bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patients’ Responsibilities in Medical Ethics
Authors: Draper Heather , Sorell Tom
Published: March 2003

Patients have not been entirely ignored in medical ethics. There has been a shift from the general presumption that ‘doctor knows best’ to a heightened respect for patient autonomy. Medical ethics remains one–sided, however. It tends (incorrectly) to interpret patient autonomy as mere participation in decisions, rather than a willingness to take the consequences. In this respect, medical ethics remains largely paternalistic, requiring doctors to protect patients from the consequences of their decisions. This is reflected in a one–sided account of duties in medical ethics. Duties fall mainly on doctors and only exceptionally on patients. Medical ethics may exempt patients from obligations because they are the weaker or more vulnerable party in the doctor–patient relationship. We argue that vulnerability does not exclude obligation. We also look at others ways in which patient responsibilities flow from general ethics: for instance, from responsibilities to others and to the self, from duties of citizens, and from the responsibilities of those who solicit advice. Finally, we argue that certain duties of patients counterbalance an otherwise unfair captivity of doctors as helpers.
‘Inclusive Learning’: the Reform Initiative of the Tomlinson Committee
Authors: Florian Lani
Published: March 2003

Lani Florian, Lecturer in Special Education at the University of Birmingham, considers the practical implications of the Tomlinson Report on Further Education.
Issues of Equity in Special Needs Education from a Gender Perspective
Authors: Daniels Harry , Hey Valerie , Leonard Diana , Smith Marjorie
Published: March 2003

This article is concerned with gender issues in resource allocation for special needs in mainstream schools. The ways in which categories operate in academic life and professional practice in schools raise dilemmas for the development of the concept and practice of equality of opportunity. Data are drawn from a recent ESRC study (R000237346) and used to illustrate some of the ways in which significant problems for the management of special needs services are revealed from the perspective of gender.
Research Section: Does size matter? Is small really beautiful?
Authors: Walters Brian
Published: March 2003

The creation of smaller unitary authorities must have an impact on the way services are provided for children with special needs. This study looks at what has happened so far, focusing on the quality of provision and the ways in which available resources are being used within these reorganised contexts.

Brian Walters circulated all unitary authorities in England and Wales formed by January 1998 (n= 47) with a questionnaire concerning the preparation and provision for special needs in their new Authority. The questionnaire was sent to the senior officer responsible for Special Needs. Some 28 replies were received and follow‐up visits for interview were made with 12 senior officers.

The findings from both the questionnaires received and interviews conducted indicate both positive and negative outcomes in terms of provision and preparation for change. Service provision was clearly reduced in a significant number of new authorities (n= 17 (66%)) particularly for children with sensory impairment and those with emotional and behavioural difficulties.

Some special schools were seen to be non‐viable in terms of pupil numbers needing a much more regional organisational support, especially for children with emotional and behavioural difficulties and low incidence conditions. On the positive side a realignment of professional boundaries had taken place with management roles being combined and management structures compressed (n= 17 (66%)). There was certainly considerable enthusiasm for managing change by both officers and elected members to adopt more efficient streamlined practices in assessment and consultation (n= 23 (85%)). However, assessment times had not speeded up (n= 14 (50%)). Contacts with parents and other agencies had improved at the local level (n= 24 (86%)) and in particular consultation with schools on policy and procedures was much quicker and more effective (n= 23 (85%)). Nevertheless there were differences between urban (n= 14) and semi‐rural (n= 14) authorities on local contacts and efficiency at the local level. Opportunities had been created for more strategic planning with inclusion policies to the fore (n= 24 (88%)). Inclusion was seen by smaller authorities as a part solution to the shortfall in services and school provision.

The viability for very small unitary authorities (under 25,000 school population) working alone to provide a full range of services and provision was clearly an issue. There is a need for more regional collaboration, or a radical rethink on the form of provision in terms of more inclusive policies. Certainly there was a positive climate with regard to Green Paper issues.

The greater autonomy of schools with increased funding for special needs being delegated poses problems for the effectiveness of such small authorities. Size does appear to matter. The smaller the size the more economy of scale issues appear.

With Local Education Authorities including unitary authorities now subject to Ofsted inspection, Brian Walters’ study is timely.
Social relationships and friendships among young people with Down’s syndrome in secondary schools
Authors: Cuckle Pat , Wilson June
Published: March 2003

More young people with Down’s syndrome are being taught in mainstream schools and interest in the educational aspect of inclusion has grown over the last few years.

In this article Pat Cuckle, Senior Research Fellow at the University of Leeds, and June Wilson, a support teacher working for Education Leeds, explore patterns of friendship and social relationships among teenagers with Down’s syndrome. The young people who took part in the study either attend mainstream schools or resourced provision in mainstream schools. The enquiry provides fascinating insights into the participants’ views of friendship and into the range of their social experiences. Pat Cuckle and June Wilson conclude their report with a set of recommendations focusing on the need to create more opportunity for social interaction for young people with special needs.
Focus on Practice: Tourette Syndrome: a Training Day for Teachers
Authors: Chowdhury Uttom , Christie Deborah
Published: March 2003

Recent research indicates that Tourette syndrome is more prevalent than was once thought and that teachers in most mainstream schools are likely to encounter pupils displaying the characteristics of Tourette syndrome. Research also indicates that these characteristics, and the range of responses that may be appropriate, are not well understood by school staff. In this article, Dr Uttom Chowdhury, Consultant Child Psychiatrist at the CAMHS Academic Unit in Dunstable and Honorary Child Psychiatrist at the Neurodevelopmental Disorders Clinic at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, and Dr Deborah Christie, Consultant Clinical Psychologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Services at University College London and Middlesex Hospitals, describe a training day for teachers facilitated by members of the Tic Disorders Clinic at Great Ormond Street Hospital. The day provided a mix of information–giving and discussion of current practice. Uttom Chowdhury and Deborah Christie relate the outcomes of the day to their own professional knowledge and experience and offer an interesting agenda for further developments.
Research Section: Stress, Burnout and Workload in Teachers of Children with Special Educational Needs
Authors: Male Dawn B. , May Derek
Published: March 2003

Whilst stress in teaching has received much attention in recent years, for teachers of children with special educational needs (SEN) specific stress‐related research is relatively rare. This study sought to address this issue by investigating stress, burnout and workload in teachers of children with special educational needs. A postal questionnaire was sent to 56 ordinary schools and eight schools for children with moderate learning difficulties (MLD), eight for children with severe learning difficulties (SLD) and eight for children with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD). The schools were situated in inner city, urban and rural areas in the south‐east of England. A total of 221 teachers responded. Results indicated that, whilst generalised claims for burnout may not be justified, within all three special school settings there was evidence of a high level of emotional exhaustion as measured by the education version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). In addition, all groups were subject to long hours of work, and work overload was high for ordinary school SEN teachers and teachers working in MLD and SLD settings. Reference to sources of intense stress indicated some differences according to setting but generally implicated workload and challenging behaviour. The conclusions are that further research into stress and burnout of SEN teachers is required if effective coping and preventative strategies are to be designed.
Focus on Practice: Reviewing the Teaching and Learning of Children with Special Educational Needs: Enabling Whole School Responsibility
Authors: Morris Neil , Parker Phil
Published: March 2003

Neil Morris, Learning Support Co‐ordinator, and Phil Parker, Learning Support Manger, at Colmers Farm School, use ‘The four Ps of policy’ (Palmer, Redfern & Smith, 1994) to review their own practice in the development of the monitoring and evaluation measures of their school's SEN (Special Educational Needs) provision. They outline their commitment to inclusive education, and analyse the ways in which the strategy of ‘Subject Department SEN Reviews’ focuses upon teaching and learning styles.
Education, the life course and research
Authors: Grant Gordon
Published: March 2003

Gordon Grant, Professor of Cognitive Disability at the University of Sheffield, continues the New Professor series by considering education, the life course and adulthood for people with learning disabilities. He takes up themes rehearsed by Roy McConkey in an earlier edition of the Journal (1998) and raises questions for research and development.
Focus on Practice: Teaching children with Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Saunders Suzanne
Published: March 2003

Suzanne Saunders, lecturer at the Centre for the Study of Special Education, Westminster College, Oxford, describes a small scale research project funded by the Mencap City Research Foundation into the practice of teaching children with Fragile X Syndrome, and suggests effective intervention strategies.
Research Section: The identification and assessment of dyslexia
Authors: Lawrence Brenda , Carter Jenny
Published: March 2003

Many teachers are concerned about the problems of identifying and assessing dyslexia in their own schools, but lack time during the school day to assess the accuracy of new tests. In the last ten years dyslexia has moved from being a hidden disability to one that is acknowledged in academic, intellectual and professional fields, through advances in genetics and psychological research. Non‐recognition can lead to severe problems for a pupil in school and in later life, as well as for teachers, in particular, attempting to devise learning programmes and for schools, in general, facing litigation for not addressing a particular child’s specific needs.
A holistic approach to supporting distance learning using the Internet: transformation, nottranslation
Authors: Thomas Pete , Carswell Linda , Price Blaine , Petre Marian
Published: March 2003

This is the first of a series of papers describing how the Open University, a large distance education institution, has embraced the Internet as a medium for supporting its students, tutors, academics, and administrators throughout the education process. This paper reports on a holistic approach to integrating technology into the teaching process which addresses how to provide necessary functions in effective forms—some traditional, some new. It describes the development and structure of actual systems, which incorporate electronic student registration; electronic assignment submission, marking, and recording; electronic tutorials and other interaction; and electronic examinations. It describes and summarises some of the findings of the evaluation of those systems, including student, academic, and administrator feedback. Finally, this paper reflects on the benefits of an integrated holistic approach in exploiting the Internet's potential to support distance learning on a massive scale. Subsequent papers in this series will address specific areas in detail:the student experience, the role of the tutor in an electronic environment, and the institutional perspective.
Cognitive Effects of a Structural Overview in a Hypertext
Authors: Hofman Rijk , Van Oostendorp Herre
Published: March 2003

Disorientation and navigation inefficiency are the consequences of the fragmented and incoherent structure of most hypertexts. To avoid these negative effects, researchers recommend—among other things—an interface with a structural overview of the relations between sections. Some authors have found that with such an overview, information is looked up faster and remembered better. This study examined whether a structural overview also leads to a deeper understanding. Forty students read a hypertext about the effects of ultraviolet radiation in one of two presentation conditions (structural overview and list). In the list condition, the same topics were mentioned as in the overview condition, but just in the format of a list. After reading, they answered textbase questions which measured their recognition and also inference questions supposed to measure their situation model constructed from the information read. The last type of questions indicated the readers' understanding of the text. On textbase questions, subjects with low as well as high prior knowledge scored equally well in both conditions. In contrast to our expectation, the overview did not improve the recognition of main points. However, on situation model questions low prior knowledge subjects scored significantly lower in the overview condition than in the list condition. These results supported our hypothesis that a structural overview may hinder the understanding of less knowledgeable readers, because it draws their attention to the textual macrostructure at the expense of attention to the microstructure of the text.
The Role of Technology in Learning: Managing to Achieve a Vision
Authors: Lewis Roger
Published: March 2003

The paper explores the current context for uses of technology in education, including the nature of work, the capabilities required by employees, and developments in the technology itself. A vision for education is needed: how might students be learning in the future and what role might technology play in this? By making students' learning needs the focus we can identify the support technology can offer. The issue of student access is discussed—both physical access to technology and the psychological confidence to use it. One major government initiative—the Teaching and Learning Technology Programme—shows the limits of what has been achieved to date. The paper ends by suggesting how changes necessary within the education sector might be better managed.
Does interactive multimedia promote achievement and higher level thinking skills for today's science students?
Authors: Frear Valerie , Hirschbuhl John J
Published: March 2003

This study examines the effects of Interactive Multimedia instruction upon the variables of achievement and problem solving skills on non‐science majors in an Environmental Science course at a mid‐western university. The findings indicate that the Interactive Multimedia had a significant effect on both of the variables. The findings are discussed in terms of the impact on self‐study when students are learning outside of the classroom in a distance learning environment.
Staff development in information technology for special needs: a new, distance‐learning course at Keele University
Authors: Hegarty John , Bostock Stephen , Collins Dave
Published: March 2003

Whilst information technology has much to offer people with special needs, the availability of staff training in the use of special‐needs IT in the UK and Europe is sparse. Keele University, with over a decade of experience in research and in supporting and training staff in the use of information technology, has launched a new, distance‐learning course. This article describes the course background, its structure, and feedback from the first cohort of students. Results suggest that the course strikes an effective balance between the need of distance‐learning students for face‐to‐face contact with peers and tutors, and the difficulties faced by students wishing to attend training whilst in full‐time employment who are geographically distant. The course structure appears appropriate for a wide range of special‐needs settings and the curriculum seems to have an appropriate mix of background theory and practical application. Difficulties faced with computer conferencing became apparent, which need to be addressed in future. The course could be a model for further staff development opportunities in IT for special‐needs professionals.
Effective desktop videoconferencing with minimal network demands
Authors: Hearnshaw Dave
Published: March 2003

Desktop Videoconferencing (DVC) has been shown to support effectively remote tutorials, but specific video channel requirements are not known. There is a perception that higher levels of image quality will enhance the effectiveness of the tutorial, and this has implications on scarce network bandwidth. If it can be shown that low levels of image quality are not detrimental to learning opportunities, then the use of DVC will be more attractive to institutions inhibited by fear of high network demands.

Limitations in current methods for assessing video channel quality are discussed, and a new scheme for tutorial content quality analysis is outlined. The scheme has been applied to data gathered from a trial involving 30 students studying for an accredited university module. The results show that increasing the quality of the video channel resulted in no measurable increase in the quality of dialogue within the tutorials. The conclusions are that low quality images are not necessarily detrimental, and therefore DVC could be endorsed more readily where bandwidth is limited.
Industrial Relations in the Privatized Mining Industry
Authors: Parry David , Waddington David , Critcher Chas
Published: March 2003

This article examines the impact of privatization on industrial relations in the UK coal industry. It focuses on aspects of continuity and change in the transition to privatization, assessing how far the processes of trade union exclusion and decollectivization, begun by British Coal, have been extended or modified in the first year of private operation. The paper argues that the segmentation of trade union interests has been exacerbated in a variety of ways, not least by the fragmentation of the industry under different forms of ownership and control. It concludes that, while the likelihood of industrial action in the smaller companies is remote, RJB Mining is more vulnerable to sanctions than was its predecessor. However, it remains debatable to what extent future cost‐cutting and closures might precipitate such action, given the extent of decollectivization that has occurred.
When Might a Distressed Firm Share Work? Evidence from the Short‐Time Compensation Programme in France
Authors: Gray David M.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the participation patterns of publicly funded short‐time compensation benefits (STC) in France. The regression equation directly models the choice of work units facing slack demand to adjust their labour force by declaring redundancies or by implementing an STC agreement. The likelihood of adopting the work‐sharing mode is related to certain firm and labour force attributes, labour market institutions and policy parameters. The results suggest that employment protection laws increase the incidence of STC usage and hence decrease employers’ recourse to layoffs. Work‐forces receiving relatively high levels of pay and exhibiting relatively low levels of labour force attachment are less likely to participate in the STC programme, ceteris paribus. Although the programme is designed to prevent cyclical layoffs, there is preliminary evidence that chronic usage in instances of permanent layoffs is fairly widespread.
Training and Labour Market Flexibility: Is There a Trade‐off?
Authors: Arulampalam Wiji , Booth Alison L.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the nexus between work‐related training and labour market ‘flexibility’ (which we proxy by contract type, part‐time employment and lack of union coverage), using the first five waves of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) conducted over the period 1991–5. Our results show that workers on short‐term employment contracts, who are working part‐time or are not covered by a union collective agreement, are significantly less likely to be involved in any work‐related training to improve or increase their skills. These findings suggest that there is a trade‐off between expanding the more marginal forms of employment and expanding the proportion of the work‐force getting work‐related training.
The Enduring Alliance? Trade Unions and the Making of New Labour, 1994–1997
Authors: McIlroy John
Published: March 2003

The period of Tony Blair’s leadership preceding the 1997 general election saw a transformation of the Labour Party. This was of immense importance to the political role of trade unions. The emergence of New Labour can only be understood through analysis of developments in both party and unions. This paper discusses the recasting of the party’s industrial politics and reform of party structure, locating its provenance in electoral, representational and governmental strategies. It examines the unions’ response, rooted in their industrial predicament but shaped by political reaction to it. Union politics intersected but did not coincide with the policies of New Labour. Political differentiation in the unions and opposition to New Labour is considered. It is concluded that change represents restructuring rather than termination of the link, but it will be further tested with New Labour in government.
Women, Power and Trade Union Government in the UK
Authors: Healy Geraldine , Kirton Gill
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the under‐explored relationship between women’s structures and union democracy and argues that women’s structural progress is mediated by an enduring gendered oligarchy and an associated struggle to access power resources. It provides, first, an analysis over time of women’s structures in UK unions, and second, a case‐study analysis of the Manufacturing, Science and Finance (MSF) trade union. The analysis over time demonstrates women’s progress in achieving positional power, but conceals the complexity of the way different resources are used to constrain and enable women trade unionists.
Contracting Out in Japanese Local Government: Are Unions Making a Difference?
Authors: Hayakawa Seiichiro , Simard François
Published: March 2003

Using 1997 data for Japanese cities, we examine the relationship between union density and outsourcing in local government. We also test the hypothesis that cities where employees are represented by the more radical of the two local civil service unions will have less outsourcing than cities where the less critically oriented union dominates. The results of the analysis support the central hypothesis that union density is negatively correlated with outsourcing, but they do not support the second hypothesis.
The Viability of Trade Union Organization: A Bargaining Unit Analysis
Authors: Willman Paul
Published: March 2003

The paper develops a model of trade union behaviour based on the concept of the viable bargaining unit. Viability rests on five conditions: membership level, service level, membership participation, employer recognition, and facilities. Unions are seen as portfolios of viable and inviable bargaining units. Six propositions are derived, concerning union scale, growth, the impact of statutory recognition provisions, the emergence of conglomerate unions, governance structures, and relations with employers. Employer dependence is central, and a simple game‐theoretic approach is used to discuss employer co‐operation. Viability at the union level is achieved by portfolio diversification and employer co‐operation.
The Adoption of Production Incentives in Spain
Authors: Bayo–Moriones Alberto , Huerta–Arribas Emilio
Published: March 2003

We attempt to identify the factors that determine the use of production incentives for manual workers in Spanish manufacturing industry. Data relating to 629 manufacturing plants are used in the investigation. Our findings show that intensified competition, membership of a multinational firm and public ownership have a negative effect. Also, production incentives are associated with lower monitoring, narrowness of job description and teamwork. The evidence obtained rejects the hypothesis of a negative association between incentive payment and several features associated with internal labour markets. Finally, union influence is found to have a positive influence on the use of incentives.
Institutionalization of Tipping as a Source of Managerial Control
Authors: Ogbonna Emmanuel , Harris Lloyd C.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores, investigates and analyses the rationale, approach and outcomes of the attempts by management to control the behaviour of front–line service workers through the institutionalization of customer tipping. It presents evidence generated from an in–depth case study of a highly successful UK restaurant group to suggest that the management of tipping is a way of controlling the behaviour of front–line service workers. However, rather than view such control as purely exploitative and one–sided, it is argued that there is a degree of ‘mutual instrumentality’, in that the findings suggest that workers voluntarily and consciously submit to subjugation for purely instrumental benefits.
The Limits of Flexibility: the Case of UK Television
Authors: Saundry Richard
Published: March 2003

The organization of the UK television industry has undergone radical change in the last ten years in response to a concerted programme of regulatory change and rapid technological development. It has been seen by some commentators as an exemplar of flexible specialization and of further evidence that mass production methods have become increasingly obsolescent. Vertically disintegrated, flexibly specialized forms of organization are, on this view, best placed to cope with increasing product diversity, competition and uncertainty. This paper argues that the experience of television in the UK bears little resemblance to the model of flexible specialization. Indeed, the response of firms to changing product market conditions has not been to embrace vertical disintegration but to re‐establish traditional organizational structures. Transaction‐costs analysis, while providing a number of useful insights into the development of organizational structures within television, also fails to take account of the complex web of forces determining the degree of horizontal and vertical integration in the sector.
Using CEO Succession to Integrate Acquired Organizations: A Contingency Analysis
Authors: Lee Shoou‐Yih Daniel , Alexander Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2003

The study proposes that organizations engaged in related acquisition may encourage CEO succession as a mechanism for integrating acquired organizations. Further, we suggest that the risk of CEO succession at the time of acquisition will vary based on the need for integrative action and the power of acquired organizations. Results show that CEO succession is more likely when the participating organizations have incompatible types of ownership and when acquired CEOs have longer tenure than their counterparts. Conversely, the probability of CEO succession is lower among larger acquired organizations. Performance of the acquired organization does not affect the relationship between related acquisition and CEO succession.
Managerialist Professionalism: The Destruction of a Non‐conforming Subculture
Authors: Brooks Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the complex relationship between professionalism and managerialism in the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK and argues that professional aspiration now embraces the managerial paradigm. More specifically, it describes a subculture – that of permanent night nurses – which endures a schematic difference from the now dominant day nurse culture, and is in imminent danger of extinction. It is held in contempt by many nursing professionals and managers whose agendas converge to form the unified template which informs their action. It is suggested that night nurses, marginalized and powerless, are a subculture with distinct native‐view characteristics. Ward‐based, like their day colleagues, but separated by a temporal divide, permanent night nurses recognize their difference, largely reject the new managerialist professionalism, feel unappreciated and cling to their perceived camaraderie and close patient‐relationships.

This research explores the nature and origins of the new managerialist nursing profession and examines the basis of its claims of professionalism. The ethnographic methodology and research design are outlined and considerable data are presented. The paper draws upon the arguments of fellow professionals and managers who seek to deny the right of existence to this group. It is argued that ‘atrocity stories’ and other discourse, are evidence of evolving closure criteria, which exclude this apparently non‐conforming subcultural group.
Careering Downwards? Middle Managers' Experiences in the Downsized Organization
Authors: Thomas Robyn , Dunkerley David
Published: March 2003

The future of middle management has been the focus of attention in the media, following a period of unprecedented restructuring in organizations. However, there are mixed messages in the literature on the impact that this restructuring has had on middle managers' roles and careers, as well as on their reaction to these changes. It is the aim of this paper to address some of these tensions and contradictions. The research presented here is based on a two‐year study of middle management in 50 organizations across both the public and private sectors, involving semi‐structured interviews with middle managers and key decision‐makers. The findings show that, paradoxically, whilst middle managers report feelings of greater job satisfaction from increased empowerment over their work roles, this is in tandem with working in intensified work regimes with increased pressures and stress. Many middle managers are still looking towards hierarchical career progression as the main reward for their continued commitment, despite this being significantly diminished in the downsized, delayered organization. The denial of this reward for what is seen by many middle managers as excessive work demands, it is suggested, will ultimately lead to middle managers becoming increasingly bitter and jaundiced.
The Relationship between Styles of Creativity and Managerial Skills Assessment
Authors: Buttner E. Holly , Gryskiewicz Nur , Hidore Suzanne C.
Published: March 2003

This study examined the relationships between creativity style, as measured by the Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory (KAI) and the self and other ratings on a 360‐ degree feedback instrument, the Management Skills Profile (MSP) among US managers. Results indicated that self‐reports of the use of managerial skills were related to the individual manager's creativity style, but the ratings by others were not. Adaptive managers, as defined by the KAI, were more likely to underrate themselves, while self‐ratings of innovative managers tended to concur with the ratings of others. Implications for helping managers understand discrepancies in self and others' ratings as a function of creativity style in a developmental context and directions for future research are discussed.
Leadership in Educational Change
Authors: Connolly Michael , Connolly Una , James Chris
Published: March 2003

With the imperative placed on schools in recent years to improve, the leadership of educational change has increased in significance. The research reported here explored and analysed the change processes in 32 schools in South Wales that have made significant changes to improve pupil achievement. Various triggers initiated the improvement journey and the schools faced numerous challenges. Although the improvement journey was variously configured, there appeared to be sequential stages: pre‐acceleration, acceleration and post‐acceleration. The organizational leadership needs in those different stages were diverse and in schools where change had been successfully engineered, leadership was enacted differently with diverse themes emerging in the various phases. The findings have important implications for the leadership of change in a range of institutions such as those in the public and voluntary sectors which have multiple and often conflicting objectives, a multiplicity of stakeholders and are staffed by professionals. The paper illustrates the changing nature of leadership in the journey of organizational change which may help to explain the absence in the literature of the characteristics or the key actions that are the essence of good leadership. The paper concludes by modelling the dimensions of improvement that the leader must influence at an institutional and individual level to bring about educational change. These dimensions are effectiveness, reflective capability and adaptive capability.
Cultural Chameleons
Authors: Thorne Marie L.
Published: March 2003

This paper uses an empirical case study to present a new way of thinking about the dynamics of multicultural relationships within organizations. The paper initially uses subcultural analysis to identify how doctors became clinical directors and how their culture emerged as they learned to cope with problems of external adaptation and internal integration. Clinical directors were unique in working within and between the medical and managerial cultures, mediating the process of cultural learning and balancing the multicultural dynamics of the organization. They sustained this dynamic by becoming ‘cultural chameleons’ in both the medical and managerial cultures. It is also argued that clinical directors formed a ‘cell culture’ rather than a ‘subculture’ as they developed directly from the medical culture but emerged as different from it. The conclusions reveal how the empirical data describe a complex and dynamic pattern of multicultural relationships that are more interdependent than hierarchical. Consequently an alternative concept of cultural coconstitutionality is used to describe how these three cultures exist alongside each other in a relationship of asymmetric complementarity.
Corporate Ideology – Meanings and Contradictions for Middle Managers
Authors: Turnbull Sharon
Published: March 2003

This paper describes an investigation into corporate ideology and control and the responses of the ‘middle managers’ in a large engineering corporation. The paper explores the creation of meaning and values in the organization through a large‐scale ‘corporate values’ programme aimed at 1500 middle managers, and asks to what extent the priorities of these managers match those of the organization, and whether the creation of meaning through an ideological values programme carries risks that have not been considered by the organization adopting this approach. The findings suggest six individual response types amongst the delegates on the programme: ‘evangelists’, ‘actors’, ‘sceptics’, ‘open cynics’, ‘critical thinkers’ and ‘untouched professionals’. The influences upon these responses are considered, and a number of key factors identified as important in affecting perceptions of and response to the programme. The paper concludes that today more than ever, corporate ideologies are becoming an increasingly dominant influence on our organizations, causing mixed and confused responses amongst the middle managers who are required to disseminate these messages.
An Analysis of Strategic Determinants, Learning and Decision‐Making in Sino‐British Joint Ventures
Authors: Yan Yanni , Child John
Published: March 2003

This paper examines how partners’ strategic objectives, inputs and competencies affect the learning they achieve in joint ventures and their ability to influence decision‐making in such ventures. Quantitative and qualitative research in 20 Sino‐British joint ventures permits an investigation of these factors for both British and Chinese joint venture partners. Findings indicate that the transfer by British partners of technology and managerial expertise to joint ventures enhances their ability to achieve their strategic objectives by influencing decisions in such ventures. The learning achieved by British partners depends on their commitment of strategic inputs to joint ventures and is therefore associated with their influence. The case of Chinese partners is different, because they look to learn from the knowledge and resource inputs provided by the British partners. They therefore rely more on legal ownership rights to retain an influence over joint venture decision‐making. The achievement of Chinese partners’ strategic objectives depends more critically on the quality of the partnership itself.
Increasing Returns and Social Contagion in Cultural Industries
Authors: Kretschmer Martin , Klimis George Michael , Choi Chong Ju
Published: March 2003

A formal definition of cultural industries is developed following four distinct features of cultural goods: (a) oversupply, (b) quality uncertainty, (c) network effects and (d) demand reversal. Drawing on economic and socio‐psychological notions of ‘network’, increasing returns and social contagion effects are distinguished. Increasing returns may govern the adoption of standards when choices are binary, social contagion explains the diffusion of cultural goods when choices are multiple. Together, the four structural features delineating cultural industries account for curious competitive dynamics prevalent in cultural markets, such as the notorious 10 : 90 proportionality (under which 10% of cultural goods account for 90% of the market), causal ambiguity about the reasons for success, and the formation of fashions. Six managerial recommendations are advanced, focusing on a criticial circulation point triggering self‐sustaining diffusion patterns. Finally ‘project‐based enterprises’ and ‘network forms of governance’ are identified as the organizational forms most suited to the dynamics of the cultural markets.
Re‐aligning the Stakeholders in Management Research: Lessons from Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Herriot Peter , Anderson Neil
Published: March 2003

The publication of the Starkey and Madan (2001) report represents a timely and valuable contribution to an ongoing debate across a range of applied disciplines, concerning the nature and purpose of social research. The call for stakeholder alignment, culminating in the production of new knowledge that is both theoretically and methodologically rigorous on the one hand, and socially relevant on the other, is, in our view, to be greatly welcomed. However, the Mode 2 approach advocated by Starkey and Madan will not satisfy these fundamental requirements. Drawing on recent analyses of the nature, causes and consequences of the academic‐practitioner divide in the subfield of industrial, work and organizational psychology, we offer an alternative, four‐fold taxonomy of the varieties of managerial knowledge. Within our alternative framework, research that is low on rigour but high on relevance (a likely consequence of the wholesale adoption of a Mode 2 approach) is characterized as ‘Popularist Science’. ‘Pedantic Science’, by contrast, is high on rigour but low on relevance, while ‘Puerile Science’ meets neither requirement. Only ‘Pragmatic Science’ will meet the twin imperatives of rigour and relevance. Whilst it is highly desirable that Pragmatic Science should dominate the management field, there are considerable barriers that impede its widespread adoption at the present time, not least the limited availability of researchers who possess the requisite sociopolitical and methodological competencies. The immediate imperative that has to be addressed, therefore, is the question of how best to close this competency gap, a fundamental precondition of stakeholder realignment.
Re‐Focusing the Business School Agenda
Authors: Huff Anne Sigismund , Huff James Oran
Published: March 2003

This commentary agrees with Starkey and Madan (2001) that business schools must incorporate Mode 2 production methods if they are to be significant knowledge producers in the future. We reinforce their specific suggestions about how that might be accomplished by focusing on learning from early Mode 2 attempts, promoting practitioner research, seeking business co‐sponsorship and sheltering some Mode 1 practices and values, including longitudinal reflective research and information storage. We also argue, however, that business schools must go beyond such tasks, difficult and expensive though they are. The way business and business schools currently operate, and are being encouraged to operate, does not address the broader issues of human relevance that concern James March (1998) and others. The gap here is a risk for business and society, and appears to require new, Mode 3, methods of knowledge production.
The Logic of No Alternative? Political Scientists, Historians and the Politics of Labour's Past
Authors: Bale Tim
Published: March 2003

This paper critiques the largely incommensurate approaches taken both by historians and political scientists to the governmental past of the British Labour Party. It argues that revisionist historians, in flight from the traditional left critique of parliamentary socialism, are in danger of damaging their capacity to produce general explanations, while political scientists (who specialise in the latter) have tended to preserve an outdated version of Labour's past that supports their greater interest in its present and future. Both approaches dovetail with the political strategy of the Party's current leadership, but do little to contribute to what could be a profitable breaking-down of the barriers between the two disciplines in this area.
New Labour in the Global Economy: Partisan Politics and the Social Democratic Model
Authors: Wickham-Jones Mark
Published: March 2003

Drawing on a framework developed by Geoffrey Garrett in his recent book Partisan Politics in the Global Economy, I examine the ‘policy space’ that is available for the social democratic project in the United Kingdom. Garrett is optimistic about the possibilities for reformism: he emphasises the ability of an ‘encompassing’ labour movement to exchange wage restraint for reformist policies. Given the absence of such an encompassing labour movement in the United Kingdom, his conclusion apparently offers little support to those seeking reformist measures in these circumstances. I discuss three reasons why Garrett's model may still be applicable in the British context. First, social democrats may be able to offer policies desirable to capital. Second, wage moderation may be possible without the existence of an encompassing labour movement. Third, and most ambitious, it may be possible to develop an encompassing labour movement within the United Kingdom. My tentative conclusion is that a variant of the Garrett model is potentially a plausible one for a reformist party in the United Kingdom.
Anglo‐German Productivity Differences: The Role of Broad Capital
Authors: O'Mahony Mary
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the role of broad capital in explaining Anglo‐German labour productivity differences in manufacturing, where broad capital includes physical capital, workforce skills and R&D expenditure. All three forms of capital are found to have a significant impact on relative productivity but only workforce skills have a coefficient greater than that implied by standard ‘growth accounting’ methods. This is interpreted as supporting the idea that there are some external effects from human capital formation which raise the productivity of all workers in an industry. After allowing for broad capital the results suggest that Britain had a multifactor productivity advantage over Germany in the late 1980s.
Industry Attractiveness, Firm Competence, and International Investment Performance in a Transitional Economy
Authors: Luo Yadong
Published: March 2003

Building upon the theoretical foundations provided by the international economics and industrial economics literature, this study examines the multivariate and univariate effects of industry structure attributes and firm competence components on the performance of foreign‐funded enterprises operating in a transitional economy (People's Republic of China). It is found that industry attractiveness and firm competence are both critical to international investment performance. It is also observed that different industry and firm‐level variables influence differentially the various dimensions of performance.
Ecological Tax Reforms and the Environment: A Note
Authors: Schöb Ronnie
Published: March 2003

There is widespread agreement on the ability of ecological tax reforms to improve the environmental quality. This paper, however, points out that a negative marginal impact on the environment cannot be ruled out for revenue‐neutral ecological tax reforms in both first‐best and second‐best frameworks. Therefore, sufficient conditions are derived which ensure the improvement of the environmental quality.
Testing For Efficient Contracts In Unionized Labour Markets
Authors: Andrews Martyn , Harrison Alan
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the design of empirical tests to distinguish between two competing explanations of wage and employment determination in unionized labour markets, the labour‐demand and efficient‐contract models. We argue that most of the tests employed are restrictive, propose an alternative non‐nested approach, a central feature of which is the variation in the set of instrumental variables across the models, and provide an illustration of how it might be implemented, using data from the Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (WIRS) 1984 Panel File. The results demonstrate how the traditional approach can lead to inappropriate conclusions, and thereby emphasize the empirical importance of the specification of the instrumental variables.
Economics of Bail Setting
Authors: Lim Boon Tiong , Quah Euston
Published: March 2003

This paper derives the bail bond that serves as an effective tool in securing a defendant’s attendance at trial. It is shown that it is possible for a moderate bail to be set even for suspected capital offences. The two important determinants in the granting of bail and in the setting of its amount are the defendant’s expected cost of punishment and the probability of reapprehension if the suspect jumps bail. The theoretical results are then shown to be consistent with actual case laws.
Indirect Employment Effects of Foreign Direct Investment into the UK
Authors: Driffield Nigel
Published: March 2003

This paper examines some of the employment consequences, broadly defined, associated with foreign inward investment. A foreign firm entering an industry in the UK will have a degree of firm‐specific advantage over the incumbent firms. This advantage is assumed to manifest itself in terms of a productivity differential over the domestic sector. As such, foreign entry will create factor market disequilibrium in the domestic sector. It is shown that such investment generates ‘employment substitution’ away from UK firms, equivalent to approximately one–fifth of all the jobs created by inward investment.