bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La mirada atenta. Aproximaciones a la creación arquitectónica
Authors: Alba Dorado María Isabel
Published: May 2016

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar acerca de la importancia de la mirada en el proceso creativo del proyecto arquitectónico. Toda creación se apoya en una mirada atenta, que actúa como instrumento de conocimiento y de reflexión; una mirada activa y creadora, que contiene un pensamiento, pero también en unas manos que vuelcan estos pensamientos al papel y los materializan. En este sentido, la docencia de Proyectos debería contemplar como tarea fundamental la educación de la mirada, con el fin de que el alumno desarrolle una capacidad perceptiva que le lleve a abordar de una forma creativa todo proyecto de arquitectura.
La tercera directriz: la equi-distribución. Parametrización de superficies regladas en la arquitectura
Authors: Crespo Cabillo Isabel , Àvila Casademont Genís
Published: May 2016

Algunas figuras estudiadas en la tesis doctoral “Control gráfico de formas y superficies de transición” son superficies que no se corresponden con ninguna forma geométrica estándar. Este artículo argumenta que la forma de la arquitectura viene condicionada por las leyes de la construcción material y genera nuevas figuras tan geométricas como las clasificadas en los libros y teorías.
El método de los gajos como sistema de control en el trazado y la construcción de las cubriciones abovedadas vandelvirianas
Authors: Estepa Rubio Antonio , Estepa Rubio Jesús
Published: May 2016

Andrés de Vandelvira personaliza la figura de un investigador que, desde el profundo conocimiento y dominio del oficio, supo ensayar revolucionarias soluciones arquitectónicas que han venido a demostrar la importancia de los arquitectos del sur peninsular en la Historia de la Arquitectura del Renacimiento en España. El manejo detallado del trazado del método de los gajos permite reflexionar sobre los sistemas formales de diseño ensayados por Vandelvira. No en balde, algunas de las características soluciones del arquitecto son objeto de inteligentes manipulaciones de esta lógica fundamental. La necesidad por resolver unívocamente cuestiones de carácter ejecutivo, estructural, formal y compositivo, hizo que se depurasen métodos de dimensionado y puesta en obra que en la actualidad siguen siendo dignos de admiración.
Plan Director de la catedral de Murcia. De la teoría metodológica.
Authors: Vera Botí Alfredo
Published: May 2016

Resumen no disponible
Role of vertical and horizontal mixing in the tape recorder signal near the tropical tropopause
Authors: Glanville Anne A. , Birner Thomas
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Nearly all air enters the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). The TTL therefore exerts a control on stratospheric chemistry and climate. The hemispheric meridional overturning (Brewer-Dobson) circulation spreads this TTL influence upward and poleward. Stratospheric water vapor concentrations are set near the tropical tropopause and are nearly conserved in the lowermost stratosphere. The resulting upward propagating tracer transport signal of seasonally varying entry concentrations is known as the tape recorder signal. Here, we study the roles of vertical and horizontal mixing in shaping the tape recorder signal in the tropical lowermost stratosphere. We analyze the tape recorder signal using data from satellite observations, a reanalysis, and a chemistry-climate model (CCM). Modifying past methods, we are able to capture the seasonal cycle of effective vertical transport velocity in the tropical lowermost stratosphere, which is found to be multiple times stronger than residual vertical velocities for the reanalysis and the CCM. We also study the tape recorder signal in an idealized one-dimensional transport model. By performing a parameter-sweep we test a range of different strengths of transport contributions by vertical advection, vertical mixing, and horizontal mixing. Introducing seasonality in the transport strengths we find that the most successful simulation of the observed tape recorder signal requires quadrupled vertical mixing in the lowermost tropical stratosphere compared to previous estimates in the literature. Vertical mixing is especially important during boreal summer when vertical advection is weak. The reanalysis requires excessive amounts of vertical mixing compared to observations but also to the CCM, which hints at the role of spurious dispersion due to data assimilation. Contrasting the results between pressure and isentropic coordinates allows further insights into quasi-adiabatic vertical mixing, e.g. associated with breaking gravity waves. Horizontal mixing, which takes place primarily along isentropes due to Rossby wave breaking, is captured more consistently in isentropic coordinates. Overall our study emphasizes the role of vertical mixing in lowermost tropical stratospheric transport, which appears to be as important as vertical advection by the residual mass circulation. This questions the perception of the "tape recorder" as a manifestation of slow upward transport as opposed to a phenomenon influenced by quick and intense transport through mixing, at least near the tape head.
Cloud Photogrammetry with Dense Stereo for Fisheye Cameras
Authors: Beekmans Christoph , Schneider Johannes , Läbe Thomas , Stachniss Cyrill , Simmer Clemens
Published: May 2016

Abstract. In this paper, we present our approach for dense 3D cloud reconstruction using two hemispheric sky imagers with fisheye lenses in a stereo setup. Fisheye lenses follow a different projection function than classical pinhole-type cameras, which provide a large field of view with a single image, but also renders the computation of dense 3D information more complicated, such that we cannot rely entirely on standard implementations for dense 3D stereo reconstruction. In this work, we examine the epipolar rectification model, which allows the use of dense matching algorithms designed for classical perspective cameras to search for disparity information at every pixel. Together with an appropriate camera calibration, which includes internal camera geometry and global position and orientation of the stereo camera pair, we can use the disparity information for dense 3D stereo reconstruction of the a cloud and thus estimate its shape. From the obtained 3D shapes, cloud dynamics, size, motion, type and spacing can be derived and used e.g. for radiation closure under cloudy conditions. We implemented and evaluated the proposed approach using real world data and present two case studies. In the first case, we validate the quality and accuracy of the method by comparing the stereo reconstruction of a stratocumulus layer with the reflectivity observations measured by a cloud radar and the cloud base height estimated from a Lidar-ceilometer. The second case analyzes a rapid cumulus convection in the presence of strong wind shear.
Stratospheric gravity waves at southern hemisphere orographic hotspots: 2003–2014 AIRS/Aqua observations
Authors: Hoffmann Lars , Grimsdell Alison W. , Alexander M. Joan
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Stratospheric gravity waves from small-scale orographic sources are currently not well-represented in general circulation models. This may be a reason why many simulations have difficulty reproducing the dynamical behaviour of the southern hemisphere polar vortex in a realistic manner. Here we discuss a 12-year record (2003–2014) of stratospheric gravity wave activity at southern hemisphere orographic hotspots as observed by the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Aqua satellite. We introduce a simple and effective approach, referred to as the "two-box method", to detect gravity wave activity from infrared nadir sounder measurements and to discriminate between gravity waves from orographic and other sources. From austral mid fall to mid spring (April–October) the contributions of orographic sources to the observed gravity wave occurrence frequencies were found to be largest for the Andes (90 %), followed by the Antarctic Peninsula (76 %), Kerguelen Islands (73 %), Tasmania (70 %), New Zealand (67 %), Heard Island (60 %), and other hotspots (24–54 %). Mountain wave activity was found to be closely correlated with peak terrain altitudes, and with zonal winds in the lower troposphere and mid stratosphere. We propose a simple model to predict the occurrence of mountain wave events in the AIRS observations using zonal wind thresholds at 3 hPa and 750 hPa. The model has significant predictive skill for hotspots where gravity wave activity is primarily due to orographic sources. It typically reproduces seasonal variations of the mountain wave occurrence frequencies at the Antarctic Peninsula and Kerguelen Islands from near zero to over 60 % with mean absolute errors of 4–5 percentage points. The prediction model can be used to disentangle upper level wind effects on observed occurrence frequencies from low level source and other influences. The data and methods presented here can help to identify interesting case studies in the vast amount of AIRS data, which could then be further explored to study the specific characteristics of stratospheric gravity waves from orographic sources and to support model validation.
Interpreting the 13C/12C ratio of carbon dioxide in an urban airshed in the Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Xu Jiaping , Lee Xuhui , Xiao Wei , Cao Chang , Liu Shoudong , Wen Xuefa , Xu Jingzheng , Zhang Zhen , Zhao Jiayu
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Observations of atmospheric CO2 molar fraction and its 13C isotope composition (δ13C) in urban airsheds provide constraints on the roles of anthropogenic and natural sources in local and regional C cycles. In this study, we report observations of these quantities in Nanjing at hourly intervals from March 2013 to August 2015 using a laser-based optical instrument. Nanjing is the second largest city located in the highly industrialized Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Eastern China. The mean CO2 molar fraction and 13C were 439.7 ppm and −8.48 ‰ over this observational period. The peak monthly mean δ13C (−7.44 ‰, July 2013) was 1.03 ‰ higher than that observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory. The highly enriched 13C signal was attributed to the influence of cement production in the region. By applying the Keeling plot and the Miller–Tans method to midnight and midday observations, respectively, we showed that the 13C signal of C sources in the Nanjing Municipality was 0.48 ‰ lower than that in the YRD. Flux partitioning calculations revealed that natural ecosystems in the YRD were a negligibly small sink of atmospheric CO2, consistent with the Carbon Tracker inverse modeling result.
Extreme dust storm over the eastern Mediterranean in September 2015: Lidar vertical profiling of desert dust at Limassol, Cyprus
Authors: Mamouri Rodanthi-Elisavet , Nisantzi Argyro , Ansmann Albert , Hadjimitsis Diofantos G.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. An unusually strong dust outbreak towards Cyprus occurred in September 2015. Mass concentrations exceeding 10 000 μg/m3 were estimated from visibility studies at Limassol (visibilities around 500 m on 8 September). Surprisingly, dust transport models failed to predict this record dust event. We present MODIS products (aerosol optical thickness AOT), surface PM10 observations, visibility studies, and lidar profiling results (covering the main dust period from 7–11 September 2015). Vertical aerosol layering was dominated by a two-layer structure with layers from the ground to 1500 m and from about 1500–3500 m height. The maximum dust AOT reached probably values between 6–10 and was higher than 1 over Cyprus for more than three days. Dust particle extinction coefficients (532 nm) and mass concentrations up to 1300 Mm−1 and 2700 μg/m3, respectively, were observed with lidar in the elevated layers on 7 September, when first dense dust plumes crossed the EARLINET lidar station at Limassol. Raman lidar retrievals yield typical Middle East dust lidar ratios of 35–45 sr at 532 nm. The 532 nm particle linear depolarization ratio assumed values around 0.3.
Case Studies of the Impact of Orbital Sampling on Stratospheric Trend Detection and Derivation of Tropical Vertical Velocities: Solar Occultation versus Limb Emission Sounding
Authors: Millán Luis F. , Livesey Nathaniel J. , Santee Michelle L. , Neu Jessica L. , Manney Gloria L. , Fuller Ryan A.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This study investigates the representativeness of two types of orbital sampling applied to stratospheric temperature and trace gas fields. Model fields are sampled using real sampling patterns from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), the HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). The MLS sampling acts as a proxy for a dense uniform sampling pattern typical of limb emission sounders, while HALOE and ACE-FTS represent coarse non-uniform sampling patterns characteristic of solar occultation instruments. First, this study revisits the impact of sampling patterns in terms of the sampling bias, as previous studies have done. Then, it quantifies the impact of different sampling patterns on the estimation of trends and their associated detectability. In general, we find that coarse non-uniform sampling patterns may introduce non-negligible errors in the inferred magnitude of temperature and trace gas trends and necessitate considerably longer records for their definitive detection. Lastly, we explore the impact of these sampling patterns on tropical vertical velocities derived from stratospheric water vapor measurements. We find that coarse non-uniform sampling may lead to a biased depiction of the tropical vertical velocities and, hence, to a biased estimation of the impact of the mechanisms that modulate these velocities. These case studies suggest that dense uniform sampling such as that available from limb emission sounders provides much greater fidelity in detecting signals of stratospheric change (for example, fingerprints of greenhouse gas warming and stratospheric ozone recovery) than coarse non-uniform sampling such as that of solar occultation instruments.
Phase state of ambient aerosol linked with water uptake and chemical aging in the Southeastern US
Authors: Pajunoja Aki , Hu Weiwei , Leong Yu J. , Taylor Nathan F. , Miettinen Pasi , Palm Brett B. , Mikkonen Santtu , Collins Don R. , Jimenez Jose L. , Virtanen Annele
Published: May 2016

Abstract. During the summer 2013 SOAS field campaign in a rural site in the Southeastern United States, the effect of hygroscopicity and composition on the phase state of atmospheric aerosol particles dominated by the organic fraction was studied. The analysis is based on hygroscopicity measurements by a Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA), physical phase state investigations by an Aerosol Bounce Instrument (ABI), and composition measurements using a high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). To study the effect of atmospheric aging on these properties an OH-radical oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was used to simulate longer atmospheric aging times of up to three weeks. Hygroscopicity and bounce behavior of the particles had a clear relationship showing higher bounce at elevated RH values for less hygroscopic particles which agrees well with earlier laboratory studies. Additional OH oxidation of the aerosol particles in the OFR increased the O:C and the hygroscopicity resulting in liquefying of the particles at lower RH values. At the highest OH exposures, the inorganic fraction starts to dominate the bounce process due to production of inorganics and concurrent loss of organics in the OFR. At typical ambient RH and temperature, organic dominated particles stay mostly liquid in the atmospheric conditions in the Southeastern US, but they often turn semisolid when dried below ~ 50 % RH in the sampling inlets. While the liquid phase state suggests solution behavior and instantaneous equilibrium partitioning for the SOA particles in ambient air, the possible phase change in the drying process highlights the importance of thoroughly considered sampling techniques of SOA particles.
Comparison of the aerosol optical properties and size distribution retrieved by Sun photometer with in-situ measurements at mid-latitude
Authors: Chauvigné Aurélien , Sellegri Karine , Hervo Maxime , Montoux Nadège , Freville Patrick , Goloub Philippe
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Aerosols influence the Earth radiative budget through scattering and absorption of solar radiation. Several methods are used to investigate aerosol properties and thus quantify their direct and indirect impacts on climate. At the Puy de Dôme station, continuous high altitude near surface in-situ measurements and low altitude ground-based remote sensing atmospheric column measurements give the opportunity to compare the aerosol extinction measured with both methods over a one year period. To our knowledge, it is the first time that such a comparison is realized with continuous measurements of a high altitude site during a long term period. This comparison addresses to which extend near surface in-situ measurements are representative of the whole atmospheric column, the aerosol Mixing Layer (ML), or the Free Troposphere (FT). In particular, the impact of multi aerosol layers events detected using LIDAR backscatter profiles is analysed. A good correlation between in-situ aerosol extinction coefficient and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) measured by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometer is observed with a correlation coefficient around 0.80, indicating that the in-situ measurements station is representative of the overall atmospheric column. After filtering for multilayer cases and correcting for each layer optical contribution (ML and FT), the atmospheric structure seems to be the main factor influencing the comparison between the two measurement techniques. When the site lies in the ML, the in-situ extinction represents 45 % of the Sun photometer ML extinction while when the site lies within the FT, the in-situ extinction is more than two times higher than the FT Sun photometer extinction. Remote sensing retrievals of the aerosol particle size distributions (PSD) from the Sun photometer observations are then compared to the near surface in-situ measurements, at dry and at ambient relative humidities. When in-situ measurements are considered at dry state, the in-situ fine mode diameters are 44 % higher than the Sun photometer-retrieved diameters and in-situ volume concentrations are 20 % lower than of the Sun photometer-retrieved fine mode concentration. Using a parametrised hygroscopic growth factor applied to aerosol diameters, the difference between in-situ and retrieved diameters grows larger. Coarse mode in-situ diameter and concentrations show a good correlation with retrieved particle size distributions from remote sensing.
The impact of the ozone effective temperature on satellite validation using the Dobson spectrophotometer network
Authors: Koukouli Maria Elissavet , Zara Marina , Lerot Christophe , Fragkos Konstantinos , Balis Dimitris , van Roozendael Michel , Allart Marcus Antonius Franciscus , van der A Ronald Johannes
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate an approach for post-processing of the Dobson spectrophotometers' total ozone columns (TOCs) in order to compensate for their known stratospheric effective temperature (Teff) dependency and its resulting effect on the usage of the Dobson TOCs for satellite TOCs' validation. The Dobson observations employed are those routinely submitted to the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Centre (WOUDC) of the World Meteorological Organization, whereas the effective temperatures have been extracted from two sources: the European Space Agency, ESA, Ozone Climate Change Initiative, Ozone-CCI, GODFIT version 3 (GOME-type Direct FITting) algorithm applied to the GOME2/MetopA, GOME2A, observations as well as the one derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) outputs. Both temperature sources are evaluated utilizing co-located ozonesonde measurements also retrieved from the WOUDC database. Both GODFIT_v3 and ECMWF Teffs are found to be unbiased against the ozonesonde observations and to agree with high correlation coefficients, especially for latitudes characterized by high seasonal variability in Teff. The validation analysis shows that, when applying the GODFIT_v3 effective temperatures in order to post-process the Dobson TOC, the mean difference between Dobson and GOME2A GODFIT_v3 TOCs moves from 0.63 ± 0.66 to 0.26 ± 0.46 % in the Northern Hemisphere and from 1.25 ± 1.20 to 0.80 ± 0.71 % in the Southern Hemisphere. The existing solar zenith angle dependency of the differences has been smoothed out, with near-zero dependency up to the 60–65° bin and the highest deviation decreasing from 2.38 ± 6.6 to 1.37 ± 6.4 % for the 80–85° bin. We conclude that the global-scale validation of satellite TOCs against collocated Dobson measurements benefits from a post-correction using suitably estimated Teffs.
Interannual variability in Australia's terrestrial carbon cycle constrained by multiple observation types
Authors: Trudinger Cathy M. , Haverd Vanessa , Briggs Peter R. , Canadell Josep G.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that semi-arid ecosystems in Australia may be responsible for a significant part of the interannual variability in the global concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Here we use a multiple constraints approach to calibrate a land surface model of Australian terrestrial carbon and water cycles, with a focus on interannual variability. We include calibration of the response of heterotrophic respiration to soil moisture. We also explore the effect on modelled interannual variability of parameter equifinality, whereby multiple combinations of parameters can give an equally acceptable fit to calibration data. We estimate interannual variability of Australian net ecosystem production (NEP) of 0.12–0.21 PgC yr−1 (1σ) over 1982–2013, with a high anomaly of 0.43–0.67 PgC yr−1 in 2011 relative to this period associated with wet conditions following a prolonged drought. The ranges are due to the effect on calculated NEP anomaly of parameter equifinality, which we find to be dominated by the effect of parameter equifinality in heterotrophic respiration rather than NPP.
Fate of rice shoot and root residues, rhizodeposits, and microbe-assimilated carbon in paddy soil: I. Decomposition and priming effect
Authors: Zhu Zhenke , Zeng Guanjun , Ge Tida , Hu Yajun , Tong Chengli , Shibistova Olga , Wang Juan , Guggenberger Georg , Wu Jinshui
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The input of recently photosynthesized C has significant implications on soil organic carbon sequestration, and in paddy soils, both plants and soil microbes contribute to the overall C input. In the present study, we investigated the fate and priming effect of organic C from different sources by conducting a 300-d incubation study with four different 13C-labelled substrates: rice shoots (Shoot-C), rice roots (Root-C), rice rhizodeposits (Rhizo-C), and microbe-assimilated C (Micro-C). The efflux of both 13CO2 and 13CH4 indicated that the mineralization of C in Shoot-C-, Root-C-, Rhizo-C-, and Micro-C-treated soils rapidly increased at the beginning of the incubation and then decreased gradually afterwards. In addition, the highest level of C mineralization was observed in Root-C-treated soil (45.4 %), followed by Shoot-C- (31.9 %), Rhizo-C- (7.9 %), and Micro-C-treated (7.7 %) soils, which corresponded with mean residence times of 33.4, 46.1, 62.9, and 192 d, respectively. Furthermore, the cumulative mineralization of native soil organic carbon in Shoot-C-treated soils was 1.48- fold higher than in untreated soils, and the priming effect of Shoot-C on CO2 and CH4 emission was strongly positive over the entire incubation. However, Root-C failed to exhibit a significant priming effect, which suggests that it could potentially be used to mitigate CH4 emission. Although the total C contents of Rhizo-C- (1.89 %) and Micro-C-treated soils (1.9 %) were higher than those of untreated soil (1.8 %), no significant differences in total C emissions were observed. However, the 13C emissions of Rhizo-C- and Micro-C-treated soils gradually increased over the entire incubation period, which indicated that soil organic C-derived emissions were lower in Rhizo-C- and Micro-C-treated soils than in untreated soil, and that rhizodeposits and microbe-assimilated C could be used to reduce the mineralization of native soil organic carbon and to effectively improve soil C sequestration. The contrasting behaviours of the different photosynthesized C substrates suggests that recycling rice roots in paddies is more beneficial than recycling shoots and reveals the importance of increasing rhizodeposits and microbe-assimilated C in paddy soils via nutrient management.
Sensitivity of Pliocene climate simulations in MRI-CGCM2.3 to respective boundary conditions
Authors: Kamae Youichi , Yoshida Kohei , Ueda Hiroaki
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Accumulations of global proxy data are essential steps for improving reliability of climate model simulations for the Pliocene warming climate. In the Pliocene Model Intercomprison Project phase 2 (PlioMIP2), boundary forcing data have been updated from phase 1 due to recent advances in understanding of oceanic, terrestrial and cryospheric aspects of the Pliocene paleoenvironment. In this study, sensitivities of Pliocene climate simulations to the newly archived boundary conditions are evaluated by a set of simulations using an atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, MRI-CGCM2.3. The simulated Pliocene climate is warmer than pre-industrial condition for 2.4 K in global mean, corresponding to 0.6 K warmer than the PlioMIP1 simulation by the identical climate model. Revised orography, lakes and shrunk ice sheets compared with the PlioMIP1 lead to local and remote influences including snow and sea ice albedo feedback, and poleward heat transport due to the atmosphere and ocean that result in additional warming over middle and high latitudes. The amplified higher-latitude warming is supported qualitatively by the proxy evidences, but is still underestimated quantitatively. Physical processes responsible for the global and regional climate changes should be further addressed in future studies under systematic intermodel and data-model comparison frameworks.
Integrated validation of assimilating satellite derived observations over France using a hydrological model
Authors: Fairbairn D. , Barbu A. L. , Napoly A. , Albergel C. , Mahfouf J.-F. , Calvet J.-C.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This study assesses the impacts of assimilating surface soil moisture (SSM) and leaf area index (LAI) observations on river discharge using the SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU (SIM) hydrological model. The SIM hydrological model consists of three stages: (1) An atmospheric reanalysis (SAFRAN) over France, which forces (2) a land surface model (ISBA-A-gs), which then provides drainage and runoff inputs to (3) a hydrogeological model (MODCOU). The river discharge from MODCOU is validated using observed river discharge over France from over 500 gauges. The SAFRAN forcing underestimates direct short-wave and long-wave radiation by approximately 5% averaged over France. The ISBA-A-gs model also significantly underestimates the grassland LAI compared with satellite retrievals during winter dormancy. These differences result in an under-estimation (overestimation) of evapotranspiration (drainage and runoff). The excess water flowing into the rivers and aquifers contributes to an overestimation of the SIM discharge. We attempted to resolve these problems by performing the following experiments: (i) a correction of the minimum LAI model parameter for grasslands, (ii) a bias-correction of the model radiative forcing, (iii) the assimilation of LAI observations and (iv) the assimilation of SSM and LAI observations. The data assimilation for (iii) and (iv) was done with a simplified extended Kalman filter (SEKF), which uses finite differences in the observation operator Jacobians to relate the observations to the model variables. Experiments (i) and (ii) improved the average SIM Nash scores by about 12 % and 20 % respectively. Experiment (iii) reduced the LAI phase errors in ISBA-A-gs but only slightly improved the discharge Nash effciency of SIM (by just 2 %). In contrast, experiment (iv) resulted in spurious increases in drainage and runoff, which degraded the discharge Nash effciency by about 35%. The poor performance of the SEKF is an artifact of the observation operator Jacobians. These Jacobians are dampened when the soil is saturated and when the vegetation is dormant, which leads to positive biases in drainage/runoff and insuffcient corrections to the LAI minimum, respectively. This motivates the development of a DA method that can take into account model errors and atmospheric forcing errors. The results also highlight the important role that vegetation plays on the hydrological cycle. It is recommended that a spatially variable LAI minimum parameter be introduced into ISBA-A-gs based on the lowest LAI values derived from satellite observations.
Optimising Seasonal Streamflow Forecast Lead Time for Operational Decision Making in Australia
Authors: Schepen Andrew , Zhao Tongtiegang , Wang Q. J. , Zhou Senlin , Feikema Paul
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Statistical seasonal forecasts of three-month streamflow totals are released in Australia by the Bureau of Meteorology and updated on a monthly basis. The forecasts are often released in the second week of the forecast period, due to the onerous forecast production process. The current service relies on models built using data for complete calendar months, meaning the forecast production process cannot begin until the first day of the forecast period. Somehow, the Bureau needs to transition to a service that provides forecasts before the beginning of the forecast period; timelier forecast release will become critical as sub-seasonal (monthly) forecasts are developed. Increasing the forecast lead time to one month ahead is not considered a viable option for Australian catchments that typically lack any predictability associated with snowmelt. The Bureau's forecasts are built around Bayesian joint probability models that have antecedent streamflow, rainfall and climate indices as predictors. In this study, we adapt the modelling approach so that forecasts have N-days lead time. Daily streamflow and sea surface temperatures are used to develop predictors based on 28-days sliding windows. Forecasts are produced for 23 forecast locations with 0–14 and 21-days lead time. The forecasts are assessed in terms of CRPS skill score and reliability metrics. CRPS skill scores, on average, reduce monotonically with increase in days of lead time, although both positive and negative differences are observed. Considering only skilful forecast locations, CRPS skill scores at 7-days lead time are reduced on average by 4 percentage points with differences largely contained within +5 to −15 percentage points. A flexible N-days lead time forecasting system could benefit Australian seasonal streamflow forecast users by allowing more time for forecasts to be disseminated, comprehended and made use of prior to the commencement of a forecast season. The system would allow for forecasts to be updated if necessary.
The canopy interception–landslide initiation conundrum: insight from a tropical secondary forest in northern Thailand
Authors: Sidle Roy C. , Ziegler Alan D.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The interception and smoothing effect of forest canopies on pulses of incident rainfall and its delivery to the soil has been suggested as a factor in moderating peak pore water pressure development within soil mantles, thus reducing the risk of shallow landslides. Here we provide three years of rainfall and throughfall data in a tropical secondary dipterocarp forest characterized by few large trees in northern Thailand, along with selected soil moisture dynamics, to address this issue. Throughout the sampling period, throughfall was an estimated 88% of rainfall, varying from 86–90 % in individual years. Data from 167 events demonstrate that canopy interception was only weakly associated (via a non-linear relationship) with total event rainfall, but not significantly correlated with duration, mean intensity, or antecedent 2-day precipitation (API2). Mean interception during small events (≤ 35 mm) was 17 % (n = 135 events) compared with only 7% for large events (> 35 mm; n = 32). Examining small temporal intervals within the largest and highest intensity events that would potentially trigger landslides revealed complex patterns of interception. The tropical forest canopy had little or no smoothing effect on incident rainfall during the largest events. During events with high wind speeds and/or moderate-to-high pre-event wetting, measured throughfall was occasionally higher than rainfall during large event peaks, demonstrating limited buffering. However, in events with little wetting and low-to-moderate wind speed, early event rainfall peaks were buffered by the canopy. As rainfall continued during most large events there was little difference between rainfall and throughfall depths. Comparing both rainfall and throughfall depths to mean intensity–duration thresholds for landslide initiation, throughfall exceeded the threshold in 75 % of the events in which rainfall exceeded the threshold for both wet and dry conditions. Throughfall intensity for all the 11 largest events (rainfall = 65–116 mm) plotted near or above the intensity-duration threshold for landslide initiation during wet conditions; five of the events were near or above the threshold for dry conditions. Soil moisture responses during a range of rainfall conditions in large events were heavily and progressively buffered at depths of 1 to 2 m, indicating that the time-scale of short-term smoothing of peak rainfall inputs (i.e., ≤ 1 h) has little or no effect on peak pore water pressure at depths where landslides would initiate. Given these findings, we conclude that canopy interception would have little effect on mitigating shallow landslide initiation during the types of monsoon rainfall conditions in this and similar tropical secondary forest sites.
Ocean Forecasting: From Regional to Coastal Scales
Authors: Stanev Emil V. , Schulz-Stellenfleth Johannes , Staneva Joanna , Grayek Sebastian , Grashorn Sebastian , Behrens Arno , Koch Wolfgang , Pein Johannes
Published: May 2016

Abstract. In the past years, the Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht put in place the Coastal Observing System for the North and Arctic Seas (COSYNA) in the frame of which different aspects of forecasting the marine environment have been developed. This paper describes these developments, which are based on recent advances in coastal ocean forecasting in the field of numerical modelling, data assimilation and observational array design. The region of interest is the North and Baltic Sea; most of the coastal examples discussed in the paper are for the German Bight. Several pre-operational applications are presented exemplifying the outcome of using the best available science in coastal ocean predictions. They help to identify new challenges; most of them are associated with resolving the non-linear behavior of coastal ocean, which for the studied region, is manifested by the tidal distortion and generation of shallow-water tides. Led by the motivation to maximize the benefit from observations, the authors focus on the integration of observations and modelling by using advanced statistical methods. The coastal and regional ocean forecasting systems do not run in isolation, but are linked, either weakly by just using forcing data, or interactively by using two-way nesting or unstructured-grid models. Therefore the problem of downscaling and upscaling, which currently attracts much attention, is also addressed. One example shown is the coupling of the coarse-resolution regional models by using a two-way nesting method with fine resolution in the area of connecting straits. The major part of the paper presents illustrations from assimilation of remote sensing, in situ and HF radar data, prediction of wind waves and storm surges, as well as possible applications to search and rescue operations, and modelling support for assessing the environmental impact of wind parks. Concepts for seamless approaches to link coastal and regional forecasting systems are also presented and the two examples given illustrate (1) an application of unstructured-grid model for the Ems Estuary, and (2) the potential influence of the information from coastal observatories or coastal forecasting systems on the regional models.
Discussing the genesis of karst rocky desertification research based on the correlations between cropland and settlements in typical peak-cluster depressions
Authors: Li Yang Bing , Li Qiong Yao , Luo Guang Jie , Bai Xiao Yong , Wang Yong Yan , Wang Shi Jie , Xie Jing , Yang Guang Bin
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This paper attempts to explain the theoretical reasons why local farmers have executed land mismanagement measures such as steep slope land cultivation, in order to reveal the  mechanisms of karst rocky desertification (KRD, including light KRD, moderate KRD and severe KRD) through typical case studies. Firstly, this paper assumes that the low land capacity is the initial cause of KRD in peak-cluster depression areas. Furthermore, the ecological quality of the peak-cluster depression zone (a combination of clustered karst cones with a common base and depressions between cones) is influenced by the relationship between the area of depressions and the population of residential areas. Therefore, six typical peak-cluster depression areas of Guizhou province were selected to compare the distribution circumstances of cropland, the characteristics of settlements and the formation of KRD with the help of ALOS images in 2010 (with a resolution of 10 m × 10 m). The results show that there is a negative correlation between the percentage of the cultivated land and the percentage of KRD at peak-cluster depressions. The relationship could be concluded by three situations of the process of KRD, which are low, middle and upper carrying capacities of land. Severe KRD is only distributed in peak-cluster depression areas with less flatland, low land capacity and a high population. The harmonization between population pressure and bearing capacity of land will influence the ecological qualities in the peak-cluster depressions. The KRD phenomenon which occurred in six typical peak-cluster depression areas confirms that the hypothesis suggested by this paper is correct, and this result will contribute to understanding the natural mechanisms of KRD and guide the ecological restoration of KRD land.
Geopotential field anomalies and regional tectonic features – two case studies: southern Africa and Germany
Authors: Korte Monika , Mandea Mioara
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Maps of magnetic and gravity field anomalies provide information about physical properties of the Earth's crust and upper mantle, helpful in understanding geological conditions and tectonic structures. Depending on data availability, whether from the ground, airborne, or from satellites, potential field anomaly maps contain information on different ranges of spatial wavelengths, roughly corresponding to sources at different depths. Focussing on magnetic data, we compare amplitudes and characteristics of anomalies from maps based on various available data and as measured at geomagnetic repeat stations. Two cases are investigated: southern Africa, characterized by geologically old cratons and strong magnetic anomalies, and the smaller region of Germany with much younger crust and weaker anomalies. Estimating lithospheric magnetic anomaly values from the ground stations' time series (repeat station crustal biases) reveals magnetospheric field contributions causing time-varying offsets of several nT in the results. Similar influences might be one source of discrepancy when merging anomaly maps from different epochs. Moreover, we take advantage of recently developed satellite potential field models and compare magnetic and gravity gradient anomalies of  ∼  200 km resolution. Density and magnetization represent independent rock properties and thus provide complementary information on compositional and structural changes. Comparing short- and long-wavelength anomalies and the correlation of rather large-scale magnetic and gravity anomalies, and relating them to known lithospheric structures, we generally find a better agreement in the southern African region than the German region. This probably indicates stronger concordance between near-surface (down to at most a few km) and deeper (several kilometres down to Curie depth) structures in the former area, which can be seen to agree with a thicker lithosphere and a lower heat flux reported in the literature for the southern African region.
Blaming: Harm Attribution in the United States and Japan
Authors: Mehra Salil K.
Published: May 2016

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Parallel Contract
Authors: Bagchi Aditi
Published: May 2016

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Administration & Faculty
Authors: Law Review Editor
Published: May 2016

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A RELAÇÃO PROFESSOR/ALUNO NO PROCESSO DE ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM
Authors: Rodrigues Brait Lilian Ferreira , De Macedo Keila Márcia Ferreira . , Da Silva Francis Borges , Silva Márcio Rodrigues , Rezende de Souza Ana Lúcia
Published: May 2016

O presente texto apresenta algumas reflexões sobre a relação professor/aluno no processo de ensino aprendizagem. Neste trabalho procurou-se discutir a relevância das relações professor-aluno nas diferentes dimensões do processo ensino aprendizagem que se desenvolve em sala de aula, e que muita vezes requer dos professores transpor os papeis formais da atividade docente, dando estrutura ao aprendizado, orientando e ajudando os alunos a estudar e aprender. Nesse sentido, o trabalho busca mostrar o quanto é recíproca a relação professor/aluno e suas implicações na aprendizagem escolar.
Editorial núm 16
Authors: Castillo Herrera Beverly
Published: May 2016

Para la Facultad Regional Multidisciplinaria de Estelí (FAREM-Estelí) perteneciente a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua (UNAN-Managua) es muy grato presentarles la Revista Científica No.16, del trimestre Octubre-Diciembre del 2015. Con este número completamos cuatro años de estar publicando la Revisa en forma ininterrumpida. En este ejemplar ustedes encontrarán seis artículos científicos y la ponencia de inauguración de la XV Jornada Universitaria de Desarrollo Científico (JUDC) de FAREMEstelí del 2015.
Implementación de sistema contable en el Restaurante La Terraza Colombiana
Authors: Benavides Rodríguez Geysis Lisbeth , Mairena Montenegro Delma Lucia , Beavides Fuentes Juan Carlos
Published: May 2016

Para el desarrollo de la presente investigación se tomó primeramente, aspectos teóricos relacionados con la contabilidad del servicio de restaurante, costo del servicio así como los aspectos que debe incluir el sistema contable a implementar y las formas de validarlo. Después de recopilar la base teórica, se prosiguió a compararlo con la realidad, por lo que se decidió llevar a cabo este estudio en el restaurante la Terraza Colombiana de la ciudad de Estelí. Donde utilizando instrumentos como la entrevista, la observación, se logró identificar la situación contable que presentaba el restaurante. Encontrando debilidades en cuanto al establecimiento del precio del servicio, desconocimiento del costo del servicio, margen de ganancias así como también se pudo comprobar la ausencia de controles para el registro contable.
La Salud Pública desde la Perspectiva de Género
Authors: Solís Zúniga Franklin
Published: May 2016

La evaluación de la equidad de género en el acceso a servicios de salud es un aspecto que aún no se ha estudiado lo suficiente y que merece un análisis reflexivo desde distintas disciplinas relacionadas con la Salud Pública. Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal, mostrar una revisión actual del análisis del enfoque de Salud Pública basado en el Género. No se pretende ser exhaustivo proporcionando profundidad de análisis, sino más bien, reflejar la necesidad de la integración de la perspectiva de género para lograr la equidad en el acceso a los servicios de salud. Tomando en cuenta que una de las Funciones Esenciales de la Salud Pública (FESP), hace referencia a la promoción de la equidad en el acceso a la atención de salud, que incluye la evaluación y la promoción del acceso efectivo de todas/os las/os ciudadanas/os a los servicios de salud necesarios. El artículo recoge los aportes de algunos teóricos sobre lo que implica la integración de la perspectiva de género para lograr la equidad en salud. Asimismo, señala la escasez de información precisa sobre la magnitud del problema en sus diferentes manifestaciones, y sobre su impacto en la salud. Se concluye con un llamado a los profesionales de la Salud Pública y sectores interesados, a profundizar esta reflexión de cara a determinar con mayor precisión cuál debe ser su papel en el abordaje del problema.
Producción de biogas a partir de Biomasa
Authors: Reyes Aguilera Edwin Antonio
Published: May 2016

La finalidad de este trabajo investigativo es evaluar la producción de biogás a partir de la biomasa (pasto estrella Cynodon plectostachyus K.Schum), de acuerdo a sus parámetros característicos de funcionamiento por medio de la digestión anaerobia no controlada y el método de balance de masa por secado en hornos de laboratorio. Es una investigación cuantitativa según su enfoque, con un nivel de profundidad según su tipología: exploratoria y descriptiva. La muestra del estudio es probabilística. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: una guía estructurada para la recolección de datos, se utilizaron hornos eléctricos, balanzas analíticas, termómetros, phachimetros. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la biomasa evaluada es un excelente sustrato para la producción de biogás siempre y cuando los parámetros que caracterizan la digestión anaerobia sean los adecuados para dicho proceso, el cual se logra construyendo un biodigestor con las características físicas y técnicas apropiadas. Se concluye que los parámetros de funcionamiento evaluados dan la pauta de que se pueden mejorar las condiciones del proceso anaerobio utilizando biomasa por lo que es un tema que se puede seguir investigando e inclusive hacer proyectos piloto en zonas rurales dado que nuestras condiciones climáticas tropicales, favorecen grandemente para la implementación de esta tecnología, debido a que a mayor temperatura, se produce una mayor degradación de la materia orgánica y disminuye el tamaño de las estructuras que requiere el sistema.