bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explainable and unexpectable recommendations using relational learning on multiple domains
Authors: Sopchoke Sirawit , Fukui Ken-ichi , Numao Masayuki
Published: December 2020

In this research, we combine relational learning with multi-domain to develop a formal framework for a recommendation system. The design of our framework aims at: (i) constructing general rules for recommendations, (ii) providing suggested items with clear and understandable explanations, (iii) delivering a broad range of recommendations including novel and unexpected items. We use relational learning to find all possible relations, including novel relations, and to form the general rules for recommendations. Each rule is represented in relational logic, a formal language, associating with probability. The rules are used to suggest the items, in any domain, to the user whose preferences or other properties satisfy the conditions of the rule. The information described by the rule serves as an explanation for the suggested item. It states clearly why the items are chosen for the users. The explanation is in if-then logical format which is unambiguous, less redundant and more concise compared to a natural language used in other explanation recommendation systems. The explanation itself can help persuade the user to try out the suggested items, and the associated probability can drive the user to make a decision easier and faster with more confidence. Incorporating information or knowledge from multiple domains allows us to broaden our search space and provides us with more opportunities to discover items which are previously unseen or surprised to a user resulting in a wide range of recommendations. The experiment results show that our proposed algorithm is very promising. Although the quality of recommendations provided by our framework is moderate, our framework does produce interesting recommendations not found in the primitive single-domain based system and with simple and understandable explanations.
RADAR SYSTEMS OF SPECIAL PURPOSE AS POWERFUL SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors:   Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, Barkevych V.A. , Nikitina N.G. ,   STATE INSTITUTION “O.M. MARZIEIEV INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH” NAMSU, Tomashevska L.A. ,   STATE INSTITUTION “O.M. MARZIEIEV INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH” NAMSU, Dumanskyi V.Yu. ,   STATE INSTITUTION “O.M. MARZIEIEV INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH” NAMSU, Bitkin S.V. ,   STATE INSTITUTION “O.M. MARZIEIEV INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH” NAMSU, Halak S.S. ,   STATE INSTITUTION “O.M. MARZIEIEV INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH” NAMSU, Bezverkha A.P. ,   STATE INSTITUTION “O.M. MARZIEIEV INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH” NAMSU
Published: December 2020

The work contains the results of the electromagnetic radiation at the location sites of the radio-engineering means for special purpose and the effect of this factor on health. The space – time dissemination appropriatenesses of the electromagnetic radiation of the circular scanning radar of Dalemir type and vertical scanning radar of Vysotomir type have been determined with the help of personal elaborations and modern methods of the investigation. It was established that a real energetic charge on the family members and civil population living in the military settlements is greater nearly by 20 fold than for specialists supplying the radio-engineering means. This category of the population is a contingent of the elevated risk. The results of the biological and hygienic studies fulfilled on the laboratory white rats testifies that the electromagnetic radiation of the radio-engineering means for special purpose in different periods of the experiment causes the changes in the indices of nervous system, biochemical process of the immune system, reproductive function. On the basis of the fulfilled study the following hygienic standards for the population have been recommended: for the circular scanning radars – 15 W/cm2 at 24 hours object radiation and – 40 W/cm2 at 8 hours object radiation, and for vertical scanning radar – 10 and 30 W/cm2 correspondently this. Other measures on the population health protection have been elaborated.
Hurricane Impacts on Florida’s Agriculture and Natural Resources
Authors: Her Young Gu , Smyth Ashley , Fletcher Palela , Bassil Elias , Stingl Ulrich , Brym Zachary , Qui Jianxiao
Published: December 2020

Hurricanes are the most powerful and largest weather event happening in the air, affecting almost everything in their paths. Their strong winds and heavy rain can directly impact both inland and coastal areas in short periods, usually around a day. Understanding hurricane effects is the first step to preparing for hurricanes. The effects of hurricanes can be comprehensive and long-lasting, even permanent, at the spatial scales of a single molecule to whole ecosystems. Much effort has been made to come up with ways to accurately predict, effectively prepare for, and quickly recover from hurricanes, but their sizes and complexity make this difficult. Multidisciplinary collaborations are required to improve our understanding of hurricanes. Here, we review basic facts of hurricanes and their effects in Florida and speculate on how they might affect Florida’s agriculture and natural resources. Examples and speculations provided in this article demonstrate how weather, agriculture, environment, and ecosystem are connected to each other across spatial scales ranging from microorganisms to an entire landscape.
Preventing Foodborne Illness: Clostridium botulinum
Authors: Schneider Keith R. , Goodrich Schneider Renée M. , Kurdmonkoltham Ploy , Bertoldi Bruna
Published: December 2020

Clostridium botulinum is the bacterium that causes botulism. Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, slightly curved, motile, anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium that produces heat-resistant endospores. These endospores, which are very resistant to a number of environmental stresses such as heat and high acid, can become activated in anaerobic environments, low acidity (pH > 4.6), high moisture content, and in temperatures ranging from 40ºF to 250ºF (4ºC to 121ºC) (Sobel et al. 2004). In hostile environmental conditions, the heat-resistant spores enable the bacteria to survive for extended periods of time in a dormant state until conditions become more favorable.
Food Allergies
Authors: Schneider Keith R. , Schneider Renee Goodrich , Ahn Sooyhoun , Richardson Susanna , Kurdmongkoltham Ploy , Bertoldi Bruna
Published: December 2020

What is a food allergy?
A food allergy is a specific immune system reaction that happens after a person consumes what is normally considered a safe food. Food allergies occur more often in children than in adults. Approximately 5-8%of children (aged 4 or under) and about 2% of adults have food allergies (FDA 2016). Allergic reactions to food lead to over 30,000 emergency room visits and 2,000 hospitalizations per year (FDA 2016b; Radke et al. 2016). There are approximately 150 fatalities associated with food allergic reactions in the US annually (FDA 2016).
Food Safety on the Farm: Good Agricultural Practices and Good Handling Practices – Packing Operation Sanitation
Authors: Lepper Jesscia A. , Sreedharan Aswathy , Goodrich Schneider Renée , Schneider Keith R.
Published: December 2020

Good agricultural practices (GAPs) and good handling practices (GHPs) encompass the general procedures that growers, packers and processors of fresh fruits and vegetables should follow to ensure the safety of their product. GAPs usually deal with preharvest practices (i.e., in the field), while GHPs cover postharvest practices, including packing, storage and shipping. This factsheet covers GAPs relating to packing operation sanitation. There are seven other Florida Cooperative Extension factsheets in the ‘Food Safety on the Farm’ series that focus on specific aspects of the GAPs program and how they relate to Florida crops and practices.
Under the new Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), GAPs are a foundation of the Produce Safety Rule (PSR). Other than for round tomatoes in Florida (T-GAPs regulation), GAPs have mainly been a voluntary program. Additionally the PSR mandates all non-exempt operations to follow these new FSMA federal guidelines (6), but all exempt commodities and for those producers exporting to foreign countries, GAPs may still be required. Both the mandatory PSR and GAPs aim to reduce the foodborne illness burden associated with produce.
El sapo de caña o "Bufo" (Rhinella marina) en Florida
Authors: Johnson Steve A. , Wilson Audrey , Ubeda Armando J.
Published: December 2020

Spanish language version of:
[UW432] The Cane or “Bufo” Toad (Rhinella marina) in Florida https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/104560
Restorative Narratives
Authors: Fitzgerald Kaitlin , Green Melanie C. , Paravati Elaine
Published: December 2020

Restorative narratives are stories that highlight how people recover from adversity. Researchers have proposed that this storytelling approach may provide a way to share negative news without emotionally overwhelming audiences. Instead, restorative narratives may decrease the need for emotion regulation processes and as a result, increase the willingness to help those in need. In Study 1, a restorative narrative elicited more positive emotions and an increased willingness to volunteer compared to a negative and control version of the same story. In Study 2, the restorative narrative again evoked more positive emotions and higher hypothetical donations to a relevant charity. Study 2 also varied the narrative ending and found that restorative narratives may need to end positively to maintain their effects.
Türkiye’de “Tele Çalışma” Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Değerlendirme: Gölge Çalışanlar
Authors: GÖNÜLLÜ Canan
Published: December 2020

Gelişen teknoloji ve dönüşen dünya ile birlikte çalışma şartları ve koşullarında da çeşitli değişiklikler göze çarpmaktadır. Üretim ilişki ve biçimlerinin değişmesi, tarihsel süreç içinde çalışmanın niteliğini değiştirirken, bilişim teknolojilerinde ve üretim araçlarında meydana gelen değişim ve dönüşümler de klasik çalışma yöntem ve biçimleri üzerinde birtakım etkilere ve değişimlere sebep olmuştur ve olmaya devam etmektedir.

Günümüz bilgi toplumlarında, üretimin kas gücünün ötesine geçmesiyle birlikte tele-çalışma adı verilen çalışma biçimi de gündeme gelmiştir ve görülme sıklığı giderek artmaktadır. Çalışanların zaman ve mekândan bağımsız olarak çalışmasına imkân veren bu anlayış, toplumsal birtakım tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmektedir.

Bu çalışmada yaygınlığı giderek artmakta olan çalışma biçimlerinden tele çalışmanın, çalışanlar üzerindeki etkileri çok yönlü olarak incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma biçiminin bireysel ve toplumsal yansımaları sosyolojik bir perspektifle ele alınmıştır. Nitel olarak tasarlanan bu çalışmada, tele çalışma biçimiyle çalışma yaşantısında yer alan kişilerle derinlemesine mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Görüşülenlerin seçilmesi amaçlı örnekleme biçimlerinden olan kartopu örneklemesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin çözümlenmesi için içerik analizi tekniğinden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışma sonundaki bulgular, bu yeni çalışma biçiminin toplumda kabul görmesinin, sürece yayılması gerektiği ile paralellik göstermektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışma biçiminde sosyal bir varlık olarak insanın sosyal yönünün, çalışan olarak dikkate alınması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Public service models in european community
Authors:   Academy of the State Penitentiary Service,  Chernihiv, Ukraine, S.V. Liubych
Published: December 2020

The article presents the experience of using models of public service organization in the European community. The analysis of the most widespread models of public service in Europe is carried out on the basis of the presented material. The general tendencies of the presented models development of public service are also revealed. The possibility of using the experience of organizing models of public service in countries with the search for the optimal model of organization of government, including Ukraine is examined. The article presents the key characteristics of the public service organization, which are reflected in the corresponding model – a systematized set of conditions and characteristics of the public service, which reveals its organizational and functional features. The article clarifies and summarizes the presented models of public service, outlines the characteristics of classical, mixed and new models of civil service. The classic models of public service – career, job and mixed are described in detail. Special attention is given to «new models of public service» (modernization, transitory, model of new public service, postmodern model). In practice none of the countries of the European Community today has one or another model of public service in its purest form. The article analyses of each separate model of public service, and it is concluded that elements of public service of the listed countries only gravitate to any one model and, as a rule, combine elements of others. Current trends in public service reform indicate the convergence, mutual enrichment and interpenetration of different models of civil service in the European environment. Particular emphasis is put on the influence of a number of factors, such as (the peculiarity of the historical development of the state, the specifics of the legal system, the form of government, political regime), and so on. The author shows that there are a number of closely studied models of public service: the modernization model, which is based on «society-oriented service»; a transient model of public service, the hallmark of which is «self-centred service»; models of the new public service; postmodern model of public service or as it is abbreviated as Post – MPS. It should be noted that there is a widespread influence of a mixed model of public service, which is characterized by the existence within the personnel system of a certain list of positions with its own specific regime of career organization and access to public service. Key words: public service models; public service; European community; new public service model.
Forms of personnel advanced development of criminal and executive service of Ukraine: advantages and disadvantages
Authors:   Academy of the State Penitentiary Service, Chernihiv, Ukraine, M.M. Rebkalo , L.P. Shumna ,   Academy of the State Penitentiary Service, Chernihiv, Ukraine, V.S. Oliynyk
Published: December 2020

Improving the professional skills of penitentiary personnel is a multifaceted process of obtaining additional knowledge to perform tasks and responsibilities within their professional activities. The article analyzes the main forms of personnel advanced training. The first is carried out in educational institutions of central executive bodies, local executive bodies (external form), and the second – in educational institutions of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine (internal form). When clarifying the content of the external form, attention is paid to the model of its implementation. The first model is a holistic system of advanced training, which ensures the unity of the educational process and adequate educational technologies. The second is a variational model, which means working on a certain side of the profession that needs to be improved. The third model – involves using special diagnostics with subsequent monitoring of acquired knowledge. The article details the advantages and disadvantages of the external form of advanced training. The internal form of advanced training provides the participation of educational institutions of the State Penitentiary Service in this process. The structure of bodies that provide advanced training within the State Penitentiary Service is revealed. Among its advantages is the possibility of involving experienced specialists of the penitentiary service in the training process, introduction of effective innovative technologies and motivation of service activity. The disadvantages of this form of education are also analyzed. The article states the combination of external and internal forms helps to increase the level of professional knowledge and skills based on best practices used in various spheres of professional activity of society and allows to maximize the professions in bodies and penitentiary institutions. Key words: State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine; penitentiary personnel; personnel advanced training system; external forms of advanced training; internal forms of advanced training; advantages and disadvantages of personnel advanced training.
Concepts and characteristics of conflict of interest during civil service in Ukraine
Authors:   Academy of the State Penitentiary Service, Chernihiv, Ukraine, O.G. Tkachenko , N.S. Razumeiko ,   Academy of the State Penitentiary Service, Chernihiv, Ukraine
Published: December 2020

Today no one doubts that the special responsibility in the development and functioning of Ukraine is given to civil servants, who, based on the constitutional enshrinement of their rights and responsibilities, are obliged to represent the state and perform its tasks and functions. Among the large number of corruption grounds, the conflict of interests takes an important place, which is reasonably due to the problematic historical past that took place in Ukraine, when citizens subconsciously established the rule of solving problems with the help of so-called “their” people, when the distribution of positions was carried out on the principle of "family ties", and important decisions were made in favor of the interests of individuals. All this had a very negative impact on the effective activities of civil servants, undermined the authority of public administration, destroyed the trust of citizens in the state as a whole, and therefore is an extremely important issue in the current implementation of anti-corruption policy, building civil society and bringing Ukraine closer to European norms and standards. The civil service is a special institution of power and law, which performs the functions of public administration in the preparation and implementation of management decisions through which the implementation of public policy. As a complex and specific type of managerial activity, the civil service makes specific requirements for future civil servants depending on their positions for which they apply and the nature and content of the work they will perform. The legislation provides a fairly wide list of professional, organizational, moral and ethical, cultural qualities, norms and principles of conduct, which should be the image of a civil servant. Key words: civil service, conflict of interest, regulation, corruption, anti-corruption mechanism, official.
Indigenous Environmental Knowledge of Borana Pastoralists
Authors: Alemayehu Dejene , Doda Zerihun
Published: December 2020

This paper investigated the indigenous environmental knowledge (IEK) of Borana pastoralists in Dhas district of Borana zone in Southern Ethiopia. To select participants for key informant interview and focus group discussion (FGD), snowball sampling was used to pinpoint people who have IEK of Borana pastoralists. Results show that the customary practices of Borana pastoralists that linked to multi-dimensional natural resources management (NRM) include the taxonomy of pastureland and water resources instituted on the season of utility and gazing dimensions, range scouts, herd splitting, cattle mobility, herd diversification, and bush burning. However, currently owing to various factors the IEKs of Borana pastoralists have been facing threatening challenges that question their existence. The study incorporated the capitalization on the customary institutions that advance the IEK and cattle productivity finally improving the livelihoods of the Borana pastoralists. This research intends to help various stakeholders, predominantly pastoralist development office, ecologists and other development partners in a bid to develop Borana pastoralists, to boost their sustainability, and to promote sustainable NRM.
A INCLUSÃO DE ALUNOS SURDOS NO INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO, CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE – IFRN - CAMPUS NATAL CENTRAL
Authors: Henrique Timótheo Machado
Published: December 2020

O acesso de alunos surdos no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte - IFRN, mais especificamente no campus Natal Central, vem ocorrendo nos últimos anos. Após a aprovação da “lei de cotas”, a qual se refere a reserva de vagas para Pessoas com Deficiência em Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior – IFES, foram expressivos o aumento e a variedade desses sujeitos ocupando este espaço. Sabendo que o trabalho com esses sujeitos é subjetivo devido suas singularidades, que há diretrizes para a inclusão do aluno surdo e do trabalho do Tradutor Intérprete de Libras e Português (TILSP) foi necessário elaborar um Parecer Técnico para o IFRN objetivando orientar acerca de possíveis dúvidas e trazer maior compreensão acerca dos temas tratados. Para embasamento teórico utilizou-se a análise e interpretação de estudos de pesquisadores que se dedicam ao “Estudo da Surdez”, Leis e Decretos vigente no Brasil e Normas Técnicas da Federação Nacional das Associações dos Profissionais Tradutores Intérpretes e Guia Intérpretes de Libras – FEBRAPILS. Conclui-se que esse assunto necessita de constantes aprofundamentos e há a necessidade de estar em constante formação e entendimento desse sujeito surdo. Contudo, este documento contribui para minimizar dúvidas atuais e trazer maior compreensão acerca dos temas tratados a fim de assegurar a qualidade do atendimento aos alunos em questão e da atuação dos profissionais TILS.
SAÚDE NA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA ESCOLAR: DIÁLOGOS E POSSIBILIDADES A PARTIR DO CONCEITO AMPLIADO DE SAÚDE
Authors: Palma Alexandre
Published: December 2020

Considerando os desdobramentos decorrentes da noção biomédica de saúde, o objetivo do presente estudo é trazer à tona algumas reflexões sobre as associações entre exercícios físicos e doenças, debater o conceito de saúde e discutir possibilidades de tratar deste tema na educação física escolar. Inicialmente, são realizadas indagações acerca dos conceitos de saúde. Em seguida, são trazidos alguns questionamentos sobre determinados aspectos biológicos que caracterizam os estudos da área. Posteriormente, outras questões de ordem social, econômica e cultural são discutidas. Por fim, são apresentadas algumas possibilidades de trabalho na educação física escolar. Conclui-se entendendo que é preciso pensar os exercícios, não como uma obrigatoriedade, mas, antes, como um direito.
EDUCAÇÃO ANTIRRACISTA? UMA ANÁLISE NOS PERIÓDICOS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA (2014 a 2020)
Authors: Germano Vitor Abdias Cabót , Soares Dandara de Carvalho
Published: December 2020

A lei 10.639/03 estabelece a obrigatoriedade do estudo da História e cultura africana e afro-brasileira no Ensino Fundamental e Médio, o que inclui a Educação Física. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento das publicações sobre as questões étnico-raciais nos principais periódicos de Educação Física escolar, bem como analisar as pesquisas relacionadas à aplicabilidade da lei 10639/03. Para isto, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, este estudo analisou os artigos de seis revistas de Educação Física, entre o período de 2014 a 2020. Foram encontrados 37 artigos que abordam questões relativas à cultura negra, representando 1,3% do total de publicações. Já em relação ao ambiente escolar, esse percentual cai para 0,4%. Assim, pode-se dizer que essa temática é praticamente invisível nos periódicos. Evidenciou-se, portanto, a necessidade de avanços na tentativa de uma transformação deste cenário, buscando unir esforços na promoção de uma educação antirracista.
GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF FORMATION AND USE OF LANDS OF THE NATURAL FUND OF REGIONS: MODERN EDUCATIONAL DIRECTIONS OF PRO-GRAMS OF PREPARATION OF MASTERS
Authors: Chang Liu , Mamonov K. , Frolov V. , Kondratyuk I.
Published: December 2020

The relevance of the research topic on the development and implementation of master’s programs geographic information systems of formation and use of lands of the natural fund of the regions is proved. The purpose of the study is to determine the directions and features of the development of the educational master's program geographic information systems of formation and use of lands of the natural fund of the regions. In accordance with the set goal the following tasks are solved: substantiation of components of the master's program on geoformation systems of formation and use of lands of natural fund of regions; characteristics of practical aspects of application of the master's program on geographic information systems of formation and use of lands of the natural fund of regions. The components of the master's program on geoformation systems of formation and use of lands of the natural fund of regions are determined. The objectives of the study within the framework of the master's program in geoformation systems of formation and use of lands of the natural fund of the regions are substantiated. The practical aspects of its implementation are determined. The modules of the master's program of formation and use of natural fund lands are offered: directions and features of application of geoformation systems in the field of formation and use of natural fund lands; methods and models used in geoformation analysis; directions and features of formation and use of natural fund lands; implementation of the system of formation and use of natural resources with the use of geographic information systems; development of scientifically sound recommendations for improving the efficiency of formation and use of natural resources.
It is established that the development and implementation of a master's program in geographic information systems for the formation and use of natural resources allows the use of modern information systems to solve complex problems of land use, taking into account spatial, environmental and investment factors. On the basis of this program is the training of masters who implement the acquired knowledge in scientific and practical fields, which allows to create conditions for the development of areas of formation and use of natural resources.
Políticas da Formação Inicial de Professores, em Portugal, Decorrentes de Bolonha: posições da comunidade científica
Authors: Leal Ana Rita , Leite Carlinda
Published: December 2020

O artigo analisa posições da comunidade científica acerca das políticas de formação inicial de professores do ensino básico, em Portugal, decorrentes do Processo de Bolonha. O corpus da análise foi constituído por artigos que focam a formação inicial de professores, publicados entre 2005 e 2015, em revistas de educação indexadas nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e na Qualis A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, identificados a partir de palavras-chave. Essa análise, realizada pela técnica de análise de conteúdo, com apoio do Software Nvivo 11, permitiu constatar que as políticas de educação têm sido influenciadas por políticas internacionais que funcionam como uma agenda regulatória global. No que à formação de professores diz respeito, a comunidade científica, nos artigos publicados em revistas indexadas naquelas bases de dados, questiona as condições que estão a ser oferecidas para a socialização com a profissão e com as possibilidades de trazer a profissão para dentro da formação, ou seja, questiona as possibilidades que o Processo de Bolonha instituiu para a existência de uma formação adequada aos desafios que se colocam aos professores neste século XXI.
Ofdramb og mikillæti í Gylfaginningu
Authors: Jónatansdóttir Kolfinna
Published: December 2020

Í þessari grein er skoðað hvernig dauðasyndirnar birtast í frásagnarköflum Gylfaginningar, en allt fram á 16. öld voru syndirnar mikilvægur mælikvarði á kristinn siðaboðskap. Til grundvallar er lögð sagan af því hvernig Freyr fær Gerðar, en þar er hann sagður sýna af sér mikillæti og að sú yfirsjón muni leiða til dauða hans í ragnarökum. Aðrar goðsögur verksins eru lesnar og túlkaðar út frá örlögum Freys og áhersla lögð á þær afleiðingar sem syndsamleg hegðun hefur fyrir guði og aðrar goðfræðilegar verur, sér í lagi þegar kemur að ragnarökum. Þessi túlkun verður sett

í samhengi við lærða hefð á miðöldum, en þá voru klassískar bókmenntir og goðafræði hluti af námsefni í evrópskum skólum. Goðsögur um heiðna guði voru oft túlkaðar eða endurskrifaðar sem táknsögur um kristið siðferði. Þegar Gylfaginning var samin á 13. öld var kristni alls ráðandi á Íslandi og ekki lengur hætta á að menn tækju aftur upp trú á heiðna guði. Því er ekki ósennilegt að goðsögur skráðar á þeim tíma hafi innihaldið kristileg og siðferðileg skilaboð.
Um villur vegar í Sögunni um gralinn og Grettis sögu
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Ásdís Rósa
Published: December 2020

Ljóðsaga franska rithöfundarins Chrétiens de Troyes, Perceval eða Saga um gralinn var samin undir lok 12. aldar. Í fyrri hluta hennar segir frá ævintýrum ungs og óreynds pilts sem þráir ekkert frekar en að gerast riddari við hirð Artúrs. Með þessari frægu riddarasögu hefst leitin að Gralnum í bókmenntasögunni en það stef er nátengt spurningum um syndina sem setur svip sinn á fleiri frönsk bókmenntaverk frá svipuðum tíma. Í greininni er sagt frá helstu birtingarmyndum syndarinnar í frönsku ljóðsögunni. Sagan um gralinn barst til Íslands í norrænni miðaldaþýðingu og hefur varðveist í íslenskum handritum. Áhrifa þýddu riddarasagnanna á íslenska ritmenningu gætir víða. Sagt er stuttlega frá viðtökum verksins í norrænni þýðingu þess, Parcevals sögu, en að lokum bent á ýmis líkindi ljóðsögunnar og hinnar viðburðaríku Grettis sögu, sem talið er að sé frá byrjun 14. aldar. Bæði verkin flétta flóknar spurningar um synd, sekt og oflæti við myrkrið sem setur svip sinn á aðalsöguhetjur þeirra.
Syndauppgjör í skáldsögunni Ég man þig eftir Yrsu Sigurðardóttur
Authors: Guðsteinsdóttir Guðrún Björk
Published: December 2020

Skáldsagan Ég man þig (2010) eftir Yrsu Sigurðardóttur er flókin samsetning því hún tvinnar saman draugasögu, spennusögu og glæparáðgátu, en á mótum þessara frásagnargerða er þematísk þungamiðja sögunnar sem felst í hugleiðingu um mikilvægi þess að gangast við syndum sínum og horfast í augu við eigin forgengileik.

Tryggðarheitið úr minningarbókum skólastúlkna á síðustu öld, „ég man þig“, verður að ógnvekjandi ávarpi draugs sem er ötull við að knýja á þá sem hann telur eiga óuppgerðar syndir, en ávarp dauðans var samkvæmt kristinni miðaldahefð „mundu mig“: memento mori. Skáldsagan er jafnframt aldarspegill á þá siðferðislegu upplausn sem helsta hagsældarartímabil íslenska lýðveldisins leiddi af sér.
Er syndin náttúruleg? Um mikilvægi heimsmynda og uppsprettu gilda
Authors: Skúlason Skúli
Published: December 2020

Eins og kunnugt er blasir við okkur alvarlegur umhverfisvandi sem ógnar lífi á jörðinni. Framferði mannsins á þar stærstan hlut að máli. Á líkingamáli má segja að orðið hafi misgengi milli viðhorfa okkar, siðferðis og lífshátta annars vegar og náttúrunnar hins vegar. Maðurinn hefur í krafti hraðvaxandi tæknilegrar getu sinnar og valds sagt sig úr lögum við vistkerfi jarðarinnar og farið að drottna yfir því og nýta sér á mjög óvarlegan hátt. Með því vinnur hann gegn viðgangi náttúrunnar sem hann er þó órjúfanlega samofinn. Í þessu birtist áðurnefnt misgengi. Í ritgerð þessari er leitast við að greina og leita skilnings á þessari stöðu, orsökum hennar og afleiðingum sem og úrræðum við vandanum. Nálgunin er þverfagleg og niðurstöður vísinda og fræða eru skoðaðar samhliða áhrifum siðmenningar og gildismats. Í þessu skyni er stuðst við leiðir líffræði og heimspeki, ekki síst líftáknfræði og siðfræði, og bent á órofa samspil þessara greina. Niðurstaðan er sú að menningu okkar, þekkingu og vitund verði að samstilla betur hinni náttúrulegu skipan, í þágu fjölbreytni og skapandi framvindu lífs á jörðinni. Í ferlum náttúrunnar liggi rætur þeirra gilda og merkingar sem gera tilveru okkar og annarra lífvera í senn mögulega og verðuga. Að þeim rótum þarf maðurinn að hlúa mun betur og tengjast; víkja af vegi drottnunar gagnvart náttúrunni og laga viðhorf og lifnaðarhætti sína að þeim breytta veruleika.
Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Leaves Grown in Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Chand , Azad Md AK , Rahman Md Mominur , Muhit Md Abdul , Rahman SM Abdur
Published: December 2020

Three fractions obtained by Kupchan partitioning of 70% methanol extract of leaves of Stevia rebaudiana with n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate designated by HSR, DSR and ESR were investigated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. HSR and ESR exhibited prominent free radical scavenging activity having IC50 value of 11.59 and 10.38 μg/ml compared to standard, ascorbic acid (IC50 value 6.05 μg/ml). HSR and ESR also demonstrated significant antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method on some Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. Among the fractions ESR showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity. No significant antifungal activity was observed for any fraction. Preliminary phytochemical screening of all fractions showed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, tannin, carbohydrate and triterpenoids. Total three compounds have been isolated from ESR fraction among which two known compounds (1-2) were characterized as quercitrin (1) and physcion (2) through 1D NMR spectroscopic technique and other one could be a 9,10- anthraquinone derivative which was not characterized yet. The compound physcion (2) is first time report from the plant Stevia rebaudiana.

Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(2): 191-197, 2020 (December)
Hemşirelerin genetik danışmanlık rollerine ilişkin farkındalık ve yetkinliklerinin belirlenmesi
Authors: Arslantürk Yeşim , Pınar Gül
Published: December 2020

Amaç: Araştırma, hemşirelerin genetik danışmanlık rollerine ilişkin farkındalıkları ve yetkinliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak yapıldı. Materyal-Metod: Araştırmanın evrenini, Ankara’da bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesinde çalışan 600 hemşire oluşturdu. Araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 451 hemşire araştırma kapsamına alındı. Veri toplama aracı olarak anket formu kullanıldı. Veriler frekans, yüzdelik, Mann-Whitney U testi, Kruskall-Wallis testleri ile değerlendirildi. Çalışmada anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak kabul edildi. Bulgular: Çalışma kapsamında yer alan hemşirelerin yaş ortalaması 30.8±5.5’tir. Hemşirelerin %54.6’sıının bekar, %94.4’ünün lisans ve üzerinde eğitim aldığı, %87.1’inin servis hemşiresi olarak görev yaptığı belirlendi. Hemşirelerin %57.7’sinin genetik konusunda bilgi aldıkları, %81.6’sının genetik bilimindeki gelişmeleri önemsediği, %32.6’sının ülkemizde genetik danışmanlık hizmetlerini yeterli bulmadığı tespit edildi. Çalışmamızda hemşirelerin genetik bilgi testi puan ortalamalarının 8.25±2.65 (min=0, max=13) ve genetik hastalıklar bilgi testi puan ortalamalarının ise 6.52±1.83 (min=0, max=10) olduğu bulundu. Yapılan analizlere göre, genetik bilimindeki gelişmeleri önemseyenlerin, hasta değerlendirme formunda genetik bilgileri kullananların, mevcut genetik danışmanlık hizmetlerini yeterli bulmayanların ve genetik danışmanlık yapmayı isteyenlerin genetik ve genetik hastalıklar bilgi puan ortalamalarının daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Eğitim düzeyi yüksek olan hemşirelerde genetik hastalıklar bilgi puan ortalamasının, yoğun bakım deneyimi olan ve yönetici konumunda çalışan hemşirelerde ise genetik bilgi puan ortalamasının daha yüksek olduğu saptandı. Sonuç: Araştırma sonucunda, hemşirelerin genetik danışmanlık rollerine ilişkin farkındalıkları ile yetkinliklerinin yeterli olmadığı bulunmuştur. Bu konuda mezuniyet öncesi ve sonrası eğitim programları ile hemşirelerin yetkin hale getirilmesi ve konuyla ilgili daha ileri çalışmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.
Sex Influence on Heart Failure Prognosis
Authors: Postigo Andrea , Martínez-Sellés Manuel
Published: December 2020

Heart failure (HF) affects 1–2% of the population in developed countries and ~50% of patients living with it are women. Compared to men, women are more likely to be older and suffer hypertension, valvular heart disease, and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Since the number of women included in prospective HF studies has been low, much information regarding HF in women has been inferred from clinical trials observations in men and data obtained from registries. Several relevant sex-related differences in HF patients have been described, including biological mechanisms, age, etiology, precipitating factors, comorbidities, left ventricular ejection fraction, treatment effects, and prognosis. Women have greater clinical severity of HF, with more symptoms and worse functional class. However, females with HF have better prognosis compared to males. This survival advantage is particularly impressive given that women are less likely to receive guideline-proven therapies for HF than men. The reasons for this better prognosis are unknown but prior pregnancies may play a role. In this review article we aim to describe sex-related differences in HF and how these differences might explain why women with HF can expect to survive longer than men.
Genomic Analyses Reveal Adaptation to Hot Arid and Harsh Environments in Native Chickens of China
Authors: Gu Jingjing , Liang Qiqi , Liu Can , Li Sheng
Published: December 2020

The acute thermal response has been extensively studied in commercial chickens because of the adverse effects of heat stress on poultry production worldwide. Here, we performed whole-genome resequencing of autochthonous Niya chicken breed native to the Taklimakan Desert region as well as of 11 native chicken breeds that are widely distributed and reared under native humid and temperate areas. We used combined statistical analysis to search for putative genes that might be related to the adaptation of hot arid and harsh environment in Niya chickens. We obtained a list of intersected candidate genes with log2 θπ ratio, FST and XP-CLR (including 123 regions of 21 chromosomes with the average length of 54.4 kb) involved in different molecular processes and pathways implied complex genetic mechanisms of adaptation of native chickens to hot arid and harsh environments. We identified several selective regions containing genes that were associated with the circulatory system and blood vessel development (BVES, SMYD1, IL18, PDGFRA, NRP1, and CORIN), related to central nervous system development (SIM2 and NALCN), related to apoptosis (CLPTM1L, APP, CRADD, and PARK2) responded to stimuli (AHR, ESRRG FAS, and UBE4B) and involved in fatty acid metabolism (FABP1). Our findings provided the genomic evidence of the complex genetic mechanisms of adaptation to hot arid and harsh environments in chickens. These results may improve our understanding of thermal, drought, and harsh environment acclimation in chickens and may serve as a valuable resource for developing new biotechnological tools to breed stress-tolerant chicken lines and or breeds in the future.
Anti-Cancer Nanomedicines: A Revolution of Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Wei , Peng Anghui , Wu Huajun , Quan Yingyao , Li Yong , Lu Ligong , Cui Min
Published: December 2020

Immunotherapies have been accelerating the development of anti-cancer clinical treatment, but its low objective responses and severe off-target immune-related adverse events (irAEs) limit the range of application. Strategies to remove these obstacles primarily focus on the combination of different therapies and the exploitation of new immunotherapeutic agents. Nanomedicine potentiates the effects of activating immune cells selectively and reversing tumor induced immune deficiency microenvironment through multiple mechanisms. In the last decade, a variety of nano-enabled tumor immunotherapies was under clinical investigation. As time goes by, the advantages of nanomedicine are increasingly prominent. With the continuous development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine will offer more distinctive perspectives in imaging diagnosis and treatment of tumors. In this Review, we wish to provide an overview of tumor immunotherapy and the mechanisms of nanomaterials that aim to enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy under development or in clinic treatment.
Six Immune Associated Genes Construct Prognostic Model Evaluate Low-Grade Glioma
Authors: Tan Yin Qiu , Li Yun Tao , Yan Teng Feng , Xu Yang , Liu Bao Hui , Yang Ji An , Yang Xue , Chen Qian Xue , Zhang Hong Bo
Published: December 2020

Background

The immunotherapy of Glioma has always been a research hotspot. Although tumor associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs) proves to be important in glioma progression and drug resistance, our knowledge about how TAMs influence glioma remains unclear. The relationship between glioma and TAMs still needs further study.

Methods

We collected the data of TAMs in glioma from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) that included 20 glioma samples and 15 control samples from four datasets. Six genes were screened from the Differential Expression Gene through Gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and single-cell sequencing analysis. A risk score was then constructed based on the six genes and patients’ overall survival rates of 669 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The efficacy of the risk score in prognosis and prediction was verified in Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA).

Results

Six genes, including CD163, FPR3, LPAR5, P2ry12, PLAUR, SIGLEC1, that participate in signal transduction and plasma membrane were selected. Half of them, like CD163, FPR3, SIGLEC1, were mainly expression in M2 macrophages. FPR3 and SIGLEC1 were high expression genes in glioma associated with grades and IDH status. The overall survival rates of the high risk score group was significantly lower than that of the low risk score group, especially in LGG.

Conclusion

Joint usage of the 6 candidate genes may be an effective method to diagnose and evaluate the prognosis of glioma, especially in Low-grade glioma (LGG).
Dynamics of a Tidal Current System in a Marginal Sea: A Case Study of the Yellow Sea, China
Authors: Zhang Qian , Su Min , Yao Peng , Chen Yongping , Stive Marcel J. F. , Wang Zheng B.
Published: December 2020

Tidal currents belong to the main driving forces shaping the bathymetry of marginal seas. A globally unique radial sand ridge field exists in the South Yellow Sea off the central Jiangsu coast, China. Its formation is related to the distinctive “radial tidal current” pattern at that location. A generally accepted hypothesis is that the “radial tidal current” is a consequence of the interference between the northern amphidromic tidal wave system and the southern incoming tidal wave. In this study, a schematized numerical tidal model was designed to investigate the tidal current system and the factors of influence in the South Yellow Sea. Concepts of the tidal current amphidromic point (CAP) and the tidal current inclination angle are utilized to analyze the inherent structure of the tidal current system. By conducting a series of numerical experiments, it is found that the Poincaré modes are necessary for the existence of “radial tidal current,” and the e-folding decay length should be smaller than the basin length. In the Yellow Sea, cross-basin phase differences due to lateral depth differences as well as open boundary conditions favor the emergence of the “radial tidal current.” Further analyses indicate that the CAP system (i.e., the co-inclination lines, the CAPs, and the tidal ellipticity) deepens the understanding on the dynamic structure of a tidal current system, and therefore, it deserves more attention in future studies.
3D Heads-Up Display vs. Standard Operating Microscope Vitrectomy for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Authors: Asani Ben , Siedlecki Jakob , Schworm Benedikt , Mayer Wolfgang J. , Kreutzer Thomas C. , Luft Nikolaus , Priglinger Siegfried G.
Published: December 2020

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and outcomes of 23-gauge vitreoretinal surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using a three-dimensional heads-up display (3D HUD) surgical platform as compared to a standard operating microscope (SOM) setting.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: One hundred and forty consecutive eyes of 140 patients with primary retinal detachment.

Methods: All eyes underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for primary retinal detachment using either a 3D HUD (NGENUITY; Alcon Inc., Fort Worth, Texas, USA; n = 70 eyes) or a SOM setting (n = 70 eyes); in cases of significant cataract, additional phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation was performed. Minimum follow-up was 2 months.

Main Outcome Measures: Primary retinal reattachment rate, rate of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and duration of surgery.

Results: There were 70 eyes each in the 3D HUD and the SOM group. Both groups did not differ concerning age (p = 0.70), extent of retinal detachment (p = 0.07), number of retinal tears (p = 0.40), macular involvement (p = 0.99), and preoperative BCVA (p = 0.99). Postoperatively, 3D HUD and SOM were comparable concerning the primary retinal reattachment rate (88.6 vs. 94.3%; p = 0.37), the development of postoperative PVR (12.9% vs. 7.1%; p = 0.40) and final BCVA (0.26 ± 0.40 vs. 0.21 ± 0.38 logMAR; p = 0.99). Duration of surgery was significantly longer in the 3D HUD group (66.2 ± 16.5 vs. 61.2 ± 17.1 min; p = 0.04), an effect which however vanished after a “learning curve” of the first 35 eyes (p = 0.49).

Conclusions: On par results to a conventional operating microscope can be achieved with a 3D HUD setting when performing 23-gauge vitreoretinal surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, including the primary retinal reattachment rate, the incidence of postoperative PVR and final BCVA. However, duration of surgery might initially be slightly longer with 3D HUD, suggesting the effect of a learning curve.
Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Native Torulaspora delbrueckii YCPUC10 With Enhanced Ethanol Resistance and Evaluation in Co-inoculated Fermentation
Authors: Catrileo Daniela , Acuña-Fontecilla Andrea , Godoy Liliana
Published: December 2020

Torulaspora delbrueckiiis a yeast species typically present in the early stages of the fermentation process.T. delbrueckiipositively modifies the aromatic properties of wines. However, its contribution to the final quality of the wine is restricted by its low tolerance to ethanol.T. delbrueckiiis capable of fermenting and tolerating an ethanol concentration ranging from 7.4% (v/v) to slightly higher than 9% (v/v). For this reason, it cannot complete fermentation, when alcohol reach levels higher than 12% (v/v), limiting their use in the industry. The objective of this work was to obtain new variants ofT. delbrueckiiwith improved resistance to ethanol through adaptive laboratory evolution. Variants capable of tolerating ethanol levels of 11.5% (v/v) were obtained. These presented improved kinetic parameters, and additionally showed an increase in resistance to SO2in ethanol compared to the original strain. Co-inoculated fermentations were performed with the original strain (FTd/Sc) and with the evolved strain (FTdF/Sc), in addition to a control fermentation using onlySaccharomyces cerevisiaeEC1118 (FSc). The results obtained show that FTdF/Sc present higher levels of 2-Ethylhexanol, compared to FTd/Sc and FSc. Furthermore, FTdF/Sc presents higher levels of total alcohols, total aldehydes, total phenolic derivatives, and total sulfur compounds with significant differences with FSc. These results provide aT. delbrueckiiYCPUC10-F yeast with higher resistance to ethanol, which can be present throughout the fermentation process and be used in co-inoculated fermentations. This would positively impact the performance ofT. delbrueckiiby allowing it to be present not only in the early stages of fermentation but to remain until the end of fermentation.