bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of treatment time‐related factors on prognoses and radiation proctitis after definitive chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer
Authors: Huang Eng‐Yen , Lin Hao , Wang Chong‐Jong , Chanchien Chan‐Chao , Ou Yu‐Che
Published: July 2016

This study aimed to investigate the impact of treatment time‐related factors on outcomes and radiation proctitis in patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for cervical cancer. From September 2001 to December 2012, 146 patients with stage IIB cervical squamous cell carcinoma treated with CCRT were reviewed from a prospective cohort. Patients who received the same dose (45 Gy) of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) were included in the analysis (n = 125). The same equivalent dose of 2 Gy (EQD2) of high‐dose‐rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR‐ICBT) was delivered at either 4 fractions of 6 Gy or 6 fractions of 4.5 Gy. The effects of the overall treatment time (OTT) and interval between EBRT and HDR‐ICBT on the cancer‐specific survival (CSS), local recurrence (LR), and incidence of proctitis were compared. The treatment time‐related factors did not adversely affect the CSS and LR rates. The multivariate analyses did not identify the OTT as an independent factor of CSS (P = 0.839) and LR (P = 0.856). However, OTT ≤56 days (P = 0.026) was identified as the only independent factor of overall proctitis. The 5‐year Grade 2 or greater proctitis rates were 14.9% and 0% (P = 0.001) in patients with the EBRT to ICBT interval ≤5 days and >5 days, respectively. To reduce rectal damage without compromising prognosis, the gap between EBRT and HDR‐ICBT should exceed 5 days in cervical cancer patients undergoing CCRT. Strictly limiting the OTT to 56 days may result in radiation proctitis without improvements in prognosis.
Multilevel Changes in Protein Dynamics upon Complex Formation of the Calcium‐Loaded S100A4 with a Nonmuscle Myosin IIA Tail Fragment
Authors: Pálfy Gyula , Kiss Bence , Nyitray László , Bodor Andrea
Published: July 2016

Dysregulation of Ca2+‐binding S100 proteins plays important role in various diseases. The asymmetric complex of Ca2+‐bound S100A4 with nonmuscle myosin IIA has high stability and highly increased Ca2+ affinity. Here we investigated the possible causes of this allosteric effect by NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shift‐based secondary‐structure analysis did not show substantial changes for the complex. Backbone dynamics revealed slow‐timescale local motions in the H1 helices of homodimeric S100A4; these were less pronounced in the complex form and might be accompanied by an increase in dimer stability. Different mobilities in the Ca2+‐coordinating EF‐hand sites indicate that they communicate by an allosteric mechanism operating through changes in protein dynamics; this must be responsible for the elevated Ca2+ affinity. These multilevel changes in protein dynamics as conformational adaptation allow S100A4 fine‐tuning of its protein–protein interactions inside the cell during Ca2+ signaling.
Influence of Linker Length on Conformational Preferences of Glycosylated Sugar Amino Acid Foldamers
Authors: Sunkari Yashoda Krishna , Alam Faiyaz , Kandiyal Pancham Singh , Aloysius Siriwardena , Ampapathi Ravi Sankar , Chakraborty Tushar Kanti
Published: July 2016

Glycosylation of foldamers derived from furanoid sugar amino acids with mannose and a propyltriazole linker results in an unprecedented 16/10 mixed‐turn structure in the glycopeptides in water, with a preference for the higher‐order structure irrespective of the stereochemistry of the starting foldamer. This is in stark contrast to the structures displayed by the same oligomers in water when mannosylated with a two‐carbon‐shorter methyltriazole linker: 16‐membered turn structure in the cis‐foldamer and 10‐membered in its trans congener. This demonstrates the defining influence of the linker length on the structural preference of these novel glycopeptide mimics.
Predicting participation, early onset and later persistence in officially recorded offending
Authors: Farrington David P. , Hawkins J. David
Published: July 2016

Data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 London males, were analysed to identify predictors of participation (prevalence) in officially recorded offending between ages 10 and 20 years; of early onset (between ages 10 and 13 years) vs later onset of offending (between ages 14 and 20 years); and of persistence vs desistance of offending in adulthood (between ages 21 and 32 years) to investigate whether the same or different variables predicted these different aspects of criminal involvement. Generally, the three crime outcomes were predicted by different variables measured in childhood. Early antisocial behaviour, interaction with antisocial others, temperament (daring and low nervousness), low academic skills (school attainment), poor parental child‐rearing practices and a low level of commitment to the family were independent predictors of participation in offending. In contrast, an early onset of offending was predicted particularly by low paternal involve‐ment with the boy in leisure activities and was negatively related to interaction with antisocial others (parents and siblings). Persistence in crime between ages 21 and 32 years was predicted by low paternal involvement with the boy in leisure activities, a low degree of commitment to school and low verbal IQ at ages 8–10 years. It was not predicted by self‐reported delinquent involvement at age 18, but it was pre‐dicted by heavy drinking and unemployment in the teenage years. The data show the utility of considering different aspects of the ‘criminal career’ separately in seeking to understand and predict crime. Implications of the findings for criminological theories and interventions are discussed.
Human violence: A biological perspective
Authors: Gunn John
Published: July 2016

Violence is universal in the animal kingdom. Perhaps it has biological advantages. One important advantage may be to create the structures of social life. Hierarchies and sanctions ultimately depend upon violence. Excessive violence may be related to the unsuccessful use of lesser aggression that may occur in unsuitable social groupings, and in the context of individual dlsability. Theories of violence include an instinct theory, now largely abandoned, a frustration hypothesis and social learning theories. It is proposed that to these could be added a social dominance theory which postulates that violence in a social system or between individuals is related to an imbalance of power. This idea could be tested experimentally and gives rise to ideas for reducing levels of violence. It can be applied in sickness as well as in health, to warfare, and to the home. There is experimental evidence that the best means of reducing violence is power sharing by cooperation and the judicious use of retaliation to acts of aggression. If violent conflict is one of mankind’s greatest problems then this is not reflected in the level of academic investment in the topic.
Readmission of mentally ill offenders: A descriptive study from Thailand
Authors: Dasananjali Thamrong , Soothill Keith
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study, conducted at Nitichitawej Hospital (Hospital for the Forensic Psychiatric Services), Bangkok, Thailand, is to analyse the readmission rate of mentally ill male offenders who had been transferred to this hospital for assessment, treatment or detention from 1972 to 1986. Nitichitawej Hospital deals with forensic cases referred from police, courts, prosecutors and prisons from all over Thailand. Of the total of 2112 cases admitted during the sample period, there is evidence of only 22 cases being readmitted. The characteristics of this readmission group is considered and the reasons for this remarkably low readmission figure of around 1% are assessed.
A latent class model of child offending
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Lloyd Michael
Published: July 2016

A latent class model is proposed to estimate the magnitude and direction of errors of measurement in reports of young offending It is shown that, subject to the availability of information from reports of offending behaviour by two sources and information on a known predictor of offending, it is possible to fit models which estimate the magnitude of errors of reporting and the true prevalence of offending. This model is applied to self‐report data collected for over 700 New Zealand 12‐year‐old children. This analysis suggested that under‐reporting of offending was very high and it was estimated that over 50% of children who offended failed to report offending. The analysis is extended to show that the consequences of errors in reporting behaviour are to lead to a serious underestimation of the strength of relationships between risks of offending and predictor variables. The implications of these results for the interpretation of report statistics are discussed.
Madness and crime: Criminology versus psychiatry
Authors: Wessely S. , Taylor P. J.
Published: July 2016

In considering the relationship between criminal behaviour and severe mental illness two schools of thought can be identified. One, arbitrarily labelled the ‘criminological; holds that criminality and mental illness are only weakly associated, if at all. The second, labelled the ‘psychiatric’ view, holds that there is a real and consistent relationship between mental illness, in particular psychosis, and violence. There are at least two explanations for these apparently conflicting views. Methodological difficulties, such as case definition, information bias, selection bias and confounding, have led to flawed results. The opposing conclusions are, however, not just the result of methodological shortcomings but reflect more fundamental differences in approach. The criminological emphasis on populations and offending, largely in quantitative terms, is contrasted with the psychiatric emphasis on individuals and violence. Longitudinal cohort studies, using the methodology of criminal careers, may allow the two approaches to be combined, and lead to conclusions of more practical value.
Age at onset of problem behaviour in boys, and later disruptive and delinquent behaviours
Authors: Loeber Rolf , Stouthamer-Loeber Magda , Green Stephanie M.
Published: July 2016

The paper reports on the relationship between boys’ easy‐not easy status in the preschool years and the youngsters’ pattern of aggressive, hyperactive and withdrawn behaviours at ages 10–16 years. At follow‐up 5 years later, when the boys were 15–21 years of age, children originally reported by their parents as not easy had an officially reported rate of delinquency that was twice as high as that of children reported easy. About one in five of the problematic children had become multiple offenders, compared to one in twenty for the easy children. In addition, the self‐reported delinquency rate of the problematic children was significantly higher than that of the easy children, with a marginally significant trend for the former to have engaged in serious antisocial acts. The relationship between early problem status in the preschool years and the rate of offending up to ages 15–21 years held when various aspects regarding the quality of the parents’ child‐rearing practices had been partialled out. The early problem status was more related to the later development of aggression‐stealing and aggression‐hyperactive than with aggression‐withdrawn behaviour patterns. The implications of the findings for intervention are discussed.
Self‐mutilation in female remanded prisoners: I. An indicator of severe psychopathology
Authors: Wilkins John , Coid Jeremy
Published: July 2016

A previous history of self‐mutilation was found in 7.5% of women on reception to a London prison. Although research has highlighted the additional importance of environmental influences, self‐mutilation as a single variable identified a subgroup of female prisoners with severe personality disorder and multiple disorders of impulse. Their early family environment was characterised by disruption and deprivation and by more extensive experience of physical and sexual abuse when compared to controls. In adulthood many showed abnormal psychosexual development and ‘polymorphous perversity’. Their criminal histories were characterised by an early onset of persistent, serious and wide‐ranging patterns of offending. Despite multiple and severe forms of psychopathology and frequent psychiatric contact, many of these women currently receive long periods of care and containment within the penal system. They fail to cooperate with and respond poorly to conventional psychiatric treatment, and psychiatric hospitals are unwilling or unable to cope with their behaviour.
Unfit to plead, unfit for discharge: Patients found unfit to plead who are still in hospital
Authors: Grubin D.H.
Published: July 2016

The cases of individuals found unfit to plead between 1976 and 1987 who were still in hospital as of September 1989 were evaluated. Compared with patients found unfit to plead during the same period who had been discharged from hospital or returned for trial, those still detained were younger at the time of the initial finding, were more likely to have been inpatients at the time of the alleged offence and were more likely to have no past criminal record. There was also a greater proportion of mentally impaired patients among the still detained group. Alleged offences were more severe in those still in hospital, and more of them had initially been sent to a special hospital. Two‐thirds had shown little improvement since their admission; 40% of those still detained, however, were judged to have regained their capacity to plead. American law relating to the equivalent finding ‘incompetent to stand trial’ is reviewed, but it is concluded that the American model would be impractical for use in the UK. Other recommendations for reform are put forward.
Adolescents and the penal system: Hopeful straws in the wind
Authors: RUTHERFORD ANDREW
Published: July 2016

Since the early 1980s, there has been a marked de‐escalation of the criminal justice process to juvenile and young adult offenders in England and Wales. This is especially evident at the prosecution and sentencing stages. Although policy at the level of central government has played a significant role in this story, the key actors have been practitioners at the local level. The emerging anti‐custody ethos parallels developments in other parts of Europe, notably Germany. Psychiatrists have a crucial part to play in the consolidation of this movement.
A rational choice perspective on the targets of automobile theft
Authors: CLARKE RONALD V. , HARRIS PATRICIA M.
Published: July 2016

This paper applies the concept of choice structuring properties to the study of why certain models of automobile are at higher risk of theft than others. Official and automobile industry data from the USA were used to produce three indices ranking 121 models according to (1) risk of theft for stripping of parts; (2) theft for temporary use; and (3) theft for permanent retention, resale or chopping. Important differences were found among the top‐ranking models in each index: those in (1) were predominantly German‐made cars with good audio equipment; in (2) were sporty, American‐made vehicles; and in (3) were a mix of very expensive high‐performance and less expensive foreign sports cars. These differences were explicable in terms of each model's choice structuring properties relating to the three broad categories of security, availability and attractiveness for theft. While the results underline the need to take account of specific theft motives when designing prevention strategies, it was concluded that further research to elucidate the relationship between motive and target choice is needed.
A prison doctor's personal perspective of the management of people with personality disorder in prison
Authors: MURPHY D.P.
Published: July 2016

The management of people with personality disorder within prison raises fundamental medical issues including the identification of treatable individuals and how to ensure that this group receives treatment, whether in the prison setting or outside. For the prison doctor perhaps the most serious problem of all is how to manage those people rejected by NHS doctors as untreatable, and how to ensure that, as far as possible, systems are in place in the prisons to meet the basic needs of this group. Some suggestions are mnde for achieving this.
The Woodstock approach: one ward in Broadmoor Hospital for the treatment of personality disorder
Authors: BRETT TIM R.
Published: July 2016

Patients with personality disorder, and treatments for them, tend to be scattered haphazardly through the special hospitals. Individual patients may have comprehensive personal treatment plans which may include one or more forms of psychotherapy, and they may participate in group therapy. One ward (Woodstock) in Broadmoor Hospital, however, provides an environment which is unusual in special hospitals for its comprehensive approach to psychotherapeutic working and expectations from the patients of commitment to the community which will show in their treatment and development. This paper describes that approach.
Flamboyant, erratic, dramatic, borderline, antisocial, sadistic, narcissistic, histrionic and impulsive personality disorders: who cares which?
Authors: TYRER PETER
Published: July 2016

Psychiatrists have responded to the challenge of abandoning the adjective ‘psychopathic’ in current disease classification systems. This paper nevertheless advocates caution in the application of the consequent diagnostic criteria. Comorbidity — the presence of two or more diseases at the same time — may be as indicative of confusion as of extensive pathology. Furthermore, the diagnoses of most interest (because of their association with repeated violence or other antisocial behaviour) show poor agreement between people using the instrument for measuring them, and poor stability over time. However, studies support the existence of a relatively distinct group, broadly referred to as erratic or flamboyant, who are often dangerous and for whom the short‐term prognosis is poor. Much more work is needed to improve the clarity of diagnosis of personality disorders.
The social origins of delinquency
Authors: NEWSON JOHN , NEWSON ELIZABETH , ADAMS MARY
Published: July 2016

The mothers of more than 500 children were interviewed about their child‐rearing practices and attitudes, at 4‐yearly intervals over a period of 21 years. Interview data from when the children were 7 and 11 years old were analysed with respect to two outcome measures: ‘troublesomeness’ at 16 years and the acquisition of a criminal record in early adulthood. The aim of the study was to identify childrearing strategies which were predictive of later delinquency, independently of factors such as sex, social class and family size. Child‐rearing strategies were measured using a structured interview designed for the study. Responses to selected items were used to construct scales along the following dimensions: ‘bamboozlement’, the use by parents of unrealistic verbal threats or promises; ‘chaperonage’, the degree of oversight and surveillance assigned to the child; and ‘child‐centredness’, the priority given to respecting the child's rights and wishes. Parents' use of physical punishment, the child's temperament, father participation and family cohesion were also measured in this way, with respect to subsequent delinquency. The findings suggest that there are significant correlations between child‐rearing strategies and the child's development of delinquency. In particular an authoritarian approach to children, a lack of sensitive communication and negotiation between parent and child, and the use of physical punishment were found to predict subsequent delinquency.
Medical ethics in prison
Authors: BERNHEIM JACQUES
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the medical services at Champ‐Dollon Remand Prison in Geneva, and raises issues which relate to the consent of patients and the independence of doctors. A series of situations are presented, describing the relations of prison doctors with administrative and judicial authorities, and with the patients themselves. Prison medicine provides useful examples for the teaching of medical ethics.
Understanding human violence: the implications of social structure, gender, social perception and alcohol
Authors: BORRILL JO , STEVENS DAVID
Published: July 2016

This paper reviews Gunn’s (1991) model of violence and suggests aspects of the model that require further development and/or modification. Aspects of social perception are discussed along with an evaluation of recent research into the effects of alcohol on decoding. It is argued that deficits in decoding negative emotions, possibly exacerbated by alcohol, may lead to distorted perception of the cues that signal and maintain power and dominance and hence may make a small but crucial contribution to violent interactions. It is further argued that Gunn’s model does not take sufficient account of the relationship between gender and violence; this is discussed through an examination of power and social structures. A comparison of hierarchical and non‐hierarchical structures is seen as crucial to this understanding.
Lecture: Epidemiology and forensic psychiatry*
Authors: GUNN JOHN
Published: July 2016

Epidemiology has been oustandingly successful in assisting with the understanding and prevention of disease. This is as true in psychiatry as in general medicine. It is also true in forensic psychiatry, for example in understanding the relationship between homicide and psychosis, the development of antisocial personality disorder and the causation of crime. Philippe Pinel advocated scientific enquiry as part of humanitarian psychiatry. The Institute of Psychiatry in London has used epidemiology for research in forensic psychiatry, for example in determining the prevalence of mental disorders, including epilepsy, in prisons, the relationships between violence and disease and the outcome of patients deemed unfit to plead. Epidemiological findings need careful interpretation, for example Penrose’s Law is an invalid myth that has arisen from a misunderstanding of epidemiological data. Recent surveys of prisoners have confirmed that substance abuse and personality disorder are the most common psychiatric diagnoses among prisoners, only 1‐2% being psychotic. About 4% of prisoners (700 or 800) should be transferred into NHS psychiatric hospitals. These findings could be useful to planners.
Guidelines for psychiatric services in prisons
Authors: METZNER JEFFREY L.
Published: July 2016

Recent prevalence studies have found that 8–19% of prison inmates have significant psychiatric or functional disabilities. Efforts to establish adequate mental health systems in prisons within the USA were accelerated during the late 1970s as a result of successful class action lawsuits. These efforts have been assisted by the development of standards for correctional health care programmes by a variety of national organisations. This paper describes a framework for establishing an adequate mental health system within a prison. Basic principles for delivery of psychiatric services in prisons, administrative models for such services, guidelines for correctional based psychiatric treatment, and issues unique for correctional mental systems are reviewed.
Designing a progressive penology: the evolution of Canadian federal corrections
Authors: PORPORINO FRANK J. , BAYLIS ELIZABETH
Published: July 2016

The Canadian Federal Corrections System is generally reserved for more serious offenders and is a predominantly institution‐based service, with less than 10% of its staff working in the community. Nevertheless, its emphasis is on reduction of reoffending and effective reintegration of offenders to the community rather than a simplistic just‐deserts’ model. The evolution of the system to this point is discussed and the elements of the low‐key components of the correctional process set out in some detail. These are the assessment of risk and criminogenic factors, the intervention strategies, the development of the correctional environment itself and community risk management.
Addressing cultural differences in institutions: changing health practices in New Zealand
Authors: CHAPLOW DAVID , CHAPLOW REBECCA , MANIAPOTO WINSTON T.
Published: July 2016

‘Maori destiny has been controlled by Pakeha’ to the degree that even their ‘culturally determined’ forms of mental illness were and still are, being diagnosed, treated, and controlled by Pakeha within the institutions without consideration whether these practices are culturally of value to Maori people’ (W. Maniapoto, personal communication) . The Mason Report (Mason, Ryan & Bennett, 1988) reflected societal concern in its statement ‘Maori people make up 10% of the total population, commit 37% of all offences but comprise 50% of the prison population’ (p.228). This concern is reflected within the psychiatric institution population where Maori and other cultural minorities are disproportionately represented, struggle to have their concerns heard, and struggle to be in a position of influence to effect change. Since 1990 and the New Zealand Department of Health’s acceptance of the validity of the Treaty of Waitangi as a document on which to negotiate change, a concerted attempt has been made to redress inequities within the health institutions. Maori people, however, continue to press toward ‘tino Rangatiratanga’ (self determination) in the areas that affect them most. With the introduction of the Health and Disability Services Act 1992 this may be a realisable goal with the Government’s promises to encourage ‘greater participation of Maori people at all levels; resource allocation priorities which take account of Maori health needs and perspectives; and the development of culturally appropriate practices and procedures as integral requirement in the purchase of health services’. (Department of Health, 1992).
Sexual psychopathy laws
Authors: GRUBIN DON , PRENTKY ROBERT
Published: July 2016

The basis of sexual psychopathy legislation in the USA is that some offenders need to be dealt with differently from others because of their ‘sexual dangerousness’. These offenders are sent to hospitals or prisons where they are meant to receive treatment while they are detained over an indefinite period. Although these statutes have been in existence for more than 50 years, their effects are only recently being evaluated in a few states. Enactment, amendment and repeal have taken place in the absence of empirical support, and clinical issues have become subsumed in legal debate. The institutions to which sexual psychopaths are sent, whether prison or hospital, invariably get caught in the legal crossfire. This paper examines some of the issues surrounding sexual psychopathy laws.
Crying Woolf: has the report impacted on life for prisoners?
Authors: TUMIM STEPHEN , JENKINS DAVID , BODDIS SIMON
Published: July 2016

While major prison expansion has been occurring in the USA and several other western democracies, in the last decade the UK has locked up proportionately more members of its population than any country except Turkey and Austria — some 95 people per 100 000. This paper starts with the core recommendations to emerge from the major independent enquiry into serious prison riots that occurred in 1990 in six prisons geographically widely scattered across England and Wales, and questions their impact. Falling numbers of prisoners under the criminal justice legislation of 1991 have enabled some considerable progress, but the force of that legislation is about to change. Concerns are expressed about the effect of a likely new influx of prisoners before management can consolidate changes to in‐prison regimes and the organisation of cooperation between prisons in sentence planning. Modest changes to the physical environment are necessary, but insufficient, reforms.
Psychiatric disorder in life‐sentenced prisoners
Authors: SWINTON MARK , MADEN ANTHONY , GUNN JOHN
Published: July 2016

A sample of 170 male life‐sentenced prisoners was compared with a sample of 1630 men serving fixed term sentences. All were in prison at the time of the study. Rates of psychiatric disorder were similar between the two groups, but there was evidence of increased psychological vulnerability in the ‘lifers’, who were significantly more likely to report episodes of self‐harm before their index offence and after sentence, even when adjustment was made for time in prison. The implications for services and remaining anomalies of legislation are discussed in the context of need for treatment.
The phallometric assessment of sex offenders: some professional and research issues
Authors: LAUNAY GILLES
Published: July 2016

Phallometry (or penile plethysmography) is a technique for measuring penile erection in response to a variety of stimuli, used with many procedural variations in different sex offender assessment centres. Recent research suggests that penile plethysmography, in spite of its many unresolved methodological problems, is both valid and reliable. The technique is ideally suited to challenge sex offenders’ denials, assess their treatment needs and to evaluate treatment, although it can not be relied upon, on its own, to establish guilt or predict future deviant sexual behaviour. An examination of current practice suggests a number of areas where research is needed: to design and standardise stimulus material; to provide more reliability data; to develop and test procedures to discourage faking; and to carry out validation studies with forensic and non‐forensic populations (which include a detailed analysis of the subjects’ sexual history, motivation and fantasies) . Finally, professional guidelines are needed to control conduction and interpretation of assessments, use of stimuli and counselling of clients.
Multiple measures of cerebral state in dangerous mentally disordered inpatients
Authors: CHESTERMAN L.P. , TAYLOR P.J. , COX T. , HILL M. , LUMSDEN J.
Published: July 2016

The cerebral structure and function of a group of ten men admitted to a special (high‐security) hospital in the south of England were assessed using a range of methods. All had committed at least one act of very serious violence, or similarly dangerous acts (e.g. arson). Six of the group had schizophrenia and four a primary personality disorder. The men were all regarded as still posing a sufficiently high risk to others that they would not have been allowed to leave the hospital without a multiple nurse escort. Previous reports suggest that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is better than computed tomography (CT) in detecting structural cerebral lesions in people with a mental disorder. The main purpose of this study, therefore, was to test the feasibility of using an MRI scanner which could be taken into the hospital to evaluate the men, and then undertake a preliminary review of the relative roles of the different approaches to cerebral investigation. All the men tolerated the MRI without incident. Results from neuropsychological testing and MRI were similar insofar as both indicated definite cerebral pathology in nine of the ten cases, while the CT scan suggested damage in just half of the cases and the EEG in only six men. In six cases MRI demonstrated atrophy of mesial temporal structures that had not been detected with CT. In only one case did the CT scan provide evidence of localised disturbance, and the EEG was only slightly better in this regard. There were discrepancies in localisation of damage between the neuropsychological testing and the MRI results. A full‐scale, systematic study of mentally disordered serious offenders using a broad‐based approach seems important. Thus far this is the largest such series.
The contribution made by the clinical setting to violence among psychiatric patients
Authors: FRIIS SVEIN , HELLDIN LARS
Published: July 2016

Both the characteristics of the violent patients and the characteristics of the milieu contribute to violence in clinical settings. Until now the contri.bution of milieu characteristics has been a neglected area. Violent patients seem to be prone to (mis)perceive other people as hostile, and, due to low impulse control, they react with violence. Staff ought to give patients a sense of predictability and safety in the environment to prevent outbreaks of violence. This is best obtained in wards with a stable, experienced staff, clear leadership and predictable, clearly structured staff roles and events. Some studies indicate that crowding increases violence rates, but the relationship is not clearly established, and the importance of the physical milieu seems hardly to have been investigated empirically. There are some indications that the rates of violence may be related to the perceived ward milieu. The likelihood of violence is probably higher in milieus with a high level of anger and aggression and low levels of order and organization and staff control. Interventions to prevent violence can aim at individual patients and/or the milieu. The individual interventions ought to aim at establishing a working alliance and at teaching patients appropriate behavioural responses to anger and frustration. The milieu interventions should aim at training staff in how to solve conflicts and handle their relationship with potentially violent patients. Special teams to take care of staff victims of violence seem useful in preventing the development of PTSD.
Urgent psychiatric transfers from prison in England and Wales: a prison perspective
Authors: ANDERSON JAMES B , PARROTT JANET
Published: July 2016

Prisoners on remand are at high risk of mental illness. They have a high rate of suicide and a high incidence of psychotic illness. Provision does exist within the Mental Health Act (1983) for the emergency transfer of remanded prisoners by transfer order (section 48), but this facility is used to varying degrees throughout England and Wales. This is a retrospective case study of all patients transferred from Belrnarsh Prison under this emergency provision (S48) between April 1991 and March 1992. Twenty‐two transfers were enacted (two patients on two separate occasions) during the trial period. Of these 22, 15 (68%) had a paranoid psychotic illness; 14/20 (70%) had committed serious violent offences; 14/22 (63%) were transferred to locked wards of general psychiatric hospitals; 5 (22%) went to regional secure units; 3 (14%) went to maximum secure hospitals. Rapid transfer to psychiatric hospital for all those offenders who are seriously psychiatrically ill is one of the main recommendations of a recent Department of Health/Home Office Report (Department of Health/Home Office, 1991). The existing provisions are shown to be an effective means to enact such emergency transfers. Many such transfers can be managed in the general psychiatric service.
The classification of overcontrolled hostility: comparison of two diagnostic methods
Authors: WHITE ADAM J. , HEILBRUN KIRK
Published: July 2016

Two major approaches have been employed in research studies classifying individuals as overcontrolled hostile (O‐H) using the MMPI: (1) MMPI O‐H scale scores and case history information, and (2) statistical cluster analyses of MMPI profiles. This study provides the first empirical comparison of these respective approaches. Subjects were 128 mentally disordered male offenders who had been charged with crimes against persons. Case history and O‐H score, alone and together, and cluster analysis of MMPI clinical scales were used to classify the subjects as overcontrolled. Results suggested that the two methods were similar but not identical in the classification decisions yielded. The ‘controlled’ cluster was composed of both normal and overcontrolled persons, whilst the group clinically classified as overcontrolled based on O‐H score and history was more homogeneous.
Identification of personality types at risk for poor health and injury in late adolescence
Authors: CASPI AVSHALOM , BEGG DOT , DICKSON NIGEL , LANGLEY JOHN , MOFFITT TERRIE E. , McGEE ROB , SILVA PHIL A.
Published: July 2016

In an unselected general birth cohort of 862 18‐year‐olds, we sought to identify the personality characteristics associated with involvement in each of five different health‐risk behaviours (unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners, dangerous driving habits, violent crime, alcohol dependence and marijuana dependence) as well as the personality characteristics associated with a syndrome of multiple health‐risk behaviours. A unique configuration of traits differentiated youth involved in any given single health‐risk behaviour from youth who were not. These youth were more impulsive, aggressive, alienated and tended to experience negative emotions in response to daily hassles. A different unique configuration of traits differentiated youth involved in a syndrome of multiple health‐risk behaviours from youth involved in a single or in no health‐risk behaviours. These youth were distinguished by a rejection of social norms, danger‐seeking, impulsivity, a very low threshold for negative emotional responses such as anger, irritability and nervous tension, and by little need or capacity for connection to other people. In planning health campaigns, health professionals need to consider the unique psychological make‐up of persons most at risk for health‐risk behaviours and design programmes that will appeal to them.
Injury and illness experience in victims of violence, with particular reference to DATES syndrome
Authors: SHEPHERD JONATHAN P.
Published: July 2016

Injuries sustained in violence are both physical and psychological. These two major effects are often investigated and treated in isolation. The study of assaultive injury, as opposed to victims in the criminal justice system, has given new perspectives on precise cause, the role of alcohol, comparative psychological impact of assault and accidents and how violence is reported, recorded and investigated in the criminal justice system. It has also produced a new injury severity scale and means of calculating compensation awards. Discoveries emanating from this research provide a compelling argument for an integrated multi‐agency approach to adult violence, to optimise effectiveness of treatment, to bring hospitals into community crime prevention and to deal with the causes of injury. An integrated approach to research has led to the study of illness and injury experience prior to violence. In turn this has led to the realisation that antisocial behaviour probably gives rise to particular illnesses. DATES syndrome, which comprises drug abuse, assault, trauma and elective surgery, describes archetypal illness behaviour in the injured, but not necessarily in ‘victims’. Further work is necessary to look for differing illness experience between offenders and the injured and to correlate offending, illness and injury with psychological, behavioural and developmental variables.
Two different models for adolescent physical trauma and for early arrest
Authors: PATTERSON GERALD. R. , YOERGER KAREN
Published: July 2016

A parenting and a cognitive model were used to predict both early arrest and adolescent physical trauma (e.g. accidents). Univariate analyses showed that almost all of the variables in the two models successfully predicted both outcomes. However, multivariate logistic analyses showed that the parenting model provided the best prediction of early arrest, and a combination of the parenting and the cognitive models predicted frequent adolescent physical trauma. Although each model is defined by one unique component, they also shared one element in common. The findings suggest that a single dimension model is incomplete.
Does low self‐control during childhood explain the association between delinquency and accidents in early adolescence?
Authors: TREMBLAY RICHARD E. , BOULERICE BERNARD , ARSE-NEAULT LOUISE , TUNGER NISCALE MARIANNE
Published: July 2016

Data from a longitudinal study of a large sample of boys followed from kindergarten to high school were used to test two alternative hypotheses concerning the association between delinquency and accidents. The first hypothesis proposes that delinquency and accidents are correlated because they are both the product of a failure to learn self‐control during childhood. The alternative hypothesis proposes that self‐control during childhood will explain part of the association between delinquency and accidents during adolescence, but delinquency will still increase the risk for accidents. Linear structural equation modelling was used to test the alternative hypotheses with data collected from teachers, mothers and self‐reports, at 6, 10, 14 and 15 years of age. Results supported the hypothesis that childhood self‐control levels only explain part of the association between driving accidents and delinquency during early adolescence, and delinquency increases the risk of accidents. Results also indicated that the association between delinquency and accidents increased with age, suggesting that the risk of accidents during adolescence increases as involvement in delinquency increases. Details of a case of delinquent behaviour which led to a fatal car accident are given. It was also suggested that longitudinal studies of the association between self‐control and antisocial behaviour should focus on their early development during the preschool years.
Topsy‐turvy by the Belly Dancer
Authors: Maud Alberto , Qureshi Ihtesham A. , Cruz‐Flores Salvador , Rodriguez Gustavo J.
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

In our patient presenting with abdominal myoclonus, it is important to understand its pathophysiology. Various etiologies need to be taken into consideration before coming to a conclusion. The finding on Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐Spine disclosing cervical lesion may just be an incidental finding.
Aorto‐esophageal fistula: the multi‐disciplinary team approach to management
Authors: Wormald Justin C. R. , Dindyal Shiva , Thomas Robert , Peters Christopher John , Sritharan Kaji
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

Aorto‐esophageal fistula is often a terminal event in many patients. The commonest causes are thoracic aortic aneurysm and esophageal malignancy. To achieve a good outcome in this condition, a MDT approach is required that combines the expertize of vascular surgeons, radiologists, and emergency physicians.
Primary malignant myelomatous pleural effusion
Authors: Mangla Ankit , Agarwal Nikki , Kim George J. , Catchatourian Rosalind
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

Primary malignant myelomatous pleural effusion (PMMPE) occurs in less than 1% of patients with multiple myeloma and is diagnosed either by visualization of plasma cells on cytology or by positive flow cytometry. The presence of immature plasma cells characterized by high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, visible nucleolus and presence of Mott cells and Russell bodies are independent poor prognostic factors. The clinician should differentiate PMMPE from secondary pleural effusion as it is associated with a significantly worse prognosis and poor overall survival.
Solvent‐Switchable Regioselective Synthesis of Aurones and Flavones Using Palladium‐Supported Amine‐Functionalized Montmorillonite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Chavan Sujit P. , Bishwa Bidita Varadwaj G. , Parida Kulamani M. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: July 2016

We report the use of Pd0APTES@K10 (APTES=(3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) as a heterogeneous catalyst for the regioselective synthesis of aurones and flavones from the carbonylative cyclization of 2‐iodophenol with terminal alkynes. This work emphasizes the role of the solvent on the mode of cyclization, that is, 5‐exo or 6‐endo. The 5‐exo products (aurones) were predominant over the 6‐endo products (flavones) in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME), and a reversal of regioselectivity was observed in DMF to favor the 6‐endo product. This protocol provides a simple one‐pot access to a wide variety of aurone and flavone derivatives under mild reaction conditions. The heterogeneous Pd0APTES@K10 catalyst was characterized using several techniques. Furthermore, the catalyst could be reused in up to four consecutive cycles without a significant loss in catalytic activity.
Electronic Structure Modulation in an Exceptionally Stable Non‐Heme Nitrosyl Iron(II) Spin‐Crossover Complex
Authors: Piñeiro‐López Lucía , Ortega‐Villar Norma , Muñoz M. Carmen , Molnár Gábor , Cirera Jordi , Moreno‐Esparza Rafael , Ugalde‐Saldívar Víctor M. , Bousseksou Azzedine , Ruiz Eliseo , Real José A.
Published: July 2016

The highly stable nitrosyl iron(II) mononuclear complex [Fe(bztpen)(NO)](PF6)2 (bztpen=N‐benzyl‐N,N′,N′‐tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine) displays an S=1/2↔S=3/2 spin crossover (SCO) behavior (T1/2=370 K, ΔH=12.48 kJ mol−1, ΔS=33 J K−1 mol−1) stemming from strong magnetic coupling between the NO radical (S=1/2) and thermally interconverted (S=0↔S=2) ferrous spin states. The crystal structure of this robust complex has been investigated in the temperature range 120–420 K affording a detailed picture of how the electronic distribution of the t2g–eg orbitals modulates the structure of the {FeNO}7 bond, providing valuable magneto–structural and spectroscopic correlations and DFT analysis.
Analysis of the Electronic Structure of Aqueous Urea and Its Derivatives: A Systematic Soft X‐Ray–TD‐DFT Approach
Authors: Tesch Marc F. , Golnak Ronny , Ehrhard Felix , Schön Daniela , Xiao Jie , Atak Kaan , Bande Annika , Aziz Emad F.
Published: July 2016

Soft X‐ray emission (XE), absorption (XA), and resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS) experiments have been conducted at the nitrogen K‐edge of urea and its derivatives in aqueous solution and were compared with density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory calculations. This comprehensive study provides detailed information on the occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals of urea, thiourea, acetamide, dimethylurea, and biuret at valence levels. By identifying the electronic transitions that contribute to the experimental spectral features, the energy gap between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of each molecule is determined. Moreover, a theoretical approach is introduced to simulate resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering spectra by adding an extra electron to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, thereby mimicking the real initial state of the core‐electron absorption before the subsequent relaxation process.
Covalent Photosensitizer–Polyoxometalate‐Catalyst Dyads for Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Schönweiz Stefanie , Rommel Sebastian A. , Kübel Joachim , Micheel Mathias , Dietzek Benjamin , Rau Sven , Streb Carsten
Published: July 2016

A general concept for the covalent linkage of coordination compounds to bipyridine‐functionalized polyoxometalates is presented. The new route is used to link an iridium photosensitizer to an Anderson‐type hydrogen‐evolution catalyst. This covalent dyad catalyzes the visible‐light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and shows superior HER activity compared with the non‐covalent reference. Hydrogen evolution is observed over periods >1 week. Spectroscopic, photophysical, and electrochemical analyses give initial insight into the stability, electronic structure, and reactivity of the dyad. The results demonstrate that the proposed linkage concept allows synergistic covalent interactions between functional coordination compounds and reactive molecular metal oxides.