bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SNUTS.js: Sniffing Nasty Unit Test Smells in Javascript
Authors: Oliveira Jhonatan , Mateus Luigi , Virgínio Tássio , Rocha Larissa
Published: October 2024

Test smells indicate potential issues or weaknesses within the test code, which can compromise its effectiveness and maintainability. They highlight areas where improvements can enhance the overall quality of the test suite or testing practices. For instance, an example of a test smell is the Anonymous Test, where the test’s name lacks descriptive information about its function or purpose. Addressing these test smells can result in more robust and maintainable test suites, thus improving the reliability of the testing process. Despite significant research on these issues, tools are scarce for automatically detecting them, particularly in certain programming languages such as JavaScript. In the current landscape, existing test smell detection tools for JavaScript lack intuitiveness and graphical interfaces, and require extensive configuration, which may lead to low adoption within the developer community. To address this gap, we propose SNUTS.js, a tool designed to streamline the detection of test smells in JavaScript. Designed as an API, SNUTS.js offers versatility, allowing integration with various tools and environments. This tool goes beyond existing solutions by identifying previously undetected test smells, including the Anonymous Test, Comments Only Test, Overcommented, General Fixture, Transcripting Test, and Sensitive Equality. We also introduce a new test smell termed Test Without Description, which denotes a test case lacking descriptive text. In a preliminary evaluation, we constructed a dataset of tests sourced from real-world projects on GitHub. Through manual analysis, we identified 285 instances of test smells. SNUTS.js demonstrated a detection accuracy of 100% for three specific types of test smells, Anonymous Test, Overcommented, and General Fixture, all tailored to the JavaScript environment. Link to the video: https://youtu.be/89z0jy4Nu0s
AIssistDM: A Plugin to Assist Non-specialist Decision-Makers in Search-Based Software Engineering Tools
Authors: Freire Willian M. , Boccardo Murilo , Nouchi Daniel , Amaral Aline M. M. M. , Vergilio Silvia R. , Ferreira Thiago , Colanzi Thelma E.
Published: October 2024

Search-Based Software Engineering (SBSE) is a field that applies optimization algorithms to address complex problems in various software engineering domains. A significant challenge when using SBSE tools is the choice of parameter values related to the problem domain, which is usually performed by the Decision-Makers (DMs). This task is not trivial and critically influences the resulting solutions. Recognizing that DMs, mainly non-specialist ones, often struggle with these complexities, this paper introduces AIssistDM, a plugin developed to make adopting SBSE tools accessible without needing deep knowledge of their configuration parameters. The AIssistDM offers guided assistance by integrating Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly ChatGPT, to provide human-text generated suggestions of problem-domain parameters, improving decision-making. AIssistDM plugin was designed with a modular architecture to be integrated with different SBSE tools. The plugin has standard interfaces to enhance its capabilities without requiring extensive modifications in the integrated tools. A usage example describes integrating with the tool OPLA-Tool for Product Line Architecture (PLA) search-based design. This integration aids non-specialist DMs when configuring objective functions in OPLA-Tool. This study demonstrates how the AIssistDM integrates SBSE tools with ChatGPT by detailing the system architecture and core functionalities. The AIssistDM represents an advancement in the SBSE field, offering a new way to support the DM’s choice of parameters for SBSE tools. Video Available on https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25942801.v1
Toward a Language-Agnostic Approach to Detect Test Smells
Authors: Silva Publio Blenilio Tavares , Bezerra Carla , Machado Ivan
Published: October 2024

Tests play a crucial role in software development by ensuring code quality. However, test code can suffer from “smells” — poor implementation choices that hinder maintainability and evolution. Numerous studies have addressed test smells in various programming languages, proposing tools for detecting them in Java, C++, Scala, and others. These tools employ techniques such as information retrieval, metrics analysis, and abstract syntax tree (AST) parsing. However, their focus on specific languages limits their generalizability and applicability to other languages and test frameworks. This challenge is similar to issues found in code smell detection and static code analysis. Therefore, this work proposes a language-agnostic approach to detect test smells. Our approach leverages AST parsing to extract relevant information from the test code, followed by test smell detection based on this extracted data. This method aims to facilitate the detection of test smells across various programming languages and test frameworks, enhancing the tool’s generalizability and usability. To check the viability of our approach, we created a proof of concept using two test smells and two different languages.
The Rise and Decline of Constitutionalism in the Global South: The Case of Indonesia’s Constitutional Court
Authors: Crouch Melissa
Published: October 2024

Studies of constitutionalism in the Global South often chart the rise and achievements of liberal constitutionalism. In this contribution, I suggest that we also need to consider the decline of constitutional democracy as part of studies of constitutionalism in the Global South. Since the book Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia was published, the decline of constitutional democracy in Indonesia has worsened. In this contribution I question the association between the Constitutional Court and constitutional democracy. I examine Indonesia’s limited place in comparative scholarship prior to 1998, and then demonstrate how the case of Indonesia in 21st century scholarship is more relevant to debates concerning the decline of democracy and the rise of authoritarianism, given the 2023 Constitutional Court crisis.
Toward a Definition of Blockchain: Analyzing Definitions to Propose a Definition
Authors: Adere Endale Mitiku
Published: October 2024

Definitions serve a range of purposes, including providing meaning to a term, describing the characteristics of an object being defined, eliminating any ambiguity about the meaning of a term, demonstrating the etymology of a word, and so on. However, scholars hold differing opinions on everything from the necessity of definitions to the very existence of definitions. This disagreement is evident in various definition theories, types, and methods. This article aims to provide a tentative definition of blockchain using the Aristotelian method of definition, after thoroughly examining existing definitions in the literature. Many publications were collected from multiple databases to achieve this, and non-peer-reviewed literature was excluded. Subsequently, definitions were extracted from the literature using a semi-automated method, creating a mini corpus of definitions, which was then analyzed. During the analysis, it was observed that authors employ eleven class terms and several distinguishing characteristics to define blockchain. However, ten of the class terms were deemed unsuitable based on the analysis, and the definition was ultimately made on the concept of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). Nevertheless, the proposed definition is presented as tentative due to the absence of a precise definition for DLT and the ongoing evolution of blockchain. In the field of information systems, defining concepts logically is a rare occurrence caused by professionals' unfamiliarity with communication and logic principles. This study aims to provide a tentative definition of blockchain that will enable interested parties to have a consistent understanding of the term and lay the groundwork for future definitions in this domain.
Reputation Façade-Building through Non-Financial Disclosure: An Empirical Analysis of Gender Pay Equality Reporting
Authors: Sahakiants Ihar , Aluchna Maria , Kamiński Bogumił
Published: October 2024

Currently, mandatory requirements concerning the reporting of non-financial information represent a major international trend in the field of accounting. While complying with related legislation and stakeholder pressure for more transparency, affected enterprises seek to gain legitimacy by building organisational façades. In doing so, they carefully select what information and how it is disclosed to the public. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether the related strategies are not only determined by the organisation-level variables but are also country-specific. In our study, we test this notion by investigating the impact of EU Directive 2014/95/EU concerning the disclosure of non-financial information on gender pay equality reporting in Germany and Poland. While the results of the panel analysis based on random effects ordered logit regressions confirm the expected significant effect of the Directive in both countries, we demonstrate that companies in Germany and Poland pursue different strategies concerning façade-building. Given the significant impact of the listing age of investigated enterprises on gender pay equality reporting and the varying history of sustainability reporting in the above countries, we argue that these strategies reflect the experiences with non-financial reporting predominant in different institutional environments.
Non-profit Sports Clubs in (Post)transitional Europe: A Sustainable Business Strategy, the Alternatives, and the Role of Stakeholders
Authors: Ivašković Igor
Published: October 2024

The article has three purposes: to present the key determinants of a sustainable business strategy for non-profit sport clubs in (post)transitional Europe; to discuss the strategic alternatives emerging in this context; and to disclose how a range of stakeholders influences the clubs’ decisions on major sustainable issues. First, the author describes the production process and the specific social context, highlighting three key strategic dilemmas affecting sport clubs’ economic sustainability. The second part describes the five typical strategic orientations, revealing that the stronger engagement of private sponsors in a club’s strategy generally implies larger annual budgets. However, it also forces club managements to accept riskier strategies and focus more on sport results than on the local community. The article proposes a new classification of sport clubs’ strategies, provides empirical insight into the development process of sport clubs from post-transitional European countries, and explains why they retained their status as non-profit organizations.
Dendrosomal Curcumin Showed Cytotoxic Effects on Breast Cancer Cell Line by Inducing Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway and Cell Division Arrest
Authors: Abbasi Houriye , Hosseinkhani Fatemeh , Imani Fouladi Bahareh , Tarighi Siroos , Sadeghizadeh Majid , Montazeri Maryam
Published: October 2024

Background: Mutations in the p53 gene have been linked to the initiation and progression of breast cancer, as well as resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, the development of novel treatment approaches is essential to combat this disease. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dendrosomal curcumin (DNC) on the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231. Methods: MDA-MB231 cells were treated with 20 μM DNC, and the apoptosis rate and cell proliferation cycles were assessed using flow cytometry. Additionally, after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression levels of Lnc-DANCR, EZH2, Noxa, bcl-2, bax, PUMA, p21, and p53 genes were analyzed using RT-PCR. Protein expression levels of P53, P21, Bcl-2, and Bax were evaluated through western blotting. Results: Dendrosomal curcumin induced apoptosis in MDA-MB231 cells and caused cell cycle arrest at the SubG1 phase. Dendrosomal curcumin treatment downregulated Lnc-DANCR, EZH2, bcl-2, and p53 gene expression, while upregulating bax, Noxa, PUMA, and p21 gene expression in a time-dependent manner. Bax and P21 protein levels were significantly upregulated following DNC treatment, whereas Bcl-2 and P53 protein levels were downregulated in DNC-treated breast cancer cells. Conclusions: In summary, dendrosomal nanocurcumin demonstrated potent anti-tumor effects against breast cancer cells, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent in breast cancer treatment.
Application of Prebiotics and Probiotics to Improve Oral and Dental Health by Inhibiting Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Bakhtiari Ronak , Sheybani Zahra , Aminzadeh Malihe , Soltan Dallal Mohammad Mehdi
Published: October 2024

Background: The most common method to combat microorganisms that cause tooth decay is the use of antibiotics. However, despite the benefits of antibiotics, their use has significant disadvantages, such as the increased resistance of microorganisms to these chemicals. Objectives: A promising and safer alternative is the use of probiotics and prebiotics, which can reduce or inhibit the growth of disease-causing oral microorganisms. Streptococcus salivarius is one such probiotic, while inulin and nisin are the prebiotics commonly recommended for this purpose. Methods: Several assays, including agar bilayer interference, agar well penetration, and microdilution, were used to assess the antibacterial activities of S. salivarius K12 and S. salivarius M18 probiotics, as well as those of the prebiotics nisin and inulin. Additionally, bile salt and low pH tolerance assessments were conducted for the probiotics, and the synthesis of bacteriocins by the probiotics was verified using proteolytic and enzymatic activity assays. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay revealed that S. mutans growth was inhibited by S. salivarius K12 and S. salivarius M18 at a concentration of 75%, and by nisin and inulin at 200 IU/mL. In the well penetration assay, S. salivarius K12 exhibited significantly better results compared to S. salivarius M18. Nisin had significantly greater inhibitory effects on S. mutans compared to inulin. A combination of all four components (S. salivarius K12, S. salivarius M18, nisin, and inulin) resulted in maximum antibacterial activity, indicating a synergistic effect. Based on the agar bilayer assay and the growth inhibition zone diameters, nisin showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans, followed by S. salivarius K12, inulin, and S. salivarius M18. Enzymatic digestion and proteolytic activity assays confirmed the synthesis of bacteriocins by S. salivarius K12 and S. salivarius M18. Both probiotics demonstrated bile salt tolerance at a concentration of 0.3% and surviving rates of 36% and 33%, respectively, at pH 2. Conclusions: The most important finding of the current study is the synergistic effect between the highlighted prebiotics and probiotics, which may offer a novel and effective combination for preventing tooth decay.
Study Effect of Esomeprazole on the Treatment of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women: A Double-Blind Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Zandvakili Farnaz , Zare Shamsi , Seydoshohadaei Fariba , Soofizadeh Nasrin , Rezaie Masomeh , Rahmani Khaled , Azarbayejani Niloufar
Published: October 2024

Background: Preeclampsia is one of the most serious complications of pregnancy, leading to various maternal and fetal complications. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of oral esomeprazole in the treatment of preeclampsia in pregnant mothers. Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial, we compared oral esomeprazole with a placebo. The study population included 120 pregnant women with preeclampsia (60 in the esomeprazole 40 mg group and 60 in the placebo group) who were referred to Ba'ath Hospital in Sanandaj in 2023. Patient care and follow-up were conducted from the time of diagnosis of preeclampsia and inclusion in the study groups until delivery and the final condition of the baby. The outcomes investigated included prolongation of pregnancy and maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Results: The average delivery time in the esomeprazole group was 37.3 ± 1.2 weeks, compared to 37.5 ± 1.7 weeks in the placebo group, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.75). The frequency of maternal outcomes, such as eclampsia, pulmonary edema, hemolysis, placental abruption, renal failure, hepatic hematoma, ascites, thromboembolism, and maternal death, was not statistically different between the esomeprazole and placebo groups, and no severe complications were observed in either group. Similarly, fetal outcomes, including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and changes in fetal heart rate patterns, did not significantly differ between groups, with no instances of fetal or neonatal death observed. Additionally, neonatal outcomes, such as Apgar scores below 7, NICU admissions, mechanical ventilation, and other severe neonatal complications, were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Although the esomeprazole group showed a lower frequency of adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes compared to the placebo group, these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The frequency of adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes was lower in the esomeprazole group than in the placebo group for most variables, but the differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, it cannot be concluded with certainty that esomeprazole is ineffective in preventing or controlling preeclampsia.
BAĞIMSIZ DENETİMDE KALİTE KONTROLDEN KALİTE YÖNETİMİNE GEÇİŞ
Authors: Uysal Merve , Ardıç Muhammed
Published: October 2024

Bağımsız denetim faaliyetlerinde, denetimden beklenen amaca ulaşmak gerekmektedir. Denetimden beklenen amaç ise finansal tablolarda önemli yanlışlıkların bulunup bulunmaması ve denetlenen kurumun yasalara ve kurallara uygunluğunun sağlanıp sağlanmamasının incelenmesidir. Kısacası paylaşılan bilgilerin doğruluğu ve güvenirliği ile ilgili bir bağımsız denetçinin görüş bildirmesidir. Denetim faaliyetleri bağımsız ve uzman kişi ya da kişiler tarafından gerçekleştirilmelidir. Finansal tablolardaki bilgilerin doğruluğu ve kalitesi, hem işletme hem de finansal tablo kullanıcıları açısından önemlidir.
Ülkemizde 2013 yılından bu yana Uluslararası Bağımsız Denetim ve Güvence Denetimi Standartları Kurulu (IAASB) tarafından yayınlanan Kalite Kontrol Standardı 1 uygulanmaktadır. Ancak yaşanan gelişmeler ve değişimler sonucunda her sektörde olduğu gibi denetim sektöründe de değişiklikler yaşanmıştır. Bu bağlamda denetim yaklaşımları da değişime uğramıştır. Denetim standartlarının da yaşanan değişimlere uygun olarak güncellenmesi bağımsız denetimin kalitesini de arttıracaktır. Bu kapsamda Kamu Gözetimi, Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurumu (KGK) tarafından 2022 yılı Aralık ayında, 2023 yılı ve sonrasında uygulanmak üzere “Kalite Yönetim Standardı 1 (KYS1)” yayınlanmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmalar neticesinde KYS 1, KYS 2 ve BDS 220 (Revize) çerçevesinde 20 adet Standartta değişiklik yapılmıştır.
2024 yılı Haziran ayına gelindiğinde ise “ Bağımsız Denetim Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik” yayınlanmıştır. Çalışmada standartlarda yapılan değişiklikler ve Yönetmelikte yayınlanan değişiklikler incelenecek ve bağımsız denetimde kalite standartlarında, kalite kontrolden kalite yönetimine geçişin etkilerinin neler olabileceği açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.
Revitalization of Supervision of the Judicial Commission as Strengthening Judicial Institutions in Maintaining the Independence and Integrity of Judges
Authors: Zamroni Faizal Abdi  , Chintya Khaerunnisa
Published: October 2024

External supervision of judges' performance is done by the Judicial Commission (JC), namely by providing input regarding the mechanism for providing sanctions for violations of the code of ethics committed by judges. The task of the Judicial Commission regarding recommendations for sanctions for violations committed by judges involves collaborating with the Supreme Court because the judicial commission does not have the right to impose sanctions directly on judges. Therefore, efforts are urgently needed to improve the integrity of judges as law enforcers from the Judicial Commission institution that has the authority to act as an external monitor of the behavior of judges. The Judicial Commission also guarantees that they can maintain and increase the independence and integrity of judges. Regarding the supervision of the Judicial Commission as a strengthening of the Judiciary institution in maintaining the independence and integrity of judges, this research is conducted using normative methods. The data collection techniques are done by searching documents and scientific books to determine the theoretical basis in the form of positive legal material appropriate to the research object.
Implementation of Straight Liability and Liability Based On Fault Concepts in Environmentally Sound Economic Development in Indonesia
Authors: Fahrizal S.Siagian  , Geofani Milthree Saragih  , Frans Maruli Silaban
Published: October 2024

This research aims to answer problems related to the regulation of the concept of punishment in environmental aspects in the Indonesian criminal justice system. Secondly, this research aims to answer the juridical implementation of the concept of Straight Liability and Liability Based On Fault in environmentally sound economic development in Indonesia. This research uses normative legal research that focuses on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. This research obtained several important points including legal arrangements related to the concept of environmental crime regulated in Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Protection and Management of the Indonesian Environment. Second, the implementation of the concept of Straight Liability and Liability Based On Fault in environmentally sound economic development in Indonesia so far has not been maximised. This is due to the lack of mentality and consistency of law enforcement officials to enforce environmental law in a complex manner. So that this research proposes to strengthen the essence and existence of law enforcement officials in enforcing environmental law in order to preserve Indonesia's environmental ecosystem.
Internal quality assurance strategies for enhancing students’ soft skills in Tanzania’s higher education institutions
Authors:   The University of Dodoma, Credo Samwel , Mngarah Daniel Mbonea ,   The University of Dodoma, Mwinjuma Juma Saidi ,   The University of Dodoma
Published: October 2024

This paper explored the strategies used by the Internal Quality Assurance (IQA) units of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to enhance soft skills among university students in Tanzania. The qualitative research approach was adopted using a multi-case study design involving a sample of thirty-nine (39) participants obtained through purposive and convenient sampling procedures. The study used interviews, focus group discussion and documentary review methods to collect data for the study. The paper deployed thematic and content analysis procedures in the analysis of data. The findings revealed four quality assurance strategies to enhance university students’ soft skills, including developing and reviewing curricula, prolonged field attachment, student assessment and developing academic personnel. The study concludes that there is more to be done to ensure that HEIs students are competent in soft skills for their future life realities. The study recommends assigning soft skills greater emphasis in HEIs curricula due to their importance in future life of the students. More studies on the studied topic using larger samples and different contexts are also recommended.
Caractérisation de l’entomofaune du Brassica oleracea, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum macrocarpon et amaranthus cruentus au Sud-Bénin
Authors: DAGBA Codjo , A. SOTONDJI Fernand , AZONKPIN Saturnin , C. CHOUGOUROU Daniel
Published: October 2024

L’agrosystème du sud-Bénin est une région de production des cultures maraîchères. Les maraîchers font face à plusieurs contraintes parmi lesquelles figure la pression des insectes ravageurs des cultures. Dans le but de contribuer à l’amélioration de la production des cultures maraîchères, la présente étude a permis d’établir une liste des insectes ravageurs et ceux utiles, pullulant dans les champs de tomate, la grande morelle, l’amarante et du chou. Les insectes, collectés grâce à différentes techniques (filet fauchoir, piège à eau et piège de barber) ont été identifiés dans les laboratoires de recherche et de Biologie appliquée de l’Ecole Polytechnique de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi et à l’Institut International d’Agriculture Tropicale du Bénin. L’inventaire a montré que les insectes inféodés à la culture de la tomate, du chou, de l’amarante et de la grande morelle au sud Bénin sont représentés par neuf (9) ordres, quarante et sept (47) familles. Bien que la majorité de ces insectes soit des ravageurs, on note la présence de quelques prédateurs et pollinisateurs. La connaissance de la diversité et de la distribution des ravageurs facilite la mise en place de stratégies alternatives de lutte en vue de préserver la filière maraîchère. Mots clés : Cultures maraîchères, biodiversité, insectes ravageurs, prédateurs, Bénin
Evaluation of the insecticidal efficacy of four plants to protect stored Bambara groundnuts [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)]
Authors: MADOU Chantal , BAKOIDI Antoine , NGAMO TINKEU Simon Leonard
Published: October 2024

Bambara groundnuts [Vigna subterranean] is one of the main legumes consumed in Northern Cameroon. However, stored nuts by farmers are quickly destroyed by pests leading to low yields. To overcome this constraint, the efficient control of stored grains from insect pests is dependent on synthetic insecticides. To reduce post-harvest losses of stored voandzou seeds, four botanicals insecticides have been developed and evaluated on the main pest. Plant powders prepared from Piper nigrum Linn. (Pipericaceae), Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (Myrtaceae), Xylopia aethiopica Dunal (Annonaceae) and Phaseolus vulgaris L.( Fabaceae), at different doses were tested on Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius under laboratory conditions. The rest of the study involved combining black bean powder with the three condiment species in different proportions. The analysis shows a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) between the mortality induced by formulations on day two of exposure with the lowest dose (0.5 g). These mortalities are 100%, 94.44 ± 3.79%, 72.5 ± 96 and 8.33 ± 4.77, respectively for S. aromaticum, P. nigrum, X. aethiopica and P. vulgaris powders. In relation to the formulation, the results show S. aromaticum powder induced 100% mortality compared with 94.44%, 72.59% and 8.33% respectively for P. nigrum, X. aethiopica and P. vulgaris plant powder at a dose of 5%. The results show that the natural substances used had a good insecticidal action against bruchid. The persistent compounds present in the studied spice plant powders are not toxic for human consumption at the concentrations used, but rather a beneficial effect. Key words: botanical insecticide, aromatic plants, powder, seeds, storage, insect pest.
Bank Direct Marketing Campaign Success Prediction
Authors: LEE XUAN CHIAN  , Khaw Khai Wah , CHEW XINYING , ALNOOR ALHAMZAH , WEI CHIEN NG
Published: October 2024

Nowadays, there are more new and innovative bank marketing strategies available that contribute to customer engagement and acquisition. Banks must launch marketing campaigns that can successfully attract customers from other competitors. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to apply Machine Learning techniques in predicting the success of a bank’s direct marketing campaign using supervised classification algorithms. Six algorithms are implemented which are Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). In this paper, feature selection is performed, and 8 selected features are used to make the prediction. The experimental result shows that the Random Forest model has the highest accuracy and ROC AUC score which makes it the champion model in this paper. Still, these results may vary according to the nature of data preprocessing and algorithms implemented.
Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Inorganic Salt Pretreatment for Production of Fermentable Sugars from Spent Coffee Ground
Authors: Chia Keat Yeng , Mohd Yusof Siti Jamilah Hanim , Shamsudin Saleha
Published: October 2024

Spent coffee ground (SCG) is a solid waste that is generated in the coffee brewing process for coffee beverage production. SCG hold a great potential in reducing sugar production as it consists of high amount of carbohydrates. However, SCG is a lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) which requires pretreatment to degrade the lignocellulosic structure and enhance enzyme accessibility during saccharification process. Hence, this research aims to study the performance of microwave-assisted inorganic salt pretreatment for generation of reducing sugars. Different concentrations of NaCl was applied to determine their effects on reducing sugar produced as well as pH, and solid recovery. Pretreatment with 3% NaCl was found to yield the highest reducing sugar concentration of 43.56 mg/mL, hence it was selected for the subsequent optimization study. Process optimization was designed by using the Response Surface Methodology approach (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD), based on three pretreatment parameters; solid to liquid ratio (1:50 - 8:50), microwave power (300W – 800W) and irradiation time (1-10 minutes). The optimized conditions were achieved at solid to liquid of 8:50, microwave power of 800 watt and irradiation time of 10 minutes for a maximum response of 40.89 mg/mL. Moreover, it was observed that microwave-assisted NaCl pretreatment had significantly caused surface morphological changes of the SCG and the removal of functional groups in lignin, resulted in increment of the crystallinity value. In conclusion, microwave pretreatment is a promising green technology for fermentable sugar production from SCG.
Activated Carbon derived from Jackfruit Seeds for Oil Adsorption
Authors: Chan Zi Ching , Abdul Halim Hairul Nazirah , Mahmad Rozi Siti Khalijah
Published: October 2024

Activated carbons (AC) are widely used as adsorbents for treating oily wastewater. An effective, cheap and environmental-friendly method for oil adsorption by using AC derived from jackfruit seeds (JS) was developed in this study. The JS were chemically activated with different concentrations (10 wt.% and 15 wt.%) of chemical activating agents (H3PO4 and ZnCl2) to produce activated carbon. The optimum conditions for developing AC from JS with the highest oil adsorption capacity was found using 15 wt.% ZnCl2, and carbonised at 500°C resulting in maximum adsorption capacity of 0.8621 g/g. Raw JS and jackfruit seed-derived activated carbon (JSAC) were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis. The influence of process parameters such as contact times (0 – 240 minutes), adsorbent dosages (0.5 – 2.5 g) and adsorption temperatures (25 – 65 °C) for oil adsorption were investigated. The results showed that the optimum parameters for maximum adsorption capacity were as follows; 120 minutes of contact time, adsorbent dosage of 1.5 g and at 35 °C. At this condition, the highest oil adsorption capacity was achieved at 1.5674 g/g. The adsorption kinetic studies depicted that the oil adsorption mechanism was represented by pseudo-second-order kinetic model which implies that the adsorption is a chemisorption process. Jackfruit seeds had been proven to have the capability as an effective adsorbent for oil adsorption.
Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Rice Husk using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Ramli Nur Ain Natasya , Sam Sung Ting , Wan Yaakub Ahmad Radi , Abdullah Muhammad Faiq
Published: October 2024

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are highly crystalline, rod-shaped nanoparticles derived from cellulose, commonly found in biomass such as rice husks. Rice husks, an agricultural waste rich in cellulose, can be utilized for CNC production. In this study, CNCs were isolated from rice husks using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), an environmentally friendly solvent. The objective was to examine the effects of temperature and reaction time on CNC solubility during dissolution with NADES. The one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method revealed that the optimal conditions were at temperature of 120°C and a reaction time of 8 hours. Morphological analysis using microscopy showed that raw rice husks had a rough, solid, brown appearance, while alkaline-treated rice husks appeared smoother and more porous. Bleached rice husks exhibited a very smooth, white, and fluffy appearance, and CNCs appeared as transparent solids. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated the presence of β-glycosidic linkages in all three samples (CNCs, alkaline-treated, and bleached rice husks), suggesting that the cellulose structure remained intact during pretreatment. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method, confirming that raw, alkaline-treated, and bleached rice husks, as well as CNCs isolated from rice husks, exhibited antibacterial properties against both gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) and gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis). This study successfully isolated CNCs from rice husks using NADES, demonstrating the potential for further improvements to enhance production efficiency.
Effect of Torrefaction Process on the Physicochemical Properties of Solid Fuel from Palm Kernel Shells
Authors: Mohamed Nazari Munira , Mansor Nur Syafiqah
Published: October 2024

This research investigates the effects of torrefaction on the characteristics of solid fuel made from palm kernel seed (PKS). The torrefaction process was conducted on raw PKS to improve its energy density and combustion efficiency. Torrefaction was carried out at 400°C at different durations (30, 40, and 50 minutes), with the goal of improving the energy density and combustion efficiency of raw PKS. The torrefied PKS was then ground and sieved into particle sizes of 150mm and 300mm. After being blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE), the torrefied PKS was compacted using hot press machine into solid fuel and tested for its physicochemical properties. The results indicated that PKS torrefied for 50 minutes with particle size of 300 mm exhibited optimal characteristics, with a high heating value (HHV) of 23.22 MJ/kg. The particle size plays a role, with finer particles (150mm) having lower HHV values compared to coarser particles (300mm). Additionally, the inclusion of HDPE affected the properties of the solid fuel. Morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy provided insights into its structural features.
Taguchi Method Statistical Analysis on Characterization and Optimization of 18-nm Double Gate MOSFETs
Authors: A.H Afifah Maheran  , M. Pritigavane  , N.H.N.M. Nizam  , F. Salehuddin  , N. Sabani
Published: October 2024

A bi-layer graphene with a multigate structure was intensified and analysed on an 18-nm Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) device to obtain an optimal performance parameter. The device has a gate structure made of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) that serves as a high-k material and a metal gate made of Tungsten Silicide (WSix). The Silvaco TCAD Software which are ATHENA and ATLAS modules were used to enhance the fabrication process of virtual devices and to verify the electrical properties of a specific device. According to the International Technology Roadmap Semiconductor (ITRS) specifications of 0.179 V ± 12.7% for threshold voltage (VTH) and 20 nA/m for leakage current (ILEAK), the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array strategy was used to improve the device process parameters for optimum VTH and ILEAK. For the NMOS device, the process parameter of VTH Adjust Implant Dose was used as the dominant factor while Source/Drain (S/D) Implant Energy was used as the adjustment factor whereby for PMOS device, S/D Implant Energy was the dominant factor while S/D Implant Tilt was the adjustment factor in order to achieve a robust design through the Taguchi method implementation. The percentage affecting the process parameter is then applied to the results of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of Nominal-the-best (NTB) for VTH and Smaller-the-better (STB) for ILEAK.
Electronic Properties of ZnO Nanowires: A First-Principles Analysis Using Two-Probe Methodology
Authors: Rajan Vohra  , Kunwar Partap Singh  , Jupinder Kaur  , Vishal Jagota  , Jyoti Bhola
Published: October 2024

In this study, the electrical characteristics of pure ZnO nanowires are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) inside the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) paradigm. We clarify the underlying electronic behaviours by a thorough analysis of I-V curves, density of states (DOS) spectra, and transmission spectra. All calculations are carefully carried out using the Quantum Wise Atomistic Tool Kit programme and the Generalised Gradient Approximation (GGA). Our results show that localised d orbitals dominantly contribute to ZnO nanowire transmission properties. We also investigate the effect of doping with copper on these characteristics. Gradual doping from pristine to 2 and 4 Cu atoms shows significant enhancements, indicating a clear relationship between electrical properties and doping concentration. Notably, the device's potential as a resistor is highlighted by the greater linearity of current with copper doping, demonstrating adherence to Ohm's law. Moving beyond basic research, we tackle real-world issues in sensing applications, including the quick identification of copper molecules in water. We provide light on the Au-ZnO-Au structure's potential for sensor applications by thoroughly discussing its electron transport properties. In conclusion, this study advances our knowledge of the electrical characteristics of ZnO nanowires and how doping modifies them, opening the door to their application in a variety of electronic and sensing devices.
Työn vaatimusten, voimavarojen ja johtamisrakenteiden yhteys päiväkodin johtajien kokemaan työhyvinvointiin
Authors: Nurhonen Linda , Saha Mari , Fonsén Elina , Paananen Maiju
Published: October 2024

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan päiväkodin johtajien työhyvinvointiin yhteydessä olevia yksilöllisiä, työympäristöön ja organisaatioon liittyviä tekijöitä. Työhyvinvointia lähestytään työn vaatimusten ja voimavarojen näkökulmasta. Artikkelissa käytetty aineisto on kerätty syksyllä 2022 päiväkodin johtajille lähetetyllä sähköisellä kyselyllä ja siihen vastasi 113 päiväkodin johtajaa 34 eri kunnasta. Aineisto analysoitiin yksisuuntaista varianssianalyysia sekä polkuanalyysia käyttäen. Johtamisrakenteesta riippumatta johtajat raportoivat melko paljon työhön liittyviä stressitekijöitä ja ne olivat yhteydessä koettuun työuupumusoireiluun. Johtajilla, joilla ei ollut käytössään apulaisjohtajaresurssia ollenkaan tai apulaisjohtaja työskenteli vain satunnaisesti johtajan apuna, johdettavien henkilöiden määrä oli yhteydessä koettuihin stressitekijöihin. Organisaatioilmapiiri koettiin positiivisena johtamisrakenteesta riippumatta. Johtajilla, jotka jakoivat johtajuusvastuuta koko- tai osa-aikaisesti (apulais-)johtajan kanssa, ei positiivinen organisaatioilmapiiri ollut yhteydessä stressitekijöihin eikä työuupumusoireiluun, kun taas muilla johtajilla näiden tekijöiden välillä oli yhteyksiä.
The impact of perceived leadership quality, moral stress and participation on turnover intentions in ECEC sector
Authors: Heilala Cecilia , Lundkvist Marina , Santavirta Nina , Kalland Mirjam
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate how perceived leadership quality, moral stress and participation are related to turnover intentions in early childhood education and care (ECEC). The theoretical framework was based on mentalizing leadership, participation, and moral stress. The data were collected via a survey (N = 332). The results showed that the ECEC staff were on average quite content with the quality of leadership and participation. Their turnover intentions and moral stress were moderate on average. However, the staff groups differed statistically significantly, with the ECEC nurses scoring lower on leadership satisfaction and participation, and higher on moral stress and turnover intentions than the teachers and leaders. This suggests that we need to develop a way of recognizing stressors at earlier stages, as well as handling them in time before they grow too large. For this, a functioning leadership that promotes reflection and participation is crucial.
Varhaiskasvatuksen ammattilaisten institutionaaliset pääomat päiväkodin kentällä
Authors: Valkonen Satu , Chydenius Heidi , Pesonen Jaana , Ahola Reija , Strandén Essi
Published: October 2024

Tässä tutkimuksessa eritellään varhaiskasvatuksen tutkintokoulutusten tuottamaa osaamista ja osaamiselle jäsentyvää arvoa varhaiskasvatuksen  ammattilaisten (N = 63) fokusryhmähaastatteluiden (N = 21) perusteella. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, millaista institutionaalista pääomaa varhaiskasvatuksen koulutukset tuottavat päiväkodin kenttään. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään Bourdieun teoreettista ajattelua ja tutkimusilmiötä analysoidaan erityisesti pääoman käsitteen näkökulmasta, huomioiden myös sosiaalisen tilan, kentän ja habituksen käsitteet. Varhaiskasvatuksen ammattilaisten tuottamien osaamiskuvausten perusteella tarkastellaan, miten varhaiskasvatustyön rakenteet muotoilevat ammattilaisten työtä sekä miten he määrittävät työn tekemisen ehtoja heidän koulutuksensa kautta muodostuneen pääoman ja sille rakentuvan osaamisen perusteella. Tarkastelun perusteella ammatilliselle, sosiaalialan ja opettajankoulutukselle rakentuvat pääomat eroavat selvästi toisistaan, ja niiden avulla myös pyritään erottautumaan toisista. Merkittäväksi distinktiivisesti eroksi jäsentyy suhtautuminen tutkimusperustaiseen tietoon ja siitä ammentavaan työotteeseen.  Pääomien tarkastelu tekee näkyväksi pääomiin kiinnittyvän arvon ja niiden legitimiteetin päiväkodin kentällä, joista myös neuvotellaan ja kiistellään. Tutkimuksemme perusteella esitämme, että koulutusten tuottaman osaamisen hyödyntämistä on tarkasteltava päiväkodin kenttää laajemmin varhaiskasvatuksen kentällä. Lisäksi eri koulutusten tuottaman pedagogisen osaamisen selkeyttäminen on tarpeen osaamisen kohdentamisessa ja ammattiryhmien vastuiden ja velvoitteiden kirkastamisessa.
أثر إدارة الجودة الشاملة في تبني معايير الاعتماد الصحية في المستشفيات العاملة في مدينة الحديدة – الجمهورية اليمنية
Authors: المنزوع زايد علي عبدالخالق , دبر عادل حسن ياسين
Published: October 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر تطبيق إدارة الجودة الشاملة في تبني معايير الاعتماد (JCI) في المستشفيات عينة الدراسة, وقد استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي, والاستبانة كأداة رئيسة لجمع بيانات الدراسة الميدانية, وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (588) فرداً، وتمت معالجة البيانات التي تم جمعها بواسطة برنامج (SPSS), وتوصلت الدراسة لعدة نتائج أهما: توفر إدارة المستشفيات الأمن للمرضى ومرافقيهم وهذا ما يُحسن ثقة المترددين في تلقي خدمات الرعاية الصحية المقدمة, كما أن لدى المستشفيات جاهزية عالية في إجراء العمليات الطبية المختلفة وفقاً لمعايير الاعتماد المتعارف عليها, كما تحرص المستشفيات عينة الدراسة على توفير الأجهزة الطبية اللازمة وبشكل مستمر, لاستمرارية تقديم خدمات الرعاية الصحية للمرضى, وكانت أهم التوصيات: ضرورة دعم عمليات التحسينات المستمرة في كل إدارات المستشفيات وأقسامها وعياداتها بما يتواكب مع التطورات الحديثة, وبما يُحقق معايير الاعتماد وجودة الخدمات الصحية, تفعيل نُظم الجودة والرقابة عليها لمعالجة الاختلالات قبل حدوثها في المستشفيات عينة الدراسة.
النظام المجلسي ومدى صلاحياته لبلدان العالم النامي
Authors: علي د.طاهر فرحان قاسم
Published: October 2024

يتناول هذا البحث نظام المجلس، وهو هيكل حكم مهمل في الخطاب السياسي. ويرى المؤلف أنه يمثل أصدق أشكال الديمقراطية بسبب تركيزه على السلطة الموحدة. ففي هذا النظام، يحتفظ ممثلو الشعب (المجلس) بالسلطة العليا، ويوجهون ويحاسبون جميع فروع الحكومة الأخرى.
تسلط الدراسة الضوء على عدة مزايا:قواعد ومزايا واضحة: يتمتع نظام المجلس بقواعد محددة ويفوق عيوبه مساوئه. السلطة ليست موزعة بالتساوي، حيث يتمتع المجلس التشريعي بالسلطة العليا على السلطة التنفيذية التي تعمل كلجنة تابعة للمجلس.الديمقراطية الحقيقية: السلطة بيد الشعب، مما يمنحه السيطرة المطلقة على عملية صنع القرار والتنمية الوطنية.الحد من الصراعات على السلطة: يقضي النظام على الصراعات على السلطة ويحد من الطموحات لتحقيق مكاسب شخصية، ويمنع الديكتاتورية.التنمية والمساواة: يعزز هذا النظام التنمية والمساواة في الحقوق، كما يتضح من النموذج السويسري الناجح.الشفافية والمساءلة: أي تناقض بين النظرية والممارسة يصبح علنيًا، مما يمنع انهيار النظام، كما رأينا في محاولات فرنسا وتركيا السابقة.ويخلص المؤلف إلى أن نظام المجلس يوفر طريقًا للتنمية والاستقرار، لا سيما للدول النامية.
Tingkat Keterampilan Sosial Siswa Kelas 7 SMP Negeri 15 Yogyakarta Tahun Ajaran 2023/2024
Authors: Anastasia Febriana Swastono  , A. Setyandari
Published: October 2024

This study aims to determine the level of social skills of 7th grade students of SMP Negeri 15 Yogyakarta in the 2023/2024 school year and to find out the low items to be proposed as guidance topics. This type of research is descriptive quantitative with the subjects in this study are 7th grade students in the 2023/2024 school year. Determination of the sample from the population was carried out using calculations made by Issac and Michel with an error of 10%. Data collection was carried out using a social skills scale with 46 valid items with a Cronbach alpha reliability index of 0.945 which is in the very strong category. The scale is arranged based on 5 (five) aspects, namely cooperation, assertiveness, responsibility, empathy, and self-control. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics, using the SPSS Ver. 25. With the results, most of the 7th grade students of SMP Negeri 15 Yogyakarta in the 2023/2024 school year have high social skills. The results showed that in 166 students, 35% of students had a very high level of social skills, 55% of students had a high level of social skills, and 10% of students had a moderate level of social skills. There are no low items on the social skills scale that will be proposed as guidance topics.
Pengaruh Employee Engagement Dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhdap Kinerja Pegawai Dinas Kependudukan Dan Pencatatan Sipil Di Toraja
Authors: Debianty P. Amping  , Adriana M Marampa  , Rahma G.Tammu
Published: October 2024

The study aims to determine the effect of employee engagement and job satisfaction on employee performance population and civil registration service in Toraja. The object of this research is population and civil registration service in Toraja. This study uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis,to test and prove the research hypothesis using the SPSS version 22 application. The population in this study is government employees population and civil registration service in Toraja as many as 44 respondents. Research shows that Employee Engagement and Job Satisfaction together have a positive and significant effect on performance. By testing the coefficient of determination, a value of 0,433 is obtained, which means 43,3%. Performance variables can be explained by the variables Employee Engagement and Job Satisfaction while the remaining 56,7% is explained by other variables.