bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influência de diferentes intensidades de desrama sobre a porcentagem de lenho tardio e quantidade de nós da madeira de primeiro desbaste de Pinus elliottii Engelman.
Authors: Schilling Ana Cristina , Schneider Paulo Renato , Haselein Clóvis Roberto , Finger César Augusto Guimarães
Published: May 2017

Nesse trabalho buscou-se avaliar a influência de diferentes intensidades de desrama sobre fatores de qualidade da madeira, como a porcentagem de lenho tardio e a quantidade de nós na madeira de primeiro desbaste de Pinus elliottii Engelman. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de um experimento em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições, instalado em povoamento com 10 anos de idade, onde foram avaliados 5 tratamentos: T1 - sem desrama; T2 - desrama seca; T3 - desrama de 40% da altura total; T4 - desrama de 50% da altura total; e T5 - desrama de 60% da altura total. Em cada unidade experimental foram amostradas 3 árvores, das quais foram retiradas as duas primeiras toras e dois discos, a aproximadamente 0,10 e 2,5 m de altura. A partir das toras foram feitos corpos de prova com dimensão nominal de 0,04 x 0,08 x 2,5 m, utilizados na avaliação da quantidade de nós. A medição da porcentagem de lenho tardio foi feita sobre os discos. Na análise dos dados não foi encontrada regressão linear ou quadrática significativa, ao nível de 5% de significância, para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Da mesma forma, não se encontrou diferenças significativas entre as médias dos tratamentos.
Produção de Eucalyptus grandis Hhill ex Maiden em diferentes intensidades de desbaste.
Authors: Schneider Paulo Renato , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Hoppe Juarez Martins , Drescher Ronaldo , Scheeren Luciano W. , Mainardi Gerson Luis , Fleig Frederico Dimas
Published: May 2017

O efeito de diferentes intensidades de desbaste sobre a produção Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden implantado no ano de 1981, em espaçamento inicial  de 3,0 x 2,0 metros, na região de Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, foi estudado com delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições e quatro tratamentos: testemunha, sem desbastes, manutenção de 40%, 50% e 60% da área basal da testemunha, constando-se diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A produção máxima (756,3 m3cc/ha) foi obtida na testemunha, sem desbaste, que não diferiu estatísticamente de 639,6 m3cc/ha, obtido no tratamento com manutenção de 60% da área basal da testemunha, porém diferiu dos tratamentos com manutenção de 50% e 40% da área basal da testemunha. A redução da área basal incrementou a concentração das freqüências nas maiores classes de diâmetro, deslocando a distribuição para a direita, porém com perdas expressivas de produção total e acréscimo significativo no diâmetro. A manutenção de 60% da área basal da testemunha permitiu as menores perdas de produção, cerca de 15,4%, e um ganho de 6,4cm ou 23,9% em  incremento  diamétrico  das  árvores  remanescentes quando comparado com a testemunha, sem desbaste.
Branqueamento ECF e TCF de celulose de fibras secundárias.
Authors: Ventorim Gustavo , Colodette Jorge L. , Costa Marcelo M. da , Brito Ana Campos de
Published: May 2017

secundárias destintadas provenientes de uma mistura de composição conhecida de lixo de escritório (MOW) e produzidas em planta piloto. A polpa foi branqueada a um nível mínimo de alvura de 78% ISO, sendo que o requerimento de reagentes e as principais propriedades da polpa foram avaliadas. Dentre as seqüência ECF, a mais atrativa foi a DEDD que apresentou o mais baixo custo e ainda eliminou toda a fluorescência e grande parte da coordenada de cor b* da polpa. As seqüências ECF resultaram em polpas de alta viscosidade em relação às convencionais. A seqüência TCF com ozônio mais atrativa foi a Q(PO)(ZQ)(PO) que se mostrou flexível quanto ao teto de alvura, além de reduzir significativamente a coordenada de cor b* e ligeiramente a fluorescência da polpa. A melhor seqüência TCF sem-ozônio Q(PO)Q(PO) apresentou-se pouco flexível quanto ao teto de alvura e teve pouco efeito na fluorescência e coordenada de cor b* da polpa. As viscosidades finais das polpas, branqueadas pelos processos TCF, foram aceitáveis. Os resultados de rendimento, para os  processos avaliados nesse estudo, foram afetados negativamente por estágios alcalinos, como O, P e (PO), em alta temperatura.
Análise dendroecológica de Ocotea pulchella Ness et Mart. ex. Nees (Canela lageana) na Serra Geral de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
Authors: Spatelf Peter , Fleig Frederico Dimas , Vaccaro Sandro , Esber Luciana Martins
Published: May 2017

Foram estudadas as relações entre variáveis climáticas e o incremento em diâmetro do tronco de cinco árvores de Ocotea pulchella localizadas às margens de uma barragem no município de Itaára, RS. Os dados de crescimento, em diâmetro, foram obtidos mediante análise de tronco, utilizando-se seções transversais retiradas na altura de 1,3 m (DAP), sendo os incrementos radiais determinados por meio da média de quatro raios, diametralmente, opostos. As seqüências médias dos incrementos foram estandartizadas para salientar a variação a curto prazo. Os dados climáticos são oriundos da estação meteorológica do município de Santa Maria, RS. Foram calculadas grandezas climáticas compostas, como a evapotranspiração e o balanço hídrico, para melhor descrever as condições hídricas de crescimento das árvores. Foram determinados anéis de crescimento característicos e sensitividades das seqüências de crescimento. Possíveis mudanças no estado de competição das árvores e seu efeito no crescimento foram estudados. Além disso, foram relacionados o incremento radial e as variáveis climáticas selecionadas por intermédio de análise de correlação. Não foi possível identificar nenhuma variável climática que, coerentemente, tenha influenciado no incremento durante o período observado. Os resultados mostram que o excesso de água influencia no crescimento diamétrico das árvores.
Efeitos dos estresses hidrico e salino e da ação de giberelina em sementes de Senna spectabilis.
Authors: Jeller Helma , Andrade Perez Sonia Cristina Juliano Gualtierres de
Published: May 2017

Senna spectabilis (DC.) Irwin et Barn. variedade excelsa (Schrad.) Irwin et Barn. é uma leguminosa de porte arbóreo indicada para paisagismo, arborização urbana e plantios em áreas degradadas recomendadas para preservação permanente. Na arborização ou em áreas degradadas essas plantas ficam sujeitas ao estresse hídrico e/ou salino. Assim foram estudados aspectos relativos aos efeitos desses estresses simulados e a ação de fitorregulador em sementes sob tais estresses. As sementes foram colocadas em placas de Petri sobre papel de filtro umedecido com Captan (2%) ou solução-teste e incubadas sob 27ºC. As soluções-teste foram PEG 6000 a 0,0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,6; -0,7 e     -0,8MPa  e  NaCl  a  0,0;  -0,2;   -0,4;   -0,6;  -0,8;  -1,0; -1,2;  -1,4; -1,5;  -1,6  e -1,7MPa com ou sem a adição de GA3. As sementes de Senna spectabilis sob estresse hídrico induzido com PEG 6000 apresentaram limite máximo de germinabilidade a -0,7MPa, não sendo considerado um limite elevado de tolerância, em comparação com outras espécies lenhosas. Com relação ao efeito do estresse salino, a diminuição do potencial osmótico das soluções de NaCl levou a um decréscimo no sincronismo, na velocidade e germinabilidade, com germinação totalmente suprimida a -1,6MPa. A adição de 40ppm de ácido giberélico atenuou parcialmente os efeitos dos estresses hídrico e salino.
Becoming Mountain
Authors: Buchanan Ian
Published: May 2017

Like the concept of the assemblage, the body without organs is much written about, but unlike the assemblage there are no specific schools of thought associated with the body without organs, much less any agreed definitions. As such, it tends to be used in a very vague manner, with most accounts of it ignoring its practical dimension and instead focusing on its aesthetic (Artaud) and philosophical (Spinoza) origins. However, Deleuze quite explicitly positions the assemblage as a contribution to an understanding of behaviour, so the purely philosophical accounts of the body without organs that give no account of how it can be used analytically are not helpful in my view. I demonstrate that the practical conception of the body without organs is an effective way of understanding the concept. I use the example of George Mallory’s attempt to climb Everest to illustrate this point. I argue that if we focus only on the symbolic attainment of being the first person to climb the world’s tallest mountain and consign the actual act of climbing to the realm of mere entry price, then we effectively destroy the assemblage by rendering it teleological. Now, one might think that this means one should balance the equation by focusing on the bodily dimension of the climb, and certainly that is the direction we need to take, but to do that we need to conceive of a space where that physical dimension can be registered in something other than purely biological terms. If, as Spinoza and after him Deleuze have argued, we do not know what a body can do, it is because we do not have the conceptual means of capturing and expressing its capabilities. We can record its achievements, but we cannot map its capabilities because the body seems always to be capable of doing more than anyone thought possible. Until 1953 when Hillary and Norgay reached the peak of Everest climbing Everest was generally regarded as impossible. A view that was reinforced by the dozen or so failed attempts, not to mention the many deaths occasioned by those attempts, that preceded Hillary and Norgay’ success. This is why Mallory’s insouciance in 1923 was so captivating. His answer ‘because it’s there’ shrugged off the one thing that was standing in the way of the conquest of the peak, the conviction that it was impossible. It also explains why his answer passed into history.
Diagnoses of Depression and Anxiety Versus Current Symptoms and Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Marrie Ruth Ann , Patten Scott B. , Berrigan Lindsay I. , Tremlett Helen , Wolfson Christina , Warren Sharon , Leung Stella , Fiest Kirsten M. , McKay Kyla A. , Fisk John D. ,   on behalf of the CIHR Team in the Epidemiology and Impact of Comorbidity on Multiple Sclerosis (ECoMS)
Published: May 2017

Background:

Studies assessing the prevalence of depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis (MS) have used various ascertainment methods that capture different constructs. The relationships between these methods are incompletely understood. Psychiatric comorbidity is associated with lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in MS, but the effects of past diagnoses of depression and anxiety on HRQOL are largely unknown. We compared the prevalence of depression and anxiety in persons with MS using administrative data, self-reported physician diagnoses, and symptom-based measures and compared characteristics of persons classified as depressed or anxious by each method. We evaluated whether HRQOL was most affected by previous diagnoses of depression or anxiety or by current symptoms.

Methods:

We linked clinical and administrative data for 859 participants with MS. HRQOL was measured by the Health Utilities Index Mark 3. We classified participants as depressed or anxious using administrative data, self-reported physician diagnoses, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Multivariable linear regression examined whether diagnosed depression or anxiety affected HRQOL after accounting for current symptoms.

Results:

Lifetime prevalence estimates for depression were approximately 30% regardless of methods used, but 35.8% with current depressive symptoms were not captured by either administrative data or self-reported diagnoses. Prevalence estimates of anxiety ranged from 11% to 19%, but 65.6% with current anxiety were not captured by either administrative data or self-reported diagnoses. Previous diagnoses did not decrease HRQOL after accounting for current symptoms.

Conclusions:

Depression and, to a greater extent, anxiety remain underdiagnosed and undertreated in MS; both substantially contribute to reduced HRQOL in MS.
Hearing the Irrational
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: May 2017

Though Greek mathematics would have considered the notion of “irrational numbers” to be inherently contradictory, in the sixteenth century this concept found advocates on musical grounds well before it appeared in the theory of equations. Michael Stifel, the leading German mathematician of the century, first used the term “irrational numbers” in the context of his discussion of music, but then drew back from the infinity of digits implicit in this concept. Girolamo Cardano, the famous physician and mathematician, brought this concept forward in his musical writings and later used it in his treatment of algebra. Nicola Vicentino’s interest in reviving ancient Greek quarter-tones in enharmonic music led him to advocate “irrational proportions.” Each of their involvements with practical music and composition related closely to their mathematical views. Distrust of the irrational, both musical and mathematical, also color controversies about the expressive dissonances used in early opera, such as Giovanni Maria Artusi’s critique of Claudio Monteverdi.
Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).
Newton and the Mystery of the Major Sixth
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: May 2017

Though Isaac Newton walked out of the only opera he ever attended, music had a significant place in his work. As an undergraduate, Newton closely studied music in its quadrivial context during the crucial year in which he initially formulated his ideas about gravitation and physics. Much later, he used musical concepts to formulate his description of spectral colors by imposing a musical octave on the spectrum. In his studies of the colors of Newton’s rings, however, he observed that the spectral colors seem to span a major sixth, not an octave. He attempted to understand this in terms of cube roots and squares, reminiscent of Kepler’s Third Law in astronomy. By thus arguing away the troublesome discrepancy between an octave and a sixth, Newton did not allow himself to confront the importance of this discrepancy. This musical error may have kept him from realizing the degree of the relation between the wave theory of sound (which he had pioneered) and its application to light.
Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).
Young’s Musical Optics
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: May 2017

Building on the work of Leonhard Euler, Thomas Young advanced the wave theory of sound and light. This chapter describes how Young found his way to music against the strictures of his Quaker milieu. His new-found passions for music and dance informed his studies of sound and languages. His early work on the accommodation of the eye remained a touchstone for his later scientific development. At many points, his understanding of sound influenced and shaped his approach to light, including the decisive experiments that established its wave nature. His early investigations into the sounds of pipes led him to make an acoustic analogy that could explain optical phenomena such as Newton’s rings. He introduced a new system of temperament and used the piano as a scientific instrument. His comprehensive Lectures on Natural Philosophy included many plates that juxtaposed acoustic and optical phenomena. When Young turned to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics, he relied on sound and phonology. His final suggestions about the transverse nature of light waves again turned on the comparison with sound.
Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).
Hearing the Field
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: May 2017

The entwined stories of Charles Wheatstone and Michael Faraday interwove sound and electromagnetism, as had Hans Christian Ørsted’s original discoveries in that field. Though Faraday lacked mathematical education, his feeling for music complemented his visual and experimental turn of mind. Wheatstone also lacked scientific education but came from a family of instrument builders and invented a number of musical devices, including the concertina. Wheatstone extended Ernst Chladni’s work to investigate dynamic, transient vibrations of bodies, especially the transmission of sound along rods. In his lectures at the Royal Institution, Faraday demonstrated Wheatstone’s ongoing work, including some experiments involving Javanese instruments and guimbardes (“Jew’s harp”). This chapter discusses how their unusual collaboration led Wheatstone to discover telegraphy and Faraday to the intensive investigations of sound immediately preceding and preparing his discovery of electromagnetic induction, as indicated by his notebooks and letters.
Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).
Helmholtz and the Sirens
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: May 2017

Hermann von Helmholtz’s investigations of physiological optics and acoustics reflected his profound interest in music. After devising instruments to measure the space and time parameters of visual and auditory response, Helmholtz produced “color curves” characterizing the complex response of the eye to the appropriate “dimensions” of hue, saturation, intensity. In so doing, he critiqued Newton’s attempt to impose the musical scale on vision. Through experiments on sirens, Helmholtz generalized auditory perception from vibrating bodies to air puffs. He gradually formed the view that recognition of musical intervals was closely analogous to spatial resemblance or recurrence. His unfolding conception of the “manifolds” or “spaces” of sensory experience radically reconfigured and extended Newton’s connection between the musical scale and visual perception via Thomas Young’s theory of color vision. In the process, Helmholtz’s studies of hearing and seeing led him to compare them as differently structured geometric manifolds.
Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).
Riemann and the Sound of Space
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: May 2017

The separate works of Bernhard Riemann and Hermann von Helmholtz reflected their shared concern with hearing in the context of the problem of space and the physical foundations of geometry. Riemann had established a new conception of multidimensional curved space; his final, uncompleted work critiqued Helmholtz’s account of hearing. Helmholtz read Riemann’s work on hearing even before his ideas about space, toward which Helmholtz had been independently working. After Riemann’s death, Helmholtz argued that geometry rested on physical facts rather than hypotheses (as Riemann held). Helmholtz drew these arguments from findings about visual perception, but later extended them to the manifolds of simple tones and of time. Einstein later acknowledged Helmholtz and Riemann’s work as essential sources for general relativity. Einstein considered Helmholtz’s connection of geometric hypotheses with empirical facts absolutely crucial for the general theory of relativity, whose field equations epitomize that connection. To reach that point, Helmholtz connected his work in music and vision, hearing and seeing, whose comparison lay at the grounds of his synthetic understanding.
Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).
Tuning the Atoms
Authors: Pesic Peter
Published: May 2017

During the nineteenth century, the study of spectra brought the music of the spheres to the atomic level. Anders Jonas Ångstrom’s initial treatment of the bright spectral lines of hydrogen relied on Leonhard Euler’s theory of resonance oscillations. This chapter explores the acoustical underpinnings of G. Johnstone Stoney and Johann Balmer’s search for the order in elemental spectra. Stoney used the musical analogy of atomic vibrations to explain spectral lines as “overtones,” comparing the fundamental vibration of hydrogen to a violin string. Though sometimes depicted as having guessed his formula for the spectral lines of hydrogen, Balmer explained it in terms of overtones from which he deduced their fundamental tone and then explained recently discovered spectral lines in hot white stars. In his later writings, Balmer omitted the explanatory material about the theory of overtones, seemingly in accord with Edmund Husserl’s concept of sedimentation, but which this book contests: earlier strata (such as musical presuppositions) will not always remain sedimented but can emerge into view.
Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).
Imagining ENIAC
Authors: Haigh Thomas , Priestley Mark , Rope Crispin
Published: May 2017

Explores the origins of ENIAC, beginning with its two primary inventors John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. Examines ENIAC’s original 1942 and 1943 proposals, the process by which the machine was approved, and the initial assembly of a team to work on the project. Documents connections between ENIAC and earlier work on differential analyzers, including a machine constructed during the 1930s and a 1940 proposal by Irven Travis for the creation of a digital electronic version. Analysis focuses particularly the relationship between the problem for which ENIAC was commissioned, the computation of artillery trajectories, and the proposed design. It concludes with a description of early planning work to determine the basic capabilities of ENIAC’s accumulators, its standard building block.
Structuring ENIAC
Authors: Haigh Thomas , Priestley Mark , Rope Crispin
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the development of ENIAC’s overall architecture and control method. This was shaped, to a degree that has not previously been recognized, by an early and very detailed exploration led by Arthur W. Burks of how the machine could be “set up” to calculate shell trajectories, the task for which it was commissioned. Programming ENIAC was not, as has often been asserted, an “afterthought” to its design and construction. Discussion is focused in particular on the development of its master programmer unit, used to control sets of nested loops. Although it is widely believed that the ability to change the course of a computation based on results so far obtained (later be conceptualized as a conditional branch) was added to ENIAC late in its development, we show that this capability was planned for early on and that its eventual implementation as a capability of the master programmer reflected a distinct approach to the structuring of automatic computation shaped by the team’s work on the trajectory computation problem.
Putting ENIAC to Work
Authors: Haigh Thomas , Priestley Mark , Rope Crispin
Published: May 2017

We begin with a discussion of the public launch of ENIAC in February 1946 as a carefully orchestrated scientific spectacle. We draw on oral history accounts and on archival sources, including seating plans, press releases, and records of the demonstration itself. We then consider ENIAC’s first year as an operational computer, during which its initial programming method was used on to run around a dozen applications at the Moore School. These are listed with brief discussion. We describe in some detail calculations performed by Douglas Hartree on supersonic airflow, the firing table calculations run as a public demonstration, and a mathematical experiment to detect prime numbers. These case studies integrate discussion of the various mathematical methods involved, the compromises and methods needed to adapt them for ENIAC, and the labor processes involved in running them on an often uncooperative machine in a chaotic environment.
ENIAC Goes to Monte Carlo
Authors: Haigh Thomas , Priestley Mark , Rope Crispin
Published: May 2017

Traces the series of Monte Carlo simulations run on ENIAC from their genesis in January 1947 exchanges between John von Neumann, Robert Richtmyer, and Stanislaw Ulam through the completion of detailed planning work for the initial batch of calculations in December 1947. Close attention to successive drafts illuminates the process by which John and Klara von Neumann worked with Adele Goldstine to transform the former’s outline plan of computation into a fully developed flow diagram documenting the flow of control and manipulation of data for a program written in the new style.
Remembering ENIAC
Authors: Haigh Thomas , Priestley Mark , Rope Crispin
Published: May 2017

Explores ENIAC’s cultural career and influence within different spheres from 1945 onward. Scholarly and popular contexts include contemporary newspaper reports and technical publications, its place in early computing texts, the long-running patent cases of the 1960s and 1970s, ENIAC’s place as a relic in key computer exhibitions, its anniversary celebrations in the mid-1990s, and the recent focus on its initial cohort of female operators. Influenced by the ideas of memory studies, this chapter documents the various and sometimes contradictory uses to which ENIAC has been put by different computing communities engaged in the construction of “useful pasts.”
The Context of Competition
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric
Published: May 2017

This chapter sets the context for the book. We note the purpose of economics should be to describe concepts and models that can be made consistent with sound scientific understanding of the other aspects of life. At a minimum economic behaviour is embedded within the organic system we call the society: it affects extraction, production, utilization, exchange, consumption and disposal of physical entities and services. We consider the main questions about how to contextualize economics. It can be argued that the economy is a mechanism to organize a subset of decisions in a larger highly distributed society. The social organization obeys no simple model of control; its dynamics is often evolutionary at many scales of time, space and material content; and with these it is subject to both historical contingency and great complexity.
Minimal Institutions: Game Theory and Gaming
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric
Published: May 2017

The General Equilibrium system provides a pre-institutional modeling structure appropriate to studying many allocative properties of the price system. The economies we live in ere encompassed by their polities and societies. The task laid out here is to indicate how to build process models of the economy that are consistent with the General Equilibrium system, but build out in a systematic manner towards the multitude of institutions that are the carriers of process in an ongoing society. It is argued here that this can be done in such a manner that there is a natural cascade of process models consistent with General Equilibrium: but these become progressively more complex as new functions are required to support the dynamics of the society. The first step into a mathematical institutional economics involves the invention of markets and money and the endogenization of price formation.
The Economy: Time, Size, and Complexity
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric
Published: May 2017

The first five chapters have been devoted to reformulating a pre-institutional static theory of general equilibrium, into considering an economy in terms of process where markets and other institutions exist embedded within and interacting on different timescales with the polity and society. This embedding of the economy within the framework of government and society provides both a natural formal and informal control system. The government provides the formal rules with the laws and their enforcement and the society and polity on different timescales provide the pressure on the government for rule formation and the direct pressures on the economy to conform to custom as well as law. The price system where it exists provides a perception device where the pressures of disequilibrium are signalled by the shadow prices that develop both on the price of commodities and on loans and other financial instruments. We deal here with the production and exchange economy in a process setting.
Building Theories of Economic Process
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric
Published: May 2017

In the previous chapters we have provided proofs of principle for representing institutions as the carriers of process , using strategic market game models highly related in form to those of general equilibrium, but with extra constraints imposed by the institutions sufficient to carry process. Nevertheless, except in Chapter 6 we have avoided explicit treatment of dynamics. Structure may limit, but does not fully specify enough to identify equations without further consideration of intent and behavior. In this chapter we turn explicitly to the problem of constraining dynamics. We begin by considering in varying degrees of brevity the modeling of a few special structures, chosen to meet the criteria that they supply a time path out of equilibrium to a stationary state as well as the proof of existence of a stationary state or growth path. In economics the unifying power of general equilibrium analysis comes from the fact that it is not a model, but rather a collection of principles for building models. This extends to our strategic models in this work.
Uncertainty and Velocity
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric
Published: May 2017

In this chapter the two features of uncertainty and the variability of the velocity of money are considered. Both of these are fundamental to considering the more subtle features of a monetary economy. They are interlinked and both add further complex features to the information, perception and control mechanisms of modern monetary systems. There has been an explosive development in the study of both the qualitative and quantitative properties of risk. The power of careful modeling and sophisticated stochastic analysis has already shown itself in the context of the stockmarket and other financial markets, but as the various qualitative aspects of risk are being uncovered and made well-defined, the scope of a useful econo-physics stretches far beyond the confines of the dynamics of paper traded on paper in the financial markets to the broad control mechanisms of the economy as a whole.
Mathematical Institutional Economics and the Theory of Money and Financial Institutions
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric
Published: May 2017

Chapter 11 raises the question of what is meant by our usage of “theory”. Different disciplines utilize the word theory differently. Furthermore model and theory appear on occasion to be used interchangeably. Aristotle contrasted theory to practice. Praxis is the Greek term for doing. Mathematical theory is deductive. The sensory or empirical content is implicit in the axioms. The logical consequences of the axioms provide theorems. A semantic view stresses the connection between the axioms and the abstraction of some aspect of reality. We stress that the natural preliminary step before dynamics is to construct process models based on general equilibrium. This can be done utilizing single simultaneous move games. This is sufficient to show the critical roles of money and financial institutions without even having to discuss complication in information and behaviour. The evolution of money and many financial institutions does not even call for the presence of exogenous uncertainty. A single random variable is sufficient to illustrate innovation. We develop a general modeling methodology leading to the construction of models as playable games. Staying with the one move structure leads to describing a manageable number of minimal institutions (below 100). When we consider more moves and information the number of logically feasible and plausible institutions becomes hyperastronomical and we are forced into considering not merely structure but many variants of behaviour even within the simple scope of rational expectations. This problem is taken up in Chapter 12.
Process, Strategy, and Behavior
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric
Published: May 2017

The previous chapters have developed structure and provided proofs in principle as to how to build and analyse multistage models with simple assumptions about behavior. The hyper-astronomical explosion of special cases is to be welcomed as indicating that the initial timeless tight system, when converted to a loosely coupled process model, calls for both the specification of ad hoc questions and the supply of ad hoc model building of the detail needed to make it feasible to provide useful answers in any applications. We summarize the five dynamic models we analysed; but stress that in application there is no substitute for knowing both the relevant details and the behavioral considerations of the situation at hand. The dynamics of the steel industry requires details concerning both structure and behavior, as these are contrasted for example with selling high end art. In this chapter we examine the functioning of the double auction market and comment on trading mechanisms. Finally we discuss the relationship among solutions, structure and behaviour, closing with observations on dynamics and complexity and the false dichotomy between “Rational” or “Behavioral Agents”. For most individuals without deep psychological problems “context rationality” may provide a reasonable description.
The Guidance of an Enterprise Economy
Authors: Shubik Martin , Smith Eric
Published: May 2017

This final chapter splits naturally into two parts. The first part presents the basic overview of a theory of money and financial institutions that covers the abstract pre-institutional structure of the price system as an allocation device in a tightly defined structure with no need for money or financial institutions to be specified in the illustration of the efficient equilibrium condition. It stresses that by merely following well defined precepts of basic physics and game theory, at the same level of abstraction process models can be completed and force a discipline on the models where items such as money, default laws, grid size, loose coupling, specification of clearance rules, and time lags are all logical necessities.. These steps convert a static pre-institutional set of models into their natural minimal institution monetary and institutional models. . The utilization of these for application still requires the addition of ad hoc physical facts and relevant understanding of behavior. Our broader goal is directed towards a general theory of organization about which this work is only a narrow part. The second part of this chapter concludes with our Nostrodamus section where we conjecture about the future. This includes the need for supranational organizations especially for weapons control. We also suggest that the fundamental problem of the control of dangerous fluctuations in an enterprise economy is predominately a politico-bureaucratic problem and calls for a stress on the design of flexible coordinating devices within the politico-economic system. A sketch of such a device is presented. In a free society the stress should be less on control and forecasting than on guidance and flexibility.
Daily Life in Cyberspace: How the Computerized Counterculture Built a New Kind of Place
Authors: Rheingold Howard
Published: May 2017

Reprinted from legendary cyberspace pioneer Howard Rheingold's classic, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, “Daily Life in Cyberspace: How the Computerized Counterculture Built a New Kind of Place” situates the reader in the context of social media before the World Wide Web. Rheingold narrates how he became involved in The WELL community; details community and personalities on The WELL; and documents user experience with the WELL's conferencing system, including how conversations are created and organized and how social media compares to face to face dialog. Rheingold also explores social media-based dialog in terms of reciprocity; “elegantly presented knowledge”; the tradition of conversation in the Athenian agora; and the value of freedom of expression. Introduced by Judy Malloy.
Art and Minitel in France in the 1980s
Authors: Bureaud Annick
Published: May 2017

The Minitel (French videotex system) is often considered as a “pre-Internet” platform and the art that was created with it as belonging to “network art” and/or “collaborative” practices on a “social media” avant la lettre. In which respect is this true? This article provides an initial map and a typology of minitel-based creative practice by identifying works and documenting its context as it happened in France, compared to other countries. With detailed descriptions of selected works and of the ART ACCES online magazine-gallery project, it proposes an analysis that will be compared to and confront net art, new media art, and current trends in e-publishing.
Rescension and Precedential Media
Authors: Dietz Steve
Published: May 2017

This paper discusses five exhibitions curated by the author of what might be most broadly termed network-based art: Beyond Interface: net art and art on the net (1998), Art Entertainment Network (2000), Telematic Connections: The Virtual Embrace (2001), Open_Source_Art_Hack (2002), and Translocations (2003). While they took place after the invention of the http protocol, they represent an inflection point prior to the commodification of the technology of social media culture and explore formative practices by artists and institutions for current recensions of social media.
Defining the Image as Place: A Conversation with Kit Galloway, Sherrie Rabinowitz, and Gene Youngblood
Authors: Durland Steven
Published: May 2017

Since meeting in 1975, Kit Galloway and Sherrie Rabinowitz focused their collaborative art work on developing new and alternative structures for video as an interactive communication form and on interactive new media and community-centered social media. With participation by media art and politics theorist Gene Youngblood, this historic conversation follows the work of Galloway and Rabinowitz, beginning with their meeting in Paris and including Satellite Arts Project (1977), Hole-In-Space (1980), and the birth of the Electronic Café during the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics.
IN.S.OMNIA, 1983–1993
Authors: Wittig Rob
Published: May 2017

For a decade before the Internet, members of the literary performance group Invisible Seattle pioneered the delights of creativity in social media on their Bulletin Board System (BBS) IN.S.OMNIA. The invisibles conducted a series of rigorous (and often hilarious) literary experiments, asking whether or not this disembodied text could support complex fictions, prose and poetry modes, as well as philosophic inquiry, exploring in microcosm the multi-vocal modes now common. The Invisibles discussed writing practices freed from paper-and-ink with writers such as Jacques Derrida and Harry Mathews. The essay captures the song of the modem -- the flavor of collaboration on the BBS platform -- and connects IN.S.OMNIA to netprov (networked improv narrative) and other contemporary practices.
Art Com Electronic Network: A Conversation with Fred Truck and Anna Couey
Authors: Malloy Judy
Published: May 2017

Initiated by Carl Loeffler, Director of the San Francisco artspace La Mamelle/Art Com, who had been working on artists' telecommunications projects since the 1977 Send/Receive Project, Art Com Electronic Network (ACEN) was implemented on The WELL by artist Fred Truck in the Spring of 1986. Loeffler's vision was to create an online environment for contemporary art that included electronic publication of art journals; an art-centered conferencing system; and interactive publication of computer-mediated artworks and electronic literature. How Loeffler and Truck began a collaboration that resulted in an historic social media platform; how ACEN brought artists online; published text art and electronic literature, including John Cage‘s First Meeting of the Satie Society and Judy Malloy's Uncle Roger; and mounted a travelling exhibition of artists software, is detailed in this interview with Fred Truck -- with the participation of Anna Couey, who began editing Art Com Magazine online in 1990.
Hacking the Voice of the Shuttle: The Growth and Death of a Boundary Object
Authors: Liu Alan
Published: May 2017

This essay recounts the history of the Voice of the Shuttle, launched in 1995 as one of the first portal sites for scholars of the humanities and arts. Told from the perspective of VoS's creator, the story is a parable of the transition from early optimism that the permeable, boundary-crossing functions of the academic institution could be a model for open systems to the realization that wide online communities require technical and social controls foreign to the university ethos. At the moment of the fateful “bad hacks” that hit it in the mid-2000s, VoS lived and died the dream of open system.
Community Networking: The Native American Telecommunications Continuum
Authors: Ross Randy
Published: May 2017

Community Networking -- The Native American Telecommunications Continuum Computer mediated communications -- has evolved exponentially each decade since the mid-1980’s. Pre-Internet exploration in the era of FidoNet and supported by dial-up modem equipment running over x.25 exchange switching does not seem possible to have existed at all. With three decades of change to reflect upon, questions remain today about whether the impact of technology and telecommunications has advanced tribal nationhood.
The Art of Tele-Community Development: The Telluride Infozone
Authors: Lowenberg Richard
Published: May 2017

The InfoZone, a project of the Telluride Institute in southwest Colorado, was an early example-setting community networking initiative, cited for being the first rural Internet PoP in 1992-93, and the first spread-spectrum wireless community-wide network in 1995. The InfoZone began as a First Class BBS network in the late 1980s, before connecting to the Internet, via Colorado Supernet in 1992, with support from the Colorado Advanced Technology Institute. Added early partnership support came from Apple's Library of Tomorrow program, IBM and the NTIA. In summer 1993, Telluride Institute hosted its annual Ideas Festival on “Tele-Community”, bringing together leading thinkers and doers to discuss issues of ‘community’ in the emergent Internetworked society. Before shutting down in the late 1990s, the InfoZone had 1200 subscribers (Telluride population: 1800), hosting online government, healthcare, library services, schools, arts, research, religion, business and tourism information and discussions, and was widely studied.
Community Networking, an Evolution
Authors: Allen Madeline Gonzalez
Published: May 2017

Over the years, “community networking” has evolved and contributed toward what has become known as “social media,” with many exciting and novel ways we can all be interconnected. The author relates how she followed a vision for community networking and how, as the Internet was becoming a public medium, she felt a calling to do all that she could so that everyone – regardless of their educational background, income level, employment status, ethnicity, gender or any other “classification” – could have the same opportunity to learn about and shape and benefit from this emerging technology. The paper details how she worked with people from communities across Colorado (e.g., Telluride, Boulder, Southern Ute Tribe) to develop innovative community applications of the then-nascent Internet technology, how participants shared what they learned with people from other communities, and how she eventually co-led the creation of an international Association for Community Networking.
Cultures in Cyberspace: Communications System Design as Social Sculpture
Authors: Couey Anna
Published: May 2017

Cultures in Cyberspace was a temporary communications network organized by the author in 1992 to connect five culturally diverse online communities in conversation: American Indian Telecommunications/Dakota BBS (US), Arts Wire (US), ArtsNet (Australia), the WELL (US), and Usenet (international). Produced at a time of impending transformational technological change, the project provided a platform for people to participate in co-creating cyberspace, bringing their cultural backgrounds, stories and histories to the table. Cultures in Cyberspace was based on the premise that social, political and cultural meanings are made possible or not depending on who is connected to whom and the forms of communication that are supported and prioritized. The chapter discusses the art practices and socio-political context that informed the project, as well as its concept, design, implementation, and content. It includes participants' contemporary reflections on questions raised by the project.
Crossing-Over of Art History and Media History in the Times of the Early Internet—with Special Regard to THE THING NYC
Authors: Gerber Susanne
Published: May 2017

In the early Internet, art history crossed the path of media history and both disciplines conveyed characteristics of each other. Net (based) art did not regain the utopian potential of art, but its social, aesthetic and conceptual approach referenced the future role of digital communication. This chapter documents and examines the role of the art network THE THING in early digital communication and art practice and how it anticipated the future potential to communicate, distribute, and produce. Including the theory and practice that informed the founding of THE THING, as well as an interview with THE THING founder, Wolfgang Staehle, and a concluding timeline of THE THING's history, this chapter also emphasizes how THE THING was both playful and far ahead of its time.
Pseudo Space: Experiments with Avatarism and Telematic Performance in Social Media
Authors: LaFarge Antoinette
Published: May 2017

The history of social media has been marked by arguments over two central issues: markers of identity and degrees of participation. The battle over identity has largely focused on the legitimacy of experimenting with personal and social identity through pseudonymous ‘avatars’. The argument over agency has centered on whether participants should be tightly corralled or given full programming power to change the structures of social media itself. These issues are linked through widespread distrust of pseudonymous agency and the suspicion -- fueled by recent controversies over ‘trolling’ -- that people will tend to participate disruptively, and that such disruptions are necessarily problematic. In this chapter, the author argues for a different view, suggesting that artists have led the way in demonstrating the creative potential of pseudonymous agency in social media. Among the fruits of deep participation in social media are new ways of telling stories, understanding identity itself, and engaging with improvisation as a central rather than peripheral creative activity.