bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluid modern ethnic spaces: contesting the spatial ordering of the State in Bolivia
Authors: Regalsky Pablo
Published: November 2007

Relationships between the Bolivian State and the emerging indigenous and peasant social movements have become increasingly fluid since the end of the 1970s. Although this process could be traced back to the 1953 Agrarian Reform, it was not until the world crisis of the 1970s and the surge in globalisation that it led to radical changes in the relationship between State and indigenous peoples. Seen from the point of view of the State, our case study of a group of Quechua communities seems to illustrate a process of fragmentation leading to ungovernability and disorder. This understanding has to do with a lack of ‘legibility’. However here I replace that ‘image’ of disorder with another ‘feeling’ of cultural ordering, one that emerges from indigenous people's livelihoods, strategies and governance from below. I argue for understanding the apparent lack of governance as the expression of an autonomous reorganising process that leads to the regrouping and expansion of indigenous localities linked into new forms of regionalisation.
TRANSFERS FROM MIGRANTS TO THEIR CHILDREN: EVIDENCE THAT ALTRUISM AND CULTURAL FACTORS MATTER
Authors: Wolff François‐Charles , Spilerman Seymour , Attias‐Donfut Claudine
Published: November 2007

This paper focuses on the determinants of financial inter vivos transfers by migrants living in France in 2003 to their adult children. From a theoretical viewpoint, such transfers may be explained either by altruism or by exchange. While parents would direct their assistance to their less well off children under altruism, support should be channeled to children who live nearby their parents under the exchange motive. We assess the relevance of these two motives using the French PRI survey. Unequal sharing is frequently observed and children are more likely to receive financial transfers when they are in poor circumstance, but not necessarily when living in proximity to parents. We also emphasize the role of cultural factors as determinants of the parental allocation among children. Muslim parents, in particular, are more likely to make transfers to sons than to daughters.
USING OVERLAPPING AND INCOMPLETE TIME SERIES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF COST OF LIVING INDICES
Authors: Pérez‐Castroviejo P. M. , Tusell F.
Published: November 2007

We address the estimation of cost of living indices from time series which are incomplete, in a way that exploits all available information, while also giving an indication of the uncertainty associated with the estimation. The method used allows for multiple sources of prices for a single item, extending over the same or partially overlapping time ranges. We describe summarily the methodology and demonstrate its use in the estimation of a cost of living index for Biscaye (North of Spain), for the period 1862–1940.
Expression of E‐cadherin in canine anal sac gland carcinoma and its association with survival*
Authors: Polton G. A. , Brearley M. J. , Green L. M. , Scase T. J.
Published: November 2007

The objective of this study was to determine whether an association could be demonstrated between survival and the expression of the adhesion molecule E‐cadherin by the neoplastic cells in a group of dogs with anal sac gland carcinomas (ASGCs). Archived formalin‐fixed, paraffin wax‐embedded primary tumour specimens were obtained for 36 cases of canine ASGC with known clinical management and survival data. Immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate E‐cadherin expression by the neoplastic cells and data were evaluated for an association between E‐cadherin expression and survival. On univariate analysis, the median survival time for cases with tumours expressing E‐cadherin in more than 75% of cells was significantly greater than that for cases with tumours expressing E‐cadherin in fewer than 75% of cells (1168 versus 448 days, P = 0.0246). Both E‐cadherin expression and presence or absence of distant metastases were significantly associated with survival on multivariate analysis. This study demonstrates that expression of E‐cadherin at the cytoplasmic membrane in canine ASGCs is variable and potentially predictive of survival.
Transforming mylonitic metagranite by open‐system interactions during melt flow
Authors: HASALOVÁ P. , ŠTÍPSKÁ P. , POWELL R. , SCHULMANN K. , JANOUŠEK V. , LEXA O.
Published: November 2007

Gneisses and migmatites of the Gföhl unit (Moldanubian Zone, Bohemian Massif) range from banded mylonitic orthogneiss with recrystallized monomineralic bands, through stromatic (metatexite) and schlieren (inhomogeneous diatexite) migmatite, to isotropic nebulite (homogeneous diatexite). This sequence was classically attributed to increasing degree of anatexis. Under the microscope, the evolution is characterized by progressive destruction of the monomineralic banding that characterizes the original mylonitic orthogneiss. Throughout, the mineral assemblage is biotite–K‐feldspar–plagioclase–quartz ± garnet ± sillimanite, but the mineral compositions exhibit systematic changes with progressive disintegration of the layering. From banded orthogneiss to nebulite, the garnet composition changes systematically, Alm75→94Prp17→0.8Grs2.5→1.2Sps2→11 and XFe = 0.45→0.99 and for biotite, XFe = 0.80→1. This is consistent with a decrease in equilibration temperature and pressure of 790 °C and 8.5–6 kbar, to 690 °C and 5–4 kbar respectively. There is also a systematic change of whole‐rock composition, marked by an increase in SiO2 (71→77 wt%) and XFe (0.62→0.85) and by a decrease in Al2O3 (16→13 wt%) and CaO (1.50→0.43 wt%). Assuming that the rocks started with the same composition, these systematic changes indicate open‐system behaviour. The predicted consequences of various open‐system processes are assessed using thermodynamic modelling. The observed variations are interpreted as being a consequence of melt flow through, and interaction with the rocks, and, to change the rock composition sufficiently, a large volume of melt must have been involved.
Does Early Migraine Treatment Shorten Time to Headache Peak and Reduce Its Severity?
Authors: Hu X. Henry , Ng‐Mak Daisy , Cady Roger
Published: November 2007

Objective.— To explore whether early treatment would shorten the duration of headache from headache onset to its peak and reduce headache severity at peak.

Background.— Prior clinical studies almost exclusively focused on headache relief after dosing. No data are available on whether early intervention affects the duration from headache onset to peak and headache severity at peak.

Methods.— Adult migraineurs were enrolled in this observational study from multi‐site headache clinics. Patients recorded their migraine experiences via an electronic diary over 1 month. Patients reported the time and pain severity at onset, dosing, and peak. We used a linear mixed model to evaluate the impact of the timing of treatment and to adjust for covariates and correlation of observations within subjects.

Results.— A total of 182 patients reported 970 migraine episodes, 620 of which were treated before headaches progressed to peak. Mean time from headache onset to peak varied from 1.9 hours to 8.9 hours for patients treated within 15 minutes of onset and those who waited for 4 or more hours, respectively. However, early intervention was not associated with reduced headache severity at peak. In multivariate analysis, early treatment, use of triptans, and mild migraine headache in the past 3 months were significantly associated with shorter time from onset to headache peak. A separate model indicated that the timing of medication was not associated with the duration between dosing and headache peak, but use of triptans shortened the time from dosing to headache peak.

Conclusions.— Early treatment and use of triptans may lead to shorter duration from migraine headache onset to its peak but did not alleviate headache severity at peak. This could result in decreased migraine burden by reducing total migraine headache duration.
Increased Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase‐9 Levels in Migraineurs
Authors: Imamura Keiko , Takeshima Takao , Fusayasu Emi , Nakashima Kenji
Published: November 2007

Background and Objective.— Cortical spreading depression and neurogenic inflammation have been hypothesized to be key steps in the development of migraine headache. Recent studies have highlighted matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) in cortical spreading depression, neurogenic inflammation, and cerebral ischemia. To seek their possible association, we investigated plasma MMP‐9 levels in migraineurs during headache‐free periods.

Methods.— Plasma MMP‐9 levels in 84 migraine subjects and 61 controls were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, 23 patients with tension type headache were included in the study as comparative subjects.

Results.— The MMP‐9 levels in migraineurs (42.5 ± 4.6 ng/mL, mean ± SE) were significantly higher than those in controls (25.4 ± 2.7 ng/mL, P < .005). Those levels in tension type headache subjects (24.6 ± 4.8 ng/mL) did not differ from those in controls. There was no significant difference between subjects having migraine with aura and those without aura. The MMP‐9 levels did not correlate with age, duration of illness, frequency of migraine attack, duration of headache attack, or medication for headache. Mean plasma MMP‐9 levels were the highest in subjects from whom blood samples were taken 2‐4 days after their latest attack.

Conclusions.— The degradation of extracellular matrix showing the increase of MMP‐9 in migrainurs may be associated with an abnormality in their blood vessel permeability. MPP‐9 plays some role in migraine pathophysiology. Further studies of MMPs are necessary to elucidate their role.
Percutaneous Balloon Compression for Trigeminal Neuralgias and Autonomic Cephalalgia
Authors: Constantoyannis Constantine , Kagadis George , Chroni Elisabeth
Published: November 2007

Objective.— This prospective study aimed to evaluate the results of percutaneous trigeminal ganglion balloon compression (BC) in patients with various types of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and autonomic cephalalgia.

Methods.— Twenty‐five consecutive patients underwent BC and were followed up for 27‐60 months. They were divided into 2 groups: group A (n = 18) patients with idiopathic TN and group B (n = 7) patients with secondary TN (n = 5) and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC) (n = 2).

Results.— Postoperatively, 15 patients in group A experienced pain relief, one required medication and 2 had no response; in group B, 6 were free of pain, including the 2 patients with TAC, and one required medication. Complications in both groups were either functionally trivial or infrequent. None of the patients developed keratitis or anesthesia dolorosa. Pain recurrence occurred early (<6 months) in one patient from group B, and late in 2 patients from group A.

Conclusion.— Balloon compression is a minimally invasive procedure that seems to be comparably successful for idiopathic and secondary TN, as well as TAC. However, further studies are deemed necessary to establish it as the first‐line treatment in medically resistant trigeminal pain.
Concomitant Triptan and SSRI or SNRI Use: A Risk for Serotonin Syndrome
Authors: Sclar David A. , Robison Linda M. , Skaer Tracy L.
Published: November 2007

Objective.— To discern the prevalence of concomitant use of a triptan and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or a selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in the USA.

Background.— In July, 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration warned patients and health‐care professionals to be aware that use of a triptan in combination with an SSRI or an SNRI may result in a potentially life‐threatening problem known as serotonin syndrome.

Methods.— We used weighted data from the US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for years 2003 and 2004 to derive national estimates of the number of office‐based visits documenting concomitant use of a triptan and an SSRI or an SNRI.

Results.— During the time frame 2003‐04, an annualized mean of 3,874,367 patients were prescribed a triptan, and 50,402,149 patients were prescribed an SSRI or an SNRI. An annualized mean of 694,276 patients were simultaneously prescribed or continued use of a triptan along with an SSRI or SNRI.

Conclusion.— Our study documents that 1.3% of patients prescribed a triptan or an SSRI or an SNRI were prescribed the potentially fatal combination. While this is a small fraction overall, the actual number of patients on a nationwide basis is significant (n = 694,276).
TDIQ (5,6,7,8–tetrahydro‐1,3‐dioxolo [4,5‐g]isoquinoline): Discovery, Pharmacological Effects, and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Young Richard
Published: November 2007

Chemically, TDIQ (5,6,7,8–tetrahydro‐1,3‐dioxolo[4,5‐g]isoquinoline) can be viewed as a conformationally restricted phenylalkylamine that is related in structure to amphetamine but does not stimulate (or depress) locomotor activity in rodents. In radioligand binding studies TDIQ displays selective affinity for α2‐adrenergic receptor subsites (i.e., α2A‐, α2B‐, and α2C‐adrenergic receptors), and behavioral data suggest that it might exert an agonist (or partial agonist) effect at α2‐adrenergic receptors or interact at α2‐adrenergic heteroreceptors. Drug discrimination studies in rats indicate that TDIQ: (1) serves as a discriminative stimulus, (2) may be useful in the treatment of symptoms associated with the abuse of cocaine, and (3) exhibits a low potential for abuse. In addition, TDIQ exhibits a dose‐dependent and wide dissociation between doses that produce an anxiolytic‐like effect or an inhibition of “snack” consumption in mice and doses that produce minimal, if any, effects in tests that measure a potential for disruption of coordinated movement or motor activity. Also, TDIQ displays negligible effects on the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of mice. Taken together, the preclinical data suggest that TDIQ exhibits a favorable ratio of therapeutic‐like effects (anxiolytic, therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of cocaine abuse, and appetite suppression) to side effect‐like activities (behavioral impairment, drug abuse, or adverse cardiovascular effect). As such, TDIQ could: (1) be a forerunner for a new type of chemical entity in the treatment of certain forms of anxiety and/or obesity and (2) serve as a structural template in the discovery and development of additional agents that might be selective for α2‐adrenergic receptors.
The Preclinical Properties of a Novel Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonist LY379268
Authors: Imre Gabor
Published: November 2007

Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2/3) receptors reduces excessive glutamate release that is often associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. This finding encouraged the search for potent and selective agonists as potential therapeutic agents. The search led to the discovery of LY379268 {(‐)‐2‐oxa‐4‐aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane‐4,6‐dicarboxylic acid}, which is a highly potent and systemically available mGlu2/3 receptor agonist. LY379268 was effective in several animal models of stroke, epilepsy, drug abuse, schizophrenia, and pain. Suppression of motor activity is the major side effect of LY379268. Upon repeated administration tolerance develops to this side effect, while the therapeutic effects of LY379268 remain. To date, no clinical data with LY379268 are available. This review article summarizes the preclinical pharmacology of LY379268.
Long‐Term Clinical Benefit of Sirolimus‐Eluting Stents Compared to Bare Metal Stents in the Treatment of Saphenous Vein Graft Disease
Authors: MINUTELLO ROBERT M. , BHAGAN SHERRITA , SHARMA ATUL , SLOTWINER ALEXANDER J. , FELDMAN DMITRIY N. , CUOMO LINDA J. , WONG S. CHIU
Published: November 2007

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sirolimus‐eluting stents (SES) in the treatment of saphenous vein graft (SVG) disease.

Background:

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of SVG lesions with bare metal stents (BMS) is associated with frequent in‐stent restenosis, progression of disease in nonstented SVG segments, and suboptimal clinical outcomes. While SES have been shown to reduce restenosis rates in various native lesion subsets, the long‐term clinical impact of SES use in SVG lesions is less clear.

Methods:

We compared our first 59 patients who underwent SES implantation in SVGs with 50 consecutive patients who received BMS in an equivalent time period prior to SES availability. Clinical outcomes were compared in both groups.

Results:

Baseline clinical variables between the two groups were similar. Mean graft age in the SES cohort was older than that in the BMS cohort (12.9 years vs. 9.4 years). At follow‐up, the SES group had a 24.6% absolute lower incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (25.4% vs. 50.0%), driven by a 20.7% absolute lower incidence of target vessel revascularization (TVR) (15.3% vs. 36.0%). The SES treatment group had a 24.1% lower rate of clinical restenosis (11.9% vs. 36.0%). The use of a SES was an independent negative predictor of MACE at a mean follow‐up of 20 months (odds ratio [OR]= 0.48,P = 0.03).

Conclusions:

Despite the placement of longer stents in patients with older, smaller SVGs, the use of SES in the treatment of SVG lesions appears to be safe and is associated with less clinical restenosis and more favorable long‐term clinical outcomes as compared with BMS.
Use of Stent Grafts and Coils in Vessel Rupture and Perforation
Authors: YEO KHUNG KEONG , ROGERS JASON H. , LAIRD JOHN R.
Published: November 2007

Vessel rupture and perforation are important complications of percutaneous treatment of coronary and peripheral arterial disease. These complications can result in abrupt vessel closure, distal organ injury, bleeding into the surrounding tissue, and death. Prompt management of such complications is therefore critically important. This paper reviews the management of vessel rupture and perforation, including the use of different types of covered stents (balloon‐expandable and self‐expanding), as well as the various types of embolization coils. Particular focus will be placed on percutaneous coronary artery and peripheral arterial interventions.
ASD/PFO Devices: What Is in the Pipeline?
Authors: MAJUNKE NICOLAS , SIEVERT HORST
Published: November 2007

Since the initial description of an atrial septal defect (ASD) occluding device in the mid‐1970s by King and Mills,
a number of devices have been developed. To date, various transcatheter devices and methods to close congenital heart defects are currently available commercially or within clinical trials. Devices have been designed specifically for the ASD and patent foramen ovale (PFO). The trend in interventional treatment of intracardiac shunts is toward defect‐specific systems and new devices minimizing the foreign material left in the atria. This review first focuses on new devices that are not approved in the United States but are elsewhere, and then reviews the experimental devices for PFO and ASD closure.
Modélisation spatiale de la pauvretéà Montréal: apport méthodologique de la régression géographiquement pondérée
Authors: APPARICIO PHILIPPE , SÉGUIN ANNE‐MARIE , LELOUP XAVIER
Published: November 2007

Spatial Modeling of Poverty in Montréal: Methodological Contribution of the Geographically Weighted Regression

The Island of Montréal is particularly concerned with the issue of poverty. In 2000, 29 percent of its inhabitants lived under the low income cut‐offs as defined by Statistics Canada. However, poverty is not a homogeneous phenomenon at the intra‐urban scale, and identifying and categorizing spaces of poverty has become a main concern for ongoing researches. According to this way of thinking, this paper proposes an analysis of the factors influencing the geographical distribution of poverty on the Island of Montréal. To be able to identify properly the various profiles of poverty, this analysis uses a specific methodology, the geographically weighted regression (GWR), and compares its results with the ones of a classical regression model. At the global level, the most important factors to explain poverty are in order: unemployment, lone‐parent families, one person households, recent immigrants, part time or part year workers, school dropouts. At the local level,
Mining amid armed conflict: nonferrous metals mining in the Philippines
Authors: HOLDEN WILLIAM N. , JACOBSON R. DANIEL
Published: November 2007

In recent years the government of the Philippines has attempted to accelerate the growth of the nation's economy by encouraging the extraction of its mineral resources by multinational corporations. The Philippines is also a nation beset by armed violence carried out by anti‐state groups. This article discusses how the presence, and activities, of these groups generate problems for a mining‐based development paradigm. The article examines: the literature on the topic of natural resource abundance and conflict, how there have been attacks upon mines by armed groups, how mining companies have served as a target of extortion, how grievances related to mining can act as a source of conflict, how mining could disrupt the peace process with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and how mines are accompanied by a militarization of the area in their vicinity. Ultimately, violence is a manifestation of poverty and social exclusion inherent in Philippine society. Mining may not diminish, and indeed may increase, this poverty and social exclusion. Unless poverty and social exclusion is alleviated the violence will continue and alternative efforts to develop the Philippine economy will be precluded.
Optimization of pheromone lure and trap design for monitoring the fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella
Authors: Strong Ward B. , Millar Jocelyn G. , Grant Gary G. , Moreira Jardel A. , Michael Chong J. , Rudolph Carline
Published: November 2007

The major components of the sex pheromone of Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were recently identified as (9Z,11E)‐tetradecadien‐1‐yl acetate (9Z,11E‐14:Ac) and a polyunsaturated, long‐chain hydrocarbon (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)‐pentacosapentaene (C25 pentaene). The optimal ratio of these components and the role of potential minor components were not fully determined in the initial short report on the pheromone's identification. We tested different ratios of the two major components loaded into grey halobutyl rubber septum dispensers, placed in sticky traps deployed in conifer breeding arboreta. The optimal ratio of the two components was 200 µg 9Z,11E‐14:Ac to 2000 µg C25 pentaene. (Z)‐9‐Tetradecen‐1‐yl acetate, which had been identified previously in female pheromone gland extracts, and five other potential minor pheromone components, were tested individually as additions to the optimized two‐component lure blend. None of the ternary blends were more attractive than the optimized two‐component blend, at the ratios tested. Two lure adjuvants, a UV stabilizer (Sumisorb 300) and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene, added individually or together, did not affect the attractiveness of the optimized lure blend. The Pherotech diamond sticky trap baited with the optimized lure blend was the most effective trap design among eight types of sticky trap and a bucket style trap that were tested. Traps baited with synthetic lures were as attractive as traps baited with virgin female moths. The optimized two‐component lure blend in the Pherotech diamond trap is recommended for monitoring fir coneworm infestations. The availability of an effective synthetic pheromone opens the possibility for control tactics using mating disruption or attract‐and‐kill techniques.
Evaluation of survivin and NF‐κB in psoriasis, an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Abdou Asmaa Gaber , Hanout Hayam Mohamed
Published: November 2007

Background:  Suppression of apoptosis is generally one of the accepted pathogenetic mechanisms for psoriasis and any epidermal hyperproliferative states. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family mediating its apoptosis suppressive function by the inhibition of caspase pathway. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) is a transcription factor that regulates hundreds of genes including many critically involved in apoptosis. The aim of this study was to explore the role could be played by survivin and NF‐κB in psoriasis and the link between them.

Methods:  Thirty cases of lesional psoriasis, 10 perilesional and 10 control specimens from normal skin were studied by immunohistochemical method for expression of survivin and NF‐κB.

Results:  Survivin was detected in 73% of psoriatic lesions distributed either in epidermis, in endothelial cells of proliferating capillaries or in both of them. In non‐psoriatic lesions either perilesional or control specimens, survivin was confined to basal layer of epidermis, significantly up regulated in psoriasis in comparison with non‐psoriatic lesions (p = 0.0001). Nuclear expression of NF‐κB was detected in 66% of psoriatic lesions; this active phosphorylated form was significantly over expressed in psoriasis in comparison with normal skin (p = 0.0004). Diffuse nuclear expression of NF‐κB was significantly associated with up‐regulation of survivin in psoriatic plaque (p = 0.03).

Conclusions:  Survivin and NF‐κB appeared to be important factors in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Survivin could be the target of NF‐κB mediating its death signal inhibition pathway in psoriasis.
Malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (‘PEComa’): a case report and literature review of cutaneous/subcutaneous presentations
Authors: Calder Kenneth B. , Schlauder Scott , Morgan Michael B.
Published: November 2007

Perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) tumors, also called ‘PEComas,’ are distinct tumors showing PEC differentiation with characteristic histologic and immunophenotypic features. PEComas are rare tumors documented in the literature presenting in numerous anatomic sites including the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, soft tissue and skin. Criteria for malignancy does not exist for the subset of PEComas that pursue an aggressive clinical course. Herein, we present an unusual case of a malignant PEC tumor presenting as a scalp nodule in a patient with a prior diagnosis of ‘melanoma’ based upon the immunophenotypic profile of an excised enlarged cervical lymph node. The purpose of this case presentation is to further describe the rare clinical manifestations of a subcutaneous PEC tumor, emphasize the malignant potential of this entity, and review the literature focusing upon clinicopathologic features of cutaneous/subcutaneous PEComas.
Das literarische Thema in der Wissensstruktur des Lesers: Wege und Umwege zu einer kognitiven Rezeptionstheorie des literarischen Themas
Authors: Scarinzi Alfonsina
Published: November 2007

Gegenstand dieses Beitrages sind die neuen Perspektiven, die die Annäherung der Literaturwissenschaft an die Kognitionswissenschaft für die Ausarbeitung einer kognitiven Rezeptionstheorie des literarischen Themas eröffnen kann. Die zentrale Frage, die im Beitrag beantwortet wird, ist, wie die thematische Bedeutung literarischer Texte kognitiv vom Leser generiert wird. Fokussiert wird auf die Mechanismen des menschlichen Geistes, die beim Prozess der Erschließung des literarischen Themas in der Interaktion des Lesers mit dem literarischen Text in Gang gesetzt werden. Dabei wird den Fragen nachgegangen, wie in Anbetracht der kognitiven Aktivität des Lesers das literarische Thema definiert werden kann und wie sich die Literarizität eines Themas erkennen lässt. Es wird diskutiert, wie und ob sich eine im Rahmen einer kognitiven Rezeptionstheorie anwendbare Definition von Literarizität als emergierendes Merkmal eines literarischen Themas eingrenzen lässt. Es wird die Annahme geprüft, dass das literarische Thema in der Wissensstruktur und in den Erlebnis‐ und Erfahrungsgehalten des Lesers verankert ist. Angestrebt wird ein Weg zur objektiven Auswertung subjektiver thematischer Interpretationen literarischer Texte. Dieser Weg wird darin gesehen, kognitive intersubjektive mentale Operationen bei der Erschließung des literarischen Themas zu isolieren.
SNX9 Activities are Regulated by Multiple Phosphoinositides Through both PX and BAR Domains
Authors: Yarar Defne , Surka Mark C. , Leonard Marilyn C. , Schmid Sandra L.
Published: November 2007

Sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) functions at the interface between membrane remodeling and the actin cytoskeleton. In particular, SNX9 links membrane binding to potentiation of N‐WASP and dynamin GTPase activities. SNX9 is one of a growing number of proteins that contain two lipid‐binding domains, a phox homology (PX) and a Bin1/Amphiphysin/RVS167 (BAR) domain, and localizes to diverse membranes that are enriched in different phosphoinositides. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which SNX9 functions at these varied membrane environments. We show that SNX9 has low‐lipid‐binding affinity and harnesses a broad range of phosphoinositides to synergistically enhance both dynamin and N‐WASP activities. We introduced point mutations in either the PX domain, BAR domain or both that are predicted to disrupt their functions and examined their respective roles in lipid‐binding, and dynamin and N‐WASP activation. We show that the broad lipid specificity of SNX9 is not because of independent and additive contributions by individual domains. Rather, the two domains appear to function in concert to confer lipid‐binding and SNX9’s membrane active properties. We also demonstrate that the two domains are differentially required for full SNX9 activity in N‐WASP and dynamin regulation, and for localization of SNX9 to clathrin‐coated pits and dorsal ruffles. In total, our results suggest that SNX9 can integrate signals from varied lipids through two domains to direct membrane remodeling events at multiple cellular locations.
Hedgehog Theory: How to Read a Romantic Fragment Poem
Authors: Bradshaw Michael
Published: November 2007

The writing and publication of unfinished texts has long been a recognised feature of the British Romantic period. Recent scholarship has observed that the reading public in the late 18th century and early 19th century became accustomed to the fragment, and found it acceptable and even fashionable: the idea of an unfinished text evolved from being a failure of genre, into a quasi‐genre in it own right. Poets such as Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats published texts in unfinished forms, and often advertised this fact rather than apologised for it. One established critical method of reading the Romantic fragment poem is in relation to key features of German Romantic philosophy, especially the fragmentary writings of Friedrich Schlegel, who developed a theory of the artistic or philosophical fragment as a radiant moment that reached beyond its own boundaries. Modern interpretations of Romantic fragments have included formalist, deconstructionist and New Historicist approaches. This article provides a survey of the most influential overviews of the Romantic fragment, arguing for the importance of maintaining a simple common terminology that distinguishes between those fragments that were deliberately published by the author, and those that are recovered by editors. There is some analysis of examples from Coleridge, Ann Batten Cristall and Lord Byron, in which the versatility of fragment poems is explored, with an emphasis on self‐reflexivity, the text providing an allegory of its own reading. The article argues that fragment poems are highly useful in the teaching of Romanticism, since they demand bold, imaginative readings that project a resolution beyond the text, and thus dramatise in miniature some key aspects of Romantic thought and aesthetics, such as thwarted idealism, and the visionary longing for the absolute.
Contemporary Literature, Post‐Industrial Capital, and the UK Creative Industries
Authors: Brouillette Sarah
Published: November 2007

The creative industries, an important means of economic development in the post‐industrial UK, position culture as an engine that generates wealth, that encourages social cohesion, and that helps to brand distinct regions for export and consumption. Yet their relevance to contemporary literature has not yet been subject to sustained study. This article lays some groundwork for new inquiry by thinking about writers as members of a creative class. In fact they may exemplify it, as aspects of how they work, live, and value their own autonomy have proven particularly useful to current post‐industrial mandates. The idea of the autonomy of the arts has become one rationale behind their use as a plank in the construction of a brand‐based visitor economy. Brand UK is meant to strengthen diplomatic ties, encourage corporate investment, and win the loyalty of global citizen‐consumers whose appreciation for artistic freedom should guarantee their love for the products, services, and ideals that originate in the UK. Thus the arts’ ostensible freedom is emphasized, and must seem viable, for them to be available for conscription into post‐industrial government and corporate mandates. Meanwhile new economic applications for the arts influence the value, production and authority of new writing. They also affect its meaning, because writers tend to work against – by self‐consciously highlighting – instrumental uses of their texts and of their cultural cachet. This means a notable and productive tension has arisen, as writers’ attachment to their separation from corporate and state prerogatives, often reinforced in their literature, may be precisely what guarantees continued instrumental value.
Glans Reconfiguration for Management of Glanular Mutilation
Authors: Shaeer Osama , El-Sebaie Ashraf , Sherif Ahmed , El-Sadat Ahmad , Shaeer Ahmed
Published: November 2007

Introduction

The glans penis is prone to mutilation in a handful of conditions, some accidental and others iatrogenic. Deformed functioning remnants of the glans challenge the surgeon's decision. Neither is the glans totally amputated, justifying a neoglansplasty, nor are the remnants cosmetically acceptable, though retaining sensibility and engorgement.

Aim

In this work, we described the “reconfiguration of the glans penis” whereby deformed glanular tissue remnants can be made into a functional and cosmetically acceptable glans.

Methods

Five patients with separate mutilated lumps of functioning glanular tissue were operated upon. The lumps were mobilized and flattened into sheets and configured to redrape the summit of the penis, minding their vascular and nerve supply.

Main Outcome Measures

Cosmetic and functional outcome.

Results

The outcome was cosmetically acceptable for all patients in comparison to the preoperative state.

Conclusion

Glans reconfiguration may possibly confer an acceptable cosmetic outlook to a mutilated glans without compromising valuable functional characteristics.
REVISITING INTERVIEW–COGNITIVE ABILITY RELATIONSHIPS: ATTENDING TO SPECIFIC RANGE RESTRICTION MECHANISMS IN META‐ANALYSIS
Authors: BERRY CHRISTOPHER M. , SACKETT PAUL R. , LANDERS RICHARD N.
Published: November 2007

This study revisits the relationship between interviews and cognitive ability tests, finding lower magnitudes of correlation than have previous meta‐analyses; a finding that has implications for both the construct and incremental validity of the interview. Our lower estimates of this relationship than previous meta‐analyses were mainly due to (a) an updated set of studies, (b) exclusion of samples in which interviewers potentially had access to applicants' cognitive test scores, and (c) attention to specific range restriction mechanisms that allowed us to identify a sizable subset of studies for which range restriction could be accurately accounted. Moderator analysis results were similar to previous meta‐analyses, but magnitudes of correlation were generally lower than in previous meta‐analyses. Findings have implications for the construct and incremental validity of interviews, and meta‐analytic methodology in general.
UNEQUAL ATTENDANCE: THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RACE, ORGANIZATIONAL DIVERSITY CUES, AND ABSENTEEISM
Authors: AVERY DEREK R. , McKAY PATRICK F. , WILSON DAVID C. , TONIDANDEL SCOTT
Published: November 2007

Although prior evidence has demonstrated racial differences in employee absenteeism, no existing research explains this phenomenon. The present study examined the roles of 2 diversity cues related to workplace support—perceived organizational value of diversity and supervisor–subordinate racial/ethnic similarity—in explicating this demographic difference among 659 Black, White, and Hispanic employees of U.S. companies. Blacks reported significantly more absences than their White counterparts, but this difference was significantly more pronounced when employees believed their organizations placed little value on diversity. Moreover, in a form of expectancy violation, the Black–White difference was significant only when employees had racially similar supervisors (and thus would expect their companies to value diversity) and perceived that the organization placed little value on diversity.
ARE WE GETTING FOOLED AGAIN? COMING TO TERMS WITH LIMITATIONS IN THE USE OF PERSONALITY TESTS FOR PERSONNEL SELECTION
Authors: MORGESON FREDERICK P. , CAMPION MICHAEL A. , DIPBOYE ROBERT L. , HOLLENBECK JOHN R. , MURPHY KEVIN , SCHMITT NEAL
Published: November 2007

We recently published an article in which we highlighted a number of issues associated with the use of self‐report personality tests in personnel selection contexts (Morgeson et al., 2007). Both Ones, Dilchert, Viswesvaran, and Judge (2007) and Tett and Christiansen (2007) have written responses to this article. In our response to these articles we address many of the issues raised by Ones et al. and Tett and Christiansen. In addition to a detailed response, we make the following 4 key points: (1) Our criticisms of personality testing apply only to the selection context, not to all research on personality; (2) the observed validities of personality tests predicting job performance criteria are low and have not changed much over time; (3) when evaluating the usefulness of using personality tests to select applicants, one must not ignore the observed, uncorrected validity; and (4) when discussing the value of personality tests for selection contexts, the most important criteria are those that reflect job performance. Implications for personality testing research and practice are discussed.
Susceptibility of eight potato cultivars to tuber infection by Phytophthora erythroseptica and Pythium ultimum and its relationship to mefenoxam‐mediated control of pink rot and leak
Authors: Taylor R.J. , Pasche J.S. , Gudmestad N.C.
Published: November 2007

In addition to cultural practices, the application of the fungicide mefenoxam is an important disease management tactic used to control both pink rot and leak on potato tubers grown in the USA. Mefenoxam resistance has been identified in many of the potato growing regions, and therefore resistance management strategies are very important for retaining this fungicide as a tool to manage these storage rot diseases. The relationship between mefenoxam efficacy and cultivar susceptibility to pink rot and leak was assessed in post‐harvest inoculation studies. Mefenoxam was applied to potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars known to express varying levels of susceptibility to pink rot and leak caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica and Pythium ultimum, respectfully. Tubers harvested from plants treated with in‐furrow and foliar applications of mefenoxam were inoculated with isolates sensitive to the fungicide. Incidence and severity of both diseases ranged widely among cultivars. Russet Norkotah was the most susceptible to infection by P. erythroseptica, while cvs Pike and Atlantic were the most resistant. Cultivars Dark Red Norland, Russet Norkotah, Goldrush and Russet Burbank were most susceptible to infection by P. ultimum whereas Snowden was most resistant. Control of pink rot differed significantly among cultivars following mefenoxam treatment, ranging from 28% (cv. Goldrush) to 67% (cv. Snowden) and generally provided the greatest level of disease control on susceptible and moderately susceptible cultivars such as Russet Norkotah and Snowden, respectively. In contrast, the impact of mefenoxam on leak development was minimal and disease control did not differ significantly among the cultivars. The fungicide failed to control leak in the susceptible cvs Atlantic and Pike and control ranged from 1.7% to 5.2% in cvs Goldrush, Russet Norkotah, Dark Red Norland, Russet Burbank and Kennebec. The greatest level of leak control was achieved with the moderately resistant cv., Snowden, at 12.7%. Cultivars most likely to benefit from mefenoxam treatments should be targeted as part of a pink rot management programme. Judicious use of the fungicide, when matched with the level of cultivar susceptibility, may prove to be an efficient and effective approach to reduce infection rates and possibly manage mefenoxam resistance thereby maintaining longevity of the compound.
Differential activation of regions within the biceps brachii muscle during fatigue
Authors: Holtermann A. , Grönlund C. , Karlsson J. S. , Roeleveld K.
Published: November 2007

Aim:  To examine the occurrence of repeated differential activation between the heads of the biceps brachii muscle and its relation to fatigue prevention during a submaximal contraction.

Methods:  Thirty‐nine subjects carried out an isometric contraction of elbow flexion at 25% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until exhaustion. A grid of 13 by 10 electrodes was used to record surface electromyographic signals from both heads of the biceps brachii. The root‐mean‐square of signals recorded from electrodes located medially and laterally was used to analyse activation differences. Differential activation was defined as periods of 33% different activation level between the two heads of the biceps brachii muscle.

Results:  Differential muscle activation was demonstrated in 30 of 33 subjects with appropriate data quality. The frequency of differential activation increased from 4.9 to 6.6 min−1 at the end of the contractions with no change in duration of the differential activations (about 1.4 s). Moreover, the frequency of differential activation was, in general, negatively correlated with time to exhaustion.

Conclusion:  The observed differential activation between the heads of the biceps brachii can be explained by an uneven distribution of synaptic input to the motor neurone pool. The findings of this study indicate that differential activation of regions within a muscle does not prevent fatigue at a contraction level of 25% of MVC.
The diagnostic accuracy of different natriuretic peptides in the investigation of canine cardiac disease
Authors: Boswood A. , Dukes‐McEwan J. , Loureiro J. , James R. A. , Martin M. , Stafford‐Johnson M. , Smith P. , Little C. , Attree S.
Published: November 2007

Objectives: We aimed to validate and determine the accuracy of a new sandwich ELISA for canine N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) in the discrimination of canine patients with cardiac disease from those with respiratory disease and to determine the effect of confounding variables on NT‐proBNP concentrations.

Methods: Validation studies for the new assay were undertaken. Concentrations of N‐terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (NT‐proANP) and NT‐proBNP in both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma and serum were estimated in samples from 77 dogs at a laboratory blinded to the clinical status of the patient. The diagnostic accuracy of the each sample type and test was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. The effect of age, gender and indicators of renal function was evaluated using a multivariate regression analysis.

Results: Concentrations of NT‐proBNP in both serum and plasma accurately discriminated dogs with respiratory disease from those with cardiac disease, with an optimum cut‐off concentration of 210 pmol/l. NT‐proBNP concentrations were unaffected by sample type. Increasing creatinine concentration is associated with increasing concentration of NT‐proBNP. Age and gender were not found to have significant effects on natriuretic peptide concentrations in this population.

Clinical Significance: Canine NT‐proBNP appears to be a useful marker of the presence of cardiac disease, although concentrations must be interpreted in the light of the patient’s renal function.
The Geopolitics of Climate Change
Authors: Barnett Jon
Published: November 2007

This article explains the ways in which climate change is a geopolitical problem. It discusses the potential ramifications of the impacts of climate change on security, and argues that predictions of international conflicts arising from climate change are premature. It explains the spatial politics of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through an overview of the positions of the main actors in negotiations on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and argues that these positions cannot be understood merely as the product of rational choices made by disembodied states. It concludes by advocating for a subaltern and class‐based view of climate geopolitics that stresses the way it is a local and social problem as much as it is a global environmental problem.
Variability, Feedback, and Cooperative Process Dynamics: Elements of a Unifying Hydrologic Theory
Authors: Kumar Praveen
Published: November 2007

The goal of this article is to develop a framework that enables us to better understand the rich set of interactions that occur between physical and biological systems embedded in the water cycle. We begin by acknowledging that water is both a medium and a driver of interactions in the natural environment, and that the two roles are fundamentally different. As a medium, water provides habitat and life support to living systems while the variability of water flow drives both ecological and biogeochemical functions. The two roles converge within the water cycle, in which a myriad of processes (characterized as a network of positive and negative feedback cycles) interact; that is, the water cycle is a hypercycle, within which the network of natural processes self‐organizes into a hierarchy of dissipative systems. The flow of water, particularly its variability, is an important agent for communicating information across the connected dissipative systems, and determining the self‐organized, evolutionary course they follow.
Separation of haemoglobin HbE and HbA2 by the fully automated, high‐pressure liquid chromatography Tosoh HLC‐723 G7 analyzer
Authors: LIPPI G. , CARTA M. R. , SALVAGNO G. L. , BELLORIO F. , MONTAGNANA M. , SOFFIATI G. , GUIDI G. C.
Published: November 2007

High‐pressure liquid chromatography instruments specifically devised for separating haemoglobin (Hb) fractions have been increasingly employed by the hospital laboratories over the recent years since they allow easy and fast screening for several Hb variants. Although such instruments may be proposed as sensitive, specific and reliable alternatives to the classic electrophoretic techniques, a major drawback of this screening strategy is the almost identical retention time of several Hb variants. In particular, at least 18 Hb variants have been reported in the same retention window as HbA2, including HbE, the second most common β‐chain variant in humans after sickle cell trait. Recently, we evaluated the performance characteristics of an improved buffer formulation originally conceived for Hb variants separation procedures on the fully automated high‐pressure liquid chromatography instrument Tosoh G7. At variance with other fully automated high‐pressure liquid chromatography analyzers, the elution pattern on the G7 in subjects heterozygous for HbE is characterized by the presence of four suggestive peaks (HbF, HbA, HbA2 and HbE), confirming the effective separation of HbE from HbA2. Because of its potential value in the diagnosis of the thalassaemia syndromes, the effective separation of HbA2 from HbE can provide clinical laboratories with a valuable information for the diagnostic reasoning.