bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RIP2-mediated LKB1 deletion causes axon degeneration in the spinal cord and hind-limb paralysis
Authors: Sun Gao , Reynolds Richard , Leclerc Isabelle , Rutter Guy A.
Published: December 2010

Axon degeneration is observed in neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammatory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. The molecular basis of this process remains largely unknown. Here, we show that mice deleted for the tumour suppressor LKB1 (also called STK11) in the spinal cord, some parts of the brain and in the endocrine pancreas (βLKB1KO mice) develop hind-limb dysfunction and axon degeneration at about 7 weeks. Demyelination and macrophage infiltration are observed in the white matter of these mice, predominantly in the bilateral and anterior funiculi of the thoracic segment of the spinal cord, suggesting damage to the ascending sensory signalling pathway owing to LKB1 deletion in the brain. Microtubule structures were also affected in the degenerated foci, with diminished neurofilament and tubulin expression. Deletion of both PRKAA1 genes, whose products AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 are also downstream targets of LKB1, with the same strategy was without effect. We thus define LKB1 as an intrinsic suppressor of axon degeneration and a possible target for strategies that can reverse this process.
An update on Cryptococcus among HIV-infected patients
Authors: Warkentien T , Crum-Cianflone N F
Published: December 2010

Cryptococcus remains an important opportunistic infection in HIV patients despite considerable declines in prevalence during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. This is particularly apparent in sub-Saharan Africa, where Cryptococcus continues to cause significant mortality and morbidity. This review discusses the microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation of cryptococcal infections in HIV patients. Additionally, a detailed approach to the management of cryptococcosis is provided.
Sublime landscapes in contemporary British horror: The Last Great Wilderness and Eden Lake
Authors: Hockenhull Stella
Published: December 2010

Landscape, as distinct from setting, presents its own visual authority, particularly in the horror genre. A number of contemporary British films contain pictorial images of the landscape that are not necessarily pivotal to the narrative. By implementing an analysis of these representations
in contemporary British rural horror, and drawing on the theories of romanticism and the Sublime of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with their emphasis on the spiritual aspects of nature, allows for setting as more than narrative space. It produces an affect that elicits a certain
type of emotion from the viewer, who is invited to experience an intuitive response on encountering the pictorial compositions, aiding narrative meaning. This essay examines what Martin Lebebvre describes as impure or spectator landscapes in two recent films: The Last Great Wilderness
(MacKenzie, 2002) and Eden Lake (Watkins, 2008), and finds visual correlations drawn from the contemporary art world. This indicates that, from a socio-cultural perspective, the twenty-first century has witnessed an emergence of Romantic and sublime vocabulary in both film and painting,
which indicates the existence of, what Raymond Williams might term, a structure of feeling.
Film Review
Authors: Dipio Dominica
Published: December 2010

Tarfaya, Directed by Daoud Aoulad Syad (2004, Morocco/France, Mandala Productions, 97 mins.)
Live puzzle: kaleidoscopic narratives through spatio-temporal montage
Authors: Laskari Iro , Laskari Anna
Published: December 2010

This article documents a project that deals with the application of a generative approach for creating audio-visual narration. The project investigates the possibility of producing spatio-temporal montage, offering a kaleidoscopic view of pre-recorded events. Fragmented narratives synthesize
a complex whole, which evolve in space and time according to the viewer's behaviour in space. Thus, the viewer becomes the player of a live, constantly changing puzzle. The aim is to create new experiences derived from the synthesis is being pre-recorded memories, according to kinetic commands.
A kaleidoscopic narrative is being created according to users' placement, to their movement in space, and to interaction between them. The system's narratives are different if a single observer is interacting with it via his displacement, or if many observers are moving independently towards
different directions or as a group. Two kinds of interaction are being developed: humanmachine interaction and humanhuman interaction. Condensings and rarefactions are perceived by the system as different stimuli, and thus they lead to different audio-visual narratives. The environment created
by the system is planned to be both procedural and participatory. It is led by rules and by people at the same time. It reacts to the users' acts and is offered for multiple simultaneous personal readings. When interactive environments are offered for simultaneous readings by a number of users,
they are altered in a way that depasses the sum of individual interactions, creating an emergent narrative and a collective memory. Video as a means of projecting recorded memories is being edited by the system in order to provoke new experiences and connotations, through semantic montage.
Contemporary Stories: American Indian and Thai
Authors: Frey Rodney
Published: December 2010

Mary Dougherty Bartlett. ed. The New Native American Novel: Works in Progress. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1986. viii. 132 pp. $22.50 (cloth), $10.95 (paper).

Herbert P. Phillips in association with Vinita Almiyanandana Lawler, Amnuaycaj Patipat, Likhit Dhiravegin. Modern Thai Literature: With an Ethnographic Interpretation. Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press, 1987. xiii. 391 pp. $26.00 (cloth).
Single Question, Two Replies
Authors: Teski Marea
Published: December 2010

Gregory Bateson and Mary Catherine Bateson. Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred. New York: McMillan, 1987. 224 pp. $18.95 (cloth).

Allen Johnson and Timothy Earle. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1987. 360 pp. $39.50 (cloth).
Zouping Christianity as Gendered Critique? An Ethnography of Political Potentials
Authors: Kipnis Andrew
Published: December 2010

During the past two decades in Zouping County, rural north China, the Protestant church has both grown explosively and become overwhelmingly female. This article contrasts the gendered cultures of banqueting and Christianity in Zouping, and asks whether female Christianity can be considered an implicit critique of male banqueting culture. In reference to a growing critique of the conceptual overuse of “resistance,” and debate over the place of politics in ethnography, it explores modes of ethnographic writing that are sensitive to the problems of both de‐ and overpoliticization.
TheFarm Journal'sDiscourse of Farm Women's Femininity
Authors: Adams Jane
Published: December 2010

During the 1950s, U.S. farm women's normative roles and self‐identities changed from that of hard working, petty‐commodity‐producing “housekeepers” to that of unproductive, consuming “homemakers.” This article analyzes the way the Farm Journal constructed and promoted new roles for farm women at a time when farm families were negotiating the radical disruptions of farm and rural community after World War II—constructions that contributed to a hegemonic consensus that systematically excluded and rendered invisible large portions of farm women's daily lives.
Urban Marginality and Ethnographic Practice: on the Ethics of Fieldwork
Authors: Gounis Kostas
Published: December 2010

URBAN HOMELESSNESS in the U.S. is a project that involves the political to domesticate social marginality and to institutionalize new exclusions, prohibitions and interdictions. Whether in the streets or in asylums, homelessness denotes a state of captivity and exposure where administrative discipline permeates social and personal practices that are normally exempt from regimentation and policing. This paper seeks to explore the possibilities for an ethical relation between observer and observed in the course of ethnographic practice among homeless and other similarly marginalized urban populations.
Fresh Thickets of Trouble: Unresolved Ethical Issues of Research in the Urban Public Domain, a Commentary
Authors: Hopper Kim
Published: December 2010

THE ARTICLES REVIEWED here revisit old quandaries of anthropological research—the terms and conditions of access, protocols of confidentiality, routine (if inadvertent) betrayals of informants, complicity in embedding structures of power, and ambiguities of reciprocity—hand explore new variations of these and other problems. Informed consent raises distinctive problems in field settings not adequately addressed by IRB prescriptions or conventional tradecraft. Informants who read, figure in and sometimes collaborate on ethnographies introduce further complexities. The applicability of shield laws to field notes ought to be investigated. Ethnographic findings themselves remain vulnerable to misuse that only vigilance and engaged response can hope to counter.
(Re)Inventing Berlin: Dialectics of Power, Symbols and Pasts, 1990–1995
Authors: De Soto Hermine G.
Published: December 2010

AFTER GERMAN UNIFICATION East and West Berlin became united, and the once divided city acquired again the status of the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. During this historic moment the urban district of Mitte in former socialist East Berlin became one of the most contested landscapes in the city. From 1990 to 1995 a striking politics of culture was launched, in which street names as carriers of one past were used as instruments in the production of the new past and the new present (eine Vergangenheitsbewältigung and eine Gegenwartsbewältigung).
Dancing on the Margins: Transforming Urban Marginality Through Popular Performance
Authors: Goldstein Daniel M.
Published: December 2010

In a migrant barrio of Cochabamba, Bolivia, a community considered marginal in the social geography of the city, people struggle to assert their integration to urban and national life. They accomplish this through dance performances that are widely recognized as components of Bolivia's national Carnaval. By demonstrating mastery of national culture, barrio residents offer alternative constructions of urban space, restore community pride, and improve the area's physical infrastructure. Photographs of a local fiesta illustrate this process of contesting marginality. [Urban space, marginality, Andes, Bolivia]
Gateways in the Flow of Capital and Culture: Hong Kong and New York as World Cities
Authors: Lin Jan
Published: December 2010

This comparison of Hong Kong and New York City refines our understanding of globalization by examining how structurally similar processes unfold differently in cities which vary in terms of regional political–economy and metropolitan culture. The gateway city concept accounts for the interaction of global and local forces rather than conceiving of globalization as a hegemonic “top–down” process. Local actors such as city officials, urban planners and culture producers may influence the pace and direction of globalization. Various culture industries are emerging along with capital‐intensive producer services as leading sectors of the postindustrial economy in the global era. [Globalization, gateways, culture, capital, postindustrialism]
Plasticity in the Purine–Thiamine Metabolic Network of Salmonella
Authors: Bazurto Jannell V , Downs Diana M
Published: December 2010

In Salmonella enterica, 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) is the precursor of the 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (HMP) pyrophosphate moiety of thiamine and the last intermediate in the common HMP/purine biosynthetic pathway. AIR is synthesized de novo via five reactions catalyzed by the purF, -D, -T, -G, and -I gene products. In vivo genetic analysis demonstrated that in the absence of these gene products AIR can be generated if (i) methionine and lysine are in the growth medium, (ii) PurC is functional, and (iii) 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR) has accumulated. This study provides evidence that the five steps of the common HMP/purine biosynthetic pathway can be bypassed in the synthesis of AIR and thus demonstrates that thiamine synthesis can be uncoupled from the early purine biosynthetic pathway in bacteria.
The Cik1/Kar3 Motor Complex Is Required for the Proper Kinetochore–Microtubule Interaction After Stressful DNA Replication
Authors: Liu Hong , Jin Fengzhi , Liang Fengshan , Tian Xuemei , Wang Yanchang
Published: December 2010

In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, kinetochores are attached by microtubules during most of the cell cycle, but the duplication of centromeric DNA disassembles kinetochores, which results in a brief dissociation of chromosomes from microtubules. Kinetochore assembly is delayed in the presence of hydroxyurea, a DNA synthesis inhibitor, presumably due to the longer time required for centromeric DNA duplication. Some kinetochore mutants are sensitive to stressful DNA replication as these kinetochore proteins become essential for the establishment of the kinetochore–microtubule interaction after treatment with hydroxyurea. To identify more genes required for the efficient kinetochore–microtubule interaction under stressful DNA replication conditions, we carried out a genome-wide screen for yeast mutants sensitive to hydroxyurea. From this screen, cik1 and kar3 mutants were isolated. Kar3 is the minus-end-directed motor protein; Cik1 binds to Kar3 and is required for its motor function. After exposure to hydroxyurea, cik1 and kar3 mutant cells exhibit normal DNA synthesis kinetics, but they display a significant anaphase entry delay. Our results indicate that cik1 cells exhibit a defect in the establishment of chromosome bipolar attachment in the presence of hydroxyurea. Since Kar3 has been shown to drive the poleward chromosome movement along microtubules, our data support the possibility that this chromosome movement promotes chromosome bipolar attachment after stressful DNA replication.
Occult Pulmonary Hemorrhage as a Rare Presentation of Propylthiouracil-Induced Vasculitis
Authors: Tu Yu-Ling , Tsai Yi-Chan , Huang Jing-Long , Yao Tsung-Chieh
Published: December 2010

Propylthiouracil, a drug commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism, is known to cause antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis as a rare complication. The wide clinical spectrum of propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis ranges from mild forms with rash and/or arthralgia to severe forms with renal or pulmonary involvement, which can be critical and life-threatening if left unrecognized and untreated. Given its rarity and exceedingly variable clinical presentations, diagnosis may be challenging, and delayed diagnosis is not uncommon without a high index of suspicion, as illustrated by this report of a 17-year-old girl with Graves' disease who developed occult pulmonary hemorrhage as an overlooked rare presentation of ANCA-associated vasculitis after administration of propylthiouracil. Associated clinical features included fever, fatigue, palpable purpura, polyarthritis, and nephritis. Positive findings on chest radiography prompted the bronchoalveolar lavage procedure, which led to the identification of pulmonary hemorrhage. Skin biopsy showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Serologic test results were positive for perinuclear ANCA, cytoplasmic ANCA, myeloperoxidase-ANCA, proteinase 3-ANCA, and cryoglobulins but negative for antinuclear antibody, anti–double-stranded DNA, rheumatoid factor, and anti–hepatitis C virus antibody. The symptoms resolved after discontinuation of propylthiouracil and a few months of corticosteroids and azathioprine. This report highlights the necessity for physicians to keep alert for the protean manifestations of propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis.
Energy consumption of tree shakers as a function of frequency
Authors: Horváth Ernő , Sitkei György
Published: December 2010

In the last decade considerable progress was achieved in the theory of tree shakers used for fruit harvesting. New calculation methods were developed including the vibrating soil mass which enabled the calculation of effective soil masses on a strictly physical basis. However, these earlier investigations did not treat with the effect of stroke frequency. In these investigations, first of all, the friction behavior of the soil mass is discussed as a function of stroke frequency. It turned out that the decrease and shifting of the soil deformation waves as a function of distance measured from the tree trunk are the main sources of an intensive friction between the neighbouring soil layers. As a consequence, the logarithmic decrement (and not the damping coefficient) of the soil will be more or less constant as a function of stroke frequency, at least in the investigated frequency range. At lower attachment heights the soil friction losses dominate independently on stroke frequency. The virtual spring constant of the soil body is also frequency dependent. Due to the presence of combined frictional and viscous losses, the energy method seems to be the best one to analyze the effect of stroke frequency on the various operational parameters.
Ética na publicação de pesquisas sobre leishmaniose visceral humana em periódicos nacionais
Authors: Malafaia Guilherme , Rodrigues Aline Sueli de Lima , Talvani André
Published: December 2010

OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos éticos dos artigos nacionais sobre leishmaniose visceral humana publicados após a Resolução CNS 196/1996 e analisar a política de periódicos brasileiros sobre ética em pesquisa. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório de natureza bibliográfica e documental. A seleção das publicações sobre pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos foi realizada na base SciELO Brasil a partir de 1996. Foram analisadas lacunas relacionadas às políticas editoriais dos periódicos médicos a partir de informações obtidas da seção "Instruções aos autores" de cada periódico. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que, enquanto no primeiro quadriênio (1997 a 2000) nenhum artigo mencionou o cumprimento dos aspectos éticos, no ano de 2009 do quadriênio (2009 a 2012), 75% cumpriram pelo menos uma das orientações éticas avaliadas. Seis em 11 periódicos indicaram que as informações sobre os aspectos éticos deveriam ser citadas no corpo do artigo. Três periódicos fizeram exigências quanto ao envio de carta ou documento assinado pelo(s) autor(es) informando o cumprimento dos aspectos; dois solicitaram cópia do documento de obtenção do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido; um explicitou a necessidade do envio de cópia da autorização da aprovação pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa; e em quatro periódicos analisados não foi identificada nenhuma exigência sobre aspectos éticos. CONCLUSÕES: Houve melhora em relação à descrição do cumprimento dos aspectos éticos nos artigos. Sugere-se a padronização das orientações éticas relacionadas à pesquisa com seres humanos nos periódicos nacionais. Isso pode estimular o cumprimento dos pressupostos de documentos que regem a experimentação humana.
New Developments in Hormone Receptor–Positive Disease
Authors: Piccart-Gebhart Martine J.
Published: December 2010

Of more than one million women diagnosed with breast cancer each year, approximately 700,000 have hormone receptor (HR)+ disease. Although endocrine therapy has revolutionized breast cancer management and substantially improved outcomes in these patients, the optimal management of these patients remains a significant challenge. For instance, the threshold for adding adjuvant chemotherapy is a topic of continuing debate, and the most effective regimens that include endocrine therapy and chemotherapy are still under debate as well. Tumor markers, such as Ki-67, and host markers, such as cytochrome P450 2D6, are being studied as potential tools to offer more tailored adjuvant endocrine therapy. Current research suggests that luminal A and luminal B cancers are two completely different diseases, and work is being performed to better distinguish between these two disease types and deliver more effective therapy to individual patients. This article addresses these important outstanding issues with respect to HR+ disease.
A New Look at Node-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Harbeck Nadia , Thomssen Christoph
Published: December 2010

Node-negative breast cancer is a prevalent form of the disease worldwide, particularly in regions with rigorous screening and disease awareness efforts. Although there is a common biology between node-negative and node-positive breast tumors, it is still important to specifically address risk assessment and predictive factors in node-negative breast cancer. The relative risks and benefits are more pronounced in these patients, but there is no single prognostic factor available for deciding whether to administer chemotherapy and selecting the best adjuvant chemotherapy regimen. In the absence of universal predictive factors, the trend is to give chemotherapy to all patients to ensure the highest possibility for cure. Tumor grade is important in that it is predictive of risk over time, but lacks standardization. Adjuvant! Online, a web-based algorithm, is also used to guide treatment decisions. Recently, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) biomarkers have been used to determine disease risk and, consequently, determine whether or not chemotherapy is needed. However, the assay requires a fresh-frozen tissue sample, which is not always feasible. The oncotype DX® genomic assay has also been used to help prognosis estimation and treatment decisions. It is currently under evaluation in conjunction with the uPA/PAI-1 assay in the Plan B trial. The question that remains in adjuvant chemotherapy today for patients with node-negative disease is proper patient selection. Node-negative breast cancer does not automatically suggest a good prognosis, or the preclusion of chemotherapy benefits, and additional biomarkers are needed to help identify patients who do benefit from chemotherapy.
Deformation response of shored MSE walls under surcharge loading in the centrifuge
Authors: Lee Y.-B. , Ko H.-Y. , McCartney J.S.
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT: In mountainous areas such as Colorado it is often necessary to extend the width of highway embankments to add traffic lanes. In such situations, a viable design alternative is to construct a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall next to the existing, stable embankment. Because of the presence of the stable face of the embankment, shored mechanically stabilized earth (SMSE) walls can be constructed with shorter reinforcement lengths than conventional MSE walls. Although recent full-scale field studies of SMSE walls have verified the feasibility of these systems, an improved understanding of the deformation behavior of SMSE wall systems is needed. This paper describes a testing methodology to evaluate the deformation mechanisms of SMSE walls under surcharge loading in a geotechnical centrifuge. Scaling relationships were used to select the appropriate reinforcement material in centrifuge testing to represent typical full-scale SMSE walls. The methodology relies on a dense array of instrumentation to measure vertical settlement of a footing used to apply surcharge loads, lateral face displacements, and internal strains in the reinforced soil mass. The application of surcharge loads was observed to affect only the deformation response of the upper portion of the wall, and the maximum lateral face displacement occurred at the mid-height of the wall. Internal reinforcement strain distributions measured using tell-tales and digital image analyses indicate that the locations of the maximum tensile strain in the geosynthetic reinforcements in SMSE walls differ from those in conventional MSE walls. The observations indicate that sufficiently strong reinforcements should be used in SMSE walls to avoid internal rupture during surcharge loading.
Briefing: Dunwich coastal protection demonstration project
Authors: Hawes A.
Published: December 2010

The coastline at Dunwich in Suffolk, UK, has receded by an average of 1 m per year during the last 2000 years. Following a cost–benefit analysis, the Suffolk shoreline management plan dictates that any coastal defences must only slow the rate of erosion by reducing the effect of major storm events. Coastal protection proposals now on trial will enhance sediment accretion through wave and wind action while also reducing the cliff toe erosion during major storm events.
Histologic Evaluation of the Buccal and Lingual Bone Plates in Anterior Dog Teeth: Possible Influence on Implant Dentistry
Authors: Novaes Arthur B. , Macedo Guilherme O. , Suaid Flávia A. , Barros Raquel R.M. , Souza Sérgio L.S. , Silveira e Souza Adriana M.M.
Published: December 2010

Background: Recent studies in animals have shown pronounced resorption of buccal bone plate after immediate implantation. The sectioning of experimental material for histologic evaluation of the bone plates could provide valuable information about the possible effect of bone exposure in periodontal and implant surgeries.

Methods: Twenty‐four incisors were collected from dogs. After decalcification, the blocks were immersed in paraffin and bucco‐lingual histologic sections were examined under light microscope. Some sections were reserved for immunohistochemical analysis.

Results: The bone density, the width of the bone plates, and the percentage of vessels presented in the periodontal ligament and periosteum were analyzed in the buccal and lingual bone plates, which were divided corono‐apically into thirds. The buccal bone plates showed statistically higher bone density compared to the lingual bone plates in the coronal thirds. The width of both bone plates increased from the coronal to the apical third, but all the buccal thirds were significantly thinner compared to the lingual thirds. No statistically significant differences were found between the bone plates for the percentage of area occupied by the blood vessels in the periodontal ligament or periosteum.

Conclusion: It is reasonable to conclude that the higher bone density, represented by the lower number of marrow spaces, in association with the thinner aspect of the buccal bone plates made them more fragile to absorb compared to the lingual bone plates, especially during mucoperiosteal procedures.
Treatment of Intrabony Periodontal Defects With Platelet‐Rich Plasma Versus Platelet‐Poor Plasma Combined With a Bovine‐Derived Xenograft: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Yilmaz Selcuk , Kabadayi Canan , Ipci Sebnem Dirikan , Cakar Gokser , Kuru Bahar
Published: December 2010

Background: The purpose of this study is to assess the healing outcomes of intrabony defects after treatment with platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) versus platelet‐poor plasma (PPP) combined with bovine‐derived xenograft (BDX).

Methods: Using a split‐mouth design, a total of 79 intrabony defects with an intrabony component of ≥3 mm in 20 patients were treated either with PRP/BDX (group 1) or PPP/BDX (group 2). At baseline and 12 months after surgery, plaque and sulcus bleeding indices, probing depth (PD), relative attachment level, recession, and probing and radiographic bone levels were recorded.

Results: After 12 months, groups 1 and 2 presented a mean PD reduction of 3.87 ± 0.86 and 3.76 ± 0.80 mm, recession of 1.35 ± 0.68 and 1.58 ± 0.54 mm, attachment gain of 2.51 ± 0.97 and 2.18 ± 0.87 mm, clinical bone gain of 2.18 ± 0.86 and 2.09 ± 0.89 mm, and radiographic bone gain of 2.11 ± 0.87 and 2.19 ± 0.96 mm, respectively. Intergroup differences were found to be insignificant.

Conclusions: Within its limits, these results suggest that the outcomes of the treatment after PRP/BDX and PPP/BDX applications in intrabony defects are similar. When the platelet counts are taken into consideration, PPP seems to demonstrate similar clinical efficacy as the PRP.
Experimental and Numerical Simulation of CO2 Injection Into Upper-Triassic Sandstones in Svalbard, Norway
Authors: Farokhpoor R.. , Torsæter O.. , Baghbanbashi T.. , Mork A.. , Lindeberg E.G.B.. G.B.
Published: December 2010

Sequestration of carbon dioxide in a saline aquifer is currently being evaluated as a possible way to handle carbon dioxide emitted from a coal-fuelled power plant in Svalbard. The chosen reservoir is a 300 m thick, laterally extensive, shallow marine formation of late Triassic-mid Jurassic age, located below Longyearbyen in Svalbard. The reservoir consists of 300 m of alternating sandstone and shale and is capped by 400 meter shale.

Experimental and numerical studies have been performed to evaluate CO2 storage capacity and long term behaviour of the injected CO2 in rock pore space. Laboratory core flooding experiments were conducted during which air was injected into brine saturated cores at standard conditions. Analysis of the results shows that the permeability is generally less than 2 millidarcies and the capillary entry pressure is high. For most samples, no gas flow was detected in the presence of brine, when employing a reasonable pressure gradient. This poses a serious challenge with respect to achieving viable levels of injectivity and injection pressure.

A conceptual numerical simulation of CO2 injection into a segment of the planned reservoir was performed using commercial reservoir simulation software and available petrophysical data. The results show that injection using vertical wells yields the same injectivity but more increases in field pressure compare to injection through horizontal wells. In order to keep induced pressure below top-seal fracturation pressure and preventing the fast propagation and migration of CO2 plume, slow injection through several horizontal wells into the lower part of the "high" permeability beds appears to offer the best solution.

The high capillary pressure causes slow migration of the CO2 plume, and regional groundwater flow provides fresh brine for CO2 dissolution. In our simulations, half of the CO2 was dissolved in brine and the other half dispersed within a radius of 1000 meter from the wells after 4000 years. Dissolution of CO2 in brine and lateral convective mixing from CO2 saturated brine to surrounding fresh brine are the dominant mechanisms for CO2 storage in this specific site and this guarantees that the CO2 plume will be stationary for thousands of years.
Relationships between Moisture Content and Physical Properties of Korean Honeys
Authors: Kim Mi-Jung , Oh Jun-Hwan , Yoo Byoungseung
Published: December 2010

Dynamic rheological and thermal characteristics of ten Korean acacia honeys with different moisture contents (18.4 to 20.4 percent) were evaluated as a function of moisture content using both a controlled stress rheometer for small-deformation oscillatory measurements and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The honey samples displayed a liquid-like behavior at a subzero temperature (-5°C) with loss modulus (G") predominating over storage modulus (G'), showing a high dependence on frequency. Plots of dynamic moduli (G' and G") and complex viscosity (?*) versus moisture content gave better exponential relationships (R2 = 0.95-0.97) than the tan delta values (R2 = 0.89). Glass transition temperatures at onset (To) showed a better linear relationship (R2 = 0.87) with moisture content compared to those at midpoint (Tm) (R2 = 0.84) and endpoint (Te) (R2 = 0.81). The dynamic rheological parameters more closely correlated with moisture content as compared to the glass transition temperatures, indicating that dynamic rheological measurements at a subzero temperature are better physical parameters to estimate the quality of honeys.
The Real Deal: How Each Child is First in Education
Authors: Riccio L. Lawrence
Published: December 2010

Traditionally, educators have looked within the child for causes of learning difficulty and lack of compliance with social or cultural rules. We often do not ask ourselves whether what and how we teach and the way in which we organize and manage schools or community environments can be a major cause of a child's inability to acquire the same values and ethics as the wider community. The author presents numerous assumptions about the child and life – facts or realities that one instinctively knows as reliable and true – those that do not need to be validated, like breathing. And as part of the writer's basic assumption definition, there is minimal reliance on citations or references. The author's intent in this article is to discuss the obvious and the necessary when it comes to educating each child and not rehash the stipulated realities of life and education. Further, the role for the educator as a professional solely responsible for teaching in the classroom is questioned. Maybe educators should be called ‘learning managers' and have a wider remit – one that serves the child in multiple settings – in school, and in all other situations outside of school. It is postulated that the learning manager should be an advocate for the child and manage the whole child's development in collaboration with others (family members, community members, school personnel, etc.). Finally, the question ‘For what child am i teaching’ is about the need for a paradigm shift. This article is a work in progress, since new definitions of school and education are evolving daily. It is hoped, therefore, that this article will contribute to the discussion and exchange of ideas about what educators need to know and appreciate about each child before they intervene in the child's life, and about how ‘learning managers' might want to interpret the delivery of education for the whole child.
Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of some novel 2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl imidazoles
Authors: Dutta Satyajit
Published: December 2010

Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of some novel 2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl imidazoles

A series of 2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl imidazoles1a-jwere synthesized by refluxing benzil with different substituted aldehydes in the presence of ammonium acetate and glacial acetic acid. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of IR,1H NMR and mass spectral data. Compounds1a-jwere screened for anthelmintic activity. Test results revealed that compounds showed paralysis time of 0.24 to 1.54 min and death time of 0.39 to 4.40 min while the standard drugs albendazole and piperazine citrate showed paralysis time of 0.54 and 0.58 min and death time of 2.16 and 2.47 min, respectively, at the same concentration of 1% (m/V). Five compounds, 2-[2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole (1b), 2-[3-methoxyphenyl]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole (1c), 2-[2-phenylethenyl]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole (1e), 2-[4-fluorophenyl]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole (1g) and 2-[3-nitrophenyl]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole (1h) showed significant anthelmintic activity compared to the standard drugs.
Thermal and bifurcation characteristics of heat-recirculating conversion of gaseous fuels
Authors: Budzianowski Wojciech
Published: December 2010

Thermal and bifurcation characteristics of heat-recirculating conversion of gaseous fuels

The paper investigates the possibility of utilisation of heat-recirculating systems for fuel conversions having low net thermal effect. The experimental part is conducted with an electrically heated heat exchanger. It is shown that heat-recirculating systems can operate under superadiabatic conditions. Their thermal characteristics are provided by means of the dependencies of heat recirculation ratio on process parameters. Further, the heat-recirculating catalytic combustion system is characterised via combustion bifurcation diagrams. The similarities and differences of both those heat-recirculating systems are qualitatively compared and explained. Bifurcation characteristics proves to be useful tools in concise description of practical complex heat-recirculating fuel conversion systems in energy generation.
Measurement of heat flux density and heat transfer coefficient
Authors: Taler Dawid , Grądziel Sławomir , Taler Jan
Published: December 2010

Measurement of heat flux density and heat transfer coefficient

The paper presents the solution to a problem of determining the heat flux density and the heat transfer coefficient, on the basis of temperature measurement at three locations in the flat sensor, with the assumption that the heat conductivity of the sensor material is temperature dependent. Three different methods for determining the heat flux and heat transfer coefficient, with their practical applications, are presented. The uncertainties in the determined values are also estimated.
Modelling of heat and flow phenomena occuring in waterwall tubes of boilers for supercritical steam parameters
Authors: Zima Wiesław , Grądziel Sławomir , Cebula Artur
Published: December 2010

Modelling of heat and flow phenomena occuring in waterwall tubes of boilers for supercritical steam parameters

In this paper a mathematical model enabling the analysis of the heat-flow phenomena occurring in the waterwalls of the combustion chambers of the boilers for supercritical parameters is proposed. It is a one-dimensional model with distributed parameters based on the solution of equations describing the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. The purpose of the numerical calculations is to determine the distributions of the fluid enthalpy and the temperature of the waterwall pipes. This temperature should not exceed the calculation temperature for particular category of steel. The derived differential equations are solved using two methods: with the use of the implicit difference scheme, in which the mesh with regular nodes was applied, and using the Runge-Kutta method. The temperature distribution of the waterwall pipes is determined using the CFD. All thermophysical properties of the fluid and waterwall pipes are computed in real-time. The time-spatial heat transfer coefficient distribution is also computed in the on-line mode. The heat calculations for the combustion chamber are carried out with the use of the zone method, thus the thermal load distribution of the waterwalls is known. The time needed for the computations is of great importance when taking into consideration calculations carried out in the on-line mode. A correctly solved one-dimensional model ensures the appropriately short computational time.
Investigation of the flow conditions in a high-performance heat exchanger
Authors: Łopata Stanisław , Ocłoñ Paweł
Published: December 2010

Investigation of the flow conditions in a high-performance heat exchanger

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) computations are carried out in order to investigate the flow distribution and its influence on the heat transfer processes in the high-performance heat exchanger. The subject of this investigation is the classical model of the high-performance heat exchanger with elliptical tubes and rectangular fins. It is possible to find the flow domains where the heat transfer conditions are impaired due to the fully developed turbulent flow. Therefore, the considerable thermal loads occur that may cause the breakdown of the heat exchanger. The emphasis of this investigation is put on the zones and the locations where the tubes are not properly fed with liquid, that result in occurrence of cavitation.
A new method for determining allowable medium temperature during transient operation of thick-walled elements in a supercritical power plant
Authors: Duda Piotr , Rząsa Dariusz
Published: December 2010

A new method for determining allowable medium temperature during transient operation of thick-walled elements in a supercritical power plant

Construction elements of supercritical power plants are subjected to high working pressures and high temperatures while operating. Under these conditions high stresses in the construction are created. In order to operate safely, it is important to monitor stresses, especially during start-up and shut-down processes. The maximum stresses in the construction elements should not exceed the allowable stress limit. The goal is to find optimum operating parameters that can assure safe heating and cooling processes [1-5]. The optimum parameters should guarantee that the allowable stresses are not exceeded and the entire process is conducted in the shortest time. In this work new numerical method for determining optimum working parameters is presented. Based on these parameters heating operations were conducted. Stresses were monitored during the entire processes. The results obtained were compared with the German boiler regulations - Technische Regeln für Dampfkessel 301.
Condensing power plant cycle — assessing possibilities of improving its efficiency
Authors: Chmielniak Tadeusz , Łukowicz Henryk
Published: December 2010

Condensing power plant cycle — assessing possibilities of improving its efficiency

This paper presents a method for assessing the degree of approaching the paper output of the Clausius-Rankine cycle to the Carnot cycle. The computations to illustrate its use were performed for parameters characteristic of the current state of development of condensing power plants as well as in accordance with predicted trends for their further enhancing. Moreover there are presented computations of energy dissipation in the machines and devices working in such a cycle.
Life cycle assessment analysis of supercritical coal power units
Authors: Ziębik Andrzej , Hoinka Krzysztof , Liszka Marcin
Published: December 2010

Life cycle assessment analysis of supercritical coal power units

This paper presents the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis concerning the selected options of supercritical coal power units. The investigation covers a pulverized power unit without a CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) installation, a pulverized unit with a "post-combustion" installation (MEA type) and a pulverized power unit working in the "oxy-combustion" mode. For each variant the net electric power amounts to 600 MW. The energy component of the LCA analysis has been determined. It describes the depletion of non-renewable natural resources. The energy component is determined by the coefficient of cumulative energy consumption in the life cycle. For the calculation of the ecological component of the LCA analysis the cumulative CO2emission has been applied. At present it is the basic emission factor for the LCA analysis of power plants. The work also presents the sensitivity analysis of calculated energy and ecological factors.
Mathematical modelling of steam-water cycle with auxiliary empirical functions application
Authors: Szapajko Grzegorz , Rusinowski Henryk
Published: December 2010

Mathematical modelling of steam-water cycle with auxiliary empirical functions application

Research oriented on identification of operating states variations with the application of mathematical models of thermal processes has been developed in the field of energy processes diagnostics. Simple models, characterised by short calculation time, are necessary for thermal diagnostics needs. Such models can be obtained using empirical modelling methods. Good results brings the construction of analytical model with auxiliary empirical built-in functions. The paper presents a mathematical model of a steam-water cycle containing mass and energy balances and semiempirical models of steam expansion line in turbine as well as heat transfer in exchangers. A model of steam expansion line in a turbine is worked out with the application of a steam flow capacity equation and an internal efficiency of process equation for each group of stages for the analysed turbine. A model of a heat exchanger contains energy balance and the relation describing heat transfer in an exchanger, proposed by Beckman. Estimation of empirical equations coefficients was realised with the application of special and reliable measurements. Estimation criterion was a weighted relative sum of the remainder squares. There are exemplary calculations results presented in the final part of paper.
The analysis of gradient algorithm effectiveness - two dimensional heat transfer problem
Authors: Łopata Stanisław , Ocłoń Paweł
Published: December 2010

The analysis of gradient algorithm effectiveness - two dimensional heat transfer problem

The analysis of effectiveness of the gradient algorithm for the two-dimension steady state heat transfer problems is being performed. The three gradient algorithms - the BCG (biconjugate gradient algorithm), the BICGSTAB (biconjugate gradient stabilized algorithm), and the CGS (conjugate gradient squared algorithm) are implemented in a computer code. Because the first type boundary conditions are imposed, it is possible to compare the results with the analytical solution. Computations are carried out for different numerical grid densities. Therefore it is possible to investigate how the grid density influences the efficiency of the gradient algorithms. The total computational time, residual drop and the iteration time for the gradient algorithms are additionally compared with the performance of the SOR (successive over-relaxation) method.
Computer cooling using a two phase minichannel thermosyphon loop heated from horizontal and vertical sides and cooled from vertical side
Authors: Bieliński Henryk , Mikielewicz Jarosław
Published: December 2010

Computer cooling using a two phase minichannel thermosyphon loop heated from horizontal and vertical sides and cooled from vertical side

In the present paper it is proposed to consider the computer cooling capacity using the thermosyphon loop. A closed thermosyphon loop consists of combined two heaters and a cooler connected to each other by tubes. The first heater may be a CPU processor located on the motherboard of the personal computer. The second heater may be a chip of a graphic card placed perpendicular to the motherboard of personal computer. The cooler can be placed above the heaters on the computer chassis. The thermosyphon cooling system on the use of computer can be modeled using the rectangular thermosyphon loop with minichannels heated at the bottom horizontal side and the bottom vertical side and cooled at the upper vertical side. The riser and a downcomer connect these parts. A one-dimensional model of two-phase flow and heat transfer in a closed thermosyphon loop is based on mass, momentum, and energy balances in the evaporators, rising tube, condenser and the falling tube. The separate two-phase flow model is used in calculations. A numerical investigation for the analysis of the mass flux rate and heat transfer coefficient in the steady state has been accomplished.
Application of exergy analysis for evaluation of CO2 emission from operation of steam power unit
Authors: Stanek Wojciech , Budnik Michał
Published: December 2010

Application of exergy analysis for evaluation of CO2emission from operation of steam power unit

Szargut proposed the algorithm for determination of the influence of irreversibility of components of thermal process on the emission of CO2[6]. In the presented paper, basing on Szargut's proposal, the example of analysis of influence of operational parameters of coal fired power plant on the local increase of CO2emission is presented. The influence of operational parameters on the local exergy losses appearing in components of investigated power plant are simulating making use of the semi-empirical model of power plant.
Experimental and numerical analyses of finned cross flow heat exchangers efficiency under non-uniform gas inlet flow conditions
Authors: Bury Tomasz , Składzień Jan , Widziewicz Katarzyna
Published: December 2010

Experimental and numerical analyses of finned cross flow heat exchangers efficiency under non-uniform gas inlet flow conditions

The work deals with experimental and numerical thermodynamic analyses of cross-flow finned tube heat exchangers of the gas-liquid type. The aim of the work is to determine an impact of the gas non-uniform inlet on the heat exchangers performance. The measurements have been carried out on a special testing rig and own numerical code has been used for numerical simulations. Analysis of the experimental and numerical results has shown that the range of the non-uniform air inlet to the considered heat exchangers may be significant and it can significantly affect the heat exchanger efficiency.