bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Paradox of Complaining: Law, Humor, and Harassment in the Everyday Work World
Authors: Quinn Beth A.
Published: July 2006

This article addresses the question of women's seeming rejection of sexual harassment law by refusing to apply the label “sexual harassment” in the face of incidents that would easily qualify as such. Building on the work of Bumiller (1988) and the tradition of sociolegal studies focusing on understanding the power of the law in its everyday context (e.g., Merry 1979; Engel 1987; Sarat and Kearns 1993), this analysis explores the “tactical milieu” in which both hostile work environment sexual harassment and tactics for its resistance are produced. Using in-depth interviews with both women and men, the author explores the ways a particular form of hostile work environment harassment–dubbed “chain yanking”–poaches on the realm of ambiguous humor to effect male group solidarity and women's disempowerment. A common countertactic–”not taking it personal”– is analyzed for its simultaneous power as resistance and unwitting collaboration. The contradictory effects of this tactic-countertactic pairing on the naming and claiming of the harm of sexual harassment are examined, as well as the implications this has for combating sexual harassment in the workplace.
Law, Religion, and “Public Health” in the Republic of Brazil
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher
Published: July 2006

The essay evaluates the general problem that, while most modern republican constitutions follow the U.S. and French models in declaring religious freedom, absolute religious freedom is impossible and undesirable. How are religious freedoms constrained, and how much should they be? The essay evaluates the strategies by which limitations on freedoms of religion are constructed and imposed, especially the powerful isomorphism of law and science described by Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Taking the example of Afro-Brazilian religions in relation to the Brazilian state since 1890, post-emancipation, the essay argues that pseudo-scientific discourses of “public health” constrained the religious practice of former slaves, thus allowing the trompel'oeil of religious freedom to continue in the new republic, even as freedoms were in fact constrained by the state.
A Conversation with Tibetans? Reconsidering the Relationship between Religious Beliefs and Secular Legal Discourse
Authors: French Rebecca R.
Published: July 2006

Over cups of chai, a conversation between U.S. law professors and Tibetan exiles about the formation of a new democratic Tibetan government under the Dalai Lama goes awry. This article investigates why the misunderstandings occurred by presenting the context of the Tibetan and U. S. concepts of sacredness and secularity. The former Tibetan government and legal system are explained in some derail as well as the Tibetan wiew of the sacred and secular spheres in society. The deistic origins of the U.S. Constitution and the pervasive religious cosmology of the Framers are then described. These two similar positions are contrasted with the current modern and postmodern positions of an all-encompassing secular sphere that defines and contains religion. The author argues that “sacred” and “secular” have changed positions, with secularity now having an unmarked positive value and being viewed by U.S. law professors as a necessity for a democratic political and legal system. As the conversation with the Tibetans demonstrates, the richness and power of an integrated sacred perspective is difficult to comprehend from a hegemonic secular public space. Reformulating this “inarticulate debate” will be necessary for a coherent conversation to take place.
The Legal Cartography of Colonization, the Legal Polyphony of Settlement: English Intrusions on the American Mainland in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Tomlins Christopher
Published: July 2006

This essay investigates the first century of English colonization of the North American mainland, concentrating on the charters and letters patent that proponents of western planning secured over the course of the century. The elaborated legalities of chartering should be understood as a technology of planning and design. Charters allowed projectors both to justify their pursuit of particular territorial claims and to establish, with some precision, the conceptions of the appropriate, familiar, desired order of things and people that would be imposed onto uncharted social and physical circumstance.

The structures of authoritative sociolegal order planned by projectors encountered others implicit in the migrations of actual settlers. Investigating settlers' disagreement with and departure from projectors' designs, the essay discards common explanations—that these were inevitable corrections brought about by the intrusion of local environmental realities on English projectors' fantasies, or the realization of an implicit evolutionary logic of political development, or of legal reception. It argues that disagreements were more often the result of a collision of distinct English legal cultures brought, by migration, into an unavoidable proximity.

The essay counterposes the paradigm of “colonization” to both “common law reception” and “bottom-up localism” analyses of the formation of early American legal culture. It proposes that “colonization” also resolves the discontinuity between early (colonial) and later (U.S.) American history.
Bureaucrats and Indians in a Contemporary Colonial Encounter
Authors: Espeland Wendy Nelson
Published: July 2006

This article investigates the effects of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 in structuring an encounter over a decision about building a dam in central Arizona. From the vantage point of three groups with deep-investments in the outcome of this decision, it analyzes how the interests and identities of these parties were transformed as a result of this encounter. In defining standing and the terms of relevance, in providing a political forum, and in requiring these groups to explain themselves to others, this law powerfully mediated the politics surrounding this controversial decision.
Lawyers' Roles in Voluntary Associations: Declining Social Capital?
Authors: Heinz John P. , Schnorr Paul S. , Laumann Edward O. , Nelson Robert L.
Published: July 2006

The extent and nature of lawyers' participation in civic life probably has important effects on the character of the community's activity and its outcomes. Where and how lawyers participate in voluntary associations may influence the ability of those organizations to function within the larger structure of American institutions.

This paper compares findings from two surveys of Chicago lawyers, the first conducted in 1975 and the second in 1994-95. Contrary to some expectations, the available evidence does not suggest that community activities of lawyers decreased. Moreover, lawyers' energies in 1995 appear to have been devoted more often to socially concerned organizations, those with a reformist agenda, than had been the case in 1975. The types of organizations with the greatest increase in activity were religious and civic associations. A smaller percentage of the respondents held leadership positions in 1995 than in 1975, but, because of a doubling in the number of lawyers, the best estimate is that the bar's absolute level of contribution to community leadership did not change greatly.

In both 1975 and 1995, a hierarchy of social prestige appears to have influenced the pattern of lawyers' community activities. Lawyers who had higher incomes, were middle-aged, were Protestants, and who had attended elite law schools were more likely to be active or leaders in most kinds of organizations. In ethnic and fraternal organizations, however, the elites of the profession had relatively low rates of participation, while government lawyers, solo practitioners, and graduates of less prestigious law schools predominated. Status hierarchies within the broader community—as well as social differences in taste, preference, or “culture”—clearly penetrate the bar.
Agents of Change or Unchanging Agents? The Role of Lawyers within Russian Industrial Enterprises
Authors: Hendley Kathryn , Murrell Peter , Ryterman Randi
Published: July 2006

The transition from state socialism toward market capitalism has led to an almost endless supply of new laws and legal institutions. Industrial enterprises need to adapt to this new institutional regime. In-house lawyers are well placed to be agents of change in facilitating this adjustment. Using survey data from 328 Russian enterprises, the article examines the role of company lawyers, asking whether they have fulfilled this potential. Legal expertise is not in short supply, but lawyers are marginalized within the enterprise. They focus on established, routine tasks, such as handling labor relations or drafting form contracts, rather than on shaping enterprise strategies in the newer areas created by the transition, such as corporate governance or securities law. The failure of in-house lawyers to emerge as agents of change in Russia reflects a continuation of their low status during the Soviet era and the lack of professional identity among these company lawyers.
Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis
Authors: Hajjar Lisa
Published: July 2006

This article focuses on the issue of domestic violence in Muslim societies in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The analytical framework is comparative, emphasizing four factors and the interplay among them: shari'a (Islamic law), state power, intrafamily violence, and struggles over women's rights. The comparative approach historicizes the problem of domestic violence and impunity to consider the impact of transnational legal discourses (Islamism and human rights) on “local” struggles over rights and law. The use of shari'a creates some commonalities in gender and family relations in Muslim societies, notably the sanctioning and maintenance of male authority over female relatives. However, the most important issue for understanding domestic violence and impunity is the relationship between religion and state power. This relationship takes three forms: communalization, in which religious law is separate from the national legal regime; nationalization, in which the state incorporates religious law into the national legal regime; and theocratization, in which the national legal regime is based on religious law.
Federalists in the Attic: Original Intent, the Heritage Movement, and Democratic Theory
Authors: Levin Daniel
Published: July 2006

Although the United States is often criticized for its lack of historical consciousness, historicity provides a compelling rhetorical trump in constitutional argument, particularly according to advocates of original understanding jurisprudence or “originalism.” Originalism has also proven to be quite popular as a constitutional position, especially in public discourse outside academe and the courts. I argue that originalism's appeal derives from Americans' interest in heritage. Using the literature on public history, memory, and cultural studies to distinguish the cultural phenomenon of heritage from history proper, I argue that originalism, like heritage, offers the possibility of an immediate and authentic encounter with the past tied to a critique of modernism as both antidemocratic and inauthentic. Originalism portrays the federal period as a special moment of civic unity, whose virtues have been preserved by the larger public, but have been eroded among elites by modernity.
Cardiac diastolic dysfunction in conscious dogs with heart failure induced by chronic coronary microembolization
Authors: Gill Robert M. , Jones Bonita D. , Corbly Angela K. , Wang Juan , Braz Julian C. , Sandusky George E. , Wang Jie , Shen Weiqun
Published: July 2006

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is a fundamental impairment in congestive heart failure (CHF). This study examined LV diastolic function in the canine model of CHF induced by chronic coronary embolization (CCE). Dogs were implanted with coronary catheters (both left anterior descending and circumflex arteries) for CCE and instrumented for measurement of LV pressure and dimension. Heart failure was elicited by daily intracoronary injections of microspheres (1.2 million, 90- to 120-μm diameter) for 24 ± 4 days, resulting in significant depression of cardiac systolic function. After CCE, LV maximum negative change of pressure with time (dP/d tmin) decreased by 25 ± 2% ( P < 0.05) and LV isovolumic relaxation constant and duration increased by 19 ± 5% and 25 ± 6%, respectively (both P < 0.05), indicating an impairment of LV active relaxation, which was cardiac preload independent. LV passive viscoelastic properties were evaluated from the LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP)-volume (EDV) relationship (EDP = beα*EDV) during brief inferior vena caval occlusion and acute volume loading, while the chamber stiffness coefficient (α) increased by 62 ± 10% ( P < 0.05) and the stiffness constant ( k) increased by 66 ± 13% after CCE. The regional myocardial diastolic stiffness in LV anterior and posterior walls was increased by 70 ± 25% and 63 ± 24% (both P < 0.05), respectively, after CCE, associated with marked fibrosis, increase in collagen I and III, and enhancement of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein expression. Thus along with depressed LV systolic function there is significant impairment of LV diastolic relaxation and increase in chamber stiffness, with development of myocardial fibrosis and activation of PAI-1, in the canine model of CHF induced by CCE.
Interaction between glutamate and GABA systems in the integration of sympathetic outflow by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Authors: Li Yi-Fan , Jackson Keshia L. , Stern Javier E. , Rabeler Brandon , Patel Kaushik P.
Published: July 2006

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is a central site known to modulate sympathetic outflow. Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters within the PVN dictate final outflow. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of the interaction between the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the regulation of sympathetic activity. In α-chloralose- and urethane-anesthetized rats, microinjection of glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA; 50, 100, and 200 pmol) into the PVN produced dose-dependent increases in renal sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, and heart rate. These responses were blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonistdl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5). Microinjection of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, into the PVN (50, 100, and 200 pmol) also produced significant, dose-dependent increases in renal sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, and heart rate; AP-5 also blocked these responses. Using microdialysis and HPLC/electrochemical detection techniques, we observed that bicuculline infusion into the PVN increased glutamate release. Using an in vitro hypothalamic slice preparation, we found that bicuculline increased the frequency of glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents in PVN-rostral ventrolateral medullary projecting neurons, supporting a GABAA-mediated tonic inhibition of this excitatory input into these neurons. Together, these data indicate that 1) glutamate, via NMDA receptors, excites the presympathetic neurons within the PVN and increases sympathetic outflow and 2) this glutamate excitatory input is tonically inhibited by a GABAA-mediated mechanism.
Suppression of Cell Proliferation and Signaling Transduction by Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Chien Wenwen , Yin Dong , Gui Dorina , Mori Akio , Frank Jonathan Mordechai , Said Jonathan , Kusuanco Donato , Marchevsky Alberto , McKenna Robert , Koeffler H. Phillip
Published: July 2006

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a secreted protein that belongs to CCN family. The proteins in this family are implicated in various biological processes, such as angiogenesis, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. In this study, we explored the roles of CTGF in lung tumorigenesis. The expression levels of CTGF in 58 lung cancer samples were reduced by >2 fold in 57% of the samples compared with matched normal samples using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. These results were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for CTGF in normal lung epithelia and lung cancer. Cellular proliferation was inhibited in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines NCI-H460, NCI-H520, NCI-H1299, and SK-MES-1 by CTGF overexpression. Partially purified CTGF suppressed lung cancer cell growth. The growth inhibition caused by CTGF overexpression was associated with growth arrest at G0-G1 and prominent induction of p53 and ADP ribosylation factor. Most interestingly, overexpression of CTGF suppressed insulin-like growth factor-I–dependent Akt phosphorylation and epidermal growth factor–dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In summary, NSCLC cells expressed decreased levels of CTGF compared with normal lung cells; this lower expression has an effect on lung cancer cell proliferation and its cellular response to growth factors. Our data suggest that CTGF may behave as a secreted tumor suppressor protein in the normal lung, and its expression is suppressed in many NSCLCs. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(8):591–8)
Baseline Gene Expression Predicts Sensitivity to Gefitinib in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Coldren Christopher D. , Helfrich Barbara A. , Witta Samir E. , Sugita Michio , Lapadat Razvan , Zeng Chan , Barón Anna , Franklin Wilbur A. , Hirsch Fred R. , Geraci Mark W. , Bunn Paul A.
Published: July 2006

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) produce objective responses in a minority of patients with advanced-stage non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and about half of all treated patients progress within 6 weeks of instituting therapy. Because the target of these agents is known, it should be possible to develop biological predictors of response, but EGFR protein levels have not been proven useful as a predictor of TKI response in patients and the mechanism of primary resistance is unclear. We used microarray gene expression profiling to uncover a pattern of gene expression associated with sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs by comparing NSCLC cell lines that were either highly sensitive or highly resistant to gefitinib. This sensitivity-associated expression profile was used to predict gefitinib sensitivity in a panel of NSCLC cell lines with known gene expression profiles but unknown gefitinib sensitivity. Gefitinib sensitivity was then determined for members of this test panel, and the microarray-based sensitivity prediction was correct in eight of nine NSCLC cell lines. Gene and protein expression differences were confirmed with a combination of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. This gene expression pattern related to gefitinib sensitivity was independent from sensitivity associated with EGFR mutations. Several genes associated with sensitivity encode proteins involved in HER pathway signaling or pathways that interrelate to the HER signaling pathway. Some of these genes could be targets of pharmacologic interventions to overcome primary resistance. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(8):521–8)
Metal‐complex‐bearing star polymers by metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization: Synthesis and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate) star polymers with Ru(II)‐embedded microgel cores
Authors: Terashima Takaya , Ouchi Makoto , Ando Tsuyoshi , Kamigaito Masami , Sawamoto Mitsuo
Published: July 2006

One‐pot, spontaneous, and in‐situ incorporation of Ru(II) complexes into a microgel (solubilized nanometer‐scale network) has been achieved in near quantitative efficiency by a polymer‐linking reaction of linear living poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with a bifunctional methacrylate (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate or bisphenol A dimethacrylate; linking agent) and a phosphine‐ligand monomer [diphenyl‐4‐styryl‐phosphine (3); i.e., CH2CHC6H4p‐PPh2] in the RuCl2(PPh3)3‐catalyzed living radical polymerization. The products were Ru‐bearing. PMMA‐armed star polymers with a microgel‐core that consisted of a copolymer network of the linking agent and 3. Upon the network formation, the phosphine ligands efficiently encapsulated RuCl2(PPh3)3, thus achieving a polymer catalyst directly from a polymerization catalyst. Colored dark brown‐red, the star polymers exhibited UV‐vis absorptions originating from the entrapped complex (3.1–7.4 × 10−5 mol Ru/g of polymer), the incorporation efficiency being close to 100% with respect to the original polymerization‐catalyst. Detailed spectroscopic characterization showed the following: an absolute molecular weight of 1.7 × 105 to 1.7 × 106, an arm number of 11–92 arms/polymer, and a radius of gyration of 8–19 nm (in DMF). Direct observation of the individual star molecules in solid state was achieved by transmission electron microscopy (unstained; 2–3 nm dark dots for the core) and atomic force microscopy (semi‐circular images). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4966–4980, 2006
In situ generation of nitroxide from alkoxyamines for controlled acrylate polymerization
Authors: Xia Qing , Grubbs Robert B.
Published: July 2006

A general strategy for the controlled nitroxide‐mediated polymerization of acrylates from alkoxyamines without addition of excess free nitroxide is outlined. 2,2‐Dimethyl‐3‐(1‐phenylethoxy)‐4‐phenyl‐3‐azapentane (1), prepared in one pot by the addition of 1‐phenylethyl radicals to 2‐methyl‐2‐nitrosopropane, is heated prior to the addition of monomer to afford a mixture of alkoxyamine 1, free nitroxide, and 2,3‐diphenylbutane. With a 30 min preheating period at temperatures up to 125 °C, the kinetics of the subsequent polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate at 125 °C appear largely unaffected, though the ultimate molecular weight of the polymers is dependent upon the preheating temperature. The poly(n‐butyl acrylate) samples, that result from this process, have much narrower molecular weight distributions than those which result in the absence of the preheating process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5128–5136, 2006
Self‐assembled lipid nanotube hosts: The dimension control for encapsulation of nanometer‐scale guest substances
Authors: Shimizu Toshimi
Published: July 2006

Supramolecular nanotube hosts with precisely controlled inner or outer diameters have been synthesized by self‐assembly of unsymmetrical bolaamphiphilic monomers or glucopyranosylamide lipids, respectively. Time‐resolved fluorescent measurement using 8‐anilinonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate (ANS) as a probe revealed that the water confined in a cardanyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside lipid nanotube has relatively lower solvent polarity corresponding to that of propanol than bulk water. Extensively developed hydrogen bond networks also characterize the confined water in comparison to the case in bulk water. Encapsulation ability of the glucopyranosylamide lipid nanotube has been examined by filling the lyophilized LNTs with gold or silver nanoparticles, ferritin, or magnetic crystals. Filling the unsymmetrical bolaamphiphile nanotube possessing positively charged inner surfaces with negatively charged polymer beads or ferritin proved to be successful without depending on capillary action. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5137–5152, 2006
Identification of IgF, a hinge-region-containing Ig class, and IgD inXenopus tropicalis
Authors: Zhao Yaofeng , Pan-Hammarström Qiang , Yu Shuyang , Wertz Nancy , Zhang Xiaofeng , Li Ning , Butler John E. , Hammarström Lennart
Published: July 2006

Only three Ig isotypes, IgM, IgX, and IgY, were previously known in amphibians. Here, we describe a heavy-chain isotype inXenopus tropicalis, IgF (encoded by Cφ), with only two constant region domains. IgF is similar to amphibian IgY in sequence, but the gene contains a hinge exon, making it the earliest example, in evolution, of an Ig isotype with a separately encoded genetic hinge. We also characterized a gene for the heavy chain of IgD, located immediately 3′ of Cμ, that shares features with the Cδgene in fish and mammals. The latter gene contains eight constant-region-encoding exons and, unlike the chimeric splicing of μCH1 onto the IgD heavy chain in teleost fish, it is expressed as a unique IgD heavy chain. The IgH locus ofX. tropicalisshows a 5′ VH-DH-JH-Cμ-Cδ-Cχ-Cυ-Cφ3′ organization, suggesting that the mammalian and amphibian Ig heavy-chain loci share a common ancestor.
Single-cell expression profiling of human epidermal stem and transit-amplifying cells: Lrig1 is a regulator of stem cell quiescence
Authors: Jensen Kim B. , Watt Fiona M.
Published: July 2006

Considerable progress has been made in characterizing epidermal stem cells by microarray analysis of FACS-selected populations. One limitation of this approach is that the gene expression profiles represent the average of the cell population, potentially masking cellular heterogeneity of functional significance. To overcome this problem, we have performed single-cell expression profiling. We have generated cDNA libraries from single human epidermal cells, designated as stem or transit-amplifying cells on the basis of Delta1 and melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression. Of the 14 putative stem cell markers identified, we selected one, the EGF receptor antagonist leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1), for further study. Lrig1 was expressed in groups of basal cells in human interfollicular epidermis previously identified as enriched for stem cells. Overexpression of Lrig1 decreased keratinocyte proliferation but did not affect the proportion of stem and transit-amplifying cells, as judged by clonal growth characteristics. Down-regulation of Lrig1 using siRNA increased cell-surface EGF receptor levels, enhanced activation of downstream pathways, and stimulated proliferation. Lrig1 acted in part by negatively regulating the Myc promoter. We propose that Lrig1 maintains epidermal stem cells in a quiescent nondividing state, and that Lrig1 down-regulation triggers proliferation.
Multiple-basin energy landscapes for large-amplitude conformational motions of proteins: Structure-based molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Okazaki Kei-ichi , Koga Nobuyasu , Takada Shoji , Onuchic Jose N. , Wolynes Peter G.
Published: July 2006

Biomolecules often undergo large-amplitude motions when they bind or release other molecules. Unlike macroscopic machines, these biomolecular machines can partially disassemble (unfold) and then reassemble (fold) during such transitions. Here we put forward a minimal structure-based model, the “multiple-basin model,” that can directly be used for molecular dynamics simulation of even very large biomolecular systems so long as the endpoints of the conformational change are known. We investigate the model by simulating large-scale motions of four proteins: glutamine-binding protein, S100A6, dihydrofolate reductase, and HIV-1 protease. The mechanisms of conformational transition depend on the protein basin topologies and change with temperature near the folding transition. The conformational transition rate varies linearly with driving force over a fairly large range. This linearity appears to be a consequence of partial unfolding during the conformational transition.
The Accumulation of Oleosins Determines the Size of Seed Oilbodies inArabidopsis
Authors: Siloto Rodrigo M.P. , Findlay Kim , Lopez-Villalobos Arturo , Yeung Edward C. , Nykiforuk Cory L. , Moloney Maurice M.
Published: July 2006

We investigated the role of the oilbody proteins in developing and germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Seed oilbodies are simple organelles comprising a matrix of triacylglycerol surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer embedded and covered with unique proteins called oleosins. Indirect observations have suggested that oleosins maintain oilbodies as small single units preventing their coalescence during seed desiccation. To understand the role of oleosins during seed development or germination, we created lines of Arabidopsis in which a major oleosin is ablated or severely attenuated. This was achieved using RNA interference techniques and through the use of a T-DNA insertional event, which appears to interrupt the major (18 kD) seed oleosin gene of Arabidopsis and results in ablation of expression. Oleosin suppression resulted in an aberrant phenotype of embryo cells that contain unusually large oilbodies that are not normally observed in seeds. Changes in the size of oilbodies caused disruption of storage organelles, altering accumulation of lipids and proteins and causing delay in germination. The aberrant phenotypes were reversed by reintroducing a recombinant oleosin. Based on this direct evidence, we have shown that oleosins are important proteins in seed tissue for controlling oilbody structure and lipid accumulation.
A FIELD METHOD OF MEASURING THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS
Authors: PAYNE P. C. J. , FOUNTAINE E. R.
Published: July 2006

Soil shear strength is a property likely to affect the performance of cultivation implements. Existing methods of measuring this property have been found unsuitable for cultivated top soils, principally because of the difficulty of obtaining an undisturbed sample. A field method of determining shear strength is described in which a cylinder of soil is sheared in torsion and a moment/angle‐of‐twist (proportional to strain) curve obtained. From this the shear‐stress/angle‐of‐twist can be obtained mathematically. Where only the maximum shear strength is required a simplified method is given. A number of results using the apparatus on widely differing soil types is given, together with a comparison of some of these with results from the standard shear box.
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME SUBANTARCTIC SOILS
Authors: BUNT J. S. , ROVIRA A. D.
Published: July 2006

A study has been made of the rhizosphere effect of four subantarctic plant associations at Macquarie Island. A stimulation occurred in each case in the rhizosphere, even in the more primitive Azorella selago and Dicranoweisia antarctica associations.

No qualitative differences were found between rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere isolates. The temperature range of most isolates was 10° to 25°C. with a high proportion giving maximum growth at 25° C.

Respiration measurements were made on I I soils using the Warburg respirometer and a marked correlation was found between total carbon content of the soil and respiration. The variations in respiratory quotient which occurred were not related to carbon content and were probably due to differences in chemical constitution of the organic‐matter fractions and soil aeration.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HEAT TREATMENT ON SOIL METABOLISM
Authors: BUNT J. S. , ROVIRA A. D.
Published: July 2006

The respiration of subantarctic and subtropical soils was found to increase as temperature increased from 100 to 37°C. The gas exchange decreased between 37° and 50°C., but increased with further increase in temperature.

The oxygen uptake of soil subjected to various heat treatments showed an increase with the severity of treatment. The ratio of COa evolved to oxygen consumed of heat‐sterilized soil was always below 0.4, indicating a different oxidation process from that of unsterilized soils in which the ratio approximates 1.0. The activity of heat‐sterilized soil was not inhibited by NaCl, NaN3, or HgCl2, indicating that a non‐enzymic oxygen uptake and CO, evolution were occurring.

Chemical oxidation also seems to occur in unsterilized soils at high temperatures, and is likely to be a factor in the decline in organic matter in dry, exposed soils.

Oxidative enzymes of ‘dead’ micro‐organisms appear to be chiefly responsible for the immediate respiration on wetting an air‐dry soil.
COARSE PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION IN THE SKELETON OF SOME COARSE‐ TO MEDIUM‐TEXTURED SOILS1
Authors: SWANSON C. L. W. , RITCHIE A. , DOEHNE H. A.
Published: July 2006

In New England many of the soils are predominantly sandy and gravelly. Because of the intensive agriculture practised, costing as much as $2,000 per acre to produce some crops, obtaining quantitative data on the content and distribution of coarse particles in the profiles of these soils is useful in predicting their behaviour in the growing of highly specialized crops. For example, the highest quality cigar tobacco is grown on the coarser‐textured soils. A quantitative study of the coarse particles in ten profiles each of the Hinckley and Merrimac series and four profiles each of the Cheshire and Enfield series has been made. The Hinckley was outstanding in containing more than 60 per cent. gravel in the D1; the Merrimac was intermediate with 25 per cent. in the D2; the Cheshire and Enfield next in order with about 20 per cent. in the substratum. For the Cheshire and Enfield soils, the gravel content was about 2 per cent. greater in the Ap, horizon of the cultivated soil than in the forested counterpart. Organic matter losses and compaction decreased their total porosity 25 per cent. These factors plus removal of stones for cultivation are thought to account for about one‐half of the reduction in thickness of the solum; the remainder probably is due to soil removal by erosion.
PROFILE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SAND DUNES OF CULBIN FOREST, MORAYSHIRE
Authors: WRIGHT T. W.
Published: July 2006

Changes in some physical properties of the sand dunes of Culbin Forest, Morayshire, brought about by fixation and afforestation of the sand, have been studied on sites ranging from bare sand to mature plantations. Trees appear to be having no measurable effect on the mechanical composition of the sand apart from the deposition of litter, but studies of soil moisture and temperature, using gypsum moisture blocks and thermistors, have shown that, while the moisture content of the unplanted dunes remains comparatively high throughout the growing season due to their coarse texture, the growth of trees dries out the sand considerably, although the total moisture‐holding capacity of the upper soil layers in the older stands is greatly increased by the incorporation of organic matter. The artificial fixation of the dunes by means of brushwood (“thatching”) has been found to be an efficient method of conserving soil moisture.
ION‐EXCHANGE PHENOMENA IN SOME SOILS CONTAINING AMORPHOUS MINERAL CONSTITUENTS
Authors: BIRRELL K. S. , GRADWELL M.
Published: July 2006

Soils containing allophane, “palagonite”, and amorphous oxides have been found to give cation‐exchange capacity values as determined by conventional methods, which depend markedly upon concentration of leaching solution, the cation in the solution, the volume of the washing alcohol, and its water content. Experiments in which the soil is brought to equilibrium with solutions of barium acetate adjusted to pH 7, and containing an excess of barium with respect to the cation‐exchange capacity value given by the leaching method, indicate that the uptake of cation conforms to the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller theory of multilayer physical adsorption. Similar results are also given by barium‐chloride and lithium‐acetate solutions at pH 7. Adsorption does not take place in the absence of water, and it is thought that it is the hydrated cation which is effective in covering the surface. Adsorption is strongly influenced by equilibrium pH values of the solutions. The adsorption of cations by these soils closely resembles the behaviour of hydrated alumina prepared by precipitation from sodium aluminate with CO2. The acetate and chloride anions are taken up to a much smaller extent than the cations. Titration experiments indicate that soils containing allophane exhibit little if any tendency to hold exchangeable hydrogen ions in the same manner as montmorillonite.
A REVIEW OF TRACER STUDIES IN SASKATCHEWAN ON THE UTILIZATION OF PHOSPHATES BY GRAIN CROPS*
Authors: MITCHELL J.
Published: July 2006

The use of P32 as a tracer has been particularly valuable in studying the uptake of phosphorus from fertilizer and soil. It is a technique which may be used to differentiate between the availability of phosphorus in both soils and fertilizers.

The work was done on soils well supplied with lime. The fertilizer was drilled with the seed unless otherwise stated.

Results show that the wheat plant obtains most of its phosphorus from the fertilizer in the early stages of growth. The proportion obtained from the soil increases rapidly after the fourth week. Most of the phosphorus in the above‐ground part of the plant migrates to the head of the plant as it matures.

Increasing the rate of application of the fertilizer results in a decreased utilization of soil phosphorus with a proportional increase in uptake of fertilizer phosphorus. The availability of phosphorus varies greatly in different carriers. Under the soil and climatic conditions to which the data apply mono‐ammonium phosphate had superior availability to calcium phosphates. Di‐calcium phosphates are relatively lower in availability than mono‐calcium phosphates. The availability of fertilizer phosphorus can be increased through the incorporation of small quantities of sulphur in the material. In drier areas at least the phosphatic fertilizers appear to be most effective when placed close to the seed. Under drought conditions a larger proportion of the phosphorus utilized by the plant comes from the fertilizer. Increased yields may result from the application of phosphates even under extreme drought conditions.

Certain varieties of barley respond better to phosphatic fertilizer than do others. This differentiation did not appear in the wheat and oat varieties tested.

The effect of different levels of radiation on plant growth and uptake of phosphorus has been studied in considerable detail. Deviations in results caused by radiation are considered unlikely to affect the type of experiments reported in this paper.
ISOTOPICALLY EXCHANGEABLE PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS
Authors: TALIBUDEEN O.
Published: July 2006

Methods used to determine isotopically exchangeabIe phosphorus in soils are described and briefly analysed. The influence of soil: solution ratio, orthophosphate ions added with radio‐phosphorus, the equilibrium pH, and the removal of increasing amounts of phosphate from the soil are investigated. A scheme is suggested for the subdivision of the total soil phosphate into four fractions on the basis of their abilities to exchange PO4 ions with the phosphate in the soil solution. The relation between the labile pool of soil phosphate and this scheme is discussed.
A RECONNAISSANCE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS OF THE SOUTH TURKANA DESERT
Authors: HEMMING C. F. , TRAPNELL C. G.
Published: July 2006

Development of the Soil Pattern

As an outcome of an ecological reconnaissance this account provides a record of the occurrences of two major regional types, a system of consolidated sand dunes and derived sands, referred to here as the Chestnut Sands, and a wide assortment of stony truncated ‘desert pavement’ soils or soil remnants described as Stone Mantles. The latter involve areas both of basement complex and of lava origin. Briefer observations are also given on other soils of lesser extent, including flash‐flood, alluvial and lacustrine deposits.

Although a present‐day desert or semi‐desert, the south Turkana region bears the stamp of successive erosion cycles, which have largely influenced its soil pattern. Modified remnants of the original end‐Tertiary surface are probably discernible in the higher‐lying stone mantles about the central hill ranges (Section 2, Introd.). Residual stone mantles of this class appear to be the last truncated remnants of an ancient soil cover. Ancient alluvial and lacustrine deposits, the former of conjectured and the latter of established Pleistocene age, have provided the material for other stone mantle areas (Section 2 (b)). The present surface of all these has been affected by more recent erosion and deflation.

On top of these several types of stone mantle, or the stony soils from which they originated, seems to have been deposited the deep mantle of the Chestnut Sands, blanketing at one time the greater part of the Turkana plain. These dune sands are regarded as a mainly aeolian drift, deposited during a period of active arid erosion, though their materials may have been derived from older surfaces (Section I, Introd.). They must be subsequent to the deposits which they overlie, and may possibly be compared with the Goz or Kordofan Sands of the Sudan, which have been very tentatively referred to the late Pleistocene (Andrew, 1948).

As with the Goz Sands, the dunes of the Chestnut Sands presumably became fixed under less arid conditions. Finally, in common with the rest of the Turkanalandscape, they have been subjected to the present régime of brief seasonal flash‐flood erosion and intervening wind action. Their formerly extensive dune structure has been greatly modified and from many areas they appear to have been removed wholesale. The redeposited Chestnut Sands, the flash‐flood deposits and sandy riverine alluvia are the outcome of this latest phase of erosion. At the same time tracts of comparatively recent lacustrine sands and possible deltaic silts (Section 4 (b) have been left in the east of the region as a result of the progressive retreat of Lake Rudolf.

The influence of the resulting soil pattern on the vegetation of the region is very briefly indicated, with reference more particularly to the principal shrub components.
A RELATION BETWEEN PERMEABILITY AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PORES
Authors: MARSHALL T. J.
Published: July 2006

An equation has been derived for the relation between permeability and the size distribution of the pores in isotropic material. If the mean radius of the pores in each of n equal fractions of the total pore space is represented in decreasing order of size by r1, r2., and rn cm. respectively, then permeability is given by

image

where is the porosity in cm.3/cm.2 of porous material, and K is in units of cm.2 By this means, permeability can be calculated from she curve relating water content to suction. This has been tested on published data for flow of air through porous stones and flow of water through saturated and unsaturated sands. Calculated values have been found to agree satisfactorily with measured values over a wide range of permeability.

The Kozeny equation is discussed as a particular case of this equation
STUDIES ON THE BASALTIC SOILS OF NORTHERN IRELAND V. CATION‐EXCHANGE CAPACITIES AND MINERALOGY OF THE SILT SEPARATES (2–20μ)
Authors: McALEESE D. M. , MITCHELL W. A.
Published: July 2006

X‐ray and chemical studies of silt separates (2–20μ) from basaltic soils were made to determine the origin of the rather high cation‐exchange capacities (C.E.C.) found for these separates. The silts as isolated by the usual method of mechanical analysis consisted in the main of quartz and feldspars with variable amounts of clay minerals which occurred as aggregates. These aggregates were of two types:

(a) Composed of clay‐size particles, i.e. <2μ cemented or bound into silt‐size aggregates by ‘free’ sesquioxides of which the basaltic soils have a high content. The aggregates were disrupted by reduction and the clay particles subsequently released.

(b) ‘Pseudo‐aggregates’ which were shown to be individual particles of silt‐size dimensions and having a flaky appearance. These particles were either vermiculitic (under good drainage conditions) or montmorillonitic (under poor drainage conditions), and it is suggested that they form intermediate products in the weathering of primary‐rock minerals to clay minerals.

Whilst the major contributor to the C.E.C. of the silts was undoubtedly the ‘pseudo‐aggregates’ and to a lesser extent the true clay aggregates, most of the silt separates had a much higher C.E.C. than implied by their mineralogical composition.
CHEMICAL STUDIES OF PODZOLIC ILLUVIAL HORIZONS
Authors: MARTIN A.E. , REEVE R.
Published: July 2006

Titration curves of humus suspensions (prepared from some representative podzol B horizons by acetylacetone extraction) in o.1 N KCL are Presented. The shape of each curve (in absence of added metal ions) and the apparent PK value (PKe) derived from it are affected by the amount of Al contained in the suspension. One soil extract (initial PH 3.6) had a C/Al ratio of 4.9 and gave PKe= 6.21, Whereas the amberlite‐treated extract (initial PH 2.6) had a C/Al ratio of 152 and PKe= 4.12. Extrapolation of PKe values to zero concentration of Al gave limiting values of 4.o and 3.8 for the humus extracted from a Queensland and a New Zealand podzol respectively. These figures are lower than those normally quoted for humic acid, but they may be characteristic of the translocated humus of podzols.

Titration curves of fresh humus extracts with added Al+++, Fe+++ or divalent transition metal ions did not suggest the presence of complex sites although the results for Fe+++ are uncertain owing to the complexity of the equilibria involved Similar titrations with added Al+++ and Cu++ using amberlite‐treated extracts did not indicate potential complex sites and, as before, the Fe+++ data were inconclusive. By analogy with Cu++ it is unlikely that Fe complexes ate present in these systems. It is concluded that humus is immobilized in these horizons by elexctrostatic bonding with Al+++ (since free Fe+++ would not exist at the soil PH), and the residual Al contained in the organic micelles in suspension is probably also bound by Coulomb forces. It is pointed out that the approximate methods used in this study for practically metal‐free preparations may not reveal the presence of the type of complexes found by other workers for some synthetic Polyelectrolytes.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ABILITY OF PLANTS TO ABSORB PHOSPHATE FROM SOIL
Authors: RUSSELL R. SCOTT , RUSSELL E. W. , MARAIS P. G.
Published: July 2006

Barley, rye, and cabbage have been used as test plants to measure labile soil phosphate by the Larsen procedure. In some soils higher values are given by rye and cabbage than by barley. These differences are believed to reflect the greater ability of cabbage and rye to lower the free energy of phosphate in the external medium. Thus, in soils contai& ncaring large quantities of labile phosphate at a low potential, sources of phosphate that are inaccessible to barley are accessible to the other two species.
ISOTOPICALLY EXCHANGEABLE PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS
Authors: TALIBUDEEN O.
Published: July 2006

Phosphate residues in the soil were subdivided into three fractions on the basis of isotopic exchange of orthophosphate ions between the soil and the soil solution. It was observed that the total labile phosphorus was a smaller fraction of the total phosphorus in the heavier soils (c. 20 per cent. clay) than in the lighter soils (1–10 per cent. clay), This could be partly attributed to a higher organic‐phosphorus content in the heavier soils. In comparable soils, recent manuring with superphosphate increased the ratio of the rapidly labile phosphate to the total labile phosphate; in the soils of lower clay content, this ratio was higher than the corresponding ratios in the heavier soils. The recovery of phosphorus added at a moderately heavy rate was estimated by this method of fractionation in soils incubated for periods up to 3 months after treatment. Recovery of added phosphorus in the total labile fraction was incomplete for the calcareous soils, as compared to a I00 per cent. recovery in a neutral soil of similar clay content. Moreover, a redistribution of phosphorus with time was observed in the calcareous soils within the total labile fraction, no such effect being observed with the neutral soil. This was attributed to the presence of internal surfaces on the calcium carbonate present.