bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Export of calcium carbonate corrosive waters from the East Siberian Sea
Authors: Anderson Leif G. , Ek Jörgen , Ericson Ylva , Humborg Christoph , Semiletov Igor , Sundbom Marcus , Ulfsbo Adam
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The Siberian Shelf Seas are areas of extensive biogeochemical transformation of organic matter, both of marine and terrestrial origin. This in combination with brine production from sea ice formation results in a cold bottom water of relative high salinity and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). Data from the SWERUS-C3 expedition compiled on the icebreaker Oden in July to September 2014 show the distribution of such waters at the outer shelf, as well as their export into the deep central Arctic basins. Very high pCO2 water, up to close to 1000 µatm, was observed associated with high nutrients and low oxygen concentrations. Consequently the saturation state of calcium carbonate was low, down to less than 0.8 for calcite and 0.5 for aragonite. Waters undersaturated in aragonite were also observed in the surface in waters at equilibrium with atmospheric CO2, however, at these conditions the cause of under-saturation was low salinity from river runoff and/or sea ice melt. The calcium carbonate corrosive water was observed all along the continental margin and well out into the deep Makarov and Canada Basins at a depth from about 50 m depth in the west to about 150 m in the east. These waters of low aragonite saturation state are traced in historic data to the Canada Basin and in the waters flowing out of the Arctic Ocean north of Greenland and in the western Fram Strait, thus potentially impacting the marine life in the North Atlantic Ocean.
The Roles of Resuspension, Diffusion and Biogeochemical Processes on Oxygen Dynamics Offshore of the Rhone River, France: A Numerical Modeling Study
Authors: Moriarty Julia M. , Harris Courtney K. , Rabouille Christophe , Fennel Katja , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Xu Kehui
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Observations indicate that seabed resuspension of organic material and the associated entrainment of porewater into the overlying water can alter biogeochemical fluxes in some environments, but measuring the role of sediment processes on oxygen and nutrient dynamics is challenging. A modeling approach offers a means of quantifying these fluxes for a range of conditions, but models have typically relied on simplifying assumptions regarding seabed-water column interactions. Thus, to evaluate the role of resuspension on biogeochemical dynamics, we developed a coupled hydrodynamic, sediment transport, and biogeochemical model (HydroBioSed) within the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). This coupled model accounts for processes including the storage of particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved nutrients within the seabed; entrainment of this material into the water column via resuspension and diffusion at the sediment-water interface; and biogeochemical reactions within the seabed. A one-dimensional version of HydroBioSed was then implemented for the Rhone Delta, France. To isolate the role of resuspension on biogeochemical dynamics, this model implementation was run for a two-month period that included three resuspension events; also, the supply of organic matter, oxygen and nutrients to the water column was held constant in time. Consistent with time-series observations from the Rhone Delta, model results showed that resuspension increased the diffusive flux of oxygen into the seabed by increasing the vertical gradient of oxygen at the seabed-water interface. This enhanced supply of oxygen to the seabed allowed seabed oxygen consumption to increase, primarily through nitrification. Resuspension of POM into the water column, and the associated increase in remineralization, also increased oxygen consumption in the bottom boundary layer. During these resuspension events, modeled rates of oxygen consumption increased by up to factors of ~ 2 and ~ 8 in the seabed and bottom boundary layer, respectively. When averaged over two months, the intermittent cycles of erosion and deposition led to a 20 % increase of oxygen consumption in the seabed, as well as a larger increase of ~ 200 % in the bottom boundary layer. These results imply that observations collected during quiescent periods, and biogeochemical models that neglect resuspension or use typical parameterizations for resuspension, may underestimate net oxygen consumption at sites like the Rhone Subaqueous Delta. Local resuspension likely has the most pronounced effect on oxygen dynamics at study sites with a high oxygen concentration in the bottom boundary layer, only a thin seabed oxic layer, and abundant labile organic matter.
Ground thermal and geomechanical conditions in a permafrost-affected high-latitude rockslide site (Polvartinden, Northern Norway)
Authors: Frauenfelder Regula , Isaksen Ketil , Nötzli Jeannette , Lato Matthew J.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. In June 2008, a rockslide detached in the northeast facing slope of Polvartinden, a high-alpine mountain in Signaldalen, Northern Norway. Here, we report on the observed and modelled past and present near-surface temperature regime close to the failure zone, as well as on a subsequent simulation of the subsurface temperature regime, and on initial geomechanical mapping based on laser scanning. The volume of the rockslide was estimated to be approximately 500 000 m3. The depth to the actual failure surface was found to range from 40 m at the back of the failure zone to 0 m at its toe. Visible in-situ ice was observed in the failure zone just after the rockslide. Between September 2009 and August 2013 ground surface temperatures were measured with miniature temperature data loggers at fourteen different localities close to the original failure zone along the northern ridge of Polvartinden, and in the valley floor. The results from these measurements and from a basic three-dimensional heat conduction model suggest that the lower altitudinal limit of permafrost at present is at 600–650 m a.s.l., which corresponds to the upper limit of the failure zone. A coupling of our in-situ data with regional climate data since 1958 suggests a general gradual warming and that a period with highest mean near surface temperatures on record ended four months before the Signaldalen rockslide detached. A comparison with a transient permafrost model run at 10 m depth, representative for areas where snow accumulates, strengthen this findings, which are also in congruence with measurements in nearby permafrost boreholes. It is likely that permafrost in and near the failure zone is presently subject to degradation. This degradation, in combination with the extreme warm year antecedent to the rock failure, is seen to have played an important role in the detaching of the Signaldalen rockslide.
"Ciwewe". Cultura y poder en una canción "cokwe" del este de Angola colonial, 1955
Authors: Sá Valentim Cristina
Published: November 2016

Este artículo analiza las potencialidades políticas de la cultura y de la subjetividad a partir de una canción cokwe registrada y grabada, entre muchas otras, en el noreste de Angola en el año 1955 por la empresa de diamantes Diamang. A partir de los datos etnográficos resultantes del trabajo de campo, basados en la historia oral de Angola y en fuentes de archivos coloniales portugueses, y mediante perspectivas de estudios postcoloniales y de antropología crítica, pretendo reflexionar sobre la relación entre el poder, la cultura y la subjetividad en contextos de opresión colonial y de subalternidad. Sugiero que el análisis centrado en la música (y en expresiones culturales asociadas como el baile, el canto y la poesía) —realizadas en el interior rural de Angola durante el período colonial, y en las subjetividades que la envuelven y de las que emergen—, es crucial para la comprensión no sólo de una práctica particular y distintiva de una cultura y su historia, sino también sobre la participación de las comunidades angoleñas en las nuevas realidades coloniales que resultan en lógicas complejas y ambiguas, en las cuales se entrelazan dinámicas de control y de resistencia.
De la compasión a la capitalización de recursos. Los centros de salud confesionales españoles en el marco de la cooperación sanitaria española en Guinea Ecuatorial
Authors: Jones Sánchez Alvar
Published: November 2016

El presente artículo recoge las principales etapas de la cooperación sanitaria española en Guinea Ecuatorial, prestando especial atención a los factores que han situado a los centros de salud de las congregaciones españolas como las alternativas terapéuticas más competitivas del mercado. Las congregaciones, elemento clave en el proceso de colonización, han sido movilizadas de nuevo para responder a las veleidades neocoloniales del estado Español. Combinando una perspectiva socio-histórica y etnográfica, se cuestiona la calidad de la intervención de los centros confesionales, no tanto desde el punto de vista técnico, sino respecto a las implicaciones de la construcción de archipiélagos sanitarios para la consolidación del incipiente sistema sanitario. Las tensiones entre los objetivos misioneros, marcadamente asistenciales, y los planteamientos actuales de desarrollo evidencian las ambigüedades de la cooperación española en Guinea. La ayuda, presentada como un imperativo moral, ha movilizado significados flexibles y a veces contradictorios que es preciso desentrañar. Una reflexión sobre los objetivos manifiestos y aquellos no formulados que rigen las relaciones neocoloniales, permite aprehender la distancia entre los objetivos planteados y la consecución de resultados.
Una isla con —y sin— pasado imperfecto
Authors: Perlasia Josep Maria
Published: November 2016

NERÍN ABAD, Gustau. 2015. Corisco y el estuario del Muni (1470-1931). Del aislamiento a la globalización y de la globalización a la marginación. París, L´Harmattan-Association France-Guinée Equatoriale.
En busca de San Juan y el retorno de los inmigrantes al Cabo Verde rural
Authors: Fêo Rodrigues Isabel P.B.
Published: November 2016

Centrado en la revitalización de las fiestas de San Juan en un pueblo de la isla rural de São Nicolau (Cabo Verde), este artículo destaca cómo esta tradición es coproducida y preservada —por quienes se quedan y quienes se van— en un esfuerzo orquestado para despertar el deseo de retornar. Estos eventos no solo ayudan a mantener las relaciones de los migrantes con su país de origen, también aseguran sus inversiones y regalos. Este artículo discutirá, en primer lugar, los preparativos para ir a la fiesta de San Juan realizados en el contexto de la diáspora caboverdiana en EE.UU. A continuación me centraré en la fiesta como es hoy día, y en la presencia capilar de dichos migrantes en la isla, mostrando cómo San Juan, la vida y el bienestar del pueblo son coproducidos por la participación de los migrantes, los cuales se encuentran en un punto medio entre aquellos que se quedan y aquellos que se van.
Investigating the Relationship between Brand Equity, Brand Loyalty and Customer’s Satisfaction (Case Study: Restaurants in Rasht City)
Authors: Jalali Asghar Ghadamzan , Hosseinipour Vahid , Astaneh Vahab Pourkazemi
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between brand equity, customer’s satisfaction and brand loyalty. The study was a descriptive and in term of purpose is applied and in term of data collection will also be considered field. Data collection tool was questionnaire consisting of 21 questions to measure the research variables. The validity by professors and experts and its reliability by using Cronbach’s alpha was reviewed and approved. The study population consisted of students at Islamic Azad University who were customers of restaurants and fast food in Rasht city. Using the Cochran formula final study sample 420 subjects was studied. In order to test the hypothesis structural equation modeling was used. The results showed that brand equity has a significant relationship with rate of 0.18 with a customer’s satisfaction. As well as customer’s satisfaction is related to customer’s loyalty with rate of 0.88. Among the aspects brand equity as ideal inner satisfaction has the highest correlation with customer’s satisfaction.
Huurachterstand, huisuitzetting en rechterlijke besluitvorming
Authors: Vols Michel , Minkjan Nathalie
Published: November 2016

Home interests and personal circumstances in litigation concerning eviction because of rent arrears

Recent developments in the field of housing law have led to a renewed interest in eviction and the legal protection against homelessness. Because of European case law, courts need to apply a contextual approach in which tenants’ home interests and personal circumstances are taken into account more seriously. This paper explores the ways in which home interests and personal circumstances play a role in Dutch litigation concerning eviction because of rent arrears. Based on a quantitative systematic content analysis of nearly 100 written judgments of courts of first instance, it is found that tenants frequently advance various types of proportionality defences and refer to home interests and personal circumstances. Although Dutch courts do take these defences, home interests and personal circumstances into account, the vast majority of landlords’ claims are allowed. In one third of the analysed cases, the court dismisses the landlord’s claim and most of the time minimises the breach of the lease or refers to the disproportional effects of eviction or a tenant’s promise to change his behaviour.
KEI voorbij met ODR
Authors: Reiling Dory
Published: November 2016

ODR and its users

‘I felt so sorry for you, such a lovely tool, and then you have no users!’ This was one of the comments after my presentation of the eKantonrechter at ODR 2016, organized by HiiL in The Hague in May 2016. ODR, online dispute resolution, was presented as a tool to solve all problems in the 4th Trend Report by HIIL after the conference. Arno Lodder, in a weblog, commented that ODR had raised hopes in its early promoters, but had not really taken off.

ODR is a tool to help parties in the dispute resolve their problem. There are various examples of ODR tool: supporting double blind bidding to determine a sum of money, working out divorce settlements, negotiating a solution and taking a case to court.

Interesting research questions abound in the area of ODR and its users: What paths do people take when trying to resolve a problem? How can people have ownership of their court procedure? How can solutions, ODR and court procedures, best be tailored to the type of problem?

ODR and its users is a field in which law and society researchers can effectively contribute to improving digital problem solving and dispute resolution procedures in court.
Aansprakelijkheidsverzekeringen: preventie door de verzekeraar en het effect op de bescherming van de verzekerde
Authors: Henskens Charlotte
Published: November 2016

Liability insurances: prevention tools by the insurer and the effects on the protection of the insured

Liability insurances shift the financial risk of the loss of a damage from the person who is liable for the damage to the liability insurer. To avoid negligent behavior of the insured, the insurer provides different prevention tools in the insurance policy. The insurer will attach certain sanctions or rewards to certain behavior and certain circumstances in the general conditions of the insurance contract. This research raises the question of the effectiveness of these instruments. The hypothesis is that without knowledge of the insured of these sanctions or rewards, these sanctions and rewards will not form an additional incentive for careful behavior and they will have no preventive effect. Additionally, these prevention tools may undermine the protection of the insured. For this reason the legislature has limited the freedom of contract. This study examines the extent to which the legislature has limited the possibilities of the insurer to provide in prevention tools in de insurance policy. It assesses the extent to which the legislature may or may not succeed in its purpose to protect the insured, and on the other hand, where there are still possibilities for the insurer to fulfill its prevention task.
Thallus morphology of two Antarctic foliose lichens evaluated by a digital optical microscopy approach ( Short Communication)
Authors: Ošťádal Rastislav , Hazdrová Jana
Published: November 2016

Digital microscopy is an emerging technique that combines the tools of classic light microscopy with a computerized imaging system. The main components of digital microscopy is image formation by optics of the system, image registration by a digital camera, saving of image data in a file format that enables advanced image analysis.In this paper, we bring first data on application of digital microscopy approach in lichen thallus morphology study. Two Antarctic lichen species (Xanthoria elegans, Umbilicaria decussata) with a foliose morphotype of their thallus were studied. Both experimental species had an irregularly round or eliptic shape of a thallus that enabled to measure its diameter. After magnifition, images were taken in dry and fully-hydrated state of thallus in order to evaluate hydration-dependent size changes in thallus size and structures. It has been demonstrated that hydration-dependent size increment depend on thallus size and particular part of thallus. Mean increment of thallus diameter reached 15.1% and 13.8% for X. elegans and U. decussata, respectively. Higher value of diameter increment (26 %) was found for the upper projection area of apothecia, fruiting bodies developed over the upper thallus surface of X. elegans. Size and volume increment in thallus parts is discussed as a consequence of water holding capacity of lichens, and a capability of lichens to hold intra- and extracellular water upon full hydration of a thallus. Finally, a potential of digital microscopy for future studies is discussed as well as some processing techniques such as e.g. metrics of profile lines through 3-D objects like apothecia.
O funcionamento da metáfora no discurso jornalístico de revista: temas sindicais em Veja e Revista do Brasil
Authors: Schuster Patrícia Regina
Published: November 2016

A tese discute o funcionamento da metáfora no jornalismo. Amparada na Análise de Discurso, estabelece uma ponte analítica entre a metáfora como figura de linguagem e o conceito de metáfora como processo metafórico. A pesquisa é empreendida a partir de dois lugares de fala: revista Veja e Revista do Brasil. Conclui que este artifício discursivo estimula o perfil autoritário do discurso jornalístico.Palavras-chave:Jornalismo.Metáfora. Revista Veja. Revista do Brasil. Sindicalismo. The metaphor in magazine journalistic speech: union issues in Veja and Revista do BrasilAbstract: The thesis discusses the functioning of metaphor in journalism. Bolstered in the Discourse Analysis, it provides an analytical bridge between metaphor as a figure of speech and the concept of metaphor as metaphorical process. Research is undertaken from two speech sites: Veja magazine and Revista do Brasil. One concludes that this discursive device stimulates the authoritarian profile of journalistic discourse.Keywords: Journalism. Metaphor. Veja magazine. Magazine Brazil. Syndicalism. La operación de la metáfora en el discurso periodistico de revista: temas de lá unión em Veja y Revista do Brasil Resumen: La tesis analiza el funcionamiento de la metáfora en el periodismo. Apoyado en el análisis del discurso, proporciona un puente analítica entre la metáfora como una forma de expresión y el concepto de la metáfora como proceso metafórico. La investigación se lleva a cabo entre dos lugares de expresión: la revista Veja y Revista do Brasil. Se llega a la conclusión de que este dispositivo discursivo estimula el perfil autoritario del discurso periodístico.Palabras clave: Periodismo. Metáfora. Revista Veja. Revista do Brasil. El sindicalismo.
Diasporic dialogues: The role of gender, language, and revision in neo-slave narrative
Authors: Eaton Kalenda
Published: November 2016

Author/s

Kalenda EatonArcadia University, USA

 

ABSTRACT

In this article I examine the creation of neo-slave narratives, or fictional texts written in the 20th and 21st centuries, yet set during an imagined period of American slavery or indentured servitude. In these novels the authors, usually African-descended, depict slavery and/or plantation life, generally, to privilege the experiences of the slave. The process of actively writing against traditional plantation narratives of the 18th and 19th centuries can liberate slave histories and allows silenced actors to speak. However, in this paper, I argue that there is a danger of further marginalization when History is the platform for creative expression. I examine two novels whose authors employ the use of satire to discuss slave experience and by doing so, I explore how the images of Black slave and servant women can be either devalued or empowered depending on authorial representation and intent.
Embodied Practices of Black Belonging and Identity Formation in Lynching Drama of the Progressive Era:
Authors: Gallego Durán M. Mar
Published: November 2016

Reviewed by M. Mar Gallego DuránUniversity of Huelva, Spain

 

The volume authored by Koritha Mitchell is a remarkable contribution to the field of African American drama, as it explores the manifold uses of lynching plays during the Progressive era as crucial tools to ensure community conversation and debate about the difficulties and complexities involved in having to coexist with the terrible reality of lynching. [...]
Building bridges between different levels of education: Methodological proposals for CLIL at university
Authors: González Jesús Ángel , Barbero Javier
Published: November 2016

Author/s

Jesús Ángel GonzálezJavier BarberoUniversidad de Cantabria, Spain

 

ABSTRACT

This article describes a research project carried out at the University of Cantabria, Spain. Having identified a lack of communication between different levels of the education system, the co-authors have carried out qualitative research (“long interviews” with Primary and Secondary CLIL teachers) in order to identify the best methodological guidelines to be followed in CLIL classes. These guidelines have been summarized in a CLIL-methodology Decalogue to be used at the Tertiary Level.
Multilingual Higher Education. Beyond English Medium Orientations
Authors: Bocanegra-Valle Ana
Published: November 2016

Reviewed by Ana Bocanegra-ValleUniversidad de Cádiz, Spain

 

Multilingual Higher Education. Beyond English Medium Orientations deals with the complexity of learning and teaching in multilingual higher education (HE) environments. Multilingual Matters has included this volume in the series “Bilingual Education and Bilingualism”, the same series that includes the latest books published on Content and language integrated learning (CLIL) (see Fortanet-Gómez 2013) or English-medium instruction in HE (see Doiz et al. 2013). [...]
Issues in aligning assessments to the Common European Framework of Reference
Authors: Papageorgiou Spiros
Published: November 2016

Author/s

Spiros PapageorgiouEducational Testing Service, MI, USA

 

ABSTRACT

One of the main aims of the Common European Framework of Reference is to help providers and users of assessments “describe the levels of proficiency required by existing standards, tests and examinations in order to facilitate comparisons between different systems of qualifications” (Council of Europe 2001: 21). Providers of language assessments both inside and outside Europe follow various methodologies to align their assessments with the CEFR levels, as several case studies show (Figueras and Noijons 2009; Martyniuk 2010). This paper discusses the use of the CEFR in the field of language assessment, focusing in particular on issues related to alignment. The paper presents the types of validity evidence that should be accumulated to support an alignment claim and concludes with directions for future research in order to further enhance our understanding of using the CEFR for the design of assessments and the interpretation of assessment results.
Measuring the impact of CLIL on language skills: a CEFR-based approach for higher education
Authors: Jiménez-Muñoz Antonio José
Published: November 2016

Author/s

Antonio José Jiménez-MuñozUniversidad de Oviedo, Spain

 

ABSTRACT

Advocates of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) have extolled the virtues of this approach to fostering both content and language alike. However, the generalised and varied implementation of EMI (English as a Medium of Instruction) in universities worldwide has led many lecturers to question these claims. This paper presents a CEFR (Common European Framework)-based model for measuring the impact of EMI at the tertiary level, the aim being to provide further evidence of the progress made in language-learning in modules taught in a foreign language. Using questionnaires based on the revised and refined CEFR descriptors from EAQUALS (Evaluation and Accreditation of Quality in Language Services), students answer an initial self-assessment survey about their background and language skills, which is controlled by a final questionnaire targeting their perceived progress throughout their instruction. Designed from the ground up with the CEFR as a backdrop, this method can be easily tallied with objective assessment to uncover data about students’ linguistic performance in CLIL contexts.
From the editors
Authors: Value Language
Published: November 2016

From the Editors

RESEARCH ON NEW METHODS FOR TESTING LANGUAGE SKILLS: A FOCUS ON SPEAKING PERFORMANCE

The current issue has speaking performance as a conducting thread, specifically, the research undertaken on new methods to test it. Testing language skills and defining the constructs under which tests need to be constructed is a complex task. Particularly, assessing speaking performance is a rather intricate process with many agents and variables involved and many factors affecting the final outcome. Subjectivity, fairness, anxiety, cognitive and metacognitive aspects, particular features of speech, individual abilities, and social constraints among others make the mastery of speaking in a foreign language and its subsequent assessment a definitely arduous task. Critical reflection and research on the part of educational institutions, researchers, test developers or any person undertaking assessment is of paramount importance to guarantee the adequacy, reliability and success of the whole testing process and results.
Speaking an additional language: Can study abroad do the trick?
Authors: Juan-Garau María
Published: November 2016

Author/s

María Juan-GarauUniversitat de les Illes Balears, Spain

 

ABSTRACT

The present article sets out to provide an overall picture of the acquisition of speaking abilities in a given second language acquisition (SLA) learning context, namely study abroad (SA), so as to ascertain whether SA can indeed ‘do the trick’, as it is popularly assumed, and, if so, under which conditions. Section 1 will characterise the SA context and look at how it can affect oral performance, bearing in mind the opportunities for target language contact and practice it offers learners. Section 2 will focus on the specific linguistic benefits in the oral domain that can accrue in this learning context. In this regard, we will present an overview of empirical research findings with special attention to the SALA (Study Abroad and Language Acquisition) and COLE (Context, Contact and Competence Level) research projects. Section 3 will concentrate on individual variables that may affect oral development abroad in combination with external variables such as SA programme conditions. Finally, Section 4 will provide a summary of the main ideas presented and draw some conclusions.
Enjeux de la transformation de Jules César de Shakespeare en palimpseste : Moi, veuve de l’empire
Authors: Schurmans Fabrice
Published: November 2016

Cet article analyse les enjeux et les conséquences de la transformation de la pièce de Shakespeare : Jules César, en un palimpseste. Dans un premier temps, nous reviendrons sur l’appartenance de Moi, veuve de l’empire au registre tragique en nous fondant sur une lecture du paratexte sonyen. Nous montrerons qu’il s’agit d’une tragédie grotesque et profondément politique, résultant en partie d’une lecture doublée d’une interprétation de Jules César par Sony Labou Tansi. Dans un second temps, nous examinerons le personnage de Cléopâtre afin de mettre en évidence un changement important relativement au texte shakespearien : la femme devient ici moteur et modèle de la résistance à l’oppression. Enfin, nous reviendrons à Genette afin de questionner la pertinence de son approche du palimpseste dans un contexte littéraire différent.
Le chien au propre : ébauche d’une piste cynique dans les littératures africaines contemporaines
Authors: Chavoz Ninon
Published: November 2016

Cet article propose une réflexion à propos de la figure roma-nesque du chien en contexte postcolonial, et plus spécialement dans l’espace francophone africain. Partant de la polysémie du terme et de son association avec une pensée cynique elle-même plurielle et évolutive, l’étude met en avant la récurrence d’une figure canine « au sens propre », point d’ancrage d’un « canisme » littéraire aux prises avec la récurrence contemporaine de la posture cynique. L’étude des romans de Patrice Nganang et de Fiston Mwanza Mujila permet à ce titre d’envisager le chien comme vecteur d’une interrogation à propos de l’identité conçue dans la confrontation au « maître » et dans la mise en doute de la frontière interspécifique.
Accelerated cryo-EM structure determination with parallelisation using GPUs in RELION-2
Authors: Kimanius Dari , Forsberg Björn O , Scheres Sjors HW , Lindahl Erik
Published: November 2016

By reaching near-atomic resolution for a wide range of specimens, single-particle cryo-EM structure determination is transforming structural biology. However, the necessary calculations come at large computational costs, which has introduced a bottleneck that is currently limiting throughput and the development of new methods. Here, we present an implementation of the RELION image processing software that uses graphics processors (GPUs) to address the most computationally intensive steps of its cryo-EM structure determination workflow. Both image classification and high-resolution refinement have been accelerated more than an order-of-magnitude, and template-based particle selection has been accelerated well over two orders-of-magnitude on desktop hardware. Memory requirements on GPUs have been reduced to fit widely available hardware, and we show that the use of single precision arithmetic does not adversely affect results. This enables high-resolution cryo-EM structure determination in a matter of days on a single workstation.
Fresnoite Ba2TiSi2O8: A novel stimulated Raman scattering active crystal
Authors: Shen Chuanying , Wang Duanliang , Zhang Huaijin , Wang Jiyang , Boughton Robert I.
Published: November 2016

Large Ba2TiSi2O8 crystals were successfully grown by the Czochralski technique. The stimulated Raman scattering properties of the Ba2TiSi2O8 crystals were investigated for the first time, and the first (558 nm) and second (587 nm) Stokes lines were generated in an ultracavity single-pass configuration excited by 532 nm picosecond pulses. The output energy and conversion efficiency of the scattering process as functions of pump energy were studied, and the highest conversion efficiency was found to be 31.8%. The experiments indicate that Ba2TiSi2O8 is a novel active crystal suitable for solid-state Raman laser applications.
Assessing pollinators’ use of floral resource subsidies in agri-environment schemes: An illustration usingPhacelia tanacetifoliaand honeybees
Authors: Sprague Rowan , Boyer Stéphane , Stevenson Georgia M. , Wratten Steve D.
Published: November 2016

Background

Honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) are frequently used in agriculture for pollination services because of their abundance, generalist floral preferences, ease of management and hive transport. However, their populations are declining in many countries. Agri-Environment Schemes (AES) are being implemented in agricultural systems to combat the decline in populations of pollinators and other insects. Despite AES being increasingly embedded in policy and budgets, scientific assessments of many of these schemes still are lacking, and only a few studies have examined the extent to which insect pollinators use the floral enhancements that are part of AES and on which floral components they feed (i.e., pollen and/or nectar).

Methods

In the present work, we used a combination of observations on honeybee foraging for nectar/pollen from the Californian annual plantPhacelia tanacetifoliain the field, collection of pollen pellets from hives, and pollen identification, to assess the value of adding phacelia to an agro-ecosystem to benefit honeybees.

Results

It was found that phacelia pollen was almost never taken by honeybees. The work here demonstrates that honeybees may not use the floral enhancements added to a landscape as expected and points to the need for more careful assessments of what resources are used by honeybees in AES and understanding the role, if any, which AES play in enhancing pollinator fitness.

Discussion

We recommend using the methodology in this paper to explore the efficacy of AES before particular flowering species are adopted more widely to give a more complete illustration of the actual efficacy of AES.
Biology of tiny animals: three new species of minute salamanders (Plethodontidae:Thorius) from Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Parra-Olea Gabriela , Rovito Sean M. , García-París Mario , Maisano Jessica A. , Wake David B. , Hanken James
Published: November 2016

We describe three new species of minute salamanders, genusThorius, from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Until now only a single species,T. minutissimus, has been reported from this region, although molecular data have long shown extensive genetic differentiation among geographically disjunct populations. AdultThorius pinicolasp. nov.,T. longicaudussp. nov., andT. tlaxiacussp. nov. are larger thanT. minutissimusand possess elliptical rather than oval nostrils;T. pinicolaandT. longicaudusalso have longer tails. All three new species occur west of the range ofT. minutissimus, which has the easternmost distribution of any member of the genus. The new species are distinguished from each other and from other namedThoriusin Oaxaca by a combination of adult body size, external morphology and osteology, and by protein characters (allozymes) and differences in DNA sequences. In addition, we redescribeT. minutissimusand a related species,T. narisovalis, to further clarify the taxonomic status of Oaxacan populations and to facilitate future studies of the remaining genetically differentiatedThoriusthat cannot be satisfactorily assigned to any named species. Populations of all five species considered here appear to have declined dramatically over the last one or two decades and live specimens are difficult to find in nature.Thoriusmay be the most endangered genus of amphibians in the world. All species may go extinct before the end of this century.
Feasibility and Safety of Laparoscopy-Assisted Subtotal Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer Invading the Upper Stomach
Authors: Wakasugi Takehiro , Cho Haruhiko , Sato Tsutomu , Aoyama Toru , Ogata Takashi , Yoshikawa Takaki
Published: November 2016

This study evaluated the feasibility and safety of laparoscopy-assisted subtotal gastrectomy preserving a minimal remnant stomach for clinical T1 gastric cancer invading the upper stomach. Forty-three consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopy-assisted subtotal gastrectomy preserving a minimal remnant stomach were examined. In addition to the conventional laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy, some short and posterior gastric arteries were resected. A minimal remnant stomach-jejunum anastomosis was made by using a circular stapler with regular anvil or transoral anvil. Transoral anvil was selected in 19 patients, and regular anvil was used in 24 patients. The median operation time was 288 minutes, and the median blood loss was 50 mL. Conversion to open surgery was required in 2 patients due to bleeding. No patient required conversion to open surgery due to the difficulty of the anastomosis. Nine patients developed postoperative complications, including grade 3 duodenal stump leakage in 1 patient and grade 2 anastomotic bleeding in another patient. No mortality was observed. Laparoscopy-assisted subtotal gastrectomy preserving a minimal remnant stomach is safe and feasible for early gastric cancer invading the upper stomach.
Simulation of dry reforming of methane in a conventional downfired reformer
Authors: Zhao Yutian R. , Latham Dean A. , Peppley Brant A. , McAuley Kim B. , Wang Hui , LeHoux Rick
Published: November 2016

A model for industrial top‐fired dry reforming of methane (DRM) and for combined dry reforming and steam reforming of methane was developed for the first time. The model calculates and gives predictions on the temperature profiles for fuel gas, tube walls, and process gas, as well as the process gas composition profiles over the length of the tubes. Radiative heat transfer is modeled by Hottel Zone method. Material and energy balances are solved numerically using Newton‐Raphson solver. Kinetic models for two different DRM catalysts are applied in the model for comparison. Simulation results show that water–gas shift reaction is important in DRM and addition of steam in the feed of process gas is beneficial for industrial production. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2060–2071, 2017
Enhanced performance of Rh1/TiO2 catalyst without methanation in water‐gas shift reaction
Authors: Guan Hongling , Lin Jian , Qiao Botao , Miao Shu , Wang Ai‐Qin , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao
Published: November 2016

Water‐gas shift (WGS) reaction is an important process for industrial hydrogen production. The side reaction of methanation often causes unavoidable loss of H2 along with this reaction. Here, we report a Rh1/TiO2 single‐atom catalyst (SAC) with appreciable loading of 0.37 wt %, which exhibited an overall CO conversion of ∼95% but without any methanation at 300°C, even under CO2‐ and H2‐rich WGS stream. The specific activity of this SAC was around four times higher than that of cluster catalyst, which meanwhile suffered from unfavorable methanation. It was found that Rh single atoms promoted the formation of more oxygen vacancies on the TiO2 support to activate H2O to generate H2 and prohibited the dissociation of H2 compared with Rh clusters, leading to the enhanced activity and selectivity for WGS. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2081–2088, 2017
Quinoidal/Aromatic Transformations in π‐Conjugated Oligomers: Vibrational Raman studies on the Limits of Rupture for π‐Bonds
Authors: Burrezo Paula Mayorga , Zafra José L. , López Navarrete Juan T. , Casado Juan
Published: November 2016

The vibrational Raman spectra of several series of aromatic and quinoidal compounds have been analyzed considering the downshifts and upshifts of the frequencies of the relevant Raman bands as a function of the number of repeating units. Oligothiophenes, oligophenylene‐vinylenes, and oligoperylenes (oligophenyls) derivatives are studied in a common context. These shifts are taken as spectroscopic fingerprints of the changes in π‐conjugation. For a given family, aromatic and quinoidal oligomers have been studied together, and according to their Raman frequency shifts located in the two‐well BLA–energy curve of their ground electronic state as a function of the bond‐length‐alternation pattern (BLA). The connection among BLA values, π‐conjugation, and Raman frequencies is taken here as the basis of the study. These Raman shifts/BLA changes have been related to important electronic properties of these one‐dimensional linear π‐electron delocalized systems such as quinoidal (polyene) and aromatic characters.
Substituent Effects in BODIPY in Live Cell Imaging
Authors: Mulay Sandip V. , Yudhistira Tesla , Choi Minsuk , Kim Youngsam , Kim Jinjoo , Jang Yoon Jeong , Jon Sangyong , Churchill David G.
Published: November 2016

Small‐molecule organoselenium‐based fluorescent probes possess great capacity in understanding biological processes through the detection of various analytes such as reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), biothiols (cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione), lipid droplets, etc. Herein, we present how substituents on the BODIPY system play a significant part in the detection of biologically important analytes for in vitro conditions and live cell imaging studies. The fluorescence of the probe was quenched by 2‐chloro and 6‐phenyl selenium groups; the probe shows high selectivity with NaOCl among other ROS/RNS, and gives a turn‐on response. The maximum fluorescence intensity is attained within ≈1–2 min with a low detection limit (19.6 nm), and shows a ≈110‐fold fluorescence enhancement compared to signals generated for other ROS/RNS. Surprisingly, in live cell experiments, the probe specifically located and accumulated in lipid droplets, and showed a fluorescence turn‐on response. We believe this turn‐on response occurred because of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), which surprisingly occurred only by introducing one lipophilic mesityl group at the meso position of the BODIPY.
Changing the Emission Properties of Phosphorescent C^C*‐Cyclometalated Thiazol‐2‐ylidene Platinum(II) Complexes by Variation of the β‐Diketonate Ligands
Authors: Leopold Hendrik , Heinemeyer Ute , Wagenblast Gerhard , Münster Ingo , Strassner Thomas
Published: November 2016

Cyclometalated thiazol‐2‐ylidene platinum(II) complexes based on the N‐phenyl‐4,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐ylidene N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand and seven different β‐diketonate ligands have been synthesised and investigated for their structural and photophysical properties. The complexes were synthesised in a one‐pot procedure starting with the in situ formation of the corresponding silver(I) carbene and transmetalation to platinum, followed by the reaction with the respective β‐diketonate under basic conditions. All the compounds were fully characterised by standard techniques, including 195Pt NMR spectroscopy. Three solid‐state structures revealed quite different aggregation behaviour depending on the β‐diketonate architecture. The reported complexes showed strong phosphorescence at room temperature in amorphous poly(methyl methacrylate) films. The emission wavelengths (ca. 510 nm) were found to be independent of the β‐diketonate ligand, but the electronically diverse β‐diketonates strongly influence the observed quantum yields (QY) and decay lifetimes. The results of theoretical studies employing density functional theory (DFT) methods support the conclusion of a metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) as the main emission process, in accordance with the reported photophysical properties. Standard organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) prepared with unoptimised matrix materials using one of the complexes showed values of 12.3 % external quantum yield, 24.0 lm W−1 luminous efficacy and 37.8 cd A−1 current efficiency at 300 cd m−2.
Carnation Creek watershed experiment—long‐term responses of coho salmon populations to historic forest practices
Authors: Tschaplinski Peter J. , Pike Robin G.
Published: November 2016

The Carnation Creek project is a long‐term study of the effects of forestry practices on a small coastal watershed (11 km2) located in southwestern Vancouver Island. Initiated in 1970, this pretreatment versus post‐treatment case study consists of 5 years of preharvest, 6 years of during‐harvest, and now, 34 years of postharvest research. Forty‐one percent of the watershed was clearcut from 1976 to 1981. One tributary sub‐basin (1.1 km2) was left as an unharvested reference drainage. Riparian treatments varied from clearcuts to a variable‐width buffer. Fish population responses to logging have been complex, and specific to species and life stages. Stream warming due partly to riparian harvest increased the growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon and elevated smolt production by 65% for nearly three decades. These relatively short‐term thermal benefits offset the effects of riparian clearcutting which included accelerated bank erosion, streambed scour, loss of stable in‐stream wood, and sediment movement downstream. Landslides in 1984 greatly amplified these effects but took more than 20 years to propagate downstream to reduce fish habitat complexity and increase streambed instability and sediment transport over the entire portion inhabited by anadromous salmon. These delayed impacts have surpassed the thermal‐related benefits for coho salmon. Fry‐to‐smolt overwinter survival has declined from a mean of 50% between 1982 and 2004 to 15% since 2005. Coho salmon smolt production has consequently been reduced to below prelogging levels. Results show that forestry‐related alterations may take decades to fully develop and persist for decades longer without watershed and stream channel restoration.
Association Between Oxytocin Receptor Genotype, Maternal Care, and Eating Disorder Behaviours in a Community Sample of Women
Authors: Micali Nadia , Crous‐Bou Marta , Treasure Janet , Lawson Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to investigate associations between oxytocin receptor gene (OXT‐R) polymorphisms (rs53576 and rs2254298), their interaction with maternal care (GxE), and ED behaviours in a community sample. We studied 3698 women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) who participated in a two‐phase prevalence study of lifetime ED and had genotype data. The GG rs53576 genotype was associated with binge eating and purging, and the rs2254298 AG/AA genotype with restrictive eating lifetime. In addition, the rs2254298 AG/AA genotype interacted with poor maternal care to increase the odds of binge eating and purging (odds ratio = 4.40 (95% confidence intervals: 1.11–17.4)). This study replicates previous findings of an association between OXT‐R polymorphisms and ED, and it is the first to show an interaction between OXT‐R genotype and poor maternal care. As such, these findings highlight the important role of oxytocin in understanding the pathophysiology of ED. © 2016 The Authors European Eating Disorders Review published by Eating Disorders Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd