bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WAVE1 Is Required for Oligodendrocyte Morphogenesis and Normal CNS Myelination
Authors: Kim Hyun-Ju , DiBernardo Allitia B. , Sloane Jacob A. , Rasband Matthew N. , Solomon David , Kosaras Bela , Kwak Seung P. , Vartanian Timothy K.
Published: May 2006

Myelin formation involves the outgrowth of an oligodendrocyte cell process that can be regarded as a giant lamellipodium because it is an actively growing structure with extruded cytoplasm. The actin cytoskeleton is critical to morphogenesis, but little is known about regulation of actin dynamics in oligodendrocytes. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin homologous (WAVE) proteins mediate lamellipodia formation; thus, we asked whether these proteins function in oligodendrocyte process formation and myelination. Here, we show that WAVE1 is expressed by oligodendrocytes and localizes to the lamella leading edge where actin polymerization is actively regulated. CNS WAVE1 expression increases at the onset of myelination. Expression of dominant-negative WAVE1 impaired process outgrowth and lamellipodia formation in cultured oligodendrocytes. Similarly, oligodendrocytes isolated from mice lacking WAVE1 had fewer processes compared with controls, whereas neurons and astrocytes exhibited normal morphology. In white matter of WAVE1−/− mice, we found regional hypomyelination in the corpus callosum and to a lesser extent in the optic nerve. In optic nerve from WAVE1−/− mice, there were fewer nodes of Ranvier but nodal morphology was normal, implicating a defect in myelin formation. Ourin vitrofindings support a developmentally dynamic and cell-autonomous role for WAVE1 in regulating process formation in oligodendrocytes. Additionally, WAVE1 function during CNS myelination appears to be linked to regional cues. Although its loss can be compensated for in many CNS regions, WAVE1 is clearly required for normal amounts of myelin to form in corpus callosum and optic nerve. Together, these data demonstrate a role for WAVE1 in oligodendrocyte morphogenesis and myelination.
No Effect of Morphine on Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neurons during Withdrawal
Authors: Georges François , Moine Catherine Le , Aston-Jones Gary
Published: May 2006

Substantial evidence indicates that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic (DA) system has a key role in mechanisms of opiate dependence. Although DA neurons have been studied extensively, little is known about their activity and their response to acute morphine during morphine dependence. We recorded the activity of VTA DA neurons in five groups of anesthetized rats: drug-naive (naive) rats, morphine-dependent [(MD) implanted with pellets] rats, and three groups of withdrawn rats. Withdrawals either were precipitated by naltrexone or occurred spontaneously 24 h or 15 d after pellet removal. We confirmed that acute morphine in naive rats produced a marked increase in the firing of VTA DA neurons. We also found that the basal firing rate of VTA DA neurons was markedly higher in MD than in naive rats; however, in MD rats, acute morphine failed to increase DA activity. We confirmed inhibition of VTA DA activity in MD rats in response to precipitated withdrawal; however, this inhibition resulted only in a normalization of the firing rate to that of naive animals. In rats that had spontaneous withdrawal after 24 h or 15 d, the activity of VTA DA neurons was similar to that of naive rats, and an acute injection of morphine failed to alter their activity. Our results indicate that VTA DA neurons show long-lasting tolerance to the acute effect of morphine after withdrawal. These findings show that VTA DA neural activity is unlikely to be a factor in the altered behavioral responses that occur with acute morphine or naltrexone administration after chronic opiate exposure.
Gas6/Axl Signaling Activates the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt1 Survival Pathway to Protect Oligodendrocytes from Tumor Necrosis Factorα-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Shankar Sai Latha , O’Guin Kathleen , Kim Mimi , Varnum Brian , Lemke Greg , Brosnan Celia F. , Shafit-Zagardo Bridget
Published: May 2006

Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (gas6) activity is mediated through the receptor tyrosine kinase family members Axl, Rse, and Mer, all of which are expressed in human oligodendrocytes. In this study, we examined whether recombinant human (rh) gas6 protects oligodendrocytes from growth factor (insulin) withdrawal or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) cytotoxicity. In addition, we examined whether the effect was caspase-dependent, which receptor mediated the protective effect, and whether survival required Akt1 activation. Oligodendrocyte viability was assessed by O4 staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling. Addition of rhgas6 to insulin-depleted cultures resulted in a significant increase in oligodendrocyte viability. Rhgas6 and caspase inhibitors also reduced active caspase-3 immunoreactivity relative to TNFα-only-treated cultures. In cultures treated with TNFα (100 ng/ml), the oligodendrocyte survival rate was 18% compared with cultures treated with TNFα and rhgas6 (64%) or the caspase inhibitors IETD-fmk [z-Ile-Glu(OMe)-Thr-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone] (65%) and zVAD-fmk (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) (63%). Increased phosphoAkt (Ser473) immunoreactivity was detected 15 min after administration of gas6 and TNFα to oligodendrocyte cultures but not in TNFα-treated cultures. The gas6 protective effect was abrogated by the Axl decoy receptor Axl-Fc, by the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one], and inAkt1−/−oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocyte cultures established from wild-type andRse−/−mice, but not fromAxl−/−mice, were also protected from TNFα-induced cell death when maintained in rhgas6. We conclude that gas6 signaling through the Axl receptor and the PI3 kinase/Akt1 survival pathway protects oligodendrocytes from growth factor withdrawal and TNFα-mediated cell death.
ERK-Dependent Modulation of Cerebellar Synaptic Plasticity after Chronic Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure
Authors: Tonini Raffaella , Ciardo Sonia , Cerovic Milica , Rubino Tiziana , Parolaro Daniela , Mazzanti Michele , Zippel Renata
Published: May 2006

Chronic exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) induces tolerance to cannabinoid-induced locomotor effects, which are mediated by cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) located in motor control regions, including the cerebellum. There is substantial evidence of cerebellar CB1R molecular adaptation and modifications in receptor signaling after prolonged cannabinoid exposure. However, very little is known about the effects of chronic cannabinoid administration on cerebellar synaptic plasticity, which may contribute to the development of cannabinoid behavioral tolerance.

In the cerebellar cortex, activation of CB1R inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission at parallel fiber (PF)–Purkinje cell (PC) synapses by decreasing neurotransmitter release. Our study aimed to investigate the neurophysiological adaptive responses occurring at cerebellar PF-PC cell synapses after repeated THC exposure. In THC-tolerant mice, an increase of the basal release probability was found at PF-PC synapses, in parallel with a facilitation of slow mGluR1 (metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and a reduced sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of the CB1R agonist CP55,940 [(−)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol]. Additionally, after repeated THC exposures, presynaptic PF-PC long-term potentiation was blocked by A1R (adenosine receptor-1) activation. Inhibition of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway prevented these alterations of cerebellar synaptic transmission and plasticity.

In summary, we provide evidence for ERK-dependent modulatory mechanisms at PF-PC synapses after chronic THC administration. This contributes to generation of forms of pathological synaptic plasticity that might play a role in cannabinoid dependence.
Concepts of Adaptronic Structures (Konzepte adaptronischer Strukturen)
Authors: Giurgiutiu Victor
Published: May 2006

For some time, engineers and scientists have been using the nature as an inspiration for their design of advanced robotics and mechanical systems. Today, nature has also become the inspiration for an entire new class of material systems – the adaptronic structures [1]. Using biological analogies and nature's ability to adapt a material's structure, morphology, shape, and properties to accommodate its changing environment and its aging process, present day engineers and scientists are designing material systems that can change their shape, control their vibrations, monitor their own health, and perform many other biological-inspired functions.
Adaptronische Systeme für automotive Anwendungen am Beispiel eines modularen, aktiven Strukturinterfaces (Smart Structures for Automotive Applications with the Example of a Modular Active Interface)
Authors: Melz Tobias , Hanselka Holger , Matthias Michael
Published: May 2006

Die Adaptronik bietet Lösungspotentiale für die strukturmechanische Optimierung verschiedenster maschinenbaulicher Produkte durch Ansätze wie das Active Vibration Control (AVC) und Active Structural Acoustic Control (ASAC). Im automotiven Bereich werden zunehmend NVH-(Noise, Vibration, Harshness) Probleme mit adaptronischen Ansätzen zu lösen versucht. Zudem werden sicherheitstechnische Fragestellungen wie die Optimierung des Crashverhaltens sowie die Schadenüberwachung und zukünftig die Schadenbeeinflussung (SHM und SHC) untersucht.
Adaptronischer Schwingungsabsorber für einen weiten Einsatzbereich (Adaptronic Vibration Absorber for a Wide Field of Applications)
Authors: Kuhnen Klaus , Pagliarulo Pietro , May Chris , Janocha Hartmut
Published: May 2006

In vielen mechanischen Strukturen unserer technisierten Umwelt kommen unerwünschte, fremd- oder selbsterregte Schwingungen vor, die im Hinblick auf geringere Umweltbelastung und höhere Lebensdauer reduziert werden müssen. Dieses Ziel lässt sich häufig mit Hilfe von Schwingungsabsorbern erreichen, die dem schwingenden Hauptsystem entweder kinetische Energie entziehen oder gegenphasige Kompensationskräfte in die Struktur einleiten; dem entsprechend unterscheidet man passive und aktive Absorber. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel eines Hilfsmassedämpfers, wie beide Absorberklassen unter Anwendung des adaptronischen Konzepts und durch Einsatz aktiver Werkstoffe in einer einzigen kompakten Baueinheit realisiert werden können. An einer konkreten Anwendung wird abschließend demonstriert, dass sich hiermit auch zeitlich veränderliche Frequenzkomponenten von Strukturschwingungen breitbandig dämpfen lassen.
Volumetric, Chromatographic, Refractometric Studies on the Esterification of Methanol with Acetic Acid in the Presence of Cation-Exchange Resins
Authors: Erdem Beyhan , Cebe Mustafa
Published: May 2006

Esterification of methyl alcohol with acetic acid catalysed by commercially available polymeric ion-exchange resins Amberlyst-15, Dowex 50W and Amberlite IR-120 was carried out in the temperature ranging between 323–338K. Mesh sizes and divinylbenzene contents had virtually no effect on the rate the data of which were correlated with a second-order homogeneous reaction. The samples were analysed with gas chromatography, refractometry and volumetry. The reproducibilities were the order of ±2.89%, ±5.07% and the order of ±6.58% respectively for the volumetric, chromatographic and refractometric methods.
Phase Equilibria in the Molten System KF-K2NbF7-Nb2O5
Authors: Kubíková B. , Daněk Vladimír , Gaune-Escard Marcelle
Published: May 2006

Phase equilibria in the molten system KF-K2NbF7-Nb2O5 were investigated up to 20mol% of Nb2O5 by thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. In the binary and ternary systems oxofluoroniobate compounds are formed. They were evidenced by comparison of experimetal X-ray diffraction patterns with those in the international X-ray diffraction database (PDF-2). In the experimental compostion range the phase diagram of the molten KF-K2NbF7-Nb2O5 system consists of five crystallisation fields corresponding to KF, K3NbF8, K2NbF7, K2NbO3F and K3NbOF6.
The Pope in Mexico: Syncretism in Public Ritual
Authors: BEATTY ANDREW
Published: May 2006

Pope John Paul II's canonization, in 2002, of Juan Diego, the Indian to whom the Virgin of Guadalupe first appeared, was variously interpreted by sections of Mexican society as an acknowledgement of the indigenous element in Mexican Catholicism and thus a restitution of past wrongs; conversely, as a final domestication of the Indian; and as an evangelical move against a resurgent Latin American Protestantism. The canonization rites were nested within political ceremonies staged, controversially, to anoint a new presidency. This broader political message was in turn challenged in the media and on the streets. In this article, I show how a major public event can articulate the life of a complex, culturally diverse society. I identify a syncretic effect produced by the struggle for ritual control. And I take a comparative view of syncretism, drawing on Javanese ethnography to suggest common mechanisms of meaning making.
Why Grow Cash Crops? Subsistence Farming and Crop Commercialization in the Kolli Hills, South India
Authors: FINNIS ELIZABETH
Published: May 2006

In this article, I provide an analysis of local decision making surrounding crop commercialization in the Kolli Hills, South India. I argue that in the context of changes in the physical environment, cultivating tapioca (cassava) as a cash crop is a conscious decision made by small farmers based on their perceptions of environmental insecurity. Farmers understand market integration as key to coping with external, uncontrollable changes and to fulfilling household and community aspirations. Decisions to cultivate tapioca have contributed to aspects of community development and increasing political agency on the part of villagers.
Indigenous Media Gone Global: Strengthening Indigenous Identity On‐ and Offscreen at the First Nations/First Features Film Showcase
Authors: DOWELL KRISTIN
Published: May 2006

For 12 days in May 2005, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York and the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), as well as several other screening venues in Washington, D.C., hosted a group of renowned indigenous filmmakers from around the globe for the groundbreaking film showcase, “First Nations/First Features: A Showcase of World Indigenous Film and Media.” This film showcase highlighted the innovative ways in which indigenous filmmakers draw on indigenous storytelling practices to create cinematic visions that honor their long‐standing indigenous cultural worlds while reaching local and world audiences. In this essay, I highlight the onscreen impact through an analysis of several films featured in First Nations/First Features, as well as the offscreen impact emphasizing how the indigenous directors used this opportunity to strengthen social networks and share experience in this industry, which may develop into future collaborative film projects.
China's Century: Fast Forward with Historical Baggage
Authors: SIU HELEN F.
Published: May 2006

Private Life under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in. Chinese Village 1949–1999. Yan Yunxiang. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 289 pp.

Only Hope: Coming of Age under China's One‐Child Policy. Vanessa Fong. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 242 pp.

On the Move: Women in Rural‐to‐Urban Migration in Contemporary China. Arianne M. Gaetano and Tamara Jacka, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. 355 pp.
“There Is More to Life than a Glass of Water”: Immigration in the Contemporary United States
Authors: STEPICK ALEX
Published: May 2006

Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America. Aiwha Ong. California Series in Public Anthropology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. 333 pp.

Immigrants, Welfare Reform, and the Poverty of Policy. Philip Kretsedemas and Ana Aparacio, eds. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2004. 303 pp.

Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Richard Alba and Victor Nee. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. 359 pp.
The Chrysanthemum and the Song: Music, Memory and Identity in the South American Japanese Diaspora; Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Return Migration in Transnational Perspective
Authors: MASTERSON DANIEL M.
Published: May 2006

The Chrysanthemum and the Song: Music, Memory and Identity in the South American Japanese Diaspora. Dale A. Olsen. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2004. 323 pp.

Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Return Migration in Transnational Perspective. Takeyuki Tsuda. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. 431 pp.
Witchcraft, Violence, and Democracy in South Africa
Authors: ELLIS STEPHEN
Published: May 2006

Witchcraft, Violence, and Democracy in South Africa. Adam Ashforth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 396 pp.
Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn from It
Authors: VINCENT JOAN
Published: May 2006

Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn from It. Robert Borofsky. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 372 pp.
Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag
Authors: KHAN AISHA
Published: May 2006

Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag. Katherine E. Browne. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004. 291 pp.
Breaking the Code of Good Intentions: Everyday Forms of Whiteness
Authors: IGNATIEV NOEL
Published: May 2006

Breaking the Code of Good Intentions: Everyday Forms of Whiteness. Melanie E. L. Bush. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. 328 pp.
“Love of Shopping” Is Not a Gene
Authors: MONTOYA MICHAEL J.
Published: May 2006

“Love of Shopping” Is Not. Gene. Anne Innis Dagg. Towanda, NY: Black Rose Books, 2005. 210 pp.
Photographs Objects Histories: On the Materiality of Images
Authors: ERRINGTON SHELLY
Published: May 2006

Photographs Objects Histories: On the Materiality of Images. Elizabeth Edwards and Janice Hart, eds. London: Routledge Press, 2004. 222 pp.
Worlds of Power: Religious Thought and Political Practice in Africa
Authors: HODGSON DOROTHY L.
Published: May 2006

Worlds of Power: Religious Thought and Political Practice in Africa. Stephen Ellis and Gerrie Ter Haar. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 263 pp.
Archaeology under Dictatorship
Authors: SIMMONS ALAN H.
Published: May 2006

Archaeology under Dictatorship. Michael L. Galaty and Charles Watkinson, eds. New York: Kluwer/Plenum, 2004. 218 pp.
Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects
Authors: BOVINGDON GARDNER
Published: May 2006

Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects. Dru C. Gladney. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. 414 pp.
Siva in the Forest of Pines: An Essay on Sorcery and Self‐Knowledge
Authors: TRAWICK MARGARET
Published: May 2006

Siva in the Forest of Pines: An Essay on Sorcery and Self‐Knowledge. Don Handelman and David Shulman. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 246 pp.
Excluded Ancestors, Inventible Traditions: Essays toward a More Inclusive History of Anthropology
Authors: LINNEKIN JOCELYN
Published: May 2006

Excluded Ancestors, Inventible Traditions: Essays toward. More Inclusive History of Anthropology. Richard Handler, ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000. 315 pp.
Claude Lévi‐Strauss
Authors: WISEMAN BORIS
Published: May 2006

Claude Lévi‐Strauss. Michel Izard, ed. Paris: Editions de L'Herne, 2004. 482 pp.
Keeping the Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Societies around the World
Authors: SPONSEL LESLIE E.
Published: May 2006

Keeping the Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Societies around the World. Graham Kemp and Douglas P. Fry, eds. New York: Routledge, 2004. 231 pp.
The Cultured Chimpanzee: Reflections on Cultural Primatology
Authors: STANFORD CRAIG
Published: May 2006

The Cultured Chimpanzee: Reflections on Cultural Primatology. William C. McGrew. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 248 pp.
Some Other Amazonians: Perspectives on Modern Amazonia
Authors: SILBERLING LOUISE S.
Published: May 2006

Some Other Amazonians: Perspectives on Modern Amazonia. Stephen Nugent and Mark Harris, eds. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas, 2004. 211 pp.
A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics
Authors: PEACOCK JAMES L.
Published: May 2006

A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics. David Nugent and Joan Vincent, eds. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 500 pp.
The Mexican Aristocracy: An Expressive Ethnography (1910–2000)
Authors: LIZAUR MARISOL PÉREZ
Published: May 2006

The Mexican Aristocracy: An Expressive Ethnography (1910–2000). Hugo G. Nutini. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004. 386 pp.
Inside Deaf Culture
Authors: GROCE NORA ELLEN
Published: May 2006

Inside Deaf Culture. Carol Padden and Tom Humphries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. 208 pp.
Culture, Biology and Anthropological Demography
Authors: RANDALL SARA
Published: May 2006

Culture, Biology and Anthropological Demography. Eric Roth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 217 pp.
Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as Culture and Vice Versa
Authors: AYA ROD
Published: May 2006

Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as Culture and Vice Versa. Marshall Sahlins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. 313 pp.
Modern Clan Politics: The Power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan and Beyond
Authors: SNAJDR EDWARD
Published: May 2006

Modern Clan Politics: The Power of “Blood” in Kazakhstan and Beyond. Edward Schatz. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 250 pp.
Imagined Differences: Hatred and the Construction of Identity
Authors: BORNSTEIN AVRAM
Published: May 2006

Imagined Differences: Hatred and the Construction of Identity. Günther Schlee, ed. New York: Palgrave, 2002. 280 pp.
Gray Areas: Ethnographic Encounters with Nursing Home Culture
Authors: KEDIA SATISH
Published: May 2006

Gray Areas: Ethnographic Encounters with Nursing Home Culture. Philip B. Stafford, ed. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2003. 317 pp.
Modern Blackness: Nationalism, Globalization, and the Politics of Culture in Jamaica
Authors: CLARKE COLIN
Published: May 2006

Modern Blackness: Nationalism, Globalization, and the Politics of Culture in Jamaica. Deborah Thomas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. 358 pp.
Cook: The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook
Authors: OBEYESEKERE GANANATH
Published: May 2006

Cook: The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook. Nicholas Thomas. New York: Walker and Co., 2003. 467 pp.
Village Life in Hong Kong: Politics, Gender, and Ritual in the New Territories
Authors: JOHNSON ELIZABETH LOMINSKA
Published: May 2006

Village Life in Hong Kong: Politics, Gender, and Ritual in the New Territories. James L. Watson and Rubie S. Watson. Sha Tin, NT: Chinese University Press, 2004. 490 pp.
It's Not the Culture of Poverty, It's the Poverty of Culture: The Problem with Teacher Education
Authors: Ladson‐Billings Gloria
Published: May 2006

The preparation of novice teachers is dominated by psychological notions almost to the exclusion of other social science paradigms. The perspective that is least likely to be evident in teacher preparation is that of anthropology. However, prospective and novice teachers regularly and loosely use the word “culture” as an explanation for student patterns of behavior they cannot explain. This discussion focuses on the ways prospective and novice teachers construct culture simultaneously as both the problem and the answer to their struggles with students different from themseles.
Navigating Cultural Crosscurrents: (Post)anthropological Passages through High School
Authors: Hemmings Annette
Published: May 2006

This article presents a (post)anthropological framework for understanding adolescent coming‐of‐age in U.S. public high schools. Coming‐of‐age is conceived as a complex, fluid, seemingly contradictory process of identity formation and community integration in which adolescents representing diverse ethnic, racial, gender, and social class locations navigate myriad conflicting cultural crosscurrents through cultural productions within the institutional structures of their schools as well as economic, kinship, religious, and political domains of community life. A case study of an underachieing Mexican American senior shows how these navigations may open up creative possibilities as adolescents make their passages through high school.
Indigenous Attitudes and Ethnic Identity Construction in Mexico
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A.
Published: May 2006

Challenging primordialist positions commonly held in Mexico's policy debate over relations between indigenous groups and the state, this article confirms the instrumentalist position that ethnic identities may be readily shaped. Using findings from a recent survey in Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Zacatecas, the author concludes, after distinguishing individual- from collectivity-oriented attitudes, that indigenous and non-indigenous respondents are similarly individualist. Important differences were found, however, on a second dimension distinguishing pro-state respondents from those who were more communally-oriented. Indigenous respondents, particularly in Oaxaca, were found to possess more statist orientations than non-indigenous respondents. The author asserts that decades-old state policies to assimilate indigenous communities may be partially responsible, and that disillusionment with these policies and state-led repression in Chiapas may explain attitude differences among indigenous respondents.

Desafiando las visiones primordialistas comúnmente apoyadas en México durante los debates de política pública sobre las relaciones entre los grupos políticos y el estado, este artículo confirma la posición instrumentalista de que la identidad étnica puede ser voluntariamente adoptada. Usando hallazgos de una reciente encuesta en Chiapas, Oaxaca y Zacatecas, el autor concluye, después de distinguir las actitudes individuales de las colectivas, que los encuestados indígenas y no-indígenas son similarmente individualistas. Se encuentran importantes diferencias, pero en una segunda dimensión que distingue a los encuestados pro-estatales de los que tienen orientaciones comunitarias. Los indígenas consultados, particularmente los de Oaxaca, tienen orientaciones más estadistas que los no-indígenas (o sea más orien-tados hacía el estadogobierno). El autor argumenta que décadas de viejas políticas públicas estatales para asimilar a las comunidades indígenas pueden haber producido parcialmente estos resultados, y que las desilusiones por estas políticas y la represión estatal en Chiapas pueden explicar las diferentes actitudes entre los indígenas encuestados.
Control over Party and Campaign Finance in Mexico
Authors: Peschard Jacqueline
Published: May 2006

This article offers a detailed description of how electoral laws have developed a legal framework to make Mexican political parties accountable, and how electoral authorities, both administrative (the Instituto Federal Electoral–IFE) and judicial (the Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación–TEPJF), have contributed to enhancement of public control over party resources through a series of regulatory mandates and judicial resolutions they have issued. The two famous cases of illegal campaign financing in 2000 showed that the legal instruments at IFE's disposal are still insufficient to keep track of irregularities and to avoid illegal funding. A second generation of electoral reforms is necessary to overcome such legal obstacles.

El artículo presenta una descripción detallada de cómo ha evolucionado la legislación electoral en México para lograr una adecuada rendición de cuentas de los partidos políticos, así como una relación de los acuerdos y resoluciones que ha dictado la autoridad electoral tanto administrativa (el Instituto Federal Electoral–IFE), como jurisdiccional (el Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación–TEPJF) para reforzar el control sobre las finanzas de los partidos políticos. Los dos casos de financiamiento ilegal de la campaña del 2000 mostraron las limitaciones de los instrumentos legales para evitar el financiamiento ilícito. Una reforma electoral de segunda generación es necesaria para superar dichos obstáculos.
Applied Anthropology in China
Authors: Jianmin Wang , Young John A.
Published: May 2006

This chapter examines the development of applied anthropology in China through the political twists and turns of history and politics during the last eight decades. Chinese anthropology has always had a strong applied emphasis. It began with a mandate to study the political‐economy of ethnic groups in frontier/border regions in the 1920's and 1930's for national security reasons, and it continues today with the objective of cultural preservation and comprehensive development to raise living standards and bring these groups more fully into the national economy. After taking over in 1949, the communist government sent anthropologists throughout the country to provide the ethnographic evidence for conferring official minority status, determining political representation and establishing autonomous regions, counties and districts for ethnic groups. Soon thereafter anthropologists began a nationwide investigation of the history and social organization of already identified ethnic groups as preparation for implementing massive social and economic transformations planned by the government. The Anti‐Rightist Campaign in 1957 ended these investigations, pushed Marxian social philosophy to the forefront, and sidelined anthropology until its post‐Cultural Revolution revival in 1978. In the 1980's and 1990's Chinese anthropologists began to interact with their Western counterparts, adopting multiple theoretical perspectives (not just Marxian), turning to a variety of empirical methods, conducting ethnographic research, and building anthropology as a policy science.
Applied Anthropology in Israel: Between Infancy and Maturity
Authors: Kalifon S. Zev , Shabtay Malka
Published: May 2006

At first glance, applied anthropology in Israel appears underdeveloped and underappreciated. There are no independent anthropology departments and the single attempt to create a training program in applied anthropology ceased to exit after four years. However, such a strict interpretation would not be fair to our applied and academic colleagues in Israel for much important applied anthropology has been and is being done in Israel. In fact, Israel has a long and impressive history of applied anthropological work, though not always labeled as such. In particular, important work has been done in the fields of immigrant integration and the medical problems of these new immigrants. This chapter will review the achivements of applied anthropology in Israel and its potential for the future. In particular, it will analyze the growing recognition of the need for applied anthropology within the departments of anthropology, the government and nongovernmental organizations. Finally, this chapter will critique the shortcomings of applied anthropology in Israel and examine the areas where more work needs to be done.
The Practice of Anthropology in Great Britain
Authors: Pink Sarah
Published: May 2006

British applied anthropology has emerged from the difficult relationship with academic anthropology that characterized its trajectory during the last century. It is flourishing in the 21st century supported by the leading anthropological associations of the UK along with new practicing organizations. This chapter examines how applied anthropology in Great Britain has both developed as a response to and is being used to intervene in an increasingly globalised world. It will also discuss several examples of current anthropological work in public and private sectors as a response to global changes taking place in the country.
Practicing Anthropology in Portugal
Authors: Afonso Ana Isabel
Published: May 2006

The rise of anthropology in Portugal is examined within the framework of several cycles of development. The chapter discusses how the consolidation of anthropology at university level was the main focus until the 90–s. Applied anthropology, as distinctive from academic anthropology received very little attention. Consequently, there was an absence of an institutionalization of applied anthropology in the country. Nowadays, however, two main trends converge that supports the growth of applied anthropology and is providing work for anthropologists outside academia. First, anthropology departments in Portugal have stabilized their staff quotas resulting in very few positions open for anthropologists at the university level. Second, global changes are impacting the social framework of the country and, consequently, opening up new horizons of research and practice for social scientists. Several examples of these opportunities are discussed which is creating an optimism about the various niches for new and relevant anthropological practices.
Mendelssohn's "Scottish" Tonality?
Authors: Mikusi Balazs
Published: May 2006

Several of Mendelssohn's minor-mode songs, duets, and choral songs feature a peculiar tonal move: a sudden shift takes us to the relative major (without a "modulation" proper), but the opening minor key soon returns equally abruptly (via its V). Closer examination of these pieces suggests that the composer used the major-mode excursus as a topos, whose associations include the ideas of farewell, wandering, and distance (the latter both in the geographical and chronological sense, in accordance with the shift's quasi-modal--thus equally exotic and archaic--character). I suggest that this topos may have influenced the tonal structure of at least three large-scale Mendelssohn compositions, all of which are closely related to the same exotic and historical ideas. In the Hebrides Overture the relationship between the primary B minor and the secondary D major is (for a sonata-form movement) exceptionally equal: rather than acting as sharply contrasting tonal areas, they almost appear as two sides of the same key. The first-act finale of the unfinished opera, Die Lorelei, elaborates the original topos in another way: the E-minor-G-major kernel is extended in both directions, resulting in a chain of third-related keys, which eventually takes us back to the opening E level (now turned into major). In the light of this example, the (less complete) third-layered tonal structure of the "Scottish" Symphony may also be understood as growing out from the same miniature song topos.
Smoking and autoimmune thyroid disease: the plot thickens
Authors: Krassas Gerasimos E , Wiersinga Wilmar
Published: May 2006

New studies have shown that smoking may protect against the development of thyroid peroxidase antibodies, which may result in a decreased risk of Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism (HH), whereas it stimulates the development of Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GH). According to the above-mentioned hypothesis, to stop smoking would decrease the risk of GH but increase the risk of HH. Also, smoking has been identified as one of the risk factors for the development or worsening of eye changes after 131I treatment of GH. Additionally, the outcome of medical treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is less favourable in smokers as compared to non-smokers. There is concern also about the effect of passive smoking on autoimmune thyroid disease. In a recent study it has been shown that the latter may have a deleterious effect on childhood GO.
Partial visual recovery from radiation-induced optic neuropathy after hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a patient with Cushing disease
Authors: Boschetti Mara , De Lucchi Massimo , Giusti Massimo , Spena Claudio , Corallo Guido , Goglia Umberto , Ceresola Enrica , Resmini Eugenia , Vera Lara , Minuto Francesco , Ferone Diego
Published: May 2006

Here we describe the case of a 41-year-old woman with a history of Cushing disease who had previously undergone unsuccessful neurosurgery, followed by stereotactic radiosurgery. More than 4 years after this treatment, she presented severe visual impairment, which started in the left eye and was documented by neuro-ophthalmic evaluation. Radiological assessment by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging initially suggested the diagnosis of glioma of the optic nerve and the patient started corticosteroid treatment (first with prednisone, 80 mg/day, followed by dexamethasone, 8 mg/day). Despite the therapy, vision in the left eye rapidly worsened until light was no longer perceptible; similar symptoms and signs also developed in the right eye, evolving to complete temporal hemianopsia. The clinical evidence was confirmed by the rapid progression of the MR picture, which showed homogeneous enhancement of the chiasm and optic nerves. On the basis of these findings, the original diagnosis of glioma was excluded, and radiation-induced optic neuropathy was diagnosed. As corticosteroids had proved inefficacious, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy was promptly instituted and vision steadily started to improve. This improvement was documented and confirmed by the progressive recovery of the visual field in the right eye and the changes in the sequential follow-up MR scanning. Optic neuropathy is an infrequent but dramatic complication of radiation therapy. Symptoms develop, on average, 12 months after treatment, and the onset may be acute and characterized by the progressive loss of vision in one or both eyes. HBO has already been used to treat this complication, but its efficacy is still controversial. Here, in addition to describing this particular case, which presented a significantly delayed radiation injury of the optic pathways, we provide a brief literature review and discuss some important points.
Immunohistochemical investigation of angiogenic factors in parathyroid proliferative lesions
Authors: Lazaris Andreas C , Tseleni-Balafouta Sofia , Papathomas Thomas , Brousalis Theodore , Thomopoulou Georgia , Agrogiannis George , Patsouris Efstratios S
Published: May 2006

Objective: The pathological distinction between parathyroid neoplasms and hyperplasias remains difficult in several cases. Endoglin (CD105) is a proliferation-associated and hypoxia-inducible protein abundantly expressed in angiogenic endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces angiogenesis and VEGF-R2 is a tyrosine kinase receptor expressed early in development by endothelial cell precursors. We attempted to examine whether immunohistochemical expression of CD105, VEGF and VEGF-R2 may be useful in distinguishing between parathyroid hyperplasia and neoplasia as well as to elucidate, to some extent, the mechanism of neovascularization in proliferative lesions of the parathyroid gland.

Design: Tissue specimens were taken from 38 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) (17 adenomas and 21 primary hyperplasias) and from 30 patients with secondary HPT. Normal glands served as controls.

Methods: In a standard immunohistochemical procedure, monoclonal antibodies to endoglin, VEGF and VEGF-R2 were applied to detect angiogenic endothelial cells. Immunostaining was estimated by image analysis and statistical analysis was subsequently performed.

Results: Positive CD105 immunoreaction was significantly increased in parathyroid adenomas by comparison with primary hyperplasias (P = 0.033) and with secondary hyperplasias (P = 0.033). When parathyroid adenomas, primary hyperplasia and secondary hyperplasia specimens were comparatively evaluated, VEGF immunoreaction was much more common in adenomas (P = 0.018). In addition, in samples with secondary hyperplasia, VEGF-R2 immunoreactivity was positively linked with VEGF expression as well as with the apoptotic index of parathyroid cells (P = 0.038 and 0.010 respectively). In secondary hyperplasia specimens, an inverse correlation between cyclin D1 immunoexpression and angiogenic indexes, such as CD105 and VEGF, was noticed (P = 0.007 and 0.0017 respectively).

Conclusions: This study shows increased angiogenesis in parathyroid adenomas compared with parathyroid proliferative lesions. In secondarily hyperplastic glands increased angiogenesis and increased apoptosis occur simultaneously; in the latter glands, the overexpression of cyclin D1 does not appear to be the genetic abnormality responsible for increased angiogenesis.
The correlation between auditory speech sensitivity and speaker recognition ability
Authors: Köster Olaf , Hess Markus M. , Schiller Niels O. , Künzel Hermann J.
Published: May 2006

In various applications of forensic phonetics the question arises as to how far aural-perceptual speaker recognition performance is reliable. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the relationship between speaker recognition results and human perception/production abilities like musicality or speech sensitivity. In this study, performance in a speaker recognition experiment and a speech sensitivity test are correlated. The results show a moderately significant positive correlation between the two tasks. Generally, performance in the speaker recognition task was better than in the speech sensitivity test. Professionals in speech and singing yielded a more homogeneous correlation than non-experts. Training in speech as well as choir-singing seems to have a positive effect on performance in speaker recognition. It may be concluded, firstly, that in cases where the reliability of voice line-up results or the credibility of a testimony have to be considered, the speech sensitivity test could be a useful indicator. Secondly, the speech sensitivity test might be integrated into the canon of possible procedures for the accreditation of forensic phoneticians. Both tests may also be used in combination.
Effect of Ultraviolet‐B Radiation on Salt Marsh Vegetation: Trends of the Genus Salicornia along the Americas
Authors: Costa C. S. B. , Armstrong R. , Detrés Y. , Koch E. W. , Bertiller M. , Beeskow A. , Neves L. S. , Tourn G. M. , Bianciotto O. A. , Pinedo L. B. , Blessio A. Y. , Roman N. San
Published: May 2006

The effects of natural UV‐B radiation on growth, photo‐synthetic and photoprotective pigment composition of different Salicornia species were analyzed in salt marshes at three different sites along the Americas (Puerto Rico, southern Brazil and Patagonia, Argentina). Plants were exposed to different levels of UV‐B radiation for 1–2 years in situ as well as in outdoor garden UV‐B exclusion experiments. Different UV‐B levels were obtained by covering plants with UV‐B opaque (blocked 93–100% of ambient UV‐B) and UV‐B attenuating (near‐ambient) filters (reduced 20–25% of UV‐B). Unfiltered plants were exposed to natural irradiance. UV‐B filters had significant effects on temperature and photosynthetic pigments (due to changes in PAR; 400–700 nm). The growth of Salicornia species was inhibited after 35 to 88 days of exposure to mean UV‐B radiation dosages between 3.6 and 4.1 kJ m−2 day−1. The highest number of branches on the main shoot (S. bigelovii and S. gaudichaudiana) and longest total length of the branches (S. gaudichaudiana) were observed in the UV‐B opaque treatment. Salicornia species responded to increasing levels of UV‐B radiation by increasing the amount of UV‐B absorbing pigments up to 330%. Chromatographic analyses of seedlings and adult S. bigelovii plants found seven different UV‐B absorbing flavonoids that are likely to serve as UV‐B filtering pigments. No evidence of differential sensitivity or resilience to UV‐B radiation was found between Salicornia species from low‐mid latitudes and a previously published study of a high‐latitude population.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease and endocrine tumour susceptibility
Authors: Woodward Emma R , Maher Eamonn R
Published: May 2006

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome caused by mutations in the VHL tumour suppressor gene. VHL disease is characterised by marked phenotypic variability and the most common tumours are haemangioblastomas of the retina and central nervous system and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. However, endocrine tumours, most commonly phaeochromocytoma and non-secretory pancreatic islet cell cancers, demonstrate marked interfamilial variations in frequency and are significant causes of morbidity and, sometimes, mortality. Genotype–phenotype correlations have revealed that certain missense mutations are associated with a high risk of phaeochromocytoma but total loss of function mutations are associated with a low risk. Furthermore, rare mutations may predispose to a phaeochromocytoma-only phenotype. Germline VHL mutations may be detected in 5–11% of all phaeochromocytoma cases and mutation analysis of VHL and other phaeochromocytoma susceptibility genes (SDHB, SDHD and RET) should be performed in all cases of familial, multiple or early onset phaeochromocytomas, and considered in other cases. The VHL gene product has a key role in regulating the stability of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) such that inactivation of VHL leads to up-regulation of HIF-1 and HIF-2 protein expression and activation of hypoxic gene response pathways. Germline SDHB and SDHD mutations also lead to increased expression of HIF target genes, but it appears that phaeochromocytoma susceptibility in VHL disease cannot be attributed to HIF activation alone. Recently, it has been suggested that an HIF-independent failure of developmental apoptosis is a common feature of all inherited phaeochromocytoma susceptibility syndromes.
Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children
Authors: Niedziela M
Published: May 2006

According to the literature thyroid nodules are quite rare in the first two decades of life. However, there are some exceptions, relating to areas with an iodine deficiency or affected by radioactive fallout, where the risk of nodules and carcinomas is increased. Therefore, it is a great challenge for the physician to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions preoperatively, and not only in these areas of greater risk. A careful work-up, comprising the patient’s history, clinical examination, laboratory tests, thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and molecular studies, is mandatory to improve the preoperative diagnosis. The differential diagnosis should also include benign thyroid conditions such as: (i) congenital hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis or ectopy, (ii) thyroid hemiagenesis, (iii) thyroglossal duct cyst, (iv) simple goiter, (v) cystic lesion, (vi) nodular hyperplasia, (vii) follicular adenoma, (viii) Graves’ disease and (ix) Hashimoto thyroiditis, all of which can predispose to the development of thyroid nodules. The majority of thyroid carcinomas derive from the follicular cell (papillary, follicular, insular and undifferentiated (or anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma), whereas medullary thyroid carcinoma derives from calcitonin-producing cells. Inherited forms of thyroid cancer may occur, especially in relation to medullary thyroid carcinoma. FNAB is a critical factor in establishing the preoperative diagnosis. However, we should keep in mind the fact that a conventional cytological evaluation can miss the neoplastic nature of a lesion and the employment of immunocytochemical and molecular studies of aspirates from FNAB can give us a more precise diagnosis of neoplasia in thyroid nodules once they are detected.