bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labor and the New Millennium: Class, Vision, and Change. The Twenty-second North American Labor History Conference
Authors: Mello William J.
Published: September 2019

Wayne State University, in Detroit, Michigan, once again hosted the twenty- second North American Labor History Conference (NALHC). Held between October 19–21, 2000, the conference was an incursion into cutting-edge scholarly research, examining the history of working-class and labor movements in the United States, Europe, Canada, and Mexico, as well as Central and Latin America. NALHC explored the deep-rooted relations among work and race, gender, ethnicity, citizenship, and the economy. A unique and particularly interesting aspect of the conference was that many of the panels were composed of both activists and academics of the labor movement, which made the examination of past and present issues of working-class life highly informative.
Don Kalb, Marco van der Land, Richard Staring, Bart van Steenbergen, and Nico Wilterdink, eds. The Ends of Globalization: Bringing Society Back In. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. vii + 403 pp.
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: September 2019

As the European population grew after 1100 CE, bishops and princes in the thinly settled regions northeast of what we now call Germany took to generating revenue and labor power by recruiting qualified migrants to newly chartered cities and villages. Often the charters granted access to German law rather than the Slavic or Scandinavian codes and practices that had previously prevailed. German law afforded both merchants and peasants greater individual freedom and more secure claims to property than did earlier legal arrangements. Soon German-speaking cities such as Danzig and Riga were booming as crossroads in the exchange of northern goods for the manufactures of Central and Western Europe. In their hinterlands, German-speaking farmers intensified cultivation and shipped agricultural products to centers of international trade. Fairly soon, however, strengthened coercive monarchies and mercantile federations such as the Hanse extracted revenues and exerted top-down controls that increased inequality between insiders and outsiders of the newly expanding political economy. We might call the whole process Europeanization. Within Europeanization, however, what caused what? How did German law, semi-autonomous cities, intensive farming, exclusive trading federations, developmental states, and proliferating markets interact? Decades of vigorous, often vitriolic, debate among historians have not yet produced a clear-cut victory for the view that well- articulated markets did the crucial work, for the riposte that new forms of force-backed exploitation caused the transformation, or for any alternative to those competing explanations.
Wolfgang and Petra Lubitz, eds., Trotsky Bibliography: An International Classified List of Publications about Leon Trotsky and Trotskyism 1905–1998. Third completely revised and enlarged edition. Vols. 1–2. Munich: K. G. Saur, 1999. 840 pp. DM 368 cloth.
Authors: Callesen Gerd
Published: September 2019

This bibliography is quite an impressive effort. It is extensive, thorough, structurally sound, and contains excellent indexes. In short, it is a truly useful tool for anyone who, for scholarly or political reasons, takes an interest in Trotsky and Trotskyism. Of course, the definition of Trotskyism is somewhat blurred; too many people have used the concept subjectively, either with positive or negative connotations, for it to signify anything unambiguous. The Lubitzes have done their utmost to remedy this state of affairs by disregarding sectarian restraints and by choosing a broad approach to the subject; they have even gone to the extreme of including some anti-Trotskyist effusions of no real scholarly or current political value.
Agents of Social Change: Celebrating Women's Progressive Activism across the Twentieth Century
Authors: Banks Nutter Kathleen
Published: September 2019

More than half a century ago, “No Documents, No History” was the rallying cry of women's historian and archivist Mary Ritter Beard. In that spirit, the Sophia Smith Collection (SSC) at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, sponsored a two-day conference from September 22–23, 2000, to celebrate the opening of eight collections that document the incredible achievement of six women and two organizations in the collective struggle for social change throughout the twentieth century. In the papers of Mary Metlay Kaufman, Dorothy Kenyon, Constance Baker Motley, Jessie Lloyd O'Connor, Frances Fox Piven, and Gloria Steinem, and in the records of the National Congress of Neighborhood Women and the Women's Action Alliance can be found primary documents associated with the ongoing quest for social justice. The potential impact of movement history based on such archival holdings is immense. As conference organizer Joyce Clark Follet noted in her opening remarks, such documentation can change the way we think about the past, thus changing the way we think about the future.
REVIEWING THE REVIEWS
Authors: Ezzo Jeannette , Bausell Barker , Moerman Daniel E. , Berman Brian , Hadhazy Victoria
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The objectives of this paper were: a) to determine what can be learned from conclusions of systematic reviews about the evidence base of medicine; and b) to determine whether two readers draw similar conclusions from the same review, and whether these match the authors' conclusions.

Methods: Three methodologists (two per review) rated 160 Cochrane systematic reviews (issue 1, 1998) using pre-established conclusion categories. Disagreements were resolved by discussion to arrive at a consensual score for each review. Reviews' authors were asked to use the same categories to designate the intended conclusion. Interrater agreements were calculated.

Results: Interrater agreement between two readers was 0.68 and 0.72, and between readers and authors, 0.32. The largest categories assigned by methodologists were “positive effect” (22.5%), “insufficient evidence” (21.3%), and “evidence of no effect” (20.0%). The largest categories assigned by authors were “insufficient evidence” (32.4%), “possibly positive” (28.6%), and “positive effect” (26.7%).

Conclusions: The number of reviews indicating that the modern biomedical interventions show either no effect or insufficient evidence is surprisingly high. Intterrater disagreements suggest a surprising degree of subjective interpretation involved in systematic reviews. Where patterns of disagreement emerged between authors and readers, authors tended to be more optimistic in their conclusions than the readers. Policy implications are discussed.
THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SEARCHING MEDLINE TO ANSWER CLINICAL QUESTIONS Finding the Right Number of Articles
Authors: Allison Jeroan J. , Kiefe Catarina I. , Weissman Norman W. , Carter Jerome , Centor Robert M.
Published: September 2019

The current medical environment makes information retrieval a matter of
practical importance for clinicians. Many avenues present themselves to the
clinician, but here we focus on MEDLINE by summarizing the current state of
the art and providing an innovative approach for skill enhancement. Because
new search engines appear rapidly, we focus on generic principles that can be
easily adapted to various systems, even those not yet available. We propose an
idealized classification system for the results of a MEDLINE search. Type A
searches produce a few articles of high quality that are directly focused on
the immediate question. Type B searches yield a large number of articles, some
more relevant than others. Type C searches produce few or no articles, and
those that are located are not germane. Providing that relevant, high-quality
articles do exist, type B and C searches may often be improved with attention
to search technique. Problems stem from poor recall and poor precision. The
most daunting task lies in achieving the balance between too few and too many
articles. By providing a theoretical framework and several practical examples,
we prepare the searcher to overcome the following barriers: a) failure to
begin with a well-built question; b) failure to use the Medical Subject
Headings; c) failure to leverage the relationship between recall and
precision; and d) failure to apply proper limits to the search. Thought and
practice will increase the utility and enjoyment of searching MEDLINE.
A COMPUTER MODEL TO ANALYZE THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF HORMONE REPLACEMENT
THERAPY
Authors: Zethraeus Niklas , Johannesson Magnus , Jönsson Bengt
Published: September 2019

This paper gives a detailed presentation of a computer model for evaluating
the cost-effectiveness (CE) of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), describing
the model's design, structure, and data requirements. The model needs
data specified for costs, quality of life, risks, and mortality rates. As an
illustration, the CE of HRT in Sweden is calculated. Two treatment strategies
are evaluated for asymptomatic women: estrogen-only therapy and estrogen
combined with a progestin. The model produces similar results compared with
earlier studies. The CE ratios improve with the size of the risk reduction and
generally with age. Further, estrogen-only therapy is associated with a lower
cost per gained effectiveness unit compared with combined therapy. Uncertainty
surrounding the long-term effects of HRT means that the CE estimates should be
interpreted carefully. The model permits the inclusion of indirect costs and
costs in added life-years, allowing the analysis to be made from a societal
perspective, which is an improvement relative to previous studies.
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Kesteloot Katrien
Published: September 2019

Recently, many disease management programs, especially for patients with
chronic diseases, have emerged. This paper discusses the potential benefits
and disadvantages of disease management, on the basis of an extensive
literature review. Disease management is an innovative technology in health
care management, which is diffusing throughout the health care system without
critical evaluation. Evidence on its effectiveness and costs is still very
scarce, while the legal, ethical, organizational, and social implications of
this practice have not been analyzed seriously. Before disease management is
implemented on a broader scale in different European settings, first,
empirical evidence about its alleged benefits and cost-effectiveness should be
collected.
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PAIN THERAPY AFTER HYSTERECTOMY
Authors: Rittenhouse Brian E. , Choinière Manon
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To assess the economics of patient-controlled
analgesia (PCA) treatment versus regular intramuscular (IM) injections of
opioid analgesia for pain management after hysterectomy.

Methods: Cost-minimization analysis was used based on the
comparable pain control results achieved in the two treatment groups.
Observations were taken of treatment-related events with personnel (mostly
nursing) time implications during the trial. Times were then associated with
these events in an independent study of personnel activity. Costs were linked
by using average wage rates for the various personnel for the Montreal area
during the time of the study. Drug and material costs were hospital
acquisition costs for all items. The cost of the PCA pump itself was not
included in the analysis. Several analyses were performed to test the
sensitivity of the results to various assumptions.

Results: The results for total costs of the two therapies
generally showed PCA to be more costly than regular IM injections despite no
costs of the pump being included in the analyses. These results were robust
with respect to changes in assumptions. Even when intentionally biasing the
analysis against IM therapy, it was difficult to obtain results that favored
PCA.

Conclusions: Based upon the institutions and assumptions in this
analysis, PCA offers no cost advantages over regular IM therapy in the pain
management after hysterectomy. Regular IM injections provided less costly
analgesia.
QUALITY-ASSESSED REVIEWS OF HEALTH CARE INTERVENTIONS AND THE DATABASE OF
ABSTRACTS OF REVIEWS OF EFFECTIVENESS (DARE)
Authors: Petticrew Mark , Song Fujian , Wilson Paul , Wright Kath
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness
(DARE) (http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/) at the NHS Centre
for Reviews and Dissemination provides a unique international resource of
structured summaries of quality-assessed reviews of health care interventions.
These reviews have been identified from searches of electronic databases and
by hand-searching journals. This paper describes and summarizes the DARE
database, including the topic areas covered and the review methods used.

Methods: The first 480 structured abstracts on the DARE database
were summarized. Data were extracted from each database field and coded for
analysis.

Results: Most of the systematic reviews investigated the
effectiveness of treatments: 54% investigated the effectiveness of medical
therapies, and 10% assessed surgical interventions. Around two-thirds used
meta-analytic methods to combine primary studies. The quality of the reviews
was variable, with just over half of the reviews (52%, n = 251) having
systematically assessed the validity of the included primary studies.
Narrative reviews were more likely than meta-analyses to reach negative
conclusions (42% vs. 25%, p = .0001). The 21 reviews that reported
drug company funding were more likely to reach positive conclusions (81% vs.
66%, p = .15).

Conclusion: The DARE database is a valuable source of
quality-assessed systematic reviews, and is free and easily accessible. It
provides a valuable online resource to help in filtering out poorer quality
reviews when assessing the effectiveness of health technologies.
HOW URGENT ARE EMERGENCY ADMISSIONS?
Authors: Hotvedt Ragnar , Thoner Just , Wilskow Arne W. , Førde Olav H.
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To assess necessary treatment and degree of urgency
for patients admitted to emergency rooms, and potential health consequences of
transfer to nearest alternative hospital.

Methods: During 1 month, we included all 1,300 emergently admitted
patients in all seven general hospitals in a Norwegian county with a
population of 236,921 inhabitants. The number of patients in need of surgical
and/or intensive medical treatment, the urgency of the necessary
treatment, and the risk to each patient of adverse permanent health
consequences of further transport to nearest alternative hospital were
assessed by a multidisciplinary expert panel.

Results: Ninety-four patients (7.2% of 1300 patients) were
considered in need of either surgical (n = 22) or intensive medical treatment
(n = 70) or both (n = 2) within 8 hours of arrival in hospital. Medical
treatment had the greatest urgency, while surgery most often could be
postponed. In cases where the patients were initially to be given only
stabilizing treatment and then transported (assisted by qualified personnel)
to another hospital, the panel estimated the risk of losing health benefit to
be high for 14 patients. In six of these cases the risk was linked to delay of
thrombolytic treatment.

Conclusions: Fewer than 10% of the patients who are admitted as
emergency cases to general hospitals in Norway need surgical or intensive
medical treatment within 8 hours of their arrival. The medical consequences of
transport of patients to the nearest alternative hospital are generally small
and can often be further reduced by simple means.
COMPARISON OF AN ORDINAL AND A CONTINUOUS OUTCOME MEASURE OF MUSCLE
SORENESS
Authors: Vickers Andrew J.
Published: September 2019

The relationship between an ordinal (Likert) and a continuous (visual
analog) measure of pain was investigated in 400 long-distance runners
experiencing delayed-onset muscle soreness. Subjects completed a 100-mm visual
analog scale (VAS) and a 7-point Likert scale twice a day for 5 days, starting
at 9:00 PM on the evening of the run. The relationship between scales
was modeled by calculating the median VAS for each Likert score and the modal
Likert score for each point on the VAS. Standardized means were calculated by
dividing the total of 5 day scores by the standard error of 5 day scores for
all subjects. The relationship between scales was approximately linear, but
VAS scores recorded concurrently with each Likert score varied enormously. VAS
responses for a Likert score of zero were lower than expected, apparently
because subjects chose zero only if they were completely free of soreness. The
standardized mean of the Likert scale was higher (34.1 [SD 20]
versus 30.4 [SD20] p <<< .0001), suggesting
greater responsiveness. The Likert scale can be recommended as a method of
measuring muscle soreness, but researchers should not anchor the lowest score
to zero pain.
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN GERMANY
Authors: Perleth Matthias , Mannebach Hermann , Busse Reinhard , Gleichmann Ulrich , Schwartz Friedrich Wilhelm
Published: September 2019

Objective: To describe the diffusion of cardiac catheterization
technologies and time trends of their use according to setting and geographic
region in Germany during a 13-year period. It is hypothesized that the cardiac
catheterization technology has matured from an experimental state to a broadly
accepted technology.

Methods: Data come from the annual survey of the German Society
for Cardiovascular Research. All German cardiac catheterization units are
requested to provide data on volume and type of catheterization procedures.
Data are available from 1984 to 1996. Number and type of procedure, type of
unit, diagnoses, and complications are all recorded. The overall response rate
is 90%, on average.

Results: The total number of catheterization units was 324 in
1996, or an average of 3.69 units per 1 million population. In 1996, all of
the East German Länder and districts were below average. Utilization of
cardiac catheterization procedures increased exponentially during the study
period. The number of angiographies rose from about 45,000 in 1984 to more
than 450,000 in 1996; the number of angioplasties increased almost by a factor
of 50 to 125,000 procedures in 1996. Inverse correlations between the rates
per million population of either coronary angiographies or PTCAs and mortality
rates from ischemic heart disease were observed at the level of the German
Länder.

Conclusion: Further studies taking patient characteristics,
long-term outcomes, and other factors in account are necessary to clarify the
large geographic variations and the negative relationship between utilization
rates and coronary heart disease mortality found in this study.
COMBINING FEEDBACK FROM SIMULATED CASES AND PRESCRIBING
Authors: Lundborg Cecilia Stålsby , Wahlström Rolf , Diwan Vinod Kumar , Oke Thimothy , Mårtenson Dick , Tomson Göran
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To develop and evaluate a new model of continuing
medical education (CME) for general practitioners (GPs). The study is part of
the joint European Drug Education Project (DEP). This paper presents the
Swedish part regarding the design of the evaluation study, the educational
methodology, and the participants' evaluation.

Methods: An educational model was developed. Two peer group
discussions (facilitated by a GP/pharmacist team), including individual
feedback on the GPs' judgments of written simulated cases and
prescribing, were main components. The model was tested in a parallel
randomized controlled study including 36 GP groups, allocated to education on
asthma or urinary tract infections. Background and outcome data were knowledge
and attitudes (K/A) assessed by a questionnaire and prescribing practices
for actual and written simulated cases. The GPs' evaluation of the model
was captured through a questionnaire.

Results: All 36 groups completed the program. The mean
participation rate in the group discussions was 75%. The response rates were
82–98% regarding background, 60–83% regarding outcome data
(K/A questionnaire and written cases), and 80% regarding the evaluation
questionnaire. Prescribing data were captured for 99% of the GPs. Both group
discussions were considered important by 84–89%. Eighty-seven percent
wished to take part in similar CME activities for other conditions. About 80%
reported that their purpose in participating had been fulfilled.

Conclusions: It was feasible to evaluate the developed educational
model by using a two-armed parallel study design. The model was well received
by the participants.
UTILIZATION OF PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY FOR QUALITY
ASSURANCE IN HEALTH CARE FROM 1983 TO 1996
Authors: Mariotto Aldo , Zeni Lucia , Selle Vittorio , Favaretti Carlo
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To examine the distribution of interventional cardiac
catheterization laboratories, their case load, the time trends, and the
regional variation of percutaneous transluminal cutaneous angioplasty (PTCA)
utilization in Italy.

Methods: Analysis of data was provided by the annual reports of
the Italian Group of Studies and Interventional Cardiology over the period
from 1983 to 1996.

Results: The number of PTCA facilities and their use steadily
increased, mainly in the North. In 1996 the utilization rate was 34 per
100,000 population, but only 60% of labs performed 200 or more procedures.

Conclusions: Dramatic time trends and regional variations often
took place without an epidemiology and technology assessment-based planning
process.
ONE-SIDED TESTING FOR ARCH EFFECTS USING WAVELETS
Authors: Hong Yongmiao , Lee Jin
Published: September 2019

There has been increasing interest recently in hypothesis testing
with inequality restrictions. An important example in time series
econometrics is hypotheses on autoregressive conditional
heteroskedasticity (ARCH). We propose a one-sided test for ARCH
effects using a wavelet spectral density estimator at frequency
zero of a squared regression residual series. The square of
an ARCH process is positively correlated at all lags, resulting
in a spectral mode at frequency zero. In particular, it has
a spectral peak at frequency zero when ARCH effects are persistent
or when ARCH effects are small at each individual lag but carry
over a long distributional lag. As a joint time-frequency
decomposition method, wavelets can effectively capture spectral
peaks. We expect that wavelets are more powerful than kernels
in small samples when ARCH effects are persistent or when ARCH
effects have a long distributional lag. This is confirmed in
a simulation study.
HOW DO LEARNERS PERCEIVE INTERACTIONAL FEEDBACK?
Authors: Mackey Alison , Gass Susan , McDonough Kim
Published: September 2019

Theoretical claims about the benefits of conversational interaction have been made by Gass
(1997), Long (1996), Pica (1994), and others. The Interaction Hypothesis suggests that
negotiated interaction can facilitate SLA and that one reason for this could be that, during
interaction, learners may receive feedback on their utterances. An interesting issue, which has
challenged interactional research, concerns how learners perceive feedback and whether their
perceptions affect their subsequent L2 development. The present research addresses the first of
these issues–learners' perceptions about interactional feedback. The study,
involving 10 learners of English as a second language and 7 learners of Italian as a foreign
language, explores learners' perceptions about feedback provided to them through
task-based dyadic interaction. Learners received feedback focused on a range of
morphosyntactic, lexical, and phonological forms. After completing the tasks, learners watched
videotapes of their previous interactions and were asked to introspect about their thoughts at the
time the original interactions were in progress. The results showed that learners were relatively
accurate in their perceptions about lexical, semantic, and phonological feedback. However,
morphosyntactic feedback was generally not perceived as such. Furthermore, the nature as well
as the content of the feedback may have affected learners' perceptions.
MODELING PERCEPTIONS OF THE ACCENTEDNESS AND
COMPREHENSIBILITY OF L2 SPEECH The Role of Speaking Rate
Authors: Munro Murray J. , Derwing Tracey M.
Published: September 2019

In much previous research, listeners' rating data have served as a dependent variable to
demonstrate the effects of age of learning, length of residence, and motivation on L2 users'
degree of foreign accent. However, the role of speaking rate in such judgments has not been
ascertained. To gain new insight into this relationship, we carried out two experiments involving
sentence-length utterances produced by English L2 users. In the first, we observed a significant
curvilinear relationship between speaking rates and accentedness and comprehensibility judgments
of utterances produced by users from a variety of L1 backgrounds. In the second experiment, by
manipulating rates with speech compression-expansion software, we established that this effect
was due to the rate differences themselves, rather than to differences in L2 proficiency that might
co-vary with rate. In both experiments the listeners tended to assign the highest ratings to L2
speech that was somewhat faster than the rates generally used by L2 users; however, both very
fast and very slow speech tended to be less highly rated. Researchers who use listener rating data
should be mindful of the potential confounding effect of speaking rate in their data.
HOW TO STUDY LINGUISTICS. Geoffrey Finch. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. xii + 241. $16.95 paper.
LINGUISTIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS.Geoffrey Finch. New York: St.
Martin's Press, 2000. Pp. xii + 251. $16.95 paper.
Authors: Lin Yen-Hwei
Published: September 2019

These two books by Geoffrey Finch are designed to be accessible and practical guides to the
study of linguistics. The first book listed (HTSL) introduces the major aspects of
linguistic study. After the introductory chapter on how language works and how one can describe
language, Finch starts with notions such as linguistic competence and performance and the
various functions of language (chap. 2). The next three chapters present the central aspects of the
core areas of linguistics: phonetics and phonology (chap. 3), syntax (chap. 4), and semantics and
pragmatics (chap. 5). Chapter 6 explores the core areas further by discussing topics such as
distinctive feature analysis, intonation, morphology, X-bar theory, and transformational grammar,
and then provides a brief introduction to sociolinguistics, stylistics, and psycholinguistics. One
interesting feature of this book is that Finch often uses literary work and quotations to illustrate
his points in the discussion of linguistic concepts. HTSL ends with a chapter that offers
advice on how to write a linguistics essay and is complete with a glossary and an index. At the
end of each chapter there is a list of references for further reading, but there are no exercises that
one usually expects of an introductory linguistics book.
HOW THE BRAIN EVOLVED LANGUAGE.Donald Loritz.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. 227. $45.00 cloth.
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J.
Published: September 2019

Loritz discusses the nature and evolution of language in the context of a connectionist
approach to neural architecture, namely, Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART). Given the massive
parallel processing inherent to ART, he argues that all of the mechanisms inherent to generative
grammar, including discrete rules, stored grammatical representations, and so on, can be
dispensed with. Loritz's “adaptive grammar” attempts to derive what have
been considered to be grammatical universals from the structure of the human brain, in particular
its short-term memory limitations. For example, so-called universal topic-verb order (p. 149)
follows from “a deeper biological injunction to say (and do) topical things first, a
‘rule' which applies not just to conversations but to everything brains do. It is a
corollary of evolution: the organism that doesn't do relevant things first simply
doesn't survive” (pp. 150–151).
Neuro-fuzzy comprehensive assemblability and assembly sequence
evaluation
Authors: ZHA X.F.
Published: September 2019

Analysis of assembly properties of a product is needed during
the initial design stage in order to identify potential assembly
problems, which affect product performance in the later stages
of life cycle. Assemblability analysis and evaluation play a
key role in assembly design, assembly operation analysis and
assembly planning. This paper develops a novel approach to
assemblability and assembly sequence analysis and evaluation
using the concept of the fuzzy set theory and neuro-fuzzy
integration. Assemblability is described by assembly-operation
difficulty, which can be represented by a fuzzy number between
0 and 1. Assemblability evaluation is therefore fuzzy evaluation
of assembly difficulty. The evaluation structure covers not
only the assembly parts' geometric and physical
characteristics, but also takes into account the assembly operation
data necessary to assemble the parts. The weight of each
assemblability factor is subject to change to match the real
assembly environments based on expert advice. The approach has
the flexibility to be used in various assembly methods and
different environments. It can be used in a knowledge-based
design for assembly expert system with learning ability. Through
integration with the CAD system, the developed system can
effectively incorporate the concurrent engineering knowledge
into the preliminary design process so as to provide users with
suggestions for improving a design and also helping to obtain
better design ideas. The applications in assembly design and
planning show that the proposed approach and system are feasible.
Through a Glass, Darkly: Long-Term Antiquities Auction Data in Context
Authors: Brodie Neil
Published: September 2019

The antiquities catalogues of major auction houses comprise an accessible long-term source of information about the auction market in antiquities and the market in antiquities more generally. The information contained in these catalogues has been used to investigate the nature and scale of the market and to assess the impact of legal and normative measures of market control. But, by way of two case studies, referencing Iraqi and Cambodian material sold at the New York branch of Sotheby’s, this article argues that, while auction catalogues do provide an invaluable source of information for investigating the antiquities market, it can be misleading. Changing material or monetary statistics might reflect commercial factors unrelated to market control. For more reliable research, long-term auction data should be contextualized with information available from other sources.
The Past Polluted: A Pigovian Approach to the Black Market in Antiquities
Authors: Rothfield Lawrence
Published: September 2019

In the global struggle to protect not-yet-excavated archaeological sites from looting, despite legal strictures, the playing field remains badly tilted against the site guards, customs officials, antiquities police, and prosecutors who lack the financial resources to enforce existing laws. To supplement and give teeth to the strict, but ineffectual, legal regime now in place, economic theory points to a policy solution: a “pollution tax” on antiquities purchased by residents of “market” countries, designed to internalize the social costs of looting so that the industry either takes measures to clean itself up or pays the government to prevent or mitigate the harm the industry causes. Tailored to fall more heavily on antiquities with weaker provenance or extremely high prices, and channeled into an antiquities-protection “superfund” (as was done to clean up toxic chemical sites) or via existing governmental agencies, a Pigovian tax on antiquities could provide a sustainable funding stream for more robust monitoring and enforcement efforts against the illicit market as well as for better site security. Archaeologists and dealers may find the idea of this kind of tax repugnant, but such feelings may be overcome through sustained discussion and negotiation explaining the benefits to both sides of a more licit regulated market.
Rod-/L-cone and rod-/M-cone interactions in electroretinograms
at different temporal frequencies
Authors: KREMERS JAN , SCHOLL HENDRIK P.N.
Published: September 2019

We recorded electroretinograms (ERGs) under stimulus conditions
that only modulated one cone type: either the L- or the M-cones.
In these conditions the rods were also modulated. We measured
the ERG responses at different temporal frequencies. A simple
model that assumes that the first harmonic components of the
responses are the result of a vector addition of rod- and
cone-driven ERG responses can explain the data satisfactorily
for temporal frequencies at and above 6 Hz. From fits of the
model to the data, estimates of the gains and phases of the
rod- and cone-driven responses can be obtained. At 6 Hz, the
fundamental responses originate exclusively in the rods. The
gains of the cone-driven responses are substantial at the other
temporal frequencies, are maximal at 12 or 18 Hz, and then decrease
with increasing temporal frequencies. The gains of the rod-driven
responses decrease more steeply with increasing temporal
frequencies than the cone gains. Furthermore, the rod and cone
phases decrease approximately linearly with temporal frequency,
suggesting that they are mainly determined by a response delay.
The response delay in the rod-driven ERGs is larger than in
the cone-driven ERGs.
Introduction: phonetics in phonology
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos , Kager René
Published: September 2019

If there is such a person as the average phonologist, he might have a
conception of the relation between phonetics and phonology that comes
close to the relation between social perceptions of crimes and a Code of
Criminal Law. The Code's definition of various types of crimes and the
penalty each type carries ultimately reflect, to put it crudely, the feelings
of the people. Also, the Code's development will reflect social change.
Criminal codes will typically incorporate the changing perceptions of the
general public, and will now begin to include articles devoted to the use
of the Internet, for instance. But at the end of the day, what counts in a
law suit is what is in the Criminal Code, not the feelings of the people. So
it is with phonology. It is easy to show that lexical forms are frequently
related to functional (ergonomic) considerations, and that the way the
grammar processes them into surface representations will amount to a
reasonable articulatory task for the speaker, while equally the acoustic
result will enable the listener to recognise these forms with reasonable
ease. However, ultimately we say things the way we do because our lexical
representations are the way they are, and our phonological grammar is the
way it is.
Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: Contributions of
developmental timing and subtype
Authors: MANLY JODY TODD , KIM JUNGMEEN E. , ROGOSCH FRED A. , CICCHETTI DANTE
Published: September 2019

This investigation examined the dimensions of developmental timing, subtype, and severity of
maltreatment and their relations with child adaptation. The 814 children who participated in a
summer day camp, 492 of whom were maltreated and 322 of whom were nonmaltreated
comparison children, were assessed by camp counselors on their internalizing and externalizing
symptomatology, aggressive, withdrawn, and cooperative behavior, and on personality
dimensions of ego resiliency and ego control, and were rated by peers on disruptive, aggressive,
and cooperative behavior. The severity within each subtype of maltreatment and the
developmental period in which each subtype occurred were examined through hierarchical
regression analyses. Additionally, children with similar timing or subtype patterns were grouped to
explore diversity in outcomes. Results highlighted the role of severity of emotional maltreatment
in the infancy–toddlerhood period and physical abuse during the preschool period in
predicting externalizing behavior and aggression. Severity of physical neglect, particularly when it
occurred during the preschool period, was associated with internalizing symptomatology and
withdrawn behavior. Additionally, maltreatment during the school-age period contributed
significant variance after earlier maltreatment was controlled. Chronic maltreatment, especially
with onset during infancy–toddlerhood or preschool periods, was linked with more
maladaptive outcomes. The implications of measuring multiple dimensions for improving research
in child maltreatment are discussed.
Childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and adolescent dating
violence: Considering the value of adolescent perceptions of abuse and a trauma mediational
model
Authors: WEKERLE CHRISTINE , WOLFE DAVID A. , HAWKINS D. LYNN , PITTMAN ANNA-LEE , GLICKMAN ASHLEY , LOVALD BENEDICTE E.
Published: September 2019

The present study, utilizing both a child protective services and high school sample of
midadolescents, examined the issue of self-report of maltreatment as it relates to issues of external
validity (i.e., concordance with social worker ratings), reliability (i.e., overlap with an alternate
child maltreatment self-report inventory; association of a self-labeling item as
“abused” with their subscale item counterparts), and construct validity (i.e., the
association of maltreatment with posttraumatic stress symptomatology and dating violence).
Relevant theoretical work in attachment, trauma, and relationship violence points to a mediational
model, whereby the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent dating violence
would be expected to be accounted for by posttraumatic stress symptomatology. In the high
school sample, 1329 adolescents and, in the CPS sample, 224 youth on the active caseloads
completed comparable questionnaires in the three domains of interest. For females only, results
supported a mediational model in the prediction of dating violence in both samples. For males,
child maltreatment and trauma symptomatology added unique contributions to predicting dating
violence, with no consistent pattern emerging across samples. When considering the issue of
self-labeling as abused, CPS females who self-labeled had higher posttraumatic stress
symptomatology and dating violence victimization scores than did their nonlabeling, maltreated
counterparts for emotional maltreatment. These results point to the need for ongoing work in
understanding the process of disclosure and how maltreatment experiences are consciously
conceptualized.
The timing of child physical maltreatment: A cross-domain growth analysis of impact on
adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems
Authors: KEILEY MARGARET K. , HOWE TASHA R. , DODGE KENNETH A. , BATES JOHN E. , PETTIT GREGORY S.
Published: September 2019

In a sample of 578 children assessed in kindergarten through the eighth grade, we used
growth modeling to determine the basic developmental trajectories of mother-reported and
teacher-reported externalizing and internalizing behaviors for three physical maltreatment groups
of children—early-harmed (prior to age 5 years), later-harmed (age 5 years and over), and
nonharmed—controlling for SES and gender. Results demonstrated that the earlier children
experienced harsh physical treatment by significant adults, the more likely they were to experience
adjustment problems in early adolescence. Over multiple domains, early physical maltreatment
was related to more negative sequelae than the same type of maltreatment occurring at later
periods. In addition, the fitted growth models revealed that the early-harmed group exhibited
somewhat higher initial levels of teacher-reported externalizing problems in kindergarten and
significantly different rates of change in these problem behaviors than other children. as reported
by mothers over the 9 years of this study. The early-harmed children were also seen by teachers,
in kindergarten, as exhibiting higher levels of internalizing behaviors. The later-harmed children
were seen by their teachers as increasing their externalizing problem behaviors more rapidly over
the 9 years than did the early- or nonharmed children. These findings indicate that the timing of
maltreatment is a salient factor in examining the developmental effects of physical harm.
Maltreatment of boys and the development of disruptive and delinquent behavior
Authors: STOUTHAMER–LOEBER MAGDA , LOEBER ROLF , HOMISH D. LYNN , WEI EVELYN
Published: September 2019

Data from a longitudinal, inner-city community sample were used to examine the prevalence
of child maltreatment in males and to relate this to disruptive and delinquent child behavior. By
age 18 years, almost one fourth of the families had been referred to Children and Youth Services
(CYS). Investigation by the CYS resulted in substantiated maltreatment of 10% of the
participants, mostly for physical abuse and neglect. Almost all maltreatment was perpetrated by
people living in the same house as the victim. Maltreatment was related to the boys progressing
on three pathways in disruptive and delinquent behavior: authority conflict pathway, overt
pathway, and covert pathway. Two thirds of the victims showed authority conflict problems, and
almost all of the maltreated boys displayed behaviors characteristic of the overt and covert
pathways. Victims, compared to matched controls, were more likely to have engaged in behaviors
characteristic of the authority conflict and the overt pathways but less strongly engaged in
behaviors associated with the covert pathway. Victims were also more likely than controls to have
a referral to juvenile court. Most of the CYS contact tended to precede or co-occur with onset of
overt and covert problem behavior, but about half of the onset of authority conflict behaviors
tended to precede contact with CYS.
Variants of intrafamilial sexual abuse experience: Implications for short- and long-term
development
Authors: TRICKETT PENELOPE K. , NOLL JENNIE G. , REIFFMAN ALLAN , PUTNAM FRANK W.
Published: September 2019

This study examines short- and long-term maladaptive outcomes in a sample of sexually
abused females and a comparison group. The sample consists of intrafamilial sexual abuse victims
ages 6–16 years at entry into the study and a demographically similar comparison group.
The outcomes examined included measures of behavior and psychological problems such as
aggressive behavior, depression, dissociation, and low self-esteem; and measures at two time
points, first at entry into the study (median age 11 years) and approximately 7 years later (median
age 18 years). The specific questions being addressed were (a) whether subgroups or profiles,
based on the specific characteristics of the sexual abuse experienced, can be identified in this
sample of abused females; and (b) whether these profile groups predict different patterns of
adverse short- or long-term outcomes.
February–May 2019
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: September 2019

The Civil Partnerships, Marriages and Deaths (Registration Etc.) Bill, originally introduced by Tim Loughton MP as a private Member's bill in the Commons, received Royal Assent on 26 March and came into force two months after it was passed. Section 1 empowers the Secretary of State to amend by regulations the Marriage Act 1949 to provide for a central register of marriages in England and Wales ‘which is accessible in electronic form’. Section 2 requires the Secretary of State to amend the Civil Partnership Act 2004 so that opposite-sex couples become eligible to form a civil partnership in England and Wales – and the amending regulations must be in force no later than 31 December 2019. Section 3 requires the Secretary of State to report on whether the law should be changed to allow the registration of pregnancy losses which cannot be registered as stillbirths under the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 and section 4 requires the Secretary of State to make arrangements for the preparation of a report on whether, and if so how, the law should be changed to enable or require coroners to investigate stillbirths.
Self-Government Without Disestablishment: From the Enabling Act to the General Synod
Authors: Podmore Colin
Published: September 2019

The process of Church–State separation began 90 years before the 1919 Enabling Act, which gave the Church Assembly legislative powers. The Assembly was conceived not by William Temple's Life and Liberty movement but by aristocratic Conservative politicians, motivated by practical efficiency and High Church principles. With Church lawyers, they dominated it for 40 years. The Church's response to Parliament's rejection of the 1928 Prayer Book, to the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937 and, in the 1950s, to the impossibility of fully articulating in the Church of England's canon law its doctrine on marriage discipline and the seal of the confessional, was united, confident and defiant. The Worship and Doctrine Measure 1974 largely completed efforts to achieve legislative autonomy without disestablishment. The General Synod era has seen changes in both Church and State. The traditions that eclipsed the Church's former ‘Centre-High’ consensus have been less concerned to underline the Church's distinctive identity and doctrines, about which the Synod has been less united. Among MPs, Conservative High Churchmanship and concern for minorities have waned, while expectation that the Church's practice will reflect contemporary social attitudes has increased, placing the long-term survival of the 1919 settlement in question.
On the steady-state advancement of fingers and

bubbles in a Hele–Shaw cell filled by a

non-Newtonian fluid
Authors: ALEXANDROU ANDREAS N. , ENTOV VLADIMIR
Published: September 2019

The problem of steady-state propagation

of a finger or a bubble of inviscid fluid through a

Hele–Shaw cell filled by a viscous non-Newtonian,

including visco-plastic (Bingham) fluid is

addressed. Only flows symmetric relative to the cell

axis are considered. It is shown that, using

a hodograph transform, this non-linear free boundary

problem can be reduced to the solution

of an elliptic system of linear partial differential

equations in a fixed domain with part of

the boundary being curvilinear. The resulting

boundary-value problem is solved numerically

using the Finite Element Method. Finger shapes are

calculated, and the approach is verified

for one-parameter family of solutions which correspond

to the well-known Saffman–Taylor

solutions for the case of a Hele–Shaw cell filled by

a Newtonian fluid. Results are also shown

for fingers with non-Newtonian fluids. In the case of

a cell filled by visco-plastic (Bingham)

fluid, it is shown that stagnant zones propagate with

the finger, and that the rear part of the

finger has constant width. The same approach is applied

to finding a two-parametric family

of solutions for steady propagating bubbles. Results

are shown for bubbles in Hele–Shaw cell

filled by power-law and Bingham fluids.
Local gravity-capillary flows near the intersection
of a free surface with a vertical wall
Authors: VANDEN-BROECK JEAN-MARC
Published: September 2019

Local solutions near the intersection of a free surface with
a vertical wall are constructed
numerically. Both gravity and surface tension are included in the dynamic
boundary condition.
It was shown that the solutions are characterized by the angle γ
between the free surface and
the wall at the separation point. There is a solution for each value of
π/2<γ<π. As γ→π/2
and γ→π, the solutions reduce to the pure gravity solutions
of Vanden-Broeck & Tuck [1].
An example of bifurcation and non-uniqueness in

electrohydrodynamics
Authors: CIMATTI GIOVANNI
Published: September 2019

The theorem of bifurcation from a simple eigenvalue is applied

to prove non-uniqueness for the

problem of a layer of a dielectric liquid subjected to an electric field
and

to injection of charges on the electrodes.