bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Two CDK5R1-Related Subtypes and Characterization of Immune Infiltrates in Alzheimer’s Disease Based on an Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Shao Xu , Yang Yanxian , Chen Jieyun , Zhao Runping , Xu Lei , Guo Xilong , Feng Yu , Qin Lina
Published: December 2022

Background. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the major cause of senile dementia. The Reelin pathway has been involved in both learning and AD pathogenesis. However, the specific Reelin-related gene signature during the pathological process remains unknown. Methods. Reelin-related gene (CDK5R1) expression was analyzed using the GEO datasets. The relevant genes of CDK5R1 were identified using differential expression analysis and weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) based on the GSE43850 dataset. ConsensusClusterPlus analysis was applied to identify subtypes (C1 and C2) of AD. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to assess the immune cell infiltration between the two AD subtypes. Results. CDK5R1 was downregulated in AD. 244 differentially expressed CDK5R1-related genes (DECRGs) between the two subgroups were mainly enriched in GABAergic synapse, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, synapse organization, neurotransmitter transport, etc. Furthermore, the GSVA results indicated that immune-related pathways were significantly enriched in the C1 subgroup. Interestingly, 10 Reelin pathway-related genes (CRK, DAB2IP, LRP8, RELN, STAT5A, CDK5, CDK5R1, DAB1, FYN, and SH3KBP1) were abnormally expressed between the two subgroups. The proportion of T cell gamma delta, monocytes, macrophage M2, and dendritic cells activated decreased from C1 to C2, while the proportion of plasma cells, T cell follicular helper, and NK cells activated increased. Conclusion. Two CDK5R1-related subtypes of AD were identified, helping us to better understand the role of CDK5R1 in the pathological process of AD.
Optimization of an Airport Departure Hall Evacuation Plan Based on a Time-Varying Network Algorithm
Authors: Shi Yueya , Sun Wei , Wu Yuankai , Zeng Guojun
Published: December 2022

As a highly dense area for passengers, the airport departure hall is particularly characterized by the easy gathering of passengers, irregularity, and difficulty in command, which has become a high incidence of emergencies. For the evacuation problem in case of emergencies, the vast majority of passengers randomly choose the shortest path from the exit to escape, which will lead to congestion at some nodes and prolonging of the evacuation time. Therefore, this study proposes a better evacuation method considering the dynamic change in the spatiotemporal congestion of passengers. First, this paper constructs an evacuation network diagram for the departure hall of the Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport terminal building, simplifies the evacuation process into point-to-point evacuation, and proposes a time-varying network algorithm to optimize the emergency evacuation of the airport. Second, on the premise of obtaining the number and dynamic distribution of passengers in each area in real time, a linear programming model with the shortest evacuation time as the optimization objective is established, and the current optimal evacuation path of passengers is dynamically calculated. Finally, the two evacuation methods, random evacuation and evacuation, based on a time-varying network algorithm are simulated and analyzed by AnyLogic software. The results show that the evacuation scheme based on the time-varying network algorithm can effectively relieve the passenger congestion of some evacuation paths and safety exits. The evacuation time is reduced by 74 s, the evacuation efficiency is improved by 14%, passenger congestion at some evacuation routes and safety exits can be effectively relieved, and the global optimization of the emergency evacuation of passengers is achieved.
A Study on the Measurement and Influencing Factors of Innovation Governance Performance of Hubei Province in China Based on Technology Heterogeneity
Authors: Xiao Zelei , Wang Ye , Yu Lin , Xiong Qi , Jiang Hua
Published: December 2022

Exploring areas of innovation and development and promoting total factor productivity is a topic that is crucial to implementing innovation‐driven strategies and building a modern economic system in the Hubei province in China. So, the aim of the research is to find a methodology for computing innovation performance and its influence factors in the Hubei region of China. Based on the existing efficiency measurement methods, this study measures the innovation efficiency performance and subsequently the innovation performance by using the optimized Färe‐Primont index for a sample of 28 manufacturing industries in Hubei. A threshold regression model of multidimensional explanatory variables focusing on business performance, government support, industry openness, and synergic innovation is used to investigate the core factors that affect the improvement of innovation performance in Hubei’s manufacturing industries. Results show that there is a significant “technological heterogeneity” in Hubei’s manufacturing industries. Business performance plays a significant role in promoting the innovation performance of manufacturing industries, while the roles of industry development, government support, and synergic innovation on innovation performance change depending on the “technological characteristics” of industries.
MACC1 Correlates with Tumor Progression and Immune Cell Infiltration of Colon Adenocarcinoma and is Regulated by the lncRNA ZFAS1/miR-642a-5p Axis
Authors: Liu Bi-Xia , Yang Jing , Zeng Chunyan , Chen Youxiang
Published: December 2022

Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is the most common pathologic type of colon cancer. Metastasis is responsible for the high mortality rate of patients with COAD. The gene, metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1), is a biomarker predictive of both metastatic and metastasis-free survival in patients with colon cancer and other solid tumors. However, the underlying mechanism by which MACC1 affect COAD progression and metastasis remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the expression level and prognostic value of MACC1, as well as their correlation, in patients with various types of cancer included in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. High MACC1 expression was found to be significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with COAD. Analysis of the potential upstream miRNA of MACC1 showed that miR-642a-5p was downregulated in COAD and was negatively correlated with MACC1 expression. Analysis of the upstream regulators of miR-642a-5p showed that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) ZFAS1was the most likely upstream regulator of miR-642a-5p. In addition, the expression of MACC1 correlated positively with tumor immune cell infiltration, as well as with the levels of biomarkers of five kinds of immune cells. In summary, these findings suggest that MACC1 contributes to COAD progression and immune cell infiltration via the ZFAS1/miR-642a-5p/MACC1 axis.
Improvement of Mechanical Characteristics on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Surface through Zinc Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition Film
Authors: Hong Minpyo , Kim Kyungmin , Song Yongnam
Published: December 2022

Wear failures in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) compartments are known to limit the life of a joint implant. In this study, we applied atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to produce wear-resistant zinc oxide (ZnO) films to improve mechanical and wear characteristics on the surface of UHMWPE. Organic material layers in molecular units were mixed with ALD ZnO films to minimize surface cracks through a molecular layer deposition (MLD) technique. We aimed to examine (1) the effect of organic layers on minimizing surface cracks and (2) the mechanical properties of ZnO and inorganic/organic hybrid films. We prepared UHMWPE samples with pure ZnO and five different hybrid films with ZnO to organic layer ratios of 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 4 : 1, and 5 : 1. Surface cracks were observed by using a field-emission scanning electron microscope. Hardness and elastic modulus of an ALD-coated UHMWPE were measured by nano-indentation examinations. Severe cracks were found in the samples with pure ZnO films. However, no cracks were found in the samples with all hybrid films except the samples with a ZnO to organic layer ratio of 5 : 1. The hardness and elastic modulus of the samples with pure ZnO and hybrid films significantly increased compared to those of the native UHMWPE. The hardness to elastic modulus ratios, indicating the wear resistance, increased over 50% for all films compared to the values of native UHMWPE. These results suggested that ALD ceramic coatings with organic layers may become a potential solution for realizing a wear-resistant protection coating for the polymer compartment of joint prostheses.
Collecting Multidimensional Numerical Data and Estimating Mean with Personalized Local Differential Privacy
Authors: Zeng Yufeng , Long Shigong , Liu Hai , Ding Hongfa
Published: December 2022

Collecting and analyzing data can generate a wealth of knowledge, but it can also raise privacy concerns. Local differential privacy (LDP) is the latest privacy standard to address this issue and has been implemented on platforms such as Chrome, iOS, and macOS. In the LDP solution, users first perturb their own data on the user side and then upload the perturbed data to the server. This not only protects against background attacks but also against untrusted servers. However, existing multidimensional solutions ignore the personalized privacy needs of users. In this paper, we meet the personalized privacy needs of users while reducing the mean square error of the perturbed data. Specifically, we first designed a personalized privacy budget allocation within a certain range, which meets the personalized privacy needs of users. Then, we optimized the sampling dimension of the existing solution, which resulted in a smaller mean square error of the perturbed data. Finally, we proposed our solution for collecting multidimensional numerical data and estimating the mean. In addition, we conducted experiments on two real datasets. The results demonstrate that the mean square error of our solution is lower than the existing solutions.
Combined CNN and Pixel Feature Image for Fatty Liver Ultrasound Image Classification
Authors: Zhu Haijiang , Liu Yutong , Gao Xiaoyu , Zhang Lei
Published: December 2022

Recent revolutionary results of deep learning indicate the advent of reliable classifiers to perform difficult tasks in medical diagnosis. Fatty liver is a common liver disease, and it is also one of the major challenges people face in disease prevention. It will cause many complications, which need to be found and treated in time. In the field of automatic diagnosis of fatty liver ultrasound images, there are problems of less data amount, and the pathological images of different severity are similar. Therefore, this paper proposes a classification method through combining convolutional neural network with the differential image patches based on pixel-level features for fatty liver ultrasonic images. It can automatically diagnose the ultrasonic images of normal liver, low-grade fatty liver, moderate grade fatty liver, and severe fatty liver. The proposed method not only solves the problem of less data amount but also improves the accuracy of classification. Compared with other deep learning methods and traditional methods, the experimental results show that our method has better accuracy than other classification methods.
RNA Therapeutics for Improving CAR T-cell Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Schaible Philipp , Bethge Wolfgang , Lengerke Claudia , Haraszti Reka Agnes
Published: December 2022

Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have recently emerged as potent tools in the fight against cancer, with promising therapeutic efficacy against hematological malignancies. However, several limitations hamper their widespread clinical use, including availability of target antigen, severe toxic effects, primary and secondary resistance, heterogeneous quality of autologous T cells, variable persistence, and low activity against solid tumors. Development of allogeneic off-the-shelf CAR T cells could help address some of these limitations but is impeded by alloimmunity with either rejection and limited expansion of allo-CAR T cells or CAR T cells versus host reactions. RNA therapeutics, such as small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides, are able to silence transcripts in a sequence-specific and proliferation-sensitive way, which may offer a way to overcome some of the challenges facing CAR T-cell development and clinical utility. Here, we review how different RNA therapeutics or a combination of RNA therapeutics and genetic engineering could be harnessed to improve the safety and efficacy of autologous and allogeneic CAR T-cell therapy.
A Genetically Encoded Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reporter Enables Sensitive Detection and Tracking of Spontaneous Metastases in Deep Tissues
Authors: Nyström Nivin N. , McRae Sean W. , Martinez Francisco M. , Kelly John J. , Scholl Timothy J. , Ronald John A.
Published: December 2022

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death. However, it remains a poorly understood aspect of cancer biology, and most preclinical cancer studies do not examine metastasis, focusing solely on the primary tumor. One major factor contributing to this paradox is a gap in available tools for accurate spatiotemporal measurements of metastatic spread in vivo. Here, our objective was to develop an imaging reporter system that offers sensitive three-dimensional (3D) detection of cancer cells at high resolutions in live mice. An organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1b3 (oatp1b3) was used as an MRI reporter gene, and its sensitivity was systematically optimized for in vivo tracking of viable cancer cells in a spontaneous metastasis model. Metastases with oatp1b3-MRI could be observed at the single lymph node level and tracked over time as cancer cells spread to multiple lymph nodes and different organ systems in individual animals. While initial single lesions were successfully imaged in parallel via bioluminescence, later metastases were largely obscured by light scatter from the initial node. Importantly, MRI could detect micrometastases in lung tissue comprised on the order of 1,000 cancer cells. In summary, oatp1b3-MRI enables longitudinal tracking of cancer cells with combined high resolution and high sensitivity that provides 3D spatial information and the surrounding anatomical context.

Significance:

An MRI reporter gene system optimized for tracking metastasis in deep tissues at high resolutions and able to detect spontaneous micrometastases in lungs of mice provides a useful tool for metastasis research.
Emerging Developments in ETS-Positive Prostate Cancer Therapy
Authors: Bowling Gartrell C. , Rands Mitchell G. , Dobi Albert , Eldhose Binil
Published: December 2022

Prostate cancer is a global health concern, which has a low survival rate in its advanced stages. Even though second-generation androgen receptor-axis inhibitors serve as the mainstay treatment options, utmost of the metastatic cases progress into castration-resistant prostate cancer after their initial treatment response with poor prognostic outcomes. Hence, there is a dire need to develop effective inhibitors that aim the causal oncogenes tangled in the prostate cancer initiation and progression. Molecular-targeted therapy against E-26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors, particularly ETS-related gene, has gained wide attention as a potential treatment strategy. ETS rearrangements with the male hormone responsive transmembrane protease serine 2 promoter defines a significant number of prostate cancer cases and is responsible for cancer initiation and progression. Notably, inhibition of ETS activity has shown to reduce tumorigenesis, thus highlighting its potential as a clinical therapeutic target. In this review, we recapitulate the various targeted drug approaches, including small molecules, peptidomimetics, nucleic acids, and many others, aimed to suppress ETS activity. Several inhibitors have demonstrated ERG antagonist activity in prostate cancer, but further investigations into their molecular mechanisms and impacts on nontumor ETS-containing tissues is warranted.
NVL-520 Is a Selective, TRK-Sparing, and Brain-Penetrant Inhibitor of ROS1 Fusions and Secondary Resistance Mutations
Authors: Drilon Alexander , Horan Joshua C. , Tangpeerachaikul Anupong , Besse Benjamin , Ou Sai-Hong Ignatius , Gadgeel Shirish M. , Camidge D. Ross , van der Wekken Anthonie J. , Nguyen-Phuong Linh , Acker Adam , Keddy Clare , Nicholson Katelyn S. , Yoda Satoshi , Mente Scot , Sun Yuting , Soglia John R. , Kohl Nancy E. , Porter James R. , Shair Matthew D. , Zhu Viola , Davare Monika A. , Hata Aaron N. , Pelish Henry E. , Lin Jessica J.
Published: December 2022

ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have been approved (crizotinib and entrectinib) or explored (lorlatinib, taletrectinib, and repotrectinib) for the treatment of ROS1 fusion–positive cancers, although none of them simultaneously address the need for broad resistance coverage, avoidance of clinically dose-limiting TRK inhibition, and brain penetration. NVL-520 is a rationally designed macrocycle with >50-fold ROS1 selectivity over 98% of the kinome tested. It is active in vitro against diverse ROS1 fusions and resistance mutations and exhibits 10- to 1,000-fold improved potency for the ROS1 G2032R solvent-front mutation over crizotinib, entrectinib, lorlatinib, taletrectinib, and repotrectinib. In vivo, it induces tumor regression in G2032R-inclusive intracranial and patient-derived xenograft models. Importantly, NVL-520 has an ∼100-fold increased potency for ROS1 and ROS1 G2032R over TRK. As a clinical proof of concept, NVL-520 elicited objective tumor responses in three patients with TKI-refractory ROS1 fusion–positive lung cancers, including two with ROS1 G2032R and one with intracranial metastases, with no observed neurologic toxicities.

Significance:

The combined preclinical features of NVL-520 that include potent targeting of ROS1 and diverse ROS1 resistance mutations, high selectivity for ROS1 G2032R over TRK, and brain penetration mark the development of a distinct ROS1 TKI with the potential to surpass the limitations of earlier-generation TKIs for ROS1 fusion–positive patients.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 517
Optimal Antithrombotic Regimen in Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: The Gordian Knot?
Authors: Afzal Shazia , Dannenberg Lisa , Kanschik Dominika , Kelm Malte , Zeus Tobias , Polzin Amin
Published: December 2022

Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an option to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and high bleeding risk. However, device-related thrombosis (DRT) post LAAO is feared as complication. Simard et al. found a very high incidence of DRT compared to other trials. However, antithrombotic regimen and used devices have not been compared between studies. We compared DRT formation, antithrombotic regimen and used device in the recent DRT study, the Amplatzer IDE trial, and the Düsseldorf (DUS) LAAO registry. Occluder thrombosis occurred in 25.3% in the DRT study, 3.8% in the Amulet IDE trial, and 3.3% in the DUS LAAO registry (p < 0.0001). Oral anticoagulation-based regimen was more frequent in the DRT study compared to the DUS LAAO registry, whereas dual antiplatelet regimen was more frequent in the DUS LAAO registry (p < 0.0001). Amplatzer amulet was more frequently used in the DUS LAAO registry as compared to the DRT study (p < 0.0001). DRT is a feared complication after LAAO and seems to be dependent on antiplatelet treatment and underlying device. A clinical study controlling for device and antithrombotic regimen is needed to smash this Gordian knot.
Exposed and Abandoned. Origins of the Foundling Hospital
Authors: Obladen Michael
Published: December 2022

Abandoning undesired newborn infants was a Roman form of family limitation. They were exposed or given to foster mothers. Christianization alleviated their lot when in 374 CE, Emperor Valentinian’s law provided some protection. The Milan Foundling Hospital was established in 787 CE. When the Carolingian Empire fell apart during the 10th century, monastic networks (the Holy Spirit Order and Daughters of Charity) took over social support for the poor, the sick, and the insane. Foundling hospitals proliferated in Italy between the 13th and 15th centuries, in France during the 16th and 17th, and in Germany and Austria in the 18th century. Metropolitan hospices admitted thousands of infants each year. Most were not “found” exposed but were admitted anonymously via a revolving box or registered in an open office. Soon after admission, they were transported for foster care to wet nurses in villages. Sick infants, especially those suspected of suffering from syphilis, were denied the breast, and artificial feeding was tried with little success. Official death statistics were falsified by relating infant deaths not to admissions but to the total number of children cared for. Over 60% died during their first year of life, mostly from pre-admission problems such as malformation, hypothermia, and disease; from poor hygiene in overcrowded wards; and from artificial feeding. Although not intended for that purpose, the hospices became medical research institutions when in late 18th century, physicians and surgeons were employed by maternity and foundling hospitals.
Serine Protease Networks Mediate Immune Responses in Extra-Embryonic Tissues of Eggs in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: Shan Tisheng , Wang Yang , Dittmer Neal T. , Kanost Michael R. , Jiang Haobo
Published: December 2022

The melanization and Toll pathways, regulated by a network of serine proteases and noncatalytic serine protease homologs (SPHs), have been investigated mostly in adult and larval insects. However, how these innate immune reactions are regulated in insect eggs remains unclear. Here we present evidence from transcriptome and proteome analyses that extra-embryonic tissues (yolk and serosa) of early-stage Manduca sexta eggs are immune competent, with expression of immune effector genes including prophenoloxidase and antimicrobial peptides. We identified gene products of the melanization and Toll pathways in M. sexta eggs. Through in vitro reconstitution experiments, we demonstrated that constitutive and infection-induced serine protease cascade modules that stimulate immune responses exist in the extra-embryonic tissues of M. sexta eggs. The constitutive module (HP14b-SP144-GP6) may promote rapid early immune signaling by forming a cascade activating the cytokine Spätzle and regulating melanization by activating prophenoloxidase (proPO). The inducible module (HP14a-HP21-HP5) may trigger enhanced activation of Spätzle and proPO at a later phase of infection. Crosstalk between the two modules may occur in transition from the constitutive to the induced response in eggs inoculated with bacteria. Examination of data from two other well-studied insect species, Tribolium castaneum and Drosophila melanogaster, supports a role for a serosa-dependent constitutive protease cascade in protecting early embryos against invading pathogens.
Desenvolvimento de um instrumento de avaliação do letramento em saúde relacionado com o hábito etilista
Authors: Brito Ana Monique Gomes , Freitas Carolina Vieira de , Maia Erika Lopes , Reis Claudio janes dos , Sousa Árlen Almeida Duarte de , Martins Andréa Maria Eleutério de Barros Lima
Published: December 2022

Objetivo: desenvolver e verificar a validade, confiabilidade einterpretabilidade de um instrumento que se propõe a avaliaro Letramento em Saúde quanto ao Hábito Etilista (LSHE).Método: estudo metodológico realizado entre pessoas comdiabetes cadastradas na Estratégia de Saúde da Família econstituído pelas seguintes etapas: desenvolvimento doLSHE; verificação da validade de conteúdo por um comitê dejuízes; pré-teste (n=20); estimativa da confiabilidade (n=62):Alfa de Cronbach (AC), kappa de Cohen (K) e Coeficientede Correlação Intraclasse (CCI), resultados satisfatórios(≥ 0,60); estimativa da validade concorrente (n=212);interpretabilidade dos escores (n=212): variam de 0 a 18,sendo o ponto de corte ≤ 14 (LSHE inadequada). Utilizou-se oprograma SPSS para as análises estatísticas. Resultados: oLSHE apresentou aplicação dinâmica e adequada, mostrandoserelevante quanto ao seu conteúdo e ao construto propostos.As 18 palavras apresentaram K > 0,60, AC=0,82 e CCI=0,91.Houve correção do LSHE com a escolaridade (rs=0,537;p=0,000). Interpretabilidade: 31,6% (n=67) apresentaramLSHE inadequada. Conclusão: o LSHE foi consideradovalidado, confiável e com boa interpretabilidade.
Levantamento dos motivos e dos responsáveis pelo primeiro contato de adolescentes do ensino médio com substâncias psicoativas
Authors: Pratta Elisângela Maria Machado , Santos Manoel Antônio dos
Published: December 2022

Este estudo objetivou levantar os motivos apresentados por adolescentes para o primeiro contato com as drogas e os responsáveis pela introdução dos mesmos ao uso. Participaram 568 adolescentes que completaram um questionário de autopreenchimento que preservava o anonimato dos participantes. A análise dos resultados envolveu: a) descrição da distribuição das variáveis na amostra; b) teste qui-quadrado. Verificou-se que a curiosidade foi o motivo principal apontado para o uso de drogas pela primeira vez e que os responsáveis pelo início do consumo dessas substâncias pelos adolescentes foram os amigos. Os dados apresentam informações relevantes para o planejamento de estratégias preventivas ao uso de drogas na adolescência.
A transparência da informação contábil como instrumento de formação de esferas públicas
Authors: Nascimento Érica Suélen do , Pereira José Roberto
Published: December 2022

O objetivo desse ensaio teórico foi verificar como a transparência da informação contábil pode contribuir para a formação de esferas públicas que possam influenciar decisões políticas. A transparência está relacionada à linguagem contábil, tornando-a clara, compreensível e inteligível, de modo que possa ser utilizada cotidianamente pela sociedade. A linguagem contábil é capaz de socializar e integrar as pessoas nas organizações e na sociedade ao se articular a intersecção entre transparência, publicidade e accountability. O conceito de esferas públicas está fundamentado em Habermas, entendidas como um fenômeno social que, por meio do diálogo, do agir comunicativo e da compreensão, evidenciam e dramatizam os problemas da sociedade, sendo capaz de influenciar decisões políticas. A transparência da informação contábil pode promover o engajamento do indivíduo ao bem comum, integrando-o nos espaços de diálogo e estimulando, assim, a formação das esferas públicas capazes de pressionar o Estado nas decisões políticas. A transparência da informação contábil permite gerar um ciclo virtuoso de relação entre a sociedade e o Estado, intermediado pelas esferas públicas.
Morphological description and DNA-based association of the last instar larva of Erotesis schachti Malicky 1982 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), an endemic of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: RUIZ-GARCÍA ANTONIO , LARA-RODRÍGUEZ ANDRÉS , GARZÓN ANDRÉS , ZAMORA-MUÑOZ CARMEN
Published: December 2022

In this paper we describe the main morphological characteristics that distinguish the full-grown larva of Erotesis schachti, an endemic of the Iberian Peninsula. The conspecificity of the larva and adult was confirmed by DNA analysis. Morphological features that easily discriminate it from the similar species Erotesis baltica are given.
Inferring the Properties of Snow in Southern Ocean Shallow Convection and Frontal Systems Using Dual-Polarization C-Band Radar
Authors: Mace Gerald G. , Protat Alain , Benson Sally , McGlynn Paul
Published: December 2022

We use dual-polarization C-band data collected in the Southern Ocean to examine the properties of snow observed during a voyage in the austral summer of 2018. Using existing forward modeling formalisms based on an assumption of Rayleigh scattering by soft spheroids, an optimal estimation algorithm is implemented to infer snow properties from horizontally polarized radar reflectivity, the differential radar reflectivity, and the specific differential phase. From the dual-polarization observables, we estimate ice water content qi, the mass-mean particle size Dm, and the exponent of the mass–dimensional relationship bm that, with several assumptions, allow for evaluation of snow bulk density, and snow number concentration. Upon evaluating the uncertainties associated with measurement and forward model errors, we determine that the algorithm can retrieve qi, Dm, and bm within single-pixel uncertainties conservatively estimated in the range 120%, 60%, and 40%, respectively. Applying the algorithm to open-cellular convection in the Southern Ocean, we find evidence for secondary ice formation processes within multicellular complexes. In stratiform precipitation systems we find snow properties and infer processes that are distinctly different from the shallow convective systems with evidence for riming and aggregation being common. We also find that embedded convection within the frontal system produces precipitation properties consistent with graupel. Examining 5 weeks of data, we show that snow in open-cellular cumulus has higher overall bulk density than snow in stratiform precipitation systems with implications for interpreting measurements from space-based active remote sensors.
On the Existence of Low-Dimensional Chaos of the Tropical Cyclone Intensity in an Idealized Axisymmetric Simulation
Authors: Kieu Chanh , Cai Weiran , Fan Wai-Tong (Louis)
Published: December 2022

This study examines the potential limit in predicting tropical cyclone (TC) intensity under idealized conditions. Using the phase-space reconstruction method for TC intensity time series obtained from the CM1 idealized simulations, it is found that CM1 axisymmetric dynamics contain low-dimensional chaos at the maximum intensity equilibrium. Examination of several attractor invariants including the largest Lyapunov exponent, the Sugihara–May correlation, and the correlation dimension captures a consistent range of the chaotic attractor dimension between 4 and 5 for TC intensity at the maximum intensity equilibrium. In addition, the intensity error doubling time estimated from the largest Lyapunov exponent is roughly 1–3 h, which accords with the decay time obtained from the Sugihara–May correlation. Furthermore, the findings in this study reveal a relatively short TC intensity predictability limit for CM1, which is ∼3–9 h based on the maximum tangential wind but noticeably longer for the minimum central pressure (∼12–18 h) after reaching the mature stage. So long as the traditional metrics for TC intensity such as the maximum surface wind or the minimum central pressure is used for intensity forecast, our results support that TC intensity forecast errors will not be reduced indefinitely in any model, even in the absence of all model and observational errors. As such, the future improvement of TC intensity forecast should be based on different metrics beyond the absolute intensity errors that are currently used in real-time intensity verification.

Significance Statement

Using the phase-space reconstruction method for tropical cyclone (TC) intensity time series obtained from idealized axisymmetric simulations, we show that TC axisymmetric dynamics in CM1 possesses low-dimensional chaos at the maximum intensity equilibrium. This low-dimensional dynamics explains the long tradition of representing TC intensity by a few measures as in the current practice. The chaotic property of CM1 axisymmetric dynamics also suggests a relatively short predictability range for TC intensity at the maximum intensity equilibrium. The potential existence of low-dimensional chaos for TC intensity in CM1 idealized simulations as found in this study supports the use of different intensity verification metrics beyond the traditional absolute intensity errors currently used in operational model evaluation.
Link between the Land–Sea Thermal Contrast and the Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Zuo Zhiyan , Zhang Kaiwen
Published: December 2022

The land–sea thermal contrast is the foundation of the occurrences of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM). Using multiobservational datasets and model simulations covering the period 1960–2018, this study investigates the relationship that links the thermal contrast between the Asian landmass and the Indian Ocean (TCAI) to the ASM and evaluates the effects of the various driving factors that influence the TCAI in the climate models. The tropospheric TCAI is highly consistent with the ASM circulation, with a stronger ASM circulation and larger tropospheric TCAI before the 1970s and after the late 1990s than those seen from the 1970s to the late 1990s. The tropospheric TCAI is also closely related to rainfall over the Indian landmass and the south-flood–north-drought pattern over eastern China. Thus, the tropospheric TCAI reliably reflects the state of the ASM system and could be used as a new ASM index that directly describes the land–sea thermal contrast. The variation of the surface TCAI is highly consistent with that of the tropospheric TCAI. The model simulation suggests that the main drivers of the surface TCAI are anthropogenic forcing and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). Anthropogenic forcing dominates SAT variations over the Indian Ocean, whereas the AMO plays a major role in SAT variations over the Asian landmass, which introduces a large uncertainty into the projections of the ASM.
Impact of Synoptic Wind Intensification and Relaxation on the Dynamics and Heat Budget of the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector
Authors: Chabert Pierre , Capet Xavier , Echevin Vincent , Lazar Alban , Hourdin Christophe , Ndoye Siny
Published: December 2022

In addition to their well-known seasonal cycle, eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) undergo modulation on shorter synoptic to intraseasonal time scales. Energetic intensifications and relaxations of upwelling-favorable winds with 5–10-day typical time scales can impact the EBUS dynamics and biogeochemical functioning. In this work the dynamical effects of wind-forced synoptic fluctuations on the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector (SSUS) are characterized. The region geomorphology is unique with its wide continental shelf and a major coastline discontinuity at its northern edge. The ocean response to synoptic events is explored using a modeling framework that involves applying idealized synoptic wind intensification or relaxation to a five-member climatological SSUS ensemble run. Model evaluation against sparse midshelf in situ observations indicates qualitative agreement in terms of synoptic variability of temperature, stratification, and ocean currents, despite a moderate but systematic bias in current intensity. Modeled synoptic wind and heat flux fluctuations produce clear modulations of all dynamical variables with robust SSUS-scale and mesoscale spatial patterns. A mixed layer heat budget analysis is performed over the continental shelf to uncover the dominant processes involved in SSUS synoptic variability. Modulations of horizontal advection and atmospheric forcing are the leading-order drivers of heat changes during either wind intensification or relaxation while vertical dynamics is of primary importance only in a very localized area. Also, modest asymmetries in the oceanic responses to upwelling intensification and relaxation are only identified for meridional velocities. This brings partial support to the hypothesis that synoptic variability has a modest net effect on the climatological state and functioning of upwelling systems dynamics.
Revisiting Economic Hardship in a National Sample of Adolescents With and Without Disabilities: A Conceptual Replication
Authors: Lombardi Allison R. , Wu Rongxiu , Loken Eric , Rifenbark Graham G. , Challenger Clewiston , Taconet Ashley , Langdon Shannon , Shogren Karrie
Published: December 2022

The purpose of the current study was to conceptually replicate a multi-indicator construct of economic hardship in a national sample of adolescents with and without disabilities ( N = 9,230). Using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2012 (NLTS2012), the latent construct economic hardship was confirmed from six theoretically relevant indicators: household income, parent education level, parent employment status, one- or two-parent household, household internet access, and participation in government-assisted social programs (e.g., Supplemental Security Income benefits, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families). In addition, we examined group differences on the latent mean of economic hardship based on disability category, race and ethnicity, and school and family factors. Mean differences showed significantly lower economic hardship for youth on 504 plans, youth with autism, and for White non-Hispanic youth; whereas there was significantly greater hardship for youth with intellectual disability and youth with emotional disturbance and among youth of color. The implications of the replicated and expanded findings for adolescents with and without disabilities are discussed.
Social anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese left-behind children after the lifting of COVID-19 lockdown: A network analysis
Authors: Li Kuiliang , Ren Lei , Zhang Lei , Liu Chang , Zhao Mengxue , Zhan Xiaoqing , Li Ling , Luo Xi , Feng Zhengzhi
Published: December 2022

Background:

Returning to social life after the lifting of COVID-19 lockdown may increase risk of social anxiety, which is highly co-morbid with depression. However, few studies have reported the association between them.

Aims:

To explore the complex relationship between social anxiety and depression symptoms in left-behind children after the lifting of the COVID-19 lockdown.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was conducted 6 months after the lockdown removal. A total of 3,107 left-behind children completed the survey with a mean age of 13.33 and a response rate of 87.77%. Depression and social anxiety severity were assessed by the DSM-5 Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents and the DSM-5 Social Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, respectively. The symptom-level association between the two disorders was examined using network analysis.

Results:

After the lifting of COVID-19 lockdown, the prevalence of depression and social anxiety in left-behind children was 19.57% and 12.36%, respectively, with a co-morbidity rate of 8.98%. Network analysis showed that “Social tension” and “Social avoidance” had the greatest expected influence; “Humiliation” and “Motor” were bridge symptom nodes in the network. The directed acyclic graph indicated that “Social fright” was at the upstream of all symptoms.

Conclusion:

Attention should be paid to social anxiety symptoms in left-behind children after the lifting of COVID-19 lockdown. Prevention and intervention measures should be taken promptly to reduce the comorbidity of social anxiety and depression symptoms in the left-behind children after the lifting of lockdown.
Parameterization of core plug replacement properties for flexural performance optimization of repaired composite honeycomb sandwich panel
Authors: Djemaoune Younes , Krstic Branimir
Published: December 2022

As lightweight structures, composite sandwich panels are distinguished by their significant flexural performances, which make them suitable for lightweight design applications, especially in the aerospace industry. These structures are very prone to different damages, which affects the structure’s performance. In this study, the numerical three-point bending test is carried out to evaluate the flexural performance of the damaged and repaired panel by comparing it with the intact panel values. The response surface methodology (RSM) is then adopted to analyze the core plug replacement properties’ effect on the flexural performances of the repaired honeycomb sandwich panel. Adequate models between the core plug replacement design parameters and the repaired panel flexural responses are built and discussed. In addition, aiming to determine the optimized core plug replacement parameters of the proposed repaired panel flexural performances, an optimization technique is implemented.
An Objective Structured Laboratory Animal Science Examination (OSLASE) to ensure researchers’ professional competence in laboratory animal science
Authors: Costa Andreia , Lamas Sofia , Correia Maria Rui , Gomes Maria S , Costa Manuel J , Olsson I Anna S
Published: December 2022

The evaluation of the competence of personnel working with laboratory animals is currently a challenge. Directive 2010/63/EU establishes that staff must have demonstrated competence before they perform unsupervised work with living animals. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research into education and training in laboratory animal science, and the establishment of assessment strategies to confirm researchers’ competence remains largely unaddressed.

In this study, we analysed the implementation of a practical assessment strategy over three consecutive years (2018–2021) using the Objective Structured Laboratory Animal Science Exam (OSLASE) developed previously by us to assess professional competence. The interrater reliability (IRR) was determined based on the assessors’ rating of candidates’ performance at different OSLASE stations using weighted kappa (Kw) and percentage of agreement. Focus group interviews were conducted to access trainees’ acceptability regarding the OSLASE.

There was a moderate-to-good Kw for the majority of the scales’ items (0.79 ± 0.20 ≤ Kw ≥ 0.45 ± 0.13). The percentages of agreement were also acceptable (≥75%) for all scale items but one. Trainees reported that the OSLASE had a positive impact on their engagement during practical training, and that it clarified the standards established for their performance and the skills that required improvement. These preliminary results illustrate how assessment strategies, such as the OSLASE, can be implemented in a manner that is useful for both assessors and trainees.

Examen structuré objectif de science animale de laboratoire (OSASSE) pour assurer la compétence professionnelle des chercheurs en SAL
Resolving Scottish paediatric end-of-life conflicts
Authors: Sivers Sarah , Downie Margaret
Published: December 2022

This article considers mediation as a means of resolving decision-making disputes between clinicians and parents in paediatric end-of-life cases. It examines the legal tests applied in England and Wales and notes the lack of precedent in Scotland. The advantages, disadvantages and the most appropriate style of mediation are analysed. The conclusion reached is that whilst mediation offers benefits over litigation, mediation in its current form is not necessarily the ideal dispute resolution method in such cases. For it to be so, a legal and governance framework will be required.
Corruption in healthcare: a view from the pandemic
Authors: Duliba Yevheniia , Streltsov Yevgen , Kharchenko Vadym , Korchak Nataliia , Antonova Olena
Published: December 2022

Corruption in healthcare has become transnational and intersectoral in nature; leading countries around the world have become vulnerable and insufficiently prepared to address health crises. The article deals with topical issues of corruption in healthcare during the Covid-19 pandemic in public and private sectors. By comparing different ratings, we concluded that there is a correlation between the level of corruption and the average annual income of the respective state, the observance of human rights and democratic standards in the context of their response to the Covid-19 pandemic.
The Distinct Role of Peers and Supervisors in Shaping Officers’ Just and Unjust Interactions with Citizens
Authors: Peacock Robert P. , Wu Yuning , Ivković Sanja Kutnjak , Sun Ivan , Vinogradac Marijan , Vinogradac Valentina Pavlović
Published: December 2022

This study steps outside the dominant supervisor-centric approach to organizational justice to examine the impact of peer officers on both procedural justice and injustice in officer–citizen interactions. Recent scandals over the failure of officers to not intercede or object to a colleague’s misconduct has led to a growing policy and research interest in peer influence, training, and intervention programs. A structural equation modeling analysis on a cross-national survey of officers decomposed the direct and indirect effects of peer procedural justice (PPJ) on anticipated officer just and unjust interactions with the public. The study’s finding that PPJ has a greater impact than supervisory procedural justice on officer anticipated just and unjust behavior suggests that policing studies should expand the modeling of organizational justice to include the role of interactions with peer officers. The outcome also adds to the nascent research seeking to better understand how peer-level interventions can promote procedurally just policing.
An Economic Analysis of Crime Costs Associated with Psychopathic Personality Disorder and Violence Risk
Authors: Gatner Dylan T. , Douglas Kevin S. , Almond Madison F. E. , Hart Stephen D. , Kropp P. Randall
Published: December 2022

Given substantial national crime costs and that psychopathic personality disorder (PPD) is a robust predictor of recidivism, a research gap exists concerning the cost of crime attributable to adults with PPD. The current study employed a bottom-up cost of illness approach to estimate the association between PPD and crime costs among Canadian men incarcerated in the federal correctional system ( n = 188). Participants were rated using the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) and the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management–20 (HCR-20, version 2). Group mean crime costs were highest for participants who scored highly on the PCL-R and were rated high risk on the HCR-20, and higher scores on both measures were associated with prospective costs accrued from violent and nonviolent recidivism. The findings highlight the need to improve the treatment and management of high-risk individuals with prominent psychopathic features, as it has the potential for significant financial savings for criminal justice systems.
The Gender Employment Gap among Refugees and the Role of Employer Discrimination: Experimental Evidence from the German, Swedish and Austrian Labor Markets
Authors: Fossati Flavia , Knotz Carlo , Liechti Fabienne , Otmani Ihssane
Published: December 2022

Compared to their male counterparts, refugee women exhibit low employment rates in many countries. Discrimination by recruiters could possibly explain this phenomenon, but thus far, there is little direct evidence on this. This study addresses this gap. We develop a set of hypotheses about the effects of gender and family status on refugees’ labor market integration, and then test these hypotheses using data from an original survey experiment administered in 2019 to online panels of recruiters in three major refugee-receiving countries (Germany, Austria, and Sweden). We find that recruiters indeed prefer female over male refugees across different job types, all else equal. However, we also find evidence of a disadvantage connected with motherhood among refugees. Overall, our findings raise doubts about the relevance of discrimination as an explanation for the observed employment gap between male and female refugees.