bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of acidifying or alkalinizing diets on bone mineral density and urine relative supersaturation with calcium oxalate and struvite in healthy cats
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Kirk Claudia A. , Cox Sherry K. , Moyers Tamberlyn D.
Published: September 2013

Objective—To evaluate the influence of acidifying or alkalinizing diets on bone mineral density and urine relative supersaturation (URSS) with calcium oxalate and struvite in healthy cats.

Animals—6 castrated male and 6 spayed female cats.

Procedures—3 groups of 4 cats each were fed diets for 12 months that differed only in acidifying or alkalinizing properties (alkalinizing, neutral, and acidifying). Body composition was estimated by use of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and 48-hour urine samples were collected for URSS determination.

Results—Urine pH differed significantly among diet groups, with the lowest urine pH values in the acidifying diet group and the highest values in the alkalinizing diet group. Differences were not observed in other variables except urinary ammonia excretion, which was significantly higher in the neutral diet group. Calcium oxalate URSS was highest in the acidifying diet group and lowest in the alkalinizing diet group; struvite URSS was not different among groups. Diet was not significantly associated with bone mineral content or density.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Urinary undersaturation with calcium oxalate was achieved by inducing alkaluria. Feeding an alkalinizing diet was not associated with URSS with struvite. Bone mineral density and calcium content were not adversely affected by diet; therefore, release of calcium from bone caused by feeding an acidifying diet may not occur in healthy cats.
Copper(I) π-complexes with allyl derivatives of heterocyclic compounds: structural survey of their crystal engineering
Authors: Slyvka Yurii , Goreshnik Evgeny , Pavlyuk Oleksii , Mys’kiv Marian
Published: September 2013

In this review an exhaustive crystallochemical analysis of copper(I) π-complexes with allyl derivatives of heterocyclic compounds has been performed. Structural genesis of inorganic constituents starting from the simplest units to the most complicated aggregates was considered taking into account the specific role of Cu-(C=C) interaction, the construction of the organic ligands, the basicity and nucleophilic activity of their heteroatoms, as well as olefin Cu(I) π-complex preparation route.
UV-absorption studies of interaction of karanjin and karanjachromene with ds. DNA: Evaluation of binding and antioxidant activity
Authors: Arshad Nasima , Rashid Naghmana , Absar Sajida , Abbasi Muhammad , Saleem Samreen , Mirza Bushra
Published: September 2013

Two flavonoids, karanjin (Kj) and karanjachromene (Kc) have been investigated spectrophotometrically for their mode of interactions with double stranded (ds)-DNA at blood (7.4) and stomach (4.7) pH and at human body temperature (37°C). Benesi-Hildebrand equation was used to evaluate the binding constants, K b . Binding constants at both pH values and at body temperature showed stronger binding of both the flavonoids and formation of 1:1 flavonoid-DNA complex via intercalative mode. However, K b values for karanjin were evaluated to be comparatively greater than karanjachromene at both pH values. The highest value of binding constant (1.32×105 M−1) for karanjin at blood pH (7.4) demonstrated its comparatively stronger binding and greater effectiveness at this pH. Standard Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG) of flavonoid-DNA complexes were calculated as negative values and indicative of spontaneity of their binding. Both flavonoids showed significant DNA protection activity.
New carbon from low cost vegetal precursors: acorn and cypress cone
Authors: Toscano Giovanni , Cimino Giuseppe
Published: September 2013

Thermal-treated carbons from acorn and cypress cone were prepared and characterized. The uptakes of heavy metal ions (Ag+, Cd2+ and Cr+3) and organics (phenol, methylene blue and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) from aqueous solution have been studied. Effects of activation by HCl and HNO3 acids on the sorption properties of these carbons were investigated by mass titration, sorption isotherms, IRS, SEM and XRS. The models of Langmuir and Freundlich do not represent our sorption data very well. An earlier proposed empirical correlation is applied successfully to carry out a parameter of comparison between the studied carbons. The acidic treatment changes the surface chemical properties of the two thermal-treated carbons lowering their sorption performances. The carbons show good capacities to uptake metals, phenol and methylene blue, but sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is removed from its solutions to minor extent. The up-taking properties are found similar to those of two worldwide used commercial grade carbons.
Biosorption of reactive dye from aqueous media using Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass. Equilibrium and kinetic study
Authors: Suteu Daniela , Blaga Alexandra , Diaconu Mariana , Malutan Teodor
Published: September 2013

The biosorption Brilliant Red HE-3B reactive dye by nonliving biomass, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in batch procedure was investigated. Equilibrium experimental data were analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin — Radushkevich isotherm models and obtained capacity about 104.167 mg g−1 at 20°C. The batch biosorption process followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The multi-linearity of the Weber-Morris plot suggests the presence of two main steps influencing the biosorption process: the intraparticle diffusion (pore diffusion), and the external mass transfer (film diffusion). The results obtained in batch experiments revealed that the biosorption of reactive dye by biomass is an endothermic physical-chemical process occurring mainly by electrostatic interaction between the positive charged surface of the biomass and the anionic dye molecules. The biosorption mechanism was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and microscopy analysis
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Fresh and Fermented Fruit Juices Probioticated with Lactobacillus casei
Authors: Kumar Bathal Vijaya , Sreedharamurthy Mannepula , Reddy Obulam Vijaya Sarathi
Published: September 2013

The objective of this study was to find out the suitability of different fruit juices for probiotication by using Lactobacillus casei. Phyto-chemical analysis of different fruit juices (mango, sapota, grape and cantaloupe) were carried out using the standard methods. Carbohydrates, flavoniods, tannins, glycosides were present and alkaloids and saponins were absent in all the above fruit juices. Further analysis by TLC and DPPH methods indicated good antioxidant activity in all the fruit juices except for cantaloupe juice. Probiotication of fruit juices with L. casei, decreased pH and increased the titratable acidity within 72 h. Physico-chemical properties were also determined at different time intervals (24, 48 and 72 h) of probiotication. Based on the above results, it was inferred that the beverage prepared from the probiotication of fruit juices with L. casei could be useful in providing health benefits to the consumers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i3.8301 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(3) 2013 : 127-131
Biologically Induced Self Healing Concrete: A Futuristic Solution for Crack Repair
Authors: Gupta Shivani Gupta , Rathi Chhavi , Kapur Suman
Published: September 2013

Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, sand and other aggregates in adequate proportions. Its high tensile strength and ability to withstand a vast range of environmental changes makes it the first choice for construction material. One of the major problems associated with concrete is its permeability because penetration of gases and/or liquids from the surrounding environment into the concrete, followed by physical and/or chemical reactions within its internal structure/s leads to irreversible damages. Although cement has autonomous capacity to heal, however cracks <0.2mm width can only self-heal. Biomineralization is one of the best ecofriendly techniques to tackle the problem of cracks in concrete structures. Biologically induced self-healing is beneficial in addressing all the drawbacks of concrete matrix. The most promising technology for producing crack resistant/highly self healing concrete in near future seems to be “BacillaFilla”: genetically modified version of Bacillus subtilis, is a “custom –designed” bacteria to embed deep into the cracks in concrete where they produce a mix of calcium carbonate and a special bacteria glue that hardens to the same strength as of the surrounding concrete. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i3.8582 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(3) 2013 : 85-89
Serum Lipoprotein(A) Concentration is a Better Predictor of Myocardial Infarction than Traditional Lipid Profile and Lipid Ratios
Authors: Tamang H K , Timilsina U , Singh K P , Shrestha R , Bist K , Maharjan L , Shakya S
Published: September 2013

Background- Lipoprotein(a) is a variant form of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) which comprises of an LDL like particle in which apo B-100 is firmly linked to apo-a glycoprotein. A large number of genetic and epidemiologic studies have identified Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for atherosclerotic diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke. Based on our knowledge, this is the first study comparing Lipoprotein(a) with lipid profile and lipid ratios in Nepal. Aim & Objective- To compare the serum Lipoprotein(a) and Lipid panel concentrations in myocardial infarction patients and normal healthy control subjects. Materials & Methods- Study was carried out in 45 myocardial infarction patients as cases and 45 healthy subjects as controls. Lipoprotein(a) and Lipid profile tests were measured in serum using HumaStar 600 fully automated analyzer, Human, Germany.Results- Mean serum Lipoprotein(a) concentration in myocardial infarction group was significantly higher as compared to healthy controls. Lipid panel assays were not statistically significant among the groups.Conclusion- Our study revealed that myocardial infarction patients have elevated levels of serum Lipoprotein(a) as compared to healthy subjects. High concentration of serum Lipoprotein(a) is strongly associated with the risk of coronary heart disease.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i3.8583 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(3) 2013 : 106-109
Analysis of Phytoconstiuents and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Parts of Ocimum sanctum
Authors: Joshi Sushika , Karna Anish Kumar
Published: September 2013

Phytochemical screening of extracts of Ocimum Sanctum revealed the presence of fatty acids, steroids, triterpenoid, phenolic compound, flavonoid, glycoside, quinines, and carotenoids. β-sitosterol and Ursolic acid were isolated from leaves of the plant by using column chromatography and  identification  of these compounds were performed with the help of melting points, Co-TLC  and spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1HNMR and 13 CMR. GC-MS of hexane fraction showed presence of pentanal, sotolone, hexane-3-one, hexane-2-ol, caryphyllene, benzene 1,2 di-carbolylic acids, isoeugenol, cavracrol and eugenol compounds. The brine shrimp bio assay showed  LC50 value 213.7,  97.72 and 21.87 for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves respectively, where as LC50 value 169.84, 141.25 and 151.35 for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol  extracts of stem respectively. All extracts are pharmacologically active.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i3.8609 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(3) 2013 : 137-144
Unilateral Linguofacial Trunk: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Dnyanesh Suma , Bhimalli Shilpa , Dnyanesh D. K. , Dixit Daksha , More Manisha , Amgain Kapil
Published: September 2013

The common carotid arteries are the major source of blood supply to the region of head and neck. Normally external carotid artery gives eight branches in the region of neck. All of them arise independently as separate branches. In the present case, we found lingual and facial arteries arising from a common trunk i.e. linguofacial trunk from the front of external carotid artery on the right side. While on the left side, lingual and facial arteries were arising separately from external carotid artery. Such anatomical variations of external carotid artery are important for surgeons in surgeries of head and neck region and also for radiologists in the image interpretation of the face and neck region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i3.8668 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(3) 2013 : 154-157
Three-Times Daily Ultrafractionated Radiation Therapy, A Novel and Promising Regimen for Glioblastoma Patients
Authors: Beauchesne Patrick
Published: September 2013

Glioblastomas are considered to be one of the most radio resistant tumors. Despite new therapies, the prognosis of this disease remains dismal. Also, the mechanisms of radiation resistance in mammalian cells are more complex than once believed. Experimental studies have indicated that some human cell lines are sensitive to low radiation doses of <1 Gy. This phenomenon has been termed low-dose hyper-radio-sensitivity (HRS), and is more apparent in radio resistant cell lines, such as glioblastoma cells. Sensitivity may result from the inability of low dose radiation to efficiently induce repair mechanisms, whereas higher doses cause enough damage to trigger repair responses for radio resistance. In vitro studies have demonstrated this phenomenon using various human malignant glioma cell lines: (1) daily repeated irradiation of cells with low doses compared to irradiation using a single biologically equivalent dose resulted in significantly higher cell killing; (2) experiments conducted on glioma xenografts demonstrated that repeated irradiation with low doses was more effective for inhibiting tumor growth than a single dose. In order to confirm and validate these promising studies on HRS, a few phase II trials were developed. For translating the experimental observations into the clinic, ultra fractionation protocols (with three daily doses) were tested in glioblastoma patients. Tolerance and toxicity were the primary endpoints, with overall survival as a secondary endpoint. These protocols were initiated before concomitant radio chemotherapy became the standard of care. For these trials, patients with an unfavorable clinical prognostic factor of newly unresectable GBM were included. When comparing the results of these trials with international literature using multivariate analysis for both progression free survival and overall survival, ultra fractionated irradiation showed superiority over radiotherapy alone. In addition, it was found to be equivalent to treatment using radiotherapy and temozolomide. Therefore, ultra fractionated protocols may prolong survival of glioblastoma patients. In this review, we describe the main experimental data regarding low-dose hypersensitivity as well as the findings of clinical trials that have investigated this new radiotherapy regimen.
Upland Habitat Quality and Historic Landscape Composition Influence Genetic Variation of a Pond-Breeding Salamander
Authors: Richter Stephen , Price Steven , Kross Chelsea , Alexander Jeremiah , Dorcas Michael
Published: September 2013

Understanding the temporal and spatial scale at which habitat alteration impacts populations is important for conservation and management. Amphibians have declined more than other vertebrates, and pond-breeding species are particularly susceptible to habitat loss and fragmentation because they have terrestrial and aquatic life stages. One approach to management of pond-breeding species is protection of core upland habitat surrounding the breeding pond. We used genetic variation as an indicator of population status in a common amphibian species, spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), to determine how amount of suitable upland habitat relates to population status in the greater Charlotte, North Carolina, USA metropolitan area. We developed candidate models to evaluate the relative influence of historical and contemporary forested habitat availability on population genetic variation at two spatial scales of upland area (164 m and 2000 m) at four time intervals over the past seven decades (1938, 1978, 1993, 2005). We found that historical land cover best predicted contemporary allelic richness. Inbreeding coefficient and observed heterozygosity were not effectively predicted by forest cover at either spatial or temporal scales. Allelic richness was best predicted at the smaller spatial scale in the 1993 time interval. Predicting and understanding how future landscape configuration affects genetic variation of common and rare species is imperative for the conservation of amphibian and other wildlife populations.
On a Generalized Entropy Measure Leading to the Pathway Model with a Preliminary Application to Solar Neutrino Data
Authors: Mathai Arak , Haubold Hans
Published: September 2013

An entropy for the scalar variable case, parallel to Havrda-Charvat entropy, was introduced by the first author, and the properties and its connection to Tsallis non-extensive statistical mechanics and the Mathai pathway model were examined by the authors in previous papers. In the current paper, we extend the entropy to cover the scalar case, multivariable case, and matrix variate case. Then, this measure is optimized under different types of restrictions, and a number of models in the multivariable case and matrix variable case are obtained. Connections of these models to problems in statistical and physical sciences are pointed out. An application of the simplest case of the pathway model to the interpretation of solar neutrino data by applying standard deviation analysis and diffusion entropy analysis is provided.
Evaluating the Spectrum of Unlocked Injection Frequency Dividers in Pulling Mode
Authors: Buonomo Antonio , Lo Schiavo Alessandro
Published: September 2013

We study the phenomenon of periodic pulling which occurs in certain integrated microcircuits of relevant interest in applications, namely the injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs). They are modelled as second-order driven oscillators working in the subharmonic (secondary) resonance regime, i.e., when the self-oscillating frequency is close (resonant) to an integer submultiple n of the driving frequency. Under the assumption of weak injection, we find the spectrum of the system’s oscillatory response in the unlocked mode through closed-form expressions, showing that such spectrum is double-sided and asymmetric, unlike the single-sided spectrum of systems with primary resonance (n=1). An analytical expression for the amplitude modulation of the oscillatory response is also presented. Numerical results are presented to support theoretical relations derived.
Examples of the Application of Nonparametric Information Geometry to Statistical Physics
Authors: Pistone Giovanni
Published: September 2013

We review a nonparametric version of Amari’s information geometry in which the set of positive probability densities on a given sample space is endowed with an atlas of charts to form a differentiable manifold modeled on Orlicz Banach spaces. This nonparametric setting is used to discuss the setting of typical problems in machine learning and statistical physics, such as black-box optimization, Kullback-Leibler divergence, Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy and the Boltzmann equation.
Keratin K15 as a Biomarker of Epidermal Stem Cells
Authors: Bose Amrita , Teh Muy-Teck , Mackenzie Ian , Waseem Ahmad
Published: September 2013

Keratin 15 (K15) is type I keratin protein co-expressed with the K5/K14 pair present in the basal keratinocytes of all stratified epithelia. Although it is a minor component of the cytoskeleton with a variable expression pattern, nonetheless its expression has been reported as a stem cell marker in the bulge of hair follicles. Conversely, suprabasal expression of K15 has also been reported in both normal and diseased tissues, which is inconsistent with its role as a stem cell marker. Our recently published work has given evidence of the molecular pathways that seem to control the expression of K15 in undifferentiated and differentiated cells. In this article, we have critically reviewed the published work to establish the reliability of K15 as an epidermal stem cell marker.
6-[5-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-fluoro-2-methylpyridine
Authors: Manojkumar Karikere , Sreenivasa Swamy , Nadigar Mohan , Harikrishna Tadimety
Published: September 2013

Suzuki coupling reaction of 5-fluoro-6-methylpyridin-2-ylboronic acid (1) with 4-chloro-2-iodo-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (2) in the presence of dikis and K2CO3 produce C-C coupled new title compound 6-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-fluoro-2-methylpyridine (3). The structure of the newly synthesized compound has been confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and CHN analysis.
The Clip-Segment of the von Willebrand Domain 1 of the BMP Modulator Protein Crossveinless 2 Is Preformed
Authors: Fiebig Juliane , Weidauer Stella , Qiu Li-Yan , Bauer Markus , Schmieder Peter , Beerbaum Monika , Zhang Jin-Li , Oschkinat Hartmut , Sebald Walter , Mueller Thomas
Published: September 2013

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are secreted protein hormones that act as morphogens and exert essential roles during embryonic development of tissues and organs. Signaling by BMPs occurs via hetero-oligomerization of two types of serine/threonine kinase transmembrane receptors. Due to the small number of available receptors for a large number of BMP ligands ligand-receptor promiscuity presents an evident problem requiring additional regulatory mechanisms for ligand-specific signaling. Such additional regulation is achieved through a plethora of extracellular antagonists, among them members of the Chordin superfamily, that modulate BMP signaling activity by binding. The key-element in Chordin-related antagonists for interacting with BMPs is the von Willebrand type C (VWC) module, which is a small domain of about 50 to 60 residues occurring in many different proteins. Although a structure of the VWC domain of the Chordin-member Crossveinless 2 (CV2) bound to BMP-2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography, the molecular mechanism by which the VWC domain binds BMPs has remained unclear. Here we present the NMR structure of the Danio rerio CV2 VWC1 domain in its unbound state showing that the key features for high affinity binding to BMP-2 is a pre-oriented peptide loop.
A Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Formula, Shu-Jing-Hwo-Shiee-Tang, Potentiates Anticoagulant Activity of Warfarin in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Yang Sien-Hung , Yu Chia-Li , Chen Hsing-Yu , Lin Yi-Hsuan
Published: September 2013

Background: Drug interactions between traditional Chinese herbal medicines and the anticoagulant warfarin may cause patient harm and are, therefore, important in clinical practice. Our experience in daily practice suggests that prothrombin time (PT) is prolonged when warfarin is used in combination with the Chinese herbal formula Shu-Jing-Hwo-Shiee-Tang (SJHST) commonly used by patients with osteoarthritis. Objective: We conducted animal experiments to confirm the effect of SJHST and warfarin on anticoagulant activity. Methods: Forty-eight male New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into eight groups of six rabbits. Group A (Control group) was administered normal saline. Group B (Western Medicine group) was administered warfarin 1.5 mg/kg/day. Groups C, D, and E [Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) groups] were administered different doses of SJHST (0.5 mg/kg/day, 1 mg/kg/day, and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively). Groups F, G, and H (Combination Therapy groups) were administered warfarin 1.5 mg/kg/day and different doses of SJHST (0.5 mg/kg/day, 1 mg/kg/day, and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively). The total duration of treatment was 14 days. Blood samples were obtained prior to beginning the experiments (day 0) and on day 7, day 14, and day 17 (3 days after discontinuation of the medications). The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), PT, and thrombin time (TT) were calculated and compared among the different groups. Results: No significant changes were noted in APTT, PT or TT between the control and SJHST-only groups. Significant prolongations of APTT and PTT, but not TT, were observed in the combination groups compared to the warfarin-only group. The enhanced anticoagulant effects returned to normal three days after discontinuation of SJHST treatment. Conclusions: We confirmed that the Chinese herb SJHST enhances the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Although the exact mechanisms of the interaction are unknown, physicians should be aware of the possibility of drug interactions between warfarin and Chinese herbal medicines owing to the increased risk of bleeding.
Metabolomics and Fetal-Neonatal Nutrition: Between “Not Enough” and “Too Much”
Authors: Dessì Angelica , Puddu Melania , Ottonello Giovanni , Fanos Vassilios
Published: September 2013

Metabolomics is a new analytical technique defined as the study of the complex system of metabolites that is capable of describing the biochemical phenotype of a biological system. In recent years the literature has shown an increasing interest in paediatric obesity and the onset of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Some studies show that fetal malnutrition, both excessive and insufficient, may permanently alter the metabolic processes of the fetus and increase the risk of future chronic pathologies. At present then, attention is being focused mainly on the formulation of new hypotheses, by means of metabolomics, concerning the biological mechanisms to departure from fetal-neonatal life that may predispose to the development of these diseases.
Design and Synthesis of a Biotinylated Chemical Probe for Detecting the Molecular Targets of an Inhibitor of the Production of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Factor Pyocyanin
Authors: Baker Ysobel , Galloway Warren , Hodgkinson James , Spring David
Published: September 2013

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen associated with a variety of life-threatening nosocomial infections. This organism produces a range of virulence factors which actively cause damage to host tissues. One such virulence factor is pyocyanin, known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infections. Previous studies had identified a novel compound capable of strongly inhibiting the production of pyocyanin. It was postulated that this inhibition results from modulation of an intercellular communication system termed quorum sensing, via direct binding of the compound with the LasR protein receptor. This raised the possibility that the compound could be an antagonist of quorum sensing in P. aeruginosa, which could have important implications as this intercellular signaling mechanism is known to regulate many additional facets of P. aeruginosa pathogenicity. However, there was no direct evidence for the binding of the active compound to LasR (or any other targets). Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a biotin-tagged version of the active compound. This could potentially be used as an affinity-based chemical probe to ascertain, in a direct fashion, the active compound’s macromolecular biological targets, and thus better delineate the mechanism by which it reduces the level of pyocyanin production.
Chemical Constituents from the Roots of Ranunculus ternatus and their Inhibitory Effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Deng Ke-Zhong , Xiong Ying , Zhou Bin , Guan Yong-Mei , Luo Yong-Ming
Published: September 2013

Two new benzophenones, methyl (R)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxypropanoate (1) and n-butyl (R)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl]-2-hydroxypropanoate (2), were isolated from the roots of Ranunculus ternatus along with the two known compounds vanillic acid (3) and gallic acid (4). Their structures were elucidated by physical and spectroscopic analysis. In addition, compound 1 exhibited obvious activity against tuberculosis, while the activity of a 1:1 mixture of compound 1 plus 4 is better than that of 1 alone.
Tip-Enhanced Raman Imaging and Nano Spectroscopy of Etched Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Kazemi-Zanjani Nastaran , Kergrene Erwan , Liu Lijia , Sham Tsun-Kong , Lagugné-Labarthet François
Published: September 2013

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is used to investigate the influence of strains in isolated and overlapping silicon nanowires prepared by chemical etching of a (100) silicon wafer. An atomic force microscopy tip made of nanocrystalline diamond coated with a thin layer of silver is used in conjunction with an excitation wavelength of 532 nm in order to probe the first order optical phonon mode of the [100] silicon nanowires. The frequency shift and the broadening of the silicon first order phonon are analyzed and compared to the topographical measurements for distinct configuration of nanowires that are disposed in straight, bent or overlapping configuration over a microscope coverslip. The TERS spatial resolution is close to the topography provided by the nanocrystalline diamond tip and subtle spectral changes are observed for different nanowire configurations.
Best Basis Selection Method Using Learning Weights for Face Recognition
Authors: Lee Wonju , Cheon Minkyu , Hyun Chang-Ho , Park Mignon
Published: September 2013

In the face recognition field, principal component analysis is essential to the reduction of the image dimension. In spite of frequent use of this analysis, it is commonly believed that the basis faces with large eigenvalues are chosen as the best subset in the nearest neighbor classifiers. We propose an alternative that can predict the classification error during the training steps and find the useful basis faces for the similarity metrics of the classical pattern algorithms. In addition, we also show the need for the eye-aligned dataset to have the pure face. The experiments using face images verify that our method reduces the negative effect on the misaligned face images and decreases the weights of the useful basis faces in order to improve the classification accuracy.
Automatic Detection and Recognition of Pig Wasting Diseases Using Sound Data in Audio Surveillance Systems
Authors: Chung Yongwha , Oh Seunggeun , Lee Jonguk , Park Daihee , Chang Hong-Hee , Kim Suk
Published: September 2013

Automatic detection of pig wasting diseases is an important issue in the management of group-housed pigs. Further, respiratory diseases are one of the main causes of mortality among pigs and loss of productivity in intensive pig farming. In this study, we propose an efficient data mining solution for the detection and recognition of pig wasting diseases using sound data in audio surveillance systems. In this method, we extract the Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCC) from sound data with an automatic pig sound acquisition process, and use a hierarchical two-level structure: the Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) and the Sparse Representation Classifier (SRC) as an early anomaly detector and a respiratory disease classifier, respectively. Our experimental results show that this new method can be used to detect pig wasting diseases both economically (even a cheap microphone can be used) and accurately (94% detection and 91% classification accuracy), either as a standalone solution or to complement known methods to obtain a more accurate solution.
Towards an Integrated Framework for SDGs: Ultimate and Enabling Goals for the Case of Energy
Authors: Nilsson Måns , Lucas Paul , Yoshida Tetsuro
Published: September 2013

Discussions on how to define, design, and implement sustainable development goals (SDG) have taken center stage in the United Nations since the Rio+20 summit. Energy is one of the issues that enjoyed consensus, before and after Rio, as an important area for SDGs to address. Many proposals have been put forward on how SDGs should be formulated and what areas they should cover, but there have been few attempts to develop a generic integrated framework within which diverse areas can be accommodated and treated in a coherent way. The purpose of this paper is to develop such a framework for SDGs and to demonstrate its application by elaborating specific target areas for the energy sector. Based on a review and integration of global debates around SDG and energy, the framework puts human wellbeing at the center of the agenda, with the supporting resource base and global public goods forming additional tiers. A complementary set of enabling goals is suggested with four layers: capacity & knowledge, governance & institutions, public policy, and investment & finance. An energy SDG is elaborated to illustrate the application of the framework. The illustrative SDG architecture for energy includes eight target areas: basic energy access, energy for economic development, sufficiency, renewable supply, efficiency, infrastructure, greenhouse gas emissions and security. These target areas are relevant for energy for all countries, but depending on national circumstances such as levels of development, the relative emphasis will be different between countries, and over time.
Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment and Excess Sludge Handling Practices in the Federated States of Micronesia
Authors: Rouse Joseph
Published: September 2013

A survey of wastewater treatment facilities in the Federated States of Micronesia revealed a lack of fully functional treatment systems and conditions that potentially could lead to adverse environmental impacts and public health concerns. Due to inadequate facilities, the amount and composition of wastewater entering the plants as well as the degree of treatment being achieved is largely unknown. In some cases raw sewage is being discharged directly into the ocean and waste sludge is regularly taken by local residents for agricultural purposes without adequate treatment. In addition, the need to establish best management practices for placement and maintenance of septic tanks is urgent. Furthermore, development of eco-friendly solutions is needed to more effectively treat wastewater from industrial and agricultural sources in an effort to abate current pollution problems. Comparisons of treatment methods being used and problems encountered at different locations in the islands would provide valuable information to aid in the development of sustainable treatment practices throughout Micronesia.
Evolution of Foamy Viruses: The Most Ancient of All Retroviruses
Authors: Rethwilm Axel , Bodem Jochen
Published: September 2013

Recent evidence indicates that foamy viruses (FVs) are the oldest retroviruses (RVs) that we know and coevolved with their hosts for several hundred million years. This coevolution may have contributed to the non-pathogenicity of FVs, an important factor in development of foamy viral vectors in gene therapy. However, various questions on the molecular evolution of FVs remain still unanswered. The analysis of the spectrum of animal species infected by exogenous FVs or harboring endogenous FV elements in their genome is pivotal. Furthermore, animal studies might reveal important issues, such as the identification of the FV in vivo target cells, which than require a detailed characterization, to resolve the molecular basis of the accuracy with which FVs copy their genome. The issues of the extent of FV viremia and of the nature of the virion genome (RNA vs. DNA) also need to be experimentally addressed.
Clinical Development of a Cytomegalovirus DNA Vaccine: From Product Concept to Pivotal Phase 3 Trial
Authors: Smith Larry , Wloch Mary , Chaplin Jennifer , Gerber Michele , Rolland Alain
Published: September 2013

2013 marks a milestone year for plasmid DNA vaccine development as a first-in-class cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA vaccine enters pivotal phase 3 testing. This vaccine consists of two plasmids expressing CMV antigens glycoprotein B (gB) and phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) formulated with a CRL1005 poloxamer and benzalkonium chloride (BAK) delivery system designed to enhance plasmid expression. The vaccine’s planned initial indication under investigation is for prevention of CMV reactivation in CMV-seropositive (CMV+) recipients of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 proof-of-concept study provided initial evidence of the safety of this product in CMV+ HCT recipients who underwent immune ablation conditioning regimens. This study revealed a significant reduction in viral load endpoints and increased frequencies of pp65-specific interferon-γ-producing T cells in vaccine recipients compared to placebo recipients. The results of this endpoint-defining trial provided the basis for defining the primary and secondary endpoints of a global phase 3 trial in HCT recipients. A case study is presented here describing the development history of this vaccine from product concept to initiation of the phase 3 trial.
An Ecological Flood Control System in Phoenix Island of Huzhou, China: A Case Study
Authors: Gao Cheng , Liu Jun , Wang Zhuowen
Published: September 2013

Traditional flood control systems always have a conflict with natural ones, i.e., rivers in cities are usually straight and smooth, whereas natural ones are according to ecological mechanisms. Social and economic developments in the modern world require a new system combining ecological needs and traditional flood control system. Ecological flood control systems were put forward and defined as flood control systems with full consideration of ecological demands for sustainable development. In such systems, four aspects are promoted: connectivity of water system, landscapes of river and lakes, mobility of water bodies, and safety of flood control. In Phoenix Island, Huzhou, needs for ecological flood controls were analyzed from the four aspects above. The Water system layout was adjusted with the water surface ratio, which is the ratio of water surface area (including rivers, lakes, and other water bodies) to the total drainage area, and connectivity as controlling indicators. The designed water levels provided references for landscape plant selection. Mobility of the adjusted water system was analyzed, including flow direction and residence time. On the bases mentioned above, ecological flood control projects were planned with comprehensive consideration of the ecological requirements. The case study indicates that ecological needs can be integrated with flood control to develop ecological flood control systems that do not only prevent floods but also retain the ecological functions of water bodies.
Location-Based Data Visualisation Tool for Tuberculosis and Dengue
Authors: Goh Kim Nee , Chen Yoke Yie , Chow Cheah Hui
Published: September 2013

Malaysians suffer from both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Tuberculosis (communicable disease) is common in rural places and dengue (non-communicable disease) is a popular vector-borne disease in Malaysia. Health centres record information of the victims, but merely recording the address in a Microsoft Excel file does not provide much insight to viewers. Currently, an easy to use tool is not available for doctors, officers from the Ministry of Health, and also the public to analyse and visualise the data. It is difficult and time consuming to analyse and interpret raw data tabulated through Microsoft Excel. This research aims to develop a prototype tool that visualises disease data on a Google map. An interpretation is then generated along with the visualisation to give an impartial description about the data. This prototype obtained favourable feedback from a health officer as it can help them in analysing data and assist in the decision making process. The benefit of such application is helpful in tracking diseases’ spreading patterns, how to isolate diseases, as well as mobilising personnel and equipment to the affected areas.
The Impact of Visual Complexity on Children's Learning Websites in Relation to Aesthetic Preference and Learning Motivation
Authors: Wang Hsiu-Feng , Bowerman Julian
Published: September 2013

Websites in addition to being usable must also be pleasurable to look at. However, although much research has been conducted into usability, subjective issues have been far less explored. The purpose of this research is to look at the relationship between visual complexity, aesthetics, and learning motivation in children’s learning websites. An experiment was set up that involved 132 11-12 year-old children using homepages taken from Websites designed for children as test materials. In the experiment, the children were randomly assigned into 3 groups and given a different visual complexity Website according to their group. The Websites given were: homepage with a low degree of visual complexity; homepage with a moderate degree of visual complexity; and homepage with a high degree of visual complexity. This study is guided by Berlyne’s experimental theory, which suggests that there is an inverted-U shaped relationship between preference for a stimulus and its complexity. The study applies his theory and aims to understand the relationship between visual complexity, aesthetic preference, and learning motivation. The findings show that children prefer aesthetics of a medium level of perceived complexity, supporting Berlyne’s theory. It also shows that children’s aesthetic preferences and learning motivation are correlated. The findings have implications for Web designers working on children’s Websites as they suggest that by manipulating visual complexity viewing pleasure can be enhanced or depreciated.
Influence of varieties and seeding rates on growth, productivity, disease reaction and economics of wheat in Northwest India
Authors: Ram H , Buttar G S , Bhagat I , Sharma I , Mavi G S , Jindal M M
Published: September 2013

The field experiment on influence of varieties and seeding rates on growth, productivity, disease reaction and economics of wheat was conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India and its regional stations Bathinda and Gurdaspur in 2007-08 to 2008-09. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three varieties, PBW 550, PBW 343 and DBW 17 as main plot treatments and four seed rates, 87.5, 100, 112.5 and 125 kg/ha as sub plot treatments having four replications. The highest ears/m2 was recorded in variety PBW 343 which was significantly higher than DBW 17 at Bathinda and Gurdaspur but not at Ludhiana. The highest grains/ear were recorded in variety PBW 550 which was significantly higher than PBW 343 and DBW 17. The yellow rust score of variety PBW 343 was 80S at Gurdaspur and 60S at Ludhiana which was epidemic year for yellow rust but PBW 550 and DBW 17 show almost similar response to yellow rust (5S to 20 MS). The significantly higher productivity was recorded in PBW 550 at all the locations in all the years except in Ludhiana Increased seed rate, increased the plant stand, photosynthetically active radiation interception and leaf area index. The highest ears/m2 was recorded in seed rate of 125 kg/ha which was statistically on par with seed rate of 112.5 kg seed/ha but was significantly higher than seed rate of 87.5 and 100 kg/ha. There was no trend for different diseases with respect to seed rate. The highest productivity was recorded in 112.5 kg seed rate/ha which was significantly higher than all the other seed rates. The highest grain yield of PBW 550 at seed rate of 112.5 kg/ha was statistically on par with only PBW 550 at 125 kg seed rate/ha but significantly higher than all the other varieties at all the seed rates. The highest gross, net returns and B:C ratio recorded in PBW 550 at 112.5 kg seed rate/ha. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v8i3.6081 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, vol.8, no3 p. 122-135
Seasonal changes in soil microbial biomass under different agro-ecosystems of Arunachal Pradesh, North East India
Authors: Bhuyan S I , Tripathi O P , Khan M L
Published: September 2013

The study was carried out to investigate the soil microbial biomass C, N and P of major agro-ecosystems prevalent in East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh viz., Soybean, Millet, Maize and Vegetable agro-ecosystem. The study was conducted for a period of an annual cycle during the year 2010-11. Microbial biomass C and N ranged between 199.61 and 238.35 μg g-1 and 15.46 and 26.55 μg g-1 respectively. It was found to be higher in the surface soil layer than the subsurface layer in all the agro-ecosystems. Microbial biomass P significantly varied among the seasons and sites (P<0.05). Microbial C/N ratio was found to be higher in subsurface soil layer than the surface soil layer and the ratio varied between 8.83 and 13.94 in all the sites. Microbial biomass C contribution to total soil organic carbon was 1.13%-3.37%. Microclimatic variations and different agricultural practices were found to affect the changes in microbial biomass. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v8i3.6087 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, vol.8, no3 p. 142-152
Farmers’ perception and willingness to pay for pesticides concerning quality and efficacy
Authors: Bandara B M D P , Abeynayake N R , Bandara L , Anjalee G H I
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to assess farmers’ perception and willingness to pay for pesticides concerning quality & efficacy, and exploring the socio-demographic factors that influence the decision to pay for pesticides. A sample of 141 farmers in Hambanthota and Dambulla regions was selected and information were collected by using a structured questionnaire. An econometric model called “Binary Logistic Regression” was carried out using six explanatory variables after screening out of twelve variables in the Chi-Square analysis to identify factors highly likely to affect farmers’ perception and willingness to pay. The results revealed that four variables namely; age, average monthly income, pest intensity and action have a significant relationship with farmers’ perception and willingness to pay for pesticides concerning quality and efficacy. Average monthly income and action have a positive impact on perception and willingness to pay while age and pest intensity have a negative impact. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v8i3.6092 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, vol.8, no3 p. 153-160
Editorial Foreword
Authors: Mahaliyanaarachchi Rohana P
Published: September 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v8i3.6100 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, vol.8, no3
Fulfillment of Work–Life Balance From the Organizational Perspective: A Case Study
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Goodman Ashley
Published: September 2013

Context:

Researchers studying work–life balance have examined policy development and implementation to create a family-friendly work environment from an individualistic perspective rather than from a cohort of employees working under the same supervisor.

Objective:

To investigate what factors influence work–life balance within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I clinical setting from the perspective of an athletic training staff.

Design:

Qualitative study.

Setting:

Web-based management system.

Patients or Other Participants:

Eight athletic trainers (5 men, 3 women; age = 38 ± 7 years) in the NCAA Division I setting.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Participants responded to a series of questions by journaling their thoughts and experiences. We included data-source triangulation, multiple-analyst triangulation, and peer review to establish data credibility. We analyzed the data via a grounded theory approach.

Results:

Three themes emerged from the data. Family-oriented and supportive work environment was described as a workplace that fosters and encourages work–life balance through professionally and personally shared goals. Nonwork outlets included activities, such as exercise and personal hobbies, that provide time away from the role of the athletic trainer. Individualistic strategies reflected that although the athletic training staff must work together and support one another, each staff member must have his or her own personal strategies to manage personal and professional responsibilities.

Conclusions:

The foundation for a successful work environment in the NCAA Division I clinical setting potentially can center on the management style of the supervisor, especially one who promotes teamwork among his or her staff members. Although a family-friendly work environment is necessary for work–life balance, each member of the athletic training staff must have personal strategies in place to fully achieve a balance.