bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction vs TRAM Flap Breast Reconstruction: Solving Problems in a More Simple Way
Authors: Monica Drucker-Zertuche  , Armen Stankov
Published: May 2015

Background: The surgical management of breast cancer is clearly evolving towards less invasive procedures. We are turning away from high priced medicine and are turning toward solving problems in more practical, simple and inexpensive ways. The purpose of this study was to evaluate immediate breast reconstruction with expanders and implants versus pedicled TRAM Flaps in terms of costs, complication rates, revision rates, operating room time, length of hospital stay and number of secondary procedures. Methods: A review of 152 immediate breast reconstructions over a 10 year period from april 2000 and December 2010 performed at our Institution, reconstructive techniques included TRAM Flaps in 70 patients and tissue expanders followed by implants in 82 patients. Results: In the TRAM Flap group the mean operative time was 5.1 hours, the mean length of hospital stay was 4.2 days and revision surgeries were performed in 6 patients (8.5%). In the implant based group the mean operative time was 2.6 hours (including the mastectomy), the mean length of hospital stay was 1.9 days and revision surgeries were performed in 6 patients (7.3%). On the basis of this review of autologous and prosthetic breast reconstruction in a 10 year period with a mean follow up time of 5.1 years for both groups, prosthetic reconstruction was significantly less expensive.
Inflammation and Urothelial Bladder Cancer: What we Need to Known? (Review)
Authors: Tommaso Cai  , Gabriella Nesi  , Sandra Mazzoli  , Francesca Meacci  , Galliano Tinacci  , Cesare Selli  , Riccardo Bartoletti
Published: May 2015

The association between inflammation and bladder cancer has been debated in several studies, highlighting that inflammation may be a crucial component both in tumor development or progression. On the other hand, several authors suggest that the presence of an inflammatory cell infiltrate within the urothelial bladder cancer is a good prognostic predictor in terms of recurrence-free survival time. The question is: What is the prognostic role of inflammation in patients affected by urothelial bladder cancer? On one hand, chronic inflammation should be considered a risk factor in developing bladder cancer, as demonstrated by Schistosoma haematobium infection and, on the other hand, the inflammation induced by the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin intravesical therapy has a protective effect on cancer recurrence. Recently, some authors highlight that the presence of an inflammatory cell infiltrate within the urothelial bladder cancer is a good prognostic predictor in terms of recurrence-free survival time, due to the host generating angiogenic stimulation of a local inflammatory reaction against cancer. This is probably due to the angiogenetic stimulation of a local inflammatory reaction generated by the host against superficial bladder cancer. However, the debate is still open. This review will summarize recent data regarding inflammation and urothelial cell carcinoma, with special emphasis on the role that the inflammatory response is likely to have on recurrence risk and progression in superficial bladder cancer patients.
IQGAP2 Displays Tumor Suppression Functions
Authors: Yanyun Xie  , Anil Kapoor  , Hao Peng  , Jean-Claude Cutz  , Lijian Tao  , Damu Tang
Published: May 2015

The IQGAP family consists of evolutionarily conserved scaffold proteins, IQGAP1, IQGAP2, and IQGAP3. IQGAP1 is 62 and 59% identical at the level of amino acid sequence to IQGAP2 and IQGAP3, respectively. IQGAPs possess the same domain structure with the individual motifs being highly homologous among IQGAPs. The conservation is even higher between IQGAP1 and IQGAP2. While the WW domain is 30% identical, other four motifs are 70 to 93% identical between both IQGAPs. Despite the high level identity, IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 display opposite impact on tumorigenesis. IQGAP1 is the most thoroughly examined, and clearly promotes cancer formation via its scaffold functions in facilitating the Raf-Mek-Erk and Wnt signalling. On the other hand, IQGAP2 is much less investigated and suppresses tumorigenesis. We will review the evidence that supports IQGAP2 reducing tumorigenesis, discuss its tumour suppression in the context of our updated knowledge on IQGAP1, and outline some future directions. Our emphasis will be placed on prostate cancer.
Politique des objets de musée en Afrique de l’Ouest
Authors: Bondaz Julien
Published: May 2015

Cet article montre comment les objets exposés dans les musées nationaux d’Afrique fonctionnent comme des supports de discours identitaires ou comme des moyens de reconnaissance et de revendications politiques. Le paradigme ethnique hérité de la période coloniale donne lieu à des aménagements et à des actualisations, qui visent à rendre compte à la fois de la diversité culturelle et de l’unité nationale des différents pays concernés. Les relations des visiteurs aux collections muséales sont parfois l’occasion de processus de subjectivation et d’appropriation, dont l’observation permet de décentrer les débats sur les publics des institutions patrimoniales. Sur la base d’exemples concernant les musées nationaux du Mali, du Niger, du Burkina Faso et du Sénégal, il s’agit ainsi de mieux comprendre pourquoi les usages politiques des objets de musée posent non seulement des problèmes muséographiques, mais aussi des questions plus importantes au sujet de la fabrique des communautés en Afrique de l’Ouest.
« Mise en intrigue »
Authors: Dussart Françoise
Published: May 2015

Lorsque les oeuvres artistiques des Aborigènes d’Australie sont exposées dans des musées ou des galeries commerciales, elles sont trop souvent décontextualisées, sans aucune référence explicite au contexte sociohistorique de leur production. J’examine ici les pratiques muséales de deux expositions d’art aborigène australien (1988 et 2012) qui allièrent une collaboration entre musées, artistes autochtones et conservateurs. En analysant les différentes formes d’indexicalité déployées par les conservateurs, les musées et les artistes autochtones impliqués dans des expositions temporaires, j’interroge des façons de repenser les pratiques vers une décolonisation des mises en scène muséales.
« Se sentir chez soi » au musée
Authors: Blanchard Marie-Josée , Howes David
Published: May 2015

Comment présenter la complexité sensorielle et symbolique d’une culture à l’intérieur d’un espace muséal qui possède lui-même un régime sensoriel souvent limité à la perception visuelle ? Cet article cherche à comprendre le rôle des perceptions sensorielles dans l’espace muséal à travers l’analyse de la nouvelle exposition permanenteC’est notre histoire. Premières Nations et Inuit du XXIe siècledu Musée de la civilisation à Québec. En comparant les réalités sensorielles autochtones en Amérique du Nord et la présentation qui en est faite au Musée à travers trois exemples, nous démontrerons comment les stratégies de présentation d’objets faisant appel aux sens permettent au visiteur de se plonger dans les environnements autochtones et d’en saisir plus adéquatement la symbolique et l’importance culturelle. Malgré les efforts apportés lors de la phase préparatoire, où plusieurs représentants et communautés autochtones ont été consultés sur le contenu et le design de l’exposition, les objets exposés ne correspondent pas adéquatement aux idées que voulaient y traduire les Premières Nations et Inuit. Ces derniers ont clairement exprimé vouloir se « sentir chez eux » dans cet espace muséal, mais n’ont pas réussi à pleinement s’y identifier étant donné le fossé creusé entre le sensorium muséal et les sensoria autochtones.
Musées et anthropologie : De L’Estoile B., 2007, Le goût des Autres. De l’exposition coloniale aux arts premiers. Paris, Éditions Flammarion.Mazé C., F. Poulard et C. Ventura (dir.), 2013, Les musées d’ethnologie. Culture, politique et changement institutionnel. Paris, Éditions du CTHS.
Authors: Boursiquot Fabienne
Published: May 2015

C’est pour une bonne part dans les musées qu’émerge la discipline anthropologique auXIXe siècle. L’anthropologie se donne alors pour tâche d’étudier l’ensemble des manifestations matérielles de l’humanité. Deux ouvrages – Le goût des Autres, de Benoît de L’Estoile (2007), etLes Musées d’ethnologie, de Camille Mazé, Frédéric Poulard et Christelle Ventura (2013) – nous permettent de revenir sur les moments forts de la relation entre musées et anthropologie, et surtout de comprendre leur séparation au cours duXXe siècle.
A novel inhibitory nucleo-cortical circuit controls cerebellar Golgi cell activity
Authors: Ankri Lea , Husson Zoé , Pietrajtis Katarzyna , Proville Rémi , Léna Clément , Yarom Yosef , Dieudonné Stéphane , Uusisaari Marylka Yoe
Published: May 2015

The cerebellum, a crucial center for motor coordination, is composed of a cortex and several nuclei. The main mode of interaction between these two parts is considered to be formed by the inhibitory control of the nuclei by cortical Purkinje neurons. We now amend this view by showing that inhibitory GABA-glycinergic neurons of the cerebellar nuclei (CN) project profusely into the cerebellar cortex, where they make synaptic contacts on a GABAergic subpopulation of cerebellar Golgi cells. These spontaneously firing Golgi cells are inhibited by optogenetic activation of the inhibitory nucleo-cortical fibers both in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest that the CN may contribute to the functional recruitment of the cerebellar cortex by decreasing Golgi cell inhibition onto granule cells.
Shedding light on sunscreen biosynthesis in zebrafish
Authors: Brotherton Carolyn A , Balskus Emily P
Published: May 2015

Zebrafish can synthesize a sunscreen compound called gadusol, which was previously thought to be acquired only through the diet.
Three different types of electric field disturbances affecting equatorial ionosphere during a long‐duration prompt penetration event
Authors: Chakrabarty D. , Rout Diptiranjan , Sekar R. , Narayanan R. , Reeves G. D. , Pant Tarun K. , Veenadhari B. , Shiokawa K.
Published: May 2015

Coordinated digisonde and OI 630.0 nm airglow observations from Thumba (TVM), an Indian dip equatorial station, in conjunction with magnetic and geosynchronous particle flux measurements, reveal three different types of electric field disturbances in the equatorial ionosphere‐thermosphere system (ITS) occurring in succession over a period of 6 h on a single night (22–23 January,2012; Ap = 24). These include (1) westward electric field perturbations owing to a pseudo‐breakup and a substorm event, each lasting for about 30 min; (2) eastward electric field perturbations continuing for about an hour, owing to the southward excursion of Z component of interplanetary magnetic field (Bz); and (3) DP2‐type fluctuating (period ∼40 min) electric field perturbation sustaining for about 4 h. The pseudo‐breakup and the fully grown substorm events are found to be longitudinally localized and different in terms of response in the westward auroral electrojet index (AL) as well as geosynchronous electron/proton injections. The polarity of the prompt penetration of interplanetary electric field that affects the equatorial ionosphere is observed to be eastward during 2100–2200 IST (Indian Standard Time) which is observationally sparse but consistent with modeling studies. Interestingly, on the same night, DP2‐type electric field fluctuations with ∼40 min periodicity and occasional eastward polarity (akin to daytime) are also found to affect the equatorial ITS for about 4 h (2200–0200 IST). The case study, thus, brings out different processes that constitute a long duration prompt penetration event which, otherwise, would have been categorized as a single event.
A breaking internal wave in the surface ocean boundary layer
Authors: Wain Danielle J. , Lilly Jonathan M. , Callaghan Adrian H. , Yashayaev Igor , Ward Brian
Published: May 2015

High‐temporal resolution measurements in the Labrador Sea surface layer are presented using an upwardly profiling autonomous microstructure instrument, which captures an internal wave in the act of breaking at the base of the surface mixed layer, driving turbulence levels 2–3 orders of magnitude above the background. While lower‐frequency (near‐inertial) internal waves are known to be important sources of turbulence, we report here a higher‐frequency internal wave breaking near the ocean surface. Due to observational limitations, the exact nature of the instability cannot be conclusively identified, but the interaction of wave‐induced velocity with unresolved background shear appears to be the most likely candidate. These observations add a new process to the list of those currently being considered as potentially important for near‐surface mixing. The geographical distribution and global significance of such features are unknown, and underscore the need for more extensive small‐scale, rapid observations of the ocean surface layer.
Infragravity‐wave dynamics in a barred coastal region, a numerical study
Authors: Rijnsdorp Dirk P. , Ruessink Gerben , Zijlema Marcel
Published: May 2015

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical study into the infragravity‐wave dynamics at a field site, characterized by a gently sloping barred beach. The nonhydrostatic wave‐flow model SWASH was used to simulate the local wavefield for a range of wave conditions (including mild and storm conditions). The extensive spatial coverage of the model allowed us to analyze the infragravity‐wave dynamics at spatial scales not often covered before. Overall, the model predicted a wavefield that was representative of the natural conditions, supporting the model application to analyze the wave dynamics. The infragravity‐wave field was typically dominated by leaky waves, except near the outer bar where bar‐trapped edge waves were observed. Relative contributions of bar‐trapped waves peaked during mild conditions, when they explained up to 50% of the infragravity variance. Near the outer bar, the infragravity‐wave growth was partly explained by nonlinear energy transfers from short waves. This growth was strongest for mild conditions, and decreased for more energetic conditions when short waves were breaking at the outer bar. Further shoreward, infragravity waves lost most of their energy, due to a combination of nonlinear transfers, bottom friction, and infragravity‐wave breaking. Nonlinear transfers were only effective near the inner bar, whereas near the shoreline (where losses were strongest) the dissipation was caused by the combined effect of bottom friction and breaking. This study demonstrated the model's potential to study wave dynamics at field scales not easily covered by in situ observations.
Dynamics of ocean surface mixed layer variability in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Schiller Andreas , Oke Peter R.
Published: May 2015

We present a new methodology that allows quantifying the impact of individual terms of the temperature and salinity conservation within the mixed layer on mixed layer depth (MLD). The method is applied to output from an ocean general circulation model in the Indian Ocean to investigate variability and changes in MLD. On seasonal timescales and for most areas of the Indian Ocean variability of MLD is tightly linked to all thermohaline budget terms. In the Indian Ocean at approximately 20°S the MLD covaries with surface heat and freshwater fluxes on intraseasonal and interannual timescales. The geography of the region includes the Leeuwin Current, plus the tropical eastern Indian Ocean for interannual surface freshwater fluxes. The range of seasonal amplitudes of MLD variability varies with individual budget terms but is typically within 1 m/month to 100 m/month. The ocean footprints of an intraseasonal tropical cyclone, tropical and midlatitude seasonal temperature and salinity budgets and interannual variability associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode are analyzed. The results reveal close relationships of the thermohaline budgets within the mixed layer with the variability of the MLD. The associated tendencies of changes in MLD are consistent with Argo and satellite‐based observations of tendencies within the mixed layer and sea‐surface temperature and salinity.
Estimating wave energy dissipation in the surf zone using thermal infrared imagery
Authors: Carini Roxanne J. , Chickadel C. Chris , Jessup Andrew T. , Thomson Jim
Published: May 2015

Thermal infrared (IR) imagery is used to quantify the high spatial and temporal variability of dissipation due to wave breaking in the surf zone. The foam produced in an actively breaking crest, or wave roller, has a distinct signature in IR imagery. A retrieval algorithm is developed to detect breaking waves and extract wave roller length using measurements taken during the Surf Zone Optics 2010 experiment at Duck, NC. The remotely derived roller length and an in situ estimate of wave slope are used to estimate dissipation due to wave breaking by means of the wave‐resolving model by Duncan (1981). The wave energy dissipation rate estimates show a pattern of increased breaking during low tide over a sand bar, consistent with in situ turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate estimates from fixed and drifting instruments over the bar. When integrated over the surf zone width, these dissipation rate estimates account for 40–69% of the incoming wave energy flux. The Duncan (1981) estimates agree with those from a dissipation parameterization by Janssen and Battjes (2007), a wave energy dissipation model commonly applied within nearshore circulation models.
The effect of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation on U.S. regional and coastal sea level
Authors: Hamlington B. D. , Leben R. R. , Kim K.‐Y. , Nerem R. S. , Atkinson L. P. , Thompson P. R.
Published: May 2015

Although much of the focus on future sea level rise concerns the long‐term trend associated with anthropogenic warming, on shorter time scales, internal climate variability can contribute significantly to regional sea level. Such sea level variability should be taken into consideration when planning efforts to mitigate the effects of future sea level change. In this study, we quantify the contribution to regional sea level of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Through cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function analysis (CSEOF) of the long reconstructed sea level data set and of a set of U.S. tide gauges, two global modes dominated by Pacific Ocean variability are identified and related to ENSO and, by extension, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. By estimating the combined contribution of these two modes to regional sea level, we find that ENSO can contribute significantly on short time scales, with contributions of up to 20 cm along the west coast of the U.S. The CSEOF decomposition of the long tide gauge records around the U.S. highlights the influence of ENSO on the U.S. east coast. Tandem analyses of both the reconstructed and tide gauge records also examine the utility of the sea level reconstructions for near‐coast studies.
Electric field structures and waves at plasma boundaries in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Malaspina David M. , Wygant John R. , Ergun Robert E. , Reeves Geoff D. , Skoug Ruth M. , Larsen Brian A.
Published: May 2015

Recent observations by the Van Allen Probes spacecraft have demonstrated that a variety of electric field structures and nonlinear waves frequently occur in the inner terrestrial magnetosphere, including phase space holes, kinetic field line resonances, nonlinear whistler mode waves, and several types of double layer. However, it is unclear whether such structures and waves have a significant impact on the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere, including the radiation belts and ring current. To make progress toward quantifying their importance, this study statistically evaluates the correlation of such structures and waves with plasma boundaries. A strong correlation is found. These statistical results, combined with observations of electric field activity at propagating plasma boundaries, are consistent with the scenario that the sources of the free energy for the structures and waves of interest are localized near and comove with these boundaries. Therefore, the ability of these structures and waves to influence plasma in the inner magnetosphere is governed in part by the spatial extent and dynamics of macroscopic plasma boundaries in that region.
Pressure‐induced phase transition in MnCO3 and its implications on the deep carbon cycle
Authors: Boulard Eglantine , Goncharov Alexander F. , Blanchard Marc , L. Mao Wendy
Published: May 2015

The high‐pressure behavior of manganese‐rich carbonate, rhodochrosite, has been characterized up to 62 GPa by synchrotron‐based midinfrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Modifications in both the infrared spectra and the X‐ray diffraction patterns were observed above ~35 GPa, indicating the presence of a high‐pressure phase transition at these pressures. We found that rhodochrosite adopts a structure close to CaCO3‐VI with a triclinic unit cell (a = 2.87 Å, b = 4.83 Å, c = 5.49 Å, α = 99.86°, β = 94.95°, and γ = 90.95° at 62 GPa). Using first‐principles calculations based on density functional theory, we confirmed these observations and assigned modes in the new infrared signature of the high‐pressure phase. These results suggest that high‐pressure metastable phase of calcite may play an important role in carbon storage and transport in the deep Earth.
Fault tolerant control design for a class of multi‐sensor networked control systems
Authors: Stanković Nikola , Stoican Florin , Olaru Sorin , Niculescu Silviu‐Iulian
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we consider a multi‐sensor networked control configuration with linear plant which is affected by a bounded additive disturbance. Shared network is used for the communication between sensors and controller. It is assumed that the sensors are prone to abrupt faults, while the controller's input may be updated with a varying time‐delay. In order to identify and isolate the sensor(s) providing faulty information, we equip the controller with a set‐based detection and isolation routine. Furthermore, in the case when the network induces time‐delays, control is performed based on the knowledge we have on the mathematical model of the plant. In the presence of model inaccuracies or disturbance, such a control action may not guarantee satisfying performance of the system. Therefore, a stabilising controller with delay compensation has been designed. The functioning of the proposed control algorithm has been illustrated through an example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dichotomy in the Lithiation Pathway of Ellipsoidal and Platelet LiFePO4 Particles Revealed through Nanoscale Operando State‐of‐Charge Imaging
Authors: Li Yiyang , Weker Johanna Nelson , Gent William E. , Mueller David N. , Lim Jongwoo , Cogswell Daniel A. , Tyliszczak Tolek , Chueh William C.
Published: May 2015

LiFePO4 is a promising phase‐separating battery electrode and a model system for studying lithiation. The role of particle synthesis and the corresponding particle morphology on the nanoscale insertion and migration of Li is not well understood, and elucidating the intercalation pathway is crucial toward improving battery performance. A synchrotron operando liquid X‐ray imaging platform is developed to track the migration of Li in LiFePO4 electrodes with single‐particle sensitivity. Lithiation is tracked in two particle types—ellipsoidal and platelet—while the particles cycle in an organic liquid electrolyte, and the results show a clear dichotomy in the intercalation pathway. The ellipsoidal particles intercalate sequentially, concentrating the current in a small number of actively intercalating particles. At the same cycling rate, platelet particles intercalate simultaneously, leading to a significantly more uniform current distribution. Assuming that the particles intercalate through a single‐phase pathway, it is proposed that the two particle types exhibit different surface properties, a result of different synthesis procedures, which affect the surface reactivity of LiFePO4. Alternatively, if the particles intercalate through nucleation and growth, the larger size of platelet particles may account for the dichotomy. Beyond providing particle engineering insights, the operando microscopy platform enables new opportunities for nanoscale chemical imaging of liquid‐based electrochemical systems.
Functionalized Graphene as an Electron‐Cascade Acceptor for Air‐Processed Organic Ternary Solar Cells
Authors: Bonaccorso Francesco , Balis Nikolaos , Stylianakis Minas M. , Savarese Marika , Adamo Carlo , Gemmi Mauro , Pellegrini Vittorio , Stratakis Emmanuel , Kymakis Emmanuel
Published: May 2015

Functionalized graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) are used as an electron‐cascade acceptor material in air‐processed organic ternary bulk heterojunction solar cells. The functionalization is realized via the attachment of the ethylenedinitrobenzoyl (EDNB) molecule to the GNFs. Simulation and experimental results show that such nanoscale modification greatly influences the density of states near the Fermi level. Consequently, the GNF‐EDNB blend presents favorable highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels to function as a bridge structure between the poly[N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) and the [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric‐acid‐methyl‐ester (PC71BM). The improved exciton dissociation and charge transport are associated with the better energy level alignment of the ternary blend and the high electrical conductivity of the GNFs, which act as additional electron transport channels within the photoactive layer. The resulting PCDTBT/GNF‐EDNB/PC71BM ternary organic solar cells, fabricated entirely under ambient conditions, exhibit an average power conversion efficiency enhancement of ≈18% as compared with the binary blend PCDTBT/PC71BM.
Personalizing Biomaterials for Precision Nanomedicine Considering the Local Tissue Microenvironment
Authors: Oliva Nuria , Unterman Shimon , Zhang Yi , Conde João , Song Hyun Seok , Artzi Natalie
Published: May 2015

New advances in (nano)biomaterial design coupled with the detailed study of tissue–biomaterial interactions can open a new chapter in personalized medicine, where biomaterials are chosen and designed to match specific tissue types and disease states. The notion of a “one size fits all” biomaterial no longer exists, as growing evidence points to the value of customizing material design to enhance (pre)clinical performance. The complex microenvironment in vivo at different tissue sites exhibits diverse cell types, tissue chemistry, tissue morphology, and mechanical stresses that are further altered by local pathology. This complex and dynamic environment may alter the implanted material's properties and in turn affect its in vivo performance. It is crucial, therefore, to carefully study tissue context and optimize biomaterials considering the implantation conditions. This practice would enable attaining predictable material performance and enhance clinical outcomes.
Immune status of patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes
Authors: Giri Neelam , Alter Blanche P. , Penrose Keri , Falk Roni T. , Pan Yuanji , Savage Sharon A. , Williams Marcus , Kemp Troy J. , Pinto Ligia A.
Published: May 2015

Immune function abnormalities have been reported in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC) and, rarely, in Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS), and Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA), but large systematic studies are lacking. We assessed immunological parameters in 118 patients with these syndromes and 202 unaffected relatives. We compared the results in patients with reference values, and with values in relatives after adjusting for age, sex, corticosteroid treatment, and severe bone marrow failure (BMF). Adult patients (≥18 years) with FA had significantly lower immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM), total lymphocytes, and CD4 T cells than reference values or adult relatives (P < 0.001); children with FA had normal values. Both children and adults with FA had lower B‐ and NK cells (P < 0.01) than relatives or reference values. Patients with DC had essentially normal immunoglobulins but lower total lymphocytes than reference values or relatives, and lower T‐, B‐, and NK‐cells; these changes were more marked in children than adults (P < 0.01). Most patients with DBA and SDS had normal immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. Lymphoproliferative responses, serum cytokine levels, including tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ, and cytokine levels in supernatants from phytohemagglutinin‐stimulated cultures were similar across patient groups and relatives. Only patients with severe BMF, particularly those with FA and DC, had higher serum G‐CSF and Flt3‐ligand and lower RANTES levels compared with all other groups or relatives (P < 0.05). Overall, immune function abnormalities were seen mainly in adult patients with FA, which likely reflects their disease‐related progression, and in children with DC, which may be a feature of early‐onset severe disease phenotype. Am. J. Hematol. 90:702–708, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is preoperative paranasal sinus computed tomography necessary for every patient undergoing septoplasty?
Authors: Günbey Emre , Günbey Hediye Pınar , Uygun Seda , Karabulut Hayriye , Cingi Cemal
Published: May 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to determine whether anterior rhinoscopy (AR), nasal endoscopy (NE) and paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNS CT) can predict other sinonasal obstructive pathologies in the setting of nasal septal deviation (NSD), and to evaluate the impact of preoperative PNS CT on the decision for a surgical procedure in patients with NSD.

Methods

A total of 262 patients with NSD were evaluated using AR, NE, PNS CT, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal obstruction. The diagnostic values of AR, NE, and PNS CT for sinonasal obstructive pathologies, and the impact of preoperative PNS CT on the decision for a surgical procedure in patients with NSD were evaluated.

Results

PNS CT showed concomitant nasal pathologies in the 62 of 262 patients (23.6%) with NSD. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of NE for concomitant nasal pathologies were 0.75 and 0.069, respectively. The sensitivity of NE for sinonasal pathologies was significantly higher in the patients with mild NSD than in the patients with moderate‐severe NSD. The decision for a surgical procedure was changed in 22 of 262 (8.3%) patients after a PNS CT.

Conclusion

We recommend performing preoperative PNS CTs on patients in whom septoplasty is planned, if they have obstructive middle turbinate hypertrophy, if one is unable to evaluate the middle meatus and posterior nasal cavity because of an anteriorly severe deviation or a nasal polyp, and in patients with chronic sinusitis based on clinical and endoscopic findings.
Posterior mediastinal hematoma after a simple fall in a patient with normal coagulation
Authors: Thamamongood Thiparpa Aime , Onuki Takuya , Kuramochi Masami , Inagaki Masaharu
Published: May 2015

Case

A 77‐year‐old woman presented with neck swelling and odynophagia following a fall from standing height. She had no history of antiplatelet or anticoagulant use. Computed tomography of the chest showed an isodense to hypodense soft tissue mass in the bilateral carotid space, retropharyngeal space, and posterior mediastinum. With no airway obstruction symptoms, the patient was placed on bed rest under close observation.

Outcome

The mass decreased in size spontaneously over the 10 days following symptom onset, accompanied by overall clinical improvement. The patient was diagnosed with a posterior mediastinal hematoma.

Conclusion

This is the first reported case of posterior mediastinal hematoma caused by a neck hyperextension injury secondary to a simple fall in a patient with normal coagulation. The outcome was good; however, emergency physicians should be aware that hematomas necessitating airway management may occur after a fall.
Fascinating journeys into blue light (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Akasaki Isamu
Published: May 2015

Isamu Akasaki is known for inventing the bright gallium nitride (GaN) p‐n junction blue LED in 1989 and subsequently the high‐brightness GaN blue LED. Together with Shuji Nakamura and Hiroshi Amano, he is one of the three recipients of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics. In his Nobel Lecture, he describes the historical progress that led to the invention of the first p‐n junction blue/UV LED and related optical devices.***

image
Zundel‐like and Eigen‐like Hydrated Protons on a Platinum Surface
Authors: Kim Youngsoon , Shin Sunghwan , Kang Heon
Published: May 2015

The nature of hydrated protons is an important topic in the fundamental study of electrode processes in acidic environment. For example, it is not yet clear whether hydrated protons are formed in the solution or on the electrode surface in the hydrogen evolution reaction on a Pt electrode. Using mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy, we show that hydrogen atoms are converted into hydrated protons directly on a Pt(111) surface coadsorbed with hydrogen and water in ultrahigh vacuum. The hydrated protons are preferentially stabilized as multiply hydrated species (H5O2+ and H7O3+) rather than as hydronium (H3O+) ions. These surface‐bound hydrated protons may play an important role in the interconversion between adsorbed hydrogen atoms and solvated protons in solution.
From Chemical Gardens to Fuel Cells: Generation of Electrical Potential and Current Across Self‐Assembling Iron Mineral Membranes
Authors: Barge Laura M. , Abedian Yeghegis , Russell Michael J. , Doloboff Ivria J. , Cartwright Julyan H. E. , Kidd Richard D. , Kanik Isik
Published: May 2015

We examine the electrochemical gradients that form across chemical garden membranes and investigate how self‐assembling, out‐of‐equilibrium inorganic precipitates—mimicking in some ways those generated in far‐from‐equilibrium natural systems—can generate electrochemical energy. Measurements of electrical potential and current were made across membranes precipitated both by injection and solution interface methods in iron‐sulfide and iron‐hydroxide reaction systems. The battery‐like nature of chemical gardens was demonstrated by linking multiple experiments in series which produced sufficient electrical energy to light an external light‐emitting diode (LED). This work paves the way for determining relevant properties of geological precipitates that may have played a role in hydrothermal redox chemistry at the origin of life, and materials applications that utilize the electrochemical properties of self‐organizing chemical systems.
Selective Dissolution of A‐Site Cations in ABO3 Perovskites: A New Path to High‐Performance Catalysts
Authors: Si Wenzhe , Wang Yu , Peng Yue , Li Junhua
Published: May 2015

Selective dissolution is a common corrosion process in dealloying in which an alloy is immersed in acid to remove the active element, leaving behind an inert constituent. We introduce this technique into the treatment of oxide catalysts. A three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous LaMnO3 perovskite has been prepared and treated with diluted HNO3 to selectively remove La cations, acquiring a novel γ‐MnO2‐like material. LaMnO3 is not a satisfactory catalyst on CO oxidation. Upon the removal of La cations, the obtained sample showed a significantly higher CO oxidation catalytic activity (T50=89 °C) than the initial precursor LaMnO3 (T50=237 °C) and ordinary γ‐MnO2 (T50=148 °C). A large surface area, a high degree of mesoporosity, excellent low‐temperature reducibility, and especially improved surface oxygen species are deduced to be responsible for CO oxidation at lower temperatures.
High‐Activity PtRuPd/C Catalyst for Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Qing , Wen Xiaodong , Wu Gang , Chung Hoon T. , Gao Rui , Zelenay Piotr
Published: May 2015

Dimethyl ether (DME) has been considered as a promising alternative fuel for direct‐feed fuel cells but lack of an efficient DME oxidation electrocatalyst has remained the challenge for the commercialization of the direct DME fuel cell. The commonly studied binary PtRu catalyst shows much lower activity in DME than methanol oxidation. In this work, guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculation, a ternary carbon‐supported PtRuPd catalyst was designed and synthesized for DME electrooxidation. DFT calculations indicated that Pd in the ternary PtRuPd catalyst is capable of significantly decreasing the activation energy of the CO and CH bond scission during the oxidation process. As evidenced by both electrochemical measurements in an aqueous electrolyte and polymer‐electrolyte fuel cell testing, the ternary catalyst shows much higher activity (two‐fold enhancement at 0.5 V in fuel cells) than the state‐of‐the‐art binary Pt50Ru50/C catalyst (HiSPEC 12100).
Remarkable Effect of Chalcogen Substitution on an Enzyme Mimetic for Deiodination of Thyroid Hormones
Authors: Raja Karuppusamy , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: May 2015

Iodothyronine deiodinases are selenoenzymes which regulate the thyroid hormone homeostasis by catalyzing the regioselective deiodination of thyroxine (T4). Synthetic deiodinase mimetics are important not only to understand the mechanism of enzyme catalysis, but also to develop therapeutic agents as abnormal thyroid hormone levels have implications in different diseases, such as hypoxia, myocardial infarction, critical illness, neuronal ischemia, tissue injury, and cancer. Described herein is that the replacement of sulfur/selenium atoms in a series of deiodinase mimetics by tellurium remarkably alters the reactivity as well as regioselectivity toward T4. The tellurium compounds reported in this paper represent the first examples of deiodinase mimetics which mediate sequential deiodination of T4 to produce all the hormone derivatives including T0 under physiologically relevant conditions.
A facile strategy to fabricate microencapsulated expandable graphite as a flame‐retardant for rigid polyurethane foams
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Liang , Duan Hong‐Ji , Yan Ding‐Xiang , Kang Li‐Quan , Zhang Wei‐Qin , Tang Jian‐Hua , Li Zhong‐Ming
Published: May 2015

A facile strategy is reported for one‐step preparation of reactive microencapsulated expandable graphite (EG) for flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF), which is based onin situemulsion polymerization and the use of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) as reactive polymer shell. FTIR and SEM observations well demonstrate the formation of PGMA microencapsulated EG (EG@PGMA) particles. The encapsulation of PGMA shell significantly improves the expandability of EG particles from 42 to 70 mL g−1. RPUF/EG@PGMA composite with only 10 wt % EG@PGMA loading reaches the UL‐94 V‐0 rating. The limiting oxygen indexes increase remarkably from 21.0 to 27.5 vol %. Additionally, the improved chemical and physical interaction enhance the interfacial bonding between EG and matrix, thus resulting in improved mechanical properties of RPUF/EG@PGMA. These attractive features suggest that the strategy proposed here can serve as a promising means to prepare highly efficient, reactive microencapsulated EG and corresponding good flame‐retarding RPUF with high mechanical properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42364.
Dual‐stimuli‐responsive polymer‐coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles used for controlled drug delivery
Authors: Yang Mei‐Yan , Tan Lei , Wu Hai‐Xia , Liu Chuan‐Jun , Zhuo Ren‐Xi
Published: May 2015

In this article, a temperature‐ and pH‐responsive delivery system based on block‐copolymer‐capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) is presented. A poly[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)] (PDEAEMA)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) shell on MSNs was obtained through the surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The block copolymer PDEAEMA‐b‐PNIPAM showed both temperature‐ and pH‐responsive properties. The release of the loaded model molecules from PDEAEMA‐b‐PNIPAM‐coated MSNs could be controlled by changes in the temperature or pH value of the medium. The as‐desired drug‐delivery carrier may be applied to biological systems in the future. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42395.
Altering the Position of Phenyl Substitution to Adjust Film Morphology and Memory Device Performance
Authors: Zhou Qianhao , Bo Rongcheng , He Jinghui , Zhuang Hao , Li Hua , Li Najun , Chen Dongyun , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei
Published: May 2015

In this study, two structural isomers α‐PBT and β‐PBT, which only differ in the phenyl substituent position on the quinoline chromophore, have been designed and successfully synthesized. The influences of substituent position on the film morphology and the storage performance of the devices were investigated. Both molecules employed in the memory devices exhibited same nonvolatile binary (write‐once‐read‐many‐times; WORM) characteristics, but the switch threshold voltage (Vth) of the β‐PBT‐based device was clearly lower than that of the α‐PBT‐based device. Simulation results demonstrate that the variation of the phenyl substituent position led to different intermolecular stacking styles and thus to varied grain sizes for each film morphology. This work illustrates that altering the phenyl substituent position on the molecular backbone could improve the quality of the film morphology and reduce power consumption, which is good for the rational design of future advanced organic memory devices (OMDs).
A Nanoscale Multiresponsive Luminescent Sensor Based on a Terbium(III) Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Dang Song , Wang Ting , Yi Feiyan , Liu Qinghui , Yang Weiting , Sun Zhong‐Ming
Published: May 2015

A nanoscale terbium‐containing metal–organic framework (nTbL), with a layer‐like structure and [H2NMe2]+ cations located in the framework channels, was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The structure of the as‐prepared sample was systematically confirmed by powder XRD and elemental analysis; the morphology was characterized by field‐emission SEM and TEM. The photoluminescence studies revealed that rod‐like nTbL exhibited bright‐green emission, corresponding to 5D4→7FJ (J=6–3) transitions of the Tb3+ ion under excitation. Further sensing measurements revealed that as‐prepared nTbL could be utilized as a multiresponsive luminescent sensor, which showed significant and exclusive detection ability for Fe3+ ions and phenylmethanol. These results highlight the practical applications of lanthanide‐containing metal–organic frameworks as fluorescent probes.
Optimal Robust Control for Rigid Serial Manipulators: A Fuzzy Approach
Authors: Zhen Shengchao , Huang Kang , Sun Hao , Zhao Han , Chen Ye‐Hwa
Published: May 2015

We first investigate the fundamental properties of rigid serial manipulators as related to the control design. Then, a new optimal robust control is proposed for serial‐link mechanical manipulators with fuzzy uncertainty. Fuzzy set theory is used to describe the uncertainty. The desirable system performance is deterministic (assuring the bottom line) and also fuzzy (enhancing the cost consideration). The proposed control is deterministic and is not the usual if‐then rules‐based control. The resulting controlled system is uniformly bounded and uniformly ultimately bounded proved via the Lyapunov minimax approach. A performance index (the combined cost, which includes average fuzzy system performance and control effort) is proposed based on the fuzzy information. The optimal design problem associated with the control can then be solved by minimizing the performance index. The resulting control design is systematic and is able to guarantee the deterministic performance as well as minimizing the cost. In the end, a cylindrical robot manipulator is chosen for demonstration.
Bullying Victimization, Parenting Stress, and Anxiety among Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Weiss Jonathan A. , Cappadocia M. Catherine , Tint Ami , Pepler Debra
Published: May 2015

Bullying victimization is commonly associated with anxiety among individuals with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and both bullying victimization and anxiety are more prevalent among youth with ASD than in the general population. We explored individual and contextual factors that relate to anxiety in adolescents and young adults with ASD who also experience bullying victimization. Participants included 101 mothers of adolescents and young adults diagnosed with ASD. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between bullying victimization and anxiety in children with ASD, as well as parenting stress as a potential moderator of that relationship. Findings indicate that parenting stress moderates the association between bullying victimization and anxiety. The severity of anxiety was most strongly associated with bullying victimization when mothers reported high levels of stress. Implications for interventions that assist parents with coping and address bullying victimization are discussed. Autism Res 2015, 8: 727–737. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Audiometric Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Does Subclinical Hearing Loss Impact Communication?
Authors: Demopoulos Carly , Lewine Jeffrey David
Published: May 2015

Rates of hearing impairment in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are higher than those reported in the general population. Although ASD is not caused by hearing impairment, it may exacerbate symptomatology. Participants with ASD (N = 60) and typically developing peers (N = 16) aged 5–18 years underwent a comprehensive audiological screening (pure tone audiometry, uncomfortable loudness level, tympanometry, acoustic reflexes, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and auditory brainstem response) and assessment of communication abilities (expressive/receptive language, articulation, phonological awareness, and vocal affect recognition). Incidence of abnormal findings on at least one measure of audiological functioning was higher for the ASD group (55%) than controls (14.9%) or the general population estimate (6%). The presence of sound sensitivity was also considerably higher for the ASD group (37%) compared with controls (0%) or general population estimates (8–15%). When participants with ASD were dichotomized into groups with and without evidence of clinical audiological abnormality, no significant differences were identified on measures of communication; however, results of correlational analyses indicated that variability in hearing thresholds at middle range frequencies (2000 Hz) was significantly related to performance on all measures of speech articulation and language after correction for multiple comparisons (r = −0.48 to r = −0.53, P <  0.0045). These findings suggest that dichotomized classification of clinical audiology may not be sufficient to understand the role of subclinical hearing loss in ASD symptomatology and that treatment studies for mild/subclinical hearing loss in this population may be worthwhile. Autism Res 2015. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.