a better EUV proxy than F10.7. Finally, we investigate the hardening of the spectrum and its consequences for the Venus, Earth, and Mars ionospheres; the ratio of the soft X‐ray to EUV irradiance appropriate for Earth's E and F layers stayed constant during the prolonged solar minimum. Our results can elucidate ionospheric processes such as the saturation effect.
Complex refractive index of secondary organic aerosol generated from isoprene/NOx photooxidation in the presence and absence of SO2
Authors: Nakayama Tomoki , Sato Kei , Tsuge Masashi , Imamura Takashi , Matsumi Yutaka
Published: July 2015

We report the first measurements of the complex refractive index (RI) at 375, 405, 532, and 781 nm for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from isoprene/NOx photooxidation. At all wavelengths studied, slightly greater real components of the RI were observed for the SOA generated in the absence of SO2 compared with those generated in its presence. Considering the chemical properties, the differences in the oxidation state and/or ratio of particle density to molecular weight of compounds in the SOA are considered to be the main factors determining the real components. The imaginary components at ≤532 nm were found to increase with increasing initial SO2 concentration. The highly conjugated oligomers are suggested to be plausible chromophore candidates. This study suggests that when large amounts of SOA are generated after mixing of isoprene with NOx and SOx, light absorption of these SOAs may compete with that of black carbon, especially at ultraviolet wavelengths.
The effect of craters on the lunar neutron flux
Authors: Eke V. R. , Bower K. E. , Diserens S. , Ryder M. , Yeomans P. E. L. , Teodoro L. F. A. , Elphic R. C. , Feldman W. C. , Hermalyn B. , Lavelle C. M. , Lawrence D. J.
Published: July 2015

The variation of remotely sensed neutron count rates is measured as a function of cratercentric distance using data from the Lunar Prospector Neutron Spectrometer. The count rate, stacked over many craters, peaks over the crater center, has a minimum near the crater rim, and at larger distances, it increases to a mean value that is up to 1% lower than the mean count rate observed over the crater. A simple model is presented, based upon an analytical topographical profile for the stacked craters fitted to data from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter. The effect of topography coupled with neutron beaming from the surface largely reproduces the observed count rate profiles. However, a model that better fits the observations can be found by including the additional freedom to increase the neutron emissivity of the crater area by ∼0.35% relative to the unperturbed surface. It is unclear what might give rise to this effect, but it may relate to additional surface roughness in the vicinities of craters. The amplitude of the crater‐related signal in the neutron count rate is small, but not too small to demand consideration when inferring water‐equivalent hydrogen (WEH) weight percentages in polar permanently shaded regions (PSRs). If the small crater‐wide count rate excess is concentrated into a much smaller PSR, then it can lead to a large bias in the inferred WEH weight percentage. For instance, it may increase the inferred WEH for Cabeus crater at the Moon's south pole from ∼1% to ∼4%.
Analysis of geomagnetic hourly ranges
Authors: Danskin D. W. , Lotz S. I.
Published: July 2015

In an attempt to develop better forecasts of geomagnetic activity, hourly ranges of geomagnetic data are analyzed with a focus on how the data are distributed. A lognormal distribution is found to be able to characterize the magnetic data for all observatories up to moderate disturbances with each distribution controlled by the mean of the logarithm of the hourly range. In the subauroral zone, the distribution deviates from the lognormal, which is interpreted as motion of the auroral electrojet toward the equator. For most observatories, a substantial deviation from the lognormal distribution was noted at the higher values and is best modeled with a power law extrapolation, which gives estimates of the extreme values that may occur at observatories which contribute to the disturbance storm time (Dst) index and in Canada.
Automatic CME front edge detection from STEREO white‐light coronagraph images
Authors: Kirnosov Vladimir , Chang Lin‐Ching , Pulkkinen Antti
Published: July 2015

The coronagraph images captured by a Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) Ahead/Behind (A/B) spacecraft allow tracking of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from two different viewpoints and reconstructing its propagation in three‐dimensional space. The reconstruction can be done using a triangulation technique that requires a CME front edge location. There are currently no robust automatic CME front edge detection methods that can be integrated with the triangulation technique. In this paper, we propose a novel automatic method to detect the front edge of the CME using STEREO coronagraph 2 red‐colored Red, Green, Blue color model images. Our method consists of two modules: preprocessing and classification. The preprocessing module decomposes each coronagraph image into its three channels and uses only the red channel image for CME segmentation. The output of the preprocessing module is a set of segmented running‐difference binary images which is fed into the classification module. These images are then transformed into polar coordinates followed by CME front edge detection based on the distance that CME travels in the field of view. The proposed method was validated against a manual method using total 56 CME events, 28 from STEREO A and 28 from STEREO B, captured in the period from 1 January 2008 to 16 August 2009. The results show that the proposed method is effective for CME front edge detection. The proposed method is useful in quantitative CME processing and analysis and will be immediately applicable to assist automatic triangulation method for real‐time space weather forecasting.
Ultrafine Amorphous SnOx Embedded in Carbon Nanofiber/Carbon Nanotube Composites for Li‐Ion and Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Biao , Huang Jiaqiang , Kim Jang‐Kyo
Published: July 2015

Core–shell‐structured, ultrafine SnOx/carbon nanofiber (CNF)/carbon nanotube composite films are in situ synthesized by electrospinning through a dual nozzle. The carbon shell layer functions as a buffer to prevent the separation of SnOx particles from the CNF core, allowing full utilization of high‐capacity SnOx in both Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries. The composite electrodes reveal an anomalous Li‐ and Na‐ion storage mechanism where all the intermediate phases, like LixSn and NaxSn alloys, maintain amorphous states during the entire charge/discharge process. The uniform dispersion on an atomic scale and the amorphous state of the SnOx particles remain intact in the carbon matrix without growth or crystallization even after 300 cycles, which is responsible for sustaining excellent capacity retention of the electrodes. These discoveries not only shed new insights into fundamental understanding of the electrochemical behavior of SnOx electrodes but also offer a potential strategy to improve the cyclic stability of other types of alloy anodes that suffer from rapid capacity decays due to large volume changes.
Catalase Nanocapsules Protected by Polymer Shells for Scavenging Free Radicals of Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Liu Lizhi , Yu Wei , Luo Dan , Xue Zhenjie , Qin Xiaoyun , Sun Xiaohua , Zhao Jincai , Wang Jianlong , Wang Tie
Published: July 2015

Free radicals in tobacco smoke trigger numerous lung diseases, which are worldwide health considerations. The ideal free‐radical, tobacco‐smoke scavenger must be highly reactive and temperature resistant. Catalases (CATs) show attractive potential to scavenge free radicals in tobacco smoke, because of their higher reaction rate compared to that of non‐catalyzed reactions. Their fragile nature, however, diminishes their catalytic activity in hot tobacco smoke. Therefore, it is essential to enhance the structural integrity and catalytic stability of these enzymes under severe environmental conditions. In order to improve the thermal stability of CATs, we have developed a facile approach to produce CAT nanocapsules (nCATs) by encapsulating a single enzyme in a polyacrylamide (PAAM) shell. The rigid polymer shells on the CATs surface prevents their free deformation. The secondary structure of the enzyme is retained and their dissociation is almost nil even under high operational temperatures. As a result, the structural stability and thermal resistance of the enzyme are significantly enhanced. The nCATs are covalently bound on cellulose acetate fibers to enable the enzyme sticking to the cigarette filters.The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Saltzman procedure reveal that the nCATs are able to efficiently scavenge 90% of the free radicals in tobacco smoke. The use of such nCATs with improved enzyme thermal stability opens up new opportunities for future application in cigarette filters.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Benzofurans: An Approach Towards the Synthesis of Deuterium Labeled Compounds
Authors: Agasti Soumitra , Maity Soham , Szabo Kalman J. , Maiti Debabrata
Published: July 2015

Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative annulations between phenols and alkenylcarboxylic acids produced a library of benzofuran compounds. Depending on the nature of the substitution of the phenol precursor, either 2,3‐dialkylbenzofurans or 2‐alkyl‐3‐methylene‐2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans can be synthesized with excellent regioselectivity. Reactions between conjugated 5‐phenylpenta‐2,4‐dienoic acids and phenol gave 3‐alkylidenedihydrobenzofuran alkaloid motifs while biologically active 7‐arylbenzofuran derivatives were prepared by starting from 2‐phenylphenols. More interestingly, selective incorporation of deuterium from D2O has been discovered, which offers an attractive one‐step method to access deuterated compounds.

magnified image
Carrier‐Selectivity‐Dependent Charge Recombination Dynamics in Organic Photovoltaic Cells with a Ferroelectric Blend Interlayer
Authors: Jo Sae Byeok , Kim Min , Sin Dong Hun , Lee Jaewon , Kim Heung Gyu , Ko Hyomin , Cho Kilwon
Published: July 2015

Interfacial energetics determines the performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells based on a thin film of organic semiconductor blends. Here, an approach to modulating the “carrier selectivity” at the charge collecting interfaces and the consequent variations in the nongeminate charge carrier recombination dynamics in OPV devices are demonstrated. A ferroelectric blend interfacial layer composed of a solution‐processable ferroelectric poly­mer and a wide bandgap semiconductor is introduced as a tunable electron selective layer in inverted OPV devices with non‐Ohmic contact electrodes. The direct rendering of dipole alignment within the ferroelectric blend layer is found to increase the carrier selectivity of the charge collecting interfaces up to two orders of magnitude. Transient photovoltaic analyses reveal that the increase of carrier selectivity significantly reduces the diffusion and recombination among minority carriers in the vicinity of the electrodes, giving rise to the 85% increased charge carrier lifetime. Furthermore, the carrier‐selective charge extraction leads to the constitution of the internal potential within the devices, even with energetically identical cathodes and anodes. With these carrier‐selectivity‐controlled interlayers, the devices based on various photoactive materials commonly display significant increments in the device performances, especially with the high fill factor of up to 0.76 under optimized conditions.
Integrated production scheduling and model predictive control of continuous processes
Authors: Baldea Michael , Du Juan , Park Jungup , Harjunkoski Iiro
Published: July 2015

The integration of production management and process control decisions is critical for improving economic performance of the chemical supply chain. A novel framework for integrating production scheduling and model predictive control (MPC) for continuous processes is proposed. Our framework is predicated on using a low‐dimensional time scale‐bridging model (SBM) that captures the closed‐loop process dynamics over the longer time scales that are relevant to scheduling calculations. The SBM is used as a constraint in a mixed‐integer dynamic formulation of the scheduling problem. To synchronize the scheduling and MPC calculations, a novel scheduling‐oriented MPC concept is proposed, whereby the SBM is incorporated in the expression of the controller as a (soft) dynamic constraint and allows for obtaining an explicit description of the closed‐loop process dynamics. Our framework scales favorably with system size and provides desirable closed‐loop stability and performance properties for the resulting integrated scheduling and control problem. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4179–4190, 2015
Dynamic modeling and validation of a biomass hydrothermal pretreatment process—a demonstration scale study
Authors: Prunescu Remus Mihail , Blanke Mogens , Jakobsen Jon Geest , Sin Gürkan
Published: July 2015

Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a cost effective technology for second generation biorefineries. The process occurs in large horizontal and pressurized thermal reactors where the biomatrix is opened under the action of steam pressure and temperature to expose cellulose for the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Several by‐products are also formed, which disturb and act as inhibitors downstream. The objective of this study is to formulate and validate a large scale hydrothermal pretreatment dynamic model based on mass and energy balances, together with a complex conversion mechanism and kinetics. The study includes a comprehensive sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, with parameter estimation from real‐data in the 178–185°C range. To highlight the application utility of the model, a state estimator for biomass composition is developed. The predictions capture well the dynamic trends of the process, outlining the value of the model for simulation, control design, and optimization for full‐scale applications. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4235–4250, 2015
Novel Gardos channel mutations linked to dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (xerocytosis)
Authors: Andolfo Immacolata , Russo Roberta , Manna Francesco , Shmukler Boris E. , Gambale Antonella , Vitiello Giuseppina , De Rosa Gianluca , Brugnara Carlo , Alper Seth L. , Snyder L. Michael , Iolascon Achille
Published: July 2015

Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHSt) is an autosomal dominant congenital hemolytic anemia with moderate splenomegaly and often compensated hemolysis. Affected red cells are characterized by a nonspecific cation leak of the red cell membrane, reflected in elevated sodium content, decreased potassium content, elevated MCHC and MCV, and decreased osmotic fragility. The majority of symptomatic DHSt cases reported to date have been associated with gain‐of‐function mutations in the mechanosensitive cation channel gene, PIEZO1. A recent study has identified two families with DHSt associated with a single mutation in the KCNN4 gene encoding the Gardos channel (KCa3.1), the erythroid Ca2+‐sensitive K+ channel of intermediate conductance, also expressed in many other cell types. We present here, in the second report of DHSt associated with KCNN4 mutations, two previously undiagnosed DHSt families. Family NA exhibited the same de novo missense mutation as that recently described, suggesting a hot spot codon for DHSt mutations. Family WO carried a novel, inherited missense mutation in the ion transport domain of the channel. The patients' mild hemolytic anemia did not improve post‐splenectomy, but splenectomy led to no serious thromboembolic events. We further characterized the expression of KCNN4 in the mutated patients and during erythroid differentiation of CD34+ cells and K562 cells. We also analyzed KCNN4 expression during mouse embryonic development. Am. J. Hematol. 90:921–926, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Red blood cell transfusion is associated with increased hemolysis and an acute phase response in a subset of critically ill children
Authors: L'Acqua Camilla , Bandyopadhyay Sheila , Francis Richard O. , McMahon Donald J. , Nellis Marianne , Sheth Sujit , Kernie Steven G. , Brittenham Gary M. , Spitalnik Steven L. , Hod Eldad A.
Published: July 2015

In healthy adults, transfusion of older stored red blood cells (RBCs) produces extravascular hemolysis and circulating non–transferrin‐bound iron. In a prospective, observational study of critically ill children, we examined the effect of RBC storage duration on the extent of hemolysis by comparing laboratory measurements obtained before, and 4 hr after, RBC transfusion (N = 100) or saline/albumin infusion (N = 20). Transfusion of RBCs stored for longer than 4 weeks significantly increased plasma free hemoglobin (P < 0.05), indirect bilirubin (P < 0.05), serum iron (P < 0.001), and non‐transferrin‐bound iron (P < 0.01). However, days of storage duration poorly correlated (R2<0.10) with all measured indicators of hemolysis and inflammation. These results suggest that, in critically ill children, most effects of RBC storage duration on post‐transfusion hemolysis are overwhelmed by recipient and/or donor factors. Nonetheless, we identified a subset of patients (N = 21) with evidence of considerable extravascular hemolysis (i.e., increased indirect bilirubin ≥0.4 mg/dL). In these patients, transfusion‐associated hemolysis was accompanied by increases in circulating non‐transferrin‐bound iron and free hemoglobin and by an acute phase response, as assessed by an increase in median C‐reactive protein levels of 21.2 mg/L (P < 0.05). In summary, RBC transfusions were associated with an acute phase response and both extravascular and intravascular hemolysis, which were independent of RBC storage duration. The 21% of transfusions that were associated with substantial hemolysis conferred an increased risk of inducing an acute phase response. Am. J. Hematol. 90:915–920, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blastogenetic associations: General considerations
Authors: Lubinsky Mark
Published: July 2015

Associations of anomalies, with VACTERL as the prototype, have been the source of much debate, including questions about the validity and definition of this category. Evidence is presented for a teratologic basis for associations involving interactions between disruptive events and specific vulnerabilities. Because the embryo is organized in time and space, differences in the timing, location, and severity of exposures will create variable sequelae for any specific vulnerability, creating associations. The blastogenetic stage of development involves distinct properties that affect the nature of associations arising during this time, including relatively undifferentiated developmental fields and causally nonspecific malformations. With this, single anomalies can be part of the spectrum of findings that comprise a specific association. A specific defect defines a subset of disturbances, biasing frequencies of other defects. Processes are basic, integrated, and general, so disruptions are often lethal, and can have multiple effects, accounting for high incidences of multiple anomalies, and overlaps between associations. Blastogenetic disturbances also do not affect the late “fine tuning” of minor anomalies, although pathogenetic sequences can occur. This model suggests that certain combinations of congenital anomalies can arise from causally nonspecific teratogenetic fields determined by timing, location, and vulnerabilities, rather than polytopic developmental fields. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genochondromatosis type I: A clinicoradiological study of four family members
Authors: Sareen Atul , D'souza Maria M. , Reddy Kanakeya Bachha , Kanojia Rajesh Kumar , Kumar Ajay
Published: July 2015

Genochondromatosis is an extremely rare autosomal dominant disorder, which manifests during childhood and tends to regress in adult life. The bony lesions are symmetrically distributed with characteristic localization at the metaphysis of proximal humerus and distal femur. Two types have been described based on the involvement of clavicle. Usually asymptomatic, sometimes patients may present with pathological fractures. In this communication, we describe four members of a family with Genochondromatosis type I, with some additional clinical and radiological findings not reported previously. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biochemical and molecular predictors for prognosis in nonketotic hyperglycinemia
Authors: Swanson Michael A. , Coughlin Curtis R. , Scharer Gunter H. , Szerlong Heather J. , Bjoraker Kendra J. , Spector Elaine B. , Creadon‐Swindell Geralyn , Mahieu Vincent , Matthijs Gert , Hennermann Julia B. , Applegarth Derek A. , Toone Jennifer R. , Tong Suhong , Williams Kristina , Van Hove Johan L. K.
Published: July 2015

Objective

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia is a neurometabolic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, seizures, and spasticity. Patients with attenuated nonketotic hyperglycinemia make variable developmental progress. Predictive factors have not been systematically assessed.

Methods

We reviewed 124 patients stratified by developmental outcome for biochemical and molecular predictive factors. Missense mutations were expressed to quantify residual activity using a new assay.

Results

Patients with severe nonketotic hyperglycinemia required multiple anticonvulsants, whereas patients with developmental quotient (DQ) > 30 did not require anticonvulsants. Brain malformations occurred mainly in patients with severe nonketotic hyperglycinemia (71%) but rarely in patients with attenuated nonketotic hyperglycinemia (7.5%). Neonatal presentation did not correlate with outcome, but age at onset ≥ 4 months was associated with attenuated nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glycine levels and CSF:plasma glycine ratio correlated inversely with DQ; CSF glycine > 230 μM indicated severe outcome and CSF:plasma glycine ratio ≤ 0.08 predicted attenuated outcome. The glycine index correlated strongly with outcome. Molecular analysis identified 99% of mutant alleles, including 96 novel mutations. Mutations near the active cleft of the P‐protein maintained stable protein levels. Presence of 1 mutation with residual activity was necessary but not sufficient for attenuated outcome; 2 such mutations conferred best outcome. Divergent outcomes for the same genotype indicate a contribution of other genetic or nongenetic factors.

Interpretation

Accurate prediction of outcome is possible in most patients. A combination of 4 factors available neonatally predicted 78% of severe and 49% of attenuated patients, and a score based on mutation severity predicted outcome with 70% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Ann Neurol 2015;78:606–618
Homodecoupled 1,1‐ and 1,n‐ADEQUATE: Pivotal NMR Experiments for the Structure Revision of Cryptospirolepine
Authors: Saurí Josep , Bermel Wolfgang , Buevich Alexei V. , Sherer Edward C. , Joyce Leo A. , Sharaf Maged H. M. , Schiff Paul L. , Parella Teodor , Williamson R. Thomas , Martin Gary E.
Published: July 2015

Cryptospirolepine is the most structurally complex alkaloid discovered and characterized thus far from any Cryptolepis specie. Characterization of several degradants of the original, sealed NMR sample a decade after the initial report called the validity of the originally proposed structure in question. We now report the development of improved, homodecoupled variants of the 1,1‐ and 1,n‐ADEQUATE (HD‐ADEQUATE) NMR experiments; utilization of these techniques was critical to successfully resolving long‐standing structural questions associated with crytospirolepine.
Ein [Fe19]‐“Super‐Lindqvist”‐Aggregat und ein großes, sich durchdringendes, dreidimensionales Koordinationspolymer aus Solvothermalreaktionen von [Fe2(OtBu)6] mit Ethanol
Authors: Nachtigall Olaf , Kusserow Matthias , Clérac Rodolphe , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Menzel Michael , Renz Franz , Mrozinski Jerzy , Spandl Johann
Published: July 2015

Wir berichten über die Synthesen, Kristallstrukturen und physikalischen Eigenschaften von [HFe19O14(OEt)30] und [{Fe11(OEt)24}∞]. Das oktaederförmige Molekül [HFe19O14(OEt)30] kann als dreidimensionaler Ausschnitt aus dem Natriumchloridgitter aufgefasst werden, wobei das zentrale Eisenion von sechs μ6‐Oxo‐Gruppen koordiniert ist. [{Fe11(OEt)24}∞] ist ein gemischtvalentes Koordinationspolymer, in dem die FeIII‐Ionen ein dreidimensionales (10,3)‐b‐Netz bilden. Die Anordnung der FeIII‐Ionen ist mit der von Siliciumionen in α‐ThSi2 vergleichbar. Die beschriebenen Strukturen zeigen eine Schnittstelle zwischen Molekül‐ und Festkörperchemie auf.
Translating Molecular Recognition into a Pressure Signal to enable Rapid, Sensitive, and Portable Biomedical Analysis
Authors: Zhu Zhi , Guan Zhichao , Liu Dan , Jia Shasha , Li Jiuxing , Lei Zhichao , Lin Shuichao , Ji Tianhai , Tian Zhongqun , Yang Chaoyong James
Published: July 2015

Herein, we demonstrate that a very familiar, yet underutilized, physical parameter—gas pressure—can serve as signal readout for highly sensitive bioanalysis. Integration of a catalyzed gas‐generation reaction with a molecular recognition component leads to significant pressure changes, which can be measured with high sensitivity using a low‐cost and portable pressure meter. This new signaling strategy opens up a new way for simple, portable, yet highly sensitive biomedical analysis in a variety of settings.
Kupfer‐ und Silber‐Carbenkomplexe ohne Heteroatom‐Stabilisierung: Struktur, Spektroskopie und relativistische Effekte
Authors: Hussong Matthias W. , Hoffmeister Wilhelm T. , Rominger Frank , Straub Bernd F.
Published: July 2015

Salze eines Kupfercarben‐ und eines Silbercarben‐Komplexes wurden aus Dimesityldiazomethan hergestellt, ermöglicht durch die sterische Abschirmung des N‐heterocyclischen Steuerliganden IPr**. Der minzgrüne Komplex [IPr**AgCMes2]+[NTf2]− ist der erste isolierte Silbercarben‐Komplex ohne Heteroatom‐Donorsubstituenten. Seine durch Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalyse erhaltene Festkörperstruktur erbringt den Nachweis für einen vorherrschenden Carbenoid‐Charakter und stützt die Annahme solch reaktiver Spezies als Intermediate in Silber‐katalysierten CH‐Aktivierungsreaktionen. Die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften des grünlich‐currygelben Kupfercarben‐Komplexes [IPr**CuCMes2]+[NTf2]− liegen zwischen denen des isostrukturellen Silberkomplexes und denen des schon beschriebenen smaragdgrünen Goldcarben‐Komplexes. Ein Vergleich der Elemente der Kupfertriade weist darauf hin, dass relativistische Effekte für die starke σ‐Bindung und die signifikante π‐Rückbindung in der Goldcarben‐Einheit verantwortlich sind.
Towards Clathrates: Frozen States of Hydration of tert‐Butylamine
Authors: Dobrzycki Łukasz , Taraszewska Paulina , Boese Roland , Cyrański Michał K. , Cirkel Sebastian A.
Published: July 2015

The dilution of tert‐butylamine (tBA) with water and subsequent cooling leads to a large series of different crystalline hydrates by an in situ IR laser melting‐zone procedure. The crystal structures were determined for tBA⋅n H2O, with n=0, ${{ 1/4 }}$, 1, 7 ${{ 1/4 }}$, 7 ${{ 3/4 }}$, 9 ${{ 3/4 }}$, 11, and 17. For the two lower hydrates (n=${{ 1/4 }}$, 1), one‐ and two‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded networks are formed, respectively. The higher hydrates (n>1) exhibit a clathrate‐like three‐dimensional water framework with the tBA molecules as part of, or sitting inside, the cages. In all cases, tBA is hydrogen‐bonded to the H2O framework. In the intermediate range (1<n<7 ${{ 1/4 }}$), crystallization is hindered, and no crystalline phases could be observed. The crystal structures that are achieved from the dilution of tBA with water are considered to be frozen stages of hydration, describing the genesis of such clathrate‐like structures, finally ending at ice as an example of an infinitely diluted hydrate.
Bioinduced Room‐Temperature Methanol Reforming
Authors: Heim Leo E. , Thiel Daniel , Gedig Christian , Deska Jan , Prechtl Martin H. G.
Published: July 2015

Imitating nature′s approach in nucleophile‐activated formaldehyde dehydrogenation, air‐stable ruthenium complexes proved to be exquisite catalysts for the dehydrogenation of formaldehyde hydrate as well as for the transfer hydrogenation to unsaturated organic substrates at loadings as low as 0.5 mol %. Concatenation of the chemical hydrogen‐fixation route with an oxidase‐mediated activation of methanol gives an artificial methylotrophic in vitro metabolism providing methanol‐derived reduction equivalents for synthetic hydrogenation purposes. Moreover, for the first time methanol reforming at room temperature was achieved on the basis of this bioinduced dehydrogenation path delivering hydrogen gas from aqueous methanol.