bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient CuInS2/ZnS Quantum Dots Light‐Emitting Diodes in Deep Red Region Using PEIE Modified ZnO Electron Transport Layer
Authors: Yuan Qilin , Guan Xin , Xue Xulan , Han Dengbao , Zhong Haizheng , Zhang Han , Zhang Hanzhuang , Ji Wenyu
Published: December 2018

In this study, the enhanced device performance of CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots‐based light‐emitting didoes (QLEDs) for photomedical applications using polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE)‐modified ZnO as electron transport layer has been reported. The device enhancement is investigated by applying time‐resolved photoluminescence and transient electroluminescence spectra. The results show that the modification of PEIE on ZnO layer limits the electron injection into quantum dots layer and reduces the accumulation of electrons at ZnO/QD interface. This provides an effective way to suppress the charging processes of quantum dots and thus enhance the device efficiency. As a result, the synergistic effect of PEIE modifying layer leads to a record current efficiency of 2.75 cd A−1 for the CuInS2/ZnS‐based QLEDs with deep red emission at 650 nm.
Investigation of the properties of the “switching decision rule” described in the Japanese guideline for human bioequivalence studies
Authors: Ii Yoichi
Published: December 2018

In a human bioequivalence (BE) study, the conclusion of BE is usually based on the ratio of geometric means of pharmacokinetic parameters between a test and a reference products. The “Guideline for Bioequivalence Studies of Generic Products” (2012) issued by the Japanese health authority and other similar guidelines across the world require a 90% confidence interval (CI) of the ratio to fall entirely within the range of 0.8 to 1.25 for the conclusion of BE. If prerequisite conditions are satisfied, the Japanese guideline provides for a secondary BE criterion that requires the point estimate of the ratio to fall within the range of 0.9 to 1.11. We investigated the statistical properties of the “switching decision rule” wherein the secondary criterion is applied only when the CI criterion fails. The behavior of the switching decision rule differed from either of its component criteria and displayed an apparent type I error rate inflation when the prerequisite conditions were not considered. The degree of inflation became greater as the true variability increased in comparison to the assumed variability used in the sample size calculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which the overall behavior of the combination of the two component criteria was investigated. The implications of the in vitro tests on human BE and the accuracy of the intra‐subject variability have impacts on appropriate planning and interpretation of BE studies utilizing the switching decision rule.
A budget for the size of convective self‐aggregation
Authors: Beucler Tom , Cronin Timothy
Published: December 2018

There is no consensus on the physical mechanisms controlling the scale at which convective activity organizes near the Equator. Here, we introduce a diagnostic framework relating the evolution of the length‐scale of convective aggregation to the net radiative heating, the surface enthalpy flux, and horizontal energy transport. We evaluate these expansion tendencies of convective aggregation in 20 high‐resolution cloud‐permitting simulations of radiative‐convective equilibrium. While both radiative fluxes contribute to convective aggregation, the net long‐wave radiative flux operates at large scales (1,000–5,000 km) and stretches the size of moist and dry regions, while the net short‐wave flux operates at smaller scales (500–2,000 km) and shrinks it. The surface flux expansion tendency is dominated by convective gustiness, which acts to aggregate convective activity at smaller scales (500–3,000 km).
STEM literacy or literacies? Examining the empirical basis of these constructs
Authors: Tang Kok‐Sing , Williams P. John
Published: December 2018

The term ‘STEM literacy’, while often used as a slogan for the goal of STEM education, is open to multiple interpretations and used without much research evidence to support its validity. The purpose of this paper is to review the research literature in science, technology/engineering and mathematics education to examine how literacy in each respective discipline has been defined, conceptualised and studied. The literacies across the disciplines are then compared to identify similarities and differences in order to determine on what basis these literacies can be conceptualised collectively, or not. Based on the similarities found in several language and thought processes of the disciplines, we conclude that there is presently a research basis for postulating a unitary STEM literacy that reflects the shared general capabilities required in all the STEM disciplines. At the same time, there are also substantial differences that support the retention of the existing literacy constructs (i.e., S.T.E.M. literacies) to reflect the specific linguistic, cognitive and epistemic requirements found in each disciplinary area. This distinction from the singular STEM literacy is necessary to highlight the skills and practices that are unique to each particular discipline, and therefore not applicable in all the other disciplines. Given the haphazard rhetoric regarding STEM education, what STEM literacy comprises requires analysis and clear articulation that is framed by literacy research and scholarship in each STEM discipline.
Selection of nonlinear interactions by a forward stepwise algorithm: Application to identifying environmental chemical mixtures affecting health outcomes
Authors: Narisetty Naveen N. , Mukherjee Bhramar , Chen Yin‐Hsiu , Gonzalez Richard , Meeker John D.
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we propose a stepwise forward selection algorithm for detecting the effects of a set of correlated exposures and their interactions on a health outcome of interest when the underlying relationship could potentially be nonlinear. Though the proposed method is very general, our application in this paper remains to be on analysis of multiple pollutants and their interactions. Simultaneous exposure to multiple environmental pollutants could affect human health in a multitude of complex ways. For understanding the health effects of multiple environmental exposures, it is often important to identify and estimate complex interactions among exposures. However, this issue becomes analytically challenging in the presence of potential nonlinearity in the outcome‐exposure response surface and a set of correlated exposures. Through simulation studies and analyses of test datasets that were simulated as a part of a data challenge in multipollutant modeling organized by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (http://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/events/pastmtg/2015/statistical/), we illustrate the advantages of our proposed method in comparison with existing alternative approaches. A particular strength of our method is that it demonstrates very low false positives across empirical studies. Our method is also used to analyze a dataset that was released from the Health Outcomes and Measurement of the Environment Study as a benchmark beta‐tester dataset as a part of the same workshop.
Surface Passivation of Perovskite Films via Iodide Salt Coatings for Enhanced Stability of Organic Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Bu Xiangnan , Westbrook Robert J. E. , Lanzetta Luis , Ding Dong , Chotchuangchutchaval Thana , Aristidou Nicholas , Haque Saif A.
Published: December 2018

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite materials have emerged as attractive alternatives to conventional solar cells, but device stability remains a concern. Recent research has demonstrated that the formation of superoxide species under exposure of the perovskite to light and oxygen leads to the degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites. In particular, it has been revealed that iodide vacancies in the perovskite are key sites in facilitating superoxide formation from oxygen. This paper shows that passivation of CH3NH3PbI3 films with an iodide salt, namely phenylethylammonium iodide (PhEtNH3I) can significantly enhance film and device stability under light and oxygen stress, without compromising power conversion efficiency. These observations are consistent with the iodide salt treatment reducing iodide vacancies and therefore lowers the yield of superoxide formation and improves stability. The present study elucidates a pathway to the future design and optimization of perovskite solar cells with greater stability.
Professional Socialization as Embedded Elaborations: Experience, Institutions, and Professional Culture Throughout Teacher Careers
Authors: Everitt Judson G. , Tefft Taylor
Published: December 2018

Across a wide range of studies on professional socialization, there is a shared assumption that people carry forward what they learn in formal training experiences and somehow bring it to bear on the subsequent organizational settings they enter. Yet we actually know very little about whether, and exactly how, people carry forward the meanings they develop as part of their professional socialization experience. We address this gap in the literature by examining professional socialization that unfolds over the teaching career. Combining interview data with public and private school teachers across career stages with ethnographic data of a university‐based teacher education program, we examine how the meanings people develop about their work are shaped concomitantly by accumulated experience and institutional settings. We develop a conceptualization of professional socialization that we call embedded elaborations, which attends to the ways that people's ongoing meaning making (or elaborations) is situated (or embedded) institutionally and temporally. We also show how embedded elaborations act as meaning‐making processes through which people in local settings actively produce and reproduce elements of a wider professional culture.
Theoretical Analysis of Materials, used in Energy Storage Applications: the Quest for Robust and Accurate Computational Methodologies
Authors: Shishkin Maxim , Sato Hirofumi
Published: December 2018

Study of materials, used as constituents for energy storage devices (e. g. Li‐ or Na‐ion batteries) has been greatly enhanced by the first principles theoretical modeling. As a prerequisite, accurate computational framework should be employed in order to provide adequate description of studied materials in close agreement with available experimental data. In this account we present our approach to formulation of a suite of computational techniques, that can be used for accurate evaluation of key materials properties with a moderate computational cost. Using the results of our calculations, we show that Hubbard corrected DFT+U method with self‐consistent evaluation of U parameters employing linear response approach can be used for accurate evaluation of redox potentials of cathode materials, although in some cases (e. g. Fe sulfates), addition of other corrections may be required. Moreover, we also provide examples of applications of developed techniques for construction of phase diagrams of cathode materials and analysis of the effects of doping of NaMnO2 cathodes. Finally, we discuss possible directions for future development of computational methodologies and propose new avenues for their applications in battery research.
Towards on‐the‐fly X‐ray fluorescence mapping in the soft X‐ray regime
Authors: Bombelli Luca , Manotti Michele , Altissimo Matteo , Kourousias George , Alberti Roberto , Gianoncelli Alessandra
Published: December 2018

The possibility of fast X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging using on‐the‐fly acquisition is very attractive due to its high acquisition speed. The underlying assumption is that there must be a meaningful flux of XRF emitted photons collected by the detectors. On‐the‐fly XRF has already been demonstrated at mid‐to‐high X‐ray energies, both for laboratory and synchrotron‐based instruments.

In this manuscript, we report on the capability of DANTE digital pulse processor (DPP) in the soft X‐ray regime. DANTE is a novel compact and low‐power DPP with high energy resolution and high count rate. This work presents preliminary measurements performed at the TwinMic beamline at Elettra synchrotron (Trieste, Italy) addressing the feasibility of on‐the‐fly low energy XRF imaging.
Introduction to Volume 2—The “Twisted Road” to Auschwitz
Authors: Russell Nestar
Published: December 2018

In this chapter, Russell provides the reader with an insightful yet concise overview of Volume 1’s key arguments and conclusions (in fact, if the reader is cognizant of Stanley Milgram’s Obedience studies, this overview makes it possible for those most interested in the Holocaust to read Volume 2 without having read Volume 1). Russell also presents the intended direction that, in the remainder of Volume 2, he plans on pursuing—the specific Milgram-Holocaust linkage.
The Nazi Regime—Ideology, Ascendancy, and Consensus
Authors: Russell Nestar
Published: December 2018

In this chapter, Russell delineates the Nazi regime’s construction and promulgation of an ideology that saw many ordinary and mildly antisemitic Germans condone or feel indifferent about the infliction of harm on Jews and other “sub-humans.” Much like the Obedience study’s persuasion phase (see Volume 1), Russell argues that the Nazi regime ensured that Germany’s “informational and social field” underwent a “calculated restructuring.” A key consequence of this indoctrination process for many Germans was that the harming of certain others was morally inverted into a social good.
Conclusion—The Milgram-Holocaust Linkage and Beyond
Authors: Russell Nestar
Published: December 2018

In this final chapter, Russell provides a concise summary of Volume 1 and 2’s arguments and then briefly explores how Stanley Milgram’s Obedience studies may help better understand other significant social issues confronting humankind.
Mind This Gap, Too: Political Orientations of People with Disabilities in Europe
Authors: Reher Stefanie
Published: December 2018

People with disabilities constitute one of the largest minority groups in Europe, and yet our knowledge about how they relate to the political system remains limited. In addition to facing practical barriers such as inaccessible campaign material and polling stations, they often have fewer resources that facilitate and promote confidence and engagement in politics. Moreover, experiences of discrimination and low numbers of politicians with disabilities can generate feelings of disempowerment. Using European Social Survey data from 30 countries from 2002 to 2015, this study shows that people with disabilities have lower levels of internal and external efficacy, political trust and interest, and electoral participation. The disparities in internal efficacy and political interest disappear when accounting for education, income, employment, and social contact. Meanwhile, significant gaps in external efficacy, political trust, and turnout remain to be explained. Perceptions of discrimination strengthen the internal efficacy and political interest of citizens with disabilities but further decrease their external efficacy, political trust, and turnout. The study sheds light on a frequently overlooked dimension of political inequality, provides insights on several contributing factors, and highlights where further research is needed.
From Basic Research to Molecular Breeding — Chinese Scientists Play A Central Role in Boosting World Rice Production
Authors: Tang Ding , Cheng Zhukuan
Published: December 2018

On November 18, 2018, the Future Science Prize Awarding Ceremony was held in Beijing. In the area of life science, Professors Jiayang Li, Longping Yuan, and Qifa Zhang shared the prize for their pioneering contributions in producing high-yield, superior-quality rice through systematic study of molecular mechanisms associated with specific rice features and application of novel approaches in rice breeding. The Future Science Prize is also touted as “China’s Nobel Prize”, fully affirming their achievements in rice basic research and breeding.
How do people explore a large concourse in university campus? A computational analysis
Authors: Kim Youngchul , Kim Tae Wan
Published: December 2018

Large concourses have been developed in shopping malls, bus and train terminals, concert, theatre halls, and other places where people stand or/and are in constant motion. This study aims to develop a novel method to analyze people's space use and navigation, demonstrate how people explore a large space, specifically a concourse in a university, and determine relationships of space with people's movements and activities. By collecting empirical data of spatial uses in a large concourse and implementing a method of spatial analysis based on spatial grids to analyze such data, this study seeks to verify how effectively people's movements and activities can be established in a large space and which features have significant effect in developing and managing a large space. A total of 865 activities in 265 days were collected and analyzed in a large space of a concourse in a university campus. By adopting a locational-based method of geographical analysis, the proposed method effectively illustrated relationships of people's movement, activities, and satisfaction in visual and quantitative values. As a result, spatial features were found to be significant elements in improving spatial satisfaction. Space environment performance, spatial form, user capacity, equipment adequacy, and equipment conditions were major spatial features considered for improving people's satisfaction in a large space.

Highlights We proposed a new multi-layer-grid-based analysis method for a large indoor built environment. People's movements, activities, and satisfaction in a large indoor space were collected, traced, and analyzed. We quantified relationships among movements, activities, spatial features and satisfaction in a large indoor space. Assumption of causal symmetry between spatial features and people's behavior was tested with empirical data.
Applying Benefit-Cost Analysis to Air Pollution Control in the Indian Power Sector
Authors: Cropper Maureen L. , Guttikunda Sarath , Jawahar Puja , Lazri Zachary , Malik Kabir , Song Xiao-Peng , Yao Xinlu
Published: December 2018

Air pollution is a persistent and well-established public health problem in India: emissions from coal-fired power plants have been associated with over 80,000 premature deaths in 2015. Premature deaths could rise by four to five times this number by 2050 without additional pollution controls. We site a model 500 MW coal-fired electricity generating unit at eight locations in India and examine the benefits and costs of retrofitting the plant with a flue-gas desulfurization unit to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. We quantify the mortality benefits associated with the reduction in sulfates (fine particles) and value these benefits using estimates of the value per statistical life transferred to India from high income countries. The net benefits of scrubbing vary widely by location, reflecting differences in the size of the exposed population. They are highest at locations in the densely populated north of India, which are also among the poorest states in the country.
Social Representations About the Functions of Deliberate Self-Harm: Construction and Validation of a Questionnaire for Portuguese Adults
Authors: Duarte Eva , Gouveia-Pereira Maria , Gomes Hugo S. , Sampaio Daniel
Published: December 2018

The present article focuses on the validation of the Questionnaire of Social Representations about the Functions of Deliberate Self-Harm for adults. The understanding of the social representations about deliberate self-harm can be relevant for clinical intervention and prevention. However, there is still a lack of instruments to assess these representations. The basis for this instrument was the translation of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury. To complement this instrument, we conducted semi-directive interviews with adults without deliberate self-harm and analysed the Portuguese written press. Results from these studies complemented the questionnaire with new items and functions. Study 1 consisted of an exploratory factor analysis with a sample of 462 adults. Results revealed a two-factor structure of interpersonal and intrapersonal dimensions. After item reduction, the factorial analysis of the independent functions was also acceptable. This structure was then corroborated in Study 2 by a confirmatory factor analysis with a new sample of 474 adults, revealing an acceptable model fit. This questionnaire presents a relatively solid structure and is based on acceptable psychometric properties, which allows its use in future research.
Behavioural Insights in Consultation Design: A Dialogical Architecture
Authors: CAFAGGI Fabrizio , SILLARI Giacomo
Published: December 2018

Abstract1

In this paper, we examine consultation procedures in the light of behavioural sciences. We feature consultation as a dialogue between the administration and the participants in the form of a public good game with one or more tournaments. Our focus is on the architecture of the dialogue and its design. We propose three models characterised by the varying degrees of the interaction among participants, and between participants and the administration, occurring during the consultation process. We suggest that mapping stakeholders according to homogeneity of interest influences the structure and affects the dialogue taking place during the consultation process. We then examine the levels of efforts parties would engage in, defining models that maximise efforts and adjust for different cognitive stakeholders’ capabilities, advocating an empirical approach. The paper concludes with policy recommendations on how to improve the current consultation design deployed at EU and national level.
Evaluation of data accuracies within a comprehensive geospatial-health data surveillance platform: SOMAARTH Demographic Development and Environmental Surveillance Site, Palwal, Haryana, India
Authors: Howard Natasha J. , Dixit Shikha , Naqvi Hasan Raja , Rahman Atiqur , Paquet Catherine , Daniel Mark , Arora Narendra K.
Published: December 2018

Evidence exists of an increasing prevalence of chronic conditions within developed and developing nations, notably for priority population groups. The need for the collection of geospatial data to monitor the health impact of rapid social-environmental and economic changes occurring in these countries is being increasingly recognized. Rigorous accuracy assessment of such geospatial data is required to enable error estimation, and ultimately, data utility for exploring population health. This research outlines findings from a field-based evaluation exercise of the SOMAARTH DDESS geospatial-health platform. Participatory-based mixed methods have been employed within Palwal-India to capture villager perspectives on built infrastructure across 51 villages. This study, conducted in 2013, included an assessment of data element position and attribute accuracy undertaken in six villages, documenting mapping errors and land parcel changes. Descriptive analyses of 5.1% (n = 455) of land parcels highlighted some discrepancies in position (6.4%) and attribute (4.2%) accuracy, and land parcel changes (17.4%). Furthermore, the evaluation led to a refinement of the existing geospatial health platform incorporating ground-truthed reflections from the participatory field exercise. The evaluation of geospatial data accuracies contributes to understandings on global public health surveillance systems, outlining the need to systematically consider assessment of environmental features in relation to lifestyle-related diseases.
Ambiguities of Radicalism After Insurgents Become Rulers: Conflicting Pressures on Revolutionary State Power in Western Sahara’s Liberation Movement
Authors: Wilson Alice
Published: December 2018

Armed insurgents seeking to seize the state often aim to transform the nature of state power. Yet for insurgents who become ruling authorities, how do radical visions of state power influence governance after the urgency of war? This article examines state-building in the liberation movement for Western Sahara, a partially recognized state which has ruled an exiled civilian Sahrawi population in Algeria from wartime through to a prolonged ceasefire. Drawing on in-depth qualitative fieldwork, and engaging with theories of radicalism, post-war sociopolitical reconstruction and anomalous forms of state power, the article traces how post-ceasefire international and domestic contexts created conflicting pressures and opportunities for both the moderation, and the continuation, of Sahrawi refugees’ wartime radical governance. This case of insurgents-turned-rulers suggests how radicalism and moderation are overlapping processes, how moderation is not necessarily an ‘undoing’ of radicalism, and how radical ideas matter for leadership and grassroots militants in different ways.
Art of the Sale: Recommendations for Sharing Research With Mainstream Media and Senior Leaders
Authors: Zhang Don C.
Published: December 2018

Research collaborations are two-way streets. To obtain support from organizations, academics must communicate the value of their research projects to the stakeholders. In their focal article, Lapierre et al., (2018) described this process as the academic “sales pitch”, one that must be “short yet attention grabbing” (p.20). Academic research in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology, however, is rooted in esoteric jargon (e.g., validity and reliability) and unconvincing evidence (e.g., r and r2) (Highhouse, Brooks, Nesnidol, & Sim, 2017; Rynes, 2009). These concepts are difficult for non-academics to understand and may even undermine the value of our work (Brooks, Dalal, & Nolan, 2014; Kuncel & Rigdon, 2012; Mattern, Kobrin, Patterson, Shaw, & Camara, 2009). CEOs and other senior leaders often have limited time, attention, and expertise to process your pitch: A bad one could effectively derail the collaboration before it even began.
It Takes Two to Tango: The Management of Academic–Industry Partnerships Requires Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Maynard M. Travis , Conroy Samantha , Lacerenza Christina N.
Published: December 2018

Field-based research allows the domain of organizational research to remain true to its applied roots and conduct research on topics that are timely and relevant within actual organizations. However, anyone who has conducted field research knows that conducting such work is challenging and can be viewed as more of a dance between the scholar and the practitioner, requiring well-timed and coordinated moves. As Lapierre et al. (2018) allude to in the focal article, such projects can turn into a balancing act for researchers as they attempt to conduct publishable research with robust practices and designs while also appeasing the needs and expectations of organizational members and leaders.
Leveraging Cultural Context for Leader Development
Authors: Biermeier-Hanson Benjamin , Nieminen Levi
Published: December 2018

The focal article (Reynolds, McCauley, Tsacoumis, & the Jeanneret Symposium Participants, 2018) discusses the accepted wisdom and challenges surrounding the assessment and development of senior leaders. Specific to our response, the authors highlight the importance of rigorous assessment and the relevance of accounting for contextual factors. The present response integrates both of these topics by advocating the use of parallel leader and organizational culture assessments to guide continued leader development. By explicitly measuring leadership and contextual factors, we expand on the contextual focus brought up in the focal article while providing guidance to practitioners on how to utilize the framework presented.
Corporate University: A Systems Thinking Situating Senior Leader Assessment and Development in Context to Enhance Organizational Viability
Authors: Zhang Lihui , Boies Kathleen
Published: December 2018

Reynolds, McCauley, Tsacoumis, and the Jeanneret Symposium Participants (2018) present outcomes of the 2-day Jeanneret Symposium describing the state of the science and practice related to the assessment and development of senior leaders. They call for cross-disciplinary and/or organization-level research that examines “how organizations mature their assessment and development practices toward an integrated system embedded in a development culture” (p. 646). The purpose of this commentary is to answer this call and add to their work by proposing a systems thinking framework of organizational development where a corporate university plays a pivotal role.
The influence of porous-medium microstructure on filtration
Authors: Printsypar G. , Bruna M. , Griffiths I. M.
Published: December 2018

We investigate how a filter-medium microstructure influences filtration performance. We derive a theory that generalizes classical multiscale models for regular structures to account for filter media with more realistic microstructures, comprising random microstructures with polydisperse unidirectional fibres. Our multiscale model accounts for the fluid flow and contaminant transport at the microscale (over which the medium structure is fully resolved) and allows us to obtain macroscopic properties such as the effective permeability, diffusivity and fibre surface area. As the fibres grow due to contaminant adsorption, this leads to contact of neighbouring fibres. We propose an agglomeration algorithm that describes the resulting behaviour of the fibres upon contact, allowing us to explore the subsequent time evolution of the filter medium in a simple and robust way. We perform a comprehensive investigation of the influence of the filter-medium microstructure on filter performance in a spectrum of possible filtration scenarios.
Pressure-driven flow of a vesicle through a square microchannel
Authors: Barakat Joseph M. , Ahmmed Shamim M. , Vanapalli Siva A. , Shaqfeh Eric S. G.
Published: December 2018

The relative velocity and extra pressure drop of a single vesicle flowing through a square microchannel are quantified via boundary element simulations, lubrication theory and microfluidic experiments. The vesicle is modelled as a fluid sac enclosed by an inextensible, fluidic membrane with a negligible bending stiffness. All results are parametrized in terms of the vesicle sphericity (i.e. the reduced volume) and flow confinement (i.e. the ratio of the vesicle radius to the channel hydraulic radius). Direct comparison is made to previous studies of vesicle flow through circular tubes, revealing several distinct features of the square-channel geometry. Firstly, fluid in the suspending medium bypasses the vesicle through the corners of the channel, which in turn reduces the dissipation created by the vesicle. Secondly, the absence of rotational symmetry about the channel axis permits surface circulation in the membrane (tank treading), which in turn reduces the vesicle’s speed. At very high confinement, both theory and experiment indicate that the vesicle’s speed can be reduced below the mean speed of the suspending fluid through this mechanism. Finally, the contact area for lubrication is greatly reduced in the square-duct geometry, which in turn weakens the stress singularity predicted by lubrication theory. This fact directly leads to a breakdown of the lubrication approximation at low flow confinement, as verified by comparison to boundary element simulations. Since the only distinct property assumed of the membrane is its ability to preserve surface area locally, it is expected that the results of this study are applicable to other types of soft particles with immobilized surfaces (e.g. Pickering droplets, gel beads and biological cells).
Amplitude modulation between multi-scale turbulent motions in high-Reynolds-number atmospheric surface layers
Authors: Liu Hongyou , Wang Guohua , Zheng Xiaojing
Published: December 2018

Long-term measurements were performed at the Qingtu Lake Observation Array site to obtain high-Reynolds-number atmospheric surface layer flow data ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\sim O(10^{6})$). Based on the selected high-quality data in the near-neutral surface layer, the amplitude modulation between multi-scale turbulent motions is investigated under various Reynolds number conditions. The results show that the amplitude modulation effect may exist in specific motions rather than at all length scales of motion. The most energetic motions with scales larger than the wavelength of the lower wavenumber peak in the energy spectra play a vital role in the amplitude modulation effect; the small scales shorter than the wavelength of the higher wavenumber peak are strongly modulated, whereas the motions with scales ranging between these two peaks neither contribute significantly to the amplitude modulation effect nor are strongly modulated. Based on these results, a method of decomposing the fluctuating velocity is proposed to accurately estimate the degree of amplitude modulation. The corresponding amplitude modulation coefficient is much larger than that estimated by establishing a nominal cutoff wavelength; moreover, it increases log-linearly with the Reynolds number. An empirical model is proposed to parametrize the variation of the amplitude modulation coefficient with the Reynolds number and the wall-normal distance. This study contributes to a better understanding of the interaction between multi-scale turbulent motions and the results may be used to validate and improve existing numerical models of high-Reynolds-number wall turbulence.
Nonlinear optimal control of transition due to a pair of vortical perturbations using a receding horizon approach
Authors: Xiao Dandan , Papadakis George
Published: December 2018

This paper considers the nonlinear optimal control of transition in a boundary layer flow subjected to a pair of free stream vortical perturbations using a receding horizon approach. The optimal control problem is solved using the Lagrange variational technique that results in a set of linearized adjoint equations, which are used to obtain the optimal wall actuation (blowing and suction from a control slot located in the transition region). The receding horizon approach enables the application of control action over a longer time period, and this allows the extraction of time-averaged statistics as well as investigation of the control effect downstream of the control slot. The results show that the controlled flow energy is initially reduced in the streamwise direction and then increased because transition still occurs. The distribution of the optimal control velocity responds to the flow activity above and upstream of the control slot. The control effect propagates downstream of the slot and the flow energy is reduced up to the exit of the computational domain. The mean drag reduction is $55\,\%$ and $10\,\%$ in the control region and downstream of the slot, respectively. The control mechanism is investigated by examining the second-order statistics and the two-point correlations. It is found that in the upstream (left) side of the slot, the controller counteracts the near-wall high-speed streaks and reduces the turbulent shear stress; this is akin to opposition control in channel flow, and because the time-average control velocity is positive, it is more similar to blowing-only opposition control. In the downstream (right) side of the slot, the controller reacts to the impingement of turbulent spots that have been produced upstream and inside the boundary layer (top–bottom mechanism). The control velocity is positive and increases in the streamwise direction, and the flow behaviour is similar to that of uniform blowing.
Interaction between hairy surfaces and turbulence for different surface time scales
Authors: Sundin Johan , Bagheri Shervin
Published: December 2018

Surfaces with filamentous structures are ubiquitous in nature on many different scales, ranging from forests to micrometre-sized cilia in organs. Hairy surfaces are elastic and porous, and it is not fully understood how they modify turbulence near a wall. The interaction between hairy surfaces and turbulent flows is here investigated numerically in a turbulent channel flow configuration at friction Reynolds number$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\approx 180$. We show that a filamentous bed of a given geometry can modify a turbulent flow very differently depending on the resonance frequency of the surface, which is determined by the elasticity and mass of the filaments. Filaments having resonance frequencies lower than the main frequency content of the turbulent wall-shear stress conform to slowly travelling elongated streaky structures, since they are too slow to adapt to fluid forces of higher frequencies. On the other hand, a bed consisting of stiff and low-mass filaments has a high resonance frequency and shows local regions of increased permeability, which results in large entrainment and a vast increase in drag.
Differential associations between diet and prediabetes or diabetes in the KORA FF4 study
Authors: Breuninger Taylor A. , Riedl Anna , Wawro Nina , Rathmann Wolfgang , Strauch Konstantin , Quante Anne , Peters Annette , Thorand Barbara , Meisinger Christa , Linseisen Jakob
Published: December 2018

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global public health epidemic. Diet and lifestyle changes have been demonstrated as effective measures in managing T2DM and preventing or delaying the progression from prediabetes to diabetes, yet the relationship between diet, prediabetes and diabetes is still not entirely clear. The present study aimed to further elucidate the relationship between diet, diabetes and especially prediabetes. A total of 1542 participants of the cross-sectional, population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) FF4 study (2013/2014) were included in this analysis. Dietary intake was derived using a method combining information from a FFQ and repeated 24-h food lists. Glucose tolerance status was assessed via oral glucose tolerance tests in all participants without a previous physician-confirmed diagnosis of T2DM, and was classified according to the 2003 American Diabetes Association criteria. Crude and fully adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were fitted to examine associations between diet and prediabetes, undetected diabetes mellitus (UDM) and prevalent T2DM. After adjusting for major covariates, fruit was significantly inversely and total meat, processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages and moderate alcohol significantly associated with UDM and/or prevalent diabetes. Sex-specific analyses showed that in men, coffee was significantly inversely (OR 0·80; 95 % CI 0·67, 0·96) and heavy alcohol significantly (OR 1·84; 95 % CI 1·14, 2·95) associated with prediabetes. Our findings on diet and T2DM are consistent with current literature, while our results regarding coffee, heavy alcohol consumption and prediabetes highlight new possible targets for primary prevention of the derangement of glucose homeostasis.
Hot water extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa) prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by inhibiting hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation
Authors: Uchio Ryusei , Murosaki Shinji , Ichikawa Hiroshi
Published: December 2018

Curcuma longa, also known as turmeric, has long been used as a medicinal herb with various biological effects. A hot water extract ofC. longa(WEC) has been reported to show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, but its effect on hepatic inflammation is poorly understood. In the present study, to investigate the effect of WEC on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-methionine, choline-deficient diet with 0·175 % WEC (WEC group) or without WEC (control group) for 6 or 12 weeks. Although hepatic steatosis was similar in the WEC group and the control group, WEC suppressed the elevation of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, which are markers of hepatocellular damage. Compared with the control group, the WEC group had higher hepatic levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase, as well as a lower hepatic level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. WEC also reduced hepatic expression of mRNA for inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, F4/80 and CC motif chemokine receptor 2. Histological examination revealed that WEC suppressed hepatic recruitment of F4/80+monocytes/macrophages and inhibited hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, WEC inhibited hepatic expression of mRNA for molecules related to fibrosis, such as transforming growth factor-β, α-smooth muscle actin, type I collagen (α1-chain) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1. These findings suggest that dietary intake of WEC prevents the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by alleviating hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation.
Attitudes Toward Employees with Disabilities: A Systematic Review of Self-Report Measures
Authors: Breen Jonathon S.
Published: December 2018

Accurate measures of changes in workplace attitudes toward people with disabilities are required to determine whether employee training and other interventions are effective. This critical systematic review searched Medline, PsycInfo, Google Scholar, Cinahl, and Cochrane Collaboration for suitable instruments published between 2005 and 2015, and for those published earlier if still indicated to be in active use. In total, 13 scans were conducted. Inclusion criteria included wildcard and free text variations ofworkplace attitudes,adults with disabilities, andcompetitive employment. In total, 9 of 49 studies were selected for review. Data from each of these were categorized through the PICO model (Population,Intervention,Comparison, andOutcome), mapped within a PRISMA flow chart, and analyzed through an 18-point weight of evidence framework for empirical quality, relevance, and evidence of theoretical validity. Weight of evidence scores for empirical quality ranged from 10 to 16 out of a possible score of 18. None of the studies provided an explicit evidence of theoretical validity. Measures of responsiveness to change in workplace attitudes appear less well validated than those for single timeframes.
GravityCam: Wide-field high-resolution high-cadence imaging surveys in the visible from the ground
Authors: Mackay C. , Dominik M. , Steele I. A. , Snodgrass C. , Jørgensen U. G. , Skottfelt J. , Stefanov K. , Carry B. , Braga-Ribas F. , Doressoundiram A. , Ivanov V. D. , Gandhi P. , Evans D. F. , Hundertmark M. , Serjeant S. , Ortolani S.
Published: December 2018

GravityCam is a new concept of ground-based imaging instrument capable of delivering significantly sharper images from the ground than is normally possible without adaptive optics. Advances in optical and near-infrared imaging technologies allow images to be acquired at high speed without significant noise penalty. Aligning these images before they are combined can yield a 2.5–3-fold improvement in image resolution. By using arrays of such detectors, survey fields may be as wide as the telescope optics allows. Consequently, GravityCam enables both wide-field high-resolution imaging and high-speed photometry. We describe the instrument and detail its application to provide demographics of planets and satellites down to Lunar mass (or even below) across the Milky Way. GravityCam is also suited to improve the quality of weak shear studies of dark matter distribution in distant clusters of galaxies and multiwavelength follow-ups of background sources that are strongly lensed by galaxy clusters. The photometric data arising from an extensive microlensing survey will also be useful for asteroseismology studies, while GravityCam can be used to monitor fast multiwavelength flaring in accreting compact objects and promises to generate a unique data set on the population of the Kuiper belt and possibly the Oort cloud.
Singular limits and properties of solutions of some degenerate elliptic and parabolic equations
Authors: Hui Kin Ming , Kim Sunghoon
Published: December 2018

Letn⩾ 3, 0 ⩽m 0,$\beta>\beta_{0}^{(m)}=(({m\rho_{1}})/({n-2-nm}))$, αm= ((2β+ρ1)/(1 −m)) andα= 2β+ρ1. For any λ > 0, we prove the uniqueness of radially symmetric solutionυ(m)of Δ(υm/m) + αmυ+βx· ∇υ= 0,υ> 0, in ℝn∖{0} which satisfies$\lim\nolimits_{|x|\to 0|}|x|^{\alpha _m/\beta }v^{(m)}(x) = \lambda ^{-((\rho _1)/((1-m)\beta ))}$and obtain higher order estimates ofυ(m)near the blow-up pointx= 0. We prove that asm→ 0+,υ(m)converges uniformly inC2(K) for any compact subsetKof ℝn∖{0} to the solutionυof Δlogυ+ αυ+β x·∇υ= 0,υ> 0, in ℝn\{0}, which satisfies$\lim\nolimits_{ \vert x \vert \to 0} \vert x \vert ^{{\alpha}/{\beta}}v(x)=\lambda^{-{\rho_{1}}/{\beta}}$. We also prove that if the solutionu(m)ofut= Δ (um/m),u> 0, in (ℝn∖{0}) × (0,T) which blows up near {0} × (0,T) at the rate$ \vert x \vert ^{-{\alpha_{m}}/{\beta}}$satisfies some mild growth condition on (ℝn∖{0}) × (0,T), then asm→ 0+,u(m)converges uniformly inC2 +θ, 1 +θ/2(K) for some constantθ∈ (0, 1) and any compact subsetKof (ℝn∖{0}) × (0,T) to the solution ofut= Δlogu, u> 0, in (ℝn∖{0}) × (0,T). As a consequence of the proof, we obtain existence of a unique radially symmetric solutionυ(0)of Δ logυ+ αυ+β x·∇υ= 0,υ> 0, in ℝn∖{0}, which satisfies$\lim\nolimits_{ \vert x \vert \to 0} \vert x \vert ^{{\alpha}/{\beta}}v(x)=\lambda^{-{\rho_{1}}/{\beta}}$.
Universal localizations via silting
Authors: Marks Frederik , Št'ovíček Jan
Published: December 2018

We show that silting modules are closely related with localizations of rings. More precisely, every partial silting module gives rise to a localization at a set of maps between countably generated projective modules and, conversely, every universal localization, in the sense of Cohn and Schofield, arises in this way. To establish these results, we further explore the finite-type classification of tilting classes and we use the morphism category to translate silting modules into tilting objects. In particular, we prove that silting modules are of finite type.
General sharp weighted Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg inequalities
Authors: Lam Nguyen
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we will use optimal mass transport combining with suitable transforms to study the sharp constants and optimizers for a class of the Gagliardo–Nirenberg and Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg inequalities. Moreover, we will investigate these inequalities with and without the monomial weights $x_{1}^{A_{1}} \cdots x_{N}^{A_{N}}$ on ℝN.
Some nonexistence theorems for semilinear fourth-order equations
Authors: Burgos-Pérez M. Á. , García-Melián J. , Quaas A.
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we analyse the semilinear fourth-order problem ( − Δ)2 u = g(u) in exterior domains of ℝN. Assuming the function g is nondecreasing and continuous in [0, + ∞) and positive in (0, + ∞), we show that positive classical supersolutions u of the problem which additionally verify − Δu > 0 exist if and only if N ≥ 5 and
$$\int_0^\delta \displaystyle{{g(s)}\over{s^{(({2(N-2)})/({N-4}))}}} {\rm d}s \lt + \infty$$
for some δ > 0. When only radially symmetric solutions are taken into account, we also show that the monotonicity of g is not needed in this result. Finally, we consider the same problem posed in ℝN and show that if g is additionally convex and lies above a power greater than one at infinity, then all positive supersolutions u automatically verify − Δu > 0 in ℝN, and they do not exist when the previous condition fails.
On the boundary conditions in estimating ∇ω by div ω and curl ω
Authors: Csató Gyula , Kneuss Olivier , Rajendran Dhanya
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we study under what boundary conditions the inequality$${\rm \Vert }\nabla \omega {\rm \Vert }_{L^2(\Omega )}^2 \les C({\rm \Vert }{\rm curl}\omega {\rm \Vert }_{L^2(\Omega )}^2 + {\rm \Vert }{\rm div}\omega {\rm \Vert }_{L^2(\Omega )}^2 + {\rm \Vert }\omega {\rm \Vert }_{L^2(\Omega )}^2 )$$holds true. It is known that such an estimate holds if either the tangential or normal component ofωvanishes on the boundary ∂Ω. We show that the vanishing tangential component condition is a special case of a more general one. In two dimensions, we give an interpolation result between these two classical boundary conditions.