bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tailoring the fusion effect of phase-engineered 1T/2H-MoS2 towards photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Das Sarmistha , Swain Gayatri , Mishra Bhagyashree Priyadarshini , Parida Kulamani
Published: July 2022

Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution on 30-1T/2H-MoS2 with a higher concentration of the 1T phase was achieved due to the higher availability of electrons and dense active sites after the incorporation of the 1T phase in 2H-MoS2.
Preparation of adsorption materials by combustion method: a new approach to the preparation of magnesia doped with trace zirconium
Authors: Ding Jian , Wang Meihui , Gao Shuang , Xie Yuelin , Guo Xiaohui , Yu Tingting
Published: July 2022

Here, Zr-doping MgO adsorbents were prepared by combustion method with the aid of salicylic acid which was a facile and efficient method for functional material preparation. The one doped with 2% ZrO2 showed excellent performance in CO2 capture.
Synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their application in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3
Authors: Ko Songjin , Gao Fengyu , Yao Xiaolong , Yi Honghong , Tang Xiaolong , Wang Chengzhi , Liu Hengheng , Luo Ning , Qi Zhiying
Published: July 2022

This review summarizes the synthesis, applications for the NH3-SCR and methods for strengthening the water resistance and thermal stability of MOF catalysts.
Click chemistry in the synthesis of catalytically relevant organoselenium compounds: development and applications of catalysts for organic synthesis
Authors: Kaushal Jolly , Singh Siddhant , Nautiyal Divyanshu , Rao Gyandshwar Kumar , Singh Ajai K. , Kumar Arun
Published: July 2022

Use of click chemistry in synthesizing organoselenium compounds and the applications of metal complexes of such compounds as catalysts for various chemical transformations have been critically analyzed.
The effect of morphology on electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction of ReSe2 nano-structures
Authors: Sultana Fozia , Mushtaq Muhammad , Ferdous Tabassum , Wang Jiahui , Lin Ma , Zaman Abid , Althubeiti Khaled , Aljohani Mohammed , Yang Qing
Published: July 2022

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as rhenium diselenide, have currently attracted a lot of attention as one of the novel candidates of the TMD family.
A water-soluble azobenzene-dicyano pendant polymeric chemosensor for the colorimetric detection of cyanide in 100% aqueous media and food samples
Authors: Sharma Rini , Lee Hyung-il
Published: July 2022

A polymeric chemosensor (P1) was developed for the colorimetric detection of cyanide in aqueous media and cyanogenic food samples.
Structural, optical spectroscopy and energy transfer features of Tb3+-activated (Y, Gd)F3 nanophosphors for UV-based LEDs
Authors: Nanda Sushri Sangita , Nayak Priyanka , Gupta Santosh K. , Rawat N. S. , Goutam U. K. , Dash S.
Published: July 2022

A 15-fold intense green emission at 545 nm is observed in a Tb3+-activated (Y, Gd)F3 nanophosphor with high Tb3+ content and minimal Gd3+ concentration.
Cobalt-promoted synthesis of sulfurated oxindoles via radical annulation of N-arylacrylamides with disulfides
Authors: Cheng Fei , Bai Xue , Sun Qi-Wen , Zhu Gao-Feng , Dong Yong-Xi , Yang Yuan-Yong , Gao Xiu-Li , Guo Bing , Tang Lei , Zhang Ji-Quan
Published: July 2022

An efficient radical synthesis of sulfurated oxindoles is developed using CoBr2 as both an initiator and a promoter. By controlling the CoBr2/(NH4)2S2O8 ratio, a wide range of sulfurated and brominated/sulfurated oxindoles are selectively prepared.
A substrate-dependent reaction of 1-aryl-2-alkyl-1,2-diketones with 2-aroyl-1-chlorocyclopropanecarboxylates: selective access to 2′,5′-dicyclopropoxy-1,1′:4′,1′′-teraryls and pentafulvenes
Authors: Prakash Meher , Rani Poonam , Samanta Sampak
Published: July 2022

An interesting substrate-controlled domino approach to 2′,5′-dicyclopropoxy-1,1′:4′,1′′-teraryls and 6-hydroxypentafulvenes from a wide range of 1,2-diketones and 2-aroyl-1-chlorocyclopropanecarboxylates promoted by Cs2CO3 is reported.
Thermodynamic, kinetic, and mechanistic studies of the thermal guanidine metathesis reaction
Authors: Ramirez Venecia , Van Pelt Evan B. , Pooni Reeth K. , Melchor Bañales Alberto J. , Larsen Michael B.
Published: July 2022

The key structural features that dictate the thermodynamics and kinetics of the thermal guanidine metathesis reaction are presented. A potential mechanism for the transformation is also discussed.
Aminocatalytic asymmetric [4 + 2]-annulation to access functionally rich hexahydrospiroindole pyrazolones
Authors: Prasad Madavi S. , Sivaprakash Murugesan , Palanichamy A.
Published: July 2022

For the first time, [4 + 2]-annulation of in situ generated trienamine from 2-(E)-benzylidine-3-pyrrolidinyl acraldehyde with pyrazolone olefins has been developed to give hexahydrospiroindole pyrazolones with high chemo- and stereoselectivity.
Correction: theoretical study on the mechanism, chemo- and enantioselectivity of the Ag- vs. Rh-catalyzed intramolecular carbene transfer reaction of diazoacetamides
Authors: Song Qingmin , Wu Jiayi , Tzouras Nikolaos V. , Wu Yong , Nolan Steven P.
Published: July 2022

Correction for ‘Theoretical study on the mechanism, chemo- and enantioselectivity of the Ag- vs. Rh-catalyzed intramolecular carbene transfer reaction of diazoacetamides' by Qingmin Song et al., RSC Adv., 2022, 12, 18197–18208, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA01298G.
Experimental investigation of anomalous molecular probe diffusion in entangled polymer melts
Authors: Nieto Simavilla D. , Ramakrishnan V. , Smoukov S. K. , Venerus D. C.
Published: July 2022

Diffusion coefficientD, scaled using the Stokes–Einstein relation, for the dye AB540 in several polymer meltsversusratio of polymer relaxation timeτpto characteristic diffusion timeτD. Inset shows schematic of a particle with radiusRin a polymer melt with tube diametera.
Ammonia borane as an efficient direct fuel in alkaline fuel cells: mechanism, catalysts, applications, and challenges
Authors: Yu Jia , Lu Keren , Lei Wu , Hao Qingli
Published: July 2022

Ammonia borane as an efficient direct fuel in alkaline fuel cells: mechanism, catalysts, applications, and challenges.
Multi-scale structure optimization of boron-doped hard carbon nanospheres boosting the plateau capacity for high performance sodium ion batteries
Authors: Wu Dongyang , Sun Fei , Qu Zhibin , Wang Hua , Lou Zhuojia , Wu Bin , Zhao Guangbo
Published: July 2022

A simple B doping strategy to achieve simultaneous optimization of carbon-based multi-scale structures including morphology, crystallinity and doping environment for enhancing the anodic properties of sodium ion batteries.
Correction: Bottom-top channeling Li nucleation and growth by a gradient lithiophilic 3D conductive host for highly stable Li-metal anodes
Authors: Yan Xiaolin , Zhang Qingfei , Xu Wanjie , Xie Qingshui , Liu Pengfei , Chen Qiulin , Zheng Hongfei , Wang Laisen , Zhu Zi-Zhong , Peng Dong-Liang
Published: July 2022

Correction for ‘Bottom-top channeling Li nucleation and growth by a gradient lithiophilic 3D conductive host for highly stable Li-metal anodes’ by Xiaolin Yan et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 1678–1686, https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA11311H.
Emerging approaches for preventing cytokine release syndrome in CAR-T cell therapy
Authors: Balagopal Srinivas , Sasaki Koichi , Kaur Pooja , Nikolaidi Maria , Ishihara Jun
Published: July 2022

Strategies for reducing CRS in CAR-T cells capitalize on the specificity between CAR-T cells, cytokines, and their receptors, the role of macrophages in cytokine release, and genetic constructs to ablate CAR-T function reversibly and irreversibly.
Striving Toward Equity in Health Care for People With Communication Disabilities
Authors: Morris Megan A.
Published: July 2022

Purpose:

Approximately 10% of the U.S. adult population has a speech, language, and/or voice disability, collectively referred to as communication disabilities. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that persons with communication disabilities have worse health and health care outcomes as compared to those without communication disabilities. Understanding the state of the science, including potential contributing factors is critical to begin to address the disparities.

Method:

Applying a historical lens and integrating multiple models of disability provide a comprehensive perspective of the health and health care outcomes of persons with communication disabilities.

Results:

Three phases for addressing health care disparities exist: detecting, understanding, and reducing. Results from a 2012 National Health Interview Survey provide compelling population-level results of the health and health care disparities experienced by persons with communication disabilities. To understand the disparities, factors within the health care system, such as availability of communication aids and services, as well as provider and staff biases, assumptions, and lack of knowledge need to be considered. To date, few interventions exist to address disparities in care for persons with communication disabilities. Consequently, researchers need to engage with stakeholders in innovative study designs and methods to facilitate the rapid development, implementation, and dissemination of interventions that address the disparities.

Conclusion:

To ensure equity for the large and growing population of persons with communication disabilities, researchers, policy makers, patients, and health care systems need to collaborate in identifying and addressing the factors contributing to health and health care disparities.

Presentation Video:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21215804
Multi‐view subspace clustering with incomplete graph information
Authors: He Xiaxia , Wang Boyue , Luo Cuicui , Gao Junbin , Hu Yongli , Yin Baocai
Published: July 2022

The core of multi‐view clustering is how to exploit the shared and specific information of multi‐view data properly. The data missing and incompleteness bring great challenges to multi‐view clustering. In this paper, we propose an innovative multi‐view subspace clustering method with incomplete graph information, so‐called incomplete multiple graphs clustering. Specifically, we creatively separate one shared and multiple specific graphs from multiple raw graph data, and exploit the mask fusion strategy and block diagonal regulariser to obtain the inherent category information. To handle the incomplete multiple graph data, we utilise multiple indicator matrices to mark the missing elements existed in each raw graph. In addition, the weight of each raw graph is adaptively learnt according to the graph importance. The alternative direction optimization algorithm is employed to solve our proposed methods. Finally, we also analyse the algorithm convergence and the computation complexity in detail. The clustering results on six real‐world datasets show that our method obviously outperforms a serious of classic incomplete multi‐view clustering methods.
A study of globular clusters in a lenticular galaxy in Hydra I from deep HST/ACS photometry
Authors: Hazra Nandini , Cantiello Michele , Raimondo Gabriella , Mirabile Marco , Blakeslee John P. , Branchesi Marica , Brocato Enzo
Published: July 2022

Aims. We take advantage of exquisitely deep optical imaging data from the Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (HST/ACS) in the F475W (gF475W) and F606W (VF606W) bands to study the properties of the globular cluster (GC) population in the intermediate-mass lenticular galaxy PGC 087327in the Hydra I galaxy cluster.

Methods. We inspected the photometric (magnitudes and colour) and morphometric (compactness, elongation, etc.) properties of sources lying in an area of ∼19 × 19 kpc centred on PGC 087327 and compared them with four neighbouring fields over the same HST/ACS mosaic. This allowed us to identify a list of GC candidates and to inspect their properties using a background decontamination method.

Results. Relative to four comparison fields, PGC 087327 shows a robust overdensity of GCs, NGC = 82 ± 9. At the estimated magnitude of the galaxy, this number implies a specific frequency of SN = 1.8 ± 0.7. In spite of the short wavelength interval available with the gF475W and VF606W passbands, the colour distribution shows a clear bimodality with a blue peak at ⟨gF475W − VF606W⟩ = 0.47 ± 0.05 mag and a red peak at ⟨gF475W − VF606W⟩ = 0.62 ± 0.03 mag. We also observe the typical steeper slope of the radial distribution of red GCs relative to blue ones. Thanks to the unique depth of the available data, we characterise the GC luminosity function (GCLF) well beyond the expected GCLF turnover. We find
gTOMF475W = 26.54 ± 0.10
mag and
VTOMF606W = 26.08 ± 0.09
mag, which after calibration yields a distance of DGCLF = 56.7 ± 4.3(statistical) ± 5.2(systematic) Mpc.
Possible Alterations of Imaging Patterns in Computed Tomography for Delta-VOC of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Yüksel Can , Sähn Marwin-Jonathan , Kleines Michael , Brokmann Jörg Christian , Kuhl Christiane K. , Truhn Daniel , Ritter Andreas , Isfort Peter , Schulze-Hagen Maximilian Franz
Published: July 2022

Background So far, typical findings for COVID-19 in computed tomography (CT) have been described as bilateral, multifocal ground glass opacities (GGOs) and consolidations, as well as intralobular and interlobular septal thickening. On the contrary, round consolidations with the halo sign are considered uncommon and are typically found in fungal infections, such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The authors recently observed several patients with COVID-19 pneumonia presenting with round, multifocal consolidations accompanied by a halo sign. As this may indicate alterations of CT morphology based on the virus variant, the aim of this study was to investigate this matter in more detail.

Methods 161 CT scans of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (RT-PCR within 2 days of CT) examined between January 2021 and September 15, 2021 were included. Follow-up examinations, patients with invasive ventilation at the time of CT, and patients with insufficient virus typing for variants of concern (VOC) were excluded. CT scans were assessed for vertical and axial distribution of pulmonary patterns, degree of involvement, uni- vs. bilaterality, reticulations, and other common findings. The mean density of representative lesions was assessed in Hounsfield units. Results were compared using Mann-Whitney U-tests, Studentʼs t-rests, descriptive statistics, and Fisher’s exact tests.

Results 75 patients did not meet the inclusion criteria. Therefore, 86/161 CT scans of unique patients were analyzed. PCR VOC testing confirmed manifestation of the Delta-VOC SARS-CoV-2 in 22 patients, 39 patients with Alpha-VOC and the remaining 25 patients with Non-VOC SARS-CoV-2 infections. Three patients with the Delta-VOC demonstrated multiple pulmonary masses or nodules with surrounding halo sign, whereas no patients with either Alpha-VOC (p = 0.043) or non-VOC (p = 0.095) demonstrated these findings. All three patients were admitted to normal wards and had no suspicion of a pulmonary co-infection. Patients with Delta-VOC were less likely to have ground glass opacities compared to Alpha-VOC (7/22 or 31.8 % vs. 4/39 or 10.3 %; p < 0.001), whereas a significant difference has not been observed between Delta-VOC and non-VOC (5/25 or 20 %; p = 0.348). The mean representative density of lesions did not show significant differences between the studied cohorts.

Conclusion In this study 3 out of 22 patients (13.6 %) with Delta-VOC presented with bilateral round pulmonary masses or nodules with surrounding halo signs, which has not been established as a notable imaging pattern in COVID-19 pneumonia yet. Compared to the other cohorts, a lesser percentage of patients with Delta-VOC presented with ground glass opacities. Based on these results Delta-VOC might cause a divergence in CT-morphologic phenotype.

Key Points:

Citation Format
Professional Standards in Medical Ultrasound – EFSUMB Position Paper (Short Version) – General Aspects
Authors: Wüstner Matthias , Radzina Maija , Calliada Fabrizio , Cantisani Vito , Havre Roald Flesland , Jenderka Klaus-Vitold , Kabaalioğlu Adnan , Kocian Milan , Kollmann Christian , Künzel Julian , Lim Adrian , Maconi Giovanni , Mitkov Vladimir , Popescu Alina , Saftoiu Adrian , Sidhu Paul S. , Jenssen Christian
Published: July 2022

This first position paper of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) on professional standards presents a common position across the different medical professions within EFSUMB regarding optimal standards for the performing and reporting of ultrasound examinations by any professional ultrasound operator. It describes general aspects of professionality that ensure procedure quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability in virtually all application fields of medical ultrasound. Recommendations are given related to safety and indication of ultrasound examinations, requirements for examination rooms, structured examination, systematic reporting of results, and management, communication and archiving of ultrasound data. The print version of this article is a short version. The long version is published online.
Comparative Evaluation of Diagnostic Quality in Native Low-dose CT without and with Spectral Shaping employing a Tin Filter in Urolithiasis with implanted Ureteral Stent
Authors: Axer Benedikt , Garbe Stephan , Hadizadeh Dariusch Reza
Published: July 2022

Purpose Spectral shaping employing a tin filter can be used for dose reduction in CT of the abdomen in patients with urolithiasis. As ureteral stents may be in direct contact with the calculus, a good image quality is mandatory. The goal of this study was to obtain data of the effect of tin filtering on image quality and dose in patients with urolithiasis in direct contact with ureteral stents.

Materials and Methods 84 examinations (conventional low dose vs. modified low dose protocol with tin filtering, randomized) were performed in 65 patients (48 men, 17 women, age 55.0 ± 15.2 years (18–90 years), maximum of one examination per protocol). Image quality and visibility of the calculus was rated on a 5-point-Likert scale by 2 experienced radiologists. Quantitative indicators of image quality were signal-to-noise-(SNR) and contrast-to-noise-ratios (CNR) as well as a figure-of-merit (FOM).

Results With a non-inferiority margin of 0.5 points of the 5-point Likert scale, there was non-inferiority of the examinations with tin filter regarding image quality (95 % CI 4.1–4.3, rejection limit 3.5). Non-inferiority regarding visibility of the calculus could be shown (calculus size: 1–2.4 mm: 95 % CI 3.39–4.12; limit 2.73; 2.4–3.8mm: 95 % CI 4.09–4.47; limit 3.65; > 3.8mm: all maximal ratings). Average values of CNR were significantly higher using tin filters (17.0 vs. 10.6). Doses were significantly reduced in the modified protocol (effective dose 1.2 mSv vs. 1.5 mSv; size-specific dose estimate 2.33 mGy vs. 3.09 mGy) with non-significant effect in the subgroup of patients with BMI ≥ 35.

Conclusion Even with direct contact between a calculus and ureteral stent, radiation reduced examinations by spectral shaping by tin filters are non-inferior to examinations without tin filtering at a concurrent significant dose reduction.

Key points: 

Citation Format
Professional Standards in Medical Ultrasound – EFSUMB Position Paper (Long Version) – General Aspects
Authors: Wüstner Matthias , Radzina Maija , Calliada Fabrizio , Cantisani Vito , Havre Roald Flesland , Jenderka Klaus-Vitold , Kabaalioğlu Adnan , Kocian Milan , Kollmann Christian , Künzel Julian , Lim Adrian , Maconi Giovanni , Mitkov Vladimir , Popescu Alina , Saftoiu Adrian , Sidhu Paul S. , Jenssen Christian
Published: July 2022

This first position paper of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) on professional standards presents a common position across the different medical professions within EFSUMB regarding optimal standards for the performing and reporting of ultrasound examinations by any professional ultrasound operator. It describes general aspects of professionality that ensure procedure quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability in virtually all application fields of medical ultrasound. Recommendations are given related to safety and indication of ultrasound examinations, requirements for examination rooms, structured examination, systematic reporting of results, and management, communication and archiving of ultrasound data. The print version of this article is a short version. The long version is published online.
Catalytic Hydrophosphination of Allenes Using an Iron(II) β-Diketiminate Complex
Authors: Webster Ruth L. , Woof Callum R. , Linford-Wood Thomas G. , Mahon Mary F.
Published: July 2022

A rare study into the catalytic hydrophosphination of allenes is reported. Employing an Fe(II) β-diketiminate pre-catalyst, the reaction of HPPh2 proceeds with a range of aryl- and alkylallenes. For arylallenes the E-vinyl product forms as the major species, while the 1,1-disubstituted alkene is formed in a larger ratio than the Z-vinyl product (e.g., 6:3:1 as E/1,1/Z). The use of H2PPh results in good yields of the 1,1-disubstituted alkene, where the resultant secondary phosphine product does not undergo further reaction. We postulate a catalytic cycle based on spectroscopic data. Employing an [Fe(salen)]2-µ-oxo pre-catalyst leads to phosphine dehydrocoupling rather than hydrophosphination.
Propeller Flaps
Authors: Panse Nikhil , Karanjkar Ankur
Published: July 2022

A propeller flap is an islanded flap that reaches the recipient site through an axial rotation around its vascular axis. The degree of rotation varies from 90 degrees to 180 degrees. It is a highly reliable local reconstructive option. These flaps are simple, single-stage, easy to harvest, and not constrained by routine length-to-width ratios. Since their introduction, the technique has continued to evolve and more applications for the use of propeller flaps are being explored. In spite of their growing use in clinical practice in recent years, many reconstructive surgeons are unaware of their versatility, unsure of their safety, and apprehensive about using propeller flaps confidently. This article aims at understanding the nomenclature, key principles, biogeometry and planning, operative technical details, applications, and complications of propeller flaps.
The Platelet Lipidome Is Altered in Patients with COVID-19 and Correlates with Platelet Reactivity
Authors: Schuurman Alex R. , Léopold Valentine , Pereverzeva Liza , Chouchane Osoul , Reijnders Tom D. Y. , Brabander Justin de , Douma Renée A. , Weeghel Michel van , Wever Eric , Schomaker Bauke V. , Vaz Frédéric M. , Wiersinga Willem Joost , Veer Cornelis van't , Poll Tom van der
Published: July 2022

Background Activated platelets have been implicated in the proinflammatory and prothrombotic phenotype of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While it is increasingly recognized that lipids have important structural and signaling roles in platelets, the lipidomic landscape of platelets during infection has remained unexplored.

Objective To investigate the platelet lipidome of patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

Methods We performed untargeted lipidomics in platelets of 25 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and 23 noninfectious controls with similar age and sex characteristics, and with comparable comorbidities.

Results Twenty-five percent of the 1,650 annotated lipids were significantly different between the groups. The significantly altered part of the platelet lipidome mostly comprised lipids that were less abundant in patients with COVID-19 (20.4% down, 4.6% up, 75% unchanged). Platelets from COVID-19 patients showed decreased levels of membrane plasmalogens, and a distinct decrease of long-chain, unsaturated triacylglycerols. Conversely, platelets from patients with COVID-19 displayed class-wide higher abundances of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and its biosynthetic precursor lysophosphatidylglycerol. Levels of these classes positively correlated with ex vivo platelet reactivity—as measured by P-selectin expression after PAR1 activation—irrespective of disease state.

Conclusion Taken together, this investigation provides the first exploration of the profound impact of infection on the human platelet lipidome, and reveals associations between the lipid composition of platelets and their reactivity. These results warrant further lipidomic research in other infections and disease states involving platelet pathophysiology.
Alignment Efficiency of Nickel-Free Niobium–Titanium–Tantalum–Zirconium Compared to Nickel–Titanium Orthodontic Archwires during Initial Treatment Phase: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hussein Ahmed T. , Abouelnour Ahmed M. , Hussein Farouk A.
Published: July 2022

Objective This randomized controlled trial investigated the efficiency of nickel–titanium (NiTi) and nickel-free archwires during the initial leveling and alignment stage.

Materials and Methods A total of 30 patients (mean age, 17.81 ± 1.96 years) were randomly grouped to receive either single-strand or niobium–titanium–tantalum–zirconium (nickel-free Gummetal), or multistrand NiTi archwires. All the patients had moderate anterior crowding and were treated via a nonextraction approach. Three-dimensional digital models were taken at baseline (T0) and 4-week intervals for three months (T1, T2, and T3). The amount and percentage variations in Little's Irregularity Index (LII) scores during the 3-month observation period were used to estimate alignment efficiency and rate.

Statistical Analysis The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskall–Wallis tests were used to test the differences between the three archwire groups. The difference between variables within each group at different measurement intervals was assessed using paired t-test.

Results The LII scores were reduced in all the three archwire groups; however, there were insignificant differences in the scores between the tested archwire groups (p < 0.05). For the single-strand NiTi group, the LII scores reduced by 2.15 mm (28.38%) after 4 weeks (T1) by 3.79 mm (47.93%) after 8 weeks (T2), and by 5.61 mm (73.98%) after 12 weeks (T3). The LII scores decreased by 1.90 mm (26.93%) after 4 weeks, 3.59 mm (50.84%) after 8 weeks, and 5.28 mm (74.85%) after 12 weeks with Gummetal archwire. Similar to the other groups, the LII scores for multistrand archwire reduced by 1.82 (27.83%), 3.34 (51.07%), and 4.54 mm (69.38%) at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. There was nonsignificant differences in the alignment rates (mm) and percentage (%) of changes among the groups at all measurement intervals (p > 0.05).

Conclusion All three tested archwires were equally effective for correcting moderate mandibular anterior crowding. Furthermore, all three archwires produced a comparable rate of alignment after 12 weeks of initiating orthodontic therapy.
Research-Practice-Collaborations Addressing One Health and Urban Transformation. A Case Study
Authors: Perez Arredondo Ana Maria
Published: July 2022

One Health is an integrative approach at the interface of humans, animals and the environment, which can be implemented as Research-Practice-Collaboration (RPC) for its interdisciplinarity and intersectoral focus on the co-production of knowledge. To exemplify this, the present commentary shows the example of the Forschungskolleg “One Health and Urban Transformation” funded by the Ministry of Culture and Science of the State Government of Nord Rhine Westphalia in Germany. After analysis, the factors identified for a better implementation of RPC for One Health were the ones that allowed for constant communication and the reduction of power asymmetries between practitioners and academics in the co-production of knowledge. In this light, the training of a new generation of scientists at the boundaries of different disciplines that have mediation skills between academia and practice is an important contribution with great implications for societal change that can aid the further development of RPC.
Classifying birdsong in environments with everchanging sounds
Authors: Piccone Ashley
Published: July 2022

In long-term environmental monitoring, new and rare noises, which aren’t included in training sets, pose problems for traditional machine learning architectures. Open set classification strategies can help.
Local iterative block-diagonalization of gapped
Hamiltonians: A new tool in singular perturbation theory
Authors: Del Vecchio Simone , Fröhlich Jürg , Pizzo Alessandro , Rossi Stefano
Published: July 2022

In this paper, the local iterative Lie–Schwinger block-diagonalization method, introduced and developed in our previous work for quantum chains, is extended to higher-dimensional quantum lattice systems with Hamiltonians that can be written as the sum of an unperturbed gapped operator, consisting of a sum of on-site terms, and a perturbation, consisting of bounded interaction potentials of short range multiplied by a real coupling constant t. Our goal is to prove that the spectral gap above the ground-state energy of such Hamiltonians persists for sufficiently small values of |t|, independently of the size of the lattice. New ideas and concepts are necessary to extend our method to systems in dimension d > 1: As in our earlier work, a sequence of local block-diagonalization steps based on judiciously chosen unitary conjugations of the original Hamiltonian is introduced. The supports of effective interaction potentials generated in the course of these block-diagonalization steps can be identified with what we call minimal rectangles contained in the lattice, a concept that serves to tackle combinatorial problems that arise in the course of iterating the block-diagonalization steps. For a given minimal rectangle, control of the effective interaction potentials generated in each block-diagonalization step with support in the given rectangle is achieved by exploiting a variety of rather subtle mechanisms, which include, for example, the use of weighted sums of paths consisting of overlapping rectangles and of large denominators, expressed in terms of sums of orthogonal projections, which serve to control analogous sums of projections in the numerators resulting from the unitary conjugations of the interaction potential terms involved in the local block-diagonalization step.
Various variational approximations of quantum dynamics
Authors: Lasser Caroline , Su Chunmei
Published: July 2022

We investigate variational principles for the approximation of quantum dynamics that apply for approximation manifolds that do not have complex linear tangent spaces. The first one, dating back to McLachlan [Mol. Phys. 8, 39–44 (1964)], minimizes the residuum of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, while the second one, originating from the lecture notes of Kramer and Saraceno [Geometry of the Time-Dependent Variational Principle in Quantum Mechanics, Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 140 (Springer, Berlin, 1981)], imposes the stationarity of an action functional. We characterize both principles in terms of metric and symplectic orthogonality conditions, consider their conservation properties, and derive an elementary a posteriori error estimate. As an application, we revisit the time-dependent Hartree approximation and frozen Gaussian wave packets.
Spectroscopic depth profilometry of organic thin films upon inductively coupled plasma etching
Authors: Xing Yifan , Qiao Nan , Yu Jinde , Zhang Meng , Dai Junpeng , Niu Tingting , Wang Yuheng , Zhu Yuanwei , Bu Laju , Lu Guanghao
Published: July 2022

During the deposition and post-treatments of organic films, phase separation along the film-depth direction is a commonly observed phenomenon. Thus, film-depth profilometry of organic thin films and the corresponding scientific instruments are attracting extensive interest. Here, we propose spectroscopic film-depth profilometry of organic thin films upon inductively coupled plasma etching. Compared with capacitively coupled plasma, which usually generates inhomogeneous filamentous discharge, damaging films underneath the etched surface, inductively coupled plasma studied in this work refers to a so-called soft plasma source generated by a well-defined homogenous glow discharge. The absorption spectra of the etched films are monitored by using a spectrometer, from which the film-depth-dependent light absorption spectra are, thus, numerically obtained with a film-depth resolution better than 1 nm. This methodology is available not only for non-conjugated molecules but also for conjugated organic semiconductors, which are usually known as unstable materials for many ionic plasma sources. Organic films for solar cells and field-effect transistors are investigated as model materials to demonstrate the applications of this depth profilometry.
Diagnosing magnetic fields in cylindrical implosions with oblique proton radiography
Authors: Heuer P. V. , Leal L. S. , Davies J. R. , Hansen E. C. , Barnak D. H. , Peebles J. L. , García-Rubio F. , Pollock B. , Moody J. , Birkel A. , Seguin F. H.
Published: July 2022

Two experiments at the OMEGA Laser System used oblique proton radiography to measure magnetic fields in cylindrical implosions with and without an applied axial magnetic field. Although the goal of both experiments was to measure the magnitude of the compressed axial magnetic field in the core of the implosion, this field was obfuscated by two features in the coronal plasma produced by the compression beams: an azimuthal self-generated magnetic field and small length scale, high-amplitude structures attributed to collisionless effects. In order to understand these features, synthetic radiographs are generated using fields produced by 3D HYDRA simulations. These synthetic radiographs reproduce the features of the experimental radiographs with the exception of the small-scale structures. A direct inversion algorithm is successfully applied to a synthetic radiograph but is only partially able to invert the experimental radiographs in part because some protons are blocked by the field coils. The origins of the radiograph features and their dependence on various experimental parameters are explored. The results of this analysis should inform future measurements of compressed axial magnetic fields in cylindrical implosions.
Enhancement of heat and mass transfer by herringbone microstructures in a simple shear flow
Authors: Wang Yanxing , Wan Hui , Wei Tie , Abraham John
Published: July 2022

The heat and mass transfer characteristics of a simple shear flow over a surface covered with staggered herringbone structures are numerically investigated using the lattice Boltzmann method. Two flow motions are identified. The first is a spiral flow oscillation above the herringbone structures that advect heat and mass from the top plane to herringbone structures. The second is a flow recirculation in the grooves between the ridges that advect heat and mass from the area around the tips of the structures to their side walls and the bottom surfaces. These two basic flow motions couple together to form a complex transport mechanism. The results show that when advective heat and mass transfer takes effect at relatively large Reynolds and Schmidt numbers, the dependence of the total transfer rate on Schmidt number follows a power law, with the exponent being the same as that in the Dittus–Boelter equation for turbulent heat transfer. As the Reynolds number increases, the dependence of the total transfer rate on the Reynolds number also approaches a power law, and the exponent is close to that in the Dittus–Boelter equation.
A highly automated apparatus for ultra-fast laser ablation studies
Authors: Vreugdenhil Marnix , van Oosten Dries
Published: July 2022

We present a novel experimental apparatus that can be used for extensive systematic studies of (single- and multi-shot) ultra-short laser pulse ablation. It is fully automated and generates a large number of ablation sites in a short time on a small sample surface area. For each site, the apparatus takes four in situ images: an image of the incident ablation beam (to determine pulse energy), a white light reference image of the pristine sample site, an image of the reflected ablation spot, and a white light image of the ablated sample site. The setup can perform ablation experiments as a function of many parameters, including pulse energy, pulse duration, number of pulses, time between pulses, and focus size. As a proof of concept, we present example results on single-shot ablation off crystalline silicon. Using only data acquired in situ in the presented setup, we determine the single-shot ablation threshold as a function of pulse duration and verify the threshold value using optical interferometric profilometry. The values we found agree well with literature values.
Size-dependent effects of the thermal transport at gold nanoparticle–water interfaces
Authors: Gutiérrez-Varela Oscar , Merabia Samy , Santamaria Ruben
Published: July 2022

The transfer of heat from a plasmonic nanoparticle to its water environment has numerous applications in the fields of solar energy conversion and photothermal therapies. Here, we use nonequilibrium molecular dynamics to investigate the size dependence of the interfacial thermal conductance of gold nanoparticles immersed in water and with tunable wettability. The interfacial thermal conductance is found to increase when the nanoparticle size decreases. We rationalize such a behavior with a generalized acoustic model, where the interfacial bonding decreases with the nanoparticle size. The analysis of the interfacial thermal spectrum reveals the importance of the low frequency peak of the nanoparticle spectrum as it matches relatively well the oxygen peak in the vibrational spectrum. However, by reducing the nanoparticle size, the low frequency peak is exacerbated, explaining the enhanced heat transfer observed for small nanoparticles. Finally, we assess the accuracy of the continuum heat transfer equations to describe the thermal relaxation of small nanoparticles with initial high temperatures. We show that, before the nanoparticle loses its integrity, the continuum model succeeds in describing with small percentage deviations the molecular dynamics data. This work brings a simple methodology to understand, beyond the plasmonic nanoparticles, thermal boundary conductance between a nanoparticle and its environment.
Enhanced linearity of CaCu3Ti4O12 by changing energy band structure induced by Fe3+ doping for high temperature thermistor application
Authors: Wu Ruifeng , Ma Mingsheng , Zhang Su , Zhao Pengjun , Li Kai , Zhao Qing , Chang Aimin , Zhang Bo
Published: July 2022

Polycrystalline oxide materials exhibit semiconductor properties due to grain boundary (GB) and grain characteristics, which enrich the variety of applications. However, how to regulate the energy band structure of grains and the potential barriers at GBs through defect engineering is crucial to achieve a high performance electronic device. Herein, it is found that Fe3+ ions can change the grain energy band structure of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) materials, which enhances the linearization of the resistance–temperature curve (lnρ–1000/T) in the high temperature region. First principles calculation indicates that Fe3+ doping narrows the forbidden band and induces new impurity energy levels in the forbidden band, which matches the conclusion that the resistivity–temperature dependence of grains shifts toward the low-temperature region as derived from impedance spectroscopy. This shift results in no monotonic variation in grain resistivity within the application temperature region, thus enhancing the linearity of the lnρ–1000/T curve of CCTO materials in the high temperature region. In addition, Fe3+ ions can modulate the activation energy of CCTO materials in a wide range by changing the activation energy of GBs, which broadens the temperature range of CCTO. The significance of this work lies not only in achieving linearization of CCTO materials for high temperature thermistor application, but more importantly, the method presented here provides an avenue for the study of polycrystalline semiconductor materials.
A novel design for the combination of electrochemical atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy in reflection mode for in situ study of battery materials
Authors: Meng Xiaoxia , Bi Zhuanfang , Wang Xinru , Shang Guangyi
Published: July 2022

The emergence of functional materials, especially energy materials made up of various structures with different properties, requires the development of complementary or integrated characterization technologies. The combination of atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy (AFM-Raman) offers a powerful technique for the in situ characterization of physical properties (AFM) and chemical composition (Raman) of materials simultaneously. To further extend the potential application in the battery’s field, we here present an electrochemical AFM-Raman (EC-AFM-Raman) in the reflection mode, developed by designing a novel structure including water-immersion objective lens-based optics for high-sensitivity Raman excitation/collection, optical level detection for AFM imaging in the solution, and a dual-cell for electrochemical reaction. EC-AFM imaging and Raman measurement can be realized simultaneously. Dynamic morphologic evolution and phase transition of the LiMn2O4 particles during cyclic voltammetry measurement were successfully observed. This technique will provide the possibility of probing physicochemical phenomena of the battery materials and other surface/interface processes such as the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase layer.
Frequency chirp effects on stimulated Raman scattering in inhomogeneous plasmas
Authors: Luo Mufei , Hüller Stefan , Chen Min , Sheng Zhengming
Published: July 2022

Previous studies have shown that the use of laser bandwidth may mitigate the growth of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in laser plasma interaction experiments, in particular, when the spectrum of the driving (or pump) laser is composed of uniformly distributed frequency components with a well-chosen bandwidth [for example, Luo et al., Phys. Plasmas 29, 032102 (2022); Wen et al., ibid. 28, 042109 (2021); and Follett et al., ibid. 26, 062111 (2019)]. Here, we investigate the effects of frequency chirp in the pump laser on backward SRS in inhomogeneous plasmas, taking into account kinetic effects associated with the nonlinear detuning of the parametric resonance due to high-amplitude electron plasma waves (EPW). Through theoretical considerations and numerical simulations, using a multi-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) code, it is shown that positive frequency chirp rates lead to a displacement of the resonance in the plasma profile. For a sufficiently strong positive chirp rate, such that the resonance displacement is faster than the EPW group velocity, the EPWs prove to remain limited in amplitude such that SRS is suppressed. The required frequency chirp rate corresponds to a laser bandwidth of about 1%–2%.
Si doping mechanism in MOVPE-grown (100) β-Ga2O3 films
Authors: Chou Ta-Shun , Bin Anooz Saud , Grüneberg Raimund , Dropka Natasha , Rehm Jana , Tran Thi Thuy Vi , Irmscher Klaus , Seyidov Palvan , Miller Wolfram , Galazka Zbigniew , Albrecht Martin , Popp Andreas
Published: July 2022

A Langmuir adsorption model of the Si incorporation mechanism into metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy grown (100) β-Ga2O3 thin films is proposed in terms of the competitive surface adsorption process between Si and Ga atoms. The outcome of the model can describe the major feature of the doping process and indicate a growth rate-dependent doping behavior, which is validated experimentally and further generalized to different growth conditions and different substrate orientations.
Development of a resonant piezohydraulic hybrid actuator
Authors: Diao Weidong , Pan Qiaosheng , Li Yinghao , Zhang Junjian , Feng Zhihua
Published: July 2022

This paper proposes a piezohydraulic hybrid actuator driven by a resonant vibrator based on two rhombic micro-displacement amplifiers. The resonant piezohydraulic hybrid actuator consists of a resonant piezoelectric vibrator, a pump body, a manifold, a return valve, and an output cylinder. The vibration mode of the piezoelectric vibrator is simulated, and the working principle of the resonant piezohydraulic hybrid actuator is depicted. Then, the performance of the piezohydraulic hybrid actuator is experimentally investigated, and the effects of exciting frequency, exciting voltage, and bias pressure are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the hybrid actuator performs the best when the exciting frequency is near the resonant frequency; meanwhile, the higher the exciting voltage, the better the performance. Moreover, it indicates that a larger bias pressure will bring a larger reaction force to the vibrator and reduce the performance of the actuator system. The maximum blocked force and no-load velocity are 378 N and 4.8 mm/s, respectively, when the bias pressure is 1.5 MPa and the exciting voltage is 500 Vpp.
Structural evolution and ferroelectric properties of relaxor ferroelectric single crystal Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.28PbTiO3 under high pressure
Authors: Yao Xiaodong , Zheng Qunfei , Han Jun , Han Yunxia , Li Beihong , Song Weibin , Li Yinglin , Wang Shanmin , Qin Xiaomei , Liu Ying , Zhu Jinlong
Published: July 2022

Relaxor ferroelectric crystals of lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate (PMN-xPT) have attracted great attention due to their extraordinary dielectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical properties. PMN-xPT shows different relaxor behavior and structural phase transitions in a wide temperature and chemical component range. Here, we studied spectroscopy and ferroelectricity of PMN-0.28PT under high pressure. The appearance of a new Raman band and the sudden redshift of UV-vis absorption edge imply a structural phase transition at about 8 GPa. More importantly, the ferroelectricity of the sample is suppressed above a pressure of 5 GPa, and there is no ferroelectricity under further compression. We suggest that the disappearance of ferroelectricity may be related to the polar nanoregions being suppressed by pressure. Our observations of ferroelectricity disappearance above 5 GPa indicate the B-site cation rearrangement in the several nanometers region.
Modulation bandwidth improvement of GaN-based green micro-LEDs array by polarization-induced p-type doping
Authors: Huang Zhen , Tao Renchun , Li Duo , Yuan Zexing , Li Tai , Chen Zhaoying , Yuan Ye , Kang Junjie , Liang Zhiwen , Wang Qi , Tian Pengfei , Shen Bo , Wang Xinqiang
Published: July 2022

As one of the most promising candidates for signal carrier sources in visible light communication, GaN-based green micro-light emitting diodes (μ-LEDs) exhibit a limited modulation bandwidth. In this work, we propose an approach to accelerate carrier recombination rate in green μ-LEDs and, thus, improve the modulation bandwidth by enhancing p-type conductivity to allow more efficient hole injection into an active region. The polarization-induced p-type doping with graded AlGaN enhances the p-type layer conductivity to 2.5 × 10−2 S/m, which is about 4 times in magnitude higher than that of the conventional p-type GaN layer (0.6 × 10−2 S/m). 16 × 16 green μ-LEDs arrays using such graded p-AlGaN exhibit a light output power of 4.4 mW and a modulation bandwidth of 130 MHz, both showing an improvement of about 45% as compared with the ones using a pure p-GaN layer. The polarization-induced p-type doping in graded AlGaN would accelerate the application of GaN-based μ-LEDs in visible light communication.