bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Senegalese adolescents and the need to control theft and criminality
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: January 2007

To several African nations, the access to international sovereignity has been concomittant with a crisis of values: the pressure of urbanization and industrialization have caused deep frustrations and called for a number of painful adjustments. To sample a measure of the changes that are still in process we asked 950 Senegalese secondary school students to comment upon their attitudes towards the rampant criminality, (particularly theft and murder) in their young nation. Three‐quarters of answers were in favour of greater severity, but the remainder advocated tolerance, a sign that the traditional unanimity against criminality is now over.
Pathological cognitive disharmony and reasoning homogeneity index
Authors: Gibello Bernard
Published: January 2007

A differential study on a population of 126 individual adolescents placed in a special school for social maladjustment.
Attitudes of French adolescents toward sexuality
Authors: Werebe Maria José Garcia , Reinert Max
Published: January 2007

Three hundred and eighty‐six French adolescents from 16 to 18 years of age (145 boys and 241 girls) were questioned about sexuality. The five questions used covered their opinions on: abortion, masturbation, sexual intercourse during adolescence, homosexuality and marriage.

The comparison of their responses to the five questions was expected to bring out the differences in their reactions in these areas. In fact, the results revealed that the subjects were not concerned to the same degree by the five questions. It was also observed that few adolescents were completely “liberal” and even fewer completely “conservative”. The importance of socio‐cultural factors, especially religion, associated with the attitudes of the subjects appeared undeniable. Some interesting differences in attitudes expressed by the two sexes were brought out.
The end of the road: residential disposals in the Scottish children's hearings system
Authors: Martin F.M. , Murray Kathleen
Published: January 2007

In a study of a representative sample of 301 “children's hearings”, particular attention was given to 27 cases in which the child was committed to a List D school. Because the Scottish Juvenile justice system has an explicit commitment to promoting the welfare of the children with whom it deals, the decisions were examined with special reference to the objectives that the hearing members hoped to achieve. These decisions could be divided into: (1) those which reflected only a sense that all alternatives had been exhausted; (2) those which aimed to ensure that the child received formal education or was placed in an environment which would help resolve his personal difficulties; (3) those designed to protect the child from family stresses or to achieve some other specific purpose. Since decisions under (1) are incompatible with the formal philosophy of the system, most of those under (2) entail no knowledge of the effectiveness of List D schools for the purposes in question, and some of those under (3) were wholly misconceived, it is concluded that there are some significant inconsistencies between the system's ideology and the actual practice of its members.
Approaching the incestuous and sexually abusive family
Authors: Will David
Published: January 2007

This paper reviews family transactional theories of incest and sexual abuse. Two main types of family are described: the chaotic family and the “endogamous” incestuous family. Some general features of incestuous and sexually abusive families are then discussed, after which some basic principles of clinical work with such families are considered.
Understanding juvenile unemployability: an exploratory study
Authors: Munene J.C.
Published: January 2007

This study examined the concept of unemployability. A brief theoretical analysis using an expectancy model revealed that a major assumption of the model invalidates its potential to explain the behaviour of the unemployables, since they often have little choice in the labour market. Insights into the possible theoretical meaning of the construct were derived from an examination of current vocational behaviour theory. Vocational self concept, vocational maturity and work personality were found to be particularly helpful. A survey of 216 employable and unemployable young people revealed that the concept was not related to realistic judgement, a job‐seeking pattern, and motivation since both employable and unemployable appeared realistic, looked for jobs in the same way and were motivated. However, the construct appears related to knowledge of an individual's preferred job and to confidence that such a job could be easily secured by the individual.
Self‐image disparity, ethnic identity and sex‐role stereotypes in British and Cypriot adolescents
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Kirris Rina
Published: January 2007

This study was concerned with the actual and ideal self‐perceptions and intergroup stereotypes of male and female British, British Cypriot and Greek Cypriot adolescents. It was predicted that the three cultures would have a different self‐image disparity because of the different socialization experiences of the three groups. The British adolescents had the largest disparity scores and the Greek Cypriots the smallest, with the British cypriots intermediate between the two. A number of sex differences were also found which supported the prediction that various sex‐role stereotypes influenced the self‐concept. finally, all three groups showed strong evidence of preferences for members of their own group by rating the in‐group stimuli as more positive than out‐group stimuli. The results were discussed with reference to minority groups and their attempts at maintaining an ethnic identity.
Some techniques for working with resistant families of adolescents
Authors: Will David
Published: January 2007

This paper reviews some of the causes of resistance in families of adolescents being seen in conjoint family therapy. Two main types of resistance are described: resistance due to excessively high anxiety and resistance due to excessively low anxiety. Techniques for dealing with such resistance are then discussed: first, directive techniques designed to lower or heighten anxiety and secondly, strategic techniques designed to exploit resistance to a therapeutic end.
Leadership in low intensity intermediate treatment groups
Authors: Kerslake Andrew S.
Published: January 2007

One of the significant developments in social work over the last io years has been the growth of work in small groups with adolescents, under the aegis of intermediate treatment. A typical model has been a group of eight members, with two adult leaders meeting once a week for approximately six months. Although recently overshadowed by the demand for, and subsequent development of, more intensive provision as an alternative to detention centre and care orders, much of this low‐intensity work still continues. This paper explores the problems posed in leading such groups and how some of them have arisen from the historical development of the approach and the effect of fundamental attitudes in social work. It offers a three stage developmental model for exploring leadership styles in such groups.
The extent of solvent abuse in a regional secure unit sample
Authors: Lockhart W.H. , Lennox Margaret
Published: January 2007

Because of concern over the increasing number of tecnage boys being admitted to secure facilities with a background of solvent abuse this study set out to compare such boys with a sample drawn from a drop‐in youth centre. It was discovered that the secure unit boys were more likely to have habitually abused solvents than their youth centre counterparts. However their drinking and smoking habits were similar.

A measure of neuropsychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms showed that the “sniffers” had a higher mean score than “non‐sniffers” in the secure unit—although the difference was not statistically significant. Sniffing was associated with heightened emotions, with approximately half the “sniffers” associating sniffing with pleasant feelings and the other half with unpleasant experiences. It was suggested that those who construe sniffing positively are more likely to have socially determined reasons for abuse, whereas those who construe it negatively may have psychologically determined reasons. Finally, results from a Delinquency Implications Matrix suggested that sniffing was viewed as part of a delinquent syndrome and not as a discrete activity by the boys concerned.
Sex and personality differences in self‐reported social skills among British adolescents
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Gunter Barrie
Published: January 2007

Despite the fact that a considerable amount of research has been done, both in America and Britain, on social skills training and assessment, few studies have looked at either sex differences or personality correlates of social skills. A homogeneous group of over 200 normal British adolescents were administered a standard British personality and social skills questionnaire. Although there seemed very little evidence of sex differences in self‐reported social anxiety, two personality variables—extraversion and neuroticism—were clearly related to social anxiety. Factor analysis of the social skills scale produced five clearly interpretable factors. The results were discussed in terms of social skills assessment and training.
How conformist senegalese adolescents consider themselves to be
Authors: Vandewiele Michel , D'hondt Walter
Published: January 2007

Conformism seems to be of negative value in most European cultures as it is understood to rule out originality and creativity. In “transitional” societies such as the Senegalese one, at the crossroads of diverse influences, Western, Eastern and traditional African, the conception of conformism is slightly different, as we found when we investigated a group of school‐going adolescents. Results show that group pressure, though very strong, does not exclude individual initiative and a fair amount of free‐will, and that this is in keeping with the traditional systems of values, understood in their appropriate context and meaning.
DR FRANCIS GEOFFREY HUGH LUPTON 16 July 1921–23 May 2006Dr Lupton, a distinguished plant breeder, was editor of Experimental Agriculture for 11 years from 1984 to 1995
Authors: Jenkins Graham
Published: January 2007

My first encounter with Francis Lupton was as one of a group of students from Aberystwyth visiting the Plant Breeding Institute (PBI) at Cambridge, UK, as part of an Easter vacation tour in 1954. We were given a presentation, delivered with military precision, on wheat breeding by a tall, rather thin young man with a distinctly authoritative voice. Lupton had returned to Cambridge after the war to complete his interrupted studies, after seeing active service in the Middle East, Italy and Greece where he took part in some of the bitterest fighting, about which he characteristically said little. After graduating, he joined the PBI, under the directorship of G. D. H. Bell, in 1948. The Institute, which had previously been part of Cambridge University, had been hived off after the war to come under the aegis of the Agricultural Research Council. Lupton was assigned to the wheat breeding programme, thereby inheriting the mantle of Biffen and Engledow.
INFLUENCE OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA) INTERCROP ON GROWTH AND FRUIT YIELDS OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP.) IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: OLASANTAN F. O. , SALAU A. W. , ONUH E. E.
Published: January 2007

In tropical Africa, pepper (Capsicum spp.) is grown as a rainfed crop, and its production is limited by the long, hot growing season. Field experiments were conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta) on the growth and yields of three pepper cultivars and gross returns in 2001–2003. In Experiment 1, pepper (cv. Sombo) was planted between rows of cassava cvs Idileru (PI), Odongbo (PO) and TMS 30572 (PT). In Experiment 2, pepper cvs Sombo, Tatase and Atarodo, were mixed with TMS 30572 (MS, MT or MA). The growth environment for the intercropped pepper differed from sole crops of pepper. Radiant energy reaching the soil surface, maximum diurnal soil and canopy temperatures, and weed growth were lower with intercropping, with the lowest values being observed in the PI and PT intercrops. Similarly, soil moisture content and the number of earthworm casts were greater with intercropping, with the highest values also occurring in the PI and PT intercrops. In both experiments, fresh fruit yields of pepper depended on the duration of harvest, the number of fruits per plant and the weight of fruits. In Experiment 1, although the number of fruits and fruit yield of cv. Sombo were greater in the sole crop (SP) than the PO intercrop, the fruit yields in the PI and PT intercrops were similar to those of the SP plot. In Experiment 2, the number of fruits and yield of intercropped pepper cvs Tatase, Sombo and Atarodo were 25–28 % higher, on average, than in pure stands. Cassava tuber yield was not affected by intercropped pepper in either experiment. Total gross returns were greater than growing either pepper or cassava in monoculture. Increased total gross returns in the intercrops were obtained in the PI and PT treatments and in the MS and MA treatments without a significant reduction in pepper fruit yield. By promoting early fruit set and harvest, and bearing in mind the cumulative gross returns, mixing pepper and cassava enhanced the value of the vegetable, as early fresh pepper fruits command a premium price. It is concluded that pepper can be grown between cassava rows to provide a suitable environment for growth, but that this depends on the cassava cultivar. Using the less tall early cassava cultivar, with a relatively moderate leaf area index in a mixture with pepper is therefore recommended.
INTENSITY OF HARVESTING IN TEA
Authors: MOULI M. R. CHANDRA , ONSANDO J. M. , CORLEY R. H. V.
Published: January 2007

Intensity of harvest in tea can be defined in terms of the number of leaves or axillary buds left behind after a shoot is harvested; we describe a simple method for measuring it. Application of the method in trials confirms that yield increases with more intense (harder) harvesting. Differences in intensity of harvest explain much of the variation in yield between different harvesting treatments, including semi-mechanical and mechanical harvesting methods. We recommend that measurements of intensity of harvest should be made routinely in experiments with tea.
FACTORS LIMITING THE ADOPTION OF IPM PRACTICES BY COTTON FARMERS IN BENIN: A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
Authors: PRUDENT PATRICK , LOKO SYMPHORIEN , DEYBE DANIEL , VAISSAYRE MAURICE
Published: January 2007

Smallholders' acceptance of innovations depends largely on the approach used to take their needs and constraints into account. The adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies by smallholders can lead to a reduction in pesticide use in cotton, as soon as the recommended cropping practices are adapted to local conditions and associated with a threshold-based use of chemicals. To achieve this goal, farmers need to be trained on the biological basis of IPM. To ensure effective and rational implementation of IPM by farmers, it is essential to overcome constraints associated with pest scouting, identifying and preserving beneficial insects, and gaining access to the right inputs on time. In the current African context, where the extension system is sometimes in very poor shape, participatory methods fostered by the ‘farmer field school’ concept could enable farmers to implement an integrated approach to pest management, while keeping researchers informed about farmers' needs and constraints. Our paper is an attempt to use such a participatory method as a tool to explore farmers' needs and constraints when smallholders are asked to adopt an integrated approach to cotton pest management.
Ethics and Scholarship
Authors: Little David
Published: January 2007

Within the precincts of Harvard University, one can still hear an ardent defense of the venerable distinction between “facts” and “values,” or, as sometimes put, between “description” and “evaluation.” Arguments over this distinction go to the heart of the relation of ethics to scholarship, as was vividly illustrated recently by a controversy in this university concerning a doctoral dissertation proposal in “ethnonational studies.” Among other things, the proposal, which envisioned an examination and a critique of ideas of citizenship, as they bear on a contemporary case of ethnonational conflict, was criticized for being more a piece of advocacy, more the subject for an op-ed article, than serious scholarship. The possible consequences were portentous. If the case against the proposal had stood, the candidate would, in effect, have had no right as a scholar to pursue such a line of inquiry in the way proposed.
Let's Be Realistic: Evolutionary Complexity, Epistemic Probabilism, and the Cognitive Science of Religion
Authors: Day Matthew
Published: January 2007

John Dewey famously argued that Darwin had introduced a new conceptual vocabulary that would completely overhaul the traditional philosophical enterprise. His sense was that the kinds of monumental metaphysical questions that philosophy typically asked about causes, trends and purposes start to look meaningless and willfully unanswerable once we absorb the tough lessons of natural selection. More specifically, Dewey thought that The Origin of Species provided a strong but beneficial dose of philosophical therapy because it illustrated how to simultaneously abandon the lifeless questions of the past while formulating new questions to take their place. Darwin's achievement revealed for Dewey that sometimes philosophical progress is not “an affair of different ways of dealing with old problems, but of relegation of the problems to the attic in which are kept the relics of former intellectual bad taste.” From this perspective, the litmus test for measuring intellectual growth is surprisingly simple. If we examine the concerns that once excited our ancestors and feel only the shudder of regret that so much energy was wasted on a lost cause, we can be reasonably confident that we have taken a few steps forward.
Was the Tomus ad Antiochenos a Pacific Document?
Authors: ELLIOTT TOM
Published: January 2007

The Tomus ad Antiochenos is still thought to represent Athanasius at the summit of his career, generously trying to make peace between two groups of Catholics in Antioch. However, in the light of the resurrected Epistula catholica of the Synod at Alexandria in 362, another interpretation is more likely – namely, that the Tomus is another piece of ecclesiastical politics of the sort attacked by Edward Schwartz a century ago. This interpretation suits the end of Athanasius’ career much better than the older view.
William Talbot and Church Parties 1688–1730
Authors: GIBSON WILLIAM
Published: January 2007

It has been assumed by historians that the High and Low Church parties in the early eighteenth-century Church of England were exclusive and homogenous groups. However the life and career of Bishop William Talbot, as with a number of other clergy, raises questions about these assumptions. Though Talbot was ostensibly a Latitudinarian Whig, he embraced some clear High Church principles, including those on the Trinity and on the sacerdotal nature of the priesthood. Talbot also repeatedly opposed the idea of a split between High and Low Churchmen, which had its origin in political abuse rather than theological principle. This study of Talbot's thought suggests that churchmen were able to embrace both High and Low Church principles and thus demands a reconceptualisation of the presumption of exclusivity in the two parties. Historians therefore need to revise their views of the Church parties of the early eighteenth century and to recognise that they existed as overlapping and complementary tendencies around Anglican core values rather than as exclusive and opposing bi-polar structures.
Paul and Theodicy: Intertextual Thoughts on God's Justice and Faithfulness to Israel in Romans 9–11
Authors: OROPEZA B. J.
Published: January 2007

This study of Romans 9–11 focuses on three prominent questions that Paul asks in relation to God's faithfulness to Israel: 1) Is God unjust in reference to his election?; 2) Why does God find fault, for who has resisted his will? and 3) Has God rejected his people? The article examines Paul's answers to these questions in light of an intertextual study related to the catchwords the apostle develops from the ancient Jewish sources that he echoes.
Die betörenden Worte des fremden Mannes: Zur Funktion der Paulusbeschreibung in den Theklaakten
Authors: BETZ MONIKA
Published: January 2007

The Acts of Thecla develop a narrative Christian counter-world to their pagan society. In this context erotic motifs are adapted and re-interpreted. It is into this framework that the description of the Apostle Paul is to be placed. In his human appearance he proves to be the antitype of the erotic lover such as depicted in the stereotypes of Greco-Roman novels. When Thecla, however, feels irresistibly attracted to him, it is his function as the mediator of Christ that attracts. Thus, Thecla's conversion to Christian faith is presented as a special act of falling in love with the Gospel.
Partisanship and the Work of Philosophy in Plato's Timaeus
Authors: Howland Jacob
Published: January 2007

This article examines the political and philosophical problem of partisanship—the false inflation of a part into a semblance of a whole—in Plato's Timaeus. Timaeus's “likely story” about the cosmos both exemplifies and addresses this problem, which first comes to light in the dialogue's opening pages. Reflection on the problem of partisanship allows us to grasp Timaeus's understanding of the simultaneously erotic and thumotic work of philosophy, the work of making things whole. While Timaeus is moved by a Socratic love of wisdom, I argue that he implicitly corrects the picture of the erotic philosopher Socrates sets forth in the Republic.
Quentin Skinner in Context
Authors: Perreau-Saussine Emile
Published: January 2007

As Quentin Skinner argues, political thinkers are best read in historical context. But in what context do Skinner's own interpretations of the history of political thought belong? This essay places his denunciation of grand narratives in the context of the decline of Whig interpretations of history and presents his Republicanism as a substitute source of legitimacy in the wake of the collapse of the British Empire and of the loss of social influence of Christianity. This essay also argues that Skinner's inquiries cannot be understood solely in the light of their historical context. His historical work is linked with his republican philosophy. The relation between his concept of liberty and his contextualism shows the dependence of his contextualist methodology on specific philosophical commitments.
Happy 20th birthday, AI EDAM
Authors: DYM CLIVE L.
Published: January 2007

In 1997, in a farewell message in Volume 11, Issue 1, of AI
EDAM I recounted how the journal came to be established in 1987 and
how I became the Founding Editor. At that point I was handing over the
reigns to a new Editor, Bill Birmingham. Five years later, Bill turned the
enterprise over to our current Editor, Dave Brown. Now, a total of 20
years has passed. Twenty years, a goodly length of time in our current
world. How have we done?
The AI in AI EDAM
Authors: BIRMINGHAM WILLIAM P.
Published: January 2007

A natural question is why AI in design? Although the design
applications written about in the journal vary widely, the common thread
is that researchers use AI techniques to implement their ideas. The use of
AI techniques for design applications, at least when AI EDAM was
started, was partially a reaction against the predominant design methods
based on some form of optimization. Knowledge-based techniques,
particularly rule-based systems of various sorts, were very popular. One
of the draws of these methods, I believe, was their ability to represent
knowledge that is hard or awkward to represent in traditional optimization
frameworks. This mirrors my experience: at the time, I was working in
configuration with components that had a large number compatibility and
resource constraints. Although many constraints could be represented in
mixed integer linear programming systems, it was not easy to
conceptualize, write, and most importantly, maintain the constraints in
those systems.
Blurring the boundaries
Authors: MAHER MARY LOU
Published: January 2007

Early research in artificial intelligence (AI) in design was “AI in the large.” Artificial intelligence promised a revolutionary approach to assisting or automating design processes, separate from other computational systems. As the field matures, “AI in the small” has the most potential. Rather than seeing large AI programs, we see the results of research in AI in design providing the glue that holds larger systems together using reasoning systems that represent or manage processes, information, and interaction devices that use conventional procedural programming; effectively blurring the boundaries between AI and non-AI. Alternatively, we see research in AI in design as playing a role in blurring the boundaries between the physical and the virtual.
Biomimetic design through natural language analysis to facilitate cross-domain information retrieval
Authors: CHIU IVEY , SHU L.H.
Published: January 2007

Biomimetic, or biologically inspired, design uses analogous biological phenomena to develop solutions for engineering problems. Several instances of biomimetic design result from personal observations of biological phenomena. However, many engineers' knowledge of biology may be limited, thus reducing the potential of biologically inspired solutions. Our approach to biomimetic design takes advantage of the large amount of biological knowledge already available in books, journals, and so forth, by performing keyword searches on these existing natural-language sources. Because of the ambiguity and imprecision of natural language, challenges inherent to natural language processing were encountered. One challenge of retrieving relevant cross-domain information involves differences in domain vocabularies, or lexicons. A keyword meaningful to biologists may not occur to engineers. For an example problem that involved cleaning, that is, removing dirt, a biochemist suggested the keyword “defend.” Defend is not an obvious keyword to most engineers for this problem, nor are the words defend and “clean/remove” directly related within lexical references. However, previous work showed that biological phenomena retrieved by the keyword defend provided useful stimuli and produced successful concepts for the clean/remove problem. In this paper, we describe a method to systematically bridge the disparate biology and engineering domains using natural language analysis. For the clean/remove example, we were able to algorithmically generate several biologically meaningful keywords, including defend, that are not obviously related to the engineering problem. We developed a method to organize and rank the set of biologically meaningful keywords identified, and confirmed that we could achieve similar results for two other examples in encapsulation and microassembly. Although we specifically address cross-domain information retrieval from biology, the bridging process presented in this paper is not limited to biology, and can be used for any other domain given the availability of appropriate domain-specific knowledge sources and references.
A framework for the automatic annotation of car aesthetics
Authors: CATALANO CHIARA E. , GIANNINI FRANCA , MONTI MARINA , UCELLI GIULIANA
Published: January 2007

The design of a new car is guided by a set of directives indicating the target market, specific engineering, and aesthetic constraints, which may also include the preservation of the company brand identity or the restyling of products already on the market. When creating a new product, designers usually evaluate other existing products to find sources of inspiration or to possibly reuse successful solutions. In the perspective of an optimized styling workflow, great benefit could be derived from the possibility of easily retrieving the related documentation and existing digital models both from internal and external repositories. In fact, the rapid growth of resources on the Web and the widespread adoption of computer-assisted design tools have made available huge amounts of data, the utilization of which could be improved by using more selective retrieval methods. In particular, the retrieval of aesthetic elements may help designers to create digital models conforming to specific styling properties more efficiently. The aim of our research is the definition of a framework that supports (semi)automatic extraction of semantic data from three-dimensional models and other multimedia data to allow car designers to reuse knowledge and design solutions within the styling department. The first objective is then to capture and structure the explicit and implicit elements contributing to the definition of car aesthetics, which can be realistically tackled through computational models and methods. The second step is the definition of a system architecture that is able to transfer such semantic evaluation through the automatic annotation of car models.
CHRISTIANITY AND THE STATE OF SLAVERY IN JANE EYRE
Authors: Thomas Sue
Published: January 2007

POSTCOLONIAL READINGS OFJane Eyre have often highlighted the historical occlusion of West Indian slavery in the novel. Carl Plasa, for instance, argues thatPenny Boumelha points out that by her reckoning there are “ten explicit references to slavery in Jane Eyre. They allude to slavery in Ancient Rome and in the seraglio, to the slaveries of paid work as a governess and of dependence as a mistress. None of them refers to the slave trade upon which the fortunes of all in the novel are based” (62). While Jane Eyre's allusion to slavery in the seraglio is indeed the most precise historical allusion in the novel, critics working with general schemes of slave and imperial history have not been able to identify or unpack its topical reference to an anomalous moment in the history of British abolition of slavery. Like all of Jane's references to slavery, however, this allusion gains considerably in importance when read against that history, as I will demonstrate in this essay. I will also elaborate the generic and more broadly historical intertextuality of Jane's Gothic narratives of identification with the slave. By doing so, I disclose further meanings of slavery and empire in Jane Eyre, as well as the ways in which Gothic and heroic modes become a means, for Brontë and her characters alike, of articulating fraught racialized identifications and disavowals. Jane's growth of religious feeling, which Barbara Hardy has influentially suggested is taken “for granted” rather than demonstrated (66), is, I argue, grounded in her consciousness of the tensions between slavery and Christianity as they are played out in domestic and imperial spheres at a particular historical moment. That historical moment may be established through Brontë's allusions to slave rebellions and charters, and to a particular edition of Sir Walter Scott's poem Marmion.
SEEDS OF DISCONTENT: DANCING MANIAS AND MEDICAL INQUIRY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH LITERATURE AND CULTURE
Authors: Engelhardt Molly
Published: January 2007

I accepted his invitation; but having once begun to dance, he would on no account be prevailed on to cease. At last I grew uneasy. I fixed my eyes upon him with anxiety; it seemed to me as if his eyes grew dimmer and dimmer, his cheeks paler and more wasted, his lips shrivelled and skinny, his teeth grinned out, white and ghastly, and at last he stared upon me with bony and eyeless sockets.

—“The Dance of Death,” Blackwood's Magazine It is ill dancing with a heavy heart.

—George Eliot, Mill on the Floss
Introductory Lecture The Epidemiology and Determinants of Obesity in Developed and Developing Countries
Authors: Shetty  , Schmidhuber
Published: January 2007

Obesity is recognized as a serious problem in the industrialized and developed countries of the world. However, little attention is paid to the fact that obesity is becoming an increasing problem in developing countries too, with some countries showing increasing rates of obesity in the midst of the persisting occurrence of childhood malnutrition and stunting. As developing countries embrace the dominant western economic ways of development, industrialization and urbanization they contribute to improvements in living standards, with consequent dramatic changes in diets and lifestyles leading to weight gain and obesity which in turn poses a growing threat to the health. Overweight and obesity is associated with an increased likelihood of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyper-lipidaemia, and cardiovascular disease. It is also associated with increased rates of breast, colo-rectal and uterine cancer. Obesity is thus an important factor in the increasing morbidity and mortality due to chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and thereby contributes to premature mortality in the population. Thus, while the problem of undernutrition persists in much of the developing world, overweight and obesity and its related co-morbidities are posing an increasingly important public health problem both in the developed and developing world.
Lipid Metabolism During the Perinatal Phase, and its Implications on Postnatal Development
Authors: Herrera  , López-Soldado  , Limones  , Amusquivar  , Ramos
Published: January 2007

During pregnancy, lipid metabolism plays a major role to warrant the availability of substrates to the foetus. By using different experimental designs in the rat we have been able to answer several questions that were open about the short- and long-term effects of alterations of lipid metabolism during the perinatal stage. The first one was to demonstrate the importance of maternal body fat depot accumulation during the first half of pregnancy. We found that conditions like undernutrition circumscribed to this specific period when foetal growth is still small, that impede such fat accumulation not only restrain intrauterine development but also have long-term consequences, as shown by an impaired glucose tolerance when adults. Secondly, undernutrition during suckling has major long-term effect decreasing body weight, even though food intake was kept normal from the weaning period. Present findings also show that a diet rich in ω-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation has negative effects on offspring development, but cross fostered experiments showed that the effect was a consequence of the intake of these fatty acids during the lactation period rather than during pregnancy. Pups from dams that were fed a fish oil-rich diet during pregnancy and lactation were found to have altered glucose/insulin relationship at the age of 10 weeks. Since a ω-3 fatty acid-rich diet decreases milk yield during lactation, additional experiments were carried out to determine whether decreased food intake, altered dietary fatty acid composition, or both were responsible for the long-term effects on the glucose/insulin axis. Results show that the decreased food intake caused by a ω-3 fatty acid-rich diet rather than the change in milk composition during suckling was responsible for the reduced pancreatic glucose responsiveness to insulin release at 16 weeks of age. In conclusion, present findings indicate that impaired maternal fat accumulation during early pregnancy and food intake during lactation, rather than a difference in dietary fatty acid composition have a greater influence on postnatal development and affect glucose/insulin relationships in adult rats.
The Situation of the Epidemiology and Management of Obesity in Japan
Authors: Sakamoto
Published: January 2007

Obesity and overweight have become one of the most concerning health problems in Japan. Japan has been keeping the longest life expectancy in the last decade after the very rapid economic growth. However, the increases in chronic degenerative diseases that are partly due to over-nutrition and obesity will be a large burden in an aging society [1]. Also in Japan, the increase of obese and overweight population is not only due to over eating but also to less exercise and daily activities. In this paper, the situation of the obese and overweight people and the trends of obesity from 1947 to 2000 in adults and children as well as the food intake tendencies during the past 50 years are summarized [2].
Sample Size and Accuracy of Estimation of the Fractional Differencing Parameter
Authors: Stadnytska Tetiana , Werner Joachim
Published: January 2007

Recent empirical studies on human performance in cognitive tasks have provided evidence of long-range dependence in psychological time series. ARFIMA (p, d, q) methodology, an extension of the traditional Box-Jenkins ARIMA modeling, allows estimation of the long-term dependence in the presence of any possible short-memory components. This article examines, by means of Monte Carlo experiments, sample size requirements for the accurate estimation of the long-memory parameter d and documents the quality of the estimates for time series of different length in various (0, d, 0) and (1, d, 1) models. We demonstrate that the conditional sum of squares estimation, a computationally convenient technique available in current versions of SAS for Windows, provides good finite-sample performance, comparable to that of ML. Furthermore, a minimum sample size for parsimonious planning of psychological experiments is recommended.
Variability and renewal of Labrador Sea Water in the Irminger Basin in 1991–2004
Authors: Falina Anastasia , Sarafanov Artem , Sokov Alexey
Published: January 2007

Labrador Sea Water (LSW) property variations are analyzed using the data from six hydrographic sections occupied in 1991–2004 in the southern Irminger Basin between Cape Farewell and the Reykjanes Ridge. From 1991 to 1996, the LSW layer became steadily colder and fresher. The decrease in salinity of the LSW detected in 1994 was caused by the local convection, reaching into the weakly stratified layer of LSW advected from the Labrador Sea. Another indication of local deep convection is in the lateral distribution of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the LSW layer (∼1000–2000 m) obtained in 1997 from the section across the Labrador Sea and four sections running ∼100, 135 and 180° (true azimuth) from Cape Farewell. A separate lateral maximum of oxygen content in the LSW layer is revealed in the southern Irminger Sea: the concentrations increased from the Labrador Sea eastern edge toward the Irminger Sea rather than the reverse, as would be expected if there was no local modification of LSW via deep convection. Since 1996, the two‐modal structure of LSW has been observed in the Irminger Basin. The upper mode of LSW detected in 1996 was formed in situ; during the winter of 1996/1997, the upper mode was locally renewed. From 1997 to 2004, the temperature and salinity signatures of the deeper mode considerably eroded due to the lack of the renewal of the deeper LSW reservoir in the Labrador Sea, while the annually renewed upper mode, on the contrary, became more pronounced in the property patterns.
Differences in geomagnetic storms driven by magnetic clouds and ICME sheath regions
Authors: Pulkkinen T. I. , Partamies N. , Huttunen K. E. J. , Reeves G. D. , Koskinen H. E. J.
Published: January 2007

Twenty‐eight geomagnetic storms driven by magnetic clouds or by sheath regions ahead of interplanetary coronal mass ejections are examined to address the dependence of the driver properties on the storm evolution and storm‐substorm relationship. A superposed epoch analysis shows that the sheath‐driven storms have stronger auroral activity, stronger magnetotail field stretching, and larger asymmetry in the inner magnetosphere field configuration. We suggest that the strong stretching during the sheath‐driven storms leaves ions drifting Earthward from the plasma sheet on open drift paths, which limits the symmetric ring current growth. This decouples the substorm injections from the ring current enhancement, and can in part explain why there is no direct relationship between the auroral electrojet AL index and the midlatitude ring current Dst index.
Role of photoionization in the formation of complex organic molecules in Titan's upper atmosphere
Authors: Imanaka Hiroshi , Smith Mark A.
Published: January 2007

Recent observations by the Cassini Orbiter suggest that complex organic chemistry occurs in the upper atmosphere of Titan. To understand the role of EUV‐VUV light in the complex organic chemistry of Titan's upper atmosphere, we investigate the formation of gaseous species from a N2/CH4 gas mixture as a function of irradiation wavelengths from 50 nm to 150 nm. A N2/CH4 gas mixture (= 95/5) at 0.066 mbar in a windowless photocell is irradiated using a narrowband synchrotron radiation source. The analysis of gaseous products by quadrupole mass spectrometry reveals the formation of heavy organics up to C7 to C8 by EUV light irradiation. In particular, the efficient formation of benzene and toluene is observed at wavelengths less than 80 nm, which is well correlated to photoionization of N2. In Titan's upper atmosphere, EUV radiation may play an important role in the formation of complex organic molecules through photoionization of N2.
Nonequilibrium and nonlinear dynamics in Berea and Fontainebleau sandstones: Low‐strain regime
Authors: Pasqualini Donatella , Heitmann Katrin , TenCate James A. , Habib Salman , Higdon David , Johnson Paul A.
Published: January 2007

Members of a wide class of geomaterials are known to display complex and fascinating nonlinear and nonequilibrium dynamical behaviors over a wide range of bulk strains, down to surprisingly low values, e.g., 10−7. In this paper we investigate two sandstones, Berea and Fontainebleau, and characterize their behavior under the influence of very small external forces via carefully controlled resonant bar experiments. By reducing environmental effects due to temperature and humidity variations, we are able to systematically and reproducibly study dynamical behavior at strains as low as 10−9. Our study establishes the existence of two strain regimes separated by εM. At strains below εMthe material is nonlinear and quasi‐equilibrium thermodynamics applies as evidenced by the success of Landau theory and a simple macroscopic description based on the Duffing oscillator. At strains above εMthe behavior becomes truly nonequilibrium, as demonstrated by the existence of material conditioning, and Landau theory no longer applies. The main focus of this paper is the study of the first region, but we also comment on how our work clarifies and resolves previous experimental conflicts, as well as suggest new directions of research.
A diverse benthic assemblage 100 km from open water under the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Riddle M. J. , Craven M. , Goldsworthy P. M. , Carsey F.
Published: January 2007

A hot water drill was used to penetrate 480 m of ice to reveal a diverse benthic assemblage, dominated by suspension‐feeding invertebrates, under the Amery Ice Shelf (East Antarctica) at a location 100 km from open water and at a depth of 775 m below sea level (840 m below the ice shelf surface). This is the first record of a benthic assemblage of this type found at this distance under an ice shelf. The few previous reports of life under ice shelves describe assemblages with very different trophic strategies (e.g., sparse assemblages of mobile scavengers or chemotrophs) or are in circumstances in which in situ photosynthesis at tide cracks or through the ice cannot be ruled out as a potential source of primary production. The physical characteristics of the Amery Ice Shelf and the feeding strategies represented together indicate that the only likely source of primary production to sustain the benthic assemblage is material advected from open water. This suggestion is supported by observed current speeds in the vicinity and reported rates of particle settling. The observation under an ice shelf of a benthic assemblage that is very similar to those found elsewhere in Antarctica, in locations dominated by annual sea ice or at depths below the photic zone, has implications for the interpretation of sediment paleorecords to represent the history of ice shelf advance and retreat. Without observations of this living assemblage in situ, the remnants of its component species in the sediment record, such as sponge spicules, echinoderm ossicles, and bryozoan fragments, could be interpreted reasonably, but erroneously, to represent open water conditions.
Simulations of fully coupled lake‐groundwater exchange in a subhumid climate with an integrated hydrologic model
Authors: Smerdon B. D. , Mendoza C. A. , Devito K. J.
Published: January 2007

A fully coupled, integrated surface water/groundwater model was used to study hydrologic controls on lake‐groundwater interaction in the subhumid, Boreal Plains of northern Alberta, Canada. Findings from a previous water budget study indicate that lakes on the outwash landscape capture groundwater as a major source of water input and function as evaporation windows. Transient hydrologic responses of a flow‐through style lake and outwash groundwater flow system were simulated for a three‐dimensional model. Hydraulic heads, surface water depth, and the corresponding exchange fluxes between the surface and the subsurface were all simulated simultaneously and compared to field observations for the summers of 2002 and 2003. Replication of the transient flow regime required an anisotropy ratio of 10:1 for the outwash deposits and inclusion of riparian peatlands, which control lake‐groundwater interaction and maintain surface water on permeable northern landscapes. Spatially and temporally variable evapotranspiration governed the water table configuration and lake‐groundwater seepage patterns.
The likelihood that two proteins interact might depend on the proteins' age
Authors: Beltrao Pedro
Published: January 2007

It has been previously shown [1] that S. cerevisiae proteins preferentially interact with proteins of the same estimated likely time of origin. To study this observation further, the protein interaction networks of S. cerevisiae and H. sapiens were analyzed taking into account an estimate for the age of the proteins in these species. These estimates were obtained by studying the presence and absence of putative orthologs in other eukaryotic species. In this work preliminary results are described that point to a dependence of the likelihood of protein interaction on the proteins’ age. The probability of two proteins interactions was found to be linearly dependent on the time the proteins have co-existed in the species.