bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Samoan public sector reform: views from Apia and the villages
Authors: So'o Le'apai Lau Asofou , Laking Rob
Published: September 2018

Some Pacific Island governments struggle to provide peace and social stability or deliver essential services to their citizens. This is clearly not the case in Samoa. By any standards, Samoa is a peaceful and orderly society and the Samoan government is competently delivering a wide range of basic services to Samoans throughout the country. It isn’t perfect: there are service gaps and inefficiencies, rumours of corruption, and vigorous debates amongst Samoans themselves about the quality and probity of their government. But Samoa is frequently cited as an example of how the government of a small island state with limited resources can maintain harmony and good service for its citizens.
Māori in Australia: voting rights and behaviour
Authors: Hamer Paul
Published: September 2018

This article examines the participation of Australian-resident Māori in voting, first in their New Zealand homeland and, secondly, in Australia. It concludes with comments about the extent of their political disenfranchisement and lack of electoral participation, which I argue places Māori in an almost unique position amongst Australia’s ‘ethnic’ immigrant groups.
A Chinese perspective on Zhao Yanbo post-2012 burden sharing
Authors: Yanbo Zhao
Published: September 2018

The issue of climate change is a major challenge for humankind.1 It concerns the ways of survival and development. We need the common efforts of all members of the international community to tackle the problem. Climate change is, in essence, an issue about development. In the past 200 years the emissions of developed countries during the process of industrialisation have been the main contributor to climate change. Of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, developed countries contributed 95% from the Industrial Revolution to 1950, and 77% from 1950 to 2000. It has to be acknowledged, therefore, that developed countries should take the larger part of the responsibility for solving the problem due to their past emissions.
What might a future global climate change deal look like?
Authors: Ward Murray
Published: September 2018

For the world to have a reasonable chance of avoiding the worst effects of climate change, the challenge is have global emissions of greenhouse gases peak by 2020 and then to reduce them to 50% of 1990 levels by 2050. These goals have been articulated by international science and policy leaders – the second even by the heads of state of the G8 countries at their recent 2008 meeting in Japan. For industrialised countries, the challenge is much greater than just the global percentages. Figure 1, taken from the recently released report by Tony Blair and The Climate Group (Climate Group, 2008), shows an illustrative set of pathways for global emissions and shares of this for industrialised and developing countries.
Justice and post-2012 global climate change mitigation architecture
Authors: Burson Bruce
Published: September 2018

This article considers how justice relates to and informs the structure of international climate change mitigation2 architectures under which burdens are assumed by individual states. The argument can be made that the structure of the current global architecture has, to a substantial extent, been determined in the domain of realpolitik, not justice. In the domain of realpolitik, states seek to maximise their national self-interest based on practical rather than ethical considerations. The more powerful the state, the more able it is to stay outside global regulatory systems if its perception of its national self-interest deems this appropriate. But if this is so, are considerations of justice relevant to the shape of future global climate change mitigation regimes? This article argues that they are.
Social policy, cold climates and economic recessions
Authors: Stephens Robert
Published: September 2018

The aim of this article is to consider what could happen to social policy expenditure and parameters in a worst case scenario, if the financial crisis spills over into the goods and services sector. Academics are very good at making ex post analyses of why certain events occurred, and extrapolating  from this past experience to predict the future, but the future will be different. The starting point will not be the same –people have learnt from the past and have different reactions, the context will vary, and the political players and ideology will have changed. The policy adviser has to be forward thinking, anticipating events. It is in this context that this article is written.
Overseas indebtedness, country risk and interest rates
Authors: Rose Dennis
Published: September 2018

The origins of the current international crisis lie outside New Zealand, but New Zealand’s high level of net international liabilities has long exposed us to the possibility of a sharp correction. In what follows I focus on some long standing problems, to which I see no easy answers, which are likely to be with us for many years.
Waiting for the next wave: trajectories, narratives and conveying the state of public sector reform
Authors: Lindquist Evert
Published: September 2018

With the adoption of the State Sector Act in 1988, the New Zealand public sector revolution was in full motion. The Act was one of many initiatives that provided a new framework for government and managing public services (Boston et al., 1996; Scott, 2001). New Zealand rapidly became the poster child for what became known as the New Public Management, and an archetype scrutinised around the world. The audacity and intellectual coherence of the New Zealand model became a standard against which the progress of other governments was judged. These reforms were part of  a larger social and economic transformation which led to dislocation and democratic reform. In the crucible of introducing and implementing these reforms, and in the inevitable re-adjustment phases, New Zealand gained a reputation for continuous reflection on its progress by its political leaders, government officials and a small band of impressive academics.
The banks, the current account, the financial and the outlook
Authors: Bertram Geoff
Published: September 2018

Some years back I wrote two papers (Bertram, 2001, 2002) about the current account, the exchange rate and the banks. Here I pick up the threads of my earlier analysis as the backdrop to some remarks about the recent decision of the New Zealand government to provide a wholesale deposit guarantee to this country’s New Zealand-incorporated – but mainly Australian-owned – banking sector.
The Auckland debate: is big city governance always this difficult?
Authors: Reid Mike
Published: September 2018

Governing fast-growing metropolitan areas is always difficult, and the history of Auckland governance is no exception. This is so for no other reason than the fact that they keep growing: as population increases the alignment of urban and jurisdictional boundaries breaks down, creating problems of coordination and fragmenting decision making. In addition, the increasingly complex pattern of councils results in tax exporting and what economists describe as spill overs, where peri-urban councils benefit from the expenditure of their larger neighbours while areas further out question the local benefits of centrally-based facilities. Consider, for example, the debate over the Auckland Regional Amenities Funding Act 2008.
Innovative political management: multi-party governance in New Zealand
Authors: Boston Jonathan
Published: September 2018

The general election on 8 November 2008 – the fifth under New Zealand’s mixed member proportional (MMP) voting system – marked the first substantial change of government since 1999. The clear victory for the centre-right was unsurprising, especially given the results of opinion polls during the preceding 12-18 months. Rather more unexpected, however, were the composition and structure of the new government.
Are there lessons to be learned from the youth justice system?
Authors: Becroft Andrew
Published: September 2018

It has been almost 20 years since the introduction of the ground-breaking Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989 (CYPF Act). When introduced the act revolutionised New Zealand youth justice practices (Watt, 2003). It was responding to significant perceived problems with the existing system, including: â€¢ too many young people being brought before the courts; â€¢ too much reliance on an institutionalised, residential approach (often criminalising behaviour which was really the result of care and protection deficits); and â€¢ insufficient opportunity for family and cultural input.
Government expenditure and revenue in New Zealand: a brief overview
Authors: Rea David
Published: September 2018

Government expenditure and taxation have an impact on everyone in the population. Everyone, at some point in their lives, benefits from government provided services and entitlements such as kindergartens, roads, hospitals or New Zealand Superannuation. Almost everyone bears at least some of the costs of providing these services and entitlements. Most goods or services purchased, and most income earned, attracts some form of taxation.
Achieving results for Pacific Island children: UNICEF's analysis of and response to Pacific Millennium Development Goal progress
Authors: Parks Will
Published: September 2018

The Pacific Island countries are home to some 2 million people, of whom just over 900,000 are under 18 years of age (UNICEF, 2007). In this article I briefly review the progress Pacific Island countries have made towards their Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), with a particular focus on MDG4 (reduce child mortality) and MDG5 (improve maternal health). I then highlight some of the support being provided by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in partnership with many agencies across the region to assist countries to advance their child-related MDGs. Finally, I consider some of the challenges to sustaining MDG progress for children in Pacific Island countries, especially the current global economic crisis.
Reshaping development aid: implications for political and economic relationships
Authors: Overton John
Published: September 2018

New Zealand's relationship with its Pacific Island neighbours stretches back centuries, being characterised by movements of people, ideas, commodities, services and finance. It has been a reciprocal and dynamic relationship. Aid from New Zealand to Pacific Island states has been but one of its elements and one that has existed by that name only in the last 50 years or so. Yet it has proved to be one of the most volatile in terms of changing policies and priorities and it is presently under another phase of review.
Driving improved value for money in the New Zealand public sector
Authors: Cook Len , Hughes Robert
Published: September 2018

The new, National-led government is seeking a significant lift in productivity and economic growth. Raising the performance of the public sector is central to achieving such an objective. In our view, improving public sector performance is unlikely if we rely solely on the management tools and approaches introduced some 20 years ago. Nor will periodic budget cuts and reductions in ‘back office’ resources result in the level of improvement desired (Cook and Hughes, 2009). Rather, the focus should be on how the public sector can stimulate innovation and economic transformation through its critical role as the leader of several large, pervasive value chains,  such as health, education, science, justice and social services.
To harmonise or not to harmonise, should that be the question? Emissions trading schemes in New Zealand and Australia
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: September 2018

The governments of New Zealand and Australia are proposing to implement greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes (ETS) to help drive down carbon pollution within their borders. Although both countries enjoy a political consensus in favour of emissions trading, the Parliament of each country is deeply divided along party political lines about the appropriate design of the irrespective schemes.
Friends, foreign and domestic: (re)converging New Zealand's export education and foreign policies
Authors: Butcher Andrew
Published: September 2018

While there has been long-standing engagement between New Zealanders and Asia in a variety of ways (Didham, in press), the primary policy engagement has been first through defence and security, and then through foreign affairs.1 In foreign policy, Asian countries have had official diplomatic representation in New Zealand since the beginning of the 20th century (Friesen, 2009), while New Zealand has been represented diplomatically in Asian countries since the 1950s (Kember, 2009). The convergence of what amounted to (though was never called) ‘export education’ policy in the 1950s with foreign policy of the same period primarily centred on the Colombo Plan, which, as detailed further in this paper, was essentially the education of (South and Southeast) Asia’s élite in Western countries, including New Zealand. But a number of shifts, ideological, strategic and pragmatic, saw these two policies diverge to the extent that by the 21st century they held less common ground.
Reducing emissions in New Zealand: after Copenhagen
Authors: O'Reilly Phil
Published: September 2018

The outcomes from Copenhagen were less definite than many hoped. The major disappointment was in not achieving an internationally agreed CO2 reduction target, and everything else flowed from that, including not much progress towards international emissions trading.
The Regulatory Responsibility Taskforce: a view from inside the room
Authors: Smith Tim
Published: September 2018

Together with another of my Chapman Tripp colleagues, Colin Fife, I provided support to the Regulatory Responsibility Taskforce and assisted in the preparation of the taskforce’s report. Graham Scott, the chair of the taskforce, proposed that I participate in this symposium. In this capacity, I obviously do not speak for the taskforce, which has itself disbanded.1 The report of the taskforce must speak for itself, without elaboration. Rather, I offer my perspective, as a person who was ‘in the room’ with the taskforce during its deliberations, on what I take as the major legal themes emerging from the taskforce’s report and the proposed bill.
The Regulatory Responsibility Bill: some issues in the debate
Authors: Scott Graham
Published: September 2018

The Institute of Policy Studies seminar held in response to the publication of the report of the Regulatory Responsibility Taskforce provided a useful forum in which to expose and debate issues raised by the report and its proposed Regulatory Responsibility Bill. I expect that it will be one of many such occasions over the coming months for those with an interest in the issues it raised to refine their understanding and their positions. I appreciate this opportunity to respond to some of the more significant issues that contributors to the seminar raised.
Regulating political contributions: another view from across the Tasman
Authors: Tham Joo-Cheong
Published: September 2018

This article compares the Australian and New Zealand electoral finance regimes, with a particular focus on political contributions. Three specific areas are examined: disclosure of contributions; limits on contributions; and regulating the sale of access and influence. This examination is underpinned by what I see as the key purposes of democratic political finance regimes (Tham, 2010, ch.1): protecting the integrity of representative government, an aim which encompasses the prevention of corruption; promoting fairness in politics, especially in elections; supporting parties to discharge their functions; respecting political freedoms, in particular freedom of political expression and freedom of political association.
The Future State Project: meeting the challenges of the 21st century
Authors: Gill Derek , Pride Stephanie , Gilbert Helen , Norman Richard , Mladenovic Alec
Published: September 2018

Powerful global forces will reshape the context for New Zealand over the next few decades. They include increasing international connectedness, geopolitical power shifts, rapid technological developments, demographic changes, climate change, growing resource scarcity and changing values. Some of these changes have been in train for several decades; others have come to the fore more recently. Together they are creating a world that is fast-paced, heterogeneous, complex and unpredictable. Within this context, New Zealand also faces some policy choices that are both unique and significant – for example, concerning the recently extended exclusive economic zone, and the completion of the Treaty of Waitangi claims settlement process.
Health, employment and recession: the impact of the global crisis on health inequities in New Zealand
Authors: Mills Clair
Published: September 2018

New Zealand entered a period of economic recession in early 2008, intensified by the global economic crisis of September 2008. Gross domestic product (GDP) fell consistently during 2008, and that year saw the economy’s worst performance in over a decade (The Treasury, 2010a). Real per capita GDP contracted through 2009 and, despite some market optimism in early 2010, economic indicators remain sluggish. Unemployment rates have risen and remain the highest seen since the last recession in 1997–98. The Treasury recently stated that ‘the current recovery is likely to remain muted relative to past recoveries’ (The Treasury, 2010b).
Planning new infrastructure: some issues
Authors: Grimes Arthur
Published: September 2018

Infrastructure investments are mostly long-lived, service multiple (current and future) users, and interact with other public infrastructures and private investments. Empirical examples cited in the companion article in this issue, ‘Infrastucture: new findings for New Zealand’, include long-lived road, rail and port investments, telecommunications networks (fibre), water infrastructure and local social amenities. Much of this infrastructure is provided by central or local government, but some is also provided by public (state-owned enterprises) and private commercial enterprises.
Infrastructure investment under uncertainty
Authors: Evans Lewis
Published: September 2018

Many volatile factors influence the performance of infrastructure and these yield a range of uncertainties when forward-looking investment decisions are being considered. This article is restricted to consideration of physical infrastructure, which has a wide spectrum of such factors. It includes physical events such as earthquakes that are beyond the influence of humankind, other events for each of which there is a very small probability of occurrence, and events that will almost certainly occur at some point within any reasonable period of time. It also includes economic events relating to uncommon financial episodes and common, but uncertain, volatility in demand and cost. Rare physical events have implications for investment in infrastructure that provides some mitigation of the effects of these events. In so doing, there is a trade-off between providing in advance for remotely likely but substantial events in specific, and usually costly, redundancy infrastructure, and having an economy with the resources to deal ex post with natural disasters. Obviously, some intermediate position will be socially desirable.
Mining and development lessons from the United States
Authors: Rudzitis Gundars
Published: September 2018

American history, and particularly that of the West where, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, mining for gold and silver flourished, and periodically continues to do so, is based on a frontier mentality. Indeed, we in the United States of America are still not far removed from that mentality, and have our roots in exploitation based on the idea, historically, of unlimited resources. We have created a variety of myths. Myths need not be bad, but ours have not served us well. We have started to learn slowly from our mistakes and to accept, in however belated a fashion, that we should avoid repeating them. Here I try briefly to sketch some of the outcomes from our history as it relates to mining, in the hope that New Zealand will not suffer some of the same consequences as mining communities and regions have in the US.
Mining in the New Zealand economy
Authors: Bertram Geoff
Published: September 2018

Like most productive activities, mining contributes to human welfare. Also like most economic activities, mining is best done where the relevant resources are relatively abundant and where economic costs (in the widest sense) are lowest. Mining will not increase economic welfare – on the contrary, it will often reduce it – if done in the wrong place, or in the wrong way, or without a proper legal and regulatory framework. Mining therefore presents industryspecific problems for regulators and policy makers, which cannot be finessed by overgeneralised rhetoric or glamorous photography. This paper reviews some of the key policy issues to be borne in mind in the ongoing debate over the expansion of mining activity in New Zealand’s conservation estate, and summarises the results of some recent statistical research on the economics of mining in New Zealand
Access to minerals
Authors: Bennion Tom
Published: September 2018

Controversy over access to minerals is not recent. For example, in 2011 the Supreme Court will hear the Paki v Attorney General case, involving Māori claims to continued interests in the bed of the Waikato River. In 1903, under the Coal Mines Amendment Act of that year, the beds of all ‘navigable’ rivers in New Zealand were taken because of a concern at the time about coal being mined under river  beds. That law remains in force under the Crown Minerals Act 1991 (CMA) (section 11(2)). The case arises because there has never been a clear understanding of what ‘navigable’ means.
Ethnicity and pathways to welfare dependence in a New Zealand birth cohort
Authors: Marie Dannette , Fergusson David M , Boden Joseph M
Published: September 2018

The provision of welfare has long been an issue that has attracted extensive debate.Familiar themes that perennially feature in this debate involve determining who is responsible for providing economic and social security to citizens; in what form and to what extent should provision be made available; what criteria and terms should be employed to determine welfare eligibility; and whether the provision of welfare helps or hinders an individual’s pursuit of purpose and independence (Allen and Scruggs, 2004). Although philosophies of welfare and the practical support provided vary across a range of advanced industrial societies, common to all is the attempt to find a mutually agreeable balance between recognising the responsibilities of the state and providing viable support to citizens (Bane and Elwood, 1994; Herd, 2005). An important issue to emerge, however, is the problem of welfare dependency and its long-term consequences to individuals, their families and, more broadly, to a nation’s social capital.
What do New Zealanders think about welfare?
Authors: Humpage Louise
Published: September 2018

‘Welfare’ is always a controversial topic, with considerable debate about the causes of need and thus who is responsible for ensuring well-being. In its final report the Welfare Working Group (WWG) (2011) acknowledges this, noting that structural factors, such as the recent recession, shape welfare outcomes alongside individual behaviours and problems within welfare institutions. However, the WWG was established specifically to examine ways to reduce longterm benefit dependency in New Zealand amongst people of working age. Its recommendations thus place a particular focus on the individual behaviours of the unemployed. The proposed introduction of Jobseeker Support, a new single work-focused welfare payment to replace all existing categories of benefit, suggests that the circumstances behind working-age benefit receipt are similar and that it is therefore appropriate to extend new reciprocal obligations to a wider range of benefit recipients.
Some policy issues for reforms of assistance to sole parents
Authors: Fletcher Michael
Published: September 2018

The National-led government is currently considering a number of major policy initiatives that potentially have significant implications for sole parents, especially sole parents on benefit. These include changes to welfare following the Welfare Working Group’s (WWG) final report (WWG, 2011), and possible amendments to child support (see Dunne, 2010) and to early childhood education and care (ECEC) arising from the recommendations of the Early Childhood Education Task Force (which at the time of writing had not reported).
A society that highly values lives and continually enhances our full participation
Authors: Stace Hillary , Sullivan Martin
Published: September 2018

Many in the disability sector hold suspicions and strong feelings about the work of the Welfare Working Group (WWG), and to understand these it is important to consider New Zealand’s current disability policy context and its history, and why language in the report such as the ‘fit notes’ (p.86) and ‘reassessment processes’ (p.70) causes alarm.
Public management in difficult economic times
Authors: Ryan Bill
Published: September 2018

Three recent speeches – by the Finance Minister to the Australia and New Zealand School of Government (English, 2010) and to the Institute of Public Administration New Zealand (English, 2011), and the statement to Parliament delivered by the prime minister in February (Key, 2011) – draw an explicit link between government expenditure and New Zealand’s economic performance in weathering the global economic difficulties and the effects of the Christchurch earthquakes. Government expenditure is said to be too high and, given present trends, unsustainable. Strategies for making savings have been outlined.
Broadening our understanding of Living Standards: Treasury’s new policy framework
Authors: Gleisner Ben , Llewellyn-Fowler Mary , McAlister Fiona
Published: September 2018

Treasury’s vision is to be a world-class Treasury working for higher living standards for New Zealanders. In performing its role as the government’s adviser on economic, fiscal and regulatory issues, Treasury has focused on how improved economic performance can enhance living standards.
Achieving a step change: the holy grail of outcomes-based management
Authors: Gill Derek , Hitchiner Susan
Published: September 2018

In 2011 public sector management is at a crossroads, without a clear way ahead. Politicians in New Zealand and comparable jurisdictions, such as Australia (Advisory Group on the Review of Australian Government Administration, 2010), are searching for new thinking on how to improve public sector performance. Some practitioners have responded by seeking to repackage long-standing ideas in an effort to extract improved performance from existing systems. In New Zealand, different governments have introduced marginal, piecemeal additions to the current system.
Does the reform of English local government contain lessons for New Zealand?
Authors: Reid Michael
Published: September 2018

In recent decades, despite differences of form and function, local government reform in England and New Zealand has exhibited very similar characteristics, with each system borrowing from the other: changes introduced in one country have usually been followed a few years later in the other. It is interesting, then, that at a time when both countries have centre-right governments, that trend now appears to have changed, and local government policy is  showing signs of major divergence. Where the New Zealand government appears to believe that only by greater ‘hands on’ involvement can the nation’s economic development be guaranteed, the British government has taken quite the opposite view, identifying the country’s high level of centralisation (second only to New Zealand’s in the OECD) as the problem, not the solution.
From competition to collaboration: challenges for New Zealand science
Authors: Penman David , Pearce Andrew , Morton Missy
Published: September 2018

Science has long been based on a model of individual and institutional competition. The reforms of the sector in the 1990s led to the formation of the crown research institutes (CRIs), which had responsibilities for specific economic or environmental sectors, independence and separate governance. The bulk of funding came via the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology, with often intense competition for resources. This was exacerbated by the openness of the investment processes to universities, research associations and other research providers. Over the past decade there were various attempts to encourage interdisciplinary and collaborative programmes, manage overbidding and establish alternative models, such as outcome-based investments, but there were still significant transaction costs in the competitive bidding processes.
Paid parental leave policy: a response to Maureen Baker
Authors: Callister Paul , Galtry Judith
Published: September 2018

In the August 2011 issue of Policy Quarterly, Maureen Baker sets out to outline ‘Key issues in parental leave policy’. One aim of the article was to examine ‘some of the continuing debates about paid parental leave’. However, we argue that the article fails to advance debates about paid parental leave in New Zealand, because: 1) it does not adequately engage with recent national and international literature; 2) it lacks new empirical evidence; 3) its theoretical basis is confused; and 4) no clear, new policy directions are promoted.
How to get closer together: impacts of income inequality and policy responses
Authors: Barber Paul
Published: September 2018

Professors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett in The Spirit Level (2010) have documented the relationship between income inequality and health and social dysfunction across 25 developed countries including New Zealand, and summarised their findings in their Index of Health and Social Problems (IHSP). The results of this work show that New Zealand is performing poorly in comparison to countries with lower levels of income inequality. Their research has prompted debate in New Zealand (see Policy Quarterly issues of May and August 2011), and an example of the influence of their work can be seen in the references and measures chosen for the Treasury’s Living Standards Framework released in May 2011.
Urban water services solutions: problems and options
Authors: Miller Keith
Published: September 2018

A number of bodies have advocated reform of urban water service delivery in recent times, including removal from local authority ownership and control. Water services are estimated to have a replacement cost of about $33 billion, with annual operating expenditures of $1.7 billion and annual capital expenditure of about $1.1 billion (SPM Consultants, 2009, pp.63-71). This article describes some of the reform proposals that have been made; considers what, if any, problems there may be with current arrangements for water services delivery; develops some criteria against which to assess reform options; and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of different reform options against those criteria.
Why do New Zealanders care about agricultural emissions?
Authors: McDonald Hugh , Kerr Suzi
Published: September 2018

Agricultural emissions account for more than 46.5% of New Zealand’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Ministry for the Environment, 2011) and 13.5% of global GHG emissions (IPCC, 2007c). Excluding agriculture from global mitigation commitments has been shown to increase the cost of containing warming to 2°C by as much as 15–50% (Reisinger and Stroombergen, 2012).1 Clearly, the question of what response will effectively address these emissions is critically important to New Zealand and the world. However, as the above quotations illustrate, current views on what shape that response should take are polarised. This polarisation may have been exacerbated by the government’s initial framing of the emissions trading scheme as a response to a specific international obligation under Kyoto, a motivation that seems less salient since the Durban conference. Designing agricultural emissions policy will require balancing these views, and the views of all other New Zealanders, whose aims for agricultural emissions policy may bring in further dimensions. Implicitly, this involves optimising a social welfare function that considers the aims and motivations of all New Zealanders. This article contributes to the agricultural emissions policy discussion by stepping back and considering these underlying motivations: why do individuals, communities, companies and government in New Zealand care about how agricultural emissions are addressed?
The road to Durban and beyond: the progress of international climate change negotiations
Authors: Macey Adrian
Published: September 2018

Following a familiar pattern of UN climate change negotiations, the 2011 Durban conference of the parties (COP17) was concluded by sleep-deprived delegates well after its scheduled end, after crises and last-minute drama. Just what it might mean for the future was not immediately obvious to observers. Early reactions ranged from seeing yet another failure by governments to grasp the seriousness and urgency of climate change – ‘a disaster for us all’ – to much more positive assessments. The executive secretary of the UNFCCC (the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), Christiana Figueres, described Durban as ‘without doubt … the most encompassing and furthest reaching conference in the history of the climate change negotiations’.
New Zealand's overseas pensions policy: enduring anomalies and inequities
Authors: Dale M Claire , St John Susan
Published: September 2018

As in most industrialised countries, demographic ageing in New Zealand is putting pressure on the public retirement pension scheme. The increasing mobility of citizens adds to the complexity of determining fair policies for pension eligibility and portability.
Better local government reform proposals: improving or diminishing local government?
Authors: Cheyne Christine
Published: September 2018

In March 2012 the then minister of local government, Nick Smith, announced a new, eight-point plan for reforming local government. The so-called Better Local Government proposals include: refocusing the purpose of local government;  introducing fiscal responsibility requirements; strengthening council governance provisions; streamlining council reorganisation procedures; establishing a local government efficiency taskforce; developing a framework for central/ local government regulatory roles; investigating the efficiency of local government infrastructure provision; and reviewing the use of development contributions. The government’s intention is to address the first four points in legislation to be introduced into Parliament in May 2012 and passed by September, to enable the Local Government Commission to consider council reorganisation proposals in time for the October 2013 local government elections. The remaining four points are intended to be encompassed in reform legislation in 2013.
Derim Sonrası UV-C ve Etanol Uygulamalarının Red Globe Üzüm Çeşidinin Kalitesi ile Muhafaza Süresi Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: BAL Erdinç , TORÇUK Ali İzzet , KÖK Demir
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışma, ‘Red Globe’ üzüm çeşidinin soğukta muhafazası üzerine farklı dozlarda UV-C ışın uygulamaları ve etanol buhar pedleri ile yapılan uygulamalarının tekli veya kombinasyonlarının etkilerinin, ticari olarak kullanılan SO2 jeneratörü ile karşılaştırılması amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, uygulamalar sonrasında salkımlar MAP torbalarda paketlenerek 0-1°C ve %90-95 oransal nemli soğuk hava deposunda 3 ay süre ile muhafaza altına alınmıştır. Depolama sırasında aylık olarak, suda çözünebilir kuru madde içeriği, titre edilebilir asit içeriği, toplam fenolik madde, toplam antosiyanin ve antioksidan kapasite miktarı, salkım iskeleti rengi, çürüklük gelişimi ile dış görünüş gibi fiziksel ve kimyasal parametrelerde meydana gelen değişmeler incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, depolama süresi arttıkça üzüm kalitesinde kayıplar meydana gelmiştir. Uygulamalara bağlı olarak değişmekle birlikte biyokimyasal bileşiklerde derim değerine göre muhafaza sonunda artış veya azalış şeklinde dalgalanmalar görülmüştür. Kontrol uygulamalarında depolama süresi sonunda görülen çürüklük gelişimleri önemli düzeyde artmış ve pazarlanamaz seviyeye ulaşmıştır. Bunun yanında, 90 günlük depolama periyodu sonunda üzüm kalite özelliklerinin korunumu açısından en başarılı uygulama SO2 uygulaması olmuş ve bunu UV-C 1 + Antimold 60 uygulaması izlemiştir.
Bazı Kiraz Anaçlarının Genetik Akrabalık İlişkilerinin RAPD Moleküler Markır Yöntemi İle Belirlenmesi
Authors: PINAR Hasan , YAMAN Mehmet , SARISU Hasan Cumhur , UZUN Aydın , YİĞİT Merve Arefe
Published: September 2018

Bu
çalışmada kiraza anaç olarak kullanılan ve/veya kullanılacak olan bazı genotiplerin
RAPD moleküler markır yöntemi kullanılarak genetik akrabalıklarının belirlenmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Yirmi farklı kiraz anacının (9 adeti kuş kirazı) genetik benzerliklerinin
belirlemesinde 16 farklı RAPD primerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, 16 primerden
92’si polimorfik olmak üzere 109 bant elde edilmiş ve ortalama polimorfizm
oranı %83.73 olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre kiraz anacı genotipleri arasındaki
genetik benzerlik 0.60-0.95 arasında değişmiş olup en
düşük benzerlik % 60 ile SL64 genotipi ile diğer tipler arasında, en yüksek
benzerlik oranı ise %95 ile Kuş Kirazı-3 ve Kuş Kirazı-4 genotiplerinden elde
edilmiştir. Elde edilen dendograma göre üç ana grup oluşmuş olup, birinci grup Kuş
Kirazı-2 (KK2), Kuş Kirazı-6 (KK6), Kuş Kirazı-7 (KK7) ve Kuş Kirazı-8 (KK8)
yer almıştır.  İkinci grupta Kuş Kirazı-3
(KK3), Kuş Kirazı-4 (KK4), Kuş Kirazı-5 (KK5), Kuş Kirazı-9 (KK9), Kuş
Kirazı-10 (KK10), İdris ve diğer yabancı anaçlar yer almıştır. Üçüncü grupta  sadece SL64 genotipi yer almıştır. Elde
edilen bulgular RAPD moleküler markır tekniğinin kiraz anaçları arasındaki
genetik ilişkilerin belirlenmesinde etkin bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini
göstermektedir.
Anahtarlamalı Relüktans Motor Tabanlı Medikal Santrifüj Sistemi
Authors: Üstkoyuncu Nurettin , EROĞUL Osman
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışmada,
anahtarlamalı relüktans motor (ARM) tabanlı bir medikal santrifüj sistemi
tasarlanmış ve prototip olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Medikal santrifüj
sistemlerinde genel olarak asenkron motorlar ya da kalıcı mıknatıslı motor
yapıları kullanılıyor olmasına karşın yapılan çalışmada diğer elektrik
motorları ile karşılaştırıldığında birçok avantaja sahip olan bir ARM, tahrik
motoru olarak tasarlanmış ve kullanılmıştır. ARM’nin istenilen şekilde
çalışmasını sağlayacak olan sürücü ünitesi ve diğer tüm mekanik aksamlar ilgili
çalışma esnasında tasarlanmış ve gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma, bilgilerimize
göre ARM’lerin medikal santrifüj sistemlerinde kullanılan ilk uygulaması olup özgün
bir niteliğe sahiptir ve birçok sistemde olduğu gibi medikal santrifüj
uygulamaları için de ARM’lerin diğer elektrik motorları ile kıyaslandığında çok
iyi bir alternatif olduğunu göstermektedir.
NiTi ŞBA Tozlarında B2-R-B19' Fazlarına Sıcaklık ve Deformasyonun Etkilerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: AKSÖZ Sinan , ALTINIŞIK Gülizar , ELVERİŞLİ Ekrem Emre , BOSTAN Bülent
Published: September 2018

Çalışmada,
önalaşımlı NiTi şekil bellekli alaşım (ŞBA) tozlarına oda sıcaklığında (25°C),
100°C’de ve 200°C’de, farklı deformasyon oranlarına (800MPa, 1300MPa, 1600MPa,
1800MPa, 2000MPa, 2500MPa) deformasyon uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada uygulanan
deformasyonun etkilerini tespit edebilmek için ise; DSC, XRD analizleri
yapılmış ve optik mikroskop görüntüleri incelenmiştir. 

Oda sıcaklığında
yapılan deformasyon neticesinde yapıda B2 ↔  R ve R ↔ B19' çift fazlı dönüşümü görülürken,
100°C’de ve 200°C’de yapılan deformasyonlar sonrası yapıda yalnızca B2 ↔
R dönüşümü görülmüştür. Numunelerin XRD analizleri incelendiğinde ise, ham
tozlarda görülen B2 (östenit) fazları deformasyon oranına bağlı
olarak pik şiddetleri düşmeye başlamış, en düşük B2 piki en yüksek
deformasyon oranında tespit edilmiştir. XRD pik şiddetindeki düşüşün nedeni ise
artan deformasyon oranına bağlı olarak, östenit pikinin şiddetinin azalmasına
ve martenzit pik şiddetlerinin ise oluşmaya başlaması olarak söylenebilir.
Transformatörlerin Ortalama Sargı Dirençlerinin Gerçek Zamanlı Ölçümü
Authors: GEZEGİN Cenk , DİRİK Hasan , ÖZDEMİR Muammer
Published: September 2018

Güç
sistemlerinin pahalı donanımlarından olan transformatörlerin izlenmesi son
yılların önemli konularından biridir. Transformatör izleme sistemleri
genellikle arızaların tespiti, transformatör ömrünün belirlenmesi, kayıpların
ölçümü ve sargı sıcaklıklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla kullanılır. İzlemede
kullanılan önemli parametrelerden biri transformatör sargı direncidir. Bu
yüzden, bu çalışmada yeni bir sargı direnci izleme yöntemi sunulmuştur. Yöntem
transformatörlerin eşdeğer devresi ve güç eşitlikleri kullanılarak geliştirilmiştir.
Hesaplamalarda transformatörlerin primer ve sekonder tarafı akım ve gerilim
değerleri kullanılmaktadır. Böylece transformatörlerin ortalama sargı
direncinin gerçek zamanlı izlenmesi sağlanmaktadır. Yöntem tek fazlı
transformatörlere uygulanabildiği gibi yıldız-yıldız ve üçgen-yıldız bağlı
transformatörler için de kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle yöntemin
matematiksel işlem adımları verilmiştir. Sonrasında Matlab ortamında yapılan
benzetim çalışmaları ve iki farklı transformatör üzerinde gerçekleştirilen
deneysel çalışmalar verilmiştir. Benzetimler ve deneysel çalışmalar yöntemin
geçerliliğini açık bir biçimde ortaya koymuştur.
Östemperlenmiş Küresel Grafitli Dökme Demirlerde İndüksiyonla Yüzey Sertleştirmenin Yorulma Sınırı Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Oktay Erkun , Kılıçlı Volkan , Erdoğan Mehmet
Published: September 2018

Bu çalışmada, östemperlenmiş küresel grafitli dökme
demirlerde indüksiyonla yüzey sertleştirmenin yorulma sınırı üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır.
Bu amaçla, GGG70 sınıfı küresel grafitli dökme demir numuneler; 900°C’de 90 dk
östenitlenmiş ve ardından 375°C sıcaklıktaki tuz banyosunda 120 dk
östemperlenmiştir. Daha sonra dökülmüş ve östemperlenmiş koşullardaki yorulma
numunelerine yüksek frekanslı indüksiyonla yüzey sertleştirme uygulanmıştır. Dökülmüş
halde, östemperlenmiş, dökülmüş halde + indüksiyonla sertleştirilmiş ve
östemperlenmiş+indüksiyon ile sertleştirilmiş numunelerin yorulma sınırları,
dönel eğmeli yorulma testi cihazı belirlenmiştir. Deneysel sonuçlar, test
edilen numuneler arasında en iyi yorulma sınırı sonuçlarını östemperlenmiş+yüzeyi
indüksiyonla sertleştirilmiş numunelerin sergilediğini göstermiştir.
Karbon Fiber Takviyeli Kompozit Malzemelerinin Frezelenmesinde Meydana Gelen Yüzey Pürüzlüğünün Değerlendirilmesi ve Matematiksel Modellenmesi
Authors: YAĞMUR Selçuk , KURT Abdullah , ŞEKER Ulvi
Published: September 2018

Karbon fiberler ile
takviye edilmiş kompozitlerin mukavemetlerinin ve rijitliklerinin cam lifleri
ile imal edilen kompozitlere oranla çok fazla olması, yoğunluğunun az olması ve
yorulma mukavemetlerinin fazla olması sebebi ile günümüzde kullanımları gittikçe
artmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu malzemelerin işlenmesi diğer malzemelere
oranla daha zordur. Bu çalışmada karbon fiber takviyeli kompozit malzemelerin
PCD takımlar işlenmesinde meydana gelen yüzey pürüzlülüğü araştırılmış ve
matematiksel bir model geliştirilmiştir. Deneylerde çalışmada kapsamında
tasarımı ve üretimi yapılan üç farklı geometride PCD parmak frezeler
kullanılmıştır. Deneyler CNC dik işleme merkezinde yapılmıştır. Kesme
parametreleri olarak 350, 400 ve 450m/dak kesme hız ve 1270 mm/dak sabit
ilerleme miktarı seçilmiştir. Artan kesme hızının yüzey pürüzlülüğünü olumlu
yönde etkilediği görülmüştür. Ayrıca regresyon analizi sonrasında elde edilen
ANOVA istatistiklerine göre yüzey pürüzlülüğünde etkili olan parametreler
tespit edilmiştir.
Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Kerusakan Laptop Menggunakan Metode Forward Chaining
Authors: Suminten Suminten , Rani Rani
Published: September 2018

Expert system is an aplication that can perform activities. This system can make a diagnosis like humans, foe example diagnosing hardware and software damage on laptops. This system is widely used in the field of science. This system contains the knowledge of the experts which transferred into the aplications. This system is mode to find a solution as an experts. Expert system can also provide  an explanation of steps taken, and provide advice or conclusions on the type or damage to the laptop. This system is developed with purpose  to help the users, from hadware and software damage. The case of damageneeden an expert in the settlement with her or his (expert) knowledge already  transferred into the application. This system using forward chaining search method. This reasoning is used to examine the factors that are incorperated by rules stored in system, so that it can be concluded from factors collected. The  software used to build that is dreamweaver, and  to process the database using apache. The evaluation  of system performance is using quesioner which elistributed to 100 respondents. The functionality criteria, a total is 861 and average is 86,1. The efficiency 843 and average is 84,1. The uasbility 824 and an average is 82,4 and then total portability is 810 with an average is 81,0.
Calibración de sensores para la determinación de potencia aplicada a la labranza vertical vibratoria
Authors: Guillén Sánchez Juan , Campos Magaña Santos Gabriel , Sánchez López Carlos , González Brambila Óscar Manuel
Published: September 2018

Un dispositivo fue desarrollado para evaluar los consumos de energía en la labranza vertical vibratoria del tipo inducida, para determinar el consumo de energía requerido para lograr la roturación del suelo. El equipo está conformado por un transductor octagonal de anillo extendido (OAE), una estructura de soporte, un mecanismo oscilatorio, un cincel roturador de suelo y un sistema hidráulico para el accionamiento. El presente trabajo considera, la calibración en laboratorio de los sensores del octagonal de anillo extendido que permite medir la fuerza horizontal y fuerza vertical durante la roturación del suelo, el sensor para medir la frecuencia del timón vibratorio y el sensor de torque que permite medir el par que se consume por el mecanismo oscilatorio para la ruptura del suelo. Los resultados de calibración del transductor (OAE) para la fuerza vertical, se tuvo una constante de calibración de 75.00 N mV-1 con una linealidad de 99.8%, para la fuerza horizontal una constante de 47.74 N mV-1 con una linealidad de 99.7% y para el transductor de torque una constante de 0.4538 Nm mV-1 con una linealidad de 98.8%, garantizando alta confiabilidad y precisión de las mediciones de fuerzas y torque.
Estudio de las estrategias para la gestión del clima en invernaderos de baja tecnología en climas cálidos
Authors: Flores Ortega Adrián , Gutiérrez Vaca César , Saldaña Robles Noé , Saldaña Robles Alberto , Saldaña Robles Adriana
Published: September 2018

En el presente trabajo se expone estudio del efecto que tiene el sombreo y la ventilación como estrategias para el manejo del microclima en invernaderos de baja tecnología en la región de Irapuato, Guanajuato. Mediante las mediciones de las variables climáticas de radiación solar global, temperatura y humedad del aire, se determinó la transmitancia de los invernaderos, las cuales fueron de = 0.56 para el invernadero sin encalar y = 0.26 y = 0.14 para el invernadero sombreado mediante encalado y mallas térmicas. Se determinó la tasa de renovación de aire y resultó que un intercambio de N= 59.4 h-1 es adecuado para la regulación de la temperatura. Se concluyó que el sombreo tiene poca influencia en cuanto al comportamiento de la temperatura y la humedad del aire en el interior, mientras que la ventilación cenital y lateral, es determinante para la regulación del microclima.