bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance spectroscopy boosted by simultaneously acquired water reference signals
Authors: Döring André , Adalid Victor , Boesch Chris , Kreis Roland
Published: April 2018

Purpose

To combine the metabolite‐cycling technique with diffusion‐weighted 1H‐MR spectroscopy and to use the inherent water reference for compensation of motion‐related signal loss for improved estimation of metabolite apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs).

Methods

Diffusion‐weighted spectra of water and metabolites were acquired simultaneously using metabolite‐cycling at 3 T. The water information was used for signal correction of phase, frequency, and eddy currents, as well as for compensation of motion‐induced signal loss. ADCs were estimated by 2D simultaneous fitting. The quality of ADC restoration was investigated in vitro. Subsequently, the new approach was applied in 13 subjects for enhanced metabolite ADC estimation in gray matter.

Results

Metabolite‐cycled diffusion 1H‐MRS is suitable to measure metabolite and water ADCs simultaneously. The water reference facilitates signal amplitude restoration, compensating for motion‐related artefacts. 2D fitting stabilizes the fitting procedure and allows the estimation of ADCs even for low signal‐to‐noise metabolites. Use of the motion‐compensation scheme leads to estimation of smaller ADCs for virtually all metabolites (44% smaller ADC on average), to a reduction of fitting uncertainties for metabolite ADCs in individual subjects and reduced variance over the cohort (45% smaller SD on average).

Conclusion

Using the simultaneously acquired water signal as internal reference allows not only for compensation of phase and frequency fluctuations but also for signal amplitude restoration, and thus improved metabolite ADC estimation. Combination with 2D simultaneous fitting promises access to the diffusion properties even for low signal‐to‐noise metabolites. The combination of both techniques increases the specificity and sensitivity of estimated metabolite ADC values in the cohort.
Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on breathing variability in early preterm lung disease
Authors: Zannin Emanuela , Veneroni Chiara , Dellacà Raffaele L. , Corbetta Roberta , Suki Bela , Tagliabue Paolo E. , Ventura Maria L.
Published: April 2018

Objectives

In preterm infants, the application of nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) improves lung function through several mechanisms and may interact with the control of breathing. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of increasing/decreasing nCPAP on gas exchange, breathing pattern, and its variability in preterm infants.

Methods

Fifeteen infants with mild to moderate respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were studied on the first day of life. Infants had a mean (SD) gestational age of 30 + 4 (3 + 4) weeks + day and body weight of 1405 (606) g. nCPAP was increased every 10 min stepwise (0‐4‐8‐10 cmH2O) and then decreased every 20 min (8‐6‐4‐2 cmH2O). At each step, vital parameters, oxygenation, and chest wall volume changes (optoelectronic plethysmography) were evaluated. Tidal volume (VT), inter‐breath interval (IBI), end‐expiratory lung volume (EELV) changes, and other breathing pattern parameters were computed breath‐by‐breath. The correlation properties of VT, IBI, and EELV were quantified by detrended fluctuation analysis, computing the scaling exponent α.

Results

During nCPAP, oxygenation improved and VT decreased significantly compared with no nCPAP. No significant changes in breathing pattern were observed between nCPAP levels. α of EELV was significantly higher off nCPAP than during nCPAP, suggesting that nCPAP helps stabilize EELV control mechanisms.

Conclusions

In our population of preterm infants with mild to moderate RDS, in the first day of life, nCPAP improved gas exchange, VT, and EELV stability independent of nCPAP level.
Stress‐induced evolution of herbicide resistance and related pleiotropic effects
Authors: Dyer William Edward
Published: April 2018

Herbicide‐resistant weeds, especially those with resistance to multiple herbicides, represent a growing worldwide threat to agriculture and food security. Natural selection for resistant genotypes may act on standing genetic variation, or on a genetic and physiological background that is fundamentally altered because of stress responses to sublethal herbicide exposure. Stress‐induced changes include DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations, transcriptional remodeling, and protein modifications, all of which can lead to herbicide resistance and a wide range of pleiotropic effects. Resistance selected in this manner is termed systemic acquired herbicide resistance, and the associated pleiotropic effects are manifested as a suite of constitutive transcriptional and post‐translational changes related to biotic and abiotic stress adaptation, representing the evolutionary signature of selection. This phenotype is being investigated in two multiple herbicide‐resistant populations of the hexaploid, self‐pollinating weedy monocotAvena fatuathat display such changes as well as constitutive reductions in certain heat shock proteins and their transcripts, which are well known as global regulators of diverse stress adaptation pathways. Herbicide‐resistant populations of most weedy plant species exhibit pleiotropic effects, and their association with resistance genes presents a fertile area of investigation. This review proposes that more detailed studies of resistantA. fatuaand other species through the lens of plant evolution under stress will inform improved resistant weed prevention and management strategies. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Horizontal transmission of Paranosema locustae (Microsporidia) in grasshopper populations via predatory natural enemies
Authors: Wang‐Peng Shi , Zheng Xuan , Jia Wan‐Tong , Li Ao‐Mei , Camara Ibrahima , Chen Hong‐Xing , Tan Shu‐Qian , Liu Yi‐Qing , Ji Rong
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Paranosema locustae Canning, 1953 (Microsporidia) provides effective control of grasshoppers. Horizontal transmission of P. locustae is known to occur, and evidence for the mechanism of this transmission via predatory natural enemies has been found. We conducted a 3‐year laboratory and field study to assess the potential impact of feces from both grasshoppers Locusta migratoria L. and their natural enemies on the persistence of P. locustae.

RESULTS

We found that P. locustae persisted among grasshopper populations in treated areas and in adjacent untreated areas for up to 2 years, and the density of grasshoppers decreased in both areas. We showed that healthy grasshoppers could be infected by eating food contaminated by feces from their natural enemies. Grasshopper predators retained a large number of spores acquired from eating grasshoppers infected with P. locustae. Spores in the feces of the main natural enemy, the beetle Pterostichus gebleri Dejean 1828, in the treated area showed clear viability.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that predatory natural enemies are important vectors for this microsporidian disease, and suggest that sustainable transmission and continuing population suppression might be achieved by horizontal transmission via natural enemies, which should be maximized to increase the effectiveness of P. locustae. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The power and potential of genomics in weed biology and management
Authors: Ravet Karl , Patterson Eric L , Krähmer Hansjörg , Hamouzová Kateřina , Fan Longjiang , Jasieniuk Marie , Lawton‐Rauh Amy , Malone Jenna M , McElroy J Scott , Merotto Aldo , Westra Philip , Preston Christopher , Vila‐Aiub Martin M , Busi Roberto , Tranel Patrick J , Reinhardt Carl , Saski Christopher , Beffa Roland , Neve Paul , Gaines Todd A
Published: April 2018

There have been previous calls for, and efforts focused on, realizing the power and potential of weed genomics for better understanding of weeds. Sustained advances in genome sequencing and assembly technologies now make it possible for individual research groups to generate reference genomes for multiple weed species at reasonable costs. Here, we present the outcomes from several meetings, discussions, and workshops focused on establishing an International Weed Genomics Consortium (IWGC) for a coordinated international effort in weed genomics. We review the ‘state of the art’ in genomics and weed genomics, including technologies, applications, and on‐going weed genome projects. We also report the outcomes from a workshop and a global survey of the weed science community to identify priority species, key biological questions, and weed management applications that can be addressed through greater availability of, and access to, genomic resources. Major focus areas include the evolution of herbicide resistance and weedy traits, the development of molecular diagnostics, and the identification of novel targets and approaches for weed management. There is increasing interest in, and need for, weed genomics, and the establishment of the IWGC will provide the necessary global platform for communication and coordination of weed genomics research. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Elucidating the mechanism of action of copper heptagluconate on the plant immune system against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L)
Authors: González‐Hernández Ana I , Llorens Eugenio , Agustí‐Brisach Carlos , Vicedo Begonya , Yuste Teresa , Cerveró Antonio , Ledó Carlos , García‐Agustín Pilar , Lapeña Leonor
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Phytopathogenic problems caused by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in tomato are becoming more serious due to the emergence of strains resistant to classical pesticides. This has led to research into new formulations with lower environmental problems. One of the most promising alternatives to the use of classical pesticides is the induction of natural plant defences. New formulations based on Cu complexed with heptagluconic acid induce plant innate defences and could be an alternative to classical treatments based on inorganic Cu against bacterial speck. To study the efficacy of this compound in tomato against P. syringae, we tested its systemic effect Applying the treatments via radicular.

RESULTS

Treated plants showed less infection development and lower number of viable bacteria in leaves. We also observed better performance of parameters involved in plant resistance such as the antioxidant response and the accumulation of phenolic compounds.

CONCLUSION

Results showed that soil drench applications can be highly effective for the prevention and control of bacterial speck in tomato plants, showing a reduction in symptoms of ∼ 50%. Moreover, application of Cu heptagluconate induced accumulation of the plant polyphenols caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and reduced the amount of reactive oxygen species in infected plants. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Conditional estimation using prior information in 2‐stage group sequential designs assuming asymptotic normality when the trial terminated early
Authors: Shimura Masashi , Maruo Kazushi , Gosho Masahiko
Published: April 2018

Two‐stage designs are widely used to determine whether a clinical trial should be terminated early. In such trials, a maximum likelihood estimate is often adopted to describe the difference in efficacy between the experimental and reference treatments; however, this method is known to display conditional bias. To reduce such bias, a conditional mean‐adjusted estimator (CMAE) has been proposed, although the remaining bias may be nonnegligible when a trial is stopped for efficacy at the interim analysis. We propose a new estimator for adjusting the conditional bias of the treatment effect by extending the idea of the CMAE. This estimator is calculated by weighting the maximum likelihood estimate obtained at the interim analysis and the effect size prespecified when calculating the sample size. We evaluate the performance of the proposed estimator through analytical and simulation studies in various settings in which a trial is stopped for efficacy or futility at the interim analysis. We find that the conditional bias of the proposed estimator is smaller than that of the CMAE when the information time at the interim analysis is small. In addition, the mean‐squared error of the proposed estimator is also smaller than that of the CMAE. In conclusion, we recommend the use of the proposed estimator for trials that are terminated early for efficacy or futility.
Increasing specificity of tandem mass spectrometry by laser‐induced dissociation
Authors: Girod Marion
Published: April 2018

Mass spectrometry offers an arsenal of tools for diverse proteomic investigations. This perspective article reviews some of the recent developments in the field of coupling laser‐induced dissociation with mass spectrometry (LID‐MS). Strategies involving labelling with a chromophore to induce specific photo‐absorption properties are considered, with a focus on specific amino acid derivatization. Some of the opportunities and challenges of LID‐MS after targeted labelling for increasing specificity in complex sample analysis are discussed.
Trusting Government to Mitigate a New Hazard: The Case of Oklahoma Earthquakes
Authors: Murphy Haley , Greer Alex , Wu Hao‐Che
Published: April 2018

This paper examines individual‐level perceptions of knowledge levels, responsibility, and trust in the government's ability and willingness to mitigate the newfound earthquake hazard in Oklahoma. These earthquakes have increased in number and intensity since 2010 and are largely believed to be a by‐product of wastewater injection wells from oil drilling, making them a new, politically complex hazard for residents to navigate. We conducted household level surveys with two communities in Oklahoma to examine the relationship between (a) an individual's belief that state and local government is knowledgeable about the new earthquake hazard; (b) individual perception that state and local government is responsible for protecting them from the earthquake hazard; and (c) their level of trust in state and local government's ability and willingness to mitigate the hazard. We find that individuals who perceive state and local government as more knowledge about the hazard, or more responsible for protecting them from the hazard, have a higher level of trust in government's ability and willingness to mitigate the earthquake hazard.
Epitaxially Grown Ferroelectric PVDF‐TrFE Film on Shape‐Tailored Semiconducting Rubrene Single Crystal
Authors: Lee Yujeong , Kim Kang Lib , Kang Han Sol , Jeong Beomjin , Park Chanho , Bae Insung , Kang Seok Ju , Park Youn Jung , Park Cheolmin
Published: April 2018

Epitaxial crystallization of thin poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) (PVDF‐TrFE) films is important for the full utilization of their ferroelectric properties. Epitaxy can offer a route for maximizing the degree of crystallinity with the effective orientation of the crystals with respect to the electric field. Despite various approaches for the epitaxial control of the crystalline structure of PVDF‐TrFE, its epitaxy on a semiconductor is yet to be accomplished. Herein, the epitaxial growth of PVDF‐TrFE crystals on a single‐crystalline organic semiconductor rubrene grown via physical vapor deposition is presented. The epitaxy results in polymer crystals globally ordered with specific crystal orientations dictated by the epitaxial relation between the polymer and rubrene crystal. The lattice matching between the c‐axis of PVDF‐TrFE crystals and the (210) plane of orthorhombic rubrene crystals develops two degenerate crystal orientations of the PVDF‐TrFE crystalline lamellae aligned nearly perpendicular to each other. Thin PVDF‐TrFE films with epitaxially grown crystals are incorporated into metal/ferroelectric polymer/metal and metal/ferroelectric polymer/semiconductor/metal capacitors, which exhibit excellent nonvolatile polarization and capacitance behavior, respectively. Furthermore, combined with a printing technique for micropatterning rubrene single crystals, the epitaxy of a PVDF‐TrFE film is formed selectively on the patterned rubrene with characteristic epitaxial crystal orientation over a large area.
Development and validation of a UHPLC–MS/MS assay for elvitegravir measurement in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Ocque Andrew Jacob , Hagler Colleen E. , Lapham Jill , Morse Gene D. , Letendre Scott , Ma Qing
Published: April 2018

The quantification of the integrase inhibitor, elvitegravir, in cerebrospinal fluid will significantly help understand its effects in the central nervous system. An ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully validated to measure elvitegravir in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The biological fluid was diluted with methanol and the clear supernatant was injected into the chromatography system. The calibration was linear from 10.0 to 5000 ng/mL in plasma and 1.00 to 25 ng/mL in cerebrospinal fluid. Inter‐day and intra‐day variability ranged from 1.46 to 8.34% and accuracy ranged from –8.36 to 7.50% for quality controls in either plasma or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. The method was then applied to the measurement of elvitegravir concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples from an HIV+ patient enrolled in a clinical study who switched medications of Stribild® to Genvoya®. The validated method is suitable for the quantification of elvitegravir in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.
The Impact of Microwaves on Organophosphorus Chemistry
Authors: Keglevich György
Published: April 2018

A personal account on the pioneering results on microwave (MW)‐assisted organophosphorus syntheses obtained in the last decade is presented. The broad spectrum of the reactions studied exemplifies the advantages of the MW technique as a green tool regarding efficiency and the simplification of catalyst systems. Theoretical calculations for a few typical models helped us to explore the scope and limitations of the application of MW irradiation.
Try new strategies for creating on‐campus professional development
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2018

Although you know the value of providing your staff with quality professional development opportunities, you also know the challenges of limited funding and scheduling conflicts.
Rivers are social–ecological systems: Time to integrate human dimensions into riverscape ecology and management
Authors: Dunham Jason B. , Angermeier Paul L. , Crausbay Shelley D. , Cravens Amanda E. , Gosnell Hannah , McEvoy Jamie , Moritz Max A. , Raheem Nejem , Sanford Todd
Published: April 2018

Incorporation of concepts from landscape ecology into understanding and managing riverine ecosystems has become widely known as riverscape ecology. Riverscape ecology emphasizes interactions among processes at different scales and their consequences for valued ecosystem components, such as riverine fishes. Past studies have focused strongly on understanding the ecological processes in riverscapes and how human actions modify those processes. It is increasingly clear, however, that an understanding of the drivers behind actions that lead to human modification also merit consideration, especially regarding how those drivers influence management efficacy. These indirect drivers of riverscape outcomes can be understood in the context of a diverse array of social processes, which we collectively refer to as human dimensions. Like ecological phenomena, social processes also exhibit complex interactions across spatiotemporal scales. Greater emphasis on feedbacks between social and ecological processes will lead scientists and managers to more completely understand riverscapes as complex, dynamic, interacting social–ecological systems. Emerging applications in riverscapes, as well as studies of other ecosystems, provide examples that can lead to stronger integration of social and ecological science. We argue that conservation successes within riverscapes may not come from better ecological science, improved ecosystem service analyses, or even economic incentives if the fundamental drivers of human behaviors are not understood and addressed in conservation planning and implementation.

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems

Human Water > Water Governance

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Latvia: A Historical Analysis of Transformation and Diversification of the Higher Education System
Authors: Mhamed Ali Ait Si , Vārpiņa Zane , Dedze Indra , Kaša Rita
Published: April 2018

This chapter analyses the trend of transformation and diversification of higher education in Latvia due to political, economic and social changes in the country. Higher education institutions (HEIs) were established prior to Soviet legacy and during the first independence of Latvia in early twentieth century. During the Soviet rule in Latvia, HE was under full state control, organised to serve the needs of the centrally planned economy and the official Marxist-Leninist ideology. When Latvia proclaimed its independence from the USSR in 1990, its higher education system consisted of ten state HEIs; five of which were placed under the Ministry of Education and others were operating under the auspices of the ministries of healthcare, culture and agriculture. Multiple changes have taken place in the sector of higher education since then. The most important accomplishments of the HE reform during the transition period from the centrally controlled Soviet system to a democratically governed system of independent Latvia as reported in literature were autonomy of HEIs, the expansion of the HE sector in terms of the number of institutions and students, the creation of private HEIs, the introduction of HE quality assessment, the development of new study programmes, the modernisation of existing study programmes and the intensification of international cooperation between HEIs in Latvia and abroad. Hence, ensuring transformations of the HE sector involved continuing the diversification of the institutional landscape. Factors leading to this diversification include increased demand for higher education in social sciences, government’s initiated restructuring of higher education, regulation of the use of languages in higher education, secondary education reforms in early 1990s and shifts in demographic composition of higher education students.
Lithuanian Higher Education: Between Path Dependence and Change
Authors: Leišytė Liudvika , Rose Anna-Lena , Schimmelpfennig Elena
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides an analysis of structural transformations of the Lithuanian higher education landscape paying special attention to developments during Soviet times and in the period after 1990. Lithuanian higher education, which dates back to the sixteenth century, has changed from a traditional elite system to a mass system over time. Political, economic and social change, including the Soviet occupation of the country, the re-establishment of independence and Europeanization through the Bologna Process and accession to the European Union have had significant impact on the Lithuanian higher education landscape.

We have identified three periods of structural change. The first period from 1990 to 2000 is characterized by the re-establishment of universities and of academic autonomy and sporadic expansion of the system. During the second phase from 2001 to 2009, main system expansion and horizontal differentiation took place due to the establishment of the private higher education sector and a boom of the non-university higher education sector. Further, vertical differentiation within the system was reinforced through the availability of EU funding. The third phase, which started in 2010, has witnessed demographic decline, increasing competition and efforts of internationalization as well as more recently also attempts at consolidation of HEIs. The major challenges for the future of this system lie in increasing trust in public authorities, breaking from path dependencies of Soviet legacy, demographic changes, brain drain and increasing competition.
Georgia: Higher Education System Dynamics and Institutional Diversity
Authors: Chakhaia Lela , Bregvadze Tamar
Published: April 2018

The evolution of Georgian higher education system in recent decades almost perfectly mirrors the political and socio-economic developments in the country. Having emerged from the uniform Soviet system, it has been undergoing radical changes and has transformed into a diverse institutional setup, which, for all its similarities with various higher education systems existing in other countries, cannot be categorised as a typical representative of one.

At the risk of oversimplification, we can divide the process of transformation of Georgian higher education in post-soviet period into three stages corresponding to the phases of political and socioeconomic transformations of the country. Immediately after gaining independence, when country sunk into the chaos of civil war, ethnic conflicts and economic crisis, higher education changed largely by inertia and chaotically, without much direction or a uniform vision. Swift transition to market economy was reflected through massive privatisation of costs in higher education and consequent diversification of the form of institutional ownership into public and private. In the following period after 1994, was settling down after the earlier turmoil. The higher education system continued to develop slowly and largely independently from the central governmental guidance. As higher education detached itself from the alliance with the Soviet economy and accordingly with various line ministries, many institutions changed their narrow profiles and started offering a wider range of specialisations thus responding to the demands of the market economy.

Starting in 2004, following the Rose Revolution, the changes were more centralised, planned and fitted with the greater vision of economic liberalism of the government team. Joining the Bologna process and applying the principles of market economy to the governance of higher education happened simultaneously. The result was integration of research at universities and a seemingly ‘meritocratic’ way of admitting students and provision of funds, which ultimately define the prestige of universities.
Looking at Kazakhstan’s Higher Education Landscape: From Transition to Transformation Between 1920 and 2015
Authors: Ahn Elise S. , Dixon John , Chekmareva Larissa
Published: April 2018

Since independence in 1991, the Kazakhstani government has been aggressively pursuing higher education reform. This has led to the passing of a number of education-related laws and the adaptation of different policies and practices in order to facilitate the government’s initial priority of transitioning to a market economy and more recently, to achieve its goal of becoming one of the world’s top 30 economies by the year 2050. This chapter provides an overview of Kazakhstan’s Soviet higher education legacy and the subsequent changes that the higher education sector has both undergone and continues to undergo after joining the EU’s Bologna Process in 2010. In addition to providing a historical perspective of higher education reform in the Kazakhstani context, several typologies have been provided in order to visualise the way the regulatory reforms have resulted in some institutional diversity. The chapter concludes with the challenges that the higher education sector at different levels (e.g., the national (Kazakhstani Ministry of Education and Sciences) and regional and local/institutional levels) continues to face.
Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy Maintains Body Weight and Skeletal Muscle Better Than Total Gastrectomy
Authors: Sugiyama Masahiko , Oki Eiji , Ando Koji , Nakashima Yuichiro , Saeki Hiroshi , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: April 2018

Background

Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy (LPG) is performed as a function‐preserving surgery for patients with early proximal gastric malignant tumors; however, whether LPG has advantages postoperatively compared with laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) is debatable, especially with regard to nutritional outcomes.

Methods

We evaluated 20 patients who underwent LTG and 10 patients who underwent LPG with double tract reconstruction (LPG‐DT) who were diagnosed preoperatively with T1a or T1b N0 Stage IA gastric cancer in our department in the same time period. The statistical relevance of complications, surgical maneuvers, clinical factors and changes in weight, skeletal muscle index (SMI) and serum albumin levels after surgery was compared between the LPG‐DT group and the LTG group.

Results

No differences between groups were observed in patient demographics, operation time, blood loss, complications, number of dissected lymph nodes and pathological stage. The body weight reduction rate was significantly lower in the LPG‐DT group compared with the LTG group at 6 months (5.7 vs. 14.9%, respectively; p = 0.0045) and 1 year after surgery (9.6 vs. 17.9%, respectively; p = 0.0042). The SMI reduction rate of the LPG‐DT group in the first postoperative year was significantly lower than that of the LTG group (9.3 vs. 18.3%, respectively; p = 0.0057).

Conclusions

Patients with early gastric cancer who underwent LPG‐DT had acceptable morbidity and mortality, similar to those who underwent LTG. Body weight and SMI reduction rates were lower in the LPG‐DT group than in the LTG group. Thus, LPG‐DT is an appropriate procedure for patients with clinical Stage IA proximal gastric cancer.
Dynamics of non-wetting drops confined in a Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Keiser Ludovic , Jaafar Khalil , Bico José , Reyssat Étienne
Published: April 2018

We experimentally investigate the sedimentation of a non-wetting drop confined between two parallel walls. The whole system is immersed in a bath of liquid of low viscosity and a lubricating film may be dynamically formed between the drop and the walls of the cell. Depending on the thickness of the film and on the viscosity ratio between the droplet and the surrounding liquid, viscous dissipation localizes either in the lubrication layer or in the bulk of the drop. The velocity of the droplet is non-trivial as the thickness of the lubricating layer may depend on the interplay between interfacial tension and viscous dissipation. Interestingly, thin films whose nanometric thickness is set by long range intermolecular interactions may lubricate efficiently the motion of highly viscous droplets. We derive asymptotic models that successfully capture the settling velocity of the drop in the different regimes observed experimentally. The effect of partial wetting is finally illustrated by a sharp increase of the velocity of the drops that we attribute to a wetting transition.
Backscattering reduction for resonating obstacle in water-wave channel
Authors: Bobinski Tomasz , Maurel Agnès , Petitjeans Philippe , Pagneux Vincent
Published: April 2018

We consider the propagation of water waves in a waveguide with a surface-piercing circular cylinder. A plane wave interacting with the cylinder leads to a Fano resonance resulting in strong scattering with a large reflection coefficient. Using a smoothly varying bathymetry whose shape is optimized, we show both numerically and experimentally that broadband and robust backscattering reduction can be obtained below the first cutoff frequency.
Estimating a Three-Level Latent Variable Regression Model With	Cross-Classified Multiple Membership Data
Authors: Leroux Audrey J. , Beretvas S. Natasha
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The current study proposed a new model, termed the cross-classified multiple membership latent variable regression (CCMM-LVR) model that provides an extension to the three-level latent variable regression (HM3-LVR) model that can be used with cross-classified multiple membership data, for example, in the presence of student mobility across schools. The HM3-LVR model is beneficial for testing more flexible hypotheses about growth trajectory parameters and handles pure clustering of participants within higher-level (level-3) units. However, the HM3-LVR model involves the assumption that students remain in the same cluster (school) throughout the duration of the time period of interest. The CCMM-LVR model appropriately models the participants’ changing clusters over time. The impact of ignoring mobility in the real data was investigated by comparing parameter estimates, standard error estimates, and model fit indices for the model (CCMM-LVR) that appropriately modeled the cross-classified multiple membership structure with results when this structure was ignored (HM3-LVR).
Flight Crew Errors in Challenging and Stressful	Situations
Authors: Dismukes R. Key , Kochan Janeen A. , Goldsmith Timothy E.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Emergencies and other threatening situations challenge the cognitive capabilities of even the most skilled performers. While the effects of acute stress on cognition and performance have been examined in diverse laboratory studies, few studies have focused on skilled performers. We analyzed 12 airline accidents to determine the types of errors arising in situations that are highly challenging and probably stressful. We identified 212 flight crew errors from accident investigation reports; these errors were grouped into eight higher-level error categories. Cognitive factors contributing to vulnerability to these errors were identified and related to theoretical models of stress. Finally, we suggest specific ways to guard against stress-related errors by enhancing training, operating procedures, and cockpit interfaces.
A Training-Centered Approach to the Situational Control	Model
Authors: Martin Wayne L. , Murray Patrick S. , Bates Paul R. , Lee Paul (S-Y)
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Situational awareness (SA) has been conceptually defined as an awareness of current and past events that contextualize an understanding of what is currently happening and future implications of that state. While SA has been considered widely in previous research, the literature provides little guidance on the actual skill sets that contribute toward a state of SA, or, beyond that, the additional skills that then contribute to a state of controlled flight path management; a state we describe as situational control (SC). A set of social and cognitive skills are required to develop awareness of the current situation and likely future developments; however, the skills that provide SC are additional to those required for SA, and are elaborated on. SC is further considered within the context of flight training.
Land Surface Cooling Induced by Sulfate Geoengineering Constrained by Major Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Plazzotta Maxime , Séférian Roland , Douville Hervé , Kravitz Ben , Tjiputra Jerry
Published: April 2018

Solar radiation management by stratospheric aerosol injection (SRM‐SAI) has been proposed as a possible method to counteract anthropogenic global warming, with climate models suggesting it could reduce substantially global temperature and associated impacts. Its effectiveness as simulated by Earth system models exhibits, however, large uncertainties, implying high risks for natural and human ecosystems. Here we identify an emergent relationship linking the long‐term global land surface cooling due to SRM‐SAI and the short‐term cooling following the twentieth century major volcanic eruptions across an Earth system models ensemble. This emergent relationship, combined with observations and reanalysis data, is used to constrain the global land surface temperature (LT) response to reduced downward solar radiation. Based on these constraints, we find a mean decrease in land surface temperature of 0.44 K·W−1·m2, 20% smaller than the unconstrained multimodel mean. This new estimate may affect how trade‐offs between cost, risk, and effectiveness of SRM‐SAI might be considered.
Observations of Local Positive Low Cloud Feedback Patterns and Their Role in Internal Variability and Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Yuan Tianle , Oreopoulos Lazaros , Platnick Steven E. , Meyer Kerry
Published: April 2018

Modeling studies have shown that cloud feedbacks are sensitive to the spatial pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, while cloud feedbacks themselves strongly influence the magnitude of SST anomalies. Observational counterparts to such patterned interactions are still needed. Here we show that distinct large‐scale patterns of SST and low‐cloud cover (LCC) emerge naturally from objective analyses of observations and demonstrate their close coupling in a positive local SST‐LCC feedback loop that may be important for both internal variability and climate change. The two patterns that explain the maximum amount of covariance between SST and LCC correspond to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, leading modes of multidecadal internal variability. Spatial patterns and time series of SST and LCC anomalies associated with both modes point to a strong positive local SST‐LCC feedback. In many current climate models, our analyses suggest that SST‐LCC feedback strength is too weak compared to observations. Modeled local SST‐LCC feedback strength affects simulated internal variability so that stronger feedback produces more intense and more realistic patterns of internal variability. To the extent that the physics of the local positive SST‐LCC feedback inferred from observed climate variability applies to future greenhouse warming, we anticipate significant amount of delayed warming because of SST‐LCC feedback when anthropogenic SST warming eventually overwhelm the effects of internal variability that may mute anthropogenic warming over parts of the ocean. We postulate that many climate models may be underestimating both future warming and the magnitude of modeled internal variability because of their weak SST‐LCC feedback.
Mutual inhibition between HDAC9 and miR-17 regulates osteogenesis of human periodontal ligament stem cells in inflammatory conditions
Authors: Li Liya , Liu Wenjia , Wang Hong , Yang Qianjuan , Zhang Liqiang , Jin Fang , Jin Yan
Published: April 2018

Histone deacetylases (HDAC) plays important roles in the post-translational modifications of histone cores as well as non-histone targets. Many of them are involved in key inflammatory processes. Despite their importance, whether and how HDAC9 is regulated under inflammatory conditions remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HDAC9 under chronic inflammation condition in human periodontal ligament stromal cell (PDLSCs) and to explore the underlying regulatory mechanism. PDLSCs from healthy or periodontitis human tissue was compared. The therapeutic effects of HDAC inhibitors was determined in PDLSC pellet transplanted nude mice and LPS-induced rat periodontitis. We report that HDAC9 was the most affected HDAC family member under inflammatory conditions in PDLSCs. HDAC9 impaired osteogenic differentiation capacity of PDLSCs under inflammatory conditions. Downregulation of HDAC9 by HDAC inhibitors or si-HDAC9 rescued the osteogenic differentiation capacity of inflammatory PDLSC to a similar level with the healthy PDLSC. In this context, HDAC9 and miR-17 formed an inhibitory loop. The inhibition of miR-17 aggravated loss of calcified nodules in inflamed PDLSCs and interrupted the effect of HDAC inhibitor in rescuing osteogenesis. In vivo experiments using nude mice and LPS-induced periodontitis model confirmed that HDAC inhibitors could improve new bone formation. We conclude that HDAC inhibitors improved osteogenesis of PDLSCs in vitro and periodontitis in vivo.
Targeting the miR-665-3p-ATG4B-autophagy axis relieves inflammation and apoptosis in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion
Authors: Li Zhenlu , Wang Guangzhi , Feng Dongcheng , Zu Guo , Li Yang , Shi Xue , Zhao Yan , Jing Huirong , Ning Shili , Le Weidong , Yao Jihong , Tian Xiaofeng
Published: April 2018

Autophagy is an essential cytoprotective response against pathologic stresses that selectively degrades damaged cellular components. Impaired autophagy contributes to organ injury in multiple diseases, including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), but the exact mechanism by which impaired autophagy is regulated remains unclear. Several researchers have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate autophagy by targeting autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Therefore, the effect of ATG-related miRNAs on I/R remains a promising research avenue. In our study, we found that autophagy flux is impaired during intestinal I/R. A miRNA microarray analysis showed that miR-665-3p was highly expressed in the I/R group, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Then, we predicted and proved that miR-665-3p negatively regulates ATG4B expression in Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells. In ileum biopsy samples from patients with intestinal infarction, there was an inverse correlation between miR-665-3p and ATG4B expression, which supports the in vitro findings. Moreover, based on miR-665-3p regulation of autophagy in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro, gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the therapeutic potential of miR-665-3p. Additionally, we provide evidence that ATG4B is indispensable for protection upon inhibition of miR-665-3p. Finally, we observed that locked nucleic acid-modified inhibition of miR-665-3p in vivo alleviates I/R-induced systemic inflammation and apoptosis via recovery of autophagic flux. Our study highlights miR-665-3p as a novel small molecule that regulates autophagy by targeting ATG4B, suggesting that miR-665-3p inhibition may be a potential therapeutic approach against inflammation and apoptosis for the clinical treatment of intestinal I/R.
ECD promotes gastric cancer metastasis by blocking E3 ligase ZFP91-mediated hnRNP F ubiquitination and degradation
Authors: Xu Song-Hui , Zhu Song , Wang Yanjie , Huang Jin-Zhou , Chen Min , Wu Qing-Xia , He Yu-Tian , Chen De , Yan Guang-Rong
Published: April 2018

The human ortholog of the Drosophila ecdysoneless gene (ECD) is required for embryonic development and cell-cycle progression; however, its role in cancer progression and metastasis remains unclear. Here, we found that ECD is frequently overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC), especially in metastatic GC, and is correlated with poor clinical outcomes in GC patients. Silencing ECD inhibited GC migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo, while ECD overexpression promoted GC migration and invasion. ECD promoted GC invasion and metastasis by protecting hnRNP F from ubiquitination and degradation. We identified ZFP91 as the E3 ubiquitin ligase that is responsible for hnRNP F ubiquitination at Lys 185 and proteasomal degradation. ECD competitively bound to hnRNP F via the N-terminal STG1 domain (13-383aa), preventing hnRNP F from interacting with ZFP91, thus preventing ZFP91-mediated hnRNP F ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Collectively, our findings indicate that ECD promotes cancer invasion and metastasis by preventing E3 ligase ZFP91-mediated hnRNP F ubiquitination and degradation, suggesting that ECD may be a marker for poor prognosis and a potential therapeutic target for GC patients.
Warm/cool-tone switchable thermochromic material for smart windows by orthogonally integrating properties of pillar[6]arene and ferrocene
Authors: Wang Sai , Xu Zuqiang , Wang Tingting , Xiao Tangxin , Hu Xiao-Yu , Shen Ying-Zhong , Wang Leyong
Published: April 2018

Functional materials play a vital role in the fabrication of smart windows, which can provide a more comfortable indoor environment for humans to enjoy a better lifestyle. Traditional materials for smart windows tend to possess only a single functionality with the purpose of regulating the input of solar energy. However, different color tones also have great influences on human emotions. Herein, a strategy for orthogonal integration of different properties is proposed, namely the thermo-responsiveness of ethylene glycol-modified pillar[6]arene (EGP6) and the redox-induced reversible color switching of ferrocene/ferrocenium groups are orthogonally integrated into one system. This gives rise to a material with cooperative and non-interfering dual functions, featuring both thermochromism and warm/cool tone-switchability. Consequently, the obtained bifunctional material for fabricating smart windows can not only regulate the input of solar energy but also can provide a more comfortable color tone to improve the feelings and emotions of people in indoor environments.
Spatiotemporal manipulation of ciliary glutamylation reveals its roles in intraciliary trafficking and Hedgehog signaling
Authors: Hong Shi-Rong , Wang Cuei-Ling , Huang Yao-Shen , Chang Yu-Chen , Chang Ya-Chu , Pusapati Ganesh V. , Lin Chun-Yu , Hsu Ning , Cheng Hsiao-Chi , Chiang Yueh-Chen , Huang Wei-En , Shaner Nathan C. , Rohatgi Rajat , Inoue Takanari , Lin Yu-Chun
Published: April 2018

Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) occur spatiotemporally throughout cells and are suggested to be involved in a wide range of cellular activities. However, the complexity and dynamic distribution of tubulin PTMs within cells have hindered the understanding of their physiological roles in specific subcellular compartments. Here, we develop a method to rapidly deplete tubulin glutamylation inside the primary cilia, a microtubule-based sensory organelle protruding on the cell surface, by targeting an engineered deglutamylase to the cilia in minutes. This rapid deglutamylation quickly leads to altered ciliary functions such as kinesin-2-mediated anterograde intraflagellar transport and Hedgehog signaling, along with no apparent crosstalk to other PTMs such as acetylation and detyrosination. Our study offers a feasible approach to spatiotemporally manipulate tubulin PTMs in living cells. Future expansion of the repertoire of actuators that regulate PTMs may facilitate a comprehensive understanding of how diverse tubulin PTMs encode ciliary as well as cellular functions.
Activity dependent LoNA regulates translation by coordinating rRNA transcription and methylation
Authors: Li Dingfeng , Zhang Juan , Wang Ming , Li Xiaohui , Gong Huarui , Tang Huiping , Chen Lin , Wan Lili , Liu Qiang
Published: April 2018

The ribosome is indispensable for precisely controlling the capacity of protein synthesis. However, how translational machinery is coordinated to meet the translational demands remains elusive. Here, we identify a nucleolar-specific lncRNA (LoNA), its 5′ portion binds and sequesters nucleolin to suppress rRNA transcription, and its snoRNA like 3′ end recruits and diminishes fibrillarin activity to reduce rRNA methylation. Activity-dependent decrease of LoNA leads to elevated rRNA and ribosome levels, an increased proportion of polysomes, mRNA polysome loading, and protein translation. In addition, transport of ribosomes to synapses is particularly promoted, resulting in increased levels of AMPA/NMDA receptor, enhanced synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation and consolidated memory. Strikingly, hippocampal LoNA deficiency not only enhances long-term memory in WT mice, but also restores impaired memory function in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Together, these findings reveal the multifaceted role of LoNA in modulating ribosome biogenesis to meet the translational demands of long-term memory.