bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A crosswalk between the Omaha System and guiding undergraduate public health nursing education documents
Authors: Stalter Ann M. , Harrington Susan , Eardley Debra L. , DeBlieck Conni J. , Blanchette Lynn P. , Whitten LaDonna
Published: January 2019

The Omaha System is the hallmark evidence‐based clinical information management system used in nursing education, research, and practice. Multiple education documents guide public health workforce preparation. This qualitative study identified similarities and gaps between the Omaha System and seven guiding documents commonly used by nurse educators. A crosswalk design was employed. The setting was virtually based using online technology. Recommendations are for public health nurse educators to update their teaching practices using evidence‐based approaches.
Diversity of Meloidogyne incognita populations from cotton and aggressiveness to Gossypium spp. accessions
Authors: Lopes C. M. L. , Cares J. E. , Perina F. J. , Nascimento G. F. , Mendonça J. S. F. , Moita A. W. , Castagnone‐Sereno P. , Carneiro R. M. D. G.
Published: January 2019

The root‐knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita is the main nematode causing losses to the cotton crop in Brazil. In order to implement control strategies within integrated management, an accurate identification of the nematode populations prevailing in the cotton production areas is necessary. This study aimed to assess the genetic variability and aggressiveness of RKN populations from cotton production areas in Bahia state, Brazil. All populations were characterized biochemically and molecularly and identified as M. incognita. RAPD and AFLP markers detected 44% of polymorphic fragments among the 13 populations of this species. The 10 M. incognita populations collected in Bahia presented 33.7% of diversity when compared to each other, and 25% when the population from Barreiras (the most polymorphic) was excluded. This polymorphism increased when populations from other Brazilian states were included. The aggressiveness and virulence among populations from Bahia towards different cotton accessions (susceptible/resistant) was also studied. None of the populations showed virulence against the moderately resistant (Clevewilt 6, Wild Mexican Jack Jones and LA 887) and highly resistant (CIR1348 and M‐315 RNR) cultivars. Two M. incognita populations from Barreiras were the most aggressive, reaching reproduction factors of 539 and 218, respectively, in the susceptible cultivar FiberMax 966. The most aggressive population (8) was also the most genetically divergent in phylogenetic analyses. These results demonstrate that diversity of M. incognita populations from cotton farms in Bahia is not related to virulence against resistant accessions, which suggests that cultivars containing one or two resistance genes with good agronomic characteristics could be used in infested commercial areas in Bahia state, Brazil.
Population structure, evolution and detection of blackberry leaf mottle‐associated virus, an emerging emaravirus
Authors: Hassan M. , Tzanetakis I. E.
Published: January 2019

Blackberry leaf mottle‐associated virus (BLMaV) is a recently described emaravirus associated with yellow vein disease, the main constraint of blackberry production in the southernUSA. The population structure and genetic variation ofBLMaV, based on the nucleocapsid and movement protein genes was resolved.BLMaV diversity is low when compared to other emaraviruses, with the genes studied being under strong negative selection. Phylogenetic analyses suggest long distance migration of the virus whereas incongruent phylogenetic relatedness and predicted reassortment events suggest that genetic exchange could play an important role inBLMaV evolution. A quantitativePCR(qPCR) protocol was developed based on the knowledge obtained through the population structure of the virus; this is a sensitive test able to detect all the isolates studied. The assay was optimized and applied successfully on multiple samples collected from several regions in the United States. Comparison between a previously developed test and the new protocol illustrated that the latter is at least 1000 times more sensitive.
Evaluating the heterogeneity of street life and homelessness in adolescent research
Authors: Stablein Timothy , Clark Elyse
Published: January 2019

Researchers of homelessness have been careful to delineate the heterogeneity of adolescent homelessness and street involvement when defining and differentiating street life experiences around the globe. Understanding these experiences poses challenges to researchers as adolescents across these locations come to the street at various stages of transition and homelessness yet share similarities. In this article, we review homeless research to understand both the heterogeneous characteristics and experiences adolescents have when they become involved in street life and homelessness around the world, as well as the similarities and differences they globally share. We review and compare general definitions of street life and homelessness presented in observations of young people on the street in the developed and developing worlds. We then explore interrelated characteristics outlined by researchers across these studies and locations, namely, the homeless status of street life participants and their socialization to street life as well as their network affiliations. Although this collected body of work reveals a complex heterogeneity of street involvement among all those that participate, it also shows how the young and street involved around the globe share these commonalities with one another which challenges the frameworks and classifications that guide contemporary global research among the homeless.
Evaluating the validity of Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator theory: A teaching tool and window into intuitive psychology
Authors: Stein Randy , Swan Alexander B.
Published: January 2019

Despite its immense popularity and impressive longevity, the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has existed in a parallel universe to social and personality psychology. Here, we seek to increase academic awareness of this incredibly popular idea and provide a novel teaching reference for its conceptual flaws. We focus on examining the validity of the Jungian‐based theory behind MBTI that specifies that people have a “true type” delineated across four dichotomies. We find that the MBTI theory falters on rigorous theoretical criteria in that it lacks agreement with known facts and data, lacks testability, and possesses internal contradictions. We further discuss what MBTI's continued popularity says about how the general public might evaluate scientific theories.
The Role of Dorsal Premotor Cortex in Resolving Abstract Motor Rules: Converging Evidence From Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Cognitive Modeling
Authors: Rice Patrick , Stocco Andrea
Published: January 2019

In this study, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied over left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) while participants performed a novel task paradigm that required planning of responses in accordance with both instructed rules and present stimuli. rTMS is a noninvasive form of neurostimulation that can interfere with ongoing processing of a targeted cortical region, resulting in a transient “virtual lesion” that can reveal the contribution of the region to ongoing behavior. Increased response times (RTs) were observed specifically when rTMS was applied over PMd while participants were preparing to execute a complex response to an uninstructed stimulus. To further delineate the effect of stimulation, condition‐specific RT distributions were modeled as three‐parameter Weibull distributions through hierarchical Bayesian modeling (HBM). Comparison of the estimated parameters to those of a paired control demonstrated that while PMd‐rTMS slightly decreased nondecision time, it also greatly increased the variability in the RT distribution. This increased variability resulted in an overall increase in predicted mean RT and is consistent with a delay in cognitive processes. In conjunction, an ACT‐R cognitive model of the task was developed in order to systematically test alternative hypotheses on the potential cognitive functions that may be affected by stimulation of PMd. ACT‐R simulations suggested that participant's behavior was due to an effect of TMS on a “re‐planning” process, indicating that PMd may be specifically involved in planning of complex motor responses to specific visual stimuli. In conjunction with the HBM modeling effort, these results suggest that PMd‐rTMS is capable of pausing or slowing the execution of a motor response‐planning process.
Alloimmunogenicity of an isolated MHC allele is affected by the context of MHC mismatch in a murine model
Authors: Hudson Krystalyn E. , Wong Andrea S.L. , Richards Amanda L. , Kapp Linda M. , Zimring James C.
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Humoral alloimmunization to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) can represent a barrier to solid‐organ transplantation, can lead to a refractory state in patients requiring platelet transfusion, and can also contribute to transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI). While exposure to HLA‐mismatched cells/tissues are generally required for HLA alloimmunization, the effect of the extent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatch between donor and recipient is poorly understood.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A novel mouse was generated that allows the expression of a single MHC Class I alloantigen, Kd. Alloimmune responses to Kd were studied in C57BL/6 mice transfused with splenocytes from different donor mice, allowing the analysis of responses to Kd as an isolated alloantigen, or in the context of additional mismatched MHC molecules. Advanced tools were utilized to study responses to Kd, including T‐cell receptor transgenic mice that recognize the immunodominant Kd peptide presented by C57BL/6 mice to CD4+ T cells.

RESULTS

A single MHC Class I alloantigen mismatch is less immunogenic than when the same alloantigen is encountered in the context of additional mismatched MHC alloantigens. This difference is due, at least in part, to induction of CD4+ helper T cells, as the effect is overcome by increasing either mature CD4+ T‐cell help through immunization or by increasing the precursor frequency of naïve CD4+ T cells by adoptive transfer from T‐cell receptor transgenic donors.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that the immunogenicity of a single alloantigen can be affected by the context in which it is encountered, demonstrating the potential for cooperative effects between different mismatched MHC alloantigens.
Jews, Roman Catholics, and Mass Politics in Western Galicia
Authors: Unowsky Daniel
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of social, and economic relations in the small towns and villages where most of the 1898 attacks took place. What were the small towns of the region like? Who lived in them? How did Jews and Catholics interact and in what locations and contexts? In this period in Italy, France, and elsewhere, Catholic institutions propagated new and virulent forms of antisemitism. Galicia’s Catholic hierarchy and clergy translated and transferred this Catholic-inflected modern antisemitism into the Galician countryside. This took place at the very moment when mass politics arrived in Habsburg central Europe. New political parties competed for rural voters, bringing a strident, aggressive style of political action, rhetoric, and organization to the countryside. The new Catholic antisemitism played a central role in this competition as it did in two fiercely fought elections for parliamentary seats that took place in the first half of 1898.
The Plunder
Authors: Unowsky Daniel
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the course of the 1898 events from the relatively isolated violence in the salt mining town of Wieliczka and the surrounding area in mid-March to the first major urban anti-Jewish riots in Przemyśl and Kalwaria Zebrzydowska in late May, the numerous raids around Jasło in mid-June, and the most intense violence of the period in and near Nowy Sącz and Stary Sącz, Limanowa, and Brzesko in the last week of June. These attacks convinced the Galician governor and the Vienna cabinet to declare a state of emergency in western and central Galicia. Representative riots and attacks are described in detail to provide the reader with a sense of how incidents related to each other.
Rioters, Jews, and the State
Authors: Unowsky Daniel
Published: January 2019

Chapter three centers on the participants themselves. Who led the riots and why? What motivated people to join the action? The dissemination of outlandish rumors played a pivotal role in the formation of communities of anti-Jewish action during and after the violence, as did the constant efforts at mobilization by new political parties. What were the confrontations between Jews and Christians like? Many of the rioters and Jews knew each other. How did this familiarity affect events? What defensive actions did Jewish individuals, families, small communities, and organizations take? This chapter considers the roles played by various arms of the state, from local administrators and gendarmes to the Galician governor, military commanders and troops, and the ministries in Vienna as they sought to restore order. The final section of the chapter briefly considers the relative lack of participation in the riots on the part of the Ruthenian/Ukrainian population.
São Paulo Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

Describes the origin, growth and eventual domination of the coffee economy in the state, and the role coffee production played in the entire paulista economy. How coffee was grown, the nature of the coffee plantations, their changing labor force from slave to free labor are the themes analyzed. The impact of the railroad construction in the second half of the nineteenth century is examined and its role in creating a coherent internal market and promoting foreign trade. Finally the place of São Paulo coffee production on the international market is examined.
Government and Public Finance in the Empire, 1850–1889
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

The explosive growth of coffee, along with increasing sugar and cotton production, allowed the provincial government to establish a significant tax base. In turn this allowed it to create a viable provincial government which could begin providing basic infrastructural development for this province. This development would include everything from establishing a significant taxing bureaucracy and state judicial and legislative system, to providing the funds to develop the crucial infrastructure needed to export coffee. Taxes on agriculture were the key factors which allowed the state to develop roads and railroads, to begin providing potable water and public illumination for its cities and schools for its children, along with providing health and public safety for the province as whole.
Conclusion
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the basic themes discussed in the book and the major conclusions reached which explain the rise of São Paulo to its important leadership position. We stress the importance of coffee, the role of the state in promoting the economy, the impact of immigration and the infrastructure established which enabled the state to become the leading economy in the second half of the 20th century
Introduction
Authors: Ferguson Heather L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter draws on Katip Çelebi's Düstūrü’l-‘amel li ıṣlāhı ’l-ḥalel, or the Guiding Principles for the Rectification of Defects, to outline how attention to genre, to the relationship between conceptual models and administrative practice, to the role of sultanic authority as an anchor for imperial order, and to the significance of comparative historical analysis offers an alternative approach to Ottoman state-making in the early modern period. It further suggests that the “middle years” of the state might best be understood as a tension between principles of universal rule and the practices designed to entice and co-opt regional elites into a coherent sociopolitical order.
The Bureaucratic State
Authors: Ferguson Heather L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyzes the emergence of new cohorts of bureaucrats under Süleyman I and an expanded jurisdiction for sultanic authority. His reign marked a shift from hybrid to hegemonic administrative, textual, and linguistic practices and demonstrated the coincident importance of military, legal, and textual campaigns. The chapter follows the legal activities of Süleyman’s head chancellor, Celalzade Mustafa, and şeyhülislam Ebu’s-Su‘ud Efendi, as they addressed increasing competition with rivals such as the Habsburgs and the Safavids and contributed to an administrative reorganization intent on asserting sultanic rights to resources. This led, as one example, to a new mechanism for registering imperial affairs, the mühimme defteri (things of import), which “captured” the varied activities of the administration. Collectively, the copies of daily transactions recorded in the mühimme illustrate an effort to conform regional diversity to an ideal of imperial order, and to co-opt political factions capable of subverting dynastic authority.
A State of Rebellion
Authors: Ferguson Heather L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter moves to an “internal frontier” in Greater Syria and the province of Trablus-ı Şam and addresses a long military and administrative campaign beginning in 1585 to reinstate order in a rebellious territory. The chapter traces the imperial response to dissident rebels in the desert and coastal highlands by focusing on the Sayfa family, whose activity as regional governors indicate how difficult it was for the Ottoman establishment to police the boundaries between rebel and official. The Sayfas moved in and out of favor with the Ottoman court, relied on their own uneven alliances to extend power, and acted sometimes in concert with, and sometimes in direct opposition to, imperial commands. The chapter thus traces imperial efforts to “reterritorialize” or reinstate sovereign power but highlights how imperial claims to revenue remained contested despite military ventures into the territory.
On the Perfect State
Authors: Ferguson Heather L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the link between medieval political theories and a flourishing Ottoman intellectual engagement with ideas concerning a perfect order of governance from within a sense of crisis. This crisis was driven by an increasingly mobile population, regional rebellions, and global climactic and monetary shifts that together challenged the “fundamentals” of Ottoman administrative order. It traces examples of a mode of political analysis, distinct from advice-giving, that linked justice to proper governance rather than to religion or to the sultan. The chapter demonstrates that Ottoman literary producers of the seventeenth century, while apprehensive of change, became innovators themselves and revived rational modes of political critique in the process. It further highlights how seventeenth-century scholar-bureaucrats came to focus on the archival past of the state itself and located Ottoman power in methods of record keeping. Ultimately they sought to restore a commitment to textual transparency.
Conclusion
Authors: Ferguson Heather L.
Published: January 2019

A key methodological reflection, the conclusion addresses distinctions among documents, registers, and the methods of categorization by both Ottomans and Ottomanists. It further posits a key connection between the “space of the empire” and the “space of the text,” and thus between legal and territorial authority. Finally, it addresses significant shifts in the horizon of political practice in the Ottoman empire post-seventeenth century dynamics. Together, the chapters and conclusion of The Proper Order of Things illuminate the intersections of sovereign claims, bureaucratic organization, administrative practice, and the textual habits that produced sultanic authority through a documentary record that served as the baseline for analytic reflection by Ottomans and Ottomanists alike.
The Birth of Ocopa, 1709–1742
Authors: Jones Cameron D.
Published: January 2019

Chapter one examines the first three decades of the Apostolic Institute’s presence in Peru. As part of this narrative, chapter one will delve briefly into ethnohistory to illuminate the missionaries’ difficulties with “converting” the local populace. It will explore the friars’ initial attempts to culturally assimilate the natives of the region into mission life and how and why these ethnic groups resisted their efforts, sometimes violently. At the same time, Ocopa’s emerging relationship with the Spanish colonial bureaucracy at its various levels. While Ocopa initially received promises of funding from the Crown, as the chapter discusses, a series of increasingly regalist viceroys refused to fund them consistently. These early failures to aid Ocopa’s evangelization efforts, combined with indigenous resistance to the missionaries’ political, economic, and cultural impositions, led to instability in the missions, which was easily exploited by Juan Santos leading up to the rebellion in 1742.
The Bullet and the Bayonet
Authors: Jones Cameron D.
Published: January 2019

Chapter five explores how Ocopa’s ability to resist government imposition began to weaken, due to philosophical changes from within its own ranks. As some of the missionaries themselves began to embrace reformist ideas such as evangelization through commerce, viceregal officials found a way to more effectively control Ocopa, through the voluntary participation of some of its own members. The end of this chapter recounts the election of the guardian of Ocopa in 1787, a moment where missionaries more aligned with reformists goals (later known as the Aragonese faction) took control of the leadership of the College with the help of the viceroy.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Cameron D.
Published: January 2019

Conclusion explores the nature of the clerical Bourbon reforms during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The goal of this section is to suggest further implications for Ocopa’s history in understanding the processes that shaped the Atlantic World as a whole. Ocopa was and remains the confluence of many local and global pressures and ideas.
Introduction
Authors: Ramírez Paul
Published: January 2019

The introduction recounts the experiences of French physician Esteban Morel, who arrived in Mexico City in 1778 and immediately set about introducing inoculation among the upper classes during an epidemic of smallpox. Reluctant parents and rampant rumors of deformity and death stymied the inoculation campaign that year and suggest the critical role of nonprofessionals in colonial Mexico in healthcare reform. In an age when European monarchs looked to govern from above the health of populations, the perspectives and sensibilities of laypeople in the socially heterogeneous barrios, subdistricts, and rural regions of New Spain remained pivotal. Experiments with disease and its control were critical moments in which amateur scientists, physicians, corporate sponsors, and lay communities came together to assess the merits of reform and the relevance of Atlantic practices and projects for their own lives.
Republics of Vaccinators
Authors: Ramírez Paul
Published: January 2019

Ceremonies to welcome vaccination teams and coax parents to submit their children were short lived, and in the chaotic decade of insurgency (1810–1820)—a time of acute warfare, infection, and famine—the ability of a shattered colonial government to sustain programs of disease prevention was overwhelmed by a perennial shortage of funds. This chapter draws on newly available records of vaccination campaigns in Mexico during the insurgency to consider the kinds of healing skill and expertise involved in the propagation of vaccine in these years. Priests, female healers, Spanish administrators, and Indian governors, as well as barbers and surgeons, helped coordinated vaccinations in campaigns that adhered to the dictates of disease outbreaks and warfare as often as those of medical professionals.
Bureaucrats, Businesses, and Economic Policies in a Globalized China
Authors: Chen Ling
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces background on emergence of national campaigns to cultivate domestic competitiveness in contrast to China’s previous role as the “world’s workshop.” It reveals the divergent ways in which localities responded to and carried out policies. The chapter accounts for such variation by breaking down the assumption of a coherent and single-level state that is inherent in the state-centric approach, while at the same time disaggregating the influence of foreign capital assumed by the FDI-driven perspective. By examining the interaction of foreign capital and local states, the chapter discusses how globalization influences the rise of investment-seeking states, the bureaucratic coalitions in city policy making, the effectiveness of policies for local firms, and the varieties of local capitalism. It also discusses the logic of the research design, the major sites of field work, and the sources of qualitative and quantitative data that the book draws on.
Chasing Foreign Capital
Authors: Chen Ling
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the rise of the FDI-attraction paradigm at the national level and the emergence of local investment-seeking states in the 1990s. It explores in detail the varied strategies that city governments employed to attract foreign investors to launch the campaign of FDI attraction, ranging from tax cuts and land and utility discounts to industrial zone establishments. At one end of the strategic continuum are local governments that prioritized large, leading multinationals that have been playing the role of the “dragon’s head” at the top of the global value chain, whereas, on the other end are cities where bureaucrats brokered deals with small-scale foreign firms established by “guerilla investors” at the bottom of the value chain through flexible arrangements.
From FDI Attraction to Domestic Competitiveness
Authors: Chen Ling
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the relative decline of the previous FDI attraction paradigm and the emerging paradigm of domestic technology competitiveness, drawing on government documents, media text analysis, and interviews. The chapter then introduces the actors, arguments, and the matrix of supporting institutions and policy tools underpinning the two policy paradigms. It draws attention to the coexistence of the two paradigms at the local level, where policies and institutions of FDI attraction profoundly affect the government’s response to domestic upgrading and their choice of development strategies.
The Microfoundation of State Intervention and Policy Effectiveness
Authors: Chen Ling
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains the effectiveness of policy implementation and the varied capabilities of local governments, using policy tools to generate firm-level upgrading incentives. Using China’s largest manufacturing industry—the electronics industry—as an example, the chapter compares the development of China’s two largest manufacturing cities, Suzhou and Shenzhen. It demonstrates how earlier patterns of FDI attraction and the prioritization of large or small FIEs gave rise to distinctive foreign–domestic firm relations. Through both in-depth case studies and hierarchical models, the chapter shows that a segregated relationship started by the group-offshoring strategy of large FIEs makes upgrading policies, such as government funding and tax cuts, less effective and dampens the innovation incentives for domestic private firms. By contrast, a more equal, broadly connected relationship started by the subcontracting strategy of small FIEs makes upgrading policies more likely to generate firm-level innovation behavior.
Introduction
Authors: Yusuf Moeed
Published: January 2019

The Introduction lays the groundwork for the rest of the book by introducing the need for a theory of nuclear crisis behavior centered on third-party mediation. Specifically, how does the presence of the unipole and stronger third parties alter the crisis behavior of regional nuclear powers situated within a unipolar world? And what implications does this have for crisis management, stability, and outcomes? The chapter introduces the puzzle and explains the book’s empirical focus on South Asia by highlighting that India and Pakistan are the only regional nuclear powers to have experienced major crises since the end of the Cold War. The chapter also summarizes the key findings from the three case studies, the 1999 Kargil conflict, the 2001–2002 military standoff, and the 2008 Mumbai crisis, and confirms evidence in line with the proposed theory of brokered bargaining.
Understanding Nuclear Crisis Behavior
Authors: Yusuf Moeed
Published: January 2019

This chapter surveys the literature on nuclear crises. It begins by summarizing the Cold War treatment of these episodes, highlighting the centrality of bilateral deterrence and models such as “brinkmanship” in creating expectations for nuclear crisis behavior. Even though third-party actors remained important as superpower allies during the Cold War, literature during this period suffered from a two-actor bias flowing from the global hegemony of the superpowers. Post–Cold War literature tends to account for regional nuclearization and unipolarity but in summarizing this body of work, the chapter identifies that there is still insufficient knowledge of the various factors at play in regional nuclear crises.
Brokered Bargaining
Authors: Yusuf Moeed
Published: January 2019

This chapter reflects on the theoretical and practical implications of the book. It highlights the work’s contribution to the otherwise undertheorized role of third parties in preventing war, its fresh perspectives on the optimism-pessimism debate on nuclear deterrence, and its attention to scholarship on nonnuclear subjects, primarily mediation, unipolarity theory, and sociological literature on “evaluation” by external audiences. The discussion highlights policy recommendations for decision makers in the United States, other third-party states, India, Pakistan, and other potential regional nuclear rivals. It stresses the need for a holistic U.S. policy approach to crises between regional nuclear powers.
Putting Japan into Comparative Perspective
Authors: Smith Daniel M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter gives a descriptive overview of the empirical record using the book’s two original data sets. The first aim is to situate the case of Japan in a broader comparative context and highlight some of the puzzles in the aggregate variation in dynastic politics across countries, parties, and time. The second aim is to explore the empirical patterns in Japan in order to establish that these patterns provide insufficient insight into the sources of Japan’s high level of dynastic politics. There are few differences between legacy candidates and non-legacy candidates in terms of personal characteristics, experience, education, or background—apart from their legacy ties—which might explain their greater electoral success. The third aim is to demonstrate that alternative theories based on history or culture do not provide credible explanations for the empirical differences between Japan and other democracies.
Upgrading Socialism
Authors: Pula Besnik
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a structural account of East Europe’s industrial transformation during the era of reform socialism. “Reform socialism” refers to institutional reforms socialist states began introducing beginning around 1968, when economic problems like technological backwardness, low productivity and poor product quality became apparent to Communist leaderships across the region. While reforms were carried out unevenly, they are significant in that they coincide with a number of important developments in the world economy. The chapter argues that the 1970s was a crucially transformative decade for socialist economies, and especially for states on the forefront of economic reform. What proved most critical in determining the future industrial fate of socialist countries was the decentralization of trade authority away from central ministries to enterprises and Foreign Trade Organizations. The decentralization of trade authority gave enterprises direct exposure to the competitive pressures—and thus the dominant actors—of the world market.
Socialist Protoglobalization and Patterns of Uneven Transnational Integration After 1989
Authors: Pula Besnik
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at the rise of foreign direct investment (FDI), both as a new policy orientation, and as a process of capital flows with institutionally transformative consequences in postsocialist economies. While the previous chapters focused largely on political elites and macro-institutional change during the late socialist era, this chapter shifts attention to the impact of organizational processes at the firm level during the immediate postsocialist period in driving the transition towards globally integrated postsocialist industries. The chapter systematically examines patterns of institutional change from joint ventures to foreign direct investment across the region, and demonstrates the capacities of economies with the most diffuse experience with socialist proto-globalization in making the most rapid gains from globalization after economic liberalization post-1989.
Transnational Integration and Specialization in the 2000s
Authors: Pula Besnik
Published: January 2019

This chapter completes the account of trajectories of globalization by examining patterns of structural transformation and how these cumulatively led individual Central and Eastern European economies towards new international roles in world market integration during the 2000s. Over time, legacy factors matter increasingly less while the politics of adjustment came to matter much more. The chapter uses comparative data to trace patterns of structural transformation leading states to adopt one of the three distinct roles in international market integration: assembly platform, intermediate producer, and combined. The chapter defines the international market integration of small, developing states in a globalized economy as the structural position the nation’s industry assumes within global production networks. The concept incorporates both the aggregate role a nation’s industry holds in global value chains and the associated (national) political economy or institutional framework within which the organization of industrial activity takes place.
Conclusion
Authors: Pula Besnik
Published: January 2019

The book’s concluding chapter reexamines patterns of postsocialist development in light of historical opportunities and constraints and patterns of domestic political forces. It recaps the book’s key claim on the importance of organizational capacities these economies built during the reform period of the 1970s in opening the path for the region’s integration into the capitalist world economy after 1989. The chapter summarizes comparative paths of transformation by highlighting temporal sequences and intervening causal mechanisms during critical junctures in determining institutional developments in the region.
A Place for Love
Authors: Wobick-Segev Sarah
Published: January 2019

The second chapter examines the transition from arranged to companionate marriages among Ashkenazic Jews in the three cities and, in particular, as a reaction to the expanding market of leisure spaces in the process. The formation of the contemporary Jewish family underwent a dramatic shift as the notions of individual autonomy came to supersede the predominant influence of the extended family. In the process, the changing needs and expectations of the Jewish family imposed new expectations on the community as a whole regarding how and where the Jewish family was to be formed.
Room to Grow
Authors: Wobick-Segev Sarah
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 examines the growing anxiety over the future of Judaism and Jewishness as it was expressed toward children and youth. Vacation camps and youth movements were seen as ideal venues for formal and informal education. Their creators and organizers hoped that such spaces would create bonds between Jewish children and instill in them a sense of Jewish belonging. Parents, too, had a role to play in this story. Just as they had come to use leisure and social spaces to solidify belonging with other Jews and to find a spouse, they hoped that children and youth would develop a sense of Jewish self-identification through social and leisure practices. Together, parents and leaders wanted children to develop a sense of Jewish belonging and for this reason encouraged them to participate in Jewish organizations and play in Jewish environments.
A Space for Judaism
Authors: Wobick-Segev Sarah
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 explores how the largely Ashkenazic Jewish community began to alter the ways in which it celebrated holy days, weddings, and bar mitzvahs. The chapter examines the ways in which Jewish celebration patterns were changed as they were moved out of traditional Jewish spaces and into consumer and leisure spaces. Through an examination of these religious practices, the chapter reveals debates between religious authorities and lay members of the community. Religious leaders sought both to infuse rituals with new meaning and create new practices that would strengthen individuals’ connection to the synagogue and to Judaism. The final part of the chapter explores how different Jewish groups began to change the celebration of Jewish holidays by taking a look at the popularization of holiday balls as a new means to celebrate Jewish holidays.
Rebuilding After the Shoah
Authors: Wobick-Segev Sarah
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 demonstrates that the patterns developed before World War II were vital to the reconstruction of Jewish communities after the Shoah, especially in Paris and Berlin. By this time, the Jewish public had come to expect a wider social and cultural program that would cater to different guises of Jewish belonging beyond strict religious definitions. Individuals wanted Jewish sociability based not only on the synagogue but also on youth groups and children’s summer camps and on social groups that met at local cafés or restaurants. At the same time, this chapter assesses the vast and critical changes wrought by the Holocaust and explores its repercussions in the postwar communities. Beyond pointing to these important historical continuities, however, this final chapter explores why these patterns were not replicated in Leningrad, despite periodic attempts to recreate public Jewish sociability in the former capital along similar models.
Epilogue
Authors: Wobick-Segev Sarah
Published: January 2019

The epilogue returns to the theme of community building and the contexts under which Jewish life can and has flourished. It argues strongly against narratives in which persecution is seen as the cement that binds Jewish communities together over time. Instead, the Epilogue asserts that Jewish belonging thrives in places of choice and that Jews find more reasons and ways to remain connected to their culture and to each other in cities and countries with multiple viable options. It also asks an open-ended question regarding the future of Jewish belonging in a time of continued individualistic belonging. Taking an optimistic approach, the Epilogue concludes with a call for increased and pluralistic contexts for the perpetuation of Jewish belonging and self-identification.
The Experimental Imagination
Authors: Chico Tita
Published: January 2019

This book is about experimental imagination in the British Enlightenment. It tells the story of how literariness came to be distinguished from its epistemological sibling, science, as a source of truth about the natural and social worlds. Early scientists used metaphor to define the phenomena they studied. They likewise used metaphor to imagine themselves into their roles as experimentalists. Late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century British literature includes countless references to early science to make the case for the epistemological superiority of literary knowledge, whose truths challenge the dominant account of the scientific revolution as the sine qua non epistemological innovation of the long eighteenth century. The Experimental Imagination considers traditional scientific writings alongside poems, plays, and prose works by canonical and non-canonical authors to argue that ideas about science facilitated new forms of evidence and authority. The noisy satiric rancor and quiet concern that science generated among science advocates, dramatists, essayists, and poets reveal a doubled epistemological trajectory: experimental observation utilizes imaginative speculation and imaginative fancy enables new forms of understanding. Early scientific practice requires yet often obscures that imaginative impulse, which literary knowledge embraces as a way of understanding the world at large. Reciprocally, the period’s theory of aesthetics arises from the observational protocols of science, ultimately laying claim to literature as epistemologically superior. Early science finds its intellectual and conceptual footing in the metaphoric thinking available through literary knowledge, and literary writers wield science as a trope for the importance and unique insights of literary knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Chico Tita
Published: January 2019

This introduction challenges the “two cultures” debate about disciplinarity. Critical studies of literature and science have not presented a satisfactory understanding of the two domains’ comingling and reciprocity. Early science formulated itself through literary knowledge: natural philosophers relied on literariness not only to present experimental findings but also to imagine the practice of science. The multiplicity and diversity of allusions to science in the long eighteenth-century literary archive reflect an understanding of literary knowledge as epistemologically superior. Natural philosophical practice requires yet obscures the imaginative practice; literary knowledge embraces this impulse as a way of understanding the world at large. The experimental imagination encapsulates the process and effects of literary knowledge as an epistemology. The keywords literary knowledge, science, trope, and gender reveal core concepts that enable myriad writers to posit alternative models of experience, authority, and evidence.
Literary Knowledge
Authors: Chico Tita
Published: January 2019

Natural philosophy in the long eighteenth century connoted a sense of modernity and enlightenment, attributes that bound science to meanings in excess of its practice and consumption. The pliancy of science as a trope finds support in reflections on language as a scientific tool by Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke, and other natural philosophers. The two dominant technologies of the experimental imagination are the observed particular and the modest witness. Observed particulars of empirical study are those nuggets of data that disclose themselves and, in their revelation, produce knowledge. The modest witness is the individual who is objective by virtue of erasing himself through his privilege. Tropes are literary tools that not only enable practitioners to describe scientific findings, but also enable an even more fundamental component of experimentalism: literariness makes possible the conceptualization of scientific findings and the individual who produces them.
Immodest Witnesses
Authors: Chico Tita
Published: January 2019

The character of the immodest witness embodies the self-interest, sexual desire, and circulation of wealth implicitly bound up with the practice of experimental philosophy. The characterization of Gimcracks in Thomas Shadwell’s The Virtuoso, James Miller’s The Humours of Oxford, and Susannah Centlivre’s The Basset-Table and coquettes in Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s The Spectator and Eliza Haywood’s The Female Spectator all represent self-interest. In plays and periodicals, characterization, metaphor, and plot together reveal the logic of self-interest undergirding claims to scientific objectivity. If the ideal natural philosopher removed himself to achieve objectivity, then the Gimcrack and coquette were defined by an inability to overcome prejudice and desires, speaking for themselves rather than for the object. For some, this form of bias leads to self-delusion, eroticism, and social obstruction, but for others, it allows a new form of self-directed agency and social, even moral, improvement.
Scientific Seduction
Authors: Chico Tita
Published: January 2019

Beginning with Bacon, natural philosophy texts frequently present scientific practice as an erotic quest, establishing a correspondence between sexual seduction and natural philosophical inquiry. Bernard de Fontenelle’s and Francesco Algarotti’s scientific dialogues, translated by Aphra Behn and Elizabeth Carter, respectively, adopt the literary plot of seduction to explain and promote Cartesianism, Copernicanism, and Newtonianism. Both Behn and Carter embrace the suitability of natural philosophical education for women. For Fontenelle and Algarotti, understanding science necessitates new ways of thinking that are possible only with one’s imagination and requires that characters undergo a process of seduction. Learning science is a conversion process, simultaneously rational and affective. Mathematicians, like lovers, are persuasive and persistent, ultimately demanding submission. These scientific dialogues reframe erotic plots to promote intellectual and moral self-improvement, qualities posited as uniquely modern and widely available to the texts’ readers.
When Science Becomes Literature
Authors: Chico Tita
Published: January 2019

The eighteenth-century aesthetic theories of Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury, and Francis Hutcheson use scientific tropes, consequently revealing the reciprocity of scientific and literary epistemologies. Poets use an expressly aesthetic mode to imagine beyond the limits of experimental knowledge, even though eighteenth-century aesthetics takes shape through unacknowledged appropriation of scientific structures and processes. With this reciprocity obscured, natural philosophy may well disclose sights unseen, but poetry does more. In Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock, poems inspired by Queen Caroline’s homage to British theological and scientific accomplishments in her Richmond Hermitage, and James Thomson’s The Seasons, science becomes literature: aesthetic mediations of natural philosophy draw on but also challenge the intellectual work of science, and mount a case for the epistemological superiority of the literary.