bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nano-size effects in graphite/graphene structure exposed to cesium vapor
Authors: Mustafaev A. S. , Yarygin V. I. , Soukhomlinov V. S. , Tsyganov A. B. , Kaganovich I. D.
Published: September 2018

A thermionic energy converter with a nickel collector and cesium vapor as a working gas was studied, and an abnormally low value of the surface work function of ≈1 eV was obtained if the collector was covered by a thin carbon layer. Scanning electron microscopy x-ray microanalysis data of the elemental composition of the collector's surface after its long exposure to plasma indicate that the carbon structure was intercalated with cesium atoms, and this change to surface structure can be a reason for the anomalously low work function ∼1 eV. The thermionic energy converter with such a collector demonstrated high heat-to-electric power conversion efficiency up to ∼20%.
Size-tunable capture of mesoscopic matters using thermocapillary vortex
Authors: Yang Jianxin , Li Zongbao , Wang Haiyan , Weng Zhe , Li Yuqi , Cai Xiang , Hu Xiaowen , Jiang Xiaofang , Chen Yilin , Liu Shaojing , Xue Sheng , Yan Zhibin , He Sailing , Xing Xiaobo
Published: September 2018

The hydrodynamics in lab-on-a-chip provides an efficient and tunable platform for manipulating mesoscopic particles. Current capture-tunable technology has been mainly focused on inertial flow with little attention on a thermocapillary vortex. The boundary condition is one of the most important factors on particle manipulation in a microvortex. By integrating a photothermal waveguide with a triangular channel in lab-on-a-chip, we present a tunable microvortex array for achieving size-tunable capture. Ellipticity of the temperature field and intensity of vortices are continuously adjustable by moving the photothermal waveguide along the triangular channel, resulting in tunable particle trajectories. Particles can be trapped in a vortex center and driven out of the vortex along with external flow. The detailed theoretical results reveal that a threshold size of trapped particles can be adjustable by the channel width. We believe that the approach, the thermocapillary vortex on chip, will provide a facile way for seamless connection between photonics and microfluidics.
Phased array Doppler reflectometry at Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Windisch T. , Wolf S. , Weir G. M. , Bozhenkov S. A. , Damm H. , Fuchert G. , Grulke O. , Hirsch M. , Kasparek W. , Klinger T. , Lechte C. , Pasch E. , Plaum B. , Scott E. A. ,   W7-X Team
Published: September 2018

A passive phased array Doppler reflectometry system has recently been installed in the Wendelstein-7X stellarator. In contrast to conventional Doppler reflectometry systems, the microwave beam can be steered on short time scales in the measurement plane perpendicular to the magnetic field in the range of ±25° without mechanical steering components. This paper characterizes the design and properties of the phased array antenna system and presents the first measurement results from the latest OP1.2a campaign.
A flexible terahertz waveguide for delivery and filtering of quantum-cascade laser radiation
Authors: Nazarov Maxim , Shilov Artur , Margushev Zaur , Bzheumikhov Kazbek , Ozheredov Ilya , Angeluts Andrew , Sotsky Alexander , Shkurinov Alexander
Published: September 2018

We demonstrate that a specially designed microstructured polymer waveguide can improve the quality of quantum cascade laser radiation. It can filter out undesired side frequencies and transform the delivered radiation to a sub-millimeter size beam with a Gaussian-like cross-section. The spatial distribution of the bended waveguide mode is measured, and low bending losses of the fundamental mode are confirmed. Detailed optimization of a capillary structure for 3 THz frequency allows delivering single frequency radiation up to a 1 meter distance. The results of the experimental study are confirmed by calculations with an accurate mode solver that explains the achieved losses of ∼10 dB/m. A further improvement strategy is suggested.
Highly excited vibrational levels of methane up to 10 300 cm−1: Comparative study of variational methods
Authors: Nikitin Andrei V. , Protasevich Alexander E. , Rey Michael , Tyuterev Vladimir G.
Published: September 2018

In this work, we report calculated vibrational energy levels of the methane molecule up to 10 300 cm−1. Two potential energy surfaces constructed in quite different coordinate systems with different analytical representations are employed in order to evaluate the uncertainty of vibrational predictions. To calculate methane energy levels, we used two independent techniques of the variational method. One method uses an exact kinetic energy operator in internal curvilinear coordinates. Another one uses an expansion of Eckart-Watson nuclear motion Hamiltonian in rectilinear normal coordinates. In the Icosad range (up to five vibrational quanta bands–below 7800 cm−1), the RMS standard deviations between calculated and observed energy levels were 0.22 cm−1 and 0.41 cm−1 for these two quite different approaches. For experimentally well-known 3v3 sub-levels, the calculation accuracy is estimated to be ∼1 cm−1. In the Triacontad range (7660-9188 cm−1), the average error of the calculation is about 0.5 cm−1. The accuracy and convergence issues for higher energy ranges are discussed.
Experimental investigation of dynamical structures formed due to a complex plasma flowing past an obstacle
Authors: Jaiswal S. , Schwabe M. , Sen A. , Bandyopadhyay P.
Published: September 2018

We report experimental observations of the dynamical behavior of a complex plasma flowing past a spherical obstacle. The investigation has been carried out in a Π-shaped direct current glow discharge experimental device where a dust cloud of kaolin particles in a background argon plasma is made to flow in a controlled fashion by regulating the mass flow of the neutrals. A spherical metal object vertically mounted on the cathode tray acts as an obstacle to the flow. The flowing dust particles are repelled by the electrostatic field of the negatively charged sphere, and a microparticle free region (dust void) is formed surrounding the obstacle. The distant dust particles are attracted towards the floating obstacle and reflected back when they get to a certain distance, causing a ring shaped structure around the obstacle. We characterize the shape of this structure over a range of dust flow speeds and obstacle biases. For a supersonic flow of the dust fluid, a bow shock is seen to form on the upstream side of the negatively biased sphere, while the downstream side shows the generation of wave structures for a particular range of flow velocities when the Reynolds number Re≳50. The flow generated structures can be physically understood in terms of the dust dynamics under the combined influence of the ion-drag force, the neutral streaming, and the electric force.
Dynamics of a binary mixture of non-spherical molecules: Test of hydrodynamic predictions
Authors: Sarkar Sarmistha , Samanta Tuhin , Bagchi Biman
Published: September 2018

We consider a new class of model systems to study systematically the role of molecular shape in the transport properties of dense liquids. Our model is a liquid binary mixture where both the molecules are non-spherical and characterized by a collection of parameters. Although in the real world most of the molecules are non-spherical, only a limited number of theoretical studies exist on the effects of molecular shapes and hardly any have addressed the validity of the hydrodynamic predictions of rotational and translational diffusion of these shapes in liquids. In this work, we study a model liquid consisting of a mixture of prolate and oblate (80:20 mixture) ellipsoids with interactions governed by a modified Gay-Berne potential for a particular aspect ratio (ratio of the length and diameter of the ellipsoids), at various temperature and pressure conditions. We report calculations of transport properties of this binary mixture by varying temperature over a wide range at a fixed pressure. We find that for the pressure-density conditions studied, there is no signature of any phase separation, except transitions to the crystalline phase at low temperatures and relatively low pressure (the reason we largely confined our studies to high pressure). We find that for our model binary mixture, both stick and slip hydrodynamic predictions break down in a major fashion, for both prolates and oblates and particularly so for rotation. Moreover, prolates and oblates themselves display different dynamical features in the mean square displacement and in orientational time correlation functions.
Voids in plasmas containing interacting variable charge dust grains
Authors: Nebbat E. , Annou R.
Published: September 2018

A nonlinear model of void formation is proposed which includes the dust grain charge variation along with the grain–grain interaction and the effect of neutral density. It is found that the extension of the void decreases if the dust particulate charge is taken into account. Moreover, for larger dust grains, it is seen that the wave-like structure recedes when the charge variation is dealt with. Furthermore, as the grain–grain distance is inversely proportional to density, the grain–grain interaction becomes more important for a denser dust population and is to be included in the momentum equation. The grain–grain interaction affects the depth of the void and the secondary depletion rings. Finally, increasing the neutral density leads to widening of depletion rings and to the appearance of new ones.
Lower hybrid wave absorption study to improve the calculation of energy confinement time in EAST
Authors: Gu X. , Shen B. , Li M. , Qian J. , Moreau D. , Ding S. , Sun Y. , Ding B. , Chen S.
Published: September 2018

The auxiliary heating power absorption of 2.45 GHz and 4.6 GHz lower hybrid (LH) waves in EAST is analysed in order to improve the determination of the energy confinement time. The LH power absorption coefficient is obtained by using the time derivative of the total stored energy including the plasma kinetic energy and the poloidal magnetic field energy. Results on EAST have shown that, for both frequencies, the fraction of LH power absorbed in the plasma bulk decreases with the increase in the plasma density, and with the decrease in the toroidal magnetic field. Scaling laws for the density dependence of the LH absorption coefficient at different fields and frequencies have been statistically obtained. Comparison of the confinement improvement factor H89 obtained with these new scaling laws against those assuming an absorption coefficient equal to the launched k//wave spectrum directivity is made.
Light propagation in a neutron detector based on 6Li glass scintillator particles in an organic matrix
Authors: Hehlen Markus P. , Wiggins Brenden W. , Favalli Andrea , Iliev Metodi , Ianakiev Kiril D.
Published: September 2018

Composite materials consisting of 6Li scintillator particles in an organic matrix can enable thermal neutron detectors with excellent rejection of gamma-ray backgrounds. The efficiency of transporting scintillation light through such a composite is critical to the detector performance. This optical raytracing study of a composite thermal neutron detector quantifies the various sources of scintillation light loss and identifies favorable photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout schemes. The composite material consisted of scintillator cubes within an organic matrix shaped as a right cylinder. The cylinder surface was surrounded by an optical reflector, and the light was detected by PMTs attached to the cylinder end faces. A reflector in direct contact with the composite caused 53% loss of scintillation light. This loss was reduced 8-fold by creating an air gap between the composite and the reflector to allow a fraction of the scintillation light to propagate by total internal reflection. Replacing a liquid mineral oil matrix with a solid acrylic matrix decreased the light transport efficiency by only ∼10% for the benefit of creating an all-solid-state device. The light propagation loss was found to scale exponentially with the distance between the scintillation event and the PMT along the cylinder main axis. This enabled a PMT readout scheme that corrects for light propagation loss on an event-by-event basis and achieved a 4.0% energy resolution that approached Poisson-limited performance. These results demonstrate that composite materials can enable practical thermal neutron detectors for a wide range of nuclear non-proliferation and safeguard applications.
Computation of static quantum triplet structure factors of liquid para-hydrogen
Authors: Sesé Luis M.
Published: September 2018

The instantaneous and centroid triplet structure factors, S(3)(k1,k2), of liquid (one-center) para-hydrogen are computed on the crystallization line for temperatures T/K ≤ 33. The focus is on salient equilateral and isosceles features, and the methods utilized are path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations and Ornstein-Zernike (OZ) integral equations, which involve Jackson-Feenberg convolution (JF3) and other distinct closures. Long path integral simulation runs are carried out in the canonical ensemble, so as to obtain sufficiently accurate direct PI triplet results. Conclusions are drawn regarding general triplet structure features and the role and usefulness of the OZ closures. The equilateral features are studied in more detail, and one finds that (a) PIMC results point to the existence of regularity in the centroid main peak amplitudes; (b) some of the studied closures give qualitative descriptions for wave numbers below k ≈ 1 Å−1, but they all fail to describe the main peak amplitude regions (1.75 < k/Å−1 < 2.5); and (c) JF3 plays the role of a limit closure that is valid for increasing wave numbers (k ≥ 2.6 Å−1). In addition, representative isosceles PI features turn out to be reasonably bounded (within Δk = 0.1 Å−1) by those of some closures.
Miniaturized flow cell with pneumatically-actuated vertical nanoconfinement for single-molecule imaging and manipulation
Authors: Berard Daniel J. , Leslie Sabrina R.
Published: September 2018

Convex Lens-induced Confinement (CLiC) is a single-molecule imaging technique that uses a deformable glass flow cell to gently trap, manipulate, and visualize single molecules within micro- and nano-structures, to enable a wide range of applications. Here, we miniaturize the CLiC flow cell, from 25×25 to 3×3mm2 and introduce pneumatic control of the confinement. Miniaturization of the flow cell improves fabrication throughput by almost two orders of magnitude and, advantageous for pharmaceutical and diagnostic applications where samples are precious, significantly lowers the internal volume from microliters to nanoliters. Pneumatic control of the device reduces the confinement gradient and improves mechanical stability while maintaining low autofluorescence and refractive index-matching with oil-immersion objectives. To demonstrate our “mini CLiC” system, we confine and image DNA in sub-50 nm nanogrooves, with high DNA extension consistent with the Odijk confinement regime.
Entrapping of a vortex pair interacting with a fixed point vortex revisited. II. Finite size vortices and the effect of deformation
Authors: Reinaud Jean N. , Koshel Konstantin V. , Ryzhov Eugene A.
Published: September 2018

We investigate the evolution of a pair of two-dimensional, opposite-signed, finite-size vortices interacting with a fixed point vortex. The present paper builds on the accompanying study by Koshel et al. [“Entrapping of a vortex pair interacting with a fixed point vortex revisited. I. Point vortices,” Phys. Fluids 30, 096603 (2018)] focusing on the motion of a pair of point vortices impinging on a fixed point vortex. Here, by contrast, the pair of opposite-signed finite-size vortices, or vortex dipole for simplicity, can deform. This deformation has an impact on the dynamics. We show that, as expected, finite size vortices behave like point vortices if they are distant enough from each other. This allows one to recover the rich and diverse set of possible trajectories for the dipole. This includes the regimes of intricate bounded motion when the finite-size vortices remain stable near the fixed vortex for a long time. On the other hand, we show that large finite-size vortices can deform significantly and deviate from the trajectories of equivalent point vortices. When the shear that the vortices induce on each other is large enough, the finite size vortices may break into smaller structures or may even be completely strained out.
Low-field magnetocaloric effect in single crystals controlled by magnetocrystalline anisotropy
Authors: Hu Yong , Wang Yuying , Li Zongbin , Chi Xiaodan , Lu Qiang , Hu Tianyi , Liu Yan , Du An , Shi Feng
Published: September 2018

The influence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy (K) on the magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) in single crystals under low fields (H) is studied based on unbiased Monte Carlo simulations. When H is applied perpendicular to the easy axis, the positive and negative ΔSM may coexist. The positive ΔSM peak value and its maximum value optimized by the field and the threshold of switching to negative ΔSM depend on K. Moreover, K linearly enhances the blocking temperature where the negative ΔSM maximum is obtained, associated with the decrease in the peak value with increasing K. Finally, the rotating ΔSM under a constant H may be much larger than ΔSM produced by moving the model in and out of the same H, and the best response to K is found at 86° between K and H, independent of the anisotropy magnitude.
Literature-based automated discovery of tumor suppressor p53 phosphorylation and inhibition by NEK2
Authors: Choi Byung-Kwon , Dayaram Tajhal , Parikh Neha , Wilkins Angela D. , Nagarajan Meena , Novikov Ilya B. , Bachman Benjamin J. , Jung Sung Yun , Haas Peter J. , Labrie Jacques L. , Pickering Curtis R. , Adikesavan Anbu K. , Regenbogen Sam , Kato Linda , Lelescu Ana , Buchovecky Christie M. , Zhang Houyin , Bao Sheng Hua , Boyer Stephen , Weber Griff , Scott Kenneth L. , Chen Ying , Spangler Scott , Donehower Lawrence A. , Lichtarge Olivier
Published: September 2018

Significance

We adapted natural language processing to the biological literature and demonstrated end-to-end automated knowledge discovery by exploring subtle word connections. General text mining scanned 21 million publication abstracts and selected a reliable 130,000 from which hypothesis generation algorithms predicted kinases not known to phosphorylate p53, but likely to do so. Six of these p53 kinase candidates passed experimental validation. Among them NEK2 was examined in depth and shown to repress p53 and promote cell division. This work demonstrates the possibility of integrating a vast corpora of written knowledge to compute valuable hypotheses that will often test true and fuel discovery.
How do beginning teachers conceptualise and enact tasks in school foreign language classrooms?
Authors: East Martin
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the perspectives of a cohort of pre-service secondary school teachers of foreign languages in New Zealand on the value and use of tasks in their own classrooms. As part of their course requirements, the teachers were asked to design and implement a task in their classrooms, and subsequently reflect on its effectiveness. The chapter draws on aspects of those reflections, along with examples of tasks developed, to explore how those novice teachers interpreted the concept of task in action, how they worked with tasks in their classrooms, and the kinds of insights that they gained from the overall process of design, implementation, reflection and evaluation.
Teacher perceptions and use of tasks in school ESL classrooms
Authors: Oliver Rhonda , Bogachenko Tatiana
Published: September 2018

Although Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) is becoming increasingly popular among researchers and practitioners worldwide, teachers’ perceptions about tasks and their use within school classrooms have received scant attention in the literature. Given that perceptions about ‘task’ influence pedagogy, not only in terms of syllabus design, but also with respect to classroom approaches, teaching style, assessment methods and ultimately even learning outcomes, there is a real need to investigate them in the classroom context. This chapter presents findings of a research study with this aim.

Primary and secondary school ESL teachers in Western Australia were surveyed, and written samples of the tasks they use were collected and analyzed to reveal the ways teachers design tasks, define their aims and assess students’ performance. The results indicate that there is little consistency among teachers in relation to these things. The survey data clearly indicates different levels of teacher awareness of TBLT. At the same time, differences in task definition and design by these practitioners might be partially attributed to the inconsistency that exists in the literature itself. The findings are discussed in light of this, and suggestions for pedagogy made.
Researching TBLT for young, beginner learners in Japan
Authors: Shintani Natsuko
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses a personal account of how I came to carry out research into TBLT within, and as a response to, my own teaching context. I started my career as an English teacher in a large private language institution. Due to my dissatisfaction with the effectiveness of the teaching methods at the institution, I started my own language school, where I implemented more intensive production-based teaching. However, similar problems emerged in my own school, particularly the failure to develop students’ communicative skills after years of instruction. After studying the literature on second language learning and teaching, I decided to effect a radical change in my teaching method: employing task-based language teaching (TBLT). My first attempt to use tasks with experienced students succeeded. However, to implement TBLT in a classroom with young beginning learners, I realized that I needed a more specialized approach. After reviewing the literature on tasks with absolute beginners, I decided to design input-based tasks. While the students clearly enjoyed the tasks, at that point I was still uncertain about their effectiveness, especially given the lack of immediate language production by the students. This led me to conduct experimental research investigating the effectiveness of this approach compared to the traditional one I used to use – presentation-practice-production (PPP).

The chapter starts with a brief overview of my teaching context – English education for young learners in Japan. Then, I provide a personal account of my journey as an English teacher and my attempts to conduct research in my own teaching context, notably my struggle with effective research design. My hope is that my story will provide an example of how it is possible for a teacher to conduct research to resolve classroom issues or to confirm a teaching approach in a given teaching context.
“Double transformations:” nation formation and democratization in interwar East Central Europe
Authors: Hein-Kircher Heidi , Kailitz Steffen
Published: September 2018

Following the collapse of empires and the subsequent founding of self-determined nation-states, East Central Europe experienced a turning point after World War I. The new states had to transform themselves from branches of a multi-ethnic empire to independent nation-states, as well as from a system of monarchy to democracy at the same time. We argue that one cannot really understand why democracy failed in almost all East Central European states after World War I if one does not take into account the extreme challenges of this “double transformation” consisting of the interactions of the two tightly interwoven processes of nation formation and democratization. Therefore, we deem it necessary to develop a broader research program that addresses the complex interlacement of these two fundamental transformations of politics and society.
Achieving impact: impact evaluations and narrative simplification
Authors: Hellström Tomas , Hellström Christina
Published: September 2018

This study is concerned with how impact from research and innovation (R&I) programmes is accounted for in impact evaluation reports. Establishing causal links between a research funding instrument and different effects, poses well known methodological difficulties. In the light of such challenges, textual accounts about causal links ought to be carefully written. Nevertheless, impact evaluation reports have a tendency towards unwarranted simplification as far as impact inferences are concerned. In this study, we illustrate how such simplifications – versions of the narrative device ellipsis – are accomplished. Using examples from three Swedish impact evaluation reports, we focus on the constituent components of longer impact accounts, that of the impact argument, to analyze the various ways that impact is narratively achieved through simplification. We believe this analysis can contribute to the methodology of impact evaluation, as well as spread light on some the difficulties in the historiography of innovation in general.
Vestibular findings in patients with schwannoma of the 8th cranial nerve
Authors: Palma Silvia , Boldrini Paola , Genovese Elisabetta , Auletta Gennaro , Martini Alessandro , Cenacchi Giovanna
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

Some aspects of the natural history of vestibular schwannoma (VS) remain unsettled. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease would improve its diagnostic workup and therapeutic management, as VS often requires surgery, which carries the risk of severe complications. This paper discusses the significance of ultrastructural findings in the vestibular organs removed during surgery.

Material and methods:

This study examined specimens from vestibular organs removed from patients who underwent VS resection through the translabyrinthine approach. The sample includes 9 patients, seven women and two men, with a mean age of 55 years (range 39–71 years).

Results:

The sensory epithelium showed a loss of stereocilia, numerous lipofuscin granules and vacuoles in the cytoplasm. The subepithelial myelinated nerve fibres showed signs of demyelination and sheath rearrangement. Some axons had markedly degenerative modifications, with neurofilament aggregation, more numerous mitochondria and vacuolization. As it lost its specialized structures, the epithelial covering of the semicircular canal walls progressively flattened out in the area farthest away from the sensorial area.

Conclusions:

There were no specific correlations between schwannoma size and instrumental or ultrastructural findings in the vestibular epithelium organs. The morphological features of the non-sensory epithelium suggest that the potassium circulation system is preserved in patients with VS even when they present prominent cochlear and/or vestibular symptoms. VS formation appears to be multifactorial; the vestibular nerve conduction block caused by tumour compression would not necessarily cause irreversible damage to the vestibular receptors at the outset.
Influence of academic education vs. common culture on the climate literacy of university students / Formación académica frente a cultura común en la alfabetización climática de estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Meira-Cartea Pablo A. , Gutiérrez-Pérez José , Arto-Blanco Mónica , Escoz-Roldán Amor
Published: September 2018

This article compares the level of climate literacy observed among university students enrolled on different academic courses, sampled at the start and end of their degrees ( N = 1,149). The study involved distributing a questionnaire about various scientific topics related to Climate Change (CC) and aims to analyse the extent to which differences can be attributed to the influence of the social representations of common culture or to the scientific education received during their academic studies. The initial assumption made is that students who study natural science or engineering degrees and those who are in the final years of their degree course should be significantly more competent regarding the questions made to them than students studying social sciences or humanities and those who are at the start of their university degree. The weight of common culture is also noted as the decisive factor in predominant social representations.
The Prevalence of Orthostatic Hypotension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Saedon Nor I’zzati , Pin Tan Maw , Frith James
Published: September 2018

Background

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is associated with increased risk of falls, cognitive impairment and death, as well as a reduced quality of life. Although it is presumed to be common in older people, estimates of its prevalence vary widely. This study aims to address this by pooling the results of epidemiological studies.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and ProQuest were searched. Studies were included if participants were more than 60 years, were set within the community or within long-term care and diagnosis was based on a postural drop in systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥20 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥10 mmHg. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Random and quality effects models were used for pooled analysis.

Results

Of 23,090 identified records, 20 studies were included for community-dwelling older people (n = 24,967) and six were included for older people in long-term settings (n = 2,694). There was substantial variation in methods used to identify OH with differing supine rest duration, frequency and timing of standing BP, measurement device, use of standing and tilt-tables and interpretation of the diagnostic drop in BP. The pooled prevalence of OH in community-dwelling older people was 22.2% (95% CI = 17, 28) and 23.9% (95% CI = 18.2, 30.1) in long-term settings. There was significant heterogeneity in both pooled results (I2 > 90%).

Conclusions

OH is very common, affecting one in five community-dwelling older people and almost one in four older people in long-term care. There is great variability in methods used to identify OH.
2. European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Rainey Bernadette
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter first explains the background and rationale for the formation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), tracing its roots to the Council of Europe that was formed in 1949 and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) established a year later. It then looks at the different kinds of human rights embedded in the ECHR, including the right to life, right to a fair trial, freedom of expression, right to property, and right to free elections. The chapter also provides an overview of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), along with the major changes made to its complaints system and how it interprets the Convention rights. Finally, it considers the ECtHR’s use of proportionality and margin of appreciation doctrines to find the balance between the rights of the individual and the community when deciding upon qualified rights.
3. The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA)
Authors: Rainey Bernadette
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), which was introduced to allow individuals to argue cases involving rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) directly before a UK court. It first explains the background and rationale underlying the HRA, focusing on the arguments for and against a Human Rights Act, as well as the human rights that are covered and not covered by the HRA. The chapter then discusses the judicial powers/duties and remedies under the HRA, along with powers of derogation and reservation, with an emphasis on ECtHR case law, the interpretation clause, and declarations of incompatibility with the Convention rights. In addition, it examines the HRA’s use of proportionality and judicial deference doctrines when deciding whether an act by a public authority is incompatible with a Convention right. The chapter concludes by assessing the future of the HRA.
7. Freedom of religion and expression
Authors: Rainey Bernadette
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on freedom of religion and freedom of expression, which are classified as qualified rights, and examines Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which explains the right to hold or not hold a belief as well as the right to manifest a belief. It also considers how the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) decides if there has been manifestation of belief, interpretation of Article 10 with respect to views that shock and disturb and some forms of hate speech, and state restriction of expression. The chapter concludes with a discussion of freedom of religion and expression in the UK.
1. Business structures
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the four principal business structures in the UK, namely the sole proprietorship, ordinary partnership, limited liability partnership (LLP), and company. The LLP and the company are created via a process called incorporation and are therefore known as incorporated business structures or, as they are referred to in their respective statutes, as ‘bodies corporate’. The sole proprietorship and the ordinary partnership are not created via incorporation and so are known as unincorporated business structures.
1. The basis of criminal liability
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses what criminal liability is and is not about; the meaning of burden of proof; and the reform of criminal law. The study of the criminal law is the study of liability. It is not about whether a person can be charged with a crime, or what sentence he may face if convicted, but rather it deals with whether a person is innocent or guilty of an offence (i.e. whether or not he can be convicted). The burden of proof means the requirement on a party to adduce sufficient evidence to persuade the fact-finder (the magistrates or the jury), to a standard set by law, that a particular fact is true.
4. Strict liability
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the crime of strict liability. A strict liability offence is one which does not require mens rea in respect of at least one element of the actus reus. Strict liability is often referred to as no-fault liability. Strict liability is very rare at common law. Where a statute is silent as to mens rea, the judge must interpret the provision to decide if the offence has mens rea (the starting point) or is one of strict liability. There is a debate about whether the imposition of criminal liability in the absence of proof of fault can be justified.
7. Working time
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on the Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR). The WTR implement the Working Time Directive 1993 and parts of the Young Workers Directive 1994. The WTR impose a maximum 48-hour week during a 17-week reference period and provide rules on night work, rest periods, and annual leave. The UK has opted out of the maximum 48-hour working week. It is the sole EU Member State to do so. On Brexit, the WTR are one of the areas which may come under attack from neo-liberals.
1. The history and development of equity
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the development of equity. Equity tackles injustice caused by a strict application of common law rules or unconscionable behaviour. Equity was originally dispensed by the King. However, this was soon delegated to the Lord Chancellor and the Court of Chancery. Equity and the common law were originally administered by separate court systems that coexisted uneasily until the Earl of Oxford’s Case (1615), when the King held that equity prevailed over the common law in the event of a conflict. The administration of equity and the common law was unified by the Judicature Acts 1873–75, meaning that all judges could apply both equitable and common law rules and responses.
5. Formalities
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the formalities needed to create a testamentary (made by a will) and an inter vivos trust, and the formalities regulating the transfer of an existing equitable interest. There are different formalities in relation to the creation of trust dependent on the type of property which is subject to the trust. The main formalities considered are set out in s 53 of the Law of Property Act 1925. Three types of trusts of property are relevant to the chapter: trusts of property other than land, including trusts of personal property; trusts of land or an interest in land; and dispositions of an equitable interest.
6. Charitable trusts
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses charitable trusts. Charitable trusts differ from private trusts in a number of ways. A charitable trust: must be for a recognized charitable purpose; for the ‘public benefit’; and for exclusively charitable purposes. The public benefit requirement raises different issues under each head of charity. Legislation related to charities and their regulation has recently been consolidated by the Charities Act 2011. Cy-près is a power which allows failing charitable trusts to be applied to other related charities.
11. Trustees’ duties and powers
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the main duties and powers of trustees. Rather than rigidly separating duties and powers, it presents the duties and powers of trustees in a way which reflects how they might arise during the operation of a trust. It first addresses the initial questions of the appointment, removal, and payment of trustees. It then examines issues arising on appointment to the trust and the fiduciary nature of trustees’ duties. Finally, it examines issues likely to arise during the administration of the trust, including the trustees’ powers of investment, beneficiaries’ right to information about the trust, and trustees’ powers of maintenance and advancement.
Land Law Concentrate
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Land Law Concentrate covers the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps the reader to succeed in exams. The book starts by looking at proprietary rights. It goes on to distinguish between legal and equitable rights. It also looks at registered land, unregistered land, the freehold estate, the leasehold estate, and leasehold covenants. It also examines trusts of land, co-ownership, licences, proprietary estoppel, easements and profits, freehold covenants, and mortgages. This edition has been updated to include: recent developments in the law, including new cases such as Wood v Waddington, Scott v Southern Pacific Mortgages Ltd, Southwood Housing Co-operative Ltd v Walker and others, Fred Perry v Genis, Yeung v Patel, and new ‘Looking for extra marks’ features.
1. Introduction: proprietary rights
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses proprietary rights. These govern people’s ability to use and enjoy both land they physically possess and land physically possessed by others. Whilst technically all land is owned by the Crown, holding an estate in land, and in particular a freehold estate that gives one rights to possess, enjoy, and use the land forever, is tantamount to actual ownership. The other type of proprietary right is an interest in land. Whilst an estate gives one a slice of time to use and enjoy land one physically possesses, an interest gives the right to use and enjoy land physically possessed by another. Proprietary rights can be either legal or equitable in status.
6. The leasehold estate
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the leasehold estate. A lease is one of the estates in land capable of being legal. Without both certainty of term and exclusive possession there can be no lease, although the presence of both does not necessarily mean that a lease exists. Formalities for the creation of a legal lease differ depending upon the duration of the lease. Where these formalities have not been met, an equitable lease may exist provided there is a valid contract capable of specific performance. An equitable lease is not as good as the legal equivalent. The most common types of leases are fixed term and periodic. The process of terminating a lease by forfeiture varies depending upon the type of covenant breached.
13. Freehold covenants
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses freehold covenants. Freehold covenants are promises extracted by one freehold owner (the covenantee) from another freehold owner (the covenantor), whereby the latter promises either to do (positive covenant) or not to do (negative covenant) something over his land. The land burdened by the promise becomes the servient tenement. The land benefiting from the promise becomes the dominant tenement. Covenants commonly arise when a freehold owner is selling off part of his freehold to another and wishes to maintain some degree of control over the land being sold in order to preserve the value and enjoyment of the land he is retaining. Covenants may be enforceable between successors in title to the original covenantee and covenantor but only where certain requirements have been met.
4. Confidentiality and access to medical records
Authors: Samanta Jo , Samanta Ash
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter examines confidentiality as a fundamental aspect of doctor–patient relationships: its ethical basis and equitable, contractual, and tortious obligations. It then considers the law governing access to medical records and statute that necessitates fair and lawful processing of sensitive personal data, and the new EU General Data Protection Regulation aimed at harmonising data protection legislation. It discusses exceptions to the duty of confidentiality, including explicit and implied consent, prevention of harm to others, police investigation, public interests, and press freedom. The chapter considers confidentiality with respect to children; adults who lack capacity and deceased patients; remedies available for breach of confidence; access to electronic patient records; and issues raised by genetics-related information.
9. The end of life
Authors: Samanta Jo , Samanta Ash
Published: September 2018

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter deals with key legal and ethical issues surrounding end-of-life decisions, with particular reference to physician-assisted death such as euthanasia. Suicide and assisted suicide, administration of pain relief, and futility are considered. Relevant legislation such as the Suicide Act 1961 (as amended by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009), the Human Rights Act 1998, and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 are discussed. The chapter examines several bioethical principles, including sanctity-of-life and quality-of-life debates; autonomy, beneficence, and medical paternalism; personhood, palliative care, and the double effect doctrine. Finally, it considers human rights issues, treatment requests, incompetent patients, and the concept of the minimally conscious state and locked-in syndrome. Recent cases are cited.
10. International Relocation and Child Abduction
Authors: Gaffney-Rhys Ruth
Published: September 2018

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter focuses on international relocation and child abduction. The first question is an essay question that considers the law relating to international relocation, ie how the English courts have dealt with applications to relocate out of the jurisdiction (eg Payne v Payne). The second is a problem question that requires the application of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects on International Child Abduction 1980 and the EU Regulations (BIIR), but also considers the law that applies if a child is taken to England and Wales from a country that has not ratified the Hague Convention.