bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tool Path Planning for Directional Freezing Based 3D Nano Printing Process
Authors: Zhao Guanglei , Zhou Chi , Lin Dong
Published: July 2017

As an emerging and effective nano-manufacturing technology, the directional freezing based 3D printing can form 3-Dimensional (3D) nano-structures with complex shapes and superior functionalities, and thus has received ever increasing publicity in the past years. One of the key challenges in this process is the proper heat management, since the heat induced melting and solidification process significantly affects the functional integrity and structural integrity of the 3D printed nano-structures. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel path planning modeling and optimization framework to intelligently control the internal and external heat transfer process and ultimately optimize both the macro- and micro-structure of the printed part. Specifically, a heuristic tool path planning model was formulated and optimized based on thermal analysis process. The simulation results demonstrate that the tool path planning highly affects the spatial and temporal temperature distribution of the being printed part and the optimized tool path planning can effectively improve the uniformity of the temperature distribution which will consequently enhance the performance of the fabricated nano-structures.
Characterization, Modelling and Analysis of Light Reflectance During In-Process Surface Measurements Using White Light Based 3D Optical Gauge
Authors: Barde Ankit , Franciosa Pasquale , Ceglarek Darek , Tiwari Manoj Kumar
Published: July 2017

The quality of light reflectance model mainly depends upon the correctness of cloud of points generated by the high-resolution charge coupled-device (CCD) camera. We have performed an experiment to capture the dimension of an object using Optigo 200 robot which provides an innovative way for solving dimensional control related challenges. The integrated system collects highly accurate and dense cloud of points for measuring an object at different design of experiment (DOE) levels. It also performs immediate analysis of collected data and calculates the deviations from the given specifications. Thus we tried to visualize the object using its key parameters. In this paper, we describe the functional relationship of real-world surfaces with the dependence of light exposure and camera direction. Seven step wedge (as a measurement object) is used in our case study to carry out the stereovision based experiment. Finally, a comparative analysis shows model accuracy over conventional measurement techniques.
Influence of Dislocation Density and Solute Atoms Concentration on the Electroplastic Effect of Al-Cu Alloy
Authors: Wu Weichao , Xu Chun , Si Chaorun , Xue Tian
Published: July 2017

The influences of dislocation magnification due to plastic deformation and solute atoms concentration on the electroplastic effect were investigated. It is found that the dislocation magnification due to plastic deformation will enhance the electroplastic effect. The electroplastic effect of Al-Cu alloy was enhanced with the increase of plastic deformation and current density. Moreover, the solute atoms concentration has a great effect on the electroplastic effect. The influence of electrical current pulse on Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect of Al-Cu alloy is also reported.
On-Line Detection of Friction Stir Welded Joints by High Temperature Phased Array Ultrasonic Inspection and Control of Weld Process Parameters
Authors: Huggett Daniel , Wahab Muhammad , Liao T. W. , Okeil Ayman
Published: July 2017

Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of welded structures is essential in industry and manufacturing sectors. However, NDE techniques are limited when applied at high temperatures, which prevents usefulness for on-line real time inspection of welded joints. In this work, a high temperature (HT) inspection system was created utilizing Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT), and tested on Friction Stir (FS) welded aluminum alloy joints. The system created in this work proves HT-PAUT is capable of determining defects during the welding process. Supplementing this work, a custom defect detection software was created to analyze S-Scan data to interpret when and where a defect occurs to provide defect indicator signals. These defect signals can be utilized for controlling the FSW process parameters to automatically correct if a defect is observed. The technology developed can be utilized as a platform for future automated welding processes and control for creating the next generation weld-NDE systems.
Analysis of Friction Stir Riveting Processes: A Review
Authors: Khan Haris Ali , Li Jingjing , Shao Chenhui
Published: July 2017

This study presents a detailed analysis of friction stir riveting (FSR) processes that are used for joining similar as well as dissimilar materials. It covers the operating principle of FSR methods along with the insight into various process parameters responsible for successful joints formation. The paper further evaluates the research in friction stir-based riveting processes which unearth the enhanced metallurgical and mechanical properties for instance microstructure modification, local mechanical properties and improved strength, corrosion and fatigue resistance. The results of the study show that use of FSR process yields refined microstructures and improved mechanical properties in materials, which will entail a significant rise in the usage of friction stir-based riveting processes.
Cross-Layer Optimization Model Towards Service-Oriented Robotic Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Zhang Jiaqiang , Liu Quan , Xu Wenjun , Zhou Zude , Pham Duc Truong
Published: July 2017

Service-oriented robotic manufacturing system is an integrated system, in which the industrial robots (IRs) operate within a service-oriented manufacturing model, and can be virtualized and servicelized as services, so as to provide on-demand, agile, configurable and sustainable manufacturing capability services to users in workshop environment. Manufacturing capability of such systems can be divided into three layers, including manufacturing cell layer, production process layer and workshop layer. However, most of existing works carried out the optimization on each layer individually. Manufacturing cells are the component parts of a production process, and there are close relationships between them and can effect the operation and performance for each other, therefore it is essential to jointly consider the manufacturing capability service optimization on both layers. In this context, a cross-layer optimization model is proposed to conquer the existing limitation and provide a comprehensive performance assurance to service-oriented robotic manufacturing systems. The proposed model has different decision-making mechanisms on each layer and the communications and interaction between the two layers can further coordinate the optimizations. A case study based on robotic assembly is implemented to demonstrate the availability and effectiveness of the proposed model.
Hypergraph-Based Modeling of Manufacturing Services in Cloud Manufacturing
Authors: Yu Meng , Xu Wenjun , Hu Jiwei , Zhou Zude , Pham Duc Truong
Published: July 2017

Cloud manufacturing (CMfg) aims to realize the full-scale sharing, free circulation and transaction, and on-demand use of various manufacturing resources and capabilities in the form of manufacturing services. During the whole product life-cycle, the number of manufacturing services is huge, and services are highly dynamic and changeful. Without the effective operation and technical support of manufacturing service management, the implementation and aim of CMfg could not be achieved. In this paper, a multi-layer model of manufacturing service is proposed for a job shop in cloud manufacturing, in order to solve the description problem of different manufacturing services from different level view, e.g. machine level, process level and shop level. Consequently, a hypergraph-based network model of manufacturing service is developed, so as to facilitate the management of different services during the whole production process in job shop. A case study and some applications of the proposed model for supporting the manufacturing services management to practical manufacturing system are studied, to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of such model.
Experimental Investigations for Wear Properties of Rapid Tooling With Nano Scale Fillers for Grinding Applications
Authors: Boparai Kamaljit Singh , Singh Rupinder
Published: July 2017

This work is focused on the experimental investigations for wear properties of rapid tooling with nano scale fillers for grinding applications. The rapid tooling has been prepared by using composite material feed stock filament (consisting of Nylon6 as a binder, reinforced with biocompatible nano scaled Al2O3 particles on fused deposition modeling (FDM) for the development of grinding wheel having customized wear resistant properties. A comparative study has been conducted under dry sliding conditions in order to understand the tribological characteristics of FDM prints of composite material and commercially used acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) material. This study also highlights the various wear mechanisms (such as adhesive, fatigue and abrasive) encountered with newly prepared composite material while grinding. The FDM printed parts of proposed composite material feedstock filament are more suitable for grinding applications especially in clinical dentistry.
Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of A356 Alloy Prepared by Casting Combined With Forging
Authors: Liang Zhenglong , Zhang Qi
Published: July 2017

A novel process which combines casting with forging during one process was proposed to improve mechanical properties and refine microstructure. The microstructure evolution of as-cast samples and forged samples were analyzed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tensile properties and micro-hardness were also measured. The results show that combination of casting and forging can improve microstructure and decrease porosity of casting samples, consequently contributing to a better fatigue performance. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation were increased after forging process, however, the yield strength and micro-hardness decreased.
Investigation of the Water Guided Laser Micro-Jet Machining of Aero Engine Components
Authors: Wang Zhigang
Published: July 2017

The water guided laser micro-jet (LMJ) is a new potential method to machine aero engine parts with much less heat affected area and faster cutting speed than dry laser machining. The focus of this paper is to investigate the energy density and material removal for a dual-laser LMJ system. Then, the effects of dominated parameters on the energy density of LMJ are analyzed. Finally, a mathematical model is developed to describe the relationship between dominant laser parameters with the energy density of LMJ and material removal rate followed by machining case studies of aero engine components.
Investigating Dielectric Impedance Spectroscopy As a Non-Destructive Quality Assessment Tool for 3D Cellular Constructs
Authors: Narayanan Lokesh Karthik , Thompson Trevor L. , Bhat Aditya , Starly Binil , Shirwaiker Rohan A.
Published: July 2017

In any three dimensional (3D) biofabrication process, assessing critical biological quality attributes of 3D constructs such as viable cell number, cell distribution and metabolic activity is critical to determine the suitability and success of the process. One major limitation in current state-of-the-art is the lack of appropriate methods to monitor these quality attributes in situ in a non-destructive, label-free manner. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using dielectric impedance spectroscopy to address this gap. We first measured the relative permittivity of 3D alginate constructs with four different concentrations of encapsulated MG63 cells (1–6.5 million cells/mL) and found them to be statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). Within the tested range, the relationship between cell concentration and relative permittivity was noted to be linear (R2 = 0.986). Furthermore, we characterized the β-dispersion parameters for MG63-encapsulated in alginate (6.5 million cells/mL). These results demonstrate that dielectric impedance spectroscopy can be used to monitor critical quality attributes of cell-encapsulated 3D constructs. Owing to the measurement efficiency and non-destructive mode of testing, this method has tremendous potential as an in-process quality control tool for 3D biofabrication processes and the long-term monitoring of cell-encapsulated 3D constructs.
Surface Grinding of CFRP Composites Using Rotary Ultrasonic Machining: Effects of Ultrasonic Power
Authors: Wang Hui , Hu Yingbin , Ning Fuda , Li Yuzhou , Zhang Meng , Cong Weilong , Smallwood Samantha
Published: July 2017

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites have superior properties, including high strength-to-weight ratio, high modulus-to-weight ratio, high fatigue resistance, etc. These properties make CFRP composites being popular in many kinds of industries. Due to the inhomogeneous and anisotropic properties, and high abrasiveness of the reinforcement in CFRP composites, they are classified as difficult-to-cut materials in surface grinding processes. Many problems (including high cutting force and low machining efficiency) are generated in conventional surface grinding processes. In order to reduce and eliminate these problems, rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) surface grinding of CFRP composites is conducted in this investigation. Effects of ultrasonic power in different machining levels are of great importance in RUM surface grinding processes. However, no investigations on effects of ultrasonic power in different machining levels are conducted in such a process. This investigation, for the first time, tests the effects of ultrasonic power on output variables, including cutting force, torque, and surface roughness in different machining levels. This paper will provide guides for future research on effects of ultrasonic power in different combinations of machining variables on output variables.
Development and Characterizations of Liquid Bridge Based Microstereolithography (LBMSL) System
Authors: Lu Yanfeng , Lee Jeongwoo , Kashyap Sumanth , Emon Md. Omar Faruk , Choi Jae-Won
Published: July 2017

In this work, a novel liquid bridge based microstereolithography (LBMSL) was proposed and developed. The liquid bridge was first introduced into the MSL process by replacing the vat, allowing the entire fabrication process to occur within the liquid bridge. The liquid bridge was studied theoretically and experimentally in order to obtain the stable equilibrium shape and the relationship between the height and the volume of the liquid bridge. Using the LBMSL process, the fabrication layer thickness of 0.5 μm was reached. This could not be easily achieved in the vat-based MSL due to the oxygen inhibition to the photopolymer. Fabrication of a photopolymer with a viscosity of 3000 cP was tested and significant results were obtained. Compared with the vat-based MSL, the material consumption in LBMSL was reduced and the fabrication time was improved greatly, in particular, when using higher viscous materials.
Energy Efficiency State Identification in Milling Processing Based on Improved HMM
Authors: Cai Yun , Shao Hua
Published: July 2017

Energy efficiency state identification of milling process plays an important role in energy saving efforts for manufacturing systems. However, it is very difficult to track energy efficiency state in machining processes based on traditional signal processing strategies due to the fact that energy state is usually coupled with a lot of factors like machine tool states, tool conditions, and cutting conditions. An identification method of information reasoning and Hidden Markov model (HMM) for energy efficiency state is proposed in this paper. Utilizing cutting conditions, empirical models of the energy efficiency, experimental data and signal features, an expert system is established for initial probability optimization and the state is further identified by HMM. The experiments show that energy efficiency state can be identified with this method.
Rapid Intense Pulse Light Sintering of Copper Sulphide Nanoparticle Films
Authors: Bansal Shalu , Gao Zhongwei , Chang Chih-hung , Malhotra Rajiv
Published: July 2017

Copper sulphide (CuxS, x = 1 to 2) is a metal chalcogenide semiconductor that exhibits useful optical and electrical properties due to the presence of copper vacancies. This makes CuxS thin films useful for a number of applications including infrared absorbing coatings, solar cells, thin-film electronics, and as a precursor for CZTS (Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide) thin films. Post-deposition sintering of CuxS nanoparticle films is a key process that affects the film properties and hence determines its operational characteristics in the above applications. Intense pulse light (IPL) sintering uses visible broad-spectrum xenon light to rapidly sinter nanoparticle films over large-areas, and is compatible with methods such as roll-to-roll deposition for large-area deposition of colloidal nanoparticle films and patterns. This paper experimentally examines the effect of IPL parameters on sintering of CuxS thin films. As-deposited and sintered films are compared in terms of their crystal structure, as well as optical and electrical properties, as a function of the IPL parameters.
Crimped Fiber Printing via E-Jetting for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Wu Yang , Fuh Jerry Y. H. , Wong Yoke San
Published: July 2017

A regular pattern called crimp is an essential morphological feature of collagen fibers in native tendon. In this study, the direct crimp writing (DCW) and zig-zag pattern writing (ZPW) were developed based on electrohydrodynamic jet printing (E-jetting) process to fabricate the crimped fibers. For the DCW process, the fibers were deposited with the linear movement of stage, and the crimps (crimp angle: ∼ 46°; crimp length: ∼630 μm; fiber diameter: ∼100 μm) were formed from the spinning of fibers. For the ZPW process, the fibers was printed via the zig-zag moving path, and the effects of a vital process parameter (i.e. dwell time) on the fiber characteristics were investigated to obtain controllable and regular crimped fibers. The result of mechanical testing showed that the ZPW fibers exhibited the “toe” and linear regions with different Young’s modulus (4 ± 1 MPa and 23 ± 4 MPa, respectively), while DCW fibers were found only with linear region. Compared with DCW process, the ZPW process was able to fabricate crimped fibers in a more controllable pathway. The human tenocytes were also seeded on the ZPW fibers to investigate the cellular alignment. This study suggested that ZPW process was capable of printing crimped fibers which mimicked the fiber profile in human tendon, and has the potential in scaffold fabrication for tendon tissue engineering.
Probabilistic Model for Online 3D Printing Service Evaluation
Authors: Cui Jin , Zhang Lin , Ren Lei
Published: July 2017

By enabling consumer products to be made on-demand and eliminating waste from overproduction and transport, online 3D printing service is more and more popular with unprofessional customers. As a growing number of 3D printers are becoming accessible on various online 3D printing service platforms, there raises the concern over online 3D printing service evaluation and selection for novices as well as users with 3D printing experience. In this paper, we analyze this problem using information transformation techniques and multinomial distribution probabilistic model. Evaluation factors, the major attributes that significantly affect the performance of an online 3D printing service, are described with standard description form. Meanwhile, historical service data is introduced to identify and update these evaluation factor values. Based on these parameters, evaluation and comparison can be implemented upon online 3D printing services using the probabilistic model. An example is presented to illustrate the assessment process based on the proposed evaluation model. The presented objective probabilistic evaluation method can serve as the basis of online 3D printing service evaluation and selection on an online 3D printing service platform. Although the focus of the work was on 3D printing service, the idea can be applied to other online rapid prototyping sharing systems.
Conceptual Design of an Experiment for the International Space Station About Cosmic Ray Shielding Materials
Authors: Quadrini F. , Santo L.
Published: July 2017

Cosmic ray (CR) shielding is the main issue for future long missions far for the protection of the Earth’s magnetic field. Many experiments have been performed in Space to evaluate the effect of the Space environment on the material stability (mainly MISSE experiments from NASA). However those experiments were not able to evaluate CR shielding performances of materials, and results are mainly present in the form of erosion yield due to atomic oxygen erosion. In this study, a conceptual design is shown for further experiments on the International Space Station by focusing on the effect of cosmic rays on material aging. Shields will be made by using polyolefin sheets coupled or not with metallic foils. Polymeric sheets will be filled or coated with magnetic nano-particles to provide a small magnetic activity.
3D Printing of Microfluidics for Point of Care Diagnosis
Authors: Sibbitt John P. , He Mei
Published: July 2017

Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (MLOC) technology is a promising approach for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis; low reagent consumption, high sensitivity and quick analysis time are the most prominent benefits. However, microfabrication of MLOCs utilizes specialized techniques and infrastructure, making conventional fabrication time consuming and difficult. While relatively inexpensive production techniques exist for POC diagnoses, such as replication of polymer-based (e.g., PDMS) microfluidic POC devices on lithographic molds, this approach has limitations including: further hydrophilic surface modifications of PDMS, inability to change lithographic mold Z dimensions, and slow prototyping. In contrast, stereo-lithographical (SLA) printing can integrate all of the necessary fabrication resources in one instrument, allowing highly versatile microfluidic devices to be made at low cost. In this paper, we report two microfabrication approaches of microfluidics utilizing (SLA) 3D printing technology: I) Direct SLA printing of channels and structures of a monolithic microfluidic POC device; II) Indirect fabrication, utilizing SLA 3D printed molds for PDMS based microfluidic device replication. Additionally, we discuss previous work providing a proof of concept of applications in POC diagnosis, using direct 3D printing fabrication (approach I). The robustness and simplicity of these protocols allow integrating 3D design and microfabrication with smartphone-based disease diagnosis as a stand-alone system, offering strong adaptability for establishing diagnostic capacity in resource-limited areas and low-income countries.
Active Mixing Nozzle for Multi-Material and Multi-Scale 3D Printing
Authors: Lan Hongbo
Published: July 2017

Multi-scale and multi-material 3D printing is new frontier in additive manufacturing. It has shown great potential to implement the simultaneous and full control for fabricated object including external geometry, internal architecture, functional surface, material composition and ratio as well as gradient distribution, feature size ranging from nano, micro, to marco-scale, embedded components and electro-circuit, etc. Furthermore, it has the ability to construct the heterogeneous and hierarchical structured object with tailored properties and multiple functionalities which cannot be achieved through the existing technologies. That paves the way and may result in great breakthrough in various applications, e.g., functional tissue and organ, functionally graded material/structure, wearable devices, soft robot, functionally embedded electronics, metamaterial, multi-functionality product, etc. However, very few of the established additive manufacturing processes have now the capability to implement the multi-material and multi-scale 3D printing. This paper presented a single nozzle-based multi-scale and multi-material 3D printing process by integrating the electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing and the active mixing multimaterial nozzle. The proposed AM technology has the capability to create multifunctional heterogeneously structured objects with control of the macro-scale external geometry and micro-scale internal structures as well as functional surface features, particularly, the potential to dynamically mix, grade and vary the ratios of different materials. An active mixing nozzle, as a core functional component of the 3D printer, is systematically investigated by combining with the theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental verification. The study aims at exploring a feasible solution to implement the multi-scale and multi-material 3D printing at low cost.
Accuracy Degradation Analysis for Industrial Robot Systems
Authors: Qiao Guixiu , Weiss Brian A.
Published: July 2017

As robot systems become increasingly prevalent in manufacturing environments, the need for improved accuracy continues to grow. Recent accuracy improvements have greatly enhanced automotive and aerospace manufacturing capabilities, including high-precision assembly, two-sided drilling and fastening, material removal, automated fiber placement, and in-process inspection. The accuracy requirement of those applications is primarily a function of two main criteria: (1) The pose accuracy (position and orientation accuracy) of a robot system’s tool center position (TCP), and (2) the ability of a robot system’s TCP to remain in position or on-path when loads are applied. The degradation of a robot system’s tool center accuracy can lead to a decrease in manufacturing quality and production efficiency. Given the high output rate of production lines, it is critical to develop technologies to verify and validate robot systems’ health assessment techniques, particularly the accuracy degradation. In this paper, the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) effort to develop the measurement science to support the monitoring, diagnostics, and prognostics (collectively known as prognostics and health management (PHM)) of robot accuracy degradation is presented. This discussion includes the modeling and algorithm development for the test method, the advanced sensor development to measure 7-D information (time, X, Y, Z, roll, pitch, and yaw), and algorithms to analyze the data.
Replacing Mechanized Oxyfuel Cutting Sensors With Ion Current Sensing
Authors: Martin Christopher R.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes a method using electrical characteristics of the torch, flame, and work piece to replace active sensing elements most commonly used for mechanized oxyfuel cutting applications; height, fuel/oxygen ratio, work temperature, and preheat flow rate. Calibrations are given for the torch under test for standoff accurate to ±1/32 in (0.8 mm) and F/O ratio accurate to ±.008. Methods are proposed for balancing flow across multi-torch systems, and detecting the work kindling temperature. Additional work is needed if calibrated flow and work temperatures are to be measured electrically.
Developing a Capability-Based Similarity Metric for Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Li Kevin , Bernstein William Z.
Published: July 2017

Manufacturing taxonomies and accompanying metadata of manufacturing processes have been catalogued in both reference books and databases on-line. However, such information remains in a form that is uninformative to the various stages of the product life cycle, including the design phase and manufacturing-related activities. This challenge lies in the varying nature in how the data is captured and represented. In this paper, we explore measures for comparing manufacturing data with the goal of developing a capability-based similarity metric for manufacturing processes. To judge the effectiveness of these metrics, we apply permutations of them to 26 manufacturing process models, such as blow molding, die casting, and milling, that were created based on the ASTM E3012-16 standard. Furthermore, we provide directions towards the development of an aggregate similarity metric considering multiple capability features. In the future, this work will contribute to a broad vision of a manufacturing process model repository by helping ease decision-making for engineering design and planning.
Design and Analysis of Soft Grippers for Hand Rehabilitation
Authors: Zhang Hongying , Wang Yiqiang , Wang Michael Yu , Fuh Jerry Ying Hsi , Kumar A. Senthil
Published: July 2017

The goal of this paper is to develop a design methodology to create customized biomedical devices which can be fabricated through 3D printing technology. Due to the increasing demands of hand rehabilitation and prosthetic accessories, we focus on designing a pneumatically actuated soft gripper applicable on these issues. The gripper is composed of 3D printable soft material, which results in a safe interaction with human bodies due to inherently low modulus. Each gripper finger is designed to mimic the real-world movement of a human finger, where the complex physical finger locomotion is modelled as the continuous bending deformation of the soft gripper finger. Working as a compliant mechanism, the design process is performed to maximize the possible bending deformation. The topology optimization method is adopted to design the best performance gripper finger. The optimized gripper shows high consistence with human fingers because of the pseudo-joints. Sequentially, the designed gripper is directly fabricated through 3D printing technology and characterized with free travel trajectory tracking experiments.
An Individual Requirements-Oriented Service Scheduling Method in Cloud Manufacturing
Authors: Zhou Longfei , Zhang Lin , Ren Lei
Published: July 2017

Cloud manufacturing is a novel service-oriented networked manufacturing paradigm for the manufacturing industry. Through aggregating distributed manufacturing resources from different enterprises and transforming them into services, cloud manufacturing is able to provide on-demand manufacturing services to customers. Scheduling, including resource scheduling and task scheduling, is a critical instrument for achieving on-demand service provisioning, and also an important research issue in cloud manufacturing. In the process of service scheduling in cloud manufacturing, the manufacturing services are firstly matched according to the service demander’s functional requirements and service availability to form the candidate service sets. And then the optimized service scheduling scheme is generated according to the service demander’s non-functional requirements. The individual requirements of service demanders are analyzed from aspects of functional and non-functional requirements in this paper. On this basis, the scheduling process for individual requirements in cloud manufacturing system is studied and a cloud manufacturing service scheduling method is proposed. This work can provide support and foundation for the related research of task planning and scheduling in cloud manufacturing system. Finally, a case study is given to verify the proposed service scheduling method.
Research on the Coordination of Multiple Air Circulating Tempering Furnaces Using System Identification and Predictive Control in Manufacturing of Non-Combustible Aluminum Composite Panels
Authors: Ji Renhe , Du Dong , Chang Baohua , Wang Li , Zeng Jinle , Hong Yuxiang
Published: July 2017

Non-combustible aluminum composite panel is a new type of green building and decoration material with high security. However, during its manufacturing process, the incongruity of temperature cyclings between a series of air circulating tempering furnaces on the production line may cause a serious negative impact on the stability of product quality. In this paper, a model of the temperature control system of a tempering furnace was built at first by applying parameter identification technique to the off-line data of the furnace. Then, an approach based on online parameter identification and model predictive control was proposed to solve the dilemma that the specific temperature range of one single tempering furnace and the temperature cyclings coordination of multiple tempering furnaces can not be attained at the same time when using PID or On-Off control method. A method was presented to optimize the phase difference between the temperature cyclings of differents furnaces’ to lower the fluctuation of product quality. Finally, experiments are used to demonstrate the descent in fluctuation using the methods proposed in this paper.
Augmented Reality Solutions in Mechanical Engineering
Authors: Klimant Philipp , Kollatsch Christian , Schumann Marco
Published: July 2017

Augmented reality is currently riding a wave of success in the consumer sector. In manufacturing, in spite of the global hype surrounding Industry 4.0 and the ever growing demand for more personalized and more complex products, there are currently only a handful of viable augmented reality applications that have actually made their way onto the production line. But why is this, and what applications genuinely bring added value? These are the questions that will be considered in this paper, presenting four examples of augmented reality concepts that have made their way from research into manufacturing. The augmented reality examples range from process support on a machine and support for a process chain, to use in education and training and even marketing applications.
Thermal Load Determination in Dry Machining Through a Fixed Identifiability Conjugate Gradient Method
Authors: Figueiredo Patric , Deppermann Marc , Kneer Reinhold
Published: July 2017

To estimate the heat flowing into the workpiece in machining processes, an inverse algorithm based on the Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) is proposed to estimate the unknown boundary heat flux. Outgoing from infrared temperature measurements the heat flowing into the work-piece for an orthogonal cut can be estimated. To increase convergence of the estimated solution, a sensitivity analysis of the direct problem is performed to determine the identifiability of the boundary heat flux on the measurement site. The proposed Fixed Identifiability Conjugate Gradient Method (FIX-CGM) computes a step size function considering the identifiability of the unknown boundary condition to minimize the objective function. In contrast, the CGM computes a scalar step size by integrating the difference between measured and calculated temperature over time. Results show that applying the FIX-CGM for a benchmark case with a step heat flux faster convergence, better accuracy and less sensitivity to noise are achieved.
Numerical Modeling of Grain Growth in Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) of AISI 316 Stainless Steel
Authors: Tan Wenda , Li Xuxiao
Published: July 2017

A multi-scale modeling framework is developed in this work to simulate the transport phenomena and grain growth in Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) process of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316. A three-dimensional (3D) model is included to simulate the transient molten pool geometry and heat/mass transfer on a macro-scale; and a 3D meso-scale model based on the Cellular Automata method is included to predict the grain growth during molten pool solidification. The predicted grain structure is found to be consistent with the experimental results and reveals that the grain structure is highly dependent on the molten pool geometry.
Hypothetical Sustainability Axioms for Axiomatic Design With an Application in Grinding Machine Design
Authors: Garretson Ian C. , Peukert Bernd , Linke Barbara S. , Uhlmann Eckart
Published: July 2017

The design of a high precision machine tool presents one main goal for an engineer: to maximize productivity while minimizing resource inputs and wasted outputs. Incorporating additional design requirements to improve the sustainability of the machine tool presents challenges to design engineers. Should productivity be sacrificed for resource efficiency improvements? Previous tools used for incorporating sustainability principles into design provide guidance but lack necessary detail for making informed decisions, or the tools rely on the engineer’s previously developed knowledge in sustainable design. Axiomatic design, being an already accepted system design framework, provides an opportunity to incorporate sustainability considerations into the core of design activities rather than having sustainability be a side activity. A methodology for designing sustainable machine tools using axiomatic design is presented, and a case study on a grinding machine is investigated. A list of hypothetical sustainability axioms are proposed, similar to how the original axioms of axiomatic design were proposed. The axioms are then discussed using the example of a grinding machine tool.
Performance Evaluation of Superhard Coatings in Drilling of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Nguyen Dinh , Kwon Patrick , Voznyuk Vadim , Kim Dave
Published: July 2017

In the aerospace industry, titanium (Ti) alloys, especially Ti6Al4V, has been extensively used over other light weight alloys due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. However, the material and production costs have been major obstacles in the adoption of Ti alloys for a wide variety of applications. The machining of Ti alloys is one of the most time consuming and expensive mechanical processes in aerospace manufacturing. Based on previous literature on the topic, coated drills have had some degree of success in the drilling of Ti. To further the work, this paper conducts a comparative study in which Ti6Al4V plates are drilled with super hard coated drills such as Diamond-like-Carbon (DLC), AlMgB14 (BAM) and nanocomposite AlCrSiN. The results are compared with those of an uncoated drill bit. Working with a coating supplier, several variations of BAM coating have been applied and used in our drilling experiments. To evaluate the performance of these drills, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy were used to assess the wear progress of each drill qualitatively and quantitatively. In drilling Ti alloys, the primary mechanisms of flank wear are abrasion, microscopic fracture (chipping) and attrition, which result in the detachment of the adhesion layer located at the cutting edge. For all the drills, the predominant wear occurs near the margin. From our drilling experiments, it has been observed that AlCrSiN and BAM drills have survived up to 58 holes and over 80 holes, respectively, while both uncoated and DLC drills have experienced catastrophic fracture at less than 40 holes.
Understanding Plastic Deformation Mechanism(s) in Recrystallized Zircaloy-4
Authors: Kumar N. , Alomari A. , Murty K. L.
Published: July 2017

It is essential to understand basic deformation mechanism(s) of conventional alloys in order to develop improved or novel alloys for their applications in much more challenging conditions. Zircaloy-4 is extensively used in pressurized water reactor for nuclear fuel cladding application. It operates at very high temperature in the presence of mechanical loads, corrosive atmosphere, and neutron irradiation environment. Present work explores the fundamental plastic deformation mechanism(s) of Zircaloy-4 in the temperature range 20 to 600 °C by subjecting tensile samples to uniaxial tensile loads under quasi-static deformation conditions. Based on the results of uniaxial tensile testing as a function of temperature, repeated stress-relaxation experiments were carried out to determine the activation volume of the alloy at 20 and 500 °C. The results from uniaxial tensile and stress-relaxation testing were used to gain insight into potential deformation mechanism(s) in Zircaloy-4.
Experimental Evaluation of Cutting Kinematics and Chip Evacuation in Drilling With Low-Frequency Modulation-Assisted Machining
Authors: Guo Yang , Mann James B.
Published: July 2017

Modulation assisted machining (MAM) superimposes a low-frequency oscillation onto the cutting process. The otherwise continuous cutting is transformed into a series of discrete, intermittent cutting events. A primary benefit of this process is to form discrete chips of small sizes and hence to improve chip evacuation. For applications in drilling the ability to control the chip size offers a direct route to improving process efficiency and stability. In this paper, the MAM process is evaluated for drilling applications via systematic experiments in drilling copper and Ti6Al4V with a two-flute twist drill and a single-flute gun drill. Based on the measurement of thrust force and examination of chip morphology, the continuous cutting and intermittent cutting regimes of MAM are determined experimentally in the normalized frequency and amplitude parameter space. The results are compared with those predicted by the kinematic model of MAM. Furthermore, the results clearly demonstrate the effect of chip morphology control on chip evacuation and process stability in drilling. The modulation conditions leading to the best performance in chip evacuation are discussed. The study shows that MAM is a promising process for enhancing the efficiency and stability in drilling difficult-to-cut materials and/or holes with high length-to-diameter ratio.
Business Process Model Life-Cycle Management in Cloud Manufacturing
Authors: Ljubicic Miroslav , Ivezic Nenad , Kulvatunyou Boonserm , Nieman Scott , Anicic Nenad , Marjanovic Zoran
Published: July 2017

To facilitate the vision of service-oriented manufacturing, Cloud Manufacturing (CMfg) will need to support business process model life-cycle management. In this paper, we propose the Business Process Cataloging and Classification System (BPCCS) to support that role. BPCCS can facilitate adaptation of business process models. We validate life-cycle management requirements for such a system and propose capabilities the system must have to address these requirements. We analyze related work in academia and industry as a basis for synthesizing a meta-model and a conceptual architecture for the system. We conclude that contextual information for business process models is a critical part of such a system and where the CMfg community can contribute new and valuable results.
Discrete Element Simulation of the Stress Wave in High Speed Milling
Authors: Jiang Yifei , Zhang Jun , He Yong , Liu Hongguang , Memon Afaque Rafique , Zhao Wanhua
Published: July 2017

As cutting tool penetrates into workpiece, stress waves is induced and propagates in the workpiece. This paper aims to propose a two-dimensional discrete element method to analyze the stress waves effects during high speed milling. The dependence of the stress waves propagation characteristics on rake angle and cutting speed was studied. The simulation results show that the energy distribution of stress waves is more concentrated near the tool tip as the rake angle or the cutting speed increases. In addition, the density of initial cracks in the workpiece near the cutting tool increases when the cutting speed is higher. The high speed milling experiments indicate that the chip size decreases as the cutting speed increases, which is just qualitatively consistent with the simulation.
Residual Stress Enhancement in 3D Printed Inconel 718 Superalloy Treated by Ultrasonic Nano-Crystal Surface Modification
Authors: Sidhu Kuldeep Singh , Shi Jing , Vasudevan Vijay K. , Mannava Seetha Ramaiah
Published: July 2017

Inconel 718 (IN718) is a nickel based Ni-Cr-Fe super alloy. It has a unique set of properties such as good workability, corrosion resistance, high temperature strength, favorable weldability and excellent manufacturability. Due to its wide range of applications, IN718 is an alloy of great interest for many industries. Meanwhile, additive manufacturing assisted with laser has caught much interest from researchers and practitioners in the past three decades. In this study, IN718 alloy coupons are manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) technique. The SLMed IN718 alloys are treated by ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM), and the residual stress distributions underneath the surfaces are measured. It is found that residual stress mostly tensile is induced while building the part by the SLM technique. The tensile stresses can be reduced to almost zero value by post heat treatment. Moreover, the heat treatment helps to homogenize the microstructure, and results in the increase in hardness. More importantly, it is observed that UNSM effectively induces compressive residual stresses in the as-built and heat-treated parts. The residual stresses of compressive nature in as built parts has depth of around 530 μm where as in heat treated parts has a depth of around 530μm.
Smart Manufacturing Through a Framework for a Knowledge-Based Diagnosis System
Authors: Brundage Michael P. , Kulvatunyou Boonserm , Ademujimi Toyosi , Rakshith Badarinath
Published: July 2017

Various techniques are used to diagnose problems throughout all levels of the organization within the manufacturing industry. Often times, this root cause analysis is ad-hoc with no standard representation for artifacts or terminology (i.e., no standard representation for terms used in techniques such as fishbone diagrams, 5 why’s, etc.). Once a problem is diagnosed and alleviated, the results are discarded or stored locally as paper/digital text documents. When the same or similar problem reoccurs with different employees or in a different factory, the whole process has to be repeated without taking advantage of knowledge gained from previous problem(s) and corresponding solution(s). When discussing the diagnosis, personnel may miscommunicate over terms used in the root cause analysis leading to wasted time and errors. This paper presents a framework for a knowledge-based manufacturing diagnosis system that aims to alleviate these miscommunications. By learning from diagnosis methods used in manufacturing and in the medical community, this paper proposes a framework which integrates and formalizes root cause analysis by categorizing faults and failures that span multiple organizational levels. The proposed framework aims to enable manufacturing operations by leveraging machine learning and semantic technologies for the manufacturing system diagnosis. A use case for the manufacture of a bottle opener demonstrates the framework.
Measurement of Tissue Thermal Conductivity With Variable Thermal Dose During an Electrosurgical Joining Process
Authors: Yang Che-Hao , Kaonis Samantha , Chen Roland K. , Li Wei
Published: July 2017

Electrosurgical vessel joining is commonly performed in surgical procedures to maintain hemostasis. This process requires elevated temperature to denature the tissue and while compression is applied, the tissue can be joined together. The elevated temperature can cause thermal damages to the surrounding tissues. In order to minimize these damages, it is critical to understand how the tissue properties change and how that affects the thermal spread. This study used porcine aorta arterial tissue to investigate tissue thermal conductivity with variable thermal dose. Seven joining times (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, and 6 seconds) were used to create different amounts of thermal dose. A hybrid method that uses both experimental measurement and inverse heat transfer analysis was conducted to determine the thermal conductivity of thin tissue samples. In general, the tissue thermal conductivity decreases when thermal dose increases. Accordingly, 36% decrease in tissue thermal conductivity was found when the thermal dose reaches the threshold for second-degree burn (with 2-second joining time). When thermal dose is beyond the threshold of third-degree burn, the tissue thermal conductivity does not decrease significantly. A regression model was also developed and can be used to predict tissue thermal conductivity based on the thermal dose.