bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life History Perspectives on Voltinism
Authors: Vicente Carlos San
Published: September 2021

Patterns of voltinism are well documented in many crustaceans and other invetebrates, and these studies provide diverse insights into species biology, population ecology, and drivers of the evolution of voltinism. This chapter examines voltinism across crustacean taxa, with a focus on mysids as an informative model taxon that exhibits a broad range of life pattern diversity. Voltinism, which describes the number of generations per year for population or species, can be measured as generation time and is shaped by multiple environmental factors, including temperature, latitude, salinity, and depth. Generation time also varies with important biological traits, such as body size, life span, and maturation size and age. I discuss the relationships between voltinism and life history strategies, and the influence of voltinism on adaptative plasticity of species and their populations. Many factors shape evolution of voltinism, including fitness components such as survival, reproduction, and dispersal, as well as tradeoffs among age and size at maturity, reproductive investment, and lifespan. I highlight the importance of voltinism for population modeling in crustaceans, and for understanding regional differences in voltinism. Studies comparing and contrasting voltinism will be critical to better understand how climate change, strong habitat modifications, pollution, and invasive species will impact crustacean populations and their dependent communities.
How Positive Youth Development Can Support Low-Income Roma Youth Living in the United States
Authors: Bingulac Marija
Published: September 2021

Deprivation and discrimination, including the destruction of housing settlements, forced evictions, and persistent violence, led a portion of Europe’s 12 million Roma to seek refuge in the United States and Canada. Approximately 1 million Roma live in the United States, and 80,000 Roma currently live in Canada. Profound experiences of injustice in their home countries have led Roma in the United States to keep their lives hidden from mainstream society. The Roma as a race/ethnicity is not accounted for in any American surveys, and research on their well-being in the United States is scarce. This chapter fills knowledge gaps by presenting a one-of-a-kind comprehensive literature review synthesizing empirical evidence on the lives of Roma people and their youth in the United States by applying the positive youth development (PYD) framework that focuses on promoting positive asset-building for youth and seeing youth as vital resources in development strategies. In doing so, the chapter advances beyond the more usual narrative that has focused on the problems of Roma youth to examine the mechanisms that can enable them to flourish in the United States. Romani youth is a case study example of youth of color in general; this chapter adds to the body of knowledge that examines how PYD development matters for positive developmental outcomes of a minority group that has experienced socioeconomic disparities strictly because of the stigma of their identity.
Youth Development, Education, and Identity
Authors: Dunajeva Jekatyerina
Published: September 2021

The leading research question in this chapter is how formal and informal educational practices affect Roma identity formation and, in turn, may influence Roma youth empowerment and positive development. The goal is to provide an interdisciplinary examination of marginalized youth development based on the example of Roma in Hungary. This chapter dissects positive youth development (PYD) through a detailed study of group–context relationships, in this case Roma in formal and informal educational institutions. The case study reveals that there are two critical variables for successful PYD in the case of minority discriminated youth: positive identity and supportive institutional context.
Roma Youth Development in Context
Authors: Sam David L. , Ferrer-Wreder Laura , Dimitrova Radosveta
Published: September 2021

One goal of this volume was to review the effectiveness of the positive youth development (PYD) perspective in improving the developmental outcomes of Roma youths. In addition, the volume was interested in formulating recommendations on how to improve the welfare of other marginalized and improvised youth against a backdrop of accruing knowledge from this strength-based approach. The primary focus of this concluding chapter is to build on lessons gained from applying PYD principles with Roma youth. While acknowledging the developmental gains Roma youth have achieved following the application of PYD principles, the chapter points to the fact that these gains are limited because of the prolonged and institutionalized prejudice and discrimination Roma have suffered within the societies in which they live. In light of the limitations imposed on Roma youth, the chapter suggests the need to draw on principles from acculturation and multiculturalism to help remove societal hindrances that can prevent Roma from being integrated into the fabric of the societies that they reside in.
The 1906 Intervention in Cuba
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam
Published: September 2021

This chapter serves as an introduction to the first three case studies of the book’s empirical analysis, which comprise Part I. It sketches the evolution of US attitudes toward states in the Western Hemisphere. It shows how US interpretations of the 1823 Monroe Doctrine became more hegemonic with the 1904 Roosevelt Corollary and how US expectations toward hemispheric states were relaxed in the interwar years, culminating in the Good Neighbor Policy. The chapter briefly illustrates how the attenuation of hegemonic expectations allowed Franklin D. Roosevelt to abstain from intervening in the 1933 Cuban Crisis. The aftermath of World War II put an end to the Good Neighbor Policy. Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution, John F. Kennedy expanded hegemonic expectations again, now to include domestic economic policy decisions of hemispheric states. The chapter concludes by showing that after the end of the Cold War, the United States has continued to harbor hegemonic expectations toward the Western Hemisphere.
The Background
Authors: Schultz Celia E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter sets the stage by sketching the political landscape of Rome in the mid-first century bce and laying out what can be known of Fulvia’s family. Attention is paid to the deepening divisions within Roman politics (equestrians vs. the senate, optimates vs. populists) and the formation of the so-called First Triumvirate. The chapter considers the possibility that Fulvia’s mother, Sempronia, is to be identified with the Catilinarian conspirator of the same name, and it addresses the question of whether Fulvia’s image appears on several Roman coins. The chapter describes what life was like for a young girl in an aristocratic Roman household and how Fulvia’s first marriage likely came about.
Temperance and Self-Determination in the British Isles
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Part II of the book (Chapters 5–8) examines the British Empire, with Chapter 5 focusing on liquor and imperialism within the British Isles, where temperance movement first took hold in the periphery of Scotland and Ireland. The chapter explores the colonizer’s alcohol narrative in Ireland, used to justify the domination of Britain’s “first colony.” In the 1840s, Fr. Theobald Mathew’s wildly popular Irish temperance movement quickly fused with the cause of Irish nationalism, thanks to Daniel O’Connell. With the advent of “Maine Law” prohibitionism, everyone from John Stuart Mill to Karl Marx contributed to debates over alcohol control and prohibition. Intertwined with Irish Home Rule, British prohibitionism crested in 1895 and then gave way to Gothenburg alcohol control and pub reform, especially with World War I. Similar imperial dynamics of alco-colonization are noted in Britain’s other white settler colonies: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
Liquor and the Ethnic Cleansing of North America
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Chapter 10 continues the focus on Native American temperance by highlighting the tension between US government goodwill and fair trade with native tribes on the one hand, and predatory capitalists—including John Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company—who used liquor to subjugate the tribes on the other. William Clark (of Lewis and Clark fame) became an important mediator in this conflict between native pleas for prohibition and white profits. The role of distancing from predatory white liquor traders gives new perspectives on the Trail of Tears in the South, while the role of disputes over illegal white liquor peddling initiated the Black Hawk War to the North. As native tribes both north and south were relocated to the unsettled lands west of the Missouri and Arkansas territories, they found unscrupulous liquor dealers—including American Fur—waiting to take their tribal annuities in exchange for addictive liquor.
The World around Us
Authors: Franklin M.I.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 sets the compass through a work that seems to have little to say about sampling. 4’33” (four thirty-three) by John Cage is based on no (performed) sounds, no flashy pyrotechnics in its execution, nor reverence for the notion of music as a singular, individual creative act, or performance. The chapter considers Cage’s evocation of “silence” as the sampled material that is at stake in this iconic piece. I consider how silence, and silencing work in the context of censorship and social control given that the timeframe for the inception of 4’33” resonates with post-World War II, mid-twentieth-century United States during the Cold War. Engaging with this work can also tell us something about the role of censorship in public arts life half a century later, in the US shortly after the Al Qaeda attacks on September 11, 2001. As I argue, when regarded as a material of music, and thereby as a source from which to “sample” silence, 4’33”offers both a sonic and “sound-less” baseline for the four case studies to follow. “Silence” as rendered in Cage’s work, its wider connotations and evocation of the sensation of sound-filled stillness also serve as a signal for instances of domination, of how oppression can take place quietly, without fanfare. Considering silence as a geocultural, socio-musicological matter allows us a moment to retune our ears and minds by encountering the broader (in)audible domains through, and from which sampling practices take place.
Loss of Innocence
Authors: Franklin M.I.
Published: September 2021

This case of music borrowing/sampling, dating from the late 1970s, encapsulates both the creative potential and ethical hazards of music borrowing, when doing so with “permission” in legal terms yet without full consent from the artists. It revisits My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, from Brian Eno and David Byrne (1981) in which sampled music, from the Arabic world and other sources, feature. This case study spotlights the long-overlooked voice and Lebanese musical traditions of the singer Dunya Yunis, whose performance of a well-known song in Lebanon and the wider region is sampled in two of the best known tracks from Eno and Byrne’s bestselling album. Based on extensive archival work, conversations with musicians, and personal recollections from Ms. Yunis herself, this chapter puts the historical and musical record straight around the Yunis recording sampled on My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, a track from the first volume of a vinyl box-set compilation of ethnomusicological field recordings, entitled Music in the World of Islam I: The Human Voice (Jenkins and Olsen 1976a).
Why Social Media Matter
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto
Published: September 2021

To understand how social media can contribute to political participation, research must first investigate the extent to which individuals experience political content on these platforms. Second, we need to understand whether and how these experiences and their effects differ among different types of users—such as those with different levels of political involvement and different ideological preferences. Finally, we need to know how these relationships are shaped by systemic factors that vary across countries—such as patterns of electoral competition, characteristics of media systems, and the strength of party organizations. The theoretical framework presented in this chapter overcomes three theoretical and empirical fallacies that have limited researchers’ ability to understand the relationship between social media and political participation. These fallacies inaccurately suggest that platforms’ affordances are a destiny that inevitably shapes outcomes, that the effects of social media are uniform among different groups of users rather than varying based on their specific characteristics, and that contextual features and systemic factors do not play any relevant role.
Does Context Matter?
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto
Published: September 2021

Systemic features can play a relevant role in shaping the relationship between political experiences on social media and political participation. The positive relationship between exposure to supportive political content on social media and participation is stronger in countries with majoritarian patterns of political competition than in countries with proportional dynamics. The positive relationship between being targeted by electoral mobilization on social media and participation is stronger in party-centric political systems than in candidate-centric ones. By contrast, the relationship between accidental exposure to news on social media and participation does not vary across different types of media systems. The fact that some features of political systems moderate the relationship between political experiences on social media and participation highlights that comparative research can help us understand how contextual characteristics that vary across countries shape the political implications of social media.
Armies of Arabia
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: September 2021

In Armies of Arabia—the first book to comprehensively analyze the Gulf monarchies’ militaries—Zoltan Barany explains the conspicuous ineffectiveness of these forces with a combination of political-structural and sociocultural factors. Based on over 150 personal interviews and meticulous multidisciplinary research, he offers a fascinating account of Arabia’s armies starting with Ibn Saud’s conquest of much of the peninsula and ending with the ongoing war in Yemen. He explores the ruling families’ role overseeing their militaries to ensure their loyalty and examines the backgrounds and career trajectories of soldiers and officers. Barany argues that Arabia’s armies remain ineffective because they are characterized by an absence of meritocracy, the domination of personal connections over institutional norms, disregard for personal responsibility, half-hearted leadership, casual work ethic, and training lacking intensity, frequency, and up-to-date settings. Massive expenditures on armaments are primarily payoffs to the United States for protecting them and have resulted in bloated arsenals and large-scale corruption. The setbacks of the Saudi-led coalition’s disastrous war in Yemen starkly illustrate the Gulf armies’ humiliating combat record. The book concludes with thoughts on waste (of human potential, resources, institutions) as a dominant theme of Gulf military affairs, considers likely changes in response to long-term weakening demand for oil, and suggests ways in which the effectiveness of Arabia’s armies could be raised. Chock-full of insights and stories from the field and written with a general audience in mind, Armies of Arabia is essential reading for anyone interested in military affairs and Middle Eastern politics, society, and international relations.
Introduction
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: September 2021

This section sets the scene for the book explaining the project’s origin and motivation and examines the scant literature on the subject. It poses the study’s central research question: how can we account for the Gulf militaries’ ineffectiveness despite their privileged material endowments? The Introduction then describes the key differences and similarities between the armies of Arab republics and monarchies. The political-structural and sociocultural variables that help explain the Gulf armies’ weaknesses are discussed, noting differences from and agreements with other key studies. The rest of this section briefly outlines the study’s historical institutionalist approach, discusses its sources, terminology, and timeframe, and offers a roadmap for the book.
Military Economy
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 is concerned with economic issues and is divided into three parts. The objective of the first is to comparatively analyze the six GCC states’ military expenditures. It begins with a brief review of contemporary Gulf economies, then compares the six monarchies’ defense outlays. The next section focuses on questions of weapons acquisition: how, from whom, what, and for what reason do they purchase—corresponding to the political-structural explanatory variables outlined above. The absence of substantive oversight engenders corruption in weapons deals and its effects on the militaries. In the last part the attention shifts to the Gulf armies’ arsenals, as I look at the issue of the compatibility of weapons with missions, the curious neglect of naval forces, and offer a brief discussion on maintenance and facilities. Finally, a relatively new development, the build-up of indigenous defense industries in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, is comparatively appraised.
Military Diplomacy
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: September 2021

The armies of Arabia depend on foreign countries in many respects—as a source of protection, contract soldiers, and armaments—therefore, it is important take a closer look at their external relations. Chapter 5 begins with an analysis of the GCC, asking why it has failed to foster close military cooperation and examining the special relationships and deepening conflicts within the group. Since the Gulf’s militaries’ relations with all world regions could not possibly be tackled, the focus here is on Arab and Muslim states in the Middle East. The discussion of Gulf relations with the United States and the United Kingdom centers on the military bases they have used and maintained in Arabia. Israel has always occupied a unique place in the foreign affairs of Gulf countries; therefore, the last section of the chapter is taken up with the examination of the changing relationship between Jerusalem and the GCC.
Toy Town
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the emergence of the musical comedy. Musical comedy was invented by George Edwardes, famed for being the manager of the Gaiety Theatre. Therefore, the dawn of musical comedy became known as the Gaiety Era. This was a period that lasted roughly from the 1890s to about 1915. Interestingly, though, Edwardes' first such production, In Town (1892), did not quite fit in with this new genre. In Town, was a hit, lasting some thirty-five weeks. Next, A Gaiety Girl (1893) was a smash at 413 performances, and this one at least had a plot. It soon became a favorite on the English-speaking musical comedy scene and was a hit on both sides of the Atlantic. The chapter then considers the move toward the modern story musical, looking at librettist Owen Hall, who wrote the books for two of the most successful Edwardian shows: The Geisha (1896) and Leslie Stuart's Florodora (1899).
It’s Sort Of Romantic
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: September 2021

This chapter turns to the British musical in the 1950s. As in the 1920s, the spirit of “America” was again prominent in the 1950s. The American influence on British shows is clear, for example when producer Emile Littler commissioned the score to Love From Judy (1952) from Hugh Martin and Jack (later Timothy) Gray. Indeed, we can see many “American” touches in the musicals of the 1950s. The most completely “American” musical was Grab Me a Gondola (1956). The only un-American about Gondola was its modest staging: the sets looked cheap, the orchestra contained only thirteen players, and the twenty-three-person cast wasn’t enough to constitute a chorus. Nevertheless, the overall effect was that of a guilty pleasure, and the show's popularity as seen through its 673 performances convinced many a producer to try to find a way to slip American elements into British forms, even pantomime. Looking at those musicals which were free of foreign influence, we can see that many had period settings, charm, and a decorous attitude. These musicals include Dear Miss Phoebe (1950) and Peter Tranchell and James Ferman's Zuleika (1957).
Ape Ancestor (About Seven Million Years Ago)
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J.
Published: September 2021

If you had been born as one of your ancestors who lived seven million years ago, you would have been an ape living in an African forest. This ancestor would also be the ancestor of the chimpanzees and bonobos that still live in African forests. You would have already possessed some of the characteristics that make humans an unusual animal. You would have had a large brain (but not nearly as large as the brain you have now). You would have taken a long time to grow and reach maturity (but not has long as it took you as a human). And, by watching your mother as she foraged and negotiated her social life, you would have gained a head start on learning how to survive in your environment. Your mother wouldn’t have actively tried to teach you, but having her around as a model and protectors would help you learn.
Data Management and Cross-Cultural Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Tran Thanh V. , Chan Keith T.
Published: September 2021

Quantitative cross-cultural analysis requires the application of statistics to study the variability of a phenomenon (variable,) across cultural groups. This chapter aims to provide practical applications of descriptive statistics to describe the variables used in a cross-cultural research/evaluation project. We use statistical methods to describe the variables of interests and to test the hypotheses derived from theories for understanding cross-cultural comparisons. More specifically, we address the importance of examine the variables of interest across selected comparative groups. It is our position that in order to describe and to test hypotheses, we need first to know how the variables of interest are measured. We illustrate the use of STATA for data management and descriptive statistics throughout the chapter.
Applied Multiple Regression Analysis in Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Authors: Tran Thanh V. , Chan Keith T.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the application of multiple regression analysis in cross-cultural comparisons using the Stata statistical package. We explain the assumptions and uses of multiple regression and relevant techniques for examining the applicability of the data for analysis. We briefly discuss reliability analysis across culture groups and provide a step-by-step approach for analyzing and interpreting real world examples of cross-cultural research suing multiple regression techniques. We explain and provide examples of mediation and moderation effect, and conclude with techniques to test the equivalence of effects across different cultural groups.
Applied Structural Equation Modeling for Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Tran Thanh V. , Chan Keith T.
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, we focus on the use of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to compare path models across two or more cultural groups. SEM can be used to test the goodness of fit of a causal model, as well as to test equivalence of causal relationships among variables of interest across various cultural groups. We will demonstrate SEM through the use of Stata for these purposes. We begin with a rationale for path mode analysis, move on to provide context for the construction of theories in path models using SEM, and provide examples of SEM models for various cultural groups for comparison. We provide examples of Stata commands for examining differences in direct and indirect effects along with goodness of fit statistics across various cultural groups using SEM.
Applied Hierarchical Linear Modeling for Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Tran Thanh V. , Chan Keith T.
Published: September 2021

We explain and demonstrate the application of Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) in cross-cultural research. This method of analysis has not been sufficiently explored in social work research, and it can be a highly useful and appropriate statistical approach for making cross-cultural comparisons. We explain the rationale for HLM or multilevel modeling for cross-cultural data analysis, and we provide an example in which we use Stata to test for neighborhood effects across race groups using survey data. We provide Stata commands and examples of testing for invariance of effects across groups while controlling for heteroscedasticity due to neighborhood level effects. Finally, we included geomaps based on the data to provide visualization of neighborhood effects.
The “World Soul” in India
Authors: Frazier Jessica
Published: September 2021

Frazier distinguishes four possible forms of “world soul” theory in the Vedāntic tradition—soul as shared substance, shared order, shared consciousness, and shared causality. She focuses on one Indian genealogy of reflection on the last, looking at the way that the pivotal concept of śakti, an energy or capacity, allowed Vedāntic philosophy to evolve a new understanding of complex causality. Whereas Rāmānuja focused on the centralized causality of God as a single world-agency, Rūpa and Jīva Gosvāmī subtly rebelled against this. They used aesthetic theory to develop a new appreciation of the way that a complex array of subsidiary agencies (i.e., created individual wills) facilitates new and precious emergent phenomena of relationship, motivation, drama, and affective experience—all things that a single ‘agency would not be able to generate alone. The resulting “fulfilled-capacity monism” or pūrṇa-śakti vedānta models a world soul with not only originative causality that channels a single agency, but also developmental causality that evolves novel features of intra-relationality.
Contemporary Echoes of the World Soul
Authors: Allori Valia
Published: September 2021

Quantum mechanics is a groundbreaking theory: it not only is extraordinarily empirically adequate but also is claimed to having shattered the classical paradigm of understanding the observer-observed distinction as well as the part-whole relation. This, together with other quantum features, has been taken to suggest that quantum theory can help one understand the mind-body relation in a unique way, in particular to solve the hard problem of consciousness along the lines of panpsychism. In this chapter, after having briefly presented panpsychism, Valia Allori discusses the main features of quantum theories and the way in which the main quantum theories of consciousness use them to account for conscious experience.
The Presence of the Past
Authors: Bishop Daniel
Published: September 2021

In the tumultuous era of the late sixties and early seventies, several currents of American art and culture coalesced around a broad sensibility that foregrounded and explored the immediacy of lived experience as both an aesthetic and political imperative. But in films set in the historical past, this sensibility acquired complex additional resonances by speaking to the ephemerality of the present moment through a framework of history, myth, nostalgia, and other forms of temporal alienation and distance. The Presence of the Past explores the implications of this complex moment in Hollywood cinema through several prominent examples released in the years 1967 to 1974. Key genres are explored in detailed case studies: the outlaw film (Bonnie and Clyde and Badlands), the revisionist Western (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, McCabe and Mrs. Miller), the neo-noir (Chinatown), and the nostalgia film (The Last Picture Show and American Graffiti). In these films, “the past” is more than a matter of genre or setting. Rather, it is a richly diverse, often paradoxical concern in its own right, whose study bridges diverse conceptual territories within soundtrack studies, including the sixties pop score, myth criticism, media technologies, and the role of classical music in compilation scoring. Against a broader background of an industry and film culture that were witnessing a stylistic and aesthetic diversification in the use of music and sound design, The Presence of the Past argues for the film-philosophical importance of the soundtrack for cultivating an imagined experiential understanding of the past.
Introduction
Authors: Bishop Daniel
Published: September 2021

In film culture of the late sixties and seventies, often between the cracks of more dominant forms and topics of discourse, we can locate a concern with the historical past as a complex field of imagined experiential presence. This concern was fueled by and found expressive purchase in the era commonly known as the New Hollywood cinema. This “presence” of the past played out not just as cultural allegory, but as a complex dialectic of presence and absence that became tangible in diverse genres and aesthetic sensibilities. These sensibilities were mutually inscribed into broader culture discourses of the sixties and seventies, as well as into the transformational changes of film culture, criticism, theory, and industrial filmmaking. Stylistically, they also become significant to the increasing diversity and eclecticism of film music and the development of the creative category of sound design.
Badlands and the Music of Temporal Immanence
Authors: Bishop Daniel
Published: September 2021

As an eccentric outlaw crime film, Terrence Malick’s Badlands employs expressive sensory immersion, eccentric humor, and a concern for the relationship between history and human experience. The past, in Badlands, is a complex ontological ground for the characters’ (and audiences’) senses of being in the world, a temporalized film world akin to a field of pure immanence within the uncanny strangeness of material reality. A film set in the fifties, but far more concerned with transhistorical philosophical questions, Badlands uses the musical soundtrack to explore these existential concerns. Within this musically heterogeneous film, the two most important sources of compiled non-diegetic classical music (the pedagogical music of Carl Orff and Gunild Keetman and the early compositions of Erik Satie) function as active philosophical agents, cultivating embodied states of play and melancholy that strive, albeit ambiguously and inconclusively, to create meaning from the raw immediacy of experience.
Exploring the Use of Musical Sound Effects in Games
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

Musical sound effects are brief, event-triggered sounds, apart from the dialogue or music, which nonetheless contain a distinctly musical element as part of their sonic essence. Combining semiotic codes and thematic materials, musical sound effects can serve various important functions in video games: accentuating emotions, building worlds, providing signals and clues, and other purposes. This chapter explores various examples of their use, discussing how and why they are used on a case by case basis. It then provides readers with different techniques that can be applied to their own video game music projects.
Music versus Sound Design
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

Each video game has its own unique, visual aesthetic, and it’s up to the composer to complement this visual world by creating a sonic atmosphere. Many of the greatest games have incorporated musical elements into their sound effects and ambiences. As the field of game music continues to grow, so does the importance of sound design as part of the composer’s skill set. This chapter explores how music and sound effects have interacted throughout the history of game music, defining these relationships for the reader in understandable terms with clear distinctions and accessible examples. This chapter explores FEZ (2012) as an example, along with a variety of other examples in which the music and sound effects were conceived with different levels of interconnectivity.
Proceduralism
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

When audio is procedural, it is being realized in real time; everything, from musical form to instrumental timbres, from when instruments play to where those instruments positionally belong in the soundscape, is determined only a split-second before the music is created by the processor. In a procedural game score, each of these decisions is made based on the player’s choices. The result is a fully reactive score—one composed on the spot as a direct result of what is happening on-screen. Procedural scoring is becoming more prevalent as a technique; however, it has both advantages and disadvantages. This chapter covers different ways in which procedural scores are being created and applied to games. It discusses how procedural music came about, as well as the future of procedural scoring.
Game Engines and Implementing Music in Unity
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

A game engine streamlines the process of game programming by including an array of built-in features that allow programmers to skip the incredibly difficult step of developing physics from scratch. By using game engines like Unity or Unreal, programmers can use the objects provided by those engines, and with knowledge of how they behave, begin creating a game almost right away. Unity is one of the leading game engines today and is particularly well-loved within the indie game economy because it is free and allows developers to easily integrate their games across multiple platforms. This chapter dives into many different audio features of Unity and how one can use them creatively, including a discussion of all of the audio components available in Unity, as well as the mixing functionality. This builds a foundation for the following chapter, which provides a practical lesson on using programming to design the audio landscape of a game in Unity beyond the limitations of the engine’s built-in functionality.
Programming Crash Course for Composers
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

This chapter serves as a concise, understandable introduction to programming concepts, with a focus on principles useful specifically to someone planning to integrate music or sound into a game. When learning game audio as a field, it is far too easy to skip over basic programming principles that should be part of any game music composer’s foundation. Intricate details of programing basics are not the focus of this chapter, but rather general concepts that are essential for understanding how a programmer thinks and being able to read code in a scripting language such as C#. These general concepts are then applied through audio-specific demonstrations using C#.
Essential Skills for Working with Developers
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

There are specific technical resources that developers use that composers should also understand in order to have a productive workflow and to function as part of the team. One example of such a resource is version control, a system used to organize and track a team’s work by storing each change on a server. Though this is a surprisingly difficult resource to work with, it is discussed in this chapter in a concise and understandable manner. The optimization of audio is also a critical concept to understand when creating sound for a game. Each game has only a certain amount of hard disk space and memory allocated to the audio. Optimization is the technique of using this space as efficiently as possible so that one can achieve the desired sound without overloading the game’s resources. This chapter covers a variety of creative ways that composers can optimize their music without sacrificing quality.
Breaking the Silents
Authors: Gautreau Justin
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that Frances Marion’s novel Minnie Flynn and Adela Rogers St. Johns’s The Skyrocket revised Hollywood’s reductive depiction of not only the extra girl but also the female stars whose links to scandal effectively silenced their former success stories. In conceptualizing cinema’s lack of sound as complicit in the broader forms of silence surrounding women in Hollywood, their novels treat silent film as a technology of misrepresentation, one that divorced the woman’s body (her surface appearance) from her voice (her interior narrative) in the interests of a patriarchal industry. Unlike the industry’s one-dimensional depiction of the extra girl, these novels show women suffering at all levels of Hollywood’s social hierarchy—from extra, to star, to has-been.
Virtues of History: Exercises, Seminars, and the Emergence of the German Historical Discipline, 1830–1900
Authors: Eskildsen Kasper Risbjerg
Published: September 2021

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, historians across the world often started the history of the modern historical discipline with Leopold Ranke’s teaching at the University of Berlin during the 1830s. Ranke, they argued, here introduced a new style of training exercises, which afterwards defined the discipline. Some connected this history to a story of increasing standardization and institutionalization of education and research, culminating with the methodological textbooks, uniform training exercises, and large research institutes of the period. Many historians also associated Ranke’s exercises with certain epistemic virtues, such as carefulness, accurateness, and love of truth. These epistemic virtues, some argued, were products of the close relationship between teachers and students. The virtues, this chapter argues, also helped nineteenth-century historians assess the scribes, chroniclers, and historians of the past. The chapter illustrates this emphasis upon epistemic virtues through the example of Georg Waitz, who participated in Ranke’s famous exercises during the 1830s and whom nineteenth-century historians often described as his most prominent and loyal student. It especially focuses upon how Waitz conveyed the virtues of the Ranke school to his doctoral students in Göttingen and how this training influenced the students’ practices of interpretation and source criticism. Finally, the chapter discusses the tension between the educational ideas of the Ranke school and the standardization and institutionalization of education and research during the second half of the nineteenth century. The tension, it argues, illustrates that the emergence of the modern historical discipline cannot be explained solely with reference to the process of institutionalization.
Karl Barth's Moral Thought
Authors: McKenny Gerald
Published: September 2021

Does theological ethics articulate moral norms with the assistance of moral philosophy? Or does it leave that task to moral philosophy alone while it describes a distinctively Christian way of acting or form of life? These questions lie at the heart of theological ethics as a discipline. Karl Barth’s theological ethics makes a strong case for the first alternative. This book follows Barth’s efforts to present God’s grace as a moral norm in his treatments of divine commands, moral reasoning, responsibility, and agency. It shows how Barth’s conviction that grace is the norm of human action generates problems for his ethics at nearly every turn, as it involves a moral good that confronts human beings from outside rather than perfecting them as the kind of creature they are. Yet it defends Barth’s insistence on the right of theology to articulate moral norms, and it shows how Barth may lead theological ethics to exercise that right in a more compelling way than he did.
Transnational Criminal Courts
Authors: Wharton Sara , Currie Robert J
Published: September 2021

Sara Wharton and Robert J Currie examine the various failed or not fully realized attempts to establish an alternative to national criminal jurisdiction over transnational crimes, in the shape of various different models of transnational criminal court. They range from the mixed commissions against slavery in the 19th century to the criminal chamber of the African Court sketched out in the Malabo Protocol. A variety of reasons appear to drive these initiatives but they have one thing in common—an incapacity within the current system to deal with certain kinds of transnational crime at all or in a politically acceptable manner.
Concepts of Materials Science
Authors: Sutton Adrian P
Published: September 2021

This short book describes ten fundamental concepts – big ideas – of materials science. Some of them come from mainstream physics and chemistry, including thermodynamic stability and phase diagrams, symmetry, and quantum behaviour. Others are about restless atomic motion and thermal fluctuations, defects in crystalline materials as the agents of change in materials, nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials design and materials discovery, metamaterials, and biological matter as a material. A cornerstone of materials science is the idea that materials are complex systems that interact with their environments and display the emergence of new science from the collective behaviour of atoms and defects. Great attention is paid to the clarity of explanations using only high school algebra and quoting the occasional useful formula. Exceptionally, elementary calculus is used in the chapter on metamaterials. It is not a text-book, but it offers undergraduates and their teachers a unique overview and insight into materials science. It may also help graduates of other subjects to decide whether to study materials science at postgraduate level.
Defects
Authors: Sutton Adrian P
Published: September 2021

Over time materials change. A material changes towards thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, or away from equilibrium if it is subjected to external influences such as mechanical deformation, irradiation and chemical attack. In crystalline materials defects are the agents of change. Point defects are agents of diffusion, line defects called dislocations are agents of plastic (permanent) deformation, and planar defects called grain boundaries are agents of recrystallisation and many other processes. In metals diffusion occurs primarily through the motion of vacancies. There is a population of such vacancies in thermodynamic equilibrium. Experimental evidence for their existence and their free energy of formation is presented. The ease of movement of dislocations governs the strength and ductility of crystalline materials. In insulators defects may be electrically charged. Many properties of crystalline materials are governed by defects and their interactions.
Symmetry
Authors: Sutton Adrian P
Published: September 2021

Symmetry arises not only in the invariance of an object to certain operations, but also in invariance of the equations governing motion of particles. Noether’s theorem connects continuous symmetries of equations of motion to conservation laws. The concept of broken symmetry arises in phase changes and topological defects, such as dislocations and disclinations. The principle of symmetry compensation reveals a deep sense in which symmetry is never destroyed – broken symmetries relate variants of an object displaying reduced symmetry. Symmetry plays a fundamental role in characterising the physical properties of crystals through Neumann’s principle. The concept of quasiperiodicity is introduced and it is shown how it is related to periodicity in a higher dimensional crystal.
Profitability without Investment
Authors: Andreoni Antonio , Robb Nishal , Huellen Sophie van
Published: September 2021

Sustained investment in productive capabilities and fixed-capital formation is a key driver of inclusive and sustainable structural transformation. Both historically and compared to other middle-income countries, South Africa has performed poorly in terms of sustaining domestic-productive investments. This failing has coexisted with the development of a stock market with the second-highest level of capitalization over gross domestic product (GDP) in the world, and high levels of profitability across several economic sectors. This chapter provides new evidence on the specific ways in which financialization of non-financial corporations in South Africa has resulted in low investment performances, focusing on two large, publicly listed corporations operating across different economic sectors between 2000 and 2019. The analysis shows that, despite sector heterogeneities: (1) corporations have increasingly financed operations, capital expenditure, and distributions to shareholders with debt; (2) the US dollar-denominated share of this debt has grown rapidly, exposing corporations to increased exchange and interest rate risk; and (3) distributions to shareholders, driven by dividends rather than share repurchases, have risen markedly. These financialization dynamics are attributed to the distribution of power in the domestic political economy and the subordinate nature of South Africa’s integration with global finance. Driving financialization, these two mutually reinforcing factors have undermined the translation of profits into domestic investment, reducing its capacity to drive structural transformation.
Introduction
Authors: DeLong John P.
Published: September 2021

Predator–prey interactions represent an essential component of natural systems. By consuming other organisms, predators transfer energy from lower trophic levels to higher trophic levels, simultaneously altering the abundance of prey and fueling growth of the predator population. The functional response describes the rate of foraging as a function of prey abundance, connecting predator–prey pairs in food webs. The functional response integrates nearly all aspects of biology, including genetics, morphology, behavior, parasites and disease, risk, and the abiotic environment. As a result, the functional response is a core construct that is essential for understanding and predicting the structure and dynamics of ecological systems. Because the functional response responds to temperature and other changes in the environment, the functional response is also essential for predicting the effects of climate change, managing and conserving species, and the evolution of interacting species.
Multi-species Functional Responses
Authors: DeLong John P.
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, I extend the standard functional response model to communities in which predators are foraging on more than one kind of prey. This is an essential component of real foraging scenarios that is not yet widely represented in the functional response literature but is crucial to understanding food webs generally. Here I develop the multi-species functional response and describe it using my particular perspective on how we understand these functions in general. I review the importance of considering multiple prey types and the limited empirical work estimating multi-species functional responses.
Detecting Prey Preferences and Prey Switching
Authors: DeLong John P.
Published: September 2021

In this chapter I consider the question of whether predators switch their preference for different types of prey as those prey change in abundance. There are numerous experiments in the literature focusing on this, but generally they have focused on a simplified analysis that ignores the functional response. Here I show why the functional response is crucial for understanding prey choice, and I show that null expectations considering a multi-species functional response lead to different interpretations than standard null expectations. I also derive null expectations for the proportion of prey consumed given the single-species functional response.