bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF POPULATION INCOMES IN THE MURMANSK REGION: TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS
Authors:   Luzin  Institute  for  Economic  Studies,  Federal  Research  Centre “Kola  Science  Centre  of  Russian Academy of Sciences”, Chapargina A. N.
Published: March 2021

Incomes are an indicator of the population living standard and a source for meeting various needs. The article is devoted to analysis of population incomes in one of the Arctic regions of Russia —the Murmansk region. For the region, the problem of increasing population incomes is especially acute due to harsh natural and climatic conditions and high living cost. The paper aims to analyze, systematize and evaluate the specifics of the formation, levels and dynamics, as well as differentiation of population incomes in the Murmanskregion in 2000–2019, to identify trends in incomes, as well as determinants influencing incomes formation in this Arctic region. The study was based on the methods of analysis and synthesis of statistical information, grouping, generalization and comparison. The analysis of relevant statistical data made it possible to reveal and compare trends in population incomes both in the Russian Federation and in the Murmansk region over the last two decades. For the country as a whole the main trends include slowing down growth rates of average per capita income, the persisting high level of income differentiation, decrease in share of income received from entrepreneurship and property. The main trends in changing population incomes in the Murmansk region are identified and compared with the Russian ones. It is found that main trends in this region in the studied period are a slowdown in the growth rate of per capita income of the population with lower rates of income growth compared to the national average, decreasein real incomes, a downward trend in the purchasing power of incomes, decrease in poverty and smoothing the degree of population stratification. Also the determinants influencing formation of population incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are identified. First of all these are the effect of regional coefficients and northern allowances and the specific structure of the population's needs. Measures aimed at increasing population incomes and directions for building up a state policy regulatingpopulation incomes in the Murmansk region as an Arctic region are formulated. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the study can be used by the regional authorities for developing and correcting the socio-economic policy.
INFORMATIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF POPULATION`S INFORMATIONAL ACTIVITY IN THE SERVICE SECTOR IN THE MURMANSK REGION
Authors:   Luzin  Institute  for  Economic  Studies,  Federal  Research  Centre “Kola  Science  Centre  of  Russian Academy of Sciences”, Ivanova M. V. , Gilyarova Y. L. ,   Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences”, Atakina V. I. ,   Luzin  Institute  for  Economic  Studies,  Federal  Research  Centre “Kola  Science  Centre  of  Russian Academy of Sciences”
Published: March 2021

The article analyses the population`s informational activity, in this context defined as a factor of innovative culture determining the readiness andability of society to innovations, particularly in the field of services. The developmental issues of the informational society in the Russian Federation with regard to the population`s perception of services based on information and communication technologies (ICTs), were considered. Approaches to measuring informatization of the society by various international organizations are presented, which show that ICTs are one of the basic indicator characterizing economy’s and society`s innovation level in different countries. The stages of creating a specialized legal framework in the digital economy and informational area in Russia are studied. An overview of national projects with regard to the digitization of different activities in the regional context, is presented. The study shows that informatization, and its next stage (digitization) are currently determined as a significant factor of socio-economic development, but there is no uniform methodology for studying the digital society. As the digital society in both global and national scales has different levels of development, it is rather difficult, to measure the impact of informational technologies on the newlife quality, and to define the limits of digital transformation. The results of the study on the population`s readiness in the Murmansk region to use informational technologies in everyday life (survey of the population aged from 18 to 74 was carried out), which identified the most popular spheres of using digital technologies in everyday life (from paperwork to shopping for clothes online) and the popularity of services provided, depending on the age of the respondents.
PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, STRUKTUR AKTIVA DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP STRUKTUR MODAL PADA PERUSAHAAN PROPERTI DAN REAL ESTATE YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI 2013-2017
Authors: Ariyanto Ariyanto
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to describe (1) the effect of profitability, asset structure and company size on capital structure simultaneously, (2) Effect of profitability on capital structure, (3) Effect of asset structure towards capital structure, (4) Effect of firm size on capital structure. This research belongs to the type of correlational research. The population in this study is the Property and Real Estate Services Company listed on the Stock Exchange in 2013-2017 which has a total assets of at least 10 trillion. To determine the sample, researchers use financial statement data. The research sample was obtained from financial data found at www.idx.com. The research population was 8 companies in 5 periods. The data analysis technique used is the classic assumption test, multiple regression test, simultaneous F test, t test and determination test.
PERAN GURU DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM
Authors: Dhani Rikha Rahmiyati
Published: March 2021

Kurikulum dalam suatu sistem pendidikan merupakan komponen yang amat penting. Kurikulum juga merupakan wahana belajar-mengajar yang dinamis sehingga perlu dinilai dan dikembangkan secara terus-menerus dan berkelanjutan sesuai dengan perkembangan yang ada dalam masyarakat. Guru bertugas melaksanakan pengajaran yang sebaik-baiknya, maka dengan hal itu guru juga bertanggung jawab melaksanakan, membina, dan mengembangkan kurikulum sekolahnya. Guru yang baik harus mampu membuat program belajar mengajar yang baik serta menilai dan melakukan pengayaan terhadap materi kurikulum yang telah digariskan.
PRAGMATICS FUNCTIONS OF PERLOCUTIONARY ACT IN LEVELED READING BOOK
Authors: Sebayang Juliantina -
Published: March 2021

Perlocutionary act is the result of the effect of an utterance. Perlocutionary act brings the hearer to learn something, persuade, deceive, encourage, irritate, frighten, amuse, get the hearer to do something, inspire, impress, distract, get the hearer to think about, relieve tension, embarrass, attract attention, bored. Perlocutionary act is a speech act spoken by a speaker to influence the interlocutors and can be found in the communication process. One form of communication process can be found in conversations between the characters in story from children’s reading book. Perlocutionary act is uttered with different pragmatic functions according to the context of the speech. The objectives of this journal are to describe the functions of perlocutionary act in levelled reading book. The journal approach used pragmatics and qualitative approach.Keyword : perlocutionary act, pragmatic function, levelled reading book
Semantic Analysis of Language Acquisition in Three Years Old Child
Authors: Rezeki Tri Indah , Sagala Rakhmat Wahyudin
Published: March 2021

Three years old children acquire language after their first language and it is influenced by two factors, namely physiological factors and psychological factors. Physiological factors include speech-producing organs such as mouth and brain function. Meanwhile, psychological factors include development cognitive of a child in the process of mastering his or her first language. This study was conducted to analyze the semantic analysis of language acquisition in 3 years old child. Specifically, it discussed about the errors of phonemes which were spoken by three years old child so that it can influence the meaning of the words  semantically. The results obtained indicated that language acquisition of child aged 3 years old was still in the process of development language that will become perfect as them get older. There are 14 words that were not appropriate semantically. Those words were often spoken by the child. The relation between semantics and language acquisition of 3 years old child were assessed still in the development stage according to her age.  Keywords: Language Acquisition; linguistics, Semantics; language development of three years old child
KECANDUAN INTERNET TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL DI ERA GENERASI MILENIAL
Authors: Simarmata Sari Wardani , Citra Yulia
Published: March 2021

Penggunaan internet secara berlebihan memiliki dampak negatif dalam keterampilan sosial, komunikasi dan akademik. Secara tidak langsung internet dapat menjadi sarana bagi individu yang memiliki keterampilan sosial yang rendah akan memilih interaksi secara online daripada interaksi secara langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kecanduan internet terhadap keterampilan sosial generasi milenial siswa kelas X SMK Putra Jaya Stabat Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian Kuantitatif deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 39 siswa dengan sampel sebanyak 39 orang siswa. Analisis data dengan menggunakan analisis regresi sederhana, dengan data normal dan homogen. Setelah dianalisis diperoleh hasil rhitung 0,239 <rtabel 0,308 maka dalam hal ini Ho diterima dan Ha ditolak berdasarkan hal tersebut dapat disimpulan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh kecanduan internet terhadap keterampilan sosial generasi milenial siswa kelas X SMK Putra Jaya Stabat Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020.
PENERAPAN PICTURE AND PICTURE TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN MATERI PERSAMAAN KEDUDUKAN WARGA NEGARA INDONESIA DAN BUDAYA PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKn SISWA KELAS X AP 3 SMK SWAKARYA BINJAI
Authors: Feronika Ema Sri , Manurung Ismail
Published: March 2021

Adapun tujuan   penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan  hasil belajar siswa  pada mata pelajaran PKn  dengan menerapkan Metode Pembelajaran Picture and Picture di kelas X AP  3 SMK  SWAKARYA BINJAI. Subjek  penelitian   ini adalah seluruh  siswa kelas X AP  3 SMK  SWAKARYA BINJAI yang berjumlah  34 orang.  Adapun  metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas.  Instrumen  penelitian ini terdiri d ari   lembar observasi,   dan lembaran tes. Data tes dianalisis  dengan menggunakan nilai  rata-rata dan persentase  ketuntasan   belajar,  sedangkan  data observasi  dianalisis dengan  rata-rata skor, skor tertinggi, skor terendah, selisih skor dan kisaran untuk tiap kriteria. Adapun temuan penelitian  ini adalah  aktivitas  guru pada siklus I  diperoleh rata-rata skor 30,5  dengan kriteria baik dan pada siklus II rata-rata  skor aktivitas  guru meningkat  menjadi 33  dengan kriteria baik.  Untuk aktivitas  siswa pada siklus I diperoleh rata-rata skor 23 dengan kriteria cukup dan pada siklus II   ratar-ata skor aktivitas  siswa meningkat menjadi  30,5 kemudian   untuk hasil data tes siklus I  mendapat nilai rata-rata 6,46 dengan  ketntuasan klasikal 50% dan untuk siklus II  diperoleh nilai rata-rata 8,06 dengan ketuntasan belajar  klasik 184,61%.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian  tersbeut dapat disimpulan   bahwa melalui metode  pembelajaran Picture and Picture  dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa serta dapat meningkatkan  aktivitas guru  dan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran  PKn khususnya  di kelas X AP  3 SMK  SWAKARYA BINJAI. Berdasrkan  hasil penerapan  dengan model pembelajaran  picture and picture  dapat dijadikan bahan acuan untuk mengadakan  peneltian selanjutnya dari sudut permasalahan   yang berbeda.  Selain itu dapat  diimplementasikan  sebagai bahan kajian   pendekatan pembelajaran  bagi guru  untuk diterapkan  di kelas X AP  3 SMK  SWAKARYA BINJAI sebagai  alternative model pembelajaran.
Duty and Defiance: Women in Community-based Armed Groups in West Africa
Authors: Thomas Jakana
Published: March 2021

This desk report explores how West African community-based armed groups (CBAGs) facilitate women’s engagement with politics, create avenues for female expressions of anger, commitment to community values and national identity, and enable women to push for change in their communities by opening spaces for female participation. Assessing the formal and informal contributions women make to armed community mobilization and hybrid security reveals opportunities for gender-specific engagement and cautions that unidimensional considerations of where and how women intersect with conflict and security have the potential to undermine violence reduction and post-conflict peacebuilding efforts.
Personality, Prosperity, Priority, Productivity, and Piety: Selecting Congregational Valued Lay Leaders
Authors: Cnaan Ram , Scott Marquisha
Published: March 2021

Religious congregations are community hubs of welfare and health services. They are known mostly for their spiritual and faith-based activities while being the largest providers of social care with the exception of social welfare services. Their leaders, the clergy, do not work alone. Members that work alongside clergy are essential for the congregation's functioning but are under-researched, which limits our understanding of the inner workings of local religious congregations. In this exploratory study, we surveyed clergy to assess the characteristics possessed by their most trusted congregants—the valued members. This study helps to better understand the organizational behavior and an overall understanding of congregational members, who work most closely with clergy. We used an online survey of clergy across religious traditions within the United States ( N=202), who provided personal data and described their valued members’ collective characteristics. Alongside our conceptual literature review, the findings identified five key groups: Personality, Prosperity, Priority, Productivity, and Piety. Overall, the valued members ranked highest were high on productivity and lowest on prosperity. We also found differences between clergy ranking based on their age, gender, and religion.
Painful Places: Medicare Fails Homebound Patients with Substance Abuse Disorders
Authors: Cabin William
Published: March 2021

There is extensive literature on the significance of substance use, misuse, and abuse among the elderly in the United States. A literature review indicates a paucity of information on the nature, significance, or impacts of the lack of substance use and abuse coverage in Medicare home health. This article presents background on the topic and an initial, exploratory study to address the literature gap, based on interviews of a convenience sample of 48 home care social workers between January 2013 and May 2015 in the New York City metropolitan area. Results indicate social workers believe substance use and abuse occurs frequently among Medicare home health patients; substance use and abuse is not assessed and treated professionally in Medicare home health; the lack of coverage in Medicare home health results in exacerbation of existing patient physical and mental health conditions, which, in turn, worsen substance use and abuse conditions; the homebound requirement and lack of coverage of transportation and personal care assistants limits home care patients ability to obtain outpatient substance use and abuse treatment; and lack of home-based assessment and treatment contributes to increased home care readmissions, re-hospitalizations, and increased caregiver burden.
The brewing properties formation of barley grain depending on nutrition regime and phytoregulators application when growth on sod-podzolic soil
Authors:   RSAU – MAA Named after K.A. Timiryazev, Solovyeva Nurguyana E. , Novikov Nikalay N. ,   RSAU – MAA Named after K.A. Timiryazev
Published: March 2021

In the field experiments with brewing barley, carried out on sod-podzolic medium-loamy soil, it has been found out, that the raising doses of nitrogen application increased grain productivity of barley plants (by 18-33%), grains protein content, α-amylases, сatalases and peroxidases activity, but decreased grain unit and β-amylases activity. In water deficit weather conditions (Hydrothermal coefficient of moisture on the G.T Selyaninov = 1-1.3) the raising doses of phosphorus and potassium (Р120, К120) increased the grain productivity of barley plants (by10-28%), the mass of 1000 grains, their germination ability and α-amylases activity, but decreased β-amylases, сatalases, peroxidases activity and grains protein content making it not more then normative level (12%). In 7-days germinated grains of barley harvested in the variants with raising doses of nitrogen it has been revealed increasing of α-amylases, proteases, catalases, peroxidases activity, but decreasing of β-amylases activity. In the variants with higher doses of phosphorus and potassium barley grains were formed, which observed on the 7th day of sprouting increased α-amylases and peroxidases activity and reduced activity of β-amylases. It has been revealed, that phytoregulators novosil and epin application enhanced grain productivity of barley plants (by 6-14%) and α-amylases activity in grains, but decreased β-amylases activity. In water deficit weather conditions novosil phytoregulator reduced grains protein content to normative level. In the variants with epin phytoregulators application barley grains were formed in which germination increased amylase and peroxidase activity, improving their ability to malting.
Biochemical examination of leaf lettuce, grown in aquaponics
Authors:   Kazan State Power Engineering University, Lapin Anatoly A. , Borisova Svetlana D. ,   Kazan State Power Engineering University, Calayda Marina L. ,   Kazan State Power Engineering University, Zelenkov Valery N. ,   All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – Branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific
Published: March 2021

The article at the first time was explored the possibility of using the total antioxidant activity of leafy greens in the practicing the technology of growing it under aquaponics. This technology stands out among other because of high quality organically clean foods with significantly saving water resources, which is an important problem for installations with closed water supply. Food plants feed on bacteria - the waste products of fish, while the water returns to the pond in purified form. Comparison of drying at room temperature and at 105 °C (an indicator of thermal stability) showed increase the total antioxidant activity by 5.25% for the Mahagon salad and 7.18% for the Lollo Bionda salad compared to the calculated values found with taking into account the humidity of the samples. The phenomenon of synergism was fixes for samples dried at room temperature with increasing the total antioxidant activity of the Mahogany salad by 21.07% and 13.62% for the Lollo Bionda salad because of the oxidation of water extracts of salad samples by 3% medical hydrogen peroxide. For samples dried at 105 °C synergism phenomenon were fixed with increasing the activity of the Mahogany salad by 2.97%, while the activity value of the Lollo Bionda salad were not changed. More active growth was observed in salads planted in plastic containers with pebbles than on a mesh cloth, while the length of their leaves increased from 12 mm to 130 mm, the root system became more branched by the end of the experiment, the color of the leaves was bright green.
Antioxidant properties of aqueous media with molecular hydrogen used in tnviromental medicine
Authors:   Kazan State Power Engineering University, Lapin Anatoly A. , Garifullin Irek G. ,   NLLC "Clinic of green medicine", Zelenkov Valery N. ,   All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – Branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific, Filippov Sergey D. ,   LLC “AKVALON”
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of the biotechnological study of aquatic environments with molecular hydrogen by antioxidant activity. Molecular hydrogen has selective antioxidant activity against dangerous free radicals. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-allergic effects and stimulates energy metabolism. The problem is urgent nowadays because of the great interest to molecular hydrogen as an antioxidant over the past ten years, but its quantitative metabolic parameters have not been estimated yet. The total antioxidant activity of aquatic systems saturated by hydrogen have been studied using coulometric analysis. It was shown that their antioxidant activity of aquatic systems increase of 8-10 times depending on the operating conditions and time of the "H2 Inhaler" device and 3 times when using a mineral generator active Hydrogen "Aquaspectr Mineral". The effect of molecular hydrogen have been studied by changing the antioxidant status of the human body, which was determined by changing the total antioxidant activity of urine and oral fluid during inhalation of hydrogen and oral administration of hydrogen-saturated water. The synergistic effects has been revealed in determining the total antioxidant activity of the oral fluid in the range from 14.02 to 17.59% rel. and synergism/antagonism of urine in the range from 37.17 to 27.62% rel., compared with control measurements. The total antioxidant activity was determined using electro-generated bromine, the samples were analyzed on an Expert-006 coulometer (Econix-Expert LLC, Russia) according to our certified method.
Quantum-chemical simulation of the interaction of 2-methyl-5,7-dinitrobenzo[d]oxazole with tetrahydride borate ion by DFT method
Authors:   Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Blokhin Igor V. , Atroshchenko Yury M. ,   Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Shakhkeldyan Irina V. ,   Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Mukhtorov Loik G. ,   Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Nikishina Maria B. ,   Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Ivanova Evgenia V. ,   Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Kobrakov Konstantin I. ,   State University of Russia. A.N. Kosygin (Technology. Design. Art)
Published: March 2021

The aim of the work was quantum chemical modeling by the theory of the functional density functional of the interaction of 2-methyl-5,7-dinitrobenzo[d]oxazole with tetrahydride borate ion. For this, geometric optimization and calculation of the total energies of the 2-methyl-5,7-dinitrobenzo[d]oxazole molecule in the gas phase and water were carried out using the DFT/B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ method. To determine the likely reaction centers for a nucleophile attack, atomic charges according to Mulliken and NBO charges in the molecule of the initial substrate were established. The largest positive charges according to Mulliken in the studied molecule, both in the gas phase and in water, are concentrated on the carbon atoms C4 and C6, whereas in the case of NBO analysis, such is the carbon atom C2. Analysis of nucleophilic atomic frontal electron densities on the atoms of the substrate showed that from the point of view of orbital control, the attachment of a nucleophile is most likely to the carbon atom in the 4 position. The data obtained are consistent with previous experimental studies in which a rigid base – methoxide ion is attached to a carbon atom C2, which is a rigid acid reaction center, and a reaction with a soft base – tetrahydride borate ion proceeds along softer acid centers – carbon atoms C4 and C6 of the benzene ring. The calculation of the total energies of the proposed -adducts allowed us to establish that the most thermodynamically stable structure when one hydride ion is attached to the 2-methyl-5,7-dinitrobenzo[d]oxazole molecule is the product of nucleophile addition to the C4 carbon atom, and in the case of two hydride ions – at positions 4 and 6 of the annelated benzene ring activated by nitro groups. Thus, the calculation of the Mulliken charges, as well as the values of the nucleophilic atomic frontal electron densities at the atoms of the substrate, best reflects the course of the reaction under conditions of orbital control with a tetrahydroborate ion, and NBO charges are better suited to describe the course of the reaction under conditions of charge control.
The standard samples of explosives: production, certification, application
Authors:   State Research Institute of Chemical Products, Krivosheeva Alina R. , Ananeva Anna V. ,   State Research Institute of Chemical Products, Tarazova Elvira N. ,   State Research Institute of Chemical Products, Eneykina Tatiana A. ,   State Research Institute of Chemical Products, Gatina Rose F. ,   State Research Institute of Chemical Products
Published: March 2021

The standard samples (SSs) of the compositions of hexogen (SS of Hxg), octogen (SS of Oct), ETN (SS of ETN) solutions in acetonitrile have been developed and certified for the first time. When approving each of aforesaid types of SSs, the interval of the permissible certified values has been determined as a range from 4.95 mg/dm3 to 5.05 mg/dm3 with an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) and the bounds of a relative error (P = 0.95) of no more than 1.8 %. The standard sample of the composition of a trinitrotoluene solution in acetonitrile (SS of 2,4,6-TNT) with the improved metrological characteristics in comparison with the analogue (SSS 9116-2008) has been developed and certified. The interval of the permissible certified values of SS of 2,4,6-TNT was from 4.95 mg/dm3 to 5.05 mg/dm3, the expanded uncertainty (k = 2) with the bounds of the relative error (P = 0.95) was 1.5%, which was 5 % less than the analogue. The improving of the metrological characteristics of the developed SSs has been obtained by the preliminary physical cleaning of the standard explosives from the impurities, which were taken for work. The two-fold recrystallization from acetone was used for cleaning of hexogen and ETN, the one-fold recrystallization from methanol was used for trinitrotoluene, the one-fold recrystallization of explosives from acetone in the complex with dimethylformamide (DMF) was used for octogen.
The impact of oxidative stress on the neurotoxic effect of acetaminophen
Authors:   North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, Zagorodnikova Ksenia A.
Published: March 2021

Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is a commonly-used antipyretic and analgesic. However, there have been reports indicating possible link between its use in pregnancy and impaired neuropsychic development in children. A number of prospective studies of the possible negative effect of acetaminophen on the development of a child after his mother took this drug during pregnancy, as well as the results of studies on glioma cells and neurons in murine cortex, may indicate presence of the neurotoxic effect of acetaminophen. It is currently unclear if paracetamol itself being pharmacologically active neurotropic substance, or its metabolites, one of which – NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) known by its toxic effects in mitochindria, play the most significant role in proposed neurotoxicity. Therefore it seems important to study each metabolite separately. The ability of acetaminophen(paracetamol) in concentrations of 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml to reduce cell viability was shown on cells of the PC12 neuronal line using MTT-method, which is based on the ability of mitochondria of viable cells to restore formazan 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole)-2,5-diphenyl-2-tetrazolium bromide (MTT). Concentrations of 0.125 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml had no similar impact on cell culture viability. In addition, the impact of hydrogen peroxide (as an inducer of oxidative stress) on the neurotoxic effect of acetaminophen was studied. We demonstrated that in the presence of 0.3 mM or 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide and acetaminophen in concentrations of 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml reliably reduced the percentage of surviving cells. We showed that the decrease of the viability of the cells of the PC12 neuronal line is obvious only after exposure to high concentrations of acetaminophen, especially in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which means that neurotoxic effect is not likely to occur in vivo.
Composition and constitution of pyrrhotite concentrate pellets after partial oxidative roasting
Authors:   Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Klyushnikov Alexander M. , Selivanov Evgeny N. ,   Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

Using the methods of Х-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectral microanalysis, the material composition of the pyrrhotite concentrate pellets subjected to partial oxidative roasting was studied. The structure and elemental composition of the obtained products are estimated, the features of the interphase distribution of elements are revealed. Heat treatment (800 °C) of the concentrate in an oxidizing atmosphere leads to a partial change in the forms of the basic elements. The proposed sequence of high-temperature reactions of solid phases and oxygen is established. The effect of oxidation on the formation of the zoning of the granules was confirmed. The zoning is associated with various desulfurization levels, which decreasing from 81% in the surface layer to 46% in the core. With deepening, the aleuritic structure of the material acquires the characteristics of an aleuropsammitic structure, the microtexture retains a random porous character, and the pore size is reduced from 38 to 10 µm. The clastic component, represented by grains (size up to 145 μm) of a comminuted, angular, and semi-rounded shape, corresponding in composition to the Fe1–xS–FeOm and FeS2–FeOm systems, as well as CaSO4, spinelids and silicates, is supplemented by CuSO4 and (Fe,Ni)9S8 crystals. Basal cement (size up to 25 μm), similar in mineral composition to debris, passes into the pore cement (15 μm), marked by the predominance of complex aluminosilicates, calcium sulfates and sulfides, its volume fraction is reduced from 88 to 45%. Nickel in all layers of granules is associated with iron oxides and sulfides, which are part of the clastic and cement components, its highest contents (6.1-7.6 % wt.) are confined to Fe2O3 and (Fe,Ni)9S8. In detrital grains of CuSO4, up to 4.9 % wt. Cu was found. The close contact of higher iron oxides and sulfides contributes to the fact that the enrichment of oxide phases with nickel occurs during the oxidation period. The porous nature of the microtexture of the granules weakens the intra-diffusion difficulties of the oxidation process and contributes to the completeness of the transformation of sulfides into oxides. Subsequent smelting of a partially oxidized compacted concentrate with a flux (silicate nickeliferous ore) will make it possible to gain a matte with a regulated non-ferrous metal content.
Assessment of silicon purification possibility by chemical vapor transport reaction with zinc sulfide
Authors:   Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Udoeva Lyudmila Yu. , Chumarev Vladimir M. ,   Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2021

The demand for renewable energy sources, including solar, is increasing every year, stimulating researchers to develop innovative technological solutions for obtaining material for photovoltaic modules - solar silicon. The article discusses a new process for the vapor transport of silicon in the form of sulfide compounds, which can serve as the basis for a halogen-free technology for producing high-purity silicon for photovoltaic batteries. Considering the well-known properties of silicon di- and monosulfide, it is proposed to use zinc sulfide as a carrier reagent, the presence of which in the Si-ZnS system first provides silicon sulfidization with the formation of gaseous products Zn (g) and SiS (g), and then the reduction of monosulfide to elemental silicon. The possibility of a chemical vapor transport reaction of silicon with zinc sulfide at a temperature above 1000 °C and a Si/ZnS ratio of 1 was justified by the method of the thermodynamic simulation of interactions in the Si-ZnS system in the temperature range 500-1500 °C. Based on the obtained equilibrium models of the interaction of zinc sulfide with technical silicon (grade Kr 2), the separation coefficients of (α) silicon from impurity elements that affect the electrophysical properties of silicon, in particular, reduce the lifetime of excess charge carriers, are calculated. The selectivity of this transport reaction and the prospects for its use for refining metallurgical silicon are estimated. It has been shown that the use of the silicon transfer reaction of zinc sulfide, for example, at 1100 °C, can provide deep purification of silicon from Fe, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn and Cu (α ~ 108-1012), as well as Mg and Al (α ~ 104-106). The process is less effective for removing P and B (α ~ 102) and is not applicable for alkali metals in the entire studied temperature range. It is theoretically possible to improve the refining indexes by lowering the reaction temperature, but the necessary sulfur concentration in the gas phase for the complete conversion of silicon to SiS (g) is achieved only above 1050-1100 oC due to thermal dissociation of ZnS.
Justification of the prospects of using phosphatotitanium ion exchangers for extracting rare earth metals from solutions of radionuclides
Authors:   Tananaev Institute of Chemistry -Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Ivanenko Vladimir I. , Korneykov Roman I. ,   Tananaev Institute of Chemistry -Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Zharov Nikita V. ,   Tananaev Institute of Chemistry -Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”
Published: March 2021

The results of a study of the sorption properties of ion-exchange materials based on hydrated titanium (IV) oxohydroxophosphates with respect to rare-earth metal cations are presented in this paper. A high affinity of the latters for the sorption matrix in nitrate media was established, which is determined by the ion radius of the sorbate and increases in the series Y3+  Gd3+  Eu3+ Sm3+ Nd3+ Ce3+ at pH=4 and La3+  Ce3+  Y3+  Yb3+ at pH=1.5 for all the studied sample compositions. It was experimentally shown that the doping of sorbents based on titanium (IV) oxyhydroxophosphates with zirconium (IV) cations, which differs from titanium (IV) in acid-base properties, leads to an increase in the sorption properties of ion exchangers, which allows the use of modified compositions for sorption of rare-earth metal cations from solutions with high acidity. It was established that partial dehydration of the sorption matrix and increase in temperature increase the sorption ability of ion-exchange materials. Sorption extraction of rare-earth element cations by sorbents of various compositions was carried out from solutions simulating real technological objects generated during the processing of nuclear fuel waste. It is shown that sorption materials based on hydrated titanium (IV) oxohydroxophosphates are promising ion exchangers for the extraction of rare-earth element cations from technological solutions with complex chemical composition. It was established that unmodified sorbent compositions are promising for the selective extraction of rare-earth element cations, while modified compositions are of interest for group sorption. The thermal treatment of a sorbent saturated with radioisotopes leads to the formation of crystalline insoluble mineral-like compounds, which ensures reliable immobilization of the sorbed components during long-term storage of the spent product.
Synthesis and X-ray diffraction of derivatives 2,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-carboxamide
Authors:   Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Feklicheva (Okul) Ekaterina M. , Rybakov Victor B. ,   Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, Babaev Evgeny V. ,   Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Ofitserov Evgeny N. ,   Russian University of Chemical Technology DI. Mendeleev
Published: March 2021

Based on the synthesized starting 2,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-3-carboxamide crystallizing as a dihydrate, 9 derivatives of it including O- and N-phenacyl substituted products were obtained through original rearrangements and cyclizations. The corresponding oxazolopyridinium perchlorate was obtained from the latter preparation in the presence of acid, from which indolysin was obtained under the action of a nitrogenous base. The obtained molecular and crystal structures of all the compounds were studied by single crystal diffraction: 2,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide dihydrate, 6-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-3-carbamoyl-pyridinium chloride monohydrate, 2,4-dimethyl-6-methoxypyridine-3-carboxamide, 1-[2-(4-methylphenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-2,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide, 2,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-1-[2- (4-[chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide, 2,4-dimethyl-6-[2-(4-methylphenyl)-2-oxo-ethoxy]pyridin-3-carbox-amide, 2,4-dimethyl-6-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethoxy] pyridin-3-carb xamide, 6-carbamoyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,7-dimethyl[1,3]oxazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-4 perchlorate, 7-methyl-5-morpholin-4 -yl-2-(4-chlorophenyl) indolysin-8-carboxamide. A structural analysis of the by-products of 1,4-bis (4-methylphenyl) butane-1,4-dione and 1,4-bis(4-chlorophenyl) butane-1,4-dione was also carried out. The synthesis methods of each of them are given. A comparative analysis of bond lengths, valence and torsion angles in similar fragments of molecules is carried out. Hydrogen bonds were revealed in the structures and their influence on the strength of molecular packing in crystals was shown. All structures of the studied compounds, in addition to XRD, are characterized by 1H NMR spectra.
Influence of the binder used in pressing ash for laser sampling on the quality of analytical signals of the elements detected
Authors:   Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of the SB RAS, Kolmykov Roman P. , Petrushina Аnna V. ,   Kemerovov State University, Sozinov Sergey A. ,   Kemerovov State University
Published: March 2021

This work is devoted to determining the chemical composition of coal ashes. We used the optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma and laser sampling as a research method. The aim of the work is to determine the limits of detection (LoDs) and quantitative determination (LoQs) of elements in ashes using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as binders. In this work, analytical signals of Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sc, Sr, Ti, Y, V, Zr, and Zn were analyzed in tablets obtained from the standard samples ZUK-1, ZUK-2, SG-1A, SG-3, SGD-2A, and SO-1, compacted using PVA and MCC, as well as from binding agents themselves. To obtain compact materials based on fly ash and geological materials, both binders are suitable if their chemical purity is enough for analysis. However, when using both MCC and PVA, some drawbacks were identified. The intensities of analytical lines of the elements were determined lower during the ablation of compact ashes with MCC than with PVA. The signal-background ratio is lower when using MCC as a binder material compared with compacts based on PVA. However, the highest grade PVA according to GOST 10779-78, used in the work, contains an admixture of sodium, about 0.06 w. %, which interferes with quantitative measurements if the sodium content in the sample is comparable to this value, which can be extremely rare in the analysis of fly ashes.
Forecasting of phase equilibria in the system NaCl-Na2MoO4-Na2WO4 at the liquid-solid interface
Authors:   Samara State Technical University, Burchakov Alexander V. , Garkushin Ivan K. ,   Samara State Technical University, Milov Sergey N. ,   Samara State Technical University, Sukharenko Maria A. ,   Samara State Technical University
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the results of a theoretical study of the phase complex of a three-component system consisting of tungstates, molybdates and sodium chlorides for equilibrium "liquid - solid". Previously, a literature review was conducted on data on phase equilibria in the condensed state of individual salts, binary faceting systems. In two NaCl-Na2MoO4 and NaCl-Na2WO4 binary systems, a eutetic equilibrium is observed with the formation of solid phases corresponding to the system components and Na3ClMoO4 and Na3ClWO4, and in binary faceting system Na2MoO4 – Na2WO4, one phase of a continuous series of solid solutions crystallizes. Based on the mathematical model of the molar balance, one can uniquely determine the quantities of reaction products, the molecular formulas of solid solutions, and the equations of chemical reactions for an arbitrary mixture of system components. This model represents a set of algebraic equations by which the balance is calculated. To build a 3D computer model, the paper presents the equations for the conversion of coordinates from barycentric to Cartesian. The model is implemented in concentration-temperature coordinates using the KOMPAS-3D program using experimental data on the system. With 3D model it is possible to conduct a preliminary a priori forecast of phase equilibria in order to identify the structure of phase diagrams at the qualitative and quantitative levels. The projection of the crystallization polytherm onto the square of the compositions is represented by three fields of solid solutions – NaCl, Na3ClMoxW1-xO4 and Na2MoxW1-xO4. Isothermal and polythermal sections were constructed. The system implements di- and monovariant equilibria. A diagram of the material balance of crystallizing phases is constructed. The paper presents the calculation of the ratio of equilibrium phases, as well as their qualitative and quantitative composition for the two-phase and three-phase regions according to the coordinates of the points - the vertices of the conode segments and conode triangles, which are extracted from the 3D model. The calculation is implemented for a given composition and temperature.
The process of oligodimethylsiloxane with terminal hydroxyl groups and isopropyl ether of orthotitanic acid interaction
Authors:   Vladimir State University Named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletovs, Chuklanov Vladimir Yu. , Smirnov Kirill V. ,   Vladimir State University Named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletovs, Chuklanova Natalia V. ,   Ivanovo State Polytechnic University
Published: March 2021

The process of oligodimethylsiloxane with terminal hydroxyl groups and isopropyl ether of orthotitanic acid interaction was studied. This process leads to the formation of dimethylsiloxane elastomer, which is a valuable product in the production of sealing materials, high-temperature protective coatings, the starting product for heat-conducting pastes. The synthesis was carried out at a temperature of 25 оС due to the interaction of the terminal hydroxyl groups of the oligomer and the isopropoxy groups of the orthotitanic acid ester. The reaction was accompanied by the release of isopropyl alcohol, which was effectively removed from the reaction zone due to its high volatility. Along with the polycondensation reaction, an additional hydrolysis reaction of unreacted orthotitanic acid ether in the presence of atmospheric moisture is possible. The final product of the reaction was titanium oxide. The authors also analyzed the characteristics of the resulting polymer. The average particle size of titanium dioxide was determined using a microanalyzer HoribaLB-550, it was 45 nm. The effect of reaction time and hardener content on the properties of polydimethylsiloxane was studied. The optimal conditions for the synthesis were established. The optical properties of the polymer were studied using UV-VIS spectroscopy on the Unico-2800 spectrometer. It was found that the use of orthotitanic acid ether leads to a strong absorbing effect in the shortwave region of the spectrum, starting from 400 nm. Depending on the content of orthotitanic acid isopropyl ether and curing time, Shore A hardness was determined. The adhesive properties of the composition on a glass and steel substrate were studied. Tear strength reached 2.2 MPa.
Chemical bath synthesis of metal chalcogenide films. Part 42. Experimental verification of the deposition regions of PbSe by sodium selenosulfate and selenourea in the presence of various ligands
Authors:   Ural Federal University Named after the First President  of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Maskaeva Larisa N. , Yurk Victoria M. ,   Ural Federal University Named after the First President  of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Belceva Anastasia V. ,   Ural Federal University Named after the First President  of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Zarubin Ivan V. ,   Ural Federal University Named after the First President  of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Kutyavina Anastasia D. ,   Ural Federal University Named after the First President  of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Markov Vyacheslav F. ,   Ural State Fire Service Institute of Emergency Ministry  of Russia
Published: March 2021

Calculation of ionic equilibria in the reaction system for synthesis of PbSe thin films was carried out. Three reaction systems containing the following combinations of reagents were considered: sodium citrate with liquid ammonia and sodium selenosulfate (system 1) or selenourea (system 2) used as chalcogenizer, ethilendiamine, sodium acetate and selenourea (system 3).The main lead complex compoundsprevented the fast PbSe formation in system 1 and 2 in region of pH of intensive selenosulfate and selenourea decomposition were hydroxo-citrate complexes. In the system 3 complexes with ethilendiamine and acetate-ions played the most significant role. For evaluating the deposition conditions of the main and impurity phases (metal hydroxides and cyanamides) by thermodynamic calculations taking into account the sizes of critical nucleis, the boundary conditions and regions of formation of PbSe, Pb(OH)2, PbCN2 in the studied reaction systems were found. The calculation results are presented in the form of three-dimensional dependencies in the coordinates “indicator of the initial concentration of the metal salt – pH of the solution – ligand concentration” and “indicator of the initial concentration of the metal salt – pH of the solution – concentration of the chalcogenizer”. Based on the calculations and preliminary experiments, the compositions of the discussed reaction mixtures were formed for the chemical bath deposition of PbSe films, which, in addition to the main components, included a dopant in the form of ammonium iodide. In the synthesis process at a temperature of 353 K (system 1 and 2) for 60 minutes and 308 K for 90 minutes (system 3), using all the studied reaction systems on glass substrates, homogeneous PbSe layers with a thickness of ~500 to ~700 nm were obtained. The ratio between the main elements of Pb and Se in the film varies between 0.98-1.32, and the iodine content is 7-11 at.% depending on the composition of the reaction bath.