bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Advertising in Shaping Consumer Perceptions of Sustainable Brands
Authors: Eyada Bassant
Published: August 2024

This research investigates the pivotal role of advertising in shaping consumer perceptions of sustainable brands, delving into the intricate mechanisms by which advertising strategies influence consumer attitudes and behaviors towards sustainability. Through an extensive review of literature, empirical findings, and prospective research directions, this study illuminates the nuanced landscape of sustainability advertising and its profound implications for marketers and consumers. The research underscores the burgeoning significance of sustainable branding within contemporary marketing paradigms, propelled by the escalating consumer interest in sustainability and ethical consumption. Empirical investigations affirm a robust positive correlation between advertising exposure to sustainable brands and consumer perceptions, underscoring the substantial impact of advertising on molding attitudes and driving purchase behavior.
The researcher explores the influence of advertising on consumer perceptions of sustainable brands, through a comprehensive review of literature, qualitative and empirical analysis, investigates the mechanisms by which advertising strategies impact consumer attitudes and behaviors towards sustainable brands, explore theories and concepts that provide insights into the mechanisms by which advertising strategies impact consumer attitudes and behaviors towards sustainable brands. Additionally, present the findings of empirical analysis, which further elucidates these relationships and sheds light on the significant role of advertising in shaping perceptions of sustainability and provide insights for marketers aiming to promote sustainable products and initiatives.
Assessing The Role of Executive Procedures in Shaping Sharī’ah Governance Commitments in Saudi Banks
Authors: Bashir Mohamed Sharif , Muslichah Muslichah , Babiker Abdo Aglan
Published: August 2024

This paper investigates the relationship between governance dimensions and the level of commitments to Sharī’ah (Islamic law) governance framework within Saudi banks. To understand the intricacies of governance dimensions in shaping Sharī’ah governance practices in depth, this paper also examines the mediating role of executive procedures. Structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses regarding the relationship between studied variables. The findings underscore the role of executive procedures, disclosure and transparency in fostering commitments to Sharī’ah governance framework, with both constructs exhibiting substantial direct effects on Sharī’ah governance commitment level. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of monitoring, auditing, and accountability as crucial determinants of governance in banks, highlighting the importance of robust oversight mechanisms in ensuring adherence to Sharī’ah principles. Meanwhile, organisational structure exhibited a minor decrease in its direct effect on commitment to Sharī’ah governance. The findings of this paper can guide the strategic decision-making process for promoting ethical and sustainable Sharī’ah governance practices in Saudi banks. It also fills the existing gap in literature regarding the relationship between the dimensions of governance and the obligations of Sharī’ah governance framework in Saudi banks.
Policy Actors as Determining Factors of Sustainability Village Fund Management in Indonesia
Authors: Jamaluddin Yanhar
Published: August 2024

This study was to identify the roles of policy actors as determining factors for the sustainability of Village Fund management in Indonesia. This policy was realized through a Village Fund allocation program for each Village sourced from the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBN) which was regulated in Government Regulation Number 60 of 2014. Since this policy was implemented from the 2015 to 2022 budget year, the management of Village Funds had not been on target. Descriptive method used in the discussion. Data analysis used a qualitative approach, and the analysis instruments focused on policy actors/institutions. The findings was that the management of Village Fund Policy involved internal bureaucratic actors (official policymakers). The Village Government was the actor/institution that benefitted the process and the Regency Government is the actor/institution that suffered the loss. Thus, the sustainability of Village Fund management policies was determined by political factors, namely the insight and political interests of future government policy makers; and policy actor commitment the factors. This article recommended that to ensure the sustainability of the Village Fund policy, it was necessary to unite the vision and commitment of actors, both policy makers and policy implementers, to synergize Village development programs based on the Regional RPJM.
Leaders in Communicating and Maintaining Sustainable Academic Culture Toward the Top Ten Universities in Indonesia
Authors: TRENGGONO NANANG , SULISTYARINI DHANIK , WARDHANI ANDY CORRY , ZAINAL ANNA GUSTINA , . SURIPTO
Published: August 2024

For universities, leader performance is a determining factor for success. Organizational culture grows with the organization's leaders. In addition, there is a tendency to change the organizational culture perspective towards subjectivism (Clark, Geertz, Schwartz & Ogilvy,  Weick). For the University of Lampung (Unila), which was founded in 1965, it turns out that leaders' communication performance under pressure of problems can maintain its academic culture. Initially, this research began with a decrease in Unila's ranking among Indonesian universities in 2019. After conducting the study, two cultural orientations were found, which are being a research university and an educational university. These two value orientations have the power to increase Unila's ranking among universities, as well as becoming a legacy. In 2022 there was a corruption case by university leaders, accepting bribes in admitting new students. The research continues with a focus on how a guided communication culture can maintain Unila's ranking. Data collection was carried out through intensive interviews with the new rector, vice rectors and faculty deans. The results show a picture of typical leader communication patterns, to maintain a sustainable academic culture. First, in the context of recovery, prioritizing internal communication patterns through ritual activities. Second, the slogan “Be Strong” was symbolically proclaimed within the academic community. Third, the communication pattern that is practiced both in the leadership ranks through the division of roles and among all members is to create togetherness, support each other, and reduce structural barriers.
Vietnamese Citizen Participation in Local Governance
Authors: Trang Tang Thi Thu
Published: August 2024

Local governance is characterized by the interaction between government agencies and people in the local social management process, in which people are encouraged to actively play a part in government management activities as regulated by laws. This study addresses the people's rights to directly and indirectly participate in local governance activities in Vietnam. A survey of 360 people from 4 localities representing three regions of Vietnam, including Thai Binh province, Hung Yen province (Northern region), Quang Binh province (Central region), Ca Mau province (Northern region) was conducted to evaluate citizen participation in governance activities of commune-level authorities. The results show that the citizen participation in local governance activities do exist, but are limited to the direct participation. To some extent, the people also have rights to self-determine local issues on infrastructure construction and public welfare projects with their own contributions; however, their self-development of programs and projects and proposals to local authorities for implementation has not been clearly demonstrated. These findings suggest expanding the people's rights to participate in local governance activities as innovations for the improvement local governance effectiveness.
Clinical study of common bacterial, fungal and parasitic skin diseases in cats
Authors: Alautaish Hassanin H. N. , Naji Hussein Ali , Saud Zainab Abudal Hussein
Published: August 2024

Background: The skin is a big, metabolically active organ that has a significant need for other nutrients and protein in its body. The study pointed high significant infection with fungal, scabies, alopecia, bacterial and wounds in the white color cats more than the others because it is represented the better color choice for the families then the orange and grey colors while the black color is the less in number of domestic cats. The aim of present study was investigated of some skin disease in cats in Basrah, Iraq.Methods: The present study includes two hindered animals of both sexes with different ages, colors, weights and sizes were studied clinically in Basrah veterinary hospital and the private veterinary clinics in Basrah. The study extended from October 2022 to March 2023 during the winter season. Clinical signs were reported carefully, and the initial diagnosis of skin diseases was confirmed by apparent lesions on the skin, the skin samples of the cases were collected for laboratory diagnosis in veterinary medicine college ̸ Basrah University and Basrah veterinary hospital laboratories to confirmed diagnosis.Results: Clinical signs were reported carefully and the initial diagnosis of skin diseases. The two hindered sample cases were divided according to cases in Basrah veterinary hospital and Basrah private clinic: 60 Cases fungal infection, 40 cases scabies, 10 case alopecia, 50 cases of bacterial infection and 40 cases of wound. Conclusion: The present study shows the fungal diseases were common causes for skin diseases in Cats follow by Bacterial, Parasitic and Alopecia respectively.Keywords: Cat infection; Skin diseases in cat; Scabies; Fungal disease
Commands of Synthetic Biology to Modernize and Re-design the Biological Systems
Authors: Ilyas Hina , Afzal Aimen , Abbas Zaheer , Noor Sabahat , Ullah Irfan , Rafique Raja Sheraz , Abbas Zeeshan , Bin Muhammad Ishaq Muhammad Umer
Published: August 2024

The scope of synthetic biology continues to expand and has encompassed a huge number of biological features. Its scope starts from scratch, enabling the de novo synthesis of biological systems. It has re-designed the biological systems and empowered the production of synthetic genes, RNA, DNA and proteins by undertaking the control of pathways involved in genetic regulation. It has increased the production of nano-scale RNA architectures and synthetic biological circuits which either have therapeutic or other productive uses. Furthermore, advancements in synthetic biology have enabled the generation of diversity through methods such as epPCR and site-directed mutagenesis, allowing for the creation of complex genetic variations. Additionally, synthetic biology intersects with computer engineering to design functional biological devices and circuits, utilizing computational analysis to guide the design process. Moreover, ethical and regulatory considerations are paramount in synthetic biology, with careful examination required to address dual-use concerns, environmental impacts, and issues of social justice and equitable access to benefits. As synthetic biology continues to advance, it presents opportunities to address pressing challenges in fields ranging from medicine and agriculture to environmental conservation and beyond. Thus, the fusion of synthetic biology with other scientific disciplines holds promise for transformative innovation and societal benefit. The present discussion enlightened the core of generating complex biological systems and has given a brief overview on the fusion of synthetic biology with other fields of science.Keywords: Biological Systems; Genetic Regulation; Synthetic biology circuits
Bringing Search to the Economic Census – The NAPCS Classification Tool
Authors: Knappenberger Clayton
Published: August 2024

The North American Product Classification System (NAPCS) was first introduced in the 2017 Economic Census and provides greater detail on the range of products and services offered by businesses than what was previously available with just an industry code. In the 2022 Economic Census, NAPCS consisted of 7,234 codes and respondents often found that they were unable to identify correct NAPCS codes for their business, leaving instead written descriptions of their products and services. Over one million of these needed to be reviewed by Census analysts in the 2017 Economic Census. The Smart Instrument NAPCS Classification Tool (SINCT) offers respondents a low latency search engine to find appropriate NAPCS codes based on a written description of their products and services. SINCT uses a neural network document embedding model (doc2vec) to embed respondent searches in a numerical space and then identifies NAPCS codes that are close to the search text. This paper shows one way in which machine learning can improve the survey respondent experience and reduce the amount of expensive manual processing that is necessary after data collection. We also show how relatively simple tools can achieve an estimated 72% top-ten accuracy with thousands of possible classes, limited training data, and strict latency requirements.
产教融合背景下化学制药技术专业现代学徒制人才培养模式探索
Authors: 马娟  , 陈优生  , 邹小燕
Published: August 2024

基于目前职业教育高质量发展要求及产教融合、校企合作进入深水区的背景，高职化学制药技术专业落实产教融合人才培养模式改革，实施现代学徒制人才培养模式，满足社会对人才的需求。从办学主体、教学制度、教学团队及资源、学生管理等方面探索了化学制药技术专业现代学徒制人才培养模式的实施，为产教融合大背景下的职业教育高质量发展提供参考。
Academic Workplace Inclusivity Through the Prism of Microvalidations Among Male LGBTQIA+ Faculty Members
Authors: Salazar Edgardo
Published: August 2024

This research explored the lived experiences of male LGBTQIA+ faculty members at a local university in Cabuyao City, Laguna. It focused on understanding how inclusivity in the academic workplace, viewed through microvalidations, impacts these individuals. The study employed a qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach. Ten male LGBTQIA+ faculty members were interviewed to gather data on their experiences. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyze the data, resulting in thirty superordinate themes. The analysis revealed the following themes: Inclusive Environment; Restrictive Environment; Establishing Respectful Treatment and Boundaries; Discrimination Concerns; Interaction and Perception; Self-Expression Struggles; Acceptance through Positive Actions and Interactions; Colleagues as Source of Motivation and Appreciation; Students as Source of Motivation and Appreciation; Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging; Personal Enhancements; Culture of Appreciation and Understanding; Professionalism; Personal Coping Mechanisms; Interpersonal Dynamics; Boosting One’s Confidence; Fostering One’s Authenticity; Valuing One’s Worth; Improving One’s Capability; Professional Growth and Confidence; Professional Performance; Positive Work Environment; Emotional Well-being; Job Potential Attainment; Job Satisfaction Fulfillment; Job Performance Improvement; Need for Clear Rules and Guidelines; Inclusive Facility Accommodation; Importance of Gender and Development Functions; Need for Full Acceptance. The study highlighted the crucial role of micro validations in promoting inclusivity and empowerment among male LGBTQIA+ faculty members. Affirmations significantly enhanced confidence, performance, and well-being in academic workplaces. The research emphasized the need to reassess existing norms to create fair and empowering environments for all. It called for fostering spaces where individuals feel valued, respected, and able to thrive professionally.
Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment Services in South West Shoa Zone of Oromia Region
Authors: Petros Hezkiel , Ayele Andarge Abie
Published: August 2024

Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment Services in
South West Shoa Zone of Oromia Region
Hezkiel Petros, MD1, Andarge Abie Ayele1, BSc, MPH
   1St. Luke Catholic Hospital , Waliso, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Abstract
Introduction: Global cervical cancer incidence increased by 0.6% annually for the last 30 years and reached 454,000 cases per year in 2010. Cervical cancer death rates have been decreasing but the disease still killed 200,000 women in 2010, of which 46,000 were aged 15-49 years in developing countries. There are an estimated 7,000 new cases of cervical cancer in Ethiopia per year; nearly 5,000 people are estimated to die of the disease per year.
Objective: To describe outcome of cervical cancer screening services in Walliso St. Luke Catholic Hospital, to assess patient characteristics and associated factorsand to suggest recommendations based on findings
Method: Women who come for screening from September 2015-August 2016 at St. Luke Catholic Hospital in South West Shoa zone of Oromia region were included in the study. Patient sociodemographic characteristics, information on therapy and outcome were extracted from screening forms, log registration and patient files retrospectively with document review. Diagnosis of precancerous lesion is made by applying 3-5% acetic acid; positive precancerous lesions were treated with either cryotherapy or LEEP.
Result: The hospital screened a total of 1,004 clients with VIA, 73 clients had aceto-white lesion, 68 clients were eligible for cryotherapy treatment and 93% were treated with see and treat approach.
Conclusion and recommendation: The screening service is relatively good and with good treatment coverage rate, but the positivity rate is higher for some months so need to improve the quality of the screening and treatment services.
 
(Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 2018;10:15-21)
A case of Recurrent Priclitoral Abscess
Authors: Asres Tadios , Asrat Matiyas , Belay Lemi
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Periclitoral abscess is a rare entity, with publication limited to case reports. The researchers report a case of spontaneous periclitoral abscess in 20 years old patient which was treated with intravenous antibiotics, later underwent spontaneous drainage and marsupialization was done.
Key words: Abscess, clitoris, periclitoral
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING AMONG WOMEN AGED 15-49 YEARS IN BISHOFTU TOWN, EAST SHEWA ZONE, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA, 2016
Authors: Heyi Worku Dechassa , Bekabil Temesgen Tilahun , Ebo Gemechu Gudeta
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Every year more than 270.000 women die from cervical cancer, most of the morbidities and mortalities are from low and middle-income countries. Like other developing countries, its burden is also high in Ethiopia and about 7, 095 new cases are diagnosed annually and 4,732 women die from the disease. OBJECTIVEThis study aims at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among women aged 15-49 years in Bishoftu town, East Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. METHOD AND MATERIALS:A community based cross-sectional study was conducted using multistage sampling technique among 845 reproductive aged women in Bishoftu town. Structured questionnaire was pretested and administered by interviewer to collect data and it was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Bivariate analysis was conducted to examine association between dependent and independent variables; Odds Ratios (ORs) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were calculated. Then, multivariable logistic regression analysis model was used to control for confounders. Statistical significance was set at p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS Among all study participants, 51.2% had good knowledge, 74.9% had favorable attitude, and 5.8% screened for cervical cancer. Level of education and source of information were associated with favorable attitude towards cervical cancer and its screening. Moreover, women who had good knowledge on cervical cancer and screening were more likely to have cervical cancer screening service uptake than those had poor knowledge (AOR=6.95, 95% CI (2.59-18.57)). CONCLUSION The study indicates that more than half of the study participants had good knowledge on causes, risk factors and preventive methods of cervical cancer and its screening. Majority of the participants have favorable attitude towards cervical cancer screening but, the practice of pre-cervical cancer screening is still low. Thus, awareness raising health education on cervical cancer and its screening should be given to the community by trained health workers and emphasis should be given for health promotion via masmedia.KEYWORDS: Cervical cancer; screening; Bishoftu; Eastern Ethiopia (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 2018; 10; 2: 42-52)
BACTERIAL ISOLATES AND THEIR CURRENT DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE FROM URINE AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING AT A REFERRAL HOSPITAL, NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Habteyohannes Awoke Derbie , Mekonnen Daniel , Abate Enyew , Tadesse Senait , Birku Tigist , Biadglegne Fantahun
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic bacteriurias (ASB) are common during pregnancies thatcould have potentially serious consequences for maternal and fetal health. The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance necessitates continuous monitoring of the susceptibility patterns of pathogens. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify bacterial pathogens from asymptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal clinic and by extension to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of these isolates. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital (FHRH) from February 1 to May 30, 2016. Freshly voided clean catch midstream urine samples were collected and processed using conventional culture and biochemical tests as per the standard protocol. A concentration of >105 cfu/ml in urine sample was considered culture positive for ASB. Isolates were tested against the commonly used antibiotics by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods. The degree of susceptibility pattern was determined based on the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Descriptive and Chi-square test was done using SPSS version 22, p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: A total of 234 study participants were involved in the study. The mean age of participants was 26.8 years (ranged 18–41 years). The majority, 139 (59.4%) of them were multigravida. Most of the participants at 134 (57.3%) were in the 3rd trimester. Among the study subjects, 20 (8.5%) were HIV sero-positive. Out of the 234 pregnant women 11.5 % (27/234) were positive for ASB. History of diabetes was significantly associated with ASB (p=0.019). A total of 27 bacterial uropathogens were identified. Out of these, Gram positives consisted at 20 (74.1%). The predominant isolates were S. saprophyticus at 48.2% (13/27) followed by S. aureus at 22.2% (6/27) and E. coli at 11.1% (3/27). Eleven (84.6%), 10 (76.9%) and nine (69.2%) of 13 isolates of S. saprophyticus were found resistant for co-trimoxazole, oxacilin and tetracycline, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied area, the prevalence of ASB was at 11.5 %. Considerable drug susceptibility profile of the isolates was documented. Thus, efforts should be given to decrease the effect of ASB and antimicrobial resistance. KEY WORDS/PHRASES: Asymptomatic bacteruria, antimicrobial resistance, Bahir Dar
SURVIVAL OF VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES FOR AGE 0-7 DAYS AMONG DELIVERIES IN SAINT PAUL’S HOSPITAL MILLENNIUM MEDICAL COLLEGE (SPHMMC), ONE YEAR CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Abraham Tizita , Abdosh Abdulfetah
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Very low birth weight babies are neonates with birth weights of 1000-1499g, constituting approximately 4–7% of all live births. Very low birth weight infants are known to have high morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the early neonatal survival rate and to determine the prognostic indicators for the survival of very low birth weight neonates delivered at St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC). METHOD: All neonates delivered from January 1- December 31, 2016 were consecutively included in the study. A total of 161 very low birth weight infants were included in the study. Newborns were followed for the first seven days of life, or time of discharge, or time of death as confirmed by the managing physician. The first of these was considered during the last data collection. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20. The mean, 95% confidence intervals and two-tailed P values were calculated. RESULTS: Very low birth weight infants account for 2.7% of all deliveries in this study. Early neonatal survival was found to be 77%. Gestational age, birth weight and APGAR score were found to be associated with survival rate with p-value of <0.05. Maternal obstetrics complication, antenatal use of corticosteroid, and management in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit were not found to be associated with neonatal outcome.Key Words: Very Low Birth Weight, preterm birth, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 2018; 10; 2: 11-21)
GORING TRAUMA IN A PREGNANCY RESULTING UTERINE RUPTURE: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Tinkishea Ermias Abate , Teka Hale , Awash Teweldebirhan , Gebre Solomon
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Trauma in pregnancy is the leading cause of non-obstetric maternal mortality, with 20% of maternal deaths directly attribute to the injuries. The most common cause of trauma in pregnancy is motor vehicle accident and domestic violence. Other causes of trauma in pregnant patients are penetrating injuries and falling down accidents. The incidence of maternal visceral injury with penetrating abdominal trauma is only 15% to 40% compared with 80% to 90% in non-pregnant women. Goring injury during the pregnancy is the least reported cause of trauma in pregnancy. CASE PRESENTATION: 42-year-old Gravid V Para IV mother with gestational age of 30 weeks +2 days referred from primary hospital with a diagnosis of 2nd trimester pregnancy and blunt abdominal trauma. She complained goring injury to the lower abdomen of 15 hours duration. On physical examination, she was acutely sick looking with tender abdomen but superficial lacerations or bruises. Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma showed ruptured uterus with significant peritoneal collection. With the impression of uterine rupture she was operated at Axum Comprehensive specialized hospital with intraoperative finding of intact skin with bridged fascia. The uterus completely ruptured on the anterior lower uterine segment (10 cm) with freshly dead fetus in the peritoneal cavity. Following standard procedures uterus was repaired in two layers and patient’s post operative course was unremarkable. Conclusion: Trauma in pregnancy is a common phenomenon; however, it is unusual to find goring injury in pregnancy. It is one of the penetrating types of trauma with catastrophic complication to the mother and fetus. So, we need to have high index of suspicion of uterine rupture in case of such kind of circumstances.KEYWORDS: trauma, pregnancy, goring injury, uterine rupture (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health; 2019; 11;2:61-65)
Advanced abdominal pregnancy managed at Ambo hospital: A case report
Authors: Belete Wondwossen
Published: August 2024

AbstractAbdominal pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening form of ectopic pregnancy with a worldwideincidence of 1:3300 to 1:10200 births. Its incidence appears to be increasing in both thedeveloped and developing worlds. It is associated with a high maternal and perinatal mortality.This paper reports a 35 years old G II P I mother from Gindeberet locality, West Shoa, whopresented with signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction in the third trimester of pregnancywhich was later diagnosed to be an advanced abdominal pregnancy. Literature is reviewed andchallenging diagnostic and management problems are discussed.(Ethiop. J. ReproductiveHealth, May 2007, 1 (1): 44-51)
Stillbirth at Tikur Anbessa Hospital a retrospective study
Authors: Bisetegne Daniel , Hakim L.Y.
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground: Stillbirths are believed to contribute to the overwhelming majority of perinatalmortality in some developing countries. Though the facilities and expertise for perinatal postmortem examination are lacking in Ethiopia, studies have indicated that useful informationcould be obtained from careful review of clinical records.Objective: This study is aimed at identifying probable causes, comparison of selected fetaland maternal variables between cases and controls and suggests possible preventive options.Methods: This study was a retrospective comparative study of stillbirths with sex matchedlive births. It was conducted at Tikur Anbessa Hospital. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from Sept.11, 2000-Sept. 10 2001, based on information retrieved from individual patient records andusing a structured data entry format. The main study variables were maternal sociodemographicfeatures, antenatal care(ANC) attendance, and gestational age of indexpregnancy, birth weight, modes of delivery and probable causes of stillbirths.Results: The stillbirth rate (SBR) was 55.3/1000 births and contributed to 77.2% of thegross perinatal mortality (GPNM). ANC attendance (85.7%) and residence in Addis Ababa(82.3%) were significantly higher among controls than cases which had corresponding figuresof 69.4% and 55.1%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in low birthweight (40.5%) and preterm (32.1%) stillbirths than controls with the respective figures of15% and 11%, respectively. Mechanical factors were the commonest probable causes of deathaccounting for 44.2% of all stillbirths, while 21.8% were unexplained stillbirths and antepartum hemorrhage contributed to 15.7%.Conclusion: It is suggested that proper antenatal and intra partum care can reducestillbirth.Keywords: Stillbirth rate, peri-natal mortality, intra-partum care
Knowledge and Practice on Emergency Contraception among High School Students of Jimma University Community High School, Jimma, South West Ethiopia
Authors: Alemu Tadesse , Tema Tekleberhan
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground: Emergency contraceptive (EC) reduces the risk of occurrence of unwanted pregnancy in situations of unprotected sexual intercourse.Objective: To measure and analyze the knowledge and practices of EC among female students of Jimma University Community High School.Method: A cross sectional descriptive study involving all grade 9-12 female students enrolled at Jimma University Community High School in Jimma town, South West Ethiopia was undertaken from February 26- 29, 2006.Results: There were a t5otal of 106 respondents, the majority 95(89.6%) being in the group 14-17 and few were between the age of 18-21(10.3%). Most of them were single 94(88.7%). Seventeen (16%) were sexually active, five (4.7%) have given a history of previous pregnancy and two had a history of induced abortion. Sixty eight (64.1%) had heard about EC and the most cited sources of information were school teachers and health professionals. Out of those who have heard about EC, only 13(19%) of the respondents were able to tell correctly the recommended time for EC use (i.e. within 72 hours of unprotected sex). Awareness about EC was not found to be associated with either age or education level (p>0>1). EC use among those with prior knowledge was found to be very low 3(4.4%).Conclusion: This study has shown that though a significant number were practicing sex where as the general awareness, detailed knowledge and practice of EC among adolescent high school student very low. It is recommended that adolescent reproductive health/family planning programs be initiated/expanded in school. Furthermore ensuring on sex practices and access to adolescent friendly EC information and services should be promoted.Keywords: Emergency contraception, knowledge, practice, family planning
UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING AND ITS DETERMINANTS AMONG CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN IN KOBBO WOREDA, NORTH-EAST OF AMHARA
Authors: Molla Getahun , Belete Habtamu
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Background: Addressing unmet need for family planning provides an opportunity for policy makers in all sectors to respond to the expressed fertility preferences of their population while simultaneously improving health, slowing the rate of population growth, and contributing to achievement of national goals.
Objective: to examine the underlying factors of unmet need for family planning among currently married women in Kobbo woreda, North-East Amhara.
Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among currently married women in Kobbo woreda. A multi-stage sampling technique was carried out to collect quantitative data from 692 women. Qualitative information obtained through focus group discussion and key informant interview were used to support the results from the quantitative data.
Results: The study result revealed that 47.3% currently married women have unmet need for family planning, of which, 27.5% for spacing and 10.5% for limiting. Thirty eight percent were using contraception and 14.7% of currently married women had no need. Unmet need for family planning is highest among women of younger age (<25 years of age), who have no education, live in rural areas, who married too early, have more number of living children (4 or more), have no or little knowledge of family planning and have never discussed family planning issues with their husbands and health workers.
Conclusions: since the higher level of unmet need is observed for women with less frequent discussion with health workers and husbands, large number of living children and early age at first marriage, family planning programs need to target these women in order to reduce unmet need for family planning.
Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health, 2011, 5(1):2-9
Willingness to use female condom by college students in Ethiopia: a neglected intervention
Authors: Aragu Dayan , Deribew Amare , Firdawek Ewnetu , Temam Girma
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground: Female condoms (FC) are integral components of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV/AIDSprevention. There is a dearth of literature on the level of FC utilization in Ethiopia.Objective : The objective of this study was to assess awareness, attitude and willingness to use FC among college femalestudents in Harar town.Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methods. A total of 844female college students in Harar town, East Ethiopia participated in the study in March, 2010. A multistage samplingtechnique was used to identify study subjects from the eight colleges. Data were collected by trained personnel using a pretestedstructured questionnaire.Result: From the total of 844 students, 794(94%) participated in the study. A total of 663 (83.5%) students had heard of FCand only 3.3% of students had experience of using FC. Almost half of the students had positive attitude towards FC and 40.9%of students were willing to use FC. Students living outside the campus (OR= 0.38, 95% CI: CI 0.15, 0.93) and students whohad no sexual experience (OR= 0.36, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.50) were less likely to be willing to use FC. Students who had poorknowledge about modes of HIV transmission (OR= 1.43, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.98), and students who had positive attitudetowards FC (OR= 5.99, 95%: CI 4.31, 8.34) were more likely to be willing to use FC. The qualitative findings revealed thatFC was not widely available in most of the health institutions and the students were not willing to use female condoms due tothe rampant negative attitude.Conclusion: Unavailability and negative attitude were the major barriers of FC utilization. The Ministry of Health andpartner organizations should promote the benefit and use of FC in the prevention of HIV and other STI (Ethiopian Journal ofReproductive Health , 2012,6(1): 30-36).
Early marriage and female schooling in Ethiopia
Authors: Muthengi Eunice
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground: Early marriage, defined as marriage below the age of 18, is associated with numerous adverse health andeconomic consequences for young girls. In Ethiopia, more than half of girls are married by the age of 18, while only one ineleven women have completed primary school. The scientific literature suggests that early marriage is associated withlimited educational attainment, which in turn limits women’s future economic opportunities. However, few studies haverigorously explored the association between marriage timing and educational attainment after accounting for selection bias.Objective: This paper examines the educational gains associated with delayed marriage in Ethiopia.Methods: The study is conducted using the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. The analytic subsampleconsists of 11,154 women between the ages of 20 and 49 who are currently married. Bivariate associations are estimatedusing unadjusted odds ratios. Propensity score matching techniques are used to estimate the effect of early marriage oneducational attainment after adjusting for selection bias.Results: As hypothesized, delayed marriage is strongly associated with increased educational attainment, even afteraccounting for selection bias. Marriage above the age of 18 is associated with 2.8 times greater odds of completing primaryschool compared to marriage below the age of 18. In addition, delayed marriage is estimated to increase educationalattainment by 2 years.Conclusion: Findings imply that successful programs and policies to delay the age of marriage can have a significantimpact on women’s education in Ethiopia and prevent adverse health effects (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health ,2012, 6(1): 46-55).2California Center
Determinants of premarital sexual initiation among Wukro high school and preparatory students, Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebeye Ejigu , Azale Telake , Alemu Kassahun
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground: Sexual activities among adolescents have been increasing worldwide. The risky, unprotected and non-voluntarynature of sexual activities of adolescents put them at higher reproductive health problems including HIV/AIDS.Objective: The aim of the study was to determine premarital sexual initiation and identify associated risk factors amongWukro preparatory and high school students, Eastern Tigray.Methods: Institution based cross sectional survey was conducted on April 30, 2010. Data were collected from 588 studentsusing pretested, structured and self administered questionnaire selected by stratified cluster sampling method. Data were entered,cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of premarital sexualinitiation and to control confounders.Results: Three hundred ten (52.7%) males and 278(47.3%) females participated in the study. A quarter, 152(25.9%) of theparticipants had premarital sexual debut. Among them, 86 (56.57%) had used condom at the first sexual debut. Total correctand consistent condom use was reported in 50(58.1%) of the sexually active students who had used condom at the first sexualinitiation. Age less than 18 years was protective factor for premarital sexual debut [AOR at 95%CI: 0.42(0.21, 0.86)].However, substance abuse like alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking as well as peer pressure were risk factors for premaritalsexual initiation.Conclusion: Both premarital and early sexual initiation was high but total correct and consistent condom utilization was lowin relative terms. The need to strengthen age and gender based IEC/BCC services about reproductive health issues within theschool environment has paramount importance (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health , 2012,6(1): 64-69).
Premenstrual Syndrome: Prevalence, Severity, and its Association with Academic and Social Performance among College Students, Jimma Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Tadesse Samuel , Mossie Andualem , Negussie Dereje
Published: August 2024

Background: The frequency of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is high among young women, and the severity of its symp- toms could interfere with their daily activities. Although it has been widely studied in many western countries, little is known about the impact of PMS in low income setting. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and severity of PMS and its influence on academic and social activities.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among female students of Jimma Teachers Training College in January,

2011. Seven hundred and six female students were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A structured and pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was employed for data collection. The criteria proposed by American College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ACOG) were used to diagnose PMS. Data analysis was made using SPSS Version 15.0. Result: The prevalence of PMS was 84.4% in the present study. Family income and duration of menstrual bleeding have shown significant association with PMS (p < 0.05). The prevalence of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, which is the se- vere form of PMS, was 30.9%. PMS was significantly associated with academic performance and social activities of fe- male students. About 77.9% of the students who had PMS have lost concentration on academics in the class room lessons, and 64.5% of them had difficulties to study at home. Concerning the implication of PMS on social activities of females;
81.0% of the students missed recreational activities and 79.0% restricted from daily home chores. Academic and social problems were pronounced in students who had ppremenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).
Conclusion: The present study revealed a high prevalence rate of PMS with a negative impact on academic endeavor and daily social activities of the students. Therefore, health education and counseling services are highly recommended for female students in the higher institutions (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health, 2014, Volume 7(1),31-41).

Key Words: Premenstrual syndrome, prevalence, severity, academic performance
REVIEW OF BLOOD CROSS-MATCH ORDERING AND TRANSFUSION PRACTICES FOR ELECTIVE HYSTERECTOMIES AT SAINT PAUL’S HOSPITAL MILLENNIUM MEDICAL COLLEGE: FIRST STEP TOWARDS A MAXIMUM SURGICAL BLOOD ORDERING SCHEDULE
Authors: K Lemma , T. Menna , D. Bekele
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Requesting blood before surgery is a common practice. Studies show that majority of blood
requested by surgeons are not utilized and this over ordering practices of blood will create a burden on the transfusion
service. It diverts blood from the pool and makes it unavailable for other needy patients.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the blood requesting and utilization patterns in relation to
elective hysterectomies preformed at Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) in Addis
Ababa.
METHODOLOGY: A hospital based retrospective study was conducted at SPHMMC from February to March
2014. All elective hysterectomies performed in the time period of September 2011 to August 2013 were included
for the study and the associated blood cross-match ordering and transfusion practice was audited.
RESULT: A total of 532 units of blood were cross-matched for the 265 patients who underwent hysterectomies.
But, of those only 74 (13.9%) units of blood were transfused to 39 (14.7%) patients. The findings of this
study has also shown that for vaginal hysterectomy there is no need to prepare blood while for abdominal hysterectomy,
abdominal hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy and de-bulking surgery for ovarian tumour
preparing only a unit of blood is enough.
CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that for most of the elective hysterectomies performed at
SPHMMC, the level of blood utilization was minimal and there is significant over ordering of blood and associated
wastage of resources. The process whereby fixed units of blood are requested for every patient irrespective
of the diagnosis and type of surgical procedure should be revised.
KEY WORDS: Surgery, elective hysterectomy, blood transfusion and transfusion indices
(Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 2016;8:1
PRE-ECLAMPSIA RISK FACTORS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING IN FOUR PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES OF ADDIS ABABA CITY
Authors: Mohammed Eyob , Agero2 Gebi , Ali Elias
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in mother, fetus and infant in many parts of the world particularly developing countries including Ethiopia. It has been increasing and linked to multiple factors, and making prevention of the disease a continuous challenge. OBJECTIVE: To assess risk factors of preeclampsia among pregnant women visiting ante natal or delivery care in four public health facilities of Addis Ababa City administrative, Ethiopia. METHOD: This is a case control study of 261 (87 Cases and 174 Control) pregnant women attending antepartum or intrapartum. Bivariate analysis was run to assess crude association between predictor and outcome variable. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to see the effect of independent variables on the outcome variable for those p values < 0.2 in bivariate analysis. RESULTS: The significantly associated risk factors with preeclampsia were BMI >30 [AOR 5.2 95% CI 2.1-12.6], age 18—23 years, [AOR .3, 95% CI .128 –.71)], low level of occupation/daily worker/, [AOR 0.3, 95% CI .128 –.71)], not know or heard preeclampsia [AOR 6.49 95% CI 3.02--13.9], and primigravidity [AOR 3.29, 95% CI 1.143 –7.54)]. Whereas women who were gravid more than four [AOR 3.85, 95% CI 1.46 –10.1], previous history of preeclampsia [AOR 9.74 95% CI 2.38--39.8] and family history of hypertension [AOR 2.92, 95% CI 1.194 –7.1] after the effects of other significant risk factors were controlled in multivariate logistic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study found evidence that socioeconomic, medical and obstetric variables have a significant influence on the odds of in pregnant woman. Effective interventions targeting risk factors of preeclampsia and routinely educate and create awareness by the pregnant woman towards risk factors of preeclampsia during antenatal care visit. KEY WORDS: Preeclampsia, Risk Factor, knowledge, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 2017;9:45-59)
SPONTANEOUS BILATERAL AMPULLARY TUBAL ECTOPIC PREGNANCY IN AN ETHIOPIAN WOMAN: CASE REPORT
Authors: Banko Muhidin Abdo
Published: August 2024

Bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy is the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy (1), usually occurs following ovulation stimulation. Preoperative diagnosis is very difficult. We are presenting a case of bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy occurring spontaneously in an Ethiopian woman. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was made on clinical bases and ultrasonography. However, at surgery bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed & confirmed on pathological examination. As to our knowledge there is no reported case of bilateral ectopic pregnancy in Ethiopia based on extensive literature search we did. (Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health 2017;9:72-77)
PLURALISTIC APPROACHES: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION AND BODY LANGUAGE IN FRENCH COURSES
Authors: Salmanova Jalə
Published: August 2024

A pluralistic approach to languages and cultures is important in foreign language teaching. A major priority of a pluralistic approach to languages and cultures is to support expressive learning among learners. Therefore, learning body language and non-verbal communication in intercultural communication is as important as knowing other elements of communication. Teaching body language and non-verbal communication in a cross-cultural environment is to ensure effective and correct communication in the language. Thus, in foreign language lessons, the transfer of body language characteristics that may be specific to the cultures of the people who speak that language plays an important role in the effective acquisition of the language.