bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING: PROCESS OF UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS AND INDEPENDENCE LEARNING ON RESEARCH STATISTICS SUBJECT
Authors: Ediansyah  , Kurniawan Dwi Agus , Salamah  , Perdana Rahmat
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to investigate the process from which students understand the concepts of research statistics and learning independence on the subject of research statistics. And their relationship between understanding the concept with independence and PBL learning models Methodology: This research was conducted at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education (Primary Teacher Education/PGMI) State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Bengkulu in which the samples used were students of 6 semester and students of 8 semesters. The research method was qualitative and quantitative with correlational research design, with total samples 295 with total sampling. The research instruments were by using independence questionnaires and multiple-choice questions. The data were analyzed by using simple regression analysis. Main Findings: Problem Based Learning (PBL) has a significant relationship with the understanding concept research statistical subject and learning independence. Implication/Applications of this study: Understanding the statistical concepts of research. Because the statistical theory is useful in completing a student's final project (essay.it would be helpful for students to use this model to study of research statistics. Novelty/Originality of this study:  No study has been done so for on this sample.
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF POST-RETRIEVAL EXTINCTION ON THE RETURN OF CONDITIONED RESPONSES IN HUMANS
Authors: Zuccolo Pedro Fonseca , Hunziker Maria Helena Leite
Published: September 2019

We conducted a preliminary study to replicate the experiment by Schiller et al. (2010), who found that conditional responses (CR) may be permanently inhibited through post-retrieval extinction, a procedure in which subjects are exposed to a stimulus that was present during conditioning (retrieval cue), such as the presentation of the CS without the US or a single presentation of the US alone, followed by extinction. Eleven adult participants underwent Pavlovian conditioning with three colored squares (CS), two of which (CSa+ and CSb+) were paired with a mild electrical stimulation (US), whereas a third stimulus was never paired with a US (CS-). Twenty-four hours later, the participants were divided into two groups (experimental and control) and underwent extinction, which consisted of presenting all CSs without the US. For the experimental group only, a retrieval cue consisting of a single presentation of the CSa+ and CS- without the US was administered 10 min before extinction. In the test phase, the US was administered four times and then followed by a ten-minute interval and a new extinction procedure. Skin conductance responses to the stimuli were measured. Groups did not differ from each other. They presented equivalent levels of conditioning and extinction as well as an increase in CR amplitudes following the presentation of all stimuli in the test phase. These data do not replicate findings from the original study, suggesting that further analyses are needed to identify variables that control Pavlovian conditioning and extinction in humans. Key words: Pavlovian conditioning, post-retrieval extinction, reconsolidation, skin conductance, humans.
O ESTUDO DA PUNIÇÃO COM O JATO DE AR QUENTE: EFEITO DE DIFERENTES HISTÓRIAS DE REFORÇAMENTO
Authors: Carvalho Neto Marcus Bentes de , Magalhães Priscila Giselli da Silva , Santos Bruna Colombo dos , Mayer Paulo César Morales
Published: September 2019

Uma das variáveis que tem influência sobre os efeitos de contingências punitivas é a história de reforçamento. Estudos com choque elétrico demonstram que esquemas de reforçamento contínuo produzem menor resistência à punição, do que esquemas de reforçamento intermitentes. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o efeito de um estímulo punidor alternativo - o jato de ar quente (JAQ) - apresentado de acordo com um esquema FR1, sobre a frequência de respostas operantes fortalecidas por diferentes histórias de reforçamento. Seis ratos foram expostos a diferentes histórias de reforçamento durante oito sessões (reforçamento contínuo, razão variável e intervalo variável). Em seguida, os animais passaram por seis sessões em que cada resposta de pressão à barra produzia um JAQ e uma gota de água. Por fim, os animais passaram por seis sessões de recondicionamento, com os mesmos esquemas utilizados na fase de fortalecimento. Durante as sessões de punição, todos sujeitos, independente da história de reforçamento apresentaram total supressão do responder. Quando a punição foi descontinuada todos sujeitos retornaram aos níveis prévios de resposta compatíveis com suas respectivas histórias de reforçamento, os sujeitos do grupo de reforçamento contínuo, contudo, levaram mais tempo para recuperar as taxas de respostas. Limitações metodológicas que comprometeram as conclusões do estudo são discutidas no intuito de aperfeiçoamento.Palavras-chave: punição; história de reforçamento; jato de ar quente; controle aversivo.
ADEQUABILIDADE, EFICÁCIA, SUBPRODUTOS E (NÃO) PRESCRIÇÃO DA PUNIÇÃO EM B. F. SKINNER (1930-1990)
Authors: Santos Bruna Colombo dos , Carvalho Neto Marcus Bentes de
Published: September 2019

Skinner tem sido identificado na literatura analítico comportamental como um autor contrário a utilização da punição ou do controle aversivo em geral. Alguns estudos analisaram algumas obras do autor e identificaram que Skinner ressalta mais pontos negativos do que positivos com relação ao uso do controle aversivo. O objetivo desse estudo foi estender as análises realizadas nos trabalhos anteriores utilizando documentos (artigos, capítulos, livros completos, entrevistas e autobiografias) publicados por Skinner entre 1930 e 1990, com relação à adequabilidade, eficácia, subprodutos e prescrição ou não prescrição da punição. Os resultados indicaram que Skinner apresentou mais descrições classificadas como negativas com relação à adequabilidade, eficácia e subprodutos da punição. Os subprodutos foram classificados em genéricos e específicos. Por fim, os dados foram discutidos em relação a um cenário mais amplo com relação à pesquisa e representação da Análise do Comportamento.Palavras-chave: Skinner, punição, Análise do Comportamento, pesquisa histórico-conceitual.
THE (NON) DEFINITION OF AVERSIVE CONTROL IN BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Hunziker Maria Helena Leite
Published: September 2019

The Behavior Analysis literature describes two types of control: aversive and positive. A review of specialized publications revealed an objective definition of control through positive reinforcement, but no definition of aversive control. In this paper, we discuss the scientific meaning of the terms “control” and “aversive” from the viewpoint of behavior analysis. We focus on the relational probabilities between responses and stimuli that occur during the continuous interaction between organisms and the environment. The term “control” is assumed to mean that one event (the controlled one) is changed by the occurrence of another event (the controller). The aversiveness of the control is analyzed as a function of “operations” (addition and subtraction of the stimulus), their “effects” (the increase or decrease of the response probability) and the “nature of the stimulus” involved (aversive or appetitive). We conclude that an analysis of processes, operations, and the nature of the stimulus was unable to identify a factor common to all the behavioral relations defined as aversive. We consider that without clear criteria for classifying a control as aversive, it would be more parsimonious to talk about behavioral control without using the aversive/positive dichotomy. However, if this dichotomy is maintained, the development of an objective analysis of elicited (emotional) responses may offer a way to characterize the aversive/positive distinction. Key words: control; aversive control; positive control; behavior analysis; conceptual questions.
AVERSIVE CONTROL IN BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS: AN ANALYSIS OF JEAB AND JABA PUBLICATIONS (1958-2018)
Authors: Rico Viviane Verdu , Carvalho Neto Marcus Bentes de , Silveira Marcelo Vitor , Barros Romariz Da Silva
Published: September 2019

We analyzed the frequency of publications on aversive control and publication trends concerning specific aversive contingencies. The articles were published between 1958 and 2018 in two journals: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) and Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). We selected articles that presented at least one of the following descriptors in the title, abstract, or keywords: aversive, avoidance, escape, negative reinforcement, and punishment. We verified that the publication frequency on aversive control was higher in JEAB than in JABA until the 1990s, at which point the trend was reversed. An irregular increase has been observed in JEAB publications on the topic since 2000. The rise of applied research on aversive control is related to growing interest in negative reinforcement. This significant decrease in studies on aversive control may be related to stricter ethical regulations in research and related to the assertions of some authors to reduce the aversive control use. The increase in applied studies since the 1990s appears to be related to the greater use of functional assessments and the development of treatments for behavioral problems that result from negative reinforcement contingencies. Key words: aversive control, aversive contingencies, Behavior Analysis, publication.
A EXTENSÃO POPULAR E A PRODUÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO CONVERSITÁRIO
Authors: Souza Tiago Zanquêta de
Published: September 2019

Este artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa de doutorado em educação que tem como prática social a extensão popular. O objetivo é apresentar uma reflexão em torno dessa prática, que aqui é compreendida como aquela que encaminha para a produção do conhecimento conversitário. É um estudo qualitativo-descritivo que se valeu, quanto aos meios para obtenção de dados, da pesquisa de campo e, como orientação analítica, da análise de conteúdo. Para isso, se estrutura a partir de uma abordagem crítica em torno da história da extensão universitária no Brasil, seguida de reflexões sobre a produção do conhecimento conversitário com foco na extensão popular e, por último, na discussão dos potenciais dessa temática enquanto prática social no campo da educação.Palavras-chave: Prática social. Extensão popular. Educação popular.THE POPULAR EXTENSION AND THE PRODUCTION OF CONVERSITAL KNOWLEDGEAbstractThis article is the result of a doctoral research in education, which has social practice as the popular extension. The objective is to present a reflection about this practice, which is understood as the one that leads to the production of conversational knowledge. The research that gives rise to this article is qualitative-descriptive, and was used, as far as the means to obtain data, of the field research. For analysis of the data, the content analysis was used. For this, it is structured from a critical approach around the history of university extension in Brazil, followed by reflections on the production of conversational knowledge with focus on popular extension and, finally, in the discussion of the potentials of this theme as a social practice in the field of education.Keywords: Social practice. Popular extension. Popular education.LA EXTENSIÓN POPULAR Y LA PRODUCCIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO CONVERSITARIOResumenEste artículo es fruto de una investigación de doctorado en educación, que tiene como práctica social la extensión popular. El objetivo es presentar una reflexión en torno a esta práctica, que aquí es comprendida como aquella que encamina hacia la producción del conocimiento conversacional. La investigación que da origen a ese artículo es cualitativa-descriptiva, y se valió, en cuanto a los medios para la obtención de datos, de la investigación de campo. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el análisis de contenido. Para ello, se estructura a partir de un enfoque crítico en torno a la historia de la extensión universitaria en Brasil, seguida de reflexiones sobre la producción del conocimiento conversacional a partir de la extensión popular y, por último, se discuten los potenciales de la extensión popular como práctica social en el campo de la educación.Palabras clave: Práctica social. Extensión popular. Educación popular.
Leopoldo Kronecker y su gran aporte matemático
Authors: Arguedas  T. Vernor
Published: September 2019

Se presenta una biografía breve de Leopoldo Kronecker. Se muestran cuatro ejemplos de su enorme quehacer matemático y seconcluye con algunos de sus aportes a los fundamentos de la matemática.

 

Abstract

A brief biography of Leopoldo Kronecker is presented. Four examples of his enormous mathematical work are shown and weconclude with his contributions to some of the foundations of mathematics
Investigaciones en Cultivos Frutícolas No Tradicionales en el Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica
Authors: Schmidt-Durán Alexander , Alvarado-Ulloa Carlos , Chacón- Cerdas Randall , Flores-Mora Dora
Published: September 2019

El grupo de investigación de cultivos frutícolas no tradicionales del Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología(CIB) del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC) se ha abocado a la tarea de diversificar la oferta agrícola del país, generando conocimiento en ciertos cultivos con potencial de desarrollo. Ante esto, se han realizado investigaciones en los cultivos de higo, mora, membrillo y tomate de árbol, en temas relacionados con el cultivo in vitro de las especies, su manejo agronómico, plagas y enfermedades, caracterización molecular de especies y variedades, control biológico, agroindustria y, más recientemente, en el entendimiento de los procesos fisiológicos, patológicos y metabólicos de la planta, relacionados con los mecanismos de defensa ante el ataque de patógenos y en la producción de compuestos de interés nutraceútico. El grupo de investigación trabaja con el fin de generar paquetes tecnológicos para los agricultores, con el fin de mejorar la producción de estos cultivos en el país.
Optimización de un protocolo de cultivo in vitro de embriones de Coyol (Acrocomia aculeata)
Authors: Sánchez-Zúñiga Katherine , Arnáez-Serrano Elizabeth , Moreira-González Ileana , Vargas-Hernández Guillermo
Published: September 2019

El coyol (Acrocomia aculeata), es una palma distribuida principalmente en la Región del Pacífico de Costa Rica, su principal uso ha sido la obtención de una bebida conocida como vino de coyol y los frutos como alimento para el ganado. Además, es una especie que tiene un gran potencial, debido a que de los frutos y semillas se puede obtener aceite que puede ser utilizado para producir biodiesel, alimentos y cosméticos, entre otros.

Son pocas las plantaciones comerciales que existen en el mundo, sin embargo, Brasil es uno de los países que está apostando a la siembra de esta especie en mayores extensiones. Uno de los problemas que se tiene al trabajar con esta especie es la alta dormancia de sus semillas y los bajos porcentajes de germinación. Por tal motivo el objetivo del trabajo fue el establecimiento y estandarización de un protocolo de germinación in vitro de embriones de coyol (A. aculeata).

Se colectaron frutos de plantas de coyol (A.aculeata) ubicadas en diferentes sitios de las provincias de Guanacaste, Alajuela, San José y Puntarenas de Costa Rica, durante el año 2018. Se separó el exocarpo y mesocarpo y se desinfectó el endocarpo, posteriormente se extrajeron los embriones y se sembraron en diferentes medios de cultivo in vitro. Se logró obtener un protocolo de desinfección y de germinación.
Contribuciones al Desarrollo Forestal de Costa Rica
Authors: Arnáez-Serrano Elizabeth , Moreira-González Ileana
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo muestra una revisión histórica de un grupo de funcionarios de la Escuela de Biología del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC), en conjunto con investigadores de la Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal del TEC y de las universidades estatales de Costa Rica, que incluyeron estudios relacionados con el manejo de semillas forestales, manejo en vivero rescate de especies, anatomía vegetal, autoecología, y establecimiento en campo. Estos proyectos permitieron establecer una línea de trabajo creciente en otros campos del estudio de las especies con uso forestal.
Cultivo Celular e Ingeniería de Tejidos: Aplicaciones en Biomedicina
Authors: Morales-Sánchez Johan , Ulloa-Fernández Andrea , Castro-Piedra Silvia , Centeno-Cerdas Carolina , Calvo-Castro Laura A.
Published: September 2019

El Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Tejidos (LAINTEC) del Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CIB) de la Escuela de Biología del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC) nació en el 2005 con el objetivo de desarrollar terapias celulares para aplicaciones en medicina regenerativa. Actualmente, el LAINTEC aloja más de una decena de proyectos multidisciplinarios, realizados en colaboración con otros centros de investigación del TEC y con otras universidades a nivel nacional e internacional. Estas investigaciones se enfocan en el desarrollo y evaluación de implantes, biomateriales y terapias regenerativas de piel, músculo y hueso, incluyendo el aislamiento y caracterización de células madre mesenquimales de tejido adiposo. Además, se han establecido modelos celulares y tisulares para la evaluación del potencial bioactivo de distintos agentes con potenciales aplicaciones en biomedicina.
Biotecnología para el estudio de enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas y la búsqueda de nuevos tratamientos: caso de las neuregulinas
Authors: Soto-Bernardini María Clara
Published: September 2019

Las neuregulinas (NRGs) son factores de crecimiento tipo epidérmicos (EGF), que actúan como ligandos para receptores transmembrana tirosin quinasas de la familia ErbB. La señalización de NRG1 y su principal receptor en el cerebro, ErbB4, participa en procesos del desarrollo embrionario, la neurotransmisión y la plasticidad sináptica. Existe evidencia de que distintas isoformas de NRG1 desempeñan funciones específicas, pero la medida de como estas participan en los procesos mencionados no está clara. Nrg1 se ha asociado a la esquizofrenia (EZ) en distintas poblaciones. Además, se ha reportado un incremento en la expresión de este gen en cerebros post mortem de pacientes con EZ, así como hiperfosforilación de ErbB4. Esto sugiere que la hiperestimulación de NRG1/ErbB4 puede representar un componente de la etiología de la EZ. Los mecanismos patológicos asociados aún no se conocen.

En el Centro de Investigaciones en Biotecnología (CIB), se está desarrollando una línea de investigación que se enmarca dentro del área de ciencias biomédicas, específicamente las neurociencias. Estos estudios cuentan con colaboradores en el Instituto Max Planck para Medicina Experimental (Göttingen) y cuentan con líneas únicas de ratones sobreexpresores de NRGs. Estas valiosas herramientas nos permitirán realizar estudios in vivo sobre las consecuencias de hiperestimular NRG1/ErbB4 en circuitos corticales, relevante para las enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas. Se espera que la nueva línea de investigación contribuya a establecer/fortalecer redes de colaboración científica inter-institucional e internacional y al mismo tiempo, incremente la cantidad y la calidad del Capital Humano en la investigación de neurociencias en Costa Rica.
Biotecnología microalgal en Costa Rica: Oportunidades de negocio para el sector productivo nacional
Authors: Villalta-Romero Fabián , Murillo-Vega Francinie , Martínez-Gutiérrez Bernal , Valverde-Cerdas Johnny , Sánchez-Kopper Andrés , Guerrero-Barrantes Maritza
Published: September 2019

La biotecnología microalgal se presenta como una oportunidad de mercado para el sector productivo costarricense. En esta revisión se detallarán algunos aspectos de los potenciales y limitaciones que tiene este sector de la biotecnología para nuestra región. La visualización de este potencial se remonta a más de una década, en donde en el Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología se dio inicio con el proceso de selección y conservación de cepas de microalgas nativas y su escalamiento. Se describirá brevemente algunos sistemas de cultivo de microalgas y de procesamiento, que pueden ser destinadas para diferentes mercados, entre los que se destaca la alimentación de humanos y animales, biofertilizantes, tratamiento de aguas, captura de CO2 y la generación de metabolitos de alto valor. Paralelamente, se ha avanzado en la generación de protocolos para el escalamiento de las microalgas mediante la formulación de medios orgánicos con residuos agroindustriales. También se ha desarrollado el cultivo en diferentes zonas del territorio costarricense, mostrando la posibilidad de adaptación en diferentes regiones climáticas.
Laboratorio de Biocontrol: Investigación vinculada con la producción agrícola
Authors: Rivera-Méndez William , Brenes-Madriz Jaime , Zúñiga-Vega Claudia
Published: September 2019

El Laboratorio de Control Biológico del Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica ha trabajado durante la última década en el uso de microorganismos nativos y el desarrollo de bio-insumos a partir de estos, para la regulación de poblaciones de insectos y microorganismos patógenos de plantas.

El control biológico se enfoca hacia la forma en que las comunidades de organismos alrededor de las plantas afectan las interrelaciones que ocurren. La investigación está centrada en la prospección de nuevas especies, el análisis de la composición de las comunidades de microorganismos en la rizósfera y la filósfera, la comunicación microorganismo-planta, la activación de la resistencia sistémica en las plantas por inducción con organismos benéficos y el desarrollo de formulaciones novedosas.

La transferencia de resultados a los agricultores es un factor fundamental que permite el intercambio de conocimientos generados para que sean incorporados por muchos agricultores. La capacitación de técnicos y extensionistas es también importante, ya que son ellos los que día a día están en contacto con los agricultores y les pueden recomendar otras técnicas de control de plagas y enfermedades sostenibles. La vinculación con empresas es otro punto que ha permitido el desarrollo de investigaciones contratadas y una serie de servicios de diagnóstico y soporte al sector privado. La diversidad de las actividades realizadas ha permitido al laboratorio consolidarse como un aliado del sector agrícola y de la industria local de producción de bio- insumos.
LEARNING FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR IN ESP CLASS
Authors: Wiranegara Dian Arsitades
Published: September 2019

Learning functional grammar for ESP class is aimed to improve studentsof non-English language department to understand how English workseffectively, appropriately, and accurately. Teaching ESP cannot beseparated by the use or the implementation of functional grammar as it isclear that teaching English as a foreign language in ESP class is alsoconcerned with the language as an instrument of social interaction ratherthan as a system which is viewed in isolation. Teaching functionalgrammar for ESP students, in this matter, students of non-Englishlanguage department, can result such a hard working effort for teachers inorder to help them understand the-so-called functional grammar. As amatter of fact, ESP can combine subject matter of the related field ofstudy and English language teaching. Therefore, learning functionalgrammar has actually been conducted in ESP class since the students arealso involved with the use of their background knowledge of the field ofstudy.
TEACHING PART OF SPEECH AND WORD GROUPS AS UNITS OF MEANING IN ESP SPEAKING CLASS
Authors: Rahmah Urwatus Silvia
Published: September 2019

English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is known as a learner-centeredapproach to teach English as a foreign or second language. Students learnEnglish for a specific purpose, represented by studying subject matter, togain and develop appropriate knowledge and skills through English. Theyhave to perform task in English, meanwhile they are also supposed to bemastered in speaking skill. The objective of this paper is to build thestudent’s speaking ability effectively by using English. Teaching part ofspeech and word groups as units of meaning are used in the class. Theyhave to know the words first and then able to classify them as basic oftheir speaking. The activities include in some parts, they have listeningsection to start the activity, then grouping the students and asking themto tell the information in front of the class. The aims of this activity are toencourage their competence in English speaking and also make theminvolve in speaking class. Thus, this paper aims to give a clear explanationand a deeper insight about teaching part of speech and word groups asunit of meaning, stimulate all of teachers of ESP to implement thematerial in their teaching processes and make them realize in choosing theappropriate material to teach their students.
ENGAGING NON-ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS TO SPEAK: A CHALLENGING PATH
Authors: Pratawati Fitria Muji
Published: September 2019

This study aimed at sharing how the teacher initiates their students to speak. All efforts have been done in class in order to keep the class alive and students were active in joining the lesson. The students were from non-English department who studied ESP. They were from different major but still in one generation of the State Universities in Malang, East Java-Indonesia. This created the point of view that some students tend to take this course only as the requirement to fulfill their credits in two semesters. Therefore, the role of English teacher dealing with boosting students’ speaking awareness is very pivotal. The result were students tended to be more actively engaged in the class joining the activities given to them, such as debate and making video related their major. Then, this study suggests the teaching practitioners always considering the good atmosphere given to the students before the lesson begins. So, this will be the initial part of making them comfort in class and try to have teamwork with them to succeed the objective of the class.
THE STUDENT’S ABILITY TO WRITE A GOOD PARAGRAPH THROUGH DISCUSSION AT THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 PAKEL TULUNGAGUNG
Authors: Suparmo Suparmo
Published: September 2019

As members of society, we are necessarily trained in writing activities, at least in creating sentences to good paragraphs. However, there are reasons how to read is not enough, and we are also interested in how to write sentences very well (Zamel, 1987: 257). Writing a good paragraph is a complex process that has been done and not easy for everyone. From four language skills, writing a composition is considered as a subject that is difficult to master.  Mastery of writing is not a skill which can be learned in isolation. It means that writing is integrated by the other language skills such as reading, speaking, and listening, (Richard Rodger (1999:56). The usage of acceptable technique is essential in teaching-learning process because it motivates the students to learn English. Therefore, the writer provides a research question on whether the students have created their composition easily through a peer-to-peer discussion. In this case, the writer needs to observe whether there are different results of composing a paragraph through a peer-to-peer discussion compared with the other groups. The objectives of the study are whether students using the discussion to write a good paragraph gain better scores in English than those who do not. The writer collects the data from the students of the second year. They were asked to write a paragraph based on specific topics provided by a classroom teacher and choose three alternative topics to write quickly. The first process was that the students were trained to write a paragraph in a group. Next, in the final activity, they create a composition. The result of research about making composition through a discussion way is right. They can share each other to correct the mistakes. With the result of the discussion, the students can create the composition better the next day. The research concludes that making composition through a discussion way is one of the solutions to make composition easier for the students. Based on the result of research, the students enjoy writing a paragraph through discussion way.
FORMULATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF Staphylococcus aureus MICROEMULSION OF ANTING-ANTING (Acalypha indica) LEAF EXTRACT USING ISOPROPYL MIRISTAT AS OIL PHASE
Authors: Husniyah Jauharatul , Annisa Rahmi , Ma'arif Burhan
Published: September 2019

Leaf of Anting-Anting (Acalypha indica) is one of the plants that contain potent flavonoid compounds as antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this research is to know physical characteristic of microemulsion of A. Indica leaf extract and to know antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The microemulsions in this study used isopropyl myristate as the oil phase, tween 80 and span 80 as surfactant, isopropanol as kosurfactant and free water from CO2. Microemulsion was made by varying the concentration of the extract into 3 formulas, there are 5%, 10% and 15%. A. indica extract obtained using ultrasonic maseration extraction method with 70% ethanol solvent. All the formulas were evaluated for the characteristics of the preparations and the antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with the sumuran diffusion method. The research results showed that the microemulsion of A. indica leaf extract has good physical characteristic with pH value between 4.9-5.8, deep oil type, that particle size F1 9.34 μm, F2 14.22 μm and F3 9.68 μm and stable physically at 25°± 2°C and 40°± 2°C. The result of antibacterial activity test showed that F1 did not differ significantly with positive control. However, the inhibitory power of F1 is still under positive clindamycin control of 12.98 mm and 15.05 mm. So it can be collected that F1 is an ideal formula which has good physical characteristics and has optimum drag power.
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS OF IMPROPER DOSAGE AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS CATEGORIES IN OSTEOARTHRITIS OUTPATIENTS IN RSUD JOMBANG 2016
Authors: Muslim Ayu Tria Nurjannah , Hakim Abdul , Dianti Meilina Ratna
Published: September 2019

Osteoarthritis is a chronic disorder of synovial joints, characterized by progressive softening and disintegration of cartilage in joints. This is the most common type of arthritis in Indonesia with prevalence about 23.6 to 31.3% and generally suffered by middle age patients. Drug therapy for treating osteoarthritis is NSAIDs, supplements and corticosteroids. The increasing number of available drugs, drug users and more complex drug regimens caused  more side effect and potential drug interaction and  lead to another problem, it is Drug Related Problems. The purpose of this study was to identify potential Drug Related Problem categories of improper dosage and Adverse Drug Reactions in osteoarthritis outpatient in RSUD Jombang during 2016. This research is a non-experimental descriptive study conducted retrospectively, carried out in March 2017 at RSUD Jombang.  Research sample is 87 respondents of osteoarthritis outpatient which taken by systematic random sampling method. The data presented in percentage of improper dosage and Adverse Drug reactions potential case. The result found potential of improper dosage in respondent about 82,76% and Adverse Drug Reactions about 20,69%.
DETERMINATION OF THIAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON RICE WITH WASHING, MILLING AND POUNDING BY SPECTROMETRIC METHODS
Authors: Yazid Edy Agustian , Ati Damar Pasunaring , Mahardika Aulia
Published: September 2019

Rice is a principal food source for most of the world's population. Rice has many nutrients including thiamin hydrocloride (THC) and pyrodoxine hydrocloride (PHC). Before consumption, rice is usually processed such as milling, washing, and cooking. Determination of THC on IR-64 and Rojolele rice with washing three times has been conducted. Also determined of PHC on the milled IR-64 rice and the pounded IR-64 rice. The THC was determined by spectrophotometric method at 246 nm. Determination of PHC based on the coupling reaction with diazo reagent in alkaline solution to form azo dye then the absorption was measured at 440 nm. The result of determination of THC on IR-64 and Rojolele rice after washing three times can decrease THC level 12,93% and 12,88% respectively. Determination of PHC on the milled IR-64 rice obtained 1.54 ± 0.027 mg/g and on the pounded IR-64 rice 1.80 ± 0.048 mg/g. The result of statistical test with independent T test showed there were significant difference (α = 0,05) PHC level on both treatments.
UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT BAKALAN KRAJAN SECARA BERKELANJUTAN MELALUI EKSTENSIFIKASI PETERNAKAN JANGKRIK DAN DOMBA
Authors: Susilowati Retno , Ahmad Mujahiddin , Holil Kholifah , Kurniawaty Prima
Published: September 2019

The potential of human resources and natural resources in the village of krajan will not be maximally exploited. Potential Human Resources include the ability of the community to work together in livestock business and Natural Resources including the availability of abundant forage forage in the rainy season. The use of fodder forage for sheep and cattle feed traditionally has not provided significant income for the community besides traditional maintenance will take a long time. Extensification of livestock business with income that can be generated in the short term is very urgent to do immediately. Cricket is a potential livestock business to be developed considering the relatively short production cycle of only 1 month while the fattening program or sheep fattening is also relatively short, which takes about 3 months to harvest. The construction of cricket cages and the expansion of sheep cages of joint business groups owned by the residents of krajan are expected to be able to increase community income both in the short term (1-3 months) or long term (annual). Community service using the active partition method has been successfully carried out with the following work programs; 1) cricket cage production capacity of 250 kg/month, 2) sheep fattening cages from a capacity of 30 heads to 80 heads, 3) training in making silage and ammoniation and complete feed for sheep, 4) improving the genetic quality of sheep by producing cempe and super sheep enlargement . The results of the first period cricket production trials were 31 kg (from 2 boxes) or 31-32 of the target (50 kg/box), the second trial produced 60 kg (of 2 boxes) or 60% of the target and the third trial produced 124 kg (from 4 boxes) or 62% of the target. The benefit gained in each period is Rp. 400,000/box per harvest. While the expansion of the sheep pen has an impact on investor interest in the investment of fattening rams so that the males for fattening, which originally came from only 2 to 30, have increased 15-fold to date. The increase in sheep population will potentially increase the income of Rp. 500,000/breeder/month or Rp. 100,000/head/month. The low yield of crickets from the target is caused by several factors, including seasonal changes and unstable feed sources and production management by farmers who lack discipline in feeding. Whereas in sheep, breeding and fattening systems face obstacles including the provision of alternative feed which cannot be implemented optimally due to the absence of copper or forage counters and fleece cutting machines. If the two tools are fulfilled the optimization of income from the sheep sector will be significantly increased.
PELATIHAN PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN GURU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH SE-KECAMATAN TAMBANG KABUPATEN KAMPAR
Authors: Aryani Fitri , Marzuki Corry Corazon , Suryani Irma
Published: September 2019

This paper contains the results of community service conducted by the implementation team of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah teachers in Tambang District, Kampar Regency. Here the community service team wants to improve the ability of teachers to provide teaching and understanding of mathematics to students later by using the GASING Method. The results obtained that there was an increase in the teachers present as participants by looking at the results of the pre-test and post-test that have been done. This result can be seen that starting with H0, that is, significant pre-test scores are smaller than post-test scores. That is, the teachers who attended were faster and more precise in answering the questions given than before they knew GASING.
APLIKASI ZERO WASTE DALAM LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT DESA TUMPUKRENTENG DENGAN PENDEKATAN ASET BASE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Authors: Alisah Evawati
Published: September 2019

Constructing dreams together with discovering a unique and communally defined design in a particular place destination in overcoming the problem of waste is an achievement that should be appreciated. Go to Zero Waste must indeed be raised in all circles so that the predicate of producing plastic waste is no longer attached to Indonesia.Inorganic waste from family level activities, whose sustainability is maintained because of adat: is managed together with a simple organization and the amount is limited eventually if accumulated will become a mountain of problems that are resolved, even into results that can be utilized. The solution model can be applied elsewhere in order to solve the problem of garbage from the family level during the celebration. RT 13 RW 03 neighborhood of Tumpukrenteng Village, Turen District, Malang Regency has proven that it can mobilize assets for small things, such as garbage so that it becomes a blessing.
Assessing Family-Like Dynamics in the Workplace as Possible Precursors of Workplace Bullying: Psychometric Analysis of a Modified Instrument
Authors: Dzurec Laura , Karpinski Aryn , Kennison Monica , Rair Randy , Fitzgerald Shawn
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose

Family-like dynamics in workplaces may serve as antecedents to workplace bullying. This study addressed the psychometric properties of an instrument modified to assess family-like dynamics in the workplace.

Design

The investigators used categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA) to investigate the psychometric properties of an instrument modified to measure coworker perceptions of family-like dynamics in the workplace.

Methods

Primarily White (95%) study participants (N= 273) completed a brief, demographic form and the modified Family Relationships Index (FRI) of the Family Assessment Scale (FES) (Moos & Moos, 1981, 1986). Demographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and perceptions of family-like dynamics in the workplace were analyzed using CATPCA.

Results

The modified FRI served as a reasonable model for capturing coworker perceptions of family-like dynamics in the workplace.

Conclusions

Further research is indicated to determine the overall utility of the modified FRI and to ascertain whether family-like dynamics actually are precursors to workplace bullying victimization.
Hercules Romanus, Hercules Gaditanus, Iovis Olympius, Sandan y Iupiter Victor: cultos locales y selecciones imperiales en la moneda de Adriano = Hercules Romanus, Hercules Gaditanus, Iovis Olympius, Sandan and Iupiter Victor: Local Cults and Imperial Selections on Hadrian’s Coinage
Authors: López Sánchez Fernando
Published: September 2019

Resumen: La viajera biografía del emperador Adria­no se suele agrupar en dos grandes giras. La primera se realizó entre los años 121 y 126 y concernió principalmente a Occidente. La segunda se hizo principalmente por Oriente y afectó fundamentalmente a algunas de las principales ciudades de Asia Menor, Capa­docia, Siria, Judea y Egipto. En medio de su primera gran gira, Adriano, en el año 124, se inició en Eleusis, en las cercanías de Atenas, y en asociación con Hércules. Al principio de la segunda gira, en el año 128 y tras visitar África, el emperador participó en otros ritos mistéricos en Eleusis, vinculándose a partir de entonces a Zeus Olympius en Atenas. En este artículo, se ofrece una nueva lectura de la trayectoria gubernativa de Adriano a tra­vés de algunas de sus más significativas series monetales, imperiales y cívicas. Se defiende que Adriano siguió un doble modelo orga­nizativo a lo largo de su reinado, sucesiva­mente hercúleo y jupiterino. Tal modelo fue conceptualmente macedonio, pero tuvo ecos y paralelos en otros emperadores, poseyendo plena vigencia hasta los tiempos de Diocle­ciano y Maximiano.Abstract: The emperor Hadrian’s travel biography is generally divided into two major phases. The first, mostly in the West, took place be­tween the years 121 and 126, while the sec­ond was centred on the East, in particular in some of the key cities of Asia Minor, Cap­padocia, Syria, Judaea and Egypt. During the first phase, in the year 124, Hadrian was initiated at Eleusis, near Athens, following in the tradition of Hercules. After his vis­it to Africa at the start of the second phase of his travels in 128, he took part in further mystic Eleusinian rites, this time linking him to Zeus Olympius in Athens. Looking at some of his most important coin series, both imperial and civic, this article provides a new interpretation of Hadrian’s career as governor, suggesting that there was a dual­ity to the years of the emperor’s rule, as he first modelled himself on Hercules and then on Jupiter. This was a Macedonian concept, but there are echoes and parallels to be found with other emperors, culminating in Diocletian and Maximian.Palabras clave: Flota, Hércules, iniciación, Júpiter, moneda, montaña, templo, viaje, visita.Key words: Coin, fleet, Hercules, initiation, Iupi­ter, mountain, temple, travel, visit.
Ignacio de Antioquía inventó el Cristianismo: Trajano y Adriano frente a los Cristianos = Ignatius of Antioch invented the Christianism: Trajan and Hadrian facing the Christians
Authors: Giménez de Aragón Sierra Pedro
Published: September 2019

Resumen: Este artículo estudia el cambio con­ceptual que se produjo a partir de Ignacio de Antioquía, creador de los neologismos Christianismós y Katholika Ekklesía. Se analiza también el precedente que supuso el neologismo ’Ioudaïsmós, nacido en 2Ma­cabeos. Por otra parte, se analiza la relación existente entre el nacimiento de una iden­tidad cristiana a principios del siglo II y el cambio en la política religiosa de Adriano respecto a los cristianos. Si Trajano ordenó que los cristianos confesos debían ser eje­cutados, Adriano, después de escuchar la Apología de Arístides, ordenó que las ejecu­ciones debían cesar. Arístides y las cartas de Bernabé y 1 Pedro son textos cristianos de esa época que pugnan por la consolidación de una identidad cristiana diferente a la gre­corromana y a la judía. Dicha identidad no era religiosa sino étnica, porque el concepto de religión tal como hoy lo conocemos no existía en la Antigüedad.Abstract: This article deals with the conceptual change produced after Ignatius of Antioch, creator of the neologisms Christianismós and Katholika Ekklesía. The precedent that made arise the neologism ’Ioudaïsmós, born in 2Maccabees, is also analyzed. On the other hand, the relationship between the birth of a Christian identity at the beginning of the second century and the change of Hadrian’s religious policy towards the Christians is analyzed as well. Whereas Trajan ordered that confessed Christians should be execu­ted, Hadrian commanded, after having listen the Apology of Aristides, that the executions should come to an end. Aristides and the letters of Barnabas and 1 Peter are Christian texts of that time that struggle for the conso­lidation of a Christian identity different from the Greco-Roman and Jewish identities. This identity was not religious but ethnic, since the concept of religion as we know it today did not exist in Antiquity.Palabras clave: Judaísmo, Cristianismo, Ignacio de An­tioquía, Arístides de Atenas, Bernabé, 1 Pe­dro, Trajano, Adriano.Key words: Judaism, Christianity, Ignatius of An­tioch, Aristides of Athens, Bernabe, 1 Peter, Trajan, Hadrian.
Emperor Hadrian and Egypt. Remarks on the mythical and religious perspectives = El emperador Adriano y Egipto. Observaciones sobre las perspectivas míticas y religiosas
Authors: Capriotti Vittozzi Giuseppina
Published: September 2019

Abstract: The aim of these remarks is to bring to light some particular aspects in the enig­matic religious, mythological and ideolog­ical system inspired by Egypt, built into the Hadrianic environment, and the inter­cultural commitment, to which special­ists of heterogeneous origin, and therefore also Egyptians, probably contributed. The phoenix is taken into account as image of the renovation of kingship, as well as other figures expressing the regenerating transfer of royalty in an Egyptian cyclic perspective.Resumen: El objetivo de estas anotaciones es traer a la luz algunos aspectos particulares del sistema religioso, enigmático, mitológico e ideológico inspirado por Egipto, construido en el entorno adrianeo, y la relación inter­cultural, en la que probablemente contribu­yeron especialistas de origen hetereogéneo y por lo tanto también egipcios. El fenix es tenido en cuenta como imagen de renova­ción de la realeza, así como otras figuras que expresan la transferencia regenerativa de la realeza en una perspectiva cíclica Egipcia.Key words: Emperor Hadrian, Egypt, Egyptian reli­gion, phoenix, Apis bull.Palabras clave: Emperador Adriano, Egipto, religión egipcia, fénix, toro Apis.
Dubosson-Sbriglione, Lara (2018), Le culte de la Mère des dieux dans l’Empire romain
Authors: Van Haeperen Françoise
Published: September 2019

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Moser, Claudia & Knust, Jennifer (Eds.) (2017), Ritual Matters
Authors: Patera Ioanna
Published: September 2019

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Parker, Robert (2017), Greek Gods Abroad
Authors: Pañeda Murcia Beatriz
Published: September 2019

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Whelan, Robin (2018), Being Christian in Vandal Africa
Authors: Fernández Portaencasa María
Published: September 2019

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Jan-Mathieu, Peels-Matthey, Saskia (Eds.) (2018), Purity and Purification in the Ancient Greek World Carbon
Authors: Valdés Guía Miriam
Published: September 2019

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Introducción
Authors: Gordillo Hervás Rocío , Cortés Copete Juan Manuel , López Benítez Joaquín
Published: September 2019

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Characterization of Data Analysis in the Physics Laboratory Among Pre-service Physics Teachers
Authors: Kukliansky Ida
Published: September 2019

Establishing the connection between the scientific experiment and theory may pose quite a challenge for learners. Analyzing and interpreting data, they collect in the experiments, helps to bridge the gap between the experiment's results and the theoretical world. The present research examines the barriers pre-service physics teachers confront with when dealing with data analysis tasks in the introductory physics laboratory. Identifying pre-service physics teachers' misconceptions is very important because the future teachers can transfer them to their students. The novelty of this research is not only in identifying the physics teacher's trainee's misconceptions analyzing data in the introductory physics laboratory, but also in explaining the reasons for them. 25 pre-service physics teachers who had undergone several laboratory courses participated in this study. For examining their knowledge level and identifying their difficulties in data analysis, the Laboratory Data Analysis Instrument (LDAI) was used. The results revealed that the participants evidenced a sixty-nine percent overall average of correct answers. The various misconceptions the pre-service physics teachers encountered in each of the instrument objectives are identified and discussed. Dealing with multiple representations and the use of intuitive rules can explain some of the difficulties. The identification of the data analysis difficulties can be employed by educators attempting to construct more efficient learning environments.