bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: An Overview of the Work
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: November 2023

The topic of this book is the formation of morphologically complex words. That is, it deals with the mechanisms of grammar that may cause two or more of the minimal meaningful elements of language-the morphemes-to be combined into one single word. The claim that will be developed in much more detail in the following chapters is that word formation is mainly a matter of syntax. That is, the basic building blocks of syntax are individual morphemes, not words, and it is the syntax that determines the order of morphemes within each complex word, in very much the same way as it determines the order of words in phrases and sentences.
Drives and Explanations
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: November 2023

A fundamental feature of our condition is our curiosity, our exploration of events. We are driven, for a variety of reasons, to represent the world around us; representations lie at the heart of our evolution. But it is often not just representations divorced from action. The information-processing systems are up close and personal, not in the sense that the mechanisms are subject to introspection, but that visceral information predominates. As one cognitive scientist rightly has put it, “As visceral factors intensify, they focus attention and motivation” (Loewenstein, 1996, p. 273). The recognition of discrepant events, as I pointed out in previous chapters, is a heuristic that pervades information processing in the brain, including the organization of motivated behaviors. While the detection of discrepant events underlies the sense of the beautiful and the mundane, it also underlies the regulatory and the basic physiological behaviors (e.g., sodium cravings). Cognitive resources are required in trying to understand our surroundings and to forge a coherent world in which to move, in which to decide, and in which to act.
Journalism and Its Troubles
Authors: Gans Herbert J
Published: November 2023

As a profession, journalism views itself as supporting and strengthening the roles of citizens in democracy. Many individual journalists undoubtedly feel the same way, reflecting the ideals of their profession but in addition, informing citizens so they can play their democratic roles is the journalists’ work and source of income as well. However, journalists are employed professionals working for mainly commercial news media that try to supply what the news audience will accept and what advertisers will pay for. Much of the audience is interested in keeping up with the news rather than being politically involved citizens. These and other facts of everyday journalism complicate the profession’s pursuit of its ideals. In addition, journalists have their own troubles, and are confronting their own disempowerment. Theirs differs from that of the citizenry’s because it is accompanied by a degree of professional downward mobility, brought on in part by a recent decline in usefulness. During the 1960s and 1970s, the civil rights revolution, the war in Vietnam, the antiwar protests and marches, the ghetto disorders, the Watergate scandal, and the Cold War overall, supplied the journalists with a series of major national stories that attracted a sizeable audience, and at times a greatly interested one.
Bilingual Semantic and Conceptual Representation
Authors: Francis Wendy S
Published: November 2023

The question of whether and to what extent semantic or conceptual representations are integrated across languages in bilinguals has led cognitive psychologists to generate over 100 empirical reports. The terms semantic and conceptual are compared, contrasted, and distinguished from other levels of representation, and terms used to describe language integration are clarified. The existing literature addressing bilingual episodic and semantic memory at the level of semantic systems and at the level of the translation-equivalent word pair is summarized. This evidence strongly favors shared semantic systems and shared semantic/conceptual representation for translation equivalents.
Clearing the Cobwebs From the Study of the Bilingual Brain: Converging Evidence From Laterality and Electrophysiological Research
Authors: Vaid Jyotsna
Published: November 2023

Investigations of neuropsychological functioning in multiple language users offer much promise in answering questions originating from cognitive as well as bio-logical approaches to language. These include questions about the neural concomitants of bilingual lexical functioning, age of onset of bilingualism, degree of proficiency, and degree of overlap in language structure. There is by now a sizable body of experimental literature on the bilingual brain, including studies that have employed laterality procedures, electrophysiological measures, and hemodynamic measures. To date, few systematic attempts have been made to integrate findings from these different sources of evidence.
The Symbolic Transformation of American Capital Punishment
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

A Stunning Demonstration of the great gulf that has opened between the United States and other Western nations on the death penalty occurred in March 2002, as the U.S. Justice Department was deciding to seek the death penalty in its prosecution of a French national of Moroccan descent named Zacarias Moussaoui. The American government had alleged that Moussaoui was to have been “the twentieth hijacker” on September 11, 2001. This conspirator was prevented from filling out the five-person team on United Airlines flight 73 that crashed in Pennsylvania only because he was confined in jail for visa violations. The U.S. government wished to treat this defendant as fully accountable for the program of mass destruction. It sought both a death penalty and the cooperation of the French government in making its case against Moussaoui.
A Delicate Ear, a Retentive Memory, and the Power to Weld the Fragments
Authors: Tracy Steven C
Published: November 2023

When European composer Antonin Dvorak came to America as director of the National Conservatory of Music in 1892, he brought with him a profound interest in the potential ties for music on American soil. In fact, just six weeks before he and his family left Bohemia for America, he began his cantata The American Flag, opus 102. This interest, of course, reflected Dvořák’s artistic aesthetic. His emphasis on how Romantic, particularly nationalistic, issues influenced the artistry of the classical composer, and by extension the literary artist as well, is borne out in his late nineteenth-century pronouncements concerning the nature and future of the American school of music as it would emerge in the twentieth century.
Ralph Ellison’s Politics of Integration
Authors: Jackson Lawrence P
Published: November 2023

In an essay called “‘.As White as Anybody’: Race and the Politics of conting as Black,” the literary critic Ken Warren has askedr or not we ought to continue to count Ellison as a Negro or lack writer” (714). Warren makes his claim unaudaciously and it is suggestive to consider that a significant-arguably the significant-professional achievement for black American writers is the suspension of their ethnicity. Contemporary biology has dismissed the logic of racial essence, but social determinations of the racial situation continue to make the suspension or temporary erasure of blackness an achievement of consequence. While the goal here is not perhaps to become white (in fact, an argument could be made that transferring racial positions would make the result meaningless), the shift in basic assumptions that occurs when a ‘black” writer can shake off the burden of race and publish as a “writer” continues to afford important cultural power and legitimacy. William Faulkner bluntly recognized this process in 1955. He said to an audience in Japan, “Ellison has talent and so far he has managed to stay away from being first a Negro; he is still first a writer.” Faulkner’s comment was considered an unambiguous measure of praise; it was used on Ellison’s book jackets as advertisement.
Advances in Psychopharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics
Authors: Miller Alexander L , M. Lynn Crismon , Hall Catherine S , Baker C Bruce
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses three aspects of the field of psychopharmacology that, directly or indirectly, have a very large impact on the design and delivery of mental health services to the seriously and persistently mentally ill population. In each area we will highlight the evidence and considerations that should be helpful to policy planners and administrators as they organize systems of care and deal with physicians and consumers.
Financial Management in Public Mental Health Services: A Strategic and Operational Approach
Authors: Sorensen James E
Published: November 2023

Should you read this chapter? It is tempting to skip a chapter on financial management because the topic smacks of dollars and cents and not of more attractive and exciting issues such as clients, services, and treatment outcomes. The temptation may be fatal. No organization (mental health or otherwise) survives successfully without effective financial management. Great ideas about mental health must work out financially or they are not likely to work out at all. You do not have to be a financial wizard to understand the basic tools of financial management-tools that ultimately govern your ability to acquire, allocate, and account for resources.
Life Evolving
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

In just a half century, humanity has made an astounding leap in its understanding of life. Now, one of the giants of biological science, Christian de Duve, discusses what we've learned in this half century, ranging from the tiniest cells to the future of our species and of life itself. With wide-ranging erudition, de Duve takes us on a dazzling tour of the biological world, beginning with the invisible workings of the cell, the area in which he won his Nobel Prize. He describes how the first cells may have arisen and suggests that they may have been like the organisms that exist today near deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Contrary to many other scientists, he argues that life was bound to arise and that it probably only took millennia--maybe tens of thousands of years--to move from rough building blocks to the first organisms possessing the basic properties of life. With equal authority, De Duve examines topics such as the evolution of humans, the origins of consciousness, the development of language, the birth of science, and the origin of emotion, morality, altruism, and love. He concludes with his conjectures on the future of humanity--for instance, we may evolve, perhaps via genetic engineering, into a new species--and he shares his personal thoughts about God and immortality. In Life Evolving, one of our most eminent scientists sums up what he has learned about the nature of life and our place in the universe. An extraordinarily wise and humane volume, it will fascinate readers curious about the world around them and about the impact of science on philosophy and religion.
Taxis, Trains, And Sidewalks Navigating the ADA’s Mass Transit Provisions
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: November 2023

The stories by Hockenberry and Kriegel reveal the tremendous frustrations felt by persons with disabilities using public transportation. For Kriegel, navigating his chair along New York City sidewalks is perilous, though not as tough as facing the bureaucrats who explain why so little is done to remedy the poor conditions that face persons with disabilities. Meanwhile, John Hockenberry not only conveys his immense aggravation with taxi drivers who routinely pass him by because of the effort they would have to expend putting his chair in the trunk, but he also describes a venture into the subway with the aid of no ramps or elevators. Hockenberry takes on both the drivers and mass transit, proving that despite the odds and the architectural obstacles, he can do it, if only once.
Sovereignty
Authors: Stewart Jean
Published: November 2023

First off, I should tell you that Zoe’s heart is fine. There’s a bunch of other things that are not fine, not one bit fine, but Zoe’s heart is not on that list. She sailed through both surgeries, the long-ago one and now this recent one, and it seems like now her heart is stronger than ever. I tell you this up front so you won’t pester me—”Forget about all that, what about her heart?”—while I’m trying to tell you about this other stuff. I mean, I’m the president of her fan club, so don’t go thinking I played my violin while Rome was in flames.
Territorial Disputes Federalism, the Fourteenth Amendment, and Persons with Disabilities
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: November 2023

Stewart’s character Zoe and O’Brien faced similar difficulties when they asked that semipublic or public places provide them with reasonable accommodations. Officials told them that they could not receive these accommodations because they fall outside the reach of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The hospital did not believe that it needed to give Zoe a sign language interpreter. As a semipublic state agency, the hospital might well have immunity from a federal law. Similarly, while O’Brien receives help from the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, the officials serving her insist that this help should not be misconstrued as a reasonable accommodation. Federal institutions need not follow federal law. The Library of Congress has no legal obligation to make the Manuscript Division accessible. This chapter explores the paradox that federalism—especially in its newest form, which emphasizes state immunity—poses for the enactment of the ADA.
Do Vitamin C and Other Antioxidants Benefit Health? Using Observational and Experimental Studies to Test Medical Hypotheses
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

Linus Pauling was a creative and prolific chemist who was awarded two Nobel Prizes: the Chemistry Prize in 1954 for fundamental work on the structure of molecules and the Peace Prize in 1963 for articulating the dangers of nuclear proliferation. He might have become the only person to receive three Nobels if he had beaten Watson and Crick in deducing the structure of DNA. Late in his long life, Pauling became a proponent of the multiple health benefits of large daily doses of vitamin C. I remember hearing Pauling lecture about vitamin C to a large and enthusiastic audience at the University of Nevada, Reno, in 1985, when he was 84 years old.
Can Police Dogs Identify Criminal Suspects by Smell? Using Experiments to Test Hypotheses about Animal Behavior
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

We know from our everyday experience with pets that animals have different sensory abilities than humans. In many cases, it’s obvious that these sensory abilities far exceed our own. Even the most casual observers, for example, would soon realize that their dogs live in a world dominated by odors and that they can detect and distinguish odors unknown to the owners. Indeed, some of the most fascinating stories in biology involve the discovery of specialized sensory abilities in particular types of animals that are totally lacking in humans.
1775–1776 “To Die Freemen Rather Than to Live Slaves”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

By mid-summer 1774, London knew that an American congress was about to meet. It also knew that the Coercive Acts had provoked outrage across the length and breadth of the colonies and that yet another provincial boycott was virtually inevitable. Some in the North government had suspected that war was unavoidable when the Coercive Acts were passed. Others, notably Lord Dartmouth, hoped against hope for peace. He expressed a willingness to negotiate with the American Congress if it “should chalk out any reasonable line of accommodation, or make any moderate or temperate proposal.” Lord North expected nothing and called parliamentary elections in the autumn, hoping to solidify his base for the bold steps, whether for peace or war, that his government would face.
1783–1787 “The Present Paroxysm of Our Affairs”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

On August 9, 1782, in the dismaying swelter of a late summer afternoon, word reached Philadelphia that peace negotiations had begun in Paris between the United States and Great Britain. One year had passed, almost to the day, since Washington and Rochambeau had set out with their armies for Yorktown.
1790–1793 “Prosperous at Home, Respectable Abroad”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who had just turned thirty-two, worked tirelessly each day in the autumn of 1789 to complete his Report on Public Credit by the January deadline set by Congress. The First Congress thought its principal objective was to solve the national debt problems. It had lavished money on the Treasury Department, providing Hamilton with funds to hire a comptroller and an assistant secretary, as well as thirty clerks, eight times the number that either the State or War Department employed. The Treasury clerks conducted research for their boss, but Hamilton alone shaped his recommendations, often working deep into the chilly fall nights in his tiny, sparsely furnished office, seated at a plain pine table covered with a green cloth.
Landon Carter’S uneasy kingdom
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

Landon Carter, a Virginia planter patriarch, left behind one of the most revealing of all American diaries. In this astonishingly rich biography, Rhys Isaac mines this remarkable document--and many other sources--to reconstruct Carter's interior world as it plunged into revolution. The aging patriarch, though a fierce supporter of American liberty, was deeply troubled by the rebellion and its threat to established order. His diary, originally a record of plantation business, began to fill with angry stories of revolt in his own little kingdom. Carter writes at white heat, his words sputtering from his pen as he documents the terrible rupture that the Revolution meant to him. Indeed, Carter felt in his heart he was chronicling a world in decline, the passing of the order that his revered father had bequeathed to him. Not only had Landon's king betrayed his subjects, but Landon's own household betrayed him: his son showed insolent defiance, his daughter Judith eloped with a forbidden suitor, all of his slaves conspired constantly, and eight of them made an armed exodus to freedom. The seismic upheaval he helped to start had crumbled the foundations of Carter's own home. Like Laurel Ulrich in her classic A Midwife's Tale, Rhys Isaac here unfolds not just the life, but the mental world of our countrymen in a long-distant time. Moreover, in this presentation of Landon Carter's passionate narratives, the diarist becomes an arresting new character in the world's literature, a figure of Shakespearean proportions, the Lear of his own tragic kingdom. This long-awaited work will be seen both as a major contribution to Revolution history and a triumph of the art of biography.
Rapid Assessment Strategies for Public Health: Promise and Problems
Authors: Trotter Robert T , Singer II ＆ Merrill
Published: November 2023

We are going through a period of increased institutional enthusiasm for rapid ethnographic assessment in both the national and international public health arenas. Rapid assessment is being actively promoted as a direct, fast, easy, and community-controlled process that will solve crucial time sensitive problems for HIV and AIDS programs in both developing countries and hard-to-reach populations in the developed world. This chapter discusses rapid ethnographic assessment in HIV research. Nearly 15 years of application have produced successes along with concerns and some partial-to-complete failures. The chapter takes a critical look at the most recent design and application of HIV related rapid ethnographic assessment and provides a model and examples of the key points of failure of rapid-assessment programs. The perspective developed in the chapter is that rapid assessment offers a potentially valuable approach for effective, community/researcher collaboration in applied AIDS research.
Floral Integration, Modularity, and Accuracy: Distinguishing Complex Adaptations from Genetic Constraints
Authors: Armbruster W Scott , Pelabon Christophe , Hansen Thomas F , Mulder Christa P H
Published: November 2023

The origin of flowers is clearly one of the most important “key innovations” in the history of plant evolution. In addition to representing a number of functional advancements over the reproductive structures of nonflowering plants, flowers are modular organs that usually express limited variation within populations and yet huge variation among species and higher taxa. This variation in floral traits has fascinated evolutionary biologists since at least Darwin’s time. Because flowers are highly evolved structures that interact in complex but analyzable ways with pollinators, they make ideal study systems for the evolutionary analysis of morphology, integration, and modularity. In this chapter we address the functional significance of floral integration and modularity, focusing particularly on the role of integration in the evolution of accuracy and precision of pollination, as compared across three different study systems.
Integrating Phenotypic Plasticity When Death Is on the Line Insights from Predator-Prey Systems
Authors: Relyea Rick A
Published: November 2023

Environmental heterogeneity is the norm of nature. As a result, many organisms have evolved the ability to alter their phenotypes to track changing environments and improve their fitness. During the past century, investigators have studied phenotypic plasticity with a primary focus on single traits (see dis¬ cussion in Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998). This has provided us with an excellent collection of case studies that have documented the species that possess plastic traits, the types of traits that are plastic, and the types of environments that induce the trait changes. This focus on single traits has extended to models of plasticity evolution, primarily because single-trait models are considerably easier to handle mathematically than are multi-trait models (Levins 1963; Via and Lande 1985, 1987; Lively 1986; van Tienderen 1991; Gomulkiewicz and Kirkpatrick 1992; Moran 1992; Padilla and Adolph 1996). However, while the focus of theoretical and empirical work has been largely on single traits, it is becoming increasingly clear that we need to examine multiple traits and determine how they work together in producing an integrated organism. In this chapter, I argue that while it requires more time, money, and energy to examine multiple traits, it is imperative that we do so if we wish to understand the evolution and ecology of phenotypic plasticity.
Second- and Higher-Order Harmonic Generation
Authors: Boyd Robert W
Published: November 2023

Second-harmonic generation is the prototypical nonlinear optical process. Its discovery by Franken et al. (1961) is often taken as the birth of the field of nonlinear optics. Even today, this process is extremely important for various applications, including shifting the output frequency of lasers, as a diagnostic tool to determine the surface properties of various materials, and for use in nonlinear optical microscopy.
Theory of Spontaneous and Coherent Raman Scattering
Authors: Potma Eric O , Xie X Sunney
Published: November 2023

The universality of the phenomenon, the convenience of the experimental technique and the simplicity of the spectra obtained enable the effect to be used as an experimental aid to the solution of a wide range of problems in physics and chemistry.
Multiphoton Polarization Microscopy
Authors: Sun Yen , Lo Wen , Su Jiunn Wen , Lin Sung-Jan , Jee, Shiou-Hwa , Dong Chen-Yuan
Published: November 2023

By analyzing the polarization or anisotropy using steady-state or time-resolved methods, orientation information or dynamics of molecular systems can be investigated (Lakowicz, 1999). The natural extension of polarization spectroscopy is to implement polarizationresolved analysis in conjunction with optical microscopy. In this approach, spatially specific orientation information with submicron resolution can be obtained from biological specimens. A number of experimental approaches have been implemented using polarization microscopy techniques such as confocal polarization microscopy and modulated polarization microscopy (Axelrod, 1989; Massoumian et al., 2003; Wilson & Juskaitis, 1995). With the implementation of different forms of polarization microscopy, many studies in the biological and medical sciences have also been conducted. For example, collagen imaging, corneal microscopy, and the dynamics of cytoskeleton are a few examples in which polarization-resolved microscopy has been readily applied (AsiyoVogel et al., 1997; Gitirana & Trindade, 2000; Kuhn et al., 2001). In addition, polarization microscopy has been used to measure the orientation of single chromophores and quantum dots (Chung et al., 2003; Empedocles et al., 1999). Time-resolved polarization microscopy has also been used to probe dynamic phenomena inside cells such as the cytoplasmic viscosity (Fushimi & Verkman, 1991).
Two-Photon Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Microscopy
Authors: Chen Ye , Wallrabe, Horst , Periasamy Ammasi
Published: November 2023

Recent technological advances in fluorophores and detectors have made it feasible to apply Förster (fluorescence) energy transfer (FRET) in biomedical research (Clegg, 1996; Day, 1998; Kraynov et al., 2000; Ludwig et al., 1992; Periasamy, 2001; Periasamy & Day, 2005; Sekar & Periasamy, 2003; Wallrabe & Periasamy, 2005). Light microscopy FRET can provide spatial and temporal distribution of protein associations in single living cells, compared to other methods described in the literature (Guo et al., 1995). There are problems involved in using light microscopy methods to localize protein molecules, such as spectral bleedthrough or cross-talk. In principle, the bleedthrough signal is the same for one-photon (1p) or two-photon (2p) FRET microscopy; choosing the right FRET pairs and conducting qualitative and quantitative FRET data processing have been described extensively in the literature (Wallrabe & Periasamy, 2005). In this chapter we will address these issues and correction methodologies, in addition to the theory of FRET. To illustrate these methodologies, we will use transiently transfected GHFT1-5 live cells expressing cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fused to the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα ). We will also explain the problems associated with various techniques, including wide-field, confocal, and multiphoton FRET microscopy.
Photobleaching and Recovery with Nonlinear Microscopy
Authors: Brown Edward , Majewska, Ania , Jain Rakesh K
Published: November 2023

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), or fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR), describes a family of related techniques that measure transport properties of fluorescently labeled molecules. This is done by monitoring the evolution of a fluorescence signal after a spatially localized population of fluorophores is bleached by light. The classical FRAP experiment with one-photon excitation uses a focused laser beam to bleach a disk-shaped region of fluorescently labeled molecules in a thin sample such as a cell membrane or a lamellipodium (Fig. 26.1) (Axelrod et al., 1976). The same laser beam, greatly attenuated, generates fluorescence signal from that region as unbleached fluorophores diffuse in. The recovery in fluorescence signal is recorded by a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or similar detector, producing a fluorescence-versus-time curve (Fig. 26.2). Simple analytical formulas can often fit the fluorescence recovery curve, with the recovery time revealing the two-dimensional diffusion coefficient of the fluorescent molecule, and the extent of fluorescence recovery revealing the fraction of fluorophores that are mobile. More complex analysis with multiple diffusion coefficients can be used if the dynamics of the system warrant (Feder et al., 1996; Periasamy & Verkman, 1998). The three-dimensional hourglass profile of a focused laser beam (Born & Wolf, 1980) renders analytical solutions difficult unless the sample is relatively thin along the optical axis of the laser beam. Therefore, conventional one-photon FRAP is often limited to analysis of diffusion in thin two-dimensional systems such as cell membranes, where the intersection of the membrane with the laser beam produces a simple disk of photobleaching. In spite of this limitation, conventional one-photon FRAP has provided extensive insight into myriad cellular processes involving lateral membrane diffusion (Brown et al., 2005; Reits & Neefjes, 2001).
Immunology Based on Nonlinear Optical Microscopy
Authors: Parker Ian , Cahalan Michael D
Published: November 2023

The immune system is probably the most disseminated and mobile system in our bodies. Its component parts (largely individual cells) are in continuous circulation, endlessly surveying peripheral tissues for possible infection, and returning to mount defenses. A key part of the immune response involves cell–cell interactions: for example, the presentation of antigensby dendritic cells(DCs) to T cellswithin lymph nodes. Until recently, studies of these interactions have been constrained by methodological limitations, and two distinct lines of investigation have dominated the field: (i) in vivo experiments that examine the behavior of populations of cells in living animals during an immune response and (ii) in vitro experiments utilizing individual cells in artificial environments. However, the immune response is the sum of many complex and dynamic individual cellular behaviors that are shaped by a host of environmental factors. Whereas in vivo experiments maintain this natural environment, they cannot resolve the behaviors of individual cells. This approach can be termed “snapshot immunology,” as it has previously been limited to histologically fixed preparations or to analysis of cells taken from an animal at a particular time. Conversely, in vitro experiments provide information at subcellular and molecular levels and with realtime single-cell monitoring, but they cannot adequately recapitulate the complexity and dynamics of intact tissue environments.
The Reference Data Sets
Authors: Journel André G , Kyriakidis Phaedon C
Published: November 2023

To provide a demonstration of the methodology proposed for prediction of recoverable reserves, one would like to have access to a large, exhaustive data set including the sample data used for prediction and those used for selection, as well as the actual grades of all SMUs considered. Unfortunately, such information related to a real mining operation is rarely (if ever) available. Only very large operations with computerized track records of all drilling, sampling, and actual recovery characteristics could provide exhaustive data sets; even there, true SMU grades always remain unknown.
Simulation of Recovery: Application
Authors: Journel André G , Kyriakidis Phaedon C
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the simulation approach proposed in Chapter II is applied to the evaluation of reserves associated with the two reference data sets introduced in Chapter IV. Only a sparse set of sample grades is retained for the task of evaluating recoverable reserves (30 samples out of the reference total of 286 x 286 = 81796 values). The missing information is simulated in stead of being estimated; the difference between the many possible simulated grade realizations provides a measure of uncertainty regarding the spatial distribution of recoverable reserves.
High Adventure
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund
Published: November 2023

Fear lives among Everest’s mighty ice-fluted faces and howls across its razor-sharp crags. Gnawing at reason and enslaving minds, it has killed many and defeated countless others. But in 1953, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay stared into its dark eye and did not waver. On May 29, they pushed spent bodies and aching lungs past the achievable to pursue the impossible. At a terminal altitude of 29,028 feet, they stood triumphant atop the highest peak in the world. With nimble words and a straightforward style, New Zealand mountaineering legend Hillary recollects the bravery and frustration, the agony and glory that marked his Everest odyssey. From the 1951 expedition that led to the discovery of the Southern Route, through the grueling Himalayan training of 1952, and on to the successful 1953 expedition led by Colonel John Hunt, Hillary conveys in precise language the mountain’s unforgiving conditions. In explicit detail he recalls an Everest where chaotic icefalls force costly detours, unstable snow ledges promise to avalanche at the slightest misstep, and brutal weather shifts from pulse-stopping cold to fiendish heat in mere minutes. In defiance of these torturous conditions, Hillary remains enthusiastic and never hesitates in his quest for the summit. Despite the enormity of his and Norgay’s achievement, he regards himself, Norgay, and the other members of his expedition as hardworking men, not heroes. And while he never would have reached the top without practiced skill and technical competence, his thrilling memoir speaks first to his admiration of the human drive to explore, to understand, to risk, and to conquer.
Weak Selection on Noncoding Gene Features
Authors: Chen Ying , Stephan Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

The neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed that most of the variation observed at the molecular level is due to neutral mutations and random genetic drift, rather than positive Darwinian selection (Kimura 1983). However, as more protein sequence data became available, it was clear that the strictly neutral theory fails to explain two major observations, namely, the generation-time effect and the narrow range of heterozygosities. It was observed that the rate of protein evolution is roughly constant per year, rather than per generation as expected by the strictly neutral theory. Furthermore, the estimates of effective population sizes (N,) based on heterozygosity data tend to fall into a relatively narrow range for diverse groups of organisms which were thought to have very different population sizes (Ohta & Gillespie 1996). These findings were later explained by a modified version of the neutral theory, the nearly neutral theory of Tomoko Ohta. Ohta proposed that deleterious mutations with selection coefficients (s) around 1/N, might be quite common among amino acid substitutions.
Evolution of Eukaryotic Genome Structure
Authors: Petrov Dmitri , Wendel Jonathan F
Published: November 2023

The discipline of molecular evolution has until recent years focused on understanding patterns and processes of evolutionary change at the level of individual nucleotides, amino acids, and genes. Emerging from the fields of population genetics and evolutionary theory, and enabled by the advent of molecular biology, the nascent discipline of molecular evolution spawned a seemingly endless series of novel insights into the molecular nature of genetic variation and the fundamental forces that are responsible for molecular evolutionary change. Thus, within the span of a couple of decades, our understanding of the evolution of genes, mutational biases, natural selection, and genetic drift was dramatically enhanced. Notwithstanding these many advances, evolutionary processes operating at scales above that of individual genes were largely inaccessible until the last decade or so. These processes operate at the level of the whole genome, shaping assemblages of interacting and coevolving genes, influencing the size and structure of the genome, and, ultimately, affecting its function. Although beyond the scope of traditional molecular evolutionary studies, the exploration of genome-wide processes has in recent years been advanced by an explosion in genome sequencing efforts and in other relevant technologies.
Evolution of Multidomain Proteins
Authors: Patthy Laszlo
Published: November 2023

Although there is evidence that folded proteins occur frequently among randomly generated amino acid sequences (Davidson & Sauer 1994) it seems much easier to remodel replicas of old protein folds than to invent new folds from scratch. Accordingly, it is generally accepted that creation of the first folded proteins was a rate-limiting step in the appearance of protein-based life and that most extant proteins have arisen from a limited number of ancestral protein folds by divergence. In fact, it has been suggested that the majority of proteins belong to less than 1000 types of protein folds (Brenner et al. 1997). Although more recent analyses suggest that the total number of distinct folds is higher (Coulson & Moult 2002; Koonin et al. 2002), the fact remains that the majority of proteins arose from a surprisingly small number of ancestral protein folds.
Genotype-Environment Interactions and Evolution
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M
Published: November 2023

The link between genotype and phenotype is complex and that complexity can have profound effects on the course and nature of evolution. Chapters 15 and 16 described how the developmental system can control evolutionary outcomes. But developmental systems do not operate in isolation. All individuals are embedded in an environment. That environment plays two roles in determining the course of evolution: it determines which phenotypes are most fit (natural selection) and it interacts with the genome to determine the phenotype.
Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects
Authors: Meffert Lisa Marie
Published: November 2023

Patterns of geographic variation arise from the combined effects of migration, selection, mutation, and genetic drift. One measure of the evolutionary potential for such geographic differentiation is the level of additive genetic variance (i.e., the linear resemblance between relatives, hereafter denoted VA; see Roff, Ch. 18 of this volume; Cheverud, Ch. 19 of this volume). Migration has relatively straightforward effects that increase genetic variation within populations. In contrast, directional selection should exhaust VA for fitness traits, with the residual genetic variance hidden within the nonadditive components of genetic variance (see below) and maintained by some balance between selection and mutation (see Roff, Ch. 18 of this volume). Genetic drift, however, can have less predictable effects on levels of VA, particularly in the cases of bottleneck or founder events (i.e., involving severe reductions in population size). In a purely additive genetic model (i.e., no nonadditive genetic effects), a population bottleneck should reduce VA, on average, by l/2Ne, where Ne is the number of founders. Models that address nonadditive genetic effects, however, have shown that bottlenecks can increase VA, in contrast to purely additive theory (Goodnight 1988; Cheverud & Routman 1996; and see below).
How to Critically Evaluate Alternative Explanations of Life Events: The Case of Van Gogh’s Ear
Authors: Runyan William McKinley
Published: November 2023

Late Sunday evening December 23, 1888, Vincent Van Gogh, then 35 years old, cut off the lower half of his left ear and took it to a brothel, where he asked for a prostitute named Rachel and handed the ear to her, asking her to “keep this object carefully. “ How is this extraordinary event to be accounted for? Over the years, a variety of explanations have been proposed, and more than a dozen of them will be sketched below. What sense can be made of such a variety of interpretations? Is one of them uniquely true, are all of them true in some way, or, perhaps, are none of them true? And how can we know? This incident is examined in order to explore the problem of alternative explanations in the study of lives (Allport, 1961, 1965; Hogan, 1976; Murray et al., 1938; Runyan, 1978, 1980a, 1980b; White, 1963, 1975) and to contribute to a growing literature on the logic and methodology of psychobiographical studies (e.g., Anderson, 1981; Crosby, 1979; Elms, 1976; Gedo, 1972; George, 1971; Glad, 1973; Izenberg, 1975; Lifton & Olson, 1974; Mack, 1971; Mazlish, 1968; Meyer, 1972). The discussion is intended to raise basic issues encountered in applying personality theories to the life of a single individual, whether a historical figure, a research subject, or a clinical patient.
Osama Bin Laden: The Sum of All Fears
Authors: Dennis Anthony J
Published: November 2023

Few would seriously dispute the impact Osama Bin Laden has had on world events since September 11, 2001. Whether one considers him a terrorist, a megalomaniac and mass murderer, or a populist hero and one of the most holy and devout followers of Islam alive today, Osama Bin Laden has left (and continues to leave) an indelible mark on human history that undoubtedly will be debated, analyzed, and discussed for de-cades and even centuries to come. Biographers of Bin Laden face several significant challenges. First, because of the heinous nature of his terrorist acts, and his call for the use of weapons of mass destruction against Western civilians, Osama Bin Laden has become for many who are his intended targets a two-dimensional portrait of evil personified rather than a flesh-and-blood human being. The American media, in particular, has a tendency to portray Bin Laden as a cardboard caricature of a terrorist rather than as a psychologically complex individual acting out of motives he genuinely believes to be laudable. This sort of “pathographizing “ precludes genuine understanding.
DNA Packaging in Double-Stranded DNA Phages
Authors: Anderson Paul J Jardine Dwight L
Published: November 2023

Imagine trying to stuff a string more than 6mm long into a sphere that is fifty nanometers in diameter. The hole in the sphere that the string must enter is only twice as wide as the string itself. The string is stiff, with a persistence length on the order of 50 nm. It is also negatively charged and self-repulsive. The string must be organized such that it can be pulled out easily, so no knots or tangles are permitted. When the sphere is full, the string will have a near crystalline density. You have several minutes to complete this task. This difficult feat is the challenge presented to dsDNA phages during DNA packaging, a pivotal event in the assembly cascade.
The T1-Like Bacteriophages
Authors: Kropinski Gregory J German Rajeev Misra andrew M
Published: November 2023

Although T1 got its initial fame from its use, in 1943, by Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck in their landmark fluctuation test (64), an entirely different reason has resulted in its notoriety since then. This phage’s resistance to desiccation results in its persistence for weeks in an aerosol which in turn created a real nightmare for laboratories engaged in research employing E. coli K-12 strains. It was not uncommon to hear cries from laboratory workers that their overnight bacterial cultures contained only floating debris. This was the result of an onslaught by T1. Laboratories were quarantined for days until the airborne count of T1 vanished. Bacterial geneticists have had T1-resistant E. coli tonA mutants since the 1940s, and as a result many laboratories protected against unwanted invasion of T1 by introducing nullton A alleles into their E. coli strain collection. Even today T1 maintains its bad reputation because it remains a problem, particularly in laboratories that only casually use E. coli strains for experiments involving cloning, protein overproduction, and analysis of genomic libraries. Because of this, almost all commercially available transformation-competent E. coli cells now contain a tonA mutation. Despite the knowledge of T1-mediated calamities, many laboratories continue to work with E. coli strains that are not tonA.
Bacteriophage N4
Authors: Rothman-denes Krystyna M Kazmierczak lucia B
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophage N4 is a lytic phage specific for Escherichia coli K-12 strains originally isolated from the sewers of Genoa (80). N4 is unique in: (i) the use of three different DNA-dependent RNA polymerases during its growth cycle, (ii) a virion-encapsidated RNA polymerase (N4 vRNAP) that is injected into the host cell upon infection, (iii) the use of single-stranded DNA binding proteins as transcriptional activators, (iv) the presence of 30 extensions at each end of its linear genome, and (v) a lysis-inhibited infection cycle. The N4 virion particle, as visualized by electron microscopy, consists of an icosahedral head 70 nm in diameter connected by a base plate to a small noncontractile tail, and a number of short tail fibers originating from the junction between the head and the tail (figure 21-1A) (82). The virion particle is composed of a single linear double-stranded DNA molecule and, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 10 proteins (25). The major component of the virion is the coat protein, a 48 kDa polypeptide. Also present is a virion-encapsidated phagecoded, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vRNAP) that is responsible for transcription of phage early genes (24).
Temperate Bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Zahler Pamela S Fink Stanley A
Published: November 2023

Bacillus subtilis strains, like many other bacteria, contain temperate bacteriophage genomes within their chromosomes. Some of these bacteriophages form viable infective particles upon induction, for example f105 and SP b. Other bacteriophages, such as PBSX, appear to be remnants of intact viruses that no longer have a complete genome but package fragments of the bacteria1 chromosome during phage maturation. subtilis temperate bacteriophages come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which will be detailed in the next section. Despite physical differences, these phages have one thing in common: only linear, double-stranded DNA, be it bacteriophage or bacterial chromosome in origin, is packaged in the phage particle. There have been no reports of single-stranded DNA phages in Bacillus species, and only one report of an RNA phage, AP50, which is specific for Bacillus anthracis (89).
Bacteriophages in Bacterial Pathogenesis
Authors: Waldor Patrick L Wagner matthew K
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophages contribute to the virulence of many bacterial pathogens, largely by encoding the structural genes for virulence factors. The most widely recognized phage-encoded virulence factors are bacterial exotoxins, which account for the characteristic clinical manifestations of a number of human diseases caused by bacterial infections. The previous edition of this chapter focused primarily on phage-encoded toxins, but in the intervening years two themes have emerged (169). First, phages are increasingly recognized for encoding genes that contribute to other aspects of bacterial pathogenesis in addition to toxin production. In fact, phage-encoded gene products contribute to virtually every facet of bacterial pathogenicity, from attachment and invasion to immune evasion and transmission among humans. Second, while phages are like other mobile genetic elements in that they disseminate virulence genes among bacterial populations, phages have unique properties that enable them to contribute to bacterial pathogenesis by mechanisms other than transduction as well.
Methodological Considerations in the Study of Emotion Across Cultures
Authors: Matsumoto David , Yoo Seung Hee
Published: November 2023

The study of emotion across cultures has played an important role in the history of research on emotion and promises to make important contributions in the future. Conducting emotion studies in different cultures well requires care and attention to a host of methodological issues that are specific to cross-cultural research. Gone are the days when researchers can simply take what they have developed in one culture and simply “plug it in” to another. The goal of this chapter is to introduce readers to what those methodological issues are, with the ultimate goal of aiding in the conduct of methodologically sound cross-cultural studies in the future.