bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D
esulfoglaeba
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: October 2019

De.sul.fo.glae'ba. L. prep.
de
, from; N.L. pref.
sulfo
‐, prefix used for N.L. masc. n.
sulfas ‐atis
(sulfate) in genus names of sulfate‐reducing prokaryotes; L. fem. n.
glaeba
, clump, crumb, aggregate; N.L. fem. n.
Desulfoglaeba
, sulfate‐reducing clump/aggregate.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophobacteraceae / Desulfoglaeba

Slightly curved, short rods, 1.0–1.4 µm × 2.5–3.0 µm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganotrophic, using short straight‐chain fatty acids, pyruvate, 4‐methyloctanoate, and n‐alkanes (C
6
to C
12
) as carbon sources and electron donors. Electron donors are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
‐pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). Sulfate and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Mesophilic. Optimal growth temperature between 31 and 37°C. Neutrophilic. Optimal growth pH, 6.5–7.2. Media containing a reductant are necessary for growth.
Desulfoglaeba
species occur in hydrocarbon‐contaminated marine environments and in oil field formation waters.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 53.6 (HPLC), 59.3 (genome).

Type species
:
Desulfoglaeba alkanexedens
Davidova, Duncan, Choi and Suflita 2006, 2741
VP
.
S
inibacillus
Authors: Yang Guiqin , Yu Zhen , Zhou Shungui
Published: October 2019

Si.ni.ba.cil'lus. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Sinae
China; L. dim. n.
bacillus
, a small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Sinibacillus
a rod‐shaped microbe isolated from China.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Sinibacillus

Cells are Gram‐positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile, and endospore‐forming rods that occur singly or in short chains. Colonies are small, circular, and convex with regular margin. Growth occurs in the temperature range 30–63°C, within a narrow pH range (7.0–9.0), and with NaCl concentrations of 0.5–6% (w/v). The cell wall peptidoglycan type is A1
γ
(
meso
‐DAP direct). Cellular fatty acids consist mainly of iso‐ and anteiso‐branched acids with anteiso‐C
15:0
predominating. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐7. Polar lipids mainly consist of diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Phylogenetically related to the genera
Pseudogracilibacillus
,
Ornithinibacillus
,
Virgibacillus
,
Oceanobacillus
, and other genera of the family Bacillaceae. The members of the genus exhibiting low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the nearest species
Ornithinibacillus contaminans
(94.9%) and
Pseudogracilibacillus marinus
(94.6%). Members of the class Bacilli, family Bacillaceae. Known habitats are tropical forest soil and hot spring sediment.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 43.7–44.1 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Sinibacillus soli
Yang and Zhou 2014, 1651
VP
.
Natranaerobaculum
Authors: Zavarzina Daria G. , Kublanov Ilya V.
Published: October 2019

Natr.a.na.e.ro.ba'cu.lum. N.L. n.natronderived from the Arabic n.natrunornatronsoda; Gr. pref.annot; Gr. n.aerair; L. neut. n.baculumsmall stick; N.L. neut. n.Natranaerobaculuma soda‐requiring anaerobic rod.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Natranaerobiales / Natranaerobiaceae / Natranaerobaculum

The genusNatranaerobaculumis represented by a single species,Natranaerobaculum magadiense. Cells occur in the form of straight or slightly curved thin rods. Slowly motile and spore‐forming. The cell wall has a Gram‐positive structure. Strictly anaerobic and polyextremophilic, that is, thermotolerant, extremely alkaliphilic and natronophilic, and obligately dependent on sodium carbonates. Grows by fermentation of peptides, such as meat and yeast extracts, peptone, and tryptone. With yeast extract as an electron donor, reduces thiosulfate, nitrate, arsenate, ferric citrate, and anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonate. Grows oligotrophically with 0.03 g/l of yeast extract as sole carbon source. The main fatty acids are C16:0,C16:1ω7c, C18:0, and C18:1ω9. Member of the phylumFirmicutes, class “Clostridia”, orderNatranaerobiales(Mesbah et al., 2007), and familyNatranaerobiaceae(Mesbah et al., 2007). The known habitats are a highly hypersaline soda lake Magadi (Kenya) and one of the lakes from Kulunda Steppe (Russia).

DNA G + C content (mol%): 35.6 (Tm).

Type species:Natranaerobaculum magadienseZavarzina, Zhilina, Kuznetsov, Kolganova, Osipov, Kotelev et al. 2013, 4460VP.
P
ontibaca
Authors: Kim Song‐Gun , Nedashkovskaya Olga I.
Published: October 2019

Pon.ti.ba'ca. L. masc. n.
pontus
, the sea; L. fem. n.
baca
, a berry, especially an olive; N.L. fem. n.
Pontibaca
, olive‐shaped (bacterium) of the sea.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Pontibaca

The genus
Pontibaca
was first described by Kim et al. in 2010 to report novel marine bacterial strains that degrade methylated amines under denitrifying conditions. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the genus
Pontibaca
is a member of the family
Rhodobacteraceae
to form a unique lineage with the genera of
Pelagivirga
,
Oceaniovalibus
,
Profundibacterium
,
Hwanghaeicola
, and
Maribius
. Cells are Gram‐negative, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, and oval‐shaped rods that produce creamy white colonies on tryptic soy agar (BD) supplemented with 2% NaCl (w/v) or marine agar 2216, require NaCl for growth, contain Q‐10 as the predominant ubiquinone, contain C
18:1
ω7
c
, C
19:0
cyclo ω8
c
, and C
16:0
as the major fatty acids, and have major polar lipids consisting of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. The genus
Pontibaca
has only one species.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 66.5 (genome sequencing).

Type species
:
Pontibaca methylaminivorans
Kim, Lee, Lee, Oh and Kim 2010b, 2174
VP
.
P
istricoccus
Authors: Xu Zhen‐Xing , Du Zong‐Jun
Published: October 2019

Pis.tri.coc'cus. L. fem. n.
pistris
, a sea monster, a shark; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. n.
kokkos
), a berry; N.L. masc. n.
Pistricoccus
, a coccus from a shark.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / Pistricoccus

Pistricoccus
is a genus in the family
Halomonadaceae
, order
Oceanospirillales
, class
Gammaproteobacteria
, and phylum
Proteobacteria
. It currently contains one species,
Pistricoccus aurantiacus
, isolated from the gill homogenate of a dead shark. The colonies of this genus are orange pigmented, circular, and smooth. Cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, spherical, and moderately halophilic. Catalase‐positive and oxidase‐negative. NaCl is required for growth. The predominant cellular fatty acids are C
18
:1
ω7
c
, C
16
:0
, and summed feature 3 (C
16
:1
ω7
c
and/or iso‐C
15
:0
2‐OH). Q‐9 is the predominant ubiquinone. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.4 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Pistricoccus aurantiacus
Xu, Liang, Lu, Chen and Du 2017, 1096
VP
(Effective publication: Xu, Liang, Lu, Chen and Du 2016, 1599).
S
alinivenus
Authors: Viver Tomeu , Antón Josefa , Amoozegar Mohammad A. , Rosselló‐Móra Ramon
Published: October 2019

Sa.li.ni.ve'nus. L. fem. pl. n.
salinae
, salterns, salt works; L. fem. n.
venus
, beauty, grace, elegance; N.L. fem. n.
Salinivenus
, a salt‐works beauty, reflecting the attractive appearance of colonies.

Rhodothermaeota / Rhodothermia / Rhodothermales / Salinibacteraceae / Salinivenus

Cells are long, rod shaped, and nonmotile. Colonies are red/orange pigmented. Gram‐stain‐negative. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Halophilic microorganisms showing a growth range of NaCl concentration between 11.6 and 29.2% (2–5 M) and optimum at 17.5% (3 M). Both strains grow in a pH range of 6–8 and temperature range of 25–50°C. The medium needs to be supplemented with 0.05 M of MgCl
2
. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified lipids, one unidentified aminolipid, and three unidentified glycolipids. Currently, the genus comprises two species,
Salinivenus iranica
and
Salinivenus lutea
, both isolated from a salt lake located in Aran‐Bidgol (Iran). The genus has been classified within the family
Salinibacteraceae
(
see
Lentisphaeraceae
) showing a 16S rRNA similarity with the members of the genus
Salinibacter
of 93.4%, as well as ANI and AAI values of 80 and 71%, respectively.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 65.66–65.9 calculated from the genome sequence.

Type species
:
Salinivenus iranica
(Makhdoumi‐Kakhki, Amoozegar and Ventosa 2012) Munoz, Rosselló‐Móra and Amann 2016b, 2708
VP
(Effective publication: Munoz, Rosselló‐Móra and Amann 2016a, 293; basonym
Salinibacter iranicus
Makhdoumi‐Kakhki, Amoozegar and Ventosa 2012, 1525)
L
ongibacter
Authors: Xia Jun , Du Zong‐Jun
Published: October 2019

Lon.gi.bac'ter. L. masc. adj.
longus
, long; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
, rod or staff; N.L. masc. n.
Longibacter
, a long rod.

Rhodothermaeota / Rhodothermia / Rhodothermales / Salinibacteraceae / Longibacter

Longibacter
is a genus in the family
Salinibacteraceae
, order
Rhodothermales
, class
Rhodothermia
, and phylum
Rhodothermaeota
. It currently includes only one species,
Longibacter salinarum
, which was isolated from a marine solar saltern in China. Cells of
Longibacter salinarum
are long and rod shaped, red, Gram‐stain‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, heterotrophic, catalase‐positive, and oxidase‐negative. Optimal growth is observed at 40°C, at pH 7.5–8.0, with 8–12% (w/v) NaCl. Nitrate is not reduced. Glycerol, sucrose, starch, and
d
‐mannitol stimulate growth, but not glucose,
d
‐fructose,
d
‐galactose,
d
‐lactose, maltose,
d
‐mannose,
d
‐xylose,
d
‐ribose,
d
‐arabinose,
l
‐rhamnose, or cellobiose. The sole methyl naphthoquinone is MK‐7, and the predominant cellular fatty acids (>10%) are iso‐C
15
:0
2‐OH/C
16
:1
ω7
c
, iso‐C
17:1
ω9
c
, iso‐C
15
:0
, and iso‐C
17
:0
. The predominant polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, glycolipid, three unidentified phospholipids, and two unidentified lipids.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.1 (HPLC), 59.3 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Longibacter salinarum
Xia, Dunlap, Flor‐Weiler, Rooney, Chen and Du 2016, 3291
VP
.
H
alanaerobaculum
Authors: Cayol Jean‐Luc
Published: October 2019

Hal.an.ae.ro.ba'cu.lum. Gr. masc. n.
hals
, salt; Gr. pref.
an
, not; Gr. masc. or fem. n.
aer
, air; L. neut. n.
baculum
, stick; N.L. neut. n.
Halanaerobaculum
, salt stick not living in air.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Halanaerobiales / Halobacteroidaceae / Halanaerobaculum

The genus
Halanaerobaculum
comprises one species with validly published name,
Halanaerobaculum tunisiense
, which was isolated from the hypersaline surface sediments of El‐Djerid Chott, Tunisia. The genus is halophilic, strictly anaerobic, and chemoorganotrophic. The genus
Halanaerobaculum
belongs to the family
Halobacteroidaceae
; order
Halanaerobiales
; class
Clostridia
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 34.3 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Halanaerobaculum tunisiense
Hedi, Fardeau, Sadfi, Boudabous, Ollivier and Cayol 2009b, 923
VP
(Effective publication: Hedi, Fardeau, Sadfi, Boudabous, Ollivier and Cayol 2009a, 317).
W
oodsholea
Authors: Abraham Wolf‐Rainer
Published: October 2019

Woods.ho'le.a. N.L. fem. n.
Woodsholea
, named in honor of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, USA.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Hyphomonadaceae / Woodsholea

Woodsholea
species are Gram‐negative cells, rod shaped, and dimorphic; one type of cell possesses a prosthecum (stalk), extending from one pole as a continuation of the long axis of the cell. Adhesive material is present at the distal end of the stalk attaching the cells to interfaces. The other type of cell is mobile by means of a polar flagellum. Multiplication by binary fission. Colonies are circular, convex, and colorless. Chemoorganotrophic aerobes, and cells can store carbon as poly‐β‐hydroxybutyric acid. Species grow on peptone/yeast extract media supplemented with NaCl. The growth temperature range is 20–40°C, and optimal pH for growth is approximately neutral. Do not reduce nitrate. Cells are positive for alkaline phosphatase, naphthol‐AS‐BI‐phosphohydrolase, leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), oxidase, and trypsin, but negative for α‐ and β‐galactosidase, α‐glucuronidase, α‐ and β‐glucosidase, α‐mannosidase, and α‐fucosidase. The genus is characterized by two major fatty acids, 18:0 and 18:1 ω7
c
, and minor amounts of 12:0 3‐OH, 16:0, 17:0, and the unidentified fatty acid ECL 15.275. The polar lipids are α‐
d
‐glucopyranosyl diacylglycerol, α‐
d
‐glucopyranuronosyl diacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, and α‐
d
‐glucuronopyranosyl diacylglycerol taurine amide. Isolated from sea water.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 55.7 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Woodsholea maritima
Abraham, Strömpl, Vancanneyt, Bennasar, Swings, Lünsdorf, et al., 2004, 1233
VP
.
Hippocampal epileptogenesis in autoimmune encephalitis
Authors: Romoli Michele , Krashia Paraskevi , Sen Arjune , Franciotta Diego , Gastaldi Matteo , Nobili Annalisa , Mancini Andrea , Nardi Cesarini Elena , Nigro Pasquale , Tambasco Nicola , Mercuri Nicola B. , Parnetti Lucilla , Di Filippo Massimiliano , D’Amelio Marcello , Irani Sarosh R. , Costa Cinzia , Calabresi Paolo
Published: October 2019

Objective

Autoantibody‐mediated forms of encephalitis (AE) include neurological disorders characterized by subacute memory loss, movement disorders, and, often, frequent, focal epileptic seizures. Yet, the electrophysiological effects of these autoantibodies on neuronal function have received little attention. In this study, we assessed the effects of CSF containing autoantibodies on intrinsic and extrinsic properties of hippocampal neurons, to define their epileptogenic potential.

Methods

We compared the effects of CSF containing leucine‐rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1), contactin‐associated protein‐like 2 (CASPR2), and γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor B (GABABR) antibodies on ex vivo electrophysiological parameters after stereotactic hippocampal inoculation into mice. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp and extracellular recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons and CA3‐CA1 field recordings in ex vivo murine brain slices were used to study neuronal function.

Results

By comparison to control CSF, AE CSFs increased the probability of glutamate release from CA3 neurons. In addition, LGI1‐ and CASPR2 antibodies containing CSFs induced epileptiform activity at a population level following Schaffer collateral stimulation. CASPR2 antibody containing CSF was also associated with higher spontaneous firing of CA1 pyramidal neurons. On the contrary, GABABR antibody containing CSF did not elicit changes in intrinsic neuronal activity and field potentials.

Interpretation

Using patient CSF, we have demonstrated that the AE‐associated antibodies against LGI1 and CASPR2 are able to increase hippocampal CA1 neuron excitability, facilitating epileptiform activity. These findings provide in vivo pathogenic insights into neuronal dysfunction in these conditions.
Adaptive digital PID control of first‐order‐lag‐plus‐dead‐time dynamics with sensor, actuator, and feedback nonlinearities
Authors: Kamaldar Mohammadreza , Islam Syed Aseem Ul , Sanjeevini Sneha , Goel Ankit , Hoagg Jesse B. , Bernstein Dennis S.
Published: October 2019

Proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) control is one of the most widely used feedback control strategies because of its ability to follow step commands and reject constant disturbances with zero asymptotic error, as well as the ease of tuning. This paper presents an adaptive digital PID controller for sampled‐data systems with sensor, actuator, and feedback nonlinearities. The linear continuous‐time dynamics are assumed to be first‐order lag with dead time (ie, delay). The plant gain is assumed to have known sign but unknown magnitude, and the dead time is assumed to be unknown. The sensor and actuator nonlinearities are assumed to be monotonic, with known trend but are otherwise unknown, and the feedback nonlinearity is assumed to be monotonic, but is otherwise unknown. A numerical investigation is presented to support a simulation‐based conjecture, which concerns closed‐loop stability and performance. Numerical examples illustrate the effect of initialization on the rate of adaptation and investigate failure modes in cases where the assumptions of the simulation‐based conjecture are violated.
SnSe/MoS2 van der Waals Heterostructure Junction Field‐Effect Transistors with Nearly Ideal Subthreshold Slope
Authors: Guo Jian , Wang Laiyuan , Yu Yiwei , Wang Peiqi , Huang Yu , Duan Xiangfeng
Published: October 2019

The minimization of the subthreshold swing (SS) in transistors is essential for low‐voltage operation and lower power consumption, both critical for mobile devices and internet of things (IoT) devices. The conventional metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor requires sophisticated dielectric engineering to achieve nearly ideal SS (60 mV dec−1 at room temperature). However, another type of transistor, the junction field‐effect transistor (JFET) is free of dielectric layer and can reach the theoretical SS limit without complicated dielectric engineering. The construction of a 2D SnSe/MoS2 van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure‐based JFET with nearly ideal SS is reported. It is shown that the SnSe/MoS2 vdW heterostructure exhibits excellent p–n diode rectifying characteristics with low saturate current. Using the SnSe as the gate and MoS2 as the channel, the SnSe/MoS2 vdW heterostructure exhibit well‐behavioured n‐channel JFET characteristics with a small pinch‐off voltage VP of −0.25 V, nearly ideal subthreshold swing SS of 60.3 mV dec−1 and high ON/OFF ratio over 106, demonstrating excellent electronic performance especially in the subthreshold regime.
Controllable Interlayer Charge and Energy Transfer in Perovskite Quantum Dots/ Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterostructures
Authors: Liu Huan , Wang Chong , Wang Ting , Hu Xiangmin , Liu Dameng , Luo Jianbin
Published: October 2019

Efficient interlayer charge and energy transfer are explored in CsPbBr2I quantum dots/MoS2 heterostructure. When perovskite QDs directly contact MoS2, charge transfer from QDs to MoS2 dominates the nonradiative exciton relaxation in QDs/MoS2 heterostructure. With the layer number of MoS2 reducing to a monolayer, nonradiative exciton relaxation rate increases due to reduced dielectric effect and changed energy band structure of MoS2. Then an hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) spacer is inserted between QDs and a monolayer MoS2, in which nonradiative exciton relaxation rate is dominated by excitonic energy transfer from QDs to MoS2. With the spacer thickness increasing, nonradiative exciton relaxation rate decays as 1/d3.03 that is slower than the result 1/d4 of Förster theory. This is attributed to strong near‐field dipole–dipole coupling interaction in QDs/h‐BN/MoS2 heterostructure. Controllable interlayer charge and energy transfer potentially enable new avenues for designing optoelectronic devices, as well as for studying fundamental issue of tunable light–matter interaction at nanoscale vision.
Chromium Trihalides CrX3 (X = Cl, Br, I): Direct Deposition of Micro‐ and Nanosheets on Substrates by Chemical Vapor Transport
Authors: Grönke Martin , Buschbeck Benjamin , Schmidt Peer , Valldor Martin , Oswald Steffen , Hao Qi , Lubk Axel , Wolf Daniel , Steiner Udo , Büchner Bernd , Hampel Silke
Published: October 2019

The experimental observation of intrinsic ferromagnetism in single layered chromium trihalides CrX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) has gained outstanding attention recently due to their possible implementation in spintronic devices. However, the reproducible preparation of highly crystalline chromium(III) halide nanolayers without stacking faults is still an experimental challenge. As chromium trihalides consist of adjacent layers with weak interlayer coupling, the preparation of ultrathin CrX3 nanosheets directly on substrates via vapor transport proves as an advantageous synthesis technique. It is demonstrated that vapor growth of ultrathin highly crystalline CrX3 micro‐ and nanosheets succeeds directly on yttrium stabilized zirconia substrates in a one‐step process via chemical vapor transport (CVT) in temperature gradients of 100 K (600 °C → 500 °C for CrCl3 and 650 °C → 550 °C for CrBr3 or CrI3) without a need for subsequent delamination. Due to simulation results, optimization of synthesis conditions is realized and phase pure CrX3 nanosheets with thicknesses ≤25 nm are obtained via short term CVT. The nanosheets morphology, crystallinity, and phase purity are analyzed by several techniques, including microscopy, diffraction, and spectroscopy. Furthermore, a potential subsequent delamination technique is demonstrated to give fast access to CrX3 monolayers using the example of CrCl3.
Controllable and Programmable Nonreciprocity Based on Detachable Digital Coding Metasurface
Authors: Ma Qian , Chen Lei , Jing Hong Bo , Hong Qiao Ru , Cui Hao Yang , Liu Yi , Li Lianlin , Cui Tie Jun
Published: October 2019

In traditional nonreciprocial devices and nonreciprocial metamaterials, the nonreciprocity functions are fixed and noneditable. Here, a detachable digital coding metasurface is proposed integrated with power amplifiers to realize controllable and programmable nonreciprocity, in which a metasurface element embedded with two amplifiers is designed and demonstrated. Based on the nonreciprocity of the unilateral transistors, a supercell structure is further presented composed of two opposite elements to obtain the controllable and programmable nonreciprocity characteristics. By applying distinct digital control signals (like “10,” “01,” and “11”) on the power amplifiers, the proposed metasurface can realize forward and backward nonreciprocal transmissions, and reciprocal transmission, respectively. An 8 × 10 metasurface is fabricated, which is divided into ten detachable unit pieces (with eight supercell elements on each piece) for easy assembling and control. The design of the detachable unit pieces promises more flexible functionalities and yields advantages in cost. The validation experiments are performed in both near and far fields, and the measured results show good consistency with theoretical designs and numerical simulations. Combined with the digital coding features of metasurfaces, it is believed that the proposed method has various potential applications in wireless communications and other intellectualized systems.
Iron‐Catalyzed Room Temperature Cross‐Couplings of Bromophenols with Aryl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Xu Li‐Chen , Liu Kun‐Ming , Duan Xin‐Fang
Published: October 2019

Herein we report a room temperature Fe‐catalyzed coupling reaction of various bromophenols with aryl Grignard reagents, which exhibits a wide substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. For the first time, the combination of simple Fe(acac)3/PBu3/Ti(OEt)4 has been used as an effective catalyst for the biaryl couplings of bromophenols or their Na or K salts with debromination and etherification side reactions being well suppressed. Various biphenols including natural product garcibiphenyl C as well as pharmaceutical diflunisal and its ethyl ester were facilely synthesized using the present protocol.

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Recent Advances in the Interrupted Nazarov Reaction
Authors: Yadykov Anton V. , Shirinian Valerii Z.
Published: October 2019

In recent decades there have been significant improvements in the efficiency of synthesis as a result of considerable progress in tandem reactions, cascade transformations and related one‐pot processes. These methodologies are less time‐consuming, more cost‐effective, and produce less waste compared to the classical stepwise protocols. The Nazarov cyclization is an important and versatile method for the synthesis of five‐membered carbocycles which are found in many natural compounds and functional molecules. Current activities in the field of the Nazarov reaction are focused on development of better catalysts, asymmetric options and increasing the efficiency of synthesis. This transformation is suitable for applying to an intensified step‐economy in interrupted versions and one‐pot protocols. Interrupted Nazarov reactions in particular take advantage of the stereospecific nature of the electrocyclization. The universality of these reactions has facilitated an access to a plethora of complex small molecules of high medicinal relevance. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the interrupted Nazarov‐type cyclization, and classify these reactions according to the structure of the substrate or the reaction mechanism. This is the first review that presents a survey on various types of interrupted Nazarov cyclization and deals with the recent advances, especially using tandem/domino or one‐pot reaction strategies and covers the literature from 2009 to 2019.

magnified image
Leaky Optoelectrical Fiber for Optogenetic Stimulation and Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine Exocytosis from Human Dopaminergic Neurons
Authors: Vasudevan Shashank , Kajtez Janko , Bunea Ada‐Ioana , Gonzalez‐Ramos Ana , Ramos‐Moreno Tania , Heiskanen Arto , Kokaia Merab , Larsen Niels B. , Martínez‐Serrano Alberto , Keller Stephan S. , Emnéus Jenny
Published: October 2019

In Parkinson's disease, the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra leads to a decrease in the physiological levels of dopamine in striatum. The existing dopaminergic therapies effectively alleviate the symptoms, albeit they do not revert the disease progression and result in significant adverse effects. Transplanting dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cells could restore dopamine levels without additional motor complications. However, the transplanted cells disperse in vivo and it is not possible to stimulate them on demand to modulate dopamine release to prevent dyskinesia. In order to address these issues, this paper presents a multifunctional leaky optoelectrical fiber for potential neuromodulation and as a cell substrate for application in combined optogenetic stem cell therapy. Pyrolytic carbon coated optical fibers are laser ablated to pattern micro‐optical windows to permit light leakage over a large area. The pyrolytic carbon acts as an excellent electrode for the electrochemical detection of dopamine. Human neural stem cells are genetically modified to express the light sensitive opsin channelrhodopsin‐2 and are differentiated into dopaminergic neurons on the leaky optoelectrical fiber. Finally, light leaking from the micro‐optical windows is used to stimulate the dopaminergic neurons resulting in the release of dopamine that is detected in real‐time using chronoamperometry.
Metal Halide Perovskites for Solar‐to‐Chemical Fuel Conversion
Authors: Chen Jie , Dong Chunwei , Idriss Hicham , Mohammed Omar F. , Bakr Osman M.
Published: October 2019

This review article presents and discusses the recent progress made in the stabilization, protection, improvement, and design of halide perovskite‐based photocatalysts, photoelectrodes, and devices for solar‐to‐chemical fuel conversion. With the target of water splitting, hydrogen iodide splitting, and CO2 reduction reactions, the strategies established for halide perovskites used in photocatalytic particle‐suspension systems, photoelectrode thin‐film systems, and photovoltaic‐(photo)electrocatalysis tandem systems are organized and introduced. Moreover, recent achievements in discovering new and stable halide perovskite materials, developing protective and functional shells and layers, designing proper reaction solution systems, and tandem device configurations are emphasized and discussed. Perspectives on the future design of halide perovskite materials and devices for solar‐to‐chemical fuel conversion are provided. This review may serve as a guide for researchers interested in utilizing halide perovskite materials for solar‐to‐chemical fuel conversion.
Visceral obesity is a preoperative risk factor for postoperative ileus after surgery for colorectal cancer: Single‐institution retrospective analysis
Authors: Morimoto Yoshihiro , Takahashi Hidekazu , Fujii Makoto , Miyoshi Norikatsu , Uemura Mamoru , Matsuda Chu , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Mizushima Tsunekazu , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro
Published: October 2019

Aim

Visceral obesity (VO) reportedly has a stronger association with complications after colorectal surgery than does body mass index. Here, we retrospectively assessed VO as a risk factor for postoperative ileus (POI) after colorectal resection in patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods

This study included 417 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer who underwent elective surgery at our institute from January 2010 to December 2012. Visceral fat area (VFA) was calculated by image analysis software. VO was defined as VFA ≥100 cm2. We assessed 49 factors, including VO, comorbidities, surgical procedure, and postoperative complications. Data were analyzed using a propensity score‐matching strategy.

Results

Postoperative ileus occurred in 18 patients (4.3%) from the entire cohort, and in 14 (5.5%) of the 256 matched patients. Multivariate analysis (n = 417 patients) showed that significant risk factors for POI included VO (OR 7.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9‐32.1, P = .004), open surgery (OR 6.4, 95% CI 1.6‐26.7, P = .010), and pelvic/intra‐abdominal abscess (OR 11.0, 95% CI 1.1‐110.2, P = .041). Propensity score matching showed two independent risk factors in the multivariate analysis: VO (OR 6.2, 95% CI 1.3‐30.4, P = .025) and open surgery (OR 9.1, 95% CI 2.0‐40.5, P = .004).

Conclusion

Visceral obesity may be an independent risk factor for POI in patients with colorectal cancer.
When Treatment is Traumatic: An Empirical Review of Interventions for Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress
Authors: Christian‐Brandt Allison S. , Santacrose Diana E. , Farnsworth Hannah R. , MacDougall Kelsey A.
Published: October 2019

Highlights

We review research on interventions for pediatric medical trauma using a developmental framework.

Most interventions integrated caregivers and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), consistent with best practices.

Interventions with the most promising findings were online, self‐guided, or time‐limited.

Many interventions lacked developmental specificity, despite the importance of this framework.
Secular changes in limb lengths and proportions from 1952 to 2011 in children, adolescents, and young adults from Kolkata (India)
Authors: Kryst Łukasz , Żegleń Magdalena , Dasgupta Parasmani , Saha Rana , Das Rituparna , Das Sukanta
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The aim of the study was to investigate the intergenerational changes of upper and lower limb lengths as well as the values of the upper, lower limb, and intermembral indicators of children, adolescents, and young adults from Kolkata (India) between 1952 to 1966 and 2005 to 2011.

Methods

The analysis was based on the results of anthropometric measurements of 7488 Bengali children, adolescents, and young adults. They were included in three cross‐sectional surveys, carried out in 1955 to 1966, 1982 to 1983 (only males), and 2005 to 2011. The upper and lower limb lengths were obtained and the upper and lower limb indicators, as well as an intermembral index, were calculated. The differences between the cohorts were assessed using two‐way ANOVA.

Results

Positive, statistically significant, secular trends regarding the length of the lower and upper limbs as well as the value of the lower limb index were observed. Negative intergenerational changes were noted for the values of the upper limb indicator and intermembral index, suggesting that the secular increase of the length of the upper limbs was less pronounced than those of the body height and lower limbs length.

Conclusions

The secular increase regarding the lower limbs length was associated with the socioeconomic progress of the country, but the length of the upper limbs was less sensitive for those factors. It is also important to mention that there is still very little information on those characteristics in general, which further proves the need for similar studies.
Isotopic evidence for anthropogenic lead exposure on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation
Authors: Laffoon Jason E. , Shuler Kristrina A. , Millard Andrew R. , Connelly James N. , Schroeder Hannes
Published: October 2019

Objectives

To identify and characterize anthropogenic lead sources on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation and to test if lead isotope analyses can be used to identify the geographic origins of first‐generation African captives.

Materials and Methods

We carried out lead (Pb) isotope analyses on dental enamel samples from 24 individuals from the Newton Plantation Cemetery in Barbados, which had previously been analyzed for strontium (Sr) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 139:547–557) and Pb concentrations (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2013, 150:203–209.

Results

We are able to identify British Pb sources, and more specifically Bristol/Mendips Pb, as the most likely source of anthropogenic Pb on the plantation, highlighting the impact of the British Atlantic economy on the lives of enslaved peoples in Barbados during the period of plantation slavery. Furthermore, we find that there is only one clear outlier among seven individuals who had previously been identified as African‐born based on their enamel Sr isotope composition (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 139:547–557). All other individuals present a very homogenous Pb isotope composition, which overlaps with that of British Pb sources.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that while Pb isotope analyses can help identify and further characterize the sources of anthropogenic Pb in plantation settings, they might not be suited for identifying the origins of African‐born individuals in diasporic contexts.
The Genetic Landscape of Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures
Authors: Burgess Rosemary , Wang Shuyu , McTague Amy , Boysen Katja E. , Yang Xiaoling , Zeng Qi , Myers Kenneth A. , Rochtus Anne , Trivisano Marina , Gill Deepak ,   EIMFS Consortium, Sadleir Lynette G. , Specchio Nicola , Guerrini Renzo , Marini Carla , Zhang Yue‐Hua , Mefford Heather C. , Kurian Manju A. , Poduri Annapurna H. , Scheffer Ingrid E.
Published: October 2019

Objective

Epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS) is one of the most severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. We delineate the genetic causes and genotype–phenotype correlations of a large EIMFS cohort.

Methods

Phenotypic and molecular data were analyzed on patients recruited through an international collaborative study.

Results

We ascertained 135 patients from 128 unrelated families. Ninety‐three of 135 (69%) had causative variants (42/55 previously reported) across 23 genes, including 9 novel EIMFS genes: de novo dominant GABRA1, GABRB1, ATP1A3; X‐linked CDKL5, PIGA; and recessive ITPA, AIMP1, KARS, WWOX. The most frequently implicated genes were KCNT1 (36/135, 27%) and SCN2A (10/135, 7%). Mosaicism occurred in 2 probands (SCN2A, GABRB3) and 3 unaffected mothers (KCNT1). Median age at seizure onset was 4 weeks, with earlier onset in the SCN2A, KCNQ2, and BRAT1 groups. Epileptic spasms occurred in 22% patients. A total of 127 patients had severe to profound developmental impairment. All but 7 patients had ongoing seizures. Additional features included microcephaly, movement disorders, spasticity, and scoliosis. Mortality occurred in 33% at median age 2 years 7 months.

Interpretation

We identified a genetic cause in 69% of patients with EIMFS. We highlight the genetic heterogeneity of EIMFS with 9 newly implicated genes, bringing the total number to 33. Mosaicism was observed in probands and parents, carrying critical implications for recurrence risk. EIMFS pathophysiology involves diverse molecular processes from gene and protein regulation to ion channel function and solute trafficking. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:821–831
Development of Whole and Ground Seed Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Calibrations for Oil, Protein, Moisture, and Fatty Acids in Salvia hispanica
Authors: Serson William , Armstrong Paul , Maghirang Elizabeth , AL‐Bakri Ahmed , Phillips Timothy , AL‐Amery Maythem , Su Kai , Hildebrand David
Published: October 2019

Chia (Salvia hispanica) is an ancient crop that has experienced an agricultural resurgence in recent decades owing to the high omega 3 fatty acid (ω‐3) content of the seeds and good production potential. Analysis of 563 lots of chia grown in Kentucky and 10 lots from Arizona, Australia, Mexico, and Peru was performed. All of these lots were assessed for fatty acid, oil, and protein content, while a subset of 120 samples were assessed for amino acids, fiber, minerals, and trace elements. The mean oil content was 31.3%, ranging from 21.4% to 35.3%. The protein content averaged 22.8%, ranging from 18.2% to 28.2%, and the ω‐3 FA α‐linolenic acid (ALA) averaged 61.3%, ranging from 33.9% to 69.9%. Using these seed lots, nondestructive near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations were developed for whole and ground seed oil, protein, moisture, and the six major fatty acids. The R2 and SE of cross‐validation (SECV) values for oil were 0.78 and 0.95, respectively, while those for protein were 0.75 and 1.05, respectively. The NIRS calibrations for fatty acid had R2 and SECV greater than 0.6 and less than 10% of actual values for all major fatty acids, respectively. An R2 of 0.99 was established for moisture content of whole seeds within the range of 3–10% moisture content. The precision and accuracy of these calibrations is adequate for use by breeders, growers, and food quality experts to quantitatively assess these major constituents without the need for costly and time‐consuming chemical analysis.
Influence of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and methacrylic acid on thermal curing process of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogel
Authors: Lee Jung Hyun , Youm Je Sung , Ju Hyoung Tae , Kim Jeong Cheol
Published: October 2019

This study investigated the effects of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP) and methacrylic acid (MA) comonomers on the curing characteristics and properties of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogel for soft contact lenses. A real‐time temperature measurement system was devised and the exothermic behaviors of hydrogel contact lenses comprising PHEMA, P(HEMA/NVP), and P(HEMA/MA) during oven‐curing condition were analyzed. The results of the real‐time temperature measurement were compared with the experimental analysis by using differential scanning calorimetry at different heating rates. NVP and MA content changes affected the HEMA‐based hydrogel's equilibrium water content (EWC), contact lens diameter, and gel fraction. HEMA‐based hydrogel sheets with varying NVP and MA contents were fabricated and mechanically characterized. The temperature at which the exothermic reaction occurred varied depending on the type of added comonomer and the exothermic reaction of HEMA containing NVP was delayed. When NVP was added, the mechanical strength and EWC were lower than when MA was added. In order to maintain the mechanical properties while improving the equilibrium moisture content of the lens, it was found that the use of MA is more advantageous than the use of NVP. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48622.
The Structure–Property Correlations in the Isomerism of Au21(SR)15 Nanoclusters by Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Bai Yuyuan , Lv Ying , Weng Shiyin , Yu Haizhu , Zhu Manzhou
Published: October 2019

Isomerism of atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters provides an excellent platform to investigate the structure–property correlations of metal nanomaterials. In this study, we performed density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent (TD‐DFT) calculations on two Au21(SR)15 nanoclusters, one with a hexagonal closed packed core (denoted as Au21hcp), and the other one with a face‐centered cubic core (denoted as Au21fcc). The structural and electronic analysis on the typical Au–Au and Au–S bond distances, bond orders, composition of the frontier orbitals and the origin of optical absorptions shed light on the inherent correlations between these two clusters.
Small Binocular Telescope: The new epoch of Burst Alert Robotic Telescope
Authors: Štrobl Jan , Jelínek Martin , Hudec René
Published: October 2019

Burst Alert Robotic Telescope (BART) is an autonomous robotic observatory located at the Ondřejov observatory in the Czech Republic. It was constructed in 1996 in order to follow up satellite triggers in hope to provide early observations of Gamma‐Ray Burst optical afterglows. We present the new telescope of the observatory “Small Binocular Telescope” (SBT), which has recently obtained its first light and is being prepared for routine observations. The updated system now counts with a dual 0.2‐m wide‐field optical telescope capable of continuous coverage of an error box of size up to 3.56 × 3.56 degrees.
Toxic effects of maternal exposure to silver nanoparticles on mice fetal development during pregnancy
Authors: Mozafari Maryam , Khoradmehr Arezoo , Danafar Amirhossein , Miresmaeili Mohsen , Kalantar Seyed Mehdi
Published: October 2019

Background

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are being increasingly used in medical and industrial products. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effect of maternal exposure to SNP (1 mg/kg/day, 70 nm) on fetal development during the first and second weeks of pregnancy.

Methods

Twenty‐four pregnant mice were divided into four groups. SNP was administered by oral gavage on gestational days (GD) 1–7, GD8–14, or GD1–14. Phosphate buffered saline was administered by oral gavage to a control group. On GD15, the uteri were excised, and fetal bodies and placentas were weighed. Head and placental circumferences and fetal crown‐rump length were measured, and fetuses were evaluated for external malformation. TUNEL assay was performed to assess apoptosis in the fetal midbrain. Hematoxylin–eosin staining was carried out to determine changes in fetal histomorphology. Fetal liver cells were used for karyotype analysis.

Results

Significant decreases in fetal body weight, and crown‐rump length were observed in SNP‐treated groups. Exencephaly, small head, scoliosis, lordosis, short thorax and trunk, also fused digits were detected in SNPs‐treated groups. Fibrosis, necrosis, and apoptotic cells in fetal midbrains increased significantly in the GD8–14 and GD1–14 groups compared to the control group. Chromosomal features were not different in fetuses between groups.

Conclusions

Exposure to 1 mg/kg/day SNP during pregnancy in mice adversely affected on fetal development. The results do suggest a potential risk for humans that needs to be followed up with more definitive investigations.
Microvascular decompression in patients with hemifacial spasm
Authors: Niu Xuegang , Sun Hongtao , Yuan Fei , Chen Xuyi , Wei Zhengjun , Wang Hang , Ren Jibin , Zhang Jian , Li Weixin
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To study blood pressure alterations after microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery in patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS).

Methods

A retrospective study was performed to review HFS patients who received MVD surgery between January 2014 and December 2016. Vessels that were considered to be responsible for HFS were determined by reviewing the brain magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, and surgical video. Blood pressure measurements were performed 1 day before (preoperative) and 7 days after (postoperative) the MVD surgery. Pre‐ and postoperative blood pressure measurements were compared.

Results

A total of 374 patients were included in the study, with 118 (31.6%) male patients, age 53.8 ± 9.9 years old, and 141 (37.7%) patients with hypertension. Systolic blood pressure had statistically significant decrease in patients with (134.5 ± 8.2–132.6 ± 9.1 mmHg, p = .01) or without (125.6 ± 9.1–123.8 ± 10.0 mmHg, p = .01) hypertension. Diastolic blood pressure only had statistically significant decrease in patients with hypertension (83.0 ± 5.8–82.0 ± 6.5 mmHg, p = .04). Analyses in all the study patients and in the subgroup of patients with hypertension showed that more statistically significant blood pressure reductions were observed when left‐side vessel or vertebrobasilar artery was involved.

Conclusion

In patients with HFS, MVD not only decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension but also affected blood pressure in patients without hypertension. Blood pressure reductions were more prominent when left‐side vessel or vertebrobasilar artery was involved.
Shikonin suppresses progression and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by modulating miR‐106b/SMAD7/TGF‐β signaling pathway
Authors: Li Xiaojing , Zeng Xianpeng
Published: October 2019

Shikonin is a natural naphthoquinone component with antioxidant and anti‐tumor function and has been used for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. According to the previous study, many herbs can regulate cancer cell progression by targeting specific microRNA (miRNA) (Liu, 2016). However, the underlying pathological mechanism of shikonin in HCC therapy is still unclear. The detection of cell growth and death rate were performed by hemacytometry and trypan blue staining, respectively. The expression of miR‐106b and SMAD7 messenger RNA (mRNA) in HCC cells was evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration ability were measured by cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8), flow cytometry, and transwell assay. The expression of proteins E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, vimentin, SMAD7, TGF‐β1, p‐SMAD3, SMAD3, and GAPDH was examined by western blot. The interaction between SMAD7 and miR‐106b was assessed by luciferase reporter system. Shikonin inhibited Huh7 and HepG2 cell growth in a dose‐dependent manner while induced cell death in a time‐dependent manner. In addition, the expression of miR‐106b was reduced after shikonin treatment. Moreover, miR‐106b attenuated the suppressive effects of shikonin on HCC cell migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). SMAD7 was predicted as a target of miR‐106b and the prediction was confirmed by luciferase reporter system. Additionally, we observed that SMAD7 reversed the promotive effects of miR‐106b on HCC cell progression and EMT. The subsequent western blot assay revealed that shikonin could modulate SMAD7/TGF‐β signaling pathway by targeting miR‐106b. In conclusion, Shikonin suppresses cell progression and EMT and accelerates cell death of HCC cells via modulating miR‐106b/SMAD7/TGF‐β signaling pathway, suggesting shikonin could be an effective agent for HCC treatment.