bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religious Secularity
Authors: Madaninejad Banafsheh
Published: October 2020

Naser Ghobadzadeh’s Religious Secularity presumes that Muslim thinkers nolonger consider an Islamic state as the desired political system. This aversionto a theocratic state is perhaps felt most by those Iranian reformist thinkerswho have had to operate in such a state since the 1979 Islamic revolution. Theauthor claims that in its place, the Muslim world has devised a new theoreticalcategory called “religious secularity,” which allows for a religiously secularstate to, at least theoretically, present itself as an alternative to an Islamic one.He defines this religiously secular attitude as one that refuses to eliminate religionfrom the political sphere, but simultaneously carves out a space for secularpolitics by narrowly promoting only the institutional separation of religionand state.He claims that this concept has two goals: to (1) restore the clergy’s genuinespiritual aims and reputation and (2) show that Islam is compatible withthe secular democratic state. In Iran, rather than launching overt attacks againstthe theocratic state, this discourse of religious secularity has created a more“gentle, implicit and sectarian manner in challenging the Islamic state.” Unlikein pre-revolutionary times when there were both religious and non-religiousideologies vying for an audience, Ghobadzadeh suggests that in Iran today,“the alternative discourses are religious and concentrate on liberating religiousdiscourse from state intervention.”The author pays homage to Abdullahi An-Na’im and claims to be usingIslam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari‘a (2008) as aconceptual framework. As far as subfields within political science go,Ghobadzadeh’s Religious Secularity is also similar in form to NaderHashemi’s Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy (2009) and, as such,can be considered a work of theoretical comparative political science ...
Persophilia
Authors: Davari Negar
Published: October 2020

Academic investigation of the mutual influences of the West and the Easthas been the subject of few studies during the past decades. In this category,Hamid Dabashi’s work on the mutual effects of the Persianate Orient and theWest is impressive. The book traces evidences of the West’s Persophiliathroughout world history from Biblical and ancient texts to contemporarytexts under the influence of the Romanticism, Transcendentalism, mysticism,fascism, and pan-Islamism approaches. It provides thoughtful commentaryon the roots of western Persophilia, its outcome for the West and the Persianaiteworld, and the overall picture of Persophilic knowledge productionand transfer.As such, Dabashi’s work contributes to the socio-historical hermeneuticsof Persian and western culture by mapping their inter-related texts. He considersPersophilia a sub-category of Orientalism, through which he challengescolonial-based Orientalism. By relying on Jürgen Habermas’ theory of bourgeoispublic space, Dabashi criticizes Raymond Schwab and Edward Said’sviews as introducing a one-directional influence of the West upon the East. Hiswork suggests that there is a cyclic relation of influences between them. Tofurther this point, Dabashi expands Habermas’ public space theory beyond“bourgeois” and shifts it from a limited national level into a transnational scenethat emphasizes the role of Persophilia in the circulation and production ofknowledge worldwide. The book deems the emergence of Persophilia duringthe eighteenth century and its continuation to the present time as an influential ...
Shi‘i Islam
Authors: Khimjee Husein
Published: October 2020

In this detailed study of Shi‘i Islam, Najam Haider provides a uniquely newapproach, one that excels all other scholarly works available to date on the subject.This book is not just a description of differences between the two majorbranches of Islam, concluding with the natural outcome of the split within thecommunity – Sunnis (roughly 80 percent) and Shi‘is (20 percent) – as the historicalconclusion of two interpretations of Islam. The Sunni interpretation isthat immediately after the Prophet’s death the Muslims elected his father-inlawand elderly Companion Abu Bakr as the community’s political leader, followedby Umar, Uthman, and Ali. The Shi‘i interpretation argues the Prophet’sintention had always been for his son-in-law Ali to succeed him and that thiswas the wish of the Divine. This, they said, was their strongest claim maintainedBook Reviews 131through various interpretations of the Qur’anic verses and through several incidentsfrom the Prophet’s actions and sermons. In this regard, they prove theirclaim through the theological tenets proving the necessity of the Imamate,namely, the divinely appointed leadership of the community.Keeping all of this in mind, the author shows that the study of Shi‘i Islamdoes not stop with this early controversy, but has in fact been a dynamic andevolving stream of thought down to our our own time. Within this evolutionhe includes the Twelver Shi‘is, the Isma‘ilis, and the Zaydis. The author doesnot dwell upon the minor differences between Shi‘is and Sunnis; rather, hedemonstrates a more detailed critical thinking and comprehensive look at theformer’s belief and the prophetic narrations (aḥādīth) concerning Ali’s appointmentas not just the community’s political head, but also as the legitimateauthority who would have complete leadership in political as well asreligious issues. In that sense, the book reveals the clear dichotomy betweenthe political authority possessed by Abu Bakr against the total legitimacypossessed by Ali.Unlike other books on the subject, Haider does not end his thesis by maintainingthat Abu Bakr’s election was the main reason for the split and the ensuingintra-community violence. The author looks at Islam’s completehistorical record and shows that the main difference was a gradual development.The Shi‘ah were influenced by the theological beliefs of groups like theMu‘tazilah, which engendered discussions and debates about the nature ofGod and where legitimate authority lies. Based on this new approach, one thatincludes the Shi‘i renaissance in the Middle East in the aftermath of 9/11, hisbook opens up a new dimension in the scholarship that is only now beginningto learn about the Shi‘i history of Islam not only from the traditional Sunnisources. The book enables scholars and political leaders to look at Islam’scomplete history through Shi‘i sources ...
Second International Congress on Islamic Civilization in Southern Africa
Authors: Haron Muhammed
Published: October 2020

In 2006 the first International Congress of Islamic Civilization in SouthernAfrica was hosted by AwqafSA (www.awqafsa. org.za) and IRCICA (Centrefor Islamic History, Art, and Culture www.ircica.org) at the University of Johannesburg.IRCICA, the prime mover and funder of this and similar conferencesand congresses worldwide, has been actively promoting these platformsto bring academics, scholars, researchers, and other stakeholders together tohighlight research outputs and findings that reflect upon the status and positionof Muslim minorities worldwide. Since Southern African Muslim communitiesform an integral part of Africa’s Muslims, it decided to host a follow-upevent in the region.IRCICA once again teamed up with AwqafSA, which had been in closecontact with IRCICA since the 2003 Uganda “Islamic Civlization in EastAfrica” conference. For this congress, AwqafSA partnered with the InternationalPeace College of South Africa (IPSA) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). It also teamed up with ITV, Radio Al-Ansaar, and the MinaraChamber of Commerce. Since UKZN was the main academic partner, thecongress was held from March 4-6, 2016, at the Senate Chambers of UKZN’sWestville campus.The organizers’ objectives for the congress were to (a) increase people’sknowledge of the history and heritage of Southern Africa’s Muslims, (b)strengthen cooperation among Muslim and African nations and their peoplesby producing and disseminating Islamic and cultural knowledge, and (c) offera forum for the true understanding of Islamic culture in the world.Donal McCracken (acting dean of research, College of Humanities) officiallywelcomed the delegates. Following his opening remarks, the audienceheard from the representatives of the Congress Organizing Committee.Zeinoul Cajee (CEO, AwqafSA), Halit Eren (director-general, IRCICA), andShaykh Ighsaan Taliep (IPSA). Eren underscored the importance of these ...
Magic in Islam
Authors: Inloes Amina
Published: October 2020

What if someone wrote an introduction to Islam that was “not Sunnī-centered,or male-centered, or law-centered” (p. 4)? What if it did not focus on a theoreticalArab Muslim heartland and “let only the classical male theologians andjurists speak” (p. 4)? And what if “magic became the primary lens that informedthe author’s priorities” (p. 4)?Magic in Islam is what would happen. Through “magic,” Knight pokesholes in narratives about Islam held by Muslims (such as the notion of a monolithic,static Islamic orthodoxy) and the general populace (such as the “clashof civilizations” narrative). Title aside, Magic in Islam is really about AmericanIslam, not magic; that is, it implicitly compares Islam’s esoteric heritagewith the dry, hyper-logical brand of Islam popular in American MSAs and atISNA, as well as “Protestant-ish” assumptions about Islam in the broaderAmerican discourse. Knight presents himself as neither a specialist in nor apractitioner of the esoteric, and readers expecting a catalogue of Muslim occultpractices will be disappointed (and perhaps enraged). Instead, he acts as awide-eyed observer guiding the reader through the curiosities of Muslim heritage.Knight did not invent this genre, nor is his main contribution in presentingoriginal research. Rather, his main contribution is in making abstruseacademic texts meaningful to the non-specialist, and in a way that is engagingand fun.From this angle, Magic in Islam is similar to his other projects, such asThe Taqwacores (2004) and Journey to the End of Islam (2009). However,while his writing here is still playfully irreverent, it is considerably toneddown, with only an infrequent swear word or allusion to an indelicate act.Hence, despite its potentially heterodox subject, it is more likely to agreewith conservative sensibilities. Ironically, it is also far more grounded in orthodoxy.While Knight proposes to “let the intro come through marginalizedvoices” (p. 4), particularly loud voices include those of orthodox giantssuch as al-Bukhari and Ahmad ibn Hanbal, as well as less-orthodox but stillmainstream-enough voices such as those of al-Kindi and Ibn al-‘Arabi. (Thisis in contrast to truly marginalized voices, such as those of amulet sellers,jinn exorcists, or women.) Nonetheless, the writing is mature and thoughtful,and I would be comfortable using it as a supplementary textbook in an “Introductionto Islam” class ...
The Sunni Tragedy in the Middle East
Authors: Anzalone Christopher
Published: October 2020

Northern Lebanon, the mountainous terrain bordering Syria and the coastalplain centered on the city of Tripoli with its nearly 130,000 residents, has longbeen the heartland of the country’s Sunni Arabs, along with the old scholasticand population hub in the southern city of Sidon. The outbreak of mass popularprotests and eventually armed rebellion in neighboring Syria againstBashar al-Asad’s government in the spring of 2011, and that country’s continuingdescent into an increasingly violent and sectarian civil war, has had aprofound effect upon Lebanon, particularly in the north, for both geographicaland demographic reasons. First, northern Lebanon borders strategic areas ofcentral-western Syria (e.g., the town of al-Qusayr) and is located just south ofthe major Syrian port city of Tartus. Second, the north’s population includessignificant minority communities of Christians and Alawis, the latter of whichare largely aligned politically with Damascus. These factors have made theborder regions particularly dangerous, for while the Lebanese army attemptsto maintain control of the country’s territory, Iran-aligned Hizbullah poursfighters and military supplies into Syria and militant Sunni groups (e.g., ISISand Jabhat Fath al-Sham [JFS]) seek to establish a foothold in Lebanon fromwhich they can pursue their anti-Asad campaign.Bernard Rougier is uniquely placed to write about the contemporary historyand complex web of politics among Lebanon’s Sunni factions and particularlythe rise of jihadi militancy among some of its segments. The bookunder review, like Everyday Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam among Palestiniansin Lebanon (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), isbased upon extensive in-country fieldwork and interviews beginning in theearly 2000s and ending in 2014. It provides a fascinating and nuancedoverview of jihadism’s rise as a viable avenue of political frustration and expressionin the wider milieu of Lebanon’s intra-Sunni socio-political competitionand a fast-changing regional situation.Rougier argues that the contentious political disputes and competitionamong the country’s mainstream Sunni political figures (e.g., the al-Haririfamily), as well as the impact of Syrian control of large parts of Lebanon between1976 and 2005 and ensuing power vacuum after its withdrawal, enabledthe emergence of jihadi militancy. Northern Lebanon also became a center ofcompetition among regional actors through their local allies, which pitted ...
The Islamic Secular
Authors: Fadel Mohammad
Published: October 2020

Professor Sherman Jackson’s essay “The Islamic Secular” challenges the popularconception within the Muslim community that norms are either “Islamic”or “un-Islamic.” Insofar as popular Muslim consciousness accords legitimacyonly to the “Islamic” and grants only grudging, if any, legitimacy to the “non-Islamic,” this intervention is welcome and profoundly needed. But his ambitionhere goes beyond correcting misconceptions within the community itself:It is also an intervention in debates about the secular, secularization, and religionin western academic discourses. In the brief space allotted to me to respondto this very rich and important essay, I will limit myself to the argumentshe directs toward the terms mentioned above and his argument that the “Islamic”secular presents a different phenomenon ...
Why I Am a Salafi
Authors: Tutt Daniel
Published: October 2020

Is it possible to develop a theory of Salafism, the school of thought which affirmsthe authority of the first three generations of the Prophet’s pious followers,that is based in heterodoxy, theological disorder, innovation, sensation,and the body? One normally finds in Salafi thought support for the Hadithcorpus over the Qur’an, a scathing critique of the madhhab system of scholarlyauthority, and a preference for a strictly literal interpretation of the Qur’an andSunnah. But with new scholarship in this field, we must recognize the widediversity of Salafi thought and begin to avoid reductive clichés.Fortunately, Salafism has recently come under increasing scrutiny in academicstudies. For example, we have movements such as “neo-Salafism” inpolitics and “sophisticated Salafism” emerging today, which are open to formsof knowledge outside the Sunnah. It is in this vein of new scholarship onSalafism and western expressions of Islam that Michael Muhammad Knight’sWhy I Am a Salafi (2015) should be read.The book combines an academic and journal-based reflection on the author’sevolving religious identity as an American Muslim. It begins in thewake of Knight’s experience of ingesting ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic plantknown to promote spiritual epiphanies and insight. This experience was thefocus of his last book, Tripping with Allah (2012), that documented his psychedelicjourney. Why I Am a Salafi is written less as a travelogue or an openjournalformat than were his previous books Journey to the End of Islam(2009) and Tripping. For example, in Journey Knight documents his adventuresand travels in Pakistan and India, throughout the Middle East, to wherehe lives in America, and finally in Makkah, where he performs the hajj ...
Elements of a Prophetic Voice of Dissent and Engagement
Authors: Anjum Ovamir
Published: October 2020

In your hands is another thematic issue of AJISS, one that consists of two maincontributions that address the Islamic tradition’s prohibition of the homosexualact. Jonathan A. C. Brown’s essay analyzes the authenticity of pertinent hadithtraditions, whereas Mobeen Vaid’s essay explores the Qur’anic perspective.Both articles had their origin in presentations by a number of scholars at a colloquiumheld at the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) in Herndon,VA, on November 1-2, 2015. Although an earlier version of Vaid’s essay isavailable online, its original intent and thematic complementarity with Brown’sessay on hadith merit its inclusion here. Together, they make crucial contributionsto the scholarship that has reopened the question of how the Islamic scripturaland jurisprudential traditions view this particular sexual practice. In thesame workshop, I presented my reflections on the stakes of the rise of new prohomosexual(or at least neutral) laws and cultural formations for Muslim scholarshipas well as politics, which I share in a modified form in this editorialessay. In keeping with this issue’s theme of sexual ethics, we also include DavidFinn’s critical and extensive evaluation of Aysha Hidayatullah’s important FeministEdges of the Qur’an (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014) ...
A Pre-Modern Defense of the Hadiths on Sodomy
Authors: Brown Jonathan
Published: October 2020

This article provides an annotated translation of a treatise writtenby the famous scholar Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911/1505) in defenseof the hadiths condemning sodomy (liwāṭ). The article situatessuch a defense within the current discourse on Islam andhomosexuality, summarizing the main arguments for and againstthe prohibition of liwāṭ as well as how the “traditionalist” and“Progressive” camps have constructed their arguments.
Islam’s Foundational Equality
Authors: Finn David Raeburn
Published: October 2020

In her Feminist Edges of the Qur’an, Aysha Hidayatullah arguesthat certain Qur’anic verses are incorrigibly male-privilegingand are themselves privileged. Hence, egalitarian readings ofthe Qur’an are unsupported and unsupportable. If, as egalitarianspropose, such verses are unjust, then either the Qur’an isnot God’s word or God is unjust. By contrast (1) I contend thatno evidence suggests any Qur’anic verses are incorrigibly maleprivileging,(2) I provide or indicate egalitarian readings for relevantcontenders, (3) I note that no Qur’anic evidence supportsthe primacy of any such verse. Finally, since controverting egalitarianreadings of such verses are available, the logical formof Hidayatullah’s argument merely shows that if they are readto exhibit injustice, those readings cannot be God’s word. Sincethe Qur’an is God’s word, there is no option but to reread them.
Editorial
Authors: Anjum Ovamir
Published: October 2020

The issue before you features important studies that offer new ways to understandthe modern and exogenous forces, such as territorial nationalismand neoliberalism, that have shaped Muslim societies and Islamic discoursesover the last two centuries.Luke Peterson’s “Palestine-Israel and the Neoliberal Ideal” argues fortheorizing the Palestinian-Israeli conflict not primarily as a nationalist orcultural conflict, but as a casualty of neoliberalism. Among the chief motivatorsof the now infamous duplicity of the British in the course of theFirst World War, Peterson suggests, were the region’s economic benefit andnatural resources. Peterson argues – against the conventional understandingof neoliberalism as a largely post-1970s phenomenon that reversed the doctrineof managed capitalism in the immediate aftermath of the SecondWorld War – that British policies even during the First World War can befruitfully characterized as a kind of neoliberalism ...
Palestine-Israel and the Neoliberal Ideal
Authors: Haase Dwight
Published: October 2020

When I was asked to review this piece for AJISS, I was excited to see scholarlywork relating the Palestinian-Israeli conflict to neoliberalism. Reading thepaper only heightened my enthusiasm; by invoking neoliberalism the authoradds new insights into the nature of this conflict and why it persists.More often than not, we try to understand this conflict in terms of nationalismor religion. Thus framing it as a clash of intractable ideologies,which allows us to blame it on some uncompromising Islamic extremistsand Zionist settlers, has become convenient – although neither is representativeof the majority of either the Palestinians or the Israelis.Given this approach, we in the West have a tendency to look upon Israelisand/or Palestinians as the cause of their own problem. We scratchour heads when they do not come to an agreement, throw up our handswhen the next president’s peace plan fails, and figure that those people arejust that way – always have been and always will be. Not only is this viewpointintellectually weak, but it is politically damaging because it ignoresthe true causes of the conflict and justifies indifference to violations ofhuman rights.
Essential Concepts in Sociology
Authors: Dhaouadi Mahmoud
Published: October 2020

My review of this book is not the outcome of my simple reading of it, butof translating it into Arabic. Its 240 pages identify and discuss sixty-sevenessential sociological concepts, most notably those core concepts and ideasthat allow sociologists to make sense of societies, even though our understandingof these concepts is constantly evolving and changing. The twosociologists have arranged their book in the following sections – workingdefinition, origins of the concept, meaning and interpretation, critical pointsand, continuing relevance – and its contents into ten themes. Between thefirst theme of “Thinking Sociologically” and the last theme of “PoliticalSociology,” a variety of other themes are discussed, among them “Structuresof Societies,” “Interaction and Communication,” “Health, Illness, andthe Body,” and “Crime and Social Control.” The authors use this arrangementto provide a portrait of sociology through its essential concepts, rangingfrom capitalism, identity, and deviance to citizenship, the environment,and intersectionality. The concepts of each theme are arranged alphabeticallyso that they may be analyzed, discussed, and debated.Sociological literature shows the important relationship between conceptsand theories: given that concepts are labels that refer to relations ordescriptive properties, they are not statements and therefore are neither truenor false. They simply furnish the vocabulary of a theory and identify itssubject matter. When concepts are interrelated in a scheme, a theory beginsto emerge ...
Reclaiming the Mosque
Authors: Wani Gowhar Quadir
Published: October 2020

The most famous Ḥadīth collection, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, records ‘Umar, theSecond Caliph, to have said, “We did not value women as anything duringthe ‘period of ignorance’ until Islam came and started mentioning them,because of which we took into consideration their rights upon us” (ḤadīthNo. 5505). This narration, along with a multitude of other Qur’anic injunctionsand Prophetic sayings, plus the practice of the Prophetic era, makes it clear that Islam elevates the status of women, encourages (indeed ensures)their participation in the society, and makes them the vibrant contributorsalongside men. But, ironically, in the subsequent periods of Muslim history,the jurisdiction of women in Muslim societies was reduced to the confinesof the household, depriving them of active social participation. While thereis no denying that some external political factors and cultural influences ledto this situation, the ‘religious’/ ‘Islamic’ overtone given to this non-Islamicdiscrimination against women is most unfortunate ...
The Great War and the Middle East
Authors: Sabet Amr G.E.
Published: October 2020

This book attempts to provide a new reading of the historical events thatserved to shape the Middle East, during and immediately after the firstGreat War (1914-1918). While it does not go so far as to make revisionistclaims, it does make a claim to an alternative perspective on other narratives.The author questions how this grand conflict has been portrayed, notonly in its immediate aftermath but also in its long-term effects observed incurrent regional instabilities.The book includes twelve chapters arranged chronologically and by region,focusing on the military conflicts of WWI not as a study of “militaryhistory of maneuvers” as such, but as a “study of war” in a fashion that reflectsthe interactions of decision-makers involved in this great conflict (x).The first chapter introduces the reader to the “making of imperial strategy”focusing on “ends and ways” (1). By the early twentieth century, Britain appearedto face numerous threats from other great powers such as Germany, ...
Veiled Superheroes
Authors: Shapley Sarah
Published: October 2020

Sophia Rose Arjana’s book Veiled Superheroes: Islam, Feminism, and PopularCulture raises a timely and critical discussion. The interdisciplinarynature of the book provides insight into various subjects, including women’sstudies, theology, and popular culture. Arjana, with Kim Fox, focuseson Muslim female (Muslima) superheroes. In a world where so oftenwomen (and in particular, Muslim women) are politicized, Arjana offers analternate exploration of how Muslima superheroes are poised to battle bothWestern and Islamic misogyny.Chapter 1, “Muslim Women in Popular Culture,” gives an overview ofthe discourse around Muslim women. The chapter explores how Orientalismhas influenced the presentation of Muslim women, particularly notinghow Muslim women lose agency in all discussions. Arjana looks specificallyat how the comic and cartoons have been subject to this thinking.She addresses how Muslims fall into the villain or the rescue narrative andthen turns to the problematic representation of some Muslima superheroes.Comics are just the starting point, for such representations are found incartoons and film as well. While this chapter provides a great basis for therest of the book and an essential introduction to the narrative that has oftensurrounded Muslim women, it does at times jump quickly from one discussionto the next (as continues through much of the book) ...
Editorial
Authors: Anjum Ovamir
Published: October 2020

In the last issue, I wrote about the limits of suffering vicariously, and thattrue solidarity requires constant engagement and practical acts of solidarity.In this editorial, I have invited a young Muslim activist of Uyghur rootsto reflect on the present moment. Aydin Anwar was my student at a summerprogram in Istanbul last year at Ihsan Academy. She is a courageous,articulate, and inspiring voice for the horrendous violation of the basichumanity and rights of the Uyghur Muslims by the occupying Chinesegovernment. Governments of Muslim countries are quiet. In a report twoweeks ago, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discriminationexpressed alarm at the “numerous reports of detention of large numbersof ethnic Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities held incommunicado andoften for long periods, without being charged or tried, under the pretextof countering terrorism and religious extremism.” Over a million UyghurMuslims have been sent to concentration camps, according to Uyghurs aswell as independent observers. A Human Rights Watch report noted thatmillions of Xinjiang residents were having their DNA, fingerprints, and retinalscans collected; earlier in 2017, the region’s Muslims were banned fromwearing long beards or veils in public.We Muslim academics, intellectuals, and scholars need to listen to andstrengthen voices like that of Aydin Anwar. In fact, we must follow her lead.I will let her speak for herself; I hope you can hear the disciplined rage andresolute voice of her words as you read these meticulously documentedstatements:A Brewing Genocide in Occupied East TurkestanI sat in a room with around thirty refugee women in Istanbul duringsummer 2016. We were listening to Munawwar, an Uyghur activist andIslamic teacher who fled China in the 1990s, explain the meaning of achapter in the Quran before ending the session with a prayer. Soon into ...
Seasonal and spatial variability of the ammonium nitrogen content in the Amur River near Khabarovsk in 2018–2019
Authors: Шестеркин В.П. , Шестеркина Н.М.
Published: October 2020

Представлены результаты наблюдений за содержанием аммонийного азота в воде р. Амур у г. Хабаровск в 2018–2019 гг. Максимальные значения установлены в правобережной и средней части русла в 2018 г. в начале ледостава (0.37 мг N/дм3), в 2019 г. в конце ледостава (0.32 мг N/дм3). Наименьшие значения зимой отмечены в левобережной части русла Амура из-за влияния зарегулированных рек Зея и Бурея. Показано постепенное снижение концентрации аммонийного азота в течение зимнего периода в 1.5 раза в 2018 г. и возрастание в 2.4 раза в 2019 г. Выявлено снижение концентраций в зимнюю межень 2018–2019 гг. по сравнению с периодом 2011–2013 гг. в 1.9 раза, что свидетельствует об улучшении качества воды р. Сунгари, а соответственно и Среднего Амура. В период открытого русла содержание аммонийного азота по сравнению с зимней меженью ниже и не превышает 0.1 мг N/дм3. Наибольшие значения наблюдаются в правобережной и средней части русла во время половодья и на подъеме паводков, сформированных в бассейнах рек Уссури и Сунгари. Показано, что на гребне катастрофического паводка, сформированного в Забайкальском крае в 2018 г., и очень сильного паводка в 2019 г. содержание аммонийного азота не превышало 0.05 мг N/дм3. Установлено, что содержание аммонийного азота в левобережной части русла, а в межпаводочный период по всей ширине Амура находится ниже предела обнаружения.

The results of observations over the content of ammonium nitrogen in the water of the Amur River near Khabarovsk in 2018–2019 are presented. The maximum values were determined in the right-bank and middle parts of the riverbed in 2018 at the beginning of ice formation (0.37 mg of N/dm3) and in 2019 at the end of ice formation (0.32 mg of N/dm3). The minimum values were observed in winter in the left-bank part of the Amur riverbed due to effect of the regulated rivers of Zeya and Bureya. The gradual decline in the concentration of ammonium nitrogen 1.5 times during the winter season of 2018 and growth 2.4 times in 2019 are shown. The decrease in concentrations 1.9 times during the winter runoff low of 2018–2019 in comparison with period of 2011–2013 was revealed which gives evidence of the water quality improvement in Sungari River and, respectively, in the middle reaches of Amur River. In the period of free channel, the content of ammonium nitrogen is lower in comparison with the same during winter low-water level and does exceed 0.1 mg of N/dm3. The maximum values are observed in the right-bank and middle parts of the riverbed during high water and on the rise of floods formed in the catchments of the Ussuri and Sungari Rivers. It was demonstrated that in the top of the catastrophic flood formed in the Trans-Baikal Territory in 2018 and very strong flood in 2019, the content of ammonium nitrogen did not exceed 0.05 mg of N/dm3. It has been established that the content of ammonium nitrogen in the left-bank part of riverbed and in the peak-flood interval across the whole width of the Amur River is below detection limit.
SYSTEM APPROACH TO ORGANIZATION OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT AT ENERGY SERVICE COMPANY
Authors: Barna Stepan
Published: October 2020

Introduction. Sustainable economic development, increasing the role of e-commerce, receiving of fast access to information and multichannel of information exchanging enhance of the innovation activity at enterprise. According to this, topical question is the improvement the approaches to components of management system of innovative activity of energy service company.
Purpose: the study of components of innovative management at energy service company on the basis of including of modern tendencies of economy and society development.
Method (methodology). Methodological basis of the research were the following methods: induction and deduction – for considering the essence of the concepts «innovation system» and «innovative enterprise»; system-functional – for determining the components of the innovative management system of the energy service company; logical generalization – for distinguishing the place and role of innovative management in the activity of the energy service company.
Results. The article is explored approaches to defining an innovation system and an innovative enterprise. Energy service companies are seen as innovating businesses. It is noted that the innovation management system is treated as a separate management mechanism, as a subsystem of the innovation system, as an element of the overall management system of a company, organization or institution. The place and role of the innovative management system in the activity of the energy service company is established.
The results of research the components of the enterprise innovation management system is the basis for further scientific research in the direction of defining the tasks of innovative management of energy service companies.
Inocuidad microbiológica de las masas artesanales de maíz expendidas en Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela
Authors: Alessi-Cusati Próspero A. , Ekmeiro-Salvador Jesús E.
Published: October 2020

Recientemente las masas artesanales de maíz pilado han pasado a ser un alimento de consumo masivo en Venezuela, sin un control sanitario adecuado en materia de elaboración y expendio. Existen muy pocos estudios referenciados internacionalmente, y ninguno reciente a nivel local, al respecto de este producto; por ese motivo el objetivo de esta investigación se ha enfocado su evaluación microbiológica con muestras obtenidas en el mercado municipal de Puerto La Cruz, que son el principal punto de expendio de las mismas en las principales ciudades venezolanas. Se determinaron las frecuencias de coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, presencia de Escherichia coli, aerobios mesófilos y Staphylococcus aureus como indicadores de una manipulación inadecuada; también se consideró la presencia de mohos y levaduras como microorganismo asociados a cereales. Se concluye que la totalidad de las muestras de masas de maíz pilado presentan un elevado nivel de estos microorganismos indicadores y que su consumo sin la cocción adecuada podría conllevar riesgos importantes para la salud.
Pengaruh Teknologi Informasi dan Komitmen Pelayanan terhadap Good Governance di Jajaran Pemerintah Kota Banda Aceh
Authors: Fanitra Irma , Junaidi Rahmad
Published: October 2020

The main focus of this research is to analyze the effect of information technology and service commitment to the implementation of the principles of good government governance (GGG) and its impact on employee performance. The research was conducted at a number of the local government work unit (SKPD) within the Banda Aceh government. Collecting data through distributing questionnaires to 170 employees. Then the data were analyzed using multivariate statistics structural equation modeling. The study found a positive and significant effect of information technology and service commitment on GGG implementation and employee performance. The existence of GGG implementation not only has a positive impact on performance improvement, but also mediates the effect of information technology and service commitment on employee performance. Keywords: Employee’s performance, GGG implementation, information technology, services commitment, structural equation modelling.
Letramento transmídia ou digital? A autoria docente em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Silva Raphael De França e , Andrade Ana Luiza , Silva Nadine Rodrigues , Alves Thelma Panerai
Published: October 2020

Vivemos em uma sociedade multissemiótica, cada vez mais inserida em uma cultura participativa, colaborativa e digital. Os textos não são apenas verbais, nem o conhecimento é de propriedade individual, assim, espera-se que os materiais produzidos pelos professores se encontrem inseridos no contexto da nova ecologia midiática e corrobore à superação da educação bancária. Diante do exposto, esta pesquisa analisou materiais digitais produzidos por docentes das redes pública e privada, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, com o objetivo de identificar os tipos de letramentos demonstrados pelos professores. A metodologia deste estudo foi de natureza qualitativa, sob a perspectiva do estudo de caso exploratório e descritivo, com a fundamentação de autores como Rojo (2017), Scolari (2018), Jenkins (2009), Freire (2011; 2014), Livingstone (2011) e Chartier (2006). Os dados foram coletados a partir de um questionário semiestruturado. Constatamos que os professores entrevistados demonstram um desenvolvimento de letramentos midiáticos e digitais, sem, contudo, demonstrar letramento transmidiático. Portanto, não encontramos indícios da participação e engajamento dos alunos, na produção dos materiais digitais. Além disso, há a prevalência do ensino remoto transmissivo, caracterizando-se com uma atualização digital da educação bancária.
A aula não é mais presencial, e agora? Tecnologias e experiências docentes em tempos de COVID-19
Authors: Santos Keila Mendes dos
Published: October 2020

A pandemia do coronavírus trouxe uma nova realidade para o contexto educacional com a transposição das aulas presenciais para modelos não presenciais em todos os níveis de ensino. No âmbito educacional, os docentes se viram repentinamente tendo que adaptar suas práticas, o que evidenciou desafios distintos. Partindo deste contexto, o estudo ora proposto tem por objetivo investigar as experiências educativas vivenciadas pelos professores e os seus posicionamentos ao terem que migrar suas aulas do contexto presencial para o ensino remoto, observando as principais problemáticas, como também os aspectos que favoreceram o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, configurada como estudo de caso, tendo como participantes oito professores de língua inglesa da educação básica. Os dados foram coletados via questionário elaborado no Google formulários e os links enviados aos participantes pelo aplicativo WhatsApp. Os resultados apontam que, apesar dos desafios do primeiro impacto com a nova modalidade, principalmente na descoberta e utilização de melhores recursos, como também problemas envolvendo formação, conexão e participação dos alunos nas aulas, estes vêm se adaptando gradativamente ao novo contexto.
Os professores e o uso das tecnologias digitais nas aulas remotas emergencias no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 em Pernambuco
Authors: Leite Nahara Morais , Lima Elidiene Gomes Oliveira de , Carvalho Ana Beatriz Gomes
Published: October 2020

Este artigo apresenta um estudo exploratório sobre o atual cenário da realidade dos professores de diversos níveis de ensino com a suspensão das atividades presenciais provocada pela pandemia do COVID-19. O objetivo é analisar a formação e a atuação dos professores no contexto das aulas remotas com a suspensão das atividades presenciais durante a pandemia da COVID 19. O estudo é qualitativo e exploratório, com análise das respostas de 254 sujeitos de diferentes níveis e redes de ensino. A coleta foi realizada no segundo mês de isolamento social em Pernambuco e os resultados indicam que a falta de infraestrutura para a realização das atividades e a fragilidade na formação dos docentes para o uso das tecnologias digitais são os elementos apontados como grandes obstáculos no sucesso das aulas remotas.
Resolving "Resolved": Covenants Not to Sue and the Availability of CERCLA Contribution Actions
Authors: Podell Jacob
Published: October 2020

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)—as part of its dual goals of cleaning up hazardous-waste sites and ensuring that the polluter pays for that cleanup—gives private parties two mutually exclusive causes of action: cost recovery and contribution. Contribution is available in limited circumstances, including if the party has “resolved” its liability with the government. But CERCLA does not define this operative term. Federal courts are split over how the structure of a settlement resolves liability. Several courts follow Bernstein v. Bankert, which held that any conditions precedent and nonadmissions of liability strongly suggest that a party has not yet resolved its liability. The Ninth Circuit’s recent case, ASARCO LLC v. Atlantic Richfield Co., said liability is resolved if the settlement determines the party’s obligations with “certainty and finality.” Bernstein deviates from CERCLA’s text and policy, leading to serious inconsistencies in the interpretation and application of the statute. ASARCO injects uncertainty into the statute, which disincentivizes settlements. When the stakes are the reallocation of billions of dollars and the amelioration of the most notorious environmental disasters, getting it right is paramount. This Note proposes a bright-line rule—liability is resolved when the settlement contains any covenant not to sue, conditional or unconditional—and argues that this reading cleans up many of the issues the current circuit split imparts on the statute.
Unplanned Obsolescence: Interpreting the Automatic Telephone Dialing System After the Smartphone Epoch
Authors: Allison Walter
Published: October 2020

Technology regulations succeed or fail based upon their ability to regulate an idea. Constant innovation forces legislators to draft statutes aimed at prohibiting the idea of a device, rather than a specific device itself, because new devices with new capacities emerge every day. The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) is a federal statute that imposes liability based on the idea of an automatic telephone dialing system (ATDS). But the statute’s definition of the device is ambiguous. The FCC struggles to coherently apply the definition to new technologies, and courts interpret the definition inconsistently. Federal circuit courts have split over these inconsistent interpretations. This Note explains the problems associated with the TCPA’s definition and outlines a solution that ensures uniform and workable enforcement of federal rules.
THE EFFECT OF RETURN ON ASSETS, FREE CASH FLOW, AND DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO ON COMPANY VALUE
Authors: Putri Renalita Sutra Tanjung
Published: October 2020

This research aims to empirically examine the effect of Return on Assets, Free Cash Flow, and Leverage on its value in the Consumer Goods Industry company during the year 2016 to 2018. The method of determining the sample uses purposive sampling. One hundred eighteen pieces were selected with predetermined criteria on this. This research's independent variables are Return On Assets, Free Cash Flow, and Leverage as the dependent variable is Company Value. The analysis technique used in this research is descriptive statistics, classic assumptions, feasibility models. The results indicate that the variable Return on assets and Leverage affect the company's value. Whereas the variable Free Cash Flow does not affect the value of the company.

KEYWORDS: Return On Assets, Free Cash Flow,Leverage and Company's value
COVID-19 AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE: A KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE BASED SURVEY
Authors: Pratibha Srivastava
Published: October 2020

Government’s Activities Success Depends on Community Participation.

At present in India around 9,07883 active cases of covid-19 and 57,44,693 recovered and discharged from hospital and more than 1 lakh people died because of this disease. By doing this survey researcher came to know about covid-19 awareness level among Indian population. Available data may be helpful get feedback of strategies as implemented by Govt at central, state, district level to fight against this Covid-19 and also will be helpful to reduce mortality and morbidity rate due to this pandemic disease.
It is a descriptive study based on survey approach, Total 5600 People participated in this study, out of these mostly 60.7% belongs to Uttar Pradesh, 47.1% belongs to medical profession, 55.4 % Participants belongs to 15-25 years age group, 65.2% were female, 52.7% were graduate. The mean score was 15.71 shows people had good awareness level about covid-19.
MHD Natural Convective Flow of Cu-Water Nanofluid over a Past Infinite Vertical Plate with the Presence of Time Dependent Boundary Condition
Authors: Molli S. , Naikoti K.
Published: October 2020

In this paper, unsteady electrically conducting, incompressible, heat and mass transfer Magnetohydrodynamic free convective fluid flow with Cu-nanoparticles over a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium and variable boundary conditions are considered. The governing PDE's have been converted to non-dimensional equations then solved by FET for velocity, temperature and concentration profiles with the influence of buoyancy force due to heat and mass transfer, Prandtl and Schmidt number , time, magnetic and chemical reaction parameter in case of pure fluid and Cu-water nanofluid. The Cu-water nanofluid velocity is low than pure fluid, these are presented through graphical form . Also presented the local Skin-friction coefficient, rate of heat and mass transfer and code of validation through tabular forms.
COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS FOR ACCIDENTAL DESIGN SITUATION: A REVIEW, ANALYSIS, AND PROPOSITIONS
Authors: Tur Viktar , Tur Andrei , Lizahub Aliaksandr , Derechennik Stanislav
Published: October 2020

The paper discusses two main design strategies when checking for reliability and considers accidental action combinations according the various codes. If accidental actions can be identified, one of the possible design strategies is checking the “key element”. This strategy minimizes the possibility of local failure and subsequent progressive collapse. The combination of actions for accidental design situation for checking of the “key-element” resistance was proposed. In addition, the values of the combination factors for variable loads and partial factors for permanent loads in accordance with required reliability class RC for structural element and values of accidental loads was proposed. The second strategy is checking modified structural systems in accidental design situation from unidentified accidental actions. For this case, a comparison of several probabilistic models was performed, as well as a probabilistic assessment of the accidental action combinations according the various codes.
ASSESSMENT OF THREAT ARISING BY EXPLOITATION OF ACETYLENE
Authors: Papliński Andrzej
Published: October 2020

In the paper base reactivity parameters of acetylene are considered. The terms of safe usage of acetylene are interpreted and related to their molecular structure. Unusual susceptibility of acetylene to exothermic self-decomposition is analysed. Chemical composition and parameters of acetylene decomposition at various initial states are estimated in thermodynamic calculations. Combustion and explosion of acetylene/air and acetylene/oxygen mixtures are estimated in full range of acetylene concentration.
THE INCIDENCE OF REFLUX-ESOPHAGITIS, COMPLICATED BY GASTROCARDIAL SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH OF THE HERNIA OF THE ESOPHAGEAL OPENING OF THE DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Воеводина Анна Александровна
Published: October 2020

В настоящей публикации осуществлён анализ частоты внепищеводного проявления рефлюкс-эзофагита, такого как гастрокардиальный синдром у больных с кардиальными, кардиофундальными, субтотальными, тотальными и параэзофагеальными (ПЭ) грыжами пищеводного отверстия диафрагмы.

This publication analyzes the frequency of extraesophageal manifestations of reflux esophagitis, such as gastrocardialny syndrome in patients with cardiac, cardiofundal, Subtotal, total and paraesophageal (PE) hernias of the esophageal orifice of the diaphragm.