bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concise Review: Quantitative Detection and Modeling the In Vivo Kinetics of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
Authors: Brooks Anastasia , Futrega Kathryn , Liang Xiaowen , Hu Xiaoling , Liu Xin , Crawford Darrell H. G. , Doran Michael R. , Roberts Michael S. , Wang Haolu
Published: December 2017

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) present a promising tool in cell-based therapy for treatment of various diseases. Currently, optimization of treatment protocols in clinical studies is complicated by the variations in cell dosing, diverse methods used to deliver MSCs, and the variety of methods used for tracking MSCs in vivo. Most studies use a dose escalation approach, and attempt to correlate efficacy with total cell dose. Optimization could be accelerated through specific understanding of MSC distribution in vivo, long-term viability, as well as their biological fate. While it is not possible to quantitatively detect MSCs in most targeted organs over long time periods after systemic administration in clinical trials, it is increasingly possible to apply pharmacokinetic modeling to predict their distribution and persistence. This Review outlines current understanding of the in vivo kinetics of exogenously administered MSCs, provides a critical analysis of the methods used for quantitative MSC detection in these studies, and discusses the application of pharmacokinetic modeling to these data. Finally, we provide insights on and perspectives for future development of effective therapeutic strategies using pharmacokinetic modeling to maximize MSC therapy and minimize potential side effects.
Photocatalytic Reversible Color Switching Based on Titania Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Wenshou , Liu Luntao , Feng Ji , Yin Yadong
Published: December 2017

The photoreversible color switching system holds great promise for applications in display and signage technologies, sensing devices, and security features, because light, in comparison to other stimuli such as heat and electricity, has the advantages of noninvasiveness and easy control of parameters including wavelength, intensity, coverage area, and illumination duration. Here, the recent advances in the design and synthesis of titania nanoparticles for catalytic photoreversible color switching of redox dyes and pigments, along with their applications in ink‐free, light‐printable rewritable paper and colorimetric oxygen indicators, are reviewed. Specifically, the importance of surface engineering and defect manipulation of titania nanoparticles for the color‐switching purpose, by introducing a number of methods including surface binding of sacrificial capping ligands and creating oxygen vacancies through doping of metal ions, is highlighted. Finally, a summary and perspectives on current challenges and future research directions in this field are given.
Jottings: An Approach to Guiding Reading in the Elementary Classroom
Authors: Knight Jennifer A. , Justesen Hilary A.
Published: December 2017

Comprehension is the overall goal of reading. One approach to help students increase their comprehension is to discuss a text in small‐group settings. Yet, many students struggle to fully engage in meaningful discussions within these groups. Students' ability to retain and share what they read is one reason for this lack of discussion. Teaching students to use jottings during discussions will help increase their overall reading comprehension and engagement. This article provides teachers with ways to support students' jottings during reading to engage in meaningful discussions.
Aeroelastic analysis of a wind turbine blade using the harmonic balance method
Authors: Howison Jason , Thomas Jeffrey , Ekici Kivanc
Published: December 2017

An aeroelastic model for wind turbine blades derived from the unsteady Navier‐Stokes equations and a mode shape–based structural dynamics model are presented. For turbulent flows, the system is closed with the Spalart‐Allmaras turbulence model. The computation times for the aerodynamic solution are significantly reduced using the harmonic balance method compared to a time‐accurate solution. This model is significantly more robust than standard aeroelastic codes that rely on blade element momentum theory to determine the aerodynamic forces. Comparisons with published results for the Caradonna‐Tung rotor in hover and the classical AGARD 445.6 flutter case are provided to validate the aerodynamic model and aeroelastic model, respectively. For wind turbines, flutter of the 1.5 MW WindPACT blade is considered. The results predict that the first flapwise and edgewise modes dominate flutter at the rotor speeds considered.
Bird response to intercropping switchgrass within a loblolly pine plantation
Authors: Marshall Craig , Riffell Samuel K. , Miller Darren A. , Hill JoVonn G. , Evans Kristine O. , Rush Scott A.
Published: December 2017

Global interest in alternative, renewable energy sources has led to the development of novel land‐use practices and techniques aimed at maximizing energy production while also minimizing environmental, economic, and societal costs. One such novel practice is intercropping switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) within loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations. However, minimal knowledge currently exists regarding the influence of intercropping switchgrass on ecosystem functions and services and biological diversity of loblolly pine plantations. Therefore, we assessed the influence of intercropping switchgrass on breeding‐bird species density and community composition during 2014–2015 in Mississippi, USA. We had 3,619 detections encompassing 39 species, with 10 species used in density analysis. Breeding‐bird density estimates did not significantly differ for 8 out the 10 species modeled between control and intercrop treatments. However, white‐eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) and indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) densities differed between intercrop and control, with white‐eyed vireos having a greater density on control and indigo buntings having a greater density on intercrop. Treatment influenced breeding‐bird community composition, with monocultures supporting an atypical species composition within a loblolly pine plantation, but species composition did not differ between control and intercrop treatments. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Behavioral and hormonal responses to the availability of forage material in Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Fuller Grace , Murray Anna , Thueme Melissa , McGuire Molly , Vonk Jennifer , Allard Stephanie
Published: December 2017

We investigated how forage material affects indicators of welfare in three male Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at the Detroit Zoo. In addition to their maintenance diet and enrichment foods, the gorillas generally received forage material four times a week. From this baseline, we systematically manipulated how much forage material the group received on a weekly basis, with either daily or bi (twice)‐weekly presentation of browse (mulberry, Morus sp.) or alfalfa hay. We collected behavioral data (60 hr per gorilla) and measured fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM). Mixed models indicated that the presence of forage material significantly increased time feeding (F2,351 = 9.58, p < 0.001), and decreased rates of noncontact aggression (F2,351 = 3.69, p = 0.03), and regurgitation and reingestion (F2,353 = 4.70, p = 0.01). Regurgitation and reingestion were never observed during the condition when forage material was provided daily. When forage material was provided, time spent feeding was similar across gorillas, compared to a disproportionately greater amount of time spent feeding by the dominant individual when forage material was absent. Providing forage material in addition to the regular diet likely created more opportunities for equitable feeding for the subordinate gorillas. FGM concentrations did not vary based on the presence or type of forage material available and, instead, likely reflected group social dynamics. In general, alfalfa and mulberry had similar impacts on behavior, indicating that alfalfa can be an adequate behavioral substitute during times when browse is less readily available for gorillas housed in seasonally variable climates.
Representation of unlearning in the innovation systems: A proposal from agent-based modeling
Authors: Quintero Ramírez Santiago , Ruiz Castañeda Walter Lugo , Robledo Velásquez Jorge
Published: December 2017

In the present work it is understood the unlearning as the voluntary effort made by firms to abandon the capacities that are not necessary to compete in an innovation system. Modeling and simulating unlearning makes it possible to know emerging behaviors resulting not only from learning, but also from agents unlearning who try to adapt to other agents and the competitive environment. The objective of this work is to represent and analyze the unlearning from the agent-based methodology. As conclusion, a model representing unlearning as a negative variation in capacities accumulation was obtained, which according to its speed, has a different impact on the performance of the innovation system.
Roctool LIT: A high performance and cost-effective solution for automotive and aeronautical applications
Authors: Schaal Lionel
Published: December 2017

While cycle time remains a high target for the composites industry whose annual production volumes are exponentially growing, final part’s cost is critical to most applications. To comply with those requirements, the material supply chain has been developing a wide range of products including fast-curing thermoset composites and lower cost thermoplastic based materials; in parallel, more and more manufacturing processes are being developed, which are getting more efficient but usually vary in part’s quality.
Complete high-end LFT system produces fully biodegradable LGF compounds
Authors: Eitel Oliver , Lehtonen Timo , Kangas Tomi
Published: December 2017

Finnish startup Arctic Biomaterials uses biodegradable long glass fibers to produce high performance biocomposites for use as a sustainable alternative to conventional LFTs for demanding engineering applications. Coperion has supplied Arctic Biomaterials with a complete turnkey system for the purpose (covering everything from unreeling roving and conveying materials to bagging), using their own components together with others supplied by a partner. Since the system was commissioned in mid-2016, pilot production has been running with the desired high flexibility and efficiency.
Composites driving the auto industry
Authors: Nickels Liz
Published: December 2017

Huntsman Advanced Materials (Switzerland) GmbH, a division of Huntsman Corporation, has taken a major role in providing composites for cutting edge automotive applications. Liz Nickels spoke to the company about the challenges and benefits facing composite manufacturers in this industry.
Polymeric flame retardants for reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset resins
Authors: Lens Jan-Pleun , Sun Xiudong , Kagumba Lawino
Published: December 2017

Polyphosphonates and phosphonate oligomers are a group of flame retardants that have gained much attention in recent years. Produced under the brand name Nofia, 1 they are now commercially used to flame retard different resins such as polyesters, polycarbonate, polyurethanes, epoxies, unsaturated polyesters, and polyureas. Phosphonates can be used as the single flame retardant but recently, it was also shown, that phosphonates can support other non-halogenated and halogenated flame retardants. FRX Polymers has been screening many systems including replacement of antimony trioxide as the synergist in flame retardant formulations that are based on halogenated flame retardants. The present article discusses examples of the use of phosphonates in reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset applications.
Physicochemical conditions of ore formation in the Samolazovskoe gold deposit (Central Aldan)
Authors: Borisenko I.D. , Borovikov A.A. , Borisenko A.S. , Gas’kov I.V.
Published: December 2017

Using modern thermobarogeochemical methods (thermo- and cryometry, Raman spectroscopy, and LA–ICP-MS), we studied fluid inclusions in quartz from ores formed at the quartz–fluorite, pyrite–chalcopyrite, pyrite–molybdenite, and polysulfide stages of evolution of the Samolazovskoe gold deposit. We have established the fluid regime of the ore formation processes, the gas and liquid composition, main solid phases (metal sulfates, carbonates, and chlorides), homogenization temperatures of the inclusions, and the eutectic temperatures of their solutions. The obtained data helped to estimate the fluid temperatures during the formation of ores at each stage and to determine the contents of major salt components. Based on the substance solubility values given in the reference-book by V.B. Kogan, we have first constructed a phase diagram of the system Na2SO4–NaHCO3–H2O (Na2SO4 < 35 wt.%) at temperatures below 40 °C. The metal contents and geochemical specifics of solutions at each stage of the ore formation were determined by LA–ICP-MS. At the quartz–fluorite stage, the solutions were enriched in B, V, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Te, Cs, Ba, and Mg; at the pyrite–molybdenite stage, they had high concentrations of Ti, Ni, Nb, and Mo; and at the polysulfide stage, the solutions were rich in Ca, As, Pb, Sb, Te, Ag, Rb, Ba, and Sr. Native sulfur found along with sulfate and sulfide sulfur in the inclusions impelled us to study the sulfur isotope composition. The research has shown a light sulfur isotope composition (δ34S = –2.5 to –13.4‰). We believe that sulfide sulfur in the Samolazovskoe deposit formed from a fluid during high-temperature (> 500–700 °C) sulfate reduction.
Jurassic and Cretaceous stratigraphy of the New Siberian Archipelago (Laptev and East Siberian Seas): facies zoning and lithostratigraphy
Authors: Nikitenko B.L. , Devyatov V.P. , Lebedeva N.K. , Basov V.A. , Goryacheva A.A. , Pestchevitskaya E.B. , Glinskikh L.A.
Published: December 2017

Mesozoic sections in the New Siberian Archipelago are important for understanding of the geology of underexplored shelf areas in the east of the Laptev Sea and in the west of the East Siberian Sea. They are reference sections for interpretation of seismic data in these regions. However, there are still many unresolved problems concerning the lithology, lateral extent, and age of Mesozoic deposits, as the sections have a complex structure and are heavily deformed. The performed research makes a basis for the first facies zoning of Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits in the New Siberian Islands and adjacent landmasses of continental Siberia at the junction of the Laptev and East Siberian Seas. The lithostratigraphic division of the Jurassic and Cretaceous is refined, being proposed for the first time for some stratigraphic intervals, and allows updating their lithostratigraphic division (or undertaking it for the first time for some stratigraphic intervals). Facies features of Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits allow the definition of three depositional series.
Analysis of mine waste by geocheimical and geophysical methods (a case study of the mine tailing dump of the Salair ore-processing plant)
Authors: Epov M.I. , Yurkevich N.V. , Bortnikova S.B. , Karin Yu.G. , Saeva O.P.
Published: December 2017

Integrated study of the Dyukov Log dump of sulfide-containing mine tailings of the Salair ore-processing plant (SOP) was performed using geophysical and geochemical methods. Geochemical data and results of electromagnetic-frequency sounding and electrical-resistivity tomography were used to establish the geoelectric zoning of the tailings and the relations between the electrical parameters of the environment and the chemical composition of the tailings and pore water. The proposed approach will make it possible in the future to evaluate the amount of tailings. The drainage water flow paths were determined, and the penetration of highly saline industrial solutions into groundwater was proved.
In-flight ice accretion simulation in mixed-phase conditions
Authors: Ayan E. , Özgen S.
Published: December 2017

Icing in conditions where clouds contain both liquid and solid phase particles has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to numerous in-flight incidents including engine rollbacks in the vicinity of deep convective clouds in tropical regions. These incidents have prompted certification authorities to investigate and extend the icing conditions to include solid and mixed-phase clouds for airworthiness certification. These efforts have resulted in the amendments issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) to the certification specifications of large aircraft, FAR-25 and CS-25, respectively. Flight tests, laboratory tests and computer simulations are among the acceptable means to show compliance with these specifications. Considerable effort has been spent worldwide in order to develop icing simulation software for liquid phase clouds in the past four decades, but until recently, most of these software did not have the capability for solid- or mixed-phase clouds. One of the aims of the High Altitude Ice Crystals (HAIC) project funded by the European Commission within Framework Program 7 is to address this shortcoming. The present study combines the models related to solid- and mixed-phase icing that is developed within HAIC with an in-house numerical tool. The tool has four modules; a flow-field solution module that uses the Hess-Smith panel method, a module for computing droplet and ice crystal trajectories and collection efficiencies using the Lagrangian approach, a thermodynamic module, and an ice accretion module that utilises the Extended Messinger Model. The numerical tool is tested against experimental test cases including liquid and mixed-phase conditions for various aerofoil and axisymmetric intake geometries. The agreement of the obtained results with experimental data is encouraging.
Dallas MegaShelter Medical Operations Response to Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Liu E. Liang , Morshedi Brandon , Miller Brian L. , Miller Ronna , Isaacs S. Marshal , Fowler Raymond L. , Chung Wendy , Blum Ruby , Ward Breanne , Carlo John , Hennes Halim , Webster Frank , Perl Trish , Noah Chris , Monaghan Rob , Tran Andrew H. , Benitez Fern , Graves Julie , Kibbey Caitlin , Klein Kelly R. , Swienton Raymond E.
Published: December 2017

On August 25, 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall near Corpus Christi, Texas. The ensuing unprecedented flooding throughout the Texas coastal region affected millions of individuals.1 The statewide response in Texas included the sheltering of thousands of individuals at considerable distances from their homes. The Dallas area established large-scale general population sheltering as the number of evacuees to the area began to amass. Historically, the Dallas area is one familiar with “mega-sheltering,” beginning with the response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005.2 Through continued efforts and development, the Dallas area had been readying a plan for the largest general population shelter in Texas. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:33–37)
Realism, critical theory, and the politics of peace and security: Lessons from anti-base protests on Jeju Island
Authors: Yeo Andrew I.
Published: December 2017

Drawing on insights from International Relations and social movement theories, I explore anti-base protests on Jeju Island and the ensuing politics of peace. I find that the clash between activists and policymakers is fundamentally tied to different views regarding the legitimacy of state actions on security policy and whether actors see states or people as the primary object of security. These real-world differences are mirrored in realist and critical perspectives of international politics. Policymakers tend to view the naval base as a means of protecting national interests and enhancing maritime security. Meanwhile, anti-base activists seek emancipation from an illegitimate state project uprooting a peaceful community. However, the perpetuation of a powerful realist discursive structure within the South Korean security and foreign policy establishment presents significant hurdles for anti-base movements in advancing their cause. My findings are based on ethnographic research in Gangjeong village in July 2012, interviews with activists and policymakers in South Korea, and an analysis of state and activist discourse in both Korean and English language sources.
RETRACTED—Eldonioids with associated trace fossils from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte of South Australia
Authors: Schroeder Natalie I. , Paterson John R. , Brock Glenn A.
Published: December 2017

Rare specimens of eldonioids recovered from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) Emu Bay Shale (EBS) Konservat-Lagerstätte represent the first record of the group for the Cambrian of East Gondwana. The disc-shaped body of the EBS taxon bears fine concentric corrugations on the dorsal surface and, ventrally, a series of internal lobes that have primary and secondary bifurcations, as well as a coiled sac. It appears to be most similar toRotadiscusandPararotadiscusof the Cambrian Chengjiang and Kaili biotas of South China, respectively. While the structure of the internal lobes would indicate that this occurrence in the EBS represents a new taxon within the Rotadiscidae, lack of detail regarding the precise number of internal lobes and the condition of the circumoral tentacles warrants a more conservative approach in leaving the genus and species under open nomenclature. The EBS specimens also host trace fossils, including the remains of a burrow, which are generally lacking in the body-fossil-bearing layers of the Konservat-Lagerstätte interval. These traces appear to have been made by small organisms and are similar to traces associated with the discs ofPararotadiscus guizhouensisZhao and Zhu, 1994 from the Kaili Biota. The available taphonomic, paleoenvironmental, and ichnological evidence indicates that the EBS eldonioids are most likely vagrants that were transported or settled into the ‘preservational trap’ and subsequently exposed on the substrate for a brief period before burial, thereby allowing organisms to exploit their carcasses for nutrients or other purposes.
Fasting and Prophecy in Pagan and Christian Antiquity
Authors: Arbesmann Rudolph
Published: December 2017

Fasting as a religious practice is a world-wide phenomenon, and can be found in the religions of almost all the peoples on earth. It cannot be traced back to one common motive. Nor did it come into existence within one single people or religion, and spread from there to the rest of mankind, but it sprang up independently among completely different peoples and religions. Of course, as has happened in every field of cultural life, transmissions of individual practices of fasting from one people to another, from one religion to another, took place.
Beowulf, Ireland and the Natural Good
Authors: Donahue Charles
Published: December 2017

While the older theory that in Beowulf we have the work of a pagan poet edited and patched with scraps of Christian doctrine by later hands has been generally abandoned, there is still considerable difference of opinion on the I problem of Christianity's place in the poem. The question at issue is no longer whether the poet was a Christian but rather what his Christianity was like and to what extent it affected his handling of Germanic material. Here, the influence of the older theory is still felt. The poet, indeed, was a Christian, but pagan in spirit; or his Christianity was genuine and strong, but not strong enough to cope with the pagan character of his material. The older dualism of pagan author and Christian redactor has been turned into a struggle within the poet. The poem in the last analysis is still felt to lack complete integrity of tone.
Thomas Brampton's Metrical Paraphrase of the Seven Penitential Psalms: A Diplomatic Edition of the Version in MS Pepys 1584 and MS Cambridge University Ff 2.38 with Variant Readings from All Known Manuscripts
Authors: Kreuzer James R.
Published: December 2017

Thomas Brampton's Metrical Paraphrase of the Seven Penitential Psalms appears in the following manuscripts:

S

Sloane 1853, fol. 3a. Century XV

P

Pepys 2030, fol. 1a. (Begins at v 7 of stanza 7; lacks stanzas 121-124) Century XVI

H

Harley 1704, fol. 13a. (Stanzas 62-116 only) Century XV

C

Cambridge University, Ff 2.38, fol. 28a. (Begins imperfectly in stanza 56). Century XV

Cv

Trinity College, Cambridge 600, pp. 197-232. Century XV

Pv

Pepys 1584, Art. 3. Century XV
Character and Growth of the Manuel des Pechiez
Authors: Laird Charlton
Published: December 2017

The Anglo-Norman Manuel des Pechiez, one of the more important works in that language, and one of the more influential literary monuments of thirteenth-century England, has never been carefully edited, and, until recently, had never been studied in detail. Dr. E. J. Arnould's survey of the poem and of its place in English letters provides us with a revealing study of the sources of the work, and of its subsequent influence, with a consistent, if debatable, history of the text. Since I, also, have examined the manuscripts with a view to determining the history of the Manuel, using material and methods somewhat different from those employed by Doctor Arnould, my findings may be useful, especially in validating his conclusions, in so far as we agree.
Note on the Poetic and the Empirical ‘I’ in Medieval Authors
Authors: Spitzer Leo
Published: December 2017

Professor Stephan Kuttner, who proved—basing himself on V. L. Kennedy—the indebtedness of Pierre de Roissy, Chancellor of Chartres and author of a Manuale de mysteriis ecclesiae, to the Poenitentiale of Robert of Flamborough, Canon Penitentiary of St. Victor, shows (Trad. 2, 497 seq.) that Roissy went so far in his procedure (which we would call today ‘literary plagiarism’) of incorporating entire sections from Flamborough's work, that he even borrowed from him, tel quel, certain autobiographical facts which, in the light of historical evidence, could not possibly apply to himself. For example, when we read in Roissy: ‘Ego tamen …a duobus parisiensibus episcopis, Odone et Petro, habui ut ubique eorum auctoritate dispensarem …,’ we must realize that the privilege of dispensation of which he speaks was granted only to Flamborough, just as it was Flamborough alone who transferred to papal authority the case referred to in the words: 'superstitem, ut ordinaretur, ad papam transmisi.’ Thus, Roissy is substituting his own ego to that of his source. Kuttner wonders ‘how he could easily get away with this,’ for ‘the disproportion between Peter's true standing and the air of personal experience he affects is particularly striking in those cases which suggest, as they do, the experience and powers of a spiritual director of clerics'—that is, qualifications certainly not possessed by Roissy. The borrowed character of the passage ‘Ego tamen … a duobus …,’ according to Kuttner, disposes of a chronological difficulty in the Chancellor's biography (for, if genuine, the passage would have proved that Peter was active in Paris as late as 1208—an assumption contradicted by other known facts).
Caxton and the Synfulle Wretche
Authors: Jeremy Mary
Published: December 2017

Sometime after November 20, 1483, William Caxton published his English translation of Jacobus de Varagine's Legenda Aurea. This is the famous medieval compilation of saints' lives which Emile Mâle names among the ten books most useful to one seeking a just appreciation of the Middle Ages and which Henry Adams ranks with the Roman breviary as a guide to the stone carvings and stained glass of medieval cathedrals. Caxton's publication, augmenting by about one-third the original treatise, was his most ambitious work as translator, editor, and printer.

In preparing his Golden Legend the English printer asserts that he has used the original Latin and two translations, one French and one English. This last work is extant in nine manuscripts, more or less complete, all copies, and all representing one version. Although several critics have declared that this translation surpasses Caxton's in accuracy and beauty, some of its special peculiarities have not hitherto been considered. Who was its author? Apparently he remembered the warning of the Imitation: ‘For all man's glory, all temporal honor, and all worldly highness, to thine eternal glory compared is but as foolishness and vanity.’ His version of the Legenda is declared to be the work of ‘a synfulle wretche’ by whom it was ‘drawen out of Frensshe into Englisshe, the yere of our lorde a.M.CCCC. and. XXXVIII.’ The motive for this anonymity is revealed by the words which follow his humble self-designation: ‘whos name I beseche Jhesu Criste bi his mentis of his passioune and of alle these holis seintes afore written, that hit mai be written in the boke of everlastinge life.’
Plato and the Theory of Language
Authors: Nehring Alfons
Published: December 2017

Plato'sCratylushas been studied so thoroughly and by such competent scholars that a reexamination might appear an enterprise as superfluous as it is daring. It seems to me, however, that previous treatises failed to bring out the precise linguistic value of the ideas expounded in this dialogue and to determine its precise place in the development of the theory of language. This holds even for those scholars who attempted an appraisal of Plato's work from a linguistic standpoint. Steinthal saw the decisive facts, but did not see their theoretical importance, since he like most investigators was exclusively or, at least, chiefly interested in what Plato thought about the epistemological value of language.
The Renaissance of the First Century and the Origin of Standard Late Greek
Authors: Higgins Martin J
Published: December 2017

Greece, once the mother at whose feet European civilization sat and learnt, has ever quickened to the inspiration of her own past. When at intervals her learning and literature have languished and all but died out, her steadfast awareness of her ancient glory has always stirred in her a new impulse and a new life. How like her, then, on the morrow of her emancipation from the Turk, to look back to the period of her greatness for an answer to the problem confronting her! Reborn Greece needed desperately a common tongue. She had at her disposal only local patois, and possessed neither a national literature nor a national language. It had been preeminently the strong sense of a history, the reawakening of the age-old urge to vie with antiquity, that had kindled her to revolt against her overlord. To revive the idiom of classic Athens, to make it the symbol and bond of a resurgent Hellas appealed irresistibly to the enthusiastic patriotism of the victors. Others with equal ardor espoused the cause of the vernacular. Thus arcse the strife over the katharevousa and the demotike, an ever-recurrent conflict of never reconciled elements in the nation's psychology, the tug of the past over against the insistence of the present.
The Baptism of the Apostles: A Fragment of Clement of Alexandria's Lost Work ‘ϒπoτvπώσɛιs in the Pratum Spirituale of John Moschus
Authors: Echle Harry A.
Published: December 2017

The problem of the baptism of the Apostles occupied the minds of many early ecclesiastical writers, and seems to have been particularly discussed in the period in which Clement of Alexandria lived. Tertullian presents the difficulty clearly: Since no one can attain salvation without baptism, according to the Lord's prescription: ‘Unless one is born of water, he has not life,’ how is it that the Apostles were saved, for we find none of them baptized in the Lord, except Paul? Therefore, either we must admit the danger of the others who lack the water of Christ, that the prescription may be safeguarded; or we must rescind the prescription, if they who were not baptized also attained salvation.
An Echo of Christian Antiquity in St. Gregory the Great: Death a Struggle with the Devil
Authors: Rush Alfred C.
Published: December 2017

It is not without reason that Harnack calls St. Gregory the Great ‘Doctor angelorum et diaboli.’ The misery of Gregory's times, occasioned by the incessant attacks of the Lombards, made him convinced that the end of the world was at hand. Thus it is that his thought has a definitely eschatological stamp. The terrors of death and the fierce onslaughts of the devil were popular themes with St. Gregory the Great.
‘Lest Men, Like Fishes’
Authors: Parsons Wilfrid
Published: December 2017

In the second century, A.D. (c. 177), the Christian philosopher and apologist, Athenagoras, inveighing against the pagans for immoralities forbidden by their own codes, incorporated in his harangue an expression which was to have a long and interesting history in Christian literature.1 These are his words:

These adulterers and pederasts defame the eunuchs and the once-married, while they themselves live like fishes; for these swallow up whatever falls in their way, and the stronger pursues the weaker. Indeed, this is to feed on human flesh, to do violence to the very laws wh!ch you and your ancestors, with due care for all that is fair and right, have enacted.
Marriage Law and Family Organization in Ancient Athens: A Study on the Interrelation of Public and Private Law in the Greek City
Authors: Wolff Hans Julius
Published: December 2017

In an article published in 1927, Herbert Meyer showed that the Germanic legal system possessed from an early epoch, perhaps from its very beginning, in the form offriedelehea type of marital union which was characterized by the legal equality of husband and wife, in contrast with themuntehein which the wife was legally subject to her husband. This important discovery implied that the distinction made in Roman law between marriage withmanusand “free marriage” no longer stood alone. In fact the coexistence, in many known legal systems, of several types of marital relation—differing from one another in their effect upon the relationship between the wife, her husband and his family—may now be considered as established. The theory was first proposed by Meyer himself, who called attention to similar phenomena in a number of legal systems, Indo-European as well as non-Indo-European, in addition to the Roman and the Germanic; and it was later extended by Koschaker in his broad investigation into the “Eheformen bei den Indogermanen.”
Concerning William of Ockham
Authors: Pegis Anton C.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of the following reflections is not polemical, in spite of the fact that the criticism of any philosopher of the past may seem prejudiced to his modern disciples. My intention is rather to point out that the traditional interpretation of William of Ockham as a nominalist and as a skeptic is correct. The reason for insisting on such a point at this time is the series of publications which Father Philotheus Boehner has been contributing to the study of Ockham, and in particular the article which appeared in the first volume of Traditio.
Tertullian and “Traditio”
Authors: Quasten Johannes
Published: December 2017

There are quite a number of passages in Tertullian's writings which deal with traditio. One of the most important is found in chapters 3 and 4 of De corona. Here Tertullian answers those of his opponents who always demand first “Where is it written?” Being a Jurist he discusses the question whether law must be written to be recognized as such. He points to the law of custom which flows from tradition. He strongly denies that in pleading tradition written authority must be demanded.
Cyril of Alexandria on “Wool and Linen”
Authors: Burghardt Walter J.
Published: December 2017

Treating of the passage in Exodus which prescribes, among the holy vestments for Aaron and his sons, “linen breeches, to cover the flesh of their nakedness from the reins to the thighs,” Cyril of Alexandria remarks:

Their breeches are of linen, an excellent covering for the ugliness and unseemliness about the thighs. For all things connected with holy men are most honorable, and there is nothing unseemly in them. Now the linen placed upon the parts of the body about the thighs intimates that the cooling of the pleasures of the flesh is most becoming holy men: for linen is cool. But the heat that rouses the foulest desires is foreign to every holy man.
Un manuscrit intéressant du ‘Compendium’ de Werner von Schussenried
Authors: Boháček Miroslav
Published: December 2017

Les manuscrits juridiques du Moyen-âge, conservés àla bibliothèque du château de Kynžvart (Königswart) dans la Bohême occidentale appartiennent pour la plupart au fonds manuscrit que Clément L. W. Metternich, chancelier d'Autriche, l'ancien propriétaire du château, y avait jadis transporté du monastère bénédictin d'Ochsenhausen en Souabe. Leur nombre est modeste sans doute, mais parmi eux se trouve un monument bien intéressant de l'ancienne science canonique: nous parlons du Compendium du Décret de Werner von Schussenried, auquel A. M. Stickler a consacré naguère ici même (Traditio 14 [1958] 475-8) une étude savante, àla base du manuscrit 683 de la bibliothèque du couvent de Saint-Gall (nous le désignerons MS G). Cette étude formera donc nécessairement le point de départ des remarques suivantes, qui nous ont été inspirées par les particularités du Compendium de Werner dans le manuscrit de Kynžvart (= MS K), et aussi par une seconde œuvre encore, la Summa ad iniungendam penitentiam, dont l'auteur s'appelle tout simplement ‘Richardus' et qui, dans ce manuscrit, apparaît étroitement liée au Compendium de Werner.
Vivum saxum, vivi lapides: The Concept of “Living Stone” in Classical and Christian Antiquity
Authors: Plumpe J. C.
Published: December 2017

Among the comparatively rare ὲκΦράσ∊ις τόπου included by Vergil in his epic, is the description (Aen.1.159–169) of the Libyan estuary which gives harbor to the remnants of the Trojan fleet. The Homeric pattern (Od.13.96–112) to which Vergil is indebted, is a portrayal of the haven of Phorcys, consisting in largest part of a picture of the cave sacred to the Naiades (105–112). As has been pointed out, the cave is an idyllic abode brimming with life. All objects mentioned as furnishing the interior are described as being of stone: mixing vessels and jars in which bees store up honey, and very tall looms “whereon the nymphs weave raiment of sea-purple.” It should be observed also that all the articles are, in the normal order of things, hand-fashioned and adventitious—human imports.
“Missa Grecorum” “Missa Sancti Iohannis Crisostomi”: The Oldest Latin Version Known of the Byzantine Liturgies of St. Basil and St. John Chrysostom
Authors: Strittmatter Dom Anselm
Published: December 2017

The following Latin version, hitherto unpublished, of the Byzantine Liturgies of St. Basil and St. John Chrysostom was generously placed at my disposal by my confrère, the late lamented Dom André Wilmart, O.S.B., who about seventeen years ago discovered and transcribed it from a manuscript purchased at London in 1899 by the Bibliothèque Nationale:Nouv. Acq. lat. 1791Since the manuscript was written in the second half of the twelfth century, this translation is—to put it roughly—at least as old as that of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (= X) made at Constantinople about 1180 by the Pisan interpreter, Leo Tuscus, or that of the Liturgy of St. Basil (= B) made shortly afterward by Nicholas of Otranto. But it is important to note at the outset that the present translation represents a considerably earlier redaction of the Liturgies than do the two aforesaid versions, for we have here, as in the earliest of our manuscripts, theBarberinum S. Marci(=BSM), and several others, the prayers of the celebrant only and a corresponding minimum of rubrics. Of special significance, moreover, are the two following facts: first, the precedence given to B, an arrangement found in comparatively few manuscripts, among them the oldest which we know; and secondly, the occurrence in this same Liturgy of ancient rubrics and of the ancient form of at least one exclamation of the deacon, which point to a very early recension as the original from which the translator worked. On the other hand, over against this ancient form stands a relatively modern text, for not only are certain prayers which appear in the most ancient manuscripts only, missing from this translation, but in those few prayers also in the tradition of which it is possible to distinguish an older from a more recent set of readings, it is the latter which are almost invariably found. Similarly, the indication of certain acclamations by the initial words only (an ancient trait) and the writing out of the ἐκΦωνήσ∊ις in full (a very late practice) constitute another combination of ancient and recent features. But to attempt on the basis of these characteristics to fix the date of either the original or the translation, is to face possibilities only, concerning which it would be useless to speculate.
Addendum: ‘Lest Men, Like Fishes’
Authors: Elton William
Published: December 2017

Further instances of the topos of big fishes devouring the little, cited in previous issues of Traditio, include the following, in addition to those given in M. P. Tilley, A Dictionary of the Proverbs in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Ann Arbor, Mich. 1950), which appeared too late for inclusion in the previous discussions. Tilley offers a significant number of references under the headings: F 311 (‘The great fish eat the small’), and, analogously, L 354 (‘The little cannot be great unless he devours many’), Ο 63 (‘There would be no great ones if there were no little ones’), R 102 (‘The rich devour the poor, the strong the weak’), and Τ 507 (‘Great trees keep under the little ones’). See also the allusions in Kenneth Muir's 1952 edition of Shakespeare's Lear, annotating 4.2.49-50 (p. 156), and deriving some instances from F. P. Wilson's essay, ‘Shakespeare's Reading.’ We may compare aiso Plutarch, Cleverness of Animals 964, citing the already-noted Hesiod, Works and Days 277-79. The fifteenth-century Lanterne of reads: ‘But as þ greet fisches eeten þè smale so riche men of J)is world deuouren þe pore to her bare boon…’
Fast Fine Initial Self-alignment of INS in Erecting Process on Stationary Base
Authors: Li Jianli , Li Yiqi , Liuxs Baiqi
Published: December 2017

Fine initial alignment is vital to the Inertial Navigation System (INS) before the launching of a missile. The existing initial alignment methods are mainly performed on a stationary base after the missile has been erected to the vertical state. However, these methods consume extra alignment time and some state variables have poor degrees of observability, thus losing the rapidity of alignment. In order to solve the problem, a fast fine initial self-alignment method of a missile-borne INS is proposed, which is performed during the erecting process on a stationary base. The convected Euler angle error is modelled to optimise the erecting manoeuvre which can prevent large Euler angle errors and improve the system observability. The fine initial alignment model is established to estimate and correct the initial misalignment. Several experiments verify that the proposed method is effective for improving the rapidity of the fine initial alignment for a missile-borne INS.
Risk-based strategies for surveillance of tuberculosis infection in cattle for low-risk areas in England and Scotland
Authors: SALVADOR L. C. M. , DEASON M. , ENRIGHT J. , BESSELL P. R. , KAO R. R.
Published: December 2017

Disease surveillance can be made more effective by either improving disease detection, providing cost savings, or doing both. Currently, cattle herds in low-risk areas (LRAs) for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in England are tested once every 4 years. In Scotland, the default herd testing frequency is also 4 years, but a risk-based system exempts some herds from testing altogether. To extend this approach to other areas, a bespoke understanding of at-risk herds and how risk-based surveillance can affect bTB detection is required. Here, we use a generalized linear mixed model to inform a Bayesian probabilistic model of freedom from infection and explore risk-based surveillance strategies in LRAs and Scotland. Our analyses show that in both areas the primary herd-level risk factors for bTB infection are the size of the herd and purchasing cattle from high-risk areas of Great Britain and/or Ireland. A risk-based approach can improve the current surveillance system by both increasing detection (9% and 7% fewer latent infections), and reducing testing burden (6% and 26% fewer animal tests) in LRAs and Scotland, respectively. Testing at-risk herds more frequently can also improve the level of detection by identifying more infected cases and reducing the hidden burden of the disease, and reduce surveillance effort by exempting low-risk herds from testing.
Estimating the likely true changes in rheumatic fever incidence using two data sources
Authors: OLIVER J. , PIERSE N. , WILLIAMSON D. A. , BAKER M. G.
Published: December 2017

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) continues to produce a significant burden of disease in New Zealand (NZ) Māori and Pacific peoples. Serious limitations in national surveillance data mean that accurate case totals cannot be generated. Given the changing epidemiology of ARF in NZ and the major national rheumatic fever prevention programme (2012–2017), we updated our previous likely true case number estimates using capture–recapture analyses. Aims were to estimate the likely true incidence of ARF in NZ and comment on the changing ability to detect cases. Data were obtained from national hospitalisation and notification databases. The Chapman Estimate partially adjusted for bias. An estimated 2342 likely true new cases arose from 1997 to 2015, giving a mean annual incidence of 2·9 per 100 000 (95% CI 2·5–3·5). Compared with the pre-intervention (2009–2011) baseline incidence (3·4 per 100 000, 95% CI 2·9–4·0), the likely true 2015 incidence declined 44%. Large gaps in data completeness are slowly closing. During the period 2012–2015, 723 cases were identified; 83·8% of notifications were matched to hospitalisation data, and 87·2% of hospitalisations matched to notifications. Despite this improvement, clinicians need to remain aware of the need to notify atypical patients. A possible unintended consequence of the national ARF prevention programme is increased misdiagnosis.
Response Time Consistency Is an Indicator of Executive Control Rather than Global Cognitive Ability
Authors: Vasquez Brandon P. , Binns Malcolm A. , Anderson Nicole D.
Published: December 2017

Objectives: Intraindividual variability increases with age, but the relative strength of association with cognitive domains is still unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between cognitive domains and the shape and spread of response time (RT) distributions as indexed by intraindividual standard deviation (ISD), and ex-Gaussian parameters (μ, σ, τ). Methods: Healthy adults (40 young [aged 18–30 years], 40 young-old [aged 65–74 years], and 41 old-old [aged 75–85 years]) completed neuropsychological testing and a touch-screen attention task from which ISD and ex-Gaussian parameters were derived. The relation between RT performance and cognitive domains (memory, processing speed, executive functioning) was examined with structural equation modeling (SEM), and the predictive power of RT distribution indices over age was investigated with linear regression. Results:ISD, μ, and τ, but not σ, showed a linear increase with age group. An SEM showed that independent of age, τ was most strongly associated with executive functioning, while μ exhibited less critical associations. Linear regression indicated that μ and τ explained a significant portion of variance in processing speed and executive ability in addition to age group. Memory was more parsimoniously predicted by age, without any significant contribution of ex-Gaussian parameters. Conclusions: The findings suggest that exceptionally slow responses convey attention lapses through wavering of cognitive control, which strongly correspond to executive functioning tests. General slowing and extremely slow responses predicted processing speed and executive performance beyond age group, indicating that RT metrics are sensitive to differences in cognitive ability. (JINS, 2018, 24, 456–465)