bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biofilm formation on the Provox ActiValve: Composition and ingrowth analyzed by Illumina paired‐end RNA sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Timmermans Adriana J. , Harmsen Hermie J. M. , Bus‐Spoor Carien , Buijssen Kevin J. D. A. , van As‐Brooks Corina , de Goffau Marcus C. , Tonk Rudi H. , van den Brekel Michiel W. M. , Hilgers Frans J. M. , van der Laan Bernard F. A. M.
Published: January 2015

Background

The most frequent cause of voice prosthesis failure is microbial biofilm formation on the silicone valve, leading to destruction of the material and transprosthetic leakage. The Provox ActiValve valve is made of fluoroplastic, which should be insusceptible to destruction. The purpose of this study was to determine if fluoroplastic is insusceptible to destruction by Candida species.

Methods

Thirty‐three dysfunctional Provox ActiValves (collected 2011–2013). Biofilm analysis was performed with Illumina paired‐end sequencing (IPES), assessment of biofilm‐material interaction with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

Results

IPES (n = 10) showed that Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis are dominant populations on fluoroplastic and silicone. Microbial diversity is significantly lower on fluoroplastic. Lactobacillus gasseri is the prevalent bacterial strain on most voice prostheses. FISH and CLSM (n = 23): in none of the cases was ingrowth of Candida species present in the fluoroplastic.

Conclusion

Fluoroplastic material of Provox ActiValve seems insusceptible to destruction by Candida species, which could help improve durability of voice prostheses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E432–E440, 2016
Innervation of the cricothyroid muscle by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Authors: Masuoka Hiroo , Miyauchi Akira , Yabuta Tomonori , Fukushima Mitsuhiro , Miya Akihiro
Published: January 2015

Background

The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) are generally thought to innervate the endolaryngeal muscles and the cricothyroid muscle (CTM), respectively. Meticulous anatomic studies found communication between these nerves (ie, the human communicating nerve). In this study, we report the innervation of the CTM by the RLN.

Methods

We performed electromyographic studies of 50 patients during thyroidectomy (20 total and 30 hemithyroidectomies). During surgery, the external branch of the SLN, RLN, and vagus nerve were stimulated. Responses were evaluated by visual observation of the CTM and by electromyographies through needle electrodes inserted into the CTM.

Results

Seventy CTMs were evaluated. The RLN stimulation yielded both visible contractions and clear electromyographic responses (>300 µV) in 27 (39%), either response in 24 (34%), and neither response in 19 (27%) of the CTMs. The vagus stimulation gave similar results.

Conclusion

The RLN innervated the CTM at least in 39% cases. © 2015 The Authors. Head & Neck Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E441–E445, 2016
Increased risk of salivary gland cancer among women with a previous cancer diagnosis
Authors: Falchook Aaron D. , Zevallos Jose P. , Chera Bhishamjit S.
Published: January 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate salivary gland cancer incidence among patients with a previous cancer diagnosis and explore the potential relationship of salivary gland cancer among women with a previous diagnosis of breast cancer.

Methods

We obtained information from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for patients diagnosed between 1973 and 2011. Incidence, annual percent change (APC), and survival were examined.

Results

Women were more likely than men to experience subsequent salivary gland cancer, female observed to expected (O/E) = 1.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49–1.78) versus male O/E = 1.34 (95% CI, 1.25–1.44). Index breast cancer does not confer greater risk of salivary gland cancer. Women demonstrate improved overall survival (OS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) compared with men for subsequent salivary gland cancer.

Conclusion

Among patients with a previous cancer diagnosis, the risk of subsequent salivary gland cancer is greater among women than men. More research is needed to determine the relationship between index breast cancer and subsequent salivary gland cancer risk. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E446–E451, 2016
The moderating role of objective and subjective numeracy in attribute framing
Authors: Gamliel Eyal , Kreiner Hamutal , Garcia‐Retamero Rocio
Published: January 2015

Previous research has found that objective numeracy moderates framing effects: People who are less numerate were found to be more susceptible to goal‐framing and attribute‐framing effects than people who are highly numerate. This study examined the possibility that subjective numeracy likewise moderates attribute framing in contexts where participants are presented with percentages of success or failure. The results show that compared with highly numerate participants, less numerate participants were more susceptible to the effect of attribute framing. Interestingly, this moderating effect was revealed only when using objective numeracy measures, and not when subjective numeracy measures were used. Future research is suggested to replicate these findings, to establish the generalizability of numeracy as a moderator of other cognitive biases, and to examine several possible theoretical explanations for the differential moderation of attribute‐framing bias.
Characterisation of the Kynurenine Pathway in Skin‐Derived Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes
Authors: Sheipouri Diba , Grant Ross , Bustamante Sonia , Lovejoy David , Guillemin Gilles J. , Braidy Nady
Published: January 2015

Acute UVB exposure triggers inflammation leading to the induction of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO1), one of the first enzymes in the kynurenine pathway (KP) for tryptophan degradation. However, limited studies have been undertaken to determine the catabolism of tryptophan within the skin. The aim of this study was two fold: (1) to establish if the administration of the proinflammatory cytokine interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and/or UVB radiation elicits differential KP expression patterns in human fibroblast and keratinocytes; and (2) to evaluate the effect of KP metabolites on intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, and cell viability. Primary cultures of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes were used to examine expression of the KP at the mRNA level using qPCR, and at the protein level using immunocytochemistry. Cellular responses to KP metabolites were assessed by examining extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and intracellular NAD+ levels. Major downstream KP metabolites were analyzed using GC/MS and HPLC. Our data shows that the KP is fully expressed both in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Exposure to UVB radiation and/or IFN‐γ causes significant changes in the expression pattern of downstream KP metabolites and enzymes. Exposure to various concentrations of KP metabolites showed marked differences in cell viability and intracellular NAD+ production, providing support for involvement of the KP in the de novo synthesis of NAD+ in the skin. This new information will have a significant impact on our understanding of the pathogenesis of UV related skin damage and the diagnosis of KP related disease states. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 903–922, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SurfKin: An ab initio kinetic code for modeling surface reactions
Authors: Le Thong Nguyen‐Minh , Liu Bin , Huynh Lam K.
Published: January 2015

In this article, we describe a C/C++ program called SurfKin (Surface Kinetics) to construct microkinetic mechanisms for modeling gas–surface reactions. Thermodynamic properties of reaction species are estimated based on density functional theory calculations and statistical mechanics. Rate constants for elementary steps (including adsorption, desorption, and chemical reactions on surfaces) are calculated using the classical collision theory and transition state theory. Methane decomposition and water–gas shift reaction on Ni(111) surface were chosen as test cases to validate the code implementations. The good agreement with literature data suggests this is a powerful tool to facilitate the analysis of complex reactions on surfaces, and thus it helps to effectively construct detailed microkinetic mechanisms for such surface reactions. SurfKin also opens a possibility for designing nanoscale model catalysts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reawakening Reflective Capacity in the Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia: A Case Study
Authors: Bargenquast Rebecca , Schweitzer Robert D. , Drake Suzanne
Published: January 2015

Disturbed sense of self has long been identified as a common experience among people suffering with schizophrenia. More recently, metacognitive deficits have been found to be a stable and independent feature of schizophrenia that contributes to disturbed self‐experience and impedes recovery. Individual psychotherapy designed to target poor metacognition has been shown to promote a more coherent sense of self and enhanced recovery in people with schizophrenia. We provide a report of a 2‐year individual psychotherapy with a patient suffering with chronic schizophrenia. Progress was assessed over the course of treatment using the Metacognition Assessment Scale and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The patient experienced improved metacognitive capacity and reduced symptom severity over the course of therapy. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Examining A ‘Micro–Macro Paradox’: Did Poverty Really Fall in the Union of Myanmar?
Authors: Shaffer Paul
Published: January 2015

There is a ‘micro–macro paradox’ in poverty measurement. In a number of countries, declines in income or consumption poverty found in nationally representative household survey data are at odds with people's perceptions of worsening poverty or deprivation. This article suggests a number of potential explanations for the paradox and presents the case of Myanmar where many of these same issues have recently played out. It is argued that there are plausible explanations that reconcile, in part, apparently conflicting positions in Myanmar's ‘Great Poverty Debate’. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of anandamide hydrolysis enhances noradrenergic and GABAergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala of rats subjected to acute swim stress
Authors: Bedse Gaurav , Romano Adele , Tempesta Bianca , Lavecchia Michele A. , Pace Lorenzo , Bellomo Antonello , Duranti Andrea , Micioni Di Bonaventura Maria Vittoria , Cifani Carlo , Cassano Tommaso , Gaetani Silvana
Published: January 2015

Limbic forebrain endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling is critically involved in stress integration by modulating neurotransmitters release. The purpose of this study was to examine, by brain microdialysis, the effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition on noradrenergic and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) of rats subjected to a 20‐min swim stress. Microdialysis started on stress‐ and drug‐naïve rats that were treated with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) 30 min before undergoing the stress procedure. Dialysate samples were collected every 20 min from the beginning of the experiment. Concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) and GABA were determined by HPLC coupled to electrochemical and fluorescence detection, respectively. We found that neither URB597 treatment nor 20 min of swim stress exposure per se altered NA and GABA extracellular levels in PFC or BLA. Interestingly, rats treated with 0.1 mg/kg of URB597 followed by 20 min of stress showed significantly higher NA and GABA levels in PFC and BLA. These effects were absent in rats treated with 0.3 mg/kg URB597, indicating a dose‐specific effect. Moreover, we found that the pretreatment with the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant blocked the URB597 effects on NA and GABA release in PFC and BLA of animals subjected to forced swimming. The present study might provide an important first step toward understanding the mechanisms through which URB597 modulates stress‐induced neuroendocrine secretion and behavioral coping strategies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simplified method for quantifying the hydraulic properties of shrinking soils
Authors: Schindler Uwe , Doerner José , Mueller Lothar
Published: January 2015

In general, soils and their pore size systems are assumed to be rigid during the loss of water on drying. In reality, it is not the case for most soils, especially for soils with high quantities of clay or organic matter. As a result of shrinking, there are changes in the bulk density, the porosity, the pore size distribution, and the hydraulic properties of these soils. Currently, only a few methods enable the shrinkage behavior of soil samples to be determined while simultaneously quantifying the corresponding soil hydraulic properties. Either the methods need proprietary software for data processing, the equipment used is expensive or the calculation of the hydraulic properties is executed by inverse modelling. The aim of this study was to develop an alternative, simplified method for the simultaneous and automatic determination of the soil hydraulic properties, taking shrinkage into account. The HYPROP® evaporative device was combined with a circumference meter. A preliminary investigation found that the diameter of the cylindrical samples used for the HYPROP decreased linearly during evaporation from the bottom to the top. To sum up, recording the perimeter change in the middle position of the sample during drying‐out, together with the corresponding tension and water content, was sufficient to determine the hydraulic functions taking shrinkage into account. Measurements are presented for 6 samples which are different in texture and geological origin. The maximum shrinkage (19.5% by vol. between saturation and 5,000 hPa) was measured in the peat samples. The minimum shrinkage was quantified at 0.68% by vol. for the silty loam samples from Chile. The advantages of the method presented are: (1) the water retention curve and the hydraulic conductivity function can be determined simultaneously in the range between saturation and close to the wilting point, at a high resolution and taking into consideration shrinkage; (2) the method and device are simple and robust to use; (3) little time is required for measurement, between 3 and at most 10 d; (4) the functions are described over the whole tension range, using more than 100 user‐defined data points; (5) the evaluation of the volumetric soil water content measurement in shrinking soils is improved; and (6) common data models can be fitted to the hydraulic data as well as to the shrinkage data.
Nitrogen fertilization and maturity influence the phenolic concentration of wheat grain (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Stumpf Beate , Yan Feng , Honermeier Bernd
Published: January 2015

This work investigated the influence of N fertilization and grain maturity on total phenolic concentration (TPC) of wheat caryopses. A pot experiment was conducted, using soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Thasos) which was treated with four different amounts of nitrogen (0.25–2.00 g N pot−1) and harvested at three different development stages (medium milk stage, late milk stage, and dough maturity). Phenolic compounds were extracted and analyzed as total phenolic concentration in three discrete fractions: free soluble, conjugated soluble and insoluble bound forms. TPC of free phenolic compounds rose with increasing N supply while TPC of conjugated soluble phenolics decreased at the same time. Insoluble phenolics were less affected by N treatment. Total phenolic concentration also changed with the development stage of caryopses and reached a peak at the late milk stage.
Innovative methods in soil phosphorus research: A review
Authors: Kruse Jens , Abraham Marion , Amelung Wulf , Baum Christel , Bol Roland , Kühn Oliver , Lewandowski Hans , Niederberger Jörg , Oelmann Yvonne , Rüger Christopher , Santner Jakob , Siebers Meike , Siebers Nina , Spohn Marie , Vestergren Johan , Vogts Angela , Leinweber Peter
Published: January 2015

Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable element for all life on Earth and, during the past decade, concerns about the future of its global supply have stimulated much research on soil P and method development. This review provides an overview of advanced state‐of‐the‐art methods currently used in soil P research. These involve bulk and spatially resolved spectroscopic and spectrometric P speciation methods (1 and 2D NMR, IR, Raman, Q‐TOF MS/MS, high resolution‐MS, NanoSIMS, XRF, XPS, (µ)XAS) as well as methods for assessing soil P reactions (sorption isotherms, quantum‐chemical modeling, microbial biomass P, enzymes activity, DGT, 33P isotopic exchange, 18O isotope ratios). Required experimental set‐ups and the potentials and limitations of individual methods present a guide for the selection of most suitable methods or combinations.
Improving minimum detectable differences in the assessment of soil organic matter change in short‐term field experiments
Authors: Knebl Lucas , Leithold Günter , Brock Christopher
Published: January 2015

The demand for information on cropping system impact on soil organic matter (SOM) calls for efforts to improve the utilization of short‐term field experiments (e.g., to evaluate the parameterization of cropping systems in models). Those approaches have coped with the problem of determining small SOM changes within a large background mass. Thus, objectives of this survey are (1) the improvement of the minimum detectable difference (MDD) in SOM in the hudycrop short‐term field experiment by methods of sampling design and data treatment, (2) the verification to what extend the hudycrop short‐term field experiment allows for the determination of management induced effects on SOM, and (3) the investigation to what extent the obtained results may be suitable to evaluate the parameterization of a SOM balance model. The design of the hudycrop is suitable for excluding outliers plotwise. The estimation of plot means can be improved by the sampling design. Instead of determining a single plot mean in a mixed sampling procedure, the design provides multiple values for each plot, allowing for the identification of extreme values before calculating plot means. In consequence, minimum detectable differences decrease by a factor of 0.53 for soil organic C (SOC) and 0.63 for soil total N (STN) masses, allowing for detection of changes in the magnitude of 3.7 and 2.6% of background SOC and STN levels, respectively. Differences between treatments, however, are significant with corrected values (after outlier exclusion) for the crop production systems with the highest impact (potatoes and mulched red clover). Determining outliers based on Student's t‐test gives the lowest MDD and is therefore considered to be the most suitable method in this case. Correlations between apparent changes and SOM balances according to the HU‐MOD–2 model, used in this survey, indicate that the experimental design, in principal, is suitable for the evaluation of the parameterization of crop production systems in models. Still, an improved precision in SOM change detection is necessary. Reasonable options for that purpose are discussed in the paper.
Unraveling the Effect of the Hydration Level on the Molecular Mobility of Nanolayered Polymeric Systems
Authors: Borges João , Caridade Sofia G. , Silva Joana M. , Mano João F.
Published: January 2015

This work investigates the influence of the hydration level on the molecular mobility and glass transition dynamics of freestanding chitosan/alginate (CHT/ALG) nanolayered systems. Nonconventional dynamic mechanical analysis identifies two relaxation processes assigned to the α‐relaxation of the two biopolymers, respectively, CHT and ALG, when immersed in water/ethanol mixtures. This phenomenon explains the shape memory properties of the multilayered systems induced by hydration, thus constituting promising smart materials that would be of paramount importance in a plethora of research fields, including in the biomedical and biotechnological fields.
Supplementation with a 9c,11t‐rich conjugated linoleic acid blend shows no clear inhibitory effects on platelet function in healthy subjects at low and moderate cardiovascular risk: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bachmair Eva‐Maria , Wood Sharon G. , Keizer Hiskias G. , Horgan Graham W. , Ford Isobel , de Roos Baukje
Published: January 2015

Scope

The 9cis,11trans‐conjugated linoleic acid (9c,11t‐CLA) is reported to have anti‐atherogenic properties in animal models and to modulate protein expression in unstimulated human platelets in vivo. Platelet function was therefore investigated after dietary supplementation with 9c,11t‐CLA enriched oil (CLA80:20) in a randomized, baseline‐controlled cross‐over trial.

Methods and results

Forty‐three healthy adults at low to moderate risk of cardiovascular disease received 4 g/day of CLA80:20 or placebo for two weeks each. Platelet function, inflammation, and endothelial activation were assessed before and after each phase. Compared with placebo, supplementation had no significant effects on platelet function measured by Platelet Function Analyzer‐100. Inhibitory effects on collagen‐induced aggregation were sex‐dependent (p = 0.005) that reached significance only in women (p = 0.045). Thrombin receptor‐activating peptide (TRAP)‐induced P‐selectin expression was higher after supplementation in all subjects (p = 0.017). TRAP‐induced platelet fibrinogen binding was also dependent on sex (p = 0.015), with fibrinogen binding after CLA80:20 being higher in males (p = 0.035). Plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 was higher (p = 0.041) after CLA80:20.

Conclusion

No clear evidence was found for inhibition or activation of platelet function as well as inflammation by CLA80:20 in a low to moderate cardiovascular risk group.
Protamine sulfate precipitation method depletes abundant plant seed‐storage proteins: A case study on legume plants
Authors: Kim Yu Ji , Wang Yiming , Gupta Ravi , Kim So Wun , Min Chul Woo , Kim Yong Chul , Park Ki Hun , Agrawal Ganesh Kumar , Rakwal Randeep , Choung Myoung‐Gun , Kang Kyu Young , Kim Sun Tae
Published: January 2015

Depletion of abundant proteins is one of the effective ways to improve detection and identification of low‐abundance proteins. Our previous study showed that protamine sulfate precipitation (PSP) method can deplete abundant ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) from leaf proteins and is suitable for their in‐depth proteome investigation. In this study, we provide evidence that the PSP method can also be effectively used for depletion of abundant seed‐storage proteins (SSPs) from the total seed proteins of diverse legume plants including soybean, broad bean, pea, wild soybean, and peanut. The 0.05% protamine sulfate (PS) was sufficient to deplete major SSPs from all legumes tested except for peanut where 0.1% PS was required. SDS‐PAGE, Western blotting and 2DE analyses of PS‐treated soybean and peanut seed proteins showed enriched spots in PS‐supernatant than total proteins. Coefficient of variation percentage (%CV) and principal component analysis of 2DE spots support the reproducibility, suitability, and efficacy of the PSP method for quantitative and comparative seed proteome analysis. MALDI‐TOF‐TOF successfully identified some protein spots from soybean and peanut. Hence, this simple, reproducible, economical PSP method has a broader application in depleting plant abundant proteins including SSPs in addition to RuBisCO, allowing discussion for comprehensive proteome establishment and parallel comparative studies in plants.
High temperature characteristics of monolithically integrated LED and MOS‐channel HEMT in GaN using selective epi removal
Authors: Li Z. , Waldron J. , Chowdhury S. , Zhao L. , Detchprohm T. , Wetzel C. , Karlicek R. F. , Chow T. P.
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we have investigated the high temperature characteristics of monolithically integrated LED and MOS‐channel HEMT in GaN. The monolithically integrated LED/MOSC‐HEMT was implemented by using a selective epi removal approach. The temperature dependence of optical and electrical characteristics of the integrated LED is found to be comparable to that of discrete GaN based LEDs. On‐resistance of the MOSC‐HEMT shows gradual increase with temperature (~1.6× increase from 25 °C to 225 °C) whereas LED LOP shows rapid decrease with temperature (~6× decrease from 25 °C to 225 °C). Light output of the integrated LED is modulated by the MOSC‐HEMT gate bias up to 225 °C.
Facile Synthesis of pH‐sensitive Germanium Nanocrystals with High Quantum Yield for Intracellular Acidic Compartment Imaging
Authors: Li Feng , Wang Jing , Sun Shuqing , Wang Hai , Tang Zhiyong , Nie Guangjun
Published: January 2015

A green‐light emitting germanium nanocrystal‐based biosensor to monitor lysosomal pH changes is developed. The Ge nanocrystals are synthesized in an aqueous solution with a significantly enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield of 26%. This synthesis involves a facile solution based route which avoided the use of toxic or environmentally unfriendly agents. Importantly, the photoluminescence intensity of the synthesized Ge nanocrystals is particularly sensitive to changes in pH between 5 and 6. When incubated with cultured cells, the nanocrystals are internalized and subsequently translocated via the lysosomal pathway, and the Ge nanocrystals' fluorescence are greatly enhanced, even when the lysosomal pH is only slightly increased. These results reveal that the Ge nanocrystals possess high pH sensitivity compared to a commercially available dye, LysoSensor Green DND‐189. The fluorescent properties of the Ge nanocrystals are demonstrated to be dependent on both the crystal form and their surface chemistry. The superior fluorescence properties and bioapplicability of the Ge nanocrystals makes them a promising intracellular bioimaging probe for monitoring various pH‐sensitive processes in cells.
The use of polynomial chaos for parameter identification from measurements in nonlinear dynamical systems
Authors: Pandurangan Rangaraj , Chaudhuri Abhijit , Gupta Sayan
Published: January 2015

This study focuses on the development of a computationally efficient algorithm for the offline identification of system parameters in nonlinear dynamical systems from noisy response measurements. The proposed methodology is built on the bootstrap particle filter available in the literature for dynamic state estimation. The model and the measurement equations are formulated in terms of the system parameters to be identified ‐ treated as random variables, with all other parameters being considered as internal variables. Subsequently, the problem is transformed into a mathematical subspace spanned by a set of orthogonal basis functions obtained from polynomial chaos expansions of the unknown system parameters. The bootstrap filtering carried out in the transformed space enables identification of system parameters in a computationally efficient manner. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through two numerical examples ‐ a Duffing oscillator and a fluid structure interaction problem involving an oscillating airfoil in an unsteady flow.
Outcomes of Cervical End‐to‐Side Triangulating Esophagogastric Anastomosis with Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
Authors: Nakata Kohei , Nagai Eishi , Ohuchida Kenoki , Nakamura Katsuya , Tanaka Masao
Published: January 2015

Background

Esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy has been performed with a variety of techniques during the past decade. However, anastomotic leakage and stricture are still important clinical problems after esophagogastric anastomosis, causing burdensome symptoms and poor quality of life. Herein, we describe a novel cervical end‐to‐side triangulating esophagogastric anastomoasis using linear stapler.

Methods

A total of 90 patients (85 % male; mean age 63 years) with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent cervical end‐to‐side esophagogastric triangular anastomosis using a linear stapler after minimally invasive esophagectomy between November 2006 and April 2013 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

The median operation time was 602 min (range 424–936 min). The volume of blood loss during the entire operative procedure was 127 ml (range 0–700 ml). There were no cases of anastomotic leakage in this study, although four patients (4.4 %) developed dysphagia associated with benign anastomotic stricture formation. All patients with a benign anastomotic stricture underwent balloon dilation, which resulted in improvement in their symptoms.

Conclusions

Considering the absence of anastomotic leakage and low rate of anastomotic stricture formation in this study, our modified triangular esophagogastric anastomosis technique appears promising and may contribute to reduced morbidity and mortality rates following esophagectomy.
Long‐Term Outcomes After Total Pancreatectomy: Special Reference to Survivors’ Living Conditions and Quality of Life
Authors: Watanabe Yusuke , Ohtsuka Takao , Matsunaga Taketo , Kimura Hideyo , Tamura Koji , Ideno Noboru , Aso Teppei , Miyasaka Yoshihiro , Ueda Junji , Takahata Shunichi , Igarashi Hisato , Inoguchi Toyoshi , Ito Tetsuhide , Tanaka Masao
Published: January 2015

Background

Although recent studies have confirmed the safety of total pancreatectomy (TP), appropriate selection of patients for TP has not been well documented. Because patients require lifelong medical treatment and self‐management of pancreatic insufficiency after TP, indications for TP should be determined carefully according not only to disease factors but also to the social background of patients. We aimed to clarify long‐term outcomes after TP, including the living conditions and quality of life (QoL), of surviving patients.

Methods

Medical records of 44 consecutive patients who underwent TP between 1990 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively; 25 survivors completed cross‐sectional clinical surveys and responded to a questionnaire about QoL using Short Form 36v2.

Results

Prevalence of morbidity and mortality after TP was 32 and 5 %, respectively. Postoperative complications occurred more frequently in elderly patients than in young patients (48 vs. 14 %; P = 0.02); however, there was no significant difference in mortality, postoperative hospital stay, or survival. Twenty‐four of 25 survivors (96 %) could manage pancreatogenic diabetes by themselves, and the median level of glycosylated hemoglobin was 7.4 %. Although one‐third of patients after TP complained of diarrhea and the QoL scores of patients with diarrhea were lower than those of patients without diarrhea, QoL scores after TP were virtually comparable with those of the national population, even in elderly patients.

Conclusions

TP can be performed safely, even in elderly patients. QoL after TP seems to be acceptable if patients are capable of self‐management.
Genome-scale modeling for metabolic engineering
Authors: Simeonidis Evangelos , Price Nathan D
Published: January 2015

We focus on the application of constraint-based methodologies and, more specifically, flux balance analysis in the field of metabolic engineering, and enumerate recent developments and successes of the field. We also review computational frameworks that have been developed with the express purpose of automatically selecting optimal gene deletions for achieving improved production of a chemical of interest. The application of flux balance analysis methods in rational metabolic engineering requires a metabolic network reconstruction and a corresponding in silico metabolic model for the microorganism in question. For this reason, we additionally present a brief overview of automated reconstruction techniques. Finally, we emphasize the importance of integrating metabolic networks with regulatory information—an area which we expect will become increasingly important for metabolic engineering—and present recent developments in the field of metabolic and regulatory integration.
Expression and one-step purification of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-BF using the intein system in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: He Qing , Fu Ai-yun , Li Tian-jiao
Published: January 2015

The intein expression system has been widely applied in Escherichia coli to express various proteins and peptides. However, the removal of endotoxin from the recombinant proteins expressed in E. coli is very difficult and therefore complicates the purification process. In this study, we constructed an intein-based expression vector for an antimicrobial peptide (cathelicidin from Bungarus fasciatus) and expressed the intein fusion peptide in a Bacillus subtilis expression system. The fusion peptide was secreted into the culture medium, identified by Western blot and purified by affinity chromatography and intein self-cleavage in just one step. Approximately, 0.5 mg peptide was obtained from 1 litre of culture medium. The purified peptide showed antimicrobial activity. Our results indicate that the intein expression system may be a safe and efficient method to produce soluble peptides and proteins in B. subtilis.
Reproductive Health Issues for Adults with a Common Genomic Disorder: 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Chan Chrystal , Costain Gregory , Ogura Lucas , Silversides Candice K. , Chow Eva W.C. , Bassett Anne S.
Published: January 2015

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans. Survival to reproductive age and beyond is now the norm. Several manifestations of this syndrome, such as congenital cardiac disease and neuropsychiatric disorders, may increase risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in the general population. However, there are limited data on reproductive health in 22q11.2DS. We performed a retrospective chart review for 158 adults with 22q11.2DS (75 male, 83 female; mean age 34.3 years) and extracted key variables relevant to pregnancy and reproductive health. We present four illustrative cases as brief vignettes. There were 25 adults (21 > age 35 years; 21 female) with a history of one or more pregnancies. Outcomes for women with 22q11.2DS, compared with expectations for the general population, showed a significantly elevated prevalence of small for gestational age liveborn offspring (p < 0.001), associated mainly with infants with 22q11.2DS. Stillbirths also showed elevated prevalence (p < 0.05). Not all observed adverse events appeared to be attributable to transmission of the 22q11.2 deletion. Recurring issues relevant to reproductive health in 22q11.2DS included the potential impact of maternal morbidities, inadequate social support, unsafe sexual practices, and delayed diagnosis of 22q11.2DS and/or lack of genetic counseling. These preliminary results emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and long term follow‐up that could help facilitate genetic counseling for men and women with 22q11.2DS. We propose initial recommendations for pre‐conception management, educational strategies, prenatal planning, and preparation for possible high‐risk pregnancy and/or delivery.
Mission Oriented Support and Theory (MOST) for MMS—the Goddard Space Flight Center/University of California Los Angeles Interdisciplinary Science Program
Authors: Goldstein Melvyn L. , Ashour-Abdalla Maha , Viñas Adolfo F. , Dorelli John , Wendel Deirdre , Klimas Alex , Hwang Kyoung-Joo , El-Alaoui Mostafa , Walker Raymond J. , Pan Qingjiang , Liang Haoming
Published: January 2015

The MOST IDS team was tasked with focusing on two general areas: The first was to participate with the Fast Plasma Investigation (FPI) team in the development of virtual detectors that model the instrument responses of the MMS FPI sensors. The virtual instruments can be “flown through” both simulation data (from magnetohydrodynamic, hybrid, and kinetic simulations) and Cluster and THEMIS spacecraft data. The goal is to determine signatures of magnetic reconnection expected during the MMS mission. Such signatures can serve as triggers for selection of burst mode downloads. The chapter contributed by the FPI team covers that effort in detail and, therefore, most of that work has not been included here. The second area of emphasis, and the one detailed in this chapter, was to build on past and present knowledge of magnetic reconnection and its physical signatures. Below we describe intensive analyses of Cluster and THEMIS data together with theoretical models and simulations that delineate the plasma signatures that surround sites of reconnection, including the effects of turbulence as well as the detailed kinetic signatures that indicate proximity to reconnection sites. In particular, we point out that particles are energized in several regions, not only at the actual site of reconnection.
A Report on Three Consecutive Cases using Computer Tomography 3D Preoperative Planning for Conversion of Arthrodesed Hips to Total Hip Replacements
Authors: Kuroda Yutaka , Akiyama Haruhiko , Nankaku Manabu , So Kazutaka , Goto Koji , Matsuda Shuichi
Published: January 2015

Background

Conversion of an arthrodesed hip to a total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a technically demanding procedure with high complication rates. One important issue is that determining the amount of correction for a leg length discrepancy (LLD) can be difficult at the planning stage.

Questions/Purposes

The aim of this study is to assess the reliable use of computer tomography (CT)-based three-dimensional (3D) preoperative planning for the conversion of arthrodesed hips to THAs.

Patients and Methods

CT-based preoperative 3D planning was used to convert three arthrodesed hips to THAs. The efficacy of the planning was evaluated with postoperative radiographic measurements involving the amount of correction for LLD, position of components, difference between targeted and actual values, and ratio of the moment arms. The clinical assessment was performed with the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) hip score before and after THA.

Results

The mean amount of LLD correction and median LLD after THA were 16 mm (range, 15–17 mm) and 4 mm (range, 1–10 mm), respectively. The components were implanted close to the positions recommended by the preoperative simulation. The ratio of the moment arms indicated that the converted hips were reconstructed in a biomechanically correct manner. The implants for the conversion to THA were successfully positioned with respect to anatomy and functional outcome. The median JOA hip score improved from 50 points (range, 30–66 points) preoperatively to 79 points (range, 72–86 points) at the latest follow-up.

Conclusions

CT-based preoperative 3D planning could be a powerful guidance tool for conversion of arthrodesed hips to THAs.
The Impact of Married Individuals Learning HIV Status in Malawi: Divorce, Number of Sexual Partners, and Condom Use With Spouses
Authors: Fedor Theresa M. , Kohler Hans-Peter , Behrman Jere R.
Published: January 2015

This article assesses how married individuals’ knowledge of HIV status gained through HIV testing and counseling (HTC) affects divorce, the number of sexual partners, and the use of condoms within marriage. This study improves upon previous studies on this topic because the randomized incentives affecting the propensity to be tested for HIV permit control for selective testing. Instrumental variable probit and linear models are estimated, using a randomized experiment administered as part of the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health (MLSFH). The results indicate that knowledge of HIV status (1) does not affect chances of divorce for either HIV-negative or HIV-positive respondents; (2) reduces the number of reported sexual partners among HIV-positive respondents; and (3) increases reported condom use with spouses for both HIV-negative and HIV-positive respondents. These results imply that individuals actively respond to information about their HIV status that they learn during HTC, invoking protective behavior against future risk of HIV/AIDS for themselves and their actual and potential sexual partners. Some limitations of this study are a small sample size for those who are HIV-positive and dependence on self-reported sexual behaviors.
Hyaluronan inhibits BMP‐induced osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Kaneko Keiko , Higuchi Chikahisa , Kunugiza Yasuo , Yoshida Kiyoshi , Sakai Takashi , Yoshikawa Hideki , Nakata Ken
Published: January 2015

Hyaluronan (HA), one of the major structural extracellular components in cartilage, regulates cellular responses via receptors such as CD44. However, the direct effects of HA on osteoblastic differentiation has not been studied in detail. Here, we investigated the effects of HA (molecular weight: 900–1200kDa) on osteoblastic differentiation that was induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in C2C12 cells (mouse myoblastic cells) and ST2 cells (mouse bone marrow cells). BMP‐induced osteoblastic differentiation and Smad1/Smad5/Smad8 phosphorylation were downregulated by HA. Use of the CD44‐blocking antibody restored HA‐induced inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation and Smad1/Smad5/Smad8 phosphorylation. Our results indicate that HA inhibits BMP‐induced osteoblastic differentiation through the CD44 receptor.
Diagnóstico de necesidades de educación continua mediante un método grupal y un método individual
Authors: Maya-Ampudia Claudia Catalina , Ángeles-Zavala Oswaldo , Camarena-Olmedo Javier Alejandro
Published: January 2015

Introducción: La educación continua debe responder a las necesidades sociales de salud dentro del contexto histórico y social de los profesionistas, para lo cual es necesario contar con información precisa sobre las necesidades de actualización del personal en salud. El método tradicional comúnmente utiliza una encuesta individual, e identifica las necesidades individuales o sentidas del personal, sin referencia a las necesidades reales de la institución, ni del equipo de salud. Un método grupal debe posibilitar la identificación de las necesidades reales y prioritarias que respondan a las necesidades sociales de salud.

Objetivo: El estudio comparó la utilidad de un método grupal de diagnóstico de necesidades de educación continua vs. un método de encuesta individual.

Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal, con metodología cualitativa y técnica de grupos nominales. El estudio constó de dos fases, incluyó al personal profesional médico y paramédico del Servicio de Parálisis Cerebral y Estimulación Temprana del Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación (INR). En la primera fase se aplicó una encuesta individual utilizada en el INR para el diagnóstico de necesidades de educación continua. En la segunda fase, mediante consenso grupal, se generó el diagnóstico de necesidades de educación continua requeridas para: a) optimizar la práctica profesional de atención a la salud; b) realizar investigación, y c) el diagnóstico y la referencia oportuna por personal no especialista.

Resultados: El método individual identificó las necesidades de educación continua respecto a las funciones profesionales y el método grupal detectó las necesidades en los tres niveles indagados, y agregó una categoría, las necesidades de educación de los pacientes y de sus familiares.

Conclusiones: El método grupal incorporó el contexto epidemiológico y social de la institución y el método individual identificó las necesidades personales respecto a funciones profesionales. Se considera que los dos métodos son complementarios.
Expectativas y sentimientos de los estudiantes de Medicina ante el internado de pregrado
Authors: Valdez-Nava Sabás , Heshiki-Nakandakari Luis , Osornio-Castillo Leticia , Domínguez-Álvarez Edilberto , Sánchez-de Tagle Herrera Rafael
Published: January 2015

Introducción: El internado de pregrado es una etapa fundamental de la formación médica en donde el alumno pone en práctica aptitudes y actitudes adquiridas en ciclos previos, y desarrolla nuevas en un escenario real.

Objetivo: Explorar las expectativas y sentimientos que los alumnos tienen al momento de la elección de plazas de internado de pregrado.

Método: muestra intencional, participaron 156 alumnos de la Carrera de Médico Cirujano de la generación 2009-2012, de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FESI). Se aplicó un cuestionario que exploró elección de plaza, expectativas, cualidades y aptitudes para su desempeño, y sentir.

Resultados: Se encontró que el 85.2% de la muestra seleccionó plazas del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS). La mayoría eligió plaza por la cercanía a su domicilio; esperan aumentar sus conocimientos y habilidades en la realización de procedimientos médico-quirúrgicos, en la integración de diagnósticos y prescripción de tratamientos, reforzando su capacidad de razonamiento clínico. Para ello, mencionaron contar con cualidades y habilidades para un buen desempeño, apoyando al médico de base y tomando mayor responsabilidad en el trato con los pacientes y la institución hospitalaria. Refirieron tener sentimientos ambivalentes (nervioso/contento, preocupado/entusiasmado, temeroso/tranquilo) ante esta nueva etapa por vivir.

Conclusiones: Previo al internado los alumnos tienen altas expectativas sobre su formación clínica, su desempeño ante los pacientes y el manejo de sus emociones en un escenario real.
Efecto de un curso-taller de formación docente sobre los referentes pedagógicos de profesores de Embriología
Authors: Urrutia-Aguilar María Esther , Guevara-Guzmán Rosalinda , Aburto- Arciniega Mónica Beatriz
Published: January 2015

Introducción: Actualmente, en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) se encuentra vigente el Plan de Estudios 2010 de la Carrera de Médico Cirujano, que promueve el desarrollo de ocho competencias en los estudiantes. Sin duda, los sistemas educativos dependen de la calidad y desempeño de sus docentes, por lo que su formación debe estar dirigida a fortalecer aspectos que impacten la diversificación de las estrategias de enseñanza de referentes pedagógicos.

Objetivo: Identificar la modificación en los referentes pedagógicos de los profesores, después de asistir al “Curso Taller de Formación Docente en Competencias”.

Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal. La población de estudio se conformó de 24 ayudantes de profesor, que impartieron la asignatura de Embriología Humana durante el ciclo escolar 2012-2013. Éste se impartió durante 30 horas. Se aplicó antes y después del curso un instrumento de referentes pedagógicos conformado por 42 reactivos, con escala tipo Likert, con alfa de Cronbach de 0.77, agrupados en cinco estrategias: aprendizaje, planeación, metodología, evaluación y relación docente-estudiante.

Resultados: El 17% y 10% de los docentes que estuvieron de acuerdo con el referente tradicional en estrategias de aprendizaje y planeación, respectivamente, tuvieron un cambio hacia los referentes alternativos y de tecnología educativa después de asistir al curso. Cabe señalar que gran parte de los profesores después del curso refirió estar de acuerdo con los referentes tradicionales de la relación docente-estudiante.

Conclusión: Se encontró que algunos profesores mantienen creencias vinculadas al referente tradicional en las estrategias de metodología, evaluación y relación docente-estudiante después del curso-taller. Es necesario que los cursos de formación docente incluyan una amplia gama de estrategias de enseñanza que incorpore el uso de tecnología como herramienta, así como diferentes procesos de evaluación que sean acordes al contexto educativo institucional.