bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preventive efficacy of 38% silver diamine fluoride and CPP-ACP fluoride varnish on molars affected by molar incisor hypomineralization in children: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Al-Nerabieah Zuhair , AlKhouli Muaaz , Dashash Mayssoon
Published: February 2024

Background This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate fluoride Varnish (CPP-ACPFV) in preventing caries development, enamel breakdown, and sensitivity on molars affected by molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in children. Methods A total of 100 children aged 6 to 9 years were enrolled in the study with two contralateral permanent molars mildly affected by MIH. Affected molars were randomly and equally assigned to receive either SDF or CPP-ACPFV treatment. The interventions were applied at four different time points (baseline, 3, 6, 9 months), and the incidence of caries, caries progression, enamel breakdown, and sensitivity were assessed. Results The findings of this study revealed significant differences in the incidence of caries between the groups treated with SDF and CPP-ACPFV (P-value < 0.05). Similarly, there was a significant difference in caries progression between the two groups (P-value < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in enamel breakdown scores between the treatment groups, as the majority of teeth in both groups exhibited a score of 0. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in sensitivity between the treatment groups throughout the study period. Conclusions In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence that molars treated with SDF demonstrated a lower incidence of caries and a higher rate of caries arrest compared to those treated with CPP-ACPFV. Both interventions showed promise in preventing enamel breakdown and improving sensitivity. These findings highlight the potential of SDF and CPP-ACPFV as effective treatments for caries prevention and management, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and appropriate dental care strategies in maintaining oral health. Trial registration ISRCTN54243749 (13/01/2022).
Pildikesi sügiskoolist / Pictures from the autumn school
Authors: Rennu Madis , Lahtmaa Lembe
Published: February 2024

This newsreel text opens the 10-year history of the autumn schools of the Heritage Technologies (since 2020 the Creative Applications of Cultural Heritage) of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy. Each year, a semi-academic event dedicated to some fascinating professional theme has been organised by second-year master’s students in different Estonian tourist farms. For example, the most colourful themes have been ‘The Creative Hand Heals the Soul’ (2015), ‘Life Before and After Oil’ (2016), ‘Born of Fire’ (2017). The two-day gatherings, which have been open to all interested parties with pre-registration, have included thematic lectures and presentations, discussions and brainstorming, and practical workshops. Always on the evening of the first day, baptised freshers, that is, master’s students who have started their studies, have been treated to the sauna and songs and tunes have sounded. At times, there has been a night hike, which the participants reminisce in detail afterwards. The tradition of the autumn school has not died out and school continues to the present day. In recent years, the autumn school’s presentations have been recorded on video on the University of Tartu’s online TV channel uttv.ee.
Clinical and psychopathological features of the course and outcome of the first psychotic episode
Authors: Kosovsky V.
Published: February 2024

The article presents the results of the study of the clinical-anamnestic, clinical-psychopathological and clinical-dynamic features ofthefirst psychotic episode (FPE), taking into account the nosological specificity. It was determined that FPE (F20) is characterized by an early onset and significant duration of the prodrome (more than 3 years), the presence in the clinical picture of a moderate level of negative symptoms (apato-abulous symptoms, manifestations of flattening and rigidity of affect and austic tendencies). FPE (F23) defines the shortest (up to 3 months) prodromal period, the presence in the clinical picture of excitement and anxiety of a high and moderate level, disorganization and physical tension. FPE (F25) is characterized by a rather long prodrome (from 3 months) with manifestations in the form of emotional disorders, the presence in the clinical picture of pronounced symptoms of excitement, depression, anxiety, physical tension and impulsivity, negative symptoms in the form of apatho-abolic manifestations and anhedonia - asociality. According to indicators of the dynamics of the condition of patients with FPE, an unfavorable prognosis for recovery at F20 was determined.
Fast or Slow? Competing on Publication Frequency
Authors: Chen Lin , Roels Guillaume
Published: February 2024

Problem definition: For many information goods, longer publication cycles (or batches of information) are more economical, but often result in less timely—and, therefore, less valuable—information. Whereas the digitalization of publication processes has reduced fixed publication costs, making shorter publication cycles more economically viable, competing firms have adapted their publication cycles differently: some of them publish more frequently, whereas others publish less frequently. In the face of growing competition and digitalization, how should information providers change their publication frequency strategies? Methodology/results: In this paper, we build a game-theoretic model to determine how information providers should set their publication cycles and prices in a duopoly. We find that, compared with a monopolistic environment, competition gives rise to differentiation by cycles and expands product variety. Specifically, competing firms should seek to differentiate on their publication frequency when the fixed publication is high and their contents share a high degree of commonality, but not otherwise. Whereas a reduction in the fixed cost of publication tends to yield shorter publication cycles, it could also intensify the competitive dynamics, leading firms to further differentiate their publication cycles, hurting consumer surplus. However, this could be temporary, as firms may ultimately converge in their choices of publication cycles. Managerial implications: The digitalization of publication processes is disrupting many information provision industries (e.g., news, weather, financial). We show that competing firms should anticipate nonmonotone or abrupt changes in their publication strategy as their publication processes get digitalized and may actually be hurt—as well as consumers—in the process of digitalization.

Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.0024 .
Post-traumatic growth in schizophrenia and alcohol addiction
Authors: Malewicz-Sawicka Maryla , Wierzbicka Sylwia , Żochowska-Biały Agnieszka
Published: February 2024

Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to look at the relationship of post-traumatic growth with both type and intensity of trauma in two clinical groups: schizophrenia patients and alcohol-addicted individuals who have had various experiences of a traumatic nature.
Material and methods: The subject matter is an analysis of how personal variables (personality traits, self-efficacy, character strengths) can influence the post-traumatic growth in the samples. The study verifies also what events were perceived by the patients as traumatic and life-changing, as well as what differences could be observed in the level of post-traumatic growth in the samples. The goal of the analysis is to find which group has recorded a higher level of post-traumatic growth overall and on specific subscales.
Results: The obtained results show that the analysed groups differ in the levels of post-traumatic growth; the highest level was observed among the alcohol-addicted individuals in the scope of their changed perception of self. Post-traumatic growth can be linked, above all, to such personality traits as extraversion and prudence, but only in the group of alcohol-addicted individuals. The largest number of links was found between post-traumatic growth and character strengths, and in this case the quality and quantity of these links were attributed mostly to the group of addicted persons.
Conclusions: Further research and advancement of the knowledge would be necessary in order to make post-traumatic growth in mentally-ill persons a milestone of their recovery; moreover, further studies would be helpful for the adaptation of psychological interventions aimed at achieving post-traumatic growth.

Keywords: schizophrenia, alcohol addiction, post-traumatic growth
Securing military computing with the blockchain
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Ahmad Khan Raees
Published: February 2024

In an era defined by technological advancements and digital interconnectivity, securing military computing infrastructure is of paramount importance. The integration of blockchain technology has emerged as a potential solution to mitigate evolving cyberthreats, offering a decentralised and tamper-resistant framework. This article provides a comprehensive examination of blockchain’s capabilities, challenges and implications for defence strategies. Through a synthesis of relevant literature and case studies, it elucidates blockchain’s key principles, potential advantages in military settings, and its impact on data security and accountability. As militaries worldwide seek to protect sensitive information and critical systems, the integration of blockchain offers a promising avenue for bolstering security, contributing to the development of more robust defence systems in the digital age.
A Method for Teaching “Safe Listening” Integrated with Early Clinical Exposure for Third-Year Medical Students
Authors:   Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Kaewsiri Isaradisaikul Suwicha , Rungruangsarn Pattira ,   Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Chantachote Thita
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study is to describe a method for teaching “Safe Listening” integrated with early clinical exposure (ECE). Additionally, the study aims to assess preferred listening levels (PLLs), expected output levels, and classroom noise levels. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study. After pre-activity instruction, medical students were grouped into classrooms. The noise level in each classroom was measured using a sound meter application both in quiet situations and during conversations while the medical students were listening to their personal listening devices (PLDs). A calibrated finger rub auditory screening test and a tuning fork test were conducted and PLLs were recorded. The students discussed the findings and rated their satisfaction with the process at the end of the activity. RESULTS The average PLL of the 171 third-year medical students was 59.00 ± 7.38 dBA. The classroom noise level was 49.66 ± 8.45 dBA in quiet periods, and 77.51 ± 10.05 dBA during conversation and while listening to PLDs via earphones. In quiet periods, 97.65% of the students could hear finger rub in both ears. The average satisfaction score after the activity was 82.57 ± 13.14%. CONCLUSIONS Practice with hearing tests and self-checks of PLLs introduced exposure to clinical learning together with awareness of safe listening. PLLs of medical students and satisfaction with the activity were in the favorable range. KEYWORDS early clinical exposure, medical education, safe listening, preferred listening level
The Precision of Lumbar Spine BMD and TBS on Different Vertebral Combinations
Authors:   Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand, Promma Sasivimol , Amnuaywattakorn Sasithorn ,   Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand, Tawonwong Tanawat ,   King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Thailand, Musikarat Suchawadee ,   Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand, Toengkhuntod Ratanaporn ,   Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to compute the precision and LSC of BMD and TBS at the lumbar spine using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in different vertebral combinations. METHODS Thirty female participants (age 58.8 ± 4.0 years, height: 155.0 ± 5.2 cm, weight: 57.4 ± 8.6 kg and BMI: 23.9 ± 3.6) were scanned at the lumbar spine twice in the same day using DXA. The precision and LSC of BMD and TBS were computed in terms of the RMS-SD and %CV using the ISCD Advanced Precision Calculation Tool. RESULTS The precision and LSC of BMD of the 4 vertebrae combinations showed the best precision and also showed a similar trend (0.005 g/cm2 and 0.62%, 0.013 g/cm2 and 1.71%), respectively. For TBS, the precision and LSC followed a similar pattern as BMD but was inferior to those of BMD. The %CV LSC of BMD for all vertebrae combinations did not exceed 5.3% as recommended by ISCD (15). The %CV LSC of TBS for 2-4 vertebrae combinations were within 5.8% with the exception of the individual vertebra which was unacceptable (%CV range 6.17-8.98). CONCLUSIONS All vertebrae combinations had an acceptable level of precision and LSC for BMD monitoring. However, the precision and LSC of TBS were inferior to those of BMD, and individual vertebra were not appropriate for TBS monitoring. KEYWORDS precision, least significant change (LSC), bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone score (TBS)
Two Healthy Elderly Females with Contemporaneous Subchondral Insufficiency Fractures of Bilateral Femoral Heads: A Case Report
Authors:   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan., Shibuta Yutaro , Kaku Nobuhiro ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan., Hosoyama Tsuguaki ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan., Tsumura Hiroshi ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan.
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Unilateral subchondral insufficiency fractures (SIF) of the femoral head have been reported in many cases; however, bilateral cases occurring simultaneously are very rare. Case Presentation: We report two cases of relatively active elderly females (aged 73 and 67 years), in which bilateral hip pain appeared simultaneously without any specific triggers. There were no notable lifestyle or medication histories. Imaging and histopathology of the bone excised surgically supported the diagnosis. In Case 1, there was a decrease in bone mineral density and poor congruency between the femoral head and acetabulum. In Case 2, the posterior tilt of the pelvis with aging decreased coverage of the femoral head, and the poor congruency between the femoral head and acetabulum was thought to have contributed to uneven distribution and increased stress in the loading zone. Conclusion: We encountered two unusual cases with contemporaneous bilateral SIF in the elderly. In recent years, the number of highly active elderly people has increased with the increase in healthy life expectancy. The combined effect of factors such as bone fragility, posterior pelvic tilt, and high activity level likely caused bilateral SIFs, and we should be careful as we expect to see an increase in such cases in the future. Keywords: Aged, femoral head, osteoporosis, subchondral insufficiency, fracture.
When The Unexpected Happens: The Intriguing Retrieval of a Broken Epidural Catheter
Authors:   Department of Orthopaedics, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India., S Subith , Dussa Kumar R ,   Department of Orthopaedics, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India., Kokate Sagar ,   Department of Orthopaedics, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India., Mukadam Moin ,   Department of Orthopaedics, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India., Zafar Syed ,   Department of Orthopaedics, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India., Choudhari Arif ,   Department of Orthopaedics, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Published: February 2024

Introduction: The accidental breakage of an epidural catheter during placement or removal poses a rare but challenging situation in clinical practice. This case report presents the successful removal of a broken epidural catheter and highlights the management strategies employed. Case Report: A 41-year-old male patient underwent a planned orthopedic implant removal surgery under epidural anesthesia. During catheter removal, a portion of the catheter fractured and remained lodged within the epidural space. The patient experienced persistent pain and concern regarding the retained fragment, necessitating immediate intervention. A multidisciplinary team comprising an orthopedic surgeon, neurosurgeon, anesthesiologist, and radiologists collaborated to develop a tailored retrieval strategy. Magnetic resonance imaging aided in localizing the fractured catheter fragment. Using a standard midline posterior approach, the catheter was safely removed without any complications. Post-retrieval monitoring revealed no adverse events, and the patient reported resolution of pain and improved satisfaction. Conclusion: Retrieving a broken epidural catheter requires a systematic and individualized approach. This case report contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into managing this rare complication, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary team, appropriate imaging, and meticulous retrieval techniques to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes. Keywords: Epidural catheter, spine surgery, broken catheter, explorative laminectomy.
Neural network method: withstanding noise for continuous-variable quantum key distribution with discrete modulation
Authors: Cheng Dingmin , Guo Yewei , Dai Jiayang , Wu Hao , Guo Ying
Published: February 2024

Excess noise in continuous-variable quantum key distribution systems usually results in a loss of key rate, leading to fatal security breaches. This paper proposes a long short-term memory time-sequence neural network to predict the key rate of the system while counteracting the effects of excess noise. The proposed network model, which can be updated with historical data, predicts the key rate of the future moment for the input time-sequence data. To increase the key rate, we perform a postselection operation to combat excess noise. We demonstrate the asymptotic security of the protocol against collective attacks with the numerical simulations using the quadrature phase-shift keying protocol, where some parameters have been optimized to resist excess noise. It provides a potential solution for improving the security of quantum communication in practical applications.
Simulation of laser-induced ionization in wide bandgap solid dielectrics with a particle-in-cell code
Authors: Charpin P.-J. , Ardaneh K. , Morel B. , Giust R. , Courvoisier F.
Published: February 2024

Modeling the laser-plasma interaction within solids is crucial in controlling ultrafast laser processing of dielectrics, where the pulse propagation and plasma formation dynamics are highly intricate. This is especially important when dealing with nano-scale plasmas where specific phenomena of plasma physics, such as resonance absorption, can significantly impact the energy deposition process. In this article, we report on adapting of a Particle-In-Cell code, EPOCH, to model the laser-plasma interaction within solids. This is performed by implementing a background permittivity and by developing and validating adapted field ionization and impact ionization modules. They are based on the Keldysh ionization theory and enable the modeling of ionization processes within solids. The implementation of these modules was validated through comparisons with a hydrodynamic code and existing literature. We investigate the necessary number of super-particles per cell to model realistic ionization dynamics. Finally, we apply the code to explore the dynamics of plasma formation in the regime of of quantized structuring of transparent films. Our study elucidates how a stack of nano-plasma layers can be formed by the interference of a pulse with its reflection on the exit surface of a high refractive index material.
Versatile design for temporal shape control of high-power nanosecond pulsed fiber laser amplifier
Authors: Xu Shuang , Zou Shuzhen , Yu Haijuan , Zuo Jiexi , Ning Chaoyu , Chen Xuechun , Li Xinyao , Wu Wenjuan , Lin Xuechun
Published: February 2024

This research proposed a novel pulse-shaping design for directly shaping distorted pulses after the amplification. Based on the principle of the design we made a pulse shaper. With this pulse shaper, we successfully manipulate the pulse's leading edge and width to achieve an ‘M’-shaped waveform in an amplification system. Comparative experiments were conducted within this system to compare the output with and without the integration of the pulse shaper. The results show a significant suppression of the nonlinear effect upon adding the pulse shaper. This flexible and effective pulse shaper can be easily integrated into a high-power all-fiber system, supplying the capability to realize the desired output waveform and enhance the spectral quality.
Three-dimensional laser micromachining system with integrated sub-100 nm resolution in-situ measurement
Authors: Xu Si-Jia , Yu Yan-Hao , Tian Zhen-Nan , Wang Lei , Li Ai-Wu , Chen Qi-Dai
Published: February 2024

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) laser micromachining system with an integrated sub-100 nm resolution in-situ measurement system was proposed. The system used the same femtosecond laser source for in-situ measurement and machining, avoiding errors between the measurement and the machining positions. It could measure the profile of surfaces with an inclination angle of less than 10°, and the measurement resolution was greater than 100 nm. Consequently, the precise and stable movement of the laser focus could be controlled, enabling highly stable 3D micromachining. The results showed that needed patterns could be machined on continuous surfaces using the proposed system. The proposed machining system is of great significance for broadening the application scenarios of laser machining.
Greenhouse gas monitoring using an IPDA lidar based on a dual-comb spectrometer
Authors: Patiño Rosas William , Cézard Nicolas
Published: February 2024

We present the development of a multi-spectral, integrated-path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar based on a dual-comb spectrometer for greenhouse gas monitoring. The system uses the lidar returns from topographic targets and does not require retroreflectors. The two frequency combs are generated by electro-optic modulation of a single continuous-wave laser diode. One of the combs is pulsed, amplified, and transmitted into the atmosphere, while the other acts as a local oscillator for coherent detection. We discuss the physical principles of the measurement, outline a performance model including speckle effects, and detail the fiber-based lidar architecture and signal processing. A maximum likelihood algorithm is used to estimate simultaneously the gas concentration and the central frequency of the comb, allowing the system to work without frequency locking. H2O (at 1544 nm) and CO2 (at 1572 nm) concentrations are monitored with a precision of 3% and 5%, respectively, using a non-cooperative target at 700 m. In addition, the measured water vapor concentrations are in excellent agreement with in-situ measurements obtained from nearby weather stations. To our knowledge, this is the first complete experimental demonstration and performance assessment of greenhouse gas monitoring with a dual-comb spectrometer using lidar echoes from topographic targets.
Atom-photon dressed states in a waveguide-QED system with multiple giant atoms
Authors: Jia W. Z. , Yu M. T.
Published: February 2024

We study the properties of bound states in waveguide-QED systems consisting of multiple giant atoms coupled to a coupled-resonator waveguide. Based on the general analytical expressions for these states and the corresponding energy spectra, we analyze in detail the threshold conditions for the appearance of bound states and the photon-mediated interactions between dressed atoms for different configurations. In addition, when multiple giant atoms are coupled to the waveguide, different types of interacting atomic chain can be obtained by manipulating the coupling configurations. Accordingly, the energy spectra of the bound states form metaband structures in the photonic band gaps. This makes the system a useful platform for quantum simulation and quantum information processing.
Computational optical sensing and imaging: introduction to the feature issue
Authors: Rangarajan Prasanna V. , Faccio Daniele , Lee Seung Ah , Loetgering Lars
Published: February 2024

This joint feature issue of Optics Express and Applied Optics showcases technical innovations by participants of the 2023 topical meeting on Computational Optical Sensing and Imaging and the computational imaging community. The articles included in the feature issue highlight advances in imaging science that emphasize synergistic activities in optics, signal processing and machine learning. The issue features 26 contributed articles that cover multiple themes including non line-of-sight imaging, imaging through scattering media, compressed sensing, lensless imaging, ptychography, computational microscopy, spectroscopy and optical metrology.
Polarization-resolved super-resolution second-harmonic generation imaging based on multifocal structured illumination microscopy
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang Chenshuang , Zhang Renlong , Xu Rong , Yu Bin , Lin Danying , Qu Junle
Published: February 2024

Polarization-resolved second-harmonic generation (PSHG) microscopy is widely used in investigating the structural and morphological alterations of collagen. However, the resolution of second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging remains constrained by optical diffraction, resulting in the polarization extraction of collagen characteristics from the average properties of collagen fibers. In this study, multifocal structured illumination microscopy (MSIM) was combined with PSHG to achieve polarization-resolved super-resolution imaging of second-harmonic generation signals. For the first time to our knowledge, periodic structures with an average pitch of 277 nm were observed in mouse tail tendons using optical microscopy, and the orientation angle of fibrils within each period was found to exhibit an alternating arrangement along the axis in a regular pattern.
Interference-induced generation of a chirp-free short isolated attosecond pulse in the water window region with multicolor laser fields
Authors: Du Jin-Xu , Wang Guo-Li , Gao Xuan-Hong , Li Xiao-Yong , Jiao Zhi-Hong , Zhao Song-Feng , Zhou Xiao-Xin
Published: February 2024

Compensating for the intrinsic attosecond chirp (atto-chirp) of wideband high-order harmonics in the water window region is a significant challenge, in order to obtain isolated attosecond pulses (IAPs) with a width of tens of attoseconds (as). Here, we propose to realize the generation of IAP with duration as short as 20 as, central energy of 365 eV, and bandwidth exceeding 150 eV from chirp-free high harmonics generated by a four-color driving laser, without the necessity for atto-chirp compensation with natural materials. Unlike any other gating methods that an IAP arises from only one electron ionization event, we take advantage of the interference between harmonic radiation produced by multiple ionizing events. We further demonstrate that such chirp-free short IAP survives after taking account of macroscopic propagation effects. Given that the synthesized multicolor laser field can also effectively increase the harmonic flux, this work provides a practical way for experiments to generate the broad bandwidth chirp-free IAPs in the water window region.
Beam-shaped femtosecond laser printing of quasi-capsule-shaped holographic terahertz metasurfaces
Authors: Rao Dan , Qian Jing , Yu Xiaohan , Liu Lequn , Wang Guande , Zhou Yiwen , Zhang Teng , Zhao Quanzhong
Published: February 2024

Terahertz (THz) metasurfaces have opened up a new avenue for the THz wavefront modulation. However, high-efficient and low-cost fabrication of THz metasurfaces remains a great challenge today. Here, quasi-capsule-shaped polarization-multiplexed holographic THz metasurfaces were printed by a beam-shaped femtosecond laser. The laser beam was spatially modulated by holograms of optimized cylindrical lens loaded on a spatial light modulator (SLM). The size of quasi-capsule apertures can be exquisitely and flexibly controlled by adjusting the focal length in holograms, pulse energy, and pulse number. Based on near-field diffraction and Burch encoding, an array of 100 × 100 basic unit apertures were initially designed, and a polarization-multiplexed THz metasurface was finally printed with a dimension of 8 mm × 8 mm. The function of polarization multiplexing was demonstrated, by which two kinds of images were reconstructed in response to X and Y-polarization THz waves, respectively. The present work highlights a great leap in fabrication method for THz metasurfaces and hopefully stimulates the development of miniaturized and integrated THz systems.
Zeptojoule detection of terahertz pulses by parametric frequency upconversion
Authors: Jubgang Fandio Défi Junior , Vishnuradhan Aswin , Yalavarthi Eeswar Kumar , Cui Wei , Couture Nicolas , Gamouras Angela , Ménard Jean-Michel
Published: February 2024

We combine parametric frequency upconversion with the single-photon counting technology to achieve terahertz (THz) detection sensitivity down to the zeptojoule (zJ) pulse energy level. Our detection scheme employs a near-infrared ultrafast source, a GaP nonlinear crystal, optical filters, and a single-photon avalanche diode. This configuration is able to resolve 1.4 zJ (1.4 × 10–21 J) THz pulse energy, corresponding to 1.5 photons per pulse, when the signal is averaged within only 1 s (or 50,000 pulses). A single THz pulse can also be detected when its energy is above 1185 zJ. These numbers correspond to the noise-equivalent power and THz-to-NIR photon detection efficiency of 1.3 × 10–16 W/Hz1/2 and 5.8 × 10–2%, respectively. To test our scheme, we perform spectroscopy of the water vapor between 1 and 3.7 THz and obtain results that are in agreement with those acquired with a standard electro-optic sampling (EOS) method. Our technique provides a 0.2 THz spectral resolution offering a fast alternative to EOS THz detection for monitoring specific spectral components in spectroscopy, imaging, and communication applications.
Dynamic beam steering for wireless optical power transfer in IoT applications
Authors: Nguyen Ngoc-Luu , Nguyen Khanh-Hung , Nadeem Javed , Ha Jinyong
Published: February 2024

The alignment of a receiver with a pencil beam in a wireless optical power transfer (WOPT) system employing a resonance beam charging (RBC) technology limits the establishment of a resonance cavity. Accurate tracking necessitates precise and dependable monitoring, which requires the exact placement of transmitting and receiving devices. Herein, we present a concept of a two-dimensional (2D) beam steering mechanism for RBC-based WOPT systems utilizing dispersed laser beams. The proposed approach allows a significant improvement, including reduction of scanning times and minimization of errors, in relation to conventional pencil-beam-based systems. Experimental results reveal 14% faster acquisition time efficiency, an 18% improvement in pointing accuracy, and a 24% enhancement in tracking accuracy. These results establish the prerequisites for the implementation of dispersed beam steering in the RBC-based WOPT system. This capability empowers the system to charge movable devices and Internet of Things devices consistently in smart factories.
Broadband high-efficiency plasmonic metalens with negative dispersion characteristic
Authors: Liu Yong-Qiang , Zhu Yong , Yin Hongcheng , Sun Jinhai , Wang Yan , Che Yongxing
Published: February 2024

Controlling the dispersion characteristic of metasurfaces (or metalenses) along a broad bandwidth is of great importance to develop high-performance broadband metadevices. Different from traditional lenses that rely on the material refractive index along the light trajectory, metasurfaces or metalenses provide a new regime of dispersion control via a sub-wavelength metastructure, which is known as negative chromatic dispersion. However, broadband metalenses design with high-performance focusing especially with a reduced device dimension is a significant challenge in society. Here, we design, fabricate, and demonstrate a broadband high-performance diffractive-type plasmonic metalens based on a circular split-ring resonator metasurface with a relative working bandwidth of 28.6%. The metalens thickness is only
0.09λ0
(
λ0
is at the central wavelength), which is much thinner than previous broadband all-dielectric metalenses. The full-wave simulation results show that both high transmissive efficiency above 80% (the maximum is even above 90%) and high average focusing efficiency above 45% (the maximum is 56%) are achieved within the entire working bandwidth of 9–12 GHz. Moreover, an average high numerical aperture of 0.7 (
NA=0.7
) of high-efficiency microwave metalens is obtained in the simulations. The broadband high-performance metalens is also fabricated and experimental measurements verify its much higher average focusing efficiency of 55% (the maximum is above 65% within the broad bandwidth) and a moderate high NA of 0.6. The proposed plasmonic metalens can facilitate the development of wavelength-dependent broadband diffractive devices and is also meaningful to further studies on arbitrary dispersion control in diffractive optics based on plasmonic metasurfaces.
EPINEST, an agent-based model to simulate epidemic dynamics in large-scale poultry production and distribution networks
Authors: Pinotti Francesco , Lourenço José , Gupta Sunetra , Das Gupta Suman , Henning Joerg , Blake Damer , Tomley Fiona , Barnett Tony , Pfeiffer Dirk , Hoque Md. Ahasanul , Fournié Guillaume
Published: February 2024

The rapid intensification of poultry production raises important concerns about the associated risks of zoonotic infections. Here, we introduce EPINEST (EPIdemic NEtwork Simulation in poultry Transportation systems): an agent-based modelling framework designed to simulate pathogen transmission within realistic poultry production and distribution networks. We provide example applications to broiler production in Bangladesh, but the modular structure of the model allows for easy parameterization to suit specific countries and system configurations. Moreover, the framework enables the replication of a wide range of eco-epidemiological scenarios by incorporating diverse pathogen life-history traits, modes of transmission and interactions between multiple strains and/or pathogens. EPINEST was developed in the context of an interdisciplinary multi-centre study conducted in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, and will facilitate the investigation of the spreading patterns of various health hazards such as avian influenza, Campylobacter, Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in these countries. Furthermore, this modelling framework holds potential for broader application in veterinary epidemiology and One Health research, extending its relevance beyond poultry to encompass other livestock species and disease systems.
Parasites and microorganisms associated with the snakes collected for the “festa Dei serpari” in Cocullo, Italy
Authors: Mendoza-Roldan Jairo Alfonso , Perles Livia , Filippi Ernesto , Szafranski Nicole , Montinaro Gianpaolo , Carbonara Mariaelisa , Scalera Riccardo , de Abreu Teles Pedro Paulo , Walochnik Julia , Otranto Domenico
Published: February 2024

While in much of the Western world snakes are feared, in the small, rural, mountainous town of Cocullo, in the middle of central Italy, snakes are annually collected and celebrated in a sacro-profane ritual. Every 1st of May, Serpari (snake catchers) capture and showcase dozens of non-venomous snakes to celebrate the ritual of San Domenico. In order to detect potential zoonotic pathogens within this unique epidemiological context, parasites and microorganisms of snakes harvested for the “festa dei serpari” ritual were investigated. Snakes (n = 112) were examined and ectoparasites collected, as well as blood and feces sampled. Ectoparasites were identified morpho-molecularly, and coprological examination conducted through direct smear and flotation. Molecular screenings were performed to identify parasites and microorganisms in collected samples (i.e., Mesostigmata mites, Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii, Babesia/Theileria spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Leishmania spp. and helminths). Overall, 28.5% (32/112) of snakes were molecularly positive for at least one parasite and/or microorganism. Endosymbiont Wolbachia bacteria were identified from Macronyssidae mites and zoonotic vector-borne pathogens (e.g., Rickettsia, Leishmania), as well as orally transmitted pathogens (i.e., Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas), were detected from blood and feces. Thus, given the central role of the snakes in the tradition of Cocullo, surveys of their parasitic fauna and associated zoonotic pathogens may aid to generate conservation policies to benefit the human-snake interactions, whilst preserving the cultural patrimony of this event.
Involving patients in drug development for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs): A qualitative study exploring and incorporating preferences of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis into Target Product Profile development
Authors: Castro María del Mar , Erber Astrid C. , Arana Byron , Cota Gláucia , Denkinger Claudia M. , Harrison Nicole , Kutyi Julia , López-Carvajal Liliana , Plugge Emma , Walochnik Julia , Olliaro Piero
Published: February 2024

Background

Target Product Profiles (TPPs) are instrumental to help optimise the design and development of therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics – these products, in order to achieve the intended impact, should be aligned with users’ preferences and needs. However, patients are rarely involved as key stakeholders in building a TPP.

Methodology

Thirty-three cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients from Brazil, Colombia, and Austria, infected with New-WorldLeishmaniaspecies, were recruited using a maximum variation approach along geographic, sociodemographic and clinical criteria. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the respective patient’s mother tongue. Transcripts, translated into English, were analysed using a framework approach. We matched disease experiences, preferences, and expectations of CL patients to a TPP developed by DNDi(Drug for Neglected Diseasesinitiative) for CL treatment.

Principal findings

Patients’ preferences regarding treatments ranged from specific efficacy and safety endpoints to direct and significant indirect costs. Respondents expressed views about trade-offs between efficacy and experienced discomfort/adverse events caused by treatment. Reasons for non-compliance, such as adverse events or geographical and availability barriers, were discussed. Considerations related to accessibility and affordability were relevant from the patients’ perspective.

Conclusions/Significance

NTDs affect disadvantaged populations, often with little access to health systems. Engaging patients in designing adapted therapies could significantly contribute to the suitability of an intervention to a specific context and to compliance, by tailoring the product to the end-users’ needs. This exploratory study identified preferences in a broad international patient spectrum. It provides methodological guidance on how patients can be meaningfully involved as stakeholders in the construction of a TPP of therapeutics for NTDs. CL is used as an exemplar, but the approach can be adapted for other NTDs.
Association of multi-phase rates of force development during an isometric leg press with vertical jump performances
Authors: Zushi Kodayu , Kariyama Yasushi , Nagahara Ryu , Yoshida Takuya , Zushi Amane , Ohyama-Byun Keigo , Ogata Mitsugi
Published: February 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to elucidate characteristics of explosive force-production capabilities represented by multi-phase rate of force developments (IRFDs) during isometric single-leg press (ISLP) through investigating relationships with countermovement (CMJ) and rebound continuous jump (RJ) performances.

Methods

Two-hundred-and-thirty male athletes performed ISLP, CMJ with an arm swing (CMJAS), and RJ with an arm swing (RJAS). IRFDs were measured during ISLP using a custom-built dynamometer, while CMJAS and RJAS were measured on force platforms. The IRFDs were obtained as rates of increase in force across 50 ms in the interval from the onset to 250 ms. Jump height (JH) was obtained from CMJAS, while RJAS provided JH, contact time (CT), and reactive strength index (RSI) values.

Results

All IRFDs were correlated with CMJAS-JH (ρ = 0.20–0.45, p ≤ 0.003), RJAS-JH (ρ = 0.22–0.46, p ≤ 0.001), RJAS-RSI (ρ = 0.29–0.48, p < 0.001) and RJAS-CT (ρ = −0.29 to −0.25, p ≤ 0.025). When an influence of peak force was considered using partial rank correlation analysis, IRFDs during onset to 150 ms were correlated with CMJAS-JH (ρxy/z = 0.19–0.36, p ≤ 0.004), IRFDs during onset to 100 ms were correlated with RJAS-JH and RJAS-RSI (ρxy/z = 0.33–0.36, p < 0.001), and IRFD during onset to 50 ms was only correlated with RJAS-CT (ρxy/z = −0.23, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The early phase (onset to 150 ms) IRFDs measured using ISLP enabled the assessment of multiple aspects of leg-extension strength characteristics that differ from maximal strength; these insights might be useful in the assessment of the athletes’ leg-extension strength capabilities.
Evaluation of the quality and safety of commercial complementary foods: Implications for nutrient adequacy and conformance with national and international standards
Authors: Mario Elroe , Belay Abera , Amare Endale
Published: February 2024

Optimal nutrition in early childhood increases growth and development while preventing morbidity and mortality in later life. This study focused on the quality and safety of 32 commercially produced complementary foods collected from supermarkets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre, and ash); and the mineral profile (calcium, iron, zinc, manganese, and magnesium) were determined using the AOAC method. The determination of antinutritional factors (Condensed tannin and oxalate) was done using a UV spectrophotometer. A rapid visco analyzer was used to measure the rheological property. The microbial load of commercially produced complimentary foods was identified using aerobic colony counts for mold and yeast. Labeling practice was evaluated using the WHO and Ethiopian standard tools. The results of proximate compositions were: protein (0.92–18.16 g/100g), fat (0.63–6.44 g/100g), crude fiber (1.04–13.2 g/100g), energy (410–337 kcal/100g), moisture (0.03–17 g/100g), and ash (0.60–4.67 g/100g). The protein and fat content of all the products is below international standards. Only three products met the standards for energy. Moisture and ash contents partially met the requirement, while all of the carbohydrate contents of the products fell under the specified standard. The lowest and highest mineral contents of the products were: Fe (1.38 to 15.10 mg/100g), Zn (0.64 to 6.78 mg/100g), Ca (30.55 to 364.45 mg/100g), Mg (1.2 to 34.2 mg/100g), and Mn (0.80 to 32 mg/100g). Based on these, 21.5% of the foods met the Fe standard, and 31.5% didn’t meet the Zn standard. The Ca and Mg of all the products met the requirement. Except for one product, all met standards. The highest and lowest results for the tannin and oxalate content of the products were 49.20 to 90.09 mg/100g and 0.47 to 30.10 mg/100g, respectively and this shows that the products are below the permissible range for tannin and oxalate. The counts of yeast and mold were 0.00–2.95 log10 cfu/g and 0.00–2.91 log10 cfu/g, respectively. Only one product fell below the standard for yeast count, and none of the products showed a mold count that exceeded the standard. The final viscosity was 63.5–3476 RVU, and only 31.25% of the samples fell under the permissible peak viscosity range, of 83–250 RVU. Thus, regular monitoring of the raw material and processing trends and the inclusion of animal sources in the raw material are suggested for having well-enriched complementary foods. Regulatory bodies should also conduct frequent market surveillance to safeguard the health of the consumer.
Dealing with the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and its implications for couple functioning in the early stage: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Wawrziczny Emilie , Flinois Bérengère , Constant Emilie , Brugallé Elodie , Sokolowski Céline , Manceau Charlotte , Baille Guillaume , Defebvre Luc , Dujardin Kathy , Antoine Pascal
Published: February 2024

Background

For couples facing Parkinson’s disease, marital relationships are significantly impacted, even at the early stages of the disease. However, very few studies have explicitly explored the functioning of the couple and how both partners deal with Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and strategies of couples facing Parkinson’s disease in the early stage using dyadic interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Methods

Fifteen couples agreed to participate in the study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with each partner separately regarding his or her individual experience with Parkinson’s disease, the couple’s history, the impact of the diagnosis on the functioning of the couple, and his or her projections for the future.

Results

Three higher-order themes emerged from the analyses. The first theme, "Being tested by the diagnosis", highlights 4 dyadic configurations according to the individual’s and the couple’s capacity for adjustment following the diagnosis: "noncongruent", "collapsed", "relieved" and "avoidant". The second theme, "Talking about everything except the disease", underlines that communication about the disease is often avoided both within the couple and with relatives to protect the persons with Parkinson’s disease or respect their wishes. The third theme, "Supporting each other", describes the different levels of harmony between the two partners in the management of daily life and symptoms and their relational impacts.

Conclusion

These results allow us to better understand the experiences of both partners and to highlight the importance of promoting better acceptance of the diagnosis by persons with Parkinson’s disease to allow better communication between partners and with relatives. Such support prevents disease-specific distress and facilitates better adjustment in the later stages of the disease.