bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjuncts in diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical monitoring of breast, gynecologic, and hematolymphopoietic malignancies: Third joint international workshop, Lacco Ameno d'Ischia, Italy, October 2001*
Authors: Giordano Giovan Giacomo , Sigalotti Luca , Maio Michele
Published: August 2002

The aim of the third edition of this workshop was to address the most relevant topics and the latest achievements in the diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical monitoring of breast, gynecologic, and hematolymphopoietic malignancies. As with the two previous editions, scientific leaders in the fields of pathology, clinical oncology, and basic research have been gathered together to promote a continuous flow of theoretical and practical information among basic research, diagnosis, and therapeutic innovation in order to achieve timely and effective progresses in defeating human cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PR‐39 coordinates changes in vascular smooth muscle cell adhesive strength and locomotion by modulating cell surface heparan sulfate–matrix interactions
Authors: Chon John H. , Houston Michelle M. , Xu Chengpei , Chaikof Elliot L.
Published: August 2002

PR‐39 is proline‐rich peptide produced at sites of tissue injury. While the functional properties of this peptide have not been fully defined, PR‐39 may be an important regulator of processes related to cell‐matrix adhesion since it reportedly upregulates syndecan‐4, which is a critical determinant of focal adhesion formation. The ability of PR‐39 to modulate the adhesion and chemokinetic migration behavior of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in a fashion coordinated with syndecan‐4 expression was investigated. Treatment of SMCs with PR‐39 did not alter syndecan‐1 mRNA, but did induce a two‐fold increase in syndecan‐4 mRNA (P < 0.0001) and significantly enhanced cell surface expression of both syndecan‐4 (P < 0.01) and heparan sulfate (HS) (P < 0.05). These observations were consistent with an observed increase in cell‐matrix adhesive strength (P < 0.05) and a reduction in cell speed (P < 0.01) on fibronectin‐coated substrates. Incubation of PR‐39 treated cells with a soluble fibronectin derived heparin‐binding peptide, as a competitive inhibitor of heparan sulfate/matrix interactions, abolished these effects. These data suggest that PR‐39 mediated alterations of cell adhesion and motility may be related, in part, to the increased expression of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that accompany the upregulation of cell surface syndecan‐4. Futhermore, this investigation supports the notion that factors which control syndecan‐4 expression may play an important role in regulating adhesion related cell processes. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
COMPACT: a structural approach to the modelling of cytochromes P450 and their interactions with xenobiotics
Authors: Lewis David F V
Published: August 2002

An overview of the COMPACT method for evaluating potential toxicity mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes is presented. Particular aspects of P450s are described, together with details of QSARs and homology modelling of mammalian P450s associated with foreign compound metabolism.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Phages and their application against drug‐resistant bacteria
Authors: Chanishvili N , Chanishvili T , Tediashvili M , Barrow P A
Published: August 2002

At the beginning of the 20th century the phenomenon of spontaneous bacterial lysis was discovered independently by Twort and d'Herelle. Despite the suggestion at that time by d'Herelle that these agents might be applied to the control of bacterial diseases in the west this idea was explored in a desultory fashion only and was eventually discarded largely due to the advent of extensive antibiotic usage. However, interest was maintained in countries of the former Soviet Union where bacteriophage therapy has been applied extensively since that time. Central to this work was the Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology in Tbilisi, Georgia, which was founded in 1923 through the joint efforts of d'Herelle and the Georgian George Eliava. Ironically, given his contributions to public health in the Soviet Union, Eliava was branded as an enemy of the people in 1937 and executed. d'Herelle never again returned to Georgia. In spite of these tragic events this institute remained the focus for phage therapy in the world and despite being continuously active in this field for 75 years, now struggles for its financial life. In the Eliava Institute, phages were sought for bacterial pathogens implicated in disease outbreaks in different parts of the Soviet Union and were dispatched for use in hospitals throughout the country. Although infections caused by a wide variety of bacterial pathogens have been treated, much of this has been published in Russian and is not readily available in the west. Work has also been carried out in Poland over many years and this has only recently been published in English. By contrast, interest in the west has been limited to a small number of enthusiasts and academics and until very recently little interest has been shown. The main reason that the medical and scientific communities are now beginning to take notice, is the continuing world‐wide rise in the incidence of multiply‐antibiotic‐resistant bacterial pathogens and the absence of effective means for their control. Recent publicity over the work of the Eliava Institute has concentrated the minds of the western world on the potential for infectious disease control that bacteriophage offer, a procedure that is biologically more acceptable than antibiotic use and which has been in use for several decades already.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Dried waste activated sludge as biosorbents for metal removal: adsorptive characterization and prevention of organic leaching
Authors: Chen J Paul , Lie Desmond , Wang Lin , Wu Shunnian , Zhang Beiping
Published: August 2002

Dried waste activated sludge was used for copper removal from simulated waste water in this study. Unconditioned activated sludge (UAS) bound up to 35 mg Cu g−1, although there was significant leaching of organic material. Organic and copper leaching from the UAS increased significantly as the pH was reduced. Immobilization of UAS by sodium and calcium alginate was utilized in order to overcome the leaching problems, but reduced the adsorption capacity. Based on metal removal and organic leaching, calcium alginate‐conditioned UAS (CACAS) was found to be the most suitable sorbent for copper removal. Kinetic experiments showed that copper removal by both sodium alginate‐conditioned UAS (SACAS) and CACAS was faster than that by activated carbons, but slower than most of the other biosorbents described in the literature. FTIR spectroscopy identified a number of atomic groupings and structures in UAS relevant to copper adsorption. It suggested that hydrogen ions are replaced with copper ions. The Freundlich equation fitted the experimental isotherms better than the Langmuir equation. A computational model based on adsorption isotherm, external mass transfer and diffusion processes successfully described the kinetics of copper ion removal and suggested that the biosorption kinetics was controlled by mass transfer.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Software agents for bioprocess monitoring and control
Authors: Davidsson Paul , Wernstedt Fredrik
Published: August 2002

We argue for the appropriateness of using software agents for the monitoring and control of bioprocesses. Different approaches to the design of individual agents as well as complete multi‐agent systems are discussed. This is followed by a brief discussion of a number of successful agent‐based monitoring and control applications from different domains. We conclude by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of agent technology for monitoring and control of bioprocesses.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Decolourisation of aqueous dyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fenton's reagent
Authors: Hassan M Mahbubul , Hawkyard Christopher J
Published: August 2002

Combined oxidation with ozone and Fenton's reagent (‘Fentozone’ process) for decolourisation of aqueous dyes was studied and compared with traditional Fenton's reagent. Although the ‘Fentozone’ process was found to be effective at a wide range of pH values, the maximum colour removal was achieved at pH 4. The effect of pre‐ozonation on colour removal efficiency of aqueous dyestuffs in the subsequent treatment with Fenton's reagent was investigated. The reaction kinetics using water‐soluble acid and reactive dyes were also studied. Our experimental results show that pre‐ozonation can considerably accelerate decomposition of dyestuffs in the subsequent treatment with Fenton's reagent. Different concentrations of ferrous sulfate were used to investigate their influences on the removal of colour. The rate of reaction increased with increasing doses of ferrous sulfate.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of Neu‐Laxova syndrome
Authors: Durr‐e‐Sabih  , Khan Ali N. , Sabih Zahida
Published: August 2002

We report the sonographic diagnosis of Neu‐Laxova syndrome in a fetus at 27 weeks' menstrual age. The parents were first cousins. Sonography revealed microcephaly, a sloping forehead, exophthalmos, a small thorax and abdomen, hypoplastic lungs, syndactyly, hyperextended knees, polyhydramnios, a small placenta, and intrauterine growth restriction. The long bones were normal. The calvaria was hyperechoic and associated with shadowing, obscuring any intracranial abnormalities. This sonographic finding was presumed to represent calvarial calcification, not previously described with this syndrome. We believe that Neu‐Laxova syndrome can be reliably diagnosed prenatally by demonstrating the sonographic features described, although other conditions with similar sonographic features need to be considered in the differential diagnosis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:531–534, 2001.
Menstrual age–dependent systematic error in sonographic fetal weight estimation: A mathematical model
Authors: Mongelli Max , Biswas Arjit
Published: August 2002

Purpose

We used computer modeling techniques to evaluate the accuracy of different types of sonographic formulas for estimating fetal weight across the full range of clinically important menstrual ages.

Methods

Input data for the computer modeling techniques were derived from published British standards for normal distributions of sonographic biometric growth parameters and their correlation coefficients; these standards had been derived from fetal populations whose ages were determined using sonography. The accuracy of each of 10 formulas for estimating fetal weight was calculated by comparing the weight estimates obtained with these formulas in simulated populations with the weight estimates expected from birth weight data, from 24 weeks’ menstrual age to term. Preterm weights were estimated by interpolation from term birth weights using sonographic growth curves. With an ideal formula, the median weight estimates at term should not differ from the population birth weight median.

Results

The simulated output sonographic values closely matched those of the original population. The accuracy of the fetal weight estimation differed by menstrual age and between various formulas. Most methods tended to overestimate fetal weight at term. Shepard’s formula progressively overestimated weights from about 2% at 32 weeks to more than 15% at term. The accuracy of Combs’s and Shinozuka’s volumetric formulas varied least by menstrual age. Hadlock’s formula underestimated preterm fetal weight by up to 7% and overestimated fetal weight at term by up to 5%.

Conclusions

The accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation based on volumetric formulas is more consistent across menstrual ages than are other methods. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:139–144, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10051
Clinical efficacy of prostate cancer detection using power doppler imaging in American and Japanese men
Authors: Okihara Koji , Miki Tsuneharu , Joseph Babaian R.
Published: August 2002

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare the detection rates of tumor vascular flow as measured by power Doppler imaging (PDI) in 2 populations and to determine whether PDI can reduce the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies in men with serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) concentrations less than 10.1 ng/ml.

Methods

The patient populations were Japanese (group 1) and American (group 2) men with either serum PSA concentrations of 4.1–10.0 ng/ml or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination (DRE) plus PSA concentrations less than 4.1 ng/ml. We compared the overall diagnostic accuracy of DRE, gray‐scale transrectal sonography (TRUS), and PDI between the 2 groups.

Results

In total, 275 men were studied, 154 in group 1 and 121 in group 2. Cancer was identified in 27% of men in group 1 and in 60% of group 2. Men with cancer in both groups differed significantly in age, peripheral zone volume, and mean number of positive biopsy cores. The sensitivity and specificity of PDI in group 2 were significantly inferior to those in group 1. The negative predictive value (NPV) of PDI was significantly higher for group 1 than for group 2. The NPV of PDI in group 1 was equivalent to that for the combination of DRE and TRUS, whereas the NPV for PDI in group 2 was significantly inferior to that of DRE and TRUS.

Conclusions

Tumor vascularity could be detected by PDI more effectively in Japanese men with cancer than in American men with cancer. We hypothesize that this difference was a result of larger cancer volumes and smaller prostates in the Japanese men. PDI did not provide any performance advantage over DRE and TRUS in avoiding unnecessary biopsies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:213–221, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10054
Color Doppler sonography for preoperative diagnosis of an aneurysm of the ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Chiu Han‐Mo , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Lin Ming‐Tsan , Lee Yi‐Chia , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Lin Jaw‐Town
Published: August 2002

Aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery are uncommon, and aneurysms of its branches occur even less frequently. We report the case of a 60‐year‐old man with an aneurysm of the ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery whose initial symptom was abdominal pain. Gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography provided noninvasive, accurate preoperative identification of the aneurysm despite its uncommon location, a small branch of the superior mesenteric artery. CT and conventional and magnetic resonance angiography confirmed the sonographic diagnosis. The aneurysm was resected successfully, and the patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Although angiography is required for a definitive diagnosis and for surgical planning, sonography is a useful tool for preoperative evaluation and diagnosis of such aneurysms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:308–311, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10070
Health‐based environmental indicators: approaches, potential and limitations
Authors: Vassilev Zdravko P. , Robson Mark G. , Kaplan Marjorie B.
Published: August 2002

The concept of indicators has long been applied for describing the trends and dynamics in both the environment and in human health. In recent years, significant effort has been devoted to estimating the negative impacts of the environment on human health, as well as to developing integrated metrics for the evaluation of the adverse health outcomes attributable to environmental exposures. The health‐based environmental indicators (HBEIs) are measures designed to describe the status of human health with direct reference to the environmental conditions. Important potentials and limitations of the most promising approaches for developing HBEIs are examined from both a national and New Jersey prospective. The strengths and applicability of the health‐based environmental measures are discussed with respect to the complex nature of the host–environment interactions and the scientific uncertainty about the environmental causation of diseases. It is concluded that the health‐based environmental indicators are only supplemental tools for understanding of the relationship between environment and public health and do not provide solutions for the problems that might be encountered. Nevertheless, they can be efficiently used for improved environmental management and policy decisions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wildlife as sentinels for human health hazards: a review of study designs
Authors: Rabinowitz Peter M. , Cullen Mark R. , Lake Heather R.
Published: August 2002

A systematic search of the peer‐reviewed biomedical literature was performed for original studies linking environmental hazards with health effects in wild animal populations. Some 104 original studies were identified in the BIOSIS and Medline databases since 1966 and classified in terms of study design. A marked increase in published studies has occurred over the past decade, examining a wide range of hazards and outcomes. Most analytic studies were ecologic or cross‐sectional in nature. All cross‐sectional studies sampled subjects on the basis of exposure, using a reference population for the selection of controls. Studies of wild animal populations may hold unique advantages for toxicant hazard identification, yet the current range of study designs appears restricted. Increased use of study approaches such as sampling based on outcome, intra‐population comparisons, as well as cohort and case‐control designs may improve hazard identification and priority setting for confirmatory toxicologic and human studies of effects seen in wildlife. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
cAMP pathway in podocytes
Authors: Endlich Nicole , Endlich Karlhans
Published: August 2002

Podocytes possess receptors for a variety of hormones. The following receptors whose stimulation results in increased cAMP levels have been detected in podocytes: adrenergic β2 receptor, dopamine D1 receptor, prostaglandin IP and EP4 receptors, and parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH‐related protein (PTHrP) receptor. Besides activating protein kinase A, increased levels of cAMP depolarize podocytes via opening of chloride channels. Relatively little is known about the impact of the cAMP pathway on podocyte function. Results obtained in a limited number of studies indicate that cAMP in podocytes may regulate cell morphology, actin assembly, and matrix production. In addition, cAMP seems to attenuate the action of hormones, which activate the Ca2+/protein kinase C pathway. Effects of the cAMP pathway on further aspects of podocyte biology, such as contractility, phosphorylation state of slit membrane‐associated proteins, glomerular permeability, cell cycle control, and synthesis of reactive oxygen species can be anticipated from studies on other cell types and from studies on isolated glomeruli. In summary, the data available indicate that the cAMP pathway affects several aspects of podocyte biology in an overall glomerulo‐protective manner. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:228–231, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical distribution of enkephalin, substance P, and somatostatin in the brainstem of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens
Authors: Stuesse Sherry L. , Adli Durriyyah S.H. , Cruce William L.R.
Published: August 2002

The brainstems of frogs contain many of the neurochemicals that are found in mammals. However, the clustering of nuclei near the ventricles makes it difficult to distinguish individual cell groups. We addressed this problem by combining immunohistochemistry with tract tracing and an analysis of cell morphology to localize neuropeptides within the brainstem of Rana pipiens. We injected a retrograde tracer, Fluoro‐Gold, into the spinal cord, and, in the same frog, processed adjacent sections for immunohistochemical location of antibodies to the neuropeptides enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SOM). SOM+ cells were more widespread than cells containing immunoreactivity (ir) to the other substances. Most reticular nuclei in frog brainstem contained ir to at least one of these chemicals. Cells with SOM ir were found in nucleus (n.) reticularis pontis oralis, n. reticularis magnocellularis, n. reticularis paragigantocellularis, n. reticularis dorsalis, the optic tectum, n. interpeduncularis, and n. solitarius. ENK‐containing cell bodies were found in n. reticularis pontis oralis, n. reticularis dorsalis, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the tectum. The midbrain contained most of the SP+ cells. Six nonreticular nuclei (griseum centrale rhombencephali, n. isthmi, n. profundus mesencephali, n. interpeduncularis, torus semicircularis laminaris, and the tectum) contained ir to one or more of the substances but did not project to the spinal cord. The descending tract of V, and the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and solitary tracts contained all three peptides as did the n. profundus mesencephali, n. isthmi, and specific tectal layers. Because the distribution of neurochemicals within the frog brainstem is similar to that of amniotes, our results emphasize the large amount of conservation of structure, biochemistry, and possibly function that has occurred in the brainstem, and especially in the phylogenetically old reticular formation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:229–245, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generating new marine cell lines and transgenic species—conference summary
Authors: Wise John Pierce , Winn Richard N. , Renfro J. Larry
Published: August 2002

Marine species offer a tremendous diversity of life histories, physiologies, genetics, behaviors, and biologies, reflecting myriad adaptations to the water environment. Historically, marine vertebrates, particularly fish, have played significant roles in a wide range of disciplines, including environmental toxicology, genetics, developmental biology, and physiology, among others. Much still remains to be learned from these animals, and there is a growing need for new marine models. Models for expression of marine animal genes have been limited to heterologous expression systems. While there is still a great deal to gain from heterologous expression systems, the interactions of genes with one another can best be determined in homologous expression systems where appropriate interactions are possible. This has become particularly important with the development of functional genomics in marine models. These homologous gene expression systems will be key to the use of functional genomics for marine animal molecular physiology and toxicology. J. Exp. Zool. 292:217–220, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cold acclimation induces proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum without increase in Ca2+‐ATPase activity in white axial muscle of striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Riemenschneider William K. , Sidell Bruce D.
Published: August 2002

The effects of acclimation of striped bass to cold (5°C) and warm (25°C) temperatures upon ultrastructural features of white axial skeletal muscle are quantified. Surface density of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) increased by almost 30%, and SR volume density increased by about 20% during cold acclimation. Proliferation of SR suggests an increase in available SR surface for re‐sequestration of Ca2+ and a decrease in diffusion path length for Ca2+ during cold acclimation. Average cross‐sectional areas and cross‐sectional perimeters of myofibrils situated in the center of muscle fibers decreased during cold acclimation by approximately 20% and 11%, respectively. Additionally, average major and minor axes of ellipses fit to central myofibrillar cross‐sections decreased by approximately 12% and 8%, respectively, during cold acclimation. These measurements define a decrease in average myofibrillar diameter and suggest a decrease in diffusion path length for Ca2+ to and from myofibrillar activation sites. Measurements of peripheral myofibrils that had elongated profiles in cross‐sections indicate that maximum profile length of these myofibrils decreases by about 17%. Peripheral myofibrils may break up into smaller myofibrils with more rounded cross‐sectional profiles during cold acclimation. SR Ca2+‐ATPase of white axial muscle was also measured in unfractionated homogenates and in crude SR‐enriched subcellular fractions from cold‐ and warm‐acclimated striped bass. No difference in SR Ca2+‐ATPase activity per g wet weight was observed between cold‐ and warm‐acclimated animals. Lack of increase in SR Ca2+‐ATPase per g wet weight, despite a significant proliferation of SR, probably results in a decrease in average Ca2+‐ATPase pump density within the SR membrane during cold acclimation. Thus, compensation for decreased diffusion coefficient of Ca2+ during cold acclimation appears due to the combined effects of proliferation of SR surface density and a decrease in average myofibrillar diameter. J. Exp. Zool. 292:231–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and biological effect of urodele fibroblast growth factor 1: Relationship to limb regeneration
Authors: Dungan Kathleen M. , Wei Timothy Y. , Nace Jackie D. , Poulin Matthew L. , Chiu Ing‐Ming , Lang James C. , Tassava Roy A.
Published: August 2002

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been previously implicated in urodele limb regeneration. Here, we examined expression of FGF‐1 by blastema cells and neurons and investigated its involvement in wound epithelial formation and function and in the trophic effect of nerves. Neurons innervating the limb and blastema cells in vivo and in vitro expressed the FGF‐1 gene. The peptide was present in blastemas in vivo. Wound epithelium thickened when recombinant newt FGF‐1 was provided on heparin‐coated beads, demonstrating that the FGF‐1 was biologically active and that the wound epithelium is a possible target tissue of FGF. FGF‐1 did not stimulate accessory limb formation. FGF‐1 was as effective as 10% fetal bovine serum in maintaining proliferative activity of blastema cells in vitro but was unable to maintain growth of denervated, nerve‐dependent stage blastemas when provided on beads or by injection. FGF‐1 had a strong stimulating effect on blastema cell accumulation and proliferation of limbs inserted into the body cavity that were devoid of an apical epithelial cap (AEC). These results show that FGF‐1 can signal wound epithelium cap formation and/or function and can stimulate mesenchyme accumulation/proliferation in the absence of the AEC but that FGF‐1 is not directly involved in the neural effect on blastema growth. J. Exp. Zool. 292:540–554, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transport physiology of the urinary bladder in teleosts: A suitable model for renal urea handling?
Authors: McDonald M. Danielle , Walsh Patrick J. , Wood Chris M.
Published: August 2002

The transport physiology of the urinary bladder of both the freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss) and the marine gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) was characterized with respect to urea, and the suitability of the urinary bladder as a model for renal urea handling was investigated. Through the use of the in vitro urinary bladder sac preparation urea handling was characterized under control conditions and in the presence of pharmacological agents traditionally used to characterize urea transport such as urea analogues (thiourea, acetamide), urea transport blockers (phloretin, amiloride), and hormonal stimulation (arginine vasotocin; AVT). Na+‐dependence and temperature sensitivity were also investigated. Under control conditions, the in vitro trout bladder behaved as in vivo, demonstrating significant net reabsorption of Na+, Cl–, water, glucose, and urea. Bladder urea reabsorption was not affected by pharmacological agents and, in contrast to renal urea reabsorption, was not correlated to Na+. However, the trout bladder showed a threefold greater urea permeability compared to artificial lipid bilayers, a prolonged phase transition with a lowered Ea between 5°C and 14°C, and differential handling of urea and analogues, all suggesting the presence of a urea transport mechanism. The in vitro toadfish bladder did not behave as in vivo, showing significant net reabsorption of Na+ but not of Cl–, urea, or water. As in the trout bladder, pharmacological agents were ineffective. The toadfish bladder showed no differential transport of urea and analogues, consistent with a low permeability storage organ and intermittent urination. Our results, therefore, suggest the possibility of a urea transport mechanism in the urinary bladder of the rainbow trout but not the gulf toadfish. While the bladders may not be suitable models for renal urea handling, the habit of intermittent urination by ureotelic tetrapods and toadfish seems to have selected for a low permeability storage function in the urinary bladder. J. Exp. Zool. 292:604–617, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of thyroid function in adult medaka (Oryzias latipes) and juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using immunostaining methods
Authors: Raine Jason C. , Takemura Akihiro , Leatherland John F.
Published: August 2002

The effect of injected bovine TSH on the pattern of anti‐T4 and anti‐T3 immunostaining of the thyroid tissue was examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) to determine if the previously reported immunostaining of the cytoplasm of thyrocytes is due to the presence of colloid pinocytotic vesicles and is thus indicative of thyroid hormone release. We hypothesized that the number of immunostained thyrocytes should increase following a TSH challenge, and this should parallel other indicators of increased thyroid activity. In medaka, immunostained thyrocytes were only found following the TSH challenge, and were most marked after 24 to 72 hours; the immunostaining was associated with large colloid‐filled cytoplasmic vesicles. In trout, the number and staining intensity of immunostained thyrocytes were increased after the TSH challenge; the immunostaining was present throughout the cytoplasm of the thyrocytes. These findings support the working hypothesis that the immunostaining of the thyrocytes is associated with the pinocytosis of thyroglobulin by the thyrocytes in parallel with an increase in release of thyroid hormone, and that this investigational approach provides a reliable indicator of thyroid hormone release activity. J. Exp. Zool. 290:366–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limb development in a “nonmodel” vertebrate, the direct‐developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui
Authors: Hanken James , Carl Timothy F. , Richardson Michael K. , Olsson Lennart , Schlosser Gerhard , Osabutey Casmiel K. , Klymkowsky Michael W.
Published: August 2002

Mechanisms that mediate limb development are regarded as highly conserved among vertebrates, especially tetrapods. Yet, this assumption is based on the study of relatively few species, and virtually none of those that display any of a large number of specialized life‐history or reproductive modes, which might be expected to affect developmental pattern or process. Direct development is an alternative life history found in many anuran amphibians. Many adult features that form after hatching in metamorphic frogs, such as limbs, appear during embryogenesis in direct‐developing species. Limb development in the direct‐developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui presents a mosaic of apparently conserved and novel features. The former include the basic sequence and pattern of limb chondrogenesis, which are typical of anurans generally and appear largely unaffected by the gross shift in developmental timing; expression of Distal‐less protein (Dlx) in the distal ectoderm; expression of the gene Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA); and the ability of the ZPA to induce supernumerary digits when transplanted to the anterior region of an early host limb bud. Novel features include the absence of a morphologically distinct apical ectodermal ridge, the ability of the limb to continue distal outgrowth and differentiation following removal of the distal ectoderm, and earlier cessation of the inductive ability of the ZPA. Attempts to represent tetrapod limb development as a developmental “module” must allow for this kind of evolutionary variation among species. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:375–388, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High efficiency lentiviral gene delivery in non‐dividing cells by deoxynucleoside treatment
Authors: Ravot Elisabetta , Comolli Giuditta , Lori Franco , Lisziewicz Julianna
Published: August 2002

Background

Gene therapy has recently been advanced by the development of HIV‐based vectors that are able to transduce some non‐dividing cells. The manipulation of most non‐dividing cells remains, however, scarcely efficient. One of the biological mechanisms postulated to prevent powerful transduction of quiescent cells by lentiviral vectors is the paucity of deoxynucleotides (dNTPs). In this study, a novel delivery strategy is developed to improve significantly the efficiency of HIV‐based vectors in transducing non‐dividing cells. This approach is based on increasing the intracellular availability of dNTPs by incubating target cells with the dNTP precursors, deoxynucleosides (dNSs).

Methods

Mature human monocyte‐derived macrophages (14–21 days old) were transduced at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of HIV vectors carrying a reporter gene. dNSs were added to the medium during transduction (5 mM dNS) and immediately before post‐transduction culture (2.5 mM dNS). Macrophages were harvested 2–7 days after transduction and assayed for transgene expression by cytofluorimetry.

Results

The addition of dNS to the medium significantly enhanced the efficiency of transduction of human macrophages by HIV‐based vectors. The percentage of cells expressing the transgene rose up to 50% in the presence of dNS, increasing the basal transduction levels up to 35‐fold (average=10.8‐fold). Furthermore, treatment with dNTP precursors compensated for the wide inter‐donor variability, allowing the highest enhancement effects in donors with the lowest basal transduction efficiencies.

Conclusions

This is the first demonstration that a single treatment of non‐dividing target cells with exogenous dNS can enhance the efficiency of lentiviral‐mediated transduction of cells, allowing for high efficiency gene transfer. The effects of dNTP precursors compensated for both the poor basal levels and the wide inter‐donor variability, two major limitations for the transduction of non‐dividing cells. Macrophages are a representative model of cells whose permissiveness to gene delivery was increased up to levels suitable for genetic manipulation applications. This simple approach might be transferred to a broader range of quiescent cell types that are scarcely susceptible to lentiviral‐based gene delivery due to low dNTP levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Average distance in colored graphs
Authors: Dankelmann Peter , Goddard Wayne , Slater Peter
Published: August 2002

For a graph G where the vertices are colored, the colored distance of G is defined as the sum of the distances between all unordered pairs of vertices having different colors. Then for a fixed supply s of colors, ds(G) is defined as the minimum colored distance over all colorings with s. This generalizes the concepts of median and average distance. In this paper we explore bounds on this parameter, especially a natural lower bound and the particular case of balanced 2‐colorings (equal numbers of red and blue). We show that the general problem is NP‐hard but there is a polynomial‐time algorithm for trees. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 38: 1–17, 2001
When ecology and sociology meet: The contributions of Edward A. Ross
Authors: Gross Matthias
Published: August 2002

Edward A. Ross, a key figure in the early history of American sociology, developed a conceptualization of natural and social changes of the material environment that is virtually forgotten today. In this paper, these topics are discussed and located vis‐à‐vis Ross's intellectual contemporaries and their general take on the nature/society relationship. It is argued that ecological and sociological ideas in the early twentieth century influenced one another and, in the case of Ross, produced a perspective of social change that tried to include the dynamics of nature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in regional inequality and social welfare in Indonesia from 1996 to 1999
Authors: Skoufias Emmanuel
Published: August 2002

In this paper I use the detailed consumption modules of the 1996 and 1999 National Socio‐Economic Surveys (SUSENAS) to calculate proportional changes in two welfare measures within 53 rural and urban regions of Indonesia. The results suggest that urban regions experienced the greatest drops in consumption while rural regions were less affected. The large decreases in mean consumption were accompanied by a reduction in inequality within the majority of the regions that tended to counteract the negative effect of the lower mean consumption on social welfare. The same general picture emerges when I use per capita caloric availability as a measure of welfare. Most of the regions experiencing a large drop in per capita consumption also seem to experience a drop in per capita caloric availability. This suggests that the drop in consumption has been accompanied by a reduction in the availability of calories and possibly nutrients at the household level. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attacking Poverty—a strategic dilemma for the World Bank
Authors: Hubbard Michael
Published: August 2002

Attacking Poverty has attracted more than the usual interest in World Development Reports mainly because it reflects the dilemma in future strategy for the World Bank. Its basis in a widely welcomed consultation with the poor, its transparent process and new conceptual framework contrast with limited development of the new themes — equality, security, empowerment of the poor — and of issues to do with aid: resources and rights. Contributors to this special issue discuss the dilemma reflected in Attacking Poverty from a number of angles: critical self‐awareness by World Bank, promoting equality, shifting from the Washington Consensus, limits to the Bank's role, and enabling collective action by the poor. Other contributions discuss how the analysis in Attacking Poverty should be strengthened: inclusion of urban poverty and urbanisation's role in political development, promoting informal means of reducing vulnerability, and investigation of the long term consequences of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Priorities for the next poverty‐focused World Development Report (2010?) should include a more disaggregated and complete view of who is poor, why and where, and analysis of progress in political development. The World Bank may be best able to contribute to political development by extending to the subnational and public services level its main achievement of recent decades: the gathering, analysis and dissemination of comparative development data, to help move the focus of politics towards improving services and living standards. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AIDS and economic growth in Africa: a panel data analysis
Authors: Dixon Simon , McDonald Scott , Roberts Jennifer
Published: August 2002

HIV/AIDS is the dominant health issue in Africa, where in many countries the human and social costs are devastating. Any deterioration in economic performance is likely to compound these costs and render countries less able to cope with the epidemic. However, conventional economic theories of growth argue that the impact of such an epidemic on the growth rate and level of income may be positive or negative. The analyses reported in this paper assess the impact of the HIV epidemic upon economic growth performance in 41 African economies between 1960 and 1998. The results indicate that for African countries where the prevalence of HIV is relatively low the impact of the epidemic conforms to ‘normal’ economic expectations. However, when the prevalence of the epidemic is relatively high the macroeconomic impact of the epidemic is unclear. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cut and run? Evolving institutions for global forest governance
Authors: Brown Katrina
Published: August 2002

The unsustainable management of forests worldwide has been presented as a problem of global proportions by environmentalists since the 1970s. In the past decade the role of forests has also become a major development issue. However the international forest problem is represented differently by different interests. This paper examines aspects of the forest problem and the arguments for and against global action for forest governance. The different policy mechanisms applied and recommended are discussed, and the prospects for successful negotiation and implementation of a global agreement on forests are reviewed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the impact of selective interventions in agriculture on the growth of manufactures in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand
Authors: Rock Michael T.
Published: August 2002

With few exceptions industrial policy explanations of the industrial export successes in East Asia are notably silent on the role of agriculture in industrial development. Yet industrial growth can falter if agriculture fails to supply sufficient food at low stable prices, earn foreign exchange rather than use it, release labor to manufacturing, finance the growth of industry, and stimulate local demand for the products of industry. This positive role of agriculture in industrial development suggests that selective interventions in agriculture might well constitute an important part of ‘selective interventions explain growth’ stories in East Asia. This possibility is explored by empirically analyzing the role of selective interventions in rice agriculture on the growth of manufactures in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Along the way, consideration is also offered of the impact of agricultural growth more generally on the growth of manufactures. The argument is made in three steps. To begin with, the selective nature of interventions by governments in the rice economies of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand is outlined. This is followed by demonstrating that rice price stabilization and self‐sufficiency objectives, rather than redistribution objectives, dominated rice price policies in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, at least through the early 1980s. Following this, a simple growth accounting framework is used to demonstrate that stabilization of rice prices and growth of agriculture more generally contributed to manufacturing growth in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The paper closes by considering the implications of these findings for industrial policy explanations of manufacturing growth and the growth of exports of manufactures in the second tier NIEs of Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of specifically tritiated endomorphins
Authors: Tömböly Csaba , Dixit Rajiv , Lengyel Imre , Borsodi Anna , Tóth Géza
Published: August 2002

Endomorphin‐1 (EM1, Tyr‐Pro‐Trp‐Phe‐NH2) and endomorphin‐2 (EM2, Tyr‐Pro‐Phe‐Phe‐NH2) are natural tetrapeptide ligands of µ‐opioid receptors involved in the modulation and attenuation of pain. For a detailed examination of their receptor‐binding properties and their metabolic stability, tritium‐labelled EM1 and EM2 radioisotopomers were synthesized by catalytic dehalogenation or saturation of the precursor peptides with tritium gas. Amino acid analysis revealed that the tritium labelling was specific and the specifically labelled radioligands possessed high specific activity, ranging from 0.77 TBq/mmol to 2.35 TBq/mmol. The biological half‐lives of the peptides in the biological matrix (295 min and 230 min for EM1 and EM2, respectively) indicate that these radioligands are appropriate for binding assays in rat brain membrane preparations. The radioisotopomers of EM2 are not statistically different in the receptor‐ligand interaction, and they are excellent tools for further comparative biochemical studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of a technetium‐99m SPECT agent for imaging the sigma‐2 receptor status of solid tumors
Authors: Mach Robert H. , Wheeler Kenneth T. , Blair Suwanna , Yang Biao , Day Cynthia S. , Blair Joseph B. , Choi Seok‐Rye , Kung Hank F.
Published: August 2002

The synthesis and in vitro binding of a novel 99mTc‐labeled radiotracer for imaging the sigma‐2 (σ2) receptor status of breast tumors is described. Structural characterization and in vitro binding studies were conducted using the corresponding rhenium surrogate, Re‐2. X‐ray crystallographic studies revealed that the complexation reaction gave exclusively the syn isomer. In vitro binding studies indicated that this complex has a high affinity for σ2 (Ki=13.7 nM) versus σ1 receptors (Ki=1125 nM). These data indicate that [99mTc]2 may be a promising agent for imaging the σ2 receptor status of tumors in vivo with the functional imaging technique, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of all‐trans‐[10′‐3H]‐8′‐apo‐β‐carotenoic acid
Authors: Veera Reddy Pulgam , Rabago‐Smith Monsterrat , Borhan Babak
Published: August 2002

The enzyme, 15,15′‐β‐carotene dioxygenase (BCDOX), facilitates the oxidation of β‐carotene to yield retinal. This is a remarkable process in which one of 11 double bonds in β‐carotene is selectively oxidized. To further probe the mechanistic aspects of BCDOX, the synthesis of all‐trans‐[10′‐3H]‐8′‐apo‐β‐carotenoic acid is reported. This compound will be used as a photoaffinity labeling reagent to probe the β‐carotene binding pocket within BCDOX. The synthesis outlines a simple and efficient route for the incorporation of tritium at the 10′ olefinic carbon of 8′‐apo‐β‐carotenoic acid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐[14C]methyl‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐benzamide and N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐[14C]methyl‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐N‐[14C]methyl‐benzamide as novel carbon‐14 labelled CCK antagonists
Authors: Matloubi Hojatollah , Khalaj Ali , Dowlatabadi Reza , Shirvani Gholamhossein
Published: August 2002

Two benzodiazepine CCK antagonists N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐[14C]methyl‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐benzamide 2 and N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐[14C]methyl‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐[14C]methyl‐benzamide 3 were synthesized in high yields through the reaction of N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐benzamide 1 with [14C] methyl iodide in different situations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A combined loop‐SPE method for the automated preparation of [11C]doxepin
Authors: Iwata R. , Pascali C. , Bogni A. , Yanai K. , Kato M. , Ido T. , Ishiwata K.
Published: August 2002

A simple and versatile loop‐solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the automated preparation of [11C]doxepin, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist, from [11C]methyl triflate ([11C]MeOTf). This labeling agent was passed through a Teflon or Tefzel loop coated internally with a film of the precursor solution. The reaction products were then flushed from the loop to a short SPE column, where they were concentrated and then injected onto a semi‐preparative HPLC column simply by switching an injection valve. By applying this combined loop‐SPE technique the whole procedure turned out to be easily automated. The formation of [11C]methylated doxepin ([11C]methyldoxepin) was observed and the ratio of doxepin to methyldoxepin was found to be clearly correlated with the mass ratio of nordoxepin to MeOTf. This observation highlights the importance of [11C]MeOTf specific activity in the [11C]methylation of secondary amines. Using this method, [11C]Doxepin was prepared in over 40% radiochemical yield from high specific activity [11C]MeOTf. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.