bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Conscientiousness and the Subjectivism/Objectivism Debate about Moral Wrongness
Authors: Graham Peter A.
Published: December 2021

The Subjectivism/Objectivism debate is a debate about the facts the an action’s moral status is grounded in. Subjectivists maintain that an action’s moral status is grounded in the subjective circumstances of the agent at the time of its performance. Objectivists deny this. This chapter defends the Objectivist view against a recent argument against it by championing a picture of moral conscientiousness which is at odds with a central premise of that argument. The picture of moral conscientiousness defended is one that crucially sees the morally conscientious person’s concern not to act wrongly as degreed and sensitive to the degrees of wrongness of the options facing the morally conscientious agent. After motivating this particular conception of moral conscientiousness and defending Objectivism against the argument against it, the chapter further develops the Objectivist picture of the moral status of actions and explains the Objectivist’s conception of the relation between moral wrongness and what a morally conscientious person ought to do in her choice situation.
Defence, Doubt, and Gracelessness (1904–9)
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew
Published: December 2021

In this chapter, sources from Tillich’s student days (1904–9) are compared with Tillich’s later autobiographical narratives. Tillich’s father Johannes defended the conservative stance in church-political debates in Wilhelmine Prussia concerning the doctrinal orthodoxy of its pastors. Student Tillich’s determination to defend confessional standards at the national Wingolf conference 1906 shows his commitment to the same cause. Yet privately, Tillich was struggling with doubt about historical revelation, brought on by historical criticism, but chiefly his philosophical studies. Despite Tillich’s later insistence that Martin Kähler (1835–1912) taught him the centrality of justification, there was no grace in Tillich’s uncompromising stance as Wingolf leader, of which Kähler may have been quite critical. Furthermore, Tillich’s Monismusschrift (1908), influenced by his study of Fichte and others under Fritz Medicus (1876–1956), offers criticism of Kähler’s anti-metaphysical stance. Justification is merely a subordinated locus of his attempt to express Christianity in terms of idealist philosophy.
The Prodigal Doubter (Nauen 1911–12)
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores sermons from Tillich’s curacy in Nauen (1911–12). In Tillich’s adaptation the parable of the Prodigal Son, the pious of the day do not come with empty hands but grasping rags of love, faith, zeal, and orthodoxy. By characterizing the creedal assent of the pious as a self-righteous ‘work’, Tillich echoes Wilhelm Herrmann’s defence against ‘positive’ detractors. Tillich will speak sharply against provocatively liberal figures but distances himself from conservative Christians he deems self-righteous. Tillich attempts thereby a levelling of the distinction between the believer and the unbeliever through a law-gospel dialectic emphasizing human inability. Reimagining piety as piety in godforsakenness, he insists that even in an age of doubt, all share in the predicament from which all are saved. Those who now protest against the church do in that protest exhibit forms of faith: they are of the truth and will come to the truth.
Tillich at War (1914–18)
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew
Published: December 2021

This chapter studies Tillich’s war sermons, lecture on theodicy, and correspondence with Emanuel Hirsch. Tillich’s sermons exhibit at times a crass war theology; the war must be undoubtable. But religious doubt is given a voice and a pastoral response. Perhaps most strikingly in his Christmas sermons, Tillich speaks about the loss of faith among the soldiers. He also offers an unfinished theodicy with three moments, increasingly emphasizing the weakness and suffering of God. Tillich’s sermon from late October 1917 to mark the 400th anniversary of the Reformation is a clear expression of the justification of the doubter. Tillich subsequently explains and develops this new understanding of ‘faith without God’ in correspondence with Hirsch.
Conclusion
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew
Published: December 2021

This conclusion summarizes key aspects of Tillich’s development towards the notion of the justification of the doubter: the grace of God, the relationship between faith and reason, the notion of an intellectual work, and doubt understood as faith. The conclusion closes with an epilogue on the significance of Tillich’s solution to a religious problem for a theology of culture.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Levy Neil
Published: December 2021

This brief concluding chapter draws the threads of the previous chapters together. Previous work on human decision-making has tended to conclude that rationality is a scarce resource and most cognition is arational or irrational. Pushback against this view has come from proponents of ecological rationality. They concede, in effect, that our decision-making is irrational, inasmuch as it fails to respond to good information, but argue that it is rational in a broader sense: we better achieve our epistemic goals by believing arationally. This chapter argues that the evidence surveyed in the previous chapters shows that this is false: we respond rationally to the higher-order evidence we’re presented with, and there’s therefore no need to appeal to ecological rationality to defend our self-image as rational agents. Once we recognize the pervasiveness of higher-order evidence, we can vindicate something very like the Enlightenment picture of ourselves as rational animals.
Life in a rotating world
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

We imagine a group of people living on the inner surface of a huge rotating cylinder in flat spacetime. Their experiences are described and calculated. Thus we introduce gravimagnetic effects and the connection between gravitational time dilation and gravitational acceleration. Gravimagnetic effects such as the force on moving particles and the precession of gyroscopes are derived. The Thomas precession is obtained. These observations illustrate GR ideas that are applicable more generally. Some properties of the general stationary metric are introduced.
Slow stationary sources
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

The linearized theory is applied to sources such as ordinary stars whose speed is small compared to the speed of light. This yields the “gravitoelectromagnetic” theory. The gravitoelectromagnetic field equations are obtained, along with their general solution via scalar and vector potentials. It is shown how to calculate the metric perturbation, and hence the field, due to a rotating ring or a ball, and thus how to calculate orbits, timing, and the Lense-Thirring precession.
Gravitational waves
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

The theory of weak gravitational waves is discussed at length. The transverse traceless gauge is described, and the behaviour of plane wave solutions obtained. The impact of a wave on physical objects, and hence methods for their detection, are calculated. The laser interferometric gravitational wave detector is described. Sources such as binary stars are considered. The compact source approximation is employed, and the quadrupole formula relating the wave amplitude to the quadrupole of the source is obtained. Energy flux in gravitational waves is calculated by two methods, one more general, the other giving further physical insight. The total emitted power is obtained. These are lengthy calculations but they are presented in full. Finally they are applied in detail to a binary star with elliptical orbtis (the Hulse Taylor binary) and to a black hole merger detected by the LIGO interferometers.
Vectors on manifolds
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

The vector, the dual vector (one-form), components and inner products are defined and discussed. The difference between a vector and a one-form is carefully drawn out, with examples and diagrams. Contravariant and covariant components are described, and the way in which the metric can relate them is carefully explained. The transformation of vector components under a change of coordinate basis is derived.
Humor, Empathy, and Community in Twentieth-Century American Poetry
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

Humor, Empathy, and Community in Twentieth-Century American Poetry argues that American poets of the last hundred years use laughter to promote recognition of shared humanity across difference. Freud and Bergson argue that laughter patrols the boundary between in-group and out-group, but laughter can also help us cross or re-draw that boundary, creating a more democratic understanding of shared experience. Poets’ uses of humor reveal and reinforce deep-seated beliefs about the possibility of empathic mutual understanding among unlike interlocutors. These beliefs also shape poets’ senses of audience and their attitudes toward the notion that poets are somehow exceptional. When poets use humor to promote empathy, they make a claim about the basic ethical function of poetry, because humor and poetry share fundamental structures: both combine disparate subjects into newly meaningful wholes. Taking W. H. Auden and Marianne Moore on one side and Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot on the other as competing models of how humor can embrace, exclude, and transform, the book charts a developing poetics of laughter in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries through the work of Sterling Brown, Elizabeth Bishop, Stephanie Burt, Cathy Park Hong, and Lucille Clifton, among others. Poets whose race, gender, sexual orientation, or experimentalism place them outside the American mainstream are especially interested in humor’s potential to transcend the very differences it demarcates. Such writers increasingly replace mockery, satire, and other humorous attacks with comic forms that heighten readers’ understanding of and empathy with individuals, while revealing the failures of dominant hierarchical moral and logical systems.
“Tell me the Truth”
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

Auden’s late-thirties light verse and serious poetry use humor to construct a community of readers and fellow-poets. His humor and his poetics are programmatically anti-Fascist, rejecting the notion of the poet as “exceptional person” and treating literary tradition as potentially malleable and inclusive. For Auden, humor is both individuating and a way to identify like-minded people; more unusually, when it is based on potentially accessible literary knowledge, it also invites outsiders to join the poet’s community. Humor and laughter turn out to provide ways to extend the profound, life-changing intersubjectivity of love—the empathy we feel for our beloved—to a community beyond the dyad of lovers.
“Humor Saves Steps”
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: December 2021

Marianne Moore treats humor as a way to recognize what we have in common with others and to create understanding across difference. In her early work, Moore experiments with combinations of satire and empathy. In “A Prize Bird” and “The Wood-Weasel,” she uses humor as a test of friendship, and suggests that sympathetic laughter constitutes a distinctively American approach to collaborative artistic creation. Humor in “The Pangolin,” like the artists’ tools Moore discusses in the poem, is an end in itself and a way to discover new possibilities: it marks shared humanity and unites the human with the divine. Moore’s laughter occurs when we understand intuitively what it is like to be someone else; the more apparently unlike us the other, the more satisfying the laughter. Throughout Moore’s work, humor can be read as an ars poetica, modeling the synthesis of diverse components that she performs in her poetry.
The Mystery of Physics 101
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2021

Hertz and his scientific contemporaries correctly viewed conceptual disharmony as the inevitable product of the evolutionary manner in which an initial descriptive practice gradually enlarges its applicational outreach, pragmatically guided by the discovery of fresh opportunities for calculating results in a useful manner. As a side effect of this increasing accumulation of technique, component words will become naturally pulled into subtly different forms of localized referential attachment. These discordant alignments create difficulties when a straightforward exposition of “fundamental principle” is wanted, as arises within an elementary class in classical mechanics (this is the “mystery” of the chapter’s title). Hertz, in particular, noticed that the word “force” behaves in a diverging manner, according to the comparative scale size of the object under consideration. This structural insight is crucial to unraveling the resulting conceptual tensions, but the axiomatic corrective that Hertz proposed leads to very unfortunate results, because such a scheme must artificially choose which of these usages of “force” should be favored as “primary.” Nonetheless, Hertz’s faulty presumption that axiomatics represents the proper vehicle for rectifying conceptual tangles of this character has turned into a widely accepted methodological dogma. It constitutes the foundational basis of the theory T thinking of which this book complains. Again the finer details outlined in this chapter are not essential for following the main argument of this work, but they nicely illuminate its motivational background.
Diversity in “Cause”
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2021

This chapter applies the diagnostic lessons of the previous chapter to familiar philosophical controversies with respect to causation, in which the word “cause” appears to highlight different forms of physical circumstance depending upon the context in which it is employed. By examining the modeling of billiard ball behavior from a multiscalar point of view, it becomes easy to appreciate why “cause” must naturally adapt its referential attachments in a variable manner, for essentially the same “division in linguistic labor” reasons that lead the word “force” to distinct forms of applicational attachment. Often we fail to notice the tacit structural safeguards that render such context-sensitive patterns of usage effective within our everyday employments. This chapter then argues that conceptual analyses of this “division of labor” character supply better answers to many of the standard “small metaphysics” issues that arise whenever a natural language gradually increases it applicational scope. From this perspective, the standards of “ersatz rigor” associated with theory T conceptions of philosophical analysis rest upon a faulty diagnosis of how the conceptual tensions of everyday life should be remedied, in a manner analogous to Hertz’s mistaken embrace of single-leveled axiomatics.
Linguistic Scaffolding and Scientific Realism
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2021

The various “small metaphysics” puzzles that this book surveys suggest their proper resolutions requires an expanded appreciation of the strategic underpinnings of fruitful descriptive endeavor. In doing so, philosophical analysis should study linguistic adaptation in the same naturalistic spirit as a biologist investigates the environmental adaptations of a particular animal or plant. Doing so effectively requires attending to shaping considerations that arise from a wide variety of sources, including the issues of computational complexity that supply multiscalar tactics with their significant advantages. For various reasons that ultimately trace to the theory T thinking that this book rejects, the philosophical notion of “scientific realism” has become unhappily aligned with various simplistic assumptions with respect to effective word/world alignment. Our conceptions of scientific and linguistic possibility have suffered greatly as a result.
The Framework for Coastal State Jurisdiction over Fishing in the EEZ
Authors: Goodman Camille
Published: December 2021

This Chapter outlines the legal framework for the regulation of living resources in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) as established in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and other relevant international instruments. It demonstrates how the LOSC seeks to balance the competing interests of coastal and flag States and argues that while the ‘non-specific’ standards established in the LOSC have subsequently been strengthened by the recognition of additional conservation and management concepts, the basic rights and obligations of coastal States remain ambiguous, open-ended, and highly qualified. In order to clarify this ambiguity, it looks beyond the basic list of rights and duties set out on the face of the LOSC to establish what coastal States must, may, and must not do in exercising their sovereign rights over living resources in the EEZ. It examines the approaches taken by international courts and tribunals in reviewing the innovations and interpretations offered by coastal States in their implementation of the LOSC, and identifies the broader, normative principles that constrain and enable coastal State jurisdiction in the EEZ. This includes discussion of the rules of due regard and due diligence, the role of the margin of appreciation doctrine, and the extent to which a coastal State may act to protect—or prevent interference with—its sovereign rights. The Chapter concludes by drawing these concepts together to outline the basic framework that governs the continuum of jurisdiction over living resources in the EEZ.
Prescriptive Jurisdiction over Foreign Fishing in the EEZ
Authors: Goodman Camille
Published: December 2021

This Chapter explores how coastal States use their prescriptive jurisdiction to regulate foreign fishing in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and how this implements, varies, or develops the framework established in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It demonstrates that the formula established in the LOSC for regulating access to the living resources of the EEZ—the obligation to establish whether there is a surplus, the criteria to be applied in allocating any surplus to foreign States, and the terms and conditions that might be imposed on foreign vessels involved in extracting it—bears little similarity to the contemporary regulation of foreign fishing by coastal States. While this formula was intended to ensure a balance between the exclusive jurisdiction of coastal States and the interests of the international community, in practice it has proved poorly adapted to this task, and very few coastal States follow the specific mechanisms set out in the LOSC. Instead, the detailed analysis of State practice in this Chapter shows how coastal States use the broad discretions in the LOSC to pursue a wide range of economic, social, political, national security and foreign policy objectives, and adopt regulations that broaden the substantive, geographic, personal and temporal application of their influence.
Jurisdiction over Unlicensed Foreign Fishing Vessels in Transit through the EEZ
Authors: Goodman Camille
Published: December 2021

This Chapter examines the permissible scope and extent of coastal State jurisdiction over unlicensed foreign fishing vessels in transit through the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. While the primacy of the freedom of navigation has traditionally been the dominant narrative in the law of the sea, this Chapter argues that the coastal State’s sovereign rights over living resources are now accepted to provide a basis for regulations to be applied to all foreign fishing vessels navigating in the EEZ, even if they are only transiting through the zone without fishing. By examining the variety of regulations that are applied by States in practice, the Chapter establishes that, in relation to foreign fishing vessels and fishing support vessels, the contemporary freedom of navigation effectively equates to a right to undertake continuous and expeditious passage from one point beyond the EEZ to another point beyond the EEZ, except in circumstances involving force majeure or distress, or activities undertaken with the authorization of the coastal State. At the same time, the Chapter notes that the rights of coastal States involve correlative duties, and explores how the concepts of due regard, reasonableness, and the balance of interests apply to limit the extent of coastal State regulation in this area.
Social Networks as Levers of Mobility
Authors: Mani Anandi , Riley Emma
Published: December 2021

This chapter reviews the literature on pathways through which social networks may influence social mobility in developing countries. We find that social networks support members in tangible ways—via access to opportunities for migration, credit, trading relationships, information on jobs, and new technologies—as well as in intangible ways, such as shaping their beliefs, hopes, and aspirations, through role models and peers. Nevertheless, networks can disadvantage non-members, typically the poor and marginalized. Recent evidence suggests a range of policy tools that could help mitigate disadvantages faced by excluded groups: temporary incentives to encourage experimentation into new regions, occupations, or technologies, and role models—real and virtual—to mitigate psychosocial challenges faced by marginalized groups. Targeting large fractions of marginalized groups simultaneously could increase the effectiveness of such policies by leveraging the influence of existing social networks.
Newton and Knowledge of the Universe
Authors: Goldman Steven L.
Published: December 2021

Like Bacon, Descartes, and Galileo, Newton identified method as the key to discovering truths about the world, and like theirs, Newton’s method conflated induction and deduction in making claims about reality. Against Robert Hooke, Newton claimed that data spoke for themselves, as in his claim that his prism experiments directly proved that sunlight really was a combination of colors. In his theory of light, Newton claimed that his data allowed him to “deduce” that light was made up of corpuscles, against Christiaan Huygens’ claim that light was composed of spherical waves. In Newton’s mechanics, which became the cornerstone of modern mathematical physics, neither his definitions of space, time, matter, and motion nor his famous three laws of motion were deduced from experimental data. In his dismissal of Descartes’ method of reasoning and in his battles with Leibniz over the nature of reality, Newton was forced to confront the logical weakness of his ontological claims.
Science and Social Reform in the Age of Reason
Authors: Goldman Steven L.
Published: December 2021

The idea of progress, the creation of the social sciences, and the cause of social reform became entangled with the power of reason-based natural science to reveal reality. This was coordinate with the spread of Newtonianism, an eclectic fusion of the physics of Newton, Descartes, and Leibniz. Although that physics was deterministic, the creators of the social sciences—sociology, economics, political science, and psychology—supported platforms of reason-based reforms of society, challenging authority and tradition-based social institutions that empowered the Church, monarchy, and aristocracy. A number of dramatic events reinforced the idea that scientific reasoning revealed truths about reality, which seemed to confirm the connection between Newtonian physics and reality. Meanwhile, opposition to the hegemony of reason in human affairs emerged in the form of a nascent Romantic movement whose champions, most notably Jean-Jacques Rousseau, held that feeling and will, rather than reason, were central to human affairs.
A New Image for Science
Authors: Goldman Steven L.
Published: December 2021

Thomas Kuhn subverted the image of science that had become entrenched by the mid-twentieth century, that science was a body of knowledge produced by logical reasoning about objective facts. Kuhn argued that a new approach to the history of science revealed that the process of discovery was integral to the practice of science and that nonlogical factors played a role in theory acceptance and theory change. Insofar as they entered into the reasoning leading to the formulation of a theory, facts were not objective but interpreted consistent with contingent assumptions on which the theory rested. Kuhn himself believed that scientific knowledge was about reality. His theory of how scientific knowledge was produced, however, strongly supported the view that scientific theories were contingent interpretations of experience.
The Roman Empire
Authors: Bang Peter Fibiger
Published: December 2021

This chapter identifies a comparative context for the Roman Empire in the Muslim imperial experience, from the Caliphate to the Mughals and Ottomans. As Crone once noted, the Caliphate was founded by Arab conquerors, but was quickly taken over by provincial converts to Islam in a process that saw the consolidation of an imperial monarchy, a court society, and garrisoned army. The course of Roman history mirrors this story of provincial takeover. A coalition of Italian conquerors expanded across the Mediterranean. Consolidation of conquests happened in a revolution that saw the institutionalization of a monarchy, the formation of a court, and a standing army. Only a little more slowly than in the Arab case, the history of the monarchy evolved as provincials came increasingly to constitute the personnel of the empire. At the end, power abandoned the city of Rome, only to find a durable seat in Constantinople on the Bosporus.
The Byzantine Empire (641–1453 CE)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: December 2021

After the Roman Empire lost Egypt and Syria to the Arab conquests of the seventh century, it survived in the Balkans and Asia Minor until the fifteenth century in a form that modern historians call “Byzantium.” This state expanded gradually until the eleventh century, conquering Bulgaria, but then experienced the shock of sudden contractions, especially when it lost most of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks and when the Fourth Crusade captured its capital Constantinople and dismembered the empire. This chapter examines how the empire’s governing institutions adapted to these changing circumstances, the combination of Roman and Christian Orthodox ideology that sustained it, and the shifting balance of ethnic diversity within it. At all times, the majority of the population consisted of Greek-speaking Orthodox Romans: “empire” was thus more a relationship that obtained between the state and its conquered or absorbed minorities, which Byzantium was good at assimilating.
The Venetian Empire
Authors: Pezzolo Luciano
Published: December 2021

Between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, Venice built an empire embracing a wide territory from the Adriatic coast to islands in the eastern Mediterranean. This huge area had to be safeguarded for both military and economic purposes. A naval and military structure was established in order to support the commercial interests of the Republic. Until the sixteenth century, the economic fortunes of Venice were maintained thanks to her military and financial power; as new powerful and aggressive European competitors emerged, the Venetian merchants coped with increasing difficulties in overseas markets. The scale and scope of new Great Powers (England, Holland, and France) proved to be unattainable to the old republic, which saw its dominion gradually shrink over the last two centuries of her history.
The Habsburg Monarchy and the Spanish Empire (1492–1757)
Authors: Delgado Josep M. , Fradera Josep M.
Published: December 2021

In the sixteenth century the Spanish monarchy became one of the largest and most expansive political entities in the world. From then until the War of the Spanish Succession in the early eighteenth century, it synchronized a complex and entirely new institutional system in its European dominions with its vast American possessions. This system had been forged through conquest and rule over Amerindian and Filipino peoples since the Europeans’ arrival in the New World. The wars against European Protestant powers and the Ottomans in the Mediterranean during the reigns of Charles V and Philip II, along with inter-imperial conflicts with France and England, had enormous costs in terms of internal stability and in the shape of the colonial system in America. By the mid-seventeenth century, Spain’s inability to project its monarchical ambitions over Europe was obvious, and its efforts to recapture its lost powers were a failure, as was evident at the turn of the century with the arrival on the Spanish throne of Philip of Anjou, Louis XIV’s nephew, the next generation of the French dynasty.
The Portuguese Empire (1415–1822)
Authors: Bethencourt Francisco
Published: December 2021

The chapter is organized around six crucial points for our understanding of the Portuguese Empire: it had a variable geometry over time, compensating losses, shifting investments, and enlarging certain territories; local conditions shaped different geographic and ethnic configurations; strong and constant emigration maintained connections between territories and favored a renewal of cultural identity; slave trade and slavery in Brazil were the levers of the Atlantic world; the circulation of elites and shared institutions created a certain homogeneity of organizational culture, while the adaptation of local traditional law, native agency, and different degrees of miscegenation kept communities simultaneously rooted and connected; the creation of a nebula of competing local and regional powers under royal tutelage maintained the system working in a relatively flexible way, explaining its longevity.
The German and Japanese Empires
Authors: Hedinger Daniel , Brescius Moritz von
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides an analytical overview of the German and Japanese imperial projects from the mid-nineteenth century to the end of World War II. It shows how Germany and Japan—two imperial latecomers in the late nineteenth century—redefined imperialism and colonialism in the first half of the twentieth century. In order to realize their dreams of a new imperial world order, both countries broke with what had come before, and their violent imperial projects turned out to be radically new and different. While Europe had never seen an empire like Hitler’s, the same is true of East Asia and the so-called Co-Prosperity Sphere during the Second World War. In the end, it was their wars for empire and brutal legacies that not only profoundly shaped their respective national histories, but also undermined the legitimacy of imperialism after 1945. The chapter, which focuses on a series of important moments from a trans-imperial perspective, highlights two points. First, it stresses that the German and Japanese empires had a shared history. Second, it shows that by their emergence as colonial powers, Japan and Germany first fundamentally challenged and later changed the very rules of the “imperial game” and the existing global order. Their histories are central to understand great power competition in the first half of the 20th century as well as the imperial nature of the World Wars.
Introduction
Authors: Horwitz Ilana M.
Published: December 2021

This chapter begins by showing why college is so consequential to Americans’ lives. It then describes how and why the US education system is stratified by social class. The road to college, especially a selective college, is much smoother for those who come from more affluent and educated families. The farther down on the socioeconomic ladder you go, the bumpier and steeper the climb to college becomes. Social class matters to children’s schooling because parents’ childrearing strategies continue to influence children even after they leave home. Yet the current narratives that we have about adolescents do not reflect their religious upbringing. The chapter introduces a new childrearing logic that cuts across social class groups and accounts for the role of religion: “religious restraint.” This chapter also describes the state of religion in America and explains why this book is primarily about “abiders”—Christians who display high degrees of religiosity.
A Domino Effect
Authors: Horwitz Ilana M.
Published: December 2021

Education during the early years of life lays the groundwork for educational trajectories over the course of life. A college degree has a profound effect on Americans over the life course, including how much they earn and how long they live. This chapter argues that religious restraint has a domino effect. Teenagers raised with religious restraint earn better grades in high school, and their higher grade point averages help them go on to complete more years of college than nonabiders. Abiders from working-class and middle-class families see the biggest educational attainment bump. However, abiders from poor families and from the professional class do not see a strong educational attainment bump.
The Anvil of Neglect and the Hammer of Exploitation
Authors: London Alex John
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores tensions in research ethics between three moral pitfalls: sanctioning wrongdoing, avoiding the ravages of neglect, and not saddling a narrow range of actors with overly demanding moral requirements. These tensions are illustrated by the way an argument from Alan Wertheimer repurposes core commitments of the field to argue that research ethics should avert the harms of widespread neglect by weakening some of the protectionist demands of morality and permitting the violation of norms against exploitation, unfairness, and injustice. Although Wertheimer’s proposal is likely to be met with skepticism in the field, the problems it raises reflect shortcomings in research ethics and, most importantly, the failure of the field to connect this activity to social institutions that serve a larger moral purpose.
Networked Collective Actions
Authors: Seo Hyunjin
Published: December 2021

Massive and sustained candlelight vigils in 2016–2017, the most significant citizen-led protests in the history of democratic South Korea, led to the impeachment and removal of then President Park Geun-hye. These protests took place in a South Korean media environment characterized by polarization and low public trust, and where conspiracy theories and false claims by those opposing impeachment were frequently amplified by extreme right-wing media outlets. How then was it possible for pro-impeachment protests seeking major social change to succeed? And why did pro-Park protesters and government efforts to defend Park ultimately fail? An agent-affordance framework is introduced to explain how key participants (agents), including journalists, citizens, social media influencers, bots, and civic organizations, together produced a broad citizen consensus that Park should be removed from office. This was accomplished by creatively employing affordances made available by South Korea’s history, legal system, and technologies. New empirical evidence illustrates the ongoing significant roles of both traditional and nontraditional agents as they continue to co-adapt to affordances provided by changing information environments. Interviews with key players yield firsthand descriptions of events. The interviews, original content analyses of media reports, and examination of social media posts combine to provide strong empirical support for the agent-affordance framework. Lessons drawn from citizen-led protests surrounding Park Geun-hye’s removal from office in South Korea are used to offer suggestions for how technology-enabled affordances may support and constrain movements for social change elsewhere in the world.
Brennan: Response to Landemore
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: December 2021

Jason Brennan responds to Landemore’s main argument in Debating Democracy. He argues that the proof the Hong–Page Theorem is largely question-begging, and that the concept of “diversity” in the proof does not correspond to the concept as used by democratic theorists. He argues that Landemore must accept that voter knowledge matters, but doing so prevents her from being able to say democracy always outperforms democracy. He also argues that democracy performs as well as it does because it tends to come together with liberalism. He finally offers additional criticisms of open democracy.
Political Incubation and Infrastructure
Authors: Van Duyn Emily
Published: December 2021

Chapter 6 addresses how people can and do go from keeping their political beliefs a secret to publicly expressing them. It explores how CWG incubated some members to “come out” as local Democrats and some as public leaders by providing a sense of security and a place to practice being political. It also considers how secrecy can be a vital tool for local parties who are in the political minority by offering a private alternative to being publicly active. As evidence, this chapter demonstrates how CWG attracted members who were unwilling to publicly engage with the Democratic Party but covertly supported and rebuilt local party infrastructure by updating voter records, fundraising, or coordinating events. This chapter offers a perspective on local party infrastructure and the influence of political polarization as well as the role that political secrecy can play in helping minority parties establish or rebuild a presence and infrastructure in their communities.
Archival Totality in the Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden
Authors: Lustig Jason
Published: December 2021

This chapter uncovers the history of the Gesamtarchiv der deutschen Juden, the central archive of the German Jews, which operated from 1903 until it was confiscated by the Nazis in 1943. It details the Gesamtarchiv’s attempt to create a singular archive of German Jewish history in Berlin, and also opposition to the project of centralization, and it situates the archive within the wider trends of archival science. It thereby explicates the Gesamtarchiv’s vision of total archives and traces its legacy across the arc of the twentieth century. This archive was intended to help produce the history of Germany’s Jews and also to help manage its communities, but it was ultimately turned into an instrument for the domination of Jewish life by the Nazi regime. Altogether, this chapter offers the Gesamtarchiv as a starting point for a global network of Jewish archives that followed the Gesamtarchiv’s vision of archival totality.
Shifts in Spiritual and Religious Self-Perceptions in the First Year of College
Authors: Rockenbach Alyssa N.
Published: December 2021

This study draws on an original national and longitudinal survey to examine patterns and predictors of change in religious and spiritual self-perceptions among over seven thousand college students in their first year on campus. The chapter identifies the personal characteristics, institutional contexts, and collegiate experiences that shaped students’ perceptions of themselves in relation to religion and spirituality. Twenty-eight percent of first-year students changed their self-perception in the first year of college; a switch to “spiritual but not religious” was the most common type of change. The study illuminates parallel reactions to religious and spiritual descriptors among certain groups. For example, both atheists and evangelical Christians were less likely than mainline Protestants to adopt the “religious but not spiritual” and “spiritual but not religious” labels. Lived experiences in the first year of college made a notable impact on students’ self-perceptions of spirituality.
Ecstasies
Authors: Wilcox Melissa M.
Published: December 2021

Embodiment in general and sexuality especially are often marginalized in the study of religion, particularly when the object of study is a mainstream tradition practiced by dominant groups in global North / global West cultures. Yet, despite the centrality of belief and the marginalization of practice in the lives of many who currently identify as spiritual, too close a focus on belief and identity to the neglect or exclusion of embodiment and practice risks forming an incomplete picture of spirituality as a phenomenon today. One site in which spirituality is explicitly constructed—even first realized—through embodiment is in the practice of spiritual BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sado-masochism). This chapter follows Fennell’s work on sacred kink by arguing for the importance of queer leather spirituality to spirituality studies as a whole.
Rethinking Music Education and Social Change
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra
Published: December 2021

The arts and particularly music are well-known agents for social change. They can empower, transform, or question. They can be a mirror of society’s current state and a means of transformation. They are often the last refuge when all attempts at social change have failed. But are the arts able to live up to these expectations? Can music education cause social change? This book offers timely answers to these questions. It presents an imaginative, yet critical approach. It is optimistic and realistic. It rethinks music education’s relation to social change and offers a new vision in terms of music education as utopian theory and practice. This allows one to unearth the utopian energy of the music education profession and to openly imagine how the world could be otherwise—while at the same time critically scrutinizing respective conceptions. Utopia, being an important topic in sociology and political science, offers a new tradition of thinking and a scholarly foundation for music education’s relation to social change. However, music education is not only a means for social transformation. It also has artistic and aesthetic dimensions. Thus, connecting music education with utopia leads to two approaches in terms of politically or socially responsive music education and “esthetic” music education. Rethinking music education and social change within the framework of utopia offers much-needed opportunities for reconceptualizing music education in the 2020s.
The Power of Utopian Thinking
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra
Published: December 2021

This chapter develops a notion of utopia and utopian thinking which is useful for reconsidering music education and social change. The first section analyzes what utopia is. It shows the ambivalence of this concept, as both literary genre and method. It emphasizes its relatedness to various fields of research such as sociology and thus opens possible links for music education. The second section is concerned with utopia and political thinking, critically discussing the significance of utopia for political theory and philosophy. Their connection is much deeper than thought, but also needs a differentiated and critical perspective. The third section approaches utopia and the arts, elaborating their significance for artists of various times and genres.
Transforming Society
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra
Published: December 2021

To transform society and to assess the role music education could play, it is crucial to know how society works. When discussing music education and social change, the mechanism of society and the dynamics of transformation are rarely discussed. Thus, this chapter presents three perspectives on how society can be transformed, namely the sociology of social change, the politics of change, and the utopian power of education. The notion of utopia is present in these three viewpoints, connecting the various perspectives on society’s transformative processes. The last section explicitly raises the issue of the utopian power of education which has often been forgotten in education, even though it is of vital importance.
Conclusion
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra
Published: December 2021

The final chapter summarizes the ideas presented in the previous chapters, highlights important issues, and opens up new perspectives for music education research. It discusses the utopian energy of music education and presents ideas about how to reconceptualize music education in view of social change. It reconnects the concepts developed in the previous chapters with significant notions in utopian studies to highlight the potential of this new music education approach, particularly in view of global crises. This final chapter tries to encourage utopian thinking to refine music education’s societal mission, but without forgetting or marginalizing its artistic and aesthetic dimensions.
Torture and the Norm against It
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L.
Published: December 2021

Why has torture persisted into the twenty-first century despite long-standing normative and legal prohibitions? Especially strange is torture’s occurrence at the hands of liberal democracies, which are supposed to uphold human rights. Perhaps we should not be surprised by democratic hypocrisy in war—realists and rational choice theorists expect all states to violate norms if doing so holds instrumental promise. Yet torture is likely to yield inaccurate intelligence, harm valuable detainees’ memories, stress interrogators, invite retaliation, and encourage the enemy to fight on rather than surrender. In short, torture is both ethically and efficaciously questionable—and its recurrence is puzzling.
The Search for “Nasty” but “Safe” Interrogation Methods
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents the book’s main theoretical argument, with examples from the French-Algerian War and other cases, followed by the empirical strategy. First, the antitorture norm can, paradoxically, encourage its own violation by convincing those who believe that those not bound by norms and laws have an advantage in international politics. This is called the Cheaters Win explanation. Torturers prefer their methods because they believe security requires brutality. Second, the norm’s lack of specificity allows practitioners to portray their behavior as something short of torture and redefine torture to exclude their behavior. In sum, torturers believe their interrogation methods are nasty enough to work but still permissibly mild, or mild-sounding. The emphasis on the importance of subtle beliefs best matches in-depth case studies, which are chosen to capture torture’s recurrence over time and demonstrate the explanation’s range across various actors and settings.
Empowering Black Boys to Challenge Rape Culture
Authors: Braxton Gordon
Published: December 2021

Gordon Braxton was in his third year of college before anybody bothered to speak to him about sexual violence, this despite the fact that he already knew friends and family members who had survived a sexual assault. Gordon now knows that he was not alone, as his talks with boys are often the first and only opportunities that they have to discuss their views on sexual violence and what role they might play in preventing it. These isolated conversations are not enough to change an entire culture. This book supports the training of a rising generation by providing commentary from an experienced educator, an overview of existing research and preventive techniques, and insight into young men’s perspectives on violence. The resultant crash course on violence prevention is the first to focus on Black boys and to be written by a Black male author. The most important lesson that boys have to learn is that they have an essential role to play in preventing sexual violence. So many of them accept this violence as beyond their control when they could be valuable agents of change. More and more parents and mentors of boys are coming to address sexual violence as a cultural problem rather than representing the activities of isolated social deviants. Empowering Black Boys to Challenge Rape Culture stands to help America as it comes to the realization that sexual violence can be prevented and that a rising generation of boys will play a part in realizing a nonviolent future.