bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell membrane receptors on bovine mononuclear phagocytes involved in phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Authors: Souza Cleverson D. , Evanson Oral A. , Sreevatsan Srinand , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: September 2007

Objective—To determine cell membrane receptors involved in phagocytosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) organisms.

Sample Population—Monocytes were obtained from healthy adult Holstein dairy cows that were test negative for MAP infection on the basis of bacteriologic culture of feces and serologic test results.

Procedures—Monocytes or bovine macrophage cell line (BoMac) cells were incubated with MAP organisms for 30, 60, or 120 minutes with or without inhibitors of integrins, CD14, or mannose receptors. Phagocytosis was evaluated by light microscopy or by flow cytometry. CD11a/CD18, CD11b, and CD14 expression on monocytes and BoMac cells was evaluated by use of flow cytometry.

Results—Monocytes and BoMac cells rapidly phagocytized MAP organisms. However, compared with BoMac cells, monocytes had a greater total capacity to phagocytize MAP organisms. Addition of neutralizing anti-integrin antibodies (anti-CD11a/CD18 and anti-CD11b) substantially inhibited phagocytosis by monocytes during the first 60 minutes of incubation with MAP organisms, but were less effective at 120 minutes of incubation. Anti-CD11a/CD18 and anti-CD11b antibodies were less effective in inhibiting phagocytosis by BoMac cells. Addition of inhibitors of CD14 or mannose receptors also inhibited phagocytosis of MAP by monocytes. Addition of a combination of integrin and mannose inhibitors had an additive effect in reducing phagocytosis, but addition of integrin and CD14 inhibitors did not have an additive effect.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Multiple receptors are involved in phagocytosis of MAP organisms. Although CD11/CD18 receptors appear to be the major receptors used by MAP at early time points, mannose receptors and CD14 also contribute substantially to phagocytosis.
Contribution of MX dynamin, oligoadenylate synthetase, and protein kinase R to anti-paramyxovirus activity of type 1 interferons in vitro
Authors: Leroy Michaël P.-P. , Baise Etienne A. , Pire Grégory A. , Desmecht Daniel J.-M.
Published: September 2007

Objective—To determine the contribution of MX dynamin, oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) to the antiviral effects of type 1 interferons (IFNs) against bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V) infection of Vero cells.

Sample Population—Vero cell cultures.

Procedures—PI-3V yield was first compared between control and transfected type 1 IFNs– incompetent Vero cells expressing recombinant OAS or MX proteins. Afterwards, phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α) was used to scale the degree of PKR activation upon infection of Vero cells by PI-3V.

Results—Overexpression of OAS did not result in significantly decreased viral replication. Phosphorylated eIF2α forms, the hallmark of PKR activation, were not increased in IFNα-primed infected Vero cells. Although human MXA contributed to partial blockade of replication of bovine PI-3V, the antiviral effect was not as strong as that of IFNα.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The powerful anti-Paramyxovirus activity of type 1 IFNs is mediated by noncanonic pathways.
Biochemical and enzymatic characterization of purified covalent complexes of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and haptoglobin released by bovine granulocytes in vitro
Authors: Bannikov Gregory A. , Mattoon John S. , Abrahamsen Eric J. , Premanandan Christopher , Green-Church Kari B. , Marsh Antoinette E. , Lakritz Jeffrey
Published: September 2007

Objective—To characterize and purify covalent complexes of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and haptoglobin released by bovine granulocytes in vitro.

Sample Population—Blood samples obtained from healthy cows and cows with acute and chronic inflammation to obtain WBCs and sera.

Procedures—WBCs were isolated by differential centrifugation, hypotonic lysis of RBCs, and degranulated by stimulation with phorbol ester (20 ng/mL). Cell-conditioned medium was subjected to affinity and gel chromatography and purified proteins subjected to SDS- PAGE gelatin zymography, western blot analysis, Coomassie blue staining, and peptide mass spectrometry for protein identification. Sera of cows hospitalized for acute and chronic septic conditions and of clinically normal cows were analyzed with similar methods.

Results—Matrix metalloproteinase-9 was released from neutrophils in vitro and migrated to a molecular mass of approximately 220 kd (prodimer), approximately 105 kd (promonomer), and > 220 kd (high–molecular mass complexes). These high–molecular mass complexes were composed of α- and β-haptoglobin and MMP-9 (ratio13:13:1). Complexes of MMP-9 and haptoglobin had biochemical properties of both its protein constituents (ie, enzymatic activity toward gelatin and hemoglobin binding). Complexes of MMP-9 and haptoglobin were also detected in sera of cows with acute inflammation, but not in clinically normal cows or cows with chronic disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A fraction of neutrophil MMP-9 is released in complex with haptoglobin. The complex is present in granules and retains biological activity of its components. Detection of the complex in serum may provide an indicator of acute inflammation.
Evaluation of radiotherapy alone or in combination with doxorubicin chemotherapy for the treatment of cats with incompletely excised soft tissue sarcomas: 71 cases (1989–1999)
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , Endicott Melissa M. , King Glen K. , Harris-King F. Dee
Published: September 2007

Objective—To determine whether the addition of doxorubicin chemotherapy affected the outcome of cats with incompletely excised, nonvisceral soft tissue sarcomas undergoing postoperative radiotherapy.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—71 cats.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for clinically relevant data on cats that underwent postoperative radiotherapy for treatment of incompletely excised soft tissue sarcomas with or without concurrent doxorubicin chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was performed on an alternate-day schedule, with a total dose of 58.8 to 63 Gy delivered in 21 fractions. Doxorubicin was administered every 21 days for 3 to 5 cycles. Follow-up information was obtained by means of physical examination or through telephone conversations with refer-ring veterinarians or owners.

Results—Median disease-free interval with concurrent radiotherapy and doxorubicin chemotherapy (15.4 months; range, 2.4 to 44.9 months) was significantly longer than median disease-free interval with radiotherapy alone (5.7 months; range, 1.0 to 50.8 months). However, survival time was not significantly different between groups.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that doxorubicin chemotherapy may play a role in extending the disease-free interval in cats undergoing radiotherapy for treatment of incompletely excised soft tissue sarcomas.
Estimated prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy among overtly healthy Quarter Horses in the United States
Authors: McCue Molly E. , Valberg Stephanie J.
Published: September 2007

Objective—To estimate the prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) among Quarter Horses in the United States and evaluate possible relationships between muscle glycogen concentration, turnout time, and exercise level.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—164 overtly healthy Quarter Horses > 2 years old from 5 states.

Procedures—Horses with a history of exertional rhabdomyolysis or any other muscular disease were excluded. Muscle biopsy specimens were examined histologically for evidence of PSSM and were submitted for determination of muscle glycogen concentration. A diagnosis of PSSM was made if amylase-resistant inclusions that stained with periodic acid–Schiff stain were detected.

Results—Prevalences of PSSM on the 2 farms with a history of PSSM were 20% (1/5) and 40.7% (11/27); mean prevalence for the other 4 farms was 6.1% (8/132). Sex was not significantly associated with a diagnosis of PSSM, and age was not significantly different between horses with and without PSSM. Total histologic score, serum creatine kinase ac-tivity, and muscle glycogen concentration were significantly higher in horses with PSSM than in horses without.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the prevalence of PSSM among overtly healthy Quarter Horses in the United States is likely to be between 6% and 12%.
Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate attributable to a frenulum of the epiglottis in a racing Thoroughbred
Authors: Moorman Valerie J. , Marshall John F. , Jann Henry W.
Published: September 2007

Case Description—A 7-year-old sexually intact male Thoroughbred racehorse was evaluated because of exercise intolerance, respiratory tract noise, and coughing when eating.

Clinical Findings—A persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate was identified during endoscopic examination of the upper portions of the respiratory tract. Radiography of the pharyngeal and laryngeal regions revealed a hypoplastic epiglottis that was ventral to, and not in contact with, the soft palate. The horse was anesthetized, and an oral endoscopic examination revealed a subepiglottic frenulum that had resulted in the dorsal displacement of the soft palate.

Treatment and Outcome—The frenulum was transected transendoscopically by use of a diode laser. Twenty-four hours following surgery, repeat endoscopic and radiographic examinations revealed that the epiglottis had returned to its correct anatomic position in relation to the soft palate. Four weeks after surgery, endoscopy of the upper portions of the airway revealed recurrence of the dorsal displacement of the soft palate.

Clinical Relevance—A subepiglottic frenulum should be considered as a cause of persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses. An endoscopic examination of the oropharyngeal region should be performed in horses prior to undertaking any surgical interventions to treat persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
Control of ecosystem state in a shallow, brackish lake: implications for the conservation of stonewort communities
Authors: Barker Tom , Hatton Keith , O'Connor Michael , Connor Les , Bagnell Lee , Moss Brian
Published: September 2007

The alternative stable states hypothesis for the behaviour of shallow lake communities requires switches to transform clear‐water macrophyte‐dominated communities to turbid algal‐dominated ones. Such switches have rarely been demonstrated experimentally. This study shows the role of rising salinity as such a switch while contributing a solution to the conservation problems of an important nature reserve.

Hickling Broad changed from a clear‐water, charophyte‐dominated lake to a turbid, phytoplankton‐dominated lake in the early 1970s, probably owing to guanotrophication by gulls and to increased salinity from more intensive pumping of the agricultural land that separates its main inflow from the nearby North Sea. Following a decline in nutrient loading as the gull flock moved away, the plants began to return during the 1980s and 1990s. In 1998/99, the water cleared and charophytes, including some very rare species, were abundant.

This was welcome to conservation bodies, but the vigorous growth precluded competitive sailing and there were conflicts with the local sailing club. The plants, however, began an irregular decline in 2000, though nutrient loadings and other conventional chemical drivers have remained steady.

Our hypothesis was that the unstable nature of the plant community was linked to high salinity, and that if salinity were lowered there would be vigorous and reliable growth, enabling annual cutting of plants to allow sailing races. In an experiment using mesocosms, salinities straddling the current values in the Broad led to declines in plant biomass, macrophyte species richness and macrophyte Shannon–Weaver diversity through increased release of phosphorus from the sediments, increased algal turbidity and reduction of zooplankton grazer activity.

Stabilization of the plant community of Hickling Broad would be achieved by a reduction of present salinities by about 20%. This would be possible by use of existing Environmentally Sensitive Area (High Level Environmental Stewardship) arrangements or diversion of some pumped drainage water to the sea. There remain some uncertainties about the future of the area because of rising sea levels.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of tetraalkylammonium compounds with different affinities for organic cation transporters on the pharmacokinetics of metformin
Authors: Choi Min‐Koo , Jin Qing‐Ri , Jin Hyo‐Eon , Shim Chang‐Koo , Cho Doo‐Yeoun , Shin Jae‐Gook , Song Im‐Sook
Published: September 2007

The study sought to investigate the effects of tetraalkylammonium (TAA), inhibitors of the organic cation transporters (OCTs) with different affinities, on the pharmacokinetics of metformin. The inhibitory potentials of TAAs on the uptake of metformin were evaluated by determining IC50values in MDCK cells over‐expressing OCTs and, to assessin vivodrug interactions, metformin and TAAs were coadministered to rats. Uptake of metformin was facilitated by over‐expression of hOCT1 and hOCT2 and showed saturable processes, indicating that metformin is a substrate of hOCT1 and hOCT2. The IC50values of TAAs for hOCT2 were lower than hOCT1 and decreased with increasing alkyl chain length, indicating that the inhibitory potential of TAAs on metformin uptake was greater in hOCT2 than in hOCT1 and increased with increasing alkyl chain length. The plasma concentration of metformin was elevated by the coadministration of tetrapropylammonium (TPrA) and tetrapentylammonium (TPeA), but not by tetramethylammonium (TMA) or tetraethylammonium (TEA). However, the plasma concentrations of TMA, TEA and TPrA were not changed by the coadministration of metformin. In conclusion,in vivodrug interactions between metformin and TAAs were caused only when metformin was coadministered with TAAs showing higher affinities for OCTs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatially resolved quantification of metal ion concentration in a biofilm‐mediated ion exchanger
Authors: Graf von der Schulenburg D.A. , Holland D.J. , Paterson‐Beedle M. , Macaskie L.E. , Gladden L.F. , Johns M.L.
Published: September 2007

A bioremediation process to remove Co2+from aqueous solution is investigated in this study using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol to rapidly obtain multiple 2D spatially resolved Co2+ion concentration maps. The MRI technique is described in detail and its ability to determine the evolution in both axial and radial concentration profiles demonstrated, from which total column capacity can be determined. The final ion exchange column design allows operation in the ‘plug flow’ regime, hence making use of its full capacity before breakthrough. Conventional techniques for such process optimization are either restricted to the analysis of the exchanger outlet, which provides no information on the spatial heterogeneity of the system, or are invasive and need a variety of sample points to obtain 1D concentration information. To the best of our knowledge, our results represent the first concentration maps describing the bioremediation of metal ion contaminated water. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 821–829. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enzymatic enantioselective C–C‐bond formation in microreactors
Authors: Koch K. , van den Berg R.J.F. , Nieuwland P.J. , Wijtmans R. , Schoemaker H.E. , van Hest J.C.M. , Rutjes F.P.J.T.
Published: September 2007

We have demonstrated that multiple crude enzyme lysates containing a hydroxynitrile lyase can be used for the enantioselective synthesis of cyanohydrins from aldehydes in microchannels. Using a microreactor setup, two important parameters were efficiently screened consuming only minute amounts of reagents. More importantly, results from the continuous flow reaction were fully consistent with results obtained from larger batchwise processes in which a stable emulsion was formed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008; 99; 1028–1033. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and prediction of transitional vertebrae on imaging studies: Anatomical significance of paraspinal structures
Authors: Lee Chang Hee , Park Cheol Min , Kim Kyeong Ah , Hong Suk Joo , Seol Hae Young , Kim Baek Hyun , Kim Jung Hyuk
Published: September 2007

The aim of our study was to examine the locational distribution of paraspinal structures on MRI and to determine any predictable parameters that may be used for the identification of transitional vertebra (TV). We enrolled 534 patients who underwent MRI of their lumbosacral spine. The locations of the paraspinal structures, such as aortic bifurcation (AB), IVC confluence (IC), right renal artery (RRA), celiac trunk (CT), SMA root (SR), and iliolumbar ligament (ILL), were determined using “cross link” in PACS. We also assessed the morphology of the TV. The MRI showed that the most common site of the paraspinal structures in the normal group was AB at the lower L4, IC at the L4‐5 disc space, RRA at the L1‐2 disc space, CT at the T12‐L1 disc space, SR at the upper L1, and ILL at the L5. The frequency of TV was 23.8% (lumbarization, 9.9%; sacralization, 13.9%). The paraspinal structures of the S1 lumbarization were positioned more toward the caudal location, whereas the paraspinal structures of the L5 sacralization were positioned more toward the cephalic location (P < 0.01). In conclusion, AB, IC, RRA, CT, SR, and ILL are useful landmarks for predicting the presence of TV on MRI. TV is possible when these paraspinal structures are in positions outside of the frequent locations. Clin. Anat. 20:905–914, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Step–pool formation models and associated step spacing
Authors: Curran Joanna C.
Published: September 2007

Step–pool bedforms develop under conditions of high flow rates and high sediment influx and transport rates. Step setting events are capable of mobilizing and rearranging the large step‐forming grain sizes. Thus, observations of the processes of step formation are limited to flume experiments. The results of laboratory experiments involving active transport of widely sorted sediment, including large grains whose deposition readily formed steps, are presented. Over 350 step formations were observed and documented, creating a large data set for detailing and evaluating step formation processes.

Existing step‐formation models focus on step development from antidunes, particle clusters, transverse ribs or depositional berms, or from a hydraulic regime that includes cascade flow and hydraulic jumps. These models were developed using field measurements of artificial grade control structures or stable step–pool systems during low flow conditions, or degradational flume experiments where flows elucidated the step–pool bedform in the channel profile but did not create equilibrium transport of the large, step‐forming clasts.

This research evaluates the pre‐existing formation models and proposes three new models: the rough bed, exhumation and dune models. The rough bed model was dominant throughout the experiments, followed by the exhumation model and then the dune model. A single model was not responsible for all step formations. The rough bed, exhumation and dune models all influenced step development, and every step sequence was created through a mixture of formation processes. This research generated a large data set, where each step spacing is paired with the corresponding step formation model, making it possible to identify a distinct exclusion zone length for each model. Thus, given knowledge of the step formation model, the minimum distance to the next step downstream can be predicted. From the final spacing of a step sequence, it may be possible to deduce the likely formation mechanisms active during a step resetting event. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel adjustments, bedload transport and sediment sources in a gravel‐bed river, Brenta River, Italy
Authors: Surian Nicola , Cisotto Alberto
Published: September 2007

This paper deals with the Brenta River (the Alps, Italy), a gravel‐bed river strongly affected by human impact. The aims of this work are (a) to reconstruct the channel adjustments that have occurred during the last decades and (b) to analyse the present condition of the river in terms of bedload transport and sediment sources. The study reach, which is 23 km long, was investigated using historical maps, aerial photographs, 12 monumented cross‐sections, laser altimetry data and field survey. Bedload transport rates were estimated by a morphological approach, which allows the construction of a sediment budget.

Dramatic channel adjustments have occurred in response to an alteration of sediment fluxes caused by different human interventions (gravel mining, dams, torrent‐control works). Major channel adjustments, specifically incision (up to 8–9 m) and narrowing, took place between the 1950s and the 1980s. On the other hand, widening has become the most important process, and incision has continued only in the upper part of the study reach in more recent times (about the last 20–25 years).

The estimate of bedload transport rates for the period 1984–1997 was carried out starting from the erosion and deposition volumes of the single sub‐reaches. Such an estimate has shown that (a) a high spatial variability of gravel transport rates exists (from 0 up to 73 200–85 400 m3/year) and (b) most of the bedload is supplied by local sources. Bank erosion is the main source of sediments for bedload transport and its contribution can be estimated as from 9 up to 20 times higher than the upstream contribution. Finally, from a practical point of view, results from this study should be taken into account in addressing maintenance, sediment management and restoration along a dynamic and unstable river such as the Brenta. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics, distribution and geomorphic role of large woody debris in a mountain stream of the Chilean Andes
Authors: Andreoli Andrea , Comiti Francesco , Lenzi Mario Aristide
Published: September 2007

The paper presents an analysis of amounts, characteristics and morphological impact of large woody debris (LWD) in the Tres Arroyos stream, draining an old‐growth forested basin (9·1 km2) of the Chilean Southern Andes. Large woody debris has been surveyed along a 1·5 km long channel section with an average slope of 0·07 and a general step–pool/cascade morphology. Specific wood storage is very high (656–710 m3ha−1), comparable to that recorded in old‐growth forested basins in the Pacific Northwest. Half of the LWD elements were located on the active floodplain, and around two‐thirds of LWD elements were found in accumulations. Different types of log jam were observed, some heavily altering channel morphology (log‐steps and valley jams), while others just line the channel edges (bankfull bench jams). Log‐steps represent approximately 22% of all steps, whereas the elevation loss due to LWD (log‐steps and valley jams) results in 27% loss of the total stream potential energy. About 1600 m3of sediment is stored in the main channel behind LWD structures, corresponding to approximately 150% of the annual sediment yield. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics along a large Alpine alluvial corridor (Tagliamento River, Northeast Italy)
Authors: Doering M. , Uehlinger U. , Rotach A. , Schlaepfer D. R. , Tockner K.
Published: September 2007

Riverine floodplains are pulsing ecosystems that expand and contract with changing flow. In this study we quantified large‐scale expansion and contraction dynamics of surface waters along a 41·5 km braided section of the last remaining semi‐natural large Alpine gravel‐bed river (Tagliamento River; NE Italy). To assess surface–subsurface exchange patterns we measured discharge and vertical hydraulic gradients at multiple locations along the corridor. We identified two river sections delineated by distinct geomorphic knickpoints. In the upper 29 km, Section I (losing zone), surface flow decreased on average by 2·5 ± 0·8 m3 s−1 per river‐km. In the downstream 12·5 km, Section II (gaining zone), surface flow increased on average by 0.3 ± 0.1 m3 s−1 per river‐km. The losing zone experienced frequent and extensive drying and rewetting cycles. The length of the dry river section was measured over a 1·5 year period using differential GPS. Up to 23 km of Section I fell dry at the surface. Frequent and irregular flow pulses led to rapid expansions of the wetted channel at velocities of up to 3 km h−1, while the subsequent contraction velocities were less than 0·5 km h−1. Water level was linearly regressed against the total length of the dry river section (r2 = 0·74; p < 0·0001). This relationship, in combination with a continuous stage record, was used to evaluate expansion and contraction dynamics over a 4 year period. Timing, frequency, magnitude (spatial extent) and duration of expansion and contraction dynamics reflected the flashy flow regime of the Tagliamento River, including a high intra‐ and inter‐annual variability of surface drying and rewetting. Our study emphasizes that even small changes in flow can cause major increases or decreases of ecosystem size, thereby creating a highly dynamic and harsh environment for both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach to evaluate the variation of power producer's bidding curves based on dimensional reduction model
Authors: Zhou H. , Chen J. H. , Xiong X. H. , Zhang F. Q. , Han Z. X. , Sun W. Z.
Published: September 2007

A dimension reduction model is proposed in this paper. The proposed model can be used to transform the unit's biding curve of power producers of a market into a one‐dimensional feature vector, which reflects the changes of the bidding curve quite conformably. As a result, the unit's biding curves can be classified by using cluster analysis. Through clustering calculations of the bidding curves of Zhejiang electricity market, it is shown that the bidding curve can be classified accurately and efficiently by using a 20‐segment model and the squared sum of deviations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating power control with routing to satisfy energy and delay constraints in sensor networks
Authors: Bravos George , Kanatas Athanasios G.
Published: September 2007

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) demand the implementation of energy‐aware techniques and low‐complexity protocols in all layers. In this paper we propose, implement and evaluate a new protocol that combines energy‐efficient routing with end‐to‐end delay minimisation, and embodies a basic power control scheme. We call this scheme energy‐delay minimisation (EDEM). We focus on two parameters that mainly affect energy efficiency, the initial transmission power and the power step used through network operation. Therefore, we investigate the optimum values for these parameters and provide an analytical solution that optimises EDEM's performance. Finally, we evaluate the proposed scheme in terms of energy efficiency and time delays using several different metrics, such as total energy consumption, dying nodes rate, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio and total time delays. The results are promising since remarkable gains are provided with respect to existing protocols. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EM based channel estimation method for MIMO‐OFDM systems
Authors: Na Chongning , Obradovic Dragan , Szabo Andrei
Published: September 2007

Standard Wiener interpolation for Pilot Aided Channel Estimation (PACE) in OFDM systems does not utilise other available information at the receiver such as the received signals in the non‐pilot sub‐channels and the knowledge about the transmitted symbol alphabet. In addition, the standard Wiener interpolation method requires the spacing of the pilot symbols to satisfy theSampling Theorem, i.e. at least two pilot sub‐channels within the coherence bandwidth. This paper presents two novel channel estimation methods aiming at improving and expanding the PACE. The first method is based on the standard Wiener interpolation, and it achieves better performance by feeding back the posterior probabilities of the detected symbols. The second method is aiming at performing channel estimation with the placement of pilot symbols not necessarily satisfying theSampling Theorem. Both methods use the Expectation and Maximisation (EM) algorithm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Happiness and time perspective as potential mediators of quality of life and depression in adolescent cancer
Authors: Bitsko Matthew J. , Stern Marilyn , Dillon Robyn , Russell E. Clifton , Laver Joseph
Published: September 2007

Background

Given the increase in 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer, current psycho‐oncology literature is focusing on finding correlates and predictors to their positive psychosocial adjustment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two potential mediators to adolescent cancer survivors' quality of life (QOL) and depressive symptomology. Procedure: Adolescent cancer survivors (N = 50; 50% males; mean diagnosis age, 13.7; mean age at study, 20.2) were surveyed, testing the mediation effects of their happiness (Subjective Happiness Scale) and past‐negative time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory) on QOL (PedsQL 4.0) and depressive symptomology (CES‐D). Independent variables included gender and treatment intensity.

Results

Happiness significantly mediated the relationship between treatment intensity in both depressive symptomology (β = −0.65, P < 0.05, CI = −2.46, −6.41) and QOL (β = 0.54, P < 0.05, CI = 3.66, 9.01). A past‐negative time perspective significantly mediated the relationship between gender and depressive symptomology (β = 0.60, P < 0.05, CI = 3.34, 9.78). Survivors' gender was not associated with happiness and treatment intensity was not associated with time perspective.

Conclusions

Happiness may be a more direct predictor of QOL and depression than the intensity of treatment for cancer. Also, thinking negatively about one's past may be a more direct predictor of depressive symptomology than being female. Therefore, interventions that cultivate happiness and reframe time perspective may be effective ways to improve survivors' QOL and decrease depressive symptoms—regardless of gender and intensity of treatment protocol. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:613–619. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent trend of the partial discharge measurement technique using the UHF electromagnetic wave detection method
Authors: Hikita Masayuki , Ohtsuka Shinya , Matsumoto Satoshi
Published: September 2007

The ultra high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic wave detection method has been widely studied and used in partial discharge (PD) measurement and as a diagnostic technique for insulation performance in gas‐insulated switchgears (GIS) and transformers. The UHF method has advantages such as high sensitivity, wide detection range and reduced external disturbances. On the other hand, there are still some issues to be solved in the UHF methods, such as a clear understanding of the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves arising from the structure of the equipment, optimization of antenna design, calibration of charge, etc. This article deals with the present status and future trend of the technology of this promising UHF method of PD measurement, together with recent activities and results from our laboratory. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Latest research activity on the standard of high‐voltage impulse in Japan
Authors: Wakimoto Takayuki , Ishii Masaru
Published: September 2007

A national‐standard‐class impulse voltage measuring system in Japan was developed in the consignment research of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) from 1998 to 2006. The standard measuring system for the impulse voltage measurements is to be managed by the Japan High‐voltage Impulse testing Laboratories Liaison (JHILL) established under the Japan Electric Machine Industry Association (JEMA).

In this paper, the composition of this standard measuring system, its performances and international compatibility, the domestic traceability system and related latest activities are described. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Condition monitoring systems for power equipment using Internet‐based technology
Authors: Maruyama Shiro , Saito Minoru , Shimizu Kenji , Yoshii Kouji
Published: September 2007

The implementation of Internet technologies in power equipment monitoring systems will allow free and flexible acquisition of power system information and equipment sensor information at remote locations. By utilizing general‐purpose Internet technologies such as IP telecommunication and browser, widely distributed data can be collected easily. This paper introduces the basic configurations of Internet‐based systems and provides examples of where these systems have been implemented. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A design of MOSFET‐C impedance simulation circuits based on a GIC
Authors: Sato Takahide , Takagi Shigetaka , Fujii Nobuo
Published: September 2007

This paper proposes a systematic design method of MOSFET‐C impedance simulation circuits based on a generalized immittance converter (GIC). The design method can realize inductance simulation circuits, capacitance multipliers and frequency‐dependent negative resistances (FDNRs) only by MOSFETs, capacitors and two operational amplifiers. Although MOSFETs are used instead of passive resistors, the realized impedance simulation circuits have good linearity since the nonlinearity caused by MOSFETs are cancelled out. The proposed design method derives three inductance simulation circuits, five capacitance multipliers and two FDNRs systematically from a GIC. All of them are summarized in this paper. As an example, inductance simulation circuits are designed by using the proposed design method. The inductance simulation circuits are applied to a filter realization and validity of the design method is confirmed by HSPICE simulations. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Screening of depressive tendency in children by evaluating facial expression cognition
Authors: Sugiura Akihiko , Kirana Rini Pura , Yonemura Keiichi
Published: September 2007

These days suicides are being committed by students at all three levels of schooling. This serious problem is one that we should respond to as quickly as possible. Pediatric depression is a potential source of this problem. Previously, we have reported a simple diagnosis of the depressed state using facial expression cognition in the case of adults. There we implemented a self‐diagnostic inspection that can be carried out easily in a short time for the screening of depression. In this report, we examine whether the method we developed for adults may be applied to children as a fast and effective response to the big problem of pediatric depression. Through this examination, we hope that we can respond quickly to the problem of suicides by students in schools at all three levels caused by depression. Moreover, we can respond to a situation in which the school and parents do not understand the children's mental state that contributes heavily to these acts. From this response, we can evolve a better support system. Furthermore, we examine an application that uses a hand phone to improve the early stages of detection and evolve a support system through the increased number of users. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Secure interconnection protocol for integrated Internet and ad hoc networks
Authors: Xie Bin , Kumar Anup , Agrawal Dharma P.
Published: September 2007

Integration of ad hoc networks with the Internet provides global Internet connectivity for ad hoc hosts through the coordination of mobile IP and ad hoc protocols. In a pure ad hoc network, it is difficult to establish trust relationship between two ad hoc hosts due to lack of infrastructure or centralized administration. In this paper, an infrastructure‐supported and distributed authentication protocol is proposed to enhance trust relationships amongst ad hoc hosts. In addition, an effective secure routing protocol (SRP) is discussed to protect the multi‐hop route for Internet and ad hoc communication. In the integrated ad hoc networks with Internet accessibility, the ad hoc routing security deployed with the help of infrastructure has a fundamental impact on ad hoc hosts in term of Internet access, integrity, and authentication. Both analysis and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed security protocol. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phospholipid composition of some plant oils at different stages of refining, measured by the latroscan‐Chromarod method
Authors: Du Plessis L. M. , Pretorius H. E.
Published: September 2007

Although the phospholipid composition of crude plant oils has been well studied, not much is known about the effect of the different refining processes on the individual phospholipids. This information is useful to the manufacturer to optimize the refining process. In this study corn, sunflower seed and peanut oils, at different stages of refining, were analyzed with the Iatroscan‐chromarod method. The total phosphorus content of the samples was also determined with a classical method. The Iatroscan gave results of acceptable accuracy for the analysis of crude oils with phospholipid‐phosphorus values between 145 and 536 ppm. However, for oils at further stages of refining, with phospholipid‐phosphorus values between 1 and 10 ppm, less accurate results were obtained. For these oils, the latroscan results had to be supported by conventional thin layer chromatography. Degummed oils contained phosphatidyl‐choline (1.1‐22 ppm P), phosphatidylethanolamine (1‐2 ppm P), phosphatidylinositol (trace‐10 ppm P) and phosphatidic acid (trace‐5 ppm P). Further refined oils contained no phospholipids with the exception of two samples. Bleached sunflower oil contained about 1 ppm phosphatidylinositol and bleached peanut oil contained ca. 1 ppm phosphatidylethanolamine and 1 ppm phosphatidylcholine. Fully refined edible oils contained no phospholipids.
Effect of selected antioxidants on the stability of virgin olive oil
Authors: Kiritsakis A. K. , Stine C. M. , Dugan L. R.
Published: September 2007

Virgin unrefined olive oil was protected from oxidation with the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and in one case propyl gallate (PG). All the antioxidants improved the stability of olive oil under accelerated conditions (oven test) and storage conditions at 50 C. In the oven test, where the type of oil used was the same as that used in long‐term storage studies (room temperature and 50 C) the relative inhibition effect of the antioxidants was in the following order: TBHQ = BHA > BHT. The combinations of BHA and BHT with TBHQ displayed better stabilizing qualities. Antioxidants did not prevent peroxide formation in olive oil stored at room temperature in daylight; these samples oxidized to a high degree, probably due to the catalytic action of chlorophyll. Citric acid (CA) used alone did not affect the oxidative stability of the oil in the oven test and at room temperature in the dark, but exhibited a negative effect at 50 C. The reduction in peroxide content with teritary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in the dark at 50 C was greater than anticipated from the oven studies. Potency of the antioxidants under these conditions (50 C) was in the following order: TBHQ> BHT > BHA. The combinations of BHA 0.01% or BHT 0.01% with TBHQ 0.005% used in the dark at 50 C were less effective than TBHQ 0.01%.
Effect of treatment on biclonal gammopathy associated with Gaucher disease
Authors: Decaux O. , Ruelland A. , Grosbois B.
Published: September 2007

The non‐random association of Gaucher disease with polyclonal and monoclonal gammopathy has been known since 1950. The effect of treatment on monoclonal gammopathy is not well documented. We report on the long‐term evolution of a biclonal gammopathy in a patient with type I Gaucher disease who was treated with splenectomy and enzyme replacement therapy. A 44‐year‐old man presented with hepatomegaly and massive splenomegaly. Bone marrow aspirate contained typical Gaucher cells and β‐glucosidase was low in peripheral blood leukocytes. Mutations N370S and R120W were detected. Serum protein electrophoresis disclosed two spikes in gammaglobulins. Immunofixation identified two monoclonal components: IgG kappa and IgA kappa. Gammaglobulin concentration was 31.6 g/L. A splenectomy was performed on September 2003 because of massive splenomegaly (9500 g). Two months after the splenectomy, gammaglobulin concentration was 25.2 g/L. Enzyme replacement therapy (Cerezyme 45 UI/kg every two weeks) was prescribed from April 2004 because of significant hepatomegaly and cholestasis. In April 2007 (3 years after the beginning of treatment), serum electrophoresis showed the persistence of two spikes with gammaglobulin concentration at 20.5 g/L. Simultaneously, chitotriosidase activity decreased from 6181 to 2877 nkat/L. Our observation and previous reports suggest that enzyme replacement therapy is more effective in polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia than in monoclonal gammopathy.
The potential role of polyploidy and hybridisation in the further evolution of the highly invasive Fallopia taxa in Europe
Authors: Bailey John P. , Bímová Kateřina , Mandák Bohumil
Published: September 2007

Japanese knotweed s.l. comprises Fallopia japonica, F. sachalinensis, F. × bohemica and any F2s or backcrosses. The parental taxa were introduced from the East to the West as garden ornamentals in the nineteenth century, and soon spread beyond the confines of the garden to become widespread and persistent weeds. Since only female F. japonica var. japonica was introduced, its impressive spread has occurred solely by vegetative means. However, the initial lack of genetic variability has been complemented by an extensive series of hybridisations in the adventive range. We examine the history, spread, reproductive biology and ecological impact of these species in the West. The role and importance of polyploidy and hybridisation in their invasion of the West is discussed, as are the implications of these factors for the potential further evolution of the group.
Incontinence in Malawi: Analysis of a proxy measure of vaginal fistula in a national survey
Authors: Johnson K.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To document the first effort to collect national lifetime prevalence data on vaginal fistulas and discern the usefulness of the measure.

Methods

The 11,698 women successfully interviewed in the 2005 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey were asked whether they had ever experienced leakage of urine or stool from their vagina. Multivariate techniques were then used to determine factors associated with fistula symptoms.

Results

The relationships between fistula symptoms and wealth and fistula symptoms and education were negative and monotonic. Rural women were 40% more likely than urban women to report fistula symptoms. Women who had experienced a stillbirth were 66% more likely to report the symptoms, and those who had experienced sexual violence were 71% more likely to report the symptoms. A crude fistula rate of 15.6 per 1000 live births was found for Malawi.

Conclusions

Survey methods may be used to capture the prevalence of vaginal fistula cases in a given country, but further work is needed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the questions asked.
Reconceptualizing the Scientific Revolution
Authors: COHEN H. FLORIS
Published: September 2007

Academics all over the world rightly desire to understand how modern science has come about. Indeed there was a time when historians of science had on offer a clear-cut conception of how that happened. But ongoing innovation in historiographical approaches has rendered the period from Galileo to Newton ever more elusive. Its monolithic coherence has been dissolved, a mood of sceptical resignation reigns in the profession over the very possibility of treating seventeenth-century science as more than a string of loosely connected episodes. I argue that, without returning to a historiographical past definitively behind us, coherence may be restored at a higher level of sophistication. Cross-cultural comparison, and unusual ways of dealing with historical concepts and causes, are proper tools to revitalize the issue and come up with partly novel answers to a question that in any case refuses to go away.
More Than a Maxwellian: Fitzgerald and Technology
Authors: ATTIS DAVID
Published: September 2007

While George Francis Fitzgerald is celebrated today primarily for his contributions to theoretical physics, especially Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, his correspondence demonstrates that he was driven as much by a passion for new technologies and their potential to change the world as by the mathematical explanations that made him famous. He experimented with a wide range of technologies, educated a generation of engineers at Trinity College Dublin and advocated the importance of technical education for Ireland's future prosperity. But during his own lifetime, he struggled to convince the public of what many today believe to be self-evident – namely, that progress in industry depends on university-educated scientists and engineers and that every good university requires a well-equipped research laboratory. His dream for Ireland of prosperity through education, science and industry would not be realized until almost 90 years after his death.
Width of the Hadley cell in simple and comprehensive general circulation models
Authors: Frierson Dargan M. W. , Lu Jian , Chen Gang
Published: September 2007

The width of the Hadley cell is studied over a wide range of climate regimes using both simple and comprehensive atmospheric general circulation models. Aquaplanet, fixed sea surface temperature lower boundary conditions are used in both models to study the response of the Hadley cell width to changes in both global mean temperature and pole‐to‐equator temperature gradient. The primary sensitivity of both models is a large expansion of the Hadley cell with increased mean temperature. The models also exhibit a smaller increase in width with temperature gradient. The Hadley cell widths agree well with a scaling theory by Held which assumes that the width is determined by the latitude where baroclinic eddies begin to occur. As surface temperatures are warmed, the latitude of baroclinic instability onset is shifted poleward due to increases in the static stability of the subtropics, which is increased in an atmosphere with higher moisture content.