bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Media Richness Theory
Authors: Sheer Vivian C. , Chen Ling
Published: June 2004

Media richness theory predicts that managers, driven by the instrumental goal of task efficiency, choose media based on the match up of message equivocality and media richness. This study proposes that relational and self-presentational goals are also relevant in manager-subordinate interactions, particularly when messages differ in valence, and investigated 107 managers in Hong Kong. Findings with respect to traditional media show (a)media richness theory holds when messages are positive, (b) self-presentational goals are the most powerful predictor of media choice when messages are negative, (c) relational goals have some impact on managers’ media choice, and (d) complexity is a sensitive predictor of media choice. Thus, media richness theory can be improved by incorporating a broader consideration of relevant interaction goals and the constructs of message valence and complexity.
The Search for Simplicity: A.K. Romney and Building Models From Systematic Data
Authors: D’Andrade Roy Goodwin
Published: June 2004

For more than 50 years, A.K. Romney and his many collaborators have published a steady stream of methods, ideas, critiques, and findings. This influential body of work has been characterized by a strong interest in quantification, extensive use of graphics and visual presentations of data, a focus on empirical issues, a search for cultural universals, intensive collaboration with other researchers, and a striving for conciseness and clarity. Of these, the search for simplicity is perhaps the most notable and pervasive characteristic of his work. This article reviews some of Romney’s early work on kinship, tracing the way in which Romney’s treatment of kinship data was influenced by his basic notion of humans as accurate and principled categorizers.
Definitions of Cross Versus Parallel: Implications for a New Typology (An Appreciation of A. Kimball Romney)
Authors: Kronenfeld David B.
Published: June 2004

Following a brief introduction to typologies and the background of classifications of kinship terminologies, the author addresses this problem of needed revisions in our typology of kin terminological systems. First, he lays out an example involving the definition of cross versus parallel features in Dravidian- and Iroquois-type terminologies in which a lack of attention to explicit formal characterizations of systems has led to needless confusion. Second, he turns to the problem of developing that new general typology for kin term systems. The findings that produce the need for a new typology depend on analytic advances since Murdock’s codification, and so he offers a brief overview of those advances and the findings that necessitate typological restructuring.
Cultural Consensus Analysis and Environmental Anthropology: Yellowfin Tuna Fishery Management in Hawaii
Authors: Miller Marc L. , Kaneko John , Bartram Paul , Marks Joe , Brewer Devon D.
Published: June 2004

Natural resource policies in the United States are implemented with a social technology of objectivity. Accordingly, resource managers rely on scientific and quantitative analyses to satisfy constituencies distrustful of regulatory authorities. Cultural consensus analysis is a powerful method for determining whether knowledge domains are structured in ways that support a conclusion that cultural members recognize certain cultural truths not known before-hand to the investigator. The authors compare hand-line fishermen and fishery scientists in Hawaii regarding their knowledge about stock structure, fish movements, resource abundance, stock condition, and fishery interactions. Yellow fin tuna fishery results show that fishermen and scientists exhibit an overall consensus about ecological knowledge, although they disagree in some areas. Some practical advantages of consensus analysis are discussed along with the possibilities for growth in the fishery social science sector, cross-cultural applied research, and the practice of environmental anthropology.
Not in Our Name!
Authors: Giardina Michael D. , Weems Mary E.
Published: June 2004

Born out of anger and frustration with the Bush administration’s unilateral intervention in Iraq and the attendant mediated responses to such action that question the patriotism of peace activists and those who dare speak out against the draconian neoconservative agenda currently dominating American cultural politics, “Not in Our Name!” marks an ongoing conversation about and critical interrogation of the post-9/11 moment. Re/presented as a symbolic interactive messy performance text that crosses generations, races, and genders, the authors seek to police this crisis of global uncertainty and imagine radically free utopian spaces where the promise of progressive democratic values are not overrun by corrupt political ideologies masquerading under the guise of jingoistic patriotism, the “War on Terror” marketing slogan, and an “Us” versus “Them” mentality. The authors’ active words and voices of resistance and passion envision an end to this national nightmare and a dawning of a new day of hope.
Tales of Body/Space Invasions in School
Authors: Connor David J. , Newton Roberta M. , Pennisi Alice C. , Quarshie Antoinette A.
Published: June 2004

This article discusses the issue of body/space invasion and regulation in the process of schooling. Through the use of collective biography research and collective memory work, the authors examine how selected schooling processes contribute to the construction of students as subjects within classroom discourse. Their method uses poetry as texts that are analyzed in relation to their lived, empirical question: “How are our bodies constituted as schooled beings?” The authors’ interest lies in rendering visible both dominant and resistant forces operating within the classroom, including student and teacher participation within such dynamics. More specifically, they focus on how students and teachers come to understand order through the creation of boundaries and regulations—along with the consequences of transgression.
Messing Around with Identity Constructs: Pursuing a Poststructural and Poetic Aesthetic
Authors: Rolling James Haywood
Published: June 2004

Kenneth Gergen saw identity crises as endemic to the current human condition and has termed the malady “multiphrenia.” It is described as being symptomatic of nations with these particular traits of the postmodern era: a populace of multilocal people—people with attachments to more than one place or community and with increasingly disconnected relationships; cosmopolitan communities with a plurality of cultures, including transplanted colonies from other lands; and an explosion of information systems and a multimedia visual culture. Using an autoethnographic framework, this article examines the author’s own identity crisis after the death of his father and as reconstituted in this article, his namesake. The article explores modernist, postmodernist, and poststructural methodologies available for the construction and reconstitution of identity constructs in the current era.
Impossibilities of Reconciliation: Validity in Mixed Theory Projects
Authors: Koro-Ljungberg Mirka
Published: June 2004

This article discusses how validity and truth claims, which are often based on singular theoretical and philosophical assumptions, are negotiated within qualitative research practices created at the intersection of two theoretical perspectives. The article asks, What are the possibilities and impossibilities of validity established within the discursive fields that form and shape mixed theory projects? More specifically, this article explores how mixed theory projects are theoretically and methodologically created and consequently, how shifting discourses shape the validity claims. The author argues that critical and deconstructive ethnography are both variations of the same theme. This theme is a part of a constellation that does not aim to unify theoretical perspectives; instead, it limits some of the dangers of Othering by promoting ways of knowing that escape normativity and essentializing discourses.
Toward a Rearticulation of a Discourse on Class within the Practice of Parental Involvement
Authors: Freeman Melissa
Published: June 2004

Class is essentially a person’s social position in relation to others within a cultural context. This article examines two representational approaches used in a study of parents’ perceptions of parental involvement to discuss the critical role representation plays in the production and reproduction of current discourses on class. Although these approaches both use the parents’ stories to engage the reader, one combines these into group-oriented “cultural stories” whereas the other focuses on individual-based “contextual stories.” The role these two forms of narrative might play in redressing the oppressive practices that contribute to maintaining class positions within social and cultural contexts is examined. The author concludes that localized scrutiny of social practices represented through the contextual stories enables a deeper understanding of how social class identities and positions are the result of different actions and interactions shaped within a shared social practice of involvement.
The Violence in Trusting Trust Chief Executives: Glimpsing Trust in the U.K. National Health Service
Authors: Learmonth Mark
Published: June 2004

This article contributes to the debate about the utility of the work of Jacques Derrida for qualitative interview research. It consists of a case study in which Derridean ideas are exemplified: a set of interviews with people called Trust Chief Executives—top managers of U.K. National Health Service hospitals. In ways that echo Derrida’s approach to the analysis of Platonic texts, the article repeatedly interrogates the word trust in the interview transcripts. Reading interview texts in a Derridean way brings to attention matters that would have been unseen in a conventional reading of the empirical material. Managers’ talk can be read as a form of violence in that it has come to constitute a version of what can be thought and known, in the most part, by the elision of alternatives. Recognizing the violence of language is therefore one of Derrida’s principal contributions to critique, an insight of particular importance in qualitative research.
In Defense of the Sensual: Meaning Construction in Ethnography and Poetics
Authors: Brady Ivan
Published: June 2004

Lack of closure in ethnography is less a problem of unknowables than plural “knowabilities” and the frustrations of choosing among them. Human beings are sensual and intellectual creatures who experience the world through that combination and whose corporeal existences are appropriated and molded by culture—the system of signs and meanings that defines for us the nature of the world and our place in it. Carving science or poetry out of this “made”universe requires heigh tenedsensitivity to its properties. Yet mostly, only poets write about experience consistently from a sensual perspective. Poetry is another way to encode and share the foundations of such experience; poetry can ground theories of the world that actually involve our interactions with it, not just abstractions from it. Thus, a more robust entrance point for modern ethnography may be best centered on some combination of humanistic and scientific design as artful-science, not on either extreme.
Canadian Domestic Violence Policy and Indian Immigrant Women
Authors: Shirwadkar Swati
Published: June 2004

This article explores the problems of Indian immigrant women who face cultural constraints in accessing the benefits of Canadian policies for domestically abused women. Findings from an exploratory study of abused immigrant Indian women and community social workers in Ontario, Canada, are presented. They expose the pressures of cultural, social, and family ties that prevent these women from getting necessary help for domestic violence. The limitations of Canadian policies and programs for these women and the means to improve their access to these policies and programs are discussed. The conclusion suggests how binational research is needed to improve the situation of abused Indian immigrant women in Canada and in India.
Partner Violence and Child Custody Cases
Authors: Jaffe Peter G. , Crooks Claire V.
Published: June 2004

A review of policies and procedures for addressing partner violence in child custody across four countries shows different pathways to the same issues. In the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, the reform of child custody legislation faces a debate between fathers’ rights groups and domestic violence advocates, within an environment promoting mediation and joint custody as the gold standard. There is a clear need for research to better inform these debates, including cross-national research, and for the development of court and community interventions to support children facing separation and divorce in the context of parental violence.
Nongenomic effects of 17β-estradiol in human platelets: potentiation of thrombin-induced aggregation through estrogen receptor β and Src kinase
Authors: Moro Laura , Reineri Stefania , Piranda Daniela , Pietrapiana Daniela , Lova Paolo , Bertoni Alessandra , Graziani Andrea , Defilippi Paola , Canobbio Ilaria , Torti Mauro , Sinigaglia Fabiola
Published: June 2004

The impact of estrogens on the cardiovascular system and their ability to regulate platelet function are matters of controversy. The recent finding that estrogen receptors are expressed in human platelets renders these cells an excellent model for studying the nongenomic effects of these hormones. In this work, we investigated 17β-estradiol–dependent signaling in platelets from adult healthy men. 17β-estradiol caused the rapid phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinases Src and Pyk2 and the formation of a signaling complex, which included Src, Pyk2, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Both these events were dependent on estrogen receptor β engagement. We found that estrogen receptor β was membrane-associated in platelets. On treatment with 17β-estradiol, Src and Pyk2 activation occurred in the membrane fraction but not in the cytosol. In contrast, no significant activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was detected in estrogen-treated platelets. 17β-estradiol did not induce any platelet response directly, but it strongly potentiated the activation of integrin αIIbβ3 and the platelet aggregation induced by subthreshold concentrations of thrombin. These effects were dependent on estrogen receptor β recruitment and were associated with a strong synergistic effect with thrombin on Src activation. Taken together, these results indicate that 17β-estradiol can modulate platelet function by exercising a proaggregating role.
Long-term survival benefit and improved complete cytogenetic and molecular response rates with imatinib mesylate in Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of interferon-α
Authors: Kantarjian Hagop M. , Cortes Jorge E. , O'Brien Susan , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Giles Francis , Verstovsek Srdan , Faderl Stefan , Thomas Deborah , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Rios Mary Beth , Shan Jianqin , Jones Dan , Talpaz Moshe
Published: June 2004

We reviewed 261 patients with chronicphase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after interferon-α (IFN-α) failure treated with imatinib mesylate 400 mg daily. With a median follow-up time of 45 months, the major cytogenetic response rate was 73% and the complete cytogenetic response rate 63%. The estimated 4-year survival rate was 86%. Multivariate analysis for survival identified hematologic resistance to IFN-α (P = .01), splenomegaly (P = .03), and lack of any cytogenetic response after 3 months of therapy (P = .01) to have independent poor prognostic significance. Patients could be divided into good(no adverse factors), intermediate(1 adverse factor), and poor-risk groups (2 or 3 adverse factors; 12% of patients) with estimated 4-year survival rates of 96%, 86%, and 49%, respectively (P < .000 01). The 4-year cumulative major molecular response (quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction [Q-PCR] = BCR-ABL/ABL less than 0.05%) rate was 43% and complete molecular response rate (BCR-ABL undetectable) 26%. Compared with a historical group of 251 similar patients treated with nonimatinib therapies, imatinib mesylate was associated with a better 4-year survival rate (86% versus 43%; P < .0001); the survival advantage was confirmed by multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 0.19; P < .0001).
Brazilian Sepsis Epidemiological Study (BASES study)
Authors: Silva Eliézer , Pedro Marcelo de Almeida , Sogayar Ana Cristina Beltrami , Mohovic Tatiana , Silva Carla Likade Oliveira , Janiszewski Mariano , Cal Ruy Guilherme Rodrigues , de Sousa Érica Fernandes , Abe Thereza Phitoe , de Andrade Joel , de Matos Jorge Dias , Rezende Ederlon , Assunção Murillo , Avezum Álvaro , Rocha Patrícia CS , de Matos Gustavo Faissol Janot , Bento André Moreira , Corrêa Alice Danielli , Vieira Paulo Cesar Bastos , Knobel Elias
Published: June 2004

Introduction

Consistent data about the incidence and outcome of sepsis in Latin American intensive care units (ICUs), including Brazil, are lacking. This study was designed to verify the actual incidence density and outcome of sepsis in Brazilian ICUs. We also assessed the association between the Consensus Conference criteria and outcome

Methods

This is a multicenter observational cohort study performed in five private and public, mixed ICUs from two different regions of Brazil. We prospectively followed 1383 adult patients consecutively admitted to those ICUs from May 2001 to January 2002, until their discharge, 28th day of stay, or death. For all patients we collected the following data at ICU admission: age, gender, hospital and ICU admission diagnosis, APACHE II score, and associated underlying diseases. During the following days, we looked for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock criteria, as well as recording the sequential organ failure assessment score. Infection was diagnosed according to CDC criteria for nosocomial infection, and for community-acquired infection, clinical, radiological and microbiological parameters were used.

Results

For the whole cohort, median age was 65.2 years (49–76), median length of stay was 2 days (1–6), and the overall 28-day mortality rate was 21.8%. Considering 1383 patients, the incidence density rates for sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were 61.4, 35.6 and 30.0 per 1000 patient-days, respectively. The mortality rate of patients with SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock increased progressively from 24.3% to 34.7%, 47.3% and 52.2%, respectively. For patients with SIRS without infection the mortality rate was 11.3%. The main source of infection was lung/respiratory tract.

Conclusion

Our preliminary data suggest that sepsis is a major public health problem in Brazilian ICUs, with an incidence density about 57 per 1000 patient-days. Moreover, there was a close association between ACCP/SCCM categories and mortality rate.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Recommendations on Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage II Colon Cancer
Authors: Benson Al B. , Schrag Deborah , Somerfield Mark R. , Cohen Alfred M. , Figueredo Alvaro T. , Flynn Patrick J. , Krzyzanowska Monika K. , Maroun Jean , McAllister Pamela , Van Cutsem Eric , Brouwers Melissa , Charette Manya , Haller Daniel G.
Published: June 2004

Purpose

To address whether all medically fit patients with curatively resected stage II colon cancer should be offered adjuvant chemotherapy as part of routine clinical practice, to identify patients with poor prognosis characteristics, and to describe strategies for oncologists to use to discuss adjuvant chemotherapy in practice.

Methods

An American Society of Clinical Oncology Panel, in collaboration with the Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guideline Initiative, reviewed pertinent information from the literature through May 2003.

Results

A literature-based meta-analysis found no evidence of a statistically significant survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II patients.

Recommendations

The routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy for medically fit patients with stage II colon cancer is not recommended. However, there are populations of patients with stage II disease that could be considered for adjuvant therapy, including patients with inadequately sampled nodes, T4 lesions, perforation, or poorly differentiated histology.

Conclusion

Direct evidence from randomized controlled trials does not support the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage II colon cancer. Patients and oncologists who accept the relative benefit in stage III disease as adequate indirect evidence of benefit for stage II disease are justified in considering the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, particularly for those patients with high-risk stage II disease. The ultimate clinical decision should be based on discussions with the patient about the nature of the evidence supporting treatment, the anticipated morbidity of treatment, the presence of high-risk prognostic features on individual prognosis, and patient preferences. Patients with stage II disease should be encouraged to participate in randomized trials.
ABVD Plus Subtotal Nodal Versus Involved-Field Radiotherapy in Early-Stage Hodgkin's Disease: Long-Term Results
Authors: Bonadonna Gianni , Bonfante Valeria , Viviani Simonetta , Di Russo Anna , Villani Fabrizio , Valagussa Pinuccia
Published: June 2004

Purpose

Radiation therapy (RT) alone can cure more than 80% of all patients with pathologic stage IA, IB, and IIA Hodgkin's disease, but some prognostic factors unfavorably affect treatment outcome. Combined-modality approaches improved results compared with RT, but the optimal extent of RT fields when combined with chemotherapy warranted additional evaluation.

Patients and Methods

In February 1990, we activated a prospective trial in patients with early, clinically staged Hodgkin's disease to assess efficacy and tolerability of four cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by either subtotal nodal plus spleen irradiation (STNI) or involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT).

Results

Main patient characteristics were fairly well balanced between the two arms. Complete remission was achieved in 100% and in 97% of patients, respectively. The 12-year freedom from progression rates were 93% (95% CI, 83% to 100%) after ABVD and STNI, and 94% (95% CI, 88% to 100%) after ABVD and IFRT, whereas the figures for overall survival were 96% (95% CI, 91% to 100%) and 94% (95% CI, 89% to 100%), respectively. Apart from three patients who developed second malignancies in the STNI arm, treatment-related morbidities were mild.

Conclusion

Present long-term findings suggest that, after four cycles of ABVD, IFRT can achieve a worthwhile outcome. The limited size of our patient sample, however, had no adequate statistical power to test for noninferiority of IFRT versus STNI. Despite this, ABVD followed by IFRT can be considered an effective and safe modality in early Hodgkin's disease with both favorable and unfavorable presentation.
Hedgehog regulation of superficial slow muscle fibres inXenopusand the evolution of tetrapod trunk myogenesis
Authors: Grimaldi Annalisa , Tettamanti Gianluca , Martin Benjamin L. , Gaffield William , Pownall Mary E. , Hughes Simon M.
Published: June 2004

In tetrapod phylogeny, the dramatic modifications of the trunk have received less attention than the more obvious evolution of limbs. In somites,several waves of muscle precursors are induced by signals from nearby tissues. In both amniotes and fish, the earliest myogenesis requires secreted signals from the ventral midline carried by Hedgehog (Hh) proteins. To determine if this similarity represents evolutionary homology, we have examined myogenesis in Xenopus laevis, the major species from which insight into vertebrate mesoderm patterning has been derived. Xenopus embryos form two distinct kinds of muscle cells analogous to the superficial slow and medial fast muscle fibres of zebrafish. As in zebrafish, Hh signalling is required for XMyf5 expression and generation of a first wave of early superficial slow muscle fibres in tail somites. Thus, Hh-dependent adaxial myogenesis is the likely ancestral condition of teleosts, amphibia and amniotes. Our evidence suggests that midline-derived cells migrate to the lateral somite surface and generate superficial slow muscle. This cell re-orientation contributes to the apparent rotation of Xenopussomites. Xenopus myogenesis in the trunk differs from that in the tail. In the trunk, the first wave of superficial slow fibres is missing,suggesting that significant adaptation of the ancestral myogenic programme occurred during tetrapod trunk evolution. Although notochord is required for early medial XMyf5 expression, Hh signalling fails to drive these cells to slow myogenesis. Later, both trunk and tail somites develop a second wave of Hh-independent slow fibres. These fibres probably derive from an outer cell layer expressing the myogenic determination genes XMyf5, XMyoD and Pax3 in a pattern reminiscent of amniote dermomyotome. Thus, Xenopus somites have characteristics in common with both fish and amniotes that shed light on the evolution of somite differentiation. We propose a model for the evolutionary adaptation of myogenesis in the transition from fish to tetrapod trunk.
Sprouty proteins regulate ureteric branching by coordinating reciprocal epithelialWnt11, mesenchymalGdnfand stromalFgf7signalling during kidney development
Authors: Chi Lijun , Zhang Shaobing , Lin Yanfeng , Prunskaite-Hyyryläinen Renata , Vuolteenaho Reetta , Itäranta Petri , Vainio Seppo
Published: June 2004

The kidney is a classic model for studying mechanisms of inductive tissue interactions associated with the epithelial branching common to many embryonic organs, but the molecular mechanisms are still poorly known. Sprouty proteins antagonize tyrosine kinases in the Egf and Fgf receptors and are candidate components of inductive signalling in the kidney as well. We have addressed the function of sprouty proteins in vivo by targeted expression of human sprouty 2 (SPRY2) in the ureteric bud, which normally expresses inductive signals and mouse sprouty 2 (Spry2). Ectopic SPRY2 expression led to postnatal death resulting from kidney failure, manifested as unilateral agenesis, lobularization of the organ or reduction in organ size because of inhibition of ureteric branching. The experimentally induced dysmorphology associated with deregulated expression of Wnt11, Gdnf and Fgf7 genes in the early stages of organogenesis indicated a crucial role for sprouty function in coordination of epithelial-mesenchymal and stromal signalling, the sites of expression of these genes. Moreover, Fgf7 induced Spry2 gene expression in vitro and led with Gdnf to a partial rescue of the SPRY2-mediated defect in ureteric branching. Remarkably, it also led to supernumerary epithelial bud formation from the Wolffian duct. Together, these data suggest that Spry genes contribute to reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal and stromal signalling controlling ureteric branching, which involves the coordination of Ffg/Wnt11/Gdnf pathways.
Regulation ofOtx2expression and its functions in mouse forebrain and midbrain
Authors: Kurokawa Daisuke , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Nakayama Rika , Kimura-Yoshida Chiharu , Matsuo Isao , Aizawa Shinichi
Published: June 2004

Otx2 expression in the forebrain and midbrain was found to be regulated by two distinct enhancers (FM and FM2) located at 75 kb 5′upstream and 115 kb 3′ downstream. The activities of these two enhancers were absent in anterior neuroectoderm earlier than E8.0; however, at E9.5 their regions of activity spanned the entire mesencephalon and diencephalon with their caudal limits at the boundary with the metencephalon or isthmus. In telencephalon, activities were found only in the dorsomedial aspect. Potential binding sites of OTX and TCF were essential to FM activity, and TCF sites were also essential to FM2 activity. The FM2 enhancer appears to be unique to rodent; however, the FM enhancer region is deeply conserved in gnathostomes. Studies of mutants lacking FM or FM2 enhancer demonstrated that these enhancers indeed regulate Otx2 expression in forebrain and midbrain. Development of mesencephalic and diencephalic regions was differentially regulated in a dose-dependent manner by the cooperation between Otx1and Otx2 under FM and FM2 enhancers: the more caudal the structure the higher the OTX dose requirement. At E10.5 Otx1–/–Otx2ΔFM/ΔFMmutants, in which Otx2 expression under the FM2 enhancer remained,exhibited almost complete loss of the entire diencephalon and mesencephalon;the telencephalon did, however, develop.
Regeneration of skeletal muscle from transplanted immortalised myoblasts is oligoclonal
Authors: Cousins Joanne C. , Woodward Karen J. , Gross Jacqueline G. , Partridge Terence A. , Morgan Jennifer E.
Published: June 2004

Myoblasts transplanted into muscles of recipient mice mostly die, only a minor stem cell-like subpopulation surviving and participating in muscle regeneration. To investigate this phenomenon further, we used a retrovirus expressing β-galactosidase to provide a unique marker for satellite-cell-derived muscle precursor cells, before transplanting them into myopathic mdx nu/nu mouse muscle. We employed inverse polymerase chain reaction to identify viral integrations, to follow the fate of clones present within the injected cells.

Mass-infected cultures contained many marked clones, some of which contributed disproportionately to muscle regeneration. Although no particular clones showed overall predominance, some were present in more than one injected muscle, an eventuality unlikely to arise by chance. Conversely, in grafts of muscle precursor cells that had either been labelled as sparse satellite-cell derived cultures, or had been cloned, all clones were shown to be able to survive and form muscle in vivo. Moreover, all clones contributed to further generations of new-formed muscle fibres following a series of injuries administered to injected muscles, demonstrating that some cells of each clone had been retained as stem-cell-like muscle precursors. Furthermore, retrovirally marked satellite-cell-derived clones were derived from muscles that had been injected with marked muscle precursor cells. These cells formed muscle following their transplantation into a new host mouse, confirming their stem cell properties.
Crosslinking and G-protein functions of transglutaminase 2 contribute differentially to fibroblast wound healing responses
Authors: Stephens Phil , Grenard Pascale , Aeschlimann Pascale , Langley Martin , Blain Emma , Errington Rachael , Kipling David , Thomas David , Aeschlimann Daniel
Published: June 2004

Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) affects cell-matrix interactions in cell spreading, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) reorganisation. Using fibroblasts deficient in TG2 or overexpressing normal or crosslinking-deficient enzyme, we show that the extracellular crosslinking activity and intracellular G-protein function in signal transduction contribute differentially to regulation of cell-matrix interactions. TG2-deficient cells displayed normal attachment but delayed spreading on ECM substrata and defects in motility unrelated to crosslinking. Blocking antibodies to TG2 failed to induce similar defects in normal fibroblasts. TG2-deficient fibroblasts had defects in focal adhesion turnover and stress fibre formation, showed changes in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and failed to activate protein kinase C α (PKCα). Phospholipase C (PLC) and PKCα inhibitors blocked spreading of normal fibroblasts whilst PKC activators induced spreading in TG2-deficient cells. In contrast, ECM remodelling was not only compromised by TG2 deficiency but also by overexpression of dominant negative enzyme and TG inhibitors. TG2 activity increased matrix tension and was required for membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP)-dependent activation of MMP-2. Our results demonstrate that TG2 is involved in the control of dynamic adhesion formation in cell spreading and migration via regulation of phospholipase C activity. By virtue of its crosslinking activity, the enzyme plays a central role in regulating ECM remodelling.
Preprocedural C-Reactive Protein Is Not Associated with Angiographic Restenosis or Target Lesion Revascularization after Coronary Artery Stent Placement
Authors: Rittersma Saskia Z H , de Winter Robbert J , Koch Karel T , Schotborgh Carl E , Bax Matthijs , Heyde Gerlind S , van Straalen Jan P , Mulder Karla J , Tijssen Jan G P , Sanders Gerard T , Piek Jan J
Published: June 2004

Background: We assessed the predictive value of preprocedural plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and statin therapy on 6 months angiographic and 1-year clinical outcome after nonurgent coronary stent placement.

Methods and Results: Baseline plasma high-sensitivity CRP concentrations were prospectively measured in 345 patients undergoing elective stent placement in a native coronary artery. The binary angiographic in-stent restenosis (ISR; stenosis ≥50% of vessel diameter) rate was 19% in patients with CRP values within the reference interval (≤3 mg/L) and 22% in patients with CRP >3 mg/L [odds ratio (OR) = 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73–2.09]. Statin therapy in a univariate analysis significantly reduced both angiographic and clinical ISR rates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified unstable angina, smoking, and stent length, but neither CRP concentration nor statin therapy as independent predictors for angiographic ISR. Patients with an abnormal CRP value showed a trend toward a higher risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction (3.8% vs 0.5%; OR = 7.43; 95% CI, 0.87–61.65). Target lesion revascularization rates did not differ between the two groups (9.6% vs 10.6%; OR = 1.13; 95% CI, 0.56–2.28). In multivariate analysis, male sex (OR = 0.44, 95% CI, 0.19–0.97) and statin therapy (OR = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09–0.68) were independent predictors for the occurrence of target lesion revascularization.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated a lack of association between preprocedural plasma CRP concentrations and angiographic coronary ISR or clinically driven target lesion revascularization. Patients with an abnormal CRP concentration showed a trend toward higher risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction during 1 year of follow-up. Statin therapy was independently associated with decreased clinically driven target lesion revascularization, underlining the beneficial effects of statins on clinical outcome.
From the Mine to the Shrine: The Critical Origins of Musical Depth
Authors: Watkins Holly
Published: June 2004

In recent years, the analytical concept of structural depth has been subjected to intense critical scrutiny. But amid debates over the relative merit of depth- and surface-oriented modes of listening and analysis, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to the history of the two terms in music journalism. Focusing on the period around 1800, this article examines the entry of the term "depth" into German literature on music and explores the metaphorÕs diverse, even contradictory, meanings. Writers like Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder and E. T. A. Hoffmann endorsed the idea, prominent in German Pietism and the criticism of Johann Gottfried Herder, that sound was uniquely able to access the deepest regions of subjectivity. At the same time, such writers began to imagine a musical inner space uncannily similar to the inner space of the listening subject. Unlike earlier aestheticians of a poetic bent, Hoffmann thought that the "deepest" works--works that stirred the soul with special force--required the critic to "penetrate" their "inner structure." Given that earlier technical discourse had treated music essentially as a linear sequence of periods, HoffmannÕs writings exhibit a momentous shift in perspective from the sequential to the vertical. By adding a new dimension to music complementing its axis of horizontal or temporal unfolding, Hoffmann imported the full spectrum of depthÕs meanings, ranging from the scientific to the spiritual, the rational to the irrational, into the modern notion of the masterwork.
Paganini's Quest: The Twenty-four Capricci per violino solo, Op. 1
Authors: Perry Jeffrey
Published: June 2004

Nicolo Paganini (1782-1840) has long been viewed as an emblem of virtuosity, his music heard, if at all, through the variations and adaptations of other composers. This historical neglect and the Paganini mythos notwithstanding, the twenty-four Caprices, op. 1, published in 1820, establish his place as a serious composer whose innovations must be considered in any assessment of early Romanticism. In the Caprices, two voices seem to speak. The first is lyrical and draws on the vocal and operatic roots of PaganiniÕs musical upbringing. The second I have labeled the questive voice. Romanticism is an aesthetic of distance; the questive voice is a means of traversing the immensity that is the one essential feature of early Romanticism in its incarnations. This immensity manifests itself in the wide registral space opened and explored in the Caprices; in the motivically driven, asymmetrical construction of many passages found therein; and in the extensive harmonic reach of many of the Caprices. This article presents close readings of Caprices nos. 1, 2, 4, 9, and 10, drawing on Schenkerian methodologies and work by Ratner, Caplin, and Burnham to articulate the lyrical/questive dichotomy and interplay between technique and expression in these singular works by a singular composer.
The Meaning[s] of "Without": An Exploration of Liszt'sBagatelle ohne Tonart
Authors: Berry David
Published: June 2004

In this essay, I explore historical and theoretical issues germane to an understanding of an 1885 piano composition with an intriguing title: LisztÕs Bagatelle ohne Tonart--a bagatelle "without tonality" or "without a key." After briefly describing the workÕs history and musical associations with other compositions by Liszt, I survey two present-day approaches that reveal ways in which the work defies tonality: octatonic interpretations via set-class examinations, and Schenker-influenced prolongational models. I then turn to focus instead on how the Bagatelle fit within the framework of nineteenth-century musical thought; how its processes were supported by contemporaneously evolving theories of chromaticism. Partly through an analysis based on the practice of Gottfried Weber (1779-1839), I demonstrate that the Bagatelle is not a piece "without tonality" as much as it is one "without the fulfillment of the tonic." It maintains harmonic tension by avoiding anticipated resolutions, as well as by preserving a sense of ambiguity as to what the actual "missing" key is. Next, I consider why Liszt was prompted to write a piece in such a manner. We know that he was a proponent of musical progress--of Zukunftsmusik ("music of the future")--but for this fact to be relevant we must confirm, first, that Liszt had definite ideas about a Zukunftsharmoniesystem; and second, that such a system is reflected in the processes exhibited by the Bagatelle. I argue that the BagatelleÕs traits are indeed in accordance with theoretical views about musicÕs future direction, to which Liszt subscribed. Relevant theories of Karl Friedrich Weitzmann (1808-80) and Franois-Joseph FŽtis (1784-1871) are assessed. Lastly, in a "Schoenbergian epilogue" I explore connections between LisztÕs operations and SchoenbergÕs ideas, addressing historical associations that conjoin their views of composing "ohne Tonart."I conclude that the 1885 BagatelleÕs attenuation of tonality was part of a tradition that extended from the mid-nineteenth into the early twentieth century--one that stretched from Liszt and his contemporaries through Schoenberg and his pupils and beyond, embracing along the way the theoretical prescriptions of Weitzmann, FŽtis, and Schoenberg himself. The various threads of theory and analysis explored in this article contribute to an understanding of the same strand of musical evolution: the increasing circumvention of tonality to the point that a piece could be written "ohne Tonart."
Silent Narration? Elements of Narrative in Ives's The Unanswered Question
Authors: McDonald Matthew
Published: June 2004

In recent years, discussions of narrative in music seem to have fallen into decline. This circumstance might register the effects of the strong stances taken by a few influential writers in the early 1990s regarding the extent to which music can be understood as narrative. This article shifts focus to a different concern, the extent to which music can be related to narrative metaphorically. Using narrative as flexible conceptual framework, it considers Charles IvesÕs The Unanswered Question, a piece whose foundational narrative impulse few would dispute. The central narrative aspects include compositional techniques particular to the twentieth century, such as reordered chronologies and the layering of seemingly independent material. These features suggest comparison with various aspects of narrative structure and narration in literary and filmic narratives. The comparison suggests new ways of conceptualizing IvesÕs music, showing how new techniques intersected with narrative forms, and it suggests that a broader case could and should be made for the continued utility of narratological approaches to music of many different kinds. Particular attention is given to IvesÕs short programmatic note of the early 1930s. The existential program, as expressed through this text and amplified by the music, intersects with the language, imagery, structure, and worldview conveyed in Ralph Waldo EmersonÕs poem The Sphinx and IvesÕs "Emerson" essay from Essays before a Sonata. These connections strengthen the notion that both the program and the music were creative reactions to EmersonÕs writings and that some protoversion of the 1930s program existed in Ives mind on composing the 1908 version of the piece. Seeing the presence of Emerson behind IvesÕs original conception of The Unanswered Question helps us to understand the origins of the distinctly narrative aspects of the work and suggests other potential narratives besides the familiar one offered in IvesÕs note.
Church, State and the Legal Interpretation of Polygamy in Canada
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: June 2004

Using the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada as an example, I argue that religious minorities who are deemed to be harmful to society are controlled through law, either directly by legislation, through judicial application of legislation, or, more insidiously, through the discursive practices of government agents such as immigration officials. Both the legal controls imposed and the types of resistance or compliance offered by religious minorities shift and change over time. Definitions of religious freedom also shift and change over time. While the primary focus of this article is a case study of the Latter-day Saints and polygamy, it is prescient of other contemporary issues of social control of religious minorities. In these post-September 11 times, there has been a shift in rhetoric from nation-building to nation-preservation. Polygamy still plays a role in the construction of citizenship in Canada through the filtering of immigrants, but current social, political and economic circumstances differ from those the Latter-day Saints faced in the 1800s.
Land as Lover
Authors: Taylor Sarah McFarland
Published: June 2004

Steven T. Katz and James Spickard have argued that even though mystical and ecstatic experiences are often self-defined as unmediated experiences of the divine, fundamentally these experiences are always mediated to some degree through the mystic's own cultural milieu and religious language. The filtration of Mormon naturalist Terry Tempest Williams' mystical encounters with nature through a Mormon cultural lens, which is tied to a historic and mythic topophilia, lends Williams' writing a creative organicism that deftly combines diverse and contradictory elements. On one hand, Williams points to the irony of her chosen subject in light of the problematic relation Mormon culture has had with environmentalism and eroticism. On the other hand, a distinctly Mormon sensibility shapes Williams' love for the sacred geography of Utah and her attunement to the spiritual dimensions of the American landscape. In Williams' “greening” of Mormonism, we see the work of religio-cultural production in action, as she creates a unique fusion of nature mysticism and Latter-day sensibilities.
Soka Gakkai in Australia
Authors: Metraux Daniel A.
Published: June 2004

Japan's Soka Gakkai International (SGI) has established a small but growing chapter in Australia that in 2002 had about 2,500 members nationwide. Since its founding in the mid-1960s, SGI Australia (SGIA) has evolved into a highly heterogeneous movement dominated by ethnic Asians, of which a large number are Chinese from Southeast Asia. SGIA's appeal is both social and religious. A key factor for SGIA's growth is its emphasis on the concept of community. The fast pace of life, constant movement of people, and a sizeable growth of immigrants have created a sense of rootlessness among many Australians. SGIA's tradition of forming small chapters whose members often meet in each other's homes or community centers creates a tightly bonded group. SGIA members find their movement's form of Buddhism appealing because it is said to give them a greater sense of confidence and self-empowerment, permitting them to manage their own lives in a more creative manner.
Perspective: Toward a Definition of “New Religion”
Authors: Melton J. Gordon
Published: June 2004

The question of a defining “new religion” begins with a survey of a large number of groups that have been labeled as cults in the popular and scholarly literature. Attempts to locate any shared characteristics—beliefs, practices, or attributes—have failed. Thus it is suggested that what new religions share is a common deficiency that pushes them into contested space at the fringes of society. New religions are assigned their fringe status by the more established and dominant religious culture, and by various voices within the secular culture (government officials, watchdog groups, the media, etc.). New religious movements disagree significantly with the dominant accepted religious beliefs/practices in any given cultural setting and/or engage in one or more of a range of activities unacceptable to religious and/or secular authorities, such as violence, illegal behavior, high pressure proselytism, unconventional sexual contacts, or minority medical practices.