bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of lianas and Hurricane Wilma on tree damage in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Garrido-Pérez Edgardo I. , Dupuy Juan Manuel , Durán-García Rafael , Ucan-May Mario , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Gerold Gerhard
Published: September 2008

Climate change may increase the intensity of hurricanes (Emanuel 1987, 2003), and thus the size of disturbance in tropical forests. As a consequence, disturbance-specialist plants, such as lianas, may increase in abundance there (Phillips & Gentry 1994). Putz (1984) hypothesized that lianas create larger treefall gaps by connecting trees together and pulling down multiple trees during storms. This positive-feedback cycle may increase the prevalence of lianas in disturbed tropical forests (Schnitzer & Bongers 2002, Schnitzer & Carson 2001). Alternatively, Putz (1984) proposed that lianas tie and stabilize canopies together, resulting in less disturbance. Forest age may determine the role of lianas during disturbance because liana abundance and composition vary through secondary succession (De Waltet al. 2000, Schnitzeret al. 2000). To test the two hypotheses of Putz (1984), we evaluated the effect of liana cutting between forests of different successional ages on tree damage by hurricane Wilma.
Germination after simulated rat damage in seeds of two endemic Hawaiian palm species
Authors: Pérez Hector E. , Shiels Aaron B. , Zaleski Halina M. , Drake Donald R.
Published: September 2008

Seed predation by native and alien rodents can limit plant recruitment and ultimately affect forest dynamics and composition (Campbell & Atkinson 2002, Côtéet al. 2003, Hulme 1998, Sánchez-Cordero & Martínez-Gallardo 1998). Even partial consumption of seeds by predators may affect plant community structure, though its importance is poorly understood (Steeleet al. 1993, Vallejo-Marínet al. 2006). Despite consumption of relatively large portions of seeds by herbivores, seeds can retain their ability to germinate if the embryo remains intact (Dalling & Harms 1999, Janzen 1972, Mack 1998). Germination of damaged seeds may be accelerated or prolonged (Karban & Lowenberg 1992, Koptur 1998, Vallejo-Marínet al. 2006). Damage by seed pests also facilitates ageing stress; which manifests as decreased seedling vigour, decreased seed viability, lower germination percentages and slower germination rates (Priestley 1986).
Spatial patterns and habitat associations of Fagaceae in a hill dipterocarp forest in Ulu Gadut, West Sumatra
Authors: Nishimura Sen , Yoneda Tsuyoshi , Fujii Shinji , Mukhtar Erizal , Kanzaki Mamoru
Published: September 2008

Spatial distribution patterns and habitat associations of Fagaceae species in a Fagaceae-codominated hill forest in Sumatra were investigated. Ten Fagaceae species believed to be zoochorous (animal-dispersed seed) and five codominant canopy and emergent anemochorous (wind-dispersed seed) species from Anacardiaceae and Dipterocarpaceae were studied. Five Fagaceae species and all codominant anemochorous species were significantly aggregated while the other five Fagaceae species showed a random distribution pattern. The median distance of small saplings from the nearest reproductively mature tree tended to be shorter for aggregated species than spatially random species. This implied that some Fagaceae species dispersed over longer distances than anemochorous species. Relationships between four habitat variables and distribution of the target species were examined with torus-translation tests. ThreeQuercusand oneLithocarpusspecies showed positive habitat associations. TwoQuercusspecies aggregated at the preferred habitat, but the others were randomly distributed. Thus tree species with specific habitat preference do not only aggregate at the preferred habitat. The three ridge-specialistQuercusspecies showed gradual changes in habitat association, which could reflect avoidance of competition among the species. Most of theLithocarpusspecies showed little correlation with habitat variables. Coexistence of the threeQuercusspecies partly reflected subtle differences in topographical preferences. Distribution of five of the sixLithocarpusspecies was unrelated to topography, so other mechanisms must be sought to account for the maintenance of coexistence in this species-rich genus.
Seed dispersal and predation by Proechimys semispinosus and Sciurus granatensis in gaps and understorey in central Panama
Authors: Carvajal Alejandra , Adler Gregory H.
Published: September 2008

Seed dispersal and predation by spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus) and red-tailed squirrels (Sciurus granatensis) were studied in five forest gaps and adjacent forest understorey on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, during June and July 2003 and January 2004. Live trapping on grids was used to estimate the abundances of rats in both habitats and was conducted during 10 nights at the beginning of each field season. We captured 70 individual spiny rats (53 in forest gaps and 17 in understorey). To address the removal and dispersal of seeds, semi-permeable wire-mesh exclosures were set at randomly selected stations within the trapping grids. These exclosures allowed the entry of spiny rats, squirrels, and other small rodents but excluded larger granivorous mammals. Seeds were marked with pieces of string that were dusted with fluorescent powder and tracked at night with an ultraviolet light. A total of 304 seeds was removed (159 in forest gaps and 145 in understorey). Spiny rats removed more seeds from gaps, and squirrels removed more seeds from understorey. Both species dispersed more seeds during the rainy season than during the dry season. Squirrels dispersed seeds farther than did spiny rats. Due to their foraging behaviour and association with gaps, spiny rats may disperse seeds from forest understorey into gaps.
Are leaf-litter frogs and lizards affected by edge effects due to forest fragmentation in Brazilian Atlantic forest?
Authors: Dixo Marianna , Martins Marcio
Published: September 2008

Edge effects encompass biotic and abiotic changes resulting from the interaction between two different habitat types (Murcia 1995). Edge habitats are ecologically distinct from patch interiors, and understanding how ecological patterns change near edges is important in understanding landscape-level dynamics such as the impacts of fragmentation (Rieset al. 2004). Abiotic conditions at the forest edge, such as increased wind and solar radiation, increased fluctuations in temperature, and decreased humidity, may affect forest-adapted organisms (Harperet al. 2005, Murcia 1995). So, edges may affect lizards and amphibians due to their physiological needs (Lehtinenet al. 2003, Vallan 2000). Anurans are considered sensitive to environmental changes due to their permeable skin, shell-less eggs and use of land as well as freshwater habitats (Vallan 2000). Changes in vegetation structure and microclimate are likely to be the predominant factor affecting amphibian abundances across edges (Jellineket al. 2004, Marsh & Pearman 1997, Schaepfer & Gavin 2001, Urbina-Cardonaet al. 2006).
Geological differentiation explains diversity and composition of fish communities in upland streams in the southern Amazon of Colombia
Authors: Arbeláez Fernando , Duivenvoorden Joost F. , Maldonado-Ocampo Javier A.
Published: September 2008

Fish biomass, species richness and composition were compared between upland streams draining two contrasting geological units (Pebas and Tsa) in Colombian Amazonia. Because Pebas sediments reportedly show higher levels of base concentrations than Tsa sediments, we expected that the fish communities from the Pebas streams would show highest biomass and species richness, and that the species composition would vary between the two upland systems. Eight forest streams were sampled in four locations, applying four daily sampling events. Tsa soil samples were comparatively sandy, whereas Pebas soil samples tended to be siltier, with higher levels of exchangeable acidity, Ca, Mg and total bases. Conductivity, concentrations of bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na), bicarbonates and temperature showed higher values in Pebas stream-water samples than in Tsa. In total, 7696 fish individuals were captured, belonging to eight orders, 28 families and 122 species. Pebas streams had 1.3 times more species than Tsa streams, and more than twice the total biomass. Species richness and biomass were highly correlated with conductivity and water concentrations of Mg and Na, and biomass alone with dissolved oxygen. Fish species composition differed significantly between the geological units. Species turnover was not related to distance between sampling locations.
Relationship between seed size and litter effects on early seedling establishment of 15 tropical tree species
Authors: Scarpa Fabiano Micheletto , Valio I. F. M.
Published: September 2008

A close relationship has been reported between seed size and many different plant traits such as seedling size, relative growth rate, seedling survival, distance of dispersion, colonization and density of seeds in the soil (Coomes & Grubb 2003, Jurado & Westoby 1992, Lahoreauet al. 2006, Saverimuttu & Westoby 1996, Souza & Valio 2001). Although the association of seed size and shade tolerance is unclear (Westobyet al. 1996) some authors have suggested that a larger-seeded species is better able to tolerate low light availability (Foster 1986, Foster & Janson 1985, Leishman & Westoby 1994) by producing a vigorous seedling with a higher ability to withstand predation (Armstrong & Westoby 1993, Foster 1986) and delaying the beginning of carbon fixation so as to increase survival under a canopy and under leaf litter.
Demography and life history of two rattan species, Eremospatha macrocarpa and Laccosperma secundiflorum, in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kouassi Kouadio I. , Barot Sébastien , Gignoux Jacques , Zoro Bi Irié A.
Published: September 2008

Two rattans species were studied in Côte d'Ivoire using a stage-classified matrix model to compare their demography and life histories. Respectively 854 and 1009 genets ofEremospatha macrocarpa(pleonanthic) andLaccosperma secundiflorum(hapaxanthic) were censused every 6 mo over 18 mo. The population growth rates ofE. macrocarpa(λ = 0.979) andL. secundiflorum(λ = 0.959) were not significantly different from 1. This indicates that the populations were close to equilibrium. However, the difference between the stable stage distributions and the observed distributions indicated temporal variation in vital rates. Elasticity analysis showed that growth and fecundity had lower contributions to λ than the survival rates for the two species. A Life Table Response Experiment revealed that the survival of the first juvenile stage (all stems < 6 m in length), fecundity, growth of the second juvenile stage (at least one stem > 6 m in length) and adult (reproductive) survival highly contribute to the differences between the demography of the two species. Reproduction is postponed longer forL. secundiflorumthan forE. macrocarpaand the mean remaining life span for adult genets is shorter forL. secundiflorumthan forE. macrocarpa. Finally, our results suggest the existence of two trade-offs within reproduction which suggest that, although the two species have different demographic features, the λ of their populations are not significantly different from 1.
Activity pattern of Atlantic Forest small arboreal mammals as revealed by camera traps
Authors: Oliveira-Santos Luiz Gustavo R. , Tortato Marcos A. , Graipel Maurício E.
Published: September 2008

Even though the great majority of the biomass and diversity of mammals in tropical forests inhabit the canopy (Eisenberg & Thorington 1973), most knowledge of this group is based on forest-floor samples (Lowman & Moffett 1993). Studies that include trapping efforts in the canopy are becoming increasingly common (Grelle 2003, Lambertet al. 2005, Malcolm 1995, Pattonet al. 2000, Vieira & Monteiro-Filho 2003, Vosset al. 2001), but aspects on the ecology of arboreal small mammals still remain poorly understood. Many species of non-flying mammals co-occur in the canopy and, thus, are expected to use niche dimensions differently to permit coexistence (Cameronet al. 1979). Despite the difficulties of access to and in understanding the three-dimensional use of the arboreal strata by the different species (Emmons 1995), some studies have demonstrated that the differential use of the habitat (Cunha & Vieira 2002, Gentile & Fernandez 1999), of food items (Cácereset al. 2002, Santoriet al. 1995) or both (Leiteet al. 1996, Mauffrey & Catzeflis 2003), include strategies involved in the division of resources.
The structure of the parasite–host interactions between Philornis (Diptera: Muscidae) and neotropical birds
Authors: Löwenberg-Neto Peter
Published: September 2008

Philornisis a neotropical, monophyletic genus of Muscidae (Diptera) (Couriet al. 2007) that includes many bird parasites (Skidmore 1985). The interaction system ofPhilornisand birds is very peculiar: fly adults are free-living and only larvae interact with birds (Couri 1985, 1999; Dodge 1963). Larval trophic habits are known for 22 of the 49 species (de Carvalhoet al. 2005) and are divided into three groups: coprophagous (P. aitkeniandP. rufoscutellaris), free-living haematophagous (P. falsificus) and subcutaneous (18 spp.).Philornis downsiis unusual because the first and the early second instars display a subcutaneous phase, whereas the late second and third phases show a nest-dwelling haematophagous phase (Fesslet al. 2006).
Towards a Genetic Understanding of Non-contemporary Theatre: Traces, Objects, Methods
Authors: THOMASSEAU JEAN-MARIE
Published: September 2008

Making a preliminary dictinction between contemporary theatre and non-contemporary theatre, this article draws the limits of the twofold field of investigation for a theatrical genetics in process. In so doing, it underlines more particularly the inquiries and stakes of the genetic analysis of non-contemporary theatre; that is, the theatre antedating the age of the stage director. Relying on a body of significant documents, it puts forward some possible ways of gathering, preserving and interpreting heterogeneous, uncertain and unstable tracks discarded in the outburst of creations which were then little concerned about their preservation. Lastly, a third part brings out the conditions for possible methods of analysis which, by pairing the genetic study of the text and the stage, try to evade the traps of parcelling, of what is aleatory and mobile, in order to retrieve the theatre's creative processes.
Molière and the Circumstances of Late Seventeenth-Century Rehearsal Practice
Authors: GOLDER JOHN
Published: September 2008

There is precious little documentary evidence regarding the way in which Molière and his company went about preparing themselves for performance in seventeenth-century Paris. After all, rehearsal has always been by definition an intensely private activity. However, in respect of his last play,Le Malade imaginaire, we are more fortunate, for a number of documents exist to illuminate for us if not the rehearsals themselves, at least their circumstances. They are, mostly,mémoiressubmitted by company suppliers, for lighting and heating and the like. Together with La Grange'sRegistre, a daily performance calendar, these give us some idea of the complex logistical operation that was the preparation of a comédie-ballet. Comparison of Molière's schedule with that of Préville, his comic counterpart a century later, suggests that – at least as an actor – his time for both study and group preparation was considerably less intense than for the actors of the Comédie-Française a hundred years later.
The Fragility of Beginnings: The First Genetic Stratum of Le Square by Marguerite Duras (1956)
Authors: MERVANT-ROUX MARIE-MADELEINE
Published: September 2008

It was as a branch of ‘genetic criticism’ that a genetics of the theatre first established itself in France as a scientific field of study. Applied to literature alone in the first place, it has since then gradually widened its scope of investigation. Taking Marguerite Duras's first play, Le Square (1956) as an example, this essay aims to demonstrate the main effects of such a disciplinary gestation on the ‘French’ approach to the creative processes as regards the theatre. On the one hand, the existence of well-tried methodological procedures for the study of manuscripts permits both a dynamic re-examination of dramatic works and a criticism of the myths which often surround them. On the other, apprehending the different textual materials and the other kinds of genetic documents produced around the stage according to a methodologically coherent manner reveals the constant interdependence of techniques and arts, and the need to improve models constructed for altogether different studies.
Not Magic but Work: Rehearsal and the Production of Meaning
Authors: MCAULEY GAY
Published: September 2008

Observation of the rehearsal process provides vivid insights into the dynamically shifting and contingent nature of theatrical meaning-making. Drawing on my experience as an observer of the work process involved in the 2004 production by Brink Productions of Sarah Kane's 4.48 Psychosis, I provide a detailed description of a single work session and an overview of the set design process. Influenced by Clifford Geertz's concept of ‘thick description’, I use these two differently structured aspects of the work process to provide insights into the nature of creative agency in theatre-making process and to argue for the value of ethnographic theory and practice in the emerging field of rehearsal studies.
The Revival of Plays: A Procedure Open to Question
Authors: HAMON-SIRÉJOLS CHRISTINE
Published: September 2008

In French, the term reprise (revival) is polysemous to a high degree. Starting with a short redefinition of the term, our present concern is to make clear its historical evolution and to analyse the contexts in which theatre directors are using it today. Whether the motives for a revival be economic, emotional or aesthetical, the phenomenon becomes more and more important in the perspective of a globalization of the major theatrical productions. From Giorgio Strehler's seven revivals of Goldoni's Servant of Two Masters to the several versions in different languages of one performance by Robert Wilson or Robert Lepage, what is at stake in a revival has changed considerably: this is what this article will attempt to clarify.
Historical Threads: Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Textile Designs: The Ghanaian Experience and African Perspectives
Authors: Asmah Josephine
Published: September 2008

Defining the relationship between folklore and intellectual property continues to be an ongoing debate. Some challenges in defining this relationship center on the main characteristics of intellectual property, namely, the eligibility criteria and limited protection period that make the current construction of intellectual property incompatible with folklore protection. However, countries like Ghana have been using the intellectual property system as one of its tools to protect folklore. This article focuses on traditional textile design protection in Ghana, establishing the importance and significance of these designs in Ghana's history and culture and why Ghana is determined to protect these designs. After examining Ghana's efforts and the obstacles in its path as it uses the intellectual property law system to protect traditional textile designs, the article argues that there should be regional cooperation and international protection to strengthen individual national efforts.
The Protected Objects Act in New Zealand: Too Little, Too Late?
Authors: Davies Piers , Myburgh Paul
Published: September 2008

The Protected Objects Amendment Act (POA) was passed by the New Zealand Parliament in 2006, so New Zealand could fulfil its obligations under the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 1970 and the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects 1995. This represents a significant delay after the drafting of these two conventions. This article explores why New Zealand has taken so long to give domestic effect to these conventions and examines the manner in which they have been given domestic legal effect in the POA. The article also focuses on issues of Māori cultural property, the practical implementation of the POA, and the cultural heritage climate in New Zealand.
Whose Responsibility? The Waverley System, Past and Present
Authors: Wang Vivian F.
Published: September 2008

This article explores the history and present operation of the Waverley system, the United Kingdom's art export policy established in 1952. A key component of the article is its attempt to illuminate the little-known story surrounding the birth of the system, which has been pieced together using treasury and Board of Trade papers held in the National Archives. The article then examines, both qualitatively and quantitatively, how responsibility for the system has evolved. The main pattern that emerges is the progressive detachment of the treasury: Although it spearheaded the formation of the Waverley system in 1952, today it is much more removed, in terms of administration and attitude, from the system.
Finding symmetries by incorporating initial conditions as side conditions
Authors: GOARD JOANNA
Published: September 2008

It is generally believed that in order to solve initial value problems using Lie symmetry methods, the initial condition needs to be left invariant by the infinitesimal symmetry generator that admits the invariant solution. This is not so. In this paper we incorporate the imposed initial value as a side condition to find ‘infinitesimals’ from which solutions satisfying the initial value can be recovered, along with the corresponding symmetry generator.
Algebraic fusion of functions with an accumulating parameter and its improvement
Authors: KATSUMATA SHIN-YA , NISHIMURA SUSUMU
Published: September 2008

This paper develops a new framework for fusion that is designed for eliminating the intermediate data structures involved in the composition of functions that have one accumulating parameter. The new fusion framework comprises two steps:algebraic fusionand its subsequentimprovementprocess. The key idea in our development is to regard functions with an accumulating parameter as functions that operate over the monoid ofdata contexts. Algebraic fusion composes each such function with a monoid homomorphism that is derived from the definition of the consumer function to obtain a higher-order function that computes over the monoid of endofunctions. The transformation result may be further refined by an improvement process, which replaces the operation over the monoid of endofunctions (i.e., function closures) with another monoid operation over a monoid structure other than function closures.

Using our framework, one can formulate a particular solution to the fusion problem by devising appropriate monoids and monoid homomorphisms. This provides a unified exposition of a variety of fusion methods that have been developed so far in different formalisms. Furthermore, the cleaner formulation makes it possible to argue about some delicate issues on a firm mathematical basis. We demonstrate that algebraic fusion and improvement in the world of complete pointed partial orders (CPOs) and continuous functions can correctly fuse functions that operate on partial and infinite data structures. We also show that subtle differences in termination behaviours of transformed programmes caused by certain different fusion methods can be cleanly explained by corresponding improvement processes that have different underlying monoid structures.
Editorial
Authors: Lawall Julia
Published: September 2008

The Eleventh ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP 2006) took place on September 18–20, 2006 in Portland, Oregon. ICFP 2006 provides a forum for researchers and developers to hear about the latest work on the design, implementation, principles, and uses of functional programming. The conference covers the entire spectrum of work, from theory to practice, and beyond. There were 74 submissions, of which the program committee selected 24 for presentation at the conference. Following the conference, the program committee selected eight papers for which the authors were invited to submit extended versions for this special issue of JFP. The seven papers that appear in this volume were reviewed, revised, and accepted following standard JFP procedures. These papers cover a wide range of topics related to functional programming, including programming, program verification, language design, language development, program transformation, and program analysis. This range of topics reflects the variety of the work presented at the ICFP conference.
Coloured Loop-Erased Random Walk on the Complete Graph
Authors: ALAPPATTU JOMY , PITMAN JIM
Published: September 2008

Starting from a sequence regarded as a walk through some set of values, we consider the associated loop-erased walk as a sequence of directed edges, with an edge from i to j if the loop-erased walk makes a step from i to j. We introduce a colouring of these edges by painting edges with a fixed colour as long as the walk does not loop back on itself, then switching to a new colour whenever a loop is erased, with each new colour distinct from all previous colours. The pattern of colours along the edges of the loop-erased walk then displays stretches of consecutive steps of the walk left untouched by the loop-erasure process. Assuming that the underlying sequence generating the loop-erased walk is a sequence of independent random variables, each uniform on [N] := {1, 2, . . ., N}, we condition the walk to start at N and stop the walk when it first reaches the subset [k], for some 1 ≤ k ≤ N − 1. We relate the distribution of the random length of this loop-erased walk to the distribution of the length of the first loop of the walk, via Cayley's enumerations of trees, and via Wilson's algorithm. For fixed N and k, and i = 1, 2, . . ., let Bi denote the events that the loop-erased walk from N to [k] has i + 1 or more edges, and the ith and (i + 1)th of these edges are coloured differently. We show that, given that the loop-erased random walk has j edges for some 1 ≤ j ≤ N − k, the events Bi for 1 ≤ i ≤ j − 1 are independent, with the probability of Bi equal to 1/(k + i + 1). This determines the distribution of the sequence of random lengths of differently coloured segments of the loop-erased walk, and yields asymptotic descriptions of these random lengths as N → ∞.
Coffee intake and risk of incident diabetes in Puerto Rican men: results from the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program
Authors: Fuhrman BJ , Smit E , Crespo CJ , Garcia-Palmieri MR
Published: September 2008

Objective

To study prospectively the association of coffee intake with incident diabetes in the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program cohort, comprising 9824 middle-aged men (aged 35–79 years).

Methods

Of 9824 men, 3869 did not provide a fasting blood sample at baseline, 1095 had prevalent diabetes and 131 were not given fasting glucose tests at any subsequent study visit. Thus, the present analysis includes 4685 participants. Diabetes was ascertained at baseline and at two study visits between 1968 and 1975 using fasting glucose tests and self-reports of physician-diagnosed diabetes or use of insulin or hypoglycaemic medication. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of coffee intake with risk of incident diabetes while adjusting for covariates (age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, education, alcohol intake, family history of diabetes, intakes of milk and sugar).

Results

Five hundred and nineteen participants met the criteria for incident diabetes. Compared with those reporting intake of 1–2 servings of coffee/d, coffee abstainers were at reduced risk (OR = 0·64; 95 % CI 0·43, 0·94). Among coffee drinkers, there was a significant trend of decreasing risk by intake (P= 0·02); intake of ≥4 servings/d was associated with an odds ratio of 0·75 (95 % CI 0·58, 0·97).

Conclusions

Study findings support a protective effect of coffee intake on diabetes risk, while also suggesting that abstainers may be at reduced risk.
Measuring retirement resource adequacy
Authors: BRADY PETER J.
Published: September 2008

To maintain their standard of living during retirement, it is often assumed that individuals need to save enough to replace 75–80% of their final pay. This paper develops a replacement rate measure that better corresponds with a replacement of consumption by properly accounting for savings, taxes, and owner-occupied housing. Savings and investment behavior judged by standard analysis to be inadequate is shown to result in high real consumption during retirement relative to pre-retirement consumption. For example, the simulated savings and investment behavior of single individuals in this study results in retirement income of about 60% of final earnings, well below the typical adequacy threshold of 75–80%. However, this corresponds to replacing about 90% of pre-retirement consumption for renters and over 100% for homeowners who have paid off their mortgage.
SCHEIBE’S MISTAKE: SUBLIME SIMPLICITY AND THE CRITERIA OF CLASSICISM
Authors: CHAPIN KEITH
Published: September 2008

It is as a classicist that Johann Adolph Scheibe has entered the annals of music history, either as a propagator of the principles of French literary classicism, or as a champion of a ‘galant’ style that later critics would view as a foundation for a German musical classicism. But if Scheibe insisted on a quality of striking simplicity, using words clearly indebted to those of Nicolas Boileau, the doyen of seventeenth-century French critics, he was no classicist according to the French model. While all classicists depend to a certain degree on the regulation of their material – for such regulation aids them in their quest for the perfect fit between parts and whole – they will differ in how they choose to balance the codification of technique and the regulation of style, on the one hand, with the evocation of emphatic or ‘sublime’ experiences, on the other. If Boileau sought the ‘marvellous’ quality that strikes like lightening, Scheibe wished for clarity. Drawing on scholarship in the history of literature, this article first examines the origins and point of French classicist literary aesthetics, then traces the fate of these aesthetics as they were transferred from France to Germany and from literature to music.
ONE MORE TIME: J. S. BACH AND SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY TRADITIONS OF RHETORIC
Authors: VARWIG BETTINA
Published: September 2008

Although the question of a connection between Bach’s music and the discipline of rhetoric has been raised repeatedly in the past, the proposed solutions have rarely taken into account the particular kind of rhetorical thinking prevalent in the eighteenth century. In this article, I show that a notion of rhetoric initially developed by Erasmus of Rotterdam and perpetuated in seventeenth-century writings, which focused on argumentative procedures involving variation and amplification, continued to underlie poetic and musical theory in Bach’s time. By articulating fundamental creative patterns that came to underpin a variety of disciplines, this Erasmian model can provide the starting-point for a reassessment of rhetorical techniques in Bach’s music, shifting the focus from isolated moments of affective decoration to the formal-expressive trajectories that shape the layout of whole pieces. Constituted in the interplay of compositional processes and their listening reception, these trajectories emerge as the result of the skilful arrangement of musical phrases into individual and flexible large-scale designs that often leave aside or undercut the supposed structural conventions of concerto or aria forms. The first movement of the third ‘Brandenburg Concerto’, bwv1048, serves as an example of how an awareness of these seventeenth-century rhetorical and musical legacies makes possible a thorough reconsideration of Bach’s compositional strategies.
SCHUBERT, SCHENKER AND THE ART OF SETTING GERMAN POETRY
Authors: DRABKIN WILLIAM
Published: September 2008

Nearly half a century after gaining a solid footing in the academic world, the achievements of Heinrich Schenker remain associated more with tonal structure and coherence than with musical expression. The focus of his published work, exemplified largely by instrumental music from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, supports this view. There are just five short writings about music for voices: two essays on Bach’s St Matthew Passion, one on the opening number from Haydn’s Creation, and two on Schubert songs. To be sure, romantic lieder appear as music examples for the larger theory books, but there they serve as illustrations of harmony, voice leading and form, rather than the relationship of word to tone.
HANDEL RECOVERING: FRESH LIGHT ON HIS AFFAIRS IN 1737
Authors: CHRISSOCHOIDIS ILIAS
Published: September 2008

The summer and autumn of 1737 remain a foggy patch in Handel biography owing to poor documentation and Handel’s absence from London. We do not know whether his illness led to a rapprochement with the ‘Nobility’ opera, how his visit to Aix-la-Chapel complicated the new opera season or, especially, whether these developments relate to Farinelli’s defection to Spain. This shaky factual ground also restricts our understanding of later events such as Handel’s lucrative benefit in March 1738 and the celebrated Roubiliac statue in Vauxhall Gardens. Thanks to surviving issues of the Daily Advertiser, however, we now can replenish the documentary pool and re-examine Handel’s affairs and their context during this period.
Spatial correlations of day‐to‐day ionospheric total electron content variability obtained from ground‐based GPS
Authors: Shim J. S. , Scherliess L. , Schunk R. W. , Thompson D. C.
Published: September 2008

The spatial correlations of day‐to‐day ionospheric TEC variations for four 30‐day long periods in 2004 (January, March/April, June/July, September/October) were determined using more than 1000 ground‐based GPS receivers. The spatial correlations were obtained in a two‐step process. Initially, the day‐to‐day variability was calculated by first mapping the observed slant TEC values for each 5‐min GPS ground receiver‐satellite pair to the vertical using a simple geometrical factor and then differencing it with its corresponding value from the previous day. This resulted in more than 150 million values of day‐to‐day change in TEC (ΔTEC). Next, statistics were performed on the ΔTEC values to obtain their spatial correlations. Our study indicates strong correlations between geomagnetic conjugate points, and these correlations are larger at low latitudes (r = 0.63–0.73) than at mid‐latitudes (r = 0.32–0.43). Typical correlation lengths, defined as the angular separation at which the correlation coefficient drops to 0.7, were found to be larger at mid‐latitudes than at low latitudes. The meridional correlation lengths are about 7 degrees and 4 degrees at middle and low latitudes, respectively. The zonal correlation lengths are approximately 20 degrees at mid‐latitudes and 11 degrees at low latitudes. The correlation lengths are larger during daytime (1100–1300 MLT) than during nighttime (2300–0100 MLT). The results indicate that the spatial correlation is largely independent of season. These spatial correlations are important for understanding the physical mechanisms that cause ionospheric weather variability and are also relevant to data assimilation.
Influence of systematic error on least squares retrieval of upper atmospheric parameters from the ultraviolet airglow
Authors: Picone J. M.
Published: September 2008

This paper investigates the effect of simple systematic error, or bias (i.e., in the magnitude of data or an associated model), on physical parameters retrieved by least squares algorithms from observations that are indexed by an independent variable. This factor is now of critical interest with the advent of global, space‐based ultraviolet remote sensing of thermospheric and ionospheric composition by experimental and operational systems. A finite bias between an observed intensity profile and the parametric physical model used to compute a least squares solution will contaminate the values of retrieved physical parameters. The simplest mitigation method is to retrieve an additional bias adjustment parameter (additive or multiplicative) as part of the solution. The result is a measurably superior fit. The utility of this approach can depend on the particular spectral feature of interest. The discussion includes derivation of relevant equations and diagnostic tests. An illustrative application concerns recent observations of the dayside O II 834 Å airglow, which contains information on O+, the dominant ion in the ionospheric F region.
Correlation length of large‐scale solar wind velocity fluctuations measured tangent to the Earth's orbit: First results from Stereo
Authors: Podesta J. J. , Galvin A. B. , Farrugia C. J.
Published: September 2008

Proton velocity data from identical plasma instruments on board NASA's two Stereo spacecraft are used to investigate the correlation length of large‐scale radial velocity fluctuations in the solar wind in the direction tangent to the Earth's orbit. The data cover the period from February 2007 through August 2007, near solar minimum in 2007. Estimates of the spatial correlation function are based on simultaneous 10 min averages of the solar wind speed at the two spacecraft that are binned according to the distance between the spacecraft. The results for the correlation function are noisy due, in part, to the modest number of data points in each bin. Linear least squares fits are used to extract the correlation length from noisy data. It is found that the transverse correlation length (along the Y‐direction) is 0.25 ± 0.02 AU which is approximately equal to the longitudinal correlation length (along the X‐direction) 0.28 ± 0.05 AU measured using the same data. Assuming that the autocorrelation time of the velocity signal at one spacecraft is determined by the rate of rigid rotation of solar wind source structures past the Earth‐Sun line, the observed equivalence of longitudinal and transverse integral scales can be understood as a rotation effect. It must be emphasized that the correlation length studied here pertains to large‐scale solar wind fluctuations associated with the large‐scale flow, not to the smaller‐scale fluctuations associated with solar wind turbulence.
Numerical calculations of relativistic electron drift loss effect
Authors: Kim Kyung Chan , Lee D.‐Y. , Kim H.‐J. , Lyons L. R. , Lee E. S. , Öztürk M. K. , Choi C. R.
Published: September 2008

It has been suggested that drift loss to the magnetopause can be one of the major loss mechanisms contributing to relativistic electron flux dropouts. In this study, we examine details of relativistic electrons' drift physics to determine the extent to which the drift loss through the magnetopause is important to the total loss of the outer radiation belt. We have numerically computed drift paths of relativistic electrons' guiding center for various pitch angles, various measurement positions, and different solar wind conditions using the Tsyganenko T02 model. We specifically demonstrate how the drift loss effect depends on these various parameters. Most importantly, we present various estimates of relative changes of the omnidirectional flux of 1 MeV electrons between two different solar wind conditions based on a simple form of the directional flux function. For a change of the dynamic pressure from 4 nPa to 10 nPa with a fixed IMF BZ = 0 nT, our estimate indicates that after this increase in pressure, the equatorial omnidirectional flux at midnight near geosynchronous altitude decreases by ∼56 to ∼97%, depending on the specific pitch angle dependence of the directional flux. The effect rapidly decreases at regions earthward of geosynchronous orbit and shows a general trend of decrease away from midnight. For a change of the IMF BZ from 0 nT to −15 nT with a fixed dynamic pressure of 4 nPa, the relative decrease of the omnidirectional flux at geosynchronous altitude on the nightside is much smaller than that for the pressure increase, but its effect becomes substantial only beyond geosynchronous orbit. Possibilities exist that our results may change to some extent for a different magnetospheric model than the one used here.
Magma dynamics and collapse mechanisms during four historic caldera‐forming events
Authors: Stix John , Kobayashi Tomokazu
Published: September 2008

Four historic caldera‐forming events were studied to understand the relationship of magma withdrawal processes and caldera subsidence mechanisms. Two calderas are silicic (Katmai in 1912 and Pinatubo in 1991), and two are basaltic (Fernandina in 1968 and Miyakejima in 2000). All events have sufficient geophysical, geologic, and petrologic data with which to examine and model magma withdrawal and caldera collapse. The data reveal that the magmas erupted at Katmai and Pinatubo were in a bubbly state in the reservoir immediately before and during caldera collapse. The bubbly magma allowed for its efficient extraction from the reservoir, causing significant underpressures to develop rapidly, particularly in the case of Katmai where the erupted rhyolite was voluminous and nearly aphyric and has very low viscosity. The rapidly developing underpressures at Katmai and Pinatubo caused sudden en masse caldera collapse halfway through the climactic eruptions, thereby liberating large amounts of seismic energy. At Fernandina and Miyakejima, by contrast, caldera collapse was initiated early and continued for an extended period of time from weeks to months, consisting of a series of discrete subsidence events manifested by large earthquakes at Fernandina and by very long period (VLP) signals at Miyakejima. Systematic changes in earthquake magnitudes and quiescent intervals at both volcanoes reveal changes in friction, as collapse took place during extended time intervals.
Three‐dimensional inversion of self‐potential data used to constrain the pattern of groundwater flow in geothermal fields
Authors: Jardani A. , Revil A. , Bolève A. , Dupont J. P.
Published: September 2008

We propose an algorithm to invert self‐potential signals measured at the ground surface of the Earth to localize hydromechanical disturbances or to the pattern of groundwater flow in geothermal systems. The self‐potential signals result from the divergence of the streaming current density. Groundwater flow can be either driven by topography of the water table, free convection, or deformation of the medium. The algorithm includes the electrical resistivity distribution of the medium obtained independently by DC resistance tomography or electromagnetic methods or by coding the assumed geology in terms of distribution of the electrical resistivity accounting for the effect of the temperature and salinity distributions and possibly constraints from borehole measurements. Inversion of the distribution of the source current density from ground surface and borehole self‐potential measurements is achieved by solving the inverse problem using Tikhonov regularization solutions that are compatible with the physics of the primary flow problem. By introducing assumptions regarding the smoothness or the compactness of the source and the three‐dimensional distribution of the electrical resistivity of the system, the inverse problem can be solved in obtaining the three‐dimensional distribution of the current source density in the ground. However, an annihilator can be added to the inverted source geometry without affecting the measured self‐potential field. Annihilators can be obtained from boundary conditions. Synthetic models and a sandbox experiment are discussed to demonstrate the validity of the algorithm. An application is presented to the geothermal field of Cerro Prieto, Baja California, Mexico, using literature data. Inversion of the self‐potential and resistivity data allows observing a plume of hot groundwater rising to the ground surface in the central part of the investigated area and discharging to the ground surface in the southwest part. The temperature anomaly associated with the existence of this plume is independently observed by interpolating borehole temperature measurements. We found a good agreement between the distribution of the temperature and the inverted source current density. The proposed method appears therefore as a noninvasive method for remote detection and three‐dimensional mapping of subsurface groundwater flow.
Uplift of the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake measured from differential hyperspectral imagery of coastal waters
Authors: Smet Sébastien , Michel Rémi , Bollinger Laurent
Published: September 2008

We describe a procedure to measure coseismic change of shallow coastal bathymetry using multispectral imagery. This technique is applied to HYPERION hyperspectral images acquired along the shallow coast of the North Andaman Islands to estimate the uplift induced by the Mw 9.15, 26 December 2004, earthquake. Attenuation coefficient of the particularly clear coastal waters is estimated from two preevent images with a 22 cm tide level difference. Various sources of noise on the estimate of the uplift resulting from atmospheric correction, data registration, sensor noise, and fundamental assumption of stationary optical properties of the scene with time are studied. Average uplift over the shallow bathymetry covered by the imagery is 0.85 ± 0.10 m, increasing from south to north from 0.56 ± 0.10 to 1.12 ± 0.10 m. The uplift amplitude is consistent with local field measurements. These data place constraints on the width of the megathrust rupture in the Andaman area, estimated to about 160 km, and on the amount of coseismic slip there estimated to about 10 m.