bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O bella libertà
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: January 2022

Chapter 8 discusses the virtual return of the fourteenth-century Republic of Florence as an inspiration for Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s long poem Casa Guidi Windows. A drama of interpretation and partial vision, the two-part poem was written between 1847 and 1851, spanning a moment of hope for the Risorgimento republicans in Florence and its collapse when monarchist troops marched into the city in 1849. The first part of the poem recounts the Florentine celebration on 12 September 1847 when Grand Duke Leopold II promised a new constitution, a guardia civile, and a free press to the Florentines, while the second part records the entry of the Austrian imperial army of occupation on 2 May 1849. Casa Guidi Windows breaks dramatically in half between action completed and action yet to take place, and Chapter 8 contextualizes the poem in the newly energized political and print culture of Florence in 1847.
Forms of the Future
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: January 2022

Chapters 9 and 10 start to consider the longer-term aesthetic effects of 1848 on writing and art, extending into the 1850s and 1860s. The publication of Casa Guidi Windows and its immediate translation into Italian marked the fuller entry of the Brownings into the Italian and expatriate nationalist community in Florence. There they encountered the Macchiaioli painters who were trying to find a new visual language for the time of interruption and delay as they awaited the next stage of the revolution. Margaret Fuller’s arrival in Florence in 1849 led to an important friendship with Barrett Browning. The angry and uncompromising 1860 Poems Before Congress owes much to Fuller’s feminist influence as Barrett Browning extends the category of the ‘political’ to include women’s experience. The poems bring together the wrongs of slavery with the Italian cause to make a transatlantic case for human rights and draw upon the universalist moment of 1848.
Flaubert’s Afterword
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: January 2022

This Epilogue uses Gustave Flaubert’s novel L’Education sentimentale (1869) to look backwards to 1848 and forwards to the political liberalism and literary realism that emerge together in the later century. The Epilogue suggests that the image of the steam train as the techno-avatar of revolutionary modernity powerfully haunts Flaubert’s novel at the level of rhythm and affect and that Flaubert inaugurates a new serial literary style. Socialist writer and newspaper journalist Benjamin Gastineau also adopts the revolutionary steam train and its international mobility to figure a world globalized not by capital, but by radically extended consanguinity and the end of race. Walter Benjamin’s fascination with Gastineau’s revolutionary steam train demonstrates the ways in which the techno-utopian message of 1848 continued its transmission into the mid-twentieth century.
Technology
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses forms of espionage and counter-intelligence which do not require direct interaction between an asset and her handler but which proceed via technological means, or TECHINT, such as intercepting communications, spying via geosatellites, and cyber-espionage. It investigates whether there are deep moral differences between resorting to human sources on the one hand, and intercepting signals and conducting remote observation and detection on the other, vis-à-vis the targets and collateral victims of intelligence activities. It denies that there are. It brings out the issues at stake by rehearsing some historical examples. It then offers a contrastive moral assessment of TECHINT and human-source intelligence. It considers whether cyber-intelligence, to wit, the use of computers to target other computers, raises distinct moral issues.
Epilogue
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: January 2022

The epilogue reviews the main themes of the book. It outlines important differences between the book’s normative account of espionage and counter-intelligence and the dirty hands approach, the contractarian approach, and the just-war theory approach. It outlines prospective lines of enquiry, such as the impact of secrecy on the criminal justice system, the ethics of practices related to espionage (notably policing, corporate espionage, whistleblowing, and investigative journalism). and the moral risks which intelligence officers incur in the course of their work.
Wounds in advanced illness
Authors: Hurley Cheryl , Maida Vincent
Published: January 2022

This chapter on wounds in advanced illness reviews wound classification and management in both the cancer and non-cancer populations. It examines what constitutes successful wound management, including wound healing, wound maintenance and wound palliation. It examines pressure ulcers as an example of a potentially preventable, if not healable, wound in advanced illness. It reviews a patient-centered approach for unhealing malignant wounds, including interprofessional collaboration, and the management of wound pain and other wound-related symptoms. Lastly, it examines the prognostic implications of wounds in patients with advanced illness.
Radiation therapy: advancing technologies
Authors: Hann Crystal , Swaminath Anand , Sussman Jonathan
Published: January 2022

Radiation therapy is an effective treatment modality for cancer patients who have developed symptomatic metastatic disease. This chapter illustrates a variety of the most common scenarios and radiation therapy approaches through the use of a descriptive case study.
Palliative care for structurally vulnerable populations
Authors: Dosani Naheed , Voeuk Anna
Published: January 2022

Palliative care for structurally vulnerable populations (SVPs) explores the impact that structural vulnerability has on patients requiring palliative care. It highlights the importance of recognizing social determinants of health (SDoH) and their effect on providing a palliative care approach to populations facing issues, including poverty, substance use, mental health, and homelessness. It also examines how race, ethnicity, culture, and trauma (e.g. in Indigenous populations and refugees) contribute to barriers to care. The chapter emphasizes the significance of developing awareness of, and reflecting on, one’s own beliefs, values, and biases and how they might affect assessment and treatment of patients and their families. It provides tools and resources that promote culturally safe and trauma-informed approaches to care, particularly in the context of social and ethical complexities associated with caring for SVPs.
Physics on Your Feet
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

This book is a collection of questions that were, or could have been, asked at oral examinations at Berkeley. It is a light-hearted, and at the same time serious, exploration of various areas of physics that normally does not require mathematical calculations. To ease the stress, the book is full of amusing illustrations. The problems in the book's eight chapters are devoted to topics from elementary mechanics, fluids, gravitation, cosmology, electromagnetism, optics, and quantum, solid-state, and nuclear physics. They can also be used for the purpose of review of physics and for self-study, and the answers and solutions to many problems will surprise and amuse even seasoned practitioners.
Solid-State Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki
Published: January 2022

This short chapter gives a glimpse of how concepts studied in other areas of physics, e.g., energy losses of ionizing particles in matter, connect to solid-state physics. The basic ideas behind transistors are discussed, and a topic of current research interest is introduced: creation of vacancies in diamond by electron irradiation. It is also shown that a lot about magnetic domains can be understood from “back-of-the-envelope” estimates.
The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: January 2022

This book delivers an introduction and overview of developing intersections between digital methods and literary studies. The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies serves as a starting place for those who wish to learn more about the possibilities, and the limitations, of the oft-touted digital humanities in the literary space. The volume engages with the proponents of digital humanities and its detractors alike, aiming to offer a fair and balanced perspective on this controversial topic. The book combines a survey and background approach with original literary research and, therefore, straddles the divide between seasoned digital experts and interested newcomers.
Introduction
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: January 2022

You may or may not have heard, but over the past two decades a secret and dangerous movement has been growing in humanities departments around the world. Sapping all of the conventional funding out of traditional humanistic pursuits, the so-called ‘digital humanities’ (or ‘DH’ to those in the know) brings a grim entrepreneurialism and technocratic mindset to English, history, classics, archaeology—and any other disciplinary space on which it can lay its hands. Seemingly charged with perverting the humanistic foundations of critical thinking and replacing them with techno-solutionist mindsets, the digital humanities are growing and thriving beneath our noses and many seem not even to have noticed the danger. This jesting polemic, of course, is a caricature. Digital literary studies, in reality, give us ways of seeing texts in new lights. This introductory chapter provides a background to digital literary studies and its controversies, seeking to overturn the stereotype.
Authors and Writing
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces a range of approaches to the measurement and digital quantification of literary style: stylometry or digital stylistics. The chapter begins with a history of stylometric thinking, ranging from approximately 1851 through to contemporary multi-dimensional fingerprinting techniques, such as Burrows’s delta method. It then progresses to discuss close vs. large-scale literary reading and the problematic terminology of ‘distant reading’ (namely, that one can use computational techniques also to read closely, despite this also being a type of ‘distant’ reading). Further covered in this first chapter are analyses of genre and its lifecycles (Ted Underwood), approaches to poetry (Tanya E. Clement on Gertrude Stein), court cases that have turned on stylometry, the Mosteller and Wallace methods applied to the Federalist papers, stylistic analyses of Flann O’Brien and James Joyce (James O’Sullivan et al.), and authorship controversies (Don Foster’s infamous digital work on Shakespeare).
Space and Visualization
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns to space and visualization. For the common link between the section titles of Franco Moretti’s book, Graphs, Maps, Trees (2007), is the visuality of his abstract models for literary history. Graphs, maps, and trees are all structures by which we can downmix complex, multi-dimensional aspects of literature into approximate two-dimensional (or sometimes three-dimensional) space. Much like conventional literary criticism, visualization yields new ways to conceive of narrative, reorienting texts through fresh optics and augmenting understanding. Visualization is a form of deformance and interpretation, as Lisa Samuels and Jerome McGann would have it. This chapter examines a range of approaches to the visualization of literary features, including kernel density mapping and version variance, but also explores digital visual-textual ‘poetic’ forms that are themselves visualizations.
Campaign Strategy
Authors: Horowitz Jeremy
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines campaign strategies in Kenya’s multiparty presidential elections. It develops the swing-targeting approach and shows empirically that the pursuit of swing voters—not the mobilization of existing supporters—is the focus of presidential campaigns. To study how candidates allocate campaign effort across ethnic areas, it examines the location of rallies held by the main presidential contenders in the months prior to the 2007, 2013, and 2017 elections. The results provide consistent evidence in favor of the proposition that the main aspirants concentrate their campaign efforts on converting potential swing voters rather than mobilizing their most steadfast core supporters. To account for this pattern, the chapter emphasizes the importance of uncertainty, strategic imperatives, and intra-party delegation.
From Electoral Politics to Policymaking
Authors: Horowitz Jeremy
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the connection between electoral politics and policymaking. It shows that in Kenya the imperative of courting voters from multiple ethnic groups during elections creates an incentive for politicians to propose—and adopt—universal policies that distribute benefits widely. To illustrate the electoral value of universal policies, this chapter examines reforms in Kenya’s education sector. Since the return to multiparty politics, presidential aspirants have made education reform central to their electoral appeals, and successive leaders have implemented a number of reforms—most notably the reintroduction of free primary education (FPE)—that have dramatically increased access to formal education among children from all ethnic groups. The effects documented in the education sector are part of a broader movement away from particularistic policymaking in Kenya’s multiparty era.
Introduction
Authors: Byrne Sandie
Published: January 2022

The introduction touches on Tony Harrison’s early encounters with classical literature during his time at Leeds Grammar School and the University of Leeds; provides an overview of his work, including the translations and adaptations from Greek and Roman texts; and considers the influence on Classical Reception Studies of his poetry for page, stage, and screen. It also summarizes the approaches and themes covered by the volume’s contributors.
Ruins and Fragments
Authors: Marshall Hallie
Published: January 2022

Discussion of Tony Harrison’s translations and adaptations tends to focus on the texts; both Harrison’s and the classical texts with which he is engaging. This chapter, however, explores his engagement not with the literary remains of the ancient world, but rather its physical remains. The chapter examines the ways in which works such as The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus, The Labourers of Herakles, The Kaisers of Carnuntum, and The Gaze of the Gorgon engage with the material remains of antiquity, arguing that the physical remnants increasingly exert an influence on a par with the literary texts and that, while Harrison’s works from Trackers on remain deeply engaged with ancient texts, their engagement with antiquity and its legacy are far broader than that of the earlier writing.
On Purpose
Authors: Kornberger Martin
Published: January 2022

This chapter asks the question: how do distributed collectives form identities? The figures of thought that are introduced include shared concerns and symbols. They function like a North Star in that they provide orientation for a collective’s reasoning and handrails for its actions.
In Conclusion
Authors: Kornberger Martin
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a summary of the main arguments of the book and reflects on the central mechanism of any form of collective action—feedback. It discusses the epistemological implications of the argument and reflects on the moral of the story: the question of the condition of the possibility of ethics in distributed and collective action.
Ajax in Aegina
Authors: Bocksberger Sophie Marianne
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the reception of Ajax in ancient Aegina. The whole argument of the chapter rests on the assumption that Ajax was imbued with a strong political significance throughout the first half of the fifth century BCE in the context of overt Atheno-Aeginetan rivalry. On the one hand, Ajax was a particularly prominent figure on the island, since the Aeginetans believed that they, of all the Greeks, had primacy over the Aeacidae, because Aeacus, Ajax’s grandfather, was born there. The Athenians, on the other hand, laid claim over the hero too, notably by naming one of their own tribes after him. Ajax acquired particular significance during the Persian Wars, as the emblematic victory at Salamis, in 480 BCE, took place at the hero’s birthplace. This made any claim for primacy over him all the more significant and politically charged. The odes that Pindar and Bacchylides composed for Aeginetan patrons constitute the primary set of evidence regarding the reception of Ajax in Aegina. These are Isthmian 6, Isthmian 5, Nemean 7, Isthmian 4, Nemean 4, Nemean 3, Nemean 6, Olympian 8, Pythian 8, Nemean 8; and Bacchylides’ Ode 13. In addition to literary sources, iconographical witnesses include the pediments of the Aphaea temple on which several figures, one of whom is most probably Ajax, are seen fighting.
Global Migration beyond Limits
Authors: Obeng-Odoom Franklin
Published: January 2022

Global Migration beyond Limits carefully considers but ultimately rejects the idea that migration is driven by the choices of individual migrants, and instead starts from the idea that institutions shape all forms, forces, and functions of migration. Of these institutions, however, land is central, whether in internal migration, international migration, or global migration. Historically or currently, the evidence also clearly shows that migration and migrants transform both the sites where migrants are resident and the places from which migrants travelled. The change is more transformational than previous accounts have established, sometimes involving turning around dead cities and towns into vibrant local economies and reconstructing food networks for entire regions and nations. This book also raises serious analytical questions about three bodies of literature: mainstream economic accounts of migration, environment, and inequality; mainstream sustainability science and alternatives to it (e.g. ecological economics); and conservative and nativist claims about population problems and alternatives to them centred only on the freedom that a borderless world could create. Obeng-Odoom argues that much of the crisis of migration and sustainability can be understood as a reflection of global long-term inequalities and cumulative stratification, reflected at different scales in the global system, though the form of migration is conditioned by more than economic forces. The so-called migration crisis, therefore, seems quite routine and familiar. It is an outward expression of the political-economic system in which socially created value is privately appropriated as rents by a privileged few who use institutions such land and property rights, race, ethnicity, class, and gender to keep others in their place in the global economic and stratification ladder.
Problematic Explanations
Authors: Obeng-Odoom Franklin
Published: January 2022

The orthodoxy on analysing and addressing the migration question is diverse and complex, but in whatever version it comes, it is problematic. This chapter demonstrates this variety in the orthodoxy, offers fundamental critiques, and provides the grounds for reframing and addressing the migration question. The chapter accepts that there is substantial global migration, but it rejects as unsatisfactory the existing explanations of the mainstream conservative/nationalist, neoliberal, and humanist views, centred on various aspects of the thesis by Garrett Hardin and others, whose approach develop the ‘Chicago School of property rights’ (Haila, 2016, p. 53). Not only is this body of orthodoxy theoretically inconsistent, it also lacks empirical support. Existing alternatives to this orthodoxy, including Marxian analyses, are much more compelling but while necessary, they are insufficient as a basis for reconstruction.
Working with Hosts
Authors: Obeng-Odoom Franklin
Published: January 2022

The rise of China raises a number of fundamental questions for global migration studies. Beyond age-old debates about whether Africa has become China’s colony, the two-way labour migration of Africans and Chinese provides an excellent case to evaluate the dominate theories of labour migration. First, why do African and Chinese labour migrants move to China and Africa, respectively? Second, what are the socio-economic effects of this Afro-Chinese labour migration on society, economy, and environment? Third, how might migration policy more effectively address these consequences? By systematizing existing data, I show that the experiences of African migrants working alone or working with Chinese migrants is far more complex than what neoclassical economics suggests. Driven, or at least moulded, not so much by the migrant as a rational utility-maximizing individual but by holistic processes of ‘circular, combined and cumulation causation’, African and Chinese migrants working with each other have contributed to economic growth, but at the cost of much socio-spatial displacement and socio-ecological degradation. Added to these social costs is widespread labour precarity. So, the insidious attempts by the state, business enterprise, corporate finance, and capital to consider migration a ‘spatial fix’ for export-oriented, private-property-based economic growth are questionable. However, seeking to wall out migrants, embarking on widespread surveillance, pursuing migrant scapegoating, and framing migration as a Malthusian problem are not a panacea. The social costs of migration, among others, need to be directly redressed by redesigning the institutions that shape the conditions of labour. Central to these institutions is land. Apportioning to labour what it produces, Socialising rent, and investing the resulting rent for socio-ecological purposes could ensure both progress and prosperity through what Henry George (1886/1991: 289) once called ‘true free trade’ with distinct role for labour in relation to land and capital.
Rituals and Ritualism in the International Human Rights System
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary
Published: January 2022

The chapter questions international human rights lawyers’ focus on compliance and institutional reform. It argues instead for attention to social practices surrounding the international human rights system in order to understand how the system operates and where it can be influenced. The chapter uses the distinct but related ideas of rituals and ritualism to study a central mechanism of the UN human rights system, the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). The chapter offers a case study of Australia’s participation in the first two cycles of the UPR, suggesting that a human rights ritual such as the UPR may have some power in countering the practice of human rights ritualism.
Human Rights, Legitimacy, and Global Governance
Authors: MacDonald Euan
Published: January 2022

This contribution examines the relationship between the protection and promotion of human rights and the legitimacy of global governance institutions. In doing so, the essay sketches an account of legitimacy in critical dialogue with Buchanan and Keohane’s 2006 piece ‘The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions’. These authors, it is argued, make a number of illustrative errors in setting out their own conception of the legitimacy of global governance institutions, which leads them to an incoherent position on authority, which misstates the role that human rights can play as legitimacy reasons. In response, the argument is made for a conception of legitimacy for governance beyond the state that takes permissible action as primary; and a new account of the normative force of actual individual consent in helping to establish legitimacy and vindicate democratic values, examining the interplay between consent and human rights is proposed.
Democracy and Democracies
Authors: Steiner Henry J
Published: January 2022

The chapter examines understandings of democracy expressed in recent decades by international agreements, both global and regional, and by ‘official actors’ in the organizations created under those agreements such as political leaders, bureaucratic staff, and judges. The threshold question is how these agreements and actors describe the essential elements of a democratic state. The dominant question is how they portray relationships between political democracy and rights, particularly international human rights. The essay’s illustrations of those relationships involve principally the European, inter-American, and African regional systems, and are taken from their formative documents, commissions, and judicial decisions. The explored relationships pose questions like: Are rights now considered essential to a democracy, imbedded within it? What functions do they serve? Which rights are here particularly relevant?
Alston and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Langford Malcolm
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyses Philip Alston’s critical forays as UN Special Rapporteur in the field of technology and human rights. While AI and automation first emerged in his work on extrajudicial killings and basic income, his assault on the digital welfare state constitutes a full-scale engagement with the technology-inflected future of economic, social, and cultural (ESC) rights. In dystopic fashion, Alston depicts in enigmatic form the digital welfare state as a cover for long-standing neoliberal policies and a new vehicle for entrenching structural inequalities, poverty, and social control. These claims are subject to a close reading through the lens of critical empiricism. While Alston’s work is reflective of a growing and important dystopic literature, questions can be raised about its construction of technological imaginaries and its bright-line distinctions between emancipation and repression.
Implementation of Treaty Obligations
Authors: Hammarberg Thomas
Published: January 2022

This chapter raises a major human rights problem. Agreed conventions are not respected in a number of countries and situations. It is spelled out in the conventions themselves that national legislation should reflect the agreed standards. Another demand is that citizens should be properly informed about their rights. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child has stressed the importance of special ombudsmen, that there should be national response with plans for systematic reforms and open relationship with civil society groups. In fact, there is no lack of good and meaningful suggestions. What seems to lack in too many cases is the political will to ensure a serious implementation of the human rights treaties governments once agreed to respect.
Up the Stream without a Paddle
Authors: Darrow Mac
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews progress in mainstreaming human rights in development since the 1990s. There has been a persistent bias against socio-economic rights in human rights praxis, and a tendency to focus on the manifestations rather than root causes of human rights violations. Nowhere are these shortcomings and challenges more pressing than in contesting the mega-infrastructure investment agenda of the G20 and international financial institutions. ‘Micro’-level human rights challenges such as forced evictions and gender-based violence rightly demand attention; however, too little attention is paid to neoliberal economic assumptions embedded in the investment structures and financing arrangements for mega-infrastructure. Philip Alston’s work on extreme poverty and human rights models how human rights praxis can evolve to more effectively meet these challenges.
Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?
Authors: Alvarez José E
Published: January 2022

The chapter explores the contributions made by Alston’s three reports as Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights that address the human rights responsibilities of the United Nations, the World Bank, and the IMF respectively. In these reports Alston criticizes the United Nations’ failure to accept responsibility for UN peacekeepers’ actions in spreading disease in Haiti, the World Bank’s restrictive interpretations of its mandate, and the IMF’s failure to advance a human rights framing for its ‘social protection’ policies. The chapter highlights the reports’ contributions to general debates over the meaning of the ‘rule of law’, whether (and how) international organizations are ‘subject’ to human rights, the contribution of ‘managerial’ enforcement techniques, and the limits of ‘legal’ accountability.
Dangerous Proportions
Authors: Bhuta Nehal , Mignot-Mahdavi Rebecca
Published: January 2022

Philip Alston’s deep worries about the institutionalization of the tactic of targeted killing, the ensuing extension of warfare, and its corrosive consequences for any meaningful possibility of scrutinizing the legality of such strikes, proved far-sighted. The chapter focuses on the accompanying rearticulation of the right of self-defence by states active in the war on terror and demonstrates that it has fashioned a set of interconnected legal propositions that is called here ‘revisionist’. This revisionist framework, the chapter shows, cumulatively engenders a highly permissive framework for the preventive, extraterritorial use of lethal force against individuals and non-state groups, with a geographically and temporally expansive scope. The chapter does not argue that this permissive version of self-defence is now lex lata or even de lege ferenda. It also distinguishes itself from the view that the revisionist framework departs from ‘the ‘old days’ when the law was allegedly certain’—that is, when the law required a high threshold of effective control by the territorial state over the non-state armed group. Instead, building on Robert Brandom’s Hegelian account of the determinateness of legal concepts, the revisionist framework is framed as a historically embedded process of determination of the new content of the concept of self-defence. The chapter shows that these conceptual revisions bring with them a reconfiguration of the structure of legal relationships presupposed by the jus ad bellum’s concept of proportionality, and a new (in)determinacy that renders the concept more permissive than constraining.
Perfection and Reduction in Aristotle’s Prior Analytics
Authors: Striker Gisela
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that perfecting a syllogistic mood is not the same as reducing it to another mood. To perfect a mood is to make its validity evident, which may or may not be done by reducing it to a perfect one; reduction works between moods of all figures, perfect or not. The epistemic priority of the first-figure moods led some later Peripatetics to claim that the imperfect moods owed their validity to the perfect ones and would not be valid without them. Boethus of Sidon (first century BC) refuted them by arguing that all the valid moods are perfect, at least in some cases appealing to the terminology of parts and wholes that Aristotle himself uses at the beginning of chapter 4 of Prior Analytics I when introducing the moods of the first figure.
A Note on the Ontology of Aristotle’s Categories, Chapter 2
Authors: Striker Gisela
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that the description of Aristotle’s ontological classes in chapter 2 of the Categories contains an implicit criticism of Plato by distinguishing between the relations of belonging to a species or genus and having an attribute. This distinction is then used in chapter 5 of the Categories to argue for the ontological primacy of individual substances.
Emotions in Context
Authors: Striker Gisela
Published: January 2022

In the Rhetoric, Aristotle considers emotions in two different contexts: as motives for wrongdoing in book I, and as influences on judgement in book II. In the long chapter on pleasure in book I, he adopts a Platonic framework, treating pleasure as the fulfilment of a painful lack. In book II, he describes emotions as caused by impressions (φαντασίαι‎) of either good or bad things, suggesting a theory that would classify them as either pleasures or pains. The Stoics developed a theory of emotion along these lines, with the difference of insisting that impressions that lead to emotions are always mistaken.
Academics Fighting Academics
Authors: Striker Gisela
Published: January 2022

The arguments of the former Academic Sceptic Antiochus against the ‘Roman books’ of his teacher Philo of Larissa, reported in Cicero’s Lucullus, indicate that his understanding of Stoic epistemology was influenced by his Academic background, and in particular by the arguments of Carneades. These arguments also allow a plausible guess at the new position Philo defended in the Roman books.
Mental Health and Moral Health
Authors: Striker Gisela
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the Stoic conception of moral guidance or education as a kind of psychotherapy, exemplified by the moral progress of Seneca’s friend Lucilius as described in the Epistulae Morales. The Stoic project of moral reform goes beyond the more modest aims of modern psychotherapy, but it can be quite plausibly described as requiring the assistance of others—friends or teachers—much as the recovery from illness requires the assistance of a doctor.
Addiction and Agency
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin , Tabb Kathryn
Published: January 2022

Addicts are often portrayed as compelled by their addiction and thus as a paradigm of unfree action and mitigated blame. This chapter argues that our best scientific theories of addiction reveal that, psychologically, addicts are not categorically different from non-addicts. There is no pairing of contemporary accounts of addiction and of prominent theories of moral responsibility that can justify our intuitions about the mitigation of addicts but not non-addicts. Two conclusions are advanced. First, we should either treat addicts as we normally treat non-addicts (as fully culpable) or embrace the skeptical conclusion that everyone is less responsible than we thought—perhaps not responsible at all. Second, we should be doubtful that theorizing about responsibility will be advanced by focusing on particular kinds of psychopathologies.
LIFE
Authors: Pasqualetti Martin J.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 assesses how humans use energy to fuel their bodies and provide the comforts of daily life. It compares the energy used to bring various foods to the dinner table, arguing that commercial meat production holds unacceptably high energy and environmental costs. It identifies the principles of “smart cars” and “smart grids,” as it stresses the value we place on energy access to the detriment of environmental quality. Passive architectural design in the future is described as a sensible alternative to the current use of active design principles. It shows that energy is the key to how we live today and the life we aspire for our descendants.
Geopolitics
Authors: Pasqualetti Martin J.
Published: January 2022

Using examples from Crimea, Sudan, the Arctic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, Venezuela, and China, Chapter 8 argues that energy is the most common root cause of political instability. The chapter focuses an intense light on the importance of energy to political decisions as it incorporates the geopolitics of energy into the prospective transition to a more sustainable energy future. It discusses the logic behind the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, both when oil is plentiful and when oil imports are necessary. The geopolitics of energy can lead to war, as it did in the Persian Gulf and as it might trigger in the South China Sea. Chapter 8 explains the role of energy as a motivation for war and continued military engagement. It also describes how concerns about securing sufficient oil supplies have diminished the influence of embargoes as a geopolitical tool.
Business
Authors: Pasqualetti Martin J.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 13 distinguishes between “energy in business” and the “business of energy,” classifying energy businesses by stages in the fuel chain. It emphasizes millions of jobs in the business of energy (e.g., utility companies) and millions of dollars spent to support the broadest range of business, from high-end users such as the manufacturers of aluminum products to a small outdoor food market. The energy supply chain can be long and complicated, and it can also be expensive, but there are jobs along it everywhere. The chapter examines the employment opportunities of maintaining the status quo reliance on fossil and nuclear futures and contrasts it with alternative energy resources’ ever-larger employment opportunities. For now, just about all the energy that every business requires comes through the efforts of millions of people who work within a large and interwoven assemblage of operations. Perhaps that balance will change in the future.
Introduction
Authors: David Hilda
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the subject of the book, defines “text” (in a discursive context), and explains the book’s three-part structure: a non-Indian section with contributions of general and theoretical relevance; an Indian section containing poems and a cartoon strip; and a final section of chapters with an Indian focus. It explains the urgent need for just such a book under the particular circumstances of India’s current political situation, and draws a parallel with the precarious condition of Germany in the early 1930s. The chapter introduces and summarises the individual contributions. The introduction concludes with an expression of thanks to various named individuals, and the usual disclaimer that the individual contributions in the book represent the views of their respective authors, views which are not necessarily shared by the editors, the other contributors, or the publishers.
Five Poems
Authors: Rao R. Raj
Published: January 2022

This chapter contains poems by R. Raj Rao. Raj Rao’s poems reflect the lives of gays in India―lives spent in the shadow of intolerance, hatred and persecution.
Speak Memory
Authors: Paul Premila
Published: January 2022

This chapter asserts the vital importance of memory narratives, if such blunders of modern Indian history as Indira Gandhi’s Emergency of 1975-77 and the anti-Sikh pogrom of 1984―both under-narrated compared to the atrocities of the colonial period or of Partition―are not to be forgotten and then perhaps repeated in the future. It focuses on two novels, Rohinton Mistry’s A Fine Balance and K. R. Meera’s The Gospel of Yudas, and a film, Sashi Kumar’s Kaya Taran, based on a story by N. S. Madhavan, to illustrate the point that we all live in memory, and that the best books are memory-driven: without memory there is no history, because memory is the bridge linking the past with the present and future.
Introduction
Authors: Irvin Sherri
Published: January 2022

In this book, I focus on a cluster of developments in contemporary art. They have to do with material and what to do with it. Developments having to do with material have been widely recognized: many contemporary artworks are made of materials that are weird or have been put through a weird process on their way to arthood. The material of some artworks is an event instead of an object. For many artworks in new media, it is hard to pin down what the material is at all: neither the “thing” label nor the “event” label works very well. As the material has gotten weirder, the boundaries between (what used to be) different art forms have broken down....
Rules and Expression
Authors: Irvin Sherri
Published: January 2022

Artworks are expressive by virtue of what they exemplify: features they both possess and make salient. Rules contribute to expression both by shaping which material features are exemplified and by emphasizing certain of those features. As an artistic medium, rules are especially well suited to exploring certain kinds of content. Because rules for conservation allow the artist to shape the evolution of objects over time and manage processes of decay, they are often used in works that explore mortality and loss. Because rules for participation engage audience agency, set up social situations, and oppose longstanding institutional distancing of audiences from artworks, they are used to explore social dynamics and power structures. Rules for participation have given rise to participatory artworks that foster community formation and operate in the penumbra of artistic practices.
Rules, Indeterminacy, and Interpretation
Authors: Irvin Sherri
Published: January 2022

Rules depend ontologically on documents and memories that may be generated over a long period of time, contain internal inconsistencies, and suffer information loss. Institutional archives designed to secure the rules are often complex, and ascertaining the rules is a matter of interpreting archival materials and deciding which elements are most important and how to resolve tensions. In some instances, there is no uniquely correct reconstruction of the rules; indeterminacies may be resolved through interpretative processes that depend on the values and priorities of the participants. There is no inherent difficulty in suggesting that an artwork is partly constituted by a structure whose elements are indeterminate or open to interpretation. However, this does mean that the work will change over time as interpretive priorities change, and its persistence may be a matter of genealogical continuity with prior iterations as much as of the persistence of specific structural elements.
Plato
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2022

Plato uses the shadowing relation to model reality. Horses are shadows of horsehood. Horsehood is a shadow of higher forms. Art is the most shadowy activity. For a picture of a horse is a shadow of a shadow. More shadowy yet are copiers of artworks. The regression of copying creates a bottomless pit. Unlike Buddha, Plato believes there are abstract objects that lack a position in space and time. A concrete object, such as the Red Pyramid, has a position in space and time. Pyramidhood lacks these coordinates. There are many pyramids but only one Pyramidhood. Pyramidhood has no color or weight and is unavailable to the senses. Yet it is more real and deserving of attention than its instances: The layer pyramid, the bent pyramid, or even the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Lucretius
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2022

Epicurus solved all philosophical problems with his combination of atomism and hedonism. Or so assumed the Roman poet Lucretius. His epic On the Nature of Things applies Epicurus’s doctrine to cure the fear of death. Since you are a temporary construction of atoms, your permanent annihilation is inevitable. But it is an event necessarily outside your lifetime. Only pleasure and pain have value. The dead experience neither. Those influenced by Aristotle object that death can harm us by preventing us from realizing our potential.
Leibniz
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2022

Leibniz objects to Newton’s atomism. God, whose existence is provable from the very concept of God, would create the best of all possible worlds. That world would not waste space. Every opening would be filled with as much variety as possible. If there were two voids of same place and size, they would be identical twins. Identical twins are precluded by the principle that there is a reason for everything. There would be no reason why the positions of the voids could not be swapped. The prohibition on identical twins also rules out John Locke’s thesis that we are born blank slates. The slates must differ by having distinct innate ideas. The binary arithmetic of the ancient Chinese shows awareness of creation out of nothing. The Jesuit missionaries in China are merely recovering their half-forgotten Christianity, partially remembered by Confucius.
Sartre
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2022

Bergson’s disciple Sartre makes room for nothing through a psychological analysis. Human beings construct absences through their expectations. They perceive absences by virtue of their frustrated expectations. Only a human being can see the absence of word in this sentence. Analytic philosophers find Sartre’s analysis plausible for epistemic perception, which requires belief: seeing that there is a period at the end of this sentence. By they think it fails for nonepistemic perception. Nonepistemic seeing does not involve belief. Even mosquito larvae see shadows. Cognitive requirements for the perception of absences are low.
New Music
Authors: Pace Ian
Published: January 2022

New music is a concept that came into prominence after the end of World War I. It connotes not just a species of musical composition, but a separate culture of music making and performance somewhat distinct from that associated with more mainstream Western art music. In this chapter, I trace the development of this culture, its institutions and global reach, alongside extensive examination of the specific challenges the music in question presents for those who perform it. The period in question is divided into three sections: 1918–1945, the establishment of “new music” as a category; 1945–c. 1975, the heyday of the avant-garde; and c. 1975–present day, associated with some degree of consolidation of new music with wider art music culture. Early “objectivist” styles of performance are contrasted with those embodying essential continuities with earlier eras, interacting with issues of Texttreue and Werktreue. The growth of the new music festival after 1945 in particular, the role of radio stations, and the new music ensemble are surveyed, alongside specific performance issues involving indeterminacy, extended techniques, and new virtuosity. The final section asks questions about the meanings and future of new music in the twenty-first century.
The Origins of Musical Expertise
Authors: Burgoyne Alexander P. , Hambrick David Z. , Harris Lauren Julius
Published: January 2022

Abstract: Musical expertise exists along a continuum, with some musicians demonstrating far greater mastery than others. What accounts for this variability in skill? Could anyone, given the right conditions, reach a level of skill necessary to play for a first-rank orchestra? As a more extreme example, could anyone compose a symphonic masterpiece or play the piano like the finest virtuoso? In this chapter, we examine the origins of musical expertise. Moving beyond an anachronistic “nature vs. nurture” debate, we adopt a multifactorial approach to show how genetic and environmental influences entwine to support expert performance. We discuss a number of factors underpinning individual differences in expertise, including practice, intelligence, music aptitude, motivation, starting age, perseverance, parents, and teachers. We close by offering suggestions for music performers based on our review of the literature. Understanding the origins of musical expertise will allow musicians to match their strengths to their pursuits and come closer to maximizing their potential.
Identity and the Performing Musician
Authors: Oakland Jane , MacDonald Raymond
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the theoretical construct of identity and how it relates to performing musicians. In the introduction we define identity and outline a number of key theoretical perspectives. We then discuss musical identities, focusing on what they are and why they are important, with a particular emphasis on the music performer identity, which we see as a construction that is negotiated between the public performer, the private self, and the musician. Using case study examples, we emphasize the importance of identity work in promoting performer wellbeing, by which we mean the ability to adapt or modify notions of self in relation to specific and ongoing events in order to manage the challenges of a performing career. Practical strategies are suggested to help musicians develop and maintain a healthy and sustainable approach to the negotiation of both musician identity and performer identity. The perspective adopted in this chapter is informed by the work of the first author as a performance psychologist.