bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the magneto-optical properties in 2-dimensional bilayered magnetic anti-dot lattice
Authors: Deshpande N. G. , Hwang J. S. , Kim K. W. , Rhee J. Y. , Kim Y. H. , Chen L. Y. , Lee Y. P.
Published: May 2012

The magneto-optical (MO) properties of two-dimensional bilayered magnetic anti-dot lattice (BMAL) structure, which consists of upper perforated “Co” layer over uniform “Ni” underlayer in square-lattice arrangement, were investigated. Enhancement in the MO activity was found in such structures. Nearly 4 times larger MO-Kerr activity was observed for the first-order diffracted beam as compared with that of the zeroth-order one. To understand the origin of the enhanced MO rotation, the magnetization-domain configuration was also investigated by field-dependent magnetic-force microscopy. Additionally, comparison between MO response and magnetization-domain configuration for the rhomboid BMAL structure was done, which allowed us to understand more clearly the enhancement of MO properties.
Improvement in power conversion efficiency by blending of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) into poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester active layer
Authors: Lee Myounghee , Kim Yoojin , Lee Sunae , An Jongdeok , Im Chan
Published: May 2012

The improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) by the addition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) into regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)-based bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices was investigated. The addition of PEDOT:PSS into the P3HT:PCBM active layer was found to promote a significant enhancement of the fill factor, which ultimately increased the PCEs of the corresponding OPV devices, although the exciton generation rates of the BHJ layers were virtually the same, as observed by UV-Vis absorption spectra. Therefore, we conclude that the reduction of internal series resistance (RS) was the most crucial reason for the PCE improvement by the addition of PEDOT:PSS.
A coherent two-channel source of Cherenkov superradiance pulses
Authors: Rostov V. V. , Elchaninov A. A. , Romanchenko I. V. , Yalandin M. I.
Published: May 2012

A two-channel source of Cherenkov superradiance pulses with the electron-wave systems of identical geometry which is capable of producing 2 × 0.3 GW pulses of duration 2 ns and center frequency 10 GHz has been developed and explored. The channels are powered by a high-voltage driver whose pulse is split into two pulses that are sent through parallel transmission lines. To shorten the voltage rise time in each channel, identical NiZn ferrite-loaded coaxial transmission lines with independently controlled axial bias fields are used.
Evaluating the Success of Arkansas Darter Translocations in Colorado: An Occupancy Sampling Approach
Authors: Groce Matthew C. , Bailey Larissa L. , Fausch Kurt D.
Published: May 2012

Like many fishes native to western Great Plains streams, the Arkansas darter Etheostoma cragini has declined, apparently in response to changes in flow regimes and habitat fragmentation. We investigated the effectiveness of translocation as a management strategy to conserve this threatened species in the Arkansas River basin of southeastern Colorado. We used a multiscale design to sample the darter and several attributes of its habitat at the local 10‐m site scale, the 3.25‐km translocation segment scale, and the 10‐km riverscape scale in all 19 streams where it had been previously translocated. The darter was captured in 11 of the 19 streams, although 5 were completely dry when visited. Arkansas darters had reproduced in 10 of the 11 streams (one criterion in the state recovery plan), and 6 streams also met a second criterion for abundance (>500 individuals). However, the populations in only two streams unequivocally met a third criterion of being self‐sustaining, because the other four streams had been stocked annually with hatchery‐reared Arkansas darters. We used multistate occupancy estimation, based on two consecutive dipnetting surveys, to determine the habitat characteristics correlated with site occupancy and the detectability of Arkansas darters at the local site scale. The probability of detection for the darter at occupied sites was high for both age‐groups, 92% for age‐0 darters and 75% for age‐1 darters, and was a function of day of year (age 0) and habitat depth (age 1). Cool stream temperature (a site‐scale variable) and sufficient length of available habitat (a riverscape‐scale variable) were the strongest predictors of site occupancy for both age‐groups. The models are useful in identifying new sites for translocations and factors that may place current populations at risk. Effective conservation will require land management practices that conserve, protect, and restore contiguous stream segments with cool temperatures that can sustain Arkansas darters.
Frequency and predictability effects in the Dundee Corpus: An eye movement analysis
Authors: Kennedy Alan , Pynte Joël , Murray Wayne S. , Paul Shirley-Anne
Published: May 2012

Analyses carried out on a large corpus of eye movement data were used to comment on four contentious theoretical issues. The results provide no evidence that word frequency and word predictability have early interactive effects on inspection time. Contrary to some earlier studies, in these data there is little evidence that properties of a prior word generally spill over and influence current processing. In contrast, there is evidence that both the frequency and the predictability of a word in parafoveal vision influence foveal processing. In the case of predictability, the direction of the effect suggests that more predictable parafoveal words produce longer foveal fixations. Finally, there is evidence that information about word class modulates processing over a span greater than a single word. The results support the notion of distributed parallel processing.
Conflict: Run! Reduced Stroop interference with avoidance responses
Authors: Schouppe Nathalie , De Houwer Jan , Richard Ridderinkhof K. , Notebaert Wim
Published: May 2012

Conflict has been hypothesized to be aversive, triggering avoidance behaviour (Botvinick, 2007). To test this hypothesis, a standard Stroop task was modified such that avoiding was part of the response set. More precisely, participants were asked to move a manikin towards or away from Stroop stimuli, depending on the colour of the words. Results showed that the type of response (approach versus avoidance) modulated the Stroop congruency effect. Specifically, the reaction time analysis revealed that the stimulus congruency effect disappeared with avoidance responses, contrary to approach responses where a stimulus congruency effect was present. Moreover, the error data showed a reduction of the general congruency effect when avoiding. These results suggest that in the face of conflict, avoidance is the predominant response.
Programmed cell death 1 forms negative costimulatory microclusters that directly inhibit T cell receptor signaling by recruiting phosphatase SHP2
Authors: Yokosuka Tadashi , Takamatsu Masako , Kobayashi-Imanishi Wakana , Hashimoto-Tane Akiko , Azuma Miyuki , Saito Takashi
Published: May 2012

Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a negative costimulatory receptor critical for the suppression of T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Single cell imaging elucidated a molecular mechanism of PD-1–mediated suppression. PD-1 becomes clustered with T cell receptors (TCRs) upon binding to its ligand PD-L1 and is transiently associated with the phosphatase SHP2 (Src homology 2 domain–containing tyrosine phosphatase 2). These negative costimulatory microclusters induce the dephosphorylation of the proximal TCR signaling molecules. This results in the suppression of T cell activation and blockade of the TCR-induced stop signal. In addition to PD-1 clustering, PD-1–TCR colocalization within microclusters is required for efficient PD-1–mediated suppression. This inhibitory mechanism also functions in PD-1hi T cells generated in vivo and can be overridden by a neutralizing anti–PD-L1 antibody. Therefore, PD-1 microcluster formation is important for regulation of T cell activation.
Infrared reflectance study of 3C-SiC epilayers grown on silicon substrates
Authors: Dong Lin , Sun Guosheng , Zheng Liu , Liu Xingfang , Zhang Feng , Yan Guoguo , Zhao Wanshun , Wang Lei , Li Xiguang , Wang Zhanguo
Published: May 2012

We measure the infrared reflectance spectra of 3C-SiC epilayers on silicon substrates from 400 to 4000 cm−1. An ideal model assuming smooth interfaces and a modified model containing an interfacial conducting layer and Gaussian rough interfaces are separately used for fits of the measured spectra. Although the fitted curve generated by the ideal model can basically agree with the measured one, it fails to reproduce some unusual spectral features. Instead, good fits are obtained by the modified model, from which the epilayer thicknesses, carrier concentrations, surface and interface roughnesses, and the information on the conducting layer are obtained. In comparison with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results, we show that the infrared reflectance method can precisely determine the epilayer thicknesses. The estimated surface roughnesses are confirmed by atomic force microscopy measurements. The infrared reflectance analyses and SEM observations show that the interfacial roughness and conducting layer are related to the carbonization process. These results indicate that the infrared reflectance technique provides a nondestructive and fast method to evaluate 3C-SiC epilayers and then improve the epitaxial growth process.
Application of a mode-locked fiber laser for highly time resolved broadband absorption spectroscopy and laser-assisted breakdown on micro-plasmas
Authors: Niermann B , Budunoğlu I L , Gürel K , Böke M , Ilday F Ö , Winter J
Published: May 2012

Absorption spectroscopy is known to be a powerful tool to gain spatially and temporally resolved information on excited and reactive species in a plasma discharge. Furthermore, the interaction of the discharge with short intense laser pulses can trigger the ignition and the transition into other transient states of the plasma. In this context laser-assisted ‘pump-probe’ experiments involving simultaneously generated supercontinuum radiation yield highly temporally resolved and spatially well-defined information on the transient phenomena. In this paper we demonstrate the possibility for ‘pump–probe’ experiments by initiating breakdown on a picosecond time scale (‘pump’) with a high-power beam and measuring the broadband absorption with the simultaneously provided supercontinuum (‘probe’). Since both pulses are generated from the same mode-locked master oscillator, they have a strong level of synchronization.
Eichler cohomology of generalized modular forms of real weights
Authors: Raji Wissam
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we prove the Eichler cohomology theorem of weakly parabolic generalized modular forms of real weights on subgroups of finite index in the full modular group. We explicitly establish the isomorphism for large weights by constructing the map from the space of cusp forms to the cohomology group.
Maximal eigenvalues of a Casimir operator and multiplicity-free modules
Authors: Han Gang
Published: May 2012

Let

g

\mathfrak g

be a finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra and

b

\mathfrak b

a Borel subalgebra. Then

g

\mathfrak g

acts on its exterior algebra

∧

g

\wedge \mathfrak g

naturally. We prove that the maximal eigenvalue of the Casimir operator on

∧

g

\wedge \mathfrak g

is one third of the dimension of

g

\mathfrak g

, that the maximal eigenvalue

m
i

m_i

of the Casimir operator on

∧
i

g

\wedge ^i\mathfrak g

is increasing for

0
≤
i
≤
r

0\le i\le r

, where

r
r

is the number of positive roots, and that the corresponding eigenspace

M
i

M_i

is a multiplicity-free

g

\mathfrak g

-module whose highest weight vectors correspond to certain ad-nilpotent ideals of

b

\mathfrak {b}

. We also obtain a result describing the set of weights of the irreducible representation of

g

\mathfrak g

with highest weight a multiple of

ρ
\rho

, where

ρ
\rho

is one half the sum of positive roots.
A broader model for C
4
photosynthesis evolution in plants inferred from the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae s.s.)
Authors: Kadereit Gudrun , Ackerly David , Pirie Michael D.
Published: May 2012

C
4
photosynthesis is a fascinating example of parallel evolution of a complex trait involving multiple genetic, biochemical and anatomical changes. It is seen as an adaptation to deleteriously high levels of photorespiration. The current scenario for C
4
evolution inferred from grasses is that it originated subsequent to the Oligocene decline in CO
2
levels, is promoted in open habitats, acts as a pre-adaptation to drought resistance, and, once gained, is not subsequently lost. We test the generality of these hypotheses using a dated phylogeny of Amaranthaceae s.l. (including Chenopodiaceae), which includes the largest number of C
4
lineages in eudicots. The oldest chenopod C
4
lineage dates back to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, representing one of the first origins of C
4
in plants, but still corresponding with the Oligocene decline of atmospheric CO
2
. In contrast to grasses, the rate of transitions from C
3
to C
4
is highest in ancestrally drought resistant (salt-tolerant and succulent) lineages, implying that adaptation to dry or saline habitats promoted the evolution of C
4
; and possible reversions from C
4
to C
3
are apparent. We conclude that the paradigm established in grasses must be regarded as just one aspect of a more complex system of C
4
evolution in plants in general.
Long-term demographic consequences of a seed dispersal disruption
Authors: Traveset Anna , González-Varo Juan P. , Valido Alfredo
Published: May 2012

The loss or decline of vertebrate frugivores can limit the regeneration of plants that depend on them. However, empirical evidence is showing that this is still very scarce, as functionally equivalent species may contribute to maintain the mutualistic interaction. Here, we investigated the long-term consequences of the extinction of frugivorous lizards on the population persistence of a Mediterranean relict shrub
Cneorum tricoccon
(Cneoraceae). We examined the demographic parameters among 26 insular and mainland populations, which encompass the entire plant distributional range, comparing populations with lizards with those in which these are extinct, but in which alien mammals currently act as seed dispersers. Plant recruitment was found to be higher on island populations with lizards than on those with mammals, and the long-term effects of the native disperser's loss were found in all vital phases of plant regeneration. The study thus gives evidence of the cascading effects of human-induced changes in ecosystems, showing how the disruption of native ecological processes can lead to species regression and, in the long term, even to local extinctions.
Out of the Neotropics: Late Cretaceous colonization of Australasia by American arthropods
Authors: Sharma Prashant P. , Giribet Gonzalo
Published: May 2012

The origins of tropical southwest Pacific diversity are traditionally attributed to southeast Asia or Australia. Oceanic and fragment islands are typically colonized by lineages from adjacent continental margins, resulting in attrition of diversity with distance from the mainland. Here, we show that an exceptional tropical family of harvestmen with a trans-Pacific disjunct distribution has its origin in the Neotropics. We found in a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis that the opilionid family Zalmoxidae, which is distributed in tropical forests on both sides of the Pacific, is a monophyletic entity with basal lineages endemic to Amazonia and Mesoamerica. Indo-Pacific Zalmoxidae constitute a nested clade, indicating a single colonization event. Lineages endemic to putative source regions, including Australia and New Guinea, constitute derived groups. Divergence time estimates and probabilistic ancestral area reconstructions support a Neotropical origin of the group, and a Late Cretaceous (
ca
82 Ma) colonization of Australasia out of the Fiji Islands and/or Borneo, which are consistent with a transoceanic dispersal event. Our results suggest that the endemic diversity within traditionally defined zoogeographic boundaries might have more complex evolutionary origins than previously envisioned.
Tetrapod-like axial regionalization in an early ray-finned fish
Authors: Sallan Lauren Cole
Published: May 2012

Tetrapods possess up to five morphologically distinct vertebral series: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. The evolution of axial regionalization has been linked to derivedHoxexpression patterns during development and the demands of weight-bearing and walking on land. These evolutionary and functional explanations are supported by an absence of similar traits in fishes, living and extinct. Here, I show that,Tarrasius problematicus, a marine ray-finned fish from the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous; 359–318 Ma) of Scotland, is the first non-tetrapod known to possess tetrapod-like axial regionalization.Tarrasiusexhibits five vertebral regions, including a seven-vertebrae ‘cervical’ series and a reinforced ‘sacrum’ over the pelvic area. Most vertebrae possess processes for intervertebral contact similar to tetrapod zygapophyses. The fully aquaticTarrasiusevolved these morphologies alongside other traits convergent with early tetrapods, including a naked trunk, and a single median continuous fin. Regional modifications inTarrasiusprobably facilitated pelagic swimming,rather than a terrestrial lifestyle or walking gait, presenting an alternative scenario for the evolution of such traits in tetrapods. Axial regionalization inTarrasiuscould indicate tetrapod-likeHoxexpression patterns, possibly representing the primitive state for jawed vertebrates. Alternately, it could signal a weaker relationship, or even a complete disconnect, betweenHoxexpression domains and vertebrate axial plans.
Simple Syllabic Calls Accompany Discrete Behavior Patterns in CaptivePteronotus parnellii: An Illustration of the Motivation-Structure Hypothesis
Authors: Clement Matthew J. , Kanwal Jagmeet S.
Published: May 2012

Mustached bats,Pteronotus parnellii, are highly social and vocal. Individuals of this species roost in tight clusters, and emit an acoustically rich repertoire of calls whose behavioral significance is largely unknown. We recorded their social and vocal behaviors within a colony housed under semi-natural conditions. We also quantified the spatial spread of each bat’s roosting location and discovered that this was relatively fixed and roughly confined to an individual’s body width. The spatial precision in roosting was accompanied by an equally remarkable match between specific vocalizations and well-timed, discrete, identifiable postures/behaviors, as revealed by logistic regression analysis. The bodily behaviors included crouching, marking, yawning, nipping, flicking, fighting, kissing, inspecting, and fly-bys. Two echolocation-like calls were used to maintain spacing in the colony, two noisy broadband calls were emitted during fights, two tonal calls conveyed fear, and another tonal call signaled appeasement. Overall, the results establish that mustached bats exhibit complex social interactions common to other social mammals. The correspondence of relatively low frequency and noisy, broadband calls with aggression, and of tonal, high frequency calls with fear supports Morton’s Motivation-Structure hypothesis, and establishes a link between motivation and the acoustic structure of social calls emitted by mustached bats.
Interim Evaluation of the Project P.A.T.H.S.: Findings Based on Different Datasets
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L. , Yu Lu
Published: May 2012

Interim evaluation studies were carried out in order to examine the implementation details of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes) in Hong Kong. Quantitative results of the interim evaluation findings based on eight datasets collected from 2006 to 2009 are reported in this paper. Three hundred and seventy-eight schools were randomly selected to provide information on the implementation details of the program via face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, and self-completed questionnaires. Results showed that a majority of the workers perceived that the students had positive responses to the program and the program was helpful to the students. In conjunction with other process evaluation findings, the present study suggests that the implementation quality of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. is high. The present study also provides support for the effectiveness of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong.
Properties and Biocompatibility of Chitosan and Silk Fibroin Blend Films for Application in Skin Tissue Engineering
Authors: Luangbudnark Witoo , Viyoch Jarupa , Laupattarakasem Wiroon , Surakunprapha Palakorn , Laupattarakasem Pisamai
Published: May 2012

Chitosan/silk fibroin (CS/SF) blend films were prepared and evaluated for feasibility of using the films as biomaterial for skin tissue engineering application. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated chemical interaction between chitosan and fibroin. Chitosan enhancedβ-sheet conformation of fibroin and resulted in shifting of thermal degradation of the films. Flexibility, swelling index, and enzyme degradation were also increased by the chitosan content of the blend films. Biocompatibility of the blend films was determined by cultivation with fibroblast cells. All films showed no cytotoxicity by XTT assay. Fibroblast cells spread on CS/SF films via dendritic extensions, and cell-cell interactions were noted. Cell proliferation on CS/SF films was also demonstrated, and their phenotype was examined by the expression of collagen type I gene. These results showed possibility of using the CS/SF films as a supporting material for further study on skin tissue engineering.
PreZon: Prediction by Zone and Its Application to Egg Productivity in Chickens
Authors: Lin Yen-Jen , Liou Ming Li , Lee Wen Chuan , Tang Chuan Yi
Published: May 2012

Taiwan red-feathered country chickens (TRFCCs) are one of the main meat resources in Taiwan. Due to the lack of any systematic breeding programs to improve egg productivity, the egg production rate of this breed has gradually decreased. The prediction by zone (PreZone) program was developed to select the chickens with low egg productivity so as to improve the egg productivity of TRFCCs before they reach maturity. Three groups (, , and ) of chickens were used in this study. Two approaches were used to identify chickens with low egg productivity. The first approach used predictions based on a single dataset, and the second approach used predictions based on the union of two datasets. The levels of four serum proteins, including apolipoprotein A-I, vitellogenin, X protein (an IGF-I-like protein), and apo VLDL-II, were measured in chickens that were 8, 14, 22, or 24 weeks old. Total egg numbers were recorded for each individual bird during the egg production period. PreZone analysis was performed using the four serum protein levels as selection parameters, and the results were compared to those obtained using a first-order multiple linear regression method with the same parameters. The PreZone program provides another prediction method that can be used to validate datasets with a low correlation between response and predictors. It can be used to find low and improve egg productivity in TRFCCs by selecting the best chickens before they reach maturity.
Genetic Performance and General Combining Ability of Oil Palm Delidurax AVROSpisiferaTested on Inland Soils
Authors: Noh A. , Rafii M. Y. , Saleh G. , Kushairi A. , Latif M. A.
Published: May 2012

The performance of 11 oil palm AVROS (Algemene Vereniging van Rubberplanters ter Oostkust van Sumatra)pisiferaswas evaluated based on their 40duraxpisifera(DxP) progenies tested on inland soils, predominantly of Serdang Series. Fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield of eachpisiferasranged from 121.93 to 143.9 kg palm−1 yr−1with trial mean of 131.62 kg palm−1 yr−1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed low genetic variability amongpisifera parentsfor most of the characters indicating uniformity of thepisiferapopulation. This was anticipated as the AVROSpisiferaswere derived from small population and were inbred materials. However, some of thepisiferashave shown good general combining ability (GCA) for certain important economic traits. Threepisiferas(P1 (0.174/247), P3 (0.174/498), P11 (0.182/308)) were identified of having good GCA for FFB yield whilepisiferasP1 (0.174/247), P10 (0.182/348), and P11 (0.182/308) were good combiners for oil-to-bunch ratio (O/B). The narrow genetic base of these materials was the main obstacle in breeding and population improvement. However, efforts have been made to introgress this material with the vast oil palm germplasm collections of MPOB for rectifying the problem.
Botanicals to Control Soft Rot Bacteria of Potato
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Khan A. A. , Ali M. E. , Mian I. H. , Akanda A. M. , Abd Hamid S. B.
Published: May 2012

Extracts from eleven different plant species such as jute (Corchorus capsularisL.), cheerota (Swertia chiraitaHam.), chatim (Alstonia scholarisL.), mander (Erythrina variegata), bael (Aegle marmelosL.), marigold (Tagetes erecta), onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativumL.), neem (Azadiracta indica), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), and turmeric (Curcuma longaL.) were tested for antibacterial activity against potato soft rot bacteria,E. carotovorasubsp.carotovora (Ecc)P-138, underin vitroand storage conditions. Previously,EccP-138 was identified as the most aggressive soft rot bacterium in Bangladeshi potatoes. Of the 11 different plant extracts, only extracts from dried jute leaves and cheerota significantly inhibited growth ofEccP-138in vitro. Finally, both plant extracts were tested to control the soft rot disease of potato tuber under storage conditions. In a 22-week storage condition, the treated potatoes were significantly more protected against the soft rot infection than those of untreated samples in terms of infection rate and weight loss. The jute leaf extracts showed more pronounced inhibitory effects onEcc-138 growth both inin vitroand storage experiments.
The Association between Socioeconomic Characteristics and Consumption of Food Items among Brazilian Industry Workers
Authors: Vinholes Daniele B. , Melo Ione M. F. , Machado Carlos Alberto , de Castro Chaves Hilton , Fuchs Flavio D. , Fuchs Sandra C.
Published: May 2012

Background. Dietary pattern plays a causative role in the rising of noncommunicable diseases. The SESI (Serviço Social da Indústria) study was designed to evaluate risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. We aimed to describe food items consumed by Brazilian workers and to assess their association with socioeconomic status.Methods. Cross-sectional study was carried out among Brazilian industrial workers, selected by multistage sampling, from 157 companies. Interviews were conducted at the work place using standardized forms.Results. 4818 workers were interviewed, aged35.4±10.7years, 76.5% were men. The workers had an average of8.7±4.1years of schooling and25.4±4.1 kg/m2of BMI. Men and individuals with less than high school education were less likely to consume dairy products, fruits, and vegetables daily, even after control for confounding factors. Men consumed rice and beans daily more often than women. In comparison to workers aged 50–76 years, those under 30 years old consumed less fruits and green leafy vegetables daily.Conclusion. The food items consumed by Brazilian workers show that there are insufficient consumption according to the guidelines of healthy foods, particularly of dairy products, vegetables, and fruits.
Risk Factors for Infection with Different Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Southern Brazil
Authors: Paraboni Marisa Lúcia Romani , Sbeghen Marina Dallagasperina , Wolff Fernando Herz , Moreira Leila Beltrami
Published: May 2012

Objectives. To investigate the proportion of different genotypes in countryside microregions in southern Brazil, and their association with risk factors.Methods. Cross-sectional study including a convenience sample of patients who tested positive for HCV-RNA and were referred to a regional health center for genotyping, from December 2003 to January 2008. Data were obtained through the National Disease Surveillance Data System, from laboratory registers and from patient charts. Identification of genotypes was carried out using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism “in house” technique. Independent associations with genotypes were evaluated in multinomial logistic regression and prevalence rates of genotypes were estimated with modified Poisson regression.Results. The sample consisted of 441 individuals, years old, 56.5% men. Genotype 1 was observed in 41.5% (95% CI 37.9–48.1) of patients, genotype 2 in 19.3% (95% CI 15.0–23.6), and genotype 3 in 39.2% (95% CI 35.6–43.0). HCV genotype was significantly associated with gender and age. Dental procedures were associated with higher proportion of genotype 2 independently of age, education, and patient treatment center.Conclusions. The hepatitis C virus genotype 1 was the most frequent. Genotype 2 was associated with female gender, age, and dental procedure exposition.
Bis(1-tert-butyl-1H-imidazole-κN3)dichloridocobalt(II)
Authors: Herdtweck Eberhardt , Zeller Alexander , Strassner Thomas
Published: May 2012

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [CoCl2(C7H12N2)2], molecular units are formed by coordination of the unsubstituted N atoms of twotert-butyl-substituted imidazole molecules and two chloride ligands, which distinguishes the complex from structures of imidazolium-based dications with tetrachloridocobaltate dianions. There are two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, related by a noncrystallographic inversion centre.
X-ray and DFT-calculated structures of a vanadyl Schiff base complex: (methanol-κO)[2-methoxy-6-({2-[(2-oxido-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino]benzyl}iminomethyl)phenolato-κ4O1,N,N,O1′]oxidovanadium(IV) monohydrate
Authors: Kurzak Krzysztof , Ejsmont Krzysztof , Koprek Katarzyna
Published: May 2012

The central VVatom in the title mononuclear oxovanadium complex, [VO(C23H20N2O4)(CH3OH)]·H2O, has a distorted octahedral coordination. Two N atoms and two O atoms of the Schiff base define the base of the bipyramid and two O atoms are in the apical positions, one from vanadyl and the second from methanol. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for the title complex and its ligand to compare their geometry in the solid and gas phases. Additional analyses were made of the changes in the geometry of the ligand during complex formation. The HOMA (harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity) descriptor of π-electron delocalization was calculated to estimate the aromaticity of the benzene rings in the title complex and its ligand.
Cardiac remodelling of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus induced by experimental anaemia with phenylhydrazine
Authors: Powell M. D. , Burke M. S. , Dahle D.
Published: May 2012

Phenylhydrazine injections (0·3 mg kg−1, followed by a second injection of 0·1 mg kg−1 7 days later) induced a reproducible and stable anaemia in Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus, reducing the haematocrit and haemoglobin by 70·0 and 75·5%, respectively, over 3 weeks. There were no changes in blood electrolyte or lactate concentrations, although anaemic fish showed a 37·5 and 33·0% increase in cardiac somatic index and ventricular somatic index, respectively, compared with dimethyl sulphur oxide (DMSO) and saline vehicle controls. Changes in cardiac somatic indices did not correlate with the ratio of ventricular length:height and length:width did correlate with haematocrit and haemoglobin indicating that changes in cardiac shape may occur as a function of anaemic hypoxemia.
Archival tags reveal that Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus and brown trout Salmo trutta can use estuarine and marine waters during winter
Authors: Jensen J. L. A. , Rikardsen A. H.
Published: May 2012

By tagging north‐Norwegian anadromous riverine Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus and brown trout Salmo trutta with simple archival tags that measured ambient water temperature and relating the recordings to the temperature in the surrounding environments, it was demonstrated that 91% of the S. trutta and 80% of the S. alpinus utilized the estuarine and marine environment during the winter. There was large individual variation in migratory behaviour. Salvelinus alpinus on average entered the estuary on 12 January and the marine environment on 26 February, had continuous marine migrations lasting up to 55 days, and spent on average 40 days in the estuary and 25 days in the sea during the winter. The corresponding numbers for S. trutta were 15 December and 4 January for first entry in the estuary and sea, maximum 39 days in the marine environment and average number of days in the estuary and sea were 34 and 50. Most individuals of both species frequently shifted between the three habitats. These findings thus contradict previous studies conducted on lake‐dwelling populations, which suggested that northern populations of both species solely overwinter in fresh water. The use of inexpensive temperature recording archival tags gave detailed continuous information on seasonal migrations between habitats with different thermal characteristics.
Growth fold controls on carbonate distribution in mixed foreland basins: insights from the Amiran foreland basin (NW Zagros, Iran) and stratigraphic numerical modelling
Authors: Saura Eduard , Embry Jean‐Christophe , Vergés Jaume , Hunt David W. , Casciello Emilio , Homke Stéphane
Published: May 2012

The evolution from Late Cretaceous to early Eocene of the well dated Amiran foreland basin in the NW Iranian Zagros Mountains is studied based on the reconstruction of successive thickness, palaeobathymetry and subsidence maps. These maps show the progressive forelandwards migration of the mixed carbonate‐siliciclastic system associated with a decrease in creation of accommodation. Carbonate facies variations across the basin suggest a structural control on the carbonate distribution in the Amiran foreland basin, which has been used as initial constraint to study the control exerted by syndepositional folding in basin architecture and evolution by means of stratigraphic numerical modelling. Modelled results show that shallow bathymetries on top of growing folds enhance carbonate production and basin compartmentalization. As a consequence, coarse clastics become restricted to the internal parts of the basin and only the fine sediments can by‐pass the bathymetric highs generated by folding. Additionally, the development of extensive carbonate platforms on top of the anticlines favours the basinwards migration of the depositional system, which progrades farther with higher fold uplift rates. In this scenario, build‐ups on top of anticlines record its growth and can be used as a dating method. Extrapolation of presented modelling results into the Amiran foreland basin is in agreement with an early folding stage in the SE Lurestan area, between the Khorramabad and Kabir Kuh anticlines. This folding stage would enhance the development of carbonate platforms on top of the anticlines, the south‐westward migration of the system and eventually, the complete filling of the basin north of the Chenareh anticline at the end of the Cuisian. Incremental thickness maps are consistent with a thin (0.4–2 km) ophiolite complex in the source area of the Amiran basin.
The addition of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, to low dose cytarabine does not improve outcome for older patients with AML
Authors: Burnett Alan K. , Russell Nigel H. , Culligan Dominic , Cavanagh Jamie , Kell Jonathan , Wheatley Keith , Virchis Andra , Hills Robert K. , Milligan Donald ,   on behalf of the AML Working Group of the UK National Cancer Research Institute
Published: May 2012

The AML16 trial evaluated the combination of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, and low dose cytarabine (LDAC) in older acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients in a ‘Pick a Winner’ design. The aim was to double remission rates compared to LDAC, with initial evaluation after 100 patients. Failure to improve remission would result in discontinuation. A total of 65 patients, median age 74 years (range 62–86), were randomized. After reviewing the first 45 patients, the Data Monitoring Committee concluded that the overall aspirations would not be met and recommended closure. The addition of tipifarnib had no effect on response, toxicity or survival.
Characteristics of type I Gaucher disease associated with persistent thrombocytopenia after treatment with imiglucerase for 4–5 years
Authors: Hollak Carla E. M. , Belmatoug Nadia , Cole J. Alexander , vom Dahl Stephan , Deegan Patrick B. , Goldblatt Jack , Rosenbloom Barry , van Dussen Laura , Tylki‐Szymańska Anna , Weinreb Neal J. , Zimran Ari , Cappellini Maria Domenica
Published: May 2012

The characteristics of Gaucher disease (GD) associated with persistent thrombocytopenia despite imiglucerase enzyme therapy in type 1 GD (GD1) were investigated by retrospective analysis of International Collaborative Gaucher Group (ICGG) Registry data. The study involved 1016 GD1 patients with an intact spleen for whom date of diagnosis, therapy initiation, and platelet counts were known, and who received continuous imiglucerase therapy for 4 to 5 years. These patients were stratified by last platelet count: ≥120 × 109/l (n = 772); ≥100 to <120 × 109/l (n = 94); ≥80 to <100 × 109/l (n = 80); and <80 × 109/l (n = 70; 20 with <60 × 109/l) and characterized by initial and cumulative average imiglucerase dose, body mass index, platelet count, anaemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and skeletal assessments at baseline and after 4–5 years of therapy. Statistically significant associations were found between persistent thrombocytopenia and baseline platelet count (<80 × 109/l), splenomegaly, and anaemia (all P < 0·0001). After 4–5 years, statistically significant associations were found with splenomegaly (P < 0·0001), anaemia (P < 0·0001), white blood cell count (P = 0·049), hepatomegaly (P = 0·004) and bone pain (P = 0·035). Exponential platelet decay in relation to splenomegaly suggests that platelets increase only when spleen volume decreases substantially.
The safety and efficacy of red cell transfusions in neonates: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Venkatesh Vidheya , Khan Rizwan , Curley Anna , Hopewell Sally , Doree Carolyn , Stanworth Simon
Published: May 2012

Premature neonates commonly receive red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. This study systematically identified and appraised randomized controlled trials (RCTs) where the intervention was ‘transfusion of red blood cells’ from searches of multiple databases. Primary review outcomes were mortality, neurodevelopmental and respiratory endpoints. Two reviewers extracted data and assigned overall quality. Twenty‐seven RCTs were identified and grouped into four predefined categories: trials comparing RBC transfusion versus no transfusion/placebo (n = 3); different thresholds for transfusion (n = 6); differing doses or administration schedule (n = 4), or different types or products of RBC (n = 14). In the threshold group of trials, enrolling 679 neonates, no significant differences in mortality (relative risk 1·22, 95% confidence interval 0·84–1·75) or chronic lung disease were found. Only two trials assessed neurodevelopment outcomes, both within the threshold group, but with differing results. The largest subgroup of RCTs by number evaluated different media for storage of red cells (n = 7), enrolling 221 neonates. The methodological quality of many RCTs was poor. The design of future RCTs can be informed by the lessons from this review. Many trials failed to report on outcomes that would be considered of primary importance to clinicians. Consistent reporting of adverse events is required, and endpoints need to include neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Ocean acidification weakens the structural integrity of coralline algae
Authors: Ragazzola Federica , Foster Laura C. , Form Armin , Anderson Philip S.L. , Hansteen Thor H. , Fietzke Jan
Published: May 2012

The uptake of anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide is resulting in a lowering of the carbonate saturation state and a drop in ocean pH. Understanding how marine calcifying organisms such as coralline algae may acclimatize to ocean acidification is important to understand their survival over the coming century. We present the first long‐term perturbation experiment on the cold‐water coralline algae, which are important marine calcifiers in the benthic ecosystems particularly at the higher latitudes. Lithothamnion glaciale, after three months incubation, continued to calcify even in undersaturated conditions with a significant trend towards lower growth rates with increasing pCO2. However, the major changes in the ultra‐structure occur by 589 μatm (i.e. in saturated waters). Finite element models of the algae grown at these heightened levels show an increase in the total strain energy of nearly an order of magnitude and an uneven distribution of the stress inside the skeleton when subjected to similar loads as algae grown at ambient levels. This weakening of the structure is likely to reduce the ability of the alga to resist boring by predators and wave energy with severe consequences to the benthic community structure in the immediate future (50 years).
Feasibility of using thrombin generation assay (TGA) for monitoring of haemostasis during supplementation therapy in haemophilic patients without inhibitors
Authors: Ay Y. , Balkan C. , Karapinar D. Y. , Akin M. , BilenoĞlu B. , Kavakli K.
Published: May 2012

Monitoring factor replacement treatment and observing concordance with clinical haemostasis is crucial in vital haemorrhages and major surgeries in haemophilic patients. We aimed to investigate the value of the thrombin generation assay (TGA) and thromboelastography (TEG) for monitoring haemostasis in haemophilic patients during factor replacement treatment. The study group consisted of 29 patients (21 haemophilia A, 8 haemophilia B). All the patients FVIII‐inhibitor were negative. A total of 35 bleeding episodes and/or surgical interventions were evaluated. aPTT, FVIII/FIX activity, TEG and TGA tests were conducted before and after factor therapy during the bleeding episode or surgical prophylaxis of haemophilic patients. Correlations among these tests were evaluated and compared with clinical responses. No correlation was found among aPTT, factor activities and clinical outcome. There were also no correlation found between TEG parameters and clinical outcome. The only significant correlation found between TGA parameters and clinical outcome was the correlation between peak thrombin. In conclusion, we found superiority of TGA‐peak thrombin over other traditional tests for monitoring haemostasis in haemophilic patients in this study.
The first national pressure ulcer prevalence survey in county council and municipality settings in Sweden
Authors: Gunningberg Lena , Hommel Ami , Bååth Carina , Idvall Ewa
Published: May 2012

Aim  To report data from the first national pressure ulcer prevalence survey in Sweden on prevalence, pressure ulcer categories, locations and preventive interventions for persons at risk for developing pressure ulcers.

Methods  A cross‐sectional research design was used in a total sample of 35 058 persons in hospitals and nursing homes. The methodology used was that recommended by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel.

Results  The prevalence of pressure ulcers was 16.6% in hospitals and 14.5% in nursing homes. Many persons at risk for developing pressure ulcers did not receive a pressure‐reducing mattress (23.3–27.9%) or planned repositioning in bed (50.2–57.5%).

Conclusions  Despite great effort on the national level to encourage the prevention of pressure ulcers, the prevalence is high. Public reporting and benchmarking are now available, evidence‐based guidelines have been disseminated and national goals have been set. Strategies for implementing practices outlined in the guidelines, meeting goals and changing attitudes must be further developed.
Cost satisfaction analysis: a novel patient‐based approach for economic analysis of the utility of fixed prosthodontics
Authors: WALTON T. R. , LAYTON D. M.
Published: May 2012

Summary  The aim of this study was to apply a novel economic tool (cost satisfaction analysis) to assess the utility of fixed prosthodontics, to review its applicability, and to explore the perceived value of treatment. The cost satisfaction analysis employed the validated Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ). Patients with a known prostheses outcome over 1–20 years were mailed the PSQ. Five hundred patients (50·7%) responded. Remembered satisfaction at insertion (initial costs) and current satisfaction (costs in hindsight) were reported on VAS, and the difference calculated (costs with time). Percentage and grouped responses (low, <40%; medium, 40–70%; high, > 70%) were analysed in relation to patient gender, age and willingness to have undergone the same treatment again, and in relation to prostheses age, type, complexity and outcome. Significance was set at P = 0·05. Averages were reported as means ± standard error. Satisfaction with initial costs and costs in hindsight were unrelated to patient gender and age, and prostheses age, type and complexity. Patients with a failure and those who would elect to not undergo the same treatment again were significantly less satisfied with initial costs (P = 0·021, P < 0·001) and costs in hindsight (P = 0·021, P < 0·001) than their counterparts. Patient’s cost satisfaction (entire cohort) had significantly improved from 53 ± 1% at insertion to 81 ± 0·9% in hindsight (28 ± 1% improvement, P < 0·001). Patient cost satisfaction had also significantly improved, and the magnitude of improvement was the same within every individual cohort (P = 0·004 to P < 0·001), including patients with failures, and those who in hindsight would not undergo the same treatment again. Low satisfaction was reported by 166 patients initially, but 94% of these reported improvements in hindsight. Fourteen patients (3%) remained dissatisfied in hindsight, although 71% of these would still choose to undergo the same treatment again. Cost satisfaction analysis provided an evaluation of the patient’s perspective of the value of fixed prosthodontic treatment. Although fixed prosthodontic treatment was perceived by patients to be expensive, it was also perceived to impart value with time. Cost satisfaction analysis provides a clinically useful insight into patient behaviour.