bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ancient Hypothesis of Fiction: An Essay on the Origins of Literary Theory
Authors: Trimpi Wesley
Published: August 2016

This is the first of several essays investigating the continuity of literary theory and of the principles which may account for its development. While critical terminologies change as they respond to problems emerging from the immediate historical process, a continuity, nevertheless, may be observed in the necessity for literary theory to take account of certain persistent relationships which underlie all intellectual disciplines. Among others, for instance, is the epistemological relation of the concept itself to the materials out of which it is formed and to the functions which it is subsequently to fulfil. Although the type of materials and functions will vary with the subject under consideration, the relation of the mental construct to its sources of sensation and to its role in the formation of knowledge remains relatively constant. The relation of the poet's mind, for instance, to its ethical materials, as described by Sidney, is strikingly near to the relation of the natural philosopher's mind to his data as described by Francis Bacon. Bacon seeks a ‘middle course [ratio media]’ between the rationalistic spider and the empirical ant, and finds that the bee ‘gathers its material from the flowers of the garden and of the field, but transforms and digests it by a power of its own.’ The bee goes about the true business of the scientist and represents ‘a closer and purer league between these two faculties, the experimental and the rational, (such as has never yet been made) …. ’ The ratio media in Bacon's material holds a position analogous to that of poetry in Sidney's: the balance between philosophical precept and historical example. This middle way is new, Bacon says, in the scientific method; it defines the intention of literary discourse, however, from its very origins, as I shall try to show, as well as a relationship which literary theory continually attempts to reestablish.
The Concept of Kingship in the ‘Book of Emperors’ (‘Kaiserchronik’)
Authors: Myers Henry A.
Published: August 2016

Kingship has always been conceived to be either the totality of royal functions or the art and science of discharging them well. If we attempt to narrow down specifically medieval kingship a bit more, we find that its conception had more to do with the monarch's will and his faith in the right things, while conversely it had a shade less to do with his knowledge than did ancient and early modern kingship; however, there is every reason to minimize this distinction, since medieval kings were very well supposed to be wise, or well advised on pertinent matters, or, preferably, both. The total being of the medieval king was so nearly identical with the royal office that in the Middle Ages the question ‘What are the functions of the king?’ is really the more simple question ‘Who is the king?’ If the man looked at is a true king, his functions — his practice of kingship — will follow as a matter of course.
The Borthwick Institute of Historical Research
Authors:   The Editors
Published: August 2016

Attention is hereby directed to a recently established research center in England which cannot fail to offer opportunities for study to many scholars who work in some of the fields represented by Traditio. This center is the Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, founded in 1952 and occupying St. Anthony's Hall, York, a guildhall dating from the fifteenth century. The archives assembled there and administered under the direction of Canon J. S. Purvis cover a period in the history of North England of more than seven hundred years. The Institute's materials will enable students to explore the great variety of subjects, using documents which have never before been so fully available.
Versus de mensibus
Authors: Hennig John
Published: August 2016

In many medieval calendars the calendar proper for each month is preceded or followed by a verse (or several verses) treating of one (or one each) of the following subjects:

(a)

the zodiacal sign

(b)

the number of solar days

(c)

the number of lunar days

(d)

the position of the nones

(e)

the Greek, Hebrew, and Egyptian names

(f)

the Roman traditions of the name and significance of the month

(g)

the climatic conditions (aeris qualitates)

(h)

the evil days (dies Aegyptiaci).

The study of medieval calendars has been so much preoccupied with their chronological and heortological aspects that, to my knowledge, these verses have never been the subject of a comprehensive investigation. In many editions they have been omitted as extraneous matter.
Chaucer's Summary of Statius' Thebaid II-XII
Authors: Magoun Francis P.
Published: August 2016

Toward the end of his Troilus and Criseyde (5.1457-1533), hereinafter TC, Chaucer has Cassandra set about interpreting for her young brother Troilus his dream of seeing Criseyde (5.1233-42) in the arms of a boar and in due course includes a twenty-six line summary of the last eleven books (II-XII) of Statius' Thebaid. This summary occupies TC 5.1485-1510, i.e., stanzas 213-216, except for the end of stanza 216, where Cassandra passes on to other matters. In all manuscripts of TC (essentially sixteen) except British Museum MS Harleian 2392 (siglum H4) and Bodleian MS Rawlinson Poet. 163 (siglum R), there are inserted between TC stanzas 214 and 215, and accordingly as near the middle of Cassandra's summary as is practicable, twelve Latin hexameters outlining in very sketchy fashion the twelve books of the Thebaid at the rate of one hexameter per book. This Latin twelve-line argument will be referred to hereinafter mostly as Arg. with line number.
The ‘Humidum Radicale’ in Thirteenth-Century Medicine
Authors: McVaugh Michael
Published: August 2016

A number of recently published studies have drawn attention to the ‘radical moisture,’ a concept developed in classical antiquity and the Middle Ages to help explain the nature of life and the occurrence of aging and of fevers. These studies have examined the broad history of the concept over a span of two thousand years; they have, however, not presented in detail the sequence of the transmission and evolution of the concept in the Middle Ages. It is my intent to focus upon the history of the radical-moisture concept in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, to try to establish the particular stages by which it entered medieval medical doctrine, and in particular to examine the importance of Avicenna's Canon for western physicians in consolidating their first disorganized impressions of the concept. I shall illustrate the stages in the transmission process by referring to the use of the concept at the University of Montpellier, for that school has left us a number of texts from the thirteenth century that reveal how the introduction of new Arabic or Greek medical works could alter the medieval academic physician's approach to a familiar topic; they also reveal the way in which personal tastes and interests could lead colleagues to react differently to new materials.
‘Italianita’ among Some Italian Intellectuals in the Early Sixteenth Century
Authors: Ilardi Vincent
Published: August 2016

The year 1494 marks the beginning of a series of French invasions of Italy. These invasions were to lead soon to a struggle among France, Spain, and the Empire for the control of the whole Italian peninsula. After 1519, when Spain and the Empire came under the scepter of one sovereign, Charles V of the Hapsburg dynasty, the contest for supremacy in Italy assumed the aspect of a great dynastic duel between the French Valois monarchs (Francis I, 1515–47; Henry II, 1547–59), and the Hapsburg rulers for the domination of Europe. This contest finally ended temporarily with the Spanish victory of St. Quentin (1557), and the peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) which gave Spain supremacy not only in Italy but in Europe.
Verzeichnis der Römerbriefkommentare der lateinischen Kirche bis zu Nikolaus von Lyra
Authors: Affeldt Von Werner
Published: August 2016

Das Verzeichnis der Römerbriefkommentare der lateinischen Kirche bis zu Nikolaus von Lyra war ursprünglich als Anhang einer Dissertation beigegeben worden, die sich mit der mittelalterlichen Exegese von Röm. 13. 1–7 befasst. Das Verzeichnis wurde überarbeitet und ergänzt. Notwendig wird sich auf weite Strecken Übereinstimmung mit dem Repertorium Biblicum Medii Aevi F. Stegmüllers ergeben, dem ich vor allem für die Handschriften wertvolle Ergänzungen verdanke. Mit einigen Ausnahmen sind hier nur die Autoren aufgenommen worden, deren Kommentare durch Handschriften sicher bezeugt sind, während in dem Repertorium F. Stegmüllers auch alle unsicheren Daten verwertet worden sind. Aus der griechischen Kirche ist der Römerbriefkommentar des Origenes verzeichnet, weil er in der Übersetzung Rufins eine bedeutende Rolle in der exegetischen Tradition der lateinischen Kirche spielt. Sofern die behandelten Autoren ausser dem Römerbrief auch andere paulinische Briefe kommentierten, sind die Angaben über Handschriften, Drucke etc. auch auf diese Kommentare ausgedehnt worden. Die Literaturangaben beziehen sich in erster Linie auf Fragen der Paulinenkommentare und der exegetischen Methode. Für die Incipits und Explicits verweise ich auf das Repertorium von F. Stegmüller.
The ‘De Consideratione’ of St. Bernard of Clairvaux and the Papacy in the Mid-Twelfth Century: A Review of Scholarship
Authors: Kennan Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

St. Bernard of Clairvaux is an unwilling enigma. No zealot in the Church's history has spoken more eloquently about right rule in the Church; none has been more fierce in his condemnation of the ecclesiastical truant. And yet, when this has been said, there remain the persistent questions of what Bernard actually conceived to be right rule in the Church, which truancy he would wholly exorcise and which merely prune. Oddly enough, in regard to his policies for reform, Bernard has become almost as well known among modern scholars for his ambiguities as for his doctrines. There now exists a rather bewildering garden of Bernardine studies from which a student can pluck an interpretation of his papal theory as Gregorian, anti-Gregorian, hierarchical, egalitarian, proto-Protestant, or any one of a variety of other hues. It will be the purpose of this paper to present the major interpretations of the De consideratione now extant and to attempt, where possible, to eliminate theories which are clearly specious, in the hope that future studies can proceed amicably and constructively.
Hippocrates Latinus: Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages (VIII)
Authors: Kibre Pearl
Published: August 2016

In the following pages the Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages, begun inTraditio31 (1975) 99–126 and continued in succeeding issues, concludes with a number of brief tracts. These are for the most part spurious, but they circulated under the name of Hippocrates of Cos and appear to have reflected aspects of the Hippocratic tradition. They comprise: XLVI.Regimen sanitatis(salutis); XLVII.Secreta(Practicae)de curis universalibus totius corporis humani; XLVIII.Secreta(Signa sanitatis et signa mortis); XLIX.De septimanis;L.De situ regionum;LI.De minis;LII.De victus ratione;LIII.De visitatione infirmorum;LIV.De vita;and LV.De vulneribus capitis.
Two Poems of Hugh Primas Reconsidered: 18 and 23
Authors: McDonough C. J.
Published: August 2016

The poems of Hugh Primas deserve to be better known, and the announcement by Teubner of an edition in preparation to replace the fundamental but incomplete text of Wilhelm Meyer is welcome news to students of medieval Latin poetry. The studies which appear below discuss certain problems in two of Primas' longest rhythmical productions.
Notes on the ‘Entheticus’ of John of Salisbury
Authors: Hall J. B.
Published: August 2016

In Traditio 31 (1975), 127–93, Ronald E. Pepin produced a text of this poem based on what is unquestionably the parent of the two other surviving MSS, London Brit. Lib. Royal 13 D IV (= L in Pepin's sigla). On the whole Pepin's text gives an accurate account of what is in L, and on the whole L's text accurately represents what John wrote; but both Pepin and L are from time to time inaccurate; my purpose now is to correct their inaccuracies.
Two Unpublished Items from Toledo MS 100.42
Authors: Thomson Ian
Published: August 2016

In 1964 Professor Sesto Prete published a description of the contents of two fifteenth-century manuscripts, MS 100.42 in the Cathedral Library at Toledo and Cod. Vaticanus Barberinianus latinus 42. He called these T and B respectively, and they will be so referred to here. T contains 169 humanistic items as opposed to 76 in B. The manuscripts have 32 items in common.
Iacobus Veneticus Grecus: Canonist and Translator of Aristotle
Authors: Minio-Paluello L.
Published: August 2016

James the Venetian and Greek is slowly emerging from the darkness which has shrouded his name and personality for seven centuries. He now appears as a learned canonist who would be called upon to give advice on important matters, and as the most active and successful pioneer of Latin Aristotelianism in the tweltfh century. He was probably the first to translate into Latin Aristotle's Physics, De anima, Metaphysics, and parts of the Parva Naturalia; he translated anew, after Boethius, the Prior and Posterior Analytics, the Topics, and the Sophistici Elenchi; some commentaries on this latter group of works were either written or translated by him; he also rendered into Latin a prologue to the Physics. Ten generations of Latin-speaking scholars and philosophers read the Posterior Analytics almost exclusively in his translation; his versions of the Physics, De anima, three books of the Metaphysics, and some of the Parva Naturalia held the ground almost unchanged for more than a century, and, not substantially revised, for two more centuries. Our philosophical language owes to him many of its technical terms. Hardly anything is known of the circumstances of his life, and only vague hypotheses may be formulated on his possible connections with other learned men of his time, particularly with John of Salisbury. It may well be that his interests developed in the atmosphere of Constantinople, saturated with Aristotelian studies, in or around the university where the pupils of another Graeco-Italian philosopher, Ioannes Italos, were keeping alive and renewing the traditions of the fifth and sixth-century commentators of Aristotle.
A Note on Ireland's Place in the Literary Tradition of St. Brendan
Authors: Hennig John
Published: August 2016

Apart from thePurqaioriumS.Patrieii, theNaoiqaiio Brendani(NB) produced the most important literary tradition associated with Ireland. The accounts given by the English monk of Saltrey and the later Continental pilgrims of their experiences in Lough Derg show only indirect traces of the Irish vision literature, and the literary tradition of these accounts has been almost entirely non- Irish. In its Irish type, vision literature is more directly represented by theVisio Furseaiand theVisio TundaliThe tradition of the former, however, is also entirely non- Irish; that of the latter was Irish only in its beginning, while its ramifications down to the nineteenth century are entirely Continental.
Greek Translations of the ‘Adoro te devote’ and the ‘Ave verum’
Authors: Cavarnos John P.
Published: August 2016

In editing a number of short poems from Codex graecus 385 (fol. 73r-100r) of the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice, I have found Greek translations of two well-known medieval Latin hymns, the ‘Adoro te devote latens veritas' (86v-87v) and the ‘Ave verum corpus natum' (82v). Being aware that there exist unsolved problems in connection with the Latin originals of these works, I shall here set forth certain observations suggested by the Greek versions, hoping that the presentation of this material will help towards the solution of those problems.
Reformist Intellectual Culture in the English and Irish Civil Service: TheModus tenendi parliamentumand Its Literary Relations
Authors: Kerby-Fulton Kathryn , Justice Steven
Published: August 2016

V. H. Galbraith declared of theModus tenendi parliamentum: “[Its] claims for the representative elements in parliament would be sufficiently challenging if they belonged to the end of the century. Put back to the reign of Edward II they astonish us.” Like all scholars since, Galbraith was puzzled about where exactly to “put” theModus.Dating the text, even roughly, has remained so difficult that it now forces us to ask, as the final section of this essay suggests, fundamental questions about how we do history itself. But even more important than theModus's status as a famous historical crux is what Galbraith aptly called its capacity both to “challenge” its contemporaries and to “astonish” us today. In the unusual dignity it accords the lower grades of parliament, in its unusual concern for the rights and working conditions of the parliamentary clerks themselves, and in many small touches of clericist idealism (like the notion of giving free parliamentary transcripts to those too poor to pay for them), theModusstands as an extraordinarily socially generous document. This is a work that makes parliament a matter of record, and of public record.
A Liturgical Miscellany in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 190
Authors: Jones Christopher A.
Published: August 2016

The composite volume now known as Cambridge, Corpus Christi College [CCCC] 190, contains on pages 143 to 151 a mixture of liturgical exposition and prescription. The Latin passages constitute neither a polished work nor, like much else in the manuscript, an obvious antecedent to Old English texts, and so the group has never attracted much notice. I offer here the first discussion and edition of the passages in the belief that they shed new light on the sources and applications of liturgical commentary in late Anglo-Saxon England. Of equal or perhaps greater interest, the excerpts also include portions of the ordo for a pontifical mass on Christmas Day. The ordo, as we shall see, resists close dating or localization, but the very type of document has rarely survived in pre-Conquest English manuscripts and so merits attention. Both the expository and ordinal passages occasionally hint of access to unusual sources at some late Anglo-Saxon church, possibly Worcester cathedral during the pontificate of Wulfstan I (1002–16).
The Endorsement of Royal-Episcopal Collaboration in the FredegarChronica
Authors: Halfond Gregory I.
Published: August 2016

The terse and politically oriented narrative of the seventh-century chronicle attributed to Fredegar often has been compared unfavorably to one of its principal sources, Gregory of Tours'sDecem Libri Historiarum, a complex and layered composition in which historical and theological programs converge. Although a superficial comparison with Gregory'sHistoriaewould seem to indicate Fredegar's own relative disengagement from ecclesiastical and spiritual concerns, a closer examination of theChronicareveals a programmatic effort to endorse royal-episcopal collaboration so that thepax ecclesiaemight be preserved and earthly governance perfected. Writing, as he believed, in the end times, Fredegar shared Gregory of Tours's eschatological conviction that such collaboration would help to prepare theregnum Francorumfor final judgment. A close examination of those twenty-one cases in which Fredegar refers explicitly to the involvement of bishops in court affairs suggests the chronicler's conviction that the professional, political, and spiritual obligations of Frankish bishops were not mutually exclusive. Furthermore, theChronica's ecclesiastical topography, while limited geographically and personalized according to Fredegar's attachment to specific cults and institutions, provides the setting for the author's collaborative ideal, with holy places providing both a context and an impetus for the integration of royal and clerical agendas. While Fredegar recognized signs of divine judgment everywhere, the chronicler's perspective ultimately was optimistic, envisioning aregnum Francorumcleansed of oppression by the judgment of God, preparing the way for the perfection of the world in the age to come.
Nature, Ethics, and the Doctrine of ‘Habitus’: Aristotelian Moral Psychology in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Nederman Cary J.
Published: August 2016

Among the range of moral concepts that the Middle Ages derived from Aristotle, few exercised greater influence than the doctrine of habitus (a term ordinarily translated as ‘habit,’ but more properly meaning ‘state’ or ‘condition’). In the thirteenth century, such prominent thinkers as Thomas Aquinas, Godfrey of Fontaines, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham placed habitus (derived from the Greek term ἅξις) near the heart of their studies of ethics. It is largely possible to explain thirteenth-century interest in the concept of habitus on the basis of the appearance of Robert Grosseteste's full translation of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. Grosseteste's Latin version, taken in conjunction with a growing interest in the field of ethics among arts masters, rendered the technical vocabulary of Aristotelian moral thought into a commonplace of scholastic philosophy.
Adam of Buckfield and John Sackville: Some Notes on Philadelphia Free Library MS Lewis European 53
Authors: Long R. James
Published: August 2016

A manuscript which was once thought to have belonged to Petrarch and which is now owned by the Free Library of Philadelphia, currently catalogued as MS Lewis European 53, contains several items of interest to historians of philosophy and science. Included among the twelve mostly anonymous treatises in the codex (see below) are three hitherto unnoticed witnesses to the Aristotle commentaries of the Oxford master of arts, Adam of Buckfield. The sixth item in the collection is one of six surviving copies of Adam's commentary on the pseudo-Aristotelian De plantis, four already having been listed in Charles Lohr's inventory published in this journal and the fifth, in a Munich manuscript, having recently been brought to my attention by the same scholar. The ninth item is a copy of the first recension of Adam's commentary on the De sensu et sensato and the tenth item a copy of the first recension of the same master's commentary on the De generatione et corruptione. None of these works has been edited.
A Catalogue of Early Medieval Hiberno-Latin Biblical Commentaries (II)
Authors: Kelly Joseph F.
Published: August 2016

These pages complete the catalogue of early medieval Hiberno-Latin commentaries on the Bible begun in Traditio 44 (1988) 537–71.
The Date and Circumstances of Olympiodorus of Thebes
Authors: Gillett Andrew
Published: August 2016

Olympiodorus of Thebes is an important figure for the history of late antiquity. The few details of his life preserved as anecdotes in hisHistorygive glimpses of a career which embraced the skills of poet, philosopher, and diplomat. A native of Egypt, he had influence at the imperial court of Constantinople, among the sophists of Athens, and even outside the borders of the empire. HisHistory(more correctly, his “materials for history”) is lost, surviving only as fragments in the narratives of Zosimus, Sozomen, and Philostorgius, and in the rich summary given by the ninth-century Byzantine patriarch Photius. These remains comprise the most substantial narrative sources for events in the western Roman Empire in the early fifth century. Besides its value as a source, theHistoryis important as a monument to the vitality of the belief in the unity of the Roman Empire under the Theodosian dynasty. Olympiodorus wrote in Greek, and knowledge of his work is attested only in Constantinople, yet his political narrative, from 407 to 425, concerns only events in the western half of the empire. To understand the significance of these facts, it is necessary to set the composition of Olympiodorus's work in its proper context. Clarifying the date of publication is the first step toward this goal. Internal and external evidence suggests that the work was written in 440 or soon after, more than a decade later than the date of composition usually accepted. Taken with thematic emphases evident in the structure of theHistory, this revised dating explains why an eastern writer should have written a detailed account of western events in the early part of the century. Olympiodorus's account is a characteristic product of the highly literate class of eastern imperial civil servants, and of their genuine preoccupation with the relationship between the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire at a time when both were threatened by the rise of the new Carthaginian power of the Vandals.
A Fifteenth-Century Confession Sermon on “Unkyndeness” (CUL MS Gg 6.26) and Its Literary Parallels and Parodies
Authors: Galloway Andrew
Published: August 2016

The later Middle Ages was the high moment of the popular, vernacular sermon, yet relatively few examples of extraliturgical sermons can be recovered from the written evidence. Latin collections of sermon cycles—those preached in the context of the mass liturgy and saints' days—were produced in large quantities in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, functioning more or less directly as exemplars for the actual sermons that would then be preached in the local vernaculars of western Europe. In England, such Latin sermon collections of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries often include some vernacular materials, especially lyrics, and many treatises are extant that provide priests with the materials to make sermons on a wide range of topics and for an indefinite number of occasions. Of the relatively few English sermons and sermon collections extant from the period, however, by far the greatest number are, like the Latin cycles, those keyed to the cycle of Sunday texts and to saints' days, whose very formality militates against a sense of them as representative of the most common forms and themes of vernacular sermons, particularly those earnestly preached on the occasions like that which Chaucer satirically describes in theSummoner's Tale, when “ther wente a lymytour aboute / To preche, and eek to begge, it is no doubte” (3.1711–1712). With so few examples of non-liturgical sermons extant, our sense both of the reality and of the satire is incomplete.
Medicine in Plutarch'sMoralia
Authors: Durling Richard J.
Published: August 2016

TheMoraliais an unfortunate term for the writings that have come down to us under the name of Plutarch of Chaeronea (ca. A.D. 50–120). They discuss rhetorical topics and general philosophical issues. A few are expressedly devoted to medical themes, for example, the tract entitledDe sanitate tuenda praecepta(Mor.122B–137E). But the medical material is sadly scattered throughout the extensive oeuvre, and it is difficult to gain a clear perspective.
Drypoint Glossing in a Tenth-Century Manuscript of Aldhelm's Prose Treatise on Virginity
Authors: Gwara Scott
Published: August 2016

Aldhelm of Malmesbury (ca. 640–709/710) conceived and practiced an idiosyncratic style of Latin prose called “hermeneutic,” which was characterized mainly by lexical peculiarities: neologisms, graecisms, archaisms, poeticisms, distributive numerals, and other varieties of contrived or recherché diction. The principal model of the hermeneutic prose style was, of course, Aldhelm's treatise on virginity, theProsa de virginitate(hereafterPdv). Aldhelm probably wrote the work in the 670s. Partly — if not mainly — because of this influential treatise, hermeneutic Latin became a vogue in seventh- and eighth-century England, and practitioners of it flourished on the continent, too. Alas, ninth-century Viking incursions put an end not only to hermeneutic latinity but also to native literature. Not until the 920s would interest in hermeneutic Latin be renewed, and after a few more decades Aldhelm's prose work became one of the most intensively studied books in Anglo-Saxon England. In fact, the complexity of Aldhelm's prose led to copious glossing.
An Edition of Richart Eudes's French Translation of Pietro da Eboli's De balneis puteolanis
Authors: Hanly Michael
Published: August 2016

In the final decades of the fourteenth and first few years of the fifteenth centuries, scions of the second house of Anjou engaged in what can only be described as an obsession with the conquest of the “Kingdom of Naples and Sicily.” The story of this ultimately futile quest provides one of the more colorful chapters in late-medieval political history, cutting across national and religious boundaries in its recounting of transalpine invasions by massive armies, papal plot and counterplot, betrayal, and only momentary glory. For all the French money and lives lost in the enterprise, almost nothing remains today to remind the world of what happened in southern Italy at that time.
The Will of Cardinal Giordano Orsini (ob. 1438)
Authors: Celenza Christopher S.
Published: August 2016

There are many still unstudied aspects of the cultural history of early Quattrocento Rome, especially if we consider the years before 1443, the date of the more or less permanent re-entry into the civitas aeterna of Pope Eugenius IV. The nexus between the still ephemeral papacy and the emerging intellectual movement of Italian Renaissance humanism is one of these aspects. It is hoped that this study will shed some light on this problem by presenting a document that has hitherto not been completely edited: the original will of Cardinal Giordano Orsini. As we shall see, this important witness to the fifteenth century provides valuable information on many fronts, even on the structure of the old basilica of Saint Peter. The short introduction is in three parts. The first has a discussion of the cardinal's cultural milieu with a focus on the only contemporary treatise specifically about curial culture, Lapo da Castiglionchio's De curiae commodis. The second part addresses the textual history of the will as well as some misconceptions which have surrounded it. The third part contains a discussion of the will itself, along with some preliminary observations about what can be learned from the critical edition of the text here presented for the first time.
Early Printed Editions of Cassiodorus De Anima
Authors: Halporn James W.
Published: August 2016

In the 1973 edition of Cassiodorus De anima, two sixteenth-century books containing this work were mentioned at second hand. Thanks to the collection of early printed editions at the Öffentliche Bibliothek der Universität Basel (ÖB), I can supply direct information on these books.
KAMEDO Report No. 87: Bomb Attack in Finnish Shopping Center, 2002
Authors: Deverell Edward , Örtenwall Per , Almgren Ola , Riddez Louis
Published: August 2016

The detonation of a bomb in a shopping center in Vantaa, Finland, took place on 11 October 2002. Seven people died as a result and > 160 people required medical attention. Because the rescue teams were inadequately trained to respond to terrorist attacks, the event was handled according to protocol. A number of problems arose, including: people from different rescue agencies were difficult to distinguish from each other; there was inadequate communication between the incident site and the main hospital; relatives of victims were not kept informed; and psychiatric problems in the wake of the disaster were not addressed sufficiently.
Managing Mild Casualties in Mass-Casualty Incidents: Lessons Learned from an Aborted Terrorist Attack
Authors: Bloch Yuval H. , Leiba Adi , Veaacnin Nurit , Paizer Yohanan , Schwartz Dagan , Kraskas Ahuva , Weiss Gali , Goldberg Avishay , Bar-Dayan Yaron
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Mildly injured and “worried well” patients can have profound effects on the management of a mass-casualty incident. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics and lessons learned from an event that occurred on 28 August 2005 near the central bus station in Beer-Sheva, Israel. The unique profile of injuries allows for the examination of the medical and operational aspects of the management of mild casualties.

Methods:

Data were collected during and after the event, using patient records and formal debriefings.They were processed focusing on the characteristics of patient complaints, medical response, and the dynamics of admission.

Results:

A total of 64 patients presented to the local emergency department, including two critical casualties. The remaining 62 patients were mildly injured or suffered from stress. Patient presentation to the emergency department was bi-phasic; during the first two hours following the attack (i.e., early phase), the rate of arrival was high (one patient every three minutes), and anxiety was the most frequent chief complaint.During the second phase, the rate of arrival was lower (one patient every 27 minutes), and the typical chief complaint was somatic. Additionally, tinnitus and complaints related to minor trauma also were recorded frequently.

Psychiatric consultation was obtained for 58 (91%) of the patients. Social services were involved in the care of 47 of the patients (73%).Otolaryngology and surgery consultations were obtained for 45% and 44%, respectively. The need for some medical specialties (e.g., surgery and orthopedics) mainly was during the first phase, whereas others, mainly psychiatry and otolaryngology, were needed during both phases. Only 13 patients (20%) needed a consultation from internal medicine.

Conclusions:

Following a terrorist attack, a large number of mildly injured victims and those experiencing stress are to be expected, without a direct relation to the effectiveness of the attack. Mildly injured patients tend to appear in two phases. In the first phase, the rate of admission is expected to be higher. Due to the high incidence of anxiety and other stress-related phenomena, many mildly injured patients will require psychiatric evaluation. In the case of a bombing attack, many of the victims must be evaluated by an otolaryngologist.
Simple Triage and Rapid Decontamination of Mass Casualties with Colored Clothes Pegs (STARDOM-CCP) System against Chemical Releases
Authors: Okumura Tetsu , Kondo Hisayoshi , Nagayama Hitomi , Makino Toshiro , Yoshioka Toshiharu , Yamamoto Yasuhiro
Published: August 2016

The efficiency and speed with which first responders, paramedics, and emergency physicians respond to an event caused by the release of a chemical is an important concern in all modern cities worldwide. A system for the initial triage and decontamination of victims of a chemical release was developed using colored clothes pegs of the following seven colors: red, yellow, green, black, white, and blue. Red indicates the need for emergency care, yellow for semi-emergency care, green for non-emergency care, black for expectant, white for dry decontamination, and blue for wet decontamination. The system can be employed as one of the techniques directed at improving the efficiency of decontamination in countries where there is a risk of chemical releases. It is recommended that this system should be adopted internationally and used for both drills and actual events.
Mission Failure: Emergency Medical Services Response to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive Events
Authors: Phelps Scot
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

Only 4% of the United States Homeland Security funding for public safety terrorism preparedness is allotted to emergency medical services (EMS), despite the primary threat from a mass-terrorism chemical weapons attack (MTCWA) being personal injury. This study examines the preparedness of the EMS torespond to, treat, and transport victims of such attacks.

Hypothesis:

It was hypothesized that US EMS agencies lack the necessary equipment to mitigate large-scalemorbidity and mortality from a MTCWA.

Methods:

Seventy after-action reports from full-scale, chemical weapons exercises conducted in large cities across the US were examined by the Office of Domestic Preparedness, Chemical Weapons Improved Response Program to ascertain if EMS responders had personal protective equipment sufficient to operate at the scene of aMTCWA.

Results:

Of the 50 after action reports that mentioned EMS personal protective equipment, only six (12%) EMS agencies equipped their staff with personal protective equipment.

Conclusions:

Results indicate that EMS responders are not prepared to safely respond to MTCWAs, which mayresult in a significant loss of life of victims and responders.
Jānibak al-Ṣūfī, sultan al-Ashraf Barsbāy, and the story of a social network in the Mamluk Anatolian frontier zone, 1435–1438 – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: ADRIAENSSENS VEERLE , VAN STEENBERGEN JO
Published: August 2016

The authors and the Journal apologise for the following errors in this article:

The coloured cartouches mentioned under the map on the 24th page have been deleted.

The reference to Figure 1 on the 23rd page pertains to the Map on the 24th page.
A comparison of pasture grazing and storage feeding, and the effects of sward surface height and concentrate supplementation from 5 to 10 months of age on the lifetime performance and carcass composition of bulls
Authors: Steen R. W. J.
Published: August 2016

A 3-year experiment was carried out to compare systems of bull beef production involving continuous housing or pasture grazing from 5 to 10 months of age and to examine the effects of herbage allowance and concentrate supplementation on lifetime performance and carcass quality. Animals were either set-stocked at pasture to maintain nominal sward heights of 7, 9 and 11 cm or were offered grass silage (700 g digestible organic matter per kg dry matter (DM)) supplemented with 1·5 and 3·0 kg barley-based concentrates (183 g crude protein per kg DM) per head daily. Half of the animals grazed at each sward height were given 1·5 kg concentrates per head daily while the remainder received no supplement. A total of 160 continental X Friesian and 48 Friesian calves which were initially 197 kg live weight were used. From 10 months of age until slaughter at about 17 months all animals were given grass silage ad libitum and supplemented with 3·0 (year 1) or 3·75 (years 2 and 3) kg cereal-based concentrates per head daily.

Animals which grazed the 9- and 11-cm swards produced carcasses of similar weight to those given silage and 3·0 kg concentrates per day, while those grazing the 6·7-cm swards produced carcasses of similar weight to those given silage supplemented with 1·5 kg concentrates. Reducing sward surface height from 11·0 to 9·3 cm did not affect performance but further reductions to 7·9 (year 1) and 6·7 (years 2 and 3) cm reduced live-weight gain by 0·13 and 0·32 kg/day respectively. Concentrate supplementation did not affect the performance of animals grazing swards which were 7·9 cm or taller but increased live-weight gain by 93 and 193 g/kg concentrates for those grazing the 6·7 cm swards and those receiving silage respectively. Differences in live weight at 10 months of age due to the feeding treatments imposed from 5 to 10 months of age were largely retained until slaughter at 17 months as there was little compensatory growth during the residual period. The treatments did not affect carcass composition when the data were adjusted to a constant carcass weight, or meat quality which was satisfactory for all treatments.
The effect of GnRH agonist (buserelin) treatment on day 12 post mating on the reproductive performance of ewes
Authors: Beck N. F. G. , Peters A. R. , Williams S. P.
Published: August 2016

An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of treatment with the GnRH agonist buserelin on day 12 post mating on the reproductive performance of ewes. There was a non-significant (P > 0·05) increase in nonreturn rate (control 0·76 v. buserelin 0·83) and litter size (control 1·51 v. buserelin 1·77) in three flocks. However, there was a significant (P < 0·05) increase in the number of twin lambs born (control 20 v. buserelin 40) and litter size (control 1·44 v. buserelin 1·68) in the yearling flock. There was no effect of buserelin on oestrous cycle length, although there was a tendency for treated animals to have a longer gestation length and heavier lambs. In a ewe lamb flock there was no effect of buserelin on non-return rate or litter size assessed post slaughter on day 31 of pregnancy. However, ovulation rate tended to be greater in the treated animals, which suggests that buserelin may have induced the formation of accessory corpora lutea. These results indicate that buserelin treatment improves embryo survival and that this effect is particularly evident in yearling ewes.
A note on the growth of body parts of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Mellett F. D. , Randall J. H.
Published: August 2016

In a study of the growth of various body parts of the ostrich, only the growth of the head could be described with the Gompertz function. The growth of the ostrich head (y in g) with time (x in months) is described by the Gompertz function y = 613 exp[−ln (613/133) exp(−0·26x)]. This information could be used in the design of carcass classification systems.
A note on post maturity in purebred commercial rabbits in Egyptian conditions
Authors: El-Darawany A. A.
Published: August 2016

The present study was carried out on the pure Bauscat (Bau), pure New Zealand (NZW) and pure Californian (Cal) strains of rabbit. Overall reproductive performance for overdue does of the three breeds was determined and compared with that of does delivering at the normal time. Overdue does of the Bau and NZW breeds had a significantly (P < 0·05) higher annual mean number of pups weaned than overdue Cal does. There was a high incidence of pup mortality in post-mature litters, and the causes of this high mortality were crushing of the skull followed by subsequent stillborn-birth difficulties and intra-uterine death in all three breeds. Obliteration of the anterior fontanelle of pups from post-mature litters occurred in 71%, 75% and 69 % of the deaths diagnosed at birth in the Bau, NZW and Cal breeds, respectively. Induction of parturition with either PGF2α or oxytocin reduced pup mortality in overdue does. The birth-to-remating interval was significantly (P < 0·01) lower in overdue does in which parturition was induced with PGF2∞ but significantly longer when parturition was induced with oxytocin.
Supplementation of maize stover for Ethiopian Menz sheep: effects of cottonseed, noug (Guizotia abyssinica) or sunflower cake with or without maize on the intake, growth, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and excretion of purine derivatives
Authors: Osuji P. O. , Sibanda S. , Nsahlai I. V.
Published: August 2016

Thirty-six male Ethiopian Menz sheep (9 to 22 months old, average live weight 15·8 (s.d. 1·84) kg), given maize stover (1·5 timesad libitum) supplemented with either 75 g cottonseed cake (CSC), 114 g noug cake (NGC;Guizotia abyssinica) or 112 g sunflower cake (SFC) with or without maize grain, were used in an 88-day study comprising growth and balance trials. The trials were undertaken according to a randomized-block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement.

There were no significant interactions (P> 0·05). Sheep consumed significantly more stover when supplemented with CSC compared with NGC and SFC (P< 0·05). Maize grain significantly increased organic matter intake (P< 0·001). Although CSC tended to support lower live-weight gains, the effect of protein was not significant. Maize grain increased live-weight gains (P< 0·01).

Urinary nitrogen (N) excretions were similar between CSC and SFC but about 0·22 higher with NGC (P> 0·05). The faecal N output was 0·33 (P< 0·01) and 0·18 (P< 0·05) higher with CSC than with NGC and SFC respectively. Maize grain had no effect on any of the N-balance measurements.

Cottonseed cake supported lower daily production of purine derivatives (PD) (P< 0·01), microbial purine (P < 0·01) and microbial protein (P< 0·01) than either NGC or SFC. Maize grain increased the daily excretion of total PD (P< 0·05), microbial purine (P< 0·05) and microbial protein (P< 0·05). Neither the protein source nor maize grain affected the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. It was concluded that SFC was utilized more effectively both in terms of rumen microbial N synthesis, N retention and growth. The addition of a small amount of energy as crushed maize grain increased microbial N synthesis, N retention and live-weight gain.
The donkey as a draught power resource in smallholder farming in semi-arid western Zimbabwe: 2. Performance compared with that of cattle when ploughing on different soil types using two plough types
Authors: Nengomasha E.M. , Pearson R.A. , Smith T.
Published: August 2016

The work performance of two teams of four donkeys (heavy, 680 kg and light, 460 kg) and one pair of Jersey crossbred oxen (646 kg) was compared when they ploughed 4 hi day on four types of soil (clay, redsoil, sandy soil and sandy clay) using two types of plough, a conventional ox plough (40 kg) and a lighter prototype, the ‘Walco’ plough (32 kg) on an experimental farm. Work parameters were also measured with farmers’ cattle and donkey teams ploughing on f arms in Matobo and Nkayi districts. Working speed, power and effective field capacity (ETC) were higher for the ox-team (1·03 m/s, 920 W and 14·5 h/ha for the conventional plough and 0·99 m/s, 745 W and 13·9 h/hafor the Walco plough) and the heavier donkey team (0·87 m/s, 689 W and 14·2 h/hafor the conventional plough and 0·87 m/s, 787 W and 17·3 h/hafor the Walco plough) than for the lighter donkey team (0·59 m/s, 461 W and 22·1 h/hafor the conventional plough and 0·64 m/s, 445 W and 23·4 h/hafor the Walco plough). Expressed as a proportion of live weight or metabolic live weight there were no significant differences in draught forces exerted between teams but power output per unit live weight was greater in the ox-team than in the light donkey team but similar to that in the heavy donkey team. The Walco plough required a lower force (742 N) to operate than the conventional plough (816 N) but apart from this did not have any marked advantages over the conventional plough. On-farm, team sizes of donkeys varied from three to seven animals (team weight 340 kg to 1007 kg) and cattle team sizes from two to four animals (team weights 558 to 1709 kg). Regardless of team number, the heavier teams tended to out-perform the lighter teams (speed range 0·63 to 1·08 m/s, power 395 to 1136 W, EFC 9·1 to 25 h/ha)) with one exception, a well trained team of two oxen (team weight 879 kg, speed 1·02 m/s, power 775 W, EFC 9·1 h/ha). Donkeys tended to plough at a slower pace than oxen, with a lower power output, although when weight differences between teams were equalized (four heavy donkeys compared with two oxen), then there was little to chose between the species. Results suggested that teams of three or more donkeys can effectively be used for ploughing on the soils tested. The results highlighted the importance that team live weight and training/experience have in determining work performance.