bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VALVE SURGERY: RESULTS OF THE BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM
Authors: Espirito Santo Freire Kleber Do , Alves de Carvalho Melissa , Araújo Brito Taiane , Silva Menezes Marta
Published: April 2016

Purpose: Description of hospitalization, mortality rates and cost of heart valve surgery performed by Brazilian Public Health System from 2008 to 2013. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational descriptive study about the procedures of valve surgeries performed in Brazil, from January 2008 to December 2013, by region and federative unit. The study was conducted using the electronic database of Health System Information (Datasus). Results: In the period of study, the total authorizations for hospital admissions for heart valve surgery in Brazil was 65,138 with an average of 10,586 per year. The Southeast region had the highest number of admission and the North the least. The Southeast region concentrated about 45% of valve surgeries in the last six years, while the North was responsible for only 3.80%. The number of heart valve surgeries in Brazil was 5.8/100,000 inhabitants. The national mortality rate during this procedure was 8.8%. The average cost in dollars applied for each valve surgery in 2012 was U$5,947 per 100,000 inhabitants and about $65,757,845 were spent in hospitalization in 2013. Conclusions: The study showed that Brazil spends a high investment in the surgical treatment of valvular heart disease. It is necessary to reinforce the institution of public health programs aimed to rheumatic heart disease in our country to change that reality.
MEDICINAL PLANTS AND HERBAL MEDICINES USAGE IN THE SOCIOECONOMIC REALITY OF NORTHEAST BRAZILIAN COCOA REGION
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo Galvão , S. Silva Rafael , P. F. Júnior Gesael , A. M. Cardoso Luiz , J. de Oliveira Alexandre , M. Pires Mônica De , O. da Conceição Aline
Published: April 2016

Objective: This work describes the medicinal plants and/or herbal medicines usage by the population assisted by Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), and their prescription by health professionals in the Brazilian Northeast. Methods: Questionnaires were applied for public health system users; pharmacists who work at compounding pharmacies; physicians and nurses. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: The sociodemographic profile was individuals between 40 and 59 yearsold, majority of females, low family income, and low schooling levels. A great number of individuals (89.3%) used plant products, without prescription and based on traditional knowledge. There was a common trend regarding a lack of knowledge of plant toxicity potential. Regarding health professionals, 90% stated having knowledge about medicinal plants and/or herbal medicines, and 80% believe that its effect is important. Conclusion: The study reveals the major usage of herbal medicines and/or medicinal plants by familiar low income and low schooling level without prescription from a physician. These factors may cause a risk/benefit imbalance where could have a reduction in therapy efficacy and high toxicity potential of the drugs. This reinforces the need of pharmacosurveillance toward usage of medicinal plants and herbal medicines in the public health system.
ASSOCIATION OF CARDIAC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Authors: Dória de Vasconcellos Henrique , Marconi Leandro da Silva Antônio , Moraes Júnior Jeová Cordeiro de , Costa Armstrong Anderson Da , Guimarães Victor Edgar
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Pregnancy leads to changes in the cardiovascular system. Gestational diabetes relates to maternal and fetus later development of chronic cardiovascular diseases. We perform an exploratory analysis to assess the prevalence of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. Methods: We enrolled 20 consecutive pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 30 healthy pregnant women as controls. Participants with age less than 18 years, previous gestational diabetes, hypertension, cardiac diseases, lung diseases, or medications other than vitamins were excluded. A comprehensive echocardiography protocol was performed in all participants, including 2D views, M-mode technique, flow assessment, and tissue Doppler imaging to acquire cardiac structural and functional parameters. A cross-sectional analysis was performed to assess relations of gestational diabetes with echocardiography-derived parameters. Results: Women with gestational diabetes had higher weight compared to normal pregnant participants, but the cardiovascular risk profile was similar in both groups. LV mass index was significantly higher in women with gestational diabetes when compared to normal pregnant controls, but the other echocardiography-derived parameters were similar in both groups. Gestational diabetes had significant predictive power on higher values of LV mass index, consistent after adjustment for anthropometrics, risk factors, and gynecological history. Conclusion: The presence of gestational diabetes has a consistent independent relation with higher values of LV mass index, but not with other measurements of LV systolic and diastolic function. Myocardial hypertrophy appears to be an early marker of gestational diabetes-related cardiac injury.
Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma (MASC) of the salivary gland: A new tumor entity
Authors: Damjanov Ivan , Skenderi Faruk , Vranic Semir
Published: April 2016

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently described low-grade malignant tumor of the salivary glands, biologically and morphologically equivalent to secretory breast carcinoma. We give a brief overview of this new entity, including morphological, immunohistochemical, molecular-genetic, clinical, epidemiologic features, differential diagnosis, and outcome results.
Diagnosis and a choice of tactics of patients with Dysplastic changes squamous epithelium of the cervix
Authors: Protasova Anna Eduardovna , Bezhenar Vitaliy Fyodorovich , Tsypurdeeva Anna Alekseevna , Antonova Anna Leonidovna , Dzyubiy Tatyana Ivanovna
Published: April 2016

The paper considers modern approaches to the study of the method of cytological changes of Dysplastic squamous epithelium of the cervix, definition of pathogenetic treatment with the aim of preventing invasive cervical cancer: reducing morbidity and mortality
Modern aspects of pregnancy planning in women with diabetes
Authors: Grigoryan Olga Rafaelyevna , Andreyeva Yelena Nikolayevna
Published: April 2016

Pregnancy is a complex metabolic state, which includes dramatic changes in hormone secretion, amid growing demand for energy-rich compounds necessary for growth and development of the fetus. Women with diagnosed diabetes is always a greater risk of obstetric complications, which can be prevented by knowing the risk factors for diabetes, the criteria for early diagnosis, an algorithm of pregnancy, careful management of the postpartum period.
Differentiation of memory cells in the T-helper subset during normal pregnancy andpreeclampsy
Authors: Kudryashova Anna Vldimirovna , Sotnikova Natalya Yuryevna , Panova Irina Aleksandrovna , Kadyrova Lyudmila Viktorovna
Published: April 2016

The amount of Th1и and Th2 cells in the peripheral blood increased in the first trimester and remained at the high level during all the process of gestation. Changes in the quantity of memory cells were defined: by the enhanced level of Temra in the CD4+ subset and of IFNγ+ cells in the population of CD4+ Temra in the second trimester; by restoring the balance of Tcm, Tem and Temra to the values of nonpregnant donors in the third trimester. In preeclampsy pregnancy the level Th1, Th2 and IFNγ+ cells in CD4+ population of Temra was significantly higher then in normal pregnancy.
3D Doppler imaging of placental blood flow in prediction of fetal
Authors: Fomina Marina Petrovna
Published: April 2016

Placental blood flow was studied in 103 women with singleton pregnancies at 7–15 weeks of gestation by 3D power Doppler. Reduced placental vasculature was revealed using 3D power Doppler at 7–15 weeks of gestation and it was defined as a diagnostic criterion of placental dysfunction and prognostic marker of fetal growth retardation.
Modern approaches to the problem of genital prolapse by vaginal access use of syntheticmaterials in urogynecology
Authors: Guseva Yevgeniya Sergeyevna
Published: April 2016

The article represents the basic stages of appearance and improvement of genital prolapse correction techniques by vaginal access: from plastic ones using patient’s tissue to using mesh implants, from trocar techniques of correction to trokarless ones, from anchored mesh implants to emergence of nonanchored devices. The article highlights the main mesh-associated complications and shows their possible solutions by different authors. Great attention is given to the modern technique of genital prolapse correction with the usage of trokarless nonanchored ProsimaTM system and vaginal support device, which provides optimal results at minimal invasiveness.
Pathogenetic approach to the pregnancy management in severe alloimmunization
Authors: Pavlova Natalya Grigorievna , Nagorneva Stanislava Vladimirovna , Shelayeva Elisaveta Valeryevna
Published: April 2016

The article presented the algorithm of the red-cell alloimmunization management during pregnancy based on the long-standing experience. Prognostic importance of the immunohaematological, ultrasonic biometrical and dopplerometrical markers in severe alloimmunization diagnostics are discussed. Indications, complications and perinatal outcomes in the pations treated by intrauterine blood transfusions are observed
Efficacy of the different modes of insulin therapy in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Potin Vladimir Vsevolodovoch , Borovik Natalia Viktorovna , Tiselko Alena Viktorovna
Published: April 2016

The article describes the principles of using the insulin pump therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. There were obtained data about the state of the carbohydrate metabolism in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy regimen (PI) and multiple daily insulin injections, the outcomes of pregnancy and labor.
The duration of safe uterotonic infusion during labor at term
Authors: Voskresensky Sergey L’vovich , Lukanskaja Elena Nikolaevna , Tesakova Marina Leonidovna , Shilkina Katerina Victorovna , Maloletkina Olga Leonidovna , Melnik Elena Vladimirovna , Mosko Petr Leonidovich
Published: April 2016

We performed a prospective study of the course of 97 labor with and without uterotonic use. It was shown that the use of uterotonic during labor has pathological effects on the fetus and has a phase nature. We determined the safe time of uterotonic agents infusion, as well as the time after which fetus loses control over its homeostasis.
Doppler indices of uterine vessels in assessing the ability of endometrial implantation during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles
Authors: Gzgzyan Alexander Mkrtichevich , Niauri Dariko Aleksandrovna , Kogan Igor Yurievich , Dzhemlikhanova Liailia Kharryasovna , Krikheli Inna Otarovna , Fedorova Irina Dmitrievna , Lesik Yelena Aleksandrovna , Sharfi Yulia Nazhibovna , Shilnikova Yevgeniia Mikhailovna
Published: April 2016

Embryo implantation is a multifactorial process. IVF success depends on the quality of the embryo and the receptivity of the endometrium. Ultrasound is non-invasive method to assess the answer of the ovaries and the endometrium in IVF cycles. Color Doppler mapping of the uterine vessels provides information about the degree of vascularization of the uterus and endometrium and ready for implantation. In this article are represented characters uterine blood vessels of 28 infertile women undergoing IVF embryo transfer, followed by 2–3 days of the menstrual cycle, on the day of the trigger and the day of embryo transfer. The comparison of hemodynamic parameters (systolic-diastolic ratio S/D, index of resistance IR, pulsation index PI) of uterine vessels (uterine, arcuate, radial, basal and spiral arteries) was made in 15 pregnant and 13 non-pregnant women after IVF treatment. It was found, that the hemodynamic parameter of uterine vessels on 2–3 days of menstrual cycle does not reflect the ability of endometrium to implantation in IVF cycles. The most effective in the forecast of pregnancy was to determine the mentioned hemodynamic parameters in the basal, spiral arteries of the uterus on the day of the trigger and basal IR and spiral PI arteries on the day of embryo transfer.
Bacterial vaginosis: etiopathogenesis, clinical and laboratory features
Authors: Menukhova Yuliya Nikolayevna
Published: April 2016

In this article these literatures are presented about the studied genetic aspects and immune mechanisms in pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis, about polyetiology in development and features of clinical flow of this disease, about nocifensors, providing colonization resistance of vagina.
Controversial questions of preterm birth
Authors: Aylamazyan Edvard Karpovich , Kuzminykh Tatiana Ulyanovna
Published: April 2016

Controversial issues of preterm labour are discussed in the article. Data on the frequency of preterm labour worldwide, perinatal mortality, morbidity and long-term sequelae of preterm infants is presented. Questions of pathogenesis, conduction and preterm labour anaesthesia as well as ethical issues of reanimation and nursing of very premature infants are reviewed.
Sigmovaginoplasty in patients with syndrome testicular feminization
Authors: Komyakov Boris Kirillovich , Guliyev Bakhman Gidayatovich , Bezhenar Vitaliy Fedorovich
Published: April 2016

The paper describes a case of a successful sigmovaginoplasty in patients with testicular feminization syndrome
Premature rupture of membranes in term pregnancy: prognosis, pathogenesis, management of pregnancy and labor
Authors: Bolotsky Vyacheslav Mihailovich
Published: April 2016

In current article the management of pregnancy and labor with premature rupture of membranes in term pregnancies and pathogenesis of premature rupture of membranes is discussed. The stimulation of labor in 2-3 hours after premature rupture of membranes without biological readiness for labor is not reasonable. In such cases active-observation tactic with antigestagens treatment and adequate antibacterial therapy helps to decrease the number of pathological labor, cesarean section and obstetrical trauma.
Assessment of current methods of laboratory diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis
Authors: Shalepo Kira Valentinovna , Nazarova Veronika Victorovna , Menukhova Yulia Nicolaevna , Rumyantseva Tatiana Andreevna , Guschin Alexander Evgenievich , Savicheva Alevtina Mikhaylovna
Published: April 2016

41 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 15 healthy women of reproductive age were examined to evaluate ovarian aromatase activity. Aromatase activity was determined by the decrease of estradiol level after peroral intake of aromatase inhibitor letrosol. To examine aromatase activity of antral follicle (∆E2) was divided on the blood level of antimullerian hormone (AMH), which is corresponded to the number of antral follicles. Significant variations of aromatase activity of antral follicles in patients with PCOS were determined: in 34.1 % of women it was within physiological ranges, in 48.8 % of women it was decreased and in 17.1 % of women it was increased. Aromatase activity of antral follicles in patients with PCOS correlated with blood levels of estradiol (r = 0.67), estron (r = 0.27), free testosterone(r = 0.43), androstendion (r = 0.34) and body mass index (r = 0.30). Aromatase activity had reverse correlation with number of antral follicles. Athors suggest that the sensitivity of the ovaries to gonadotropinic stimulation is decreased in patients with PCOS and low aromatase activity.
New applications of oocyte vitrification in assisted reproductive technology
Authors: Gabarayeva Viktoriya Vladislavovna , Kalugina Alla Stanislavovna , Kamenetskaya Yuliya Kazimirovna
Published: April 2016

Vitrification of oocytes is one of the most promising and rapidly developing areas of embryology and ART. Oocyte vitrification technology allows for cryopreservation of female gametes for the long term with the possibility of further use in IVF/ICSI cycles. The use of vitrification to extend the capabilities of ART programs, and high survival rates of oocytes after vitrification and the percentage of normal fertilization will contribute to further increase efficiency and improve IVF programs in the future.
The Fetal Occiput Posterior Position
Authors: Arnt Olga Sergeyevna , Troik Yevgeniya Borisovna , Gadzhiyeva Tamara Surkhayevna
Published: April 2016

The fetal occiput posterior position poses challenges in every aspect of intrapartum care-prevention, diagnosis, correction, supportive care, labor management, and delivery. Maternal and newborn outcomes are often worse and both physical and psychological traumas are more common than with fetal occiput anterior positions. The purpose of this paper is to describe prevailing concepts that guide labor and birth management with an occiput posterior fetus, and summarize evidence to clarify the state of the science. To identify maternal and fetal risk factors associated with persistent occiput posterior position at delivery, and to examine the association of occiput posterior position with subsequent obstetric outcomes.
Chemoprevention as a way to control epigenetic changes (Analytical review of the literature)
Authors: Kiselev Vsevolod Ivanovich , Ashrafyan Lev Andreyevich , Bezhenar Vitaliy Fedorovich , Tsypurdeyeva Anna Alekseyevna
Published: April 2016

Epigenetic alterations have been identified as promising new targets for cancer prevention strategies as they occur early during carcinogenesis. Therapy is mainly focused on reversion of DNA methylation by inhibiting DNA-methyltransferases and low level of acetylated histones by inhibiting histone deacetylases. DIM and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) substances are believed to be an anticancer agent in part through its regulation of epigenetic processes. These agents demonstrate efficacy in cancer chemopreventive action and have potential to be used to current cancer therapies.
Intraplacental blood flow in third trimester of placental insufficiency pregnancy
Authors: Zakurina Anna N , Pavlova Natalia G
Published: April 2016

Background. Serious perinatal, most of all, neurological consequences of placental insufficiency condition necessity further search it’s markers for optimal delivery time. Methods. At third term of pregnancy we examined 16 singleton physiological pregnant women (first group) and 27 placental insufficiency patients (second group). We standard obstetrical examined, ultrasound fetometry, basic arteries of functional system mother-placenta-fetus Doppler and three-dimensional power Doppler in central, two paracentral and two periphery placenta areas. We processing images by VOCAL and analyzed vascularisation (VI), flow (FI) and vascularisation-flow indexes (VFI). Results. In placentae correlated groups FI differ in size reliable in central (t=4,03; p<0,001 и U=240,00; p<0,001) and paracentral (t=2,61; p<0,05 и U=348,00; p<0,05) areas. Patients second group indexes were relative on 17% and 8% less than patients first group indexes. Patients second group VFI was on 35% less than patients first group VFI (t=2,08; p<0,05 и U=337,00; p<0,05). We described results of comparison three-dimensional power Doppler intraplacental blood flow indexes from patients second group with different degree hemodynamic disorder. Conclusion. In placental insufficiency presence reduction blood circulation, particular in central placenta area, conditioned by reduction blood flow in initial vessels number. Central placenta area FI may be regarded new additional criterion of placental insufficiency at third term of pregnancy.
Antimicrobial peptides in the pathogenesis of infectious complications in obstetrics and gynecology
Authors: Ivashova Olesya Nikolaevna , Lebedeva Olga Petrovna , Pakhomov Sergey Petrovich , Rudyh Natal’ya Alexandrovna , Seliverstova Marina Sergeevna
Published: April 2016

Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are cationic peptides of innate immune system with antiviral, antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. AMP act as immunomodulators, promote bacterial opsonization, inhibit proteases activity, have anti-endotoxic and angiogenic effect. The review describes main types of AMPs, features of their expression in female reproductive tract depending from menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Data about the role of AMPs in defending from sexually transmitted infections (HIV, genital herpes, HPV, gonorrhea), in pathogenesis of extrauterine pregnancy and preterm birth are described. Possibility of practical application of AMPs as alternative to antibiotics and as contraceptives is estimated.
Clinical characteristics and obstetrical principals at HIV-infected women in St. Petersburg
Authors: Dolidze Maria Yuryevna , Usynin Maxim Vadimovich , Treshcheva Natalya Dmitriyevna , Baranov Alexey Nikolayevich
Published: April 2016

The paper presents an overview of current russian and foreign literature considering fetal monitoring in labor. Special attention is paid to the methods of invasive diagnostics of fetal condition, such as direct fetal electrocardiography with ST-segment analysis and fetal scalp blood sampling. A comparison of the effectiveness of these methods is performed, the incidence of complications is provided. Measurement of pH and lactate in fetal scalp blood samples is discussed.
Clinical and immunological aspects of treatment women with repeated in-vitro fertilization failure
Authors: Krivonos Marina Ivanovna , Zaynulina Marina Sabirovna , Chepanov Sergey Vladimirovich , Selutin Alexandr Vasilevich , Selkov Sergey Alekseevich , Mysik Olga Leonidovna
Published: April 2016

This review presents the existing literature concerning repeated implantation failure in assisted reproductive technologies. There are also discussed the role of immune pathology in the occurrence of repeated implantation failure in assisted reproductive treatment and the prospects of improving implantation rates with intravenous immunoglobulin in women with different immune pathologies.
Preobrazhensky Vasily Vasilyevich
Authors: Andreyeva Anna Vladimirivna , Baranov Alexey Nikolayevich , Revako Pavel Petrovich , Sizyukhina Natalya Nikolayevna
Published: April 2016

The article provides information on the life and work of the prominent Russian obstetrician-gynecologist Vasily V. Preobrazhensky (1874-1944). The paper reflects years of scientists’s career from the resident physician to a renowned scholar, as well as his work as the head of obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Saint Petersburg and Arkhangelsk.
Guest Editorial: Ethics and Privacy in Learning Analytics
Authors: Ferguson Rebecca , Hoel Tore , Scheffel Maren , Drachsler Hendrik
Published: April 2016

The European Learning Analytics Community Exchange (LACE) project is responsible for an ongoing series of workshops on ethics and privacy in learning analytics (EP4LA), which have been responsible for driving and transforming activity in these areas. Some of this activity has been brought together with other work in the papers that make up this special issue. These papers cover the creation and development of ethical frameworks, as well as tools and approaches that can be used to address issues of ethics and privacy. This editorial suggests that it is worth taking time to consider the often intertangled issues of ethics, data protection and privacy separately. The challenges mentioned within the special issue are summarised in a table of 22 challenges that are used to identify the values that underpin work in this area. Nine ethical goals are suggested as the editors’ interpretation of the unstated values that lie behind the challenges raised in this paper.
Formulation Evaluation and Optimization of Proniosome Based Transdermal Patches of Ketorolac
Authors: Behin Sundara Raj  , Vidya  , Punitha Isaac Samraj
Published: April 2016

Proniosomes are dry detailing of water-solvent bearer particles that are covered with surfactant and can be apportioned as required and dried out to frame niosomal scattering promptly before use on brief disturbance in hot fluid media inside of minutes. They have potential applications in the conveyance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic medications. Diverse clusters of proniosomes of Ketorolac tromethamine were readied by coacervation stage detachment strategy with distinctive proportions of polymers and surfactants. The physicochemical similarity of the medication and the polymers was considered by FTIR and DSC. The outcomes acquired demonstrated no physical-compound incongruently between the medication and the polymers. The readied frameworks were portrayed for embodiment effectiveness, shape, size and in vitro medication discharge. Release study was completed to research the draining of medication from the proniosomal framework amid capacity. On the premise of results acquired the gel KP 4 was upgraded and further utilized for the creation of transdermal patches with a backing layer (4% PVA) and a suitable rate controlling film. Distinctive rate controlling layers were readied with Eudragit RS-100 (ERS), Eudragit RL-100 (ERL) by mercury substrate method. The formulations were created and subjected to different physicochemical assessments and in vitro study. The patch manufactured with ERS (KTP 1) as rate controlling film was advanced as the best fix and further assessed for in vivo pervasion in rats. Investigation was completed to guarantee the connection between the in vitro and in vivo discharge design. The study exhibited that proniosomal transdermal patch in view of the ERS layer controlled discharge framework has the potential  to deliver ketorolac tromethamine.
Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extract of Hemidesmus indicus roots
Authors: Prasanna Purohit  , Ritu Thakur Bais  , Pratibha Singh  , Shagufta Khan
Published: April 2016

Hemidesmus indicus belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae, and is one of the rare medicinal and aromatic plants of India. The Hemidesmus indicus recommended for the treatment of various diseases namely skin disease, liver impairment, leprosy, dysentery, bronchitis etc by tribal people. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root. The ethanol extract of Hemidesmus indicus root was prepared and phytochemical screening was performed. The findings indicate the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, polyphenol, saponins and terpenoids in extract. The antibacterial activity of various concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of ethanol extract was tested by disk diffusion method against E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermis, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. flexneri. Zones of Inhibition produced by extract at various concentrations against selected strains were measured. The highest zones of growth inhibition were observed against B. subtilis compared to other microorganism. It produced a mean zone diameter of 23.5 mm at a dose of 100% on B. subtilis and lowest zone of growth inhibition was observed on S. epidermis, which gave a zone of inhibition measuring 9.8 mm.
Pharmacy Patient’s Bill of Rights in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Yousef Ahmed Alomi
Published: April 2016

The patient bill of rights at hospital practice well established in Saudi Arabia while specialized designated area with emphasis on patient pharmacy bill of rights not found. General Administration of Pharmaceutical set strategic planning of pharmaceutical care with measuring tools of reflecting patient bill of rights leads to high patient satisfaction. In the literature seldom find about this topics. Most of pharmacy sciences and Institution zooming of pharmacy ethics without mentioned this issue. Pharmacy patient bill of rights in Saudi Arabia the first founded in the world. It contains several domains includes but not limited the following; Pharmacy general patients' rights, pharmacy communication section, medication reconciliation section. Medication safety section, medication therapy management section, patient counseling section, and pharmacy patient satisfaction. Those bill of the right prevents drug misadventure, improve patient outcome and raise our patient satisfaction.
MEDICINAL HERBS USED BY HIV-POSITIVE PEOPLE IN LESOTHO
Authors: Mugomeri Eltony , Chatanga Peter , Chakane Ntema
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: The use of medicinal herbs whose efficacy and toxicities are not known by HIV-positive people in Lesotho is a threat to the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment.

OBJECTIVES: This study explored some medicinal herbs used by HIV-positive people in Lesotho and the reasons for their use.

METHODS: This was a cross sectional study based on a questionnaire distributed to purposively-sampled HIV-positive people in Leribe and Maseru districts of Lesotho. The participants’ socio-demographic and clinical variables were summarized using frequency tables in Stata version 13 statistical software. Data variables for medicinal herbs used, frequency of use, uses by the participants and in the literature, parts of plants used and the method of preparation were also explored.

RESULTS: Out of 400 questionnaires distributed to the participants, 389 were returned with data acceptable for analysis. Ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 75 years (Mean=43 + 11.6). Out of the 272 (69.9%) participants who conceded that they had used medicinal herbs at least once, 30 (7.7%) participants used medicinal herbs frequently while 242 (62.2 %) rarely used the herbs. At least 20 plant species belonging to 16 families were reportedly used by the participants. Asteraceae was the most common plant family reportedly used by the participants. Allium sativum and Dicoma anomala, reportedly used by 21.0% and 14.3% respectively, were the most commonly used medicinal herbs in this population. In addition, boosting the immune system and treating gastrointestinal ailments, apparently cited by 32% and 28% participants respectively, were the most commonly reported reasons for using medicinal herbs.

CONCLUSION: A considerable proportion (69.9%) of HIV-positive people use medicinal herbs in this population, while 7.7% use them frequently. At least 20 plant species belonging to 16 families were reportedly used by the participants. HIV counselling protocols in Lesotho should emphasize the dangers of using medicinal herbs whose safety and compatibility with antiretroviral drugs is not known. The efficacy and toxicity profiles of the medicinal plants identified in this study need to be investigated. Furthermore, the effects of these plants on antiretroviral treatment outcomes including herb-drug interactions need to be explored.
DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SIJUNZI DECOCTION INHIBIT PROLIFERATION AND INDUCE APOPTOSIS OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER SGC-7901 SIDE POPULATION
Authors: Qian Jun , Li Jing , Jia Jianguang , Jin Xin , Yu Dajun , Guo Chenxu , Xie Bo , Qian Liyu
Published: April 2016

Background: SD is a traditional Chinese medicine which composed of Ginseng, Atractylodes, Poria and Licorice. It is one of the commonly used Chinese traditional medicines that showed anti-gastric cancer activity in clinical studies. Previous evidence demonstrated SD parties (Ginseng, Atractylodes, Poria, Licorice) can inhibit proliferation and induced apoptosis for gastric cancer cell. In order to further investigate the anticancer effect of SD in gastric cancer, we observed the effects of different concentrations of SD on proliferation and apoptosis of SP of human gastric cancer SGC-7901.

Materials and Methods: 1. SGC-7901 side population cells were sorted through flow cytometry. 2. To detect the changes of proliferation of SP and NSP before and after the intervention of serum containing different concentrations of SD using cck-8 method. 3. To detect the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis of SP and NSP before and after the intervention of serum containing different concentrations of SD through flow cytometry. 4. To detect the effects of serum containing different concentrations of SD on apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 of SP and NSP before and after the intervention by western-blot.

Results: It was found that different concentrations of SD serum treatments inhibited cell proliferation in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. Compared with the control group (normal saline treatment), there were increase in G1/G0 phase population of SP and NSP, and decrease in G2/M and S phase population (P
MYOCARDIUM PROTECTIVE FUNCTION OF SALVIANOLIC ACID B IN ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION RATS
Authors: Qiao Zengyong , Xu Yawei
Published: April 2016

Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) Bunge is one of the widely-used Chinese medicinal herbs. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a

bioactive compound isolated from the Chinese herb Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and

anti-oxidantive effects.

Material and method: To study the cardioprotective effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion

(MIR) injury rats, on the basis of this investigation, the possible mechanism of salvianolic acid B was elucidated. Male Sprague-

Dawley rats (200–220 g) were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated, MIR, MIR + Sal B (10 mg/kg/day, orally), MIR +

Sal B (20 mg/kg/day, orally) and MIR + Sal B (30 mg/kg/day, orally). Before operation, the foregoing groups were pretreated with

homologous drug once a day for 7 days, respectively. After twelve hours in MIR, the cardioprotective effects of SPJ were evaluated

by infarct size, biochemical values, and the antioxidative and antiapoptotic relative gene expressions.

Results: Sal B significantly improved heart function and decreased infarct size; remarkably decreased levels of serum TNF-α and

IL-1β levels, increased contents of myocardium antioxidant enzymes activities; western blot results showed that Sal B ameliorate the

increased Bax and caspase-3 protins expressions and decreased Bcl-2 proteins expression and ratios of Bcl-2 to Bax.

Conclusion: In ischemic myocardium, oxidative stress caused the overgeneration and accumulation of reactive oxygen species

(ROS), which was central of cardiac ischemic injury. Sal B exerted beneficially cardioprotective effects on myocardial ischemia

injury rats, mainly scavenging oxidative stress-triggered overgeneration and accumulation of ROS, alleviating myocardial ischemia

injury and cardiac cell death.
KAEMPFEROL, A FLAVONOID COMPOUND FROM GYNURA MEDICA INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND GROWTH INHIBITION IN MCF-7 BREAST CANCER CELL
Authors: Yi Xiaofang , Tan Chao , Zuo Jiangcheng , Xian Sheng , Luo Chunhua , Chen Sai , Yu Liangfang , Luo Yucheng
Published: April 2016

Background: Kaempferol, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to induce cancer cell apoptosis and cell growth inhibition in several

tumors. Previously we have conducted a full investigation on the chemical constituents of Gynura medica, kaempferol and its

glycosides are the major constituents of G. medica. Here we investigated the growth inhibition and apoptosis induction effect of

kaempferol extracted from G. medica.

Materials and Methods: The inhibition effects of kaempferol were evaluated by MTS assay and soft agar colony formation assay.

Fluorescence staining and western blotting were be used to study the apoptosis. The structure was identified by 1H- NMR),

13C-NMR and ESI-MS analyses.

Results: Our results showed that kaempferol’s inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth may through inducing apoptosis and

downregulation of Bcl2 expression.

Conclusion: Kaempferol is a promising cancer preventive and therapeutic agent for breast cancer.
Enzymatic CaCO3 for Proppant Consolidation
Authors: Bansal Bhagwan , Morkved Marie L. , Tuxen Anders K. , Nielsen Troels B. , Bähring Steffen
Published: April 2016

The application of enzymatic generation and precipitation of calcium carbonate for the use as in-situproppant consolidation is an environmentally green technology that shows promise in the Danish North Sea. Hydraulic fracturing of producers with the aid of proppants to keep fractures open can present a problem if the proppants are back-produced as this can cause erosion of the well and production facilities. These problems may result in delayed production and costly workovers. Enzymatic calcium carbonate, a technology to consolidate the proppants, can be applied right after a hydraulic fracturing treatment or at a later stage, when proppant reconsolidation is needed. In this paper, we report the findings of extensive lab experiments, under reservoir conditions, on consolidation of of three different proppant types. The results show that some proppants are easier to consolidate than others.
General Approach to Characterize Reservoir Fluids Using a Large PVT Database
Authors: Varzandeh Farhad , Yan Wei , Stenby Erling H.
Published: April 2016

Global increase in oil demand has resulted in the need for exploring remote and harsh locations where a considerable portion of them are at extreme reservoir temperatures and pressures. Accurate calculation of properties of gas and oil at high pressures and high temperatures (HPHT) is a more prominent issue. Non-cubic Equation of State (EoS) models are an attractive option due to their better description of density and compressibility over a wide temperature and pressure range. Application of these models to reservoir fluids requires development of the corresponding fluid characterization methods.

We proposed a general approach to develop correlations for model parameters and applied it to the characterization for the PC-SAFT EoS. The approach consists in first developing the correlations based on the DIPPR database, and then adjusting the correlations based on a large PVT database. The adjustment was made to minimize the deviation in key PVT properties like saturation pressures, densities at reservoir temperature and Stock Tank Oil (STO) densities, while keeping the n-alkane limit of the correlations unchanged. As an improvement of a previously suggested characterization method, the approach gives better PVT calculation results for the tested systems. Comparison was also made between PC-SAFT with the proposed characterization method and other EoS models. The proposed approach can be applied to other EoS models for improving their fluid characterization. Besides, the challenges with PNA based characterization methods are discussed.
Equation of state for methane in nanoporous material at supercritical temperature over a wide range of pressure
Authors: Wu Keliu , Chen Zhangxin (John)
Published: April 2016

The methane storage behavior in nanoporous material is significantly different from bulk phase, and has a fundamental role in methane extraction from shale and its storage for vehicular applications. Here we show that the behavior and mechanisms of the methane storage are mainly dominated by the ratio of the interaction between methane molecules and nanopores wall to the methane intermolecular interaction, and the geometric constraint. By linking the macroscopic properties of methane storage to the microscopic properties of methane molecules-nanopores wall molecules system, we develop an equation of state for methane at supercritical temperature over a wide range of pressure. Molecular dynamic simulation data demonstrate that this equation is able to relate very well the methane storage behavior with each of key physical parameters, including pore size, shape, wall chemistry and roughness. Moreover, this equation only requires one fitted parameter, and is simply and powerful in application.
Integrated Drilling and Evaluation of a Horizontal Granitic Basement Producer
Authors: Belaide Amal , Trice Robert , Walmsley Arthur , Penman Andrew
Published: April 2016

The development of basement reservoirs can add significant upside to regional reserves but because of perceived drilling complexity are often overlooked or underexplored. Modern drilling technologies, such as directional drilling and formation evaluation while drilling, have been shown to improve commercial viability of appraisal and development projects in frontier areas.

A granitic Type-1 fractured basement reservoir offshore West of Shetland was horizontally drilled and evaluated by means of directional drilling (DD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) technologies. This was the first time that drilling and completion of a 1-km horizontal basement well had been attempted in the UK, and the project goals were successfully achieved. The project as planned fell into the extended-reach drilling (ERD) envelope, defined as a well in which the ratio of measured depth (MD) is greater than two times the vertical depth. The ERD ratio [MD to true vertical depth (TVD)] was 2.21. This success resulted from a combination of drill bit selection, bottomhole assembly (BHA) stabilisation optimisation, rotary steerable drilling system usage, and close cooperation between the operating company and service providers. The logging data acquired were of sufficient quality to support detailed petrophysical study.

The basement reservoir section was shown to have significant storage capacity within a network of fault zones, joints and microfractures, as identified using a LWD resistivity microimaging tool. The LWD imaging data were compared to offset well wireline imaging data and used to evaluate the microfracture and joint network across the horizontal section. This evaluation confirmed the storage capacity of the reservoir and was later supported by successful commercial extended well testing. In addition to fracture characterisation, the LWD data were successfully used to evaluate the fracture porosity. Fracture porosity and fracture characteristics in the horizontal well were both consistent with those derived from previously drilled inclined wells, providing the operator with confidence in its reservoir model.

This paper documents the drilling and petrophysical evaluation of the first 1-km horizontal well in a fractured basement reservoir on the UK continental shelf. Further development of similar hydrocarbon-bearing basement fields would greatly increase regional recoverable reserves.
Integrated Productivity Analysis for Revitalizing a Mature Field in Ecuador
Authors: Hernandez Rubys , Bustillos Stalin
Published: April 2016

The Lago Agrio field is a mature field in Ecuador. Since 1972, exploitation has been focused on the Hollin reservoir, resulting in a low recovery factor in other reservoirs. The lack of interest in some zones is a result of poor or no productivity obtained during initial production testing. Currently, the field has a high number of inactive wells (65%). This paper describes an integrated productivity analysis conducted to identify well intervention opportunities and to generate a reliable portfolio in a short period of time.

Based on the front-end loading (FEL) method, the workflow applied was performed in three phases. In the first phase, carried out in the first five days after analysis of 62 wells with limited information, possible causes of low productivity or inactivity of wells and possible methods to improve production were identified. Estimated production was based on inflow performance relationship curves and grouped by intervention type. During the conceptualization phase, wells with estimated production exceeding 80 BOPD were analyzed in more detail. In the definition phase, pressure transient analysis (PTA) and economic aspects were incorporated.

During the visualization phase, the causes of low productivity in reservoirs were determined to be primarily a result of inconclusive initial production testing, high formation damage incurred during drilling, and/or poor primary cementing. At the end of this phase, 30 opportunities for intervention were conceptualized, ranked, and defined. Because the opportunities displayed did not significantly change during the two following phases, the applied workflow provided great reliability as a quick solution to support increasing the production by at least 3,000 BOPD. Finally, the results were corroborated during the execution phase. Percentile values between approximately P5 and P90 of production were obtained from tests for the first seven interventions (approximately 1,900 BOPD).

Because of the limited quantity and quality of information and the need to obtain a workover portfolio within a short time period, the standard FEL method was modified. The described workflow could be applied in other analogous mature fields (multireservoirs with limited information and inconclusive initial testing) to generate workover selection quickly and improve well productivity.
Lab Tests and Modeling of CO2 Injection in Chalk with Fracture-Matrix Transport Mechanisms
Authors: Ghasemi M. , Astutik W. , Alavian S. A. , Whitson C. H. , Sigalas L. , Olsen D. , Suicmez V. S.
Published: April 2016

The main focus of this paper is to present experimental and simulation results that describe CO2 injection in a chalk sample with fracture-matrix interaction at reservoir conditions. Based on the experiments, simulation models are built to mimic the main transport phenomena, including diffusion, which is found to be particularly important.

The first two experiments consist of a vertically-oriented 7.4 cm long Sigerslev outcrop chalk core with a 3.7 cm diameter. A single "fracture" is represented by a centralized hole with a 0.6 cm diameter along the core, giving a pore-to-fracture volume ratio of 18. Both matrix and fracture are initially saturated with a North Sea stock tank oil (STO) at 110 °C and 258 bara. Once the initial conditions are established, CO2 is injected from the top of the fracture and the oil is produced from the bottom.

Injected CO2 diffuses into the oil in the matrix and swells the oil. Once the oil in the fracture has drained, the matrix feeds the fracture with oil at decreasing rates, with the test lasting up to 440 hours (~34 pore-volume-injected, PVinj). The third experiment is similar, but laboratory oil n-C10 (Lab-Oil) is used instead of STO. Lab-Oil and CO2 have very similar densities at the chosen experimental conditions, which minimizes gravity-driven convective (Darcy) transport and maximizes the impact of diffusion.

Our modeling is conducted with a compositional reservoir simulator. A tuned equation of state (EOS) model accounts for proper estimation of the phase and volumetric properties for CO2 mixtures in the STO and n-C10 systems. Automated history matching is used to fit the experimental data.

Numerical simulations are conducted to match experimental oil production data by tuning the oil and gas diffusion coefficients. Good agreement between the numerical model and the experimental data is obtained. For the n-C10 system in particular, we find the results are not sensitive to vertical permeability, confirming displacement is dominated by diffusion rather than convective flux.

Verifying the accuracy of modeling the diffusion-dominated processes in a fractured chalk system with CO2 at reservoir conditions has been accomplished. This is an important step towards modeling an actual fractured chalk / reservoir oil system undergoing CO2 injection.

The experimental and modeling results demonstrate a method to isolate diffusion-driven transport in a fracture-matrix chalk system at reservoir conditions. A commercial reservoir simulator is able to reproduce laboratory results adequately.