bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Value-Relevance of Cash Flows and Accruals: The Role of Investment Opportunities
Authors: Kumar Krishna R. , Krishnan Gopal V.
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT: We examine the role of investment opportunities as a determinant of the relative importance of cash flows from operations (CFO) and accruals in firm valuation. We find that at low investment-opportunity levels, CFO value-relevance increases with investment opportunities. When investment opportunities are high, accrual value-relevance declines as investment opportunities increase. Consequently, earnings value-relevance first varies directly and then inversely with investment opportunities. We show that the increase in CFO value-relevance is consistent with cost differentials between internal and external financing causing CFO to be an increasingly important determinant of the realization of investment opportunities. The decline in accrual value-relevance at high investment-opportunity levels appears to be attributable to accounting measurement deficiencies.
Voluntary Accounting Disclosures by U.S.-Listed Asian Companies
Authors: Kumar Gaurav , Wilder W. Mark , Stocks Morris H.
Published: August 2008

The current study examines the voluntary disclosures (provided in the U.S.) by U.S.-listed Asian companies. Our findings indicate that significantly fewer (greater) voluntary disclosures are provided by U.S.-listed Asian companies from countries which have a strict (less strict) mandatory disclosure regime in their home country. This finding is contrary to the model developed in Einhorn 2005. In addition, this study documents that over 80 percent of U.S.-listed Asian companies are voluntarily using “international” standards for their financial statements and thus contributing towards international accounting convergence. However, their choice to use “international” standards is not affected by their proportion of foreign sales or size. An important contribution of this study is the development of a measure for strictness of mandatory disclosure regimes of Asian countries by using expert rankings.
The Effects of Shareholder Dividend Taxes: Evidence from the Australian Tax Integration Environment
Authors: Ricketts Robert C. , Wilkinson Brett R.
Published: August 2008

In this paper we empirically test the Harris et al. (2001) model in the unique setting of the Australian stock market. In 1987, Australia changed from a traditional tax system (two levels of taxation) to an integrated tax system (one level of taxation). We estimate the parameters of the Harris et al. (2001) model for a sample of Australian firms across the change in the tax regime. We also refine our analysis to allow for differences between firms with regard to tax credit position (that is, the extent to which they shield shareholders from individual-level taxes) in the post-integration period. Our results are consistent with the model predictions with respect to the change in tax regime and between high- and low-credit firms in the post-integration period.
The components of the AhR‐molecular chaperone complex differ depending on whether the ligands are toxic or non‐toxic
Authors: Narita Yukihiko , Tamura Arisa , Hatakeyama Shiori , Uemura Seiya , Miura Atsuko , Haga Asami , Tsuji Noriko , Fujie Nozomi , Izumi Yukina , Sugawara Taku , Otaka Michiro , Okamoto Ken , Lu Peng , Okuda Suguru , Suzuki Michio , Nagata Koji , Shimizu Hiroaki , Itoh Hideaki
Published: April 2024

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) forms a complex with the HSP90‐XAP2‐p23 molecular chaperone when the cells are exposed to toxic compounds. Recently, 1,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid (DHNA) was reported to be an AhR ligand. Here, we investigated the components of the molecular chaperone complex when DHNA binds to AhR. Proteins eluted from the 3‐Methylcolanthrene‐affinity column were AhR‐HSP90‐XAP2‐p23 complex. The AhR‐molecular chaperone complex did not contain p23 in the eluents from the DHNA‐affinity column. In 3‐MC‐treated cells, AhR formed a complex with HSP90‐XAP2‐p23 and nuclear translocation occurred within 30 min, while in DHNA‐treated cells, AhR formed a complex with AhR‐HSP90‐XAP2, and translocation was slow from 60 min. Thus, the AhR activation mechanism may differ when DHNA is the ligand compared to toxic ligands.
PAT mRNA decapping factors are required for proper development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zuo Zhangli , Roux Milena Edna , Dagdas Yasin F. , Rodriguez Eleazar , Petersen Morten
Published: April 2024

Evolutionarily conserved protein associated with topoisomerase II (PAT1) proteins activate mRNA decay through binding mRNA and recruiting decapping factors to optimize posttranscriptional reprogramming. Here, we generated multiple mutants of pat1, pat1 homolog 1 (path1), and pat1 homolog 2 (path2) and discovered that pat triple mutants exhibit extremely stunted growth and all mutants with pat1 exhibit leaf serration while mutants with pat1 and path1 display short petioles. All three PATs can be found localized to processing bodies and all PATs can target ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2‐LIKE 9 transcripts for decay to finely regulate apical hook and lateral root development. In conclusion, PATs exhibit both specific and redundant functions during different plant growth stages and our observations underpin the selective regulation of the mRNA decay machinery for proper development.
Tailoring the Reaction Path: External Crack Initiation in Reactive Al/Ni Multilayers
Authors: Matthes Sebastian , Glaser Marcus , Vardo Emina , Sauni Camposano Yesenia Haydee , Jaekel Konrad , Bergmann Jean Pierre , Schaaf Peter
Published: April 2024

The influence of intentionally externally induced cracks in reactive Al/Ni multilayer systems is investigated. These cracks affect the reaction dynamics and enable tailoring of the reaction path and the overall velocity of the reaction front. The influence of layer variations onto mechanical crack formation and resulting reaction behavior are investigated. High‐speed camera imaging shows the meandering propagation of the reaction front along the crack paths. Therefore, the mechanical cracking process significantly changes the total velocity of the reaction front and thus offers a possibility to control the self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis process. It is shown that the phase formation remains unaffected despite the applied strains and cracks. This favorable stability in phase formation ensures predictability and provides insight into the adaptation of RMS for precision applications in joints. The results expand the understanding of mechanical cracking as a tool to influence high‐temperature synthesis in reactive multilayer coatings and provide an opportunity to expand the range of applications.
Two‐Way Regulation of MgFe‐LDH on ESC Cell Fate via Temporal Selective Activation of Different Cell Membrane Receptors
Authors: Wang Zhaojie , Bai Yuxin , Xu Xu , Zhu Yanjing , He Xiaolie , Huang Ruiqi , Yu Liqun , Huang Runzhi , Cheng Liming , Zhu Rongrong
Published: April 2024

Stem cell fate regulation by biomaterials has considerable therapeutic potential; however, the mechanisms whereby biomaterials instruct stem cells for accurate fate regulation still need to be elucidated. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles are widely used for tissue regeneration because of their excellent physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This study reveals that MgFe‐LDH has bidirectional regulatory effects on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neural progenitor cells, essentially suppressing cell differentiation on the 1st day and promoting cell differentiation on the 3rd day. Single‐cell transcriptome sequencing and simulated computation of structural analysis demonstrate that MgFe‐LDH interacts with the membrane receptors leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR, 15 nm above the cell membrane) and pached1 (PTCH1, 6 nm above the cell membrane) on the 1st and 3rd day of differentiation, respectively. LIFR has more contact with MgFe‐LDH than PTCH1 and relatively weaker electrostatic interaction energies (−11010.0 and −9829.3 kJ mol−1 for PTCH1 and LIFR, respectively). These factors determine receptor binding and activation priority, followed by cell fate regulation. The results indicate that MgFe‐LDH regulate the activity and fate of stem cells dually, thus creating possibilities for personalized therapy in neurodevelopment and regenerative medicine through an in‐depth study of cell membrane receptors.
Dual‐Functional X‐Ray Photochromic Phosphor: High‐Performance Detection and 3D Imaging
Authors: Bai Xue , Xu Zan , Zi Yingzhu , Zhao Heping , Zhu Bokun , Feng Rongbao , Cun Yangke , Huang Anjun , Liu Yue , Li Yuewei , Qiu Jianbei , Song Zhiguo , Langford Steven J. , Liao Jiayan , Yang Zhengwen
Published: April 2024

This study explores the integration of X‐ray‐induced photochromism and photoluminescence in a single material, offering innovative multi‐mode applications in optical memory, anti‐counterfeiting, and X‐ray detection and imaging. The photochromic phosphor LiAlSi2O6:Sm3+ is synthesized, which undergoes a color change from white to dark green under bright field conditions and displays orange photoluminescence in dark field conditions after X‐ray exposure due to defect formation. The phosphor shows accelerated bleaching and recovery under 473 nm laser stimulation. The distinct X‐ray‐induced color contrast and luminescence intensity modification in LiAlSi2O6:Sm3+ highlight its potential in advanced luminescent material design. Moreover, a LiAlSi2O6:Sm3+‐based flexible film demonstrates “dual‐mode” 3D X‐ray imaging and detection capabilities, paving the way for future X‐ray detecting and imaging device research.
Recent Experimental Breakthroughs on 2D Transistors: Approaching the Theoretical Limit
Authors: Li Hong , Li Qiuhui , Li Ying , Yang Zongmeng , Quhe Ruge , Sun Xiaotian , Wang Yangyang , Xu Lin , Peng Lian‐mao , Tian He , Qiu Chenguang , Lu Jing
Published: April 2024

Since Si‐based Moore's law is physically limited, 2D semiconductors are proposed as successors to continue shrinking the transistor size for more Moore electronics. However, limited by experimental technology bottlenecks, the theoretical predicted superiorities of the 2D transistors over the state‐of‐the‐art Si transistors have been lacking concrete evidence for a decade. In this review, recent exciting experimental breakthroughs for 2D transistors are presented, including gate length miniaturization to a sub‐1 nm limit, electrode contact optimization to the resistance quantum limit, high‐quality dielectric fabrication with an equivalent oxide thickness to sub‐0.5 nm, novel architecture form (2D fin field‐effect transistor), and back‐end‐of‐line integration of directly grown 2D materials on Si complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor circuits. Remarkably, an ultrashort channel, Ohmic contact, ballistic transport, and ultrathin dielectric layer are simultaneously satisfied in the 2D InSe transistor, and device performances approaching the theoretical limit are observed. The measured key figures of merit of the ideal 2D InSe transistor are comparable to or even surpass those of the Si transistors. Finally, the challenges and outlook on more Moore electronics based on 2D transistors are highlighted.
Optimizing the Dehydrogenation Kinetics of Metal Nitrides for Energy‐Efficient Seawater Hydrogen Production at 2 A cm−2
Authors: Hu Huashuai , Xu Zhihang , Zhang Zhaorui , Yan Xiaohui , Wang Xiaoli , Zhu Ye , Wang Jiacheng , Yang Minghui
Published: April 2024

Seawater hydrogen production, vital for sustainable energy solutions and freshwater preservation, faces challenges due to seawater complexity and high energy consumption. A strategy to modulate dehydrogenation kinetics of dual‐phase metal nitrides using low‐loaded Pt quantum dots (QDs), achieving stable and energy‐efficient hydrogen generation is introduced. The Pt QDs@Ni3N‐MoN/Ti catalyst displays outstanding bifunctional seawater catalytic performance, enabling efficient hydrogen production and hydrazine degradation in a flow anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) device. Operating at a low voltage of 1.41 V, it achieves 2 A cm−2 for 300 h, circumventing chlorine corrosion and yielding record‐breaking energy equivalent input (2.68 kWh m−3 H2 at 1 A cm−2), a 47.1% reduction compared to traditional methods. Integration with solar and biomass energy facilitates self‐powered hybrid seawater hydrogen production, highlighting its potential applications. This work facilitates energy‐efficient marine resource conversion to green hydrogen and offers viable insights into industrial hazardous pollutant degradation using metal‐nitride electrocatalysts.
Machine Learning to Promote Efficient Screening of Low‐Contact Electrode for 2D Semiconductor Transistor Under Limited Data
Authors: Li Penghui , Dong Linpeng , Li Chong , Li Yan , Zhao Jie , Peng Bo , Wang Wei , Zhou Shun , Liu Weiguo
Published: April 2024

Low‐barrier and high‐injection electrodes are crucial for high‐performance (HP) 2D semiconductor devices. Conventional trial‐and‐error methodologies for electrode material screening are impractical because of their low efficiency and arbitrary specificity. Although machine learning has emerged as a promising alternative to tackle this problem, its practical application in semiconductor devices is hindered by its substantial data requirements. In this paper, a comprehensive scheme combining an autoencoding regularized adversarial neural network and a feature‐adaptive variational active learning algorithm for screening low‐contact electrode materials for 2D semiconductor transistors with limited data is proposed. The proposed scheme exhibits exceptional performance by training with only 15% of the total data points, where the mean square errors are 0.17 and 0.27 eV for the vertical and lateral Schottky barrier, respectively, and 2.88% for tunneling probability. Further, it exhibits an optimal predictive performance for 100 randomly sampled training datasets, reveals the underlying physical insight based on the identified features, and realizes continual improvement by employing detailed density‐of‐states descriptors. Finally, the empirical evaluations of the transport characteristics are conducted and verified by constructing MOSFET devices. These findings demonstrate the considerable potential of machine‐learning techniques for screening high‐efficiency electrode materials and constructing HP 2D semiconductor devices.
Silver Copper Chalcogenide Thermoelectrics: Advance, Controversy, and Perspective
Authors: Li Nan‐Hai , Zhang Qiang , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Jiang Jun , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: April 2024

Thermoelectric technology, which enables a direct and pollution‐free conversion of heat into electricity, provides a promising path to address the current global energy crisis. Among the broad range of thermoelectric materials, silver copper chalcogenides (AgCuQ, Q = S, Se, Te) have garnered significant attention in thermoelectric community in light of inherently ultralow lattice thermal conductivity, controllable electronic transport properties, excellent thermoelectric performance across various temperature ranges, and a degree of ductility. This review epitomizes the recent progress in AgCuQ‐based thermoelectric materials, from the optimization of thermoelectric performance to the rational design of devices, encompassing the fundamental understanding of crystal structures, electronic band structures, mechanical properties, and quasi‐liquid behaviors. The correlation between chemical composition, mechanical properties, and thermoelectric performance in this material system is also highlighted. Finally, several key issues and prospects are proposed for further optimizing AgCuQ‐based thermoelectric materials.
Hybrid‐Electrolytes System Established by Dual Super‐lyophobic Membrane Enabling High‐Voltage Aqueous Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Qifei , Wang Changhao , Qiao Yu , Zhou Haoshen , Yu Jihong
Published: April 2024

Aqueous electrolytes and related aqueous rechargeable batteries own unique advantage on safety and environmental friendliness, but coupling high energy density Li‐metal batteries with aqueous electrolyte still represent challenging and not yet reported. Here, this work makes a breakthrough in “high‐voltage aqueous Li‐metal batteries” (HVALMBs) by adopting a brilliant hybrid‐electrolytes strategy. Concentrated ternary‐salts ether‐based electrolyte (CTE) acts as the anolyte to ensure the stability and reversibility of Li‐metal plating/stripping. Eco‐friendly water‐in‐salt (WiS) electrolyte acts as catholyte to support the healthy operation of high‐voltage cathodes. Most importantly, the aqueous catholyte and non‐aqueous anolyte are isolated in each independent chamber without any crosstalk. Aqueous catholyte permeation toward Li anode can be completely prohibited without proton‐induced corrosion, which is enabled by the introduction of under‐liquid dual super‐lyophobic membrane‐based separator, which can realize the segregation of the most effective immiscible electrolytes with a surface tension difference as small as 6 mJ m−2. As a result, the aqueous electrolyte can be successfully coupled with Li‐metal anode and achieve the fabrication of HVALMBs (hybrid‐electrolytes system), which presents long‐term cycle stability with a capacity retention of 81.0% after 300 cycles (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 || Li (limited) cell) and high energy density (682 Wh kg−1).
Enantioselective Si−H Insertion of Arylvinyldiazoesters Promoted by Rhodium(I)/Diene Complexes
Authors: Li Ziyan , Liu Jian‐Guo , Zhang Wen‐Ping , Xu Ming‐Hua
Published: April 2024

An enantioselective Si−H insertion between α‐arylvinyldiazoesters and silanes has been developed by employing rhodium(I)/chiral diene complex as the catalyst. This protocol offers a catalytic asymmetric approach to various chiral silanes containing α‐arylvinyl functionality at room temperature with good enantiocontrol (89–99% ee). Transformation of the resulting enantiomerically enriched α‐arylvinyl‐α‐silyl esters led to a variety of other valuable building blocks. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect experiments revealed a rhodium(I)‐mediated concerted Si−H insertion mechanism.
Stabilization of Pd0 by Cu Alloying: Theory‐Guided Design of Pd3Cu Electrocatalyst for Anodic Methanol Carbonylation
Authors: Shi Yunru , Hu Yi‐Fan , Ye Jinyu , Zhong Gang , Xia Chungu , Liu Zhi‐Pan , Huang Yang , He Lin
Published: April 2024

Electrocatalytic carbonylation of CO and CH3OH to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) on metallic palladium (Pd) electrode offers a promising strategy for C1 valorization at the anode. However, its broader application is limited by the high working potential and the low DMC selectivity accompanied with severe methanol self‐oxidation. Herein, our theoretical analysis of the intermediate adsorption interactions on both Pd0 and Pd4+ surfaces revealed that inevitable reconstruction of Pd surface under strongly oxidative potential diminishes its CO adsorption capacity, thus damaging the DMC formation. Further theoretical modeling indicates that doping Pd with Cu not only stabilizes low‐valence Pd in oxidative environments but also lowers the overall energy barrier for DMC formation. Guided by this insight, we developed a facile two‐step thermal shock method to prepare PdCu alloy electrocatalysts for DMC. Remarkably, the predicted Pd3Cu demonstrated the highest DMC selectivity among existing Pd‐based electrocatalysts, reaching a peaked DMC selectivity of 93 % at 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl electrode. (Quasi) in situ spectra investigations further confirmed the predicted dual role of Cu dopant in promoting Pd‐catalyzed DMC formation.
On the Mechanisms of Hypohalous Acid Formation and Electrophilic Halogenation by Non‐Native Halogenases
Authors: Prakinee Kridsadakorn , Lawan Narin , Phintha Aisaraphon , Visitsatthawong Surawit , Chitnumsub Penchit , Jitkaroon Watcharapa , Chaiyen Pimchai
Published: April 2024

Enzymatic electrophilic halogenation is a mild tool for functionalization of diverse organic compounds. Only a few groups of native halogenases are capable of catalyzing such a reaction. In this study, we used a mechanism‐guided strategy to discover the electrophilic halogenation activity catalyzed by non‐native halogenases. As the ability to form a hypohalous acid (HOX) is key for halogenation, flavin‐dependent monooxygenases/oxidases capable of forming C4a‐hydroperoxyflavin (FlC4a‐OOH), such as dehalogenase, hydroxylases, luciferase and pyranose‐2‐oxidase (P2O), and flavin reductase capable of forming H2O2 were explored for their abilities to generate HOX in situ. Transient kinetic analyses using stopped‐flow spectrophotometry/fluorometry and product analysis indicate that FlC4a‐OOH in dehalogenases, selected hydroxylases and luciferases, but not in P2O can form HOX; however, the HOX generated from FlC4a‐OOH cannot halogenate their substrates. Remarkably, in situ H2O2 generated by P2O can form HOI and also iodinate various compounds. Because not all enzymes capable of forming FlC4a‐OOH can react with halides to form HOX, QM/MM calculations, site‐directed mutagenesis and structural analysis were carried out to elucidate the mechanism underlying HOX formation and characterize the active site environment. Our findings shed light on identifying new halogenase scaffolds besides the currently known enzymes and have invoked a new mode of chemoenzymatic halogenation.
Confined‐Coordination Induced Intergrowth of Metal–Organic Frameworks into Precise Molecular Sieving Membranes
Authors: Liu Guozhen , Mo Binyu , Guo Yanan , Chu Zhenyu , Ren Xiao‐Ming , Guan Kecheng , Miao Renjie , Wang Zhenggang , Zhang Yaxin , Ji Wenqi , Liu Gongping , Matsuyama Hideto , Jin Wanqin
Published: April 2024

Metal–organic framework (MOF) membranes with rich functionality and tunable pore system are promising for precise molecular separation; however, it remains a challenge to develop defect‐free high‐connectivity MOF membrane with high water stability owing to uncontrollable nucleation and growth rate during fabrication process. Herein, we report on a confined‐coordination induced intergrowth strategy to fabricate lattice‐defect‐free Zr‐MOF membrane towards precise molecular separation. The confined‐coordination space properties (size and shape) and environment (water or DMF) were regulated to slow down the coordination reaction rate via controlling the counter‐diffusion of MOF precursors (metal cluster and ligand), thereby inter‐growing MOF crystals into integrated membrane. The resulting Zr‐MOF membrane with angstrom‐sized lattice apertures exhibits excellent separation performance both for gas separation and water desalination process. It was achieved H2 permeance of ~1200 GPU and H2/CO2 selectivity of ~67; water permeance of ~8 L ⋅ m−2 ⋅ h−1 ⋅ bar−1 and MgCl2 rejection of ~95 %, which are one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of state‐of‐the‐art membranes. The molecular transport mechanism related to size‐sieving effect and transition energy barrier differential of molecules and ions was revealed by density functional theory calculations. Our work provides a facile approach and fundamental insights towards developing precise molecular sieving membranes.
Roles of hygrothermal aging temperature and time in degradation of the fracture toughness of highly cross‐linked epoxy
Authors: Mishra Kushal , Singh Aparna
Published: April 2024

The evolution of plane‐strain fracture toughness in highly cross‐linked epoxies was assessed for different hygrothermal aging temperatures (25, 50, and 75°C) and durations (0–75 days). The absorption of water increased with hygrothermal aging, but at a diminishing rate and without saturating. A fraction of the absorbed water persisted despite prolonged drying. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the epoxy‐decomposition temperature decreased with hygrothermal aging. 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated an increase in the de‐shielding of carbon atoms in the vicinity of electronegative elements like oxygen with hygrothermal aging severity, indicating the development of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy tracked the chemical bonding state of carbon by using a narrow scan on the C1s binding energy region. Upon hygrothermal aging, there was a decrease in CC/CC groups, indicating main chain scission through hydrolysis. A simultaneous increase in the CO species indicates the formation of alcohols as hydrolysis reaction products. In this manner, retained water was involved in hydrogen bonding and chemical reactions with the epoxy. With increasing severity of hygrothermal aging, the fracture toughness decreased. This was consistent with fracture surface micrographs that showed a greater distance amongst crack stretch marks in specimens with less toughness.
Xanthan gum‐toughened hydrogel for durable strain and pressure sensors
Authors: Wang Yajun , Gao Yiyan , Gao Guanghui
Published: April 2024

Ionic conductive hydrogels have caught much attention for serving as wearable sensors, however, most hydrogel sensors are difficult to be used for repeated sensing due to low toughness and poor self‐recovery. Here, tough and self‐recovery hydrogels are constructed by introducing xanthan gum into poly(acrylamide‐co‐trimethyl ammonium chloride) (P(Am‐DMC)) hydrogel network. Xanthan gum can bind with P(Am‐DMC) chains via hydrogen bonds and the carboxyl group from xanthan gum generates electrostatic interaction with DMC, thus improving the mechanical toughness and fatigue resistance. Furthermore, the hydrogel is highly sensitive to mechanical deformation and presents durability for repeated stretching or compression, which can be designed as a wearable sensor for human motion detection. It is anticipated that the successful design of xanthan gum‐toughened hydrogel can broaden the application range of hydrogels.
Craniofacial anomalies in schizophrenia‐relevant GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice
Authors: Tavitian Ayda , Somech Joseph , Chamlian Badrouyk , Liberman Adrienne , Galindez Carmela , Schipper Hyman M.
Published: April 2024

Subtle craniofacial dysmorphology has been reported in schizophrenia patients. This dysmorphology includes midline facial elongation, frontonasal anomalies and a sexually dimorphic deviation from normal directional asymmetry of the face, with male patients showing reduced and female patients showing enhanced facial asymmetry relative to healthy control subjects. GFAP.HMOX10‐12m transgenic mice (Mus musculus) that overexpress heme oxygenase‐1 in astrocytes recapitulate many schizophrenia‐relevant neurochemical, neuropathological and behavioral features. As morphogenesis of the brain, skull and face are highly interrelated, we hypothesized that GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice may exhibit craniofacial anomalies similar to those reported in persons with schizophrenia. We examined craniofacial anatomy in male GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice and wild‐type control mice at the early adulthood age of 6–8 months. We used computer vision techniques for the extraction and analysis of mouse head shape parameters from systematically acquired 2D digital images, and confirmed our results with landmark‐based geometric morphometrics. We performed skull bone morphometry using digital calipers to take linear distance measurements between known landmarks. Relative to controls, adult male GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice manifested craniofacial dysmorphology including elongation of the nasal bones, alteration of head shape anisotropy and reduction of directional asymmetry in facial shape features. These findings demonstrate that GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice exhibit craniofacial anomalies resembling those described in schizophrenia patients, implicating heme oxygenase‐1 in their development. As a preclinical mouse model, GFAP.HMOX10‐12m mice provide a novel opportunity for the study of the etiopathogenesis of craniofacial and other anomalies in schizophrenia and related disorders.
Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the ecdysone receptor isoform (EcR) from the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Cao Zhishan , Bakumenko Olha , Vlasenko Volodymyr , Li Weihai , Cao Jinjun
Published: April 2024

20‐Hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays a vital role in a series of biological processes, via the nuclear receptors, EcR/USP by activating the ecdysone regulatory cascade. To clarify the role of EcR during the development of Grapholita molesta, the complementary DNA of ecdysone receptor isoform B1 (GmEcR‐B1) was obtained from the transcriptome of G. molesta and verified by PCR. Alignment analysis revealed that the deduced protein sequence of GmEcR‐B1 was highly homologous to EcR proteins identified in other lepidopteran species, especially the EcR‐B1 isoform in Spodoptera litura. Quantitative real‐time PCR showed that GmEcRs was expressed at all test developmental stages, and the expression level of GmEcRs was relatively higher during the period of the 3rd day of fifth instar larvae to 2nd of pupa than those in other stages. Moreover, the messenger RNA of GmEcRs was much more strongly expressed in the Malpighian tubule and epidermis than those in other tissues, which suggests that this gene may function in a tissue‐specific manner during larval development. Silencing of GmEcRs could significantly downregulate the transcriptional level of ecdysone‐inducible genes and result in increased mortality during metamorphosis and prolonged prepupal duration. Taken together, the present results indicate that GmEcRs may directly or indirectly affect the development of G. molesta.
Forscher:innen in wissenschaftlichen und öffentlichen Erinnerungskulturen. Konjunkturen und Transformationsprozesse
Authors: Halling Thorsten , Oommen‐Halbach Anne
Published: April 2024

Drawing on central research questions of memory studies, this article outlines various topics and divergent concepts about the relationship between the history of science and the public perception of scientists and scholars. The focus is on the different recurring trends and transformation processes, to which this culture of remembrance is subject and the various roles of historians in this context. The article also serves as an introduction to this special issue and its contributions, which use exemplary studies from the history of medicine and pedagogy to shed light on the continual negotiation process of cultures of remembrance resulting from changing historical frames of reference, particularly in dealing with the legacy of National Socialism.
Stereoselective Reactions Promoted by Alkali Metal Salts of Phosphoric Acid Organocatalysts
Authors: Cocco Emanuele , Antenucci Achille , Carlone Armando , Manini Paola , Pesciaioli Fabio , Dughera Stefano
Published: April 2024

The catalytic application of chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) from 2004 to date represents a true milestone for asymmetric organocatalysis. However, not only the free acids can be conveniently employed in numerous different asymmetric synthetic methodologies, thus being strictly compliant to the concept of “organocatalysis”, but also their metal salts. This review focuses on asymmetric reactions in which the catalyst is a chiral alkali or alkaline‐earth metal phosphate.
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,3‐Enynes via Aryl to Vinyl 1,4‐Palladium Migration/Sonogashira Coupling Sequence
Authors: Chen Zheng‐Yu , Ji Xiao‐Ming , Wang Xue , Asgari Motahareh , Fu Jian‐Guo , Zhang Shu‐Sheng , Feng Chen‐Guo
Published: April 2024

Alkynylation of alkenyl bromoarenes via aryl to vinyl 1,4‐palladium migration/copper‐free Sonogashira coupling sequence has been developed. This approach provides a facile methodology for the highly stereoselective synthesis of multi‐substituted 1,3‐enynes in good to excellent yields and regioselectivities.
External Electric Field Control of Exciton Motion in Porphyrin‐Based Metal Organic Frameworks
Authors: Singhvi Puja , Vankova Nina , Heine Thomas
Published: April 2024

Porphyrins are excellent light‐harvesting complexes. Presently they are unsuitable for photovoltaic applications, as their excellent light absorbance is compensated to a large extent by their poor transport properties, where most excitons are lost by recombination. Arranging porphyrins in regular, strongly bound, lattices of surface‐anchored metal‐organic frameworks (PP‐SURMOFs) may facilitate charge carrier dissociation, but does not significantly enhance the conductive properties. In most cases, photogenerated excitons traverse undirected, Brownian motion through a hopping process, resulting in a substantial diffusion length to reach electrodes, leading to significant exciton loss through recombination. Here, we propose to guide exciton diffusion indirectly by an external electric field. We show that electric fields, even as strong as 1 V nm−1, do not affect the HOMO‐LUMO gap of the porphyrins. However, fields of 0.1 V nm−1 and even less demonstrate a notable Stark effect, with slight band gap reductions, for some PP‐SURMOFs. When applied as an electric field gradient, for instance, via the substrate, it creates a unidirectional hopping pathway for the excitons. Consequently, we expect a significant reduction of exciton diffusion length leading to increased utilization of photogenerated excitons as they reach the electrodes. This strategy holds promise for integrating photoactive molecules in photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications.
Polydentate Amidinato‐Silylenes, ‐Germylenes and ‐Stannylenes
Authors: Cabeza Javier A. , García‐Álvarez Pablo
Published: April 2024

This review article focuses on amidinatotetrylenes that potentially can (or have already shown to) behave as bi‐ or tridentate ligands because they contain at least one amidinatotetrylene moiety (silylene, germylene or stannylene) and one (or more) additional coordinable fragment(s). Currently, they are being widely used as ligands in coordination chemistry, small molecule activation and catalysis. This review classifies those that have been isolated as transition metal‐free compounds into five families that differ in the position(s) of the donor group(s) (D) on the amidinatotetrylene moiety, namely: ED{R1NC(R2)NR1}, EX{DNC(R2)NR1}, EX{R1NC(D)NR1}, EX{DNC(R2)ND} and E{R1NC(R2)ND}2 (E=Si, Ge or Sn). Those that do not exist as transition metal‐free compounds but have been observed as ligands in transition metal complexes are cyclometallated and ring‐opened amidinatotetrylene ligands. This article presents schematic descriptions of their structures, the approaches used for their syntheses and a quick overview of their involvement (as ligands) in transition metal‐catalysed reactions. The literature is covered up to the end of 2023.
Formation, Selective Encapsulation, and Tautomerization Control of Isoindolone Utilizing Guanidinium Sulfonate Frameworks
Authors: Chaudhry Mohammad T. , Newman Justin A. , Lee Alfred Y.
Published: April 2024

Herein we report the use of tetrakis (guanidinium) pyrenetetrasulfonate (G4PYR) and bis (guanidinium) 1,5‐napthalene disulfonate (G2NDS) to catalyze the cyclization of 2‐cyanobenzamide (1) to isoindolone (2). Moreover, we demonstrate the remarkable selectivity of these guanidinium organosulfonate hosts in encapsulating 2 over 1. By thoroughly investigating the intramolecular cyclization reaction, we determined that guanidinium and the organosulfonate moiety acts as the catalyst in this process. Additionally, 2 is selectively encapsulated, even in mixtures of other structurally similar heterocycles like indole. Furthermore, the tautomeric state of 2 (amino isoindolone (2–A) and imino isoindolinone forms (2–I)) can be controlled by utilizing different guanidinium organosulfonate frameworks.
Continuous Synthesis of a Macrocyclic Sulfite of Polyethylene Glycol by Cascaded Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)
Authors: Wei Jichang , Liu Yinli , Sun Yuchen , Bai Jun , Gao He , Yang Zhaojun , Pan Long
Published: April 2024

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Long Pan and co‐workers at Asymchem Life Sciences (Tianjin) Co. Ltd. The image depicts a novel continuous process for the synthesis of a macrocyclic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) sulfite, the precursor to PEG macrocyclic sulfate, a useful building block in PEG chemistry. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202304319.
Dynamic risk prediction model for multiple myeloma
Authors: Nierengarten Mary Beth
Published: April 2024

This news section offers Cancer readers timely information on events, public policy analysis, topical issues, and personalities. In this issue, a dynamic risk prediction model for multiple myeloma is discussed. Through deep learning, the model is able to adapt to future data, such as emerging treatment modalities and combinations. In addition, global phase 3 results show that bevacizumab with immunotherapy has activity in liver cancer, and D‐VRd is examined as a new standard of care in patients with multiple myeloma.
Effect of Aggregation Structure on Capacitive Energy Storage in Conducting Polymer Films
Authors: Li Na , Wang Yeye , Zhao Wendi , Chen Zhihong , Liu Peipei , Zhou Weiqiang , Jiang Fengxing , Liu Congcong , Xu Jingkun
Published: April 2024

Conducting polymers (CPs), a significant class of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials, exhibit exceptional capacitive energy storage performance in aqueous electrolytes. Current research primarily concentrates on enhancing the electrical conductivity and capacitive performance of CPs via molecular design and structural control. However, the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the impact of molecular chain spatial order on ion/electron transport and capacitive performance impedes the development and optimization of advanced electrode materials. Here, a solvent treatment strategy is employed to modulate the molecular chain spatial order of PEDOT : PSS films. The results of electrochemical performance tests and Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X‐ray Scattering (GIWAXS) show that Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) : poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT : PSS) films with both face‐on and edge‐on orientations exhibit exceptional electronic conductivity and ion diffusion efficiency, with capacitive performance 1.33 times higher than that of PEDOT : PSS films with only edge‐on orientation. Consequently, molecular chain orientations conducive to charge transport not only enhance inter‐chain coupling, but also effectively reduce ion transport resistance, enabling efficient capacitive energy storage. This research provides novel insights for the design and development of higher performance CPs‐based electrode materials.
Community responses of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi to hydrological gradients in a riparian Phragmites australis wetland
Authors: Chen Xue‐dong , Zhu Ying , Feng Mei‐na , Li Ji‐hang , Shi Ming‐yan
Published: April 2024

The hydrological regime is considered to be the major factor that affects the distribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi in wetlands. We aimed to investigate the responses of AM fungal community to different hydrological gradients. Illumina Miseq sequencing technology was used to study the AM fungal community structure in roots and rhizosphere soils of Phragmites australis in different moisture areas (dry area, alternating wet and dry area, and flooded area) in Mengjin Yellow River wetland. The rhizosphere soils and roots hosted different AM fungal communities. In roots, the AM fungal colonization and Chao1 richness in dry area were significantly higher than that in alternating wet and dry area and flooded area, but the community composition did not vary clearly under different water conditions. In rhizosphere soils, the Chao1 richness of AM fungi in flooded area was significantly higher than that in alternating wet and dry area and dry area, and the AM fungal community structure obviously differed across different areas. The redundancy analyses indicated that changes in the AM fungal community in soils were associated with altered soil properties, and the abundance of the dominant genus Glomus was mostly positively correlated with alkali‐hydrolyzable nitrogen in soils. This study helps us to understand the responses of AM fungal community to hydrological gradients in wetlands.
Patterns, drivers, and implications of postfire delayed tree mortality in temperate conifer forests of the western United States
Authors: Busby Sebastian , Evers Cody , Holz Andrés
Published: April 2024

Conifer forest resilience may be threatened by increasing wildfire activity and compound disturbances in western North America. Fire refugia enhance forest resilience, yet may decline over time due to delayed mortality—a process that remains poorly understood at landscape and regional scales. To address this uncertainty, we used high‐resolution satellite imagery (5‐m pixel) to map and quantify delayed mortality of conifer tree cover between 1 and 5 years postfire, across 30 large wildfires that burned within three montane ecoregions in the western United States. We used statistical models to explore the influence of burn severity, topography, soils, and climate moisture deficit on delayed mortality. We estimate that delayed mortality reduced live conifer tree cover by 5%–25% at the fire perimeter scale and 12%–15% at the ecoregion scale. Remotely sensed burn severity (1‐year postfire) was the strongest predictor of delayed mortality, indicating patch‐level fire effects are a strong proxy for fire injury severity among surviving trees that eventually perish. Delayed mortality rates were further influenced by long‐term average and short‐term postfire climate moisture deficits, illustrating the impact of drought on fire‐injured tree survival. Our work demonstrates that delayed mortality in conifer forests of the western United States can be remotely quantified at a fine grain and landscape scale, is a spatially extensive phenomenon, is driven by fire–climate–environment interactions, and has important ecological implications.
Rare‐Earth‐Metal Alkyl and Aryl Compounds in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Mortis Alexandros , Anwander Reiner
Published: April 2024

Rare‐earth‐metal (Ln) alkyl and aryl compounds feature highly reactive, thermally labile [Ln−C] σ‐bonds which result in rapid and violent decomposition in the presence of air and moisture. Nevertheless, such [Ln−C] moieties display important intermediate species in numerous organic transformations. Reagents containing [Ln−C] bonds are deliberately generated in situ like Imamoto‐type reagents Ln(III)Cl3/RLi (routinely at low temperatures) or “heavy” lanthanide‐Grignard compounds RLnX. Samarium(III)‐alkyl species are supposed intermediates of SmI2‐promoted Barbier‐type carbon–carbon coupling reactions. Alkyl/aryl ligand exchange at Ln(III) centers has been identified as the crucial step of lanthanide–halogen‐exchange reactions. In the meantime, several such mixed alkyl/halogenido complexes, devoid of an ancillary ligand, could be isolated and scrutinized with regard to structure and reactivity. More recently, Ln(III)‐alkylidene complexes could be accessed, structurally authenticated and successfully employed in Tebbe‐like olefination reactions of ketones.
Bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering: A review of decellularized extracellular matrix applications and innovations
Authors: Liu Juan , Song Qingru , Yin Wenzhen , Li Chen , An Ni , Le Yinpeng , Wang Qi , Feng Yutian , Hu Yuelei , Wang Yunfang
Published: April 2024

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) offers a three‐dimensional, non‐immunogenic scaffold, enriched with bioactive components, making it a suitable candidate for tissue regeneration. Although dECM‐based scaffolds have been successfully implemented in preclinical and clinical settings within tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the mechanisms of tissue remodeling and functional restoration are not fully understood. This review critically assesses the state‐of‐the‐art in dECM scaffolds, including decellularization techniques for various tissues, quality control and cross‐linking. It highlights the functional properties of dECM components and their latest applications in multiorgan tissue engineering and biomedicine. Additionally, the review addresses current challenges and limitations of decellularized scaffolds and offers perspectives on future directions in the field.
FGFR1 fusions as a novel molecular driver in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: de Traux De Wardin Henry , Cyrta Joanna , Dermawan Josephine K. , Guillemot Delphine , Orbach Daniel , Aerts Isabelle , Pierron Gaelle , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: April 2024

The wide application of RNA sequencing in clinical practice has allowed the discovery of novel fusion genes, which have contributed to a refined molecular classification of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Most fusions in RMS result in aberrant transcription factors, such as PAX3/7::FOXO1 in alveolar RMS (ARMS) and fusions involving VGLL2 or NCOA2 in infantile spindle cell RMS. However, recurrent fusions driving oncogenic kinase activation have not been reported in RMS. Triggered by an index case of an unclassified RMS (overlapping features between ARMS and sclerosing RMS) with a novel FGFR1::ANK1 fusion, we reviewed our molecular files for cases harboring FGFR1‐related fusions. One additional case with an FGFR1::TACC1 fusion was identified in a tumor resembling embryonal RMS (ERMS) with anaplasia, but with no pathogenic variants in TP53 or DICER1 on germline testing. Both cases occurred in males, aged 7 and 24, and in the pelvis. The 2nd case also harbored additional alterations, including somatic TP53 and TET2 mutations. Two additional RMS cases (one unclassified, one ERMS) with FGFR1 overexpression but lacking FGFR1 fusions were identified by RNA sequencing. These two cases and the FGFR1::TACC1‐positive case clustered together with the ERMS group by RNAseq. This is the first report of RMS harboring recurrent FGFR1 fusions. However, it remains unclear if FGFR1 fusions define a novel subset of RMS or alternatively, whether this alteration can sporadically drive the pathogenesis of known RMS subtypes, such as ERMS. Additional larger series with integrated genomic and epigenetic datasets are needed for better subclassification, as the resulting oncogenic kinase activation underscores the potential for targeted therapy.
Effect of radiation cross‐linked collagen scaffold in alveolar ridge preservation of extraction socket
Authors: Li Hongwei , Yang Chen , Chen Gong , Wang Bozhao , Li Jian , Xu Ling
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the properties of radiation cross‐linked collagen scaffold (RCS) and its efficacy for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP). RCS was prepared from collagen dispersion by electron beam irradiation and freeze‐drying. The microstructure, swelling ratio, area alteration and mechanical properties of RCS were characterized. Fifty‐four New Zealand rabbits performing incisor extraction on maxilla and mandible were randomly assigned into positive, sham operation or treatment groups. Micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) scans, performed after 1, 4, and 12 weeks of surgery, were to assess changes in ridge height at buccal and palatal side, in ridge width and in micromorphological parameters. Histological analysis accessed socket microarchitecture. The results showed that RCS had stable mechanical properties and morphologic features that provided a reliable physical support for ARP. Dimensional changes in treatment group revealed significantly greater vertical height at buccal (5.32 [3.37, 7.26] mm, p < .0001) and palatal (4.37 [2.66, 6.09] mm, p < .0001) side, and horizontal width at the maxilla (0.16 [0.04, 0.28] mm, p < .01) and mandible (0.33 [0.11, 0.54] mm, p < .01) than those in sham operation group after 12 weeks. The treatment group had advantage than positive group in vertical height preservation, quantitatively. The order and density of bone trabeculae were improved in treatment group. These findings indicated that RCS had the potential to serve as an effective scaffold for ARP.