bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faults and other shears in bedded Pleistocene deposits on the Wirral, United Kingdom
Authors: PITTS JOHN
Published: July 2010

Normal and reverse faults, thrusts and shears with traceable lengths rarely over 0.35 m and throws of up to 0.014 m are locally developed within a series of bedded glacial meltwater deposits. They are believed to have originated during undrained loading of those deposits by an overlying flow till of late Devensian age. Local disturbance of beds by injection of fluid fine sands indicates past generation of high porcwater pressures.
Late Quaternary glacial episodes in the Hornsund Region of Spitsbergen
Authors: LINDNER LESZEK , MARKS LESZEK , PEKALA KAZIMIERZ
Published: July 2010

On the basis of field and laboratory studies supported by thermoluminescence dates, an occurrence of marine and glacial sediments is described from South Spitsbergen. These deposits are thought to date from the Holsteinian interglacial and the Saalian glacial stages respectively. In addition, the evidence and extent of Vistulian and Holoccne glacial advances in South Spitsbergen are presented. These advances occurred at 50,000–43,000, 30,000–10,000, 3,000–2,500 and 600–100 years B.P. The latter have been tentatively correlated with those recorded in other parts of Svalbard, as well as in East Greenland, the Barents Sea, Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea, North Poland and the Russian Plain.
A revised seismic stratigraphy for Quaternary deposits on the inner continental shelf west of Scotland between 55°30‘N and 57°30’N
Authors: DAVIES HOWARD C. , DOBSON MAXWELL R. , WHITTINGTON ROBERT J.
Published: July 2010

A stratigraphy for Quaternary deposits on the western Scottish shelf has been erected using seismic and borehole data. Eight new formations are defined and described with evidence presented for the environ‐ment of deposition of each formation. Most of the Quaternary sediments preserved on the shelf arc shown to have accumulated under stadial or glacial conditions. The possible age of each formation is discussed within the context of evidence provided from the mainland, shelf and deep‐sea cores. Two are thought to be pre‐Devensian, one is possibly pre‐Devcnsian. one is possibly Early and/or Middle Devensian, two are probably Late Devensian, one is Late Devensian to Holocenc and one Present day in age. It is suggested that the Late Devensian ice reached the shelf margin south of the Outer Hebridcan Platform.
Traces produced by chironomid larvae in sediments of an ice‐contact proglacial lake
Authors: DUCK ROBERT W. , ANUS JOHN McM
Published: July 2010

Scdimentological studies of a small ice‐contact proglacial lake at Briksdal. southwest Norway, have led to the discovery of two types of tubular traces developed on the surfaces of material collected in sediment traps. The traces are described and attributed, with certainty, to the burrowing activities of chironomid midge larvae.
Radiocarbon‐dating of transitions between marine and lacustrine sediments and their relation to the development of lakes
Authors: KALAND PETER EMIL , KRZYWINSKI KNUT , STABELL BJØRG
Published: July 2010

In three different areas in western Norway, large errors are obtained in the radiocarbon dates from lacustrine sediments close to marine/lacustrine sediment boundaries. Differences occur between radiocar‐bon and pollenanalytic dates and between dates at isolation/ingression contacts for lakes of the same altitude above the present sea level. Younger radiocarbon dates are also obtained below older ones in undisturbed sediments. When divergent dates occur, the radiocarbon dates always seem to be the youngest. Large differences are also found between NaOH soluble and insoluble fractions of the same sediment samples. Insoluble fractions generally yield younger dates than the soluble. Differences are not found, however, for dates younger than about 8,000 B.P. The dating errors are connected to periods with more oligotrophic conditions with isoetides. Their roots penetrate older sediments. Due to contamination of the organic part of the sediment from partly decomposed roots, some radiocarbon dates will be too young. The isoetide vegetation and the dating errors disappear when the lakes become dystrophic.
Differences in pollen and macrophytic remains in sediments from various depths in a small kettle‐hole lake in southern Finland
Authors: TOLONEN MIRJAMI
Published: July 2010

Stratigraphical analyses from four locations within the same lake revealed differential dispersal of pollen in sediment, and horizontal movement and focusing of sediment, but revealed only slight differences in pollen and macrofossil assemblages. Between 9,000 and 8,000 B.P., organic sediments focused into the central depth of the basin and no sediment accumulated in the littoral sites in water < 7.5 m deep. From around 5,000 to 4,500 B.P., deposition took place more or less continuously at all four sites. After 1,600 B.P., the marked change in lithology is due to a heavy rise in organic and minerogenic input from the unforested watershed. The littoral cores show that not only does the water depth cause rcdeposition and focusing of sediment, but also the morphometry of the basin. The comparison between macrofossils and pollen, both produced primarily by the same vegetation around the lake, confirmed the reconstruction of local environmental short‐term changes which occurred after the clearance of forest vegetation by man.
A fast and accurate palaeomagnetic sampler for field use
Authors: AUSTIN TIMOTHY J. F. , BALDWIN CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: July 2010

The construction and operation of a sampler which takes accurately orientated cubes of soft sediment for palaeomagnetic analysis is described, and the accuracy of palaeomagnetic sampling techniques is dis‐cussed. The sampler has been used for analysing recent estuarine muds.
Surface ocean circulation in the Norwegian Sea 15,000 B.P. to present
Authors: JANSEN EYSTEIN , BJORKLUND KJELL R.
Published: July 2010

Quantitative studies of foraminifera and radiolaria, semi‐quantitative analyses of diatoms and coccoliths, and the distribution of ice‐rafted sediments have been performed on cores from the southeastern Norwegian Sea. The results document large variations in sea‐surface temperatures and ocean circulation, showing a strong correlation between oceanic data and palaeoclimatic data from the neighbouring coastal areas of Norway. For the first time the Allerød – Younger Dryas climatic fluctuations and the Holocene climatic optimum are shown in records from the Norwegian Sea. Starting at about 13,000 B.P. the sea surface became seasonally ice‐free with productive seasons. During the Allerød a narrow wedge of temperate Atlantic water flowed into the southeastern Norwegian Sea. In Younger Dryas time the surface waters cooled by several degrees. Holocene surface conditions were relatively constant, with somewhat higher temperatures in a period possibly corresponding with Atlantic time.
Holocene pollen stratigraphy of Baird Inlet, east‐central Ellesmere Island, arctic Canada
Authors: HYVÄRINEN HANNU
Published: July 2010

A 56 cm long core covering ca. 9,000 years was obtained from a small, unnamed lake (78°29.5'N, 4 76°46.8'W) at 295 m elevation, innermost Baird Inlet, Ellesmere Island. The vegetation is high arctic, but locally relatively rich, with areas ofCassiope tetragona–Empetrum–Vaccinium uliginosumheath on the steep slopes above the lake. Cores were taken from the basin centre through ca. 15 m of water. Basal sandy‐silt is overlain by 51 cm of laminated silty‐gyttja and fine detritus gyttja grading upwards to loose algal gyttja. Three radiocarbon dates indicate rates of sedimentation from 0.07 to 0.04 mm per year. Pollen concentration varies from 1,500 to 2,000 per cm3in the lower part of the core to 100 to 200 in the upper part; calculated pollen influx is between less than one and 14 grains per cm2per year. Four local pollen assemblage zones reflect an early pioneer phase (grass‐sedge‐Oxyria) in the lowermost organic sediment, followed by the appearance and spread ofSalixsome 8,000 years ago and then, some 7,000 years ago, by a rise in Ericales. A period of vegetational stability with dwarf‐shrub heaths follows, lasting for over 3,000 years. The topmost zone shows some increase in indicators of bare ground and fell‐field vegetation (Saxifraga, Ranunculus, Papaver, Caryophyllaceae,Dryas) and decline in pollen influx, hence deterioration of local conditions during the last 3,500 to 4,000 years.
Age determination of intermoraine areas, Austerdalen, southern Norway
Authors: MAIZELS JUDITH K. , PETCH JAMES R.
Published: July 2010

This paper is concerned with the size variation of thalli of the lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum agg. on intermoraine surfaces in the proglacial valley of Austerdalen, southern Norway, and with the use of thallus dimensions for both relative and absolute dating of intermoraine deposits. Measurements of the five largest lichens in 200 m2 search areas at 255 sites show significant cross‐valley and down‐valley variations, with the smallest thalli located towards the centre of the valley and at up‐valley sites. This variation has been examined in greater detail by dividing the intermoraine areas into twelve morphological zones, for which geomorphological and stratigraphical relations enable the construction of a relative time sequence of formation. This relative time sequence was then found to he confirmed by mean values of measurements of the largest lichen thalli in 100 m square quadrats within each morphological zone. This approach has allowed not only the relative age of morainic and intermorainic deposits to he established from geomorphological evidence but also, using tentative dates for the moraines, the construction of a chronology of moraine and intermoraine depositional events.
Revision of the lateglacial Swedish varve chronology
Authors: STRÖMBERG BO
Published: July 2010

A survey of the revised lateglacial varve chronology is given. Almost all revisions are based on new, independent measurements not yet finished. Compared with the old time scale, the preliminary datings (calendar years ± a margin of error) of the ice margin retreat are ‘older’, mainly due to the fact that the postglacial varve chronology has been extended by 365 years. This implies that the so‐called zero year (sensu De Geer 1940: limit of late glacial and beginning of postglacial varve sedimentation). earlier estimated at 6,923 B.C. (Nilsson 1964), is now dated 7,288 B.C. According to the new time scale, deglaciation from Stockholm to the area of zero‐year formation in Indalsälven's valley lasted about 1,190 ± 40 years, compared with 1,073 years in De Geer's (1940) time scale or 1,092 in Jarnefors' (1963). Preliminary varve graph correlations, which are still very weak concerning the Fennoscandian moraine zone, indicate that the ice receded from Högsby, northwest of Kalmar at approximately 10,700+200−300 B.C. At localities just to the north of the Fennoscandian moraines, deglaciation started about 8,750+50−150 years B.C. according to the new varve measurements, and the ice front receded in southern Stockholm 8,470+40−140 B.C. Varve dating now gives older ages (calendar years) than 14C‐dating; about 200–400 years older regarding some ice margin positions in south Sweden.
Long varve series in Finland
Authors: SAARNISTO MATTI
Published: July 2010

Thinly varved ‘postglacial’ organic sediments are quite common in Finnish lakes, and attempts have been made to locate a site where they could be connected with the varved ‘lateglacial’ clays in order to he able to count the entire time since the ice retreat within one varved sequence. One promising site is Lake Valkiajärvi near Ruovesi in the Lake Region. The known sedimentary record covers nearly 9,500 years, which means that it starts very close to the time of the deglaciation of the Valkiajärvi area, around 9,600 B.P., or + 600 according to the original Finnish varve chronology (of Sauramo).
Types of debris slope accumulations and rock glaciers in South Spitsbergen
Authors: LINDNER LESZEK , MARKS LESZEK
Published: July 2010

A proposal for the classification of accumulations formed at the foot of mountain slopes and glacier snouts is presented for South Spitsbergen. Simple (talus cones) and complex (protalus ramparts, protalus rock glaciers, moraine rock glaciers) landforms are distinguished. The homogeneity of the features deposited at the foot of mountain slopes on a bedrock as well as on a glacial ice is noted, although the latter are more easily destructed due to melting of the buried ice. A significance of the ice core (interstitial or glacial ice) for a development of protalus rock glaciers and moraine rock glaciers is emphasized.
Foraminiferal stratigraphy of Quaternary deposits in the Roar, Skjold and Dan fields, central North Sea
Authors: KNUDSEN KAREN LUISE
Published: July 2010

Foraminifera from four boreholes through Quaternary deposits at Roar, Skjold and Dan in the central North Sea have been examined. Shallow marine Eemian deposits were represented over the whole area, and at Roar marine deposits from an older glacial period were found below the Eemian. A glaciolacustrinc sequence occurred above the Eemian in all the boreholes, and at Roar this unit was succeeded by marine sediments containing arctic to boreo‐arctic foraminiferal faunas. Both the non‐marine and overlying marine units are referred to the Weichselian. Marine Flandrian deposits occur in the upper part of the borings and the faunal succession through this sequence is described.
Late Weichselian–Early Holocene shore displacement west of Mt. Billingen, within the Middle Swedish end‐moraine zone
Authors: BJÖRCK SVANTE , DIGERFELDT GUNNAR
Published: July 2010

Fourteen lake basins on and west of Mt. Billingen have been analysed with respect to different stratigraphic methods: pollen, diatoms, other microfossils, 14C datings, lithology, grain‐size distribution and chemical characteristics. The aim has been to establish a well‐dated pollen stratigraphy for the area in order to date when lakes west of Mt. Billingen were raised above sea level. Previous studies and results from the area have also been included in the study. Distance diagrams, with different tilting directions, have been constructed. A shore displacement curve from c. 11,300 to c. 9,300 B.P., based on the most probable tilting direction, shows a complex uplift picture. A rather low regression gradient (3–4 m/100 years) during c. 1,000 years was, at c. 10,200 B.P., followed by a distinctly increasing gradient (8–9 m/100 years) followed by a marked gradient decrease at c. 9,500 B.P. The latter was possibly caused by a distinct sea level transgression on the Swedish West Coast. Indications of a short transgression around 10,000 B.P. as well as the possibly complicated course of isolation of Lake Vänern from the sea are also discussed. Finally the shore displacement is related to the deglaciation of the area and the supposed two drainages of the Baltic Ice Lake.
Traces made by the amphipod Gammarus in subaerially‐exposed marginal sediments of a freshwater lake
Authors: DUCK ROBERT W.
Published: July 2010

Studies of freshwater Harperleas Reservoir, Scotland, during periods of falling water level, have revealed the extensive development of traces made by the amphipod Gammarus (the ‘freshwater shrimp’) in subaerially‐exposed marginal sediments. The traces comprise networks of near‐surface, fragile, unlined, tubular burrows, 2–4 mm in diameter. In places these merge into 1–2 mm wide, irregular surface trails. This paper is believed to be the first descriptive account of lebensspuren made by Gammarus, fossil forms of which may possibly be preserved in rocks dating back to the Eocene. Although several species of Gammarus are tolerant of saline waters it is suggested that the traces may, in association with other lines of evidence, be of use in the interpretation of depositional environments.
Two more books from A. A. Balkema
Authors: FORTELIUS MIKAEL
Published: July 2010

Kahasa. J. (ed) IY84: Quorrrriury of South Afrierrco and Antarctic Penusula A. A. Balksma. Rotterdam.
Late Quaternary glaciation in the south‐western Barents Sea
Authors: VORREN TORE O. , KRISTOFFERSEN YNGVE
Published: July 2010

Moraine ridges have been morphologically and seismically identified in the south‐western Barents Sea. Some of these ridges were deposited in front of ice lobes from the northern part of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet, others in front of glaciers located on the southern Barents Sea shelf. The moraine ridges were probably deposited during the Weichselian, possibly the Late Weichselian.
Late Weichselian and Holocene shoreline displacement in the Trondheimsfjord area, central Norway
Authors: KJEMPERUD ALFRED
Published: July 2010

Shoreline displacement data from the Trondheimsfjord area have been collected and a synthesis of the Late Weichselian and Holocene relative uplift is presented. The isobase direction is N 30–35°E during the whole period. The gradients of the shorelines are 1.7? m/km at 11,800 years B.P., 1.3 m/km at 10,000 years B.P., gradually decreasing towards the present with a value of 0.2 m/km at 5,000 years B.P. Some irregularities in the shoreline gradient curve in the Late Weichselian and Preboreal chronozones may be ascribed to crustal readjustments by faults. An interpolation of the 9,500 years B.P. shoreline to the Ångermanland and Baltic area shows a relative uplift at 11,800 years B.P. of 400–450 m in the central area of glaciation. The island of Hitra was probably deglaciated at about 12,000 years B.P. and Ørlandet/Bjugn somewhat later. The Younger Dryas ice marginal deposits at Tautra have been deposited early in this chronozone, and deposits proximal to this at Hoklingen and Levanger were probably deposited in the late part of the same chronozone.
Coherent slumping of early postglacial lake sediments at Hall Lake, Ontario, Canada
Authors: BENNETT KEITH DAVID
Published: July 2010

Cores of organic postglacial sediment from Hall Lake, southern Ontario, Canada, are described. The laminated, calcareous sediments deposited between 9,000 and 8,000 B.P. have coherently slumped into the deep part of the lake, causing overturning and replication of parts of the sequence. This process may be considered as a mechanism for sediment focusing, since it involves reworking of marginal sediments into deeper areas. Unlike previously described mechanisms, it may be a source of error in the interpretation of diagrams of pollen percentages as well as accumulation rates. The slumping has only been recognized through the distortion of the laminae. It might not be possible to recognize slumping in unstratified sequences.
Podzol development, vegetation change and glacier variations at Haugabreen, southern Norway
Authors: CASELDINE CHRISTOPHER J. , MATTHEWS JOHN A.
Published: July 2010

14C dating and pollen analysis of the surface organic (LFH) horizons of several humo‐ferric podzol profiles forming a soil catena close to the ‘Little Ice Agc’ outer moraine ridge of Haugabreen, southern Norway, are used to examine the timing and nature of podzol development at the low‐/sub‐alpine margin of the Jostedalsbreen area. Comparison with results from a palaeosol buried beneath the outer moraine shows that FH horizon development began as early as 5,265 ± 65 B.P., but that it was not synehronous across the profiles, the latest profile having a date of 3,590 ± 65 B.P. It is argued that surface organic horizons developed as a response to a deterioration of climate and possibly the recrudescence of the Myklebustbreen ice cap at c. 5,000 B.P., and that the dates for horizon initiation vary according to local topographic and soil‐hydrologic conditions. It is still uncertain whether the hump‐ferric podzols were preceded by brown earths or weakly podzolised sub‐alpine podzolic soils, but at all sites where pollen evidence is available it appears that FH initiation took place beneath Betula woodland.
Cave stratigraphy in western Norway; multiple Weichselian glaciations and interstadial vertebrate fauna
Authors: LARSEN EILIV , GULLIKSEN STEINAR , LAURITZEN STEIN‐ERIK , LIE ROLF , LØVLIE REIDAR , MANGERUD JAN
Published: July 2010

Skjonghclleren is a marine‐cut cave with 15–20. m thick pre‐Holocene sediments. Corings and excavations reveal three beds of extremely fine‐grained, laminated sediments alternating with blocky sediments. The laminated beds are interpreted as glaciolacustrine sediments deposited subglacially at times when ice sheets covered the area, suggesting at least three glaciations after the cave was formed. The blocky/diamictic sediments were formed by frost‐shattered blocks from the roof of the cave during ice‐free periods, and mixing with the fines through slow mass movements along the floor of the cave. In the diamictic sediment beneath the uppermost laminated bed, almost 7,000 bone and teeth fragments of birds, mammals and fish were found. Birds dominated, with little auk and brunnich's guillemot as the most frequently occurring species. Arctic fox was the dominating mammal. During climatic optimum of the interstadial, conditions seem to have been similar to present‐day coastal Finnmark, with North Atlantic warm water entering the Norwegian Sea. Two radiocarbon dates on bones and three Uranium series dates on speleothems from this bed all cluster around 30,000 B.P., i.e., the end of the Ålesund interstadial. Above the uppermost laminated bed, bone fragments of birds, fish and mammals, deposited between c. 12,000 and c. 10,000 B.P., were found. Little auk dominate. The occurrence of squirrel is worth noting since it is limited mainly to areas with coniferous forest today. The beds below the 30,000B.P. bed are poorly dated or undated, but it is tentatively concluded that the entire sediment sequence was deposited during the Weichselian stage. It seems that the cave was formed at a high relative sea‐level stand sometime during the Early Weichsclian. Two recorded palaeomagnetic excursions seem to correlate with the Laschamp/Olby and the Lake Mungo events, respectively.
A Late Saalian, Eemian and Weichselian marine sequence at Nørre Lyngby, Vendsyssel, Denmark
Authors: LYKKE‐ANDERSEN ANNE‐LISE
Published: July 2010

A 120 m thick marine Quaternary sequence resting on Upper Cretaceous chalk at Nørre Lyngby has been stratigraphically analysed on the basis of its foraminiferal content. The foraminiferal zones in the Nørre Lyngby boring are compared with corresponding zones from borings and outcrops in adjacent areas in Vendsyssel and Kattegat, and a general zonation covering the whole area is proposed. The lower part of the marine sequence at Nørre Lyngby represents deposits of pre‐Eemian, possibly Saalian, and Eemian age. The Early Weichselian seems to be missing, while most of the Middle and Late Weichselian foraminiferal zones known from Vendsyssel occur. The foraminiferal zones and the corresponding macrofossil zones are correlated with the oxygen isotope stratigraphy. A cross‐section through deposits from the Saalian‐Eemian‐Weichselian marine basin in North Jutland and the Kattegat illustrates the development of the basin through this period of time. The centre of basin subsidence shifted from the southwest in the pre‐Eemian to the northeast in the Eemian, and remained there throughout the Weichselian.
Elsterian–Holsteinian foraminiferal stratigraphy in the North Jutland and Kattegat areas, Denmark
Authors: KNUDSEN KAREN LUISE
Published: July 2010

Widely scattered marine Elsterian and Holsteinian deposits around the Limfjord and in the Kattegat region have normally subsequently been displaced by ice. The stratigraphic position and palaeoenvironments of these are discussed on the basis of their foraminiferal faunas and a few absolute dates. The concentration of finds around the present Limfjord might indicate the presence of a fjord system extending from the North Sea across to the Kattegat during the Late Elsterian–Holsteinian. The exact position of this coastline in the Kattegat region is still difficult to establish.
Relict spits in Denmark as evidence of old straits
Authors: MØLLER JENS TYGE
Published: July 2010

Relict spits shown on the first contour maps of Northern Jylland indicate that in postglacial times there were several straits linking Limfjorden to the North Sea across what is now a single island. At least two generations of spits can be seen on the uplifted marine plain. The spits at the higher elevation were formed by forces coming from northerly directions, while the lower spits were subjected to forces coming only from Limfjorden.
Logging in deep water wells in central Jutland, Denmark
Authors: RASMUSSEN KELD RØMER , BAI WERNER
Published: July 2010

During a search for unpolluted resources, new wells have been drilled to a deep confined aquifer in central Jutland. Since little is known about the extent and vulnerability of the deep reservoir, geophysical logging was used to supplement hydraulic well‐testing. Gamma‐ray, SP and resistivity logs were recorded in the boreholes. Gamma‐logs were also recorded in two cased wells. Analysis of the logs, combined with information from samples, shows an unconfined aquifer of quartz and mica sand to a depth of about 55 m at Grindsted. Below this level there is a 40 m thick aquitard with an apparent southerly dip. The aquitard is composed of interbedded sand, silt and clay. The deep confined aquifer extends from 95 to 110 m below the surface at Grindsted. Both the aquitard and the deep aquifer are provisionally dated as Early/Middle Miocene. The electrical logs discriminate well between sand, silt and clay beds. If a suitable mud is used in the well it is possible to calculate the formation water resistivities in good agreement with water samples obtained after completion. From the resistivity logs formation factors were calculated in the range 3–5 using no‐invasion departure curves. The high content of heavy mineralsin the Tertiary deposits makes it impossible to obtain precise lithological information from the gamma‐ray log. On the other hand this log provides clear markers for identifying the hydrogeological units in the well‐bores.
Quaternary geology and nature conservation
Authors: LARSEN GUNNAR
Published: July 2010

Applied geology has broad terms of reference in the Danish Quaternary. Environmental geology, which is one aspect of this, can be defined as the contribution which geology can make to improve the quality of life. Nature conservation is an important aspect of environmental geology. Geologisk Institut, Aarhus University, has been involved for several years with the conservation of a variety of sites, including Quaternary profiles and landscapes. The work has been carried out in co‐operation with, among others, Fredningsstyrelsen under the Ministry of the Environment and the county council authorities. This article presents examples of this activity, including topics of national, as well as of regional and more local importance.
Geomorphology and palaeoecology of the Mark valley (southern Netherlands): geomorphological valley development during the Weichselian and Holocene
Authors: VANDENBERGHE JEF , BOHNCKE SJOERD , LAMMERS WIM , ZILVERBERG LIESBETH
Published: July 2010

Vandenberghe, Jef, Bohncke, Sjoerd, Lammers, Wim & Zilverberg, Liesbeth 1987 03 01: Geomorphology and palaeoecology of the Mark valley (southern Netherlands): geomorphological valley development during the Weichselian and Holocene. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 55–67. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

The actual area of the Mark valley is limited by the borders of an Early Weichselian erosion phase. The subsequent accumulation has resulted in the formation of a Weichselian Pleniglacial terrace which has been deeply dissected by Late Glacial erosion. The present alluvial plain is formed by Late Glacial and Holocene infilling. The maximum incision of the Late Glacial fluvial phase was reached slightly before 11,780 B.P. and involved locally dry conditions which have given rise to aeolian activity during this period (Older Dryas). On the deepest parts of the Pleniglacial terrace, a backswamp environment was established until the end of the Alleröd. At the beginning of the Younger Dryas the river invaded the terrace but shortly afterwards aeolian activity progressively increased. At the climax of the Younger Dryas, deep seasonal frost or local permafrost characterized the Mark valley.
Geomorphology and palaeoecology of the Mark valley (southern Netherlands): palaeoecology, palaeohydrology and climate during the Weichselian Late Glacial
Authors: BOHNCKE SJOERD , VANDENBERGHE JEF , COOPE RUSSELL , REILING RUDO
Published: July 2010

Bohncke, Sjoerd, Vandenberghe, Jef, Coope, Russell & Reiling, Rudo 1987 03 01: Geomorphology and palaeoecology of the Mark valley (southern Netherlands): palaeoecology, palaeohydrology and climate during the Weichselian Late Glacial. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 69–85. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

A backswamp peat, located on an Upper Pleniglacial terrace, has been analysed in detail with respect to its pollen content, its macroscopic plant remains and its fossil insect fauna. The analyses permitted a detailed reconstruction of the Late Glacial palaeoenvironment besides an estimation of fluctuations in the local humidity and fluctuations in the palaeotemperatures. The main boundaries in the sequence have been radiocarbon dated, indicating a peat accumulation from c.12,600 B.P. to 10,970 B.P. The Bölling s.l. shows a clear migration of vegetation belts, starting with a shrub vegetation and passing into a birch wood. This progressive vegetation development culminates in a short lasting Pinus maximum early in the Alleröd, without being hampered by events during the Older Dryas. Up to and including the Alleröd no serious climate deterioration is registered. The humidity curve reveals a semiterrestrial phase in the local hydrosere that correlates with the Older Dryas and that is explained by the geomorphological evolution of the adjacent river system. The transition to the Younger Dryas coincides with a return to fluvial conditions and a marked change in the pollen record and insect fauna, indicating a decline in the average July temperature from between 18 and 15°C to 11 and 10°C.
The prospects for establishing synchroneity in the early postglacial pollen peak ofJuniperusin the British Isles
Authors: TIPPING RICHARD M.
Published: July 2010

Tipping, Richard M. 1987 06 01: The prospects for establishing synchroneity in the early postglacial pollen peak ofJuniperusin the British Isles.Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 155–163. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Seventy radiocarbon assays on the early postglacialJuniperuspollen peak in the British Isles are collated in order to test the hypothesis that the expansion ofJuniperuswas synchronous in the British Isles. The necessity of screening this data base is discussed, as are the screening procedures adopted. A number of problems concerned with screening are highlighted, which are related to the paucity of information available from which to assess the reliability of a date. The accepted radiocarbon dates are analysed by computer‐generated histograms. No clear pattern of synchroneity is found. The possibility of a diachronous distribution across the British Isles is examined. The methods employed in this study illustrate the problems of using large samples of radiocarbon dates, and exemplify the stringent procedures required in handling such data.
Quaternary records of pika, Ochotona, in North America
Authors: MEAD JIM I.
Published: July 2010

Mead, Jim I. 1987 06 01: Quaternary records of pika, Ochotona, in North America. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 165–171. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Pika (Lagomorpha: Ochotona) have lived in North America since the Hemphillian land mammal age (late Pliocene). At least three species, O. whartoni (extinct giant pika), O. princeps (the living species), and unidentified large and small forms, lived in North America during the Quaternary. Forty‐six localities of Quaternary‐age pika are recorded. Many localities are actually site clusters, where packrat (Rodentia: Neotoma) middens or stratified sediments record pika fossils of many ages. Packrat middens in the arid west have provided pika dung pellets directly associated with plant macrofossils. Individual dung pellets provide direct radiocarbon dates and microhistological remains permit dietary reconstructions. Pika lived in northeastern portions of the continent during the Illinoian glacial age and possibly earlier. During the Wisconsinan glacial period, pika stayed in the mountainous west, but an exception exists. It is proposed that pika were not restricted to rocky/talus slopes during the Pleistocene, as is the living species in North America, and therefore should not be used as an indicator of ecological niche. Equable climates (cooler summers) may have been all that was needed for pika to migrate to new territories, areas without talus.
Insect traces from nonmarine ephemeral puddles
Authors: METZ ROBERT
Published: July 2010

Metz, Robert 1987 06 01: Insect traces from nonmarine ephemeral puddles. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 189–195. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Field observations of nonmarine clay‐lined ephemeral puddles have revealed numerous exogenic traces formed by a variety of insects. Most of these traces are described here for the first time. A number of different insects produced similar appearing traces. Relatively rapid drying of the shallow puddles often traps the insect, so that the trace and its maker are initially well preserved. This dessication process, in contrast to many lakes, streams and ponds having deeper water conditions, offers high potential for the exogenic trace to be preserved as a trace fossil. Trace fossil forms similar to those documented for ephemeral puddles include Gordia, Cochlichnus, Lithographus, Helminthopis and Isopodichnus. Ephemeral puddles should be considered a prime candidate for the origin of many of the trace fossils found in ancient nonmarine sedimentary rocks.
The isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon in the subfossil mollusc shells of the Baltic Sea as an indicator of palaeosalinity
Authors: PUNNING JAAN‐MATI , MARTMA TÖNU , KESSEL HELGI , VAIKMÄE REIN
Published: July 2010

The carbon (δ13 C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic composistion in mollusc shells in mainly determined by the isotopic composition of water and dissolved bicarbonate. The δ18O values of water show a good correlation with the salinity of the Baltic. This correlation served as a basis for reconstructing palaeosalinity and for stratifying the marine sediments according to the δ18O values of the carbonate skeletons of subfossil shells. The δ13C values in shells are mainly determined by the isotopic composition of land‐originating bicarbonate, especially in the carbonate skeleton of Lymnaea balthica, which inhabits the immediate coastal zone. According to the δ18O data, salinity in the investigated area (the coastal area of W and NW Estonia) was highest (about 9–11%) during the Littorina stage. The Limnae a stage had, in general, a salinity similar to the contemporary one, but during some phases possibly exceeding it by 2–3%.
Late Weichselian vegetation, climate, and floral migration at Sandvikvatn, North Rogaland, southwestern Norway
Authors: PAUS AAGE
Published: July 2010

Pollen analysis from Sandvikvatn has elucidated the local Late Weichselian vegetational and climatic history since deglaciation about 14,000 B.P. The pleniglacial period, the first of three climatic main periods and ending c. 13,600 B.P., is an Artemisia‐dominated pioneer vegetation on disturbed mineral soils. The Late Weichselian Interstadial (13,600‐11,000 B.P.) comprises a Salix‐shrub consolidation phase and, from 12,900 B.P., a birch‐forest optimum phase. In the Younger Dryas Stadial (11,000–10,100 B.P.) the Artemisia‐dominated pioneer vegetation returns. Three climatic oscillations are demonstrated at intervals of about 500 years within the Interstadial. The oldest two, about 12,500 and 12,000 B.P., could both have been connected with the ‘Older Dryas’. Cold winters and strong winds, causing soil erosion and drought, are suggested as important factors during the climatic periods unfavourable to woody vegetation. In the pleniglacial and Younger Dryas periods the winds are assumed to be katabatic. During the whole Late Weichselian southern species dominate locally. A northwards spread is demonstrated for the majority of the local late‐glacial taxa, including the endemic Primula scandinavica and also Papaver radicatum and Aconitum, both previously discussed as part of the hypothesis of Weichselian ice‐free refugia.
Reconstruction and regional correlation of Holocene lake‐level fluctuations in Lake Bysjön, South Sweden
Authors: DIGERFELDT GUNNAR
Published: July 2010

Holocene lake‐level fluctuations in Lake Bysjön are reconstructed from recorded changes in the sediment limit and the content of reworked minerogenic matter in the sediment. These recorded changes are related to past lake‐level fluctuations by correlation to fluctuations convincingly demonstrated in earlier studies. A correlation of regionally significant fluctuations in South Sweden is presented, and the climatic interpretation is discussed. A distinct lowering in lake level culminated at about 9,500‐9,200 B.P., recording a major period of drier climate in the earlier part of the Holocene. After a succeeding period of increased humidity, recorded by rising and relatively higher lake level, another major period of increased dryness began at about 6,800‐6,500 B.P. In contrast to the older period, the climate was not uniformly drier, but anumber of demonstrated lake‐level fluctuations suggest a fluctuating climate. From the reconstruction in Bysjön, dryness culminated at about 4,900‐4,600 B.P., and the major period lasted until about 2,900‐2,600 B.P. After a succeeding rise in lake level, another distinct lowering is recorded some time between 1,800 B.P. and 1,200 B.P.
Evidence of high sea level during the mid‐ Holocene on the southwest coast of Sri Lanka
Authors: KATUPOTHA JINADASA
Published: July 2010

A well‐developed extensive buried coral reef at Akurala, north of Hikkaduwa, is deposited on a low plateau of decomposed crystalline rocks of Precambrian age. Radiocarbon age datings from three coral quarries in the area reveal that the branching and massive corals, in a position ofgrowth, were gradually deposited between 6, 110 ± 80 B.P. and 5,500 ± 80 B.P. in a bay or a lagoon as isolated patches, and their heights vary from 1.4m to 3.9m below mean sea level (MSL). Four radiocarbon age datings of emerged coral reef patches at Akurala and Akurala‐ Telwatte vary from 6,170 ± 70 B.P. to 5,350 ± 80 B.P. and at levels between 10cm and 70cm above MSL respectively. The present living corals in front of the southwest coast thrive from mean low water spring (MLWS) tidal level to 4m in depth in lagoonal reef areas. From the level of pesent living coral it is inferred that sea level was above the present level about 50cm at 6,110 ± 80 B.P. and 1m or more at 5,560 ± 80 B.P. The in situ position and condition of the materials show that they were not accumulated by catastrophic events such as storm waves.
The Nordkalott‐Nordqua symposium 1987
Authors: HALDORSEN SYLVI , ANUNDSEN KARL
Published: July 2010

The results from a Nordic research project on Quaternary geology, entitled the Nordkalott project, were presented at a symposium in northern Sweden in 1987. Organic deposits and tills in northern Fennoscandia are interpreted as belonging to the Eemian as well as to interstadials and stades of the Weichselian. Retreat of the ice front under cold climatic conditions has been assumed for parts of northern Norway. Ice‐dammed lakes formed during the deglaciation period are described from northern Finland. Boreas, Vol. 17, no. 4, consists of articles based on the symposium contributions.
Kettle holes ‐ stratigraphical archives for Weichselian geology and palaeoenvironment in northernmost Sweden
Authors: LAGERBÄCK ROBERT , ROBERTSSON ANN‐MARIE
Published: July 2010

An active search for pre‐Holocene organic deposits in stratigraphically well‐defined positions has proved to be a useful tool for reconstruction of glacial and non‐glacial Weichselian development in northernmost Sweden. The investigations have been concentrated to kettle holes connected to eskers belonging to a morphologically prominent northwesterly glacial system characterized by extensive drumlinization. Organic deposits, radiocarbon‐dated as older than the Holocene, have been found at some 25 localities. Some sites display two organic‐bearing sequences separated by a till bed. The pollen flora in the lowest organic bed reflects an interstadial vegetational development: Arctic shrub and herb tundra‐subarctic light birch forestherb tundra with ericaceous shrubs and dwarf birch. This interstadial is correlated with Peräpohjola in Finland. During the younger Tärendö Interstadial the vegetational development was similar, but a more continental climate is indicated hy high values of steppe plants, e.g. Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae. The Tärendö Interstadial, correlated with Odderade, wascharacterized by open, unstable soils due to periglacial processes such as cryoturbation and eolian activities. The Weichselian glaciation is divided into three glacial stades separated by ice‐free interstadials in the area studied. Except for a zone with S‐SW drumlinization the impact of the two later ice sheets is insignificant.
The Veiki moraines in northern Sweden ‐ widespread evidence of an Early Weichselian deglaciation
Authors: LAGERBÄCK ROBERT
Published: July 2010

The Veikimoraines in northernmost Sweden display a very conspicuous distribution pattern, sharply demarcated to the east and successively decreasing to the south, west and north. The sharp demarcation to the east is thought to reflect the front of a stagnant ice sheet. The downwasting of this glacier was retarded by the insulation of a thick superglacial debris cover and subarctic vegetation invaded at least parts of the slowly collapsing ice. Radiocarbon datings of organic matter deposited in connection with the formation of the Veiki moraine, lithostratigraphical evidence and the relation to other glacial features prove the Veiki moraine landscape to date from the deg laciation of the first Weichselian ice sheet, i.e. the Peräpohjola Interstadial. The good preservation of the features implies that in extensive areas of northern sweden the Early Weichselian glacial landscape escaped significant erosion despite being overrun by two later glaciers. Previous interpretations of the Late Weichselian/Holocene deglaciation are largely based on an Early Weichselian deglaciation pattern.
Influence of temperature conditions in formation of end moraines in Fennoscandia and Svalbard
Authors: SOLLID JOHAN LUDVIG , SØRBEL LEIEF
Published: July 2010

In the Finnmark region of northern Norway, end from Younger Drays and earlier periods appear as irregular mounds and ridges in a broad zone with a distinct distal margin. These moraines are similar in shape to end moraines formed in Svalbard today by melting of ice‐cored moraines in front of subpolar glaciers under permafrost conditions. The end moraines in Finnmark were mkost likely formed in the same way in a permafrost climate during deglaciation. This might also be the case for moraines in the southernmost parts of Fennoscandia, in Denmark and southernmost Sweden. Cold‐based ice during deglaciation in central parts of Fennoscandia is due to climatic conditions tens of thousands of years earlier. The period with climatic improvement after the Weicheselian maximum was too short to have any influence on the thermal conditions at the base of the ice‐cap in the central areas.
First record of an interstadial insect from Greenland: Amara alpina (Paykull, 1790) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: BöCHER JENS
Published: July 2010

A pronotal fragment ofAmara alpina(Paykull) was found among interstadial organic detritus from the Thule area, northwest Greenland. Nowadays the species is absent from Greenland, in spite of occurrences immediately on the western side of the Davis Strait. The species would undoubtedly be able to live in the greater part of Greenland, but probably has not yet succeeded in reaching the country after the Last Glaciation.
Late‐Glacial radiocarbon‐ and palynostratigraphy on the Swiss Plateau
Authors: AMMANN BRIGITTA , LOTTER ANDRE F.
Published: July 2010

A detailed late‐glacial radiocarbon stratigraphy for the Swiss Plateau has been established on the basis of over 90 accelerator14C dates on terrestrial plant macrofossils. Two plateaux of constant.,14C age were observed, occurring at 12,700 B.P. and at 10,000 B.P. The consequences of these plateaux for palaeo‐ecological investigations are threefold: (1) a more refined14C dating within the plateaux is not possible, (2) in teleconnections between different sites (if based on14C dating and concerning the periods around 12,700 B.P. and 10,000 B.P.) events are considered synchronous which are only synchronous within a plateau of constant age, and (3) exact time‐depth relationship and therefore influx calculations are made impossible during these plateau periods. A comparison of the radiocarbon ages derived from terrestrial, telmatic and limnic material at different sites on the Swiss Plateau yields a proposal for modifying the zonation system of Welten for the Late‐Glacial. By retaining the limits of chronozones (at 13, 12, 11 and 10ka B.P.) and by refining the palynostratigraphic criteria for the limits of biozones, a separation between chrono‐ and biozonation at the beginning of the Belling and at the beginning of the Younger Dryas becomes obvious.
Till stratigraphy and ice movement directions in the Kittila area, Finnish Lapland
Authors: PEURANIEMI VESA
Published: July 2010

Sedimentological, structural and chemical characteristics of till and weathering crust are studied in the Kittila area of western Finnish Lapland. Four separate till beds and a weathering crust are discovered at three study sites ‐ Pulju, Jerisjarvi and Mantovuoma. An upper grey till bed and a brown till bed are found at each site, the former being interpreted as a melt‐out till, the latter as a lodgement till. A yellowish brown till bed occurs only in the Pulju area and is interpreted as a local saprolite till of a lodgement facies, while a lower grey till bed, seen only in the Jerisjärvi area, is a melt‐out type till. The weathering crust (saprolite) is a product of chemical weathering of long duration and must be preglacial in age. In the earlier stages of glaciation the ice divide was located near the Scandinavian mountain range, ice movement took place from the northwest, and a lower grey till bed was deposited in the study area. In the later stages of deglaciation the ice divide was located south of the area, so the ice flowed from the south, depositing a brown till bed and locally also a yellowish brown till bed. In the latest stages the ice flowed from the southwest, depositing an upper grey till bed.
Blanket mire formation at Haramsøy, Møre og Romsdal, Western Norway
Authors: SOLEM THYRA
Published: July 2010

Stratigraphical studies, pollen analyses and radiocarbon dating of peat cores from two blanket mire areas, Mannen and Hestevollane, on the central mountain plateau of the hat‐shaped island of Haramsøy in the Nordøyane archipelago indicate that blanket mire formation here dates back about 3,000 years and was primarily caused by human activity, namely regular burning to provide or improve grazing areas. Corresponding investigations of peat cores from two strandfiat sites on either side of the island demonstrate that a population existed on the strandfiat at least 6,800 years ago and gradually converted the original vegetation of the strandfiat into pastures and fields. The human influence increased further about 3,000 years ago when the activity was extended to the mountain plateau where grazing and regular burning, in addition to deteriorating climatic conditions, resulted in blanket mire formation.
INQUA report on glacial deposits
Authors: KRÜGER JOHANNES
Published: July 2010

INQUA report on glacial deposits, JOHANNES KRUGER