bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of School Culture in Forming the Prophetic Character of Elementary School Students
Authors: Ayu Dinda Puspita , Prayitno Harun Joko
Published: February 2025

Prophetic character is a behavior that reflects the characteristics of the prophet, namely shidiq, trustworthy, tabligh, and fathanah. Prophetic character needs to be instilled in elementary schools to reduce cases of moral degradation. In instilling prophetic character, one way is through school culture. School culture is a habit in a school that characterizes and determines quality. The objectives of this study are: (1) to describe the role of school culture school culture in instilling prophetic character in Muhammadiyah Nurul 'Ilmi Elementary School; (2) to analyze the obstacles in instilling prophetic character.This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptively. This study was conducted at Muhammadiyah Nurul Ilmi' Elementary School which is located in Minggiran, Kalitengah, Karangdowo District, Klaten Regency, Central Java with informans numbering 26 including principal, teachers, and 5th grade students. Data collection techniques were interviews, observations, documentation, and questionnaires. Data analysis used the Saldana model with open coding techniques followed by thematic analysis to categorize data and data triangulation to ensure validity and reliability. The results of this study indicate that the school culture of Muhammadiyah Nurul Ilmi' Elementary School has an important role in instilling prophetic character. The existing school culture is dhuha prayer, dhuhur prayer, charity, murojaah, tahfidz, lining up before entering class, arranging shoes, and greeting. There are several obstacles in instilling prophetic character, namely children like to play, are lazy to pray, are in a bad mood, are crowded, and rarely memorize surahs. The existence of habituation activities makes students accustomed to practicing prophetic character every day.
Factores de Riesgo Asociados a la Exposición de Micronanoplásticos en la Formación de Placa Ateroma
Authors: Erick Joseph Gaona Liendres Erick Joseph Gaona Liendres , Albán Galarza Melany Dayana , Ojeda Crespo Alexander Oswaldo
Published: February 2025

La contaminación ambiental es un desafío global que no nos deja indiferentes; sus efectos se extienden más allá del medio ambiente para involucrar nuestra salud en su totalidad.  Entre los culpables principales se encuentran los microplásticos y nanoplásticos, esos minúsculos fragmentos que han convertido a nuestro planeta en un lugar más peligroso para los seres humanos. Estas partículas no solo causan estragos en ecosistemas, sino que también tienen un impacto significativo en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, que están estrechamente ligadas a la formación de placa aterosclerótica, una etapa crucial en el desarrollo de estas condiciones.   Los microplásticos y nanoplásticos penetran en nuestro organismo a través de múltiples vías: los consumimos en nuestros alimentos y en agua contaminada; los inhalaamos en el aire que respiramos; y también a través de la piel. Estas partículas son increíblemente duraderas; se encuentran en nuestra comida, agua potable y en los productos que usamos diariamente. Una vez adentro, estos contaminantes desencadenan un efecto en cadena. Generan estrés oxidativo, causan inflamación crónica y dañan los vasos sanguíneos; todo ello contribuye al desarrollo de aterosclerosis. Además, estos factores no actúan de manera aislada. También interactúan con nuestras elecciones de estilo de vida. Por ejemplo, una dieta rica en grasas saturadas puede aumentar la bioacumulación de microplásticos en nuestro sistema digestivo; mientras que fumar facilitates el daño vascular libera partículas plásticas de los filtros de cigarrillos. Desde una perspectiva molecular, el impacto de estos contaminantes es aún más complejo. Estimulan vías inflamatorias clave, como NF-κB-NLRP3-GSDMD, y causan daños en las mitocondrias; estas hicieron que se formen células espumosas, que son esenciales para la creación de placas ateroscleróticas. Además, estos plásticos microscópicos no vienen solos; a menudo traen consigo contaminantes químicos como Bisfenol A y fitalatos, que actúan como disruptores endocrinos y exacerban aún más sus efectos perjudiciales. A pesar de los avances significativos logrados en la investigación sobre estos temas, aún hay muchos aspectos por explorar, especialmente los efectos a largo plazo de la exposición a microplásticos en nuestras enfermedades cardiovasculares. Por eso, es crucial continuar estandarizando los métodos de detección; ampliar los estudios a largo plazo; y diseñar estrategias preventivas que combinen cambios en nuestro estilo de vida con la regulación del uso de plásticos.
Utilidad de Biomarcadores como Predictores en el Diagnóstico Temprano de Nefropatía Diabética en Pacientes Adultos
Authors: Perez Beltran Jesmar Jose , Yaguana Aragundi Katherine Michelle , Briones Morales Víctor Euclides
Published: February 2025

El presente articulo estudia la Utilidad de biomarcadores como predictores en el diagnóstico temprano de nefropatía diabética en pacientes adultos. El objetivo del estudio es establecer la utilidad de biomarcadores como predictores en el diagnóstico temprano de nefropatía diabética en pacientes adultos, mediante una revisión bibliográfica. Este trabajo de investigación se desarrolló bajo el paradigma de investigación positivista, con un enfoque cuantitativo, con un tipo de investigación básica, donde el diseño de investigación que se utilizó fue el no experimental con una modalidad de investigación documental y bibliográfico, siguiendo un método investigativo analítico. Los resultados demuestran que debido a su excelente sensibilidad y especificidad, los biomarcadores urinarios NGAL y uMCP-1 son los más frecuentemente sugeridos para el diagnóstico de la nefropatía diabética. Estos indicadores permiten identificar cambios renales de manera temprana, antes de que se produzcan daños graves, además, la cistatina C sérica y uKIM-1 son opciones complementarias con un desempeño diagnóstico adecuado. Sin embargo, otros biomarcadores, como la cistatina C urinaria, uRBP-4 y la laminina sérica, presentan un menor rendimiento en términos de sensibilidad y especificidad, limitando su aplicación clínica.
Análisis de la Gestión Administrativa y Satisfacción Laboral en la Dirección Distrital 11D01 Loja Educación – 2023
Authors: Iñiguez Albán Oscar Iván , Valencia Medranda José Adrián
Published: February 2025

Este estudio titulado aborda la problemática de la satisfacción laboral del personal administrativo en la Dirección Distrital 11D01 Loja Educación en el periodo 2023, un fenómeno que impacta en el rendimiento y la calidad educativa. Por ello, el objetivo general es evaluar cómo la gestión administrativa influye en la satisfacción laboral del personal en esta institución. La metodología empleada consistió en un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando encuestas aplicadas a una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 96 participantes. Los resultados revelaron que, aunque un 39.58% de los encuestados se siente satisfecho con su ambiente laboral, existen áreas críticas como la falta de mecanismos efectivos para resolver conflictos 46.88% de insatisfacción y un sistema de recompensas percibido como inequitativo.  Las estrategias propuestas incluyen la implementación de un sistema de reconocimiento equitativo, la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo y la promoción de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional, con el fin de elevar la satisfacción laboral y, por ende, la calidad educativa ofrecida.
Digitalization of Madrasah Financial System in Managing Financial Transparency and Accountability
Authors: Hidayah Zuhriyah Ayu , Fauzi Ahmad , Mustofa Ali
Published: February 2025

This article aims to analyze the application of financial system digitization at MAN Kota Mojokerto in managing the transparency and accountability of madrasah financial management, in an effort to simplify and speed up the payment transaction process, MAN Kota Mojokerto uses the Infra digital application which allows payment of SPP, infaq, books, and other fees to be made online. Through this system, it is expected to reduce the potential for recording errors, improve operational efficiency, and ensure more transparent and accountable financial management. This article uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the use of the Infra digital application makes it easier for parents to make payments, and makes it easier for the committee treasurer to monitor and report financial transactions. The implementation of digitalization has also proven effective in improving accountability, as every transaction is neatly recorded and can be accessed easily by related parties. In conclusion, the implementation of financial system digitization at MAN Kota Mojokerto has contributed greatly to realizing more transparent and accountable financial management, which has a positive impact on the quality of education management in the madrasah.
Evaluating the Safety Profile of Propofol Sedation in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Shahzad Arslan , Ramzan Minahil , Tahir Muhammad , Tahir Muhammad Zuhair , Tahir Muhammad Zubair , Shahzad Muhammad Babar
Published: February 2025

Objective: To find out the incidence of complications of Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation, when done under Propofol sedation.
Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, which was conducted in the Gastroenterology department, PAF Hospital. From 1st Feb 2019 to 30th June 2023. Patients who underwent Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation were included in the study. Anesthesia was provided using Propofol and Midazolam. Endoscopic variceal band ligation was carried out by a consultant gastroenterologist. Incidence of complications during the procedure and within 48 hours was noted.
Results: Out of 385 patients included in the study, re-bleeding was reported in 8 patients (2.1%), bacteremia in 8 patients (2.1%), hypotension in 77 patients (20%), and hypoxia in 56 patients (14.5%).  The rest of the complications such as perforation, Mallory-Weis tear, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction were not observed in any patient.
Conclusion: Propofol is a safe drug for deep sedation during Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation associated with reduced complication risk.
Assessment Of Fetal Outcome In Women Undergoing Emergency Caesarean Section For Fetal Distress In Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Fatima Noor , Iqbal Khansa , Amna Abbasi  , Waheed Nabeela , Arooj Amara , Sadaf Maliha
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study aims to assess the fetal outcome in terms of early neonatal mortality among women undergoing emergency caesarean section for fetal distress.
Methods: It is a Descriptive cross-sectional study involving 167 patients who were diagnosed with fetal distress and underwent emergency c-sections. The study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Unit-II, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi from 24-09-2018 to 24-03-2019. Frequencies of fetal death were evaluated. Effect modifiers were controlled by the stratification. A P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant.
Results: The mean maternal age of the study population was found to be 24.59±3.20 years while the mean gestational age was recorded as 38.88±1.40 weeks. Fetal death was observed in 6.6% (n=11) of the total study population. A statistically significant difference was present among APGAR score, gestational age and fetal weight. However, statistically no significant difference was observed among maternal age, maternal height and maternal weight. 
Conclusions: The frequency of fetal death following emergency caesarean section for fetal distress was found to be 6.6% (n=11). A statistically significant difference (P≤0.05) was present among APGAR score, gestational age and fetal weight for fetal outcome in our study.
Descriptive Analysis Regarding Optic Canal Variations: A Study In South Punjab Region Of Pakistan
Authors: Mirani Ponum , Rasheed Ammara , Afshan Gul , Rasheed Nida
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation into optic canal variations within the South Punjab region of Pakistan. The primary objectives were to analyze the size, shape, and anomalies of the optic canal, providing valuable insights for healthcare professionals and researchers involved in ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and radiology.
Methods: A meticulous examination of 221 dried cadaveric human skulls from Nishtar Medical University's Anatomy Department was undertaken. The sample was carefully selected to ensure diverse representation across age groups and genders, contributing to a robust dataset for analysis. Optic canal dimensions were measured using precision callipers and digital devices, encompassing length, width, and height. Qualitative analyses involved scrutinizing variations in shape, such as curvature, tapering, and irregularities. Specific anomalies, including optic canal duplication, were identified and documented. Ethical guidelines were strictly followed with approval from the institutional review board (IRB). Statistical analyses, conducted using SPSS 22.0, included measures like mean, median, and standard deviation, providing a rigorous framework for discerning patterns and variations within the optic canal.
Results: The study revealed significant anatomical variations within the optic canal. Quantitative analysis of size variations demonstrated mean lengths, widths, and heights, offering insights into the normative anatomy of the optic canal in the South Punjab population. Diverse shapes were observed, with the majority displaying a gently curved configuration. Anomalies, including optic canal duplication and the keyhole anomaly, were identified, contributing to our understanding of rare anatomical peculiarities. Slight but noteworthy differences between the right and left optic canals were observed, with the right side generally displaying larger dimensions and specific anomalies.
Conclusion: The findings contribute valuable insights into optic canal morphology, emphasizing its complexity and diversity within the South Punjab population. These results hold practical implications for clinicians, informing diagnostic imaging, surgical planning, and interventions involving the optic canal. The study underscores the importance of individualized patient care, considering the variations in optic canal anatomy. As our understanding advances, these findings pave the way for enhanced clinical assessments and nuanced approaches to cranial anatomical considerations, ultimately improving patient outcomes and guiding future research in this field.
Frequency And Unusual Clinical Manifestation Of Orbital Xanthogranulomas: An Overview
Authors: Manzoor Amna , Taimur Fariha , Saad Muhammad , Ahmad Saadullah , Tahir Faizan , Khan Sumeya
Published: February 2025

Objective: To assess the frequency and clinical characteristics of orbital xanthogranulomas, focusing on their unusual presentations and impact on bone structure in a South Asian population.
Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The study included patients diagnosed with orbital xanthogranulomas between July 2001 and July 2023. The variables collected included patient demographics (age, gender), presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms before presentation, clinical features, diagnostic modalities used (e.g., CT scans, histopathology), treatment modalities, and follow-up outcomes.
Results: Between July 2001 and July 2023, 1250 orbital lesions were identified. Out of these, a total of 6 patients were diagnosed with orbital xanthogranuloma.
The presenting symptoms for these 6 patients included proptosis in 5 cases, loss of vision in 5 cases, and redness of the eyes in 1 case. In four patients, bony erosions were seen preoperatively. The most commonly involved bone was the roof of the orbit. In one patient, osteosclerosis of the knee and elbow joint was reported. The mean duration of symptoms before presentation was 1.8 years, ranging from 3 months to 5 years. The mean age at presentation was 38 years (range, 3 – 70 years). Recurrence was seen in only one patient.
Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings indicate that orbital xanthogranulomas, while rare, constitute a noteworthy proportion of lesions with bony erosions. These tumours manifest with diverse clinical features, complications, and systemic associations, making them complex to diagnose and manage effectively.
Understanding Student Engagement And Satisfaction With Chatgpt In Dental Education: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Jan Hassan , Fatima Atteeb , Ahmad Mian Bilal , Arshad Ayesha , Abideen Malik Zain Ul , Tareen Jawad
Published: February 2025

Objective: The study aimed to explore the engagement and satisfaction levels of dental students in Pakistan using ChatGPT as a supplementary learning tool.
Method: Thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with dental students. A purposive sampling strategy was employed to select participants, and data were collected through in-depth interviews until saturation. The data were analysed using the Bran and Clarke framework to identify key themes and sub-themes related to students' perceptions and experiences with ChatGPT.
Results: The thematic analysis revealed several key themes and sub-themes related to students' engagement levels and satisfaction with ChatGPT. Themes included perceived utility, ease of access, interactive learning experience, relevance to learning needs, user interface experience, confidence in responses, personalisation of learning, challenges with ChatGPT (language barriers, technical issues, lack of human interaction, content limitations), and suggestions for improvement (language support, technical assistance, enhanced content generation, integration with classroom instruction).
Conclusion: The findings highlighted the perceived utility and relevance of ChatGPT to students' learning needs. However, challenges such as language barriers, technical issues, and content limitations indicate areas for improvement. By addressing these challenges and incorporating suggestions for enhancement, ChatGPT has the potential to play a valuable role in dental education, complementing traditional teaching methods and preparing students for the future of dentistry.
Comparison Of Epidural Analgesia Vs Intraoperative Peri-Articular Injection For Pain Management Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Akhtar Rahman Rasool , Ahmed Riaz , Waqas Ali  , Waris Hira
Published: February 2025

Objective: To compare epidural analgesia vs intraoperative peri-articular injection for pain management following Total Knee Arthroplasty.
Method: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 54 patients undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty and divided into two groups equally, group A received epidural analgesia while group B received peri-articular injection. Postoperative pain on VAS score after six hours and 24 hours and side effects on the first postoperative day were assessed between both groups. Independent samples T-test was used for comparison of variables keeping P value significant at 0.05.
Results: The mean age of the patients recorded was 58.85±5.93 years. Male were 46.3% while female patients were 53.7%. Postoperative pain assessed on VAS after 6 and 24 hours was significantly lower in group B (peri-articular injection) as compared to group A (epidural analgesia) (P = 0.009). The frequency of nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in group B (peri-articular injection) than in group A (epidural analgesia) (P = 0.004, P = 0.005).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of our study, we conclude that the utilization of intraoperative peri-articular injection for management of pain following Total Knee Arthroplasty yielded a significantly lower incidence of postoperative pain, as well as reduced occurrences of nausea and vomiting when compared to the use of epidural analgesia.
Cyto-histological correlation of salivary gland lesions according to the Milan reporting system
Authors: Hamid Shireen , Mudassar Muhammad , Hamid Nida , Zia Muhammad Sarwar , Mehmood Tariq , Hameed Sadia
Published: February 2025

Objective: The objective of this study is to correlate FNAC outcomes according to the Milan Salivary Gland Cytology Reporting System (MSRSGC)system with histopathological findings of salivary gland lesions, taking as the gold standard.

Study Design: Descriptive Retrospective study.
Setting: Private lab in Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Period: January 2017 to December 2022.
Material and Methods: We assessed cytology aspirates from salivary gland lesions in individuals of both genders. Demographic details, including age, gender, lesion location, and duration, were systematically recorded. The cytology cases without subsequent histopathology were excluded from the study. The cytology cases were categorized based on the Milan Salivary Gland Cytology Reporting System (MSRSGC): nondiagnostic, non-neoplastic, benign, or, salivary gland tumor of unknown malignant potential (SUMP), suspicious for malignancy, or malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC were calculated. The data was analyzed using SPSS 24 taking a P value < 0.05 as significant
Results: This study evaluated 74 cases of salivary gland lesions with cytology, all of which underwent histopathology. These cases included 32 (43.2%) women and 42 (56.8%) men with an average age of 42 years. The right side is more affected (52.7%) than the left side (47.3%). The most common salivary gland was the parotid gland in 61.9 % of cases. According to the Milan system, the majority of cases were classified as benign category IVa (58.1%), followed by cases in categories II, V, and VI (14.9%, 6.8%, and 12.2%) respectively. While cases in category III and IV b (4.1 %). The FNAC correlation with histopathology showed a sensitivity of 95.2 % and a specificity of 71.7%. The positive predictive value is 77.6 %, and the negative predictive value is 93.5 %. The diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was determined to be 95.2% compared to the final histopathological diagnosis. Correspondingly, the associated risk of malignancy for these categories was 0%, 30%, 0%, 30%, 100%, and 100%, respectively.
Conclusion: The overall diagnostic accuracy of cytological reporting of salivary gland lesions according to the Milan nomenclature was 83.6 %. These findings showed the significant contribution of MSRSGC in accurately diagnosing malignant lesions, aiding clinicians in making well-informed decisions regarding specific treatment strategies.
Keywords: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), Milan salivary gland cytology reporting system (MSRSGC), histopathology, salivary glands.
Efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan among patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Butt Madiha , Niazi Ayesha , Rafique Zahra , Shams Nadia , Meraj Lubna , Rauf Asma
Published: February 2025

Objective: Chronic heart failure is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and recurrent admissions among the elderly population worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Sacubitril/Valsartan among heart failure cases with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.
Methods: This prospective simple experimental study was conducted over a 6-month duration from Feb. 1st, 2023 to July 30th, 2023 at Islamabad Medical Complex after ethical approval. Adult patients (≥ 25 years of age; both genders) presenting with chronic heart failure (CHF) with LVEF ≤ 40% for ≥ 3 months duration; NYHA-II/III/ambulatory-IV, ischemic/non-ischemic cardiomyopathy cases were included by consecutive non-probability sampling. Systolic blood pressure (SBP)<100mmHg, eGFR<30mL/min/m2, serum potassium>4.5mEq/L, known drug reactions, and congenital heart disease cases were excluded. After detailed clinical evaluation, baseline ejection fraction (EF), and NT Pro-BNP levels were documented. Patients were started on Sacubitril/valsartan and followed every 2 months till 6 months duration. EF, NT Pro-BNP levels re-checked at 6th month. The primary endpoint was EF improvement at 6 months. Secondary endpoints were all-cause mortality or hospitalization due to heart failure. Data was analyzed by SPSS V-25, with significant p<0.05.
Results: Amongst 100 cases, (63% males; 37% females), 10% patients were 29-45 years, 49% (46-60 years) and 41% (61-75 years). 13% of cases had CABG, 30% had PCI, and 55% had no previous cardiac invention. 57 patients received dose-50/day and 43 received dose-100/day. At baseline, 79 patients had NYHA-II, 17(NYHA-III) and 4(NYHA-IV). After six months, 78 patients had NYHA-II, 2(NYHA-III) and 1(NYHA-IV). 12 patients lost to follow-up, 4 expired, while therapy stopped in 4 due to raised creatinine.  At baseline, 8 patients had no mitral regurgitation (MR), 4(trace MR), 48(mild MR), 25(moderate MR) and 15 had severe MR. After six months, 16 patients had no MR, 13(trace MR), 37(mild MR), 13(moderate MR) and 2 had severe MR. The statistically significant difference found in pro-BNP, creatinine, SBP, ejection fraction, E/e, E/A ratio, left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LEDV) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) between baseline versus at six months (p<0.05).
Conclusion: In chronic heart failure cases with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), sacubitril/valsartan has proven to be significantly effective in improving NYHA class, degree of MR, cardiovascular mortality and Hospitalization.
Prevalence And Social Factors Associated With Postpartum Depression In Urban Areas Of Pakistan: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad Moeed Azwar , Ashraf Muhammad Saarim , Bhatti Hafsa , Jamil Mahwash , Kaniz Mukhdooma  , Zainab Ibrahim
Published: February 2025

Objective: A type of mental sickness known as postpartum depression (PPD), which affects some women after giving birth, is characterized by feelings of melancholy, anxiety, and weariness that can interfere with day-to-day activities and the ability to form attachments with the infant. The social and cognitive development of the infant is said to suffer from PPD. In multiethnic urban areas in Pakistan, this study sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in various parts of Pakistan, and information from 126 women who lived in urban areas, was gathered. To gauge postpartum depression, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was utilized, and a cut-off score of 13 was chosen to separate depressed from non-depressed women.
Results: PPD was shown to be 41.27% prevalent among urban women. Lack of social support from the husband, lack of social support from in-laws, lack of knowledge, difficulty in handling the baby, social conflicts, and lack of postpartum support were some of the causes of PPD.
Conclusion: In Pakistan, where postpartum depression is a severe public health concern and frequently goes unreported due to cultural stigmas, this study emphasizes the value of early detection and care for Pakistani urban women at risk of developing the condition. During postpartum visits, healthcare providers should frequently screen new mothers for depression and utilize instruments like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to identify those experiencing symptoms. A complete approach to addressing this issue must include strengthening social support, expanding access to mental health services, and teaching medical staff how to identify and treat postpartum depression.
Keywords: Postpartum Depression, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Urban Population, Mental Health, Social Support, Public Health.
Relationship Between Locus Of Control, Paranormal Beliefs, And Magical Ideation Among Young Adults Of Pakistan
Authors: Malik Rozia , Akhtar Shammem , Mughal Fatima Ali Raza
Published: February 2025

Objective: Para normality, often seen as violating fundamental scientific principles, includes beliefs in phenomena such as spirits, extrasensory perception, and fortune telling. These extraordinary beliefs are linked to belief. Locus of control (LOC), which refers to an individual's perception of control as internal or external, is a well-studied concept. This study aimed to explore the relationship between locus of control, paranormal beliefs, and magical ideation in early adulthood, and to examine how individual differences affect these variables.
Methods: A sample of 142 college and university students aged 18-25 were selected using a convenience sampling technique through social media platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp, due to COVID-19 and quarantine restrictions. The Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale (MLOCS), Paranormal Belief Scale, and Magical Ideation Scale were utilized for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS (26 version)
Results: Descriptive analysis for demographic variables and correlation analysis showed that locus of control positively correlated with internal LOC (ILOC), external LOC (ELOC), and paranormal beliefs, but negatively with magical ideation. Specifically, ILOC was positively correlated with paranormal beliefs and negatively with magical ideation, while ELOC showed the same pattern. Paranormal beliefs were negatively correlated with magical ideation. An independent sample t-test revealed no significant gender differences.
Conclusion: The study highlights the complex relationships between religiosity, locus of control, and superstitious beliefs. Although there may be a link between religiosity and superstitious belief, this connection is not straightforward. A limitation of the study is the reliance on a convenience sample from social media, which may not be fully representative of the broader population.
Keywords: Locus of Control, Paranormal-Beliefs, Magical Thinking, Superstitions, Religiosity, Social Media, Quarantine.
Factors Leading To Severe Anaemia In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Afaq Erum , Afaq Humera , Parveen Naila , Waseem Hira Fatima , Ali Anwar , Nazar Shazia
Published: February 2025

Objective: Chronic disease of the kidney (CKD) is a lethal malady that usually vitiates the function of the kidney.  It often stays unrecognized in the earlier stages but over time it may lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). CKD is linked to several complications, such as anaemia and infection which can augment the medical complexities. This study aimed to determine the factors leading to severe anaemia in predialysis CKD patients.
Methods: A Cross-sectional design was selected to conduct a study in the medicine ward at Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi from 20/08/23 to 20/08/24. Questions were asked about the duration of the CKD, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension (HTN). A venous sample was collected for investigations including serum urea, creatinine, haemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), blood urea nitrogen (BUN)and serum albumin level. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated. Stages of CKD were classified as per NKF-K/DOQI classification. The information was entered on proforma and analysed through SPSS-23.0.
Results: Among 130 anaemic patients based on haemoglobin, 72 CKD patients had severe anaemia, mean Hb level of 6.59±0.96 g/dl, 49 patients had moderate anaemia with a mean Hb 8.98±0.73 g/dl and only 9 patients had mild type of anaemia, mean Hb 11.96±0.60 g/dl with significant p-value. (p-value=0.000) GFR was 12.00±6.94 ml/min/1.73m2 in patients having severe anaemia, 17.20±9.82 ml/min/1.73m2.in in individuals having moderate anaemia and 18.79±10.22 ml/min/1.73m2 in CKD patients having mild anaemia. (p-value=0.001)
Conclusion: The severity of anaemia in advanced stages of CKD is a striking observation. There is a need for early diagnosis and management of kidney disease and nevertheless routine monitoring of kidney function especially in diabetic and hypertensive patients.
Keywords: Creatine, iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, ocular hypertension, dialysis
Randomised Trial: Adrenaline & Dexamethasone Vs. Adrenaline In Children With Bronchiolitis
Authors: Choudhary Sidra , Liaqat Israr , Muntaha Sidra Tul , Ahmad Rafiq , Niazi Jawad , Mansoor Mian
Published: February 2025

Objective: To compare treatment outcomes with adrenaline and dexamethasone versus adrenaline alone in children with bronchiolitis.
Methods: It was a Randomized controlled trial parallel group ratio 1:1 with non-probability convenient sampling conducted at the Pediatrics Department, Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi from 1st September 2022 to 2nd March 2023. A total of 64 children were included. The clinical severity score was noted down at baseline. The patients were randomized into two groups with 32 in each group. Children in Group A received nebulized adrenaline and intramuscular dexamethasone and Group B received only nebulized adrenaline.  Patients were assessed at every 30 minutes up to 120 minutes, then after every 4 hours & outcomes were assessed.
Results: The mean age of the patients in Group A versus B was 12.6±4.59 & 12.4±5.69 months respectively. In Group A versus B, the mean clinical severity score at the time of discharge was 3.3±0.88 & 4.4±0.61 with a p-value of 0.000, mean duration of hospital stay was 3.3±0.88 & 4.4±0.61 with a p-value of 0.000 and readmission at 7th day after initial treatment occurred in 3 (9.4%) & 9 (28.1%) patients with p value 0.05 respectively.
Conclusion: In children with bronchiolitis, a combination of adrenaline and dexamethasone was significantly associated with lower clinical severity scores, shorter duration of hospitalization and lesser rates of readmission compared to adrenaline alone.
Keywords: Adrenaline, Bronchiolitis, Dexamethasone.
Hepatic Damage Induced By Fructose And Aspartame In Carbonated Drinks: Morphological And Histological Analysis In Adult Male Albino Rats
Authors: Shafqat Faiza , Suhail Muhammad , Ali Ayesha , Nazeer Hafsa , Iqbal Sadia , Mansoor Saqib
Published: February 2025

Objective: The study aims to analyze the changes produced by fructose and aspartame in regular and zero-calorie carbonated drinks respectively on the morphology and histology of the liver of adult male albino rats.
Methods: Regular and zero-calorie carbonated drinks in a dosage of 10 ml/kg body weight were administered by oral gavage daily to experimental groups B and C (10 rats in each group) respectively for 21 consecutive days. The weight of animals was noted at the start and end of the experiment. The liver was excised in each animal, weighed, fixed in formalin, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and histological changes such as detachment of capsule, congestion and inflammation of portal triad were observed for comparison between the experimental groups.
Results: Results were recorded and analyzed in the form of photomicrographs. Observations showed a rise in the weight of animals and liver of experimental groups B and C compared to control group A. The shape of the liver was normal. Histological changes including detachment of capsule, inflammation of portal triad, congestion of hepatic sinusoids and portal triad, were observed in both the experimental groups indicating damage to hepatic tissue.
Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that consumption of regular and zero-calorie carbonated drinks should be restricted to avoid their harmful effects on the liver leading to hepatotoxicity.
Keywords: Fructose, Aspartame, regular and zero calorie carbonated drinks, liver
Peers To Professors: Exploring The Role Of Students And Faculty In Same-Level Reciprocal Peer Assisted Learning In Family Medicine Clerkship
Authors: Sami Muneeza Aamir , Baig Lubna Ansari , Iqbal Saima Perwaiz , Shafi Riffat , Parveen Sobia
Published: February 2025

Objective: Peer-assisted learning (PAL) is teaching by the learners to the learners, a teaching strategy globally integrated into curricula. One particular variant is same-year reciprocal PAL, in which peer tutors and tutees are from the same academic year and alternate teaching roles. However, few studies have examined this specific form of PAL, and both student and faculty perspectives on its efficacy remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we conducted a qualitative study among fourth-year medical students during their Family Medicine clerkship.
Methods: Employing content thematic analysis, we gathered data through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions involving both faculty members and students. Students received training to lead small group discussions, and their perceptions were subsequently collected. Coding of the transcripts was carried out by three researchers independently, with themes agreed upon mutually. COREQ guidelines were followed throughout the planning, implementation, and analysis of this study.
Results: The finalized themes included "Enhancement of Teaching Skills," "Conducive Educational Environment," "Operational Issues," and "Recommendations for the Future".
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PAL promotes collaboration among students and enhances knowledge, confidence, time management, teamwork and  reflecting skills besides many other. It serves as a valuable supplement to traditional teaching methods, although it cannot replace them entirely. Thorough planning prior to implementation is essential for achieving beneficial long-term outcomes for both students and faculty.
Key words: peer groups, medical students, learning, clinical clerkship, teaching methods, undergraduate medical education.
Serum Vitamin D Levels in Neonates and Their Mothers at Birth: A Comparative Analysis Highlighting Need for Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Khaliq Hafsa , Malik Arshad Parvez , Ihsan Ullah  , Hayat Waqar , Faisal Muhammad Saleh , Shadab Tabinda
Published: February 2025

Objective: Objective: The study was conducted to examine serum vitamin D levels in preterm and full-term neonates and their mothers at birth to explore potential associations.
Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in the Pediatrics and Obstetrics departments of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from May 2022 to Nov 2022. After taking institutional approvals, 198 healthy pre-term and full-term neonates and their mothers were enrolled in the study. A structured proforma comprising demographic data was filled and samples of blood were obtained from the mothers at birth and the neonates within 72 hours of birth. Serum levels of Vitamin D were determined by ELISA and based on these levels the subjects were classified as sufficient, insufficient, or deficient.
Results: Of 198 infants studied, 77.8% were full-term and 22.2% were preterm. Males comprised 57.1% of the sample. A majority, 74.2% came from poor socioeconomic backgrounds, with 62.6% of mothers being uneducated. Both preterm and full-term infants predominantly exhibited vitamin D deficiency. Among 44 mothers of preterm and 154 mothers of full-term infants, vitamin D levels differed significantly (p=0.003). However, in both groups, there was a higher prevalence of mothers with insufficient vitamin D levels compared to those with adequate levels. Significant associations (p=0.001 and 0.003) suggest maternal vitamin D levels may influence neonatal vitamin D status and risk of preterm labour.
Conclusion: A notable proportion of mothers exhibited deficient levels of vitamin D, and correspondingly, their neonates also displayed deficient levels. A potential correlation between maternal Vitamin D status and the occurrence of preterm labour was also observed.
Keywords: Mother, Neonate, Pediatrics, Vitamin D.
Evaluation of IT Governance in Indonesia's One-Door Investment and Integrated Services Institution using COBIT 5
Authors: Satria Wahyu Indra , Ilmi Farwis , Indah Pratiwi Nuning
Published: February 2025

This research aims to evaluate the information technology governance at Indonesia's One-Door Investment and Integrated Services Institution using the COBIT 5 framework. COBIT 5 is a comprehensive framework that provides a model for managing and governing information technology within an organization, to ensure the achievement of strategic and operational objectives. The research was conducted through several stages, including identifying relevant information technology processes, data collection through questionnaires and interviews, and analysis of the evaluation results using capability levels provided by COBIT 5 framework. The study results indicate that most information technology processes at Indonesia's One-Door Investment and Integrated Services Institution are at capability levels that require improvement, particularly in information technology risk management, performance management, and internal controls. Several recommendations are provided to enhance information technology governance at Indonesia's One-Door Investment and Integrated Services Institution, such as strengthening information technology policies and procedures, increasing human resource capacity through continuous training, and implementing regular monitoring and evaluation systems. By adopting these recommendations, it is expected that information technology governance at Indonesia's One-Door Investment and Integrated Services Institution can be optimized to support the achievement of organizational goals better and improve public services for the citizens.
Design of an IoT-Based Automatic Weighing System for Catfish Farming to Support Smart Aquaculture
Authors: Jannah Sutra Wardatul , Muhtadi Ahmad , Ridwan M. Deny , Kurlillah Rizki
Published: February 2025

Enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of the catfish weighing process is essential for farmers to optimize distribution to retailers and wholesalers while improving productivity and operational performance. This study focuses on developing an IoT-based automatic weighing system to provide a real-time and automated solution to these challenges. The proposed system incorporates a load cell sensor for weight measurement, an ESP32 microcontroller with a WiFi module for seamless data transmission, and an intuitive web-based interface for monitoring and control. Powered by solar energy, the system emphasizes the integration of renewable energy in aquaculture. The research involves designing the system's mechanical, electrical, and software components to create a practical and accessible tool for farmers. Field trials on catfish farms assess the system’s performance in terms of accuracy and efficiency, comparing it to conventional manual weighing methods. This innovation aims to boost operational efficiency in aquaculture while contributing to the adoption of sustainable and intelligent farming technologies.
Ethical Dilemmas and Empathy Towards Patient Care among Dental Students in Telangana State - A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors:   Postgraduate, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India, Lohitha Gadiraju Leela , Abhinav T N , Parthasarathi P , Monica M , Rao Koppula Yadav , Sheetal A
Published: February 2025

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between Ethical dilemmas and Empathy among dental house surgeons of Telangana state. Methodology: A Cross-sectional study was conducted among House surgeons of 7 dental institutions in Telangana state in month of September 2022. A 26-item standardized closed ended questionnaire was administered to study participants which comprise of two domains – dilemmas and empathy. Dilemmas were presented as 6-clinical case scenarios depicting various principles of ethics while Empathy was measured using the HPS-version of Jeferson scale questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to the study participants and collected on the same day. Descriptives and chi-square test was done to determine the association between dilemmas and levels of empathy. Results: A total of 382 house surgeons, 81.4% were females with mean age of 23.23 ± 1.098. Participants showed high respect for autonomy, with 84.6% in scenario 1 and 64.5% in scenario 2. However, respect for non-maleficence was lower which is about 31.7% & 48.1% in scenarios 3 & 4 respectively. Respect for principle of beneficence was 22% while truthfulness was 74.3%. Among the study participants, 46.3% exhibited moderate level of empathy. There exists no association between dilemmic situation and levels empathy except for truthfulness. Conclusion: Ethical dilemmas are common during dental practice and the way they are handled differ among dentists. Although most of them were empathetic there is no significant association between dilemma and levels of empathy except for truthfulness.

Keywords: Ethical Principles, Dilemma, Empathy, Dental ethics, Case Scenarios
Methods for Assessing Orthodontic Mini Implant Stability
Authors:   Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia, Abidin Suhaila Zainal , Dasor Maryati Md
Published: February 2025

Assessing the stability of orthodontic mini implants (MI) is critical for ensuring successful treatment outcomes. This abstract reviews, various methods employed to measure MI stability in orthodontics. Invasive methods include histologic & histomorphometry technique, cutting torque resistance analysis, removal torque analysis and insertion torque analysis. Non-invasive modalities such as surgeon’s perception, radiographic examination, finite element analysis, percussion test, pulsed oscillation waveform, Periotest and Resonance Frequency Analysis. Each method contributes uniquely to the assessment of MI stability, aiding orthodontists in making informed decisions regarding treatment planning and anchorage management. Understanding the strengths and limitations of these measurement methods enhances their clinical utility and ensures optimal treatment outcomes in orthodontic practice.

Keywords: Orthodontic mini implants, Stability measurement, Orthodontics
Diode Laser-Assisted Maxillary Labial Frenectomy: A Case Series With 6-months Follow-Up
Authors:   Post Graduate Student, Department of Periodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore, 641006, TamilNadu, India, Madhupretha S , Rajendran Poornima , Srihari J
Published: February 2025

A frenum is a fold of mucous membrane, maybe with enclosed muscle fibers, which attaches the lips and cheeks to the alveolar mucosa or gingiva and underlying periosteum. In case of aberrant frenum attachment, it has to be relieved for better function and aesthetics. There are various techniques to relieve aberrant frenum. In this case series, we assessed the outcome of laser frenectomy and VAS scores for pain perception. On comparing all the cases we concluded that the laser frenectomy can be used as a better alternative to the scalpel technique for frenectomy and showed superior results in pain perception, patient comfort, and healing.

Keywords: Diode Laser, Diastema, Frenectomy
Reviving Furcation: Hyaluronic Acid and Xenograft for Grade II Defects
Authors:   Postgraduate, Deptartment of Periodontics, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, Karnataka, India, Safoora A K Aysha , Ganeshnarayanan Krishnaraj , Uthappa K B , Pattanshetty Rashmi S
Published: February 2025

Furcation involvement in periodontal therapy, particularly in molars, is challenging, and conventional treatments often yield suboptimal results. Advances in understanding inflammation have led to exploring extracellular matrix (ECM) components like hyaluronic acid (HA) to enhance healing and regeneration. To assess the effects of HA combined with xenograft in treating a Grade II furcation defect in a patient with chronic periodontitis. A patient with grade II furcation underwent open flap debridement, receiving a xenograft combined with hyaluronic acid (HA). Radiographic and clinical parameters, including probing pocket depth (PPD), furcation involvement, and bleeding on probing (BOP), were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 9 months. Significant improvements were observed in clinical parameters at the 9-month follow-up: PPD and furcation involvement showed a marked reduction, and BOP decreased. Radiographic evidence indicated substantial bone fill within the defect. The combined use of HA and a bone graft in treating Grade II furcation defects led to improved clinical outcomes and radiographic evidence of bone regeneration. This case report supports the potential of HA as an adjunctive treatment in periodontal therapy for furcation involvement.

Keywords: Extracellular matrix, Furcation, Hyaluronic acid, Regeneration, Xenograft