bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions between potassium and boron in a long-term experiment
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: June 2011

Mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajon, az MTA TAKI Nagyhörcsök Kísérleti Telepén vizsgáltuk a K és B elemek közötti kölcsönhatásokat 1988-ban napraforgó jelzőnövénnyel. Az alaptrágyázás 100–100 kg N és P2O5·ha-1 volt. A K-szinteket 0, 1000 és 2000 kg·ha-1 K2O feltöltő adaggal, a B-szinteket 0, 20, 40 és 60 kg·ha-1 adaggal állítottuk be 1987 őszén, lucerna elővetemény után. A műtrágyákat Ca-ammónium-nitrát, szuperfoszfát, 60%-os KCl és 11%-os bórax formában alkalmaztuk. Főparcellaként a 3 K-szint, alparcellaként a 4 B-szint szolgált. A kísérletet 12 kezeléssel 3 ismétlésben, összesen 36 parcellával, osztott parcellás (split-plot) elrendezésben állítottuk be.
A termőhely szántott rétege 5% körüli CaCO3-ot, 3% humuszt, 20–22% agyagot tartalmazott. A talaj eredetileg N, Ca, Mg és Mn elemekkel jól, káliummal közepesen, P és Zn elemekkel viszonylag gyengén ellátottnak minősült. A talajvíz 13–15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a termőhely aszályérzékeny. A napraforgó tenyészideje alatt 290 mm csapadékot kapott (a sokéves átlaghoz közeli érték), igen száraz volt viszont a május és a július. A főbb megállapítások, eredmények:
– Betakarítás idején a ha-onkénti tőszám 34 ezerről 23 ezerre csökkent igazolhatóan a B-terhelés nyomán a K-kontroll parcellákon. A tőszámcsökkenés nagyobb tányérokat, ezerkaszattömeget és tányéronkénti kaszattömeget indukálva terméskiegyenlítődést eredményezett. A káliummal feltöltött parcellákon a bór ilyen irányú negatív hatása elmaradt. A kaszat 2,1, a szár szintén 2,1, a tányér 1,3, az összes légszáraz föld feletti biomassza tömege 5,5 t·ha-1 mennyiséget tett ki.
– A B-trágyázás igazolhatóan növelte a napraforgó szerveinek B-tartalmát, míg a K-trágyázás igazolhatóan vagy tendencia jelleggel mérsékelte. Az aratáskori tányérban halmozódott fel a legtöbb bór (69 mg·kg-1 átlagos koncentrációban), mely a szár és a kaszat átlagos B-készletét mintegy 3-szorosan múlta felül. A K-trágyázással a növényben mért K-tartalom érdemben nem módosult.
– A 4–6 leveles korú gyökérben főként a Na és Fe, a hajtásban a N, K, Ca és Mg, az aratáskori tányérban a B mellett a Ca és Cu, míg a kaszatban a N, P, Zn és Cu elemek dúsultak. A szár N, P, Zn és Cu elemekben szegényedett el, melyekben a generatív kaszat dúsult.
– Az 1 t kaszattermés + a hozzá tartozó szár és tányér melléktermés elemtartalma közelítően 46 kg N, 40 kg K (47 kg K2O), 27 kg Ca (38 kg CaO), 7 kg P (16 kg P2O5), 7 kg Mg (11 kg MgO) mennyiséget tett ki. Adataink iránymutatóul szolgálhatnak a napraforgó elemigényének becslésekor a szaktanácsadásban.
– A talajzsaroló, illetve trágyaigényesnek tartott napraforgó trágyaigénye drasztikusan lecsökken kombájn betakarításnál, amennyiben a K, Ca és Mg elemek döntően a táblán maradó melléktermésben találhatók és el sem kerülnek az adott tábláról.
Effect of compost application on the sorption of copper and zinc and on their availability to plants
Authors: Elfoughi Alaeddin , Benedek Szilveszter , Füleky György
Published: June 2011

Gödöllői barna erdőtalajon adszorpciós kísérletben vizsgáltuk a talaj, illetve 2,5, 5 és 10% komposzt bekeverésével létrehozott keverék maximális Cu- és Zn-megkötő képességét. Vizsgálatunk szerint a bekevert komposzt mennyiségének növekedésével jelentősen megnőtt a talaj Cu-, illetve Zn-megkötése. Angolperje csíranövény teszt segítségével meghatároztuk a fenti talaj–komposzt keverékekben a növények hajtásával 10 nap talaj–gyökér kontaktus esetén felvett Cu- és Zn-mennyiségeket. Az ökotoxikológiai teszt azt mutatta, hogy a környezetvédelmi határérték kétszerese sem a Cu-, sem a Zn-terhelés esetén nem mutatott szignifikáns negatív hatást az angolperje hajtásának száraz tömegére. Ugyanakkor a növekvő komposztmennyiség a réz felvehetőségét kis mértékben, a cink felvehetőségét valamivel nagyobb mértékben lecsökkentette. Ezzel szemben a forróvíz-oldható Cu-mennyiség csak kis mértékben, a Zn-mennyiség viszont jelentősen megnövekedett a növekvő komposztmennyiség hatására, jelezve, a forróvíz-oldható szerves anyag nehézfém-mobilizáló hatását.
Tests on the methodology elaborated by the ENVASSO Project to measure the decline in soil biodiversity due to erosion
Authors: Simon Barbara , Gál Anita , Marosfalvi Zsófia , Hegymegi Péter , Szeder Balázs , Michéli Erika
Published: June 2011

Az Európai Unió 2002-es „Egy tematikus talajvédelmi stratégia felé” című közleményében definiálta a talaj funkcióit és a talajainkat veszélyeztető legfontosabb nyolc tényezőt, melyek a következők: erózió, talaj szervesanyag-csökkenés, talajszennyezés, talajlefedés, talajtömörödés, talaj biodiverzitás csökkenés, szikesedés, árvizek és földcsuszamlások. Az „Environmental Assessment of Soil for Monitoring” (ENVASSO) Projekt az EU 25 tagállamának részvételével, egy harmonizált módszertan kidolgozását tűzte ki célul a talajtulajdonságokban bekövetkező változások nyomon követésére. Ennek érdekében minden egyes talajt veszélyeztető tényező vizsgálatára egy indikátor hármast (TOP3) dolgozott ki. A talajainkat veszélyeztető nyolc tényező közül a talaj biodiverzitás csökkenésével foglalkozunk részletesen, melynek legfontosabb kiválasztott indikátorai: a földigiliszta (BIO1) és ugróvillás (BIO2) diverzitás (fajdiverzitás), és a mikrobiológiai talajlégzés (BIO3) (biológiai funkció).
Kutatásunk célkitűzése az volt, hogy az ENVASSO által javasolt módszertan kivitelezhetőségét teszteljük a Szent István Egyetem Tangazdaságában egy eróziós katéna mentén. Megállapítottuk, hogy a talaj biodiverzitása csökkent az erózió mértékének növekedésével, valamint a módszertan megfelelő tervezéssel alkalmas monitoring célra.
Mikrobiológiai indikátorok alkalmazása a talajminőség értékelésében. 1. Módszerek
Authors: Szili-Kovács Tibor , Kátai János , Takács Tünde
Published: June 2011

A mikrobiális indikációs módszerek potenciálisan alkalmasak a talajminőség értékelésére, mivel a mikroorganizmusok érzékenyen reagálnak a környezeti változásokra. A módszer kiválasztásának fő szempontjai, az érzékenység, megbízhatóság, ökológiai relevancia, standardizálhatóság, egyszerű és gazdaságos kivitelezhetőség. Négy módszercsoportot különíthetünk el, a mikrobiális biomassza, mikrobiális aktivitás, mikrobiális diverzitás és a növény–mikroba kölcsönhatás vizsgálatát. Általános monitoring célokra a talaj fizikai, kémiai és egyes biológiai tényezőit komplex módon kell vizsgálni, mint ahogy az a magyarországi és más európai talajmonitoring rendszerekben a gyakorlat. Speciális esetekben, például eltérő talajhasználat, talajművelési rendszerek, talajszennyezések, továbbá a talajdegradációt helyreállító beavatkozások összehasonlító elemzésére ennél részletesebb vizsgálatokra lehet szükség, kiegészítve a mikrobiális diverzitás elemzésével.
Expression of soil-forming processes in soil classifications based on diagnostic principles
Authors: Michéli Erika
Published: June 2011

A diagnosztikai szemléleten alapuló talajosztályozási rendszerek gyakran kapják azt a kritikát, hogy elhanyagolják a genetikai alapokat. AStefanovits(1972) által leírt, a hazai talajtípusok képződését és elkülönítését meghatározó 23 talajképző folyamatot alapul véve kerül vizsgálatra a genetikai alapok megjelenése a diagnosztikai szemléletű talajosztályozásban. Az egyes folyamatoknak a diagnosztikai egységekhez való kapcsolása a Világ Talaj Referenciabázis (WRB) egységei alapján történik. A feldolgozás bemutatja, miként jutnak kifejezésre a talajfolyamatok a diagnosztikai szintek, tulajdonságok, anyagok meghatározásában és biztosítják a genetikai és, egyben tudományos alapok megőrzését.
Morphotype diversity of phytoliths in Hungarian soil profiles
Authors: Pető Ákos
Published: June 2011

A talajok környezettörténeti kutatásokban való alkalmazásának egyik lehetséges módja, hogy a növényekben képződő, kémiai és fizikai tényezőknek egyaránt hosszú ideig ellenálló növényi opálszemcsék (fitolitok) által közvetített élőhelyi képet megfejtsük. A növényi opálszemcsék együttese a talajban történő felhalmozódás révén, a felszínt benépesítő növényvilág lenyomatát adja. Egy adott vegetációra jellemző fitolitegyüttes jellegét elsődlegesen a létrehozó növényzet befolyásolja, ugyanakkor a másodlagos – talajképződési és emberi – tényezők figyelembe vétele, számszerűsítése is fontos szereppel bír. A talajokban felhalmozódó növényi opálszemcsék minőségi elemzése révén konkrét növényi életközösségeket (élőhelyeket) jellemezhetünk; mennyiségi elemzésükkel, illetve talajainkban megfigyelhető eloszlásukkal pedig a növényi életközösségek talajfejlődésre kifejtett hatását, azok monotonitását és/vagy szakaszosságát ismerhetjük meg. Dolgozatomban 20 talajszelvény, 117 rétegmintával jellemzett fitolitismereti adatbázisát dolgozom fel. A vizsgálat célja, hogy a recens életközösségekhez hasonlóan, a megjelenő fitolit morfotípusok mennyiségi és minőségi jellemzőinek a figyelembevételével jellemezzem az egyes talajok által megjelenített élőhelyek fitolitképzési potenciálját, illetve visszacsatolást találjak a jelenségek és a talajok múltja között. Ehhez az ökológiában is alkalmazott diverzitási indexeket hívom segítségül. A morfotípus-diverzitási értékek egy talajszelvény fejlődésének összetettségét is megmutatja, így az eredmények alapján három, egymástól eltérő típust határoltam el. Az első típus, amelyik esetében a természetes és mesterséges hatások eredményeképpen növekedik a fitolitok és a morfotípusok száma, tehát a természetes fejlődési folyamathoz képest fitolittöbblet jelentkezik. A második típus esetében a talajszelvény helyzetéből adódóan fitolit- és szervesanyag-veszteség keletkezik, amely közvetlenül csökkenti a talaj morfotípus-változatosságát és fitolitmennyiségét, míg a harmadik típusba az intakt szelvényeket soroltam, ahol a szelvény fitolitösszletét csak a szelvényen tenyésző vegetáció alakítja, külső hatás nem játszik közre. Ebben a tekintetben ez egy belső folyamatok által, a külső folyamatok kizárásával fejlődő típus.
Water balance in Hungary in the 20th century, based on a multi-layer soil model
Authors: Breuer Hajnalka , Ács Ferenc
Published: June 2011

Jelen tanulmány egy 3 talajrétegű vízmérleg modellt és az azzal a XX. évszázadra kapott eredményeket mutatja be. A párolgás számítását a Priestly-Taylor-féle módszerrel végzik, kombinálva a sztómaellenállás becslésével, míg a vízmozgást a talajban a talaj becsült vízvezető képességével számítják.
A XX. századra végzett modellszámításokhoz a CRU adatbázist használták, amely Magyarország területének mintegy 1430 rácspontjára adott szimulációs eredményeket. A részletes éghajlati adatokon túl figyelembe vették a talaj fizikai féleségét, a talaj rétegvastagságát és a földhasználatot a rendelkezésre álló adatbázisok felhasználásával.
Az eredmények szerint a talajfelszín tulajdonságai közül a talaj rétegvastagsága gyakorol jelentős hatást a tényleges párolgásra, valamint a mélybe szivárgásra. A talaj fizikai félesége elsősorban a vízkészletet és a tényleges párolgást, míg a felszínhasználat a tényleges párolgást és a víztöbbletet határozza meg.
Modelling of nitrogen transformation processes in an incubated soil core using reaction kinetics
Authors: Gyarmati Bernadett , Hárshegyi Zsuzsanna , Heltai György , Mészáros Csaba , Bálint Ágnes
Published: June 2011

A különböző N-formák mozgását és transzformációját a talaj–növény–légkör rendszerben egymással összefüggő ciklusok határozzák meg. Az olyan mesterséges beavatkozások, mint például a műtrágyák és szerves trágyák intenzív felhasználása, döntő mértékben befolyásolják a N-körforgalmat, jelentősen terhelve ezzel a ciklusok érzékeny egyensúlyát. Annak érdekében, hogy a problémákat kezelni tudjuk, a N-ciklus talajban lejátszódó folyamatainak jobb megértése, a különböző folyamatok súlyának és érzékenységének megismerése szükséges, alapot teremtve ezzel egy racionálisabb és környezetkímélőbb trágyázási és tápanyag-utánpótlási gyakorlatnak.
A N-ciklus matematikai modellezése kiváló lehetőséget nyújt az egyes részfolyamatok alaposabb felderítésére.
A munka során egy korábban elvégzett kísérlet adatait használtuk fel. Az inkubációs talajoszlop kísérletet a Szent István Egyetem Kémia és Biokémia Tanszékén végezték 2000-ben. A felhasznált kísérlet mérési adataira nemlineáris regresszióval illesztettünk különböző rendű kémiai kinetikai egyenleteket az Origin 4.1-es adatelemző és grafikai szoftverrel.
A munka eredményeként megállapítható, hogy a részfolyamatok modellezésekor a legtöbb esetben az elsőrendű kémiai kinetikai egyenlet eredményezte a legjobb matematikai közelítést.
A magyar bizantinológia a 20/21. század fordulóján
Authors: Olajos Teréz
Published: June 2011

A magyarországi bizantinológia huszadik századi történetének rövid áttekintése után a szerző számba veszi az utolsó négy évtized eredményeit a tágan értelmezett bizantinológiai kutatások területén, tekintettel van a filológia és a történettudomány (bizánci, középkori egyetemes és magyar történelem, magyar–bizánci kapcsolatok, hadtörténet stb.) mellett a régészet, a művészettörténet, a teológia, a turkológia és egyéb tudományterületek bizantinológiai kapcsolódásaira is.
A bizánci állam régészeti kutatásáról
Authors: Bollók Ádám
Published: June 2011

Jelen tanulmány a bizánci állam fennállása idején a Bizánci Birodalom fennhatósága alatt álló területeken folytatott régészeti feltárások történetét, illetve a kutatás jelen állását kívánja röviden bemutatni. Tekintettel arra, hogy bár sok, főként ősrégészek és klasszika-archaeológusok által hosszú ideje vallatott lelőhelyen váltak ismertté bizánci rétegek, „bizánci régészet” megfelelően körülhatárolt formában mégsem létezik, első lépésként az összetételnek mind a bizánci (kronológiai és földrajzi értelemben egyaránt), mind a régészet tagját érdemes körülhatárolni. E rövid áttekintés második fele az eddigi kutatások főbb vonulatait tekinti át, különös figyelmet fordítva az 1970-es évektől kezdve felmerült új kutatási irányokra és metódusokra. Mindemellett az alábbi tanulmány egyik fő szempontja annak bemutatása, mivel járulhat hozzá a régészet a bizánci mindennapok megértéséhez.
Multi‐scale controls of historical forest‐fire regimes: new insights from fire‐scar networks
Authors: Falk Donald A , Heyerdahl Emily K , Brown Peter M , Farris Calvin , Fulé Peter Z , McKenzie Donald , Swetnam Thomas W , Taylor Alan H , Van Horne Megan L
Published: June 2011

Anticipating future forest‐fire regimes under changing climate requires that scientists and natural resource managers understand the factors that control fire across space and time. Fire scars – proxy records of fires, formed in the growth rings of long‐lived trees – provide an annually accurate window into past low‐severity fire regimes. In western North America, networks of the fire‐scar records spanning centuries to millennia now include hundreds to thousands of trees sampled across hundreds to many thousands of hectares. Development of these local and regional fire‐scar networks has created a new data type for ecologists interested in landscape and climate regulation of ecosystem processes – which, for example, may help to explain why forest fires are widespread during certain years but not others. These data also offer crucial reference information on fire as a dynamic landscape process for use in ecosystem management, especially when managing for forest structure and resilience to climate change.
Air pollution and the changing biogeochemistry of northern forests
Authors: Talhelm Alan F , Pregitzer Kurt S , Burton Andrew J , Zak Donald R
Published: June 2011

Industrialization has greatly affected the biogeochemistry of northern forests by increasing the atmospheric deposition of acid and nitrogen (N). In 1990, the US Congress amended the Clean Air Act to include tighter emissions regulations; this reduced acid deposition (by >50% in this study), but did not effectively lower N deposition. Here, we demonstrate that since this legislation was enacted, there have been marked decreases in sulfur (−16%), calcium (−17%), and aluminum (−42%) concentrations in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) foliage across the Upper Great Lakes region of the US, signaling a declining influence of acid deposition. In contrast, N deposition has persistently been over 75% greater than the amount of N needed to offset annual plant N sequestration, creating increases in N availability and soil N leaching. Recent emissions regulations will reduce N deposition somewhat, but further increases in soil N availability and leaching are likely. Policy decisions regarding N deposition will have to weigh increased carbon storage against negative impacts on water quality and species diversity.
Worry in Older Community-Residing Adults
Authors: Brock Kaye , Clemson Lindy , Cant Rosemary , Ke Liang , Cumming Robert G. , Kendig Hal , Mathews Mark
Published: June 2011

With rising longevity, increasing numbers of older people are experiencing changes in their everyday family and social life, changes in their financial status, and a greater number of chronic conditions affecting their health. We took the opportunity to explore these relationships with worry in a group of volunteer community-living elderly ( n = 310). Findings showed that that those people under 75 years of age had a higher risk of worrying (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0–3.1) compared to the older age groups. Women worried more than men and an important finding was that those with chronic health conditions such as arthritis of the hip and knee were more prone to worry than those who were healthy or had acute conditions (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.4–8.9). This latter finding suggests the importance placed on the role of the hip and knee in maintaining functional capacity to perform life skills.
The Relationship between Age, Gender, Historical Change, and Adults' Perceptions of Mental Health and Mental Health Services
Authors: Currin James B. , Hayslip Bert , Temple Jeff R.
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of age, historical change, and gender on perceptions of mental health and mental health services. Using multidimensional measures to assess such perceptions among older adults (1977, 1991, 2000), and younger adults (1991, 2000), we expected that older adults would have less positive mental health perceptions than would younger adults, that more recently born cohorts of older persons would evidence more positive perceptions, and that women, especially those more recently assessed, would also evidence more positive perceptions. To an extent, we found positive historical shifts in mental health perceptions, though data also indicated that such views may have stabilized over the last decade for older persons, and interacted with age and gender in this respect. Age differences favoring younger persons were, in part, replicated across historical time, and women held more positive mental health perceptions than did men. Over historical time, older persons' mental health perceptions are, for the most part, increasingly positive, significant in light of the increasing proportion of older persons and changes in the mental health system itself. Our data suggest that efforts to reach older men should be given high priority.
Perceived Strategies and Activities for Successful Later Aging
Authors: Holahan Carole K. , Velasquez Katherine S.
Published: June 2011

This study investigated perceived strategies and activities for successful later aging. Participants were 242 members of the Terman Study of the Gifted who responded to an open-ended question concerning how they make the most of their aging years. Data were collected in 1996 and 1999, when the participants were average ages of 84 and 86. Longitudinal analyses examined changes over time and cross-sectional analyses examined correlates of strategies and activities. Results showed that strategies emphasized emotion regulation and adaptation. Activities emphasized family involvement, social relationships, leisure, productive and intellectual activity, and health maintenance. Reports of emotion regulation and adaptation increased over time and mention of an intellectual orientation declined over time. Variations in activity mention were found according to gender, age, self-rated health, health limitations, and life satisfaction. History of higher-level occupations was related to more productive activities. Results are discussed in terms of the challenges of later aging.
Robust Distribution Power Flow
Authors: G Kasi Viswanadha Raju , Bijwe Pradeep R.
Published: June 2011

A power system analyst wants to be absolutely sure, whether the divergence of power flow method is really due to infeasible operation, or failure of the numerical method, while performing power flow studies. Because of the special structure and characteristics of a distribution system, Newton based methods are not very well suited. Forward/backward sweep methods are well suited for these systems, which exploit the structural advantage of distribution systems. An efficient power flow is required for the analysis of ill-conditioned or highly stressed systems, which are more common in unbalanced systems. In this paper, a robust non-divergent power flow is developed for distribution system using optimal multiplier. It is based on Newton-like power flow derived from conventional forward backward sweep distribution power flow. Two versions of the power flow methods (i) normal variable matrix and (ii) constant matrix have been investigated. Results for three sample systems, with different loading conditions, demonstrate the potential of the proposed algorithm.
Wind Power Extraction from DFIG Wind Turbines Using Stator-Voltage and Stator-Flux Oriented Frames
Authors: Li Shuhui , Haskew Timothy A. , Challoo Rajab , Nemmers Marty
Published: June 2011

This paper investigates and compares wind power extraction from a DFIG (doubly-fed induction generator) wind turbine using stator-voltage and stator-flux oriented frames. The paper analyzes how wind power extraction control of a DFIG wind turbine is converted to speed control, and then how speed and reactive power control of the wind turbine is converted to generator current control using the two different orientation frames. The paper also investigates what are the differences in developing wind power extraction control strategies of a DFIG wind turbine using the two different orientation frames. Simulation study is conducted for a 1.5MW DFIG wind turbine, in which the turbine driving torque is modeled by considering typical wind turbine aerodynamic characteristics. The study shows that the performance of DFIG wind power extraction is similar using both stator-voltage and stator-flux oriented frames. But, it is found that a conventional wind power extraction approach using the stator-flux oriented frame could deteriorate the power quality of the DFIG system while it is more stable to estimate the position of the stator-flux space vector by simply adding -90 degree to the stator-voltage space vector.
H? Observer Based Sensor-less Control Strategy for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Urasaki Naomitsu , Howlader Abdul Motin , Yona Atsushi , Senjyu Tomonobu , Y. Saber Ahmed
Published: June 2011

Nowadays a sensor-less vector control system for a motor drive becomes promising to avoid a position sensor. A back electro-motive-force or flux observer is used for sensor-less drive of permanent magnet synchronous motors from middle to high speed range. Thus, the estimation accuracy of the observer influences sensor-less drive performance. This paper proposes a sensor-less vector control system using the H? flux observer in which the observer gain is designed based on the H? control theory. This observer is insensitive to high frequency disturbances such as voltage disturbance due to non-linearity of PWM voltage source inverter, measurement noise of current sensors, and modeling errors. So, the total performance of a sensor-less control system is enhanced. The detailed configuration of the H? flux observer is described in this paper. Simulation results are compared with the conventional full-order flux observer-based sensor-less system.
The Public Health Implications of Water in Disasters
Authors: McCann David GC , Moore Ainsley , Walker Mary‐Elizabeth A
Published: June 2011

Disasters are becoming more frequent worldwide and water figures prominently in many of them. Disasters can result from a severe shortage of water (drought, famine) or too much of it (floods, tsunamis). The recent earthquake and tsunami in Japan offers an excellent example of the critical role water can play, given that the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant weathered the 9.0 moment magnitude earthquake well but suffered catastrophic failure from the resulting tsunami. After disasters, water contamination can compound an already miserable situation. This article will discuss the most current literature on the public health implications of water in disasters and offer recommendations for public policy changes to improve water security. Key policy implications include: reestablishment of water and sanitation are top priorities in the immediate post‐disaster period; shelters must not be overcrowded and should have adequate latrines; public health education about personal hygiene is critically important along with liquid soap and safe water to clean hands; supplies of water chlorination products and covered water storage receptacles need to be adequately stockpiled before a disaster.
Sorption of melanoidin onto surfactant modified zeolite
Authors: Onyango Maurice , Kittinya Jacob , Hadebe Nomcebo , Ojijo Vincent , Ochieng Aoyi
Published: June 2011

Melanoidin is responsible for the dark brown colour of distillery wastewater.
Discharge of coloured wastewater has a major environmental impact on the
biota of the receiving water body. Consequently, this study explores the
removal of melanodin from aqueous solution. The equilibrium, kinetics and
thermodynamics of melanoidin sorption are studied by varying initial solution
pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose and temperature. Kinetically, the
melanoidin removal from solution by a surfactant modified zeolite is rapid
and the amount adsorbed is dependent on pH, initial concentration, adsorbent
dose and temperature. The equilibrium sorption data are fitted to the
Freundlich and Langmuir models while the sorption, kinetics is described by
the Ho pseudo-second order and Elovich models. The thermodynamic analysis
indicates that the sorption is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The
FTIR spectra analyses show no new peaks or shift in peaks after sorption
indicating that the melanoidin sorption may have occurred by a physical
process. The results from desorption studies showed that melanoidin eluted
back easily to the solution using distilled water which corroborates the
physical sorption mechanism.
Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Yagci Ahmet , Veli İlknur , Uysal Tancan , Ucar Faruk Izzet , Ozer Törün , Enhos Sukru
Published: June 2011

Objective:

To test the null hypothesis that the presence of dehiscence and fenestration was not different among patients with skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions.

Materials and Methods:

In this retrospective study, a total of 123 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained with an iCAT scanner (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa). Patients with normal vertical patterns were classified according to dental malocclusion and ANB angle. Class I comprised 41 patients—21 girls and 20 boys (mean age, 22.4 ± 4.5 years); Class II comprised 42 patients—22 girls and 20 boys (mean age, 21.5 ± 4.2 years); and Class III comprised 40 subjects—22 girls and 18 boys (mean age, 22.1 ± 4.5 years). A total of 3444 teeth were evaluated. Analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used for statistical comparisons at the P < .05 level.

Results:

Statistical analysis indicated that the Class II group had a greater prevalence of fenestration than the other groups (P < .001). No difference was found in the prevalence of dehiscence among the three groups. Although fenestration had greater prevalence in the maxilla, more dehiscence was found in the mandible for all groups. In Class I, alveolar defects (dehiscence, fenestration) were matched relatively in both jaws. Furthermore, Class II and Class III subjects had more alveolar defects (41.11% and 45.02%, respectively) in the mandible. Dehiscences were seen with greater frequency in the mandibular incisors of all groups.

Conclusion:

The null hypothesis was rejected. Significant differences in the presence of fenestration were found among subjects with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. Fenestrations had greater prevalence in the maxilla, but more dehiscences were found in the mandible.
Application of artificial neural networks in optimizing the fatty alcohol concentration in the formulation of an O/W emulsion
Authors: Kumar K. , Panpalia Gopal , Priyadarshini Surabhi
Published: June 2011

Application of artificial neural networks in optimizing the fatty alcohol concentration in the formulation of an O/W emulsion

The purpose of this study was to optimize the concentration of a fatty alcohol, in addition to internal phase, for formulating a stable O/W emulsion, by using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Predictions from ANNs are accurate and allow quantification of the relative importance of the inputs. Furthermore, by varying the network topology and parameters it was possible to obtain output values that were close to experimental values. The ANN model's predictive results and the actual output values were compared. R2 values depict the percentage of response variability for the model; R2 value of 0.84 for the model suggested adequate modeling, which is supported by the correlation coefficient value of 0.9445.
Formulation and evaluation of effervescent floating tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride
Authors: Someshwar Komuravelly , Chithaluru Kalyani , Ramarao Tadikonda , Kumar K.
Published: June 2011

Formulation and evaluation of effervescent floating tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride

Tizanidine hydrochloride is an orally administered prokinetic agent that facilitates or restores motility through-out the length of the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of the present investigation was to develop effervescent floating matrix tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride for prolongation of gastric residence time in order to overcome its low bioavailability (34-40 %) and short biological half life (4.2 h). Tablets were prepared by the direct compression method, using different viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M, K15M and K100M). Tablets were evaluated for various physical parameters and floating properties. Further, tablets were studied for in vitro drug release characteristics in 12 hours. Drug release from effervescent floating matrix tablets was sustained over 12 h with buoyant properties. DSC study revealed that there is no drug excipient interaction. Based on the release kinetics, all formulations best fitted the Higuchi, first-order model and non-Fickian as the mechanism of drug release. Optimized formulation (F9) was selected based on the similarity factor (f2) (74.2), dissolution efficiency at 2, 6 and 8 h, and t50 (5.4 h) and was used in radiographic studies by incorporating BaSO4. In vivo X-ray studies in human volunteers showed that the mean gastric residence time was 6.2 ± 0.2 h.
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some 6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiouracil derivatives
Authors: Mohamed Mosaad , Awad Samir , Ahmed Naglaa
Published: June 2011

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some 6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiouracil derivatives

A series of 6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiouracil derivatives (1a-d) was synthesized by the reaction of ethyl cyanoacetate with thiourea and aldehydes. These products were used as intermediate compounds for the synthesis of a number of thiouracil derivatives (2a-dto10a-d). All compounds were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of the prepared compounds, 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (2a), 4-oxo-2-thioxo-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (2d), 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-hydrazino-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidine-5-cabonitrile (7a) and 4-hydrazino-2-thioxo-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (7d) revealed promising antimicrobial activity.
N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients with Hypertensive Heart Disease
Authors: Pejović Janko , Ignjatović Svetlana , Dajak Marijana , Majkić-Singh Nada , Vučinić Žarko
Published: June 2011

N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients with Hypertensive Heart Disease

Patients with hypertensive heart disease have elevated concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). The aim of our study was to evaluate NT-proBNP in patients with long-standing hypertension and in patients with signs of hypertensive cardiomyopathy. The study included three groups of 50 subjects: healthy persons (Control Group), patients with hypertension and normal left ventricular systolic function (Group 1) and patients with longstanding hypertension and signs of hyper tensive cardiomyopathy with impaired left ventricular systolic function (Group 2). Our results show a very good correlation (Pearson's test) between NT-proBNP in Group 1 and Group 2 and C-reactive protein (Group 1: r = 0.8424; Group 2: r = 0.6650), systolic blood pressure (Group 1: r = 0.7213; Group 2: r = 0.4856), diastolic blood pressure (Group 1: r = 0.4282; Group 2: r = 0.3989) and ejection fraction (Group 1: r = -0.7390; Group 2: r = 0.9111). ROC analysis revealed that the AUC between the Control Group and Group 1 for NT-proBNP (0.912) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the AUC for systolic (0.924) and diastolic pressure (0.937). A cut-off value for NT-proBNP of 5.89 pmol/L can be used to reliably distinguish patients of Group 1 from the Control Group, and a cut-off value of 21.67 pmol/L reliably separates patients from Group 1 and Group 2 (in both cases, the AUC is 1.000). Patients in Group 2 who belonged to the II and III New York Heart Association (NYHA) class had significantly higher levels of NT-proBNP than those in NYHA class I (ANOVA test, p=0.001). These data suggest that NT-proBNP is a useful biomarker for distin guishing patients with long-standing hypertension who are at risk of heart failure, allowing optimization and proper treatment of these patients.
Glycans as Biomarkers: Status and Perspectives
Authors: Janković Miroslava
Published: June 2011

Glycans as Biomarkers: Status and Perspectives

Protein glycosylation is a ubiquitous and complex co- and post-translational modification leading to glycan formation, i.e. oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to peptide backbones. The significance of changes in glycosylation for the beginning, progress and outcome of different human diseases is widely recognized. Thus, glycans are considered as unique structures to diagnose, predict susceptibility to and monitor the progression of disease. In the »omics« era, the glycome, a glycan analogue of the proteome and genome, holds considerable promise as a source of new biomarkers. In the design of a strategy for biomarker discovery, new principles and platforms for the analysis of relatively small amounts of numerous glycoproteins are needed. Emerging glycomics technologies comprising different types of mass spectrometry and affinity-based arrays are next in line to deliver new analytical procedures in the field of biomarkers. Screening different types of glycomolecules, selection of differentially expressed components, their enrichment and purification or identification are the most challenging parts of experimental and clinical glycoproteomics. This requires large-scale technologies enabling high sensitivity, proper standardization and validation of the methods to be used. Further progress in the field of applied glycoscience requires an integrated systematic approach in order to explore properly all opportunities for disease diagnosis.
Defining Biomarker Performance and Clinical Validity
Authors: Bossuyt Patrick
Published: June 2011

Defining Biomarker Performance and Clinical Validity

In the evaluation of biomarkers three questions can be answered: what is the analytical validity of the marker, what is its clinical validity, and does the marker have clinical utility? In most cases, clinical validity will be expressed in terms of the marker's accuracy: the degree to which it can be used to correctly identify diseased patients or, more generally, patients with the target condition. Diagnostic accuracy is evaluated in studies in which the biomarker values are compared to the outcome of the clinical reference standard in the same patients. There are several ways in which the results of diagnostic accuracy studies can be summarized, reported, and interpreted. In this paper we summarize and present the available measures. We classify these as error-based measures, information-based measures, and measures of the strength of the association. Clinical validity is linked to clinical utility. If the target condition is well defined and associated with unequivocal downstream management decisions, clinical validity, when defined in comparative terms, may sometimes act as a surrogate outcome measure for clinical utility.
Myeloperoxidase: New Roles for an Old Molecule
Authors: Stanković Sanja , Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: June 2011

Myeloperoxidase: New Roles for an Old Molecule

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the heme peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily. It is abundantly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes. During inflammation MPO is released from leukocytes and catalyzes the formation of several reactive species and tissue damage. In this article we present state of the art knowledge on the general properties, biosynthesis and processing and trafficking of MPO. The basic functions of MPO in inflammation and oxidative stress are discussed in detail. This article also summarizes the studies that investigated the relationship between MPO and cardiovascular disease. An overview of the assays for determination of MPO, the sample type and preanalytical procedures is given. Future studies are needed before this marker is introduced into routine clinical practice.
Legal Terminology and Lesser Used Languages: The Case of Mòcheno
Authors: Chiocchetti Elena , Ralli Natascia
Published: June 2011

The article aims at outlining the specific problems connected with the elaboration of legal and administrative terminology in a lesser used language and illustrating the methods and tools proposed considering the knowledge and competences to be conveyed.

Since 2003 the Institute for Specialised Communication and Multilingualism of the European Academy of Bolzano (EURAC) offers education courses in legal terminology work, coupled with introductions in related/complementary disciplines, e.g. documentation, specialised translation and technical writing. Next to professional trainings, the Institute held also ad-hoc courses, such as a two-day course organised in 2008 for the Mòcheni, a Germanic minority living in the Italian Province of Trento. Since the passing of provincial law no. 6/2008, which foresees specific measures for the protection and promotion of local language minorities, the Mòcheno-speaking community has the right to use their language in all situations of social, economic and administrative life in both oral and written communications. Notwithstanding the recent compilation of a standard grammar, the Mòcheno language is not yet developed for the use in technical and specialised contexts. Indeed, the most urgent needs seem to exist in the translation of administrative terminology.
Synonymy and Polysemy in Legal Terminology and Their Applications to Bilingual and Bijural Translation
Authors: Chromá Marta
Published: June 2011

The paper focuses on synonymy and polysemy in the language of law in English-speaking countries. The introductory part briefly outlines the process of legal translation and tackle the specificity of bijural translation. Then, traditional understanding of what a term is and its application to legal terminology is considered; three different levels of vocabulary used in legal texts are outlined and their relevance to bijural translation explained. Next, synonyms in the language of law are considered with respect to their intension and distribution, and examples are given to show that most expressions or phrases which are interchangeable synonyms in the general language should be treated carefully in legal translation. Finally, polysemes in legal terminology are discussed and examples given to illustrate problems potentially encountered by translators.
Multilingual Legislation in the European Union. EU and National Legislative-Language Styles and Terminology
Authors: Robertson Colin
Published: June 2011

EU law is multilingual and multi-cultural. It is initially drafted in one language, now frequently English, often by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages. Amendments may be proposed that are drafted in a different language. The result is a single multilingual text created in 23 language versions that are authentic within the context of the EU legal order. These circumstances have led EU legal language to develop its own terminology and legislative style as a separate genre.

One question is to identify different national cultural drafting styles and traditions that lie behind the creation of EU legislative texts and terminology. The Member State traditions vary, yet they merge in the EU legislative texts. In order to assist in the understanding of EU legislative texts, it is useful to reflect on how they are constructed and the features and requirements lying behind their creation, interpretation and transposition.

One approach is to consider a specific piece of EU text in a range of languages and consider how the text is reproduced in each language in terms of structure and terminology. Since the original draft is frequently made by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages, which are bound by the structure of the base version, we obtain little information from it about divergent national linguistic and legislative methods. However, if the EU text is a directive which is transposed into national law, we should be able also to look at the national implementing legislation intended to implement the directive. The implementing texts are produced within the national legal context and, one assumes, aim at similar results, as laid down by the directive. Thus it could be expected that they should provide vehicles for study between the national systems and between each national system and the EU legal order. The paper explores these ideas to see where they lead.
Translating Law into a Dictionary. A Terminographic Model
Authors: Szemińska Weronika
Published: June 2011

The purpose of the paper is to present a model dictionary which could serve as a tool for professional translators of legal texts.

Firstly, the methodological approach which was adopted in order to create the model is delineated. It is based on the combined specialist knowledge of three disciplines, namely terminography, translation studies and law. Subsequently, the notion of the translation dictionary as a separate type of terminological dictionary is presented, with particular emphasis on the unit of translation and translation equivalence. The following part of the paper characterises translation of legal texts and its implications concerning the needs of the translator as well as the role of the dictionary in the translation process. Finally, the paper proposes a model dictionary, constructed according to the methodological rules determined at the beginning and in the light of the conclusions drawn from the following analysis.
Analysis Framework for Translation of Maritime Legal Documents
Authors: Del Pozo Triviño Mª Isabel
Published: June 2011

Maritime activity around the globe currently generates a great amount of translation work, especially from English into other languages. This paper focuses on the analysis of the translation process in maritime legal and administrative documents. The study first establishes which maritime documents are most often translated and a tool is then developed to analyse such documents in detail, based on the concept of textual genre. Such analysis would help translators to better understand these highly specialised documents and thus contribute towards improving translation of the same.
Economically viable synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their characterization
Authors: Srivastava V. , Singh P. , Weng C. , Sharma Y.
Published: June 2011

Economically viable synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their characterization

Nano iron oxide particles (Fe3O4) were synthesized by coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ by ammonia solution in the aqueous phase. Various instrumentation methods such as X ray Diffractometry (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometery (VSM) were used to characterize the properties of nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles was measured and was found to be between 10 to 15 nm. The value of saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles was found to be 55.26 emu/g. The BET surface area of nano iron oxide particles measured to be 86.55 m2/g.
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane functionalized nanoscale zero-valent iron for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution
Authors: Zhang Junying , Liu Qingyang , Ding Yuanju , Bei Yiling
Published: June 2011

3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane functionalized nanoscale zero-valent iron for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution

Batch studies were conducted to investigate the potential of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane modified nano zero-valent iron (APS-NZVI) to adsorb two dyes (acid brilliant scarlet GR and reactive brilliant red K-2BP) from aqueous solution. APS-NZVI showed good adsorption performance for two dyes. Under the adsorption conditions of pH 4.5, initial concentration was 100 mg/L, and time=4h, the maximum adsorption capacities of APS-NZVI were 121.06 mg/g for acid brilliant scarlet GR and 191.5 mg/g for reactive brilliant red K-2BP, respectively. The results revealed that the adsorption behavior of the dyes on the nano-particles fitted well with the Langmuir model and the sorption kinetics fits well the pseudo-second-order rate equation.
Increasing the bulk density of STPP - influence of the process parameters
Authors: Gorazda Katarzyna , Banach Marcin , Makara Agnieszka , Wzorek Zbigniew
Published: June 2011

Increasing the bulk density of STPP - influence of the process parameters

The new requirements that were placed on STPP, like high bulk density, the proper relation of Form I and Form II and suitable physicochemical properties, resulted in the development of the present production methods. The paper presents the research results on increasing the bulk density of STPP by a chemical method. In the introduced method the solid sodium phosphate from spray drying and sodium orthophosphate solution, after acid neutralization, were rubbed together. Such an operation changes the physicochemical properties of the dried sodium phosphate before calcining, which results in increasing the bulk density of STPP to a level of 0.80 kg/dm3. The dependence of STPP bulk density on process parameters such as: sodium orthophosphate solution to solid sodium phosphate mass ratio, temperature of dosed sodium orthophosphate solution, as well as the calcining temperature of mixtures were analysed.