bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOVICE DESIGNERS' USE OF PROTOTYPES AS COMMUNICATION TOOLS
Authors: Krishnakumar Sandeep , Lauff Carlye , McComb Christopher , Berdanier Catherine , Menold Jessica
Published: August 2021

Prototypes are critical design artifacts, and recent studies have established the ability of prototypes to facilitate communication. However, prior work suggests that novice designers often fail to perceive prototypes as effective communication tools, and struggle to rationalize design decisions made during prototyping tasks. To understand the interactions between communication and prototypes, design pitches from 40 undergraduate engineering design teams were collected and qualitatively analysed. Our findings suggest that students used prototypes to explain and persuade, aligning with prior studies of design practitioners. The results also suggest that students tend to use prototypes to justify design decisions and adverse outcomes. Future work will seek to understand novice designers’ use of prototypes as communication tools in further depth. Ultimately, this work will inform the creation of pedagogical strategies to provide students with the skills needed to effectively communicate design solutions and intent.
APPLICATION OF DOMAIN INTEGRATED DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR BIO-INSPIRED DESIGN- A CASE STUDY OF SUTURE PIN DESIGN
Authors: Velivela Pavan Tejaswi , Letov Nikita , Liu Yuan , Zhao Yaoyao Fiona
Published: August 2021

This paper investigates the design and development of bio-inspired suture pins that would reduce the insertion force and thereby reducing the pain in the patients. Inspired by kingfisher's beak and porcupine quills, the conceptual design of the suture pin is developed by using a unique ideation methodology that is proposed in this research. The methodology is named as Domain Integrated Design, which involves in classifying bio-inspired structures into various domains. There is little work done on such bio-inspired multifunctional aspect. In this research we have categorized the vast biological functionalities into domains namely, cellular structures, shapes, cross-sections, and surfaces. Multi-functional bio-inspired structures are designed by combining different domains. In this research, the hypothesis is verified by simulating the total deformation of tissue and the needle at the moment of puncture. The results show that the bio-inspired suture pin has a low deformation on the tissue at higher velocities at the puncture point and low deformation in its own structure when an axial force (reaction force) is applied to its tip. This makes the design stiff and thus require less force of insertion.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT METHODS IN VIRTUAL REALITY
Authors: Balzerkiewitz Hans-Patrick , Stechert Carsten
Published: August 2021

The aim of this paper is to show to how far VR technology can help in the implementation of methods in product development. First, an overview of the product development approach and VR technology is given. Then, an evaluation scheme is developed to examine product development methods for their VR suitability. Finally, the results are evaluated and recommendations for future research are given.
REVIEW OF DESIGN HEURISTICS AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Authors: Valjak Filip , Lindwall Angelica
Published: August 2021

The advent of additive manufacturing (AM) in recent years have had a significant impact on the design process. Because of new manufacturing technology, a new area of research emerged – Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) with newly developed design support methods and tools. This paper looks into the current status of the field regarding the conceptual design of AM products, with the focus on how literature sources treat design heuristics and design principles in the context of DfAM. To answer the research question, a systematic literature review was conducted. The results are analysed, compared and discussed on three main points: the definition of the design heuristics and the design principles, level of support they provide, as well as where and how they are used inside the design process. The paper highlights the similarities and differences between design heuristics and design principles in the context of DfAM.
SUPPORT-FREE METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: A STRUCTURED REVIEW ON THE STATE OF THE ART IN ACADEMIA AND INDUSTRY
Authors: Weber Sebastian , Montero Joaquin , Bleckmann Matthias , Paetzold Kristin
Published: August 2021

Especially in the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) technology for metals, current manufacturing systems require the use of support structure to withstand recoater forces and lower thermal induced stresses. These support structures set limitations on the design freedom and affect the surface quality, part cost and lead-time in an undesirable manner. Complex parts, which were not possible with conventional manufacturing methods, can be produced without these limitations. While some companies claim to print parts with horizontal overhangs without the use of support structure, academic research seems to deal with these limitations by defining design guidelines rather than eliminating them. In order to highlight the discrepancies between academia and industry, a structured review is presented. As result, severe differences in knowledge were discovered, which might emerge from the use of unconstrained cutting-edge systems in industry. Eventually support-free L-PBF is not yet fully developed, but the use of support structure can be drastically reduced by optimizing the build process.
SURFACE ROUGHNESS CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING - A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Obilanade Didunoluwa , Dordlofva Christo , Törlind Peter
Published: August 2021

One often-cited benefit of using metal additive manufacturing (AM) is the possibility to design and produce complex geometries that suit the required function and performance of end-use parts. In this context, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is one suitable AM process. Due to accessibility issues and cost-reduction potentials, such ‘complex’ LPBF parts should utilise net-shape manufacturing with minimal use of post-process machining. The inherent surface roughness of LPBF could, however, impede part performance, especially from a structural perspective and in particular regarding fatigue. Engineers must therefore understand the influence of surface roughness on part performance and how to consider it during design. This paper presents a systematic literature review of research related to LPBF surface roughness. In general, research focuses on the relationship between surface roughness and LPBF build parameters, material properties, or post-processing. Research on design support on how to consider surface roughness during design for AM is however scarce. Future research on such supports is therefore important given the effects of surface roughness highlighted in other research fields.
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CHANGING VEHICLE EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS AND RELEVANT VEHICLE PROPORTIONS
Authors: Holder Daniel
Published: August 2021

For the user perception of vehicles and consequently the success of automobile design, the body layout and especially the proportions of vehicles are pivotal. In the present study, the SAE main dimensions length (L108), wheelbase (L101), height (H100) and width (W103) of 697 vehicles from different OEMs were examined. The analysis reveals a tendency of increasing length, wheelbase and especially width of vehicles in recent years. Regarding the ratios of these dimensions there are clear correlations, as revealed by an analysis with linear regression. We find particular strong synchrony in the increases of the pairs W103 - L108 and L101 - L108 and lesser so between the ratio E = L108/L101 and the vehicle length. The latter can be explained by vehicles with a high L108 being less compact, i.e. the proportion E increases. Finally, it is discussed whether technological changes lead to revolutionary or evolutionary changes in dimensions. The historical development and the moderate proportional changes of BEVs indicate a measurable but evolutionary development. In contrast, disruptive technologies such as automated driving can significantly change the vehicle layout and thus encourage a more revolutionary change in proportions.
SYSTEMS APPROACHES TO HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS DESIGN AND CARE DELIVERY: AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Komashie Alexander , Hinrichs-Krapels Saba , Clarkson P. John
Published: August 2021

The healthcare sector is facing significant challenges that require a systems approach, resulting in a rapid growth in the application of systems approaches in healthcare since the beginning of the 21st century. Consequently, healthcare practitioners and policymakers now desire to understand the evidence-base for the approach, but little evidence of the kind desired exists. This paper is a first step in conducting a narrative review of the application of systems approaches in healthcare based on a systematic review of the academic and grey literature. First, the emergence of the approach in healthcare is explored. Second, specific examples of applications of systems approaches in healthcare are examined to identify any missing elements in current practice. Third, fourteen reviews of the approach in healthcare published in the last ten years are analysed. The results suggest that the use of the approach in healthcare will most likely continue to increase, however, significant work remains for the design and systems community to demonstrate the effectiveness of systems approaches, specifically in providing convincing measures of impact on patient and service outcomes.
TEACHING EXPERIMENTS FOR ENGINEERING EDUCATION BASED ON CLOUD CAD SOFTWARE
Authors: Gaha Raoudha , Nicolet Pierre-Marie , Bricogne Matthieu , Eynard Benoit
Published: August 2021

Today we live a high increasing digitalization in industry 4.0. As part of the evolution of CAD solutions on the market, there is a particular interest in new generation software which are distributed as Software-as-a- Service (SaaS) such as Onshape, 3D Experience, Fusion 360, etc. In order to prepare engineering students for integrating such software within the Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), a further practicing study is carried out in this paper. This study aims to identify, analyze, experiment, evaluate and compare the capacities of Cloud-based CAD solutions on the market and in scientific research work in order to define potential benefits for their implementation in mechanical engineering education. Therefore, we tested two use scenarios of the two Cloud-based software; Onshape and Fusion 360 on a case study. Then, we discussed the comparison results.
TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BRAIN ACTIVATION DURING THREE CONCEPT GENERATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: Milovanovic Julie , Hu Mo , Shealy Tripp , Gero John
Published: August 2021

The research presented in this paper explores features of temporal design neurocognition by comparing regions of activation in the brain during concept generation. A total of 27 engineering graduate students used brainstorming, morphological analysis, and TRIZ to generate concepts to design problems. Students' brain activation in their prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Temporal activations were compared between techniques. When using brainstorming and morphological analysis, highly activated regions are consistently situated in the medial and right part of the PFC over time. For both techniques, the temporal neuro-physiological patterns are similar. Cognitive functions associated to the medial and right part of the PFC suggest an association with divergent thinking and adaptative decision making. In contrast, highly activated regions over time when using TRIZ appear in the medial or the left part of the prefrontal cortex, usually associated with goal directed planning.
TEN TRANSFORM EMERGENCY NOW! - FACING COVID 19 WITH OPEN AND FRUGAL INNOVATION
Authors: Dosi Clio , Cocchi Nicolò , Vignoli Matteo
Published: August 2021

Against a pandemic, speed is crucial, and open innovation (OI) helps to empower the human capital distributed around the world to tackle the disease and to launch rapid testing of possible solutions. This article aims at showing an OI program - called “TEN” Transform Emergency Now! - ideated and developed by the University of Bologna to identify, design, and implement useful solutions to tackle specific issues coming from pandemics. With an action research-innovation management approach, the University developed two iterations to identify what elements to take into account to define a program that works for this effort. In TEN, Frugal Innovation (FI) principles were injected in a 10 days hackathon to favor the use of locally available resources and raw materials and exclude non-essential features. Results show that Frugality can become an element of OI by (1) pushing the team towards basic functionality and minimal features of the solutions and low-cost implementation. (2) Designing, in parallel with the solution, an ‘implementation network’, with a specific process design and program's organizational perspective. We believe that TEN has the potential to be an OI approach designed for emergencies.
THE AGE OF DESIGN - HOW USERS PERCEIVE THE CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER WITHIN AUTOMOBILE GENERATIONS
Authors: Kiessling Jonathan Max , Kern Franziska , Reichelt Florian , Holder Daniel , Maier Thomas
Published: August 2021

The vehicle exterior design conveys a variety of visual information. Among these are the brand identity, assumed characteristics, and the vehicle's age or newness. While previous research focusses mainly on the first two attributes, we broaden the perspective by examining the age perception for vehicle model portfolios across brands.

Information of age is embedded not only in branding but also in the entirety of a vehicle's exterior design features. Therefore, this paper examines how participants of a self-reported study perceive individual models inside successive product portfolios without typical branding. The stimulus patterns were derived from 12 different series of BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi and edited accordingly. A total of 67 models from the years 1968 to 2019 were presented and evaluated in terms of perceived age, model and brand recognition.

The results show that most vehicles are perceived as newer than their actual age, successive model generations are clearly distinguishable and participants were able to sort all models in their correct chronological order. Finally, design-related age perception and knowledge-based age perception are introduced as possible underlying concepts of the visual perception of product age.
THE DARK SIDE OF METHODS – AN EXPLORATION OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF METHOD USE AND METHOD REFLECTION IN DESIGN
Authors: Hjartarson Björgvin , Daalhuizen Jaap , Gustafsson Karoline Fogh
Published: August 2021

The proper use of methods is increasingly important as design challenges are more complex and involve more stakeholders. Such work also demands high reflective ability from designers. Reflective thought processes do not necessary produce positive outcomes for the process and the individual involved. Positive reflection is goal oriented while negative reflection is typically self-oriented. In design education, reflection by students is often treated as rather trivial or only rudimentary support is offered. Research in cognitive science shows that poor reflection can hurt students' well-being, abilities and confidence over time. Thus, there is a need to better understand method use and reflection in design education more specifically when done poorly. We take a theory-building approach and interviewed 12 design students and recent graduates and investigated instances of method use where these led to negative experiences and effects. In doing so, we show different types of negative experiences that students have when using methods, the effects that these experiences have and how they relate to problematic use of methods and poor reflection practices. We end with implications for design education and design research.
TOWARDS A RESILIENCE ASSURANCE MODEL FOR ROBOTIC AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
Authors: Campean Felician , Kabir Sohag , Dao Cuong , Zhang Qichun , Eckert Claudia
Published: August 2021

Applications of autonomous systems are becoming increasingly common across the field of engineered systems from cars, drones, manufacturing systems and medical devices, addressing prevailing societal changes, and, increasingly, consumer demand. Autonomous systems are expected to self-manage and self-certify against risks affecting the mission, safety and asset integrity. While significant progress has been achieved in relation to the modelling of safety and safety assurance of autonomous systems, no similar approach is available for resilience that integrates coherently across the cyber and physical parts. This paper presents a comprehensive discussion of resilience in the context of robotic autonomous systems, covering both resilience by design and resilience by reaction, and proposes a conceptual model of a system of learning for resilience assurance in a continuous product development framework. The resilience assurance model is proposed as a composable digital artefact, underpinned by a rigorous model-based resilience analysis at the system design stage, and dynamically monitored and continuously updated at run time in the system operation stage, with machine learning based knowledge extraction and validation.
TRACING THE EMERGENCE OF DESIGN PROBLEMS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE COMPLEXITY OF ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
Authors: Beernaert Torben , Etman Pascal , De Bock Maarten , Classen Ivo , De Baar Marco
Published: August 2021

The design of ITER, a large-scale nuclear fusion reactor, is intertwined with profound research and development efforts. Tough problems call for novel solutions, but the low maturity of those solutions can lead to unexpected problems. If designers keep solving such emergent problems in iterative design cycles, the complexity of the resulting design is bound to increase. Instead, we want to show designers the sources of emergent design problems, so they may be dealt with more effectively. We propose to model the interplay between multiple problems and solutions in a problem network. Each problem and solution is then connected to a dynamically changing engineering model, a graph of physical components. By analysing the problem network and the engineering model, we can (1) derive which problem has emerged from which solution and (2) compute the contribution of each design effort to the complexity of the evolving engineering model. The method is demonstrated for a sequence of problems and solutions that characterized the early design stage of an optical subsystem of ITER.
TRANSFORMING DATA INTO ADDED-VALUE INFORMATION: THE DESIGN OF SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT MODELS THROUGH THE LENS OF DESIGN THEORY
Authors: Barbier Raphaëlle , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoit
Published: August 2021

Transforming data into added-value information is a recurrent issue in the context of “big data” phenomenon, as new sources of data become increasingly available. This paper proposes to offer a fresh look on how data and added-value information are linked through the design of specific models. This investigation is based on design theory, used as an analysis framework, and on a historical example in the Earth science field. It aims at unveiling the reasoning logic behind the design process of models combining data science and domain knowledge in specific ways, especially involving not only knowledge about the physical phenomena but also on the measuring instrument itself. More specifically, this paper shows how specific efforts on exploring the originality of the new instrument compared to existing ones can result in designing performant models to transform new sources of data into information. This also suggests several important competencies to be involved in the model-design process: (1) a detailed understanding of the limitations of existing models (2) the ability to explore both the originality of the new source of data compared to existing ones (3) the ability of leveraging independent data sources.
TRANSPARENCY OF DESIGN AUTOMATION SYSTEMS USING VISUAL PROGRAMMING – WITHIN THE MECHANICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Authors: Heikkinen Tim
Published: August 2021

One challenge with design automation is system transparency with adjustable granularity because of the many different forms of representation from multiple disciplines. Previous research has focused on visualization through the generation of graphs, packaging into electronic books, and model highlighting. The research presented in this paper focuses instead on a visual programming approach, commonly applied in the building industry, where design assets and external references are wrapped into visual components and managed on a canvas with information input/output relations displayed. This entails additional documentation efforts, but the visualization is arguably more useful as groups and levels of granularity are adjusted by the engineers themselves as a part of the development work. To explore visual programming and its potential benefits as a way of enabling transparency with adjustable granularity of DA systems within mechanical manufacturing industry, an existing textual design automation system was transformed into a visual one using Grasshopper® (a visual programming environment) and discussed with respect to DA system transparency, feature-based CAD, and DA system development.
USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS IN DISTRIBUTED PRODUCT DESIGN STUDENT TEAMS
Authors: Horvat Nikola , Becattini Niccolò , Škec Stanko
Published: August 2021

This paper analyses the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in a distributed product design project-based learning (PBL). The paper presents the ICT use of five international student teams during three product design phases: identification of opportunities, conceptual design, embodiment design. General results show that student teams used around 30 different ICTs for both taskwork and teamwork. Students reported that they used previously known ICTs or ICTs properly introduced to them during the initial course workshop. Results also show that team members often work individually on their tasks and use various procedures to share their results. Also, teams conduct some activities synchronously, suggesting the need for teams to have a collaborative workspace. Cloud-based collaborative ICTs (e.g. whiteboard, computer-aided design, document editor, task management) showed huge potential for individual and team tasks. Hence, educators and teams should carefully consider which ICTs to implement and learn, as it might greatly impact the execution of the product design PBL course.
USING MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR NEED-BASED AND CONSISTENT SUPPORT OF THE DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: Husung Stephan , Weber Christian , Mahboob Atif , Kleiner Sven
Published: August 2021

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an efficient approach to support product development in order to meet today's challenges. The MBSE approach includes methods and, above all, modelling approaches of the technical system with the aim of continuous use in development. The objective of this paper is to use the potential of the MBSE models and to show the added value of such models on the system level when used as a single source. With this objective, this paper presents a three-step approach to systematically identify and apply meaningful modelling approaches within MBSE, based on the needs during the development process. Furthermore, an FMEA example is included in this paper to elaborate the use of MBSE in the system failure analysis.
VIRTUAL BRAINSTORMING AND CREATIVITY: AN ANALYSIS OF MEASURES, AVATARS, ENVIRONMENTS, INTERFACES, AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Gong Zhengya , Nanjappan Vijayakumar , Soomro Sohail Ahmed , Georgiev Georgi V.
Published: August 2021

How to enhance creativity, especially by applying new technologies to creativity methods, is a question posed continuously by researchers. One reason for this is that creativity is an important part of people's daily lives and an essential component of society. Therefore, many methods to enhance creativity have been created, especially brainstorming, which is one of the most popular and effective tools that inspire individuals to generate ideas, hence enhancing creativity. Moreover, technologies, such as virtual reality (VR), provide an opportunity for individuals and groups to be creative. In response, recent studies have adopted VR in brainstorming to enhance creativity. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of experimental approaches and creativity measures employed in this context. Addressing this question, this study categorized existing articles on the topic related to categories of avatars, environments, interfaces, or applications. The findings elaborate on trends, measures employed to evaluate creativity and idea generation, identified categories, and results of these studies.
WHAT IS GENERATIVE IN GENERATIVE DESIGN TOOLS? UNCOVERING TOPOLOGICAL GENERATIVITY WITH A C-K MODEL OF EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS
Authors: Hatchuel Armand , Le Masson Pascal , Thomas Maxime , Weil Benoit
Published: August 2021

Generative design (GD) algorithms is a fast growing field. From the point of view of Design Science, this fast growth leads to wonder what exactly is 'generated' by GD algorithms and how? In the last decades, advances in design theory enabled to establish conditions and operators that characterize design generativity. Thus, it is now possible to study GD algorithms with the lenses of Design Science in order to reach a deeper and unified understanding of their generative techniques, their differences and, if possible, find new paths for improving their generativity.

In this paper, first, we rely on C-K ttheory to build a canonical model of GD, based independent of the field of application of the algorithm. This model shows that GD is generative if and only if it builds, not one single artefact, but a “topology of artefacts” that allows for design constructability, covering strategies, and functional comparability of designs. Second, we use the canonical model to compare four well documented and most advanced types of GD algorithms. From these cases, it appears that generating a topology enables the analyses of interdependences and the design of resilience.
WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL PROTOTYPING? INSIGHTS FROM NOVICE DESIGNERS’ SELF-EVALUATION OF PROTOTYPING SUCCESS
Authors: Hansen Camilla Arndt , Martins Pacheco Nuno Miguel , Özkil Ali Gürcan , Zimmermann Markus
Published: August 2021

Prototyping is essential for fuzzy front-end product development. The prototyping process answers questions about critical assumptions and supports design decisions, but it is often unstructured and context-dependent. Previously, we showed how to guide novice designers in early development stages with prototyping milestones. Here, we studied the prototyping success perceived by novice design teams. This was done in two steps: (1) teams were asked to assign each prototype to a milestone, a specific purpose, a fidelity level, and a human-centered design lens, and then evaluate the success using a predefined set of criteria. (2) Teams were interviewed about the success of the prototyping process, this time using self-chosen criteria. Results related to (1) show that teams perceived prototyping activities with respect to desirability and problem validation significantly less successful than prototyping activities towards feasibility and solution validation. Results related to (2) show that teams mostly chose success criteria related to how well prototypes supported communication, decision making, learning, and tangibility. This insight may be used to give priorities to further improvement of methods and guidance in these areas.
ZOOMING IN ON PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEM ECODESIGNING: A NOVEL ANALYSIS APPROACH AND APPLICATION TO A CASE INVOLVING EXPERIENCED PRACTITIONERS
Authors: Neramballi Abhijna , Sakao Tomohiko
Published: August 2021

In this article, we introduce a protocol analysis-based approach to analyze the cognitive characteristics of conceptual ecodesigning of product-service systems (PSSs). We initially present a novel and generic model to represent the lifecycle stages of solutions offered by industry and we contextualize it to PSS based offerings. Based on this representation of the PSS lifecycle stages and that of its architecture, we propose a multi-level coding scheme and a protocol analysis-based approach to analyze the distribution of designers' cognitive effort on the following three dimensions: i) different lifecycle stages, ii) different aspects of PSS architecture and iii) ecodesign activities and environmental issues. We applied this approach to analyze a conceptual PSS ecodesign case, performed in a laboratory setting by a pair of experienced practitioners. The results clearly indicate the evidence of quantitative differences in the distribution of the designers' cognitive effort on the different dimensions of PSS ecodesigning and thus, confirms the applicability and utility of the proposed approach.
CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES: A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT RESEARCH STREAMS
Authors: Trevisan Adriana Hofmann , Zacharias Isabela Simões , Liu Qinglan , Yang Miying , Mascarenhas Janaina
Published: August 2021

The interest in the Circular Economy (CE) has grown in recent years. Digital technologies (DTs) have demonstrated a potential synergy to achieve circular goals at the micro, meso, and macro-level. Although several studies in literature explore DTs and CE linkage, they have not been identified according to their primary research themes. This paper aims to identify the main research streams addressing CE and DTs. From a Systematic Literature Review and Content Analysis, we reviewed 40 articles and classified three primary research streams. (1) Industry 4.0 (I4.0) focuses on the relevance and role of I4.0 in the transition to a CE. (2) The Business research stream evaluated the connection between digital transformation and business. (3) The Sustainability research stream discusses sustainability issues such as waste management and smart cities. Based on the analyzed studies' purposes and gaps, we provide a research agenda for further research. Additionally, we explain the implications of DTs and CE to research on engineering design. Our paper guides researchers in their future research to focus on gaps that have not been answered and position their studies according to their research streams.
CITIZEN PROFILES OF RESIDUAL WASTE SEPARATION BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Kamoen Ceri , Karahanoglu Armagan
Published: August 2021

The impact of human behaviour on climate change is getting more apparent every day. Citizens are encouraged and sometimes forced to change their waste separation behaviour to reduce their effect on this global challenge. One way to achieve this is to reduce the amount of fine and bulky residual waste that ends in landfill or is incinerated. Studies show that this can be achieved by active, efficient, and correct household participation. Multiple intervention strategies are being tried out, while the European Union statistics show that the numbers are not at the desired level yet. To improve the waste separation practices, understanding the motivation and drivers of (correct) waste separation behaviour is of high importance for the current strategies' success. In this paper, based on the Self-Determination Theory, we propose "citizen-profiling" framework, which consists of six citizen profiles, that illustrates citizens' motivations and drivers of residual waste separation behaviour. We end this paper, with discussions on motivating the citizens to contribute to waste separation actively.
CREATION OF DIGITAL TWINS - KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL TO VIRTUAL TWINNING IN MECHATRONIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sturm Carolin , Steck Michael , Bremer Frank , Revfi Sven , Nelius Thomas , Gwosch Thomas , Albers Albert , Matthiesen Sven
Published: August 2021

Due to the falling costs of computational resources and the increasing potential of data acquisition, interest in digital twins, a virtual copy of the physical original, and their industrial application is increasing. Nevertheless, there is limited published work on how to support the process of physical to virtual twinning and what its key aspects are. The aim of this study is to present insights with regards to physical to virtual twinning gained from modelling projects in mechatronic product development. We conducted a survey and in-depth interviews with members of modelling projects. In the surveys and interviews we identified how physical products and virtual models were linked, which virtual models were used and which general challenges and key aspects are considered important by the project members. Our findings show that the key characteristics that pose challenges to modelling regarding physical to virtual twinning are model granularity, model validation, and model integration and interconnectivity.
A DESIGN RATIONALE ANALYSIS METHOD TOWARDS ROBUST ARTIFACT DESIGN
Authors: Tsutsui Yusuke , Mitake Yuya , Sholihah Mar'atus , Hosono Shigeru , Shimomura Yoshiki
Published: August 2021

To design a more robust artifact, an artifact design based on a design rationale analysis is pivotal. Errors in previous design rationales that led to the degradation of artifact robustness in the past provide valuable knowledge towards improving the robust design. However, methods for exposing and analysing errors in design rationale remain unclear. This paper proposes a structured method for a design rationale analysis based on logical structuring. This method provides a well-constructed means of identifying and analysing errors in design rationale from the perspective of knowledge operation.
DECOMPOSITION AND RECOMPOSITION STRATEGIES OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING DESIGN TEAMS
Authors: Milovanovic Julie , Gero John , Becker Kurt
Published: August 2021

Designers faced with complex design problems use decomposition strategies to tackle manageable sub-problems. Recomposition strategies aims at synthesizing sub-solutions into a unique design proposal. Design theory describes the design process as a combination of decomposition and recomposition strategies. In this paper, we explore dynamic patterns of decomposition and recomposition strategies of design teams. Data were collected from 9 teams of professional engineers. Using protocol analysis, we examined the dominance of decomposition and recomposition strategies over time and the correlations between each strategy and design processes such as analysis, synthesis, evaluation. We expected decomposition strategies to peak early in the design process and decay overtime. Instead, teams maintain decomposition and recomposition strategies consistently during the design process. We observed fast iteration of both strategies over a one hour-long design session. The research presented provides an empirical foundation to model the behaviour of professional engineering teams, and first insights to refine theoretical understanding of the use decomposition and recomposition strategies in design practice.
DEEPER COMPREHENSION OF BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THROUGH SERIOUS GAME
Authors: Kozderka Michal , Rose Bertrand
Published: August 2021

During the last three decades we observe growing use of ecodesign, but we observe also misuse of ecodesign methods, leading often to time and financial loss. In coherence with several failure analysis and with our observation, we base our work on a hypothesis: Misuse of ecodesign is often caused by lack of basic comprehension of environmental issues: Non linearity of the processes, their inertia and their excessive costs.

Building on this hypothesis, we decided to enhance our education program with an innovative serious game. The goal is to achieve comprehension of the basic environmental issues. Innovation of the game lies in revealing to students at the end of the game, that the fictive initial situation of the game corresponded to a starting point of a real catastrophe. Students can thus not only compare their decisions with those of real leaders, but also to understand how and why bad decisions were taken.

Experiments indicate that students who played the game tend to evaluate environmental problems, while those who followed a lecture tend to describe them. This trend (going further than to a description) seems to be useful in decision making and in deployment of ecodesign methods.
Crossing Over: Majority Party Control Affects Legislator Behavior and the Agenda
Authors: NAPOLIO NICHOLAS G. , GROSE CHRISTIAN R.
Published: August 2021

Does majority party control cause changes in legislative policy making? We argue that majority party floor control affects legislator behavior and agenda control. Leveraging a natural experiment where nearly one tenth of a legislature’s members died within the same legislative session, we are able to identify the effect of majority party floor control on the legislative agenda and on legislator choices. Previous correlational work has found mixed evidence of party effects, especially in the mid-twentieth century. In contrast, we find that majority party control leads to (1) changes in the agenda and (2) changes in legislators’ revealed preferences. These effects are driven by changes in numerical party majorities on the legislative floor. The effects are strongest with Republican and nonsouthern Democratic legislators. The effects are also more pronounced on the first (economic) than the second (racial) dimension. Additional correlational evidence across 74 years adds external validity to our exogenous evidence.
Factorial and discriminant analysis on non-carcass components of Berganês lambs from different sexual classes and crossbreeding
Authors: Silva Filho José Renaldo Vilar da , Moura Neto João Bandeira de , Santos Lays Thayse Alves dos , Ferreira Clebson Oliveira , Rodrigues Rafael Torres de Souza , Arandas Janaina Kelli Gomes , Ribeiro Maria Norma , Voltolini Tadeu Vinhas
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the non-carcass components (NCC) of Berganês ecotype lambs of different sexual classes and genotypes using univariate and multivariate statistics, carrying out two experimental trials. In order to evaluate the effects of the sexual class, non-castrated males (BNC), castrated males (BC) and females (BF) of Berganês ecotype lambs were used, with mean initial body weight of 27 ± 3.1 kg. To evaluate crossbreeding, non-castrated male lambs of the genotypes Berganês (BG), Berganês × Santa Inês (BSI) and Berganês × Dorper (BD) were used, as well as the control Dorper × Santa Inês (DSI), all with mean initial body weight of 28 ± 3.8 kg. The weight and yield of the total by-products was higher for BNC. Regarding the genotype, BSI showed higher weight and yield of internal fat, but the weight and yield of the total by-products was higher for BG and BD. In factorial analysis (FA), the NCC, more correlated with empty body weight (EBW) and total weight gain (TWG), showed higher eigenvectors for factor 1. For factor 2, the weights and yields of internal fat and total viscera obtained higher eigenvectors. The discriminant analysis (DA) classified 100% of individuals in their respective sexes and genotypes. Therefore, the FA indicated that, among the NCC evaluated, the weights of liver, kidneys, GIT, skin and feets are determinant for obtaining EBW and TWG. The classification achieved by the DA indicates that the sexual classes and genotypes are heterogeneous.
The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 on the hearing system
Authors: Gedik Ö , Hüsam H , Başöz M , Tas N , Aksoy F
Published: August 2021

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate different auditory regions with audiological tests, based on the presumption that there may be damage to the structures in the hearing system after coronavirus disease 2019.

Methods

Twenty individuals with no history of coronavirus disease 2019 and 27 individuals diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 were compared. Pure tone, speech and extended high-frequency audiometry, acoustic immitansmetry, transient evoked and distortion product otoacoustic emissions testing, and auditory brainstem response testing were conducted.

Results

The pure tone audiometry and extended high-frequency mean threshold values were higher in the coronavirus disease 2019 group. The transient evoked otoacoustic emissions signal-to-noise ratios were bilaterally lower at 4 kHz in individuals with a coronavirus disease 2019 history. In the auditory brainstem response test, only the interpeak latencies of waves III–V were significantly different between groups.

Conclusion

Coronavirus disease 2019 may cause damage to the hearing system. Patients should be followed up in the long term with advanced audiological evaluation methods in order to determine the extent and level of damage.
Risk of suicide in patients who present to hospital after self-cutting according to site of injury: findings from the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England
Authors: Geulayov Galit , Casey Deborah , Bale Elizabeth , Brand Fiona , Clements Caroline , Farooq Bushra , Kapur Nav , Ness Jennifer , Waters Keith , Patel Anita , Hawton Keith
Published: August 2021

Background

We compared the risk of death by suicide following hospital presentation for self-harm according to site of self-cut/stab.

Method

We included 54 999 self-harm presentations (involving 31 419 individuals) to hospitals in the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England (1/1/2004–31/12/2014), with mortality follow-up to 31/12/2019. Information on method of self-harm was obtained through monitoring in hospitals. Information about mortality was obtained through linkage with NHS Digital. We assessed the association of site of self-cut with death by suicide using mixed effect models.

Results

In total, 10 790 (19.6%) hospital presentations involved self-cutting/stabbing, 7489 of which (69.4%) were due to laceration to the arm/wrist alone, 1846 episodes (17.1%) involved cutting elsewhere on the body, and 1455 (13.5%) were due to laceration to unknown site. Controlling for confounders, presentation to a hospital following self-cut/stab to bodily parts other than wrist/arm was associated with greater chance of subsequent suicide relative to presentation after self-poisoning alone [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–2.96, p = 0.038]. The likelihood of suicide after presentation for cutting/stabbing the wrist/arm alone was comparable to that of patients who had self-poisoned alone. Presentations after laceration involving the neck were associated with a four-fold greater chance of subsequent suicide relative to self-poisoning (aOR 4.09, 95% CI 1.80–9.30, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Patients who attend hospital after self-cutting/stabbing are a heterogeneous group in terms of characteristics, methods of cutting/stabbing and risk of subsequent suicide. Risk of suicide is greater in individuals who self-cut/stab to parts of the body other than the wrist or arm, especially the neck.
Deep learning: a statistical viewpoint
Authors: Bartlett Peter L. , Montanari Andrea , Rakhlin Alexander
Published: August 2021

The remarkable practical success of deep learning has revealed some major surprises from a theoretical perspective. In particular, simple gradient methods easily find near-optimal solutions to non-convex optimization problems, and despite giving a near-perfect fit to training data without any explicit effort to control model complexity, these methods exhibit excellent predictive accuracy. We conjecture that specific principles underlie these phenomena: that overparametrization allows gradient methods to find interpolating solutions, that these methods implicitly impose regularization, and that overparametrization leads to benign overfitting, that is, accurate predictions despite overfitting training data. In this article, we survey recent progress in statistical learning theory that provides examples illustrating these principles in simpler settings. We first review classical uniform convergence results and why they fall short of explaining aspects of the behaviour of deep learning methods. We give examples of implicit regularization in simple settings, where gradient methods lead to minimal norm functions that perfectly fit the training data. Then we review prediction methods that exhibit benign overfitting, focusing on regression problems with quadratic loss. For these methods, we can decompose the prediction rule into a simple component that is useful for prediction and a spiky component that is useful for overfitting but, in a favourable setting, does not harm prediction accuracy. We focus specifically on the linear regime for neural networks, where the network can be approximated by a linear model. In this regime, we demonstrate the success of gradient flow, and we consider benign overfitting with two-layer networks, giving an exact asymptotic analysis that precisely demonstrates the impact of overparametrization. We conclude by highlighting the key challenges that arise in extending these insights to realistic deep learning settings.
Histomorphology of the Malpighian Tubules and the Chemical Composition of the Spherocrystals in the Tubule Epithelial Cells of AdultLeptophyes albovittata(Kollar, 1833) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Amutkan Mutlu Damla , Polat Irmak , Suludere Zekiye
Published: August 2021

In insects, the number, cytological and histological structures, and the spherocrystals of the Malpighian tubules (MTs) can vary considerably in different insect groups. These differences are considered important because they can be used as taxonomic characters. For this purpose, the ultrastructure of the MT epithelial cells inLeptophyes albovittata(Kollar, 1833) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) was examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The wall of each tubule consists of a single layer of cells. These cells have round-shaped nuclei. Two different cell types were demonstrated in the tubule cell. These are cells that have electron-dense cytoplasm and electron-lucent cytoplasm. It was observed that the cytoplasm of these cells has many spherocrystals. The chemical composition of the spherocrystals was found to be high in carbon, phosphorus, and manganese in tubule cells.
CME/Antworten: Disulfiram-Ethanol-Reaktion (DER): erkennen und verhindern
Authors: Hüsser Luzia , Eis Doris
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Disulfiram (Antabus®) wird als Aversiv-Therapeutikum zur Rückfallprophylaxe bei Alkoholabhängigkeit eingesetzt. Gleichzeitiger Alkoholkonsum kann eine Disulfiram-Ethanol-Reaktion (DER) mit mildem bis schwerem vegetativem Symptomkomplex auslösen. Die Antizipation einer solchen Reaktion soll bei den Betroffenen Alkoholkonsum vermeiden, eine fehlende Abstinenz kann jedoch lebensbedrohlich werden. Rasches Erkennen einer DER im klinischen Alltag, umgehendes Monitoring und supportive Therapie sind angesichts einer fehlenden Antidot-Therapie entscheidend. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, das klinische Bild, eine angemessene Differenzialdiagnostik und eine Entscheidungsgrundlage bezüglich therapeutischem Einsatz von Disulfiram aufzuzeigen.