bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Mechanistic Differences between 3‐Diazoindolin‐2‐Imines and N‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐Triazoles in the Rh2(II)‐Catalyzed Reactions with Nitrosoarenes
Authors: Fu Rui , Kou Luyao , Gao Ke , Zhou Shaofang , Bao Xiaoguang
Published: February 2021

Main observation and conclusion

The employment of α‐iminometallocarbenes to construct valuable N‐containing compounds has attracted significant research interest. Herein, the nucleophilic addition of nitrosoarenes with the α‐imino rhodium carbene species (I), which is derived from Rh2(II)‐catalyzed denitrogenation of 3‐diazoindolin‐2‐imines, to produce synthetically useful 2‐iminoindolin‐nitrones is described. Mechanistically, the N‐attack of nitrosoarenes with the carbene site of I is proposed. For the analogous Rh2(II)‐catalyzed reaction of nitrosoarenes with N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles reported by Li and co‐workers (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 6394), however, the O‐attack of nitrosoarenes with the carbene site of α‐imino rhodium carbene species (II) is more favorable to occur than the N‐attack. The subsequent transformation to yield the product of N‐acylamidines is rationalized based on computational studies. The mechanistic differences for the reactions of nitrosoarenes with α‐imino rhodium carbene species I and II are discussed.
A haptic particle model of the air – Development, usage and experience in science lessons
Authors: Schäfer Benjamin
Published: February 2021

Der Artikel stellt nicht nur eine praktische Idee für ein gegenständliches, dreidimensionales Teilchenmodell (hier am Beispiel der Luft) dar, sondern nennt auch grundlegende Aspekte in Bezug auf das Zusammenspiel von naturwissenschaftlichem Unterricht und Teilchenmodellen. Ferner wird im Artikel die didaktische Einbettung in den naturwissenschaftlichen Sachunterricht sowie die Erfahrung des Autors aus der Unterrichtspraxis betrachtet. Das Modell wurde in erster Linie für die Anwendung im Primarbereich entwickelt und eignet sich zudem auch für den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht zu Beginn der Sekundarstufe I.

Durch das einfache Teilchenmodell, das auf chemisch‐physikalischen Grundlagen basiert, werden die Schüler*innen schon frühzeitig an die interessante Welt der Naturwissenschaften herangeführt, was die Durchführung des Autors erahnen ließ. Das entwickelte Modell stellt eine anregende Idee für Lehrer*innen, Student*innen und Referendar*innen dar, da es einen nachhaltigen Lernerfolg vermuten lässt.
A “Golden Age” for the discovery of new antileishmanial agents: Current status of leishmanicidal gold complexes and prospective targets beyond the trypanothione system
Authors: Rosa Leticia B. , Aires Rochanna L. , Oliveira Laiane S. , Fontes Josielle V. , Miguel Danilo C. , Abbehausen Camilla
Published: February 2021

Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected diseases worldwide and is considered a serious public health issue. The current therapeutic options have several disadvantages that make the search for new therapeutics urgent. Gold compounds are emerging as promising candidates based on encouraging in vitro and limited in vivo results for several AuI and AuIII complexes. The antiparasitic mechanisms of these molecules remain only partially understood. However, a few studies have proposed the trypanothione redox system as a target, similar to the mammalian thioredoxin system, pointed out as the main target for several gold compounds with significant antitumor activity. In this review, we present the current status of the investigation and design of gold compounds directed at treating leishmaniasis. In addition, we explore potential targets in Leishmania parasites beyond the trypanothione system, taking into account previous studies and structure modulation performed for gold‐based compounds.
Strategies towards Targeting Gαi/s Proteins: Scanning of Protein‐Protein Interaction Sites To Overcome Inaccessibility
Authors: Nubbemeyer Britta , Pepanian Anna , Paul George Ajay Abisheck , Imhof Diana
Published: February 2021

Heterotrimeric G proteins are classified into four subfamilies and play a key role in signal transduction. They transmit extracellular signals to intracellular effectors subsequent to the activation of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are targeted by over 30 % of FDA‐approved drugs. However, addressing G proteins as drug targets represents a compelling alternative, for example, when G proteins act independently of the corresponding GPCRs, or in cases of complex multifunctional diseases, when a large number of different GPCRs are involved. In contrast to Gαq, efforts to target Gαi/s by suitable chemical compounds has not been successful so far. Here, a comprehensive analysis was conducted examining the most important interface regions of Gαi/s with its upstream and downstream interaction partners. By assigning the existing compounds and the performed approaches to the respective interfaces, the druggability of the individual interfaces was ranked to provide perspectives for selective targeting of Gαi/s in the future.
Chromosome analysis and sorting
Authors: Doležel Jaroslav , Lucretti Sergio , Molnár István , Cápal Petr , Giorgi Debora
Published: February 2021

Flow cytometric analysis and sorting of plant mitotic chromosomes has been mastered by only a few laboratories worldwide. Yet, it has been contributing significantly to progress in plant genetics, including the production of genome assemblies and the cloning of important genes. The dissection of complex genomes by flow sorting into the individual chromosomes that represent small parts of the genome reduces DNA sample complexity and streamlines projects relying on molecular and genomic techniques. Whereas flow cytometric analysis, that is, chromosome classification according to fluorescence and light scatter properties, is an integral part of any chromosome sorting project, it has rarely been used on its own due to lower resolution and sensitivity as compared to other cytogenetic methods. To perform chromosome analysis and sorting, commercially available electrostatic droplet sorters are suitable. However, in order to resolve and purify chromosomes of interest the instrument must offer high resolution of optical signals as well as stability during long runs. The challenge is thus not the instrumentation, but the adequate sample preparation. The sample must be a suspension of intact mitotic metaphase chromosomes and the protocol, which includes the induction of cell cycle synchrony, accumulation of dividing cells at metaphase, and release of undamaged chromosomes, is time consuming and laborious and needs to be performed very carefully. Moreover, in addition to fluorescent staining chromosomal DNA, the protocol may include specific labelling of DNA repeats to facilitate discrimination of particular chromosomes. This review introduces the applications of chromosome sorting in plants, and discusses in detail sample preparation, chromosome analysis and sorting to achieve the highest purity in flow‐sorted fractions, and their suitability for downstream applications.
Community science data suggests that urbanization and forest habitat loss threaten aphidophagous native lady beetles
Authors: Gardiner Mary M. , Perry Kayla I. , Riley Christopher B. , Turo Katherine J. , Delgado de la flor Yvan A. , Sivakoff Frances S.
Published: February 2021

Community scientists have illustrated rapid declines of several aphidophagous lady beetle (Coccinellidae) species. These declines coincide with the establishment of alien coccinellids. We established the Buckeye Lady Beetle Blitz program to measure the seasonal occupancy of coccinellids within gardens across a wide range of landscape contexts. Following the Habitat Compression Hypothesis, we predicted that gardens within agricultural landscapes would be alien‐dominated, whereas captures of natives would be higher within landscapes encompassing a high concentration of natural habitat.

Within the state of Ohio, USA, community scientists collected lady beetles for a 7‐day period across 4 years in June and August using yellow sticky card traps. All identifications were verified by professional scientists and beetles were classified by three traits: status (alien or native), mean body length, and primary diet. We compared the relative abundance and diversity of coccinellids seasonally and determined if the distribution of beetles by size, status, and diet was related to landscape features.

Alien species dominated the aphidophagous fauna. Native aphidophagous coccinellid abundance was positively correlated with forest habitat while alien species were more common when gardens were embedded within agricultural landscapes. Urbanization was negatively associated with both aphidophagous alien and native coccinellids.

Synthesis and Applications:Our census of native coccinellid species within residential gardens—a widespread and understudied habitat—was enabled by volunteers. These data will serve as an important baseline to track future changes within coccinellid communities within this region. We found that native coccinellid species richness and native aphidophagous coccinellid abundance in gardens were positively associated with forest habitat at a landscape scale of 2 km. However, our understanding of when and why (overwintering, summer foraging, or both) forest habitats are important remains unclear. Our findings highlight the need to understand how declining aphidophagous native species utilize forest habitats as a conservation priority.
Role of individual dispersal in genetic resilience in fluctuating populations of the gray‐sided vole Myodes rufocanus
Authors: Ishibashi Yasuyuki , Takahashi Kenichi
Published: February 2021

Population densities of the gray‐sided vole Myodes rufocanus fluctuate greatly within and across years in Japan. Here, to investigate the role of individual dispersal in maintaining population genetic diversity, we examined how genetic diversity varied during fluctuations in density by analyzing eight microsatellite loci in voles sampled three times per year for 5 years, using two fixed trapping grids (approximately 0.5 ha each). At each trapping session, all captured voles at each trapping grid were removed. The STRUCTURE program was used to analyze serially collected samples to examine how population crashes were related to temporal variability, based on local‐scale genetic compositions in each population. In total, 461 and 527 voles were captured at each trapping grid during this study. The number of voles captured during each trapping session (i.e., vole density) varied considerably at both grids. Although patterns in fluctuations were not synchronized between grids, the peak densities were similar. At both grids, the mean allele number recorded at each trapping session was strongly, positively, and nonlinearly correlated with density. STRUCTURE analyses revealed that the proportions of cluster compositions among individuals at each grid differed markedly before and after the crash phase, implying the long‐distance dispersal of voles from remote areas at periods of low density. The present results suggest that, in gray‐sided vole populations, genetic diversity varies with density largely at the local scale; in contrast, genetic variation in a metapopulation is well‐preserved at the regional scale due to the density‐dependent dispersal behaviors of individuals. By influencing the dispersal patterns of individuals, fluctuations in density affect metapopulation structure spatially and temporally, while the levels of genetic diversity are preserved in a metapopulation.
Differences in cell death in methionine versus cysteine depletion
Authors: Wallis Katherine F. , Morehead Lauren C. , Bird Jordan T. , Byrum Stephanie D. , Miousse Isabelle R.
Published: February 2021

Restriction of the sulfur amino acids methionine and cysteine has recently been proposed as potential adjuvant therapy in cancer. While cysteine depletion has been associated with ferroptotic cell death, methionine depletion has not. We hypothesized that comparing the response of melanoma cell lines to depletion of the amino acids methionine and cysteine would give us insight into the critical role in cancer of these two closely related amino acids. We analyzed the response to three conditions: methionine depletion, methionine replacement with homocysteine, and cysteine depletion. In cancer cells, the transcription factor ATF4 was induced by all three tested conditions. The replacement of methionine with homocysteine produced a strong ferroptotic gene signature. We also detected an activation of the NRF2 antioxidant pathway by both methionine and cysteine depletion. Total glutathione levels were decreased by 42% in melanoma cells grown without methionine, and by 95% in cells grown without cysteine. Lipid peroxidation was increased in cells grown without cysteine, but not in cells grown without methionine. Despite the large degree of overlap in gene expression between methionine and cysteine depletion, methionine depletion and replacement of methionine with homocysteine was associated with apoptosis while cysteine depletion was associated with ferroptosis. Glutamine depletion produced comparable gene expression patterns and was associated with a 28% decrease in glutathione. Apoptosis was detected in these cells. In this experiment, a strong ATF4‐driven ferroptotic gene signature was insufficient to induce ferroptosis without a concomitant profound decrease in glutathione levels.
Self‐standing hard carbon anode derived from hyper‐linked nanocellulose with high cycling stability for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Li Yan , Du Yi‐Feng , Sun Guo‐Hua , Cheng Jia‐Yao , Song Ge , Song Ming‐Xin , Su Fang‐Yuan , Yang Fan , Xie Li‐Jing , Chen Cheng‐Meng
Published: February 2021

The utilization of binders has severely hindered ionic diffusion and electron transfer in the traditional lithium‐ion battery. Herein, a self‐standing hard carbon film using nanocellulose as precursor has been constructed as binder‐free electrodes via two‐step thermal treatment. The cyclization and aromatization of small molecular fragments promote the formation of hyper‐crosslinked framework with abundant welded junctions. Importantly, carbon nanofibers not only serve as an inter‐connected conductive network for fast electron transfer, but also as an interlinked mechanical skeleton for convenient Li+ diffusion and electrode structural stability. Furthermore, the optimized carbon film, with accessible redox‐active carbonyl groups (CO) and abundant micropores, is beneficial for Li+ accommodation. It exhibits high reversible capacity of 513.1 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and excellent cycle stability to extend over 1000 cycles without signs of decay. This study provides an efficient strategy for the design of high‐performance biomass‐derived anode materials with stable‐structure for alkaline batteries.

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Parental perception of neonatal ICU visitation during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Ashini Aimen , Alsoufi Ahmed , Elhadi Muhammed
Published: February 2021

Synopsis

Actions and efforts to promote strategies, such as psychiatric teleconsultation or debriefing of parents who have their babies in neonatal intensive care units, are needed to mitigate psychological distress.
The Risk of Fractures in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Narayanan Niya , Palui Rajan , Merugu Chandhana , Kar Sitanshu Sekhar , Kamalanathan Sadishkumar , Sahoo Jayaprakash , Selvarajan Sandhiya , Naik Dukhabandhu
Published: February 2021

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common metabolic bone disease affecting 1% of the adult population. Patients with PHPT have reduced BMD, especially at the cortical bone. However, studies evaluating its impact on fracture risk have shown contradictory results. In an effort to further inform fracture risk for this patient population, a meta‐analysis of studies of fracture in patients with PHPT compared with a control population was undertaken. Articles were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and Web of Science bibliographic databases. The meta‐analysis included 17 studies involving 3807 PHPT cases and 11,908 controls. The primary outcome was to determine the risk of vertebral fracture (VF), nonvertebral fracture, hip fracture, distal radius fracture, and total fracture (TF) among patients with PHPT in comparison with a control population. BMD (lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and distal radius) and serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D level, as well as possible predictors of VF as secondary outcomes were assessed. From this meta‐analysis, it was found that there was a significantly increased risk of VF (risk ratio [RR], 2.57; 95% CI, 1.3–5.09; p = 0.007) and TF (RR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.48–1.97; p < 0.00001) in patients with PHPT. There was a significant decrease in BMD in patients with PHPT versus controls at all four sites. Older age, longer duration since menopause, and lower BMD at lumbar spine and distal radius were predictors for VF. To conclude, patients with PHPT had a significantly higher risk for VF and TF in comparison with controls. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A matched cohort study of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID‐19
Authors: Sostin Oleg V. , Rajapakse Pramuditha , Cruser Brigid , Wakefield Dorothy , Cruser Daniel , Petrini Joann
Published: February 2021

Introduction

COVID‐19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is a public health crisis. Prior studies demonstrated successful use of convalescent plasma therapy for treatment of other viral illnesses. Our primary objective was to evaluate treatment efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with COVID‐19.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective matched cohort study, we enrolled recipients of convalescent plasma collected from donors recovered from laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection under the single patient eIND process. We individually matched 35 cases with 61 controls based on age, gender, supplemental oxygen requirements, and C‐reactive protein level at the time of hospital admission. We compared the outcomes of in‐hospital mortality and hospital length of stay between the groups.

Results

In‐hospital mortality was 20% among the cases and 24.6% among the controls (P = .61). A multivariable logistic regression model that included age, gender, duration of symptoms, need for mechanical ventilation, and pharmacologic interventions revealed no significant difference in mortality by study group (P = .71). The median length of stay was significantly greater among convalescent plasma recipients compared with controls, 10 (IQR, 6‐17) vs 7 (IQR, 4‐11) days, P < .01. The difference was not significant after controlling for covariates (P > .1).

Conclusions

We did not find convalescent plasma reduced in‐hospital mortality in our sample, nor did it reduce length of stay. Further investigation is warranted to determine the efficacy of this treatment in patients with COVID‐19, particularly early in the disease process.
Association of different Candida species with catheter‐related candidemia, and the potential antifungal treatments against their adhesion properties and biofilm‐forming capabilities
Authors: Zuo Xiao‐shu , Liu Yanan , Cai Xuan , Zhan Liying , Hu Ke
Published: February 2021

Background

To compare the adhesion properties and biofilm‐forming capabilities of 27 Candida isolates obtained from catheter‐related candidemia patients and to evaluate the inhibitory effects of antifungal agents on different Candida species.

Material and Methods

Seven C. albicans, six C. parapsilosis, five C. guilliermondii, five C. tropicalis, and four C. glabrata clinical isolates were investigated. We quantified the adherence of these Candida species by flow cytometric method and evaluated the formation of biofilms by XTT reduction and crystal violet methods. Actions of micafungin (MF), fluconazole (FZ), and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on the adhesion and biofilm formation of different Candida species were determined.

Results

Non‐albicans Candida species were demonstrated to have stronger adhesion abilities compared with C. albicans. The biofilm‐forming capabilities of different Candida species were varied considerably, and the degree of biofilm formation might be affected by different assay approaches. Interestingly, C. parapsilosis displayed the highest biofilm formation abilities, while C. glabrata exhibited the lowest total biomass and metabolic activity. Furthermore, the inhibitory activities of MF, FZ, and NAC on fungal adhesion and biofilm formation were evaluated, and the results indicated that MF could reduce the adhesion ability and biofilm metabolism more significantly (p < 0.05), and its antifungal activity was elevated in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusion

Non‐albicans Candida species, especially C. guilliermondii, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis, exhibited higher adhesion ability in catheter‐related candidemia patients. However, these Candida species had varied biofilm‐forming capabilities. MF tended to have stronger inhibitory effects against both adhesion and biofilm formation of different Candida species.
Predictive values of various serum biomarkers in women with suspected preeclampsia: A prospective study
Authors: Wang Jing , Hu Honghai , Liu Xiaowei , Zhao Shenglong , Zheng Yuanyuan , Jia Zhaoxia , Chen Lu , Zhang Chunhong , Xie Xin , Zhong Junhui , Dong Ying , Liu Jingrui , Lu Yifan , Zhao Zhen , Zhai Yanhong , Zhao Juan , Cao Zheng
Published: February 2021

Background

Preeclampsia (PE) prediction has been shown to improve the maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the PE prediction values of a series of serum biomarkers.

Methods

The singleton pregnant women (20–36 gestational weeks) with PE‐related clinical and/or laboratory presentations were recruited and had the blood drawn at their first visits. The following markers were tested with the collected serum samples: soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt‐1), placental growth factor (PlGF), thrombomodulin (TM), tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor complex (tPAI‐C), complement factors C1q, B, H, glycosylated fibronectin (GlyFn), pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A2 (PAPP‐A2), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cre), uric acid (UA), and cystatin C (Cysc).

Results

Of the 196 recruited subjects, 25% (n = 49) developed preeclampsia before delivery, and 75% remained preeclampsia negative (n = 147). The serum levels of sFlt‐1, BUN, Cre, UA, Cysc, and PAPP‐A2 were significantly elevated, and the PlGF level was significantly decreased in the preeclampsia‐positive patients. In the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses, the area under the curves were listed in the order of decreasing values: 0.73 (UA), 0.67 (sFlt‐1/PlGF), 0.66 (Cysc), 0.65 (GlyFn/PlGF), 0.64 (PAPP‐A2/PlGF), 0.63 (BUN), 0.63 (Cre), and 0.60 (PAPP‐A2). The positive predictive values of these serum markers were between 33.1% and 58.5%, and the negative predictive values were between 80.9% and 89.5%.

Conclusions

The serum markers investigated in current study showed better performance in ruling out than ruling in PE. Absence of pre‐defined latency period between blood draw and the onset of PE limits the clinical utility of these markers.
Expectations and beliefs: How single young gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men envision romantic relationships
Authors: Sang Jordan M. , Egan James E. , Meanley Steven P. , Hawk Mary E. , Markovic Nina , Bear Todd M. , Matthews Derrick D. , Bauermeister José A.
Published: February 2021

We developed measures of relational beliefs and expectations among single young gay and bisexual men (YGBM). Data come from an online cross‐sectional study YGBM, which ran from July 2012 until January 2013. There were 50 items on relational beliefs and 25 items on relational expectations. We used random split samples and a priori analysis to group items together and applied principal axis factoring with varimax orthogonal rotation. We had a total N = 1582 in our analytical sample and identified six constructs of relational expectations (restrictions, negative break up, masculine and gender norms, optimism, cheating, immediacy) and two constructs of relational beliefs (sex beliefs, equality). Our findings highlight specific relational cognitions among YGBM and offer insight into the beliefs and expectations that may inform their relationships. Findings may be useful for health professionals to help YGBM reflect and understand the health implications of their beliefs and expectations about same‐sex relationships to promote healthy decision‐making as they seek future partners.
HCMV modulates c‐Mpl/IEX‐1 pathway‐mediated megakaryo/thrombopoiesis via PDGFRα and αvβ3 receptors after allo‐HSCT
Authors: Feng Fei‐Er , Zhang Gao‐Chao , Liu Feng‐Qi , He Yun , Zhu Xiao‐Lu , Liu Xiao , Wang Yu , Wang Jing‐Zhi , Fu Hai‐Xia , Chen Yu‐Hong , Han Wei , Chang Ying‐Jun , Xu Lan‐Ping , Liu Kai‐Yan , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Hui
Published: February 2021

Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in immunocompromised hosts, which contributes to poor prognosis even in patients receiving antiviral treatment. Here, we investigated the megakaryo/thrombopoiesis process, including the involvement of the c‐Mpl/IEX‐1 pathway, after HCMV infection, identified receptors mediating the interaction between megakaryocytes (MKs) and HCMV, and explored novel therapeutic targets. Our data shows that HCMV directly infects megakaryocytes in patients with HCMV DNAemia and influences megakaryopoiesis via the c‐Mpl/IEX‐1 pathway throughout megakaryocyte maturation, apoptosis, and platelet generation in vivo and in vitro. After treatment with inhibitors of PDGFRα and αvβ3, the HCMV infection rate in MKs was significantly reduced, suggesting that IMC‐3G3 and anti‐αvβ3 are potential therapeutic alternatives for viral infection. In summary, our study proposes a possible mechanism and potential treatments for thrombocytopenia caused by HCMV infection and other viral diseases associated with abnormal hemostasis.
Reclaiming Inheritance: Enacting Leadership in African Storytelling Contexts
Authors: Dodd Jeffrey G.
Published: February 2021

The current article examines leadership with an emphasis on African literature and storytelling practices. Grounded in critical leadership theory and social change models of leadership, the essay presents examples of ancestral storytelling practices employed to address health and peacemaking challenges, counterstorytelling as a methodology of centering marginalized voices and communities, and the use of vernacular language and local storytelling strategies to promote social change. In each case, storytelling and counterstorytelling practices enact both resistance to oppressive structures and reconstruction of more just social environments.
Delay optimization using repeater insertion in folded graphene nanoribbon interconnect systems
Authors: Das Debaprasad
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we have investigated the delay optimization using repeater insertion in folded graphene nanoribbon (FGNR) interconnect systems for different nanometer technology nodes. The mean free path is modeled as a function of GNR width and Fermi energy. TheRLCequivalent circuit is modeled for analyzing delay and power for global interconnects. The performance of FGNR is compared to that of multi‐layer horizontal graphene nanoribbon (ML‐HGNR) and multi‐layer vertical graphene nanoribbon (ML‐VGNR) interconnects. Our analysis shows that proposed FGNR interconnect with fully diffusive edges can outperform both the ML‐HGNR and ML‐VGNR interconnects as well as the traditional Cu interconnects by reducing the number of repeaters.
Estimation of glucosamine in biomass of Trichoderma reesei cultivated on lignocellulosic substrates
Authors: Chysirichote Teerin , Mapisansup Waraporn , Aroonsong Soysrung
Published: February 2021

Effects of the compositions of lignocellulosic substrate including hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and protein on the glucosamine content in biomass of Trichoderma reesei TISTR3080 were studied. A synthetic solid surface media containing different ratios of xylan (hemicellulose), carboxymethyl cellulose (cellulose), lignin, and various concentrations of yeast extract (source of protein) were used to cultivated T. reesei. Regression analysis identified significant individual and interaction factors that affected glucosamine quantity in T. reesei biomass. A regression model was developed to estimate the glucosamine content in biomass of T. reesei from the compositions of the lignocellulosic substrate. An acceptable error (not more than 10%) of the regression model was obtained from validation with the experimental results of glucosamine content in biomass of T. reesei cultivated on lignocellulosic solid surface media made from copra waste and banana peel.
Tomatoes expressing thaumatin II retain their sweet taste after salting and pickling processing
Authors: Firsov Aleksey , Shaloiko Lyubov , Kozlov Oleg , Vainstein Alexander , Dolgov Sergey
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Thaumatin II, a supersweet protein from the African plant katemfe (Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth.), shows promise as a zero‐calorie sweetener for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries and for improving the taste of fruit.

RESULTS

We report on the stability of thaumatin in salted and pickled tomatoes, as well as on the effect of thaumatin on the taste quality of processed tomatoes. Fruit of tomato cv. Yalf, transformed with the thaumatin II gene were salted and pickled and then stored for 6 months. Western blot analysis showed relative thaumatin II stability at salting; its content in processed fruits was 62–83% of the initial level depending in the studied line. In pickled tomatoes, thaumatin II content was decreased by up to 25% of the initial amount. Both salted and pickled tomatoes had a sweet taste with a typical thaumatin aftertaste. Salted tomatoes were characterized as being sweeter than pickled tomatoes. The overall taste of pickled tomatoes was rated by panellists as significantly better compared to that of salted or non‐processed ones.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, we have shown that tomatoes expressing supersweet protein thaumatin II can be used for processing under mild conditions, including salting and pickling. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Mortality Patterns of Asian Elephants in a Region of Human–Elephant Conflict
Authors: LaDue Chase A. , Eranda Imira , Jayasinghe Chandana , Vandercone Rajnish P. G.
Published: February 2021

Many wildlife species suffer from human–wildlife conflict, especially crop‐raiding. Long‐term analyses of mortality patterns are needed to assess the efficacy of management strategies that address this issue. We report mortality patterns from necropsies of 498 Asian elephants from 2009–2018 in an area of northwestern Sri Lanka. Deaths were lowest in July and highest in October, a period of peak crop availability. Most (about 70%) deaths were human‐related, and males were killed in these incidents more frequently than females. As gunshot deaths decreased, other forms of human‐related deaths increased. Additionally, causes of death differed between districts, with more intentional human‐related mortality observed in the district with the highest percent of protected land. These results highlight the importance of understanding the long‐term spatial and temporal variation in wildlife mortality to effectively address human–wildlife conflict. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Construction of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer/Carbon Dot Nanohybrids for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Guo Yunqi , Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang
Published: February 2021

Design of intelligent hybrid nanoparticles that can integrate diagnosis and therapy components plays an important role in the field of nanomedicine. Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers possessing a unique architecture and tunable functional groups have been widely developed for various biomedical applications. Carbon dots (CDs) are considered as a promising fluorescence probe or drug delivery system due to their stable fluorescence property and excellent biocompatibility. The distinctive merits of PAMAM dendrimers and CDs are amenable for them to be constructed as perfect nanohybrids for different biomedical applications, in particular for cancer nanomedicine. Here, the recent advances in the construction of PAMAM dendrimer/CD nanohybrids for diverse biomedical applications, in particular for sensing and cancer theranostics are summarized. Finally, the future perspectives of the PAMAM dendrimer/CD nanohybrids are also briefly discussed.
Corrosion of nonprecious metal alloys in dentistry in the presence of common saliva additives
Authors: Roscher Jessica , Holze Rudolf
Published: February 2021

Corrosion stability of metallic materials used in dentistry is a major concern; identification of materials combining high stability and good performance is needed. The corrosion resistance of representative nonprecious metal alloys frequently used in dentistry in contact with artificial saliva solution with various added substances encountered in foodstuffs and in materials used in dentistry, possibly influencing the corrosion has been studied in vitro with electrochemical impedance measurements. Values of obtained corrosion resistances are interpreted in terms of conceivable effects of the additives on the rate of corrosion; they are also compared with previous results obtained with these alloys and additives using breakthrough electrode potentials obtained from slow scan cyclic voltammetry reported before.
Stereocomplex Crystallization Induced Significant Improvement in Transparency and Stiffness–Toughness Performance of Core‐Shell Rubber Nanoparticles Toughened Poly(l‐lactide) Blends
Authors: Liu Huili , Bai Dongyu , Du Songlin , Li Xia , Bai Hongwei , Fu Qiang
Published: February 2021

Toughening modification of poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) with rubber particles is often realized at the cost of transparency, mechanical strength, and modulus because high rubber loadings are generally required for toughening. In this work, a promising strategy to simultaneously improve the transparency and stiffness–toughness performance of poly(butyl acrylate)‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (BAMMA) core‐shell rubber nanoparticles toughened PLLA blends by utilizing the stereocomplex (SC) crystallization between PLLA and poly(d‐lactide) (PDLA) is devised. The results reveal that the construction of SC crystallites in PLLA matrix via melt‐mixing PLLA/BAMMA blends with PDLA can prevent BAMMA nanoparticles from aggregation and promote them to form network‐like structure at lower contents. As a result, not only higher toughening efficiency with less rubber contents but also superior transparency is achieved in the PLLA/PDLA/BAMMA blends as compared with the PLLA/BAMMA ones where large aggregated BAMMA clusters are formed. Moreover, the outstanding reinforcement of SC crystallites network for PLLA can impart an enhanced tensile strength and modulus to PLLA/PDLA/BAMMA blends, thus improving the stiffness–toughness performance of PLLA/PDLA/BAMMA blends to a higher degree. This work demonstrates that SC crystallization is a promising solution to solve the contradiction between transparency and mechanical properties and then obtain superior comprehensive performances in rubber toughened PLLA blends.
Changes in Body Composition Before and After Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis
Authors: Song Shengfang , Luo Zhehui , Li Chenxi , Huang Xuemei , Shiroma Eric J. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Chen Honglei
Published: February 2021

Background

Weight loss is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about when it starts, how PD changes as it progresses, and whether there is a differential loss of lean or fat mass. The objective of this study was to examine how body composition changes before and after PD diagnosis.

Methods

In the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study (n = 3075; age range, 70–79 years), body composition was assessed using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry on an annual or biennial basis from year 1 to year 10. For each PD case each year, we calculated the difference between their actual body composition measures and expected values had they not developed PD. Using linear mixed models with crossed random effects, we further examined the trend of change in body composition measures before and after PD diagnosis.

Results

A total of 80 PD cases were identified in this cohort. Compared with their expected values, PD cases began to lose total and fat mass about 6–7 years before diagnosis, although the differences were not statistically significant until 3–5 years after diagnosis. The loss was substantial and persistent, with statistically significant trends of loss for total body mass (P = 0.008), fat mass (P = 0.001), and percentage fat (P < 0.001). In comparison, lean mass was stable throughout the follow‐up (P = 0.16). Overall, 96% of the body mass loss in PD cases was from the loss of fat mass.

Conclusions

In this longitudinal analysis with objective measures of body composition, we found persistent weight loss in PD cases, predominantly in fat mass, starting a few years before diagnosis. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Local estimates for fully nonlinear parabolic equations in weighted spaces
Authors: Lee Mikyoung , Ok Jihoon
Published: February 2021

We prove local weighted estimates for viscosity solutions to fully nonlinear parabolic equations of the form

in the setting of Orlicz spaces.
Study on a broadband new structure dipole‐shaped circularly polarized antenna
Authors: Shu Wen‐juan , Li Jian‐ying , Hao Si‐si
Published: February 2021

A broadband, circularly polarized (CP), new structure, dipole‐shaped antenna is proposed in this article. The antenna is composed of dipole‐shaped patch, FR4 substrate, ground and feeding coaxial cable. A double‐printed semicircular ring is utilized to feed the radiator. An optimized antenna with an oversize of 0.42λ0 × 0.42λ0 × 0.136λ0 0.75 × 0.75λ0 × 0.15λ0 (at 1.32 GHz) is designed and measured. The measured results show that the proposed antenna yields an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 36.8%(1.24–1.8 GHz), a 3‐dB axial‐ratio (AR) bandwidth of 24%(1.32–1.68 GHz), and an average gain of 9.1 dBic in the operating frequency band.
Spatial dependency and the role of local susceptibility for velocity selective arterial spin labeling (VS‐ASL) relative tagging efficiency using accelerated 3D radial sampling with a BIR‐8 preparation
Authors: Holmes James H. , Jen Mu‐Lan , Eisenmenger Laura B. , Schubert Tilman , Turski Patrick A. , Johnson Kevin M.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Velocity selective arterial spin labeling (VS‐ASL) is a promising approach for non‐contrast perfusion imaging that provides robustness to vascular geometry and transit times; however, VS‐ASL assumes spatially uniform tagging efficiency. This work presents a mapping approach to investigate VS‐ASL relative tagging efficiency including the impact of local susceptibility effects on a BIR‐8 preparation.

Methods

Numerical simulations of tagging efficiency were performed to evaluate sensitivity to regionally varying local susceptibility gradients and blood velocity. Tagging efficiency mapping was performed in susceptibility phantoms and healthy human subjects (N = 7) using a VS‐ASL preparation module followed by a short, high spatial resolution 3D radial‐based image acquisition. Tagging efficiency maps were compared to 4D‐flow, B1, and B0 maps acquired in the same imaging session for six of the seven subjects.

Results

Numerical simulations were found to predict reduced tagging efficiency with the combination of high blood velocity and local gradient fields. Phantom experiments corroborated numerical results. Relative efficiency mapping in normal volunteers showed unique efficiency patterns depending on individual subject anatomy and physiology. Uniform tagging efficiency was generally observed in vivo, but reduced efficiency was noted in regions of high blood velocity and local susceptibility gradients.

Conclusion

We demonstrate an approach to map the relative tagging efficiency and show application of this methodology to a novel BIR‐8 preparation recently proposed in the literature. We present results showing rapid flow in the presence of local susceptibility gradients can lead to complicated signal modulations in both tag and control images and reduced tagging efficiency.
Investigation on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured PETG composites reinforced with OMMT nanoclay and carbon fibers
Authors: Mahesh Vinyas , Joseph Athul S. , Mahesh Vishwas , Harursampath Dineshkumar , VN Chethan
Published: February 2021

Polymers and their composites have undergone massive development over the years through intensive research studies. The plethora of opportunities offered by these materials is greatly complimented by the advent of additive manufacturing. The present work analyses the mechanical properties of glycol‐modified polyethylene glycol (PETG) reinforced with organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nanoclay and short carbon fibers (SCF). This work is the first of its kind to offer a complete overview of the mechanical properties of the composites prepared by these materials through 3D printing without the application of any post‐processing techniques. These materials are initially compounded and followed by extrusion using a single‐screw extruder to obtain fine filaments of 1.75 mm diameter. The specimens of PETG composite filaments were 3D printed as per the ASTM standards, using fused deposition modeling technique without any post‐processing. The fabricated PETG/OMMT/SCF specimens are tested to study its tensile, compression, flexural, impact, and hardness properties. The fractured specimens from the tensile tests are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. It is seen that the addition of OMMT nanoclay improves the properties of the composites by a significant extent for most of the tests. However, the addition of SCF has a negligible effect on the properties of the composites due to the presence of interstitial voids and poor matrix‐fiber bonding. This calls for additional process parameter variations and post‐processing techniques like pre‐stressing, annealing, and others. These composites can be used in a wide variety of applications ranging from secondary structures in aerospace, automotive applications to minor orthotic and prosthetic applications.
Self‐reported medication intake vs information from other data sources such as pharmacy records or medical records: Identification and description of existing publications, and comparison of agreement results for publications focusing on patients with cancer ‐ a systematic review
Authors: Brüne Manuela , Emmel Carina , Meilands Gisela , Andrich Silke , Droste Sigrid , Claessen Heiner , Jülich Fabian , Icks Andrea
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To identify and describe publications addressing the agreement between self‐reported medication and other data sources among adults and, in a subgroup of studies dealing with cancer patients, seek to identify parameters which are associated with agreement.

Methods

A systematic review including a systematic search within five biomedical databases up to February 28, 2019 was conducted as per the PRISMA Statement. Studies and agreement results were described. For a subgroup of studies dealing with cancer, we searched for associations between agreement and patients' characteristics, study design, comparison data source, and self‐report modality.

Results

The literature search retrieved 3392 publications. Included articles (n = 120) show heterogeneous agreement. Eighteen publications focused on cancer populations, with relatively good agreement identified in those which analyzed hormone therapy, estrogen, and chemotherapy (n = 11). Agreement was especially good for chemotherapy (proportion correct ≥93.6%, kappa ≥0.88). No distinct associations between agreement and age, education or marital status were identified in the results. There was little evaluation of associations between agreement and study design, self‐report modality and comparison data source, thus not allowing for any conclusions to be drawn.

Conclusion

An overview of the evidence available from validation studies with a description of several characteristics is provided. Studies with experimental design which evaluate factors that might affect agreement between self‐report and other data sources are lacking.
The First Coupling of a Laser Beam to a Water Jet
Authors: Shankar Nitin
Published: February 2021

Assigned to a project for designing a laser‐based dental hand tool, Bernold Richerzhagen visualized combining a water jet and a laser for tooth ablation. His dental tool envisioned a laser within a low‐pressure hair‐thin water jet that guided the beam by means of total internal reflection in a manner like an optical fiber. Eventually, this fusion of light and water resulted in a new technology capable of machining hard materials with high precision. Starting with a dental tool developed in a Swiss laboratory in 1993, this invention has fostered high‐precision laser machining in the aviation, diamond and semiconductor industries amongst others.
A deep learning approach for predicting critical events using event logs
Authors: Huang Congfang , Deep Akash , Zhou Shiyu , Veeramani Dharmaraj
Published: February 2021

Event logs, comprising data on the occurrence of different types of events and associated times, are commonly collected during the operation of modern industrial machines and systems. It is widely believed that the rich information embedded in event logs can be used to predict the occurrence of critical events. In this paper, we propose a recurrent neural network model using time‐to‐event data from event logs not only to predict the time of the occurrence of a target event of interest, but also to interpret, from the trained model, significant events leading to the target event. To improve the performance of our model, sampling techniques and methods dealing with the censored data are utilized. The proposed model is tested on both simulated data and real‐world datasets. Through these comparison studies, we show that the deep learning approach can often achieve better prediction performance than the traditional statistical model, such as, the Cox proportional hazard model. The real‐world case study also shows that the model interpretation algorithm proposed in this work can reveal the underlying physical relationship among events.
Group‐IV‐based selective CH bond activation of a diamondoid—A density functional theory study
Authors: Suleiman Motasem , Taullaj Fioralba , Fekl Ulrich
Published: February 2021

Selective synthetic modifications on diamondoids (well‐defined molecular nano‐diamonds) are difficult. Group IV organometallic complexes are promising systems for CH bond activation. We study the CH bond activation of the hard‐to‐activate CH2 positions of the adamantyl group (the smallest diamondoid) using density functional theory. As a platform for activation, we tether the adamantyl group to the cyclopentadienyl in a substituted bis‐cyclopentadienyl group IV metal diphenyl complex. The mechanism proposed in the experimental paper reporting the activation of C(Me)2‐Ph or t‐Bu groups using Zr(IV) involves an η2‐benzyne complex intermediate. Our computational work confirms the two‐step mechanism proposed for activation of C(Me)2‐Ph or t‐Bu using Zr(IV) and further extends it to Ti(IV) and Hf(IV). The first step forms the benzyne complex. In the second step, the cyclopentadienyl‐bound group is activated through a mechanism that closely resembles a σ‐bond metathesis when the benzyne complex is described as a metallacyclopropene We demonstrate through computations that the two‐step reaction can be successfully applied to the adamantyl group. CH bond activation of adamantyl is found to be thermodynamically and kinetically feasible. The important question of regioselectivity is addressed. We predict that α‐CH bond activation will be achievable with Ti (thermodynamic control), and selective γ‐CH bond activation with Zr (kinetic or thermodynamic control).