bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future Trends in Agriculture: The Role of Biotechnology
Authors: Mannion Antoinette M.
Published: July 2017

Agriculture has been responsible for the transformation of a substantial portion of the biosphere from wildscapes to landscapes. In view of the fact that human population is likely to increase by c 46% in the next two decades, pressure on agricultural systems and the biosphere will inevitably intensify. The expansion of agricultural systems into remaining wildscapes will occur and existing agricultural systems will intensify production. Biotechnology has a major role to play in both of these processes as a means of both conservation and ecological degradation. These issues are explored in this article.
Management of Potato Cyst Nematodes in the UK: An Integrated Approach?
Authors: Haydock P. P. J. , Evans K.
Published: July 2017

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are the most problematic pest faced by potato growers in the UK. Both species of PCN were brought to Europe from South America, but one, Golobodera pallida, now predominates because it is more refractive to control measures. Despite sometimes poor results, considerable reliance is placed on nematicides for the control of PCN, but this situation may have to change if potato retailers in the form of supermarkets continue to insist on ever tighter restrictions on the use of nematicides.
Look at it This Way
Authors: Gregory Neville
Published: July 2017

‘Look at it this way’ features contributions from distinguished scientists on contentious and current issues in areas such as development, population growth, agricultural production and policy.
Agroclimate and Crop Response to Climate Change in Alberta, Canada
Authors: McGinn S.M. , Touré A. , Akinremi O.O. , Major D.J. , Barr A.G.
Published: July 2017

The impact of possible avenues of climatic change on agriculture was investigated for the province of Alberta on the Canadian prairies. Climate scenarios were based on output from the Canadian Climate Centre Global Circulation Model. In these scenarios, the semi-arid area increased only when temperature increases were not accompanied by an increase in precipitation. Seeding dates for spring wheat advanced by 10–28 days, while harvest dates advanced by 22–37 days. Growing degree days increased by 50% across the region. There was little impact on aridity, indicating the adaptiveness of agriculture through earlier seeding dates. Crop yields increased by 21 to 124%, in part because of the direct effect of high atmospheric CO2. Our results indicate a positive impact of climate change on crop yields and diversity in Alberta.
Agroforestry Research: Proposal for Tactical Model Development through Strategic Planning
Authors: Tourjee Kenneth R. , Osburn Donald D.
Published: July 2017

A strategy is proposed to develop tactical models describing the management decisions required by a farmer/landowner to implement a temperate agroforestry system. The strategy consists of three phases: evaluation, technical and outreach. The evaluation phase defines the clientele, their needs and the types of agroforestry systems required. The tactical model is constructed, guided by the results of the evaluation phase, in the technical phase. The outreach phase presents the completed model to the clientele. This strategy is a framework that coordinates multidisciplinary activities providing a depth of knowledge about the system's productivity and ensures the relevance of the model by involving farmers as coparticipants in research.
Do Farmer-Participatory Methods Apply More to High Potential Areas Than to Marginal Ones?
Authors: Witcombe John R.
Published: July 2017

Farmers had not adopted new technologies in complex diverse and risk-prone (CDR) agricultural environments. Farmer-participatory research was developed as an alternative to the top-down, transfer of technology approach to agricultural research and extension that had demonstrably failed in marginal areas. However, in more favoured ones, there is also, at best, a significant lag in the adoption of modern technologies and, at worst, the adoption of modern technologies is incomplete. Varieties with wide adaptation are grown in high potential production systems (HPPSs) but this is not a unique property of such systems, because widely adapted varieties are also found in marginal areas. Hence the type of variety grown in high potential and marginal environments does not justify different degrees of farmer participation. The ‘transfer of technology’ extension methods employed in HPPSs use fewer resources than participatory ones developed for marginal areas, but participatory methods can be adapted for HPPSs and made cost-effective. Ongoing research in HPPSs in Nepal and India has shown that production increases when farmers adopt new varieties identified in participatory research. If participatory approaches were widely applied in these systems, they would contribute greatly to the food security of the developing world with its rapidly growing population.
Flowers from Africa: A Growing Trade
Authors: Wainwright Henry , Hart Simon
Published: July 2017

The production of cut flowers, nearly all for export, is expanding in numerous African countries. Most of the flowers being grown in Africa are of temperate origin and are exported to Europe during the Northern hemisphere's autumn, winter and spring. The development of production in the tropics has required the adoption of specialized protected structures suitable for the tropics, and this review considers Kenya in detail. The future prospects for cut flower exports are considered, including the exacting production and marketing requirements of the international market, the ethical approach to labour employment, safe use of pesticides, and the sustainable management of the environment. The continued expansion of Africa's cut flower growing requires the industry to remain competitive, which in turn needs political stability, and investment in research and training.
Look at it This Way
Authors: Mêche R.
Published: July 2017

‘Look at it this way’ features contributions from distinguished scientists on contentious and current issues in areas such as development, population growth, agricultural production and policy.
Weeds as Part of Agrobiodiversity
Authors: Spahillari Merita , Hammer Karl , Gladis Thomas , Diederichsen Axel
Published: July 2017

Weeds are part of agrobiodiversity, but they have not usually been considered as plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Plant genetic resources primarily include crop plants and their wild relatives. But as both crops and weeds have been subjected to the influence of domestication and have co-evolved over a long period of time, they provide a largely untapped reservoir of genetic diversity. Some weed species are utilized plants and some are preadapted to become cultivated plants. They are indicators for biodiversity. They are useful for studying the parallel effects of domestication in cultivated plants, and weeds and their evolution. Several weed species are indicators of the autochthonous (original/native) landraces of crops they accompany. Collections of weeds are also basic material for weed control research. Several weeds with a great similarity to crop plants, so-called convergent weeds, are in danger of becoming extinct, due to the intensification of agriculture and improved methods of seed cleaning (eg Agrostemma githago, Bromus secalinus, Lolium temulentum). Examples of the utilization and conservation of weeds are discussed. Ex situ preservation must also be linked with the reintroduction of weed species into agroecosystems (ie maintenance in situ), so that genetic diversity forms part of actively functioning and continually evolving ecosystems. Thus, it is not right to consider weeds only as crop concurrences as is usually done in an agricultural context.
Environmental Impacts of Technological Change in Bangladesh Agriculture: Farmers' Perceptions and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Rahman Sanzidur , Thapa Gopal B.
Published: July 2017

Concern about the environmental impacts of technological change in agriculture, and studies exploring farmers' perceptions of this issue are nascent. This paper provides an insight into the environmental impacts of modern agricultural technology, as perceived by Bangladeshi farmers. This is supported by material evidence such as soil fertility, and analyses of fertilizer and pesticide use, foodgrain production and fish catches. Farmers are well aware of the adverse environmental impacts of modern agricultural technology, although their awareness remains confined within the daily experience of their local environment, and is limited to matters such as soil fertility, fish catches and health effects. Farmers' perceptions of impacts such as toxicity in water and soils, are weak. Raising farmers' awareness of these tangible and intangible environmental impacts of modern agricultural technology is urgently needed for the development of sustainable agriculture.
Incorporation of Farmer Knowledge and Preferences in Designing Breeding Policy and Conservation Strategy for Domestic Animals
Authors: Jabbar Mohammad A. , Swallow B.M. , Rege J.E.O.
Published: July 2017

It is argued that information on farmer knowledge about the characteristics, adaptability and management needs of different species and breeds of domestic animals, and farmer preferences concerning these traits, are useful inputs in designing breeding policy and conservation strategy. The argument is reinforced with several examples.
Sociability, School Experience, and Delinquency
Authors: LOTZ ROY , LEE LEONA
Published: July 2017

Some adolescents are attracted to hedonistic activities because of their active sociability and negative school experiences. This study examines the effects of these two variables in comparison with variables from labeling theory and control theory. Results show that active sociability is a strong predictor of delinquent behavior for African American and White teenagers. Negative school experience predicts delinquency only among Whites. Labeling and control theories receive tepid support.
Informal Alcohol Control in Six EU Countries
Authors: Hemström Örjan
Published: July 2017

This article describes differences between Finland, Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy regarding having influenced someone to drink less alcohol. Representative samples of around 1,000 respondents 18–64 years old in each country were analyzed. Informal alcohol control was measured by questions on whether the respondent reported having influenced someone in any of eight categories of family members and friends to drink less. People in Italy significantly more often reported having pressured someone to drink less (38%) compared with the average rate (32%). In multivariate logistic regressions, people in France and Sweden were significantly less likely to report this. The higher rate in Italy was due to Italian men's high likelihood of trying to persuade both friends and family members to drink less compared with men in other countries. Differences among these six European countries regarding informal control of alcohol appear to be greater among men than among women.
Public drinking, problems and prevention measures in twelve countries: results of the WHO project on public drinking
Authors: Single Eric , Beaubrun Michael , Mauffret Marie , Minoletti Alberto , Moskalewicz Jacek , Moukolo Albert , Plange Nii-K , Saxena Shekhar , Stockwell Tim , Sulkunen Pekka , Suwaki Hiroshi , Hoshigoe Katsuhiko , Weiss Shoshana
Published: July 2017

Until recently, drinking in public venues has been a relatively neglected area of alcohol research despite the epidemiological significance of problems arising from drinking in licensed establishments and other public venues. In the WHO Project on Public Drinking, expert informants in 12 countries provided detailed information on alcohol consumption, drinking in public settings, the nature and magnitude of problems associated with public drinking, the regulation of public drinking, enforcement and prevention. The most commonly indicated problems associated with drinking in public venues were underage drinking, impaired driving, and alcohol-related violence. Many of the informants in the survey expressed concern that the enforcement of alcohol licensing laws receives very low priority on the political agenda. In general, few countries have developed prevention programs aimed specifically at preventing problems arising from drinking in public venues. Nonetheless the informants identified a wide variety of measures that can be taken to reduce these problems in public drinking environments. These include general alcohol preventive education, alcohol control measures (including restrictions on hours and days of operation), improved enforcement of licensing laws, impaired driving countermeasures, server training and the use of civil law to promote responsible beverage service, and the promotion of low-alcohol-content beverages.
Thinking Small: Global Missions and American Churches
Authors: Bonk Jonathan J.
Published: July 2017

Missiology can become so preoccupied with abstract global, national, or regional analyses of the Christian missionary task that it loses sight of the fact that all genuinely Christian missionary activity models the incarnation, practicing a theology of the neighbor that concerns itself with the felt needs of actual persons in everyday face-to-face encounters, whatever the context. This article illustrates this principle by tracing the roots of three of this century's outstanding mission accomplishments in India and Nepal to a “chance” encounter between two men in a YMCA shower in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, in December of 1929.
Ecomissiology
Authors: Langmead Ross
Published: July 2017

Emerging from recent ecotheology, ecomissiology is an approach to mission that sees the mission of God in terms of reconciliation at all levels in a reality characterized by relationship and interdependence. Inviting a conversation on the scope of ecomissiology, there is here a list of missiological implications of ecotheology, involving a distinctive method, content and personal location. The ecomissiological vision for cosmic redemption is comprehensive and holistic, setting traditional mission and evangelism in a broader context and calling for the pursuit of ecojustice, ecopraxis, and an ecospirituality.
Missiology's Journey for Acceptance in the Educational World
Authors: Steffen Tom A.
Published: July 2017

Is missiology, with such an eclectic background, a legitimate discipline that deserves equal status with other disciplines? To answer this question, this article surveys definitions, briefly investigates its development in the Protestant context, and suggests ways to maximize its potential while protecting it. The conclusion is that missiology should take a backseat to no discipline, but must remain surrendered to Scripture to maintain its distinctive contribution.
Person in Mission: Social Theory and Sociality in Melanesia
Authors: Rynkiewich Michael A.
Published: July 2017

Missionaries constantly struggle with misperceptions caused by ideas and understandings that they brought from home, some of which lie deep within their worldview. One foundational assumption posits the existence of persons according to substance, not according to relationship. It seldom occurs to the missionary that there might be other ways of understanding persons. It turns out that every culture has a folk sociology to account for things like, but not exactly like, individual, self, and society. How people perceive themselves and their world provides the context for ministry, if we can only discover how person and sociality are constructed.
Evangelism Only? Theory versus Practice in the Early Faith Missions
Authors: Svelmoe Bill
Published: July 2017

It is often stated in the historiography of the faith mission enterprise that early faith missions focused almost exclusively on evangelism, whereas denominational missions invested heavily in schools, hospitals, and the like. This article explores the experience of Cameron Townsend in the Central American Mission during the 1920s, and argues that conservative evangelicals in faith missions were every bit as concerned as the more liberal denominational missionaries with schools and hospitals. That historians have paid such attention to the “evangelism only” focus of faith missions indicates that they have attended closer to the rhetoric of home councils and conservative home constituencies than to the missionaries themselves.
Post-Vatican II Inculturation among Native North American Catholics: A Study in the Missiology of Father Carl Starkloff, S.J.
Authors: Clatterbuck Mark S.
Published: July 2017

The story of Christian missions among Native North American tribes continues to be fiercely debated both in the church and in the academy. I offer the following study of missionary-theologian Carl F. Starkloff, who has devoted the past 40 years of his life to these issues, as a particularly effective contemporary example of someone engaged in this encounter. I consider three distinct periods in Starkloff's pursuit of successful inculturation, periods that mirror larger missio-logical movements within the Catholic Church since Vatican II. According to Starkloff, we should be prepared to endure some “theological messiness” in our experiments toward genuine inculturation.
Anthropology and Mission: The Incarnational Connection
Authors: Whiteman Darrell L.
Published: July 2017

Anthropology and Mission have had a long and stormy history to the present era. Nevertheless, anthropologists have used ethnographic data compiled by missionaries to develop their theoretical models. This article briefly traces this history and shows how applied anthropology emerged and impacted mission. Missionaries' use of anthropological insights is also explored, including discussion of the precursor to Missiology, the journal Practical Anthropology. The article concludes by drawing on the Incarnation as a model for mission and then arguing that there are biblical and theological reasons for developing a closer connection between anthropology and mission. In order to be more incarnational in cross-cultural ministry, we need to draw on the insights from anthropology.
Quality of Care on Short-Term Medical Missions: Experience with a Standardized Patient Record and Related Issues
Authors: Dohn Michael N. , Dohn Anita L.
Published: July 2017

This article considers some aspects of quality of care for short-term medical mission teams. Results of an intervention using patient-care cards provide a basis for discussion of some cultural, missiological, and operational factors that may negatively impact quality of care. Alternative styles for short-term health mission teams arise from a comparison of the underlying assumptions of short-term medical missions that are at odds with the current trends in health missions toward community-based, transformational development ministries. Responsibility for the quality of care and for understanding the relevant factors ultimately rests with the health professionals on the short-term teams.
The ‘Asabiya of African-American Muslims and an American Christian Response
Authors: Grafton David D.
Published: July 2017

The following article contends that the historical context of the African-American community within North America has produced a need for African-Americans to find a new identity. The development of Islam within this community has provided the basis for ‘asabiya, group identity, which is neither American nor African. Within the contemporary social setting of the African-American community, primarily in the urban areas of the United States, the development of Black Muslim groups during the early 1990s has been seen as a moral force within urban communities. This has enabled African-American Christians to participate in Black Muslim community projects even though uncertainties still remain regarding the Islamic basis of these projects.
A New Way of Being Church in Asia: The Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences (FABC) at the Service of Life in Pluralistic Asia
Authors: Tan Jonathan Yun-Ka
Published: July 2017

This article delves deeply into the official papers of The Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences' (FABC) to reveal a uniquely Asian ecclesiology. This “new way of doing church” is rooted in six predominant propositions: (1) the Asian Church is called to be a “communion of communities” that is (2) shaped by, and responds to the immense diversity and pluralism of Asia, (3) under girded by a commitment and service to life, (4) inspired by an overarching vision of harmony, (5) oriented toward a threefold dialogue with Asian cultures, religions and the poor, and (6) seeking to build the Kingdom of God in Asia.
Christian Mission and Giocai Violence in 2007 A.D. / 1428 H
Authors: Jennings J. Nelson
Published: July 2017

This study first considers select situations in Southeast Asia and West Africa involving relations between Muslims and Christians. The global interconnectedness of these local situations dictates examining them in their “glocal” particularities and multifaceted complexities, especially including historical backgrounds. What constitutes legitimate authority in such situations — political, religious, and otherwise — in combating violence is considered next.

The article then takes up the explicitly spiritual side of conflict situations, including unseen forces plus people's spiritualities and religious convictions. Finally, the relevance of biblical precedent, specifically the Christ-centered ecclesiological instruction in I Peter, is brought to bear on today's religion-filled violent contexts.
Serving the Coming God: The Insights of Jürgen Moltmann's Eschatology for Contemporary Theology of Mission
Authors: Wynne Jeremy J.
Published: July 2017

A critical and mutually enriching conversation may be facilitated between Jürgen Moltmann's eschatology and some of the concerns of contemporary theologians of mission. In the service of greater theological clarity, the following essay suggests four distinct lines of inquiry: how Moltmann's understanding of an “eschatologically open future” challenges the modern doctrine of cause and effect; the importance of a Trinitarian depiction of God as a sending God; Moltmann's proposal for a robust, Christian theology of history; and the scope of God's salvation, particularly as it is related to Moltmann's complicated and creative panentheism.
The Christian Concept of Forgiveness and Anang Morality
Authors: Messenger John C.
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the major causes underlying the spread of what African elders and Westerners alike regard as immoral behavior among Anang youth in Southeastern Nigeria. The Anang have experienced profound cultural change since World War I, at which time they were finally pacified by the British and the first trading post and Christian mission were established among them. When this change is assessed, it is apparent that most of the forces contributing to immorality among young people in other African societies are also operative in Anang society, namely the breakdown of traditional political, religious, and kinship forms and the adoption of Western values, especially those in the economic realm.1 This paper treats these common causal factors, but emphasizes one in particular which is important in producing immorality among Anang youth: Their acceptance of the Christian concept of forgiveness. Probably this new doctrine is affecting the behavior of other African peoples in a similar manner, but, if so, it has not received adequate attention in acculturation studies.
What are Indigenous Churches Like?
Authors: Smalley William A.
Published: July 2017

It seems that the only optimism that can be generated with respect to reaching the millions without Christ is not to be found in the number of missionaries who go to the field, but in the rapid multiplication of Christianity among nationals reached by nationals. How effective are indigenous churches? How free are indigenous churches? How numerous are they? Is the use of the term “indigenous church” simply lip service to a concept? [Question by Frank E. Houser, Jr.]
The Moral Implications of Social Structure
Authors: Smalley William A.
Published: July 2017

It has not been often that the editor of Practical Anthropology has received a letter raising serious objection to any of the many viewpoints which have been expressed in the pages of the magazine. We welcome such letters, of course, as they draw attention to weaknesses of presentation, faulty logic, wrong data, unwarranted conclusions, and many other possible problems with material published in PA. We did receive one such letter from the Rev. Paul Abrecht of the Department on Church and Society, Division of Studies of the World Council of Churches in Geneva. Since it was in reference to something I had written, I am taking this opportunity of printing the letter along with an explanation of my earlier statement.
Mazatec Sexual Impurity and Bible Reading
Authors: Pike Eunice V.
Published: July 2017

The point has repeatedly been made that the hearing of the gospel is filtered through presuppositions created by cultural ideas, experience, and world view. Sometimes this distortion in the reception of the message can result in complete misunderstanding. Occasionally the missionary has no idea of the interference involved. The following account is the story of a slowly awakening consciousness which came to Miss Pike in her work among the Mazatecs, an awareness of the set of assumptions which governed people's ideas about the Bible. It also discusses efforts to teach in such a way that the communication difficulty is overcome.
Cultural Extensions in the Chol Church
Authors: Beekman John
Published: July 2017

A consecrated missionary desiring to identify himself with the people with whom he works may nevertheless make suggestions or comments which reveal his lack of understanding. His cultural background finds expression at inopportune occasions. Showing pictures of cars, airplanes, or bridges to the local people, or explaining new weapons of warfare or the moon satellites unconsciously gives him an attitude of superiority. Unfortunately, this unconscious attitude causes blind spots in his appreciation of a different culture. Certain elements of the culture which are different from his own culture may be legitimate ways of accomplishing common goals, but they may at first blush appeal to the missionary as in need of change or substitution. In many cases it may be best to accept these different ways and permit them to become a part of the expression or form of Christianity. On the other hand, the missionary may associate certain forms of his own religious practice so closely with true faith or with evangelical zeal that these forms are unconsciously imposed upon believers of a different culture as essential elements of Christianity. Recognizing social and thought patterns will do much toward avoiding the introduction of ideas which conflict with features of the culture. It will do much toward making one aware of those features of a culture which deserve extension into the framework of the church.
Steel Axes for Stone-Age Australians
Authors: Sharp J. Lauriston
Published: July 2017

A distinguished anthropologist has analyzed the effect of the adoption of steel axes and related Western phenomena by a primitive and remote Australian tribe. One of the major sources for the innovations was missionary activity in the area. Because of the function of axes in Yir Yoront culture the innovation caused far-ranging and deeply disturbing reactions. The case may seem extreme in this day when there are few remaining groups with as little Western contact as the Yir Yoront had known, but far-reaching effects accompany the missionary and his gospel everywhere.
The Missionary and Government Authority
Authors: Lake H. Miller
Published: July 2017

An attack on a mission station in the Wisselmeren area of Netherlands New Guinea was reported some time ago in Practical Anthropology. This was followed by a letter from Paul A. Hopkins, in which he concluded, “I frankly have some serious question as to whether missionaries can ever appeal to law enforcement agencies for protection without setting back their work for a long time.” Now Mr. Lake, stationed in another part of New Guinea, speaks to the problem. He has had opportunity to discuss the Obano incident with people who were there.
Technological Development and the Mission of the Church
Authors: Hedrick William S.
Published: July 2017

What is the Christian motive for technological development? And what is the Christian way of stimulating it in underdeveloped countries? To these questions Hedrick suggests a radical answer — “radical” not in the sense of “new” because it is as old as Christianity, but in the sense of a fundamental questioning of present usual patterns and assumptions, as fundamental as conversion. The analysis of the motives behind Pakistani industrialization will be stimulating to readers in many parts of the world, and his discussion of a new pattern of mission should give us some long second thoughts.
Akamba Initiation Rites and Culture Themes
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: July 2017

Few features of primitive societies are more persistent, more meaningful to the people, and apparently more inconsistent with the aims and methods of Christian missionary activity than initiation or puberty rites. This seems to be especially true in a number of areas of Africa and South-east Asia, where such rites are often viewed by missionaries as major threats to the proper education of children and the purity of the church. On the other hand, many people claiming to be Christians in every sense still insist on perpetuating initiation ceremonies. Some missionaries have undertaken to work out “functional substitutes,” but none of these has ever been really successful. The originators of these substitutes usually failed to understand the full significance of the indigenous rites and generally were unaware of the intense psychological and social impact which ceremonies have, not only for those being initiated, but also for those who administer the initiation. In this paper Nida writes a review article on one very perceptive study of this problem summarizing its functional significance and discussing its missionary implications. It is followed in the next article by a discussion of a possible reinterpretation of the data.
An Alternate Analysis of Akamba Themes
Authors: Peng Fred C. C. , Nida Eugene A.
Published: July 2017

The preceding article by Eugene A. Nida on “Akamba Initiation Rites and Culture Themes” was read by Fred Peng in a pre-publication draft. Mr. Peng suggested an alternative analysis of the culture themes of the group, and this is reproduced here with a concluding rejoinder by Dr. Nida. This exchange is presented to give additional perspective on the problem of the analysis of the culture themes in many societies. From the point of view of the Christian gospel which often challenges cultural values and assumptions in a radical way, the study of culture themes which highlight these values is potentially very fruitful.
Kimbanguism: Prophetic Christianity in Congo
Authors: Fehderau Harold W.
Published: July 2017

This is the absorbing study of the rooting of the gospel in a culture, some of the by-products of that process. It is revealing of the background of the situation in Congo today. It is also revealing of how shallow is our talk of “indigenous churches,” for few Christians can find it in their hearts to look tolerantly on a movement which is not made in their own image. This is not to say that everything in Kimbanguism is Christian. Neither is everything in Presbyterianism, Methodism, or Independent Missionism. But are there not signs that Christ has been, and remains, in some of the forms of prophetic Christianity in Congo?
Cultural Pitfalls of a Foreign Educational Adviser
Authors: Adams Don
Published: July 2017

Dr. Adams here presents a brief discussion of some of the important differences in value orientation between a Korean and an American. He discusses some of the implications of these differences for education in Korea and for the role of an American educational adviser. Many of the points are valid to varying degrees for other non-Western cultures with which American educators and missionaries are working, and some of the essential principles apply everywhere.
1980 and That Certain Elite
Authors: Winter Ralph D.
Published: July 2017

It was within the circle of ASM members who remained for a gathering of professors of mission in June, 1972, that a proposal was made of far-reaching significance touching the future of the Christian mission. Indeed, because Nairobi 1975 revealed the WCC's preoccupation with a long and valid agenda of churchly concerns, the strategic importance of this proposal has been immeasurably heightened. Our ASM Secretary-Treasurer Ralph Winter here provides a history and update of the proposal. It is reminiscent of the insights of Taylor, Warren, Beaver and a host of other advocates of “the voluntary sector” of the Church as the spearhead of her mission to the nations.
The Church's Service Ministry: A Presbyterian Response
Authors: Drummond Richard H.
Published: July 2017

In missiology, as in all fields of learning, debate requires reaction. Such response may be supportive, or it may aim at correction, at least in part. Both are involved in the four response papers that follow. These also were presented at Dubuque last June. Like Father Monticello, each assigned “reactor” speaks from a distinctive tradition. Indeed, their backgrounds — Presbyterian, United Church of Canada, Mennonite and Pentecostal — reflect the diversity within the ASM. These responses provide a stimulating yet balanced forum on this important missiological theme.
Mission and Marginalization: The Franciscan Heritage
Authors: Dries Angelyn
Published: July 2017

Associated with political, gender, and economic realities of oppression, “marginalization” is frequently a pejorative term. The increased number of publications on “marginalization” from various fields invites missionaries to examine the experience for theological insight and challenge for mission. The Franciscan heritage, starting with Francis and Clare of Assisi who espoused a central incarnational perspective, provides direction for the transformation of marginalization: identification with “those outside the gate,” a witness of inclusion, and an exercise of mutuality.
Mission from the Margins to the Margins: Two Case Studies from Latin America
Authors: Escobar Samuel
Published: July 2017

The shift of Christianity to the South means that missionary initiative moves to countries and regions that are marginal from the viewpoint of economic development and cultural hegemony. Consequently, there is a search for new models of mission “from the margins” that will be closer to the models of New Testament times and the pre-Constantinian church. This article explores two case studies of Protestant mission that emerged from the margins of North American society at the beginning of this century. The stories of Pentecostal and Seventh-Day Adventist missionaries, who started their work among marginalized sectors in remote areas of Brazil and Perú, provide suggestive examples of methodology and approach.
The Jubilee Mission of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke: Reversals of Fortunes
Authors: Hertig Paul
Published: July 2017

There may be no better way to get to the heart of Jesus' mission than to study Jesus' inaugural address in his hometown Nazareth synagogue. There Jesus proclaimed that he was the anointed one of God and introduced a jubilee era that is programmatic in Luke's Gospel for his holistic mission of grace. But for some listeners with high messianic expectations, it was only half the mission of the Messiah; they also awaited the omitted day of vengeance. Jesus' good news to the poor did not meet exclusive expectations, but was inclusive of Gentiles and outcasts. Jesus' jubilee mission was holistic in four aspects: It was proclaimed and enacted, spiritual and physical, for Jew and Gentile, present and eschatological.
Missiological Ramifications of the Social Impact of Christianity on the Lisu of China
Authors: Yamamori Tetsunao , Chan Kim-Kwong
Published: July 2017

Fugong County in southwest China is the first “Christian county” in all of China with its rate of Lisu Christians exceeding 90 percent of the population. The county is also among the poorest in China. This essay traces the social impact of Fugong Christians on the local community and their possible contribution to the socio-economic development of the area. It argues the case for holistic ministry as being a strategic approach for bringing about spiritual salvation and economic liberation, not only among the Lisus but also among China's other national minorities that suffer from the twin impediment of physical and spiritual needs.
“Handed over to the Gentiles”: The Centrality of Persecution for Missiology
Authors: Valiquette Hilaire
Published: July 2017

Two issues must be considered together in missiology: the relationship of Jesus (of the Gospels) to the Gentiles and the necessity of rejection of the gospel by one's own people. The first issue has been treated as a puzzling side issue and the second simply neglected. The answer to both questions involves recognizing the necessity of rejection and persecution within Christian churches and the coming of God's kingdom as a continually present process.
Dictionary of Mission: Theology, History, Perspectives
Authors: Bevans Stephen B. , Bliese Richard H.
Published: July 2017

The co-editors of the English edition of the original Lexikon Missionstheologischer Grundbegriffe, Stephen B. Bevans and Richard H. Bliese, are responsible for this report. The report gives an account of the origin of the English edition, the process of editing it, and offers four reasons why the editors believe that it is an important missiological tool of the trade: (1) It is a rich source of information on a variety of subjects. (2) It is a good introduction to European missiological scholarship. (3) It provides a wealth of bibliography. (4) It is printed in an attractive format.
The World Christian Encyclopedia, First (1982) and Second (Forthcoming) Editions
Authors: Jaffarian E. Michael
Published: July 2017

The first edition expanded so extensively on its predecessors, the World Christian Handbook series, that it is difficult to trace the connection. The fruit of vast global research, the heart of the first edition is its Survey section, with articles and statistical tables on every country in the world. Books in the Global Evangelization Movement: AD 2000 series are the starting place for many new sections in the second edition. It will be three times the size of the first edition and will explore, describe, and enumerate many essential topics in religion and Christianity in all its vast global diversity.
The Pilgrimage of the Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions
Authors: Moreau A. Scott
Published: July 2017

This article describes the six-year development process and the undergirding philosophy of the Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions (EDWM). One of a series of reference works published by Baker Book House, the EDWM presents in irenic fashion a broad-based evangelical orientation toward the missionary enterprise. The roughly 1,440 entries (760,000 assigned words) provide comprehensive coverage of the field (including theology, social sciences, history, religions, theory, practice, people, and geography). The writing style enables accessibility for the lay reader, and the additional helps (bibliographies, an outline of the articles, indices, and cross-references) make the EDWM usable for the scholar or student of mission who needs to survey a missiological discipline.
The Dictionary of African Christian Biography: A Proposal for Revising Ecclesiastical Maps
Authors: Bonk Jonathan J.
Published: July 2017

The twentieth-century growth and character of Christianity in Africa is without historical precedent, yet information on the major creative and innovative local figures and leaders of this growth—from local evangelists and pastors to nationally known Christian leaders—is sadly lacking from standard historical and biographical reference works. This paper tells the story of an international undertaking to produce an electronic biographical database on African Christian leaders who have laid the foundations and advanced the growth of Christian communities in Africa. The Dictionary will cover the whole field of African Christianity from earliest times to the present and cover the entire continent. It will be produced in English, French, and Portuguese.
Dictionary of Asian Christianity
Authors: Sunquist Scott W.
Published: July 2017

Historical scholarship is never neutral. By the selection and presentation of the materials and the context of the historian, a perspective is presented to the reader. The Dictionary of Asian Christianity is a single volume reference work that will provide a much needed resource and seldom heard perspective for the study of and learning about Christianity in Asia. Most of the entries have been selected by teams of Asian scholars and written by the same. As a result of this pioneering work, lessons have been learned about how Asian Christian scholarship can be written in community and how Asian Christianity can be taught in new ways. The final product will have approximately 1,700 signed articles written by nearly 500 authors from 18 countries. Maps, charts, and pictures will be included in this work. It will be a valuable resource for the study of Asian Christianity, Asian mission history and theory, church and society, ecumenics, and Asian theology.
Bibliography on Missiology
Authors: Thomas Norman E.
Published: July 2017

Begun in 1988 as an American Society of Missiology (ASM) Board of Publications project, and endorsed by the International Association for Mission Studies (IAMS), this 12-year project is nearing publication. Norman E. Thomas, Book Editor of Missiology, serves as General Editor, assisted by an international team of 37 sub-editors. The bibliography will be published in three forms: (1) a reference work entitled International Mission Bibliography to be published by Scarecrow Press in the ATLA Bibliographic Series in 1999 (10,000 annotated book entries since 1960); (2) on-line at the new ASM web site in 1999/2000 (12,500+ records updated semiannually); and (3) on CD-ROM.
Influence of Polyfunctional Monomers and Fillers on Radiation Vulcanization of Ethylene-Propylene Diene Rubber
Authors: Abdel-Aziz M. M. , Shaltout N. , El Miligy A. A.
Published: July 2017

Radiation vulcanization of raw EPDM in the presence of polyfunctional monomers; diallylamine, diallylsulphide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, NN-methylene bis-acrylamide, triallyl cyanurate, trimethyloyl propane trimethacrylate and tetramethylol methane tetraacrylate has been carried out.

The efficiency of the monomers studied in enhancing the crosslinking and the change in crosslinking density has been followed up by measurement of physical and mechanical properties of the vulcanized rubber.

Also, the dependence of the properties of the loaded EPDM, with white and black fillers, on the type of filler has been examined.
Speciality Polyblend System of Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Polyacrylic Rubber
Authors: Singha Roy S. K. , Das C. K.
Published: July 2017

Blends of polyacrylic rubber and carboxylated nitrile rubber (X-NBR) prepared by three different techniques, in different blend ratios have been studied. The processiblity of the polyacrylic rubber is improved by blending with XNBR. Improvement in the physical properties is also observed. Blend properties largely depend on the blend ratio and on the blending technique. IR spectra reveal that interchain crosslinking occurs between polyacrylic rubber and XNBR on heating. The properties of the blends were improved on preheating the blends, due to the interchain crosslinking reaction. Also, this delays the degradation of the blends at high temperature.
Structure-Property Relationship of Blends of Ethylene-co-Vinyl Acetate and Epoxidized Natural Rubber
Authors: Kannan S. , Nando G. B. , Bhowmick Anil K. , Mathew N. M.
Published: July 2017

The properties of blends of ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) have been studied in relation to their structures by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis. FTIR spectra of the blends of EVA and ENR show weak dipole-dipole interactions. These blends are incompatible as determined from the dynamic mechanical analysis and further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy studies. In order to understand the influence of interaction between the polymers, the properties of blends of ENR with other reactive polymers such as ethylene-methylacrylate (EMA) and ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA), have been compared. The higher values of tensile strength and modulus of ENR/EAA are due to the higher level of interaction.
Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate by a Semicontinuous Polymerization Technique and Its Applications in Latex Paints
Authors: Abd El-Ghaffar M. A. , Badran A. S. , Ramadan A. M. , Shaffei K. A.
Published: July 2017

The semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of potassium persulfate and Octyl aldehyde sodium bisulfite (OASBS) as a newly developed redox initiation system was studied using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a unique surface active agent. The maximum conversion, conversion percentage per hour, stability, pH, and particle size distribution were investigated. Also, the physical and mechanical properties of latex films such as hardness, impact resistance, ductility, adhesion, and durability were studied as a function of PVA concentration. It was shown that very small amounts of PVA (0.5-1%) in the presence of the newly developed (OASBS) led to the formation of highly stable emulsions, with 40% solid content.

The more stable emulsions in the previous series were chosen and incorporated in latex paint formulae for studying their physical and mechanical properties.
Rubber/Plastic Blends Based on Devulcanized Ground Tire Rubber
Authors: Luo T. , Isayev A. I.
Published: July 2017

Tire and waste rubber recycling is a very important issue facing the rubber industry and science community. Compounding the ground rubber tire (GRT) with commercial polyolefins is a possible and effective way of used tire recycling which can provide new rubber/plastic blends at a much lower cost. In the present study, GRT and ultrasonically devulcanized GRT (DGRT) are incorporated into a polypropylene. In addition, DGRT is compounded and dynamically revulcanized (RGRT) in polypropylene. Compounding and dynamic revulcanization is carried out by means of a twin screw extruder and Brabender internal mixer. Sulfur and phenolic resin curing systems as well as various compatibilizers are used. Mechanical properties, rheology and morphology as well as thermal stability and melting behavior of the resulting rubber/plastic blends are studied. The obtained blends show an excellent processability along with impact strength higher than that of pure polypropylene. Among various compatibilizers and cure systems utilized, the phenolic resin cure system and maleic anhydride grafted PP compatibilizer can significantly improve the Young's modulus and tensile strength of plastic/rubber blends.
Prospects for Non-OPEC Oil Supply
Authors: O'Dell Seán
Published: July 2017

Because of the non-competitive nature of world oil markets (due primarily to the presence of OPEC), non-OPEC countries will have to meet a significant share of the expected increase in world oil demand over the next fifteen years. But this is likely to occur only if the price of oil rises enough to justify the needed investment in the exploration for and the development of increasingly more expensive oil, found in increasingly more hostile environments. If oil prices do not rise, the call on OPEC could increase dramatically, an increase which OPEC members may not be willing or able to satisfy.