bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media additives to promote spheroid circularity and compactness in hanging drop platform
Authors: Leung Brendan M. , Lesher-Perez Sasha Cai , Matsuoka Toshiki , Moraes Christopher , Takayama Shuichi
Published: November 2014

Three-dimensional spheroid cultures have become increasingly popular as drug screening platforms, especially with the advent of different high throughput spheroid forming technologies.
Carbon nanomaterials: multi-functional agents for biomedical fluorescence and Raman imaging
Authors: Bartelmess J. , Quinn S. J. , Giordani S.
Published: November 2014

This review article gives a comparative overview over carbon nanomaterials utilized for in vitro as well as in vivo fluorescence and Raman imaging, including multi-functional theranostic approaches.
Photochemical generation of bis-hexahapto chromium interconnects between the graphene surfaces of single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Pekker Aron , Chen Mingguang , Bekyarova Elena , Haddon Robert C.
Published: November 2014

The linkage of single-walled carbon nanotube junctions by the photochemistry of organometallic chromium reagents produces dramatic increases in network conductivity.
ZnS nanowall coated Ni composites: facile preparation and enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption
Authors: Zhao Biao , Shao Gang , Fan Bingbing , Zhao Wanyu , Xie Yajun , Zhang Rui
Published: November 2014

The microwave absorption properties of ultrathin ZnS wall-coated Ni composites were superior to those of Ni microspheres and ZnS particles.
Expedient synthesis of a pentasaccharide related to the O-specific polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O117:K98:H4 strain
Authors: Bhaumik Ishani , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: November 2014

A convenient synthetic strategy has been developed for the synthesis of a pentasaccharide, related to the O-specific polysaccharide ofEscherichia coliO117:K98:H4 strain, using sequential glycosylations of functionalized monosaccharide moieties.
Molecular insights into the self-assembly of short amphiphilic peptides FmDn and FmKn
Authors: Thota Naresh , Ma Yijia , Jiang Jianwen
Published: November 2014

Molecular dynamics simulation is reported for the self-assembly of short amphiphilic peptides FmDn and FmKn.
Postsynthetic modification of mixed-linker metal–organic frameworks for ethylene oligomerization
Authors: Liu Bing , Jie Suyun , Bu Zhiyang , Li Bo-Geng
Published: November 2014

MOFs-containing nickel catalysts have been synthesized through postsynthetic modification of mixed-linker MOFs (Zn4O(BDC)x(ABDC)3−x) and used for ethylene oligomerization.
Fluid interface-mediated nanoparticle membrane as an electrochemical sensor
Authors: Ali Mohammed , Barman Koushik , Jasimuddin Sk. , Ghosh Sujit Kumar
Published: November 2014

A poly(ethyleneglycol)-stabilised magnetic Fe3O4nanoparticle decorated ultra-thin membrane has been devised at the water/CCl4interface by ligand cross-linking with terephthaloyl chloride and the membrane was exploited as an electrochemical sensor for the detection ofl-Dopa up to nanomolar concentration.
Relative stability of the FCC and HCP polymorphs with interacting polymers
Authors: Mahynski Nathan A. , Kumar Sanat K. , Panagiotopoulos Athanassios Z.
Published: November 2014

A linear polymer (in yellow) adsorbed in the voids of a hexagonal close-packed crystal. Three crystal layers, ABA, are depicted in alternating colors of red and cyan.
On being ‘Systematic’ in Literature Reviews in IS
Authors: Boell Sebastian K , Cecez-Kecmanovic Dubravka
Published: November 2014

General guidelines for conducting literature reviews often do not address the question of literature searches and dealing with a potentially large number of identified sources. These issues are specifically addressed by so-called systematic literature reviews (SLRs) that propose a strict protocol for the search and appraisal of literature. Moreover, SLRs are claimed to be a ‘standardized method’ for literature reviews that is replicable, transparent, objective, unbiased and rigorous, and thus superior to other approaches for conducting literature reviews. These are significant and consequential claims that – despite increasing adoption of SLRs – remained largely unnoticed in the information systems (IS) literature. The objective of this debate is to draw attention of the IS community to SLR's claims, to question their justification and reveal potential risks of their adoption. This is achieved by first examining the origins of SLR and the prescribed SLR process and then by critically assessing their claims and implications. In this debate, we show that SLRs are applicable and useful for a very specific kind of literature review, a meta study that identifies and summarizes evidence from earlier research. We also demonstrate that the claims that SLRs provide superior quality are not justified. More importantly, we argue that SLR as a general approach to conducting literature reviews is highly questionable, concealing significant perils. The paper cautions that SLR could undermine critical engagement with literature and what it means to be scholarly in academic work.
Imaging space charge regions in Sm-doped ceria using electrochemical strain microscopy
Authors: Chen Qian Nataly , Adler Stuart B. , Li Jiangyu
Published: November 2014

Nanocrystalline ceria exhibits a total conductivity several orders of magnitude higher than microcrystalline ceria in air at high temperature. The most widely accepted theory for this enhancement (based on fitting of conductivity data to various transport and kinetic models) is that relatively immobile positively charged defects and/or impurities accumulate at the grain boundary core, leading to a counterbalancing increase in the number of mobile electrons (small polarons) within a diffuse space charge region adjacent to each grain boundary. In an effort to validate this model, we have applied electrochemical strain microscopy to image the location and relative population of mobile electrons near grain boundaries in polycrystalline Sm-doped ceria in air at 20–200 °C. Our results show the first direct (spatially resolved) evidence that such a diffuse space charge region does exist in ceria, and is localized to both grain boundaries and the gas-exposed surface.
Measuring the composition-curvature coupling in binary lipid membranes by computer simulations
Authors: Barragán Vidal I. A. , Rosetti C. M. , Pastorino C. , Müller M.
Published: November 2014

The coupling between local composition fluctuations in binary lipid membranes and curvature affects the lateral membrane structure. We propose an efficient method to compute the composition-curvature coupling in molecular simulations and apply it to two coarse-grained membrane models—a minimal, implicit-solvent model and the MARTINI model. Both the weak-curvature behavior that is typical for thermal fluctuations of planar bilayer membranes as well as the strong-curvature regime corresponding to narrow cylindrical membrane tubes are studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The simulation results are analyzed by using a phenomenological model of the thermodynamics of curved, mixed bilayer membranes that accounts for the change of the monolayer area upon bending. Additionally the role of thermodynamic characteristics such as the incompatibility between the two lipid species and asymmetry of composition are investigated.
A toy model mimicking cage effect, structural fluctuations, and kinetic constraints in supercooled liquids
Authors: Teboul V.
Published: November 2014

In this work, we implement new toy models coined to reproduce the cage effect with variants including structural fluctuations and different kinetic constraints. We introduce structural fluctuations in the models from a distribution of the cages opening probabilities and a kinetic constraint from a variation of that probability with the local number of molecules involved in the creation of the cage. We model separately the caging mean field experienced by each molecule, and the cooperative mechanism with the kinetic constraint condition. We find that strong dynamic heterogeneities are present in the models with kinetic constraints. We find that the heterogeneities do not depend on the cage escaping probabilities, while the heterogeneities increase sharply with the strengthening of the kinetic constraint conditions.
Simulations of indirectly driven gas-filled capsules at the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Weber S. V. , Casey D. T. , Eder D. C. , Kilkenny J. D. , Pino J. E. , Smalyuk V. A. , Grim G. P. , Remington B. A. , Rowley D. P. , Yeamans C. B. , Tipton R. E. , Barrios M. , Benedetti R. , Berzak Hopkins L. , Bleuel D. L. , Bond E. J. , Bradley D. K. , Caggiano J. A. , Callahan D. A. , Cerjan C. J. , Clark D. S. , Divol L. , Edgell D. H. , Edwards M. J. , Eckart M. J. , Fittinghoff D. , Frenje J. A. , Gatu-Johnson M. , Glebov V. Y. , Glenn S. , Guler N. , Haan S. W. , Hamza A. , Hatarik R. , Herrmann H. , Hoover D. , Hsing W. W. , Izumi N. , Jones O. S. , Kervin M. , Khan S. , Kline J. , Knauer J. , Kritcher A. , Kyrala G. , Landen O. L. , Pape S. Le , Ma T. , Mackinnon A. J. , MacPhee A. G. , Marinak M. M. , Mcnaney J. M. , Meezan N. B. , Merrill F. E. , Mintz M. , Moore A. , Munro D. H. , Nikroo A. , Pak A. , Parham T. , Petrasso R. , Rinderknecht H. G. , Sayre D. B. , Sepke S. M. , Spears B. K. , Stoeffl W. , Tommasini R. , Town R. P. , Volegov P. , Widmann K. , Wilson D. C. , Zylstra A. B.
Published: November 2014

Gas-filled capsules imploded with indirect drive on the National Ignition Facility have been employed as symmetry surrogates for cryogenic-layered ignition capsules and to explore interfacial mix. Plastic capsules containing deuterated layers and filled with tritium gas provide a direct measure of mix of ablator into the gas fuel. Other plastic capsules have employed DT or D3He gas fill. We present the results of two-dimensional simulations of gas-filled capsule implosions with known degradation sources represented as in modeling of inertial confinement fusion ignition designs; these are time-dependent drive asymmetry, the capsule support tent, roughness at material interfaces, and prescribed gas-ablator interface mix. Unlike the case of cryogenic-layered implosions, many observables of gas-filled implosions are in reasonable agreement with predictions of these simulations. Yields of TT and DT neutrons as well as other x-ray and nuclear diagnostics are matched for CD-layered implosions. Yields of DT-filled capsules are over-predicted by factors of 1.4–2, while D3He capsule yields are matched, as well as other metrics for both capsule types.
Effect of vacuum-ultraviolet irradiation on the dielectric constant of low-k organosilicate dielectrics
Authors: Zheng H. , Ryan E. T. , Nishi Y. , Shohet J. L.
Published: November 2014

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation is generated during plasma processing in semiconductor fabrications, while the effect of VUV irradiation on the dielectric constant (k value) of low-k materials is still an open question. To clarify this problem, VUV photons with a range of energies were exposed on low-k organosilicate dielectrics (SiCOH) samples at room temperature. Photon energies equal to or larger than 6.0 eV were found to decrease the k value of SiCOH films. VUV photons with lower energies do not have this effect. This shows the need for thermal heating in traditional ultraviolet (UV) curing since UV light sources do not have sufficient energy to change the dielectric constant of SiCOH and additional energy is required from thermal heating. In addition, 6.2 eV photon irradiation was found to be the most effective in decreasing the dielectric constant of low-k organosilicate films. Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy shows that these 6.2 eV VUV exposures removed organic porogens. This contributes to the decrease of the dielectric constant. This information provides the range of VUV photon energies that could decrease the dielectric constant of low-k materials most effectively.
Atomic layer deposition of Al-incorporated Zn(O,S) thin films with tunable electrical properties
Authors: Park Helen Hejin , Jayaraman Ashwin , Heasley Rachel , Yang Chuanxi , Hartle Lauren , Mankad Ravin , Haight Richard , Mitzi David B. , Gunawan Oki , Gordon Roy G.
Published: November 2014

Zinc oxysulfide, Zn(O,S), films grown by atomic layer deposition were incorporated with aluminum to adjust the carrier concentration. The electron carrier concentration increased up to one order of magnitude from 1019 to 1020 cm−3 with aluminum incorporation and sulfur content in the range of 0 ≤ S/(Zn+Al) ≤ 0.16. However, the carrier concentration decreased by five orders of magnitude from 1019 to 1014 cm−3 for S/(Zn+Al) = 0.34 and decreased even further when S/(Zn+Al) > 0.34. Such tunable electrical properties are potentially useful for graded buffer layers in thin-film photovoltaic applications.
A charge transport study in diamond, surface passivated by high-k dielectric oxides
Authors: Kovi Kiran Kumar , Majdi Saman , Gabrysch Markus , Isberg Jan
Published: November 2014

The recent progress in the growth of high-quality single-crystalline diamond films has sparked interest in the realization of efficient diamond power electronic devices. However, finding a suitable passivation is essential to improve the reliability and electrical performance of devices. In the current work, high-k dielectric materials such as aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide were deposited by atomic layer deposition on intrinsic diamond as a surface passivation layer. The hole transport properties in the diamond films were evaluated and compared to unpassivated films using the lateral time-of-flight technique. An enhancement of the near surface hole mobility in diamond films of up to 27% is observed when using aluminum oxide passivation.
Surface double-layer structure in (110) oriented BiFeO3 thin film
Authors: Yang Tieying , Wang Can , Zhang Xingmin , Feng Yu , Guo Haizhong , Jin Kuijuan , Gao Xingyu , Li Zhong , Li Xiaolong
Published: November 2014

Surface double-layer structure different from the interior was found in BiFeO3 thin film grown on SrRuO3 covered SrTiO3 (110) substrate by pulsed laser deposition. It was shown that BiFeO3 film exhibits epitaxial phase with single domain. X-ray reflectivity and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed a skin layer of less than 1 nm with a reduced electron density and different surface state. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction convinced a surface multi-domain structure of several nm beneath the surface skin layer. The double-layer near surface structure would be originated from the large depolarization field produced by the single-domain structure with strain.
Generation of high-energy tunable multicolored femtosecond sidebands directly after a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser
Authors: Wang Peng , Liu Jun , Li Fangjia , Shen Xiong , Li Ruxin
Published: November 2014

High-energy tunable multicolored femtosecond sidebands are generated simultaneously in a 0.15-mm-thick sapphire plate by using cascaded four-wave mixing process directly after a 25-fs Ti:sapphire laser. The pulse energy of the first-order sideband can reach as high as 8 μJ. More than eight frequency up-conversion sidebands and four frequency down-conversion sidebands are observed with a spectral range from 550 to 950 nm. The experimental setup is simple and compact, which is fixed on a 30 × 30 cm2 plate board. It is attractive to various experiments that need multicolored femtosecond laser pulses.
Study of deposition characteristics of multi-nozzle near-field electrospinning in electric field crossover interference conditions
Authors: Han Wang , Minhao Li , Xin Chen , Junwei Zheng , Xindu Chen , Ziming Zhu
Published: November 2014

Nanostructured components have been receiving considerable attention in recent years. One advantage is the use of near-field electrospinning (NFES) in microdevice manufacture. Multi-nozzle NFES is offered as a technique to increase the high-precision production rate of components. The deposition characteristics of the multi-nozzles were observed and analyzed based on the mutual influence of the jets under varied conditions. It was discovered that the mutual distance of deposition becomes larger with increases in working distance and nozzle spacing, but the influence of voltage is not particularly apparent. This paper discusses the results and conclusions of the experimental investigation and theoretical derivation.
Crystallographic changes in lead zirconate titanate due to neutron irradiation
Authors: Henriques Alexandra , Graham Joseph T. , Landsberger Sheldon , Ihlefeld Jon F. , Brennecka Geoff L. , Brown Donald W. , Forrester Jennifer S. , Jones Jacob L.
Published: November 2014

Piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials are useful as the active element in non-destructive monitoring devices for high-radiation areas. Here, crystallographic structural refinement (i.e., the Rietveld method) is used to quantify the type and extent of structural changes in PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3 after exposure to a 1 MeV equivalent neutron fluence of 1.7 × 1015 neutrons/cm2. The results show a measurable decrease in the occupancy of Pb and O due to irradiation, with O vacancies in the tetragonal phase being created preferentially on one of the two O sites. The results demonstrate a method by which the effects of radiation on crystallographic structure may be investigated.
CdTe X-ray detectors under strong optical irradiation
Authors: Cola Adriano , Farella Isabella
Published: November 2014

The perturbation behaviour of Ohmic and Schottky CdTe detectors under strong optical pulses is investigated. To this scope, the electric field profiles and the induced charge transients are measured, thus simultaneously addressing fixed and free charges properties, interrelated by one-carrier trapping. The results elucidate the different roles of the contacts and deep levels, both under dark and strong irradiation conditions, and pave the way for the improvement of detector performance control under high X-ray fluxes.
Thermal boundary conductance across metal-gallium nitride interfaces from 80 to 450 K
Authors: Donovan Brian F. , Szwejkowski Chester J. , Duda John C. , Cheaito Ramez , Gaskins John T. , Peter Yang C.-Y. , Constantin Costel , Jones Reese E. , Hopkins Patrick E.
Published: November 2014

Thermal boundary conductance is of critical importance to gallium nitride (GaN)-based device performance. While the GaN-substrate interface has been well studied, insufficient attention has been paid to the metal contacts in the device. In this work, we measure the thermal boundary conductance across interfaces of Au, Al, and Au-Ti contact layers and GaN. We show that in these basic systems, metal-GaN interfaces can impose a thermal resistance similar to that of GaN-substrate interfaces. We also show that these thermal resistances decrease with increasing operating temperature and can be greatly affected by inclusion of a thin adhesion layers.
Accessing Brominated Natural Product Motifs Using Phosphoramidite Catalysis
Authors: Recsei Carl , McErlean Christopher S. P.
Published: November 2014

This article describes the application of a first-generation phosphoramidite catalyst to the construction of the most commonly encountered subunits of bromine-containing natural products. The process is compared with previous efforts, and is found to be complementary to existing methods. Application of the process enables bromocarbocyclisations, bromoetherifications, and bromoallene formation using the common laboratory reagent N-bromosuccinimide.
Strategic offloading of delayed intentions into the external environment
Authors: Gilbert Sam J.
Published: November 2014

In everyday life, we often use external artefacts such as diaries to help us remember intended behaviours. In addition, we commonly manipulate our environment, for example by placing reminders in noticeable places. Yet strategic offloading of intentions to the external environment is not typically permitted in laboratory tasks examining memory for delayed intentions. What factors influence our use of such strategies, and what behavioural consequences do they have? This article describes four online experiments ( N = 1196) examining a novel web-based task in which participants hold intentions for brief periods, with the option to strategically externalize these intentions by creating a reminder. This task significantly predicted participants' fulfilment of a naturalistic intention embedded within their everyday activities up to one week later (with greater predictive ability than more traditional prospective memory tasks, albeit with weak effect size). Setting external reminders improved performance, and it was more prevalent in older adults. Furthermore, participants set reminders adaptively, based on (a) memory load, and (b) the likelihood of distraction. These results suggest the importance of metacognitive processes in triggering intention offloading, which can increase the probability that intentions are eventually fulfilled.
A parametric family of subalgebras of the Weyl algebra I. Structure and automorphisms
Authors: Benkart Georgia , Lopes Samuel , Ondrus Matthew
Published: November 2014

An Ore extension over a polynomial algebra

F

[
x
]

\mathbb {F}[x]

is either a quantum plane, a quantum Weyl algebra, or an infinite-dimensional unital associative algebra

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

generated by elements

x
,
y

x,y

, which satisfy

y
x
−
x
y
=
h

yx-xy = h

, where

h
∈

F

[
x
]

h\in \mathbb {F}[x]

. We investigate the family of algebras

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

as

h
h

ranges over all the polynomials in

F

[
x
]

\mathbb {F}[x]

. When

h
≠
0

h \neq 0

, the algebras

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

are subalgebras of the Weyl algebra

A

1

\mathsf {A}_1

and can be viewed as differential operators with polynomial coefficients. We give an exact description of the automorphisms of

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

over arbitrary fields

F

\mathbb {F}

and describe the invariants in

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

under the automorphisms. We determine the center, normal elements, and height one prime ideals of

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

, localizations and Ore sets for

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

, and the Lie ideal

[

A

h

,

A

h

]

[\mathsf {A}_h,\mathsf {A}_h]

. We also show that

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

cannot be realized as a generalized Weyl algebra over

F

[
x
]

\mathbb {F}[x]

, except when

h
∈

F

h \in \mathbb {F}

. In two sequels to this work, we completely describe the irreducible modules and derivations of

A

h

\mathsf {A}_h

over any field.
Marine cloud brightening: regional applications
Authors: Latham John , Gadian Alan , Fournier Jim , Parkes Ben , Wadhams Peter , Chen Jack
Published: November 2014

The general principle behind the marine cloud brightening (MCB) climate engineering technique is that seeding marine stratocumulus clouds with substantial concentrations of roughly monodisperse sub-micrometre-sized seawater particles might significantly enhance cloud albedo and longevity, thereby producing a cooling effect. This paper is concerned with preliminary studies of the possible beneficial application of MCB to three regional issues: (1) recovery of polar ice loss, (2) weakening of developing hurricanes and (3) elimination or reduction of coral bleaching. The primary focus is on Item 1. We focus discussion herein on advantages associated with engaging in limited-area seeding, regional effects rather than global; and the levels of seeding that may be required to address changing current and near-term conditions in the Arctic. We also mention the possibility that MCB might be capable of producing a localized cooling to help stabilize the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov., a plant-growth-promoting bacterium in the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from rhizosphere soil
Authors: Madhaiyan Munusamy , Poonguzhali Selvaraj , Senthilkumar Murugaiyan , Pragatheswari Dhandapani , Lee Jung-Sook , Lee Keun-Chul
Published: November 2014

Three novel bacterial strains, designated Vu-144T, Vu-7 and Vu-35, were isolated on minimal medium from rhizosphere soil of field-grown cowpea and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccoid rods, and formed non-pigmented colonies. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Vu-144T was affiliated with an uncultivated lineage of the phylum

Bacteroidetes

. Its closest phylogenetic neighbour was the recently described species

Niastella populi

, a member of the family

Chitinophagaceae

, with just 90.7 % sequence similarity to the type strain. The only isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The fatty acid profiles showed large amounts of iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G and minor amounts of summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 0 and other fatty acids, allowing the differentiation of the strains from other genera. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the three strains ranged from 43.1 to 44.3 mol%. In addition to phosphatidylethanolamine, the major polar lipids were three unidentified aminophospholipids (APL1–APL3), two unidentified phospholipids (PL1, PL2) and three unidentified lipids (UL1–UL3). Biochemical test patterns also differed from those of

Niastella populi

and members of other genera. All three isolates showed plant-growth-promoting properties, e.g. the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid and NH3 and to solubilize phosphate, utilized 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate (ACC) as a sole source of nitrogen and possessed the ACC deaminase enzyme. The novel isolates readily colonized roots and stimulated growth of tomato and cowpea under glasshouse conditions. Inoculated plants showed a 45–60 % increase in dry matter weight with respect to uninoculated controls. On the basis of the evidence from our polyphasic study, isolate Vu-144T represents a novel genus and species in the family

Chitinophagaceae

, for which the name Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Arachidicoccus rhizosphaerae is Vu-144T ( = KCTC 22378T = NCIMB 14473T).
Extinction, reacquisition, and rapid forgetting of eyeblink conditioning in developing rats
Authors: Brown Kevin L. , Freeman John H.
Published: November 2014

Eyeblink conditioning is a well-established model for studying the developmental neurobiology of associative learning and memory. However, age differences in extinction and subsequent reacquisition have yet to be studied using this model. The present study examined extinction and reacquisition of eyeblink conditioning in developing rats. In Experiment 1, post-natal day (P) 17 and 24 rats were trained to a criterion of 80% conditioned responses (CRs) using stimulation of the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) as a conditioned stimulus (CS). Stimulation CS-alone extinction training commenced 24 h later, followed by reacquisition training after the fourth extinction session. Contrary to expected results, rats trained starting on P17 showed significantly fewer CRs to stimulation CS-alone presentations relative to P24s, including fewer CRs as early as the first block of extinction session 1. Furthermore, the P17 group was slower to reacquire following extinction. Experiment 2 was run to determine the extent to which the low CR percentage observed in P17s early in extinction reflected rapid forgetting versus rapid extinction. Twenty-four hours after reaching criterion, subjects were trained in a session split into 50 stimulation CS-unconditioned stimulus paired trials followed immediately by 50 stimulation CS-alone trials. With this “immediate” extinction protocol, CR percentages during the first block of stimulation CS-alone presentations were equivalent to terminal acquisition levels at both ages but extinction was more rapid in the P17 group. These findings indicate that forgetting is observed in P17 relative to P24 rats 24 h following acquisition. The forgetting in P17 rats has important implications for the neurobiological mechanisms of memory in the developing cerebellum.
Proteome Analysis of Cytoplasmatic and Plastidic β-Carotene Lipid Droplets in Dunaliella bardawil
Authors: Davidi Lital , Levin Yishai , Ben-Dor Shifra , Pick Uri
Published: November 2014

The halotolerant green alga Dunaliella bardawil is unique in that it accumulates under stress two types of lipid droplets: cytoplasmatic lipid droplets (CLD) and β-carotene-rich (βC) plastoglobuli. Recently, we isolated and analyzed the lipid and pigment compositions of these lipid droplets. Here, we describe their proteome analysis. A contamination filter and an enrichment filter were utilized to define core proteins. A proteome database of Dunaliella salina/D. bardawil was constructed to aid the identification of lipid droplet proteins. A total of 124 and 42 core proteins were identified in βC-plastoglobuli and CLD, respectively, with only eight common proteins. Dunaliella spp. CLD resemble cytoplasmic droplets from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and contain major lipid droplet-associated protein and enzymes involved in lipid and sterol metabolism. The βC-plastoglobuli proteome resembles the C. reinhardtii eyespot and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plastoglobule proteomes and contains carotene-globule-associated protein, plastid-lipid-associated protein-fibrillins, SOUL heme-binding proteins, phytyl ester synthases, β-carotene biosynthesis enzymes, and proteins involved in membrane remodeling/lipid droplet biogenesis: VESICLE-INDUCING PLASTID PROTEIN1, synaptotagmin, and the eyespot assembly proteins EYE3 and SOUL3. Based on these and previous results, we propose models for the biogenesis of βC-plastoglobuli and the biosynthesis of β-carotene within βC-plastoglobuli and hypothesize that βC-plastoglobuli evolved from eyespot lipid droplets.
Crystal structure of poly[[(2,2′-bipyridine)manganese(II)]-di-μ-thiocyanato]
Authors: Suckert Stefan , Wöhlert Susanne , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: November 2014

In the crystal structure of the polymeric title compound, [Mn(NCS)2(C10H8N2)]n, the MnIIcations are coordinated by one chelating 2,2′-bipyridine ligand and four thiocyanate anions (twoN- and twoS-coordinating), forming a distorted [MnN4S2] octahedron. The asymmetric unit consists of one manganese cation located on a twofold rotation axis and half of a 2,2′-bipyridine ligand, the other half being generated by the same twofold rotation axis, as well as one thiocyanate anion in a general position. The MnIIcations are linked by two pairs of μ1,3-bridging thiocyanate ligands into chains along thecaxis; because the N atoms of the 2,2′-bipyridine ligands, as well as the N and the S atoms of the thiocyanate anions, are eachcis-coordinating, these chains show a zigzag arrangement.
Crystal structure ofcatena-poly[[(3-tert-butylpyridine-κN)(4-tert-butylpyridine-κN)cadmium]-di-μ-thiocyanato-κ2N:S;κ2S:N]
Authors: Werner Julia , Reinert Thorben , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: November 2014

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cd(NCS)2(C9H13N)2]n, the CdIIcations are coordinated in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry by one 3-tert-butylpyridine ligand, one 4-tert-butylpyridine ligand and two pairs of translationally-equivalent μ-1,3-bridging thiocyanate ligands, all of which are in general positions. These μ-1,3-bridging thiocyante anions bridge the CdIIcations, forming chains that propagate parallel to thebaxis.
Crystal structure of (3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl){1-[(naphthalen-1-yl)carbonyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}methanone
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshinobu , Motohashi Yuya
Published: November 2014

The title compound, C21H12Cl2N2O3, is a 1,4-diaroyl pyrazole derivative and has three aromatic rings. The dihedral angles between the naphthalene ring system and the pyrazole ring, the pyrazole and phenyl rings and the naphthalene ring system and the phenyl ring are 49.44 (13), 49.87 (16) and 0.58 (11)°, respectively. The phenolic proton forms an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond with an adjacent carbonyl O atom. In the crystal, the molecules are linked through stacking interactions between the pyrazole rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.546 (3)] and between the naphthalene ring system and the phenyl ring [centroid–centroid distances = 3.609 (4) Å] along thea-axis direction. The molecules are further connected through C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.
Crystal structure of ethyl 2-(2-fluorobenzylidene)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-7-methyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-1,3-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate
Authors: Krishnamurthy M. S. , Begum Noor Shahina
Published: November 2014

In the title molecule, C23H18F2N2O3S, the 4-fluoro-substituted and 2-fluoro-substituted benzene rings form dihedral angles of 88.16 (8) and 23.1 (1)°, respectively, with the thiazole ring. The pyrimidine ring adopts a flattened sofa conformation with thesp3-hydridized C atom forming the flap. In the crystal, pairs of weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds link molecules related by twofold rotation axes, formingR22(10) rings, which are in turn linked by weak C—H...N interactions to form chains of rings along [010]. In addition, weak C—H...π(arene) interactions link the chains into layers parallel to (001) and π–π interactions with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.836 (10) Å connect these layers into a three-dimensional network.
A six-axis robotic sample changer for high-throughput neutron powder diffraction and texture measurements
Authors: Losko Adrian S. , Vogel Sven C. , Reiche H. Matthias , Nakotte Heinz
Published: November 2014

State-of-the-art neutron time-of-flight diffractometers at modern neutron sources allow sample throughput at rates of much less than one hour per sample. Automated sample changes with a high degree of reliability and flexibility are essential to assure safe operation and efficient use of available neutron flux. At the High-Pressure Preferred Orientation (HIPPO) diffractometer, a previous sample changer measured over 2300 texture and 400 powder samples at ambient conditions to study the properties of crystalline materials at the Lujan neutron scattering facility at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Experience gained during operation of the sample changer for over a decade showed room for improvement and led to a new design using current industrial robot technology. Here, the new HIPPO versatile six-axis robotic sample changer for neutron powder diffraction experiments including texture measurements is presented.
The role of governance in economic development
Authors: Azam Muhammad , Emirullah Chandra
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of corruption as an important element of weak governance, with control variables such as inflation rate, openness to trade and dependency ratio on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita income of nine selected countries in Asia and the Pacific.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study is based on an annual panel data covering the period from 1985 to 2012, and a simple multiple regression for empirical investigation is used. Both fixed effects and random effects models were used as analytical techniques.

Findings

– The study reveals that both corruption and inflation rate are negatively related to GDP per capita and are statistically significant. As to the impacts of the control variables i.e., dependency ratio is found to be negative and openness to trade to be statistically significant which shows a positive impact on GDP per capita.

Practical implications

– The results resoundingly confirmed the importance of good governance, therefore, reducing endemic corruption and controlling inflation needs to be among the foremost factors for consideration for policymakers in adopting and implementing macroeconomic and public policies. In order to be most effective in tackling corruption, it is important to get to the root of the problem. In light of the study findings, it is suggested that corruption need to be put under control and economies be made more open to attain more benefits and accelerate economic growth and development.

Originality/value

– Explicitly, this study provides some valuable evidence on the linkage between endemic corruption and economic growth in some Asia and the Pacific countries in particular and on developing world in general. Presumably, this is the first inclusive investigation on the subject under the study in the context of Asia and the Pacific countries and will emphatically contribute to the literature as well.
Chinese state-owned enterprises go global
Authors: Alon Ilan , Wang Hua , Shen Jun , Zhang Wenxian
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The aim of this research is to examine the Chinese outward direct investment (ODI) from the perspectives of the Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs), focusing on their perceptions and important factors in the decision-making process. More specifically, it aims to understand where and why Chinese SOEs are investing. Increasingly integrated into the global economy, China has already become one of the largest investment economies in the world.

Design/methodology/approach

– Conducted by the China Center at Rollins College in collaboration with the Kedge Business School and the China Executive Leadership Academy at Pudong, survey data are collected from 63 Chinese SOEs that reflect the structure of Chinese industry and the membership of the China Council for the Promotion of International trade.

Findings

– Chinese SOEs have aligned their business expansion plans with the national priority, and played a dominant role in the current internationalization drive. They will likely increase their overseas investment substantially in both short and medium terms; their key business efforts include resource extraction, trading, services and manufacturing. Whereas Chinese ODIs tend to focus on the emerging economies in Asia, Africa and Latin America, more investments begin to take place in various developed countries, and many Chinese SOEs plan to increase their ODI in the USA, regarded as the most important market for overseas investment.

Originality/value

– This research contributes to a better understanding on the growing ODIs by the Chinese SOEs since the launch of the “going global” policy.
The impact of salesperson-brand personality congruence on salesperson brand identification, motivation and performance outcomes
Authors: S. Gammoh Bashar , L. Mallin Michael , Bolman Pullins Ellen
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– This paper focuses on the role of personality congruence, between salespeople’s own personality and the personality of the brand they represent, in driving salesperson identification with the brand and its subsequent effects on important sales force outcomes, including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, task self-efficacy and both behavioral and outcome performance.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data was collected via an online survey from a cross-sectional sample of salespeople. In all, 246 completed the survey. SmartPLS was used to estimate the measurement model and test the hypothesized path relationships using a (partial least squares) structural model.

Findings

– Results indicated support for all proposed hypotheses in our model. In conclusion, we demonstrate, that the congruency of the salesperson personality with his or her perceived brand personality has a significant impact on the brand identification by the salesperson. This identification has important sales force outcomes, including affecting intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, task self-efficacy and both behavioral and outcome performance. This supports the notion of social identity theory as an important theoretical framework for understanding how the salesperson relates to and delivers the brand message.

Originality/value

– Previous research has investigated the drivers and implications of customers’ identification with brands and employees’ identification with their organizations. However, less research attention has focused on salesperson identification with the brand. Given the uniqueness of the boundary-spanning role and the importance of the salesperson to the marketing communication of the brand image, investigation of the drivers of salesperson brand identification becomes particularly important.
Market and brand-oriented schools of positioning
Authors: Urde Mats , Koch Christian
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to revise the concept of positioning to differentiate between fundamental approaches to it and chart a scheme of schools of positioning.

Design/methodology/approach

– An extensive literature review traces the roots and evolution of the concept. Two approaches to positioning are explored and related to the paradigms of market and brand orientation. Based on current theory and practice, different schools of positioning are identified and categorized along a market- and brand-orientation spectrum. Metaphors differentiate schools of positioning, illustrated by case examples.

Findings

– Positioning is a key concept in marketing, branding and strategy. However, its theoretical and practical usefulness is in peril due to its many meanings, applications and overall vagueness. There is a need for a theoretical overview of positioning, which the literature currently lacks. Two approaches to define a brand’s position are identified and introduced: market- and brand-oriented positioning. Five principal schools of positioning show how these are different and why differentiating between them matters. The choice of school implies the market- and/or brand-oriented approach to positioning.

Research limitations/implications

– Further empirical case-based research might investigate when, what and how different positioning schools are applied in practice. The brief cases in this paper indicate a dynamic over time regarding the applications of the brand- and market-oriented school of positioning. An in-depth theoretical and practical investigation of the dynamics of positions would be of value for the research field.

Practical implications

– The distinction among different schools of thought helps bridge the gap between the theory and practice of positioning. A specific positioning objective can guide management in the selection of a particular school of positioning, which enables management to make more insightful conscious choices regarding its opportunities, limitations and consequences.

Social implications

– Position and positioning is of relevance in society in broad terms, e.g. in sports, politics and culture. Positioning strategy is discussed and implemented in different industries (business-to-business and consumer), for all kinds of brands (including, for instance, corporate brands) and for “brands” in the very widest sense (such as places or people).

Originality/value

– This paper relates positioning to the fundamental discussion of brand and market orientation. It integrates positioning research and provides a structured overview of the concept.
Priming of the decomposition of ageing soil organic matter: concentration dependence and microbial control
Authors: Rousk Johannes , Hill Paul W. , Jones Davey L.
Published: November 2014

The amount of carbon (C) stored in soil is an important regulator for the global climate and soil fertility and is the balance between formation and decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). Decomposition of SOM can be powerfully affected by labile carbon (C) supplements in, for example, the rhizosphere. A stimulation of SOM mineralisation induced by labile C additions is termed ‘priming’, and the mechanisms for this phenomenon remain elusive.

The most widely held explanation assigns priming to successional dynamics in r‐ and K‐selected groups within the microbial community; groups which have also been connected with fungal (K‐selected) and bacterial (r‐selected) decomposers. New evidence has also suggested that recently formed SOM is particularly sensitive to priming. We investigated (i) the labile C concentration dependence of SOM mineralisation, (ii) the susceptibility of differently aged SOM to priming and (iii) if priming is due to bacterial or fungal growth dynamics.

To create an age gradient of traceable SOM, we spiked a pasture soil using 14C glucose, and subsampled plots 1 day, 2 months, 5 months and 13 months after application (i.e. SOM aged 1 day – 13 months). Glucose (0–4000 μg C g−1) was added in subsequent laboratory experiments, and respiration, SOM mineralisation (14CO2 evolution), bacterial growth rates (leucine incorporation) and fungal biomass (ergosterol) were tracked during ca. 1 week.

Mineralisation of SOM aged 2–13 months showed similar labile C concentration dependencies, and priming increased mineralisation of SOM systematically by up to 350%. The glucose treatments induced variable microbial growth responses for differently aged SOM, which were unrelated to the priming effect.

That successional dynamics in microbial r‐ and K‐selected groups, or bacterial and fungal decomposers, respectively, underpinned priming was incompatible with the results obtained. An alternative explanation could be that SOM transformation by extracellular enzymes, for subsequent respiration, could be triggered by labile C. In conclusion, labile C primed the mineralisation of 2–13 months aged SOM, and the mechanism for this priming was unrelated to microbial growth dynamics.
A small molecule species specifically inhibits Fusarium myosin I
Authors: Zhang Chengqi , Chen Yun , Yin Yanni , Ji Huan‐Hong , Shim Won‐Bo , Hou Yiping , Zhou Mingguo , Li Xiang‐dong , Ma Zhonghua
Published: November 2014

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of cereal crops worldwide. Recently, a novel fungicide JS399‐19 has been launched into the marketplace to manage FHB. It is compelling that JS399‐19 shows highly inhibitory activity towards some Fusarium species, but not to other fungi, indicating that it is an environmentally compatible fungicide. To explore the mode of action of this species‐specific compound, we conducted a whole‐genome transcript profiling together with genetic and biochemical assays, and discovered that JS399‐19 targets the myosin I of F. graminearum (FgMyo1). FgMyo1 is essential for F. graminearum growth. A point mutation S217L or E420K in FgMyo1 is responsible for F. graminearum resistance to JS399‐19. In addition, transformation of F. graminearum with the myosin I gene of Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast, also led to JS399‐19 resistance. JS399‐19 strongly inhibits the ATPase activity of the wild‐type FgMyo1, but not the mutated FgMyo1S217L/E420K. These results provide us a new insight into the design of species‐specific antifungal compounds. Furthermore, our strategy can be applied to identify novel drug targets in various pathogenic organisms.
A novel mitochondrial membrane protein, Ohmm, limits fungal oxidative stress resistance and virulence in the insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana
Authors: He Zhangjiang , Zhang Suhong , Keyhani Nemat O. , Song Yulin , Huang Shuaishuai , Pei Yan , Zhang Yongjun
Published: November 2014

The Hog1 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase regulates environmental stress responses and virulence in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. To further characterize this pathway, we constructed a subtraction library enriched for genes regulated by Hog1. One targeted gene, encoding a novel membrane protein, Ohmm (oxidative homeostasis membrane‐protein–mitochondria), was uniquely identified as being downregulated in the ΔHog1 background during growth under non‐stress and osmotic stress conditions, but upregulated under oxidative stress. Ohmm was an experimentally validated flavin‐binding protein and targeted to the mitochondria. Deletion of Ohmm resulted in increased oxidative stress resistance, whereas overexpression caused an opposite phenotype. The ΔOhmm showed accumulation of reactive oxygen species with alterations in cell wall composition and compatible solute accumulation evident as compared with the wild type parent. Conidiation was reduced > 80%; however, conidia produced by the ΔOhmm strain germinated significantly faster than wild type cells. Insect bioassays using the greater wax moth revealed increased virulence for the ΔOhmm strain in both topical and intrahemocoel injection assays, indicating a negative effect of the presence of Ohmm with respect to pathogenesis. As predicted from our characterization, deletion of Ohmm in a ΔHog1 background rescued its oxidative sensitivity phenotype, confirming that Ohmm acts downstream of the Hog1 MAP‐kinase.