bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavior of PIP Slip Joint in the Offshore Wind Monopile under Combined Load Considering Local Buckling
Authors: Islam Md Ariful , Ali Sajid , Park Hongbae , Lee Daeyong
Published: August 2024

Considering the practical conditions, it has been observed that the support structures of wind turbines inevitably experience bending and axial compression, both during the installation phase and throughout their operational lifespan. The monopile is the most commonly utilized support structure for offshore applications and a reliable method for creating a detachable section within these structures is using a Pile-in-Pile (PIP) slip joint. Consequently, the behavior of PIP slip joints, under combined axial compression and bending, has been meticulously investigated. To facilitate a thorough analysis, overlapping lengths proportional to the pile diameters have been used, encompassing three distinct variations. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of structural integrity and performance under varying stress conditions, which are comprehensively understood and accounted for in design considerations. The current study builds upon assessing the pure bending characteristics of slip joints in cylindrical hollow section (CHS) structures. Additionally, two ring stoppers have been strategically employed inside the piles to withstand the axial load. Furthermore, the complexity of the pressure acting in the overlapping length, attributed to the frictional coefficient in that region, has been carefully addressed. The current research also encompasses a comprehensive overview of the P-M envelopes for the existing arrangements, with a particular focus on non-linear buckling, which is known to significantly influence the performance of tubular structures. Finally, a design equation was introduced to concisely describe the behavior of the components and compare it with other design equations provided by an established code.
Numerical Investigation of Aerodynamic Interactions between Rigid Sails Attached to Ship
Authors: Yasuda Akane , Taniguchi Tomoki , Katayama Toru
Published: August 2024

As part of the strategy to achieve net-zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in international maritime shipping, there is ongoing exploration into the use of wind propulsion systems as auxiliary ship propulsion devices. When considering a rigid sail as the wind propulsion system, evaluating the performance of a single sail is relatively simple. However, assessing the performance of multiple sails is more challenging due to the interference between the sails and between the sails and the hull. In this study, the thrust characteristics of two rigid sails attached to a ship are investigated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This includes considering the interference effects between the sails themselves and between the sails and the hull. The research reveals the innovative optimized angle of attack for maximizing thrust under tailwind conditions. At 150° in relative wind direction, the best performance is achieved with a low angle of attack on the fore side sail and a high angle of attack on the aft side sail. At 180° in relative wind direction, a high angle of attack on the fore side sail and a low angle of attack on the aft side sail yield the best results. Here, a “low” angle of attack means that the lift force is greater than the drag force, while a “high” angle of attack means the drag force is greater than the lift force. In this study, the force in the ship’s forward direction is only focused on optimizing the angles of attack of the two sails. However, the side forces caused by the sails are also significant for the ship’s sailing conditions. Therefore, future work will involve optimizing the angles of attack under drifting conditions.
Complete Mitogenomes of Deep-Sea Eels Histiobranchus bathybius and Simenchelys parasitica and a New Record of H. bathybius from the East Mariana Basin, Western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Han Jeonghoon , Kim Han-Jun , Kim Byung-Jik , Hyeon Ji-Yeon , Noh Choong Hwan , Choi Young-Ung
Published: August 2024

In this study, using Illumina sequencing, we sequenced first the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of two deep-sea eels, Histiobranchus bathybius and Simenchelys parasitica, collected from the East Mariana Basin in the Western Pacific Ocean. The complete length of the H. bathybius and S. parasitica mitogenomes were 16,696 and 16,687 bp, respectively, each containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes). To enhance the accuracy of the identification of H. bathybius and S. parasitica, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of multiple deep-sea eels based on the mitochondrial DNA gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [COI]) using the maximum likelihood method. Our phylogenetic tree analysis confirmed that the specimens collected in this study are congeneric species of H. bathybius and S. parasitica reported in previous studies. Based on these results, we report the first complete mitogenomes of H. bathybius and S. parasitica and a new record for the two species in the East Mariana Basin.
Correction: Feistel, R.; Hellmuth, O. Irreversible Thermodynamics of Seawater Evaporation. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 166
Authors: Feistel Rainer , Hellmuth Olaf
Published: August 2024

A sign error has been found in Equation (32) of the paper [...]JW=−Dfln1+SMW1−SMS+ln⁡ψfxV,T,p[...]
The Mesozoic Subduction Zone over the Dongsha Waters of the South China Sea and Its Significance in Gas Hydrate Accumulation
Authors: Su Pibo , Zhao Zhongquan , Zhang Kangshou
Published: August 2024

The Mesozoic subduction zone over the Dongsha Waters (DSWs) of the South China Sea (SCS) is a part of the westward subduction of the ancient Pacific plate. Based on the comprehensive interpretation of deep reflection seismic profile data and polar magnetic anomaly data, and the zircon dating results of igneous rocks drilled from well LF35-1-1, the Mesozoic subduction zone in the northeast SCS is accurately identified, and a Mesozoic subduction model is proposed. The accretion wedges, trenches, and igneous rock zones together form the Mesozoic subduction zone. The evolution of the Mesozoic subduction zone can be divided into two stages: continental subduction during the Late Jurassic and continental collision during the late Cretaceous. The Mesozoic subduction zone controlled the structural pattern and evolution of the Chaoshan depression (CSD) during the Mesozoic and Neogene eras. The gas source of the hydrate comes from thermogenic gas, which is accompanied by mud diapir activity and migrates along the fault. The gas accumulates to form gas hydrates at the bottom of the stable domain; BSR can be seen above the mud diapir structure; that is, hydrate deposits are formed under the influence of mud diapir structures, belonging to a typical leakage type genesis model.
Variations in the Abundance, Biodiversity, and Assemblage Structure of Larval Fish in the Restricted Waters of the Wang-an Light Fishery off Penghu, Taiwan
Authors: Chen Lu-Chi , Hu Chia-Wei , Weng Jinn-Shing , Lan Kuo-Wei , Tseng Chen-Te , Hsieh Hernyi Justin
Published: August 2024

This study examined the abundance, biodiversity, and assemblage structure of larval fish inside and outside the restricted fishing zone of the Wang-an light fishery, which is located off Penghu, Taiwan. A total of 97 taxa belonging to 48 families of larval fish were identified through plankton tows conducted during the present investigation. Upeneus japonicus from the Mullidae family emerged as the dominant species in the surveyed area. Diurnal variation in larval fish abundance was evident, with higher abundance observed at night-time than during daytime. However, no significant difference was observed between the larval fish abundance inside and outside the restricted zone. Moreover, fish egg abundance and larval fish biodiversity did not exhibit notable differences between sampling locations or times. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of two groups of seasonal species. The major species in the spring group were Abudefduf vaigiensis and Pomacentrus coelestis, which prefer a low-temperature environment. The major species in the summer group was U. japonicus, which prefers a high-temperature environment. The seasonal succession of water masses under the influence of monsoon activity likely contributed to the observed grouping patterns of larval fish assemblages in the study area. These patterns were closely linked to the marine environmental conditions in this area. The study outcomes provide scientific insights and recommendations regarding the importance and benefits of establishing a restricted fishing zone for sustaining fishery resources.
The Expanding Mycovirome of Aspergilli
Authors: Battersby Josephine L. , Stevens David A. , Coutts Robert H. A. , Havlíček Vladimír , Hsu Joe L. , Sass Gabriele , Kotta-Loizou Ioly
Published: August 2024

Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi and are widespread across all major fungal taxa, exhibiting great biological diversity. Since their discovery in the 1960s, researchers have observed a myriad of fungal phenotypes altered due to mycoviral infection. In this review, we examine the nuanced world of mycoviruses in the context of the medically and agriculturally important fungal genus, Aspergillus. The advent of RNA sequencing has revealed a previous underestimate of viral prevalence in fungi, in particular linear single-stranded RNA viruses, and here we outline the diverse viral families known to date that contain mycoviruses infecting Aspergillus. Furthermore, we describe these novel mycoviruses, highlighting those with peculiar genome structures, such as a split RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene. Next, we delineate notable mycovirus-mediated phenotypes in Aspergillus, in particular reporting on observations of mycoviruses that affect their fungal host’s virulence and explore how this may relate to virus-mediated decreased stress tolerance. Furthermore, mycovirus effects on microbial competition and antifungal resistance are discussed. The factors that influence the manifestation of these phenotypes, such as temperature, fungal life stage, and infection with multiple viruses, among others, are also evaluated. In addition, we attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underpin these phenotypes, examining how mycoviruses can be targets, triggers, and even suppressors of RNA silencing and how this can affect fungal gene expression and phenotypes. Finally, we highlight the potential therapeutic applications of mycoviruses and how, in an approach analogous to bacteriophage therapy, their ability to produce hypovirulence in Aspergillus might be used to attenuate invasive aspergillosis infections in humans.
Mechanisms and Virulence Factors of Cryptococcus neoformans Dissemination to the Central Nervous System
Authors: Al-Huthaifi Ammar Mutahar , Radman Bakeel A. , Al-Alawi Abdullah Ali , Mahmood Fawad , Liu Tong-Bao
Published: August 2024

Cryptococcosis is a prevalent fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast with a polysaccharide capsule in the basidiomycete group. Normally, C. neoformans infects the respiratory tract and then breaches the blood–brain barrier (BBB), leading to meningitis or meningoencephalitis, which leads to hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Although the mechanism by which C. neoformans infiltrates the BBB to invade the brain has yet to be fully understood, research has revealed that C. neoformans can cross the BBB using transcellular penetration, paracellular traversal, and infected phagocytes (the “Trojan horse” mechanism). The secretion of multiple virulence factors by C. neoformans is crucial in facilitating the spread of infection after breaching the BBB and causing brain infections. Extensive research has shown that various virulence factors play a significant role in the dissemination of infection beyond the lungs. This review explores the mechanisms of C. neoformans entering the CNS and explains how it bypasses the BBB. Additionally, it aims to understand the interplay between the regulatory mechanisms and virulence factors of C. neoformans.
Phosphodiesterase-5 Expression in Buccal Mucosa of Patients with Erectile Dysfunction One Year after Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: García-Cardoso Juan , Zamorano-León José J. , González-Enguita Carmen , Simón Carlos , Jiménez-García Rodrigo , López-de-Andrés Ana , Cuadrado-Corrales Natividad , Carbantes-Alarcon David , Martínez-Martínez Carlos Hugo , Zekri-Nechar Khaoula
Published: August 2024

(1) Background: Radical prostatectomy has a high incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim was to determine if the expression of the nitric oxide synthase-3/soluble guanylate cyclase/phosphodiesterase 5 axis could be detected in buccal mucosa and if it could be differently expressed in patients with and without ED; (2) Methods: Erectile function from 38 subjects subjected to prostatectomy was evaluated using the International Index of Erectile Function-Erectile Function Domain before and one year after surgery. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), β1-subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) expressions, and interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 content were measured in the buccal mucosa. PDE5A rs3806808 gene polymorphism was genotyped; (3) Results: One year after prostatectomy, 15 patients had recovered functional erection, and 23 showed ED. NOS3, β1-sGC, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 expressions were not different between patients with and without ED after radical prostatectomy. Buccal mucosa levels of PDE-5 were higher in patients with ED compared to those who recovered erectile functionality. There were no differences found in the genotype of PDE5A polymorphism; (4) Conclusions: One year after prostatectomy, patients with ED had higher PDE5 levels in their buccal mucosa than patients who had recovered erectile function. Rs3806808 PDE5A gene polymorphism was not associated with increased PDE5 expression in buccal mucosa.
The Effect of Increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure on Hemodynamics in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy—The Experience of a Single Centre
Authors: Stamate Elena , Piraianu Alin-Ionut , Duca Oana-Monica , Ciobotaru Oana Roxana , Fulga Ana , Fulga Iuliu , Onisor Cristian , Matei Madalina Nicoleta , Luchian Alexandru-Stefan , Dumitrascu Adrian George , Ciobotaru Octavian Catalin
Published: August 2024

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is characterized by reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, rapid return to preoperative physical activity, and less psychological impact on the patient. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the intra-abdominal insufflation of carbon dioxide with secondary increase in intra-abdominal pressure can cause important hemodynamic consequences, like decreased cardiac output and blood pressure, as well as compensatory increase in heart rate. The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in cardiovascular parameters during general anesthesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Retrospective data from 342 patients with cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis performed at Railway Hospital Galati, Romania, were reviewed. All patients received the same intraoperative anesthetics. Female patients were 85.7% (n = 293). More than half of the patients, 53.51% (n = 183), were 40–59 years old, and only 16.37% (n = 56) were under 40 years old. Patients with a normal body mass index (BMI) represented 45.6% (n = 156), 33.3% (n = 114) were underweight, and 12% (n = 42) had grade 1 obesity (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2). The minimum intraoperative blood pressure correlated with patient gender (p 0.015 < 0.005), with men having a higher blood pressure than women (p 0.006 < 0.05), and for BMI, a higher BMI was associated with elevated blood pressure (p 0.025 < 0.05). Older age correlated with an increased maximum intraoperative blood pressure (p < 0.001 < 0.05) and with maximum intraoperative heart rate (p 0.015 < 0.05). Patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy experienced significant hemodynamic changes with pneumoperitoneum, but this type of surgical intervention was safe for patients regardless of their age.
Advances in the Management of Localized Scleroderma: A Systematic Review of Laser Therapy and Injectable Filler Approaches
Authors: Cassalia Fortunato , Federico Serena , Danese Andrea , Franceschin Ludovica , Amato Simone , Gratteri Francesco , Battilotti Chiara , Caroppo Francesca , Zappia Elena , Bennardo Luigi , Belloni Fortina Anna , Nisticò Steven Paul
Published: August 2024

Localized scleroderma (LS), commonly known as morphea, presents a significant clinical challenge due to its chronic, inflammatory nature affecting the skin and potentially underlying tissues. This systematic review explores the innovative approach of combining laser therapy and injectable fillers, specifically hyaluronic acid, for the treatment of LS. We conducted a comprehensive literature review following PRISMA guidelines, examining articles from MEDLINE/PubMed to assess the combined efficacy of these treatments in improving both esthetic and functional outcomes for LS patients. The search yielded 64 articles, with six selected for in-depth analysis for a total of nine patients, covering a range of patient demographics and treatment types. Our review highlights cases where fractional CO2 laser therapy promoted long-term tissue remodeling and instances where hyaluronic acid fillers effectively addressed skin atrophy and volume loss, enhancing both immediate and long-lasting esthetic improvements. The synergy between these treatments suggests a promising dual approach, aiming to maximize esthetic outcomes and to improve the quality of life for LS patients. This review underscores the necessity of further research to establish a comprehensive, evidence-based clinical pathway integrating both treatments for managing LS, thereby enhancing patient satisfaction and addressing the multifaceted nature of this challenging dermatological condition.
Imaging of Sacroiliac Pain: The Current State-of-the-Art
Authors: Carotti Marina , Ceccarelli Luca , Poliseno Anna Claudia , Ribichini Francesca , Bandinelli Francesca , Scarano Enrico , Farah Sonia , Di Carlo Marco , Giovagnoni Andrea , Salaffi Fausto
Published: August 2024

Pain in the sacroiliac (SI) region is a common clinical manifestation, often caused by diseases involving the SI joints. This is typically due to inflammation or degenerative changes, while infections or cancer are less frequent causes. The SI joint is challenging to image accurately because of its distinct anatomical characteristics. For an accurate diagnosis, conventional radiography often needs to be supplemented with more precise methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). Sacroiliitis, a common presenting feature of axial spondyloarthritis (axial SpA), manifests as bone marrow edema, erosions, sclerosis, and joint space narrowing. Septic sacroiliitis and repetitive stress injuries in sports can also cause changes resembling inflammatory sacroiliitis. Other conditions, such as osteitis condensans ilii (OCI), can mimic the radiologic characteristics of sacroiliitis. Inflammatory lesions are diagnosed by concurrent erosions, hyperostosis, and ankylosis. Ligament ossifications or mechanical stress can also result in arthritic disorders. Determining the exact diagnosis can be aided by the distribution of the lesions. Inflammatory lesions can affect any part of the articulation, including the inferior and posterior portions. Mechanical lesions, such as those seen in OCI, often occur in the anterior middle region of the joint. In cases of idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, ligament ossification is found at the joint borders. This pictorial essay describes common SI joint problems, illustrated with multimodal imaging data. We, also, discuss strategies for selecting the best imaging modalities, along with imaging pitfalls, key points, and approaches for treating patients with suspected inflammatory back pain.
Sensing and Control Strategies Used in FES Systems Aimed at Assistance and Rehabilitation of Foot Drop: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: González-Graniel Estefanía , Mercado-Gutierrez Jorge A. , Martínez-Díaz Saúl , Castro-Liera Iliana , Santillan-Mendez Israel M. , Yanez-Suarez Oscar , Quiñones-Uriostegui Ivett , Rodríguez-Reyes Gerardo
Published: August 2024

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a rehabilitation and assistive technique used for stroke survivors. FES systems mainly consist of sensors, a control algorithm, and a stimulation unit. However, there is a critical need to reassess sensing and control techniques in FES systems to enhance their efficiency. This SLR was carried out following the PRISMA 2020 statement. Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library) from 2010 to 2024 were searched using terms related to sensing and control strategies in FES systems. A total of 322 articles were chosen in the first stage, while only 60 of them remained after the final filtering stage. This systematic review mainly focused on sensor techniques and control strategies to deliver FES. The most commonly used sensors reported were inertial measurement units (IMUs), 45% (27); biopotential electrodes, 36.7% (22); vision-based systems, 18.3% (11); and switches, 18.3% (11). The control strategy most reported is closed-loop; however, most of the current commercial FES systems employ open-loop strategies due to their simplicity. Three main factors were identified that should be considered when choosing a sensor for gait-oriented FES systems: wearability, accuracy, and affordability. We believe that the combination of computer vision systems with artificial intelligence-based control algorithms can contribute to the development of minimally invasive and personalized FES systems for the gait rehabilitation of patients with FDS.
Determination of Soil Contamination Due to the Influence of Cemeteries for the Surrounding Land and People in Central Ecuador—Worldwide Implications
Authors: Abad-Sarango Viviana , Crisanto-Perrazo Tania , Guevara-García Paulina , Fierro-Naranjo Greta , Toulkeridis Theofilos , Ocaña Garzón Edwin , Quishpe-Gómez Betzabeth , Suntaxi-Pachacama Silvana
Published: August 2024

Human decomposition processes generate pulses of nutrients, such as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the form of ammonium and nitrate (NO3−), which are released into the surrounding environment. The little exploration related to the potential of cadaveric leachate to influence the physical chemistry and biology of the soil makes it difficult to obtain data and scientific evidence, and subsequently the predominant objective of the current study was to determine soil contamination through the analysis of parameters of physical chemistry that included organic matter (OM), NO3−, texture, humidity, and pH. Soil samples were taken at different depths in two temporary trials (the dry and rainy seasons) in central Ecuador. The Kruskal–Wallace and ANOVA statistical analyses determined significant differences in relation to the sampling sections and by categories, while there were no significant differences in the inter-season analysis; therefore, the study was based on the data obtained in the dry season. The results indicate a tendency towards contamination in cemeteries categorized as critical, that is, moderate, light, and not suitable due to the high values of OM and humidity measured. On the contrary, the soils that corresponded to the cemeteries classified as suitable yielded low values of the analyzed parameters, which corroborates their capacity for the present and future location of cemeteries. Monitoring and managing soil health is crucial to ensure sustainable environmental practices and protect public health; nonetheless, additional research is suggested to confirm the findings of the current study.
Modelling the Control of Groundwater on the Development of Colliery Spoil Tip Failures in Wales
Authors: He Lingfeng , Coggan John , Foster Patrick , Phiri Tikondane , Eyre Matthew
Published: August 2024

Legacy colliery spoil tip failures pose a significant hazard that can result in harm to persons or damage to property and infrastructure. In this research, the 2020 Wattstown tip landslide caused by heavy rainfall was examined to investigate the likely mechanisms and developmental factors contributing to colliery spoil tip failures in Welsh coalfields. To achieve this, an integrated method was proposed through the combination of remote sensing mapping, stability chart analysis, 2D limit equilibrium (LE) modelling, and 3D finite difference method (FDM) analysis. Various water table geometries were incorporated into these models to ascertain the specific groundwater condition that triggered the occurrence of the 2020 landslide. In addition, sensitivity analyses were carried out to assess the influence of the colliery spoil properties (i.e., cohesion, friction angle, and porosity) on the slope stability analysis. The results indicate that the landslide was characterised by a shallow rotational failure mode and spatially constrained by the critical water table and an underlying geological interface. In addition, the results also imply that the landslide was triggered by the rise of water table associated with heavy rainfall. Through sensitivity analysis, it was found that the properties of the colliery spoil played an important role in confining the extent of the landslide and controlling the process of its development. The findings underscore the detrimental effects of increased pore pressures, induced by heavy rainfall, on the stability of colliery tips, highlighting the urgent needs for local government to enhance water management strategies for this region.
Can Gentisic Acid Serve as a High-Performance Antioxidant with Lower Toxicity for a Promising New Topical Application?
Authors: Cunha Luciano B. , Lepore Eloah D. , Medeiros Camila Cristina B. , Sorrechia Rodrigo , Pietro Rosemeire C. L. R. , Corrêa Marcos A.
Published: August 2024

Gentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) is primarily found naturally in plants and has demonstrated a significant range of biological activities; however, its efficacy and safety as a topical application ingredient are not yet well established. Thus, the compound’s potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were evaluated for efficacy, while the cytotoxicity was evaluated for safety. The antioxidant activity, measured by the DPPH kinetic method, showed an Efficiency Concentration (EC50) of 0.09 with an antioxidant reducing power (ARP) of 11.1. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus was 4.15 mg/mL, Escherichia coli was 4.00 mg/mL, Candida albicans was 3.00 mg/mL, and Cutibacterium acnes was 3.60 mg/mL, and the MIC for C. acnes has remained unpublished until now. The substance showed low cytotoxicity by the neutral red uptake (NRU) methodology against HaCat, HDFa, and HepG2 cells at concentrations of up to 10.0, 7.3, and 4.0 mM, respectively, also representing unpublished data. This evidence demonstrates gentisic acid as a promising active substance for skin topical application in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry.
Exploring Therapeutic Challenges in Patients with HER2-Positive Breast Cancer—A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Coca Ramona , Moisin Andrei , Coca Rafaela , Diter Atasie , Racheriu Mihaela , Tanasescu Denisa , Popa Carmen , Cerghedean-Florea Maria-Emilia , Boicean Adrian , Tanasescu Ciprian
Published: August 2024

Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of neoplasia worldwide. The purpose of our observational study was to evaluate the status of HER2 overexpression among new cases of breast neoplasia with an impact on the natural history of breast cancer disease and therapeutic personalization according to staging. This study included 45 breast cancer patients which have an overexpression of HER2 through the mutation of the EGFR-ERBB2 receptor. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast tissue. The patients were evaluated demographically and therapeutically in all stages. The post-surgical histopathological examination revealed complete pathological responses in 19 patients and pathological responses with residual disease either at the tumor level or lymphatic or both variants in a percentage of 44% (15 cases). The disease-free interval (DFI) under anti-HER2 therapy was recorded in 41 patients, representing 91% of the study group. Anti-HER2 therapy in any therapeutic stage has shown increased efficiency in blocking these tyrosine kinase receptors, evidenced by the high percentage of complete pathological responses, as well as the considerable percentage (47%) of complete remissions and stationary disease, in relation to the HER2-positive patient group.
Revisiting the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mortality and Predictors of Death in Adult Patients in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sousa Neto Adriana , Mendes-Rodrigues Clesnan , Pedroso Reginaldo , Röder Denise
Published: August 2024

COVID-19 has generated a global impact due to its contagiousness and high lethality rates, with a large number of deaths occurring in intensive care units (ICUs). This study aimed to verify the occurrence of and understand the factors related to mortality in adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU in a tertiary hospital. This is a retrospective cohort study, which included COVID-19 patients admitted between March 2020 and December 2021. A total of 588 patients were included, of whom the majority (55.27%) did not survive. Invasive mechanical ventilation was the strongest predictor of the risk of death in the ICU with OR = 97.85 (95% CI = 39.10–244.86; p < 0.001), along with age and Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS3). The length of the ICU stay was protective. Evaluating patients on invasive mechanical ventilation in isolation, using an adjusted model, we found the following risk factors: use of vasopressin, renal replacement therapy, red cell distribution width > 15, use of hydrocortisone, and age in years. Protective factors included the days of mechanical ventilation use, being admitted from another service, and being of female sex. Identifying early predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19 who require hospitalization is essential in the search for actions to prevent and manage complications, which can increase the survival of these patients and reduce the impact on health services.
Macrophage-Induced Pro-Fibrotic Gene Expression in Tubular Cells after Ischemia/Reperfusion Is Paralleled but Not Directly Mediated by C5a/C5aR1 Signaling
Authors: Bleich Erik , Vonbrunn Eva , Büttner-Herold Maike , Amann Kerstin , Daniel Christoph
Published: August 2024

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is inevitable during kidney transplantation and causes acute kidney injury (AKI), which affects immediate outcome and leads to chronic changes such as fibrotic remodeling of the graft. We investigated pro-fibrotic signaling after I/R, focusing on the complement component and receptor C5a/C5aR1 and macrophage/tubule crosstalk. Male Dark Agouti rats were subjected to I/R and their kidneys were harvested 10 min, 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, 5 days and 8 weeks after reperfusion. The development of renal fibrosis was assessed by the detection of Vimentin (VIM), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen by immunohistochemistry and Sirius Red staining, respectively. The characterization of C5a/C5aR1 activity and C5aR1+ cells was performed by multiplex mRNA analysis, ELISA, immunofluorescence flow cytometry and in situ hybridization in animal models and cell culture analyses. In the cell culture experiments, we focused on macrophage/tubule cell crosstalk in co-culture experiments and mimicked in vivo conditions by hypoxia/reoxygenation and supplementation with C5a. Already 6–24 h after the induction of I/R in the rat model, C5a concentration in the plasma was significantly increased compared to the control. The matrix components VIM and α-SMA peaked on day 5 and declined after 8 weeks, when an increase in collagen was detected using Sirius Red. In contrast to early I/R-induced C5a activation, renal C5ar1 expression was maximal at day 5 and C5 expression increased until week 8, indicating that the renal upregulation of expression is not required for early complement activation. C5aR1 mRNA was detected in neutrophils and macrophages, but not in proximal tubular cells in the injured kidneys. The macrophage/tubular cell co-culture experiments showed that macrophages were mainly responsible for the increased expression of fibrosis-associated genes in tubule cells (ACTA2, VIM, SNAI1, TGFB1 and FGF-2), and hypoxia/reoxygenation had a partially enhancing effect. A direct pro-fibrotic effect of C5a was not observed. Increased TGF-ß levels were dependent on the differentiation of macrophages to the M2 subtype. In conclusion, the early activation of mesenchymal markers in tubular epithelial cells leads to long-term fibrotic remodeling characterized by VIM expression and driven by TGF-ß-dependent macrophage/tubular crosstalk. The chemoattractive properties of complement C5a may contribute to the recruitment of pro-fibrotic macrophages.
Machine Learning in Identifying Marker Genes for Congenital Heart Diseases of Different Cardiac Cell Types
Authors: Ma Qinglan , Zhang Yu-Hang , Guo Wei , Feng Kaiyan , Huang Tao , Cai Yu-Dong
Published: August 2024

Congenital heart disease (CHD) represents a spectrum of inborn heart defects influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study advances the field by analyzing gene expression profiles in 21,034 cardiac fibroblasts, 73,296 cardiomyocytes, and 35,673 endothelial cells, utilizing single-cell level analysis and machine learning techniques. Six CHD conditions: dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), donor hearts (used as healthy controls), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), heart failure with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HF_HLHS), Neonatal Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (Neo_HLHS), and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), were investigated for each cardiac cell type. Each cell sample was represented by 29,266 gene features. These features were first analyzed by six feature-ranking algorithms, resulting in several feature lists. Then, these lists were fed into incremental feature selection, containing two classification algorithms, to extract essential gene features and classification rules and build efficient classifiers. The identified essential genes can be potential CHD markers in different cardiac cell types. For instance, the LASSO identified key genes specific to various heart cell types in CHD subtypes. FOXO3 was found to be up-regulated in cardiac fibroblasts for both Dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In cardiomyocytes, distinct genes such as TMTC1, ART3, ARHGAP24, SHROOM3, and XIST were linked to dilated cardiomyopathy, Neo-Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HF-Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, and Tetralogy of Fallot, respectively. Endothelial cell analysis further revealed COL25A1, NFIB, and KLF7 as significant genes for dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and Tetralogy of Fallot. LightGBM, Catboost, MCFS, RF, and XGBoost further delineated key genes for specific CHD subtypes, demonstrating the efficacy of machine learning in identifying CHD-specific genes. Additionally, this study developed quantitative rules for representing the gene expression patterns related to CHDs. This research underscores the potential of machine learning in unraveling the molecular complexities of CHD and establishes a foundation for future mechanism-based studies.
A Fast Numerical Approach for Investigating Adhesion Strength in Fibrillar Structures: Impact of Buckling and Roughness
Authors: Eray Turgay
Published: August 2024

This study presents a numerical investigation into the adhesion strength of micro fibrillar structures, incorporating statistical analysis and the effects of excessive pre–load leading to fibril buckling. Fibrils are modeled as soft cylinders using the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, with buckling conditions described across three distinct states, each affecting the adhesive properties of the fibrils. Iterative simulations analyze how adhesion strength varies with pre–load, roughness, number of fibrils, and the work of adhesion. Roughness is modeled both in fibril heights and in the texture of a rigid counter surface, following a normal distribution with a single variance parameter. Results indicate that roughness and pre–load significantly influence adhesion strength, with excessive pre–load causing substantial buckling and a dramatic reduction in adhesion. This study also finds that adhesion strength decreases exponentially with increasing roughness, in line with theoretical expectations. The findings highlight the importance of buckling and roughness parameters in determining adhesion strength. This study offers valuable insights into the complex adhesive interactions of fibrillar structures, offering a scalable solution for rapid assessment of adhesion in various rough surface and loading scenarios.
Properties of Red-Mud-Modified Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement
Authors: Wang Yanrong , Zhen Zhilei
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to decipher the influence of red mud on the mechanical properties, pore structure, and microstructure of basic magnesium sulfate cements (BMSCs). The results showed that BMSC prepared with an appropriate addition of red mud exhibited improved mechanical properties and yielded the highest compressive strength of 94.54 MPa after curing for 28 days. Adding red mud reduced the total porosity and optimized the pore structure of BMSC. The microstructure and hydration products of the specimens were examined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results illustrate that the addition of 50% red mud did not affect the amount of the main strength phase 5-1-7 produced in BMSC. It could also reduce the residual amount of MgO and the generation of Mg(OH)2. The red mud and the M-S-H gel generated by the reaction between active SiO2 and α-MgO in the red mud together filled the pore structure of BMSC, making its microstructure denser and higher-strength. This study aims to improve the comprehensive use of red mud, and the results show that red mud can improve the mechanical properties of BMSCs, protecting the environment and simultaneously reducing BMSC production costs to create good economic benefits.
Calcium Sulfate Disks for Sustained-Release of Amoxicillin and Moxifloxacin for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis
Authors: Gangolli Riddhi , Pushalkar Smruti , Beutel Bryan G. , Danna Natalie , Duarte Simone , Ricci John L. , Fleisher Kenneth , Saxena Deepak , Coelho Paulo G. , Witek Lukasz , Tovar Nick
Published: August 2024

The purpose of this in vitro study was to develop calcium sulfate (CS)-based disks infused with an antimicrobial drug, which can be used as a post-surgical treatment modality for osteomyelitis. CS powder was embedded with 10% antibiotic, amoxicillin (AMX) or moxifloxacin (MFX), to form composite disks 11 mm in diameter that were tested for their degradation and antibiotic release profiles. For the disk degradation study portion, the single drug-loaded disks were placed in individual meshes, subsequently submerged in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and incubated at 37 °C. The disks were weighed once every seven days and analyzed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. During the antibiotic release analysis, composite disks were placed in PBS solution, which was changed every 3 days, and analyzed for antibiotic activity and efficacy. The antibacterial effects of these sustained-release composites were tested by agar diffusion assay using Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) UA 159 as an indicator strain. The degradation data showed significant increases in the degradation of all disks with the addition of antibiotics. Following PBS incubation, there were significant increases in the amount of phosphate and decreases in the amount of sulfate. The agar diffusion assay demonstrated that the released concentrations of the respective antibiotics from the disks were significantly higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration exhibited against S. mutans over a 2–3-week period. In conclusion, CS-antibiotic composite disks can potentially serve as a resorbable, osteoconductive, and antibacterial therapy in the treatment of bone defects and osteomyelitis.
Structure Formation in Engineered Wood Using Wood Waste and Biopolyurethane
Authors: Rimkienė Aurelija , Kairytė Agnė , Vėjelis Sigitas , Kremensas Arūnas , Vaitkus Saulius , Šeputytė-Jucikė Jurga
Published: August 2024

This research aims to find suitable processing methods that allow the reuse of wood waste to produce wood waste-based engineered wood logs for construction that meet the strength requirements for structural timber for sawn structural softwood. Three types of wood waste were examined: wood packaging waste (W), waste from the construction and furniture industry (PLY), and door manufacturing waste (DW). The wood waste was additionally crushed and sieved, and the granulometric composition and shape of the particles were evaluated. The microstructure of the surface of the wood waste particles was also analysed. A three-component biopolyurethane adhesive was used to bind wood waste particles. An analysis of the contact zones between the particles and biopolyurethane was performed, and the adhesion efficiency of their surfaces was evaluated. Analysis was performed using tensile tests, and the formation of contact zones was analysed with a scanning electron microscope. The wood particles were chemically treated with sodium carbonate, calcium hypochlorite, and peroxide to increase the efficiency of the contact zones between the particles and the biopolyurethane adhesive. Chemical treatment made fillers up to 30% lighter and changed the tensile strength depending on the solution used. The tensile strength of engineered wood prepared from W and treated with sodium carbonate increased from 8331 to 12,702 kPa compared to untreated waste. Additionally, the compressive strength of engineered wood made of untreated and treated wood waste particles was determined to evaluate the influence of the wood particles on the strength characteristics.
Experimental Study on Influence of Lime on Cross-Scale Characteristics of Cemented Backfill with Multiple Solid Wastes
Authors: Liu Xiaosheng , Wang Weijun , Han Zhengwei
Published: August 2024

The utilization of industrial solid waste in mines is an important approach to resource utilization. The backfill material in mines is mainly composed of solid waste, which plays a supporting role. The excitation effect of lime on phosphogypsum and fly ash in backfill was studied in this paper. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the backfill material were tested using uniaxial compression, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical techniques, and a relationship model was established between them. Furthermore, the influence of industrial solid waste on the properties of the backfill material under the action of lime and the hydration mechanism between different industrial solid wastes were studied. The results show that (1) under the action of lime, fly ash reacts with lime to produce C-S-H and C-A-H, and then C-A-H reacts with phosphogypsum to produce AFt. (2) The excess phosphogypsum also fills the pores. Therefore, 1.8% lime reduces the porosity of the backfill by 17.88% and increases the strength by 21.57%. (3) The cross-scale relationship shows that strength is inversely proportional to each type of pore content and fractal dimension, and it logarithmically increases with impedance at different frequencies. The lower the frequency, the stronger the relationship is. (4) This study indicates that industrial solid waste is a suitable cement replacement.
In Vitro Evaluation of Cellular Interactions with Nanostructured Spheres of Alginate and Zinc-Substituted Carbonated Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Dornelas Jessica , Dornelas Gisele , Tude Elena Mavropoulos Oliveira , Mourão Carlos Fernando , Rossi Alexandre da Malta , Alves Gutemberg Gomes
Published: August 2024

The increasing demand for effective bone regeneration materials drives the exploration of biomaterials with enhanced bioactivity and biocompatibility, such as zinc-substituted compounds. This study investigates the in vitro cellular interactions with nanostructured spheres composed of alginate/carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA), compared to zinc-substituted CHA (ZnCHA). This work aimed to compare the physicochemical properties and biological effects of ZnCHA and CHA on osteoblasts. ZnCHA was synthesized using a wet chemical method, followed by characterization through X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, total organic carbon analysis, Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and BET surface area analysis to assess ion release and structural changes. Biological evaluation was conducted using cell viability, proliferation, and biomineralization assays on osteoblasts. Results showed successful incorporation of zinc and carbonate, leading to reduced crystallinity and increased surface area. Cell viability and proliferation assays indicated ZnCHA’s cytocompatibility and enhanced osteoblastic activity, with increased mineralization nodules compared to CHA samples. The study concludes that ZnCHA composites are promising candidates for bone tissue engineering, demonstrating improved cytocompatibility and potential for further preclinical evaluations.
Effects of Curing Conditions on Pore Structure of Ultra-High-Strength Shotcrete (UHSSC) Based on X-ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Xiao Shijie , Yang Jianyu , Liu Zelin , Yang Weijun , He Jiangang
Published: August 2024

Shotcrete is widely used in mine and civil engineering as supporting structure. A new type of ultra-high-strength shotcrete (UHSSC) with viscosity-enhancing agent was taken as the research object in this paper. A microstructure model of UHSSC under different curing conditions (standard curing, natural curing and film curing) was reconstructed using X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). The grey theory was used to analyze the correlation between pore characteristics and strength of UHSSC. The results showed that the porosity and the pore size of UHSSC were significantly reduced, the compressive strength was obviously improved by the new spraying process. The effects of curing conditions on the pore characteristics and compressive strength of UHSSC were obvious. Under natural curing, the hydration degree was the highest, the maximum pore size was the smallest, and the compressive strength was the highest, reaching 95.8 MPa, but the porosity was the highest. The curing condition had a certain influence on the sphericity distribution of UHSSC pores. Under film curing, the proportion of special-shaped pores (S < 0.4) was the largest and compressive strength was the smallest. There was a good correlation between pore characteristic parameters and the compressive strength of UHSSC under different curing conditions. In particular, the large pore size (D ≥ 5000 µm) and special-shaped pores (S < 0.4) had obvious effects on the strength of UHSSC, and the grey correlation coefficients were 0.8539 and 0.8080, respectively. Additionally, the pore direction of UHSSC had obvious directionality, and the anisotropy of UHSSC may be more prominent than poured specimen. The results will lay a foundation for the study of its mechanical properties and durability.