bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of the composition and thickness of semi-polar and non-polar III-nitride films and quantum wells using X-ray scattering
Authors: Vickers M. E. , Hollander J. L. , McAleese C. , Kappers M. J. , Moram M. A. , Humphreys C. J.
Published: February 2012

There is increasing interest in III-nitride films and multiple quantum well structures grown in non-polar or semi-polar orientations for application in light-emitting devices. We describe a method to obtain the compositions and the thicknesses of layers within III-nitride quantum well or superlattice structures grown in non-polar or semi-polar orientations, based on X-ray scattering. For each new crystallographic orientation considered, new axes were obtained and both the lengths and angles of these new axes calculated relative to the original conventional reference axes. These angles provide the coefficients of the matrix to transform the elastic constants published in the conventional setting (as used for polar c-plane oriented III-nitrides) into the appropriate new values. The new characteristic lengths and new elastic constants are then put into the general equation that relates the composition of a fully strained layer to the experimentally measured out-of-plane alloy d-spacing. Thus we have (a) determined the alloy composition from the difference between the experimentally measured alloy d-spacing and that of the substrate and (b) calculated the strained d-spacing for a given alloy composition for input to simple kinematical simulation software. In addition for quantum well structures the thickness ratio of well-to-barrier must be determined. Here we use the minima in the low angle reflectivity data. The repeat thickness and thus the thicknesses of the well and barrier layers, can be obtained from either the low or the high-angle data. We then cross-check by comparing the experimental and the simulated high-angle diffraction data. This method has been applied successfully to heteroepitaxial non-polar and semi-polar GaN/AlGaN and InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well structures and may also be used to find the composition of epilayers. The method works even in the presence of tilt between the superlattice and the GaN “template’, although in this case additional high-angle diffraction data at different settings must be collected.
Analytical study in the mechanism of flame movement in horizontal tubes
Authors: Kazakov Kirill A.
Published: February 2012

The problem of premixed flame propagation in wide horizontal tubes is revisited. Employing the on-shell description of flames with arbitrary gas expansion, a nonlinear second-order differential equation for the front position of steady flame is derived. Solutions to this equation, obtained numerically, reveal two distinct physical regimes of laminar flame propagation controlled by the strong baroclinic effect. They differ by the front shape and flame speed, the ratio of the total consumption rates in the two regimes being 1.4 to 1.8, depending on the value of the gas expansion coefficient. Comparison with the existing experimental data on methane-air flames is made, and explanation of the main trends in the observed flame behavior is given. It is shown, in particular, that the faster (slower) regime of combustion is realized in mixtures close to (far from) the stoichiometric composition, with pronounced changeover in between.
Femtosecond electron diffraction: Preparation and characterization of (110)-oriented bismuth films
Authors: Moriena Gustavo , Hada Masaki , Sciaini Germán , Matsuo Jiro , Dwayne Miller R. J.
Published: February 2012

Here, we present a new approach to synthesize (110)-oriented ultrathin membranes of bismuth (Bi). This rather exotic orientation was achieved by directing the growth through rationale control of lattice matching. Bi films were hetero-epitaxially grown on the (100)-surface of freshly cleaved potassium chloride crystals. The sample orientation was characterized by x-ray and electron diffraction. In addition, high quality free-standing films were obtained after dissolution of the substrate in water and controlled evaporation. Femtosecond electron diffraction (FED) was, therefore, used to monitor the coherent shear acoustic phonons in (110)-oriented free-standing Bi films produced by impulsive femtosecond optical excitation. The small de Broglie wavelength (flat Ewald sphere) of keV-electrons combined with an off-Bragg detection scheme provided a magnified view of shear atomic motions, i.e., lattice distortions in the transverse direction. All-optical pump-probe experiments are usually insensitive to shear displacements, a fact that makes FED a unique non-contact method to achieve the complete characterization of elastic properties of nanoscale materials.
Molecular dynamics approach to water structure of HII mesophase of monoolein
Authors: Kolev Vesselin , Ivanova Anela , Madjarova Galia , Aserin Abraham , Garti Nissim
Published: February 2012

The goal of the present work is to study theoretically the structure of water inside the water cylinder of the inverse hexagonal mesophase (HII) of glyceryl monooleate (monoolein, GMO), using the method of molecular dynamics. To simplify the computational model, a fixed structure of the GMO tube is maintained. The non-standard cylindrical geometry of the system required the development and application of a novel method for obtaining the starting distribution of water molecules. A predictor-corrector schema is employed for generation of the initial density of water. Molecular dynamics calculations are performed at constant volume and temperature (NVT ensemble) with 1D periodic boundary conditions applied. During the simulations the lipid structure is kept fixed, while the dynamics of water is unrestrained. Distribution of hydrogen bonds and density as well as radial distribution of water molecules across the water cylinder show the presence of water structure deep in the cylinder (about 6 Å below the GMO heads). The obtained results may help understanding the role of water structure in the processes of insertion of external molecules inside the GMO/water system. The present work has a semi-quantitative character and it should be considered as the initial stage of more comprehensive future theoretical studies.
The Challenge of Storage in the Hydrogen Energy Cycle: Nanostructured Hydrides as a Potential Solution
Authors: Hanlon James M. , Reardon Hazel , Tapia-Ruiz Nuria , Gregory Duncan H.
Published: February 2012

Hydrogen has the capacity to provide society with the means to carry ‘green’ energy between the point of generation and the point of use. A sustainable energy society in which a hydrogen economy predominates will require renewable generation provided, for example, by artificial photosynthesis and clean, efficient energy conversion effected, for example, by hydrogen fuel cells. Vital in the hydrogen cycle is the ability to store hydrogen safely and effectively. Solid-state storage in hydrides enables this but no material yet satisfies all the demands associated with storage density and hydrogen release and uptake; particularly for mobile power. Nanochemical design methods present potential routes to overcome the thermodynamic and kinetic hurdles associated with solid state storage in hydrides. In this review we discuss strategies of nanosizing, nanoconfinement, morphological/dimensional control, and application of nanoadditives on the hydrogen storage performance of metal hydrides. We present recent examples of how such approaches can begin to address the challenges and an evaluation of prospects for further development.
Condoms in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Maticka-Tyndale Eleanor
Published: February 2012

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the region with the world’s highest rates of HIV and other sexually transmissible infections (STIs), yet numerous studies show that condom use is generally rare. This suggests a need for a better understanding of how condoms fit within sexual practices and relationships in SSA. This paper seeks to address this need by reviewing research published between the late 1980s and 2011 on use and factors influencing use of male condoms in SSA. What is evident from this research is that condom use involves complex social and interpersonal dynamics, with structural and cultural conditions exerting an influence through framing social cognitions and setting boundaries on autonomy that make the apparently irrational choice of eschewing condoms a rational decision. The influences of poverty; relationships with parents, peers and partners; limited, insufficient or absent information especially in rural areas and among men who have sex with men; gender and sexual norms, and the dynamics of gendered power; and beliefs and attitudes about HIV, condoms and sexuality all have been shown to work against condom use for a large proportion of Africa’s people. However, promising results are shown in trends towards increased condom use among single women in numerous countries, increasing acceptance and use of condoms among some university students, successes in producing potentially sustainable condom use resulting from select interventions, and resistance to succumbing to the dominant gender–power dynamics and structural–cultural impediments that women in groups have mobilised.
Condom use around the globe: how can we fulfil the prevention potential of male condoms?
Authors: Warner Lee , Gallo Maria F. , Macaluso Maurizio
Published: February 2012

Despite a global epidemic of sexually transmissible infections and the availability and endorsement of condoms as an effective intervention, the overall use of condoms remains low. This review explores various challenges and opportunities to fully realizing the prevention potential for condoms.
Boron in humus and inorganic components of Hamra and Grumosol soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater
Authors: Kot F. S. , Farran R. , Kochva M. , Shaviv A.
Published: February 2012

The role of organic matter in soil boron (B) turnover and availability is not well understood. The forms and mobility of B are of special concern in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewaters (RWW). We studied B distribution and binding in major components of two irrigated Mediterranean soils, with special emphasis on humus and water-mobile phases. The results showed that most B in the sandy loam Hamra soil and a large part in the clayey calcareous Grumosol was bound to extractable humus fractions and, in the Grumosol, to organic/mineral refractory residue, along with fractions of free (non-silicate) iron/aluminium (Fe/Al) minerals and aluminosilicates. Among humus fractions, the major B carriers were humin, Fe/Al-humates (complexed firmly, presumably through polyvalent Fe/Al cations), and calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg)-humates (bridged to soil particles through divalent cations), and to a much lesser extent fulvic-Fe/Al (Hamra) and fulvic-Ca/Mg (Grumosol) complexes. The mode of B preferential binding indicates an origin of the soil humus from lignin of plant cell walls and membranes. In water extract, B was bound firmly (non-exchangeable) to coarse colloids >0.20 μm, presumably of organic/bacterial origin. Boron was not detected in the exchangeable fraction. This raises the question of the forms of bioavailable B in the soils. It can be assumed that the bulk of B in the soil–plant system circulates among plants (lignin) and the inherited soil organic matter/humified material. It is noteworthy that irrigation with RWW resulted in a slight increase of mannitol-extractable B and a redistribution of humus-B in favour of firmly bound Fe/Al-humate complexes.
Rate of passage through the digestive tract of the kultarr (Antechinomys laniger)
Authors: Stannard Hayley J. , Old Julie M.
Published: February 2012

The kultarr (Antechinomys laniger) is a small insectivorous marsupial that has undergone significant declines in geographical range. Limited studies have been undertaken on kultarr biology and therefore there is a lack of understanding of its basic biological and ecological requirements. Rate of passage in the kultarr, determined using mealworm cuticle as a marker in minced beef, was 1.6 ± 0.2 h and mean retention time was 3.9 ± 1.2 h. The rapid transit time was consistent for an animal of equivalent body mass, dietary preference and gastrointestinal tract morphology. Mean retention time was short, similar to that of other mammals with a small body mass. This study provides the first insight into gastrointestinal physiology of the little known kultarr.
Focus marking and semantic transfer in Indian English
Authors: Fuchs Robert
Published: February 2012

Focus marking in Indian English (IndE) with adverbs such as only, also, and too has been investigated recently by several authors. Based on the Indian and British sections of the International Corpus of English, this article argues that usage of also in IndE differs significantly from British English (BrE). Also often follows its focus immediately, has developed a presentational use, and is often used in negative contexts, corresponding to either. All these innovations are shown to be more frequent in spoken and informal than in written and formal language, respectively. Finally, evidence for substrate influence from Indo-European and Dravidian languages is presented.
Communicating Violence Risk: Frequency Formats, Vivid Outcomes, and Forensic Settings
Authors: Monahan John , Heilbrun Kirk , Silver Eric , Nabors Erik , Bone Jonathan , Slovic Paul
Published: February 2012

Slovic, Monahan, and MacGregor (2000) recently found that clinicians were more likely to keep a patient in the hospital if the patient's violence risk had been communicated in a frequency format (“20 out of 100 patients”) as compared to a probability format (“20% likely”). This finding was explained by suggesting that it is easier to visualize frequencies than probabilities. If so, other ways of influencing visualization, such as vivid, compared with pallid, depiction of the violent outcome, should also result in more conservative risk management decisions. The present study examined this hypothesis using data from a survey of experienced clinical psychologists (n = 226) who identified a professional interest in forensic psychology through membership information maintained by the American Psychological Association. We found that frequency and vivid depiction both resulted in more conservative risk management decisions, but only for clinicians who worked in forensic facilities. Reasons why forensic psychologists may be particularly sensitive to frequency and vivid depiction are offered.
Risk Assessment: What is Being Predicted by Actuarial Prediction Instruments?
Authors: Sjöstedt Gabrielle , Grann Martin
Published: February 2012

There is an ongoing debate between actuarial and clinical approaches to assessment of risk for violent recidivism where previous studies on predictive validity are said to have yielded results favouring actuarial assessments. However, these studies have all used a dichotomous outcome (recidivism “yes” or “no”) as the criterion variable. In order to not only predict but also manage recidivism risk and prevent future violence, there is a need to elaborate on the criterion variable in actuarial assessments and also consider the imminence, frequency, nature, and severity of potential reoffending. We revisited a database of actuarial risk assessments referring to a nationwide 5-year cohort of all adult men released from prison after having served a prison sentence for sexual offending. Sexually recidivistic behaviors were coded for individuals sexually reconvicted during an average follow-up of 6 years. Actuarial procedures had overall areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of .73 and .75 concerning any sexual reoffending. However, when the procedures were reevaluated using various outcome measures, the predictive validity ranged from AUC of .40 to .94. Actuarial risk assessment schemes worked well for imminent and less severe reoffending but were less accurate concerning repeated and injurious sexual reoffenses, and were of no value at all to discriminate intrafamilial recidivists from nonrecidivists. Replication of these preliminary findings would suggest that whereas actuarial approaches are optimized to predict the common (but less severe) occurrences of sexual reoffending, they might be of less value to inform on the assessment of risk for the more clinically worrying, severe (but less common) sexual recidivism.
Predicting Juvenile Recidivism with the PCL:YV, MAYSI, and YLS/CMI
Authors: Marczyk GeoffreyR. , Heilbrun Kirk , Lander Tammy , DeMatteo David
Published: February 2012

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate juvenile recidivism prediction as a function of the static and dynamic risk factors identified in the literature on juvenile recidivism by integrating the Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL:YV), the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (MAYSI), and the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) into a prediction model. The results suggested a predictive relationship between a 9-factor model consisting of MAYSI subscale scores and recidivism. The accuracy of the model improved with the addition of the Prior and Current Offenses/Dispositions subscale of the YLS/CMI. These findings suggest that emotional distress, offense history, and current criminal involvement may be important factors to consider when addressing recidivism potential.
TCO Symptoms as Markers of Violence in a Sample of Severely Violent Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Bjørkly Stål , Havik OddE.
Published: February 2012

A sample of 39 patients with a history of violence was assessed using the Revised Symptom Check List (SCL- 90-R). In addition to the patients' self-reports, an observer-rated SCL-90-R was obtained. The present study aimed to conduct an exploratory item analysis of SCL-90-R symptoms based on the findings from several studies that indicate that violence becomes more likely when mentally ill individuals feel threatened, and when their internal controls are compromised (TCO symptoms). Other aims were to examine the presence of TCO as compared to other delusions, and to look for possible sex differences, differences between violent subgroups, and differences between diagnostic groups concerning TCO symptoms. Furthermore, medical charts and police records were scrutinized to examine the immediate impact of TCO symptoms at the time of the actual violent act. We also wanted to explore possible discrepancies between observer ratings and selfreports of TCO symptoms. Other delusions were stronger hallmarks of the patients' symptomatology than were TCO symptoms. However, over half of the patients had TCO symptoms as immediate precursors to the actual violent incident. About one third of the SCL-90-R items, including five out of six TCO items, were scored significantly higher by the observers than by the patients. Implications of the findings for violence risk assessment are discussed.
Psychiatric Disability, the Use of Financial Leverage, and Perceived Coercion in Mental Health Services
Authors: Elbogen EricB. , Swanson JeffreyW. , Swartz MarvinS.
Published: February 2012

Although the use of representative payees has proliferated in the past decade, little is known about whether clinicians or family members of people with mental illness use their control of clients' money to leverage treatment adherence or whether persons with psychiatric disabilities perceive that if they are noncompliant, their money will be withheld. The purpose of this study was to examine clinical and demographic variables associated with perceived financial coercion and warnings involving control of money in the context of mental health services. 258 involuntarily admitted inpatients with severe mental illness were followed for one year and interviewed, as were their clinicians and family members. Results showed that nearly 30% of participants perceived financial coercion whereas a smaller fraction of participants' clinicians and family members reported giving money warnings. However, some factors, including ethnicity and being subject to other legal mechanisms, predicted both—actual warnings and perceived coercion. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of gaining understanding of the ways which financial arrangements facilitate or thwart delivery of effective mental health services.
Do Violent Offenders With Schizophrenia Who Attack Family Members Differ From Those With Other Victims?
Authors: Nordström Annika , Kullgren Gunnar
Published: February 2012

Do violent offenders with schizophrenia who attack family members differ from those with other victims? Data on individual background factors were collected on all male offenders of violent crimes who for their first time were subject to forensic psychiatric evaluation in Sweden between 1992 and 2000 and were diagnosed with schizophrenia. In addition to descriptive data for the whole sample, analyses were made in order to identify possible characteristic factors for offenders who targeted family members. In comparison to offenders with other victims, the findings indicate an earlier onset of mental illness, in terms of that they were more likely to have interrupted their schooling at an earlier stage, were more likely to have had psychiatric contacts in childhood, to be younger when first compulsorily admitted to psychiatric inpatient treatment, and they were also younger when they committed the index crime. The findings suggest the need to address the possibility of violent behavior within the family when managing patients with major mental disorders.
Risk Management in Transitions Between Forensic Institutions and the Community: A Literature Review and an Introduction to a Milieu Treatment Approach
Authors: Bjørkly Stål
Published: February 2012

The main goals of this article are to: (1) present findings from a literature search on structured approaches to rehabilitation of violent forensic patients; (2) outline the rationale and theoretical base of progression ladders (ProLad), a milieu treatment approach to risk management; and, (3) give a brief case illustration in order to exemplify clinical application of the ProLad strategy in rehabilitation and risk management. No single publication was found in this search of the literature that dealt with individually adopted and stepwise criterion-based progression, either as case material or as introduction to this kind of methodology. Methodological limitations pertaining to this finding are discussed. Clinical application of the ProLad approach in violence risk management is illustrated by considering a patient's stepwise coping of violencetriggering psychotic symptoms and stress-vulnerability interactions. Finally, flaws and limitations pertaining to clinical application of the ProLad strategy are presented.
License as Leverage: Mandating Treatment for Professionals
Authors: Monahan John , Bonnie RichardJ.
Published: February 2012

Mandating professionals with mental disorder to adhere to psychological or psychiatric treatment in order to maintain their professional license frequently occurs and is rarely controversial. We survey current practices in using a professional license as “leverage” to assure adherence to treatment, and compare mandated treatment for professionals with other, more controversial forms of mandated treatment. Our analysis raises two questions. First, if the same level of high quality treatment now available to licensed professionals with mental or addictive disorders were made readily available to others with these disorders, would the positive outcomes experienced by the former also be experienced by the latter? Second, if the same intensive level of monitoring were applied to others as is now applied to licensed professionals, would rates of treatment adherence between the two groups tend to converge?
Clinical Assessment of Violence from Inpatient Records: A Comparison of Individual and Aggregate Decision Making Across Risk Strategies
Authors: Huss MatthewT. , Zeiss RobertA.
Published: February 2012

Although clinical decisions of future risk are often criticized for being less accurate than actuarial predictions, clinical realities dictate their continued use. The current study assessed mental health professionals' ability to make clinical decisions in an analog context while relying on the data from a previous in-vivo study (Zeiss, Tanke, Fenn, & Yesavage, 1996) in which future violence had been successfully predicted. Results of this study indicate that across multiple violence risk prediction strategies, individual clinicians consistently demonstrated poor ability to predict violence but are much improved when aggregated as “group” decision makers. In addition, clinicians showed consistent ability to assess the severity of future violence accurately
Women Inmates' Mental Health Needs: Evidence of the Validity of the Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT)
Authors: Nicholls ToniaL. , Lee Zina , Corrado RaymondR. , Ogloff JamesR. P.
Published: February 2012

In British Columbia, Canada, the challenge of caring for mentally disordered inmates in jails has been met with a two-tiered assessment approach: screening followed by comprehensive assessments. Intake interviewers evaluate mental disorder and risk for violence, suicide, self-harm, and victimization. The screening and risk management procedures were published in the Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT). The results of two prospective studies of mental health screening with the JSAT in two samples of women inmates are presented. The first study reports the prevalence of mental health needs among female inmates based on results from JSAT and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Expanded (BPRS-E). The second study tested the validity of referrals to the mental health program based on ∼20 min. semi-structured intake interviews using the JSAT (includes the BPRS-E) compared to independent evaluations of mental disorder with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Non-Patient Edition (SCID-I/NP). Results of both studies indicated a high rate of substance abuse and other serious mental illnesses among female inmates. In the second study, intake interviewers using the JSAT were in agreement with independent SCID assessments at a rate significantly better than chance; yielding a sensitivity of 70.6% and a specificity of 75.0%. These preliminary results suggest the JSAT is a potentially effective tool for identifying female inmates in need of mental health services and specialized placement.
Juveniles within Adult Correctional Settings: Legal Pathways and Developmental Considerations
Authors: Woolard JenniferL. , Odgers Candice , Lanza-Kaduce Lonn , Daglis Hayley
Published: February 2012

An increasing number of juvenile offenders are being processed through adult correctional systems in the United States. Changing conceptions of juvenile offenders and expansions to the criteria for juvenile transfer laws have created a number of new challenges for correctional systems, policy makers and researchers. In this article, we detail the legal mechanisms that bring adolescents into the adult system. Basic profiles of juveniles in adult settings are constructed and the unique challenges posed by this population of offenders are discussed. Issues related to the safety and management of juveniles within the adult system are evaluated within a developmental framework. Finally, we examine research and policy implications that emerge when a significant number of juveniles are required to spend their formative years of adolescence in an environment designed for adults.
Psychiatrists' Views and Attitudes About Psychiatric Advance Directives
Authors: Swartz MarvinS. , Swanson JeffreyW. , Ferron Joelle , Elbogen EricB. , Dorn RichardVan , Kim Mimi , Scheyett Anna
Published: February 2012

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) document a patient's advance instructions (AIs) for treatment and/or designation of a potential proxy decision maker. Approximately 50% of a total of N=167 U.S. psychiatrists who completed a mail survey of their attitudes and views regarding PADs had a favorable opinion of a law authorizing AIs, whereas two-thirds of psychiatrists endorsed proxy decision making legislation. However, 42% perceived important barriers in the service system that would prevent effective implementation of PADs, while 30% considered clinical factors to be important barriers to implementation. Psychiatrists who are correctly apprised of applicable state mental health law are generally more supportive of PADs; they may be more willing to support PADs if they are educated about key aspects of PAD legislation.
Psychopathy, Risk of Violence, and Protective Factors in a Noninstitutionalized and Noncriminal Sample
Authors: DeMatteo David , Heilbrun Kirk , Marczyk Geoffrey
Published: February 2012

The relationship between psychopathy and violence among incarcerated and institutionalized samples has received considerable attention, but less is known about the risk of violence posed by psychopaths in the community, particularly those with no prior contact with the criminal justice system. Moreover, little is known about why some psychopaths have avoided being arrested. This study considered the role of specific protective factors in relation to Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) scores and three measures of antisocial behavior among 54 community participants with and without criminal histories. The methodology effectively recruited individuals with moderately elevated PCL-R scores. Roughly 40% of the sample reported no history of arrests, and a sizeable portion of both criminal and noncriminal participants reported a history of violent behavior. Results revealed no significant relationship between protective factors and participants' PCL-R scores and involvement in antisocial behavior. Secondary analyses found a significant negative correlation between protective factors and PCL-R scores for participants with higher levels of psychopathic characteristics. Finally, noncriminal participants endorsed considerably more protective factors than criminal participants. Findings suggest that protective factors may hold promise for explaining why some high-risk individuals can avoid contact with the criminal justice system.
Screening for Psychopathy Among Incarcerated Women: Psychometric Properties and Construct Validity of the Hare P-SCAN
Authors: Warren JanetI. , Chauhan Preeti , Murrie DanielC.
Published: February 2012

In this study, we explored the psychometric properties and construct validity of the Hare P-SCAN, as scored by correctional officers for 115 women incarcerated in a maximum-security prison. Using correctional officers' ratings, we present psychometric properties of the P-SCAN and the interrater agreement obtained by paired correctional officers coding the same female inmate. We explored construct validity by examining the correspondence of P-SCAN scores with the Psychopathy Checklist –Revised (PCL-R), the Structured Clinical Interview of Personality Disorders (SCID-II), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), prior criminal history, and institutional infractions. The P-SCAN demonstrated high internal consistency but moderate interrater reliability, a finding related at least in part to the limited training provided to the correctional officers in using the instrument. The P-SCAN did not correspond with psychopathy or psychopathy factor scores as measured by the PCL-R but did relate to other features, namely Cluster A psychopathology and security level. These two aspects of behavior may be of interest to prison officials but relate only indirectly to the psychopathy construct as defined by the Hare PCL-R.
Assessing Risk for Aggression in a Forensic Psychiatric Hospital Using the Level of Service Inventory-Revised: Screening Version
Authors: Daffern Michael , Ogloff JamesR. P. , Ferguson Murray , Thomson Lindsay
Published: February 2012

The assessment of risk for aggression has become a central concern of many mental health services. Some structured schemes for guiding risk assessment, developed primarily to assess risk in psychiatric patients discharged from hospital and offenders being considered for release from prison, have recently been trialled in the inpatient setting. Against the background of some prior research demonstrating the potential benefits of structured assessment schemes, and some concerns about the practicality of these schemes for assessing risk in inpatients, the current research was initiated to assess the effectiveness of the Level of Service Inventory-Revised: Screening Version (LSI-R: SV) in the prediction of aggression within a forensic psychiatric hospital. Results showed that only a weak association between the LSI-R: SV total score and inpatient aggression existed. This is probably because the LSI-R: SV addresses more static variables and does not assess the clinical characteristics and recent hostility that is associated with aggression in psychiatric patients. The predictive validity of the LSI-R: SV in this context is therefore limited. There might be more effective schemes, some of which were designed specifically for the purpose of assessing inpatient aggression that should be used in preference to the LSI-R: SV.
A Scale to Measure Perceived Coercion in Everyday Life: A Concept to Inform Research on the Legal Issues of Coerced Treatment
Authors: Steadman HenryJ. , Redlich AllisonD.
Published: February 2012

The perception of how much control people have over their lives has been an enduring topic for psychologists. However, little research has been done to apply this concept of sense of control to persons with mental illness, and whether a sense of control over the everyday features of their lives may be related to other key concepts in mental health services, such as mandated treatment and treatment compliance. In the present study, a reliable and valid tool to measure the construct of “perceived coercion in everyday life” was developed and tested. Findings are discussed in regard to the clinical and policy implications for persons with mental illness and for mandated treatment.
Attempting to Understand the Increase in the Numbers of Forensic Beds in Europe: A Multi-site Study of Patients in Forensic and General Psychiatric Services
Authors: Hodgins Sheilagh , Müller-Isberner Rüdiger , Allaire Jean-François
Published: February 2012

The study aimed to shed light on the recent dramatic increase in the number of forensic beds in Europe. A total of 184 patients being discharged from forensic hospitals and 122 from general psychiatry wards in sites in Canada, Finland, Germany, and Sweden were assessed and followed for two years. Information was collected from multiple sources. Forensic patients were distinguished from general psychiatric patients primarily by their histories of physical violence towards others and the trait of callousness. At discharge, the level of risk for future violence was similar among the general and forensic patients, but associated factors differed. The increase in forensic beds appears to be a response to violent behavior on the part of male patients with schizophrenia.
Violent Forensic Psychiatric Patients: Individual Differences and Consequences for Treatment
Authors: Hornsveld RuudH. J. , Hollin CliveR. , Nijman HenkL. I. , Kraaimaat FloorW.
Published: February 2012

The literature on differences between aggressive individuals exhibiting reactive and proactive aggression raises the issue whether different treatment programs should be developed for violent forensic psychiatric patients with a conduct disorder or an antisocial personality disorder. In order to study this issue, aggressive behavior of 133 inpatients and of 176 outpatients was analyzed in detail for four subgroups, composed on the basis of the two factors of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Contrary to expectations, there were no differences found in scores on self-report questionnaires for disposition to anger, hostility and aggressive behavior between the four subgroups. Minor differences were found, however, between these four subgroups in the relationship to aspects of aggressive behavior on the one hand, and neuroticism, social anxiety and social skills on the other hand. To some extent, this explorative study appears to confirm recommendations to distinguish between individuals who exhibit reactively aggressive behavior, and those who primarily display proactively aggressive behavior. In line with our clinical experiences and with our findings, it seems advisable to focus especially on anger management and social skills in the reactively aggressive group and on moral reasoning and prosocial thinking styles in the proactively aggressive group.
A Comparison of General Adult and Forensic Patients with Schizophrenia Living in the Community
Authors: Hodgins Sheilagh , Müller-Isberner Rüdiger , Freese Roland , Tiihonen Jari , Repo-Tiihonen Eila , Eronen Markku , Eaves Derek , Hart Stephen , Webster Christopher , Levander Sten , Tuninger Eva , Ross Deborah , Vartiainen Heikki , Kronstrand Robert
Published: February 2012

Schizophrenia is associated with an elevated risk for violence. The response has been to incarcerate people with schizophrenia and to increase the number of forensic beds. Most of these beds are filled by men with schizophrenic disorders with long histories of offending and of treatment in general psychiatry. Outcome from forensic, as compared to general psychiatric services, is unknown. The present study compared outcome defined as levels of positive and negative symptoms, readmission, and aggressive behavior for 248 men with schizophrenic disorders (150 discharged from forensic hospitals and 98 from general adult wards) during a two-year period after discharge from forensic and general psychiatric services. Patients were intensively assessed at discharge and four times during the subsequent two years. Illicit drug use was assessed both objectively and by self-report. More of the forensic than the general patients had failed to complete high school, had displayed a stable pattern of antisocial behavior since at least mid-adolescence, and had convictions for non-violent and violent offences. At discharge and throughout the follow-up period, general patients displayed higher levels of positive and negative symptoms than forensic patients, and more of them engaged in aggressive behavior towards others. Aggressive behavior was associated with positive symptoms and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Rates of readmission were similar for the two groups. The forensic approach that includes assessing and managing the risk of violence as well as treating symptoms of schizophrenia led to better outcome than that of general psychiatry.
Psychopathy and Memory for Violence
Authors: Cooper BarryS. , Hervé Hugues , Yuille JohnC.
Published: February 2012

Despite theoretical speculation suggesting psychopaths have superior memory for their autobiographical experiences in comparison to nonpsychopaths, little published research has directly assessed this issue. This lack of research formed the impetus for the present investigation. As part of a larger study investigating variables associated with episodic memory in adult male offenders, 150 violent crime perpetrators were interviewed at two federal penitentiaries in British Columbia, Canada. The participants' memories for three different acts of perpetrated violence were elicited (i.e., acts of instrumental and reactive violence and a poorly remembered act of violence) and exhausted for detail. The sample was dichotomized by psychopathy status via the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991, 2003). Consistent with certain assumptions of Hervé, Cooper, and Yuille's (2007) biopsychosocial model of eyewitness memory, the pattern which emerged indicated that psychopathic participants reportedly had better memory for their acts of violence in comparison to nonpsychopathic participants. The results are discussed in terms of how the present research supports the extant research and theories. Future directions for empirical investigations and implications for the criminal justice system are offered.
A simple model for calculating magnetic nanowire domain wall fringing fields
Authors: West Adam D , Hayward Thomas J , Weatherill Kevin J , Schrefl Thomas , Allwood Dan A , Hughes Ifan G
Published: February 2012

We present a new approach to calculating magnetic fringing fields from head-to-head type domain walls (DWs) in planar magnetic nanowires. In contrast to calculations based on micromagnetically simulated structures the descriptions of the fields are for the most part analytic and thus significantly less time and resource intensive. We begin with an intuitive picture of DWs, which is built upon in a phenomenological manner. The resulting models require no a priori knowledge of the magnetization structure, and facilitate calculation of fringing fields without any free parameters. Comparisons with fields calculated using micromagnetic methods show good quantitative agreement. We demonstrate that parameters key to atomic physics applications can easily be calculated with errors of around 10%. The model we present has greatest accuracy and hence utility for distances roughly greater than the width of the DW under consideration.
Numerical study on electron transfer mechanism by collision of ions at graphite surface in highly efficient neutral beam generation
Authors: Kubota Tomohiro , Watanabe Naoki , Ohtsuka Shingo , Iwasaki Takuya , Ono Kohei , Iriye Yasuroh , Samukawa Seiji
Published: February 2012

We investigated the neutralization mechanism of ions created by collisions with a graphite surface by numerical simulations using an efficient and stable simulator developed by us based on time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) to clarify the mechanism responsible for generating neutral beams in a highly efficient neutral beam source developed by Samukawa et al (2001 Japan. J. Appl. Phys.
40 L779). The results from the simulations revealed that negative ions (Cl−) have higher neutralization efficiency than positive ions

, which was consistent with previous experimental results. The origin of this difference was investigated in terms of the energy alignment between electronic states participating in the charge transfer process. We found that the electronic states of Cl− have similar energies with those of graphite, while those of

and graphite have large differences in energies. This could be interpreted as resonant charge transfer occurring in the neutralization process of negative ions, while Auger charge transfer is dominant in that of positive ions. This interpretation was also strengthened by results where electron transfer probability to the excited states was much larger for collisions of graphite with

than with Cl−. This suggested that the different mechanisms are the reason for the difference in neutralization efficiency between negative and positive ions.
Properties of TiN/TiCN multilayer films by direct current magnetron sputtering
Authors: Zheng Jianyun , Hao Junying , Liu Xiaoqiang , Liu Weimin
Published: February 2012

In this work, a TiN/TiCN multilayer film was deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering. Its thickness was about 9675 nm and the bilayer numbers were 10. The composition, crystalline structure and amorphous carbon (a-C) phase of the film were investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the inner structure of the film. The TiCN layer exhibited a glass-like structure and the TiN layer presented a columnar structure. The adhesion force between the film and the substrate was 37.8 N determined by scratch tests. The hardness of the uppermost TiCN layer and the total film was 34.22 GPa and 27.22 GPa obtained by nano-indentation tests, respectively. In addition, the TiN/TiCN multilayer thick film showed different types of tribological behaviour against Si3N4 balls and steel balls. The mean coefficient of friction and the wear rate of the film were about 0.14 and 1.15 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1 when the film slid against Si3N4 balls for 1 h.
Surface characterization of silicate bioceramics
Authors: Cerruti Marta
Published: February 2012

The success of an implanted prosthetic material is determined by the early events occurring at the interface between the material and the body. These events depend on many surface properties, with the main ones including the surface's composition, porosity, roughness, topography, charge, functional groups and exposed area. This review will portray how our understanding of the surface reactivity of silicate bioceramics has emerged and evolved in the past four decades, owing to the adoption of many complementary surface characterization tools. The review is organized in sections dedicated to a specific surface property, each describing how the property influences the body's response to the material, and the tools that have been adopted to analyse it. The final section introduces the techniques that have yet to be applied extensively to silicate bioceramics, and the information that they could provide.
Characteristics of ovarian follicle steroidogenesis during vitellogenesis in an asynchronously ovulating stock of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Barkataki S. , Aluru N. , Li M. , Vijayan M. M. , Leatherland J. F.
Published: February 2012

This study explored several physiological criteria that could be used to assess the steroidogenic condition of the ovarian follicles of individual fish of an asynchronously ovulating captive rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss stock. In these fish, the date of sampling, morphological variables such as gonado‐somatic index or ovarian follicle mass and visual assessment of the ovary provided accurate indications of the maturational condition of an individual. The physiological variables measured included the in vitro basal and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)‐stimulated synthesis by ovarian follicles of 17β‐oestradiol (E2) and testosterone (T); in addition, quantitative reverse‐transcription (RT)‐PCR was used to measure the relative expression of star and p450scc genes by ovarian follicles. The ratios of cAMP‐stimulated E2 and T synthesis to basal E2 and T synthesis provided a reliable indication of differences in the steroidogenic status of the follicles of individual animals. On the basis of these criteria, together with the use of gene expression profiles, it was possible to classify individual fish as being at an early, mid or late‐vitellogenic stage.
The Impact of Tarnished Auditor Reputation on Nonprofit Income
Authors: Harris Erica E. , Krishnan Jagan
Published: February 2012

This study focuses on nonprofit clients of Arthur Andersen and investigates the impact of Andersen's loss of reputation on five charity income sources. We find that Arthur Andersen's loss of reputation does not impact nonprofit income. Our results are robust to alternative definitions of nonprofit income including multiple donation and revenue types, as well as organizational characteristics such as year, size, state, industry, organizational age, replacement auditor, and reliance on revenue source. These findings are in contrast to the results reported in for‐profit studies that document the loss of market value suffered by shareholders of Andersen's clients. We believe this contribution has interesting implications for both nonprofit organizations and nonprofit researchers who aim to explore the effect accounting firm reputation plays in the nonprofit sector.