bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound biomicroscopy in ophthalmology
Authors: Tereshchenko Alexander V. , Erokhina Elena V. , Volodin Denis P.
Published: June 2021

This review presents data on the use of the method of ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM) of the anterior segment of the eye in ophthalmological practice in adults and children. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a contact non-invasive method for visualizing structures of the anterior segment of the eye using high-frequency ultrasound in the range from 35 to 100 MHz. Literature data indicate that UBM can be used to visualize almost all structures of the anterior segment, including the cornea, iridocorneal angle, anterior chamber, iris, ciliary body and lens, as well as the peripheral parts of the retina, vasculature and vitreous. There is data on the use of this method in the study of pathogenetic aspects of glaucoma, pseudoecfoliative syndrome, various types of cataracts, post-traumatic injuries of the anterior segment of the eye, meimobium gland dysfunction and other ophthalmopathologies. The use of UBM in children, due to the peculiarities of its implementation, is not widespread, but due to the specificity of the data obtained using it, it is promising. The limited information about the use of UBM in retinopathy of prematurity and the diagnostic capabilities of the method makes its use especially relevant in this severe retinal disease of premature newborns.
Evaluation strength of the supporting apparatus of the lens at combination of age-related cataract with involutional changes in connective tissue
Authors: Sorokin Evgenii L. , Belonozhenko Yaroslav V. , Krivko Sofia V. , Danilov Oleg V.
Published: June 2021

AIM: The clinical evaluation of zonules condition in patients with age-related cataracts without weak zonular support signs against the background of connective tissue somatic involutional changes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The main group consisted of 70 patients (70 eyes) with connective tissue involutional somatic pathology without concomitant eye pathology, eye injuries, and decompensated systemic diseases; the control group included 60 people (60 eyes) with age-related cataracts without connective tissue involutional pathology. Using ocular echography (Aviso S, Quantel Medical, France) with high resolution (50 MHz) sensor, we estimated the ciliary processes to lens equator distance symmetry in 2 main meridians (of 6 and 12 hours). Its equal value in 2 opposite meridians or difference less than 0.3 mm between them was considered as the sign of symmetry; the difference of 0.3 mm and more was a sign of asymmetry.
RESULTS: The presence of ciliary processes to lens equator distance asymmetry between the meridians was revealed in 28 eyes in the main group (40%); in 14 of the eyes with asymmetry ranging from 0.4 and more, a 1st degree lens subluxation was revealed intraoperatively.
CONCLUSIONS: The presence of ciliary processes to lens equator distance asymmetry indicates subclinical involutional changes in the lens ligament apparatus, which has a prognostic value for choosing a model of an intraocular lens to be implanted.
Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of choroidal neovascularization in children
Authors: Zhukova Svetlana I. , Samsonov Dmitry Yu. , Zlobin Igor V.
Published: June 2021

AIM: Report cases of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in children and describe structural and hemodynamic changes in retina associated with this pathology detected by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCTA).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 6 children (4 girls, 2 boys) aged from 7 to 17 years with CNV associated with pathological myopia, post-traumatic choroid rupture and optic disc abnormalities were examined. The activity of neovascular complexes was evaluated by ophthalmoscopy, OCT, and OCTA. The maximum follow-up period was 4 years.
RESULTS: 7 cases of CNV were detected. One child had a two-way process. Myopic and posttraumatic membranes were localized sub- and juxtafoveally and were the membranes of type 2. In children with optic disc anomalies of the 1 type membrane and mixed (1st and 2nd) type was located extrafoveally. The decrease in visual acuity was determined by the localization of membranes, the severity of edema, and the severity of dystrophic changes in the retina. On OCT, subretinal fluid and hyperreflective material corresponding to hemorrhages were visualized in the projection of active membranes. OCTA revealed a network of small capillaries with a large number of loops and anastomoses. Intravitreal angiogenesis inhibitors injections were performed in 5 cases. A persistent effect after a single injection was observed in 2 cases. The return of membrane activity in 3 cases allowed us to justify the repeated administration of angiogenesis inhibitors. Along with a decrease in the activity of CNV, progressive dystrophic changes in the pigment epithelium around the membrane were detected.
CONCLUSIONS: High sensitivity of OCT was demonstrated for early detection of structural and hemodynamic retinal disorders, determining the activity of neovascular complexes, predicting outcomes of the disease, and evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. The progression of dystrophic changes in the retinal pigment epithelium in response to therapy with angiogenesis inhibitors requires long-term monitoring of children and determining the optimal strategy for treating CNV in children.
Effects of treatment interruption on anatomical and functional status of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration receiving anti-VEGF therapy
Authors: Kharakozov Alexandr S. , Kulikov Alexey N. , Maltsev Dmitrii S.
Published: June 2021

AIM: To study anatomical and functional changes in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) receiving anti-VEGF therapy and experienced treatment interruption during COVID pandemic.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 58 eyes (49 patients, 34 males and 15 females with a mean age of 73.2 9.4 years) with nAMD. Eyes in the first-year treatment group (18 eyes) received up to 7 intravitreal aflibercept injections, eyes in the second-year treatment group (21 eyes) were treated with pro re nata regimen. The treatment interruption period in the first and second-year treatment group was 5.5 0.7 and 5.5 1.0 months, respectively.
RESULTS: Over the treatment interruption period, the first-year treatment group showed no statistically significant differences in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT), p = 0.25 and p = 0.09, respectively. At the same time, the second-year treatment group showed a statistically significant decrease in BCVA (p = 0.0004) and an increase in CRT (p = 0.002). Baseline BCVA was positively associated with BCVA at the end of treatment interruption (r = 0.82; p 0.0001). Presence of sub- and intraretinal fluid (p = 0.015 and p = 0.007, respectively), low BCVA (p 0.0001), high CRT (p = 0.019), alteration of the ellipsoid zone (p 0.001) were negatively associated with BCVA at the end of treatment interruption. Age (p = 0.8), gender (p = 0.41), and the number of intravitreal injections (p = 0.5) showed no association with changes in BCVA.
CONCLUSIONS: NAMD patients of the second year of anti-VEGF therapy appear to have a higher risk of functional loss during treatment interruption. Higher CRT and lower BCVA, as well as sub- and intraretinal fluid before treatment interruption, are associated with poorer functional status at the end of the interruption period.
Lexical Analysis in Content Management System Details
Authors: Fadziso Takudzwa
Published: June 2021

In cognitive science, understanding language by humans starts with recognition. Without the phase, understanding languages become a very cumbersome task. The task of the lexical analyzer is to read the various input characters grouping them into lexemes and producing an output of a sequence of tokens. But before we discuss lexical analysis further, we should have an overview of this research. Lexical analysis is best described as tokenization that converts a sequence of characters (program) into tokens with identifiable meanings. This study aims to look at the various terms or words related to lexical structure, purpose, and how they are applied to get the required result. The lexical analysis offers researchers an idea of the structural aspect of computer language and its semantic content. The work also talks about the advantages and disadvantages of lexical analysis.
Perceptions of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve Neighborhood in Montreal: a Textual Analysis of Written Medias.
Authors: Paré Sylvie , Mounier Sandrine
Published: June 2021

A number of authors have documented increased diversification and gentrification in a variety of central city neighborhoods. In Montreal, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is among those with the highest rates of gentrification in the past few decades, creating new social dynamics and often generating socio-territorial conflicts.

What is the significance of social changes for the population of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve? What role does recent immigration play in the mitigation or development of social conflict? In this paper we present the results of the analysis of 1 420 articles taken from the six principal daily newspapers published in Montreal.

In our target neighborhood, it would appear that the higher socio-economic status of the newcomers is more disruptive than their ethnocultural background because it is associated with a change in the way people live, shop and interact in public space. The data also reveal disruptive effects on the availability of affordable housing, a feature that means increasing displacement of lower income populations.
Succouring an Ixtabai: Zee Edgell’s Deployment of Belizean Folklore in The Festival of San Joaquin (1997)
Authors: De Shield Christopher , Polanco Gerardo
Published: June 2021

While folklore is often used in Belizean literature, it is generally treated there in one of two ways: infantilized as ghost story - told expressly for fascinating children - or in novel retellings - for the preservation of tradition. The Festival of San Joaquin, by celebrated Belizean author Zee Edgell, treats her recurring thematic and social concerns while deploying folkloric figures as an organizing motif in a novel way for Belizean literature; she offers a reworking of folklore that aspires toward recuperative ‘active myth.’ Exploration of her work might reveal it as amenable to an indigenous archetypal criticism, but such a criticism can only contribute to efforts at decolonization should it interrogate its own problematic adoption of folkloric figures whose indigenous origins have been obscured in the post-colonial era.
Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban compared to standard anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis in Indian population
Authors: S. Anantharaju G. , M. Basavarajappa , B. Vikram S. , R. Ravishankar Y.
Published: June 2021

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is relatively a common cardiovascular complication following acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Around 10% of DVT patients exhibit clinical manifestations of PE. Oral drugs with adequate efficacy and safety are preferred over parenteral medications in long term prevention of PE. Our study compared rivaroxaban (factor XA inhibitor) with standard therapy (acetrom) in terms of efficacy and safety in the Indian population.Methods: Patients presenting to department of general surgery at S. S. institute of medical science and research centre during the period from March 2018 to September 2020 with clinical signs and venous duplex study proven acute DVT were included in the study. Total of 64 patients were randomized into rivaroxaban group (N=28) and control group (N=36). Treatment included for rivaroxaban group was rivaroxaban (p/o) 15 mg twice daily for 21 days, followed by 20 mg once daily for 6 months. Treatment included for control group was enoxaparin (SC) overlapping with and followed by acitrom (p/o) for 6 months. The patients were looked for symptomatic recurrent PE and major or minor clinically relevant bleeding.Results: Recurrent vein thrombosis noted in 1 (3.57%) patient of the rivaroxaban group and 4 (11.10%) patients in the control group. Minor bleeding seen in 3 (10.70%) patients in the rivaroxaban group and in 7 (19.40%) patients in the control group. No major bleeding was observed in rivaroxaban group and in 1 patient in the control group.Conclusions: In patients with acute DVT, rivaroxaban is as efficacious as enoxaparin followed by acetram therapy, with a significantly lower rate of bleeding.
Guillain–Barré syndrome: pathophysiology, etiology, causes, and treatment
Authors: Rahman Rahmathulla S. , Bauthman Moayyad S. , Alanazi Amer M. , Alsillah Naif N. , Alanazi Ziyad M. , Almuhaysin Mahdi I. , Almutairi Ruyuf K. , Binobaid Kadhem S. , Alharthi Yousef H. , Bawareth Rime M. , Alrawili Omar N.
Published: June 2021

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a polyradiculoneuropathy autoimmune disease that is characterized by significant inflammation that affects the peripheral nervous system in a rapidly progressive pattern that is mainly clinically presented by muscle weakness. The present literature review aims to broadly discuss GBS: etiology, pathophysiology and management in order to gain an understading of the existing studies that are relevant to this literature review. Among the reported antibodies, anti-GM1 and anti-GQ1B have been reported to be responsible for attacking and damaging either the neuromuscular junctions or peripheral nerves. Moreover, it has been found that the anti-GD1a antibodies in patients bind to the neuromuscular junction and also bind to the nodes of Ranvier of the peripheral nerves and the paranodal myelin of the affected nerves. Reports have shown that this disease is identified as special forms of neuropathies that develop in immune-mediated, post-infection sequelae. Furthermore, in another study it was reported that Molecular mimicry has been previously reported to significantly correlate with the development of the disease as it was investigated in animal models. In addition, Campylobacter jejuni, a pathogen that causes gastrointestinal infections has been previously reported to predispose to the development of GBS in humans. However, scientists have found that plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) remain the most significant and efficacious factors in managing the disease. Nevertheless, recent trials have investigated other approaches that are less efficacious and can lead to serious adverse events and complications.
A literature review on immediate implant placement
Authors: Budhiraja Dimple , Sheoran Lalita , Sharma Sonali , Loli Asusa Cicilia , Udhey Chander , Sehrawat Monika
Published: June 2021

In todays time implants are becoming the most promisable treatment modality in the replacement of missing tooth or teeth in the oral cavity. With the evolvement of newer techniques and better implant biomaterials, Implants become the prime most treatment option in day to day life. With the evolvement of new techniques, placement of implant in the fresh site of the extraction give different number of advantages that were significant to the patient as well as to the clinician. There are lot of evidence confirms that immediate implant placement provides excellent and good predictable results.
Occlusal appliance therapy: A review
Authors: Nazir Omaisa , Sonali  , Singh Ramandeep , Altaf Tantray Mohd. , Farhaan D
Published: June 2021

Occlusal splint therapy is being employed for treatment of various systematic disorders. Less availability of scientific literature on devices is major hurdle behind its effective utilization for treatment planning and care.

Therefore, appliance selection with accurate information is critical for proper use and quality of care.

Treatment of patient with occlusal appliances is prominently reversible and responsible for proper care and symptoms management.

Selection of appliance design for a particular patient depends on multitude of factors and proper understanding of physiologic and therapeutic effects is crux behind successful treatment planning and management.

This review article briefly explains various occlusal appliances with their utilization and limitations along with working principle of appliances.
An Observational Cross-Sectional Study of the Proportion of Cutaneous Lesions Affecting External Ear, Presenting to Outpatient Clinic of a Tertiary Care Medical College in the Eastern Part of India
Authors: Chowdhury Kanishka , Banerjee Sabyasachi
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Cutaneous lesions of external ear are quite common in clinical practice. Patients often present with various cutaneous lesions of the external ear to various disciplines. They are often underdiagnosed as many lesions, though commonly diagnosed by our dermatologist colleague are missed by other clinicians. These lesions can be classified in various ways, according to the aetiology, and according to the anatomic sites. In the present study, we tried to assess the prevalence of different skin lesions affecting external ear presenting to an ENT and skin outpatient department of a tertiary care medical college in Eastern part of India. METHODS This is a descriptive observational study, cross sectional in design. 240 patients attended the outpatient department with cutaneous lesions affecting external ear from January 2019 to February 2020. The patients presenting in both ENT and skin outpatient department were chosen randomly. Cases were diagnosed based on history and clinical examination and appropriate investigation as required. All cases were categorised into 5 types (infective, inflammatory, autoimmune, neoplasm & naevi, and reactive & reparative) according to the aetiology. In each category, prevalence of various skin lesions was recorded. RESULTS A total number of 240 cases were detected during the study period. Among them, infective 43.33 %, inflammatory 30.83 %, autoimmune 9.17 %, neoplasm & naevi 4.17 % and reactive & reparative were 12.82 %. Taenia was the most common lesions encountered (20.51 %) followed by keloid (12.5 %). Impetigo and seborrheic dermatitis shared same number of cases (9.4 %). Neoplastic lesions were the least common. CONCLUSIONS With some awareness and basic knowledge, many of the cutaneous lesions of external ear can be diagnosed and treated whenever patients report to a clinician, thus saving valuable time, effort and money of the patient. KEYWORDS Cutaneous Lesions, Skin Lesions, External Ear
Anaesthetic Management of Ischemic Heart Disease with Ejection Fraction of 30 % Posted for Fracture Femur Surgery – A Case Report
Authors: R.B Ravishankar , N.T. Vidya
Published: June 2021

The incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) is increasing and it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 These patients have increased risk of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (MI), conduction disturbances and cardiac arrest perioperatively. Preoperative cardiovascular assessment and prediction of short- and long-term risks affects the perioperative anaesthetic management and also surgical decision making. Risk factors include recent MI, congestive cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease, angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, renal dysfunction, age, obesity and sedentary lifestyle.2 The choice of anaesthesia is general anaesthesia so that myocardial oxygen supply can be kept greater than demand by preventing tachycardia and high blood pressures, which can lead to ischemia.3 Few studies have shown that Epidural anaesthesia can decrease cardiac morbidity and mortality in IHD patients. We report a successful anaesthetic management of IHD with ejection fraction of 30 % posted for fracture femur surgery under Combined Spinal Epidural (CSE) anaesthesia.
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Infection among Blood Donors at a Tertiary Care Centre in Kerala, South India
Authors: Kumaran Indu Pachampully , Dharmadas Meena , Nadanganan Sasikala , Vilambil Sajith , Thadathil Suchithra Erath
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Hepatitis B infection is a serious global public health problem and one among the transfusion transmitted infections (TTI). The prevalence of hepatitis varies across the world. There are several risk factors for HBV infection. We wanted to find out the prevalence of HBV infection among the blood donors and its relevant risk factors. METHODS This is a descriptive study conducted among healthy, voluntary and replacement blood donors. A total of 2400 blood donors were selected for the study by systemic random sampling method. Blood samples from these donors were tested for detection of HBsAg through enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to find out prevalence of infection. Various risk factors were compared among the blood donors for positive HBV infection. All statistical data were analysed using SPSS software version 16. RESULTS Total prevalence of HBV infection among the individuals of the study population was 0.45 %. When the risk factors for getting the HBV infection were analysed, unvaccinated blood donors gave a prevalence of 0.6 % (P value 0.001). Prevalence of HBV infection among blood donors with other risk factors were 0.63 % in first time donors (P value 0.04), 7.3 % in replacement blood donors (P value 0.01), 0.97 % in low socioeconomic status (0.03). Where as prevalence of infection among males was 0.49 % and females was 0.26 %. HBV infection among blood donors who were single was 0.34 % compared to married as 0.52 %. Hence the statistical analysis showed P value > 0.05, gender and marital status of the blood donors in the study is not significant for getting HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of HBV infection among blood donors was markedly less compared to prevalence in south India which shows that donor selection criteria was satisfactory to screen the blood donors during donor selection itself. In the study HBV unvaccinated blood donors, first time donors, replacement donors, and donors from low socioeconomic status were found to be significant risk factor to get HBV infection. KEYWORDS Transfusion Transmitted Infection, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, HBsAg, Voluntary Blood Donors, Seroprevalence, HBV Vaccine
Study on Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility in Diabetic Foot Infection in a Teaching Hospital, Telangana
Authors: Vaish Ritu
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Diabetic foot is one of the most significant complications of diabetes. Chronic infections are caused by Enterococci, various Enterobacteriaceae obligate anaerobes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We wanted to study bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility in diabetic foot infection. METHODS A cross sectional study was done in 110 diabetic foot infection cases in the Department of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagunuru, Karimnagar, Telangana. The grading of diabetic foot ulcers was done according to Wagner’s Classification system. The samples were collected from the exudates and ulcers. Gram staining was done and standard protocol for culture and sensitivity was followed for all the cases. RESULTS A total of 110 cases were studied. The patient age ranged from 35 to 75 years and the male to female ratio was 2:1. Out of 110 isolates, 72.7 % isolates were Gram negative bacilli with P. aeruginosa 31.8 % being the predominant followed by E. coli 27.2 %, K. pneumoniae 10 %, P. mirabilis 4.5 %, S. aureus 12.7 % was the predominant isolate followed by Enterococci spp 4.5 % and Coagulase negative staphylococci (CONS) 4.5 % and S. pyogenes were 5.4 %. CONCLUSIONS Both Gram positive cocci and Gram negative bacilli can cause diabetic foot infections and this study showed a preponderance of Gram negative bacilli. Early culture and sensitivity test of the bacterial isolates helps in guiding the treatment plan. KEYWORDS Bacteriological Profile, Diabetic Foot Infection
Computer Vision Syndrome in Medical Students during a Period of Exclusive Online Lecture Classes in Durgapur, West Bengal - A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bhattacharjee Shantanu , Nanda Ipshita Aparajita
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Computer has become an indispensable tool in the modern system of education and training. Health hazard viz. computer vision syndrome (CVS) associated with overuse of computer has been widely studied by different authors. Few studies have underscored the high prevalence of this condition among medical students. Present study has been conducted to find the prevalence of CVS, associated risk factors and to understand the level of awareness about the condition among undergraduate medical students during a period of exclusive online computerbased lecture classes. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 310 respondents among undergraduate medical students at IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal from June 2020 to September 2020. The students were surveyed with pretested and structured questionnaire for various CVS related symptoms and ergonomic principles adopted by them. Data was collected and analysed. Chisquare test was performed to assess the statistical significance. RESULTS Prevalence of CVS in the study was found to be 58.38 %. Majority of students affected were females (69.5 %). Those using the computer for 2 – 4 hours a day were affected the most (66.5 %). The ergonomic factors that were found to have strong association with CVS were viz. prolonged and continuous use of digital screen, viewing distance, level of the digital screen with respect to eyes and chair support to lower back. The most disturbing symptom following continuous computer use was found to be headache (18.38 %), followed by eye strain (13.87 %). CONCLUSIONS The present study was conducted at a period when computer dependency among the students was high. Though some of the earlier studies have reported much higher prevalence of CVS among students, the present study has revealed a prevalence of 58.38 %. This was possibly due to high level of awareness (78.06 %) among medical students as revealed by the study. The study has also showed statistical significance between various ergonomic factors and development of CVS. KEYWORDS Computer Vision Syndrome, Ergonomics, Undergraduate Medical Students, Awareness
Efficacy and Safety of Diphenylcyclopropenone in the Treatment of Multiple Warts - A Prospective Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Mumbai
Authors: Yakkala Prathyusha , Dhurat Rachita , Phiske Meghana
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) produces type IV hypersensitivity reaction, immune response being directed against a complex of contact agent hapten bound to proteins of viral origin that enhance wart regression. We wanted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DPCP in multiple warts along with the various factors affecting DPCP response METHODS A prospective study with 49 patients older than 5 years with 5 or more warts in any area (except genital) was conducted. Patients were sensitized with 2 % DPCP solution and examined after 48 hours. Sensitization was graded as mild, moderate, severe or no sensitization. Patients with mild / moderate sensitization were further applied DPCP; patients with severe sensitization were included after subsidence of reaction and patients with no sensitization were excluded. After sensitization, weekly applications were made on warts. Concentration causing mild reaction was selected as optimal and was applied till lesion clearance. Follow up was for 3 months for recurrences. Response was graded as complete, partial and no response. RESULTS Males outnumbered females. Mean age was 23 years. Mean duration was 12 months. Recurrent and resistant warts were seen in 15 and 6 patients respectively. Mean number of warts was 15.6. 49 patients were tested for sensitization, 1 failed sensitization and 48 were continued with weekly DPCP. 2 developed distant eczematisation and 4 were lost to follow up. Out of 42, complete clearance was seen in 35 (83.3 %), partial in 3 (7.14 %) and no response in 4 (9.52 %). Local eczematisation, lymphadenopathy, hyperpigmentation were the side effects. Response was better with increasing age. Warts less than 6 months had 100 % response. There was no statistically significant difference between site and type of warts and response to DPCP, recurrent and untreated warts in terms of response and response to sensitization and final response. CONCLUSIONS DPCP is an excellent option for multiple / resistant warts with good safety profile. KEYWORDS Diphenylcyclopropenone, Multiple Warts, Safety, Efficacy, Various Factors Affecting Response
Predominance of High-Risk Babies with Hearing Loss in Malabar Region, Kerala, India
Authors: Pootheri Sameer , Mathew Rosmi
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Among all the disabilities, hearing loss is the most prevalent all over the world. It does not cause mortality but results in huge loss in one’s social, educational and economic well-being. The prevalence rate of hearing loss in India is 5 - 6 newborn infants per 1000 births. The disabled infants are identified on an average at the end of second year; by then irreversible damage would have occurred with failure to develop speech. Global screening to detect infants with hearing loss would only decrease the burden of deafness in our society. The purpose of the study is to find out the profile of the High Risk Babies with hearing loss in Malabar region in Kerala, India and determine the common high risk factors for hearing loss among the new-born infants. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted between 1 st January 2015 and 31st December 2017, wherein the new-borns of Malabar region, Kerala were screened for their hearing disorders. 45,867 new-born infants were screened by adopting High Risk Register (HRR) - A New-born screening for communication disorders developed at All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, [AIISH] Mysore which was used between 0 to 28 days. Trained medical staff collected the data as per the High Risk Register (HRR). RESULTS Among the 5728 infants with positive high risk factors 3547 (61.92 %) were male infants and the remaining 2181 (38.07 %) were female infants. Among the risk factors enlisted in the High Risk Register (HRR), premature births, low birth weight, delayed birth cry, low APGAR score and consanguinity were most common among the new-born with hearing loss in Malabar region of Kerala. The incidences of risk factors based on HRR for the three-year period showed premature births in 24.71 % of the infants, delayed birth cry in 11.22 %, low APGAR score in 06.71 %, low birth weight in 04.46 % and history of consanguinity in 03.06 %. CONCLUSIONS The overall prevalence of high risk factors among the new-born infants screened was 12.48 % which was higher than the national prevalence. The study has a bearing and relevance to new-born hearing screening in Kerala state, where this type of screening was not performed routinely in all hospitals. KEYWORDS New-born Infants, Hearing Loss, High Risk Registry, New-born Screening and Speech
Ocular Manifestations of Leprosy Patients on Multidrug Therapy in a Teaching Hospital of South Karnataka
Authors: Venkataramana Pradeep Addagadde , Rajshekar Rajshekar , Manjunatha Shruthi Amalagondhi
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Several ocular manifestations occur before and during multi drug therapy (MDT) and they can continue to occur even after the completion in bacteriologically cured patients. Blindness is a catastrophic event that can occur by several mechanisms at any stage. We need to learn and recognise the early signs and symptoms of ocular complications, so that we can treat the patient early. We need to evaluate the pattern of ocular manifestation in leprosy patients on MDT (Multi Drug Therapy). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted over a duration of six months on diagnosed cases of leprosy and those cured from leprosy. Data was collected by clinical history with slit lamp examination, fundus examination, and laboratory investigation. RESULTS Total 30 patients were included in the study in which 13 patients were on MDT, 7 newly detected cases and 10 treated cases. 22 were males and 8 were females with male - female ratio of 2.75:1. Average age of presentation was 46 years with range from 18 - 80 years. 56 % had ocular manifestations in this study. Ocular lesions were more in cases who had leprosy for ≥ 16 years. Visual acuity ranged from 6 / 6 to PL + ve. Lagophthalmos was noted in 4 cases, cataract in 6 cases, exposure keratitis in 2, chalky white deposits on cornea in 2, spheroidal degeneration in 2, iris atrophy in 2, and pterygium in 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS Patients who completed treatment for MDT require periodic monitoring to detect ocular morbidity early and to prevent visual loss. KEYWORDS Leprosy, Multidrug Therapy, Exposure Keratitis, Lagophthalmos
Predictive Accuracy of Procalcitonin in Diagnosing Bacteraemia in Adult Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Madurai, India
Authors: Joena Virgin
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND Bacteraemia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream that are alive and capable of reproducing. The incidence of bloodstream infections (BSI) either of the community-acquired origin or of hospital-acquired origin has dramatically increased. Identifying patients with high risk of bacteraemia in emergency department (ED) using predictive models is needed. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of procalcitonin as well as other biomarkers as diagnostic, predictive markers of bacteraemia in an adult patient population in India. METHODS A descriptive observational study was conducted at the ED of a tertiary care hospital in India. Fifteen years or older patients who were ready to give at least two samples of blood for blood culture were recruited. Data on demographic variables, predisposing conditions, clinical presentations, laboratory tests, and presumptive diagnosis was analysed using SPSS and P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A logistic model was built using an iterative procedure which was later simplified into a coefficient-based scoring system. RESULTS Out of 78 patients, (66.67 %) from the emergency department and (33.33 %) from out-patient department (OPD) were enrolled. Among the study population, 40 (51.28 %) were with bacteraemia, and the remaining 38 (48.72 %) had no bacteraemia. There was no statistically significant difference in levels of procalcitonin, pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, SPO2, total count, MCV, RDW, MPV, albumin, urea, creatinine between bacteraemia and no bacteraemia. (P value > 0.05). The mean procalcitonin was 33.02 ± 43.46. CONCLUSIONS Although, increased PCT levels can be useful as predictors of bacteremias in the emergency department, interpretation should be made carefully when deciding the prescription of antibiotics. KEYWORDS Procalcitonin, Bacteraemia, PCT levels
Montelukast - Its Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Action in COVID-19
Authors: Chakkarwar Prashant Ramesh
Published: June 2021

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is the deadliest pandemic that the whole world is facing today. COVID-19 is different from normal flu by its two lethal manifestations which includes deadly pneumonia which may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to hyper-inflammation of alveolar tissues and pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy (PIC).1,2 It is noteworthy here to mention that both these lethal manifestations of COVID-19 are due to abnormally high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL) - 1β, IL - 6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) - α, termed as “cytokine storm.”3,4 There is a certain link between pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL - 1β, IL - 6, and TNF - α and its pro-coagulatory influence on coagulation pathway mediated by tissue factor that binds and activate factor VII, leading to formation of tissue factor – VII a complexes which results in the activation of clotting factor X and IX.4 Recently the researchers in China and some European countries have found raised level of pro-inflammatory cytokines particularly IL - 6 in severe cases of COVID-19. They also found raised D-dimer, fibrinogen levels and prothrombin time in moderate to severe COVID-19 cases.5,6 Both of these lethal manifestations of COVID-19 – ARDS and PIC are linked to raised levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly, IL - 6. It is not very clear that the pro-inflammatory action of cytokines is mediated through leukotrienes as the biochemical assay for leukotrienes are not widely available but possibility of this probable mechanism cannot be ruled out. Hence, development of any molecule with ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6 may be able to tame the lethal nature of COVID-19, and may ultimately reduce the mortality of this deadly pandemic. Montelukast sodium is such molecule which has capacity to inhibit proinflammatory cytokines such as IL - 1β, IL - 6, and TNF - α.7 Montelukast sodium is leukotriene receptor antagonist that inhibits the cysteinyl leukotriene type-1 receptor. Leukotrienes modulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.8 Its antagonist action on leukotriene receptors can inhibit the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Even recent in silico study by Jacobson at Oak Ridge National Lab, was found that excess bradykinin production may be responsible for pulmonary, cardiac, neurological and nephrological lethal manifestations of COVID-19.9 Crimi et al.10 already found that Montelukast is effective to control bradykinin induced bronchoconstriction. Thus, theoretically, montelukast seems to be best molecule to deal with deadly manifestation of COVID-19 even if we go by cytokine storm hypothesis or bradykinin hypothesis.
LEARNERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION OF ESL TEACHERS
Authors: Asgher Tahira , Ilyas Aisha , Rubab Iram
Published: June 2021

Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this research is to investigate the perceptions of the learners about the use of the non-verbal language of teachers in an ESL class. This study aims to highlight the role played by non-verbal language in the class by raising awareness about the importance of gestures, physical appearance, and paralinguistic features of the English teachers.

Methodology: This research employs a mixed methodology. A questionnaire, consisting of 37 close-ended questions is used to record the views of the learners about the use of the non-verbal language of their English teachers. Moreover, qualitative interviews are conducted to find out the learners’ opinion and their awareness concerning the use of non-verbal language by their English teachers.

Main Findings: The findings indicate that learners hold a positive attitude towards the teachers who use NVL more frequently. Respondents say that they feel more motivated and interested in the class when the teacher looks at us more frequently and move in the class. According to Neuro-linguists, learning of the language can be enhanced by a drastic level if the teacher can grasp the visual attention of the students while oral communication. Therefore, it is to conclude that learners consider the non-verbal language along with paralinguistic features, extremely constructive in the ESL classroom. They find it encouraging and it aids them in comprehending the content.

Application of this Study: The current research will help the practicing language teachers to upgrade their oral communication skills by incorporating the nonverbal cues productively in their classrooms. Furthermore, teacher trainers can make their trainees aware of the importance of the nonverbal part of communication in the ESL classroom either informal lectures or pragmatic preparation.

Novelty/ Originality of this study: This study is unique in the sense that it focuses on the role played by the Non-verbal language particularly in the class where English is taught as a second language. It unveils how the integration of nonverbal language along with oral communication can make English language classroom more industrious and productive.
Fake Science: uma análise de vídeos divulgados sobre a pandemia
Authors: Cunha Marcia Borin da , Chang Vanessa Ron Jen
Published: June 2021

Notícias e informações falsas sobre variados assuntos não é característica do momento atual, mas a forma de disseminação destas informações é que tem sido alterada nos últimos anos. Além da disseminação, também é possível perceber que o modo de recepção das mensagens tem sido diferente. Neste último caso, estudos apontam para o que se pode denominar de “Era da Pós-verdade”. Neste contexto amplo e complexo aparecem as Fake News, e quando se trata de assuntos de ciências podemos chamar de Fake Science, sendo este um tema de interesse para discussão de propostas de Letramento Informacional e Midiático (LIM) para escola. Neste artigo apresentamos a análise e reflexão sobre vídeos compartilhados em usuários do aplicativo WhatsApp, quando o assunto é a COVID-19. As análises dos vídeos nos levam a caracterização das mensagens e o estabelecimento de indicadores que podem ser utilizados para atividades em sala de aula para o LIM.
El principio de equidad tributaria en el tratamiento diferencial en el impuesto de renta entre sindicatos y sociedades
Authors: Segura Medina Juan David
Published: June 2021

El presente artículo realiza un análisis de constitucionalidad conforme al principio de equidad tributaria aplicado al tratamiento tributario entre las sociedades comerciales y los sindicatos. Para dicho análisis se parte de la descripción legal de cada persona jurídica, se analiza el principio de equidad para, finalmente, realizar un estudio de caso, el cual hace una comparación efectiva, con juicios de valor conformes a los resultados obtenidos en la investigación.
Análisis jurisprudencial: el gravamen de dividendos en el impuesto de industria y comercio
Authors: Galeano Gómez Rossana
Published: June 2021

El impuesto de industria y comercio ha existido en Colombia desde 1983 y, desde esta época, ha sido objeto de demandas y conflictos en el Consejo de Estado. Una de las principales discusiones ha sido la consideración de los dividendos y las rentas pasivas como activos objeto de gravamen por parte del Estado. Las consideraciones de por qué deben o no ser gravadas por el impuesto pasan a ser estudiadas de manera amplia observando en cada caso las diferentes sentencias que se consideraron con un valor y tema relevante para la tesis analizada de si se debían entender como gravados los dividendos en el impuesto de industria y comercio en Colombia.
Valoración de opciones financieras call en contexto de no normalidad, bajo la aproximación de Edgeworth
Authors: Acosta-Rueda Katty Johanna
Published: June 2021

El modelo de Black-Scholes es el método universal para la valoración de op­ciones financieras. Sin embargo, este modelo presenta varias deficiencias que hacen que, al contrastar sus resultados con los precios de mercado observados, se evidencie la necesidad de ajustar los métodos de valoración con supuestos menos simplificadores que permitan incluir aspectos observables en la realidad, que favorezcan la derivación del modelo. Este modelo es un estándar a nivel de las finanzas puesto que es el marco de valoración que se ha trabajado desde hace varias décadas. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los mercados, por lo general, la distribución de probabilidad de los retornos de los activos objeto de valoración presenta sesgos y asimetría. No obstante, en los modelos clásicos, dados los supuestos restrictivos y simplifica­dores, solo se tienen en cuenta los momentos estadísticos de primer y segundo orden (media y varianza, respectivamente). Por tanto, si los momentos de orden superior no son considerados, la estimación del valor teórico de una opción sería incompleta. Por lo anterior, a través de una aproximación de tipo binomial, se propon­drá una metodología que permitirá incorporar momentos estadísticos de orden superior (asimetría y curtosis) para proyectar eventuales escenarios futuros en donde el proceso estocástico del subyacente incorpore la incertidumbre, volati­lidad y flexibilidad presentes. Esta aproximación es conocida como expansión de Edgeworth, a partir de la cual se obtiene una distribución de probabilidad que incorpora los momentos estadísticos de orden superior.
Fenik Yaylası (Yayladağı/Hatay) ve Çevresinin Bitki Sosyolojisi ve Ekolojisi
Authors: OĞUR Erdinç , OCAKVERDİ Hayrettin
Published: June 2021

Araştırma alanı olan Fenik Yaylası coğrafik olarak Doğu Akdeniz’in Amanoslar dağ kuşağında, Samandağ ve Yayladağı ilçelerinin sınırları içerisinde yer alır. Fenik Yaylası, batısı Akdeniz, güneyi Yeditepe, kuzeyi Karaköse ve Yeşiltepe ile çevrili yaklaşık 61 km2 ‘lik bir alandır. Fenik Yaylası’nın bitki sosyolojisi ve vejetasyon ekolojisini kapsayan bu çalışma, alanın biyolojik çeşitliliği, ekosistem çeşitliliği ve genetik kaynakların belirlenmesi, korunması ve sürdürülebilir yönetimini sağlamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda, arazi klasik Braun-Blanquet (1932) metoduna göre analiz edilerek çalışma alanında maki vejetasyonu tipine ait 7 bitki birliği belirlendi. Üst sintaksonomik kategori değerlendirmesinde 6 tane birlik Quercion calliprini Zohary (1962) alyansı (Cisto-Quercetum cocciferae, Gynandrio-Quercetum cocciferae, Myrto-Quercetum cocciferae, Andropogo-Quercetum cocciferae, Genisto-Spartietum juncei, Myrto-Ericetum manupuliflorae), bir tane birlik Ptosimopappo-Quercion Quézel, Barbero at Akman (1978) alyansında (Lauro-Arbutetum andrachne) değerlendirilirken tüm birlikler Quercetalia ilicis Braun-Blanquet (1947) ordosu ve Quercetea ilicis Braun-Blanquet (1947) sınıfında değerlendirilmiştir. Birlikler sintaksonomik kategorilerin belirlenmesinin yanı sıra bitki-iklim-toprak arasındaki ilişkiler de ekolojik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Günümüzde hızla artan insan nüfusu, çalışma alanımızda da etkisini göstermekte ve doğal bitki örtüsü üzerindeki tahribatı arttırmaktadır. Fenik yaylası ve çevresinde, en büyük tehdit olarak alanların tarım arazilerine dönüştürülmesi bunun yanı sıra hayvan otlatılması, aşırı bitki kesimi ve yapılaşma gibi insan kaynaklı olumsuz etkiler belirlenmiştir.
Caracterización química y nutrimental de variedades de maíz (Zea mays L.) de alta calidad de proteína desarrolladas en Yucatán, México
Authors: Chan Chan Manuel , Moguel Ordoñez Yolanda , Gallegos Tintoré Santiago , Chel Guerrero Luis , Betancur Ancona David
Published: June 2021

La desnutrición es un problema que afecta a las comunidades rurales. El maíz es alimento básico cuya ingesta es esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los infantes. La calidad proteínica del maíz es pobre debido a la deficiencia de aminoácidos como lisina y triptófano, por lo cual, se desarrollaron maíces de calidad de proteína (denominados QPM). Se realizó la caracterización química y nutrimental de los granos de maíz híbrido Sac Béh y Chichén Itzá, determinando la composición químico proximal, los minerales Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na y P; el perfil de ácidos grasos y de aminoácidos. Se evaluó la calidad de la proteína mediante la digestibilidad “in vitro” y cómputo químico, aminoácido limitante, la puntuación de aminoácidos corregido con digestibilidad de proteínas (PDCAAS), la relación de eficiencia de proteína calculada (c-PER) y el valor biológico (VB). Se demostró un aumento de proteínas y alto contenido de aceite con 7% de lípidos. Se encontró un mayor contenido de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA) que saturados (SFA) y se mantuvo el contenido mineral. La calidad de la proteína fue superior con respecto a los predecesores, con mayores niveles de lisina, triptófano, fenilalanina e isoleucina, mayor digestibilidad y el doble de valor biológico.