bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presentation, diagnosis, and management of early hepatic venous outflow complications in whole cadaveric liver transplant
Authors: Khorsandi Shirin Elizabeth , Athale Anuja , Vilca‐Melendez Hector , Jassem Wayel , Prachalias Andreas , Srinivasan Parthi , Rela Mohamed , Heaton Nigel
Published: April 2015

Early hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) can be a devastating complication leading to graft loss after liver transplantation (LT). A retrospective study on 777 adult LT recipients over a 5‐year period (August 2007 to August 2012) was undertaken to determine the incidence of early HVOO presenting within 3 months of transplant, its clinical features and management, and potential technical risk factors related to the implanting technique. Cases of early HVOO were screened for by identifying recipients with problematic ascites within 3 months of transplant. Definitive diagnosis for HVOO was based on a wedge pressure of >12 mm Hg. Considering only whole livers, the incidence of early problematic ascites was 3% (20/695) of which more than one‐third (35%, 7/20) were then confirmed to have HVOO. Overall, the incidence of early HVOO was 1% (7/695). Two hepatic veins (HVs) with extension piggybacks (PBs; n = 423) were the dominant implanting technique in the time period of study rather than the 3 HV PB (n = 182) and caval replacement techniques (n = 82). Considering the implantation technique, all cases of HVOO occurred after 2 HVs when extension PBs had been used with an incidence of 1.7% (7/423). Institutionally, early HVOO was mainly managed surgically by either cavoplasty within a month of transplant (n = 4) or retransplant (n = 1), and the remainder (n = 2) were medically managed with diuretics. In conclusion, early HVOO is rare, and there is no evidence from this study that a given implantation technique is at a higher risk of developing HVOO (2 HV with extension versus 3 HV and caval replacement; P = 0.11). However, early revisional surgery for HVOO can preserve graft function with retransplantation being reserved for when surgical cavoplasty or radiological stenting is technically not possible. Liver Transpl 21:914‐921, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Characterization and charge transfer mechanism of PIN–cdse nanocomposites
Authors: Ozkazanc Hatice
Published: April 2015

This paper reports structural, thermal, and temperature‐dependent dielectric properties of polyindole–cadmium selenide (PIN–CdSe) nanocomposites. PIN and its nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method. Samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM/EDX), atomic force microscope, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Dielectric properties were analyzed as a function of temperature. FT‐IR spectroscopy indicated that both NH and aromatic CC bonds were affected more by doping process. Significant structural differences were observed in XRD and SEM analyses of PIN and its nanocomposites. Both XRD and DSC measurements revealed that crystallinity of the PIN increases to a certain degree with increasing doping level. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that addition of CdSe decreased degradation temperature of the PIN. Conductivity measurements investigated by universal power law indicated that the charge transport mechanism of all the samples is consistent with correlated barrier hopping model. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:3057–3065, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cover Picture: Nanoimprint texturing of transparent flexible substrates for improved light management in thin‐film solar cells (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 4/2015)
Authors: Wilken Karen , Paetzold Ulrich W. , Meier Matthias , Prager Nicole , Fahland Matthias , Finger Friedhelm , Smirnov Vladimir
Published: April 2015

No abstract is available for this article.
The use of isoprene as a novel dopant in negative ion atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Dousty Faezeh , O'Brien Rob
Published: April 2015

Rationale

As in the case with positive ion atmospheric pressure photoionization (PI‐APPI), the addition of dopants significantly improves the sensitivity of negative ion APPI (NI‐APPI). However, the research on dopant‐assisted‐NI‐APPI has been quite limited compared to the studies on dopant‐assisted PI‐APPI. This work presents the potential of isoprene as a novel dopant for NI‐APPI.

Methods

Thirteen compounds, possessing suitable gas‐phase ion energetic properties in order to make stable negative ions, were selected. Dopants were continuously introduced into a tee junction prior to the ion source through a fused‐silica capillary, while analytes were directly injected into the same tee. Then both were mixed with the continuous solvent from high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nebulized, and entered the source. The nebulized stream was analyzed by APPI tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode.

Results

The results obtained using isoprene were compared with those obtained by using toluene as a dopant and dopant‐free NI‐APPI. Isoprene enhanced the ionization intensities of the studied compounds, which were found to be comparable and, in some cases, more effective than toluene. The mechanisms leading to the observed set of negative analyte ions were also discussed. Because in NI‐APPI, thermal electrons, which are produced during the photoionization of a dopant, are considered the main reagent ions, both isoprene and toluene promoted the ionization of analytes through the same mechanisms, as expected.

Conclusions

Isoprene was shown to perform well as a novel dopant for NI‐APPI. Isoprene has a high photoabsorption cross section in the VUV region; therefore, its photoionization leads to a highly effective production of thermal electrons, which further promotes the ionization of analytes. In addition, isoprene is environmentally benign and less toxic compared to currently used dopants. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolution pattern for mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Fagerer Stephan R. , Römpp Andreas , Jefimovs Konstantins , Brönnimann Rolf , Hayenga Gerd , Steinhoff Robert F. , Krismer Jasmin , Pabst Martin , Ibáñez Alfredo J. , Zenobi Renato
Published: April 2015

Rationale

Up to now, there is no 'gold standard' for determining the resolution of a mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) setup (comprising the instrument, the sample preparation, the sample and the instrument settings). A standard sample in combination with a standard protocol to define the MSI resolution would be desirable in order to compare the setups of different laboratories, and as a regular quality control/performance check.

Methods

Microstructured resolution patterns were fabricated that can be used to determine the spatial resolution in MSI experiments, down to the range of a few µm. Two different strategies were employed, one where the resolution pattern is laser machined into a thin metal foil, which can be placed over a sample to be imaged, and a second one where hydrophilic grooves are machined into an omniphobic coating covering the surface of an indium tin oxide covered glass slide. When dragging a sample solution over the slide's surface, the sample is automatically retained in the hydrophilic grooves, but repelled by the omniphobic coating.

Results

The technology was tested on a commercial matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging instrument, and a spatial resolution in the vicinity of 50 µm was determined. The finest features of the microstructured resolution patterns are compatible with the best spatial resolution of MALDI imaging systems available to date.

Conclusions

The use of metal resolution grids or glass slides with hydrophilic/hydrophobic structures is suitable for the convenient determination of the resolution limit of the MALDI imaging instrument as determined by its hardware. These structures are straightforward both to produce and to use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrimination factors of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from diet to hair and scat in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and snow leopards (Uncia uncia)
Authors: Montanari Shaena , Amato George
Published: April 2015

Rationale

In order to use stable isotope ratio values obtained from wild animal tissues, we must accurately calculate the differences in isotope ratios between diet and consumer (δtissue – δdiet). These values, called trophic discrimination factors (TDFs, denoted with ∆), are necessary for stable isotope ecology studies and are best calculated in controlled environments.

Methods

Scat, hair, and diet samples were collected from captive tigers (n = 8) and snow leopards (n = 10) at the Bronx Zoo. The isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen, the two most commonly used in ecological studies, of the samples were measured by continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The trophic discrimination factors were calculated for both carbon (δ13C values) and nitrogen (δ15N values).

Results

It was found that the only significant TDFs in this study were diet‐hair, ∆13CHair, for snow leopards (5.97 ± 1.25‰) and tigers (6.45 ± 0.54‰), and diet‐scat, ∆15NScat, in snow leopards (2.49 ± 1.30‰). The other mean isotope ratios were not significantly different from that of the premixed feline diet. The ∆15NHair values for both species were unusually low, potentially due to the protein content and quality of the feline diet.

Conclusions

The discrimination factors of the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen calculated in this study can be applied to ecological studies of wild, non‐captive terrestrial mammals. The effect of protein quality in isotope discrimination is also worthy of further investigation to better understand variation in TDFs. Carnivore scat is shown to be a valuable material for isotopic analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishing proper scanning conditions in atomic force microscopy on polyimide and polyurethane samples and their effect on 3D surface texture parameters
Authors: Stoica Iuliana , Hitruc Elena Gabriela , Timpu Daniel , Barboiu Virgil , Vasilescu Dan Sorin
Published: April 2015

Several atomic force microscopy (AFM) tests have been carried out on both smooth (polyimide) and rough (polyurethane) surfaces so that to obtain the best results; subsequently, the optimization of experiments performed is presented. A special emphasis has been put on the effect of tip geometry, image pre‐processing procedure, scanning area, resolution, pixel size, and cantilever oscillation amplitude in tapping mode, as well as on the quality of the topographical images and 3D surface texture parameters. After viewing the scanning tip and finding out its sharpness, degradation, and contamination, a simultaneous calibration in X, Y, and Z directions, lateral calibration of SPM scanners and detection of lateral non‐linearity, hysteresis, creep, and cross‐coupling effects has been made. We have established the following experimental parameters: proper scanning resolution (512 × 512 pixels), adequate pixel size (between 2.9 and 19.5 nm) and suitable intermittent contact region (moderate tapping) for which the AFM images present good contrast and resolution. Using these parameters, the values of 3D texture parameters remain constant. These kinds of measurements are extremely important to conduct further AFM experiments on polyimide and polyurethane surfaces under optimal conditions, thus avoiding unwanted artifacts on the morphological images or unrealistic values for the 3D surface texture parameters that might occur. SCANNING 37:335–349, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histological Correlates of Penile Sexual Sensation: Does Circumcision Make a Difference?
Authors: Cox Guy , Krieger John N. , Morris Brian J.
Published: April 2015

Introduction

The question of whether removal of sensory receptors in the prepuce by circumcision affects sensitivity and/or sexual pleasure is often debated.

Aims

To examine histological correlates relevant to penile sensitivity and sexual pleasure.

Methods

Systematic review of the scientific literature on penile structures that might affect sensitivity and sexual sensation. Articles were included if they contained original data on human male penile histology or anatomy. Individual articles, including reference lists, were evaluated. They were then considered in relation to physiological data from articles retrieved by a previous systematic review.

Results

We retrieved 41 publications on penile structure. Considered in the light of 12 reporting physiological measurements, our evaluation finds that sexual response is unlikely to involve Meissner's corpuscles, whose density in the prepuce diminishes at the time of life when male sexual activity is increasing. Free nerve endings also show no correlation with sexual response. Because tactile sensitivity of the glans decreases with sexual arousal, it is unrelated to sexual sensation. Thermal sensitivity seems part of the reward mechanism of intercourse. Vibrational sensitivity is not related to circumcision status. Observations that penile sexual sensation is higher post circumcision are consistent with greater access of genital corpuscles to sexual stimuli after removal of the prepuce. This is based on the distribution of these corpuscles (which are located in the glans) and, in uncircumcised men, the position of the retracted prepuce during intercourse, rather than any change in the number of genital corpuscles. The scientific literature suggests that any sexual effect of circumcised men may depend solely on exposure of the glans and not on the absence of the prepuce.

Conclusion

Based on histological findings and correlates of sexual function, loss of the prepuce by circumcision would appear to have no adverse effect on sexual pleasure. Our evaluation supports overall findings from physiological measurements and survey data.
Towards early‐age performance control in precast concrete immersed tunnels
Authors: Jiang Wei , Liu Xian , Yuan Yong , Wang Shengnian , Su Quanke , Taerwe Luc
Published: April 2015

In engineering practice, the prevention of early‐age cracking in massive concrete structures is of great importance to their serviceability during the whole life cycle. From the scientific viewpoint, this engineering concern requires the control of the early‐age performance of concrete structures. Following earlier research projects against the background of the Hong Kong‐Zhuhai‐Macao Link, the focus of this work is to obtain insights into the evolution of the early‐age behaviour of precast concrete in an immersed tunnel. To this end, a full‐scale test was performed, from which the behaviour of early‐age concrete could be observed directly. After validating the constitutive model developed with the test results, the early‐age performance during the entire fabrication process of the precast concrete immersed tunnel is evaluated numerically. It was also found that stress relaxation plays a major role in stress development in the immersed tunnel, although the thermal strain is the main source of early‐age stresses. This in‐depth investigation resulted in a comprehensive understanding of the early‐age behaviour of an actual precast concrete immersed tunnel. What is more important, the early‐age performance of concrete structures can be accurately evaluated and further adjusted or controlled with the help of the validated numerical modelling, which is no doubt beneficial for the control of early‐age cracking in massive concrete structures in engineering.
The dynamics of vulnerability: why adapting to climate variability will not always prepare us for climate change
Authors: Dilling Lisa , Daly Meaghan E. , Travis William R. , Wilhelmi Olga V. , Klein Roberta A.
Published: April 2015

Recent reports and scholarship suggest that adapting to current climate variability may represent a ‘no regrets’ strategy for adapting to climate change. Addressing ‘adaptation deficits’ and other approaches that target existing vulnerabilities are helpful for responding to current climate variability, but we argue that they may not be sufficient for adapting to climate change. Through a review and unique synthesis of the natural hazards and climate adaptation literatures, we identify why the dynamics of vulnerability matter for adaptation efforts. We draw on vulnerability theory and the natural hazards and climate adaptation literatures to outline how adaptation to climate variability, combined with the shifting societal landscape can sometimes lead to unintended consequences and increased vulnerability. Moreover, we argue that public perceptions of risk associated with current climate variability do not necessarily position communities to adapt to the impacts from climate change. We suggest that decision makers faced with adapting to climate change must consider the dynamics of vulnerability in a connected system—how choices made in one part of the system might impact other valued outcomes or even create new vulnerabilities. We conclude by suggesting the need for greater engagement with various publics on the tradeoffs involved in adaptation action and for improving communication about the complicated nature of the dynamics of vulnerability. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:413–425. doi: 10.1002/wcc.341

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Near‐infrared light‐responsive nanomaterials for cancer theranostics
Authors: Kim Heejung , Chung Kyungwha , Lee Seungjin , Kim Dong Ha , Lee Hyukjin
Published: April 2015

Early diagnosis and effective cancer therapy are required, to properly treat cancer, which causes more than 8.2 million deaths in a year worldwide. Among various cancer treatments, nanoparticle‐based cancer therapies and molecular imaging techniques have been widely exploited over the past decades to overcome current drawbacks of existing cancer treatments. In particular, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and upconversion nanocrystals (UNCs) have attracted tremendous attention from researchers due to their near‐infrared (NIR) light‐responsive behaviors. These nanomaterials are considered new multifunctional platforms for cancer theranostics. They would enable on‐demand control of drug release or molecular imaging in response to a remote trigger by NIR light exposure. This approach allows the patient or physician to adjust therapy precisely to a target site, thus greatly improving the efficacy of cancer treatments, while reducing undesirable side effects. In this review, we have summarized the advantages of NIR light‐responsive nanomaterials for in vivo cancer treatments, which includes NIR triggered photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Furthermore, recent developments, perspectives, and new challenges of NIR light‐responsive nanomaterials are discussed for cancer theranostic applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 8:23–45. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1347

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Hexanuclear Copper(II) Carboxylate
Authors: Adner David , Korb Marcus , Lochenie Charles , Weber Birgit , Lang Heinrich
Published: April 2015

The synthesis and characterisation of the hexanuclear copper(II) carboxylate complex [Cu(O2CCHPhOC2H4OC2H4OCH3)2]6 (1) is described. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis reveals that the copper(II) ions are arranged in a six‐membered ring which adopts a chair‐like conformation. The copper(II) ions are bridged by μ2‐ and μ3‐coordinating carboxylates. The magnetic behavior of 1 was measured between 2 and 300 K, revealing at low temperature a weak antiferromagnetic interaction. The χM(T) dependency was fitted mathematically with one coupling constant J1 and a paramagnetic impurity α.
The Role of Racial Discrimination in the Economic Value of Education Among Urban, Low‐Income Latina/o Youth: Ethnic Identity and Gender as Moderators
Authors: Mroczkowski Alison L. , Sánchez Bernadette
Published: April 2015

The present study used resilience theory to explore relationships among perceived racial discrimination, ethnic identity, gender, and economic value of education (EVE) among urban, low‐income, Latina/o youth. It was expected that racial discrimination would predict poorer perceptions of the EVE among Latina/o adolescents. Ethnic identity was hypothesized to buffer the negative effect of racial discrimination on Latina/o students’ EVE. The participants in this study were 396 urban, low‐income Latina/o high school students from a large, Midwestern city who completed surveys in both 9th‐ and 10th‐grade. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships among racial discrimination, ethnic identity, and EVE. Results supported a protective model of resilience. Specifically, ethnic identity served as a protective factor by buffering the negative effect of perceived racial discrimination on EVE for male participants. The present study is the first to examine ethnic identity as a buffer of racial discrimination on EVE among Latina/o high school students. Future directions and implications are discussed.
The energy cascade in near-field non-homogeneous non-isotropic turbulence
Authors: Gomes-Fernandes R. , Ganapathisubramani B. , Vassilicos J. C.
Published: April 2015

We perform particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of various terms of the non-homogeneous Kármán–Howarth–Monin equation in the most inhomogeneous and anisotropic region of grid-generated turbulence, the production region which lies between the grid and the peak of turbulence intensity. We use a well-documented fractal grid which is known to magnify the streamwise extent of the production region and abate its turbulence activity. On the centreline around the centre of that region the two-point advection and transport terms are dominant and the production is significant too. It is therefore impossible to apply usual Kolmogorov arguments based on the Kármán–Howarth–Monin equation and resulting dimensional considerations to deduce interscale flux and spectral properties. The interscale energy transfers at this location turn out to be highly anisotropic and consist of a combined forward and inverse cascade in different directions which, when averaged over directions, gives an interscale energy flux that is negative (hence forward cascade on average) and not too far from linear in $r$, the modulus of the separation vector $\boldsymbol{r}$ between two points. The energy spectrum of the streamwise fluctuating component exhibits a well-defined $-5/3$ power law over one decade, even though the streamwise direction is at a small angle to the inverse cascading direction.
An analytical solution to electromagnetically coupled duct flow in MHD
Authors: Bluck Michael J. , Wolfendale Michael J.
Published: April 2015

The flow of an electrically conducting fluid in an array of square ducts, separated by arbitrary thickness conducting walls, subject to an applied magnetic field is studied. The analytical solution presented here is valid for thick walls and is based on the homogeneous solution obtained by Shercliff (Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., vol. 49 (01), 1953, pp. 136–144). Arrangements of ducts arise in a number of applications, most notably in fusion blankets, where liquid metal is used both as coolant and for tritium generation purposes. Analytical solutions, such as those presented here, provide insight into the physics and important benchmarking and validation data for computational magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), as well as providing approximate flow parameters for 1D systems codes. It is well known that arrays of such ducts with conducting walls exhibit varying degrees of coupling, significantly affecting the flow. An important practical example is the so-called Madarame problem (Madarame et al., Fusion Technol., vol. 8, 1985, pp. 264–269). In this work analytical results are derived for the relevant hydrodynamic and magnetic parameters for a single duct with thick walls analogous to the Hunt II case. These results are then extended to an array of such ducts stacked in the direction of the applied magnetic field. It is seen that there is a significant coupling affect, resulting in modifications to pressure drop and velocity profile. In certain circumstances, counter-current flow can occur as a result of the MHD effects, even to the point where the mean flow is reversed. Such phenomena are likely to have significant detrimental effects on both heat and mass transfer in fusion applications. The dependence of this coupling on parameters such as conductivities, wall thickness and Hartmann number is studied.
Evolutionary Models for Type Ib/c Supernova Progenitors
Authors: Yoon Sung-Chul
Published: April 2015

SNe Ib/c mark the deaths of hydrogen-deficient massive stars. The evolutionary scenarios for SNe Ib/c progenitors involve many important physical processes including mass loss by winds and its metallicity dependence, stellar rotation, and binary interactions. This makes SNe Ib/c an excellent test bed for stellar evolution theory. We review the main results of evolutionary models for SN Ib/c progenitors available in the literature and their confrontation with recent observations. We argue that the nature of SN Ib/c progenitors can be significantly different for single and binary systems, and that binary evolution models can explain the ejecta masses derived from SN Ib/c light curves, the distribution of SN Ib/c sites in their host galaxies, and the optical magnitudes of the tentative progenitor candidate of iPTF13bvn. We emphasise the importance of early-time observations of light curves and spectra, accurate measurements of helium mass in SN Ib/c ejecta, and systematic studies about the metallicity dependence of SN Ib/c properties, to better constrain theories.
Nation-Building through War
Authors: SAMBANIS NICHOLAS , SKAPERDAS STERGIOS , WOHLFORTH WILLIAM C.
Published: April 2015

How do the outcomes of international wars affect domestic social change? In turn, how do changing patterns of social identification and domestic conflict affect a nation’s military capability? We propose a “second image reversed” theory of war that links structural variables, power politics, and the individuals that constitute states. Drawing on experimental results in social psychology, we recapture a lost building block of the classical realist theory of statecraft: the connections between the outcomes of international wars, patterns of social identification and domestic conflict, and the nation’s future war-fighting capability. When interstate war can significantly increase a state’s international status, peace is less likely to prevail in equilibrium because, by winning a war and raising the nation’s status, leaders induce individuals to identify nationally, thereby reducing internal conflict by increasing investments in state capacity. In certain settings, it is only through the anticipated social change that victory can generate that leaders can unify their nation, and the higher anticipated payoffs to national unification makes leaders fight international wars that they would otherwise choose not to fight. We use the case of German unification after the Franco-Prussian war to demonstrate the model’s value-added and illustrate the interaction between social identification, nationalism, state-building, and the power politics of interstate war.
The Phoenix Effect of State Repression: Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust
Authors: FINKEL EVGENY
Published: April 2015

Why are some nascent groups able to organize sustained violent resistance to state repression, whereas others quickly fail? This article links the sustainability of armed resistance to a largely understudied variable—theskillsto mount such a resistance. It also argues that the nature of repression experienced by a community creates and shapes these crucial skills. More specifically, the article focuses on a distinction between selective and indiscriminate state repression. Selective repression is more likely to create skilled resisters; indiscriminate repression substantially less so. Thus, large-scale repression that begins at timethas a higher chance of being met with sustained organized resistance att +1if among the targeted population there are people who were subject to selective repression att‒1. The article tests this argument by comparing the trajectories of anti-Nazi Jewish resistance groups in three ghettos during the Holocaust: Minsk, Kraków, and Białystok.
The Guardianship Dilemma: Regime Securitythroughandfromthe Armed Forces
Authors: MCMAHON R. BLAKE , SLANTCHEV BRANISLAV L.
Published: April 2015

Armed forces strong enough to protect the state also pose a threat to the state. We develop a model that distills this “Guardianship Dilemma” to its barest essentials, and show that the seemingly ironclad logic underlying our existing understanding of civil-military relations is flawed. Militaries contemplating disloyalty must worry about both successfully overthrowing the governmentanddefeating the state’s opponent. This twin challenge induces loyalty as the state faces increasingly strong external threats, and can be managed effectively by rulers using a number of policy levers. Disloyalty can still occur when political and military elites hold divergent beliefs about the threat environment facing the state, since militaries will sometimes have less incentive to remain loyal than the ruler suspects. Consequently, it is not the need to respond to external threats that raises the risk of disloyalty—as conventional wisdom suggests—but rather uncertainty about the severity of these threats.
Religious Social Identity, Religious Belief, and Anti-Immigration Sentiment
Authors: BEN-NUN BLOOM PAZIT , ARIKAN GIZEM , COURTEMANCHE MARIE
Published: April 2015

Somewhat paradoxically, numerous scholars in various disciplines have found that religion induces negative attitudes towards immigrants, while others find that it fuels feelings of compassion. We offer a framework that accounts for this discrepancy. Using two priming experiments conducted among American Catholics, Turkish Muslims, and Israeli Jews, we disentangle the role of religious social identity and religious belief, and differentiate among types of immigrants based on their ethnic and religious similarity to, or difference from, members of the host society. We find that religious social identity increases opposition to immigrants who are dissimilar to in-group members in religion or ethnicity, while religious belief engenders welcoming attitudes toward immigrants of the same religion and ethnicity, particularly among the less conservative devout. These results suggest that different elements of the religious experience exert distinct and even contrasting effects on immigration attitudes, manifested in both the citizenry's considerations of beliefs and identity and its sensitivity to cues regarding the religion of the target group.
Dietary intake in Australian children aged 4–24 months: consumption of meat and meat alternatives
Authors: Mauch Chelsea Emma , Perry R. A. , Magarey A. M. , Daniels L. A.
Published: April 2015

Meat/meat alternatives (M/MA) are key sources of Fe, Zn and protein, but intake tends to be low in young children. Australian recommendations state that Fe-rich foods, including M/MA, should be the first complementary foods offered to infants. The present paper reports M/MA consumption of Australian infants and toddlers, compares intake with guidelines, and suggests strategies to enhance adherence to those guidelines. Mother–infant dyads recruited as part of the NOURISH and South Australian Infants Dietary Intake studies provided 3 d of intake data at three time points: Time 1 (T1) (n482, mean age 5·5 (sd1·1) months), Time 2 (T2) (n600, mean age 14·0 (sd1·2) months) and Time 3 (T3) (n533, mean age 24 (sd0·7) months). Of 170 infants consuming solids and aged greater than 6 months at T1, 50 (29 %) consumed beef, lamb, veal (BLV) or pork on at least one of 3 d. Commercial infant foods containing BLV or poultry were the most common form of M/MA consumed at T1, whilst by T2 BLV mixed dishes (including pasta bolognaise) became more popular and remained so at T3. The processed M/MA increased in popularity over time, led by pork (including ham). The present study shows that M/MA are not being eaten by Australian infants or toddlers regularly enough; or in adequate quantities to meet recommendations; and that the form in which these foods are eaten can lead to smaller M/MA serve sizes and greater Na intake. Parents should be encouraged to offer M/MA in a recognisable form, as one of the first complementary foods, in order to increase acceptance at a later age.
Choline is required in the diet of lactating dams to maintain maternal immune function
Authors: Dellschaft Neele S. , Ruth Megan R. , Goruk Susan , Lewis Erin D. , Richard Caroline , Jacobs René L. , Curtis Jonathan M. , Field Catherine J.
Published: April 2015

Choline demands during lactation are high; however, detailed knowledge is lacking regarding the optimal dietary intake during this critical period. The present study was designed to determine the effects of varying intakes of choline on maternal immune function during lactation. Primiparous Sprague–Dawley rats (n42) were randomised 24-48 h before birth and fed the following diets for 21 d: choline-devoid (0 g choline/kg diet; D,n10); 1·0 g choline/kg diet (C1,n11); 2·5 g choline/kg diet (C2·5,n10); 6·2 g choline/kg diet (C6,n11). Splenocytes were isolated and stimulatedex vivowith concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD3/CD28. D and C6 dams had lower final body weight, spleen weight and average pup weight than C1 dams (P< 0·05). There was a linear relationship between free choline concentration in pup stomach contents with maternal dietary choline content (P< 0·001,r20·415). Compared with C1 and C2·5, D spleens had a lower proportion of mature T cells and activated suppressor cells, and this resulted in reduced cytokine production after stimulation (P< 0·05). Feeding 6·2 g choline/kg diet resulted in a higher cytokine production after stimulation with CD3/CD28 (P< 0·05). Except for a higher IL-6 production after LPS stimulation with cells from the C2·5 dams (P< 0·05), there were no differences between the C1 and C2·5 dams. For the first time, we show that feeding lactating mothers a diet free of choline has substantial effects on their immune function and on offspring growth. Additionally, excess dietary choline had adverse effects on maternal and offspring body weight but only minimal effects on maternal immune function.
Population dynamics of Western corn rootworm beetles on different varieties of maize identified using pheromone and floral baited traps
Authors: BEREŚ P. K. , DRZEWIECKI S. , NAKONIECZNY M. , TARNAWSKA M. , GUZIK J. , MIGULA P.
Published: April 2015

The present paper presents details of the population dynamics of Diabrotica v. virgifera LeConte beetles on six maize varieties of three different maturity classes, i.e. early (FAO 190), medium-early (FAO 250) and medium-late (FAO 280–300), grown in Central and Eastern Europe. The study was conducted in 2009/10 in the south-eastern part of Poland. The D. virgifera beetles were captured using two types of trap: pheromone (PTs) and floral-baited (FTs). Significant differences in beetle counts were found between: (i) the first and second year of the study (higher in 2009 than in 2010); (ii) the varieties of maize and their different growth stages; (iii) early and medium-late varieties of maize. Initially, depending on the availability of maize silk and pollen, the most numerous D. virgifera beetles were found on the early varieties followed by the medium-late varieties. The study also revealed a significant difference in the performance of the two types of trap used to monitor the number of adults, particularly during the initial period when arrival rates were high. Pheromone traps were more effective in catching D. virgifera beetles, especially during the flowering stage of maize. Floral-baited traps were most effective at the end of the active growth of maize, when the preferred food of D. virgifera was unavailable.
Genre, heteroglossic performances, and new identity: Stand-up comedy in modern French society
Authors: Vigouroux Cécile B.
Published: April 2015

This article analyses the ways in which stand-up comedy has been taken up by French comics of North and sub-Saharan African origins as a space of visibility and hearability. Following Bakhtin (1986), who argues that a genre reflects the social changes taking place in a society, I argue that such an appropriation should be considered as an important sociolinguistic fact that gives us privileged access to Hexagonal France's contemporary sociopolitical dynamics. I show that through their display of heteroglossic repertoires (viz. Maghrebi Arabic, several varieties of vernacular French, Hexagonal standard French, mesolectal African French, stylized chunks of English) comics challenge, at least symbolically, France's monoglot and highly centralized linguistic ideology. They also contribute to unsettling France's Republican model, which is marked by the institutional denial of the social and cultural diversity of the French population. The comics use heteroglossic resources to align with and disalign from multiple chronotopes associated with different social personae. From this emerges a new identity,urban,which both encompasses and transcends racial and ethnic categories. By contrast, I show that this identity is constructed through and received by the nonratified audience with ambivalence. (France, stand-up comedy, genre, urban, identity, chronotope, intertextuality.)*
Four Worlds of Welfare: Understanding Subnational Variation in Chinese Social Health Insurance
Authors: Huang Xian
Published: April 2015

China's social health insurance has expanded dramatically over the past decade. The increasing number of beneficiaries and benefits, however, has aggravated rather than mitigated regional disparities in health care. How can the regional variation in Chinese social health insurance be explained? This paper argues that the subnational variation in China's social health insurance results from the policy choices of central and local states. The central leadership, which is concerned about regime stability, delegates substantial discretionary authority to local state agents to accommodate diverse social needs and local circumstances. Local officials, who care about their political careers in the centralized personnel system, proactively design and implement social health insurance policy according to local situations such as fiscal resources and social risk. In specifying the rationale, conditions and patterns of regional variation in Chinese social health insurance, this paper addresses the general issue of how political leaders in an authoritarian regime respond to social needs.
Crystal structure of new phosphates Ca9–xPbxEu(PO4)7from Rietveld refinement
Authors: Deyneko Dina , Stefanovich Sergey , Lazoryak Bogdan
Published: April 2015

New phosphates Ca9–xPbxEu(PO4)7were obtained by solid state reaction techniques at 1213–1253 K in air atmosphere and were found to be isotypic with whitlockite-typeβ-Ca3(PO4)2. The unit cell parameters were determinate using Le Bail decomposition. Rietveld method structural refining showed that Eu3+ions are located statistically with calcium inM1,M2, andM3 sites, whereas Pb2+-ions are preferentially located in theM3. Examination of optical second harmonic generation evidences nonlinear optical activity and confirms polar space groupR3c.
X-ray powder diffraction data for 1-methylhydantoin, an antiasthmatic and antidepressive hydantoin compound
Authors: Delgado Gerzon E. , Mora Asiloé J. , Contreras Jines E. , Chacón Cecilia
Published: April 2015

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit cell parameters, and space group for 1-methylhydantoin, C4H6N2O2, are reported [a = 5.6070(9) Å, b = 12.170(1) Å, c = 8.097(1) Å, β = 105.41(1), Z = 4, unit cell volume V = 532.66(9) Å3, with M20 = 50.2 and F30 = 62.2 (0.0082, 59)]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the monoclinic P21/c space group.
Scoping review to identify potential non-antimicrobial interventions to mitigate antimicrobial resistance in commensal enteric bacteria in North American cattle production systems
Authors: MURPHY C. P. , FAJT V. R. , SCOTT H. M. , FOSTER M. J. , WICKWIRE P. , McEWEN S. A.
Published: April 2015

A scoping review was conducted to identify modifiable non-antimicrobial factors to reduce the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in cattle populations. Searches were developed to retrieve peer-reviewed published studies in animal, human andin vitromicrobial populations. Citations were retained when modifiable non-antimicrobial factors or interventions potentially associated with antimicrobial resistance were described. Studies described resistance in five bacterial genera, species or types, and 40 antimicrobials. Modifiable non-antimicrobial factors or interventions ranged widely in type, and the depth of evidence in animal populations was shallow. Specific associations between a factor or intervention with antimicrobial resistance in a population (e.g. associations between organic systems and tetracycline susceptibility inE. colifrom cattle) were reported in a maximum of three studies. The identified non-antimicrobial factors or interventions were classified into 16 themes. Most reported associations between the non-antimicrobial modifiable factors or interventions and antimicrobial resistance were not statistically significant (P> 0·05 and a confidence interval including 1), but when significant, the results were not consistent in direction (increase or decrease in antimicrobial resistance) or magnitude. Research is needed to better understand the impacts of promising modifiable factors or interventions on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance before any recommendations can be offered or adopted.
Weight Sets: Identification and Analysis
Authors: Schon Robert
Published: April 2015

Standardized weights and measures play an important role in the economies of complex societies. Traditionally, archaeometrologists have employed individual weights as their basic units of analysis and, as a result, they have been able to address a limited range of questions concerning the economic role of weights. I propose a shift in emphasis from individual weights to sets of weights as the primary units of analysis. Using cases from the Aegean Bronze Age, I present a method for reconstructing sets of weights, offer criteria for their analysis and discuss the implications of this new perspective.
Unconventional Prehistoric Worlds: Untangling the Later Bronze Age in Central Iberia
Authors: Blanco-González Antonio
Published: April 2015

The Cogotas I culture (c. 1800–1150 cal. bc) is an unusual test case in Bronze Age Europe with its incomplete definition due to empirical and epistemological difficulties. The idiosyncratic materiality of those small-scale communities is poorly understood because of its unexpected nature. The characteristic evidence is limited to formal deposits and accumulations of secondary residues whose survival was decisively driven by prehistoric social practices. Thus, in the absence of intact activity areas or dwellings, normative burials and representative domestic equipment, alternative lines of enquiry are needed. However, standard interpretative models have proposed mismatching socio-economic accounts or misleading narratives envisioning these societies as regressive and isolated. This updated multi-scalar review covers from the high level of cultural demarcation and territorial representation to the micro-scale stories of human–things relationships. The lifestyles and worldviews in Cogotas I societies entailed the upholding of atavistic habits, a relational cosmology and a strategy of transient durability, which ultimately resulted in their characteristic archaeological invisibility.
The Consumption of Bone Powder in the Early Neolithic Societies of Southeastern Europe: Evidence of a Diet Stress?
Authors: Vieugué Julien , Salanova Laure , Regert Martine , Mirabaud Sigrid , Le Hô Anne-Solenn , Laval Éric
Published: April 2015

Research performed on Early Neolithic ceramic assemblages from southwestern Bulgaria has revealed that several categories of pottery were used for the preparation of foodstuffs. One particular type of beige residue has been identified on the inner surface of ceramic vessels from several sites. Chemical analyses of mineral residues, combined with the stylistic characteristics of ceramic vessels, have shown the consumption of bone powder. This consumption, far from being anecdotal, raises several questions regarding the diet behaviour of the earliest Neolithic communities in the Balkans, which have obviously sought a complementary source of calcium. Would the dietary transition at the beginning of the Neolithic period correspond to a diet stress?
A NOTE ON DETERMINING VIABLE ECONOMIC STATES IN A DYNAMIC MODEL OF TAXATION
Authors: Krawczyk J.B. , Judd K.L.
Published: April 2015

Viability theory is the study of dynamical systems that asks what set of initial conditions will generate evolutions that obey the laws of motion of a system and some state constraints, for the length of the evolution. We apply viability theory to Judd's dynamic tax model [The welfare cost of factor taxation in a perfect-foresight model, Journal of Political Economy 95(4), 675–709 (1987)] to identify which economic states today are sustainable under only slightly constrained tax-rate adjustments in the future, when the dynamic budget constraint and the consumers' transversality condition at infinity are satisfied. We call the set of such states the economic viability kernel. In broad terms, knowledge of the viability kernel can tell the planner what economic objectives are achievable and assist in the choice of suitable controls to realize them. We observe that high consumption levels can only be sustained when capital is abundant and, unsurprisingly, that a very high consumption economy lies outside such kernels, at least for annual tax-adjustment levels limited by 20 percentage points. Furthermore, we notice that by and large the sizes of the kernel slices do not diminish as the tax rate rises; hence high-taxation economies are not necessarily more prone to explode, or implode, than their low-taxation counterparts. In fact, higher tax rates are necessary to keep many consumption choices viable, especially when capital approaches the constraint-set boundaries.
Psycholinguistic, cognitive, and neural implications of bimodal bilingualism
Authors: EMMOREY KAREN , GIEZEN MARCEL R. , GOLLAN TAMAR H.
Published: April 2015

Bimodal bilinguals, fluent in a signed and a spoken language, exhibit a unique form of bilingualism because their two languages access distinct sensory-motor systems for comprehension and production. Differences between unimodal and bimodal bilinguals have implications for how the brain is organized to control, process, and represent two languages. Evidence from code-blending (simultaneous production of a word and a sign) indicates that the production system can access two lexical representations without cost, and the comprehension system must be able to simultaneously integrate lexical information from two languages. Further, evidence of cross-language activation in bimodal bilinguals indicates the necessity of links between languages at the lexical or semantic level. Finally, the bimodal bilingual brain differs from the unimodal bilingual brain with respect to the degree and extent of neural overlap for the two languages, with less overlap for bimodal bilinguals.
THE ELEMENTARY THEORY OF LARGE FIELDS OF TOTALLY -ADIC NUMBERS
Authors: Fehm Arno
Published: April 2015

We analyze the elementary theory of certain fields $K^{\mathfrak{S}}(\boldsymbol{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}})$ of totally $\mathfrak{S}$-adic algebraic numbers that were introduced and studied by Geyer and Jarden and by Haran, Jarden, and Pop. In particular, we provide an axiomatization of these theories and prove their decidability, thereby giving a common generalization of classical decidability results of Jarden and Kiehne, Fried, Haran, and Völklein, and Ershov.