bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II in a female patient with a reciprocal X;9 translocation and skewed X chromosome inactivation
Authors: Lonardo Fortunato , Di Natale Paola , Lualdi Susanna , Acquaviva Fabio , Cuoco Cristina , Scarano Francesca , Maioli Marianna , Pavone Luigi Michele , Di Gregorio Grazia , Filocamo Mirella , Scarano Gioacchino
Published: July 2014

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II or Hunter syndrome) is a rare X‐linked disorder caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme, iduronate‐2‐sulfatase (IDS). Phenotypic expression of MPS II in female patients rarely occurs and may be the result of (i) structural abnormalities of the X chromosome, (ii) homozygosity for disease‐causing mutations, or (iii) skewed X‐chromosome inactivation, in which the normal IDS allele is preferentially inactivated and the abnormal IDS allele is active. We report here on a female patient with clinical MPS II manifestations, deficiency of IDS enzyme activity and a de novo balanced reciprocal X;9 translocation. As our patient has a skewed XCI pattern, but neither genomic IDS mutations nor abnormal IDS transcripts were detected, we speculate about the possible role of the chromosomal rearrangement in reducing the IDS translation efficiency. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wikipedia in the eyes of its beholders: A systematic review of scholarly research on Wikipedia readers and readership
Authors: Okoli Chitu , Mehdi Mohamad , Mesgari Mostafa , Nielsen Finn Årup , Lanamäki Arto
Published: July 2014

Hundreds of scholarly studies have investigated various aspects of Wikipedia. Although a number of literature reviews have provided overviews of this vast body of research, none has specifically focused on the readers of Wikipedia and issues concerning its readership. In this systematic literature review, we review 99 studies to synthesize current knowledge regarding the readership of Wikipedia and provide an analysis of research methods employed. The scholarly research has found that Wikipedia is popular not only for lighter topics such as entertainment but also for more serious topics such as health and legal information. Scholars, librarians, and students are common users, and Wikipedia provides a unique opportunity for educating students in digital literacy. We conclude with a summary of key findings, implications for researchers, and implications for the Wikipedia community.
Human Protein Kinase CK2 Phosphorylates Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 and Inhibits its Activity
Authors: Filipiak Kamila , Kubiński Konrad , Hellman Ulf , Ramos Ana , de Pascual‐Teresa Beatriz
Published: July 2014

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) is involved in cancer development and is overexpressed in a variety of malignant tumors. MMP‐2 activity is controlled mainly by transcription, proteolytic activation, and inhibition by endogenous inhibitors. It had previously been demonstrated that MMP‐2 activity is also regulated by phosphorylation at several sites by protein kinase C. Here we demonstrate, by means of bioinformatics and biochemical and cellular assays, that protein kinase CK2 also acts as a modulator of MMP‐2 activity. CK2 down‐regulates MMP‐2 in vitro, and inhibition of CK2 in human fibrosarcoma cells results in up‐regulation of MMP‐2. The discovery of the crosstalk between MMP‐2 and CK2 opens the possibility of new combined anticancer therapies.
Capacity Enhancement and Discharge Mechanisms of Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yu Xingwen , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: July 2014

A strategy for capacity and cyclability enhancement of room‐temperature sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries is reported by inserting a nanostructured, carbon‐based interlayer between the sulfur cathode and the separator. The interlayer localizes the soluble polysulfide species and prevents its migration to the sodium anode. Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterizations along with thermodynamic analyses indicate that the charge/discharge of the Na–S cell involves complicated transition processes through a series of long‐chain (Na2Sn, 4≤n≤8) and short‐chain (Na2Sn, 1≤n<4) sodium‐polysulfide intermediates. The results obtained in this work show that the cell can provide a remarkable capacity of 400 Ah kg−1 and an energy density of 720 Wh kg−1 (based on the sulfur cathode) after 20 cycles.
Formation of One‐Dimensional Helical Columns and Excimerlike Excited States by Racemic Quinoxaline‐Fused [7]Carbohelicenes in the Crystal
Authors: Sakai Hayato , Shinto Sho , Araki Yasuyuki , Wada Takehiko , Sakanoue Tomo , Takenobu Taishi , Hasobe Taku
Published: July 2014

A series of quinoxaline‐fused [7]carbohelicenes (HeQu derivatives) was designed and synthesized to evaluate their structural and photophysical properties in the crystal state. The quinoxaline units were expected to enhance the light‐emitting properties and to control the packing structures in the crystal. The electrochemical and spectroscopic properties and excited‐state dynamics of these compounds were investigated in detail. The first oxidation potentials of HeQu derivatives are approximately the same as that of unsubstituted reference [7]carbohelicene (Heli), whereas their first reduction potentials are shifted to the positive by about 0.7 V. The steady‐state absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectra also became redshifted compared to those of Heli. The molecular orbitals and energy levels of the HOMO and LUMO states, calculated by DFT methods, support these trends. Moreover, the absolute fluorescence quantum yields of HeQu derivatives are about four times larger than that of Heli. The structural properties of the aggregated states were analyzed by single‐crystal analysis. Introduction of appropriate substituents (i.e., 4‐methoxyphenyl) in the HeQu unit enabled the construction of one‐dimensional helical columns of racemic HeQu derivatives in the crystal state. Helix formation is based on intracolumn π‐stacking between two neighboring [7]carbohelicenes and intercolumn CH⋅⋅⋅N interaction between a nitrogen atom of a quinoxaline unit and a hydrogen atom of a helicene unit. The time‐resolved fluorescence spectra of single crystals clearly showed an excimerlike delocalized excited state owing to the short distance between neighboring [7]carbohelicene units.
Effects of Tidewater and Crab Burrowing on H2S Emission and Sulfur Storage in Spartina alterniflora Marsh
Authors: Zhao Hui , Yang Wen , Fang Chao , Qiao Yajun , Xiao Yan , Cheng Xiaoli , An Shuqing
Published: July 2014

Aiming to uncover the effects of tidewater and crab burrowing on sulfur cycling of Spartina alterniflora marsh, a field experiment was carried out at Jiangsu Yancheng Wetland National Nature Reserve. H2S flux, plant sulfur storage and total sulfur of sediments in S. alterniflora marsh were measured under different tidewater and crab burrows treatments. Results showed that crab burrows significantly increased H2S emission from S. alterniflora marsh, while no significant effect on H2S emission by tidewater was detected. Both tidewater and crab burrows had no significant effects on plant sulfur storage except that the crab burrows significantly decreased it in the seeding season. Tidewater only significantly impacted total sulfur in sediments of 0–30 cm depth, while those in soil of 0–20 and 40–50 cm depths were significantly affected by crab burrows. Total sulfur in sediments affected by tidewater and crab burrows exhibited a seasonal variation. The findings of this study indicated that both tidewater and crab burrowing were key disturbing factors affecting sulfur cycling in S. alterniflora marsh but in different aspects.
A Quantitative View of Charge Transfer in the Hydrogen Bond: The Water Dimer Case
Authors: Ronca Enrico , Belpassi Leonardo , Tarantelli Francesco
Published: July 2014

The hydrogen bond represents a fundamental intermolecular interaction that binds molecules in vapor and liquid water. A crucial and debated aspect of its electronic structure and chemistry is the charge transfer (CT) accompanying it. Much effort has been devoted, in particular, to the study of the smallest prototype system, the water dimer, but even here results and interpretations differ widely. In this paper, we reassess CT in the water dimer by using charge‐displacement analysis. Besides a reliable estimate of the amount of CT (14.6 me) that characterizes the system, our study provides an unambiguous context, and very useful bounds, within which CT effects may be evaluated, crucially including the associated energy stabilization.
Water‐Soluble Reduced Graphene Oxide–Carboxymethylcellulose Hybrid Nanomaterial for Electrochemical Biosensor Design
Authors: Araque Elena , Villalonga Reynaldo , Gamella María , Martínez‐Ruiz Paloma , Sánchez Alfredo , García‐Baonza Valentín , Pingarrón José M.
Published: July 2014

A novel hybrid nanomaterial was synthesised by covalent attachment of O‐carboxymethylcellulose to reduced graphene oxide. Graphene oxide was first anchored with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane moieties to provide reactive primary amino groups at the basal plane. Periodate‐oxidised O‐carboxymethylcellulose was further covalently attached to this aminated nanomaterial through reductive alkylation with NaBH4. Stable aqueous dispersions were obtained with the resulting hybrid nanomaterial, which was used to coat glassy carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the enzyme tyrosinase was covalently immobilised and the nanostructured enzyme electrode was successfully employed for the amperometric detection of catechol in the 20 nM–56 μM range. The biosensor showed excellent analytical performance with a high sensitivity of 270 mA M−1 and a low detection limit of 0.2 nM.
Multifunctional Organized Mesoporous Tin Oxide Films Templated by Graft Copolymers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Park Jung Tae , Ahn Sung Hoon , Roh Dong Kyu , Lee Chang Soo , Kim Jong Hak
Published: July 2014

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Jong Hak Kim at Yonsei University in South Korea. The image shows how organized mesoporous SnO2 film plays a role in controlling light harvesting, electron transport and interfacial/internal resistance of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201301215
Green Acetylation of Solketal and Glycerol Formal by Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts to Form a Biodiesel Fuel Additive
Authors: Dodson Jennifer R. , Leite Thays d C. M. , S. Pontes Nathália , Peres Pinto Bianca , Mota Claudio J. A.
Published: July 2014

A glut of glycerol has formed from the increased production of biodiesel, with the potential to integrate the supply chain by using glycerol additives to improve biodiesel properties. Acetylated acetals show interesting cold flow and viscosity effects. Herein, a solventless heterogeneously catalyzed process for the acetylation of both solketal and glycerol formal to new products is demonstrated. The process is optimized by studying the effect of acetylating reagent (acetic acid and acetic anhydride), reagent molar ratios, and a variety of commercial solid acid catalysts (Amberlyst‐15, zeolite Beta, K‐10 Montmorillonite, and niobium phosphate) on the conversion and selectivities. High conversions (72–95 %) and selectivities (86–99 %) to the desired products results from using acetic anhydride as the acetylation reagent and a 1:1 molar ratio with all catalysts. Overall, there is a complex interplay between the solid catalyst, reagent ratio, and acetylating agent on the conversion, selectivities, and byproducts formed. The variations are discussed and explained in terms of reactivity, thermodynamics, and reaction mechanisms. An alternative and efficient approach to the formation of 100 % triacetin involves the ring‐opening, acid‐catalyzed acetylation from solketal or glycerol formal with excesses of acetic anhydride.
Paving the Way for Using Li2S Batteries
Authors: Xu Rui , Zhang Xiaofeng , Yu Cun , Ren Yang , Li James C. M. , Belharouak Ilias
Published: July 2014

In this work, a novel lithium–sulfur battery was developed comprising Li2S as the cathode, lithium metal as the anode and polysulfide‐based solution as the electrolyte. The electrochemical performances of these Li2S‐based cells strongly depended upon the nature of the electrolytes. In the presence of the conventional electrolyte that consisted of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)‐imide (LiTFSI) salt dissolved in a solvent combination of dimethoxyethane (DME)/1,3‐dioxolane (DOL), the Li/Li2S cells showed sluggish kinetics, which translated into poor cycling and capacity retention. However, when using small amounts of polysulfides in the electrolyte along with a shuttle inhibitor the Li2S cathode was efficiently activated in the cell with the generation of over 1000 mAh g−1 capacity and good cycle life.
Application of In Operando UV/Vis Spectroscopy in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Patel Manu U. M. , Dominko Robert
Published: July 2014

Application of UV/Vis spectroscopy for the qualitative and quantitative determination of differences in the mechanism of lithium–sulfur battery behavior is presented. With the help of catholytes prepared from chemically synthesized stoichiometric mixtures of lithium and sulfur, calibration curves for two different types of electrolyte can be constructed. First‐order derivatives of UV/Vis spectra show five typical derivative peak positions in both electrolytes. In operando measurements show a smooth change in the UV/Vis spectra in the wavelength region between λ=650 and 400 nm. Derivatives are in agreement with derivative peak positions observed with catholytes. Recalculation of normalized reflections of UV/Vis spectra obtained in operando mode enable the formation of polysulfides and their concentrations to be followed. In such a way, it is possible to distinguish differences in the mechanism of polysulfide shuttling between two electrolytes and to correlate differences in capacity fading.
Reproductive and menstrual factors and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: The EPIC study
Authors: Zamora‐Ros Raul , Rinaldi Sabina , Biessy Carine , Tjønneland Anne , Halkjær Jytte , Fournier Agnes , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Mesrine Sylvie , Tikk Kaja , Fortner Reneé T. , Boeing Heiner , Förster Jana , Trichopoulou Antonia , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Papatesta Eleni‐Maria , Masala Giovanna , Tagliabue Giovanna , Panico Salvatore , Tumino Rosario , Polidoro Silvia , Peeters Petra H.M. , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H.B(as) , Weiderpass Elisabete , Lund Eiliv , Argüelles Marcial , Agudo Antonio , Molina‐Montes Esther , Navarro Carmen , Barricarte Aurelio , Larrañaga Nerea , Manjer Jonas , Almquist Martin , Sandström Maria , Hennings Joakim , Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Schmidt Julie A. , Khaw Kay‐Thee , Wareham Nicholas J. , Romieu Isabelle , Byrnes Graham , Gunter Marc J. , Riboli Elio , Franceschi Silvia
Published: July 2014

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (TC) is threefold more common in women than in men and, therefore, a role of female hormones in the etiology of differentiated TC has been suggested. We assessed these hypotheses in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Among 345,157 women (mean age 51) followed for an average of 11 years, 508 differentiated TC cases were identified. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. No significant associations were observed between differentiated TC risk and number of pregnancies, breast feeding, menopausal status, and age at menarche and at menopause. Significant associations were found with history of infertility problems (HR 1.70; 95% CI 1.12–2.60), a recent pregnancy (HR for ≤5 vs. >5 years before recruitment 3.87; 95% CI 1.43–10.46), menopause type (HR for surgical vs. natural menopause: 2.16; 95% CI 1.41–3.31), oral contraceptive (OC) use at recruitment (HR: 0.48; 95% CI 0.25–0.92) and duration of OC use (HR for ≥9 vs. ≤1 year: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.50–0.89). An increased risk was also found with hormone replacement therapy use at recruitment (HR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.02–1.67), but this was not significant after adjustment for type of menopause (HR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.95–1.57). Overall, our findings do not support a strong role of reproductive and menstrual factors, and female hormone use in the etiology of differentiated TC. The few observed associations may be real or accounted for by increased surveillance in women who had infertility problems, recent pregnancies or underwent surgical menopause.
GMCSF‐armed vaccinia virus induces an antitumor immune response
Authors: Parviainen Suvi , Ahonen Marko , Diaconu Iulia , Kipar Anja , Siurala Mikko , Vähä‐Koskela Markus , Kanerva Anna , Cerullo Vincenzo , Hemminki Akseli
Published: July 2014

Oncolytic Western Reserve strain vaccinia virus selective for epidermal growth factor receptor pathway mutations and tumor‐associated hypermetabolism was armed with human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GMCSF) and a tdTomato fluorophore. As the assessment of immunological responses to human transgenes is challenging in the most commonly used animal models, we used immunocompetent Syrian golden hamsters, known to be sensitive to human GMCSF and semipermissive to vaccinia virus. Efficacy was initially tested in vitro on various human and hamster cell lines and oncolytic potency of transgene‐carrying viruses was similar to unarmed virus. The hGMCSF‐encoding virus was able to completely eradicate subcutaneous pancreatic tumors in hamsters, and to fully protect the animals from subsequent rechallenge with the same tumor. Induction of specific antitumor immunity was also shown by ex vivo co‐culture experiments with hamster splenocytes. In addition, histological examination revealed increased infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in GMCSF‐virus‐treated tumors. These findings help clarify the mechanism of action of GMCSF‐armed vaccinia viruses undergoing clinical trials.
Hybrid Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Low Color‐Temperature and High Efficiency for Physiologically‐Friendly Night Illumination
Authors: Hu Yue , Zhang Tingke , Chen Jiangshan , Ma Dongge , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: July 2014

Low color‐temperature (CT) light sources are preferred for physiologically‐friendly illumination at night due to their low suppression of melatonin secretion. We fabricated low‐CT hybrid organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) by constructing a double emissive‐layer (EML) structure, with a blue‐red fluorescent‐phosphorescent hybrid EML and a green phosphorescent EML, separated by a bipolar interlayer. By doping a red phosphor in a blue fluorescent mixed‐host with a decent concentration, blue and red emissions from the host and dopant, respectively, were obtained. The CT of the optimized device was tuned to less than 2500 K, with the brightness ranging from 100 to 10,000 cd m−2. In addition, the low‐CT OLED exhibited much higher efficacy than other low‐CT light sources, such as incandescent bulbs and candles. The maximum power efficiency and external quantum efficiency of the hybrid OLED reached 54.6 lm W−1 and 24.3 %, respectively, which only rolled off to 44.2 lm W−1 and 23.6 % at 1000 cd m−2, with a CT of 1910 K. Low‐CT OLEDs with high efficacy provide a promising alternative for night lighting that will safeguard human health.
Micromorphology analysis and bond strength of two adhesives to Er,Cr:YSGG laser‐prepared vs. Bur‐prepared fluorosed enamel
Authors: Shafiei Fereshteh , JOWKAR Zahra , Fekrazad Reza , Khalafi‐nezhad Abolfazl
Published: July 2014

Preservation of enamel during composite veneer restorations of fluorosed teeth could be achieved by conservative preparation with Erbium lasers. This study evaluated the effect of fluorosed enamel preparation with Er,Cr:YSGG vs. conventional diamond bur on the micromorphology and bond strength of a self‐etch and an etch‐and‐rinse adhesives. Er,Cr:YSGG laser or diamond bur preparation was performed on the flattened midbuccal surfaces of 70 extracted human premolars with moderate fluorosis (according to Thylstrup and Fejerskov index, TFI = 4–6). Adper Single Bond (SB) with acid etching for 20 or 40 s and Clearfil SE Bond (SEB) alone or with additional etching was applied in four laser groups. The same adhesive procedures were used in three bur groups except for 40 s of etching along with SB. After restoration, microshear bond strength was measured (MPa). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tamhane tests (α = 0.05). Six additional specimens were differently prepared and conditioned for scanning electron microscopy evaluation. The highest and lowest bond strengths were obtained for bur‐prepared/SB (39.5) and laser‐prepared/SEB (16.9), respectively, with a significant difference (P = 0.001). The different adhesive procedures used associated to two adhesives exhibited insignificantly lower bonding in laser‐prepared groups compared to bur‐prepared ones (P > 0.05), with the exception of additional etching/SEB, which bonded significantly higher to bur‐prepared (36.4) than to laser‐prepared enamel (18.7, P = 0.04). Morphological analyses revealed a delicate etch pattern with exposed enamel prisms on laser‐prepared fluorosed enamel after acid etching and less microretentive pattern after self‐etching primer. The etch‐and‐rinse adhesive was preferred in the laser‐prepared fluorosed enamel in terms of bonding performance. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:779–784, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidation resistance comparison of MoSi2 and B‐modified MoSi2 coatings on pure Mo prepared through pack cementation
Authors: Tian X. D. , Guo X. P. , Sun Z. P. , Qu J. L. , Wang L. J.
Published: July 2014

A MoSi2 coating and a B‐modified MoSi2 coating were prepared on pure Mo by halide activated pack cementation (HAPC) method. The B‐modified MoSi2 coating consisted of a thick MoSi2 outer layer with MoB precipitates distributed in its inner part, a Mo5Si3 second layer, a MoB third layer, and a Mo2B inner layer. Both coatings were oxidized isothermally at 873, 1523, and 1773 K. It was found that pest oxidation did not occur in both coatings at 873 K for full cover scales could form on their surfaces after 100 h oxidation. During oxidation, B atoms in the B‐modified MoSi2 coating diffused outward to the coating surface and oxidized to low viscose B2O3, which promoted the formation of full cover scale and significantly reduced the volatilization of MoO3 at 1523 K, while that effect was negligible at 1773 K for silica had good fluidity at such a high temperature. It was also found that the MoB layer of the B‐modified MoSi2 coating retarded the inward diffusion of Si from MoSi2 to the substrate, which could increase the coating oxidation‐resistant lifetime.
The methyltransferase EZH2 is not required for mammary cancer development, although high EZH2 and low H3K27me3 correlate with poor prognosis of ER‐positive breast cancers
Authors: Bae Woo Kyun , Yoo Kyung Hyun , Lee Ji Shin , Kim Young , Chung Ik‐Joo , Park Min Ho , Yoon Jung Han , Furth Priscilla A. , Hennighausen Lothar
Published: July 2014

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and its demethylation is catalyzed by UTX. EZH2 levels are frequently elevated in breast cancer and have been proposed to control gene expression through regulating repressive H3K27me3 marks. However, it is not fully established whether breast cancers with different levels of H3K27me3, EZH2 and UTX exhibit different biological behaviors. Levels of H3K27me3, EZH2 and UTX and their prognostic significance were evaluated in 146 cases of breast cancer. H3K27me3 levels were higher in HER2‐negative samples. EZH2 expression was higher in cancers that were LN+, size > 20mm, and with higher tumor grade and stage. Using a Cox regression model, H3K27me3 levels and EZH2 expression were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival for all the breast cancers studied as well as the ER‐positive subgroup. The combination of low H3K27me3 and high EZH2 expression levels were significantly associated with shorter survival. UTX expression was not significantly associated with prognosis and there were no correlations between H3K27me3 levels and EZH2/UTX expression. To determine if EZH2 is required to establish H3K27me3 marks in mammary cancer, Brca1 and Ezh2 were deleted in mammary stem cells in mice. Brca1‐deficient mammary cancers with unaltered H3K27me3 levels developed in the absence of EZH2, demonstrating that EZH2 is not a mandatory H3K27 methyltransferase in mammary neoplasia and providing genetic evidence for biological independence between H3K27me3 and EZH2 in this tissue. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel‐transmission‐enabled three‐dimensional T2‐weighted imaging of the human brain at 7 Tesla
Authors: Massire Aurélien , Vignaud Alexandre , Robert Benjamin , Le Bihan Denis , Boulant Nicolas , Amadon Alexis
Published: July 2014

Purpose: A promise of ultra high field MRI is to produce images of the human brain with higher spatial resolution due to an increased signal to noise ratio. Yet, the shorter radiofrequency wavelength induces an inhomogeneous distribution of the transmit magnetic field and thus challenges the applicability of MRI sequences which rely on the spin excitation homogeneity. In this work, the ability of parallel‐transmission to obtain high‐quality T2‐weighted images of the human brain at 7 Tesla, using an original pulse design method is evaluated. Methods: Excitation and refocusing square pulses of a SPACE sequence were replaced with short nonselective transmit‐SENSE pulses individually tailored with the gradient ascent pulse engineering algorithm, adopting a kT‐point trajectory to simultaneously mitigate B1+ and ΔB0 nonuniformities. Results: In vivo experiments showed that exploiting parallel‐transmission at 7T with the proposed methodology produces high quality T2‐weighted whole brain images with uniform signal and contrast. Subsequent white and gray matter segmentation confirmed the expected improvements in image quality. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the adopted formalism based on optimal control, combined with the kT‐point method, successfully enables three‐dimensional T2‐weighted brain imaging at 7T devoid of artifacts resulting from B1+ inhomogeneity. Magn Reson Med 73:2195–2203, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chapter 3: Molecular basis for the therapeutic effectiveness of botulinum neurotoxin type A
Authors: Dolly J. Oliver , Lawrence Gary W.
Published: July 2014

The utility of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) for treating overactive muscles and endocrine glands is attributable to a unique conflation of properties honed to exploit and inactivate synaptic transmission. Specific, high‐affinity coincident binding to gangliosides plus an intraluminal loop of synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) by the heavy chain (HC) of BoNT/A confers selectivity for presynaptic nerve terminals and subsequent uptake by endocytosis. Upon vesicle acidification, the HC forms a channel for transmembrane transfer of the light chain to the cytosol, as observed by single channel recordings. The light chain is a Zn2+‐dependent endoprotease that cleaves and inactivates SNAP‐25, thereby blocking exocytotic release of transmitters, a discovery that revealed the pivotal role of the latter in synaptic vesicle fusion. A di‐leucine motif in BoNT/A light chain stabilizes this protease, contributing to its longevity inside nerves. The ubiquity of SV2 and SNAP‐25 has prompted re‐evaluation of the nerve types susceptible to BoNT/A. In urology, there is emerging evidence that BoNT/A blocks neuropeptide release from afferent nerves, exocytosis of acetylcholine and purines from efferent nerves, and possibly ATP release from the urothelium. Suppression by BoNT/A of the surface expression of nociceptor channels on bladder afferents might also contribute to its improvement of urological sensory symptoms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:S14–S20, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sphincter electromyography in diabetes mellitus and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Jian Fan , Pan Hua , Zhang Zaiqiang , Lin Jinxi , Chen Na , Zhang Lei , Wu Qing , Wang Han , Wang Yongjun , Cui Liying , Tang Xiaofu
Published: July 2014

Aims

Abnormalities of external anal sphincter electromyography (EAS‐EMG) characterize multiple system atrophy (MSA) and focal cauda equina or conus medullaris lesions. This study is designed to determine whether and how diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) affects EAS as compared to the abnormalities seen in MSA.

Methods

We conducted multi‐motor unit potential (MUP) analysis of EAS in 22 healthy controls, 32 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients without neuropathy, 38 DPN patients, and 68 MSA patients.

Results

DPN patients had a significant (P < 0.01) increase in MUP mean duration, mean amplitude, percentage of long duration MUPs, and satellite rate, but to a lesser extent than MSA. Mean duration and satellite rate showed the least overlap among different groups in individual value distributions.

Conclusions

Compared with MSA, DPN affects EAS to a lesser degree as judged by neurogenic MUP abnormalities in EMG. Mean duration and satellite rate may serve as the most discriminating aspects in MUP analysis of EAS. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:???–???, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on thermal, mechanical, morphological, and viscoelastic properties of polybenzimidazole fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites
Authors: Faiz Shan , Anis Arfat , Luqman Mohammad , Al Zahrani Saeed M.
Published: July 2014

High density polyethylene (HDPE) and polybenzimidazole fiber (PBI) composites were prepared by melt blending in a twin screw extruder. The thermomechanical properties of PBI fiber reinforced HDPE composite samples (1%, 4%, and 8%) of fiber lengths 3 mm and 6 mm were investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), universal testing machine, rheometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of fiber content and fiber lengths on the thermomechanical properties of the HDPE‐PBI composites were studied. The DSC analysis showed a decrease in crystallinity of HDPE‐PBI composites with an increase of fiber loading. SEM images revealed homogeneous distribution of the fibers in the polymer matrix. The thermal behavior of the composites was evaluated from thermogravimetric analysis and the thermal stability was found to increase with the addition of fibers. The evidence of homogeneous distribution was verified by the considerably high values of tensile strength and flexural strength. In the rheology study, the complex viscosities of HDPE‐PBI composites were higher than the HDPE matrix and increased with the increasing of PBI fiber loading. POLYM. COMPOS., 5–13, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Can reanalyses represent extreme precipitation over England and Wales?
Authors: Rhodes R. I. , Shaffrey L. C. , Gray S. L.
Published: July 2014

A new generation of reanalysis products is currently being produced that provides global gridded atmospheric data spanning more than a century. Such data may be useful for characterising the observed long‐term variability of extreme precipitation events, particularly in regions where spatial coverage of surface observations is limited, and in the pre‐satellite era. An analysis of extreme precipitation events is performed over England and Wales, investigating the ability of Twentieth Century Reanalysis and ERA‐Interim to represent extreme precipitation accumulations as recorded in the England and Wales Precipitation dataset on accumulation time‐scales from 1 to 7 days. Significant correlations are found between daily precipitation accumulation observations and both reanalysis products. A hit‐rate analysis indicates that the reanalyses have hit rates (as defined by an event above the 98th percentile) of approximately 40–65% for extreme events in both summer (JJA) and winter (DJF). This suggests that both ERA‐Interim and Twentieth Century Reanalysis are difficult to use for representing individual extreme precipitation events over England and Wales.
Avoiding Marine Vehicles with Passive Acoustics
Authors: D'Este Claire , Seton Brett , McCulloch John , Smith Daniel , Sharman Chris
Published: July 2014

Passive acoustics represent a low‐cost approach to detecting and avoiding other marine vehicles using limited computing and power resources. We present a robust safety behavior for long‐term environmental sensing of rivers and estuaries demonstrated on a smartphone‐driven, diving robot. The detection method is based on energy detection from the hydrophone output. Field testing demonstrates detection and avoidance of motorized vessels of various sizes with 94.1% accuracy and a 12.1% false positive rate. Dives are triggered with a median approach distance of approximately 700 m, and they are completed within 500 m of the detected vehicle.
From Waste Paper Basket to Solid State and Li‐HEC Ultracapacitor Electrodes: A Value Added Journey for Shredded Office Paper
Authors: Puthusseri Dhanya , Aravindan Vanchiappan , Anothumakkool Bihag , Kurungot Sreekumar , Madhavi Srinivasan , Ogale Satishchandra
Published: July 2014

Hydrothermal processing followed by controlled pyrolysis of used white office paper (a globally collectable shredded paper waste) are performed to obtain high surface area carbon with hierarchical pore size distribution. The BET specific surface area of such carbon is 2341 m2 g−1. The interconnected macroporous structure along with the concurrent presence of mesopores and micropores makes the material ideal for ultracapacitor application. Such waste paper derived carbon (WPC) shows remarkable performance in all solid‐state supercapacitor fabricated with ionic liquid‐polymer gel electrolyte. At room temperature, the material exhibits a power density of 19 000 W kg−1 with an energy capability of 31 Wh kg−1. The Li‐ion electrochemical capacitor constructed using WPC as cathode also shows an excellent energy storage capacity of 61 Wh kg−1.
A comparison of a traditional geostatistical regression approach and a general Gaussian process approach for spatial prediction
Authors: Leung Stanley , Cooley Daniel
Published: July 2014

A typical goal of a geostatistical analysis is to perform spatial prediction. Geostatistical models traditionally take the form of regression models with spatially correlated errors, employing covariate information in the mean function. The random process in such models is indexed in terms of the locations of the study region. The machine learning community employs Gaussian processes for many tasks, and these processes may be indexed on information that statisticians would term as covariates. We compare the predictive ability of a traditional geostatistical model with that of a non‐traditional Gaussian process model, which has a constant mean and whose random process is indexed on orographic covariates. The models we compare are both simply parametrized, fit with straightforward inference methods, and use classical kriging predictors. The non‐traditional model achieves non‐stationarity in the geographic space. We apply the two models to soil moisture data sets, which have extensive spatial sampling, and we apply the models to six separate days of data. In terms of quantitative measures, we find that the models' predictive abilities are comparable, with the non‐traditional outperforming the traditional model perhaps slightly. Qualitatively, the non‐traditional model's predictions may be more closely linked to the orographic covariates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel viral translation strategies
Authors: Au Hilda HT , Jan Eric
Published: July 2014

Viral genomes are compact and encode a limited number of proteins. Because they do not encode components of the translational machinery, viruses exhibit an absolute dependence on the host ribosome and factors for viral messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. In order to recruit the host ribosome, viruses have evolved unique strategies to either outcompete cellular transcripts that are efficiently translated by the canonical translation pathway or to reroute translation factors and ribosomes to the viral genome. Furthermore, viruses must evade host antiviral responses and escape immune surveillance. This review focuses on some recent major findings that have revealed unconventional strategies that viruses utilize, which include usurping the host translational machinery, modulating canonical translation initiation factors to specifically enhance or repress overall translation for the purpose of viral production, and increasing viral coding capacity. The discovery of these diverse viral strategies has provided insights into additional translational control mechanisms and into the viral host interactions that ensure viral protein synthesis and replication. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:779–801. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1246

This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Mechanisms

Translation > Translation Regulation
Novel roles of the CCR4–NOT complex
Authors: Chapat Clément , Corbo Laura
Published: July 2014

The CCR4–NOT complex is a multi‐subunit protein complex evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes which regulates several aspects of gene expression. A fascinating model is emerging in which this complex acts as a regulation platform, controlling gene products ‘from birth to death’ through the coordination of different cellular machineries involved in diverse cellular functions. Recently the CCR4–NOT functions have been extended to the control of the innate immune response through the regulation of interferon signaling. Thus, a more comprehensive picture of how CCR4–NOT allows the rapid adaptation of cells to external stress, from transcription to mRNA and protein decay, is presented and discussed here. Overall, CCR4–NOT permits the efficient and rapid adaptation of cellular gene expression in response to changes in environmental conditions and stimuli. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:883–901. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1254

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > 3' End Processing

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
Management of acute colorectal diseases in febrile neutropenic patients
Authors: Perazzoli Camila , Feitosa Marley Ribeiro , Figueiredo-Pontes Lorena Lobo de , da Rocha José Joaquim Ribeiro , Simões Belinda Pinto , Féres Omar
Published: July 2014

Patients with hematologic malignancies are susceptible to serious complications due to immunosuppression. Neutropenic-related infection is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in this group of diseases. Febrile neutropenia is a common complication of the hematologic neoplasm itself or chemotherapy, and has worse prognosis if prolonged (lasting more than 7 days) or severe (neutrophil count below 500 cells per μL). Among the usual sites of infection, we highlight the neutropenic enterocolitis and perianal infection as gastrointestinal complications of greater interest to the colorectal surgeon. Although most cases respond to conservative treatment, a portion of patients will need surgery for complete recovery.
One Health – Risikomanagement im Öffentlichen Raum
Authors: Wildner Manfred , Wirtz Angela
Published: July 2014

Einleitung

„Das One Health-Konzept erkennt an, dass die menschliche Gesundheit mit der Gesundheit von Tieren und der Umwelt verbunden ist“ (CDC, Atlanta). Diese Aussage wurde erst spät als eine Leitidee in Public Health weithin akzeptiert. Zum Verständnis wird an die jeweils zeitgebundenen Leitgedanken von Public Health erinnert. Erst der systemische Ansatz einer New Public Health im 20. Jahrhundert und 21. Jahrhundert bot einen geeigneten Rahmen für eine Rezeption des One Health-Ansatzes.
Whole-organ culture of rat trigeminal ganglion: Preliminary results on TRPV1 expression and function
Authors: Larsen D.B. , Jørgensen D. , Panchalingam V. , Gazerani P.
Published: July 2014

Aims

The present study investigated expression and overall function of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) on trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) in a whole-organ culture model to provide further information on association of TG with craniofacial nociception.

Methods

For TRPV1 receptor expression on neurons and SGCs, immunohistochemistry was performed on 24 cultured trigeminal ganglia isolated from male adult Sprague–Dawley rats. For the functional assay, the cultured trigeminal ganglia were treated with graded concentrations of capsaicin (0.1 μM, 1 μM, or 10 μM) or vehicle (0.1% ethanol in DMEM) and glutamate release was measured by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were taken at 5, 15, and 30 min. Data from the functional assay were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test.

Results

The preliminary results confirmed the expression of TRPV1 mainly on small (46.6%) and medium (44.2%) sized neurons. In addition, expression of TRPV1 on SGCs was shown. Functionality test of the whole-organ demonstrated a significant increase in glutamate concentration, 30 min after application of 10 μM capsaicin (31.69 ± 6.73 μM) in comparison with vehicle (9.83 ± 2.53 μM) and 0.1 μM capsaicin (11.59 ± 7.04 μM) (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

This preliminary study demonstrated the expression of TRPV1 on trigeminal neurons and SGCs in the whole-organ model. Furthermore, capsaicin-evoked glutamate release from the whole-organ culture was detectable under controlled conditions and provided a potential platform for further investigation on TRPV1 stimulation and pharmacological modulation in relation to craniofacial nociception.
Dendroidal sets as models for connective spectra
Authors: Bašić Matija , Nikolaus Thomas
Published: July 2014

Dendroidal sets have been introduced as a combinatorial model for homotopy coherent operads. We introduce the notion of fully Kan dendroidal sets and show that there is a model structure on the category of dendroidal sets with fibrant objects given by fully Kan dendroidal sets. Moreover we show that the resulting homotopy theory is equivalent to the homotopy theory of connective spectra.
Production of goat milk protein hydrolysate enriched in ACE-inhibitory peptides by ultrafiltration
Authors: Espejo-Carpio Francisco Javier , Pérez-Gálvez Raúl , Almécija María del Carmen , Guadix Antonio , Guadix Emilia M.
Published: July 2014

A global process for the production of goat milk hydrolysates enriched in angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides was proposed. Firstly, the protein fractions (caseins and whey proteins) were separated by ultrafiltration through a 0·14 μm ceramic membrane. The casein fraction obtained in the retentate stream of the above filtration step was subsequently hydrolysed with a combination of subtilisin and trypsin. After 3 h of reaction, the hydrolysate produced presented an IC50 of 218·50 μg/ml, which represent a relatively high ACE inhibitory activity. Finally, this hydrolysate was filtered through a 50 kDa ceramic membrane until reaching a volume reduction factor of 3. The permeate produced presented an improvement of more than 30% in the ACE inhibitory activity. In contrast, the retentate was concentrated in larger and inactive peptides which led to a decrease of more than 80% in its inhibitory activity. The process suggested in this work was suitable to obtain a potent ACE inhibitory activity product able to be incorporated into food formulas intended to control or lower blood pressure. Moreover, the liquid product could be easily stabilised by spray dried if it would be necessary.
Social stress and the oxytocin receptor gene interact to predict antisocial behavior in an at-risk cohort
Authors: Smearman Erica L. , Winiarski D. Anne , Brennan Patricia A. , Najman Jake , Johnson Katrina C.
Published: July 2014

Polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor gene are commonly associated with prosocial behaviors in the extant literature, yet their role in antisocial behaviors has rarely been explored, particularly during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood. We examined a prospective cohort (N = 404), collecting youth, mother, and clinician reports of conduct-disordered and antisocial behavior at ages 15 and 20. The oxytocin receptor gene rs53576 polymorphism was hypothesized to interact with social stress to predict antisocial outcomes. Structural equation modeling results revealed a significant main effect at age 15 (p = .025); those with the G allele exhibited higher levels of conduct problems. Structural equation modeling revealed a significant Gene × Environment interaction at age 20 (p = .029); those with the G allele who experienced high social stress exhibited higher levels of antisocial behavior. Heterozygous (AG) grouping models were compared, and parameter estimations supported G dominant groupings. These novel findings suggest that rs53576 polymorphisms may influence social salience and contribute to risk for antisocial outcomes, particularly under conditions of high social stress.
KERF–Ein Instrument zur umfassenden Ermittlung belastender Kindheitserfahrungen
Authors: Isele Dorothea , Teicher Martin H. , Ruf-Leuschner Martina , Elbert Thomas , Kolassa Iris-Tatjana , Schury Katharina , Schauer Maggie
Published: July 2014

Hintergrund: Belastende Kindheitserfahrungen steigern das Risiko für Psychopathologie und beeinflussen die Erkrankungsschwere und den Behandlungserfolg. Validierte Instrumente zur umfangreichen Erfassung von Kindheitsbelastungen sind für die klinisch-psychologische Arbeit unabdingbar jedoch nur bedingt vorhanden. Fragestellung: Diese Arbeit stellt die Konstruktion und psychometrische Prüfung der Skala „Belastende Kindheitserfahrungen” (KERF), einem Instrument zur umfangreichen Erfassung von Kindheitsbelastungen vor. Die KERF beruht auf einer modifizierten Version des US-amerikanischen „Adversive Childhood Experiences” Index. Methode: Basierend auf den Daten von 165 Probandinnen wurden mit Rasch-Modellen zehn Subskalen modelliert. Korrelationen mit dem CTQ (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) und Psychopathologie wurden bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Unterstützt durch konzeptuelle Überlegungen konnten zehn Subskalen gebildet werden. Wir fanden zufriedenstellende Assoziationen mit dem CTQ und Psychopathologie. Schlussfolgerungen: KERF ermöglicht eine detaillierte valide Erfassung belastender Kindheitserfahrungen.
Retracted Article: A facile cation exchange-based aqueous synthesis of highly stable and biocompatible Ag2S quantum dots emitting in the second near-infrared biological window
Authors: Gui Rijun , Sun Jie , Liu Dexiu , Wang Yanfeng , Jin Hui
Published: July 2014

We reported a facile cation-exchange-based aqueous synthesis of Ag2S quantum dots emitting in the second near-infrared biological window.
High-efficiency transfer of percolating nanowire films for stretchable and transparent photodetectors
Authors: Wang Jiangxin , Yan Chaoyi , Kang Wenbin , Lee Pooi See
Published: July 2014

High-efficiency transfer of nanowire percolating films into a PDMS polymer matrix was demonstrated to achieve stretchable and transparent photodetectors.
Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells employing graphene oxide as hole conductor
Authors: Wu Zhongwei , Bai Sai , Xiang Jian , Yuan Zhongcheng , Yang Yingguo , Cui Wei , Gao Xingyu , Liu Zhuang , Jin Yizheng , Sun Baoquan
Published: July 2014

A champion efficiency of 12.4% is achieved for inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by employing graphene oxide as a hole conductor.
N-doped ordered mesoporous carbons with improved charge storage capacity by tailoring N-dopant density with solvent-assisted synthesis
Authors: Almeida Vitor C. , Silva Rafael , Acerce Muharrem , Junior Osvaldo Pezoti , Cazetta André L. , Martins Alessandro C. , Huang Xiaoxi , Chhowalla Manish , Asefa Tewodros
Published: July 2014

We report a facile, nanocasting synthetic method that results in nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbons with tailorable density of N-dopant and high charge storage capacity.
High flux high-silica SSZ-13 membrane for CO2separation
Authors: Kosinov Nikolay , Auffret Clement , Gücüyener Canan , Szyja Bartłomiej M. , Gascon Jorge , Kapteijn Freek , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: July 2014

Novel high-silica SSZ-13 zeolite membranes with excellent performance in CO2/N2and CO2/CH4separation were reproducibly synthesized. Being hydrothermally stable, these membranes are very promising candidates for separation of CO2from hot and humid flue gas streams.