bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A VIOLÊNCIA E O PRECONCEITO CONTRA O IDOSO: QUESTÕES SOCIOHISTÓRICAS
Authors: Nascimento da Silva Carine , Kuhn Vieira Camia , Anderson Brutti Tiago , Cauduro Peranzoni Vaneza
Published: January 2021

Atualmente em destaque, o processo de envelhecimento vem sendo muito debatido, principalmente as questões sociais e de saúde, pois essa transição causa diversas modificações nos aspectos de saúde dos idosos, o que pode levar a uma dependência da família e serviços de saúde, algo que pode gerar preconceito e, muitas vezes, à violência. Portanto, este trabalho teve por objetivo contextualizar os danos gerados pelo preconceito e violência contra o idoso, através de uma revisão bibliográfica. Realizou-se, então, uma busca nas bases de dados do Google Acadêmico, EBSCO, Scielo e periódico CAPES, entre os meses de outubro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020, conforme os critérios da temática. Constatou-se pela pesquisa feita que há violência e preconceito contra o idoso, o que gera um grande desafio para o setor da saúde e social, pois acarreta em danos biopsicossocial, destacando-se que a violência mais prevalente entre idosos são à mudança entre gerações, dificuldades financeiras, relações intrafamiliares e o preconceito contra a mulher, caracterizado pelo machismo imposto na antiguidade. Sendo assim, é de extrema importância novas alternativas de políticas públicas voltadas contra a violência ocorrida às pessoas em processo de envelhecimento, necessitando, também, haver mais estudos aprofundados sobre a temática.
LEVANTAMENTO DO REGISTRO DAS AÇÕES DE EXTENSÃO NO SIGA/UEMG: HISTÓRIA E PERSPECTIVA DE FUTURO
Authors: Arantes Bruno Otávio , Castro Lucas Ribeiro de , Vidigal Vitor Adalberto Silva , Pacifico Marcos Vinicius Dimas , Barbosa Dayler William Souza Lopes
Published: January 2021

A extensão é uma das atividades realizadas pela universidade e faz parte do tripé que inclui a pesquisa e o ensino. Faz-se necessário refletir sua prática, por meio da construção de sua história. Neste trabalho foi constituída a memória das ações realizadas em uma unidade da Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG). O artigo é fruto de investigação realizada para examinar os dados registrados sobre as atividades da extensão entre os anos de 2014 e 2019, período onde foi possível encontrar registros (físicos ou eletrônicos em banco de dados) sobre ações extensionistas. Utiliza como método a análise documental e como resultado foi possível perceber a necessidade de alteração do sistema, para evitar a duplicidade de registros dentre outras medidas que podem facilitar a comprovação das atividades e seu acompanhamento.
Cancer Statistics, 2021
Authors: Siegel Rebecca L. , Miller Kimberly D. , Fuchs Hannah E. , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: January 2021

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population‐based cancer occurrence. Incidence data (through 2017) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2018) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2021, 1,898,160 new cancer cases and 608,570 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. After increasing for most of the 20th century, the cancer death rate has fallen continuously from its peak in 1991 through 2018, for a total decline of 31%, because of reductions in smoking and improvements in early detection and treatment. This translates to 3.2 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred if peak rates had persisted. Long‐term declines in mortality for the 4 leading cancers have halted for prostate cancer and slowed for breast and colorectal cancers, but accelerated for lung cancer, which accounted for almost one‐half of the total mortality decline from 2014 to 2018. The pace of the annual decline in lung cancer mortality doubled from 3.1% during 2009 through 2013 to 5.5% during 2014 through 2018 in men, from 1.8% to 4.4% in women, and from 2.4% to 5% overall. This trend coincides with steady declines in incidence (2.2%‐2.3%) but rapid gains in survival specifically for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For example, NSCLC 2‐year relative survival increased from 34% for persons diagnosed during 2009 through 2010 to 42% during 2015 through 2016, including absolute increases of 5% to 6% for every stage of diagnosis; survival for small cell lung cancer remained at 14% to 15%. Improved treatment accelerated progress against lung cancer and drove a record drop in overall cancer mortality, despite slowing momentum for other common cancers.
Política y planificación lingüística de las lenguas nativas del Perú: avances y perspectivas
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Mamani Aguilar Oscar , Yucra Yucra Francisca ,   Universidad Nacional Intercultural de Quillabamba
Published: January 2021

El contenido de la presente obra está organizado de la siguiente manera: el capítulo I contempla diacrónicamente la política lingüística de las lenguas a través de la historia, destacando cómo fue, en general, la política cultural y educativa en el periodo autónomo. El capítulo II incide en el tema de la lealtad lingüística, relacionándolo con la moderna teoría de la programación neurolingüística aplicada a la enseñanza de las lenguas nativas. El capítulo III discute los enfoques teóricos en relación a la planificación lingüística, es decir, pretende dar respuesta a la preocupación de cómo encarar la planificación lingüística para conjurar el deterioro de nuestras lenguas nativas. El capítulo IV está destinado a mostrar algunas experiencias y avances en la aplicación fáctica de una política lingüística orientada a rescatar nuestras lenguas nativas. En este capítulo final exponemos también, a manera de ejemplificación o modelo, algunas acciones llevadas a cabo por un grupo de profesores y estudiantes en la ciudad de Puno, quienes realizaron la señalización de las oficinas de la Municipalidad Provincial de Puno y ciertos lugares turísticos con términos quechuas y aimaras. Posteriormente, esta misma actividad se replicó en la ciudad de Tacna, con la señalización de los ambientes del hospital Hipólito Unanue donde se utilizaron palabras del aimara y el español. Tal vez, sean acciones modestas y aisladas, pero, resultan significativas; pues, se trata de asumir una agenda propia e incidir enérgicamente en el inicio de un movimiento cultural de recuperación y desarrollo de lenguas nativas para una pertinencia cultural y educativa. A modo de conclusión en el epílogo, precisamos que en los últimos veinte años aproximadamente existen rasgos de avances y perspectivas de la política lingüística de las lenguas andinas del Perú, como la presencia de una educación intercultural bilingüe que promueve el aprendizaje del quechua y aimara en las instituciones públicas y privadas; así como el letrado de algunas oficinas y calles con términos de dichas lenguas. Teniendo antecedentes, planteamos las acciones inmediatas a ser tomadas en cuenta en las instituciones públicas y privadas ligadas a la actividad educativa, en cualquiera de sus niveles, para desarrollar sistemáticamente el aprendizaje del quechua, aimara y otras lenguas nativas. Naturalmente, en mérito a la normatividad existente.
Description of students' Integrated Science Process Skills on Friction Material on a Flat Field
Authors: Wulandari Mashelin , Wirayuda Ricky Purnama , Aldila Febritia , Wulandari Retno
Published: January 2021

Science Process Skills have an important function in the process of student curiosity and scholarship, so it is necessary to do a description of students' science process skills. This study aims to describe students' integrated science process skills on friction material on a flat plane at SMPN 9 Muaro Jambi. The observed science process skills consist of ten observation indicators, namely experimental analysis, planning experiments, conducting experiments, describing the relationship between variables, defining variables operationally, making data tables, obtaining and processing data, making hypotheses, identifying variables and making graphs. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive type. The research subjects were students of class VIII at SMP Negeri 9 Muaro Jambi which consisted of class VIII D and VIII E. The sampling technique was total sampling where the total sample was 40 students. While the data collection technique uses observation sheets that have been validated by a team of experts. The data that has been obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques with the help of IBM SPSS statistics software. The results of the research on students' mastery of integrated science process skills in the friction practicum on the flat plane were classified into the good category with a percentage of 57.5%. This means that students have good science process skills, because most students are skilled at doing practicum based on experimental indicators. The conclusion of this study shows that the integrated science process skills possessed by students are categorized as good.
MYKHAILO SOROKA IS A MORAL SYMBOL OF FIGHTERS FOR FREEDOM OF UKRAINE 1940–1980S
Authors: ZAYTSEV Yurii
Published: January 2021

A study of the history of the Ukrainian national liberation movement of the 20th century involves explaining not only global processes and milestones, but, crucially, the role of specific figures in this movement in the context of real-time political circumstances and social changes. The proposed article is based on a sufficiently wide source base, first of all, on documents of the Soviet special services, mostly unpublished. The author considers his task to show the spiritual and ideological integrity of the character of Mykhailo Soroka, his high intelligence, thorough education, European thinking, his leadership qualities, firmness in defending his views and ignoring the insidious KGB temptations, a talent of the organizer, tolerance in comradely relations, self-initiation to the majestic prospect of creating an independent democratic Ukrainian state.

An important component of M. Soroka's personal life was his marriage to a well-known member and regional leader of OUN Kateryna Zarytska. A brief account of her unique biography fails to outline the multifaceted nature and tragedy of this person's selfless. However, it clearly illustrates the anti-humanity of the Bilshovyk-communist regime.

M. Soroka's speech at the trial of 1953 in Syktyvkar deserves special attention. It was an indictment of the Soviet regime. He stressed that every nation has the right to a dignified life with "full freedom of conscience, thought, speech and assembly." Moreover, he can get it only in an independent state. Soroka considered the ancestry of disobedience and a sense of justice as an instrument of achieving this aim. He stated that "if we are not attacked, we certainly do not need to defend ourselves."
Keywords: Soroka, Zarytska, arrest, court, detention, OUN-North, uprising, independent Ukraine, rehabilitation.
Efeitos de um programa multiprofissional de tratamento da obesidade no ambiente aquático em adolescentes acompanhados ou não de suas mães
Authors: Castilho Mario Moreira , Westphal Greice , Pereira Igor Alisson Spagnol , Martins Fernando Malentaqui , Meireles Karen Barros , Nardo Junior Nelson
Published: January 2021

Introdução: O aumento da obesidade tem sido registrado em todas as faixas etárias. Está pandemia, considerada a doença do século, atinge diretamente a saúde pública em todos os continentes e representa um desafio complexo da sociedade moderna.  Objetivo: Comparar a perda de peso em adolescentes submetidos a um programa multiprofissional de tratamento da obesidade (PMTO) com e sem o acompanhamento de suas mães. Método: Foram selecionados 11 adolescentes, com idade entre 13 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), antes de iniciar a sua participação. Todos indicaram ter disponibilidade e interesse para participar das intervenções com atividades no ambiente aquático, três vezes por semana, seguido de uma hora de orientações teóricas com profissionais das áreas de Educação Física, Nutrição e Psicologia. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, seguindo procedimentos padronizados, as variáveis foram coletadas no pré-teste e pós-teste, após 16 semanas de um PMTO. Resultados: Os adolescentes apresentaram melhoras tanto no primeiro semestre quanto no segundo semestre, quando os mesmos foram acompanhados de suas mães. No entanto, no primeiro semestre foram observadas melhoras significativas (p<0,05) em um maior número de variáveis, tais como a CC (p=0,0389), gordura absoluta (p=0,0005) e percentual gordura (p=0,0009). No segundo semestre apresentaram melhoras significativas (p<0,05), no percentual de gordura e na FC de repouso. Conclusão: A participação no PMTO no ambiente aquático promoveu melhorias na aptidão física dos adolescentes, tanto quando eles foram acompanhados das mães, como na ausência das mesmas.
Intestinal microbiota and critical conditions
Authors: Akhmedov V. A. , Kasheva K. A. , Gaus O. V.
Published: January 2021

The cardinal transformation of the intestinal microbiota in composition, quantity and metabolic products negatively affects the effectiveness of therapy in patients with extreme severity of the disease. Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiota is a prognostic parameter and one of the main causes of complications, infections and the development of sepsis. Currently, scales are used that assess the condition and prognosis of patients, but the microbiota is not included in this list of the studied parameters. In the last 10 years, it has become possible to study andcharacterize intestinal microorganisms in more detail. This review provides an analysis of the literature on the importance of intestinal bacteria in patients with extreme severity of the disease, information on possible complications and treatment of disorders associated with dysfunction of the intestinal microbiota.
Hyperpigmentation of skin in liver cirrhosis
Authors: Krivosheev A. V. , Hwan L. A. , Eremeeva S. A. , Dobrachyova O. A. , Levykina E. E.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the description of rare changes in the skin of a patient with cirrhosis of the liver. The causes of skin changes in liver diseases are analyzed. A brief review of the literature on this problem is presented.
The Maximum Size and Age of Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) in the World
Authors: AYDIN Mehmet
Published: January 2021

On April 17, 2020, one male specimen of the shi drum, Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) was measured as 104 cm in total length, weighed 11080 g, and 18 years old. The U. cirrosa were sampled at 2 m depth by using trammel net in Ordu at the southern Black Sea. Up to date, this length, weight and age are a new record for the maximum size of U. cirrosa. These measurements make it the largest individual in the world.
Aggregation-Induced Emission of Au/Ag Alloy Nanoclusters for Fluorescence Detection of Inorganic Pyrophosphate and Pyrophosphatase Activity
Authors: Lei Zhongli , Zhou Jie , Liang Miao , Xiao Yan , Liu Zhihong
Published: January 2021

The development of sensitive and accurate detection of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyrophosphatase activity (PPase) is important as they play vital roles in biological systems. However, it is still not satisfactory for most of the analytical methods for PPi and PPase because of their Cu2+-dependence and poor accuracy. Although the metal ion triggered aggregation-induced emission (AIE) of metal nanoclusters (NCs) offers a new approach to design a Cu2+-free strategy for the accurate determination of PPi and PPase recently, current methods are all focused on utilizing pure metal NCs. Alloy NCs incorporating the advantages of diverse metal usually can achieve improved behaviors in the application, such as enhanced sensitivity and stability. In this work, glutathione stabilized alloy Au/Ag NCs were synthesized via a simple method and used for the fluorescence detection of PPi and PPase based on a Zn2+-regulated AIE strategy. The controlled release of Zn2+ by PPi and PPase could regulate the AIE of Au/Ag NCs and be employed to response PPi concentration and PPase activity. This method processes simple procedure, high sensitivity and stability, and low toxicity. In addition, we also studied the AIE behaviors of this Au/Ag NCs and offer some fundamental understanding of the AIE properties of water-soluble alloy NCs. This study not only provides a straightforward and new approach for PPi and PPase determination but a basis for further study on the AIE properties of alloy NCs and their application.
Intravital Imaging of Pulmonary Immune Response in Inflammation and Infection
Authors: Alizadeh-Tabrizi Nazli , Hall Stefan , Lehmann Christian
Published: January 2021

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a unique imaging method providing insights in cellular functions and interactions in real-time, without the need for tissue extraction from the body. IVM of the lungs has specific challenges such as restricted organ accessibility, respiratory movements, and limited penetration depth. Various surgical approaches and microscopic setups have been adapted in order to overcome these challenges. Among others, these include the development of suction stabilized lung windows and the use of more advanced optical techniques. Consequently, lung IVM has uncovered mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment and function in several models of pulmonary inflammation and infection. This review focuses on bacterial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, sepsis-induced acute lung Injury, and cystic fibrosis, as examples of lung inflammation and infection. In addition, critical details of intravital imaging techniques of the lungs are discussed.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Macrophage, and Microglia in Brain Cancer
Authors: Lu Rongze Olivia , Ho Winson S.
Published: January 2021

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in GBM progression as mitochondria is essential in regulating cell metabolism, oxidative stress, and cell death. Meanwhile, the immune microenvironment in GBM is predominated by tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAM), which is a heterogenous population of myeloid cells that, in general, create an immunosuppressive milieu to support tumor growth. However, subsets of TAMs can be pro-inflammatory and thereby antitumor. Therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs are increasingly explored as novel treatment strategies for GBM. The connection between mitochondrial dysfunction and TAMs phenotype in the tumor microenvironment is unclear. This review aims to provide perspectives and discuss possible molecular mechanisms mediating the interplay between glioma mitochondrial dysfunction and TAMs phenotype in shaping tumor immune microenvironment.
In silico and in vitro Evaluation of Mimetic Peptides as Potential Antigen Candidates for Prophylaxis of Leishmaniosis
Authors: Guedes Deborah Carbonera , Santiani Manuel Hospinal , Carvalho Joyce , Soccol Carlos Ricardo , Minozzo João Carlos , Machado de Ávila Ricardo Andrez , de Moura Juliana Ferreira , Ramos Eliezer Lucas Pires , Castro Guillermo Raul , Chávez-Olórtegi Carlos , Thomaz-Soccol Vanete
Published: January 2021

Antigen formulation is the main feature for the success of leishmaniosis diagnosis and vaccination, since the disease is caused by different parasite species that display particularities which determine their pathogenicity and virulence. It is desirable that the antigens are recognized by different antibodies and are immunogenic for almost all Leishmania species. To overcome this problem, we selected six potentially immunogenic peptides derived from Leishmania histones and parasite membrane molecules obtained by phage display or spot synthesis and entrapped in liposome structures. We used these peptides to immunize New Zealand rabbits and determine the immunogenic capacity of the chimeric antigen. The peptides induced the production of antibodies as a humoral immune response against L. braziliensis or L. infantum. Next, to evaluate the innate response to induce cellular activation, macrophages from the peptide mix-immunized rabbits were infected in vitro with L. braziliensis or L. infantum. The peptide mix generated the IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4 and TGF-β that led to Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses. Interestingly, this mix of peptides also induced high expression of iNOS. These results suggest that the mix of peptides derived from histone and parasites membrane molecules was able to mimic parasites proteins and induce cytokines important to CD4+ T cell Th1 and Th2 differentiation and effector molecule to control the parasite infection. Finally, this peptide induced an immune balance that is important to prevent immunopathological disorders, inflammatory reactions, and control the parasite infection.
Novel Hybrids of Podophyllotoxin and Coumarin Inhibit the Growth and Migration of Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Bai Guohui , Zhao Dan , Ran Xin , Zhang Lei , Zhao Degang
Published: January 2021

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy of oral tumor. In this study, two novel hybrids of podophyllotoxin and coumarin were designed using molecular hybridization strategy and synthesized. Pharmacological evaluation showed that the potent compound 12b inhibited the proliferation of three human oral squamous carcinoma cell lines with nanomolar IC50 values, as well as displayed less toxicity on normal cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that 12b triggered HSC-2 cell apoptosis, induced cell cycle arrest, and inhibited cell migration. Moreover, 12b could disturb the microtubule network via binding into the tubulin. It was noteworthy that induction of autophagy by 12b was associated with the upregulation of Beclin1, as well as LC3-II. Furthermore, 12b significantly stimulated the AMPK pathway and restrained the AKT/mTOR pathway in HSC-2 cells. These results indicated that compound 12b was a promising candidate for further investigation.
In silico Analysis Revealed Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Activity by the Zonulin Inhibitor Larazotide Acetate
Authors: Di Micco Simone , Musella Simona , Scala Maria C. , Sala Marina , Campiglia Pietro , Bifulco Giuseppe , Fasano Alessio
Published: January 2021

The most severe outcome of COVID-19 infection is the development of interstitial pneumonia causing acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), both responsible for the infected patients' mortality. ALI and ARDS are characterized by a leakage of plasma components into the lungs, compromising their ability to expand and optimally engage in gas exchange with blood, resulting in respiratory failure. We have previously reported that zonulin, a protein dictating epithelial and endothelial permeability in several districts, including the airways, is involved in ALI pathogenesis in mouse models, and that its peptide inhibitor Larazotide acetate (also called AT1001) ameliorated ALI and subsequent mortality by decreasing mucosal permeability to fluid and extravasation of neutrophils into the lungs. With the recent crystallographic resolution of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), an enzyme fundamental in the viral lifecycle, bound to peptidomimetic inhibitors N3 and 13b, we were able to perform molecular modeling investigation showing that AT1001 presents structural motifs similar to co-crystallized ligands. Specifically, molecular docking, MM-GBSA-based predictions and molecular dynamics showed that AT1001 docks extremely well in the Mprocatalytic domain through a global turn conformational arrangement without any unfavorable steric hindrance. Finally, we have observed that AT1001 can be superimposed onto the crystallized structures of N3 and 13b, establishing a higher number of interactions and accordingly a tighter binding.In vitrostudies confirmed AT1001 anti-Mproand preliminary investigation indicted an anti-viral activity. Combined, these studies suggest that AT1001, besides its well-demonstrated effect in ameliorating mucosal permeability in ALI/ARDS, may also exert a direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect by blocking the Mpro. AT1001 has been used extensively in a variety of animal models of ALI demonstrating robust safety and efficacy; it is currently in phase 3 trials in celiac subjects showing strong safety and efficacy profiles. We therefore propose its use as a specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 multitargeting treatment for the current pandemic.
Internet Memes: Leaflet Propaganda of the Digital Age
Authors: Nieubuurt Joshua Troy
Published: January 2021

Internet memes are one of the latest evolutions of “leaflet” propaganda and an effective tool in the arsenal of digital persuasion. In the past such items were dropped from planes, now they find their way into social media across multiple platforms and their territory is global. Internet memes can be used to target specific groups to help build and solidify tribal bonds. Due to the ease of creation, and their ability to constantly reaffirm axiomatic tribal ideas, they have become an adroit tool allowing for mass influence across international borders. This text explores the link between internet memes and their ability to “hack” the attention of anyone connected to internet using dense modality and cognitive biases. Furthermore, the text discusses Internet meme's ability sew discord by consistently reaffirming preexisting tribal bonds and their relation to traditional PSYOP tactics initially used for analog leaflet propaganda.
Gene Expression Profiling Reveals the Shared and Distinct Transcriptional Signatures in Human Lung Epithelial Cells Infected With SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, or SARS-CoV: Potential Implications in Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19
Authors: Jha Prabhash Kumar , Vijay Aatira , Halu Arda , Uchida Shizuka , Aikawa Masanori
Published: January 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative virus for the current global pandemic known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of single-stranded RNA viruses known as coronaviruses, including the MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV that cause Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), respectively. These coronaviruses are associated in the way that they cause mild to severe upper respiratory tract illness. This study has used an unbiased analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus to understand the shared and unique transcriptional signatures of human lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 relative to MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV. A major goal was to discover unique cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 among these three coronaviruses. Analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by the three datasets led to a set of 17 genes, suggesting the lower expression of genes related to acute inflammatory response (TNF, IL32, IL1A, CXCL1, and CXCL3) in SARS-CoV-2. This subdued transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 may cause prolonged viral replication, leading to severe lung damage. Downstream analysis of unique DEGs of SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed changes in genes related to apoptosis (NRP1, FOXO1, TP53INP1, CSF2, and NLRP1), coagulation (F3, PROS1, ITGB3, and TFPI2), and vascular function (VAV3, TYMP, TCF4, and NR2F2), which may contribute to more systemic cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 than MERS and SARS. The study has uncovered a novel set of transcriptomic signatures unique to SARS-CoV-2 infection and shared by three coronaviruses, which may guide the initial efforts in the development of prognostic or therapeutic tools for COVID-19.
100 Years of Chalky Teeth Research: From Pioneering Histopathology to Social Good
Authors: Hubbard Michael J. , Perez Vidal A. , Ganss Bernhard
Published: January 2021

One hundred years ago, histopathology pioneer Bernhard Gottlieb described developmentally disrupted teeth as having “chalky enamel” and “chalky spots” that “crumble” easily. He also asked pivotal questions about the pathogenesis of “enamel hypoplasia” that remained enigmatic for almost a century. Today, breakthrough pathomechanistic investigations of chalky enamel are revealing surprising answers, and an allied translational initiative—The D3 Group for developmental dental defects (“D3s”) —is converting such scientific knowledge into social good surrounding prevention of tooth decay. Molar hypomineralisation (MH) affects 1-in-5 children worldwide and is well-evidenced, but poorly recognised, as a principal risk factor for childhood tooth decay. Given MH is causally linked to infantile illness, an exciting corollary is that medical prevention would lead to substantial reductions in decay. Here we reflect on the past century of chalky teeth research and retrace the path leading to recognition of MH as a global health concern. Five research eras, today's four major D3s, and diverse experimental attacks are outlined alongside translational wins that have benefitted global health. Addressing hopes for medical prevention of MH, this centennial year's pathomechanistic discovery is contextualised against past accomplishments and new opportunities. Finally, we note the translational value of accessible infographics for guiding future work, and forecast exciting prospects for the next century.
Power Sharing in Island Microgrids
Authors: Pinto Jorge , Carvalho Adriano , Morais Vitor
Published: January 2021

The growth of local renewable energy sources and heavy loads in power distribution networks, such as the increasing electric vehicles charging stations, causes several issues with a direct impact on the stability of the electrical grid. An attempt to overcome such issues is the microgrid concept, which has the grid structured into local sub-grids that manage their power and energy balancing. A microgrid may operate connected or disconnected from the main grid, being dynamically necessary to guarantee a power balancing between local loads and sources. Furthermore, as several power units are connected to the same microgrid, equity is also required in terms of power sharing. Current work explores a scenario of an island operation of a microgrid with multiple sources, including battery storage systems and sharing power with multiple loads, including electric vehicle chargers, a scenario appropriated to a city grid. A local control solution for a stable operation of the microgrid in terms of both power balancing and power sharing is presented and validated through numerical and experimental results.
Identifying Candidate Genes Involved in the Regulation of Early Growth Using Full-Length Transcriptome and RNA-Seq Analyses of Frontal and Parietal Bones and Vertebral Bones in Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
Authors: Luo Weiwei , Zhou Ying , Wang Junru , Yu Xiaomu , Tong Jingou
Published: January 2021

Growth, one of the most important traits monitored in domestic animals, is essentially associated with bone development. To date, no large-scale transcriptome studies investigating bone development in bighead carp have been reported. In this study, we applied Isoform-sequencing technology to uncover the entire transcriptomic landscape of the bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) in early growth stage, and obtained 63,873 non-redundant transcripts, 20,907 long non-coding RNAs, and 1,579 transcription factors. A total of 381 alternative splicing events were seen in the frontal and parietal bones with another 784 events simultaneously observed in the vertebral bones. Coupling this to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, we identified 27 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) in the frontal and parietal bones and 45 DEGs in the vertebral bones in the fast-growing group of fish, when compared to the slow-growing group of fish. Finally, 15 key pathways and 20 key DEGs were identified and found to be involved in regulation of early growth such as energy metabolism, immune function, and cytoskeleton function and important cellular pathways such as the arginine and proline metabolic pathway (p4ha1), FoxO signaling pathway (sgk1), cell adhesion molecules (b2m, ptprc, and mhcII), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway (scd). We established a novel full-length transcriptome resource and combined it with RNA-seq to elucidate the mechanism of genetic regulation of differential growth in bighead carp. The key DEGs identified in this study could fuel further studies investigating associations between growth and bone development and serve as a source of potential candidate genes for marker-assisted breeding programs.
MicroRNAs Associated With a Good Prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Their Effect on Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Neaga Alexandra , Bagacean Cristina , Tempescul Adrian , Jimbu Laura , Mesaros Oana , Blag Cristina , Tomuleasa Ciprian , Bocsan Corina , Gaman Mihaela , Zdrenghea Mihnea
Published: January 2021

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive myeloid malignancy with poor outcomes despite very intensive therapeutic approaches. For the majority of patients which are unfit and treated less intensively, the prognosis is even worse. There has been unspectacular progress in outcome improvement over the last decades and the development of new approaches is of tremendous interest. The tumor microenvironment is credited with an important role in supporting cancer growth, including leukemogenesis. Macrophages are part of the tumor microenvironment and their contribution in this setting is increasingly being deciphered, these cells being credited with a tumor supporting role. Data on macrophage role and polarization in leukemia is scarce. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, by impending translation and promoting degradation of messenger RNAs. They are important modulators of cellular pathways, playing major roles in normal hematopoietic differentiation. miRNA expression is significantly correlated with the prognosis of hematopoietic malignancies, including AML. Oncogenic miRNAs correlate with poor prognosis, while tumor suppressor miRNAs, which inhibit the expression of proto-oncogenes, are correlated with a favorable prognosis. miRNAs are proposed as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and are regarded as therapeutic approaches in many cancers, including AML. miRNAs with epigenetic or modulatory activity, as well as with synergistic activity with chemotherapeutic agents, proved to be promising therapeutic targets in experimental, pre-clinical approaches. The clinical availability of emerging compounds with mimicking or suppressor activity provides the opportunity for future therapeutic targeting of miRNAs. The present paper is focusing on miRNAs which, according to current knowledge, favorably impact on AML outcomes, being regarded as tumor suppressors, and reviews their role in macrophage polarization. We are focusing on miRNA expression in the setting of AML, but data on correlations between miRNA expression and macrophage polarization is mostly coming from studies involving normal tissue.
Investing in Blue Natural Capital to Secure a Future for the Red Sea Ecosystems
Authors: Cziesielski Maha J. , Duarte Carlos M. , Aalismail Nojood , Al-Hafedh Yousef , Anton Andrea , Baalkhuyur Faiyah , Baker Andrew C. , Balke Thorsten , Baums Iliana B. , Berumen Michael , Chalastani Vasiliki I. , Cornwell Brendan , Daffonchio Daniele , Diele Karen , Farooq Ehtesaam , Gattuso Jean-Pierre , He Song , Lovelock Catherine E. , Mcleod Elizabeth , Macreadie Peter I. , Marba Nuria , Martin Cecilia , Muniz-Barreto Marcelle , Kadinijappali Kirshnakumar P. , Prihartato Perdana , Rabaoui Lotfi , Saderne Vincent , Schmidt-Roach Sebastian , Suggett David J. , Sweet Michael , Statton John , Teicher Sam , Trevathan-Tackett Stacey M. , Joydas Thadickal V. , Yahya Razan , Aranda Manuel
Published: January 2021

For millennia, coastal and marine ecosystems have adapted and flourished in the Red Sea’s unique environment. Surrounded by deserts on all sides, the Red Sea is subjected to high dust inputs and receives very little freshwater input, and so harbors a high salinity. Coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangroves flourish in this environment and provide socio-economic and environmental benefits to the bordering coastlines and countries. Interestingly, while coral reef ecosystems are currently experiencing rapid decline on a global scale, those in the Red Sea appear to be in relatively better shape. That said, they are certainly not immune to the stressors that cause degradation, such as increasing ocean temperature, acidification and pollution. In many regions, ecosystems are already severely deteriorating and are further threatened by increasing population pressure and large coastal development projects. Degradation of these marine habitats will lead to environmental costs, as well as significant economic losses. Therefore, it will result in a missed opportunity for the bordering countries to develop a sustainable blue economy and integrate innovative nature-based solutions. Recognizing that securing the Red Sea ecosystems’ future must occur in synergy with continued social and economic growth, we developed an action plan for the conservation, restoration, and growth of marine environments of the Red Sea. We then investigated the level of resources for financial and economic investment that may incentivize these activities. This study presents a set of commercially viable financial investment strategies, ecological innovations, and sustainable development opportunities, which can, if implemented strategically, help ensure long-term economic benefits while promoting environmental conservation. We make a case for investing in blue natural capital and propose a strategic development model that relies on maintaining the health of natural ecosystems to safeguard the Red Sea’s sustainable development.
The Annual Cycle of Air-Sea Fluxes in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic
Authors: Bigorre Sebastien P. , Plueddemann Albert J.
Published: January 2021

In this article we analyze 11 years of near-surface meteorology using observations from an open-ocean surface mooring located in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic (51°W, 15°N). Air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum are derived from these observations using the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk parameterization. Using this dataset, we compute a climatology of the annual cycle of near-surface meteorological conditions and air-sea fluxes. These in situ data are then compared with three reanalyses: the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Department of Energy [NCEP-DOE (hereafter referred to as NCEP-2)], the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalyses. Products from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) are also used for comparison. We identify the agreements and characterize the discrepancies in the annual cycles of meteorological variables and the different components of air-sea heat fluxes (latent, sensible, shortwave, and longwave radiation). Recomputing the reanalyses fluxes by applying the COARE algorithm to the reanalyses meteorological variables results in better agreement with the in situ fluxes than using the reanalyses fluxes directly. However, the radiative fluxes (longwave and shortwave) from some of the reanalyses show significant discrepancies when compared with the in situ measurements. Longwave radiation from MERRA-2 is biased high (too much oceanic heat loss), and NCEP-2 longwave does not correlate to in situ observations and other reanalyses. Shortwave radiation from NCEP-2 is biased low in winter and does not track the observed variability in summer. The discrepancies in radiative fluxes versus in situ fluxes are explored, and the potential regional implications are discussed using maps of satellite and reanalyses products, including radiation and cloud cover.
Variability of Sea-Air Carbon Dioxide Flux in Autumn Across the Weddell Gyre and Offshore Dronning Maud Land in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Ogundare Margaret Ojone , Fransson Agneta , Chierici Melissa , Joubert Warren R. , Roychoudhury Alakendra N.
Published: January 2021

Sea surface fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2ssw) was measured across the Weddell gyre and the eastern sector in the Atlantic Southern Ocean in autumn. During the occupation between February and April 2019, the region of the study transect was a potential ocean CO2 sink. A net CO2 flux (FCO2) of −6.2 (± 8; sink) mmol m–2 d–1 was estimated for the entire study region, with the largest average CO2 sink of −10.0 (± 8) mmol m–2 d–1 in the partly ice-covered Astrid Ridge (AR) region near the coast at 68°S and −6.1 (± 8) mmol m–2d–1 was observed in the Maud Rise (MR) region. A CO2 sink was also observed south of 66°S in the Weddell Sea (WS). To assess the main drivers describing the variability of fCO2ssw, a correlation model using fCO2 and oxygen saturation was considered. Spatial distributions of the fCO2 saturation/O2 saturation correlations, described relative to the surface water properties of the controlling variables (chlorophyll a, apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), sea surface temperature, and sea surface salinity) further constrained the interplay of the processes driving the fCO2ssw distributions. Photosynthetic CO2 drawdown significantly offsets the influence of the upwelling of CO2-rich waters in the central Weddell gyre and enhanced the CO2 sink in the region. FCO2 of −6.9 mmol m–2 d–1 estimated for the Weddell gyre in this study was different from FCO2 of −2.5 mmol m–2 d–1 in autumn estimated in a previous study. Due to low CO2 data coverage during autumn, limited sea-air CO2 flux estimates from direct sea-surface CO2 observations particularly for the Weddell gyre region are available with which to compare the values estimated in this study. This highlights the importance of increasing seasonal CO2 observations especially during autumn/winter to improving the seasonal coverage of flux estimates in the seasonal sea ice-covered regions of the Southern Ocean.
Unveiling Women’s Roles and Inclusion in Mexican Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF)
Authors: Solano Neyra , Lopez-Ercilla Ines , Fernandez-Rivera Melo Francisco J. , Torre Jorge
Published: January 2021

The contributions of women to fisheries are often invisible, ignored, and unrecognized even though they represent 47% of the global fisheries workforce, especially in pre- and post-production activities. Poor data systems lead to incorrect assumptions about the gender division of labor in fisheries. This causes the role of women in fisheries to be overlooked. To evaluate the contribution of women in the value chain, a participatory methodology was implemented in three small-scale, fisheries in Mexico: California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) fishery from the northern Mexican Pacific, penshell (Atrina maura) fishery from the Gulf of California, and Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery from the Mesoamerican Reef region. This study shows an unequal inclusion of men and women as members of the fishing cooperatives where only 4%, 5%, and 20% are women in spiny lobster, red lobster, and penshell, respectively, and in the distribution of direct jobs (1 out of 6.7 jobs was held by a woman). These results indicate limited opportunities for women to access leadership positions. However, the participation percentages increased dramatically when we considered the fishery system (i.e., both direct and indirect jobs), with women accounting for 43%, 21%, and 37% of the California spiny lobster, penshell, and Caribbean spiny lobster fishery workforce, respectively. Women represented 39% of the workforce in pre-production activities, 2% in production, 29% in post-production, and 56% in complementary to production. Women tended to participate in two or more activities at the same time, generally combining work, household, and community activities. The participation of women in fisheries could be equivalent to a second working day, and even when this effort is present in similarly in three fisheries, their contribution is yet to be acknowledged in order to incorporate women in decision-making. The analysis of the value chain and the fishery system provided a more realistic picture of the contribution of women to fisheries than an analysis focused solely on extraction. This work further analyzed the importance and degree of participation of women in fishing cooperatives and the decision-making process. Strategies to reduce gender disparity are needed to encourage inclusion of women in fisheries decision-making.
Photothermal Therapy Based on CuS Nanoparticles for Alleviating Arterial Restenosis Induced by Mechanical Injury of Endovascular Treatment
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Liu Kun , Huang Qun , Zhang Qin , Yang Xinrui , Liu Xiaobing , Wang Ruihua
Published: January 2021

CuS nanoparticles (NPs) as an effective near-infrared absorption agent have been widely applied in the photothermal therapy (PTT) of cancer. However, little is known about the application of CuS NP-based PTT in alleviating arterial inflammation and restenosis, which affects the long-term prognosis of endovascular treatment. In this study, CuS NPs were synthesized and used as PTT nanoplatform for ameliorating arterial inflammation induced by mechanical injury of endovascular treatment. The macrophages possess powerful phagocytosis toward CuS NPs is evidenced by intracellular transmission electron microscopic imaging. As illustrated from Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and calcein AM/PI staining, an efficient depletion of macrophages by CuS NPs coculture combined with the irradiation with a 915-nm near-infrared laser was achieved. The endarterium injury/inflammation model was established by insertion of a 29G needle (BD Insulin Syringe Ultra-Fine®) to the left common carotid artery of an apolipoprotein E knockout mouse to mimic endarterium damage after endovascular treatment. Local injection of CuS NPs around the left common carotid artery followed by irradiation with a 915-nm INR laser significantly depleted infiltrated macrophages and alleviated arterial stenosis. This work emphasizes the role of CuS NPs as a PTT agent in post-injury remodeling of the arterial wall and provides an attractive target macrophage that can be depleted to alleviate arterial restenosis.
Changing Compliance of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Tubular Scaffold for Vascular Graft Applications Through Modifying Interlayer Adhesion and Crosslinking Density
Authors: Jeong YeJin , Yao Yuan , Mekonnen Tizazu H. , Yim Evelyn K. F.
Published: January 2021

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a water-soluble polymer and forms a hydrogel that has been studied as a potential small-diameter (<6 mm) vascular graft implant. The PVA hydrogel crosslinked using sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) has been shown to have many beneficial properties such as bioinert, low-thrombogenicity, and easy surface modification. Compared to conventional synthetic vascular graft materials, PVA has also shown to possess better mechanical properties; however, the compliance and other mechanical properties of PVA grafts are yet to be optimized to be comparable with native blood vessels. Mechanical compliance has been an important parameter to be studied for small-diameter vascular grafts, as compliance has been proposed to play an important role in intimal hyperplasia formation. PVA grafts are made using dip-casting a cylindrical mold into crosslinking solution. The number of dipping can be used to control the wall thickness of the resulting PVA grafts. In this study, we hypothesized that the number of dip layers, chemical and physical crosslinking, and interlayer adhesion strength could be important parameters in the fabrication process that would affect compliance. This work provides the relationship between the wall thickness, burst pressure, and compliance of PVA. Furthermore, our data showed that interlayer adhesion as well as chemical and physical crosslinking density can increase the compliance of PVA grafts.