bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Buddy—From a Framework for Overcoming Language Barriers to the Development of a Qualitative Citizen Science Platform
Authors: Bittenbinder Sven , Weiler Tim , Paluch Richard , Kirschsieper Dennis , Specovius Oliver , Müller Claudia
Published: October 2024

Students benefit from international study programmes in fields such as HCI. However, user-centred research in a foreign country has some challenges, especially language hurdles when going into the field and conducting ethnographic and participatory studies. A particular obstacle is added when targeting groups that do not speak English, such as in Germany, where English was not taught in schools until the 1970s. The task and challenge of the present project, ‘Research Buddy’, is to bring together young international students and older people as co-researchers in Germany. We describe the participatory development of the concept of a matching platform and its design. In focus groups with older people, university faculty and students, requirements for a collaborative research infrastructure were jointly identified and prototypically implemented. The empirical results focus on the possibilities the platform offers for qualitative citizen science in the field of age tech.
Structurally complete finitary extensions of positive Łukasiewicz logic
Authors: Aglianò Paolo , Manfucci Francesco
Published: October 2024

In this paper we study $\mathcal{M}\mathcal{V}^{+}$, i.e. the positive fragment of Łukasiewicz infinite-valued Logic $\mathcal{M}\mathcal{V}$. Using mainly algebraic techniques we characterize all the finitary extensions of $\mathcal{M}\mathcal{V}^{+}$ that are structurally complete and those that are hereditarily structurally complete.
Protocol summary of a randomized phase III study: comparing systemic therapy with and without debulking surgery (primary tumour resection) for clinical stage IVA (cT1-2bN0-1M1a) non-small cell lung cancer with radiologically undetermined pleural dissemination JCOG2103 (DEBULK-LUNG)
Authors: Sekino Yuta , Hishida Tomoyuki , Yoshioka Hiroshige , Wakabayashi Masashi , Mitome Noriko , Shiono Satoshi , Kenmotsu Hirotsugu , Nosaki Kaname , Aokage Keiju , Horinouchi Hidehito , Fukuda Haruhiko , Ohe Yuichiro , Watanabe Shun-ichi ,   the Lung Cancer Surgical Study Group (LCSSG) and the Lung Cancer Study Group (LCSG) of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG)
Published: October 2024

In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who present with radiologically undetermined malignant pleural dissemination or incidental surgical diagnosis of the same, surgery is generally not the preferred option; systemic therapy is favoured. However, there is no consensus on incorporating primary site resection into the treatment plan. Retrospective analyses hint at potential benefits of combining systemic therapy with primary site resection, but prospective studies have yet to confirm these findings. Consequently, we have planned a multicentre, open-label, randomized controlled phase III trial to assess the efficacy of adding primary site resection to standard systemic therapy for stage IVA (cT1-2bN0-1M1a) NSCLC patients with radiologically undetermined pleural dissemination. The primary endpoint is overall survival. We aim to enroll 170 patients from 71 institutions over 5 years. This trial is registered at the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT) under study number jRCTs031220666.
Association of immunoglobulin E levels with glioma risk and survival
Authors: Guerra Geno , Nakase Taishi , Kachuri Linda , McCoy Lucie , Hansen Helen M , Rice Terri , Wiemels Joseph L , Wiencke John K , Molinaro Annette M , Wrensch Margaret , Francis Stephen S
Published: October 2024

Background

Previous epidemiological studies have reported an association of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels with reduced glioma risk, but the association between IgE and glioma prognosis has not been characterized. This study aimed to examine how sex, tumor subtype, and IgE class modulate the association of serum IgE levels with glioma risk and survival.

Methods

We conducted a case-control study using participants from the University of California San Francisco Adult Glioma Study (1997-2010). Serum IgE levels for total, respiratory, and food allergy were measured in adults diagnosed with glioma (n = 1319) and cancer-free control individuals (n = 1139) matched based on age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Logistic regression was adjusted for patient demographics to assess the association between IgE levels and glioma risk. Multivariable Cox regression adjusted for patient-specific and tumor-specific factors compared survival between the elevated and normal IgE groups. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results

Elevated total IgE was associated with reduced risk of IDH wild-type glioma (risk ratio [RR] = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.86) and IDH-mutant glioma (RR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.85). In multivariable Cox regression, positive respiratory IgE was associated with improved survival for IDH wild-type glioma (RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.93). The reduction in mortality risk was statistically significant in female individuals only (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.98), with an improvement in median survival of 6.9 months (P < .001).

Conclusion

Elevated serum IgE was associated with improved prognosis for IDH wild-type glioma, with a more pronounced protective effect in female than male individuals, which has implications for the future study of IgE-based immunotherapies for glioma.
Current status of the working environment of brachytherapy in Japan: a nationwide survey-based analysis focusing on radiotherapy technologists and medical physicists
Authors: Kojima Toru , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Kurooka Masahiko , Tohyama Naoki , Tsuruoka Ichiro , Nemoto Mikio , Shimomura Kohei , Myojoyama Atsushi , Ikushima Hitoshi , Ohno Tatsuya , Ohnishi Hiroshi
Published: October 2024

Brachytherapy (BT), especially in high dose rate (HDR), has become increasingly complex owing to the use of image-guided techniques and the introduction of advanced applicators. Consequently, radiotherapy technologists and medical physicists (RTMPs) require substantial training to enhance their knowledge and technical skills in image-guided brachytherapy. However, the current status of the RTMP workload, individual abilities and quality control (QC) of BT units in Japan remains unclear. To address this issue, we conducted a questionnaire survey from June to August 2022 in all 837 radiation treatment facilities in Japan involving RTMPs. This survey focused on gynecological cancers treated with HDR-BT (GY-HDR) and permanent prostate implantation using low-dose-rate BT (PR-LDR). The responses revealed that the average working time in the overall process for HDR varied: 120 min for intracavitary BT and 180 min for intracavitary BT combined with interstitial BT. The QC implementation rate, in accordance with domestic guidelines, was 65% for GY-HDR and 44% for PR-LDR, which was lower than the 69% observed for external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Additionally, the implementation rate during regular working hours was low. Even among RTMP working in facilities performing BT, the proportion of those able to perform QC for BT units was ~30% for GY-HDR and <20% for PR-LDR, significantly lower than the 80% achieved for EBRT. This study highlights the vulnerabilities of Japan’s BT unit QC implementation structure. Addressing these issues requires appropriate training of the RTMP staff to safely perform BT tasks and improvements in practical education and training systems.
The Mental Health System
Authors: Hansch Greg , Lovitt Matthew , Hyderali Sheriyar
Published: October 2024

Individuals living with mental illness often experience significant barriers to access for appropriate and timely services and supports, including stigma, bias, and limited awareness of services. Concerns related to system capacity and systemic inequities often create additional burden for potential service recipients, especially those from underserved or marginalized communities. To overcome existing barriers to care, mental health providers and agencies will need to redesign their services to emphasize person-centered care that addresses negative perceptions of mental illness or the mental health care system; top-down, clinician-driven services that neglect the preferences and goals of the service recipient; and the systemic factors that limit or discourage treatment engagement for certain individuals living with mental illness.
Reframing the Wicked Problem of Brain Health Care through Design
Authors: Jones Katherine
Published: October 2024

Several design methods are used to address the complex challenges of improving the system of mental health care delivery as part of the redesign of an adult, inpatient psychiatric hospital in Austin, Texas. The author describes how six “acts of design” contributed to the person-centered design of the new state hospital opening in 2024. In Design Act 1, the leadership structure was grounded in participatory design concepts. In Design Act 2, project leadership established core principles. In Design Act 3, human-centered design field research and the key insights focus on the biggest opportunities and needs. In Design Act 4, a systems design approach generated a framework for a Brain Health Continuum that became the organizing. In Design Act 5, field research offers experience design attributes for the architects, and in Design Act 6, communication design and community engagement efforts generated recommendations for more inclusive, less stigmatizing terminology.
Pulling It All Together
Authors: Harris Sydney S. , Strakowski Stephen M.
Published: October 2024

Based on previous chapters, this final chapter describes and integrates opportunities for solutions to guide future approaches toward redesigning the US mental health system. A cohesive path is suggested to eliminate silos toward providing a high quality mental health care continuum for every US community and resident. Ultimately, approaches shared in this book have potential to inform a national strategy that improves US mental health outcomes for every citizen.
Connecting the Dots: History Gathering in Anxiety Diagnosis
Authors: Martinez-Sosa Natalie , Harvey Philip D.
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, the case of Ms. A, a 33-year-old married female, serves as a starting point to explore the complexities of diagnosing anxiety disorders. Ms. A presents with a year-long struggle marked by excessive worry, fear, and physical symptoms such as chest discomfort and shortness of breath. Her anxiety has impacted her work, relationships, and overall well-being. Her family history and the persistence of her symptoms raise red flags for the presence of an anxiety disorder. This chapter emphasizes the importance of history gathering to accurately diagnose and develop a treatment strategy for individuals with anxiety disorders. It underscores that anxiety disorders can manifest in various ways and that family history, comorbidities, and physical causes should be considered during assessment. To aid in diagnosis, this chapter provides guidance on conducting a mental status examination and reviews screening tools that can assist clinicians in assessing symptom severity and comorbid conditions.
When Fear Strikes: Differentiating Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Authors: Hsiang Jeremy C. , Saveanu Radu V.
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces Ms. H, a 32-year-old woman who has been experiencing recurrent panic attacks. She initially presents to the emergency department with chest pain and tachycardia, which has become a recurring occurrence in the past 2 months. Despite an extensive cardiac workup, no cardiac issues are found, and it becomes clear that her symptoms are related to panic attacks. This chapter presents the differences between individual panic attacks and panic disorder. It also delves into the differential diagnosis of panic disorder, considering factors such as substance abuse, medication side effects, and underlying medical conditions. Finally, it presents treatment options, including medication and psychotherapy. In conclusion, this chapter emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment to improve the quality of life for individuals affected by these conditions.
Fearing the Outside World: Understanding Agoraphobia
Authors: Shukri Ghaith , Cortes Adriana M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces Ms. S, a 22-year-old woman with no previous psychiatric history who seeks professional help due to her intense fear and anxiety on public transportation and in crowded spaces. She fears having panic attacks in these situations and not being able to seek immediate help. This fear has led her to avoid various situations and engage in safety-seeking behaviors. This chapter discusses agoraphobia, which is characterized by fear and avoidance of situations where escape or help may not be readily available in case of paniclike symptoms. Agoraphobia can severely impact an individual’s day-to-day life, leading to social isolation and loss of independence. The evaluation process and differential diagnoses are also discussed. Management approaches for agoraphobia are presented, with a focus on a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of agoraphobia, its diagnosis, differentiation from other disorders, evaluation, comorbidities, and treatment strategies.
Beneath the Surface: Uncovering Medical Causes of Anxiety
Authors: Hadjikyriakou Maria , Rueda-Lara Maria
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces Ms. R, a 45-year-old woman who presents to the clinic with symptoms of rapid breathing, chest tightness, palpitations, shortness of breath, and an overwhelming fear of dying. She has been experiencing these symptoms intermittently for a week. She is undergoing treatment with tamoxifen for breast cancer, and her recent cancer diagnosis, treatment, and associated stress have contributed to her increasing worry. However, she has never experienced such attacks before. Her history of smoking and vital signs raises concerns for a possible underlying medical cause for her symptoms. This chapter emphasizes the importance of considering the broader clinical context when evaluating anxiety accompanied by physical symptoms. It discusses the concept of anxiety disorder due to another medical condition, where anxiety is a direct result of a medical disorder. Various therapeutic approaches are mentioned, emphasizing the need for individualized treatment plans tailored to the patient’s medical conditions and preferences.
Every Mirror Reflects a Different Flaw
Authors: Stewart Kendyl , Ezzeddine Reem , Crocco Elizabeth
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces Ms. G, a 24-year-old graduate student struggling with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). She obsessively focuses on minor facial imperfections, despite her clear skin, and resorts to excessive makeup and mirror checking as coping mechanisms. Her BDD has had a profound impact on her life, leading to social isolation and hindering her academic and career pursuits. Patients with BDD often seek medical treatment for their perceived defects, making it common among those seeking cosmetic procedures. Assessment and differential diagnosis are crucial, as BDD can be mistaken for other conditions. Patients with BDD typically lack insight into their condition and may hold delusional beliefs about their appearance. Treatment for BDD is intensive and should be carried out by mental health specialists. Medication and psychotherapy, often in combination, are the primary treatment modalities.
What If I Fall and No One’s Around to Help?
Authors: Conley Kelly , Luca Luminita
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the fear of falling (FOF) in older adults, focusing on the case of Ms. D, a 73-year-old woman with osteoporosis and depression. Ms. D’s FOF developed after a fall incident, leading to a decline in her physical and social activities. FOF is a prevalent concern among older adults, even those who have not experienced falls. FOF can create a self-perpetuating cycle where individuals avoid physical activities, leading to deconditioning and an increased risk of falls. It is associated with frailty, decreased lower extremity strength, and functional disabilities, making it a significant predictor of future falls. This chapter explores various treatment approaches for FOF. Overall, FOF is a significant concern for older adults, impacting their physical and social well-being. Early intervention, including physical and psychological approaches, can help individuals regain confidence, reduce FOF, and maintain their independence.
I Can’t Believe He Did This to Me! He Put a Curse on Me!
Authors: Valdes Ahmed , McLeod-Bryant Stephen
Published: October 2024

This chapter highlights the complex interplay between cultural factors and anxiety. It presents the case of Ms. B, a 68-year-old woman who exhibits unusual behaviors and extreme anxiety, possibly influenced by her cultural background and immigration experience. This chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding a patient’s cultural identity, which encompasses language, religion, spirituality, family structures, customs, and more. These cultural elements significantly impact how individuals experience and express symptoms of anxiety. Treatment for anxiety disorders should be culturally sensitive, taking into account the patient’s cultural background, beliefs, and specific stressors. This chapter also highlights the importance of addressing somatic complaints and beliefs about medications to enhance treatment adherence. Stigma related to mental health in certain cultures should be acknowledged and addressed. In summary, this chapter underscores the crucial role of culture in shaping the manifestation and treatment of anxiety disorders and emphasizes the need for culturally sensitive interventions.
Scientific Journals and the Dynamic Publication Landscape
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B. , Bauchner Howard , Flanagin Annette
Published: October 2024

The biomedical publication landscape is dynamic and constantly evolving. As this chapter explains, the number, focus, format, and types of scientific journals continue to increase and expand substantially. Along with this increase, the format and types of publications continue to evolve. Open access journals are increasingly available, more journals are published in electronic format only, and most journals have expanded electronic content dissemination to reach their intended audience. This chapter discusses these developments in scientific publishing, reviews several metrics that enable comparisons among journals and journal articles, and describes how authors can use this information in selecting journals to which they submit their work.
Creating Effective and Efficient Tables
Authors: Schriger David L.
Published: October 2024

Tables are commonly used for presentation of data and other information in scientific reports and when well planned, appropriately constructed, and properly used, tables highlight the key findings and important data in a scientific report and contribute substantially to the communication of a clear, cohesive message. This chapter presents guidelines for creating effective tables in manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals, highlights that a well-constructed, effective table has a structure that is homologous to its purpose (ie, presentation of archival information or presentation of research data), and emphasizes that the first step in creating a table is to determine what information is to be conveyed. Examples of tables are presented and illustrate the use of tables for reporting characteristics of the study population, study results, and adverse events, with detailed suggestions for conveying information in tables efficiently and effectively.
Review Articles
Authors: Fontanarosa Phil B.
Published: October 2024

Reviews provide up-to-date, state-of-the-science summaries of the literature and, depending on the journal, may address a wide variety of topics relevant for the readership, such as clinical medicine, public or global health, health policy, biomedical research, or other topics. This chapter describes several types of reviews, including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, scoping reviews, and other types of review articles. It provides guidance on preparing review manuscripts for submission to biomedical journals and discusses factors authors should consider before and when writing a review. A section on guidelines for reviews provides general recommendations for preparing review manuscripts and includes specific guidance for preparing review manuscripts for several major biomedical journals.
Other Opinion Articles
Authors: Zylke Jody W.
Published: October 2024

Opinion articles (which may be called Viewpoints, Commentaries, Perspectives, or other terms) are commonly published in biomedical journals and often address timely clinical topics or issues involving policy, law, or ethics. This chapter provides guidelines and suggestions for writing informative and compelling opinion manuscripts. As explained in the chapter, these articles may discuss topics for which there is insufficient evidence and present the authors’ point of view, particularly for situations in which readers need to rely on the experience or advice of experts. Opinion articles may or may not be solicited by the editors, and usually are not linked to another article in the journal. Authors of opinion manuscripts should ensure than the manuscript is evidence based and discusses both sides of an issue as much as possible, and they should be familiar with the journal and its format for opinion articles.
Manuscript Assessment and Editorial Decision-Making
Authors: Steinbrook Robert , Redberg Rita F.
Published: October 2024

Manuscript assessment and editorial decision-making are major responsibilities of journal editors. This chapter provides insight into how journal editors assess manuscripts, the key principles of editorial decision-making, and major criteria commonly used for evaluating manuscripts, including originality, scientific accuracy, presentation, and interest to readers. The life cycle of a manuscript is described, starting with submission of the manuscript to the journal, proceeding through editorial evaluation and possibly peer review and revision, and ending with either rejection or eventual acceptance. The usual editorial decisions, including provisional acceptance, revise and reconsider, and rejection, are discussed, along with the rationale and implications of each, providing authors with an inside-out look at the context within which journal editors evaluate submitted manuscripts.
Constraining planetary albedo of JWST targets in the TESS bandpass, using TESS, HST, and Spitzer eclipse depth observations
Authors: Arora Rahul , Goyal Jayesh
Published: October 2024

Albedo is one of the important characteristics of hot Jupiter exoplanets. However, albedo constraints have been obtained for very few exoplanets. In this work, we present the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) phase curve observations of WASP-18b, WASP-19b, WASP-121b, WASP-43b, WASP-17b, and WASP-77b, all targets for atmospheric characterization and constrain their occultation depth as well as geometric albedo (A$_{\rm g}$). We use a grid of self-consistent model atmospheres to constrain the metallicity, C/O ratio, and heat re-distribution for these six targets by fitting to their HST and/or Spitzer observations and also compute the thermal contribution to total occultation depth in the TESS bandpass. We report the first value of TESS occultation depth for WASP-17b ($151_{-66}^{+83}$ ppm) and updated value for WASP-77Ab ($94_{-62}^{+53}$ ppm). We find self-consistent models constrain high values of thermal contribution to total occultation compared to Planck models. We find very low A$_{\rm g}$ values for WASP-18b (<0.089), WASP-19b (<0.022), WASP-121b ($0.0^{+0.055}_{-0.104}$), WASP-77Ab ($0.017^{+0.126}_{-0.147}$) and significantly higher value for WASP-43b ($0.109^{+0.086}_{-0.088}$), and WASP-17b ($0.401^{+0.526}_{-0.307}$). We find WASP-17b lies in the ideal spot of low gravity and low equilibrium temperature, conducive for cloud formation, leading to high A$_{\rm g}$. With the best-fitting models, we constrain low heat re-distribution for all planets, with WASP-18b having the least. We also constrain sub-solar metallicity for all planets except WASP-17b and WASP-19b. We find a highly sub-solar C/O ratio for WASP-77Ab and WASP-43b, solar for WASP-18b, and super-solar for WASP-121b. The best-fitting P–T profiles show thermal inversion for WASP-18b and WASP-121b and none for WASP-77b and WASP-43b, which is in agreement with previous works.
A Gaussian process model for stellar activity in 2D line profile time-series
Authors: Yu Haochuan , Aigrain Suzanne , Klein Baptiste , Cretignier Michael , Lienhard Florian , Roberts Stephen J
Published: October 2024

Stellar active regions like spots and faculae can distort the shapes of spectral lines, inducing variations in the radial velocities that are often orders of magnitude larger than the signals from Earth-like planets. Efforts to mitigate these activity signals have hitherto focused on either the time or the velocity (wavelength) domains. We present a physics-driven Gaussian process (GP) framework to model activity signals directly in time series of line profiles or cross-correlation functions (CCFs). Unlike existing methods that correct activity signals in line profile time series, our approach exploits the time correlation between velocity (wavelength) bins in the line profile variations, and is based on a simplified but physically motivated model for the origin of these variations. When tested on both synthetic and real data sets with signal-to-noise ratios down to ∼100, our method was able to separate the planetary signal from the activity signal, even when their periods were identical. We also conducted injection/recovery tests using two years of realistically sampled HARPS-N solar data, demonstrating the ability of the method to accurately recover a signal induced by a 1.5-Earth mass planet with a semi-amplitude of 0.3 m s−1 and a period of 33 d during high solar activity.
Inferring system parameters from the bursts of the accretion-powered pulsar IGR J17498–2921
Authors: Galloway D K , Goodwin A J , Hilder T , Waterson L , Cupák M
Published: October 2024

Thermonuclear (type-I) bursts exhibit properties that depend both on the local surface conditions of the neutron stars on which they ignite, as well as the physical parameters of the host binary system. However, constraining the system parameters requires a comprehensive method to compare the observed bursts to simulations. We have further developed the beansp code for this purpose and analysed the bursts observed from IGR J17498$-$2921, a 401-Hz accretion-powered pulsar, discovered during it’s 2011 outburst. We find good agreement with a model having H-deficient fuel with $X=0.15\pm 0.4$, and CNO metallicity $Z=0.0014^{+0.0004}_{-0.0003}$, about a tenth of the solar value. The model has the system at a distance of $5.7^{+0.6}_{-0.5}$ kpc, with a massive (${\approx} 2\ \mathrm{ M}_\odot$) neutron star and a likely inclination of $60^\circ$. We also re-analysed the data from the 2002 outburst of the accretion-powered millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4$-$3658. For that system we find a substantially closer distance than previously inferred, at $2.7\pm 0.3$ kpc, likely driven by a larger degree of burst emission anisotropy. The other system parameters are largely consistent with the previous analysis. We briefly discuss the implications for the evolution of these two systems.
The supermassive black hole merger-driven evolution of high-redshift red nuggets into present-day cored early-type galaxies
Authors: Rantala Antti , Rawlings Alexander , Naab Thorsten , Thomas Jens , Johansson Peter H
Published: October 2024

Very compact ($R_\mathrm{e}\lesssim 1$ kpc) massive quiescent galaxies (red nuggets) are more abundant in the high-redshift Universe ($z\sim 2$–3) than today. Their size evolution can be explained by collisionless dynamical processes in galaxy mergers which, however, fail to reproduce the diffuse low-density central cores in the local massive early-type galaxies (ETGs). We use sequences of major and minor merger N-body simulations starting with compact spherical and disc-like progenitor models to investigate the impact of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) on the evolution of the galaxies. With the ketju code we accurately follow the collisional interaction of the SMBHs with the nearby stellar population and the collisionless evolution of the galaxies and their dark matter haloes. We show that only models including SMBHs can simultaneously explain the formation of low-density cores up to sizes of $R_\mathrm{b} \sim 1.3$ kpc with mass deficits in the observed range and the rapid half-mass size evolution. In addition, the orbital structure in the core region (tangentially biased orbits) is consistent with observation-based results for local cored ETGs. The displacement of stars by the SMBHs boost the half-mass size evolution by up to a factor of 2 and even fast rotating progenitors (compact quiescent discs) lose their rotational support after 6–8 mergers. We conclude that the presence of SMBHs is required for merger-driven evolution models of high-redshift red nuggets into local ETGs.
Surviving the waves: evidence for a dark matter cusp in the tidally disrupting Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: De Leo Michele , Read Justin I , Noël Noelia E D , Erkal Denis , Massana Pol , Carrera Ricardo
Published: October 2024

We use spectroscopic data for ${\sim }6000$ red giant branch stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), together with proper motion data from Gaia Early Data Release 3, to build a mass model of the SMC. We test our Jeans mass modelling method (binulator + gravsphere) on mock data for an SMC-like dwarf undergoing severe tidal disruption, showing that we are able to successfully remove tidally unbound interlopers, recovering the dark matter density and stellar velocity anisotropy profiles within our 95 per cent confidence intervals. We then apply our method to real SMC data, finding that the stars of the cleaned sample are isotropic at all radii (at 95 per cent confidence) and that the inner dark matter density profile is dense, $\rho _{\rm DM}(150\ {\rm pc}) = 1.58_{-0.58}^{+0.80}\times 10^8 \ {\rm M}_{\odot }\, \rm kpc^{-3}$, consistent with a $\Lambda$ cold dark matter cusp. Our model gives a new estimate of the SMC’s total mass within 3 kpc $(M_{\rm tot} \le 3\ {\rm kpc})$ of $2.29\pm 0.46 \times 10^9 \ {\rm M}_{\odot }$. We also derive an astrophysical ‘J-factor’ of $18.99\pm 0.16$ GeV$^2$ cm$^{-5}$ and a ‘D-factor’ of $18.73\pm 0.04$ GeV$^2$ cm$^{-5}$, making the SMC a promising target for dark matter annihilation and decay searches. Finally, we combine our findings with literature measurements to test models in which dark matter is ‘heated up’ by baryonic effects. We find good qualitative agreement with the Di Cintio et al. model but we deviate from the Lazar et al. model at high $M_*/M_{200} > 10^{-2}$. We provide a new, analytical, density profile that reproduces dark matter heating behaviour over the range $10^{-4} < M_*/M_{200} < 10^{-1}$.
Bayesian inference of initial conditions from non-linear cosmic structures using field-level emulators
Authors: Doeser Ludvig , Jamieson Drew , Stopyra Stephen , Lavaux Guilhem , Leclercq Florent , Jasche Jens
Published: October 2024

Analysing next-generation cosmological data requires balancing accurate modelling of non-linear gravitational structure formation and computational demands. We propose a solution by introducing a machine learning-based field-level emulator, within the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo-based Bayesian Origin Reconstruction from Galaxies (BORG) inference algorithm. Built on a V-net neural network architecture, the emulator enhances the predictions by first-order Lagrangian perturbation theory to be accurately aligned with full N-body simulations while significantly reducing evaluation time. We test its incorporation in BORG for sampling cosmic initial conditions using mock data based on non-linear large-scale structures from N-body simulations and Gaussian noise. The method efficiently and accurately explores the high-dimensional parameter space of initial conditions, fully extracting the cross-correlation information of the data field binned at a resolution of $1.95\,h^{-1}$ Mpc. Percent-level agreement with the ground truth in the power spectrum and bispectrum is achieved up to the Nyquist frequency $k_\mathrm{N} \approx 2.79h \,\, \mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$. Posterior resimulations – using the inferred initial conditions for N-body simulations – show that the recovery of information in the initial conditions is sufficient to accurately reproduce halo properties. In particular, we show highly accurate $M_{200\mathrm{c}}$ halo mass function and stacked density profiles of haloes in different mass bins $[0.853,16]\times 10^{14}\,{\rm M}_{\odot }\,h^{-1}$. As all available cross-correlation information is extracted, we acknowledge that limitations in recovering the initial conditions stem from the noise level and data grid resolution. This is promising as it underscores the significance of accurate non-linear modelling, indicating the potential for extracting additional information at smaller scales.
Industrial Genotoxicology Group: 36th Annual Meeting Report
Authors: Kidd Darren , Crooks Ian , Saccardo Angela , Ponting David J , Kocks Grace , Gandhi Raj , Thomas Dean , Pass Emily , Lynch Anthony , Johnson George , Fowler Paul , Wilson Amy
Published: October 2024

The proceedings of the 36th annual meeting of the Industrial Genotoxicology Group (IGG) are shared here. The meeting held at Lhasa Limited, Leeds, UK on 28 November 2023, focussed on two aspects; new approach methodologies (NAMs), including those for the assessment of non-standard modalities such as gas-vapour assessments and nanomaterials, and addressing the regulatory challenges associated with understanding the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosamine impurities. New approach methodologies, such as error-corrected sequencing and enhanced Ames tests that may help address these challenges were also discussed.
Phoenix Rises
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

The Montgomery County Board of Education approved a pilot program to address drug use in December 1978, and they asked that it be modeled on Brian Berthiaume’s Other Way school. April 1979 was set as the opening date, giving Berthiaume about ninety days to plan. This chapter explains how staff were identified and a location was selected in Silver Spring, causing a reaction by parents who did not want the school in their neighborhood. Staff received training in family systems therapy. The staff also named the school “Phoenix,” after the mythical bird. Enrollment criteria were devised, and students were recruited. The chapter includes a case description of a typical Phoenix School student in its early days. Initially, students with less severe behavior issues appeared to be doing better. The Phoenix School programming is described, and an account of the first graduation concludes the chapter.
Normalized Alternatives
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

Minnesota became the epicenter of growth for recovery high schools in the 1980s and 1990s. The expansion was rooted in both the alternative school and adolescent treatment sectors dating to the early 1970s. This chapter describes the growth of alternative schools and adolescent treatment in Minnesota, and it introduces Carol Robson, a Minneapolis social worker who could not find a suitable school for her son, Joshua, who had cerebral palsy, so she started the school that finally propelled recovery high schools into a national movement. A key element of the expansion of alternative schools was legislation facilitating school choice. In time, Minnesota had fully embraced school choice so much that recovery high schools blossomed there more than in any other state.
Becoming Sobriety High
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

Carol Robson met former advertising executive Ralph Neiditch at a mutual aid meeting near the Hazelden treatment center in Minnesota in the mid-1980s. Together, they refashioned New Dimensions into a recovery high school, which was eventually renamed Sobriety High in 1988. This chapter explores how Robson’s marriage dissolved and how Neiditch took control of the organization. Under Neiditch’s leadership, Sobriety High recruited influential donors to its board of directors, revised its bylaws, and began major fundraising and marketing campaigns that would transform the school into a program that would inspire multiple new recovery high schools in Minnesota and other states.
Second Wave Pocket
Authors: Thompson Gordon Ross
Published: October 2024

With the rise of feminism in the late 1960s, women began to gain a sense of agency. Veteran singer Jackie Lee’s performance of the theme song to the television show White Horses appealed to young women, as did the infantilized members of the group the Paper Dolls. London’s reputation also attracted singers from Europe, including Rita Pavone, Mireille Mathieu, and Françoise Hardy. Cilla Black complained that the press lumped her, Sandie Shaw, Lulu, and Dusty Springfield together as “British girl pop singers with star quality,” despite their differences. Springfield, Shaw, and Lulu all sought and achieved some control over their careers. Younger performers were less successful. Welsh singer Mary Hopkin became a vehicle for Paul McCartney’s venture as a producer and an unhappy participant in the Eurovision competition. Others, such as Beryl Marsden and Christine Perfect, however, defied gendered stereotypes that presented women musicians as separate from the band.
The Ideology of Automata
Authors: Seaford Richard
Published: October 2024

The power of a Mesopotamian deity in its temple may preclude an identity separate from its image. This facilitates the act of offering, e.g., of food brought to the temple to be eaten by the deity. In the one Homeric instance of an offering brought to a deity in a temple (Athena in Troy in Iliad 6), her image seems to move, to be alive. Similarly, the immortal gold and silver dogs guarding the doors of royal house in the fabulous land of Phaeacia (Odyssey 7) surely derive from reports of the living images of dogs guarding Assyrian entrances. But in the public space (political and commercial) and egalitarian animal sacrifice that will generate the Greek polis there is no place for an omnipotent image. The myth of Prometheus establishes both the communal consumption of the sacrificial meat and therefore also—this is of unrecognized importance—the withdrawal of the gods to the sky, gods who (in a narrative with Near-Eastern elements) in revenge leave with mortals a living artifact, an immortal image, Pandora. Also characteristic of the (monetized) polis is the development of the dualisms of (a) image (or symbol) and reality (pioneered in Herakleitos’ condemnation of the ignorance involved in praying to statues: B5), and (b) body and soul (also pioneered in Herakleitos). These dualisms tend to make a Greek living image (artifact) into an anomaly or thauma.
Automatic Puppets, Toy Carts, and Robots
Authors: Galluzzo Gabriele
Published: October 2024

The chapter examines the issue of how automata sit within Aristotle’s complex metaphysics of artifacts. In particular, the question will be raised as to whether the case of automata poses a challenge to Aristotle’s sharp distinction between artificial and natural things and, more specifically, between artificial and living things, which are for Aristotle paradigmatic and eminent instances of natural things. The answer will be that Aristotle’s distinction stands. What is more, the case of automata shows one crucial point of demarcation between organisms and artifacts, i.e., the complete absence in the case of artifacts of an intrinsic or internal teleology. An artifact’s purpose, end, and function essentially depend on the interests and ends of its creator. And this applies even to such complex artifacts as automata. The analysis focuses on three main texts and contexts, which describe an increasing level of engagement on Aristotle’s part with the metaphysical import of automata and automatic analogies: Aristotle’s explanation of the motion of animals in On the Movement of Animals; his account of embryological development in On the Generation of Animals, Book 2; and finally Aristotle’s suggestive fantasy, in Book 1 of the Politics, of a world in which slaves are replaced by robot-style artifacts.
Transliteration and Translation
Authors: Gill Ann-Katrin , Smith Mark
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents the complete line-by-line transliteration and translation for all sixteen spells of the Glorification Recited on Each Due Occasion of the Embalming Place. The best-preserved manuscript of the composition, P. Louvre N. 3129, forms the type witness. This papyrus also provides the most accurate and reliable version of the text, to which all other versions are compared in this chapter and the commentary. Textual notes on problematic readings are included in the footnotes of this chapter, as are remarks which concern the hieroglyphic transcription or peculiarities in hieratic writings of words in the type version P. Louvre N. 3129. An effort has been made to provide an easily understandable translation, suitable for the layman as well as specialists, with more literal renderings provided in the footnotes when deemed necessary.
Introduction
Authors: Gamble Steven
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter sets the scene for a study of hip hop and the internet. It demonstrates the significance of hip hop and the internet in everyday life for over half the global population. After defining key terms, it identifies the Anglophone scope of the research into social media cultures and explains the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods adopted throughout the book. The author provides a positionality statement and reflects on his approach to online hip hop as an aca-fan. The chapter elaborates on crucial concepts in internet studies and underlying assumptions about hip hop. It closes by outlining the remaining chapters of the book.
Addressing Anti-Asian Racism with Social Work Advocacy and Action
Authors: 9780197672266
Published: October 2024

Beginning in the 18th century, Asian Americans have experienced persistent racism, marginalizing stereotyping, microaggressions, verbal and physical attacks, hate crimes, and harassments driven by individual-level racism and institutional reinforcement. This volume systemically examines the experience and impact of racism from the perspective of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) and delves into the need to seek out evidence-based micro, meso, and macro solutions. Contributors to this volume comprise many of the seminal social work scholars, activists, and educators addressing anti-Asian racism and cover a range of perspectives and methodological approaches across the social work discipline. This volume provides a comprehensive and in-depth investigation to address anti-Asian racism through social work action. It intends to serve as a timely resource for social work educators, researchers, and practitioners committed to eliminating racism experienced by a population that will no longer accept the label of being “invisible.”
The History of Anti-Asian Racism and Violence in the United States
Authors: Liu Meirong , Lee Nayoun , Si Zhanjie , Aquino Olivia
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins with a review of the history of anti-Asian racism in the United States. Beginning in the mid-19th century, Asian immigrants played a vital role in the development of the country. However, Asian Americans have faced a long legacy of exclusion and inequality, particularly during periods of economic recession, disease outbreaks, or war throughout US history. Adopting the framework of “othering,” this chapter analyzes the major events in US history related to Asian Americans, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the Immigration Act of 1924, the Japanese internment camps during World War II, and the anti-Asian immigration policies adopted by the Trump administration. Through this, the authors illustrate how historic racism and xenophobia at both individual and institutional levels have operated to marginalize Asian Americans and reproduce inequality, and they demonstrate the common roots of racism that lie in White supremacy.
Acculturation and Cultural Socialization Practices of Japanese Immigrant and Temporary Resident Families in the United States
Authors: Kayama Misa
Published: October 2024

The Asian population is the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Many Asian immigrant children and their families experience anti-Asian racism, which has been exacerbated after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as acculturation challenges, such as social isolation. This chapter discusses the experiences of new Japanese immigrant families in the United States as they acculturate to US local communities and schools. Japanese immigrants generally are sensitive to others’ responses to their differences, influenced in part by Confucianism that values group harmony. They may perceive that they are solely responsible for adjusting to US cultures and may be reluctant to seek formal services, concerned that such services may label them as “failures.” These responses further increase their vulnerability to acculturation and anti-Asian racism. Access to Japanese cultural resources, however, helps them navigate challenges and adjust to US culture. Some implications are discussed to support the acculturation of immigrant children and their families.
Reflecting on Racism Within the Social Work Profession and Developing an Anti-Racist Workforce
Authors: Kwong Kenny
Published: October 2024

To address the impacts of racism and xenophobia against Asian Americans, the Social Work Grand Challenge to Eliminate Racism recommends several priorities including developing an anti-racist social work workforce and expanding social work education to address structural inequalities and White privilege and their impacts on marginalized communities. This chapter explores several critical challenges impacting the development of anti-racist social work workforce. Expanding the number and ranks of multilingual and multicultural social workers and revisioning social work education grounded in anti-racist and anti-oppressive practice is critical in eradicating racism and anti-Asian violence. This chapter presents both the cultural humility framework and social justice perspective for social work educators to effectively teach, model, and evaluate anti-racist and anti-oppressive practice. Social workers can apply these models to enhance critical self-reflection and raise self-awareness to address systemic racism, xenophobia, and White supremacy from both within the profession and in the larger society.
Service Access to Depression Treatment
Authors: Leung Patrick , Cheung Monit , Leung Carol A.
Published: October 2024

A cross-sectional survey in Houston, Texas, explores mental health concerns and service utilization among 1,840 respondents across six Asian American ethnicities. Examining depression rates and help-seeking sources, six journal articles utilize multivariate analyses to investigate the impact of individual differences on service utilization. This chapter synthesizes these findings, emphasizing the predictive role of addressing traumatic life events in mental health concerns and service access. While the study identifies limited access to mental health care, it also highlights the supportive roles of family and personal networks. Notably, this research underscores the significance of understanding mental health disparities, especially when informal sources are preferred. The call to action for practitioners is to advocate for equitable care that addresses the unique needs of culturally diverse Asian American communities.