bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispersive dam-break and lock-exchange flows in a two-layer fluid
Authors: ESLER J. G. , PEARCE J. D.
Published: January 2011

Dam-break and lock-exchange flows are considered in a Boussinesq two-layer fluid system in a uniform two-dimensional channel. The focus is on inviscid ‘weak’ dam breaks or lock exchanges, for which waves generated from the initial conditions do not break, but instead disperse in a so-called undular bore. The evolution of such flows can be described by the Miyata–Camassa–Choi (MCC) equations. Insight into solutions of the MCC equations is provided by the canonical form of their long wave limit, the two-layer shallow water equations, which can be related to their single-layer counterpart via a surjective map. The nature of this surjective map illustrates that whilst some Riemann-type initial-value problems (dam breaks) are analogous to those in the single-layer problem, others (lock exchanges) are not. Previous descriptions of MCC waves of permanent form (cnoidal and solitary waves) are generalised, including a description of the effects of a regularising surface tension. The wave solutions allow the application of a technique due to El's approach, based on Whitham's modulation theory, which is used to determine key features of the expanding undular bore as a function of the initial conditions. A typical dam-break flow consists of a leftwards-propagating simple rarefaction wave and a rightward-propagating simple undular bore. The leading and trailing edge speeds, leading edge solitary wave amplitude and trailing edge linear wavelength are determined for the undular bore. Lock-exchange flows, for which the initial interface shape crosses the mid-depth of the channel, by contrast, are found to be more complex, and depending on the value of the surface tension parameter may include ‘solibores’ or fronts connecting two distinct regimes of long-wave behaviour. All of the results presented are informed and verified by numerical solutions of the MCC equations.
Infrared Reynolds number dependency of the two-dimensional inverse energy cascade
Authors: VALLGREN ANDREAS
Published: January 2011

High-resolution simulations of forced two-dimensional turbulence reveal that the inverse cascade range is sensitive to an infrared Reynolds number, Reα = kf/kα, where kf is the forcing wavenumber and kα is a frictional wavenumber based on linear friction. In the limit of high Reα, the classic k−5/3 scaling is lost and we obtain steeper energy spectra. The sensitivity is traced to the formation of vortices in the inverse energy cascade range. Thus, it is hypothesized that the dual limit Reα → ∞ and Reν = kd/kf → ∞, where kd is the small-scale dissipation wavenumber, will lead to a steeper energy spectrum than k−5/3 in the inverse energy cascade range. It is also found that the inverse energy cascade is maintained by non-local triad interactions.
Generalized eigenfunction method for floating bodies
Authors: FITZGERALD COLM J. , MEYLAN MICHAEL H.
Published: January 2011

We consider the time domain problem of a floating body in two dimensions, constrained to move in heave and pitch only, subject to the linear equations of water waves. We show that using the acceleration potential, we can write the equations of motion as an abstract wave equation. From this we derive a generalized eigenfunction solution in which the time domain problem is solved using the frequency-domain solutions. We present numerical results for two simple cases and compare our results with an alternative time domain method.
Extraction of amino acids from soils close to the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah
Authors: Martins Z. , Sephton M.A. , Foing B.H. , Ehrenfreund P.
Published: January 2011

Future space missions that aim to detect life should search for molecules that are vital to all living organisms. Although the Viking landers did not find any signs of organic molecules on Mars, signatures of past and/or present life may still exist in the Martian regolith. In this paper, we describe amino acid analyses performed in several Martian analogue soil samples collected close to the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), Utah, during the International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG) EuroGeoMars campaign in February 2009. The Utah desert around Hanksville is characterized as shale desert and is cold and arid with an average annual temperature of 12°C. It is subjected to wind erosion and was shaped by fluvial erosion. The data show large differences in the total amino acid abundances between all the collected soil samples, with values ranging from non-detectable to 100 000 parts per billion (ppb). These results are explained in the context of mineralogical differences (namely different clay content) among the soil samples. The data have implications for future life-detection missions and the target mineralogy that may host biological signatures.
Long-range interactions in turbulence and the energy decay problem
Authors: Davidson P. A.
Published: January 2011

We discuss the long-range interactions that arise in homogeneous turbulence as a consequence of the Biot–Savart law. We note that, somewhat surprisingly, these long-range correlations are very weak in decaying, isotropic turbulence, and we argue that this should also be true for magnetohydrodynamic, rotating and stratified turbulence. If this is indeed the case, it is possible to make explicit predictions for the rate of decay of energy in these anisotropic systems, and it turns out that these predictions are consistent with the available numerical and experimental evidence.
Jet sharpening by turbulent mixing
Authors: Dritschel D. G. , Scott R. K.
Published: January 2011

Jets or localized strong currents in planetary atmospheres, as well as in the Earth’s oceans, are often associated with sharp potential-vorticity gradients owing to the inherent balance exhibited by these flows. Here, we explore and quantify jet sharpening in a simple idealized single-layer quasi-geostrophic model on a mid-latitude
β
-plane. The advantages of this idealization are that just two parameters control the flow development (the Rossby deformation length and the amplitude of the initial random flow perturbation), and that numerical experiments can comprehensively and accurately cover the parameter space. These experiments, carried out at unprecedented numerical resolution, reveal how an initially broad jet is sharpened, and the role played by coherent vortices in the vicinity of jets.
Position specificity of adaptation-related face aftereffects
Authors: Zimmer Márta , Kovács Gyula
Published: January 2011

It has been shown that prolonged exposure to a human face leads to shape-selective visual aftereffects. It seems that these face-specific aftereffects (FAEs) have multiple components, related to the adaptation of earlier and higher level processing of visual stimuli. The largest magnitude of FAE, using long-term adaptation periods, is usually observed at the retinotopic position of the preceding adaptor stimulus. However, FAE is also detected, to a smaller degree, at other retinal positions in a spatially invariant way and this component depends less on the adaptation duration. Several lines of evidences suggest that while the position-specific FAE involves lower level areas of the ventral processing stream, the position-invariant FAE depends on the activation of higher level face-processing areas and the fusiform gyrus in particular. In the present paper, we summarize the available behavioural, electrophysiological and neuroimaging results regarding the spatial selectivity of FAE and discuss their implications for the visual stability of object representations across saccadic eye movements.
Identification of serine/threonine kinase and nucleotide‐binding site–leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) genes in the fire blight resistance quantitative trait locus of apple cultivar ‘Evereste’
Authors: PARRAVICINI GABRIELLA , GESSLER CESARE , DENANCÉ CAROLINE , LASSERRE‐ZUBER PAULINE , VERGNE EMILIE , BRISSET MARIE‐NOËLLE , PATOCCHI ANDREA , DUREL CHARLES‐ERIC , BROGGINI GIOVANNI A. L.
Published: January 2011

Fire blight is the most destructive bacterial disease affecting apple (Malus×domestica) worldwide. So far, no resistance gene against fire blight has been characterized in apple, despite several resistance regions having been identified. A highly efficacious resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) was localized on linkage group 12 (LG12) of the ornamental cultivar ‘Evereste’. A marker previously reported to be closely linked to this resistance was used to perform a chromosome landing. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of 189 kb carrying the fire blight resistance QTL was isolated and sequenced. New microsatellite markers were developed, and the genomic region containing the resistance locus was limited to 78 kb. A cluster of eight genes with homologies to already known resistance gene structures to bacterial diseases was identified and the corresponding gene transcription was verified. From this cluster, two genes were recognized in silico as the two most probable fire blight resistance genes showing homology with the Pto/Prf complex in tomato.
Flux of nitric oxide between the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the host plant
Authors: TURRION‐GOMEZ JUAN L. , BENITO ERNESTO P.
Published: January 2011

Nitric oxide (NO) production by Botrytis cinerea and the effect of externally supplied NO were studied during saprophytic growth and plant infection. Fluorescence analysis with 4,5‐diaminofluorescein diacetate and electrochemical studies were conducted in vitro between 4 and 20 h of incubation and in planta between 15 and 75 h post‐inoculation. The production of NO by B. cinerea in vitro was detected inside the germinating spores and mycelium and in the surrounding medium. In planta production of NO showed a large variation that was dependent on the host plant and developmental stage of the infection. The induced production of NO was detected from 16 h of in vitro incubation in response to externally added NO. The production of NO by B. cinerea is probably modulated to promote fungal colonization of the plant tissue. The production of NO which diffuses outside the fungal cells and the induction of NO production by exogenous NO open up the possibility of NO cross‐talk between the fungus and the plant. Finally, the existence of an NO concentration threshold is proposed, which may increase or reduce the plant defence against necrotrophic fungal pathogens.
Population structure in Indian sheep ascertained using microsatellite information
Authors: Arora R. , Bhatia S. , Mishra B. P. , Joshi B. K.
Published: January 2011

This study attempts to provide a comprehensive insight into the prevailing genetic status of Indian sheep breeds using microsatellite markers. Seventeen Indian sheep breeds from 3 agroecological zones were analysed using a panel of 25 microsatellite markers. All of the sheep breeds investigated were genetically diverse, as evident from the high allele (>6) and gene (>0.6) diversity values. The gene diversity values for all breeds ranged from 0.621 to 0.780. The within‐population heterozygote deficit (FIS) varied from −0.098 to 0.234, reflecting significant levels for 12 of the 17 breeds investigated. The average genetic differentiation between all breeds (FST) was 11.1%, revealing moderate discrimination between the indigenous sheep breeds. The genetic distance and principal component analysis revealed a separation of sheep breeds based on geographical propinquity. The Bayesian clustering approach suggested poor breed differentiation in the north‐western arid and semi‐arid region when compared to the breeds from the eastern and southern peninsular regions. The observed results mirror the divergent management strategies in the different agroecological regions, lack of specific selection policies, and intermixing of breeds in close proximity. Immediate steps to curb the intermixing and erosion of breed purity for some of these breeds need to be implemented, for example, by introducing measures like making proven rams available and ensuring their frequent exchange between flocks. The data generated here provides valuable information about the genetic structure of the 17 Indian sheep breeds and this can be used for designating priorities for their conservation.
Comparison of community residential supports on measures of information & planning; access to & delivery of supports; choice & control; community connections; satisfaction; and, overall perception of outcomes
Authors: Stainton T. , Brown J. , Crawford C. , Hole R. , Charles G.
Published: January 2011

Background  This paper reports on some of the findings of a large‐scale survey (n = 852) of family members and support staff of adults with intellectual disabilities receiving community living services in British Columbia, Canada, concentrating on comparison of outcomes across four types of community residential settings: group homes, family model homes, independent home or apartment, and family home.

Method  Comparisons were conducted on six domains: information and planning; access to and delivery of supports; choice and control; community connections; satisfaction; and, overall perception of outcomes. Where applicable, further multivariate analyses were undertaken to determine the effect of the degree of help required by the residents and the respondent type.

Results  Findings indicate that on all measures other than choice and control, group homes and family model homes showed better outcomes than either independent settings or family homes.

Conclusion  The findings may indicate that the move to more independent living settings is not being accompanied by appropriate supports.
Expression of a Brassica napus heme oxygenase confers plant tolerance to mercury toxicity
Authors: SHEN QI , JIANG MING , LI HUA , CHE LI LING , YANG ZHI MIN
Published: January 2011

Plant heme oxygenases (HOs) regulate biosynthesis of phytochrome which accounts for photo‐acceptance and ‐morphogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that plant HOs also regulate many other physiological processes including response to environmental stimuli. To elucidate the mechanism by which HOs regulate plant adaptation to heavy metal exposure, three novel HOs genes were isolated from rapeseed (Brassica napus) and their expression patterns were analysed. Alignment of deduced protein sequences revealed that the three BnHOs share high identity with their corresponding orthologos (AtHO1‐3) from Arabidopsis. To investigate whether the BnHO regulates plant tolerance to Hg toxicity, we constructed B. napus transgenic plants overexpressing BnHO‐1. Under Hg stress, the transgenic plants had 1.41–1.59 folds higher biomass than the untransformants. However, overexpression of BnHO‐1 resulted in less accumulation of Hg in some lines of transformants than in untransformants. The transgenic plants show lower abundance of reactive oxygen species and attenuated oxidative injury compared with the untransgenic plants. We cloned the promoter sequences of BnHO‐1 from B. napus. Analysis revealed that the 1119 bp fragment contains a conserved Cd responsive element (CdRE) and others responding to multiple environmental stimuli. Transient expression in tobacco leaves showed differential responses to heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg and Cd).
Hot‐spring Systems Geobiology: abiotic and biotic influences on travertine formation at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA
Authors: FOUKE BRUCE W.
Published: January 2011

Multiple abiotic and biotic factors combine in nature to influence the formation of calcium carbonate limestone deposits. Systems Geobiology studies of how micro‐organisms respond to, or sometimes even control, the coupled effects of environmental change and mineralization will permit more accurate interpretation of the fossil record of ancient microbial life. Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park, USA, serves as a natural laboratory for tracking how the dynamic interplay of physical, chemical and biological factors come together to form hot‐spring limestone (called ‘travertine’). Systematic downstream correlations occur at Mammoth Hot Springs between travertine deposition (geomorphology, crystalline structure and geochemistry), microbial communities (mat morphology, pigmentation, and phylogenetic and metabolic diversity) and spring‐water conditions (temperature, pH, geochemistry and flow). Field‐based microscale and mesoscale experimentation indicates that microbes directly influence travertine growth rate and crystalline structure. At the macroscale, time‐lapse field photography and numerical modelling suggest that travertine terrace geomorphology is influenced strongly by hydrology, heat dispersion and geochemistry. These results from Mammoth Hot Springs allow establishment of a conceptual framework across broad spatial and temporal scales in which to track how multiple geological and biological factors combine to control CaCO3crystal precipitation and the resulting formation of travertine deposits.
Characterization of FLC, SOC1 and FT homologs in Eustoma grandiflorum: effects of vernalization and post‐vernalization conditions on flowering and gene expression
Authors: Nakano Yoshihiro , Kawashima Hiroki , Kinoshita Takafumi , Yoshikawa Hiroyasu , Hisamatsu Tamotsu
Published: January 2011

A rosette plant of Eustoma grandiflorum requires vernalization (exposure to a period of cold temperature) and long‐day conditions to promote flowering, while prolonged cold or cool temperatures in post‐vernalization periods delay flowering. This study aimed to investigate the effect of growth conditions on flowering regulation in Eustoma. In Arabidopsis, vernalization suppresses a floral repressor gene, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and upregulates floral promoter genes, such as SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). We identified and characterized the Eustoma homologs of these genes. In contrast to Arabidopsis FLC, Eustoma grandiflorum FLC‐like (EgFLCL) expression was upregulated by cold temperature and downregulated by subsequent warm temperature exposure. The expression of Eustoma grandiflorum SOC1‐like (EgSOC1L) and FT‐like (EgFTL) genes was not significantly induced during vernalization, but their transcripts increased during a warm post‐vernalization period in the long days. Vernalized plants grown under cool post‐vernalization temperatures exhibited higher EgFLCL expression, lower EgSOC1L and EgFTL expression and flowered later than those grown under warm temperatures. Overexpression of EgFLCL cDNA repressed flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis, whereas overexpression of EgSOC1L or EgFTL cDNA promoted flowering. Our results suggest that flowering regulation by vernalization in Eustoma differs from the paradigm developed for Arabidopsis. EgFLCL is regulated by temperature and may be involved in floral repression during cold and cool seasons. Warm‐ and long‐day conditions following vernalization are required to induce two putative floral promoters, EgSOC1L and EgFTL, effectively.
Interspecific hybridization in wild Cicer sp.
Authors: Abbo S. , Mesghenna Y. T. , Van Oss H.
Published: January 2011

With 2 figures and 5 tables

Interspecific hybridization between closely related wild Cicer species was performed. The Cicer judaicum × C. pinnatifidum cross resulted in sterile F1’s because of abnormal flowers. Backcrossing the F1 plant with C. pinnatifidum pollen resulted in mostly sterile BC1F1 plants. Similarly, poor fertility was observed among the C. bijugum×C. judaicum F2. The annual C. cuneatum × perennial C. canariense F1’s was partially fertile with intermediate morphology. Meiotic chromosome pairing in the annual × perennial F1’s was mostly normal, but pollen fertility was approximately 50%. These plants flowered profusely but produced only a meagre yield of viable F2 seeds and many shrivelled seeds. Similar to the situation in other interspecific crosses, the fertility and vigour of the F2 plants derived from the annual × perennial cross were lower compared with that of the F1, yet another demonstration of the complex crossing barriers prevalent in the genus Cicer. The implications of the above findings to chickpea breeding are discussed with emphasis on the actual value of distantly related wild relatives for chickpea improvement.
Attitudes and views of the general public towards research participation
Authors: Burns K. E. A. , Magyarody N. , Jiang D. , Wald R.
Published: January 2011

Background

While the challenges of recruitment into clinical trials are well described, little is known about the public's perceptions towards research.

Aims

We sought to describe the attitudes, beliefs and knowledge of the public towards research and research participation, focusing on clinical trials, contrast these attributes among individuals with different relationships with the healthcare system and to identify predictors of willingness to participate.

Methods

We conducted a self‐administered cross‐sectional survey of patients and their significant others in two clinics and two intensive care unit waiting rooms and in three public venues.

Results

We analysed responses from 417 respondents (102 and 105 in dialysis and oncology clinics, and 106 in intensive care unit (ICU) waiting rooms, 104 in public locations). While most (68.3%) respondents favoured the use of humans in clinical trials, 53% felt that trial participants always or almost always receive the best quality of care, only 30.4% had participated in clinical research. Approximately 70% felt that subjects are always advised of the risks and benefits of participation, and 30% expressed ambiguity regarding whether participants are informed of their involvement. Oncology and dialysis respondents were the most and least informed regarding research methods and ethics. The perceived risks and benefits associated with clinical circumstances influence research participation decisions and vary with healthcare experiences. We identified six predictors of willingness to participate.

Conclusion

Attitudes of the public towards research participation are beleaguered by misconceptions. Stakeholders in clinical research must educate the general public regarding research methods and ethics.
A variant in microRNA‐196a2 is not associated with susceptibility to and progression of colorectal cancer in Chinese
Authors: Chen H. , Sun L‐Y. , Chen L‐L. , Zheng H‐Q. , Zhang Q‐F.
Published: January 2011

Background:  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs with regulatory functions as tumour suppressors and oncogenes. Although single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in miRNA regions have been reported to be rare and unlikely to be functionally important, recent evidence suggested that rs11614913 SNP in miR‐196a2 was associated with the susceptibility of lung cancer, breast cancer, congenital heart disease and shortened survival time of non‐small‐cell lung cancer.

Aims:  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between this genetic variant and the risk and/or progression of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods:  A total of 126 CRC patients and 407 healthy controls was periodically enrolled. DNA was extracted from blood specimens, and miR‐196a2 polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–ligation detection reaction (PCR–LDR).

Results:  Although the frequency of CC homozygotes or miR‐196a2C allele‐containing genotypes (CT and CC) was lower in CRC patients than in the healthy controls, no significant association between miR‐196a2 polymorphism and the risk of CRC was found. The frequency of the ‘C’ allele in CRC patients was also not significantly lower than in healthy controls. In a subsequent analysis of the association between this polymorphism and the progression of CRC, there was still no significant difference in both genotype and allelic frequency.

Conclusions:  Our results suggest that miR‐196a2 polymorphism is not associated with both an increased risk and progression of CRC in Chinese.
ETHICS, AMBIGUITY AVERSION, AND THE REVIEW OF COMPLEX TRANSLATIONAL CLINICAL TRIALS
Authors: KIMMELMAN JONATHAN
Published: January 2011

Clinical trials of novel agents often present several layers of ethical challenge. Because time and resources for ethical and safety review are limited, how investigators, IRBs, and regulators allocate attention to a trial's various safety dimensions itself represents a critical ethical question. In what follows, I use the example of a Parkinson's disease gene transfer trial to show how risks involving unknown probabilities or outcomes (ambiguity), might sometimes draw attention away from risks that involve known probabilities or outcomes. This potentially undermines the goal of ‘systematic and nonarbitrary analysis of risk’ during ethical review. To counteract the possible effects of such attention biases, I propose that reviewers develop ‘cognitive aids’ like lists and, where appropriate, set aside time to discuss non‐ambiguous risks. I also propose further research for addressing and understanding how attention allocation, emotion, and ambiguity influence ethical decision‐making.
Class and lifestyle ‘lock‐in’ among middle‐aged and older men: a Multiple Correspondence Analysis of the British Regional Heart Study
Authors: Jones Ian Rees , Papacosta Olia , Whincup Peter H. , Goya Wannamethee S. , Morris Richard W.
Published: January 2011

Health lifestyles are collective patterns of health risk behaviour that develop within a social habitus. An important area for research is the extent to which health lifestyles become more individualised over time and as people age, or whether health lifestyles remain socially structured. This article presents findings from a Multiple Correspondence Analysis of the British Regional Heart Study. Our findings suggest that smoking and alcohol use retain a strong class patterning as men age (suggesting some support for the long‐term importance of social structures in old age). This indicates that, in later life, some forms of class‐related health lifestyles become fixed or ‘locked in’. In contrast there is evidence to suggest that, for exercise, class becomes less important as people age (suggesting either some support for growing individualisation and or important ageing effects). Further studies are required to examine different forms of health lifestyle in later life in relation to forms of cultural and economic capital. This study provides evidence in support of attempts to theorise health lifestyles in terms of collectivities. Furthermore, the concept of selective lifestyle ‘lock‐in’ may be a useful way of understanding the relationship between class and health lifestyles in old age.
Subjective social status and health in young people
Authors: Karvonen Sakari , Rahkonen Ossi
Published: January 2011

Health inequalities according to objective socioeconomic position (SEP), have been well‐documented. Yet, in young people the associations are negligible. Recently, research on the association of subjective social status (SSS), and adult health has begun to accumulate. Studies on young people are rare and describe societies with large income inequalities. Here, we investigated the association between SSS and health, while controlling for own and familial SEP. The study population consisted of 15‐year‐olds (N = 2369) who have grown up in a context of low social inequalities. Data were derived from surveys carried out in 2004 in 29 secondary schools in Helsinki. The SSS was measured with an indicator specific to and validated for adolescents (a societal ladder). Outcome measures were self‐rated health, health complaints, presence of limiting longstanding illness (LLI) and GHQ‐12 caseness (indicating psychiatric morbidity). The SSS associated strongly with all health measures. Adjusting for objective socioeconomic measures attenuated the associations; although they all remained statistically significant apart from LLI among girls. The subjective assessment contributes to health inequalities in young people largely independent of objective SEP. Subjective ratings most probably capture aspects of social hierarchy that are more subtle and less well represented than in conventional measures.
Treating women’s sexual difficulties: the body work of sexual therapy
Authors: Cacchioni Thea , Wolkowitz Carol
Published: January 2011

This paper seeks to illuminate the interactions of medics and other healthcare practitioners with women’s bodies by looking at intervention in the area of women’s sexual problems or ‘Female Sexual Dysfunction’ (FSD). Drawing on data produced in the first empirical study to date of women’s accounts of their experiences of seeking and receiving treatment for perceived sexual difficulties, we analyse two treatments for women’s sexual difficulties involving direct touch of the body: sexual medicine and pelvic physiotherapy. We adopt the concept of ‘body work’ as a way of illuminating practitioners’ focus on the bodies of patients and the complex, contradictory meanings of genital touch brought by these interactions. We conclude by considering the goals and methods of these sexual therapies, the challenges that practitioners face, and the implications of all the above for women, their bodies, and their capacity for sexual enjoyment.
‘It's a macho thing, innit?’ Exploring the effects of masculinity on career choice and development
Authors: Hancock A. N.
Published: January 2011

Through the analysis of qualitative data of the life stories of ten male returners to further education this article aims to support and develop some of the ideas presented inGender, Work & Organizationby both Simpson in 2005 and Lupton in 2006 on men in non‐traditional occupations. I employ the notion of multiple masculinities to understand my cohort's careers and demonstrate that over time early socialization can be overcome so that some men can make non‐stereotypical career decisions later in life. In offering an explanation as to why this might be the case, I argue that in late modernity some men can actively choose non‐traditional occupations, albeit within a gendered and classed labour market. I also offer insights into male identity in late modernity.
On receiving what has gone astray, on finding what has got lost
Authors: Cavalli Alessandra
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Disturbing emotions that act as bodily cryptograms waiting to be deciphered are currently understood as intra‐psychic trauma. The author briefly discusses Fordham’s concepts of deintegration and primitive identity, as well as early patterns of mother‐infant attunement to describe how the empathic capacity of the analyst is dramatically challenged in helping patients to give birth to unbearable emotions that remain an undifferentiated entity. Referring to Ogden's understanding of the mechanism of projective identification, the author will explore how unconscious mental processes in the analyst and the patient can work at re‐activating failures in the deintegrative process. Clinical material is presented to show how unconscious psychic events that affect the patient but cannot be known consciously can be born into mind by the analytic couple.
Entertaining the stranger
Authors: Saban Mark
Published: January 2011

Translations of Abstract

Cet article a pour sujet la problématique de l’Autre en psychologie analytique. Malgré les importantes contributions de Papadopoulos et de Huskinson sur cette question, celle‐ci n’a pas, selon moi, reçu l’attention qu’elle mérite. A la lumière des écrits de Levinas sur l’altérité, la tendance de Jung à caractériser le soi comme unitaire, autonome et indivis, peut apparaître comme une défense contre l’altérité, voire même comme une suppression de l’altérité. Cependant, une relecture derridéenne de cette approche donne à entendre que les ambiguïtés et paradoxes, à propos desquels Jung a souligné qu’ils étaient inhérents à ses intuitions du concept du soi, possèdent un potentiel d’évocation remarquablement subtil de l’être‐soi (Selfhood) qui se manifeste au cœur même des tensions entre Même et Autre. En conclusion, cette expérience de l’être‐soi (Selfhood) est amplifiée par les apports du philosophe allemand contemporain Waldenfels, avec une attention particulière portée au pathos dans la rencontre avec l’altérité.
Patients’ perceptions of barriers for participation in nursing care
Authors: Larsson Inga E. , Sahlsten Monika J.M. , Segesten Kerstin , Plos Kaety A.E.
Published: January 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 575–582
 
Patients’ perceptions of barriers for participation in nursing care

Background:  In many Western countries as in Sweden, patients have legal right to participate in own care individually adjusted to each patient’s wishes and abilities. There are still few empirical studies of patients’ perceptions of barriers for participation. Accordingly, there is a need to identify what may prevent patients from playing an active role in own nursing care. Such knowledge is highly valuable for the nursing profession when it comes to implementation of individual patient participation.

Aim and objective:  To explore barriers for patient participation in nursing care with a special focus on adult patients with experience of inpatient physical care.

Methodological design and justification:  Data were collected through 6 focus groups with 26 Swedish informants recruited from physical inpatient care as well as discharged patients from such a setting. A content analysis with qualitative approach of the tape‐recorded interview material was made.

Ethical issues and approval:  The ethics of scientific work was adhered to. Each study participant gave informed consent after verbal and written information. The Ethics Committee of Göteborg University approved the study.

Results:  The barriers for patient participation were identified as four categories: Facing own inability, meeting lack of empathy, meeting a paternalistic attitude and sensing structural barriers, and their 10 underlying subcategories.

Conclusions:  Our study contributes knowledge and understanding of patients’ experiences of barriers for participation. The findings point to remaining structures and nurse attitudes that are of disadvantage for patients’ participation. The findings may increase the understanding of patient participation and may serve as an incentive in practice and nursing education to meet and eliminate these barriers, in quality assurance of care, work organization and further research.
IKrvs.IKsblockade and arrhythmogenicity in normoxic rabbit Purkinje fibers: does it really make a difference?
Authors: Puddu Paolo Emilio , Legrand Jean‐Christophe , Sallé Laurent , Rouet René , Ducroq Joffrey
Published: January 2011

The electrophysiological (standard intracellular microelectrode technique) and pro‐arrhythmic (occurrence of early after‐depolarization) effects of five class III agents acting on delayed rectifier current (IK), rapid (IKr), and/or slow (IKs) components have been studied in rabbit Purkinje fibers taken near the septum and submitted in vitro to reduced stimulation rate (from 1 to 0.5 Hz) in the absence or presence of epinephrine (10 nm) during normoxic conditions. There were twoIKrblockers (d‐sotalol and dofetilide), twoIKsblockers (chromanol 293B and HMR 1556), and a non‐selectiveIKblocker (azimilide). d‐sotalol, dofetilide, and azimilide lengthened APD60and APD90in a concentration‐dependent manner. Both d‐sotalol and dofetilide showed pro‐arrhythmia at highest concentrations and in the presence of epinephrine and lower stimulation rate. Despite azimilide markedly lengthened APD90, it was globally less pro‐arrhythmic than dofetilide. Thus, in normoxic rabbit Purkinje fibers,IKrblockade prolonged action potential duration (APD) and increased the incidence of early after‐depolarizations, particularly so in the presence of adrenergic stimulation and bradycardia,IKsblockade did neither, and non‐selectiveIKblockade (by azimilide) behaved principally asIKrblockade. It is concluded that in normoxic rabbit Purkinje fibers,IKsblockade was neutral, whereasIKrblockade was pro‐arrhythmic, which may make a difference worth exploration in more complex models.
Accelerated hematopoietic stem cell aging in a mouse model of dyskeratosis congenita responds to antioxidant treatment
Authors: Gu Bai‐Wei , Fan Jian‐Meng , Bessler Monica , Mason Philip J.
Published: January 2011

Mutations in DKC1, encoding telomerase associated protein dyskerin, cause X‐linked dyskeratosis congenita (DC), a bone marrow (BM) failure, and cancer susceptibility syndrome. Decreased accumulation of telomerase RNA resulting in excessive telomere shortening and premature cellular senescence is thought to be the primary cause of disease in X‐linked DC. Affected tissues are those that require constant renewal by stem cell activity. We previously showed that in Dkc1Δ15 mice, which contain a mutation that is a copy of a human mutation causing DC, mutant cells have a telomerase‐dependent proliferative defect and increased accumulation of DNA damage in the first generation before the telomeres are short. We now demonstrate the presence of the growth defect in Dkc1Δ15 mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro and show that accumulation of DNA damage and levels of reactive oxygen species increase with increasing population doublings. Treatment with the antioxidant, N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC), partially rescued the growth disadvantage of mutant cells in vitro and in vivo. Competitive BM repopulation experiments showed that the Dkc1Δ15 mutation is associated with a functional stem cell defect that becomes more severe with increasing age, consistent with accelerated senescence, a hallmark of DC hematopoiesis. This stem cell phenotype was partially corrected by NAC treatment. These results suggest that a pathogenic Dkc1 mutation accelerates stem cell aging, that increased oxidative stress might play a role in the pathogenesis of X‐linked DC, and that some manifestations of DC may be prevented or delayed by antioxidant treatment.
Identification of genetic variation in 11 candidate genes of canine mammary tumour
Authors: Borge K. S. , Børresen‐Dale A. L. , Lingaas F.
Published: January 2011

The incidence of canine mammary tumours (CMTs) differs significantly between breeds, strongly supporting an influence of genetic risk factors. We aimed at identifying germline genetic variations in mammary tumour‐associated genes in dogs and survey whether these might alter the encoded proteins. We sequenced 11 genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, EGFR, ESR1, HER2, PTEN, STK11 and TP53) and screened for genetic variations. Sixty‐four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Nine of the coding SNPs were non‐synonymous, of which four were located in gene regions conserved across four species. Three of the non‐synonymous SNPs might be damaging according to PolyPhen predictions. One of the indels identified has previously been associated with CMTs. Because of the founder effects, genetic drift and inbreeding in many dog breeds the allele frequencies of the genes studied are likely to vary significantly between breeds and contribute to the considerable difference in genetic risk associated with cancer.
Analysis of KIT expression and KIT exon 11 mutations in canine oral malignant melanomas
Authors: Murakami A. , Mori T. , Sakai H. , Murakami M. , Yanai T. , Hoshino Y. , Maruo K.
Published: January 2011

KIT, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, is one of the specific targets for anti‐cancer therapy. In humans, its expression and mutations have been identified in malignant melanomas and therapies using molecular‐targeted agents have been promising in these tumours. As human malignant melanoma, canine malignant melanoma is a fatal disease with metastases and the poor response has been observed with all standard protocols. In our study, KIT expression and exon 11 mutations in dogs with histologically confirmed malignant oral melanomas were evaluated. Although 20 of 39 cases were positive for KIT protein, there was no significant difference between KIT expression and overall survival. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of KIT exon 11 in 17 samples did not detect any mutations and proved disappointing. For several reasons, however, KIT expression and mutations of various exons including exon 11 should be investigated in more cases.
Evaluation of partially dentate patients’ knowledge about caries and periodontal disease
Authors: Ribeiro Daniela Garcia , Jorge Janaina Habib , Varjão Fabiana Mansur , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , Garcia Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso
Published: January 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00460.x

Evaluation of partially dentate patients’ knowledge about caries and periodontal disease

Objective:  This investigation evaluated the knowledge of dental caries and periodontal disease among removable partial denture (RPD) wearers.

Method:  A total of 127 partially dentate patients participated in this observational study. A structured questionnaire, which included eight questions referring to knowledge about aetiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease, was developed in the local language (Portuguese) and used to collect the data of all the partial denture wearers. A descriptive analysis of data was performed by means of drafting tables.

Results:  The results demonstrated that 68.5% of patients interviewed had previously received information about oral health care. With regard to bacterial plaque, it was observed that only 34.6% reported having knowledge of this. Whereas, in relation to caries, 76.4% of the interviewees replied that they knew the meaning of this. Nevertheless, 28.3% referred to caries as a whole in the teeth, 16.5% as bad teeth and 9.4% bacteria/creatures on the teeth. Only 17.3% of the partially edentulous patients evaluated were shown to know what disease of the gingiva was.

Conclusion:  By means of the methodology applied, it could be concluded that the patients who wore RPDs presented deficient knowledge with regard to the prevention, aetiology and development of dental caries and periodontal disease.
Reappraisal of Aquaporin‐4 Astrocytopathy in Asian Neuromyelitis Optica and Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Matsuoka Takeshi , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Suenaga Toshihiko , Iwaki Toru , Kira Jun‐ichi
Published: January 2011

Selective aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) loss and vasculocentric complement and immunoglobulin deposition are characteristic of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). We recently reported extensive AQP4 loss in demyelinated and myelinated layers of Baló's lesions without perivascular immunoglobulin and complement deposition. We aimed to reappraise AQP4 expression patterns in NMO and multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated AQP4 expression relative to glial fibrillary acidic protein, extent of demyelination, lesion staging (CD68 staining for macrophages), and perivascular deposition of complement and immunoglobulin in 11 cases with NMO and NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD), five with MS and 30 with other neurological diseases. The lesions were classified as actively demyelinating (n = 66), chronic active (n = 86), chronic inactive (n = 48) and unclassified (n = 12). Six NMO/NMOSD and two MS cases showed preferential AQP4 loss beyond the demyelinated areas, irrespective of lesion staging. Five NMO and three MS cases showed AQP4 preservation even in actively demyelinating lesions, despite grave tissue destruction. Vasculocentric deposition of complement and immunoglobulin was detected only in NMO/NMOSD patients, with less than 30% of actively demyelinating lesions showing AQP4 loss. Our present and previous findings suggest that antibody‐independent AQP4 loss can occur in heterogeneous demyelinating conditions, including NMO, Baló's disease and MS.
A National Epidemic of Campylobacteriosis in Iceland, Lessons Learned
Authors: Tustin J. , Laberge K. , Michel P. , Reiersen J. , Dađadóttir S. , Briem H. , Harđardóttir H. , Kristinsson K. , Gunnarsson E. , Friđriksdóttir V. , Georgsson F.
Published: January 2011

Epidemics often result in organizational, policy and technical changes within a country. In 1999, an epidemic of campylobacteriosis was reported in Iceland. The recent availability of fresh poultry products in the marketplace was suggested as the source of infection. This paper reports on the context of the epidemic, reviews interventions implemented to prevent campylobacteriosis, and discusses lessons learned. A retrospective study of interventions implemented in Iceland from June 1995 to December 2007 was conducted by interviewing key informants and reviewing Iceland’s literature. Cumulative incidence rates of domestic campylobacteriosis by year and average incidence rates per epidemic period were calculated. Interventions included on‐farm surveillance of Campylobacter, producer education, enhanced biosecurity measures, changes in poultry processing, a leak‐proof packaging policy, a freezing policy for products from Campylobacter‐positive poultry flocks, consumer education, and the creation of a legislated inter‐organizational response committee. These interventions appear to have collectively contributed to a decrease in campylobacteriosis’ incidence rate near pre‐epidemic baseline levels. Expert consultations revealed that the implementation of a Campylobacter surveillance program in poultry and the freezing policy were critical to controlling the disease in the Icelandic population. It was also recognized that new multidisciplinary collaborations among public health, veterinary, and food safety authorities and a sustained co‐operation from the poultry industry were integral factors to the mitigation of the epidemic. Iceland’s response to the campylobacteriosis epidemic is a lesson learned of inter‐disciplinary and inter‐organizational precautionary public health action in the face of a complex public health issue.
Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran
Authors: Berberian Manuel , King G. C. P.
Published: January 2011

Maps of the paleography of Iran are presented to summarize and review the geological evolution of the Iranian region since late Precambrian time. On the basis of the data presented in this way reconstructions of the region have been prepared that take account of the known major movements of continental masses. These reconstructions, which appear at the beginning of the paper, show some striking features, many of which were poorly appreciated previously in the evolution of the region. They include the closing of the 'Hercynian Ocean' by the northward motion of the Central Iranian continental fragment(s), the apparently simultaneous opening of a new ocean ('the High-Zagros Alpine Ocean') south of Iran, and the formation of 'small rift zones of oceanic character' together with the attenuation of continental crust in Central Iran.With the disappearance of the Hercynian Ocean, the floor of the High-Zagros Alpine Ocean started to subduct beneath southern Central Iran and apparently disappeared by Late Cretaceous – Early Paleocene time (65 Ma). From this time the compressional motion between Arabia and Eurasia has been accommodated in Iran by shortening and thickening of the continental crust. This crustal thickening is accompanied by a progressive, though eventful, transition from marine to continental conditions over the whole region.A striking feature highlighted in this study is the existence of extensive alkaline and calc-alkaline volcanics, which appear to be unrelated to subduction. The intrusion of these rocks started in Middle Eocene time (45 Ma) and extended to the present. It is clear that some major fault systems have played a continuous but varied role from the Precambrian until the present, and whatever controlled the original fold orientation at the onset of continental compression (65 Ma) apparently still controls the orientation of contemporary folding.