bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMBINED EFFECTS OF SOIL-INCORPORATED AND FOLIAR-APPLIED INSECTICIDES IN BED-SYSTEM PRODUCTION OF BRASSICA CROPS
Authors: FINLAYSON D. G.
Published: March 2010

In a 4-yr study (1974–1977), combinations of selected soil-incorporated insecticides (carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos, disulfoton, fensulfothion, terbufos and isofenphos) and foliar-applied insecticides (Dipel®, methomyl, ethiofencarb/Thuricide®, methamidophos and permethrin) were studied to determine their effects on occurrence of cabbage maggot (Hylemya brassicae [Bouché]) and its parasites, and of various leaf-feeding lepidopterous larvae and aphids during bed-system production of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Zenker), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). Several soil-incorporated insecticides reduced the numbers of emergent seedlings. Plants treated with carbofuran and chlorfenvinphos had least maggot damage in their roots. Disulfoton was ineffective. The best aphicide was ethiofencarb closely followed by methamidophos. Permethrin was ineffective as an aphicide but very effective against lepidopterous larvae. Numbers of overwintering puparia of H. brassicae were greatest from untreated plants and least from plants treated with chlorfenvinphos. Percentage parasitism by the staphylinid beetle Aleochara bilineata Gyll. averaged 32% in puparia from untreated plots, but only 5.5% in those from treated plots.
RESPONSE OF FOUR POTATO CULTIVARS TO METRIBUZIN TIME AND RATE OF APPLICATION
Authors: IVANY J. A.
Published: March 2010

Over a 4-yr period (1974–1977) the effect of metribuzin at three rates and times of application was evaluated on four potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars commonly grown on Prince Edward Island. Metribuzin applied preemergence and early postemergence had no adverse effect on marketable and total yields of Irish Cobbler, Netted Gem, Kennebec, and Sebago cultivars. Delaying metribuzin application until late postemergence resulted in significantly reduced marketable yields of Irish Cobbler and Sebago but not Netted Gem and Kennebec when compared with preemergence and early postemergence treatment. Total yields with late postemergence treatment were significantly less than those with the preemergence treatment for all four cultivars and significantly less than early postemergence treatment with Irish Cobbler and Sebago.
EFFECT OF WATER, NITROGEN AND ROW SPACING ON YIELD AND OIL CONTENT OF BROWN SARSON
Authors: SINGH S. D. , YUSUF M.
Published: March 2010

Results showed that yield of brown sarson (Brassica campestris L. var. dichotoma Watt.) was curvilinearly related to the irrigation levels, peaking at 21.8 cm of water. Yield responses to nitrogen were greater with than without irrigation, were not influenced by row spacings at low levels of water but were greater with low than with the high density plantings (narrower spacings) at the high levels of water. Oil content was increased by irrigation, increased by nitrogen at the low levels but decreased at the high levels (48 and 60 kg/ha), and was directly related to the row spacing under restricted water supply and inversely related to row spacing under adequate water supply.
EFFECT OF DPX 3778 AS A MALE GAMETOCIDE IN SUGAR BEETS
Authors: THEURER J. C.
Published: March 2010

Seven experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate the merit of DPX 3778 [3-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H, 3H)-dione-triethanolamine derivative] as a male gametocide for use in making sugar beet hybrids. Aqueous solutions of 800, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2500, 5000, and 10 000 ppm DPX 3778 were applied one to four times at different stages of seedstalk development. No effect on pollen dehiscence was observed at the 800 or 1000 ppm concentrations. Treatments of 1250–2500 ppm DPX 3778 reduced pollen dehiscence but also resulted in the flowers failing to open. Leaf roll, yellowing, and necrosis of leaves also occurred at these concentrations. Higher concentrations resulted in stunting, severe necrosis, and ultimately death of the plants. Genotypes showed slight differences in their response to DPX 3778, but little genotype × treatment interaction was noted. Results demonstrated that this chemical cannot be effectively used as a gametocide for sugar beets.
SELECTIVE CONTROL OF ANNUAL BLUEGRASS IN KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS TURF WITH LINURON
Authors: INGRATTA R. G. , STEPHENSON G. R. , SWITZER C. M.
Published: March 2010

Optimum top growth of annual bluegrass (Pao annua L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) was obtained at 24/12 °C day/night temperature regime in controlled environment studies. The tolerance of seedling Kentucky bluegrass to linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1)methylurea] appeared to be greatest at this temperature regime when photoperiods were 16 h in length. A granular formulation of linuron gave excellent control of annual bluegrass in Kentucky bluegrass turf at 6.7 kg/ha when applied postemergence. At this rate, all culitivars of Kentucky bluegrass tested, with the exception of Fylking, were tolerant to linuron as a granular formulation. After application of linuron at 3.4–6.7 kg/ha, phytotoxic residues remained in the soil at sufficient levels to injure seedling Kentucky bluegrass for up to 3 mo.
THE USE OF RAPESEED OIL TO REDUCE PREMATURE DEFOLIATION IN SWEET CHERRY SPRAYED WITH BORDEAUX MIXTURE FOR CONTROL OF BACTERIAL CANKER
Authors: ALLEN WAYNE R. , DIRKS V. A.
Published: March 2010

Premature defoliation in sweet cherry trees sprayed with Bordeaux mixture for bacterial canker control was reduced by amending sprays with rapeseed oil. The time of 50% leaf drop was delayed with amended sprays by 10–14 days on the cultivars Venus, Vista, and Hedelfingen. Vegetable oils similar to rapeseed oil are recommended for use with Bordeaux mixture to prevent possible long-term effects on growth and winter injury resistance due to premature defoliation.
RANGELANDER ALFALFA
Authors: HEINRICHS D. H. , LAWRENCE T. , McELGUNN J. D.
Published: March 2010

Rangelander is a new cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current, Saskatchewan. It is similar in most respects to the cultivars Rambler and Roamer. Its main attributes are long-term persistence and a very high proportion of creeping-rooted plants.
EVALUATION OF MATURITY ASSESSMENTS IN WHEAT AND BARLEY
Authors: SOMERVILLE S. C. , BRIGGS K. G.
Published: March 2010

Four methods of assessing maturity in cereals were compared to an objective control method. Each method produced similar, although not identical, assessments of the genotypes as the control method. Once-over sampling for moisture content when the earliest genotype reaches physiological maturity is a possible alternative to current methods of assessing maturity.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF MINERAL CONTENT TO QUALITY IN GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES
Authors: MEHERIUK M. , LAU O. L.
Published: March 2010

Skin color of Golden Delicious apples harvested at 140–145 days after full bloom was negatively correlated with fruit N, Ca, Mg and Mn and positively correlated with flesh firmness and soluble solids. Flesh firmness was negatively correlated with fruit Ca and Mg. Levels of soluble solids were negatively correlated with fruit Ca and Mg and positively correlated with flesh firmness and titratable acidity.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINAL YIELD AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS AT FLOWERING IN INDIVIDUAL MAIZE PLANTS
Authors: EDMEADES G. O. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

In an attempt to explain plant-to-plant variation in dry weight of maize (Zea mays L.), a computer program was developed to predict daily assimilation per plant and its distribution throughout the shoot at flowering. Inputs to the model were meteorological data, photosynthetic rate-irradiance curves, measurements of intraplant assimilate distribution at flowering, and the positions of individual leaves of plants grown in the field at three densities (50 000, 100 000 and 150 000 plants/ha). Dry weights were recorded on these same plants following black layer formation. Predicted effects of plant density on shoot growth compared favorably with available data. The correlation coefficient between predicted assimilation 1 day after anthesis and grain yield on the same plants, with treatment effects removed, was 0.67 (N = 360). The coefficient of variation of predicted assimilate flux per plant increased significantly with increasing density, and the fluxes were generally normally distributed. Results supported the concept of a threshold assimilation rate per plant below which grain would not normally form, and this appears to be the cause of the bimodal frequency distribution of grain yield per plant observed at high densities.
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER, MOISTURE, AND TEMPERATURE: EFFECT ON WILD OATS CONTROL WITH TRIFLURALIN
Authors: MOYER J. R.
Published: March 2010

The effect of soil organic matter (OM), clay content, temperature, and soil moisture on dose levels of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) required for 90% control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was assessed in growth chamber experiments. In the first experiment, where soil moisture was constant, variation in soil OM accounted for 94% of the variability in trifluralin dose rates required for 90% reduction in fresh weight of wild oats (GR90) whereas clay content and temperature had no significant effect. In a second experiment, where temperature was constant, required dose rates were slightly higher at low and high moisture levels than at intermediate levels. Variation in OM explained 80% of the variability in GR90 while the inclusion of moisture and (moisture)2 terms in the multiple regression analysis explained an additional 7% of the variability. The results indicate that trifluralin efficacy was primarily related to OM content and that current recommendations for trifluralin could be improved if based on this parameter. An even more accurate trifluralin dose could be predicted from OM content and soil moisture content but the improvement in efficacy would be slight. Soil OM content determined the amount of trifluralin, dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), and fluchloralin [N(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-aniline] adsorbed to soil. This suggests that dose recommendations and efficacy of dinitramine and fluchloralin could be predicted from OM content.
INFLUENCE DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTEE SUR LE RENDEMENT, LA VALEUR NUTRITIVE ET LA TENEUR EN DIVERSES FRACTIONS AZOTEES DE TROIS CULTIVARS DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES
Authors: GUERTIN S. P. , ST-PIERRE J. C. , GERVAIS P.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study on rates of nitgoren fertilization of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) showed that dry matter yield increased significantly with each increment of N fertilizer up to 448 kg/ha. Bounty outyielded Climax and Clair cultivars. Forage nutritive value index (NVI) was reduced by N fertilization but no significant difference was found among cultivars over the three growth cycles. Third cut forage had the highest and first cut forage the lowest NVI. Total, protein and non-protein nitrogen contents reached their highest values in first and second growth at highest rates of N fertilizer. Potentially toxic levels of nitrate-nitrogen were attained at each harvest only at rates of 448 and 896 kg/ha of N. On average over the season, Climax had the highest and Clair the lowest percentages of total and protein nitrogen while there was no significant difference among cultivars in the non-protein and nitrate nitrogen contents.
VARIABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH LEAF WATER POTENTIAL IN RED-OSIER DOGWOOD IN FIELD AND GROWTH CHAMBER ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: HUMMEL RITA L. , PELLETT HAROLD , PARSONS LAWRENCE
Published: March 2010

Sources of variability associated with pressure chamber measurements of leaf water potential (Pleaf) made on a single clone of red-osier dogwood, Cornus sericea L. (Cornus stolonifera Michx.), were assessed by the nested analysis of variance method in both growth chamber and field environments. Variation among plants was significant in the field, but not in the growth chambers. Sampling from different branches on the same plant had no effect on Pleaf, but the point of insertion or node from which a leaf was taken significantly affected Pleaf. In the field environment a stress gradient was associated with node position with leaves from upper nodes under more stress than those from lower nodes. Under growth chamber conditions, there was no consistent stress gradient. Diurnal variability in Pleaf followed daily atmospheric demand in well-watered dogwood plants.
POLAR GROWTH RESPONSE OF PISUM ARVENSE L. SEEDS TO WEAK MAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: CERDONIO MASSIMO , MORANTE-MAZZONCINI SILVIA , VICENTINI-MISSONI MATILDE
Published: March 2010

The effect of exposure of seeds of Pisum arvense, before germination, to a weak artificial magnetic field has been investigated. The seeds, exposed in "parallel" and "antiparallel" orientation with respect to the magnetic field, showed a difference in plant growth with a significant inhibition for "antiparallel" seeds.
STORABILITY OF FARM-STORED HULLESS OATS IN MANITOBA
Authors: SINHA R. N. , WALLACE H. A. H. , MILLS J. T. , McKENZIE R. I. H.
Published: March 2010

Storability of properly harvested, mature hulless oats (Avena nuda L. ’Terra’) of 9.7–10.5% moisture content was determined from a 24-mo field trial of two 11.5-t lots of oats stored in two wooden farm bins in Manitoba during 1976–78. Oats were stored safely with very low levels of infestation by preharvest fungi, mites and insects and negligible quality loss for up to about 20 mo. Afterwards the grain moisture contents at the bottom layers of both bins rose from about 10 to 13–16%; this led to heavy floor level infestations by the fungi Penicillium and Aspergillus versicolor, and mites Caloglyphus berlesei and Tarsonemus granarius. Fat acidity values rose from the first year levels of about 30 to 50–78 mg KOH/100 g of dry grain. Populations of Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum, introduced to one bin, did poorly during the first summer and failed to survive during the second year. A third beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, continued to multiply in small numbers after 22 mo. Low storage temperature levels during most of the years seemed to have affected adversely the multiplication of insects and to a lesser extent mites in farm-stored oats.
COMPARISON OF HILL AND ROW PLOTS FOR F3 YIELD TESTING
Authors: O’BRIEN L. , BAKER R. J. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

The yields of F3 lines of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) crosses were measured in replicated hill plots and row plots. Genetic correlations between line performance in the two plot-types varied from 0.77 to 0.96 in the four crosses. Selection based on a single hill plot was estimated to be 50–75% as efficient as selection based on a single three-row plot. Two to four replicates of hill plots would be required to give the equivalent information of one three-row plot. Hill plots require less seed and land than row plots but, in contrast to the totally mechanized operation for row plots, must be planted and harvested by hand.
RESPONSE OF PEPPERS TO IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN
Authors: O’SULLIVAN JOHN
Published: March 2010

The effect of rate of N fertilizer and irrigation on yield and quality of peppers (Capsicum annum L.) was studied oyer a 5-yr period from 1974 to 1978 and data for 4 yr are presented. Irrigation significantly increased yield only in 2 yr (1974 and 1978) when rainfall was below normal. Yield differences due to irrigation were attributed to increased fruit numbers per plant (increased fruit set), increased fruit size, increased wall thickness and a reduced number of non-marketable fruit, due to a reduction in the incidence of sun scald and blossom-end rot. The response to N was variable. Rates of N greater than 70 kg/ha did not in general result in increased yields. Higher rates of N reduced yields in 1978, due to the adverse effect of high N on fruit set, resulting in reduced fruit numbers per plant. Rate of N had no effect on fruit size or wall thickness, but high N increased the incidence of blossom-end rot and delayed maturity in some seasons. The interaction between irrigation and N was not significant. Petiole NO3-N content at early fruit set reflected the rate of N applied. When the concentration of NO3-N in the tissue dropped below 0.4%, yields were significantly reduced.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES. IV. CAROTENOIDS, SOLUBLE SUGARS AND STARCH IN RELATION TO THEIR PIGMENTING, AND ENSILING POTENTIAL
Authors: MUZTAR A. JABBAR , SLINGER S. J. , BURTON J. H.
Published: March 2010

An investigation was conducted on the levels of carotenoids, soluble carbohydrates and starch in several freshwater plants indigenous to Chemung Lake and Lake Ontario. Carotenoids and carbohydrates were analyzed in washed plant materials. Levels of carotene and xanthophyll varied greatly with species. However, essentially all the aquatics contained considerably higher amounts of both carotene and xanthophyll than did alfalfa or corn gluten meal. The dihydroxy pigment (DHP) was the predominant xanthophyll isomer, being in the range of 70–80% of the total xanthophyll content in most species. The monohydroxy pigment (MHP) was present in minor amounts. The DHP equivalent (DHPE), calculated as 1/2MHP+DHP, indicated that about 80–85% of the xanthophylls in the aquatic macrophytes should be biologically available in imparting color to fat and skin of poultry. Lemna minor and a sample of mixed plant species contained essentially equal proportions of soluble sugars and starch, while the proportions varied in the remaining species. The sum of soluble carbohydrates and starch in most investigated species ranged between 8 and 11%. This level is too low for adequate fermentation during the ensiling process and thus the aquatic plants would need supplementation with a rich source of soluble carbohydrate.
L’INFLUENCE DU STADE D’ECIMAGE ET DE LA DISTANCE DE PLANTATION SUR LES CARACTERISTIQUES AGRONOMIQUES ET CHIMIQUES DU TABAC A CIGARETTE
Authors: LAMARRE MICHEL
Published: March 2010

The influence of the stage of topping and the planting distance as they influenced agronomic and chemical characters during the years 1974–1976 was studied on cigarette tobacco. The plants were spaced 41, 51 and 61 cm in the row, 122 cm between rows. The tobacco was topped at the early button stage, the button stage and at 25% flowering. A planting distance of 41 cm with early topping produced the best results, taking into consideration both agronomic and chemical factors. Early topping had no significant effect on yield, grade index, maturity index and percentage of reducing sugars. Late topping reduced revenue, percentage of nicotine, total alkaloids and total nitrogen. Close planting in the row increased yield and revenue while it decreased the level of total alkaloids and total nitrogen and had no significant effect on the other parameters studied.
MINAS MAID RHODODENDRON
Authors: CRAIG D. L.
Published: March 2010

Minas Maid is a hardy, attractive, compact, floriferous, pink rhododendron that can be readily propagated from well ripened softwood cuttings. Plant form appears well suited for landscaping bungalow-type homes.
AN AGRONOMIC EVALUATION OF FIBRE FLAX IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: ROWLAND G. G.
Published: March 2010

Three fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars, Hera, Natasja and Reina, and the oilseed cultivar Dufferin were tested at Hagen in 1977 and 1978 under rainfed conditions, and at Saskatoon in 1977 and Outlook in 1978 under irrigation. The tests included four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg N/ha) and three seeding rates (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha). In addition, these four cultivars plus the fibre cultivar Budalak were evaluated under rainfed conditions at Saskatoon in 1977. In every test, except the Saskatoon rainfed, straw yields of the fibre cultivars were significantly greater than of Dufferin. Nitrogen fertilizer increased straw production and straw yields responded linearly to seed rate increases. Without exception, Dufferin had the greatest yield of seed and had approximately 3% higher oil content.
RATIO BETWEEN EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF IRRIGATED CROPS FROM FLOATING LYSIMETERS AND CLASS A PAN EVAPORATION
Authors: TAN C. S. , FULTON J. M.
Published: March 2010

The crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ET) to potential or maximum evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined for early potatoes, corn and processing tomatoes grown on Fox sandy loam near Harrow, Ontario. ET was measured with floating lysimeters and ETo with Class A pan. The value of Kc depends on the percentage of foliage cover on the soil, increasing from emergence to approximately 50–80% of foliage cover, remains at a maximum value for about 2–5 wk, and thereafter decreases during the late season stage until the crops approach maturity.
WINTER SURVIVAL OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES (MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA AND M. HAPLA) UNDER SELECTED HOST CROPS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: JOHNSON P. W. , POTTER J. W.
Published: March 2010

In field experiments at Harrow, Ontario, the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita overwintered successfully on woody perennial roots of peach in a moderate winter, but was unable to survive a subsequent severe winter on this host. At Vineland Station, Ontario, M. incognita did not overwinter below the frost line in a moderate winter under alfalfa, a poor perennial host, but did overwinter under red clover and tomato in a severe winter, although the population was severely reduced. By comparison, the northern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla survived well under all three hosts in both winters at depths from 0 to 90 cm.
SEED YIELD OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AS INFLUENCED BY ROW SPACING AND FERTILIZER
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted from 1969 to 1977 to determine the effect of row spacings and applications of N and P fertilizer on the productivity of Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.). The optimum row spacing for highest seed production was 120 cm and the optimum fertilizer treatment was 25 kg N/ha plus 25 kg P/ha annually. Doubling the rate of N or N plus P did not significantly increase the seed yield over that obtained from grass receiving the 25 kg N plus 25 kg P per hectare rate. Fertilizer treatments containing P tended to result in a more stable year-to-year response than those containing only N. Altai wild ryegrass grown in 30-cm row spacings produced higher dry matter yields for the first 4 yr than that grown in wider-spaced rows. However, in the last 4 yr highest yields were obtained from grass seeded in rows spaced 150 cm apart. Grass receiving an annual application of 50 kg N/ha plus 50 kg P/ha produced significantly more forage than that given, only 25 kg N/ha, both of which outyielded unfertilized grass.
POPULATION BEHAVIOR OF MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA UNDER FOUR FORAGE LEGUMES IN MICROPLOTS
Authors: TOWNSHEND J. L. , POTTER J. W.
Published: March 2010

Populations of Meloidogyne hapla fluctuated under forage legumes in microplots of London loam soil sampled in the spring and autumn for 21/2 yr. With a low initial inoculum density, the nematode population had increased by autumn of the seeding year, whereas with a high initial inoculum density, the nematode population had decreased by autumn. Over the next 11/2 yr, the nematode population density decreased or remained static.
LENCA FIELD PEAS
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T.
Published: March 2010

A yellow-seeded cultivar of field peas (Pisum sativum L. ’Lenca’) was licensed and released to growers in the spring of 1979. Lenca is well adapted to eastern Canada where it outyielded the check cultivars Century and Trapper.
A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DURUM WHEAT QUALITY AND GLIADIN ELECTROPHOREGRAMS
Authors: KOSMOLAK F. G. , LEISLE D. , DEXTER J. E. , MATSUO R. R. , MARCHYLO B. A.
Published: March 2010

Gliadins from 30 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) cultivars grown at three locations were extracted and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cultivars could be classified as belonging to one of two groups based on the presence or absence of two bands (designated 42 and 45 according to their mobility) in their electrophoregrams. The two groups were compared for quality characteristics. Cultivars in group I (band 42 present, 45 absent) were characterized by weak gluten properties and poor cooking quality compared to the cultivars in group II (band 45 present). The results corroborate previous reports by other workers that a relationship exists between gliadin composition and durum wheat quality.
SELECTION FOR DRY MATTER YIELD IN LOLIUM PERENNE L. II. CORRELATED RESPONSES UNDER TWO CUTTING REGIMES
Authors: CECCARELLI S. , FALCINELLI M. , DAMIANI F.
Published: March 2010

The correlated responses to divergent selection for dry matter yield within an ecotype of Lolium perenne L. were evaluated in two experiments under different cutting regimes. Both experiments showed that selection for dry matter yield did not affect leaf size and caused asymmetrical correlated responses on the rate of tiller production and the rate of leaf appearance. Selection for high dry matter yield resulted in an increased rate of tiller production without change in the rate of leaf appearance. Selection for low dry matter yield did reduce both the rate of leaf appearance and the rate of tiller production.
GENETIC VARIATION FOR TEMPERATURE RESPONSE IN ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.)
Authors: McLAUGHLIN R. J. , CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

Physiological studies had indicated that low mid-summer yields of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can be attributed to high temperature. A program was initiated to study genetic variation for response to high temperatures. Two thousand genotypes were grown from seed in the growth room at 20/15 °C, harvested twice, then grown at 30/25 °C for two more harvests. A great deal of variation among genotypes was found to exist for response to temperature. Genotypes that were found to yield well at higher temperatures tended to be early-maturing with few stems per plant. Genotypes that yielded well at low temperatures tended to be later in maturity and to have a large number of stems. Based upon dry matter yields, 300 genotypes were selected to represent differences in responses, namely: 100 had high yields at high temperature only; 100, high at low temperature only; and 100, high at both temperatures. These selections were transplanted to the field for subsequent field trials to substantiate growth room findings. Little or no relationship was found between growth room performance and field performance. This lack of association was due in part to winter injury experienced the first year. In addition, temperatures experienced in the field were much lower than those used indoors.
EFFECTS OF ADDED NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM ON LEAF TISSUE BORON CONCENTRATION OF THREE VEGETABLE CROPS
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. A. , GUPTA UMESH C.
Published: March 2010

The effects of various rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the boron concentration of leaf tissue of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. ’Snowball Y’), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera Zenker ’Jade Cross’) and peas (Pisum sativum L. ’Dark Skin Perfection’) were investigated at several locations in Prince Edward Island. Except for N on cauliflower, B concentrations of leaf tissues of these crops were not greatly affected by the N, P, or K treatments. Applied N increased the B concentration of cauliflower leaf tissue at eight of the nine locations investigated.
CHANGES IN THE COLD HARDINESS OF ALFALFA DURING FIVE CONSECUTIVE WINTERS AT BEAVERLODGE, ALBERTA
Authors: McKENZIE J. S. , McLEAN G. E.
Published: March 2010

Plants of Medicago falcata ’Anik’ were samples to assess their relative cold hardiness during the fall, winter and spring periods from 1974–75 to 1978–79. Precipitation and soil temperature patterns and cold hardiness profiles varied considerably from year to year. Environmental conditions in the fall appeared to exert the greatest influence on the cold hardiness profile and the maximum cold hardiness level in mid-winter. In general, plants started to harden in mid-September, but during one fall hardening period there was a delay associated with the early development of crown buds and the accompanying flush of growth during August and September. During two fall hardening periods, water-saturated soil conditions were associated with a dehardening phase in October. Conditions favoring delayed fall hardening and complete dehardening in the late fall were also associated with a lower level of hardiness in mid-winter. The maximum hardiness level, and the month during which it occurred, fluctuated considerably each year. Plants began dehardening as soil temperatures increased in late winter and early spring during 3 of the 5 yr. In the remaining 2 yr, plants began to deharden prior to an increase in soil temperature.
LE BLE DE PRINTEMPS LAVAL-19
Authors: ST-PIERRE C. A. , GAUTHIER F. M. , PELLETIER G. J. , BASTIEN D.
Published: March 2010

not available
UNIPARENTAL INHERITANCE OF ATRAZINE RESISTANCE IN CHENOPODIUM ALBUM
Authors: WARWICK S. I. , BLACK L.
Published: March 2010

Reciprocal crosses conducted on atrazine resistant and susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album L. indicated uniparental inheritance through the female parent for F1 progeny.
EFFECT OF DICLOFOP METHYL AND 2,4-D ALONE AND IN COMBINATION ON LEAF CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY OF WILD OATS AND BARLEY
Authors: O’LEARY NORA F. , O’DONOVAN J. T. , PRENDEVILLE G. N.
Published: March 2010

Diclofop methyl (2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)Phenoxy]) propanoic acid increased leaf cell membrane permeability of wild oats at 48 h and barley at 96 h after treatment while 2,4-D did not affect leaf cell membrane permeability in either species. A combination of both herbicides had a similar effect on leaf cell membrane permeability of wild oats as diclofop methyl alone. In barley, the combination increased leaf cell membrane permeability at 24 h after treatment compared to 96 h with diclofop methyl alone.
EFFECT OF ENDOTHALL AND GLYPHOSATE ON BLUEBERRY AND BARRENBERRY YIELD
Authors: YARBOROUGH DAVID E. , ISMAIL AMR A.
Published: March 2010

Yields from a mixed blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.)–barrenberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.) stand were taken 3 yr after treatment with endothall [7-oxabicyclo (2.2.1) heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid] followed by three rates of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Endothall alone or in combination with glyphosate had no effect on total yield of berries. The number and weight of blueberry fruit increased, and the number, weight and percent barrenberry in the mixed fruit decreased with increasing concentrations of glyphosate when preceded by endothall application. When the data were transformed to a frozen or canned grade basis, the number of barrenberry fruit showed a significant linear decline with an increase in herbicide rate, but remaining barrenberry fruit exceeded minimum U.S. Department of Agriculture grade requirements.
MUCILAGE FROM YELLOW MUSTARD
Authors: WOODS D. L. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

Yellow mustard contains about 2% mucilage, the level being subject to environmental influence. Mucilage is present early in seed development. Sufficient variation among genotypes is present to indicate that some increase in mucilage content could be made by breeding.
EFFICACITE DES IMAGES RADAR ET INFRAROUGE THERMIQUE, ET DE LA PHOTO COULEUR INFRAROUGE POUR L’INVENTAIRE DES CULTURES
Authors: PAQUIN ROGER , LADOUCEUR GILLES
Published: March 2010

Crops from 888 fields in a 300-km2 area between Rougemont and St-Hyacinthe were surveyed to compare the efficiency of radar (3–80 cm) and thermal infrared (8–14 μm) imagery with color infrared photography for crop identification. The color infrared photography and the thermal infrared imagery were taken by the Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing on 11 Aug. 1978, and the radar imagery by Intera on 19 Aug. The analysis of the thermal infrared imagery showed some correlations with the ground truth data, but the image could not be used in crop identification. Accordingly, observations from radar imagery could not serve in crop identification. However, similarities were observed between the radar and the thermal infrared imageries. The results showed once more that the color infrared photography as a remote sensing technique is the most useful to survey field crops.
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DESICCATION VERSUS SWATHING ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF FABABEANS (VICIA FABA)
Authors: BETTS M. F. , MORRISON I. N.
Published: March 2010

Fababean plants were swathed or desiccated with diquat [6,7-dihydrodipyrido (1,2-A:2′, 1′-C) pyrazinediium salt] at four stages of maturity corresponding to the time when 0, 10, 25 and 50% of the pods had turned from green to black. Over the 3 yr of the study no significant differences were observed between seed yields from swathed or desiccated plants. Regardless of whether the plants were swathed or desiccated, yields and seed quality tended to be higher from plants which had 25% or more black pods at the time of treatment. Desiccating before 25% of the pods have turned black may have a more serious effect on reducing seed quality than swathing before the recommended time. By desiccating prematurely, there is a risk of reducing seed quality by significantly increasing the number of discolored or shrivelled seeds.
SCREENING FOR IMPROVED STAND ESTABLISHMENT IN RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: ASAY K. H. , JOHNSON D. A.
Published: March 2010

Laboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the extent of the genetic variation among 134 Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.) progeny lines for characters related to stand establishment under semiarid conditions. Progenies were evaluated in the laboratory for seedling emergence and subsequent vigor using a 7.6-cm planting depth, seedling emergence under controlled soil moisture stress, and seedling recovery after exposure to drought. Significant genetic variation was detected for emergence, seedling vigor, and stand establishment in the field and for all measurements made in the laboratory except seedling recovery after drought. The genetic variance comprised from 50 to 60% of the total phenotypic variance in most instances. Emergence and subsequent seedling vigor from a 7.6 cm planting depth were the most closely related to data collected in the field (r = 0.17–0.33**). Results from the other laboratory trials were not significantly correlated with field performance.
EFFECT OF TRIADIMEFON ON THE GROWTH OF WILLAMETTE RED RASPBERRY
Authors: PEPIN H.S. , MACPHERSON E.A. , CLEMENTS S.J.
Published: March 2010

The fungicide triadimefon was applied biweekly to actively growing Willamette red raspberry primocanes at rates of 0, 0.28 and 0.56 kg/ha. The treated canes were thinner and shorter than the controls, with shortened petioles and reduced leaf area. Total number of nodes per cane was unaffected by the sprays, but after cane heading the treated plants had greater numbers of nodes, and greater numbers of fruiting laterals the following season. Decreased productivity per lateral balanced the increase in lateral number to produce no net effect of triadimefon on overall yields. Treated plots ripened earlier.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 44. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Wats. and A. hybridus L.
Authors: WEAVER SUSAN E. , McWILLIAMS EDWARD L.
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information is provided on Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Wats. and A. hybridus L. These three pigweed species are annual weeds of cultivated fields and other open, disturbed habitats. A. retroflexus is found in all provinces of Canada except Newfoundland. A. powellii is found in British Columbia and in southern Ontario. A. hybridus occurs in southwestern Ontario.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE CYANIDE POTENTIAL OF ARROWGRASS (TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMA)
Authors: MAJAK W. , McDIARMID R. E. , RYSWYK A. L. VAN , HALL J. W.
Published: March 2010

The cyanide potential of arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima) was monitored during the growing season for 2 yr (1978 and 1979) to determine periods of peak toxicity. Arrowgrass samples from various sites were collected about every 2 wk, ground in dry ice and incubated to release hydrogen cyanide which was trapped in alkali. The highest concentration of the cyanogenic glucoside triglochinin, was revealed in new growth of leaves and spikes in spring. Saline habitats yielded arrowgrass with lower triglochinin levels than non-saline sites. Cyanogen levels in leaves were elevated substantially when severe moisture deficits prevailed on rangelands during the latter part of the growing season in 1979. The results of this survey provide a basis for predicting arrowgrass toxicity to ruminants.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 46. Silene noctiflora L.
Authors: McNEILL J.
Published: March 2010

A review is provided of information on the biology of Silene noctiflora (Melandrium noctiflorum), night-flowering catchfly, an annual weed species introduced into North America from Eurasia. An important weed, particularly of grain and leguminous crops, S. noctiflora occurs across the agricultural areas of Canada, although less common in the Atlantic provinces. It is resistant to common herbicides such as 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA and mecoprop.
CONTROL OF WILD OATS AND TARTARY BUCKWHEAT WITH MIXTURES OF METRIBUZIN AND VARIOUS POSTEMERGENCE WILD OAT HERBICIDES
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A.
Published: March 2010

The phytotoxicity of difenzoquat, flamprop, barban and diclofop to wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was reduced when each of these herbicides was applied in a tank mixture with metribuzin or metribuzin + MCPA. When metribuzin was applied immediately following, or 6 days after the wild oat herbicides, or when the inert ingredients in the metribuzin formulation were tank-mixed with each of the wild oat herbicides, no reduction in phytotoxicity to wild oat occurred, suggesting that the antagonism may be occurring in the spray tank as a result of an interaction between the metribuzin active ingredient and each of the wild oat herbicides. No loss of metribuzin or metribuzin + MCPA phytotoxicity to Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Beauv.) occurred when these herbicides were tank-mixed with each of the four wild oat herbicides.
RECIPROCAL CROSSES ANALYSIS OF THREE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN TOMATOES UNDER TWO TEMPERATURE REGIMES
Authors: LI THOMAS SHIN-CHAI , HORNBY C. A.
Published: March 2010

The nuclear and cytoplasmic effects in the net photosynthesis rate, leaf area and net assimilation rate in tomatos were studied in a reciprocal cross experiment involving two parental cultivars, Bonny Best and Immur Prior Beta, and their reciprocal hybrids. Plants were grown under two temperature regimes in growth chambers, 23 ± 1 °C and 12 ± 1 °C, respectively. It was concluded that nuclear composition affected all three characters. Although the cytoplasmic effect sometimes revealed its influence, it was not large enough to warrent consideration in breeding studies.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND NITROGEN-TO-PROTEIN FACTORS FOR GRAIN LEGUMES
Authors: SOSULSKI F. W. , HOLT N. W.
Published: March 2010

Eleven grain legumes were analyzed for amino acids (AA), AA scores and essential AA indexes (EAAI). Nitrogen-to-protein (N:P) factors were determined from these data. Concentrations of AA per gram of nitrogen were relatively constant among species with the exception of the AA arginine, methionine, tryptophan and cystine which had coefficients of variation of 23–30%. On average, arginine, leucine, lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid accounted for 50% of the total of all AA. These grain legumes met adult human requirements for essential AA except for methionine and cystine which were deficient in all species. This resulted in an average AA score and EAAI of 56 and 89, respectively. The N:P factor was 5.6 for the 11 species but this value was 5.0 if corrected for nonprotein nitrogen.
INFLUENCE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT SUR L’ACCLIMATATION AU FROID DE LA LUZERNE (MEDICAGO MEDIA PERS.) ET SA RESISTANCE AU GEL
Authors: PAQUIN ROGER , PELLETIER HERVE
Published: March 2010

Studies of the influence of environment upon hardening and frost resistance (LT50) of several cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) were carried out in three regions of Quebec from 1973 to 1979. Thermographs were used to record air temperature around the plants and soil temperatures at crown level (5-cm depth) were recorded with thermocouples and diodes. The following conclusions have been drawn: (1) The cold hardening of alfalfa began in autumn when the mean air temperature around the plants reached 5–6 °C, which coincided with the first night frosts, normally between 15 Sept. and 10 Oct. (2) Cold hardening and frost resistance of alfalfa, as well as loss of resistance or dehardening in the spring, were closely and linearly related to mean air and soil temperatures at plant level. The correlation coefficients are close to one. (3) Hardening of alfalfa continued under snow cover, the soil temperature then being, under the freezing point. Maximum hardening was reached between January and March. Light therefore seems unnecessary for maximum hardening and the importance of photoperiod can be questioned. (4) Loss of resistance or dehardening began after snow disappearance and was dependent upon temperature increase of air and soil. Under our climatic conditions, the dehardening period lasted from 4 to 6 wk and allowed the plants to support late frosts that otherwise could be harmful. (5) Two- and three-year-old plants hardened better than first-year plants. (6) Each winter, hardy Rambler reached a maximum LT50 of −21.5 °C, almost the same level of resistance reached after hardening for 4 wk at 1.0 ± 0.5 °C in a growth chamber. These results show the validity of our methods in frost resistance evaluation under lab conditions. (7) Soil moisture varied from 24 to 35%, which could hardly influence the naturel hardening of alfalfa. (8) Recording air and soil temperature at plant level is necessary if one wants a reliable correlation. Freezing tests and analyses have to be done every week during fall and spring and at least once a month during winter if one wishes to follow adequately the progression of hardening and dehardening.
FORAGE PRODUCTION OF CORN AND SUNFLOWER MIXTURES
Authors: WARREN F. S.
Published: March 2010

Two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown in mixtures with three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars at Ottawa for forage. The species appeared compatible in mixtures but yields of forage dry matter were higher for corn alone at several plant densities than for any mixture. Dry matter content at harvest and in vitro digestibility were both lower for sunflower than for corn. Consequently, yield of digestible dry matter per hectare for the sunflower component of the forage was so low that growing mixtures of corn and sunflower could not be recommended.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 45. Solidago canadensis L.
Authors: WERNER PATRICIA A. , GROSS RONALD S. , BRADBURY IAN K.
Published: March 2010

Solidago canadensis L. is a native rhizomatous perennial which is characteristic of abandoned farmland, infrequently grazed pasture, waste areas, and tall-grass prairies in North America. Original research and information from other studies are incorporated into a summary of the biology of this species complex. The review uses the taxonomic treatment of Scoggan (The Flora of Canada 1979) wherein S. canadensis L. includes several taxa which are frequently granted species status, including S. altissima L., S. lepida DC. (sensu Fernald), S. gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Smyth, S. scabra Muhl., S. elongata Nutt., S. salebrosa (Piper) Rydb., and S. pruinosa Greene.
A SIMPLE CLEANER FOR FORAGE SEED
Authors: DYCK F. B. , McLAUGHLIN N. B. , LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

A simple cleaner that cleans forage seed successfully with zero mixing between samples is described. It employs an adjustable-speed, cross-flow fan and a single oscillating sieve that can be easily removed for cleaning. Its capacity is two 500-g samples per minute.
NOVA SAINFOIN
Authors: HANNA M. R.
Published: March 2010

Nova is a new cultivar of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) selected from seed introduced from the Kazakhstan region of the U. S. S. R. Its main advantages over other sainfoin cultivars are superior winterhardiness and good forage yield, spring vigor, and seed yield.
Effluent effects on the nutrient concentrations and growth of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. Petrowskyana L.)
Authors: Patterson S J , Chanasyk D S , Naeth M A , Mapfumo E.
Published: March 2010

Using effluent as a source of irrigation water and to provide nutrients for plant growth is gaining favour as an environmentally positive practice instead of discharging effluent into surface water bodies. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate pulp mill wastewater as an irrigation source. This study evaluated the effects of water (TPW), municipal effluent (ME), and Kraft pulp mill effluent (KPME) and waste activated sludge (WAS) at rates of 1.5, 3, and 6 mm d-1 on available soil nutrients, nutrient uptake, and growth of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. petrowskyana L.). Increasing the application rate significantly increased biomass for both crops, but the KPME treatment significantly decreased leaf biomass of the hybrid poplar. Effluent applications did not result in toxic accumulations of nutrients within the analyzed tissues for either reed canarygrass or hybrid poplar. Only the WAS treatment significantly increased soil available concentrations of P, K, S, B, Mn, and Zn. Results of the study found lower irrigation rates of Kraft pulp mill effluents could be used as supplementary source and provide nutrients for reed canarygrass and hybrid poplar. Key words: Biomass, effluent irrigation, hybrid poplar, nutrient concentration, reed canarygrass
Crop performance on soils receiving annual papermill biosolid amendments with and without supplementary nitrogen
Authors: Price G. W. , Voroney R. P. , Chong C.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen availability is often a limiting factor for optimum crop growth on agricultural soils amended with papermill biosolids (PB). The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) production of adding supplementary nitrogen fertilizer to soils amended with increasing rates of PB. Papermill biosolids were applied annually on four agricultural soils in southern Ontario, Canada. Treatments included three rates of PB (50, 100, and 150 Mg ha-1), combined with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer [crop recommended [CR], [CR] + 0.5 kg N Mg-1 PB, [CR] + 1.0 kg N Mg-1 PB, and [CR] + 1.5 kg N Mg-1 PB]. In addition, non-amended plots were also established receiving either (a) zero PB and zero nitrogen fertilizer or (b) zero PB and [CR] nitrogen fertilizer only. All the plots received the same treatment combinations, i.e., PB × N, each year for the duration of the study. In corn, [CR] nitrogen fertilizer was insufficient to satisfy plant growth and PB decomposition requirements. Supplementary nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 1.0 kg N Mg-1 PB was generally required to maintain or increase corn grain production relative to the control plots receiving the [CR] nitrogen fertilizer only. Corn grain yield increases ranged from 1000 to 6000 kg ha-1 relative to the control at some of the research sites. The optimum rate of supplementary nitrogen fertilizer varied by soil texture (location) and year. In contrast, production of soybean did not require high supplementary nitrogen fertilizer, or in some cases any, in order to maintain or increase yields at most locations. Our study shows that nitrogen fertility management had a greater impact on yields in production systems planted to corn than soybeans while receiving annual PB amendments. No residual effects on corn yield or corn grain protein content were observed after PB amendments were stopped.Key words: Papermill biosolids, carbon:nitrogen ratio, corn, soybean, nitrogen fertilizer