bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CUSTO-VOLUME-LUCRO COMO FERRAMENTA DE GESTÃO EM UMA EMPRESA DE SERVIÇOS
Authors: Dalmácio Flávia Zóboli , Rangel Luciene Laurett , Lopes Venina De Almeida , Teixeira Aridelmo José Campanharo
Published: July 2020

Este artigo evidencia a aplicação de um modelo de análise de custo-volume-lucro em uma empresa prestadora de um mix de serviços, utilizando planilha eletrônica Microsoft Excel. A partir de um exemplo prático, é demonstrado como aplicar conceitos teóricos no acompanhamento do desempenho operacional de uma entidade seja ela, comercial, industrial ou prestadora de serviços, de pequeno ou de grande porte. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um modelo de simulador operacional, com o intuito de permitir que o gestor efetue, de forma simples e prática, a elaboração de um planejamento interno para controle de seus processos. Salienta-se que, apesar da existência de softwares mais sofisticados no mercado, a relação custo versus benefício para empresas de pequeno e de médio porte, é um fator limitante a ser considerado.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE O MÉTODO CUSTEIO BASEADO NO MIX – CBMIX – E OUTROS MÉTODOS DE CUSTEIO
Authors: Gregorio Leandro Torres Di , Soares Carlos Alberto Pereira
Published: July 2020

Neste artigo realizou-se um estudo comparativo entre o método CBMIX - Custeio Baseado no Mix - e outros métodos de custeio atuais, reiterando-se a importância do CBMIX como um método que permite, a partir de análises sobre diferentes cenários de produção, a distribuição dos custos e despesas indiretos aos produtos, sem a arbitrariedade típica de rateios tradicionais. Partindo-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre filosofias / métodos de custeio e da apresentação do método CBMIX, buscou-se aplicar o método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) para comparar o desempenho de diferentes métodos de custeio frente às principais funções de custeio propostas: gestão dos processos, provisão de informações gerenciais e provisão de informações para a contabilidade.
O USO DA MATRIZ GUT EM CONJUNTO COM MÉTODO DE CUSTEIO ABC: APLICAÇÃO EM UMA EMPRESA DE CONFECÇÕES
Authors: Leite Maria Silene Alexandre , Vasconcelos Vitória Maria Mola de , Silva Tálita Floriano Goulart
Published: July 2020

É comum que organizações familiares de pequeno e médio porte não possuam uma clara visão do negócio, dificultando seu gerenciamento principalmente em termos financeiros. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi aplicar o método de custeio ABC em uma empresa de pequeno porte no ramo de confecções, associando-o aos princípios da matriz GUT com o intuito de identificar possíveis restrições ao processo de transformação do produto. A aplicação do método ABC visou à análise comparativa entre o preço atualmente praticado e os custos apurados em decorrência da aplicação do método, ressaltando as impossibilidades detectadas pela matriz GUT. Com isto, verificou-se que as atividades essenciais como “atender cliente” e “comprar matérias primas” podem passar por melhorias impactantes para a redução de custos. Em relação à análise GUT as informações coletadas na empresa indicaram quais as situações que necessitam de um maior monitoramento, tais como: a possibilidade de falta de material e quebra de máquinas, que se ocorrerem inviabilizam a execução do processo. Em termos gerais a contribuição deste artigo está relacionada à associação da aplicação do método ABC com a ferramenta GUT, que permite à empresa verificar as suas principais restrições.
UTILIZAÇÃO DO MÉTODO DA UNIDADE DE ESFORÇO DE PRODUÇÃO (UEP): ESTUDO EM UMA EMPRESA DE COSMÉTICOS
Authors: Lunkes Rogério João , Luiz Guiherme , Gasparetto Valdirene , Schnorrenberger Darci
Published: July 2020

O acirramento da competição faz com que as empresas preocupem-se com a racionalização dos recursos aplicados na produção, busquem melhorar seus processos produtivos e a gestão das informações, visando aumentar a competitividade e expandir o  seu mercado. As informações de custos podem auxiliar nesta tarefa, razão pela qual este trabalho discute a aplicação do método da unidade de esforço de produção (UEP) em uma empresa fabricante de cosméticos. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma empresa do Estado de Santa Catarina, na estruturação do método da UEP, envolvendo as cinco etapas da fase de implantação, que são concluídas com a determinação dos equivalentes dos produtos em UEP. A partir destes equivalentes faz-se a operacionalização do método para a produção do período subsequente ao da implantação, chegando-se ao custo de transformação de cada produto. Com o método, a empresa pode apurar mensalmente, de forma facilitada, o custo de transformação unitário dos produtos que fabrica, tendo assim informações que auxiliam no controle e tomada de decisões. O método da UEP facilita o processo de apuração de custos, sendo essa uma de suas grandes vantagens em relação aos demais métodos de custeio.
OS IMPACTOS DA REENGENHARIA NO PROCESSO DE COMPENSAÇÃO DE CHEQUES: ESTUDO EM UMA INSTITUIÇÃO FINANCEIRA
Authors: Filho João Marinho de Oliveira , Nunes Rosângela Venâncio , Assis Charles Washington Costa de , Fonseca Rita De Cássia
Published: July 2020

Este artigo consiste na análise dos impactos da reengenharia no processo de compensação de cheques em uma instituição financeira. Os objetivos específicos estão focados em conceitos relevantes sobre gestão de processos, reengenharia de processos, avaliação de desempenho e os impactos da reengenharia na avaliação de desempenho. Metodologicamente utilizou-se o método dedutivo e o indutivo, com abordagem quantitativa, de natureza aplicada e procedimento técnico documental. Por meio desse estudo, pôde-se concluir que é de fundamental importância medir os impactos de qualquer mudança organizacional, pois, desta forma, é possível observar tendências, auxiliando o gerenciamento dos processos-chave que agregam valor aos clientes.
ANÁLISE DOS CUSTOS DE PRODUÇÃO DOS AGENTES BIOLÓGICOS PARA CONTROLE DE DIATRAEA SACCHARALIS EM CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR: UM ESTUDO DE CASO EM LABORATÓRIO DE PRODUÇÃO MASSAL
Authors: Olak Paulo Arnaldo , Amarante Joice
Published: July 2020

O presente artigo apresenta uma análise dos custos de produção do parasitóide Cotesia flavipes utilizado como controle biológico da Diatraea saccharalis, conhecida como broca da cana-de-açúcar, partindo do acompanhamento da produção e analisando cada etapa do processo, ou seja, os processos subdivididos em departamentos. O estudo foi realizado em um laboratório de produção massal de Cotesia flavipes localizado na região do Vale Paranapanema, no qual se pode acompanhar e coletar todas as informações do processo para formação e análise dos custos. Para realização desta pesquisa utilizou-se o método de Custeio ABC, identificando cada etapa do processo alocando-as em departamentos, formando assim o custo de cada um. No estudo se levou em consideração apenas os custos com mão-de-obra e materiais. Após levantamento dos custos de cada departamento, constatou-se que o maior consumo é de serviços, ou seja, mão-de-obra, responsável por 67% dos custos totais e apenas 33% dos custos são de materiais. O departamento com maior consumo de materiais é o da Dieta, responsável por 86% do custo total de materiais e o departamento de Inoculação da Broca é responsável por 60% dos recursos totais com mão-de-obra. Com a apuração de todos os dados levantados, chegou-se à conclusão que cada copo dentro do processo custou para a empresa R$ 1,94, ou seja, R$ 0,06 por massa de pupa.
OS BENEFÍCIOS DO CUSTEIO BASEADO EM ATIVIDADES NA GESTÃO DE CUSTOS DE UMA EMPRESA AGRÍCOLA
Authors: Vieira Eusélia Paveglio , Filipin Roselaine , Winck Diego Rafael
Published: July 2020

O artigo relata um estudo que tem como tema o Custeio Baseado em Atividades (ABC), cujo objetivo principal foi apontar os seus benefícios na gestão de custos de uma empresa agrícola. Para tanto, foi efetuada uma revisão da literatura a respeito dos conceitos ligados ao tema do estudo e a atividade agrícola. Em seguida foi apresentada a metodologia utilizada na pesquisa, a qual é classificada como aplicada, documental e estudo de caso, fazendo-se uso para a coleta de dados de entrevista não formal e verificação de documentos. Os resultados obtidos indicam as vantagens encontradas com a utilização do custeio ABC, que considerou formas de direcionadores de custos diferenciadas para os custos indiretos, como as horas máquinas utilizadas na realização das atividades da produção agrícola. Isso permitiu concluir que este método traz benefícios aos gestores de empresas agrícolas para a análise das atividades que demandam mais recursos, podendo torná-las mais eficientes, investindo em treinamento de pessoas e aplicando novas tecnologias de mecanização.
Resenha do livro “Processos midiáticos no campo esportivo”
Authors: Mezzaroba Cristiano , Dos Santos Weverton Paulo
Published: July 2020

O texto é uma resenha da obra de Gustavo Sanfelice, intitulada “Processos midiáticos no campo esportivo”, publicada em 2018 pela Editora Appris. A obra está organizada em cinco capítulos, os quais procuram trazer a contextualização da pesquisa realizada, ou seja, compreender estratégias de construção midiática em relação à atleta brasileira de ginástica artística Daiane dos Santos. Em específico quanto às suas ações sociais (conquista de títulos anteriores às Olimpíadas/2004, máxima performance esportiva que a credenciaria a conquistar uma inédita medalha de ouro olímpica, elaboração de gestos técnicos próprios etc.) e a transformação dessas ações sociais em acontecimentos midiáticos, a partir de enquadramentos e mapas de significado, numa pesquisa realizada nos jornais Zero Hora (ZH) e Folha de São Paulo (FSP). Evidenciam-se resultados diferenciados na construção discursiva desses dois periódicos: uma cobertura mais local e emotiva (ZH), e uma cobertura mais nacional, pautada em elementos objetivos (FSP).
Valuing Public Transport Customer Amenities: International Transit Agency Practice
Authors: De Gruyter Chris , Currie Graham
Published: July 2020

Public transport customer amenities cover a range of measures that can enhance the quality of the passenger experience, such as information provision and station quality. While much research has determined the value that users place on amenities, there is little understanding of current practice in the use of customer amenity valuations in project appraisal. A survey of transit agencies in 11 cities (Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Auckland, London, Paris, Toronto, Vienna, Oslo and Singapore) was undertaken showing that Australasian cities, albeit Melbourne, generally have widespread inclusion of customer amenities as part of advanced appraisals for all relevant types of public transport projects. Australasian practice tends to include customer amenities more frequently in project appraisal than London, Singapore and Oslo. Paris, Toronto and Vienna, although they adopt advanced appraisals for some projects, rarely (if at all) include customer amenities in these appraisals. While agencies generally use published sources of customer amenity values specific to their country, Toronto and Singapore tend to use customer amenity values from London, highlighting a lack of local customer amenity values.
Werkgeversmaatregelen voor langer doorwerken en duurzame inzetbaarheid
Authors: Niks Irene , van den Heuvel Swenneke , Sanders Jos
Published: July 2020

In dit artikel kijken we naar trends in generieke maatregelen en maatwerkafspraken (i-deals) voor langer doorwerken en naar ontwikkelingen over tijd in de duurzame inzetbaarheid van werknemers. Hierbij gaan we specifiek in op verschillen tussen werkgevers op basis van vestigingsgrootte,
profit of non-profit, de aan- of afwezigheid van een brancheorganisatie en sector (financiële instellingen, gezondheid & welzijn en horeca). We doen dit op basis van data van de Werkgevers Enquête Arbeidsomstandigheden (WEA) en de Nationale Enquête Arbeidsomstandigheden
voor werknemers (NEA). Uit de resultaten blijkt dat werkgevers nog altijd meer ontziemaatregelen treffen dan stimuleringsmaatregelen en dat het gebruik van maatwerkafspraken toeneemt. Grote bedrijven, non-profit bedrijven en bedrijven die zijn aangesloten bij een brancheorganisatie treffen
vaker maatregelen voor langer doorwerken. Daarnaast zien we bij werknemers een positieve trend in indicatoren voor duurzame inzetbaarheid, te weten de leeftijd tot waarop men wil en denkt te kunnen doorwerken en de inschatting van de eigen arbeidsmarktpositie. Dit kan deels een effect zijn
van de maatregelen die werkgevers getroffen hebben, maar zal ook voor een groot deel te danken zijn aan conjunctuur en wetgeving.
In this article, we describe trends in measures taken by employers to stimulate a prolonged work participation as well as trends in
sustainable employability of employees. We elaborate on differences in company size, profit versus non-profit, the presence of a
branch organisation, and sector (financial sector, health & welfare and the catering industry). We analysed data from the Netherlands
Employers Work Survey and from the Netherlands Working Conditions Survey. The results show that employers more often take protective
measures than incentive measures. Furthermore, the use of idiosyncratic employment arrangements (i-deals) is increasing. Large
companies, non-profit companies and companies associated with a branch organisation take more measures. In addition, we observed
a positive change in indicators of sustainable employability among workers. This may partly be caused by measures taken by employers,
but will also be due to a favourable economic climate and to national legislation.
Estimation of cloud condensation nuclei number concentrations and comparison to in situ and lidar observations during the HOPE experiments
Authors: Genz Christa , Schrödner Roland , Heinold Bernd , Henning Silvia , Baars Holger , Spindler Gerald , Tegen Ina
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles are the precondition for the formation of cloud droplets and therefore have large influence on the microphysical and radiative properties of clouds. In this work, four different methods to derive or measure number concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were analyzed and compared for present-day aerosol conditions: (i) a model parameterization based on simulated particle concentrations, (ii) the same parameterization based on gravimetrical particle measurements, (iii) direct CCN measurements with a CCN counter, and (iv) lidar-derived and in situ measured vertical CCN profiles. In order to allow for sensitivity studies of the anthropogenic impact, a scenario to estimate the maximum CCN concentration under peak aerosol conditions of the mid-1980s in Europe was developed as well. In general, the simulations are in good agreement with the observations. At ground level, average values between 0.7 and 1.5×109 CCN m−3 at a supersaturation of 0.2 % were found with the different methods under present-day conditions. The discrimination of the chemical species revealed an almost equal contribution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate to the total number of CCN for present-day conditions. This was not the case for the peak aerosol scenario, in which it was assumed that no ammonium nitrate was formed while large amounts of sulfate were present, consuming all available ammonia during ammonium sulfate formation. The CCN number concentration at five different supersaturation values has been compared to the measurements. The discrepancies between model and in situ observations were lowest for the lowest (0.1 %) and highest supersaturations (0.7 %). For supersaturations between 0.3 % and 0.5 %, the model overestimated the potentially activated particle fraction by around 30 %. By comparing the simulation with observed profiles, the vertical distribution of the CCN concentration was found to be overestimated by up to a factor of 2 in the boundary layer. The analysis of the modern (year 2013) and the peak aerosol scenario (expected to be representative of the mid-1980s over Europe) resulted in a scaling factor, which was defined as the quotient of the average vertical profile of the peak aerosol and present-day CCN concentration. This factor was found to be around 2 close to the ground, increasing to around 3.5 between 2 and 5 km and approaching 1 (i.e., no difference between present-day and peak aerosol conditions) with further increasing height.
Ground penetrating radar inspection for Subsurface Historical Structures at
Baptism (El-Maghtas) site, Jordan
Authors: Aqel Abueladas AbdEl-Rahman , Akawwi Emad
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The Baptism (El-Maghtas) site located north to the Dead Sea at the eastern bank of the Jordan River. There are many excavations in the surrounding area that revealed different archaeological remains which indicates the location John the Baptist. He lived and preached in the early 1st Century A.D. who is famous for John the Baptist baptized Jesus. The archaeological excavations reveal walls, antiquities, ancient water systems includes such conduits, pools, and ancient pottery pipes. The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey was carried out at selective locations along parallel profiles at the study using a Subsurface Interface Radar System (SIRvoyer-20) with either 400 MHz or 900 MHz mono-static shielded antennas manufactured by Geophysical Survey Systems Inc to delineate possible shallow archaeological material at shallow depth. The GPR radar-gram profiles revealed different subsurface anomalies across all sites. At John the Baptist Church site buried wall were detected along with profiles, the GPR survey recognized shallow wall and shallow buried channel at the pool's site. At Elijah's Hill site the GPR data confirmed the extension of an ancient pottery pipe. Basically the clear diffraction hyperbola anomaly related to the ancient pottery pipe could be discriminated from the 2D profiles. The GPR data was displaced using 3D imaging to define the horizontal and vertical extent of the pipe.
FURNACES OF SALAMANCA: VERNACULAR BUILDING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO SEMI-INDUSTRIAL TOBACCO PRODUCTION IN CHILE BETWEEN 1960 AND 1990
Authors: Gómez Maestro C. , Rivera A. , Olivares Miranda I.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The furnaces of Salamanca were built during the period in which the British Tobacco Company operated in this area of the Region of Coquimbo in Chile (1960's to 1990's). A semi-industrial model of tobacco production was inserted, in which local farmers received technical training and materials to grow tobacco plants. During a first period the company bought green tobacco leaves, while later encouraging the sale of dried tobacco. This meant that local producers had to build their own furnaces, under the company's technical instructions. These instructions were delivered through architectural plans produced by the company, which were interpreted by local farmers according to their own vernacular construction knowledge. This combination resulted in a huge variety of constructive techniques – primarily based on earth – represented in one only architectural form. A cadastre accomplished by the authors in 2019 registered examples of furnaces built with adobe, quincha, tabique and a combination of several of these building systems. Similar systems also present variations - expressed especially in the use of different earthquake-resistant devices. These attend to variable economic conditions and constructive cultures of the local farmers. This article presents the register of 24 furnace ensambles located in 7 areas of Salamanca, characterized according to their construction type and state of conservation. These entries provide information on the richness of vernacular construction of the area and the efficiency of case-specific building solutions.
EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE – VALORISATION AND UNDERESTIMATION
Authors: Barbacci N.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Earthen architecture has been used as a construction material in most of the world for millennia. According to the United Nations, approximately one third of the world population and half of the population of developing countries live in buildings constructed of earth. This presentation makes a basic SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis of earthen architecture in an attempt to explain why this material, possessing many positive qualities, is often maligned or underestimated and dismissed as a construction material associated with poverty, especially in the rural areas of Latin America. This paper emphasizes the importance of maintenance and the preservation of the local socio-cultural knowledge system associated with earth construction.
EXPERIMENTAL CONSOLIDATION WORKS IN RAMMED EARTH WALLS: THE CASE OF THE BAÑUELO IN GRANADA (SPAIN)
Authors: López-Osorio J. M. , Bel-Anzué P.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Between 2015 and 2018, different restoration works were carried out on the dividing walls of the Bañuelo in Granada. They affected rammed earth, masonry and brick fabrics of different chronological periods, corresponding to medieval structures (12th–15th centuries), Modern Age repairs (16th–18th centuries) and contemporary restoration works conducted by F. Prieto-Moreno and L. Torres Balbás (20th century). In this article are presented the works carried out on the west dividing wall, which separate the Arab bath from the garden of the adjoining house. This fabric corresponds to a recent chronology and is not related to the founding fabrics of the Andalusian building; this fact has allowed the development of experimental methodologies avoiding any alteration on structures of a high historical value. Nevertheless, this wall preserves a layered structure of repairs or restorations of Modern and Contemporary Age, which has been factored in the consolidation works. Accordingly, the intervention has not been limited to a strict preservation or a volumetric reintegration of the rammed earth fabric, but aims to offer a range of solutions according to the state of conservation of the structures and the erosion level of the surfaces, on the basis of a previous laboratory tests. Consequently, the conservation works present different intervention techniques and surface coating treatments, which facilitate the execution and contribute to the legibility and the integration of the intervention in the general context of the building.
HISTORICAL EARTHEN WALLS: FROM KNOWLEDGE TO CONSCIOUS CONSERVATION
Authors: Pittaluga D. , Di Rocco A. , Casagrande C. , Guerinoni S. , Pellegri G.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Centuries-old earthen masonry presenting various stages of degradation, earthen walls that have been restored several times: these are the archeological phases of the city walls of Mascarell, on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Founded in the first half of the 13th century, this town is the only complex in Castellon Province that preserves all its ancient walls, which were built entirely by means of the brick-faced rammed-earth technique (clay with bricks and lime). This article reports the first results of a research project conducted on the multiple information available on these artifacts: bibliographic, archival and iconographic sources and the results of direct material analysis, stratigraphic analysis and archeological analysis. The situation is complex, as these walls have undergone a long sequence of transformations, including interventions carried out since the 18th century and multiple restorations in the period 1942–2015. The research developed and refined architecture archeology tools in order to analyze the rammed-earth techniques adopted during restoration work (similar but not identical to the historical technique), to characterize the materials used in restoration, to evaluate their resistance to degradation over the years, to define a sort of ‘critical evolutionary line’ of rammed-earth restoration, and to conduct a cross-sectional study of this building technique from the Middle Ages to the present. Finally, we drafted some guidelines for future interventions for conservation and enhancement.
THE MEMORY OF PLACES: THE SURVEY, REINVENTION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF A SMALL AGRICULTURAL ARTEFACT IN THE MOUNTAIN VILLAGE OF QUOTA, CASENTINO, ITALY
Authors: Pancani G. , Ricci A.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The "history" of places exists as a stratification process of events that have occurred over time in a specific place, leaving more or less appreciable physical traces. The "memory" of the places, instead, is the result of a conscious choice of events to be handed down to future generations constructing the identity of a community and a recognisable image of places. It is in this sense that the project conducted in Quota, a mountain village in central Tuscany, Italy should be interpreted and set. The urban redevelopment process led to the design and reconstruction of a small agricultural artefact, particularly important to the local community given its location near a public fountain. Initially identified as the subject of an exercise to be conducted as part of the Thematic Seminar "Survey, redevelopment and redesign of architecture and environment", the redesign offered an opportunity to "re-invent" a neglected corner of the village taking as reference the traces of the ancient village fountains to create the plot of a new "story" involving the small local community. The reconstruction was carried out using traditional techniques with stone ashlars and cement mortar. To complete it, a corten steel staircase designed with reverse engineering methods and modelled using experimental 3D photo-modelling was created. The "Quota chestnut dryer" proved to be a virtuous process involving various subjects to enable the recovery of a degraded area, a possible model for the preservation of villages in the Apennines of central Italy, authentic sites of collective memory.
ARCHITECTURAL RENOVATION USING TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES, LOCAL MATERIALS AND ARTISAN’S LABOR IN CATALONIA
Authors: Roselló O.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The use of traditional techniques when restoring a masia is always the primary consideration in the preliminary phase of the project and during the site work. The virtues of traditional techniques compared to industrial production systems are described from multiple points of view: as a sustainable contemporary strategy, as generators of healthy spaces , as virtues of social and territorial scale, as a better formal contextualisation due to the limitations of pre-industrial materials. These are virtues that the industrial system has forgotten. The purpose of the Can Buch project (a masia in Northen Catalonia, Spain) was to restore the main house, some sheds and a barn, to enable rural ecotourism and to create a residence for the owner and future manager of the property. The promoter of the project intended to apply the values of permaculture. Maximising the use of Km0 materials from the start emphasised this intention. If we understand the traditional farmhouse as the site's resource map, applying this reality to the present work means recovering original representative principles. Currently, the project is in the last phase of works, but the results of applying this philosophy are already visible. It is intended to demonstrate the advantages of this self-limitation on a sustainable, environmental, territorial and compositional level.
AN HISTORICALLY-INFORMED APPROACH TO THE CONSERVATION OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: THE CASE OF THE PHLEGREAN FARMHOUSES
Authors: Fiore E. , Iaccarino S.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Landscape is always the object of countless mutations: some of them disrupt its identifying features; others leave intact its original traits. Vernacular architecture is linked closely to the vocation of its landscapes, especially agricultural ones: this is the case of Pianura, a neighbourhood in the Phlegrean western suburban area of Naples, where the remains of vernacular architecture and its connections to agriculture are still traceable among the unstoppable process of building speculation which, since the 1960s, has torn up the rural fabric. In this uncontrolled development of the modern city, the architectural heritage of the farmhouse has shown its resilience: although parts of it appear to have been completely engulfed by the uncontrolled expansion of the city, in as many cases farmhouses have endured time, degradation, and indifference towards their historical value. In the heart of the neighbourhood, the masseria, with all its recurring features, remains the most widespread housing model, despite more recent interventions. Through the study of the history and architectural features of Masseria S. Lorenzo, this contribution aims to identify possible guidelines and strategies for the conservation of the material and immaterial values of these examples of vernacular architecture, putting them on a restoration and re-functionalisation path that is mindful of their past heritage and future potential.
ARMENIAN CITY OF GYUMRI AS A PHENOMENON OF LIVING VERNACULAR URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Ivanov A.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Architectural and environmental peculiarities of Gyumri (former Alexandropol, Leninakan) located in the Republic of Armenia lie in the vernacular: a significant layer of historic “architecture without architects” (Bernard Rudofsky) built by local skilled stonemasons from the local material called black tuff. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Gyumri was the largest city in Eastern Armenia (Armenia within the borders of the Russian Empire) and its economic and cultural centre. The historic part of the city is a regular grid filled with one- or two-storey stone vernacular buildings (under the unwritten principle “freedom within the grid”). Until now, despite the devastating earthquakes of 1926 and 1988, it remains practically authentic and serves as a living multifunctional city core. This article introduces new theoretical concepts of the living vernacular city and the vernacular ensemble, developed by the author, and examines the peculiarities of vernacular architecture emergence at different stages of urban formation. The author also investigates the phenomenon of the almost incessant vernacular development of the city, which took place not only during the city’s heyday, but also in the Soviet times when private architectural activity was officially forbidden, and today when we see the revival of spontaneous vernacular construction – in excessively decorated forms, but with the same traditional methods and the masters’ love for their works. Methods of detailed visual analysis of the built environment and in-depth interviewing of vernacular actors were used in the preparation of the study.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN THE SONDONDO VALLEY (PERU)
Authors: Sáez E. , Canziani J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Sondondo is an inter-Andean valley located between 3,500 and 4,500 meters above sea level. Inhabited, transformed and modelled since ancient times by the local rural communities, an extraordinary cultural landscape has been created through their particular relationship with the environment. Since the pre-Hispanic settlements (Wari 600 AD), through colonial indigenous “reductions”, to the villages of vernacular architecture, which are at the foundation of contemporary populated centres, the territory has been variously and successively settled, inhabited and transformed. Its vernacular architecture has evolved at multiple scales, from domestic architecture to urban structures. It has created spaces for agriculture and livestock herding, and the spectacular agricultural andenerías (farming platforms and terraces) that have shaped the territory for centuries. The latter simultaneously developed irrigation infrastructures and techniques. The result is a landscape of great plastic effects, in a geographical setting bordered by the apus – tutelar mountains – traditionally “sacralized” by the Andean cultures. Such enormous architectural-landscape legacy is now threatened by imported global models of false modernity disrupting the fragile balance of lifestyles and territories. The objective of this research project, ongoing since 2016, is to assess this territory, catalogue its vernacular architecture and landscape units. It also aims to propose projects and initiatives for sustainable local development. The work has been made available to the Ministry of Culture of Peru to support its request before UNESCO to include the site in its World Heritage List.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF THE VERNACULAR SETTLEMENTS IN USHGULI (UPPER SVANETI, GEORGIA)
Authors: Sousa G. , Carlos G. , Florentino R. , Bermudez T.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Ushguli, located in the Upper Svaneti region (Georgia), represents the highest point of human occupation before the permanent snowed highlands that separate Georgia from Russia. The local inhabitants (Svan) are described as an aggressive community with warrior habits. Their history is one of permanent conflict. Most of the major empires of the ancient world (Persia, Greece, Rome and Byzantium) disputed this territory. In the Middle Ages, when natural conditions secured their isolation, the established feudal system preserved, until recent times, the warrior culture of the Svan through a judicial system based on blood feuds. The necessity to defend their territory from invaders, as well as the violent conflicts between families, influenced their settlement morphology, as well as their vernacular architecture. Four small settlements (Chvibiani, Zhibiani, Chazhashi and Murkmeli) constitute the Ushguli province, inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list since 1996. This paper aims to study the Ushgulli traditional urban morphology, which does not correspond to any classical urban element. The overlapping between private and public spaces and the inexistence of a standard concept of street or square are some of their peculiar features; some of which have an important influence on the organization of vernacular buildings. These buildings do not present a dominating facade or any other type of hierarchical composition towards the exterior. Under the scope of the Project 3D Past a multidisciplinary approach (Architecture, Urban Morphology and History) is used to better understand the original features of these peculiar settlements.
DOCUMENTATION OF TRADITIONAL HOUSING IN MAYANGNA COMMUNITIES. BOSAWÁS BIOSPHERE RESERVE, NICARAGUA
Authors: Cimadomo G. , González Meixuero N. , Jamauca J. L. , Castaño Gil C. , Martín Sánchez M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The Mayangna ethnic community populate the UNESCO Bosawás Biosphere Reserve in the north of Nicaragua, in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region. During the volunteer program developed by the School of Architecture at the University of Malaga, Spain in the summer of 2019, the architecture of a traditional Mayangna house in Santa María (Bonanza municipal term) was documented. Documentation and digital reconstruction of this typology is still inadequate and this is considered a crucial task given that many of these traditional buildings are at risk of disappearing, as the comparison with more recent buildings in Sakalwas (Bonanza) shows. The paper describes, focusing on a typological and construction analysis, the original houses and the domestic culture of this community, characterized by the use of pressed bamboo for the external walls and Suita palm leaves for the roofs. Other characteristics are the lack of internal distribution and the use of piles to elevate the single roof from the ground. A slow process of transformation has been detected, leading to increased environmental costs and less effective solutions for combating tropical climatology and heavy raining periods. Finally, we discuss how the active protection of the Biosphere Reserve should be compatible with the preservation of traditional houses, for a more socially and environmentally sustainable future.
SUSTAINABILITY LESSONS FROM VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN FREI OTTO'S WORK: TENTS AND GRIDSHELLS
Authors: Songel J. M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Frei Otto is usually linked in the historiography of modern architecture to the German Pavilion for the Montreal Expo and the Olympic Stadium in Munich, a couple of works that have typically been regarded as predecessors of High-Tech architecture. But his contribution to architecture goes far beyond these worldwide famous works and can better be traced in his rich experience at the Institute for Lightweight Structures in Stuttgart, as an insightful observer of natural and man-made objects and as an investigator of the relationship between form, force and mass. He has developed new types of structures which often refer to primitive building types and can therefore be easily found in vernacular architecture: tents, nets, gridshells, branching constructions, folding roofs, umbrellas, as well as pneumatic and suspended constructions. All of them are the outcome of a very thorough process of investigation at his institute, which usually also included a survey of these building types in vernacular architecture. The target of this paper is to explore this relationship, and to test whether the strive for lightness can be regarded as a common ground between vernacular architecture and Frei Otto's work. In any case, his endeavour to get the maximum with the minimum, to achieve a lot from a little, is also a key target of sustainability and an essential feature of vernacular architecture.
MAKING SITES AND OBJECTS TALK: EXPERIENCES IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH, NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
Authors: Medeiros L. , Garcia-Fernandez J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The identity and experience of past human societies has crystallized in the buildings that survive up to the present day, as architectural and archaeological heritage. The challenges of their study, management and communication are now in constant reshaping, as new technologies consistently bring new tools, opportunities and trials. Today, the values and meanings attached to this heritage by their communities are to be promoted by the strategies towards cultural heritage research, protection, enhancement, reuse or dissemination, as defined by the Faro Convention (CoE, 2005), but community involvement and interdisciplinarity are still goals often difficult to attain. In this contribution we aim to present two different case studies where strategies of state-of-the-art documentation and historical-archaeological assessment were brought together to address communities’ requests for heritage valorization while providing opportunities for interdisciplinary work, specialized education, and content creation. One is in the Finnish town of Hamina, a star-like fortress system which echoes the Renaissance urban ideals, achieved only in another place in Europe (Palma Nova, Italy), where an International Summer School took place to address the community’s requests for study and documentation. Another is in the Portuguese village of Muge, Salvaterra de Magos, where the need for scientific study and documentation addressed the owner’s goals for site musealization while providing interdisciplinary work and education to several undergrad and masters students in archaeology and architecture, while building contents for community engagement and outreach.
3D MODELLING OF THE NEGRO TOWER FOR ITS COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS AND A CONSERVATION PROPOSAL
Authors: García-León J. , Collado Espejo P. E. , Fantini F. , Jiménez González F. J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The Negro Tower, in El Algar, Cartagena (Region of Murcia, Spain), is a building which dates to 1585. It is a tower built in a rural environment, inland from the coast, to alert and protect the population from pirate attacks. It was part of the network of watchtowers and defense posts along the coast of Murcia built between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The tower is protected as a historical monument, but its state of conservation is very poor. For this reason, a comprehensive study has been carried out to ensure its correct restoration and future conservation. Historical and constructive analysis has allowed us to discover the social, cultural and architectural characteristics of the tower. Digital photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning compatible with classic topography have been used for the graphic survey of the tower. All this information has permitted the elaboration of thorough three-dimensional modelling and the proposal of a volumetric recomposition of the tower. The presentation will set out the working methodology followed as well as the important results achieved. This research work aims to contribute to the recognition and correct conservation of the Tower. The graphic survey and the three-dimensional model obtained will allow the recovery of the tower and its integration into the natural environment.
3D SCANNING METHODOLOGY: BELL TOWER OF SANTA MARÍA DE DAROCA’S CHURCH (SPAIN)
Authors: López González C. , Germes Valls P.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Santa María’s Church finds its origins in a medieval mosque located in the city of Daroca, whose historical centre was declared a Historic-Artistic Complex (1968) and, at present, it is considered an "Asset of Cultural Interest". The bell tower is the only remnant of the Islamic mosque that is preserved. In the 14th century, the Mudejar tower was covered with ashlar masonry and increased in height. The conjunction of successive stages of construction, with the different construction systems and materials used in each period, as well as the different architectural styles that can be contemplated in this tower, convert it into a unique and complex exemplary work. However, despite being a bell tower of great heritage value, there is no rigorous planimetry available of any kind allowing its in-depth study. Due to its complexity and diversity of materials, it has required the use of the 3D laser scanning technology. The shortage of space and light made it necessary to carefully plan the sequential stationing process and the results have been very satisfactory. The scanning has allowed detection of the tower’s inclination with great precision and has facilitated the visualization of the meeting point of both Arabesque and Christian remnants. It has also been proven that the bell tower’s inclination is not uniform throughout the height of the closing wall, but is slightly straightened from the Christian period. This communication describes the process followed to perform the scanning and subsequent manipulation of point clouds, presenting the results obtained.
A FORTRESS BETWEEN ARTIFICE AND NATURE: THE LASER SCANNING SURVEY OF THE CASTLE OF PESCOPAGANO AS AN INSTRUMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT
Authors: Pane A. , Catuogno R. , Facchini M. , Morano L.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The castle of Pescopagano, a small village located on the border between Basilicata and Campania, is a complex of great historical and landscape value, for the inseparable combination that binds its stones to the rock where it stands. Founded perhaps in the Byzantine times, but certainly renovated and built in its current forms between the 11th and 12th century, the castle had considerable military importance under Frederick II of Swabia. Seriously damaged by the earthquake of 1694, the fortress underwent a partial reconstruction, but ended up suffering further collapses caused by the Irpinia earthquake of 1980, such as to motivate the first interventions of securing and, above all, the application of the listing process. Today the castle is still largely in ruins and is only partially accessible thanks to a limited intervention on the paths. The present research aims at deepening the knowledge of the state of conservation, the damage mechanisms and the previous restoration interventions of the castle, in order to define possible strategies for its restoration and enhancement. The analysis work uses the most advanced laser scanning and drone detection systems, in order to document, as accurately as possible, the complex patrimonial system of the castle. Thanks to the combined use of these techniques, the objective is also to define methods that can be replicated in other contexts where the relationship between geomorphology and construction is so relevant that it jeopardizes the use of any other traditional survey system.
STUDY AND CATALOGUING OF INDIGENOUS VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN WESTERN PANAMA
Authors: Hervás Herrera M. A. , González Quiel J.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The results of a research project on the vernacular architecture of indigenous communities in western Panama are presented. The field of study focuses on the indigenous territories of the Ngäbe, Buglé, Naso and Bribri ethnic groups, close to the border with Costa Rica. All of them belong to a well-defined geographical area and are linked by close historical, social and cultural ties. The constructions studied are based on the use of plant materials from their immediate surroundings, have enormous geographical, historical and ethnological value, and reflect the distinct lifestyles of the people who built and used them. Fully adapted to their natural environment and embracing high levels of environmental efficiency and sustainability, these constructions are nevertheless little known, little valued outside their region (and even within it), and are in serious danger of disappearing due to the introduction of new building materials. This paper presents the results of the current research project which emphasizes the morphology, structure, materials, construction techniques, typology and function of the buildings under study; and presents the working processes related to their construction.
VIRTUAL REALITY TO SUPPORT TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE. THE CASE STUDY OF CRYPTOPORTICUS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF EGNATIA (ITALY)
Authors: Cantatore E. , Lasorella M. , Fatiguso F.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Digitalization and interactivity of reality in Augmented and Virtual Environments represent the synergic union between current technology potentialities and smartness of users in going beyond the traditional perception of real environment. As it is well-known, touristic bodies already taken advantages of Virtual Environments as cultural and touristic promotion of historic and archaeological sites. However, the analysis of potentialities in supporting technical community and professionals are still underway. Starting from the survey of instruments and protocols in previous experiences, the work presents a methodological flow aimed to create a virtual environment using 360° images – Virtual Tour – where the first phase of technical knowledge in historic sites can be resumed. In detail, a double level of knowledge can be reached: firstly, a virtual environment containing information about the actual state of conservation, then an upgraded one with historic and technical information (e.g. reports, images, surveys, etc.) added in an interactive as well intuitive way. The protocol has been applied to the undergrounded Cryptoporticus of Egnatia, an archaeological site in Apulia Region (Italy).
ANOTHER TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE IN CANADA AND THE USA: EXPLORING SOME UNIQUE CONSTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES
Authors: La Spina V.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Generally, in the traditional architecture of Canada and the United States, wood has been used as the main and almost exclusive material for the construction of the buildings of early settlers as it was abundant in the area. Thus, log cabins or wooden frame houses and cottages have become the chief representatives of traditional Canadian and North American architecture. However, wood was expensive or not always at hand in some parts of both countries, so that other materials such as earth, stone, and lime or gypsum were used by the new settlers to build the first constructions. Consequently, different constructive techniques associated with these materials are found in their traditional architecture, some even imported from Europe, with specific links to the individual places of origin of those who built the buildings. This paper aims to provide an initial overview and classification of the use of other materials and other constructive techniques which are also characteristic of a part of traditional architecture common to both Canada and the North of the United States: It also offers an exploration of different specific individual examples including stovewood constructions, sod houses (soddies), and cobblestone structures.