bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shaping the Fate of Life on Earth: The Post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework
Authors: Erdelen Walter R.
Published: January 2020

Loss of biological diversity continues at alarming rates, despite valiant UN efforts aided by the international community. The 2010 Target for biodiversity has been missed. The Aichi Targets, adopted in 2010, may also not be met by their timeline of 2020. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its partners are now preparing a post‐2020 global framework for biodiversity, to be adopted in October 2020, at its 15th Conference of the Parties. The initiative presented here is meant to provoke further thought on how to accelerate efforts toward stopping biodiversity loss. Ten proposals are briefly introduced and discussed, with emphasis on three priority fast track initiatives: (1) the creation of as extensive as possible a worldwide protected area network; (2) a complete halt to deforestation and the restoration of forest ecosystems; and (3) a massive reduction in or (ideally) a halt to further environmental pollution. Following a discussion of approaches at national, regional and global levels, the proposals are related to a generic scenario comprising the biodiversity‐related institutional landscape and its governance systems and trends in biodiversity and its global distribution resulting from the interplay between human impacts, conservation efforts and uncertainties about the future course of evolution.
Neural Substrates Underlying Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Cheng Dominic T. , Rice Laura C. , McCaul Mary E. , Rilee Jessica J. , Faulkner Monica L. , Sheu Yi‐Shin , Mathena Joanna R. , Desmond John E.
Published: January 2020

Background

Excessive alcohol consumption produces changes in the brain that often lead to cognitive impairments. One fundamental form of learning, eyeblink classical conditioning (EBC), has been widely used to study the neurobiology of learning and memory. Participants with alcohol use disorders (AUD) have consistently shown a behavioral deficit in EBC. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study is the first to examine brain function during conditioning in abstinent AUD participants and healthy participants.

Methods

AUD participants met DSM‐IV criteria for alcohol dependence, had at least a 10‐year history of heavy drinking, and were abstinent from alcohol for at least 30 days. During fMRI, participants received auditory tones that predicted the occurrence of corneal airpuffs. Anticipatory eyeblink responses to these tones were monitored during the experiment to assess learning‐related changes.

Results

Behavioral results indicate that AUD participants showed significant conditioning deficits and that their history of lifetime drinks corresponded to these deficits. Despite this learning impairment, AUD participants showed hyperactivation in several key cerebellar structures (including lobule VI) during conditioning. For all participants, history of lifetime drinks corresponded with their lobule VI activity.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that excessive alcohol consumption is associated with abnormal cerebellar hyperactivation and conditioning impairments.
Behavioral Flexibility in Alcohol‐Drinking Monkeys: The Morning After
Authors: Shnitko Tatiana A. , Gonzales Steven W. , Newman Natali , Grant Kathleen A.
Published: January 2020

Background

Heavy alcohol drinking has aspects of inflexible behavior. This study addressed the consequences of chronic alcohol drinking on cognitive and sensory‐motor domains of behavioral flexibility in rhesus monkeys.

Methods

Behavioral flexibility was assessed in 12 monkeys (n = 9, ethanol [EtOH] drinkers) with a set‐shifting visual discrimination procedure before alcohol self‐administration and while maintaining consumption of 1.5 g/kg/d EtOH. Task performance was assessed in the morning after ~18 hours of drinking 1.5 g/kg, and 1 hour before the next day's drinking session began. The first 10 set‐shifting sessions had the original (preethanol) test parameters and were used to determine retention of preethanol performance. Then, an effect of sensory‐motor challenge (60% reduction in the size of the discriminative stimuli) on performance was assessed during 10 additional sessions.

Results

There were no average group‐dependent differences in the performance between control and EtOH groups at the preethanol time‐point. The daily consumption of 1.5 g/kg/d produced binge alcohol intakes in 7 of 9 monkeys (blood EtOH concentration [BEC ≥ 80 mg/dl]). Chronic daily intakes of 1.5 g/kg had no effect on retention of the task in the sober state. However, when challenged with a reduction in the size of the stimuli, daily 1.5 g/kg EtOH resulted in a decrement in performance due to an increase in the number of errors.

Conclusions

Rhesus monkeys consuming 1.5 g/kg alcohol daily perform equally as could as control monkeys in retention of a well‐learned cognitive task. However, this pattern of daily alcohol intake robustly decreased the ability to flexibly adjust behavior when confronted with novel changes to perceptual stimuli.
Characterization of Service Use for Alcohol Problems Across Generations and Sex in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Bourdon Jessica L. , Tillman Rebecca , Francis Meredith W. , Dick Danielle M. , Stephenson Mallory , Kamarajan Chella , Edenberg Howard J. , Kramer John , Kuperman Samuel , Bucholz Kathleen K. , McCutcheon Vivia V.
Published: January 2020

Background

There are gaps in the literature on service use (help‐seeking and treatment utilization) for alcohol problems among those with alcohol use disorder (AUD). First, policy changes and cultural shifts (e.g., insurance) related to AUD have occurred over the last few decades, making it important to study generational differences. Second, multiple studies have found that females receive fewer services than males, and exploring whether these sex differences persist across generations can inform public health and research endeavors. The current study examined service use for alcohol problems among individuals with AUD. The aims were as follows: (i) to describe service use for alcohol problems; (ii) to assess generational differences (silent [b. 1928 to 1945], boomer [b. 1946 to 1964], generation X [b. 1965 to 1980], millennial [b. 1981 to 1996]) in help‐seeking and treatment utilization; and (iii) to examine sex differences across generations.

Methods

Data were from affected family members of probands who participated in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (N = 4,405). First, frequencies for service use variables were calculated across generations. Pearson chi‐square and ANOVA were used to test for differences in rates and types of service use across generations, taking familial clustering into account. Next, Cox survival modeling was used to assess associations of generation and sex with time to first help‐seeking and first treatment for AUD, and time from first onset of AUD to first help‐seeking and first treatment. Interactions between generation and sex were tested within each Cox regression.

Results

Significant hazards were found in all 4 transitions. Overall, younger generations used services earlier than older generations, which translated into higher likelihoods of these behaviors. Regardless of generation, younger females were less likely to use services than males.

Conclusions

There are generational and sex differences in service use for alcohol problems among individuals with AUD. Policy and clinical implications are discussed.
Drinking beyond the binge threshold in a clinical sample of adolescents
Authors: Creswell Kasey G. , Chung Tammy , Skrzynski Carillon J. , Bachrach Rachel L. , Jackson Kristina M. , Clark Duncan B. , Martin Christopher S.
Published: January 2020

Background and aims

Nearly all the research conducted on high‐intensity drinking has focused on college and school‐based samples, with recent calls for research to understand this risky drinking pattern in non‐school‐based samples and across time. This study aimed to characterize predictors and consequences of non‐binge drinking, age‐ and gender‐adjusted binge drinking (level I) and drinking at levels representing two or more times (level II) and three or more times the level I binge threshold (level III) in a clinical sample of adolescents followed into young adulthood.

Design

Cross‐sectional associations between non‐binge drinking, binge levels, and negative alcohol‐related consequences were examined during adolescence; prospective analyses tested whether adolescent non‐binge drinking and binge levels predicted alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms in young adulthood and whether changes in drinking motives over time were associated with binge levels in young adulthood.

Setting

US clinical settings.

Participants

A total of 432 adolescents (aged 12–18 years) with alcohol‐related problems followed into young adulthood (aged 19–25 years).

Measurements

Life‐time drinking history, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM AUDs, and Inventory of Drinking Situations.

Findings

Results were generally consistent with a distinction between binge level I versus levels II–III on various negative alcohol‐related consequences in adolescence (Ps < 0.05) that were maintained in young adulthood (Ps < 0.01). The maintenance of relatively high endorsement of enhancement and social motives over time was associated with binge levels II–III in young adulthood (Ps < 0.001); decreases in coping motives were associated with less risky drinking in adulthood (P = 0.003).

Conclusions

Among US adolescents with alcohol‐related problems who were followed‐up in young adulthood (aged 19–25 years), standard threshold binge drinking (five or more drinks per occasion; level I) was generally associated with fewer alcohol‐related consequences and problem behaviors than binge drinking at two or more times (level II) or three or more times (level III) the standard binge threshold.
Type 2 leprosy reaction resembling Sweet syndrome: Review of new and published cases
Authors: Chavez‐Alvarez Sonia , Herz‐Ruelas Maira , Ocampo‐Candiani Jorge , Gomez‐Flores Minerva
Published: January 2020

A leprosy reaction resembling Sweet syndrome was first described in 1987. This cutaneous manifestation can be classified as the type 2 reaction which arises from antigen–antibody interaction. It can occur in patients with diagnosed or undiagnosed leprosy, and men with borderline leprosy tend to exhibit this type of reaction. Triggering factors may include WHO multibacillary treatment or prescription antibiotics. Several reports of this clinical phenomenon have been published, making physicians consider it as part of this spectrum of the disease. Treatment regime can include systemic steroids and thalidomide.
The optimal timing of immunotherapy may improve pregnancy outcome in women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: A perspective follow‐up study in northeastern China
Authors: Hou Yue , Li Jiapo , Liu Qian , Zhang Liyang , Chen Bingnan , Li Yuanyuan , Bian Yue , Huang Ling , Qiao Chong
Published: January 2020

Problem

To determine whether patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL) can benefit from pre‐conception immunotherapy or on the early phase of the first trimester.

Method of study

The prospective follow‐up study which involved pre‐conception patients diagnosed with URPL following rigorous etiology screening in the medical center of recurrent pregnancy loss. In this study, pre‐conception immunotherapy included lymphocyte immunotherapy (pre‐LIT). Post‐conception immunotherapy (post‐IM) included LIT or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Patients were recommended to undergo post‐IM immediately from human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) elevation. Autoimmune antibodies (AIA) and anti‐paternal lymphocytotoxic antibodies (APLA) were tested before and after pre‐LIT. Favorable outcome was defined as pregnancy over 14 weeks. Unfavorable outcomes included biochemical pregnancy loss (BPL) and pregnancy loss with clear implantation location (PLCIL).

Results

In this study, URPL accounted for 12.9% of recurrent pregnancy loss (217/1682). Frequency of BPL was significantly lower in patients with post‐IM than that without post‐IM [2.8% vs 28.2%; adjusted relative risk (aRR), 0.06; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.01‐0.24]. There was a significant positive conversion in the AIA induced by pre‐LIT (0.0% vs 31.0%). Frequency of PLCIL in patients with positive iatrogenic AIA conversion induced by pre‐LIT was higher than that in patients without AIA conversion [30.4% vs 5.8%; aRR, 7.53; 95% CI, 1.31‐43.34].

Conclusion

Pre‐LIT of patients with URPL contributed to a positive iatrogenic AIA conversion, which was associated with an increased risk of PLCIL. Post‐IM immediately initiated from the time of hCG elevation can reduce the incidence of BPL.
Sexism Interacts with Patient–Physician Gender Concordance in Influencing Patient Control Preferences: Findings from a Vignette Experimental Design
Authors: Monzani Dario , Vergani Laura , Pizzoli Silvia Francesca Maria , Marton Giulia , Mazzocco Ketti , Bailo Luca , Messori Chiara , Pancani Luca , Cattelan Manuela , Pravettoni Gabriella
Published: January 2020

Background

Patient preferences regarding their involvement in shared treatments decisions is fundamental in clinical practice. Previous evidences demonstrated a large heterogeneity in these preferences. However, only few studies have analysed the influence of patients’ individual differences, contextual and situational qualities, and their complex interaction in explaining this variability.

Methods

We assessed the role of the interaction of patient’s sociodemographic and psychological factors with a physician’s gender. Specifically, we focused on patient gender and attitudes toward male or female physicians. One hundred fifty‐three people participated in this randomised controlled study and were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions in which they were asked to imagine discussing their treatment with a male and a female doctor.

Results

Analyses showed an interplay between attitude towards women and the gender of patients and doctors, explaining interindividual variability in patient preferences.

Conclusions

In conclusion, patients’ attitudes toward the physicians’ gender constitutes a relevant characteristic that may influence the degree of control patients want to have and the overall patient‐physician relationship.
The N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) erasers alkylation repair homologue 5 (ALKBH5) and fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO) are prognostic biomarkers in patients with clear cell renal carcinoma
Authors: Strick Alexander , von Hagen Felix , Gundert Larissa , Klümper Niklas , Tolkach Yuri , Schmidt Doris , Kristiansen Glen , Toma Marieta , Ritter Manuel , Ellinger Jörg
Published: January 2020

Objectives

To comprehensively investigate the role of the N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) erasers ALKBH5 and FTO in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), other RCC subtypes, and oncocytoma with respect to prognostic value and biomarker potential.

Patients and Methods

The collection of tissue samples was performed within the framework of the Biobank at the Centre for Integrated Oncology Cologne‐Bonn. The gene expressions of alkylation repair homologue 5 (ALKBH5) and fat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO) were determined using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. ALKBH5 and FTO expressions were further investigated in ccRCC, papillary RCC, chromophobe RCC, sarcomatoid RCC, oncocytoma, and benign renal tissue using tissue microarrays.

Results

ALKBH5 mRNA, as well as ALKBH5 and FTO protein expressions, was significantly downregulated in ccRCC compared to normal tissue and most of the other studied tumour entities. Decreased mRNA levels of ALKBH5 and FTO correlated with a shortened overall and cancer‐specific survival following nephrectomy.

Conclusions

Taken together, our present data indicate that the m6A‐demethylases ALKBH5 and FTO are dysregulated in ccRCC and could be used as prognostic biomarkers.
Acetylshikonin suppressed growth of colorectal tumour tissue and cells by inhibiting the intracellular kinase, T‐lymphokine‐activated killer cell‐originated protein kinase.
Authors: Zhao Ran , Choi Bu Young , Wei Lixiao , Fredimoses Mangaladoss , Yin Fanxiang , Fu Xiaorong , Chen Hanyong , Liu Kangdong , Kundu Joydeb Kumar , Dong Zigang , Lee Mee‐Hyun
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose

Overexpression or aberrant activation of the T‐lymphokine‐activated killer cell‐originated protein kinase (TOPK) promotes gene expression and growth of solid tumours, implying that TOPK would be a rational target in developing novel anticancer drugs. Acetylshikonin, a diterpenoid compound isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon root, exerts a range of biological activities. Here we have investigated whether acetylshikonin, by acting as an inhibitor of TOPK, can attenuate the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and the growth of patient‐derived tumours, in vitro and in vivo.

Experimental Approach

Targets of acetylshikonin, were identified using kinase profiling analysis, kinetic/binding assay, and computational docking analysis and knock‐down techniques. Effects of acetylshikonin on colorectal cancer growth and the underlying mechanisms were evaluated in cell proliferation assays, propidium iodide and annexin‐V staining analyses and western blots. Patient‐derived tumour xenografts in mice (PDX) and immunohistochemistry were used to assess anti‐tumour effects of acetylshikonin.

Key Results

Acetylshikonin directly inhibited TOPK activity, interacting with the ATP‐binding pocket of TOPK. Acetylshikonin suppressed cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, stimulated apoptosis, and increased the expression of apoptotic biomarkers in colorectal cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, acetylshikonin diminished the phosphorylation and activation of TOPK signalling. Furthermore, acetylshikonin decreased the volume of PDX tumours and reduced the expression of TOPK signalling pathway in xenograft tumours.

Conclusion and Implications

Acetylshikonin suppressed growth of colorectal cancer cells by attenuating TOPK signalling. Targeted inhibition of TOPK by acetylshikonin might be a promising new approach to the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Impact of bowel and stoma dysfunction on female sexuality after treatment for rectal cancer
Authors: Thyø A. , Laurberg S. , Emmertsen K. J.
Published: January 2020

Aim

The aim of this study was to measure the impact of bowel dysfunction and a poorly functioning stoma on the risk of sexual inactivity and sexual dysfunction in female patients.

Method

In a population‐based cross‐sectional study, Danish rectal cancer patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2014 were invited to answer a comprehensive questionnaire regarding cancer‐ and treatment‐related late side effects after rectal cancer treatment. Bowel function was assessed using the Low Anterior Resection score and stoma function using the Colostomy Impact score. Female sexuality was measured by sexual activity, overall sexual dysfunction (the Rectal Cancer Female Sexuality score) and by different domains of sexual dysfunction (Sexual Vaginal Changes questionnaire).

Results

Eight‐hundred and thirteen female patients completed the questionnaire (response rate 49.2%). Major bowel dysfunction did not significantly increase the risk of sexual inactivity (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.93–2.07) but clearly increased the risk of sexual dysfunction (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.67–5.51). The most distinct problems were dyspareunia and inability to complete intercourse. On the contrary, poor stoma function increased the risk sexual inactivity (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.16–4.40) but not the risk of sexual dysfunction (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.27–1.99). The most distinct problem was dissatisfaction with own physical appearance.

Conclusions

Both bowel dysfunction and stoma dysfunction negatively, but differently, affect sexuality. After restorative surgery, bowel dysfunction was primarily associated with sexual dysfunction while poor stoma function after abdominoperineal excision was associated with sexual inactivity.
Effects of preceding endoscopic treatment on laparoscopic surgery for early rectal cancer
Authors: Nozawa H. , Ishii H. , Sonoda H. , Emoto S. , Murono K. , Kaneko M. , Sasaki K. , Nishikawa T. , Shuno Y. , Tanaka T. , Kawai K. , Hata K. , Ishihara S.
Published: January 2020

Aim

Endoscopic treatment for rectal cancer, such as endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection, causes inflammation, oedema and fibrosis in the surrounding tissue. However, little is known about the effect of these endoscopic therapies on salvage laparoscopic rectal surgery. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to analyse the effect of preceding endoscopic treatment on the outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer.

Method

We analysed 53 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer with clinical Tis or T1 at our department between May 2011 and June 2019. Data from 30 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery after preceding endoscopic treatment (Group E + S) were compared with those of 23 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery alone (Group S).

Results

There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to preoperative details. The mean operative time tended to be longer in Group E + S, and the volume of intra‐operative blood loss was greater in Group E + S than in Group S (median 63 ml vs 10 ml, P = 0.049). There were no significant differences between the groups in other surgical parameters or oncological outcomes.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic surgery after endoscopic treatment for rectal cancer may be difficult due to an increased risk of intra‐operative bleeding. Long‐term prognosis after surgery was not affected by preceding endoscopic treatment in rectal cancer.
Orale und Nagelpigmentierungen: eine für den Kliniker nützliche Parallelität
Authors: Dika Emi , Starace Michela , Lambertini Martina , Patrizi Annalisa , Veronesi Giulia , Alessandrini Aurora , Piraccini Bianca Maria
Published: January 2020

Orale (OP) und Nagelpigmentierungen (NP) können unter bestimmten physiologischen oder pathophysiologischen Umständen gleichzeitig auftreten und ein Anzeichen für zugrundeliegende syndromische Erkrankungen sein, die eine weiterführende Untersuchung und Therapie erfordern. Interessanterweise weisen Nageleinheit und Mundhöhle klinische Parallelen auf, die dem Arzt helfen können, eine Untersuchung fachgerecht durchzuführen und eine schnelle Diagnose zu stellen.

Sowohl OP als auch NP können sich klinisch fokal oder diffus manifestieren und sind auf externe (exogene Pigmentierungen, arzneimittelinduzierte Pigmentierungen) oder endogene Faktoren (ethnische Pigmentierung, postinflammatorische Hyperpigmentierung, Nävi, genetische oder andere Störungen) zurückzuführen. Die schwerwiegendste Differenzialdiagnose ist das Melanom.

Wir berichten über die pathogenetischen Grundlagen der OP und NP und beschreiben gemeinsame klinische Merkmale. Nach unserem besten Wissen ist dies der erste Bericht, in dem die Ursachen einer Pigmentierung sowohl der Mundhöhle als auch der Nageleinheit zusammengefasst und beschrieben werden.
Psychosocial and functional outcomes in young adults with childhood‐onset epilepsy: a 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Friefeld Kesselmayer Rachel , McMillan Taylor , Lee Beatrice , Almane Dace , Hermann Bruce P , Jones Jana E
Published: January 2020

Aim

To compare long‐term psychosocial and functional outcomes of young adults with uncomplicated childhood‐onset epilepsy (COE) to population norm controls utilizing a controlled prospective cohort study.

Method

Psychosocial and functional outcomes were assessed at 10‐year follow‐up. Fifty‐three young adults (27 males, 26 females) with COE (n=21 remission; 18y 1mo–30y 9mo; mean age 23y 4mo [SD 3y 4mo]; mean age of epilepsy onset 12y [SD 3y 2mo]) were compared to 55 (23 males, 32 females) first‐degree cousin controls (18y 5mo–29y 8mo; mean age 23y 6mo [SD 3y]). Seizure remission status and baseline comorbidities (attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and academic problems) were examined as possible risk factors for significant differences in functional outcomes.

Results

Poorer functional outcomes, indicated by patient rated cognition and overall disability, were evident among young adults with epilepsy compared to controls (all p<0.05). These difficulties were due to baseline comorbid ADHD and academic problems. Remission status was not related to measured cognition and overall disability.

Interpretation

Psychosocial outcomes of young adults with COE were similar to controls. In contrast, functional outcomes were worse in epilepsy across cognition and overall disability. Baseline comorbid ADHD and academic problems were identified as risk factors at 10‐year follow‐up suggesting that these early recognized comorbidities at or near diagnosis have long‐term impacts.

What this paper adds

Young adults with childhood‐onset epilepsy (COE) and controls have similar psychosocial outcomes 10 years after diagnosis.

Young adults with COE report greater limitations in cognition and overall disability than controls.

Baseline presence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and academic problems significantly affect cognitive and overall disability scores.
Association of increased hepatic insulin clearance and change in serum triglycerides or β‐hydroxybutyrate concentration via the sodium/glucose‐cotransporter 2 inhibitor tofogliflozin
Authors: Matsubayashi Yasuhiro , Yoshida Akihiro , Suganami Hideki , Osawa Taeko , Furukawa Kazuo , Suzuki Hiroshi , Fujihara Kazuya , Tanaka Shiro , Kaku Kohei , Sone Hirohito
Published: January 2020

Aims

Obesity and hepatic fat accumulation diminish hepatic insulin clearance, which can cause hyperinsulinaemia. Sodium/glucose‐cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2‐is) improve insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia by weight loss via increased urinary glucose excretion in type 2 diabetes. However, there are few reports of the influence of SGLT2‐is on hepatic insulin clearance. We examined the impact of an SGLT2‐i on hepatic insulin clearance and explored the clinical influence associated with changes in hepatic insulin clearance via an SGLT2‐i and the mechanism of the effects of SGLT2‐i.

Materials and methods

Data were analysed from 419 patients with type 2 diabetes controlled by diet and exercise. Patients received a placebo or the SGLT2‐i tofogliflozin (TOFO) (placebo: n = 56; TOFO: n = 363) orally once daily for ≥24 weeks. Hepatic insulin clearance was calculated from the ratio of areas under the curve (AUC) of C‐peptide and insulin levels derived from oral meal tolerance test data (C‐peptide AUC0‐120 min/insulin AUC0‐120 min: HICCIR). The correlation of HICCIR via the SGLT2‐i with other clinical variables was analysed using multivariate analysis.

Results

HICCIR was significantly increased via TOFO at week 24. Furthermore, with TOFO insulin and triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) and β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was significantly elevated (P < 0.001). Changes in HICCIR were significantly correlated with changes in TG and BHB via TOFO.

Conclusions

Increased HICCIR was significantly associated with reduced TG via TOFO and contributed to the greater increase in BHB compared with placebo in addition to the correction of hyperinsulinaemia.
How to study anxiety and depression in rodent models of chronic pain?
Authors: Kremer Mélanie , Becker Léa J. , Barrot Michel , Yalcin Ipek
Published: January 2020

Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety are frequently observed in patients suffering from chronic pain. Over time, different tests and models have been developed in rodents to study the anxiodepressive‐like consequences of chronic pain. This review describes these preclinical tools (models and tests) used for studying behavioural aspects of the comorbid relationship between chronic pain and anxiety and/or major depressive disorder. Three major types of chronic pain strongly associated with anxiodepressive‐like comorbidity as well as their animal models are presented: neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain and fibromyalgia. After a description of chronic pain animal models and of the tests that allow determining nociceptive responses, this review presents and discusses the various behavioural tests that have been used to assess anxiety and depressive‐like behaviours in these models of chronic pain. Finally, this review highlights the progress that remains to be made to homogenize the results in the field of pain‐induced mood disorders and summarizes the recent advances achieved through these tests and models.
Specter, Phantom, Demon
Authors: Csordas Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

In this article, I engage the existential and ontological ambiguity of “hauntology” by considering the three figures of specter, phantom, and demon. The literary ghost, the psychoanalytic ancestor introject, and the theological evil spirit evoke distinct but interrelated modes of being and nonbeing, presence and absence, subjectivity and intersubjectivity. What they have in common is the element of secrecy, where the secret may in various instances be shameful, not yet speakable, or deceitful. My ethnographic focus is on the demon in contemporary Roman Catholic exorcism as a figure of lies, deceit, and destruction within a ritually constructed assumptive world, and I examine this figure by describing the hauntological structure of the lifeworld of a demonically afflicted woman. The analysis shows that the notion of hauntology can help understand the contemporary phenomenon of Catholic exorcism, but also reciprocally that the examining of the practice of exorcism can help elaborate a theory of hauntology.
Genetic, morphological and ecological variation across a sharp hybrid zone between two alpine butterfly species
Authors: Capblancq Thibaut , Després Laurence , Mavárez Jesús
Published: January 2020

Identifying the mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of species is a central question in evolutionary biology, and distinguishing the selective drivers of populations’ divergence from demographic processes is of particular interest to better understand the speciation process. Hybrid zones are recognized to provide ideal places to investigate the genetic architecture of speciation and to identify the mechanisms allowing diverging species to maintain their integrity in the face of gene flow. Here, we studied two alpine butterfly species, Coenonympha macromma and C. gardetta, which can be found flying together and hybridizing in narrow contact zones in the southern French Alps. We characterized the genomic composition of individuals, their morphology and their local habitat requirements, within and around a hybrid zone. Genetic diversity analysis at 794 SNPs revealed that all individuals within the hybrid zone were highly admixed, which was not the case outside the hybrid zone. Cline analysis showed that, despite ongoing hybridization, 56 out of 122 loci differentially fixed or nearly so between the two species were impermeable to introgression across the sharp hybrid zone (9 km wide). We also found concordance in cline position and width among genetic, morphological and environmental variation, suggesting a coupling of different reproductive barriers. Habitat characteristics such as the presence of trees and shrubs and the start of the growing season were strongly associated with the genetic variation, and we found evidence of divergence at genetic markers associated with morphology and physiology, putatively involved in visual or environmental reproductive isolation. We discuss the various behavioural and ecological factors that might interplay to maintain current levels of divergence and gene flow between this species pair.
Team Snacks in Youth Basketball: Which Factors Influence Parent Selection
Authors: Yoshinaga Allyson , Gray Virginia B. , Barrack Michelle , Blaine Rachel E. , Smallwood Kelly
Published: January 2020

While childhood involvement in sports increases physical activity, snacks at sporting events are often suboptimal. Using the health belief model as a theoretical framework, this study evaluated factors influencing parents’ selection of team snacks in a Southern California youth basketball league. Survey responses (N = 99) suggest health, convenience, and child’s snack preference influenced team snack selections; however, most parents did not desire changes in snacks. Parents desiring changes (n = 35) prioritized nutrient content of snacks more than those not desiring changes. Parents suggested limiting sugary snacks and viewed fruit as ideal, while many viewed snacks as a treat/reward for play. Future research is needed to identify behavioral targets for education or policies that resonate with parent values for snack selection in youth sports.
Meta‐analysis on the potential for increasing nitrogen losses from intensifying tropical agriculture
Authors: Huddell Alexandra M. , Galford Gillian L. , Tully Katherine L. , Crowley Cynthia , Palm Cheryl A. , Neill Christopher , Hickman Jonathan E. , Menge Duncan N. L.
Published: January 2020

Fertilized temperate croplands export large amounts of reactive nitrogen (N), which degrades water and air quality and contributes to climate change. Fertilizer use is poised to increase in the tropics, where widespread food insecurity persists and increased agricultural productivity will be needed, but much less is known about the potential consequences of increased tropical N fertilizer application. We conducted a meta‐analysis of tropical field studies of nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, nitric oxide emissions, and ammonia volatilization totaling more than 1,000 observations. We found that the relationship between N inputs and losses differed little between temperate and tropical croplands, although total nitric oxide losses were higher in the tropics. Among the potential drivers we studied, the N input rate controlled all N losses, but soil texture and water inputs also controlled hydrological N losses. Irrigated systems had significantly higher losses of ammonia, and pasture agroecosystems had higher nitric oxide losses. Tripling of fertilizer N inputs to tropical croplands from 50 to 150 kg N ha−1 year−1 would have substantial environmental implications and would lead to increases in nitrate leaching (+30%), nitrous oxide emissions (+30%), nitric oxide (+66%) emissions, and ammonia volatilization (+74%), bringing tropical agricultural nitrate, nitrous oxide, and ammonia losses in line with temperate losses and raising nitric oxide losses above them.
Vitality policy as a tool for rural development in peripheral Finland
Authors: Makkonen Teemu , Kahila Petri
Published: January 2020

In Finland, there has been a strong tendency to direct rural development from competitiveness and (traditional) enterprise and industrial policy towards a more holistic, systemic and place‐based “vitality policy” including softer development values related to attractive living environments, communality and the well‐being of residents. Research on the topic has, however, remained limited and the views of municipalities unaccounted for. Here, the issue of how municipalities themselves regard this shift in their development work was taken under scrutiny using data collected from the rural and peripheral region of North Karelia (Finland). The empirical material was collected from municipal strategies and via face‐to‐face and telephone interviews with municipal officials. The results show that vitality policy is a holistic place‐based tool to develop rural regions involving several policy sectors and a network (system) of organisations from the public, private, and third‐sector centred around the municipality, that is, local government. Thus, those involved constitute a quadruple helix of actors engaged in rural development. At the same time, under vitality policy, the municipalities have taken a more active role towards strengthening communality. Nevertheless, if (traditional) enterprise and industrial policy fails, other policy measures will have a limited impact on rural development.
Measures of self‐efficacy among doctors in conducting an online search for clinical decision making
Authors: Naeem Salman Bin , Bhatti Rubina
Published: January 2020

Objectives

To measure the perceived ability and level of confidence among doctors in performing the different tasks involved in conducting an online search for clinical decision making.

Methods

A large‐scale cross‐sectional survey was conducted in 36 District Headquarter Hospitals (DHQs), 89 Tehsil Headquarter Hospitals (THQs), 293 Rural Health Centers (RHCs) and 2455 Basic Health Units (BHUs) in Punjab, Pakistan. Using a quota sampling, data were collected from 517 doctors on a set of 11 statements. The collected data were analysed statistically.

Results

Of the 517 doctors, 73 (14.1%) had ‘never accessed health care information online’ for clinical decision making. Mean values of the doctors’ response to the 11 statements ranged from 1.66 to 2.30 indicating that most of the doctors were ‘not confident’ in their ability to perform the tasks.

Conclusion

The majority of doctors perceived themselves able to perform the different tasks involved in conducting an online search. Age and working experience were significant factors in the perception of their ability in performing the tasks. The study recommends promotional and educational activities to motivate interest, increase awareness, develop knowledge and skills for doctors to access information that would help in their clinical decision making.
Prognostication for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients based on the tumour–stroma ratio and tumour budding
Authors: Dourado Maurício R , Miwa Karen Y M , Hamada Guilherme B , Paranaíba Lívia M R , Sawazaki‐Calone Íris , Domingueti Catherine B , Ervolino de Oliveira Carine , Furlan Emylle C B , Longo Bruna C , Almangush Alhadi , Salo Tuula , Coletta Ricardo D
Published: January 2020

Aims

Previous studies have demonstrated that the tumour–stroma ratio (TSR) and tumour budding are of prognostic value for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of those histological parameters, individually and in combination, for OSCC.

Methods and results

The TSR and tumour budding (the presence of five or more buds at the invasive front) were estimated in 254 patients with OSCC. The clinicopathological association was investigated with a chi‐square test, and the prognostic significance (cancer‐specific survival and disease‐free survival) was verified with Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model. The TSR (≥50%, stroma‐rich) was significantly and independently associated with both shortened cancer‐specific survival and poor disease‐free survival, whereas tumour budding was significantly associated with reduced cancer‐specific survival. The TSR/tumour budding model was independently associated with a high risk of cancer mortality and recurrence (disease‐free survival). In patients with early‐stage tumours (clinical stage I and II, n = 103), the TSR, tumour budding and the TSR/tumour budding model were significantly associated with both cancer‐related death and recurrence, whereas, in advanced‐stage tumours (clinical stage III and IV, n = 144), only the TSR and the TSR/tumour budding model were significantly associated with cancer‐specific survival.

Conclusions

The TSR, tumour budding and their combination provide significant information on OSCC outcome, suggesting that their incorporation in the routine evaluation of histopathological specimens might be useful in prognostication for OSCC patients.
Validation of the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti‐HIV Drugs (D:A:D) chronic kidney disease risk score in HIV‐infected patients in the USA
Authors: Mills AM , Schulman KL , Fusco JS , Brunet L , Hsu R , Beyer A , Prajapati G , Mounzer K , Fusco GP
Published: January 2020

Objectives

The aim of the study was to assess the validity of an easy‐to‐calculate chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk score developed by the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti‐HIV Drugs (D:A:D) group in a longitudinal observational study of people living with HIV (PLWH) in the USA.

Methods

PLWH (2002–2016) without prior exposure to potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral agents and with at least three estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) test results were identified in the Observational Pharmaco‐Epidemiology Research and Analysis (OPERA®) cohort. Three samples were drawn independently using the same eligibility criteria but each using a different eGFR equation, specifically the Cockcroft–Gault (C‐G), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) or Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) eGFR estimation method. Full and short D:A:D risk scores were applied. CKD was defined as a confirmed decrease in eGFR to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (stages 3–5). Poisson models estimated the association between CKD incidence and a one‐point increase in the continuous risk score. The incidence rate ratio (IRR), adjusted IRR (aIRR), and Harrell's discrimination statistic were used to assess validity.

Results

There were 19 444, 22 727 and 22 748 PLWH in the OPERA C‐G, CKD‐EPI and MDRD samples, respectively. The median (minimum–maximum) follow‐up duration was 6.1 (0.3–9.1) years in the D:A:D cohort and ranged from 3.2 to 3.5 (0.2–15.5) years in the OPERA validation samples. The observation time for the majority of PLWH in the D:A:D cohort began prior to 2006, in stark contrast to the OPERA validation samples, where the majority of PLWH were observed after 2011. The CKD incidence ranged from 7.3 per 1000 person‐years [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.8, 7.9 per 1000 person‐years] in OPERA C‐G to 11.0 (95% CI 10.4, 11.6 per 1000 person‐years) in OPERA MDRD. In OPERA samples, IRRs by risk group and adjusted IRRs (full risk score) were similar to those in the D:A:D derivation cohort (adjusted IRR 1.3; 95% CI 1.3, 1.3). Harrell's c‐statistic ranged from 0.87 to 0.92 in the OPERA samples, comparable to that in the derivation cohort (0.92). Results for short scores were similar.

Conclusions

The findings support the validity of the D:A:D risk scoring method for assessing CKD (stages 3–5) probability in an exclusively USA‐based sample regardless of eGFR method.
Additional high‐energy milling to enhance the performance of porcelain stoneware manufacturing
Authors: Darolt Radamez D. , Cargnin Maykon , Peterson Michael , De Noni Agenor
Published: January 2020

Porcelain stoneware tile is the best class of ceramic tiles regarding technical performance. Low porosity and high glass content are some of its highlighted characteristics. The manufacturing cost is highly dependent on the feldspar content and the processing flow rate. Certain technical bottlenecks in the manufacturing steps, such as milling, forming, and firing, are intrinsically associated with limitations in the processing properties, such as the dry strength, bulk density, and pyroplastic deformation. In this work, improvements in these properties were achieved using high‐energy milling (HEM) after conventional milling (CM). This study was carried out on a pilot industrial scale in the milling stage. Six experimental runs were evaluated. Slurries were spray‐dried. The powders were humidified with 6.5% moisture. Specimens were conformed under a specific pressure of 45 MPa. The firing was performed using temperature ranging from 1150 to 1230°C. The use of HEM, in comparison to traditional milling for the similar particle‐size distributions, has increased the dry density, +0.2 g.cm−3, dry bending strength, +1.0 MPa, and decreased the pyroplastic deformation index, −1.10−5 cm−1. These results allow an estimated thickness reduction of 10%.
Experimental research on thermal‐dynamic damage effect of K9 optical lens irradiated by femtosecond laser
Authors: Tang Enling , Lin Xiaochu , Han Yafei , Chen Chuang
Published: January 2020

The photothermal effect and photodynamic effect are the main factors causing the damage of materials when laser irradiates on it. Therefore, the damage effect of laser irradiation on optical lens evaluated by thermal and mechanical effects will contribute to the development of laser processing and laser damage. In order to study the damage effect of femtosecond laser irradiating on typical K9 optical lens, real‐time temperature during irradiation was measured by infrared thermal imaging combined with laser loading system, at the same time, high‐speed camera observed the irradiation process. Then, with the help of known parameters, the stress at the moment of laser loading was calculated. Finally, the optical lens target was placed under a scanning electron microscope for observation. The results show that maximum temperature and peak stress in experiments were lower than the damage threshold of optical lenses. With the increase of pulse repetition rate, the thermal damage has a cumulative effect, while the photo‐induced pressure only increases slightly. It leads to the dominance of mechanical damage in low‐frequency pulse irradiation, whereas in high‐frequency pulse irradiation, the opposite rule occurs. For transparent materials, the laser pulse shows a stronger damage effect, the product spatters in the direction opposite to the incident beam, while the plasma discharge damage product spatters in the opposite direction, so the damage occurs on both front and back surfaces of the material at the same time.
Characteristics of Japanese patients with pustulotic arthro‐osteitis associated with palmoplantar pustulosis: a multicenter study
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Hiraiwa Tomoko , Tobita Rie , Hirano Hirofumi , Masuda‐Kuroki Kana , Ishii Madoka , Murakami Masamoto , Terui Tadashi , Okubo Yukari
Published: January 2020

Background

Pustulotic arthro‐osteitis (PAO) is a major comorbidity of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP), which is frequently seen in Japanese patients. To determine the characteristics of Japanese patients with PAO, we conducted a multicenter, retrospective epidemiologic survey at four university hospitals.

Methods

Clinical features including age, gender, duration of disease, extrapalmoplantar lesion, smoking habit, focal infection, site of joint pain, bone scintigraphy with Technetium99, and therapies were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

In total, 165 patients with PAO were identified among 576 patients with PPP (28.6%). The male to female ratio was 1 : 3.7, and the mean age was 50.2 years. The mean disease duration of PAO was 6.0 years. Smoking habit was observed in 104 patients. Focal infection was detected in 74 patients, who developed tonsillar infection (n = 41), sinusitis (8), odontogenic infection (40), and others (2). Fifteen patients had multifocal infection. Technetium bone scintigraphy was performed in 97 cases. Increased uptake was most frequently observed in the sternocostoclavicular regions, followed by wrist and ankle, sacroiliac joint, knee and elbow, finger and toe, lumbar spine, thoracic spine, scapula, and thigh. Patients were mainly treated with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, methotrexate, cyclosporine, antibiotics, and biologics, as well as tonsillectomy and dental treatment.

Conclusion

PAO frequently involves the anterior chest wall of middle‐aged women with smoking habit and is closely associated with focal infection.