bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depression in 3/6‐year‐old children: clinical and psychosocial outcomes in later childhood and adolescence
Authors: Silver Jamilah , Olino Thomas M. , Carlson Gabrielle A. , Dougherty Lea R. , Bufferd Sara J. , Klein Daniel N.
Published: December 2021

Background

In recent years, epidemiological and clinical studies have revealed that depressive disorders can present in early childhood. To clarify the validity and prognostic significance of early childhood‐onset depression, we investigated diagnostic and functional outcomes in later childhood and adolescence.

Methods

A community sample (N = 516) was assessed for psychopathology at ages 3 and 6 using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. When participants were 9, 12, and 15 years old, children and parents completed the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and measures of symptoms and functioning.

Results

In models adjusting for covariates, depressed 3/6‐year‐old children were more likely to experience subsequent episodes of depressive disorders and exhibited significantly higher rates of later anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and suicidality compared to children without depressive disorders at age 3/6. Early childhood depression was also associated with higher levels of mother, but not child, reported depressive symptoms at age 15 compared to children without depressive disorders at age 3/6. Finally, depression at age 3/6 predicted lower levels of global and interpersonal functioning and higher rates of treatment at age 15 compared to children without depressive disorders at age 3/6.

Conclusions

Results support the clinical significance of depression in 3/6‐year‐old children, although further studies with larger samples are needed.
Indications for rapid evolution of trait means and thermal plasticity in range‐expanding populations of a butterfly
Authors: Neu Anika , Fischer Klaus
Published: December 2021

Currently, poleward range expansions are observed in many taxa, often in response to anthropogenic climate change. At the expanding front, populations likely face cooler and more variable temperature conditions, imposing thermal selection. This may result in changes in trait means or plasticity, the relative contribution of which is not well understood. We, here, investigate evolutionary change in range‐expanding populations of the butterfly Pieris mannii, by comparing populations from the core and the newly established northern range under laboratory conditions. We observed both changes in trait means and in thermal reaction norms. Range‐expanding populations showed a more rapid development, potentially indicative of counter‐gradient variation and an increased cold tolerance compared with core populations. Genotype‐environment interactions prevailed in all associated traits, such that the above differences were restricted to cooler environmental conditions. In range‐expanding populations, plasticity was decreased in developmental traits enabling relatively rapid growth even under cooler conditions but increased in cold tolerance arguably promoting higher activity under thermally challenging conditions. Notably, these changes must have occurred within a time period of ca. 10 years only. Our results suggest, in line with contemporary theory, that the evolution of plasticity may play a hitherto underestimated role for adaptation to climatic variation. However, rather than generally increased or decreased levels of plasticity, our results indicate fine‐tuned, trait‐specific evolutionary responses to increase fitness in novel environments.
Does immediate dentin sealing influence postoperative sensitivity in teeth restored with indirect restorations? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Josic Uros , Sebold Maicon , Lins Rodrigo B. E. , Savovic Jelena , Mazzitelli Claudia , Maravic Tatjana , Mazzoni Annalisa , Breschi Lorenzo
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study comprehensively reviewed clinical trials that investigated the effect of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) technique on postoperative sensitivity (POS) and clinical performance of indirect restorations.

Materials and methods

The systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses statement, and was guided by the PICOS strategy. Clinical trials in which adult patients received at least one indirect restoration cemented with IDS approach and one restoration cemented following the delayed dentin sealing (DDS) were considered.

Results

Following title screening and full‐text reading, four studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for qualitative synthesis, while two studies were selected for quantitative synthesis. According to Risk of bias‐2 tool, two studies were classified as “some concerns” for the outcome POS. No statistically significant differences were found between teeth restored with indirect restorations using the IDS and DDS approach for POS (p > 0.05), neither at the baseline (very low certainty of evidence according to GRADE) nor after 2 years of follow‐up (low certainty of evidence according to GRADE).

Conclusion

There is low‐certainty evidence that IDS does not reduce POS in teeth restored with indirect restorations.

Clinical significance

There is no clinical evidence to favor IDS over DDS when restoring teeth with indirect restorations.
The effect of implant macrogeometry in immediate tooth replacement therapy: A case series
Authors: Saito Hanae , Chu Stephen J. , Tarnow Dennis P.
Published: December 2021

The concept of immediate tooth replacement therapy (ITRT) in the esthetic zone has become a viable treatment modality and widely accepted in clinical practice. However, achieving adequate primary stability that enables immediate provisional restoration and desirable space for bone‐grafting with conventional tapered body implant designs is challenging. The macro‐hybrid implant design with a prosthetic angle correction and body‐shift feature in a singular form provides not only greater primary stability of a wider diameter implant but also circumferential gap distance both facially and interproximally preserve the labial bone plate and interdental attachment apparatus of the adjacent natural teeth thereby maintaining the interdental papilla. The present clinical series exemplifies the clinical advantages of this inverted body‐shift implant design in ITRT in various clinical scenarios in (1) single tooth replacement in a Type 1 intact socket with a thin periodontal phenotype, (2) single tooth replacement in a Type 2 socket with a dentoalveolar dehiscence of the labial bone plate, and (3) multiple adjacent teeth replacement of two maxillary central incisor.

Clinical significance

The macro‐hybrid design implant with a prosthetic angle correction and body‐shift feature in a singular form provides greater midfacial gap distance as well as tooth‐to‐implant distance to preserve the interdental attachment of the adjacent natural teeth thereby leaving the interdental papilla undisturbed, without sacrificing higher primary stability afforded by larger diameter implants.
Low serum pancreatic amylase levels as a novel latent risk factor for colorectal adenoma in non‐alcohol drinkers
Authors: Sasaki Yu , Abe Yasuhiko , Nishise Shoichi , Yagi Makoto , Mizumoto Naoko , Kon Takashi , Onozato Yusuke , Sakai Takayuki , Umehara Matsuki , Ito Minami , Ueno Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2021

Background and Aim

Obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic alterations increase the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma (CRA). Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or pancreatic disease (NAFPD) shares many risk factors with CRA that may have significant roles in its development; however, the relationship between CRA and NAFLD/NAFPD remains unclear.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study recruited 712 eligible participants without current drinking who had undergone total colonoscopy as part of a health checkup. These participants were classified into a CRA group (n = 236) and a control group (n = 439), which consisted of individuals without CRA and a history of polyp resection. NAFLD and NAFPD were diagnosed based on abdominal ultrasonography findings.

Results

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease was observed more frequently in individuals with CRA than in the control group (55.9% vs 41.6%, P < 0.01). There was no significant association between NAFPD and CRA; however, serum pancreatic amylase (P‐amylase) levels were significantly lower in individuals with CRA. Although NAFLD was one of the factors increasing the presence of CRA (odds ratio [OR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–2.10), low P‐amylase levels were significantly associated with the presence of CRA (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.04–2.88) independent of age, sex, current smoking, obesity, metabolic alterations including insulin resistance, and NAFLD.

Conclusions

Low serum P‐amylase levels were a possible independent risk factor for CRA in the present study. The latent pancreatic exocrine–endocrine–gut relationship was considered a novel pathway involved in obesity‐related CRA development, in non‐alcoholic individuals.
Developmental trajectories of spatial‐sequential and spatial‐simultaneous working memory in Down syndrome
Authors: Carretti B. , Meneghetti C. , Doerr E. , Toffalini E. , Lanfranchi S.
Published: December 2021

Background

Working memory (WM) is generally considered an area of weakness in the cognitive profile associated with Down syndrome (DS). The great majority of studies explored WM in this population through a comparison with typical development (TD) on the basis of mental age or developmental level. However, it is also relevant to understand how these skills develop and whether such development could be more related to chronological or developmental level. In the present study, we explored cross‐sectional developmental trajectories of spatial‐sequential and spatial‐simultaneous WM in individuals with DS across chronological age and developmental level. Typically developing children (TD) of similar mental age were also included as a comparison group.

Methods

Eighty‐four individuals with DS (aged between 7 and 30 years) and 327 children with TD (aged between 4 and 8 years) were administered with tasks to assess spatial‐sequential and spatial‐simultaneous WM, together with tasks to assess both general verbal and spatial developmental levels.

Results and conclusion

Performance in spatial‐simultaneous WM task was lower compared with spatial‐sequential WM task in both groups. In the case of individuals with DS, the developmental trajectories of chronological age are better described through a segmented model showing increased performance until approximately 13 years of age, followed by a rather flat progress. In the case of TD children, developmental trajectories are better described through a linear model in the spatial‐simultaneous WM task when chronological age is considered; in the spatial‐sequential WM, the increase in performance with age was however characterised by a discontinuity at age 6. The increase in performance followed a linear pattern in both groups (DS and TD) without substantial differences between the types of measure used (verbal vs. spatial) when the developmental level is considered.
The afterlife of living under contract, an epilogue
Authors: Little Peter D. , Watts Michael
Published: December 2021

This epilogue summarizes key challenges in the critical study of contract farming (CF) that are highlighted in this special issue, and it utilizes our co‐edited volume Living under contract as the platform to ask what has been learned and what questions remain nearly three decades after the book's publication. It discusses the political and historical moment of the late 1980s when our CF project was started and the neo‐liberal roots of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) were firmly implanted, especially in Africa—the regional focus of our book. We argue that this neoliberal turn continues to shape many topics addressed in this special issue, including the role of the state, labour and land (and ecology) relations, and the vertical integration of CF within global values chains. The epilogue concludes with a plea for more systematic comparisons and “big picture” analyses that highlight how space, local agrarian formations and classes, state powers, and materiality (the commodity itself) shape the character and dynamics of CF schemes.
Measuring social diversity in economic literature: An overview for cross‐country studies
Authors: Buitrago Eva M. , Caraballo M. Ángeles
Published: December 2021

Over recent decades, the growing research on social diversity at country level has striven to explain several outcomes such as the differences in income across countries and the origins of civil conflicts. The literature employs a wide range of indices to measure social diversity that hinders the comparison of the results with respect to their effects on socio‐economic performance. This paper intends to disentangle such a variety of indices and their applications. To achieve this goal, we have collected the social diversity indices used in cross‐country studies, and have ascertained not only their similarities and differences, and the relationships between them, but also their main applications. Studies at country level have been selected that construct their own indices and that make their databases available. We show that the dimension and the index chosen to measure social diversity, the level of disaggregation of the social groups, and the geographical unit of analysis explain the tangle of indices and the mixed results achieved by the literature focused on socio‐economic outcomes of social diversity. This paper enables the suitable evaluation and comparison of the effects of social diversity and the selection of the appropriate index depending on the analysis to be carried out.
Caregivers' report of preventive dental care visits and services for US WIC‐participating and non‐participating children
Authors: Claiborne Denise M. , Chen Chun , Zhang Qi
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To determine whether children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) had more caregiver‐reported preventive dental care visits (PDCVs) and preventive dental services (PDS) than nonparticipating children.

Methods

A secondary data analysis was performed utilizing the National Survey of Children's Health 2017 and 2018 combined datasets. The analytic sample included 10,356 children aged 1–4 years. It was further stratified into three groups by WIC eligibility and participation to include WIC participation, income‐eligible nonparticipants, and higher‐income nonparticipants. The independent variables included child‐level characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and insurance) and caregiver‐level characteristics (age of mother and the highest level of education in the household). The dependent variable was the report of PDCV and PDS (dental cleaning, toothbrushing instructions, and fluoride treatment) in the past 12 months.

Results

Of the 10,356 children aged 1–4 years, 3025 were eligible for WIC and nearly half of those eligible (49.5%) reported participating in the WIC program. Caregivers of WIC‐participating children had a higher reported prevalence of PDCV for their children than those of income‐eligible nonparticipants (57.6% vs. 49.6%, respectively) (p < 0.05). In addition, caregivers of WIC‐participating children reported their children receiving more PDS than income‐eligible nonparticipants, including dental cleanings (38.5% vs. 33.6%), toothbrushing instructions (25.5% vs. 22.7%), and fluoride treatments (22.7% vs. 21.2%) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

WIC‐participating children had a higher reported prevalence of PDCVs and PDS than income‐eligible nonparticipating children. Further research is needed to understand differences in the reports of specific PDSs received.
Social disorganization and new HIV diagnoses, 2013‐2017, Florida: Rural‐urban differences
Authors: Trepka Mary Jo , Dawit Rahel , Fernandez Sofia B. , Sheehan Diana M. , Degarege Abraham , Li Tan , Maddox Lorene M. , Spencer Emma C.
Published: December 2021

Purpose

To compare the role of neighborhood social disorganization factors on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis rates in urban and rural areas in Florida, we conducted an ecologic study of HIV diagnosis rates during 2013‐2017 and social disorganization components, including concentrated disadvantage, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential instability.

Methods

Indices of social disorganization components were obtained from principal component analyses of American Community Survey variables for 910 postal codes. Rural/urban classification was based on the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Urban Commuting Area codes. Using multivariable linear regression, the relationship between social disorganization indices and HIV diagnosis rates was assessed.

Findings

The only social disorganization index that was significantly higher in rural than urban areas was concentrated disadvantage. In rural areas, the concentrated disadvantage index was significantly associated with HIV diagnosis rates (P = .007) when controlling for the other social disorganization factors but was no longer significant after additionally controlling for prevalence of people with an HIV diagnosis who were not virally suppressed. In urban areas, even after controlling for prevalence of people with HIV who were not virally suppressed, lower male‐to‐female population ratios and higher scores of residential instability, concentrated disadvantage, and LatinX/immigrant density indices were associated with higher HIV diagnosis rates (all P < .01).

Conclusions

In addition to improving community levels of viral suppression, the community contextual environment, including the rurality of the environment, needs to be considered in strategies to end the HIV epidemic in the United States.
Urinary 11‐dehydrothromboxane B2 concentrations in 20 dogs with primary immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia
Authors: Conway Elizabeth A. , Evans Neil P. , Ridyard Alison E.
Published: December 2021

Background

Thromboembolic disease is a major cause of mortality in dogs with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). At present, no reliable biomarkers of individual patient thrombotic risk are available. In human medicine, increased urinary thromboxane concentrations have utility as markers of prothrombotic tendency in various situations.

Hypothesis/Objectives

First, to determine if urinary 11‐dehydrothromboxane B2 (u11‐dTXB) concentrations are increased in dogs with primary IMHA compared to normal dogs; second, to assess whether u11‐dTXB concentration is associated with survival, known prognostic indicators, or frequency of thrombosis in dogs with IMHA.

Animals

Twenty client‐owned dogs diagnosed with primary IMHA and 17 healthy dogs volunteered by hospital staff.

Methods

Prospective case‐control study. A previously validated ELISA was used to measure urine 11‐dTXB concentrations, which were normalized to urine creatinine concentration (u11‐dTXB:Cr). Samples were obtained at presentation from patients with primary IMHA. Standard clincopathological data at baseline and survival data were collected. Urinary 11‐dTXB:Cr was compared between outcome subgroups, and correlated with known markers of disease severity.

Results

Baseline u11‐dTXB:Cr was significantly higher in dogs with IMHA than in healthy dogs (median, 3.75; range, 0.83‐25.36 vs 0.65; 0.24‐2.57; P = .003) but did not differ between dogs with IMHA that survived and did not survive to 30 days after presentation, nor between dogs with and without clinical suspicion of thrombotic disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Urinary 11‐dTXB:Cr is increased in dogs with IMHA compared to healthy controls, consistent with a prothrombotic state. However, in this IMHA population u11‐dTXB:Cr was not associated with survival or suspected thrombosis.
Agreement and differentiation of intradural spinal cord lesions in dogs using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Krasnow Maya S. , Griffin John F. , Levine Jonathan M. , Mai Wilfried , Pancotto Theresa E. , Kent Marc , Harcourt‐Brown Thomas R. , Carrera‐Justiz Sheila C. , Gilmour Lindsey J. , Masciarelli Amanda E. , Jeffery Nicholas D.
Published: December 2021

Background

Magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice for diagnosing spinal cord neoplasia, but the accuracy of designating the relationship of a neoplasm to the meninges and agreement among observers is unknown.

Objectives

To determine agreement among observers and accuracy of diagnosis compared with histology when diagnosing lesion location based on relationship to the meninges.

Animals

Magnetic resonance images from 53 dogs with intradural extramedullary and intramedullary spinal neoplasms and 17 dogs with degenerative myelopathy.

Methods

Six observers were supplied with 2 sets of 35 images at different time points and asked to designate lesion location. Agreement in each set was analyzed using kappa (κ) statistics. We tabulated total correct allocations and calculated sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for location designation from images compared with known histologic location for lesions confined to 1 location only.

Results

Agreement in the first set of images was moderate (κ = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43‐0.58) and in the second, substantial (κ = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.66‐0.79). In the accuracy study, 180 (75%) of the 240 diagnostic calls were correct. Sensitivity and specificity were moderate to high for all compartments, except poor sensitivity was found for intradural extramedullary lesions. Positive likelihood ratios were high for intradural extramedullary lesions and degenerative myelopathy.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Overall accuracy in diagnosis was reasonable, and positive diagnostic calls for intradural extramedullary lesions and negative calls for intramedullary lesions are likely to be helpful. Observers exhibited considerable disagreement in designation of lesions relationship to the meninges.
Suspected primary hyperreninism in a cat with malignant renal sarcoma and global renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system upregulation
Authors: Evans Jeremy , Ward Jessica , Domenig Oliver , Mochel Jonathan P. , Creevy Kate
Published: December 2021

A 14‐year‐old male castrated domestic medium‐hair cat with diabetes mellitus was evaluated for vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Two weeks before presentation, the cat had been diagnosed with congestive heart failure and started on furosemide. Initial diagnostic testing identified hypokalemia, systemic hypertension, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, and plasma aldosterone concentration was moderately increased. Abdominal ultrasound examination disclosed bilateral adrenomegaly and a right renal mass, and cytology of a needle aspirate of the mass was consistent with malignant neoplasia. The cat was treated with amlodipine and spironolactone. Because of the unusual presentation for hyperaldosteronism, a comprehensive profile of renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) peptides was performed. Results from multiple timepoints indicated persistently and markedly increased plasma renin activity and generalized RAAS upregulation. In addition to the lack of adrenal tumor, the markedly increased plasma renin activity was atypical for primary hyperaldosteronism. These clinical findings are suggestive of primary hyperreninism, a condition previously unreported in cats. The concurrent presence of a renal neoplasm suggests the possibility of a renin‐secreting tumor.
Toxicity of zoledronic acid after intravenous administration: A retrospective study of 95 dogs
Authors: Brewer David John , Macfarlane Michael , O'Connell Erin , Bacon Nicholas J.
Published: December 2021

Background

There is a paucity of veterinary literature on the safety or outcome of zoledronic acid (ZA) use in dogs for either bone pain or hypercalcemia.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The primary aim was to report the adverse events in dogs receiving intravenous administration of ZA.

Animals

Ninety‐five dogs with ZA use.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed; all dogs that received at least 1 dose of ZA and had a serum biochemistry profile performed before and after treatment were reviewed. Diagnosis, indication for treatment, adverse events and survival times were recorded.

Results

Ninety‐five dogs met the inclusion criteria. Thirty‐one (33%) received multiple intravenous infusions of ZA (range, 2‐7), making a total of 166 administrations in all dogs. The dose range was 0.13 to 0.32 mg/kg, given at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks. Thirteen adverse events were recorded in 10 dogs: azotemia (n = 8), vomiting (n = 2), pancreatitis (n = 1), cutaneous ulceration (n = 1), and diarrhea (n = 1). Zoledronic acid could not be confirmed as the cause of azotemia in any case. The change in serum creatinine concentration from dose to dose was not related to the total dose received (P = .46). Five dogs (5%) changed Veterinary Comparative Oncology Group Common Terminology Criteria (VCOG‐CTAE) renal/genitourinary grade after administration of ZA; their total dose 0.4 mg/kg (range, 0.26‐0.66) was not significantly different to the group which did not change VCOG‐CTAE renal/genitourinary grade 0.35 mg/kg (range, 0.2‐1.50; P = .93).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Multiple doses of ZA were well tolerated in dogs within this study. A small number of dogs developed progressive azotemia which was not associated with cumulative dose.
Coercion versus facilitation: Context and the implementation of anti-FGM/C law
Authors: Meroka-Mutua Agnes , Mwanga Daniel , Ostermann Susan L. , Wouango Joséphine
Published: December 2021

A common policy response to female genital mutilation/cutting (“FGM/C”) is the enactment of criminal prohibitions. The implementation of such prohibitions requires significant state capacity, which is often associated with the coercion. We examine compliance with anti-FGM/C law in Burkina Faso and Kenya, two countries which are thought to have markedly different state capacity and where the practice of FGM/C has been widespread. Using a hard-case comparison and both qualitative and quantitative approaches, including a list experiment to elicit accurate responses regarding the current state of FGM/C practice, we find that Burkina Faso and Kenya have achieved comparatively similar compliance with their respective anti-FGM/C laws. We explain this surprising finding by pointing to the different implementation approaches taken by each state, one coercive and one facilitative, and the degree to which those approaches were well-matched to the attitudes of their respective populations. This paired comparison suggests that coercively weak states may still be able to secure compliance with their laws. It also suggests that academics and policymakers alike should consider the numerous other capacities states possess beyond simple coercion.
Spatial variation in high temperature‐regulated gene expression predicts evolution of plasticity with climate change in the scarlet monkeyflower
Authors: Preston Jill C. , Wooliver Rachel , Driscoll Heather , Coughlin Aeran , Sheth Seema N.
Published: December 2021

A major way that organisms can adapt to changing environmental conditions is by evolving increased or decreased phenotypic plasticity. In the face of current global warming, more attention is being paid to the role of plasticity in maintaining fitness as abiotic conditions change over time. However, given that temporal data can be challenging to acquire, a major question is whether evolution in plasticity across space can predict adaptive plasticity across time. In growth chambers simulating two thermal regimes, we generated transcriptome data for western North American scarlet monkeyflowers (Mimulus cardinalis) collected from different latitudes and years (2010 and 2017) to test hypotheses about how plasticity in gene expression is responding to increases in temperature, and if this pattern is consistent across time and space. Supporting the genetic compensation hypothesis, individuals whose progenitors were collected from the warmer‐origin northern 2017 descendant cohort showed lower thermal plasticity in gene expression than their cooler‐origin northern 2010 ancestors. This was largely due to a change in response at the warmer (40°C) rather than cooler (20°C) treatment. A similar pattern of reduced plasticity, largely due to a change in response at 40°C, was also found for the cooler‐origin northern versus the warmer‐origin southern population from 2017. Our results demonstrate that reduced phenotypic plasticity can evolve with warming and that spatial and temporal changes in plasticity predict one another.
CLASSIFICATION, CULTURE AREAS, AND GIFTING ON THE GREAT PLAINS: Remobilizing Objects of Exchange at the American Museum of Natural History
Authors: Heckel Claire
Published: December 2021

Abstract

The ethnological collecting expeditions conducted by museums in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have had impacts on source communities and on the composition and interpretation of museum collections that have been critically examined from a number of perspectives. Although categories such as ethnicity and tribal affiliation are now understood to be situational, relational, and contingent, systems of classification in museums remain in large part rigid and immutable. Concrete approaches to addressing these issues in museum collections have been slower to emerge. This article presents an approach to the description of objects, influenced by attribute analysis and thick description, that has the potential to make salient information about museum collections more accessible to source communities. With two case studies (parfleches and moccasins from the Great Plains collections at the American Museum of Natural History), this article demonstrates how collaborative object‐centered inquiry can help to disentangle objects from historical systems of classification in museum settings and “remobilize” them. Moving beyond classification to document the cultural practices documented in historical material culture can aid in reconstructing the complex movements of people, objects, and ideas in the past.
Evolutionary transition to the ectomycorrhizal habit in the genomes of a hyperdiverse lineage of mushroom‐forming fungi
Authors: Looney Brian , Miyauchi Shingo , Morin Emmanuelle , Drula Elodie , Courty Pierre Emmanuel , Kohler Annegret , Kuo Alan , LaButti Kurt , Pangilinan Jasmyn , Lipzen Anna , Riley Robert , Andreopoulos William , He Guifen , Johnson Jenifer , Nolan Matt , Tritt Andrew , Barry Kerrie W. , Grigoriev Igor V. , Nagy László G. , Hibbett David , Henrissat Bernard , Matheny P. Brandon , Labbé Jesse , Martin Francis M.
Published: December 2021

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis has independently evolved from diverse types of saprotrophic ancestors. In this study, we seek to identify genomic signatures of the transition to the ECM habit within the hyperdiverse Russulaceae.

We present comparative analyses of the genomic architecture and the total and secreted gene repertoires of 18 species across the order Russulales, of which 13 are newly sequenced, including a representative of a saprotrophic member of Russulaceae, Gloeopeniophorella convolvens.

The genomes of ECM Russulaceae are characterized by a loss of genes for plant cell wall‐degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), an expansion of genome size through increased transposable element (TE) content, a reduction in secondary metabolism clusters, and an association of small secreted proteins (SSPs) with TE ‘nests’, or dense aggregations of TEs. Some PCWDEs have been retained or even expanded, mostly in a species‐specific manner. The genome of G. convolvens possesses some characteristics of ECM genomes (e.g. loss of some PCWDEs, TE expansion, reduction in secondary metabolism clusters).

Functional specialization in ECM decomposition may drive diversification. Accelerated gene evolution predates the evolution of the ECM habit, indicating that changes in genome architecture and gene content may be necessary to prime the evolutionary switch.
Opportunities in phytochemistry, ecophysiology and wood research via laser ablation direct analysis in real time imaging‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Deklerck Victor , Fowble Kristen L. , Coon Allix M. , Espinoza Edgard O. , Beeckman Hans , Musah Rabi A.
Published: December 2021

Analysis of wood transects in a manner that preserves the spatial distribution of the metabolites present is highly desirable to among other things: (1) facilitate ecophysiology studies that reveal the association between chemical make‐up and environmental factors or climatic events over time; and (2) investigate the mechanisms of the synthesis and trafficking of small molecules within specialised tissues. While a variety of techniques could be applied to achieve these goals, most remain challenging and impractical.

Laser ablation direct analysis in real time imaging–mass spectrometry (LADI‐MS) was successfully used to survey the chemical profile of wood, while also preserving the small‐molecule spatial distributions. The tree species Entandrophragma candollei Harms, Millettia laurentii DeWild., Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen, Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Benth. and Dalbergia normandii Bosser & R.Rabev were analysed.

Several compounds were associated with anatomical features. A greater diversity was detected in the vessels and parenchyma compared with the fibres. Analysis of single vessels revealed that the chemical fingerprint used for timber identification is mainly determined by vessel content.

Laser ablation direct analysis in real time imaging–mass spectrometry offers unprecedented opportunities to investigate the distribution of metabolites within wood samples, while circumventing the issues associated with previous methods. This technique opens up new vistas for the discovery of small‐molecule biomarkers that are linked to environmental events.
The chromosome‐level genome provides insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the tortuous‐branch phenotype of Prunus mume
Authors: Zheng Tangchun , Li Ping , Zhuo Xiaokang , Liu Weichao , Qiu Like , Li Lulu , Yuan Cunquan , Sun Lidan , Zhang Zhiyong , Wang Jia , Cheng Tangren , Zhang Qixiang
Published: December 2021

Plant with naturally twisted branches is referred to as a tortuous‐branch plant, which have extremely high ornamental value due to their zigzag shape and the natural twisting of their branches. Prunus mume is an important woody ornamental plant. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this unique trait in Prunus genus is unknown.

Here, we present a chromosome‐level genome assembly of the cultivated P. mume var. tortuosa created using Oxford Nanopore combined with Hi‐C scaffolding, which resulted in a 237.8 Mb genome assembly being anchored onto eight pseudochromosomes.

Molecular dating indicated that P. mume is the most recently differentiated species in Prunus. Genes associated with cell division, development and plant hormones play essential roles in the formation of tortuous branch trait. A putative regulatory pathway for the tortuous branch trait was constructed based on gene expression levels. Furthermore, after transferring candidate PmCYCD genes into Arabidopsis thaliana, we found that seedlings overexpressing these genes exhibited curled rosette leaves.

Our results provide insights into the evolutionary history of recently differentiated species in Prunus genus, the molecular basis of stem morphology, and the molecular mechanism underlying the tortuous branch trait and highlight the utility of multi‐omics in deciphering the properties of P. mume plant architecture.
Loans to Different Groups and Economic Activity at Times of Crisis and Growth*
Authors: Cafiso Gianluca
Published: December 2021

We study the contribution of loans, granted to different borrower groups, to economic activity in the United States over the period 1971q1–2018q4. In general, loans to households emerge as the most important driver of economic activity when compared to other borrower groups. Meanwhile, for loans in terms of scope, consumer credit has a prime role. Deep economic recessions occurred during the period considered, we focus on the recent global financial crisis (GFC) to reveal the role of the credit crunch. The analysis confirms that loans had a large negative effect during the GFC when compared to other concurrent shocks. Furthermore, a comparison with other periods in post‐war US history points to the specific role that loans played in this last crisis. The results are delivered through a historical decomposition analysis based on the estimation of a large VAR through Bayesian techniques.
The built environment as determinant of childhood obesity: A systematic literature review
Authors: Malacarne Diego , Handakas Evangelos , Robinson Oliver , Pineda Elisa , Saez Marc , Chatzi Leda , Fecht Daniela
Published: December 2021

We evaluated the epidemiological evidence on the built environment and its link to childhood obesity, focusing on environmental factors such as traffic noise and air pollution, as well as physical factors potentially driving obesity‐related behaviors, such as neighborhood walkability and availability and accessibility of parks and playgrounds. Eligible studies were (i) conducted on human children below the age of 18 years, (ii) focused on body size measurements in childhood, (iii) examined at least one built environment characteristic, (iv) reported effect sizes and associated confidence intervals, and (v) were published in English language. A z test, as alternative to the meta‐analysis, was used to quantify associations due to heterogeneity in exposure and outcome definition. We found strong evidence for an association of traffic‐related air pollution (nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides exposure, p < 0.001) and built environment characteristics supportive of walking (street intersection density, p < 0.01 and access to parks, p < 0.001) with childhood obesity. We identified a lack of studies that account for interactions between different built environment exposures or verify the role and mechanism of important effect modifiers such as age.
The effects of intraoperative magnesium sulfate administration on emergence agitation and delirium in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Koo Chang‐Hoon , Koo Bon‐Wook , Han Jiwon , Lee Hun‐Taek , Lim Dongsik , Shin Hyun‐Jung
Published: December 2021

Background

The role of intraoperative magnesium for the prevention of emergence agitation or delirium is unclear as there have been conflicting results reported by several randomized controlled trials.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate on emergence agitation or emergence delirium in pediatric patients.

Methods

Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched to identify studies which evaluated the effects of magnesium on postoperative emergence agitation or emergence delirium. The primary outcome was the incidence of emergence agitation or emergence delirium during the post‐anesthesia stay. The secondary outcome was the agitation or delirium score upon admission to the post‐anesthesia care unit. We estimated the odds ratio and standardized mean difference using a random‐effect model.

Results

A total of 712 pediatric patients from 10 randomized controlled trials were included in the final analysis. The incidence of emergence agitation or emergence delirium was 29.7% in the magnesium group and 50.5% in the control group. The pooled effect size revealed that the administration of magnesium sulfate significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative emergence agitation or emergence delirium in pediatric patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia (Odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 0.64; p = .002). Additionally, children in the magnesium group reported significantly lower agitation or delirium scores than those in the control group (standardized mean difference, −0.70; 95% confidence interval, −1.15 to ‐0.24; p = .003).

Conclusion

The administration of magnesium sulfate reduced the incidence and severity of emergence agitation or emergence delirium in pediatric patients after the use of general anesthesia during surgery.
Genome sequencing and transcriptome analyses provide insights into the origin and domestication of water caltrop (Trapa spp., Lythraceae)
Authors: Lu Rui‐Sen , Chen Yang , Zhang Xin‐Yi , Feng Yu , Comes Hans Peter , Li Zheng , Zheng Zhai‐Sheng , Yuan Ye , Wang Ling‐Yun , Huang Zi‐Jian , Guo Yi , Sun Guo‐Ping , Olsen Kenneth M. , Chen Jun , Qiu Ying‐Xiong
Published: December 2021

Humans have domesticated diverse species from across the plant kingdom; however, our current understanding of plant domestication is largely founded on major cereal crops. Here, we examine the evolutionary processes and genetic basis underlying the domestication of water caltrop (Trapa spp., Lythraceae), a traditional, yet presently underutilized non‐cereal crop that sustained early Chinese agriculturalists. We generated a chromosome‐level genome assembly of tetraploid T. natans, and then divided the allotetraploid genome into two subgenomes. Based on resequencing data from 57 accessions, representing cultivated diploid T. natans, wild T. natans (2x and 4x) and diploid T. incisa, we showed that water caltrop was likely first domesticated in the Yangtze River Valley as early as 6300 yr BP, and experienced a second improvement c. 800 years ago. We also provided strong support for an allotetraploid origin of T. natans within the past 230 000–310 000 years. By integrating selective sweep and transcriptome profiling analyses, we identified a number of genes potentially selected and/or differentially expressed during domestication, some of which likely contributed not only to larger fruit sizes but also to a more vigorous root system, facilitating nutrient uptake, environmental stress response and underwater photosynthesis. Our results shed light on the evolutionary and domestication history of water caltrop, one of the earliest domesticated crops in China. This study has implications for genomic‐assisted breeding of this presently underutilized aquatic plant, and improves our general understanding of plant domestication.
Altered immune response in organic acidemia
Authors: Altun Ilayda , Kiykim Ayca , Zubarioglu Tanyel , Burtecene Nihan , Hopurcuoglu Duhan , Topcu Birol , Cansever Mehmet Serif , Kiykim Ertugrul , Cokugras Haluk Cezmi , Aktuglu Zeybek Ayse Cigdem
Published: December 2021

Background

Most patients with organic acidemia suffer from recurrent infections. Although neutropenia has been reported in multiple studies, other components of the immune system have not been evaluated thoroughly. This study was conducted to assess the immune status of patients with organic acidemia (OA).

Methods

Thirty‐three patients with OA who were followed up in Istanbul University‐Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Nutrition and Metabolism Department and a total of 32 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were enrolled to the study. The demographic and clinical data were recorded retrospectively from patient files. Complete blood counts, immunoglobulins, and lymphocyte immunophenotyping were recorded prospectively in a symptom‐ (infection‐) free period.

Results

Of the 33 patients enrolled to the study, 21 (88%) were diagnosed with methylmalonic acidemia, 10 (33%) with propionic acidemia, and two (6.6%) with isovaleric acidemia. The mean age of the patients with OA and healthy subjects were 5.89 ± 4.11 years and 5.34 ± 4.36, respectively (P = 0.602). Twenty‐nine (88%) of the patients had experienced frequent hospital admission, 13 (39%) were admitted to pediatric intensive care unit, and 18 (55%) suffered from sepsis. Naïve helper T cells and recent thymic emigrants were significantly lower in OAs (P < 0.001). Various defects in humoral immunity have also been documented including memory B cells and immunoglobulins.

Conclusions

Patients with OAs may show adaptive immune defects rendering them susceptible to infections. Metabolic reprogramming based on nutritional modifications may be a promising therapeutic option in the future.
Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Luciana M. , Oliveira Yvanna L. D. C. , Oliveira Yrna L. M. , Ramos Anne Caroline S. , Andrade Gabriela F. , Sá Vitor L. , Geraldi Ricardo M. , Pinheiro Carina S. , Bueno Lilian L. , Fujiwara Ricardo T. , Dolabella Silvio S.
Published: December 2021

Interactions between parasites during co‐infections are often complex and can impact immunization and treatment programmes, as well as disease outcomes and morbidity. However, little is known about these interactions and the mechanisms involved. In this study, a coproparasitological survey was carried out in school‐age children living in endemic areas of parasitic infection in the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. Anti‐helminth‐specific and total secretory immunoglobulin‐A (SIgA) levels were measured in stool and saliva samples and were compared in children presenting monoparasitism, polyparasitism (helminths and/or intestinal protozoa) and no infections. The survey showed that protozoa were more prevalent than helminths, and that there was a high frequency of polyparasitism in the studied population, mainly from combinations of protozoan species. Although less frequent, combinations between species of protozoa and helminths were also observed. The levels of salivary SIgA in these co‐infected individuals were lower than the average observed in infections with helminths alone. Although the children participating in this survey were asymptomatic, and it was, therefore, not possible to evaluate the impact of salivary SIgA reduction on the diseases, and the study highlights the need for further investigations of co‐infections by intestinal parasites and the effects on immune response induced by the interactions between different parasites.
Reviewing the importance of TLR‐NLRP3‐pyroptosis pathway and mechanism of experimental NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors
Authors: Kinra Manas , Nampoothiri Madhavan , Arora Devinder , Mudgal Jayesh
Published: December 2021

Cells encounter continuous challenges due to tissue insult caused by endogenous and/or exogenous stimuli. Among the mechanisms set in place to counterbalance the tissue insult, innate immunity is always at the forefront. Cells of innate immunity efficiently recognize the ‘danger signals’ via a specialized set of membrane‐bound receptors known as Toll‐like receptors. Once this interaction is established, toll‐like receptor passes on the responsibility to cytosolic NOD‐like receptors through a cascade of signalling pathways. Subsequently, NOD‐like receptors assemble to a specialized multiprotein intracellular complex, that is inflammasome. Inflammasome activates Caspase‐1 and Gasdermin‐D which initiate pyroptotic cell death in the affected tissue by two simultaneous mechanisms. Being a protease, caspase‐1 cleaves and activates pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18. On the other hand, Gasdermin‐D causes proteolytic cleavage which forms a pore in the cell membrane. This review highlights the molecular events ranging from recognition of stimuli to pyroptosis. The review is also an attempt to discuss the mechanisms of the most specific experimental NLRP3 inhibitors.