bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteopontin: A novel marker of pre‐symptomatic sporadic Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Quesnel Marc James , Labonté Anne , Picard Cynthia , Bowie Daniel C. , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Brinkmalm Ann , Villeneuve Sylvia , Poirier Judes ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,   the PREVENT‐AD Research Group
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION

We investigate the role of osteopontin (OPN) in participants with Pre‐symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and in AD brains.

METHODS

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) OPN, AD, and synaptic biomarker levels were measured in 109 cognitively unimpaired (CU), parental‐history positive Pre‐symptomatic Evaluation of Experimental or Novel Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease (PREVENT‐AD) participants, and in 167 CU and 399 participants with MCI from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. OPN levels were examined as a function of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau positivity. Survival analyses investigated the link between OPN and rate of conversion to AD.

RESULTS

In PREVENT‐AD, CSF OPN was positively correlated with synaptic biomarkers. In PREVENT‐AD and ADNI, OPN was elevated in CSF Aβ42/40(+)/total tau(+) and CSF Aβ42/40(+)/phosphorylated tau181(+) individuals. In ADNI, OPN was increased in Aβ(+) positron emission tomography (PET) and tau(+) PET individuals, and associated with an accelerated rate of conversion to AD. OPN was elevated in autopsy‐confirmed AD brains.

DISCUSSION

Strong associations between CSF OPN and key markers of AD pathophysiology suggest a significant role for OPN in tau neurobiology, particularly in the early stages of the disease.

Highlights

In the Pre‐symptomatic Evaluation of Experimental or Novel Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease cohort, we discovered that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) osteopontin (OPN) levels can indicate early synaptic dysfunction, tau deposition, and neuronal loss in cognitively unimpaired elderly with a parental history.

CSF OPN is elevated in amyloid beta(+) positron emission tomography (PET) and tau(+) PET individuals.

Elevated CSF OPN is associated with an accelerated rate of conversion to Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Elevated CSF OPN is associated with an accelerated rate of cognitive decline on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive subscale 13, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini‐Mental State Examination, and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes.

OPN mRNA and protein levels are significantly upregulated in the frontal cortex of autopsy‐confirmed AD brains.
COVID‐19 outcomes among patients with dementia and age‐matched controls who were hospitalized in 21 US health‐care systems
Authors: Johnson Adrienne L. , Chin Nathaniel A. , Piasecki Thomas M. , Conner Karen L. , Baker Timothy B. , Fiore Michael C. , Slutske Wendy S.
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION

COVID‐19 had devastating impacts worldwide. However, most research examining the impact of dementia on COVID‐19 outcomes has been conducted in Europe and Asia and has not examined dementia subtypes.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of electronic health record data from 21 US health‐care systems examined relationships of all‐cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia with in‐hospital mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and hospital stay duration.

RESULTS

All‐cause dementia, but not AD or vascular dementia independently, was associated with increased mortality risk, the inclusion of discharge to hospice as a mortality equivalent increased risk for mortality for all‐cause dementia, and AD and vascular dementia. Patients with all‐cause dementia and AD were less likely to be admitted to the ICU than patients without. Patients with any form of dementia had longer hospital stays than patients without.

DISCUSSION

Dementia was associated with increased mortality or hospice discharge, decreased ICU admissions, and longer hospital stays.

Highlights

Only all‐cause dementia was associated with increased mortality risk.

This risk was lower than what has been published in previous research.

Combining mortality and hospice discharge increased risk for all dementia subtypes.

All‐cause and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia were associated with decreased intensive care unit admissions.

All‐cause, vascular, and AD dementia were associated with longer hospital stays.
Facets of Correlated Non‐Markovian Channels
Authors: Sabale Vivek Balasaheb , Dash Nihar Ranjan , Kumar Atul , Banerjee Subhashish
Published: July 2024

The domain of correlated non‐Markovian channels are investigated, exploring the potential memory arising from the correlated action of channels and the inherent memory due to non‐Markovian dynamics. The impact of channel correlations is studied using different non‐Markovianity indicators and measures. In addition, the dynamical aspects of correlated non‐Markovian channels, including entanglement dynamics as well as changes in the volume of accessible states, are explored. The analysis is presented for both unital and non‐unital correlated channels. A new correlated channel constructed with modified Ornstein–Uhlenbeck noise (OUN) is also presented and explored. Further, the geometrical effects of the non‐Markovianity of the correlated non‐Markovian channels are discussed with a study of change in the volume of the accessible states. The link between the correlation factor and error correction success probability is highlighted.
Substituted Maleimides: Self‐Reportable Linkers and Tags in Bioconjugation, Materials Science, and Nanotechnology
Authors: Barker Jake E. , Tibbetts Joshua D. , Ferguson Calum T. J. , Xie Yujie , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: July 2024

Substituted maleimides are customisable fluorescent linkers and probes with adaptable reactivity and optical properties. Their compact nature and tunability has led to their use in various applications. For example, their solvatochromic properties offer real‐time feedback on linking chemistry and environmental changes, essential for applications in material labelling, drug delivery, and nanoparticle functionalisation. This review focusses on developing, synthesising, and modifying substituted maleimides as environment‐sensitive fluorescent linkers and probes. It delves into their photophysical dynamics and strategic applications, highlighting their significant contributions to macromolecule conjugation and the development of self‐reporting materials.
Fuel‐Driven Dynamic Combinatorial Peptide Libraries
Authors: Späth Fabian , Soria‐Carrera Héctor , Stasi Michele , Sastre Judit , Kriebisch Brigitte A. K. , Boekhoven Job
Published: July 2024

Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) creates libraries of molecules that are constantly interchanging in a dynamic combinatorial library. When a library member self‐assembles, it can displace the equilibria, leading to emergent phenomena like its selection or even its replication. However, such dynamic combinatorial libraries typically operate in or close to equilibrium. This work introduces a new dynamic combinatorial chemistry fueled by a catalytic reaction cycle that forms transient, out‐of‐equilibrium peptide‐based macrocycles. The products in this library exist out of equilibrium at the expense of fuel and are thus regulated by kinetics and thermodynamics. By creating a chemically fueled dynamic combinatorial library with the vast structural space of amino acids, we explored the liquid‐liquid phase separation behavior of the library members. The study advances DCCs by showing that peptide structures can be engineered to control the dynamic library′s behavior. The work paves the way for creating novel, tunable material systems that exhibit emergent behavior reminiscent of biological systems. These findings have implications for the development of new materials and for understanding life′s chemistry.
New Insights for High‐Through CO2 Hydrogenation to High‐Quality Fuel
Authors: Wang Chengwei , Jin Zhiliang , Guo Lisheng , Yamamoto Osami , Kaida Chiharu , He Yingluo , Ma Qingxiang , Wang Kangzhou , Tsubaki Noritatsu
Published: July 2024

In the case of CO2 thermal‐catalytic hydrogenation, highly selective olefin generation and subsequent olefin secondary reactions to fuel hydrocarbons in an ultra‐short residence time is a huge challenge, especially under industrially feasible conditions. Here, we report a pioneering synthetic process that achieves selective production of high‐volume commercial gasoline with the assistance of fast response mechanism. In situ experiments and DFT calculations demonstrate that the designed NaFeGaZr presents exceptional carbiding prowess, and swiftly forms carbides even at extremely brief gas residence times, facilitating olefin production. The created successive hollow zeolite HZSM‐5 further reinforces aromatization of olefin diffused from NaFeGaZr via optimized mass transfer in the hollow channel of zeolite. Benefiting from its rapid response mechanism within the multifunctional catalytic system, this catalyst effectively prevents the excessive hydrogenation of intermediates and controls the swift conversion of intermediates into aromatics, even in high‐throughput settings. This enables a rapid one‐step synthesis of high‐quality gasoline‐range hydrocarbons without any post‐treatment, with high commercial product compatibility and space‐time yield up to 0.9 kggasoline ⋅ kgcat−1 ⋅ h−1. These findings from the current work can provide a shed for the preparation of efficient catalysts and in‐depth understanding of C1 catalysis in industrial level.
A Photocrosslinking Probe to Capture the Substrates of Caseinolytic Protease P
Authors: Gronauer Thomas F. , Eck Laura K. , Ludwig Christina , Sieber Stephan A.
Published: July 2024

Protein homeostasis in bacteria is regulated by proteases such as the tetradecameric caseinolytic protease P (ClpP). Although substrates of ClpP have been successfully deciphered in genetically engineered cells, methods which directly trap processed proteins within native cells remain elusive. Here, we introduce an in situ trapping strategy which utilizes trifunctional probes that bind to the active site serine of ClpP and capture adjacent substrates with an attached photocrosslinking moiety. After enrichment using an alkyne handle, substrate deconvolution by mass spectrometry (MS) is performed. We show that our two traps bind substoichiometrically to ClpP, retain protease activity, exhibit unprecedented selectivity for Staphylococcus aureus ClpP in living cells and capture numerous known and novel substrates. The exemplary validation of trapped hits using a targeted proteomics approach confirmed the fidelity of this technology. In conclusion, we provide a novel chemical platform suited for the discovery of serine protease substrates beyond genetic engineering.
Substituted Maleimides: Self‐Reportable Linkers and Tags in Bioconjugation, Material Science, and Nanotechnology
Authors: Barker Jake , Tibbetts Joshua , Ferguson Calum , Xie Yujie , O'Reilly Rachel Kerry
Published: July 2024

Substituted maleimides are customisable fluorescent linkers and probes with adaptable reactivity and optical properties. Their compact nature and tunability has led to their use in various applications. For example, their solvatochromic properties offer real‐time feedback on linking chemistry and environmental changes, essential for applications in material labelling, drug delivery, and nanoparticle functionalization. This review focuses on developing, synthesising, and modifying substituted maleimides as environment‐sensitive fluorescent linkers and probes. It delves into their photophysical dynamics and strategic applications, highlighting their significant contributions to macromolecule conjugation and the development of self‐reporting materials.
Tailoring candelilla wax‐based oleogels loaded with α‐tocopherol to mimic rheological properties of solid food fats and to increase nutritional value of food
Authors: Peixoto Vanessa Oliveira Di Sarli , Brito Gabriela Baptista , Chrisman Erika Christina Ashton Nunes , do Amaral Vendramini Ana Lúcia , Ract Juliana Neves Rodrigues , Rodrigues João Gabriel Passos , Dias Marcos Lopes , Magalhães Alvicler , do Rosário Denes Kaic Alves , Conte‐Junior Carlos Adam , Marinho Thiago Oliveira , Nele Márcio , Torres Alexandre Guedes , Castelo‐Branco Vanessa Naciuk
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to tailor candelilla wax (CLW)‐based oleogels loaded with α‐tocopherol to mimic the rheological properties of conventional solid fats and enhance the nutritional value of food products. Desirability approach was utilized to optimize oleogels formulations based on rheological parameters of yield stress and gel‐to‐sol transition temperature of conventional solid fats (hydrogenated fat, butter, and margarine). Fat‐tailored oleogels were also characterized by their texture, thermal behavior, and microstructure. The concentration of CLW (0.75–4.0 wt%), but not of α‐tocopherol (0.5–10 wt%), affected the rheological behavior of oleogels. Yield stress and the gel‐to‐sol transition increased, respectively, from 2.00 to 200.8 Pa and from 40.2 to 64.8°C as the CLW concentration increased. α‐Tocopherol can be added to improve the nutritional value of CLW‐based oleogels without affecting their rheological fingerprint. The optimum formulations to mimic the rheological fingerprint of butter, margarine, and hydrogenated fat comprised CLW between 2.12 and 2.51 wt%, showing desirability values of 0.58, 0.76, and 0.73, respectively. Increasing the CLW contents increased the crystal number (4194 ± 381 to 7646 ± 544) and hardness (6.45 ± 0.30 to 10.4 ± 0.36 N) of fat‐tailored oleogels, besides accelerating crystallization. Therefore, it was possible to tailor oleogels structured with low CLW concentration (<2.5 wt%) loaded with α‐tocopherol to fairly replicate the rheological properties of margarine and hydrogenated fat. Butter‐like properties were achieved to a lesser extent. These oleogels might enhance the nutritional value of food products by incorporating the antioxidant vitamin E when used as substitutes for solid fat.
Preparation of calcium aluminate and spinel by hydrolysis and calcination from secondary aluminum dross
Authors: Zhao Yuqin , Zuo Zhengping , Li Zhanbing , Zhang Jianbo , Wu Wen Fen , Ma Wei Ping , Zhu Ganyu , Li Shaopeng , Wang Fei
Published: July 2024

The direct extraction of alumina from secondary aluminum dross (SAD), which is a dangerous solid waste, is difficult. Moreover, this process easily produces a large amount of solid waste residue, which is not easily utilized. In this paper, a new green process was developed to prepare calcium aluminate and Mg‐Al spinel from SAD by hydrolysis–calcification roasting. The effects of calcium oxide (CaO) content, sintering temperature, and holding time on the properties of calcium aluminate were investigated by single‐factor experiments. The phase transformation mechanism of calcium aluminate was studied by thermodynamic analysis, X‐ray diffraction analysis, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Under the optimal conditions (Ca/Al molar ratio of 0.8, sintering temperature of 1300°C, and holding time of 2 h), the main calcium aluminate phases are CaAl2O4 and Ca2Al2SiO7, the soluble alumina content of the calcium aluminate sample is 49.71 wt.%, and the main phases of the acid‐insoluble residue are Mg‐Al spinel and a very small amount of CaTiO3. The Ca/Al ratio is the key factor affecting the calcium aluminate phase—with increasing Ca/Al ratio, the calcium aluminate phase is transformed from CaAl4O7 to CaAl2O4 and eventually to Ca12Al14O33, and the Si‐containing phase changes from Ca2Al2SiO7 to CaSiO4.
The Risk of Lung Cancer in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Brooks Rebecca T. , Luedders Brent , Wheeler Austin , Johnson Tate M. , Yang Yangyuna , Roul Punyasha , Ganti Apar Kishor , Singh Namrata , Sauer Brian C. , Cannon Grant W. , Baker Joshua F. , Mikuls Ted R. , England Bryant R.
Published: July 2024

Objective

We aimed to evaluate lung cancer risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and RA‐interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Methods

We performed a retrospective, matched cohort study of RA and RA‐ILD within the Veterans Health Administration (VA) between 2000 and 2019. Patients with RA and RA‐ILD were identified with validated administrative‐based algorithms, then matched (up to 1:10) on age, gender, and VA enrollment year to individuals without RA. Lung cancers were identified from a VA oncology database and the National Death Index. Conditional Cox regression models assessed lung cancer risk adjusting for race, ethnicity, smoking status, Agent Orange exposure, and comorbidity burden among matched individuals. Several sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results

We matched 72,795 patients with RA with 633,937 patients without RA (mean age 63 years; 88% male). Over 4,481,323 patient‐years, 17,099 incident lung cancers occurred. RA was independently associated with an increased lung cancer risk (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.58 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52–1.64]), which persisted in never smokers (aHR 1.65 [95% CI 1.22–2.24]) and in those with incident RA (aHR 1.54 [95% CI 1.44–1.65]). Compared to non‐RA controls, prevalent RA‐ILD (n = 757) was more strongly associated with lung cancer risk (aHR 3.25 [95% CI 2.13–4.95]) than RA without ILD (aHR 1.57 [95% CI 1.51–1.64]). Analyses of both prevalent and incident RA‐ILD produced similar results (RA‐ILD vs non‐RA aHR 2.88 [95% CI 2.45–3.40]).

Conclusion

RA was associated with a >50% increased risk of lung cancer, and those with RA‐ILD represented a particularly high‐risk group with an approximate three‐fold increased risk. Increased lung cancer surveillance in RA, and especially RA‐ILD, may be a useful strategy for reducing the burden posed by the leading cause of cancer death.
Learning cardiac embryology on YouTube—What videos are there to view?
Authors: Mathew Ruth , Ramakrishnan Niveta , Boland Fiona , Pawlikowska Teresa , Holland Jane C.
Published: July 2024

In modern medical curricula, embryology is typically taught through lectures, with a few institutions providing tutorials. The use of 3‐D videos or animations enables students to study these embryological structures and how they change with time. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of cardiac embryology videos available on YouTube. A systematic literature review regarding the use of YouTube in teaching or learning cardiac embryology identified no papers that examined this specific question, and next, a systematic search of YouTube was performed. A total of 1200 cardiac embryology videos were retrieved using 12 specific search terms, with 370 videos retrieved under two or more search terms and excluded. A further 511 videos were excluded under additional, specific criteria. The remaining 319 videos were evaluated with the YouTube Video Assessment Criteria (UTvAC), with 121 rated as “useful.” Videos on YouTube are uploaded with a wide audience in mind, from children to cardiologists, and content control is imperfect. Multiple videos were identified as duplicates of videos from original channels, typically without attribution. While 49 videos showed operations or human material, none contained an ethical statement regarding consent, and only 10 of these included an age restriction or graphical advisory. While there are useful videos for medical students studying cardiac embryology on YouTube, intuitive search strategies will also identify many with irrelevant content and of variable quality. Digital competence and search strategies are not innate skills, so educators should teach students to assess information so as to avoid overload or “filter failure.”
A pilot study exploring the effectiveness of binaural beats at reducing anxiety associated with cadaveric dissection
Authors: Mosheshe Liteboho Tlotliso , Correia Janine C. , Rampf Nadine
Published: July 2024

This study explored the effects of a novel intervention, binaural beats (BB), on anxiety levels of anatomy students during cadaveric dissections and its impact on the learning environment. The study was quasi‐experimental, employing a purposive sampling strategy. State (SA) and trait (TA) anxiety levels were measured using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory during two routine dissection sessions. SA was measured at three time points: at the start, after a 3‐min control (silence)/intervention (10 Hz BB) session, and at the end of the dissection. A post‐study survey was distributed to the participants to obtain qualitative feedback on their perceptions of BB use during cadaveric dissections. Thirteen female students participated in this study (mean age 19.62 ± 0.65 years). Both control and intervention measures significantly reduced SA levels, with BB demonstrating a greater effect size (Hedges' g = 0.98 for intervention vs. 0.76 for control). SA decreased significantly after the BB intervention (t(12) = 3.78, p = 0.003) and remained low throughout the session, in contrast to the control session, where the reduction post‐measure was not sustained (t(12) = −0.64, p = 0.54). Feedback from the post‐study survey indicated that most students found the BB intervention effective in reducing their anxiety levels before the dissection. The BB intervention was effective in reducing and maintaining students' SA levels during dissection. Students reported positive experiences with BB. Further investigations are warranted to determine whether the findings of this study can be generalized to larger and more heterogeneous populations.
Galectin 3‐binding protein (LGALS3BP) depletion attenuates hepatic fibrosis by reducing transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) availability and inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Kim Dae‐Hwan , Sung Minjeong , Park Myong‐Suk , Sun Eun‐Gene , Yoon Sumin , Yoo Kyung Hyun , Radhakrishnan Kamalakannan , Jung Sung Yun , Bae Woo‐Kyun , Cho Sang‐Hee , Chung Ik‐Joo
Published: July 2024

Background

Increased Galectin 3‐binding protein (LGALS3BP) serum levels have been used to assess hepatic fibrosis stages and the severity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Considering the crucial role of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in the emergence of these diseases, the present study tested the hypothesis that LGALS3BP regulates the TGF‐β1 signaling pathway.

Methods

The expression levels of LGALS3BP and TGFB1 were analyzed in patients with metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and HCC. Multiple omics techniques, such as RNA‐sequencing, transposase‐accessible chromatin‐sequencing assay, and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry proteomics, were used to identify the regulatory mechanisms for the LGALS3BP‐TGF‐β1 axis. The effects of altered TGF‐β1 signaling by LGALS3BP were investigated in conditional LGALS3BP‐knockin and LGALS3BP‐knockout mice.

Results

In patients with MASH and HCC, the levels of LGALS3BP and TGFB1 exhibited positive correlations. Stimulation of LGALS3BP by the inflammatory cytokine interferon α in HCC cells or ectopic overexpression of LGALS3BP in hepatocytes promoted the expression levels of TGFB1. Aggravated fibrosis was observed in the livers of hepatocyte‐specific LGALS3BP‐knockin mice, with increased TGFB1 levels. LGALS3BP directly bound to and assembled integrin αV, an integral mediator required for releasing active TGF‐β1 from extracellular latent complex with the rearranged F‐actin cytoskeleton. The released TGF‐β1 activated JunB transcription factor, which in turn promoted the TGF‐β1 positive feedback loop. LGALS3BP deletion in the hepatocytes downregulated TGF‐β1 signaling and CCl4 induced fibrosis. Moreover, LGALS3BP depletion hindered hepatocarcinogenesis by limiting the availability of fibrogenic TGF‐β1.

Conclusion

LGALS3BP plays a crucial role in hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis by controlling the TGF‐β1 signaling pathway, making it a promising therapeutic target in TGF‐β1‐related diseases.
Effects of extrusion on the stability and digestibility of instant coix seed porridge
Authors: Duan Youke , Wu Zijian , Wang Jinrong , Bian Ni , Zhao Pei , Sun Naxin , Chen Jinyu
Published: July 2024

Background and Objectives

Coix seed is rich in nutrients but its tough husk and resilient structure require substantial energy and cooking time, limiting their utilization and consumption. This study aims to develop a convenient, high‐quality instant coix seed porridge to expand the consumption and utility of coix seed.

Findings

Extrusion treatment significantly (p < .05) improved the stability and decreased viscosity of instant coix seed porridge compared to the cooking process, particularly when the extrusion moisture reached 22%. Furthermore, extrusion at the moisture of 18%–22% not only had no significant impact on the water‐soluble protein (WSP) content of instant coix seed porridge but also decreased the starch‐digested ratio when compared with the cooking process, thereby enriching its nutritional value. The increased stability of instant coix seed porridge was due to the exposed hydrophilic groups by disrupted the long‐ and short‐range ordered structure of coix seed starch as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analyses. Furthermore, the decreased digestibility was attributed to the formation of starch–lipid complexes.

Conclusions

Extrusion can be used to produce instant coix seed porridge with low viscosity, high stability, and delayed starch digestion. In addition, the instant porridge produced by this method can have the same WSP as cooking treatment.

Significance and Novelty

This study provides valuable insights into producing instant coix seed porridge.
Shiitake mushroom‐induced flagellate dermatitis: The first case reported in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Elisha , Basukala Manisha Singh , Mishra Aditi , Pradhan Namrata , Sharma Anupa , Tamang Ashish
Published: July 2024

Key Clinical Message

Shiitake mushroom‐induced flagellate dermatitis is a rare but important condition to consider in patients presenting with pruritic skin lesions following mushroom ingestion, especially in regions where such cases are uncommon. Early recognition and appropriate management with oral and topical steroids are crucial for effective symptom resolution and preventing complications. Clinicians should be aware of the characteristic rash and the temporal relationship between mushroom consumption and rash onset. Educating patients about the risks associated with consuming raw or undercooked shiitake mushrooms is essential to prevent recurrence.
A pea in a peculiar place: Unusual case of left upper lobe bronchial foreign body
Authors: Dahal Prajwal , Mahat Ravi , Parajuli Sabina , Dhakal Natasha
Published: July 2024

Key Clinical Message

Foreign body aspiration is common in old age, sometimes lodged in unusual locations like the left upper lobe bronchus when aspiration happens in a recumbent position. Computed tomography is the preferred diagnostic tool, while flexible bronchoscopy is effective for removing the foreign body.

Tracheo‐bronchial foreign body aspiration (FBA) is common in children and elderly, but often goes unnoticed due to vague symptoms and atypical imaging findings. We present a case of aspiration of pea in elderly presenting with acute symptoms. Computed tomography (CT) reveled an atypical site of foreign body (FB), that is left upper lobe bronchus and immediate removal of the FB was done using a flexible bronchoscope. The symptoms subsided after removal of the FB. Missed FBs can lead to chronic issues like pneumonia and airway obstruction. Advanced age, psychiatric illness, stroke, seizure disorder, and neuromuscular disease increase the risk of aspiration in older adults. Commonly, FBs get lodged in the right middle and lower lobes after aspiration due to vertical orientation of the airways. CT is a helpful tool for diagnosis of FBA and flexible bronchoscopy is effective in removal of the FB in elderly.
Kinetic Insights into Na Ion Transfer at the Carbon‐Based Negative Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tsujimoto Shota , Lee Changhee , Nunokawa Ryoich , Kim Yeji , Miyahara Yuto , Miyazaki Kohei , Abe Takeshi
Published: July 2024

The relentless quest for sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions has propelled sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) to the forefront of research and development in the realm of rechargeable batteries. This mini review delves into the intricate interfacial kinetics of Na ion transfer within SIBs, with a special focus on the carbon‐based negative electrode/electrolyte interfaces. By synthesizing insights from a myriad of studies encompassing experimental and theoretical analyses, we illuminate the critical role of electrode material properties and interfacial dynamics in dictating the kinetics of Na ion transfer for SIBs. Strategies for optimizing these parameters are scrutinized, revealing pathways to enhance the kinetic behavior of Na ions. Furthermore, emerging materials such as hard carbon, carbon nanospheres, and graphene‐like graphite are evaluated for their potential to surmount existing limitations.
Review on Artificial Interphases for Lithium Metal Anodes: From a Mechanical Perspective
Authors: Peng Yueying , Tamate Ryota , Nishikawa Kei
Published: July 2024

Lithium (Li) metal is a promising candidate for next‐generation high‐energy‐density rechargeable batteries. However, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) inevitably suffers from mechanical fracture owing to the large morphological change during Li cycling, leading to the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites, low Coulombic efficiency, and short cycle life. The fabrication of an artificial interphase is an effective strategy for improving the performances of Li metal anodes. The ideal artificial interphase should provide sufficient mechanical robustness to suppress dendritic Li growth and accommodate large volume changes during Li deposition‐dissolution cycles. In this review, we focus on the fabrication of mechanically robust artificial interphases for stabilizing Li‐metal anodes, including the underlying mechanism of SEI fracture, quantitative requirements for mechanical properties, measurements of mechanical properties, and recent progress in the fabrication of mechanically stable artificial interphases.
The Structural Properties and Photoelectrocatalytic Response of Mn‐Doped Hematite Photoanodes Prepared via a Modified Electrodeposition Approach
Authors: Kyesmen Pannan I. , Simfukwe Joseph , Jubu Peverga R. , Adeola Adedapo O. , Diale Mmantsae
Published: July 2024

The concept of nanostructuring and doping of hematite (α‐Fe2O3) photoanodes have been widely engaged towards improving their photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) response. Here, a FeCl3‐based solution was modified with 0–10 % polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and used as an electrolyte for the electrodeposition of nanostructured α‐Fe2O3 thin films. The electrolyte containing 10 % PEG was further used to prepare Mn‐doped α‐Fe2O3 films by adding 1, 3, 6, and 10 % of MnCl2.4H2O with respect to the molarity of FeCl3. The addition of 10 % PEG into the electrolyte limited particle agglomeration and yielded the best PEC response among the pristine films. The 3 % Mn‐doped α‐Fe2O3 photoanodes produced the highest photocurrent, yielding 2.2 and 6.1‐fold photocurrent enhancement at 1.23 V and 1.5 V vs. RHE respectively, over the pristine films. The improved PEC response is linked to the reduced particle agglomeration and improved charge transport properties observed for the films. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the formation energies yielded negative values for the Mn‐doped α‐Fe2O3, which implies that the materials are thermodynamically stable after doping. This work introduces a new pathway for the electrodeposition of doped α‐Fe2O3 films and underscores the roles of Mn‐doping in boosting their PEC response.
Material selection and manufacturing for high‐temperature heat exchangers: Review of state‐of‐the‐art development, opportunities, and challenges
Authors: Cramer Corson L. , Lara‐Curzio Edgar , Elliott Amy M. , Aguirre Trevor G. , Yoon Bola , Fricke Brian A. , Rao Vivek , Jain Prashant , Nawaz Kashif
Published: July 2024

Many energy systems demand heat transfer at high temperatures to keep up with high demand for power, so high‐temperature material that can perform and last under these harsh conditions is needed for heat exchangers. The engineering requirements for these high‐temperature heat exchanger material call for high thermal conductivity, high resistance to fracture, high resistance to creep deformation, environmental stability in environments associated with the application, and high modulus of elasticity while maintaining low cost to make and maintain. Naturally, ceramics are a good solution for this endeavor. In the past, high‐temperature heat exchangers made from ceramics have been used. We provide examples of ceramics in relevant heat exchange applications and provide motivation where additive manufacturing (AM) can improve efficiency. AM for the relevant material is under development, and we provide insight on the AM of ceramic materials and examples of AM heat exchangers keeping cost in mind. The motivation of the review paper is to provide a framework for material and manufacturing selection for high‐temperature heat exchangers for AM to keep up with the demand for better efficiency, better material, better manufacturing, and cost moving forward with AM technology in high‐temperature ceramic heat exchangers.
Synthesis of Ce(IV) Heteroleptic Double‐Decker Complex with a New Helical Naphthalocyanine as a Potential Gearing Subunit
Authors: Subramaniam Jeevithra Dewi , Hattori Yohei , Asanoma Fumio , Nishino Toshio , Yasuhara Kazuma , Martin Colin J. , Rapenne Gwénaël
Published: July 2024

This paper describes the synthesis of a cerium(IV)‐based molecular gear composed of a thioether functionalized phthalocyanine anchoring ligand, and a helical naphthalocyanine rotating cogwheel functionalized with four carbazoles. The naphthalocyanine ligand 9 was obtained after eleven steps (overall yield of 0.2 %) as a mixture of three geometrical isomers, two of which are chiral and exhibit high levels of steric hindrance, as shown by DFT calculations. Their attributions have been made using 1H‐NMR based on their different symmetry groups. The ratio of isomers was also determined and the prochiral C4h naphthalocyanine shown to be the major compound (55 %). Its heteroleptic complexation with cerium (IV) and the anchoring phthalocyanine ligand 10 gave the targeted molecular gear in a 16 % yield.
Updated delegated proof of stake and Nash equilibrium: A mining pool game model for blockchain network
Authors: M Namratha , Singh Kunwar
Published: July 2024

In the present era, blockchain technology has an extensive variety of uses in the financial, marketing, and so forth. The performance and security of the blockchain system are directly affected by the consensus algorithm. Since there are 30 consensus techniques like proof of stake, delegated proof of stake, and proof of work, and so forth in the previous years, the operating efficiency, safety, and stability still lag behind the basic requirements. To this concern, this research manuscript introduces a novel consensus mechanism‐based game model using upgraded delegated proof of stake (UDPoS) and Nash equilibrium (NE) that is UDPoS‐NE. In a blockchain network powered by UDPoS, blockchain miners provide computing power to publish blocks. Due to a single miner's limited Computing Power (CP), miners frequently join mining pools and divide the pool's profits in accordance with their respective contributions. However, certain miners launch block‐withholding attacks that lead to loss the computer power and endanger the blockchain network's effectiveness. Therefore, NE is used to calculate cooperative game solutions and optimize policy decisions of the miners to frustrate the block withholding attack by the influence of stakes and computing power on producing blocks. Using this mechanism, efficiency, and stability in the consensus process is achieved through the combined influence of computing resources and stakes on block generation. Finally, the suggested model's applicability and validity are confirmed with a throughput (600 TPS), delay (3 s), and energy consumption (<100 KWh) for 10 nodes and processing time (0.9 s) for 200 nodes.
From Lithium and Sodium Superoxides to Singlet‐Oxygen – Insights into the Mechanism of Dissociation Using SHARC‐MD
Authors: Pietruschka Dennis S. , Zaichenko Aleksandr , Richter Martin , Gräfe Stefanie , Mollenhauer Doreen
Published: July 2024

The formation of highly reactive singlet oxygen from alkaline superoxides presents an important reactivity of this component class. Investigations of the reaction paths such as disproportionation of LiO2 and NaO2 have been presented. Furthermore, the dissociation of these superoxide systems have been discussed as an alternative reaction channel that also allows the formation of singlet oxygen. Here, we present a fundamental study of the electronic nature and dissociation behaviour of the alkali superoxides. The molecular systems were calculated at the CASSCF/CASPT2‐level of theory. We determined the minimum energy crossing points along the dissociation required to form triplet oxygen 3O2 and singlet oxygen 1O2. Building on these results, a surface‐hopping AIMD‐simulation was performed employing the SHARC program package to follow the electronic transitions along the minimum energy crossing points during the dissociation. The feasibility of populating the electronic state corresponding to the formation of singlet oxygen during dissociation was demonstrated. For LiO2, 6.85 % of the trajectories were found to terminate under formation of 1O2, whereas for NaO2 only 1.68 % of the trajectories ended up in 1O2 formation. This represents an inverse trend to that reported in the literature. This observation suggests that the dissociation is a viable, monomolecular reaction path to 1O2 that complements the disproportionation pathway.
The Effectiveness of Imagery Rescripting Interventions for Military Veterans With Nightmares and Sleep Disturbances: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hicks Marya , Simonds Laura M. , Morison Linda
Published: July 2024

Imagery rescripting (ImRs) interventions have been found effective in improving sleep outcomes, although research has mostly focused on civilian, rather than military, samples. The aim of this review was to estimate the overall effectiveness of ImRs interventions for military veterans on primary outcomes of nightmare frequency and sleep quality. A systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycArticles, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection and the PTSDpubs database and was completed on 1 November 2021. Randomised controlled trials, nonrandomised trials and pre–post studies of ImRs interventions in veterans with sleep disturbances or nightmares were included. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) tool, and meta‐analysis was performed using Stata. Nineteen articles from 15 empirical studies were included in the review, and data from the 15 studies (involving 658 participants) were included in the meta‐analysis. Meta‐analysis findings indicated that ImRs interventions are associated with significant positive changes from pretreatment to posttreatment for nightmare and sleep quality. Significantly greater improvements were found in ImRs interventions compared to control groups for sleep quality (Hedges' g = −0.65, 95% CI [−1.20, −0.10]) but not for nightmare frequency (Hedges' g = −0.10, 95% CI [−0.34, 0.14]). Overall, the meta‐analysis included a relatively small number of studies with poor methodological quality and considerable heterogeneity; therefore, findings should be cautiously interpreted. Further research should focus on veteran participants with larger samples and from a broader range of sources to determine effectiveness more confidently.
Prolonged Exposure for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients Exhibiting Psychotic Symptoms: A Scoping Review
Authors: Deleuran D. H. K. , Skov O. , Bo S.
Published: July 2024

Background

Trauma is a significant risk factor for developing psychosis. Nevertheless, psychosis is often considered grounds for not receiving trauma‐focused therapy due to concerns of exacerbating psychotic symptoms. Prolonged exposure (PE) is a recognized and effective evidence‐based therapy modality for the treatment of severe trauma.

Objective

To assess the available empirical evidence for PE as a feasible treatment programme for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with psychotic symptoms.

Method

A systematic literature search was conducted using the databases Scopus, PsycINFO (OVID) and PubMed MEDLINE in December 2023 with a priori defined eligibility criteria. The literature search identified 1226 articles, of which eight met the eligibility criteria. Five studies exploring the effects of PE treatment on patients diagnosed with PTSD and suffering from comorbid psychotic experiences were included. Three studies containing follow‐up data or secondary analysis on PTSD and psychotic symptoms from original studies fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. Each study was assessed for quality to estimate the risk of bias.

Results

Acknowledging the scarcity of available evidence, the results of the scoping review indicate that PE may be an effective treatment approach for reducing PTSD symptoms in patients with PTSD and comorbid psychotic symptoms. The reviewed studies found no iatrogenic effects, including no increase in psychotic symptoms.

Conclusion

PE appears to be a possibly effective PTSD treatment for patients suffering from PTSD and comorbid psychotic symptoms or disorders. However, the evidence is scarce, and larger confirmative trials are required for more conclusive evidence.
Dosage Optimization: A Regulatory Perspective for Developing Oncology Drugs
Authors: Rahman Atiqur , Shah Mirat , Shord Stacy S.
Published: July 2024

Optimized dosages provide a secure foundation for the development of well‐tolerated and effective oncology drugs. Project Optimus, an initiative within the Oncology Center of Excellence, strives to reform the dosage optimization and dosage selection paradigm in oncology. This initiative stems from the availability of targeted drugs and from the demand for more tolerable dosages from patients, caregivers, and advocates. Reforming dosage optimization for oncology drugs requires a paradigm shift from the one employed for cytotoxic chemotherapy to one that understands and considers the unique attributes of targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and cellular therapy. Limited characterization of dosage during drug development may result in (1) patients not staying on a therapy long‐term due to poor tolerability, (2) failure to establish positive benefit–risk in clinical trials for regulatory approval (3) withdrawal of drugs from the market (4) removal of indications of drugs from the market. Timely access to drugs is important for all patients with cancer, so it is vital to iteratively analyze all nonclinical and clinically relevant data at each stage of development and leverage quantitative approaches, innovative trial designs, and regulatory support to arrive at dosages with favorable benefit–risk. This review highlights the key challenges and opportunities to embracing this new paradigm and realizing the full potential of new oncology therapies.
A Comparative Clinical Pharmacology Analysis of FDA‐Approved Targeted Covalent Inhibitors vs. Reversible Inhibitors in Oncology
Authors: Ngo Huy X. , Wen Yue Winnie , Pisupati Swathi , Huang Weize , Mandlekar Sandhya
Published: July 2024

Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) are an emerging class of anticancer therapeutics. TCIs are designed to selectively engage their targeted proteins via covalent warheads. From the drug development standpoint, the covalent inhibition mechanism is anticipated to elicit the following theoretical benefits: (i) an extended duration of therapeutic action that is determined by the target protein turnover rate and not necessarily by drug half‐life, (ii) a lower therapeutic dose owing to greater pharmacological potency, (iii) lower risk of off‐target binding and associated adverse events, and (iv) reduced drug–drug interaction (DDI) liability due to high selectivity and low dose. Elucidating the clinical relevance of these expected benefits requires an integrated assessment of pharmacokinetics (PK), efficacy, safety, and DDI data. In this review, we compared the clinical pharmacology attributes of FDA‐approved oncology TCIs within the last 10 years against their reversible inhibitor (RI) counterparts. Our findings indicated that (i) PK half‐lives of TCIs were typically shorter and (ii) at their respective recommended clinical doses per drug label, the molar unbound steady state areas under the concentration‐time curve (AUCss) of TCIs were lower than those of RIs, but with longer clinically observed durations of response. However, (iii) there was no conclusive evidence supporting improved clinical safety profiles for TCIs, and (iv) DDI perpetrator profiles appeared to be similar between TCIs and RIs. The overall clinical pharmacology comparison of TCI vs. RI surveyed in this paper suggested that at least two of the four forecasted clinical benefits were achieved by TCIs.
The Growth Mechanism of Layered Hexagonal Boron Nitride Crystal on Copper Foil
Authors: Lei Xia , Gao Guangcun , Wang Jieqiong
Published: July 2024

2D hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), which has a similar honeycomb lattice structure to graphene, is a promising dielectric material for a wide variety of applications. Herein, the growth of high‐quality and large‐size multilayer h‐BN crystals on Cu foils is reported by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at atmospheric pressure. The size of an individual isolated hexagonal crystal of h‐BN is about 20 µm, and the thickness is 3 nm. This paper studies the variables that affect h‐BN growth during the process and the microstructure changes during the growth. Through analysis of the thermal and dynamic processes of chemical vapor deposition, relationships are derived between the mass of h‐BN grown in the gas phase and various temperature and pressure factors. This information is used to develop appropriate parameters for commercial copper foil growth. Finally, using optimized conditions, high‐quality h‐BN at high pressure and low gas flow conditions are grown.
Fast computation of radio wave diffraction effects
Authors: Mejstrik Thomas , Berisha Taulant , Woblistin Sebastian
Published: July 2024

Unmanned aerial vehicle operations are quickly gaining ground due to rapid global market penetration. While on one hand, novel technologies that bridge communication networks to aviation industry are yet to be explored, on the other hand, their development requires highly scalable systems to enable beyond visual line‐of‐sight missions. This requirement imposes a big bottleneck in terms of computation complexity. This paper presents a method for fast computation of multiple diffraction of radio waves over knife‐edge obstacles based on the Deygout technique and some offline computation steps, including a ground profile analysis. We prove that this algorithm is equivalent to the original Deygout algorithm for all non‐line‐of‐sight points, show heuristics confirming that it is mostly applicable in the line‐of‐sight case. The computational and memory complexity of our algorithm is approximately
, compared to
for the original Deygout algorithm. Finally we discuss how to apply the approach to the Epstein‐Peterson technique and the Giovanelli technique, and how to use it to compute clutter‐loss.