bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN DALAM KOMUNIKASI KEJHUNG MADURA DAN RELEVANSINYA BAGI PENANAMAN KARAKTER BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL MADURA
Authors: Utami Sri , L.Tobing Victor Maruli T
Published: February 2020

ABSTRAKGaya nyanyian Madura atau dikenal dengan sebutan kèjhungan pengekspresian yang menggebu, terkesan spontan,dan menyukai permainan nada-nada tinggi yang kemudian membentuk polapola melodi yang disebut kellèghãn Karakteristik kèjhungan yang relatif berbeda dengan kultur nyanyian daerah lainnya Kèjhung (Kidung dalam bahasa Jawa) merupakan tradisi lisan Madura Sebagai sebuah tradisi lisan, kèjhung menjadi salah satu ikon “manusia” Madura dari sudut pandang relegi, sosial, ekonomi, dan politik yang diungkapkan dengan bahasa puitis. Hal inilah yang menjadikan kèjhung Madura tetap dilestarikan dalam berbagai bentuk tradisi lisan Madura. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Model analisis yang digunakan dalam kerangka penelitian tradisi lisan kèjhung Madura ini mencakup dua tahap yakni (1) etnopedagogi untuk mengeksplorasi nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter berbasis kearifan lokal. (2) hermeneutika untuk menemukan relevansi bagi penanaman karakter. Nilainilai pendidikan yang terkadung dalam kèjhung Madura tersebut meliputi (1) nilai religius, (2) nilai budaya, (3) nilai sosial, (4) nilai personal. Kejhung Madura memiliki relevansi untuk menanamkan nilai-nilai luhur untuk membentuk karakter masyarakat. Penanaman karakter dapat dilakukan dengan melalui pertunjukan atau dapat diadopsi dalam bentuk baru dengan media yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi perkembangan teknologi pada saat ini dan melalui pendidikan seni budaya, pendidikan muatan lokal, pendidikan sastra dengan memasukkan nilai-nilai karakter budaya lokal dan dapat disosialisasi dan ditanamkan kepada anak didik di sekolah.  Key Word : Nilai Pendidikan, kèjhung Madura, Kearifan lokal
PERAN KOMUNITAS ONLINE ‘SUARA DISKO’ DALAM MEMBANGUN BRAND AWARENESS MUSIK TAHUN 80AN MELALUI INSTAGRAM THE ROLE OF ONLINE COMMUNITY ‘SUARA DISKO’ IN BUILD A BRAND AWARENESS THROUGH 80’S MUSIC INSTAGRAM
Authors: Pramitasari Annisa , Fithrah Ali Dini Salmiyah
Published: February 2020

The development of the community is currently getting forward and more of young people who have an interest in a thing that is similar and  they began to build a community. Suara Disko. is a community that has a  purpose to popularize  the  80s music. With the evolve  of social media makes Suara Disko ha s  a media as Instagram to introduce their communities online. The purpose of this research is to find out how the role of online communities ‘Suara Disko ‘ in built a  Brand Awareness through 80s music Instagram.  This research using the qualitative method with approach case studies with indicator consists of four levels of Brand Awareness by Durianto that are Brand Recognition, Brand Unaware, Brand Recall, and Top Of Mind. Results of the study mentioned that the role of the community Suara Disko in built a Brand Awareness is by establishing the identity, provide the education, interaction with the followers, and become catchy by followers when considering which popularized back 80s music. Then to achieve the purpose of Suara Disko to popularize 80s music, Suara Disko is using Instagram to deliver activities in the form of visual and message.  Keywords – Brand Awareness, Community, Instagram, Role, Suara Disko
INOVASI MODEL MITIGASI BENCANA NON STRUKTURAL BERBASIS KOMUNIKASI, INFORMASI, KOORDINASI DAN KERJASAMA (Innovation of Non Structural Disaster Mitigation Model based on Communication, Information, Coordination and Cooperation)
Authors: Tamitiadini Dian , Asmara Dewi Wayan Weda , Adila Isma
Published: February 2020

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengusulkan bagaimana ilmu komunikasi diterapkan pada Mitigasi Bencana. Terutama, berdasarkan bagaimana Komunitas dan Komunikasi Bersinergi untuk Membuat Mitigasi Bencana Menengah, khususnya dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Kesehatan setelah Bencana. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat menjadi proyek percontohan untuk BNBP Indonesia dan Dinas Kesehatan,dalam menentukan sikap pemerintah untuk langkah-langkah selanjutnya dalam melindungi orangorang yang berada di wilayah Rawan terhadap bencana alam di Indonesia. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan. Jenis Tindakan Penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan partisipatif. Hasil unit unit pemetaan daerah yang terkena dampak akan menghasilkan tingkat prioritas manajemen pasca bencana Letusan Gunung Agung. Rencana aksi untuk mitigasi bencana akan dibahas dalam media komunikasi yang dibentuk secara organik, baik berdasarkan teknologi komunikasi atau media komunitas lokal, seperti Pasebaya. Program Penyelesaian Kesehatan ini mengacu pada Kerangka Utama Pencegahan Bencana SDG di Lempeng Asia Pasifik. BNPB Nasional juga berupaya untuk menerapkan Kerangka Sendai 2015-2030 tentang Mitigasi Bencana di Asia, khususnya Indonesia yang memiliki Resiko Bencana Tinggi di Asia Tenggara. Negara-negara Mengingat pentingnya program ini, semua daerah rawan bencana di Indonesia harus menerapkan program pengurangan risiko bencana berbasis masyarakat.Kata Kunci : Mitigasi Bencana, Komunikasi Bencana, Komunikasi Kesehatan, Pengurangan Risiko Bencana
RELASI ANTARETNIS DI KAMPUNG ARAB (Studi Komunikasi Antarbudaya di Kelurahan Ampel Surabaya)
Authors: Suryandari Nikmah , Trilaksono Andika
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini dilakukan di kawasan Kampung Ampel Semampir Surabaya yang multikultur. Wilayah ini sejak lama sudah dikenal sebagai wilayah dengan keragaman etnisitas, budaya yang tinggi. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik  pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di wilayah ini terjadi relasi antaretnis yang intens antara tiga etnis disana, yaitu Arab, Jawa dan Madura. Masing-masing etnis memiliki persepsi yang berbeda terhadap etnis lainnya baik yang positif maupun negatif. Pesan verbal nonverbal juga terjadi dalam interaksi antaretnis dengan beragam pemaknaan sesuai dengan latar belakang budaya masing-masing. Hal ini tidak jarang menimbulkan friksi dan pertentangan antarwarga.
IbM Usaha Miniatur Kapal Berbasis Industri Kreatif Di Bangkalan, Madura
Authors: Anam Chairul
Published: February 2020

Kegiatan Iptek Bagi Masyarakat (IbM) ini berlangsung di lokasi mitra, Jl.Dumarah RT 1, RW 9 (Bedak Barat) Desa Banyuajuh, Kamal, Madura. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini untuk memberikan pendampingan dari manajemen usaha terutama dari aspek keuangan, aspek pemasaran, aspek produksi dan aspek sumberdaya manusia.Ada 2 unit usaha industri kreatif yang dilakukan pendampingan yaitu UMKM Cakraningrat Ship Model dan UKM Madura Miniatur, kedua UMKM bergerak dalam bidang usaha miniatur kapal. UKM ini mengalami kendala dalam mengembangkan kegiatan usahanya dari sisi pemasaran,produksi,keuangan dan sumberdaya manusia. Solusi yang ditawarkan dari sisi keuangan,perlu ada pemisahan administrasi antara keuangan keluarga dan keuangan bisnis, dari sisi produksi perlu ada penambahan peralatan,dari sisi sumberdaya manusia perlu menambah kuantitas dank kualitas tenaga kerja,dari sisi pemasaran perlu banyak mengikuti pameran dan memperluas promosi. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan yang dilakukan dengan pendidikan, pelatihan,pendampingan, penyuluhan dan konsultasi, manajemen usaha dan adopsi teknologi yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kuantitas,kualitas dan profitabilitas produk. Untuk keberhasilan kegiatan ini,maka diperlukanperan sertamitrasecara pro aktif dalammenentukan pendekatan solusi yang digunakan,untuk mendapat pendidikan,pelatihan,dan pendampingan serta aktif berkonsultasi tentang berbagai hal yang dihadapi perusahaannya, dan dalam menentukan rencana solusi alternatif, maka keputusan akan didiskusikan bersama.
Pemberdayaan Perempuan dalam Memanfaatkan Limbah Sampah Rumah Tangga Menjadi Barang Kerajinan Bernilai Ekonomi untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan Keluarga
Authors: Ismail Yulinda , Wolok Tineke
Published: February 2020

Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk membina dan memberdayakan kelompok masyarakat perempuan dalam hal bagaimana mengelolah limbah sampah rumah tangga menjadi kerajinan yang memiliki nilai tambah sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan keluarga, melalui pelatihan keterampilan mengenai pengelolahan limbah sampah rumah tangga melalui pemanfaatan teknologi-teknologi tepat guna, sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat pada umumnya. Adapun indikator capaian produk program pengabdian yang dituju adalah sebagai berikut bagaimana mengelolah limbah sampah rumah tangga dengan mengunakan teknologi yang tepat guna sehingga menghasilkan produk kerajinan yang berkualitas,serta adanya peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat dan peningkatan swadana dan swadaya masyarakat sehingga dapat menciptakan masyarakat yang mandiri secara ekonomi.
A Viscosity Correlation for Gas-Saturated Crude Oils
Authors: Chew Ju-Nam , Connally Carl A.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 23–25.

A correlation is presented for predicting the viscosity of gas-saturated crude oils under reservoir conditions. It is based on the dead oil viscosity and the solution GOR. The correlation was developed from a study which showed that at a fixed solution GOR, the relation between the gas-saturated oil viscosities and the corresponding dead oil viscosities is a straight line on logarithmic coordinates.

Data from 457 crude oil samples from the major producing areas of the U.S., Canada and South America were used. The best straight lines through the data were fitted by the method of least squares with a digital computer. The correlation is presented in the form of an equation and also in a convenient graphical form.

Introduction

The viscosity of gas-saturated crude oils under reservoir conditions is an important physical property used in reservoir engineering calculations. Many difficulties are inherent in the sampling of gas-saturated oils and in the laboratory measurement of their viscosities. Therefore, it is frequently neither possible nor convenient to obtain measured values, so the viscosity must be estimated from other, more readily available data.

This paper presents a correlation for predicting the viscosity of gas-saturated crude oils. The correlation is based on the amount of gas in solution and the viscosity of the dead oil at the temperature of interest.

A previous correlation of these variables was presented by Bear. In comparison, the correlation presented here extends to a higher GOR and to a lower dead oil viscosity. Over the range of variables covered by both, this correlation is based on approximately 11 times as many oil samples.

Development of Correlation

A study was made of the variables or parameters which could be used to relate the viscosity of a gas-saturated oil to its dead oil viscosity. Preference was given to those variables which are easily and commonly measured in the field or in the laboratory. It was found that either the differential liquid formation volume factor or the solution GOR of the gas-saturated oil could be used as a correlating parameter. The solution GOR was selected for the correlation because of its simplicity and availability.
Field Evaluation of Cathodic Production of Casing
Authors: Greathouse W.D. , Lehman J.J. , Landers J.E. , Sudbury J.D.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 354–360.

A full scale field experiment on cathodic protection of casing answers questions concerning (1) the proper criteria for determining current requirements, (2) the amount of protection provided by different currents, and (3) the transfer of current at the base of the surface pipe.

Three dry holes in the Trico pool in Rooks County, Kans., were selected for cathodic protection tests. The three holes were in an area where casing failures opposite the Dakota water sand often occur in less than a year. Examination of the electric logs showed the wells to be similar to other wells in the field where casing in four of seven producing wells has failed.

The three holes were cleaned out and cased with 75 joints of new 5l/:z-in. 14-lb I–55. Each joint was visually inspected and marked before it was run. The casing was bull plugged and floated in the hole so that the inside might remain dry and free of excessive attack. Also, if a leak occurred, a pressure increase could be observed on gauge at the surface.

Extensive testing was done, including potential profiles, log current-potential curves and electrode measurements from both surface and downhole connections. Based on these data, a current of 12 amps was applied to one well and 4 amps to another. The third well was left to corrode.

During the two-year period when the casing was in the ground, the applied current was checked weekly and reference electrode measurements were made about every two months. Three sets of casing potential profiles were run.

When the three strings were pulled, each joint was examined for type of scale formed, presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria, extent of corrosion attack and pit depth. Since the pipe was new when run, quantitative determination of the protection provided by current was possible.

This is the first concrete field evidence to help resolve the many arguments about the proper method for selecting adequate current for cathodic protection of oilwell casing.
The Instability of Slow, Immiscible, Viscous Liquid-Liquid Displacements in Permeable Media
Authors: Chuoke R.L. , van Meurs P. , van der Poel C.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 188–194.

Introduction

The purposes of this paper are to present theoretical and experimental evidence for occurrence of macroscopic instabilities in displacement of one viscous fluid by another immiscible with it through a uniform porous medium and to compare available experimental data with some predictions of a theory of instability developed by the first author.

The instabilities are referred to as macroscopic in the sense that spatially quasi-sinusoidal, growing fingers of the displacing liquid are formed, the width and peak-to-peak separation (wavelength) of which is large relative to a characteristic length of the particular permeable medium such as grain size.

Visual models of two kinds have been used to obtain observations: displacement of oil by water-glycerine solutions through the flow channel formed by closely spaced parallel plates and displacement of oil by water with and without initial interstitial water through unconsolidated glass powder packs, employing the technique of matching indices of refraction.

In all cases we have observed macroscopic instabilities or fingers under conditions predicted by the theory to be favorable for their occurrence.

The phenomenon discussed here is not the production of streamers due to gross inhomogeneities such as permeability stratification of the porous medium.It is our object to show, on the contrary, that a quantitative prediction of finger spacing is possible in a porous medium known to be macroscopically homogeneous and isotropic throughout.

The importance of the phenomenon in its influence on the configuration of oil and water with respect to oil production behavior was noted earlier by Engelberts and Klinkenberg who coined the term "viscous fingering".

Theory

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Instability and Initial Kinematics

There are several levels of increasing complexity in the theoretical description of instability of fluid displacements in permeable media. Of these, the simplest description, adapted to low permeability systems, is selected for presentation. More inclusive descriptions are reserved for separate publication.
Laboratory Studies of Formation Damage in Sands Containing Clays
Authors: Monaghan P.H. , Salathiel R.A. , Morgan B.E. , Kaiser A.D.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 209–215.

The productivities of many hydrocarbon-bearing formations appear to be reduced during drilling, completing and repairing operations. The reason for these otherwise unexplainable low productivities may be a drastic reduction of formation permeability immediately surrounding the borehole. A possible cause of the reduced permeability is swelling and dispersion of clays present in porous media when contacted by fresh water or mud filtrates. Hence, the invasion of fresh water or mud filtrate into hydrocarbon-bearing formations that contain clays may cause low productivities as a result of formation damage.

Present laboratory investigations have yielded results which supplement existing literature on formation damage. An expanded-type clay, montmorillonite, was found in hydrocarbon-bearing formations not previously analyzed. When sand columns and formation cores containing montmorillonite were contacted by fresh water, their oil permeabilities were reduced. This reduction in oil permeability was restored partially but not completely by a repair procedure, i.e., flooding with kerosene containing organic agents or flooding with water containing electrolytes. Hence, where montmorillonite is present in formations, prevention of formation damage was indicated to be the only complete solution to the problem. To prevent formation damage, results suggested use of an approximately 1 per cent solution of calcium chloride or stronger solutions of sodium or potassium chloride.

Introduction

General Nature of Problem

In conventional rotary drilling operations the wall of the hole is exposed to drilling mud for days, weeks, and in some instances for as long as several months. During this time, drilling mud filtrate seeps slowly into formations surrounding the hole. The permeability and stability of many formations, especially those containing clayey materials, are impaired by the mud filtrate. Often interaction between the mud filtrate and the formation causes drilling and production difficulties.
A Laboratory Study of Rock Breakage by Rotary Drilling
Authors: Somerton Wilbur H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 92–97.

The effects of drilling variable on rotary drilling rates and efficiencies have been studied by a series of laboratory drilling tests.

Two-cone 1.25-in. diameter bits were used to drill vertically upwards into rock samples at controlled weights and rates of rotation. Shale, sandstone and specially prepared concrete samples were used in this study. Power input to the drilling system was measured and drilling chips collected for energy-size reduction studies.

Reasonably good correlations between drilling variables and rates of penetration were found. Quantities that are difficult to evaluate include rock strength parameters and the effects of bit wear. Effects of bit size and geometry require further investigation.

Analysis of the drilling chips confirmed the premise that, for rocks containing two or more mineral constituents of different strengths, a greater amount of rock breakage occurs in the weaker constituent. Drilling conditions which required greater amounts of energy produced finer drilling chips. As bit tooth wear progressed, drilling chips became finer.

Efficiency of rotary drilling as a rock breakage mechanism was extremely low. Comparison was made with theoretical energy requirements and with energy requirements for size reduction by comminution methods.
The Use of the Method of Characteristics in Determining Boundary Conditions for Problems in Reservoir Analysis
Authors: Lee E.H. , Fayers F.J.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 284–289.

Problems in analysis can usually be expressed in terms of a system of nonlinear partial differential equations. A method for setting physically reasonable boundary conditions for these systems by application of the theory of characteristics is discussed. A short description is given of the technique for finding characteristics of general first order and second order equations. Specific examples are quoted from equations occurring in theoretical studies. The principles associated with the use of characteristics to set physically realistic boundary conditions are developed, and the method is discussed in terms of boundary conditions for the noncapillary, incompressible, two-phase flow problem; for the capillary, incompressible, two-phase flow problem; for the detergent flooding problem; and for the compressible, noncapillary, two-phase flow problem.

Introduction

In most problems in reservoir analysis the physical situation is described by a system of nonlinear partial differential equations. The general solution to the set of equations usually comprises a wide range of functions and a particular solution is normally selected by applying suitable boundary conditions to the problem. In some cases it is clear from the physical situation what form the boundary conditions should take, but it is usually desirable to have an independent mathematical check of the suitability of the chosen conditions. From the mathematical standpoint, a system of partial differential equations with boundary conditions is said to be properly set if the combination determines a unique solution which is continuously dependent on the equation and the boundary conditions. Such a solution is sometimes termed "reasonable".

In investigating the properties of the mathematical representation, it is useful to determine the structure of the system by the application of the theory of characteristics. This theory determines in the space of the independent variables, lines or surfaces which play a special role in the system's behavior. The characteristics determine the possibility and nature of the propagation of discontinuities in the derivatives of the dependent variables.
Maximum Reservoir Worth - Proper Well Spacing
Authors: Miller C.C. , Dyes A.B.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 334–340.

The cost of finding and developing new reserves is continually rising. We must meet these rising costs with in ore economical operations. This can be accomplished if we revise our ideas of proper well spacing and well allowables to consider the concept of optimum well spacing. According to this concept, the optimum spacing is the one which leads to the maximum present worth for a reservoir when all factors affecting total cost and total revenue are considered and when the wells are produced in the most efficient manner. Application of this principle efficiently utilizes available well potential and properly considers the recovery efficiency in addition to fixing the spacing on the basis of the amount and value of the oil to be recovered.

This study presents an analysis of one producing zone containing low gravity crude to illustrate the effect of these factors on the present worth and on the optimum economic spacing under two production drives-evolved gas and water drive. The maximum present worth occurs when the optimum number of wells for open-flow operation is employed. Frequently, this optimum development calls for very wide spacing and the ideal field rates are not unreasonable. Under other circumstances where proration is necessary, an optimum combination of well spacing and well allowable exists which permits production at relatively high rates.

The optimum well density in a field depends on the recovery efficiency and the value of the oil. In solution gas-driven reservoirs this optimum spacing for operation at high producing rates can vary from extremely wide spacing to handle viscous low gravity oil in thin formations to relatively close spacing in thick sands where good recoveries are expected. Because of the better recovery from water-driven fields, the optimum spacing in these fields is closer than in solution gas-driven fields. Also, the water encroachment pattern is dependent upon the well spacing, and an adequate number of wells is needed to assure a good sweep efficiency. The economic optimum well density in a water-driven field is high enough for this purpose.
Effects of Crude Oil Components on Rock Wettability
Authors: Denekas M.O. , Mattax C.C. , Davis G.T.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 216, 1959, pages 330–333.Paper presented at the AIChE-SPE Joint Symposium in Kansas City, Mo., May 17–20, 1959.

The effects of crude oil components on the wettabilities of sandstone and limestone were investigated. Fractions containing components differing in molecular weight and molecular structure were obtained from crude oils by distillation, extraction and chromatography. Individual fractions were then tested for their effects on rock wettability. Tests indicate that sandstone wettability may be changed by a complex variety of surfactants varying both in molecular structure and molecular weight. Limestone appears to be particularly sensitive to basic, nitrogenous surfactants.

Introduction

Investigations in recent years have shown that petroleum reservoir rock wettability can exert a significant influence on the efficiency with which oil can be produced by water flooding. While most reservoirs are presumably water-wet, they may range in their degree of water-wettability from near-neutral to strongly water-wet. Reservoir wettabilities other than strongly water-wet are likely to be induced by adsorption of surface-active components from the crude oil on the pore walls of reservoir rock. Little is known, however, about the nature of the surface-active materials which are likely to be adsorbed by the reservoir rock. Due to the complexity of crude oils, attempts made in the past to isolate these surface-active components have met with only limited success.

It is probable that many different types of surface-active materials are indigenous to crude oils and that many of these may be adsorbed to varying degrees by reservoir rock. This was explored in the studies discussed in this paper.
A Method for Calculating Multi-Dimensional Immiscible Displacement
Authors: Douglas Jim , Peaceman D.W. , Rachford H.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol 216, 1959, pages 297–308. Paper presented at 34th Annual Fall Meeting of Society of Petroleum Engineers at Dallas, Tex. Oct. 4–7, 1959.

A numerical solution of equations describing two-phase flow in porous media shows promise in providing a technique for predicting the displacement from sands of oil by water or gas. The description includes the influence of relative permeability, fluid viscosities and densities, gravity, and capillary pressure, and, though tested only for two-dimensional cases, should be equally applicable in three-dimensional geometry. Two numerical methods are presented: the first method is quite general in its applicability; the second method can be used only with certain types of boundary conditions but requires less computing.

Comparisons of computed results with data from laboratory models are presented. These data were taken on a water flood of a stratified model and on water floods of a five-spot model for favorable and unfavorable mobility ratios. On the stratified model, excellent agreement with recovery at breakthrough was obtained; agreement with recovery after breakthrough was poor. In the five-spot model, good agreement was obtained with recovery at and after breakthrough.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this paper is twofold; first, to present a reservoir engineering method requiring knowledge only of rock geometry and the normally measured rock and fluid properties for calculating the multi-dimensional flow of water displacing oil from porous, water-wet rock containing connate water; and, second, to investigate the validity of the method by comparing results of calculations with previously observed displacements in laboratory models.

The availability of such a verified technique of reservoir analysis would afford major advantages. First, it would demonstrate that the fundamental macroscopic concepts of two-phase fluid mechanics, i.e., relative permeability and capillary pressure, yield an adequate description of the physical process.
A Method for Determination of Average Pressure in a Bounded Reservoir
Authors: Matthews C.S. , Brons F. , Hazebroek P.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 182–191.

A method has been developed for calculating the average pressure in a bounded reservoir. The reservoir is first divided into the individual drainage volumes of each well, by using the criterion that at steady state each individual drainage volume is proportional to a well's production rate. The average pressure in each drainage volume is then calculated by a method developed in the report. By volumetrically averaging these individual drainage volume pressures, the average pressure in the entire reservoir is obtained.

To calculate the average pressure in each drainage volume, a correction is applied to the ordinary extrapolated pressure, i.e., the pressure obtained by extrapolating to infinite time the linear portion of the graph of closed-in pressure versus log [?t/(t + ?t)], where ?t is the closed-in time and t the production time. The correction, which is a function of the production time, is presented in graphical form for different shapes of the drainage area (horizontal cross section of the drainage volume).

Introduction

It is important to be able to find the volumetric average pressure in a reservoir so that the size of the reservoir may be determined from material balance calculations. It is also desirable to be able to find the approximate distribution of pressure within a reservoir for detection of fluid movement. The purpose of this paper is to present a method for calculating both the average reservoir pressure and the approximate distribution of pressure within a bounded reservoir that is, a reservoir with no water drive.

In reservoirs where the pressure builds up rapidly after wells are shut in, the determination of average pressure generally poses little problem, for one often need only average the final buildup pressures. It is when pressure buildup is slow that difficulties arise. For practical and economical reasons, the time allowable for closing in wells is limited. If at the maximum allowable closed-in time the pressure has not reached a constant value (and this is more often the case than is generally realized), calculation of average pressure presents difficulties.
A Simplified Cementing Technique for Recompletion Operations
Authors: Huber T.A. , Tausch G.H. , Dublin J.R.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 27–33.

Simplified equipment and techniques have been developed to permit cementing a completion interval in a well and recompleting higher, lower, or at the same depth in such a manner as to:Eliminate the need for a conventional drilling or workover rig.Eliminate mud and other cement contaminants which have long interferred with ideal cementing.Eliminate need for drilling out cement.Provide a more satisfactory recompletion.Provide a more economical recompletion.

This technique involves the use of a small-diameter, lightweight, tubing extension which is run on a wireline and set in a landing nipple previously installed in the tubing string. Low squeeze pressure and small cement volumes, with their attendant cost reduction, are successfully used when wells are completed and reworked with salt water or other penetrating fluids.

Relatively low-water-loss cement is an integral component of the technique which provides that excess cement be reverse-circulated from the well to leave the casing void of cement when recompleting lower or in the same interval. Substantial cost reductions ate realized by using the simplified or low-pressure cementing technique, and the ratio of successful squeeze-cement operations has been increased.

Introduction

Squeeze-cementing or recementing is the act of filling a channel behind casing or filling holes purposely placed in the casing. To obtain a satisfactory squeeze-cement job, it is necessary only to fill the channel or the perforation holes with a cement filter cake and to allow it to harden in that position. In the past, the presence of mud in a well has been considered the chief deterrent to obtaining a good cement bond and satisfactory cement job; however, late developments in squeeze-cementing have made it possible to eliminate cement contamination or interference. Since it is possible to form a cement filter cake with a small pressure differential, squeeze-cementing with high pressures may not be necessary in most cases.
Effectiveness of Gun Perforating
Authors: Allen T.O. , Atterbury J.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 34–40.

Laboratory and field tests during the past five years indicated considerable variation in the penetrating power of commercially available gun perforators. Many of the guns which achieved inadequate penetration in these tests have since been improved. However, recent productivity tests indicated the possibility of inadequate penetration or, at least, ineffective penetration in some wells.

Laboratory experiments under simulated well conditions have demonstrated considerable plugging of the perforations, apparently as a result of factors associated with the shooting process and/or the drilling mud in the well at the time of perforating. The restrictions to (tow per unit of hole depth caused by this plugging appears to be greater for jet perforators than for bullet guns of comparable diameter; however, because of the greater depth of penetration obtained with the jet guns, the total flow rates appear to be approximately equal. Limited testing with an experimental shaped charge suggests that less shot hole restriction and greater flow rates may result from larger-diameter perforations or other factors related to charge design.

Introduction

Gun perforating has been accepted for a number of years as a routine well completion method which is often preferred since it permits more selective operation of producing zones. Nevertheless, questions have continued to arise as to the effectiveness of the communication paths established between the productive formation and the interior of the casing. The basis for these questions has generally been failure to obtain anticipated fluid production rates through gun perforated completions in specific wells. These low productivities, together with the frequent recovery of bullets from well bores, were considered strong evidence of inadequate penetration.

Laboratory investigations of the penetration performance of many of the bullet. guns available as late as 1948 gave support to these indications. Subsequent electrical analog studies indicated that the depth of penetration required to provide productivities equivalent to open hole was beyond the capacity of most bullet perforators evaluated in the early laboratory penetration tests.
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of PUB genes in cotton
Authors: Lu Xuke , Shu Na , Wang Delong , Wang Junjuan , Chen Xiugui , Zhang Binglei , Wang Shuai , Guo Lixue , Chen Chao , Ye Wuwei
Published: February 2020

Background: The U-box gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase that contain U-box domain. The plant U-box gene (PUB) plays an important role in the response to stresses, but few reports about PUBs in cotton were available. Therefore research on PUBs is of great importance and a necessity when studying the mechanisms of stress- tolerance in cotton.

Results: In this study, we identified 93, 96, 185 and 208 PUBs from four sequenced cotton species G. raimondii (D5), G. arboreum (A2), G. hirsutum (AD1) and G. barbadense (AD2), respectively. Prediction analysis of subcellular localization showed that the PUBs in cotton were widely localized in cells, but primarily in the nucleus. The PUBs in cotton were classified into six subfamilies (A-F) on the basis of phylogenetic analysis, which was testified by the analysis of conserved motifs and exon-intron structures. Chromosomal localization analysis showed that cotton PUBs were unevenly anchored on all chromosomes, varying from 1 to 14 per chromosome. Through multiple sequence alignment analysis, 3 tandem duplications and 28 segmental duplications in cotton genome D5, 2 tandem duplications and 25 segmental duplications in A2, and 143 homologous gene pairs in A2 and D5 were found; however no tandem duplications in A2 or D5 were found. Additionally, 105, 14 and 17 homologous gene pairs were found in the intra-subgenome of At and Dt, At sub-genome and Dt sub-genome of G. hirsutum, respectively. Functional analysis of GhPUB85A and GhPUB45D showed that these genes positively responded to abiotic stresses, but the expression patterns were different. In addition, although the expression levels of these two homologous genes were similar, their contributions were different when responding to stresses, specifically showing different responses to abiotic stresses and functional differences between the two subgenomes of G. hirsutum.

Conclusion: This study reported the genome-wide identification, structure, evolution and expression analysis of PUBs in cotton, and the results showed that the PUBs were highly conserved throughout the evolutionary history of cotton. All PUB genes were involved in the response to abiotic stresses (including salt, drought, hot and cold) to varying degrees.
Gene Co-expression Networks Are Associated with Obesity-Related Traits in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Jaime-Lara Rosario B , Roy Abhrarup Abe , Wang Yupeng , Stanfill Ansley , Cashion Ann K , Joseph Paule
Published: February 2020

Background

Obesity is common among kidney transplant recipients; However biological mediators of obesity are not well understood in this population. Because subcutaneous adipose tissue can be easily obtained during kidney transplant surgery, it provides a unique avenue for studying the mechanisms of obesity for this group. Although differential gene expression patterns were previously profiled for kidney transplant patients, gene co-expression patterns can shed light on gene modules not yet explored on the coordinative behaviors of gene transcription in biological and disease processes from a systems perspective.

Methods

In this study, we collected 29 demographic and clinical variables and matching microarray expression data for 26 kidney transplant patients. We conducted Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) for 5,758 genes with the highest average expression levels and related gene co-expression to clinical traits.

Results

A total of 35 co-expression modules were detected, two of which showed associations with obesity-related traits, mainly at baseline. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment was found for these two clinical trait-associated modules. One module consisting of 129 genes was enriched for a variety of processes, including cellular homeostasis and immune responses. The other module consisting of 36 genes was enriched for tissue development processes.

Conclusions

Our study generated gene co-expression modules associated with obesity-related traits in kidney transplant patients and provided new insights regarding the cellular biological processes underlying obesity in this population.
Effects of shade stress on turfgrasses morphophysiology and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities
Authors: Fu Juanjuan , Luo Yilan , Sun Pengyue , Gao Jinzhu , Zhao Donghao , Yang Peizhi , Hu Tianming
Published: February 2020

Background: The shade represents one of the major environmental limitations for turfgrass growth. Shade influences plant growth and alters plant metabolism, yet little is known about how shade affects the structure of rhizosphere soil microbial communities and the role of soil microorganisms in plant shade responses. In this study, a glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the impact of shade on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of two contrasting shade-tolerant turfgrasses, shade-tolerant dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus, OJ) and shade-intolerant perennial turf-type ryegrass (Lolium perenne, LP). We also examined soil-plant feedback effects on shade tolerance in the two turfgrass genotypes. The composition of the soil bacterial community was assayed using high-throughput sequencing.

Results: OJ maintained higher photosynthetic capacity and root growth than LP under shade stress, thus OJ was found to be more shade-tolerant than LP. Shade-intolerant LP responded better to both shade and soil microbes than shade-tolerant OJ. The shade and live soil decreased LP growth, but increased biomass allocation to shoots in the live soil. The plant shade response index of LP is higher in live soil than sterile soil, driven by weakened soil-plant feedback under shade stress. In contrast, there was no difference in these values for OJ under similar shade and soil treatments. Shade stress had little impact on the diversity of the OJ and the LP bacterial communities, but instead impacted their composition. The OJ soil bacterial communities were mostly composed of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Further pairwise fitting analysis showed that a positive correlation of shade-tolerance in two turfgrasses and their bacterial community compositions. Several soil properties (NO3--N, NH4+-N, AK) showed a tight coupling with several major bacterial communities under shade stress. Moreover, OJ shared core bacterial taxa known to promote plant growth and confer tolerance to shade stress, which suggests common principles underpinning OJ-microbe interactions.

Conclusion: Soil microorganisms mediate plant responses to shade stress via plant-soil feedback and shade-induced change in the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure for OJ and LP plants. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding plant-soil interactions and their role in the mechanisms underlying shade tolerance in shade-tolerant turfgrasses.
Evaluation of the Effect of Items’ Format and Type on Psychometric Properties of Sixth Year Pharmacy Students Clinical Clerkship Assessment Items
Authors: AlKhatib Hatim S. , Brazeau Gayle , Akour Amal , Almuhaissen Suha
Published: February 2020

Background Examinations are the traditional assessment tools. In addition to measurement of learning, exams are used to guide the improvement of academic programs. The current study attempted to evaluate the quality of assessment items of sixth year clinical clerkships examinations as a function of assessment items format and type/structure and to assess the effect of the number of response choices on the characteristics of MCQs as assessment items . Methods. A total of 173 assessment items used in the examinations of sixth year clinical clerkships of a PharmD program were included. Items were classified as case based or noncase based and as MCQs or open-ended. The psychometric characteristics of the items were studied as a function of the Bloom’s levels addressed, item format, and number of choices in MCQs. Results . Items addressing analysis skills were more difficult. No differences were found between case based and noncase based items in terms of their difficulty, with a slightly better discrimination in the latter . Open-ended items were easier, yet more discriminative. MCQs with higher number of options were easier and more discriminative. Open-ended questions were significantly easier and more discriminative in comparison to MCQs as case based items while they were more difficult and more discriminative as noncase based items. Conclusion. Item formats, structure, and number of options in MCQs significantly affected the psychometric properties of the studied items. Noncase based items and open-ended items were easier and more discriminative than case based items and MCQs, respectively. Examination items should be prepared considering the above characteristics to improve their psychometric properties and maximize their usefulness.
Levofloxacin-ceftazidime administration regimens combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the hollow-fiber infection model simulating abnormal renal function in critically ill patients
Authors: Zhao Lei , Li Xiaobing , He Xiaojing , Jian Lingyan
Published: February 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the bactericidal effects of levofloxacin and ceftazidime as both monotherapy and combination therapy, and to determine their effects on resistance suppression in patients with normal and abnormal (Ccr:16–20 mL/min) renal function. Common clinical administration regimens to provide reference values were also evaluated. Methods: The 7-d hollow-fiber infection model was used to inject the Pseudomonas aeruginosa standard strain (ATCC27853). This simulated common clinical administration regimens for patients with different renal function. Ten regimens were stratified into 2 categories based on renal function, and each category contained 3 monotherapy regimens and 2 combination therapy regimens. The total and resistant populations were quantified. Drug concentrations were determined by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Monotherapy regimens resulted in about 0.5-log-CFU/mL bacterial kill in the total population at 6 or 8h, whilst combination regimens resulted in 2- to 3-log-CFU/mL within 2 days. For levofloxacin monotherapy regimens in patients with normal renal function, resistance emergence was seen after 6h, and was seen at 0h in the ceftazidime monotherapy regimen, as well as in all regimens of patients with abnormal renal function. Although resistant subpopulation in combination regimens with abnormal renal function began to increase at 0h, there was a certain downward trend after 8h, while resistant population in the normal renal function group increased after 16h. Conclusions: Combination therapy had greater bactericidal efficacy and resistance inhibition compared with monotherapy. Studying combination regimens in randomized clinical trials is warranted.