bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FIRST DETERMINATION OF THE PROTON’S WEAK CHARGE
Authors: Page Shelley A.
Published: May 2017

The weak charge of the proton has been determined for the first time via a high precision electron-proton scattering experiment, Qweak, carried out at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) in Newport News, USA. The weak charge is a basic property in subatomic physics, analogous to electric charge. The Standard Model makes a prediction for the weak charges of protons and other particles. First results described here are based on an initial 4% of the data set reported in 20131 , with the ultimate goal of the experiment being a high precision Standard Model test conducted with the full Qweak data set. These initial results are consistent with the Standard Model prediction; they serve as an important first determination of the proton’s weak charge and a proof of principle that the ultimate goals are within reach.
ENHANCING SCIENTIFIC LITERACY: A RESOURCE FOR TEACHERS
Authors: Nath Siddharth , Tang Brandon , Yang Karren
Published: May 2017

The standard science curriculum is meant to familiarize students with basic concepts in biology, chemistry, and physics. We do not dispute the necessity of this – indeed, a strong grasp of the fundamentals will facilitate the understanding of intermediate and advanced topics later on. Unfortunately, the evaluative approaches in these courses often misinform students of what it means to be a scientist. Students, especially those interested in biology, may be tempted to correlate scientific potential with the ability to retain and recall information for an exam. But that’s not science. As a professor once said at a first-year biology seminar, “We do a good job of teaching you the ‘what’. But we gloss over the ‘how’and the ‘why’.”
MY LOVE LETTER TO SCIENCE: CONFESSIONS OF A COMPULSIVE ADULTERESS / MA LETTRE D’AMOUR À LA SCIENCE : CONFESSIONS DE L’ADULTÈRE COMPULSIF
Authors: Lang Alicia Lang
Published: May 2017

First, I am not the devoted science junkie you think I am. I hate to admit it. I would pass over a glowingblue, banana-scented test tube for a bag of warm, fudge-filled, melt-on-your tongue brownies any day. I love art, history, music and literature. I love what you would condemn as the vanities of life - you shouldn’t.
RESEARCH: THE ESSENTIALS / L’ESSENTIEL DE LA RECHERCHE
Authors: Pandey Arjun
Published: May 2017

As humans, we have an inherent desire to understand the world around us. Why are we here? Why is everything the way it is? Where did we come from? Where are we headed?En tant qu’humains, nous avons un désir inné de comprendre le monde qui nous entoure. Pourquoi sommes-nous ici? Pourquoi tout existe comme il est? D’où venons nous? Où allons nous?
Using Aptamer-Nanoparticle Bioconjugates For Imaging and Treating Prostate Cancer
Authors: Doyle Timothy James
Published: May 2017

Prostate cancer diagnoses increase each year, and current treatment strategies cause disturbing levels of serious side effects. This has necessitated a search for new strategies to employ more targeted treatments for malignant tissues. One promising alternative therapy is the use of a chemotherapeutic-nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugate. This method employs aptamers which target over-expressed proteins on cancerous cell surfaces and bind to individual prostate tumour cells with incredible affinity. Once bound, the bioconjugate is taken into the cell where it delivers a toxic payload of chemotherapeutics and destroys the cell by cytotoxic means. The bioconjugate therapy method is specific for cancerous cells which limits side-effects to non-target tissues. Fluorescent properties of some chemotherapeutic components and quantum dot nanoparticles can also provide imaging of these cancerous masses with extreme precision. Successful trials employing aptamers for targeted therapy demonstrate the promise of this technology for future chemotherapeutic applications. Additionally, aptamer conjugates are safer, less expensive, and potentially more effective substitutes to antibody-based targeting methods which are currently being explored as a competing option for this type of treatment.Les diagnostics de cancer de la prostate augmentent chaque année, et les traitements actuelles qui leurs sont associés sont responsable d’un niveau inquiétant de graves effets secondaires. Cela a nécessité une recherche de nouvelles stratégies dans le traitement plus ciblés des tissus malins. Une thérapie alternative prometteuse se présente dans l'utilisation d'un agent chimiothérapeutique-nanoparticule-aptamer-bioconjugate. Ce procédé engage des aptamères qui ciblent les protéines surexprimées sur la surface des cellules cancéreuses et s’attachent à des individuels cellules tumorales de la prostate avec une affinité épatante. Une fois lié, le bioconjugué s’introduit dans la cellule où il livre une charge toxique de médicaments chimiothérapeutiques ce qui résulte dans la destruction cytotoxique de la cellule cancéreuse. Le procédé de thérapie bioconjugué se dirige vers des cellules cancéreuses ainsi épargnant des effets secondaires le tissu non ciblé. Des propriétés fluorescentes de certains composants chimiothérapeutiques et de nanoparticules de points quantiques aussi aident à fournir des images de ces masses cancéreuses avec une précision importante. Des essais concluants employant des aptamères comme thérapie ciblée distinguent comme prometteuse cette technologie dans des applications chimiothérapeutiques futures. De plus, des conjugués aptamères se sont montrés plus sûrs, moins coûteux, et potentiellement plus efficaces que leurs compétiteurs en traitement à base d'anticorps qui sont actuellement explorés comme option.
Simulating Land Use: An Exploration of the Stability of a Two Zone City
Authors: Tran Andy
Published: May 2017

This project simulates the Concentric Zone model (Ernest Burgess, 1925) using the agent-based simulation software COBWEB, which allows comparison of transportation costs in determining the distribution of agents after a set period of time. The energy an individual uses to move one grid cell is the parameter factor used to represent transportation costs. It was hypothesized that setting up this experiment to recreate a concentric zone environment will develop a stable environment with individual agents staying in their respective zones as determined by transportation costs. However, over a period of time, the agent population would diminish or the zones won’t be as clearly expressed.In the control experiment, each agent type stayed in their respective zones and the agent count remained consistent throughout the simulation. Two more experiments were performed to observe their respective effects on the model. By increasing the number of agents, this experiment had similar averages compared the control experiment, indicating that there is a carrying capacity in order to maximize the agent’s survival. By changing AI strategies, one of the agents completely died out, suggesting that the agent’s specific AI strategy for its movement and consumption is important to consider when performing experiments.Modelling the distribution of the agents and observing the key factors affecting this distribution is useful for urban planning and transportation management. Additional research to introduce parameters for housing costs is worth exploring in future research activities to provide more interesting and detailed results from the simulation.Ce projet simule le Plan Radiocentrique, un concept qui a été créé par Ernest Burgess, un économiste influencé par von Thünen (Ernest Burgess, 1925). En particulier, ce projet utilise « COBWEB,  »  un logiciel de simulation à base d'agents qui permet la comparaison entre les coûts de transport et d'autres facteurs essentiels pour déterminer le résultat. L'énergie qu'un individu utilise pour déplacer une cellule de la grille a été le paramètre facteur utilisé pour représenter les coûts de transport. L'établissement de cette expérience avec un but de recréer un environnement de zone concentrique permettra de créer un environnement stable avec des agents individuels qui restent dans leurs zones respectives telles que déterminées par les coûts de transport. Au fil du temps, la population des agents diminuera, en affectant la stabilité de la zone.La modélisation de la distribution des agents et l'observation des facteurs clés qui influencent cette distribution sont utiles pour la planification urbaine et la gestion des transports. Des recherches supplémentaires pour introduire des paramètres pour les frais de logement méritent d'être explorées.
Hemagglutinin Compatibility between Avian and Human Influenza A viruses using Human Matrix Protein: Based on Scholtissek et al.’s (2002) Article
Authors: Lien Katherine
Published: May 2017

Through the review of Scholtissek et al.(1), evolution between different strains of influenza A viruses were examined to enable better preparation for future pandemics. Pandemics are the result of antigenic shifts, cumulative reassortants between circulating viruses that form novel gene sequences. The process may produce a virus which a large segment of the population has no immunological memory of, and consequently, are susceptible to the strain.The pandemics in 1918, 1967, 1968 and 2009 were caused by influenza A viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of 1, 2, or 3 - three out of sixteen known HA subtypes. This raises the question whether pandemics can contain other HA subtypes. Since influenza viruses have segmented genomes, it may require at least two different strains to swap their gene segments in order to co-infect a cell; the better viral compatibility between the parent viruses, the more virulent the reassortant is. A collection of HA subtypes in avian strains and Matrix (M) protein in human strains were used in the experimental model by Scholtissek et al. to examine the recombinants’ survivability and virulence. Although the results conclude that it is not possible for future pandemics to contain other HA subtypes, the work of Scholtissek et al. leads to further research on influenza A reservoirs. Ce document est un résumé au sujet de l'article de Christoph Scholtissek (1) publié en 2002. J’examinerai son modèle expérimental, en mettant en évidence les résultats et donnant un aperçu des recherches plus élaborées. En étudiant des modèles de la coopération entre les virus, ceci permet d’aider à se préparer face aux futures pandémies et épidémies. De tels évènements sont causés par des changements antigéniques produits par l’accumulation de réassortiments entre les virus en circulation et divers éléments. Les virus grippaux A sont en constante évolution, et nécessitent une surveillance constante en anticipation à une pandémie. Les pandémies antérieures, soient celles en 1918, 1957, 1968 et 2009, ont démontré à avoir les hémagglutinines (HA) 1, 2 et 3 – trois des seize sous-types HA possibles. Ceci remet en question la possibilité que les pandémies puissent contenir d’autres sous-types HA. Afin que les virus puissent former des virus réassortis potentiellement nouveaux ils doivent bien coopérer, ce qui est précisément ce que Scholtissek tente d'enquêter. Son modèle expérimental implique des réassortiments entre les différents sous-types d’HA dans des souches aviaires et des souches humaines détenant des M-protéines, afin de déterminer la compatibilité virale. Bien que les résultats concluent qu'il est très peu probable que de futures pandémies détiennent d'autres sous-types HA, ils fournissent des indices du potentiel pandémique. En outre, son article incite la recherche plus à fond sur d’autres réservoirs de la grippe A, les méthodes pour surmonter les barrières entre espèces et le réassortiment efficaces.
How Does Caffeine Supplementation Affect Muscular Performance in Adolescent Males?
Authors: Stewart Jamaal
Published: May 2017

Caffeine consumption has become increasingly popular among children, adolescents, and young adults around the world 15. Many consumers indicate that they ingest caffeinated beverages to increase their energy and compensate for insufficient sleep. The most common forms of supplementation include coffee, soda and energy drinks such as “Monster Energy” and “Red Bull”. Increased caffeinated beverage consumption, especially among youth, is controversial due to concerns surrounding the safety and effectiveness of caffeine supplementation. Caffeinated products are often marketed as enhancing physical performance; This review investigates the efficacy of caffeine supplementation on muscular performance, specifically in terms of muscle strength and endurance. The results demonstrate a variable response to caffeine, with multiple studies demonstrating an increase in muscular strength or endurance, while others showed no effect. Overall, studies lacked consistent evidence to support the hypothesis that caffeine supplementation has beneficial effects on muscular performance, regardless of the dose administered.La consomption du caféine est devenue très populaire parmi les enfants, les adolescents, et les adultes autour du monde. Plusieurs consommateurs indiquent qu'ils boivent les boissons raffinés comme source d'énergie ou pour remplacer le manque de sommeil. Les formes de caféine plus communes incluent le café, le soda, et les boissons d'énergie comme “Monster Energy” et “Red Bull”. L'augmentation des boissons cafféinés, particulièrement parmi les jeunes, est en controverse au sujet de l'efficace et sécurité de sa consomption. On voit souvent les avertissements des produits cafféinés  comme les compléments actifs. Dans cette revue, j'ai examiné l'efficace de caféine comme complément actif pour la performance musculaire, particulièrement au sujet de la puissance et endurance. Les résultats démontrent une réponse variée au caféine ou quelques sujets ont obtenu une amélioration en leur puissance et endurance musculaire, mais autres sujets n'ont pas démontré des changements. En général, les recherches manquent l'évidence cohérent pour appuyer l'hypothèse que la consomption du caféine produit les effets avantageux au sujet de la performance musculaire, peu importe le dosage utilisé.
Experiences of an Aboriginal Youth
Authors: Watts Tonya-Leah
Published: May 2017

This article is designed to inspire youth to pursue their dreams. Spoken from a first person narrative, Tonya-Leah Watts highlights her time at the Summer Mentorship Program (SMP) at the University of Toronto, her experience of being featured in a documentary series, and her research internship as a part of the Student Advancement Research (StAR) Program at the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids). During her time at SMP in the summer of 2014, Tonya-Leah participated in various talks and activities that were designed to prepare her for post-secondary education. She also had the opportunity to shadow a dermatologist and write a review paper on type-2 diabetes mellitus among Aboriginal populations in Canada. Later that summer she was featured on a show called Dream Big in which she had another opportunity to shadow a dermatologist. The research skills that she acquired from SMP combined with her newly gained inspiration from the Dream Big experience helped her get a research internship at SickKids for the summer of 2015. During her time there, she learned various techniques and concepts while contributing to three studies at the hospital. The purpose of this article is to encourage youth to take control of their future.Cet article est conçu pour inspirer les jeunes à poursuivre leurs rêves. Écrit à la première personne, Tonya-Leah Watts souligne son temps à la Programme de mentorat d'été (SMP, Summer Mentorship Program) à l'Université de Toronto, son expérience d'être dans une série documentaire et son stage de recherche comme partie du Programme de recherche pour l'avancement des étudiants (StAR, Student Advancement Research Program) à l'Hôpital pour les enfants malades (SickKids, Hospital for Sick Children). Durant son temps à la SMP durant l'été 2014, Tonya-Leah a participé en diverses activités conçus pour la préparer pour l'éducation post-secondaire. Elle a aussi eu l'occasion de suivre un dermatologue et d'écrire une revue sur le diabète sucré de type II parmi les populations aborigènes au Canada. Plus tard cet été elle a été présentée sur une émission appelée Dream Big dans laquelle elle a eu une autre occasion de suivre un dermatologue. Les habiletés de recherche qu'elle a acquise de SMP, combiné avec son inspiration récemment acquise de l'expérience Dream Big, l'a aidé à obtenir un stage à SickKids pour l'été de 2015. Durant son temps à SickKids, elle a appris des diverses techniques et concepts tout en contribuant à trois études à l'hôpital. L'objet de cet article est d'encourager les jeunes de prendre contrôle de leur futur.
A Letter of Gratitude
Authors: Chu Emily
Published: May 2017

Please accept this letter as a thank you for enrolling and supporting me for my placement in the On-Line Research Summer Co-Op at the Foundation for Student Science and Technology. It has been an incredible month and I want to express my gratitude to you and the foundation for allowing me to pursue such an opportunity.
Uncovering Tree Roots: How Radar Technology Can Help Scientists Better Understand Belowground Ecology
Authors: Borden Kira A. , Issac Marney E.
Published: May 2017

Just as the branches of a tree extend to support leaves that capture sunlight for photosynthesis, a tree’s root system extends into the soil in search of water and nutrients, and provides the tree its stability. However, the exact location of where the roots grow (often called ‘root distribution’) and the size or amount of roots (‘root biomass’) is extremely challenging to study in soil. Without digging the tree out of the ground, how can scientists study tree roots? Typically only parts of the root system are removed in a partial excavation or by taking soil core samples. However, there is a risk that by only measuring a portion of the root system, a lot of information might be missed (perhaps you have seen a tree uprooted and noticed how complex a tree root system can be). Unfortunately, excavating the entire tree root system can take a lot of time and energy, not to mention it is quite destructive.
A Portfolio of Scientific Ideas
Authors: Bourgeois-Doyle Dick
Published: May 2017

You are about to read a unique publication.The Journal of Student Science and Technology presents information and ideas in a way not found in any other collection of printed words. It is a portfolio of creativity flowing from young minds. But it packages these ideas within the framework of established standards.Vous êtes sur le point de lire une publication unique.La Revue pour les étudiants en technologie et sciences présente des renseignements et des idées d’une façon tout à fait originale. Il s’agit d’un recueil de la créativité des jeunes talents qui regroupe leurs idées dans un cadre de normes établies.
Experimental Determination of Friction Factors in Two Phase Flow Through a Porous Medium
Authors: Cheng Ruizhe
Published: May 2017

In a severe accident, the decay heat from the fuel located in the calandria may boil the water circulated through the end shields of a CANDU reactor, causing a two phase flow of water and steam. This two phase mixture may interfere with heat transport if a thin film of steam forms on the inside surface of the end shields. As water and steam run through the end shields, frictional energy loss results in a pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is directly related to the velocity of the fluid, which can be inferred from the permeability of the end shield. Therefore, this project serves to determine the friction factors that cause pressure drop in the end shields of a CANDU Reactor and aims to examine the safety mechanism of the existing end shields. The results of this project corroborated the Gibilaro equation for one phase flow and implied the lack of proper handling of important friction factors in equations for two phase flow. Therefore, further studies on two phase flow through porous medium are needed.
Considerations for Scientific Research
Authors: Shahid Abeera
Published: May 2017

Scientific research is happening across the world in environments such as university labs and pharmaceutical companies. Globalization has allowed for the sharing of this research, and people are now collaborating across borders. This is beneficial, as scientific research continues to be the driving force in our understanding of diseases, environment and beyond; any progress can make all the difference.
Our Sinking Ship!
Authors: Knighton Emilie
Published: May 2017

Over the past century, we have become our own worst enemy, by letting water seep in unnoticed into our ship. Our ship is what we call Canada, and the water seeping in are the invasive species, which is defined as “an organism (plant, animal, fungus, or bacterium) that is not native [to the area] and has negative effects on [the] economy, [the] environment, or [the area’s] health”.3 In the past, ships were saved by closing their holes and removing any water that seeped inside. This provided a permanent solution which prevented endless removal of water that seeped inside the ships. This analogy can be applied to invasive species in Canada. We need to stop existing invasive species from entering, (plug the present holes) and prevent new invasive species from entering, (prevent new holes from occurring) in our ship before we start finding a solution for the species present in our home (the water that has already seeped in). To understand how to repair the ship holes, we need to first identify the invasive species in Canada, the damage they are causing, their reproduction, and how we can eliminate future invasions. With such a large ship, the hull must be viewed in parts, where one areas of great concern is the Great Lake regions.Nous sommes à bord d’un navire qui coule! Au fil de notre siècle, nous sommes devenus nos pires ennemis en permettant l’eau de rentrer inaperçue. Notre navire est ce que nous appelons notre maison, notre pays, et l’eau qui rentre sont les espèces invasives. Dans le passé, les bateaux étaient sauvés et bouchant les trous et en enlevant l’eau. Le bouchon assurait qu’une solution permanente était en place au lieu d’enlever l’eau inutilement, car elle rentrait en permanence dans les trous. La même analogie peut être appliquée à des espèces invasives. Nous devons empêcher des espèces invasives d’entrer dans notre pays (boucher les trous) et éviter que des nouvelles entrent (prévenir que d’autres trous se forment) dans notre navire avant de trouver une solution pour l’espèce qui rentre dans notre maison (l’eau qui est déjà rentrée). Afin de comprendre comment réparer les trous, nous devons comprendre ce que sont des espèces invasives, les dommages qu’elles causent, comment elles entrent et comment elles se propagent, et comment nous pouvons prévenir leur entrée. Avec un tel navire, nous devons regarder les parties du bateau séparément. Une des régions inquiétantes est la région des Grands Lacs.
From David to Goliath: Past, Present, and Future of the Foundation
Authors: Tang Brandon
Published: May 2017

I have witnessed the greatest growth in the history of our organization, from a local journal to a national presence, over the past four years. It has been an honour to be a part of this transformation. I am constantly humbled by the enthusiasm, talent, and passion of students involved with the Foundation for Student Science and Technology.
A APRENDIZAGEM DE LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA NA ESCOLA REGULAR: DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADES
Authors: Marques Paloma , Brun Erik , Brun Milenna
Published: May 2017

Neste artigo, partindo dos pressupostos de que a aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras é importante para o desenvolvimento integral do indivíduo e de que o ensino precoce de línguas estrangeiras pode e deve ser realizado na escola regular, apresentamos alguns de seus desafios e possibilidades. O ensino precoce de línguas estrangeiras na escola é justificado numa perspectiva humanista, socioafetiva e neurolingüística e seus objetivos educativos, culturais e lingüísticos são discutidos. Enfim, são propostas alternativas para as dificuldades freqüentemente encontradas na prática dos professores de línguas baseadas em projeto piloto atualmente em desenvolvimento.
O ESBOÇO HISTÓRICO-ETNOGRÁFICO-LINGÜÍSTICO DE UM POVO INDÍGENA
Authors: Pessoa Maria Do Socorro
Published: May 2017

O povo indígena Suruí Paíter reside hoje, em sua maioria, no Distrito do Riozinho, no Município de Cacoal, no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Esse povo sofreu todo o processo de invasão de suas terras por colonos imigrantes, especialmente quando da construção da BR 364, rodovia que liga o Estado de Mato Grosso a Porto Velho. O contato com os imigrantes provocou alterações profundas na vida desse povo nos mais diversos aspectos: cultura, religião e instalação da língua portuguesa no cotidiano de suas vidas. Este esboço histórico-etnográfico-lingüístico descreve alguns aspectos dessa “invasão” na vida dos Suruí Paíter do Riozinho, no Estado de Rondônia.
OS LIMITES SEMÂNTICOS DE HUMPTY DUMPTY
Authors: Oliveira Luciano Amaral
Published: May 2017

Humpty Dumpty é um personagem de “Alice no País do Espelho”, de Lewis Carroll. Seu comportamento rebelde em relação ao significado das palavras é o ponto de partida para se problematizar os limites semânticos impostos aos leitores e aos falantes-ouvintes de uma língua natural. Dois livros de Umberto Eco sobre essa questão servem de base para se mostrar quais são esses limites.
Análise de um discurso político (ASPECTOS RETÓRICOS)
Authors: Vasconcelos Suani De Almeida
Published: May 2017

O presente trabalho possui por objetivo analisar alguns aspectos retóricos do discurso político “Exército: nem guarda pretoriana nem tropas da SS”, de autoria do então Deputado Federal Francisco José Pinto dos Santos (Chico Pinto), proferido em 08 de agosto de 1972. A fim de atingir esse objetivo, tomou-se, como aporte teórico, a Nova Retórica, principalmente os trabalhos desenvolvidos por Chaïm Perelman ou baseados neles. São analisados alguns processos argumentativos utilizados pelo Deputado em seu discurso, considerando as relações entre orador e auditório e a cena enunciativa.
Quando as ovelhas velhas pastam no oriente: espaços intersemióticos entre Caio Fernando Abreu e o I Ching: O Livro das Mutaçõe
Authors: Alós Anselmo Peres
Published: May 2017

A proposta do presente estudo é a de desenvolver uma leitura intersemiótica da obra Ovelhas Negras, do escritor gaúcho Caio Fernando Abreu (1995), fazendo emergir da superfície textual seu hipotexto oriental. Se a linguagem poética sempre é ao menos dupla, interagindo com o corpus de textos a ela contemporâneos ou antecessores, em Caio Fernando Abreu o diálogo que estabelece a ambivalência semiótica de seus contos remonta ao I Ching, obra clássica chinesa que se configura como expoente de duas importantes correntes filosóficas orientais: o taoísmo e o confuncionismo.
The Bahá’í Contribution to Cosmopolitan International Relations Theory
Authors: Mooten Nalinie
Published: May 2017

This paper, which is based on various extracts of my doctoral work, will scrutinize cosmopolitanism within IR theory; present the Bahá’í model; and correlate it to a cosmopolitan approach in IR. Bahá’í thinking, on the one hand, represents a strong reinforcement of the cosmopolitan tradition of thought, underlining its validity and necessity, and on the other hand, centres on the concept of the ‘oneness of humanity’ in its belief-system, delineating a rearticulation of ethical cosmopolitan roots.
The Bab in the World of Images
Authors: Masumian Bijan , Masumian Adib
Published: May 2017

This paper traces the history of the portraits drawn of the Bab, the founder of the Babi religion. The dramatic success of the Bab in attracting a large number of followers from different social strata generated a great deal of interest in him. His reformist ideas captured the imagination of Shi’ites and Europeans alike. His movement was soon a subject of enquiry by orientalists, academicians, politicians, missionaries, merchants and others alike. Over time, several artists – mostly unknown to date – decided to render portraits of him. Of these, only one actually met the Bab: Aqa Bala Bayg of Shishvan, the chief painter of Qajar Prince Malek-Qasim Mirza (1807–62), the governor of Urmia (Orumiyeh) who hosted the Bab for a brief period in 1848. While the works of other artists were based on imagination, Aqa Bala Bayg’s original sketch of the Babi leader was rendered through a series of face-to-face meetings with the young prophet. He later produced multiple other copies from his original. Thus, Aqa Bala Bayg’s work appears to be the only genuine images of the Bab left to posterity. Nonetheless, the story of the Bab, the artist from Shishvan, and the Qajar prince who hosted the Bab has not been fully examined. This will be a focus of the current research. We will also explore the intriguing possibility that one or more actual photographs of the Bab might exist. Additionally, we will attempt to reconcile the at times contradictory historical accounts of the various copies of the Bab’s portrait, drawn by Aqa Bala Bayg. Finally, we will briefly discuss the works of other unknown artists who have produced imaginary portraits of the Bab and conclude with suggestions for further inquiry.
Negotiating Survival: A History of the Babi and Baha’i Faith in Shiraz (1844–1921)
Authors: Momen Moojan
Published: May 2017

In 1844 in Shiraz, Sayyid `Ali Muhammad took the title of the Bab and founded a movement that was years later transformed by Baha’u’llah into the Baha’i Faith. Thus Shiraz has been at the heart of the Baha’i Faith from its inception. In this article, the history of the Babi and Baha’i Faith in Shiraz during the Qajar era is surveyed. The Baha’is of Shiraz were mainly from among the traders and skilled artisans of the city, but included some from among the wealthy merchants and prominent citizens of the city. Particular emphasis is placed on the manner in which, because of the persecutions to which they were subjected, the Baha’is of Shiraz were forced to negotiate a path between the various factions that held power in Shiraz: the political and religious leadership of the city.
Shoghi Effendi and the Baha’is of Australia and New Zealand, 1922–1937
Authors: Smith Peter
Published: May 2017

Shoghi Effendi’s letters were a major inspiration for the early Baha’is of Australia and New Zealand. The present paper summarizes the main themes and concerns of these letters during the period from 1922 through to 1937.
Uso de traçador para estudo de interação entre águas subterrâneas e superficiais na região carbonífera de Santa Catarina, Brasil
Authors: Leão Marcos Imério , Krebs Antônio Silvio Jornada
Published: May 2017

Este artigo trata do uso de traçador como ferramenta para comprovar a conectividade hidráulica entre as águas subterrâneas provenientes de uma mina de carvão subterrânea abandonada com as águas superficiais de uma lagoa ao longo de uma falha geológica. O traçador utilizado foi a Rodamina B, um composto orgânico solúvel em água, que serve para determinação de vazão e direções de fluxo em aquíferos fraturados, podendo ser detectado por colorimetria ou por fluorescência. Para este estudo foi construído um poço tubular que atingiu a galeria da mina abandonada, realizado um ensaio de bombeamento neste poço para determinação da condutividade hidráulica no meio fraturado, e nele foi injetada a Rodamina B. A Condutividade hidráulica mostrou que o traçador levaria 5 dias para atingir o ponto de monitoramento na Lagoa Língua do Dragão. Por medida de segurança o monitoramento iniciou no 4º dia após a injeção da Rodamina B. O método mostrou-se muito eficiente e conclusivo. Foi possível comprovar a conectividade entre a mina subterrânea e as águas da lagoa, bem como, o fluxo da água subterrânea das galerias da mina através da falha geológica, atingindo outro poço tubular existente. Esta é uma metodologia que pode ser utilizada em minas subterrâneas abandonadas, bem como, em aquíferos fraturados, para estudos de fluxo e interação entre as águas subterrâneas e superficiais.
Webarchivierung an der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek
Authors: Beinert Tobias
Published: May 2017

Die Bayerische Staatsbibliothek sammelt und archiviert seit dem Jahr 2010 landeskundlich und wissenschaftlich relevante Websites. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über das Sammel- und Archivierungsprofil der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek für Websites, die rechtlichen Grundlagen, den entwickelten Workflow sowie die Verzeichnung und Zugänglichmachung von archivierten Websites. Abschließend werden weitere, zukünftige Perspektiven dargestellt.
From the Editorial Board
Authors: Humphris Colin
Published: May 2017

As reported last year (see CI Nov 2016, p. 16), beginning in 2017, CI will be published in print format four times a year, ideally at the beginning of each quarter. Meanwhile, the CI Editorial Board is pleased to report that IUPAC members and CI subscribers will have access to new and updated content throughout the year via Chemistry International:
Digital First, a new electronic version that is in the early stages of development.
Hero Worship in Words: Imitating the Grand Style of R. B. Woodward
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I.
Published: May 2017

We all are influenced by our heroes, our role models, the individuals who we feel most represent the ideals to which we strive. In the four decades beginning in the early 1940s, the greatest of all organic chemists—certainly one of the greatest of all chemists—was Robert Burns Woodward. Few could replicate his science or his egregious
*

“Egregious” typically means shocking or outrageous, and extends to perhaps even more shocking or outrageous definitions. In ancient times, egregious also meant “remarkably good.” For the purposes of this paper, the word is a resonance hybrid of all of the above.

behaviors, though many tried.
IUPAC Standards and Recommendations
Authors: Weir Ron
Published: May 2017

In 1919, the year of the birth of IUPAC, international science was in its infancy. Modern instantaneous communication as we know it had not been born, but a number of scientists foresaw the need for an international organisation with a focus on chemistry to serve as a catalyst, to promote standards, and to facilitate clear, unambiguous communication throughout the world in the rapidly growing discipline. The early founders of the organisation could not have foreseen the explosion of knowledge and instant communication networks available today. However, they did understand the serious ramifications of not having clear, unambiguous communication in science and engineering.
Informal Institutions in the Regulatory State: The Case of Bureaucracy in India
Authors: Goyal Yugank
Published: May 2017

Development narratives have often hinged on the idea of regulatory governance, particularly in developing countries where the regulatory agencies are generally dysfunctional. The paper argues that inefficient performance of regulatory agencies of poor countries can be explained, inter alia, by the existence of informal institutions that are embedded in these ‘formal’ organizations. Presence of informal networks in a regulatory governance structures may often erode the independence of the agency while benefiting the network. As an important factor overlooked in literature, informality in regulatory bodies breaks the mainstream narrative of regulatory bodies. I use the example of India and examine the institutional endowments of informality and its stickiness through time in regulatory frames. I show how the informal network of civil servants permeates every regulatory agency in the country and undermines an independent functioning. Policy conclusions follow.
Crystal structure of μ-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane-2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N:N′-bis(cyano-κC)dicopper(I)]-water, C58H56Cu2N6O2P2
Authors: Zhang Yan-Ru , Li Zhi-Qiang , Liu Min , Bi Kai-Lun , Jin Qiong-Hua
Published: May 2017

C58H56Cu2N6O2P2, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.0546(9) Å, b = 13.1669(10) Å, c = 16.7151(12) Å, β = 101.845(2)°, V = 2596.6(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0539, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1431, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of tert-butyl (phenylsulfinyl)carbamate, C11H15NO3S
Authors: Makam Parameshwar , Samipillai Marivel , Kruger Hendrick G. , Govender Thavendran , Naicker Tricia
Published: May 2017

C11H15NO3S, orthorhombic, Pna21 (no. 33), a = 9.5337(10) Å, b = 10.7168(11) Å, c = 11.5675(11) Å, V = 1181.9(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0252, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0689, T = 173 K.
Mössbauer spectroscopy: epoch-making biological and chemical applications
Authors: Lancok Adriana , Volfova Lenka
Published: May 2017

Iron is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and also in Mössbauer research. The present study is a summary of our search for iron compounds that now play an important role in the development of specific areas of inorganic chemistry of iron, biological applications and pigment for various types of artworks. The different catalytic or biologically active systems were studied in particular of the Mössbauer spectrometry, including temperature dependencies of the biological tissue and the synthetic vivianite. Mössbauer spectrometry was chosen as the main investigation tool for identification of Fe2+ and Fe3+. We are identified divalent and trivalent iron in the samples and we found their mutual ratio. The iron sandwich complexes exhibit a linear dependence between quadrupole splitting and number of methyl groups. We also determined temperature of transformation of divalent to trivalent iron for vivianite sample that are used in painting. The transformation temperature is about 90°C.
Mesoporous organo-inorganic hybrid materials as hydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Karakhanov Eduard , Maximov Anton , Boronoev Maksim , Kulikov Leonid , Terenina Maria
Published: May 2017

The paper concerns application of two types of organic materials – porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) with diamond-like structure and the ordered mesoporous phenol-formaldehyde polymers (MPFs) – as supports for metal and metal sulfide nanoparticles. The obtained hybrid materials were tested in hydrogenation of various unsaturated and aromatic compounds. Ruthenium catalyst, based on PAF (Ru-PAF-30), possessed high activity in exhaustive hydrogenation of phenol into cyclohexanol with TOF value of 2700 h−1. Platinum catalyst, based on modified with sulfo-groups MPF (MPF-SO3H-Pt), was selective in semi-hydrogenation of terpenes, [α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, (s)-limonene]. Bimetallic Ni–W sulfide catalysts, prepared by in situ decomposition of [(n-Bu)4N]2Ni(WS4)2 within the pores of MPFs and PAFs, possessed high efficiency in hydrogenation-hydrocracking of naphthalenes as model substrates.
(Re)Politicizing Security? The Legitimation and Contestation of Mass Surveillance after Snowden
Authors: Hegemann Hendrik , Kahl Martin
Published: May 2017

Ever since the revelations by Edward Snowden, there has been a political debate about the appropriateness of mass surveillance by intelligence agencies. At the same time, surveillance practices based on complex technologies, which are almost invisible in everyday life and interlinked across national borders, have run into scarcely any widespread social protest. That is why this article poses the question: are the powers of depoliticized governance – which can rely on sustained diffuse acceptance based on an ever-widening discourse about dangers and technocratic risk management – making themselves evident here? Or is the post-Snowden debate showing signs of shifting toward (re)politicization of security policy, which is making appropriate measures and actors the subjects of public discourse and politically responsible decision making? By asking these questions, this article questions the widespread thesis of an across-the-board depoliticization of security governance, develops a conceptual framework for a differentiated analysis of politicization processes, with a special focus on the security field, and applies this framework to the specific case of the debate in Germany about the disclosures by Edward Snowden. By following this approach, the article strives to contribute to improved understanding of the dynamics, conditions and limitations of politicization in the purportedly special area of security.
The chromatin remodelling factor ATRX suppresses R‐loops in transcribed telomeric repeats
Authors: Nguyen Diu TT , Voon Hsiao Phin J , Xella Barbara , Scott Caroline , Clynes David , Babbs Christian , Ayyub Helena , Kerry Jon , Sharpe Jacqueline A , Sloane‐Stanley Jackie A , Butler Sue , Fisher Chris A , Gray Nicki E , Jenuwein Thomas , Higgs Douglas R , Gibbons Richard J
Published: May 2017

ATRX is a chromatin remodelling factor found at a wide range of tandemly repeated sequences including telomeres (TTAGGG)n. ATRX mutations are found in nearly all tumours that maintain their telomeres via the alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) pathway, and ATRX is known to suppress this pathway. Here, we show that recruitment of ATRX to telomeric repeats depends on repeat number, orientation and, critically, on repeat transcription. Importantly, the transcribed telomeric repeats form RNA–DNA hybrids (R‐loops) whose abundance correlates with the recruitment of ATRX. Here, we show loss of ATRX is also associated with increased R‐loop formation. Our data suggest that the presence of ATRX at telomeres may have a central role in suppressing deleterious DNA secondary structures that form at transcribed telomeric repeats, and this may account for the increased DNA damage, stalling of replication and homology‐directed repair previously observed upon loss of ATRX function.
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Towards the clinical translation of stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes
Authors: Espes Daniel , Lau Joey , Carlsson Per-Ola
Published: May 2017

Insulin-producing cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have for long been a promising, but elusive treatment far from clinical translation into type 1 diabetes therapy. However, the field is now on the verge of moving such insulin-producing cells into clinical trials. Although stem cell therapies provide great opportunities, there are also potential risks such as teratoma formation associated with the treatment. Many considerations are needed on how to proceed with clinical translation, including whether to use hESCs or iPSCs, and whether encapsulation of tissue will be needed. This review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge of stem cell therapy outcomes in animal models of type 1 diabetes and a proposed road map towards the clinical setting with special focus on the potential risks and hurdles which needs to be considered. From a clinical point of view, transplantation of insulin-producing cells derived from stem cells must be performed without immune suppression in order to be an attractive treatment option. Although costly and highly labour intensive, patient-derived iPSCs would be the only solution, if not clinically successful encapsulation or tolerance induction protocols are introduced.
A (des)confiança na polícia: uma comparação entre a relação do Ministério Público e a polícia no Brasil e na França
Authors: Barros Geraldo Pedro Heitor , Barçante Luiza Felix de Souza
Published: May 2017

Este trabalho busca analisar a relação entre a polícia e o Ministério Público no Brasil e na França, através da comparação entre duas pesquisas de campo, contrastando seus dados. No caso brasileiro, trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo sobre a organização do trabalho realizado nos gabinetes da Procuradoria de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Compara-se ela com outra pesquisa em que foi feita a observação de audiências criminais em diferentes fóruns do sudeste francês. Assim, procura-se compreender como estas instituições têm sentidos diversos nesses países, explicitando como a transparência e a cooperação na administração da justiça produzem a confiança entre os atores no caso francês ao passo que a opacidade das formas de produção dos pareceres e a disputa institucional pelo controle sobre os fatos caracteriza tal relação no caso brasileiro.
Aportes de la Economía Política internacional a la comprensión teórica de la relación entre el FMI y los países en desarrollo
Authors: Nemiña Pablo
Published: May 2017

Si bien existe consenso en que el FMI tuvo éxito en globalizar y extender la dominación de las finanzas hacia los países en desarrollo, la relación entre este organismo y los países en desarrollo no constituye un vínculo en el cual el primero impone y los segundos acatan; ni tampoco uno en el cual el  rganismo se muestra inevitablemente disconforme frente a los  ncumplimientos de los países. La comprensión del sentido histórico de la relación y del cambiante equilibrio de fuerzas entre actores requiere analizar las sucesivas negociaciones mediante las cuales emergen y se resuelven  os conflictos entre ambos actores. El objetivo de este trabajo es plantear una contribución sobre el estatus teórico de la relación entre el FMI y los países en  esarrollo, dado su rol de principales tomadores de crédito, que recupera los aportes de la Economía Política Internacional sobre la importancia de los intereses y la contribución de la Sociología respecto de la crítica a la acción racional. Se propone un marco de análisis que permite considerar la relación entre el FMI y los países en desarrollo como un vínculo complejo y dinámico cuyo resultado no está determinado de antemano.
Valoraciones y significaciones acerca del movimiento del dinero en una economía de consumo local
Authors: García Sepúlveda Gerardo Enrique
Published: May 2017

En este artículo se vierten algunas reflexiones sobre las nociones y significados que adquiere la circulación del dinero en un ámbito local específico. Los resultados que se exponen aquí se derivan de una investigación que se encuentra en curso acerca del ahorro y la inversión en la vida cotidiana. Se pretende ofrecer una mirada sobre las distintas lógicas que acompañan a los flujos del dinero, así como las valoraciones y percepciones con respecto a sus dinámicas. En última instancia, esto se relaciona con aquello que los sujetos entienden como situación económica y velocidad en el movimiento del dinero. Se ha llevado a cabo un ejercicio etnográfico y se han ejecutado, la participación-observante, el registro detallado en diarios y entrevistas abiertas. El sitio de trabajo en campo es San Miguel de Cuarenta, una localidad ubicada en el municipio de Lagos de Moreno en el estado de Jalisco, México.
Pontos de inflexão para a análise do pensamento vianniano: as posições de Oliveira Vianna sobre a entrada de 3.000 chineses no Brasil e o seu trabalho de consultor jurídico (1932-1940)
Authors: Fontana Felipe
Published: May 2017

Oliveira Vianna é um relevante expoente de nosso pensamento social e político e é justamente por isso que encontramos muitos estudos que buscam esmiuçar determinadas questões de seu pensamento ou compreender as raízes do mesmo. No entanto, se há certa facilidade em localizar trabalhos dedicados à revista do autor e de sua teoria, o mesmo não ocorre quando o interesse é investigar, por meio dos relatórios/pareceres técnicos produzidos por Vianna, a especificidade do trabalho político desenvolvido por ele entre os anos de 1932 e 1940. Nessa direção, este artigo apresentará pontualmente as posições de Vianna acerca da introdução de 3.000 chineses no Brasil. Elas estão explicitadas em um parecer técnico encaminhado por ele, através do Ministério do Trabalho, Indústria e Comércio, ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores. A realização de tal tarefa nos auxilia tanto na complexificação de algumas interpretações sobre o pensamento vianniano, quanto para dimensionarmos parte a especificidade de seu trabalho político como statemaker. Por fim, encontramos nesse parecer uma clara intersecção entre o Oliveira Vianna intelectual e o Oliveira Vianna consultor jurídico.