bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A sharp global estimate and an overdetermined problem for Monge-Ampère type equations
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed , Porru Giovanni
Published: February 2022

We consider Monge-Ampère type equations involving the gradient that are elliptic in the framework of convex functions. Through suitable symmetrization we find sharp estimates to solutions of such equations. An overdetermined problem related to our Monge-Ampère type operators is also considered and we show that such a problem may admit a solution only when the underlying domain is a ball.
Investigation of the mechanism of a solar flare by means of MHD simulations above the active region in real scale of time: The choice of parameters and the appearance of a flare situation
Authors: Podgorny Alexander Igorevich , Podgorny Igor Maximovich , Borisenko Alexei Vasilevich
Published: February 2022

The observed primordial energy release of solar flare in the corona is explained by the mechanism of S. I. Syrovatskii, according to which the flare energy is accumulated in the current sheet. The flare release of the current sheet energy causes the observed manifestations of the flare, which are explained by the electrodynamical model of a solar flare proposed by I. M. Podgorny. According to this model, hard X-ray beam radiation on the solar surface is explained by the acceleration of electrons in field aligned currents caused by the Hall electric field in the current sheet. The study of the flare mechanism is impossible without performing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations above a real active region (AR), in which the calculation begins several days before the appearance of flares. When setting the problem, no assumptions were made about the flare mechanism. An absolutely implicit finite-difference scheme, conservative with respect to the magnetic flux, has been developed, which is implemented in the PERESVET code. MHD simulation in the real scale of time can only be carried out, thanks to parallel computations using compute unified device architecture (CUDA) technology. Methods have been developed that made it possible to stabilize the numerical instability arising near the boundary of the region. Calculation above AR 10365 for low viscosities (

Rm
=
1

0

9

{\rm{Rm}}=1{0}^{9}

,

Re
=
1

0

7

{\rm{Re}}=1{0}^{7}

,

ν

Art Phoosphere

=

ν

Magn Art Phoosphere

=
1

0

−
4

{\nu }_{\text{Art Phoosphere}}={\nu }_{\text{Magn Art Phoosphere}}=1{0}^{-4}

) showed the appearance of a singular X-type line, in the vicinity of which a current sheet with accumulated magnetic energy for a flare can form. Also, by means of MHD simulation the appearance of singular lines above a real AR is shown, in which the magnetic field is a superposition of an X-type field and a diverging magnetic field. In such a superposition of configurations, even if the diverging field predominates, the formation of a current sheet is possible, which can explain the appearance of a flare of not very high power. The coincidence of the position of the source of the flare thermal X-ray radiation with the places of appearance of the current sheets confirms the mechanism of the solar flare, based on the accumulation of energy in the magnetic field of the current sheet.
Microorganism community composition analysis coupling with 15N tracer experiments reveals the nitrification rate and N2O emissions in low pH soils in Southern China
Authors: He Feifei , Yu Haohao , Liu Dandan , Li Zheng
Published: February 2022

Nitrification in agricultural soil is an important process for food production. In acidic soil, nitrification is however also considered to be a major source of N2O production. The nitrification rate largely depends on the community composition of ammonia-oxidizing organisms. To obtain a view of the nitrification rates and N2O emission situations in low pH soils in Southern China and understand their relations with the microbial community composition, here we conducted 15N tracer experiments and microorganism community composition analysis using four acidic agricultural soil samples collected in Southern China. A single dominant community (relative abundance >68%) of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea was observed in the soils with pH = 4.81–6.02. A low amount of

NO

3

–

{\text{NO}}_{3}^{\mbox{--}}

was produced from the nitrification in the strongly acidic soil (pH = 4.03), and the calculated nitrification rate in this soil was significantly lower than those of other soils with pH = 4.81–6.02. High N2O emissions but low 15N–N2O emissions were observed in the soil with pH = 4.03. Our results suggest that, under aerobic conditions, soil pH is an important factor affecting nitrification through modifying the microorganism composition.
On Montgomery’s pair correlation conjecture: A tale of three integrals
Authors: Carneiro Emanuel , Chandee Vorrapan , Chirre Andrés , Milinovich Micah B.
Published: February 2022

We study three integrals related to the celebrated pair correlation conjecture of H. L. Montgomery. The first is the integral of Montgomery’s function

F
⁢

(
α
,
T
)

{F(\alpha,T)}

in bounded intervals, the second is an integral introduced by Selberg related to estimating the variance of primes in short intervals, and the last is the second moment of the logarithmic derivative of the Riemann zeta-function near the critical line. The conjectured asymptotic for any of these three integrals is equivalent to Montgomery’s pair correlation conjecture. Assuming the Riemann hypothesis, we substantially improve the known upper and lower bounds for these integrals by introducing new connections to certain extremal problems in Fourier analysis. In an appendix, we study the intriguing problem of establishing the sharp form of an embedding between two Hilbert spaces of entire functions naturally connected to Montgomery’s pair correlation conjecture.
The meaning-making and semiotic value of Chinese words: a contextual perspective
Authors: Li Jiapan , Meng Kai
Published: February 2022

From the contextual perspective of functional linguistics, this paper emphasizes the role of two types of extra-word context – situational context and structural context – in the meaning-making process of Chinese words. We found that if a word is embedded with situational context, such as the X+lǐng (领) category, the meaning-making process of the word needs to force the word-forming components to be semantically transferred in the situational context. If a word is embedded with event context (i.e. special situational context), such as the X+mén (门) category, the meaning-making of the word needs to fill the semantics of the word-forming components in the context of the event. Words rely on structural context to construct meaning. If a word contains an explicit and marked structural context, such as yǒu (有)+N, then the meaning-making of the word is also explicit, and there is no need to assign structural meaning to any one of its components. If a word contains an explicit structural context, with entry-qualified schema, such as X+N

causee
, then the meaning-making of the word is also explicit. However, because of the relative vagueness of the grammatical and semantic nature of the components, the structural meaning tends to be transferred to a certain component, and the construction provides sufficient structural context for its new meaning-making. Based on the above analysis, this article constructs the meaning-making procedure of Chinese words and explores the semiotic values of context dependence, hierarchy, variability, and sociality that Chinese words show in the process of meaning-making.
Study of the reactivity of aminocyanopyrazoles and evaluation of the mitochondrial reductive function of some products
Authors: Bellili Soumaya , Coltman Nicholas J. , Hodges Nikolas J. , Allouche Fatma
Published: February 2022

This research investigated the general high-throughput synthetic protocol for the accelerated synthesis of functionalized trifluoromethylpyrazolopyrimidines
3
and N-(5-cyano-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) benzamide
4
from aminocyanopyrazole
1
precursors. The action of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) with aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines
2
was found to produce triazolopyrimidinones
5
. The MTT test that quantifies mitochondrial reductive function demonstrated that in both cell lines tested (PE/CA-PJ41 and HePG2 cells), the benzamide compounds
4
are moderately toxic with PE/CA-PJ41 cells and more sensitive than HePG2 cells.
On the Optimization of the Microstructure in Powder Metallurgical Ag–SnO2–In2O3 Contact Materials
Authors: Heringhaus Frank , Beuers Jörg , Braumann Peter , Kempf Bernd , Koffler Andreas , Susnik Ervin , Wolmer Roger
Published: February 2022

Since their introduction, contact materials based on Ag– SnO2 have been significantly improved with respect to their applicability and their performance. Only recently, however, have the manufacturers embarked upon optimizing the microstructure of these materials, e. g., determining the optimal particle size, improving homogeneity, or tailoring of the phase arrangement, rather than solely modifying the material’s composition. The intent of this paper is to describe a process for the production of composite powders for electric contacts, the versatility of which allows the modification of all three parameters: particle size, homogeneity, and phase arrangement. Results are presented on a new generation of Ag–SnO2–In2O3 contact materials that were manufactured with this process.
Methods for Characterising the Precipitation of Nanometer-Sized Secondary Hardening Carbides and Related Effects in Tool Steels
Authors: Ebner Reinhold , Leitner Harald , Caliskanoglu Devrim , Marsoner Stefan , Jeglitsch Franz
Published: February 2022

Nanometer-sized secondary hardening carbides are the most relevant microstructural constituents regarding the properties of tool steels. Due to their extreme fineness, direct inspection by microscopy is difficult and time consuming despite the progress recently achieved, e. g. by energy filtering transmission electron microscopy. Indirect methods are therefore additionally employed to obtain more detailed information on the processes taking place. Differential scanning calorimetry and in-situ hot hardness testing are demonstrated as powerful methods for the determination of kinetic data. In combination with results from a recently developed tensile specimen and test procedure for hard materials with low ductility, more detailed conclusions can be drawn on the effects of secondary hardening carbides on the strength and the thermal stability.
Novel in situ-Infiltrated Al2O3-Metal Composites
Authors: Claussen N. , Schneider G. A. , Travitzky N. A.
Published: February 2022

Al2O3–TiAl and Al2O3-containing refractory Ni- and Fealloy composites have been fabricated by reactive in situ infiltration of TiO2 and metal oxide/metal compacts loaded with large-sized (> 5 lm) Al particles. When the compacts were heated to ignition temperature (∼ 900 °C) under pressure, thermal explosion with temperatures > 2000 °C took place leading to fully dense composites. These were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Fracture strengths and toughnesses of 47 vol.% Al2O3–TiAl were 650 MPa and 6.4 MPapm, of 26 vol.% Al2O3-containing Fe-based alloys were 1100 MPa and 18 MPapm, and those of 12 vol.% Al2O3-containing Ni-base alloys were 1450 MPa and 23 MPapm, respectively.
Phase Relationships of the Gd-Zn System
Authors: Saccone A. , Cardinale A. M. , Delfino S. , Ferro R.
Published: February 2022

The Gd-Zn system has been studied by performing differential thermal analysis (DTA) in closed crucibles, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray examination (XRD). Eight intermetallic phases were found: GdZn, cubic, cP2-CsCl type, congruent melting at 1020 °C, GdZn2, orthorhombic, oI12-CeCu2 type, congruent melting at 1010 °C, GdZn3, orthorhombic, oP16-YZn3 type, peritectic decomposition at 905 °C, Gd3Zn11, orthorhombic, oI28-La3Al11 type, peritectic decomposition at 880 °C, Gd13Zn58, hexagonal, hP142-Gd13Zn58 type, melting point at 920 °C, Gd3Zn22, tetragonal, tI100-Pu3Zn22 type, peritectic decomposition at about 910 °C, Gd2Zn17, high temperature (H.T.) form, rhombohedral, hR57-Th2Zn17 type and low temperature (L.T.) form, hexagonal, hP38-Th2Ni17 type, congruent melting at 935 °C and GdZn12 tetragonal, tI26-ThMn12 type, peritectic decomposition at 660 °C. Five eutectic reactions occur at 780 °C and 27 at% Zn ((αGd) + GdZn), at 945 °C and 59 at% Zn (GdZn + GdZn2), at 875 °C and 77 at% Zn (GdZn3 + Gd3Zn11), at 885 °C and 84 at% Zn (Gd13Zn58 + Gd3Zn22) and finally at 400 °C and 99.5 at% Zn (GdZn12 + (Zn)). A catatectic equilibrium was found in the Gd-rich end. The results are discussed and compared with those for the other rare earthzinc (R-Zn) systems. A brief outline of the general alloying behaviour of the 12th group elements (Zn, Cd and Hg) with the rare earth metals is also presented.
Creep Behavior ofγ-TiAl-Based Alloys with Fully Lamellar Microstore
Authors: Chatterjee Anita , Clemens Helmut , Mecking Heinrich , Dehm Gerhard , Arzt Eduard
Published: February 2022

Recent investigations have demonstrated that the interface spacing in fully lamellar microstructures has a major influence on the creep behavior of γ-TiAl-based alloys. In this paper, the dependence of the creep properties on interface spacing in fully lamellar Ti-46.5 at.% Al-4 at.% (Cr, Nb,Ta, B) sheet material was studied. Creep tests were conducted over a temperature range of 700 to 800 °C and at stresses between 100 and 260 MPa. The results indicate that the primary creep strain as well as the minimum creep rate decrease with decreasing interface spacing. A model which considers the limitation of the free dislocation path by stored dislocations as well as by geometrical obstacles was applied to explain the role of the interface spacing on both the primary creep strain and secondary creep rate. The applicability of the model has been verified by comparing calculated creep curves with experimentally obtained ones.
Microstructure, magnetic properties and magnetic hardening in 2 : 17 Sm–Co magnets
Authors: Tang W. , Zhang Y. , Hadjipanayis G. C.
Published: February 2022

A comprehensive and systematic study has been made on Sm(Co, Fe, M, L)z magnets (M = Cu or Ni, and L = Zr or Ti) to completely understand the effects of composition and processing on the microstructure and magnetic properties of magnets. Ti-containing magnets do not have a lamellar phase but exhibit only a cellular microstructure, resulting in a much lower coercivity (below 10 kOe). Ni-containing magnets exhibit a perfect cellular/lamellar microstructure, but without a large domain wall energy gradient at the interface of the 2 : 17 and 1 : 5 phases, leading to a low coercivity. Only in the magnets containing both Cu and Zr, a uniform and stable cellular/lamellar microstructure with a high domain wall energy gradient across the 1 : 5 phase is formed, resulting in high coercivity. These results indicate that the conditions for effective magnetic hardening are: (1) Formation of a cellular/lamellar microstructure, and (2) establishment of a domain wall energy gradient at the cell boundaries. Based on all of these experimental results, the magnetization reversal mechanism of 2 : 17 Sm–Co magnets can be explained by both the domain wall pinning and nucleation models. The nucleation mechanism holds at any temperature in the Cu-rich magnets, and only above the Curie temperature of the 1 : 5 phase in the alloys with the lower Cu content. In these cases, the 2 : 17 cells become magnetically decoupled.
Micromagnetism and microstructure – tailoring of high-performance permanent magnets
Authors: Goll Damgar
Published: February 2022

The magnetic properties of hard magnetic materials are closely connected to their microstructure. The complexity of this correlation is demonstrated for the two most promising permanent magnet (pm) materials at present, namely nanocrystalline RE2Fe14B (RE = Nd,Pr) and nanostructured Sm2(Co, Cu, Fe, Zr)17. In both cases the detailed analysis of the microstructure – property interaction by means of different high-resolution electron microscopy techniques, hysteresis loop measurements and the theory of micromagnetism results in a quantitative interpretation of the occurring hardening mechanisms, enabling a quite specific tailoring of optimized magnetic properties up to elevated temperatures.
Thermal critical phenomena and crossover between critical regimes in ferromagnets with long-range interactions
Authors: Kaul S. N.
Published: February 2022

In this brief review, an attempt has been made to bring out clearly the role of long-range interactions (such as dipole – dipole interactions or isotropic exchange interactions decaying with interspin distance ‘r’ as J(r) ~ r
–(d+σ) (0 < σ < 2), where ‘d’ is the space dimensionality) (i) in determining the thermodynamic properties of ferromagnets (in which the electrons responsible for magnetism are either localized or itinerant) in the asymptotic critical region, (ii) in causing a crossover from one critical regime to the other, and (iii) in stabilizing long-range magnetic order in site-diluted and/or bond-diluted ferromagnets with composition just above the percolation threshold. In the process, a number of long-standing/puzzling issues concerning the nature of magnetic order, static critical phenomena and crossover scenario in a wide variety of ferromagnetic systems have been resolved.
Magneto-optical studies of flux pinning in high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Joss Ch. , Albrecht J.
Published: February 2022

Quantitative magneto-optical imaging of magnetic flux distributions has developed in a powerful tool for the analysis of the local transport properties of superconductors. It allows a model-independent determination of the current density distribution of thin films and, thus, the local current density through individual defects. Also, local metastable properties are detectable, such as the local electric field distribution E with a high sensitivity down to 10–12 V/m caused by thermally activated flux creep. Based on these tools, in this paper we present a systematic comparison of vortex pinning, vortex movement and current transfer of two kinds of planar defects which are typically present in high-temperature superconducting thin films: low-angle grain boundaries and antiphase boundaries. Special attention is drawn to the local magnetic field dependence of the critical current density and to the spatial distribution of E, giving insight into the collective behavior of vortices at planar defects.
Atomic transport in amorphous metals
Authors: Egami T.
Published: February 2022

A novel mechanism of atomic transport in amorphous metallic alloys, or metallic glasses, is proposed based upon the fluctuations in the local structure. The proposed mechanism is very different from those in crystalline solids and from the free volume model, and is characterized by the bond-exchange action triggered by the local topological instability of the atomic environment. The implications of this mechanism on the liquid fragility and bulk metallic glass formation are discussed.
The Verwey transition in magnetite as studied by means of definite impurity doping
Authors: Walzl F. , Brabers J. H. V. J. , Brabers V. A. M.
Published: February 2022

The effect of low-dose cation doping (0:005 < x < 0:08) of magnetite single crystals, Fe3–xMxO4 (M = Ni,Mg, Co, Al, Ti, Ga), has been studied by means of the magnetic after-effect (MAE) spectroscopy with respect to (i) the Verwey transition, (ii) the low-temperature (4 K < T < 125 K ≃ T
V) charge transport mechanisms and (iii) the zero-crossing of the crystal anisotropy. The observed low-temperature shifting of the transition (T
V) is in fair agreement with previous conductivity measurements. Variations of the MAE spectra clearly indicate the low-temperature tunnelling (4 K < T < 35 K) to be far more affected by smallest impurity doping than variable long-range hopping (50 K < T < 125 K) – this outstanding sensibility of the tunnelling processes against impurities or any other defects is also true when compared with the corresponding T
V shifting. All samples undergo a doping-induced temperature splitting, ΔT
VC, between the Verwey transition (spontaneous jump of the susceptibility at T
V) and the zero-crossing of the crystal anisotropy (giving rise to a delayed susceptibility maximum) – in contrast to perfectly stoichiometric Fe3O4 single crystals where both effects are coincident. This range of temperature-splitting ΔT
VC, found to be extremely large in the case of Co2+ doping, is characterized by destabilized magnetic domain structures due to locally disordered anisotropy distribution in the lattice.
Dilatometric study of the effect of soluble boron on the continuous and isothermal austenite decomposition in 0.15C–1.6Mn steel
Authors: Geissler J. , Mesplont C. , Vandeputte S. , De Cooman B. C.
Published: February 2022

The effect of soluble boron on the phase transformations during either cooling and/or isothermal holding has been studied by means of dilatometry. Significant differences in the transformation behaviour were found for all austenite phase transformation reactions. In particular, the morphologies of ferrite and bainite were strongly affected by B alloying. The kinetics was studied in detail for the austenite decomposition reactions. Soluble B was found to be very effective in suppressing the carbide formation. It was also found to interact with the Mn partitioning to the austenite. As a result, the presence of Mn-rich regions in the final microstructures decreased strongly the Ac1 temperature during reheating. Isothermal transformations in the 450–660 °C temperature range showed that the incubation times for ferrite and pearlite formations were increased. The soluble B was found to affect strongly the nucleation rate. The growth kinetics was slower due to a solute drag effect caused by the partitioning of Mn. The kinetics of bainite formation was not affected by the presence of soluble B. Upper bainite was found to be acicular ferrite in the CMnB steel as a result of the heterogeneous nucleation of ferrite on TiN precipitates.
Magnetoplasticity
Authors: Kostorz Gernot , Müllner Peter
Published: February 2022

Magnetocrystalline anisotropy and twinned microstructure are at the origin of the appreciable magnetic-field-induced strains found in some ferromagnetic thermoelastic martensites. The change of magnetization across the twinning plane leads to a force on the twinning dislocations when a magnetic field is applied. The sensitivity of this basic microscopic mechanism not only to crystallographic and magnetic properties of the material, but also to microstructural details, leads to a large variance in the macroscopically attainable magnetic-field-induced strains, while the maximum strain is fixed for any given martensite structure. The magnetic-field-induced deformation of Ni–Mn–Ga single crystals was studied in uniaxial (“static”) and rotating (“dynamic”) magnetic fields. The spatial and orientational distribution of martensite domains, twin thickness and mutual interactions between twinning dislocations all contribute to the macroscopic result.
Phase transformations in creep resistant MgYNdScMn alloy
Authors: Stulíková Ivana , Smola Bohumil , Pelcová Jitka , Vlach Martin , Mordike Barry L.
Published: February 2022

Mg-4 wt.% Y-2 wt.% Nd-1 wt.% Sc-1 wt.% Mn alloy was squeeze-cast. It benefited from the addition of Nd which decreased the solubility of Y in Mg, as is known from WE alloys. Isochronal annealing of the alloy showed relative resistivity changes similar to those obtained in other Mg–R.E. –Sc –Mn alloys (R.E. – rare-earth element). The resistivity decrease observed is due to the complex precipitation process, namely a combination of decomposition sequences in the Mg–Y–Nd, Mg–R.E. –Mn, and Mn–Sc systems. The increase in the resistivity on isochronal annealing up to temperatures over 500 °C is due to the re-solution of the phases in the first two systems. The Mn2Sc phase coarsens only during this annealing treatment. The creep resistance of the alloy at high temperatures is better than that of low Sc content Mg alloys with Yand Gd in the T5 condition and also than that of WE alloys in the T6 condition.
Vacancies in plastically deformed copper
Authors: Zehetbauer M. , Schafler E. , Ungár T.
Published: February 2022

In discussing hardening characteristics in terms of crystalline lattice defects, in most cases the properties and kinetics of dislocations and their arrangement have been considered. However, during plastic deformation also vacancies and/or vacancy-type defects are produced in very high densities which are typically close to those of vacancies in thermal equilibrium at the melting point. This paper presents measurements of deformation-induced vacancies in deformed copper which have been achieved by combined evaluation of resistometry, calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The density of vacancies during and after severe plastic deformation (SPD) deformation is found to be markedly higher than in cases of conventional deformation and/or coarse-grained material, which is attributed to the particular conditions of SPD, i. e., the enhanced hydrostatic pressure as well as the changes in the deformation path. The use of synchrotron radiation allows to apply the XPA method for in-situ deformation monitoring of intrinsic structural parameters. This also includes deformation-induced vacancies, evaluated by the diffuse background of Bragg peak profiles.
Determination of phases of complex scattering amplitudes and two-particle structure factors by investigating diffractograms of thin amorphous foils
Authors: Thesing A. , Kohl H.
Published: February 2022

In this study we analyse diffractograms of elastically filtered images of thin amorphous foils of carbon, silicon and germanium using the weak object approximation. The use of this approximation leads to a contrast transfer function containing a phase η(u) depending on the spatial frequency u. Furthermore, the derivative of this phase is included in the envelope function of the contrast transfer function. The phase can be attributed to the breakdown of the first-order Born approximation leading to complex scattering amplitudes characterized by this phase η(u).

We analyse contrast transfer characteristics to determine the phase of complex scattering amplitudes of carbon, silicon and germanium as a function of spatial frequency and to measure the two-particle structure factor of the corresponding amorphous specimens. The contrast transfer characteristics were calculated from diffractograms of focal series of elastically filtered images.

The phases measured show a decay with increasing spatial frequency and additional oscillations. The results for the two-particle structure factor also decay with increasing spatial frequency and contain low local maxima. Both can be attributed to voids or inhomogeneities within the amorphous structure.
Electron energy-loss spectrometry for metals:some thoughts beyond microanalysis
Authors: Schattschneider P. , Hébert C. , Stöger-Pollach M.
Published: February 2022

The established technique of electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) in the electron microscope has surpassed the task of chemical microanalysis. Some aspects of EELS, such as low energy losses for optical studies, have a long tradition and we see them re-emerge after a long period of oblivion. Other aspects such as coherence of inelastically scattered electrons are now much better understood and can be used to advantage. Many applications of EELS can and will profit from the enormous progress in instrumentation and computing capacity. In this paper we discuss some unconventional examples of EELS beyond chemical microanalysis.
Structural domains in antiferromagnetic LaFeO3 thin films
Authors: Seo Jin Won , Dieker Christel , Fompeyrine Jean , Siegwart Heinz , Locquet Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2022

We have grown epitaxial LaFeO3 thin films on different oxide substrates by molecular beam epitaxy and investigated them using transmission electron microscopy. The films reveal structural domains that strongly depend on the substrate material, substrate orientation, and the film thickness. On (001) perovskite substrates of SrTiO3 and LaAlO3, the long c-axis of the orthorhombic unit cell was found always to lie in-plane parallel to one of the <100> axes of the perovskite forming 90° rotational twins with the rotation axis parallel to the [110] axis of LaFeO3 and to the substrate normal. In contrast, MgO and MgAl2O4 substrates lead to the in-plane and the out-of-plane orientation of the c-axis and give rise to smaller domains. The results are discussed with respect to the correlation between the crystallographic and the antiferromagnetic structure of LaFeO3.
Mixed (Sr1 − x
Ca
x
)33Bi24Al48O141 fullerenoids: the defect structure analysed by (S)TEM techniques
Authors: Lebedev Oleg I. , Bals Sara , Tendeloo Gustaaf Van , Etienne Snoeck G. , Retoux Richard , Boudin Sophie , Hervieu Maryvonne
Published: February 2022

(Sr1−x
Ca
x
)33Bi24+δ
Al48O141+3δ/2 fullerenoid solid solutions have been synthesized and the effect of partial substitution of Sr by Ca has been characterized by (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, applying different imaging methods. Most of the defects commonly observed in face centered cubic compounds, have also been observed in (Sr1−x
Ca
x
)33Bi24+δ
Al48O141+3δ/2. Based on purely geometrical and topological models, structural presentations for the coherent twin boundaries and stacking faults have been constructed on the basis of complex spherical “Al84O210” units. The results are compared to defects observed in the crystallite fullerite C60.
Cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy at Mo/Si multilayer stacks
Authors: Höche Thomas
Published: February 2022

Using a Mo/Si multilayer stack, capabilities and limits of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with respect to thin film analysis are pointed out. Image processing is shown to provide non-subjective criteria for the determination of layer thicknesses. In comparison to measurements by X-ray reflectometry, an integrating method capable of determining multilayer periodicities, preparation and observation artefacts in transmission electron microscopy is discussed. Special emphasis is placed on cleavage as a powerful method for TEM sample preparation, its advantages and disadvantages.
Microstructure and properties of surface-treated Timetal 834
Authors: Moskalewicz Tomasz , Czyrska-Filemonowicz Aleksandra
Published: February 2022

Microstructure as well as micro-mechanical and tribological properties of hard surface layers formed on Timetal 834 alloy during its nitridation or oxynitridation under glow discharge were investigated. The tests show that both layers exhibited higher microhardness and Young’s modulus as well as much better wear resistance than the untreated alloy.

The microstructure investigations, performed by light microscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy methods, show that improved micro-mechanical and tribological properties of surface-treated alloy are related to the presence of a multiphase micro/nanostructure containing several sublayers with different morphologies and composition.
Opportunities and Challenges in Memory Activism: The Case of the Mittenwald Protest Campaign (2002–2009)
Authors: Mikulová Soňa
Published: February 2022

This article examines how memory activism can contribute to the democratizing of history through the example of a specific protest campaign in which activist historians among other groups and civil society actors attacked the dominant narrative of the “clean Wehrmacht” represented by a veteran association of Mountain Troops. It interrogates the Public History approaches of the activists and their impact on the local level of the Bavarian town of Mittenwald, where the protests took place between 2002 and 2009, in order to find out how participatory their construction of an alternative historical narrative actually was. Although memory activism has obvious benefits especially in dealing with painful pasts, the article also reveals its limits, as such benefits are contingent on the extent to which historian activists share their authority and the way they deal with public, as well as their own, emotions.
Clinical characteristics of polyglandular autoimmune syndromes in pediatric age: an observational study
Authors: Bouça Bruno , Nogueira Andreia , Caetano Joana , Cardoso Rita , Dinis Isabel , Mirante Alice
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PAS) are characterized by the association of two or more autoimmune diseases (AID) and are classified into four types. PAS type 1 is more frequently manifested in childhood, but the prevalence of other PAS in children, less described in the literature, seems to be underestimated.

Methods

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of PAS in a selected pediatric population of 879 children with Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and Addison’s disease (AD) followed in our hospital for 10 years and describe and classify the manifestations of different PAS.

Results

We diagnosed 35 children with PAS, most fulfilled criteria for PAS type 3 (65.7%), and AITD was the AID more frequently detected (74.3%). PAS type 1 was not diagnosed in our sample. Patients with PAS manifested DM1 and AITD at a younger age than children with monoglandular pathology (7.7 vs. 9.3 years, p=0.04 and 7.7 vs. 13.1 years, p<0.01).

Conclusions

This is the first study that analyzes the prevalence of different types of PAS in a pediatric population followed by endocrine pathologies, namely DM1, AD, and AITD. As PAS manifestations are often preceded by a long latency period characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, we reinforce the need to value these markers for timely diagnosis and to screen PAS in patients with AD throughout their lives.
Star complements for ±2 in signed graphs
Authors: Mulas Raffaella , Stanić Zoran
Published: February 2022

In this article, we investigate connected signed graphs which have a connected star complement for both

−
2

-2

and 2 (i.e. simultaneously for the two eigenvalues), where

−
2

-2

(resp. 2) is the least (largest) eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a signed graph under consideration. We determine all such star complements and their maximal extensions (again, relative to both eigenvalues). As an application, we provide a new proof of the result which identifies all signed graphs that have no eigenvalues other than

−
2

-2

and 2.
Training and Match Demands of Elite Rugby Union
Authors: Cousins Ben E.W. , Morris John G. , Sunderland Caroline , Bennett Anthony M. , Shahtahmassebi Golnaz , Cooper Simon B.
Published: February 2022

Cousins, BEW, Morris, JG, Sunderland, C, Bennett, AM, Shahtahmassebi, G, and Cooper, SB. Training and match demands of elite rugby union. J Strength Cond Res 37(1): 141–148, 2023—This study aimed to examine training and match demands associated with elite Rugby Union. Eighty-nine elite players were monitored using subjective (session ratings of perceived exertion) and objective (global positioning systems: distance and high-speed running [defined as >70% of individual maximum speed] distance) methods, alongside key performance indicator variables in matches (e.g., number of tackles made). These were compared between positions (forwards vs. backs) and league of competition (Premiership vs. Championship). Statistical significance was accepted as p < 0.05. Analysis revealed that backs covered greater distance (by 704 m, p < 0.001) in training and greater distance (by 7.6 m·min−1, p < 0.001) and high-speed running distance (by 1.22 m·min−1, p < 0.001) in matches, compared with forwards. In matches, the forwards experience greater key performance indicator demand (tackles: 78%; tackle assists: 207%; breakdown entries: 324%; contact events: 117%; all p < 0.001) compared with backs. The number of tackles (53%, p < 0.001) and tackles missed (35%, p = 0.001) were greater, whereas contact carries (12%, p = 0.010) and breakdown entries (10%, p = 0.024) were lower, in the Premiership compared with the Championship. Overall, these findings confirm that the running demands of Rugby Union are higher in backs, whereas contact actions are higher in forwards, with further differences between the Premiership and Championship. This comprehensive examination of the demands of elite Rugby Union could be used to ensure the specificity of training protocols for elite Rugby Union clubs, specific to both playing position (forward or back) and level of competition (Premiership or Championship).
An Optimization Algorithm of Overseas Surgical Warehouse Location of Cross-Border Medical Supply Chain Network Based on Parallel Big Data Mining
Authors: Ma Zhijun
Published: February 2022

Because the current algorithm fails to combine the actual needs of the demand area to build the market-value evaluation system, the user satisfaction and optimal probability decrease, and the minimum cost of the system increases. This paper proposes an optimization algorithm of overseas surgical warehouse location in the cross-border medical supply chain network based on parallel big data mining. Taking the overseas warehouse location problem of cross-border e-commerce enterprises as the research background, the paper establishes an overseas warehouse with parallel big data mining technology in the case of domestic supply points determined, so as to meet the demand of the overseas market for distribution services. According to the cross-border transportation cost, local transportation cost, and warehouse building operation cost, the total logistics cost of overseas warehouse mode is composed; the actual demand of overseas warehouse location is analyzed; and the market value is introduced into the decision-making of overseas warehouse location. Through the preliminary analysis of the factors affecting the market value, combined with the level analysis method, the market-value evaluation system of demand area is constructed, and the market value right of each demand area is calculated. By introducing the concept of time window, the customer satisfaction function is established based on whether the delivery time meets the customer's psychological expectation; by introducing market value and customer satisfaction, the multi-objective location model of customer satisfaction considering cost and market value is established. The improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to the multi-objective model to solve the multi-objective location problem with constraints, so as to obtain a higher market share and determine the best location. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve user satisfaction and optimal probability and reduce the lowest cost of the system.
Intelligent Visual Path Selection for Health Industry Robots Based on Data Mining
Authors: Liu Xiaorui
Published: February 2022

The robot intelligent visual path selection method is of great importance to improving the performance of industrial robots, including in the health industry. An optimization design method for robot visual path selection system is proposed. The application of this tool also can be in relation to the health industry for medical images. Based on data mining, the intelligent visual image is preprocessed by grayscale, histogram equalization, denoising, and so on. According to the different environments of image detection, an appropriate method is chosen to extract the edge of the image and calculate the regression of data mining. The coordinate system in the path recognition system is transformed, and the robot motion path model is established. Based on the analysis of the optimal path data, the visual path planning of the robot is realized. The experimental results show that the visual path selection method can realize the path planning of the robot efficiently and accurately. The same came be extended to preamble path planning for surgical procedures in order to assist doctors.
Vietnam in 2021
Authors: Schuler Paul
Published: February 2022

COVID-19 and the Party Congress dominated the headlines in Vietnam in 2021. This essay reviews the leadership changes after the Party Congress and the challenges the new leaders faced in confronting the Delta variant of COVID-19. It also considers other economic challenges that have simmered under the surface, such as its approach to securing infrastructure funding, particularly in the energy sector. It concludes by considering Vietnam’s international posture relating to the US and China.
Thailand in 2021
Authors: Selway Joel Sawat
Published: February 2022

In 2021, COVID-19 spread like wildfire throughout Thailand, with the government being routinely accused of mismanagement and facing two censures in parliament as a result. The military-aligned government also faced continuing protests against its rule. As the year progressed, the protests became more violent and spread to the peripheral regions of the country. Combined with the economic impact of the pandemic on the tourist sector, cracks are beginning to appear in the multi-party coalition. Support from the armed forces may also be waning, and there have been rumors of another coup. Nevertheless, imports and exports increased throughout 2021, and the opening of the country to 63 low-risk countries in November promises to ease the pressure on the government. The Thai parliament also approved a measure to reform the electoral system back to the one used in the 1997 constitution, under which the main opposition party, Pheu Thai, performed so well. Another election seems imminent, but it remains to be seen whether the electorate responds more to the intimidation, increasing support for the government’s largest party, the military-aligned Palang Pracharat—or to the student demands for constitutional reform, increasing support for opposition parties.
Cambodia in 2021
Authors: Morgenbesser Lee
Published: February 2022

In 2021, Cambodia confronted the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Amid a surge in case numbers and total deaths, the virus brought new and profound consequences for the Southeast Asian nation. A spate of decrees, laws, and provisions provided Hun Sen’s government ways to contain the outbreak, along with an opportunity to further stifle political dissent. The economic effects of the crisis were acutely felt in the crucial tourist industry and garment sector, both of which experienced severe contraction that will be long-lasting. Beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, Cambodia’s foreign affairs were dominated by its friendly relationship with China, poor reputation within the United States, and pending chairmanship of ASEAN.
Upaya Pembentukan Nilai Karakter Peduli Sosial dan Lingkungan melalui Pendidikan Kepramukaan di SMP Negeri 1 Cipari Kabupaten Cilacap
Authors: Handoko Satrio Awal , Tukidi Tukidi , Ginanjar Asep
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study were (1) Determine the application of the character values of social care through education scouting on students at SMPN 1 Cipari, (2) Determine the application of the character values environmental awareness through education scouting on students at SMPN 1 Cipari, (3) Knowing the factors driving and inhibiting the implementation of the character values social care through education scouting, (3) Knowing the factors driving and inhibiting the implementation of the character values matter educational environment through scouting. This type of research used in this research is the field or arena (field research) with descriptive qualitative model. . The results of the study explained that, (1) Values of social care character can be applied through scouting education. (2) Value character matter of an environmental can be applied through education scouting (3) There are many factors driving and inhibiting the implementation of the character values social care through education scouting, ( 4) There are many factors driving and inhibiting the implementation of eco-character values through education scouting.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengetahui penerapan nilai karakter peduli sosial melalui pendidikan kepramukaan pada siswa di SMPN 1 Cipari, (2) Mengetahui penerapan nilai karakter peduli lingkungan melalui pendidikan kepramukaan pada siswa di SMPN 1 Cipari, (3) Mengetahui faktor pendorong dan penghambat dalam penerapan nilai karakter peduli sosial melalui pendidikan kepramukaan, (4) Mengetahui faktor pendorong dan penghambat dalam penerapan nilai karakter peduli lingkungan melalui pendidikan kepramukaan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan atau kancah (field research) dengan model kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Nilai karakter peduli sosial dapat diterapkan melalui pendidikan kepramukaan, (2) Nilai karakter peduli lingkungn dapat diterapkan melalui pendidikan kepramukaan (3) Terdapat berbagai faktor pendorong dan penghambat dalam penerapan nilai karakter peduli sosial melalui pendidikan kepramukaan, (4) Terdapat berbagai faktor pendorong dan penghambat dalam penerapan nilai karakter peduli lingkungan melalui pendidikan kepramukaan.
IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL DI SMP N 30 SEMARANG
Authors: Lutfi Muhammad , Lestari Puji
Published: February 2022

SMP Negeri 30 Semarang merupakan sekolah yang menerapkan pendidikan multikultural, sehingga perlu dikaji lebih mendalam mengenai implementasi pendidikan multikultural dalam pembelajaran IPS. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: (1) Implementasi pendidikan multikultural dalam pembelajaran IPS di SMP Negeri 30 Semarang diawali dengan perencanaan pembelajaran. Pelaksanaan pembelajaran bersifat terbuka, demokratis, berpusat pada peserta didik yang menekankan pada kesetaraan dan keadilan peserta didik serta menghargai masing-masing individu. Evaluasi pembelajaran mengarah pada kognitif, efektif dan psikomotorik dengan menggunakan instrumen sendiri dalam menilai sikap multikultural. (2) Faktor pendukung dalam pelaksanaan pendidikan multikultural yaitu lingkungan dan iklim sekolah, materi dan metode pembelajaran, progam dan kegiatan sekolah, ekstrakurikuler (bakat dan minat), serta keasadaran peserta didik. Faktor penghambat dalam yaitu keterbatasan materi IPS tentang keragaman, keterbatasan media tentang keragaman, masih terdapat beberapa peserta didik yang mengejek temannya, minimnya papan-papan maupun tulisan tentang keragaman.

SMP Negeri 30 Semarang is a school that implements multicultural education, so it needs to be studied more deeply about at the implementation of multicultural education in social studies learning. This study used qualitative research methods. The results showed that: (1) The implementation of multicultural education in social studies learning at SMP Negeri 30 Semarang begins with lesson planning. The implementation of learning is open, democratic, student-centered which emphasizes the equality and fairness of students and respects each individual. Learning evaluation leads to cognitive, effective and psychomotor by using their own instruments in assessing multicultural attitudes. (2) Supporting factors in the implementation of multicultural education, namely the school environment and climate, learning materials and methods, school programs and activities, extracurricular activities (talents and interests), and the awareness of students. Inhibiting factors are the limitations of social studies material on diversity, media limitations on diversity, there are still some students who mock their friends, the lack of boards or writing about diversity