bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE AND ENDEMISM IN SEDUM SECTION GORMANIA (CRASSULACEAE)
Authors: Denton Melinda F.
Published: April 2006

All 12 of the taxa in Sedum section Gormania are geographically restricted to western North America, occurring on a variety of rock outcrops that range in elevation from 55 to nearly 3700 meters. Evolutionary divergence of the taxa has been facilitated by temporal isolation of the flowering periods, cytological differentiation, and changes in the breeding systems. Species adaptation and restriction to particular substrates that are isolated in the geologically diverse Klamath region appear to have fostered narrow endemism of some of the taxa. Four of the taxa are putative relicts and are characterized as diploids, morphologically homogeneous, highly self‐compatible, and narrowly restricted at low elevations to a single type of substrate. Vegetative reproduction in the relictual taxa is much less than that in related taxa. Those taxa that appear to be more recently evolved have at least two of the following features: tetraploidy or hexaploidy, morphological heterogeneity, extensive vegetative reproduction, low level of self‐compatibility, occurrence on geologically recent substrates, or a wide distribution.
ACTA PHYTOTAXONOMICA SINICA—A BIBLIOGRAPHIC SUMMARY OF PUBLISHED VOLUMES
Authors: Spongberg S. A. , Boufford D. E.
Published: April 2006

A bibliographic summary of Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica is presented. Publication dates, numbers per volume and other pertinent information were determined in part from an examination of holdings in the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Beijing.
COMAROSTAPHYLIS DISCOLOR (HOOKER) DIGGS (ERICACEAE), A NEW COMBINATION REPLACING C. ARGUTA ZUCC.
Authors: Diggs George M.
Published: April 2006

Comarostaphylis discolor (Hooker) Diggs, a new combination based on Arbutus discolor Hooker, is shown to be the correct name for Comarostaphylis arguta Zucc. Comarostaphylis arguta and Arbutus discolor are lectotypified.
A FEW LINNAEAN SPECIFIC NAMES TYPIFIED BY THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN RHEEDE'S HORTUS INDICUS MALABARICUS
Authors: Majumdar N. C. , Bakshi D. N. Guha
Published: April 2006

Eleven specific names for plants described from South India in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus are typified with the Rheede Illustrations.
THE REDISCOVERY AND TYPIFICATION OF TETRAMICRA URBANIANA COGNIAUX (ORCHIDACEAE) FROM THE BAHAMA ISLANDS
Authors: Sauleda Ruben P. , Adams Ralph M.
Published: April 2006

The rediscovery of Tetramicra urbaniana Cogniaux from Andros, Bahama Islands, is reported. The taxonomic history of this species is discussed. In the absence of a holotype, a lectotype is designated. The first comprehensive English description together with the first illustrations of T. urbaniana are included.
INFRASPECIFIC TERPENOID VARIATION INJUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM:EVIDENCE FOR PLEISTOCENE REFUGIA AND RECOLONIZATION IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Adams Robert P.
Published: April 2006

Populations ofJuniperus scopulorumwere sampled throughout its range and the steam volatile terpenoids removed for chemosystematic study. Canonical variate analysis revealed three major trends: isolation of the Puget Sound‐Vancouver Island populations for a considerable time; differentiation of populations from northern Mexico dating to pre‐Pleistocene (?); and a possible Pleistocene refugium in eastern Oregon for the (re)colonization of the glaciated British Columbian populations ofJ. scopulorum.Pleistocene glaciopluvial periods are reviewed as to their effects on vegetation and past distributions ofJ. scopulorum.Hybridization and introgression ofJ. scopulorumwithJ. horizontalisandJ. virginianais examined in light of both the present and past distributions of these taxa. Interspecific relationships are also examined betweenJ. scopulorum, J. blancoi, J. horizontalis, andJ. virginiana.
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA HERBARIUM (GA) OPTICAL‐SCAN DATA ENCODING SYSTEM
Authors: Jones S. B. , Coile N. C. , Martin R.
Published: April 2006

The development of an optical‐scan data encoding system at the University of Georgia Herbarium is discussed. Procedures have been developed which will allow encoding of the 80‐90 thousand sheets of the flora of Georgia housed at GA. The system is currently in operation. Our philosophy and experiences associated with the use of the optical‐scan system are highlighted. Feedback regarding the system is requested from the systematics community.
ERNEST LEPAGE AND ARTHEME DUTILLY, THEIR TRAVELS AND HERBARIA
Authors: Boivin Bernard
Published: April 2006

Brief biographies of E. Lepage and A. Dutilly, two major botanical explorers in northern Canada and Alaska. Summary of their botanical itineraries. Brief description of their herbaria and their successive locations.
A NUMERICAL METHOD TO DESCRIBE FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES
Authors: Barabé Denis , Bergeron Yves , Vincent Gilles
Published: April 2006

A numerical method is presented to describe flowering plant families, obtaining the frequency of a character in each family by calculating the percentage of genera which possess the character.
THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE CHENOPODIACEAE
Authors: Blackwell Will H.
Published: April 2006

Literature relating to the subfamilies of the Chenopodiaceae was reviewed with the conclusion that two subfamilies,ChenopodioideaeandSalsoloideae, should be recognized.
GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF CONOCEPHALUM (MARCHANTIALES) AS DEFINED BY FLAVONOID CHEMISTRY
Authors: Porter Lawrence J.
Published: April 2006

An earlier proposal that Conocephalum conicum may exist as a group of geographic races is supported by a more extensive survey of the flavonoid glycosides isolated from samples across its Northern Hemisphere distribution. European, North American, and Asian samples are clearly distinguished, and sub‐groups may be recognised within these broad subdivisions. The local Sino‐Japanese species C. supradecompositum is clearly distinguished on the basis of flavonoid glycosides from C. conicum.
ANDROECIUM AND PISTIL CHARACTERS FOR TRIBE VICIEAE (FABACEAE)
Authors: Gunn Charles R. , Kluve Janet
Published: April 2006

Five genera are recognized in the tribe Vicieae (Adanson) de Candolle ex Seringe (Fabaceae): Cicer Linnaeus, Lathyrus Linnaeus, Lens P. Miller, Pisum Linnaeus, and Vicia Linnaeus. A recently proposed genus, Vavilovia Fedorov, is placed in synonymy under Pisum, and a new subgenus is founded. Another recently proposed genus, Anatropostylia (Plitmann) Kupicha, is placed in synonymy under Vicia. Flowers of 261 of approximately 350 recognized species were surveyed for these characters: type of filament apex, type of androecial sheath apex, stigma shape, style shape, stylar hair pattern, type of stylar base, and ovary surface. These data are condified and illustrated.
CONSERVATION OF NOTODANTHONIA ZOTOV (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Veldkamp J.F.
Published: April 2006

A danthonoid genus of grasses with about 52 species occurs from South America through New Zealand and Australia to Malesia. Most species occur in New Zealand (23) and Australia (28), and especially in the first country are best known as Notodanthonia Zotov (1963). There are older synonyms, however. The type of Plinthanthesis Steud. (1853) is not P. urvillei Steud., but P. tenuior Steud., a Notodanthonia. Plinthanthesis is proposed for rejection and in the sense of S. T. Blake (1972) renamed Blakeochloa Veldk., nom. nov. Rytidosperma Steud. (1854) has recently been revised for South America (5 species); the type is R. lechleri Steud., identical with R. glabra (Phil.) Nicora.; Notodanthonia has been placed in its synonymy, but the necessary new combinations have not yet been made (about 50). Monostachya Merr. (1910) from Malesia (1 species) is linked by intermediate species to Notodanthonia. Notodanthonia is proposed for conservation as it is the best known for the genus, longest in general use, and the least new combinations are required.
THE LECTOTYPE OF THE GENERIC NAME BIGNONIA—AGAIN
Authors: Wilbur Robert L.
Published: April 2006

Dispute over the lectotypification of the Linnaean genus Bignonia has resulted in numerous conflicting nomenclatural papers during the past century. Repeated interpretations of the protologue and study of both pre‐ and post‐1753 usage have failed to provide a generally accepted type resulting in considerable nomenclatural confusion. Strict application of the Code, in my opinion, results in the acceptance of Bignonia unguis‐cati L. as the generic lectotype as it was the first species explicitly so designated. However, the usage of most current floras and botanists would be best served by conserving Bignonia capreolata L. as the lectotype of the genus Bignonia and this is recommended to the Spermatophyta Committee.
SOME PUBLICATION DATES FOR PARTS OF WILLIAM CURTIS' FLORA LONDINENSIS
Authors: Nelson E. Charles
Published: April 2006

Dates of publication for parts of William Curtis' Flora Londinensis are presented from new sources.
ON THE TYPIFICATION OF ALLIUM TRIQUETRUM L.
Authors: Nordenstam Bertil
Published: April 2006

Allium triquetrum L. (1753) has been typified (de Wilde‐Duyfjes 1973) by a specimen collected by Clas Alströmer in Spain in 1760. This specimen was available to Linnaeus in 1760 or 1761 and is thus unsuitable for typification purposes. Instead, the illustration in Parkinson's Paradisus terrestris (1629) would be suitable as the lectotype.
BETALAINS AND P‐TYPE SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS: THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF DYSPHANIA R. BR. (CENTROSPERMAE)
Authors: Mabry Tom J. , Behnke H.‐Dietmar
Published: April 2006

The presence of betalains and P‐type sieve‐element plastids in Dysphania indicates that it belongs with the betalain‐containing centrospermous families.
NOMENCLATURE OF FOSSIL GLYPTOSTROBUS IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Butala James R. , Cridland Arthur A.
Published: April 2006

There are no criteria of scientific value by which Glyptostrobus oregonensis Brown and G. nordenskioldii (Heer) Brown (including G. dakotensis Brown) may be distinguished from G. europaeus (Brongniart) Heer. G. europaeus is a form species of wide geographical and geological range for fossil specimens similar to extant Glyptostrobus pensilis (Lambert) Koch. While it is possible that the fossil form species represents several biological species, specificity has not been proven for any specimen from the North American Tertiary. There is no proof that the Cretaceous Glyptostrobus comoxensis Bell is a Glyptostrobus.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON DRYOPTERIS ADANS.
Authors: Fraser‐Jenkins C. R. , Jermy A. C.
Published: April 2006

The publication in October, 1873, of Polystichum pyrenaicum Miegeville in an obscure journal [Revue catholique du diocese de Tarbes No 41: 764] predates the binomial Dryopteris oreades Fomin proposed for the taxon previously known as Dryopteris abbreviata (DC.) Newm. (Fraser‐Jenkins & Jermy, 1976). However Miegeville states that he uses Polystichum pyrenaicum as a “nom provisoire”, and after examination of his earlier papers which explain what he meant by this term, we conclude that Miegeville, was not prepared to draw any conclusion regarding the rank of his “species” and did not thereby accept his own nomenclature. Thus Miegeville's names, being not accepted at species rank by the author, are not valid according to Article 34, provision 1, of the ***ICBN (Stafleu et al., 1972) and the name Dryopteris oreades still stands.
AUTOGENOUS THEORIES FOR THE ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES
Authors: Taylor F. J. R.
Published: April 2006

After a brief resumé of the principal alternatives the author concludes that the only reasonable hypothesis for the fully autogenous development of the eukaryotes is that involving a cyanophyte‐like photosynthetic ancestor: the “Uralga.” A structurally explicit scenario for the internal events necessary to produce general eukarotic organisation within that framework is outlined. Central to the model is the progressive differentiation of membrane systems, leading to enclosure of specialised, double‐membraned metabolic compartments by engulfment during the stage in which endo‐ and exocytotic properties were attained. Some minor differences between this model and that of Cavalier‐Smith (1975) are discussed.

The paper concludes with some comments about hypotheses involving endosymbiosis, including the virtues of a compromise hypothesis in which mitochondria arose autogenously, but chloroplasts arose by endosymbiosis.
STARTING POINTS FOR NOMENCLATURE OF FUNGI: A PRIMER FOR IMC2
Authors: Petersen Ronald H.
Published: April 2006

The history of starting point philosophies for fungi are outlined, and a resume of proposals circulated within Subcommittee D is furnished within the context of discussion. The subjects covered are intended to serve as the basis for discussion at the Second International Mycological Congress, 1977.

Under a mandate from the First International Mycological Congress at Exeter, 1972, the International Mycological Association established a Nomenclature Committee, with Dr. R. P. Korf as Secretary. Subsequently, mycologists were offered the opportunity to serve on one or more subcommittees, each to deal with specific nomenclatural problems associated with fungi. One such subcommittee (Subcommittee D) was charged with examining and discussing the subject of starting points for fungi, and with formulating proposals for consideration by the Second International Mycological Congress (Tampa, Aug./Sept., 1977) and for possible adoption by the Special Committee for Fungi and Lichens (of IAPT), and possible inclusion into the ICBN (presumably the “Sydney Code”).

For over two years opinions and proposals have been circulated within Subcommittee D, and discussion has been lively. Two facts emerge, however: a) a large number of mycologists still feel unheard and/or uninformed, in spite of efforts to involve as many individuals in the subcommittee structure as possible; and b) the necessary debate scheduled for Tampa will proceed with only the Subcommittee members in possession of all the relevant proposals and opinions – a regrettable situation.

As Secretary to Subcommittee D, and in order to alleviate the stresses outlined above, I have attempted to draft a “primer” for interested mycologists, concerning the subject and the problems and advantages of the major emergent philosophies. It is hoped that this publication can serve as a basis for discussion at Tampa, so that those deliberations may be conducted in orderly fashion, and to constructive ends.
SYSTEMATICS OF GRAMINEAE: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS STUDY
Authors: Hilu Khidir W. , Wright K.
Published: April 2006

Cluster analysis techniques were applied to 215 grass genera using 85 morphological and microscopic characters. Clustering was run on 1) gross morphological characters, 2) microscopic characters and 3) on combination of the two. Neither the morphological nor the microscopic characters alone resulted in an appreciable grouping of the genera. The microscopic characters, however, produced clusters that better approach the present subfamilial classifications. Combination of the two subsets of characters resulted in eight clusters representing the modern subfamilies Pooideae, Oryzoideae, Panicoideae, Eragrostoideae, Arundinoideae, Centostecoideae, Bambusoideae and a new potential subfamily (Nardoideae) that included Lygeum, Nardus and Diarrhena. The tribal constituents of these subfamilies are discussed in detail. It has been concluded that classification of grasses seems more natural at the level of the subfamily than tribe.
KRAMERIA (KRAMERIACEAE) FLOWERS: ORIENTATION AND ELAIOPHORE MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Simpson Beryl B.
Published: April 2006

The flowers of Krameria have been misunderstood since they were first described by Loefling in 1758. Some of the misconceptions about the flowers stemmed from the failure of authors to recognize the organography of the two fleshy structures which flank the ovary. Other misinterpretations resulted from confusion about the orientation of the flowers. Twice the controversy as to whether or not the flowers of Krameria species are resupinate was raised and laid to rest, but doubts still linger. Recent morphological and anatomical studies have unequivocably shown that the flowers are not resupinate and that the three small petals are adaxial. The two abaxial petals are highly modified into the two fleshy structures that have only recently been explained. Within the last five years it has been shown that these petals are glandular and play an intricate role in the pollination biology of Krameria by secreting lipids that are collected by female bees of the genus Centris (Anthophoridae). A survey of the anatomy and morphology of the glandular petals, or elaiophores, has yielded a suite of characters that are useful in showing branching patterns within the genus because they show a sequence of specializations of the outer elaiophore surface from elongate, irregular patches of secretory cells over the entire surface covered by a cuticle that separates smoothly from the cells as oils accumulate beneath it, to either small, round or polygonal patches of secretory cells over the entire surface, or to restrictions of the secretory tissue to the distal portion of the fleshy petal. The trends in specializations of the secretory surfaces of the glandular petals show correlations with trends based on sepal arrangement, degree of fusion of the superior petals, and pollen morphology.
ON CLASSIFICATION BY COLOR
Authors: Bornstein Marc H.
Published: April 2006

Classification by color, a stable communicative referent, can be a useful tool of taxonomy. Conceptions of the arbitrariness of color designation have in the past limited the use of this classification criterion. Recent research, however, has proved these conceptions rather misconceptions. Universals of color naming and color designation which are based on visual processes have been unearthed. Consequently, practical recommendations for the systematization of classification by color can be proposed: They include standardization of nomenclature, an objective chromatic correlate system, and color vision tests for taxonomists.
POPULATION VARIATION AND INTROGRESSION IN NORTH AMERICAN TYPHA
Authors: Lee David W.
Published: April 2006

Seventeen Typha populations from the United States were subjected to a detailed analysis of variation in morphology, isozymes (alcohol dehydrogenase and esterase) and fertility. The isozyme data was analyzed using numerical taxonomy. All of the three sets of data were employed in a hybrid analysis of the populations. Little morphological variation was detected compared to isozyme differences in populations of all taxa. The results led to the conclusion that the morphological characters inTyphaare tightly linked genetic packages which do not reflect a complex pattern of hybridization and introgression seen more clearly from the biochemical analysis. It was further concluded that hybridization and introgression are important reproductive phenomena between the two species, introgression occuring primarily in the direction ofT. angustifolia.The effect of human environmental disruption will be to decrease the abundance ofT. latifoliapopulations and enlarge the distribution of hybrid and introgressant populations.
TAXONOMIC NOTES ON GRACILARIA MAMMILLARIS (MONT.) HOWE AND GRACILARIA VELEROAE DAWSON (RHODOPHYTA, GIGARTINALES)
Authors: Schneider Craig W.
Published: April 2006

Plants collected in North Carolina and determined to be Cracilaria mammillaris (Montagne) Howe are compared to G. veleroae Dawson of Pacific Mexico. The two species are found to be conspecific and are synonymized under the correct name G. mammillaris.
PHYTOSEROLOGIE ALS METHODE DER VERGLEICHENDEN VERWANDTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG–EINST UND JETZT
Authors: Frohne D. , Jensen U.
Published: April 2006

Phytoserology uses the specific properties of immunosera produced by animals against plant protein characters to assess plant relationships. Unlike animal serum proteins, plant protein extracts have peculiar properties which make phytoserological work difficult. Careful experiments by early workers gave phytoserology a hopeful start but this was spoiled by the inadequate methods of the Königsberg school and the extravagant claims for their evolutionary tree. Thanks to the critical new start made by Otto Moritz in the 1950s, phytoserology is now established as a valid method in systematics just as it is in immunology and protein chemistry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KAREL DOMIN'S BEITRÄGE ON AUSTRALIAN PLANTS
Authors: Henderson R. J. F.
Published: April 2006

Bibliographic details are presented in tabular form. Effective publication of Abteilung 1 was in 1913, of Abteilung 2 in 1915 and of Abteilung 3 was from 1921 to 1929. Page numbers of Heft 89 of Bibliotheca Botanica are the numbers in brackets at the top inner edge of each page.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS L. AND D. CHINENSIS L. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: de Langen F. R. , Oost E. H. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

Lectotypes have been designated for Dianthus caryophyllus L. and its named Linnaean varieties, and for D. chinensis L. The connection between D. caryophyllus var. (e) inodorus L. and D. sylvestris Wulfen is analyzed. Some consequences and aspects of further study are discussed.
A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTION TO OUR APPRECIATION OF E. J. C. ESPER'S DIE PFLANZENTHIERE IN ABBILDUNGEN NACH DER NATUR (1788–1830) AND ITS FORTSETZUNGEN (1794–1806)
Authors: Ott Franklyn D.
Published: April 2006

Through the help of many librarians, the author was successful in locating in European and North American libraries the Lieferung wrappers to Eugen Johann Christoph Esper's Die Pflanzenthiere (1788–1830) as well as to his Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere (1794–1806). These wrappers permit the numerical and signature collation of these two important works. Because of the rarity of these Lieferung wrappers and the poor quality of the paper on which they were printed which, at present, is in various deplorable stages of deterioration, the Nachricht, the Verbesserungen, and the Druckfehler are quoted in their entirety. For each respective Lieferung the complete collation of pagination and the respective plates as issued therewith are given. The value of this information resides in the fact that the plates and their respective descriptions were not issued simultaneously; it is only through the Lieferung wrappers that the relation between the text and the plates can be determined with certainty.
ANALYSIS OF THE THANIKAIMONI PALYNOLOGICAL INDICES
Authors: Skvarla John J. , Rowley John R. , Vezey Edward L.
Published: April 2006

The series of five bibliographic indices for extant pollen compiled under the editorship of the late G. Thanikaimoni are analyzed with respect to instrumentation used in characterization of the angiosperm pollen wall. It is clear that scanning electron microscopy has become the most common means for examining pollen and that while the number of publications involving pollen morphology increases yearly, only a small number of genera have been studied with either scanning or transmission electron microscopes.
THE CORRECT NAME, AUTHOR, AND TYPE OF THE COMMON HENRYA (ACANTHACEAE) AND NEOTYPIFICATION OF JUSTICIA SCORPIOIDES L.
Authors: Daniel Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

Authorship of Henrya and its type, H. insularis, is attributed to Nees ex Benth. When Bentham is treated as the author of H. insularis, the type of this species becomes an illustration published in 1845. The commonly encountered name, Henrya scorpioides (L.) Nees, pertains to a species of Dicliptera. Its basionym, Justicia scorpioides L., is neotypified by a collection of William Houstoun in the Sloane Herbarium.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA L. (RANUNCULACEAE)
Authors: Essig Frederick B. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

As part of systematic studies of Clematis sect. Clematis, C. virginiana L. is lectotypified by a specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium at Uppsala.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF VALERIANA SCANDENS L. (VALERIANACEAE)
Authors: Barrie Fred R.
Published: April 2006

A neotype is designated for Valeriana scandens L. The relationship of Linnaeus' concept of the species to that of Loefling is discussed, as are questions concerning the authorship of the binomial.
POL YPODIUM FLABELLIFORME RECONSIDERED
Authors: Bishop L. Earl
Published: April 2006

The lectotypification of Polypodium flabelliforme Poiret by C. Morton has more recently been rejected by Pichi Sermolli. The latter maintains Poiret's description to have been based solely on a Plumier plate and not at all on the specimen selected by Morton. My analyses of Poiret's description, the specimen, and the plate suggests Pichi Sermolli's position to be untenable. The original lectotypification should therefore be sustained.
TYPIFICATION OF SUGARCANE, SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM L. (POACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Jarvis Charles E. , Terrell Edward E.
Published: April 2006

The specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium (77.2, LINN) annotated by Linnaeus as Saccharum officinarum, the scientific name long applied to sugarcane, is actually a specimen of Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex Schumann & Lauterb., a related grass. To preserve the current application of Linnaeus' name, sugarcane is lectotypified on a Sloane (1707) illustration (typotype: H.S. 2:14, BMSL) cited by Linnaeus (1753) in synonymy.
NOTES ON BIOPHYTUM (OXALIDACEAE) OF THE OLD WORLD
Authors: Veldkamp J. F.
Published: April 2006

The specimen Hb. Linn. 600.38 (LINN) is proposed as the neotype for Oxalis sensitiva L. [=Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.] (Oxalidaceae). A new species of Biophytum from Sri Lanka is described.
THE PUBLICATION DATES OF THE BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ BOTANIQUE DE FRANCE (VOLS. 41–61, 1894–1914)
Authors: Leussink Jan A.
Published: April 2006

For each of Vols. 41–61 of the Bulletin de la Sociéte botanique de France the publication dates of the instalments, as well as some other bibliographical particulars, are assembled in a table. For most instalments an editorial note with information about the precise or approximate publication date was available. In several cases more precise publication dates were obtained through reconstruction on the basis of internal and/or external evidence from several sources.

As was shown earlier for Vols. 1–40, in Vols. 41–61 too the year of publication on the title page of the volumes is unreliable. For each volume some instalments were published in the next year only, or even still later. During a calendar‐year temporal overlap of successive volumes often occurred. The usual sequence of binding of the instalments of a volume differs from their original sequence of publication.

The Mémoires de la Société botanique de France, which sometimes are considered to constitute an independent serial, actually are an integral part of the Bulletin. In this paper the Mémoires published with Vols. 52–61 are treated in the same manner as the other instalments of those volumes. A survey of Mémoires 1–26, with pagination and publication dates, is added.
RE‐ASSESSMENT OF CRATAEGUS FLAVA AITON AND ITS NOMENCLATURAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CRATAEGUS SERIAL NAME FLAVAE (LOUD.) REHD. AND ITS SECTIONAL EQUIVALENT
Authors: Phipps J. B.
Published: April 2006

Research at Kew and the British Museum has turned up the type and other authentic material of Crataegus flava Aiton. The discovery that this is a quite different species from that commonly called C. flava in the North American literature, indeed that it cannot belong to the same series, necessitates a new name for series Flavae, auctt. Amm. This new serial name is Lacrimatae Phipps based on C. lacrimata Small. Whether C. flava Aiton should be reassigned to the series Pulcherrimae (Beadle ex Sarg.) Robertson or to Intricatae (Sarg. ex Sarg.) Rehd. awaits the revision of these series.
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE CUBAN BRYOPHYTE FLORA
Authors: Pôcs Tamás
Published: April 2006

A distribution pattern analysis of 377 Cuban liverworts and 386 mosses shows a relatively high rate of endemism (11.4% and 12.2%, respectively), which is comparable to the rate of endemism in Cuban ferns but much lower than phanerogamic endemism (51.4%). In the Cuban bryoflora neotropical and Caribbean elements as well as Antillean subendemics prevail. The species/genus ratio (4:1 for the liverworts and 2:7 for the mosses), and the relatively high insularity index (3:1 for liverworts and 5:0 for mosses) are indicative of long‐term isolation of the Cuban bryophyte flora and the large size of the island.
DATABASE DESIGN FOR MONOGRAPHS AND FLORAS
Authors: Pankhurst R. J.
Published: April 2006

The extent to which it is possible to apply the use of databases to a flora project at the present time is illustrated by means of an example of the genus Rubus (Rosaceae) for Flora Mesoamericana. Databases are included for the nomenclature, bibliography, herbarium label data and the morphological descriptions. These data are used and analysed in a great many different ways, all of which are immediately practical on a desktop microcomputer.
ON THE ORGANISATION AND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS OF ORGANISATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR BOTANICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
Authors: Ride W. D. L.
Published: April 2006

A review is provided of the nature and support of the international structures responsible for botanical and zoological nomenclature. In the case of botany these are the Nomenclature Section of the International Botanical Congress, the Division of Botany of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), the Permanent Committee for Botanical Nomenclature, the Commission on the Nomenclature of Plants, and the International Association of Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). In the case of zoology there are the Division of Zoology of IUBS, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. A comparison is made to draw out the essential differences between the structures.
DATES IN THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE. THE SYDNEY CODE
Authors: Leussink Jan A.
Published: April 2006

A chronological list of dates in the rules of the ICBN is given. A list indicating which dates pertain to the main taxonomic groups is added.
NOMENCLATURAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THREE SPECIES OF COLPOMENIA (SCYTOSIPHONALES, PHAEOPHYTA)
Authors: Vandermeulen H. , DeWreede R. E. , Cole K. M.
Published: April 2006

Variable thallus form and anatomy within three species of the genus Colpomenia (Endlicher) Derbès et Solier has generated some confusion as to their true identity. Herbarium specimens representing the original species concepts of Colpomenia sinuosa (F. C. Mertens ex Roth) Derbès et Solier, C. bullosa (Saunders) Yamada and C. peregrina (Sauvageau) Hamel were examined in detail according to soral shape, form of plurilocular reproductive tissue and presence or absence of a cuticle covering reproductive tissue. Colpomenia sinuosa is the only one of the three species with a cuticle. Colpomenia bullosa has a diffuse soral pattern and very distinctive plurilocular cells. Colpomenia peregrina has a diffuse soral pattern but its reproductive tissue differs from C. bullosa. Although some intermediate morphs may exist between these three taxa, we conclude that three separate species should be recognized.
THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE GENERIC NAME DISA BERGIUS (ORCHIDACEAE)
Authors: Pettersson Börge
Published: April 2006

The genus Disa is probably named after Queen Disa in a famous Swedish saga from the Uppsala area or, less probable, after the “disas,” goddesses especially worshipped in Uppsala during pagan time.
CORRECTED ATTRIBUTION AND TYPIFICATION OF CORNICULARIELLA (SPHAERONAEMA) SPINA (COELOMYCETES)
Authors: Illman W. I.
Published: April 2006

Sphaeria spina Schweinitz was cited by Berkeley as basionym for the new combination Sphaeronaema spina (‘Sphaeronema spina’) Berk, and Ravenel. This and subsequent transfers to other genera of coelomycetes ought to recognize this basionym for which an extant neotype is designated. Sphaeronaema spiniforme (‘Sphaeronema spinaeforme’) Berk, and Curtis is available for the microconidial anamorph of undetermined relationship. Interpretation of Sphaeria spina as a pyrenomycete is based upon a misunderstanding of its true nature. ‘Sphaeronema’ (spherical thread), a meaningless and misleading perversion of the original Sphaeronaema Fr.: Fr. (referring to the globoid gelatinous flux of extruded conidia), cannot be followed, Art. 75.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE TRIBE ULMARIEAE, INCLUDING FILIPENDULEAE (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. , Purohit K. M.
Published: April 2006

Filipendula Miller is the correct name when Filipendula Mill. (1754) and Ulmaria Mill. (1754) are treated as congeneric. But Filipenduleae Schulze‐Menz (1964), at the tribal rank, must be reduced as a taxonomic synonym of the tribe Ulmarieae Vent. (1799), for which the tribe Ulmarieae Focke (1888) is an isonym.
NOTES ON LECTOTYPIFICATION OF HYMENACHNE P. BEAUV. (POACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. , Dubey A. K.
Published: April 2006

Citation of Agrostis myuros Lam. as the type species of Hymenachne P. Beauv. by Farr et al. (1979) is established as an error. Similarly, selection of A. myuros Lam. [Hymenachne myuros (Lam.) Nees] as the lectotype species of Hymenachne P. Beauv. by Pfeiffer (1874) is in conflict with the protologue and has, in consequence, to be superseded by the selection of Agrostis monostachya Poir. [H. amplexicaulis (Rudge) Chase, Panicum amplexicaule Rudge] as the lectotype species of the genus, by Chase (1908) (Art. 8.1).
APOLOGIA MEA PROPTER NOMINA SPURIA NON RITE FACTA SECUNDUM NOTULAS QUAE IN LEGIBUS SYDNEIIS (ANNO 1983) INVENIENDAE SUNT
Authors: Radcliffe‐Smith A.
Published: April 2006

The paper on two new Euphorbia hybrids which appeared in Kew Bulletin 40(2): 445 (1985) under my authorship recently appears to contain 2 names incorrectly formed according to the Sydney Code (1983), as has been pointed out by P. F. Yeo in a paper recently submitted to this prestigious nomenclatural journal. With my apologies for this lamentable lapsus cerebri come the needed rectifications. Furthermore, a number of extra terms governing hybrid‐designation are used herein. Their use is self‐explanatory.
TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON THE SPERMACOCE HISPIDA‐ARTICULARIS COMPLEX AND S. STRICTA‐PUSILLA COMPLEX (RUBIACEAE)
Authors: Sivarajan V. V. , Nair R. Vasudevan
Published: April 2006

Spermacoce hispida L. and S. articularis L. f., traditionally treated as conspecific are segregated and S. articularis reinstated. The circumscription of S. stricta L. f. and S. pusilla Wall., is elucidated and the taxon hitherto erroneously described under S. stricta is given a new name, S. ramanii.
AN ALGORITHM FOR IMPROVING THE REPRESENTATION BY ORDINATION OF RESEMBLANCE DISTANCES
Authors: Newman K. W.
Published: April 2006

When ordination methods are used to reduce dimensionality, distortion usually occurs in the representation of resemblance distances. The seriousness of this distortion might not be revealed by examination of a matrix correlation co‐efficient. A method is described and illustrated for reducing distortion and improving the representation by an ordination of resemblance distances.
PLAGIOCELTIS (ULMACEAE)‐A SUPERFLUOUS GENUS
Authors: Gentry Alwyn H.
Published: April 2006

Plagioceltis, a monotypic genus known from the type collected almost 200 years ago, is synonymous with Ampelocera.
“ACER BUERGERIANUM” ‘JAKO KAEDE,‘ MEMBER OF THE VERBENACEAE
Authors: Delendick Thomas J.
Published: April 2006

Flavonoid data, morphological study and propagation trials show that Acer buergerianum ‘Jako Kaede’ is not aceraceous but the verbenaceous Premna microphylla Turcz.
SYRRHOPODON BURMENSIS, THE CORRECT NAME FOR SYRRHOPODON ROBUSTIUSCULUS (MUSCI: CALYMPERACEAE)
Authors: Reese William D. , Tan Benito C.
Published: April 2006

Syrrhopodon burmensis (Hampe) Reese & Tan is a new combination, based on Calymperes burmense Hampe, for S. robustiusculus (Broth.) Reese & Tan. New synonyms for this species include C. calcuttense Bartr. & Gangulee, C. saigonense Par. & Broth., and C. svihlae Bartr. This moss is endemic to southern and southeastern Asia.
NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN TWO INDIAN ORCHIDS
Authors: Kumar C. Sathish , Manilal K. S.
Published: April 2006

A new name, Habenaria indica Sathish Kumar et Manilal, and a new combination, Eria chandrasekharanii (Bhargavan & Mohanan) Sathish Kumar et Manila!, are proposed for two Indian orchids.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF THE TYPE OF MAURANDYA (SCROPHULARIACEAE — ANTIRRHINEAE)
Authors: Elisens Wayne J. , Regueiro Antonio M.
Published: April 2006

A lectotype is selected for Usteria scandens Cav. The type is conserved in the Herbario del Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (MA) and represents material on which the name was based.
THE ASCRIPTIONS OF PLUMIER'S FERN PLATES
Authors: Lellinger David B. , Proctor George R.
Published: April 2006

Recent research by the authors on West Indian pteridophytes has made it possible to identify for the first time or to correct prior misidentifications of many illustrations of ferns and a few fern‐allies from Hispaniola and Martinique which were published by Plumier in his “Traité des Fougères de l'Amérique.” Many of these plates serve as types for species published by Linnaeus and other early authors, and so their identity is of considerable nomenclatural importance.
A SOLAR THERMOCONVECTIVE PLANT DRIER
Authors: Sinnott Quinn P.
Published: April 2006

A working prototype of a portable solar powered field drier is described. The unit is capable of drying up to 100 plants on a sunny day, at temperatures of up to 60°C in the center of the press.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OFBRASSICA RAPAL.,B. CAMPESTRISL. AND NEOTYPIFICATION OFB. CHINENSISL. (CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Oost E. H. , Brandenburg W. A. , Reuling G. T. M. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

As part of a taxonomic study of cultivatedBrassica, B. rapaL. is lectotypified by a Matthiolus illustration, the lectotype ofB. campestrisL., chosen by Jonsell, is restricted to a single specimen in LINN and a neotype is designated forB. chinensisL. from the Bailey Herbarium.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE BEECH BARK FUNGUS: A SOLUTION TO THE COMPLEX CASE OF ASCODICHAENA, DICHAENA AND POLYMORPHUM
Authors: Hawksworth David L.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclature of the common north‐temperate beech bark fungus, which also occurs on oak twigs, is reviewed. It has a pleomorphic life cycle and changes in the Code effected at the Sydney Congress in Arts. 10, 13 and 59 affect its nomenclature. It is concluded that the correct generic name for the teleomorph is Ascodichaena Butin, and that for the anamorph is Polymorphum Chev. (syn. Dichaena Fr.). The correct species name for the teleomorph is Ascodichaena rugosa Butin (syn. Lichen rugosus L.), while the name Polymorphum quercinum (Pers.) Chev. is to be applied to the anamorph. All generic and specific epithets are reviewed and revised synonymies presented. In the course of this study it was discovered that the name Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. was illegitimate and must be referred to A. rugosa; the correct name for this common lichen was not investigated. The name Dichaenopsis notarisii Paoli was based on stremata of A. rugosa invaded by the Stagonospora‐like anamorph of Keissleriella bavarica Butin.
THE DEMOULIN RULE AND NEWLY MANDATED COMBINATIONS IN ERIOGONUM (POLYGONACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L.
Published: April 2006

The amended Art. 19 Prop. C, passed at the Nomenclature Section ofthe XIII International Botanical Congress in Sydney, mandating that an autonym will automatically acquire priority over the name of an equivalent rank which established it (herein called the Demoulin Rule) has unforeseen ramifications on nomenclatural stability and radically alters past understandings of priority. Hundreds if not thousands of new combinations will have to be proposed since most workers using the modern codes heretofore have not considered autonyms to have priority. Application of the new Article 19 to the genus Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) is presented.
DOCUMENTATION OF TWO RECENT NEW GENERIC NAMES IN THE RUBIACEAE
Authors: Kirkbride Joseph H. , Robbrecht Elmar
Published: April 2006

A survey of the repercussion of the publication of Index Nominum Genericorum on the nomenclature of the Rubiaceae is given. Coccochondra Rauschert and Pleiocoryne Rauschen are accepted as the valid names for Chondrococcus Steyermark and Polycoryne Keay. Polysolen Rauschert is a superfluous name.
DIDEA‐FR, A COMPUTER PROGRAM SYSTEM IN DIALOGUE MODE FOR BOTANICAL GARDENS
Authors: Vogellehner Dieter , Speck Thomas
Published: April 2006

A software package called DIDEA‐FR was written using dBase III/dBase III Plus. DIDEA‐FR includes 36 interconnected program files and is subdivided into two ranges (subdirectories), one for the management of plant data (including seedlists) comprising 11 subranges, the other for the management of address data comprising five subranges. All subranges (input, search for and change of data, print out of various list types, of the seedlist (Index Seminum) and of seed and address labels) work in dialogue mode and automatically. DIDEA‐FR can be managed by a trained part time user.
DETERMINATIONS OF RHAMNACEAE OF THE TORNER COLLECTION OF SESSÉ AND MOCIÑO BIOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS
Authors: Johnston Marshall C.
Published: April 2006

Ten drawings from the collection were studied. Nine evidently pertain to the Rhamnaceae, and one to the Celtidaceae. All are assigned confidently to genus, and six to species, but four remain doubtful as to species. No nomenclatural novelty is required.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF PALICOUREA GALEOTTIANA M. MARTENS (RUBIACEAE) AND A NEW NAME FOR THIS COMMON SPECIES
Authors: Taylor Charlotte M. , Lorence David
Published: April 2006

The name Palicourea galeottiana M. Martens is generally applied to the common yellow‐flowered Central American species of Palicourea, but this usage is incorrect. Palicourea galeottiana is typified by two discordant elements, neither of which represents this yellow‐flowered species. Based on Martens's original description, Galeotti 2602 is designated the lectotype of this name. Based on this choice, the new combination Psychotria galeottiana replaces the later synonym Psychotria persearum Standley & Steyermark; the correct name for the common yellow‐flowered species is Palicourea padifolia (Roemer & Schultes) comb. nov.
SYSTEMATICS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS (OR, TAXONOMY OF TAXONOMY)
Authors: Small Ernest
Published: April 2006

Taxonomy and systematics, which clarify organization among organisms by analysis of relationships, classification, and naming, ironically themselves require clarification of these parameters. The following are concerns: circumscription of research area; relationship with other biological sciences—whether overlapping or not, and whether hierarchical or not; subdisciplinary classification; and nomenclatural analysis of the disciplinary titles: taxonomy, systematics, biosystematics, experimental taxonomy, genecology, and population genetics. Taxonomy and systematics, and their internal subdivisions, may be conceived variously in their relationships to each other and to other sciences. All such systematizations suffer from the same problem as does biological classification: complex, overlapping, and indeed evolving relationships are distorted for the purpose of simplification. Systematic disciplinary titles are problematical, including G. G. Simpson's widely employed definitions of systematics and taxonomy. Systematics and taxonomy have been interpreted as equivalent, mutually exclusive, containing each other (most desirably with taxonomy as a subfield of systematics concerned with formal classification), and overlapping. There should be encouragement for the trend of using biosystematics as a synonym of biological systematics, rather than in any of the numerous ways the word has been employed.
Lectotypification of Festuca capillifolia Dufour (Poaceae)
Authors: Gutiérrez Villarías María Isabel
Published: April 2006

Gutiérrez Villarías, M. I.: Lectotypification of Festuca capillifolia Dufour (Poaceae). ‐Taxon 41: 332–333. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Festuca capillifolia Dufour and F. scaberrima Lange have been considered as synonyms. Original material in Dufour's herbarium was found to be mixed and a lectotype is designated, confirming usage.
An emended description, chromosome counts, and a key to South American Galinsoga (Asteraceae, Heliantheae)
Authors: Canne‐Hilliker Judith M.
Published: April 2006

Canne‐Hilliker, J. M: An emended description, chromosome counts, and a key to South American Galinsoga (Asteraceae, Heliantheae). ‐ Taxon 41: 661‐666. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

An emended description of Galinsoga boliviensis is provided based on data from recent collections from the vicinity of Sucre, Bolivia. The species is one of two in the genus known to be hexaploid (n = 24). The chromosome number of G. mandonii is reported as n = 16. An updated key to South American species of Galinsoga is given.
Report of the Special Committee 3 on Lectotypification
Authors: Isoviita P.
Published: April 2006

Isoviita, P.: Report of the Special Committee 3 on Lectotypification. ‐ Taxon 41: 725‐727. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A general discussion is given of the background and work of the three Subcommittees comprising this Committee: 3A Lectotypification, 3B Retroactivity of Lectotypification and Illegitimacy, and 3C Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names.
Art. 7.15 and the lectotypification of Linnaean names ‐ a reply to Heath
Authors: Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

Jarvis, C. E.: Art. 7.15 and the lectotypification of Linnaean names ‐ a reply to Heath. ‐ Taxon 41: 63–64. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Some species names would be nomina nuda if there was not a reference to an earlier publication with a validating description. These, under Art. 7.15, must be typified by an element from the context of the referenced description. Most Linnaean species names, specifically the ones cited by Heath, are validated by simultaneously published description/diagnoses. These are to be typified from original material used by Linnaeus, even if the description/diagnosis was copied from earlier literature.
The identity of Riddelia Raf. and remarks on Corchorus L. (Tiliaceae)
Authors: Dorr Laurence J.
Published: April 2006

Dorr, L. J.: The identity of Riddelia Raf. and remarks on Corchorus L. (Tiliaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 80–83. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Riddelia Raf., long considered to be a taxonomic synonym of Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae), is a synonym of Corchorus L. (Tiliaceae). Its type, R. antiphyla Raf., is conspecific with Corchorus hirtus L.
Article 59: reinterpretation or revision?
Authors: Reynolds Don R. , Taylor John W.
Published: April 2006

Reynolds, D. R. & Taylor, J. W.: Article 59: reinterpretation or revision? ‐ Taxon 41: 91–98. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Nomenclatural priority in pleomorphic fungi is regulated by Article 59 of the Code. We show that Article 59 can be interpreted in more than one way. By the broad interpretation in current use, the potential for pleomorphy is assumed of all fungi and the Article is applied to all fungi. Fungi without a demonstrated sexual state are classified in the form taxon, Deuteromycotina, until a sexual state is found. With an alternative and strict interpretation, however, Article 59 would apply only to fungal species that have been actually demonstrated to be pleomorphic. Under the latter interpretation, sexual, asexual, and pleomorphic fungi would be classified together and form taxa would not be necessary.