bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thalidomide has anti-inflammatory properties in neonatal immune cells
Authors: Puzik Alexander , Thiel Annette , Faust Kirstin , Härtel Christoph
Published: June 2012

Neonates demonstrate functional immaturity and dysregulation of immune responses leading to systemic inflammation and enhanced apoptosis of immune cells. Thalidomide has already been proven to differentially regulate immune responses and support anti-apoptosis in immunodeficiency syndromes. Thus, it was the aim of this study to evaluate the effects of thalidomide on the cytokine response and apoptosis of neonatal immune cells. After whole blood culture and stimulation of cord and adult blood samples, the intracytoplasmic expression and the secreted amounts of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-8 were assessed by flow cytometry and Cytokine Bead Array. Apoptosis was detected using Annexin-V staining. Bcl-2 expression was analysed using the Cytokine Bead Array Apoptosis Kit. Exposure to thalidomide (100 µg/ml) reduced the intracytoplasmic pro-inflammatory cytokine production of neonatal monocytes and the IFN-γ production of neonatal lymphocytes. In supernatants, the addition of thalidomide resulted in reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and, by trend, IFN-γ. While stimulated neonatal lymphocytes exhibited susceptibility to apoptosis, thalidomide tended to diminish apoptotic cells. Bcl-2 expression tended to be increased after addition of thalidomide. The potent anti-inflammatory effects of thalidomide and its anti-apoptotic properties in cord blood immune cells provide the basis for future strategies to optimise treatment of neonatal infections and immunodeficiency syndromes.
The folliculin-FNIP1 pathway deleted in human Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is required for murine B-cell development
Authors: Baba Masaya , Keller Jonathan R. , Sun Hong-Wei , Resch Wolfgang , Kuchen Stefan , Suh Hyung Chan , Hasumi Hisashi , Hasumi Yukiko , Kieffer-Kwon Kyong-Rim , Gonzalez Carme Gallego , Hughes Robert M. , Klein Mara E. , Oh Hyoungbin F. , Bible Paul , Southon Eileen , Tessarollo Lino , Schmidt Laura S. , Linehan W. Marston , Casellas Rafael
Published: June 2012

Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, pulmonary cysts, and kidney malignancies. Affected individuals carry germ line mutations in folliculin (FLCN), a tumor suppressor gene that becomes biallelically inactivated in kidney tumors by second-hit mutations. Similar to other factors implicated in kidney cancer, FLCN has been shown to modulate activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, its precise in vivo function is largely unknown because germ line deletion of Flcn results in early embryonic lethality in animal models. Here, we describe mice deficient in the newly characterized folliculin-interacting protein 1 (Fnip1). In contrast to Flcn, Fnip1−/− mice develop normally, are not susceptible to kidney neoplasia, but display a striking pro-B cell block that is entirely independent of mTOR activity. We show that this developmental arrest results from rapid caspase-induced pre-B cell death, and that a Bcl2 transgene reconstitutes mature B-cell populations, respectively. We also demonstrate that conditional deletion of Flcn recapitulates the pro-B cell arrest of Fnip1−/− mice. Our studies thus demonstrate that the FLCN-FNIP complex deregulated in BHD syndrome is absolutely required for B-cell differentiation, and that it functions through both mTOR-dependent and independent pathways.
Analysis of C. elegans NR2E nuclear receptors defines three conserved clades and ligand-independent functions
Authors: Weber Katherine P , Alvaro Christopher G , Baer G Michael , Reinert Kristy , Cheng Genevieve , Clever Sheila , Wightman Bruce
Published: June 2012

Background

The nuclear receptors (NRs) are an important class of transcription factors that are conserved across animal phyla. Canonical NRs consist of a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD). While most animals have 20–40 NRs, nematodes of the genusCaenorhabditishave experienced a spectacular proliferation and divergence of NR genes. The LBDs of evolutionarily-conservedCaenorhabditisNRs have diverged sharply from theirDrosophilaand vertebrate orthologs, while the DBDs have been strongly conserved. The NR2E family of NRs play critical roles in development, especially in the nervous system. In this study, we explore the phylogenetics and function of the NR2E family ofCaenorhabditis elegans, using anin vivoassay to test LBD function.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the NR2E family of NRs consists of three broadly-conserved clades of orthologous NRs. InC. elegans, these clades are defined bynhr-67, fax-1andnhr-239.The vertebrate orthologs ofnhr-67andfax-1areTlxandPNR,respectively. While thenhr-239clade includes orthologs in insects (Hr83), an echinoderm, and a hemichordate, the gene appears to have been lost from vertebrate lineages. TheC. elegansandC. briggsae nhr-239genes have an apparently-truncated and highly-diverged LBD region. An additionalC. elegansNR2E gene,nhr-111, appears to be a recently-evolved paralog offax-1;it is present inC. elegans, but notC. briggsaeor other animals with completely-sequenced genomes. Analysis of the relatively unstudiednhr-111andnhr-239genes demonstrates that they are both expressed—nhr-111very broadly andnhr-239in a small subset of neurons. Analysis of the FAX-1 LBD in anin vivoassay revealed that it is not required for at least some developmental functions.

Conclusions

Our analysis supports three conserved clades of NR2E receptors, only two of which are represented in vertebrates, indicating three ancestral NR2E genes in the urbilateria. The lack of a requirement for a FAX-1 LBD suggests that the relatively high level of sequence divergence forCaenorhabditisLBDs reflects relaxed selection on the primary sequence as opposed to divergent positive selection. This observation is consistent with a model in which divergence of someCaenorhabditisLBDs is allowed, at least in part, by the absence of a ligand requirement.
Genome-wide evaluation of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in winter and spring triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack)
Authors: Alheit Katharina V , Maurer Hans Peter , Reif Jochen C , Tucker Matthew R , Hahn Volker , Weissmann Elmar A , Würschum Tobias
Published: June 2012

Background

Recent advances in genotyping with high-density markers nowadays enable genome-wide genomic analyses in crops. A detailed characterisation of the population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) is essential for the application of genomic approaches and consequently for knowledge-based breeding. In this study we used the triticale-specific DArT array to analyze population structure, genetic diversity, and LD in a worldwide set of 161 winter and spring triticale lines.

Results

The principal coordinate analysis revealed that the first principal coordinate divides the triticale population into two clusters according to their growth habit. The density distributions of the first ten principal coordinates revealed that several show a distribution indicative of population structure. In addition, we observed relatedness within growth habits which was higher among the spring types than among the winter types. The genome-wide analysis of polymorphic information content (PIC) showed that the PIC is variable among and along chromosomes and that especially the R genome of spring types possesses a reduced genetic diversity. We also found that several chromosomes showed regions of high genetic distance between the two growth habits, indicative of divergent selection. Regarding linkage disequilibrium, the A and B genomes showed a similar LD of 0.24 for closely linked markers and a decay within approximately 12 cM. LD in the R genome was lower with 0.19 and decayed within a shorter map distance of approximately 5 cM. The extent of LD was generally higher for the spring types compared to the winter types. In addition, we observed strong variability of LD along the chromosomes.

Conclusions

Our results confirm winter and spring growth habit are the major contributors to population structure in triticale, and a family structure exists in both growth types. The specific patterns of genetic diversity observed within these types, such as the low diversity on some rye chromosomes of spring habits, provide a basis for targeted broadening of the available breeding germplasm. In addition, the genome-wide analysis of the extent and the pattern of LD will assist scientists and breeders alike in the implementation and the interpretation of association mapping in triticale.
Daptomycin Therapy for Osteomyelitis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Gallagher Jason C , Huntington Jennifer A , Culshaw Darren , McConnell Scott A , Yoon Minjung , Berbari Elie
Published: June 2012

Background

Daptomycin is a rapidly bactericidal agent with broad coverage against Gram-positive organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, the most frequent cause of osteomyelitis. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical outcome of patients with non-hardware associated osteomyelitis, and the safety profile of daptomycin in the treatment of these infections.

Methods

All patients with osteomyelitis, excluding concurrent orthopedic foreign body infections, treated with daptomycin and identified between 2007–2008 in a retrospective, multicenter, observational registry, were included. Investigators assessed patient outcome (cured, improved, failed, non-evaluable) at the end of daptomycin therapy. Patients with a successful outcome at the end of daptomycin therapy were reassessed in 2009. All patients were included in the safety analysis; evaluable patients were included in the efficacy analysis. Data was assessed using descriptive statistics. A Kaplan Meier analysis was used to assess time to clinical failure.

Results

Two-hundred and nine osteomyelitis patients successfully completed daptomycin therapy in 2007–2008, 71 of which (34%) had a follow-up visit in 2009 and had an evaluable clinical outcome. The median (min, max) daptomycin dose and duration were 6 mg/kg (4, 10) and 42 days (1, 88), respectively. Of the 52 patients with a documented pathogen, S. aureus was the most common (42%); primarily methicillin-resistant S. aureus. All patients were included in the safety analysis; evaluable patients were included in the efficacy analysis. Clinical resolution was reported in 94% (CI - 86.2%, 98.44%) of patients. A Kaplan Meier analysis of time to clinical failure showed that approximately 85% (CI – 64%, 95%) of patients had a continued successful outcome at the time of re-evaluation. Eighteen patients (25%) in the safety population experienced an adverse event; 13 patients (18%) had an adverse event that was possibly-related to daptomycin treatment.

Conclusions

Daptomycin appears to be an effective therapeutic choice with an acceptable safety profile in the management of osteomyelitis that does not involve hardware.
Simultaneous utilization of glucose, xylose and arabinose in the presence of acetate by a consortium of Escherichia coli strains
Authors: Xia Tian , Eiteman Mark A , Altman Elliot
Published: June 2012

Background

The efficient microbial utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates has remained challenging because this material is composed of multiple sugars and also contains growth inhibitors such as acetic acid (acetate). Using an engineered consortium of strains derived fromEscherichia coliC and a synthetic medium containing acetate, glucose, xylose and arabinose, we report on both the microbial removal of acetate and the subsequentsimultaneousutilization of the sugars.

Results

In a first stage, a strain unable to utilize glucose, xylose and arabinose (ALS1392, strainE. coliCptsG manZ glk crr xylA araA) removed 3 g/L acetate within 30 hours. In a subsequent second stage, threeE. colistrains (ALS1370, ALS1371, ALS1391), which are each engineered to utilize only one sugar, together simultaneously utilized glucose, xylose and arabinose. The effect of non-metabolizable sugars on the metabolism of the target sugar was minimal. Additionally the deletions necessary to prevent the consumption of one sugar only minimally affected the consumption of a desired sugar. For example, thecrrdeletion necessary to prevent glucose consumption reduced xylose and arabinose utilization by less than 15% compared to the wild-type. Similarly, thearaAdeletion used to exclude arabinose consumption did not affect xylose- and glucose-consumption.

Conclusions

Despite the modest reduction in the overall rate of sugar consumption due to the various deletions that were required to generate the consortium of strains, the approach constitutes a significant improvement in any single-organism approach to utilize sugars found in lignocellulosic hydrolysate in the presence of acetate.
Clinically Used Breast Cancer Markers Such As Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Are Unstable Throughout Tumor Progression
Authors: Lindström Linda Sofie , Karlsson Eva , Wilking Ulla M. , Johansson Ulla , Hartman Johan , Lidbrink Elisabet Kerstin , Hatschek Thomas , Skoog Lambert , Bergh Jonas
Published: June 2012

Purpose

To investigate whether hormonal receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) change throughout tumor progression, because this may alter patient management.

Patients and Methods

The study cohort included female patients with breast cancer in the Stockholm health care region who relapsed from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2007. Either biochemical or immunohistochemical (IHC)/immunocytochemical (ICC) methods were used to determine estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status, which was then confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization for IHC/ICC 2+ and 3+ status.

Results

ER (459 patients), PR (430 patients), and HER2 (104 patients) from both primary tumor and relapse were assessed, revealing a change in 32.4% (McNemar's test P < .001), 40.7% (P < .001), and 14.5% (P = .44) of patients, respectively. Assessment of ER (119 patients), PR (116 patients), and HER2 (32 patients) with multiple (from two to six) consecutive relapses showed an alteration in 33.6%, 32.0%, and 15.7% of patients, respectively. A statistically significant differential overall survival related to intraindividual ER and PR status in primary tumor and relapse (log-rank P < .001) was noted. In addition, women with ER-positive primary tumors that changed to ER-negative tumors had a significant 48% increased risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.05) compared with women with stable ER-positive tumors.

Conclusion

Patients with breast cancer experience altered hormone receptor and HER2 status throughout tumor progression, possibly influenced by adjuvant therapies, which significantly influences survival. Hence, marker investigations at relapse may potentially improve patient management and survival.
Wondrous Strange: Eco-Sickness, Emotion, and The Echo Maker
Authors: Houser Heather
Published: June 2012

Houser’s essay argues for the centrality of sickness and affect to twenty-first-century environmental consciousness and therefore to ecocriticism, through an analysis of Richard Powers’s novel, The Echo Maker. The essay focuses on wonder, an essential affect for promoting environmental investment and scientific interest. In line with much environmental writing, the novel aspires to increase readers’ awareness of their surroundings as a way to promote ecological protection. However, it also rethinks the trajectories of wonder under the pressures of neurological injury. The novel presents the oscillation between familiarity and strangeness as the mechanism of wonder, both in the brain and in narrative, and performs wonder by taking readers through a series of dialectics that aim to defamiliarize the everyday. The Echo Maker’s narrative complexity uncovers the obverse of wonder—projection and paranoia—and demonstrates how affect can derail ethical energies. Houser’s essay builds a multidisciplinary account of wonder and its stakes for environmental thought by analyzing the novel’s doubled narration, key texts of environmentalism, neuroscientific studies, and affect theory. It argues that Powers’s novel of eco-sickness is a rejoinder to platitudes about connection, awareness, and care that poses the question: Can ethical concern and care for human and nonhuman others take hold without connection?
Preparation and Reaction of Titania Particles Encapsulated in Hollow Silica Shells as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Stereoselective Synthesis of Pipecolinic Acid
Authors: Chandren Sheela , Ohtani Bunsho
Published: June 2012

Hollow core–shell particles of titania core and silica shell were synthesized by multistep process, and the core–shell particles showed improved stereoselectivity in the photocatalytic redox-combined synthesis of l-pipecolinic acid from l-lysine in an aqueous suspension without reducing the original activity of the bare titania core.
Arrangement and Dispersion of Rh and Pt Atoms on Graphene Oxide Sheets
Authors: Gotoh Kazuma , Hashimoto Hideki , Kawai Ryo , Nishina Yuta , Fujii Eiji , Ohkubo Takahiro , Itadani Atsushi , Kuroda Yasushige , Ishida Hiroyuki
Published: June 2012

Hybrid materials of ultimately minimized metal particles, namely, isolated atoms or subnano-sized particles, on thermally exfoliated graphene oxide sheets were produced using cation-exchanged highly oxidized graphite as a precursor. Rh atoms on graphene sheets arrange with a regular spacing of 0.50 or 0.45 nm and form square or rectangular grid patterns, whereas isolated Pt atoms disperse on graphene sheets randomly.
Contemporary management of infrarenal aortic graft infection: early and late results in 82 patients
Authors: Batt Michel , Jean-Baptiste Elixène , O'Connor Stephen , Feugier Patrick , Haulon Stéphan
Published: June 2012

Management of aortic graft infection (AGI) remains contentious. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors of clinical significance which influence the outcome of different treatment modalities for AGI. From 2000 to 2008, 82 consecutive patients were treated for AGI. In situ reconstruction (ISR) was performed in 63 patients with various conduits, extra-anatomic reconstruction (EAR) in 11, conservative treatment in five and resection without reconstruction in three. The perioperative mortality rate for the series (33%) was similar for EAR and ISR and was higher in patients with secondary aortoenteric fistula ( P < 0.001) in those undergoing emergency aortic reconstruction ( P < 0.001) and in AGI caused by virulent organisms ( P < 0.05). Fifteen (27%) of the surviving patients developed a recurrence of infection (RI). EAR patients were more exposed to RI ( P < 0.04). In conclusion, ISR may be more appropriate for AGI, but this study cannot draw a conclusion relating to the optimal conduit for ISR.
Modernizing the treatment of venous thoracic outlet syndrome
Authors: Bamford Richard F , Holt Peter J E , Hinchliffe Robert J , Thompson Matt M , Loftus Ian M
Published: June 2012

This study aims to quantify the management and outcomes of patients treated for venous thoracic outlet syndrome (vTOS) over a seven-year period. A retrospective case-note review of all patients undergoing first rib resection at a regional vascular unit between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2009 was performed. Treatment pathways and outcomes recorded as freedom from symptoms and venous patency were analyzed. Thirty-five patients were identified with vTOS. Ninety-one percent of patients had patent veins at discharge from clinical follow-up and were symptom-free at a median of 44 months. Patients treated within seven days of symptoms (94.7 versus 85.7, P = 0.060), with catheter-directed thrombolysis (94 versus 87.5% P = 0.702) and excision of first rib in less than 30 days (100 versus 85.7%, P = 0.002), had improved symptom-free rates. In conclusion, early referral, immediate catheter-directed thrombolysis, perioperative balloon venoplasty and early thoracic outlet decompression may provide a suitable model for improving outcomes in vTOS.
Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Color, Texture, and Sensory Attributes of Douchi During Post-Fermentation
Authors: Wang Hui , Yin Li-Jun , Cheng Yong-Qiang , Li Li-Te
Published: June 2012

Douchi is a traditional fermented soybean food in China. There are many types of Douchi in different regions of China. In this study, the effect of post-fermentation time and sodium chloride (NaCl) on Douchi fermented with Mucor wutungkiao were studied by measuring the color, texture and sensory attributes. The a* value and color differences (E) increased, while the hardness decreased during the post-fermentation. The results showed that post-fermentation time and NaCl content affected the color and texture significantly (p<0.05). The sensory attributes of Douchi with 12.5% NaCl content was more preferable than samples with 5%, 7.5% and 10% NaCl content in the post-fermentation, and 4 weeks of post-fermentation time was good for the formation of favorable sensory attributes in Douchi with 12.5% NaCl content.
Microtrade and Public Procurement: Facilitating "Aid for Trade" through Government Purchasing
Authors: Kim Dae-in , Yoo Joon Koo
Published: June 2012

The concept of Microtrade is noteworthy because it can be a realistic policy alternative for poverty reduction in least developed countries (hereinafter LDCs). For the successful implementation of this concept, the following issues must be addressed: 1) the creation of demand, 2) supply and demand matching, and 3) shipping and distribution. In addressing these issues, public procurement can be a useful tool.In relation to creating demand, the preference for Microtrade products should be actively implemented. Public entities in developed countries can set targets for the purchasing of microtrade products and make efforts to meet these targets.For supply and demand matching, an e-procurement system should be executed. Technical assistance for strengthening the e-procurement system in LDCs and registration assistance for local producers are necessary. In this process, donor countries' international development institutions can take an active role.Incentives can be given to shipping companies which ship locally produced products (hereinafter LPPs) with very low costs. In the tendering stage of choosing shipping companies by donor countries' aid agencies, additional points can be given to enterprises which actively participate in providing shipping services for microtrade products.Aid and trade should complement each other, and “Aid for Trade” should be integrated with public procurement. In the long term, establishing certification of microtrade products will definitely facilitate this integration.
Endothelial senescence and microRNA
Authors: Yamakuchi Munekazu
Published: June 2012

Cellular senescence occurs when cells lose the ability to divide and proliferate. Endothelial cell senescence is associated with vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. In this review, I discuss the factors affecting endothelial cell senescence. Then I describe the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in endothelial cell senescence. Understanding miRNA pathways in endothelial senescence may lead to new treatments for endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Formations of finite monoids and formal languages: Eilenberg's
variety theorem revisited
Authors: Ballester-Bolinches Adolfo , Pin Jean-Éric , Soler-Escrivà Xaro
Published: June 2012

We present an extension of Eilenberg's variety theorem, a well-known
result connecting algebra to formal languages. We prove that there is
a bijective correspondence between formations of finite monoids and
certain classes of languages, the formations of languages. Our result
permits to treat classes of finite monoids which are not necessarily
closed under taking submonoids, contrary to the original theory. We
also prove a similar result for ordered monoids.
A Narrow-band 8.7 GHz SiGe HBT LNA with a Passive Frequency Selective Feedback
Authors: Gerlich Stefan , Weger Peter
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a low noise amplifier (LNA) with differential output using a passive frequency selective feedback. The introduced feedback stabilizes the amplifier at lower frequencies and improves the gain in the desired frequency band. The LNA consists of two stages. Additionally, a buffer at the output is added for measurements. The amplifier was implemented in a 0.35 μm SiGe technology. For measurements the LNA was bonded to a substrate. A peak gain of 28.1 dB and a minimum noise figure of 2.2 dB at a supply voltage of 3 V were achieved.
Extra-optimal methods for solving ill-posed problems
Authors: Leonov Alexander S.
Published: June 2012

The problem of a posteriori accuracy estimation for
approximate solutions of ill-posed extremal problem is under
investigation. We present a new approach to a posteriori
estimation along with the study of principal properties of the
used estimator. The numerical algorithm for the solution of
central extremal problem of a posteriori accuracy estimation is
formulated as well. We analyze the optimality in order of obtained
a posteriori accuracy estimates and introduce a new important notion
of extra-optimal regularizing algorithm as a method for the
solution of ill-posed problems having optimal in order a
posteriori accuracy estimate. Finally, we demonstrate the results
of numerical experiments on applications of extra-optimal
regularizing methods, constructed on the base of Tikhonov and
Lavrent'ev regularization, for calculating a posteriori accuracy
estimates.
Neonatal outcome in infants of patients with radical vaginal trachelectomy
Authors: Mangler Mandy , Speiser Dorothee , Nguyen Bich Doan , Cremer Malte , Koehler Christhardt , Schneider Achim , Lanowska Malgorzata
Published: June 2012

Objective: Radical vaginal trachelectomy (RVT) as a fertility-preserving surgery in patients with early-stage cervical cancer is proven to be oncologically safe. After RVT, pregnancy rates vary between 40% and 80%. Outcome of infants is complicated by a preterm delivery rate of 30–50%. We investigated pregnancy and neonatal outcome after RVT.

Methods: A total of 154 patients with cervical cancer underwent RVT between March 1995 and February 2008. Desire to conceive, pregnancy data, and neonatal outcome were prospectively recorded. Infants’ data were pair-matched to data of a control group according to weeks of gestation. Bayley scales of infant development scores were recorded in the group of preterm-delivered infants.

Results: Fifty-five women who underwent RVT gave birth to 58 children. Twenty-five (43%) pregnancies were complicated by preterm rupture of membranes. Thirty infants (52%) were born preterm, of with 17 (29%) were <32 gestational weeks (GW) and seven (12%) were <28 GW. There were significantly more premature rupture of membranes in pregnancies after RVT. Despite a higher occurrence of postnatal infections in newborns of mothers who underwent RVT, long-term outcomes are not affected negatively. Regarding overall morbidity, a trend to fewer postnatal complications, compared with the control group, was found.

Conclusion: Postnatal morbidity in infants of women who underwent RVT, based on trend, is decreased compared with controls. Intense medical observation and treatment during pregnancy, birth, and neonatal period may explain this finding. Neonates in the RVT group have a non-significantly elevated risk for postnatal infections. They do not show an additional risk due to the maternal operation. Their long-term postnatal outcome is not affected negatively.
Low placental weight and risk for fetal distress at birth
Authors: Husslein Heinrich , Moswitzer Bettina , Leipold Heinz , Moertl Manfred , Worda Christof
Published: June 2012

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess whether low placental weight is associated with higher risk of emergency delivery (cesarean section and vacuum-assisted delivery).

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study, including 657 normally developed term pregnancies. A strict methodology was used to provide reliable and reproducible placental weight measurement. Fetal heart rate patterns were analyzed according to the guidelines of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Linear and logistic multiple regression analyses were used to assess risk factors for emergency delivery.

Results: Nulliparity, placental weight <10th percentile, and delivery after 40 weeks of gestation remain significantly associated with higher risk of emergency delivery for non-reassuring fetal status in the multivariable model [odds ratio (OR) 5.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.85–9.22, P<0.001; OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.49–4.06, P<0.001; OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.26–4.51, P=0.01, respectively]. In the group of women who had an emergency delivery, 17.3% had a placental weight <10th percentile, which was significantly different to the group of women who delivered normally (9.4%, P≤0.04). If only emergency cesarean sections were analyzed, the percentage of women with placental weight <10th percentile was 37.5% in the cesarean section group compared to 9.8% in women who delivered normally (P≤0.001).

Conclusion: This study suggests that, in clinically normally developed term pregnancies, placental weight <10th percentile is associated with an increased risk for emergency delivery during labor. These results warrant further prospective studies for potential use in clinical practice.
Optical Yagi-Uda nanoantennas
Authors: Maksymov Ivan S. , Staude Isabelle , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: June 2012

Conventional antennas, which are widely employed to transmit radio and TV signals, can be used at optical frequencies as long as they are shrunk to nanometer-size dimensions. Optical nanoantennas made of metallic or high-permittivity dielectric nanoparticles allow for enhancing and manipulating light on the scale much smaller than wavelength of light. Based on this ability, optical nanoantennas offer unique opportunities regarding key applications such as optical communications, photovoltaics, nonclassical light emission, and sensing. From a multitude of suggested nanoantenna concepts the Yagi-Uda nanoantenna, an optical analogue of the well-established radio-frequency Yagi-Uda antenna, stands out by its efficient unidirectional light emission and enhancement. Following a brief introduction to the emerging field of optical nanoantennas, here we review recent theoretical and experimental activities on optical Yagi-Uda nanoantennas, including their design, fabrication, and applications. We also discuss several extensions of the conventional Yagi-Uda antenna design for broadband and tunable operation, for applications in nanophotonic circuits and photovoltaic devices.
Magnetotransport in mesoscopic rings and cylinders: effects of electron-electron interaction and spin-orbit coupling
Authors: Maiti Santanu K.
Published: June 2012

We undertake an in-depth analysis of the magnetotransport properties in mesoscopic single-channel rings and multichannel cylinders within a tight-binding (TB) formalism. The main focus of this review is to illustrate how the long-standing anomalies between the calculated and measured current amplitudes carried by a small conducting ring upon the application of a magnetic flux ϕcan be removed. We discuss two different cases. First, we examine the combined effect of second-neighbor hopping integral and Hubbard correlation on the enhancement of persistent current in the presence of disorder. A significant change in current amplitude is observed compared to the traditional nearest-neighbor hopping model, and the current amplitude becomes quite comparable to experimental realizations. In the other case, we verify that in the presence of spin-orbit interaction, a considerable enhancement of persistent current amplitude takes place, and the current amplitude in a disordered ring becomes almost comparable to that of an ordered one. In addition to these, we also present the detailed band structures and some other related issues to get a complete picture of the phenomena at the microscopic level.
Sprache und Geschlecht im universitären Diskurs
Authors: Schleef Erik
Published: June 2012

Based on a qualitative, discourse-analytic and a quantitative, sociolinguistic analysis, this article investigates four sets of linguistic features and their occurrence in recordings of 36 lectures and interactional classes collected at a university in Germany. It examines how structural markers, questions, question tags, and turn-initial response tokens contribute to variations of style in response to academic division, speech mode, communicative role in academic discourse and gender. Of these four factors, the latter appears to be the least influential in the use of the structures investigated, due to, as is argued, global discourse restrictions in academic speech. Qualitative analysis shows that global restrictions can be overridden locally as certain discourse contexts are amenable to the appearance of features that contribute to more interactional and cooperative speech styles, frequently linked to females. The article concludes that a foundational understanding of relevant discourse genres and their constraints and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods can make an important contribution to a better understanding of the dynamics of language and gender.
Ereigniskorrelierte Potenziale (EKPs)
Authors: Drenhaus Heiner , beim Graben Peter
Published: June 2012

In this article we give a short introduction to the online method of event-related (brain) potentials (ERPs) and their importance for our understanding of language structure and grammar. This methodology places high demands on (technical) requirements for laboratory equipment as well as on the skills of the investigator. However, the high costs are relatively balanced compared to the advantages of this experimental method. By using ERPs, it becomes possible to monitor the electrophysiological brain activity associated with speech processing in real time (millisecond by millisecond) and to draw conclusions on human language processing and the human parser.

First, we present briefly how this method works and how ERPs can be classified (Section 1 and 2). In the following, we show that the ERP method can be used to study the processing of e. g. semantic, pragmatic and syntactic information (Section 3). Crucial for our discussion will be the interpretation of the so-called ERP components and their connection and importance for psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics. In our presentation, we emphasize, that the electrophysiological brain activity in relation to specific (e. g. linguistic) stimuli can be used to identify distinct processes, which give a deeper insight into the different processing steps of language. At the end of this article (Section 4), we present some results from ERP studies of German negative-polar elements. Additionally, we highlight the advantage and benefits of an alternative method to analyze ERP data compared to the more ‘classical’ average technique.
Optimization of Biodiesel Production by Response Surface Methodology and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Singhal Richa , Seth Prateek , Bangwal Dinesh , Kaul Savita
Published: June 2012

The biodiesel production from alkali-catalyzed transesterification of karanja oil was investigated. In this study, the effect of three parameters, i.e., reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of methanol to oil on biodiesel yield was studied. Central composite design (CCD) along with response surface methodology (RSM) was used for designing experiments and estimating the quadratic response surface. Catalyst concentration was found to have a negative effect on biodiesel yield, whereas molar ratio showed positive effect. Temperature and molar ratio showed significant interaction effect. The reaction conditions were optimized for maximum response, i.e., biodiesel yield from RSM. The program for the RSM model, coupled with genetic algorithm (GA), was developed for predicting the optimized process parameters for maximum biodiesel yield to obtain a global optimal solution. The results were found to be similar from both of the methods.
Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: An Alternative Method to Quantify Organic Impurities in Biodiesel
Authors: Alberici Rosana M. , de Souza Vanderlea , Gonçalves Lenise V. , Cunha Valnei S. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Daroda Romeu J.
Published: June 2012

In recent years, biodiesel has gained considerable attention because of the increasing concern for the environmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuels. The determination of fuel quality is an issue of great importance to the successful commercialization of biodiesel. According to ASTM and EN standards, the analysis of free and total glycerin, contaminants that can lead to serious engine problems, must be carried out by GC analysis. This work presents an alternative method for identifying and quantifying these major contaminants in biodiesel. EASI(+)-MS has shown to function as a fast and secure method, with little or no sample preparation and no pre-separation.
TSH-suppressive doses of levothyroxine are required to achieve preoperative native serum triiodothyronine levels in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy
Authors: Ito Mitsuru , Miyauchi Akira , Morita Shinji , Kudo Takumi , Nishihara Eijun , Kihara Minoru , Takamura Yuuki , Ito Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miya Akihiro , Kubota Sumihisa , Amino Nobuyuki
Published: June 2012

Objective

Thyroidal production of triiodothyronine (T3) is absent in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy. Therefore, relative T3 deficiency may occur during postoperative levothyroxine (l-T4) therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the individual serum T3 level changes between preoperative native thyroid function and postoperative l-T4 therapy.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 135 consecutive patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, who underwent total thyroidectomy. Serum free T4 (FT4), free T3 (FT3), and TSH levels measured preoperatively were compared with those levels measured on postoperative l-T4 therapy.

Results

Serum TSH levels during postoperative l-T4 therapy were significantly decreased compared with native TSH levels (P<0.001). Serum FT4 levels were significantly increased (P<0.001). Serum FT3 levels were significantly decreased (P=0.029). We divided the patients into four groups according to postoperative serum TSH levels: strongly suppressed (less than one-tenth of the lower limit); moderately suppressed (between one-tenth of the lower limit and the lower limit); normal limit; and more than upper limit. Patients with strongly suppressed TSH levels had serum FT3 levels significantly higher than the native levels (P<0.001). Patients with moderately suppressed TSH levels had serum FT3 levels equivalent to the native levels (P=0.51), and patients with normal TSH levels had significantly lower serum FT3 levels (P<0.001).

Conclusions

Serum FT3 levels during postoperative l-T4 therapy were equivalent to the preoperative levels in patients with moderately suppressed TSH levels. Our study indicated that a moderately TSH-suppressive dose of l-T4 is required to achieve the preoperative native serum T3 levels in postoperative l-T4 therapy.
Improving Timeliness of Antibiotic Delivery for Patients With Fever and Suspected Neutropenia in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Volpe Diana , Harrison Stephanie , Damian Fran , Rachh Pratik , Kahlon Prerna S. , Morrissey Lisa , Mack Jennifer , Akenroye Ayobami , Stack Anne M.
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE:

There is a high risk for morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients with fever if antibiotics are not received in a timely manner. We designed a quality improvement effort geared at reducing the time to antibiotic delivery for this high risk population.

METHODS:

The setting was the emergency department in an academic pediatric tertiary care hospital that sees ∼60 000 patients annually. We assembled a multidisciplinary team who set a target of 60 minutes from time of presentation to antibiotic delivery for patients with known neutropenia and 90 minutes for patients with possible neutropenia. Quality improvement methods were used to effect change and evaluate when the targets were not met. Improved communication between providers and patients and timely feedback were implemented.

RESULTS:

Mean time to antibiotic delivery in febrile oncology patients with known neutropenic status dropped from 99 minutes in the preimplementation period to 49 minutes in the postimplementation period, whereas it dropped from 90 minutes to 81 minutes in possibly neutropenic patients. The percentage of patients who met the targets for time to antibiotics rose from 50% to 88.5%.

CONCLUSIONS:

A multidisciplinary team approach and standardization of the process of care were effective in reducing the time from arrival to antibiotic delivery for febrile neutropenic patients in the pediatric emergency department.
Fold-Over Flap Technique for Developing the Facial Gingival Contour: A Case Report
Authors: Flanagan Dennis
Published: June 2012

A dental implant surgical technique is described including a 12-mm fold-over of a facial flap and coapting the internal side of the folded flap with a 4-0 suture. The flap is pulled against a provisional crown with a sling-type suture during the implant uncovery stage and may decrease the risk for a poor esthetic facial gingival architectural outcome.
A Prospective Comparison of 18F-FDG PET/CT and CT as Diagnostic Tools to Identify the Primary Tumor Site in Patients with Extracervical Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site
Authors: Møller Anne Kirstine H. , Loft Annika , Berthelsen Anne K. , Pedersen Karen D. , Graff Jesper , Christensen Charlotte B. , Costa Junia C. , Skovgaard Lene T. , Perell Katharina , Petersen Bodil L. , Daugaard Gedske
Published: June 2012

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare the diagnostic performances of 18F-FDG PET/CT and conventional CT with respect to their ability to detect primary tumor sites in carcinoma of unknown primary patients with extracervical metastases.Describe the rate of identification of primary tumor sites using 18F-FDG PET/CT and conventional CT.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate prospectively the diagnostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) and conventional CT regarding the ability to detect the primary tumor site in patients with extracervical metastases from carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) site.

Patients and Methods.

From January 2006 to December 2010, 136 newly diagnosed CUP patients with extracervical metastases underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT.

A standard of reference (SR) was established by a multidisciplinary team to ensure that the same set of criteria were used for classification of patients, that is, either as CUP patients or patients with a suggested primary tumor site. The independently obtained suggestions of primary tumor sites using PET/CT and CT were correlated with the SR to reach a consensus regarding true-positive (TP), true-negative, false-negative, and false-positive results.

Results.

SR identified a primary tumor site in 66 CUP patients (48.9%). PET/CT identified 38 TP primary tumor sites and CT identified 43 TP primary tumor sites. No statistically significant differences were observed between 18F-FDG PET/CT and CT alone in regard to sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

Conclusion.

In the general CUP population with multiple extracervical metastases 18F-FDG PET/CT does not represent a clear diagnostic advantage over CT alone regarding the ability to detect the primary tumor site.
Numerical analysis of vertically loaded rammed aggregate piers and pier groups
Authors: Halabian Amir M. , Naeemifar Ibrahim , Hashemolhosseini S. Hamid
Published: June 2012

Predicting the effects of piers in settlement control and capacity enhancement of foundations supported by rammed aggregate piers (RAPs) is an important aspect in design of these foundations. To quantify these effects, employing the finite-element approach, a series of three-dimensional elasto-plastic numerical models of RAP foundations were developed. To take into account the influence of radial stress development in the matrix soil during the ramming process, which forces aggregate downwards and outwards into the borehole wall, the cavity was expanded both in radial direction and downward at the base of the pier. Using a parametric study, the effects of some parameters such as piers slenderness, the ratio of piers area to the foundation area and soil properties on static behaviour of such a foundation system were investigated. Using the results of the parametric study conducted on single piers, the research aimed also to provide new insights into the group behaviour of piers when they are subjected to vertical loads. The results demonstrated that the dominant deformation of piers in group is a tendency to tip-stress behaviour. Based on the results provided in this study, which were focused on the load–settlement behaviour of RAPs-supported foundations, a settlement-based design procedure was presented for RAP systems in which the values of slenderness and the area ratios are determined.
Retraction Notice: Phytochemicals from Plants to Combat Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Vasanthi, H.R. , ShriShriMal N. , Das D.K.
Published: June 2012

For many decades, the use of synthetic chemicals as drugs has been effective in the treatment of most diseases. Moreover,
from ancient to modern history, many traditional plant based medicines are playing an important role in health care. Phytochemicals are
natural bioactive compounds found in vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants, aromatic plants, leaves, flowers and roots which act as a
defense system to combat against diseases. The phytochemicals from natural products cover a diverse range of chemical entities such as
polyphenols, flavonoids, steroidal saponins, organosulphur compounds and vitamins. A number of bioactive compounds generally
obtained from terrestrial plants such as isoflavones, diosgenin, resveratrol, quercetin, catechin, sulforaphane, tocotrienols and carotenoids
are proven to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and aid in cardioprotection which is the leading cause of death globally. The
cardioprotective effects of the various phytochemicals are perhaps due to their antioxidative, antihypercholesteroemic, antiangiogenic,
anti-ischemic, inhibition of platelet aggregation and anti inflammatory activities that reduce the risk of cardiovascular disorders. The
multi-faceted role of the phytochemicals is mediated by its structure-function relationship and can be considered as leads for
cardiovascular drug design in future. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies on selected phytochemicals as prophylactic
and therapeutic agents in cardioprotection.
Validated spectophotometric methods for the assay of cinitapride hydrogen tartrate in pharmaceuticals
Authors: Satyanarayana K.V.V. , Nageswara Rao
Published: June 2012

Three simple, selective and rapid spectrophotometric methods have been
established for the determination of cinitapride hydrogen tartrate (CHT) in
pharmaceutical tablets. The proposed methods are based on the diazotization
of CHT with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid, followed by coupling with
resorcinol, 1-benzoylacetone and 8-hydroxyquinoline in alkaline medium for
methods A, B and C respectively. The formed azo dyes are measured at 442, 465
and 552 nm for methods A, B and C respectively. The parameters that affect
the reaction were carefully optimized. Under optimum conditions, Beer?s law
is obeyed over the ranges 2.0-32.0, 1.0-24.0 and 1.0-20.0 ?g. mL-1 for
methods A, B, and C, respectively. The calculated molar absorptivity values
are 1.2853 x104, 1.9624 x104 and 3.92 x104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for methods A, B and
C, respectively. The results of the proposed procedures were validated
statistically according to ICH guidelines. The proposed methods were
successfully applied to the determination of CHT in Cintapro tablets without
interference from common excipients encountered.