bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time‐Series Plots Integrated in Parallel‐Coordinates Displays
Authors: Gruendl Henning , Riehmann Patrick , Pausch Yves , Froehlich Bernd
Published: July 2016

We present a natural extension of two‐dimensional parallel‐coordinates plots for revealing relationships in time‐dependent multi‐attribute data by building on the idea that time can be considered as the third dimension. A time slice through the visualization represents a certain point in time and can be viewed as a regular parallel‐coordinates display. A vertical slice through one of the axes of the parallel‐coordinates display would show a time‐series plot. For a focus‐and‐context Integration of both views, we embed time‐series plots between two adjacent axes of the parallel‐coordinates plot. Both time‐series plots are drawn using a pseudo three‐dimensional perspective with a single vanishing point. An independent parallel‐coordinates panel that connects the two perspectively displayed time‐series plots can move forward and backward in time to reveal changes in the relationship between the time‐dependent attributes. The visualization of time‐series plots in the context of the parallel‐coordinates plot facilitates the exploration of time‐related aspects of the data without the need to switch to a separate display. We provide a consistent set of tools for selecting and contrasting subsets of the data, which are important for various application domains.
MCFTLE: Monte Carlo Rendering of Finite‐Time Lyapunov Exponent Fields
Authors: Günther Tobias , Kuhn Alexander , Theisel Holger
Published: July 2016

Traditionally, Lagrangian fields such as finite‐time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) are precomputed on a discrete grid and are ray casted afterwards. This, however, introduces both grid discretization errors and sampling errors during ray marching. In this work, we apply a progressive, view‐dependent Monte Carlo‐based approach for the visualization of such Lagrangian fields in time‐dependent flows. Our approach avoids grid discretization and ray marching errors completely, is consistent, and has a low memory consumption. The system provides noisy previews that converge over time to an accurate high‐quality visualization. Compared to traditional approaches, the proposed system avoids explicitly predefined fieldline seeding structures, and uses a Monte Carlo sampling strategy named Woodcock tracking to distribute samples along the view ray. An acceleration of this sampling strategy requires local upper bounds for the FTLE values, which we progressively acquire during the rendering. Our approach is tailored for high‐quality visualizations of complex FTLE fields and is guaranteed to faithfully represent detailed ridge surface structures as indicators for Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by using a set of analytic test cases and real‐world numerical simulations.
Decoupled Shading for Real‐time Heterogeneous Volume Illumination
Authors: Zhang Y. , Ma K.‐L.
Published: July 2016

Existing real‐time volume rendering techniques which support global illumination are limited in modeling distinct realistic appearances for classified volume data, which is a desired capability in many fields of study for illustration and education. Directly extending the emission‐absorption volume integral with heterogeneous material shading becomes unaffordable for real‐time applications because the high‐frequency view‐dependent global lighting needs to be evaluated per sample along the volume integral. In this paper, we present a decoupled shading algorithm for multi‐material volume rendering that separates global incident lighting evaluation from per‐sample material shading under multiple light sources. We show how the incident lighting calculation can be optimized through a sparse volume integration method. The quality, performance and usefulness of our new multi‐material volume rendering method is demonstrated through several examples.
A Survey of Perceptually Motivated 3D Visualization of Medical Image Data
Authors: Preim Bernhard , Baer Alexandra , Cunningham Douglas , Isenberg Tobias , Ropinski Timo
Published: July 2016

This survey provides an overview of perceptually motivated techniques for the visualization of medical image data, including physics‐based lighting techniques as well as illustrative rendering that incorporate spatial depth and shape cues. Additionally, we discuss evaluations that were conducted in order to study the perceptual effects of these visualization techniques as compared to conventional techniques. These evaluations assessed depth and shape perception with depth judgment, orientation matching, and related tasks. This overview of existing techniques and their evaluation serves as a basis for defining the evaluation process of medical visualizations and to discuss a research agenda.
The State of the Art in Cartograms
Authors: Nusrat Sabrina , Kobourov Stephen
Published: July 2016

Cartograms combine statistical and geographical information in thematic maps, where areas of geographical regions (e.g., countries, states) are scaled in proportion to some statistic (e.g., population, income). Cartograms make it possible to gain insight into patterns and trends in the World around us and have been very popular visualizations for geo‐referenced data for over a century. This Work surveys cartogram research in visualization, cartography and geometry, covering a broad spectrum of different cartogram types: from the traditional rectangular and table cartograms, to Dorling and diffusion cartograms. A particular focus is the study of the major cartogram dimensions: statistical accuracy, geographical accuracy, and topological accuracy. We review the history of cartograms, describe the algorithms for generating them, and consider task taxonomies. We also review quantitative and qualitative evaluations, and we use these to arrive at design guidelines and research challenges.
Deubiquitylating enzyme, USP9X, regulates proliferation of cells of head and neck cancer lines
Authors: Nanayakkara D. M. , Nguyen M. N. , Wood S. A.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Truncating mutations in USP9X have been identified in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. The aim of this study was to determine USP9X's functional role, if any, in head and neck cancer cells.

Materials and methods

USP9X was depleted/overexpressed in head and neck cancer cell line: SCC15 (tongue), CAL27 (tongue), FaDu (pharynx) and Detroit 562 (pharynx). Cell proliferation was monitored using the CyQUANT assay, and cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. Immunoblot assays were conducted to assess protein levels. RT‐qPCR was performed to determine Notch and Wnt pathway target gene expression.

Results

Our data showed a direct correlation between USP9X protein levels and proliferation, as well as Notch pathway activity in head and neck cancer cells. However, at least in FaDu, USP9X did not appear to regulate proliferation through the Notch pathway. Immunoblotting revealed a dramatic reduction in downstream targets of mTOR complex 1, namely total ribosomal protein (S6) and its phosphorylated form (pS6), when USP9X was depleted in FaDu cells. In contrast, in immortalized but non‐tumorigenic HaCaT keratinocytes, USP9X depletion led to increase in cell proliferation, maintaining direct regulation of Notch activity.

Conclusions

The functional role of USP9X was found to be context dependent. USP9X possibly promotes head and neck cancer cell proliferation through the mTOR pathway.
Spirituelles Wohlbefinden und Coping bei Sklerodermie, Lupus erythematodes und malignem Melanom
Authors: Pilch Michaela , Scharf Sabina Nadine , Lukanz Martin , Wutte Nora Johanna , Fink‐Puches Regina , Glawischnig‐Goschnik Monika , Unterrainer ­Human‐Friedrich , Aberer Elisabeth
Published: July 2016

Hintergrund und Ziele

Religiös‐spirituelles Wohlbefinden ist verbunden mit höherer Vitalität und verminderter Depressionsneigung. In unserer Studie untersuchten wir die Strategien zur Krankheitsbewältigung und die Rolle von Religiosität‐Spiritualität (R‐S) zur Verbesserung des subjektiven Wohlbefindens.

Patienten und Methodik

149 Patienten (107 Frauen), 44 mit systemischer Sklerodermie (SKL), 48 mit Lupus erythematodes (LE) und 57 mit malignem Melanom (MM), Stadium I–II, wurden mittels eines selbstentwickelten Fragebogens zum subjektiven Wohlbefinden, zu den mit der Erkrankung einhergehenden Umständen sowie mit dem Multidimensionalen Inventar (MI‐RSB) zu R‐S befragt.

Ergebnisse

LE‐Patienten sind zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung stärker belastet als SKL‐ und MM‐Patienten. SKL‐ und LE‐Patienten können erst nach Jahren die Erkrankung akzeptieren. Der Gesamtscore des religiös‐spirituellen Befindens liegt bei LE‐Patienten signifikant unter dem Wert der Normalbevölkerung. Fotosensitivität und Gelenksschmerzen sind bei LE‐Patienten negativ assoziiert mit der Fähigkeit Vergeben zu können. SKL‐Patienten mit Gesichtsveränderungen und Lungenbeteiligung zeigen höhere allgemeine Religiosität. MM‐Patienten haben höhere Werte für transzendente Hoffnung.

Schlussfolgerungen

Vorträge über die Krankheit und psychologische Betreuung sind die wichtigsten Bedürfnisse von Patienten mit SKL, LE und MM an ihre Betreuer. Religiös‐spirituelle Angebote zur Krankheitsverarbeitung scheinen derzeit eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen, könnten aber eine wichtige Ressource sein, der man in Zukunft mehr Aufmerksamkeit schenken sollte.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a milestone in the treatment of melanoma
Authors: Wilden Sophia M. , Lang Berenice M. , Mohr Peter , Grabbe Stephan
Published: July 2016

It has been known for decades that the immune system is able to detect and destroy tumor cells. In the past, this knowledge – mostly acquired through animal experiments – could not be used to benefit our patients, because immuno‐oncological therapeutic approaches in humans had constantly failed over recent decades. With the exception of adjuvant interferon therapy, none of these approaches had found its way into everyday clinical practice, and only very few patients were able to enjoy long‐term survival associated with good quality of life. With the advent of novel immunological approaches, the meaning of long‐term survival as well as quality of life has been redefined for oncological patients. For the first time, a significant percentage of patients responds to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, showing long‐term remission and even cure. It has already become apparent that immunotherapy will in the future be one of the therapeutic mainstays in the treatment of metastatic melanoma as well as many other tumor types. The present review article presents the most important new treatment modalities, their mechanism of action, clinical data regarding treatment response, and adverse events to be expected.
Survey zu sensibilisierenden Inhaltsstoffen von oxidativen Haarfarben (Konsumenten‐ und Kabinettware) in Deutschland
Authors: Kirchlechner Stephan , Hübner Anja , Uter Wolfgang
Published: July 2016

Hintergrund

Bestandteile oxidativer Haarfarben, wie z. B. p‐Toluylendiamin, sind zum einen teils hochpotente Kontaktallergene, zum anderen sind zahlreiche Verbraucher, Friseurkunden bzw. Friseure exponiert.

Methodik

Survey zur Exposition gegenüber aktiven Komponenten oxidativer Haarfarben in Deutschland, basierend auf der Erfassung der qualitativen Produktrezeptur nach INCI, gesondert für Konsumenten‐ und die in den Salons verwendete „Kabinett“‐Ware, bei der auch das gemeinsame Vorkommen der Bestandteile dargestellt wird.

Ergebnisse

Die 20 am häufigsten verwendeten Stoffe sind nahezu ausnahmslos starke oder sehr starke Sensibilisatoren; Spitzenreiter ist p‐Toluylendiaminsulfat, das in 88 % aller Produkte enthalten ist. Zwischen Produkten im Einzelhandel und professionellen Produkten im Friseurfachhandel bestehen nur geringe Häufigkeitsunterschiede. Häufige Kombinationen bestehen zwischen p‐Toluylendiamin, Resorcin sowie m‐Aminophenol, wobei die Einsatzkonzentrationen, die in dieser Studie nicht untersucht werden konnten, je nach Nuance sehr unterschiedlich sind.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die univariate Betrachtung zeigt, dass die aktuelle „Friseurstoff‐Reihe“ der Deutschen Kontaktallergie‐Gruppe das Expositions‐Spektrum von Allergenen nicht gut abdeckt; überdies legen auch Ergebnisse anderer Studien nahe, dass eine Reihe weiterer Allergene getestet werden sollte. Darüber hinaus bedarf der Effekt einer kombinierten Exposition gegenüber mehreren Allergenen gleichzeitig, mit der besonderen dynamischen Allergokinetik oxidativer Haarfarben, hinsichtlich des Sensibilisierungsrisikos weiterer Forschung.
Pragmatism, Structural Reform and the Politics of Inequality in Global Public Health
Authors: O'Laughlin Bridget
Published: July 2016

Despite broad international agreement on the importance of addressing global health inequalities on grounds of both social justice and health security, there is little accord on how this should be done. The Debate that follows interrogates the role that capital and corporate institutions have assumed in defining and implementing global healthcare reforms. The contributors to the Debate do not agree on the legitimacy of the classic oppositions in design of healthcare — state vs market or public vs private. Nor do they concur on the (in)compatibility between pragmatic collaboration with corporate institutions and realization of norms of social justice in health. Yet all do agree that unequal access to healthcare is only one of the structural determinants of inequalities in global health. Global capital is implicated in structural patterns of investment that have made jobs, wages and land‐based livelihoods insecure and unhealthy, fouled air and water and profited from spiralling costs of drugs and treatment. On such an economically and politically conflictual terrain, it is unlikely that collaboration with corporate institutions is consistent with structural assault on the social determinants of global inequalities in health.
The possible consequences for cognitive functions of external electric fields at power line frequency on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons
Authors: Migliore Rosanna , De Simone Giada , Leinekugel Xavier , Migliore Michele
Published: July 2016

The possible effects on cognitive processes of external electric fields, such as those generated by power line pillars and household appliances are of increasing public concern. They are difficult to study experimentally, and the relatively scarce and contradictory evidence make it difficult to clearly assess these effects. In this study, we investigate how, why and to what extent external perturbations of the intrinsic neuronal activity, such as those that can be caused by generation, transmission and use of electrical energy can affect neuronal activity during cognitive processes. For this purpose, we used a morphologically and biophysically realistic three‐dimensional model of CA1 pyramidal neurons. The simulation findings suggest that an electric field oscillating at power lines frequency, and environmentally measured strength, can significantly alter both the average firing rate and temporal spike distribution properties of a hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron. This effect strongly depends on the specific and instantaneous relative spatial location of the neuron with respect to the field, and on the synaptic input properties. The model makes experimentally testable predictions on the possible functional consequences for normal hippocampal functions such as object recognition and spatial navigation. The results suggest that, although EF effects on cognitive processes may be difficult to occur in everyday life, their functional consequences deserve some consideration, especially when they constitute a systematic presence in living environments.
Integrative concepts of rosacea pathophysiology, clinical presentation and new therapeutics
Authors: Holmes Anna D. , Steinhoff Martin
Published: July 2016

Rosacea is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease with high prevalence worldwide. Recent research suggests that dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune pathways as well as neurovascular changes is present, with different degrees of importance in the various subtypes. Neither the aetiology, genetics nor pathophysiological basis of the vascular, inflammatory or fibrotic changes is well understood. The clinical spectrum comprises a huge variability from erythema (vasodilation) to papules/pustules (inflammatory infiltrate) to phymata (fibrosis, glandular hyperplasia) making it a valuable human disease model to understand the interplay between the neurovascular and immune systems as well as the progression from chronic inflammation to fibrosis in skin. The lack of appropriate animal models emphasizes the importance of further translational research validating observed molecular pathways under disease conditions. A wide spectrum of physical (UV, temperature), biological (microbiota, food) and endogenous (genetic, stress) stimuli has been discussed as “trigger factors” of rosacea. Novel findings implicate keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, mast cells, fibroblasts, Th1/Th17 cells, antibody‐producing B cells and neurons in the pathobiology of rosacea. So far, pattern recognition receptors like TLR2, transient receptor potential ion channels, cytokines, chemokines and proteases have been implicated as critical receptors/mediators. However, our understanding of the interactive networks on the molecular level is very limited. Identification of critical molecular components of the inflammatory cascade including antimicrobial peptides, the IL‐1β inflammasome, TNF, IFN‐γ, proteases and neuropeptides may provide the basis for novel pathomechanism‐based therapeutic approaches for this frequent and bothersome skin disease.
Acidification of stratum corneum prevents the progression from atopic dermatitis to respiratory allergy
Authors: Lee Hae‐Jin , Lee Noo Ri , Kim Bo‐Kyung , Jung Minyoung , Kim Dong Hye , Moniaga Catharina S. , Kabashima Kenji , Choi Eung Ho
Published: July 2016

The presence of congenitally impaired skin barrier followed by atopic dermatitis (AD) is an initial step in the atopic march. The maintenance of acidic pH in the stratum corneum (SC) has been suggested as a therapeutic or preventive strategy for barrier impairment caused by skin inflammation. To determine whether an AD murine model, flaky tail mice, with inherited filaggrin deficiency could develop airway inflammation by repeated topical application followed by nasal inhalation of house dust mite (HDM) antigen (defined as a novel “atopic march animal model”), and whether maintenance of an acidic SC environment by continuous application of acidic cream could interrupt the following atopic march. During the course of HDM treatment, acidic cream (pH2.8) or neutral cream (pH7.4) was applied to flaky tail mice twice daily. Repeated applications and inhalations of HDM to flaky tail mice induced AD skin lesions followed by respiratory allergies. Maintenance of SC acidity inhibited the occurrence of respiratory allergic inflammation as well as AD‐like skin lesions. Collectively, a novel atopic march model could be developed by repeated epicutaneous and nasal applications of HDM to flaky tail mice, and that the acidification of SC could prevent the atopic march from AD to respiratory allergy.
‘In a Male Workplace, Things Would Never Be Like This’: Using Gendered Notions to Neutralize Conflicts in a Swedish Supermarket
Authors: Johansson Kristina
Published: July 2016

This study concerns the ‘practising of gender neutrality’ and the organizational practices that contribute to the creation of gendered notions in a relation of mutual constitution. Based on a case study of one Swedish supermarket, I investigate the gendered notions present in the descriptions of the supermarket activities by relating them to the organization of the work and the gendered and aged employment structure of the supermarket. The findings suggest that the problems which, according to gendered notions were grounded in the nature of men and women, could be related to organizational practices. It was concluded that specific notions of gender were used to neutralize potential conflicts and to make them into a non‐issue for the organization. This study also contributes insights to the discussions surrounding the intersection of age and gender in organizations, and skills and learning in retail work.
A world of sequences: can we use georeferenced nucleotide databases for a robust automated phylogeography?
Authors: Gratton Paolo , Marta Silvio , Bocksberger Gaëlle , Winter Marten , Trucchi Emiliano , Kühl Hjalmar
Published: July 2016

Aim

Comparative phylogeography across a large number of species allows investigating community‐level processes at regional and continental scales. An effective approach to such studies would involve automatic retrieval of georeferenced sequence data from nucleotide databases (a first step towards an ‘automated phylogeography’). It remains unclear if, despite repeated calls, georeferencing of nucleotide databases has increased in frequency, and if accumulated data allow for broad applications based on automated retrieval of sequence data and associated geographical information. Here, we investigated geographical information available in NCBI GenBank accessions for tetrapods, exploring temporal and geographical patterns in georeferencing, and quantifying data available for automated phylogeography.

Location

Global.

Methods

We developed Python and R scripts to (1) download metadata from GenBank (1,125,514 accessions, > 20,000 species); (2) geocode accessions from associated metadata; (3) map originally georeferenced and geocoded accessions and plot their frequency against time; (4) assess the size of intraspecific sets of homologous sequences and compare their geographical extent with species ranges, thus evaluating their potential for phylogeographical analyses.

Results

Only 6.2% of surveyed tetrapod GenBank submissions reported geographical coordinates, without increase in recent years. Our geocoding raised georeferenced accessions to 15.1%. The geographical distribution of georeferenced accessions is patchy, and especially sparse in economically underdeveloped areas. Automatically retrievable informative data sets covering most of the range are available for very few species of wide‐ranging tetrapods.

Main conclusions

Although geocoding offers a partial solution to the scarcity of direct georeferencing, the amount of data potentially useful for automated phylogeography is still limited. Strong underrepresentation of hard‐to‐access areas suggests that sampling logistics represent a main hindrance to global data availability. We propose that, besides enhancing georeferencing of genetic data, future research agendas should focus on collaborative efforts to sample genetic diversity in biodiversity‐rich tropical areas.
The Uyghur population and genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: potential role for variants in CAPN10,APM1 and FUT6 genes
Authors: Zhao Feifei , Mamatyusupu Dolikun , Wang Youxin , Fang Honghong , Wang Hao , Gao Qing , Dong Hao , Ge Siqi , Yu Xinwei , Zhang Jie , Wu Lijuan , Song Manshu , Wang Wei
Published: July 2016

Genome‐wide association studies have successfully identified over 70 loci associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple populations of European ancestry. However, the risk attributable to an individual variant is modest and does not yet provide convincing evidence for clinical utility. Association between these established genetic variants and T2DM in general populations is hitherto understudied in the isolated populations, such as the Uyghurs, resident in Hetian, far southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. In this case–control study, we genotyped 13 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 10 genes associated with diabetes in 130 cases with T2DM and 135 healthy controls of Uyghur, a Chinese minority ethnic group. Three of the 13 SNPs demonstrated significant association with T2DM in the Uyghur population. There were significant differences between the T2DM patients and controls in the risk allele distributions of rs3792267 (CAPN10) (P = 0.002), rs1501299 (APM1) (P = 0.017), and rs3760776 (FUT6) (P = 0.031). Allelic carriers of rs3792267‐A, rs1501299‐T, and rs3760776‐T had a 2.24‐fold [OR (95% CI): 1.35–3.71], 0.59‐fold [OR (95% CI): 0.39–0.91], 0.57‐fold [OR (95% CI): 0.34–0.95] increased risk for T2DM respectively. We further confirmed that the cumulative risk allelic scores calculated from the 13 susceptibility loci for T2DM differed significantly between the T2DM patients and controls (P = 0.001), and the effect of obesity/overweight on T2DM was only observed in the subjects with a combined risk allelic score under a value of 17. This study observed that the SNPs rs3792267 in CAPN10, rs1501299 in APM1, and rs3760776 in FUT6 might serve as potential susceptible biomarkers for T2DM in Uyghurs. The cumulative risk allelic scores of multiple loci with modest individual effects are also significant risk factors in Uyghurs for T2DM, particularly among non‐obese individuals. This is the first investigation having observed/found genetic variations on genetic loci functionally linked with glycosylation associated with the risk of T2DM in a Uyghur population.
Derivation and Validation of a Severity Scoring Method for the 3‐Minute Diagnostic Interview for Confusion Assessment Method‐‐Defined Delirium
Authors: Vasunilashorn Sarinnapha M. , Guess Jamey , Ngo Long , Fick Donna , Jones Richard N. , Schmitt Eva M. , Kosar Cyrus M. , Saczynski Jane S. , Travison Thomas G. , Inouye Sharon K. , Marcantonio Edward R.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To derive and validate a method for scoring delirium severity using a recently validated, brief, structured diagnostic interview for Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)‐defined delirium (3D‐CAM) and to demonstrate its agreement with the CAM Severity short form (CAM‐S SF) as the reference standard.

Design

Derivation and validation analysis in a prospective cohort study.

Setting

Two academic medical centers.

Participants

Individuals aged 70 and older enrolled in the Successful Aging after Elective Surgery Study undergoing major elective noncardiac surgery (N = 566).

Measurements

The sample was randomly divided into a derivation dataset (n = 377) and an independent validation dataset (n = 189). These datasets were used to develop a severity scoring method using the 3D‐CAM based on the four‐item CAM‐S SF (3D‐CAM‐S) and evaluate agreement between the 3D‐CAM‐S and the traditional CAM‐S SF using weighted kappa statistics.

Results

A method for scoring severity using 3D‐CAM items was developed that achieved good agreement with the CAM‐S SF in the derivation dataset (κ = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93–0.95). The 3D‐CAM‐S achieved nearly identical agreement in the independent validation dataset (κ = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.92–0.95), and 100% of 3D‐CAM‐S scores were within 1 point of the CAM‐S SF score in both datasets. The 3D‐CAM‐S also strongly predicts clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

A newly developed method for scoring delirium severity using the 3D‐CAM (the 3D‐CAM‐S) has excellent agreement with the CAM‐S SF. This new methodology enables clinicians and researchers using the 3D‐CAM for surveillance to measure delirium severity and monitor its course simultaneously by tracking changes over time. The 3D‐CAM‐S expands the utility of the 3D‐CAM as an important tool for delirium recognition and management.
After‐School Program Implementation in Urban Environments: Increasing Engagement Among Adolescent Youth
Authors: Pelcher Allison , Rajan Sonali
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

After‐school programs (ASPs) play a crucial role in supplementing the present school day. However, implementing ASPs in the urban environment and among adolescents (grades 6‐12) poses unique challenges. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review to identify evidence‐based barriers and facilitators to after‐school programming in urban school environments.

METHODS

Twenty‐five publications meeting the authors' inclusion criteria over the past 10 years were reviewed and synthesized.

RESULTS

Results demonstrated that the demand for ASPs is increasing. Several barriers, including staffing, funding, resources, transportation, and space, were identified. Specific challenges regarding the implementation of ASPs for adolescents in urban areas were also determined. A number of best practices were identified along with benefits for academic engagement and social‐emotional coping skill development.

CONCLUSIONS

Efforts to address these specific barriers and facilitators to ASP implementation may contribute to improving broader health and academic outcomes among adolescent youth.
Parent readiness for discharge from a tertiary care pediatric cardiology unit
Authors: Schuh Michelle , Schendel Sheena , Islam Sunjidatul , Klassen Keltie , Morrison Lisa , Rankin Kathryn N. , Robert Cheri , Mackie Andrew S.
Published: July 2016

Purpose

This study aimed to measure parents’ readiness for discharge from a pediatric cardiology/cardiac surgical inpatient unit.

Design and Methods

An observational study was conducted at a single tertiary care pediatric cardiac surgical program; parents received teaching from a discharge coordinator, bedside nurse, and, if needed, dietician and pharmacist. We surveyed parents/guardians on the day of discharge and 2 weeks later.

Results

We enrolled 181 participants, 53% with children <12 months of age. Length of hospital admission ranged from ≤7 days (54%) to >4 weeks (8%). The most common diagnoses were ventricular septal defect (n = 39), atrial septal defect (n = 28), and coarctation of the aorta (n = 20). Home enteral feeding was required for 21 (12%) children, and 167 (92%) were discharged on medications. Nearly all parents (n = 173, 96%) felt they were ready to take their child home as planned. With respect to medical needs, problems to watch for, who and when to call, what their child was allowed and not allowed to do, and knowledge about follow‐up, >90% of respondents rated their knowledge 8+ (range 0–10). Only 68% of respondents rated their knowledge ≥8 regarding services available in their community. Twenty percent experienced challenges at home for which they felt unprepared. These included infection, pain, and gastrointestinal concerns.

Practical Implications

Most parents felt ready for discharge following multidisciplinary teaching. Greater emphasis is needed on teaching families about services available in the community. Further study is required to determine which parents need additional support and education to avoid unanticipated challenges post discharge.
Validation of Dual‐energy X‐ray Absorptiometry to Predict Body Composition of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Johnson Maria S. , Watts Randall J. , Hammer Hugh S. , Nagy Tim R. , Watts Stephen A.
Published: July 2016

Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides a noninvasive way to determine lean tissue mass (LTM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) in humans and small mammals. Live channel catfish (n = 74, 78–1200 g) were anesthetized and scanned in both a lateral position and a dorsa‐ventral position. Six individual fish (300–600 g) were scanned five times each to determine precision by the coefficient of variation. Precision was good for LTM (0.75–1.06%) and for BMC and BMD (2–2.6%). Precision for FM was not good (27–34%), which was due to the very low FM (0–1 g) recorded by the DXA. However, using the predicted values, FM precision improved to 5–5.5%. DXA values for LTM, FM, and BMC were significantly different from chemical analysis (P < 0.001). DXA overestimated LTM and underestimated FM and BMC. However, all three compartments were strongly correlated with carcass values (P < 0.0001). Using the prediction equations and the jackknife procedure, predicted values of LTM, FM, and BMC were not significantly different from the carcass values (P > 0.05). DXA may also be a valuable tool for evaluating body condition longitudinally in commercial or in threatened or endangered fish species, where noninvasive procedures would be invaluable.
Slow‐release Coated Copper Sulfate as an Algicide for Aquaculture
Authors: Viriyatum Rawee , Boyd Claude E.
Published: July 2016

A coated copper sulfate algicide designed for controlled release of copper was evaluated for its effectiveness in controlling phytoplankton in hybrid catfish, ♀Ictalurus punctatus × ♂Ictalurus furcatus, ponds. Copper concentrations were greater in ponds receiving weekly treatments with copper sulfate crystals than in ponds in which the coated copper sulfate was suspended in porous bags and left in ponds during the study. However, the coated copper sulfate treatment provided a similar degree of phytoplankton control for a period of about 4 mo. Copper additions did not negatively affect catfish survival, production, or feed conversion in either the copper sulfate crystal treatment or in the coated copper sulfate treatment as compared with the control (P > 0.05). Flavor scores for fish did not differ between control and treatments (P > 0.05). The coated copper sulfate appeared to be a potentially effective method for controlling phytoplankton in aquaculture ponds. It would be easier to apply and require fewer applications, and the coated copper algicide would not present a fish toxicity issue that can arise from high copper concentration immediately following copper sulfate crystal treatment.
Threshold Anxieties: (In)hospitality, the English Novel and the Second World War
Authors: Ridge Emily
Published: July 2016

Scholarly attention to the concept of hospitality has flourished in the past decade, largely prompted by the turn‐of‐the‐century reflections of Jacques Derrida who was, in turn, following the philological and philosophical leads of Émile Benveniste, Kant, Heidegger and Levinas. Derrida's intervention was partly a response to the new spaces of hospitality opened up by technological innovations. The cross‐disciplinary surge of interest in hospitality since Derrida undoubtedly owes part of its urgency to the development of a radically altered landscape of interpersonal and political exchange in a post 9/11 digital age, in line with increasingly ubiquitous references to issues of trust, sincerity, privacy and security. This essay will give a contextual overview of the emergence of hospitality as a keyword within the humanities while honing in, more specifically, on its growing importance to literary critical scholars as part of a wider return to ethical questions in literary criticism. In particular, it will make a case for the resounding significance of hospitality as a paradigm in late modernist and post‐war English fiction, revolving around the global catastrophe of the Second World War. The trope of hospitality – more often than not, a fraught hospitality – proved an effective means of working through redefinitions of Englishness in the context of widespread refugee movements, post‐colonial immigration and the emergence of a welfare state. Troubled representations of host–guest exchanges in the fiction of this period register anxiety about national change but also, more broadly, questions of human responsibility and rights.
Intestinal gas and liver steatosis: a casual association? A prospective multicentre assessment
Authors: Maconi Giovanni , Furfaro Federica , Fries Walter , Dell'Era Alessandra , Bezzio Cristina , Costantino Giuseppe , Giuliano Vittorio , Alibrandi Angela , Guzowski Tom , Bassotti Gabrio
Published: July 2016

Background & Aims

Excessive intestinal gas and liver steatosis are frequent sonographic findings. Both of these appear to be caused by variations of the gut microflora. We assessed the relationship between ultrasonographic detection of intestinal gas and liver steatosis.

Methods

This study included 204 consecutive patients (99 male; mean age 53.0 ± 15.6 years), who underwent ultrasonography for abdominal complaints or follow‐up of benign lesions. Body mass index, biochemical liver markers, sonographic presence of liver steatosis and/or degree of intestinal gas interfering with the examination were collected. Both sonographic findings were assessed based on standardized criteria. The association between liver steatosis and intestinal gas was evaluated by means of univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Eighty (39.2%) of patients showed moderate to large amounts of gas preventing an accurate evaluation of the liver or pancreas and 90 (44.1%) had liver steatosis. A significant correlation between the degree of intestinal gas and liver steatosis both in obese (r=.603; P<.001) and in nonobese patients (r=.555; P<.001) was found. Univariate analysis showed that intestinal gas, body mass index, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma‐GT, age and sex were predictors of liver steatosis; only intestinal gas (OR 7.4; 95% CI 3.4–16.1) and body mass index (OR; 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.5), however, were independent predictors at multivariate analysis. The presence of excessive gas was also significantly correlated with liver steatosis coupled with elevated ALT (P = .001).

Conclusion

This study shows a significant correlation between excessive intestinal gas and liver steatosis. The reasons of this finding and its clinical implications remain to be defined.
Phylogenetic position and systematics of the wood‐associate limpet genus Caymanabyssia and implications for ecological radiation into deep‐sea organic substrates by lepetelloid gastropods
Authors: Kano Yasunori , Takano Tsuyoshi , Schwabe Enrico , Warén Anders
Published: July 2016

The gastropod superfamily Lepetelloidea represents an extremely diverse lineage in terms of their utilization of different deep‐sea organic substrates that include sunken wood, leaves, whale and fish bones, egg cases of sharks and rays, annelid tubes and detrital cephalopod beaks among others. They also inhabit cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, thus presenting an interesting case for the evaluation of such organic substrates as ‘stepping stones’ into these chemosynthetically nourished environments. Here we show the first molecular phylogeny of the Pseudococculinidae, a primarily wood‐dwelling family and the most speciose in Lepetelloidea. Special emphasis is placed on the genus Caymanabyssia, for which the only subfamily Caymanabyssiinae has been established, and a new species Caymanabyssia solis is described herein and compared with previously known taxa in order to reconsider the morphological characteristics of lepetelloids on wood. Bayesian and likelihood trees reconstructed using four‐gene sequences reveal that Pseudococculinidae sensu auctt. is a polyphyletic taxon that is grouped by shared plesiomorphic conditions of characters including the radula, a digestive organ, the morphology of which is often governed strongly by diet and feeding ecology. The newly reinterpreted families Pseudococculinidae and Caymanabyssiidae represent reciprocal sister clades as a basal radiation in Lepetelloidea. Sunken wood might thus have served as an ancestral habitat from which species on other substrates and vent and seep taxa were derived.
Co‐evolution of marine worms and their chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts: unexpected host switches explained by ecological fitting?
Authors: Brune A.
Published: July 2016

Mutualistic associations of bacteria and invertebrates are widespread and encompass an enormous diversity on the side of both partners. The advantages gained from the symbiosis favour reciprocal adaptations that increase the stability of the association and can lead to codiversification of symbiont and host. While numerous examples of a strictly vertical transfer of the symbionts from parent to offspring among intracellular associations abound, little is known about the fidelity of the partners in extracellular associations, where symbionts colonize the surface or body cavity of their host. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Zimmermann et al. () investigated the evolutionary history of the symbiotic association between a monophyletic clade of sulphur‐oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria and two distantly related lineages of marine worms (nematodes and annelids). The study supports the surprising conclusion that partner fidelity does not necessarily increase with the intimacy of the association. Ectosymbionts on the cuticle of the nematodes seem to be cospeciating with their hosts, whereas endosymbionts housed in the body cavity of the annelids must have originated multiple times, probably by host switching, from ectosymbionts of sympatric nematodes. This excellent case study on the evolutionary history of invertebrate–microbe interactions supports the emerging concept that the co‐evolutionary processes shaping such mutualistic symbioses include both codiversification and ecological fitting.
The ecology of an adaptive radiation of three‐spined stickleback from North Uist, Scotland
Authors: Magalhaes Isabel S. , D'Agostino Daniele , Hohenlohe Paul A. , MacColl Andrew D. C.
Published: July 2016

There has been a large focus on the genetics of traits involved in adaptation, but knowledge of the environmental variables leading to adaptive changes is surprisingly poor. Combined use of environmental data with morphological and genomic data should allow us to understand the extent to which patterns of phenotypic and genetic diversity within a species can be explained by the structure of the environment. Here, we analyse the variation of populations of three‐spined stickleback from 27 freshwater lakes on North Uist, Scotland, that vary greatly in their environment, to understand how environmental and genetic constraints contribute to phenotypic divergence. We collected 35 individuals per population and 30 abiotic and biotic environmental parameters to characterize variation across lakes and analyse phenotype–environment associations. Additionally, we usedRADsequencing to estimate the genetic relationships among a subset of these populations. We found a large amount of phenotypic variation among populations, most prominently in armour and spine traits. Despite large variation in the abiotic environment, namely in ion composition, depth and dissolved organic Carbon, more phenotypic variation was explained by the biotic variables (presence of predators and density of predator and competitors), than by associated abiotic variables. Genetic structure among populations was partly geographic, with closer populations being more similar. Altogether, our results suggest that differences in body shape among stickleback populations are the result of both canalized genetic and plastic responses to environmental factors, which shape fish morphology in a predictable direction regardless of their genetic starting point.
Trophic niche partitioning and diet composition of sympatric fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Gulf of Alaska revealed through stable isotope analysis
Authors: Witteveen Briana H. , Wynne Kate M.
Published: July 2016

Fin and humpback whales are large consumers that are often sympatric, effectively sharing or partitioning their use of habitat and prey resources. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the skin of fin and humpback whales from two regions in the western Gulf of Alaska, Kodiak, and Shumagin Islands, were analyzed to test the hypothesis that these sympatric baleen whales exhibit trophic niche partitioning within these regions. Standard ellipse areas, estimated using Bayesian inference, suggested that niche partitioning between species is occurring in the Kodiak region but not in the Shumagin Islands. Isotopic mixing models based on stable isotopes from whales and local prey samples, were used to estimate possible diet solutions for whales in the Kodiak region. Comparison of isotopic niches and diet models support niche partitioning, with fin whales foraging primarily on zooplankton and humpback whales foraging on zooplankton and small forage fish. The results of this study show that niche partitioning between sympatric species can vary by region and may be the result of prey availability, prey preferences, or both.
The Power of Elective Affinities in Contemporary Salafism
Authors: Poljarevic Emin
Published: July 2016

In the minds of the general public, Salafism is a radical reactionary movement comprised of fundamentalists motivated by a nitpicking religious zeal. Bearing this in mind, one cannot help but wonder why some young Muslims are attracted to the supposed religio‐anarchism and chaos that makes up its worldview. Despite the current mass‐production of analyses and descriptions, little serious attention has been given to the affinities that some adolescent Muslims have for this kind of religious life. This article explores these affinities through a critical analysis of the discursive nexus between a regimented religious lifestyle and utopian visions of “the perfect community.” It further suggests that this nexus represents one of the central motivational forces behind much of its adherents’ current activism. This interconnection between the social agents’ desire for a specific lifestyle (manhaj) and their utopian visions of it is revealed in the elective affinities between these two “forces.” The article offers a deeper insight into the motivational dynamics and Salafi subjectivities of this global movement's emotional capital, one of its trademarks.
Revisiting the phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein (PEBP) gene family reveals cryptic FLOWERING LOCUS T gene homologs in gymnosperms and sheds new light on functional evolution
Authors: Liu Yan‐Yan , Yang Ke‐Zhen , Wei Xiao‐Xin , Wang Xiao‐Quan
Published: July 2016

Angiosperms and gymnosperms are two major groups of extant seed plants. It has been suggested that gymnosperms lack FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a key integrator at the core of flowering pathways in angiosperms.

Taking advantage of newly released gymnosperm genomes, we revisited the evolutionary history of the plant phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein (PEBP) gene family through phylogenetic reconstruction. Expression patterns in three gymnosperm taxa and heterologous expression in Arabidopsis were studied to investigate the functions of gymnosperm FT‐like and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)‐like genes.

Phylogenetic reconstruction suggests that an ancient gene duplication predating the divergence of seed plants gave rise to the FT and TFL1 genes. Expression patterns indicate that gymnosperm TFL1‐like genes play a role in the reproductive development process, while GymFT1 and GymFT2, the FT‐like genes resulting from a duplication event in the common ancestor of gymnosperms, function in both growth rhythm and sexual development pathways. When expressed in Arabidopsis, both spruce FT‐like and TFL1‐like genes repressed flowering.

Our study demonstrates that gymnosperms do have FT‐like and TFL1‐like genes. Frequent gene and genome duplications contributed significantly to the expansion of the plant PEBP gene family. The expression patterns of gymnosperm PEBP genes provide novel insight into the functional evolution of this gene family.
Between exclusion and emancipation: Foucault's ethics and disability
Authors: Pezdek Krzysztof , Rasiński Lotar
Published: July 2016

The aim of the study was to demonstrate how Foucault's ethics, which we understand as a tension between exclusion and emancipation, helps both critically reassess two disability models that prevail in the contemporary literature concerning disability, that is the medical model and the social one, and support and inspire an ethical project of including people with disabilities in spheres of life from which they have been excluded by various power/knowledge regimes. We claim, following Foucault, that such a project should be informed by critical reflection on exclusion‐generating forms of knowledge about people with disabilities and focused on individual ethical actions fostering self‐realization and emancipation of people with disability.