bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurorights – Do we Need New Human Rights? A Reconsideration of the Right to Freedom of Thought
Authors: Hertz Nora
Published: November 2022

Progress in neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides unprecedented insights into the human brain. There are increasing possibilities to influence and measure brain activity. These developments raise multifaceted ethical and legal questions. The proponents of neurorights argue in favour of introducing new human rights to protect mental processes and brain data. This article discusses the necessity and advantages of introducing new human rights focusing on the proposed new human right to mental self-determination and the right to freedom of thought as enshrined in Art.18 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Art. 9 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). I argue that the right to freedom of thought can be coherently interpreted as providing comprehensive protection of mental processes and brain data, thus offering a normative basis regarding the use of neurotechnologies. Besides, I claim that an evolving interpretation of the right to freedom of thought is more convincing than introducing a new human right to mental self-determination.
Geographic, Socio-Demographic and School Type Variation in Adolescent Wellbeing and Mental Health and Links with Academic Competence in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Marquez Jose , Lambert Louise , Cutts Megan
Published: November 2022

Interest in adolescents’ wellbeing and mental health is growing worldwide, but little research in this area has been conducted in certain world regions and countries such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Geographic, socio-demographic and school type differences in adolescent wellbeing and mental health are commonly observed in the field, and the UAE is a diverse country where these types of differences have been found for other outcomes (notably, academic). Yet, no prior national study has explored these differences in terms of wellbeing and mental health in the nation. We address this gap by investigating differences across emirates, gender, socio-economic status, immigrant status, school sector and school curriculum for overall life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, meaning and purpose in life, and internalizing difficulties. We use linear regression to analyse cross-sectional data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) study from 2015 and 2018. We find substantial geographic, socio-demographic and school type differences in levels (2018) of wellbeing and mental health -which vary across distinct domains- and declines (2015–2018) of wellbeing. Better wellbeing and mental health are observed in the northern emirates and among boys. Better wellbeing and poorer mental health are observed among nationals (compared to expatriates) and in public schools (compared to private schools). Despite presenting the best academic outcomes, British schools present the worst wellbeing and mental health outcomes. However, results show the absence of a trade-off between academic competence and wellbeing and mental health, with evidence of a small positive association with wellbeing.
On the genus of projective curves not contained in hypersurfaces of given degree
Authors: Di Gennaro Vincenzo
Published: November 2022

Fix integers $$r\ge 4$$

r
≥
4

and $$i\ge 2$$

i
≥
2

(for $$r=4$$

r
=
4

assume $$i\ge 3$$

i
≥
3

). Assume that the rational number s defined by the equation $$\left( {\begin{array}{c}i+1\\ 2\end{array}}\right) s+(i+1)=\left( {\begin{array}{c}r+i\\ i\end{array}}\right)$$

i
+
1

2

s
+

(
i
+
1
)

=

r
+
i

i

is an integer. Fix an integer $$d\ge s$$

d
≥
s

. Divide $$d-1=ms+\epsilon$$

d
-
1
=
m
s
+
ϵ

, $$0\le \epsilon \le s-1$$

0
≤
ϵ
≤
s
-
1

, and set $$G(r;d,i):=\left( {\begin{array}{c}m\\ 2\end{array}}\right) s+m\epsilon$$

G

(
r
;
d
,
i
)

:
=

m

2

s
+
m
ϵ

. As a number, G(r; d, i) is nothing but the Castelnuovo’s bound $$G(s+1;d)$$

G
(
s
+
1
;
d
)

for a curve of degree d in $${\mathbb {P}}^{s+1}$$

P

s
+
1

. In the present paper we prove that G(r; d, i) is also an upper bound for the genus of a reduced and irreducible complex projective curve in $${\mathbb {P}}^r$$

P

r

, of degree $$d\gg \max \{r,i\}$$

d
≫
max
{
r
,
i
}

, not contained in hypersurfaces of degree $$\le i$$

≤
i

. We prove that the bound G(r; d, i) is sharp if and only if there exists an integral surface $$S\subset {\mathbb {P}}^r$$

S
⊂

P

r

of degree s, not contained in hypersurfaces of degree $$\le i$$

≤
i

. Such a surface, if existing, is necessarily the isomorphic projection of a rational normal scroll surface of degree s in $${\mathbb {P}}^{s+1}$$

P

s
+
1

. The existence of such a surface S is known for $$r\ge 5$$

r
≥
5

, and $$2\le i \le 3$$

2
≤
i
≤
3

. It follows that, when $$r\ge 5$$

r
≥
5

, and $$i=2$$

i
=
2

or $$i=3$$

i
=
3

, the bound G(r; d, i) is sharp, and the extremal curves are isomorphic projection in $${\mathbb {P}}^r$$

P

r

of Castelnuovo’s curves of degree d in $${\mathbb {P}}^{s+1}$$

P

s
+
1

. We do not know whether the bound G(r; d, i) is sharp for $$i>3$$

i
>
3

.
Beach responses to coastal structures and their impacts on tourism investment, Sidi Abd El-Rahman coastal zone − Mediterranean Sea, Egypt
Authors: El-Masry Esraa Aziz
Published: November 2022

Sidi Abd El-Rahman coastal zone is a hub of luxury tourism along the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt. It has several types of coastal structures, such as groins, revetments, jetties, and breakwaters connected to the shore; these structures were constructed to mitigate coastal erosion, recreational activities, and other purposes. The study area has undergone an extensive erosion process since 2016. Therefore, the present study aims to assess shoreline change rates and beach area change over the last 27 years (1995–2022) and their impacts on the tourism investment in Sidi Abd El-Rahman coastal zone. To attain the objectives of the present study, multi-temporal satellite images and Digital Shoreline Analysis System software have been used to detect and quantify shoreline changes. In addition, the most recent tourism real-estate prices were used to estimate the economic loss due to the beach loss. The analysis showed that the Sidi Abd El-Rahman coast can be divided into four zones, according to the intensity of the erosion process. The results showed that the average rate of shoreline displacement is − 0.08 (± 1.5) m/year (mild erosion), 0.24 (± 1.4) m/year (mild accretion), and − 1.3 (± 4.3) m/year (moderate erosion) for the intermediate periods 1995–2005, 2005–2015, and 2015–2022, respectively. The lost beach surfaces dominate those gained by accretion, and the overall sediment budget is negative. The beaches of Marassi Resort are the most eroded spot after building the new marina at the center of this resort. Accordingly, the present study recommends the implementation of soft solutions nourishment scheme for eroded beaches with strict regulations and an awareness program, and in addition, mitigate the impact of the new marina built at Marassi Resort using environmental assessment and coastal modeling techniques or modifying its design concerning the Dubai Palm Island to reduce its impact on adjacent beaches.
The effects of safety certification and nutrition messaging on the demand for nutritionally enhanced food in urban Ethiopia
Authors: Jada Kaleb S. , Melesse Mequanint B. , van den Berg Marrit
Published: November 2022

Micronutrient deficiency is among the most significant public health problems in Ethiopia. In this setting, food fortification has been identified as a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to deliver essential micronutrients. Safety certification and nutrition education messages can be used to nudge people to choose fortified foods. However, there is little evidence as to the effectiveness of such interventions in this context. This paper aims to fill this gap. We focus on cooking oil, as it has been identified as an ideal candidate for vitamin A fortification in Ethiopia. To study consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for safety certification and vitamin A fortification, we implemented a stated choice experiment on 996 randomly selected urban consumers to reveal preferences required to calculate WTP. To estimate the causal effect of messages on consumers’ WTP for fortification, a nutrition message on the benefits of vitamin A was provided to 518 randomly selected participants. We found that consumers valued safety certification. This finding holds for certification issued by both government and private parties, with a higher value ascribed to the former. We also found that urban consumers were willing to pay a premium for vitamin A fortification. The nutrition message increased WTP for fortification, albeit only slightly. Finally, we found that the effect of safety certification on consumers’ WTP for fortified cooking oil was higher than its effect on WTP for non-fortified oil, indicating that urban consumers value certification even more when fortification is involved.
Inklusive Übergangsgestaltung?!
Authors: Rohrmann Albrecht , Theile Manuel
Published: November 2022

In den vergangenen Jahren erfährt die Phase des Leaving Care in Praxis, Politik und Forschung eine verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit. Dabei gerät jedoch die Gruppe von jungen Menschen mit Behinderungen, die im Erwachsenenalter Leistungen der Eingliederungshilfe in Anspruch nehmen, selten in den Blick. Bislang ist wenig bekannt über das Erleben und die Bewältigung solcher Übergänge durch junge Menschen mit Behinderungen selbst, die im Anschluss oder nach einer Zeit der Heimerziehung in Formen des Wohnens im Rahmen der Erwachsenenhilfe leben. Nach einer Einführung in das Thema „Inklusive Übergangsgestaltung?!“ mit Einblicken in die Gesetzesgrundlage und den Forschungsstand erfolgt die Darstellung von Ergebnissen einer empirischen Forschung. Grundlage bildet hierbei ein ausführliches narrativ ausgerichtetes Leitfadeninterview mit einem jungen Menschen, der in Formen der Heimerziehung aufgewachsen ist und zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebung mit der Unterstützung durch eine rechtliche Betreuung und pädagogische Unterstützung zur Bewältigung des Alltags (§ 113 Abs. 2 Nr. 2 i. V. m. § 78 SGB IX) in seiner eigenen Wohnung lebt. Daraus werden am Ende des Beitrages Schlussfolgerungen für die weitere Betrachtung einer inklusiven Übergangsgestaltung zur Diskussion gestellt.
Coding Dancing Figural Animations: Mathematical Meaning-Making Through Transitions Within and Beyond a Digital Resource
Authors: Kynigos Chronis , Karavakou Myrto
Published: November 2022

We investigate three 8th-grade students’ mathematical meanings developed in the context of using linked representations to generate animations of figural models tuned in musical rhythm in “MaLT2,” a programmable Turtle Geometry in 3D resource affording dynamic manipulation of variable values. We adopted a modified version of the UDGS (Using, Discriminating, Generalizing, Synthesizing) model, introduced by Hoyles and Noss in 1987, in order to frame and analyze students’ mathematical meaning-making process involving setting out goals; posing conjectures; using mathematical ideas to test them; and exploring, generalizing, and expanding these ideas. This dynamic process was contextualized and connected to a flow of two different types of transitions: (1) transitions within the different representations of MaLT2 and (2) transitions beyond MaLT2, among the representational contexts of the digital microworld, artistic ideas, and abstract mathematics. In our analysis, we use this theoretical concept to trace the kind of mathematical meanings connected to multidisciplinary notions embedded in dance and music, such as synchronicity, symmetry, periodicity, and harmony, emerging from this learning context. We also look into the way these mathematical meanings were gradually evolved from being implicitly integrated in digital and artistic ideas to being reflected on and generalized.
Geodesic complexity via fibered decompositions of cut loci
Authors: Mescher Stephan , Stegemeyer Maximilian
Published: November 2022

The geodesic complexity of a Riemannian manifold is a numerical isometry invariant that is determined by the structure of its cut loci. In this article we study decompositions of cut loci over whose components the tangent cut loci fiber in a convenient way. We establish a new upper bound for geodesic complexity in terms of such decompositions. As an application, we obtain estimates for the geodesic complexity of certain classes of homogeneous manifolds. In particular, we compute the geodesic complexity of complex and quaternionic projective spaces with their standard symmetric metrics.
Quantitative estimates for Durrmeyer-sampling series in Orlicz spaces
Authors: Costarelli Danilo , Piconi Michele , Vinti Gianluca
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we establish a quantitative estimate for Durrmeyer-sampling type operators in the general framework of Orlicz spaces, using a suitable modulus of smoothness defined by the involved modular functional. As a consequence of the above result, we can deduce quantitative estimates in several instances of Orlicz spaces, such as $$L^p$$

L
p

-spaces, Zygmund spaces and the exponential spaces. By using a direct approach, we also provide a further estimate in the particular case of $$L^p$$

L
p

-spaces, with $$1\le p <+\infty $$

1
≤
p
<
+
∞

, that turns out to be sharper than the previous general one. Moreover, we deduce the qualitative order of convergence, when functions belonging to suitable Lipschitz classes are considered.
The Austrian Health Information System “ÖGIS” – supporting implementation of the Public Health Action Cycle in Austria
Authors: Fülöp G. , Burgmann S. , Maier G. , Mathis-Edenhofer S.
Published: November 2022

The Austrian National Public Health Institute (GÖG) started to develop the Austrian Health Information System (ÖGIS) by combining technology of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and common approaches of epidemiology in the early 1990ies. Today, ÖGIS is designed as a specific GIS-application, continuously maintained and developed further by in-house development within GÖG and accessible to all employees of GÖG as well as to interested external institutions and persons. ÖGIS covers all major data sources relevant to health, health determinants and the health care system in Austria. It is used for epidemiological research, health reporting, health services monitoring and research as well as for integrated planning of the health care system. After ÖGIS has proven itself as a useful support for implementation of the Public Health Action Cycle in Austria over many years, the maintenance of the ÖGIS databases will be continued and the employment of ÖGIS for purposes of regional health services research will be intensified in the upcoming years.
Identification of the compressive trigonal crystal field and orbital polarization in strained monolayer α-RuCl3 on graphite
Authors: Wang Zhongjie , Liu Lu , Zhao Meng , Zheng Haoran , Yang Ke , Wang Chunzheng , Yang Fang , Wu Hua , Gao Chunlei
Published: November 2022

α-RuCl3 is a tantalizing playground to search for the quantum spin liquid states with leading Kitaev term due to the conformation of Jackeli–Khaliullin mechanism. Suppressing the non-Kitaev interaction to approach the Kitaev limit is the major objective in the experimental design of Kitaev–Jackeli–Khaliullin materials, for which the practical feasibility rests on the manipulation of the exact crystalline structure. A tensile strain, leading to the further compressive trigonal field splitting which would alter the spin-orbital entangled character and tune the intrinsic hopping exchanges, has been widely proposed as the promising strategy to enhance the comparative Kitaev interaction. In this work, we preform in-depth Scan Tunneling Microscope study on the electronic patterns of strained α-RuCl3 monolayer on graphite substrate. Based on Chen’s derivative rule, a further trigonal field splitting is identified by analyzing the lateral-gradient imaging effect caused by an anisotropic tip. A spatial variation of the magnitude of trigonal crystal field due to the slight inhomogeneity of strain accords with the orbital polarization near the Mott gap. All evidences point to the facts that the compressive trigonal crystal field in the stretched α-RuCl3 monolayer lifts the degeneracy of t2g states with higher $\text{e}_{\text{g}}'$

e

g
′

and lower a1g orbitals, and the Coulomb interactions of the $\text{e}_{\text{g}}'$

e

g
′

orbitals take the main responsibility for the Mott effect.
Association of anti-mullerian hormone and free androgen index level on response to clomiphene citrate in PCOS infertile women
Authors: Washington Jasmine Kavitha , Manivasakan Jayasree , Gunasekaran Kala Poomalar , R. Sasikala
Published: November 2022

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility. Clomiphene citrate, insulin-sensitizing drugs, aromatase inhibitors, gonadotropins, or laparoscopic ovarian drilling are various methods used for ovulation induction in women with PCOS. PCOS women with high levels of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and free androgen index (FAI) do not respond well to ovulation induction. This prospective observational study explores the relationship between FAI and AMH levels on ovarian response to clomiphene citrate in infertile women with PCOS.

Methods

This prospective observational study included 40 infertile with PCOS who underwent ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate with dose ranging from 50 to 150 ​mg. Participants were classified into four phenotypes by NIH(National Institute of Health) consensus panel criteria. The clinical and endocrine parameters of participants who were sensitive to clomiphene were compared to those who were resistant.

Results

The most common phenotype was A, with all three features of PCOS: hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. There was no significant difference in clinical and endocrine parameters among the different phenotypes of PCOS except AMH and FAI values. The mean FAI was 9.39 ​± ​1.11 and AMH 7.26 ​± ​0.48 (ng/ml) in clomiphene resistant and 5.31 ​± ​1.93 and 3.69 ​± ​1.84 (ng/ml) respectively in clomiphene-sensitive women. Women with FAI > 7.5 and AMH >7 ​ng/ml might be resistant to clomiphene.

Conclusion

FAI and AMH values were significantly higher in women resistant to clomiphene induction. AMH and FAI may help women with PCOS to tailor their ovulation induction protocol.
Antitrust Policy in Health Care Markets
Authors: Blair Roger D. , Durrance Christine Piette , Angerhofer Tirza J.
Published: November 2022

Health care costs in the United States are much higher than in other countries. These cost differences can be explained in part by a lack of competition in the United States. Some markets, such as pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, have elements of monopoly. Other markets, such as health insurance, have elements of monopsony. Many other markets may be subject to collusion on prices, such as generic drugs, or wages, such as the nurse labor market. Lawful monopoly and monopsony are beyond the reach of antitrust laws, but collusion is not. When appropriate, vigorous antitrust enforcement challenging anticompetitive conduct can aid in reducing health care costs. This book addresses monopoly, monopsony, cartels of sellers and buyers, horizontal and vertical merger policy, and antitrust enforcement through private suits as well as the efforts of the antitrust Agencies. The authors demonstrate how enforcing antitrust laws can ultimately promote competition and reduce health care costs.
Online Learning and Adaptive Filters
Authors: Diniz Paulo S. R. , de Campos Marcello L. R. , Martins Wallace A. , Lima Markus V. S. , Apolinário, Jr Jose A.
Published: November 2022

Learn to solve the unprecedented challenges facing Online Learning and Adaptive Signal Processing in this concise, intuitive text. The ever-increasing amount of data generated every day requires new strategies to tackle issues such as: combining data from a large number of sensors; improving spectral usage, utilizing multiple-antennas with adaptive capabilities; or learning from signals placed on graphs, generating unstructured data. Solutions to all of these and more are described in a condensed and unified way, enabling you to expose valuable information from data and signals in a fast and economical way. The up-to-date techniques explained here can be implemented in simple electronic hardware, or as part of multi-purpose systems. Also featuring alternative explanations for online learning, including newly developed methods and data selection, and several easily implemented algorithms, this one-of-a-kind book is an ideal resource for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in online learning and adaptive filtering.
Transitional Justice for Foxes
Authors: Haldemann Frank
Published: November 2022

There is a memorable line by ancient Greek poet Archilochus: 'The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing.' Drawing on this metaphor made popular by Isaiah Berlin, this book sets out to 'think like a fox' about transitional justice in an intellectual environment largely dominated by hedgehogs. Critical of the unitary 'hedgehog-like' vision underlying mainstream discourse, this book proposes a pluralist reading of the field. It asks: What would it mean for transitional justice to constructively deal with conflicts of values and interests in societies grappling with a violent past? And what would it imply to make meaningful room for diversity, to see 'the many' rather than just 'the one'?
Epistemic Sanity or Why You Shouldn't be Opinionated or Skeptical
Authors: Dantas Danilo Fraga
Published: November 2022

I propose the notion of ‘epistemic sanity’, a property of parsimony between the holding of true but not false beliefs and the consideration of our cognitive limitations. Where ‘alethic value’ is the epistemic value of holding true but not false beliefs, the ‘alethic potential’ of an agent is the amount of extra alethic value that she is expected to achieve, given her current environment, beliefs, and reasoning skills. Epistemic sanity would be related to the holding of (true or false) beliefs that increase the agent's alethic potential (relevant beliefs) but not of beliefs that decrease it (this is related to cognitive parsimony). Suspension of judgment, forgetting, and clutter avoidance are the main contributors to an agent's epistemic sanity, where this paper focuses on suspension. I argue that rational suspension favors the holding of true and relevant beliefs, which is not the case for the extremes of opinionation (no suspension) and skepticism (general suspension). In the absence of evidence, opinionated agents are often forced to rely on principles such as the principle of indifference, but suspension dominates indifference in terms of alethic value in some conditions. A rational agent would only find it beneficial to adopt skepticism if she considers herself to be an anti-expert about her entire agenda, but then ‘flipping’ beliefs maximizes expected alethic value in relation to skepticism. The study of epistemic sanity results in an ‘impure’ veritism, which can deal with some limitations of veritism (e.g., explaining the existence of false but relevant beliefs).
A new Lagrangian drift mechanism due to current–bathymetry interactions: applications in coastal cross-shelf transport
Authors: Gupta Akanksha , Guha Anirban
Published: November 2022

We show that in free surface flows, a uniform, streamwise current over small-amplitude wavy bottom topography generates cross-stream drift velocity. This drift mechanism, referred to as the current–bathymetry interaction-induced drift (CBIID), is specifically understood in the context of a simplified nearshore environment consisting of a uniform alongshore current, onshore-propagating surface waves and monochromatic wavy bottom making an oblique angle with the shoreline. The CBIID is found to originate from the steady, non-homogeneous solution of the governing system of equations. Similar to Stokes drift induced by surface waves, CBIID also generates a compensating Eulerian return flow to satisfy the no-flux lateral boundaries, e.g. the shoreline. The CBIID increases with an increase in particle's initial depth, bottom undulation amplitude and the strength of the alongshore current. Additionally, CBIID near the free (bottom) surface increases (decreases) with an increase in bottom undulation's wavelength. Maximum CBIID is obtained for long-wavelength bottom topography that makes an angle of approximately${\rm \pi} /4$with the shoreline. Unlike Stokes drift, particle excursions due to current–bathymetry interactions might not be small, and hence analytical expressions based on the small-excursion approximation could be inaccurate. We provide an alternative$z$-bounded approximation, which leads to highly accurate expressions for drift velocity and time period of particles especially located near the free surface. Realistic parametric analysis reveals that in some nearshore environments, CBIID's contribution to the net Lagrangian drift can be as important as Stokes drift, implying that CBIID can have major implications in cross-shelf tracer transport.
Dissimilar turbulent heat transfer enhancement by Kelvin–Helmholtz rollers over high-aspect-ratio longitudinal ribs
Authors: Kuwata Y.
Published: November 2022

Passive heat transfer enhancement by spanwise rollers associated with the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability was studied through direct numerical simulations of high-aspect-ratio longitudinal ribs at the friction Reynolds number

$300$

. The temperature was treated as a passive scalar with Prandtl number unity to discuss the similarity between the heat and momentum transfer. The results reveal that the high-aspect-ratio longitudinal ribs lead to a favourable breakdown of the Reynolds analogy, that is, the enhancement of the heat transfer rate surpasses that of the frictional resistance. The favourable breakdown of the Reynolds analogy can be attributed to the enhanced turbulent heat flux compared with the Reynolds shear stress, whereas the rib-induced secondary flow plays a role in reducing the favourable breakdown of the Reynolds analogy. The conditional average statistics reveal that the high-pressure region accompanied by the spanwise rollers suppresses the spanwise roller-induced sweep and ejection motions, leading to smaller Reynolds shear stress than for the turbulent heat flux.
Quadrophobia: Strategic Rounding of EPS Data
Authors: Malenko Nadya , Grundfest Joseph A. , Shen Yao
Published: November 2022

Managers’ incentives to round up reported earnings per share (EPS) cause an underrepresentation of the number 4 in the first post-decimal digit of EPS, or “quadrophobia.” We develop a novel measure of aggressive financial reporting practices based on a firm’s history of quadrophobia. Quadrophobia is pervasive, persistent, and successfully predicts future restatements, Securities and Exchange Commission enforcement actions, and class action litigation. It is more pronounced when executive compensation is more closely tied to the stock price and when the firm anticipates violating debt covenants. Quadrophobia is especially strong when rounding-up EPS allows firms to meet analyst expectations, and investors seem not to see through this behavior.
Aural myiasis in Ancient Rome: Celsus and the ear maggots
Authors: Agnelli S , King R B
Published: November 2022

Objective

Although today there is extensive scientific literature on aural myiasis, a historical study of the subject has yet to appear. This short article reports the first description of aural myiasis in the Western medical literature.

Methods

Methods involved: (1) scholarship review of ear diseases within Ancient Greek and Roman medical texts (L'Année philologique); (2) linguistic analysis for text identification through the Library of Latin Texts, the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae and the Loeb Classical Library; and (3) translation of the Latin texts that described cases of aural myiasis with commentary.

Results

To our knowledge, the earliest case of aural myiasis in Latin medical literature is reported by the Roman encyclopaedist Celsus (first century CE). In his De Medicina, he describes cases of Wohlfahrtia magnifica maggot infestation of the ear and how to treat affected patients.

Conclusion

Despite present advances in otology, we believe that much insight can still be gained from this ancient example of medical history in ear diseases. A more comparative analysis of the subject is to be considered in the future, which will provide more data from different cultures and times.
Formalising phonological perception: The role of voicing assimilation in consonant cluster perception in Emilian dialects
Authors: CAVIRANI EDOARDO , HAMANN SILKE
Published: November 2022

Speech perception is influenced by language-specific phonological knowledge. While phonotactics has long been established to play a role, the study of how phonological alternations influence perception is still in its infancy. In this paper, we make a case for the latter by investigating the role of regressive voicing assimilation (RVA) in the perception of obstruent clusters in Emilian dialects of Italian. We provide empirical evidence from a phoneme-detection task, in which Emilian listeners reported to have heard [b] significantly more often in stimuli with a /p/ before a voiced obstruent (RVA context) than before a vowel (non-RVA context). Our experimental findings add to recent work on the influence of phonology on speech perception. In addition, we provide an explicit formalisation, which bolsters the need for a rigid distinction between phonetic, surface and underlying representation, and an explicit mapping between all three, both in the process of speech production and comprehension.
Narrative macrostructure and microstructure profiles of bilingual children with autism spectrum disorder: differentiation from bilingual children with developmental language disorder and typical development
Authors: Govindarajan Krithika , Paradis Johanne
Published: November 2022

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show heterogeneous language profiles beyond early language delays. Understanding the second language profiles of bilingual children with ASD is important for clinical practice in diverse societies. Accordingly, we examined the narrative abilities of bilinguals with ASD, with developmental language disorder (DLD), and with typical development (TD) to determine which narrative components best differentiate bilinguals with ASD from the other groups. Participants were 29 bilingual children with ASD, DLD, and TD who were matched for age (mean = 6;8), nonverbal intelligence, and receptive vocabulary. Narratives were coded for macrostructure (story grammar (SG) scores, number of individual SG components) and microstructure (syntactic complexity, mean length of utterance, lexical diversity, and story length). The TD group had superior SG scores, included more SG components, and used longer utterances and more complex syntax than the ASD group, whereas no differences were found between the clinical groups. For SG components requiring perspective-taking abilities, the ASD group had worse performance than the TD and DLD groups. Our results suggest that bilingual children with ASD show weaknesses in both macrostructure and microstructure, which can overlap with children with DLD. The linguistic profiles of bilingual children with ASD and DLD are thus both overlapping and distinct.
Accounting for disability in international humanitarian law
Authors: Lord Janet E.
Published: November 2022

The adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) represents an important and (potentially) progressive development in the protection framework under international humanitarian law (IHL). Article 11 of the CRPD specifically obliges States to protect persons with disabilities from harm in situations of risk, including armed conflict, consistent with IHL and human rights law. The CRPD framework signals the need to address the traditional framing of disability under IHL and to draw from human rights concepts in the CRPD in order to inform the protection accorded to persons with disabilities in armed conflict.

This article is divided into four main parts: the first three address three main lines of inquiry, while the fourth is forward-looking. The first part analyzes the framing and construction of disability in IHL and the implications of such framing for the protection of persons with disabilities. The second part analyzes fundamental IHL rules in an effort to demonstrate how the framing of disability and the protection framework of the CRPD can be used in the application of IHL. The third part identifies some specific problem areas ripe for further disability scoping and harmonization of the CRPD and IHL. Looking forward, the fourth part identifies entry points for focused action and research aimed at bringing about the kind of dynamic treaty practice envisioned by Article 11 of the CRPD.
The First Seasonal Snowfall Impacts Plant Photosynthesis and Monoterpene Emissions
Authors: Riches M. , Snook J. , Farmer D. K.
Published: November 2022

Biogenic monoterpene emissions impact regional and global atmospheric chemistry. The impact of temperature fluctuations on emissions is well‐understood, but the role of weather events is not. Here, we simultaneously measure photosynthesis and speciated monoterpene emissions from leaves of one cultivar of Liriodendron tulipifera prior to, during, and following the first seasonal snow event. During snow, leaves act as a sink to atmospheric monoterpenes and release a burst of monoterpenes the following day—an order of magnitude higher than pre‐snow emission rates. As senescence continues, the characteristic profile of the emissions changes in favor of β‐ocimene. While summed monoterpene emission decreases throughout senescence, the enhanced β‐ocimene emission increases hydroxyl radical reactivity compared to pre‐snow conditions. Our findings highlight the importance of speciated monoterpene measurements in considering biosphere‐atmosphere exchange of biogenic hydrocarbons.
Yield Estimation of the August 2020 Beirut Explosion by Using Physics‐Based Propagation Simulations of Regional Infrasound
Authors: Kim Keehoon , Pasyanos Michael E.
Published: November 2022

The August 2020 Beirut explosion is the largest single‐fired ammonium nitrate explosion documented in history. The massive explosion excited loud infrasound in the atmosphere, and clear waveforms were recorded by a regional infrasound array at an epicentral distance of 100 km, allowing for accurate measurements of explosion energy. We estimate the explosion size based on the infrasound waveform inversion. Unlike conventional inversions using empirical models, we perform full 3‐D finite‐difference simulations to obtain a physics‐based propagation model for the inversion. Accurate numerical modeling of infrasound is challenging as the propagation is substantially affected by the turbulent atmosphere. Instead of a single deterministic prediction, we provide a range of waveform predictions by running multiple simulations with stochastic weather forecast models, which allows for comprehensive uncertainty analysis of numerical modeling and estimated yields. Finally, we expand the yield estimation technique for seismoacoustic analysis and demonstrate the substantial advantage of the joint approach.
Molecular Characteristics of Atmospheric Organosulfates During Summer and Winter Seasons in Two Cities of Southern and Northern China
Authors: Lin Yue , Han Yuemei , Li Guohui , Wang Qiyuan , Zhang Xin , Li Zhiyu , Li Lijuan , Prévôt André S. H. , Cao Junji
Published: November 2022

Organosulfates in atmospheric PM2.5 were investigated at two urban sites in Hefei and Shijiazhuang of southern and northern China during the summer and winter seasons of 2019–2020. Organic molecular composition was characterized using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry in negative electrospray ionization mode. There were overall 2,516–6,190 and 2,417–3,474 organic molecular formulas assigned on individual days in Hefei and Shijiazhuang, respectively, among which approximately 25%–41% were sulfur‐containing CHOS and CHONS compounds. The number of total organosulfates (including nitrooxy‐organosulfates) accounted for on average 84% and 79% of sulfur‐containing compounds during summer and winter in Shijiazhuang, which were much higher than those of 36% and 57% in Hefei. The higher fractions of organosulfates in the northern city of Shijiazhuang might be closely associated with the higher prevalence of SO2 and particulate sulfate. More than 96% in the peak areas of total organosulfates were present in aliphatic molecular structures instead of aromatics in both cities, suggesting the substantial contributions from biogenic precursors and anthropogenic long‐chain alkanes. The positive correlations (r: 0.33–0.96) of inorganic sulfate with the peak area abundance of organosulfates derived from isoprene and monoterpenes revealed the significant role of sulfate particles in the production of organosulfates. Particle acidity also correlated positively with these species during the winter in Hefei and summer in Shijiazhuang, yet negatively during other periods, indicating that additional reaction pathways would compete with acid‐catalyzed chemistry under atmospheric conditions limited by particle acidity or hydrocarbon precursors.
A novel VOC breath tracer method to evaluate indoor respiratory exposures in the near- and far-fields; implications for the spread of respiratory viruses
Authors: Parhizkar Hooman , Fretz Mark , Laguerre Aurélie , Stenson Jason , Corsi Richard L. , Van Den Wymelenberg Kevin G. , Gall Elliott T.
Published: November 2022

Background

Several studies suggest that far-field transmission (>6 ft) explains a significant number of COVID-19 superspreading outbreaks.

Objective

Therefore, quantifying the ratio of near- and far-field exposure to emissions from a source is key to better understanding human-to-human airborne infectious disease transmission and associated risks.

Methods

In this study, we used an environmentally-controlled chamber to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from a healthy participant who consumed breath mints, which contained unique tracer compounds. Tracer measurements were made at 0.76 m (2.5 ft), 1.52 m (5 ft), 2.28 m (7.5 ft) from the participant, as well as in the exhaust plenum of the chamber.

Results

We observed that 0.76 m (2.5 ft) trials had ~36–44% higher concentrations than other distances during the first 20 minutes of experiments, highlighting the importance of the near-field exposure relative to the far-field before virus-laden respiratory aerosol plumes are continuously mixed into the far-field. However, for the conditions studied, the concentrations of human-sourced tracers after 20 minutes and approaching the end of the 60-minute trials at 0.76 m, 1.52 m, and 2.28 m were only ~18%, ~11%, and ~7.5% higher than volume-averaged concentrations, respectively.

Significance

This study suggests that for rooms with similar airflow parameters disease transmission risk is dominated by near-field exposures for shorter event durations (e.g., initial 20–25-minutes of event) whereas far-field exposures are critical throughout the entire event and are increasingly more important for longer event durations.

Impact statement

We offer a novel methodology for studying the fate and transport of airborne bioaerosols in indoor spaces using VOCs as unique proxies for bioaerosols. We provide evidence that real-time measurement of VOCs can be applied in settings with human subjects to estimate the concentration of bioaerosol at different distances from the emitter. We also improve upon the conventional assumption that a well-mixed room exhibits instantaneous and perfect mixing by addressing spatial distances and mixing over time. We quantitatively assessed the exposure levels to breath tracers at alternate distances and provided more insights into the changes on “near-field to far-field” ratios over time. This method can be used in future to estimate the benefits of alternate environmental conditions and occupant behaviors.
Body transfer illusions in the schizophrenia spectrum: a systematic review
Authors: Baum Kira , Hackmann Julia , Pakos Julian , Kannen Kyra , Wiebe Annika , Selaskowski Benjamin , Pensel Max C. , Ettinger Ulrich , Philipsen Alexandra , Braun Niclas
Published: November 2022

Schizophrenia has been viewed as a disorder of the self. Accordingly, the question arises if and how senses of ownership and agency are impaired in schizophrenia. To address this question, several body transfer illusions (BTIs) have been investigated in schizophrenia patients and other schizophrenia spectrum (SCZ-S) populations. The objective of the study was to systematically review the current evidence from BTIs in the SCZ-S. A systematic literature search in PubMed and CENTRAL (search date: February 12, 2022) was conducted on BTI studies carried out in SCZ-S populations. Studies were included if they were published in English after peer review, reported original research data, related to the SCZ-S, and used a BTI as its study method. Conference papers, study protocols, and reviews were excluded. For each included BTI study, various study characteristics and outcomes were retrieved, and a risk-of-bias score was calculated based on six study quality criteria. K = 40 studies were identified, of which k = 20 studies met the eligibility criteria. For BTI paradigms using visuotactile stimulation, most studies found elevated sense of ownership ratings in SCZ-S populations compared to healthy controls (HC). Implicit illusion measures (e.g., proprioceptive drift), in turn, did not generally indicate elevated embodiment levels in SCZ-S populations. Likewise, no consistent group differences emerged between SCZ-S populations and HC with respect to BTI paradigms using visuomotor stimulation. Furthermore, BTI vividness was found to correlate significantly with core symptoms of schizophrenia and various subclinical characteristics related to the SCZ-S. In line with the self-disturbance hypothesis, SCZ-S populations appear to be affected by aberrations in bodily self-awareness. Review registration: PROSPERO (identifier: CRD42022287960).
The Altered States Database: Psychometric data from a systematic literature review
Authors: Prugger Johanna , Derdiyok Ekin , Dinkelacker Jannis , Costines Cyril , Schmidt Timo T.
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we present the development of the Altered States Database (ASDB), an open-science project based on a systematic literature review. The ASDB contains psychometric questionnaire data on subjective experiences of altered states of consciousness (ASC) induced by pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. The systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Scientific journal articles were identified through PubMed and Web of Science. We included studies that examined ASC using the following validated questionnaires: Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (APZ, 5D-ASC, 11-ASC), Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI), Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS), or Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30). The systematic review resulted in the inclusion of a total of 165 journal articles, whereof questionnaire data was extracted and is now available on the Open Science Framework (OSF) website (https://osf.io/8mbru) and on the ASDB website (http://alteredstatesdb.org), where questionnaire data can be easily retrieved and visualized. This data allows the calculation of comparable psychometric values of ASC experiences and of dose-response relationships of substances inducing ASC.
A Q-learning-based routing scheme for smart air quality monitoring system using flying ad hoc networks
Authors: Lansky Jan , Rahmani Amir Masoud , Zandavi Seid Miad , Chung Vera , Yousefpoor Efat , Yousefpoor Mohammad Sadegh , Khan Faheem , Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
Published: November 2022

Air pollution has changed ecosystem and atmosphere. It is dangerous for environment, human health, and other living creatures. This contamination is due to various industrial and chemical pollutants, which reduce air, water, and soil quality. Therefore, air quality monitoring is essential. Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are an effective solution for intelligent air quality monitoring and evaluation. A FANET-based air quality monitoring system uses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to measure air pollutants. Therefore, these systems have particular features, such as the movement of UAVs in three-dimensional area, high dynamism, quick topological changes, constrained resources, and low density of UAVs in the network. Therefore, the routing issue is a fundamental challenge in these systems. In this paper, we introduce a Q-learning-based routing method called QFAN for intelligent air quality monitoring systems. The proposed method consists of two parts: route discovery and route maintenance. In the part one, a Q-learning-based route discovery mechanism is designed. Also, we propose a filtering parameter to filter some UAVs in the network and restrict the search space. In the route maintenance phase, QFAN seeks to detect and correct the paths near to breakdown. Moreover, QFAN can quickly identify and replace the failed paths. Finally, QFAN is simulated using NS2 to assess its performance. The simulation results show that QFAN surpasses other routing approaches with regard to end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and network lifetime. However, communication overhead has been increased slightly in QFAN.
Span of regularization for solution of inverse problems with application to magnetic resonance relaxometry of the brain
Authors: Bi Chuan , Ou M. Yvonne , Bouhrara Mustapha , Spencer Richard G.
Published: November 2022

We present a new regularization method for the solution of the Fredholm integral equation (FIE) of the first kind, in which we incorporate solutions corresponding to a range of Tikhonov regularizers into the end result. This method identifies solutions within a much larger function space, spanned by this set of regularized solutions, than is available to conventional regularization methods. An additional key development is the use of dictionary functions derived from noise-corrupted inversion of the discretized FIE. In effect, we combine the stability of solutions with greater degrees of regularization with the resolution of those that are less regularized. The span of regularizations (SpanReg) method may be widely applicable throughout the field of inverse problems.