bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adapting stream corridor restoration technology to training land rehabilitation and maintenance
Authors: Tuttle Ronald W.
Published: February 2007

The United States has more than 3.5 million miles of rivers and streams that, along with closely associated floodplain and upland areas, comprise corridors of great economic, social, cultural, and environmental value. These corridors support higher rates of biological productivity than almost any other landscape feature. They also contribute significantly to each military installation's unique character. Interest in restoring stream corridor ecosystems is expanding rapidly in the United States. With this in mind, 15 federal agencies formed the Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group in 1995 to seek consensus on the fundamentals of modern approaches to stream restoration and to promote awareness and use of these methods throughout the nation. This unprecedented collaboration produced a comprehensive publication, entitled Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices, which has begun to serve as a foundation of stream corridor restoration knowledge and practice nationwide. Attention to these aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is a common theme of both Integrated Training Area Management (ITAM) program and stream corridor restoration. ITAM is the Army's strategy for focusing on sustained use of training and testing lands. Cross‐program innovation and field‐tested stream restoration methods can combine to provide greater sustainability for Department of Defense maneuver areas and ranges over both the short and long term.
Managing sustainable development within the national oceanic and atmospheric administration
Authors: Denno Bernie , Janisz Amelia
Published: February 2007

The definition of sustainable development is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Components of sustainable development include economic profitability, environmental quality, and community well‐being. For federal agencies, sustainable development is critical to their mission. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has always embraced a linkage between economic and environmental goals. However, integration of these elements into its internal operations is a new concept.

This article provides a general discussion of sustainable development principles and approaches to incorporating these principles internally, and specific sustainable development initiatives at NOAA. To meet the demands of NOAA's mission requirements—including sustainable development—and the many environmentally related Presidential Executive Orders, NOAA is developing an environmental, health, and safety management information system (MIS). One element of the MIS, the chemical inventory management system, used to track laboratory chemicals to ensure the safety of employees and protection of the environment, is described in more detail. Additional modules on elements such as Asbestos and Underground Storage Tanks are planned.
Dating the course of the lower red river in Louisiana: The archaeological evidence
Authors: Pearson Charles E.
Published: February 2007

Archaeological data from the lower Red River in Louisiana indicate that the modern course of the river is 1200 years older than previously suggested. Geologists claim a diversion of Red River through Moncla Gap approximately 500 to 1000 years ago. Marksville period occupations dating prior to A.D. 200 are identified at archaeological sites adjacent to the river below Moncla Gap. The position of these sites on Red River levees demonstrate that they post‐date the river's occupancy of the area. Extensive Marksville and later prehistoric occupations in the Moncla Gap area are seen as a direct result of the development of riverine environments resulting from this diversion.
Paleoenvironment, prehistory, and accelerated slope erosion along the central Israeli coastal plain (Palmahim): A geoarchaeological case study
Authors: Schuldenrein Joseph
Published: February 2007

The late Quaternary history and systematics of slope erosion along a segment of the Central Israeli Coastal Plain is examined in conjunction with a series of terminal Paleolithic occupations. Three sites situated along the slope afford site‐specific and intersite data that enable reconstructions of local geological and archaeological sequences and correlations. The earliest (Kebaran) component is located on the midslope while the later (Geometric Kebaran) is situated along the footslope. Paleotopographic relations and sediment analyses indicate that the later Geometric Kebaran deposits were derived from the paleosol developed on the midslope. Paleoenvironmental contexts at the sites reveal that the rich Kebaran soil is diagnostic of an ancient swamp and attendant moist interval. Concentrations of cultural debris along these fragile midslopes imply a density of occupation and impact that may have increased rates of degradation. Extensive as well as intensive utilization of the midslope is suggested. The occupation contrasts markedly with the later Geometric Kebaran sites which display minimal sedimentation and a broader range of site distribution. The site‐specific evidence and regional distribution patterns argue for more varied settlement, proportionately reduced site sizes, and consequently, reduced slope utilization towards the close of the Paleolithic.
Geomorphic analysis of Hohokam settlement patterns on alluvial fans along the western Flank of the Tortolita Mountains, Arizona
Authors: Waters Michael R. , Field John J.
Published: February 2007

Geoarchaeological investigations of the alluvial piedmont or bajada emanating from the Tortolita Mountains, Arizona, show that the distribution of Hohokam sites apparent from the surface is complete and undisturbed by geological processes. Late Holocene geomorphic processes and their resultant deposits on the bajada affected the location of prehistoric Hohokam agricultural settlements. Hohokam settlements were commonly situated on small alluvial fans dominated by sheetwash processes and deposition of fine‐grained alluvium, where floodwater farming could be easily pursued with little modification of the natural surface. Large alluvial fans, dominated by channel processes and coarse‐grained alluvium were avoided by the Hohokam farmer because these areas were less suitable for floodwater farming.
Human occupation of the continental shelf during the late pleistocene/early Holocene: Methods for site location
Authors: Stright Melanie J.
Published: February 2007

Archaeological sites containing significant information not available from terrestrial sites occur along former land surfaces now submerged and buried on the continental shelf. Although sites may occur anywhere along these former land surfaces, factors essential to man's survival, such as fresh water and food resources, make site locations somewhat predictable. Landforms such as rivers, lakes, and bays represent locations where one or more of the basic subsistence factors are provided. These relict landforms on the continental shelf can be detected easily using high‐resolution seismic profilers. Physical sampling of landforms targeted as potential site areas is usually the only method for confirming the presence of an archaeological site. Sediment samples from a potential site are subjected to a series of sedimentary analyses which discriminate between archaeological deposits and natural sedimentary deposits. These methods for locating inundated and buried archaeological sites on the continental shelf were tested in a Gulf of Mexico study funded by the United States Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. The study suggests that at least two locations sampled along the ancient Sabine River Valley represent archaeological deposits dating from the Late Wisconsinan period of lower sea stand.
Fossil insect evidence for late pleistocene paleoenvironments of the lamb spring site, Colorado
Authors: Elias Scott A.
Published: February 2007

The study of Quarternary insect fossils has shown their value as paleoenvironmental indicators, especially during times of rapid climatic change, and this method is now being introduced into North America archeological studies. Abundant insect fossils have been recovered from 13,000 year old detrital organic materials from silty clays at the Lamb Spring site, south of Denver, Colorado. The spring deposits also contain bones of extinct camel and mammoth, thought to have been modified by human hunters.

The late Pleistocene insect fauna from Lamb Spring comprises 71 identified taxa from 6 orders and 14 families, principally beetles, providing substantial paleoenvironmental data. The beetle fauna is a mixture of grassland and mountain elements, and they appear to represent an environment similar to that found today in high mountain valleys, such as South Park, Colorado. Based on this fauna, mean summer temperatures at 13,140 B.P. were probably 10°C cooler than present.
The environment and evolution of an early egyptian urban center: Archaeological and geochemical investigations at hierakonpolis
Authors: Hoffman Michael Allen , Hamroush Hany A. , Allen Ralph O.
Published: February 2007

We describe and summarize the results of new interdisciplinary techniques for recovering and analyzing historical and paleoenvironmental data from mid‐Holocene archaeological and geological deposits in the modern Nile floodplain at the site of Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt. Application of these techniques has produced the first stratigraphic link between historic (Early Dynastic) and late prehistoric (Predynastic) periods in the Nile Valley at a site which played a central role in the evolution of Egyptian civilization.
Geomorphology and ancient settlements of the Southern Flank of MT. Cairo, lower Liri valley, Italy
Authors: Martini I. Peter , Wightman Edith Mary
Published: February 2007

The southern flank of Mt. Cairo in southern Lazio edges a valley which forms one of the major passageways from central to southern Italy. The mountainous landscape has affected the settlement pattern, as have historical events such as the Roman conquests and recent socio‐economic evolution, which has led to industrialization of a traditional pastoral‐ agricultural setting.

The slopes of calcareous Mt. Cairo are characterized by a cascade of normal faults which delimit landscape units such as the “uplands,” “steep slopes,” and the “mountain rise,” which contains well developed alluvial and colluvial fans.

Along the lower mountain slopes, Bronze and Iron Age sites are consistently located higher than Roman ones. Archaeological remains and historical documents indicate that only after the Roman conquest was the agricultural potential of the flatter lower areas fully exploited. Roman villas were characteristically placed on the upper parts of the fans, where both access to different types of land and elevation above the mists of the valley were enjoyed. The Medieval period brought a trend back to higher sites and fortified villages. The uplands remained in use through the ages.
Bridging a seasonal torrent: The Melfa river, southern Lazio, Italy
Authors: Martini I. Peter , Wightman Edith M. , Hemphill Pamela
Published: February 2007

The Melfa River is a torrent of the intramontane Lower Liri Valley, which has been a difficult barrier to cross since ancient times. It is dry and can be forded during the summer, but it experiences high floods during rainy reasons, with recurrent disruption of bridges.

In Iron Age and early Roman times, fords and bridges were located near the confluence of the river with the valley plain, servicing the ancient Via Pedemontana. Later, faster routes with bridges were moved toward the flatter central area of the valley. There, Romans selected a crossing through wide braided reaches, taking advantage of fording, but consistently losing low lying, long bridges. Traces of one and possibly two such bridges remain along what was the Via Latina, from Fregellae to Aquino. For such bridges, the Romans used relatively strong piers, probably linked with readily detachable (by floods) and replaceable, wooden, flat roadways. The strategy of Medieval and Modern civilizations was instead to bridge the river in a more permanent way, with arches across the nearby deep gorges whose banks are composed of stable calcareous conglomerates and sandstones.
Construction of the casa grande by sequential high precision C‐14 dating
Authors: Long Austin , Andresen John , Klein Jeffrey
Published: February 2007

Two composite radiocarbon dates on wood beams from a unique, prehistoric building in southern Arizona are the result of growth series subsampling of the beams and statistical evaluation of radiocarbon dates on the subsamples. This procedure avoids some of the problems caused by secular variations in the biospheric 14C activity and by the dating of specimens grown over a range of years. This procedure yields results similar to more precise tree‐ring dates from other sites in the southwestern United States. The procedure illustrated here is applicable to any archaeological tree specimen consisting of at least the last 40 growth rings.
Upper pleistocene loess stratigraphy and paleolithic site chronology on the Russian plain
Authors: Hoffecker J. F.
Published: February 2007

Loess stratigraphy provides the best existing means of establishing an accurate geochronology for the Paleolithic of the Russian Plain, especially for time periods beyond the range of radiocarbon dating. Loess/paleosol sequences in adjoining regions, particularly Central Europe where correlation with oxygen‐isotope stratigraphy has been achieved, represent a useful standard for the correlation and dating of loess deposits on the Russian Plain. However, better control is needed over local paleoenvironmental conditions and colluvial redeposition. Correlation is facilitated by two key marker horizons: buried soils of the Last Interglacial (127,000‐116,000 B.P.) and the terminal Middle Pleniglacial (30,000‐25,000 B.P.); assignment of paleosols and loess beds between these markers to time‐stratigraphic units in the Upper Pleistocene sequence is sometimes problematic. Paleolithic remains on the Russian Plain are typically contained in colluvial loam, but can often be related to primary loess stratigraphy. Analysis of the latter suggests sharp contrasts with Western and Central Europe in the timing and distribution of Paleolithic settlement, apparently reflecting the harsher environments of the Russian Plain.
Micromammals and paleoenvironmental interpretation in southern Africa
Authors: Avery D. M.
Published: February 2007

Micromammalian remains from archaeological sites in southern Africa provide paleoenvironmental evidence at a number of levels of precision. At the lowest level, broad vegetation categories can be identified. At the second level, proportional representation of vegetation categories and general climatic conditions are indicated. the possible overlying effects of agriculture and sea‐level changes can also be identified. At the third level, there is clear but as yet largely unrealized potential for quantifying climatic variation and specifying environmental factors. In order to improve potential for interpretation, greater rigor is necessary in sample collection and in the establishment of the widest possible comparative data base, with the latter being in particular need of attention. Detailed paleoenvironmental information can also provide an independent data base for assessment of ecological approaches to archaeology.
Macro‐ and micro‐ecological reconstruction using plant opal phytolith data from archaeological sediments
Authors: Rovner Irwin
Published: February 2007

Phytolith analysis is rapidly maturing into a robust and powerful paleobotanical data system. Many plant groups can be identified to family or subfamily, and even species identification has been suggested. Distinctive phytoliths occur abundantly in members of the grass family and are also found in several other groups including rushes, sedges, palms, conifers, deciduous trees, and other dicotyledonous plant taxa. Soil phytolith assemblages have provided paleobotanical data on the order of thousands to millions of years ago. Moreover, as test cases for analysis in soil have increased, an emerging pattern indicates that phytolith populations are stable decay‐in‐place residues following deposition in sediments. Phytolith studies reflect both macroecological as well as subtle microecological, ecotonal differences, and/or very specific ethnobotanical and cultural activities. Phytolith analysis is a superlative source of botanical information in narrowly defined contexts of archaeological sediments.
Monte Verde, South‐Central Chile: Stratigraphy, climate change, and human settlement
Authors: Quivira Mario Pino , Dillehay Tom D.
Published: February 2007

Two sedimentary units are recognized by means of stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses at Monte Verde, a late Pleistocene archeological site with stone tools and well‐preserved wood artifacts and botanical remains, that lies southwest of Lago Llanquihue and north of the Golfo de Reloncavi in the southern end of the Chilean Central graben. the geological evidence shows that at no time after 33,000 yr B.P., and perhaps since the first Llanquihue advance (before 56,000 yr B.P.), was the Monte Verde area covered by ice. Influences of two glacial advances at 20,000 and 15,000‐14,500 yr B.P. are recognized at the site; effects of the Varas Interstade, however, are not identified. Rapid climatic change took place after the end of the Llanquihue Glaciation. It was shortly interrupted by a cool, wet period around 10,000 yr B.P., after which a well‐documented Hypsithermal (8270‐4750 yr B.P.) accompanied by pyroclastic vulcanism followed.

The evidence indicates that around 13,000 yr B.P. 1) the site occupants settled on the sandy point bars and beaches of the old creek channel and 2) the area was habitated during cool and wet conditions similar to those that prevail in the area today. Evidence for reconstruction of the paleo‐environment and climate of the terminal Pleistocene and the preliminary implications of these findings for understanding the human occupation at Monte Verde are discussed.
A “marginality” model to explain major spatial and temporal gaps in the old and new world Pleistocene settlement records
Authors: Butzer Karl W.
Published: February 2007

A key argument currently invoked to cast skepticism on certain South American sites, that suggest a first peopling of the New World by ca. 35,000 B.P., is the perplexingly low visibility of the archaeological record until 12,000 B.P. But, contrary to a popular misconception, great spatial and temporal discontinuities are common in the Old World Paleolithic settlement record. In Southern Africa, carefully controlled archaeological stratigraphies show that the now semiarid interior was unoccupied for 50,000 and more years at a time. Episodes of widespread settlement in marginal environments were relatively brief, limited to periods of substantially wetter climate, and closely linked with moist habitats. A risk‐minimization model is proposed to explain these discontinuities. Plant and animal resources in the region, given a climate as dry or drier than today, were of low productivity and low reliability for unspecialized hunter‐gatherers during the dry seasons of poor years. This would require large foraging territories and very wide spacing of proximal bands, so that the exchange of vital information on temporary or migratory resources was minimal. Finally, during extended droughts, fat‐depleted animals provided an unsatisfactory source of food. These variables suggest that environments with low productivity and predictability were too risky for unspecialized hunter‐gatherers with a pre‐Upper Paleolithic technology, such as those who would have been able to enter the New World 35,000 B.P. Major spatial and temporal gaps in the New World settlement record should therefore be expected prior to the appearance of specialized Paleoindian hunter‐gatherers ca. 12,000 B.P. Implications for geoarchaeological strategies are discussed.
The application of remote sensing to environmental archaeology
Authors: Donoghue Daniel , Shennan Ian
Published: February 2007

An area in the Fenlands of Eastern England was used to assess the spectral, spatial, and seasonal requirements of airborne multispectral data for identifying wetland archaeological features by detecting crop and soil marks. Ordination of data from a scanner with 11 spectral channels was achieved using the Sheffield method, which calculates the wavebands that produce a 3 band composite image with optimum contrast using band variances and interband correlations. the spatial detail requirements for multispectral data were investigated by applying an edge enhancing filter to single waveband images. the loss of feature clarity with increased levels of spatial smoothing is visually apparent. Seasonal variation in crop mark visibility was quantified by cross tabulating feature visibility in fields known to contain features with time period and sensor type.

If remote sensing is to be used for repeated operational archaeological survey then the quality and quantity of information which can be gained from the data must be evaluated. This study attempts to define some of the necessary operational requirements for the use of multispectral data for archaeology.
A quantitative technique for assessing the roundness of pottery sherds in water currents
Authors: Allen J. R. L.
Published: February 2007

The shape property of transposed pottery sherds that changes most rapidly due to wear during water transport in natural sedimentary environments is roundness, the degree of curvature of edges and corners. of the many methods for the measurement of particle roundness, which are briefly reviewed, that proposed by Wadell (1932, 1933) is considered to specify roundness best. A simple and rapid procedure for the measurement of the Wadell projection roundness is described, which yields roundness values having a precision of the order of a few percent, the precision improving with the degree of roundness. the technique is therefore suitable for the analysis of large samples of transposed and transported sherds.
Molluscan assemblages from archaeological deposits
Authors: Ford Pamela J.
Published: February 2007

Research about the impact of prehistoric human subsistence strategies upon prey populations of shellfish is based on the assumption that trends in shell size are directly related to collection strategies. A shell midden on San Juan Island, Washington, where archaeological research is sponsored by the University of Washington and hosted by the National Park Service, provides large samples of shells from separate archaeological deposits. the shells from each deposit produce size‐frequency distributions that vary in shape (modality). Because several factors (the original prey population, the method of collection and transport, the environment of deposition, and post‐depositional processes) affect the size‐frequency distribution differentially, the shell measurements do not provide the direct archaeological information expected.
Variability of laboratory procedures and results in geoarchaeology
Authors: Holliday Vance T. , Stein Julie K.
Published: February 2007

Many laboratory techniques are available to geoarchaeologists to determine physical or chemical attributes of sediment or soil samples, and several techniques are often available for analysis of a single attribute. This is illustrated by analyzing duplicate sediment and soil samples from the British Camp Site (Washington) and Lubbock Lake Site (Texas) using two methods for organic carbon content, two methods for organic matter content, and three methods for calcium carbonate content, and several pretreatment procedures for particle‐size analysis. These comparisons illustrate that different methods of analysis for the same property of duplicate samples can yield different results. Therefore, when making comparisons with data from other sites or other investigators, the types of laboratory methods used in geoarchaeological analyses are important considerations. Choice of a particular technique will depend on a variety of factors, often conflicting, including the archaeological and geoarchaeological questions being asked, the physical and chemical nature of the samples, and the accuracy, efficiency, and cost of the method.
Sedimentary environments at the Mwanganda site, Malawi
Authors: Kaufulu Zefe M.
Published: February 2007

Sedimentary environments at the Mwanganda site area are reconstructed. Micro‐stratigraphic analyses show that the site was located on the bank of a shallow, braided, paleostream and that bone and artifactual debris were not deposited by paleocurrents, but rather resulted from hominid activity. This accords with the interpretations of the original excavators of the site. Based on sedimentological studies, it is apparent, however, that the site contents were rearranged by overbank currents that swept across the site at peak discharges. Thus, the distribution pattern of the site contents do not directly reflect hominid meat processing activities that occurred at the site.
Quaternary climate, environment, and the human occupation of the south‐central Andes
Authors: Lynch Thomas F.
Published: February 2007

This paper reviews the paleoenvironmental context for Paleoindian and Early Archaic settlement of the south‐central Andes. I attempt to reconcile proposals for late‐glacial and early Holocene environmental changes that have originated in several Quaternary sciences. Most useful are the records of changing lake levels, geomorphological indicators of glacial advance and retreat, changes in vegetation as seen through pollen stratigraphy, the record of large mammal extinctions, and the archaeological settlement pattern itself.

High lake stands in the central and south‐central Andes, c. 12,500 to 11,000 B.P., seem to correspond to glacial retreat. Palynological studies also suggest higher temperatures, coincident with greater summer precipitation from 11,500 B.P. to perhaps 10,000 B.P., followed by some reduction in temperatures and then widespread aridity from about 8500 to 5000 B.P. Environmental change at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary was at least a major contributing factor to the extinction of horse and sloth around 10,000 B.P. Archaeology of the salt puna and Punta Negra region conforms well with the environmental record, showing human entry by the Early Archaic (11,000‐8000 B.P.), subsequent depopulation and perhaps abandonment, then readaptation to more localized resources in the Late Archaic (5500‐4000 B.P.).
Late quaternary geomorphological change and the origins of agriculture in south central Turkey
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: February 2007

This study investigates the relationship between environmental change and the origins of agriculture in the Near East, with special reference to the Konya and Beysehir‐Sušla Basins of south central Anatolia. The Konya Basin, now largely dry, was formerly occupied by an extensive lake, which last attained a high level between 23,000 and 17,000 years ago. It is concluded that there was only an indirect link between the drying up of the former Konya Lake and the appearance of early agricultural (Neolithic) settlements on the floor of the plain. An equally important factor was the creation of new land and water resources which resulted from changes in river regimes and alluvial sedimentation after the end of the Pleistocene. Neolithic sites were not only clustered on water‐retentive alluvial soils, but have also been partly buried by Holocene alluviation. The revised site chronology which follows from these geoarchaeological observations has significant implications for the interpretation of the Neolithic settlement system in south central Turkey.
Genesis of calcretes from the calc‐pan site of Singi Talav near Didwana, Rajasthan, India—A micromorphological approach
Authors: Raghavan H. , Gaillard C. , Rajaguru S. N.
Published: February 2007

Chemistry and micromorphological studies of calcretes occurring in the interdunal calcpan site of Singi Talav, near Didwana, Rajasthan, India are presented in this paper. These analyses reveal that the calcretes are formed by a process of reprecipitation and recementation. They are pedo‐sedimentary and are also affected by groundwater during origin. A geomorphic model for explaining the evolution of the calc‐pan site is suggested.
Geophysical investigations in the El‐Wad Cave, MT. Carmel, Israel
Authors: Weinstein‐Evron Mina , Mart Yossi , Beck Alex
Published: February 2007

Measurements of the thickness of the sediment fill in the el‐Wad Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel were carried out using seismic refraction methods. The cave is one of the famous Mt. Carmel Caves, where finds of Mousterian to Natufian prehistoric cultures had been encountered. The survey discovered a series of karstic pits in several chambers in the cave, with good correlation between the dimension of the chambers and the thickness of the sediment fill. The deepest pit was found in the inner part of the cave, where the oldest archaeological material could be expected.
Weathering of archaeological cherts: A case study from the Solomon Islands
Authors: Sheppard Peter J. , Pavlish Larry A.
Published: February 2007

Weathering of chert artifacts from three Lapita sites (ca. 3000–2000 B.P.) in the Southeast Solomons is examined. It is shown that the rate of weathering is strongly influenced by soil pH, mineralogy, and prehistoric burning of the material. The concentrations of some major elements (Na, Cl, K, Al) are shown to have been altered during the weathering process. Implications of this work for the sourcing and dating of cherts are discussed.
An evaluation of micromorphology as an aid to archaeological interpretation
Authors: Davidson Donald A. , Carter Stephen P. , Quine Timothy A.
Published: February 2007

The detailed description, analysis, and interpretation of field stratigraphy is fundamental to archaeological site interpretation. Investigation of morphology at the macro level can be supplemented by examination under the microscope of soil thin sections prepared from undisturbed samples. Until recently the main emphasis in micromorphological research associated with archaeology has been to assist with paleoenvironmental interpretation. This article reports experience gained from the routine investigation of soil thin sections collected from many archaeological sites throughout Scotland. Greater emphasis is now being given to the investigation of sediment type, anthropogenic features, and nature of disturbance during occupation and post‐depositional processes. Examples from known contexts such as hearths, byres, floors, and anthropogenic soils are given to illustrate the extent to which site formation processes can be elucidated from micromorphological characteristics. It is concluded that the accumulation of data from thin section description of known functional areas will ensure that micromorphology becomes a key research technique in geoarchaeology.
Landforms and archaeological site location in the little Missouri badlands: A new look at some well‐established patterns
Authors: Kuehn David D.
Published: February 2007

Patterns in the distribution of archaeological sites in the Little Missouri Badlands of North Dakota have previously been attributed to prehistoric cultural preference for certain landforms. These patterns include the concentration of Plains Archaic sites in upland settings and the predominance of Late Prehistoric sites in the alluvial lowlands. An understanding of Holocene stratigraphy provides new insights into these patterns, and other spatial/temporal aspects of the archaeological record. These insights in turn illustrate the need for comprehensive stratigraphic studies prior to the formulation of prehistoric settlement models in highly eroded environments. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Side‐scan sonar reveals submerged remains of the first tay railway bridge
Authors: Duck R. W. , Dow W. M.
Published: February 2007

Side‐scan sonar surveys, augmented with echo‐sounding, have revealed a series of columnar bodies, broken into segments, lying on the bed of the Tay Estuary at the southern end of the first Tay Railway Bridge. These are, with the aid of archive material, interpreted as the remains of 11 twin, brick uprights (Pier Nos. 4–14) that survived the infamous Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879, but were demolished after the opening of the new railway bridge. The piers in question, along with three farther to the south (Nos. 1–3), supported the southernmost 1550 feet (ca. 470 m) of the 2‐mile structure, the only part of that ill‐fated bridge which was built to the original plans of its designer, Thomas Bouch. They have lain forgotten on the bed of the Tay Estuary for over 100 years. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Platforms in the akalche at E1 Mirador, Peten, Guatemala and their implications
Authors: Dahlin Bruce H. , Dahlin Andrea
Published: February 2007

Late Preclassic Period platforms were surveyed and test‐excavated in a seasonal swamp orakalche, at the large ancient lowland Maya site of El Mirador in Peten, Guatemala. Pedological, hydrological, and archaeological evidence suggest that the climatic and hydrological regimes were drier than they are today to permit habitation and warrant the investment in labor. Nevertheless, observations of present conditions, including the clayey soils, indicate that the akalche was almost as inhospitable in antiquity as it is today, that it had the same extremely poor agricultural potentials and that intensive wetland cultivation would have necessitated sizeable investments in dams to dampen the extreme seasonal fluctuations in water levels. Dams are not observed, and evidence is elicited to indicate that they would be readily observable today had they been emplaced here in antiquity. We offer evidence suggesting that these platforms had domestic functions, but we are forced to conclude that intensive wetland cultivation did not sustain them nor this large regional center as a whole. We argue, instead, that these habitations constitute evidence for population pressures on urban upland resources, especially building sites and perhaps agricultural land. Akalche households appear to have sustained themselves, at least in part, by foraging for animal and plant foods, cordage products, building materials, and firewood. The data are inadequate to decide if these structures housed full or part time specialists, or if they were self‐sufficient in subsistence. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The geological occurrence of lithic material and stone tool production strategies
Authors: Andrefsky William
Published: February 2007

This study shows how the occurrence of lithic raw‐materials articulate with hunter gatherer technological organization. Three archaeological data sets representing 109 different sites and one ethnographic data set from Australia are examined to show that lithic raw‐material size, shape, quality, and availability play a major role in hunter gatherer decisions to make various kinds of stone tools. These characteristics of lithic material occurrence are used to help explain why expedient technologies such as bipolar tool production are sometimes used, and why formalized technologies such as bifacial production may be selected as a tool production strategy. Stone tool morphological variability and technological variability are shown to be directly related to the geological occurrence of stone tool raw materials. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron spin resonance dating of burned flint from Kebara Cave, Israel
Authors: Porat N. , Schwarcz H. P. , Valladas H. , Bar‐Yosef O. , Vandermeersch B.
Published: February 2007

Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of heated flint from Kebara cave show the presence of two radiation sensitive signals: E' and Al. Both are strongly interfered with by organic signals produced during heating of the flint. The signal subtraction method of Porat and Schwarcz (1991) was used to determine equivalent doses for flint samples from levels VII‐XII, for which thermoluminescence (TL) ages on the same samples are known. Ages were determined using dose rates based on analyses of the flint and TLD measurements of external dose rates. The average E' age of 48.5 ± 5.1 ka is much less than the average TL age (62.2 ± 4.3 ka), whereas the average age of 64.6 ± 12 ka given by the Al signal is in good agreement with the TL age, but with much larger dispersion. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vertical accretion of flood deposits and deeply stratified archaeological site formation in Central Maine, USA
Authors: Putnam David E.
Published: February 2007

Investigation of deeply stratified archaeological sites on the Piscataquis River in central Maine has revealed a continuous sequence of human occupation from ca. 10,000 yr B.P. to the near present. As an integrated aspect of the archaeological excavations, geomorphic features and surficial deposits were mapped from aerial photographs and field checked. Stratigraphic profiles were recorded from various locations and sediment column samples were collected and analyzed for grain size distribution in 1‐cm vertical intervals from a 3‐m deep excavation at the Sharrow site (ME 90‐2D) to examine the flood deposits. Results include a general chronology of fluvial processes of the Piscataquis River since deglaciation and evidence of dominant vertical accretion of flood sediments on floodplain terraces throughout the Holocene epoch. This article defines an archaeologically significant but rarely recognized depositional regime characterized by a laterally controlled river channel and the exclusive vertical accretion of flood sediments. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A landscape analysis of the candelaria watershed in mexico: Insights into paleoclimates affecting upland horticulture in the southern yucatan peninsula semi‐karst
Authors: Gunn Joel D. , Folan William J. , Robichaux Hubert R.
Published: February 2007

Biocultural systems adapt to global climate change through its regional manifestations. Subsistence customs are the cultural interface between regional climate and culture at large. Swidden horticulturalists in Campeche, Mexico report that dry April followed by early onset of the wet season enhances the productivity of upland tropical gardens, or milpas. To relate regional seasonality of moisture to global climate, growing season discharge for Mexico's Candelaria River from 1958 to 1990 was analyzed relative to global average temperature. Analysis of covariance revealed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001). Further analysis showed that hot global climate eliminates the dry season, which lowers milpa productivity by preventing burning of the slash. Cold global climate delays the wet season and planting, also at cost of productivity. Intermediate global temperature fosters optimal wet—dry season combinations. Productivity of milpas is therefore directly related to global climate through the intervening mechanism of seasonality of moisture. A regression model reflecting these findings is used to retrodict paleohydrology for the last 3000 years. The pattern of ascendancy and decline of ancient southern Maya lowland urban centers is reviewed in the perspective of changing hydrological conditions. The model indicates that fluorescence occurred with optimal balance of wet and dry season duration and catastrophes unfolded during extended wet or dry periods. We suggest that the southern Maya lowlands have had a precipitous record of urban development and collapse in part because of complex interactions of global climate and upland horticulture. The most productive conditions for milpa issue from an inherently unstable overlay of global climate on a relatively narrow band of partially developed karst (semikarst) geological formations.
Site formation processes in loess areas: A case study from moravany‐žakovska, western slovakia
Authors: Bánesz Ladislav , Hromada Josef , Kozlowski Janusz , Sobczyk Krzysztof , Pawlikowski Maciej
Published: February 2007

The site of Moravany‐Žakovska in western Slovakia is situated in a loessic terrain and is dated to the end of the Late Glacial Maximum. This article shows the importance of analyzing the 0.01‐0.1 mm fraction to interpret the sedimentological environment and a number of measured anthropogenic indices, such as burnt quartz grains, charcoal, radiolarite chips, microflakes, and microfragments of bone. Analysis of the profile of the site through time reveals the relationship between occupational levels and phases of slope wash that occurred during wetter climatic episodes; these are separated by phases of aeolian sedimentation. At the same time, analysis of anthropogenic indices in this size fraction permitted the identification of occupational levels, including those not recorded by macrofinds. Analysis of anthropogenic indices in horizontal exposures enabled the identification of latent settlement structures such as hearths, areas of radiolarite processing, zones where mineral dyes were prepared, and other structures not recorded by macrofinds.
The use of ground‐penetrating radar to map the buried structures and landscape of the ceren site, el salvador
Authors: Conyers Lawrence B.
Published: February 2007

More than 7800 m of digital ground‐penetrating radar data were acquired at the buried 6th century archaeological site of Ceren in El Salvador. The data were used to explore for buried structures and map the paleotopography through more than 5 m of volcanic overburden. The archaeological site consists of an agricultural village that was rapidly buried by pyroclastic debris erupted from a nearby volcano, preserving structures, plants, agricultural fields, and much of the surrounding landscape. Ground‐penetrating radar profiles were computer‐processed to remove system and background noise and time‐depth corrected to identify the reflection which represents the ancient ground surface. This buried surface, and the structures built on it, were computer‐modeled in two dimensions to aid in anomaly identification and interpretation. Twenty‐six buried structures were identified on GPR profiles and an accurate representation of the landscape and environment, as it existed just prior to the eruption, was reconstructed. Ground‐penetrating radar is an excellent geophysical tool with which to reconstruct buried landscapes and map cultural features due to its ability to accurately resolve underground features in three dimensions.
Die Möglichkeiten der Gewässerreinigung mit höheren Pflanzen nach den bisherigen Untersuchungsergebnissen und theoretischen Überlegungen
Authors: Nümann Wilhelm
Published: February 2007

The Possibilities of Water Purification by Macrophytes According to the Hitherto Existing Results and Theoretical Considerations
Die Trichopteren des Odenwaldbaches “Steinach” und ihr ökologischer Zeigerwert)
Authors: Schuhmacher Helmut , Schremmer Fritz
Published: February 2007

The Caddis Flies as Ecological Indicators in the Odenwald‐Stream Steinach
On Nanognathia, a New Gnathostomulid Genus from the East Coast of the United States
Authors: Sterrer Wolfgang E.
Published: February 2007

In continuation of a series of papers describing new representatives of the phylum Gnathostomulida from the east coast of North America, the monotypic genus Nanognathia is presented. It is distinguished by small size, grouped epidermal inclusions on the ventral body surface, and flattened basket‐type jaws with long teeth of which one is developed as a terminal tooth. Together with the structure of the reproductive system, these characteristics place Nanognathia within the suborder Scleroperalia, family Onychognathiidae.
Some Evidence for Aquatic Macrophytes as Repellents for a Limnetic Species of Daphnia
Authors: Pennak Robert W.
Published: February 2007

Under controlled laboratory conditions Daphnia rosea SARS is strongly repelled by substances secreted by Elodea, Nitella, and Myriophyllum. This phenomenon can be easily demonstrated in a large glass U‐tube having a small sprig of hydrophyte at the surface of the water on one side of the U‐tube. It can also be demonstrated in a long narrow aquarium having an incomplete vertical plastic divider at the center, and with the hydrophyte on one side of the divider. Simulated plastic aquarium vegetation in control aquaria has only a slight repellent or „shading”︁ effect. The implications of this phenomenon in the hydrophyte zone of lakes and ponds are discussed.
Dissolved Organic Carbon: Patterns of Utilization and Turnover in Two Small Lakes
Authors: Allen Harold L.
Published: February 2007

Planktonic bacterial utilization of 14C‐labelled glucose and acetate was monitored by kinetic measurements throughout an annual period in a small lake. Resulting kinetic uptake data have shown that from 1–15% of the total dissolved organic carbon pool was removed chemo‐organotrophically per day during the year by bacteria capable of metabolizing these substrates.

The kinetic uptake of nine selected organic compounds was measured in a second small lake during summer thermal stratification. Metabolism of glucose, acetate, and glycollate was preferred. Respiration rates of the nine compounds varied generally between 20–60% of the total uptake. The uptake of these compounds accounted for removal of 3–8% of the total dissolved organic carbon pool per day.
Phytoplankton in Two Ponds in Kathmandu Valley (Nepal)
Authors: Hickel Barbara
Published: February 2007

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the plankton of two ponds in Kathmandu Valley (Nepal) was made. Vertical and seasonal variations of the plankton of one pond were studied as well as physical and chemical properties of the water (temperature, visibility, electrical conductivity, pH‐value, alkalinity). During the dry winter the number of plankton species and individuals was low. In summer, before the onset of the monsoon mass developments of different μ‐algae and Ceratium hirundinella occurred.
Seasonal Occurrence of Several Groups of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Two Reservoirs
Authors: Straškrabová Vêra
Published: February 2007

75% of the isolated strains were Gram negative, asporogenous bacteria. Almost a half of them fermented glucose, which was probably caused by a selectivity of the agar medium for the particular types. The groups tentatively classified as Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas, prevailed during summer, whereas pseudomonads and Acinetobacter were more common in winter.
On the Possibilities of Averaging the Seasonal Pattern in Kjeldahl Nitrogen in a Group of Water Bodies
Authors: Hrbáček J.
Published: February 2007

It is shown that the seasonal change of Kjeldahl nitrogen in several ponds and several years shows an average seasonal change which is statistically significant on a month‐to‐month basis although not apparent at first sight. The relative deviation of Kjeldahl nitrogen values in individual months and individual ponds from seasonal averages of individual ponds is closer to lognormal than to normal distribution. The seasonal curve based on average values of relative deviations in individual months and ponds from the seasonal averages of individual ponds shows the lowest variation of average monthly values and is therefore most adequate to a comparison of the seasonal pattern of two or more groups of water bodies.
Ceratium hirundinella in lake erken: horizontal distribution and form variation
Authors: Dottne‐Lindgren Åsa , Ekbohm Gunnar
Published: February 2007

The horizontal distribution of Ceratium hirundinella (MÜLL.) BERGH was investigated in Lake Erken at ten stations in the summer of 1969. Abundance, total length and number of horns were studied. The conclusion is that the lake contained a horizontally uniform population of the alga. A correlation between form variation and the growth curve of the population was found, which can be explainable with PEARSALL'S (1929) theory, linking form variation with cellular metabolism.