bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Memory in Processing Relative Clauses in Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Frizelle Pauline , Fletcher Paul
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This study investigated the relationship between 2 components of memory—phonological short-term memory (pSTM) and working memory (WM)—and the control of relative clause constructions in children with specific language impairment (SLI).

Method

Children with SLI and 2 control groups—an age-matched and a younger group of children with typical development—repeated sentences, including relative clauses, representing 5 syntactic roles and 2 levels of matrix clause complexity. The Working Memory Test Battery for Children was administered.

Results

All 3 groups showed significant associations between pSTM and both types of matrix clause construction. For children with SLI, significant associations emerged between (a) WM and more complex matrix clause constructions, (b) WM and relative clauses including a range of syntactic roles, and (c) pSTM and the least difficult syntactic role. In contrast, the age-matched control group could repeat almost all syntactic roles without invoking the use of either memory component.

Conclusions

The role of pSTM and WM in the production of relative clauses by children with SLI is influenced by the degree of difficulty of the structure to be recalled. In therapy, the effect of WM limitations can be minimized by approaching each structure within the context of a simple matrix clause.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963544
Relationships Between Psychosocial Factors and Quality of Life for Adults Who Stutter
Authors: Boyle Michael P.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

In this study, the author examined the relationship of social support, empowerment, self-help support group participation, and group identification to quality of life in adults who stutter.

Method

Two-hundred forty-nine adults who stutter completed a web-based survey, including measures of social support, empowerment, self-help support group participation, group identification, and quality of life.

Results

After controlling for demographic and stuttering parameters, both empowerment in the self-esteem/self-efficacy domain and social support from family significantly predicted quality of life in adults in the sample.

Conclusions

Increased self-esteem/self-efficacy and social support from family relates to improved quality of life in adults who stutter, independent of stuttering severity. Treatments that increase feelings of self-esteem/self-efficacy and strengthen social support from the family should be considered for individuals who struggle to cope with stuttering in order to enhance their quality of life.
Single‐phase safe commutation trans‐Z‐source AC–AC converter
Authors: Banaei Mohammad Reza , Reza Ahrabi Rouzbeh , Elmi Mahdi
Published: November 2014

This study is devoted to study and propose a single‐phase trans‐Z‐source‐based AC–AC converter with unique features of traditional trans‐Z‐source converter such as inverted and non‐inverted boost and inverted buck output voltage. Output and input operate with same‐shared ground, which is very useful in protection. Every aspect of proposed converter is analysed and studied. To prevent current and voltage spikes that are some of the main problems of AC–AC converters, safe commutation is employed. To evaluate the performance of the converter, MATLAB/SIMULINK software is utilised. Moreover, a laboratory prototype of proposed converter is implemented to verify the converter analysis and simulation results.
Interleaved high step‐up DC–DC converter based on three‐winding high‐frequency coupled inductor and voltage multiplier cell
Authors: Nouri Tohid , Hosseini Seyed Hossein , Babaei Ebrahim , Ebrahimi Jaber
Published: November 2014

This study presents an interleaved high step‐up DC–DC converter based on three‐winding high‐frequency coupled inductor and voltage multiplier cell (VMC) techniques. The primary and secondary windings of each coupled inductor are inserted in the same phase and the third winding is inserted in the other phase. The VMC in each phase consists of two diodes, two capacitors, the secondary winding of the same phase coupled inductor and the third winding of the other phase coupled inductor. The voltage gain is increased and the output voltage is clamped across the capacitors of the VMCs. Then, the voltage across the power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) is decreased. The leakage inductance of the coupled inductors controls the output diode falling rate, which alleviates reverse recovery problems. The power MOSFETs are turned‐on under zero current switching that helps to conversion efficiency improvement. Three modes of operation named as continuous conduction mode, discontinuous conduction mode and boundary conduction mode are investigated for the proposed converter. The carried mathematical analysis and satisfying operation of the proposed converter are verified via experimental results of an 870 W 60 V‐input to 590 V‐output laboratory prototype with 95.2% conversion efficiency.
Comment on “Coherent states for the nonlinear harmonic oscillator” [J. Math. Phys. 53, 062104 (2012)]
Authors: Amir Naila , Iqbal Shahid
Published: November 2014

We argue that the first order corrected computational scheme, used by Ghosh [J. Math. Phys. 53, 062104 (2012)] to obtain eigenenergies, corresponding generalized coherent states and various expectation values, is illegitimate. Consequently, the results presented in the work of Ghosh are incorrect and the corresponding conclusions are misleading.
Measurement of cyclotron resonance relaxation time in the two-dimensional electron system
Authors: Andreev I. V. , Muravev V. M. , Belyanin V. N. , Kukushkin I. V.
Published: November 2014

Dependence of cyclotron magneto-plasma mode relaxation time on electron concentration and temperature in the two-dimensional electron system in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells has been studied. Comparative analysis of cyclotron and transport relaxation time has been carried out. It was demonstrated that with the temperature increase transport relaxation time tends to cyclotron relaxation time. It was also shown that cyclotron relaxation time, as opposed to transport relaxation time, has a weak electron density dependence. The cyclotron time can exceed transport relaxation time by an order of magnitude in a low-density range.
Effect of spontaneous term labour on the expression of the NR4A receptors nuclear receptor related 1 protein (Nurr1), neuron-derived clone 77 (Nur77) and neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1) in human fetal membranes and myometrium
Authors: Lappas Martha
Published: November 2014

Inflammation has been implicated in the mechanisms responsible for human labour. Emerging evidence indicates that nuclear receptor subfamily 4A (NR4A) receptors regulate the transcription of genes involved in inflammation. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of spontaneous term labour, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing (NOD) ligands on the expression of nuclear receptor related 1 protein (Nurr1), neuron-derived clone 77 (Nur77) and neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1) in human fetal membranes and myometrium. Human fetal membranes and myometrium were collected from term non-labouring women and women after spontaneous labour onset. Tissue explants were used to determine the effect of the bacterial products lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4 ligand), flagellin (TLR5 ligand), fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide (FSL-1) (TLR2 ligand), γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) (NOD1 ligand) or minimal peptidoglycan muramyl dipeptide (MDP; NOD2 ligand) on Nurr1, Nur77 and NOR1 expression. Term labour was associated with significantly higher Nurr1 and Nur77, but not NOR1, expression in fetal membranes and myometrium. LPS and MDP increased Nurr1, Nur77 and NOR in fetal membranes; flagellin increased Nurr1 in fetal membranes and the myometrium, as well as NOR1 in the myometrium; and FSL-1 increased Nurr1 expression in fetal membranes. In summary, human labour and bacterial products increase Nurr1, Nur77 and/or NOR1 expression in human fetal membranes and myometrium. This increase in NR4A receptors may contribute to the expression of proinflammatory and pro-labour genes associated with fetal membrane rupture and myometrial contractions.
Reward eliminates retrieval-induced forgetting
Authors: Imai Hisato , Kim Dongho , Sasaki Yuka , Watanabe Takeo
Published: November 2014

Significance

Although it is well known that reward enhances learning and memory, how extensively such enhancement occurs remains unclear. We examined how reward influences retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) in which the retrieval of a nonpracticed item under the same category as a practiced item is worse than the retrieval of a nonpracticed item outside the category. RIF was abolished if a juice reward was given for correct answers in the practice phase. These results suggest that reward enhances processing of retrieval of unpracticed members by mechanisms such as spreading activation within the same category, irrespective of whether items were practiced or not.
New insight into the evolution of the vertebrate respiratory system and the discovery of unidirectional airflow in iguana lungs
Authors: Cieri Robert L. , Craven Brent A. , Schachner Emma R. , Farmer C. G.
Published: November 2014

Significance

The avian respiratory system appears strikingly distinct from all other animals. Purported key innovations underpinning avian patterns of airflow are an enclosed intrapulmonary bronchus, intercameral perforations, heterogeneous parenchyma; these traits allegedly coevolved with separation of the cardiac ventricle into right and left sides and are presumed to have been favored by selection because they facilitate high activity metabolisms. In contradistinction to these prevailing theories, here we show that unidirectional flow is present in the lungs of the green iguana, an ectothermic animal with low aerobic capacity, no intrapulmonary bronchus, and no intercameral perforations. This discovery indicates a transformation in our understanding of the evolution of the vertebrate respiratory system is needed.
G-quadruplex structures contribute to the neuroprotective effects of angiogenin-induced tRNA fragments
Authors: Ivanov Pavel , O’Day Elizabeth , Emara Mohamed M. , Wagner Gerhard , Lieberman Judy , Anderson Paul
Published: November 2014

Significance

Angiogenin is a stress-activated ribonuclease that cleaves tRNA to produce bioactive small noncoding RNAs [tRNA-derived, stress-induced RNAs (tiRNAs)] that function in a cytoprotective stress response program. Point mutations that reduce its ribonuclease activity are found in a subset of patients with ALS, a fatal neurodegenerative disease. We have found that selected tiRNAs assume G-quadruplex (G4) structures that are necessary for cytoprotective and prosurvival functions. Moreover, stable DNA analogs of these G4-containing tiRNAs spontaneously enter motor neurons and confer cytoprotection against stress. Our results identify tiRNAs as leading compounds for the development of a new class of neuroprotective drugs and give insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathobiology of expanded G4-forming hexanucleotide repeats in the C9ORF72 gene.
Structural model of an mRNA in complex with the bacterial chaperone Hfq
Authors: Peng Yi , Curtis Joseph E. , Fang Xianyang , Woodson Sarah A.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Small noncoding RNAs optimize bacterial gene expression under stress and increase the virulence of many bacterial pathogens. The RNA-binding protein Hfq (host factor Q-beta phage) promotes base pairing between small RNAs and target mRNAs, but it is not known how Hfq brings the two RNAs together in the proper orientation. We used chemical footprinting, small-angle X-ray scattering, and molecular dynamics simulations to model the structure of Hfq bound to an mRNA in solution. The surprising result is that the mRNA wraps entirely around the Hfq protein, specifically contacting both surfaces. This destabilizes the mRNA structure around the small RNA target site, poising it to base pair with a complementary small RNA also bound to Hfq.
Fibroblasts probe substrate rigidity with filopodia extensions before occupying an area
Authors: Wong Stephanie , Guo Wei-Hui , Wang Yu-Li
Published: November 2014

Significance

Mechanical properties of the extracellular environment provide important cues that regulate cell behavior. Understanding this mechanical signaling has become important in disease treatment as well as tissue engineering. To efficiently study cellular responses to rigidity signals, we have created a model system of micropatterned composite material based on the “cell-on-a-chip” concept. We demonstrate that a migrating fibroblast uses filopodia to probe substrate rigidity, such that it “feels” its way based on the deformability of a material before occupying an area. Myosin II plays a key role in rigidity sensing and responses. This mechanism allows cells to migrate efficiently by avoiding mechanically unfavorable areas without backtracking.
Global structural changes of an ion channel during its gating are followed by ion mobility mass spectrometry
Authors: Konijnenberg Albert , Yilmaz Duygu , Ingólfsson Helgi I. , Dimitrova Anna , Marrink Siewert J. , Li Zhuolun , Vénien-Bryan Catherine , Sobott Frank , Koçer Armağan
Published: November 2014

Significance

Understanding the working mechanism of membrane proteins is difficult even when crystal structures are available. One promising approach is ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM-MS) that detects not only the mass-to-charge ratio but also the area of proteins by measuring the rotationally averaged collision cross-sections (CCS) in the gas phase. We identified detergents that allow the release of membrane proteins at low levels of collisional activation for native MS, thus avoiding denaturing effects. We studied the gating mechanism of an ion channel, which occurs through large conformational changes. Ability to detect several coexisting states during gating with a change as small as 3% will open new avenues for studying dynamic structures of membrane proteins.
Force distribution affects vibrational properties in hard-sphere glasses
Authors: DeGiuli Eric , Lerner Edan , Brito Carolina , Wyart Matthieu
Published: November 2014

Significance

How a liquid becomes rigid at the glass transition is a central problem in condensed matter physics. In many scenarios of the glass transition, liquids go through a critical temperature below which minima of free energy appear. However, even in the simplest glass, hard spheres, what confers mechanical stability at large density is highly debated. In this work we show that to quantitatively understand stability at a microscopic level, the presence of weakly interacting pairs of particles must be included. This approach allows us to predict various nontrivial scaling behavior of the elasticity and vibrational properties of colloidal glasses that can be tested experimentally. It also gives a spatial interpretation to recent, exact calculations in infinite dimensions.
Tubulin hyperacetylation is adaptive in cardiac proteotoxicity by promoting autophagy
Authors: McLendon Patrick M. , Ferguson Bradley S. , Osinska Hanna , Bhuiyan Md. Shenuarin , James Jeanne , McKinsey Timothy A. , Robbins Jeffrey
Published: November 2014

Significance

Proteotoxicity, or the accumulation of misfolded protein, can cause heart failure and effective therapeutics are needed to reduce protein accumulation in the myocardium. This study shows that inhibiting tubulin deacetylation by histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is protective in a mouse model of proteinopathy-induced heart failure. Inhibiting tubulin deacetylation using the FDA-approved drug suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) reduced protein aggregates in cardiomyocytes and led to substantial improvement in cardiac function. Mechanistically, we show that inhibiting HDAC6 increases autophagy in cardiomyocytes, and that inducing autophagy with voluntary exercise also induces tubulin acetylation. This study shows that tubulin acetylation is important for autophagy stimulation in the heart and, importantly, sheds new light on the mechanism of autophagy induction with HDAC inhibitors.
Evolutionary cell biology: Two origins, one objective
Authors: Lynch Michael , Field Mark C. , Goodson Holly V. , Malik Harmit S. , Pereira-Leal José B. , Roos David S. , Turkewitz Aaron P. , Sazer Shelley
Published: November 2014

All aspects of biological diversification ultimately trace to evolutionary modifications at the cellular level. This central role of cells frames the basic questions as to how cells work and how cells come to be the way they are. Although these two lines of inquiry lie respectively within the traditional provenance of cell biology and evolutionary biology, a comprehensive synthesis of evolutionary and cell-biological thinking is lacking. We define evolutionary cell biology as the fusion of these two eponymous fields with the theoretical and quantitative branches of biochemistry, biophysics, and population genetics. The key goals are to develop a mechanistic understanding of general evolutionary processes, while specifically infusing cell biology with an evolutionary perspective. The full development of this interdisciplinary field has the potential to solve numerous problems in diverse areas of biology, including the degree to which selection, effectively neutral processes, historical contingencies, and/or constraints at the chemical and biophysical levels dictate patterns of variation for intracellular features. These problems can now be examined at both the within- and among-species levels, with single-cell methodologies even allowing quantification of variation within genotypes. Some results from this emerging field have already had a substantial impact on cell biology, and future findings will significantly influence applications in agriculture, medicine, environmental science, and synthetic biology.
Global discovery of colonization determinants in the squid symbiontVibrio fischeri
Authors: Brooks John F. , Gyllborg Mattias C. , Cronin David C. , Quillin Sarah J. , Mallama Celeste A. , Foxall Randi , Whistler Cheryl , Goodman Andrew L. , Mandel Mark J.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Animals form associations with bacteria that play important roles in host development and fitness. The mechanisms by which animals horizontally acquire their bacterial partners from the environment are poorly understood. To address this question, we take advantage of a natural symbiosis between the luminous Gram-negative bacteriumVibrio fischeriand its squid host,Euprymna scolopes. We applied the insertion sequencing global approach and identified 380 colonization determinants inV. fischeri. Characterization of the factors revealed novel biofilm regulation and beneficial colonization factors at the cell envelope. To our knowledge, our study is the first global functional analysis inV. fischeriand expands opportunities for systems biology approaches at the host microbe interface in a valuable reductionist model of microbiota colonization.
Aptamer photoregulation in vivo
Authors: Li Lele , Tong Rong , Chu Hunghao , Wang Weiping , Langer Robert , Kohane Daniel S.
Published: November 2014

Significance

The importance of this research is in the demonstration of the spatiotemporal regulation of aptamer activity in vitro and in vivo that can be achieved by a photo-triggered strategy. The aptamer’s cell-binding capability was blocked by hybridization with a photo-cleavable complementary oligonucleotide. Irradiation at the tumor site liberated the aptamer from the duplex, leading to prolonged intratumoral retention. Furthermore, the relative distribution of the aptamer to the tumor was enhanced in relation to uptake by the liver and kidneys. Our strategy may provide an approach to improving the therapeutic indices of aptamer-based medicines.
Nitric oxide regulates synaptic transmission between spiny projection neurons
Authors: Sagi Yotam , Heiman Myriam , Peterson Jayms D. , Musatov Sergei , Scarduzio Mariangela , Logan Stephen M. , Kaplitt Michael G. , Surmeier Dalton J. , Heintz Nathaniel , Greengard Paul
Published: November 2014

Significance

The function of the basal ganglia relies on striatal spiny projecting neurons (SPNs). Axon collaterals of these GABAergic neurons form connections with other SPNs as a means of a feedback inhibition circuit. The mechanisms that regulate neurotransmission at these local synapses remain poorly understood. In this paper, neurotransmission at SPN collaterals is found to be regulated by the gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide, which activates a signal-transduction cascade that transcriptionally regulates vesicular GABA transporter specifically at axon collaterals. These findings illustrate a previously unidentified role for nitric oxide in striatal learning and action selection.
Putting the Red Back in Redfish Lake, 20 Years of Progress Toward Saving the Pacific Northwest's Most Endangered Salmon Population
Authors: Kline Paul A , Flagg Thomas A
Published: November 2014

In November 1991, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service listed Snake River Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). The last known remnants of the Snake River stock return to Redfish Lake in the Sawtooth Valley in central Idaho. In the ensuing two decades since the ESA listing, many actions have been taken to conserve the population, including the initiation of a hatchery-based gene rescue program. The chief aim of this article is to describe the development and implementation of hatchery-based gene rescue activities, review present-day release strategies and associated adult returns, and describe a new effort underway to expand program production to more effectively address recolonization and local adaptation objectives. In addition, we describe achievable population triggers to allow the transition from a hatchery-based effort to a habitat-based effort that should allow natural population recovery to proceed.

RESUMEN

En noviembre de 1991, el Servicio Nacional de Pesquerías Marinas de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, ingresó al salmón (Oncorhynchus nerka) en el Acta de Especies Amenazadas de los Estados Unidos (AEA) bajo la categoría de amenazado. Los últimos remanentes conocidos del stock del Río Snake, regresaron al Lago Redfish, Valle Sawtooth, en la porción central de Idaho. Dos décadas después de haber ingresado esta especie al acta, se han llevado a cabo varias acciones tendientes a conservar a la población, entre las que se incluye el inicio de un programa de rescate genético. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir el desarrollo e implementación de actividades de rescate genético basado en cultivos, revisar las estrategias actuales de liberación y posterior retorno de adultos y describir la nueva iniciativa de expandir el programa de producción para abordar de forma más efectiva la recolonización y los objetivos de adaptación local. Adicionalmente, se describe cómo se usarán detonantes poblacionales que permitan una transición entre esfuerzos basados en cultivos y esfuerzos basados en hábitats con el fin de facilitar la recuperación de las poblaciones.
A new construction of Moufang quadrangles of type 𝐸₆,𝐸₇ and 𝐸₈
Authors: Boelaert Lien , De Medts Tom
Published: November 2014

In the classification of Moufang polygons by J. Tits and R. Weiss, the most intricate case is by far the case of the exceptional Moufang quadrangles of type

E
6

E_6

,

E
7

E_7

and

E
8

E_8

, and in fact, the construction that they present is ad-hoc and lacking a deeper explanation. We will show how tensor products of two composition algebras can be used to construct these Moufang quadrangles in characteristic different from 2.

As a byproduct, we will obtain a method to construct any Moufang quadrangle in characteristic different from 2 from a module for a Jordan algebra.
Mill’s On Liberty and the Modern “Harm to Others” Principle
Authors: Harcourt Bernard E
Published: November 2014

John Stuart Mill’s famous statement of the harm principle in his “Introductory” to On Liberty—pulled out of context and denuded of Mill’s sophisticated philosophical treatment—became a foundational reference of Anglo-American criminal law and helped shape the course of penal legislation, enforcement, and theory during the twentieth century. Known as the “harm to others” principle, Mill’s simple sentence emerged, in the hands of Hart, Feinberg, Wechsler, and other liberal legal thinkers at mid-century, as the critical principle used to shield individuals from the legal enforcement of morals legislation—including, most notably, penal laws against homosexual conduct, commercial sex, illicit drugs, and other behaviors that came to be known as “moral vices” for some and “victimless crimes” for others. “Harm to others” became, in the 1970s and 1980s, the defining criteria of liberal thinkers in the debate over the proper scope of the criminal law and the legitimate reach of the State—as evidenced, perhaps most notably, by the lead volume of Feinberg’s magisterial and influential treatise on The Moral Limits of Criminal Law, titled “Harm to Others,” published in 1984. In an article published in 1999, titled “The Collapse of the Harm Principle,” I argued that the modern harm principle, had collapsed under the weight of its own success and no longer serves, today, as a limiting principle on the legal enforcement of morality. This chapter returns to the argument to draw an important distinction and clarify a central point. The thesis of collapse continues to shed light on contemporary debates over the legal regulation of morality. Today, the hegemony of the modern harm principle, developed by liberal legal thinkers at mid-twentieth century, continues to generate a proliferation of harm arguments, and the competing claims of non-trivial harms have effectively neutralized the limiting function of the harm principle. It demonstrates the continued vitality of the argument by exploring the recent Supreme Court decision on same-sex marriage, United States v Windsor, which, is argued, reflects perfectly the collapse of the harm principle.
Pashukanis and Public Protection
Authors: Ramsay Peter
Published: November 2014

Through a critique of Evgeny Pashukanis’s Marxist theory of criminal law, this chapter seeks to identify the historical conditions for the emergence of the victim as the key normative figure in criminal justice policy. It argues that the vulnerability of subjects defined as victims provides the normative foundation of the contemporary laws of public protection. This represents a reversal of the classical legal ideology of the abstract legal subject. Pashukanis explicitly ruled out the possibility of laws of the contemporary type, and exploring his error on this point exposes a one-sidedness in his presentation of the commodity form theory of law. Vulnerable subjects are defined by their dependence on other subjects and the basis of this vulnerability can be found in the exchange relations between commodity owners. The historical reasons for this reversal of the classical legal ideology are described and the implications for abolitionist criminal law theory considered.
Günther Jakobs’s Feindstrafrecht
Authors: Ohana Daniel
Published: November 2014

When Jakobs first presented his theory of the “criminal law of the enemy” (Feindstrafrecht) at the turn of the millennium, the ensuing debate drew much attention across Continental Europe. Following the initial wave of interest in Feindstrafrecht, it is now possible to give it a more sober assessment by carefully situating it within the broader framework of the communicative theory of criminal law and punishment which Jakobs has developed. After an overview of the evolution of the theory of the criminal law of the enemy in Jakobs’ work, the chapter presents the main features of his communicative account of the criminal law as a mechanism which generates and stabilizes normative expectations, thereby facilitating everyday social interaction. It analyzes the underlying conceptual commonalities linking Jakobs’s communicative theory and Feindstrafrecht, while tracing the dialectical interplay between freedom, law-abidingness, and coercion in his account of inclusion and exclusion within the criminal law.
The expression of standard negation
Authors: Breitbarth Anne
Published: November 2014

This chapter investigates the development of the expression of standard negation in historical Low German. Standard negation is taken to mean (one of) the productive means to reverse the truth value of a proposition in a language. It is shown that Old Low German uses a preverbal particle ‘ni/ne’ to express standard negation, and that it does not yet have a conventionalized reinforcer of the expression of negation, though there are incipient adverbial uses of the (negative) indefinite ‘(n)iowiht’ ‘any-/nothing’. In Middle Low German, the standard negator is ‘nicht’, while the old preverbal particle ‘ne/en’ is no longer capable of expressing negation on its own and soon disappears from negative clauses in the corpus. The present chapter statistically analyses the language-internal and language-external factors influencing this loss.
Teaching the I Ching (Book of Changes)
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-Ki
Published: November 2014

This book is about the Book of Changes, arguably the most important of the Chinese ancient classics. Its earliest portions were composed early in the first millennium BCE. These are referred to as the Zhouyi, while the received version that includes the canonical commentaries is referred to as the Yijing (I Ching). Many university faculties find the Changes difficult to teach because of its seeming obscurity. For this reason it often has not received the attention it deserves. The present work provides an in-depth background for teaching the Yijing, or for beginning serious study. It was developed in response to audience requests made at a major academic conference. The Changes began as a divination manual, but from the Warring States onward was also regarded as a book of wisdom. Mythology attributed its origins to Fu Xi, King Wen, the Duke of Zhou, and Confucius. Many of China’s most renowned philosophers provided commentaries, including Wang Bi, Shao Yong, and Zhu Xi. These traditional views were challenged by the influential early twentieth-century Doubting Antiquity movement. During the Cultural Revolution the Changes was initially condemned as feudal and later extolled as consistent with Marxism. Critical philology has reconstructed the earliest meanings, and study of newly excavated texts has further deepened our knowledge of the Changes. References to women in the Zhouyi are covered in detail. The Yijing’s reception in the West and its influence on psychology and esotericism are discussed. Also provided is a detailed reader’s guide through the challenges of reading the classic, including evaluation of the major translations and instructions for divination.
The Yijing as China Enters the Modern Age
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki
Published: November 2014

Similar to other Confucian classics, the Yijing was condemned and ignored during the height of anti-Confucianism from the 1920s to the 1970s. Yet, due to its multiple textual layers and its broad scope, the Yijing has been a driving force of many intellectual discussions in recent and contemporary China. Before 1949, it was the textual basis for discussing the republican form of government, the development of modern science in China, and the moral tradition in East Asia. After 1949 it was the focus for discussing archaeological findings, the chronology of ancient China, and pseudo-science. In the 1980s and early 1990s, as part of the “culture craze” and the “national learning craze,” the Yijing was widely studied and discussed in mainland China. With the establishment of international centers and professional journals, the Yijing has once again become a vital part of contemporary Chinese cultural life. This chapter provides a succinct summary of how the Yijing has been a vital part of the Chinese quest for modernity.
Predicting the Future for the Yijing
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki
Published: November 2014

Use of the Yijing in both China and the West has followed two paths. On the one hand, there is critically rigorous scholarship aimed at deepening our knowledge of the origins of the classic and its capacity to reinvent itself many times over during its more than 2,000 years of commentarial history. On the other hand, there is the practice of using the Changes as an aid to decision making and for inspiration and spiritual growth. These two often overlap—some modern practitioners become scholars, and some who began as scholars become practitioners. For specialists, there are several promising areas for research activity, particularly the continuing study of excavated manuscripts and their comparison, something for which digital technology holds promise. In the wider culture, the Yijing may lack the “cool” factor it had in the 1960s, but it is a work of considerable profundity and as such has a future in world literature. In the words of Carl Jung, it continues to speak to “thoughtful and reflective people who like to think about what they do and what happens to them.”
XenoSite server: a web-available site of metabolism prediction tool
Authors: Matlock Matthew K. , Hughes Tyler B. , Swamidass S. Joshua
Published: November 2014

Summary: Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are metabolic enzymes that process the majority of FDA-approved, small-molecule drugs. Understanding how these enzymes modify molecule structure is key to the development of safe, effective drugs. XenoSite server is an online implementation of the XenoSite, a recently published computational model for P450 metabolism. XenoSite predicts which atomic sites of a molecule—sites of metabolism (SOMs)—are modified by P450s. XenoSite server accepts input in common chemical file formats including SDF and SMILES and provides tools for visualizing the likelihood that each atomic site is a site of metabolism for a variety of important P450s, as well as a flat file download of SOM predictions.

Availability and implementation: XenoSite server is available at http://swami.wustl.edu/xenosite.

Contact:  swamidass@wustl.edu
Genetic and Pathogenic Variability of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae Isolated from Onion and Welsh Onion in Japan
Authors: Sasaki Kazunori , Nakahara Katsuya , Tanaka Shuhei , Shigyo Masayoshi , Ito Shin-ichi
Published: November 2014

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae causes Fusarium basal rot in onion (common onion) and Fusarium wilt in Welsh onion. Although these diseases have been detected in various areas in Japan, knowledge about the genetic and pathogenic variability of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae is very limited. In this study, F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae was isolated from onion and Welsh onion grown in 12 locations in Japan, and a total of 55 F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae isolates (27 from onion and 28 from Welsh onion) were characterized based on their rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) and translation elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) nucleotide sequences, vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), and the presence of the SIX (secreted in xylem) homologs. Phylogenetic analysis of IGS sequences showed that these isolates were grouped into eight clades (A to H), and 20 onion isolates belonging to clade H were monophyletic and assigned to the same VCG. All the IGS-clade H isolates possessed homologs of SIX3, SIX5, and SIX7. The SIX3 homolog was located on a 4 Mb-sized chromosome in the IGS-clade H isolates. Pathogenicity tests using onion seedlings showed that all the isolates with high virulence were in the IGS-clade H. These results suggest that F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae isolates belonging to the IGS-clade H are genetically and pathogenically different from those belonging to the other IGS clades.
One-stage Posterior Spinal Osteotomy in Severe Spinal Deformities
Authors: Xia Lei , Li Ning , Wang Dan , Liu Ming , Li Jun-wei , Bao De-ming , Li Peng
Published: November 2014

Study Design:

This is a retrospective study.

Objectives:

The treatment of severe spinal deformities is still a difficult surgical challenge. It is generally significant to identify the related complications performed to a consecutive series of patients with severe spinal deformity and managed by 1-stage posterior spinal osteotomy.

Summary of Background Data:

We investigated data from 147 consecutive patients (75 males and 72 females) with severe deformity and managed by Smith-Petersen osteotomy, pedicle subtraction osteotomy, or vertebral column resection between years 2006 and 2012 with >2-year follow-up. Mean age was 21.2 (range, 14–51 y) years at operation.

Materials and Methods:

The patients underwent standing anteroposterior and lateral radiography before and after scoliosis surgery. Age, sex, diagnosis, surgical approach and centrum, all the related complications, treatment, and preoperative and postoperative Cobb angle in the coronal and sagittal planes were recorded at final follow-up.

Results:

There were 17 (11.6%) cases with complications in 147 patients, including spinal cord–related complications in 7 cases (4.8%), superior mesenteric artery syndrome in 5 cases (3.4%), broken rod and unstable screw hat in 3 cases (2.0%), and infection in 2 cases (1.4%). Among the 17 cases, 15 cases recovered completely and 2 cases recovered partially.

Conclusions:

The total complication rate of severe spinal deformity after 1-stage posterior spinal osteotomy without fusion was about 11.6%. Except for the major complication of neurological deficit, spine surgeon should also pay more attention on other related complications, especially superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Large-scale and long-term follow-up was warranted to find out more subjective complication rates.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—prognostic study (see the guidelines for a complete description of levels of evidence).
Arcticibacter eurypsychrophilus sp. nov., isolated from ice core
Authors: Shen Liang , Liu Yongqin , Gu Zhengquan , Yao Tandong , Xu Baiqing , Wang Ninglian , Jiao Nianzhi , Liu Hongcan , Zhou Yuguang
Published: November 2014

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-flagellated bacterium, strain MJ9-5T, was isolated from ice core of Muji Glacier. Colonies of strain MJ9-5T were pink, convex and round on R2A agar. Strain MJ9-5T grew between −1 to 25 °C with an optimum growth temperature of 10–15 °C. The strain tolerated 0–1.2 % (w/v) NaCl with an optimum of 1 %. The major cellular fatty acids of strain MJ9-5T were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C1
6 : 1ω7c). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 38.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MJ9-5T was related to members of the genus

Arcticibacter

. On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, a novel species of this genus, Arcticibacter eurypsychrophilus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is MJ9-5T ( = KCTC 42008T = JCM 19862T).
Pseudomonas granadensis sp. nov., a new bacterial species isolated from the Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Natural Park, Granada, Spain
Authors: Pascual Javier , García-López Marina , Bills Gerald F. , Genilloud Olga
Published: November 2014

During the course of screening bacterial isolates as sources of as-yet unknown bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical applications, a chemo-organotrophic, Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from a soil sample taken from the Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Natural Park, Granada, Spain. Strain F-278,770Twas oxidase- and catalase-positive, aerobic, with a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, non-spore-forming and motile by one polar flagellum, although some cells had two polar flagella. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA,gyrB,rpoBandrpoDgenes revealed that strain F-278,770Tbelongs to thePseudomonas koreensissubgroup (Pseudomonas fluorescenslineage), withPseudomonas moraviensis,P. koreensis,P. baeticaandP. helmanticensisas its closest relatives. Chemotaxonomic traits such as polar lipid and fatty acid compositions and G+C content of genomic DNA corroborated the placement of strain F-278,770Tin the genusPseudomonas. DNA–DNA hybridization assays and phenotypic traits confirmed that this strain represents a novel species of the genusPseudomonas, for which the namePseudomonas granadensissp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F-278,770T( = DSM 28040T = LMG 27940T).
Service-users’ experiences of interpreters in psychological therapy: a pilot study
Authors: Costa Beverley , Briggs Stephen
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– Working across languages is playing an increasingly important role in the delivery of mental health services, notably through psychotherapy and psychological therapies. Growing awareness of the complex processes that ensue in working across languages, including the presence and role of an interpreter, is generating new conceptualisations of practice, but there is a need now to evidence how these impact on service users. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper discusses the model for working with interpretation developed by Mothertongue multi-ethnic counselling service, which conceptualises the therapeutic process as working within triangular relationships consisting of service user, therapist and interpreter. Second, the paper discusses the qualitative, practice-near methods applied in, and findings from a pilot study to evaluate the interpreter's role.

Findings

– Three patterns of response to interpreters were identified: negative impacts on the therapy, the interpreter as conduit for therapy and the therapist and interpreter jointly demonstrating a shared enterprise. It is concluded that the method and findings of the pilot justify a larger study that will further evaluate the experiences of service users and continue to develop and test conceptualisations for best practice.

Originality/value

– Working across languages is now recognised as an increasingly important aspect of therapy in contexts where migration has created new demographics. This paper contributes to the discussion of working therapeutically with people with mental health difficulties across languages. Its originality lies, first, in the discussion of a new clinical approach to working with interpreters, and second in the methods used to access the views of service users about their experiences of interpreters.
Achieving customer loyalty through service excellence in internet industry
Authors: Thaichon Paramaporn , Lobo Antonio , Mitsis Ann
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate the antecedents to attitudinal and behavioural loyalty of customers of Internet service providers (ISPs). In addition, this study endeavours to identify the relationship between overall service quality and cognitive as well as affective evaluations of customers. An assessment of service quality dimensions is also included to fill the void of research on modelling service quality in high tech services.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper reviews the most cited articles on the topic published in academic journals with a view to identify dimensions that customers use to evaluate the quality of a service providers, and to determine loyalty formation through customer cognitive and affective evaluations in Internet industry.

Findings

– The exogenous constructs of the conceptual model include influential factors such as network quality, customer service, information support and security which make up the perception of overall service quality. The endogenous constructs include cognitive and affective determinants such as customers’ trust, satisfaction, commitment, value and resultants – attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty.

Originality/value

– The study proposes that by enhancing service quality, firms can influence customers’ satisfaction, trust, commitment and value, and ultimately loyalty, which are critical for an ISP’s success and long-term sustainability. Moreover, applying the findings of this study, ISPs can strategise in making customers more central in their day to day operations, which would create competitive advantage for the companies.
Expected service quality of utility stores in Pakistan
Authors: Kashif Muhammad , Abdul Rehman Mohsin
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to present the Generation X and Generation Y customers’ expectations of utility retail stores in an Asian setting of Pakistan Research studies that advocate a cross-generational perspective to retail service quality have been limited.

Design/methodology/approach

– Sketching through a naturalistic paradigm, data for this exploratory study is collected from 80 retail shoppers through face-to-face interviews. The data is noted, coded and presented through the genre of service marketing mix theory.

Findings

– There are significant differences with regards to variety of products offered and time consumed during shopping have been found between generational cohorts belonging to Generation X and Generation Y customers. However, there are a few similarities noted between the two types of customers that challenge the traditional perspective of retail service marketing mix theory.

Originality/value

– The study is an original contribution towards explaining the retail service quality construct from cross-generational marketing perspective. Pragmatically, the utility stores have never been the subject matter for service quality studies in countries such as Pakistan.
Defining a retailer’s channel strategy applied to young consumers
Authors: de Faultrier Brigitte , Boulay Jacques , Feenstra Florence , Muzellec Laurent
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach at defining a retail channel strategy applied to young consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors use a qualitative study that adopts the consumer perspective and employed an investiga-tive channel-scan approach based on two scenarios applied to 12 retailers selling childrenswear. The authors studied 139 flows between all the channels and explored the retailers’ child orientation.

Findings

– The paper revealed that the channel configuration and integration of retailers showed a di-versity of approach leading us to distinguish eight different retail channel strategies. It also appears that there is limited evidence of a specific selling channels designed for children by retailers in selling products aimed at the child market.

Research limitations/implications

– This study contributes to the retail marking literature by showing evidence of child orienta-tion in channel management. Nevertheless, the results show the need for future research to understand the causes and effects of channel child orientation and the way it contributes to the retail channel strategy.

Practical implications

– The findings have practical implications for retailers by providing a framework to help them in their decision-making regarding retail channel strategy. It also sheds new light on the con-tribution from young consumers in retail channel strategy.

Originality/value

– The contribution of this paper is to explore the combined perspective of configuration and integration of the channel-to-market as part of the retail channel strategy. The paper also provides evidence of child orientation in retail channel strategy when retailers selling prod-ucts for children are concerned.