bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elements of the Support Structure for Campaign Finance Litigation in the Roberts Court
Authors: Southworth Ann
Published: August 2017

This article considers the organizations, financial patrons, and lawyers involved in two significant campaign finance cases decided by the Roberts Court: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission. The research indicates that these elements of the support structures for litigation on both sides of these cases, like the justices to whom they direct their advocacy, fall into well-defined opposing and partisan camps. It also suggests that strategic case selection on the challengers' side, the diversity of organizations supporting their positions, their network and coordination, and a simple and powerful frame around which to rally may have contributed to their success and to the Roberts Court's fundamental reshaping of campaign finance doctrine.
Widespread generalist clones are associated with range and niche expansion in allopolyploids of Pacific Northwest Hawthorns (Crataegus L.)
Authors: Coughlan J. M. , Han S. , Stefanović S. , Dickinson T. A.
Published: August 2017

Range and niche expansion are commonly associated with transitions to asexuality, polyploidy and hybridity (allopolyploidy) in plants. The ability of asexual polyploids to colonize novel habitats may be due to widespread generalist clones, multiple ecologically specialized clones, or may be a neutral by‐product of multiple, independent origins of asexual polyploids throughout the range. We have quantified niche size and divergence for hawthorns of the Pacific Northwest using data from herbarium vouchers with known cytotypes. We find that all polyploid niches diverge from that of the diploid range, and allopolyploids have the broadest niches. Allotetraploids have the largest niche and the widest geographic distribution. We then assessed the genetic mechanism of range expansion by surveying the ecological and geographic distribution of genotypes within each cytotype from sites in which fine‐scale habitat assessments were completed. We find no isolation by either geographic or ecological distance in allopolyploids, suggesting high dispersal and colonization ability. In contrast, autotriploids and diploids show patterns of isolation by geographic distance. We also compared the geographic and ecological distributions of clonal genotypes with those of randomly drawn sites of the most widespread cytotype. We found that most clones are geographically widespread and occur in a variety of habitats. We interpret these findings to suggest that patterns of range and niche expansion in Pacific Northwest Hawthorns may stem from these widespread, ecologically generalist clones of hybrid origin.
Crew Allocation System for the Masonry Industry
Authors: Florez Laura
Published: August 2017

Masonry construction is labor‐intensive. Processes require a large number of crews made up of masons with diverse skills, capabilities, and personalities. Often crews are reassembled and the superintendent in the site is responsible for allocating crews to balance between the complexity of the job and the need for quality and high production rates. However, the masonry industry still faces increased time and low productivity rates that result from inefficiencies in crew allocation. This article presents a system for efficient crew allocation in the masonry industry formulated as a mixed‐integer program. The system takes into consideration characteristics of masons and site conditions and how to relate these to determine the right crew for the right wall to increase productivity. With the system, superintendents are not only able to identify working patterns for each of the masons but also optimal crew formation, completion times, and labor costs. To validate the model, data from a real project in the United States is used to compare the crew allocation completed by the superintendent onsite with the one proposed by the system. The results showed that relating characteristics of workers with site conditions had a substantial impact on reducing the completion time to build the walls, maximizing the utilization of masons, and outlining opportunities for concurrent work.
LytM factors affect the recruitment of autolysins to the cell division site in Caulobacter crescentus
Authors: Zielińska Aleksandra , Billini Maria , Möll Andrea , Kremer Katharina , Briegel Ariane , Izquierdo Martinez Adrian , Jensen Grant J. , Thanbichler Martin
Published: August 2017

Most bacteria possess a peptidoglycan cell wall that determines their morphology and provides mechanical robustness during osmotic challenges. The biosynthesis of this structure is achieved by a large set of synthetic and lytic enzymes with varying substrate specificities. Although the biochemical functions of these proteins are conserved and well‐investigated, the precise roles of individual factors and the regulatory mechanisms coordinating their activities in time and space remain incompletely understood. Here, we comprehensively analyze the autolytic machinery of the alphaproteobacterial model organism Caulobacter crescentus, with a specific focus on LytM‐like endopeptidases, soluble lytic transglycosylases and amidases. Our data reveal a high degree of redundancy within each protein family but also specialized functions for individual family members under stress conditions. In addition, we identify two lytic transglycosylases and an amidase as new divisome components that are recruited to midcell at distinct stages of the cell cycle. The midcell localization of these proteins is affected by two LytM factors with degenerate catalytic domains, DipM and LdpF, which may serve as regulatory hubs coordinating the activities of multiple autolytic enzymes during cell constriction and fission respectively. These findings set the stage for in‐depth studies of the molecular mechanisms that control peptidoglycan remodeling in C. crescentus.
Clinical and pathological features of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis in patients with minor urinary abnormalities
Authors: Hasegawa Jumpei , Hoshino Junichi , Sekine Akinari , Hayami Noriko , Suwabe Tatsuya , Sumida Keiichi , Mise Koki , Ueno Toshiharu , Yamanouchi Masayuki , Hazue Ryo , Sawa Naoki , Ohashi Kenichi , Fujii Takeshi , Takaichi Kenmei , Ubara Yoshifumi
Published: August 2017

Aim

Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV), but it is unknown whether vasculitis can be detected from AAV patients with minor urinary abnormalities.

Methods

Ninety ANCA‐positive patients undergoing kidney biopsy were evaluated retrospectively after being divided into two groups, which were group A (minor urinary abnormalities with both proteinuria <0.5 g/day and red blood cells ≤5/high power field) and group B (major urinary abnormalities except group A).

Results

Thirteen patients were included in group A and 77 patients were in group B. Crescentic glomeruli were detected less frequently in group A than in group B (61.5% vs. 92.2%, P < 0.01). The percentage of crescentic glomeruli relative to total glomeruli was significantly lower in group A than in group B (median [interquartile range]; 2.7% [0–5.2%] vs. 27.3% [8.1–56.1%], P < 0.01). Vasculitis of the small renal arteries was detected more frequently in group A than in group B without significant difference (30.8% vs. 19.5%, P = 0.46). Overall renal vasculitis (crescentic glomeruli and/or small renal artery vasculitis) was detected less frequently in group A than in group B (69.2% vs. 92.2%, P = 0.03).

Conclusions

These findings indicate that renal biopsy can be a useful tool for histological diagnosis of ANCA‐associated vasculitis in ANCA‐positive patients with minor urinary abnormalities, even though the rate of renal vasculitis to the total number of glomeruli sampled is lower in patients with minor urinary abnormalities than patients with major abnormalities.
Factors influencing behavioral intention to undergo Papanicolaou testing in early adulthood: Comparison of Japanese and Korean women
Authors: Kang Kyung‐Ah , Kim Shin‐Jeong , Kaneko Noriyo
Published: August 2017

Abstract

In this study, we identified the factors influencing behavioral intention to undergo Papanicolaou testing among Japanese and Korean women in early adulthood. Their behavioral intentions were compared in this cross‐sectional descriptive study. In total, 887 women (Japanese = 498, Korean = 389) aged 20–39 years participated in this study. Using a self‐report questionnaire, knowledge, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention were surveyed. There were significant differences between Japanese and Korean women's scores on all main variables. For Japanese women, all the variables moderately correlated with behavioral intention. In comparison, for Korean women, all independent variables, except for knowledge, moderately correlated with behavioral intention. Through a multiple regression analysis, age, undergoing Papanicolaou testing, attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were identified as significant predictors of behavioral intention among Japanese women. Among Korean women, job status, undergoing a Papanicolaou test, attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were demonstrated as significant predictors of behavioral intention. Health professionals should consider these factors to encourage Papanicolaou testing in women in early adulthood.
Mechanobiology of limb musculoskeletal development
Authors: Arvind Varun , Huang Alice H.
Published: August 2017

While there has been considerable progress in identifying molecular regulators of musculoskeletal development, the role of physical forces in regulating induction, differentiation, and patterning events is less well understood. Here, we highlight recent findings in this area, focusing primarily on model systems that test the mechanical regulation of skeletal and tendon development in the limb. We also discuss a few of the key signaling pathways and mechanisms that have been implicated in mechanotransduction and highlight current gaps in knowledge and opportunities for further research in the field.
Coagulation and fibrinolysis in gastric cancer
Authors: Repetto Ombretta , De Re Valli
Published: August 2017

Coagulation is a highly conserved process occurring after an injury to a blood vessel and resulting in hemostasis. In the thrombus microenvironment, finely orchestrated events restore vessel integrity through platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation (primary hemostasis), followed by the coagulation cascades, thrombin generation, and fibrin clot deposition (secondary hemostasis). Several studies on cancer have provided insight into dramatic changes to coagulation‐related events (i.e., fibrin clot deposition, fibrinolysis) during tumor pathogenesis, progression, and metastasis, in addition to a tumor‐driven systemic activation of hemostasis and thrombosis (Trousseau's syndrome). Diverse molecular and cellular effectors participate in the cross talk between hemostasis and tumors. Here, we focus on some aspects of the interconnection between cancer biology and hemostatic components, with particular attention to some key coagulation‐related proteins (e.g., tissue factor, thrombin, fibrinogen, and D‐dimers) in the particular case of gastric cancer (GC). Recent advances in deciphering the complex molecular link between GC and the coagulation system are described, showing their important roles in better management of patients affected by GC.
Persistent C4d and antibody‐mediated rejection in pediatric renal transplant patients
Authors: South Andrew M. , Maestretti Lynn , Kambham Neeraja , Grimm Paul C. , Chaudhuri Abanti
Published: August 2017

Pediatric renal transplant recipient survival continues to improve, but ABMR remains a significant contributor to graft loss. ABMR prognostic factors to guide treatment are lacking. C4d staining on biopsies, diagnostic of ABMR, is associated with graft failure. Persistent C4d+ on follow‐up biopsies has unknown significance, but could be associated with worse outcomes. We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 17 pediatric renal transplant patients diagnosed with ABMR. Primary outcome at 12 months was a composite of ≥50% reduction in eGFR, transplant glomerulopathy, or graft failure. Secondary outcome was the UPCR at 12 months. We used logistic and linear regression modeling to determine whether persistent C4d+ on follow‐up biopsy was associated with the outcomes. Forty‐one percent reached the primary outcome at 12 months. Persistent C4d+ on follow‐up biopsy occurred in 41% and was not significantly associated with the primary outcome, but was significantly associated with the secondary outcome (estimate 0.22, 95% CI 0.19‐0.25, P < .001), after controlling for confounding factors. Persistent C4d+ on follow‐up biopsies was associated with a higher UPCR at 12 months. Patients who remain C4d+ on follow‐up biopsy may benefit from more aggressive or prolonged ABMR treatment.
Temporal and spatial field evaluations highlight the importance of the presymptomatic phase in supporting strong partial resistance in Triticum aestivum against Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Hehir J. G. , Connolly C. , O'Driscoll A. , Lynch J. P. , Spink J. , Brown J. K. M. , Doohan F. , Mullins E.
Published: August 2017

Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch (STB), remains a significant threat to European wheat production with the continuous emergence of fungicide resistance in Z. tritici strains eroding the economic sustainability of wheat production systems. The life cycle of Z. tritici is characterized by a presymptomatic phase (latent period, LP) after which the pathogen switches to an aggressive necrotrophic stage, when lesions bearing pycnidia quickly manifest on the leaf. As minimal knowledge of the possible role of the LP in supporting STB resistance/susceptibility exists, the goal of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal association between the LP and disease progression across three locations (Ireland – Waterford, Carlow; UK – Norwich) that represent commercially high, medium and low STB pressure environments. Completed over two seasons (2013–2015) with commercially grown cultivars, the potential of the LP in stalling STB epidemics was significant as identified with cv. Stigg, whose high level of partial resistance was characterized by a lengthened LP (c. 36 days) under the high disease pressure environment of Waterford. However, once the LP concluded it was followed by a rate of disease progression in cv. Stigg that was comparable to that observed in the more susceptible commercial varieties. Complementary analysis, via logistic modelling of intensive disease assessments made at Carlow and Waterford in 2015, further highlighted the value of a lengthened LP in supporting strong partial resistance against STB disease of wheat.
Musical training modulates the early but not the late stage of rhythmic syntactic processing
Authors: Sun Lijun , Liu Fang , Zhou Linshu , Jiang Cunmei
Published: August 2017

Syntactic processing is essential for musical understanding. Although the processing of harmonic syntax has been well studied, very little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying rhythmic syntactic processing. The present study investigated the neural processing of rhythmic syntax and whether and to what extent long‐term musical training impacts such processing. Fourteen musicians and 14 nonmusicians listened to syntactic‐regular or syntactic‐irregular rhythmic sequences and judged the completeness of these sequences. Nonmusicians, as well as musicians, showed a P600 effect to syntactic‐irregular endings, indicating that musical exposure and perceptual learning of music are sufficient to enable nonmusicians to process rhythmic syntax at the late stage. However, musicians, but not nonmusicians, also exhibited an early right anterior negativity (ERAN) response to syntactic‐irregular endings, which suggests that musical training only modulates the early but not the late stage of rhythmic syntactic processing. These findings revealed for the first time the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of rhythmic syntax in music, which has important implications for theories of hierarchically organized music cognition and comparative studies of syntactic processing in music and language.
Physiological and psychological effects of imagery techniques on health anxiety
Authors: Tolgou T. , Rohrmann S. , Stockhausen C. , Krampen D. , Warnecke I. , Reiss N.
Published: August 2017

Previous research has shown that intrusions are part of the psychopathology of mental disorders. Imagery techniques seem to be an effective treatment of negative intrusions. Since negative mental imagery is part of health anxiety, the present study investigated the impact of imagery techniques on health anxiety. A total of 159 students with elevated scores in a health anxiety questionnaire watched an aversive film concerning a cancer patient and were randomly allocated to one of three interventions (positive imagery, imagery reexperiencing, imagery rescripting) or the control group. The intervention lasted 9 min. Physiological data (heart rate and cortisol) as well as psychological measures, such as mood ratings, health anxiety scores, and intrusions, were assessed during the appointment, while psychological measures were assessed over a period of 1 week after the intervention. Cortisol levels changed over time depending on the intervention. Heart rate changed during the 9‐min interventions as well, with the fastest decrease during imagery rescripting. Moreover, negative mood and distress decreased after the intervention, while intrusions were reduced 1 week after the intervention in all groups equally. The results suggest that imagery rescripting is a promising technique that seems to activate a process of deep elaboration. Therefore, it might be an adequate way to target health anxiety symptoms such as anxiety, intrusions, and avoidance or safety‐seeking behavior. Further studies should focus on imagery rescripting in clinical samples with health anxiety and target individual intrusive images to increase effectiveness. Nevertheless, the development of a long‐term explanatory model of rescripting is needed.
Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and Isotopic Geochemistry of the Jinman Sediment‐Hosted Copper Deposit in the Lanping Basin, China
Authors: Zou Zhichao , Zhang Jinrang , Hu Ruizhong
Published: August 2017

The Jinman Cu polymetallic deposit is located within Middle Jurassic sandstone and slate units in the Lanping Basin of southwestern China. The Cu mineralization occurs mainly as sulfide‐bearing quartz–carbonate veins in faults and fractures, controlled by a Cenozoic thrust–nappe system. A detailed study of fluid inclusions from the Jinman deposit distinguishes three types of fluid inclusions in syn‐ore quartz and post‐ore calcite: aqueous water (type A), CO2–H2O (type B), and CO2‐dominated (type C) fluid inclusions.

The homogenization temperatures of CO2–H2O inclusions vary from 208°C to 329°C, with corresponding salinities from 0.6 to 4.6 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The homogenization temperatures of the aqueous fluid inclusions mainly range from 164°C to 249°C, with salinities from 7.2 to 20.2 wt.% NaCl equivalent. These characteristics of fluid inclusions are significantly different from those of basinal mineralization systems, but similar to those of orogenic or magmatic mineralization systems. The H and O isotope compositions suggest that the ore‐forming fluid is predominantly derived from magmatic water, with the participation of basinal brine. The δ34S values are widely variable between −9.7 ‰ and 9.7 ‰, with a mode distribution around zero, which may be interpreted by the variation in physico‐chemical conditions or by compositional variation of the sources. The mixing of a deeply sourced CO2‐rich fluid with basinal brine was the key mechanism responsible for the mineralization of the Jinman deposit.
Nurses' perceptions of pain assessment and management practices in neonates: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Pölkki Tarja , Korhonen Anne , Laukkala Helena
Published: August 2017

Aims

This study aimed to describe pain assessment and management practices for neonates based on nurses' perceptions in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).

Design

A descriptive cross‐sectional survey was conducted in Finland.

Methods

Of all nurses (N = 422) working in the NICUs in the country's five university hospitals, 294 responded to a questionnaire. The data were analysed by statistical methods.

Results

Nurses agreed that pain assessment is important, but over half of them reported being able to assess pain in a reliable way without using pain assessment scales. Physiological parameters and changes in neonate's behaviour were reported as routinely observed, but many specific facial expressions indicative of pain were less often observed. Only a few pain assessment scales were known, and they were not routinely used in clinical practice. Most nurses reported using physical methods and giving oral sucrose along with non‐nutritive sucking. Counselling parents to continue breastfeeding or guiding them to use skin‐to‐skin care or music was rarely reported as used to alleviate infants' pain.

Conclusions

Educational interventions for nurses are needed to improve pain assessment and management practices in the NICUs. In addition, there is a need for national guidelines in order to ensure the equal treatment to all neonates.
Experiences of being a family member to an older person with diabetes receiving home care services
Authors: Bendixen Bente E. , Kirkevold Marit , Graue Marit , Haltbakk Johannes
Published: August 2017

Aim

To describe family members' experiences of attending to an old person with diabetes receiving home care services, including their interaction with the formal caregivers.

Methods and Results

The study has a qualitative descriptive design. From May to August 2015, eight family members were interviewed. Interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. To describe family members' experiences, the following four themes were identified: Security through patients' self‐management skills and diabetes knowledge; Perceived burden due to the old persons' deteriorated health; Security through competent home care services; and Doubt due to personnel's inadequate approach and interaction.

Conclusion

It is important for personnel in home care services to consider patients' self‐management skills and the family members' diabetes knowledge as key aspects in order to limit experiences of burden when the older person with diabetes has deteriorating health. The findings underscore that interaction with home care personnel skilled in managing diabetes helps family members feel secure.
Sizing Up the Impact of Embassies on Exports
Authors: Ferguson Shon , Forslid Rikard
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study is to test for the effects of trade promotion via the foreign service. The theory of trade with heterogeneous firms predicts that unilateral trade promotion allows medium‐sized firms to export. We investigate the effects of trade promotion using firm‐level data and information on the opening and closing of embassies abroad from the very similar neighboring countries Sweden and Norway. We use a difference‐in‐difference specification where firms from Norway are used as a control group for Swedish firms. Our results show that large firms as well as medium‐sized firms respond to the opening of embassies.
Cardiac imaging to detect coronary artery disease in athletes aged 35 years and older. A scoping review
Authors: Braber T. L. , Reitsma J. B. , Mosterd A. , Willemink M. J. , Prakken N. H. J. , Halle M. , Sharma S. , Velthuis B. K.
Published: August 2017

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a devastating event in athletes. Screening efforts that were first directed at athletes younger than 35 years are now focusing on the rapidly growing group of older sportspersons. Athletes aged ≥35 years have a 10‐fold increased risk of exercise‐related cardiac arrest, mostly due to coronary artery disease (CAD). Although cardiac imaging is pivotal in identifying CAD, the role of imaging modalities in screening asymptomatic older sportspersons remains unclear. We performed a scoping review to identify the role of cardiac imaging to detect CAD in older sportspersons and to identify gaps in the existing literature. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane library for studies reporting data on cardiac imaging of CAD in sportspersons ≥35 years. The systematic search yielded 1737 articles, and 14 were included in this scoping review. Imaging modalities included two echocardiography, one unenhanced computed tomography (CT) for coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS), three CACS and contrast‐enhanced CT angiography (CCTA), two CACS and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), one CCTA with CMR and echocardiography, two CCTA, two CMR, and one myocardial perfusion imaging article. The low number of relevant articles and the selection bias introduced by studying specific groups, like veteran marathon runners, indicate the need for future research. Cardiac CT (CACS and CCTA) probably has the highest potential for pre‐participation screening, with high diagnostic value to detect CAD and low radiation dose. However, currently there is insufficient evidence for incorporating routine cardiac imaging in the pre‐participation screening of asymptomatic sportspersons over 35 years.
Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic outcomes in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for body mass index
Authors: Berntzen B. , Jukarainen S. , Kataja M. , Hakkarainen A. , Lundbom J. , Lundbom N. , Tammelin T. , Simonen R. , Piirilä P. , Rissanen A. , Kaprio J. , Paavonen E. J. , Pietiläinen K. H.
Published: August 2017

This study aims to investigate (i) how monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs who are discordant for body mass index (BMI) differ for objectively and subjectively measured physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and (ii) associations of PA and VO2max with adiposity and measures of metabolic health, in individual twins and independent of genetic and shared environmental effects within twin pairs. We examined 27 BMI‐discordant and 14 BMI‐concordant MZ twin pairs. Fat and fat‐free mass (ffm) were measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and VO2max by spiroergometry. PA was measured objectively by accelerometers using ActiGraph GT1M for daytime activity and Actiwatch AW7 for 24 h/d. Self‐reported PA was obtained through the Baecke and IPAQ long‐form questionnaires. Objectively measured moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA, min/d), steps/d, and VO2max/kg were significantly lower, by 30%, 21%, and 14%, respectively, in the heavier compared with the leaner co‐twins of the BMI‐discordant twin pairs. There were no significant differences in self‐reported PA or VO2max/ffm. As expected, PA and VO2max/ffm were similar in the BMI‐concordant co‐twins. Furthermore, the 24‐h recording of activity suggested that the heavier co‐twins had more restless sleep during the night, whereas the leaner co‐twins were more active during the day. Within all twin pairs, higher MVPA and steps per day were associated with lower fat percentage and improved metabolic health measures. Objectively, but not subjectively measured PA is associated with lower fat percentage and better metabolic health, independent of genetic and shared environmental factors.
Topical flurbiprofen toxicosis in a cat
Authors: Yi Elizabeth M. , Leech Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

Objective

To describe the clinical presentation and treatment of a cat with flurbiprofen toxicosis due to topical cream exposure.

Case Summary

A 3‐year‐old castrated male domestic shorthair cat presented to an emergency and referral center for acute lethargy, hematemesis, and anemia. Severe azotemia was observed on serum biochemistry panel. The patient's anemia was treated with packed RBC transfusion, and treatment with crystalloid fluids, famotidine, pantoprazole, ampicillin, and sucralfate were begun on presentation. Anemia became intractable and the patient received multiple packed RBC and whole blood transfusions. Severe gastric ulcerations and duodenal perforation were confirmed via gastroduodenoscopy, and the patient was treated with surgical excision and repair of duodenal perforation. Azotemia resolved with IV fluid therapy, and anemia resolved following surgery. The patient recovered and was discharged after 9 days of hospitalization. The patient had likely been exposed to the owner's compounded pain relief cream containing 10% flurbiprofen. There was confirmation of flurbiprofen exposure via acid extraction urine analysis at a university toxicology laboratory.

New or Unique Information Provided

This is the first described case of flurbiprofen toxicosis due to topical cream exposure in a cat.
Causas de los Procesos Comportamentales: Un diálogo con Mario Bunge
Authors: Hurtado-Parrado Camilo , Virues-Ortega Javier , Martin Toby , Julio Flávia
Published: August 2017

Mario A. Bunge is one of the most prominent philosophers and humanists of our time. His vast record of publications has covered, among others, epistemology, ontology, ethics, philosophy of natural and social sciences, philosophy of technology, and philosophy of mind. A topic that intersects many of these areas and is recurrent in Bunge’s work is causality. His analyses of the causal principle, and the redefinition of determinism into near-determinism have been applied to different philosophical issues that range from the causal role of neuronal functioning to the laws of social phenomena. Bunge has criticized functionalism, cognitivism, computationalism, behaviourism, and idealism in their attempt to explain human and non-human behaviour. This article results from an extensive interview held with Dr. Bunge in which we discussed a variety of conceptual issues related to the notions of causality and explanation in psychology.
Adaptación al español de la Escala de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (ASPIRES)
Authors: Simkin Hugo
Published: August 2017

Uno de los problemas que han presentado las técnicas de evaluación de la religiosidad y la espiritualidad en Psicología radica en que la mayoría solamente reflejan las orientaciones cristianas y occidentales. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en adaptar al español la Escala de Evaluación de Espiritualidad y Sentimientos Religiosos (Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments scale [ASPIRES]), desarrollada por Piedmont (2004) para responder a estos inconvenientes, en una muestra no probabilística incidental compuesta por estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (N=336). El análisis factorial confirmatorio indica un buen ajuste a los datos del modelo propuesto por el autor, por lo que se recomienda su empleo en el contexto local. Se sugiere que futuros estudios exploren las propiedades de ASPIRES en poblaciones diferentes (e.g. religiosas), de modo de contribuir con la generalización y la representatividad de los resultados del presente estudio.
Adolescentes latinoamericanos en España: Aculturación, autonomía conductual, conflictos familiares y bienestar subjetivo
Authors: Lara Laura
Published: August 2017

En este estudio se analiza la relación de los perfiles de aculturación de 331 adolescentes latinoamericanos residentes en España con sus niveles de autonomía conductual, los conflictos que mantienen con sus progenitores y su bienestar emocional. Los resultados confirman la existencia de las cuatro estrategias de aculturación propuestas por Berry (integración, separación, asimilación y marginación), sin embargo no se encontró relación entre estos perfiles ni con los niveles de autonomía conductual de los adolescentes ni con la frecuencia de conflictos que mantienen con sus progenitores. Por último, los jóvenes que optaron por la estrategia de marginación fueron los que estuvieron menos satisfechos con sus vidas.
Evidencias de validez de la versión en español del Inventario de Fobia Social (SPIN)
Authors: Bravo Marcelo Archibaldo , González-Betanzos Fabiola , Castillo Navarro Alvaro , Padrós Blázquez Ferran
Published: August 2017

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar en muestras mexicanas las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Fobia Social (Social Phobia Inventory, SPIN). Los participantes consistieron en estudiantes universitarios, pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno de ansiedad social, y pacientes con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. El SPIN mostró una alta consistencia interna, una buena confiabilidad test-retest, y una adecuada validez convergente y discriminante. Al analizar la estructura interna, el modelo que manifestó mejores indicadores de ajuste fue el de tres factores correlacionados. El análisis de curvas ROC indicó que el SPIN es capaz de discriminar entre los trastornos de ansiedad social y de ansiedad generalizada; un punto de corte de 25 representó el mejor balance entre sensibilidad y especificidad. Se concluye que la versión en español del SPIN demuestra propiedades psicométricas sólidas, por lo que puede ser potencialmente utilizado como instrumento de cribado para detectar el trastorno de ansiedad social en población mexicana.
Mecanismos neuronales del aprendizaje en los peces teleósteos
Authors: Hurtado-Parrado Camilo
Published: August 2017

The paper is a review of the literature specialized in identifying brain areas and neurochemical functions that underlie different learning phenomena in teleost fish. The neuroethological approach, a description of the fish brain anatomy, ontogeny and phylogeny, the evolutionary discussion of the relationships between fish and mammals, and the cumulative evidence that suggests homologies in neurobehavioral functions between fish and mammals are introduced. Two predominant approaches for studying the neurobiology of learning in fish were identified, namely brain lesions and chemical stimulation. Regarding the effect of specific brain lesions,telencephalic ablationsonly affectedhabituationlearning (sensitization and classic conditioning were not impaired). Conversely, cerebellum lesions caused impairments in classical conditioning of eye-retraction and spatial learning (similar effects in mammals suggest that the functions of the cerebellum may have evolved early in vertebrate history). Regarding emotional learning, it is argued that research on avoidance and escape learning has been narrowly oriented and that new possibilities may derive from Hineline’s (1977) parametric analysis. Medium Pallium (MP) areas were identified as critical for emotional learning in fish. Furthermore, neurobehavioral functions of MP seem to be similar to the functions of the amygdala in mammals. Concerning neurochemical processes, antagonists of the NMDA receptors affected in a dose-dependent manner the acquisition of avoidance and fear conditioning. Alternatively, Nitric Oxide (NO) and cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) seem to be involved in the consolidation processof emotional learning
Hepatic abscess as a complication of an abscessed gastric lipoma
Authors: Gayán Belmonte Maria Jesús , Parlorio de Andrés Elena , Botía González Carmen María
Published: August 2017

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Unique voices in harmony: Call-and-response to address race and physics teaching
Authors: Cochran Geraldine L. , White Gary D.
Published: August 2017

In the February 2016 issue of The Physics Teacher, we announced a call for papers on race and physics teaching. The response was muted at first, but has now grown to a respectable chorale-sized volume. As the manuscripts began to come in and the review process progressed, Geraldine Cochran graciously agreed to come on board as co-editor for this remarkable collection of papers, to be published throughout the fall of 2017 in TPT. Upon reviewing the original call and the responses from the physics community, the parallels between generating this collection and the grand call-and-response tradition became compelling. What follows is a conversation constructed by the co-editors that is intended to introduce the reader to the swell of voices that responded to the original call. The authors would like to thank Pam Aycock for providing many useful contributions to this editorial.
Inexpensive Dramatic Pneumatic Lift
Authors: Morse Robert A.
Published: August 2017

Various experiments and demonstrations relate air pressure and air pressure difference to force and area. Carpenter and Minnix describe a large-scale pneumatic lift in which a person sitting on a board atop a plastic garbage bag is lifted when the bag is connected to the exhaustport of a vacuum cleaner, which easily lifts the person. This article describes the construction and use of an inexpensive hand-held pneumatic lift to demonstrate the same principle.
Flikikammo: When Gymnasts Lose Previously Automatic Backward Moving Skills
Authors: Maaranen Annamari , Beachy Erica G. , Van Raalte Judy L. , Brewer Britton W. , France Thaddeus J. , Petitpas Albert J.
Published: August 2017

Mental blocks, phenomena in which athletes lose the ability to perform previously automatic skills, are well known but poorly understood. Study 1 was designed to assess mental blocks in gymnastics and determine if such blocks are distinct from related conditions, such as slumps, choking, and fear of injury. Mental blocks were reported to have unique characteristics and to affect backward moving skills. Study 2 was a qualitative analysis of the experiences of 5 gymnasts currently experiencing mental blocks on backward moving skills. Such block is called flikikammo and was described as cycling on and off, spreading to other events and skills, affecting visualization, and worsening when performance of the affected skills was forced by coaches. The findings are the first to detail the experience of gymnasts currently experiencing the condition. Additional research may help identify ways to alleviate and/or prevent flikikammo.
A bigger and better picture of clinical samples
Authors: Chung Kwanghun
Published: August 2017

An open-top light-sheet microscope enables rapid high-resolution panoramic imaging of intact clinical samples to increase the accuracy and reproducibility of clinical histology.
Evading sepsis with exercise
Authors: Hine Christopher
Published: August 2017

Aged mice preconditioned with a running routine were resistant to acute systemic sepsis compared with non-runner.
“CHIP”s are bad for patients with solid tumors
Authors: Jonas Brian A.
Published: August 2017

In patients with nonhematologic cancers, clonal hematopoiesis is prevalent and associated with poor prognoses.
HIV-1 Resistance to Dolutegravir Is Affected by Cellular Histone Acetyltransferase Activity
Authors: Anstett Kaitlin , Brenner Bluma , Mesplède Thibault , Wainberg Mark A.
Published: August 2017

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the newest class of antiretrovirals to be approved for the treatment of HIV infection. Canonical resistance to these competitive inhibitors develops through substitutions in the integrase active site that disrupt drug-protein interactions. However, resistance against the newest integrase inhibitor, dolutegravir (DTG), is associated with an R263K substitution at the C terminus of integrase that causes resistance through an unknown mechanism. The integrase C-terminal domain is involved in many processes over the course of infection and is posttranslationally modified via acetylation of three lysine residues that are important for enzyme activity, integrase multimerization, and protein-protein interactions. Here we report that regulation of the acetylation of integrase is integral to the replication of HIV in the presence of DTG and that the R263K mutation specifically disrupts this regulation, likely due to enhancement of interactions with the histone deacetylase I complex, as suggested by coimmunoprecipitation assays. Although no detectable differences in the levels of cell-free acetylation of the wild-type (WT) and mutated R263K enzymes were observed, the inhibition of cellular histone acetyltransferase enzymes sensitized the NL4.3
WT
virus to DTG, while NL4.3
R263K
was almost completely unaffected. When levels of endogenous acetylation were manipulated in virus-producing cells, inhibitors of acetylation enhanced the replication of NL4.3
R263K
, whereas inhibition of deacetylation greatly diminished the replication of NL4.3
WT
. Taken together, these results point to a pivotal role of acetylation in the resistance mechanism of HIV to some second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors, such as DTG.

IMPORTANCE
This is, to our knowledge, the first report of the influence of posttranslational modifications on HIV drug resistance. Both viral replication and resistance to second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitors of both WT and INSTI-resistant HIV strains were differentially affected by acetylation, likely as a result of altered interactions between integrase and the cellular deacetylation machinery. Many “shock and kill” strategies to eradicate HIV manipulate endogenous levels of acetylation in order to reactivate latent HIV. However, our results suggest that some drug-resistant viruses may differentially respond to such stimulation, which may complicate the attainment of this goal. Our future work will further illuminate the mechanisms involved.
MERS-CoV Accessory ORFs Play Key Role for Infection and Pathogenesis
Authors: Menachery Vineet D. , Mitchell Hugh D. , Cockrell Adam S. , Gralinski Lisa E. , Yount Boyd L. , Graham Rachel L. , McAnarney Eileen T. , Douglas Madeline G. , Scobey Trevor , Beall Anne , Dinnon Kenneth , Kocher Jacob F. , Hale Andrew E. , Stratton Kelly G. , Waters Katrina M. , Baric Ralph S.
Published: August 2017

While dispensable for viral replication, coronavirus (CoV) accessory open reading frame (ORF) proteins often play critical roles during infection and pathogenesis. Utilizing a previously generated mutant, we demonstrate that the absence of all four Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) accessory ORFs (deletion of ORF3, -4a, -4b, and -5 [dORF3-5]) has major implications for viral replication and pathogenesis. Importantly, attenuation of the dORF3-5 mutant is primarily driven by dysregulated host responses, including disrupted cell processes, augmented interferon (IFN) pathway activation, and robust inflammation.
In vitro
replication attenuation also extends to
in vivo
models, allowing use of dORF3-5 as a live attenuated vaccine platform. Finally, examination of ORF5 implicates a partial role in modulation of NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Together, the results demonstrate the importance of MERS-CoV accessory ORFs for pathogenesis and highlight them as potential targets for surveillance and therapeutic treatments moving forward.

IMPORTANCE
The initial emergence and periodic outbreaks of MERS-CoV highlight a continuing threat posed by zoonotic pathogens to global public health. In these studies, mutant virus generation demonstrates the necessity of accessory ORFs in regard to MERS-CoV infection and pathogenesis. With this in mind, accessory ORF functions can be targeted for both therapeutic and vaccine treatments in response to MERS-CoV and related group 2C coronaviruses. In addition, disruption of accessory ORFs in parallel may offer a rapid response platform to attenuation of future emergent strains based on both SARS- and MERS-CoV accessory ORF mutants.
Diabetes Exacerbates Infection via Hyperinflammation by Signaling through TLR4 and RAGE
Authors: Nielsen Travis B. , Pantapalangkoor Paul , Yan Jun , Luna Brian M. , Dekitani Ken , Bruhn Kevin , Tan Brandon , Junus Justin , Bonomo Robert A. , Schmidt Ann Marie , Everson Michael , Duncanson Frederick , Doherty Terence M. , Lin Lin , Spellberg Brad
Published: August 2017

For more than a century, diabetic patients have been considered immunosuppressed due to defects in phagocytosis and microbial killing. We confirmed that diabetic mice were hypersusceptible to bacteremia caused by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), dying at inocula nonlethal to nondiabetic mice. Contrary to the pervasive paradigm that diabetes impedes phagocytic function, the bacterial burden was no greater in diabetic mice despite excess mortality. However, diabetic mice did exhibit dramatically increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in response to GNB infections, and immunosuppressing these cytokines with dexamethasone restored their resistance to infection, both of which are consistent with excess inflammation. Furthermore, disruption of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which is stimulated by heightened levels of AGEs in diabetic hosts, protected diabetic but not nondiabetic mice from GNB infection. Thus, rather than immunosuppression, diabetes drives lethal hyperinflammation in response to GNB by signaling through RAGE. As such, interventions to improve the outcomes from GNB infections should seek to suppress the immune response in diabetic hosts.

IMPORTANCEPhysicians and scientists have subscribed to the dogma that diabetes predisposes the host to worse outcomes from infections because it suppresses the immune system. This understanding was based largely onex vivostudies of blood from patients and animals with diabetes. However, we have found that the opposite is true and worse outcomes from infection are caused by overstimulation of the immune system in response to bacteria. This overreaction occurs by simultaneous ligation of two host receptors: TLR4 and RAGE. Both signal via a common downstream messenger, MyD88, triggering hyperinflammation. In summary, contrary to hundred-year-old postulations about immune suppression in diabetic hosts, we find that diabetes instead predisposes to more severe infections because of additional inflammatory output through dual activation of MyD88 by not only TLR4 but also RAGE. It is the activation of RAGE during GNB infections in those with diabetes that accounts for their heightened susceptibility to infection compared to nondiabetic hosts.
Genome-Wide Mutation Rate Response to pH Change in the Coral Reef Pathogen
Vibrio shilonii
AK1
Authors: Strauss Chloe , Long Hongan , Patterson Caitlyn E. , Te Ronald , Lynch Michael
Published: August 2017

Recent application of mutation accumulation techniques combined with whole-genome sequencing (MA/WGS) has greatly promoted studies of spontaneous mutation. However, such explorations have rarely been conducted on marine organisms, and it is unclear how marine habitats have influenced genome stability. This report resolves the mutation rate and spectrum of the coral reef pathogen
Vibrio shilonii
, which causes coral bleaching and endangers the biodiversity maintained by coral reefs. We found that its mutation rate and spectrum are highly similar to those of other studied bacteria from various habitats, despite the saline environment. The mutational properties of this marine bacterium are thus controlled by other general evolutionary forces such as natural selection and genetic drift. We also found that as pH drops, the mutation rate decreases and the mutation spectrum is biased in the direction of generating G/C nucleotides. This implies that evolutionary features of this organism and perhaps other marine microbes might be altered by the increasingly acidic ocean water caused by excess CO
2
emission. Nonetheless, further exploration is needed as the pH range tested in this study was rather narrow and many other possible mutation determinants, such as carbonate increase, are associated with ocean acidification.

IMPORTANCE
This study explored the pH dependence of a bacterial genome-wide mutation rate. We discovered that the genome-wide rates of appearance of most mutation types decrease linearly and that the mutation spectrum is biased in generating more G/C nucleotides with pH drop in the coral reef pathogen
V. shilonii
.