bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences on teacher efficacy of preservice music educators
Authors: Fisher Ryan A , Summitt Nancy L , Koziel Ellen B , Hall Armand V
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that influence preservice music teacher efficacy. Participants in this study were undergraduate music education students ( N = 124), a convenience sample taken from six mid-South university music education programs in the United States. To explore the factors influencing preservice music teacher efficacy, a survey was sent to participants. The survey consisted of demographic information (race, gender, classification, etc.), questions about the predictor variables, and the Preservice Music Teacher Efficacy Scale (PMTES). Multiple regression revealed that the predictor variables accounted for 38% ( R2 = .38; adjusted R2 = .33) of the variance in the PMTES. Professional Disposition Scale score (β = .35, p < .001) and Music Performance Efficacy Scale score (β = .39, p < .001) contributed the greatest to the regression model. Based on these findings, music teacher education programs may consider implementing a type of professional disposition measurement throughout music education students’ undergraduate education. The results also reinforce the importance of developing music performance skills as part of a music education program.
Comparing effectiveness of fat burners and thermogenic supplements to diet and exercise for weight loss and cardiometabolic health: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Clark James E , Welch Sarah
Published: January 2021

Background:

Those who are overfat face an onslaught of advice for losing weight, including using dietary supplements that purport to have fat burning capabilities to achieve a reduced body mass, fat mass and improvement in cardiometabolic health in combination with exercise or diet and exercise regimens.

Aim:

To examine long-term effectiveness of supplements for both weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic health for these individuals.

Methods:

A PRISMA methods of systematic review was conducted from August 2018 through January 2019 using Medline, PubChem, PubMed, EBOSCO CINHAL and SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar yielding 23,441 returns of which 21 studies (duration greater than 8 weeks with participant populations of BMI greater than 24.9) were included for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis examined pooled effect size and 95% confidence interval for: body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, resting metabolic rate. Intra-study effect sizes were compared with previously reported results for diet or diet and exercise in a 2x2 chi-square analysis for the number of studies that induced effects greater than or less than the effect size.

Results:

There is a general trend to show effectiveness (effect size greater than 0.00) for obtaining beneficial changes from use of thermogenic dietary supplements, yet the 95% confidence interval for effect size crossed 0.00 (indicating no benefit). Chi-square comparison to exercise, or combination of diet and exercise, indicates that responses induced from weight-loss supplements were less effective than what is obtained from utilizing exercise, or diet and exercise, without additional weight-loss supplements.

Conclusion:

There appears to be limited benefit that may be derived from the inclusion of thermogenic dietary supplements to reduce body mass and improve cardiometabolic health for individuals who are overfat.
Words to Submit by: Language Patterns Indicate Conference Acceptance for the International Communication Association
Authors: Markowitz David M.
Published: January 2021

Language patterns of complexity and confidence often indicate positive persuasion outcomes across settings. For example, such word types correlate with funding support from grant agencies and online crowds. This paper tested the preregistered hypothesis that language patterns of complexity and confidence also relate to a conference submission’s acceptance. Replicating and extending prior work, submissions from the International Communication Association ( N = 9,559) with more complex content and more causality tend to be accepted. Implications of these data are discussed.
Commitment in L3 relationships: Sacred vows or polyamory?
Authors: Stringer David
Published: January 2021

Westergaard (2021) presents an updated account of the Linguistic Proximity Model and the micro-cue approach to the parser as an acquisition device. The property-by-property view of transfer inherent in this approach contrasts with other influential models that assume that third language (L3) acquisition involves the creation of a full copy of only one previously existing language in the mind. In this commentary, I review Westergaard’s proposal that first language (L1), second language (L2), and L3 acquisition proceed on the basis of incremental, conservative learning and her view of the parser as the engine of the acquisition process. I then provide several arguments in support of her position that crosslinguistic influence in L n acquisition may flow from any previously acquired language.
Additional value of deep learning computed tomographic angiography-based fractional flow reserve in detecting coronary stenosis and predicting outcomes
Authors: Li Yang , Qiu Hong , Hou Zhihui , Zheng Jianfeng , Li Jianan , Yin Youbing , Gao Runlin
Published: January 2021

Background

Deep learning (DL) has achieved great success in medical imaging and could be utilized for the non-invasive calculation of fractional flow reserve (FFR) from coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) (CT-FFR).

Purpose

To examine the ability of a DL-based CT-FFR in detecting hemodynamic changes of stenosis.

Material and Methods

This study included 73 patients (85 vessels) who were suspected of coronary artery disease (CAD) and received CCTA followed by invasive FFR measurements within 90 days. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) were compared between CT-FFR and CCTA. Thirty-nine patients who received drug therapy instead of revascularization were followed for up to 31 months. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE), unstable angina, and rehospitalization were evaluated and compared between the study groups.

Results

At the patient level, CT-FFR achieved 90.4%, 93.6%, 88.1%, 85.3%, and 94.9% in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV, respectively. At the vessel level, CT-FFR achieved 91.8%, 93.9%, 90.4%, 86.1%, and 95.9%, respectively. CT-FFR exceeded CCTA in these measurements at both levels. The vessel-level AUC for CT-FFR also outperformed that for CCTA (0.957 vs. 0.599, P < 0.0001). Patients with CT-FFR ≤0.8 had higher rates of rehospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] 4.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–18.9) and MACE (HR 7.26, 95% CI 0.88–59.8), as well as a lower rate of unstable angina (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.07–2.91).

Conclusion

CT-FFR is superior to conventional CCTA in differentiating functional myocardial ischemia. In addition, it has the potential to differentiate prognoses of patients with CAD.
Revision of failed metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty using cemented arthroplasty: a mean 10-year follow-up of 157 consecutive patients
Authors: Lin Jinluan , Huang Chunlong , Yu Weiguang , Han Guowei , Liu Xiangzhen , Zeng Xianshang
Published: January 2021

Objective

This study was performed to assess the outcomes of Asian patients who underwent conversion from metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty (MoM-THA) to cemented THA (CTHA).

Methods

One hundred and fifty-seven consecutive patients (157 hips) who underwent CTHA following primary MoM-THA from January 2005 to February 2015 were retrospectively analysed. The primary endpoints were the clinical outcomes. Follow-ups occurred at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and then every 2 years following revision of MoM-THA.

Results

The mean follow-up after conversion was 10 years (range, 5–14 years). Statistically significant improvements in the mean Harris hip score were observed between the preoperative and final follow-up evaluations (62.71 ± 13.85 vs. 84.03 ± 16.21, respectively). The major orthopaedic complication rate was 16.5% (26/157). Six (3.8%) patients underwent revision at a mean of 3.5 ± 1.3 years after conversion, predominantly because of prosthesis loosening or recurrent dislocation. Nine (5.7%) patients developed prosthesis loosening at a mean of 2.6 ± 1.1 years following conversion, two of whom requested revision surgery. Eleven (7.0%) patients developed prosthesis dislocation, four of whom requested revision surgery.

Conclusion

CTHA may yield favourable functional outcomes and a reduced rate of major orthopaedic complications.
Physiologic and hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing open abdominal cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Authors: Kim Myoung Hwa , Yoo Young Chul , Bai Sun Joon , Lee Kang-Young , Kim Nayeon , Lee Ki Young
Published: January 2021

Objective

We aimed to determine the physiological and hemodynamic changes in patients who were undergoing hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) cytoreductive surgeries.

Methods

This prospective, observational study enrolled 21 patients who were undergoing elective cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC at our hospital over 2 years. We collected vital signs, hemodynamic parameters including global end-diastolic volume index (GEVI) and extravascular lung water index (ELWI) using the VolumeView™ system, and arterial blood gas analysis from all patients. Data were recorded before skin incision (T1); 30 minutes before HIPEC initiation (T2); 30 (T3), 60 (T4), and 90 (T5) minutes after HIPEC initiation; 30 minutes after HIPEC completion (T6); and 10 minutes before surgery completion (T7).

Results

Patients showed an increase in body temperature and cardiac index and a decrease in the systemic vascular resistance index. GEDI was 715.4 (T1) to 809.7 (T6), and ELWI was 6.9 (T1) to 7.3 (T5).

Conclusions

HIPEC increased patients’ body temperature and cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistance. Although parameters that were extracted from the VolumeView™ system were within their normal ranges, transpulmonary thermodilution approach is helpful in intraoperative hemodynamic management during open abdominal cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC. Trial registry name: ClinicalTrials.gov Trial registration number: NCT02325648 URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=NCT02325648&term
Modeling and free vibration analysis of rotating hub-blade assemblies reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets
Authors: Zhao Tian Yu , Jiang Ze Yu , Zhao Zhan , Xie Li Yang , Yuan Hui Qun
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a new theoretical model for rotating elastic hub-blade assemblies, made of functionally graded (FG) graphene nanoplatelet (GPL) reinforced nanocomposites, and their free vibration characteristics are investigated. This model is the first attempt to include two elastic components simultaneously and consider the coupled effect. The Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the Donnell’s shell theory are employed to establish the mathematic model of the blade and hub, respectively. The effective material properties, varying continuously along the thickness of the beam and cylindrical shell, are determined via the Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model and the rule of the mixture. The Lagrange’s equation is adopted to derive the equations of motion which are then solved by employing the substructure mode synthesis method and the Galerkin method. A parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of the rotating speed, graphene nanoplatelet distribution pattern, GPL weight fraction, length-to-thickness ratio and length-to-width ratio of graphene nanoplatelets (GPLs) and blade dimension on the natural frequencies of the nanocomposite rotor system, which will significantly benefit on the structural and material design of GPL reinforced hub-blade assembly.
Use of medicinal plants for headache, and their potential implication in medication-overuse headache: Evidence from a population-based study in Nepal
Authors: Sørnes Elise Øien , Risal Ajay , Manandhar Kedar , Thomas Hallie , Steiner Timothy J , Linde Mattias
Published: January 2021

Background

In Nepal, traditional treatment using medicinal plants is popular. Whereas medication-overuse headache is, by definition, caused by excessive use of acute headache medication, we hypothesized that medicinal plants, being pharmacologically active, were as likely a cause.

Methods

We used data from a cross-sectional, nationwide population-based study, which enquired into headache and use of medicinal plants and allopathic medications. We searched the literature for pharmacodynamic actions of the medicinal plants.

Results

Of 2100 participants, 1794 (85.4%) reported headache in the preceding year; 161 (7.7%) reported headache on ≥15 days/month, of whom 28 (17.4%) had used medicinal plants and 117 (72.7%) allopathic medication(s). Of 46 with probable medication-overuse headache, 87.0% (40/46) were using allopathic medication(s) and 13.0% (6/46) medicinal plants, a ratio of 6.7:1, higher than the overall ratio among those with headache of 4.9:1 (912/185). Of 60 plant species identified, 49 were pharmacodynamically active on the central nervous system, with various effects of likely relevance in medication-overuse headache causation.

Conclusions

MPs are potentially a cause of medication-overuse headache, and not to be seen as innocent in this regard. Numbers presumptively affected in Nepal are low but not negligible. This pioneering project provides a starting point for further research to provide needed guidance on use of medicinal plants for headache.
Acceptance of social network sites by university librarians
Authors: Weerasinghe Sureni , Hindagolla Menaka Chandanie Bandara
Published: January 2021

Libraries are being revolutionized by technological advancements which open up avenues to embed innovative library services. It is imperative for librarians to be in par with new technologies such as social network sites, to prove their worth in this competitive digital world. This study aims to explore factors affecting the acceptance of social network sites by university librarians by applying the technology acceptance model. The findings revealed that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were significant predictors of acceptance of social network sites. Trust was found to exert a significant indirect effect on the librarians’ intention to use social network sites. This study contributes to the theoretical novelty of the intersecting field of library science, social network sites and the technology acceptance model, which has received less attention in the literature. Also, this study attempts to fill the gap in the adoption literature, where librarians are rarely acknowledged as users, while supporting the validation of the technology acceptance model in a developing-country context. Overall, the proposed research model explained 58.4% ( R 2 = 0.584) of variance in the dependent variable of behavioural intention.
Systematic Review of Elbow Instability in Association With Refractory Lateral Epicondylitis: Myth or Fact?
Authors: Kholinne Erica , Liu Hua , Kim Hyojune , Kwak Jae-Man , Koh Kyoung-Hwan , Jeon In-Ho
Published: January 2021

Background:

Elbow instability, particularly posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI), has been reported in patients with refractory lateral epicondylitis (LE). However, evidence of diagnostic approach and surgical outcomes is lacking.

Purpose:

To identify (1) the risk factors, clinical and radiologic-diagnostic characteristics, and (2) the treatment options and clinical outcome of LE with PLRI.

Study design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

We searched the PubMed, Ovid/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Scopus, and EMBASE databases using keywords as well as Medical Subject Headings terms and Emtree using “(lateral epicondylitis OR tennis elbow) AND (instability OR posterolateral rotatory instability)” for English-language studies. We conducted a systematic review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.

Results:

In total, 8 articles comprising 6 level 4 and 2 level 3 studies were identified, including 249 patients (254 elbows). The main triggering factor was heavy labor activity (74/172; 43%). A total of 184 patients (73.9%) received either single (4/184; 2.2%) or multiple (180/184; 97.8%) steroid injections. Clinically, instability was always accompanied by pain in 9% of study individuals. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that radial collateral ligament (RCL) and lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) lesions were most common (18/79; 23%). The most common surgical procedure performed was arthroscopic RCL plication (62/120; 52%) followed by LUCL reconstruction (30/120; 25%). A ligament patholaxity sign was shown intraoperatively for 64% (44/69). Clinical outcomes ranged from good to excellent in all studies. The most common residual symptom was limited range of motion (11/18; 61%).

Conclusion:

Instability can coexist and may be associated with refractory LE. The risk factors of instability associated with refractory LE are heavy labor and multiple steroid injections. A systematic approach to identify the clinical and MRI presentation of the condition followed by examination under anesthesia are necessary for affirmative diagnosis, as independent presentations may be misleading.
Outcomes More Than 2 Years After Meniscal Repair for Longitudinal Tears of the Lateral Meniscus Combined With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Tsujii Akira , Yonetani Yasukazu , Kinugasa Kazutaka , Matsuo Tomohiko , Yoneda Kenji , Ohori Tomoki , Hirose Takehito , Hamada Masayuki
Published: January 2021

Background:

Meniscal function after repair of longitudinal tears of the lateral meniscus (LM) with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) has not been comprehensively investigated.

Purpose:

To evaluate not only the clinical outcomes and radiographic findings of patients who underwent repair of longitudinal tears of the LM combined with ACLR but also the healing status of the repaired meniscus and changes in chondral status with second-look arthroscopy.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Among 548 patients who underwent primary anatomic ACLR at our institution between 2010 and 2017, 39 who had concomitant longitudinal tears of the LM and underwent repair were studied. During follow-up for more than 2 years, all patients were evaluated clinically (pain, range of motion, swelling, and knee instability) and with imaging (plain radiograph and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), and compared with a matched control group (based on age, sex, body mass index, and follow-up period) without any concomitant injuries who underwent ACLR. Measurements on MRI were recorded preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and at final follow-up, and the change in the values over time was assessed. Of the 39 patients in each group, 24 were assessed by second-look arthroscopy with hardware removal 2 years postoperatively.

Results:

The mean follow-up times of the study and control group were at a mean of 42.4 and 45.4 months, respectively. There were no significant differences in clinical findings, lateral joint space narrowing on radiographs, and chondral status at the lateral compartment between groups, whereas lateral and posterior meniscal extrusion on MRI progressed significantly in the study group (0.43 ± 1.0 mm vs -0.29 ± 1.1 mm, P = .003; 1.9 ± 1.9 mm vs 0.14 ± 1.1 mm, P < .0001, respectively). Second-look arthroscopy revealed complete healing in 12 patients (50%), partial healing in 9 (37.5%), and failure in 3 (12.5%) in the study group, and no new tear in the control group.

Conclusion:

The clinical and imaging outcomes after repair of longitudinal tears of the LM combined with anatomic ACLR were successful and comparable with those after isolated ACLR without any other injuries at 42 months postoperatively, although meniscal extrusion showed progression on coronal/sagittal MRI. Based on the MRI findings and the result that only half of patients achieved complete healing, meniscal function could not be fully restored even after repair. Although degenerative changes were not apparent, longer-term follow-up is needed.
Note-Taking Learning System: The Use of the Learning Style Theory and the Peer Learning Method on Computer Programming Course
Authors: Huang Sheng-Bo , Jeng Yu-Lin , Lai Chin-Feng
Published: January 2021

In recent years, the government has actively set up computer programming courses to train those with the relevant talent; however, the learning performance of the students is not ideal. Therefore, in order to learn programming skills, students usually adopt note-taking strategies because, due to the pressure of the course, the teachers do not have sufficient time to help the students to fully understand the course content. This means that some students take notes without thinking, so their academic performance is usually poor. This study, therefore, proposes an innovative curriculum design that is based on the “Note-taking System and Teaching Strategy’’ (NSTS), which combines learning style concepts and peer learning concepts to achieve student interaction and promote their thinking skills. In the learning activity, students are asked to search for additional supplementary material and to write their own notes, and then the members of group can read their notes and learn from them. However, the results of the study show that the NSTS curriculum design exhibits significant differences for improving the students' academic performance, and that it also has a certain influence on their learning motivation.
Political Polarization: Challenges, Opportunities, and Hope for Consumer Welfare, Marketers, and Public Policy
Authors: Weber T.J. , Hydock Chris , Ding William , Gardner Meryl , Jacob Pradeep , Mandel Naomi , Sprott David E. , Van Steenburg Eric
Published: January 2021

Political polarization is a marked political division in the population, characterized by multiple manifestations. The authors argue that it can affect consumer psychology, which in turn influences marketers, policy makers, and consumer welfare. The present work introduces the construct of political polarization to the marketing literature and shows how it serves as a novel challenge for various marketing stakeholders. For consumers, the authors propose that political polarization increases the salience of political identities, alters inter- and intragroup dynamics, and amplifies cognitive biases. These effects negatively affect consumer welfare, including financial welfare, relationships, mental and physical health, and societal interests. For marketers, polarization introduces a challenge to both be more sociopolitically engaged while also navigating competing political interests. Polarization also creates new opportunities and challenges for segmentation, targeting, loyalty, and product offerings. For policy makers, political polarization creates policy gaps, impedes the implementation of policy, and obstructs governance. Building from these insights, the authors consider the drawbacks and overlooked benefits of political polarization, potential remedies, and directions for future research.
A Retrospective Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of Intravenous Olanzapine Versus Intravenous Haloperidol for Agitation in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Wang Michelle , Yankama Tuyen T. , Abdallah George T. , Eche Ijeoma Julie , Knoph Kristen N. , Wong Adrian , Patel Parth , Hsu Douglas , Eche Ifeoma Mary
Published: January 2021

Objective:

Intravenous (IV) olanzapine could be an alternative to first-generation antipsychotics for the management of agitation in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We compared the effectiveness and safety of IV olanzapine to IV haloperidol for agitation management in adult patients in the ICU at a tertiary academic medical center.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score of < +1 within 4 hours of IV olanzapine or IV haloperidol administration. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients who required rescue medications for agitation within 4 hours of initial IV olanzapine or IV haloperidol administration, incidence of adverse events and ICU length of stay.

Results:

In the 192 patient analytic cohort, there was no difference in the proportion of patients who achieved a RASS score of < +1 within 4 hours of receiving IV olanzapine or IV haloperidol (49% vs. 42%, p = 0.31). Patients in the IV haloperidol group were more likely to receive rescue medications (28% vs 55%, p < 0.01). There was no difference in the incidence of respiratory events or hypotension between IV olanzapine and IV haloperidol. Patients in the IV olanzapine group experienced more bradycardia (11% vs. 3%, p = 0.04) and somnolence (9% vs. 1%, p = 0.02) compared to the IV haloperidol group. Patients in the IV olanzapine group had a longer median ICU length of stay (7.5 days vs. 5 days, p = 0.04).

Conclusion:

In this retrospective cohort study, there was no difference in the effectiveness of IV olanzapine compared to IV haloperidol for the management of agitation. IV olanzapine was associated with an increased incidence of bradycardia and somnolence.
Sexual and Physical Assault Before Age 18 and Young Adults’ Perception of Unfair Treatment
Authors: Butler Amy C.
Published: January 2021

Research indicates that sexual and physical assault generate negative emotions of shame and anger, undermine self-esteem, and increase interpersonal sensitivity. This in turn may bring about behavioral changes and cognitive bias, which may adversely affect victims’ social interactions. The purpose of this study was to examine whether sexual or physical assault before age 18 is associated with a heightened sense of being treated unfairly in early adulthood. A nationally representative sample of young adults age 18–21 ( N = 2,770; 49% female) self-reported on whether they had ever been sexually or physically assaulted, whether it first occurred in childhood or adolescence, and how frequently they are treated unfairly in their everyday interactions with other people, as measured by the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS). Multivariate regression results indicated that child (≤age 12) physical assault and adolescent-onset (age 13–17) physical assault were associated with higher scores on the EDS for both men and women. Child sexual assault was associated with the EDS for men; adolescent-onset sexual assault was associated with the EDS for women. Violence as a minor was associated with each item of the EDS (e.g., treated with less respect, less courtesy, other people act of afraid of you, etc.). Violence victims attributed their elevated levels of perceived unfair treatment to their gender, race, age, and aspects of their physical appearance. Overall, the results suggest a mechanism through which a history of sexual and physical assault can affect social interactions.
Impacts of Urban Terror Attacks on Turkish Mothers’ Daily Experiences
Authors: Gökyar Meryem , Erdur-Baker Özgür
Published: January 2021

This phenomenological study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the day-to-day experiences of Turkish women with caregiving responsibilities in terms of (a) how they respond to and regulate their lives around the fear of terror, (b) how their caregiving roles affect their reactions, and (c) how they cope with terrorism induced distress in their day-to-day life. A total of 21 women were interviewed for the study about their daily experiences following terrorist attacks that occurred in their urban hometowns. The qualitative analysis program called Atlas.ti was utilized for the coding procedure. Four main themes (the nature of the terrorist attacks, reactions to the event, coping strategies, and the role of the media) and several subcategories emerged from the data. The participants were emotionally affected by these events as they were shocked and confused, their sense of security was shaken, and they felt anxious not only during the events but they also continued to perceive such danger days or weeks after the events. All participating mothers reported some degree of shock, anxiety, fear, threat, risk alertness, and a shaken sense of security even though none of the mothers themselves or their loved ones were direct victims of the events. Overall, the results reveal that Turkish mothers feel terror threat perception and security-related stress even around 6 months after the events. Having a caregiving responsibility exacerbates the women’s distress level. The unpredictability, uncertainty, and physical proximity/familiarity of the location of the event appear to have vital impacts on participants’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral reactions as well as in their coping. Similarly, the media, including social media, play significant roles in meaning making and responses as well as the coping process. The results were discussed in the light of the related literature.
Love in the Time of War: Identifying Neighborhood-level Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence from a Longitudinal Study in Refugee-hosting Communities
Authors: Treves-Kagan Sarah , Peterman Amber , Gottfredson Nisha C. , Villaveces Andrés , Moracco Kathryn E. , Maman Suzanne
Published: January 2021

A high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been documented among women living in conflict-affected and refugee-hosting areas, but why this occurs is not well understood. Conflict and displacement deteriorate communities’ social cohesion and community connectedness; these neighborhood social environments may influence individual IPV outcomes. We explored neighborhood-level social disorganization and cohesion as predictors of recent IPV in refugee-hosting communities in northern Ecuador by conducting multi-level logistic regression on a longitudinal sample of 1,312 women. Neighborhood social disorganization was marginally positively associated with emotional IPV (AOR: 1.17, 95% CI: .99, 1.38) and physical and/or sexual IPV (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: .96, 1.51). This was partially mediated by neighborhood-level civic engagement in the case of emotional IPV. At the household level, perceived discrimination and experience of psychosocial stressors were risk factors for both types of IPV, whereas social support was protective. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine how neighborhood social factors influence IPV outcomes in refugee-hosting communities or in South America. As the world grapples with the largest number of displaced people in history, this research can inform prevention and response programming and reinforces the critical importance of promoting acceptance of refugees and immigrants and positively engaging all community members in civic life in refugee-hosting settings.
“I am Learning to Protect Myself with Mika:” A Teacher-based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program in Turkey
Authors: Kızıltepe Rukiye , Eslek Duygu , Irmak Türkan Yılmaz , Güngör Duygu
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a teacher-based child sexual abuse prevention program entitled “I am learning to protect myself with Mika.” The sample consisted of 290 children, their parents, and their classroom teachers. The participants were randomly assigned to intervention ( n = 137) or wait-list comparison groups ( n = 153) by classroom. The age of the children ranged from 46 to 71 months ( M = 58.99, SD = 6.64). The prevention program was a 5-week program that consisted of five modules, including emotional awareness, good touch-bad touch, and body safety rules. To investigate the effectiveness of the prevention program, a latent Markov analysis was conducted. A three-class solution was identified as the best model: Status-1 (self-protecting group), Status-2 (risky secret keepers), and Status-3 (risk group). Following the intervention, members of the two at-risk groups (Statuses 2 and 3) were more likely to move into the Status-1 group than were those participants who had not received the intervention (wait-list comparison). Self-protection skills were analyzed using a 2 × 2 ANOVA with repeated measures. The increase in self-protection skills was greater for participants in the intervention group than for those in the wait-list comparison group from pre-test to post-test. Two-month follow-up analysis showed that gain in knowledge and skills was maintained. This program should be considered as a potential approach to meeting the need for child sexual abuse preventive efforts in Turkish preschool curriculum.
Running safety evaluation of a 350 km/h high-speed freight train negotiating a curve based on the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method
Authors: Deng Gongxun , Peng Yong , Yan Chunguang , Wen Boge
Published: January 2021

To adapt to the rapid growth of the logistics market and further improve the competitiveness of railway transportation, the high-speed freight train with a design speed of 350 km/h is being developed in China. The safety of the train under great axle load of 17 t and dynamic load is unknown. This paper is aimed to study the running safety of the high-speed freight train coupled with various cargo loading conditions negotiating a sharp curve at high velocity. A numerical model integrated a fluid-structure coupled container model and the nonlinear high-speed freight train was set up by the software of LS-DYNA. The fluid-structure interaction model between the container and fluid cargo was established using the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method. Two influencing parameters, including the cargo state in the container and the fill level, were selected. The study results showed that the wheelset unloading ratio and overturning coefficient could be significantly affected by the liquid sloshing, while the influence of sloshing on the risk of derailment was slight. In general, increasing the cargo filling rate would contribute to vehicle operation safety. In conclusion, this study would provide theoretical help for the running safety of the newly designed high-speed freight train.
The Unintended Consequences of the Things We Say: What Generic Statements Communicate to Children About Unmentioned Categories
Authors: Moty Kelsey , Rhodes Marjorie
Published: January 2021

Adults frequently use generic language (e.g., “Boys play sports”) to communicate information about social groups to children. Whereas previous research speaks to how children often interpret information about the groups described by generic statements, less is known about what generic claims may implicitly communicate about unmentioned groups (e.g., the possibility that “Boys play sports” implies that girls do not). Study 1 (287 four- to six-year-olds, 56 adults) and Study 2 (84 four- to six-year-olds) found that children as young as 4.5 years draw inferences about unmentioned categories from generic claims (but not matched specific statements)—and that the tendency to make these inferences strengthens with age. Study 3 (181 four- to seven-year-olds, 65 adults) provides evidence that pragmatic reasoning serves as a mechanism underlying these inferences. We conclude by discussing the role that generic language may play in inadvertently communicating social stereotypes to young children.
Delayed Treatment with Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Accelerates Functional Recovery and Modifies Responses of Peri-Infarct Astrocytes Following Photothrombotic Stroke in Rats
Authors: Yew Wai Ping , Djukic Natalia D. , Jayaseelan Jaya S. P. , Kaidonis Xenia , Kremer Karlea L. , Choy Fong Chan , Woodman Richard J. , Koblar Simon A. , Sims Neil R.
Published: January 2021

Dental pulp contains multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that improve outcomes when administered early after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. To further assess the therapeutic potential of these cells, we tested whether functional recovery following stroke induced by photothrombosis could be modified by a delayed treatment that was initiated after the infarct attained maximal volume. Photothrombosis induces permanent focal ischemia resulting in tissue changes that better reflect key aspects of the many human strokes in which early restoration of blood flow does not occur. Human dental pulp stem cells (approximately 400 × 103 viable cells) or vehicle were injected into the infarct and adjacent brain tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats at 3 days after the induction of unilateral photothrombotic stroke in the sensorimotor cortex. Forepaw function was tested up to 28 days after stroke. Cellular changes in peri-infarct tissue at 28 days were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Rats treated with the stem cells showed faster recovery compared with vehicle-treated animals in a test of forelimb placing in response to vibrissae stimulation and in first attempt success in a skilled forelimb reaching test. Total success in the skilled reaching test and forepaw use during exploration in a Perspex cylinder were not significantly different between the 2 groups. At 28 days after stroke, rats treated with the stem cells showed decreased immunolabeling for glial fibrillary acidic protein in tissue up to 1 mm from the infarct, suggesting decreased reactive astrogliosis. Synaptophysin, a marker of synapses, and collagen IV, a marker of capillaries, were not significantly altered at this time by the stem-cell treatment. These results indicate that dental pulp stem cells can accelerate recovery without modifying initial infarct formation. Decreases in reactive astrogliosis in peri-infarct tissue could have contributed to the change by promoting adaptive responses in neighboring neurons.
Primate Vocal Communication and the Evolution of Speech
Authors: Fischer Julia
Published: January 2021

Studies of nonhuman primate communication are often motivated by the desire to shed light on the evolution of speech. In contrast to human speech, the vocal repertoires of nonhuman primates are evolutionarily highly conserved. Within species-specific constraints, calls may vary in relation to the internal state of the caller or social experience. Receivers can use signalers’ calls to predict upcoming events or behavioral dispositions. Yet nonhuman primates do not appear to express or comprehend communicative or informative intent. Signalers are sensitive to the relation between their own actions and receivers’ responses, and thus, signaling behavior can be conceived as goal directed. Receivers’ ability to integrate information from multiple sources renders the system flexible and powerful. Researchers who take a linguistic or biological perspective on nonhuman primate communication should be aware of the strengths and limitations of their approaches. Both benefit from a focus on the mechanisms that underpin signaling and responses to signals.
Retrospective analysis of the effect on interval cancer rate of adding an artificial intelligence algorithm to the reading process for two-dimensional full-field digital mammography
Authors: Graewingholt Axel , Rossi Paolo Giorgi
Published: January 2021

Interval cancers are a commonly seen problem in organized breast cancer screening programs and their rate is measured for quality assurance. Artificial intelligence algorithms have been proposed to improve mammography sensitivity, in which case it is likely that the interval cancer rate would decrease and the quality of the screening system could be improved. Interval cancers from negative screening in 2011 and 2012 of one regional unit of the national German breast cancer screening program were classified by a group of radiologists, categorizing the screening digital mammography with diagnostic images as true interval, minimal signs, false negative and occult cancer. Screening mammograms were processed using a detection algorithm based on deep learning. Of the 29 cancer cases available, artificial intelligence identified eight out of nine of those classified as minimal signs, all six false negatives and none of the true interval and occult cancers. Sensitivity for lesions judged to be already present in screening mammogram was 93% (95% confidence interval 68–100) and sensitivity for any interval cancer was 48% (95% confidence interval 29–67). Using an artificial intelligence algorithm as an additional reading tool has the potential to reduce interval cancers. How and if this theoretical advantage can be reached without a negative effect on recall rate is a challenge for future research.
Soya Express
Authors: Bhaskar Kalyan , Doshi Vijayta , Chokshi Poojan
Published: January 2021

Soya Express is a vegetarian chain of restaurants in New Delhi. It specializes in serving delicacies made of soybean, and the business is modelled along the lines of McDonald’s and KFC. Soya Express has recently expanded to Gujarat in West India and opened its first Ahmedabad outlet by partnering with a local business partner. Despite the initial positive response, the Ahmedabad store has run into multiple problems. This has affected Soya Express’ plans to expand to other cities and states. The owners now need to address issues in Ahmedabad and also decide on future expansion plans.
Ethnic Politics, Madheshi Uprisings and the Question of Citizenship in Nepal
Authors: Pandey Krishna Prasad
Published: January 2021

Nepal, formerly the only Hindu kingdom in the world and now a federal republic in making, introduced citizenship law in 1952 for the first time at the dawn of the first municipal elections held in 1953. Nepal’s citizenship policy has passed through a number of controversies, debates and disagreements since then. The main dissidents are the Madheshis living in the Southern plains (popularly known as the Tarai) adjoined with the Indian border. The crux of the problem rests on the sociological basis of immigrant–native contestation. The Madheshis, due to their alleged ancestral and cultural connection with North Indian people, do not appear as true Nepalis to the non-Madheshis or hill-origin people, and at the same time, the Madheshis also allege that the hill-origin people of the Tarai are encroachers migrated from the hills. In this context, I inquire into the trajectory that the citizenship debate in Nepal and the concerns of the Madheshis has taken with reference to citizenship-related constitutional provisions and legal stipulations.
Impact-driven piezoelectric energy harvester using a pendulum structure for low-frequency vibration
Authors: Fan Guifen , Wang Yanjiong , Tian Feng , Hao Mengmeng , Wen Yue , Xu Yanzhe , Zeng FangFang , Lu Wenzhong
Published: January 2021

This study investigates a pendulum ball impact-excited piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) for low frequency vibration through finite element analysis and experimental verification. This structure can harvest the vibration energy of infrasonic level, which provides a new idea for the energy harvest of low frequency. Experimental results show that for a pendulum ball impact-excited PEH with a 2.5 mm horizontal displacement excitation at 2 Hz, namely the sinusoidal excitation acceleration of 0.04 g, the collision frequency between the pendulum and the cantilevers reaches 10 Hz, and the open-circuit peak voltage of two piezoelectric cantilevers in the collision is 30.1 and 27.1 V respectively. Under the parallel connection of two piezoelectric cantilevers, the open-circuit peak voltage is 15.8 V and a maximum output power of 10.53 μW can be achieved across a 130 kΩ external load resistance. Compared with a single pendulum ball structure, a bi-pendulum ball structure can interact with two cantilever beams in one collision, thereby improving the efficiency of energy collection and reducing the optimal load resistance. A maximum output power of 43 μW can be achieved across a 47 kΩ external load resistance and 2 Hz rotational vibration excitation.
A temperature field reconstruction method for spacecraft leading edge structure with optimized sensor array
Authors: Sun Yulin , Zhang Chao , Ji Hongli , Qiu Jinhao
Published: January 2021

Aimed at monitoring the aerodynamic heating on the spacecraft leading edge structure, a temperature field reconstruction method for curved surface using a distributed sensor array is proposed in this paper. Limited by the sensor number and system weight, a sparse sensor array is usually used to measure the temperatures at the discrete positions. Considering the majority of heat energy transfers on the leading edge surface rather than the hollow inside or thermal insulation material, the temperature field on the curved surface of leading edge structure can be reconstructed through inverse distance weighting (IDW) method with improved accuracy by introducing arc-length distances rather than straight-line distances. Furthermore, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is employed to optimize the distribution of the sensor array. Taking a three-dimensional spacecraft leading edge structure as an example, a finite element model is used to validate the proposed method. The influences of search radius and random initial population inputs on the optimized results are investigated. The results show that the use of search radius plays an important role in optimizing the arrangement of sensor array.
Acceptance of the HPV Vaccine in a Multiethnic Sample of Latinx Mothers
Authors: Lindsay Ana Cristina , Valdez Madelyne J. , Delgado Denisse , Restrepo Emily , Guzmán Yessica M. , Granberry Phillip
Published: January 2021

This descriptive qualitative study explored Latinx mothers’ acceptance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for their adolescent children. Data were collected through individual, semi-structured interviews and analyzed using a hybrid method of thematic analysis that incorporated deductive and inductive approaches. Twenty-two ( n = 22), mostly foreign-born, Latinx mothers of male and female adolescents participated in the study. Three main themes and nine subthemes emerged from the analyses. Findings identified the need for increased efforts to raise awareness and knowledge among Latinx mothers of the direct benefits of the HPV vaccine for sons, including stressing prevention of HPV-associated cancers in males. Findings also underscore the need for improved health care providers’ communication and recommendation of the HPV vaccine for Latinx adolescent males. Future research should intervene upon the study’s findings to address barriers that remain and affect Latinx mothers’ acceptance and uptake of the HPV vaccine for their children, in particular their sons.
Orthostatic Hypotension and Falls in Hospitalized Older Adults
Authors: Schell Kathleen , Lyons Denise , Bodt Barry
Published: January 2021

The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension (OH) among a convenience sample of older adults on two Acute Care of the Elderly (ACE) units of the ChristianaCare™ in Delaware. Another aim was to determine if subjects with documented OH experienced falls. Retrospective de-identified data was obtained from electronic medical records for the years 2015 to 2018. Among all patients who had valid first orthostatic vital sign (OVS) readings ( n = 7,745), 39.2% had orthostatic hypotension on the first reading. Among the patients, 42.8% were found to be hypotensive during OVS. Thirty-one (0.9%) of those with OH fell at some point during their stay. The odds ratio for falls in the presence of OH was 1.34 with a 95% confidence interval (0.82, 2.21), but a chi-square test failed to find significance ( p = .2494). The results could not determine if OVS should be mandatory in fall prevention protocols.