bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic–biogenic interaction amplifies warming from emission reduction over the southeastern US
Authors: Liu Yawen , Liu Yaman , Wang Minghuai , Dong Xinyi , Zheng Yiqi , Shrivastava Manish , Qian Yun , Bai Heming , Li Xiao , Yang Xiu-Qun
Published: October 2021

A decline of surface biogenic secondary organic aerosols through the mediation of reduced anthropogenic aerosols has been recognized as an air quality co-benefit of anthropogenic emission control over the southeastern US. However, the climate impacts of this anthropogenic–biogenic interaction remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a substantial decline of summertime aerosol loading aloft over the southeastern US in recent decades through the interaction, which leads to a stronger decline in column-integrated aerosol optical depth and a greater increase in radiative fluxes over the southeastern than northeastern US, different from trends of anthropogenic emissions and near-surface aerosol loading. The anthropogenic–biogenic interaction is shown to explain more than 60% of the coherent increasing trend of 5.3 Wm−2decade−1 in clear-sky surface downward radiative fluxes. We show that current climate models fail to represent this interaction. The interaction is further projected to amplify the positive radiative forcing from emission control by 42.3% regionally over the southeastern US and globally by 5.4% in 2050 under RCP4.5 compared to 2005. This amplification effect implies greater challenges to achieving the Paris Agreement temperature targets with continuous emission control in future.
Closing productivity gaps among Dutch dairy farms can boost profit and reduce nitrogen pollution
Authors: Lamkowsky Melina , Oenema Oene , Meuwissen Miranda P M , Ang Frederic
Published: October 2021

Agricultural productivity growth can simultaneously increase profit and reduce pollution. Yet, the impact of productivity growth on both has not been quantified. The objective of our study was to develop an approach to quantify the extent to which agricultural productivity growth can increase profit and reduce pollution. Focusing on nitrogen pollution, we applied the approach to a sample of 341 intensive Dutch dairy farms for the years 2006–2017. Using a Bennet–Lowe formulation, we measured economic and nitrogen productivities over time and across farms. We applied Data Envelopment Analysis to determine the potential for productivity growth from reducing economic and nitrogen inefficiencies and assessed the impact on profit and nitrogen pollution levels. Using a two-stage by-production model, we set profit maximisation as the overarching objective to account for the economic production behaviour of farmers. We found that if laggard farmers adopted the best practices of their best peers, they could on average increase annual gross profit by 34% and simultaneously reduce the N surplus by 50% during the time period, which is a win–win situation for farmers and the environment. The magnitude of these gains corroborates the suggestion that productivity growth could be a game-changer for agricultural sustainability.
Rehabilitation and In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Ambrose Anne Felicia , Kurra Anupama , Tsirakidis Lana , Hunt Kate Collins , Ayers Emmeline , Gitkind Andrew , Yerra Sandeep , Lo Yungtai , Ortiz Nicole , Jamal Faraz , Madan Vikram , Bartels Matthew N , Verghese Joe
Published: October 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) guidelines endorse early rehabilitation to improve outcomes in hospitalized patients, but the evidence base to support this recommendation is lacking. We examined the association between early rehabilitation and in-hospital deaths in COVID-19 patients.

Method

A single-center retrospective study, involving 990 COVID-19 patients (42.4% women, mean age 67.8 years) admitted between March 1, 2020 and May 31, 2020 to a community hospital, was conducted. Association of rehabilitation during hospitalization with in-hospital mortality was examined using logistic regression analysis adjusted for demographics, length of stay, body mass index, comorbid illnesses, functional status as well as for COVID-19 presentations, treatments, and complications.

Results

Over the 3-month study period, 475 (48.0%) inpatients were referred for rehabilitation. Patients who received rehabilitation were older (73.7 ± 14.0 vs 62.3 ± 17.2). There were 61 hospital deaths (12.8%) in the rehabilitation group and 165 (32.0%) in the nonrehabilitation group. Receiving rehabilitation was associated with an 89% lower in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06–0.19) after adjusting for multiple confounders and COVID-19 disease markers. In sensitivity analyses, the results were significant in subpopulations defined by age group, sex, race, length of hospitalization, or pulmonary presentations. Each additional rehabilitation session was associated with a 29% lower risk of in-hospital mortality (OR per session: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.64–0.79) in the fully adjusted model.

Conclusion

Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, receiving early rehabilitation was associated with lower in-hospital mortality. Our findings support implementation of rehabilitation services for COVID-19 patients in acute care settings, but further research from randomized clinical trials is needed.
On disruption and leximetrics: A reply to Niels Petersen and Konstantin Chatziathanasiou
Authors: Elkins Zachary , Ginsburg Tom
Published: October 2021

We explore the apparent disruption of legal scholarship wrought by leximetrics—variable-oriented, predictive methods. We view the skepticism surrounding leximetrics as healthy, in that it focuses attention on some central inferential challenges relevant to most empirical methods. Scholarly anxiety may be a natural by-product of this disruption, as scholars navigate the rise and fall in popularity of various ideas and approaches. Some of this anxiety is related to a perceived hierarchy of methodological approaches in social science. Nonetheless, we are hopeful that broadminded, ecumenical tastes will prevail. One likely future for legal scholars is similar to that of political science, whose practitioners have largely embraced methodological pluralism, and maintained the value of case-oriented research.
Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of large solitary pulmonary cysts
Authors: Frick Anna Elisabeth , Ankersmit Hendrik Jan , Simonitsch-Klupp Ingrid , Hoetzenecker Konrad
Published: October 2021

Large solitary cystic lesions are a rare finding, and their differential diagnosis includes cystic airspaces associated with lung cancer, congenital pulmonary airway malformations and pneumatoceles. Here, we report 3 consecutive patients who presented with a large solitary pulmonary cyst on chest computed tomography. All underwent surgical resection, and the histopathological findings were different in all 3 cases. In one patient, a very rare finding of squamous cell carcinoma arising from the cystic lesion in the left lower lobe was confirmed. Therefore, in carefully selected cases, pulmonary cysts should be resected based on the potential risk for recurrent infection and the development of malignancy.
Pulmonary artery diameter: means and normal limits—assessment by computed tomography angiography
Authors: Berger Tim , Siepe Matthias , Simon Björn , Beyersdorf Friedhelm , Chen Zehang , Kondov Stoyan , Schlett Christopher L , Bamberg Fabian , Tarkhnishvili Aleksandre , Chikvatia Salome , Czerny Martin , Rylski Bartosz , Kreibich Maximilian
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVES

Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for normal diameters, define PA aneurysms, possible predictors of PA size and evaluate the correlation with mid-ascending aortic diameters.

METHODS

Between April 2018 and August 2019, 497 consecutive patients who underwent whole-body computed tomographic angiography were reviewed. Clinical and imaging data were collected from our institutional database. Precise three-dimensional centreline measurements were taken. Linear regression analysis was performed to detect parameters associated with PA diameter. A two-stage model was created to identify potential predictors and the resulting statistically significant interactions were tested. Data were grouped and PA, standard deviation, and upper normal limits were calculated.

RESULTS

Among 497 patients with an average age of 51.4 (20.2) (74.6% males), the mean PA diameter measured 32.0 (4.6) mm [female: 31.2 (4.7) mm vs male: 32.2 (4.5) mm; P = 0.032]. The mean PA length, left PA and right PA diameters were similar between male and female patients. We found a significant correlation (r = 0.352; P < 0.001) between the PAs and mid-ascending aortic diameters. Body surface area (P = 0.032, β =  4.52 [0.40; 8.64] 95% CI) was the only significant influencing variable for PA diameter.

CONCLUSIONS

The normal mean PA diameter in a reference cohort is 32.0 (4.6) mm. Body surface area is the only influencing variable of PA diameter. The normal diameters measured and corresponding upper limits of normal revealed that a PA aneurysm should not be considered below a threshold of 45 mm.
ℒ-Invariants, p-Adic Heights, and Factorization of p-Adic L-Functions
Authors: Büyükboduk Kâzım , Sakamoto Ryotaro
Published: October 2021

We continue with our study of the noncritical exceptional zeros of Katz’ $p$-adic $L$-functions attached to a CM field $K$, following two threads. In the 1st thread, we redefine our (group-ring-valued) ${\mathcal {L}}$-invariant associated with each ${\mathbb {Z}}_p$-extension $K_\Gamma $ of $K$ in terms of $p$-adic height pairings and interpolate them as $K_\Gamma $ varies to a universal (multivariate) group-ring-valued ${\mathcal {L}}$-invariant. In the 2nd thread, we use our results to study the exceptional zeros of the Rankin–Selberg $p$-adic $L$-functions at noncritical specializations of the self-products of nearly ordinary CM families, via the factorization statements we establish. The factorization theorems are extensions of the results due to Greenberg and Palvannan.
BSAC Vanguard Series: Clean water—the world’s best medicine for disease and drug-resistant infection
Authors: Denny Lindsay
Published: October 2021

As stated by the WHO, without urgent action we are heading for a ‘post-antibiotic era’, in which common infections and minor injuries will again prove fatal, as they did in the past. How do we get millions of people to change their use of antimicrobials to avoid this terrifying outcome? There is one very effective measure that we can take: making access to clean water and sanitation universal. Billions of the world’s population still lack access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation. Some of the statistics regarding this lack of access are truly shocking. Global health organizations and policymakers must move from prioritizing treating disease to preventing it. This takes capital investment but will pay dividends in reductions in infections and antimicrobial resistance.
Experiences of Pain and Quality of Life in Pediatric Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Wesley Katherine L , Hoehn Jessica , Butz Catherine , Aylward Shawn C
Published: October 2021

Objective

To examine psychosocial correlates, specifically pain intensity, pain interference, and quality of life (QOL), in patients with pediatric intracranial hypertension. We hypothesized that parents and children who report higher levels of pain intensity and interference would be associated with lower QOL.

Methods

Eighty-three patients and their families seen in the pediatric intracranial hypertension clinic of a large pediatric hospital completed self-report and parent proxy measures on QOL, mood, and other psychosocial correlates. Bivariate correlations were conducted between parent proxy and self-reports and regression analyses between pain and psychosocial correlate variables were examined.

Results

Parent proxy and child reports were highly correlated. Body mass index (BMI) was a significant predictor of parent proxy report of pain intensity with higher BMI associated with higher parent proxy ratings of pain intensity. Parents reported significantly higher levels of pain interference for their children compared to child report. Parent ratings of child depression symptoms, BMI, and age were significant predictors of pain interference. Higher BMI and depression symptoms and younger age were associated with more pain interference. Overall QOL was similar to other headache populations but lower than other chronic illness and healthy populations.

Conclusions

Pediatric intracranial hypertension is associated with decreased QOL. Body mass index was a significant predictor of pain intensity and interference and should be monitored closely in clinic. Clinical care should include psychosocial screening to identify patients who would benefit from interventions to reduce the impact of this condition.
Cotton phloem loads from the apoplast using a single member of its nine-member sucrose transporter gene family
Authors: Yadav Umesh P , Evers John F , Shaikh Mearaj A , Ayre Brian G
Published: October 2021

Phloem loading and transport are fundamental processes for allocating carbon from source organs to sink tissues. Cotton (Gossypium spp.) has a high sink demand for the cellulosic fibers that grow on the seed coat and for the storage reserves in the developing embryo, along with the demands of new growth in the shoots and roots. Addressing how cotton mobilizes resources from source leaves to sink organs provides insight into processes contributing to fiber and seed yield. Plasmodesmata frequencies between companion cells and flanking parenchyma in minor veins are higher than expected for an apoplastic loader, and cotton’s close relatedness to Tilia spp. hints at passive loading. Suc was the only canonical transport sugar in leaves and constituted 87% of 14C-labeled photoassimilate being actively transported. [14C]Suc uptake coupled with autoradiography indicated active [14C]Suc accumulation in minor veins, suggesting Suc loading from the apoplast; esculin, a fluorescent Suc analog, did not accumulate in minor veins. Of the nine sucrose transporter (SUT) genes identified per diploid genome, only GhSUT1-L2 showed appreciable expression in mature leaves, and silencing GhSUT1-L2 yielded phenotypes characteristic of blocked phloem transport. Furthermore, only GhSUT1-L2 cDNA stimulated esculin and [14C]Suc uptake into yeast, and only the GhSUT1-L2 promoter caused uidA (β-glucuronidase) reporter gene expression in minor vein phloem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Collectively, these results argue that apoplastic phloem loading mediated by GhSUT1-L2 is the dominant mode of phloem loading in cotton.
Oil plant genomes: current state of the science
Authors: Song Jia-Ming , Zhang Yuting , Zhou Zhi-Wei , Lu Shaoping , Ma Wei , Lu Chaofu , Chen Ling-Ling , Guo Liang
Published: October 2021

Vegetable oils are an indispensable nutritional component of the human diet as well as important raw materials for a variety of industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, oleochemicals, and biofuels. Oil plant genomes are highly diverse, and their genetic variation leads to a diversity in oil biosynthesis and accumulation along with agronomic traits. This review discusses plant oil biosynthetic pathways, current state of genome assembly, polyploidy and asymmetric evolution of genomes of oil plants and their wild relatives, and research progress of pan-genomics in oil plants. The availability of complete high-resolution genomes and pan-genomes has enabled the identification of structural variations in the genomes that are associated with the diversity of agronomic and environment fitness traits. These and future genomes also provide powerful tools to understand crop evolution and to harvest the rich natural variations to improve oil crops for enhanced productivity, oil quality, and adaptability to changing environments.
Internal kinematics of GAIA eDR3 wide binaries
Authors: Hernandez X , Cookson S , Cortés R A M
Published: October 2021

Using the recent GAIA eDR3 catalogue we construct a sample of solar neighbourhood isolated wide binaries satisfying a series of strict signal-to-noise data cuts, exclusion of random association criteria and detailed colour-magnitude diagram selections, to minimize the presence of any kinematic contaminating effects having been discussed in the literature to date. Our final high-purity sample consists of 423 binary pairs within 130 pc of the sun and in all cases high-quality GAIA single-stellar fits for both components of each binary (final average RUWE values of 0.99), both also restricted to the cleanest region of the main sequence. We find kinematics fully consistent with Newtonian expectations for separations, s, below 0.009 pc, with relative velocities scaling with ΔV∝s−1/2 and a total binary mass, Mb, velocity scaling consistent with $\Delta V \propto M_{b}^{1/2}$. For the separation region of s > 0.009 pc we obtain significantly different results, with a separation independent ΔV ≈ 0.5 km/s and a $\Delta V \propto M_{b}^{0.24 \pm 0.21}$. This situation is reminiscent of the low acceleration galactic baryonic Tully-Fisher phenomenology, and indeed, the change from the two regimes we find closely corresponds to the a ≲ a0 transition. These results are at odds not only with Newtonian expectations, but also with MOND predictions, where the presence of an external field effect implies only small deviations from Newtonian dynamics are expected for Solar Neighbourhood wide binaries.
12p gain is predominantly observed in non-germinomatous germ cell tumors and identifies an unfavorable subgroup of central nervous system germ cell tumors
Authors: Satomi Kaishi , Takami Hirokazu , Fukushima Shintaro , Yamashita Satoshi , Matsushita Yuko , Nakazato Yoichi , Suzuki Tomonari , Tanaka Shota , Mukasa Akitake , Saito Nobuhito , Kanamori Masayuki , Kumabe Toshihiro , Tominaga Teiji , Kobayashi Keiichi , Nagane Motoo , Iuchi Toshihiko , Yoshimoto Koji , Tamura Kaoru , Maehara Taketoshi , Sakai Keiichi , Sugiyama Kazuhiko , Yokogami Kiyotaka , Takeshima Hideo , Nonaka Masahiro , Asai Akio , Ushijima Toshikazu , Matsutani Masao , Nishikawa Ryo , Ichimura Koichi
Published: October 2021

Background

Central nervous system (CNS) germ cell tumors (GCTs) are neoplasms predominantly arising in pediatric and young adult populations. While germinomas generally respond to chemotherapy and radiation, non-germinomatous GCTs (NGGCTs) require more intensive treatment. This study aimed to determine whether 12p gain could predict the prognosis of CNS GCTs.

Methods

Eighty-two CNS GCTs were included in this study. The 12p gain was defined by an additional 12p in the background of potential polyploidy or polysomy. Cases were analyzed using an Illumina methylation 450K array for copy number investigations and validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Results

A 12p gain was found in 25-out-of-82 cases (30%) and was more frequent in NGGCTs (12% of germinoma cases and 50% of NGGCT cases), particularly in cases with malignant components, such as immature teratoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and embryonal carcinoma. 12p gain and KIT mutation were mutually exclusive events. The presence of 12p gain correlated with shorter progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (10-year OS: 59% vs. 94%, with and without 12p gain, respectively, P = 0.0002), even with histology and tumor markers incorporated in the multivariate analysis. Among NGGCTs, 12p gain still had prognostic significance for PFS and OS (10-year OS: 47% vs. 90%, respectively, P = 0.02). The 12p copy number status was shared among histological components in mixed GCTs.

Conclusions

12p gain may predict the presence of malignant components of NGGCTs, and poor prognosis of the patients. It may be associated with early tumorigenesis of CNS GCT.
WRKY transcription factors and ethylene signaling modify root growth during the shade-avoidance response
Authors: Rosado Daniele , Ackermann Amanda , Spassibojko Olya , Rossi Magdalena , Pedmale Ullas V
Published: October 2021

Shade-intolerant plants rapidly elongate their stems, branches, and leaf stalks to compete with neighboring vegetation, maximizing sunlight capture for photosynthesis. This rapid growth adaptation, known as the shade-avoidance response (SAR), comes at a cost: reduced biomass, crop yield, and root growth. Significant progress has been made on the mechanistic understanding of hypocotyl elongation during SAR; however, the molecular interpretation of root growth repression is not well understood. Here, we explore the mechanisms by which SAR induced by low red:far-red light restricts primary and lateral root (LR) growth. By analyzing the whole-genome transcriptome, we identified a core set of shade-induced genes in roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings grown in the shade. Abiotic and biotic stressors also induce many of these shade-induced genes and are predominantly regulated by WRKY transcription factors. Correspondingly, a majority of WRKY genes were among the shade-induced genes. Functional analysis using transgenics of these shade-induced WRKYs revealed that their role is essentially to restrict primary root and LR growth in the shade; captivatingly, they did not affect hypocotyl elongation. Similarly, we also found that ethylene hormone signaling is necessary for limiting root growth in the shade. We propose that during SAR, shade-induced WRKY26, 45, and 75, and ethylene reprogram gene expression in the root to restrict its growth and development.
Neurodegenerative disease in association with sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 subtype b in Argentina
Authors: Blanco Sebastián , Barile María Eugenia , Frutos María Celia , Vicente Ana Carolina Paulo , Gallego Sandra Verónica
Published: October 2021

Background

The aim of this study is to show that human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) infection produces symptoms resembling those described for HTLV-1-associated myeloneuropathy and to highlight the role of sexual transmission in the silent dissemination of HTLV-2.

Methods

Patient samples were tested by particle agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The HTLV type was defined by molecular techniques. Nucleotide sequence analysis of HTLV-2 long terminal repeat region, T cell CD3/CD4 and T cell CD3/CD8 counts and typing of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles A, B, C and DRB1 were also performed.

Results

HTLV-2 subtype b infection was confirmed in two blood donors and their sexual partners. Two patients exhibited distinctive signs and symptoms of progressive neurological disease. Three infected patients carried HLA-C*04. Both patients with neurological disease also carried HLA-A*31 and HLA-DRB1*07 alleles.

Conclusions

Herein we describe for the first time sexual transmission of HTLV-2 in a non-endemic region of Argentina, highlighting the relevance of this transmission route in HTLV-2 silent dissemination out of the clusters of endemicity. We also provide evidence that HTLV-2 infection causes symptoms resembling those described for HTLV-1-associated myeloneuropathy. The evidence presented herein points to the critical need for public health strategies to reduce the spread of this neglected infection.
Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of protein mannosyl-transferase from Streptomyces coelicolor reveals strong activity-stability correlation
Authors: Holman Nathaniel D. M. , Wilkinson Anthony J. , Smith Margaret C. M.
Published: October 2021

In

Actinobacteria

, protein O-mannosyl transferase (Pmt)-mediated protein O-glycosylation has an important role in cell envelope physiology. In S. coelicolor, defective Pmt leads to increased susceptibility to cell wall-targeting antibiotics, including vancomycin and β-lactams, and resistance to phage ϕC31. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the structure and function of

S. coelicolor

Pmt. Sequence alignments and structural bioinformatics were used to identify target sites for an alanine-scanning mutagenesis study. Mutant alleles were introduced into pmt-deficient

S. coelicolor

strains using an integrative plasmid and scored for their ability to complement phage resistance and antibiotic hypersusceptibility phenotypes. Twenty-three highly conserved Pmt residues were each substituted for alanine. Six mutant alleles failed to complement the pmt
▬ strains in either assay. Mapping the six corresponding residues onto a homology model of the three-dimensional structure of Pmt, indicated that five are positioned close to the predicted catalytic DE motif. Further mutagenesis to produce more conservative substitutions at these six residues produced Pmts that invariably failed to complement the DT1025 pmt
▬ strain, indicating that strict residue conservation was necessary to preserve function. Cell fractionation and Western blotting of strains with the non-complementing pmt alleles revealed undetectable levels of the enzyme in either the membrane fractions or whole cell lysates. Meanwhile for all of the strains that complemented the antibiotic hypersusceptibility and phage resistance phenotypes, Pmt was readily detected in the membrane fraction. These data indicate a tight correlation between the activity of Pmt and its stability or ability to localize to the membrane.
Novel algorithms deriving clinical performance measures from smartphone sensor data collected under a walking test
Authors: Little Max A. , Volotinen Sami , Sanderson Brad , Huopaniemi Ulla , Mowlem Florence , Olt Jennifer , Byrom Bill
Published: October 2021

The modern ubiquity of smartphones which incorporate sensors such as inertial measurement units (IMU) and global positioning system (GPS) receivers, raises the possibility that they might be used as inexpensive devices for clinical performance testing. Here, we report on the development and testing of an app and associated statistical signal processing algorithms, to measure the basic gait properties of step rate, walking speed and distance under an outside short walk test experimental protocol, from digital accelerometry and GPS. We provide extensive details on the assumptions underlying the development of the algorithms. A small set of experiments across a range of conditions and individuals, demonstrate the reliability of the combined app, protocol and algorithms. With reasonable adherence to the test protocol, these experiments show 2% error across all metrics. The emphasis in this paper is on illustrating the design principles which all such systems, aiming to re-purpose consumer smartphones as clinical gait measurement devices, must address.
Total evidence tip-dating phylogeny of platyrrhine primates and 27 well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences
Authors: de Vries Dorien , Beck Robin M. D.
Published: October 2021

Phylogenies with estimates of divergence times are essential for investigating many evolutionary questions. In principle, “tip-dating” is arguably the most appropriate approach, with fossil and extant taxa analyzed together in a single analysis, and topology and divergence times estimated simultaneously. However, “node-dating” (as used in many molecular clock analyses), in which fossil evidence is used to calibrate the age of particular nodes a priori, will probably remain the dominant approach, due to various issues with analyzing morphological and molecular data together. Tip-dating may nevertheless play a key role in robustly identifying fossil taxa that can be used to inform node-dating calibrations. Here, we present tip-dating analyses of platyrrhine primates (so-called “New World monkeys”) based on a total evidence dataset of 418 morphological characters and 10.2 kb of DNA sequence data from 17 nuclear genes, combined from previous studies. The resultant analyses support a late Oligocene or early Miocene age for crown Platyrrhini (composite age estimate: 20.7-28.2 Ma). Other key findings include placement of the early Miocene putative cebidPanamacebusoutside crown Platyrrhini, equivocal support forProteropitheciabeing a pitheciine, and support for a clade comprising three subfossil platyrrhines from the Caribbean (Xenothrix,AntillothrixandParalouatta), related to Callicebinae. Based on these results and the available literature, we provide a list of 27 well-justified node calibrations for primate divergences, following best practices: 17 within Haplorhini, five within Strepsirrhini, one for crown Primates, and four for deeper divergences within Euarchontoglires. In each case, we provide a hard minimum bound, and for 23 of these we also provide a soft maximum bound and a suggested prior distribution. For each calibrated node, we provide the age of the oldest fossil of each daughter lineage that descends from it, which allows use of the “CladeAge” method for specifying priors on node ages.
Beamline K11 DIAD: a new instrument for dual imaging and diffraction at Diamond Light Source
Authors: Reinhard Christina , Drakopoulos Michael , Ahmed Sharif I. , Deyhle Hans , James Andrew , Charlesworth Christopher M. , Burt Martin , Sutter John , Alexander Steven , Garland Peter , Yates Thomas , Marshall Russell , Kemp Ben , Warrick Edmund , Pueyos Armando , Bradnick Ben , Nagni Maurizio , Winter A. Douglas , Filik Jacob , Basham Mark , Wadeson Nicola , King Oliver N. F. , Aslani Navid , Dent Andrew J.
Published: October 2021

The Dual Imaging and Diffraction (DIAD) beamline at Diamond Light Source is a new dual-beam instrument for full-field imaging/tomography and powder diffraction. This instrument provides the user community with the capability to dynamically image 2D and 3D complex structures and perform phase identification and/or strain mapping using micro-diffraction. The aim is to enable in situ and in operando experiments that require spatially correlated results from both techniques, by providing measurements from the same specimen location quasi-simultaneously. Using an unusual optical layout, DIAD has two independent beams originating from one source that operate in the medium energy range (7–38 keV) and are combined at one sample position. Here, either radiography or tomography can be performed using monochromatic or pink beam, with a 1.4 mm × 1.2 mm field of view and a feature resolution of 1.2 µm. Micro-diffraction is possible with a variable beam size between 13 µm × 4 µm and 50 µm × 50 µm. One key functionality of the beamline is image-guided diffraction, a setup in which the micro-diffraction beam can be scanned over the complete area of the imaging field-of-view. This moving beam setup enables the collection of location-specific information about the phase composition and/or strains at any given position within the image/tomography field of view. The dual beam design allows fast switching between imaging and diffraction mode without the need of complicated and time-consuming mode switches. Real-time selection of areas of interest for diffraction measurements as well as the simultaneous collection of both imaging and diffraction data of (irreversible) in situ and in operando experiments are possible.
The effect of entrepreneurship education on graduate students' entrepreneurial alertness and the mediating role of entrepreneurial mindset
Authors: Saadat Soroush , Aliakbari Aliasghar , Alizadeh Majd Amirreza , Bell Robin
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This study investigates the effect of entrepreneurship education in terms of the development of entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, on graduate students' entrepreneurial alertness and the mediating role of the entrepreneurial mindset.

Design/methodology/approach

The study collected data using questionnaires from graduate students at an Iranian university who had engaged with entrepreneurship education. The questionnaires collected data on the respondent's demographics and adopted previously validated measures to measure entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial mindset. Statistical techniques were applied to test validity and structural equation modeling was undertaken to test the hypotheses.

Findings

The findings demonstrated that entrepreneurship education has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial mindset. In addition, entrepreneurial mindset was found to have a positive and significant role in mediating the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial alertness. This finding highlights the importance of educators seeking to build an entrepreneurial mindset within entrepreneurship education, in addition to developing students' entrepreneurial alertness by focusing on opportunity identification and recognition.

Originality/value

The study addresses a gap in the literature as to the relationship between entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial alertness, and the entrepreneurial mindset, and furthers the understanding of the impact of entrepreneurship education. The results inform educational practice, as ensuring students recognize entrepreneurial opportunities is an important element of venture creation.
The role of relational governance in innovation platform growth: the context of living labs
Authors: Cantù Chiara Luisa , Schepis Daniel , Minunno Roberto , Morrison Greg
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the role of relational governance in innovation platform development, specifically investigating the context of living labs.

Design/methodology/approach

Two longitudinal case studies are presented, derived from auto-ethnographic narratives, qualitative interviews and secondary documents, which cover the critical stages in the development of each living lab.

Findings

Empirical insights demonstrate the relevance of coordination activities based on joint planning and activities to support innovation platform development across different stages. The governance role of research actors as platform activators is also identified.

Practical implications

The paper offers a useful perspective for identifying collective goals between living lab actors and aligning joint activities across different stages of living lab development.

Social implications

The case provides insights into the challenges and opportunities for collaboration between academia, industry and users to support sustainable construction innovation.

Originality/value

A relational governance mode is identified, going beyond top down or bottom up approaches, which contributes a new understanding of how collective goals align within a relational space.
Perceptions on the impact of anti-bribery measures, strategies and programs on the persistence of bribery practices in Nigeria
Authors: Saddiq Abubakar Abubakar , Abu Bakar Abu Sufian
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the perceptions of the grassroots on the impact of combative policy measures, strategies and programs introduced by the government and the civil society to reduce persistent occurrences of bribery practices in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

Multi-stage or cluster sampling was used to acquire the data for this paper via survey questionnaire administered to the grassroots in Abuja, Nigeria. The data set is used to assess the impact of the various policy measures, strategies and programs on the persistence of bribery practices in Nigeria. The multiple linear regression method was used to estimate the data generated from 836 responses in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.

Findings

The result of the estimations indicates that the respondents perceived that some of the policy measures, strategies and programs introduced have reduced persistence of bribery practices in Nigeria, whereas others have remained ineffective in reducing the persistence of bribery practices in Nigeria.

Originality/value

Previous studies on the impact of anti-bribery policy measures, strategies and programs were largely based on the perceptions of international institutions and business executives; this study appears to be the pioneer to focus on the perceptions of the grassroots in Abuja, Nigeria.
Can abusive supervision create positive work engagement? The interactive moderating role of positive causal attribution and workplace friendship
Authors: Huh Eunji , Lee Eun-Suk
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Departing from previous research which shows that abusive supervision, as a salient job demand, induces detrimental employee outcomes, this study examines how to create constructive consequences of abusive supervision. To do so, the authors identify the boundary conditions to change the negative effect of supervisory abuse on employees’ work engagement in a positive direction. The authors examine the interactive moderating effect of a personal resource (i.e. positive causal attribution of abusive supervision) and a job resource (i.e. workplace friendship) on the relationship between abusive supervision and work engagement.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used data from a two-wave survey of 697 full-time workers with a time interval of one month and conducted three-way interaction analyses to test their hypothesized model.

Findings

Abusive supervision increases employees’ work engagement when they make a positive causal attribution of abusive supervision (i.e. interpreting their abusive supervisor’s motives as promoting their job performance, rather than as intentionally harming them) and have favorable workplace friends.

Originality/value

The authors study offers a novel picture of abusive supervision by revealing that supervisory abuse can enhance employees’ work engagement when it is coupled with proper personal and job resources. In addition, this study highlights that in order to identify constructive effects of abusive supervision, it is critical to delve into the interaction between resources from these two domains to deal with abusive supervision.
Simultaneous detection and differentiation between Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis using novel polymerase chain reaction primers
Authors: Dwivedi Purna , Sharma Mukul , Patel Purushottam , Singh Pushpendra
Published: October 2021

We have developed a polymerase chain reaction‐based method to detect and distinguish Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis using a single set of primers based on a 45‐bp difference in the amplicon size of their rpoT gene. This method can also help in detecting the cases of co‐infection in a single experiment.
Towards a modular theory of trophic interactions
Authors: Wootton Kate L. , Curtsdotter Alva , Roslin Tomas , Bommarco Riccardo , Jonsson Tomas
Published: October 2021

Species traits and environmental conditions determine the occurrence and strength of trophic interactions. If we understand the relationship between these factors and trophic interactions, we can make more accurate predictions and build better trophic‐interaction models.

We can compare traits and conditions by considering their effect on different parts (steps) of a trophic interaction, such as the steps search and pursuit. By linking traits to relevant steps, we can use these relationships to build trophic‐interaction models. Currently, this is done ad hoc, defining steps based on the species and traits of interest. This makes it difficult to compare across traits and species and gain an overarching understanding of how traits and the environment drive trophic interactions.

We present a comprehensive approach for the explicit choice of interaction steps and species traits or environmental conditions, which is readily integrated into existing models. The core of this framework is that it is modular; we present eight steps that occur in all trophic interactions and use them to build a modular, general dynamic model. When applying the framework, one explicitly selects only the most relevant steps and uses those to build a specific model.

To build our modular framework, we revisit and expand the functional and numerical response functions, dividing the trophic interaction into eight steps: (1) search, (2) prey detection, (3) attack decision, (4) pursuit, (5) subjugation, (6) ingestion, (7) digestion and (8) nutrient allocation. Together these steps form a general dynamical model where trophic interactions can be explicitly parameterized for multiple traits and environmental factors. We then concretize this approach by outlining how a specific community can be modelled by selecting key modules (steps) and parameterizing them for relevant factors. This we exemplify for a community of terrestrial arthropods using empirical data on body size and temperature responses.

With species interactions at the core of community dynamics, our modular approach allows for quantification and comparisons of the importance of different steps, traits, and abiotic factors across ecosystems and trophic‐interaction types, and provides a powerful tool for trait‐based prediction of food‐web structure and dynamics.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
ArsV and ArsW provide synergistic resistance to the antibiotic methylarsenite
Authors: Chen Jian , Zhang Jun , Wu Yi‐Fei , Zhao Fang‐Jie , Rosen Barry P.
Published: October 2021

Toxic organoarsenicals enter the environment from biogenic and anthropogenic activities such as microbial methylation of inorganic arsenic and pentavalent herbicides such as monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA or MAs(V)). Trivalent MAs(III) is considerably more toxic than arsenite or arsenate. Microbes have evolved mechanisms to detoxify organoarsenicals. We previously identified ArsV, a flavin‐linked monooxygenase and demonstrated that it confers resistance to methylarsenite by oxidation to methylarsenate. The arsV gene is usually in an arsenic resistance (ars) operon controlled by an ArsR repressor and adjacent to a methylarsenite efflux gene, either arsK or a gene for a putative transporter. Here we show that Paracoccus sp. SY oxidizes methylarsenite. It has an ars operon with three genes, arsR, arsV and a transport gene termed arsW. Heterologous expression of arsV in Escherichia coli conferred resistance to MAs(III), while arsW did not. Co‐expression of arsV and arsW increased resistance compared with either alone. The cells oxidized methylarsenite and accumulated less methylarsenate. Everted membrane vesicles from E. coli cells expressing arsW‐accumulated methylarsenate. We propose that ArsV is a monooxygenase that oxidizes methylarsenite to methylarsenate, which is extruded by ArsW, one of only a few known pentavalent organoarsenical efflux permeases, a novel pathway of organoarsenical resistance.
Prevalence of frailty and mobility disability in older people living in retirement villages
Authors: Cobden Janet , de Noronha Marcos , Kingsley Michael
Published: October 2021

Objective

To determine the prevalence rates of frail, prefrail, robust and mobility disabled older adults living in retirement villages within regional Victoria, Australia.

Methods

This cross‐sectional, observational study invited residents of retirement villages to complete the self‐report questionnaires Fried Frailty Phenotype and Frail Non‐Disabled screening tool to classify respondents as frail, prefrail, robust and/or mobility disabled.

Results

From 212 respondents, prevalence rates of frail and prefrail status were 34% and 35%, respectively. A fifth (20%) of residents were mobility disabled. The prevalence of residents classified as frail or prefrail (ie, not robust) was higher in women (74%) than in men (58%). Classification as not robust increased with increasing age.

Conclusions

This study is the first to estimate prevalence rates of frailty and mobility disability in retirement village residents in regional Australia. Findings from this study have potential to inform the development of facilities and programs to support people living in this setting.
Holocene mountain landscape development and monsoon variation in the southernmost Russian Far East
Authors: Razjigaeva Nadezhda , Ganzey Larisa , Grebennikova Tatiana , Mokhova Ludmila , Kopoteva Tatiana , Kudryavtseva Ekaterina , Belyanin Pavel , Panichev Alexander , Arslanov Khikmatulla , Maksimov Fedor , Petrov Alexey , Sudin Vladislav , Klimin Mikhail , Kornyushenko Tatiana
Published: October 2021

A c. 9720‐year history of a mountain lake–mire complex on the Shufan Plateau (southern Primorye, Russian Far East) is based on a multi‐proxy study of peat deposits. The chronology is based on eight radiocarbon dates in addition to two dated tephra horizons. The sediment contains eight cryptotephra layers attributable to Baitoushan, a volcano on the Korea/China border. Pollen, diatom and botanical macrofossil analyses indicate climate fluctuations during the Holocene and a compositional response of biodiverse mountain forests to changes in temperature and humidity. Widespread, diverse broadleaf‐dominated forest marked a warm Early Holocene (~9500–9280 cal. a BP). Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) rose to dominance in the Middle Holocene (after c. 7630 cal. a BP). Evergreen conifers, fir (Abies) in particular, became widespread after 2.9 ka BP and show a positive response to the Little Ice Age cooling. Over the c. 10 000‐year record, moisture appears largely controlled by gradually declining intensity of the summer monsoon, trending from moist conditions in the Early Holocene to cooler and drier conditions in the Late Holocene with shorter‐term hydrological changes superimposed. Peat composition indicates significant changes in mire vegetation, and diatom assemblages indicate four stages of inundation and three dry stages in the basin, probably controlled by precipitation changes. The initial importance of atmospheric precipitation shifted over time to a greater input from groundwater. During a long episode in the Late Holocene the basin may have dried out. Forest fires occurred during much of the Middle and Late Holocene, and their prominence, as marked by macro‐charcoal, is related to changes in humidity. Human activities mark the past few centuries. Medieval fires were probably anthropogenic, and there is evidence of agricultural impact on the landscape during the Jin Empire settlement period 900–700 years ago and of more recent forest exploitation, particularly a reduction in conifer taxa.
Osteosarcoma mechanobiology and therapeutic targets
Authors: Shoaib Zunaira , Fan Timothy M. , Irudayaraj Joseph M. K.
Published: October 2021

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary tumours of the bone, with a 5‐year survival rate of less than 20% after the development of metastases. Osteosarcoma is highly predisposed in Paget's disease of the bone, and both have common characteristic skeletal features due to rapid bone remodelling. Osteosarcoma prognosis is location dependent, which further emphasizes the likely contribution of the bone microenvironment in its pathogenesis. Mechanobiology describes the processes involved when mechanical cues from the changing physical microenvironment of the bone are transduced to biological pathways through mechanosensitive cellular components. Mechanobiology‐driven therapies have been used to curb tumour progression by direct alteration of the physical microenvironment or inhibition of metastasis‐associated mechanosensitive proteins. This review emphasizes the contribution of mechanobiology to the progression of osteosarcoma and sheds light on current mechanobiology‐based therapies and potential new targets for improving disease management. Additionally, the many different 3D models currently used to study osteosarcoma mechanobiology are summarized.