bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the Optical Mouse Sensor as a Two-Euro Counterfeit Coin Detector
Authors: Tresanchez Marcel , Pallejà Tomàs , Teixidó Mercè , Palacín Jordi
Published: September 2009

In this paper, the sensor of an optical mouse is presented as a counterfeit coin detector applied to the two-Euro case. The detection process is based on the short distance image acquisition capabilities of the optical mouse sensor where partial images of the coin under analysis are compared with some partial reference coin images for matching. Results show that, using only the vision sense, the counterfeit acceptance and rejection rates are very similar to those of a trained user and better than those of an untrained user.
What's next for science communication? Promising directions and lingering distractions
Authors: Nisbet Matthew C. , Scheufele Dietram A.
Published: September 2009

In this essay, we review research from the social sciences on how the public makes sense of and participates in societal decisions about science and technology. We specifically highlight the role of the media and public communication in this process, challenging the still dominant assumption that science literacy is both the problem and the solution to societal conflicts. After reviewing the cases of evolution, climate change, food biotechnology, and nanotechnology, we offer a set of detailed recommendations for improved public engagement efforts on the part of scientists and their organizations. We emphasize the need for science communication initiatives that are guided by careful formative research; that span a diversity of media platforms and audiences; and that facilitate conversations with the public that recognize, respect, and incorporate differences in knowledge, values, perspectives, and goals.
Looking Is Not Seeing: Using Art to Improve Observational Skills
Authors: Pellico Linda Honan , Friedlaender Linda , Fennie Kristopher P.
Published: September 2009

This project evaluated the effects of an art museum experience on the observational skills of nursing students. Half of a class of non-nurse college graduates entering an accelerated master's degree program (
n
= 34) were assigned to a museum experience, whereas the other half (
n
= 32) received traditional teaching methods. Using original works of art, students participated in focused observational experiences to visually itemize everything noted in the art piece, discriminate visual qualities, recognize patterns, and cluster observations. After organizing observed information, they drew conclusions to construct the object's meaning. Participants visiting the museum subsequently wrote more about what they saw, resulting in significantly more objective clinical findings when viewing patient photographs. In addition, participants demonstrated significantly more fluidity in their differential diagnosis by offering more alternative diagnoses than did the control group. The study supports the notion that focused viewing of works of art enhances observational skills.
The Health Policy Pathfinder: An Innovative Strategy to Explore Interest Group Politics
Authors: Nannini Angela
Published: September 2009

Moving a specific nursing health policy agenda forward depends on skill in building coalitions with other interest or stakeholder groups, including consumers. Often, nursing students study health policy in a discipline-specific environment without experiential opportunities to argue their views with other stakeholders in policy arenas. The health policy pathfinder, an innovative learning strategy for understanding interest group politics, will assist nursing students in meeting the following objectives: 1) analyze and articulate diverse policy arguments from various stakeholder groups; 2) identify opportunities for collaborations between stakeholder groups; 3) identify the influence of interest groups on the policy making process; and 4) critically evaluate evidence from a variety of sources ranging from peer-reviewed publications to grey literature to Internet blogs. This article describes the health policy pathfinder, including design, execution, and evaluation steps, and provides a brief excerpt from a student pathfinder.
Use of Simulation in Teaching and Learning in Health Sciences: A Systematic Review
Authors: Harder B. Nicole
Published: September 2009

The use of simulation as an educational tool is becoming increasingly prevalent in health care practice. Institutions have adopted simulations to help educate their students and health care professionals; however, intervention effectiveness evaluation continues to be an area requiring research. With use of this technology, it has become necessary to evaluate this method of educating health care professionals. As simulation use has increased, so has the literature related to evaluation of the innovative teaching method. A systematic review of the literature examined the effectiveness of simulation as a teaching tool. The aim was to evaluate current literature on the use of clinical simulation in health care education. The findings identify themes in the evaluation literature, highlight gaps in the literature as it pertains to evaluating the effectiveness of using simulations as a teaching tool, and support the need for further research into the evaluation of simulation as a teaching tool.
Kriging as an alternative for a more precise analysis of output parameters in nuclear safety—Large break LOCA calculation
Authors: Roustant Olivier , Joucla Jérôme , Probst Pierre
Published: September 2009

The methods using the best estimate codes are now applied in safety demonstration for nuclear power plants (NPP) to evaluate uncertainties of the relevant output parameters. Towards this objective, it is useful to further analyse the outputs, for example, to learn more about sensitivity to input parameters. In addition, this first analysis can be used to assess uncertainty. Such an analysis is difficult to obtain using the code itself because it is quite time‐consuming. One approach, called response surface methodology, consists in replacing the code by a simpler model, estimated with few runs. Linear regression is often used. In this paper, we propose kriging as introduced by Sacks et al. (Technometrics 1989; 31:41–47; Stat. Sci. 1989; 4(4):409–435) as an alternative.

Kriging was applied to the Loss‐of‐Fluid Test (LOFT) loss of coolant experiment L2‐5, which was the subject of the former ISP 13 and the ongoing BEMUSE (ISP: International Standard Problem. BEMUSE: Best‐Estimate Methods–Uncertainty and Sensitivity Evaluation) international problem. The output is the second maximum peak cladding temperature (PCT) of the fuel. The best estimate code used is CATHARE2 V1.3L. We observe that kriging is more flexible and can handle irregularities. As a result, it gives more accurate predictions. In addition, sensitivity analysis is provided. This method offers complementary information and constructs a response surface more accurately, with a more realistic evaluation of risk. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional communication during signaled reinforcement and/or extinction
Authors: Jarmolowicz David P. , DeLeon Iser G. , Kuhn Stephanie A. Contrucci
Published: September 2009

Schedule thinning following functional communication training (FCT) can increase treatment feasibility. Multiple‐schedule arrangements are often used in this process; however, the current literature provides little information on the optimum signal arrangements. In the current study, we examined the effects of three signal arrangements (i.e., signaled FR1, signaled EXT, and signaled FR1/EXT) on rates of problem behavior at dense schedule values and during schedule thinning. At all schedule values, signaled FR1/EXT controlled collateral behavior better than did signaled FR1 or signaled EXT. Additionally, for the single signal arrangements, the signaled FR1 was more efficient than the signaled EXT at dense schedules whereas the inverse was true at leaner schedules. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamics on Landfill Gas Reforming
Authors: Miao C. , Pasel C. , Luckas M. , Herbell J.‐D.
Published: September 2009

Landfill gas is a type of methane‐rich biogas which supplies renewable resources for clean fuels production. In this paper, the characteristics and optimum conditions of simulated landfill gas and biogas reforming reactions for H2 production are investigated. The temperature, varied from 373.15 K to 1273.15 K, and pressure, varied from 1.013 bar to 40.013 bar, applied for the reforming system are evaluated. In addition, the effect of steam concentration, traces of hydrocarbons, and the ratio of C/H/O are analyzed using thermodynamic theories. Both the calculation and analyzed results demonstrate that the reforming system is primarily comprised of endothermic reactions. It favors lower pressure and higher temperature. Traces of hydrocarbons would result in a slight increase to CO for this system. A high ratio of CO2 would result in more production of CO in the reforming process. Preliminary experiments on fuel cells indicate this gas‐reforming simulation is an elementary theory for fuel supply.
Discrete Element Method Simulation of the Effect of Tumbling Time and Particle Size in a 300‐mm Diameter Mill
Authors: Khanal M. , Morrison R.
Published: September 2009

This paper investigates ore abrasion resistance using a small tumbling mill. Three kilograms of different size fractions of ore are tumbled in a 300‐mm diameter by 300‐mm length mill for varying times. The effect of particle size, milling time and stiffness of particles on abrasion characteristics were studied. As might be expected, the grinding time affects the degree of abrasion of particles. Longer grinding times produce more fragments. The size and stiffness of particles also affect the degree of abrasion. For the same quantity of mass, smaller particles (more in number) show more collisions and, hence, a higher probability of abrasion.
GCViR: grid content‐based video retrieval with work allocation brokering
Authors: Toharia Pablo , Sánchez Alberto , Bosque José Luis , Robles Oscar D.
Published: September 2009

Nowadays TV channels generate a large amount of video data each day. A very huge number of videos of news, shows, series, movies, and so on have to be stored with the aim of being accessed later on. Moreover, channels have a clear need of sharing videos so as to settle a real collaboration among them that minimizes the cost of information acquisition. These features demand a huge storage capacity and a sharing information environment. Both requirements can be solved by using grid computing. It provides both computing and storage capacities to store that great volume of data required, as well as the resource sharing capabilities for the cooperation of different TV channels. This paper presents a video retrieval system that covers these needs and suggests a work allocation (WA) broker to improve the performance of video accesses. An evaluation shows the feasibility and the scalability of this approach showing the benefits of the WA made to store and retrieve large video data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of clubbed [1,2,4]‐oxadiazoles with fluorobenzimidazoles
Authors: Jadhav Ganesh R. , Shaikh Mohammad U. , Kale Rajesh P. , Ghawalkar Anand R. , Gill Charansingh H.
Published: September 2009

magnified image

In this study, a novel series of substituted 4,6‐difluoro‐2‐{2‐[3‐(substituted‐phenyl)‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazol‐5‐yl]‐ethyl}‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole derivatives were synthesized by condensation of 2,4‐difluoro 6‐nitrophenyl amine with 3‐(substitutedphenyl‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazol‐5yl) propionic acid by using 2,4,6‐trichlorobenzoyl chloride in the presence of triethyl amine base. The compounds were evaluated for their preliminaryin vitroantibacterial activity againstPseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus, andSalmonella typhosa. The antibacterial data of the tested compounds indicated that most of the synthesized compounds showed moderate activity with reference standard Gentamycin. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Atmospheric aspects of the 2008 Midwest floods: a repeat of 1993?
Authors: Coleman Jill S. M. , Budikova Dagmar
Published: September 2009

This paper identifies and documents the major large‐scale atmospheric circulation characteristics that preceded and facilitated the devastating floods across the Midwestern United States along the upper Mississippi, Missouri, and Wabash River basins in the late spring/early summer of 2008. These circulation features were also placed in the context of the 1993 floods that occurred within a similar temporal and spatial domain. This process included investigating the relationship between various atmospheric conditions and the timing of flood‐producing rainfall events at monthly and sub‐monthly timescales. Unlike in 1993, the 2008 flood event took place 1 month earlier in the year (May), lasted over a much shorter time period, and extended eastwards into Indiana. The comparison confirmed much previous work regarding the factors associated with Midwest flooding during the early warm‐season and revealed the possible influence of the state of the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) on warm‐season flooding across the Midwest. Both the 2008 and 1993 events were preceded by an NAO positive phase; the pattern switched phase about 2 months before the onset of the flooding and remained negative for the duration of the floods. While the major atmospheric conditions known to be associated with major flooding across the Midwest were present in 2008 (e.g. a strong Great Plains low‐level jet), the level of their development, persistence, and geographic orientation/position was very distinct from those observed in 1993. These conditions were also embedded in different state of the remote hemispheric circulation over the Pacific North American region. Together, these variations contributed to the 2008 Midwest floods that occurred earlier in the warm season, were shorter‐lived, and had an impact on a slightly different geographic area. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Is salt stress of faba bean (Vicia faba) caused by Na+ or Cl– toxicity?
Authors: Slabu Cristina , Zörb Christian , Steffens Diedrich , Schubert Sven
Published: September 2009

The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and potassium chloride (KCl) on growth and ion concentrations of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Troy) was studied. After 14 or 15 d of isoosmotic treatment with 100 mM NaCl or 75 mM Na2SO4, respectively, plants developed toxicity symptoms. These symptoms were characterized by local and nonchlorotic wilting spots, which later turned to black, necrotic spots. In contrast to NaCl or Na2SO4 treatment, plants treated with 100 mM KCl did not show these symptoms. The symptoms occurred on those leaves that accumulated highest concentrations of Na+ and showed highest Na+ : K+ ratios. Our results indicate that Na+ toxicity inducing K+ deficiency is responsible for the spot necrosis of faba bean. Additionally, chlorotic symptoms occurred. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl– were determined in chlorotic leaves and in isolated chloroplasts. The reduction of chlorophyll in leaves after NaCl exposure may be explained in terms of high Cl– concentrations in the chloroplasts and appears to depend on high Na+ concentrations. Chlorotic toxicity symptoms can be avoided by additional Mg2+ application.
Glaciation of Scotland during the Younger Dryas stadial: a review
Authors: Golledge Nicholas R.
Published: September 2009

Considerable research effort in recent years has refined our knowledge of the landforms and sedimentary sequences generated by glaciers of the last cold episode in Scotland, the Younger Dryas, and the chronology of their formation. These recent advances have benefited from new technologies such as high‐resolution digital terrain models, numerical ice sheet simulations and cosmic ray surface exposure dating. This review presents a summary of recent Younger Dryas research in Scotland, particularly focusing on studies from the last two decades. The findings of these investigations are compared with those of earlier workers and, critically, are appraised in terms of their relevance to five key aspects of Younger Dryas glaciation: growth of the ice cap, its geometry, dynamics, mode of decay and likely stadial climate. Minor differences aside, the consensus view appears to favour a relatively thick but areally restricted central ice cap surrounded by satellite ice fields. At its centre, the ice cap was probably thickest during the first 500 years of the stadial, after which it most likely thinned as the climate became increasingly arid. Outlet glaciers were dynamic only in marginal areas, where they produced abundant moraine sequences during deglaciation, but throughout much of the stadial central areas of the ice cap effected only minimal landscape modification. Deglaciation took place by active retreat under a rapidly warming climate. Overall, the stadial was dominated by much colder and drier conditions than present, and probably experienced greater intra‐annual temperature ranges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR metabolic analysis of samples using fuzzy K‐means clustering
Authors: Čuperlović‐Culf Miroslava , Belacel Nabil , Culf Adrian S. , Chute Ian C. , Ouellette Rodney J. , Burton Ian W. , Karakach Tobias K. , Walter John A.
Published: September 2009

The global analysis of metabolites can be used to define the phenotypes of cells, tissues or organisms. Classifying groups of samples based on their metabolic profile is one of the main topics of metabolomics research. Crisp clustering methods assign each feature to one cluster, thereby omitting information about the multiplicity of sample subtypes. Here, we present the application of fuzzy K‐means clustering method for the classification of samples based on metabolomics 1D 1H NMR fingerprints. The sample classification was performed on NMR spectra of cancer cell line extracts and of urine samples of type 2 diabetes patients and animal models. The cell line dataset included NMR spectra of lipophilic cell extracts for two normal and three cancer cell lines with cancer cell lines including two invasive and one non‐invasive cancers. The second dataset included previously published NMR spectra of urine samples of human type 2 diabetics and healthy controls, mouse wild type and diabetes model and rat obese and lean phenotypes. The fuzzy K‐means clustering method allowed more accurate sample classification in both datasets relative to the other tested methods including principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering (HCL) and K‐means clustering. In the cell line samples, fuzzy clustering provided a clear separation of individual cell lines, groups of cancer and normal cell lines as well as non‐invasive and invasive tumour cell lines. In the diabetes dataset, clear separation of healthy controls and diabetics in all three models was possible only by using the fuzzy clustering method. Copyright © 2009 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porotic hyperostosis in a Late Upper Palaeolithic skeleton (Villabruna 1, Italy)
Authors: Vercellotti G. , Caramella D. , Formicola V. , Fornaciari G. , Larsen C. S.
Published: September 2009

Porotic hyperostosis (PH) is a well‐recognised skeletal indicator of physiological stress occurring during the early years of childhood growth. Although frequently found starting from the Neolithic, PH is poorly documented among earlier Palaeolithic hunter–gatherers. This study reports a case of PH in a Late Upper Palaeolithic skeleton (Villabruna 1) from northern Italy. Macroscopic and radiographic examinations of the skeleton show symmetric porotic lesions of the cranial vault, hair‐on‐end appearance, thinning of the cortical bone, diploic expansion and very slight cribra orbitalia (CO). All lesions are highly remodelled and suggest a condition suffered long before death. A differential diagnosis, carried out in order to discriminate between infectious and acquired conditions, points to anaemia as likely aetiology for the changes observed. Absence of postcranial involvement, lesion healing and survival to adulthood suggest a diagnosis of acquired anaemia. Among acquired anaemias, both dietary and infectious models are discussed in light of the individual's skeletal characteristics, as well as geographic location, paleoenvironmental data, subsistence modality and dietary information. The combined analysis of these data suggests that parasitic infestation resulted in megaloblastic anaemia in this individual. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of salinity on light conditions and phytoplankton growth in a turbid river
Authors: Oliver Roderick L. , Mitrovic Simon M. , Rees Christine
Published: September 2009

A turbid lowland river in Australia was studied to describe factors influencing the light conditions for phytoplankton growth. Vertical attenuation coefficients correlated with nepholometric turbidity enabling estimation of euphotic depths (z
eu) from long term turbidity monitoring. Light conditions were assessed from the ratio of zeu to the maximum water depth (zm). Predominantly zeu/zm ratios were below 0.2, a value indicating the minimum light conditions required to support phytoplankton growth. A transitional state with zeu/zm between 0.2 and 0.35 occurred 15% of the time, while light sufficiency occurred for 30% of the time. Peaks in eukaryotic phytoplankton biomass developed when zeu/zm was at or above transitional values. Large increases in cyanobacterial numbers (Anabaena sp.) only occurred when zeu/zm exceeded 0.35. Turbidity increased quickly with elevated flows but did not decline substantially as flows reduced and light limiting conditions extended into low flow periods otherwise conducive to phytoplankton growth. However, during extended periods of reduced flows conductivity increased causing a substantial reduction in turbidity with concomitant improvements in light penetration. A turbidity of ca. 100 NTU marked the transition to light sufficiency at the study site and occurred at a conductivity of ca. 300 µS cm−1 demonstrating that small changes in salinity can have major effects on light penetration. These results show that flow, salinity and turbidity all play a part in determining the growth conditions for phytoplankton in turbid rivers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cervical length and gestational age at admission as predictors of intra‐amniotic inflammation in preterm labor with intact membranes
Authors: Palacio M. , Cobo T. , Bosch J. , Filella X. , Navarro‐Sastre A. , Ribes A. , Gratacós E.
Published: September 2009

Objectives

To evaluate cervical length and gestational age as predictors of intra‐amniotic inflammation in patients admitted because of preterm labor and intact membranes.

Methods

Ninety‐three pregnant women with preterm labor and intact membranes were included in our study. Cervical length was measured on admission by transvaginal sonography and transabdominal amniocentesis was performed within the first 48 h following admission. Positive amniotic fluid cultures defined intra‐amniotic infection. Levels of intra‐amniotic interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured, and a receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the best cut‐off point of IL‐6 for predicting intra‐amniotic infection. This value was then used as a basis for determining a cut‐off of IL‐6 for defining intra‐amniotic inflammation. Considering inflammatory status, perinatal outcomes were evaluated and compared. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations of different explanatory variables with inflammatory status. A non‐invasive approach for detection of intra‐amniotic inflammation in women admitted because of preterm labor with intact membranes was evaluated.

Results

Intra‐amniotic infection and inflammation rates were 14% and 28%, respectively. ROC curve analysis showed that the best cut‐off value for IL‐6 was 13.4 ng/mL for predicting intra‐amniotic infection, which was comparable to the cut‐off of 11.3 ng/mL reported previously by other authors (which we used to define inflammation). Regardless of the intra‐amniotic microbial status, perinatal outcomes in women who developed intra‐amniotic inflammation were worse than in those who did not. Cervical length < 15 mm and gestational age at admission < 28 weeks were independently associated with intra‐amniotic inflammation. A strategy considering these two non‐invasive parameters (either women admitted < 28 weeks or women admitted between ≥ 28 and < 32 weeks with a cervical length < 15 mm) could detect 84.0% of women with intra‐amniotic inflammation with a positive predictive value of 48.8%, providing improved diagnostic indices compared to either variable considered alone.

Conclusions

Cervical length and gestational age at admission can be used as a non‐invasive method to assess the risk of intra‐amniotic inflammation in preterm labor and intact membranes. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A thermodynamically consistent phenomenological model of the anisotropic Mullins effect
Authors: Itskov M. , Ehret A. , Kazakevic̆iutė‐Makovska R. , Weinhold G.
Published: September 2009

In this paper a thermodynamically consistent phenomenological model for the anisotropic Mullins effect in filled elastomers is presented. The model takes into account anisotropic softening as well as permanent set. The formulation is based on an anisotropic three‐dimensional softening criterion and a scalar damage function both formulated in terms of the principal stretches. The damage function describes the difference in stresses between the primary loading curve and unloading curve in uniaxial tension tests and is evaluated from experimental data. The predictive capabilities of the proposed model are examined in comparison to experimental data available in literature as well as to own experimental results on CR rubber presented in the paper. Good agreement with these experiments is observed. In particular, the characteristic S‐shape of the stress softening curves is accurately captured.
Microfluidic Device for Coupling Capillary Electrophoresis and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Luo Yiqi , Xu Songyun , Schilling James W. , Lau Kenneth H. , Whitin John C. , Yu Tom T.S. , Cohen Harvey J.
Published: September 2009

We have designed and fabricated a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device for coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The coupling is advantageous in biological research because CE has the power of separating analytes in a sample based on mobility difference and MALDI-MS provides accurate and sensitive mass analysis of the analytes. The goal is realized by fractionating the separated analytes inside the microfluidic device and pushing the analyte fractions into open reservoirs. Each analyte fraction is then mixed with a matrix solution and deposited on a MALDI target for MALDI-MS. Therefore, a two-step analysis of analytes in the form of CE-MALDI-MS is achieved by using the microfluidic device.
SIGN-CHANGING SOLUTIONS FOR A CLASS OF NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS
Authors: LIU XIANGQING , HUANG YISHENG
Published: September 2009

Using variational methods, we obtain the existence of sign-changing solutions for a class of asymptotically linear Schrödinger equations with deepening potential well.
‘No whale, no music’: Iñupiaq drumming and global warming
Authors: Sakakibara Chie
Published: September 2009

This article explores how climate change has recently influenced the Iñupiaq cultural identity as the people of the whales. Their traditional whaling cycle reveals strong indivisibility of music, emotions, and place based human identity. To illustrate such integrity of the Iñupiat and their culturally critical bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), a search was made for specific ways in which climate change influences Iñupiaq spiritual and physical ties with the whale in relation to traditional music making. Traditionally, the Iñupiat say that it is the whale who brings them music, thus no whale harvest means no music production. However, when the environment is less predictable, the homeland eroded, place based songs gone, and human-whale integrity threatened, how specifically are these changes manifested in the Iñupiat-whale relationship? Providing detailed descriptions of 2005–2006 nalukataq (midsummer whale feasts), this article examines how contemporary Iñupiat respond to environmental changes in the emotional and cultural dimensions through their music making.
One man's trash: the recovery of Frederick A. Cook's original telegram drafts announcing his attainmentof the North Pole
Authors: Bryce Robert M.
Published: September 2009

On 1 September 1909, Dr Frederick A. Cook landed at Lerwick in the Shetland Islands and cabled the unexpected news that he had reached the North Pole on 21 April of the previous year. This article recounts the equally unexpected recovery of the original telegram drafts Cook wrote for the cables sent from Lerwick. It discusses new details they add to the historical record and confirms others that previously had no confirmation. It also verifies the authenticity of the drafts, and, based on the physical condition of the recovered documents and documentary clues, it traces what can be known of the history of these documents between the time Cook wrote them and their publication a century later, proposing how they might have been originally saved from destruction in 1909.
Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme, Scott Polar Research Institute
Authors: Berkman Paul Arthur
Published: September 2009

The Arctic Ocean is crossing an environmental threshold from a permanently ice covered to seasonally ice free ocean during summer, with emerging geopolitical interactions of relevance to international peace and stability. In response, the Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme was initiated at the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, in September 2008 with the following objectives:

1)

to enhance cooperation in an international, interdisciplinary and inclusive manner among existing research teams that are focusing on Arctic Ocean geopolitics;

2)

to provide parliamentary, governmental, civil-society and industry audiences with objective analyses of environmental security issues and alternative responses in the Arctic Ocean; and

3)

to identify lessons from the Arctic Ocean regarding the governance dynamics of nation states and international spaces beyond national jurisdiction.
AGU Position Statement Revised: Data Preservation and Availability
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

On 27 May 2009, the AGU Council adopted a revised position statement, “The Importance of Long‐term Preservation and Accessibility of Geophysical Data.” A previous statement on geophysical data was first adopted in 1997 and was reaffirmed in May 2001, 2005, and 2006. A panel of experts worked on the statement's revisions over a period of months with input from AGU membership. This statement is particularly timely, as issues regarding open access to data and the availability of geophysical data through various federal agencies continue to surface, exemplified by a National Academies report on the integrity and accessibility of research data published on 22 July 2009 (see Eos, 90(31), 266, 2009).
A new approach to the application of electrical resistance sensors to measuring the onset of ephemeral streamflow in wetland environments
Authors: Goulsbra C. S. , Lindsay J. B. , Evans M. G.
Published: September 2009

Ephemeral streamflow events in headwater catchments are significant in terms of the flux of sediments, solutes, and discharge out of a catchment. Existing attempts to monitor these events, however, have traditionally been restricted to a limited series of manual observations or the use of temperature sensors which demand a great deal of data interpretation and often introduce significant timing errors. The use of electrical resistance sensors has been found to be one potential alternative, but this method has not yet been fully explored. This paper builds upon this method, presenting a new low‐cost ephemeral streamflow (ES) sensor which is able to detect the onset and cessation of ephemeral streamflow events at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Furthermore, the data collected by the ES sensor needs only minimal interpretation. Laboratory testing reveals that the sensors are able to clearly distinguish between the presence and absence of water. Field testing in a small peatland headwater catchment in the South Pennines, United Kingdom, confirmed that the sensors were robust enough to withstand field conditions. Careful site selection enabled the production of a high‐quality data set, showing the timings of multiple ephemeral streamflow events at numerous locations within the catchment. The low cost, good performance, and minimal data interpretation requirements of the ES sensors permit unprecedented high‐resolution monitoring of ephemeral streamflows.
Development of Future Habitat Suitability Models for the Swift fox (Vulpes velox) in the American Southwest
Authors: Redman Jennifer , Calkins Michael , Andersen Mark , Boykin Kenneth
Published: September 2009

The Swift fox (Vupes velox) is a habitat specialist species of short or mixed grass prairie. We used bioclimatic envelope models and habitat suitability models under three future climate scenarios (based on CO2 emission rates) from "www.climatewizard.org":http://www.climatewizard.org to fit species distribution models, using the maximum entropy method. Current suitable habitat for the swift fox covers an area of 161,984 km2. Under the future climate scenarios the habitat decreases by 27% in the low emission scenario, 63% for medium emissions, and 53% in the high emissions scenario. This decrease in suitable habitat corresponded to an overall decrease in total grassland landcover. The current total area of grassland is 423,440 km2. Under the future climate scenarios the grassland decreased by 12% in the low emissions scenario, 24% for medium emissions, and 16% in the high emissions scenario.
Quartz crystal microbalance and evaporation of sessile droplets
Authors: Couturier G. , Vatinel S. , Boisgard R. , Aimé J. P. , Chabli A.
Published: September 2009

A quartz crystal microbalance and dissipation simultaneously measuring the frequency and the dissipation over more than one decade, from fundamental to overtone 15, is used to investigate the evaporation mechanisms of small water sessile droplets onto a gold surface. An unexpected weak increase in frequency is observed during the first stage of evaporation where the contact line is pinned while the dissipation is unchanged. The increase in frequency has a linear dependence with the overtone order so it is related to a very thin amount of water. A droplet deposited inside a circular barrier does not exhibit such a variation suggesting that the observed effect is related to the region in the vicinity of the edge of the droplet.
Optical spectrum and electromagnetic-field distribution at double-groove metallic surface gratings
Authors: Wellems L. David , Huang Danhong , Leskova T. A. , Maradudin A. A.
Published: September 2009

The Green’s function formalism [see B. Baumeier et al., J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 8, S191 (2006)] for calculating the reflection and transmission of light at etched single-groove gratings on both sides of a thin silver film was extended to study the case with double-groove gratings. A splitting of surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes was found due to electromagnetic (EM) coupling between the two grooves in the complex unit cell of the grating. Spectral features corresponding to the split SPP branches (peaks in the transmissivity) were found in this system. In addition, the calculated full spatial distributions of the total EM field were used to provide intuitive explanations for these observations by indicating the high-surface-field regions, the coupling between the two grooves in the same complex unit cell, and the cross coupling between the two nearby grooves located at the upper and lower surfaces of the metal film. The effects on the transmissivity and reflectivity due to changing the depth ratio, groove separation, and lattice constant were also highlighted. The split antisymmetrical SPP mode due to EM coupling between the two grooves in the same complex unit cell, as well as the cross EM coupling between the two nonaligned grooves at the upper and lower surfaces, were found to be responsible for the large peaks found in the transmissivity.
Three-dimensional imaging techniques for microvessels using multipoint laser Doppler velocimeter
Authors: Ishida H. , Shirakawa H. , Andoh T. , Akiguchi S. , Kobayashi D. , Ueyama K. , Kuraishi Y. , Hachiga T.
Published: September 2009

We have succeeded in measuring the blood flow velocity in microvessels noninvasively, using an advanced multipoint laser Doppler velocimeter (M-LDV). We developed the M-LDV using a semiconductor laser with a wavelength of 785 nm and were able to improve the measurement of opaque fluids, including blood. Initially, the calibration of our equipment was checked by measuring the flow velocity of water in the glass tube with an inner diameter of 0.55 mm. These values were equal to that calculated from the indicated values of a flowmeter and succeeded in imaging the flow velocity distribution in the glass tube as two-dimensional images. Finally, we enlarged the optical magnification, and measured microvessels of an experimental mouse’s ear, and succeeded in imaging the blood flow velocity in microvessels as three-dimensional images. Compared with our previous report [T. Andoh et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 48, 017002 (2009)], the spatial resolution was improved by more than a factor of 10.
An efficient mode conversion configuration in relativistic magnetron with axial diffraction output
Authors: Li Wei , Liu Yong-Gui
Published: September 2009

Relativistic magnetron with diffraction output, also known as magnetron with axial extraction, is a favorite in exploring the most compact narrow band high power microwave source. For further improving power conversion efficiency and radiation pattern without diminishing the compactness, this paper proposed an efficient mode conversion configuration in an S-band π-mode operating relativistic magnetron with diffraction output. The whole device has a total length of 290mm and a maximum diameter of 260mm. In three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, an optimized outcome that the power conversion efficiency can reach 43% corresponding to 4.2GW output and the radiation pattern is similar to TE11 mode is achieved.
Electrical detection of ambipolar acoustic carrier transport by surface acoustic waves
Authors: Jiao S. J. , Batista P. D. , Biermann K. , Hey R. , Santos P. V.
Published: September 2009

We have investigated the efficiency of the ambipolar transport of photogenerated electrons and holes in (Al,Ga)As structures by surface acoustic waves (SAWs). In the experiments, the photogenerated electrons and holes transported by the SAW are collected by a lateral p-i-n junction and detected by electrometers. Carrier recombination during transport was also studied by detecting the photoluminescence emitted along the SAW path by the transported carriers. We show that the acoustic transport efficiency improves by using biased metallic guides along the SAW beam to create independent transport channels for electrons and holes. By optimizing the photon absorption efficiency and the amplitude of the acoustic fields, we demonstrated overall transport efficiencies above 85% for transport lengths on the order of 300 μm.
Separation of gas mixtures due to forces from a nonresonant optical lattice
Authors: Shevyrin Alexander , Ivanov Mikhail
Published: September 2009

Kinetic effects (thermal and barodiffusion) on gas mixture separation induced by an interference optical lattice are studied. Separation effects of these types of diffusion are compared to the selective effect of the optical lattice. New analytical estimates are obtained for the ponderomotive force acting on the gas from the side of the optical lattice. Analytical approximations for the ponderomotive force are compared to results computed by the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Through computations and analytical estimates, barodiffusion and selective forces are demonstrated to separate the mixture more intensively inside the spot of the optical lattice, while thermal diffusion plays a minor role in the separation.
Development of metal nanocluster ion source based on dc magnetron plasma sputtering at room temperature
Authors: Majumdar Abhijit , Köpp Daniel , Ganeva Marina , Datta Debasish , Bhattacharyya Satyaranjan , Hippler Rainer
Published: September 2009

A simple and cost effective nanocluster ion source for the deposition of size selected metal nanocluster has been developed based on the dc magnetron discharge (including pulsed dc discharge). The most important and interesting feature of this cluster source is that it is working at room temperature, cooled by chilled water during the experiment. There is no extraction unit in this device and the cluster streams flow only due to the pressure gradient from source chamber to substrate via quadrupole mass filter. It has provision of multiple substrate holders in the deposition chamber, which can be controlled manually. The facility consists of quadrupole mass filter (QMF 200), which can select masses in the range of 2–125 000 atoms depending on the target materials, with a constant mass resolution (M/ΔM∼25). The dc magnetron discharge at a power of about 130 W with Ar as feed/buffer gas was used to produce the Cu nanocluster in an aggregation tube and deposited on Si (100) wafer temperature.
Solar nanoflares and other smaller energy release events as growing drift waves
Authors: Vranjes J. , Poedts S.
Published: September 2009

Rapid energy releases (RERs) in the solar corona extend over many orders of magnitude, the largest (flares) releasing an energy of 1025 J or more. Other events, with a typical energy that is a billion times less, are called nanoflares. A basic difference between flares and nanoflares is that flares need a larger magnetic field and thus occur only in active regions, while nanoflares can appear everywhere. The origin of such RERs is usually attributed to magnetic reconnection that takes place at altitudes just above the transition region. Here we show that nanoflares and smaller similar RERs at least in some cases can be explained within the drift wave theory as a natural stage in the kinetic growth of the drift wave. In this scenario, a growing mode with a sufficiently large amplitude leads to stochastic heating that can provide an energy release of over 1016 J.
The evolution of information suppression in communicating robots with conflicting interests
Authors: Mitri Sara , Floreano Dario , Keller Laurent
Published: September 2009

Reliable information is a crucial factor influencing decision-making and, thus, fitness in all animals. A common source of information comes from inadvertent cues produced by the behavior of conspecifics. Here we use a system of experimental evolution with robots foraging in an arena containing a food source to study how communication strategies can evolve to regulate information provided by such cues. The robots could produce information by emitting blue light, which the other robots could perceive with their cameras. Over the first few generations, the robots quickly evolved to successfully locate the food, while emitting light randomly. This behavior resulted in a high intensity of light near food, which provided social information allowing other robots to more rapidly find the food. Because robots were competing for food, they were quickly selected to conceal this information. However, they never completely ceased to produce information. Detailed analyses revealed that this somewhat surprising result was due to the strength of selection on suppressing information declining concomitantly with the reduction in information content. Accordingly, a stable equilibrium with low information and considerable variation in communicative behaviors was attained by mutation selection. Because a similar coevolutionary process should be common in natural systems, this may explain why communicative strategies are so variable in many animal species.
Priming of reach trajectory when observing actions: Hand-centred effects
Authors: Griffiths Debra , Tipper Steven P.
Published: September 2009

When another person's actions are observed it appears that these actions are simulated, such that similar motor processes are triggered in the observer. Much evidence suggests that such simulation concerns the achievement of behavioural goals, such as grasping a particular object, and is less concerned with the specific nature of the action, such as the path the hand takes to reach the goal object. We demonstrate that when observing another person reach around an obstacle, an observer's subsequent reach has an increased curved trajectory, reflecting motor priming of reach path. This priming of reach trajectory via action observation can take place under a variety of circumstances: with or without a shared goal, and when the action is seen from a variety of perspectives. However, of most importance, the reach path priming effect is only evoked if the obstacle avoided by another person is within the action (peripersonal) space of the observer.
Similarity is closeness: Metaphorical mapping in a conceptual task
Authors: Boot Inge , Pecher Diane
Published: September 2009

The conceptual metaphor theory states that abstract concepts are represented by image schemas from concrete domains. In the present study we investigated the mapping for SIMILARITY IS CLOSENESS using tasks with nonlinguistic materials. In Experiments 1 and 2 participants decided whether two squares were similar or dissimilar in colour. The spatial distance between the squares was varied. Performance to similar colours was better at shorter distances, whereas performance to dissimilar colours was better at longer distances. In Experiments 3 and 4 participants made distance decisions to similar and dissimilar colours squares. Performance was not affected by similarity. These results show that metaphorical mappings can be found even beyond the context of linguistic metaphors and that the mapping between SIMILARITY and CLOSENESS is asymmetrical.