bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chilling Sensitivity of Avocado Fruit at Different Stages of the Respiratory Climacteric1
Authors: Kosiyachinda S. , Young R. E.
Published: August 2022

Chilling sensitivity of ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Hass’ avocados (Persea americana Mill.) is a function of the stage of the climacteric. The least sensitive stage is postclimacteric where fruit can be kept at 2°C for 6 to 7 weeks. ‘Hass’ avocados on the climacteric rise and at the climacteric peak were most sensitive to chilling and showed injury after 19 days of treatment at 2°. Postclimacteric fruit could be transferred to 2° at 36 to 48 hours after the climacteric peak. The time preclimacteric fruit could be held at 2° varied during the picking season but could be as long as 30 days.
Analysis of Thermal Environments in Polyethylene Overwintering Structures1
Authors: Wiest Steven C. , Good George L. , Steponkus Peter L.
Published: August 2022

Equal average container temperatures during prolonged periods of low outside air temperatures were achieved by unheated structures covered with either a double-layer of clear polyethylene or a double-layer with the inner layer translucent and the exterior clear polyethylene. Single-layer structures were less effective, with clear polyethylene affording more protection than translucent. Excessively high mid-day temperatures in both the single- and double-layer clear houses increased the probability of desiccation injury and affected the quality of the nursery stock. Fluctuations of air temperatures below 0°C were most rapid in the clear houses, and appear to depend greatly on the relative humidity, which affects the thermal conductivity of the air. Container temperature fluctuations were similar whether the container soil water was frozen or unfrozen. The best covering tested thus far appears to be a double-layer with the interior translucent and the exterior clear polyethylene. This covering moderates low container temperatures, high mid-day temperatures, desiccation problems, rapid temperature fluctuations and concomitant management problems.
Total, Extractable, and Oxalate Calcium and Other Elements in Normal and Mouse Ear Pecan Tree Tissues1
Authors: Gallaher R. N. , Jones J. B.
Published: August 2022

Mouse ear is an abnormal condition in pecans [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] in which the leaflets of the compound leaf fail to elongate in a normal manner and develop into a “mouse ear” shape. Mouse-ear trees had more Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mo and less Mg in leaf and stem tissues than normal trees. In both normal and mouse ear pecan, 92–96% of total Ca in leaves and stems was nonextractable in 2% acetic acid solution, being in the form of Ca-oxalate crystals. Crystals of cross-sectional area as large as 2000 μm2 and 6000 μm2 were found in leaves and stems, respectively. Although only 600 to 1200 ppm of Ca was available for physiological functions in leaf tissue other than for precipitation of oxalic acid. There was no significant evidence to show that mouse ear is a Ca-deficiency problem.
Effe-gi, Magness-Taylor, and Instron Fruit Pressure Testing Devices for Apples, Peaches, and Nectarines1
Authors: Abbott Judith A. , Watada Alley E. , Massie David R.
Published: August 2022

Pressure test values obtained on various fruits with 2 manual fruit pressure testers (the Magness-Taylor and the smaller Effe-gi) and the Instron Universal Testing Instrument were compared. Tests were made on 5 apple, 1 nectarine, and 3 peach cultivars on an individual fruit basis. Differences in pressure readings were marked among instruments. Responses to the instruments differed among cultivars. Some apples were classified in different ripeness categories according to different pressure testers. For nectarines and peaches, high correlations, but not complete agreement, were obtained among instruments. For all 3 fruits, differences were sufficient to require specification of instrument and method of measurement when fruit pressure test values are reported and to necessitate compensation when measurements made with different types of instruments are compared. Regression equations such as we report should be used to permit accurate comparisons.
Application of Trend Analysis to Horticultural Field Trials1
Authors: Kirk H. J. , Haynes F. L. , Monroe R. J.
Published: August 2022

Experimental results from horticultural field trials are obscured by the effect of systematic variation. This variation is directly related to the position of the plot in the field and is referred to as a fertility gradient(s). Trend analysis eliminates the effect of fertility gradients by fitting a polynomial regression equation (response surface model) to the systematic variability in the experimental units. Two cultivar trials of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) conducted to compare results from trend analysis with that using the standard design analysis indicated that fertility gradients existed in the fields and were of a form that could be adequately fitted by a response surface model. A 3-dimensional plot of the response surface model indicated that the fertility gradients formed a very complex surface which could not be eliminated by experimental design. Of the 3 experimental designs used, the Latin square was the most efficient while the completely random was the least efficient. Trend analysis resulted in a large gain in relative efficiency over the standard analyses of completely random and randomized block designs. It also resulted in a substantial gain over that of a Latin square design. Adjusting the means using a response surface model in trend analysis also improved treatment estimates. Tests of significance using adjusted means were more precise and easier to interpret. Trend analysis proved to be the most efficient way to analyze the data, regardless of the experimental design used.
New Sources of Resistance to Watermelon Anthracnose1
Authors: Sowell Grover , Rhodes B. B. , Norton J. D.
Published: August 2022

Watermelons Plant Introductions (PI) 189225, PI 271775, PI 271778, and PI 299379 were resistant to a population of Colletotrichum langenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Halst. in 3 states. Entries PI 203551, PI 270550, and PI 271779 were resistant in some field and greenhouse tests.
Differential Growth Response to the Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus fasciculatus of Southern Magnolia and Bar Harbor Juniper Grown in Containers in Composted Hardwood Bark-shale1
Authors: Maronek Dale M. , Hendrix James W. , Kiernan Jennifer
Published: August 2022

Plants of southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) and ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench) were grown in a composted hardwood bark: expanded shale medium in 7.6 cm square containers in a greenhouse. All plants received either a low rate (1.1 kg/m3) or the manufacturer's recommended rate (4.5 kg/m3) of 18N-6P-12K slow-release fertilizer, and half the plants received inoculum of Glomus fasciculatus. After 6 months, height of magnolia plants inoculated with G. fasciculatus was nearly twice that of uninoculated plants, and the height difference between the two groups of plants increased with time. In contrast, plants of ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper demonstrated little or no growth response to infection with the mycorrhizal fungus. Fertilization of magnolia plants at the recommended rate as compared with ¼ that rate did not inhibit the degree of mycorrhizal infection of roots. Roots of inoculated ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper plants were heavily infected at both fertilizer rates, but the degree of infection was significantly greater at the lower fertilizer rate.
Peach Leaf Abscission following CGA-15281 and CGA-17856 Applications as Affected by Temperature1
Authors: Porpiglia Peter J. , Barden John A.
Published: August 2022

Two experimental growth regulators, CGA-15281 (beta-chloroethyl-methyl-bis-benzyloxy-silane) and an analogue, CGA-17856, induced leaf abscission in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Responses paralleled temperature following treatment. Older leaves were more responsive than younger ones and abscission occurred prior to leaf senescence. Applications prior to rainfall indicated about 6 hours without wetting was needed for maximum chemical activity. CGA-17856 tended to cause more leaf abscission than CGA-15281.
Maturation Temperature Influences on Seed Quality and Resistance to Mechanical Injury of Some Snap Bean Genotypes1
Authors: Siddique M. A. , Goodwin P. B.
Published: August 2022

Of 10 genotypes of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) studied, all produced better quality seeds at low maturation temperatures. Resistance to mechanical injury was also maximal in low temperature matured seeds. In general, the colored seeded genotypes unlike the white seeded genotypes, tolerated a wide range of maturation temperatures. However, ‘Spartan Arrow’, which has colored and large seeds was susceptible to mechanical injury at all maturation temperatures, and the white seeded line 26W showed good tolerance at all temperatures. It appears that it will be possible to breed white-seeded lines showing improved tolerance of high seed maturation temperatures.
Effects of Medium Components on Shoot Formation from Cultured Tuber Discs of Potato1
Authors: Jarret Robert L. , Hasegawa Paul M. , Erickson Homer T.
Published: August 2022

The effects of the components of Lam's 1977 potato nutrient medium on adventitious shoot formation were systematically evaluated. A low concentration (0.03 mg/liter) of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) stimulated shoot initiation and increased survival of tuber discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Indoleacetic acid (IAA), however, did not affect shoot initiation in the concentration range from 0 to 10 mg/liter. Both 6-benzyl-amino purine (BA) at 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/liter and N6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enylamino)-purine (zeatin) at 0.3 and 1.0 mg/liter stimulated adventitious shoot formation while N6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) had no effect. Sucrose was essential for shoot formation with a concentration of 30 g/liter being optimal. Although not essential, i-inositol enhanced the initiation of adventitious shoots at concentrations of 60 and 100 mg/liter. Casein hydrolysate and additional inorganic phosphate had no promotive effect on shoot formation and adenine sulfate was inhibitory at all concentrations examined.
Influence of Siberian C Rootstock on Peach Bloom Delay, Water Potential, and Pollen Meiosis1
Authors: Young Eric , Houser Jean
Published: August 2022

A four-year-old planting of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Cresthaven and Harken on Halford, Lovell, and Siberian C rootstocks was monitored for date of completion of chilling requirement and date of bloom, and change in xylem water potential with bloom. Siberian C rootstock delayed the completion of chilling requirement by 2 days and time of bloom by 4 days in both cultivars. Xylem water potential of fruiting shoots decreased to a minimum just after the swollen bud stage then increased sharply until petal fall. The change in water potential and all 5 bloom stages were delayed by Siberian C but not by Halford or Lovell seedling rootstocks.
Differentiation of Nine Crabapples Based on Bud and Leaf Surface Features1
Authors: Martens Julia , Fretz Thomas A.
Published: August 2022

Leaf and terminal bud samples from 9 crabapples were examined using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the purpose of establishing consistent, identifying morphological detail Crabapples utilized in the study included: Malus × purpurea (Hort. Barbier) Redh.; M. × purpurea ‘Aldenhamensis’; M. × purpurea (Hort. Barbier) Rehd.; M. × purpurea ‘Aldenhamensis’; M. × purpurea ‘Lemoinei’; M. baccata var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C. K. Schneid.; M. floribunda Seibold ex Van Houtte; M. hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.; M. × robusta (Carriere) Rehd.; M. sargentii Rehd.; and M. × zumi var. calocarpa (Matsum.) Rehd. Overall, characters observed on terminal buds were less useful than leaf features. Only 4 species exhibited distinctive bud characters. Terminal bud surfaces of M. × robusta displayed unique networks of fibrillar wax. M. baccata var. mandshurica and M. × zumi var. calocarpa buds had defined stomatal structures. M. hupehensis exhibited singular invaginations in the bud epidermis. All crabapple leaves examined were hypostomatic, and all stomata appeared anomocytic. Stomatal characteristics most definitive for categorization were size and frequency. Adaxial and abaxial trichomes were similar in structure and were uniform among all species and cultivars. Observed types of abaxial cuticular striations were very useful as identification aides. Seven of the 9 crabapples could be characterized by foliage features alone.
Effect of Timing and Number of Applications of Chlormequat and Ancymidol on the Growth and Flowering of Seed Geraniums1
Authors: Miranda Ricardo M. , Carlson William H.
Published: August 2022

‘Sprinter Scarlet’ and ‘Sprinter Salmon’ geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey) treated with repeated applications of (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (chlormequat, CCC) at 1500 ppm and of α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine-methanol (ancymidol, A-Rest) at 200 ppm flowered significantly earlier than control plants, but differences among growth retardant treatments were non-significant. Growth control increased both with delay in treatment and with increasing number of applications. Flower initiation, as determined by microscopic examination of apical meristems, occurred 1 to 2 weeks earlier in growth-retardant treated plants.
Changes of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Content in Ripening Fruits in Relation to their Ethylene Production Rates1
Authors: Hoffman Neil E. , Yang Shang Fa
Published: August 2022

Changes in the level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were compared to ethylene production during fruit ripening of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) banana (Musa sapientum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Preclimacteric tissues contained less than 0.1 nmol/g of ACC in all tissues. In avocado, the level of ACC increased to 45 nmol/g in the later stage of the climacteric rise, then decreased to 5 nmol/g, and later increased to over 100 nmol/g in overripe fruit. In banana ACC increased to 5 nmol/g during the climacteric, decreased to 2 nmol/g several days after the climacteric peak, and increased up to 5 nmol/g in overripe fruit. Levels of ACC in tomato ranged from 0.1 to 10 nmol/g and were significantly correlated with ethylene production rates in all but overripe fruits. The correlation between the ACC content and the production of ethylene is discussed.
Performance of ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit and ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees on Eighteen Rootstocks in a Closely Spaced Planting1,2
Authors: Castel William S. , Phillips R. L.
Published: August 2022

The performance of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] on 18 rootstocks was evaluated with trees spaced 3.1 × 4.6 m and planted in 1968 in a deep, sandy soil. Rootstocks had significant effects on tree size, yield, production efficiency (kg of fruit/m3 of canopy), fruit quality and the quantity of soluble solids/tree. The largest, most productive trees were generally those on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) in contrast to the smallest trees on the hybrid C. sunki Hort. ex Tanaka × Swingle trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.). Rootstocks that showed promise for use in close-spaced plantings were Rubidoux trifoliate orange, Rusk citrange (P. trifoliata × C. sinensis) Koethen sweet orange × Rubidoux, Rangpur lime (C. limonia Osb.) × Troyer citrange, and a mandarin.
Glucanases in Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Hinton D. M. , Pressey R.
Published: August 2022

β-1, 3-glucanase (laminarinase, EC 3.2.1.6) activity was detected in apples, asparagus, beets, cantaloupes, carrots, cherries, cucumbers, peaches, squash and tomatoes. During ripening in peaches and tomatoes, enzyme activities increased as fruit firmness decreased. Gel chromatography revealed that some of the extracts contained two β-1, 3-glucanases differing in molecular weight, pH optimum, and thermostability.
Stomatal Response of Three Birch Species Exposed to Varying Acute Doses of SO21
Authors: Biggs A. R. , Davis D. D.
Published: August 2022

Seedlings of 3 birch species were exposed to either 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2 ppm SO2 for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours. Stomatal conductance rate measurements of 10 plants were taken prior to and immediately following each exposure. The percentage of leaf tissue injured by SO2 was estimated 72 hours after exposure. Stomatal conductance rates of European white birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and yellow birch (B. lutea Michx. f.) increased after exposure to 0.3 ppm SO2 for 1 and 2 hours, and decreased in response to all other doses of SO2. Stomatal conductance rates of gray birch (B. populifolia Marsh.) increased only after exposure to 0.6 ppm SO2 for 1 and 3 hours and decreased in response to all other dosages. European white birch was slightly more susceptible to SO2than gray birch, whereas yellow birch was tolerant.
Resistance of Pin Oak Progenies to Iron Chlorosis1
Authors: Berrang Paul , Steiner Kim C.
Published: August 2022

Progenies of individual pin oaks (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) from 19 natural and 2 cultivated populations were evaluated for severity of iron chlorosis in solution culture and soil environments. Variation among progenies of different parents was statistically significant in all cases; but rankings varied considerably among experimental environments. Population means differed significantly in 2 experiments. There was a weak geographic pattern to population means: populations from northcentral and northwestern portions of the species’ range were consistently among those most resistant to chlorosis. One population from northern Illinois appears particularly promising as a candidate for testing and selection.
ABA Content and Levels of GA-like Substances in Asparagus Buds and Roots in Relation to Bud Dormancy and Growth1
Authors: Matsubara Sachiko
Published: August 2022

A high concentration of inhibitors which were as high as that of gibberellin (GA)-like substances was found in young asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) spears using the rice seedling bioassay, and one of inhibitors was identified as abscisic acid (ABA) by gas chromatography. Endogenous ABA was extracted more thoroughly from the lyophilized materials than from frozen tissue. ABA level was the highest in tops including growing points of spears, and was always higher in the distal half than in the proximal, and higher in the cortex than in the pith. Free ABA levels tended to increase with the development of spears, while bound ABA levels remained the same irrespective of age. Three peaks of ABA were found in crown buds and root tips in March or April, August and December. Presumably asparagus crowns were in the deepest dormancy around the middle of December. Clearly the degree of dormancy from October to January paralleled ABA levels in crown buds and root tips. Endogenous levels of ABA in buds at developing stages was found highest in the resting buds.
Onset, Intensity, and Dissipation of Rest in Several Pecan Cultivars1
Authors: Amling H. J. , Amling K. A.
Published: August 2022

Onset, intensity, and dissipation of the physiological state of rest were determined in buds of several cultivars of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch]. ‘Stuart’ exhibited the highest rest intensity and ‘Desirable’ the least. Onset of rest in ‘Desirable’ and ‘Stuart’ buds occurred prior to the advent of chilling temperatures below 7.2°C. Further intensification of rest occurred with initial 70 hours accumulated exposure to chilling temperature. Number of days to bud break on shoots collected after 70 hours exposure to field chilling could not be reduced to that obtained before such exposure regardless of additional cold treatment until late winter. Rest intensity was sharply increased in buds of some cultivars under controlled conditions upon initial exposure to 1.2°C when petiole stumps or green fruit were present, thereafter rest was dissipated with additional cold treatment.
Relative Humidity Affects in Vivo Pollen Germination and Seed Production in Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Perfection’1
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: August 2022

Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Perfection’ inflorescences pollinated at high (100%) relative humidity (RH) revealed excellent in vivo pollen germination and produced seed. Those pollinated at low (40-50%) RH showed almost no pollen germination and did not set seed. Anthers dehisced pollen better at high RH than at low.
Responses of Turnip Greens to Preplant Tillage Treatment1
Authors: Phatak S. C. , Glaze N. C. , Dowler C. C. , Threadgill E. D.
Published: August 2022

Preplant tillage treatments influenced growth and yield of turnip greens (Brassica campestris L. Rapifera group). Yields in response to moldboard plow, subsoil-bed and subsoil-plant treatments were not significantly different on either Tifton sandy loam or Lakeland sand. Yields with the above tillage treatments were significantly greater than with disc treatments on Lakeland sand. However, on Tifton sandy loam, only moldboard plow treatment resulted in higher yields than with disc treatments. Plants with higher top fresh and dry weights were obtained with moldboard plow treatment on Tifton sandy loam but not on Lakeland sand. Disc treatment increased soil strength and decreased root length.
Tillering of Sweet Corn Reduced by Clipping of Early Leaves1
Authors: Crockett Ron P. , Crookston R. Kent
Published: August 2022

Tiller development of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was slowed or terminated following clipping of early leaves. Clipping reduced the size or mass of tillers more than it reduced tiller number. Increasing stand density and early clipping both reduced tillering. Planting date had little effect on tiller production, with or without clipping.
Partitioning of Dry Matter in Open-pollinated and Hybrid Cultivars of Asparagus1
Authors: Benson Brian L. , Takatori Frank H.
Published: August 2022

Variations in plant growth, partitioning of dry matter and leaf area in seedling plants of F1 hybrid and open-pollinated Asparagus officinalis L. were measured and related to the yielding ability of the mature plants. The distribution of dry matter differed between hybrid (UC157) and the open-pollinated (OP) (UC72) cultivar. The root biomass was greater in the F1 throughout the experiment. From 2 to 14 weeks after emergence percent dry weight of root per plant ranged from 32 to 54 for the F1 and from 24 to 48% for the OP and percent dry weight of fern per plant ranged from 65 to 42% for the F1 and from 72 to 48% for the OP. Very high positive correlations were found between number of roots and stalks, length of stalk and root length, and “leaf” area and cladophyll dry weight.
Evaluation of Chinese Cabbage Cultivars from Japan and the People's Republic of China for Resistance to Turnip Mosaic Virus and Cauliflower Mosaic Virus1
Authors: Provvidenti R.
Published: August 2022

In greenhouse and field tests, 46 accessions of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson), recently introduced from Japan and the People's Republic of China (PRC), were evaluated for resistance to 3 major strains of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV-Cl, TuMV-C2, and TuMV-C3) and one of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV-1). Immunity and/or resistance to the TuMV strains was found among Chinese plant introductions (PI), whereas in Japanese cultivars sources of immunity or resistance were confined to the strains TuMV-C1 and TuMV-C2. None of the 46 cultivars was resistant to CaMV-1. PI 391560(1), PI 418957, PI 418959, and PI 419069 from the PRC were immune or resistant to each of the 3 strains of TuMV, representing valuable germplasm material for intra- and interspecific gene transfer. In early fall of 1979, an isolate of TuMV was recovered from a systemically infected plant of PI 391560(1). Although uncommon, resistance to this newly recognized strain (TuMV-C4) was found in plants of PI 418957. Strain specificity must be considered in developing TuMV-resistant cultivars, since their performance will depend upon the presence and distribution of the virus strains in a given locality.
Sampling Procedure for Foliar Analysis of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ‘Feuerzauber’1
Authors: Nelson Paul V. , Elliott George C. , Mingis Nancy C.
Published: August 2022

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. ‘Feuerzauber’ plants were grown with sufficient and insufficient levels of N and Ca and differences in leaf concentrations of each nutrient between the sufficient and insufficient treatments (“differential”) were determined at various times between 5 and 14 weeks after planting and for a range of leaf positions. Largest N and Ca differentials generally occurred in the same leaves. In young plants, 5 to 7 weeks old, the largest differentials occurred in the young leaves immediately below the pinch. At 8 weeks the largest differentials were found in the young leaves on the lateral shoots. With increasing plant age the largest differentials were continually found in the younger leaves on lateral shoots. Throughout the 5 to 14 week period, leaves which had the largest consistent differentials were young developing leaves at least 2 cm wide and are deemed best suited for foliar analysis.
Transmission of Red Stele Resistance by Inbred Strawberry Selections1,2
Authors: Melville A. H. , Draper A. D. , Galletta G. J.
Published: August 2022

Seedlings from a diallel set of crosses of inbred and noninbred strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) selections resistant to Phytophthora fragariae Hickman were inoculated with the 5 principal Eastern U. S. races of the fungus. The inbred selections, when selfed or intercrossed to other inbreds or to the noninbreds, did not transmit resistance to a greater portion of their progeny than the control cross, a cross of 2 noninbreds. Specific combining ability was found to be important in transmission of resistance to progeny.
Irrigation Methods and In-row Chiseling for Tomato Production1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Turner J. L. , Evans C. E.
Published: August 2022

Field studies were conducted on Plinthic and Typic Paleudult soils in central Alabama to determine the response of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), to furrow, sprinkle, and trickle irrigation with and without in-row chiseling. Irrigation by all methods and in-row chiseling increased plant heights which ranged from 70 to 120 cm at first harvest. Marketable tomato yields were influenced more by irrigation (37% increase) than by chiseling (8% increase). Yields averaged 36.7 metric tons/ha with no irrigation and 50.1 metric tons/ha with irrigation. No difference was found between irrigation methods. Amounts of irrigation water applied per season averaged 34.5 cm for furrow, 37.4 cm for sprinkle, and 16.0 cm for trickle. In-row chiseling increased yields an average of 3.7 metric tons/ha, but was significant in only 1 of 3 years.
The Three-dimensional Redistribution of Water and Solutes in a Frozen Container Medium1
Authors: Wiest Steven C.
Published: August 2022

The process of ice formation in media at container capacity was followed by sectioning the frozen medium and determining solute content in each sample using sodium fluorescein as a tracer. H2O apparently moved from the bottom and central interior regions of the container medium to the sides of the container. The phase in which movement occurred is unknown. Fluorescein moved down from the top and central interior regions to the bottom and sides of the container. The final distribution of fluorescein should indicate the location of the majority of liquid H2O due to the exclusion of solutes by ice. In the partially frozen state the greatest amount of liquid water therefore occurs near the container sides – a region normally occupied by a large proportion of the root system.
Base-line Growth Studies of ‘First Lady’ Marigold in Controlled Environments1
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Hammer P. Allen , Krizek Donald T. , Tibbitts T. W. , McFarlane J. Craig , Langhans Robert W.
Published: August 2022

‘First Lady’ marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) was grown 3 times in each of 5 different controlled environment facilities to establish baseline growth rates for this species. Plants were grown under a standardized set of environmental conditions established with a common set of standardized instruments. Data on plants grown only once in two additional laboratories are reported for comparative purposes. The variation in growth within each laboratory was greater than the average variation among laboratories for cotyledon length and width, plant weight measurements, and 3rd leaf length but not for leaf width. The base-line growth data, based on the described procedures, can be used to compare marigold growth in other controlled environments and to provide a check on the operational characteristics of research facilities.
Translocation and Distribution of 14C-photosynthates in Bearing and Nonbearing Pistachio Branches1
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Ryugo K. , Crane Julian C.
Published: August 2022

Movement of 14C-photosynthates in bearing and nonbearing branches of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) was examined during the period of inflorescence bud abscission. Most of the 14C transported from leaves accumulated in developing nuts. Inflorescence buds on defruited trees accumulated twice as much 14C-photosynthate as those on fruiting trees. Inflorescence buds competed poorly against the developing fruit for photosynthate and this might be responsible for inflorescence bud abscission and resultant alternate bearing.
Laboratory Evaluation of Some Malus Clones for Susceptibility to Girdling by Pine Voles1
Authors: Wysolmerski J. C. , Byers R. E. , Cummins James N.
Published: August 2022

A laboratory tank test was devised to evaluate susceptibility of 1-year-old stems of 111 Malus cultivars and hybrids to damage from pine voles (Microtus pinetorum Le Conte). This method allowed several clones to be tested at one time; provided the animals with a semi-natural environment in the laboratory; exposed each animal to all stems in the test; and required only small quantities of wood per clone. Cultivars displaying a high degree of resistance to pine vole gnawing included: Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid. H15; M. sieboldii (Reg.) Rehd. zumi calocarpa; M. × sublobata (Zab.) Rehd. PI 286613; NY 11928 (M. pumila niedzwetzkiana (Dieck) Schneid. × M. × atrosanguinea (Spaeth) Schneid.); M. × robusta (Carr.) Rehd. No. 5 (R5); and M. yunnanensis (Franch.) Schneid. ‘Vilmorin’. Families from R5 and PI 286613 crossed with M. pumila Mill, cultivars exhibited varying degrees of vole resistance.
Effects of pH, Osmolarity, and Oxygen on Solution Uptake by Cut Rose Flowers1
Authors: Conrado Libby Loftus , Shanahan Richard , Eisinger William
Published: August 2022

The effects of pH, osmolarity, and oxygen content on solution uptake by cut flowers of Rosa hybrida L. cvs. Cara Mia and White Satin were investigated. Solution uptake was increased at low pH (below 3) while high pH (above 6) inhibited uptake; both effects were amplified with time. Solution uptake was altered by the composition of the buffer. Maximum vase life was achieved with pH 5 solutions. The rates of uptake of various floral chemicals correlated well with the pH values. Mannitol and high concentration of sucrose significantly inhibited total solution uptake but potassium chloride did not inhibit uptake. Deoxygenated solutions were taken up 45% more rapidly during the first 2 hours, but oxygen content had no significant effect on total uptake after 72 hours. High rates of solution uptake do not seem to be required for extension of cut rose vase life.
The Influence of Genotype on Diurnal and Seasonal Patterns of Nitrogen Fixation in Southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)1
Authors: Zary K. W. , Miller J. C.
Published: August 2022

Diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogen fixation N2(C2H2) in southernpea were delineated, using 7 genotypes which differed in potential to fix nitrogen. Diurnal activity peaked at 1200 hours, at both 34 and 53 days after planting (DAP). Significant differences in total activity between genotypes were observed, with maximum activity generally coincident with full flowering. High fixing genotypes were higher in total nitrogenase activity throughout the growing season, than were the low fixing genotypes. Peak activity for the latter was found at 34 DAP, while the former peaked at 46 DAP. Mean nodule mass, nodule number and plant dry weight were greatest 53 DAP.
Sensitivity and Growth of Five Elatior Begonia Cultivars to SO2 and O3, Alone and in Combination1
Authors: Reinert R. A. , Nelson P. V.
Published: August 2022

The effect of SO2 (0.5 ppm) and O3 (0.25 ppm) were tested alone and in combination using 5 cultivars of Elatior begonia (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch). ‘Schwabenland Red’ and ‘Whisper ‘0’ Pink’ were the most sensitive to O3 based on foliage and flower weight. ‘Fantasy’ was the most sensitive to SO2 and flower production was significantly reduced without visible injury at 0.5 ppm SO2. The only significant (SO2 × O3) interaction occurred with flower weight of ‘Schwabenland Red’, where the combined effect of the 2 pollutants was less than expected from the linear additive model.
Effects of Soil Water Regime and Nitrogen Form on Blossom-end Rot, Yield, Water Relations, and Elemental Composition of Tomato1
Authors: Pill W. G. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: August 2022

Decreasing soil water potential (minima of −0.3, −2.0 and −6.0 bars) reduced fruit number, set, and mean and total fruit weight of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Under the 2 wettest soil water regimes, NH4-N compared to NO3-N fertilization reduced total and mean fruit weights but increased fruit number whereas no differences in these variables were found between N-forms under the driest regime. Incidence and severity of blossom-end rot (BER) were increased by NH4 nutrition and by decreasing soil water potential (SWP). Decreasing SWP either had no effect or increased leaf Ca, Mg, and K concentrations but decreased fruit concentration of these ions. At any soil water regime, NH4 fertilization decreased leaf Ca and Mg concentration but generally increased leaf K and fruit Ca, Mg, and K concentrations. While BER incidence and severity did not appear to be related to fruit Ca, Mg, and K concentration, the disorder was associated with increased stylar to calyx fruit-half concentration ratios of these ions. Basal (pre-dawn) leaf xylem pressure potential (ψp) was unaffected by N nutrition but was greater (less negative) under the wettest regime. Compared to plants supplied with NO3-N whose minimal and mean light-saturation ψp values decreased with decreasing SWP, plants given NH4-N reached a constant ψp level regardless of soil water regime. Since leaf diffusive resistance (RL) values increased with decreasing SWP, but were unaffected by N form, the lower transpiration and transpiration rates under NH4-N might be explained by increased non-leaf resistances to water flux and/or by reduced soil-plant water potential gradients.
Respiratory Rate, Ethylene Production, and Ripening Response of Avocado Fruit to Ethylene or Propylene following Harvest at Different Maturities1
Authors: Eaks Irving L.
Published: August 2022

The respiratory rate, ethylene production and softening of untreated and treated (propylene or ethylene) avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill, cv Hass) were determined during growth and maturation using fruit harvested monthly from August to July. Untreated immature fruit harvested in August exhibited a climacteric, produced ethylene and softened after 18, 21 and 18.5 days, respectively. Treatment of these immature fruit for 1 to 3 days beginning 1 day after harvest stimulated respiration during the treatment, but the respiratory rate decreased to the level of the untreated fruit within 1 day after the treatment was terminated and they subsequently paralleled the response of the untreated fruit. Ethylene production was not induced by the treatment in immature fruit, but was in mature fruit. The climacteric peak rate and the peak rate of ethylene production increased as the fruit matured. The days to the climacteric peak and days to soften decreased as the season progressed. The ethylene or propylene treated fruit had a progressively shorter time to the climacteric and to softening as they matured compared to the untreated fruit.
Evaluation of Fall Treatment with Broadspectrum Chemicals and Nematicides for Production of Pepper, Tomato, and Cabbage Transplants in Southern Georgia1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Phatak S. C. , McCarter S. M. , Johnson A. W. , Glaze N. C.
Published: August 2022

The broadspectrum soil fumigants methyl bromide-chloropicrin (67-33%) gas mixture at 392 kg/ha, methyl bromide-chloropicrin (67-31%) gel at 246 kg/ha, DD-MENCS at 187 and 327 liters/ha, metham at 748 liters/ha, and the nematicides, phenamiphos at 9 kg/ha and ethylene dibromide (85%) at 56 liters/ha, were evaluated for soil pest control in vegetable transplant production. Methyl bromide-chloropicrin gas mixture and the 2 rates of DD-MENCS increased marketable transplant yields of pepper (Capsium annuum L.), tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) by 1,235%, 118%, and 29%, respectively, over that of the nontreated. These treatments also increased the fresh weights of plants, reduced populations of Pythium spp., Fusarium spp., plant parasitic nematodes, and weeds. Metham and methyl bromidechloropicrin gel were generally less effective than methyl bromide-chloropicrin gas or DD-MENCS. Neither phenamiphos nor ethylene dibromide reduced root-galls on tomato below detectable levels nor improved the marketable yield of the 3 crops. Fall fumigation provided several advantages over spring fumigation.
Inheritance of Maturity, Head Weight, Non-wrapper Leaf Weight, and Stalk Weight in Cabbage1
Authors: Summers W. L. , Honma S.
Published: August 2022

A comparison of inheritance patterns and heritability estimates from a NCII crossing model which included green and red cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group) indicated differences between green × green and red × green crosses. Green × green crosses exhibit dominance for early maturity, large head weight, small non-wrapper leaf weight and small stalk weight while red × green crosses exhibit the opposite dominance pattern.
Electrostatic Application of Low-volume Microbial Insecticide Spray on Broccoli Plants1
Authors: Law S. Edward , Mills Harry A.
Published: August 2022

Use of electrostatic spray deposition for the control of insect infestation in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica group) resulted in equal or greater control in comparison to conventional methods, and utilized ½ to 1/3 the quantity of insecticide with an 8-fold reduction in application volume. Laboratory tests documented a 1.86-fold improvement in the quantity of spray tracer deposited electrostatically onto broccoli plants as compared with conventional application.
Influence of Watering Methods and Ancymidol on Two Tropical Foliage Species Held in a Simulated Interior Environment1
Authors: Blessington T. M. , Srithavaj A. A. , Singletary C. C.
Published: August 2022

Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) and Pilea depressa (Swartz) Blume were grown under different watering methods (a capillary mat and controlled volume of 250 ml/15 cm pot twice a week) and treated with the growth retardant alpha-cyclopropyl-alpha-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) as a soil drench at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg/15 cm pot and later held for 6 weeks in a simulated interior environment (SIE) with a controlled temperature of 18 ± 1°C and light intensity of 1080 lux. Ancymidol treatments retarded internode length and stem length of E. aureum regardless of watering methods. Fresh weight was not influenced by ancymidol but was affected by type of watering. Ancymidol retarded internode length and stem length of P. depressa and reduced fresh weight regardless of watering methods.
Effects of Soil Fumigation, Rotation, and Nitrogen on Yield, Petiole NO3-N, and Verticillium Wilt of Potatoes1
Authors: O’Sullivan John , Reyes Andres A.
Published: August 2022

The effects of soil fumigation with Telone C-17 on yield, petiole NO3-N levels and verticillium wilt (incited by Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth and V. dahliae Kleb.) of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown continuously and in a 2-year rotation with corn since 1972 at 8 rates of nitrogen were studied in 1978 and 1979. Soil fumigation resulted in significant yield increases where potatoes were grown continuously. Potatoes grown in rotation responded to fumigation only in 1979. Continuous culture of potatoes resulted in reduced yields in both years. Nitrate-N levels were substantially lower in petioles from fumigated plots than in non-fumigated plots. Yield responses from fumigation and rotation were the result of reduced severity of verticillium wilt infestation. Soil fumigation and rotation had equal effects on yield and verticillium wilt, particularly in 1979.
Inheritance of Resistance to Race 2 Anthracnose in Watermelon1
Authors: Suvanprakorn Kamolvan , Norton J. D.
Published: August 2022

Inheritance of resistance to Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Halst. race 2 in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai) was determined in progeny from crosses between resistant plant introductions (PIs) 189225, 271778, and 326515 and susceptible cultivars ‘Charleston Gray’, ‘Jubilee’, ‘Crimson Sweet’ and AWB-10 advanced line. Parents and progenies were screened for resistance in field and greenhouse plantings. Resistance of F1 plants indicated resistance was dominant. The F2 plants segregated 3 resistant: 1 susceptible. The backcross of the F1 to the susceptible parent segregated 1:1. Resistance in all Pis tested was controlled by a single dominate gene pair.
Thrips Mortality and Strawberry Quality after Vacuum Fumigation with Acetaldehyde or Ethyl Formate1,2
Authors: Aharoni Yair , Stewart Joseph K. , Guadagni Dan G. , Mon Thomas R.
Published: August 2022

Vacuum fumigation at 560 mm Hg for 3 hr with acetaldehyde (Aa) at 1.75% in 70% CO2 killed 100% of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). However, the Aa treated berries were generally detectable in taste tests during the ensuing 3 days. Some panelists could distinguish the different taste of the treated strawberries from control samples even after 7 days. Ethyl formate (EF) in concentrations as low as 0.5% for 1 hr at 30 mm Hg pressure killed 100% of the thrips. EF fumigation affected neither taste nor odor of the berries during a subsequent 9 days of storage at 1°C. Fumigation with Aa in 70% CO2 decreased berry decay by 69%, but EF had no effect on decay. The concentration of EF, which was determined on the day of treatment and during the ensuing 4 days, was 0.2 ppm or lower in the treated strawberries. This concentration did not differ significantly from that in the controls and is at least 100 times less than the odor threshold concentration for EF.
Pine Vole Control with Anticoagulant Baits in Apple Orchards1
Authors: Byers R. E.
Published: August 2022

Commercially formulated baits of 3-[3-4’-bromo[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl) l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (brodifacoum, BFC, Volak), 2-[(p-chlorophenyl) phenylacetyl]-1,3-indandione (chlorophacinone, CPN, Rozol), and 2-diphenylacetyl-1,2-indandione (diphacinone, DPN, Ramik-Brown) hand placed at 5.6 kg/ha (5 lb./acre), 11.2 kg/ha (10 lb./acre), and 11.2 kg/ha (10 lb./acre), respectively, were effective pine vole control agents. Hand-placed baits were more effective under adverse weather conditions than broadcast baits. Cellophane packaged BFC bait placed under site covers gave excellent control and greatly protected bait from soil moisture and spoilage. Broadcast treatments of anticoagulant baits gave good control at the following rates: 1 application of BFC at 16.8 kg/ha (15 lb./acre), 3-[3-(4’-bromo [1,1’-biphenyl]-4-y)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (bromodialone, BDL, Maki) at 16.8 kg/ha (15 lb./acre), and 1 application CPN at 22.4 kg/ha (20 lb./acre), or 2 applications of DPN at 22.4 kg/ha (20 lb./acre) each.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Puree from Once-over Harvested Strawberries1
Authors: Spayd S. E. , Morris J. R.
Published: August 2022

Fruits of ‘Cardinal’ and A-5344 strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) were once-over harvested and sorted into 5 maturity categories: immature green, mature green, inception, firm ripe, and processing ripe. Purees of each maturity were characterized for their potential contribution to the quality of puree obtained from a once-over strawberry harvest. As the berry matured, weight, percent soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and water-soluble pectins increased. Total solids, acidity, total phenols, puree viscosity, cellulose, protopectin, peroxidase activity (PO), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity decreased with increasing fruit maturity. Presence of chlorophyll, lack of anthocyanins, higher total phenols, and PO and PPO activity found in the green fruits could be potentially detrimental to puree quality. Higher puree viscosity which resulted from higher cellulose and protopectin levels and lower water-soluble pectins in the green berries would be beneficial to strawberry puree quality.
Axillary Meristem Development in Mammillaria elongata DC (Cactaceae)1
Authors: Johnson J. L. , Emino E. R.
Published: August 2022

Axillary meristems of Mammillaria elongata DC were studied with a scanning electron microscope using fresh tissue to determine their degree of development and suitability as explants in tissue culture investigations. Meristems were excised at regular intervals along the stem. The axillary meristem reached maximum size about 10 cm and maximum development about 15 cm below the stem tip. Axillary meristems closer to the base of the stem were less developed. In fully developed meristems, leaf primordia were initiated in a spiral acropetal sequence at the margins of the apical dome, resulting in a phyllotaxis of 8 + 13 contact parastichies of tubercles on the developed stem. Enlarged leaf primordia were 1- or 3-lobed and about 75 μm in length. No flower initiation or lateral branch development was observed; however, a corky region, the result of aborted or senesced flowers, was observed in several axils. Variability in development or absence of axillary meristems in several axils make M. elongata axillary meristems unsuitable for critical studies on factors influencing organogenesis in tissue culture.
Accounting for Increases in the Harvest Index of Sweet Corn following Early Leaf Clipping1
Authors: Crockett Ron P. , Crookston R. Kent
Published: August 2022

Increases in the harvest index of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) following clipping of early leaves were found to be the result of a reduction in plant stover, and not an increase in ear fresh weight. All stover components were reduced, but tillers were most affected. Early clipping reduced leaf area, but had no effect on percent stalk-stored soluble solids. Examination of stem apices following clipping suggested that the greater reduction in stover compared to ears was due to a longer interruption in vegetative growth than in reproductive development.
Morphological Changes during Lettuce Seed Priming and Subsequent Radicle Development1
Authors: Guedes A. C. , Cantliffe D. J. , Nell T. A.
Published: August 2022

‘Minetto’ lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.) were germinated at 35°C after different initial imbibition periods at 20°. No germination occurred at 35° in untreated seeds when the imbibition period was less than 6 hours. Maximum germination occurred after the seeds were imbibed for 16 hours. Most seeds primed in 1% K3PO4 at 15° for 9 hours then redried, germinated at 35°. However, germination increased gradually by increasing the time of early imbibition exposure to 9 hours. The endosperm membrane of seeds primed for 9-18 hours in a 1% K3PO4 solution did not rupture. Rupture of the membrane was evident after 21 hours of priming. A progressive loosening of the membrane after 9 hours of priming may be indicative of membrane weakening, possibly enhancing seed germination at high temperature.