bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einflüsse von Prostatasekret und Verdünner auf die Spermienmotilität und ATP‐Konzentration sowie die Aktivität der sauren und alkalischen Phosphatase von Beagle‐Samen*
Authors: Günzel‐Apel Anne‐Rose , Ekrod B.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:

In frisch gewonnenem und 24 Stunden bei + 5°C gelagertem Sperma von fünf gesunden Beagle‐Rüden wurde der Prozentsatz vorwärtsbeweglicher Samenzellen, die Lebensdauer der Spermien im Deckglaspräparat, die ATP‐Konzentration und die Aktivität der sauren und alkalischen Phosphatase bestimmt. Die spermienreiche Ejakulat‐phase wurde unverdünnt sowie rnit Prostatasekret bzw. einem Tris‐Eidotter‐Medium verdünnt. Der Anteil vorwärtsbeweglicher Samenzellen betrug im frischen unverdünn‐ten Sperma 64,4%, nach Zusatz von Prostatasekret 68,4% und nach Verdünnung mit Tris‐Eidotter‐Medium 74,8%. Er sank innerhalb von 24 Stunden auf 31,6%, 20,4% bzw 59,2 % ab. Die Lebensdauer der Spermien im Deckglaspräparat betrug nach 0 bzw. 24 Stunden im unverdünnten Samen 10s bzw. 3,1 Minuten, in den mit Prostatasekret versetzten Proben 5,3 bzw. 0, 7 Minuten und nach Zusatz von Tris‐Eidotter‐Medium 99,0 bzw. 65,1 Minuten. Die ATP‐Konzentration lag entsprechend in der unverdünnten spermienreichen Phase bei 19,5 bzw. 9,7 nmolf
108
Spermien, nach Zusatz von Prostatasekret bei 16,0 bzw. 6,5 nmol/10
8
Spermien und in den mit Tris‐Eidotter‐Medium vermischten Proben bei 44,6 bzw. 37,8 nmolf10
8
Spermien. Die Aktivitat der sauren Phosphatase, welche im frischen unverdünnten Samen durchschnittlich 136,8 U/laus‐machte, erfuhr durch die Vermischung mit Prostatasekret eine Steigerung auf 212,6 U/l, während die Verdunnung mit Tris‐Eidotter‐Medium eine Reduktion auf 89,1 U/l her‐beiführte. Für die alkalische Phosphatase war eine Aktivitätsverringerung sowohl nach Zusatz von Prostatasekret als auch von Verdünner zu verzeichnen (von 409,1 auf 211,3 bzw. 217,2 U/l). Die 24stündige Lagerung der Samenproben bei+5°C hatte auf die Aktivität beider Phosphatasen keinen Einfluβ.
Deep Freezing of Boar Semen Packaged in Plastic Bags and Straws
Authors: Bwanga C.O. , Einarsson S. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H.
Published: October 2007

Contents:

For practical reasons, a large volume (i.e. 5 ml) of frozen boar semen per insemination dose is desirable, but successful freezing has not been achieved, since optimal cooling rates have not yet been established. Post‐thaw motility and the acrosome intep'ty of semen from four boars frozen with a programmable freezin machine, in mini‐(0.25 ml), maxi‐(5 ml) plastic straws and in 10 × 5 cm PVC‐ or Teflon FEP‐plastic bags (0.35–0.12 mm thick, 5 ml) was studied. The freezing of the semen was monitored using thermocouples placed in the straws and the bags. The freezing curve started from +5°C, at a rate of −3°C/min, to–6°C, it was held for 1 min at −6°C, and was followed by further drop to −100°C at a rate of −20°C/min, with subsequent storage in LN2. The bags had a much shorter freezing point plnteau, compared to the maxi‐straws. Post‐thaw sperm motility was significantly higher when semen was frozen in mini‐straws or in bags than in maxi‐straws. The freezing procedure did not cause major acrosomal damages, significantly more normal apical ridges being present in the bags and mini‐straws than in the maxi‐straws. This in vitro evaluation indicates that the freezing method employed is satisfactory for freezing large volumes of boar semen into plastic bags.
Nutzungsverbesserung von Altbullen in der künstlichen Besamung
Authors: Schuh H.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:

In einem Split‐sample‐Versuch wurden Mindestanforderungen hinsichtlich der Anxahl vorwärtsbeweglicher Spermien je Samendosis nach dem Auftauen unter Einbeziehung der prozentualen Vorwärtsbeweglichkeit der Spermien und der Fruchtbarkeit des Bullen erstellt. Die Arbeiten wurden unter den Routinebedingungen des Besamungs‐vereins Neustadt a.d. Aisch e.V. durchgeführt. Insgesamt konnten 16.903 EB ausge‐wertet werden. Die Befruchtungsergebnisse (NR 90 Tage) der einzelnen Verdünnungs‐stufen zeigten folgende Werte: VS 5: 65,3 %; VS 10: 68,7%; VS 20: 68,3 % (Differenz zwischen VS 5 u. VS 10 bzw. VS 20 p < 0.001). Eine Varianzkomponenteneinschät‐zung wies den Bullen im Vergleich xur Anzahl vonwärtsbeweglicher Spermien je Besamungsdosis nach dem Auftauen sowie zur Vorwärtsbeweglichkeit der Spermien im Nativejakulat und nach dem Auftauen als den gröβten Einfluβfaktor auf die NRR aus. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daβ bei Bullen rnit gutem und mittlerem Befiuchtungsvermögen 10 Mio. v‐SpD nach dem Auftauen bezogen auf die Befruchtungsrate ausreichend sind. Bei Bullen mit schlechtem Befruchtungsvermögen zeigt sich eine kontinuierliche Verbessenmg der NRR mit steigender Anzahl v‐SpD nach dem Auftauen. Eine Konzentration von 20 Mio. v‐SpD nach dem Auftauen hat hier ihre Berechtigung.
Mikroinjektion und in vitro Befruchtung mit Spermien aus Versuchen zur Anreicherung der geschlechtsspezifischen Spermientypen beim Rind
Authors: Schwiderski H. , BIottner S. , Schwcrin M. , AIm H. , Duschinski U.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:

Die Trennung von X‐ und Y‐ Spermien für die In‐vitro‐Fertilisation (ZVF) mit anschlieβendem Transfer der Embyonen kommt als eine relevante Methode der Ge‐schlechtsbeeinflussung in Frage. Die Effektivität einer Trennmethode hängt aber nicht nur vom Anreicherungsgrad eines Spermientyps ab, sondem auch von der Erhaltung der Befruchtungsfähigkeit der behandelten Spermien. Für die Methode derPercoll‐Dichtegradientenzentrifugation wurde deshalb die Befruchtungsfähigkeit der fraktionierten Spermien sowohl mit der üblichen Technik der IVF als auch mittels Mikroinjektion einzelner Spermien an in vivo gereiften Oozyten geprüft. Die Befruchtungsraten lagen nach ZVF und Mikroinjektion mit 72,0% (125 Oozyten) bzw. 78,0% (145 Oozyten) über derjenigen der Kontrolle von 62,5 % (88 Oozyten) nach ZVF kapazitierter, nicht fraktionierter Spermien. Die entsprechenden Furchungsraten betrugen 37,6% bzw. 55,8% gegenüber der Kontrolle von 36,4%. Eine signifikante Versc hiebung des Geschlechtsverhältnkses wurde jedoch erst in nachfolgenden Versuchen ohne Befruchtung erreicht, nachgewiesen mit Y‐spezifischen DNA‐Proben. Die unbeeinträchtigte Befruchtungsfähigkeit, besonders unter Nutzung der Mikroinjektion einzelner Spermien, eröffnet die Möglichkeit der weiteren Erhöhung der Trennschärfe der Gradien‐tenzentrifugation.
Characteristic of Oocytes Collected from Heifers Stimulated with Different Doses of PMSG
Authors: Kątska L. , Smorąg Z.
Published: October 2007

Contents:

An experiment was conducted to characterize the ovarian follicles as well as follicular oocytes in heifers following the treatment with a dose of 2500 I.U. or 7500 I.U. of PMSG. Ovaries were collected from heifers slaughtered 72 or 96 h after PMSG injection. The control group consisted of non stimulated heifers. The mean numbers of follicles ≥ 6 mm in diameter were 9.1 ± 7.0 and 16.8 ± 11.2 for ovaries collected 72 h after PMSG injection (group I and II), and 18.5 ± 10.0 and 28.1 ± 20.8 for ovaries collected 24 h later (group III and IV). The mean number of morphologically normal oocytes was 1.2; 1.6; 0.8 and 2.1 for the experimental groups'I to IV. The dose of PMSG did not affect the morphology of the oocytes but it influenced the meiosis.
Ultrastructure and Morphometry of Prepuberal Postnatal Germ Cell Development in the Bovine Testis
Authors: Ertl C. , Wrobel K.‐H.
Published: October 2007

Contents The development of the male bovine postnatal prepuberal germ cell population was studied by electron‐microscopical and morphometric means. Contrary to previous studies our investigation disclosed the existence of merely one postnatal germ cell type prior to onset of spermatogenesis, the prespermatogonium. Prespermatogonia are large, mostly round cells with a likewise large, spherical, electron‐lucid nucleus, containing one to three characteristic nucleoli. Nuclear diameter amounts to ˜10.4μm, cellular volume to between 1800 and 2200 μm3. The nucleus occopies 25 to 30% of the cell, the mitochondrial fraction about 3.5%. Prespermatogonia represent about 19% of the tubular volume in the four‐week‐old animal, this figure drops to about 3.5% in week 20 and rises again to about 11% during the following proliferation period which lasts until week 25. The calculated absolute number of prespermatogonia in both testes is relatively constant through week 20 (between 0.44 and 0.65 × 109) and increases sharply during the next five weeks to reach 2.4 × 109. The total length of all seminiferous tubules in one animal measures about 2000 m in the four‐week‐old calf and about 10 000 m in the adult bull.

Inhalt Elektronenmikroskopische und morphometrische Untersuchungen über die postnatale präpuberale Keimzellentwicklung im Rinderhoden.

Im Gegensatz zu früheren Untersuchungen belegt diese elektronenmikroskopische und morphometrische Studie zur postnatalen präpuberalen Keimzellentwicklung im Rinderhoden die Existenz nur einer einzigen Zellart, der Präspermatogonie. Präspermatogonien sind große, zumeist runde Zellen mit ebenfalls großen, hellen, kugelförmigen Kernen, welche einen bis drei charakteristische Nucleoli enthalten. Der Kerndurchmesser beträgt ca. 10,4 μm, das errechnete Zellvolumen 1800 bis 2200 μm3. Der Kern beansprucht 25–30% der Zelle, die Mitochondrienfraktion ca. 3,5%. Präspermatogonien machen beim vier Wochen alten Kalb ca. 19% des Tubulusvolumens aus, dieser Wert fällt bis zur 20. Woche auf 3,5% und steigt in der folgenden Proliferationsphase bis zur 25. Woche auf 11% an. Die errechnete absolute Anzahl von Präspermatogonien in beiden Hoden einer Altersklasse ist bis zur 20. Woche relativ konstant (zwischen 0,44 und 0,65 × 109) und erhöht sich abrupt in den nächsten fünf Wochen auf 2,4 × 109. Die Gesamtlänge aller Tubuli seminiferi in beiden Hoden eines Tieres beträgt ca. 2000 m beim vier Wochen alten Kalb und ca. 10000 m beim adulten Rind.
The Effect of Copper from Industrial Emission on the Seminiferous Epithelium in Rams
Authors: Vrzgulová M. , Bíreš J. , Vrzgula L.
Published: October 2007

Contents: The changes in the testes of adult rams have been followed by methods of light‐and electronmicroscopy after intoxication with copper emitted from a copper plant. In the toxic phase of the disease primarily the germinative epithelium was damaged. The breaking or decay of the cellular membrane with consequent devastation or stagnation of the spermiogenesis was observed. The toxic effect of the copper affects irreversibly not only all the cells of spermiogenesis in the developmental stages, but it damages also the Sertoli cells including the components of the interstitium. These changes participated in the impairment of reproduction in the flock under study.
Infection of the Bovine Female Genital Tract with Chlamydia psittaci as a Possible Cause of Infertility
Authors: Wittenbrink M.M. , Schoon H.A. , Bisping W. , Binder A.
Published: October 2007

Contents: Chlamydia psittaci was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs via the yolk sac route from ten (16,7%) vaginal andlor endometrial mucosal scrapings of 60 slaughter cows. Simultaneous fecal shedding of chlamydiae was found in four animals. Chlamydial infections of the genital tract were frequent (p < 0,01) when there were endometrial inflammatory lesions together with the failure to detect other bacterial pathogens in the uterus.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Semen Traits in A.I. Bulls
Authors: Makulska J. , Hagger Ch. , Künzi N. , Kupferschmied H.U.
Published: October 2007

Contents: Repeatability and heritability coefficients were estimated for ejaculate volume, mass movement, individual motility, sperm concentration, first and second post‐freezing control of motility, number of doses frozen, total number of spermatozoa and total number of motile spermatozoa per ejaculate in the first ten ejaculates of 175 Swiss Holstein and 673 Simmental young bulls (200 pure Simmental, 473 Simmental x Red Holstein crosses). Data were analysed using the univariate individual animal model with effects of interval between consecutive collections, age of bull at collection, season of collection, breed group of Simmental bulls according to percentage of Red Holstein genes, bull (within breed group) and permanent environment. Crossbred bulls had a better performance in all traits. Repeatability coefficients ranged from 0.28 to 0.46. They indicate that the prediction of semen quality in young bulls of the Swiss Holstein and the Simmental breed is possible to some extent. Heritabilities in Swiss Holstein bulls were generally very low and did usually not exceed 0.10, but standard errors of these estimates were high. Relatively high heritabilities (0.18–0.30) were found for Simmental bulls, Differences in heritabilities between these two breed groups were probably a consequence of the low number of Swiss Holstein bulls.
Uterine Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Some Cases of Genital Disorders in Buffaloes
Authors: Ahmed W.M. , Nada A.R. , Shalaby S.T.A.
Published: October 2007

Contents: Investigations were performed to determine I) Cyclic changes in uterine immune response of buffalo‐cows that could be responsible for increased susceptibility of the diestrous uterus to infection, 2) The effect of some genital disorders on the immune response. The number and phagocytic capacity of uterine leucocytes as well as the immunoglobulin contents revealed significant cyclic variations. These parameters were obviously decreased in the uteri of buffalo with bilateral smooth inactive ovaries. On the other hand, marked increases were recorded in both uterine leucocyte counts and immunoglobulin contents in the uteri of buffalo with cystic ovarian disease, endometritis, pyometra and cervical retention cysts. Phagocytic capacity showed obvious increase in case of cystic ovarian disease while decreased in other studied disorders.
Development and Status of Cattle Embryo Cloning in Germany
Authors: Clement‐Sengewald Annette , Palma Gustavo A. , Reichenbach H.‐D. , Besenfelder U. , Brem Gottfried
Published: October 2007

Contents: A review about experiments in bovine embryo cloning performed by different working groups in Germany is given. The procedure is shortly described and the achieved results are specified. Average enucleation rates in the experiments were 58–74%, electrofusion rates were 31 to 85%. Between 3 and 17% of the in vitro cultured embryos cleaved to transferable embryos. The first calf emerging from nuclear transfer in Germany was born in August, 1992. A clone of three identical calves was given birth in April, 1993. Four months later a calf was born, which exclusively emerged from in vitro techniques (in vitro maturation of recipient oocytes, in vitro production of blastomere donor embryo, in vitro culture of cloned embryos). Finally some future aspects of bovine embryo cloning in Germany are illustrated.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES OF EJACULATES USED FOR FRESH SEMEN AI
Authors: Leiding C.
Published: October 2007

Cytovolumetry, in our view, will help a lot to optimize the control of both semen quality and density. Developed for the use in cell biology the so‐called cell analyzing system (CASY) can measure the size of thousands of semen cells within about 30 seconds in the range between 0,7 ‐ 90 μm. The number of cells and the amount of cells of certain volumes can be shown in a diagram on the screen. Up till 50.000 sperm cells can be analyzed in one sample. Plasmatic droplets or agglutination can be excluded from the calculation of results by narrowing the measurement criteria.

Dynamic differences e. g. aging of semen, osmotic shock within certain samples or qualitative differences between boars can be visualized easily. In addition, sophisticated statistical analysis can follow the measurement to quantify these differences. Immediate repeats of measurements show the degree of precise processing of the sample.

Deviations from the optimal, double‐peak distribution can be easily detected.

An immediate decision as far as processability of a certain ejaculate is concerned can be made under routine work condition. A more precise measurement of density than in the photometer will help to ensure the desired number of sperm cells in any sperm dose.
Isolierung eines 97 kd Proteins aus dem Eileitersekret des Schweines mittels eines ‘High‐performance Electrophoresis‐chromatography (HPEC)’ Systems
Authors: Wollenhaupt K. , Brüssow K‐P.
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:

Die Bedeutung von Eileitersekretionsproteinen für die frühe Embryonalentwicklung bleibt zu überprüfen und erfordert die biochemische Charakterisierung und Isolierung dieser Proteine. Da Eileiterexplantat konditioniertes Medium nur eine sehr geringe Proteinkonzentration enthält, war es Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, das eine hohe Proteinkonzentration beinhaltende Eileitersekret des Schweines, gewonnen durch Katheterisierung, während der Zeit der embryonalen Genomaktivierung, auf zyklusspezifische Proteine zu untersuchen und diese in wenigen Reinigungsschritten für biologische Funktionsstudien zu isolieren.

Die Eileiter von sieben Jungsauen wurden katheterisiert und die Sekrete in 24 Stunden Sammlungsintervallen vom 1. bis 8. Zyklustag gewonnen. Das Proteinmuster der Sekrete wurde mittels SDS‐Polyacrylamidgelelektrophorese im Tris/Tricinpuffersystem und nativer isoelektrischer Fokussierung (Flachgel) erfaßt. Zyklusspezifische Proteine wurden durch präparative Elektrophorese (HPEC‐System) auf 5%igen Röhrchengelen (Tris/Tricinpuffersystem) isoliert.

Die Proteinkonzentration der Eileitersekrete stieg von Tag 1 bis 8 (1047,5 252,6; 3992,5 1097,3 mg/100 ml) an. Ein spezifisches 97 kd Protein wurde am Tag 1–3 (8,6; 6,8%) bestimmt, welches an den folgenden Tagen vermindert (1,9%) oder nicht mehr nachweisbar war (Tag 7–8). Sein isoelektrischer Punkt lag bei pH 8 (2 D‐Elektrophorese). Die Isolierung des 97 kd Proteins vom Gesamteileitersekret war innerhalb von 4 Stunden durch präparative Elektrophorese möglich.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß trotz eines hohen Anteils transudierter Serumproteine zyklusspezifische Proteine im durch Katheterisierung gewonnenem Eileitersekret nachweisbar sind. Die Aminosäuresequenzanalyse des 97 kd Proteins wird zeigen, ob es mit dem im Eileiterexplantat konditionierten Medium analysierten 100 kd Protein identisch ist. Durch präparative Elektrophorese war es möglich, das 97 kd Protein aus dem komplexen Proteingemisch des Eileitersekretes in wenigen Reinigungsschritten für biologische Funktionsstudien zu isolieren.
Effects of Feed in the Dry Period on Fertility of Dairy Cows Post Partum
Authors: Kruip TAM , Meijer GAL , Rukkwamsuk T , Wensing T
Published: October 2007

It has been hypothesized that the decrease in fertility of dairy cows is related to the increase in milk yield and associated with fatty liver and increased vulnerability for both infection and metabolic diseases. To elucidate the mechanisms behind this complex of health and reproductive problems an Animal Model, based on overfeeding in the dry period, has been developed. In an experiment carried out in 1996 sixteen animals were fed 119 MJ/d net energy to lactation (NEL) (experimental group) and another sixteen just 49 MJ/d NEL (control group) in the last 8 weeks before parturition. During lactation the cows from both groups were given the lactation ration ad libitum. After parturition both groups differed significantly in level and duration of the NEB, in weight loss, increased concentrations of NEFAs and bHBB in the blood and TAG in the liver. Although the insulin level was lower in the experimental animals during the first week, the difference was not significant. The number of ovulations within the first 100 days pp was significant lower in the experimental group and was related to depth and duration of the NEB and the weight loss: more NEB leads to less ovulations. The interval partus‐le ovulation was also significant different but related to the TAG level in the liver: more TAG leads to a longer interval. The experimental group with the fatty liver suffered more incidenses of metabolic diseases. It has been concluded that the Model leads to a severe NEB, to Fatty Liver and to more incidences of diseases. Both the NEB and the fatty liver influence the fertility of the cows pp and it can not be excluded that some diseases have an effect too. More studies are planned to unravel the factors that affect the fertility of high yielding cows.
Cryopreservation of Llama (Lama glama) Semen
Authors: Von Baer L. , Hellemann C.
Published: October 2007

Contents

In order to test two extenders, and the effect of the addition of a surfactant and different freezing rates for cryopreservation of llama semen, the motility (MOT) and the integrity of acrosomes (NA) of 11 frozen ejaculates, collected with artificial vaginas from three llama males, were recorded. According to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, the semen had been split and diluted comparatively with TRIS‐ and EDTA‐extenders prepared, respectively, with and without 0.5% Equex STM and the samples frozen simultaneously 2 cm and 10 cm above the level of liquid Nitrogen. MOT of frozen‐thawed semen was significantly better (p < 0.05) with TRIS‐extender, although no difference for NA was recorded. The addition of surfactant as well as the compared freezing rates had no significant effect on MOT or NA. It was concluded that TRIS‐extender may be promising for further fertility trials of cryopreserved semen, but centrifugation of prediluted semen would probably be necessary to get a minimum amount of sperm into the straws used as insemination doses.
The Effect of Glycerol on the Viability, Mitochondrial Function and Acrosomal Integrity of Bovine Spermatozoa
Authors: Garner D.L. , Thomas C.A. , Gravance C.G.
Published: October 2007

Contents

Eight bull ejaculates were split to evaluate the effects of glycerol on sperm organelle function. Although glycerol protects sperm membranes during cryopreservation, preliminary data suggested that glycerol was detrimental to sperm organelles to varying degrees. To assess the compartmental effects, three organelle‐specific fluorophores were used to analyze with (G+) and without glycerol (G–) in spermatozoa stored for 24 h at 5°C in an egg‐yolk‐based extender. The mitochondrial probe, 5,5′,6,6′‐tetrachloro‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetraethyl benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC‐1) was used to examine the level of mitochondrial metabolic function by it’s discrimination between high (J‐aggregate staining, red‐orange) and low membrane potentials (JC‐1 monomeric staining, green); while acosomal reacted spermatozoa were identified using fluorescein‐labelled lectin from arachis hypogaea, PNA‐FITC. The proportions of living and dead spermatozoa were determined by staining with the combination of SYBR‐14 and propidium iodide (PI). Split‐plot analysis of variance revealed that within bulls, glycerol altered the proportions of sperm staining with each organelle‐specific fluorophore to varying degrees. The proportion of spermatozoa labelled with SYBR‐14, indicating intact plasmalemmae, were not affected by the addition of glycerol (p = 0.11). Although the total proportion of JC‐1‐labeled spermatozoa were similar in G– and G+ samples (p = 0.90), the presence of glycerol decreased the proportion of spermatozoa that exhibited J‐aggregate staining (p < 0.01) while producing an increase in monomeric staining (p = 0.02). The proportions of acrosome‐reacted spermatozoa, however, were greater in the G– samples than in the G+ samples as indicated by PNA‐FITC (p = 0.03). These findings suggest that mitochondria, acrosomes and the plasmalemmae of unfrozen spermatozoa vary in their response to the addition of the cryoprotectant glycerol.
Changes in Zona Pellucida Surface after in vivo and in vitro Maturation of Caprine Oocytes
Authors: Villamediana P , Ruttlant J , ópez‐B Ma L. , éjar . , Vidal F. , Paramio M. T.
Published: October 2007

Contents

The zona pellucida (ZP) surface features of ovulated, inmature and in‐vitro‐matured goat oocytes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro maturation (IVM) process of the ZP surface of oocytes from prepubertal and adult goats were also compared. Ovulated oocytes were collected from superovulated adult goats. Immature oocytes were recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries of prepubertal and adult goats. In‐vitro‐matured oocytes from adult and prepubertal goats were obtained after culture in TCM199 supplemented with 20% oestrous goat serum + 10 μg/ml FSH + 10 μg/ml LH + 1 μg/ml estradiol 17β for 27 h at 38.5°C in 5% CO2 in air. All oocytes were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide. Before IVM, the ZP surface of immature oocytes showed a rough surface with tight holes (Type I ZP). After the maturation process, the ZP surface acquired a lattice‐like appearance with the outermost layer characterized by the presence of shallower large holes (Type II ZP). A higher percentage of oocytes showing the mature type II ZP surface was observed in ovulated than in in‐vitro‐matured oocytes (82.6 versus 56.7%, respectively, p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in ZP surface features when the IVM process of oocytes (immature and in‐vitro‐matured oocytes) from adult and prepubertal females was compared. These results show that the morphology of the ZP surface is related to the oocyte maturity in caprine. The IVM process gives rise to an adequate and similar development of the ZP surface in oocytes from adult and prepubertal goats.
Enzymatic Development of the Human Fetus: The Isozymes of Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase in Developing Human Fetal Tissues
Authors: Mino Makoto , Takai Toshio
Published: October 2007

Studies on GOT and its isozyme during development of the human fetus were undertaken.

Total GOT activity was found to show more striking increases after birth in the heart, liver as well as brain, than during the fetal life. In the heart, increased activity of total GOT after birth resulted from an increase in GOTm rather than from GOTs. In the liver, increase in total GOT activity during development resulted from an increase in the activity of both isozymes, but increases due to GOTm were more predominant. In the brain, increase in activity of both GOTm and GOTs were found to be similar, especially during development after birth.

Low activity of GOT during fetal life was found to be attributable to a lack of the protein portion of the transaminase.
Atresia of the Aortic Arch — Steidele's Complex
Authors: Watanabe Nobuhiko , Toyoguchi Akio , Motoya Makoto
Published: October 2007

A case of atresia of the aortic arch, which belongs to type A of classification of Celoria and Patton, was reported. In addition, the literatures of 116 previous patients were reviewed briefly. The terminology “Steidele's complex” proposed by Lie was discussed. Also the pathogenesis and clinical features were discussed briefly. The result of the surgical treatment may be concerned mainly to intracardiac septal defect causing pulmonary hypertention.
Intracellular Digestion of the Granulocytes Obtained from Children Who were Recieving Corticosteroids
Authors: Miyata Hiroshi
Published: October 2007

Human peripheral polymolphonuclear leukocytes, separeted with Dextran‐Conray (Daiichi‐seiyaku) mixture, had the ability to reduce Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye during phagocytosis of latex particles.
Influence of Excess Dietary Phenylalanine on Phenylalanine Levels in Rat Brain
Authors: Kuroda Yasuhiro , Miyao Masuhide
Published: October 2007

Pregnant and non‐pregnant rats were fed the commercial chow with or without 7% L‐phenylalanine. Phenylalanine levels in the blood and various organs in these rats were determined by the fluorometric method.

1) The liver and kidney levels were little influenced with 7% phenylalanine diet, whereas the brain level was elevated to approximately twice the normal value, when the blood levels was also increased to the same extent. The elevated levels of both brain and blood returned to normal levels after changing to normal diet.

2) Blood phenylalanine levels in the fetus averaged twice as high as the maternal levels. Brain levels of phenylalanine in the fetus were remarkably elevated in proportion to the elevation of blood levels. On the other hand, the elevation of maternal brain levels were not proportional to that of blood levels.
A Case with Partial Long‐Arm Deletion of Chromosome11
Authors: Kuno‐Sakai Harumi , Nagumo Fumio , Sugimori Miyoko
Published: October 2007

A boy with terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11 (11 q‐) is described. This case is the sixteenth reported case of the 11 q‐ syndrome in the world and the second reported case in Japan. The 11 q‐ syndrome is characterized by mental retardation and various dysmorphic signs such as scaphocephaly, ptosis of the upper lids, broad nasal root, and carp mouth1)˜12).
Enzymatic Diagnosis of Lysosomal Diseases An Experience in a Clinical Laboratory during the Period 1972–19801
Authors: Suzuki Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2007

During the period 1972–1980, the diagnostic system for lysosomal diseases was established in our laboratory using enzyme assays, biochemical analysis and cytological studies. Plasma, leukocytes, and skin fibroblasts were mainly utilized for the enzymatic diagnosis, and 1189 blood samples were sent to the laboratory during this 9 year period. The lysosomal storage diseases were found in 133 cases. These included lipidosis (89), glycogenosis (3), mucopolysaccharidosis (15) and mucolipidosis (26). Also prenatal diagnosis has been attempted in these diseases by the enzyme assay of cultured amniotic fluid cells, and the diagnosis was confirmed after birth or after the therapeutic abortion. Technical devices for the sensitive diagnostic procedures were developed by using NAD cycling method and microscopic fluorometry. Some cases with the new disease, β‐galactosidase‐neuraminidase deficiency, are briefly reviewed.
Treatment of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Authors: Tada Keiya
Published: October 2007

The results of a collaborative study of children treated on newborn mass‐screening program in Japan are described. Forty‐three cases of PKU, in which the dietary treatment was started between 9 to 35 days of life, were followed up, their ages ranging from 6 months to .6 years. DQ or IQ was found to be within normal range in all cases. As compared with IQ in untreated cases of PKU, an evident effect of early treatment was observed.

Two of ten cases of hyperphenylalaninemia were found to be of the malignant type due to a defect in biopterin synthesis. Oral test of tetrahydrobiopterin to decrease of serum phenylalanine was thought to be clinically useful in the differential diagnosis of malignant hyperphenylalaninemia.

Eight cases of galactosemia on the dietary treatment were followed up, their ages ranging from 6 months to 8 years. DQ or IQ was found to be within normal range in 7 of 8 cases. Five cases of maple syrup urine disease on the dietary treatment were followed up. DQ was within normal range in 3 of 5 cases. One died of sepsis at 39 days of life, and the other one showed lower IQ.

A simple method for detecting hyperammonemia was described. The method requires only one drop of blood and takes only 15 minutes to complete. This new method is considered to be useful for routine, low‐cost mass‐screening of newborn infants for hyperammonemia.

Newborn mass‐screening program for phenylketonuria (PKU), maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), homocystinuria, histidinemia and galactosemia has been going on in Japan with the support of the Ministry of Health and Welfare since 1977. In parallel with this program, the collaborative study of children treated for these disorders has been started to evaluate the effects of early treatment. This investigation was made in eleven medical centers listed in Table 1 all over Japan.

This paper describes a brief summary of the collaborative study.
Preventive Activities for Mental and Physical Handicaps in Japan
Authors: Hirayama Munehiro
Published: October 2007

The countermeasures and services for prevention of handicaps in Japan are described and discussed, through prenatal to postnatal period. These are showing the effects for decreasing handicaps and deaths. But many unknown factors and impossible matters have been still remained.

We, the specialists concerning to maternal and child health, must make more efforts for the health of children who shoulder the future society.
A Study of HLA in Japanese Patients with Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Naritomi Kenji , Yoshifumi Kawano , Miyazaki Hiroshi , Hokonohara Masashi , Miyata Koichiro , Terawaki Tamotu
Published: October 2007

HLA was analysed to study an aspect of genetic background of susceptibility to rheumatic fever. The frequency of HLA was determined in 66 Japanese patients with rheumatic fever and compared with 95 healthy Japanese controls by chi‐square method with Yates' correction. The frequency of Bw35 was increased significantly in rheumatic fever group compared with control group (Pc < 0.01). An association between Bw35 and rheumatic fever may imply that rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease. And the susceptibility to rheumatic fever may be controlled by immune response genes, which have a linkage disequilibrium with Bw35 as an immunogenetic background.
Anti‐infective Substances in Human Colostrum and Milk
Authors: Uechi M. , Ikezawa Y. , Kosuge K.
Published: October 2007

We tried to measure accurately the lactoferrin concentration in human colostrum, and to study the morphology and function of human colostral cells. IgG and IgM concentrations were both very low, but IgA concentration was high in human colostrum. Lactoferrin concentration was 375‐284 mg/dl during postparturition period. We detected the IgG‐Fc and C3 receptor on the surface of colostral macrophage morphologically. Percentages of the E‐ and EA‐rosette forming cells of colostral lymphocytes were mean 18.5% and 5.9% during postparturition period respectively. We recognized that human colostral cells have phagocytosis and killing functions against staphylococcus aureus 209P in vitro.
Congenital and Perinatal Cytomegalovirus Infection1
Authors: Nakao Tooru , Chiba Shuzo , Kamada Ma Koto , Okabe Minoru , Motokawa Takashi
Published: October 2007

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection was found in 0.5% omit of 2,070 newborn infants. None of the congenitally infected infants revealed abnormal clinical and laboratory findings during the period of observation from 2 to 24 months except one case. Impaired specific cell‐mediated immunity was found in congenitally infected infants and this fact seemed to be not a defect but a delay in lymphocytic reactivity.
Accuracy in Manometry during Cardiac Catheterization in Children (Quantitative Assessment of Damping of the Systems of Manometry Using Various Catheters and Connectors)
Authors: Ishizawa Akira , Awa Shoichi , Kaneshi Kunio , Koike Ikko , Okamoto Akira
Published: October 2007

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By using McDonald's pressure transient method, damping of the various systems of manometry at various frequencies was evaluated from the view point of amplitude and phase lag. Damping expressed by the natural frequency (ωo) of vibration of the system of pressure measurement and the relative damping (β) varied widely depending on the combinations of various catheters and connectors. Damping increased as the radius of the catheter decreased and by the attachment of the three way stop‐cock.

In view of the fact that intracavitary pressure is composed of the sum of the first 5 to 6 harmonics of the fundamental frequency (heart rate), the degree of damping by two different catheter manometer systems was compared with each other (one with a 5F size NIH catheter, another with a 8F size NIH catheter) using the rectangular pressure contour as a reference input.

Based on these results, importance was emphasized of giving sufficient consideration to the kind of catheter and type of connector used in cardiac catheterization of children.
Periosteal Hypertrophy Following Administration of Prostaglandin E1: Biopsy Findings
Authors: Sato Yuichi , Okishima Takahiro , Matsuoka Yuji , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Sennari Eiichi , Hayakawa Kunio
Published: October 2007

Since prostaglandin E1> (PGE1) has been used for congenital cyanotic heart diseases of PDA‐dependent type due to its ductus dilatation effect, it is now possible to perform shunt operations with recovery of the general condition. Simultaneously, however, various side effects have been reported. In recent years, periosteal hypertrophy has been attracting attention as a side effect after long‐term administration of PGE1. In this study, the authors administered 0.03 μg/kg/min of PGE1 intravenously to an infant with a single ventricle and pulmonary atresia from the 7th day after birth.

On the 9th day after the onset of administration, swelling and pain appeared in the lower limbs and later in the upper limbs. X‐rays of the lesions revealed hypertrophy of the periosteum. After administering PGE1 for 98 days, a shunt operation was performed, and a biopsy of the right tibia was conducted. Microscopic examination of the biopsy specimen showed marked new osteogenesis due to woven bones, and resorption, including osteoclasts, presumably attributable to a reaction specific to woven bones.
Alport's Hereditary Nephritis with the Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Okada Kaname , Shimokawa Tatsuo , Ichioka Takao , Yano Ichiro , Kawakami Koichiro , Kagami Shoyoji , Miyao Masuhide
Published: October 2007

Histopathological changes were studied in renal biopsy specimens from a ten‐year‐old boy diagnosed as having Alport's hereditary nephritis with the nephrotic syndrome. Biopsy specimens of the kidney showed mild hypercellularity with an increase of mesangial matrix, irregular thickening of the capillary walls in the glomeruli, and numerous clusters of interstitial foam cells by light microscopy.

Granular deposits of IgG, IgM, C3 and fibrinogen were seen along the capillaries and partially in the mesangium by immunofluoroscopy.

Ultrastructurally, the lesions had various abnormalities of the glomerular basement membrane, including splitting, thinning, disruption, reticulation and irregular thickening. The mesangial matrix was increased and intramembranous deposits were observed. Foam cells were seen among both tubular and interstitial cells.
Histopathological Changes and Tissue Copper Concentrations of Menkes' Kinky‐hair Syndrome
Authors: Okada K. , Inaba H. , Miyao M.
Published: October 2007

Histopathological changes and copper concentrations in various organs were studied in an autopsy case of Menkes' kinky‐hair syndrome (MKHS) after treatment of the disease by copper supplementation for about three years. In the central nervous system, the principal abnormality was extensive nerve cell loss and gliosis, especially severe in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and medial thalamic nuclei. Marked decrease was found in the number and somal sprouts of Purkinje' cells in the cerebellum. Other abnormalities were marked hypoplasia of the thymus associated with an aberrant thyroid gland, vacuolated nuclei (intranuclear glycogen) in hepatic cells and pyelonephritis in both kidneys in addition to arterial changes and multiple diverticulosis of the bladder.

The level of copper was highest in the kidney and slightly elevated in the spleen and jejunum, but low in the brain and liver.

No renal tubular damage was found, such as that observed in heavy‐metal introxication, but this study suggestes that marked copper accumulation may have occurred in the kidney of this patient with consequent renal tubular damage as a result of prolonged copper infusion therapy.
Four Cases of Left Aortic Arch and Right Descending Aorta
Authors: Kimura Kazuhiro , Osano Mitsuru , Oikawa Tadao , Tsuji Atsutoshi , Morikawa Yoshiyuki , Kojima Yoshibumi , Wakabayashi Ryo
Published: October 2007

We studied 4 cases of left aortic arch and right descending aorta. Swallowing disturbance and vomiting were observed in one case. In the other cases, there were no symptoms related to esophageal or tracheal compression.

The embryology of this developmental anomaly is not yet completely defined. Each of our 4 cases showed hypoplasia of the left aortic arch. We, therefore, consider that this anomaly may be a result of switching of the regression of the 4th branchial arch.
A Case of Bilateral Renal Dysplasia with Dandy‐Walker Syndrome and Tapetoretinal Degeneration
Authors: Tsuru Noboru , Mitsudome Akihisa , Oda Teiichi
Published: October 2007

We treated a 5 year and 9 month old Japanese boy, with symptoms of congenital blindness due to tapetoretinal degeneration and Dandy‐Walker syndrome who died of renal insufficiency. The autopsy findings of the kidney revealed bilateral dysplasia with cysts. These findings were compared to similar abnormalities occurring simultaneously in the eye, brain and kidney (oculocerebro‐renal syndrome) which has been considered as a new syndrome.

Among the case reports of this syndrome, we are the first to describe the case with Dandy‐Walker syndrome.
Plasma Big Gastrin and Gastric Secretion in Newborns and Infants:Part 2: Plasma Big Gastrin and Gastric Secretion in Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Authors: Sato Mitsuyoshi
Published: October 2007

To elucidate the etiological role of big gastrin in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS), the pattern of plasma gastrins, the response of plasma big gastrin aftermilk feeding and the gastric secretion were investigated in 22 infants with HPS. In addition, histochemical study of the antral gastrin cells was carried out.

The pattern of plasma gastrins in HPS was closely similar to that in the normal infant and big gastrin was a dominant component of circulating gastrins. The mean big gastrin level in HPS was significantly higher than that of the controls both fasting and after feeding. The HPS also had hypersecretion, of gastric juice, acid and pepsin before and after pentagastrin stimulation, Therefore, the HPS had both hypersecretion of gastric acid and hypergastrinemia. The number and the distribution of gastrin cells in the antral mucosa in HPS were similarly found by immunostainings with two antisera, anti‐big gastrin serum and anti‐gastrin serum. These gastrin cells were not different in number from those of infants and children with other diseases.

These data suggest that the HPS has an incomplete negative feedback mechanism between plasma gastrin level and gastric acid secretion, and generally has hypergastrinemia whose trophic effect may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease
Effect of Sulfisoxazole on Bilirubin‐Albumin Binding in Gunn Rats
Authors: Shimabuku Roberto , Nakamura Hajime , Matsuo Tamotsu
Published: October 2007

Hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats were used to study sulfisoxazole‐mediated displacement of bilirubin from albumin. Bilirubin not bound to albumin or unbound bilirubin, which can enter the brain and cause damage, was measured by the automated peroxidase micromethod using the UB‐Analyzer. When sulfisoxazole was added to the rat serum in vitro, it showed measurable displacing competition with bilirubin for the binding sites on albumin. The bilirubin titration curves of hyperbilirubinemic sera, after injection of sulfisoxazole, showed a shift to the left indicating that the drug effectively lowered the capacity of serum albumin to bind to bilirubin. The bilirubin binding affinity of the first binding site on the albumin decreased with the administration of 25 mg/kg or more of sulfixazole. The serum concentration of both total bilirubin and unbound bilirubin decreased after the injection of sulfisoxazole suggesting their diffusion into extravascular compartments.
Selective enhancement of human IgE production in vitro by synergy of pokeweed mitogen and mercuric chloride
Authors: Kimata Hajime , Shinomiya Keisuke , Mikawa Haruki
Published: October 2007

Selective stimulation of IgE production by pokeweed mitogen (PWM) plus mercuric chloride (HgCl2) was further investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from non‐atopic donors, who are high and low responders to PWM stimulation with respect to IgG, IgM and IgA production, and from various patients with elevated serum IgE levels.

Non‐atopic high responders showed a strong selective increase in IgE plaque forming cells (PFC) without changes in IgG, IgM and IgA PFC, whereas low responders showed a slight increase in IgE PFC only when B cells were co‐cultured with mitomycin C (MMC)‐treated T cells. In patients with elevated serum IgE levels, PWM plus HgCl2 caused a variable selective increase in IgE PFC, however, there was no correlation between IgE PFC production and serum IgE levels.
Intestinal Absorption of Ovalbumin: The Concentration of Ovalbumin and IgG‐Antibody to Ovalbumin in Serum and Breast Milk after Oral Administration of Raw Egg
Authors: Kageyama Sachiko
Published: October 2007

27 children with bronchial asthma were given raw eggs orally, and the concentration of ovalbumin (OA) and IgG‐antibody to OA in serum were measured 2 and 8 hours after eggs were given. In one‐third of the children the concentration of OA in serum increased after the ingestion of eggs. Allergic symptoms were developed without relation to the concentration of OA in serum. The concentration of OA in serum of children with high titer of IgG‐antibody to OA did not increase except for one.

Three nursing mothers were given raw eggs orally, and the concentration of OA in serum and in breast milk were measured. The concentration of OA in serum of all three mothers increased and that of OA in breast milk of two mothers also increased.

PA These results suggested that OA of raw egg were absorbed from intestinal tract in normal condition and that the permeability of the intestinal mucosa were not related so much with aging and allergic symptoms. The concentration of OA in serum appeared to be related with IgGantibodies to OA. The elevation of the concentration of OA in serum and in breast milk after ingestion of raw eggs suggested the possibility of sensitization with food antigen during fetal and breast‐fed period.
Effect of “Shoseiryu‐to” on Asthmatic Children and Guinea PIG Tracheal Smooth Muscle
Authors: Umesato Yoshihiro , Likura Yoji , Lnui Hiroyuki , Obata Toshihiko , Nishikawa Kazuko , Masaki Takuro , Nagakura Toshikazu
Published: October 2007

Sixty‐five asthmatic children were administered with “Shoseiryu‐to” for long time and as a result of following the children its effective ratio was 74.8%. After ten asthmatic children were administered with “Shoseiryu‐to”, their PEFR had a tendency to increase and their EIA had a tendency to be controled.

Spiral sample of tracheal smooth muscle, which was extracted from a guinea pig after its death, was placed in a solution of Tyrode's medium. Various concentration of extracted solution from “Shoseiryu‐to” were added in turn to the chamber which contained the spiral sample. Tracheal smooth muscle was relaxed by “Shoseiryu‐to” and when it was contracted by histamine, it was also relaxed by “Shoseiryu‐to”.

Nineteen asthmatic children were administered with “Shoseiryu‐to” and their serum cortisol, ACTH and free fatty acid were examined. The results of the examination in the group given “Shoseiryu‐to” were as follows: cortisol increased after thirty minutes and then at one hour intervals (P<0.01) and ACTH was found to be increased at every examination period (P<0.01).
Early Diagnosis of Wheezing Infants
Authors: Akasaka Toru
Published: October 2007

One hundred wheezy infants were diagnosed by “Asthma Prospective Score” initially and followed for 5 years. The score consists of major criteria (1) family history of major allergies, (2) high serum IgE level and minor criteria 1 family history of minor allergies, 2 age of onset after 6 months, 3 wheeze between March and October, 4 other allergic signs, 5 eosinophilia in the nasal smear, 6 remarkable improvement by the subcutaneous epinephrine. The infants with either two major criteria or one major and 3 or more minor criteria were diagnosed as asthma and less than these as bronchiolitis prospectively. There were significantly higher incidence of atopic family, high IgE, age of onset and other allergic signs (P<0.01), and response to epinephrine (P<0.02). And good correlation was found between diagnosis based on this score and final diagnosis, 61 out of 66 asthmatics (92.4%) and 27 out of 34 bronchiolitis group (79.4%). It is concluded that this scoring system could help us to make the diagnosis of asthma in early infancy.