bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zachęta do ucieczki podczas prześladowań (Mt 10, 23a) w interpretacji patrystycznej
Authors: Nieścior Leon
Published: November 2020

The recommendation of escape during the persecution, given by Jesus in Matth 10:23, impelled the ancient commentators to deeper reflection. Apart from the realities of the Christian life threatened by persecution, the views of the mon­tanists rejecting the possibility of escape provoked discussion on this issue. The author of the paper has presented the thought of the Greek and Latin Fathers on this mentioned words of Jesus. The patristic reflection on Matth 10:23 points out, first of all, the reasons for fair act of fleeing. The sources allow us to enumerate the following reasons for fleeing a persecution: 1) a formal obedience to the rec­ommendation of Jesus; 2) the decree of Divine Providence dictating and allowing escape; 3) the attitude of Christ who himself has taken similar opportunity; 4) a respect for human weaknesses that can make someone for various reasons indis­posed to martyrdom; 5) a prudence ordering flee in expectation of higher losses than profits incurred by the remaining at home; 6) the trust in God providing a nat­ural way of rescue, without „forcing” Him to the extraordinary help; 7) an urgent missionary and pastoral ministry to perform; 8) to avoid provoking persecutor to evil by own presence; 9) a specific witness of renunciation and sacrifice by leav­ing own home and possession; 10) the escape understood in the spiritual sense is a secession from the evil and sin. Several authors stand out in the extent and the depth of reflexion about it: Origen, Tertullian, Jerome and Augustine. The authors of 4th Century and the later could be influenced by Cyprian of Carthage. Accused by his opponents, especially novatians, he justifies theologically the escape and validates it by the later attitude: as a carefull shepherd and fearless martyr.
Chrześcijańska interpretacja kilku antycznych gemm
Authors: Ryś Anna
Published: November 2020

The article presents the Christian interpretation of four ancient gems from the collection of Cabinet des médailles (department of French National Library). Next to the role of the objects in medieval tradition the history of the gems is presented. An attempt at explaining the reasons of using the gems in Christian cult is made.
Kościół apostolski o wyzwalaniu niewolników. Zarys problematyki
Authors: Szczur Piotr
Published: November 2020

The statements of St. Paul (1Cor 7:18-24; Gal 3:28; Phil 16-22) and Ignatius of Antioch (Epistula ad Polycarpum 4, 3) were analyzed in this paper. In these statements the authors wrote about the liberation of slaves. The advices of St. Paul and St. Ignatius were addressed to those slaves, who had become Christians. These advices come down to remind the slaves, that they should be obedient and subjected to their masters. However these advices were not said because of their approval of slavery as itself, but rather because they accepted the spiritual vision of Christian life, in which all people are brothers and children of God. The au­thors did not see the necessity of calling for liberation of slaves or demolition of slavery, because in their vision all people – sooner or later – come to abolish the yoke of slavery. It should be highlighted, that in social conditioning of those days, calling for the full abolition of slavery and for liberation of all slaves would be a revolution, which ruins the social order. However, the teaching of the authors of Ancient Church caused the gradual passing away from slavery, through creation the new relationship between master and his slave (i.e. John Chrysostom) and finally caused demolition of slavery.
Doroteos, Pochwała Pana Jezusa (Pap. Bodmer XXXII: Laudes Domini Iesu)
Authors: Witczak Krzysztof Tomasz , Tadajczyk Konrad
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Ornamenta sunt ista non vincula – a paradoxical reevaluation of the instruments of torment in the early Christian martyrological literature
Authors: Kozłowski Jan M.
Published: November 2020

Zgodnie z teologią Nowego Testamentu śmierć chrześcijanina jest przejściem do życia wiecznego. Więcej, sam proces umierania, w myśl ewangelicznej dyna­miki obumierania ziarna, jest rodzeniem się do nowego życia. Autorzy wczesno­chrześcijańskiej literatury męczeńskiej mieli świadomość tego paradoksu. Już jej pobieżna lektura uzmysławia, jak wielką przykładali do niego wagę: nie tylko śmierć męczennika, ale także narzędzia kaźni, jakiej zostaje poddany, stają się już tu na ziemi objawieniem rzeczywistości zbawienia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wynotowanie i uporządkowanie tych miejsc z wczesnochrześcijańskiej litera­tury męczeńskiej, gdzie mamy do czynienia z owym paradoksalnym przewarto­ściowaniem (podział na: więzienie, venationes, spalenie na stosie) oraz zestawie­nie ich z odpowiadającymi im miejscami z Pisma Świętego.
Wojsko pogańskiej Bułgarii w opinii bizantyńczyków. Wybrane aspekty
Authors: Leszka Mirosław J.
Published: November 2020

The present text focuses on presenting opinions of the Byzantines about the rulers of pagan Bulgaria as military leaders and reasons given by Byzantine au­thors explaining mishaps of their troops in battles against Bulgaria. The author concludes that, in general, the Byzantines did not allow for a thought that they could be defeated by any external power, in the least by the barbarian Mysians/ Bulgarians. However, if such occurrences took place, they were considered to be caused by divine intervention or negligence of the Byzantines themselves (i.e. disloyalty, lack of cooperation between commanders, low morale of the army etc.) and never result from genuine capability of the enemy, actual courage of the hos­tile forces or the adversaries’ leadership skills (which were generally discounted).
Istota posługi głoszenia Słowa Bożego w świetle "Mów" św. Leona Wielkiego
Authors: Dąbrówka Michał
Published: November 2020

St. Leo the Great’s theological view is characterized by a deep sense of the liturgy as an actualization of the saving mystery of Christ. This belief has its resemblance in tasks which are performed by pope’s Sermons. They are – first of all – uncovering this mystery’s presence in “here and now” of the liturgical cele­bration, leading into its essence, and indicating in which way this celebration can be prolonged in everyday live by the believers. In this way sermons help them in deeper participation in the Holy Mass and extracting life-giving strength from the mystery which is celebrated. Therefore the preaching ministry is regarded by St. Leo as a grave responsibility, from which a priest who presides over the liturgy should not dispense with. Considering a sermon as a part of the liturgy Pope re­gards it as an instrument of God’s grace, and a space to praise the God for what He has made in the history of salvation.
Okoliczności zwołania Soboru Nicejskiego
Authors: Grzywaczewski Józef
Published: November 2020

The article presents the circumstances of the Council of Nicaea. There was a tradition to compose symbols of the faith (symbola fidei), and to organize syn­ods. The Council of Nicaea was convoked by Emperor Constantine in cooperation with Pope Silvestre. After the victory on Licinius, Constantine wanted to arrange public and religious matters of the Empire. He was not a Christian but he was friendly to Christianity as a religion which he considered to be profitable for the Empire. He possessed the title of Pontifex maximus which authorized him to in­tervene not only in pagan cults, but also in ecclesiastical affaires. In spite of that, there were three main conflicts in that time: the date of the Passover, Donatism and Arianism. Donatism was a schism born in Latin Africa having a national background; it was a movement of the local population against the Roman admin­istration. Arianism, born in Greek Africa, was inspired by philosophy, especially by Neo-Platonism. Constantine was welcomed by the Pope and other bishops be­cause his actions were useful for the Church. People were waiting for the Council of Nicaea with hope.
O „prawniczych” znaczeniach terminu culpa w Kodeksie Teodozjusza
Authors: Jońca Maciej
Published: November 2020

The Latin term culpa on the legal ground is usually associated with res­ponsibility for torts. Many of the contemporary works link this legal construc­tion with Roman law, which till now is praised for its concision and clarity. Yet not all Roman sources present the clear dogmatic view on this point. Being per­meated with rhetoric the Theodosian Code offers various meanings of this term, which considerably differ from the ideas elaborated by the classical Roman law. Nevertheless the code played substantial role in the process of development of law in the Medieval Europe.
Demon bluźnierstwa w ujęciu Jana Klimaka
Authors: Pancerz Roland Marcin
Published: November 2020

Among temptations and impediments, which the monk must face on the path to perfection, John Climacus enumerates blasphemous thoughts. He also names them as assaults of the demon of blasphemy. Frequently man exposes himself to his action through the vice of pride, but it also happens, that this demon at­tacks ingenuous people that get worried too much. The purpose of the spirit of blasphemy is to insidiously cause feelings of guilt in the human heart; to take a man away from a prayer and the Eucharist; to drive him to despair and hope­ lessness. According to author’s witness, some people struggled with this problem for their whole life, and in extreme cases its effect was even a state of madness. John Climacus, a good “psychologist” and expert in the spiritual life, clearly em­phasizes the fact that the assaults of blasphemous thoughts are beyond a man’s control. In that case he is like a passive listener, whom reach some external voices. Besides, stopping the attacks of such thoughts is almost impossible because they are violent and rapid. Therefore, in the author’s opinion, the traditional methods of struggle against the demon of blasphemy, like severe mortifications and spelling repeatedly various scriptural words, do not get expected results. The only way to beat the enemy is to remain calm and indifferent towards such thoughts. Spiritual direction plays an important role in this matter. The monk still has to overcome shame and confess sincerely his own thoughts to an elder (abba). The duty of the spiritual father, in turn, is to calm down conscience of the disciple, so that he will not worry about the problem anymore. We have to admit that no previous writer speaks in such soothing tone about the blasphemous thoughts.
Can humility exist without poverty? A response by Cappadocian Fathers and John Chrysostom
Authors: Szram Mariusz
Published: November 2020

Greccy Ojcowie Kościoła IV w. uznawali zgodnie cnotę pokory za punkt wyjścia na drodze duchowego doskonalenia oraz za matkę wszystkich cnót. W duchu rozwijającego się monastycyzmu podkreślali przede wszystkim ścisły związek pokory z posłuszeństwem jako cnotą najbardziej jej pokrewną. Autor artykułu stara się znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, w jaki sposób postrzegali oni re­lację między pokorą i ubóstwem, mającą głęboką tradycję biblijną. Już w Starym Testamencie ludzie ubodzy (ptoco…) jako znajdujący się w potrzebie byli uważa­ni za szczególnie skromnych i otwartych na pokorne szukanie pomocy u Boga i drugiego człowieka. Ojcowie Kapadoccy i Jan Chryzostom definiowali cnotę pokory jako przypisywanie wszelkiej chwały za dokonane dobre czyny samemu Bogu i niewywyższanie się ponad innych ludzi, nawet największych grzeszników. Zagadnienie związku ubóstwa z tak rozumianą pokorą poruszali komentując prze­de wszystkim pierwsze z ośmiu błogosławieństw Chrystusa na górze. Z analiz homilii poświęconych tej kwestii przez Grzegorza z Nyssy i Jana Chryzostoma wynikają następujące wnioski: (1) istnieją dwa rodzaje ubóstwa: duchowe i materialne, które są od siebie zależne; (2) istnieje także tzw. „złe ubóstwo”, które oznacza brak podstawowych cnót; jest ono przeszkodą do osiągnięcia cnoty pokory; (3) ubóstwo materialne ułatwia postawę pokory, ale nie wystarcza do osiągnię­cia tej cnoty; (4) cnota pokory jest natomiast niemożliwa bez ubóstwa duchowego, które otwiera na Boga; (5) ludzie ubodzy w duchu, których dotyczy pierwsze błogosławieństwo, są synonimem ludzi pokornych.
Klemens Rzymski o sukcesji apostolskiej
Authors: Widok Norbert
Published: November 2020

1910. anniversary of the death of Saint Clement of Rome, the third successor of Bishop of Rome, celebrated a few years ago († 101), became an opportunity to remind his teaching, which he left in the Epistle to the Corinthians, written by him. The content of this letter is an important witness of the emerging church or­ganization. That, what was happening in Corinth and, without a doubt, in Rome, is one of the stages of the Church’s history of major importance. The contemporary situation related to the authority prompted the acceptance of the institutional pro­posal based on the Holy Scripture and the practice of the Apostles. Transferring saving mission “from hands to hands”, called apostolic succession, proved to be an extremely important achievement of the early Church to preserve its credibility in the following centuries. Saint Clement of Rome is one of the first witnesses of such message and he is also the author of this essential ecclesiological element. The letter that was sent to the inhabitants of Corinth contains the earliest foundations which, after years, become an essential criterion of Catholicism. The original foundations of theo­logical thinking can be already seen in the teaching of Saint Clement. Many later theologians referred to this doctrine, adding further ecclesiological consequences emerging from it.
The attitude of the pro-Arian bishops towards the emperor in the period of reception of the Nicene Christology (325-381)
Authors: Kashchuk Oleksandr
Published: November 2020

Sobór Nicejski nie położył kresu kontrowersji ariańskiej. Po soborze nastą­pił długi okres walki o recepcję chrystologii nicejskiej. Kontrowersja stała się przedmiotem zainteresowania cesarza, ponieważ postrzegano ją jako zagrożenie dla jedności cesarstwa. Z tego powodu zwyczaj ingerowania cesarza w sprawy kościelne stawał się coraz częstszy i nawet dotyczył nauki Kościoła. Taka sy­tuacja wywołała reakcję biskupów i stała się okazją do określenia roli cesarza w Kościele. W IV w. istniały dwa główne stanowiska w tej kwestii – biskupów proariańskich i antyariańskich. Głównym celem artykułu było ukazanie stanowi­ska biskupów proariańskich wobec cesarza. Analiza źródeł historycznych i lite­ratury wykazała, że ich postawa wobec cesarza nie była ani bezwzględnym pod­porządkowaniem się ani całkowitą niezależnością. Ich model stosunków między Kościołem a państwem został zainspirowany przez Euzebiusza z Cezarei, który przeniósł na grunt chrześcijański antyczną, hellenistyczną teorię polityczną oraz hebrajską koncepcję władcy. W kontekście antycznych idei cesarz jako żywe prawo posiadał szczególną rolę w Kościele. Przejawiała się ona szczególnie na synodach. Biskupi proariańscy dopuścili cesarza do interweniowania nawet w sferę kościelnej doktryny. Ich postawa wobec cesarza znacznie różniła się od modelu wypracowanego w dobie przednicejskiej. Z drugiej jednak strony bisku­pi proariańscy starali się dochować wierności Tradycji Kościoła. Z tego powodu nie mogli uznać cesarza za jego głowę. Zakończenie kontrowersji ariańskiej nie uwolniło Kościoła od zależności od cesarza. Kościół Wschodni w okresie recepcji Credo Nicejskiego został niejako zaprogramowany pod kątem uzależnienia od ce­sarza. W ten sposób postawa proariańskich biskupów legła u podstaw przyszłego bizantyńskiego cezaropapizmu.
A mystic’s utopian dream of Christian Rome. The Political Theology of Origen
Authors: Duda Jerzy
Published: November 2020

Orygenes z Aleksandrii († 253), jeden z najwybitniejszych pisarzy wczesno­chrześcijańskich, w apologii Contra Celsum podjął rozważania nad teologiczną wizją państwa. Dominuje w niej idea afirmacji oraz wola współpracy dla wspólne­go dobra. W myśl nauczania biblijnego Adamantios podkreśla Boskie pochodze­nie władzy, której należy się szacunek i lojalność. W przypadku jednak nadużycia kompetencji państwa w kwestii sumienia i wyznania obywateli, chrześcijanin wi­nien bardziej słuchać Boga. Religia domaga się wolności i uszanowania jej zasad. Chrześcijaństwo nie tylko nie przeciwstawia się w swojej doktrynie założeniom państwa i jego celom, lecz może mu służyć na wielu płaszczyznach. Państwo pełniąc rolę służebną względem obywateli, do których należą chrześcijanie, sza­nując ich zasady życia, zyska przez to Boże błogosławieństwo, jak również naj­lepszych i najwartościowszych obywateli. Ideałem, który kreśli Orygenes, byłoby zbudowanie instytucji państwa na wartościach Chrystusowych, z chrześcijańskim władcą na czele. Świat rzymski, a szczególnie jego elity, muszą zrozumieć, iż chrześcijaństwo, które ciągle jest jeszcze w ogromnej mniejszości, jest pragma­tycznie potrzebne Imperium, a Imperium chrześcijaństwu. Rzym, jeśli chce oca­leć i zwyciężyć swoich wrogów, winien stać się chrześcijański. Kościół, według Scholarchy z Aleksandrii, może być źródłem scalenia i unifikacji społeczeństwa, co zawsze stanowi podstawę siły i trwałości państwa. W tym miejscu historii myśl taka była jedynie teoretycznym marzeniem. Jednak w niedługim czasie cesarz Konstantyn, który przejdzie do historii z przydomkiem Wielki, podejmie próbę urzeczywistnienia tego ideału.
Bóg, w którego wierzą chrześcijanie według "Prima Clementis"
Authors: Turek Waldemar
Published: November 2020

In his First Letter to the Corinthians, Saint Clement of Rome offers a concep­tion of God based on biblical texts, philosophical arguments (especially Greek), and juridical reasoning (especially based on Roman law). Taking into conside­ration the various terms that refer to God in the Prima Clementis, the author of this paper analyzes those that occur most frequently, including theos, kyrios, despotes and pater. He attempts to uncover the meaning of these terms in the Prima Clementis and in the preceding tradition, as well as the theological ideas that these terms were intended to express. In this way, the author aims not only to present the concept of God as elaborated by Clement, but also Clement’s cultural background which hitherto has remained in the dark. The word theos indicates God’s omnipotence, emphasizing his power to create and justify; as kyrios God brings order to the created world and establishes harmony among its various ele­ments; despotes, Clement’s favourite term, describes God as the one who invites man to change his behaviour, the one who chooses him and justifies him with his grace; pater refers to the God of peace who encourages all believers to collabo­rate, especially the community at Corinth.
The knowledge of the triune God according to Isidore of Pelusium
Authors: Artemi Eirini
Published: November 2020

Bóg jest niepojęty i ten fakt musi być zaakceptowany przez każdy umysł ludzki. Możliwe jest jednak poznanie Go poprzez Jego dzieła, ale do tego niezbędny jest wolny od grzechu umysł i posiadanie takich cnót, jak mądrość, sprawiedliwość, miłość i wiara. Tylko wtedy Bóg będzie mógł „mieszkać” i „przechadzać się” w nas, i da nam szansę spotkania Go. Izydor z Peluzjum porównuje prawdziwą wiedzę o Bogu do „wina”, co wynika z obecności wcielonego Boga Logosu na Ziemi i objawienia jego nauczania. Ponieważ Pan opisuje siebie jako winorośl, pewność wiedzy o Nim jest nazywana „winem”. Bóg jest Jeden i Trójjedyny. Dowód ten pochodzi z Biblii. Peluzjota wyjaśnia, że liczba pojedyncza w Biblii, która jest używana odnośnie Boga, odnosi się do wszystkich trzech Osób Bożych, które są współistotne, liczba mnoga zaś odnosi się do hipostazy Boga w Trójcy Jedynego. Izydor podkreśla, że znajomość Boga wymaga wielkiej dojrzałości duchowej i mądrości. Wiara ludzi we wcielone Słowo Boże objawia się pośród Boga w Trójcy Jedynego i pomaga racjonalnemu stworzeniu wspiąć się do rzeczywistości nie­bieskiej i „rozmawiać” z Bogiem. Osoba przyodziana godłem prawdziwej wiedzy o Bogu, danej jej przez światło Ducha Świętego, czyni ją zdolną do walki z tymi, którzy nadużywają prawd doktryny Kościoła.
Initium fidei w ujęciu Jana Kasjana
Authors: Nocoń Arkadiusz
Published: November 2020

The problem of the „beginning of faith” (initium fidei) was among those which vividly captured the attention of theologians at the beginning of the 5th century, particularly in the wider context of the controversy concerning the relationship be­tween free will and God’s grace in the work of salvation. Generally it is assumed that John Cassian, concerned, on the one hand, to show the Pelagians the neces­sity of grace and the radical Augustinians, on the other, the need for cooperation with the work of divine grace, failed to avoid errors which would subsequently be referred to as semi-pelagianism. With regard to the „beginning of faith”, his error is supposed to consist in the fact that the salvific initiative could derive from man. This view, however, derives from an over simplification of the thought of the Abbot of St. Victor: not only because most of his comments underline the neces­sity for grace in order for faith to begin in man (theological argument), but also because even in his rare „semipelagian” affirmations Cassian speaks of scintilla of good will in man, without however calling this the moment of faith strictly under­stood (philological argument). Above all, however, it is forgotten that for Cassian, who was educated in the spirit of oriental theology, salvation is simultaneously divine and human and lacks any form of „arithmetical” parity between God and man, which would make man an equal partner with God in the work of salvation. For Cassian, everything concerning the primacy of God in salvation is beyond question and human efforts are nothing other than the response expected by the Divine Pedagogue of His pupils as He leads them along the path of salvation, from the initium fidei to its end.
Racjonalny charakter wiary według św. Augustyna
Authors: Kaczmarek Tomasz
Published: November 2020

According to St. Augustine Faith and Reason are intertwined, overlapping each other, but without excluding each other. In this way the faith is perme­ated by the intellect and it is founded on the authority of the reason, that is essential for in-depth „knowledge”. On the other hand, „knowledge” – rea­son is irreplaceable to „believe”. In such a context two very characteristic of our author’s statements can be seen: Crede ut intelligas, and intellige ut credas! The call of the blessed of Hippo: Intellectum valde ama! can also be included in it. It is a meaningful fact that there is not known a single case in which the Augustinism would split up the reason with the faith. An absolute Christocentrism of Augustine is present in the background of the discussion about the faith and the reason: speculation is not a goal in itself, but it only serves to get closer to the mystery of God and the mystery of a man in Christ. The reason and the faith (the authority) are two factors of getting to know the truth. One can speak of a kind of gnoseological dualism. The faith is the ac­ceptance of the truth because of the authority of the witness. Knowledge leads to the possible conclusions and the faith gives certainty and consistency.
„Credo in carnis resurrectionem” w "Komentarzach do Symbolu" św. Piotra Chryzologa
Authors: Kochaniewicz Bogusław
Published: November 2020

An analysis of sermons 56-62bis showed that Peter Chrysologus’ doctrine of the universal resurrection of the dead is not original and exhaustive. He presented to the catechumens the two most important arguments, explaining the truth of the faith: God’s omnipotence and resurrection of Christ. Bishop of Ravenna, com­menting on the phrase “credo in carnis resurrectionem” also used the analogies re­ferring to the cyclicality of the phenomena of nature (day and night, the seasons). Despite the developed reflection on this topic in the writings of early Christian writers of the fourth and fifth centuries, Peter Chrysologus did not use the argu­ments defending the truth about the resurrection of the dead resulting from: the purpose of life, the human structure and justice. His sermons also lack other top­ics: the relationship of the universality of the resurrection to the universality of re­demption (Hilary of Poitiers), reflection on the properties of the resurrected body – his spirituality (Cyril of Jerusalem, Ambrose) and comparison of its properties to the body of an angel (Hilary of Poitiers, Jerome, Augustine). There is also no biblical argument that has been used, for example in the writings of St. Irenaeus of Lyons, or in the commentary of Venantius Fortunatus to the Symbol. Despite these shortcomings, Peter Chrysologus’ comment to an article about the general resurrection of the dead, deserves to be acknowledged – it is a testimony of faith of the Church in the 5th century Ravenna and the expression of his pastoral care of the faith of the community.
Zagadnienie wiary w nauczaniu kaznodziejskim św. Chromacjusza z Akwilei
Authors: Zgraja Brunon
Published: November 2020

St. Chromatius, bishop of Aquileia, who lived at the turn of the IV and V cen­tury, as a zealous pastor, led by concern for the salvation of his faithful, undertook in his predicatory teaching an explanation of the queations of faith. Without in­dications of any polemics – as one might expect – with the Arianism which was spread through the Gothic invaders, he did it, not ignoring however the important doctrinal aspect which constitutes the basis of the act of faith. He teaches, that to believe means to walk incessantly the Christ’s way of righteousness, know thanks to the proclaimed Gospel. Receiving the holy baptism is the beginning of that way. In a simple, but interesting at the same time, preaching being not infre­quently the fruit of an allegorical, often amazing interpretation of the Bible events and signs know to his listeners, the bishop of Aquileia furthermore encourages to fidelity to the chosen way of righteousness, making his listeners aware that walk­ing this way means not only walking a way that is free from wrongdoing, which brings concrete fruits, of which the most valuable is the eternal salvation. Being aware of many menaces in spiritual life, he also warns in his sermons against the danger of losing the faith.
Wypowiedzi Ojców Kościoła na temat wiary w interpretacji papieża Franciszka w encyklice "Lumen fidei"
Authors: Czyżewski Bogdan
Published: November 2020

The first Encyclical Letter of Pope Francis, commencing with the word “Lumen fidei”, contains valuable statements of the Church Fathers on the topic of faith. The Holy Father examines and interprets them in the context of his own reflections. He quotes St. Augustine (11 times), St. Irenaeus of Lyons (3 times), St. Justin and Origen (each 2 times) and the Epistle of Barnabas, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, St. Cyril of Jerusalem, St. Leo the Great and St. Gregory the Great. The texts of the Church Fathers, cited by the Pope, are focused on four main themes. The first is related to the way, that leads a man to faith, which is born through love looking for truth. Therefore, there is a deep relationship between two realities – fides et ratio. Faith finally demands to be shared with others, and is transmitted in the community of the Church. She is strengthened by the fact, that it bears fruit, and will change the lives of those, who believe.
Afrahat, Mowa VIII – O ożywieniu umarłych (Demonstratio VIII: De resurrectione mortuorum, PSyr 1, 361-405)
Authors: Uciecha Andrzej
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Il mistero dell’incarnazione nel commento al “Simbolo Apostolico” di san Quodvultdeus di Cartagine
Authors: Degórski Bazyli
Published: November 2020

The first Commentaries to the “Apostolic Symbol”, written in a quite simple language, spread about the IV century among the Latin Churches, which were ac­customed to use professions of faith reproducing the “Roman Symbol”, a model for the textus receptus of the “Symbol” so called “of the Apostles”, an excellent summary of the revealed truths. St. Quodvultdeus of Carthage, in his Sermones de Symbolo, comments the first article of the “Apostolic Symbol” by affirming that it contains the whole faith in the Trinity and the plan of salvation. In commenting the second article, St. Quodvultdeus of Carthage explains how the Incarnate Son is the Messiah announced by the prophets of the Old Testament. Such Incarnation constitutes the second birth of the Word of God after that from the Father without any participation from a mother. He further highlights the great dignity of Mary, playing a quite active role in the work of the Incarnation by gi­ving birth to her Creator. The coming of the Son of God into the world was carried out in a miraculous way, by the work of the Holy Spirit and without the participation of man. For this reason Mary remains virgin and the true Son of God becomes a true man, while still remaining equal to the Father in his divinity. By assuming the human nature in the Incarnation, the Son of God took on Himself all that constitutes a true hu­man being: the soul and the body, already redeemed and sanctified in the very moment of the Incarnation.
Człowiek jako dynamiczna jednostka duchowo-cielesna w nauczaniu św. Maksyma Wyznawcy
Authors: Kashchuk Oleksandr
Published: November 2020

In St. Maximus the Confessor’s teaching human nature consists of the soul and the body, in which logos of power that unifies them together is inscribed. Human nature manifests itself in the individual human being. The human being as the body and the soul naturally longs for God. This longing is fulfilled by the movement, which is connected to dynamism of the entire human structure. The dynamism is inscribed in the mind, reason, spirit, will, sense, passionate powers and body. The dynamic aspiration for God does not imply getting rid of any of the human elements, even passionate and bodily, but on the contrary, it demands ap­preciation and proper use of all the natural powers of the human being. Maximus the Confessor treats the human being as a whole. The human is not only mind, reason and spirit, but also will, sense, passionate powers and body. The dynamism of mental and spiritual sphere should be extended in the senses, passionate pow­ers and body, so that the body also becomes the source of virtues, and is deified together with the soul through unity with the Absolute. This unity as the goal of human longing will never be static, but dynamic, because the fulfillment of this longing is the state with eternal movement. So human being will constantly strive for even more perfect unity with God. Through this unity the human being becomes more human. The originality of the Author consists in the fact that using the anthropological views of the earlier tradition and interpreting them mystically and symbolically, he intertwined the entire dynamism of human being with the structure of the Platonic world. The human being through the longing for God and through the proper use of natural powers mystically unites with God not only himself/herself, but also the entire universe, because the structure of the human being is analogous to the structure of the universe.
Polemika Euzebiusza z Cezarei z Sossianusem Hieroklesem na temat porównania Apoloniusza z Tiany i Chrystusa jako reprezentantów kultury pogańskiej i chrześcijańskiej
Authors: Tondera Adam
Published: November 2020

In the period of the growing importance of Christianity the pagan culture put forward Apollonius of Tyana as its eminent representative and a rival of Christ. At the beginning of the “great persecution” of the Christians Sossianus Hierocles, a high official in the administration of Diocletian, published his anti-Christian tract called The Lover of Truth, in which he drew a formal comparison between Apollonius and Christ. This way he tried to exalt Apollonius and the authors of the stories about him and the followers of the pagan culture. On the other hand he wanted to humiliate Christ and his apostles and all the Christians. Eusebius of Caesarea, the Christian historian, wrote a treatise in answer, in which he submitted the imagine of Apollonius, used by Hierocles in his anti- Christian propaganda, to a critical examination. His historical and philosophical critique reverses the objections of the adversary and shows some elements of pa­gan culture, represented by Apollonius, which should pass away.
U zarania łacińskiego pojęcia osoby (persona). Przyczynek do teologicznego myślenia o osobie
Authors: Witko Krzysztof
Published: November 2020

The article presents the meaning of the term persona in the Latin literature. The author shows that Boetius’ understanding of this term as individuum or ra­tionalis naturae individua substantia is not sufficient. The author proposes to ex­plore Tertullian’s teaching about the human person. This ancient theologian used the term persona in a Christian sense. Thus he contributed to the development of the Christian vocabulary. We notice that in the Patristic sources there are keys for the theological reflection about the human person in a soteriological aspect; we can better understand the true nature of the human being (or person) in the light of the work of salvation accomplished by Jesus Christ.
Stanisław Kalinkowski, Ελληνιστι ειδεναι. Język grecki. Podręcznik dla studentów teologii, Ćwiczenia opracował ks. Krzysztof Siwek, Lingua Sacra 1, Warszawa 2012, Wydawnictwo „Verbinum”, ss. 329.
Authors: Sobiło Bogdan
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Ks. Arkadiusz Baron, Świętość a ideały człowieka (Ojcowie Apostolscy, Klemens Aleksandryjski, Orygenes). Studium teologiczne na tle modeli filozoficzno-religijnych, Kraków 2013, Wydawnictwo WAM, ss. 424.
Authors: Szram Mariusz
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Josef Andreas Jungmann SJ, Liturgia pierwotnego Kościoła do czasów Grzegorza Wielkiego, tłum. Teresa Lubowiecka, posłowie: ks. Helmut J. Sobeczko, Modlitwa Kościoła 16, Kraków 2013, Tyniec Wydawnictwo Benedyktynów, ss. 503.
Authors: Kalinowski Damian
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Henryk Pietras SJ, Sobór Nicejski (325). Kontekst religijny i polityczny, dokumenty, komentarze, Kraków 2013, Wydawnictwo WAM, ss. 236.
Authors: Szewczyk Przemysław M.
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Marcin Wasilewski, Protagoras z Abdery, sofista i wychowawca. Studium z historii filozofii wychowania, Łódź 2013, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, ss. 267.
Authors: Sobolewska Mariola
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Analisis Live Forensics Pada Keamanan Browser Untuk Mencegah Pencurian Akun (Studi Kasus: Facebook dan Instagram)
Authors: Kinasih Ratri Ayunita , Wirawan Muhammad Arif , Adi Prabowo Wahyu
Published: November 2020

Pencurian data digital sangat meresahkan pengguna media sosial, terlebih pengguna Facebook dan Instagram yang merupakan media sosial dengan jumlah pengguna terbanyak. Browser yang digunakan untuk mengakses media sosial harus terjamin keamanannya. Analisis browser untuk mengetahui browser mana yang paling aman digunakan untuk mengakses media sosial sangat penting. Agar pengguna media sosial tidak perlu khawatir terjadi pencurian data. Browser yang akan dianalisis yaitu Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, dan Microsoft Edge. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan skenario dengan menggunakan teknik live forensics agar data yang didapatkan masih terekam dalam Random Access Memory (RAM), khususnya data volatile seperti email dan password. Dalam penelitian ini didapatkan bukti digital seperti email, password, username, dan data-data pribadi lainnya dengan menggunakan tools FTK Imager.

 

Kata kunci: Browser, Facebook, FTK Imager, Instagram, Live Forensics
REKONTRUKSI PASAL 7 AYAT (1), UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA ANAK, BERBASIS PRINSIP-PRINSIP INDIVIDUALISASI PIDANA DALAM HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Maemunah Maemunah
Published: November 2020

Children are a trust and gift from God who has dignity and dignity as a whole human being. In order to safeguard his dignity, the child is entitled to special protection, especially legal protection in the justice system. In realizing the maximum child protection, requires a policy that supports the realization of maximum protection, with the issuance of Law Number 11 Year 2012, concerning the Juvenile Justice System. This is done because Indonesia as a State Party in the Convection of children's rights governing the principle of legal protection against children have an obligation to provide special protection for children in conflict with the law. In Article 7 Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Law on the Juvenile Justice System, article 7 (1) At the level of investigation, prosecution and examination of cases of children in the district court must be endeavored Diversion, (2) Diversion as meant in paragraph (1) is carried out in the case of acts crimes committed: (a) are threatened with imprisonment of less than 7 (seven) years and (b) do not constitute repeat offenses. This study intended to examine and analyze the form of legal construction of the Juvenile Justice System specifically implementing diversion for victims with demands of less than 7 years. The research method uses a statutory approach, a case approach, and a comparative approach to the number of cases by reviewing and analyzing legislation, journals, cases, data and direct interviews. According to the results of the study, it is found that the implementation of legal penal system of the Juvenile Justice System (1) child cases is increasing, (2) diversion is carried out since the investigation up to the court, and there are still many that are done at a higher level, (3) have an understanding, that diversion must be sought, has a meaning that can be done at various levels so that diversion occurs at several levels, and often occurs at the Court level.
4-H Entomology Project, Advanced Level: Working with Insects
Authors: Koehler Philip G. , Northrop J. C.
Published: November 2020

This document is 4HENM12 of the Florida 4-H Youth Development Program, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Reviewed June 2002.
Cooperative Unit Systems: 1. Introduction and Raising Market Animals in a Group Setting
Authors: Schortinghouse Alyssa
Published: November 2020

Traditionally, organizations such as 4-H have encouraged youth to participate in market animal projects as a way of increasing youth participation and introducing youth to production agriculture. As the demographics shift to a more urban clientele base for 4-H, there are new barriers of entry to market animal projects that were not seen in generations past. To address these barriers of entry, systems such as cooperative animal units have been setup. This 3-page document discusses components and limitations of cooperative animal units. Written by Alyssa Schortinghouse, and published by the UF/IFAS 4-H Youth Development Department, August 2020.
Residential Irrigation System Rainfall Shutoff Devices
Authors: Dukes Michael D. , Haman Dorota Z.
Published: November 2020

This document is ABE325, one of a series of the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published July 2002.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae221
Small Farmer's Resources for Safety
Authors: Lehtola Carol J. , Brown Charles M.
Published: November 2020

This document is ABE330, one of a series of the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published October 2002.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae228
Agricultural Employer's Resources for Safety
Authors: Lehtola Carol J. , Brown Charles M.
Published: November 2020

This document is AE331, one of a series of the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published October 2002.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ae229
Conservation Tillage Peanut Production
Authors: Wright David L. , Marois James J. , Rich Jimmy R. , Sprenkel Richard K. , Whitty Elmo B.
Published: November 2020

This document is SS-AGR-185, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published October 2002.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag187
2002 Cotton Defoliation and Harvest Aid Guide
Authors: Wright David L. , Brecke Barry J.
Published: November 2020

This document is SS-AGR-181, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published September 2002.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag188
The Commercial Bottom Trawling Industry in Florida: Balancing Environmental Impact with Economic Contribution
Authors: Adams Chuck
Published: November 2020

This is EDIS document FE345, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published August 2002.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe345
Leches a base de plantas: Nuez de marañón (anacardo)
Authors: Zeldman Jamie , Rivero-Mendoza Daniela , Dahl Wendy J.
Published: November 2020

La disponibilidad y el consumo de alternativas de leche a base de plantas, también conocidas como no lácteas, han ido en aumento. Las ventas de alternativas a la leche no láctea se han más que duplicado, mientras que el consumo de leche de vaca tradicional ha disminuido. Este aumento puede deberse a que las leches de origen vegetal se perciben como "naturales", así como a un aumento del veganismo y la búsqueda de evitar la lactosa. Las principales alternativas de leche de origen vegetal son la almendra, la soja, el coco, la nuez de marañón (anacardo) y el arroz. Esta publicación analiza el contenido nutricional, los posibles beneficios para la salud y los posibles riesgos de la leche de nuez de marañón.This new 4-page article is the Spanish translation of FSHN20-51/FS413, Plant-Based Milks: Cashew, written by Jamie Zeldman, Daniela Rivero-Mendoza, and Wendy J. Dahl, translated by Daniela Rivero-Mendoza, and published by the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs418
The Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx)
Authors: Andersen Peter C. , Sarkhosh Ali , Huff Dustin , Breman Jacque
Published: November 2020

The muscadine grape is native to the southeastern United States and was the first native grape species to be cultivated in North America. The natural range of muscadine grapes extends from Delaware to central Florida and occurs in all states along the Gulf Coast to east Texas. It also extends northward along the Mississippi River to Missouri. Muscadine grapes will perform well throughout Florida, although performance is poor in calcareous soils or in soils with very poor drainage. Most scientists divide the Vitis genus into two subgenera: Euvitis (the European, Vitis vinifera L. grapes and the American bunch grapes, Vitis labrusca L.) and the Muscadania grapes (muscadine grapes). There are three species within the Muscadania subgenera (Vitis munsoniana, Vitis popenoei and Vitis rotundifolia). Euvitis and Muscadania have somatic chromosome numbers of 38 and 40, respectively. Vines do best in deep, fertile soils, and they can often be found in beside river beds.

 Wild muscadine grapes are functionally dioecious due to incomplete stamen formation in female vines and incomplete pistil formation in male vines. Male vines account for the majority of the wild muscadine grape population. Muscadine grapes are late in breaking bud in the spring and require 100-120 days to mature fruit. Typically, muscadine grapes in the wild bear dark fruit with usually 4 to 10 fruit per cluster. Bronze-fruited muscadine grapes are also found in the wild, and they are often referred to as scuppernongs. There are hundreds of named muscadine grape cultivars from improved selections, and in fact, one that has been found in the Scuppernong river of North Carolina has been named Scuppernong. There are over 100 improved cultivars of muscadine grapes that vary in size from 1/4 to 1 ½ inches in diameter and 4 to 15 grams in weight. Skin color ranges from light bronze to pink to purple to black. Flesh is clear and translucent for all muscadine grape berries.

Originally published 1994 by Peter C. Anderson and Timothy E. Crocker. Published on EDIS June 2003. Revised November 2010, October 2013, January 2017. This revision with Sarkhosh and Huff.
Manual de Práticas para o Melhor Manejo Pós-Colheita da Manga
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K. , Sargent Steven A. , Kader Adel A. , Mitcham Elizabeth J. , Maul Fernando , Brecht Patrick E. , Menocal Octavio
Published: November 2020

Improving the quality and consistency of the fresh mangos that are available to consumers in the United States is an important goal of the National Mango Board (NMB). The NMB-funded project, Monitoring and Evaluation of the Mango Supply Chain to Improve Mango Quality (referred to hereafter as the Mango Quality Project), was conducted from December 2007 through April 2009 to identify impediments to successfully meeting that goal. The final deliverable of the Mango Quality Project is this best management practices manual for harvesting and handling mangos marketed in the U.S. The manual includes quality-control procedures to use when monitoring the maturity and quality of mangos in commercial handling operations.The 77-page manual (10 MB pdf), written in Portuguese, was most recently revised in October 2020. The English version is available at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1185.
Tomato Production in Florida Using Fertigation Technology
Authors: Dixon Mary , Liu Guodong
Published: November 2020

Tomato is in high demand because of its taste and health benefits. In Florida, tomato is the number one vegetable crop in terms of both acreage and value. Because of its high value and wide acreage, it is important for tomato production to be efficient in its water and nutrient use, which may be improved through fertigation practices. Therefore, the objective of this new 7-page article is to disseminate research-based methods of tomato production utilizing fertigation to enhance yield and nutrient use efficiency. Written by Mary Dixon and Guodong Liu, and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1392
Large Carpenter Bees, Xylocopa spp. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae)
Authors: Grissell E. E. , Sanford Malcolm T. , Fasulo Thomas R.
Published: November 2020

This document is EENY-100, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date July 1999. Reviewed May 2003.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in257
Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Capinera John L.
Published: November 2020

This document is EENY-116, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date October 1999. Reviewed May 2003.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in273
Wasp Parasitoid Meteorus autographae Muesebeck (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Sourakov Andrei , Mitchell Everett
Published: November 2020

This document is EENY-125, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: March 2000. Revised: October 2002.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in282
Melon Thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Capinera John L.
Published: November 2020

This document is EENY-135, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: June 2000.

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in292