bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Law as a System of Legal Pluralism
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines how international law might be understood as a legally pluralistic system. International law is rooted in value pluralism, but that value pluralism does not translate evidently into legal pluralism. What legal pluralism there is within the international legal system is very much at its discretion and characterized by the ascendancy of states, themselves often not paragons of pluralism. That is not the end, however, of the ways in which international law and legal pluralism might be conceptualized. To say that international law is pluralistic might mean that there are distinct regimes of international law within international law, that international law is uniquely decentralized, that spaces exist between states that manifest plurality, that international law is a series of functional systems of regulation, that international law encourages domestic legal pluralism, or that international law includes a range of actors that are already shaping it plurally beyond the state. The chapter concludes with some thoughts on the desirability and challenges of ordering pluralism.
The Integrative Effects of Global Legal Pluralism
Authors: Hakimi Monica
Published: October 2020

International lawyers widely understand that legal pluralism is a fact of global life and that it can, in certain settings, be desirable. But many still approach it with some trepidation. A prominent skeptical claim is that pluralist structures lack the integrative resources that unify people around a shared governance project. This claim has been prominent with respect to two kinds of conflicts that are routine in international law: (1) conflicts that play out within a single international legal arrangement, and (2) conflicts that cut across multiple legal arrangements. For both, the skeptical claim is directed at the pluralist structure itself. The stated problem—the thing that is thought to disintegrate the association—is that competing legal positions are not reconciled or resolved but allowed to coexist, fester, and repeatedly reappear.

This chapter uses the historic experience of the World Trade Organization to challenge that claim. Although other scholars have already argued that the claim is overdrawn, Professor Hakimi contests its central premise. She argues that ineradicable governance conflicts are not necessarily dissociative for a political community—meaning the group of people who partake in a given governance project. Creating space for people to have these conflicts in relatively constructive ways can instead be productive for the group. It is a way for them to participate together and invest in the joint enterprise, despite their many disagreements, and thus to preserve the enterprise as a going concern that binds them.
E Pluribus Plures
Authors: Coyle Michael
Published: October 2020

In much of the world, colonialism has gone hand in hand with the deliberate suppression of Indigenous peoples’ values and the legal orders by which they governed themselves. In light of the marginal social conditions and threats to their future cultural survival that the imposition of colonial sovereignty has produced for Indigenous peoples, pressure has been rising in recent decades for states to recognize the right of Indigenous peoples to be governed by their own diverse laws and normative orders. To be effective, formal efforts to mediate the discourse between those norms and state laws will need to be capable of accommodating fundamental differences between Indigenous and state understandings of governance and of law. Drawing on Indigenous arguments for the revitalization of their laws as well as the insights of legal pluralism, this chapter sketches out a framework by which one might assess the adequacy of mechanisms that mediate between state and Indigenous norms. Our discussion will focus on Canada and Aotearoa/New Zealand, two countries where the issue of legal pluralism has recently taken center stage.
Legal Pluralism and Indigenous Legal Traditions
Authors: Gover Kirsty
Published: October 2020

This chapter draws on the scholarship of Indigenous legal theorists and practitioners to explore some of the Indigenous legal traditions that might be drawn on to advance just forms of legal pluralism in the settler societies of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. It questions whether the methodologies and tools provided by the field of legal pluralism assist in the pursuit of these goals. It aims to show that Indigenous legal traditions emphasize the interrelatedness of people and of people and the natural world, and stress the need for balanced differentiation as a sustaining tension in legal orders. It argues that these could provide a much-needed corrective to the totalizing tendency of settler law and could usefully assist to curb its preoccupation with absoluteness and universality, but only if Indigenous legal traditions are given their due in the practice and study of law in settler societies.
Introduction
Authors: Swain Scott R.
Published: October 2020

Reformed theology is a catholic, Protestant tradition of inquiry concerning God and all things in relation to God. It takes Holy Scripture as its principal source and norm and orders itself to the glory of God as its chief end. Reformed theology is a rich tradition of inquiry with patristic, medieval, and Reformation roots. Though modern tendencies toward deconfessionalization have transformed both the setting and substance of Reformed theology, contemporary theologians continue to draw upon resources of the Reformed tradition to produce constructive formulations of Christian doctrine and to wrestle with challenges generated inside and outside the Reformed tradition. The present introduction surveys the three major sections of this Handbook: (1) contexts, (2) texts, and (3) topics.
Martin Bucer’sKingdom of Christ
Authors: Amos Scott
Published: October 2020

Martin Bucer’s Kingdom of Christ [De Regno Christi] was written while he was in exile in England. It served as advice to King Edward VI (ruled 1547–53) on how to pursue more effectively reform of the English Church and commonwealth, and as constructive criticism of what had been done. The treatise was a summary of Bucer’s thinking on the relationship between church and society, and on how the Gospel should influence every aspect of life, resulting in the establishment of the rule of Christ in this world. The treatise is in two books; the first describes what constitutes the Kingdom of Christ, the second is a plan of action built on fourteen laws for reform of church and all of society. Though it is not a theological treatise in a narrow sense, the work makes substantial contributions to the doctrine of the church, church–state relations, and the conduct of the Christian life (especially church or Christian discipline).
John Calvin’sInstitutes of the Christian Religion
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: October 2020

Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion is treated as a key to Calvin’s own development as a Reformer and an international theologian. What started (in 1536) as a modest catechetical work became (in 1539/1541) a volume of systematic theological loci and then (by 1559) a treatise in four books. It was Calvin’s theological key to his many commentaries. This chapter attempts a survey of the various stages in which the literary nature of the Institutes was transformed as Calvin was involved in various theological issues within the Reformed church. As his authority increased, Reformed theology was subject to attacks of more free-thinking theological opponents beginning with Servetus. This contributed to the beginnings of Arminianism and Socinianism, and of Tridentine Romanism, and to the shaping of confessional orthodoxy.
John Owen’s Discourse on the Holy Spirit
Authors: McDonald Suzanne
Published: October 2020

John Owen’s Pneumatologia: Or A Discourse Concerning the Holy Spirit was first published in 1674. Owen considered this work, and projected further volumes on the Holy Spirit, to be the very first attempt of its kind; and it is still one of the most exhaustive accounts of the person and work of the Holy Spirit in English-language theology. Whereas many had treated various aspects of pneumatology, Owen views this as the first attempt to deal comprehensively with the person of the Spirit and the full range of his work. In addition to its value as a study of the Holy Spirit, Pneumatologia also exemplifies many aspects of Owen’s approach to theology. As a pastorally oriented theologian, even his most doctrinally focused writings are filled with applications for the believer’s life of discipleship, and frequent exhortations to encourage his readers to live out the implications of whatever theme is under discussion. Pneumatologia also demonstrates Owen’s priorities first as a scriptural theologian and then as someone who synthesizes his theological inheritance, in this case, the patristic, Thomist, and Reformed traditions.
Francis Turretin’sInstitutes of Elenctic Theology
Authors: Beach J. Mark
Published: October 2020

As among the most prominent works in the history of Reformed theology, Francis Turretin’s Institutes of Elenctic Theology merits attention and recognition as representative of Reformed orthodoxy and the scholastic method that contended for that orthodoxy. This we seek to do—first, exploring (only briefly) the theological background of Turretin’s scholastic theology; second, the origin and occasion of this work; next, and third, we treat the genre or type of theological writing that best describes his Institutes. This is followed with an analysis of Turretin’s theological method and a simple illustration of it. We then offer an analysis of some salient features of Turretin’s elenctic theology; and we conclude with a succinct account of the English publication history of this work.
Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics
Authors: Busch Eberhard
Published: October 2020

The most significant Reformed theologian of the twentieth century, Karl Barth, exercised a remarkably critical role relative to the classical traditions of Reformed Theology. His theological project drew on modern biblical criticism, post-Kantian philosophy, and early twentieth-century approaches to Christocentrism. Nevertheless, he prepared to offer a systematic theology by going to school with the classic texts of the Reformed tradition and by engaging in prolonged biblical exegesis. Eventually, Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics presented an orderly account of the Christian faith centred on and beginning with the self-presentation of God in Jesus Christ. It enfolds prolegomena, ethics, and homiletical guidance within its span, believing these ancillary discussions to demand properly theological and thus Christological regulation. This chapter explores the Christological focus and rhetorical style before turning to introduce each of the constituent parts (Word of God, God, Creation, and Reconciliation) of that magnum opus.
Prolegomena
Authors: van den Brink Gijsbert
Published: October 2020

This chapter charts some of the ways in which the prolegomena have traditionally been drafted and discussed in Reformed theology. First, we will examine the two Reformers who arguably most deeply influenced most of the later trajectories of Reformed theology: Philip Melanchthon and John Calvin. Next, we will turn to the movement of post-Reformation Reformed Orthodoxy, mapping some of its complex and intricate intellectual trajectories. We will then turn to Schleiermacher as the great nineteenth-century Reformed theologian who reinvented the prolegomena after Kant had given short shrift to their classical form. Subsequently, we will show how the tradition of Reformed prolegomena from Calvin to Schleiermacher received a surprising update in philosophical quarters by the end of the twentieth century, in circles of what has come to be called ‘Reformed epistemology’. Finally, in a brief prospect we will suggest some of the tasks and functions which any future (Reformed) prolegomena may fulfil after the demise of classical foundationalism.
Redemption Accomplished
Authors: Vanhoozer Kevin J.
Published: October 2020

Reformed theologians make sense of what Jesus did to redeem sinners by situating his life, death, and work in the broader context of God’s covenantal relationship with Israel and, in particular, with the three offices that structured the life of God’s holy nation: prophet, priest, and king. Reformed theologians agree that scripture narrates the history of redemption in terms of an overarching covenant of grace, though some criticize a perceived overemphasis on Christ’s obedience to the law as a ‘work’ that must be performed in order to merit grace. In order to preserve the best insights from federal theology and its critics, this essay sets forth a thesis that emphasizes federal satisfaction through filial obedience: Jesus Christ, the eternal Son of God made man, accomplished redemption by exchanging his status as covenant Lord for that of covenant servant to fulfil the covenant stipulation through his active obedience and to suffer the covenant sanction through his passive obedience to procure the covenant blessing (filial adoption) for God’s covenant people. It then goes on to explain the intent, content, event, and extent of Christ’s atoning work, and concludes that redemption is not simply accomplished by Christ but is found in him.
Church
Authors: Pauw Amy Plantinga
Published: October 2020

Theological reflection on the church is always lodged in a particular ecclesial context. The church is the aggregate of the finite, fallible communities gathered by God across time and space to live in response to the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and theological emphasis must remain on the visible, earthen vessel church. The church trusts in God’s mercy and not in its own strength or virtue. Ecclesiology must take into account the historical ups and downs of the church and its great adaptive power to thrive in different contexts. The church’s life has a centrifugal force: it proclaims and enacts God’s gracious intentions for the whole world, and is called to live alongside others in witness, interdependence, and collaboration. The church is not the end of the ways of God, and it should not be the fulcrum of Christian dogmatics.
Sacraments
Authors: Moore-Keish Martha
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores sacramental theology in the Reformed tradition from the sixteenth century to the present, with attention to practices as well as secondary theological reflection. It begins with a brief discussion of biblical and early church roots of sacramental theology and acknowledges the developments of the medieval era before turning to sixteenth-century critiques and reinterpretations. Historical sections include attention to reform, revival, and sacramental renewal. The concluding section offers a glimpse into some of the contemporary debates in Reformed sacramental theology.
Liturgy
Authors: Rozeboom Sue A.
Published: October 2020

Despite the variations, even vagaries, of liturgical practice within the Reformed tradition, a considered reflection on worship, articulated with a Reformed accent, both speaks from and sets forth a common theology of worship. Likewise, the Reformed tradition is a Christian tradition, and in this sense is a catholic tradition, belonging to that one community of which the apostle Paul—employing not just theological argument, but liturgical theological argument—says: ‘there is one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and father of us all.’ So the way the Reformed tradition speaks theologically—even specifically theologically about liturgy, about worship—voices not a new language, but a commonly Christian language, articulated with a Reformed accent. This chapter traces the basic lineaments of Reformed orders of service, showing their theological inflections.
Last Things
Authors: Holmes Christopher R. J.
Published: October 2020

Concentration on God makes Reformed theology ‘reformed’, and this concentration will form the basis for the treatment of eschatology in the present chapter. I pursue three things in this chapter. First, I provide a brief account of a few of the main themes of eschatology in Reformed perspective in conversation with the leading English-speaking Reformed theologian of the twentieth century, Thomas F. Torrance. Second, I provide a distinctive and substantial interpretation of the last things from a Reformed vantage point, arguing for the importance of God for any biblically faithful eschatology. I do so in dialogue with Calvin’s commentary on 1 Corinthians 15 and, secondarily, with Barth’s commentary on the same. Third and last, I present some avenues for future research, especially the immanent life of God and the beatific vision.
Modern Irish Fiction
Authors: Harte Liam
Published: October 2020

This chapter provides a detailed introduction to this Handbook’s central concern: the major lines of development of Irish fiction during the nineteenth, twentieth, and early twenty-first centuries. It sets out the book’s aims and objectives and provides cogent summaries of each of its chapters. In the process, it considers the significance of certain influential novelists and their works; highlights some of the distinctive thematic preoccupations of Ireland’s novelists and short story writers; discusses prominent literary trends and genres; and guides the reader through salient critical commentary. The analysis suggests that, in the hands of successive generations of Irish writers, the novel, the literary genre with newness at its etymological core, continually renews itself by absorbing, dethroning, and transforming precedent.
John Banville’s Fictions of Art
Authors: Murphy Neil
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the fiction of John Banville, presenting the case that his complex meditations on the significance of art are central to a proper understanding of his aesthetic formation and development. In order to show how Banville’s work has consistently sought to explore the relationship between the mysteries of art and the enigmas of human experience, the chapter examines a wide range of his fiction, from his metafictional novels of the early 1970s, through the science tetralogy of novels published between 1976 and 1986, to his Frames trilogy of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The chapter concludes with a discussion of his post-2000 fiction, including The Sea (2005) and the series of crime novels Banville has published under the pseudonym Benjamin Black.
Sex and Violence in Northern Irish Women’s Fiction
Authors: Magennis Caroline
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the ways in which Northern Irish women’s fiction written during and after the Troubles explores difficult and contentious themes, particularly those relating to emotional and sexual relationships conducted against the backdrop or memory of murderous violence. It argues that this body of fiction puts forward a critique that, while not always a direct comment on the politics of combat, represents a subtle intervention in the cultural life of the province. Focusing on works composed during the early 1980s and those published between 2006 and 2016, the analysis pays particular attention to the ways in which Northern Irish women’s fiction unsettles the masculinist ideologies of nationalism and unionism. The discussion engages with a range of novels, from the Troubles writing of Linda Anderson, Brenda Murphy, and Anne Devlin through to more recent work by Lucy Caldwell, Bernie McGill, and Jan Carson.
Irish Science Fiction
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: October 2020

This chapter comprises a wide-ranging survey of the often overlooked tradition of Irish science fiction. It begins by considering two proto-science fiction novels, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726) and Samuel Madden’s Memoirs of the Twentieth Century (1733), after which consideration is given to prominent themes and recurring motifs, such as the mixture of science and spiritualism and the tension between tradition and modernity, in texts from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, written in both the English and Irish languages. The final part of the chapter examines texts from the latter half of the twentieth century and the first decades of the twenty-first. Here, the emergence of subgenres such as Irish cyberpunk and tropes such as genetic engineering is discussed, as is the influence of Anglo-American science fiction, particularly that of the television and film variety, on contemporary Irish science fiction novelists.
The 1916 Rising in the Story of Ireland
Authors: O’Connor Laura
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines a range of fiction that takes as its subject the 1916 Easter Rising, an event that occupies a privileged place within Ireland’s storied past. It contextualizes such fiction in relation to ‘the Story of Ireland,’ a term adopted by historian Roy Foster to describe a familiar master-plot of Irish historiography, which is woven around the narrative trajectory of an oppressed yet unvanquished nation throwing off the colonial yoke. The chapter traces the way in which both the cultural memory of the Rising and ‘the Story of Ireland’ master-plot have been shaped and reshaped in a continuous dialogue with fictional and factual approaches. Chapter coverage extends from fiction written in the immediate aftermath of the Rising to works published prior to its centenary in 2016, including recent novels that treat the marginalization of First World War combatants, children, and gay people.
‘A Sly, Mid-Atlantic Appropriation’
Authors: Moynihan Sinéad
Published: October 2020

This chapter seeks to dislodge Irish America as the dominant referent in discussions of Irish transnationalism and investigate a substantial tradition that positions Spain as an important space in the Irish transnational imagination. The analysis is divided into two sections. The first provides an overview of some of the existing and emerging critical voices relating to Irish transnational fictions. It emphasizes the centrality of Irish America in extant discussions of transnationalism and points to alternative ways of conceptualizing how Ireland’s cultural, historical, economic, and environmental circumstances are enmeshed, literally and imaginatively, with those of other spaces and places. The second part focuses on how Colm Tóibín’s Brooklyn (2009) might be read in relation to Kate O’Brien’s Mary Lavelle (1936) and Maura Laverty’s No More Than Human (1944) as a work that re-routes the iconic Irish-American transatlantic relationship through a much more capacious cis-Atlantic frame of reference.
Dublin in the Rare New Times
Authors: Hand Derek
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines novelistic responses to the multifaceted changes that characterized life in Dublin during and after the Celtic Tiger era. The first part explores portrayals of changing personal, moral, and artistic value systems at a time when the forces of globalization were altering the city’s distinctive culture. This is followed by a consideration of the treatment of history in some recent Dublin-set novels, with particular focus on works that explore the interplay between previous eras and the present one, including the legacies of hidden trauma. In examining novelists’ attempts to identify what it is that defines Dubliners and their city in the era of globalization, the chapter finds that while the answers vary from novelist to novelist, all understand the city’s identity to be fluid and mobile, a complex amalgam of local and global elements that poses unsettling questions about the meaning and constitution of self and community.
Contemporary Irish-Language Fiction
Authors: Ó Siadhail Pádraig
Published: October 2020

This chapter provides a critical survey of the contemporary Irish-language novel, beginning with the contrasting fortunes of 1980s novelists such as Alan Titley and Séamas Mac Annaidh as they sought to escape the shadow of the literary giant that was Máirtín Ó Cadhain. It goes on to discuss significant developments in the story of the novel in Irish, providing critical assessments of the contribution of individual novelists such as Pádraig Standún and Pádraig Ó Cíobháin; examining dominant fictional strands and trends, including historical fiction, transnational fiction and the Gaeilge noir subgenre; and highlighting areas of scarcity or deficiency, such as the surprising dearth of successful comic novels in Irish and the paucity of female Irish-language novelists, with Éilís Ní Dhuibhne and Anna Heussaff as rare exceptions.
Nation, Gender, and Genre
Authors: Meaney Gerardine
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the changing perception of nineteenth-century Irish women’s fiction and the influence of this body of fiction on emergent modernism and cultural nationalism. The relationship between nineteenth- and twentieth-century Irish fiction was consistently obscured by the agendas of the Irish Revival and cultural nationalism during the twentieth century. This is particularly true of the work of women writers, who frequently suffered a double erasure from the literary record on the basis of gender. This chapter builds on the recovery project of feminist criticism to examine the depth and strength of these writers’ legacy. The analysis includes late nineteenth-century historical novelists such as Emily Lawless, New Woman writers such as Sarah Grand, and popular and sensational writers such as Charlotte Riddell and Katherine Cecil Thurston, who bridged the gap between nineteenth-century issue-based fiction, Gothic fiction and, in Thurston’s case, self-reflexive modernism.
Northern Irish Fiction after the Troubles
Authors: McCann Fiona
Published: October 2020

This chapter addresses Northern Irish fiction published since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. It considers how political changes in the province have both triggered radical aesthetic innovation and accommodated a certain stasis in form. Drawing on the theories of Jacques Rancière, the chapter investigates the means by which some contemporary novels and short stories by Northern Irish writers reflect a politically expedient vision of a shared past and future, one that necessarily excludes what Rancière calls dissensus and tends to be formally conservative, while others offer a potentially dissensual vision of the post-Troubles North in both form and content. At an overarching level, the chapter questions how legitimate it is to refer to this literary corpus as being ‘post-Troubles’ since all of the authors discussed engage to some extent with the violent past and its ongoing legacies in a still deeply divided society.
Obliquities
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores how obliquity functions as both a narrative mode and a literary style in the fiction of Elizabeth Bowen. It contends that, for Bowen, confrontations with history and modernity are best handled indirectly and tactfully, to the point that obliquity becomes a signature of her short story style. The early part of the chapter outlines Bowen’s poetics of the short story. Her thinking on the short story is compared with that of her compatriots, Seán O’Faolain and Frank O’Connor, whose stories informed her discussion of ‘national imprint’ in a class on short fiction that she taught at Vassar College in 1960. The latter part of the chapter analyses how Bowen develops an aesthetics of oblique representation of Irish history in her own fiction, with particular reference to ‘Sunday Afternoon’ and ‘A Love Story 1939’, two stories set during the Second World War.
Revival Fiction
Authors: Castle Gregory
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines Irish realist fiction produced during the era of the Irish Revival, particularly between 1890 and 1916. It argues that realist writing by authors such as George Moore, Emily Lawless, Shan F. Bullock, W. B. Yeats, and James Joyce stands in subtle but definite contrast to conventional nineteenth-century realist fiction. Writing from a distinctly naturalist perspective, these authors challenge the conventions both of realism and idealism in their representation of the past and its orientation towards the future. Rather than revive an idealized past in the name of the Irish nation, they deploy the past (as narrative, as trope, as misrecognition) as part of a critical reflection on that nation and its futurity.
The Materialist-Fabulist Dialectic
Authors: Dobbins Gregory
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the contrasting uses of folktale, fantasy, realism, and satire in the works of James Stephens and Eimar O’Duffy, two key fabulist authors of the Irish Literary Revival. The rendering of ancient mythological material and folk beliefs into modern fiction constitutes a distinct sub-strand of fiction of the Revival era. Running counter to this appeal to ancient forms in many instances was a resort to modes of irony, parody, and social realism to comment upon the disparity between romantic ideals and material realities in pre- and post-independence Ireland. In their most aesthetically successful works, Stephens and O’Duffy draw liberally from each of these trajectories in a manner that changes the fundamental meaning of each by providing a new and different manner of representing politics.
Governing Ideas and Collective Expectations
Authors: Walter James
Published: October 2020

People see their political world through a lens constituted by implicit ideas. These ideas are instilled through political socialization and through more programmatic schemas advanced by the parties and interest groups with which an individual identifies. Each society cultivates such processes in unique ways depending upon its historical circumstances; but as circumstances change, so ideas evolve and are adapted. Thus, a distinctive core culture and associated public expectations about the possibilities of collective action emerges. This chapter traces the development of an Australian political culture, identifying the inheritance at its core and the successive modifications that have shaped the contemporary polity.
Goenka’s Vipassana Movement
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh
Published: October 2020

S. N. Goenka’s Vipassana movement is famous for its ten-day intensive silent retreats and its consistent rejection of religious categories, though its teachings and practices are directly derived from Theravada Buddhism. Drawing from qualitative research, this chapter examines a range of rhetorical strategies that Goenka uses to distinguish his movement from religion and the implication of these discourses on shaping unique patterns of conversion and disengagement. It introduces the term “tacit conversion” to describe a process whereby increased socialization into a movement and the adoption of its language paradoxically renders conversion invisible for the member. The chapter subsequently explores various disengagement pathways from this movement.
Meditation Sickness
Authors: Ahn Juhn Y.
Published: October 2020

Buddhists commonly assumed the path to liberation to require perfect concentration or supernatural insight, or the combination of the two. Concerns were therefore often voiced about the inability to attain concentration and the possibility of insight going awry. Buddhists came to regard these undesirable conditions as sickness and called them meditation sicknesses. This chapter provides an overview of canonical Buddhist discourses about these two meditation sicknesses. It begins with a discussion of the hindrances to the attainment of concentration and then proceeds to discuss concerns about insight, which were voiced mainly in Mahayana and Chan and Zen sources.
Intersectionality and Psychotherapy with an Eye to Clinical and Professional Ethics
Authors: Nayak Suryia
Published: October 2020

Clinical and professional ethics is primarily an issue of power. Born out of the historical anti-racist, anti-sexist, and class struggles of women of color, intersectionality is a theory and method for actively attending to issues of power, which function through social constructions of difference and diversity. Whilst intersectionality is not a form of psychotherapy, it provides a framework of thinking and practice that explicitly addresses the mutually constitutive relationship between social contexts of inequality due to divisions based on difference and the psychological impact of inhabiting divisive contexts. It is incumbent upon psychotherapy to provide forms of therapeutic interventions that offer insight and recovery from destructive fragmentary ways of being. The value of intersectionality is that it explicitly names and foregrounds the issue of social inequality and unequal power relations. Furthermore, intersectionality encompasses specific reference to the play of power dynamics arising from context. Intersectionality locates the (re)production of identity in the conditions of context; thereby resisting reductionist formulations of mental distress, which stigmatize individuals and groups. The importance of emphasizing location or context enables a repositioning of shame and blame from the individual to the situations they inhabit. If the experience of oppression is intersectional, it could be argued that an ethical position for psychotherapy is an intersectional position. Significantly, the Black feminist historical roots of intersectionality enable a psychosocial therapeutic approach that foregrounds the political dimension of the lived experience of inequality and insists that there is nothing neutral about the psychosocial experience of oppression.
Ethical Considerations of Court-Ordered Outpatient Therapy
Authors: Becker Josh E. , Cecil Audrey L. , Gottlieb Michael C.
Published: October 2020

Court-ordered outpatient psychotherapy (COT) has been used in the criminal justice system for treatment of adolescents and adults for a number of problems such as mental illness, substance use, and sex offenses, and the number and frequency of such orders has grown at a dramatic rate. Practitioners are being asked to treat someone even though they are not free to exercise the normal duties they would have toward their voluntary patients. This circumstance creates a number of potential ethical dilemmas regarding informed consent, potential loyalty conflicts, violations of confidentiality, and the risk of therapeutic ruptures that clinicians typically do not encounter on daily basis. This chapter will explore these ethical issues and provide examples of questions practitioners should take into account when working with this population.
Ethical Psychotherapeutic Management of Patients with Medically Unexplained Symptoms: The Risk of Misdiagnosis and Harm
Authors: O’Leary Diane , Geraghty Keith
Published: October 2020

Management of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is undergoing a period of change. We see this in the recent breakdown of consensus on mental health management of quintessential medically unexplained conditions (like myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome), and in recent work in bioethics suggesting that the issue of biological versus mental health management of MUS is fundamentally an ethical matter. For these reasons, it is important to think carefully about ethical aspects of MUS management in psychotherapeutic settings. In the first part of this chapter, the authors show how ambiguity in the term “MUS” leads to routine conflation of diagnostic uncertainty with psychological diagnosis for unexplained symptoms in medical settings. The second part of the chapter explores evidence suggesting that substantial harm results from a failure to draw that distinction in medical settings, and clarifies the psychotherapist’s obligations to avoid those harms. The authors then explore the risk for psychological harms when psychotherapists conflate diagnostic uncertainty with psychological diagnosis. Finally, they consider challenges to informed consent in psychotherapy for MUS. The chapter concludes with principles for ethical psychotherapeutic management of MUS.
Ethics and Expert Authority in the Patient–Psychotherapist Relationship
Authors: Guidry-Grimes Laura , Watson Jamie Carlin
Published: October 2020

The consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement contends that individuals diagnosed with mental health conditions are routinely doubted or dismissed when they make claims about their needs, values, and interests. Too many therapists, the claim goes, take a parentalist stance toward their patients. Recent work on expertise shows how some patients can acquire competence with their medical condition sufficient for sophisticated participation in management of their care; that is, they can become “patient experts.” This chapter argues that many psychotherapy patients can become patient experts and, thereby, benefit from robust shared decision making (SDM). In these cases, attitudes of distrust and protectionism can lead to the moral failure of epistemic injustice, thereby harming both the patient and the therapeutic relationship. Drawing on recent literature on epistemic injustice, SDM, and expertise from epistemology, the authors contend that the success of SDM relies largely on the therapist’s appreciation of the varying types and degrees of expertise and epistemic advantage involved in decision making.
Introduction
Authors: Braun Rebecca
Published: October 2020

This introductory chapter explains what ‘world authorship’ is, and how consciously working with this concept might change the way we make sense of literature as both a live social phenomenon and an object of study. Divided into four core sections—‘World Literature Needs World Authors’, ‘A New Approach to Authorship’, ‘World Authorship over Time’, and ‘Doing Literature Differently’—it locates the concept within existing literary practices around the world as well as diverse academic approaches to the study of literature. Weaving each of the following twenty-five chapters into a larger frame, it shows how the approach pioneered by this handbook challenges and extends the way we engage with literature today, and what we might be able to do in the future.
Independence
Authors: Hockx Michel
Published: October 2020

The Chinese literary field is conventionally divided into two overlapping and mutually sustaining spheres: the ‘official’ and the ‘unofficial’. The former refers to activities sponsored by the state-funded Writers Association and publications by state-owned publishing houses. The latter, sometimes misleadingly designated as ‘underground’, refers to privately funded activities by a self-appointed cultural elite that derives part of its identity from being at odds with the state, and these days also with the market. Since the arrival of the internet, some ‘unofficial’ literary activity has moved online. This chapter describes a fascinating, if extreme, example: the online literary journal Heilan (Black and Blue), run by a group of experimental fiction writers enamoured with the French nouveau roman. It found and explored a unique niche for its uncompromising literary ideas, keeping them alive for much longer than any other ‘unofficial’ group, virtually unnoticed by censors and critics alike.
Media
Authors: Ukwu Chidi
Published: October 2020

What role does media evolution play in our understanding of authorship? And how do we conceptualize new media authors? This chapter takes us to the production studios of Nollywood in Nigeria, which, because of its size, level of specialization, and, most importantly, the speed at which it operates, is perhaps best approached as an incubator that creates a hothouse atmosphere around artistic and social pressures—pressures that are also present in Western media centres. Emerging from this environment is the ‘super-producer’. In this formidable rival to the literary author, Ukwu detects a modern-day version of the griot, the traditional African storytellers who similarly earned acclaim through their ability to adapt and improvise stories, rather than by the process of ‘authoring’ them.
Networks
Authors: Bravo Luis
Published: October 2020

The Uruguayan poet, journalist, and literature scholar Luis Bravo has organized poetry festivals in his native country for more than twenty-five years, and has been featured as a speaker and performer at many more such events across Latin America. In this chapter on ‘Networks’, he reflects on how the rise of digital communications and networking technologies during this time period has helped poets disseminate their craft and resist the pressures of both military dictatorships and neoliberal publishing regimes. The chapter explores how established poets utilize networking tools to weather rapidly changing, and frequently hostile, sociocultural environments. The chapter shows clearly that both literature and authorial reputations can travel transnationally without ever having to be translated, and thereby shows us that authorial worlds exist on multiple scales and are not to be equated with ‘the global’ alone.
Beginnings
Authors: Beecroft Alexander
Published: October 2020

Through a wide-angle exposition of the history of authorship that takes us back to Mesopotamia, Ancient Greec,e and Early China as well as medieval Europe, this chapter shows how, for much of human life, textuality and authorship were mutually imbricated constructs. Not only have readers regularly sought out biographical details to illuminate literary fictions; they also in many instances treated literary texts not as a goal in their own right, but rather as a means of shedding light on life stories. Furthermore, authors routinely drew previously existing texts back into their own ambit, working on them as compilers or commentators, not least in order to shore up their own identity. When these trends are seen across the longue durée of world literary history in its most expansive sense, a quite different understanding of what it might mean to author a text emerges that draws on fundamentally different notions of individuality and origin from those that are routinely—and perhaps quite misleadingly—invoked in the modern period.
Representation
Authors: Aghalaya Sridhara
Published: October 2020

‘Representation’ is one of the most difficult and contentious terms in literary studies. The word refers both to the process by which an artwork depicts the world, and to the dynamic by which people obtain recognition within political systems. Closely related to the second of these definitions is yet a third that is much less commonly examined—namely, the process by which authors first catch the attention of powerful publishing consortia. In this chapter, the literary agent and publisher Sridhar Aghalaya outlines his primary mission, which is not the representation of his clients to publishing houses in the Western world, but rather the demolition of a conservative and caste-bound literary system within India itself.
Voice
Authors: Sandig Ulrike Almut
Published: October 2020

Few terms are as central to the modern understanding of authorship as ‘voice’. Prior to the nineteenth century, authors were rarely, if ever, discussed in terms of having a distinctive voice, but this changed with the rise of the romantic cult of personality. But the question of voice is also fraught with difficult questions of representation, inclusion, and marginalization. In this chapter, the poet and performance artist Ulrike Almut Sandig approaches this question by reminding us that the human voice is a composite phenomenon that requires both the human body and human language. Voice is not constituted by material reality alone and can thus also not be reduced to biology. But neither is it strictly semiotic and is therefore irreducible to the cultural signifiers that constitute gender or racial identities.
Collaboration
Authors: Bacharach Sondra
Published: October 2020

This chapter demonstrates how the process of constructing a theory of authorship around a single individual, writing independently or authoring in solitary isolation, has become untenable. New media technologies make new forms of authorship possible and invite alternative methods of conceptualizing an author—from zines, to the Web 2.0, to comics. This chapter thus presents an overview of recent philosophical approaches to the question of collaborative authorship and advocates for an approach to the phenomenon that would rely less on authorial intentions than it would on commitments. The distinction has obvious implications for theories of authorship more generally: to call yourself an author, so it suggests, you have to be willing also to take ethical and intellectual ownership of what you have written.
Communities
Authors: Nambozo Nsengiyunva Beverley
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, Ugandan poet and literary activist Beverley Nambozo Nsengiyunva not only describes her work and the process by which local relationships have promoted her artistic growth, but also attempts to give a space to these connections. One of the most insidious characteristics of our uneven literary world system, in which countries in the West European and North American ‘centre’ dominate others at the global ‘periphery’, is that it can easily isolate writers from their own communities. In order to achieve fame and prestige, authors from less privileged countries need relentlessly to network with editors, translators, and other literary gatekeepers from faraway places. As a result, local connections are lost. This chapter explores how Beverley has devoted much of her professional life to combating this loss of community.
Death
Authors: Peeters Benoît
Published: October 2020

Roland Barthes’s 1967 essay ‘The Death of the Author’ looms large over any attempt to argue for the renewed necessity of incorporating considerations of authorship into the study of world literature. Less than a decade after the publication of ‘Death of the Author’, however, Barthes followed up on it with an autobiography, albeit a deeply unorthodox one. In tracing the fortunes of this autobiography through subsequent editions and translations, the graphic novelist, biographer, and comics expert Benoît Peeters demonstrates how our image of an author, just like our understanding of a literary work according to Barthes’s structuralist understanding, is conditioned by unconscious and even impersonal forces. The simple decision by an editor unfamiliar with the contents of Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes to exchange a cover illustration in order to make the book more closely conform to genre conventions can have devastating consequences.
The neural reuse hypothesis
Authors: Raja Vicente , Penner Marcie , Uddin Lucina Q. , Anderson Michael L.
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, the authors propose neural reuse as a promising unifying framework for the advance of developmental cognitive neuroscience. In order to do so, first, the authors describe the hypothesis of neural reuse and some of the evidence for its importance to and impact on the development of the brain. Then, the authors compare neural reuse with the three prominent frameworks in contemporary developmental cognitive neuroscience—maturational viewpoint, interactive specialization, and skill learning—and show how neural reuse can accommodate their virtues while avoiding their shortcomings. After that, the authors explore some of the implications of neural reuse for the developmental study of math cognition, brain dynamics, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, the authors sketch some future directions of research and some specific research suggestions.