bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VOC Extraction from Softwood Through Low-Headspace Heating
Authors: Su Wei , Boerner James R. , Hooda Usha , Yan Hui , Banerjee Sujit , Shmulsky Rubin , Ingram Leonard L. , Conners Terrance E.
Published: October 2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), principally terpenes, released during wood drying face present or potential regulation. Two approaches are reported to control VOC release: heating green wood, or irradiating it with microwave energy, both in a low-headspace environment where evaporation is minimized. Low-headspace heating of green flakes (for OSB manufacture) releases VOCs but proportionately much less water. Hence, it is feasible to extract and collect the VOCs from green wood prior to drying, and to then dry it with lowered emissions. Irradiating flakes with microwave leads to contrasting behavior. Water is released with very little VOC loss if the flakes are microwaved in an open container. Microwaving under low-headspace conditions removes the VOCs, but retains the water in the wood. The water trapped in the wood because of the low-headspace restriction drives the VOCs out of the hydrophobic regions (e.g., resin canals) where they are principally located, into hydrophilic zones. Movement out of the hydrophilic environment and out of the wood is then quite rapid. Hence, either VOC or water release can be targeted by adjusting the headspace during microwaving. Most of the VOCs lost during drying originate from the surface, and low-headspace microwaving releases this surficial material. Hydrogen isotope exchange work shows that microwaving increases water access to the exchangeable protons in dry, or partially dry, wood tissue. The terpenes are carried out with the small amount of steam generated. Similar results are obtained with low-headspace radiofrequency (RF) irradiation of lumber; RF treatment does not induce a significant change in strength.
Localization of Wood Improvement Compounds by Microautoradiography and ESEM
Authors: Rosenqvist Marie
Published: October 2004

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, ESEM, was used to investigate microautoradiographs of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) sapwood painted with a priming oil containing 14C-labelled alkyd paint binders.

Microautoradiography is a photographic method which reveals the localization of compounds labelled with a radioactive isotope in the investigated material. The photographically developed silver grains in the microautoradiograph indicate where the labelled compounds are situated.

Microautoradiographs were investigated with ESEM in their natural state, without conventional preparation techniques which are time-consuming and may cause unwanted artefacts. It is demonstrated that the wood structure is clearly visible in the mainly transparent photographic film of the microautoradiographs. Images produced by the backscatter emission detector were of high quality, silver grains and wood structure are visible at the same time and the images are almost without artefacts due to charge built-up, which it is not possible to achieve using a conventional SEM.

The investigation of penetration into wood with microautoradiography can thus be conveniently evaluated by ESEM.
Adsorption of Liquids and Swelling of Wood IV. Temperature Dependence on the Adsorption
Authors: Morisato Kei , Kotani Hitoshi , Ishimaru Yutaka , Urakami Hiroyuki
Published: October 2004

For the purpose of understanding the swelling phenomenon of wood in liquids, the contributions of enthalpic and entropic terms to the standard free energy change of adsorption have been determined by measuring the temperature dependence of adsorption isotherms. The values of standard enthalpy change of adsorption are smaller for alcohols having both proton-accepting and -donating properties than for acetone having only a proton-accepting property. The results are discussed in terms of the proton-accepting power and the cohesive energy of the respective adsorbate liquids. Methanol showed a larger isosteric heat of adsorption to dried wood than to pre-swollen wood, and the amounts of methanol and acetone adsorbed on dried wood exceeded those on swollen wood within the low activity range. These results indicate the presence of more exothermic sites in dried wood than in pre-swollen wood, and of pre-existing spaces and/or parts loosely hydrogen-bonded between wood constituents in the cell walls of dried wood.
Effect of UV radiation on the carbonyl distribution in different pulps
Authors: Potthast Antje , Schiehser Sonja , Rosenau Thomas , Sixta Herbert , Kosma Paul
Published: October 2004

The effect of UV irradiation on unbleached and TCF-bleached dissolving pulp samples of different provenience, a beech sulphite and an eucalyptus prehydrolysis kraft pulp, has been analyzed according to the CCOA method, evaluating the changes in the molecular weight distribution, the total number of carbonyl groups and the carbonyl group profiles of each pulp. In the case of TCF bleached material, slightly more carbonyl groups were introduced into the kraft pulp as compared to the sulfite pulp. Cellulose degradation was relatively low in both pulps.

In the case of unbleached sulfite pulps, the residual lignin had only a minor effect on the molecular weight distribution and the oxidation state of the cellulose, whereas for eucalyptus kraft pulp a pronounced introduction of carbonyl groups accompanied by severe degradation of cellulose was observed. The presence of hemicelluloses governed the photochemical behavior and the carbonyl profiles of the low molecular weight region of the cellulose.
When Redundant On-Screen Text in Multimedia Technical Instruction Can Interfere With Learning
Authors: Kalyuga Slava , Chandler Paul , Sweller John
Published: October 2004

It is frequently assumed that presenting the same material in written and spoken form benefits learning and understanding. The present work provides a theoretical justification based on cognitive load theory, and empirical evidence based on controlled experiments, that this assumption can be incorrect. From a theoretical perspective, it is suggested that if learners are required to coordinate and simultaneously process redundant material such as written and spoken text, an excessive working memory load is generated. Three experiments involving a group of 25 technical apprentices compared the effects of simultaneously presenting the same written and auditory textual information as opposed to either temporally separating the two modes or eliminating one of the modes. The first two experiments demonstrated that nonconcurrent presentation of auditory and visual explanations of a diagram proved superior, in terms of ratings of mental load and test scores, to a concurrent presentation of the same explanations when instruction time was constrained. The 3rd experiment demonstrated that a concurrent presentation of identical auditory and visual technical text (without the presence of diagrams) was significantly less efficient in comparison with an auditory-only text. Actual or potential applications of this research include the design and evaluation of multimedia instructional systems and audiovisual displays.
Principles of Variable Amplitude Fatigue Design and Testing
Authors: Sonsino CM
Published: October 2004

The proper consideration of variable amplitude loading by utilizing service spectra and appropriate Gassner-lines is essential for the design of light-weight components and structures by allowing loads in significant excess of the Woehler-line (S-N curve). This permits higher stresses than under constant amplitude loading and renders reduced component dimensions. Reliable reconstitution and simulation methods for service load-time histories require not only the rainflow matrices, but also information about the order of the cycles described by Markovian matrices, the power spectral density and, for multiaxial applications, the cross-correlations between the particular load directions as well as the phase relations. A major problem in numerical fatigue life assessment is still the fatigue life calculations for spectrum loading, because of the scattering of the real damage sum D over a wide range, which is not entirely understood. These findings demonstrate the need for experimental spectrum tests, which are indispensable for ensuring the safety of parts. With regard to safety and liability requirements, the failure probability resulting from the probability of occurrence of the spectrum, from the scattering of the fatigue strength and from the failure criterion (technical crack or propagation), must be taken into account.
Validation of Complex Wheel/Hub Subassemblies by Multiaxial Laboratory Tests Using Standardized Load Files
Authors: Fischer G
Published: October 2004

For the evaluation of safety components like the wheel/hub subassembly, the operational loading, including special event loading as well as the influence of adjacent components and their interaction, must be taken into account. By using the described test procedure in the Biaxial Test Facility, all service-like deformations can be simulated in accelerated program tests. A reliable time, as well cost, saving validation of new designs, materials, and manufacturing technologies can be carried out.
A Framework for a Standardization Effort for Fatigue Crack Growth Testing Under Variable Amplitude Spectrum Loading
Authors: McKeighan PC , McMaster FJ
Published: October 2004

Fatigue crack growth testing under variable amplitude loading conditions is currently not standardized. Without standardization, the methods and techniques applied by different laboratories vary, and as such, lab-based bias can occur readily. The goal of this paper is to discuss in detail the experience developed and lessons learned during years of spectrum crack growth testing. Issues concerned with specimen geometry, crack geometry, precracking methodology, crack length measurement, spectrum content, load magnitude control, and interpretation of results are addressed herein. Although the ASTM Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates, E 647, provides guidance that is useful to this test, the specialized nature of spectrum testing does provide its own unique set of issues different from da/dN versus ΔK testing.
Large Commercial Aircraft Loading Spectra: Overview and State of the Art
Authors: Divenah LL , Beaufils J-Y
Published: October 2004

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of an Airbus' approach regarding fatigue spectra for large commercial aircraft. An accurate load representation is essential to the modern aircraft fatigue optimization process. The effort to develop spectra must be consistent with the efforts made to optimize materials and geometries. The main characteristics of large commercial aircraft spectra, both for prediction and testing, are presented. Recent advances are specifically highlighted.
Multi-Mechanism Synergy in Variable-Amplitude Fatigue
Authors: Sunder R , Ashbaugh NE , Porter WJ , Rosenberger AH
Published: October 2004

Fractographic studies on Al alloys and a nickel-base super-alloy point to the combined action of three major load-interaction mechanisms in controlling crack growth under variable-amplitude loading. These are crack closure, residual stress, and crack front incompatibility. Crack front incompatibility attenuates crack tip response to applied load and can also increase crack closure stress. Notch root residual stress affects crack closure, while crack tip residual stress moderates environment-enhanced fatigue crack extension. The latter effect disappears in vacuum. Experiments designed to isolate the effect of individual mechanisms provide a framework to model their synergistic action, consistent with microscopic observations of crack growth bands in variable amplitude fatigue.
Developmental toxicity evaluation of 3‐chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MX) in Wistar rats
Authors: Huuskonen Hannele , Venäläinen Raili , Komulainen Hannu
Published: October 2004

3‐Chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MX) is a genotoxic chlorination by‐product in drinking water. There is some evidence that it has developmental toxic effects in vitro but its potential to cause developmental effects in vivo is not known. The developmental effects were evaluated in Wistar rats. Rats (22–26 dams per dose group) were administered MX by gavage at the dose levels of 3, 30, or 60 mg/kg in water on gestation days 6–19. Control animals received plain water. Clinical signs, body weight, and food and water consumption were recorded for the dams. On gestation day 20, a cesarean section was performed and the ovaries and uterine contents of the dams were examined and the liver, kidneys, spleen, and thyroid glands weighed. The fetuses of all dose groups were weighed, sexed, and observed for external and skeletal malformations and the fetuses of the two highest dose groups were evaluated for visceral malformations. The highest dose, 60 mg/kg of MX, was slightly toxic to the dams. It decreased the corrected body weight gain of dams by 32% and the water consumption by 16–17%. Kidney and liver weights were slightly increased. MX did not affect the number of implantations nor did it cause any resorptions. The body weights of fetuses were not significantly affected. MX did not cause external malformations or skeletal anomalies. Two fetuses at 60 mg/kg and one fetus at 30 mg/kg had major visceral malformations (persistent truncus arteriosus, diaphragmatic hernia, dilated aorta with a stenosis of pulmonary arteries) and two minor artery abnormalities were observed in those animals. The frequency of unilateral displaced testis was slightly higher (9.2%) in the 60‐mg/kg dose group than in controls (1.6%). Since the abnormalities did not form a consistent pattern and occurred most at maternally toxic dose, we conclude that MX can be regarded as non‐teratogenic. Birth Defects Research Part B 68:172–179, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical treatment of rectal prolapse
Authors: Lindsey I , Cunningham C
Published: October 2004

A new direction in the management of this condition
Evidence-based practice requires evidence
Authors: Rothenberger D A
Published: October 2004

Patient Safety Leading Article Series, 2004. Continuing the Journal's ‘Patient Safety’ series, David Rothenberger explains why we must transform our culture to become a genuinely evidence-seeking profession.
Long-term outcome of laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for total rectal prolapse
Authors: D'Hoore A , Cadoni R , Penninckx F
Published: October 2004

Background

Postoperative constipation is a common problem with most mesh suspension techniques used to correct rectal prolapse. Autonomic denervation of the rectum subsequent to its complete mobilization has been suggested as a contributory factor. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of patients who underwent a novel, autonomic nerve-sparing, laparoscopic technique for rectal prolapse.

Methods

Between 1995 and 1999, 42 patients had laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for total rectal prolapse. The long-term results after a median follow-up of 61 (range 29–98) months were analysed.

Results

There were no major postoperative complications. Late recurrence occurred in two patients. In 28 of 31 patients with incontinence there was a significant improvement in continence. Symptoms of obstructed defaecation resolved in 16 of 19 patients. During follow-up, new onset of mild obstructed defaecation was noted in only two patients. Symptoms suggestive of slow-transit colonic obstipation were not induced.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy is an effective technique for the correction of rectal prolapse and appears to avoid severe postoperative constipation. The ventral position of the prosthesis may explain the beneficial effect on symptoms of obstructed defaecation.
Positron emission tomography in the staging and management of breast cancer
Authors: Byrne A M , Hill A D K , Skehan S J , McDermott E W , O'Higgins N J
Published: October 2004

Background

Breast cancer is the commonest cause of cancer death in women in the Western world, and imaging is essential in its diagnosis and staging. Metabolic imaging is a novel approach to improving the detection of cancers, as malignant transformation of cells is often associated with increased metabolic activity. This review assesses the possible role of positron emission tomography (PET) as a single non-invasive imaging modality to replace or complement current imaging and surgical practices in the diagnosis and staging of breast cancer.

Methods and results

A Medline search was performed and articles were cross-referenced with other relevant material. Evaluation of primary breast cancer with PET has shown a sensitivity of between 64 and 100 per cent and a specificity of 33–100 per cent; diagnostic accuracy appears to be related to tumour size. Difficulties arise in altered fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in lobular carcinoma, carcinoma in situ and benign inflammatory breast disease. In axillary staging, sensitivities of between 25 and 100 per cent have been reported, but with a false-negative of up to 20 per cent. In the assessment of distant metastasis and asymptomatic patients with raised levels of tumour markers, PET was superior to conventional imaging modalities.

Conclusion

PET is not a single diagnostic and staging tool that can replace current surgical, histological and radiological staging. Its main role in breast cancer lies in the investigation of metastatic disease and the evaluation of pathological response to various chemotherapeutic regimens.
Strictureplasty
Authors: Roy P , Kumar D
Published: October 2004

Background

Advances in the use of bowel-sparing surgery for Crohn's disease have led to the development of strictureplasty as an important technique to conserve small bowel length and reduce morbidity associated with malabsorption.

Methods

A literature review of long-term studies on strictureplasty was undertaken, and evidence of its safety and efficacy was evaluated.

Results

The safety and efficacy of strictureplasty is confirmed in retrospective studies carried out over a period of 5–10 years, particularly when employed in patients at risk of short bowel syndrome, but certain questions regarding bowel function and disease activity after surgery remain unanswered. There is also concern that diseased tissue is left in situ after strictureplasty; this tissue has the potential for malignant transformation in the long term.

Conclusion

Strictureplasty has been used in surgery for Crohn's disease for the past 25 years. Studies have proven its efficacy in the treatment of carefully selected patients at risk of malabsorption owing to short bowel syndrome.
Efforts towards the Design of ‘Teflon’ Proteins: In vivo Translation with Trifluorinated Leucine and Methionine Analogues
Authors: Budisa Nediljko , Pipitone Olga , Siwanowicz Igor , Rubini Marina , Pal Prajna Paramita , Holak Tad A. , Gelmi Maria Luisa
Published: October 2004

In vivo incorporation of monofluorinated noncanonical amino acids into recombinant proteins has been well‐established for decades. Proteins fluorinated in this way proved to be useful tools for many practical applications. In contrast, trifluorinated amino acids have been incorporated in only a few peptides and relatively small proteins by using expression systems in living cells. A novel class of proteins with a fluorous core can be envisaged only if full replacement of the core‐building hydrophobic and aliphatic amino acids such as leucine or methionine with the related analogues trifluoromethionine and trifluoroleucine would be feasible. However, our systematic efforts to introduce these amino acids in larger proteins (over 10 Da) that contain different structural motifs clearly show that only partial substitutions are possible. The reasons are high toxicity of these substances and difficulties to accommodate them into the compact cores of natural proteins without adverse effects on their structural integrity. Therefore, engineering of such three dimensional ‘Teflon’‐like structures would require, besides an expansion of the amino acid repertoire of the genetic code, a de novo protein design as well.
New Photoproducts from Irradiation of NADH with Near‐UV Light
Authors: Vitinius Ute , Schaffner Kurt , Demuth Martin , Heibel Marija , Selbach Horst
Published: October 2004

Adenosine 5′‐diphosphoribose (ADPR) and a second compound, which may be nicotinamide, are the newly discovered photoproducts resulting from irradiation of β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NADH) in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm under oxygen‐poor conditions. Both products emerge there even exclusively, whereas, at higher oxygen concentrations, the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is additionally formed, although still as a minor product. The development of ADPR and NAD+ is clearly oxygen‐dependent, while, for the formation of the second photoproduct, small quantities of oxygen appear to be sufficient.
Calculation of the Specific Rate of Catabolic Activity (Ac) from the Heat Flow Rate of Soil Microbial Reactions Measured by Calorimetry: Significance and Applications
Authors: Barros Nieves , Gallego Marta , Feijóo Sergio
Published: October 2004

The calculation of parameters involved in the kinetics of the microbial soil reactions linked to the carbon cycle is strongly limited by the methodologies employed. Hence, a mathematical model is proposed to quantify easily the specific rate of catabolic activity Ac by microcalorimetry based on Belaich's model. It permits to quantify Ac from the plots of the heat flow rate vs. time recorded from soil samples amended with glucose. It was applied for several soil samples collected in the Amazon. The results obtained were compared, and statistical and graphical analyses were used to provide the biophysical significance of Ac in soils. Results suggest that Ac could be used as an empirical measure of stress. It correlates positively with the heat yield, YQ/X, of the soil microbial growth reactions, indicating that higher specific rates of catabolic activity cause higher dissipation of energy per unit of cell, yielding less‐efficient metabolic reactions, which could affect negatively the soil quality. It is strongly affected by the initial microbial population and by the percentage of nitrogen in the samples. The statistical analysis also demonstrated that Ac is more sensitive to changing environmental conditions than YQ/X, yielding more‐accurate information about the soil metabolic processes.
Chenoalbicin, a Novel Cinnamic Acid Amide Alkaloid from Chenopodium album
Authors: Cutillo Francesca , D'Abrosca Brigida , DellaGreca Marina , Zarrelli Armando
Published: October 2004

The roots of Chenopodium album were infused in MeOH, and the extract was partitioned between AcOEt and H2O. AcOEt‐Soluble material was subjected to different silica‐gel column chromatographies and then purified by reverse‐phase HPLC to afford a new cinnamic acid amide alkaloid as a racemic mixture. The new compound, named chenoalbicin (1), was characterized by extensive spectroscopic investigation, especially 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Its effects on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa L. has been studied. The results are reported as percentage differences of germination, root elongation, and shoot elongation from the control at concentrations ranging from 10−4 to 10−7 M.
Chemistry and Biodiversity: Darwinism, Evolution, and Speciation
Authors: Schwabe Christian
Published: October 2004

Complex structures produced by noncatalyzed multi‐step chemical processes must have highly probable origins and assembly routes. Within any frame of reference, life is easily the most‐complex self‐assembled structure known to man. It is not possible to calculate a finite time for biogenesis by statistical mechanics, but the abundance of life makes it reasonable to propose an accelerating principle of nature that naturally shortened the time for cell formation to a billion years or less. This hypothetical principle, which I have called valence‐orbital bias, is thought to be responsible for the discrepancy between statistics and observation, and carries with it, as a conditio sine qua non, multiple origins of life.

The new concept resolves the differences between the predictions based on statistical mechanics and the relatively rapid appearance of life during the post‐accretion period. It suggests as well that species and variants, the units of propagation, may also have been the units of evolution. Produced in profusion by chemistry, the origins are culled by natural selection, whereby failure means extinction, not adaptation. Biodiversity, thus, becomes a direct consequence of chemistry without positive feedback from the environment and without a constructive role for mutation.
High‐Throughput Characterisation of Materials by Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Atienzar Pedro , Corma Avelino , García Hermenegildo , Serra José M.
Published: October 2004

An automatic system for high‐throughput (HT) characterisation of large libraries of solid materials by photoluminescence spectroscopy is described. The system provides time‐resolved transient emission spectra in the microsecond scale and can be employed for characterisation of materials of interest in the fields of catalysis and electroluminescence, amongst others. Here, we present its application to the optimisation of the ship‐in‐a‐bottle synthesis of a novel electroluminescent polymer (PPV) and a photocatalyst (TP+), both encapsulated in large‐pore zeolites.
Aurora‐C kinase is a novel chromosomal passenger protein that can complement Aurora‐B kinase function in mitotic cells
Authors: Sasai Kaori , Katayama Hiroshi , Stenoien David L. , Fujii Satoshi , Honda Reiko , Kimura Masashi , Okano Yukio , Tatsuka Masaaki , Suzuki Fumio , Nigg Erich A. , Earnshaw William C. , Brinkley William R. , Sen Subrata
Published: October 2004

The function of Aurora‐C kinase, a member of the Aurora kinase family identified in mammals, is currently unknown. We present evidence that Aurora‐C, like Aurora‐B kinase, is a chromosomal passenger protein localizing first to centromeres and then to the midzone of mitotic cells. Aurora‐C transcript is expressed at a moderate level albeit about an order of magnitude lower than Aurora‐B transcript in diploid human fibroblasts. The level of Aurora‐C transcript is elevated in several human cancer cell types. Aurora‐C and Aurora‐B mRNA and protein expressions are maximally elevated during the G2/M phase but their expression profiles in synchronized cells reveal differential temporal regulation through the cell cycle with Aurora‐C level peaking after that of Aurora‐B during the later part of the M phase. Aurora‐C, like Aurora‐B, interacts with the inner centromere protein (INCENP) at the carboxyl terminal end spanning the conserved IN box domain. Competition binding assays and transfection experiments revealed that, compared with Aurora‐C, Aurora‐B has preferential binding affinity to INCENP and co‐expression of the two in vivo interferes with INCENP binding, localization, and stability of these proteins. A kinase‐dead mutant of Aurora‐C had a dominant negative effect inducing multinucleation in a dose‐dependent manner. siRNA mediated silencing of Aurora‐C and Aurora‐B also gave rise to multinucleated cells with the two kinases silenced at the same time displaying an additive effect. Finally, Aurora‐C could rescue the Aurora‐B silenced multinucleation phenotype, demonstrating that Aurora‐C kinase function overlaps with and complements Aurora‐B kinase function in mitosis. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 59:249–263, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of pro‐atherogenic adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus type 2
Authors: Peschel Thomas , Niebauer Josef
Published: October 2004

Accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in coronary, carotid, cerebral, and peripheral arteries is a phenomenon observed in diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiologic mechanisms are slowly being understood. Pro‐atherogenic adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines are involved in this process. This review addresses current concepts of atherogenesis and focuses on alterations of adhesion molecule and cytokine expression and their regulation in diabetic patients. Molecules are being discussed in both the normoglycemic and hyperglycemic states, with a focus on their atherogenic role in diabetes mellitus. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie disease progression will help to identify high‐risk patients, which is a prerequisite for new treatment strategies aiming at an attenuation of disease progression in diabetic patients. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 53B:78–85, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory immune response on ventilation time after cardiac surgery
Authors: Rothenburger Markus , Tjan Tonny D.T. , Schneider Michael , Berendes Elmar , Schmid Christof , Wilhelm Markus J. , Böcker Dirk , Scheld Hans Heinrich , Soeparwata Rasjid
Published: October 2004

Background

Cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may induce a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. The intention of this pilot study was to investigate the influence of the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine responses as well as of released adhesion molecules and endotoxin on the time requirements for assisted postoperative respiration following CPB surgery.

Methods

One hundred consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using CPB were prospectively investigated. Blood levels of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and endotoxins were serially measured at four time points perioperatively.

Results

All patients survived the observation period. Eighty‐five patients were uneventful (group 1), whereas 15 patients required prolonged ventilation (34.8 ± 9.2 h; group 2). All patients developed a pro‐inflammatory and a compensatory anti‐inflammatory cytokine response. An endotoxin liberation was found in parallel. The prediction of prolonged respirator dependence may be possible at completion of surgery using a combined data pattern analysis, including interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, IL‐4, endotoxins, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1, age, and cross clamp (x‐clamp) time. Using arbitrary cutoff points improved sensitivity (0.92), specificity (0.90), positive prediction (0.87), and negative prediction (0.85) (all P < 0.02), and the ODD ratio (2.1) was found.

Conclusions

Cardiac surgery and CPB induces both a pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory immune response. The use of a data pattern instead of several individual parameters seems advantageous for individualized predictions on postoperative recovery in CPB surgery. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 53B:70–74, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pretherapeutic identification of high‐risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients from immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and clinical parameters
Authors: Valet G. , Repp R. , Link H. , Ehninger A. , Gramatzki M M.
Published: October 2004

BACKGROUND

The goal of this study concerned the pretherapeutic identification of high‐risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients by data pattern analysis from flow cytometric immunophenotype, cytogenetic, and clinical data.

METHODS

Sixty‐seven parameters of AML patients at diagnosis were classified for predictive information by algorithmic data sieving using iteratively self optimizing triple matrix data pattern analysis (http://www.biochem.mpg.de/valet/classif1.html).

RESULTS

Pretherapeutic predictive values for nonsurvival within five years and two years were 100.0% and 83.2%, respectively, compared to 13.9% and 47.4% for the prediction of survival at five years and two years, respectively. At diagnosis, five‐year nonsurvivors showed increased patient age and higher concentration of cells in the analyzed specimen, as well as increased levels of % CD2, CD4, CD13, CD36, and CD45 positive AML blasts. Two‐year nonsurvivors were characterized by a data pattern of increased patient age and levels of % CD4, CD7, CD11b, CD24, CD45, TH126, and HLA‐DR positive AML blasts and decreased levels of % CD1, CD65, CD95, and TC25 positive AML blasts. Cytogenetic abnormalities were not selected for the optimized discriminatory data patterns.

CONCLUSIONS

The comparatively accurate pretherapeutic identification of high‐risk AML patients may prove useful for the development of individualized therapy protocols in stratified clinical patients groups. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 53B:4–10, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein‐losing enteropathy after fontan surgery: Is assessment of risk patients with immunological data possible?
Authors: Lenz Dominik , Hambsch Jörg , Schneider Peter , Tárnok Attila
Published: October 2004

Background

Protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) is a late complication of the Fontan type surgery for univentricular heart characterized by massive enteric protein loss. The pathogenesis of PLE is not fully understood, and it is unclear why the onset of PLE varies widely and occurs months or even years after surgery. Besides characteristic laboratory findings, a typical cellular feature concerns the almost selective loss of CD4+ lymphocytes at an only slightly changed CD8+ lymphocyte count. The present pilot study aimed to test whether immunological or laboratory parameters differ in patients at risk for PLE.

Methods

From children (n = 15) with Fontan type circulation, extensive cellular, humoral, and clinical laboratory data were analyzed. Patients without enteric protein loss (group I, n = 8), with transient phases of enteric protein loss in the absence of gastric infections (group II, n = 6), and one PLE patient (group III) were distinguished. The 90 data columns obtained in phases with normal serum protein levels were compared.

Results

Clear differences were apparent between patients prior to PLE onset (group III), patients that in at least one occasion exhibited PLE signs (group II), and patients without detectable PLE signs (group I). The most discriminatory parameters between the three patient groups were NK and CD8+TCRαβ+, CD8+TCRγδ+ cell counts, including sL‐selectin, IgE, and Ca2+ (average recognition index = 91.5%, negative/positive prediction/sensitivity/specificity > 83%).

Conclusions

The results of this study seem to provide access to the early detection of PLE patients. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 53B:34–39, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive immunophenotypes: Disease‐related profile in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Stewart Carleton C. , Cookfair Diane L. , Hovey Kathleen M. , Wende Karl E. , Bell David S. , Warner Carolyn L.
Published: October 2004

Background

There is a growing body of evidence supporting the theory that problems with immune function play an important role in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).

Methods

We studied 90 CFS cases and 50 healthy controls from two different areas of upstate New York to determine whether there were differences in the absolute number and pattern of natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T‐cell phenotypes between CFS cases and healthy controls in the two regions. One group was from a small town where a cluster of cases existed; the other was from a large metropolitan area where there was not a known cluster.

Results

The number of CD56+CD3+CD8+ and CD56+CD3+CD8− cells in cases from the two areas were both significantly elevated over that of controls from the metropolitan area (P < 0.03). The number of CD56+CD3−CD8+ and CD56+CD3−CD8− cells was significantly reduced in the two case groups compared to that of controls from the metropolitan area (P = 0.04). However, controls who were from the same town as the cluster cases had numbers of CD56+CD3+CD8+, CD56+CD3+CD8−, and CD56+CD3−CD8− cells that were more like that of cases than controls. Only the number of CD56+CD3−CD8+ cells (an NK cell subset) was significantly different in cases versus controls from the cluster area (P = 0.022).

Conclusions

These data suggest that differences in controls from cluster and noncluster areas may be responsible for some of the inconsistencies in results from other studies. Furthermore, they suggest the possibility that NK cell function may play an important role in preventing the development of CFS in individuals who live in a community where a cluster of cases have been identified. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 53B:26–33, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Slide‐based cytometry for predicting malignancy in solid salivary gland tumors by fine needle aspirate biopsies
Authors: Gerstner Andreas O. H. , Müller Anne‐Kathrin , Machlitt Julia , Tárnok Attila , Tannapfel Andrea , Weber Anette , Bootz Friedrich
Published: October 2004

Background

To minimize hospitalization and morbidity for a patient with a solid tumor of a salivary gland, malignancy must be confirmed or excluded as soon as possible. This information cannot be obtained preoperatively by existing standard procedures. Minimal‐invasive approaches with adequate diagnostic analysis represent a promising precondition for optimized therapy.

Methods

For fine needle aspirate biopsies (FNABs), laser scanning cytometry (LSC) offers a semi‐automated slide‐based technology for objective and quantitative analysis. We have established an assay for FNABs from salivary gland tumors. FNAB cells were stained for cytokeratin and DNA followed by LSC analysis. The cells were subsequently HE‐stained and were relocalized on the slide. The LSC analysis quantitatively determines the DNA index (DI) of the tumor cells taking leukocytes as internal DNA diploid standard. Histograms with 0.95 < DI < 1.05 and 1.9 <DI <2.1 were defined as DNA euploid, whereas any other DI was defined as DNA aneuploid. The percentage of cytokeratin positive cells with DI > 2.5 (i.e., 5c exceeding rate, 5cER) was calculated. Samples with DNA aneuploid peaks or with 5cER > 5% were classified as malignant. Routine histopathology was performed as a control.

Results

FNABs from 51 solid salivary gland tumors (41 parotid gland, six submandibular, four parapharyngeal) were analyzed with this assay. Eleven of 14 malignant tumors were DNA aneuploid by LSC analysis. All benign tumors showed diploid DNA content. The positive predictive value for malignancy was 1.0, the negative predictive value was 0.93, the correlation with routine histopathology was highly significant (p = 7.6 × 10‐9, Fisher's exact test). The calculated specificity of LSC analysis was 1.0 and the sensitivity was 0.79.

Conclusions

This pilot study demonstrates the validity of slide‐based cytometry for the preoperative prediction of malignancy in solid tumors being inaccessible for incision biopsy but suitable for FNABs such as those of the parotid gland. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 53B:20–25, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive medicine: Severe trauma and burns
Authors: Babcock George F.
Published: October 2004

Severe trauma and burn injury are often associated with a life‐threatening systemic inflammatory response, only to be followed by severe infections. Although many parameters of the immune system are depressed or altered, only the innate immune system has been directly correlated with infections in these patients. The innate immune system plays an important role in both the inflammatory response and defense against infections. These types of sequelae suggest that at any particular point in time, depending upon the patient status, either a hyperactive or suppressed polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) response may be detected. In fact, this dichotomy has been shown to occur in numerous published studies. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 53B:48–53, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for the involvement of neurotrophins in muscle transdifferentiation and acetylcholine receptor transformation in the esophagus of Myf5−/−:MyoD−/− and NT‐3−/− embryos
Authors: Reddy Tyler , Kablar Boris
Published: October 2004

The primary aim of our study was to determine whether the esophageal innervation (i.e., vagal and enteric) and the skeletal muscle‐secreted neurotrophins have a role in smooth‐to‐skeletal muscle transdifferentiation and in the muscarinic‐to‐nicotinic acetylcholine receptor type transition. To that end, we used genetically engineered embryos and immunohistochemistry. We found that, in the absence of Myf5 and MyoD, the esophageal muscle cells failed to develop the striated phenotype of acetylcholine receptors. In addition, the development of vagal and enteric innervation was delayed in Myf5−/−:MyoD−/− and NT‐3−/− mutants, but it was reestablished 2 days before the end of gestation. The smooth muscle cells in the esophagus appeared to be a distinct subpopulation of cells and their ability to transdifferentiate was based on their competence to express neurotrophins and their receptors. Finally, our data suggest a role for NT‐3 in the esophageal muscle transdifferentiation. Developmental Dynamics 231:683–692, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish IRX1b in the embryonic cardiac ventricle
Authors: Joseph Elaine M.
Published: October 2004

The synchronous contraction of the vertebrate heart requires a conduction system. While coordinated contraction of the cardiac chambers is observed in zebrafish larvae, no histological evidence yet has been found for the existence of a cardiac conduction system in this tractable teleost. The homeodomain transcription factor gene IRX1 has been shown in the mouse embryo to be a marker of cells that give rise to the distinctive cardiac ventricular conduction system. Here, I demonstrate that zebrafish IRX1b is expressed in a restricted subset of ventricular myocytes within the embryonic zebrafish heart. IRX1b expression occurs as the electrical maturation of the heart is taking place, in a location analogous to the initial expression domain of mouse IRX1. The gene expression pattern of IRX1b is altered in silent heart genetic mutant embryos and in embryos treated with the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan. Furthermore, injection of a morpholino oligonucleotide targeted to block IRX1b translation slows the heart rate. Developmental Dynamics 231:720–726, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of heparan sulfate 6‐O‐sulfotransferase isoforms in the mouse embryo suggests distinctive roles during organogenesis
Authors: Sedita Jeff , Izvolsky Konstantin , Cardoso Wellington V.
Published: October 2004

Heparan sulfate (HS) interactions with secreted morphogens such as fibroblast growth factors, hedgehogs, and Wnts are essential for embryonic development. Formation of biologically relevant HS structures is a result of the coordinated action of various biosynthetic enzymes. HS 6‐O‐sulfotransferases (6OST) catalyze the transfer of sulfate groups to the 6‐O position of glucosamine residues in HS. Three 6OST isoforms have been described in the mouse; however, little is known about their role in generating specific HS protein‐binding sequences, expression pattern, and function in vivo. To gain insights into the distribution of these isoforms and their potential role in development, we mapped 6OST1–3 gene expression during mouse organogenesis. We report dynamic expression of these isoforms with striking differences in tissue distribution in many developing organs. We show that 6OST transcripts are differentially expressed in several sites where heparin‐binding growth factors are critical for development. 6OST1 is predominantly transcribed in epithelial and neural‐derived tissues, whereas 6OST2 is more mesenchymal. 6OST3 appears at later stages and in a more restricted manner. The patterns reported here strongly suggest that the HS structures modified by these enzymes have different roles in growth factor‐induced developmental processes. Developmental Dynamics 231:782–794, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntheses, Structures, and Luminescent Properties of [Bis(iminoalkyl)pyridine]cadmium(II) Complexes
Authors: Fan Rui‐Qing , Zhu Dong‐Sheng , Mu Ying , Li Guang‐Hua , Yang Yu‐Lin , Su Qing , Feng Shou‐Hua
Published: October 2004

Four new CdII complexes of 2,6‐bis[1‐(phenylimino)ethyl]pyridine (L1), 2,6‐bis[1‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenylimino)ethyl]pyridine (L2), 2,6‐bis[1‐(2,6‐dimethylphenylimino)ethyl]pyridine (L3), 2,6‐bis[1‐(2‐methylphenylimino)ethyl]pyridine (L4) have been synthesized. These complexes have the formulas [Cd(L1)Cl2]·1.5CH3CN (1), [Cd(L2)Cl2] (2), [Cd(L3)Cl2]·CH3CN (3), and [Cd(L4)Cl2]·CH3CN (4). The molecular structures of complexes 1−4 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Crystallographic studies of 1−4 reveal all four complexes to be five‐coordinate with geometries that can be best described as distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal. All eight compounds (L1−L4 and 1−4) are luminescent at room temperature in solution and the solid state. At 298 K in dichloromethane solution, all compounds have fluorescent emissions at about 368−409 nm. The fluorescent emission of these compounds originates from ligand‐centered π*−π transitions. The CdII centers play a key role in enhancing the fluorescent emission of the ligands. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, X‐ray Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Oxalato‐Bridged Copper(II) Complexes with 2,3‐Bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine, 2,3‐Bis(2‐pyridyl)quinoxaline and 2,2′‐Bipyrazine as Peripheral Ligands
Authors: Carranza José , Grove Hilde , Sletten Jorunn , Lloret Francesc , Julve Miguel , Kruger Paul E. , Eller Chad , Rillema D. Paul
Published: October 2004

Five oxalate‐containing copper(II) complexes of formula [Cu(dpq)(H2O)(ox)]·5H2O (1), [Cu(dpp)(H2O)(ox)]·H2O (2), [Cu(bpz)(ox)]n (3), [Cu2(dpp)2(H2O)2(NO3)2(ox)]·4H2O (4) and [Cu2Cl2(bpz)2(H2O)2(ox)][Cu(bpz)(H2O)2(ox)]·2H2O (5) [dpq = 2,3‐bis(2‐pyridyl)quinoxaline; dpp = 2,3‐bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine; bpz = 2,2′‐bipyrazine; ox = oxalate] were prepared and their structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction on single crystals. Complexes 1 and 2 are discrete mononuclear complexes with oxalate and dpq (1)/dpp (2) acting as bidentate ligands. Complex 3 is a neutral oxalato‐bridged (2,2′‐bipyrazine)copper(II) chain where the oxalate adopts a bidentate/monodentate coordination mode, whereas 4 is an oxalato‐bridged copper(II) dinuclear complex with ox and dpp acting as bis‐bidentate and bidentate ligands, respectively. The structure of 5 contains neutral [Cu(bpz)(H2O)2(ox)] (mononuclear) and [Cu2(bpz)2(H2O)2Cl2(ox)] (dinuclear) units where the bpz acts as a bidentate ligand and the oxalate group adopts the bidentate (mononuclear) and bis‐bidentate (dinuclear) coordination modes. The copper atoms have distorted square pyramidal (1 and 2) and elongated octahedral (3−5) geometries: two nitrogen atoms from heterocyclic N‐donors and two oxalate‐oxygen atoms occupy the equatorial positions (1−5) and a water molecule (1 and 2), two oxalate‐oxygen atoms (3), a water molecule and a nitrate‐oxygen (4), and either two water molecules (5), mononuclear) or a chlorine atom and a water molecule (5, dinuclear) fill the axial ones. Magnetic susceptibility measurements for 3−5 in the temperature range 1.9−290 K reveal the occurrence of weak (J = −1.4 cm−1, 3) and strong (−312 and −345 cm−1 for 4 and 5, respectively; Hˆ = −J·SˆA·SˆB) antiferromagnetic interactions between the copper(II) atoms in agreement with the out‐of‐plane (3) and in‐plane (4 and 5) exchange pathways involved. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Mechanistic Investigation of the Oxidation of Glyoxylic and Pyruvic Acids by Tris(biguanide)manganese(IV) in Weakly Acidic Aqueous Media
Authors: Dhar Basab Bijayi , Mukherjee Ritam , Mukhopadhyay Subrata , Banerjee Rupendranath
Published: October 2004

In this study the kinetics of two electron transactions between the reducing substrates glyoxylic and pyruvic acids and the oxidising complex cation, tris(biguanide)manganese(IV) in aqueous acidic media have been examined. Under the experimental conditions (pH = 1.50−3.78) only the fully protonated form of the oxidant reacts with the anions of the substrates whereas the parent acids, viz. glyoxylic and pyruvic acids, were found to be unreactive. The second‐order rate constants for the oxidations of glyoxylate and pyruvate by the title MnIV species are (2.24 ± 0.10) × 10−1 and (5.40 ± 0.30) × 10−2 M−1s−1, respectively, at 25.0 °C and at I = 1.0 M (NaNO3 or NaClO4). A rate‐liming one‐electron change between the redox partners seems justified. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)