bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality and Paclitaxel-Coated Devices
Authors: Rocha-Singh Krishna J. , Duval Sue , Jaff Michael R. , Schneider Peter A. , Ansel Gary M. , Lyden Sean P. , Mullin Christopher M. , Ioannidis John P.A. , Misra Sanjay , Tzafriri Abraham R. , Edelman Elazer R. , Granada Juan F. , White Christopher J. , Beckman Joshua A. ,   On behalf of VIVA Physicians, Inc
Published: May 2020

Background:

Paclitaxel-containing devices (PTXDs) significantly reduce reintervention in patients with symptomatic femoropopliteal peripheral artery disease. A recent aggregate-data meta-analysis reported increased late mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease treated with PTXDs. We performed an individual patient data meta-analysis to evaluate mortality.

Methods:

Manufacturers of US Food and Drug Administration–approved and commercially available devices in the United States provided deidentified individual patient data for independent analysis. Cox proportional hazards 1-stage meta-analysis models using intention-to-treat methods were used for the primary analysis. A secondary analysis of recovered missing vital status data was performed. The impact of control crossover to PTXDs, cause-specific mortality, and drug dose mortality were assessed.

Results:

A total of 2185 subjects and 386 deaths from 8 PTXD trials with 4-year median follow-up were identified. The primary analysis indicated a 38% (95% CI, 6% to 80%) increased relative mortality risk, corresponding to 4.6% absolute increase, at 5 years associated with PTXD use. Control and treatment arm loss to follow-up and withdrawal were 24% and 23%, respectively. With inclusion of recovered vital status data, the excess relative mortality risk was 27% (95% CI, 3%–58%). This observation was consistent across various scenarios, including as-treated analyses, with no evidence of increased risk over time with PTXDs. Mortality risk tended to be increased for all major causes of death. There were no subgroup differences. No drug dose–mortality association was identified.

Conclusions:

This individual patient data meta-analysis, based on the most complete available data set of mortality events from PTXD randomized controlled trials, identified an absolute 4.6% increased mortality risk associated with PTXD use.
Contact versus Exposure: Refugee Presence and Voting for the Far Right
Authors: Steinmayr Andreas
Published: May 2020

This paper investigates how different forms of exposure to refugees affect voting for Far Right parties. I study the state of Upper Austria where many municipalities hosted asylum seekers and also experienced a massive flow of refugees crossing into Germany in 2015. Exposure to refugees passing through border municipalities increased Far Right votes by about 1.5 percentage points, which suggests that mere exposure can increase Far Right support. Conversely, contact and sustained interactions between natives and asylum seekers in hosting municipalities decreased Far Right votes by about 4 percentage points, which is in line with the intergroup contact theory.
Trade and Management
Authors: Bloom Nicholas , Manova Kalina , Van Reenen John , Sun Stephen Teng , Yu Zhihong
Published: May 2020

We study how management practices shape export performance using matched production-trade-management data for Chinese and American firms and a randomized control trial in India. Better-managed firms are more likely to export, sell more products to more destinations, and earn higher export revenues and profits. They export higher-quality products at higher prices and lower quality-adjusted prices. They import a wider range of inputs and inputs of higher quality and price, from more advanced countries. We rationalize these patterns with a heterogeneous-firm model in which effective management improves performance by raising production efficiency and quality capacity.
How Do Taxpayers Respond to Public Disclosure and Social Recognition Programs? Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Slemrod Joel , Rehman Obeid Ur , Waseem Mazhar
Published: May 2020

We examine two Pakistani programs to see if the public disclosure of tax information and social recognition of top taxpayers promotes tax compliance. Pakistan began revealing income tax paid by all taxpayers in 2012. Simultaneously, another program began recognizing and rewarding the top 100 tax- paying corporations, partnerships, self-employed individuals, and wage earners. We find that the public disclosure caused an increase of 9 log points and the social recognition program 17 log points in the tax payments of agents exposed to the program. Our results suggest that such programs can be important policy levers to mobilize additional resources.
Coronavirus Fears and Macroeconomic Expectations
Authors: Binder Carola
Published: May 2020

The Federal Reserve cut interest rates on March 3, 2020, in response to COVID-19. On March 5 and 6, I surveyed over 500 consumers about their concerns about COVID-19, awareness of the Fed's announcement, and macroeconomic expectations. Most consumers were concerned about effects of COVID-19 on the economy, their health, and their personal finances. About 38% were aware that the Fed had cut interest rates. Greater concern is associated with higher inflation expectations and more pessimistic unemployment expectations. I informed respondents about the Fed's announcement, which led some consumers to become more optimistic about unemployment and revise inflation expectations downward.
The International Law Commission’s Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (jus cogens): Making Wine from Water or More Water than Wine
Authors: Tladi Dire
Published: May 2020

In the summer of 2019, the UN International Law Commission adopted a set of Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (jus cogens) on first reading. The Draft Conclusions cover various aspects relating to the methodology for the identification of peremptory norms and consequences of peremptory norms. The elaboration of the Draft Conclusions by the Commission provides an opportunity for the clarification of peremptory norms in order to take it out of the proverbial garage. Whether this potential is fulfilled will depend on a number of factors, including whether the Draft Conclusions are coherent, reflect practice, and address important practical considerations. The article suggests that, drawing on existing instruments, the Draft Conclusions formulate existing rules in more precise ways, and do so in a coherent manner.
‘Fast’ and ‘Slow’: Abstract Thinking and ‘Real Experience’ in Two Mongolian Non-Pastoral Modes of Travel
Authors: Humphrey Caroline
Published: May 2020

This paper discusses two non-nomadic modes of transport in 1930s–60s Mongolia: the horse relay system and the goods caravan. It suggests that each of these should be seen as a ‘mobility constellation’ involving entanglements of mobility, narrative and practice, and implying different social relations and experience of the environment. It is argued that the relay system in particular involved abstract distance–speed calculation and that this enabled the conception of extensive cross-border geographies. The paper also explains why herders who took part in (fast) relay and (slow) caravan duties greatly preferred the latter.
Pacing Transhumance
Authors: Oehler Alex
Published: May 2020

For Indigenous Soyot herder-hunters of the Eastern Sayan Mountains in western Buryatia, maintaining a sustainable multispecies encampment is a matter of pacing the individual rhythms of the species belonging to it. Domestication in this context is not a matter of human control but of attuning and influencing life rhythms in other beings. Formerly divided into yak and reindeer herding groups, contemporary Soyots no longer rely on reindeer today. Meanwhile, their Tofa neighbours continue to use trained reindeer in their hunting. This paper explores possible reasons for the gradual abandonment of Soyot reindeer herding in the mid nineteenth century, drawing on irreconcilable rhythms. Four regional strategies for coping with divergent species’ rhythms are explored: abandonment of a species in a rangifer-cattle context; alignment of yak and Mongolian cattle reproductive rhythms for hybrid production; juxtaposition of equine and rangifer rhythms; and inversion of cattle and fish migratory routes. The article concludes with a new theory to help address rhythmical multispecies togetherness in the Eastern Sayan Mountains.
From the Countryside to the City
Authors: Charlier Bernard
Published: May 2020

Since the end of socialism in Mongolia, migration processes have dramatically increased. The lack of investment in the rural infrastructures and the repetition of zud have pushed the most vulnerable herders towards the capital Ulaanbaatar and its outskirts. They encounter tremendous difficulties in having access to private property and seem condemned to move relentlessly from enclosure to enclosure (hashaa) in the hope of finding a less precarious place to settle in the city. The main purpose of this article is to show how difficult it is for some families of herders to leave their homeland and settle in another place. These difficulties are first described from the point of view of the relationships women and men entertain with the spirits of the land (savdag) after migrating to a new place. I will try to show how the realisation of homeland paintings (nutgyn zurag) help, to some extent, to maintain relationships with these spirits and the homeland as a whole. Finally, I describe the impossibility for some new migrants to settle permanently and to get used to the city of Ulaanbaatar, dasah.
Monsoons Climate Change Assessment
Authors: Wang Bin , Biasutti Michela , Byrne Michael P. , Castro Christopher , Chang Chih-Pei , Cook Kerry , Fu Rong , Grimm Alice M. , Ha Kyung-Ja , Hendon Harry , Kitoh Akio , Krishnan R. , Lee June-Yi , Li Jianping , Liu Jian , Moise Aurel , Pascale Salvatore , Roxy M. K. , Seth Anji , Sui Chung-Hsiung , Turner Andrew , Yang Song , Yun Kyung-Sook , Zhang Lixia , Zhou Tianjun
Published: May 2020

Monsoon rainfall has profound economic and societal impacts for more than two-thirds of the global population. Here we provide a review on past monsoon changes and their primary drivers, the projected future changes, and key physical processes, and discuss challenges of the present and future modeling and outlooks. Continued global warming and urbanization over the past century has already caused a significant rise in the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events in all monsoon regions (high confidence). Observed changes in the mean monsoon rainfall vary by region with significant decadal variations. Northern Hemisphere land monsoon rainfall as a whole declined from 1950 to 1980 and rebounded after the 1980s, due to the competing influences of internal climate variability and radiative forcing from greenhouse gases and aerosol forcing (high confidence); however, it remains a challenge to quantify their relative contributions. The CMIP6 models simulate better global monsoon intensity and precipitation over CMIP5 models, but common biases and large intermodal spreads persist. Nevertheless, there is high confidence that the frequency and intensity of monsoon extreme rainfall events will increase, alongside an increasing risk of drought over some regions. Also, land monsoon rainfall will increase in South Asia and East Asia (high confidence) and northern Africa (medium confidence), decrease in North America, and be unchanged in the Southern Hemisphere. Over the Asian–Australian monsoon region, the rainfall variability is projected to increase on daily to decadal scales. The rainy season will likely be lengthened in the Northern Hemisphere due to late retreat (especially over East Asia), but shortened in the Southern Hemisphere due to delayed onset.
Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers PTX3, CypA, and HB-EGF: How Are They Linked in Patients With STEMI?
Authors: Dejanović Vesna Vuković , Stevuljević Jelena Kotur , Vukašinović Aleksandra , Miljković Milica , Kafedzic Srdjan , Zdravković Marija , Ilić Ivan , Hinić Saša , Cerović Milivoje , Stefanović Milica , Spasojević-Kalimanovska Vesna , Memon Lidija , Nešković Aleksandar N. , Bogavac-Stanojević Nataša
Published: May 2020

We investigated circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers pentraxin-3 (PTX3), cyclophilin A (CypA), and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF); oxidative stress; and antioxidant status markers in the patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) to better understand a relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress. We examined the impact of oxidative stress on high values of inflammatory parameters. The study included 87 patients with STEMI and 193 controls. We observed a positive correlation between PTX3 and HB-EGF (ρ = 0.24, P = .027), CyPA, and sulfhydryl (SH) groups (ρ = 0.25, P = .026), and a negative correlation between PTX3 and SH groups (ρ = −0.35, P = .001) in patients with STEMI. To better understand the effect of the examined parameters on the occurrence of high concentrations of inflammatory parameters, we grouped them using principal component analysis. This analysis identified the 4 most contributing factors. Optimal cutoff values for discrimination of patients with STEMI from controls were calculated for PTX3 and HB-EGF. An independent predictor for PTX3 above the cutoff value was a “metabolic-oxidative stress factor” comprised of glucose and oxidative stress marker prooxidant-antioxidant balance (odds ratio = 4.449, P = .030). The results show that higher PTX3 values will occur in patients having STEMI with greater metabolic and oxidative stress status values.
Strategies for Digitalization in Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Björkdahl Joakim
Published: May 2020

This article discusses the digitalization efforts of 26 leading manufacturing firms, the difficulties encountered, and how they can be handled. It shows that many firms are far from ready to benefit from digitalization and are mainly focused on achieving greater efficiency through digitalization rather than pursuing a growth agenda. This imbalance is because of the difficulties related to identifying profitable configurations of competencies, assets, and data generated from digital technologies, orchestrating them, and exploiting them in an agile organization. Practical implications of digitalization are highlighted, specifically in terms of strategies for supporting the current business and embracing long-term digital transformation.
Counseling Psychology Trainees’ Knowledge of Cultural Display Rules
Authors: Hutchison Ashley N. , Gerstein Lawrence H. , Millner Ashley , Reding Eliah M. , Plumer Lindsay
Published: May 2020

Social norms that shape people’s emotional expression are called cultural display rules (CDRs). Training in counseling psychology emphasizes cultural context in understanding clients, but it is unclear the degree of training specifically focused on students acquiring skills in emotional expression systems connected to diverse cultures. This qualitative study investigated 99 counseling psychology trainees’ knowledge and experiences of CDRs. Based on thematic analysis, we found four superordinate themes: (a) General Knowledge and Awareness, (b) Therapy Elements and Processes, (c) Personal Experiences with CDRs, and (d) Training. Several subthemes emerged in each area. Although participants expressed a range of complexity in knowledge and awareness of CDRs, they reported a lack of systematic integration of CDRs in their training. Recommendations for integrating CDR knowledge into training counseling psychology students with a focus on developing multicultural and international competencies and improving clinical decision-making are provided.
Curved Versus Flat Monitors: Interactive Effects of Display Curvature Radius and Display Size on Visual Search Performance and Visual Fatigue
Authors: Kyung Gyouhyung , Park Sungryul
Published: May 2020

Objective

The aim of this study is to examine the interactive effects of display curvature radius and display size on visual search accuracy, visual search speed, and visual fatigue.

Background

Although the advantages of curved displays have been reported, little is known about the interactive effects of display curvature radius and size.

Method

Twenty-seven individuals performed visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm using eight configurations involving four display curvature radii (400R, 600R, 1200R, and flat) and two display sizes (33″ and 50″). To simulate curved screens, five flat display panels were horizontally arranged with their centers concentrically repositioned following each display curvature radius.

Results

For accuracy, speed, and fatigue, 33″–600R and 50″–600R provided the best or comparable-to-best results, whereas 50″–flat provided the worst results. For accuracy and fatigue, 33″–flat was the second worst. The changes in the horizontal field of view and viewing angle due to display curvature as well as the association between effective display curvature radii and empirical horopter (loci of perceived equidistance) can explain these results.

Conclusion

The interactive effects of display curvature radius and size were evident for visual search performance and fatigue. Beneficial effects of curved displays were maintained across 33″ and 50″, whereas increasing flat display size from 33″ to 50″ was detrimental.

Application

For visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm, 33″–600R and 50″ 600R displays are recommended, as opposed to 33″ and 50″ flat displays. Wide flat displays must be carefully considered for visual display terminal tasks.
Moving Beyond Capitalism for Our Health
Authors: Waitzkin Howard
Published: May 2020

Deepening crises now affect not only the capitalist health system in the United States, but also the national health programs of countries that have achieved universal access to services. In our recent collaborative book, Health Care Under the Knife: Moving Beyond Capitalism for Our Health, we analyze these changing structural conditions and argue that the struggle toward viable national health programs now must become part of a struggle to move beyond capitalism. Privatization, cutbacks in public-sector services and institutions, and public subsidization of private profit-making through transfer of tax revenues into private insurance corporations have worsened under neoliberal policies. Financialization of capitalist economies includes the increasingly oligopolistic and financialized character of health insurance, both public and private. Those struggling for just and accessible health systems now need to confront the shifting social class position of health professionals. Due to loss of control over the work process and a reduced ability to generate high incomes compared to other professional workers, the medical profession has become proletarianized. To achieve national health programs that will remain viable over a long term, a much more fundamental transformation needs to reshape not just health care, but also the capitalist state and capitalist society.
Stakeholders’ perspectives about the impact of training and sensitization of traditional and spiritual healers on mental health and illness: A qualitative evaluation in Ghana
Authors: Yaro Peter Badimak , Asampong Emmanuel , Tabong Philip Teg-Nefaah , Anaba Sunday Atua , Azuure Sandow Stanislaus , Dokurugu Adam Yahaya , Nantogmah Fredrick Aminu
Published: May 2020

Background:

Prayer camps and traditional healers have emerged recently as alternative sources of mental health care in Ghana. To increase their knowledge and collaboration between formal and informal mental health care providers, training and sensitization was organized for them.

Aims:

This study aimed at assessing beneficiaries’ views about the impact of this intervention.

Methods:

We adopted narrative approach to qualitative enquiry using purposive sampling strategy to recruit formal and informal mental health care providers in Ghana for an in-depth interview. We analyzed the data thematically using QSR NVivo 12.

Results:

Participants enhanced their knowledge about mental health and illness. They reported increased collaboration between formal and informal health care providers. Community psychiatric nurses (CPNs) give injections to patients instead of chaining and using shackles as was initially practiced. There are also regular visits by CPNs to traditional and spiritual healers to discuss the care of the mentally ill patients in their facilities.

Conclusion:

There has been an increased collaboration among healers of mental illness resulting in quick recovery of patients who seek care at traditional and spiritual healers. There is also abolition of chaining and using of shackles by these healers, with increasing respect for the human rights of patients.
Kishwar Desai’s Simran Singh series: Crime, detection, and gender
Authors: Morgan Holly Jennifer
Published: May 2020

Kishwar Desai’s Simran Singh crime novels ( Witness the Night, Origins of Love, and The Sea of Innocence) present readers with a feminist heroine working towards a more equitable India. Desai’s heroine challenges many generic conventions of detection, while her interactions with British characters and symbols complicate understandings of the relationship between detective fiction and postcolonialism. Simran’s role as a social worker and her critique of official policies and processes render her at odds with conventional and official detectives in and out of her narrative. At the same time, she is presented to readers as empowered and grounded in a world which is written to have many similarities with our own; Desai makes use of real cases in her narratives to motivate Simran’s actions against injustice. This article analyzes the relationship between Desai, her protagonist Simran, and notions of postcoloniality and empire through an examination of the roles of intersections of nation, power, and justice in crime fiction. Deconstructing these relationships helps further understandings of the role of genre fiction in global literary marketplaces, and emphasizes the significance of the popular in the postcolonial, particularly in regard to gender equity and contemporary feminist movements.
Experimental study on structure optimization of functionally graded sandwich plates under ballistic impact
Authors: Aydin Murat , Apalak M Kemal , Gül Apalak Z
Published: May 2020

In this study, the ballistic performance of Al6061-SiC functionally graded sandwich plate (FGSP) with varying number of layers and volume fractions was examined experimentally. For this purpose, the two outmost layers of the FGSP were designed to be aluminum and the volume fraction of remaining constituents was gradually changing in intermediate layers through the plate thickness. The specimen plates were manufactured via powder stacking-hot pressing method. Ballistic tests of specimens were conducted with a single-stage gas gun, shooting 0.3 caliber fragment simulated projectiles onto specimens. After the ballistic tests, deformation and damage mechanisms in the front and rear surfaces were examined and ballistic performance evaluation was carried out in terms of depth of penetration of the projectile measurements. Results showed that the composition of the projectile impact surface, which was beneath the top aluminum layer, had a considerable effect on ballistic resistance capability. A volume fraction of ceramic constituent greater than 60% in the projectile impact surface reduced the ballistic performance of the specimen. Likewise, a decreasing volume fraction of ceramic constituent of projectile impact surface below 60% increased projectile penetration. Furthermore, increasing the number of layers within the functionally graded region did not have a significant effect on the ballistic resistance of the FGSPs.
Intraindividual Variation and Personal Specificity of Salivary Microbiota
Authors: Zhu C. , Yuan C. , Wei F.Q. , Sun X.Y. , Zheng S.G.
Published: May 2020

Salivary microbiota is a typical habitat of the human microbiome. This study intended to use salivary microbiota as a model aiming to systematically address the influence of collection methods and temporal dynamics on the human microbiota compared to personal specificity. We carried out a supervised short-term longitudinal study to evaluate the influence of the change of collection methods and sampling time point on salivary microbiota in 10 systemically and orally healthy individuals with certain confounding factors (sex, oral and general health state, medication history, physical exercise, diet, and oral hygiene behavior) controlled before and during the sampling period. The microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S rDNA V3 to V4 hypervariable region amplicon sequencing. The taxonomic structure represented by the dominant species and the weighted UniFrac distance algorithm were used to demonstrate the individual specificity and the intraindividual variation introduced by the change of collection method and sampling time point. The findings suggested individual specificity existed in salivary microbiota from individuals with similar oral and general health status. The intraindividual variation brought by the change of collection method or sampling time point might introduce remarkable perturbation with the personal specificity. Insights into the intraindividual variation and personal specificity of salivary microbiota will enhance our understanding in salivary microbiota-related research. We recommend keeping collection conditions consistent within a study to avoid interference brought by the sampling. The strategy of repeated sampling at multiple time points as representative samples, as well as thorough interpretation of the complex relationships and causality between microbiome composition and disease without the interference of temporal dynamics, is optimal for research exploring the relationship between the salivary microbiome and disease.
Silver Diamine Fluoride in Children Using Physiologically Based PK Modeling
Authors: Chen K.-F. , Milgrom P. , Lin Y.S.
Published: May 2020

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is used topically to prevent or arrest dental caries and has been tested clinically in toddlers to elderly adults. Following SDF application, small quantities of silver can be swallowed and absorbed. To monitor silver concentrations, pharmacokinetic studies can be performed. However, pharmacokinetic studies are time-consuming, resource intensive, and challenging to perform in young children. The objective of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict silver disposition in children. The PBPK model for silver was developed using Simcyp software (version 17.0) based on information obtained from literature sources. The predictive performance of the model was assessed by comparing the predicted PK profiles and parameters with the observed data from published rat and human data following intravenous or oral silver administration. The predicted silver concentrations were within 2-fold of observed blood and tissue silver concentrations in rats and within the 95% confidence interval of observed plasma silver concentrations in healthy human adults. The PBPK model was applied to the pediatric population by accounting for developmental physiological changes. For a given SDF dose, the simulated peak silver concentrations were 5.2-, 4.3-, 2.7-, and 1.3-fold higher in children aged 1 to 2, 2 to 4, 5 to 10, and 12 to 17 y, respectively, compared to adults. As silver is reportedly excreted in the bile, the half-life of silver was comparable in all ages and plasma and tissue silver concentrations were predicted to return to baseline levels within 2 wk after SDF application. The simulation in children suggests that conventional SDF application to teeth to prevent or arrest dental caries results in plasma and tissue silver concentrations lower than toxic concentrations. PBPK modeling offers a novel approach to studying dental exposures in younger children, where pharmacokinetic studies would be difficult to conduct.
Enhancement in Xerostomia Patient Salivary Lubrication Using a Mucoadhesive
Authors: Wan H. , Vissink A. , Sharma P.K.
Published: May 2020

Oral lubrication mediated by mucin and protein containing salivary conditioning films (SCFs) with strong water retainability can get impaired due to disease such as xerostomia, that is, a subjective dry mouth feel associated with the changed salivary composition and low salivary flow rate. Aberrant SCFs in xerostomia patient cause difficulties in speech, mastication, and dental erosion while the prescribed artificial saliva is inadequate to solve the complications on a lasting basis. With the growing aging population, it is urgently needed to propose a new strategy to restore oral lubrication. Existing saliva substitutes often overwhelm the aberrant SCFs, generating inadequate relief. Here we demonstrated that the function of aberrant SCFs in a patient with Sjögren syndrome can be boosted through mucin recruitment by a simple mucoadhesive, chitosan-catechol (Chi-C). Chi-C with different conjugation degrees (Chi-C7.6%, Chi-C14.5%, Chi-C22.4%) was obtained by carbodiimide chemistry, which induced a layered structure composed of a rigid bottom and a soft secondary SCF (S-SCF) after reflow of saliva. The higher conjugation degree of Chi-C generates a higher glycosylated S-SCF by mucin recruitment and a lower friction in vitro. The layered S-SCF extends the “relief period” for Sjögren patient saliva over 7-fold, measured on an ex vivo tongue-enamel friction system. Besides lubrication, Chi-C-treated S-SCF reduces dental erosion depths from 125 to 70 μm. Chi-C shows antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. This research provides a new key insight in restoring the functionality of conditioning film at articulating tissues in living systems.
Beyond the Chair: Public Health and Governmental Measures to Tackle Sugar
Authors: Moynihan P. , Miller C.
Published: May 2020

Limiting free sugars to <5% of energy intake is a World Health Organization evidence-based recommendation to protect oral health throughout the life course. Achieving this requires a concerted approach with upstream interventions, including legislation underpinning community interventions and health promotion. Global production and trade are the main drivers of sugars consumption, which can be addressed only through prioritization of health impacts in agricultural and trade agreements, including pricing and subsidies. Increasing evidence demonstrates the benefit, including dental benefits, of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages, a major source of sugars—with taxes based on sugars content being favored due to the dual impact in incentivizing consumers to buy less and encouraging producers to use less through product reformulation. A benefit of product reformulation is that the potential impact on sugars intake occurs independent of consumer behavior change, making the benefits more equitable across social groups. Evidence from meta-analysis indicates that sugars reformulation and portion size reduction could lower energy intake by more than 10% and 16%, respectively. Sophisticated and targeted digital marketing of products high in sugars is another key driver of sugars intake. With the exception of children’s television broadcasting, marketing of products high in sugars is largely unregulated, and increased awareness of modern marketing strategies and more stringent regulation are urgently needed. To ensure a commercial level playing field, mandatory approaches are required. Midstream actions include creating healthier food environments in neighborhoods, community settings (schools, sports centers, hospitals), and workplaces. Only through coalition among authorities responsible for planning and health will “obesogenic and cariogenic” environments be replaced with those that make healthy choices the easiest choice. It is recognized that providing nutrition health education alone is insufficient to achieve necessary sugars reduction; however, education has a key role to play in changing social norms and creating drive for change.
Neural Pathways of Craniofacial Muscle Pain: Implications for Novel Treatments
Authors: Chung M.K. , Wang S. , Yang J. , Alshanqiti I. , Wei F. , Ro J.Y.
Published: May 2020

Craniofacial muscle pain is highly prevalent in temporomandibular disorders but is difficult to treat. Enhanced understanding of neurobiology unique to craniofacial muscle pain should lead to the development of novel mechanism-based treatments. Herein, we review recent studies to summarize neural pathways of craniofacial muscle pain. Nociceptive afferents in craniofacial muscles are predominantly peptidergic afferents enriched with TRPV1. Signals from peripheral glutamate receptors converge onto TRPV1, leading to mechanical hyperalgesia. Further studies are needed to clarify whether hyperalgesic priming in nonpeptidergic afferents or repeated acid injections also affect craniofacial muscle pain. Within trigeminal ganglia, afferents innervating craniofacial muscles interact with surrounding satellite glia, which enhances the sensitivity of the inflamed neurons as well as nearby uninjured afferents, resulting in hyperalgesia and ectopic pain originating from adjacent orofacial tissues. Craniofacial muscle afferents project to a wide area within the trigeminal nucleus complex, and central sensitization of medullary dorsal horn neurons is a critical factor in muscle hyperalgesia related to ectopic pain and emotional stress. Second-order neurons project rostrally to pathways associated with affective pain, such as parabrachial nucleus and medial thalamic nucleus, as well as sensory-discriminative pain, such as ventral posteromedial thalamic nuclei. Abnormal endogenous pain modulation can also contribute to chronic muscle pain. Descending serotonergic circuits from the rostral ventromedial medulla facilitate activation of second-order neurons in the trigeminal nucleus complex, which leads to the maintenance of mechanical hyperalgesia of inflamed masseter muscle. Patients with temporomandibular disorders exhibit altered brain networks in widespread cortical and subcortical regions. Recent development of methods for neural circuit manipulation allows silencing of specific hyperactive neural circuits. Chemogenetic silencing of TRPV1-expressing afferents or rostral ventromedial medulla neurons attenuates hyperalgesia during masseter inflammation. It is likely, therefore, that further delineation of neural circuits mediating craniofacial muscle hyperalgesia potentially enhances treatment of chronic muscle pain conditions.
The Cyberbullying Picture Series (CyPicS): Developed for Use in Cyberbullying and Cyberbystander Research
Authors: McLoughlin Larisa T. , Broadhouse Kathryn M. , Clacy Amanda , Winks Natalie , Lagopoulos Jim , Hermens Daniel F.
Published: May 2020

While research has examined bystander responses in a traditional sense, there is a dearth of research regarding responses of cyberbystanders in a real-time situation, such as observing a cyberbullying scenario. This article describes a novel protocol designed to develop a series of images to be used to undertake research that aims to examine cyberbystander responses. A total of 24 scenarios (12 negative (cyberbullying) and 12 neutral) were created by the researchers and designed to mimic the way such scenarios would appear on a social networking site. The negative (cyberbullying) stimuli were rated in terms of level of severity, and the scenarios were compared to a selection of images from the International Affective Picture System using the Self-Assessment Manikin. These stimuli were compiled to form the Cyberbullying Picture Series (CyPicS). Through the development of the CyPicS, this protocol will aid future researchers in examining responses to real-life scenarios, as it is the first of its kind to develop these scenarios and test and evaluate them. CyPicS will provide researchers with the means to systematically evaluate responses to validated, real-life cyberbullying scenarios. More specifically, future researchers can utilize CyPicS to investigate how cyberbystanders respond when observing cyberbullying stimuli compared to neutral stimuli, as well as to measure and understand reactions or perceptions of cyberbullying. CyPicS can be used in any form of cyberbullying research (including electroencephalography and eye-tracking studies, psychological research, and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies) that may utilize bystander reactions and behaviors. Findings from research that utilizes CyPicS will greatly increase our understanding of bystander responses, and with variations in study design, researchers can further examine past or future associations with cyber-victim/bully status and mental health outcomes.
Recasts and Negotiated Prompts: How do Chinese L2 Learners Perceive Them?
Authors: Li Huifang
Published: May 2020

Two types of corrective feedback, recasts and prompts, have sparked much research in second language (L2) learning and teaching. However, it is still unclear how these two types of feedback draw learners’ attention to the erroneous forms in L2 classes. This study used an open questionnaire to investigate Chinese learners’ perceptions of recasts and negotiated prompts (i.e. clarification requests, elicitations and repetitions) for their English learning. The results show the majority of the comments about the two feedback types were positive, indicating the learners’ overall positive attitudes to error correction. Significantly, most of the comments on the two feedback types accord with scholarly opinions about their usage for L2 learning, such as being able to identify the error made after hearing what the teacher said in the recast. Another example might be engaging in a thinking process on receiving a prompt. However, some of the comments provide new insights about how learners may use the two types of feedback for L2 learning, for example, having a deep impression/memory of what the teacher said in the recast and the difficulty in self-correcting their error following a negotiated prompt. These findings, in particular the new insights, confirm Swain’s (2000) argument that research needs to test scholarly assumptions about pedagogical tasks or devices.
From crime to art. Contradictions in the cultural transformation of Afro-Brazilian Candomblé
Authors: Sansi Roger
Published: May 2020

The Afro-Brazilian religion Candomblé radically changed in the twentieth century. From being persecuted as crime and sorcery, it has become identified as culture. Its objects and images have become works of art. This article presents this process of ‘culturalization’ through objects and images. This transformation, however, resulted in some contradictions, that left some of these objects in ambiguous positions. This case study aims to contribute to current debates on the agency of objects and images in material religion.
Are Rich and Diverse Emotions Beneficial? The Impact of Emodiversity on Tourists’ Experiences
Authors: Wang Lin , Hou Yuansi , Chen Zengxiang
Published: May 2020

Emotion is an important topic in tourism research; however, its complexity has prevented researchers from providing a complete picture. Prior research has covered aspects such as valence and specific emotion, but diversity of emotions (i.e., emodiversity) is missing. Emodiversity becomes particularly important in tourism, considering that people experience more diverse emotions during vacation than when at home. We introduce the concept of emodiversity and demonstrate how and why it is beneficial for tourists’ well-being. The effect of emodiversity is valid for both positive and negative emotions. The findings shed light on a new way to perceive emotions; rather than simply selling positive emotions for the sake of pleasantness, tourism managers should reconceptualize tourism as “emodiversity-seeking” instead of “pleasure-seeking” experiences.
Response Quality in Nonprobability and Probability-based Online Panels
Authors: Cornesse Carina , Blom Annelies G.
Published: May 2020

Recent years have seen a growing number of studies investigating the accuracy of nonprobability online panels; however, response quality in nonprobability online panels has not yet received much attention. To fill this gap, we investigate response quality in a comprehensive study of seven nonprobability online panels and three probability-based online panels with identical fieldwork periods and questionnaires in Germany. Three response quality indicators typically associated with survey satisficing are assessed: straight-lining in grid questions, item nonresponse, and midpoint selection in visual design experiments. Our results show that there is significantly more straight-lining in the nonprobability online panels than in the probability-based online panels. However, contrary to our expectations, there is no generalizable difference between nonprobability online panels and probability-based online panels with respect to item nonresponse. Finally, neither respondents in nonprobability online panels nor respondents in probability-based online panels are significantly affected by the visual design of the midpoint of the answer scale.
An authentic feeling? Religious experience through Q&A websites
Authors: Scardigno Rosa , Mininni Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

As the “Sacred Place”—meant as the new space for religions offered by the Internet—demands for continuous investigations on the encounter between traditional narratives and social practices, the rapid growth of Question and Answering websites asks for improving social research about the Authenticity of the religious feeling as well as their responsibility in the construction of a shared knowledge. In this background, the aim of this study is to investigate the role of Q&A websites as additional interpretative resources in accordance with different religious forms of life. About 800 extracts—composed by questions and answers—from the religious pages of Stack Exchange were analyzed, in accordance with social discursive psychology, through bottom-up and top-down pathways. In relation to the different emerging questioners’ profiles, the rhetoric of “closeness” and “openness” reveal a dialectic trend of these websites in offering both supplementary and extending religious experiences.
Topic extraction to provide an overview of research activities: The case of the high-temperature superconductor and simulation and modelling
Authors: Nakajima Ritsuko , Midorikawa Nobuyuki
Published: May 2020

For those who are not experts in a particular scientific field, it is difficult to understand scientific research trends. Although studies on the extraction of research trends have been conducted, most focus on extracting global trends from large-scale data, and the methods are often complicated. The purpose of this study is to develop a method of obtaining overviews of a scientific field for non-experts by capturing research trends simply and then to verify the method. To extract research topics which should express research trends, text analysis was performed using abstracts over 12 years of articles on high-temperature superconductors. We characterised three topics for the extracted word groups that frequently occurred. For these topics, we studied their appropriateness using a method that has been little used: examining research articles, review literature and co-citations among research articles used to extract the words, comparisons with controlled index terms assigned to the articles and confirming that there were no contradictions. Based on the established method, we have also applied this method to another research field: ‘simulation and modelling’. Although the method used in this article is simple, important topics were extracted, and the relations with the original articles are clear, which can lead to further investigation of the extracted topics.
Marital Disruption, Remarriage and Child Well-being in China
Authors: Hu Yang
Published: May 2020

Family changes in China are characterized by a dual rise in marital disruption and remarriage. However, the implications of these changes for child well-being remain understudied. I analyze data from the 2015 China Education Panel Survey to profile and explain well-being disparities between children in intact, disrupted, and remarried families. Child well-being is poorer in disrupted than in intact families. Remarriage, particularly of both parents, is associated with further harm to children’s well-being. Mothers’ remarriage is associated with a broader range and greater extent of damage to children’s well-being than that of fathers. Neither social selection nor economic and non-pecuniary resources explain poorer child well-being in disrupted families and stepfamilies than in intact families. Household structure only explains why children in disrupted families, but not in stepfamilies, fare less well than those in intact families. Variations in child well-being with parents’ marital status are consistently explained by poor parent–child relations and parental conflict. Reflecting on the theories of selectivity, resource deprivation, and structural instability, the findings highlight the need to consider China’s distinctive sociocultural and institutional settings in configuring the implications of ongoing family changes for child well-being.
Utilization of treated coffee husk as low-cost bio-sorbent for adsorption of methylene blue
Authors: Ayalew Adane Adugna , Aragaw Tadele Assefa
Published: May 2020

Dyes and pigments have been used in many industries for colorization purpose but they pose hazards to the environment and end users of water. Therefore, it is important to remove this pollutant from waste water before their final disposal. This study aimed to investigate the removal of methylene blue by cost effective, ecofriendly, high-efficiency bio-sorbent from activated coffee husk. The process was carried out using chemical activation (H3PO4) process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface analyzer (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) were used to characterize the adsorbent. The specific surface area adsorbent was obtained as 28.54 m2/g. The maximum removal efficiency was obtained as 96.9% at pH of 5, initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.8 g/50 mL, for contact time of 50 min and 30°C temperature on the activation surface of coffee husk. Langmuir model was found to fit the equilibrium data for methylene blue adsorption with 6.82 mg/g at 30°C. The adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamics analysis showed that the adsorption of methylene blue on to the activated coffee husk was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The experimental data obtained in the present study proved that coffee husk is a suitable bio-sorbent in removal of cationic dyes.