bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empiricism and Innate Notions
Authors: Mackie J. L.
Published: October 2003

Examines the relation between empiricism and realism. Mackie criticizes Locke's arguments against innate ideas. He draws a distinction between ‘minimal’ and ‘authoritative’ senses of knowledge and claims that innate knowledge is only possible in the minimal sense. Mackie argues that there is no necessary conflict between empiricism and realism. He concludes that it is possible to endorse both an empirical basis for our actual knowledge of the world as well as to accept the importance of certain innate propensities that contribute to that knowledge.
Value Judgement
Authors: Griffin James
Published: October 2003

The book asks how, and how much, we can improve our ethical standards—not lift our behaviour closer to our standards but refine the standards themselves. To answer this question requires answering most of the major questions of ethics. So the book includes a discussion of what a good life is like, where the bounds of the natural world come, how values relate to that world (e.g. naturalism, realism), how great human capacities—the ones important to ethics—are, and where moral norms come from. Throughout the book, the question of what philosophy can contribute to ethics arises. Philosophical traditions, such as most forms of utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, are, the book contends, too ambitious. Ethics cannot be what philosophers in those traditions expect it to be because agents cannot be what these philosophies require them to be. The book starts by questioning the adequacy of both appeals to intuition and the coherence method of justification in ethics (e.g. wide reflective equilibrium) and ends with a description of the sort of justification available to us.
The Boundaries of the Natural World
Authors: Griffin James
Published: October 2003

Can values be reduced to facts about nature? There are different forms of ethical naturalism: conceptual naturalism (that value‐terms are definable in natural terms, a view that G.E. Moore famously denounced as ‘the naturalistic fallacy’) and substantive naturalism (that certain matters of value in effect come down to certain matters about the natural world). Both these forms of naturalism bring us up against the fuzziness of the notion of the ‘natural’. In this connection, the chapter considers whether values supervene on natural properties, and ends with doubts that they do. The chapter then proposes a third form of naturalism: expansive naturalism, in which the boundaries of the ‘natural’ are pushed outward a bit, in a duly motivated way, with the effect that they now encompass basic human interests and so prudential values.
Steady States
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines the properties of steady states. It is shown that most of the familiar properties remain valid in the present model. The chapter focuses on the usual kind of steady state — defined by the condition that the composition of the capital stock, its proportional division into various categories — remains unchanged over time.
The Fixwage Path
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter analyzes the Fixwage path in the Standard Case. It begins with a steady state under an old technique. This states that at time 0 (which is the start of year 0) there is a change in technology, by which new processes become available that were not available before. At the given wage (carried over from the old steady state and remaining inflexible), there will be some particular process which is now the most profitable. Since the wage is fixed and remains fixed, that same new technique will continue to be dominant, throughout the Traverse which is discussed. Thus, there is no more than a single switch, from the old technique (C*) to the new technique (C). The chapter completes the determination of the Fixwage path, under a Q-assumption, then asks how much difference would be made, if that assumption were relaxed.
Static Method in Dynamic Theory
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

Static theory has a place of its own as something more than a preliminary to dynamics. There are problems of applied economics where a static approach is perfectly appropriate. However, there are others for which it is not appropriate. This chapter argues dynamic methods are needed for the study of such problems.
Primitive Growth Models — Adam Smith and Ricardo
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter analyses Adam Smith's Original Model, which is shown to be standing behind Smith and also standing behind Ricardo. The single-period, in this Original Model, is a natural period, the agricultural year. The initial capital comes from last year's harvest — a certain quantity of ‘corn’. This is transformed, by the production of the year, into another, presumably larger, quantity of corn. That is done in two ways: by natural reproduction, the use of corn for seed, and by employing labour in cultivation.
Stocks and Flows
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter attempts to define the concept of stock equilibrium, which is a key point of the Fixprice theory. Stock equilibrium is an equilibrium at a point of time; in accounting terms, it is an equilibrium of the balance-sheet. Although that sounds simple, the balance-sheet of a business, even as it is in practice, is quite a peculiar construction. It is important to realize that its counterpart in economic theory is also a peculiar construction, in much the same way.
Structural Disequilibrium — Traverse
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

The chief thing which has emerged from the Harrod-type theory considered in Chapter 12 is that an economy which has been in long-term equilibrium at fixed prices (which are to maintained) cannot adjust to a change in its desired growth rate, unless the propensity to save is varied, or the capital-output ratio is varied. If there is a difference between the propensities to save out of wages and out of profits, and it is these propensities that are fixed, a new equilibrium can be found, provided that there is a suitable change in the rate of profit. Indeed, if anything emerges to change the overall propensity to save out of income in the right direction, along any channel, the Harrod difficulty can be got over. And if the change in the growth rate affects the capital-output ratio in the right direction, that also will help. But suppose the Harrod difficulty has been got over: that a suitable change in the propensity to save, for whatever reason, has occurred — will that be the end of the trouble? The magic that used to be attributed to a Keynesian fiscal policy assumed that it would; but there is a school of economists who have been maintaining, all along, that it is not. They do have something to say; this chapter looks for a method which will give it attention.
Discrimination in Terms of the Long‐Run Component: A Test for Trend Stationarity
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

This chapter analyses a measure of long-run component, b(1). It is argued that the non-parametric variance ratio used to measure the importance of long-run components in economic time series cannot be used to discriminate the difference and the trend stationarity. The MA unit-root test is derived, which is the locally best test on the basis of the invariance principle. It is shown that the MA unit-root test for the Δxt is useful in testing for the trend stationarity of xt against the difference stationarity.
Viewing the Discrimination as a Model Selection Problem Including Deterministic Trends
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

The discrimination between trend stationarity (TS) and difference stationarity (DS) depends on the valid selection of models for deterministic trends. This chapter introduces polynomial trends and linear trends with intercept and slope changes. The encompassing theory in Mizon (1984) and Mizon and Richard (1986) is extended into a comparison of P-values to test for DS against TS, and TS against DS. Simulation results are presented to investigate the separability of DS and TS models and the fairness of the comparison.
Bayesian Discrimination
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

This chapter reviews Bayesian studies of the unit root. It identifies three different categories of discrimination that have emerged in Bayesian unit-root literature, where stationarity is discriminated from non-stationarity in the first category, and a point-null hypothesis, ρ = 1, is compared with alternative hypotheses in the second and third. It is shown that the third category, which contains only Schotman and van Dijk (1991a, b, 1993), deals with the discrimination between difference stationarity and trend stationarity.
Asymptotic Inference Theories on Co‐Integrated Regressions
Authors: Hatanaka Michio
Published: October 2003

This chapter analyses co-integrated regressions. It considers the cases where Δxt is i.i.d without a drift, Δxt is still i.i.d. but has a deterministic drift, and Δxt is serially correlated. It discusses testing for co-integration, and co-integrated regression models’ assumption of some basic aspect of the co-integration space called the location of non-singular submatrices in B’.
Basic Definitions and Concepts
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

We give the basic definitions of integration, cointegration, common trends, and attractor set in the framework of linear processes. We define the concept I(d) of a process integrated of order d. The component processes are allowed to be integrated of different order, to be able to analyse stationary and non‐stationary data in the same model.
Cointegration and Representation of Integrated Variables
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

Contains the mathematical and algebraic results needed to understand the properties of I(1) and I(2) processes generated by autoregressive and moving average models. The basic result is Grangers representation theorem, which gives necessary and sufficient conditions on the coefficients of the autoregressive model for the process to be integrated of order 1 and 2. We introduce the error correction model for I(1) and I(2) processes.
Hypothesis Testing for the Long‐Run Coefficients β
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

A number of models defined by linear restrictions on the cointegrating vectors are solved by reduced rank regression or slight modifications of it. We calculate the degrees of freedom for likelihood ratio tests of various hypotheses, which are asymptotically χ2 distributed.
The I(2) Model and a Test for I(2)
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

We define the I(2) model as a sub‐model of the general vector autoregressive model and discuss various modifications of the model by restricting the deterministic terms. We derive a misspecification test for I(2)components, in order to check the validity of the I(1) model.
Probability Properties of I (1) Processes
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

The basic properties of I(1) processes defined by the vector autoregressive model with a constant term are given. We discuss the behaviour of the process in different directions, and apply these results to find asymptotic properties of various product moment matrices needed to derive properties of likelihood ratio tests and estimators. Estimators and test statistics are derived under the assumption of Gaussian errors, but the limit results are proved under the more general assumption that the errors are independent with the same distribution with mean zero and finite variance.
Determination of Cointegrating Rank
Authors: Johansen Søren
Published: October 2003

Contains a procedure for determination of cointegrating rank in the vector autoregressive model in the presence of deterministic terms. The asymptotic analysis of the trace test shows that the procedure is consistent and that the correct value of the rank is found with a high probability.
The Birth of Political Economy
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

Starts by characterizing the end of the Middle Ages and the beginnings of the modern world. Then considers mercantilism, with special emphasis on demographic and monetary theories and policies. Finally, exposes the contributions of some relevant forerunners of classical political economy (W. Petty; J. Locke; D. North; B. Mandeville; R. Cantillon).
The Years of High Theory: I
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

Assesses the reasons for the crisis of neoclassical theory in the inter‐war period in the light of 1929 crisis and the ensuing depression. Reconstructs the emergence of the Keynesian theoretical system and evaluates the political philosophy of Keynesianism. Finally, considers the contributions of M. Kalecki and J. Schumpeter.
The Years of High Theory: II
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2003

Deals with the reaction of the Neoclassical School to the criticism levied against it in the inter‐war period. Emphasizes the developments of general equilibrium theory and the birth of the new welfare economics due to L. Robbins. Examines the debate on economic calculation under socialism and the birth of the institutional school due to T. Veblen.
Organizational Change
Authors: Domberger Simon , Domberger Simon
Published: October 2003

This chapter and the previous three consider the alternative means through which a contracting strategy is devised and implemented. Chapter 8 discusses the problems of organizational change associated with the introduction of contracting out––problems that are frequently the major obstacles to structural adjustment. The different parts of the chapter are as follows: Contracting out and organizational change; Impact on staff; Clean break or negotiated transfer? Terms and conditions of transfer; TUPE––the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Act in the UK, which is an implementation of the European Community Acquired Rights Directive (ARD, 1977); Managing transition; and Impact on customers and suppliers.
Introduction and Motivations
Authors: Gouriéroux Christian , Monfort Alain
Published: October 2003

Reviews the standard parametric or semi‐parametric methods (Maximum Likelihood, Pseudo‐Maximum Likelihood, GMM). Then, considers models in which the likelihood function or the conditional moments do not admit a tractable form. Finally, describes a general non‐linear framework in which path simulations or conditional simulations will be useful.
The Method of Simulated Moments (MSM)
Authors: Gouriéroux Christian , Monfort Alain
Published: October 2003

Presents the GMM method in the static case and in the dynamic case. In the latter case, carefully distinguishes the method based on dynamic conditional moments and the method based on static conditional moments. Then, considers the simulated analogues of these methods and their asymptotic properties.
Portfolio Dynamics
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2003

In this chapter, we discuss some basic concepts of portfolio theory, in particular self‐financing portfolios.
Forwards and Futures
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2003

In this chapter, we provide fairly general results for forward and futures prices.
Protection and Income Distribution
Authors: Corden W. Max
Published: October 2003

The effects of trade taxes on income distribution are discussed. The chapter elaborates in detail the Stolper–Samuelson model and introduces the concept of the ‘conservative social welfare function’.
The Exchange Rate, Trade Policy, and the Current Account
Authors: Corden W. Max
Published: October 2003

A simple model that shows the relationship between the real exchange rate and tariffs is presented. In general, unilateral trade liberalization requires depreciation. The concepts of exchange rate protection and of the real appreciation problem is introduced, as well as the role of protection when the exchange rate is fixed.
Introduction
Authors: Hare R. M.
Published: October 2003

Introduces the main themes of the book and expresses the basic conflict between freedom and reason.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Hare R. M.
Published: October 2003

Through consideration of another practical case, this chapter opens the way to a generalization of the method of argument outlined previously. Multilateral cases raise the question of how the interests of all parties can be resolved into a determinate moral conclusion, which brings the discussion to a standpoint that has affinities with classical utilitarianism. Like the principle of universalizability, the form of the utilitarian principle espoused is purely logical. In both cases, the moral substance comes from fleshing out the parties’ actual inclinations and interests. The chapter embarks on a short survey of the challenges faced by a utilitarian system of this kind, before considering the concept of happiness, act‐utilitarianism, and rule‐utilitarianism.
The Distribution of Individual Earnings
Authors: Phelps Brown Henry
Published: October 2003

This chapter follows the examination in the previous chapter of differences in the dispersion of individual pay about the average in the presence of a given structure of pay by occupation. The differences are explored by another approach here, which tries to account for some of the remarkable properties of the statistical form of the distribution of individual earnings, and thereby to contribute to a philosophy of the inequality of pay between one person and another. The different sections of the chapter are: The form of the distribution of individual earnings; Processes by which distributions are formed; An index of ability to work; The generation of the distribution of ability to work by factors impinging in successive stages of personal development; The link between ATW [ability to work] and pay; and The influence of particular factors upon individual earnings. The last section reviews and discusses the material presented, drawing out six main points.
The Struggle for a Hegemonic Presidency
Authors: Gill Graeme , Markwick Roger D.
Published: October 2003

With the fall of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Russia as an independent state, the Russian political elite sought to mould a new political system. Yeltsin and those around him set out to create a hegemonic presidency, with significant power vested in the office of the president and the presidential apparatus he constructed. In contrast, the majority in the legislature seemed to favour a system in which presidential power was more restricted and the legislature had a dominant role to play. Such political differences, heightened by conflict over the policies of economic shock therapy introduced by the Gaidar government, culminated in Yeltsin's sacking of the legislature and his dispersal of it by force in a Bonapartist coup, ratified by legislative elections and a constitutional referendum.
Conclusion
Authors: Webb Paul
Published: October 2003

Starts by presenting a summary of the findings of the national case studies covered in the study of political parties and democratic control in advanced democratic societies. The summary excludes the case of the European Union, and the findings are presented under the same three headings used in the case studies: party legitimacy; party organizational strength, and systemic functionality. The following section discusses political parties and democratic theory, and a concluding section looks at parties and democratic reform.
Imagines Intextae: Images Interwoven in the Text
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: October 2003

A continuation of Ch. 4, this offers two extended examples of Paulinus’ imagistic meditations. It includes observations about the representational art of the period, its preference for abbreviated scenes, and the way in which they are linked – through biblical or parabiblical texts that are not necessarily alluded to explicitly. The passages discussed are both from Letter 23 of Paulinus: (1) links images of Christ as bridegroom and as Head of the Church – and the symbolism around his hair (deriving from the Song of Songs); (2) shows how these patterns of imagistic thought facilitate the association of Christ as man with Christ as word.
Theorizing Indigenous Rights
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

This chapter reviews the book “Indigenous Peoples in International Law” by James Anaya. The book explores the theory that indigenous peoples are a distinct category, and should not be classified under the heading of national minorities. It is argued that this theory conflicts with the realities of international law and the self-understandings of many defenders of indigenous rights. It also appears to justify only transnational rather than permanent differences in the rights of indigenous peoples and stateless nations.
Truth and Justifiability
Authors: Künne Wolfgang
Published: October 2003

According to alethic anti‐realism, truth does not outrun justifiability. I first expound three classical versions of alethic anti‐realism,––Brentano's foundationalism, neo‐Hegelian and neopositivist coherentism, and Peircean consensualism,––and point at problems that are peculiar to them. I go on to scrutinize the very liberal variety Putnam upheld for a while (truth is idealized rational acceptability), comparing it with Dummett's conception of ‘global anti‐realism’ and with kindred proposals made by Goodman (truth is permanent credibility) and, in an exploratory spirit, by Wright (truth is superassertibility). I give various reasons for dissatisfaction, among them why Putnam himself recanted. Then I try to support this recantation by presenting an objection, inspired by what has come to be called the Fitch Argument, against all versions of alethic anti‐realism: the argument from blind spots in the field of justification. I conclude my case against Frege's redundancy/omnipresence thesis, and I close with a brief sermon against alethic pluralism.
Equality and Responsibility
Authors: Lake Christopher
Published: October 2003

These days, arguments about distributive justice—i.e. arguments about who should get what—often centre around two ideas. One is that goods should be distributed equally. The other is that how people fare in life should depend on what they are responsible for. In a wide‐ranging discussion, the author asks what it is that draws us to these two ideas and whether they lend themselves to being combined, in the way contemporary egalitarian thinkers seek to combine them, or whether they necessarily pull in different directions. Along the way, he examines how arguments about responsibility and natural talents bear upon the standing of market rewards and he looks at recent theoretical attempts to show that the recipients of social benefits should be willing to engage in contributive activity in return. The conclusion is clear—there is no natural tendency for a commitment to equality to support an attachment to responsibility nor for an attachment to responsibility to support a commitment to equality.
The Social Division of Responsibility
Authors: Lake Christopher
Published: October 2003

Ch. 4 looks in more detail at the place of claims about responsibility in arguments not just about how goods should be distributed but also about what those goods should be. It assesses an argument that appears to combine claims about what people are responsible for with claims about what they should have equal amounts of, namely, the social division of responsibility argument advanced by Rawls.
The Delors Report: From Intentions to Action
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso
Published: October 2003

An examination is made of the prospects for European Monetary Union following the publication of the Delors Report (Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the European Community) in 1989. Three main aspects are addressed: the definition of monetary union; the link between economic union and monetary union; and the question of gradualism.
Existence
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: October 2003

The ‘naïve view’ of existence, according to which ‘exists’ is a genuine predicate, expressing a genuine property, is defended against the orthodox Russellian view, which maintains that to predicate existence of an object is really to say of some property that it is instantiated. It is argued that the orthodox view faces intractable problems, which the naïve view does not face, and that the latter fares better than the former in three specific contexts in which the notion of existence plays a central role: the cogito, essentialism, and the ontological argument.
Necessity
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: October 2003

The view that modal expressions can be successfully paraphrased by means of quantification over possible worlds is rejected on the grounds that such translations are either circular or inadequate. It is argued instead that modal expressions function as ‘copula modifiers’, specifying whether an object instantiates a property in the ‘necessary mode’ or in the ‘contingent mode’. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of some metaphysical issues about modality, including whether it constitutes a sui generis ontological category and whether it is causally efficacious.
The History of Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Wilkins Mira
Published: October 2003

The literature on the history of multinational enterprises (MNEs) is reviewed in sections. These cover general works, case studies, industry studies, diplomatic history and the history of public policy, early history, emerging ideas, and business history journals.
The Multilateral Trading System
Authors: Ostry Sylvia
Published: October 2003

The main changes in the multilateral world‐trading system since and including the GATT Uruguay Round in 1994 are summarized, and the most urgent reforms needed to keep the system going are highlighted. The roots of the changes that have occurred are traced to the transformation of the trading system initiated in the Uruguay Round, in which the new issues of intellectual property and services were included; however, the spread of Internet use in the mid‐1990s has been equally important. In addition, there are ongoing changes in the climate of ideas that raise questions about the neoclassical model at the core of economics and trade policy. It is argued that if the rules‐based system is to endure, coping with these changes will require structural reform not only of the WTO (GATT's replacement) but also of the post‐war international architecture.
The Smaller Economies of Pacific Asia and Their Business Systems
Authors: Redding Gordon
Published: October 2003

The historical background to the business systems of the smaller economies of Pacific Asia and the general characteristics of the region are discussed. While in most Western capitalist systems, the accessing of capital is now largely a private activity, in the smaller economies of Pacific Asia the government is much more involved in this. The countries concerned fall into several categories—South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, where the state is very forcefully involved, the ASEAN states outside Singapore where the governments monopolize economic power but are not yet authentically capitalist, and Vietnam where the political will for radical change is weak; Hong Kong is a special case of positive non‐intervention by government. A further characteristic of the business systems in these countries is that they are opaque. The last part of the chapter considers the business systems in specific national cultures: South Korea; Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore; Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand; and Vietnam.
Introduction
Authors: Lafferty William M. , Meadowcroft James
Published: October 2003

Establishes the conceptual and methodological framework for the study of government efforts to implement sustainable development in the industrialized countries. It examines the emergence of sustainable development in international political discourse, the engagement of the social science research community with sustainable development, and the implementation problems associated with sustainable development. It anchors the understanding of sustainable development in the 1987 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development and the subsequent international process that led on to the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. It suggests that while sustainable development will remain a politically contested concept, it also possesses a core meaning that can orient policy development.
Germany: Regulation and the Precautionary Principle
Authors: Beuermann Christiane
Published: October 2003

Analyses efforts of the German government to come to terms with sustainable development. It argues that while Germany was considered an environmental policy innovator during the 1980s, the country's environmental administration was slow to engage with the concept of sustainable development. However, by the turn of the millennium sustainable development had gained rhetorical acceptance across government and there was evidence that the new SDP/Green coalition government was engaging more systematically with environmental issues.
Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and Minority Nationalism
Authors: Moore Margaret
Published: October 2003

The Enlightenment dream of a cosmopolitan global culture has acquired a new vigour by the current context of global economic restructuring, which has revived conceptions of nationalism as a backward and atavistic romanticization of the past. There are, however, three basic misconceptions in this opposition between globalization and nationalism, which are explored in this chapter. The first involves the assumption that nationalism is related to the economic ‘base’ of societies, and that a globalizing economy must therefore work towards a globalization of society that renders nations and nationalism obsolete. The second asserts that acculturation––i.e. the increasing standardization of cultural forms––will necessarily or automatically translate into the assimilation of minority nationalisms. The third involves a set of mistaken assumptions that a global cosmopolitan culture is in some way an ideal at which human society is or should be aiming. The chapter aims to encourage a new view of minority nationalism, which is consistent with an enlightened cosmopolitanism and with managed globalization of the economy.
Principles of Corporate Taxation
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu
Published: October 2003

Describes the general features of corporate taxes, which has steadily developed into the largest or second largest source of tax revenue in the national tax system. Major issues are its basic nature, integration problems between the corporate and individual income taxes, incidence of the tax and so on.
Preservation Versus the People?
Authors: Humphrey Mathew
Published: October 2003

Environmental political philosophy has generally been framed around the differing axiologies of ecocentrism (nature‐centred) and anthropocentric (human‐centred) forms of ethics. This book seeks to challenge the political relevance of this philosophical dispute with respect to the problem of nature preservation as public policy. A detailed analysis of the philosophical underpinnings of both ecocentric and ‘ecological humanist’ positions shows that the ‘embedded humanism’ within ecocentric arguments offers an opportunity to move beyond the ecocentric‐anthropocentric divide. Furthermore, a principle of ‘strong irreplaceability’ with regard to natural goods can provide the basis for a political argument for nature preservation that is compatible with both human‐centred and nature‐centred concerns.
New Marx for Old? Marxism, Humanity, and Ecology
Authors: Humphrey Mathew
Published: October 2003

The proponents of an ecologically inspired form of Marxism, or a Marx‐inspired form of political ecology, argue that eco‐Marxism transcends the anthropocentric‐ecocentric dichotomy, and this chapter assesses that claim. The concept of nature in the work of Marx is examined, as are the ecological interpretations of Marx and Engels’ account of the ‘human‐nature metabolism.’ The differences between eco‐Marxism and ‘orthodox Marxism, as well as between eco‐Marxism and other forms of ecological politics are explored. Ultimately, it is held that Marx's commitment to the humanization of nature in the fulfilment of humanity's species‐being disables any form of Marxism from being adequately ecological.
Conclusion
Authors: Humphrey Mathew
Published: October 2003

Here the threads of the previous chapters are pulled together, and problems posed in the putative relationship between ontology and axiology are considered. A serious problem with ecocentric argument is its attempt to eliminate political contingency from arguments for nature preservation, such contingency cannot be overcome by appeals to the existence of natural values. The argument is made that the ‘strong irreplaceability’ of natural entities provides sound (but not incontrovertible) grounds for nature preservation, and does so irrespective of any position with respect to the ecocentric‐anthropocentric divide in axiology.
Exploring the ‘Market Failure’ Hypothesis
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert
Published: October 2003

Explores how far variety amongst risk regulation regimes can be explained by ‘market failure’ explanations of risk regulation. A ‘market failure’ approach assumes that state activity will consist of the minimal level of intervention needed to correct for specific failures in market or tort‐law processes created by risks—i.e. where the costs of individuals informing themselves about risks or opting out of risks through market or civil law methods are very high. This chapter analyses the market failure characteristics of the nine case‐study risks and then compares theoretical expectations with what is observed in practice. Analysis suggests that ‘market failure’ explanations can go some way in explaining observed regime variety, and certainly take us beyond superficial ideas of the ‘nanny state’ or its converse, but cannot predict a substantial proportion of observed features and paradoxes.
Regime Content and Context Revisited: An Overall Picture
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert
Published: October 2003

Explores how much each of the three drivers discussed in the previous three chapters contributes to explaining variation in risk regulation regimes. The chapter explores the extent to which the three drivers pull together or in opposite directions in shaping regimes and explores the amount of regime variation that cannot be explained by any of them singly or in combination. Special attention is paid to those aspects of regime content that cannot be explained by the three contextual elements and the chapter identifies the importance of considering the ‘inner‐lives’ of regimes in aiding our understanding of regime variety. Overall, the chapter concludes that the orthodox accounts provided in the preceeding chapters, when taken together, can go a long way to explain the form and content of risk regulation regimes without recourse to grand theories of ‘high modernity’.
The Regime Perspective in Risk Regulation: Implications for Policy and Institutional Design
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert
Published: October 2003

Rehearses what the regime perspective can do for enhancing our understanding of how risk regulation varies, works, and fails. Drawing on the preceeding analysis, the chapter identifies three key problems central to contemporary risk regulation. First, the chapter argues that many of the regimes studied in the book were afflicted by limited institutional coherence, with basic constituent components either missing, malfunctioning or poorly linked. Second, the chapter argues that contemporary trends to reform risk regulation regimes need to take greater account of blame‐avoidance imperatives in the institutional shaping of reform processes. Third, the chapter identifies some of the challenges and intractabilities of actually doing risk regulation, which are often overlooked by commonly cited but rarely followed principles of better regulation. The book concludes with an overall assessment of what future developments in regime analysis might promise for our further understanding of risk regulation.
International Support for Democracy in Contemporary Latin America: The Role of the Party Internationals
Authors: Grabendorff Wolf
Published: October 2003

Investigates the important contribution made to democratic political culture in the Latin American countries by the activities of Party Internationals, all of which are represented in the European Parliament. It examines the concepts of democracy espoused by the PIs, and the reasons for the intensity of their interest in promoting good relations between Europe and Latin America. It then discusses the institutional structure of the PIs, and their channels of influence, both of parties in government and in opposition, in Spain, France, Germany, and the European Parliament.
Basicality
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: October 2003

To be justified, a belief must be ‘based’ on its grounds. For an externalist, being based on grounds is being ‘caused’ by these grounds (by a non‐deviant route). For an internalist (normally), a belief is said to be based on basic beliefs. But then, the believer would need to believe that his belief is caused and/or rendered probable by the basic beliefs; and then maybe actual causing is not even necessary. Further, basic beliefs need to be understood rather as basic propositions that come to the believer with different degrees of prior probability, which measure their initial strengths—only some of these are sufficiently strong to form beliefs. Some actual basic propositions are, for a priori reasons, not rightly basic (e.g. because they are beliefs in a logically impossible proposition). But in general (following the Principle of Credulity), a basic proposition, of whatever strength, is (to that strength) rightly basic.
The Value of Diachronic Justification
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: October 2003

A belief is diachronically justified if it is synchronically justified and results from adequate investigation. Whether the time devoted to an investigation is adequate depends (positively) on how probable it was at the start that investigation would lead to evidence that would greatly change the probability of the belief at stake and how probable it was that the issue was important, and (negatively) on how probable it was that pursuing the investigation would take much time and money. All of these ‘probabilities’ can be spelled out in different internalist and externalist ways, and so there are many different kinds of diachronic justification. Most of these kinds are worth having, because it is logically probable that adequate investigation will lead (without excessive cost) to the believer having his important beliefs more probably true; and justified belief of two of these kinds is also intrinsically valuable. However, the believer can only have access to the justification of an internally justified belief.
Phenomenal Concepts
Authors: Papineau David
Published: October 2003

Explores the structure of phenomenal concepts. It examines how far they are expressed by everyday words, compares them to perceptual concepts, develops a quotational model of their workings, considers how far they give rise to incorrigible judgements, and discusses whether they violate Wittgenstein's “private language argument”.
How and Why Population Matters: New Findings, New Issues
Authors: Birdsall Nancy , Sinding Steven W.
Published: October 2003

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion on the effects of demographic change on economic growth in developing countries. It draws on the studies included in this volume to illustrate the specific effects of demographic change: economic revisionism, population growth, fertility, poverty, family, and the use of natural resources. Finally, policy implications are discussed.
Slovakia: Misreading the Western Message
Authors: Samson Ivo
Published: October 2003

Shows the relative failure of Western pressure aimed at improving the democratic record of successive Slovak governments led by the former Prime Minister Vladimir Mečiar. The chapter points to several factors that contributed to the ineffectiveness of Western influence. Firstly, the manner in which Slovakia achieved independence created unfavourable conditions for its democratic consolidation. The division of Czechoslovakia was accomplished against the will of the majority of Slovaks and officially presented as a rejection of rapid and radical transformation. Secondly, a new proud and insecure State tried to assert its independence of all external actors. Western pressure was often considered as alien to Slovak culture and in conflict with Slovak national interest. Thirdly, the former Prime Minister, Vladimir Mečiar, misread Western determination to bring about democratic reforms in Slovakia. It was wrongly believed that regardless of its many democratic flaws, Slovakia would soon become a member of the European Union and NATO, simply because of its unique geostrategic importance and decent economic performance. Bratislava thought that allowing free and relatively fair elections in Slovakia would be enough to satisfy Western actors. However, the West wanted Slovakia to embrace a Western‐type of liberal constitutionalism before considering its possible membership in the EU and NATO. Overall, Slovakia's misperception of its geopolitical uniqueness and paradoxes of its domestic political development led to serious misunderstandings about Western responses.
Conclusions: Foreign Made Democracy
Authors: Zielonka Jan
Published: October 2003

The concluding chapter identifies a set of variables responsible for the enormous impact of external factors on democratic consolidation in Eastern Europe: (1) the historical legacy, (2) the liberal‐democratic ideological paradigm, and (3) the forces of globalization. Next, it conceptualizes the interplay of external and internal factors impinging upon democracy and assesses positive and negative kinds of external impacts on democracy. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of the conscious Western effort to craft or engineer democracy in Eastern Europe. Despite inconsistent signals and the lack of a broader strategic design for Europe, the West has succeeded in creating an environment conducive to democratic reform in the post‐communist arena. Linking membership of western institutions to democracy and other reforms has been a characteristic feature of this crafting effort.
Augustine's Commentary on Galatians
Authors: Plumer Eric
Published: October 2003

Here translated into English for the first time, Augustine's Commentary on Galatians is his only complete, formal commentary on any book of the Bible, and it offers unique insights into his understanding of Paul and of his own task as a biblical interpreter. In addition to an English translation with facing Latin text, the present volume provides a comprehensive introduction, copious notes, appendices, a bibliography, and four indices. Since Galatians is the only book of the Bible commented upon by all the ancient Latin commentators—including Jerome, Pelagius, Ambrosiaster, and Marius Victorinus, as well as Augustine—it provides a basis for comparing them and for identifying Augustine's special concerns and emphases. Although Augustine's Commentary contains implicit polemic (against Manicheism and Donatism, for example), it is not essentially a polemical commentary but rather a pastoral commentary intended to aid Augustine in his endeavour to lead, strengthen, and unify the Catholic community at Hippo in North Africa. This pastoral purpose flows naturally from Augustine's dual role as parish priest and spiritual director of his own monastic community. One of the most important ways Christians build community is by correcting one another. Augustine reads Galatians as a model of Christian correction for three main reasons: first, Paul wrote his letter to correct the Galatians; second, in the letter, Paul recounts how he once corrected Peter at Antioch; and third, Paul concludes his letter with instructions on how the Galatians should correct one another. Augustine believes that Christian correction should always be given and received in a spirit of humility and love—the very spirit that Jesus exemplified, commended, and bestowed as a gift.

Augustine's Commentary has crucial links to other works he wrote at the time, especially his monastic Rule and De Doctrina Christiana. Augustine's emphasis on Galatians as a pastoral letter designed to preserve and strengthen Christian unity links the Commentary to his monastic Rule, while his method and sources link it to, and indeed pave the way for, the theory of biblical interpretation set forth in De Doctrina Christiana.
Augustine in Relation to the Other Latin Commentators on Paul in Late Antiquity
Authors: Plumer Eric
Published: October 2003

Compares Augustine's Commentary with the other Latin commentaries on Galatians from this period, chiefly with a view to tracing lines of influence, and uncovers a complex network of interconnections among them. An argument based largely on Augustine's Confessions and De Doctrina Christiana is put forward to show the strong likelihood that Augustine made use of Marius Victorinus’ Commentary when composing his own. Augustine's rejection of Jerome's interpretation of Galatians 2: 11–14 is explained, as is Jerome's rejection of Marius Victorinus’ interpretation of the same passage. Augustine's use of Ambrosiaster's Commentary is deemed highly probable but not demonstrable, as is Pelagius’ use of Augustine's Commentary. Parallels between Augustine's Commentary and that of the anonymous commentator discovered by H. J. Frede are judged insignificant.
In Favor of Four‐Dimensionalism Part 1
Authors: Sider Theodore
Published: October 2003

Some traditional arguments for four‐dimensionalism are weak: denying four‐dimensionalism does not prohibit the application of modern logic to natural language, does not imply the A‐theory of time and is consistent with special relativity. Others have some force but are inconclusive: the argument from analogies between time and space and Lewis's argument from temporary intrinsics. Some new arguments fare better. (1) Only four‐dimensionalists can admit certain (admittedly exotic) possibilities involving timeless objects and time travel into one's own past. (2) Either substantivalism or relationalism about space‐time is true. Given substantivalism (and a sensible, flexible theory of de re modal predication), one might as well identify continuants with regions of space‐time, which have temporal parts. Alternatively, one could identify continuants with instantaneous slices of space‐time and employ temporal counterpart theory; either way, we have a four‐dimensionalist metaphysics of continuants. On the other hand, relationalism about space‐time cannot be made to work without temporal parts. So either way, we have an argument for four‐dimensionalism. (3) It can never be vague how many objects exist; if temporal parts do not exist then a restrictive account of which filled regions of space‐time contain objects must be given; but no such account can be given that is plausible and non‐vague.
In Favor of Four‐Dimensionalism, Part 2: The Best Unified Theory of the Paradoxes of Coincidence
Authors: Sider Theodore
Published: October 2003

We need a general solution to a cluster of related paradoxes in which numerically distinct material objects appear to share exactly the same parts. Those paradoxes include the statue and the lump of clay, undetached parts, fission, fusion and longevity, vague identity, and conventional identity. A good solution is given by the ‘worm theory’, according to which continuants are aggregates of temporal parts; a better solution is given by the ‘stage theory’, according to which continuants are instantaneous temporal parts, whose temporal properties are understood via temporal counterpart theory. There are other solutions that do not appeal to temporal parts: Wiggins's constitution theory, Burke's dominance view, Gallois's temporary identity theory, eliminativism, and mereological essentialism. But these are arguably inferior: some are insufficiently general, others are subject to powerful criticisms.