bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intervertebral disc calcification in thalassemia intermedia
Authors: Aessopos Athanassios , Tsironi Maria , Polonifi Katerina , Baltopoulos Panagiotis , Vaiopoulos George
Published: November 2007

Objectives:  Intervertebral disc calcification, an age‐related phenomenon of variable clinical significance is described in hemochromatosis. As β‐thalassemia is characterized by excessive tissue iron deposition and secondary hemosiderosis, and skeletal abnormalities are often observed in these patients, this study is conducted to identify the prevalence of Intervertebral Disc Calcification (IDC) in thalassemia intermedia population.

Methods:  We investigated all the elder than 30 years β‐thalassemia intermedia patients of our Department thalassemia unit . Patients underwent thoracic and lumbar spinal X‐rays for IDC presence. Patients presenting IDC were compared to those not presenting, regarding back pain anamnesis, presence of back pain, extramedullary hemopoiesis, sex, age, Hb levels, ferritin levels, reticulocytes, bilirubin values, thyroid–parathyroid abnormalities. Student’s t‐test was used to compare variables between patients with and without IDC. A P‐value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:  We investigated 30 β‐thalassemia intermedia patients (19 women) with an age range 38–61 yr (42.5 ± 11.46 yr). Intervertebral disc calcifications were observed in seven patients (23.33%). No sex and laboratory parameters statistically significant differences were observed differences for IDC prevalence, while mean age and back pain history was statistically significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions:  In thalassemia patients, the big variety of spinal deformities may hide the presence of IDC and thus, this entity may be overlooked or underestimated. The clinical significance of IDC development as well as the possible prevention by early transfusion chelation therapy should be further investigated.
Effect of dentin conditioning on dentin permeability and micro‐shear bond strength
Authors: Banomyong Danuchit , Palamara Joseph E.A. , Burrow Michael F. , Messer Harold H.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare fluid flow rates across dentin surfaces treated with four conditioners. The effect of conditioning on the micro‐shear bond strengths of glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX GP) and resin‐based adhesives (Single Bond 2 or Clearfil SE Bond) were also investigated. Under a simulated pressure of 1.3 kPa, two dentin conditioners, phosphoric acid, and a self‐etching primer were applied to the dentin surfaces. Dentinal fluid flows at baseline and after conditioning were recorded for 15 min each. The conditioned surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The micro‐shear bond strengths of the glass ionomer cement and of the resin‐based adhesives bonded to conditioned dentin surfaces were evaluated while simulated intrapulpal pressure was maintained at 0 or 1.3 kPa. Only the dentin surface etched with phosphoric acid showed a significant increase in permeability. Micro‐shear bond strengths of Fuji IX GP were not affected by conditioning the dentin surfaces or by bonding at different intrapulpal pressures (0 or 1.3 kPa). The effects on bond strengths of resin‐based adhesives depended on the system used. The simulated positive intrapulpal pressure during bonding significantly affected the adherence of Single Bond 2, whereas Clearfil SE Bond was unaffected.
Time‐dependent visco‐elastic creep and recovery of flowable composites
Authors: Baroudi Kusai , Silikas Nick , Watts David C.
Published: November 2007

Creep behaviour of flowable composites was evaluated in relation to their filler fraction and the postcure period. Solid cylindrical specimens were prepared (4 × 6 mm) using steel moulds, with thorough light curing from multiple directions at 600 mW cm−2. The specimens were divided into two groups (n = 3/material) as follows: group I, loaded 5 min after preparation; and group II, loaded after storage for 1 month in water at 37 ± 1°C. A constant compressive stress of 36 MPa was applied to each specimen for 2 h followed by removal of the weight for 2 h of strain recovery. Axial strain measurements were obtained continuously over the total analysis time of 4 h. The maximum creep strain ranged from 2.04 to 7.69% and from 1.03 to 6.12% for groups I and II, respectively. Flowables that had the highest percentage of filler produced the lowest creep strain. The creep response decreased with 1 month of preload storage. Clinically, the finding of this study suggests that flowable composites are unsuitable for stress‐bearing areas.
Effect of chlorhexidine/thymol and fluoride varnishes on dental biofilm formation in vitro
Authors: Takeuchi Yasuo , Guggenheim Bernhard , Filieri Anna , Baehni Pierre
Published: November 2007

This study evaluated the effect of chlorhexidine/thymol (CHX/T) and fluoride (F) varnishes on biofilm formation in vitro. Hydroxyapatite discs coated with varnish were first immersed in saline for 0, 3, 7 or 14 d, then immersed in pasteurized saliva. The discs were incubated for 20 h with a bacterial suspension containing Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis, and Veillonella dispar. Uncoated discs were used as controls. Growth of bacteria on the discs was evaluated by culture and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacterial vitality was examined by fluorescence staining. In the CHX/T‐treated group, bacterial accumulation was delayed, and the total number of bacteria was significantly lower than in the controls. In the F‐treated group, the total number of bacteria did not differ from the control, although the number of S. oralis was lower. Bacterial vitality in the CHX/T and F groups did not differ from that in the controls. The total number of bacteria on the CHX/T‐treated discs immersed in saline was significantly higher than that on the non‐immersed discs. Biofilm development was inhibited by the CHX/T varnish but not by the F varnish. The effect of the CHX/T varnish decreased following the immersion of discs in saline.
Self‐reported dental coping strategies among fearful adult patients: preliminary enquiry explorations
Authors: Bernson Jenny M. , Elfström Magnus L. , Berggren Ulf
Published: November 2007

This investigation explored strategies to cope with dental treatment used by fearful adult patients undergoing regular dental care and those with phobic avoidance. A newly constructed 20‐item questionnaire entitled The Dental Coping Strategy Questionnaire (DCSQ‐20) was distributed consecutively to 171 individuals with self‐ and dentist‐reported high dental fear, of whom 77 had dental phobic avoidance and were attending a dental fear clinic and 94 were undergoing regular care at one of three different public dental clinics. The level of dental fear was high in both groups, but significantly higher among avoidant individuals. Several of the DCSQ‐20 items showed statistically significant differences between groups. Factor analysis of the DCSQ‐20 yielded a four‐factor solution explaining 52% of the total variance. The factors were labelled (i) ‘self‐efficacy statements’, (ii) ‘self distraction and distancing’, (iii) ‘catastrophizing’, and (iv) ‘praying and despair’. The DCSQ‐20 displayed sound psychometric properties, and the reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) for the factors was between 0.68–0.78. Factors (iii) and (iv) correlated significantly with dental anxiety and were rated significantly higher among individuals with phobic avoidance. In a logistic regression analysis, gender, dental anxiety, and three of the four factors (i, iii, iv) were predictive of regularity vs. phobic avoidance of dental care.
Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking of the Molecular Chaperone Hsp104 in Unstressed and Heat‐Shocked Cells
Authors: Tkach Johnny M. , Glover John R.
Published: November 2007

Hsp104 is a molecular chaperone in yeast that restores solubility and activity to inactivated proteins after severe heat shock. We investigated the mechanisms that influence Hsp104 subcellular distribution in both unstressed and heat‐shocked cells. In unstressed cells, Hsp104 and a green fluorescent protein–Hsp104 fusion protein were detected in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We demonstrate that a 17‐amino‐acid sequence of Hsp104 nuclear localization sequence 17 (NLS17) is sufficient to target a reporter molecule to the nucleus and is also necessary for normal Hsp104 subcellular distribution. The nuclear targeting function of NLS17 is genetically dependent on KAP95 and KAP121. In addition, wild‐type Hsp104, but not an NLS17‐mutated Hsp104 variant, accumulated in the nucleus of cells depleted for the general export factor Xpo1. Interestingly, severe, nonlethal heat shock enhances the nuclear levels of Hsp104 in an NLS17‐independent manner. Under these conditions, we demonstrate that karyopherin‐mediated nuclear transport is impaired, while the integrity of the nuclear–cytoplasmic barrier remains intact. Based on these observations, we propose that Hsp104 continues to access the nucleus during severe heat shock using a karyopherin‐independent mechanism.
Relativistic jets and long-duration gamma-ray bursts from the birth of magnetars
Authors: Bucciantini N. , Quataert E. , Arons J. , Metzger B. D. , Thompson T. A.
Published: November 2007

We present time-dependent axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the interaction of a relativistic magnetized wind produced by a proto-magnetar with a surrounding stellar envelope, in the first ∼10 s after core collapse. We inject a super-magnetosonic wind with into a cavity created by an outgoing supernova shock. A strong toroidal magnetic field builds up in the bubble of plasma and magnetic field that is at first inertially confined by the progenitor star. This drives a jet out along the polar axis of the star, even though the star and the magnetar wind are each spherically symmetric. The jet has the properties needed to produce a long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB). At ∼5 s after core bounce, the jet has escaped the host star and the Lorentz factor of the material in the jet at large radii ∼1011 cm is similar to that in the magnetar wind near the source. Most of the spindown power of the central magnetar escapes via the relativistic jet. There are fluctuations in the Lorentz factor and energy flux in the jet on a ∼ 0.01–0.1 s time-scale. These may contribute to variability in GRB emission (e.g. via internal shocks).
Assessing the Economic Viability of Offshore Aquaculture in Korea: An Evaluation Based on Rock Bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, Production
Authors: Lipton Douglas W. , Kim Do H.
Published: November 2007

Interest is growing in offshore aquaculture as a means of overcoming environmental concerns that plague nearshore and coastal aquaculture production. The challenge of dealing in the offshore environment adds expenses that are not present in other aquaculture production systems. We collected financial and production performance data from a commercial‐scale offshore aquaculture production system for rock bream off the coast of Korea. Financial performance of the system was evaluated using Aquasim, a stochastic financial simulator. To compare performance, we focused on the 10‐yr internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value based on different assumptions regarding fish survival rates and market prices. The baseline model that used the observed survival and market prices had a high probability of financial success and an IRR of 18%. Financial performance became a lot riskier when we assumed that survival rates followed a triangular distribution with a 25% minimum survival that increased 5% per yr, even when the mean survival rate was as high as 97%. Rock bream aquaculture could be successful under that survival scenario if prices are high for the first 5 yr and then start declining in consequence of the industry expanding. In that case, the IRR is around 14%, but with greater variability than the baseline. If prices fall from the initial baseline level in the early yr of production, then the operation has little chance of surviving.
Evaluation of Weaning Strategies for Intensively Reared Australian Freshwater Fish, Murray Cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii
Authors: Ryan Stephen G. , Smith Blair K. , Collins Robert O. , Turchini Giovanni M.
Published: November 2007

The Australian Murray cod supports a growing national industry. However, with regard to the process of weaning fry, there is a lack of information and optimal procedures need to be developed. The aim of the present investigation was to test the biological and economic efficacy of different weaning strategies for Murray cod. Three weaning strategies were tested on triplicate groups of fish: (1) only Artemia for 5 d, 7 d on Artemia plus starter diet, and 14 d on dry diet only; (2) 12 d on Artemia plus starter diet and 14 d on dry diet only; and (3) directly to dry diet for the entire experimental period. No significant differences were recorded in the growth and feed efficiency, while significantly higher mortality (38.4 ± 0.35%) was recorded in fish weaned directly onto dry diet. Fish subjected to the first 5 d on Artemia only showed a growth reduction during this period, which was compensated by a phase of enhanced growth during the dry‐diet phase. No significant differences were noted in the proximate composition of fish under the different treatments. The economic evaluation suggested that the treatment with the simultaneous supply of Artemia and starter diet is preferable.
Use of Fermented Fisheries By‐products and Soybean Curd Residues Mixture as a Fish Meal Replacer in Diets of Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Sun Mihai , Kim Young Chul , Okorie Okorie Eme , Devnath Sukumar , Yoo Gwangyeol , Lee Seunghyung , Jo Yong Kil , Bai Sungchul C.
Published: November 2007

A 10‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential use of fermented fisheries by‐products and soybean curd residues mixture (FFSM) as a partial replacement for fish meal (FM) in the diet of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with FFSM replacing 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% of the FM protein (FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, FFSM45, and FFSM60, respectively). Juvenile olive flounder averaging 5.99 ± 0.08 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into aquaria at 15 fish/aquarium, with three replicate aquaria for each experimental diet. Weight gain (WG) of fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, and FFSM30 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM45 and FFSM60 (P < 0.05). Also, WG of fish fed FFSM45 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM60 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in WG among fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, and FFSM30 (P > 0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed FFSM15 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM45 and FFSM60 (P < 0.05). Also, SGR of fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, and FFSM45 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM60 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in SGR among fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, and FFSM30 and among those fed FFSM0, FFSM30, and FFSM45 (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed FFSM60 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, and FFSM45 (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in FE and PER among fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, and FFSM45. Hepatosomatic index of fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, and FFSM30 was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM60 (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed FFSM0, FFSM15, FFSM30, and FFSM45 and among those fed FFSM45 and FFSM60. No significant differences were observed in condition factor and survival rate among all dietary groups tested. The whole‐body proximate composition averaged 75.0 (% dry matter basis [DM]), 8.66 (% DM), 16.38 (% DM), and 76.1%, for crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and moisture, respectively. Based on growth performance, the FFSM could replace up to 30% FM protein by the ANOVA test; however, broken‐line model analysis indicated 28.7% as an optimum replacement level in juvenile olive flounder diets.
Effects of Various Dietary Carotenoid Pigments on Fillet Appearance and Pigment Absorption in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Li Menghe H. , Robinson Edwin H. , Oberle Daniel F. , Zimba Paul V.
Published: November 2007

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of various carotenoids on skin and fillet coloration and fillet carotenoid concentration in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. For 12 wk, juvenile catfish were fed one of six experimental diets containing no supplemental carotenoid or 100 mg/kg of one of following carotenoid additions: β‐carotene (BCA), lutein (LUT), zeaxanthin (ZEA), canthaxanthin (CAN), and astaxanthin (AST). Visual yellow color intensity score was highest for fish fed LUT, followed by ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and BCA diets. Skin and tissue Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage yellowness value was the highest in fish fed LUT, followed by fish fed ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and BCA diets. Fish accumulated the supplemental carotenoids in muscle tissues, but concentrations of different carotenoids in the tissue varied greatly. Approximately 30% of the LUT added was converted to echineone; no conversion was observed among other supplemental carotenoids. Results from the present study indicate that channel catfish can accumulate yellow pigments LUT and ZEA and red or pink pigments CAN and AST in the flesh, resulting in yellow coloration. The yellow pigment BCA does not appear to deposit in skin or flesh at levels sufficient to alter the coloration.
Relativity and mathematical tools: Waves in moving media
Authors: McCall Martin , Censor Dan
Published: November 2007

We discuss the electromagnetic wave equation and dispersion relation for moving media as an example of the challenge of integrating vectors and dyadics and their covariant counterparts into the teaching of special relativity. We discuss two methods of deriving the dispersion relation and its associated wave equation. One is a direct approach for which the starting point is Maxwell’s equations combined with the Minkowski constitutive relations in the laboratory frame Γ in which the medium is moving uniformly. The second approach, starting in the medium’s rest frame Γ′, establishes the invariance properties of the dispersion relation, and then proceeds to derive its counterpart in Γ. Application to the calculation of the group velocity in each frame is also discussed.
Understanding Langmuir probe current-voltage characteristics
Authors: Merlino Robert L.
Published: November 2007

I give several simple examples of model Langmuir probe current-voltage (I-V) characteristics that help students learn how to interpret real I-V characteristics obtained in a plasma. Students can also create their own Langmuir probe I-V characteristics using a program with the plasma density, plasma potential, electron temperature, ion temperature, and probe area as input parameters. Some examples of Langmuir probe I-V characteristics obtained in laboratory plasmas are presented and analyzed. A few comments are made advocating the inclusion of plasma experiments in the advanced undergraduate laboratory.
Bistable transmission of plane waves across two nonlinear delta functions
Authors: Moya P. S. , Ramírez Max , Molina M. I.
Published: November 2007

We examine the transmission coefficient of plane waves across two nonlinear delta-function barriers with positive opacity. It is shown that this simple system is capable of bistable behavior at sufficiently large input intensities. The bistable behavior is centered around the first transmission resonances and is a simple example of a continuum nonlinear system that can display bistability without the presence of a feedback loop.
The Malkus–Lorenz water wheel revisited
Authors: Matson Leslie E.
Published: November 2007

The Malkus–Lorenz water wheel is analyzed in a more direct way. Two new dimensionless parameters associated with properties of the water wheel are used in place of the traditional Lorenz parameters, which relate only to Lorenz’s fluid model. The primary result is a performance map in the new dimensionless parameter space, which shows where the major behavior types occur and associated bifurcations. A slice across this map is examined by a bifurcation plot that shows details of the transitions between various types of behavior. An example of a 12-cup water wheel model is provided, and its behavior is compared over a wide range of parameters on the performance map to that of the Malkus-Lorenz water wheel. It is shown how the map with its water wheel parameters can be simply converted to the map with Lorenz’s fluid dynamics parameters.
Combined electric and magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects
Authors: Marcovitch Samuel , Aharonov Yakir , Kaufferr Tirza , Reznik Benni
Published: November 2007

It is well known that the electric and magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects may be formally described on an equal footing using the four-vector potential in a relativistic framework. We give an illustrative manifestation of both effects in a single configuration in which the path of the charged particle determines the weight of the acquired electric and magnetic relative phases. The phases can be distinctively obtained in the Coulomb gauge. The examples illustrate that, although each of the relative phases is gauge dependent, their sum is gauge invariant.
Human Pre-Elafin Inhibits a
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Secreted Peptidase and Prevents Its Proliferation in Complex Media
Authors: Bellemare Audrey , Vernoux Nathalie , Morisset Dany , Bourbonnais Yves
Published: November 2007

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a life-threatening opportunist human pathogen frequently associated with lung inflammatory diseases, namely, cystic fibrosis. Like other species, this gram-negative bacteria is increasingly drug resistant. During the past decade, intensive research efforts have been focused on the identification of natural innate defense molecules with broad antimicrobial activities, collectively known as antimicrobial peptides. Human pre-elafin, best characterized as a potent inhibitor of neutrophil elastase with anti-inflammatory properties, was also shown to possess antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including
P. aeruginosa
. Its mode of action was, however, not known. Using full-length pre-elafin, each domain separately, and mutated variants of pre-elafin with attenuated antipeptidase activity toward neutrophil elastase, we report here that both pre-elafin domains contribute, through distinct mechanisms, to its antibacterial activity against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the whey acidic protein (WAP) domain specifically inhibits a secreted peptidase with the characteristics of arginyl peptidase (protease IV). This is the first demonstration that a human WAP-motif protein inhibits a secreted peptidase to prevent bacterial growth in vitro. Since several WAP-motif proteins from various species demonstrate antimicrobial function with variable activities toward bacterial species, we suggest that this mechanism may be more common than initially anticipated.
Tetracycline Resistance in
Ureaplasma
spp. and
Mycoplasma hominis
: Prevalence in Bordeaux, France, from 1999 to 2002 and Description of Two
tet
(M)-Positive Isolates of
M. hominis
Susceptible to Tetracyclines
Authors: Dégrange S. , Renaudin H. , Charron A. , Bébéar C. , Bébéar C. M.
Published: November 2007

Twenty-four of 128 clinical isolates of
Mycoplasma hominis
and 6 of 276 clinical isolates of
Ureaplasma
spp. from Bordeaux, France (1999 to 2002), were resistant to tetracycline and harbored the
tet
(M) gene. For
M. hominis
, we also found an increase in tetracycline resistance and two
tet
(M)-positive isolates that were susceptible to tetracyclines.
Zygomycetes
Hyphae Trigger an Early, Robust Proinflammatory Response in Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils through Toll-Like Receptor 2 Induction but Display Relative Resistance to Oxidative Damage
Authors: Chamilos G. , Lewis R. E. , Lamaris G. , Walsh T. J. , Kontoyiannis D. P.
Published: November 2007

Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (HPMNs) displayed attenuated hyphal damage associated with impaired O
2
−
release following exposure to
Rhizopus oryzae
versus that with
Aspergillus fumigatus
. Exposure of HPMNs to
R. oryzae
hyphae resulted in upregulation in Toll-like receptor 2 mRNA and a robust proinflammatory gene expression with rapid (1-h) induction of NF-κB pathway-related genes.
Acquisition of Rectal Colonization by Vancomycin-Resistant
Enterococcus
among Intensive Care Unit Patients Treated with Piperacillin-Tazobactam versus Those Receiving Cefepime-Containing Antibiotic Regimens
Authors: Paterson David L. , Muto Carlene A. , Ndirangu Magdaline , Linden Peter K. , Potoski Brian A. , Capitano Blair , Bonomo Robert A. , Aron David C. , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: November 2007

In contrast to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations such as piperacillin-tazobactam have rarely been associated with vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus
(VRE) colonization and infection. In mice, piperacillin-tazobactam has sufficient antienterococcal activity to inhibit the establishment of colonization during treatment, but this effect has not been confirmed in human patients. We prospectively evaluated the acquisition of rectal colonization by VRE among intensive care unit patients receiving antibiotic regimens containing piperacillin-tazobactam versus those receiving cefepime, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin with minimal antienterococcal activity. Rectal swabs were obtained weekly and were cultured for VRE. For 146 patients with a negative rectal swab for VRE prior to therapy, there was no significant difference in the frequency of VRE acquisition between patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam- and cefepime-containing regimens (19/72 [26.4%] and 23/74 [31.1%], respectively;
P
= 0.28). Of the 19 patients who acquired VRE in association with piperacillin-tazobactam, 10 (53%) developed the new detection of VRE during therapy. Patients initiated on treatment with cefepime-containing regimens were significantly more likely than those initiated on treatment with piperacillin-tazobactam-containing regimens to have received antibiotic therapy in the prior 30 days (55/74 [74.3%] and 22/72 [30.6%], respectively;
P
< 0.001). These findings suggest that piperacillin-tazobactam- and cefepime-containing antibiotic regimens may be associated with the frequent acquisition of VRE in real-world intensive care unit settings. Although piperacillin-tazobactam inhibits the establishment of VRE colonization in mice when exposure occurs during treatment, our data suggest that this agent may not prevent the acquisition of VRE in patients.
CD8+T Cells Are Associated with Severe Gastritis inHelicobacter pylori- Infected Mice in the Absence of CD4+T Cells
Authors: Tan Mai Ping , Pedersen John , Zhan Yifan , Lew Andrew M. , Pearse Martin J. , Wijburg Odilia L. C. , Strugnell Richard A.
Published: November 2007

Helicobacter pyloriinfection results in the development of chronic gastritis, and CD4+T cells are a major component of the gastric cellular infiltrate. To examine whether CD4+T cells are important in initiating and maintainingH. pylori-induced gastritis, mice deficient in CD4+T cells (B6.BM1.GK 1.5 mice [GK 1.5 mice]) were infected withH. pylori. We found that as in normal mice,H. pylori-specific antibodies, mostly of the immunoglobulin M isotype, developed in GK 1.5 mice but were unable to cureH. pyloriinfection. Further, while the stomachs ofH. pylori-infected GK 1.5 mice were more heavily infiltrated with CD8+T cells and B cells, mice deficient in both CD4+and CD8+T cells developed mild inflammation comparable to the level observed for C57BL/6 mice. These observations suggest that CD4+T cells may play an important role in regulating or suppressing gastric CD8+T cells which, in the absence of CD4+T cells, may mediate more-severe disease. These studies have revealed a potentially important role for CD8+T cells in the gastric disease resulting fromH. pyloriinfection.
Caspase-1 Contributes toChlamydia trachomatis-Induced Upper Urogenital Tract Inflammatory Pathologies without Affecting the Course of Infection
Authors: Cheng Wen , Shivshankar Pooja , Li Zhongyu , Chen Lili , Yeh I-Tien , Zhong Guangming
Published: November 2007

Chlamydia trachomatisinfection induces inflammatory pathologies in the upper genital tract, potentially leading to ectopic pregnancy and infertility in the affected women. Caspase-1 is required for processing and release of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and possibly IL-33. In the present study, we evaluated the role of caspase-1 in chlamydial infection and pathogenesis. Although chlamydial infection induced caspase-1 activation and processing of IL-1β, mice competent and mice deficient in caspase-1 experienced similar courses of chlamydial infection in their urogenital tracts, suggesting thatChlamydia-activated caspase-1 did not play a significant role in resolution of chlamydial infection. However, when genital tract tissue pathologies were examined, the caspase-1-deficient mice displayed much reduced inflammatory damage. The reduction in inflammation was most obvious in the fallopian tube tissue. These observations demonstrated that although caspase-1 is not required for controlling chlamydial infection, caspase-1-mediated responses can exacerbate theChlamydia-induced inflammatory pathologies in the upper genital tract, suggesting that the host caspase-1 may be targeted for selectively attenuating chlamydial pathogenicity without affecting the host defense against chlamydial infection.
Searles Valley, California
Authors: Smith George I.
Published: November 2007

Searles Valley, the site of Pleistocene Searles Lake, is 125 mi (200 km) north-northeast of Los Angeles and 40 mi (65 km) east of the south end of the Sierra Nevada. The main locality described here is 15 mi (24 km) east of Ridgecrest on California 178, at the mouth of Poison Canyon, and 0.7 mi (1.1 km) east of Fish Head Rocks (Fig. 1). Park well off the highway on the south side where the wash crosses the road—unless there is a possibility of rain! A short walk south, over a sandy fan surface, brings one to the outcrops of Pleistocene lake sediments (Fig. 2). Ascend and descend along the ridge marked on Figure1 or the more gentle slopes 650 ft (200 m) southwest of it. It is advisable to wear boots or shoes with good traction.
Big Pumice cut, California
Authors: Sharp Robert P.
Published: November 2007

Big Pumice is a roadcut alongside U.S. Highway 395 at theeast base of the Sierra Nevada in Mono County, east-central California. The site lies within the NW1/4 of sec. 34, T.4S., R.30E.of Casa Diablo, 15' quadrangle, at 118°39'W Long., 37°33'ELat. It is on the north side of an east-west highway reach, 1.2 mi (2 km) east of Tom's Place, 0.1 mi (0.2 km) east of the crossing ofRock Creek, and 22.8 mi(38 km) by highway northwest of the city of Bishop (Fig. 1).
Ventura Avenue anticline
Authors: Yeats Robert S. , Grigsby F. Bryan
Published: November 2007

The Ventura basin in the Transverse Ranges of southernCalifornia (Fig. 1) contains evidence for major folding and faultingin Quaternary time, deformation that is still in progress. Muchof the evidence for age and deformation rates comes from theVentura Avenue anticline that began to form about 200 Ka. The locality exposes the axis of the western continuation of this anticlineand a folded reverse fault similar to larger ones known fromsubsurface information.
Coarse elastic facies of Miocene Ridge Basin adjacent to the San Gabriel fault, southern California
Authors: Crowell John C.
Published: November 2007

The central part of Ridge Basin is easily accessible by automobile or bus from I-5, the eight-lane freeway between Los Angeles and Bakersfield, California (Fig.1). Leave the freeway at Templin Highway and visit the localities in the order of their numbering, if time allows. If time is short, visit in this order: 4,3, and 6. All seven localities can be visited in one full day and only locality 4 (Frenchman Flat) requires walking, and then for only about 0.6 mi (1 km), into the narrow gorge southwestward along Piru Creek. Buses can get to all stops except 1 and 2. All are on public land administered by the U.S. Forest Service, including Oak Flat Campground, which has tables, piped water, and pittoilets. Most of the stops are on the WhitakerPeak 7½-minute Quadrangle.
Great Valley Group, west side of Sacramento Valley, California
Authors: Ingersoll Raymond V.
Published: November 2007

The best exposures of the Upper Cretaceus part of the Great Valley Group (formerly sequence) occur along Cache Creek northwest of Guinda and Putah Creek west of Winters (Fig. 1). The Cache Creek exposures are reached by drivingalong California Route 16, and the Putah Creek exposures occur along California Route 128. All exposures are in road cuts or river cuts on public property, and may be reached by automobile or bus, with minor walking overeasy terrane.
Mount Mazama and Crater Lake caldera, Oregon
Authors: Bacon Charles R.
Published: November 2007

Most of Mount Mazama lies within Crater Lake National Park in southern Oregon; its lower flanks are within Rogue River and Winema National Forests. Access to the rim of Crater Lake caldera is excellent, via paved roads from Oregon 62 and 230, but Mazama’s flanks within the park are generally only reachable by hiking trails. This guide serves for a long one-day excursion through the park, concentrating on features near the caldera rim road, with additional points of interest that could be visited on a second day. New U.S. Geological Survey 7 1/2-minute topographic maps covering Mount Mazama and adjacent areas were published in 1985 at a scale of 1:24,000. The existing 1:62,50 scale topographic map (Crater Lake National Park and Vicinity, 1956) was not made by modem methods, and the information on roads is not current. This map is in revision, and a modem version is expected shortly. Up-to-date information on access, accommodations, and visitor services can be obtained from Crater Lake National Park. The brochure entitled “Crater Lake,” which contains an adequate road map of the park at approximately 1:85,000 scale, is available at the park entrance booth, visitor center (Rim Village), or park headquarters. July and August are the best months to visit the park. In most years, snow limits access to the caldera rim through June, and early fall storms may interfere with a trip in September. It is wise to contact the park for information on early summer or fall snow conditions and to be prepared for thunderstorms or cold weather at any time.
Mount St. Helens, Washington, with emphasis on 1980-85 eruptive activity as viewed from Windy Ridge
Authors: Doukas Michael P. , Swanson Donald A.
Published: November 2007

Mount St. Helens, in the Cascade Range of southwest Washington, is the centerpiece of the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. Windy Ridge, in the monument about 4.2 mi (7 km) northeast of the volcano, offers the only readily accessible (in 1986) viewpoint for observing many of the effects of the 1980–85 eruption. A series of paved and graveled roads, narrow and curvy but suitable for buses, leads to the ridge (Fig. 1). The area west of Windy Ridge is closed to public access in 1986; for details, contact monument headquarters (U.S. Forest Service, Rt. 1, Box 369, Amboy, WA 98601, telephone 206-247-5473). Roads between Randle and Swift Reservoir are usually closed by snow between early November and early June. Construction of an overlook on Johnston Ridge, 4.8 mi (8 km) northwest of the volcano,(in is planned for the late 1980s; this overlook, which offers a better view of the crater than does Windy Ridge, will be accessible by road from Castle Rock but probably not from Windy Ridge.
Lone Butte and Crazy Hills
Authors: Hammond Paul E.
Published: November 2007

Lone Butte and Crazy Hills, about 3,900 to 4,750 ft (1,200 to 1,450 m) in elevation, are located approximately 25 mi (40 km) north of Stevenson and 15 mi (25 km) southeast of Mount St. Helens, in Skamania County, Washington, about midway between Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams (Fig. 1). They are perched on the eastern edge of the Lewis River canyon and along the western margin of the Indian Heaven basaltic volcanic field. The area lies entirely within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.

They can be reached by vehicle along Washington 504 and U.S. Forest Service roads 90(the Lewis River Road) and 3211 about 60 mi (100 km) east of Woodland, and along the Wind River Highway and U.S. Forest Service roads 30 and 3211 about 30 mi (50 km) north ofCarson and the Columbia River (Fig. 1). Well-graded, graveled U.S. Forest Service roads provide local access (Fig. 2). Road 32 travels the eastern side of Crazy Hills, 3211 runs along the southern side, and 3220 transects the hills north-south. Most interconnecting roads are shown in the Burnt Peak and Lone Butte 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, which cover the area. Cautious driving is recommended because logging truck traffic is occasionally heavy. The area is generally snowbound and inaccessible to wheeled vehicles between the months of November and May. Although the area has been extensively logged in recent years, it is covered with low shrubbery, and the terrain is mantled by Mount St. Helens tephra and soil. Exposures of bedrock are limited primarily to road, stream, and isolated hillside cuts.
Saguaro National Monument, Arizona
Authors: Davis George H.
Published: November 2007

The Saguaro National Monument Centennial Field Site lies on the eastern outskirts of Tucson, Arizona (Fig. 1), along the flank of the Tanque Verde Mountains. Access to the site is via the Loop Drive, a paved road which serves visitors to Saguaro National Monument (east) (Fig. 2). The stops, whichprovide a clear view of the structural characteristics of metamorphic core complexes, are located near the half-way point of Loop Drive. Stops 1 through 4 need take only 1 hour. Allow yourself a second hour to see the geologyat Stops 5 and 6, and a third hour to examine the structures at Stop 7. Thewalking is easy within the area of Stops 1 through 4. There are some slopesto descend and ascend in reaching Stops 5 and 6. Those who visit Stop 7 should be prepared for hillslopes and some sharp, steep-sided vertical ribs oflimestone bedrock. In general, however, hiking within the site is straightforward and scenic.,
The Fidalgo ophiolite, Washington
Authors: Gusey Daryl , Brown E. H.
Published: November 2007

The Fidalgo ophiolite is located on scenic Fidalgo Island, approximately 60 mi (96 km) north of Seattle, Washington. Stop 1 is at Washington Park in Anacortes. To get there from I-5, take Washington 20 (exit 230) at Burlington west to Anacortes. In Anacortes, follow signs to the ferry terminal, that is, Commercial Avenue north to 12th Street, then left onto 12th Street (Washington 20 spur). Stay in the left lane at theferry terminal junction and proceed straight ahead to Washington Park. Field trip mileage begins at the entrance to Washington Park. Follow the loop road. Milesand kilometers are shown in parentheses.
The type section of the Skagit Gneiss, North Cascades, Washington
Authors: Misch Peter
Published: November 2007

Figure 1 shows access to, and location of, the Skagit Gneiss field sites. These sites are shown on the geologic map, Figure 1) 2. The 12.4-mi (20-km) type section is now accessible by Washington 20. A detailed road log was published by Misch (1977, p. 35–46). Twelve recommended stops are indicated on the map by mileages (calibrated by mile markers). For a quick trip, the best stops are at mile 125.1 and 125.8.

The Skagit Gneiss provides a spectacular display of migmatitic regional metamorphism in the core of a young mobile belt. It is in pristine condition like the Nanga Parbat migmatite but is readily accessible.
Garibaldi area, southwestern British Columbia; volcanoes versus glacier ice
Authors: Mathews W.H.
Published: November 2007

One of the few areas in the world where volcanoes have erupted under, into, through, or onto glacier ice, and the only place in North America that is reasonably accessible, is some 50 mi (80 km) north of the city of Vancouver in and near Garibaldi Provincial Park in southwestern British Columbia. Distinctive land forms recording the contest between hot lava and cold ice have been found at a score of sites scattered over a mountainous area 12 mi (20 km) from north to south and 6 mi(10 km) from east to west. Only the western edge of this area is accessible by road (Fig. 1 1); one site (at Brandywine Falls) can be reached directly by car. Others are visible at a distance from the road; several can be reached by a more or less strenuous hike ona well-marked foot trail, but the more distant sites require overnight camping or can be enjoyed with field glasses as distant views. All the sites are in provincial parks or along public roads.
An ancestral Colorado plateau edge
Authors: Peirce H. Wesley
Published: November 2007

The geologic features of principal interest at this site are revealed in the rugged walls of Fossil Creek Canyon in central Arizona. Access in most weather conditions is by a partially paved gravel road that intersects Arizona 87 at Strawberry (Pine 7½-minute Quadrangle, and Fig. 1). The most accessible panoramic overlook is where the gravel road crosses the lip of the south wall. The ideal viewing location, however, is about 0.5 mi (0.8 km) to the northeast near a gravel pit that is clearly marked on the Strawberry 7½-minute Quadrangle. Access to this overlook site is either by foot or by vehicle (other than sedans), and is a short walk from the borrow pit to a nearby vantage point. Excellent general access by foot to the canyon itself is provided by an old Jeep trail that branches from the pit road. It, too, is indicated on the Strawberry map. The heart of the canyon is now designated as Wilderness; therefore, vehicles are prohibited.
Resurrection Peninsula and Knight Island ophiolites and recent faulting on Montague Island, southern Alaska
Authors: Nelson Steven W. , Miller Marti L. , Dumoulin J A.
Published: November 2007

The Resurrection Peninsula forms the east side of Resurrection Bay (Fig. 1). The city of Seward is located at the head of the bay and can be reached from Anchorage by highway (127 mi;204 km). Relief ranges from 1,434 ft (437 m) at the southern end of the peninsula to more than 4,800 ft (1,463 m) 17 mi (28 km) to the north. All rock units composing the informally named Resurrection Peninsula ophiolite are visible and (or) accessible by boat.The eastern half of the peninsula is located within the Chugach National Forest; the western half is mainly state land, but there is some private land with recreational cabins. The Seward A6 and A7 and Blying Sound D6 and D7 maps at 1:63,360 scale (mile-to-the-inch) cover the entire Resurrection Peninsula.

Knight Island is located 53 mi (85 km) east of Seward (Fig. 1). Numerous fiords indent the 31-mi-long (50 km) by 7.4-mi-wide (12 km) island and offer excellent bedrock exposures. The island is rugged and has a maximum elevation of 3,000 ft (914 m). It has numerous mineral prospects (Tysdal, 1978; Nelson and others, 1984; Jansons and others, 1984; Koski and others, 1985), and several abandoned canneries are located on the island. Knight Island lies entirely within the Chugach National Forest—state and private inholdings constitute less than five percent of its total land area. The Seward A2, A3, B2, B3, and C2, 1:63,360-scale U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps cover the entire island.

Montague Island, 50 mi (80 km) long and up to 11 mi (18 km) wide, lies 10.6 mi (17 km) southeast of Knight Island. It belongs to an island group that forms the southern margin of Prince William Sound (Fig. 1). Montague Island is less rugged and less heavily vegetated than either the Resurrection Peninsula or Knight Island. Rock exposures are excellent along the beaches, and ground disruption due to recent fault movements is clearly visible. The Seward Al and A2 and Blying Sound Dl, D2, and D3 maps cover the areas of interest on Montague Island.

In all areas, access is by float-equipped aircraft, helicopter, or boat. Wheel-equipped aircraft can land on the beaches or at several landing strips on Montague Island.
Paleozoic stratigraphy of Frenchman Mountain, Clark County, Nevada
Authors: Rowland Stephen M.
Published: November 2007

Frenchman Mountain lies on the eastern edge of Las Vegas, Nevada. Access is via Lake Mead Boulevard from I-15 in North Las Vegas (Fig. 1), The entire route of this field trip is on paved road and is easily passable by passenger car or bus. Allow approximately three hours.

A small-scale geologic map of Clark County, including the area described in this field guide, is available as Plate 1 of Long-well and others (1965). Stops 1 and 2 are on the Las Vegas NE 7½-minute Quadrangle. The rest of the stops are on the French-man Mountain 7½-minute Quadrangle, A road log of this same area, with less detailed stratigraphy but also including the Keystone Thrust and Valley of Fire, is available in Bohannon and Bachhuber (1979).
The Frank Slide, southwestern Alberta
Authors: Cruden D. M. , Beaty C. B.
Published: November 2007

The Frank Slide is at the east end of the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass, southwestern Alberta, lying within the valley of the Crowsnest River in the Front Ranges of the Canadian Rockies. Alberta 3 crosses the slide and, immediately north of the slide debris at the bridge over Gold Creek, an access road leaves the highway for a new Orientation Center, 1.1 mi (1.7 km) to the northeast (Fig. 1). The center, an excellent starting point for a tour of the slide, provides a superb view of Turtle Mountain, the slide scar on its eastern flank, and the immense pile of shattered limestone on the valley floor (Fig. 2).
The Devils Tower, Bear Lodge Mountains, Cenozoic igneous complex, northeastern Wyoming
Authors: Karner Frank R. , Halvorson Don L.
Published: November 2007

The Devils Tower sites (Lisenbee and others, 1981) are located in northeastern Wyoming, adjacent to and within the Devils Tower National Monument. Sundance, Wyoming is the nearest town of any size; access to the sites is via U.S. 14 from Sundance. The Bear Lodge Mountain sites (Lisenbee and others, 1981), with the exception of Sundance Mountain, are all within the Black Hills National Forest. Access to these sites is by state and county highways from Sundance, Wyoming. The Sundance Mountain site is accessible by walking from the ranch just south of the intersection of U.S. 14 and Wyoming 116. Permission must be obtained before entering this site. These sites are all shown on topographic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey 15-minute series. Sites in the Devils Tower region maybe located on the Devils Tower and Nefsy Divide 15-minute Quadrangles; points of interest in the Bear Lodge Mountains are found in the Sundance 15-minute Quadrangle.
Phanerozoic stratigraphy and structures in the northwestern Wind River Basin at Red Grade, Wyoming
Authors: Love J. D.
Published: November 2007

Red Grade viewpoint is in the SW¼ NW¼ SE¼Sec. 8, T.5N., R.SW., Wind River Meridian, 17.3 mi (28 km) southeast of Dubois, Fremont County, Wyoming, Blue Holes and Wilderness 7½-minute Quadrangles (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Index map showing location of Red Grade site. Geology of area between Dubois and the Red Grade site is described on the road log.
Little Muddy Creek area, Lincoln County, Wyoming
Authors: Royse Frank , Warner M. A.
Published: November 2007

Location. The Little Muddy Creek area is located in system in the thrust belt of southwestern Wyoming. The locality is in the SW–, T.19N., R117.W., approximately 28 mi (45km) north-northeast of Evanston, Wyoming (Fig. 1).

Access. The area can be easily reached by passenger car by driving about 6 mi (9.7 km) to the west of U.S. 189 on a dirt road. The turn-off from U.S. 189 is about 300 ft (100 m) north the sign marking the boundary between Uinta and Lincoln Counties. The road approximately follows the old Emigrant Trail, a wagon trail used by settlers, which was a branch of the famous Oregon Trail. Monuments mark the position of the Emigrant.