bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antigen Presentation Determines the Fate of the T Memory Response In Vivo After Sublethal Gamma-Irradiation
Authors: Sechler Joan M. G. , Hansal Susan A. , Morris Diane I. , McFarland Hugh I. , Rosenberg Amy S.
Published: December 2022

The survival of memory T cells is critical to vaccination strategies for infectious diseases and cancer, whereas their elimination may be crucial for treatment of autoimmune states. We examined the consequences of gamma-irradiation, which induces apoptosis of memory T cells in vitro, on the memory response to MHC class I alloantigen in vivo. Sublethal gamma-irradiation of primed mice eliminated accelerated rejection of skin allografts but failed to induce tolerance. Accelerated rejection was restored in irradiated mice by infusion of bone marrow cells expressing the priming alloantigen on immunostimulatory APCs (dendritic cells), whereas the memory response was not restored by infusion of bone marrow cells expressing the priming alloantigen on nonstimulatory APCs (B cells). Strikingly, irradiated mice infused with nonstimulatory bone marrow APCs exhibited long-term survival or tolerance to skin grafts expressing the priming MHC class I alloantigen. The mechanism of tolerance in this setting is explored.
Age-Associated Rapid and Stat6-Independent IL-4 Production by NK1−CD4+8− Thymus T Lymphocytes
Authors: Chen Yi-Ting , Chen Fen-Ling , Kung John T.
Published: December 2022

The source of IL-4 required for priming naive T cells into IL-4-secreting effectors has not been clearly identified. Here we show that upon TCR stimulation, thymus NK1−CD4+8− T cells produced IL-4, the magnitude of which was inversely correlated with age. This IL-4 production response by Th2-prone BALB/c mice was ∼9-fold that of Th1-prone C57BL/10 mice. More than 90% of activated NK1−CD4+8− thymocytes did not use the invariant Vα14-Jα281 chain characteristic of typical CD1-restricted NK1+CD4+ T cells. Stat6-null NK1−CD4+8− thymocytes produced bioactive IL-4, with induction of IL-4 mRNA expression within 1 h of stimulation. Our results support the possibility that TCR repertoire-diverse conventional NK1−CD4+ T cells are a potential IL-4 source for directing naive T cells toward Th2/type 2 CD8+ T cell (Tc2) effector development.
CD34+ Cell-Derived CD14+ Precursor Cells Develop into Langerhans Cells in a TGF-β1-Dependent Manner
Authors: Jaksits Silvia , Kriehuber Ernst , Charbonnier Anne Sophie , Rappersberger Klemens , Stingl Georg , Maurer Dieter
Published: December 2022

Langerhans cells (LC) are CD1a+E-cadherin (E-cad)+Birbeck granule+ but CD11b−CD36−factor XIIIa (FXIIIa)− members of the dendritic cell (DC) family. Evidence holds that LC originate from CD1a+CD14− rather than CD14+CD1a− progenitors, both of which arise from GM-CSF/TNF-α-stimulated CD34+ stem cells. The CD14+CD1a− progenitors, on the other hand, can give rise to a separate DC type characterized by its CD1a+CD11b+CD36+FXIIIa+E-cad−BG− phenotype (non-LC DC). Although GM-CSF/TNF-α are important for both LC and non-LC DC differentiation, TGF-β1 is thought to preferentially promote LC development in vitro and in vivo. However, the hemopoietic biology of this process and the nature of TGF-β1-responsive LC precursors (LCp) are not well understood. Here we show that CD14+ precursors in the presence, but not in the absence, of TGF-β1 give rise to a progeny that fulfills all major criteria of LC. In contrast, LC development from CD1a+ progenitors was TGF-β1 independent. Further studies revealed that CD14+ precursors contain a CD11b+ and a CD11b− subpopulation. When either subset was stimulated with GM-CSF/TNF-α and TGF-β1, only CD14+CD11b− cells differentiated into LC. The CD11b+ cells, on the other hand, acquired non-LC DC features only. The higher doubling rates of cells entering the CD14+ LCp rather than the CD1a+ LCp pathway add to the importance of TGF-β1 for LC development. Because CD14+CD11b− precursors are multipotent cells that can enter LC or macrophage differentiation, it is suggested that these cells, if present at the tissue level, endow a given organ with the property to generate diverse cell types in response to the local cytokine milieu.
CD44-Deficient Mice Develop Normally with Changes in Subpopulations and Recirculation of Lymphocyte Subsets
Authors: Protin Ursula , Schweighoffer Tamas , Jochum Wolfram , Hilberg Frank
Published: December 2022

Cell adhesion molecules are considered to be pivotal elements required for proper embryo development. The transmembrane glycoprotein CD44, which is expressed in numerous splice variants on the surface of many different cell types and tissues, has been suggested to be involved in several physiological processes such as cell-cell interactions, signal transduction, and lymphocyte homing and trafficking during embryogenesis and in the adult organism. Some splice variants are thought to play an important role in tumor progression. To investigate the physiological roles of CD44 in vivo, we abolished expression of all isoforms of CD44 in mice by targeted insertion of a lacZ/neo cassette into the reading frame of the leader peptide. CD44-deficient mice are viable without obvious developmental defects and show no overt abnormalities as adults. However, CD44-deficient lymphocytes exhibit impaired entry into the adult thymus, although lymphocyte development is apparently unaltered. Our data indicate that all splice variants of CD44 are dispensable for embryonic development and implicate a critical function for CD44 in lymphocyte recirculation.
Quantitative Alleles of CR1: Coding Sequence Analysis and Comparison of Haplotypes in Two Ethnic Groups
Authors: Xiang Lianbin , Rundles Jennifer R. , Hamilton Derrick R. , Wilson James G.
Published: December 2022

The quantitative expression of complement receptor type 1 (CR1) on erythrocytes is regulated by two CR1 alleles that differ in having genomic HindIII fragments of either 7.4 or 6.9 kb and that determine high (H allele) or low (L allele) CR1 expression, respectively, across a 10-fold range. To investigate whether the product of the L allele may contain amino acid substitutions that make it more susceptible to proteolysis, cDNA sequence spanning the CR1 coding region was analyzed in two donors who were homozygous for the H and L alleles and differed by 7-fold in their mean numbers of CR1 per erythrocyte. Sequence differences were detected at 10 nucleotide positions, including 6 that would cause amino acid substitutions. The HindIII RFLP and 3 of the latter 6 sites were analyzed in genomic DNA of 85 Caucasians and 75 African Americans; sites encoding the other amino acid substitutions were analyzed less extensively. Two major haplotypes defined prototypic H and L alleles in both ethnic groups, suggesting that these alleles existed before the African and European populations diverged. Decreased erythrocyte CR1 expression is associated with impaired clearance of immune complexes from blood. Persistence of the L allele in all populations that have been analyzed may suggest a compensatory survival advantage, perhaps related to malaria or another infectious disease.
Molecular Defects in Variant Forms of Mannose-Binding Protein Associated with Immunodeficiency
Authors: Wallis Russell , Cheng Jason Y. T.
Published: December 2022

Distinct molecular mechanisms underlying immunodeficiency caused by three different naturally occurring point mutations within the collagen-like domain of human mannose-binding protein (MBP; also known as mannose-binding lectin) have been revealed by introduction of analogous mutations into rat serum MBP. The change Arg23→Cys results in a lower proportion of the large oligomers most efficient at activating the complement cascade. The presence of cysteine at position 23, which forms aberrant interchain disulfide bonds, causes disruption of the normal oligomeric state. The deficiency in MBPs containing Gly25→Asp and Gly28→Glu substitutions also results in part from reduced formation of higher oligomers. However, decreased ability to interact with downstream components of the complement cascade due to changes in both the N-terminal disulfide-bonding arrangement and the local structure of the collagenous domain make more important contributions to the loss of activity in these mutants.
Recombinant Human (rh)IL-4-Mediated Apoptosis and Recombinant Human IL-6-Mediated Protection of Recombinant Human Stem Cell Factor-Dependent Human Mast Cells Derived from Cord Blood Mononuclear Cell Progenitors
Authors: Oskeritzian Carole A. , Wang Zhiliang , Kochan Jarema P. , Grimes Margaret , Du Zhongmin , Chang Hyeun-Wook , Grant Steven , Schwartz Lawrence B.
Published: December 2022

Although stem cell factor (SCF) appears to be the major growth factor for human mast cells, other factors undoubtedly play important roles in the development, survival, and function of these cells. The current study examined the effects of recombinant human (rh) IL-4 and rhIL-6 on rhSCF-dependent development and survival of human mast cells derived in vitro from cord blood progenitor cells. After 4–8 wk of culture with rhSCF and various amounts of rhIL-4, a dramatic decline in mast cell numbers was observed with rhIL-4, the EC50 being about 0.1 ng/ml. Numbers of other cell types remained high. Mast cells derived from cord blood progenitors after 7 wk of culture with rhSCF alone displayed an MCT phenotype and expressed Kit, FcεRI, and IL-4R on their surface. Mast cells examined after purification by immunomagnetic sorting became apoptotic within hours after exposure to rhIL-4, a phenomenon blocked by anti-IL-4 Ab. Because rhIL-4-dependent apoptosis but not the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was prevented by the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(Z-VAD)-fluoromethylketone, mitochondrial perturbation most likely preceded caspase activation. Consistent with this conclusion was the observation that both apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were inhibited by cyclosporin A in combination with aristolochic acid. rhIL-6 protected cord blood mast cells from rhIL-4-induced apoptosis. Thus, IL-4 can cause both maturation and apoptosis of human mast cells, the latter effect being abrogated by IL-6.
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Treatment of Lupus Autoimmune Disease in MRL-lpr/lpr Mice
Authors: Zavala Flora , Masson Annie , Hadaya Karine , Ezine Sophie , Schneider Elke , Babin Olivier , Bach Jean-François
Published: December 2022

G-CSF not only functions as an endogenous hemopoietic growth factor for neutrophils, but also displays pro-Th2 and antiinflammatory properties that could be of therapeutic benefit in autoimmune settings. We evaluated the effect of treatment with G-CSF in a murine model of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease in which G-CSF is already administered to patients to alleviate neutropenia, a common complication. Chronic treatment of lupus-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice with low doses (10 μg/kg) of recombinant human G-CSF, despite the induction of a shift toward the Th2 phenotype of the autoimmune response, increased glomerular deposition of Igs and accelerated lupus disease. Conversely, high-dose (200 μg/kg) treatment with G-CSF induced substantial protection, prolonging survival by >2 mo. In the animals treated with these high doses of G-CSF, neither the Th1/Th2 profile nor the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were modified. Despite the presence of immune complexes in their kidney glomeruli, no inflammation ensued, and serum IL-12 and soluble TNF receptors remained at pre-disease levels. This uncoupling of immune complex deposition and kidney damage resulted from a local down-modulation of FcγRIII (CD16) expression within the glomeruli by G-CSF. Our results demonstrate a beneficial effect of high doses of G-CSF in the prevention of lupus nephritis that may hold promise for future clinical applications, provided caution is taken in dose adjustment.
B Cell Repertoire Diversity and Clonal Expansion in Multiple Sclerosis Brain Lesions
Authors: Baranzini Sergio E. , Jeong Matthew C. , Butunoi Catalin , Murray Ronald S. , Bernard Claude C. A. , Oksenberg Jorge R.
Published: December 2022

Multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions in the CNS are characterized by disseminated demyelination with perivascular infiltrates of macrophages, T cells, and B cells. To investigate the origin and characteristics of the B cell population found in MS plaque tissue, we performed molecular studies in 10 MS patients and 4 non-MS control samples. Ig transcripts from the perivascular infiltrated brain lesions were analyzed by complementary-determining region 3 spectratyping to ascertain the B cell heavy chain gene rearrangement repertoire expressed in MS brains. Significant rearrangement diversity and deviation from the normal Ig heavy (H) chain repertoire was observed. The cloning and sequencing of RT-PCR products from families VH1 and VH4 showed a correlation with the profiles obtained by spectratyping. Generally, restricted spectratyping patterns concurred with repetition of in-frame complementary-determining region 3 identical sequences. The analysis of heavy chain variable (VH), diversity (D), and joining (JH) gene segments revealed the increased usage of VH1–69, VH4–34, and VH4–39. Similarly, gene segments from families D2, D3, and JH4 were over-represented. The presence of restricted patterns of rearranged Ig mRNA within the plaque lesion suggests that Ab production in the demyelinating plaque is a local phenomenon and supports the idea that in MS an Ag-driven immune response might be responsible for demyelination.
The Antigenic Substances of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Dienes L.
Published: December 2022

Date are given concerning the chemical composition of preparations of antigens 3, 4, 2 and 5. The preparations of antigens 3 and 4 contain large amounts of fatty substances. In the preparations of antigens 2 and 5 only 8 to 10 per cent are present. All preparations contain carbohydrates in varying amounts without apparent connection with the specific properties. The N content of the purified preparations of antigens 3 and 4 is low (0.3 to 0.4 per cent). In the preparations of antigens 2 and 6 which we analyzed it was somewhat higher (1.7 to 3.2 per cent).

From our observations it seems probable that in antigen 3 a specific part containing only little fat is in chemical connection with non-specific lipoid substances. We were not successful in determining the conditions under which the separation of the components occurs regularly. Studying the effect of water and HCl on the ether-solution of antigen 3 we made observations which probably will be of value for a more thorough study of this preparation.
Inflammation and Immunity
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: December 2022

Existing knowledge of immunity is in large part concerned with the production of antibodies in experimental animals and the reactions of antibodies in vitro. Something is known about the way these agents act within the living body to neutralize or destroy invading microörganisms or other injurious substances but defects in our knowledge of the subject are very conspicuous. Many of the books on immunology include infection and immunity in their titles but there can be found in them little consecutive discussion of the fate of microörganisms after entering the body of an animal. Present knowledge of the subject is highly controversial and doubtless authors wisely refrain from discussions that would contain little more than speculation.

Inflammation may be defined as the process by which cells and serum accumulate about an injurious agent and tend to remove or destroy it (1). Phagocytes and other cells are mobilized at the site of invasion and plasma containing opsonins and the normal bactericidal substances of the blood exudes from the blood vessels.
Horse Serum as a Heterophilic Antigen. I
Authors: Davidsohn I. , Ramsdell Susan Griffith
Published: December 2022

From the foregoing study there is evidence: Of the presence in horse serum of heterophilic antigens of the Forssman type, as shown by the development of a relatively strong antisheep hemolysin in rabbits immunized with large quantities of the serum. Absorption with heterophilic organs removed the hemolysin, while absorption with non-heterophilic organs diminished its titer only slightly, possibly due to physical absorption. The immune sera did not contain agglutinins for sheep red cells, neither did they contain hemolysins and agglutinins for horse and guinea pig red cells.That antistreptococcus serum has antigenic qualities similar to those of plain horse serum, while diphtheria globulin does not stimulate the production of heterophilic antibodies; and that subcutaneous injection of any one of the three sera fails to call forth a response.That the sera of rabbits, as a result of treatment, as outlined, become toxic for the guinea pig. This toxicity is shown to be not identical with the sheep cell hemolysin.
Antibody Studies in Serum Sickness
Authors: Tuft Louis , Ramsdell Susan Griffith
Published: December 2022

In a study of the antibody response to immune sera as determined by serial bleedings of the patient, the Prausnitz-Küstner, the transferred guinea pig skin, and the passive anaphylactic reactions were shown to appear, usually, within three to ten days after treatment, and to have disappeared within thirty days—usually earlier. No one type of reaction occurred to a maximal extent in the absence of all the others in any given case; and no definite correlation could be established for the appearance of the various types. We were likewise unable to correlate the presence of any particular circulating antibody with the appearance of the phenomenon of serum sickness. Further, we have shown that serum sickness may occur (two instances) in the entire absence of circulating antibody of the types described.
Is the Sensitizing Effect of Cholesterol for the Antigen Used in the Complement-Fixation Test for Syphilis Due to the Contaminating Sterol, Ergosterol?
Authors: Maltaner Elizabeth
Published: December 2022

Cholesterol which is widely used to increase the sensitivity of antigens employed in the complement-fixation test for syphilis was for many years considered to be a chemically pure substance. Through the studies made recently, however, of cholesterol as a source of vitamin D, the antirachitic vitamin, it is now known that cholesterol, as ordinarily prepared, contains another sterol of an unsaturated and labile type of which ergosterol is the only known representative. Furthermore, it is because of this small amount of contaminating sterol that cholesterol, following irradiation with ultra-violet light, acquires antirachitic properties (1, 2, 3, 4). When ergosterol is removed, cholesterol is inert after irradiation (1, 2, 5, 6). Ergosterol, on the contrary, is very highly active.

In view of these observations, Professor Knudson of the Albany Medical College suggested that it would be of interest to determine whether cholesterol, after removal of the contaminating sterol, would lose its property of sensitizing the antigen used in the complement-fixation test for syphilis just as it loses its property of being rendered antirachitic by irradiation with ultraviolet light.
The Effect of Experimental Typhus Fever on B. Typhosus and Pneumococcus Agglutinins
Authors: Reimann Hobart A. , Wu C. J.
Published: December 2022

The Weil-Felix reaction or the presence of agglutinins for B. proteus X19 in the blood is of great value in the diagnosis of typhus fever. Except in clinical (1) and experimental (2) Rocky Mountain spotted fever this reaction rarely occurs during other febrile diseases (3) (4). On the other hand, the presence or appearance of the Widal reaction, or agglutinins for typhoid bacilli in the serum is a common occurrence during typhus fever. During typhus, the Widal reaction may appear alone or together with the Weil-Felix reaction and is often stronger and increases in titer more rapidly than the Weil-Felix reaction, thus often giving rise to confusion in making early diagnoses. The temperature curve of a case of undoubted typhus fever in which both reactions were encountered is illustrated in figure 1. This patient had been immunized with typhoid and paratyphoid A and B vaccine one year prior to his illness.
Diagnosis of Glanders by Precipitation with So-Called “Soluble Specific Substance” Derived from B. Mallei
Authors: Sakamoto K.
Published: December 2022

Two substances could be isolated from culture filtrate of B. mallei, of which one seems to be the nucleoprotein in nature and the other the specific substance analogous to that of pneumococcus, streptococcus etc. Preliminary chemical examination indicates that this specific substance may belong to carbohydrates. The former—the so-called N.P.—is relatively nonspecific and gives rise to nonspecific precipitation. The relative nonspecificity of the precipitation reaction with the culture filtrate (or mallein) seems to depend upon this substance. The latter substance is highly specific; it gives rise to precipitation only with sera of infected or artificially immunized animals, but not with those of animals neither infected nor immunized with B. mallei. Specific precipitation with this specific substance is closely related to the complement-fixation reaction. The precipitation test with this specific substance appears the most simple and reliable means for the practical diagnosis of glanders applicable as well to mules and donkeys, as to horses.
Use of Broth Culture Filtrates in Anaphylaxis Experiments
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Neill James M.
Published: December 2022

Experiments were made on two questions. First, the primarily toxic (anaphylactoid) action was studied by intravenous injection of normal guinea pigs with formolized and unformolized filtrates of diphtheria and other bacilli and with the non-bacterial constituents of the filtrates (uninoculated broth, solutions of phenol and of formol). The possibility of sensitization to the non-bacterial constituents during immunization with the filtrates was studied by intravenous tests on animals previously given repeated subcutaneous injections of formol solution or of formolized broth. With diphtheria filtrates, neither the primary toxicity nor the possibility of sensitization to the broth constituents, introduced significant complications in their use as material for active sensitization and for subsequent intravenous tests. The adaptability of broth culture filtrates of other bacteria to anaphylaxis experiments would depend upon the quantitative effectiveness of the antigens they liberate into their culture fluids.
On the Heatstability of the Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria Toxins
Authors: Ando K.
Published: December 2022

The thermostability of scarlet fever toxin has been dealt with by many authors and this property is one of the reasons that aroused suspicion as to the exotoxic nature of this toxin and also as to the toxin-antitoxin theory of the Dicks. There are many reports that even boiled Dick toxin (scarlet fever streptococcus culture filtrate) is capable of eliciting skin reactions in human beings if it is used in a dose corresponding to 1 or more skin test doses. But it must be noted that positive reactions to a dose of boiled toxin corresponding to 1 s.t.d. seem to have been found mainly by those authors who employed a streptococcus filtrate toxin containing blood element.
The Preparation of Antigens from Cultures of Treponema Pallidum
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Van Amstel Jeanne E. , Brigham Margaret W.
Published: December 2022

The conclusions of this work are based upon the study of one strain of the Treponema pallidum.

The results with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Treponema pallidum agree essentially with the original observations of Noguchi. By the aqueous extraction of the organisms antigenic substances were obtained which react in a marked degree with sera from rabbits immunized with the same cultural strains, but not with syphilitic rabbit or syphilitic human sera. Under the conditions of our experiments either the antigenic substances which react with rabbit immune sera, syphilitic rabbit, and syphilitic human sera were not readily extractable in ethyl alcohol or were present in very low concentration. The addition of cholesterol to the aqueous, strong salt and alcoholic extracts of Treponema pallidum did not increase their sensitivity but in the case of the alcoholic extracts especially, it rendered them extremely anticomplementary. The results obtained with dialyzed aqueous extracts of Treponema pallidum which had been previously extracted with alcohol indicate that the antigenic substances obtained by aqueous extraction of the organism differ from those obtained by extraction with alcohol. Antigenic substances which reacted with rabbit immune sera, with syphilitic rabbit, and markedly with syphilitic human sera, were obtained by the extractions of uninoculated medium with alcohol. Slightly increased antigenic activity was noted with similar extracts of the whole culture medium containing Treponema pallidum. These observations suggest that the divergent results which are reported in the literature concerning the solubility in alcohol of antigenic substances of this organism may be due to differences in the media used and the culture materials which were extracted. Treponema pallidum produced in culture substances which fixed complement in the presence of very small amounts of the sera of rabbits immunized with the homologous strain and the activity of these substances corresponded to that obtained by aqueous extracts of the treponemata free from medium.
Molecular Movement, Viscosity and Agglutination
Authors: Went Stephen
Published: December 2022

The viscosity of the dispersing medium affects the Brownian movement of bacteria a great deal. Above a certain degree of internal friction, molecular movement ceases. The intensity of this movement depends also upon the absolute temperature. Bacteria may flocculate spontaneously if the viscosity of the medium is increased to a certain degree. In this relation different microörganisms show different sensitiveness, which seems to depend upon the dimension of the bacterial surface. Media of higher viscosity hinder the bacterial agglutination caused by immune sera; this is an effect on the first phase of the immune agglutination; i.e., on the process of adsorption of the immune bodies.
The Relation of the Bacterial Precipitin Reaction to the Ramon Flocculation Phenomenon
Authors: Hazen Elizabeth Lee
Published: December 2022

Flocculation in mixtures of filtrate of C. diphtheriae and antitoxin is not limited by agglutination types (2,11) of the organisms which serve for the toxin production. Precipitation in mixtures of toxic filtrate and agglutinating serum is restricted to agglutination types. Removal of the non-toxic precipitinogens from the toxic filtrate after contact with a specific precipitating serum has little, if any, effect upon the Lf of the toxin; but prevents subsequent precipitation of the filtrate with the homologous precipitating serum. The property in the toxic filtrate essential for flocculation with antitoxin is destroyed at a temperature of 60°C. for one-half hour whereas, the property essential for precipitation of agglutinating serum is not destroyed at a temperature of 85°C. for one hour. Removal of the bacterial antibody from antitoxic serum by absorption of the serum with bacterial extracts does not prevent subsequent flocculation of the serum with the toxic filtrate, whereas, the agglutinating serum treated in the same manner no longer precipitates with the toxic filtrate. The Ramon reaction is probably due to interaction between toxin and antitoxin and not between bacterial precipitinogen and precipitin.
The Activating Effect of Fresh Normal Serum on the Pneumococcidal-Promoting Action of Antipneumococcus Serum, Type I
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Sia Richard H. P. , Cornwell M. Agnes
Published: December 2022

With a view to obtaining a clearer understanding of the environmental conditions under which pneumococcus immune serum exerts its optimum anti-bacterial action, a study was made of the influence of fresh normal serum on the pneumococcidal-promoting action of antipneumococcus serum type I in normal rabbit serum-leucocyte mixtures. It was found that the substitution of inactivated normal adult rabbit serum for fresh serum, largely deprived the immune serum of its power to confer pneumococcus-destroying properties on the serum-leucocyte mixtures. In the absence of fresh serum relatively high concentrations of immune serum had to be employed to produce a demonstrable killing effect. However, if instead of adult rabbit serum, inactivated serum of young rabbits was used, the pneumococcidal-promoting action of the immune serum was completely abolished. This could be restored by the addition of relatively small quantities of fresh serum to the inactivated serum-leucocyte mixture. Furthermore there was found to be a constant quantitative relationship between the effective dilution of immune serum and the amount of fresh serum necessary; the higher the dilution of immune serum the greater the quantity of fresh serum required to make it effective. It was shown that the interaction of pneumococcus antigen and antibody in the normal serum deprived it of activating properties. Observations were then made to determine whether or not a similar diminution occurs in the body during the course of pneumococcus infection. Tests on the serum of experimentally infected animals and human cases of lobar pneumonia showed no notable impairment of its activating function.
The Variables in the Mouse
Authors: Felton Lloyd D.
Published: December 2022

There are two methods in general use for the estimation of the protective value of antipneumococcus serum. The first consists in measuring the protective value of a unit amount of serum by varying the dose of the culture; in the second method, conversely, a constant dose of organism is employed against varying dilutions of the serum. The first method was originated by Neufeld (1), who also tried the second, and found that with the very dilute cultures he employed his method was superior to the other which was suggested by Landmann (2).

In the first method, as described by Neufeld, 0.2 cc. of antipneumococcus serum was injected, either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, three hours before the injection of virulent pneumococci in the following series of doses: 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 cc. The culture he used was of such virulence that control mice injected in duplicate with 0.000001 cc. died in forty-eight hours.
Interferon and Viral Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Grossberg Sidney E. , Holland John J.
Published: December 2022

The action of interferon in inhibiting either visible virus effect on cells or viral multiplication is intracellular. The evidence suggests that very soon after its adsorption interferon acts to delay virus synthesis in cells naturally susceptible to virus as well as those naturally insusceptible, even when interferon is added after viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) adsorption to cells is completed. This action occurs beyond the point of cellular adsorption, penetration, and removal of virus protein without gross effect upon virus release. It further appears that interferon does not block intracellular sites of attachment for viral multiplication, nor does its effect depend upon direct inactivation of parental viral RNA.

Interferons produced in the allantoic sac of chicken embryos by a myxovirus (influenza A) or an arthropod-borne virus (Japanese encephalitis) had similar inhibitory effects on chicken embryo cells against Western equine encephalitis virus as well as against the RNA extracted from poliovirus Types I and II. Avian interferon had no detectable effect on susceptibility of HeLa cells to poliovirus RNA.
Virulence Mechanism of Staphylococcus Aureus in Suckling Mice
Authors: Gebhardt L. P. , Anselmo C. R. , Martin E. R.
Published: December 2022

The lethal effects of Staphylococcus aureus cultures on suckling mice free of coagulase has been demonstrated. Cultures subjected to boiling for 10 min (which destroyed both coagulase and α-hemolysin) were no longer lethal for mice. Heating cultures for ½ hr at 56°C destroyed both the hemolytic activity and lethal toxins for suckling mice.
Penggunaan Produk Goto Group dalam Rangkaian Operasi Marketplace Tokopedia berdasarkan Undang-Undang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat
Authors: Ramadhani Husna Maulidah , Gultom Elisatris , Sudaryat
Published: December 2022

Eksistensi marketplace Tokopedia sebagai platform “pasar digital” memberikan perubahan dalam rangkaian produksi dengan marketplace sebagai penghubung rangkaian hulu ke hilir, dimana dalam pelaksanaannya diketahui bahwa terdapat penyertaan produk dalam beberapa rangkaian produksi oleh grup perusahaan Goto. Kegiatan tersebut dapat menimbulkan permasalahan apabila bertujuan menguasai produksi dan menimbulkan hambatan masuk pasar. Keadaan pasca pandemi turut mempengaruhi dengan timbulnya krisis ekonomi dimana kegiatan penyediaan produk grup perusahaan dalam suatu rangkaian produksi dapat mengurangi fleksibilitas keuangan perusahaan. Tujuan penelitan untuk mengetahui validasi hukum dari kegiatan Goto Group dalam rangkaian operasi marketplace Tokopedia dan peran KPPU dalam mencegah integrasi vertikal pada kegiatan usaha berbasis digital. Metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menelaah peraturan perundang undangan terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terbukti secara sah terdapat penggunaan produk Goto dalam beberapa tahapan rangkaian produksi dengan keunggulan efisiensi waktu dan pemotongan harga dimana dalam membuktikan perbuatan tersebut mengikuti analisis pedoman KPPU juga rule of reason dengan hasil belum cukup menimbulkan kerugian bagi masyarakat. KPPU menjalankan fungsi pengawasan dengan pencegahan dimana salah satunya dengan pengawasan terhadap penggabungan vertikal melalui pedoman KPPU. Minimnya pembuktian pada data rujukan putusan KPPU terhadap kegiatan integrasi vertikal dan kompleksitas model bisnis yang turut berubah akibat perkembangan teknologi bertolak belakang dengan pembaharuan regulasi KPPU terkait integrasi vertikal. Peran KPPU terbatas sampai pengadaan sosialisasi dan forum diskusi terkait persaingan usaha pada ekonomi digital khususnya integrasi vertikal yang mana telah dilampaui oleh lembaga persaingan usaha luar negeri dengan adanya inisiasi maupun pedoman baru terkait integrasi vertikal pada perusahaan berbasis digital maupun pada ekonomi digital secara menyeluruh.
3D inversion of 2D electrical resistivity data for geotechnical analysis
Authors: Pham Dat Ngoc , Pham Kien Ngoc , Lai Phong Hop , Thi Ninh ,   Duong , Trang Hong Pham , Tuan Dang Tran
  Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
  Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Published: December 2022

Geophysical methods are effective tools for geotechnical analysis. In particular, the two-dimensional electrical resistivity method is widely applied in the determination of broken, cracked, and karst cave structures in many countries around the world. The information given by this method plays an important role in preventing and mitigating the risk of geological hazards caused by geological structures. Geotechnical analysis is also an important step in civil construction. However, the interpretation of two-dimensional problems with individual sections still has certain limitations, such as the delineation of the spatial distribution of interesting objects in the entire survey area. We propose a new data processing procedure for the two-dimensional electrical resistivity methods based on rearranging the data as the input of three-dimensional inversion. If the distribution of survey lines is dense enough, we can use two-dimensional data to solve the three-dimensional inverse problems. This inversion will give us a diagram of resistivity distribution in three-dimensional space, which is intuitive and high detail in identifying interesting objects. In this study, the authors have solved the three-dimensional inverse problems from the two-dimensional electrical resistivity survey carried out in the Hoa Lac area, west of Hanoi city. The result shows that the resistivity distribution in three-dimensional space not only increases the intuition but also the accuracy in reflecting the spatial distribution of hidden underground objects. This also defines the localization and determination of fracture zones in the study area as more reliable than explained in each section according to the results of solving two-dimensional inverse problems. The effectiveness of this new method has been proven when compared with drilling results in the studied area.
Study on factors affecting the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by solution plasma method
Authors: Le Thanh Huu , Ngo Son Ha , Tran Tuan Ngoc , Nguyen Hung Tran ,   Institute of Chemistry and Material, Hanoi, Vietnam
  Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Published: December 2022

The solution plasma process (SPP) is a revolutionary approach for production of nanomaterials employing plasma discharge in liquid. The SPP can quickly deionize metal into the neutral state in the absence of a reducing agent. Selenium nanoparticles are created in solution plasma in this investigation. The approach is capable of producing selenium nanoparticles with uniform size in water and great stability without the use of a stabilizer. UV-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-vis), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Size Analyzer (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) techniques are used to analyze the produced selenium nanoparticles. In an ethanol/water mixture, the better solvent compares to distilled water, the SeNPs forms uniform flower-like nanostructures with diameters ranging from 50÷70 nm. Also, the effects of other parameters such as voltage, electrode spacing and reaction time on the production of nano selenium are investigated. The findings show that solution plasma can help form selenium nano particle in a very short time which is about 60 minutes. In addition, the electrodes must be separated by a minimum distance which is 0.5 mm . The ideal voltage to achieve a highly efficient process is 2 kV The higher voltage cause the reaction solution boil leading to the loss of reactants while the lower value cannot ignite the reaction. The reaction efficiency reaches 100% when applied those conditions. Also, those parameters help to shorten the reaction time which is an advantage of the synthesis method. As a result, the solution plasma method of synthesising nanoselenium makes it extremely promising for use in biomedical applications.
Longwall top coal fall index from an integrated numerical and statistical analysis
Authors: Le Dung Tien , Mai Hai Hong ,   Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, Vietnam
  Dongbac Corporation, Quang Ninh, Vietnam
Published: December 2022

Assessment of top coal fall potential is of great importance for sustainable longwall caving mining. However, available assessment tools/indices for the fall are applicable to roof rock only, and their use for top coal (whose geological structures may be different) can be inappropriate. This paper presents a new index for top coal fall in longwall mining where the fall is controlled by the cantilever effect. The index is developed from an integrated numerical and statistical analysis using the database from Ha Lam coal mine in Vietnam. The numerical analysis reveals that the strength and stiffness of in-seam discrete fractures and coal’s elastic modulus are inversely proportional to top coal fall. Meanwhile, the density of discrete fractures and seam depth are found to be directly proportional to the fall. A procedure for the development of assessment equation for top coal is established using single and multiple regressions and model transformation technique. A new assessment index for longwall top coal fall named Fall Index (FI) is proposed, taking coal elastic modulus, fracture density, fracture friction angle, fracture stiffness and seam depth as input parameters. The study also reveals that statistically seam depth has the most significant effect while fracture density and fracture strength show the least significant effect on top coal fall. At the same time, coal’s elastic modulus and fracture stiffness play similar roles in the fall. The results from this paper assist engineers in better assessing top coal fall potential and subsequently better controlling longwall stability for various geological conditions in mine design.
Altun Yaruk Sudur IV. Tegzinç’teki İkilemelerin Çince Denklikleriyle Karşılaştırılması
Authors: TOKYÜREK Hacer
Published: December 2022

Türkçenin en eski dönemlerinden beri yaygın bir kullanıma sahip olan ikilemeler, dilde pekiştirme sağlamakla birlikte anlatıma güzellik katmak amacıyla da kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle Eski Uygur Türkçesinde yaygın olan ikilemeler, çevrilen metni daha doğru ve açıklayıcı tercüme etmek amacıyla kullanılmış olabilir. Böylece çevirilen kaynak dilin de ikilemeler konusunda etkisi söz konusu olabilir. Bu çalışmada AYIV metninin Çince denkliğinden yola çıkılarak ikilemelerin Çince denklikleri tespit edilip onların nasıl oluşturuldukları ve Eski Uygurca kelimelerin anlam farklılıkları ortaya çıkarılacaktır. Böylece Eski Uygurca sözlük çalışmalarına katkı sağlanacaktır.
Fenomena Radikalisme Agama di Ruang Publik: Suatu Potensi dan Tantangan Bagi Kaum Muda Kristen
Authors: Blegur Romelus , Gea Leniwan Darmawati , Silitonga Aprilyanto
Published: December 2022

Fokus penelitian ini adalah tentang radikalisme agama sebagai fenomena publik yang berpengaruh pada kerusakan relasi antar agama. Kaum radikal memberi penekanan yang sangat ketat pada perbedaan doktrin agama hingga menutup ruang perjumpaan dengan sesama pemeluk agama lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghimbau gereja dan orang percaya untuk selalu siaga dan mengantisipasi potensi-potensi radikalisme dari kalangan Kristen, khususnya generasi muda yang rentan dipengaruhi oleh bahaya radikalisme yang menjadi ancaman bagi toleransi antar umat agama. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif, dengan mendeskripsikan situasi radikalisme agama yang kian marak terjadi. Sumber-sumber yang menjadi acuan dalam penulisan ini adalah artikel dan buku-buku referensi terkait. Faktor-faktor yang turut mempelopori tumbuhnya paham radikal, yaitu sosiologi, psikologi dan ideologi. Terkait itu, beberapa hal yang perlu sebagai upaya untuk menangkal pengaruhnya terhadap kaum muda Kristen adalah mendidik kesadaran akan kebersamaan dalam keberagaman agama, membangun kesadaran dialogis, dan menggalang aksi damai. Pokok-pokok tersebut dapat menjadi sumbangan bagi pemikiran dan praksis gereja dalam merawat keberagaman sembari menangkal bahaya radikalisme yang dapat memengaruhi kaum muda Kristen.The focus of this research is on religious radicalism as a public phenomenon that affects the breakdown of interreligious relations. The radicals put a very strict emphasis on differences in religious doctrines to the point where they closed the space for meeting with other adherents of other religions. This research aims to urge churches and believers to always be alert and anticipate potential radicalism from Christians, especially the younger generation who are vulnerable to being affected by the dangers of radicalism which poses a threat to inter-religious tolerance. This study uses descriptive research methods, by describing the situation of religious radicalism which is increasingly prevalent. The sources used as references in this writing are articles and related reference books. The factors that contributed to the growth of radicalism were sociology, psychology and ideology. Related to that, several things that are necessary as an effort to counteract its influence on young Christians are educating awareness of togetherness in religious diversity, building dialogic awareness, and organizing peaceful actions. These points can be a contribution to the thinking and practice of the church in caring for diversity while counteracting the dangers of radicalism that can affect young Christians.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NEUROGLIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SOME FORMS OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Authors: Kozlov Vadim A. , Voronov Leonid N. , Smirnova Nadezhda V. , Karyshev Pavel B. , Stepanova Anatasia A. , Plyukhin Sergey V. , Lyalina Elena Yu.
Published: December 2022

The aim of the study was to compare the measurable quantitative indicators of neurons and neuroglia in the gyrus precentralis region in relatively healthy individuals who died from nonviolent death and not as an outcome of the disease with similar indicators in those who died as a result of lifetime neurodegenerative diseases. Material and methods. 47 cases of nonviolent death were examined: 6 persons were relatively healthy individuals without a history of neurological diseases (average age – 67.0±7.7 years), in 2 persons– parkinsonism was diagnosed in vivo (G20.X, average age 77.0±7.1 years), in 23 persons – G93.4 (unspecified encephalopathy, 51.6±14.1 years), in 13 persons – G31.2 (degeneration of the nervous system caused by alcohol, 55.5±8.4 years). There were 32 men and 15 women. Sex differences were not taken into account in statistical processing. Results. in relatively healthy patients, the median number of neurons (N) is 26.0 (percentiles 10¸90 – 22,0¸29,0 ), coefficient of variation (CV) – 11.0, area of neurons, microns 2 (SN) – 265.3 (234.2¸352.5), CV = 16.6; neuroglia (NG) – 80.0 (75 ¸88), CV = 6.0; neuroglial index (NGI) – 3.1 (2.6¸3.8), CV = 3.2, neuroglial area, microns2 (SNG) – 15.3 (9.9¸25.9, KV = 38.2. In the deceased G20.X – N = 2.0 (1.0¸5.0), p = 0.0116, CV = 54.0, SN = 88.8 (53.6¸117.6), p = 0.0124, CV = 31.1; NG = 32.0 (21.0¸37.0), p = 0.4179, CV = 21.0, SNG = 12.3 (8.1¸20.0), p = 0.0006, CV = 36.1; NGI = 12.2 (6.8¸28.0), p = 0.000, CV = 57.0. In G93.4 – N = 3.0 (1.0¸4.0), p = 0.0065, CV = 35.0, SN = 177.6 (47.9¸299.6), p = 0.0007, CV = 52.4; NG = 83.0 (68.0¸94.0), p = 0.1618, CV = 10, SNG = 14.6 (9.9¸21.0), p = 0.0007, CV = 31.6; NGI = 28.7 (19.3¸83.0), p = 0.0000, CV = 56.0. In G31.2 – N = 15.0 (11.0¸20.0), p = 0.6767, CV = 21.0, SN = 59.7 (37.9¸77.8), p = 0.0000, CV = 28.1; NG = 62.0 (49.0¸77.0), p = 0.0477, CV = 16.0, SNG = 14.6 (9.2¸21.7), p = 0.0122, CV = 33.4; NGI = 3.8 (2.7¸7.0), p = 0.0003, CV = 38.2. Conclusions: 1) in parkinsonism, a significant decrease in the number and area of neurons and neuroglia was revealed; 2) in G93.4, neurons are more involved in the pathological process than glial cells; 3) in G31.2, there is an equally large decrease in the number of neurons and glial cells, but the area of neurons decreases more significantly than in glial cells.