bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical implications and guidelines for CKD in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zhang Rong M , Persson Frederik , McGill Janet B , Rossing Peter
Published: October 2022

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with high morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of CKD in T2D is increasing due to rising numbers of persons with T2D. Multiple clinical trials have been conducted testing novel therapies to reduce the progression of CKD, cardiovascular morbidity, in particular hospitalization for heart failure, and mortality. Results of these clinical trials have informed guidelines for the management of CKD in T2D.

Methods

The epidemiology of CKD in T2D and the process of guideline writing, including data gathering, grading and consensus development, were reviewed. Recent guidelines for the management of CKD in T2D that include recent renal outcome clinical trials are reported, along with supporting evidence.

Results

All current guidelines recommend annual screening for CKD, control of blood pressure and glucose, although the target levels and background therapy recommendations vary. Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibition is uniformly recommended. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition with proven agents is recommended by all guidelines, with minor variations in suggested estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria levels. Finerenone, the first nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with renal outcome data, is recommended by the most recent guideline available.

Conclusions

Current guidelines continue to recommend screening for CKD, blood pressure control using RAS inhibition as first-line therapy, and glucose control. SGLT2 inhibition and finerenone are recent additions to current guidelines to improve CKD outcomes in T2D, based on robust clinical trial data.
Overreach
Authors: Shirk Susan L.
Published: October 2022

Overreach traces the trajectory of China’s peaceful rise from being a fragile superpower to a global bully. Following decades after Mao’s death in 1976, Chinese leaders adopted a restrained approach to foreign policy. China began to overreach its power after threatening Taiwan and its South China Sea neighbors, tightening its grip over Hong Kong, and challenging the preeminence of the United States in terms of economy, technology, and military. Exploring China’s political system, the book examines the country under the leadership of Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, looking at the shifts under their respective administrations. It highlights the importance of understanding the domestic roots of China’s actions to avoid similar mistakes that could likely lead to war.
Workforce Development Services in the United States
Authors: Heinrich Carolyn J.
Published: October 2022

Fiscal austerity, volatile labor markets, and inadequate or depreciating labor force skills have stimulated debate about the role, scope, and targeting of public workforce development programs. While few disagree about the potential to benefit from investments in human capital, limited resources constrain who receives these services and their type and intensity. This chapter considers public- and private-sector roles in supporting human capital development and takes a close, critical look at the evidence base on the effectiveness of workforce development programs. Examining the public-sector role in seeding and supporting innovative training strategies, this investigation shows that while low-skilled, less advantaged workers are least likely to be offered private-sector (employer) training, public workforce development programs that combine education and on-the-job training with personalized, work-based learning supports (in coordination with employers) hold considerable promise for improving labor market outcomes for disadvantaged youth and adults and for better meeting employer workforce needs.
Navigating Life with Dementia
Authors: Noble James M.
Published: October 2022

This book begins by establishing a shared understanding of key terms used when describing dementia and explaining how dementia differs from the normal changes of aging. It then discusses the process of establishing a diagnosis, explains how the brain works in the process, and takes a deep dive into each of the most common types of dementia. The book also explores treatments, including standard medical therapies for the symptoms of dementia, evolving treatments that target the biology of disease to potentially slow the course, and complementary strategies to support the patient and caregiver/care partner, as well as the option of participating in research. It features patient stories to help in understanding how problems may emerge in daily life. Ultimately, the book serves a dual purpose: to help in day-to-day challenges and in understanding what lies ahead.
Treatment of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Authors: Noble James M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia. Different classes of therapies and medications are prescribed to control specific symptoms of dementia. Treatments for early-stage dementia and mild cognitive impairment can be divided into symptom-based therapies and newly available disease-modifying therapies. Aducanumab (Aduhelm) is the first disease-modifying therapy available for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States and represents a fundamental change in how Alzheimer’s is treated. Instead of just treating symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, it is designed to impact the underlying microscopic or biological changes seen in Alzheimer’s disease and, in turn, hopefully slow cognitive decline. The chapter then looks at symptom-based treatment for cognitive changes in mild dementia and middle- to late-stage dementia. It also considers the use of stem cells and gene therapy to treat forms of dementia.
Dementia Care Support
Authors: Noble James M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses dementia care support. Caregiving for people with dementia can be an intense and stressful but rewarding experience. Identifying care plans and resources to help support caregivers and care partners is important to help deliver timely, efficient, and effective care. Caregivers and care partners may be spouses, children, grandchildren, or close friends. Professional caregivers can help with a range of needs, often depending on the stage of dementia. Depending on the caregiver’s phase of life, the availability of material support and resources, and the patient’s stage and needs, care may be delivered through a combination of personal and professional caregivers over the course of dementia. Care provided outside the home can largely be divided into two categories: day programs and residential living.
Occam’s Razor and the Challenges of Generalization in Ethnomethodology
Authors: Tavory Iddo
Published: October 2022

This chapter addresses the relationship between ethnomethodology and the attempts to generalize observations in sociology. Garfinkel’s original program was sharply opposed to sociological generalization, precluding any simple inclusion of ethnomethodology into the sociological canon. However, as the author shows, conversation analysis (CA), institutional CA, and ethnomethodology-inspired ethnography provide different routes to generalize findings, while still inspired by Garfinkel’s original position. CA does so by suspending the grounds for generalization while de facto claiming extremely wide generalizability; institutional CA does so by focusing on recurring “institutional fingerprints” that mesh CA patterns with institutionally predefined structures and local pragmatics, and ethnomethodology-inspired ethnography does so by either focusing on institutions, or generalizing what the author calls a space of legibility. The author argues that although ethnomethodology deliberately loses the battle for parsimony in its insistence on the detailed production of orderliness, it is actually much closer to the original notion of Occam’s razor. Instead of assuming that generalizations—whether the researchers’ or the subjects’—have a reality beyond their instantiations, it treats the social world as built of its moments of production.
Birkbeck
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

In 2023, Birkbeck, University of London celebrates 200 years of educating working people in central London. It was founded in 1923 as the London Mechanics’ Institution and, from its inception, was a pioneering and radical institution. This history is animated by the conviction that Birkbeck is its people. Their thoughts and ambitions, hopes and dreams, labour and laughter are what this book describes, celebrates, and occasionally laments. It explores the history of education as well as the history of place, politics, radicalism, class, race, gender, disciplinarity, theatre, food, leisure, war, and everyday encounters. Most of all, this book is about ideas. What does it mean to be educated? How have these meanings changed over time? What makes Birkbeck students unique? What does it mean to be fully human, exploiting our faculties in order to become better people?
Worlds at War, 1914–1918
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

At least ninety-three Birkbeckians were killed during the First World War; thousands were wounded. The College continued to operate during the war. It welcomed Belgian refugees and established classes designed to help the ‘war effort’. The travails of the men and women on the home front were trivial when compared with those in or near the front lines. However, Birkbeck staff and students had to deal with disruptions due to air raids. The biggest contribution was made by Professor of Botany, Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, who was appointed the first Chief Controller of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps. In the aftermath of the war, special classes were established for ex-servicemen. The war memorial to the dead was widely disliked.
Reds in the Classroom
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on the extraordinary intellectual and political lives of Eric Hobsbawm and J. D. Bernal. It makes use of Security Service documents. Hobsbawm and Bernal were not alone amongst the intellectual ‘giants’ at Birkbeck at the time, who also included Paul Dienes, Geoffrey de Ste Croix, Robert Browning, J. W. Jeffrey, Alan Mackay, and M. S. P. Blackett. The College was a hot-bed of communist and leftist activity. Birkbeck’s left-wing academics were acutely aware of the importance of intellectuals to understanding the major crises (including war and Nazism) of their times. When Pablo Picasso visited, he drew a peace mural on the wall of Bernal’s flat. Bernal and Hobsbawm responded in different ways to revelations about Stalin’s crimes and the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary. For both, these events were a shock.
Disciplines
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

Why do categories of knowledge appear and recede in university prospectuses? How does academic knowledge come to be ‘bunched’ into seemingly coherent entities called ‘disciplines’? This chapter explores these questions from the foundation of the London Mechanics’ Institution to today, exploring some of the ways academic disciplines have been constructed, demarcated, maintained, deconstructed, and reconstructed. It focuses on: mathematics, geography, occupational (later, organizational) psychology, and psycho-social studies. These epistemic fields and academic departments were not chosen because of their contested histories—all disciplines are constructed and contested entities. Rather, they have been selected because they illustrate some of the ways academics have apportioned different ‘ways of knowing’ into ostensibly distinctive ‘disciplines’.
Numerical Automation; Or, Computing
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

Andrew Donald Booth headed the Electronic Computation Research Laboratory which later became the Department of Numerical Automation. It was the first academic department in the UK (and possible worldwide) devoted to teaching and research relating to computing. Working in partnership, he and Kathleen Britten (later, Booth) developed some of the earliest digital computers. These included the Automatic Relay Calculator in 1947, the prototype Simple Electronic Computer in 1949, and the All Purpose Electronic Computer in 1951. Booth was also the British inventor of the world’s first rotating storage device in the form of a magnetic drum as well as the binary multiplication procedure (also known as Booth’s multiplier).
‘Birkbeck’s Unique Mission?’
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: October 2022

This chapter looks at threats to Birkbeck’s ‘unique mission’ of providing evening education for working Londoners. This mission was threatened by the Master, John Lockwood, in the 1960s. He planned a revolution to deal with poor accommodation in central London, significant increases in student numbers, and the 1963 Robbins Report. This would entail moving outside of central London and teaching full-time students in the daytime. The controversy was tied into the ‘two cultures’ debate, most famously articulated by C. P. Snow. What Lockwood had not anticipated was the strength of resistance from Birkbeck’s students and staff. He also harboured animosity towards J. D. Bernal and sought to shut down physics and crystallography. The bitter feuding is often said to have contributed to the deaths of both Lockwood and Bernal.
Atmospheric Attunement in the Becoming of a Happy Object
Authors: Gherardi Silvia , Cozza Michela
Published: October 2022

This chapter illustrates the empirical and processual study of affect. By drawing on a posthumanist practice theory, we conceive a research practice as an agencement of heterogeneous elements that achieve agency by entanglement, focusing on how affect realizes ‘agencing’. We experiment with ‘slow seeing’ as a research practice in our engagement with the digital materiality of a video produced for promoting welfare technologies in Sweden. We follow our ‘becoming-with’ the main character of the video and her digital embodiments as ‘self-in-control’, a ‘vulnerable’ body, a ‘technologically mediated body’, and the body of a ‘happy consumer’. From affect theory, we borrow the concept of ‘happy object’ as a method to engage the flow of performative ‘becoming-with’ ideas, values, and objects. Our contribution in theorizing the process of atmospheric attunement is noticing how the labour of attuning proceeds in iterations of sensing, becoming, and becoming-with.
Arts-Based Techniques in Process Research
Authors: Amacker Ariana , Eklund Anna Rylander
Published: October 2022

In this chapter we explore how mind-body techniques derived from arts-based pedagogy can inform process research. Following William James and John Dewey, our inquiry starts from direct experience as we aspire to ‘learn to see’ the forest for the trees both literally and figuratively. We develop a set-up to help guide intention, attention, and connection, and experiment with and reflect on body-mind techniques. As we respond to our sensory and imaginative encounter with a forest, we find out how our integrated awareness in the present moment helps us learn to notice differently. We enact a shift in perspective from an entitative view that focuses on the trees, to a processual view, which focuses on the forest as a living organism. This shift enables a different relationship to the forest, helping us notice the continuity, relationality, and temporality of the forest. These insights open up new possibilities for us as processual researchers.
Rhythms of Writing
Authors: Wegener Charlotte
Published: October 2022

The objective of this chapter is to write an academic text about processual aspects of research that in itself exemplifies processes of writing. The author’s research field is innovation, one hallmark of which is that ideas or objects from previously unrelated domains are brought together, or fused. The performative text presented here is an innovative experiment in writing, a rhythmanalysis that seeks to connect and even confuse the everyday and the conceptual. Connecting with the concept of ‘rhythm’, the text weaves a narrative of the entangled nature of words and life, freedom, motherhood, music, and passion. It is a text that aims to describe the world by keeping it open; it’s about being open to the world, fine-tuning the senses, and welcoming resonance—as a researcher, a human being, and most of all as a reader.
Opening Conversation on Doing Process Research
Authors: Jackson Alecia Y. , Mazzei Lisa A. , Revsbæk Line , Simpson Barbara
Published: October 2022

This closing chapter of the book is intended to open up to a wider trans-disciplinary conversation about the doing of research that arises from a commitment to process ontology. It takes the form of a conversation between the book’s editors, Line Revsbæk and Barbara Simpson, and two prominent exponents of post-qualitative inquiry in the field of education, Alecia Jackson and Lisa Mazzei. We traverse a range of topics including the teaching of research practice and the receptivity of students to new ways of thinking, the relationship between process ontology and other post-foundationalist philosophies, the challenges of ‘posthuman subjectivities’ and ‘power’ in process ontological inquiry, and the potential for process ontological research to inform the tremendous demands for transformative change that our world(s) are increasingly imposing upon all of us. We end on an optimistic note, looking forward to ‘a people to come’.
The Legislative Priority Rule and the Internal Market for Goods
Authors: Ní Chaoimh Eadaoin
Published: October 2022

The law of the internal market, including the internal market for goods, is built on a constitutional ambiguity. This book explores how secondary (product) legislation, as interpreted and enforced by the European Court of Justice, contributes to resolving this ambiguity without undermining the free movement of goods. Chapter 1 provides the building blocks to carry out this task, by outlining the evolving role played by positive integration, both in compensating for the limits of the negative integration regime and providing a potential outlet for national Voice. To this end, it traces the concept of harmonization as understood before and after adoption of the Single European Act. It also explores how the goals of market integration and market regulation can be accommodated within the internal market for goods, in both the absence and presence of EU product rules. It is in this latter context that the Legislative Priority Rule emerges as a guide for the Court to resolve disputes in a manner that respects both the principle of institutional balance and the hierarchy of norms.
Foundations
Authors: Ní Chaoimh Eadaoin
Published: October 2022

Chapter 2 explores the constitutional principles underlying the Legislative Priority Rule, those being the principle of pre-emption and the presumption of constitutionality. Together, these principles regulate the relationship between the EU and its Member States on the one hand, and the EU legislator and judiciary on the other. While the principle of pre-emption precludes national Treaty-based discretion and generally promotes market integration, the presumption of constitutionality allows the European Court of Justice to presume that secondary product rules comply with Articles 34–35 TFEU. The presumption of constitutionality thus empowers the EU legislator since the Court must defer to legislative decisions which are assumed either to reconcile the requirements of market integration and regulation or be justified under the principle of proportionality. It can, as such, also provide a counterweight to the pre-emption on national competences, particularly as the EU legislator enjoys scope to recalibrate the relationship between market integration and regulatory goals and/or grant a degree of regulatory discretion to the Member States. Yet the presumption of constitutionality can also strengthen the judiciary at the expense of the EU legislator since it requires the Court to consistently interpret secondary law in line with Articles 34–35 TFEU or, it this is not possible, reach a finding of invalidity. As a result, while the EU legislator can genuinely impact the contours of the internal market for good, it cannot undermine the hierarchy of norms.
Early Childhood Education and Care in Denmark
Authors: Larsen Trine P. , de la Porte Caroline
Published: October 2022

This study examines why Denmark is considered the leader among the Nordic countries and globally when it comes to childcare. In terms of programmatic success, Denmark is a pioneer in nationwide ECEC (early childhood education and care), including social investment, which focuses on learning capabilities and skills of children. The implementation of ECEC nationwide is well organized, and the take-up of ECEC is evenly spread geographically and across social classes. Danish ECEC is also a clear political success, as political parties from the left to the right of the political spectrum, and at central and local levels of government, have supported ECEC, from the 1970s onwards; furthermore, stakeholders have been involved in setting agendas for continued high-quality ECEC as part of Danish family-, childcare- and labour market policy. Linked to the political success, Danish ECEC has also been a clear process success, with incremental reforms by broad-based coalitions, which have been carried out without major obstacles. The Danish system of ECEC has endured over several decades, despite changes at the margin due to challenges, including financial crises. The endurance is likely to continue well into the future, because of the cap on parental own contribution to the costs of ECEC, and because there has been a political decision to have a minimum threshold for quality of care in 2019. Across both sides of the Atlantic, in the EU context and in the US, childcare in Denmark is considered as a poster-child.
Cancer Treatment Policy in Denmark
Authors: Triantafillou Peter
Published: October 2022

During the early 1990s, it became increasingly clear to the medical community and the public health authorities in Denmark that cancer treatment there was lagging behind most other Western European countries. This chapter examines how Danish cancer policy from around 2000 onwards moved from a position as a laggard to a decent position. It is argued that during the first two decades of the new century, Denmark made remarkable advances along each of the four dimensions of the PPPE model (programmatic, process, political, and endurance) used in this volume. Over the course of 20 years, four consecutive cancer plans have vastly improved diagnostic and curative procedures and capacities with the effect that survival rates for cancer patients have increased substantially and at higher rates than in the other Nordic countries in the same period. Yet, there is still scope for improving preventive actions and regulations (in the area of smoking, alcohol consumption and dieting) and in the area of diagnostic and curative procedures and capacities. Overall, it is also a process success in the sense that the policy saw the emergence of an enduring coalition of state, regions, patient organizations and health professionals around the goal of improving cancer treatment. Recently, however, a few actors in this interest group coalition have questioned whether or not the strong focus on cancer policy may be crowding out the attention to other diseases. Finally, it is a political success as the costly cancer plans have enjoyed widespread and enduring parliamentary and popular support.
Sweden’s Policy of Neutrality
Authors: Brommesson Douglas , Ekengren and Ann-Marie , Michalski Anna
Published: October 2022

This chapter zooms in on the Swedish policy of neutrality and its development over 200 years. Throughout the chapter the ambition is to add nuance to how this policy of neutrality has developed, not least how it has been implemented in flexible ways during changing circumstances. By doing so, the aim is to analyse in what ways the Swedish policy of neutrality can be considered to be a success or not. The chapter presents the background to the modern policy of neutrality through an analysis of the different declarations of neutrality during the 1800s and then moves on with more in-depth analysis of four snapshots, seen as critical junctures, during the 1900s: the First World War, the Second World War, the Cold War, and the post-neutral phase from 1989 to the application for membership in NATO in 2022. The analysis reveals how the policy has been interpreted in highly flexible ways and also been limited by structural conditions such as geopolitical tension, great power conflicts and potential power vaccum. At the same time, the flexibility has often been paired with a strong desire for predictability. Throughout these periods, it has been repeatedly claimed that the purpose of neutrality is that Sweden’s behaviour should be predictable in a potential crisis and therefore less threatening. The overall conclusion of the chapter is that the success of the Swedish policy of neutrality, and its overarching goal to preserve stability and self-determination, have been found in this tension between flexibility and predictability.
The Categorical Imperative
Authors: Walker Ralph C. S.
Published: October 2022

The Categorical Imperative encapsulates the moral law, but Kant’s explanation of it is not well handled. Its central idea is not universality, but the requirement to act in response to the rational will. That is not to be confused with what we want or choose. We should so act that our maxims could be acceptable to everyone’s rational will. There is confusion in his discussions of the four examples of morally unsatisfactory maxims, but there are valuable points behind each of them. He has been interpreted as a rigorist, ruling out (for instance) all cases of suicide, but that cannot really be right—everything depends on the detail of the specific maxim. It is essential to see that he regards someone as acting ‘autonomously’ only when acting from their rational will, i.e. in response to the Categorical Imperative. This use of the word can lead to serious misunderstanding.
The Need for Freedom
Authors: Walker Ralph C. S.
Published: October 2022

Free will, in a strong sense, is essential: only so can we be responsive to the moral law. Yet Kant commits himself to determinism. The Groundwork seeks to show the reality of freedom, but it fails. The Critique of Practical Reason concludes that no proof is needed, but this does not resolve the tension with the causal determinism Kant takes himself to have established. There is however a major incompatibility, which Kant recognizes, between causal explanation and teleological explanation. The determinism of the first Critique is of the causal kind. Our understanding of one another—and Kant’s understanding of organisms—is teleological. We cannot prove that there is no place for teleology, and determinism is far from established. To suggest that whatever is uncaused is random indicates a misunderstanding of randomness. Free will fits well with common sense.
Life-writing and exemplarity
Authors: Gheeraert-Graffeuille Claire
Published: October 2022

This chapter aims to highlight the different modes of life-writing which Lucy Hutchinson drew upon in order to construct the exemplarity of her husband. After an overview of early modern exemplarity, it examines her twofold indebtedness to humanist life-writing inherited from Plutarch and to the Protestant tradition of godly lives. By extolling the Colonel as a Renaissance gentleman and a saint, Lucy Hutchinson seeks to persuade the reader to follow his example by emulating his commitment to the public cause. However, such extreme idealization of the Colonel’s virtues, especially in her dedication to her children, borders on idolatry, a sinful attitude that is vigorously condemned by Calvinists. The chapter studies Lucy Hutchinson’s ambivalent treatment of her husband’s virtues and aura as well as the strategies she adopts to describe him as a true Protestant saint.
The experience of the Civil War in Nottingham
Authors: Gheeraert-Graffeuille Claire
Published: October 2022

This chapter shows that Lucy Hutchinson’s historiographical undertaking cannot be understood outside the epistemology of experience on which the memoir genre is based. It starts by examining her paradoxical position as a witness of the Civil War in Nottingham. Even though she was kept at a distance from military operations, living in the castle of Nottingham and being the Colonel’s confidant put her in a unique position to record the events experienced by her husband and, occasionally, by herself. This privileged position also enabled her to disclose to the reader what was taking place behind the scenes of history, in particular the negotiations conducted between the Colonel and his royalist enemies, as well as the machinations that tore apart the Nottingham Committee of War. The chapter ends with the paradox that Lucy Hutchinson’s local account also serves as a commentary on national politics and provides an exceptional insight into the anthropological realities of the Civil War.
Sentencing in England and Wales
Authors: Harris Lyndon
Published: October 2022

This chapter identifies the key features of the sentencing system in England and Wales, namely a limiting retributivist scheme with a multiplicity of secondary purposes of sentencing. The chapter establishes why England and Wales has been selected as in effect a case study for this work, namely that it has the hallmarks of most Western sentencing systems in that its dominant principle is retributive proportionality with elements of consequentialist theory, and that it has a very developed system of sentencing guidelines and a long history of appellate guidance. The chapter therefore concludes that England and Wales, as a very developed sentencing system with a rich history of structuring sentencing discretion, is the paradigm system for an analysis of measures designed to structure discretion as a means of achieving consistency in sentencing.
Conceptualizing consistency in sentencing
Authors: Harris Lyndon
Published: October 2022

Chapter 2 explores the concept of consistency. Having considered the literature, it is argued that consistency must be a core feature of any fair sentencing system. However, the chapter explains that consistency ought to be a latent, rather than primary, aim of a sentencing system. This is justified on the basis of the proposed definition which encompasses both the procedural and substantive elements of the concept to ensure a workable and theoretically sound definition. With a definition of consistency aligned to the pursuit of sentencing principles, consistency follows the proper application of the principles underpinning the sentencing scheme. Thus, consistency, though central to a fair system, is not something to be directly pursued.
When is a sentencing decision ‘discretionary’ and how should that discretion be structured?
Authors: Harris Lyndon
Published: October 2022

Chapter 5 considers the definition of judicial discretion for the purposes of sentencing. Following the conclusions reached in Chapter 3, a clear definition is needed in order to isolate the parts of the sentencing process which give rise to inconsistency and thus identify the target of any means of redress. Following a review of the literature, identifying and critiquing various descriptions and definitions, it concludes that much of the literature conflates two distinct issues, namely the existence of discretion and the manner in which it may be exercised. This chapter undertakes a modest task, namely to identify a description of discretion fit for the purposes of the enquiry into consistency in sentencing. Thus, it avoids being drawn into the various debates regarding the source of discretionary powers and the limits of the law. Rather, the chapter is more restrained, concerned with providing a workable definition which can be utilized to explore the methods of combatting inconsistency resulting from wide discretionary powers.
Statutory methods of structuring judicial discretion at sentencing
Authors: Harris Lyndon
Published: October 2022

Chapter 6 considers the legislative methods of structuring the discretionary sentencing decision as a means of promoting consistency more effectively. Using the system in England and Wales as the vehicle for exploring these methods, the chapter examines the efficacy of various methods employed in this jurisdiction. The critique will be of interest to scholars and law-makers around the world given the extensive body of sentencing legislation enacted in the United Kingdom, thus providing fertile ground for analysis and the identification of lessons to be learned from the English experience. The chapter explores the role that Parliament plays in the structuring discretion and the particular cultural dimensions of growth in structure following a lengthy period of almost unbridled discretion. Thus, the chapter concludes, reform was necessarily a slow process. Further, consideration of popular measures such as the mandatory minimum sentence are critiqued, providing an analysis that though Anglocentric, may be utilized in many jurisdictions. The chapter finally considers the various approaches taken in enacting legislation to bring about a more structured and more consistent sentencing decision.
Structuring judicial discretion through the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
Authors: Harris Lyndon
Published: October 2022

Chapter 7 performs the same exercise as Chapter 6 but in relation to the decisions of the higher courts in England and Wales. For many decades, the common law provided the most tangible guidance for sentencing courts (notwithstanding the limiting and guiding measures provided by Parliament). The chapter examines the strengths of the common law, namely the ability to react quickly to developments, providing structure where none exists, or supplementing structure provided by legislation. While this exercise is again undertaken in the context of England and Wales, the analysis draws conclusions of use to an international audience. Various approaches to imposing structured decision-making through appellate court decisions are examined and evaluated. This may provide an interesting insight for other jurisdictions when considering the provision of guidance through, inter alia, appellate decisions.
‘’E Mun Be Baited, It’s a Rule’
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

At the start of the nineteenth century an older sporting world was still alive, and one part of it, the ‘calendar’ sports of the people, was still loosely connected with the church. The clergy acted as patrons of the popular sports, while participating in those of their social equals, which in many cases meant the hunting sports of the gentry. Meanwhile a newer sporting world of commercialized sports practised by professionals was emerging. Sports of both kinds were coming increasingly under attack, whether because they were accused of cruelty or brutality, or because of their associations with gambling. Nonconformists, together with the growing numbers of Evangelicals in the Church of England, were at the forefront of these attacks.
‘Puritanic Precision and Propriety’
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

In the early decades of the nineteenth century there were increasing conflicts between the worlds of religion and sport, and their relationship reached its nadir in the 1830s. The religious attacks were motivated by a variety of concerns. The most widespread of these was what was seen as the cruelty or brutality of many sports and the association of many sports with gambling and heavy drinking. While the strongest attacks came from Evangelicals, church reformers of all kinds were concerned that ‘sporting parsons’ were neglecting their duties and were glaring examples of the ‘unreformed’ church. Meanwhile sport was a central part of life for men of the gentry, and for many working men too. Sportsmen of all classes fully reciprocated the opprobrium cast upon them by Evangelical preachers, and the sporting press of the time was notable for its anti-clerical tone.
‘The Affinity between Christianity and Athletics’
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

In 1889 the journal of the YMCA claimed that there was ‘an affinity between Christianity and athletics’. By the last decades of the nineteenth century the alliance between religion and sport had come to be accepted by all but the most conservative sections of the Christian churches. It became part of the package of Christianity and Victorian British values which missionaries brought with them to other parts of the world. This period saw important Jewish institutions bringing sport into their programme and the advocacy by some of a ‘muscular Judaism’. It also saw a gradual growth in the range of sports practised by women and in the social classes involved: beginning with hunting women in the gentry; by the 1870s and 1880s women from the upper-middle class were playing tennis, golf, and hockey; then by the 1890s women in the lower-middle class and working class were cycling. The role of churches and chapels and of the YWCA became increasingly important as less-affluent social groups began to be involved. The chapter concludes by asking ‘What was muscular Christianity?’ It argues that though the term has become inescapable, it has often caused more confusion than enlightenment.
Religions in the Age of Sport
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: October 2022

The last fifty years or so have seen both increasing secularization and increasing religious diversity. Three major religious trends have been the growth of non-Christian religions, especially Islam, the resurgence of Evangelicalism, and the popularity of ‘alternative’ spiritualities. Religions of all kinds have had to respond to the ever-growing role of sport in contemporary society. Sometimes Christians and Muslims have felt obliged to practise their sport within a religiously defined sub-culture, as with the Muslim cricket leagues, Christian football leagues, and organizations of Muslim sportswomen. But they have also engaged more directly with the wider world. Four contrasting Christian examples are Christians in Sport, which aims to evangelize the world of sport; the YMCA, which is playing a major role in providing facilities for disability sport; the sports chaplaincy movement which has a large presence in some areas of elite sport, especially football; and, most recently, the Church of England’s ‘Sports Ministry’ programme, including the appointment of a bishop for sport. In the more secular and more diverse society of today, elite athletes who are religiously committed have also often felt obliged to assert their identity loudly and clearly, rather than practising the more low-key piety common in earlier times.
The Historical Challenge to Future-Proof Science
Authors: Vickers Peter
Published: October 2022

This chapter engages with the literature on contemporary scientific scepticism. It is argued that some of the scholars who describe themselves as ‘sceptics’, or ‘antirealists’, actually allow for some (even many) examples of ‘future-proof science’. This sounds backward, but that is only because of a confusing use of labels and problematic terminology. Whilst the realism debate concerns our epistemic stance vis-à-vis ‘unobservables’, this book has no such focus, and most of the proffered examples of ‘future-proof science’ concern observables (broadly construed). Thus many of the antirealist’s usual arguments—designed as they are to doubt our knowledge of unobservables—are not relevant. Some arguments still are relevant, since they equally affect scientific claims about observables and unobservables. However, since the focus is now on observables, many antirealists will want to defend against these arguments just as much as realists, and the distinction between ‘realists’ and ‘antirealists’ breaks down.
The Tiktaalik ‘Missing Link’ Novel Predictive Success and the Evidence for Evolution
Authors: Vickers Peter
Published: October 2022

Chapter 3 shows that if one wanted to put weight on predictive success, one would have to carefully articulate the circumstances in which a prediction really is of great evidential significance; if not in the Meckel case, then when? Chapter 4 considers a possible case from contemporary science: the theory of evolution and the predictive success of the Tiktaalik ‘missing link’ fossil in 2004. This predictive success seems more impressive than the Meckel case, and scientists initially expressed their enthusiasm for the discovery, indicating that they considered it evidentially very significant. However, the closer one looks the less evidentially significant it appears to be. This further consolidates the thought that we should not put weight on novel predictive success in our search for future-proof science. This inspires a different approach to identifying future-proof science, based not on attempting to digest the first-order evidence, but instead on examining the scientific consensus.
Do We Know How the Dinosaurs Died?
Authors: Vickers Peter
Published: October 2022

It has been argued that we can identify future-proof science via scientific consensus, with criteria that must be met. But actually applying those criteria to a specific case can sometimes be extremely challenging; how is one to ascertain whether there is a 95 per cent consensus in the relevant community of experts? An instructive contemporary case concerns the claim that an asteroid impact caused the dinosaur extinction. Many scientists have been tempted to state the claim as a fact, and in 2010 a review article was published in Science hinting at a consensus. There was a significant community reaction to this piece, however. In addition, there has been plenty of opposition to the claim in both the published literature and activity at (some) major conferences. This chapter navigates some of the challenges that can arise when we ask after the strength of feeling in the relevant scientific community vis-à-vis a specific claim.
Collapse of the United Progressive Alliance
Authors: Hasan Zoya
Published: October 2022

The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government that came to power in 2004 functioned well under UPA-1 (2004–9) but faced numerous challenges under UPA-2 (2009–14). This chapter seeks to understand how and why a government, which had been sufficiently popular during its first term to be re-elected in 2009 with a larger number of seats, could so rapidly decline. It examines the controversies and conflicts swirling around the UPA, culminating in Congress’s defeat in the 2014 elections. It looks at a wide range of developments to argue that UPA’s political crisis was not caused by policy paralysis alone, it was triggered by the concerted effort of powerful right-wing groups that wanted to see the end of the UPA, which was seen as Left-leaning, at least in rhetoric, if not substance. The questions the chapter addresses are: what went gone wrong, why did the UPA collapse, and why could the party’s progressive politics not be sustained.
Nothing we Imagine is Absolutely Impossible
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

Modality and the a priori are the second mode of conceptual thinking explained by the imagination. Hume advances a Conceivability account of modality: nothing we can imagine is absolutely impossible. The potential of the imagination for offline conception is the background for a family of inferences that give structure to our modal thoughts. Conditions on conception produce modal contents by their non-logical effects on the imagination. They can ease, hinder, or block the imagination in its conceiving ideas. The corresponding experiences come to be conceived as modal qualifications of ideas. Hume identifies two principles of modality-constituting transitions, Separability and Determination, and two corresponding kinds of modality, metaphysical (relating to possible existence as such) and physical (ways the empirical world can be). This distinction is one of Hume’s main tools of philosophical criticism. Hume applies his conception of metaphysical modality to provide and account of our a priori knowledge and its limits.
A Mind or Thinking Person
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

The idea of self and personal identity defines an internal world, complementing the external one. This idea is not representational. The self is not an impression or object. Internal reflection represents our minds only as a flux of perceptions. The imagination produces the idea of self and personal identity by forming the idea of the identity of the successive internal perceptions, related by resemblance or by causation; and then that of a self that persists across their succession. The process is marked by the problematic idea of identity and the corresponding principles of the imagination, but Hume seems to endorse its conclusions. Surprisingly, Hume later in the text recants his theory, without clarifying in what respects it is defective. I suggest that the problem could be a dim recognition of his failure to provide a first-personal idea of self and thus to enable an intimate consciousness of ourselves.
Apathy, Moderation, Excitement
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M.
Published: October 2022

In this chapter, we turn to questions of eudaemonism, the subjective telos of virtue. We first consider the hard work of virtue in regulating one’s felt attachments. Rejecting the idea that virtue necessarily involves suffering, we instead highlight the virtuous person’s moral apathetic ability to moderate her felt attachments in light of the absolute value of persons, as guided by the moral feeling of respect. We then argue that the tools for apathetic moderation of felt attachments are also tools for their governance generally: not only their constraint and moderation but also their invigoration in line with virtue. We appeal to Kant’s reference to Hercules at the crossroads to illustrate this work of virtue: this is difficult work that constitutes a genuine battle within oneself between the lure of a life of easy desire-satisfaction and a life in which one authentically chooses and integrates into her person the demands of virtue.
Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

In the seventeenth century, natural philosophy was seen as an integrated enterprise, embracing what are now seen as separate disciplines, such as philosophy, the natural sciences, mathematics, and theology. Although often portrayed as a now redundant precursor of the natural sciences, natural philosophy was far more than this, enfolding the two quite different notions of learning about and learning from nature. This book argues for the retrieval of the ‘disciplinary imaginary’ of natural philosophy. The first part of the work explores how this idea emerged in the writings of Aristotle, and achieved its greatest influence in the seventeenth century. It offers a critical conversation with leading representatives of the movement—such as Johann Kepler, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton—to clarify its scope and significance, as well as identifying the factors causing the decline of the movement in the nineteenth century. The second part of the book sets out a comprehensive account of how natural philosophy can be retrieved and reimagined. Drawing on recent discussions of progress in philosophy, it argues that a retrieved natural philosophy can hold together both the objective and subjective aspects of the human engagement with the natural world. Using Mary Midgley’s approach to safeguarding the complexity of nature and Karl Popper’s model of the ‘three worlds’ of human knowledge—objective, subjective, and theoretical—the book offers a comprehensive vision of the scope of a revitalized natural philosophy, and the benefits this brings to the human understanding and appreciation of nature.