bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Families and Self-Injury
Authors: Lewis Stephen P. , Hasking Penelope A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the role of families in supporting youth who self-injure. First, it briefly outlines the situations in which families can offer a supportive environment, and environments that might pose an increased risk for self-injury. It then turns to the impact of self-injury on the family. Of note, when a child in the family engages in self-injury, it can be an overwhelming experience for everyone involved. With this in mind, this chapter presents a person-centered approach to parent/caregiver involvement in these contexts. It outlines how caregivers can be supportive in the context of recovery, and outlines tips for initial and ongoing conversations. Finally, it addresses how conversations about self-injury can be undertaken with other family members (e.g., how to talk about other siblings about self-injury).
Applying AMBIT to teacher training
Authors: Dlugosch Andrea , Henter Melanie
Published: February 2023

The integration of the AMBIT approach into a course of study for student teachers in the field of special needs education is described in this chapter. The application of the AMBIT model to teacher training in Germany began with the introduction of mentalization-based support for teachers in response to high levels of stress and burn-out in the profession. The implementation of the model in teacher training is described, entailing the use of ‘Active Planning’, in the form of sensitive attunement to understand the needs of teachers and broadcasting intentions to share the team’s ideas about what might help. Setting the plan was made possible by combining the student teachers’ and the core team’s ideas and a seminar series for student teachers of pupils with special educational needs was set up as a result. The seminar series introduced mentalization-based ideas and the concept of ‘Thinking Together’ to develop a reflective seminar culture.
What are the future directions for AMBIT?
Authors: Cracknell Liz , Talbot Laura , Smith Rebecca , Fairbairn James , Bevington Dickon , Fuggle Peter
Published: February 2023

In this concluding chapter the authors outline future directions and areas of development for AMBIT. The first area of change is focused on the basic model. This involves making AMBIT values explicit and improving attention to equity, diversity, and inclusion; using a deployment-based approach to model development; improving outcomes monitoring; and developing AMBIT’s research programme. The second area of development is to increase training capacity and widen diversity both within the AMBIT Programme Team and in the wider community of practice. The third area is to improve implementation, through supporting implementation after training and improving the support to teams provided by the online wiki manual.
Is This Neuropathic Pain?
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

A 66-year-old man with type II diabetes suffers from lower limb pain mainly described as burning, electric shocks, associated with tingling and pins, needles and numbness. On examination, there is thermoalgesic deficit and allodynia to brush, but no motor impairment or abnormal reflexes. Pain is not relieved by acetaminophen 3 g per day. To complete the diagnostic workup, it is mandatory to assess the link between pain onset and diabetes, determine the exact pain area, assess the quality of pain, and complete the clinical examination. The initial detection of neuropathic pain in primary care may be assessed with screening questionnaires such as the DN4, the LANSS, and PainDETECT.
How to Implement First-Line Therapeutic Management
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a 68-year-old woman who has diabetic painful sensory neuropathy, a frequent cause of neuropathic pain. She has used acetaminophen, paracetamol, codeine, and ibuprofen without any efficacy. Duloxetine was proposed and had acceptable efficacy. Neuropathic pain does not respond to conventional analgesics and therapeutic management is minimally dependent on the aetiology of pain. Recommended first line drugs for neuropathic pain in primary care include serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (particularly duloxetine), tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline), gabapentin and, pregabalin. These drugs should be proposed as monotherapy first under the principle of individual titration (increase the doses up to side effects or efficacy) and should not be discontinued abruptly.
Pain After Amputation
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a 58-year-old man with phantom limb pain after mid-thigh amputation. The amputation occurred after he stepped on a land mine in Cambodia when he was 23 years old. His pain is described as electric shocks and stabbing. He wears a prosthetic leg. Pain was poorly responsive to oral drug therapy for neuropathic pain and finally responded to mirror therapy. Many patients experience phantom limb pain after amputation. Conventional therapeutic approaches are similar to those of other neuropathic pains, but specific therapeutic approaches include mirror therapy, virtual reality, proprioceptive training, and prosthetic use with somatosensory input.
Pain and Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a 52-year-old woman suffering from shoulder pain after mastectomy with lymph node dissection. However, her pain is not neuropathic but, rather, related to adhesive capsulitis. Pain is common after mastectomy and may be neuropathic or nociceptive. Patients who undergo breast cancer surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are at risk for several types of neuropathic pain, but nociceptive pain after mastectomy with or without radiotherapy is even more common. Particularly after a certain age, these patients may also have chronic pain independently of surgery or radiotherapy. It may be difficult to differentiate distinct pain mechanisms when several types of pains are present in the same neuroanatomical territory, and this may require screening questionnaires.
Cervicobrachial Pain and Cancer
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a man operated on for lung cancer who has a unique bone cervical metastasis responsible for nociceptive pain at the neck responding to opioids and neuropathic pain with burning and innumerable pain paroxysms (electric shocks) at the arm, which are not alleviated by opioids. In this case, transmucosal fentanyl is not mandatory because pain paroxysms are innumerable and of neuropathic origin. In this context, it is advisable to introduce an antineuropathic drug, such as pregabalin or gabapentin, in combination with oral morphine. Neuropathic pain affects up to 40% of cancer patients and is associated with increased pain intensity, analgesic consumption, and decreased quality of life.
Pain and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Moisset Xavier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a middle-aged woman with multiple sclerosis who reports pain of the lower limbs associated with lower limb weakness, spasticity, and fatigue. She also presents with sudden, brief painful episodic spasms of the right leg several times a day, which corresponds to painful tonic spasms. Patients with multiple sclerosis report multiple pain types, including central neuropathic pain, but also spasticity and painful tonic spasms. The latter can be induced or reproduced by hyperventilation and may respond to carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. The treatment of spasticity relies on oral baclofen, tizanidine, gabapentin, and, for more refractory cases, oromucosal spray of nabiximols.
Sudden-Onset Facial Pain
Authors: Gylfadottir Sandra Sif , Finnerup Nanna Brix
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of an elderly man with vascular risk factors who suffers from burning and stabbing facial pain and altered sensation in the same area. He also complains of pain in the contralateral limbs and unsteady gait. On examination, he has abnormal sensation and an unsteady gait, corresponding to his symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging shows a recent infarction in the left dorsal lateral medulla. Central post-stroke pain is a neuropathic pain that occurs after stroke and is a consequence of a central lesion of the somatosensory pathways. Management is similar to that of other neuropathic pains and includes drugs and nondrug therapy such as central neurostimulation techniques.
Pain and Parkinson Disease
Authors: Moisset Xavier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of an elderly man with Parkinson disease (PD) who reports various pain types: nociceptive PD-related pain (dystonic shoulder pain), restless leg syndrome, and low back and neck pain that is PD-unrelated pain related to osteoarthritis. Pain is a common nonmotor symptom in patients with PD, can appear at any time during the disease, and is generally classified as PD-related or PD-unrelated. PD-related pain is generally worsened in off-state and can be improved by dopamine treatment.
Antidepressants and Antiepileptics
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a young man with spinal cord injury pain who does not respond to fluoxetine. Antidepressants and antiepileptics are the mainstay of therapy for neuropathic pain, but not all have the same efficacy. Effective antidepressants include tricyclic agents and drugs acting on the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenalin such as duloxetine, whereas selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants are not effective. Antiepileptics effective in neuropathic pain mainly include gabapentin and pregabalin, whereas sodium channel blockers such as carbamazepine are mainly effective on trigeminal neuralgia. Antidepressants and antiepileptics may be combined at moderate dosages to optimize their efficacy without increasing side effects.
Spinal Cord Stimulation
Authors: Attal Nadine , Bouhassira Didier
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents the case of a man who suffers from chronic back and leg pain despite spinal surgery, generally referred to as failed back surgery syndrome. Because his pain did not respond to drug medications and was predominantly neuropathic, he appears to be a good candidate for spinal cord stimulation. The latter has been mainly studied in failed back surgery syndrome, with best candidates being those with predominant radicular pain, in complex regional pain syndrome, and in diabetic painful neuropathy. Decisions should be taken after pluriprofessional assessment, including advice from a psychologist or a psychiatrist. Newer technologies include high- to very high-frequency stimulations of generally short duration and low amplitude, burst stimulation, and dorsal root ganglion stimulation.
I Thought They Fixed Me?
Authors: Pizzitola Gina , Mak William , Goldfisher Rachelle
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews how to approach image selection (including plain films, CT, MRI, and ultrasound) for the child who presents with emesis after abdominal surgery. It reviews the benefits and shortcomings of abdominal x-rays, which can serve as an effective starting point in differentiating less concerning complications, such as postoperative ileus and constipation, from more serious pathologies, such as small bowel obstructions or surgical site abscess, which require increased monitoring and possible interventions. It also reviews when it may be advisable to obtain a CT scan, despite radiation, as well as when MRI may serve as an alternative to CT. It reviews how different radiographic signs may guide one toward diagnoses including ileus, small bowel obstruction, intestinal perforation, constipation, and abscess.
Physiology
Authors: Varosyan Armen
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides 45 practice multiple-choice questions (MCQs) about physiology along with answers, explanations, and references for further reading to increase your in-depth understanding. The physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is of prime importance in anaesthesia, so questions covering these topics are always present on the examination paper. In addition, there will also be questions covering other areas of physiology, in particular the central nervous system, renal physiology, coagulation pathways, hormones and the gastrointestinal tract. As far as possible, these questions appear as they would on an actual Part I paper. However, there are some publisher-defined style differences that should not affect your understanding of the questions presented here. The main differences include certain spelling conventions, when and where abbreviations are explained then used in a question, and the presence of Oxford commas, which are present throughout this book but used only for clarification on an examination paper.
Intensive care
Authors: Madach Krisztina
Published: February 2023

Intensive care medicine is devoted to patients with severe or life-threatening illnesses and injuries, who require constant, close monitoring and support from specialist equipment and medications, advanced level medical expertise, and constant access to highly trained nurses to ensure normal organ functions. It is aimed at patients with reversible medical conditions who have a reasonable prospect and physiological reserve for substantial recovery. Few fields in medicine have grown and changed as rapidly and dynamically as intensive care medicine over the past decades. From its origins in the postoperative recovery room, intensive care has extended to cover the needs of patients becoming critically ill in all fields of medicine forging close partnerships among medical subspecialties. This chapter gives 22 examples of how this complex specialty integrates the knowledge and technology contained in many disciplines represented by the classic organ-based subspecialties of medicine.
Orbital fractures
Authors: Teemul Trevor
Published: February 2023

Orbital fractures occur either with zygomatic fractures, naso-orbitoethmoidal fractures, or in isolation. Ocular injury is commonly associated with orbital fracture. The anatomy of the orbit is important as key landmarks help guide safe access and treatment. In this chapter, clinical assessment and classification are described together with the indications and options for treatment.
Tissue expander and implant breast reconstruction
Authors: Mueller Melissa A. , Clark Emily G. , Evans Gregory R.D.
Published: February 2023

Implant-based breast reconstruction has become the predominant type of breast reconstruction, consisting of two-stage immediate, two-stage delayed, and direct-to-implant reconstruction. Both preoperative and intraoperative considerations guide appropriate choice among these reconstructive options and are discussed. Outside of the United States, greater diversity exists for both tissue expanders and breast implants. Techniques including total submuscular and partial subpectoral pocket creation, acellular dermal matrix use, SPY Elite™ use, pocket and inframammary fold revisions, and timing of reconstructive steps are discussed. With expanding criteria for post-mastectomy radiation, consideration of effects and timing of radiation treatment is essential. Other risk factors associated with complications, such as obesity, smoking, and age, should be utilized for risk stratification and reconstructive decision-making. The future of implant-based breast reconstruction will rely on minimizing costs without sacrificing aesthetics, as well as continued research on fat grafting and biological scaffolds.
Management of complications of microvascular abdominal flap breast reconstruction
Authors: Mureau Marc A.M.
Published: February 2023

Strategies to avoid and manage complications following autologous breast reconstruction using free abdominal flaps are comprehensively presented and discussed. Advances in microsurgical materials and techniques as well as improved knowledge of the vascular anatomy of flaps have made microsurgical abdominal flap breast reconstruction a safe and reliable method. Despite these improvements, major complications such as flap failure, donor site morbidity, or thromboembolic events still occur with potentially serious consequences. Complications following autologous breast reconstructions have been shown to negatively affect early physical health, mental health, abdominal strength, and patient satisfaction. In addition, major surgical and medical complications following autologous breast reconstruction are associated with increased hospital length of stay and greater costs. Therefore, every effort should be made to minimize the chance of complications and if a complication should occur, adequate management is imperative to minimize its consequences.
Vulval and vaginal reconstruction
Authors: Cogswell Lucy
Published: February 2023

Reconstruction of the vulva and vagina may be required following tumour excisions, or after excision of benign skin conditions. Scarring, skin disease, or radiotherapy may result in areas of tight or fibrotic skin that require plastic surgical reconstruction to improve comfort or sexual function. This region has a rich blood supply and local, fasciocutaneous ‘lotus petal’ flaps are very widely used to reconstruct vulval and vaginal defects. To fill the dead space of deep defects, or when pelvic exenteration has divided the blood supply to local flaps, regional flaps can be taken from the abdomen, buttocks, or thighs. Free flaps are relatively rarely used but offer greater flexibility in designing skin cover to fill a complex three-dimensional defect.
Liposculpture
Authors: Gasparotti Marco , Teo Isabel , Florio Andrea Maria , Lazzeri Davide , Soldin Mark
Published: February 2023

Liposculpture is the removal of localized deposits of fat with or without autologous fat injection to improve body contours. The ideal patient is one with localized deposits of fat, who is reasonably fit and well with realistic expectations. The important steps include careful marking in the standing position, infiltration of wetting solution, and careful aspiration of fat. Wetting solutions consist of crystalloids, local anaesthetic, and adrenaline, and minimize blood loss and allow for liposuction to be performed without the need for a general anaesthetic. Assisted techniques such as power-assisted liposuction, ultrasound-assisted liposuction, and laser-assisted liposuction have been developed to facilitate fat breakdown and reduce surgeon fatigue. Minor complications such as ecchymosis and seromas are common but usually mild, and severe life-threatening complications are rare. In well-selected patients, the results of liposuction are excellent and long-lasting.
Buttock augmentation
Authors: Triana Lina , Martínez Millán Mildred
Published: February 2023

Surgery to the buttocks is part of aesthetic body contouring. In men and women the buttocks provide a central balance in the human body and a parameter that is part of sexual attraction. In South America, gluteoplasty is frequently requested by patients. Anatomical knowledge and experience with techniques such as the autologous gluteal lipograft, insertion of gluteal implants, and refinements are essential for plastic surgeons. There are many techniques described for buttock augmentation with implants. This chapter describes the anatomy of the buttocks, buttock subunits, patient selection, a step-by-step technique of intramuscular buttock augmentation, postoperative care, complications, and results. This surgical technique is safe and shows good results in selected patients.
The flexor tendons
Authors: Iwuagwu Fortune
Published: February 2023

Thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the flexor tendon and the flexor sheath together with the basis of flexor tendon healing are important foundations for management of these complex injuries. This chapter describes the principles and techniques of flexor tendon repair together with the complications associated with flexor tendon surgery and outcomes.
Embryology of craniofacial skeleton
Authors: Lloyd Mark S.
Published: February 2023

This chapter describes the embryological formation of the facial skeleton and what changes occur leading to the formation of cleft lip, cleft palate, and craniosynostosis. This broad overview should provide the reader with a system of thinking through the developing craniofacial skeleton
Brachioplasty
Authors: Bain Charles J. , Soldin Mark
Published: February 2023

Brachioplasty aims to improve the appearance of the arm by removal of excess skin or adipose tissue. This deformity is exacerbated by advancing age or massive weight loss. This chapter discusses the development of the brachioplasty technique and its variants, anatomical considerations, surgical technique, and outcome data. The decision-making process is clarified by a move away from complicated classification systems towards a simplified assessment of the deformity, and selection of the appropriate technique to correct it.
Radiation injury to the skin and deep tissues
Authors: Jeevaratnam Johann A. , Hallam Marc-James , Cubison Tania
Published: February 2023

Ionizing radiation is ubiquitous—whether as ultraviolet light from the sun, therapeutic radiation therapy for cancer, or industrial accidents and disasters. In this chapter, the effects of radiation on the skin and subcutaneous tissues are described. The clinical manifestations of deliberate or accidental radiation exposure are presented, and the treatments discussed.
Modelling continuum reverberation in active galactic nuclei: a spectral-timing analysis of the ultraviolet variability through X-ray reverberation in Fairall 9
Authors: Hagen Scott , Done Chris
Published: February 2023

Continuum reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can provide new insight into the nature and geometry of the accretion flow. Some of the X-rays from the central corona irradiating the disc are absorbed, increasing the local disc temperature. This gives an additional reprocessed contribution to the spectral energy distribution (SED) which is lagged and smeared relative to the driving X-ray light curve. We directly calculate this reverberation from the accretion disc, creating fully time-dependent SEDs for a given X-ray light curve. We apply this to recent intensive monitoring data on Fairall 9, and find that it is not possible to produce the observed ultraviolet (UV) variability by X-ray reprocessing of the observed light curve from the disc. Instead, we find that the majority of the variability must be intrinsic to the UV emission process, adding to evidence from changing-look AGN that this region has a structure which is quite unlike a Shakura–Sunyaev disc. We filter out this long time-scale variability and find that reprocessing alone is still insufficient to explain even the fast variability in our assumed geometry of a central source illuminating a flat disc. The amplitude of reprocessing can be increased by any vertical structure such as the broad-line region and/or an inner disc wind, giving a better match. Fundamentally though the model is missing the major contributor to the variability, intrinsic to the UV/EUV emission rather than arising from reprocessing.
Thin accretion disc luminosity and its image around rotating black holes in perfect fluid dark matter
Authors: Heydari-Fard Malihe , Ghassemi Honarvar Sara , Heydari-Fard Mohaddese
Published: February 2023

Motivated by the fact that the universe is dominated by dark matter and dark energy, we consider rotating black holes surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter and study the accretion process in thin disc around such black holes. Here, we are interested in how the presence of dark matter affects the properties of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from a thin accretion disc. For this purpose, we use the Novikov–Thorne model and obtain the electromagnetic spectrum of an accretion disc around a rotating black hole in perfect fluid dark matter and compare with the general relativistic case. The results indicate that for small values of dark matter parameter we considered here, the size of the innermost stable circular orbits would decrease and thus the electromagnetic spectrum of the accretion disc increases. Therefore, discs in the presence of perfect fluid dark matter are hotter and more luminous than in general relativity. Finally, we construct thin accretion disc images around these black holes using the numerical ray-tracing technique. We show that the inclination angle has a remarkable effect on the images, whereas the effect of dark matter parameter is small.
Halo heating from fluctuating gas in a model dwarf
Authors: Hashim Mahmoud , El-Zant Amr A , Freundlich Jonathan , Read Justin I , Combes Françoise
Published: February 2023

The cold dark matter (CDM) structure formation scenario faces challenges on (sub)galactic scales, central among them being the ‘cusp-core’ problem. A known remedy, driving CDM out of Galactic Centres, invokes interactions with baryons, through fluctuations in the gravitational potential arising from feedback or orbiting clumps of gas or stars. Here, we interpret core formation in a hydrodynamic simulation in terms of a theoretical formulation, which may be considered a generalization of Chandrasekhar’s theory of two body relaxation to the case when the density fluctuations do not arise from white noise; it presents a simple characterization of the effects of complex hydrodynamics and ‘subgrid physics’. The power spectrum of gaseous fluctuations is found to follow a power law over a range of scales, appropriate for a fully turbulent compressible medium. The potential fluctuations leading to core formation are nearly normally distributed, which allows for the energy transfer leading to core formation to be described as a standard diffusion process, initially increasing the velocity dispersion of test particles as in Chandrasekhar’s theory. We calculate the energy transfer from the fluctuating gas to the halo and find it consistent with theoretical expectations. We also examine how the initial kinetic energy input to halo particles is redistributed to form a core. The temporal mass decrease inside the forming core may be fit by an exponential form; a simple prescription based on our model associates the characteristic time-scale with an energy relaxation time. We compare the resulting theoretical density distribution with that in the simulation.
Contrasting Patterns of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Structural Variation Across Multiple Invasions
Authors: Stuart Katarina C , Edwards Richard J , Sherwin William B , Rollins Lee A
Published: February 2023

Genetic divergence is the fundamental process that drives evolution and ultimately speciation. Structural variants (SVs) are large-scale genomic differences within a species or population and can cause functionally important phenotypic differences. Characterizing SVs across invasive species will fill knowledge gaps regarding how patterns of genetic diversity and genetic architecture shape rapid adaptation under new selection regimes. Here, we seek to understand patterns in genetic diversity within the globally invasive European starling, Sturnus vulgaris. Using whole genome sequencing of eight native United Kingdom (UK), eight invasive North America (NA), and 33 invasive Australian (AU) starlings, we examine patterns in genome-wide SNPs and SVs between populations and within Australia. Our findings detail the landscape of standing genetic variation across recently diverged continental populations of this invasive avian. We demonstrate that patterns of genetic diversity estimated from SVs do not necessarily reflect relative patterns from SNP data, either when considering patterns of diversity along the length of the organism's chromosomes (owing to enrichment of SVs in subtelomeric repeat regions), or interpopulation diversity patterns (possibly a result of altered selection regimes or introduction history). Finally, we find that levels of balancing selection within the native range differ across SNP and SV of different classes and outlier classifications. Overall, our results demonstrate that the processes that shape allelic diversity within populations is complex and support the need for further investigation of SVs across a range of taxa to better understand correlations between often well-studied SNP diversity and that of SVs.
Primary nephrotic syndrome relapse within 1 year after glucocorticoid therapy in children is associated with gut microbiota composition at syndrome onset
Authors: Wang Chenwei , Qu Wei , Chen Qiurong , Huang Wen-yan , Kang Yulin , Shen Jian
Published: February 2023

Background

Children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) who relapse after glucocorticoid therapy are shown to have a decreased total proportion of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut at onset. Glucocorticoid treatment changes the gut microbiota composition. It is unclear whether gut microbiota at remission right after therapy and gut bacteria other than butyrate-producing bacteria are associated with PNS relapse.

Methods

PNS relapse of paediatric patients within 1 year after glucocorticoid therapy was recorded. The gut microbiota composition, profiled with 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 region sequencing, was compared between relapsing and non-relapsing PNS children at onset before glucocorticoid treatment (preT group) and in PNS children at remission right after treatment (postT group), respectively.

Results

The gut microbiota composition of postT children significantly differed from that of preT children by having lower levels of Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Flavonifractor, Ruminococcaceae UBA1819, Oscillibacter, Hungatella and Coprobacillus and higher levels of Ruminococcaceae UCG-013 and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 group. In the preT group, compared with non-relapsing patients, relapsing patients showed decreased Blautia, Dialister and total proportion of butyrate-producing bacteria and increased Oscillibacter, Anaerotruncus and Ruminococcaceae UBA1819. However, relapsing and non-relapsing postT children showed no difference in gut microbiota composition.

Conclusions

PNS relapse–associated gut microbiota dysbiosis at onset, which includes alterations of both butyrate-producing and non-butyrate-producing bacteria, disappeared right after glucocorticoid therapy. It is necessary to study the association of the longitudinal changes in the complete profiles of gut microbiota after glucocorticoid treatment with later PNS relapse.
Introduction
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

The Introduction begins with a description of an occurrence that confronted the author in August 2008—that is, thousands of low-caste Hindus worshipping Jesus at Mātṛ Dhām Āśram in Varanasi, the purported heart of Hindu civilization. The text returns to this initial image throughout, as the author interprets this community of Khrist Bhaktas, or “Christ Devotees,” in relation to those who minister them. The author argues that to do the community justice, one must interpret them from multiple vantages: as a unique Hindu bhakti movement exhibiting many of the attributes of so-called popular Hinduism, albeit with an unexpected chosen deity; as the surprising result of indigenizing Catholic mission following the Second Vatican Council; as evidence of the significance of Charismatic Catholicism and Pentecostalism in the new millennium; as an emancipatory religious movement overlapping with Dalit and low-caste sociopolitical uplift; and as the latest chapter of Hindu-Christian interaction and exchange. The Introduction further outlines theoretical, historical, and sociopolitical underpinnings of the study and explicates the methods used for telling the Khrist Bhakta story.
Ādi Kahāniyāṅ (Origin Stories)
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 explores the stories of Khrist Bhakta origins, oral histories compiled during the author’s first years of fieldwork. The chapter aims to reveal the actors involved in the healings that took place in the early 1990s, early precipitating incidents, whence the community formed, and generally, the movement’s conditions of possibility. It further shows the piecemeal way the Āśram grew to accommodate devotees. Significantly, though not surprisingly, not everyone recalls or understands the birth of the movement in the same way, pointing to the epistemological challenges attending to understanding the birth of even recent religious movements, a fact which should at least temper one’s certainties when dealing with devotional movements of earlier eras.
An Encounter with the Light of Truth
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 introduces Satya Prakash, a figure identified by several informants as “the first Khrist Bhakta.” He tells his own story, and special attention is paid to the particular Hindu-Christian hybrid vocabulary used to tell it, one that demonstrates a developing worldview, the unique challenges faced by subaltern communities in contemporary India, the vicissitudes that bring Banārasīs (literally) to their knees, and the experiences that keep bhaktas returning to Yesu and Mātṛ Dhām Āśram. He shares how a miracle led him into the orbit of Yesu and the Catholic pantheon, and he explains how Khrist Bhaktas interpret insiders and outsiders, a kind of hierarchy of commitment, wherein the truest devotee is the one whose devotion is most exclusive. Satya Prakash provides a window into contemporary Indian society, its perceived failures and frailties, taking the reader well beyond Varanasi.
The Shape of Things to Come
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 7 examines issues evoked by the existence of Khrist Bhaktas, the Indian Catholic Church’s role in India, and the current state of the inculturation movement within Indian Catholicism. It explores the discontent that Catholic priests and nuns have with the Catholic Church and its post-Independence niche as a religious minority in the Indian Republic. The chapter examines the reasons behind the waning of what one might call “official inculturation” efforts in spite of the ongoing reality of inculturation “on the ground.” Yet as official inculturation ebbs, Charismatic Catholicism flows, a fact which provides some with hope for the future—but no little danger. With regard to that future, the author offers three possibilities for the Khrist Bhaktas, situated within the religious history of South Asia. To further these dangerous prognostications, the author has recourse to Bruce Lincoln’s understanding of the anomaly, as well as to a famous devotee who likewise cut across religious boundaries.
Conclusion
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

In the Conclusion the author briefly updates the reader on the political and religious situation in India in general and in the state of Uttar Pradesh in particular, where Hindu nationalism is ascendant—to the detriment of religious minorities and to secular, pluralistic democracy. This sociopolitical reality will shape much of the North Indian Hindu-Christian encounter into the foreseeable future. In this study’s denouement, the author focuses on mutual Hindu-Christian understandings of the other, paying special attention to abiding fears—not without basis—deserving brutal honesty and moral courage. The Khrist Bhaktas are situated between, within, and across these religious complexes and sociopolitical complexities. The author argues that, as religious categories are never fixed, and relational identities are the norm, the Khrist Bhaktas can legitimately be “read” in a number of ways. Whether they will be is another matter given the current context.
Bentham’s Chapter IX
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Bentham’s chapter is devoted to states of an agent’s “consciousness,” which can be treated as states of belief (including a lack of a belief). Bentham’s distinction between the will, or volition, and the understanding, or cognition, is explained. An agent can have various belief states regarding a circumstance of her action: she can correctly believe one to exist, falsely believe it doesn’t exist, or have no belief about it. Bentham’s conceptions of heedless and rash acts are explained. His definitions of them anticipate a concept of Anglo-American criminal law, namely, the “reasonable person,” which is used as a standard to characterize criminal negligence.
Bentham’s Chapter XIV
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Bentham emphasizes how punishment can deter potential offenders. He uses his Rule 1 to argue that every potential offender who is deterrable should be deterred. Rule 1 is, in effect, a final refinement to Bentham’s causal theory of action: his account of decision-making. Some of the other rules, which embody considerations implied by the principle of utility, entail that it would sometimes be wrong to deter every deterrable potential offender. The issue here is, again, that severe punishments may be unprofitable. Bentham’s Motivation Argument is revisited. It states that, given his theory of motivation, he can show that every person has motives available to her for performing the acts that the principle of utility declares are right. Two difficulties are presented. Bentham’s theory of motivation may not be true. Second, because of profitability considerations, utilitarian penal law may not be designed to deter every deterrable offender.
Bentham’s Chapter XV
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

In Chapter XV Bentham considers which kinds of punishment are best suited for each offense and offender. The kinds are practices like fines and capital punishment. Bentham treats the problem abstractly: he discusses eleven desirable properties that most kinds of punishment have to some degree. Each property is explained. Bentham emphasizes the importance of “exemplarity.” Punishment provides an “example” when it’s performed in public, and Bentham seemed to envision many punishments occurring in public. His attitude to “retaliation” is interesting, since retaliatory punishments were endorsed by Kant. Bentham recognizes that utilitarian punishments can reduce offending by processes other than deterrence, for example, by “disablement,” that is, incapacitation.
Bentham’s Chapter XVI
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Bentham presents a “division” or classification of offenses. An act should only be made an offense if it’s mischievous (that is, wrong), and if punishing it is profitable. Hence, not all of the types of acts in the classification will pass both tests. The main features of the acts in each of his five classes of offense are described. Bentham’s thinking about which parts of morality and utilitarian law would be universally shared, and which parts would only be true or applicable in certain places and times are described. The connection of civil law and penal law is described. The Formal Argument is revisited. All of the psychological material Bentham intended to present has been presented. But much of the material about acts to be made into offenses, and the specific directives about the punishment of offenders, isn’t in IPML. It was to appear in the penal code.
Perspectives on Poverty
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 reviews various perspectives for understanding poverty. The traditional American ideology for understanding success and poverty is first reviewed. From this perspective, poverty is viewed as the result of individual failure. In particular, individuals in poverty are seen as not having the necessary motivation to get ahead, having made bad decisions in their life, or lacking in ability and talent. The condition of poverty is viewed by the general public as carrying considerable shame and stigma. The second half of the chapter reviews several social science perspectives explaining why poverty exists. These include the Marxist critique of capitalism, human capital theory, dual labor market theory, functionalism, distribution of welfare state resources, the culture of poverty, and the role of social isolation.
Transformations I
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

Mappings defined on the set of major and minor triads lie at the heart of neo-Riemannian theory and have been among the most extensively studied musical transformations. Many triadic transformations may be formalized as uniform triadic transformations (UTTs), which form a group of order 288 with a wreath product structure. The transformations of neo-Riemannian theory form a subgroup, the Riemann group, a dihedral group of order 24 that formalizes Hugo Riemann’s notion of harmonic dualism. Certain families of triads, familiar from the work of Richard Cohn and others, arise as orbits of subgroups of the Riemann group; these families highlight hexatonic or octatonic structure and take distinctive forms when mapped in the tonnetz. Some groups of interest contain non-Riemannian UTTs such as the mediant transformation, useful in modeling some diatonic relationships. Inversion operators and some other useful transformations are not UTTs, but the UTT formalism may be extended to account for them; other extensions to the theory accommodate seventh chords.
Spaces III
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

Voice-leading spaces, the subject of Part Three, are spaces of notes or chords with the property that the proximity of two objects in the space indicates the possibility of connecting them by an efficient voice leading. The OPTIC spaces from the work of Callender, Quinn, and Tymoczko form a large family of voice-leading spaces, defined as quotient spaces of tuples of pitches using five equivalence relations (octave, permutational, transpositional, inversional, and cardinality equivalence) in any combination. Some geometric and topological features of a few OPTIC spaces are described informally in this chapter, especially three-voice OP-space (that is, a space of three-note chords under the assumption of octave and permutational equivalence). The OPTIC relations are then studied in detail, and the musical entities represented by the various equivalence classes are described. A system of normal forms for OPTIC spaces is introduced, generalizing the normal order and prime form of pitch-class set theory.
The Thomas Christians
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

The Thomas Christians are the only Christians of India whose origins cannot be linked in any way to European influence. They trace their origins to Jesus’s apostle Thomas, who they believe visited India in 52 ce and established a church there. From the third century on, through trade, migration, and exchanges of ecclesiastical personnel, the lives of the Thomas Christians and Persian Christians became intertwined. Gradually, the Thomas Christians fell under the oversight of the Church of the East, whose capital was at Sasanian Ctesiphon. The ties of Thomas Christians to the Church of the East did not make them any less anchored in south Indian society. Their interactions with Persian Christians went hand in hand with their coexistence with Hindu and Muslim neighbors in the coastal region of southwest India now called Kerala—a dual participation that continues to the present day.
Conclusion
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

For centuries, South Asia’s Christians have interacted with Hindu and Muslim peoples, institutions, and beliefs. What distinguishes them from other branches of World Christianity is not their strength in numbers, but their location within unique theaters of cross-cultural and interreligious encounters. Rarely have Christians remained ghettoed within their own enclaves or isolated from the cultural influences of the Indian Ocean world. Their encounters with adherents of other traditions resulted in mutual questioning and negotiations of identity for all parties involved. The knowledge-producing aspect of Christian missions benefited elites and helped produce the public religions that competed for converts, including from among the poor. Dalit Christianity embraces Jesus as the one who heals, delivers, provides, and empathizes with their brokenness and pain. Far less does Dalit Christianity concern itself with the rational triumph of Christian ideas over and against those of other religions. Their stories lie at the heart of both South Asian and World Christianity.
Income and Wealth Shape Health and Health Disparities in Many Ways
Authors: Braveman Paula
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the many ways in which economic resources—both income and accumulated wealth—affect health. Wealth (the monetary value of all accumulated assets minus debts) may be even more important to health than income (which reflects resources acquired over a limited period of time); however, wealth is not often considered in health studies. Systemic and structural racism have produced poorer health among people of color in part (but not only) by constraining the economic opportunities, including wealth, of people of color. A stepwise gradient pattern, with health improving incrementally as income or wealth increases, can help shed light on how economic resources influence health. The distribution of wealth and income has become increasingly unequal over time in the United States and globally. Policies to improve health by improving economic opportunity are discussed.
Education Shapes Health and Health Disparities in Many Ways
Authors: Braveman Paula
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the ways in which education (schooling) can influence health and produce health disparities. As with income and wealth, a graded relationship—with incremental improvement in health as educational level increases—has repeatedly been observed, adding to evidence supporting a causal relationship. The education–health relationship has generally been stronger when examining completed degrees or levels rather than number of years of schooling, suggesting the importance of the social recognition and economic rewards generally conferred by education. Education plays a major role in determining a person’s income, largely because it strongly determines the kind of work one can obtain. It can be difficult at times to separate out the effects of education from those of income because they are strongly associated with each other; however, education and income appear to have substantial independent effects. Reflecting a long and ongoing history of systemic and structural racism, there are large racial/ethnic disparities in education, with implications for disparities in health. Systemic and structural racism have constrained the educational opportunities of people of color. For example, discriminatory bank lending practices have blocked many people of color from home ownership, thereby reducing the funding available for local schools, which depend significantly on local property taxes. The chapter discusses policies to improve health by improving education and reducing educational disparities.