bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress Distribution in a Bimaterial Plate under Uniform External Loadings
Authors: Chou T.W. , Hirth J.P.
Published: January 2017

The elastic fields in a bimaterial plate under uniform compressive and anti-plane shear loadings are analyzed. Explicit expressions for the stresses are obtained. Interfacial shear stresses are found to be induced when the plate is subjected to anti-plane shear loading. In the compressive case, both normal and shear components of stress are introduced near the phase boundary. These stresses decrease expo nentially with the distance from the interface. Some implications with respect to dislocation pileups and interface failure are presented. Under a uniformly applied shear stress the effect of the inhomogeneity is to cause screw dislocations to pile up only in the phase with the comparatively higher shear modulus.
Consequences of Sharp Military Assistance Increases for International Conflict and Cooperation
Authors: Sylvan Donald A.
Published: January 2017

Effects of sharp increases in military assistance on international conflict and cooperation on the part of recipient nations are investigated. Since traditional bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques are often conceptually inapplicable to this subject matter, a quasi-experimental design is used which relies on autoregressive moving average models and exponential smoothing forecasting mechanisms. Twenty-five annual observations, from 1946 through 1970, of 15 Asian nations serve as the data base. Key findings are: (1) sharp increases in military assistance tend to change decidedly the recipient nation's international conflict and cooperative behavior; (2) in a substantial majority of cases examined, the direction of that behavior change is toward increased conflict and decreased cooperation; and (3) a two-year lag between military assistance and behavior change of recipient nations is statistically supported. The effects of increased capabilities as well as bureaucratic politics, habit, expectation, and prior deals are offered as possible reasons for these results. The findings seem to refute the argument that giving military aid to a nation not involved in a war will help strengthen that nation and thereby avoid future conflict.
Cultural Conceptions of Conflict and Variability in Conflict Boundaries—A Moroccan Example
Authors: Dwyer Daisy Hilse
Published: January 2017

Anthropologists and sociologists have long been concerned with the question of finding meaningful boundaries for social situations. This interest, however, has not been extended to the analysis of those highly complex and elusive interactional sequences-conflict situations. In this paper, an analytic unit—the conflict chain of events-and a process-redefinition-are presented as analytic constructs in order to tackle this problem. A more meaningful representation of conflict, one that reflects universal psychosocial processes and one that is responsive to culture-specific tendencies, is sought. Moroccan case material on interpersonal conflict is used to illustrate the approach.
The Making of the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey
Authors: Callus Ron
Published: January 2017

Good social science research requires a significant problem … The social scientist is a man [sic] with a problem or he is nothing. (Bulmer 1982, 38)
The Differentiation of CDe/cDE (R1R2) from CDE/cde (Rzr) in Paternity Testing
Authors: Dunsford I. , Lodge T. , Spielmann W.
Published: January 2017

Recent advances in our knowledge of the Rhesus blood group system have provided reagents which can distinguish bloods which previously could not be distinguished except by family study. An example of this was the bloods CDE/cde (Rzr) and CDe/cDE (R1R2) which gave identical reactions with the standard antisera used. The report presented is of the application of the newer knowledge in differentiating such bloods. Such studies will enable identification and exclusion of paternity to be undertaken with a greater degree of accuracy.
The Treatment of Homosexuality by Aversion Therapy
Authors: de V. Mather Northage J.
Published: January 2017

A Particular technique in behaviour therapy for homosexuality, developed over the past three and a half years in Manchester, is described.
The Familial Transmission of Criminality
Authors: Farrington D. P. , Gundry Gwen , West D. J.
Published: January 2017

The names of a sample of young males, their parents and their siblings were searched for in the Criminal Record Office. A concentration of criminality among a minority of families was observed, and possible reasons for it investigated.
Breath Alcohol Analysis and the Blood: Breath Ratio
Authors: Wright B. M. , Jones T. P. , Jones A. W.
Published: January 2017

The history of breath alcohol analysis and of the concept of a blood: breath ratio is briefly reviewed and it is suggested that the ratio is always lower and more variable than predicted by accepted theory.

Using gas liquid chromatography for both breath and blood it has been shown that the blood: breath ratio falls during expiration and only reaches its presently accepted value of 2100: 1, predicted from in vitro studies, after prolonged rebreathing. It is suggested that this is due to alcohol being absorbed from the breath during expiration by the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, to replace that lost during inspiration.

Proposals are made for further studies and for modifications in present breath sampling procedures which could make breath analysis an acceptable substitute for blood analysis in all except marginal cases.
Massive Subarachnoid Haemorrhage and Fracture of the Transverse Process of the Atlas
Authors: Simonsen Jørn
Published: January 2017

Two cases of traumatic fatal basal subarachnoid haemorrhage accompanied by fracture of the transverse process of the atlas have been described. These cases differ from the cases hitherto known in that fracture of the transverse process was not recognized until the bone was examined after complete removal of the soft tissue. This procedure is highly recommended in all cases in which autopsy findings do not permit definite conclusions concerning the origin of the haemorrhage or no indication of external violence is found.
The Post-Mortem Detection of Early Myocardial Infarction by a Simple Fluorescent Method
Authors: Sahai V. B. , Knight Rnard
Published: January 2017

A rapid and simple method is described for demonstrating early ischaemic/anoxic damage to the myocardium due either to coronary artery disease or hypertensive heart disease. Using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded standard histological sections, staining for only 3 seconds in an aqueous solution of acridine-orange was sufficient to demonstrate a green shift of the secondary emission produced when the section was viewed in ultraviolet light. The results correlated well with sensitive enzyme studies which, however, were technically more difficult. The ease of retaining tissues and the rapidity of the technique, coupled with the reliability of the method even in the presence of moderate post-mortem autolysis, makes this a useful method for routine use.
Gastric Pathology in Cases of Suicide
Authors: Patel N. S.
Published: January 2017

Fifty-two cases of suicide have been detected from so-called ‘sudden natural deaths' where the initial inquiries and information had suggested nothing but a natural death.
Two ‘Clustered’ Cases of ‘Cot Death’ with Identical Physical and Social Pathology
Authors: Watson Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

Two cases of sudden infant death (cot death) are described, occurring within 5 days of each other, in the same house, with identical pulmonary pathology but in unrelated families. The cases illustrate the interrelationship of infection and unfavourable social factors peculiar to many cases of sudden infant death. They also point to the importance of environmental rather than genetic factors as a cause of ‘clusters’ of cot deaths in families.
Peptic Ulceration and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Goonetilleke U. K. D. A.
Published: January 2017

A post-mortem study of two series, a consecutive series of 513 cases and a retrospective study of 65 cases of peptic ulceration, was carried out to ascertain the relationship of atheroma, calcification and aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, severe atheroma of the coronary arteries and aortic stenosis to peptic ulceration. In the retrospective series, 41 cases had peptic ulceration or atrophic gastric mucosa.

There was a high incidence of peptic ulceration associated with severe aortic stenosis, severe atheroma and calcification of the abdominal aorta and severe atteroma of the coronary arteries. In this study, there was no increased incidence of peptic ulceration with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. It was concluded that in the elderly, giant, silent peptic ulcers were associated with pathological changes in the cardiovascular system resulting in a decrease in blood supply to the gastric and duodenal mucosa.
Heat Hyperpyrexia in an Infant (A Case Report)
Authors: Goodyear J. E.
Published: January 2017

A case of heat hyperpyrexia is reported. This occurred during a brief spell of hot weather in the early summer of 1978.
Rupture of the Jejunum Due to Faulty Infant-Feeding Techniques
Authors: Rice H. M.
Published: January 2017

An eight-month old infant, thought to have died of gastroenteritis, was found to have general peritonitis, due to rupture of the proximal jejunum. This and other injuries, initially suspected of being non-accidental, were due to the father's practice of forcible compression of the upper abdomen after feeds, to make the baby bring up bile, as well as wind, before being put down. Full investigation led to the conclusion that there had been no conscious intention of hurting the infant and that the injuries were not non-accidental in the accepted sense. One more condition must be added to the differential diagnosis of abdominal upsets in infants.

The first thought of the pathologist who discovers unsuspected skeletal or visceral injuries at the autopsy of an infant must be that their probable cause was non-accidental injury. Any other explanation must satisfy full police investigations and will rarely be acceptable. A case is reported in which the authorities were satisfied that the injuries were the result of a misconceived practice associated with infantfeeding and were inflicted with no concious intention of harming the infant.
A Method of Phenotyping Erythrocyte Acid Phosphatase by Iso-Electric Focusing
Authors: Randall Terence , Harland W. Arthur , Thorpe James W.
Published: January 2017

This article outlines an easily performed and accurate technique for phenotyping erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP) in haemolysates and dry bloodstains by using iso-electric focusing (IEF) on very thin Polyacrylamide gels.
Fatal Forceps
Authors: Nuijen Siegfried , Hausman Robert
Published: January 2017

One of the problems that faces pathologists, is to rate the information obtained at a post mortem at its true value. Changing the facts, knowingly or unknowingly, often springs from the weakness of the human mind which needs to ignore or even deny unpleasant experiences, especially if these experiences are linked to medical work that can be considered questionable.

In this article such weakness is illustrated with some examples of forceps deliveries.
Computers in Forensic Medicine—II
Authors: Sivaloganathan S.
Published: January 2017

This is the second of two papers on the use of computers in a department of forensic medicine. It deals with the use of mainframe and desktop computers. The fields of application covered are bibliography, research, statistics, administration, inventories, accounts and word-processing.
Differences in the Medical and Legal Viewpoint Illustrated by R V Hardie [1984]
Authors: Weller M. , Somers W. A.
Published: January 2017

The case of R. v Hardie [1984] creates an important precedent and is cited in the current edition of Archbold (1989). It is argued that the pharmacological issues discussed therein contain errors that seem to go to the heart of the judgment, which illustrates the differences between the legal and scientific viewpoint.
The Response of Evidential Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments with Subjects Exposed to Organic Solvents and Gases
Authors: Gill R , Hatchett S E , Broster C G , Osselton M D , Ramsey J D , Wilson H Kerr , Wilcox A Hervey
Published: January 2017

Experimental work has been undertaken to investigate the potential interference of toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and butane with the evidential breath alcohol testing instruments used in Great Britain (Lion Intoximeter 3000 and Camic Breath Analyser). Volunteers inhaled the volatile substances in an exposure chamber for up to 4 hours, at concentrations of 100, 350 and 600ppm respectively. Subsequently breath was tested on leaving the chamber. No interference was observed with the breath alcohol instruments when the subjects were exposed to toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. A short-term response immediately after exposure was observed for subjects exposed to butane. Further analytical work involving blood and breath samples demonstrated that all three volatile substances were absorbed during exposure and were detectable in blood for at least 3 hours post-exposure. Their elimination post-exposure followed an exponential decay.
Study into the Ability of Patients with Impaired Lung Function to Use Breath Alcohol Testing Devices
Authors: Gomm P J , Osselton M D , Broster C G , Johnson N Mel , Upton K
Published: January 2017

A subject who fails to provide an adequate breath sample for a breath alcohol measuring device under the provisions of Road Traffic Act 1988 may be charged with refusing to supply a sample unless the police officer believes the person is genuinely unable to do so. Subjects who are confronted with this situation may approach their general practitioner or chest physician for advice on whether they are medically able to provide adequate breath samples to satisfy the breath testing devices. There is currently no guidance available for medical practitioners concerning respiratory performance or lung function which will impair the use of such breath testing devices. This paper describes experiments with human volunteers suffering from respiratory illnesses and their ability to provide adequate breath samples to satisfy the requirements of the breath alcohol testing devices used in Great Britain.

It was found that the most suitable parameters for determining whether a subject was capable of using a breath alcohol testing device were spirometry measurements of Forced Expired Volume in one second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). In this study subjects with a FEV1 <2.0 litres and a FVC <2.6 litres were generally unable to use all the devices.
Forensic Aspects of ‘Crack’ Abuse
Authors: Cordess Christopher , Murray Kevin
Published: January 2017

Two cases of paranoid psychoses resulting from ‘Crack’ abuse are described. In each case the content of the delusions led to violence. These cases were referred to forensic psychiatric services for assessment, without prior contact with services for drug abusers. The importance of eliciting a full drug history in assessment of violent offenders is emphasized.
Fatal Penetrating Orbital Injuries
Authors: Sarvesvaran Esha R
Published: January 2017

Three cases of penetrating orbital injuries are described, in two of which cavernous sinus thrombosis developed. The precautions necessary in cases of penetrating orbital injuries are discussed.
Mental Impairment in the West Midlands
Authors: Clarke D J , Beasley J , Corbett J A , Krishnan V H R , Cumella S
Published: January 2017

The case records of 55 people from the West Midlands (UK) fulfilling the Mental Health Act 1983 criteria for mental impairment or severe mental impairment, were studied. Most were young men with mild mental retardation. 73 per cent were resident in (or on leave from) mental handicap hospitals, and 27 per cent resident in special hospitals. 29 per cent were subject to a Restriction Order. Most had lived in hospital for more than six years. The commonest problem behaviours were aggression, property offences and inappropriate or offending sexual behaviour. 31 per cent were mentally ill or had a past history of mental illness.

A diverse range of services appears necessary to meet the needs of this group of people.
Besieged by Devils — Thoughts on Possession and Possession States
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: January 2017

Aspects of possession are reviewed in historical, cultural and clinical contexts. Consideration is given to differential diagnosis and management. It is suggested that a multi-disciplinary approach is required for a condition that stands at the boundaries of psychiatry.
Male Rape Victims Referred to a Forensic Psychiatric Service
Authors: Huckle P L
Published: January 2017

A series of male victims of rape are presented who were identified following referral to a Forensic Psychiatric Service. In addition to being victims they were also offenders in their own right. The 22 male rape victims represent 12.5 per cent of male referrals to the service over a six-month period.
Sperm Conservation and HIV Infection
Authors: Gromb S , Beylot J , Lazarini H P
Published: January 2017

In the course of preparing a medico-legal report in civil proceedings instituted by a couple contaminated by HIV, the case of Mr B. was brought to our attention.

At the end of 1984 Mr B. had a serious accident in consequence of which he received a number of blood transfusions. The post-transfusion inquiry established blood contamination. Several years later (in 1990), and for reasons closely related to the above accident, Mr B. and his wife were having difficulty in having a child. They decided to resort to intraconjugal artificial insemination (IAI) first through a private laboratory and then through a CSCOS (Centre for the Study and Conservation of Human Ova and Sperm).

In 1992, Mr B. and his wife were both found to be HIV positive; the infection was ascribed to the IAI, as the most plausible cause.

In the face of such dramatic events, we wondered why neither the laboratory nor the CSCOS had checked whether the couple were HIV positive.

Reflecting on this led us:

(a) to make an inventory of the different organizations and facilities empowered to manipulate sperm for medically assisted procreation (MAP);

(b) to investigate their obligations in terms of the prevention and control of specific diseases.
Jurisprudential Aspects of the ‘Right’ to Retake Absconders from Mental Hospitals in England and Wales
Authors: Andoh Benjamin
Published: January 2017

Statutory authority for retaking absconders from mental hospitals has existed ever since county asylums (the forerunners of mental hospitals) were first built in the nineteenth century. Today under the Mental Health Act, 1983 that ‘right’ can be exercised by the police, mental hospital staff, approved social workers, etc. This article looks at jurisprudential aspects of that ‘right’. It points out that ‘right’ actually means ‘power’ (not ‘privilege’, ‘claim’ or ‘immunity’). In addition it argues that the Mental Health Act, 1983 does only confer a power (rather than impose a duty) to retake absconders from mental hospitals and that there should not be statutory or other imposition of such a duty.
Analysis of Violent Incidents in a Regional Secure Unit
Authors: Kennedy Jon , Harrison Joanne , Hillis Tony , Bluglass Robert
Published: January 2017

This study examined violent incidents occurring over a four-year period in a Regional Secure Unit. Data were collected from incident reports and case notes. Patients referred from district general psychiatric hospitals because of unmanageable behaviour were over-represented among the small number of patients who were responsible for the majority of incidents. Most patients exhibited little or no aggression. Seclusion was found unnecessary in the management of such patients. Suggestions for further research in this area are made.
Locating the Stranger Rapist
Authors: Davies Anne , Dale Andrew
Published: January 2017

As part of a larger project evaluating aspects of offender profiling, an initial study was undertaken of the geographic aspects of approximately 300 sexual offences carried out by 79 stranger rapists. The objective was to focus further research on the topic into potentially useful channels, but information thought to be of immediate use to investigating officers was also produced. It was ascertained that at least one-fifth of the sample of stranger rapists were itinerant to a greater or lesser extent. Analysis of the cases where both the offender's address and the location where he approached the victim were known, indicated that the majority of attacks (75 per cent) were initiated within five miles of the offenders' homes. The apparent reasons for victims being approached unusually far away included targeting of locations where numbers of suitable victims were available; raping during relatively sophisticated property offences; ‘prowling’ or ‘hunting’ over large areas by subjects who spent considerable amounts of time so doing; access to transport; and familiarity with widely dispersed neighbourhoods, often due to the offender having lived in two or more locations. As a result of this work, future research on the geography of rape will be directed towards those aspects of the offences which have been identified as relevant to the distance between an offender's base and the site where he approached his victim.
HIV/AIDS Knowledge Scores and Perceptions of Risk among African American Students Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Sutton Madeline Y. , Hardnett Felicia P. , Wright Pierre , Wahi Sagina , Pathak Sonal , Warren-Jeanpiere Lari , Jones Sandra
Published: January 2017

Objective.

African American young adults are disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and often unaware of their personal risk for HIV. Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) enroll 25% of college-educated African American young adults and can play an important role in HIV prevention. We examined HIV/AIDS knowledge of students at HBCUs to inform and strengthen our HIV prevention efforts at HBCUs.

Methods.

African American undergraduate HBCU students completed online surveys assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge and behaviors, and we analyzed data to assess their knowledge and behaviors.

Results.

A total of 1,051 of 1,230 surveys completed (85.4%) were analyzable. Eighty-two percent of students had average/high HIV knowledge scores. Seventy-nine percent of students surveyed perceived themselves to be at low risk for HIV infection; 64% of those who had at least two or more sex partners had not used a condom at last sex encounter. In the final model, significant independent effects were identified for average/high knowledge of HIV risk, including agreeing with assessing a potential partner's HIV risk by all of the five actions listed (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7, 4.3) and never using a needle to inject drugs (AOR=5.6, 95% CI 3.2, 9.7).

Conclusions.

Educating students about effectively assessing sex partner risk will improve HIV knowledge and prevention efforts at HBCUs.
The Utilization of Diplodia-Damaged Boll-Rot Cotton
Authors: Sands J. E. , Fiori L. A. , Groves N. H. , Sloan W. G. , Marsh P. B.
Published: January 2017

Cotton fiber severely damaged by the boll-rot fungus Diplodia sp. was blended with a control white cotton in percentages of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 35.0. Equal amounts of the control cotton and of these blends were spun with a 3.75 T.M. into 38/1 (16 tex) filling yarns. With a common warp made from the same control cotton, these filling yarns were woven into a 5-harness, 3-count, filling-faced sateen fabric (37½ in., 64×104, 4.37 oz). The grab and strip breaking strengths and resistance to tearing and flex abrasion of fabrics whose filling yarns contained up to 5% of Diplodia fiber were not appreciably lower than those of the fabric having the control cotton in the filling. The large drop in value of these fabric properties when the 35% Diplodia-fiber filling was used was attributed to the increase in short fiber content of the blend.

Spectrophotometric analyses and visual examination of bleached and of bleached-and-dyed samples indicated the practicality of these finishing operations on cottons containing as much as 10% of Diplodia-damaged fiber.

Field observations suggest that in commercial practice bales containing higher percentages of boll-rot damaged fiber than are represented by the 5% blend here employed are rare. Data in this and the preceding companion paper indicate that within the range of processing techniques employed Diplodia-damaged fiber exerts less detrimental effect than might have been anticipated.
Effect of Acylation on the Setting of Wool
Authors: Caldwell J. B. , Leach S. J. , Milligan Brian
Published: January 2017

The acylation of wool fabrics with a range of active esters decreases the ability of the wool to set, whether in the presence or absence of a setting agent. Amino, thiol, hydroxyl and phenolic groups are all modified during acylation, but our results show that the decrease in settability can be attributed mainly to the modification of amino groups and to the effect that this has on the overall electrical charge on the fiber. The partial modification of thiol groups causes some decrease in settability, but only when setting is carried out in the absence of a reducing agent. Treatments with bifunctional acylating agents decrease settability further by introducing cross links between protein chains.
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Cellulose which Pertain to the Cross-Linking of Cotton
Authors: Rowland S. P. , Roberts E. J. , Bullock A. L. , Cirino V. O. , Wade C. P. , Brannan M. A. F.
Published: January 2017

The distributions of sites of attachment of substituents or cross linkages (a) at the 2–0-, 3–0-, and 6–0-positions of the d-glucopyranosyl units, (b) along the molecular chains of cellulose, (c) on or in the microstructural units, and (d) within the fiber cross sections are reviewed in order to develop perspective for the factors that influence and control these distributions.

Among the factors determining the site of attachment in the d-glucopyranosyl unit are: (1) the type of reaction (e.g., reversible or nonreversible), (2) the specific nature of the reagent (e.g., molecular size), and (3) the medium from which the reagent is introduced. Means of controlling this distribution are discussed.

There is no available information on the distributions of linkages introduced along the molecular chains of cellulose from reactions that occur without disruption of the crystalline order. It is evident, however, that, even under these conditions, every molecule in the cellulose matrix has one or more accessible segments along its chain. Measurements that are specific to the distribution of substituents among the total d-glucopyranosyl units, but which are applicable, in first-order approximation, to the units along the molecular chain, are discussed in connection with reactions conducted in mercerizing media.

Evidence indicative of reactions occurring on the surfaces of highly ordered micro-structural units (microfibrils or bundles of microfibrils) has been obtained from measurement of the distribution of substituents introduced into the d-glucopyranosyl units of cotton cellulose under nonmercerizing conditions. Penetration within these units is evident under mercerizing conditions of reaction. An interrelationship between the site of attachment in the d-glucopyranosyl unit and the site of reaction in the microstructural unit is discussed.

At the fiber level of structure, the complex interplay between rate of chemical reaction and rate of diffusion into the fibers is considered. Gross variations of distribution of substituents or cross linkages in the fiber cross section (from peripheral to uniform) result from changes in the two rates noted. In a case examined in some detail, wrinkle-recovery angles benefit from the more uniform distribution of cross linkages.
The Twist Structure of Open-End Yarns
Authors: Lord P. R. , Grady P. L.
Published: January 2017

A single measurement of twist is insufficient to typify open-end yarns because the twist (tpi) of the fibers comprising the yarn core is different from those comprising the outer sheath, and both are usually lower than the machine value. The differences may be expressed in terms of a twist gradient which is a function of machine design, operating conditions, and fiber characteristics. In these experiments the differences were particularly marked with high polyester blends.
Photodegradation of Flame-, Water-, Weather-, and Mildew-Resistant Cotton Tentage Fabrics
Authors: Reagan Barbara M. , Chiasson Constance M.
Published: January 2017

Cotton drill was laboratory-finished with 24 combinations of the constituents commercially used in protective treatments for multi-component flame-, water-, weather-, and mildew-resistant (FWWMR) cotton tentage, and exposed for 0, 50, 150, and 250 h to carbon-arc and xenon-arc accelerated light sources. The percent loss in breaking strength of the FWWMR cotton tentage after 150 h and 250 h of light exposure was significantly greater when chlorinated paraffins were included in the finishing formulation. Antimony oxide, copper 8-quinolinolate fungicide, and C.I. Pigment Yellow 34 (lead Chromate) exhibited a protective effect on the carbon-arc exposed samples, thereby reducing the extent of photo-degradation. The carbon-arc exposed samples exhibited a significantly greater loss in strength than the xenon-arc exposed samples. Flame resistance was maintained throughout 250 h of exposure. The hydrogen ion concentration of the samples exposed 250 h to carbon-arc light was used as a measure of chemical degradation.
A Model for Nonlinear Creep of Textile Fibers
Authors: Gupta V. B. , Kumar Satish
Published: January 2017

A model is presented to represent the nonlinear visco-elastic behavior, particularly the creep behavior, of polymeric solids like textile fibers. The equations obtained are shown to predict approximately the creep and creep-rate curves for a nylon 6 filament.
Dimensions, Birefringences, and Force-Elongation Behavior of Major and Minor Ampullate Silk Fibers from Orb-Web-Spinning Spiders—The Effects of Wetting on these Properties
Authors: Work Robert W.
Published: January 2017

The effects of wetting by water were determined on the dimensions, birefringences, and force-elongation behavior of major and minor ampullate silk fibers from Araneus diadematus Clerck, and major only from Araneus sericatus Clerck and Araneus gemma (McCook) (all family Araneidae). The values obtained at room conditions (RC), in the wetted, restrained (WR) and wetted, axially unrestrained (WU) states, the ratios of these, between states, are reported upon. The unexpected supercontraction of major ampullate fibers, WU, is contrasted with the stabile behavior of those from the minor ampullate gland systems. When dried from the WR state, both types appear to recover their RC properties. But when dried slack from the WU state, the major ampullate fibers undergo the “drawing” phenomenon typical of many man-made protofibers. The techniques required in order to secure data on these fragile (diameters, 0.6–6.0 μm) fibers, are described in some detail.
A Modified THPOH-Ammonia Treatment of Cotton to Impart Flame Retardancy and Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Cashen Norton A.
Published: January 2017

In cotton textile finishing, antibacterial agents have been chemically bended with a flame-retardant polymer for the topical control of specific bacteria such as S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Such agents might have esthetic and/or therapeutic functions. The hydrazide of 10-undecenoic acid imparted antibacterial properties to cotton when it was incorporated in the THPOH-NH2 flame-retardant finish.
Relation of Cotton Fiber Properties to Sliver Cohesion
Authors: Lawson Reba , Worley Smith , Ramey H. H.
Published: January 2017

A statistical evaluation was made of the relationship of certain fiber properties to cohesive force and coefficient of variation of cohesive force. Significant positive correlations were found between the cohesive force and fiber length, tenacity, and fiber yellowness (+b); negative correlations were found with fiber perimeter and reflectance (Rd). When length, colorimeter values, and Micronaire readings were used as independent variables in a stepwise regression program, 53% of the variation in the cohesive force could be explained by upper half mean length and Rd. The addition of other fiber properties whose measurement was influenced by fiber surface properties increased the explainable variation in the cohesive force to 71%.
Geometry and Dimensional Properties of Plain Loops Made of Rotor Spun Cotton Yarns
Authors: Banerjee P. K. , Alaiban T. S.
Published: January 2017

The necessity and aims of studying dimensional and geometric properties of a plain loop made of rotor spun cotton yarn are discussed after critically assessing the state of knowledge in the available literature. The underlying considerations for the design of the experiments as well as the details of experimental materials and methods are also described. The results are discussed in subsequent parts of this series of papers.
Penetration of Nylon Ballistic Panels by Fragment-Simulating Projectiles
Authors: Prosser Robert A.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this report is to present evidence supporting the thesis that the major mode of penetration of nylon ballistic panels by fragment-simulating projectiles is a cutting, shearing mechanism: Shear forces required for yarn failure are usually less than tensile forces. Penetration is always at a slight angle, with the 90° edge of the FSP leading. Many yarn ends terminated in a smooth surface (in a tensile break the filaments break at random places along the yarn). Penetration of the cloth in certain experimental situations occur in a manner precluding tensile failure. The force required for nylon or Kevlar yarn failure is less for a rectangular leading surface than it is for a chisel-shaped leading surface.
Spin Finishes for Cotton
Authors: Perkins Henry H.
Published: January 2017

Cotton has an exceptional natural finish, but under adverse conditions of weathering, this finish may deteriorate to the extent that processing quality is altered. Changing technologies involving higher processing speeds and new spinning systems have placed increased demands on the fiber properties of all cottons. Spin finishes could reasonably improve the processing qualities of both damaged cottons and cottons in general. The history of effective finish usage (additives) in both ginning and textile processing of cotton has been reviewed. Cottons harvested both before and after significant weathering in the Mississippi Delta, with and without added finishes, were evaluated for spinning quality. The cottons harvested before and after weathering had similar traditional fiber properties of length, strength, and micronaire, but the weathered cottons were poorer in grade, color, and trash. The processing performance of the unweathered cottons was superior to that of the weathered cottons. A hydrocarbon plus surfactant additive improved the processing performance of the weathered cottons in relation to processing waste and dust generation, but did not improve spinning end breakage or yarn strength.
Fertility in the development blocks of Madhya Pradesh : An analysis of the impact of contraceptive use
Authors: Chaurasia Alok Ranjan
Published: January 2017

Estimates of fertility and contraceptive prevalence for the development blocks of Madhya Pradesh, based on Madhya Pradesh Target Couple Survey, 1996, indicates that contraceptive use was found to explain only one fifth of the variation in the levels of fertility at the development block level. This observed poor correlation between the fertility level and contraceptive use may be due to two reasons : (i) existing family planning services throughout the State are not of adequate quality and not easily accessible and (ii) they do not have the right orientation, i.e., they do not specifically target highly fecund women wanting to contracept.
Couples’ reproductive goals in India and their policy relevance
Authors: Singh Abhishek , Ram Faujdar , Ranjan Rajiv
Published: January 2017

The extent to which couples agree with each other on fertility intentions, sex of the next child, and the intention to use family planning in future has a major role not only in determining family size but also in the process of fertility transition. The present paper investigates this question in Uttar Pradesh, India. Quantitative data from the District Level Household Survey conducted in 2002-2004 has been used in the present analysis. Our analysis indicates that more wives than husbands do not desire an additional child. Further, more wives than husbands desire their next child to be a male child. Results show that the husbands have significant influence on the couples’ reproductive goals. It can be concluded that understanding husbands’ views are essential from the policies and programmes’ point of view.
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana in Tamil Nadu: An appraisal of districts’ performance
Authors: Kaliyamoorthy Ramu , Kanagaraj Easwaran
Published: January 2017

The wage employment programmes constitute a major state intervention to eradication of poverty and unemployment in India. During the 1990s Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) as a major wage employment programme attempted to generate employment to the rural weaker sections, viz. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women and the landless through building up of rural social and economic infrastructure. The present study attempts to appraise the performance of districts of Tamil Nadu in the implementation of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
Cooperative movement and rural development in India
Authors: Ghosh Arun Kumar
Published: January 2017

On attainment of independence, the country decided to build its economics base in a planned manner. The cooperative sector was given due importance as a third sector which could act as a balancing factor by eliminating the drawbacks of the public and private sectors. Except for a few successful cooperatives, the cooperative movement in India has failed to bring about a transformation of the rural economy. Some theoretical issues on cooperative development as an alternative model of development are discussed. The future prospects of cooperatives in India have also been discussed in the context of liberalisation and globalisation.
Indian labour in the globalised world: Problems and prospects
Authors: Dash Satya Prakash
Published: January 2017

The effect of globalisation and liberalisation policies on labour has not yielded positive results and has further worsened their position. The globalisation policy along with its institution World Trade Organisation (WTO) are in the process of promoting the interests of the capitalists and the developed north rather than the labour class and the developing and under-developed countries. The paper analyses the role of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) vis-à-vis the WTO. The paper examines the role of India and the labour position in the colonial period and also India's contribution to the ILO during its initial period of formation. The paper focuses on how the labour position has further deteriorated with the implementation of the globalisation policy. The paper discusses some empirical government findings in the State of Orissa on how labour is exploited and some of its problems and constraints. The paper concludes that the globalisation policy has not been successful in bringing the desired positive results for the labour class in Orissa and that the WTO is no substitute for the ILO.
Geographies of Indian women: A tale of contesting spaces
Authors: Rai Nandini
Published: January 2017

One neglected issue in development study is freedom from violence, which is necessary for an improved quality of life. It has been commonly observed that the maximum physical violence in India is perpetrated against women. The extensive literature available on this issue reveals that violence and space are closely associated. The present paper attempts to explore the exclusion of Indian women from their own homes and that constructs a hostile terrain inside the home, which is the only claimed place for women. Drawing on secondary data (NFHS and NCRB), the author has tried to understand the problem of violence and its linkages with autonomy. The main purpose behind this exercise is to explore how identity, meaning and power are constructed, bounded by and contested through locations.
Why the marginalised protest: Environmental movements as a critique of dominant development discourse
Authors: Sharma Subhash
Published: January 2017

In this paper our objective is to provide an overview of globalisation and its discontents at a macro level in terms of weakening of the sovereign nation-state, deregulation, liberalisation, privatisation and marketisation. Second, we would present the grand narrative of ‘Dominant Development Discourse ‘ (DDD) with its perceptions and priorities, vision and model, especially in the context of India. Third, we would analyse as to why the marginalised people protest in their everyday life. Finally, we would try to explore as to whether there emerges an ‘Alternative Development Paradigm’ (ADP) in a manifest or latent form. The paper is divided into four sections for convenience.
People's perspectives on health care services in rural Andhra Pradesh: An epidemiologic study
Authors: Neelima A. , Reddy A. Sudarshan
Published: January 2017

In the context of growing recognition of health as a vital component of human capital and the need for evolving sustainable health care system (HCS), an epidemiologic study was conducted in an area in rural AP in 2006. The empirical results show a higher level of sickness than at the state level and poor access and utilisation of existing HCF. It further reveals public-private differential orienting to the private sector in the post- Reform period. The growth is uni-dimensional in modern medicine. It further reveals that they are less satisfied with HCS in public as well as private. The respondents ‘ perspectives are: a mounting dissatisfaction of existing public as well as private services, need for preventive rather than curative approach including health education and a re- look at the grass root level increasingly demanding more by way of quality in public health services and greater regulation of the private sector to ensure cost-saving, increasing the access and in overall, a health policy in tune with a holistic approach.
Role of Community Health Workers in Trachoma Control
Authors: Anderson John D C , Bentley Chris C
Published: January 2017

An epidemiological survey of a new refugee camp in NW Somalia, carried out in May 1981, revealed a high prevalence of active trachoma of severe and moderate intensity. The importance in that camp of the role of primary health care workers and of strong community action to control the pressure of transmission of chlamydia is highlighted. Their trachoma campaign resulted in a significant reduction of severe grades of active trachoma.
Growth Rate Score to Screen for Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Authors: Garde P M
Published: January 2017

A method of scoring intrauterine growth rates is described. Three factors are employed in the scoring system: serial measurements of the symphysis-fundus height and the abdominal girth in centimetres, and of the maternal weight in kilograms. When these measurements are used in combination, the score is found to be a reliable screening method for recognizing normal and abnormal intrauterine growth patterns. It is quick, inexpensive, and applicable to the most basic mobile unit or clinic.
Medical Care Utilization
Authors: Faruque A S G , Eusof Abu
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the use-pattern of medical care prior to death caused by cholera outbreaks in rural Bangladesh. In nine rural communities 92 acute diarrhoeal deaths were recorded. These mainly occurred within 24 hours or less of diarrhoea onset, and were time-clustered. An on-the-spot stool culture survey of active cases confirmed cholera cases. In 50% of deaths, diarrhoea onset occurred between midnight and 9 am. Fifty-one percent of the fatalities had been treated earlier by village practitioners, another 20% had been attended by qualified doctors, and 8% had had no medical care. Oral rehydration therapy alone had been used in 29 cases, but 26 died within 24 hours. Of 43 persons who received intravenous therapy, oral rehydration and antibiotics, 21 (45%) died within 24 hours and 12 (28%) after 48 hours. Seventeen deceased had received no rehydration therapy. Early and adequate fluid therapy is required for optimal rehydration. Training of community people and health personnel, along with resources mobilization, will save lives by preventing unnecessary dehydration deaths.
The Theory of Exhaustible Resources
Authors: Fayat Christian
Published: January 2017

It is shown in this paper that the price of an exhaustible resource in an economy of pure competition is not equal to the marginal cost of production and that, in this respect, the classical theory is the ‘worst possible case’ were the resources considered to be inexhaustible. The price of an almost depleted resource is shown to be equal to the marginal cost of production when the resource is exhausted, and on the other hand, its level depends on three factors: (a) the present cost of a substitute; (b) the life expectancy of the resource remaining; (c) the rates of interest on the international capital market. We have calculated from a coherent data assemblage the ‘right’ price for oil in the context of the theory, as it appeared prior to the 1973 crisis. This may be seen to have approximated the actual price ($2/bbl.). This is the optimal theoretical price produced using the pure competition of world resources.

The technical, historical and strategical reasons behind this noteworthy convergence are given, reasons which establish scientifically the crisis as an ‘impasse’ in an outdated strategy which had become unable to adapt to new production characteristics. However, the theory of exhaustible resources shows that, even in an economy of pure competition, there is a natural revenue which cannot be considered systematically to be a revenue of a monopolistic nature, or even be judged in regard to the conclusion of the classical theory of pure and perfect competition.
Prospects for Heavy Crude Oil Development
Authors: Meyer Richard F.
Published: January 2017

The problems of utilizing heavy crude oil and natural bitumens centre on their high viscosity which makes them difficult to produce, store, transport, and refine. These factors are reflected in costs. World reserves are substantial, however, perhaps as much as 7 trillion† barrels estimated to represent 0·9 trillion barrels of recoverable oil.

Nearly 2·1 trillion barrels of heavy crude oil, more than 50% of the world's total reserve, are located in Venezuela largely in the Orinoco Oil Belt. About 75% of the natural bitumen, 2·6 trillion barrels, is located in Canada in the Athabasca, Cold Lake, and Peace River areas of Alberta. Most of the estimated undiscovered heavy crude oil in the world, approximately 630 billion barrels, is outside the US and Canada.

Data required to determine the cost of finding natural bitumen and heavy oil are roughly the same as for other mineral commodities. Similarly for recovery costs. The variables are so extensive that dollar amounts have little meaning without qualification.

Recovery depends on depth below surface. Near-surface deposits are recovered by mechanical mining. Deeper deposits must be won by thermal means. Transportation by pipeline is feasible only if the viscosity is lowered by partial upgrading, heating, or by the use of diluents. Part of the high cost of refining results from the major investment required for the large installations that are needed for economic rates of production.