bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental feeding practices and child's level of food fussiness and neophobia – Preliminary analysis from NCFSII
Authors: Rahill Stephanie , Kennedy Aileen , Kehoe Laura , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , Buffini Maria , McNulty Breige , Nugent Anne , Kearney John
Published: June 2020

Research suggests that food fussiness (FF) and food neophobia (FN) are two separate constructs. Food fussiness is the tendency to be selective about a large proportion of familiar and unfamiliar foods, while food neophobia is the refusal of novel foods. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the association between parental feeding practices and child's FF or FN.

Analysis was based on cross-sectional data from the nationally representative Irish National Children's Food Survey II (NCFSII; 2017–2018). The NCFSII collected detailed eating behaviour data from children aged 5–12 (n = 596) using the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). This questionnaire contained four items from the food fussiness subscale that represented FN and two items that represented FF. The Feeding Practices & Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ) assessed non-responsive and structure-related parental feeding practices. Spearman's correlation established the association between parental feeding practices and child's FF and FN. Moderation analyses was conducted to explore the extent to which child's age moderates the association.

Higher levels of child's FN was weakly to moderately associated with higher parental reports of reward for eating (RE) (r = .210, p < 0.001), persuasive feeding (PF) (r = .340, p < 0.001), overt restriction (OR) (r = .195, p < 0.001) and lower reports of structured meal settings (SMS) (r = -.085, p = 0.039) and family meals (FMS) (r = -.387, p < 0.001). Higher levels of child's FF had a slightly stronger association with the same parental feeding as FN, with additional associations with structured meal timings (SMT) (r = -.089, p = 0.031) and covert restriction (CR) (r = -.083, p = 0.045). Age moderated the association between both child's FF [b = .22, p < 0.001] and FN [b = .17, p = 0.002] and parental reports of PF, along with moderating the association between child's FF [b = .11, p = 0.04] and parental reports of SMT.

Overall, child's FN and FF were both associated with higher levels of non-responsive feeding practices and lower reports of structure-related feeding practices, with child's FF associated with more parental feeding practices than FN. These findings suggest that it is important to address FN and FF as separate constructs, with more structure-related feeding practices inversely associated with higher levels of FF only. In addition, as children get older findings suggest that less parental feeding practices are utilised, however, higher levels of child's FF/FN are associated with similar levels of PF and SMT (FF only) regardless of age.
Body weight status of children aged 7 to 9 in France since 2000: evolution and associated factors
Authors: Benoit Salanave , Emmanuelle Szego , Charlotte Verdot , Valérie Deschamps
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for non-communicable diseases and their prevalence is spreading in high-income countries. However, in France, after an increase among children until 2000, a stabilization of overweight was observed in two national studies conducted by The French Public Health Agency in 2000 and 2007. The study was renewed in 2016 as part of the Children Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the WHO regional office for Europe. This work describes the evolution of the prevalence of overweight among children during the period and the relation between overweight and associated factors in 2016.

Materials and methods

The three studies, conducted according to a similar protocol, concerned pupils aged 7 to 9, in primary schools randomly selected throughout the metropolitan area. Weight and height of the children were measured by the nursing staff of the ministry of Education. A self-questionnaire completed by the parents collected sociodemographic characteristics. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was calculated according to the thresholds of the International Obesity Task Force. Analysis was performed using weighting to take into account the complex sampling scheme, and using calibration to provide nationally representative results. Weighting was calculated separately between Education priority area and non-priority area, which depends on the socioeconomic level of the neighborhood.

Results

While the stabilization of overweight (including obesity) observed since 2000 was confirmed among girls (21.0% in 2007 versus 18.7% in 2016), a significant decrease was observed among boys (from 18.0% in 2007 to 14.4% in 2016, p = 0.046). In 2016, the gap between girls and boys was significant (p < 0.01) for the first time compared to previous results obtained in 2000 and 2007. The prevalence of obesity was also significantly higher in 2016 among girls than boys (5.5% versus 3.2%, p = 0.01). This excess risk of overweight or obesity in 2016 persisted between genders even after adjusting for covariates. Among children from Education priority area, 21.0% were overweight or obese versus 15.7% in children living in non-priority area (p = 0.001).

Discussion

These results confirm the stabilization of overweight among girls and show, for the first time, a decrease in boys. They also highlight gender and social inequalities in children in France. These trends will need to be confirmed by other studies, and analyzed in more detail to understand the reasons for these differentiated evolutions between genders.
The role of unprocessed beef and lamb in the diets of Irish children and teenagers (5–17 years)
Authors: Lyons Jacqueline , Cocking Christopher , Kehoe Laura , McNulty Breige , Nugent Anne , Walton Janette , Cashman Kevin , Flynn Albert
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Meat is a nutrient-dense food that plays a central role in the diets of many children globally, contributing significantly to intakes of energy, protein and a number of essential micronutrients. However, nutritive quality is variable across meat types and cuts, and dietary guidelines across Europe typically encourage the consumption of lean meats whilst limiting the consumption of processed meats. The current work aimed to estimate intakes of unprocessed beef and lamb and their contribution to nutrient intakes in Irish children and teenagers.

Methods

Analyses were based on data from the Irish National Children's Food Survey (NCFS) (2003–2004; 5–12 years; n 594) and National Teens’ Food Survey (NTFS) (2005–2006; 13–17 years; n 441) (www.iuna.net). Both surveys used a 7-day weighed (NCFS) or semi-weighed (NTFS) food record to collect dietary intake data from nationally representative samples of Irish children. Dietary intake data were converted to nutrient data using WISP©, based on UK and Irish food composition tables. Unprocessed beef and lamb was defined as beef or lamb that had not undergone any preserving process other than chilling, freezing or salting, and included beef or lamb dishes that were wrapped in a controlled atmosphere. Meat intakes from composite dishes (e.g. beef lasagne) were estimated following disaggregation of the non-meat components. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS© v23.0.

Results

Unprocessed beef was consumed by 79% of children and 83% of teenagers, while unprocessed lamb was consumed by 19% of children and 20% of teenagers. Mean daily intakes of unprocessed beef were 21 g and 34 g in children and teenagers (consumers only), while mean daily intakes of unprocessed lamb were 14 g and 23 g. Unprocessed beef and lamb contributed 5–6% to mean daily energy intakes and contributed the following proportions to daily nutrient intakes in children and teenagers, respectively: protein (11%, 15%), total fat (7%, 9%), saturated fat (7%, 10%), monounsaturated fat (9%, 11%), iron (7%, 10%), zinc (18%, 23%), vitamin A (7%, 7%), vitamin D (12%, 16%), total niacin (9%, 13%), vitamin B6 (6%, 9%), vitamin B12 (15%, 22%), sodium (6%, 7%).

Discussion

Unprocessed beef and lamb are valuable sources of nutrients for Irish children and teenagers. Relative to their energy contribution, they contribute higher proportions of a number of important nutrients, such as protein, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and total niacin, while contributing relatively small proportions of total fat, saturated fat and sodium. This research was funded by Meat Technology Ireland.
Malnutrition, frailty and quality of life in older adults – a cross cultural study
Authors: Kelaiditi Eirini , Vidal Maria Teresa Vidal , Myrissa Kyriaki
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Life expectancy has considerably improved over the past century. Despite the population living longer, this greater number of life years has been associated with increases in chronic morbidity and mortality, including age-related debilitating conditions, such as frailty and malnutrition with profound implications both socially and economically on society. Given the increasing rates of population ageing, it is critical to ensure that functional ability, wellbeing and quality of life (QoL) are maintained and the factors involved in these processes are understood. This project aimed to compare the prevalence of frailty and malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults living in the UK and Spain; and identify potential determinants of malnutrition, frailty and QoL.

Materials and methods

A cross sectional study among 64 male and female community-dwelling older adults 65–92 years from the UK (n = 33) and Spain (n = 31) was conducted. Nutritional status, frailty and QoL were assessed by previously validated self-reported questionnaires: the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF), the FiND (Frail Non-Disabled questionnaire) and the SHARE (Study of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe) version of the CASP-12. Multiple and/or logistic regression models were applied to assess factors that predict malnutrition, QoL and risk of frailty.

Results

In total, mean age of participants was 77 ± 8 years and mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 26.06 ± 4.78 kg/m2. Mean MNA-SF score was 12.70 ± 1.92, and mean QoL was 40.36 ± 5.35. The overall prevalence of malnutrition and frailty was 18.8% and 23.4% respectively. Participants in the UK were more likely to be malnourished than those in Spain (24.2% vs 12.9%), although not significantly (p = 0.245), and the prevalence of frailty was higher in the UK (36.4% vs 9.7%) (p = 0.012). BMI, being frail and income were significant predictors of malnutrition (p < 0.05). Higher QoL was a significant protective factor for frailty risk (Odds Ratio 0.728; 95%CI 0.59–0.90; p = 0.004). Age, income and being frail were significant predictors of QoL (p < 0.05).

Discussion

To our knowledge this is the first cross-cultural study that explored associations between malnutrition, frailty and QoL, using validated questionnaires in both languages. Despite the small sample size, it was revealed that malnutrition and frailty are conditions that can be identified in community dwelling older adults. Although participants self-reported a good QoL, frailty was found to be a strong predictor of QoL. Implementing culturally suited strategies to detect malnutrition and frailty status and prevent further decline would be useful to improve the QoL of older adults in these countries.
Food insecurity and human development, predict colorectal cancer in Colombia; an ecological study
Authors: Falla Oscar Fernando Herran , Salazar Diana Cecilia Álvarez , Fuentes-Sandoval Carlos
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Food insecurity (FI) has been associated with the generation of chronic disease and as a barrier in the treatment of cancer. We established at an ecological level the relationship between FI and the incidence rate of colorectal cancer x 100.000 inhabitants (CRACI).

Materials and Methods

An ecological study was carried out with information that measured the level of human, social and economic development in the territory of the 33 geodemographic units that make up Colombia. Using multiple linear regression with the CRACI as the dependent variable, the FI as the main explanatory and other variables of the context, we established the relationship between FI and the CRACI and predictive equations of the CRACI by sex. The goodness of fit in the models was the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Bland and Almant method.

Results

The FI is related in an inverse manner, and the human development Index (HDI) is directly related to the CRACI. Two equations predict the CRACI with high precision; In men, [CRACI = -6.38 + -0.25 * FI + 35.5 * HDI].

In Women, [CRACI = 6.47 + -0.23 * FI + 19.1 * HDI].

The coefficient of determination R2 (%) in men is 88 and in women 72. The average difference between CRACI observed versus the estimated, was -0.00 in men (95% CI: -3.13 to 3.13), and in women of -0.00 (95% CI: -4.08 to 4.08).

Discussion

We establish that in Colombia, FI is significantly and inversely associated with the CRACI and that it is possible to predict the CRACI at an ecological level with a high degree of precision using two variables that are calculated on a regular basis by Colombian state agencies—FI and the HDI.

FI has previously been identified as a risk factor in the development and treatment of patients with cancer since the associated economic incapacity reduces adherence to treatment and promotes a limited biological response, explained by a limited and poor-quality diet that exposes these patients to greater levels of infection and relapse.

A possible explanation for this is that as greater social and economic development is achieved in the territory, decreasing FI, the diet transitions toward greater consumption of proteins of animal origin, which in turn favours the development of mediators of chronic diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, and cancer. This change is part of the phenomena called nutritional transition and food transition.

The equations presented here constitute a cost-effective method for estimating CRACI in Colombia.
Update by the European Food Safety Authority of the dietary reference values for vitamins set for adults in the EU
Authors: Dumas Celine , Fabiani Lucia , Ioannidou Sofia , Pentieva Kristina , Turck Dominique , Neuhäuser-Berthold Monika
Published: June 2020

The European Commission requested the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to update the dietary reference values (DRVs) for the European Union (EU) previously set by the Scientific Committee on Food (1993). DRVs are science-based reference values for nutrient intake of healthy people. The work on energy, water, macronutrients and vitamins has been completed (2017); that on minerals has continued (2019). We present the derivation of DRVs for 14 vitamins for adults.

To set DRVs for adults, EFSA either used biomarkers of status, a factorial approach, data on health outcomes, or updated EU intake estimates. The latter were initially taken from publications. EFSA then compiled its own food composition database and calculated intake estimates combining it with individual data from representative national surveys from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database.

EFSA set adequate intakes (AIs) for 7 vitamins, and population reference intakes (PRIs) for 7 others, for adults. Based on its review of biomarkers, health outcomes and intake, EFSA confirmed previous DRVs for vitamin K (per kg of body weight), niacin and thiamin (per MJ). Distinct updated values for women and men were derived for vitamins A, B6, C and E. DRVs for vitamins B6 and E were changed to daily amounts (instead of per g of protein or PUFA intake, respectively). Vitamin E was defined as alpha-tocopherol only (instead of alpha-tocopherol equivalents), and the DRV for folate was expressed in μg of dietary folate equivalents (instead of μg). DRV for cobalamin became an AI with an increased value compared to the previous PRI. Using updated intake estimates for biotin and pantothenic acid, and intake-status relationship for vitamin D, EFSA set AIs instead of previous acceptable ranges of intake. EFSA increased the PRI for folate, and that for riboflavin for women, considering data on biomarkers, and also those for vitamins A and C following a factorial approach. For the first time, a DRV for choline for the EU population was set, based on observed intakes and data on correction of deficiency symptoms.

This review of available evidence led to a substantial update of the previous DRVs for vitamins. It also showed the need for more studies specifically designed to assess nutritional requirements, or to measure food composition (e.g. vitamin K, choline). There is also a need for the development and improvement of biomarkers of intake or status and relevant analytical methods for their use in setting DRVs.
Phenolic compounds in minimally processed potato: Effect of cultivar, tuber storage time and thermal treatment
Authors: Dite Hunjek Draženka , Pelaić Zdenka , Pedisić Sandra , Repajić Maja , Jakupec Dino , Dragović Uzelac Verica , Levaj Branka
Published: June 2020

Potato (Solanum tuberosum spp.) is worldwide consumed mostly as table potato, but due to lifestyle changes, production of minimally processed potato (MPP) became an important sector of the food industry. From the health point of view, phenolic compounds as potatoes constituents are desirable, but also responsible for undesirable browning of peeled and sliced potato. The most abundant are phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid, which is a substrate for enzymatic oxidation in the presence of phenolase and is responsible for browning processes. Its concentration in tubers depends on cultivar type as well as storage, and thereby can influence on shelf life of MPP. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two potato cultivars of different tuber age on the phenolic content of MPP during 8 days of storage followed by thermal treatment. Cultivars Birgit and Lady Claire were selected and stored for 1 and 4 months in warehouse (8 °C/RH 95 %). Potatoes were washed, peeled, sliced and treated with 2 % sodium ascorbate solution for 3 minutes. After draining, MPP samples were vacuum packed in PE/PA bags and stored for 1, 5 and 8 days at 10 °C. After storage, samples of raw, boiled and fried MPP were freeze dried and phenolic content was determined by UPLC MS/MS. In all potato samples chlorogenic acid, catechin and epicatechin were determined, where chlorogenic acid predominated (almost 97 %).

Generally, lower phenolic content was determined in cv. Birgit samples. Comparing cultivars upon tubers age, total phenolic content (as sum of all determined polyphenols) was lower after 4 months storage and ranged from 3.33 mg/100 g freeze dried sample (raw cv. Birgit/1st day) to 7.27 mg/100 g (raw cv. Lady Claire/8th day). MPP's phenolic content in raw potatoes increased over the storage time, except in cv. Lady Claire potatoes stored for 1 month. Influence of thermal treatments on the MPP phenolic content showed decrease in boiled and fried MPP prepared from 1 month stored potato, while in MPP samples prepared from 4 months stored potato did not follow a clear trend. Phenolic content was lower in boiled potatoes compared to fried potatoes, regardless cultivar type, probably because phenolics are lost by cooking in water. The current study demonstrates that cv. Birgit is more suitable in minimal processing than cv. Lady Claire according to lower phenolic content.
Role of caffeic and chlorogenic acid in the modulation of cellular fatty acid uptake
Authors: Marino Mirko , Tucci Massimiliano , Taverniti Valentina , Riso Patrizia , Porrini Marisa , Klimis-Zacas Dorothy , Del Bo' Cristian
Published: June 2020

Polyphenols are bioactive molecules widely distributed in numerous foods such as fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, cocoa and beverages. Their main classification include flavonoids (i.e. flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones), non-flavonoids (i.e. lignans and stilbens) and phenolic acids (i.e. hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids)(1). Caffeic acid (CA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA; an ester of CA and quinic acid) are the major representatives of hydroxycinnamic acids. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that CA and CGA may exert different biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive(2). Despite these promising and diverse anti-atherosclerotic actions, investigations addressing the effect of CA and CGA on atherogenesis are scarce.

The present study evaluated the capacity of CA and CGA to reduce lipid accumulation in macrophages derived from monocytic THP-1 cells. THP-1-derived macrophages were incubated with fatty acids (500 μM oleic/palmitic acid, 2:1 ratio) and different concentrations (from 0.03 to 3 μM) of CA and CGA, alone or in combination. Lipid accumulation was quantified spectrophotometrically (excitation: 544 nm, emission: 590 nm) with the fluorescent dye, Nile red. The fold increase compared to the control (without fatty acids) was calculated. In addition, the expression of several transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CEBP), as potential mechanisms involved in the regulation of lipid accumulation, was evaluated by real time PCR.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the effect of the different concentrations of CA and CGA on lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages following stimulation with FA.

The preliminary results obtained have shown a significant increase in lipid accumulation following fatty acid exposure (p < 0.0001). Incubation with CA and CGA did not reduce lipid accumulation in THP-1 derived macrophages, while the combination of CA + CGA at 0.03, 0.3 and 3 μM (p < 0.01) decreased cellular fatty acid uptake at all concentrations tested by -28%, -32%, -23%, respectively. An apparent modulation of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ, but not CEBP, was observed following the combination of phenolic acids.

In conclusion, the incubation of CA + CGA at physiologically relevant concentrations, but not the single compounds, seem to reduce the uptake of fatty acids in THP-1-derived macrophages. Further experiments are ongoing in order to confirm the findings obtained and to better identify the mechanisms of action involved in the reduction of lipid accumulation as a key phenomenon of atherogenesis.
Super greens for super hearts: a smoothie approach to increase plasma lutein.
Authors: Chung Rosanna W.S.
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major causes of death worldwide. Despite extensive treatments, many patients still exhibit low-grade systemic inflammation which increases risk of new cardiovascular events. Currently, there is no standard anti-inflammatory strategy to treat CAD.

Lutein is an antioxidant abundant in the Mediterranean diet which is known to be cardioprotective. We have previously shown that plasma lutein is inversely correlated to inflammation levels in CAD patients and that it exerts direct anti-inflammatory effects on patients’ immune cells ex vivo. We have also demonstrated that consuming spinach in the form of smoothie can maximize lutein liberation in vitro. The present study is a feasibility study in preparation for a cross-over intervention study in CAD patients. It aimed to compare the efficacy and practicality of raising plasma lutein using lutein-rich smoothies or lutein supplements.

Materials and methods

7 healthy participants were advised to consume 1) 85 g spinach in smoothies ≥ 5 days/week or 2) 10 mg lutein supplements daily in a cross-over design in two separate 8-week interventions while keeping their usual diets. A 6-week washout period during which their normal diet was maintained separates the two intervention periods. Training on smoothie making was provided. Adherence was recorded daily, and the practicality was ranked in surveys fortnightly. Plasma was collected on 11 occasions. Plasma carotenoids (lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene and β-carotene) were quantified by HPLC.

Results

Both interventions received the two highest scores in terms of taste, ease of use and time consumption. Plasma lutein was increased by both interventions while no change was found in other plasma carotenoids. The lutein-raising effect was higher in supplements compared to smoothies. The smoothies raised plasma lutein levels on an average of 117 %, 143 %, 167 % and 142% from baseline after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of consumption respectively (Pfor trend = 0.003). The lutein supplements increased plasma lutein on an average of 519 %, 637 %, 672 % and 715 % from baseline after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks respectively (Pfor trend = 0.002). Lutein returned to baseline levels for all participants 4 and 6 weeks after the smoothies and 8 and 10 weeks after the supplements.

Discussion

Both methods are effective in increasing plasma lutein in healthy humans. Although the supplements exert higher lutein-raising effects compared to the smoothies, further testing on subjects with CAD is required to determine if the observed effects lead to inflammation reduction with clinical significance.
Diurnal differences in the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to a meal
Authors: Davis Rochelle , Murgia Chiara , Dordevic Aimee , Bonham Maxine , Huggins Catherine
Published: June 2020

Eating at night has been linked to impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidaemia that is likely a consequence of an underlying disrupted circadian rhythm in metabolic processes. An understanding of the mechanisms causing metabolic disruption after eating at night is important for prevention and management of disease risk factors. The aim of this study was to explore the transcriptomic differences in nutrient metabolism after eating a meal at night compared with the same meal in the morning. In a cross over design, 10 healthy adults fasted for > 10 hours and then completed two acute meal challenges at 8am and 8pm on non-consecutive days separated by a wash out. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were collected to assess glucose and insulin responses. For a subset of five participants RNA sequencing was completed on the Illumina NextSeq500. Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells at fasting (baseline) and 2 h after the test meal, the quality of all samples was above RIN 8 (AATI Fragment Analyzer). Differential expression analysis was completed using the DESeq2 package. False discovery rate correction was applied at the pathway analysis level, conducted in PathVisio. Postprandial blood glucose was significantly higher at 8pm vs. 8am (208.8(154.1)mmol/L.3hr vs 36.4(99.6)mmol/L.3hr, p = 0.005) no concurrent changes in insulin responses were observed (p = 0.100). Under fasting conditions, 704 genes were differentially expressed between morning and night, with 60% of these genes being down regulated at night. The meal challenges were associated with changes in gene expression compared with fasting in the morning 552 genes were differentially expressed and 532 genes were differentially expressed in the evening, however only 7% were commonly differentially regulated at both times of day. Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes identified that more immune system and signal transduction pathways were enriched after eating at night compared with morning, where as a greater number of pathways involved in lipid metabolism were enriched in the morning. The time of day a meal is consumed has an effect on which genes are differentially regulated in the acute postprandial period, and the biological pathways they are involved in. Investigating the differences in the transcriptomic response to food at night provides a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic dissimilarities observed in circulating metabolic biomarkers according to the time of day.
The effect of consuming boarfish (Capros aper) protein hydrolysate on glycated haemoglobin and BMI in overweight adults
Authors: Crowe William , Baird Judith , McLaughlin Christopher , Harnedy Padraigin , Fitzgerald Dick , O'Harte Finbarr , Allsopp Philip , McSorley Emeir
Published: June 2020

Boarfish (Capros aper) is an underutilised pelagic fish species found in abundance in Irish waters. Research previously undertaken has shown a favourable effect of boarfish derived protein hydrolysate (BFH) consumption on glycaemic control in diabetic murine models. This study aims to investigate the effect of daily BFH consumption on glycated haemoglobin and body mass index (BMI) in overweight human participants.

A randomised parallel placebo-controlled human intervention study was undertaken to investigate the effect of consuming BFH (3.5g/day) for 12 weeks. Participants (n = 40) that met the following inclusion criteria were recruited; aged between 18–65 years, non-smoker, not currently pregnant or lactating, BMI > 25.0 kg/m2, free from illness. Participants were randomly assigned to consume either BFH or cellulose capsules for 12 weeks. Measures taken at baseline and post-intervention (week 12) included fasting measures of: glycated haemoglobin, glucose, insulin, leptin, glucagon like peptide (GLP-1), adiponectin as well as lipid profile. Height and weight were also recorded at both timepoints. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for baseline values as well as other covariates (age & BMI), was used to compare differences between groups over time.

Consumption of BFH (3.5g/day) for 12 weeks had no significant effect on glucose, insulin, leptin, glucagon like peptide (GLP-1), adiponectin, high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein compared with control. No significant difference in glycated haemoglobin change over time (P = 0.123) was noted following consumption of placebo (2.5% increase) in comparison to those consuming the boarfish treatment (1.5% reduction).

This study showed that 3.5 g of BFH per day did not elicit an effect on any of the markers of metabolic health. Previous studies investigating the effect of protein consumption on metabolic health have used higher concentrations than were utilized in this study, however using similar concentrations in this study was not plausible given the lack of organoleptic acceptability of the BFH. Addressing the organoleptic properties of BFH may enable future studies to increase the dose of BFH to a level that may be more efficacious than the current study.
Fruit and vegetable consumption assessed by three dietary assessment methods in regard to sex, age, BMI and socio economic status
Authors: Straßburg Andrea , Krems Carolin , Hoffmann Ingrid
Published: June 2020

Introduction

A comparison of means of food consumption assessed by three different dietary assessment methods (diet history interviews [DHI], 24h-recalls [24HR] and weighing food records [WR]) used in the German National Nutrition Survey (NVS) II showed higher consumption means in 7 out of 18 food groups for DHI compared to 24HR and WR. Especially for food groups perceived as socially desirable such as fruit and vegetable means were highest for DHI. In the following, it is examined whether differences in fruit and vegetable consumption assessed by three different dietary assessment methods are related to sex, age, body mass index (BMI) or socio economic status (SES).

Methods

A subgroup of 677 participants of the NVS II (2005–2007, 14–80 years of age) completed all three dietary assessment methods. DHI covered the food consumption of the past month, 24HR of the previous day and WR two times four days. Body height and weight were measured. SES was defined as an index based on the household income, employment status of the household's principle earner, and education level of the participant. The Multiple Source Method was applied to estimate population distributions of usual intakes based on two 24HR. Confidence intervals were calculated on basis of bootstrapping samples. Differences are considered to be significant if confidence intervals do not overlap.

Results

For vegetable consumption, all subgroups regarding sex (male, female), age (14–18 years, 19–24 years, 25–34 years, 51–64 years, 65 years and older), body mass index (< 25 kg/m2, 25–30 kg/m2, > 30 kg/m2) and SES (5 groups from 1 = lower to 5 = upper SES) showed higher means for DHI compared to 24HR and WR. For fruit consumption, in almost all subgroups higher means for DHI compared to 24HR and WR could be found, except for the age group 19–24 years and the lowest SES group.

Discussion

The results show that higher means in fruit and vegetable consumption assessed by DHI compared to 24HR and WR are independent of sex, age, BMI and SES. A reason why socially desirable foods like fruit or vegetables are stated in higher amounts by DHI may be the enormous cognitive task of participants necessary to estimate quantities and frequencies over the long period of time covered by DHI.
Food Frequency Questionnaires: Are they appropriate for foods that are consumed irregularly, such as eggs?
Authors: van den Heuvel Emmy , Murphy Jane L. , Appleton Katherine M.
Published: June 2020

Eggs tend to be eaten irregularly, e.g. they are often eaten as a standby for unplanned meals, and have been reported to be eaten as a treat or on special occasions. This intrapersonal variation may impact the accuracy of measuring the habitual intake of eggs. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often validated for nutrients but not foods, and may not be suitable for measuring the consumption of individual foods. The validity of measuring the consumption of specific foods can be particularly affected for foods with a greater within-person variation. Moreover, FFQs rarely include a detailed intake measure of eggs, and often do not include eggs in mixed dishes. With epidemiological studies focussing on individual foods to assess associations between foods and diseases, it is important to consider the accuracy of dietary assessment methods in measuring intake of individual foods.

In the current study we compare egg intake data from a validated FFQ and egg intake data from an FFQ specifically designed to measure egg intake. Both questionnaires were completed by a sample of 100 community-dwelling healthy older adults, which included 54 females and 46 males, with mean age 70 (SD = 7) years. Both FFQs had a similar layout, but the validated FFQ section on egg intake consisted of three questions on egg intake, while the egg FFQ included 18 preparations of eggs, including mixed dishes.

Mean monthly egg consumption for the validated FFQ was 16 (SD = 13) eggs, while the egg FFQ showed an egg intake of 22 (SD = 16) eggs per month, suggesting under- or over-reporting on one or both measures. Although the mean values are noticeably different, validated FFQ egg intake correlates strongly with egg FFQ intake (r = .773, p < .001).

National Diet and Nutrition Survey data indicates that British older adults (65 years + ) consume 33 g of eggs/egg dishes per day, the equivalent of 16–17 eggs per month. This means that the validated FFQ egg intake of 16 eggs per month is more similar to the NDNS data. However, FFQs generally tend to overestimate food intake compared to diet records and the validated FFQ is validated for the total nutrient intake, not for individual foods. With only three questions and without including mixed dishes, the validated FFQ may under-estimate intake of eggs, while the egg FFQ may be more comprehensive. More research is needed to explore the most appropriate methods for measuring intakes of foods that are irregularly consumed, such as eggs.
Technology use during pregnancy: a review of the quality of nutrition information provided by mobile phone applications.
Authors: Hart Kathryn , Harvey Michael , Egan Bernadette
Published: June 2020

There are currently 318,000 health mobile applications (apps) available via the major app stores, with new apps appearing at a rate of approximately 200 per day. Pregnancy represents the largest sub-type within the health-related app market, providing a key route via which women who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy can obtain health information, and a cost and time efficient alternative to traditional face-to-face healthcare interactions. However the content of these applications, and therefore their ability to facilitate appropriate and safe behaviour change, is largely unmonitored and unregulated. This study aimed to objectively review the availability, affiliation and nutritional content of pregnancy apps, and specifically their adherence to current NICE guidance for optimal nutrition during pregnancy (promotion of Vitamin D and folic acid supplementation, promotion of breastfeeding). Apps (n = 68) were retrieved from Googleplay and the Appstore using a keyword search. After exclusions (n = 39, non-English, focused on pre- or post-pregnancy, not free to access, non-functional), 29 apps were evaluated using the previously developed Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS). The original tool was modified to include additional sub-scales to assess the nutritional content of the apps and to rate their privacy settings. A higher score for each sub scale and for the MARS score overall represents a higher quality application. Median nutrition sub-scale score (out of 5) for all apps was 3 (25%: 2, 75%: 4.5) with folic acid requirements most likely to be covered and breastfeeding least. Over one third of the apps reviewed (38%) achieved a nutrition score ≥ 4 and 14% (n = 4) scored 5 out of 5. Nutrition score was significantly associated with overall MARS score (r = 0.615, p < 0.01). Total MARS score (out of 5; median 3 (3, 4)) was not associated with platform (android or apple), app rating or affiliation (e.g. Commercial, Government, NGO or academic institution), though sample size was reduced for these secondary variables. Free to access English language mobile phone applications targeted at pregnant women provide a variable quantity and quality of nutrition information. Those adhering more closely to current NICE guidelines for optimal diet in pregnancy are also more likely to be rated higher across other quality domains, however user rating does not predict information quality. This work will be used to direct interventions to improve e-health literacy amongst vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and to design more appropriate applications which are able to more effectively combine usability and acceptability with a robust evidence base.
Intestinal permeability modulation through a polyphenol-rich dietary pattern in older subjects: MaPLE project outcomes and perspectives
Authors: Bernardi Stefano , Del Bo’ Cristian , Guglielmetti Simone , Gargari Giorgio , Cherubini Antonio , Kroon Paul , Kirkup Benjamin , Liberona Nicole Hidalgo , Peron Gregorio , Dominguez Raul Gonzalez , Andres-Lacueva Cristina , Riso Patrizia
Published: June 2020

In recent years, research has been focusing on strategies to counteract inflammatory processes and age-related diseases(1). During ageing, a low-grade systemic inflammation is often associated to an altered intestinal permeability (IP) a condition that has been shown to promote inflammation possibly through the translocation of dietary and bacterial factors into the blood stream that activates the immune system(2).In this regard, dietary pattern and environmental factors could play a fundamental role because of their potential ability to modulate inflammation, IP and the gut microbial ecosystem (GME). Moreover, it has been hypothesized that bioactive compounds such as polyphenols may affect IP and GME(3).The MaPLE project (Microbiome mAnipulation through Polyphenols for managing gut Leakiness in the Elderly) aimed to investigate the hypothesis that a polyphenol-rich diet can improve IP condition in a target population with beneficial changes at intestine and systemic level. To this aim, a randomised, controlled, cross-over dietary intervention study (8-week polyphenol-rich diet versus 8-week control diet, separated by a wash-out period) was carried out in a group of older subjects (> 60 years) living in a well-controlled setting (i.e. nursing home). Markers related with IP, inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular function and intestinal microbial ecosystem were investigated in serum, urine and/or fecal samples. Moreover, blood bacteria DNAemia, and serum/urine metabolomics has been assessed. Moreover, a consistent nutritional evaluation of the standard menu (provided by the nursing home) and of weighed food diaries was performed, providing also data on actual polyphenol intake during the intervention. The results show there were higher levels of IP in the older subjects, and that the polyphenol-enriched diet changed the levels of serum zonulin, a marker of IP. In addition, an association between zonulin and blood bacterial load was demonstrated. Ongoing in vitro and in vivo experiments are exploring the potential effects of different polyphenols on IP and the mechanisms involved. The MaPLE project will generate new data to improve the understanding on the role of polyphenols in the modulation of intestinal microbiome and its interactions with the host.
Exploring the needs and perceptions regarding healthy eating among people at risk of food insecurity: a qualitative analysis
Authors: van der Velde Laura , Schuilenburg Linde , Thrivikraman Jyothi , Numans Mattijs , Jong Jessica Kiefte-de
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Healthy eating behaviors are essential determinants of overall health. These behaviors are generally poor among people at risk of experiencing food insecurity, which may be caused by many factors including perceived higher costs of healthy foods, financial stress, inadequate nutrition knowledge, and inadequate skills required for healthy food preparation. Few studies have examined how these factors influence eating behaviors among people at risk of experiencing food insecurity. We therefore aimed to gain a better understanding of the needs and perceptions regarding healthy eating in this target group.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative open interview study with 10 participants at risk of experiencing food insecurity. Thematic analysis identified four core themes on factors influencing healthy eating behaviors: (1) health related topics, influences on eating behaviors by both the (2) social and (3) physical environment, and (4) financial influences on eating behaviors.

Results

Overall, participants showed adequate nutrition knowledge. However, eating behaviors were strongly influenced by both social environmental factors (e.g. child food preferences and cultural food habits), and physical environmental factors (e.g. temptations in the local food environment). Perceived barriers for healthy eating behaviors included poor mental health, financial stress, and high prices of healthy foods. Participants had a generally positive and conscious attitude towards their financial situation, among others reflected in their strategies to cope with a limited budget. Food insecurity was mostly mentioned in reference to the past or to others and not to participants’ own current experiences. Participants were familiar with several existing resources to reduce food-related financial strain and generally had a positive attitude towards these resources. An exception was the Food Bank, which was highly criticized on its food parcel content. Proposed new resources included distributing free meals, facilitating social contacts, increasing healthy food supply in the neighborhood, and lowering prices of healthy foods.

Conclusion

The insights from this study increase understanding of factors influencing healthy eating behaviors of people at risk of food insecurity. Therefore, this study could inform future development of potential interventions aiming at helping people at risk of experiencing food insecurity to improve healthy eating, thereby decreasing the risk of diet-related diseases.
The effect of single-nutrient reformulation initiatives on the nutrient profile of foods: a systematic review
Authors: Gressier Mathilde , Segal Alexa , Sassi Franco , Frost Gary
Published: June 2020

In an effort to promote population health, governments and businesses are promoting food reformulation initiatives. In most instances, these initiatives have focused on reducing the amount of individual nutrients such as trans-fatty acids (TFA) or sodium, and generally they have been successful at doing so. However, the impact of single-nutrient reformulation on the broader nutrient profile of foods, and on the overall quality of people's diet, remains unclear. We have undertaken a systematic review of evidence of the impact of single-nutrient reformulation on the overall nutrient profile of foods, covering both peer-reviewed studies and grey literature. The outcome of interest was the nutrient composition of the reformulated food or food category. Only 17 studies reported the effect of initiatives on reformulated products’ nutrient profile (44 studies reported on only the targeted nutrient). Results are heterogeneous. Six studies investigated the impact of TFA reduction initiatives, showing different impacts on the reformulated products’ fat profile, with saturated fats (SFA) decreasing in parallel in some studies, but increasing in others. Similarly, when sodium was reduced, sugar, SFA and calories changed in different directions in different studies. Six studies assessed the effect of mandatory calorie labelling in restaurants, two leading to a reduction in energy intake, one to an increase in sugar and a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting a worsened nutrient profile. Of the companies participating in England's sugar reformulation initiative, only 13% also reduced total energy. Results highlight the limited research on the effect of reformulation strategies on the overall nutrient composition of foods. Only 28% of the studies that analyse the impact of policies incentivising single nutrient reformulation report the effect on the foods’ complete nutrient profile after reformulation. Over a third of the studies show that reducing the targeted nutrient comes at a cost – namely other nutrients may be increased. To produce the desire health impact, reformulation policies must incentivise improvements of the overall nutrient profile of products.