bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Open Banking to Open Data and Beyond: Competition and the Future of Banking
Authors: Carr Brad
Published: March 2022

Brad Carr, Managing Director of Digital Finance at the Institute of International Finance, concludes the book with a futurist exploration of open banking in “From Open Banking to Open Data and Beyond: Competition and the Future of Banking.” He argues that the development of open banking to “open data” will have a transformative impact on business models of not only banks but all incumbent firms. Consumers, as they become better informed about the value and usage of their personal data, are beginning to seek agency, whether through ownership or control, over their data, transforming the open data economy. He explores the opportunities and challenges of data proliferation and what “open data” sharing could look like. He argues that data asymmetry can hurt competition and how open data flows will impact entire business sectors and perhaps favor BigTechs. Carr explores how data asymmetries can harm competition and the potential efficiencies and inefficiencies of reciprocal data-sharing in which tech companies share their data with banks. Perhaps, banks, which are becoming tech companies in their own right, could become BigTechs, and BigTechs will either become or partner with banks. Finally, the author explores how platformization of financial services will change the entire landscape of finance.
Normalizing Inequality in the Age of COVID-19
Authors: Giroux Henry A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the connection between the pandemic and notions of freedom
Inequality, Violence, and Freedom
Authors: Daly Martin , Krupp D. B.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the association between income inequality and violence and how this should be seen as a reduction in people’s freedom.
Child Poverty
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how child poverty is the product of government policies and how this should be seen as a matter of freedom.
Power Resources, Institutionalized Power Relations, and Poverty
Authors: Brady David
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how poverty is the product of government policies and how this should be seen as a matter of freedom.
Poverty, Politics, and Perspective
Authors: White James A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how poverty is the result of a variety of societal failures and how this is connected to freedom.
The Paradox, Contradictions, Interdependencies, and Stark Realities of Inequality and Freedom
Authors: DiTomaso Nancy
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the complicated meaning of freedom especially as it pertains to race.
The Question of Queer and Trans Positive Freedom in the United States
Authors: Ece Ecem E. , Baez Robert , Broad K. L.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores issues of freedom as they relate to LGBT issues.
Grievance Media
Authors: Dagnes Alison
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how our fractured media hampers our freedom.
Disability, Ableism, and the Production of Inequality
Authors: Carey Allison C.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores disability issues as they relate to freedom.
Literary Design in the Early Discourses
Authors: Shulman Eviatar
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides a discussion of the early discourses as literature, focusing on a number of representative cases from the classic Dīgha and Majjhima Nikāyas (The collections of Long and Middle-Length Discourses). The interdependence of narrative and philosophy is brought to the fore, and the importance of the narrative dimensions of the texts is highlighted; the texts relate their messages no less through aesthetic devices and inspired storytelling, than through the doctrines they supposedly are staged to relate. The chapter analyzes the first section of recitation from the Dīgha Nikāya, showing how its key formulas are adapted to the narrative context of each discourse. It further discusses the idea of editing, showing how texts were made to fit editorial designs. The chapter also offers a close reading of the Majjhima’s marvelously multivalent Cūḷataṇhāsankhaya-sutta.
Mindfulness of the Buddha in the Mahāparinibbāna-sutta
Authors: Shulman Eviatar
Published: March 2022

This chapter takes the literary analysis of the early discourses one step further and brings to light the contemplative dimension involved in the texts’ composition, which relates to the traditional meditative practice of Buddha-anusmṛti, “mindfulness of the Buddha.” The focus is on the highly influential Mahāparinibbāna-sutta, which supposedly relates the events that lead to and surround the Buddha’s death. While scholars have tried to ply out a history of the Buddha’s life from this text, we discover that it offers a meditation upon the Buddha’s unique figure, driven by an attempt to come to terms with his death from an emotional perspective. The text strings together episodes from many texts to weave a beautiful story that prepares the audience for the time without the master. The Buddha is presented as a cosmic riddle, both in the world—so that he must die—and beyond it, so that he lives forever.
The Folklore of Sutta
Authors: Shulman Eviatar
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces some of the fun and entertainment involved in the life of the early discourses, while inquiring into the texts’ folkloric dimensions. The texts offer rich storytelling, which contributes to the establishment of the guiding ideologies and perceptions of Buddhist society. The texts relate to public performances in different ways, although they need not be seen as direct records of such performances. Importantly, the texts are versions, in the strong sense that suggests that they are particular tellings of broader themes, which make their own emphases within the relevant narrative trajectories. These themes are brought out through a discussion of the hilarious Pāṭika-sutta of the Dīgha Nikāya, while comparing it to parallel versions of this text in Gandharan art, and to a surprising doctrinal rendering of this playful drama from the Majjhima Nikāya.
Retelling the Buddha’s Enlightenment in the Majjhima Nikāya
Authors: Shulman Eviatar
Published: March 2022

This chapter applies the theory of the play of formulas to the narratives of the Buddha’s enlightenment in the Majjjhima Nikāya. It shows that there is an established narrative sequence that structures all these texts, five discourses in all, except for the Discourse on the Noble Search, which is integrated into some of the other texts through the play of formulas. The standard theory of enlightenment in the Nikāyas is thus seen to be a narrative element, which is employed to fit the rhetorical considerations of each discourse. The texts as a group offer a richer understanding of this particular view of awakening than any one text that may be thought of as an “original.” Narrative considerations also show that the Discourse on the Noble Search does not offer a conflicting presentation of enlightenment. The play of formulas no less relates to doctrine than to narrative.
Plotinus on Virtue as Harmony
Authors: Stamatellos Giannis
Published: March 2022

In Plotinus’s Enneads, the concept of harmony is mainly discussed in relation to intelligible beauty and musical melody, the Pythagorean doctrine of soul’s harmony, the universal harmony of the heavenly spheres, the nature of the perceptible bodies, and the correlation between virtue and harmony. Modern scholarship emphasizes the Platonic-Pythagorean elements of Plotinus’s harmonia. However, limited attention has been paid to the pre-Platonic origins of the concept of harmony in the Enneads as well as its connection to Plotinus’s theory of virtue. The aim of this chapter is twofold: first, to explore Plotinus’s concept of harmony in light of Heraclitus’s concordance of opposites, and second, to compare Plotinus’s account of harmony to his virtue ethics. It is suggested that Plotinus’s harmonia is not only found in musical harmony and the concordance of opposites but also to the virtue of justice as the harmonious concordance of the soul’s different parts.
Virtue in African Ethics as Living Harmoniously
Authors: Metz Thaddeus
Published: March 2022

A large swathe of the indigenous African ethical tradition is frequently encapsulated in the maxim, “A person is a person through other persons.” This phrasing is an overly literal translation of some sayings prominent in the southern and central regions of Africa, but that resonate with most indigenous sub-Saharan cultures. This chapter articulates and motivates a philosophical interpretation of the maxim for an international readership interested in virtue. According to the initial formulation, one should strive to become a real person, which one can do insofar as one prizes other persons’ capacity to relate harmoniously, where harmony consists of identifying with others and exhibiting solidarity toward them. The chapter also explores ways of revising this principle to respond to some powerful criticisms, such as that virtue is not purely relational, but also includes some self-regarding dispositions, and that virtue can be manifested by relating to some non-human animals.
Harmony as a Virtue in Christianity
Authors: Neville Robert Cummings
Published: March 2022

Harmony is an important virtue in Western Christianity, but its nature and role have been understood in diverse ways. This chapter looks at different philosophical and metaphysical considerations that set up tensions among different approaches to harmony in Western, especially Christian, theology. Two lines of thinking about harmony in Western Christianity are examined. The first can be traced back to Aristotle and the Neoplatonists and comes to fruition in Thomas Aquinas. The second has its origins in Plato and is further developed by Whitehead and Dewey in contemporary times. This chapter defends the second Platonic-Process-Pragmatic understanding of harmony over and against first Aristotelian one, on the grounds that the former understands harmony as a virtue that must be practiced in a constantly changing material world and considers even the intrinsic delight of transcendent contemplation to be ancillary to the guidance of the virtue of harmonization in life.
The Investigation of Harmony in Psychological Research
Authors: Delle Fave Antonella , Wissing Marié P. , Brdar Ingrid
Published: March 2022

The concept of harmony was neglected by scientific psychology until recent years, when the growing interest in the investigation of well-being, happiness and the good life brought this dimension to the attention of researchers. Within the literature on human positive functioning, harmony was variously defined and operationalized as a component of well-being in the context of broader theoretical models. This chapter is aimed at providing an overview of the psychological contributions to the study of harmony, which was investigated in relation to intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transcendent dimensions of human experience. Although not explicitly included in the current psychological classifications of virtues, harmony shares features with the virtues of temperance, kindness, justice, and transcendence. Due to this multifaceted structure, the identification of harmony with a virtue requires further conceptual elaboration and empirical investigation.
Seeking Linguistic Harmony
Authors: Oxford Rebecca L.
Published: March 2022

Linguistics is the scientific study of language but can also point to what it means to be human. This chapter presents three perspectives on linguistic harmony: literal, figurative, and technical. The first perspective concerns literally expressed harmony, which includes a helpful typology and the possibility of a far more inclusive, more flexible, “new literal” concept of gender. The second perspective is harmony in figurative language (e.g., metaphor, simile, antithesis, and irony), which stimulates not just cognition but also emotion and the senses. Technical theories of linguistic harmony (e.g., harmonic language and sentence- and word-forming harmonies), comprise the third perspective. The conclusion shows that an understanding of the three perspectives on linguistic harmony, as well as the harmonious communication to which they contribute, could help us awaken to an even broader, deeper conceptualization of harmony in social, racial, political, educational, spiritual, and environmental realms. This would lead to greater hope for humanity.
Status and Expectation Processes
Authors: Webster Murray , Walker Lisa Slattery
Published: March 2022

This chapter outlines the development of theoretical understanding of how status affects interaction and structures of inequality. Two intellectual sources are described: Talcott Parsons’s views of relations between small and large social structures and Robert Freed Bales’s studies of face-to-face interaction in small groups. Joseph Berger’s abstract conceptualization of interaction processes and his theoretical development of expectation states and status characteristics developed out of that background and serve as a foundation for contemporary theoretical and empirical research. The chapter presents the general theory in mostly nontechnical terms as an introduction and shows how later research has developed for testing and extending it. The chapter ends with an explanation of a graph model of the theory that is used in several of the later chapters in this book as well as in many other research projects.
Anatomy of the Expectation States Research Program
Authors: Berger Joseph , Webster Murray
Published: March 2022

In this chapter the authors review newer developments in the expectation states theoretical research program, focusing on developments since the formalization of the theory in 1977. The program has been developed by many sociologists and other scholars for more than six decades, and several related formulations have been developed to help researchers understand a large range of phenomena. The authors trace those developments, describing recent theory and research, and note how new work relates to foundational theories. Their goals in this chapter are to describe growth in an active research program and to facilitate work by scholars who may wish to build on existing understandings.
Six Ways to Measure Status and Expectations
Authors: Webster Murray , Dippong Joseph
Published: March 2022

Since the 1960s, a research tradition has developed that centers on studying structures and consequences of status differences in group interaction. Scholars from many countries, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Holland, Israel, Turkey, and the United States, have produced a substantial body of work developing and extending theories of status processes. Others draw on such theories to analyze natural settings and to intervene to produce desired outcomes in groups. Two theoretical concepts are key to this research tradition: status characteristics and expectation states. Both concepts need operational measures for empirical test and application. While researchers may employ ad hoc measures of status and expectations, comparability across studies and cumulative theoretical development both benefit from the use of shared or standard measurement operations. The authors review six alternate research designs for studying status and expectation states. They identify what is known about each, what remains to be determined, and how each design might be developed for greater usefulness in research conducted in this and related theoretical traditions.
Status Orders as Tournaments
Authors: Skvoretz John
Published: March 2022

Expectation states theory suggests that status orders emerge in task groups via the activation of exogenous status differences and the development of endogenous behavior interchange patterns. The formal e-state model developed by Skvortez and Fararo postulates three specific mechanisms—status activation, interaction initiation, and bystander effect—that drive the emergence conceptualized as networks of complete asymmetric digraphs, also known as “tournaments.” The author assesses this model with data from three sources: 77 six-person groups in which external status differences are experimentally created to span all possible initial status combinations from one high and five low to five high and one low status actor, 31 six-person and 51 four-person groups in which status combinations leverage existing status differences in the population of subjects (gender and year in college). Overall consistency with model prediction is noted, but challenges with deep evaluation remain, and these are addressed in the final section of the chapter.
Graded Status in Expectation State Theories
Authors: Melamed David , Montgomery Bradley
Published: March 2022

Status differences in expectation states theories are traditionally treated as binary, demarcating only low and high statuses. But some status differences, such as education, can have many discrete states. In this chapter the authors review the empirical evidence suggesting that, when available, humans do respond to not just differences in kind, but also differences in magnitude. The authors also describe existing methods for capitalizing on this quantitative information in order to make more precise theoretical and mathematical predictions. The two methods reviewed enable researchers to generate fine-grained predictions based on subtle status information as well as explicit quantitative information. They also discuss new developments in the expectation states tradition and how they align with conceptualizing status characteristics as graded or having more than two ordered states.
Status and Power in Exchange
Authors: Savage Scott V.
Published: March 2022

Status and power are two fundamental concepts in sociology. Where status concerns one’s place in the social hierarchy, power involves the ability to force others to comply with one’s will. Both have motivated substantial research in sociology. This chapter reviews the experimental sociological social psychology research on the relationship between the two as well as on how they combine to affect outcomes like inequality, emotions, and punishment use. Following this review, the author identifies several directions for future research. Some of these directions follow from gaps in the existing literature. Others are apparent openings given advancements in theoretical understanding of either status or power.
Progress
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Chapter 8 offers an evaluative theory of moral progress and moral regress that explains how rational moral change is possible. Moral progress, distinct from progress in well-being, is illustrated by key examples, like the abolition of chattel slavery and reduction of gender inequality. The possibility of a traditional global theory of moral progress is rejected in favor of non-ideal theory that explains how to reduce moral exclusivity and inequality based on what has already worked locally. Moral progress theory seeks to promote realizable ends by identifying positive feedback loops between the moral mind, social institutions, and knowledge. Facilitated by social integration, relevant knowledge reveals facts that are needed to apply moral norms or moral inconsistencies that result from their misapplication. In both respects rational moral change is achieved when morality scaffolds socially interactive reasoning to reveal morally relevant knowledge. Such knowledge tends to foster the social conditions that make moral knowledge possible.
Equality
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond
Published: March 2022

Gender inequality, racial inequality, and class inequality subordinate some groups to others, even when none is excluded from moral consideration. Ideologies that have no factual basis serve to justify the inequalities. Each reinforces the other, creating self-sustaining institutional structures that perpetuate injustice. A similar quandary arises globally, because nations, rich and poor, are politically and socially structured to look after themselves and the rich within them. A proposed model for change is to encourage a positive feedback loop that begins by breaking down segregation across social roles to create a more equal distribution of knowledge and agency in support of the consistent application of moral norms. Social-role integration in turn can disrupt further the moral inequalities that depend on segregated social roles and begin to undermine the misinformation that depends on mistrust generated by subordination. Climate change threatens human survival and cannot be adequately addressed without greater global equality.
Step 4: Brand the Issue
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

Understanding how to name, frame, and brand an issue is key to the ability of advocates to successful sell the ideas they are advancing. Yet many advocates don’t dedicate the time they need to thinking through this vitally important aspect of marketing their idea to both the public and the legislators they are lobbying. This chapter unpacks what it means to name, frame and brand an issue, describes how to do it effectively, and provides a series of examples of effective campaign names and frames that are likely familiar to the reader. The chapter ends with a description of how Annamarie and Travis named their campaign.
Step 6: Form a Coalition
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

Having an effective coalition of individuals and organizations who are willing to work to move your issue forward is essential to the success of any grassroots lobbying campaign. This chapter describes how to identify different types of coalition members and how to distribute duties among them. It emphasizes the importance of having people in your coalition who vote and work in the district of the legislators you intend to lobby. It also discusses the importance of coalition members who can relate to or have personal connections with legislators. Annamarie and Travis end the chapter by describing their coalition building efforts.
Step 7: Develop Educational Materials
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

In order to make the best use of the members of your coalition, you’ll need a strategy for activating them. Since some people will be more familiar with the issue than others, your job will be to provide all kinds of ways to educate them. Those might include educational sessions or simple materials that summarize the issue and tell them how to contact their legislators. This chapter describes many different ways for educating coalition members. Annamarie and Travis share tools that they used to rally their allies.
Step 9: Approach Elected Officials
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

Your hard work has led you to this important step, which involves setting up and attending meetings with the legislators (and their staff). This chapter walks the reader through how to effectively secure an appointment, illustrated by an example that shows how an advocate clearly and simply introduces himself and outlines the reason an appointment is being requested. The chapter also describes what advocates can expect at a meeting. It shares how to make an effective case for your issue and the kinds of follow-up that is needed after the initial meeting. Annamarie and Travis discuss their own meetings with elected officials and their staff.
Introduction
Authors: Goldsmith Jack
Published: March 2022

Abstract: This Introduction does three main things. First, it sets the stage by explaining why the Untied States believed it needed a new approach to dealing with cyber threats that fall below the threshold of an armed attack or a use of force. This includes the United States’ fear of escalation and perceived legal constraints. Second, it details the new approach that has been adopted, namely the defend forward strategy. It also emphasizes the current legal ambiguity surrounding the new strategy. Lastly, it provides an overview of the rest of the volume by explaining the subject matter and legal problems dealt with in the remaining chapters.
US Cyber Command’s First Decade
Authors: Warner Michael
Published: March 2022

United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) is a unique institution. It is a military command that operates globally in real time against determined and capable adversaries and yet never fires a shot or launches a missile. The Command comprises an amalgam of military, intelligence, and information technology capabilities that came together into its present shape more by design than by fortuitous chance. This chapter tells this story, from the recognition in the 1990s that so-called strategic information warfare was of growing importance, to the 2009 decision to establish a unified command, to the critical roles USCYBERCOM has played of late in combating ISIS propaganda and defending national elections. USCYBERCOM’s history is interesting not only for what it says about military innovation and bureaucratic change in the US government, but also for the insight it offers on the development of other military cyber components among America’s allies, partners, and adversaries.
The Domestic Legal Framework for US Military Cyber Operations
Authors: Chesney Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Conventional wisdom holds that Congress has abandoned its duty regarding the government’s war powers. It is not hard to understand why. Between the agelessness and flexibility of the 2001 and 2002 Authorizations for Use of Military Force and periodic unilateral uses of military force in Libya, Syria, and Iraq, the executive branch appears to act largely at its own discretion regarding conventional military operations. But matters are different in the cyber domain. With little fanfare and less public notice, Congress and the executive branch have cooperated effectively over the past decade to build a legal architecture for military cyber operations. Chapter 4 analyzes this legal architecture.
Defend Forward and the FBI
Authors: Baker James , Morris Matt
Published: March 2022

In an effort to address an increasingly challenging cyber threat landscape, the United States military’s Cyber Command recently updated its strategy. Because this new strategy, coined Defend Forward, is outward facing, most discussion surrounding its legal significance focuses on its international law implications or on the domestic-law basis for cyber operations abroad. There has been insufficient analysis of the legal regime that impacts not only Defend Forward but also potentially all US defensive and quasi-offensive operations to maintain cybersecurity, namely, domestic laws, including the United States Constitution, meant to protect privacy, particularly privacy in data and electronic communications. This chapter takes up that understudied but vital issue.
Defend Forward and Sovereignty
Authors: Loomis Alex
Published: March 2022

Among the most discussed provisions of the Tallinn Manual 2.0 is Rule 4: “Violation of sovereignty.” Rule 4 provides: “A State must not conduct cyber operations that violate the sovereignty of another State.” Considered alone, Rule 4 is banal and unobjectionable, since there are many established sovereignty-based international-law rules that cyber operations might violate. The hard question is whether international law related to sovereignty prohibits anything more. Here the commentary to Rule 4 is quite ambitious. It argues that a stand-alone customary international-law concept of state sovereignty operates to regulate and render illegal certain cyber operations that would not otherwise be illegal under any of the specific and acknowledged sovereignty-based rules of international law. This chapter argues that the discrete rules articulated in the Rule 4 commentary do not reflect customary international law.
Covert Deception, Strategic Fraud, and the Rule of Prohibited Intervention
Authors: Corn Gary P.
Published: March 2022

If information is power, then the corruption of information is the erosion, if not the outright usurpation, of power. This is especially true in the information age, where developments in the technological structure and global interconnectedness of information and telecommunications infrastructure have enabled states to engage in malicious influence campaigns at an unprecedented scope, scale, depth, and speed. The relative explosion of digital information and communications technology and the modern information environment it has enabled “have resulted in a qualitatively new landscape of influence operations, persuasion, and, more generally, mass manipulation.” This chapter contends that the customary international law prohibition against intervention provides an important yet underdeveloped legal tool to help address these threats. It considers the rule’s applicability to the murky and evolving landscape of information conflict and argues for an interpretation of the non-intervention rule better suited to the realities of the information age.
Due Diligence and Defend Forward
Authors: Jensen Eric Talbot , Watts Sean
Published: March 2022

The Defend Forward strategy calls for a review of its supporting international legal justifications, including the principle of due diligence. Well before the Defend Forward strategy or even cyberspace itself emerged, states developed the international law obligation of due diligence as an important regulation of international relations. In the incomplete and fragmented international legal system, due diligence has served as a general policing regime to manage and redress harm between states. At its most general level, due diligence requires states to take reasonable measures to put a stop to activities, whether private or public, within their borders that cause serious adverse consequences to other states. This chapter evaluates due diligence in light of the Defend Forward cyber strategy.
Defend Forward and Attribution
Authors: Eichensehr Kristen E.
Published: March 2022

When a state seeks to respond to a cyberattack, must it first attribute the attack to the perpetrator responsible? The US policy of “Defend Forward” and “Persistent Engagement” in cyberspace raises the stakes of this attribution question as a matter of both international and domestic law. This chapter explores the international and US domestic laws governing cyberattack attribution. It argues that common across international and US law is the fact that cyberattack attribution serves as both a potential source of empowerment and a potential constraint on governmental action. In both systems, attribution of a cyberattack to another state bolsters the US executive branch’s authority to respond, and conversely, the absence of attribution can place the executive on less certain legal footing.
Diamond Slivers
Authors: Yakherds The
Published: March 2022

The focus of this chapter is Purchok Ngawang Jampa’s response to Taktsang, Diamond Slivers: A Rejoinder to Taktsang Lotsawa. We begin with a biographical sketch of Purchok’s life and times, followed by a discussion of the philosophical issues at stake in the text. Of particular importance is Purchok’s claim that Mādhyamikas are indeed antifoundationalist, although they employ the standard epistemic instruments: perception, inference, testimony, analogy, and so on. But they adopt what we characterize as an “anthropological approach” to epistemology: they are coherentists and merely describe how epistemic warrant practice works in the world without endorsing any particular stance themselves. Practices that work will tend to persist, while those that consistently lead to negative functioning or obvious error will be discarded. Purchok’s analysis is a nuanced and sophisticated defense and reformulation of Gelukpa epistemology that provides a compelling alternative to Taktsang’s characterization of Madhyamaka.
Amazon of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

Nijinska and her husband spend the 1914–1915 theatrical season in St. Petersburg (renamed Petrograd after Russia enters the war), where they are engaged by Narodny Dom. The following year they settle in Kiev, where they are hired to stage opera dances at the City Theater but soon begin producing evenings of ballet. In 1917 Nijinska tries to join her brother in Western Europe but because of the Russian Revolution is unable to secure travel papers. With Kochetovsky, she spends several months in Moscow, where she meets the avant-garde painter Alexandra Exter and drafts the first iteration of her treatise on movement. The family returns to Kiev where Nijinska opens the School of Movement in February 1919, only weeks after the birth of her son, Lev, and the Bolshevik invasion of the city. In the next two years Nijinska transforms her students into a performing group allied with the city’s left-wing arts community. Galvanized by her vision of a new dance, they applaud her first modernist solos and dance in her first plotless group works. Nijinska also collaborates with the avant-garde stage directors Les Kurbas and Marko Tereshchenko and with the artist Vadim Meller, whose paintings leave vivid impressions of her dancing. In 1921, with her mother and two children, Nijinska flees Ukraine and joins thousands of Russians in emigration.
Le Train Bleu and Its Aftermath
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

In 1925 Nijinska choreographs another stylish work, this one to music by Darius Milhaud. With a libretto by Jean Cocteau and costumes by Gabrielle (Coco) Chanel, Le Train Bleu is inspired by the vogue for beach sports and by celebrities like the tennis star Suzanne Lenglen, Nijinska’s role for herself. Although the ballet is warmly received, the collaboration is fraught with dissension, as Cocteau, supported by Boris Kochno, seeks to impose his ideas of gesture and pantomimic action on the choreography at the expense of the dance material. Nijinska remains critical of Diaghilev’s French turn, angry at his refusal to produce any of her own works (possibly including a collaboration with Alexandra Exter, now in the West). Livid at his attempt to supplant her with her former Kiev student Serge Lifar, she leaves the Ballets Russes in 1925. At her side is her second husband, Nicholas Singaevsky, who becomes her manager and assistant.
A Freelance Choreographer
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

Embarking on a free-lance career, Nijinska opens a studio in London with the goal of forming a professional company, while unsuccessfully seeking backers to fund it. When Jacques Rouché offers her work at the Paris Opéra, she closes the studio and moves her family from Monte Carlo to Paris. Here she plans the repertory for Theatre Choréographique, a chamber company for which she creates a half-dozen works, all designed by Alexandra Exter. Among them is Holy Etudes, a Bach ballet she began sketching in Kiev and which she revives during the next two decades. Financed by loans that she is unable to repay and undermined by Diaghilev, Theatre Choréographique folds after a short tour of English seaside resorts. Returning to Paris, Nijinska choreographs several works for the Opéra, including Les Impressions de Music-Hall, and at Rouché’s request develops a plan for the modernization of the Opéra’s ballet company that is rejected by the dancers. Briefly engaged by Diaghilev, she rehearses Les Noces for its London premiere and choreographs Romeo and Juliet, her last work for the Ballets Russes, which Diaghilev’s interventions nearly destroy.
In Wartime America
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

Settling in Hollywood where she opens a school, Nijinska presents a program of works at the Hollywood Bowl in the hope—never realized—of establishing a professional ballet company in Southern California. She travels frequently to New York to choreograph ballets for (American) Ballet Theatre, the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, and Ballet International, although the high cost of coast-to-coast travel causes her to lose many jobs. An inspired teacher (her students included Cyd Charisse, Maria Tallchief, and Allegra Kent) and much-admired choreographer, she restages a number of her older ballets, including Etude and Chopin Concerto, and choreographs new ones such as La Fille Mal Gardée, Snow Maiden, and Pictures at an Exhibition. However, she fails to form a long-term relationship with any of these companies, encountering competition not only from American choreographers but also Russian ones like Michel Fokine and George Balanchine, who have worked in the United States for many years. Homesick for Europe and speaking little English, she nevertheless takes out papers to become a US citizen. In the early 1940s she completes a short volume of reminiscence, “Diary of a Young Dancer,” which remains unpublished.
The Final Act
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

In 1947 the Marquis de Cuevas invites Nijinska to teach and choreograph for his new company based first in Monte Carlo and later in Paris. Anxious to reconnect with friends and to recover her scenery and costumes seized during World War II by the Germans, she accepts with alacrity. For the Marquis’ Grand Ballet she restages many of her own works, including two original ones, along with Diaghilev-era classics such as Petrouchka. She forms a close bond with the American ballerina Rosella Hightower and the Russo-French virtuoso Serge Golovine. She becomes friendly with the dance writer Françoise Reiss, a friendship that encourages her to return to her own memoir, which now focuses on her brother. In 1960 she removes her name from a splendid new production of The Sleeping Beauty when she sees the extravagant, outré designs by the Marquis’ nephew, Raymundo Larraín. Nearing seventy she returns to California, her career in ruins, her property lost, and her memoir still unfinished.
Resurrection
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

In 1964, Frederick Ashton, now artistic director of Britain’s Royal Ballet, invites Nijinska to stage Les Biches, followed two years later by an invitation to set Les Noces, revivals that re-establish her reputation as a major modernist artist. A flurry of revivals follows. At the same time, Nijinska meets the Bolshoi ballerina Galina Ulanova and tries to interest the Bolshoi’s artistic director Yury Grigorovich in staging Les Noces in Moscow. She corresponds with Soviet dance scholars, including Vera Krasovskaya, and reconnects with several of her former Kiev students, now artists living in Moscow. She begins rehearsals of Nijinsky’s L’Après-midi d’un Faune with the Kirov Ballet, but Natalia Makarova’s defection and the end of the “Thaw” dooms the project. A heavy smoker, Nijinska develops heart and other problems that cause her to be hospitalized, and not long afterward her husband passes away. With her daughter Irina’s assistance, she remains active, staging several ballets for Kathleen Crofton’s Central Ballet of Buffalo and working on her book, now titled “My Brother Vatza,” which she never finishes. Nijinska dies at home in Pacific Palisades in 1972.
Intersections I
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The fourth chapter shares early nineteenth- and twentieth-century interactions between Buddhist and scientific thinkers, situated in the context of European colonialism and focusing on examples from Theravada Buddhism. The writings of nineteenth-century British scholars reveal their positive outlooks on Buddhism and suggestions of harmonies with science and Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. The story of Anagarika Dharmapala, a famous reviver of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, is shared with focus on his analysis of the harmonies between Buddhism and Darwinian evolution. Another story, focused on Bhikkuni Kusuma, brings forth an underappreciated hero of Buddhist feminism who transitioned from life as a biologist in Indiana to that of a Buddhist nun in Sri Lanka. The chapter ends with a personal story about the author as a student in a Tibetan Buddhist college classroom and his discovery of an unexpected connection between Buddhist teachings and the phenomenon of color-blindness.
Intersections II
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The fifth chapter continues discussion of intersections between biological and Buddhist thinkers, with a focus on Mahayana Buddhism and Western scientists. The story of Minakata Kumagusu, a Buddhist biologist from nineteenth- and twentieth-century Japan, is shared; it details his personal evolution from a college student in America to a resident scientist at the British Museum experiencing racism to an eccentric recluse studying slime molds in the forests of Japan and developing an early model for the synthesis of Buddhist and scientific frameworks through the Minakata Mandala. Kumagusu also became a pioneer of environmental activism in later years. The Dalai Lama’s Mind and Life Conferences are discussed, along with contributors from the side of Western academic biological thinking. The chapter concludes with a story that presents the rationalization of human rebirth from the perspective of the Dalai Lama and Tibetan Buddhism, as well as the author’s digestion of the explanation.
Bodhi
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The ninth chapter proposes a new approach to science, Bodhi science, guided by Buddhist teachings. Four qualities of Bodhi science are presented: selflessness, detachment, awareness, and compassion. The widespread occurrence of selfish attitudes and hypothesis attachment in the world of science is critiqued. The limitations of hypothesis-based science are connected to seventh-century Buddhist philosopher Candrakirti and his rejection of all statement-based approaches to logic and reason. Integration of meditation and mindfulness practices into the scientific process is encouraged, along with awareness of the role that bias and false senses of self can play throughout scientific efforts. Sources of scientific motivation are explored, with the Buddhist concept of bodhicitta (universal compassion) presented as a logical and ethics-rooted motivator. The chapter concludes with a reconsideration of pseudoscience and proposes Bodhi science as a framework to prevent valid science transforming into pseudoscience.
Intimacy
Authors: Denver Dee
Published: March 2022

The tenth and final chapter investigates the author’s question of why he wanted to form a family through adoption rather than biological reproduction. Personal narratives are combined with diverse scholarly lenses ranging from the fields of evolutionary biology to the social sciences. Four possible explanations are considered that include cryptic influences of Christianity, reasons related to evolutionary analyses of biological altruism, white savior complex, and Buddhist approaches to understanding. For the fourth explanation, three specific Buddhist insights are presented that center on pratitysamutpada (mutual cause and effect, many causes), bodhicitta (universal compassion), and the value of experiential over intellectual understanding of the author’s role as a father in an adoptive transracial family.
Introduction
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite
Published: March 2022

“Introduction: The Philosophical Problem of Sexual Difference” sets out the questions, aims, assumptions, and structure of this book. The questions concern the context of prior discussions of sexual difference, Aristotle’s understanding of biological and political sexual differences, the causal links between the biological and the political, and the ambivalence he seems to express about females and women. Two theses that guide the argument of the book are described: that Aristotle defended the value of sexual difference and of females, and that he believed the bodies of women were responsible for their status as natural subjects. Aristotle’s motivation in considering questions of sex are examined. Some of the features of Aristotle’s teleology that inform his arguments for the value of sexual difference are sketched, and the importance of his views for contemporary discussions is highlighted. The structure of the book is outlined.
Precursors to Aristotle’s Account of Sexual Difference
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite
Published: March 2022

Chapter One, “Precursors to Aristotle’s Account of Sexual Difference,” considers the views of authors before Aristotle on the nature and value of the sexes and of sexual reproduction. It surveys myths of the origins of the sexes, biological and medical literature on male and female, and discussions of the possibility of women participating in politics. It finds that Aristotle’s predecessors, including Hesiod, Empedocles, Socrates, Aristophanes, Plato, and the Hippocratic authors, often imply that sexual difference is a misfortune, and that women are bad. The chapter analyzes the way in which women and men were characterized as opposites in a variety of ways (left/right, moist/dry, even/odd, limited/unlimited), along with the metaphysical, physiological, and moral failings attributed to women. It highlights ancient debates about (1) the contributions of male and female to reproduction, (2) the question of women and men as different in kind, and (3) the capacity of women to govern.
Sex Is a Difference in the Matter
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite
Published: March 2022

Chapter Two, “Sex Is a Difference in the Matter,” examines Aristotle’s analysis of sexual difference as a material rather than a formal difference, primarily in the Metaphysics and the Generation of Animals. It begins with a discussion of sex as a distinction in the matter of the genus animal and goes on to explore sex as a phenomenon that is manifested in the bodies of individual animals. The chapter then pursues two themes. The first is the character of the sexes, and so it examines Aristotle’s definitions of the sexes, the organs that differentiate them, and the generative capacities of male and female sperma, or seed, and the transmission of soul. The second is the origin of the sexes—both how sex is determined in the embryo, and the final cause of sexual difference. The chapter concludes that Aristotle claims both that females are defects and that they serve a natural purpose.
Sexual Difference in Social and Political Life
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite
Published: March 2022

Chapter Three, “Sexual Difference in Social and Political Life,” examines Aristotle’s justification of different roles for men and women in the household and the city-state. It focuses on Aristotle’s claim in the Politics that there are differences in the rational faculties of men and women, and in particular in their capacity for deliberative reason. This chapter analyzes the notion of natural rule and argues that the defect in reason that Aristotle believes makes women natural subjects does not make them incapable of virtue. It offers an interpretation of Aristotle’s claim that women’s deliberative reason is “without authority” and argues that it refers to a limited defect that allows women to participate in deliberation but makes them unsuited to decision-making and hence to political rule. The chapter concludes with an argument that Aristotle believed there were benefits for the household and the city in sexual difference and the inclusion of women.