bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How intraoral pressure shapes the voicing contrast in American English and German
Authors: Rodgers Blake , Fuchs Susanne
Published: January 2021

This study examines intraoral pressure for English and German stops in bilabial and alveolar place of articulation. Our subjects are two speakers of American English and three speakers of German. VOICING is the main phonological contrast under evaluation in both word initial and word final position. For initial stops, a few of the pressure characteristics showed differences between English and German, but on the whole the results point to similar production strategies at both places of articulation in the two different languages. Analysis of the pressure trajectory differences between VOICING categories in initial position raises questions about articulatory differences. In the initial closing gesture, time from start of gesture to closure is roughly equivalent for both categories, but the pressure change is significantly smaller on average for VOICED stops. Final stops, however, present a more complicated picture. German final stops are neutralized to a presumed VOICELESS phonological state. English final /p/ is broadly similar to German /p/, but English /t/ often shows no pressure increase at all which is at odds with the conventional account of phonation termination via pressure increase and loss of pressure differential. The results raise the question of whether the German final stops should be considered VOICELESS or some intermediate form, at least as compared to English final stops.
Opacity is a matter of representation: Shimakonde vowel harmony and vowel reduction
Authors: Downing Laura J.
Published: January 2021

As work like McCarthy (2002: 128) notes, pre-Optimality Theory (OT) phonology was primarily concerned with representations and theories of subsegmental structure. In contrast, the role of representations and choice of structural models has received little attention in OT. Some central representational issues of the pre-OT era have, in fact, become moot in OT (McCarthy 2002: 128). Further, as work like Baković (2007) notes, even for assimilatory processes where representation played a central role in the pre-OT era, constraint interaction now carries the main explanatory burden. Indeed, relatively few studies in OT (e.g., Rose 2000; Hargus & Beavert 2006; Huffmann 2005, 2007; Morén 2006) have argued for the importance of phonological representations. This paper intends to contribute to this work by reanalyzing a set of processes related to vowel harmony in Shimakonde, a Bantu language spoken in Mozambique and Tanzania. These processes are of particular interest, as Liphola’s (2001) study argues that they are derivationally opaque and so not amenable to an OT analysis. I show that the opacity disappears given the proper choice of representations for vowel features and a metrical harmony domain.
prosody of relative clauses in Chewa
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Mtenje Al
Published: January 2021

This paper tests three current theories of the phonology-syntax interface – Truckenbrodt (1995), Pak (2008) and Cheng & Downing (2007, 2009) – on the prosody of relative clauses in Chewa. Relative clauses, especially restrictive relative clauses, provide an ideal data set for comparing these theories, as they each make distinct predictions about the optimal phrasing. We show that the asymmetrical phase-edge based approach developed to account for similar Zulu prosodic phrasing by Cheng & Downing also best accounts for the Chewa data.
Tone, syntax, and prosodic domains in Luganda
Authors: Hyman Larry M. , Katamba Francis X.
Published: January 2021

"The documentation of... descriptive generalizations is sometimes clearer and more accessible when expressed in terms of a detailed formal reconstruction, but only in the rare and happy case that the formalism fits the data so well that the resulting account is clearer and easier to understand than the list of categories of facts that it encodes.... [If not], subsequent scholars must often struggle to decode a description in an out-of-date formal framework so as to work back to... the facts.... which they can re-formalize in a new way. Having experienced this struggle often ourselves, we have decided to accommodate our successors by providing them directly with a plainer account." (Akinlabi & Liberman 2000:24)
Phrasing and relative clauses in Chimwiini
Authors: Kisseberth Charles W.
Published: January 2021

We focus in this paper on two prosodic phenomena in Chimwiini: vowel length and accent (or High tone). Vowel length is determined in part by a lexical distinction between long and short vowels, and also by various morphophonemic processes that derive long vowels. Accent is penult in the default case, but final under certain morphosyntactic conditions. In order to account for the distribution of vowel length and the location of accents in a Chimwiini sentence, it is necessary to segment sentences into a sequence of phonological phrases. This paper examines the phonological phrasing of both canonical relative clauses and what we refer to as "pseudo-relative" clauses. An account of relative clause phrasing is of critical importance in Chimwiini due to the extensive use of pseudo-relatives in the language. Close examination of the pseudo-relatives reveals that their phrasing is not exactly the same as the phrasing of canonical relative clauses.
relative clause and its tones in Tswana
Authors: Zerbian Sabine
Published: January 2021

The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Sotho-Tswana is relatively well-described in the literature. Prosodic characteristics, such as tone, have received far less attention in the existing descriptions. After reviewing the basic morpho-syntactic and semantic features of relative clauses in Tswana, the current paper sets out to present and discuss prosodic aspects. These comprise tone specifications of relative clause markers such as the demonstrative pronoun that acts as the relative pronoun, relative agreement concords and the relative suffix. Further prosodic aspects dealt with in the current article are tone alternations at the juncture of relative pronoun and head noun, and finally the tone patterns of the finite verbs in the relative clause. The article aims at providing the descriptive basis from which to arrive at generalizations concerning the prosodic phrasing of relative clauses in Tswana.
Phonological phrasing and questions in Chimwiini
Authors: Kisseberth Charles W.
Published: January 2021

This paper examines how questions, both Wh-questions and yes-no questions, are phrased in Chimwiini, a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia. Questions do not require any special phrasing principles, but Wh-questions do provide much evidence in support of the principle Align-Foc R, which requires that focused or emphasized words/constituents be located at the end of a phonological phrase. Question words and enclitics are always focused and thus appear at the end of a phrase. Although questions do not require any new phrasing principles, they do display complex accentual (tonal) behavior. This paper attempts to provide an account of these accentual phenomena.
Ist emphatischer Akzentwechsel bei expressiven (adjektivischen) Ausdrücken ein Hauptsatzphänomen des Deutschen?
Authors: Meinunger André
Published: January 2021

Das im vorliegenden Artikel untersuchte Phänomen im Deutschen ist in der Literatur bisher quasi unentdeckt geblieben. Die einzige Ausnahme bildet der Beitrag von Berg (2008). Die Beobachtung ist folgende: Unter bestimmten Bedingungen, die mit Emphase zu tun haben, kann die lexikalisch festgelegte Betonung, also der Wortakzent, verschoben werden. Im Normalfall betrifft dieser Prozess nicht-native lexikalische Einheiten, denn die Akzentverschiebung passiert in der Regel von hinten nach vorn. Da deutsche Erbwörter initial-, also erstbetont, sind, ist das schwer möglich (jedoch s.u.). Fremdwörter, die auf den hinteren Silben betont sind, sind deshalb prädestiniert. Die meisten Beispiele kommen aus dem Bereich der Wortklasse Adjektiv: spektakulär, skandalös, sensationell, optimal, ideal, brutal, fulminant, perfekt, gigantisch. Im angedeuteten expressiven Gebrauch kann der Wortakzent von der letzten auf die erste Silbe wandern [...].
Im Mittelpunkt Deutsch
Authors: Meinunger André
Published: January 2021

ZASPiL 59.2018 enthält 5 Aufsätze.
"Habt ihr schon mal davon gehört gehabt?" Empirische Evidenzen zur Akzeptanz des doppelten Perfekts und Plusquamperfekts in der deutschen Sprache
Authors: Stoltmann Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

"Habt ihr schon mal davon gehört gehabt?" Fällt Ihnen bei diesem Satz etwas auf? Wie würden Sie den Satz interpretieren, insbesondere die Zeitform des Prädikates hören? Weist sie, Ihrer Meinung nach, eher auf Expressivität, seine Abgeschlossenheit, die (Vor-)Vorvergangenheit eines Geschehens oder eine einfache Vergangenheit hin? Im letzteren Fall würde der Satz die gleiche Semantik ausdrücken wie ohne das zweite Partizip II: Habt ihr schon mal davon gehört? Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stehen empirische Evidenzen zum Gebrauch des doppelten Perfekts und Plusquamperfekts in der deutschen Sprache. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung wurde ein Fragebogen mit 202 deutschen Muttersprachlern durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass das doppelte Plusquamperfekt bei der Interpretation von ca. 86% der untersuchten deutschen Muttersprachler akzeptiert wird. Weiterhin deuten die Ergebnisse dieser Studie auf viele Unterschiede bei der Akzeptanz der doppelten Konstruktionen zwischen Studierenden verschiedener Fachrichtungen hin.
Content vs. function words: the view from distributional semantics
Authors: Abrusán Márta , Asher Nicholas , Van de Cruys Tim
Published: January 2021

Counter to the often assumed division of labour between content and function words,we argue that both types of words have lexical content in addition to their logical content. Wepropose that the difference between the two types of words is a difference in degree. We conducteda preliminary study of quantificational determiners with methods from DistributionalSemantics, a computational approach to natural language semantics. Our findings have implicationsboth for distributional and formal semantics. For distributional semantics, they indicatea possible avenue that can be used to tap into the meaning of function words. For formal semantics,they bring into light the context-sensitive, lexical aspects of function words that canbe recovered from the data even when these aspects are not overtly marked. Such pervasivecontext-sensitivity has profound implications for how we think about meaning in natural language.Keywords: function words, lexical semantics, determiners, distributional semantics.
Roles and the compositional semantics of role-denoting relational adjectives
Authors: Anderson Curt , Löbner Sebastian
Published: January 2021

The semantics of adjectives related to nominals denoting societal roles, such aspresidential (from president), have remained understudied. We examine the semantics of whatwe call role-denoting relational adjectives, providing a formal analysis using the notion of aframe, a unified representation for lexical knowledge, world knowledge, and context. The frameswe propose are based on a constructivist philosophical understanding of social roles, leading usto posit a multi-tiered ontology of events and individuals. Using frames and our ontology, weprovide a general semantics for role-denoting relational adjectives and roles.Keywords: modification, adjectives, relational adjectives, events, non-intersective adjectives,roles, natural language metaphysics, frame semantics.
Equational-intensional relative clauses with syntactic representation
Authors: Bassi Itai , Rasin Ezer
Published: January 2021

Analyses of scope reconstruction typically fall into two competing approaches: ‘semanticreconstruction’, which derives non-surface scope using semantic mechanisms, and ‘syntacticreconstruction’, which derives it by positing additional syntactic representations at thelevel of Logical Form. Grosu and Krifka (2007) proposed a semantic-reconstruction analysisfor relative clauses like the gifted mathematician that Dan claims he is, in which the relativehead NP can be interpreted in the scope of a lower intensional quantifier. Their analysis relieson type-shifting the relative head into a predicate of functions. We develop an alternativeanalysis for such relative clauses that replaces type-shifting with syntactic reconstruction. Thecompeting analyses diverge in their predictions regarding scope possibilities in head-externalrelative clauses. We use Hebrew resumptive pronouns, which disambiguate a relative clausein favor of the head-external structure, to show that the prediction of syntactic reconstructionis correct. This result suggests that certain type-shifting operations are not made available byUniversal Grammar.Keywords: relative clauses, scope, reconstruction, type-shifting, de dicto, intensional quantifiers,binding, resumptive pronouns.
Modal height and modal flavor: the case of Wolof "di"
Authors: Bochnak M. Ryan , Martinović Martina
Published: January 2021

The Wolof imperfective auxiliary di is compatible with event-in-progress, habitualand future readings. Furthermore, while varieties of all these readings are available fordi when it sits in a syntactically low position, only future readings are available when it sitsin a syntactically high position. We aim to account for this puzzle by combining several ingredientsindependently motivated in the literature: (i) event-relative circumstantial modalityfor event-in-progress, habitual, and a subset of future readings; (ii) metaphyisical modality forgeneralized future readings; (iii) the idea that syntactic height determines the type of modalanchor that projects a modal base. This study contributes to our understanding of the relationbetween syntactic height and modal flavor, as well as the nature of modal-aspectual interactionscross-linguistically.Keywords: aspect, future, habitual, imperfective, modality, modal flavor, progressive.
Interpreting presuppositions in the scope of quantifiers: "every" vs. "at least one"
Authors: Creemers Ava , Zehr Jérémy , Schwarz Florian
Published: January 2021

This paper experimentally investigates presupposition projection from the scope ofthe quantifiers every and at least one, as triggered by the factive verb be aware and the iterativeadverb again. The first issue we are concerned with is whether presuppositions projectuniversally or existentially from quantified sentences. Different theoretical accounts endorseopposing views here (e.g., Heim, 1983; Geurts, 1999; Beaver, 2001; Schlenker, 2008, 2009;Fox, 2012), while recent experimental work (Chemla, 2009; Tiemann, 2014) suggests thatthe force of the projected presupposition varies by quantifier. The second issue we look atis how the descriptively observed readings arise—in particular, as a direct result output fromthe projection mechanism, or via additional, independent mechanisms such as domain restriction(e.g., Geurts and van Tiel, 2016): if the domain of the quantifier is restricted, this canyield what looks like non-universal inferences in light of the overall, unrestricted domain, evenif the projection mechanism itself yields a universal presupposition. Finally, we test whetherthe presupposed content also forms part of the entailed content, at least for certain triggers(Sudo, 2012; Klinedinst, 2016; Zehr and Schwarz, 2016). Our results yield clearly differentpatterns for every and at least one, with every giving rise to universal presuppositions, which,to a very limited extent, can be weakened by domain restriction, and at least one overwhelminglygiving rise to non-universal presuppositions. Our results also indicate the availability ofpresupposition-less readings for both triggers in the task at hand, apparently more prevalentthan domain restriction. Thereby, we present novel evidence that helps to pinpoint which of thetheoretical options can be substantiated experimentally.Keywords: Presupposition projection, quantifiers, domain restriction, entailment.
QUD effects on epistemic containment principle
Authors: Jeong Sunwoo
Published: January 2021

The Epistemic Containment Principle (ECP) requires that epistemic modals takewider scope than strong quantifiers such as every or most (von Fintel and Iatridou, 2003). Althoughfairly robust in its realization, a few systemic classes of counterexamples to the ECPhave been noted. Based on these, previous work has argued for two claims: subjective modalsobey the ECP, whereas objective ones don’t (Tancredi, 2007; Anand and Hacquard, 2008); andevery respects the ECP, whereas each violates it (Tancredi, 2007). This paper argues that explicitQuestions Under Discussion (QUDs; Roberts, 1996; Ginzburg, 1996) also systematicallyinfluence the ECP: scopal orderings that provide relevant answers to the given QUDs are preferred,and this tendency can override the ECP. To support this claim, the paper presents anexperimental study. The results corroborate the existence of systematic QUD effects on theECP, and support the view that the ECP is derived from a confluence of various pragmatic andlexical biases.Keywords: Epistemic Containment Principle (ECP), epistemic modals, Question Under Discussion(QUD), quantifiers, scopal ambiguity, experimental semantics.
Counteridenticals and dream reports
Authors: Kauf Carina
Published: January 2021

Counteridenticals are counterfactual conditional sentences whose antecedent clausescontain an identity statement, e.g. If I were you, I’d buy the blue dress. Here, we argue thatcounteridenticals are best analyzed along the lines of dream reports. After showing that counteridenticalsand dream reports exhibit striking grammatical and perceptual parallels, we suggestan analysis of counteridenticals with Percus and Sauerland’s (2003) analysis of dreamreports. Following their proposal, we propose to make use of concept generators, realized ascentered worlds. To this end, we argue that the presence of if licenses the presence of an imagine-operator, which constitutes the attitude the antecedent clause ‘x be-PAST y’ is taken under;The speaker predicates, in the imagine mode, the consequent property to his/her imagined self.To capture the different degrees of identification between the subject and the predicate of theidentity statement of counteridenticals’ antecedents observed in the literature, we incorporatePercus and Sharvit’s (2014) notion of asymmetric be into the analysis. This proposal has severaladvantages over existing analyses (Lakoff, 1996; Kocurek, 2016) of counteridentical meaning,as it both explains the different degrees of identification observed for counteridenticals andcorrectly predicts the parallels between counteridenticals and dream reports.Keywords: Counteridenticals, counterfactuals, dream reports, pronoun movement
Split-antecedent relative clauses and the symmetry of predicates
Authors: Poschmann Claudia , Bargmann Sascha , Götze Christopher , Holler Anke , Sailer Manfred , Webelhuth Gert , Zimmermann Thomas Ede
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the results of two experiments in German testing the acceptabilityof (non-)restrictive relative clauses (NRCs/RRCs) with split antecedents (SpAs). Accordingto Moltmann (1992), SpAs are only grammatical if their parts occur within the conjuncts ofa coordinate structure and if they have identical grammatical functions. Non-conjoined SpAsthat form the subject and the object of a transitive verb are predicted to be ungrammatical. Ourstudy shows that the acceptability of such examples improves significantly if the predicate thatrelates the parts of the SpA is symmetric. Moreover, it suggests that NRCs and RRCs behavedifferently in these cases with respect to the SpA-construal. We can make sense of this observationif we follow Winter (2016) in assuming that transitive symmetric predicates have to beanalyzed as unary collective predicates and thus provide a collective antecedent for the RC atthe semantic (not the syntactic) level. As we will argue, this accounts for some of the disagreementwe found in the literature and gives us new insights into both the semantics of symmetricpredicates and the semantics of NRCs.Keywords: non-restrictive relative clause, restrictive relative clause, symmetric predicate, splitantecedent.
Ever free relatives crosslinguistically
Authors: Šimík Radek
Published: January 2021

Based on a sample of seven languages, I show that the so-called modal inferencesin ever free relatives (ignorance and indifference) are not universally available. The primaryreading of ever free relatives crosslinguistically turns out to be a “non-modal” one, which isavailable to all languages under investigation. The implication is that if there is a modal inferencetriggered by the use of the ever-morpheme in FRs, the inference is likely to have a sourceexternal to the ever free relative (Lauer, 2009; Condoravdi, 2015; Hirsch, 2016). In line withthis conclusion, I propose to generalize Hirsch’s (2016) analysis of ignorance ever free relatives,suggesting that all ever free relatives, no matter how they are ultimately interpreted, areinstances of (un)conditionals + donkey-anaphoric definite descriptions.Keywords: ever free relatives, (un)conditionals, definite descriptions,modal inferences, crosslinguisticsemantics
macrostructure of elicited narratives by bilingual children: an analysis of the factor age of onset
Authors: Haake Kristin
Published: January 2021

In this paper, data from a current study on bilingual language acquisition and language promotion of children is presented. 96 narratives from 32 Turkish-German and Russian-German bilingual children were examined with regard to the acquisition of narrative ability in three rounds of tests. The macrostructure of each narrative was evaluated based on the theories of Westby (2005), Stein and Glenn (1977) and Gagarina et al. (2012). In the quantitative analysis, the factor age of onset (AoO) was considered and therefore, two hypotheses were introduced: 1) There is an influence of AoO on the narrative ability of L2 German bilingual children. And 2) The narrative ability will converge over time and after three years there will be no difference between the groups. Neither of those hypotheses could be confirmed by the examined narrative data. Hence, other influences on narrative ability were discussed in the last chapter and prospects for further research were given. In sum, the article shows that more narrative data of these children should be collected to make a comprehensive conclusion about the influence of AoO on narrative ability.
Development of narrative macrostructure in monolingual preschoolers in Germany and impact of socio-economic status and home literacy environment
Authors: Wehmeier Carina Marie
Published: January 2021

The aim of this paper is to analyse the development of narrative macrostructure and the impact of socio-economic status (SES) and home literacy environment (HLE) on the narrative macrostructure of monolingual preschoolers in Germany when retelling and telling a story. The analysis of narrative macrostructure includes three components: story structure, story complexity, and story comprehension. Oral narratives were elicited via Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). 198 monolingual children between age 4;6 and 5;11 participated (M=63 months, SD=5 months). The comparison of narrative macrostructure in three age groups (4;6 to 4;11 years, 5;0 to 5;5 years, 5;6 to 5;11 years) illustrate significant age effects in story structure, story complexity and story comprehension skills. There were weak significant positive correlations of some of these skills with aspects of socio-economic status and home literacy environment, for example between story comprehension skills and the educational background, the frequency and duration of the child’s exposure to books and the number of books in the household.
MAIN: Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives – Revised
Authors: Gagarina Natalia , Klop Daleen , Kunnari Sari , Tantele Koula , Välimaa Taina , Bohnacker Ute , Walters Joel
Published: January 2021

The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) is part of LITMUS (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings). LITMUS is a battery of tests that have been developed in connection with the COST Action IS0804 Language Impairment in a Multilingual Society: Linguistic Patterns and the Road to Assessment (2009-2013).
New language versions of MAIN: Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives – Revised
Authors: Gagarina Natalia , Lindgren Josefin
Published: January 2021

The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) is a theoretically grounded toolkit that employs parallelpictorial stimuli to explore and assess narrative skills in children in many different languages. It is part of the LITMUS (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings) battery of tests that were developed in connection with the COST Action IS0804 Language Impairment in a Multilingual Society: Linguistic Patterns and the Road to Assessment(2009−2013). MAIN hasbeen designed to assess both narrative production and comprehensionin children who acquire one or more languages from birth or from early age. Its design allows for the comparable assessment of narrative skills in several languages in the same child and in different elicitation modes: Telling, Retelling and Model Story. MAIN contains four parallel stories, each with a carefully designed six-picture sequence based on a theoretical model of multidimensional story organization. The stories are controlled for cognitive and linguistic complexity, parallelism in macrostructure and microstructure, as well as for cultural appropriateness and robustness. As a tool MAIN had been used to compare children’s narrative skills across languages, and also to help differentiate between childrenwith and without developmental language disorders, both monolinguals and bilinguals.

This volume consists of two parts. The main content of Part I consists of33 papers describing the process of adapting and translating MAIN to a large number of languagesfrom different parts of the world. Part II contains materials for use for about 80 languages, including pictorial stimuli, which are accessible after registration.

MAIN was first published in 2012/2013 (ZASPiL56). Several years of theory development and material construction preceded this launch. In 2019 (ZASPiL 63), the revised English version (revised on the basis of over 2,500 transcribed MAIN narratives as well as ca 24,000 responses to MAIN comprehension questions, collected from around 700 monolingual and bilingual children in Germany, Russia and Sweden between 2013-2019) was published together with revised versions in German, Russian, Swedish, and Turkish for the bilingual Turkish-Swedish population in Sweden. The present 2020 (ZASPiL 64) volume contains new and revised language versions of MAIN.
Tagalog adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives: History, process and preliminary results
Authors: Amora Kathleen Kay , Garcia Rowena , Gagarina Natalia
Published: January 2021

This paper briefly presents the current situation of bilingualism in the Philippines, specifically that of Tagalog-English bilingualism. More importantly, it describes the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS- MAIN) to Tagalog, the basis of Filipino, which is the country’s national language. Finally, the results of a pilot study conducted on Tagalog-English bilingual children and adults (N=27) are presented. The results showed that Story Structure is similar across the two languages and that it develops significantly with age.
Adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) to Torwali
Authors: Torwali Zubair
Published: January 2021

Torwali, a Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan family spoken in the District Swat in Pakistan, is an endangered language that lacks a literary tradition. This paper gives a background on the Torwali language and people, and describes the development of an orthography for Torwali and the establishment of Torwali-medium schools by the local organization Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi ‘institute for education and development’ (IBT). Finally, the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instruments for Narratives (MAIN) to Torwali is outlined.
EFFECT OF THE INCORPORATION OF REJECTS OF CASHEW NUTKERNELS IN SOWFEED ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MILK
Authors:   Laboratory of Biology, Production and Animal Health, UFR Biological Sciences, PeleforoGonCoulibaly University (Korhogo-Cote dIvoire), BP 1328 Korhogo, Cote dIvoire., Koffisylvanus Aubert Yao , Gboko Konan Gatien Brou ,   Laboratory of Biology, Production and Animal Health, UFR Biological Sciences, PeleforoGonCoulibaly University (Korhogo-Cote dIvoire), BP 1328 Korhogo, Cote dIvoire., Vincent Kadjo ,   Laboratory of Biology, Production and Animal Health, UFR Biological Sciences, PeleforoGonCoulibaly University (Korhogo-Cote dIvoire), BP 1328 Korhogo, Cote dIvoire., Moussa Kimse ,   Laboratory of Animal Biology and Cytology, UFR of Natural Sciences, NANGUI-ABROGOUA University (Abidjan-Cote dIvoire), 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Abidjan, Cote dIvoire., Dofara Soro ,   Laboratory of Animal Biology and Cytology, UFR of Natural Sciences, NANGUI-ABROGOUA University (Abidjan-Cote dIvoire), 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Abidjan, Cote dIvoire.
Published: January 2021

In order to obtain more and more resistantpigletsduring lactation, thisexperimentwas set up. Its objective was to assess the quality of the milkproduced by the sowafter the use of new agricultural by-products in the feeding of lactatingsows.Thus, downgradedalmondswereintroducedinto the diets.Three types wereformulated and tested on threeseparate lots of 10 sows [(Large White x Pietrain) X (Landrace x Duroc)] each.Thesedietsconsisted of 0, 6 and 9% downgradedalmonds. Releases of cashew kernels in the food ration had no significanteffect on the dry matter, protein content of colostrum 1, 2, 3 and milk.In contrast, the use of 9% cashew kernelrejectssignificantlyincreased (P <0.05) the proportions of lipid in colostrums and in milk.The lipid contents increased by 1.07% 1.01% 1.05% and 1.10% respectively for colostrums 1, 2, 3 and milk. Thesehigherlipid proportions couldincrease the organicenergylevel of piglets and makethem more resistant to microbialattack.
CHILDRENONHEMODIALYSIS: A RETROSPECTIVESTUDYIN BENGHAZI PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy/University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya., M. Kablan Narges , A. Ali Khadija ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy/University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya., J. Said Kamlah ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy/University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya., A. Ali Mabroka ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy/University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya., H. Saleh Aisha ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy/University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya., M. Almajbri Wafa ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy/University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya., A. Bukhatwa Salma ,   Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy/University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya.
Published: January 2021

End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major health problem worldwide. In Libya, limited studies are available on children with ESRD.Regular assessment of laboratory parameters is the only way to reduce their risk of mortality.This study aimed to determinethe demographic characteristics and evaluate the hematological profile of children on hemodialysis (HD) admitted to the dialysis unit in Benghazi Pediatric hospital, Benghazi, Libya during the period 3rd of December, 2017 to 15th of January 2018.A structured form was used to record data collected from patients files. Data includedage, gender, body weight, treatment history, drug history, duration and frequency of HD and laboratory tests results, specifically white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (HB), blood urea, glucose, Albumin, uric acid, serum creatinine, serum iron, calcium, phosphate, sodium and potassium.Number of patients on HD includedin this study was seven with average age of 11years,the majority (71%)were males.Average body weight of female patients was24.2kg,while male patients averagebody weight was25.52kg. Most of the patients(57%)hadhigh BP.71%of patientsstarted dialysis sincemore than one year.Patients underwentdialysisthree times a week represented(86%),while the rest of patients underwent dialysis four times a weekrepresented(14%).All patients had anemia and highcreatininelevel.Providing an appropriate care for children on maintenance dialysis in Libya is quitedifficult. Increasing the awareness ofparents about ESRD is necessary to improve the life quality of children with ESRD.
HOW SUPPLY CHAIN DISRUPTION IS DESTROYING MSMES AND THE EXPECTATIONS FROM WTO
Authors:   Asst.ProfessorDepartment of Business Administration,College of Business Administration, Jazan University, KSA., Ahmed Masood
Published: January 2021

The epidemic has taken the world into its grip.The epidemic impact is so severe that the global economy is expected to shrink. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) are the backbone of every country, and their contribution in terms of employment and GDP is undeniable, but it is the second-worst affected group behind only to daily wagers, small shop owners or small traders who depend on normal market conditions for their daily earning. The world-renowned agencies WTO and other trade organization must lead the way towards the recovery if they want to remain significant in the new world trade order, the expectation is to do necessary reforms at the global level to accommodate the developing nations concerns to revive international trade and relief measures required to end the pandemic.
FOOD GROUPS THAT EXACERBATE SINUSITIS - A CROSS-SECTIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY
Authors:   Assistant Professor and Consultant, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, KSA., Abdulaziz Murad Manal , Jehad Abousada Hoda ,   Obstetrics and Gynecology Physician, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, KSA., Abdullah Aldugman Ghaida ,   Teaching Assistant, Faculty of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, KSA., Daifallaalsulaimani Shahad ,   Teaching Assistant, Family Medicine Resident, JPFCM (Joint Program Family and Community Medicine), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA., Al Nahari Sahirajilan ,   Medical Intern, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, KSA., Nabeel Qusti Nesreen ,   Medical Intern, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University.
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis is an extremely common health complaint which decreases productivity and quality of life. The objective of this study was to identify associations between specific food categories and aggravation of symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional questionnaire study. Patients provided details about the categories of food that they consumed, as well as symptoms related to sinusitis. The data was extracted onto a spreadsheet and analysed using chi-square testing. Results:A small percentage of patients (4%) associated food categories with exacerbations of sinus symptoms. Chocolate was the most common trigger, followed by white flour foods. Several patients (33%) were not aware of the association between food and sinus symptoms. Conclusion:Some food categories can exacerbate sinusitis in a specific population subset. Patients should be encouraged to maintain a food diary so that they can identify relevant triggers and these can be avoided in the futureThis was a prospective, cross-sectional questionnaire study. Patients provided details about the categories of food that they consumed, as well as symptoms related to sinusitis. The data was extracted onto a spreadsheet and analysed using chi-square testing.
A SURVEY INTO MORTALITY CAUSES IN ADULTS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
Authors:   Assistant professor of family medicine, Consultant Family Medicine, Family Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah., Abdulaziz Murad Manal , a Fajrabdulhadialnaami ,   King Khalid University- student validation., Ghazi Alqurashi Ghayda ,   Resident general practice in Primery health care MOH, East Arafat hospital Makkah.Methodology., Ghazi Alqurashi Abdulrahman ,   Resident general practice in Primery health care MOH, East Arafat hospital Makkah.Methodology., Essamnaitah Atef ,   Resident general practice in Al-Noor Hospital, Makkah., b Ekramabdulrhmanabukhashaba ,   PediatricResident in King Abdulaziz Hospital and Oncology Centre, KSA Formal analysis., Mahmoud Turkistani Faisal ,   Resident general practice in Al-Salamah primary health care, TAIF, KSA investigation., c Rahmayousefalfaqeeh ,   Medical Intern, Um AlQuraUniversity, Makkah, KSA., Mohammed Albarkati Dania ,   Medical Intern, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,KSA Validation., Khaled Alhelaili Rawa ,   Medical Intern, Ibn SinaNational College for Medical Studies,Jeddah, KSA., Abdullah Althumairy Sara ,   King Khalid University.
Published: January 2021

Introduction:The main objective of the current study was to analyse the causes of death in different ages, genders, and regions in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also, the research aims to identify the prevalence of important risk factors in deceased people. Additionally, it aims to determine the condition of death for the sample. Methods:This is an analytical cross-sectional study which was carried out through a survey of 10 questionnaires conducted on relatives of people who passed away in the last five years, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted from June 29th. 2020 to September 30th. 2020. The sample was randomly selected, through the computer. Results:The authors got responses from 1100 people who fit with the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 64 years. The five leading causes of death were cardiovascular disorders (20%), stroke (10%), cancer (10%), pneumonia (10%), and road traffic accidents (10%). 30% of deceased people had diabetes mellitus, and 40% had obesity. 61.5% of the sample passed away in hospitals. (P-value 0.05). Only 5.5% of people had their relatives known to palliative service. Interpretation and Conclusions:The current research provided an analysis of the causes of death in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2020. The leading causes of death were cardiovascular disorders, stroke, cancer, pneumonia, and road traffic accidents. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity were high among deceased people.
ETIOLOGY AND PREVALENCE OF MALOCCLUSION IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA - A CROSS SECTIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY
Authors:   Consultant in restorative and implant Dentistry, Program director for Dental Implant Fellowship at Jeddah Specialty Dental Center., Hasan Sulimani Zainbganayah , Abdulaziz Murad Manal ,   Arab board & Jordanian Board family medicine Assistant Professor & Consultant Family Medicine Family Medicine department Faculty of Medicine., Mohammed Abushal Amal ,   Consultant of orthodontics, SBO program director at KAU., Abdulkhaleq Banafea Ahmed ,   Dental Intern in Batterjee Medical College for Science and Technology in Jeddah KSA., Abdulkarim Altorbaq Omar ,   Dental Resident, UyunAljawa Hospital, KSA., Salem Alsalem Ali ,   Dental Resident in PHC IN Al Qassim, KSA., Ibrahim Alzumaya Asem ,   Dental resident in PHC in Qassim, KSA., Khalid Almushayti Yazeed ,   Dental Resident in Dr.AhmedAlmosa Clinic, KSA., Saleh Alosily Naif ,   Dental Resident in PHC IN Al Qassim, KSA., Suliman Alfozan Fozan ,   Dental Resident in Dr. Almosa Clinic, KSA., Jehad Abousada Hoda ,   Obstetrics and Gynecology Physician, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, KSA.
Published: January 2021

Objective:We attempted toassess the prevalence of malocclusion, in terms of age and gender in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We also attempted to identify the predominant risk factors for malocclusion and consequences of the same. Methods:A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. Patients were questioned on heredity, childhood adverse oral habits and feeding habits. Questions pertaining to dental history and current oral health were also asked. Recorded data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Results:Malocclusion was more prevalent in males and below 20 years of age. Tongue thrusting increased the risk of malocclusion by 59%, bottle feeding by 18%, while heredity increased malocclusion risk by 98%. Malocclusion increased the chances of developing dental caries or periodontal disease by 26%, while the risk of dental or facial trauma was increased by 86%. Conclusion: Heredity and tongue thrust habit are the most significant risk factors for malocclusion. Patients with malocclusion are at high risk of developing dental or facial trauma, and are at slight risk of developing caries or periodontal problems.
Multilabel Classification for Toxic Comments in Indonesian
Authors: Rumagit Reinert Yosua
Published: January 2021

The more rapid development of the internet world, users can make comments on a variety of content on social networks, such as social media, blogs and others. Free users make comments triggering negative comments, making insults and incitement. By classifying user comments it is hoped that the system can be smarter to be able to distinguish threat, insult and incitement comments. The technique for classifying user comments uses deep learning, consisting of 6 classes. The results of experiments that have been conducted show that deep learning models produce an accuracy rate above 98%.
Analisis Faktor-faktor Perubahan Design Terhadap Proyek Konstruksi Pelebaran Jalan Tol Jakarta-Merak (Area Cikupa)
Authors: Suwandari Yunita Dian , Tsarwan Oties T.
Published: January 2021

In every project, job changes are always happening and almost unavoidable. One of the factors that influence job change is a design change. This study analyzes the design changes that have caused delays in the Jakarta-Merak toll road widening project in the Cikupa area—collecting data using literature studies and questionnaires with five Linkert scales. The analysis used SPSS version 22. The research finding is five variables of design changes and changes due to the land’s location to be used as a project, which are the leading causes of changes in this project’s design.
Perancangan Sistem Tata Udara Ditinjau dari Aspek Energi dan Biaya pada Bangunan Hotel di Semarang
Authors: Marjianto Agus , Mangindaan Dave
Published: January 2021

[Design of air conditioning system based on the energy and costs aspect of  hotel buildings in Semarang] Indonesia’s economic growth has been above 5% for the past few years. Tourism industry is one of the sectors that shows a significant progress. The improvement in tourism industry has to be supported with good hospitality industry as well. Air conditioning system is one of the main utilities in a hotel building. The design of the air conditioning system for a hotel building must pay close attention to the thermal comfort factor for the guests, safety factor, and energy and cost efficiency aspect of it. Air conditioning system design consists of cooling load calculation for the hotel, air conditioning system selection, energy and cost calculation using the life cycle cost analysis. The maximum cooling load in this hotel is 3.279 kW. From that cooling load, three alternative systems are being considered, which are the central air conditioning system using chiller machine that has constant flowrate, the central air conditioning system using chiller machine that has variable flowrate, and the split air conditioning system using VRF machine. Energy analysis and life cycle cost analysis for 20 years was performed to be able to decide the best system. From that energy and cost analysis it can be concluded that the second alternative, which is three units of chiller with variable discharge with a capacity of 1,100 kW for each chiller, is the best system for the hotel. This system has an energy consumption intensity value of 118 kWh/m2 per year and total cost of Rp. 87,707,416,390  for a period of 20 years.
Emerging Role of Terpenoids for the Treatment of Cancer: A Review
Authors: Chopra Bhawna , Dhingra Ashwani Kumar , Dhar Kanaya Lal , Nepali Kunal
Published: January 2021

Aim:

Terpenes are natural compounds found in several organisms belonging to the animal
and plant kingdom, therefore, constitute the largest class of natural products and were a rich reservoir
of candidate compounds for drug discovery. The review aims to focus on the extensive potential of the
anti-cancer terpenoid components obtained from natural plant species which may lead to the development
of a variety of derived terpenoids moieties.

Method:

Literature survey has been carried out to determine the overwelhming potential
of terpenoids.

Results:

The present article provides an overview of the development of the isoprene unit and the generation
of the various types of terpenes that exhibits pharmacological potential. The anti-cancer activity
of terpenoids appears promising and will potentially open more opportunities for cancer therapy.
However, current studies are restricted to descriptive findings and some of them lack mechanistic insights
and systematic structure--activity relationship studies. Future efforts into the systematic identification
of the targets of terpenoids are believed to increase the chances of gaining breakthrough insights
in the field.

Conclusion:

There is still hope that new therapeutic options for the control of cancer and any other
painful syndromes will be developed from terpenes, which were proved to be great candidates for
cancer therapeutics.
An Efficient Method for Coronavirus Detection Through X-rays Using
Deep Neural Network
Authors: Rao P Srinivasa , Bheemavarapu Pradeep , Kalyampudi P S Latha , Rao T V Madhusudhana
Published: January 2021

Background: Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a group of infectious diseases caused by related
viruses called coronaviruses. In humans, the seriousness of infection caused by a coronavirus in
the respiratory tract can vary from mild to lethal. A serious illness can be developed in old people
and those with underlying medical problems like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and
chronic respiratory disease. For the diagnosis of coronavirus disease, due to the growing number of
cases, a limited number of test kits for COVID-19 are available in the hospitals. Hence, it is important
to implement an automated system as an immediate alternative diagnostic option to pause the
spread of COVID-19 in the population.

Objective: This paper proposes a deep learning model for the classification of coronavirus infected
patient detection using chest X-ray radiographs.

Methods: A fully connected convolutional neural network model is developed to classify healthy
and diseased X-ray radiographs. The proposed neural network model consists of seven convolutional
layers with the rectified linear unit, softmax (last layer) activation functions, and max-pooling
layers which were trained using the publicly available COVID-19 dataset.

Results and Conclusion: For validation of the proposed model, the publicly available chest X-ray
radiograph dataset consisting of COVID-19 and normal patient’s images were used. Considering
the performance of the results that are evaluated based on various evaluation metrics such as precision,
recall, MSE, RMSE and accuracy, it is seen that the accuracy of the proposed CNN model is
98.07%.