bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety implications of a large LNG tanker spill over water
Authors: Hightower Michael , Gritzo Louis , Luketa‐Hanlin Anay
Published: July 2005

The increasing demand for natural gas in the United States could significantly increase the number and frequency of marine LNG (liquefied natural gas) imports. Although many studies have been conducted to assess the consequences and risks of potential LNG spills, the increasing importance of LNG imports suggests that consistent methods and approaches be identified and implemented to help ensure protection of public safety and property from a potential LNG spill.

For that reason, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, requested that Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) develop guidance on a risk‐based analysis approach to assess and quantify potential threats to an LNG ship, the potential hazards and consequences of a large spill from an LNG ship, and review prevention and mitigation strategies that could be implemented to reduce both the potential and the risks of an LNG spill over water.

Specifically, DOE requested:

An in‐depth literature search of the experimental and technical studies associated with evaluating the safety and hazards of an LNG spill from an LNG ship

A detailed review of four recent spill modeling studies related to the safety implications of a large‐scale LNG spill over water

Evaluation of the potential for breaching an LNG ship cargo tank, both accidentally and intentionally, identification of the potential for such breaches and the potential size of an LNG spill for each breach scenario, and an assessment of the potential range of hazards involved in an LNG spill

Development of guidance on the use of modern, performance‐based, risk management approaches to analyze and manage the threats, hazards, and consequences of an LNG spill over water to reduce the overall risks of an LNG spill to levels that are protective of public safety and property.

This paper provides an overview of the conclusions and recommendations from that study. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Transit‐time mechanism of plasma instability in high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Ryzhii Victor , Satou Akira , Shur Michael S.
Published: July 2005

We show that the transit‐time effects in the high‐electric‐field region near the drain edge of the channel of a field effect transistor can increase the increment of plasma wave growth in the device channel. These electron transit‐time effects might lead to the plasma wave instability in high‐electron‐mobility transistors (HEMTs) in the terahertz range of frequencies. We demonstrate that the self‐excitation of plasma oscillations is possible when the ratio of the electron velocity in the high field region, ud, and the gate length, Lg, is sufficiently large in comparison with the electron collision frequency in the gated channel, ν, i.e udLg > ν/k, where k is a constant. Hence, in contrast with the Dyakonov–Shur mechanism of plasma instability in HEMTs, the plasma instability associated with the mechanism under consideration can occur at fairly low values of the electron mobility in the gated portion of the HEMT channel. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Potential decay experiments for the characterization of electron transport. Modelling and discussion
Authors: Mady F. , Renoud R. , Ganachaud J.‐P. , Bigarré J.
Published: July 2005

Potential decay experiments are considered as an efficient method for studying transport in insulators. Interpretation of their results is nevertheless still delicate, mainly because of the difficulty in controlling the quantity of deposited carriers (dose). This work is concerned with an apparatus which allows an accurate control of the dose. An adequate modelling of potential decay, based on analytical and numerical calculations, is then proposed for time‐dependent, field‐dependent and trap‐limited mobilities. It is shown that representing the data with a convenient set of dimensionless variables greatly facilitates their interpretation, indicating for instance directly either the mobility depends on the field or not. Expressions of the experimental observable and characteristic features associated with the various transport models are derived. Finally, an example of data analysis is discussed in detail to illustrate how our conclusions can be used in practise to extract information about transport of excess electrons in insulators. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman scattering spectra of Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 (CNGS) crystals
Authors: Lan Jianhui , Lu Guiwu , Wang Zengmei , Zhu Ge , Yuan Duorong , Xia Hairui
Published: July 2005

The normal vibrational modes of Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 (CNGS) crystals were predicted according to the space group theory, and the lattice vibrational modes and structure were investigated using the Raman spectroscopy technique and ab initio molecular orbital calculation method. The calculations were made for Ca3NbGa2SiO12 and Ca3NbGaSi2O12 clusters, which models the clusters in CNGS crystals. A good agreement was achieved between the vibrational frequencies predicted by the theory and those observed in experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoluminescence and optical absorption spectra of γ1‐(GaxIn1–x)2Se3 mixed crystals
Authors: Kranjčec M. , Studenyak I. P. , Azhniuk Yu. M.
Published: July 2005

Temperature and compositional studies of photoluminescence and optical absorption edge spectra of γ1‐(GaxIn1–x)2Se3 mixed crystals with x = 0.1–0.4 are performed. Exciton and impurity‐related photoluminescence bands are revealed at low temperatures and Urbach shape of the absorption edge is observed in the temperature range 77–300 K. Temperature and compositional dependences of the photoluminescence band spectral positions and halfwidths as well as optical pseudogap and absorption edge energy width are investigated. Mechanisms of radiative recombination and optical absorption as well as crystal lattice disordering processes in γ1‐(GaxIn1–x)2Se3 solid solutions are studied. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The electron‐gas pair density and its geminal representation II. The long‐range asymptotics of the Kimball–Overhauser geminals
Authors: Ziesche P.
Published: July 2005

In part I [phys. stat. sol. (b) 241, 3544 (2004)] it has been shown, for the homogeneous electron gas, how the momentum distribution n(k) determines the geminal occupancy μ(k), which appears in the Kimball–Overhauser partial‐wave analysis of the pair density g(r). The Fermi surface singularities of n(k) cause singularities in μ(k). These singularities determine the large‐r asymptotics of the 1‐matrix and of the pair density, respectively. Because the pair‐density geminals are scattering states, their asymptotic behavior is characterized by phase shifts. Whereas the normalization sum rule of g(r) leads to a Friedel‐like phase‐shift sum rule [Phys. Rev. B 67, 233102 (2003)], the plasmon sum rule cannot be satisfied by Kimball–Overhauser geminals. Possibilities to cure this failure are discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The influence of correlated hopping on the ground‐state properties of the two‐dimensional Falicov–Kimball model
Authors: Čenčariková Hana , Farkašovský Pavol
Published: July 2005

The extrapolation of finite cluster calculations is used to study effects of correlated hopping on the ground‐state properties of the two‐dimensional Falicov–Kimball model (FKM). It is shown that the ground‐state phase diagram as well as the picture of valence transitions found for the conventional FKM (without correlated hopping) are strongly changed when the correlated hopping term is added. In particular, it is found that non‐zero values of correlated hopping stabilize a new type of spatial charge ordering, the axial stripes, for a wide range of model parameters. This result indicates that the competition between the kinetic energy, the on‐site Coulomb energy and the correlated hopping term can be an alternative mechanism leading to stripe formation in the strongly correlated electron systems. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasidislocations in anisotropic bicrystals
Authors: Lothe Jens
Published: July 2005

Weertman has recently pointed out that an elastic line singularity of dislocation/force line character but of zero Burgers vector and zero line force can move at the Stoneley velocity along the interface in a bicrystal of two different isotropic materials [J. Weertman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 2655 (2004)]. The theory of this quasidislocation is generalized to the case of anisotropic bicrystals. The quasidislocation–Stoneley wave connection remains generally true and is further elucidated. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Algebraic algorithms for structure determination in biological chemistry
Authors: Emiris Ioannis Z. , Fritzilas Epaminondas D. , Manocha Dinesh
Published: July 2005

Several problems in computational chemistry, structural molecular biology, and biological chemistry can be solved by symbolic‐numerical algorithms. We introduce suitable algebraic tools and then survey their usage in concrete applications. In particular, questions on molecular structure can be modeled by systems of polynomial equations, mainly by drawing on techniques from robot kinematics. Resultant‐based algorithms, including sparse resultants and their matrix formulae, are described in order to reduce the solving of polynomial systems to numerical linear algebra. As an illustration, we focus on computing all conformations of cyclic molecules and on matching pharmacophores under distance constraints; in both cases, the number of independent degrees of freedom is relatively small. We summarize some existing results as well as sketch some original work. Both lead to complete and accurate solutions for those problems in the sense that our algorithms output all solutions with sufficiently high precision for the needs of biochemical applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
A Bayesian dose finding design for dual endpoint phase I trials
Authors: Loke Yee‐Chong , Tan Say‐Beng , Cai YiYu , Machin David
Published: July 2005

We propose a dose‐finding weighted design for an early clinical trial which aims to determine the optimal dose, selected on the basis of both efficacy and toxicity, to be used in patients entering subsequent studies in a drug development process. The goal is to identify the optimal dose, while using a minimal number of subjects. For each dose under test, a decision table is defined with a utility value attached to each possible decision. The relationship between the utility and the target probability for each outcome is shown. A Dirichlet prior is used and we illustrate the process of maximizing the expected utility under the resulting posterior distribution to find the optimal decision at each stage of the trial. We show how this affects the eventual choice of optimal dose in various scenarios. Properties of our design are discussed and compared with a current standard design. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of current and alternative fisheries management scenarios based on spawning-per-recruit (SPR), revenue-per-recruit (RPR), and yield-per-recruit (YPR) diagrams
Authors: Katsukawa T.
Published: July 2005

Spawning-per-recruit (SPR) and yield-per-recruit (YPR) analyses are widely used in stock assessments of exploited fish populations. In decision-making for fisheries management, the trade-off between fisheries production (YPR) and stock reproduction (SPR) is important. The general outputs of SPR and YPR analysis, such as single variate plots with contour lines or optimal harvest strategies estimated by numerical optimization, are inappropriate in obtaining an overview of the trade-off. This paper introduces a diagram that expresses graphically the bivariate trade-off between YPR and SPR. The method was applied to chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) data, and two management scenarios were compared using the SPR–YPR diagram. Differences between YPR and revenue-per-recruit (RPR) were also considered. The results showed that: (i) current estimated fishing mortality is suggestive of growth-overfishing, and there is room for improving SPR and YPR simultaneously; (ii) increasing the age at first capture is more effective than effort control; (iii) management strategies that maximize landing weight or revenue are significantly different. The management strategy that maximizes landing weight, when considered from the viewpoint of maximizing revenue, results in growth-overfishing.
Taeniolella diederichiana, a new lichenicolous hyphomycete on Placopsis
Authors: ETAYO Javier , CALATAYUD Vicent
Published: July 2005

The lichenicolous hyphomycete Taeniolella diederichiana Etayo & Calatayud, is described from the Andes (Colombia and Peru) and the Canary Islands. It grows on the thallus and apothecial margin of Placopsis. It is characterized by forming minute sporodochia over a basal group of polyhedral cells, and by its conidia with a verruculose to verrucose-striate wall.
The sorediate variety of Sclerophytomyces circumscriptus
Authors: SPARRIUS Laurens B. , JAMES Peter W. , ALLEN M. Ann
Published: July 2005

The sorediate variety of Sclerophytomyces circumscriptus (Taylor) Sparrius & P. James (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales) is described from sheltered, acid rock along Europe's western coasts and the Atlantic islands. This sorediate taxon is reported from the British Isles, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, the Azores and the Canary Islands. A description of the morphology, distribution and ecology is provided. The phylogenetic position of the new taxon is discussed, as well as nomenclatural and orthographic issues. The name Sclerophytomyces is proposed as an orthographic correction of the published name Sclerophytonomyces.
Notes on some recently discovered specimens of the lichen genus Leioderma from Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Jørgensen Per M.
Published: July 2005

The map of the world-distribution of taxa in the genus Leioderma Nyl. (Galloway & Jørgensen 1987: 363, fig. 14), gives the impression that this genus has two species in Peninsular Malaysia, but when checking on the cited specimens there is only one recorded from that region, namely Leioderma sorediatum D. J. Galloway & P. M. Jørg. collected by Gunnar Degelius at Fraser's Hill in Pahang (UPS). However, when going through some herbarium material of the Pannariaceae from TNS, I found well-developed specimens of another species, Leioderma erythrocarpum (Delise ex Nyl.) D. J. Galloway & P. M. Jørg., collected in the Cameron Highlands [alt. 1500–1800 m, 9 viii 1973, K. Suigiyama (TNS)] in Pahang, verifying its presence in the forests of Peninsular Malaysia. This also confirms the special status of these lichenologically poorly known forests (see e.g. van Steenis 1962 on the montane forests of the Malaysian region), where amongst other things some of the most typical SE Asian species of Erioderma also occur, viz. E. phaeorhizum Vain. and E. tomentosum Hue (as well as E. sorediatum P. M. Jørg. & D. J. Galloway, see Jørgensen & Sipman 2002). The nearest previous records of L. erythrocarpum are from montane forests in Borneo and Java (Galloway & Jørgensen 1987: 383).
Xanthoparmelia stenophylla, the correct name for X. somloënsis, one of the most widespread usnic acid containing species of the genus
Authors: Ahti Teuvo , Hawksworth David L.
Published: July 2005

Our close colleague for 30–40 years, the late Mason E. Hale Jr (1928–1990), was one of the most outstanding lichenologists of the 20th century. While he was terminally ill, he was anxious to complete his world monograph of Xanthoparmelia which he saw through to publication, and accepted 406 species (Hale 1990). Throughout the later periods of his career, his major aim was to document and describe the enormous extent of diversity in the graphidaceous and parmelioid lichens worldwide, and especially in the tropics where he travelled and collected extensively, describing numerous species new to science, 386 in parmelioid groups (Hale & DePriest 1999). In his later years he had, understandably, little time for the nuances of the Code, and, if the principle of adopting proposals for the protection of Names in Current Use (Greuter 1991) had been adopted this would have not caused problems. Sadly it was not, which means that some issues have to be reconsidered. One of these is the correct name for one of the commonest species of Xanthoparmelia, for which he used the name X. somloënsis in his monograph. During the last 15 years, many lichenologists have followed Hale in adopting X. somloënsis, but the nomenclaturally correct name for this species proves to be X. stenophylla.
Extensive colonization of volcanic ash by an unusual form of Peltigera didactyla at Deception Island, maritime Antarctic
Authors: Lewis-Smith Ronald I.
Published: July 2005

Peltigera didactyla (With.) J. R. Laundon has a cosmopolitan distribution, but in the Antarctic it is very restricted and is nowhere common or abundant, occurring at a number of sites in the northern maritime Antarctic extending to 65°S (Øvstedal & Lewis-Smith, 2001). Within its Antarctic distribution it appears to be most frequent on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. Typically, this species grows as small colonies amongst mosses in relatively dry, gravelly, sheltered habitats, forming aggregations of lobed sorediate thalli up to c. 10–15 (rarely to c. 25) cm diameter.
Investigating biogeochemical signatures in the lichen Parmelia sulcata at Burnham Beeches, Buckinghamshire, England
Authors: PURVIS O. William , CHIMONIDES P. James , JEFFRIES Teresa E. , JONES Gary C. , READ Helen , SPIRO Baruch
Published: July 2005

Biogeochemical signatures were compared in ‘living’ and ‘dead’ Parmelia sulcata samples with their oak bark substratum. Eighteen elements reached maximum concentrations in ‘dead’ lichens, at lower concentrations than reported from industrial regions. High N concentrations in ‘dead’ lichens confirm exceedances of critical levels established for deciduous woodlands, supported by alien algae and ‘nitrophytic’ lichen colonization. Negative δ15N values recorded in lichen samples indicate N originated mainly from ammonia. Less negative δ15N values in healthy samples near busy roads suggest local NOx accumulation by Parmelia. Higher δ15N values in bark may result from different processes. Twenty-eight elements reach higher concentrations in healthy lichens near roads carrying higher traffic volumes. Thirteen elements correlate positively with lichen δ15N, suggesting that δ15N is a powerful indicator of the balance between agricultural and vehicular N influx. Maximum Ca and Sr concentrations recorded in bark and their spatial distribution suggest a local geological origin. High concentrations of Ga, Ba, Pb and Ni bark contents testify to a previous pollution legacy, including that from petrol which carried higher lead concentrations than today. Mn concentrations are higher than reported from other studies and show no clear relationship with local roads. Mn is known to limit lichen diversity and health in coniferous forests in US and Germany, but not yet in deciduous woodlands. Current atmospheric conditions and the former pollution legacy must be understood to conserve epiphytes and for biomonitoring.
Gregorella, a new genus to accommodate Moelleropsis humida and a molecular phylogeny of Arctomiaceae
Authors: LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , del PRADO Ruth , KANTVILAS Gintaras
Published: July 2005

The phylogenetic position of the European crustose pioneer lichen Moelleropsis (Biatora) humida (Kullhem) Coppins & P. M. Jørg. is studied using partial sequences of the mitochondrial SSU and nuclear LSU rDNA of 64 ascomycetes, including sequences of all known species of Arctomiaceae. The analysis places M. humida in the Arctomiaceae with strong support as sister to the Tasmanian genus Wawea. The genus Arctomia is monophyletic and sister-group to the Wawea+Moelleropsis humida clade. The new genus Gregorella is described to accommodate Moelleropsis humida and the new combination Gregorella humida (Kullhem) Lumbsch is proposed. The ontogeny of the ascomata of Gregorella humida is similar to that of other Arctomiaceae, in that the generative tissue is formed on a thallus outgrowth. The Arctomiaceae did not cluster with the bulk of cyanobacterial lichens in the Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae (or Peltigerales), but is part of Ostropomycetidae. The closest relative of Arctomiaceae could not be identified, since the relationships of major clades within Ostropomycetidae lacked support.
Neuropsychological functioning in relatives of girls with and without ADHD
Authors: DOYLE ALYSA E. , BIEDERMAN JOSEPH , SEIDMAN LARRY J. , RESKE-NIELSEN JENNIFER J. , FARAONE STEPHEN V.
Published: July 2005

Background. A limited number of studies have examined neuropsychological functioning in the family members of ADHD youth, and none have focused exclusively on relatives of females.

Method. Structured diagnostic interviews and neuropsychological batteries were administered to parents and siblings enrolled in a family study of girls with and without ADHD. Relatives were stratified into three groups: relatives of DSM-IV ADHD probands with ADHD (n=106), relatives of ADHD probands without ADHD (n=189) and relatives of controls without ADHD (n=243). Analyses were also conducted on a subgroup of families in which more than one member had ADHD.

Results. The neuropsychological battery as a whole distinguished affected and unaffected ADHD relatives from controls. The Wechsler Oral Arithmetic subtest, the Stroop Word, Color and Color-Word subscales were impaired in affected ADHD relatives, as were the WRAT-R Arithmetic and Reading subtests. Only the Stroop Color-Word and Interference subtests and the WRAT-R Arithmetic subtest showed significant impairments in unaffected relatives. In multiplex families, additional impairments were found in unaffected relatives on the Stroop Color subtest and the Wechsler Oral Arithmetic subtest. Analyses based on DSM-III-R diagnoses produced nearly identical results. Minor differences emerged across relatives of probands with different DSM-IV subtypes.

Conclusions. Data were consistent with our previous study of relatives of boys with ADHD. Neuropsychological impairments in relatives of female ADHD probands were primarily associated with the diagnosis of ADHD, but subtle cognitive impairments that index familial vulnerability to the disorder may exist.
Profiles and predictors of the course of psychological distress across four years after heart transplantation
Authors: DEW MARY AMANDA , MYASKOVSKY LARISSA , SWITZER GALEN E. , DiMARTINI ANDREA F. , SCHULBERG HERBERT C. , KORMOS ROBERT L.
Published: July 2005

Background. Like individuals exposed to other life stressors, patients undergoing organ transplantation typically show elevated psychological distress initially post-transplant, with improvement thereafter. However, this ‘average’ pattern may conceal subgroups with differing profiles of psychological response. We sought to identify unique temporal distress profiles, and their predictors, after heart transplantation.

Method. A total of 156 transplant recipients (refusal rate, 6%) were enrolled and assessed at 2, 7, 12, 36, and 42 months post-transplant. Cluster analysis was used to identify distinct distress profiles over time. Multivariate analyses examined health and psychosocial predictors of the profiles.

Results. Five groups were identified, with either: (a) low distress at all time-points (45% of the sample), (b) high, clinically significant distress at all times (21%), (c) high distress over several years with low distress only at final assessment (12%), (d) high distress during the first several months with decline thereafter (6%), or (e) fluctuating distress levels (16%). Patients showing any distress (versus none) were more likely to have a pre-transplant psychiatric history, poorer social supports and more physical impairment early post-transplant, and continued physical impairment over time. Among distressed patients, those with persistent (versus declining) distress were most likely to be female, waited more briefly for transplant, and were most physically impaired early post-transplant. While persistently distressed patients had better social supports early post-transplant, these supports subsequently worsened.

Conclusions. Individuals differ in whether and when psychological distress abates after heart transplantation. Findings regarding distress profiles and their predictors may inform the design of interventions to address each transplant recipient's unique psychological needs.
Neurocognitive correlates of recovery from schizophrenia
Authors: KOPELOWICZ ALEX , LIBERMAN ROBERT P. , VENTURA JOSEPH , ZARATE ROBERTO , MINTZ JIM
Published: July 2005

Background. Evidence has mounted that some patients with schizophrenia experience remission of symptoms and restoration of social and vocational functioning. The purpose of this study was to identify neurocognitive variables associated with recovery from schizophrenia.

Method. Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and who met our operational definition of recovery from schizophrenia underwent a battery of neurocognitive tests. These subjects were matched with schizophrenia patients who did not meet recovery criteria (‘non-recovered’) and with normal controls.

Results. On tests of executive functioning, verbal fluency and verbal working memory, recovered subjects performed significantly better than non-recovered subjects and were comparable to normal controls. Patient groups did not differ on a test that assessed early visual processing, but both groups performed significantly worse than normal controls.

Conclusions. Three measures of frontal lobe functioning appear to be neurocognitive domains associated with recovery from schizophrenia. These findings help narrow the search for targets for cognitive remediation that may have implications for improving community functioning.
Depressive and bipolar disorders: patients' attitudes and beliefs towards depression and antidepressants
Authors: KESSING LARS VEDEL , VIBE HANSEN HANNE , DEMYTTENAERE KOEN , BECH PER
Published: July 2005

Background. There is increasing evidence that attitudes and beliefs are important in predicting adherence to treatment and medication in depressive and bipolar disorders. However, these attitudes have received little study in patients whose disorders were sufficiently severe to require hospitalization.

Method. The Antidepressant Compliance Questionnaire (ADCQ) was mailed to a large population of patients with depressive or bipolar disorder, representative of patients treated in hospital settings in Denmark.

Results. Of the 1005 recipients, 49·9% responded to the letter. A large proportion of the patients (40–80%) had erroneous views as to the effect of antidepressants. Older patients (over 40 years of age) consistently had a more negative view of the doctor-patient relationship, more erroneous ideas concerning the effect of antidepressants and a more negative view of antidepressants in general. Moreover, their partners agreed on these negative views. Women had a more negative view of the doctor-patient relationship than men, and patients with a depressive disorder had a more negative view of antidepressants than patients with bipolar disorder. The number of psychiatric hospitalizations or the type of treating physician (general practitioner, psychiatrist in private practice, community psychiatrist, hospital psychiatrist, other doctor) did not affect attitudes and beliefs.

Conclusion. Lack of knowledge about affective disorder and its treatment and a critical attitude, especially among older patients, may add to an adverse prognosis of depressive and bipolar disorders.
Increased risk of psychotic disorder among immigrants in Malmö: a 3-year first-contact study
Authors: CANTOR-GRAAE ELIZABETH , ZOLKOWSKA KRYSTYNA , McNEIL THOMAS F.
Published: July 2005

Background. Previous findings of increased rates of psychotic disorders among immigrants to Sweden are primarily based on hospital samples. The aim of the current study was to compare the risks of first contact for psychotic and schizophrenic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants to the risks in native ‘Swedes’.

Method. During a 3-year period, diagnostic information was collected on all patients with a possible psychotic disorder who made a first-in-lifetime contact with both in-patient and out-patient psychiatric services in Malmö.

Results. First-generation immigrants to Sweden had an increased risk of developing psychotic and schizophrenic disorders compared to Swedes (age- and gender-adjusted relative risk, RR 2·9, 95% CI 2·0–4·0 and RR 4·0, 95% CI 1·8–8·6 respectively). Risks for these disorders were not significantly increased in second-generation immigrants. The highest risks of developing psychotic disorder compared to Swedes were found in first-generation immigrants with ‘black’ (versus ‘neither black nor white’, or ‘white’) skin colour (RR 5·8, 95% CI 2·8–13·4) and birthplace in a developing (versus developed) country (RR 3·3, 95% CI 2·3–4·8).

Conclusion. The increased risks of psychosis obtained especially in immigrant groups having relatively disadvantaged status in Sweden suggest that psychosocial factors may contribute to the development of psychotic disorders.
Accuracy of diagnosing depression in primary care: the impact of chronic somatic and psychiatric co-morbidity
Authors: NUYEN JASPER , VOLKERS ANITA C. , VERHAAK PETER F. M. , SCHELLEVIS FRANÇOIS G. , GROENEWEGEN PETER P. , VAN DEN BOS GEERTRUDIS A. M.
Published: July 2005

Background. Depression is highly co-morbid with both psychiatric and chronic somatic disease. These types of co-morbidity have been shown to exert opposite effects on underdiagnosis of depression by general practitioners (GPs). However, past research has not addressed their combined effect on underdiagnosis of depression.

Method. Co-morbidity data on 191 depressed primary-care patients selected by a two-stage sampling procedure were analysed. Diagnoses of major depression and/or dysthymia in the last 12 months were assessed using a standardized psychiatric interview (CIDI) and compared with depression diagnoses registered by GPs in patient contacts during the same period. Presence of psychiatric and chronic somatic co-morbidity was determined using the CIDI and contact registration, respectively.

Results. Regression analysis showed a significant interaction effect between psychiatric and chronic somatic co-morbidity on GPs’ diagnosis of depression, while taking into account the effects of sociodemographic variables, depression severity and number of GP contacts. Subsequent stratified analysis revealed that in patients without chronic somatic co-morbidity, a lower educational level, a less severe depression, and fewer GP contacts all significantly increased the likelihood of not being diagnosed as depressed. In contrast, in patients with chronic somatic co-morbidity, only having no psychiatric co-morbidity significantly decreased the likelihood of receiving a depression diagnosis.

Conclusions. Our results indicate that the effects of psychiatric co-morbidity and other factors on underdiagnosis of depression by GPs differ between depressed patients with and without chronic somatic co-morbidity. Efforts to improve depression diagnosis by GPs seem to require different strategies for depressed patients with and without chronic somatic co-morbidity.
Shakespeare: histories and nations
Authors: KENNEDY DENNIS
Published: July 2005

Shakespeare's history plays have been taken as a grand epic of the English nation, especially in the period after World War II when they were performed in marathon cycles in the English theatre. As a group, these works investigate and question the meaning of authority, kingship, and nation in an unparalleled way. Shakespeare is the world's most popular playwright, his work staged and filmed in a huge variety of locations around the globe, yet the history plays have traditionally not spoken as directly to other nations as do the comedies and tragedies. Using the analogy oftrans-national sport, this essay looks at the changing position of the history plays in contemporary Europe and in the larger world.
Social sciences and European society in the making
Authors: CAVALLI ALESSANDRO
Published: July 2005

The study of the European integration process offers a serious challenge for the social sciences. It is easy to understand why the disciplines of law, economics, and political science have made the most relevant contributions to the study of the Europeanization of our societies. From the treaty creating the European Coal and Steel Community in May 1951 to the establishment a few years later of Euratom, from the treaty of Rome to the European Economic Community (EEC), from the European Single Act to the Maastricht treaty and the Monetary Union, from the treaties of Amsterdam and Nice to the recent Convention that resulted in the proposal for a European Constitution, all of these historical events during the second half of the twentieth century mark a process of transferring sovereignty rights from nation-states to European institutions. The Council, the Commission, the Parliament, and the European Court of Justice are substantial innovations from the point of view of public law. They are not ‘state institutions’, nor are they intergovernmental agencies. In many domains, the influence of European regulations on national legislation is impressive. The amount of literature in all languages on the legal aspects of European integration is astonishing.
Fusion power
Authors: LLEWELLYN-SMITH CHRIS , WARD DAVID
Published: July 2005

Fusion, which powers the sun and stars, is potentially an environmentally responsible and intrinsically safe source of essentially limitless energy on earth. The potential of fusion has been recognized for over 65 years, but mastering fusion on earth has proved to be an enormous scientific and technical challenge. It involves heating a large volume of dilute gas, containing equal parts of deuterium and tritium, to over 100M°C (M°C=one million degrees celsius) while preventing it from being cooled by touching the walls, from which it must be isolated using a ‘magnetic bottle’. This has now been done, and the Joint European Torus (JET) – which is the world's leading fusion research facility – has produced 16 MW of fusion power. The next step, which is to build a power station sized device called ITER, will be taken by a global collaboration. ITER will be twice as big as JET in linear dimensions, and will integrate all the technologies needed in a fusion power station. ITER should produce at least 500 MW of fusion power, ten times more than needed to heat the gas, and confirm that it is possible to build a fusion power station. Time is, however, needed to further develop the technology in order to ensure that it would be reliable and economical, and to test in power station conditions the materials that will be used in its construction, which will have to stand up to intense bombardment by the neutrons that carry the energy out of the magnetic bottle. Up to now, fusion has not been developed with any sense of urgency: since devices called tokamaks emerged in 1969 as the best candidates for bottling hot gases, at least 15 years have been lost due to delays in decision making and inadequate funding. In view of the urgent need for new, large-scale, emission-free sources of energy, and given the fact that – assuming it can be made to work reliably – the economics of fusion power look reasonable, the time has come to develop fusion on the so-called Fast Track. This involves: building ITER and the essential International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility in parallel, which will take ten years; using the results to finalize the design of a prototype fusion power station (generally called DEMO for Demonstrator); and then constructing DEMO, which will take another ten years. Assuming adequate funding, and that there are no major surprises, DEMO could be putting electricity into the grid within 30 years.
Conformity to observations and the development of weather prediction
Authors: DAVIES HUW C.
Published: July 2005

Conformity to observations takes on a particular significance in relation to weather prediction. Day-to-day weather changes constitute the temporal evolution of a complex and highly chaotic system, and yet the accuracy of weather forecasts can be, and are, readily and regularly assessed by both practitioners and the general public. Here, the development of weather prediction is portrayed against the backcloth of the role played by the criterion of ‘conformity to observations’ in regulating progress. It has served as a crude banner for castigating an early attempt at forecasting, sustaining an empirically-based but theoretically unsupported approach, summarily dismissing some attempts and yet ignored in another. In more recent developments the criterion has been both deliberately and justifiably weakened, and even turned on its head.
Introduction
Authors: ZÜRCHER ERIK-JAN
Published: July 2005

Turkey is about to start accession negotiations with the European Union. The question of whether Turkey qualified as a European country in terms of history and culture, was put on the European agenda by conservative European politicians in the mid-1990s and seemed to have been solved in Turkey's favour at the Helsinki summit of 1999, but it was hotly debated again throughout 2004. At the same time, a parallel debate developed among those who accepted Turkey's European credentials in principle (or felt they had to accept them). This was the debate about Turkey's state of preparedness and the degree to which the country fulfilled the so-called ‘Copenhagen Criteria’, which stipulated that candidates for membership of the EU should have a stable democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and a functioning market economy. In the end, as we know, the attempts of the ‘fundamentalist’ opposition to Turkey's candidature on the part of people like former Eurocommissioner Bolkestein, German CDU/CSU leaders Merkel and Stoiber or ex-president Giscard d'Estaing failed. Turkey's progress towards fulfilment of the Copenhagen Criteria was deemed sufficient by the European Commission, and on 17 December 2004 the momentous decision to start the accession process was taken unanimously at the summit in The Hague.

Interest in the question of Turkey's candidature has meant that an extraordinary number of studies, reports, papers have appeared, analysing the current situation and drawing scenarios for the future. The authors of this Focus have not intended to add to this, or to investigate the chequered history of Turkish-European relations since the signing of the accession treaty in 1963.
How Europeans adopted Anatolia and created Turkey
Authors: ZÜRCHER ERIK JAN
Published: July 2005

The Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923. In the first 20 years of its existence, the political leadership of the republic embarked on a process of nation building in Anatolia and at the same time changed the face of Turkish society, stamping on it a particular brand of secular modernity. This article tries to find out what were the common characteristics of the small band of men who made up the leadership of the republic and to what extent their shared background and experience can help explain the course they charted for Turkey after its creation. One of the conclusions is that Turkey, although located geographically for more than 90% in Asia, is in fact a creation of Europeans, who shaped the country after their own image.
Turkey's entry into the Concert of Europe
Authors: ADANIR FIKRET
Published: July 2005

From the start, Turkey's aspirations to join the European Union aroused considerable opposition. Recently, the debate has focused increasingly on supposed disparities in the spheres of culture, politics or mentality, implying that this Muslim country would not be able to comply with European norms and values. Supporters of Turkey's candidacy, on the other hand, have pointed out that Turkey has always been an important element of the European balance of power and was, in the nineteenth century, even a member of the Concert of Europe. Both sides invoke history to justify their arguments. The present paper examines the evolution of the European state system and the major stages in the history of the Turkish–European relationship, with a view to arriving at a more balanced judgement. It can be shown that new concepts, such as state interest and balance of power, had already begun in the sixteenth century to undermine the old theological worldview and, beginning with the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was treated – at least de facto – as an actor that observed fully the norms of European public law (jus publicum Europeum). However, a de jure recognition of the Empire's status had to wait until the Treaty of Paris (1856), but even then it did not include an effective guarantee of Ottoman territorial integrity.
The postwar incorporation of Turkey into the Western Alliance 1947–1952
Authors: AVCI GAMZE
Published: July 2005

The article examines the 1945–1952 period in Turkish history and contrasts it with what has happened since 1989. The initial period is characterized as Turkey's anchoring in the West, whereas the latter is considered a period of detachment of the West. The aim of the article is to understand whether there really has been a sea change in Turkish foreign policy today or whether the basic principles of 1945–1952 still are embedded in policymaking. For that purpose the developments between 1945–1952 are analysed in detail and compared with the policy developments since 1989. The article argues that what we can see is a contextual shift rather than a sea change in Turkey's foreign policy paradigm. Turkey's Western orientation has become much less predictable and vulnerable due to domestic and external developments but its basic Western orientation has remained.
Turban and türban: ‘Divider between belief and unbelief’. A political history of modern Turkish costume
Authors: KREISER KLAUS
Published: July 2005

There is probably no other country like Turkey whose inhabitants succumbed so thoroughly to state interventions as to how to cover or uncover their heads and hair. Suppression and enforced alterations characterize the last two centuries. The headscarf has become an important topic for the Turkish press since the 1950s. Today, the headscarf plays a major role in the discussion about the ‘maturity’ of Turkey to become a member of the European Union.
Ottoman Muslim and Turkish women in an international context
Authors: OS NICOLE A. N. M. VAN
Published: July 2005

Women's movements in the late Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey are explored in an international context. The international contacts of individual and organized women in both the first and the second waves of ‘feminist’ activism are considered. It is necessary to determine the influence, on the one hand, of Turkish women on the international scene of the women's movement and, on the other hand, the influence of the international organizations on Turkish policies vis-à-vis women. In this way a little light can be shed on the indirect ways Turkish women, through international networks, were and are able to exert influence on the changing policies of the Turkish government regarding the position of women in their society.
Freemasonry in Turkey: a by-product of Western penetration
Authors: DUMONT PAUL
Published: July 2005

Towards the middle of the nineteenth century, various European Masonic obediences set up lodges throughout the Ottoman empire, many in Istanbul, while another important centre was Smyrna. Freemasons were also active in Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Cyprus and Macedonia. Lodges were established in the main political, economic and cultural centres of the Empire. There was a strong parallelism between the Ottoman Masonic geography and that of European colonial expansion. It is easy to delineate the social and ethnic structure of lodges, but we know less about what was going on behind the walls of Masonic temples. For sure, Ottoman Freemasons, like their brethren in other parts of the world, when not busy with ‘table works’ or ceremonies, dedicated themselves to philanthropic activities. A considerable part of the annual income of the lodges was used to finance various charitable works (assistance to orphans, to brethren in distress …) and to fund educational institutions. The lodges were also places for the discussion and exchange of ideas about current themes: socialism, feminism, venereal diseases, progress of science, etc. Some mingled with politics, displaying a highly nationalistic discourse. The politicization of Ottoman/Turkish freemasonry climaxed during the years of the Young Turk revolution (1908–1914), when an autochthonous obedience was created. One of the goals of the new organization, coldly received by most European freemasonries, was to rid the Ottoman Empire of foreign penetration. After the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, this national freemasonry continued to flourish, except for 13 years between 1935 and 1948 when Masonic activity was banned.
A global model of the marine ecosystem for long‐term simulations: Sensitivity to ocean mixing, buoyancy forcing, particle sinking, and dissolved organic matter cycling
Authors: Schmittner A. , Oschlies A. , Giraud X. , Eby M. , Simmons H. L.
Published: July 2005

A new model of the marine ecosystem coupled into a global Earth System Climate Model suitable for long‐term (multimillennial timescale) simulations is presented. The model is based on nitrate as the sole limiting nutrient. Prognostic equations for nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus are solved online in the three‐dimensional ocean circulation model component. Experiments with different parameterizations of vertical mixing, including a scheme of tidally driven mixing, changes in buoyancy forcing in the Southern Ocean, different particle sinking velocities, and the inclusion of dissolved organic matter are performed, and the results are compared with observations. The results reemphasize the roles of Southern Ocean freshwater forcing and diapycnal mixing in the low‐latitude pycnocline in setting the global deep water circulation and properties. The influence of high mixing in the Southern Ocean as inferred from observations is much more limited. The deep water circulation also has a strong influence on the marine ecosystem and nutrient distributions. We demonstrate that larger values of vertical diffusion lead to a shallower nutricline due to increased upwelling. Export production and nutrient distributions respond sensitively to changes in mixing and to the ratio of particle sinking to remineralization in the upper ocean. The best fits to global measurements of temperature, salinity, deep ocean radiocarbon, mixed layer depth, nutrients, and chlorophyll are obtained for values of vertical mixing in the pycnocline of around 0.2–0.3 × 10−4 m2/s and for e‐folding depth for particle remineralization of 100–200 m. A simple parameterization of dissolved organic matter dynamics increases primary production and nutrient concentrations in the upper ocean and improves chlorophyll distributions in the subtropical gyres but has no discernible influence on particulate export fluxes. Remaining model deficiencies are identified, and strategies for future model improvement are outlined.