bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐sensitivity, broadband‐decoupled 13C MR spectroscopy in humans at 7T using two‐dimensional heteronuclear single‐quantum coherence
Authors: de Graaf Robin A. , De Feyter Henk M. , Rothman Douglas L.
Published: September 2014

Purpose

Carbon‐13 (13C) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has an intrinsically low NMR sensitivity that often leads to large acquisition volumes or long scan times. While the use of higher magnetic fields can overcome the sensitivity limitations, high radiofrequency (RF) power deposition associated with proton‐decoupling limits the achievable gain. Two‐dimensional (2D) heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) MRS is a method that uses the high chemical specificity of 13C MRS while retaining the high sensitivity of 1H detection. Due to the 2D nature of the method, proton‐decoupled 13C MR spectra can be obtained without the use of high‐powered decoupling pulses.

Methods

A novel three‐dimensional (3D) localized 2D HSQC method based on 3D STEAM localization is presented and implemented at 7T. The low RF power deposition of the method allows TR variation along the indirect dimension which, in combination with controlled aliasing, leads to an acceleration of 11.8 relative to a standard 2D NMR acquisition.

Results

Artifact‐free, high‐quality and high‐sensitivity 2D HSQC spectra were obtained for all subjects in 19 min from a small (9 mL) volume placed in the leg adipose tissue. Complete proton decoupling was achieved along the indirect 13C dimension despite the absence of broadband proton‐decoupling pulses. The high chemical specificity along the indirect 13C dimension allowed the detection of 19 unique resonances from which the lipids could be characterized in terms of saturation and omega‐6/omega‐3 fatty acid ratio.

Conclusion

It has been demonstrated that high‐quality 2D HSQC NMR spectra can be acquired from human adipose tissue at 7T. The HSQC method is methodologically simple and robust and is flexible regarding trade‐offs between temporal and spectral resolution. 2D HSQC has a strong potential to become a default method in natural‐abundance or 13C‐enriched studies of human metabolism in vivo. Magn Reson Med 74:903–914, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New benzoxazines from renewable resources for green composite applications
Authors: Thirukumaran P. , Sathiyamoorthi R. , Shakila Parveen A. , Sarojadevi M.
Published: September 2014

Fully bio‐based composites composed of polybenzoxazine resins obtained from renewable natural resources (such as cardanol, furfurylamine, and stearylamine) and bio‐fiber such as jute fiber were prepared. The purity of the isolated cardanol was determined by Gas Chromatography. The structure of cardanol and its benzoxazine monomers were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and Mass spectroscopic analysis and its polymerization process was monitored by Differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The composites' tensile and flexural strengths were measured by UTM and its impact strength was measured by IZOD impact tester respectively. The bio composite (PCF‐Bzo/Jute fiber) shows superior thermal and mechanical (from thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis) properties when compared with stearylamine‐based composite (PCS‐Bzo/Jute fiber). The surface morphologies of the fractured composites were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:573–582, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Modification of microporous polyurethane elastomers with different types of ash—morphological, mechanical, and thermal studies
Authors: Hejna Aleksander , Kosmela Paulina , Mikicka Monika , Danowska Magdalena , Piszczyk Łukasz
Published: September 2014

Incorporation of wood ash particles from wood gasification into microporous polyurethane elastomers has been investigated and compared to addition of commercially available microspheres resulting from coal burning. Samples were modified with 3 and 6 wt% of fillers. Structure, mechanical, and thermal properties of obtained elastomers were investigated. Incorporation of both types of ash particles decreased the density of polyurethanes simultaneously increasing their tensile strength and elongation at break. Addition of microspheres caused changes in segment structure of polyurethane, which had negative impact on thermal stability. Although the use of ash from wood pyrolysis enhanced thermal stability of elastomers, causing “labyrinth effect,”, which inhibited significantly thermal degradation of material. Results of research show that wood ash can be successfully used as a modifier of mechanical and thermal properties in polyurethane elastomers. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:881–889, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rheological properties of SBS‐modified asphalt in the presence of dithiodimorpholine and tetraethyl thiuram disulfide
Authors: Pang Jinyu , Du Sujun , Chang Runtian , Cui Dongxia
Published: September 2014

The effect of dithiodimorpholine (DTDM) and tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (TETD) on the properties of styrene‐butadiene‐styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) modified asphalts were investigated via rheological measurements. In the presence of DTDM and TETD, the rheological properties were pronouncedly elevated, especially when both of them were added. The content and ratio were two important impacts that should be carefully chosen. It is observed that network structure easily formed as both of DTDM and TETD were added into SBS‐modified asphalts in a proper content. The complex viscosity and modulus increased, while phase angle decreased with a plateau. As a result, storage stability and high temperature ability were enhanced. It is reasonable to believe that the mixture of DTDM and TETD is a good additive of SBS‐modified asphalts. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:943–948, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of gradient density on thermal protection performance of AVCOAT composites under varied heat flux
Authors: Li Weijie , Huang Haiming , Zhang Zimao , Xu Xiaoliang
Published: September 2014

Effective heat capacity is a key index to estimate the performance of the thermal protection system of reentry vehicles subjected to aerodynamic heating. To explore the effect of gradient density on the effective heat capacity in this paper, considering variable density we develop the one‐dimensional pyrolysis interface model with surface ablation, and design two kinds of the gradient density of AVCOAT composites. The computer codes are written to simulate the thermal behavior of a homogeneous AVCOAT composites and that of two types of gradient AVCOAT composites under aerodynamic heat flux during Apollo capsule reentry. Numerical results indicate that gradient density can improve the thermal protection performance of homogeneous AVCOAT composites, e.g. the piecewise linear and the parabola designs have larger effective heat capacity than homogeneous AVCOAT composites, which owe to exceptional thermal response of gradient density. This study will be helpful for the design of the thermal protection system in re‐entry vehicles. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:1034–1041, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Response of magnetic field and temperature on electrical transport of polyaniline–malic acid nanocomposite
Authors: Mukherjee P.S. , Gupta K. , Chakraborty G. , Meikap A.K.
Published: September 2014

A comprehensive study of the effect of HCl and malic acid on electrical transport properties of polyaniline has been reported. Samples are prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. Granular morphology and better thermal stability is obtained. Temperature dependence of dc electrical transport can be explained by Mott's variable range hopping theory. Electrical transport is influenced by magnetic field. POLYM. COMPOS. 37:1042–1048, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
On the Mechanism of Ring‐Shape Structure of Plasma Bullet
Authors: Xian YuBin , Yue YuanFu , Liu DaWei , Yang Yong , Lu XinPei , Pan Yuan
Published: September 2014

Ring‐shape is one of the feature characteristics of plasma bullet. However, regarding the mechanism of the ring‐shape structure of the plasma bullet, it is still not clear. In this paper, a series of special designed experiments are carried out to investigate the mechanism of the ring‐shape structure of the plasma bullet. In these experiments, the effects of the surface discharge and the effect of the surrounding gas diffusion, thus the effect of Penning ionization can be separated. It is found that both the diffusion of the surrounding air and the surface discharge play important role in the forming of the ring‐shape structure.
Combining Population Growth Model and Generalized Additive Model to Determine Optimal Water Level FOR Waterbird Conservation: A Case Study of Siberian Crane (Leucogeranus Leucogeranus) in Lake Poyang, China
Authors: Jia Y. , Guan L. , Wang Y. , Liu G. , Lei G. , Wen L.
Published: September 2014

Siberian crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) is one of the most endangered species in the world. The ecological integrity of its main wintering ground at Poyang Lake in China is crucial for the future of the species because Poyang Lake accommodates 99% of its global population. With the Three Gorges Dam fully operational, science‐based adaptive strategies are urgently needed to avoid catastrophic ecological consequences.

This study quantified the link between water level variation and population growth rate of the Siberian crane in Poyang Lake using a suite of advanced statistical techniques. We first used the stochastic Gompert growth model within the state space modelling (SSM) framework to infer population growth rate, density dependence, and process variability and observation errors. We then applied generalized additive models (GAMs) to the population growth rate to quantify the effects of environmental stochasticity.

Our SSM results indicated that there was little support for density dependence, and environmental stochasticity was the main forcing for Siberian crane population variations in Poyang Lake. Although the SSM suggested that water levels in both high‐ and low‐water seasons were important factors for Siberian crane population, inference on their effects were elusive because of large confidence intervals of the estimated coefficients. Using GAM, we confirmed the non‐linear effects of water level on population growth rate. Based on the modelled response curves, we proposed the optimal water level for Siberian crane conservation: (a) maximum summer water season level should be less than 19.5 m and (b) minimum winter water level should be between 8.7–10.2 m. Our methods of integrating population dynamic model and GAM have wide relevance for regional biological conversation efforts that seek to maintain a resilient population of threatened species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Big data clone detection using classical detectors: an exploratory study
Authors: Svajlenko Jeffrey , Keivanloo Iman , Roy Chanchal K.
Published: September 2014

Big data analysis is an emerging research topic in various domains, and clone detection is no exception. The goal is to create big data inter‐project clone corpora across open‐source or corporate‐source code repositories. Such corpora can be used to study developer behavior and to reduce engineering costs by extracting globally duplicated efforts into new APIs and as a basis for code completion and API usage support. However, building scalable clone detection tools is challenging. It is often impractical to use existing state‐of‐the‐art tools to analyze big data because the memory and execution time required exceed the average user's resources. Some tools have inherent limitations in their data structures and algorithms that prevent the analysis of big data even when extraordinary resources are available. These limitations are impossible to overcome if the source code of the tool is unavailable or if the user lacks the time or expertise to modify the tool without harming its performance or accuracy. In this research, we have investigated the use of our shuffling framework for scaling classical clone detection tools to big data. The framework achieves scalability on commodity hardware by partitioning the input dataset into subsets manageable by the tool and computing resources. A non‐deterministic process is used to randomly ‘shuffle’ the contents of the dataset into a series of subsets. The tool is executed for each subset, and its output for each is merged into a single report. This approach does not require modification to the subject tools, allowing their individual strengths and precision to be captured at an acceptable loss of recall. In our study, we explored the performance and applicability of the framework for the big data dataset, IJaDataset 2.0, which consists of 356 million lines of code from 25,000 open‐source Java projects. We begin with a computationally inexpensive version of our framework based on pure random shuffling. This version was successful at scaling the tools to IJaDataset but required many subsets to achieve a desirable recall. Using our findings, we incrementally improved the framework to achieve a satisfactory recall using fewer resources. We investigated the use of efficient file tracking and file‐similarity heuristics to bias the shuffling algorithm toward subsets of the dataset that contain undetected clone pairs. These changes were successful in improving the recall performance of the framework. Our study shows that the framework is able to achieve up to 90–95% of a tool's native recall using standard hardware. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sall4 Is Essential for Mouse Primordial Germ Cell Specification by Suppressing Somatic Cell Program Genes
Authors: Yamaguchi Yasuka L. , Tanaka Satomi S. , Kumagai Maho , Fujimoto Yuka , Terabayashi Takeshi , Matsui Yasuhisa , Nishinakamura Ryuichi
Published: September 2014

The Spalt-like 4 (Sall4) zinc finger protein is a critical transcription factor for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It is also involved in the formation of a variety of organs, in mice, and humans. We report the essential roles of Sall4 in mouse primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. PGC specification is accompanied by the activation of the stem cell program and repression of the somatic cell program in progenitor cells. Conditional inactivation of Sall4 during PGC specification led to a reduction in the number of PGCs in embryonic gonads. Sall4del/del PGCs failed to translocate from the mesoderm to the endoderm and underwent apoptosis. In Sall4del/del PGC progenitors, somatic cell program genes (Hoxa1 and Hoxb1) were derepressed, while activation of the stem cell program was not impaired. We demonstrated that in differentiated ESCs, Sall4 bound to these somatic cell program gene loci, which are reportedly occupied by Prdm1 in embryonic carcinoma cells. Given that Sall4 and Prdm1 are known to associate with the histone deacetylase repressor complex, our findings suggest that Sall4 suppresses the somatic cell program possibly by recruiting the repressor complex in conjunction with Prdm1; therefore, it is essential for PGC specification. Stem Cells  2015;33:289–300
Concise Review: The Obesity Cancer Paradigm: Exploration of the Interactions and Crosstalk with Adipose Stem Cells
Authors: Strong Amy L. , Burow Matthew E. , Gimble Jeffrey M. , Bunnell Bruce A.
Published: September 2014

With the recognition of obesity as a global health crisis, researchers have devoted greater effort to defining and understanding the pathophysiological molecular pathways regulating the biology of adipose tissue and obesity. Obesity, the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy, has been linked to an increased incidence and aggressiveness of colon, hematological, prostate, and postmenopausal breast cancers. The increased morbidity and mortality of obesity-associated cancers have been attributed to higher levels of hormones, adipokines, and cytokines secreted by the adipose tissue. The increased amount of adipose tissue also results in higher numbers of adipose stromal/stem cells (ASCs). These ASCs have been shown to impact cancer progression directly through several mechanisms, including the increased recruitment of ASCs to the tumor site and increased production of cytokines and growth factors by ASCs and other cells within the tumor stroma. Emerging evidence indicates that obesity induces alterations in the biologic properties of ASCs, subsequently leading to enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. This review will discuss the links between obesity and cancer tumor progression, including obesity-associated changes in adipose tissue, inflammation, adipokines, and chemokines. Novel topics will include a discussion of the contribution of ASCs to this complex system with an emphasis on their role in the tumor stroma. The reciprocal and circular feedback loop between obesity and ASCs as well as the mechanisms by which ASCs from obese patients alter the biology of cancer cells and enhance tumorigenesis will be discussed. Stem Cells  2015;33:318–326
Effect of dietary carotenoids on vitamin A status and skin pigmentation in false tomato frogs (Dyscophus guineti)
Authors: Brenes‐Soto Andrea , Dierenfeld Ellen S.
Published: September 2014

Several species in captivity develop nutritional diseases including vitamin A deficiency; cases of this disease have been documented in amphibians, which may be linked to an insectivorous diet lacking in vitamin A or carotenoids. Adults and young of Dyscophus guineti were fed three diets over 9 weeks to evaluate effects on carotenoids and vitamin A status and skin pigmentation. Feeder crickets were either supplemented with soy oil (control, CON), soy oil enriched with β‐carotene (BC) or mixed carotenoids (MIX) by direct injection of known dosages. Vitamin A from feeder crickets (measured as retinol) was higher in insects supplemented with both BC and MIX; (P = 0.0001) and plasma retinol concentrations were significantly higher in frogs fed MIX (P < 0.02). Results suggest that both false tomato frogs and feeder crickets could receive some provitamin A activity through consumption of diets supplemented with β‐carotene, and xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin. Pigmentation was evaluated weekly through the use of visual color charts, as well as quantitatively using a hand‐held spectrophotometer. MIX diets had a significant effect on skin color values (P < 0.0001), as well as on lightness (P = 0.0005) and hue (P = 0.0022). Results indicated that frogs fed with BC changed to yellower colors, and frogs fed with MIX changed to oranger colors. Visual color chart observations also scored significantly different between CON and MIX diets (P < 0.05); the animals fed MIX also appeared oranger according to the qualitative observations. Dietary supplements with carotenoids resulted in color changes and higher circulating retinol concentrations in false tomato frogs. These pigments may provide provitamin A activity in diets, thus may support improved nutrition and health of captive—fed insectivorous amphibians. Zoo Biol. 33:544–552, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Leveraged Resources and Systems Changes in Community Collaboration
Authors: Harper Christopher R. , Kuperminc Gabriel P. , Weaver Scott R. , Emshoff Jim , Erickson Steve
Published: September 2014

Most models of community collaboration emphasize the ability of diverse partners to come together to enact systematic changes that improve the health of individuals and communities. The ability of these groups to leverage resources is thought to be an important marker of successful collaboration and eventual improvements in community health. However, there is a paucity of research addressing linkages between systems change activities and leveraged resources. This study used a sample of collaboratives (N = 157) that received technical assistance and funding through the Georgia Family Connection Partnership (GaFCP) between 2006 and 2007. Data were collected from collaborative report of activities and funding, member ratings of collaborative functioning, and characteristics of the communities served by the collaboratives drawn from US Census data. Cross‐lagged regression models tested longitudinal associations between systems change activities and leveraged dollars. The results indicated that systems change activities predict increased leveraging of resources from state/federal and private partners. However, there was no evidence that systems changes were linked with leveraging resources from local groups and agencies. These findings have important implications for providing technical assistance and training to health partnerships. Furthermore, future research should consider the relative strength of different systems change activities in relation to the ability of coalitions to leverage resources.
A Hierarchical Multi-Unidimensional IRT Approach for Analyzing Sparse, Multi-Group Data for Integrative Data Analysis
Authors: Huo Yan , de la Torre Jimmy , Mun Eun-Young , Kim Su-Young , Ray Anne E. , Jiao Yang , White Helene R.
Published: September 2014

The present paper proposes a hierarchical, multi-unidimensional two-parameter logistic item response theory (2PL-MUIRT) model extended for a large number of groups. The proposed model was motivated by a large-scale integrative data analysis (IDA) study which combined data (N = 24,336) from 24 independent alcohol intervention studies. IDA projects face unique challenges that are different from those encountered in individual studies, such as the need to establish a common scoring metric across studies and to handle missingness in the pooled data. To address these challenges, we developed a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for a hierarchical 2PL-MUIRT model for multiple groups in which not only were the item parameters and latent traits estimated, but the means and covariance structures for multiple dimensions were also estimated across different groups. Compared to a few existing MCMC algorithms for multidimensional IRT models that constrain the item parameters to facilitate estimation of the covariance matrix, we adapted an MCMC algorithm so that we could directly estimate the correlation matrix for the anchor group without any constraints on the item parameters. The feasibility of the MCMC algorithm and the validity of the basic calibration procedure were examined using a simulation study. Results showed that model parameters could be adequately recovered, and estimated latent trait scores closely approximated true latent trait scores. The algorithm was then applied to analyze real data (69 items across 20 studies for 22,608 participants). The posterior predictive model check showed that the model fit all items well, and the correlations between the MCMC scores and original scores were overall quite high. An additional simulation study demonstrated robustness of the MCMC procedures in the context of the high proportion of missingness in data. The Bayesian hierarchical IRT model using the MCMC algorithms developed in the current study has the potential to be widely implemented for IDA studies or multi-site studies, and can be further refined to meet more complicated needs in applied research.
Distal Peripheral Nerve Blockade for Patients Undergoing Hand Surgery: A Pilot Study
Authors: Soberón José R. , Bhatt Neil R. , Nossaman Bobby D. , Duncan Scott F. , Patterson Matthew E. , Sisco-Wise Leslie E.
Published: September 2014

Background

Data are limited regarding the use of peripheral nerve blockade at the level of the forearm, and most studies regard these procedures as rescue techniques for failed or incomplete blocks. The purpose of the study was to investigate patients undergoing hand surgery with distal peripheral nerve (forearm) blocks and compare them with patients having similar procedures under more proximal brachial plexus blockade. No investigations comparing distal nerve blockade to proximal approaches are currently reported in the literature.

Methods

Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients who had undergone hand surgery with a peripheral nerve block between November 2012 and October 2013. The primary outcome was the ability to provide a primary anesthetic without the need for general anesthesia or local anesthetic supplementation by the surgical team. Secondary outcome measures included narcotic administration during the block and intraoperative procedures, block performance times, and the need for rescue analgesics in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU).

Results

No statistical difference in conversion rates to general anesthesia was observed between the two groups. Total opiate administration for the block and surgical procedure was lower in the forearm block group. There was no difference in block performance times or need for rescue analgesics in the PACU.

Conclusions

Forearm blocks are viable alternatives to proximal blockade and are effective as a primary anesthetic technique in patients undergoing hand surgery. Compared to the more proximal approaches, these blocks have the benefits of not causing respiratory compromise, the ability to be performed bilaterally, and may be safer in anticoagulated patients.
The Impact of Strain Reversal on Microstructure Evolution and Orientation Relationships in Ti-6Al-4V with an Initial Alpha Colony Microstructure
Authors: Muszka K. , Lopez-Pedrosa M. , Raszka K. , Thomas M. , Rainforth W. M. , Wynne B. P.
Published: September 2014

The effect of forward and reverse torsion on flow behavior and microstructure evolution, particularly dynamic and static spheroidization, on Ti-6Al-4V with an alpha lamella colony microstructure was studied. Testing was undertaken sub beta transus [1088 K (815 °C)] at strain rates of either 0.05 or 0.5 s−1. Quantitative metallography and electron back scatter diffraction has identified that a critical monotonic strain (ε
c) in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 is required to initiate rapid dynamic spheroidization of the alpha lamella. For material deformed to strains below ε
c and then reversed to a zero net strain the orientation relationships between alpha colonies are close to ideal Burgers, enabling prior beta grains to be fully reconstructed. Material deformed to strains greater than ε
c and reversed lose Burgers and no beta reconstruction is possible, suggesting ε
c is the strain required to generate break-up of lamella. Static spheroidization is, however, sensitive to strain path around ε
c. Annealing at 1088 K (815 °C) for 4 hours for material subjected to 0.25 forward + 0.25 forward strain produces 48 pct spheroidized grains while material with 0.25 forward + 0.25 reverse strain has 10 pct spheroidization. This is believed to be a direct consequence of different levels of the stored energy between these two strain paths.
Ultrasonographic findings after Achilles tenotomy during Ponseti treatment for clubfeet: Is ultrasound a reliable tool to assess tendon healing?
Authors: Nasr P. , Berman L. , Rehm A.
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Several studies have claimed ultrasound to be useful and accurate in assessing the healing phase of Achilles tendons after tenotomy during Ponseti treatment for clubfoot deformity. The purpose of our study was to assess the healing process of Achilles tendons ultrasonographically after tenotomy as part of Ponseti clubfoot management and to assess the effects of previously not considered ultrasound properties (anisotropy, partial volume effect), and whether these practical considerations affect accurate measurements which have been claimed possible in previous studies.

Materials and methods

We monitored the post-tenotomy healing process in 15 patients (22 tendons) using high frequency ultrasound for a minimum of six months (range 6–14 months). The scanning was discontinued once a tendon looked normal or when the appearance remained unchanged between scans. We also studied nine patients (11 tendons) who had undergone Achilles tenotomies up to seven years previously (range 34–83 months).

Results

In the immediate postoperative period, ultrasound showed large variations in the distance of the tenotomy from the calcaneum as well as the obliquity and completeness of the surgical division. We encountered pitfalls in the use of ultrasound to define healing stages that were not described previously. Sonography was inaccurate and subjective in assessing both completeness of the surgical division and tendon measurements. Despite ultrasonographically proven incomplete tendon division in 63 % of cases, the clinical effect of an immediate increase of passive foot dorsiflexion from the pretenotomy position with an obvious palpable tendon gap was achieved in all patients. At the end of the study, 65 % of tendons did not achieve a normal appearance.

Conclusions

We do not think that routine ultrasound studies are of any value as an adjunct to clinical assessment intra- and post-operatively. It can give misleading information regarding the need to complete the tenotomy, which may increase risks associated with a further pass of the scalpel blade.
Good long-term outcome of the untreated contralateral hip in unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Authors: Wensaas Anders , Gunderson Ragnhild B. , Svenningsen Svein , Terjesen Terje
Published: September 2014

Purpose

There is no consensus regarding prophylactic fixation of the contralateral hip in slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). In order to further study this question, we evaluated the long-term natural history of untreated contralateral hips.

Methods

Forty patients treated for unilateral SCFE without evidence of subsequent contralateral slip during adolescence were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 36 years (range 21–50 years). The deformity after SCFE may demonstrate radiographic signs of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement. We, therefore, measured α-angles in the contralateral hips on anteroposterior (AP) and frog-leg lateral radiographs. The angles were compared with those of a control group of adults without SCFE. Five years after the radiographic examination, with a mean follow-up of 41 years, all patients were evaluated by telephone interview. As range of motion and deformity could not be examined, a modified Harris hip score (HHS) (maximum score of 91 points) was used. A modified HHS <76 points and/or radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) was classified as a poor long-term outcome.

Results

The mean value of the AP α-angle was significantly higher in the contralateral hips in SCFE patients than in the control group (55° vs. 46°), while the mean value of the lateral α-angle was not. Abnormally high values for one or both α-angles were found in 16 contralateral hips (40 %), of which five patients had abnormal values for both α-angles and were considered to have had an asymptomatic contralateral slip. Five patients (13 %) had a poor outcome in the contralateral hip, of which three patients (8 %) had OA. There was a significant association between hips with both α-angles that were abnormal and poor outcome.

Conclusions

Since the natural history showed good long-term radiographic and clinical outcome in 35 of 40 patients and only three had OA, we conclude that routine prophylactic fixation of the contralateral hip is not indicated.
The medial approach open reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip: Do the long-term outcomes validate this approach? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Akilapa Oluwasegun
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and treated paediatric orthopaedic conditions.

Objective

To systematically identify, appraise and synthesise the best evidence for the long-term outcomes of the medial approach open reduction (MAOR) for DDH.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane databases were searched up to July 2013. All study designs that reported on the long-term outcomes of the MAOR as the primary treatment modality for DDH were included. The risk of bias in each study was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool with some modification to accommodate different study designs.

Results

From the 162 citations screened, five retrospective observational studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included. The mean age at surgery varied from 10 to 17 months with an average follow-up period of 16–25 years. Acetabular development, as defined by the Severin Classification, was reported as satisfactory (Severin I/II) in between 38 and 79 % of study cohorts. However these good and excellent outcomes were less promising when patients who had additional operations were considered as unsatisfactory results. Avascular necrosis, as predominantly defined by the Kalamchi criteria, varied from 5 to 43 %. Negative prognostic factors implicated were mean age at surgery >17 months, the absence of the ossific nucleus and eccentric posturing of the femoral head postoperatively. The rate of secondary operations reported varied from 11 to 50 %. There were no reported total hip replacements.

Conclusion

There is a paucity of robust evidence pertaining to the long-term outcomes of the MAOR for developmental dysplasia of the hip. The trends from observational studies suggest that the long-term outcomes are not as positive as short- to intermediate-term studies suggest. Further prospective, controlled and rigorously designed studies are required to validate this approach.
Using the flipped classroom to improve student engagement and to prepare graduates to meet maritime industry requirements: a focus on maritime education
Authors: James Allison J. , Chin Christopher K. H. , Williams Belinda R.
Published: September 2014

This paper challenges maritime educators (MEs) to utilise the flipped or partially flipped classroom to meet increasingly diverse stakeholder needs. Given the international and geographically dispersed nature of the maritime industry (MI), the skills required are more complex than in a domestic situation. Further considerations include continuous improvement of learning and teaching practices whilst engaging with a unique student cohort, preparing a graduate suited to specific MI requirements and working within constrained university resources. At first, this may appear to be addressing too many divergent stakeholder expectations. The authors propose using backward course design (a design that meets the needs and goals of the specific nature of the MI through stakeholder consultation) as a premise to flipped teaching, thus unifying stakeholder requirements. Skills developed in the flipped classroom are particularly useful within the international nature of the MI. The skills required for effectively working in a linguistically and culturally diverse industry such as teamwork, decision-making, problem-solving and conflict resolution are practised in the flipped classroom. These skills along with specific consideration of MI-based cases and examples discussed in class time produce a more work-ready graduate attuned to specific industry requirements. This paper provides two application examples of the flipped classroom in the MI and highlights how this approach can lead to improved teaching outcomes for MEs.
Coaching to Improve the Quality of Communication During Briefings and Debriefings
Authors: Kleiner Catherine , Link Terri , Maynard M. Travis , Halverson Carpenter Katherine
Published: September 2014

Communication breakdowns have been identified as a root cause of many medical errors. Sentinel events occurring in surgery comprise a significant number of these events. Despite the addition of briefings and debriefings in the OR and the introduction of crew resource management principles, communication problems continue to occur in the surgical setting. The purpose of this research was to evaluate coaching as an intervention to improve the quality of OR briefings and debriefings. A retired orthopedic surgeon conducted coaching that included all members of the perioperative team. The quality of both briefings and debriefings significantly improved after the coaching intervention. Analysis of the results of this study suggests that coaching should be considered as an intervention to improve communication during surgical procedures, especially during briefings and debriefings.
Disorganization of a hole tone feedback loop by an axisymmetric obstacle on a downstream end plate
Authors: Matsuura K. , Nakano M.
Published: September 2014

This study investigates the suppression of the sound produced when a jet, issued from a circular nozzle or hole in a plate, goes through a similar hole in a second plate. The sound, known as a hole tone, is encountered in many practical engineering situations. The mean velocity of the air jet $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}u_0$ was $6\text {--}12\ \mathrm{m}\ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$. The nozzle and the end plate hole both had a diameter of 51 mm, and the impingement length $L_{im}$ between the nozzle and the end plate was 50–90 mm. We propose a novel passive control method of suppressing the tone with an axisymmetric obstacle on the end plate. We find that the effect of the obstacle is well described by the combination ($W/L_{im}$, $h$) where $W$ is the distance from the edge of the end plate hole to the inner wall of the obstacle, and $h$ is the obstacle height. The tone is suppressed when backflows from the obstacle affect the jet shear layers near the nozzle exit. We do a direct sound computation for a typical case where the tone is successfully suppressed. Axisymmetric uniformity observed in the uncontrolled case is broken almost completely in the controlled case. The destruction is maintained by the process in which three-dimensional vortices in the jet shear layers convect downstream, interact with the obstacle and recursively disturb the jet flow from the nozzle exit. While regions near the edge of the end plate hole are responsible for producing the sound in the controlled case as well as in the uncontrolled case, acoustic power in the controlled case is much lower than in the uncontrolled case because of the disorganized state.
Large-eddy simulation study of the logarithmic law for second- and higher-order moments in turbulent wall-bounded flow
Authors: Stevens Richard J. A. M. , Wilczek Michael , Meneveau Charles
Published: September 2014

The logarithmic law for the mean velocity in turbulent boundary layers has long provided a valuable and robust reference for comparison with theories, models and large-eddy simulations (LES) of wall-bounded turbulence. More recently, analysis of high-Reynolds-number experimental boundary-layer data has shown that also the variance and higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity fluctuations $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}u^{\prime +}$ display logarithmic laws. Such experimental observations motivate the question whether LES can accurately reproduce the variance and the higher-order moments, in particular their logarithmic dependency on distance to the wall. In this study we perform LES of very high-Reynolds-number wall-modelled channel flow and focus on profiles of variance and higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. In agreement with the experimental data, we observe an approximately logarithmic law for the variance in the LES, with a ‘Townsend–Perry’ constant of $A_1\approx 1.25$. The LES also yields approximate logarithmic laws for the higher-order moments of the streamwise velocity. Good agreement is found between $A_p$, the generalized ‘Townsend–Perry’ constants for moments of order $2p$, from experiments and simulations. Both are indicative of sub-Gaussian behaviour of the streamwise velocity fluctuations. The near-wall behaviour of the variance, the ranges of validity of the logarithmic law and in particular possible dependencies on characteristic length scales such as the roughness length $z_0$, the LES grid scale $\Delta $, and subgrid scale mixing length $C_s\Delta $ are examined. We also present LES results on moments of spanwise and wall-normal fluctuations of velocity.
Influence of manufacturing procedure on the compositional and sensory properties of n-3 fatty acid-enriched pecorino cheese
Authors: Branciari Raffaella , Mughetti Laura , Ranucci David , Miraglia Dino , Valiani Andrea , Acuti Gabriele , Selvaggini Roberto , Trabalza-Marinucci Massimo
Published: September 2014

Pecorino cheeses were produced using two different manufacturing procedures (either from raw milk or from milk previously subject to a thermisation at 65 °C for 10 s with the addition of starter culture) using the milk obtained from three groups of ewes fed three different concentrates: (1) control, (2) control enriched with 100 g/kg of extruded linseed, and (3) control enriched with 200 g/kg of extruded linseed. All concentrates were administered with alfalfa hay ad libitum. The extruded linseed-enriched diets increased the concentration of n-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated acids in raw milk and thermised milk cheese and decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids. Changes in the manufacturing procedure did not influence the fatty acid composition of the cheeses but markedly influenced their sensory properties. In particular, heat-treating the milk and adding a starter reduced the differences in cheese odour, flavour and toughness induced by the diet when raw milk was used. Cheeses made with thermised milk and the addition of starter culture were more uniform and obtained a higher score in the preference test compared with the corresponding raw milk cheeses. An appropriate manufacturing process, therefore, can be a possible strategy to obtain cheeses with improved health-promoting properties and an unaltered acceptance level by consumers.
Enteric-coated capsule containing β-galactosidase-loaded polylactic acid nanocapsules: enzyme stability and milk lactose hydrolysis under simulated gastrointestinal conditions
Authors: He Hongjun , Zhang Xueting , Sheng Yan
Published: September 2014

In order to protect peroral β-galactosidase from being degraded and hydrolyse milk lactose efficiently in the environments of gastrointestinal tract, a double-capsule delivery system composed of enteric-coated capsule and polylactic acid (PLA) nanocapsules (NCs) was developed for encapsulation of β-galactosidase. β-galactosidase-loaded PLA NCs in the size range of 100–200 nm were prepared by a modified w1/o/w2technique. During the encapsulation process, dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (1 : 1, v/v) as the solvent composition, high-pressure homogenisation (150 bar, 3 min) as the second emulsification method and polyvinyl alcohol or Poloxamer 188 as a stabiliser in the inner phase could efficiently improve the activity retention of β-galactosidase (>90%). Subsequently, the prepared NCs were freeze-dried and filled in a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HP55)-coated capsule. In vitro results revealed that the HP55-coated capsule remained intact in the simulated gastric fluid and efficiently protected the nested β-galactosidase from acidic denaturation. Under the simulated intestinal condition, the enteric coating dissolved rapidly and released the β-galactosidase-loaded PLA NCs, which exhibited greater stability against enzymatic degradation and higher hydrolysis ratio (∼100%) towards milk lactose than the free β-galactosidase. These results suggest that this double-capsule delivery system represents promising candidate for efficient lactose hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract.
Biotic and abiotic effects on the intestinal helminth community of the brown ratRattus norvegicusfrom Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Simões R.O. , Luque J.L. , Gentile R. , Rosa M.C.S. , Costa-Neto S. , Maldonado A.
Published: September 2014

Rattus norvegicushas attracted much attention because of its role as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens. This work aimed to identify the intestinal helminth species inR. norvegicusand to analyse the effects of temperature, rainfall, host age and sex on the helminth community structure. Moreover, this study investigated the possible associations among helminth species in an urban population ofR. norvegicusin São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, sampled during the rainy and dry seasons over a span of 2 years. A total of 112 rats were infected by six species of helminths. The nematodeNippostrongylus brasiliensiswas the most prevalent and abundant species, with high mean intensity in both seasons, followed byStrongyloides venezuelensis,Heterakis spumosa,Raillietinasp.,Hymenolepis nanaandMoniliformis moniliformis.Co-occurrence was found betweenN. brasiliensisandS. venezuelensisand betweenN. brasiliensisandH. spumosa.The occurrence ofS. venezuelensiswas related to rainfall. The understanding of the helminth community structure in this synanthropic rat provides basic information on parasites of public health importance, as two helminth species (H. nanaandM. moniliformis) recovered from rats in the urban area studied can infect humans.
Effects of anthropogenic and demographic factors on patterns of parasitism in African small mammal communities
Authors: SALZER JOHANNA S. , CARROLL DARIN S. , WILLIAMS-NEWKIRK AMANDA JO , LANG STEFANIE , PETERHANS JULIAN KERBIS , RWEGO INNOCENT B. , OCKERS SANDRA , GILLESPIE THOMAS R.
Published: September 2014

Habitat disturbance often results in alterations in community structure of small mammals. Additionally, the parasites harboured by these small mammals may be impacted by environmental changes or indirectly affected by changes in available hosts. To improve our understanding of this interplay, we examined the patterns of parasitism in small mammal communities from a variety of habitats in forested Uganda. Small mammals were collected from areas experiencing variable habitat disturbance, host density and species richness. The analysis focused on 3 most abundant rodent species,Lophuromys aquilus, Praomys jacksoniandHylomyscus stella, and a diverse group of parasites they harbour. The impact of various habitat and host community factors on parasite prevalence was examined using linear regression and Spearman's rank-order correlation. We further investigated the parasite communities associated with each individual using correspondence analysis. We determined that, parasite prevalence and richness may be occasionally influenced by community and habitat factors, but taxonomy is a driving force in influencing the parasite community harboured by an individual host. Ultimately, applying general principles across a broad range of disturbance levels and diverse host communities needs to be approached with caution in complex communities.
WORDS AND PRONILPOTENT SUBGROUPS IN PROFINITE GROUPS
Authors: KHUKHRO E. I. , SHUMYATSKY P.
Published: September 2014

Let$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}w$be a multilinear commutator word, that is, a commutator of weight$n$in$n$different group variables. It is proved that if$G$is a profinite group in which all pronilpotent subgroups generated by$w$-values are periodic, then the verbal subgroup$w(G)$is locally finite.