bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SELECTION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR CULTIVATION OF SALT TOLERANT PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA
Authors: SMIRNOVА I.E. , SADANOV A.K. , BABAEVA Sh.A. , BAIMAKHANOVA G.B. , FAYZULINA E.R. , TATARKINA L.G. , SPANKULOVA G.A. , TURLYBAYEVA Z.Zh. , RAKHMETOVA Y.U. , DAMENOVA N.
Published: December 2024

To develop a biofertilizer based on salt-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria that can improve phosphorus nutrition and mitigate salt stress of pasture grasses, high profitability of its production is necessary. One of the ways to reduce production costs is to select optimal food sources to increase the yield of bacterial biomass. The purpose of this study was to select a source of carbon and nitrogen for the cultivation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in order to increase the productivity of biomass with high phosphate solubilization activity. The selection of sources of carbon and nitrogen nutrition for two salt-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing strains of bacteria was carried out. It has been established that the optimal sources of carbon nutrition are glucose, and the optimal sources of nitrogen are ammonium sulfate. On media with these sources, an increased yield of bacterial biomass and maximum phosphate solubilization activity were founded.

Для разработки биоудобрения на основе солетолерантных фосфатмобилизующих бактерий, способных улучшать фосфорное питание и смягчать солевой стресс пастбищных трав, необходима высокая ренатабельность его производства. Одним из путей снижения затрат производства является подбор оптимальных источников питания для повышения выхода биомассы бактерий. Целью данного исследования являлся побор источников углерода и азота для культивирования фосфатмобилизующихбактерий с целью повышения выхода биомассы с высокой активностью мобилизации фосфатов. Проведен подбор источников углеродного и азотного питания для двух солетолерантных фосфатмобилизующих штаммов бактерий. Установлено, что оптимальными источниками углеродного питания является глюкоза, азотного – сернокислый аммоний. На питательных средах с этими источниками отмечали повышенный выход биомассы бактерий и максимальную активность мобилизации фосфатов.
THE EFFICIENCY OF OIL-CONTAMINATED SOIL REMEDIATION USING THE BIOCOMPOSTING METHOD
Authors: MAMETOVA A.Z. , USPABAYEVA A.A. , ABUBAKIROVA A.A. , BABENKO A.S.
Published: December 2024

The article presents the results of a model experiment on the biocomposting method for processing soils contaminated with oil and oil products. The study revealed that a consortium consisting of strains of active hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms Bacillus megaterium MU7 and Penicillium griseoroseum Mach5 demonstrated greater effectiveness in reducing the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil contaminated with oil and oil products compared to other strains. It has been demonstrated that additional heating increases the quantity of microorganisms during the biocomposting of soil contaminated with oil and oil products, and effective and high results can be achieved by using vermiculite as a structuring agent. The efficiency of soil moisture and temperature factors in reducing the concentration of petroleum products is presented. The quantity of petroleum products in oil-contaminated soil has been determined. Numerous methods are known for cleaning oil-contaminated soils, among which one of the most optimal is the biocomposting of oil waste based on the bioremediation method. The findings of this study underscore the considerable promise of the biocomposting approach in restoring oil-contaminated soils.

В статье представлены результаты модельных экспериментов утилизации загрязненных почв нефтью и нефтепродуктами по методу биокомпостирования. Результаты исследования показали, что консорциум штаммов активных углеводородокисляющих микроорганизмов: Bacillus megaterium MU7 и Penicillium griseoroseum Mach5 эффективна в снижении концентрации углеводородов нефти в почвах, загрязненных нефтью и нефтепродуктами. Показано, что использование вермикулита в качестве структуратора с аэрационными свойствами эффективно в утилизации нефтезагрязненных почв методом биокомпостирования. Приведены данные влияния фактора влажности почв и фактора температуры на эффективность снижения концентрации нефтепродуктов. Определен количественный состав нефтепродуктов в почве. Проведен анализ на эффективность структуратов. Установлено, что при биокомпостировании использование в качестве структуратора почвы вермикулита и дополнительный нагрев приводят к снижению концентрации нефтепродуктов в почве. Проблема разработки и применения технологий, адаптированных к высоким среднесуточным температурам, высокому содержанию солей и низкой влажности грунта, остается по-прежнему нерешенной. Существует множество методов очистки нефтезагрязненных почв, одним из которых является метод биокомпостирования нефтезагрязненных почв, основанный на методе биоремедиации. В данной работе показано, что метод биокомпостирования обладает высоким потенциалом для восстановления нефтезагрязненных почв.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENETIC AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KAZAKHSTAN POPULATIONS OF SUBSHRUBS OF THE GENUS THYMUS
Authors: ZHUMABEKOVA B.K. , KLIMENKO M.Yu. , ASSYLBEKOVA G.E. , AUBAKIROVA K.М. , KUPCINSKIENE E. , SHAKENEVA D.K.
Published: December 2024

Representatives of the extensive genus Thymus (Th.) – Th. serpyllum and Th. vulgaris have an indescribable genetic diversity. We conducted scientific observations of 26 populations growing in the Bayanauli State National Nature Park (BSNNP) Pavlodar, Kazakhstan. Markers of simple repetitions of sequences were used. Of the 69 bands of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers, 65 were polymorphic, indicating high genetic variability in the studied populations, and 4 were constitutive ISSR markers for all samples. As a result of the analysis, the studied populations of the genus Thymus can be divided into two main clusters with a noticeable genetic distance of 0.59. Samples of populations S15 and S20 show the greatest genetic similarity (0.85), followed by samples of populations S1 and S2 (0.83). The samples were grouped according to the place where they were collected. The analyzed ISSR markers provided sufficient polymorphism, which makes them a powerful and reliable molecular tool for detecting genetic variations and relationships.

Представители полукустарников обширного рода Thymus (Th.) – Th. serpyllum и Th. vulgaris обладают неописанным генетическим разнообразием. Мы провели научные наблюдения за 26 популяциями, произрастающими в Баянаульском государственном национальном природном парке (Павлодарcкая область, Казахстан). Были использованы маркеры простых повторов последовательностей. Из 69 полос ISSR (amplified fragment length polymorphism) маркеров 65 были полиморфными, что свидетельствует о высокой генетической изменчивости в исследуемых популяциях и 4 были конститутивными ISSR-маркерами для всех образцов. В результате анализа изученные популяции полукустарников рода Thymus можно разделить на два основных кластера с заметным генетическим расстоянием 0,59. Образцы популяций S15 и S20 демонстрируют наибольшее генетическое сходство (0,85), за ними следуют образцы популяций S1 и S2 (0,83). Образцы были сгруппированы в соответствии с местом их сбора. Проанализированные ISSR-маркеры обеспечили достаточный полиморфизм, что делает их мощным и надежным молекулярным инструментом для выявления генетических вариаций и взаимосвязей.
ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ТОВАРНО-ДЕНЕЖНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОМ ГОРОДЕ АСПАРА (ПО НУМИЗМАТИЧЕСКИМ МАТЕРИАЛАМ)
Authors: Петров П.Н. , Рогожинский А.Е.
Published: December 2024

Целью статьи является введение в научный оборот нумизматического комплекса с городища Аспара (Казахстан), собранного в ходе археологических исследований 2021—2023 гг. Впервые с 1964 г. на памятнике обнаружены 43 монеты, 33 из которых поддаются атрибуции. Для оценки относительного уровня товарно-денежных отношений в средневековой Аспаре приводится сравнительный анализ нумизматического материала из средневекового г. Нузкет (городище Шиш-тобе в Кыргызстане). Установлено, что атрибутируемые монеты из Аспары относятся к таким государствам: Тюргешский каганат, Китай династии Тан, Саманиды, Восточный Караханидский каганат, держава каракитаев, Китай династии Северная Сун, Чагатаидское ханство, держава амира Тимура и Кокандское ханство. Монета Коканда отложилась на памятнике, когда город уже не существовал. Установлена принципиальная возможность начала активизации товарно-денежных отношений в Аспаре в VIII в. Выяснилось, что монетное обращение прерывалось трижды: первый раз в IX в., второй — с конца X по середину XI в., третий — со второго десятилетия XIII в. до начала XIV в. Товарно-денежные отношения прекращаются в начале XV века (видимо, после смерти амира Тимура). Имеющаяся нумизматическая информация задает больше вопросов, чем предоставляет ответов. Требуется дальнейшее изучение этого археологического памятника.

The purpose of the paper is to introduce the numismatic record from Aspara city-site (Kazakhstan) into scholarly discussion. The coins were collected during archaeological research in 2021—2023. For the first time since 1964, 43 coins were discovered, including 33 attributable finds. With the aim to assess the relative level of commodity-money relations in medieval Aspara, comparative analysis of numismatic record from the medieval city of Nuzket(Shish-tube city-site in Kyrgyzstan) was carried out. The attributable coins from Aspara belong to the following states: the Türgesh Qaghanate, the Tang dynasty, the Samanids dynasty, the Eastern Qarakhanid Qaghanate, the Qara Khitai, the Northern Song dynasty, the Chaghataid Khanate, the state of Amir Timur, and the Khoqand Khanate. The Khoqand coin was lost in Aspara when the city no longer existed. The authors have established the fundamental possibility of the beginning of the activation of commodity-money relations in Aspara in the 8th century. It was recorded that the coin circulation has been interrupted there at least three times: first in the 9th century, then from the late 10thto the mid-11th century, and finally from the second decade of the 13th to the early 14th century. Commodity-money relations ceased in the early 15th century (apparently, after the death of Amir Timur). There is a need for further study of this archaeological site.
THE COIN HOARD FROM THE SARNITSA VILLAGE, HASKOVO REGION. TOWARDS THE QUESTION OF CLARIFYING THE ORIGIN OF THASOS IMITATIONS OR BARBARIZATION
Authors: Prokopov I. , Slavova M.
Published: December 2024

The article examines one of the well-preserved coin hoards consisting exclusively of imitations or barbarizations of tetradrachms traditionally minted on the island of Thasos. A homogeneous coin find of this kind is characteristic of the area where the latest coinage took place. Actually, these are the last-ever tetradrachms minted in Thrace in the 1stcentury BCE. Since numismatics still hardly can tell “imitation” from “barbarization” with any certainty, both are still used here on equal terms. However, the long-standing dispute over which coins are real imitations of Thasos tetradrachms is about to be settled. The large series of tetradrachms, which can hardly be differ from the original Thasos ones and are called “of the Thasos type”, should be defined as imitations. They were issued by the Roman administration of the Balkans. All the rest, which lack a clear issuer and generally go far beyond the limits of good style and inscription, can be called barbarized. This is why the coin hoard from Sarnitsa is worth republishing.

В статье рассматривается один из хорошо сохранившихся монетных кладов, состоящих исключительно из образцов имитации или варваризации тетрадрахм, обыкновенно выпускавшихся на острове Фасос. Этот вид однородных монетных находок характерен для района, где происходила самая поздняя чеканка, и перед нами одни из последних тетрадрахм, отчеканенных во Фракии в I в. до н.э. Поскольку вопрос о различиях «подражания» и «варваризации» до сих пор не решен, здесь используются оба термина. Думается, однако, что давний спор о том, какие монеты являются действительными подражаниями фасоским, вот-вот завершится. Большую серию тетрадрахм «фасоского типа», которые выпускались римской администрацией Балкан и почти не отличаются от оригинальных, следует определить как собственно подражания. Тетрадрахмы же без четкого эмитента и выходящие за рамки хорошего стиля и легенды, следует называть варваризированными. Эти соображения и заставили переиздать клад из Сырницы.
МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИЕ ДЕТАЛИ ЩИТОВ ИЗ МОГИЛЬНИКОВ РИМСКОГО ВРЕМЕНИ ФРОНТОВОЕ 3 И КИЛЬ-ДЕРЕ 1
Authors: Язиков С.В.
Published: December 2024

В научный оборот вводятся находки трёх щитовых умбонов и их рукоятей из могил 41 и 136 некрополя Фронтовое 3 и могилы 245 могильника Киль-Дере 1 (Юго-Западный Крым, окрестности Севастополя). Два умбона из Фронтового 3 относятся к типу К1, а рукояти — к типу S1, форме 2 по Цилингу. Умбон из Киль-Дере 1 принадлежит типу К2, рукоять — типу Х по Цилингу. Детали щитов свидетельствуют, что все трое погребённых были воинами-всадниками. Находки относятся к позднему периоду существования памятников — IV в. н. э. В этом хронологическом отрезке появились погребения с боевыми щитами, имеющими значение характерного маркёра связей населения Крыма с народами Севера. Трансформация римской армии, связанная с варваризацией, коснулась и Крыма, входившего в сферу интересов Римской империи.

Three shield bosses (umboes) equipped with shield grips are published that were found in the graves 41 and 136 of the burial ground Frontovoe 3 and in the grave 245 of the burial ground Kil-Dere 1. Both sites are located in Southwestern Crimea, near Sevastopol. Two shield bosses from Frontovoe 3 are of the K1 Type, and their grips belong to the S1 Type, Form 2, after Ziling. The umbo from Kil-Dere 1 is of the K2 Type, and the grip is of the X Type, after Ziling. Based on these finds, the burials are interpreted as graves of warrior horsemen who were buried there during the late chronological phase of the formation of the sites, i. e. in the 4th century A.D. It was during this very period that the graves often contained battle shields, which are now excellent indicators of the relationship between the Crimean population and the peoples of the North. They demonstrate the transformation of the Roman army as a result of the barbarization of terrains under the control of the Roman Empire, and Crimea in particular.
Model al-Falāḥ Usahawan Asnaf Berteraskan Sifat-Sifat Rasulullah SAW
Authors: Ahmad Syamimi , Mohamed Isa Zuraidah , Sadek Daing Maruak , Lestari Rini
Published: December 2024

Entrepreneurship constitutes a vital element in economic development and national progress. This article discusses the key factors contributing to the success of asnaf entrepreneurs based on the characteristics of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Based on the literature, it is found that the characteristics of the Prophet can influence the success of asnaf entrepreneurs. This study focuses on how the characteristics of the Prophet manifest among asnaf entrepreneurs. In addition to conducting business and pursuing financial gains, Asnaf entrepreneurs are encouraged to uphold religious values in order to fulfil divine requirements, seek Allah’s approval, and attain blessings in their earnings. Asnaf entrepreneurs are encouraged to emulate the qualities of the Prophet, such as ṣiddīq, amānah, faṭānah, and tablīgh, in their business transactions. This research employs a qualitative approach, collecting data through a literature review and document analysis. The researcher finds that achieving al-Falāḥ (success) necessitates several crucial elements involved in the qualities of the Prophet to shape the personalities of asnaf entrepreneurs. Consequently, society should also support asnaf entrepreneurs in conducting their businesses, ensuring overall economic prosperity. Ultimately, exploring the development of Islamic personalities among successful asnaf entrepreneurs holds particular implications, especially in enhancing the Islamic model of asnaf entrepreneurship.
Contribution: This study has successfully added new knowledge and a wealth of scientific studies based on the attributes of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Especially the contribution to the new theory from the SAFT perspective of the Prophet in the context of asnaf entrepreneurship that contributes to Islamic civilisation.
Ultrasensitive Human Technology Systems Design and Stretchable Strain Sensors for Wearable Electronic Applications
Authors: Madhavan R
Published: December 2024

Flexible and wearable strain sensors with remarkable performance are in tremendous demand with significant advancement of wearable electronics. In this work, a Dragon skin/graphite nanoflakes (GNFs)/Dragon skin sandwich structured nanocomposite strain sensor is employed for wearable strain sensing applications. The active sensor material based on highly conductive GNFs was successfully coated onto the epidermis-like Dragon skin elastomeric matrix utilizing a low-cost spray coating process. Moreover, the Dragon skin/GNFs/Dragon skin sandwich structured nanocomposite strain sensors demonstrate many fascinating merits including ultra-high sensitivity (a gauge factor of 41,326.15 in the strain range of 1.6-2.3%), a strain range of up to 50%, a quick response time (80 ms), prominent linearity, and excellent durability (more than 600 stretch-release cycles under a large-scale strain of 30%), and as a result, exhibits captivating perspectives for the monitoring of whole-range human motions including small-scale facial expressions (cheek expansion and relaxation, eye blinking, and frowning), laryngeal prominence movement, and large-scale human joint bending motions (finger, elbow, wrist, and knee bending), thereby specifying promising potential in healthcare monitoring, sports performance monitoring, human-machine interaction, and soft robotics.
Disrupting Colonial Narratives of Place: The [blinded] Slough Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Project
Authors: Hill Cher , Bailey Rick , McKay Carman
Published: December 2024

What happens when traces of the past are invited to "haunt" the present, disrupting the colonial narratives inherent in local spaces, and creating openings for new stories and new relationships? Guided by Indigenous and post-human worldviews, this action-research project facilitated community learning about the q̓íc̓əy̓ (Katzie) Slough, while collectively imagining new futures for this waterway. Elementary students learned from Elders and environmentalists at the Slough, while simultaneously caring for the land. They then made art with the land, which, along with Elder stories, guided the creation of a school mural. The teachings of the mural and the children’s art continue to reverberate as their stories are shared with post-secondary students and teachers. This research informs how we might engage learners with the complexities and complicities of settler colonialism and provides an example of a local land-centred curriculum that informs how we might all live well together, contributing to real world change.
Determinants of Rent and Revenue in New Town Neighborhood Commercial Facilities: A Case of Sejong Special Self-Governing City
Authors:   Korea Real Estate Policy Association, Cho Seongmin , Chung Jaeho
Published: December 2024

This study analyzes factors influencing neighborhood commercial facilities in Sejong Special Self-Governing City's new town development districts. Using data from the second half of 2023, the study examines how building, location, population, and urban planning characteristics affect commercial facilities' performance through multiple regression and GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression) analyses. Results show that proximity to government complex positively influences both rent and sales, while residential population demonstrates a similar positive effect. Significantly, higher commercial area ratios negatively impact both metrics, indicating that oversupply weakens market function. GWR analysis reveals these relationships vary spatially across regions. This study provides policy implications for optimal commercial area planning in new town development and practical insights for private developers.
La pesca degli Etruschi di frontiera: gli ami dal Forcello di Bagnolo San Vito (MN)
Authors: Catena Lorenzo , Colomba Maria Teresa
Published: December 2024

L’insediamento del Forcello di Bagnolo S. Vito si affacciava su un lago costituito dall’allargamento del paleoalveo del Mincio che, nel corso dell’età del Ferro, permetteva l’arrivo di merci per via fluviale e veniva sfruttato anche per l’attività alieutica, a integrazione di una dieta carnea principalmente basata sui suini. Ciò è testimoniato dai recenti studi archeozoologici e dai 42 ami metallici rinvenuti nei settori R-S 17-19 e mai pubblicati nella loro totalità. In questa dissertazione il focus viene posto dai due autori sull’elaborazione di un catalogo in chiave tipologica, che offra indicazioni morfologiche e morfometriche per questa classe di reperti. Il corpus viene inoltre discusso alla luce dei contesti di provenienza e dei dati sulla fauna ittica raccolta in situ, in modo tale da fornire contestualmente un quadro di informazioni sufficientemente completo.
La difesa delle acque
Authors: Paolucci Mattia
Published: December 2024

In Egitto fin dal Medio Regno inizia la costruzione di fortezze per difendere i nuovi confini dell’impero verso sud, ponendo i nuovi confini dell’Egitto sulla seconda cateratta del Nilo. Le fortezze più antiche risalgono infatti a questo periodo e vengono costruite proprio tra la prima e la seconda cateratta per avere il controllo diretto sul fiume, in particolare nei punti dove il Nilo tornava navigabile per poter controllare al meglio sia il confine, sia il transito di uomini e merci da sud verso nord. I confini si espandono oltre che a sud anche a est vero il Sinai e ad ovest verso la costa libica ed è qui che i sovrani fanno costruire tutta una serie di fortezze per difendere le fonti di acqua potabile per poter permettere agli eserciti o alle carovane mercantili di potersi approvvigionare di acqua durante le lunghe campagne militari nel deserto o per le lunghe traversate che aspettavano i mercanti che si inoltravano ad ovest.
La lunga vita del giudizio arbitrale presso la Borsa di Trieste
Authors: Rondini Paolo
Published: December 2024

L’articolo 1 del regio decreto n. 2325 del 1928 (Disposizioni per l’unificazione legislativa nei territori annessi al Regno) stabiliva che a partire dal 1 luglio 1929 dovessero entrare in vigore nei territori della vecchia monarchia austriaca annessi dal Regno d’Italia i codici italiani del diritto civile, commerciale e di procedura civile. Il successivo articolo 4 precisava, però, che «Fino a nuova disposizione l’ordinamento della Borsa Merci di Trieste continua a essere regolato dalle norme attuali ed è altresì mantenuto il giudizio arbitrale presso la Borsa di Trieste», perché il governo italiano prese atto di quanto fosse più conveniente conservare, anziché abrogare, le disposizioni speciali concernenti tale particolare tipologia di arbitrato commerciale. Di conseguenza, con l’approvazione del successivo decreto ministeriale del 21 giugno 1929 entrarono in vigore le nuove Norme di procedura relative al giudizio arbitrale presso la Borsa mercantile di Trieste, che recepirono nell’ordinamento italiano le vecchie disposizioni austriache contenute nello Statuto della Borsa di Trieste del 1912 concernenti lo svolgimento dei «giudizi arbitramentali», in modo da coordinarne il dettato con quello delle altre leggi italiane. Il modello asburgico così adattato alla realtà italiana dimostrò di essere particolarmente resiliente, visto che non fu abbandonato a seguito dell’entrata in vigore del nuovo Codice di procedura civile del 1942, né tanto meno dopo la fine del fascismo e la nascita della Repubblica.
“Particolari ed eccezionali forme di produzione giuridica”. Giuseppe Codacci-Pisanelli (1913-1988) e l’introduzione del decreto-legge nella Costituzione italiana
Authors: Marzo Raffaele
Published: December 2024

Il saggio analizza la posizione di Giuseppe Codacci-Pisanelli (1913-1988), accademico e costituente, sul tema dell’introduzione del decreto-legge nella Costituzione. Disdegnando l’approccio meramente biografico – già noto e divulgato –, l’approfondimento offerto investe unicamente la vicenda scientifica di Codacci-Pisanelli rispetto alla teorizzazione della necessità quale condizione legittimante il ricorso del Governo ai provvedimenti provvisori con «efficacia di legge ordinaria», poi trasfusa nel dibattito assembleare. L’accennata teorizzazione – ascrivibile, per certi versi, alle originarie e più significative espressioni della scuola italiana di diritto pubblico fondata da V.E. Orlando – non fa ritenere che la necessità «possa essere interpretata come fonte del diritto in se stessa»; tuttavia, essa manifesta uno di quei casi «in cui debbono ammettersi particolari ed eccezionali forme di produzione giuridica». Rispondendo all’esigenza di vivificare il pensiero giuridico di Codacci-Pisanelli, lo scritto, sul finire, relaziona la costruzione costituzionale che si è poi determinata nella Costituzione repubblicana con l’ultimata elaborazione che ha portato a compimento la stesura dell’art. 77 e la complessa gamma del fenomeno, tanto alla luce delle esigenze del procedimento legislativo, quanto delle relazioni fra soggetti politico-costituzionali.
The Dialectic of the Rome Statute: Oppositeness and Unity of the Complementarity and Corrective Function of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Zenginkuzucu Dikran M.
Published: December 2024

Under international law, it is each State’s obligation and responsibility to recognize the most serious crimes committed against the international community, as well as criminalize and conduct effective investigations and prosecution of them. The establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court, whose well-known complementarity principle is one of its central tenets, has finally emerged as a pillar in the fight against the impunity of international crimes. The article derives from various implementations a test for determining the characteristics and functions of the correction function of international law, thus presents the argument that the Rome Statute’s complementary role provides a corrective function.
Il giudice e lo storico. Per una storia della strage di Piazza della Loggia
Authors: Colao Floriana
Published: December 2024

Questo saggio ricostruisce la storia dei processi celebrati per la strage di Piazza della Loggia – 28 maggio 1974, otto morti e oltre cento feriti – legata – come altre tra il 1969 e il 1980 – alla strategia della tensione. Al tempo della guerra fredda, per la paura del comunismo al potere anche in Italia, i Servizi opposero il segreto politico-militare agli inquirenti, depistarono le indagini, ritardarono di decenni la condanna dei responsabili, esecutori materiali, fiancheggiatori, mandanti; molti rimasero impuniti. In quegli anni la magistratura e la cultura giuridica avvertirono un campo di tensione tra le logiche del processo penale, inteso ad accertare la responsabilità dei singoli imputati, e la verità storica, anche oltre i ‘vincoli’ processuali. Il giudice si fece ‘storico’; la sentenza 22 luglio 2015 della Corte di assise di apppello di Milano considerò le risultanze dello stesso processo come «prova» e collocò la strage nel suo «contesto». La ricerca del ‘perchè’ dello stragismo porto al ‘chi’, nell’«ambito storico-politico, ma anche in quello giudiziario»; il 20 giugno 2017 la Cassazione confermò la strategia processuale, rendendo definitive le condanne di Carlo Maria Maggi – ‘capo’ indicusso di Ordine nuovo – e Maurizio Tramonte – collaboratore dei Servizi – all’epoca esponenti della «destra radicale di matrice eversiva».
Parità di genere e indipendenza dell’avvocatura tra prospettive storiche e contemporanee
Authors: Bianchi Riva Raffaella
Published: December 2024

Si propone una riflessione sulla parità di genere in connessione con il principio di indipendenza della professione forense attraverso un’analisi storica tra età liberale, fascismo e periodo repubblicano sino ai giorni nostri. Se, da un lato, infatti, l’esclusione delle donne dalla professione forense nell’Ottocento può essere ricondotta anche alla scarsa autonomia degli ordini degli avvocati, dall’altro, la loro ammissione dopo il 1919 non ha comportato l’uguaglianza nell’esercizio della professione, con gravi ricadute sulla professionalità dell’intera categoria.
Application of User Interaction Data on Social Media Platforms in Social Commerce: Analysis of Promotion Effectiveness and Model Optimization
Authors: Liu Jiaqi
Published: December 2024

Social commerce is revolutionizing shopping, using social media channels and consumer feedback to increase engagement, boost marketing effectiveness and drive a better user experience. This research analyzes the effectiveness of engagement metrics, conversions and audience size by optimizing the usage of visual and interactive content and posting at the right time. Predictive analytics also helps to optimise specialized advertising, while personalization of the customer experience and loyalty schemes harness data to build deeper brand relationships. Lastly, gamification, social proof and rewarded referrals are discussed as efficient engagement methods that naturally expand reach and drive user engagement. They report that image, time-based posting, and individualised, data-driven optimization can significantly boost conversion, customer retention and promotional performance. Through leveraging these insights, brands can build a strong social commerce ecosystem to gain, engage, and maintain customers. These findings provide important insight for companies who want to make social commerce more successful with a user-centric, data-based strategy.
How Local Government Financing Vehicles Can Lay the Foundation for Market-Oriented TransformationBased on Measuring the Liquidity and Default Risk of LGFV Bonds
Authors: Xu Guangzheng
Published: December 2024

Due to the heavy burden of local financing and infrastructure construction tasks, local government financing vehicles (LGFVs) have accumulated significant outstanding debts. Some of these debts, characterized by high borrowing costs, have resulted in substantial interest payment pressures, posing severe short-term liquidity risks and long-term challenges to sustainable development. This paper aims to explore how LGFVs can establish a solid foundation for market-oriented transformation while effectively addressing existing local debt and the default risks of LGFV bonds. By adopting multidimensional indicators to represent liquidity, as well as incorporating bond market adaptability, local government fiscal conditions, LGFV bond characteristics, and local macroeconomic factors, the study examines the relationship between default risk and bond liquidity for LGFVs. Regression analysis reveals that bond liquidity, local government fiscal health, and LGFV bond characteristics all significantly influence the default risk of LGFV bonds, with bond liquidity exerting a pronounced negative impact on default risk. A reduction in the bid-ask spread enhances asset liquidity, thereby mitigating the default risk of LGFV bonds. By analyzing the current state and causes of LGFV debt risks and providing a comprehensive measurement of bond liquidity and default risk, this paper proposes critical pathways and strategic recommendations for LGFVs to build a robust foundation for market-oriented transformation, aiming to serve as a reference for the high-quality development of LGFVs.
Integrating advanced principal component analysis into naive bayes for enhanced classification performance
Authors: Luo Lan , Liu Tianyang
Published: December 2024

The Naive Bayes algorithm is one of the most important and popular algorithms in machine learning and data mining, not only because of its simplicity but also because of its superior classification performance. The central assumption of this algorithm is known as the attribute independence assumption. This assumption allows the Naive Bayes algorithm to solve classification problems conveniently, but also limits the performance of this algorithm to a certain extent when the mixed type of variables exist in its input dataset. Recently, we proposed an improved Naive Bayes classification algorithm by combining an improved Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The improved PCA first calculates correlation coefficients between coupling variables using the Pearson and Kendall coefficients, where the two types of coefficients are calculated separately for quantitative and qualitative data. After coupling data is transformed into principal components, those correlated variables can be integrated into the improved Naive Bayes algorithm. When the improved Naive Bayes algorithm is applied to a classified task, it is easy to verify that the transformed principal components data are approximately independent, thereby conforming to the Naive Bayes independence assumption to a relatively greater extent. This implies that it is likely for the improved Naive Bayes algorithm to yield a more accurate classification performance, as it is more robust to the presence of noise in classification instances.
Self-directed learning in nursing education-What do the students do to learn nursing? Student perspective
Authors: Nielsen Kirsten , Petersen Julie Marie Dahl , Vejrup Karen Schjøtz , Henriksen Jette H.
Published: December 2024

This article reports on a Danish research project investigating nursing students’ initiatives to learn nursing. There is an international focus on nursing students’ competencies to learn Self-Directed so that they can continue to develop their nursing competencies to provide patient-centered care and meet the demands of the ever-developing healthcare system. The aim was to investigate nursing students’ learning initiatives to learn nursing and to realize learning areas in which further support is required to develop students’ Self-Directed Learning ability. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach was taken. The participants comprised a class of nursing students, who we followed throughout their 3.5-year Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Nursing. The data were generated by narrative interviews and a survey about students' learning initiatives. Three themes emerged: learning by preparing, learning by writing, and learning in interaction. Most students initiated learning activities based on their learning abilities, their life circumstances, and the learning resources available. The Self-Directed Learning ability varied among students, and a few needed external motivations and more supervision than they got to achieve competencies to learn self-directed. This study provides knowledge about nursing students’ self-directed learning initiatives and uncovers some areas to consider when planning to facilitate the development of Self-Directed Learning among nursing students. Faculty may consider how to allow more time for supervision and how to encourage nursing students’ motivation to develop Self-Directed Learning ability, so Self-Directed Learning ability can increase among all nursing students.
Effect of ethanol on the structure and aggregation properties of C₆₀ fullerenes
Authors: Ozbay Hakan
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the effect of ethanol on the structure and aggregation properties of C₆₀ fullerenes using an atomic force microscope. The fullerenes were dissolved in ethanol with different concentrations (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%) and deposited on silicon substrate for further analysis. The results showed that the size of molecular aggregates of fullerenes increased significantly with increasing ethanol concentration, starting from 15-20 nm in the absence of ethanol and reaching 80-100 nm at 100% ethanol. At the same time, the structure of the aggregates became more friable, indicating the solvent effect of ethanol. The interaction force measurements showed that the adhesion force of fullerenes to the substrate decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, indicating a weakening of adhesion and molecular interactions. These data confirm the significant effect of ethanol on the physicochemical properties of fullerenes and can be used to develop nanomaterials with variable structural characteristics.
Hyperseparation and Value Dualism: An Ecocritical Analysis of The Hungry Tide
Authors: Muhammad Maroof Badar  , Neelum Almas (PhD)
Published: December 2024

The burgeoning gulf between humans and nature is an inevitable corollary of an anthropocentric approach towards nature. It strengthens the illusion of human disembeddedness in nature and conceives their relation in dualistic terms, suggesting their polarised identities. In this way, the human-nature duality enables the domination and exploitation of nature, posing a threat to its integrity and lifesustaining capacity. The paper provides an ecocritical analysis of Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide (2004), drawing on Val Plumwood’s critique of human-nature dualism and employing textual analysis methodology. The excessive divide between humans and nature is used as a tool for colonisation and a view of nature as separate/inferior to humans. This dualistic perspective on nature is a major factor driving the current environmental degradation. Through its setting, the novel reflects that the self-centred approach of power structures in dealing with the unique part of the land of the tide-country has rendered a great blow to the ecological balance of its rare ecosystem. The references to the declining number of keystone species like crabs, which are vital for the existence of the mangrove forests, and Piya’s task to survey the endangered Irrawaddy dolphins present a poor spectacle of aquatic life. It reflects the dominant orders’ (marine life traders, rulers & forest officials) detached perspective on the natural world. The paper attempts to provide an understanding that hyperseparation as an oppressive featureof dualistic thinking underpins the subjugation and exploitation of the sphere of nature as well as the underprivileged humans associated with it.Key Words: ecocriticism, anthropocentrism, hyperseparation, value dualism
Systems of tourism sustainability indicators: A comparative analysis of the international, European, and Spanish proposals
Authors: Artal-Tur Andres , Badillo-Amador Lourdes
Published: December 2024

International tourism has become a global phenomenon, with over 1.3 billion arrivals recorded in 2023. However, this remarkable growth comes with significant economic, social, and environmental costs. In response, the adoption of sustainable tourism models has emerged as a key priority on international policy agendas. To support this effort, various indicator systems have been developed to define, measure, and manage tourism sustainability at destination levels. Despite a growing body of academic work on Systems of Tourism Indicators (STIs), comparative analyses of well-established frameworks remain limited. This study examines four leading STI frameworks: The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) guidelines, the European Tourism Indicators System (ETIS) developed by the European Commission, the International Network of Sustainable Tourism Observatories (INSTO) led by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), and the Smart Tourism Destinations framework (DTI-Spain) promoted by Spain’s Ministry of Tourism. Our methodology involves an initial review of the frameworks’ design and content, followed by a comparative analysis highlighting areas of alignment and key divergences. The findings underscore a shared foundational structure across the four STIs, yet reveal notable differences in their overarching designs, particularly in the emphasis placed on specific components. In conclusion, while substantial progress has been made toward establishing a unified framework for assessing tourism sustainability, further work is needed to enhance practical implementation and address emerging challenges.
Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Philosophy for Children In the Field of Education
Authors: Akdemir Sultan , Aşıkcan Mehmet
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this study was to present a bibliometric analysis of scientific articles published in internationally indexed Web of Science (WoS) journals on the topic of philosophy for children in the field of education. This study of articles in the field of education focused on several key fields, including the number of studies, the journals in which they were published, an analysis of authors, the distribution of institutions and countries, the use of keywords, and the identification of general trends. The Bibliometrix program in the R library was employed for the analysis of the research. As a consequence of this analysis, 1120 articles published between 1977 and 2024 were identified as meeting the requisite criteria. In the field of education, the journal in which articles on “philosophy for children” were published most frequently was “Childhood and Philosophy”. The author with the highest number of studies, citations, and index value in this field was K. Murris. The country in which the most studies were conducted was the United States of America, and the institution where the most studies were conducted was Montclair State University. The most significant keyword in this field was “philosophy for children”. It is hypothesized that this comprehensive presentation of research findings will serve as a valuable reference point for future research endeavors and inform the direction of future research.
Addressing Plastic Pollution: Research on Sustainable Practices and Strategies in the Consumer Goods Industry Supply Chain
Authors: Pang Lingyan
Published: December 2024

Research Background: The consumer goods industry faces a significant sustainability challenge due to the environmental and social impacts of plastic pollution, particularly from single-use plastics. This essay addresses the current situation and the difficulty in implementing sustainability commitments within the industry. Research Objectives: The essay aims to propose solutions for sustainable supply chain management that balance economic, social, and environmental concerns, and to extend these solutions to other industries. Research Methods: The essay identifies the main sustainability issues, analyzes the problems, and proposes solutions based on the sustainable supply chain concept. Data from literature and expert opinions are synthesized to support the arguments. Conclusion: The essay establishes that the use of innovative packaging design, material optimization, and improved recycling systems are crucial for mitigating plastic pollution. It also emphasizes the importance of stakeholder collaboration and government intervention. The proposed solutions are not only applicable to the consumer goods industry but can be generalized to other sectors, highlighting the need for a unified approach to achieve sustainable development.
Research on the Optimization of Cold Chain Logistics Distribution Path Considering Carbon Emissions
Authors: Liang Qian
Published: December 2024

With the proposal of the "double-carbon" development goal, all walks of life are actively implementing the national green and low-carbon development requirements. As an important branch of the logistics industry, cold chain logistics is also a key area to achieve the goal of "double carbon". If the concept of low carbon is introduced into cold chain logistics and the distribution route is rationally planned, it can not only reduce logistics costs, but also reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the minimization of the total distribution cost is taken as the optimization goal, Under the constraints of vehicle load and time window, the cold chain logistics distribution path optimization model is constructed with the goal of minimizing the total distribution cost. Then designed the genetic algorithm to solve, respectively from considering carbon emissions and carbon emissions two cases planning distribution route, and optimization before single temperature distribution scheme comparative analysis, the results show that the carbon emissions considering the cold chain distribution path optimization, and choose cold storage incubator type in distribution mode, not only can reduce the enterprise distribution cost, improve the distribution efficiency of distribution, but also can reduce the carbon emissions.
Cyber Security Intrusion Detection Scheme for Malicious Traffic in IoT using Federated Learning
Authors: Shahan Yamin Siddiqui  , Muhammad Farrukh Khan  , Rabia Tehseen  , Unaiza Rehman  , Nusratullah Tauheed  , Muhammad Toseef Javaid
Published: December 2024

With the rise in cyberattacks, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are increasingly vulnerable to malware, security threats, and suspicious activities. Traditional research has mainly focused on centralized intrusion detection systems in cyber security field. However, these centralized methods often struggle to keep pace with the rapid evolution of digital and mobile technologies and carry the risk of a single point of failure, jeopardizing data security and privacy. To enhance network protection, intrusion detection can benefit from the use of federated learning (FL). FL is a collaborative machine learning approach that allows for model testing without the need to share sensitive local data. Instead, computations are performed directly on distributed end devices, preserving data privacy and addressing concerns related to data ownership, confidentiality, computational efficiency, and storage limitations. Unlike traditional centralized machine learning, FL processes data where it resides, leading to improved security and efficiency. Previous studies on federated learning have examined the challenges posed by non-independent and non-identically distributed data. Implementing FL algorithms in intrusion detection focuses on monitoring routers, detecting intrusions, and analyzing user activity patterns. By incorporating federated learning into intrusion detection systems, network security can see significant enhancements. Experimental research utilizing network intrusion datasets indicates that the Deep Extreme Learning Machine (DELM), when paired with the CSIDS-FL system model, achieves an impressive accuracy rate of 94.23%, surpassing earlier models and demonstrating the effectiveness of this method.
Culturable Diversity of Halophilic Bacteria from Soil and Saline Water Samples of Arabian Sea, Karachi Port, Pakistan
Authors: Rafeya Sohail  , Rida Batool  , Nazia Jamil
Published: December 2024

Microorganisms capable of survival in extremely high salt concentration are termed as halophiles and a significant source of various enzymes such as hydrolases. Many hydrolases e.g., proteases, amylases and lipases are widely employed in industrial applications. In the current study, we isolated, screened and characterized halophilic bacteria from the shoreline of Arabian Sea, Karachi Port, Pakistan. The water and soil samples collected from Karachi Port; Pakistan were tested for the presence of halophilic bacteria using increasing salt concentrations. Isolated strains were described using various biochemical assays i.e., KOH production, ammonia production, catalase activity, and oxidase activity. For amylase and protease activity, formation of clearance zones – around bacterial growth – was observed, on starch and gelatin agar plates, respectively. Two bacterial strains, N20 (PQ460959) and M3 (PQ460960), with notable amylase and protease activities, were identified via 16S rRNA sequencing as Halobacillus salinus and Halobacillus fulvus, respectively. Further exploration of saline environments is crucial for discovering microbiota with potential applications in biotechnology and environmental remediation.
Efectos de la actividad deportiva en el desarrollo de niñas y niños con trastornos del espectro autista: Una revisión sistemática
Authors: Delgado Santamaría Óscar , Leyton Araya Carolina , López Alegría Pablo
Published: December 2024

La actividad deportiva es ampliamente reconocida por sus beneficios en el desarrollo físico y cognitivo de niños y niñas. Sin embargo, los estudios que abordan su impacto en la población con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) son menos frecuentes.