bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PSYCHIATRIC‐PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF XYY MALES FOUND IN A GENERAL MALE POPULATION
Authors: Zeuthen E. , Hansen M. , Christensen A.‐L. , Nielsen J.
Published: August 2007

The psychological test results of five XYY males found in a population study showed an intellectual level within the normal range but with a mean full scale IQ and educational level lower than expected. The cognitive as well as emotional function was characterized by immaturity, manifested in passivity, unreflectiveness and emotional lability, in three resulting in uncontrolled aggressive outbursts. Conflict material also appeared immaturely resolved, centering around unfulfilled needs of contact and insecure masculine identification. The defence mechanisms used were generally rather weak, but only in one subject did the anxiety level seem to be excessively low.

All five males differed to a certain extent from their siblings; three of them were hyperactive, restless, hot‐tempered and impulsive at school and four of them had difficulties at school. Three learned a trade, but only one stayed in his trade, and one was applying for disablement pension on account of personality deviation. Two of the five had a criminal record.

It is concluded that the presence and degree of the above‐mentioned characteristics of XYY males varied. It is evident that environmental factors play as great a role for the development of personality and behaviour in males with karyotype 47, XYY as in males with a normal chromosome constitution.
DEPRESSION: INFLUENCE ON TIME ESTIMATION AND TIME EXPERIENCE
Authors: Bech P.
Published: August 2007

Time studies are partly concerned with time estimation partly with time experience. In a study of depression both principles were applied. Depression did not influence time estimation, but, on the other hand, the patients did report a slowing down of time (change in time experience).

An item analysis of Beck's and Hamilton's rating scales showed that the disturbance in time experience accompanies items referring mainly to mood changes, only to a small extent to somatic symptoms, and not at all to changes in the psychomotor activity.
A PSYCHOSOMATIC APPROACH TO THE GLOBUS HYSTERICUS SYNDROME
Authors: Lehtinen V. , Puhakka H.
Published: August 2007

Twenty patients with lump in the throat as their main subjective symptom, were examined otorhinolaryngologically, radiographically, and psychiatrically with special attention to psychosomatic aspects. The control materials consisted of matched sample subjects of the total population, and of the total patient material treated at a general hospital.

A considerably greater number of psychic disturbances were found in globus patients than in the matching control material. The personality picture of the patients was markedly obsessive possibly suggesting a psychosomatic syndrome rather than a pure hysterical conversion syndrome, at least in part of the patients.

The globus patients could be divided into two groups, equal in size, according to the presence or absence of psychic disturbances. The group with manifest psychic disturbances had often experienced some significant life incident prior to the appearance of the globus syndrome; they also displayed few somatic findings, which, on the other hand, were abundant in psychically healthy patients.
HYSTERICAL NEUROSIS, CONVERSION TYPE: CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Stefánsson J. G. , Messina J. A. , Meyerowitz S.
Published: August 2007

This paper considers data on hysterical neurosis, conversion type from the Monroe County (New York) Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register, from the Psychiatric Case Register in Iceland, and from a psychiatric consultation service in a university teaching general hospital in Monroe County (New York) during the period 1960 to 1969. The rate of hysterical neurosis, conversion type in Monroe County during this period was 22 per 100,000 per year, whereas in Iceland it was 11 per 100,000 per year. It was highest for women, non‐whites and those of low social economic status. The rate of hysterical neurosis, conversion type and “probable” hysterical neurosis, conversion type combined among patients seen in psychiatric consultation was 4.5 %. The most often noted diagnostic criteria were inconsistency with somatic process and precipitation of symptoms by psychological stress. Most patients had more than one conversion symptom at the same time. Pain was the most common symptom. The majority of patients had an accompanying organic or functional illness.
EFFECT OF BRAIN INJURY ON SOCIAL ADAPTABILITY
Authors: Virkkunen M. , Nuutila A. , Huusko S.
Published: August 2007

The study tried to clarify social adaptability of persons with brain injuries by using a long‐term criminal development as a criterion. Randomly chosen 507 subjects whose open injury originated from the Second World War were followed up for about 30 years. The criminal acts committed by 29 (5.7%) of these subjects were so severe that they led to imprisonment. Criminality was not found in the subjects with fronto‐temporal injuries more often than in those with injuries to the other areas. Subjects with injuries to the dominant hemisphere appeared to have more criminality than subjects with injuries to the non‐dominant hemisphere. The criminal acts were often very accidental and had happened only after several decades following the head injury.
AN EVALUATION OF THE DOUBLE‐BLIND DESIGN IN A STUDY COMPARING LITHIUM CARBONATE WITH PLACEBO
Authors: Marini J. L. , Sheard M. H. , Bridges C. I. , Wagner E.
Published: August 2007

As part of a study of drug treatment of aggressive behavior to be reported separately, we have evaluated the double‐blind procedure in a recently completed comparison of the efficacy of lithium carbonate versus placebo in modifying aggressive behavior in nonpsychotic incarcerated delinquents. We conclude that the side effects of lithium carbonate are sufficient to reveal the medication to most subjects receiving it. Thus, while the study staff could not identify lithium‐receivers at better than chance levels, and while subjects who received placebo could not identify their medication at better than chance levels, subjects who received lithium could accurately identify it. On a weekly symptom check list there was no difference between lithium and placebo groups on average lithium target symptoms reported during 4‐week pre‐ and postmedication control periods; however, lithium‐receivers reported significantly more target symptoms every week medication was administered. Of 16 subjects who quit the study, 14 had received lithium and nearly all of those who gave reasons for quitting specified side effects, most often nausea. The methodological problems of using lithium in a double‐blind design might be overcome by employing a “discontinuation” design, or, speculatively, a double‐blind, cross‐over design utilizing an “active placebo”.
Investigation of the orthostatic reaction after intravenous administration of imipramine, chlorimipramine, and imipramine‐N‐oxide
Authors: Dencker S. J. , Bake B.
Published: August 2007

Three age‐ and sex‐matched groups of 10 patients were treated intravenously with imipramine, chlorimipramine, and imipramine‐N‐oxide, respectively, in increasing doses from 25 mg to 150–175 mg given as single daily infusions during 1 hour. No systemic changes of heart frequency and blood pressure were found during the infusions in spite of the high dosage of tricyclic antidepressants given in such a short period as 1 hour.

The patients were examined regarding orthostatic reactions as well as ECG changes before, after 4–5 infusions and after 8–10 infusions. There were more orthostatic abnormalities and ECG changes in the patients treated with imipramine than in those treated with imipramine‐N‐oxide and there were practically no changes in the chlorimipramine group. However, no statistically significant orthostatic changes were found.
Psychopathology, feelings of confinement and helplessness in the dental chair, and relationship to the dentist in patients with disproportionate dental anxiety (DDA)
Authors: Seeman K. , Molin C.
Published: August 2007

Nineteen individuals with inordinate fear of dental treatment are presented and discussed with respect to their psychopathology and those aspects of their fear involving feelings of confinement and helplessness in the dental chair, and a negative relationship with the dentist. This material is part of a comprehensive investigation previously reported by the authors into the components and factors contributing to this kind of fear, and the personality and emotional reactions of the individuals suffering from it. The data presented are based on single structured interviews of each patient.

Analysis of the patient population suggests division into four major categories: those in whom fear of dental treatment was associated with feelings of inferiority in bodily appearance or function (the largest category); those in whom the fear was associated with neurotic disturbance in which disturbance in body image is not apparent; those in whom the fear was a reflection of a schizophrenic or schizoid process; and those in whom no overt psychopathology was found. The patients in the first category were those who tended most to be afraid of dental treatment due to feelings of confinement or helplessness in the dental chair, or due to a negative relationship with the dentist.
What happened later to the lithium babies? A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF CHILDREN BORN WITHOUT MALFORMATIONS
Authors: Schou M.
Published: August 2007

The Lithium Baby Register was founded in 1968 to determine the frequency of abnormalities among children born to mothers who were given lithium during the first trimester of pregnancy. Previous studies have revealed an increased frequency of congenital malformations, possibly due to teratogenic action of lithium. The present report is a questionnaire follow‐up of the physical and mental development of lithium children who were not malformed at birth. Sixty lithium children were examined; their siblings, who had not been exposed to lithium during fetal life, served as a control group. The data obtained do not reveal any increased frequency of physical or mental anomalies among the lithium children.
Depression and daily temperature
Authors: Pflug B. , Erikson R. , Johnsson A.
Published: August 2007

In a long‐term observation of a manic‐depresive female patient, three depressive episodes and two intervals without complaints were studied. During this period, the oral temperature was measured every 3 h. The temperature values were compared with a self‐rating scale of the patient. The oral temperature showed a different pattern on the depressive days as compared with the interval days. The average temperature values were higher on depressive days. During the depression, changes were found in the daily temperature rhythm which resulted in a temperature maximum earlier in the day. The changes can be explained as indicating a desynchronization phenomenon of the circadian rhythms.
Mental health delivery‐systems and post‐treatment performance in Nigeria
Authors: Erinosho O. A.
Published: August 2007

A retrospective study was made, investigating the post‐treatment outcomes of patients in two apparently dissimilar psychiatric therapeutic centres in Nigeria: the Aro Mental Hospital, a custodial facility, and the Aro Community Village Program, a pilot experiment in community psychiatry. A matched sample of 208 treated patients and their next of kin was focussed upon. An organizational study of the milieux was also undertaken. No significant differences exist in the range of therapies which was administered to schizophrenic patients or in the rate of re‐admission in the two therapeutic milieux. A significantly greater percent of patients were treated for over 3 months on first admission in the community centre than in the hospital centre (P < 0.05)
THE INFLUENCE OF REDUNDANCY ON PATTERNS OF INFORMATION
Authors: Mellergård M.
Published: August 2007

A model of clinical decision according to Bayes's formula is described and the problem of redundant informations is evaluated. It is postulated that a definitory and a syndromatic redundancy are unavoidable, which is why it is necessary to develop a correction factor. A series of indicants is investigated in two populations, and it is shown that correction for redundancy results in far‐reaching changes in the patterns of information. The permissible syndrome is defined: a subset of informations containing the necessary and sufficient predictive capacity.

The methods described may be used for an evaluation of common syndromes and may enable comparisons of information patterns, related to identical or different criteria.
Treatment of endogenous depressions with Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) under oral administration
Authors: Schmidt J.
Published: August 2007

In a double‐blind study among six patients suffering from endogenous depression, three patients received Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) administered orally in doses of 20 mg three times a day for 3 weeks. In an open controlled study of three patients suffering from endogenous depression, two patients received oral TRH 20 mg four times a day for 2 weeks. Degree of depression according to Hamilton's Rating Scale measured during the study showed that TRH had no antidepressant effect. Thyroxine concentration in serum (T4) increased during the period of TRH treatment.
WAIS performances in antisocial personality (disorder)
Authors: Virkkunen M. , Luukkonen P.
Published: August 2007

In the present study, the WAIS performances of subjects with antisocial personality disorder were compared with the performances of controls who had other personality disorders and had usually only occasional criminality. It appeared that in all subtests the age‐scaled scores of the controls were higher than those of the subjects. Statistically significant differences emerged in subtests Information, Comprehension and Arithmetic of the Verbal Scale, and in the Picture Completion subtest of the Performance Scale, as well as in the Verbal, Performance and Total IQ. In the light of these results, one fundamental feature in antisocial personality could be the lack of general interest and intellectual curiosity, which is probably associated with a poor ability to “feel” (inadequacy of feelings of pleasure) in those predisposed to antisocial personality.
Season of birth of schizophrenics in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Shimura M. , Nakamura I. , Miura T.
Published: August 2007

The monthly distribution of births of 7,960 schizophrenic patients in Tokyo born during the period 1841–1950 was studied in comparison with that of a control population in Tokyo. A spring excess of schizophrenic births were found after 1901 as in previous studies in Western countries. Before 1900, however, there was no significant spring excess. The maximum excess of schizophrenic births occurred in May before 1900 and in April after 1901. The possibility of a shift in the seasonality of schizophrenic births was discussed.
A standardized psychiatric assessment scale for rating chronic psychotic patients
Authors: Krawiecka M. , Goldberg D. , Vaughan M.
Published: August 2007

Simple 5‐point scales are described together with the method used to study their reliability, the results of which are shown. The scales are short, easy to administer and sensitive to change, therefore particularly applicable where there is the need for screening chronic psychotic populations. Some uses for the scales are suggested.
Demographic aspects of functional psychoses in Canada
Authors: Bland R. C.
Published: August 2007

Canadian national data for functional psychoses (classified as schizophrenia, affective psychoses, paranoid states and reactive psychoses) are analyzed for age, sex, marital status, expectancy for first admissions and length of stay for discharges. Differences are found such that each psychosis can be distinguished from the others, thus providing indirect evidence supporting the use of the different diagnoses.

The demographic characteristics of reactive psychoses from North American data have not been previously described, and are found to be similar to Scandinavian descriptions.

Sex ratios for subgroup diagnoses show similarities between catatonic schizophrenics, manic (bipolar) affectives, and reactive psychoses. Schizoaffective psychoses resemble affectives more than schizophrenia, and paraphrenia is similar to affectives.

Total expectancies for functional psychosis (4.4 % for males, 5.5 % for females) are similar to Scandinavian figures, but the distribution by diagnosis differs, perhaps representing different diagnostic practices, but generally similar sex ratios and high rates in single persons are found.
Agranulocytosis in patients treated with clozapine
Authors: Amsler H. A. , Teerenhovi L. , Barth E. , Harjula K. , Vuopio P.
Published: August 2007

The occurrence of a sudden outbreak of agranulocytosis in Finland among patients being treated with clozapine led to intensive investigations in an attempt to find a local precipitating factor. Granulocytopenia after clozapine was found to have the same characteristics as that reported after phenothiazines. No local factor, either genetic or environmental, was found which could have been responsible for the increased frequency of occurrence in Finland. The need to be aware of the risk and to take appropriate precautionary measures (e.g. weekly leucocyte counts in the first months) is emphasized.
Loxapine versus haloperidol parenterally in acute psychosis with agitation
Authors: Fruensgaard K. , Korsgaard S. , Jørgensen H. , Jensen K.
Published: August 2007

A comparison of loxapine and haloperidol parenterally in acute psychotic, agitated patients was carried out as a randomized double‐blind trial. The trial covered 15 patients in each group, and the diagnoses were psychogenic psychosis (18 cases) and acute schizophrenia (12 cases). The patients received 25–50 mg loxapine or 2.5–5 mg haloperidol combined with biperiden 2.5–5 mg every 6–12 hours over a 72‐hour period. The average daily dose was 130 mg loxapine or 12 mg haloperidol.

Sedation, agitation/excitement and aggressive behavior were scored prior to treatment and at specified time intervals after the first two injections. As far as sedation is concerned a significantly stronger effect and a more rapid onset of action were seen in the loxapine group when compared with the haloperidol group. The differences were most accentuated in cases of acute schizophrenia. Furthermore there was a tendency to a better control of agitation/excitement and aggression in the loxapine group. Scores on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression scale showed no significant differences between the two groups.

In spite of prophylactic treatment with biperiden, seven of 15 patients in the haloperidol group experienced extrapyramidal side effects. The most frequent side effect in the loxapine group was atypical dizziness.

Loxapine i.m. appears to be a valuable drug in cases of acute psychosis where strong sedation as well as strong antipsychotic effect are necessary for behavioral control.
The early life of Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy
Authors: Demerdash A. M.
Published: August 2007

Sixty‐eight Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy were compared with 54 non‐psychiatric patients. The patients showed a greater preponderance of negative feelings towards their fathers and the opposite towards their mothers. Parental loss and disharmony were not significant contributory factors. More control subjects slept alone between the ages of 7 and 12 years. More patients slept with their brothers and sisters during the same interval. The rank distribution showed that the eldest first males figured prominently among the patients.

The sexually inadequate patients showed a higher incidence of neurotic symptoms during childhood. A positive family history of mental illness did not differentiate patients from control subjects. The relevance of these findings in relation to cultural factors is discussed.
Effect of chlorpromazine treatment on monoamine metabolite levels in cerebrospinal fluid of psychotic patients
Authors: Wode‐Helgodt B. , Fyrö B. , Gullberg B. , Sedvall G.
Published: August 2007

Levels of HVA, MOPEG and 5‐HIAA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from psychotic men and women with a schizophrenic symptomatology were measured by mass fragmentography. Measurements were made before, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ) which was given randomly in doses of 200, 400 or 600 mg per day.

Before treatment there were positive correlations between the levels of HVA and 5‐HIAA in both sexes. During CPZ treatment HVA was significantly elevated, whereas MOPEG and 5‐HIAA were reduced. There was a tendency towards tolerance to CPZs effect on HVA during treatment but a significant effect persisted after 4 weeks. No indication of tolerance to the effects on MOPEG or 5‐HIAA was found. There were the same tendencies for the elevations of the HVA/MOPEG and HVN5‐HIAA ratios. The changes in HVA, MOPEG, 5‐HIAA, HVA/MOPEG and HVA/5‐HIAA were related to dose of CPZ in men but not in women.

The bidirectional change of the different metabolites in CSF during CPZ treatment excludes a general and non‐specific mechanism for the metabolite changes. The HVA elevations is in accordance with previous results in animals and man, and is pesumably related to blockade of central dopamine receptors. Possible mechanisms for the effects on MOPEG and 5‐HIAA are discussed.
Pneumoencephalographic and clinical findings of the XYY syndrome
Authors: Hakola H. P. A. , Iivanainen M.
Published: August 2007

In order to approach the hitherto unknown brain involvement in the XYY syndrome five adult patients with this syndrome were studied clinically and pneumoencephalographically. Clinical manifestations included delayed difficulties of speech and learning, clumsiness, mild intention tremor, muscular hypotonia, convulsions, hyperactivity, distractibility, impulsiveness, weak mental control, psychosexual disturbances and a slight defect of intelligence. All five had committed crimes. Pneumoencephalograms showed general ventricular enlargement of mild or moderate degree. The enlargement of lateral ventricles was unilateral or asymmetrically bilateral. The suprapineal recess of the third ventricle was uniformly enlarged. Small cerebellum and enlarged fourth ventricle were the abnormal findings in the posterior fossa. No cortical abnormalities were found.

The clinical and pneumoencephalographic findings suggest a slight non‐progressive developmental disorder of the brain resembling the so‐called minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. The XYY syndrome appears to be one cause of the male preponderance in minimal brain dysfunction syndrome and criminal psychopathy.
The pharmacokinetic profile of oxazepam
Authors: ALVÁN G. , ODAR‐CEDERLOF I.
Published: August 2007

Oxazepam has the shortest half life of the benzodiazepines and does not form any active metabolites. Its pharmacokinetic properties in healthy volunteers, uremic patients and dogs are reviewed. In normal man half lives between 6 and 25 hours are obtained. The drug is completely absorbed and steady state concentrations develop after multiple doses. In uremic patients the terminal half life of oxazepam in plasma was prolonged to 24–91 hours. However the clearance of oxazepam was not significantly decreased in this patient group and similar doses as in normal subjects are recommended. There was a marked retention of the water soluble oxazepam conjugate in the uremic patients but no pharmacological effect could be detected. In the uremic patients, as in dogs, secondary plasma concentration peaks were seen after single doses. In uremic patients, fecal excretion of oxazepam was increased. In the dog one third of a single intravenous dose was recovered in the bile. Thus enterohepatic cycling may occur in the dog and in uremic patients.
Pharmacokinetics of oxazepam given during labour*
Authors: TOMSON G. , LUNELL N. ‐O. , SUNDWALL A. , RANE A.
Published: August 2007

The transfer across the placenta and the maternal and neonatal kinetics of oxazepam and its conjugate was studied in 12 patients and their newborns.

Oxazepam was readily absorbed and peak plasma concentrations were similar to those in healthy non‐pregnant volunteers. When meperidine was given within one hour of the dose of oxazepam the absorption was delayed but the bioavailability did not decrease.

In the newborns the umbilical vein plasma concentration of oxazepam usually exceeded that of the conjugate. The reverse was true for all subsequent plasma samples from the newborn. The half‐life of oxazepam in the newborn averaged 22 hours as compared to 6.5 hours in the mothers. A significant rise of the plasma concentration of oxazepam conjugate was noted in three newborns during the first 6–10 hours of extrauterine life. This shows that the newborn is able to conjugate oxazepam. The Apgar score values were normal.
The episodic nature of anxiety and its treatment with oxazepam
Authors: IMLAH N. W.
Published: August 2007

The presentation of anxiety in clinical practice is examined, and it is concluded that many patients, perhaps a majority, experience fluctuating levels of anxiety. It is therefore suggested that therapy should be intermittent, according to this waxing and waning of symptoms. Most benzodiazepines are long‐acting, and are therefore unsuitable for this type of therapy, but oxazepam, which is short‐acting and has no active metabolites, is ideal for this purpose. It is proposed that such a regimen would minimize the problems of over‐sedation, psychological habituation, and a reluctance, due to a permanently tranquillized state, to deal with the root causes of the anxiety.
Analysis of mood change during and following sleep deprivation therapy
Authors: Bhanji S. , Roy G. A. , Baulieu C.
Published: August 2007

Recent work suggest that depriving endogenous depressives of sleep for 1 night may be followed by an alleviation of their illness. In order to facilitate further study of the mechanisms underlying this effect, hourly self‐rated measurements of mood were obtained throughout the sleepless night and the time of onset of any response noted. Of the patients who improved, some did so during the day following sleep deprivation; in others the response did not occur untill after the next night's sleep. The two groups of responders differed in terms of self‐reported emotional arousal during the course of the sleepless night. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to further studies of sleep deprivation therapy.
Addition of L‐tryptophan to electroconvulsive treatment in endogenous depression
Authors: Kirkegaard C. , Mosller S. E. , Bjosrum N.
Published: August 2007

The combination of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and i.v. Ltryptophan (T) was compared with ECT and saline in a doubleblind study comprising 20 patients with endogenous depression. No significant difference was found with regard to the number of ECT given nor in the rate of reduction of depressive symptoms. Except for a slight decrease of plasma total tryptophan in the placebo group, no difference were found in plasma total and free tryptophan nor in the concentration of total tryptophan in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Communication in the family of the asthmatic child
Authors: Wikran R. , Faleide A. , Blakar R. M.
Published: August 2007

The literature is reviewed in order to see what support, direct or indirect, was to be found for adopting a communication perspective in gaining insight into childhood asthma.

A study is presented on the communication (pattern and efficiency) of parents having an asthmatic child in a standardized communication situation in which a communication conflict is induced. Parents of children with severe chronic heart disease were used as control couples. As expected, the parents having asthmatic children proved to be a heterogeneous group with respect to communication efficiency. Two‐thirds of the couples showed a communication as efficient as that of the control couples, whereas one third demonstrated an extremely inefficient communication in that they failed totally to cope with the experimentally induced communication conflict.
Accident and its correlates in a psychiatric hospital
Authors: Abbott A.
Published: August 2007

The literature on accidental and violent minor injuries in hospitals is reviewed. From it hypotheses about the causes and correlates of such accidents are derived. These theories are tested on a 2‐year sample of accidents in a 2,400‐patient mental hospital, using standard multivariate statistical procedures, Age, psychiatric disability, and sex prove to be corelates of rates of injury. Social disorganization is shown to be the intervening variable in the common theory that crowding leads to violent injury.
The Marke‐Nyman Temperament Scale| EVALUATION OF TRANSFERABILITY USING THE RASCH ITEM ANALYSIS
Authors: Bech P. , Allerup P. , Rosenberg R.
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to test the transferability of the Marke‐Nyman Temperament Scale (MNTS) using the Rasch item analysis. The results showed that the three Sjöbring personality dimensions Validity, Stability, and Solidity measured by the MNTS were without transferability. However, the item analysis demonstrated a subscale for each of the three Sjöbring dimensions having adequate transferability, i.e. the subscales continued to test the same dimension in different groups of patients. These subscales still cover much of the range of the original descriptions by Sjöbring.
Three years' maintenance neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia – before and beyond
Authors: Dencker S. J. , Frankenberg K. , Lepp M. , Lindberg D. , Malm U.
Published: August 2007

A group of patients with schizophrenia, initially 67 patients, was studied over a period of 3 years. After three years 36 out of 67 patients were still on the same depot neuroleptic. The main aim was to describe and compare maintenance neuroleptic therapy using two depot neuroleptics, fluphenazine decanoate and pipotiazine palmitate, given monthly.

Before the outpatient care the patients had participated in the department's comprehensive hospital treatment including depot neuroleptic medication. After a 1‐year clinical trial with frequent assessments of the patients, significant symptom reductions were found on all rating scales. During the last 2 years of the study only drug therapy was given. Improvement concerning social function in the community and work level as well as the low‐rated psychopathology noted at the start of study also persisted at the 3‐year follow‐up. The side effects were low in frequency and quality.

These results show the clinical value of long‐term maintenance treatment with depot neuroleptics. The results also confirm that the favourable effects of the hospital treatment demonstrated before the start of the clinical trial could be maintained. The possibilities of further improving aftercare and outpatient treatment beyond medication alone are discussed.
Motivation for corss‐dressing in heterosexual transvestism
Authors: Buhrich N.
Published: August 2007

The literature concerning the motivation for corss‐dressing in heterosexual transvestism is briefly reviewed. Thirty‐three members of a club estiblished for hetersexual transvestities were interviewed. The sensations they derived fro cross‐dressing and the importance of compulsive and nacissistic aspects in their transvestite behaviour were assessed and compared with those reported by 24 transsexual subjects.

While cross‐dressed, transvesitite and transsexula subjects frequently reorted feeling relaxed, comfortable and relieved of masculine demands. Transvestite subjects showed significantly more compulsive and nacrissistic aspects in their transvestite behaviour than transsexula subjects. Fetishistic pleasure was infrequently given as a motivation for cross‐dressing.
Non‐regressive schizophrenia
Authors: Nyman G. E. , Nyman A. K. , Nylander B. I.
Published: August 2007

Two series of first adissions ‐ mental hospital patients from the years 1964–67 ‐ have been followed up after 5–8 year with regard to social prognosis, and (in male index cases) heredity. One group was, according to case records of the first stay, diagnosed as surfering from classical, regressive schizophrenia (n= 56), with all seemingly atypical cases excluded. A second group (n= 54) had exhibited the picture of non‐regressive (pseudoneurotic) schizophrenia.

A detailed account of the syptomatology of non‐regressive schizophrenia is presented, with special emphasis laid on the phenomenon of paraoxysmal or enduring, increased perceptual intensity, or dishabituation of various modalities of subjective experience, incluiding audition, smell, exprience of cutaneous pressure, motor feedback, vision, and stream of thought. No signs of objecttive motor disturbance or of regressive congnitive functioning (dominance of primary process, predicative and autistic thinking, condensation) and other schizopohrenic signs among those given by Kraepelin, Bleuler, and Schenider were present during the first stay in these states.

Comparisons between the two groups have similar distribution as to age at first admission, sex, and social functioning at follow‐up. Marriage rate for each sex and fertility were similarly low. The age‐corrected incidence of regressive schizophrenia among first degree relatives of the male non‐regressive index cases (n= 32) was 1.6% (parents) and 8.3% (sibs), all secondary cases of mental disease (n= 6) having fallen ill before the adission of the respective index cases. No first degree relatives of the regressive schizophrenic index cases had been treated for mental illness. Therefore, possible sources of threshold and diagnostic bias are discussed. Relatives of an extended group (n= 87) of regressive schizophrenia during the same sampling period showed the risk figures 1.8% (parents) and 50% (sibs).

The similarity of age and sex distributions, and of social prognosis in classical schizophrenic cases as compared with non‐regressive ones from a parallel series, as well as the hereditary pattern of the non‐regressive males are taken as indicants of a nosological identity between the two diagnostic groups, in spite of thier differing clinical pictures during their initial hospital stays.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine content of the whole blood in psychiatric illness and alcoholism
Authors: Banki C. M.
Published: August 2007

5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5HT, serotonin) content of the whole blood has been measured in hospitalized groups of manic, depressed, schizophrenic and alcoholic patients; values were compared to non‐psychotic controls. Only depressives had significantly different values. Alcoholics occupied an intermediate position between depressives and controls. Schizophrenics had virtually the same average level. Manic patients showed a very weak tendency toward higher values. Neuroleptic drugs in mania did not alter the blood 5HT levels, but in depression tricyclic antidepressants caused an elevation after 3 weeks of treatment. These post‐treatment levels no longer differed significantly from those of non‐psychotic controls.
Mortality in the long‐stay population of all Dutch mental hospitals
Authors: Giel R. , Dijk S. , Weerden‐Dijkstra J. R. van
Published: August 2007

A study of 1,506 deaths reported over a period of 2 years to the National Psychiatric Case Register of the Netherlands, on the total cohort of 17,211 long‐stay patients counted on prevalence day (31 December 1969), showed very much higher death‐rates than in the general population. Malignancy and cardiac disease were not so common, while respiratory disease was still common in inpatients.
Auto‐multilation in animals and its relevance to self‐injury in man
Authors: Jones I. H. , Barraclough B. M.
Published: August 2007

Self‐mutilation in non‐human mammals is a well‐established, although not a widely known phenomenon, which has been reported under zoo and laboratory conditions. In macaque monkeys, laboratory rearing and isolation are important predisposing factors, and the more serious self‐injury is initiated by some immediate stimulating event. It is commonly accompanied by behaviour normally shown by the animal in a flghting context. Lower mammals are also known to mutilate themselves under laboratory conditions after administration of drugs which probably cause increased sympathetic activity. The implications of this behaviour for an understanding of states of self‐injury in man are discussed.
Life events and primary affective illness
Authors: Patrick V. , Dunner D. L. , Fieve R. R.
Published: August 2007

Life events at the onset of primary affective illness were assessed in 183 patients with primary affective disorder who were attending a research lithium clinic. About 50% of patients recalled significant life events in the 3‐month interval preceding their initial affective episode. Family history data of those patients who reported life events were not significantly different from those who did not report life events at onset. Furthermore, there were no significant differences among patients classified as bipolar or unipolar regarding reporting of life events at onset of illness. These data suggest that the delineation of a subgroup of patients with “reactive” primary affective illness is not supported by a decreased familial load for affective disorder in their relatives.
Clinical effects and drug concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in psychotic patients treated with fixed doses of chlorpromazine
Authors: Wode‐Helgodt B. , Borg S. , Fyrö B. , Sedvall G.
Published: August 2007

The clinical effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) administered in accordance with a double‐blind design in one of three doses (200, 400 or 600 mg) were examined in 44 psychotic patients. The relationships between the effects and the CPZ concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed. The antipsychotic and side effects were rated according to the CPRS and the Simpson and Angus scale. CPZ concentrations were measured by a mass fragmentographic method. Treatment with CPZ resulted in a significant reduction of morbidity scores, without any clear dose relation. The final outcome was more favourable in women than in men. Extrapyramidal side effects but not somnolence were positively dose related.

The antipsychotic effects tended to be positively related to the dose of CPZ in mg/kg as well as the CPZ concentrations in plasma and CSF. The greatest number of significant correlations between the CPZ concentration in CSF and the morbidity scores were seen after 2 weeks of treatment. The results indicated marked clinical improvement with CPZ concentrations above 1 ng/ml in CSF and 40 ng/ml in plasma. After 4 weeks of treatment the correlations between the CPZ concentrations and the clinical improvement were still positive but the coefficients were lower than at 2 weeks and only occasionally significant. Extrapyramidal symptoms were significantly related to the CPZ concentrations in plasma and CSF. Somnolence was significantly related to the CPZ concentrations in CSF.
Depression or asthenia related to metabolic disturbances in obese patients after intestinal bypass surgery
Authors: Bech P. , Hey H.
Published: August 2007

This study was an attempt to compare psychological and biological variables in 43 obese patients after intestinal bypass surgery. The difficulties in expressing the psychological variables quantitatively are discussed on the basis of the concept of transferability. By use of an expanded version of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Marke‐Nyman Temperament Scale we could demonstrate that items concerning asthenia (self‐dislike, irritability, work retardation, insomnia, fatigability, somatic preoccupation about aches and pains, loss of libido, headache, vertigo, palpitations, dryness of the mouth, thirst or increased liquid intake) had, when summed up, a score distribution indicating bimodality. The asthenic group of patients (n= 19) when compared with the non‐asthenic patients (n= 24) showed metabolic deficiencies related to the vitamin D complex with no response to oral vitamin D3administration measured by plasma levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3. The lack of response was associated with low calcium excretion in the urine, higher plasma alkaline phosphatase, and a tendency to higher blood levels of parathyroid hormone.
Comparison of sulpiride and chlorpromazine in psychoses
Authors: Bratfos O. , Haug J. O.
Published: August 2007

In a material of 71 patients admitted because of acute or chronic psychoses, 32 were treated with sulpiride (up to 1,800 mg per day) and 39 with chlorpromazine (up to 675 mg). Duration of treatment was from 4 to 8 weeks. The effect of the two preparations was very similar as were the type and frequency of side effects, except that sulpiride did not cause sunrash.
Intra‐ and interhemispheric EEG differences quantified by spectral analysis
Authors: Etevenon P. , Pidoux B. , Rioux P. , Peron‐Magnan P. , Verdeaux G. , Deniker P.
Published: August 2007

In this work we have studied comparatively the relationships between alpha intensity, alpha frequency, root‐mean‐square amplitude and their standard deviations, versus the location of the four recorded EEG channels: left and right rolando‐parietal, left and right parieto‐occipital. Twenty‐four spectral parameters were computed for each 5‐min EEG recording, in the eyes closed situation.

The hebephrenic group (36 EEGs from six patients) presented higher values of alpha intensity and RMS amplitudes with low coefficient of variation when compared with the other groups. The left/right rolando‐parietal amplitude ratio was 0.73 versus 1.52 for the parieto‐occipital ratio. An amplitude hypovariability in the central regions, probably associated with hyperarousal, especially in the left hemisphere, can then be observed in hebephrenics, together with high alpha intensity on the left parieto‐occipital area. In contrast, the paranoid group (16 EEGs from five patients) was low in alpha intensity and amplitude, with greater variability of the alpha frequency, especially on the left parieto‐occipital area. The two groups of schizophrenics differ from the control group (27 EEGs from 12 subjects) in terms of spectral parameters, the hebephrenic group presenting a possible interhemispheric dysfunction.
Affective disorders and ABO blood types
Authors: Rinieris P. M. , Stefanis C. N. , Lykouras E. P. , Varsou E. K.
Published: August 2007

Results of the present study provide evidence of: 1) a positive association between bipolar affective disorder and blood type O and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood type A, 2) a positive association between unipolar affective disorder and blood type O, and 3) a positive association between involutional depression and blood type A and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood types B and O.

Sex does not appear to modify the ABO blood types' distribution in patients with bipolar, unipolar affective disorder, or involutional depression, and the same holds for early‐ or late‐onset of the illness in patients with bipolar or unipolar affective disorder.

Findings in the present study do not support the validity of the bipolar‐unipolar distinction of affective disorders, and provide evidence in favour of the view that involutional depression is a genetically distinct nosological entity.
Symptom reduction in depression after treatment with L‐tryptophan or imipramine
Authors: Lindberg D. , Ahlfors U. G. , Dencker S. J. , Fruensgaard K. , Hanstén S. , Jensen K. , Ose E. , Pihkanen T. A.
Published: August 2007

Thirty‐eight in‐patients with endogenous‐ and 20 in‐patients with non‐endogenous depression, took part in a multi‐Centre 3‐week double‐blind trial where patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either 6 g L‐tryptophan or 150 mg imipramine daily. Item analysis of Hamilton ratings, before the investigation and weekly during the trial period demonstrated few statistically different mean scores on individual items between the two treatment groups. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 0.1 % level was found in the item Agitation in favour of imipramine‐treated, and in the item Work and Activities in favour of L‐tryptophan‐treated endogenously depressed patients. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 5 % level was found in the item Suicide in favour of imipramine‐treated non‐endogenously depressed patients.

The present study has shown that, after 3 weeks' treatment, imi‐pramine and L‐tryptophan has decreased the mean score on individual items of HRS in about the same degree.
Psychobiology of mental disorders associated with childbearing: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Steiner M.
Published: August 2007

The diagnostic issues, classification, incidence, genetic factors, and theories of etiology of psychiatric illness associated with childbirth are reviewed. Psychologic influences, psychosocial factors and the concept of biologic maladaptation associated with prospective motherhood are discussed.

Postpartum mental distress is not a unitary phenomenon. The physiology of the puerperium is thus not a cause in itself of any of the symptoms, but rather must be regarded as a contributing or triggering factor acting upon an underlying predisposition.

Clinical research of postpartum psychiatric syndromes (PPS) and animal behavior studies are inconclusive.

It is suggested that major neuroendocrine research strategies currently used in studying affective disorders and schizophrenia should be applied in studying PPS.
A follow‐up study of 29 borderline psychotic children 5 to 20 years after discharge
Authors: Wergeland H.
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐nine children who during 1956 through 1970 were hospitalized for borderline psychosis were followed up in 1975. Twelve of them had received inpatient psychiatric treatment for 1–3 years. Seventeen were sent home for local, nonspecific help. At follow‐up 67% of the treated group were no longer considered psychotic, compared with 70% of the untreated group. The two groups differ somewhat in a series of parameters, the treated group showing more severe psychopathological symptoms. The differences do not reach significant levels. No useful prognostic criteria were obtained from the study. The prognosis seems to be much better than for other types of psychosis in children.
Prescribing patterns in psychiatric hospitals in Israel
Authors: Yosselson‐Superstine S. , Sternik D. , Liebenzon D.
Published: August 2007

A survey conducted by pharmacists working in four psychiatric hospitals in Israel to assess the prescribing of psychotropic drugs revealed that polypharmacy was common: patients were receiving up to 11 different drugs and up to six different psychotropic drugs. The average number of psychotropic drugs per patient was two. The most popular combinations of drugs used were; one containing an antipsychotic drug(s) and an antiparkinson drug(s) and the other was a combination of more than one antipsychotic agent. Up to 30 doses per day were taken orally by one patient. Drugs that could have easily been administered on a once‐a‐day time schedule were often administered several times a day. Differences in prescribing patterns in the various hospitals and often times on different wards of the same institution could more easily be attributed to different educational backgrounds, habits and personal beliefs and perhaps the physician's experience as well, rather than to the types of patients treated.
Comparison of Vivalan (viloxazine hydrochloride) with imipramine in the treatment of depression
Authors: Santonastaso P. , Maistrello I. , Battistin L.
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐eight hospitalized patients with depressive illness entered a double‐blind trial to compare viloxazine hydrochloride (VivalanrG) with imipramine. Both drugs produced a statistically significant improvement in the depressive symptoms as early as the 7th day, measured by the HRS. A side effects check‐list showed no significant difference between Vivalan and imipramine. A lack of anticholinergic effects was noted in the Vivalan group although upper gastro‐intestinal side effects were more frequent. Two patients in the Vivalan group withdrew due to gastric symptoms.