bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evapo-transpiration based scheduling of irrigation through drip for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: P. NALAYINI  , R. RAJA  , ANDERSON A. KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2001-02 and 2002-03 and summer season of 2002 and 2003 at Coimbatore, to find out the water requirement and water saving due to irrigation scheduling based on evapotranspiration (ET) through drip system compared to conventional irrigation for upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop. Scheduling of irrigation through drip at 0.8 Etc (crop evapotranspiration) was on a par with 1.0 Etc through drip. The total water requirement was 426.5 mm for winter crop and 467.3 mm for sum- mer crop at 0.8 Etc compared to 902.8 mm and 1,002 mm, respectively, for conventional irrigation. The yield en- hancement due to drip system during summer was 28.9, 44.5 and 61.5%, respectively, at 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 Etc, while the yield enhancement was negligible during winter, as it coincided with heavy effective rainfall of 238 mm.
Effect of phosphorus, irrigation and Rhizobium on productivity, water use and nutrient uptake in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Authors: S.R. BHUNIA  , R.P.S. CHAUHAN  , B.S.YADAV  , A.S. BHATl
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during winter season of 2001-2004 for consecutive 3 years at Sriganganagar in Rajasthan to study the effect of phosphorus, irrigation and Rhizobiurn inoculation on seed, economics, water use and nutrient uptake of fenugreek (Trigonella foneurn-graecurn L.). Application of 40 kg P,O$ha significantly increased the yield attributes, viz. branchestplant, podstplant, pod length, seedstpod and test weight and finally the yield (8.08 qtha) over 20 kg P,O,. Phosphorus @ 40 kg P,O,/ha gave the highest mean benefit : cost ratio (1.47) in comparison with 20 (1.38) and 60 kg P,O,/ha (1.42). The highest P-use efficiency (35.95 kgtkg P,O,) was recorded at 20 kg P,O$ha, and further increase in P decreased the P-use efficiency. An increase m P level, increased the consumptive use but had no effect on water-use efficiency. Highest level of P,O, led to greater ex- traction of moisture from lower depth of rhizosphere. Application of P increased the N, P and K uptake up to 40 kg P,O,/ha. IW:CPE ratio of 0.8 significantly increased the yield (10.20 qtha), benefit : cost ratio (1.81), consump- tive water use (291.9 mn?) and nutrient uptake compared to IW : CPE ratio of 0.4 and 0.6. Higher yield attributes as well as higher seed (8.14 qtha) and stover yields (17.36 qtha) were recorded with Rhizobiurn inoculation than with uninoculated crop. Higher water use (244.8 mm), water-use efficiency (3.2 kgtha-mm) and nutrient uptake (N 31.6, P 5.5 and K 37.9 kgtha) were also recorded with the inoculated crop.
Effect of rice (Oryza sativa) residue and nitrogen on performance of wheat (Tdicum aestivum) under rice-wheat cropping system
Authors: RAJEEV SINGH  , D.S. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conduced during the winter (rabi) season of 2001 -02 and 2002-03 to find out the effect of rice (Oryza sativa L.) residue and N levels on performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.emend. Fiori & Paol.) in rice-wheat cropping system. Highest mean grain yield of 33.6 qlha was recorded on incorporation of residue, which was respectively 14.72 and 8.64 per cent more than when the residue was removed and retained. Resi- due incorporation also increased the organic carbon content in the soil by 0.37, 0.35 and 0.31 per cent in resi- due incorporated, retained and removed treatment respectively. It also increased the organic carbon content in the soil by 17.73 and 5.71 per cent in comparison with residue removed and retained treatment over a period of 2 years. Application of 150 kg Nlha increased the growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat. It increased the grain yield by 96.6, 65.0 and 37.3 per cent compared with N @ 0, 50 and 100 kglha. Available N in the soil also increased by 10 per cent during the 2 years.
Effect of nutrient management in white jute (Corchorus capsularis)-rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system under rainfed condition
Authors: R.K. PAIKARAY  , D. MAHANTA  , S.K. SWAIN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 2000-01 to 2002-03, at Kendrapara, to study the effect of nutrient management on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of white jute (Corchorus capsularis L.)-rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping system in rainfed medium land. Application of 60 kg N, 30 kg P20, and 30 kg K,O/ha (recommended dose for white jute) along with MgSO,. 7H20 @ 10 kglha + lime (0.5 lime requirement ) to jute crop recorded the highest fibre yield (2.28 tonneslha), and maximum grain yield (3.89 tonneslha) of succeeding rice crop were ob- tained with a fertilizer dose of 60 kg N, 30 kg P20, and 30 kg K20/ha in the system. This resulted in an increased yield of 26.7% in jute fibre and 10.2% of rice grain over the recommended fertilizer dose in both the crops. The nutrient uptake (N,P,K, Ca, Mg and S) of individual crop and the system increased owing to NPK + 10 kg MgSO,. 7 H20 + lime (0.5 lime requirement) in jute, followed by rice with only recommended fertilizer dose in comparison to other treatments. The maximum net returns (Rs 22,628lha) and the highest benefit : cost ratio (1.71) were re- corded with the recommended NPK to both crops along with MgSO, and lime to jute only in jute-rice cropping system under rainfed condition.
Effect of Brassica spp. and their sowing proportions on productivity, competition and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) + Brassica mixed cropping system under rainfed conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: ANlL KUMAR  , K.S. THAKUR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conduced during winter (rabi) season of 2003 and 2004 to identify the suitable Brassica spp. and their optimum sowing proportion for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) + Brassica mixed cropping system. Brown sarson (Local) was more competitive than mustard ('RCC 4') in all the mixed cropping patterns, decreasing the total productivity by 4.9 and 6.1% respectively. Mixed cropping of wheat + mustard ('RCC 4') in 100% + 10% and 100% + 20% seeding proportion gave significantly higher wheat yield, total pro- ductivity and net returns compared with sole wheat and farmer's practice of wheat + brown sarson (100% + 50%), followed by wheat + brown sarson (Local) in 100% + 20% seeding proportion. These treatments gave 4.4- 9.9% and 15.0-21 . I % higher productivity over sole wheat and farmer's mixed cropping practice. The competitive ratio, aggressivity and LER of the main crop wheat were maximum when the mixed cropping of wheat + mustard or wheat + brown sarson was followed in 100% + 20% seeding proportion, followed by that of wheat + mustard (100% + 10%). In all other sowing patterns the wheat crop was dominant.
Production potential of spring sugarcane as influenced by intercropping of dual- purpose legumes under tarai conditions of Uttarakhand
Authors: SANJAY KUMAR  , N. S. RANA  , R. SlNGH  , ADESH SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2000-02 at the Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, to study the effect of dual-purpose legume intercropping with spring sugarcane under different NPK levels. All intercrops, except Sesbania reduced the cane yield significantly. The reduction in cane yield was 14.0, 8.9 and 11.4% with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], mungbean (Vigna radiata) and urdbean (Vigna mungo) intercropping respectively. Sugarcane intercropped with Sesbania (GM) yielded similar to that of sole sugarcane. Different fertility levels did not show significant effect on cane yield. Sugarcane + cow- pea gave 17.2, 15.8, 19.0 and 26.5% higher mean cane-equivalent yield (118.4 tonneslha) than sole sugarcane, sugarcane + mungbean, sugarcane + urdbean and sugarcane + Sesbania intercropping respectively. A dose of 100% of recommended NPK resulted in 5.0% higher cane-equivalent yield than 75% dose and was on a par with 125% of NPK dose. Sugarcane + cowpea also gave the highest net return of Rs 57,772 compared to Rs 41,449 with urdbean and Rs 48,330 with sole sugarcane. Respective benefit : cost raio was 2.06, 1.78 and 2.01. A dose of 125% of the recommended NPK gave highest monetary return and benefit : cost ratio with maintaining the residual soil-fertility status after harvest of sugarcane.
Effect of legumes and fertility levels on buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliuris) and annona (Annona squamosa) grown under horti-pasture system
Authors: S. N. RAM  , SUNlL KUMAR  , M.M. ROY  , M. J. BAlG
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2002-05 on sandy-loam soil to study the effect of legumes (Stylosanthes hamata L. Taub. and S. scabra Vogel) and fertility levels (P,05 and K,O Q 0 and 0, 20 and 15, 40 and 30, and 60 and 45 kglha) on buffel grass + annona horti-pasture system. An intercropping of S. hamata with buffel grass under annona trees resulted in significantly higher total dry forage (5.07, 6.15 and 6.63 tonneslha) and crude protein yield (436.1, 526.8 and 547.3 kglha) than S. scabra in the first, second and third years respec- tively. Dry forage yield and fruit quality of annona was significantly improved with the application of 40 kg P,05 + 30 kg K,Olha compared with the control treatment. However, crude protein yield and fruit yield were significantly increased up to 60 kg P,05 + 45 kg K,Olha. Application of phosphorus and potash also had a positive effect on maintenance of legumes population. Persistence of legumes were 91.8 and 84.3% in the treatment where fertil- izer (phosphorus and potash) was applied Q 60 + 45 kglha compared to the control treatment (78.3 and 67.2%) during the second and third years respectively. Maximum net returns and benefit : cost ratio were obtained by the intercropping of S. hamata along with application of 60 kg P,051ha and 45 kg K,O/ha in buffel grass under annona tress during all the 3 years.
Growth and yield of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by seeding technique and seed rate under irrigated conditions
Authors: M. S. GILL  , PARDEEP KUMAR  , ASHWANI KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season (kharif) 2002 and 2003 at Ludhiana, to find out the suitable seeding technique and optimum seed rate for realizing high yield of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa). The dry-matter accumulation in direct-seeded rice under compaction and puddled condition was 1 15.7-1 39.1 q/ ha in 2002 (drought year) and 178.5-197.5 qlha in 2003 (normal year) compared with 104.1 q/ha under trans- planting 25 days after sowing (DAS). The seed rate of 50 kg/ha produced the maximum dry-matter accumulation. The maximum leaf-area index was (4.37-4.97 in 2002 and 5.24-6.06 in 2003) recorded under direct seeding. The maximum grain yield (57.8 q/ha and 179.3 qlha during first and second years respectively) was recorded under transplanting at 25 DAS (on the day of sowing) which was found on a par with direct seeding done after puddling and compaction at seed rate 50 and 75 kglha. It was mainly due to significantly more effective tillers/m2 (201 and 218 in 2002 and 276.2 and 283.3 in 2003) compared with 25 kg/ha seed rate (166 in 2002 and 267.6 in 2003). The water productivity (kg grain/m3 of irrigation water applied) in direct-seeded rice in 2002 was 0.35 and in 2003 was 0.76 compared with that of transplanted rice being 0.31 and 0.57 kg grain/m3 of irrigation water, clearly indicating better water-use efficiency under direct seeding.
Efficacy of herbicides in wheat (Triticum aestivum) with special reference to wild oat (Avena steriddis dudoviciuna) in vertisols
Authors: J. S. MISHRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2004-05 and 2005-06 at Jabalpur to assess the ef- ficacy of clodinafop-propargyl, sulfosulfuron and isoproturron as post-emergence in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Clodinafop @ 60 glha significantly reduced the density and dry matter of wild oat (Avena stereillis ssp. ludoviciana Dur.), but could not combat the problem of broad-leaved weeds, viz., Medicago hispida Gaertn., Lathyrus aphaca L., Chenopodium album L. and Vicia sativa L. Sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha provided effective control of both wild oat and broad-leaved weeds. lsoproturon 1,000 glha did not cause significant reduction in he population and dry matter of wild oat, but significantly reduced the problem of broad-leaved weeds. Infestation of weed throughout the crop-growth period caused 48.8% reduction in grain yield of wheat. Higher yield attributes and maximum grain yield (47.6 qlha) of wheat were recorded from two hand-weedings at 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Amongst herbicidal treatments, application of sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha (43.6 qlha), being on a par with that of clodinafop 60 glha (41.5 qlha), 120 glha (43.4 qlha) and 240 g/ha (44.5 qlha), significantly increased the grain yield of wheat and recorded the maximum net return (Rs 11,940lha).
Response of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to different weed-management techniques and nitrogen levels
Authors: SHlVA DHAR  , S.K. DAS  , SUNlL KUMAR  , S.B.TRlPATHl
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2000-02 at Jhansi to know the response of fodder sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] to nitrogen levels and weed-control techniques. Significant in- crease in green-fodder, dry-matter and crude-protein yields was recorded with successive increase in nitrogen up to 60 kglha. N at 60 kglha gave significantly higher green-fodder (45.2 tlha), dry-matter (8.26 tlha) and crude- protein yields (646.7 kglha) as well as nitrogen uptake (104.2 kglha), but at higher level showed no significant differences. However, 90 kg Nlha gave the highest net profit (Rs 15,850lha) and benefit : cost (B:C) ratio (1.55) compared with the remaining levels. Among weed-control techniques, broadcast sowing of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and application of atrazine @ 0.5 kglha were at par and gave significantly higher green- fodder (52.1 and 49.1 tlha) and dry-matter (8.9 and 9.06 tlha) yields than other techniques. Broadcast sowing of cowpea gave higher net profit.(Rs 13,80O/ha), B:C ratio (1.45) and significantly higher crude-protein yield (800 kglha) as well as nitrogen uptake (126.2 kglha) than others methods. Atrazine 0.5 kglha gave significantly lower weed density (25.6/m2), dry weight of weeds (0.30 tlha) and nitrogen uptake by weeds (4.0 kglha) than other techniques. This was closely followed by broadcast sowing of cowpea, registering 1 04.5/m2, 1.93 tlha and 16.3 kglha respectively. Interaction effects of nitrogen levels and weed-control techniques for green-fodder, dry-matter, crude-protein yields and nitrogen uptake of sorghum were also significant.
Effect of early post-emergence herbicide for control of weeds in winter irrigated upland cotton (Gossypium hirsuttlm)
Authors: G. PRABU KUMAR  , C. CHiNNUSAMY  , R. SHANMUGASUNDARAW  , O.S. KANDASAMY
Published: December 2023

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of trifloxysulfuron with and without adjuvant against weeds in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during the winter seasons of 2003-04 and 2004-05 at the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Weeds,viz. Tranthema portulacastrum L., Chloris inflata Link; syn. C. barbata Sw. and Cyperus rotundus L., were the dominant weeds of the experimental fieid. Trifloxysulfuron effectively con- trolled T: portulacastrum and C. rotundus. Trifloxysulfuron Q 10 and 20 glha with and without adjuvant provided 85 to 91% weed-control efficiency compared to unweeded control. Among the treatments, the maximum cotton yield of 16.89 and 17.96 qlha was observed in trifloxysulfuron 10 glha + adjuvant during the winter season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 respectively. Minimum seed-cotton yield of 8.97 and 8.76 qlha was obtained in unweeded control in first and second year.
Effect of cultural and chemical weed control on productivity of fodder oat (Avena sativa) in arid Rajasthan
Authors: K.C. SHARMA  , SUBHASH CHANDER
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2002-03 and 2003-04 to find out the effective and economical weed-control measure in fodder oats (Avena sativa L.). The different weed-control treatments significantly controlled the weed flora and recorded 69.2 to 97.6% weed-control efficiency (WCE) at 45 days after sowing (DAS) and 59.3 to 98.0 per cent at 50% flowering stage. However, post-emergence application of 2,4-D proved phytotoxic by stunting the crop growth and narrowing the leaf area. Among weed-control treatments, weed-free treatment proved superior and produced highest fodder yields (GFY 42.9 Uha DFY 11.05 Uha), fol- lowed by post-emergence application of metsulfuron methyl @ 0.008 kglha + 1 hand-weeding. Economical analysis showed that application of metsulfuron methyl @ 0.008 kglha gave the maximum net returns (Rs 14,647) and benefit: cost ratio (1.79), followed by metsulfuron methyl 0.012 kg/ha+l hand-weeding. Computation of energy relationship revealed that weed-free treatment was more energy efficient, recording highest energy ra- tio (9.46) and energy productivity (525.7 gIMJ), followed by post-emergence application of metsulfuron methyl @ 0.012 kglha (9.42 and 523.3 g1MJ).
Long term effect of crop residue and tillage on carbon sequestration, soil aggregation and crop productivity in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system under partially reclaimed sodic soils
Authors: RANBIR SINGH  , ARVIND KUMAR RAI  , RENU KUMARI  , DINESH KUMAR SHARMA  , SATYENDRA KUMAR  , P.K. JOSHI  , S.K.CHAUDHARI  , P.C. SHARMA  , AJAY SINGH  , BABLI
Published: December 2023

A long-term field experiment (20062016) was laid out at Karnal, Haryana, to evaluate long-term effect of crop residue and tillage management on carbon sequestration potential, soil aggregates and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity under rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat cropping sequence on partially reclaimed sodic soil. Residue in- corporation in conventional (CV + R) and reduced tillage (RT + R) resulted in significantly higher system productiv- ity (13.01 t/ha and 12.48 t/ha respectively) than other treatments used in present study. Soil properties also im- proved with zero tillage and residue incorporation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) under tillage with residue treat- ments (CV+R, RT+R and ZT+R) increased from 14.81 to 39.47% at 015 cm soil depth over the control. The high- est carbon sequestration potential (0.67 t/ha/year) was obtained in zero tillage + residue (ZT+R) treatment at 015 cm soil depth. Crop residue in zero tillage favoured a higher amount of carbon to be preferentially stabilized in fine and coarse aggregates. Crop residue either incorporated in conventional and reduced tillage or anchors in zero tillage proved a useful indicator for assessing soil carbon and sustaining crop productivity in the partially reclaimed sodic soil.
Weed management in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) + brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) intercropping system
Authors: NEESHU JOSHI  , SUNITA T. PANDEY  , V. PRATAP SINGH  , AJIT KUMAR  , POONAM GAUTAM
Published: December 2023

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of weed management on yield, yield attributes and eco- nomics of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) and herb of grace or brahmi [Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell] inter- cropping system at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, during rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016. The lowest weed density, dry weight and the highest weed-control efficiency were recorded with pendimethalin followed by (fb) cyhalofop- butyl fb 1 hand-weeding 45 days after sowing (DAS) or days after planting (DAP) in 2 : 1 row ratio. Dry-herbage yield of brahmi (2.07 and 2.35 t/ha) and grain yield (5.30 and 6.56 t/ha) were highest in sole direct-seeded rice (pendimethalin fb cyhalofop-butyl fb 1 hand-weeding at 45 DAS/DAP) and sole brahmi (3 hand-weedings 30, 45 and 60 DAP). The highest land-equivalent ratio was found with pendimethalin fb cyhalofop-butyl fb 1 hand-weed- ing at 45 DAS or DAP in alternate row ratio (1 : 1) of direct-seeded rice and brahmi during both the years. The higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio were found with pendimethalin fb cyhalofop-butyl fb 1 hand-weeding at 45 DAP in alternate row ratio (1:1) of rice and brahmi intercropping system.
Influence of bio-digester liquid and farmyard manure on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) in Cauvery Command Area of Karnataka
Authors: S.B. YOGANANDA  , N. DEVKUMAR  , P. THIMME GOWDA  , G.K. SHRUTHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons (kharif) of 2013 to 2016 at Mandya, Karnataka, to study the influence of bio-digester liquid (BDL) and farm yard manure (FYM) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sa- tiva L.) in Cauvery Command Area of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block de- sign with 3 replications. Ten treatments comprising different levels of farmyard manure (7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 t/ha) and bio-digester liquid manure equivalent (75, 100 and 125 kg N/ha) and their combinations were compared with the control (no manures). Application of farmyard manure 12.5 t/ha + bio-digester liquid manure equivalent to 125 kg N/ha in 2 splits recorded significantly higher grain yield and net return/rupee invested ( 4.90 t/ha and 1.52 re- spectively) compared to the other applications. However, it was at par with application of farmyard manure 12.5 t/ ha + bio-digester liquid equivalent to 100 kg N/ha in 2 splits (4.7 t/ha and 1.53 respectively). This increased yield in above treatments was mainly owing to increased availability of soil N (296.3 kg/ha), P O (37.8 kg/ha) and K O 2 5 2 (185.6 kg/ha). There was an increasing trend in the soil chemical properties, viz. soil pH (7.58), electrical conduc- tivity (0.401 dS/m) and organic carbon content (0.41%) at the end of the fourth crop cycles as compared to initial level (organic carbon content: 0.345%, soil pH 6.85, electrical conductivity: 0.338 dS/m).
Growth and yield response of rice (Oryza sativa) to graded doses of nutrients and foliar spray of cow urine
Authors: RAHUL SADHUKHAN  , J.S. BOHRA  , SUMAN SEN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2015 and 2016 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the relative performance of different fertility levels (60%, 80% and 100% of recommended dose of fertilizer) and foliar spray of cow urine (control, 50%, 75% and 100% concentration) on growth, yield and economics of BPT 5204 rice (Oryza sativa L.). The recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) for rice was 120, 60, 60 and 25 kg/ha of N, P O , K O and ZnSO respectively. Various growth parameters and yield 2 5 2 4 levels of rice showed significant variation during the experimental years under different levels of fertility and cow urine foliar spray. Among the fertility levels, 80% and 100% RDF significantly improved grain yields of rice over 60% RDF by 6.8% and 14.8% respectively. Applications of cow urine (4 foliar sprays) were positively correlated with various growth parameters, yield attributes and yield levels of rice. Increments in grain yields of rice were to the tune of 4.4%, 4.4% and 10% over control for 50%, 75% and 100% cow urine concentration respectively. In terms of economics, the highest net returns and benefit: cost ratios were obtained from 100% RDF and 100% cow urine spray during both the years. Among the fertilizer treatments, 100% RDF recorded up to 18.2% higher net re- turns over 60% RDF, which was 16.4% over the control in case of 100% cow urine spray.
Impact of integrated weed management on weeds and yield of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: PRATIK SANODIYA  , MANOJ KUMAR SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field investigation was conducted during the rainy season of 2014 and 2015 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the impact of integrated weed management on weeds and yield of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). At 30, 60, 90 days after sowing (DAS) and harvesting, amongst the integrated weed-management treatments, penoxsulam 35 g/ha at 10 DAS followed by (fb) 1 hand-weeding at 35 DAS reduced the weed density of grasses, sedges and broad-leaf weeds and their dry weight than penoxsulam 35 g/ha at 20 DAS fb 1 hand-weeding at 35 DAS, thus resulting in the lowest weed index. Penoxsulam 35 g/ha at 10 DAS fb 1 hand weeding at 35 DAS exhib- ited the highest weed-control efficiency over rest of the treatments except hand-weeding at 15 and 35 DAS. Penoxsulam 35 g/ha at 10 DAS fb 1 hand-weeding at 35 DAS statistically influenced the grain and straw yields and harvest index over all other treatments except hand-weeding at 15 and 35 DAS. Also the highest net return and benefit: cost ratio were observed under penoxsulam 35g/ha at 10 DAS fb1 hand-weeding at 35 DAS.
Evaluation of tall wheat (Triticum aestivum) for dual purpose under various cutting and nitrogen-management practices
Authors: MEENAKSHI SANGWAN  , JAGDEV SINGH  , V.S. HOODA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201516 and 201617 at Hisar, Haryana, to evaluate tall wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for dual purpose under cutting and nitrogen management practices. Treatments comprising 18 different combinations of cutting and nitrogen management included uncut with 2 N doses, viz. 60 and 75 kg/ha (T and T )-both applied half at sowing + half at 1st irrigation, cut at 5 cm stubble 1 2 height with 2 N doses (60 and 75 kg/ha) each scheduled with four different combinations of scheduling, viz. sow- ing + 1st irrigation , sowing + after cut , sowing + after cut and sowing + 1st irrigation + after cut (T 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 2/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 3 to T ), cut at 10 cm stubble height with 2 N doses (60 and 75 kg/ha) each scheduled with 4 different combinations 10 of scheduling, viz. sowing + 1st irrigation , sowing + after cut , sowing + after cut and sowing + 1st irri- 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 2/3 1/3 gation + after cut (T to T ). The treatment with cut at 55 days after sowing (DAS) at 5 cm stubble height with 1/3 1/3 11 18 75 kg N/ha applied at sowing + 1st irrigation resulted in the highest green fodder yield during both the years. 1/2 1/2 Among cutting and nitrogen-management treatments, the highest leaf-area index and plant height were observed under the treatment 75 kg N/ha applied at sowing + after cut with cut at 55 days after sowing at 10 cm stubble 1/3 2/3 height owing to the complementary effect of nitrogen fertilizer and growth of wheat that might have resulted in in- creased vegetative growth of wheat and hence LAI and plant height. In cut plots, heading delayed by 1 week as compared to no-cut treatments. Among cutting and nitrogen-management treatments, the highest effective tillers, grain yield, net returns and benefit: cost ratio were observed under the treatment 75 kg N/ha applied at sowing + 1/3 after cut with cut at 55 days after sowing at 10 cm stubble height followed by 75 kg N/ha applied at sowing + 2/3 1/3 after cut with cut at 55 days after sowing at 5 cm stubble height and 60 kg N/ha applied at sowing + after cut 2/3 1/3 2/3 with cut at 55 days after sowing 10 cm stubble height and both were statistically at par with each other and higher than rest of the treatments.
Enhancing crop and water productivity of spring maize (Zea mays) through drip fertigation
Authors: A.S. BRAR  , G.S. BUTTAR  , KRISHAN KUMAR VASHIST
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Ludhiana, Punjab, to find out the water and nutrient-efficient drip-fertigation schedule for higher productivity of spring maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete-block design and treatment comprise combinations of 3 drip ir- rigation levels [60, 80 and 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)] and 4 fertigation levels [100, 80, 60% recom- mended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and soil application of RDF i.e. 125 kg N and 62.5 kg P O /ha]. Drip irrigation at 2 5 100% ETc resulted in the maximum grain yield which was statistically at par with that obtained with 80% ETc but significantly better than 60% ETc. Drip irrigation at 80 and 100% ETc registered 11.9 and 15.8% higher grain yield than 60% ETc because of significantly better growth and yield attributes resulting from adequate supply of mois- ture. However, irrigation water productivity (WP ) was significantly higher in 60% ETc than 80 and 100% ETc, but I total water productivity (WP ) remained statistically at par between 60 and 80% ETc. Net returns and benefit: cost T were also the highest from crop drip irrigated at 100% ETc and least from that drip irrigated at 60% ETc. Similarly, drip fertigation at 80% RDF while being statistically at par with drip fertigation at 100% RDF recorded significantly higher grain yield than drip fertigation at 60% RDF and soil application at 100% RDF. Hence spring maize should be drip fertigated at 80% ETc. with 80% RDF to save 20% nutrients and irrigation water with higher net returns and benefit: cost.
Evaluation of different pre-and post-emergence herbicides on forage yield, quality and disease reaction of multi-cut forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: SUKHPREET SINGH  , U.S. TIWANA  , MEENAKSHI GOYAL  , UPASANA RANI  , M.S. BHULLAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2013 and 2014 at Ludhiana, Punjab, to study the efficacy of different weed-management techniques on weed dynamics, fodder yield, quality and disease reaction in multi cut sorghum [Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench]. The sorghum crop was infested with grassy, broad- leaf weeds and sedges, which reduced 28.1 and 32.7% of green-fodder and dry-fodder yields respectively. Hand- weeding (at 20 and 30 days after sowing) and application of atrazine @ 0.375 kg a.i./ha + pendimethalin @ 0.750 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence spray significantly reduced total weed population and dry weight of weeds in compari- son to the other weed-control treatments. These treatments showed higher weed-control efficiency (WCE) than that of the other weed-control treatments. Application of propaquizalofop as post-emergence spray was also effec- tive in reducing weed population and dry matter but had phytotoxic effect on the crop and recorded significantly lower fodder yield. Hand-weeding resulted in significantly higher green-and dry-fodder yield of sorghum over all the treatments, but was statistically at par with the application of atrazine @ 0.375 kg a.i./ha + pendimethalin @ 0.750 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence spray. These 2 treatments enhanced the green-fodder yield by 39.0 and 36.7% and dry-fodder yield by 48.5 and 45.1% respectively, over weedy check. Hand-weeding and application of atra- zine + pendimethalin (0.375 + 0.750 kg a.i./ha) resulted in 58.7 and 53.9% more crude protein yield than weedy check respectively. The maximum net returns ( 37,790/ha and 36,320) and benefit: cost ratio (1.46 and 1.28) were realized with atrazine @ 0.375 kg a.i./ha + pendimethalin @ 0.750 kg a.i./ha (PE) and hand-weeding at 20 and 30 days after sowing respectively. The leaf-spot disease was the minimum (8.54 %) in hand weeded plots and plots sprayed with atrazine @ 0.375 kg a.i./ha + pendimethalin @ 0.750 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence spray showed moderate leaf spot severity of 15.7% as the weed population was less in these plots.
Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) to customized fertilizer under Chhattisgarh condition
Authors: S.K. DWIVEDI  , S. CHITALE  , R. LAKPALE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201011 and 201112 at Raipur, Chhattisgarh, to study the effect of customized fertilizer (11 : 27 : 0 : 6.6 : 0.5% of NPKS and Zn) on performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Different doses of customized fertilizer were used in the study. The customized fertilizer (CF)combination of N, P, K, S and Zn mixturesignificantly influenced yield attributes, seed yield and nu- trient uptake. The highest seed yield (2.2 t/ha), stover yield (2.7 t/ha) and the highest net returns ( 42,883/ha) were obtained with the application of 150% CF dose. The uptake of N P K and Zn was also higher under this treat- ment. However, in terms of benefit: cost (B:C) ratio, application of 100% CF and 150% CF resulted in equal value, i.e. 2.9. Hence application of 100% CF dose can be considered as optimum, as it gave higher B:C ratio.
Effect of crop geometry and nitrogen on nitrogen uptake, protein yield, oil yield and oil quality of determinate and short-statured genotypes of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata)
Authors: HARWINDER KAUR  , VIRENDER SARDANA  , PUSHP SHARMA  , GURPREET KAUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201314 and 201415 at Ludhiana, Punjab, to study the effect of nitrogen and spacing on N uptake, oil yield, protein yield and oil quality of short- statured, determinate genotypes of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). The experiment was con- ducted in 3 replications in a split-plot design with combination of 3 genotypes (BJC 13-1, BJC 13-2, BJC 13-3) and 4 spacings (25 cm 15 cm, 30 cm 10 cm, 30 cm 15 cm, 45 cm 10 cm) in main plots and 2 doses of N (100 and 125 kg/ha) in subplots. Pooled mean data of two years revealed that different genotypes registered simi- lar seed and stover yields, N content in seed, N uptake in seed, stover as well as total, protein content and oil and protein yields. Genotypes also did not differ in fatty acid composition of oil except oleic acid, eicosenoic acid and erucic acid which were higher in BJC 13-1 compared to BJC13-3. The highest seed and stover yields were ob- tained with 25 cm 15 cm spacing. Spacing of 30 cm 15 cm resulted in significantly more N and protein content in seed and stover, N uptake by stover and total N uptake. Effect of spacing on oil content and yield and oil quality was non-significant. Application of 125 kg/ha of N resulted in significantly more N content in seed and stover, N uptake by seed, stover and total, oil yield, protein content, protein yield and improved oleic acid, linoleic acid, lino- lenic acid and decreased proportion of erucic acid in oil as compared to 100 kg/ha of N.
Influence of different irrigation levels, planting methods and mulching on yield, water-use efficiency and nutrient uptake in yellow sarson (Brassica rapa)
Authors: SAMAR PAL SINGH  , B.S. MAHAPATRA  , POOJA PANDE  , SUBHASH CHANDRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for 2 consecutive winter (rabi) seasons of 201415 and 201516 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to evaluate the effect of irrigation levels, planting meth- ods and mulching on growth, yield, water-use efficiency, economics and nutrient uptake in yellow sarson {Bras- sica rapa (L.) var. trilocularis (Roxb.) Kitam}. Plant height, total dry matter, yield attributing characters, seed and stover yields, nutrient uptake by seed and stover, net returns and benefit: cost ratio were influenced significantly due to irrigation levels being the maximum at 1.2 IW/CPE ratio followed by 0.9 IW/CPE ratio. Higher water-use ef- ficiency (WUE) was recorded with irrigation at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio, which was at par with 1.2 IW/CPE ratio. The maxi- mum plant height, total dry matter, yield attributing characters, WUE and seed and stover yields, C assimilation and N uptake by seed and stover, net returns, B:C ratio were found with raised bed planting compared to flat bed planting. Yellow sarson sown with mulch produced significantly higher values of growth and yield attributing char- acters, seed and stover yields, WUE, nutrient uptake and economics compared to no mulch treatment.
Effect of fertility levels and biofertilizers on the productivity and profitability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: GAURAV VERMA  , DEEN DAYAL YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 201617 at Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the effect of fertility levels and biofertilizers on pro- ductivity and profitability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The treatments comprised of 4 fertility levels of [F (con- 1 trol), F (RDF 100%), F (75% RDF), F (50% RDF)] in the main-plots and 3 bio-fertilizer levels of [B (Rhizobium + 2 3 4 1 PSB), B (Rhizobium + PGPR) and B (Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR)] in sub-plots 3 times replicated split-plot de- 2 3 sign. The results showed that application of 100% RDF significantly enhanced the yield attributes, yield and net returns over the other treatments. Among the biofertilizer treatments application of Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR re- corded significantly higher yield attributes, yield, net returns and benefit: cost ratio compared to other treatments. The combined application of 100% RDF with Rhizobium + PSB + PGPR resulted in significantly higher seed yield, gross return, net return and B: C ratio of chickpea over other combinations.
Effect of crop establishment methods and phosphorus levels on productivity and profitability of black eyed bean (Vigna unguiculata) in semi-arid region of Afghanistan
Authors: FEROZ BABAZOI  , Y.S. SHIVAY  , R.S BANA  , SHARIFULLAH SHARIFI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at the research farm of the Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University, Kandahar, Afghanistan during the rainy (kharif) season (AprilAugust) of 2017, to study the influence of crop establishment methods and phosphorus levels on yield and profitability responses of black eyed bean (Vigna unguiculata L.). Treatments were evaluated in split plot design consisting of 3 crop-establish- ment methods (broadcast, line sown and raised bed planting method) in main plots and 4 phosphorus levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P O /ha), in sub-plots replicated thrice. Raised bed planting method recorded significantly higher 2 5 pods/plant (15.1), dry matter accumulation/plant at harvest (67.4 g), pod length (15.2 cm), total seeds/plant (103.9), seeds/pod (8.99), weight of seeds/plant (6.81 g) and 1,000seeds weight (228.6 g), which resulted in sig- nificantly higher seed yield (2.06 t/ha). Owing to the higher yields recorded with raised bed planting method, the net returns (AFN 92,979/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.67) were also higher with this particular treatment. Among the phosphorus levels, application of 60 kg P O /ha, resulted in better yield attributes, which led to significantly 2 5 higher seed yield (2.18 t/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.78) compared to other phosphorus levels.
Productivity, resource-use efficiency and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)-based bio-intensive cropping systems in coastal Odisha
Authors: A.K. PATRA  , L.M. GARNAYAK  , K.N. MISHRA  , R.K. PAIKARAY  , D.K. BASTIA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201314 to 201617 under irrigated, medium-land condition of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, to evaluate the production potential and economics of 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based bio- intensive cropping systems. Ricemaize (Zea mays L.) + radish (Raphanus sativus L.)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) + amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) and ricemaize + amaranthcowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] + amaranth cropping systems recorded significantly higher average rice-equivalent yield (19.91 and 19.33 t/ha respectively) than the other systems evaluated, the relative production efficiency being 137 and 130% over the ricegroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) system. Rice-based 3-crop systems having groundnut as a winter (rabi) crop showed higher land-use efficiency (95%). Ricemaize + amaranthcowpea + amaranth system recorded the highest irrigation water-use efficiency (351 kg REY/ha), whereas ricegroundnut + amaranthcowpea + amaranth and ricemaize + radishokra + amaranth systems, recorded the highest apparent nutrient-use productivity (43.4 kg REY/kg NPK applied). Ricetomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) + radishcowpea + amaranth exhibited the highest energy-use efficiency (4.94), energy-output efficiency (834 MJ/ha/day); however, average maximum en- ergy productivity was obtained in ricemaize + amaranthcowpea + amaranth (0.38 kg REY/MJ). Ricetomato + radishcowpea + amaranth cropping system had highest engagement of man-days (660 days), followed by rice tomato + radishbittergourd (Momordica charantia L.) + amaranth (650 days) and ricemaize + radishokra + amaranth (640 days). Ricemaize + amaranthcowpea + amaranth and ricemaize + radishokra + amaranth systems realized higher gross returns ( 285,279 and 293,277/ha) and net returns ( 134,375 and 126,235/ha). These 2 cropping systems also recorded the highest system profitability ( 368 and 346/ha/day), crop profitability ( 439 and 405/ha/day) and profit margin (47 and 43%) with higher benefit: cost ratio (1.89 and 1.75). Ricetomato + radishcowpea + amaranth, ricebroccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) + radishpumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) + amaranth and ricebroccoli + amaranthcowpea + amaranth were the next best cropping systems in order with net returns of 85,742, 80,923 and 79,810/ha respectively.
Impact of long-term green manuring and herbicides on weed biomass, crop productivity and profitability in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in Haryana
Authors: DHARAM BIR YADAV  , ASHOK YADAV  , S.S. PUNIA
Published: December 2023

A long-term field experiment was conducted from 19992000 to 201516 at Karnal, Haryana, to study the ef- fect of green manuring (GM) and continuous or rotational use of herbicides on weed pressure, crop productivity and soil properties in rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system. Based on data from 200809 on- ward (results from 19992000 to 200708 published elsewhere), the dry-weight of grassy weeds in rice was lower or similar under GM (103407 g/m2) as compared to without green manuring (WGM) (153472 g/m2) except higher dry-weights during 2011 and 2014. The dry-weight of broad leaf weeds (BLW) and sedges under weedy check remained lower or similar under GM (1.59.8 g/m2) than WGM (0.315.5 g/m2), except being higher during 2013. Continuous and rotational use of herbicides being excellent and as good as weed-free checks in rice pro- vided similar reductions in the dry weights of weeds irrespective of GM and WGM over the years. The dry-weight of small canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) in wheat was higher or similar under GM (42216 g/m2) to WGM (26 156 g/m2) except being lower in 201011.The fixed herbicide (Clodinafop) being similar to weed-free was also similar (0.013.8 g/m2) to the rotational use of herbicides (0.025.4 g/m2) in respect of dry weight of grassy weeds over the years. The dry weights of BLW in wheat were equal to or lower under GM (2.935.9 g/m2) than WGM (4.444.0 g/m2) in the plots treated with Clodinafop over the years. The rotational use of herbicides resulted invari- ably in lower dry weights of BLW (0.125.8 g/m2) than the fixed herbicide (2.935.9 g/m2) in wheat with few excep- tions. There were no envisaged signs of herbicide resistance development in the dominant weed barnyard grass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] in rice and Phalaris minor in wheat. Grain yields of rice were better under green manuring (6.388.30 t/ha under weed-free situations) than without green manuring (5.597.63 t/ha). Simi- larly, the grain yields of wheat were higher under GM (5.255.99 t/ha) than WGM (5.085.54 t/ha). The productiv- ity of ricewheat cropping system was higher under GM than WGM by 0.41.1 t/ha over the years. The economic returns from ricewheat system were also more under GM than WGM. The study indicated the long-term sustainability of green manuring and use of herbicides (continuous or rotational) in ricewheat cropping system. Moreover, there were no signs of development of herbicide resistance in weeds, and it might be avoided or de- layed by proper use of recommended herbicides.
Soil fertility and zinc application influences yield and zinc-iron nutrition in rice (Oryza sativa) under system of rice intensification and conventional methods
Authors: BIPLAB PAL  , SUSHANTA SAHA  , BHOLANATH SAHA  , SUSMIT SAHA  , SAJAL PATI  , G.C. HAZRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201314 and 201415 in an Inceptisols of the Indo-gangetic plains of West Bengal, to evaluate the effect of soil-fertility levels and Zn application on yield, yield-attributing characters and ZnFe enrichment in the popularly grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars under sys- tem of rice intensification (SRI) and conventional method. The grain yield was found slightly higher (1.80% than SRI) under conventional system, while the straw yield was found higher under SRI (2.09% than the conventional system). Zinc application had profound influence on yield, yield-attributing characters and Zn content in different plant parts under both the systems. The increase in grain yield owing to zinc fertilization was more under conven- tional system (24.2, 25.4 and 26.9% at low, medium and high fertility levels respectively) than SRI. Zinc enrich- ment to the tune of 16.1% was observed owing to zinc fertilization but it significantly decreased 5.02% Fe content in the rice grain, indicating a phenomenon of possible Zn-Fe antagonism. Therefore, the conventional system was found superior to SRI so far yield, yield-attributing characters and Zn and Fe content in rice are concerned.
Potassium fertilization for enhancing yield attributes, yield and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: S. VIJAYAKUMAR  , DINESH KUMAR  , Y.S. SHIVAY  , ANJALI ANAND  , P. SARAVANANE  , NAIN SINGH
Published: December 2023

A 2-year field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201516 and 201617 at New Delhi, to evaluate the effect of rate, method, time and source of potassium (K) fertilization on yield attributes, yield and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Potassium supply enhanced the yield attributes (spike weight, spike length, grains/spike, fertility %) and yield (grain and straw) significantly. Application of 60 kg K O/ha in 2 2 splits, half basal and remaining half at spike-initiation stage or 75% basal and remaining 25% at spike-initiation stage increased the grain yield (5.5 t/ha), net returns ( 78,000) and benefit: cost ratio (2.2) by 8.8, 9.5 and 10%, respectively over applying the entire dose as basal. A strong positive and significant correlation was observed be- tween yield attributes (r2 = 0.800.96) (total tillers/m2, grains/spike, spike weight, spike length and fertility %) and grain yield. Two foliar sprays of 2.5% potassium nitrate increased fertility percentage by 5 and grain yield of wheat by 6% over the control. However, foliar spray of potassium nitrate was not beneficial if combined with split applica- tion of recommended dose of potassium (60 kg K O/ha), whereas foliar spray proved good substitute for top- 2 dressing of potassium. Basal application of 53.8 kg K O/ha followed by 2 foliar sprays of potassium nitrate, was 2 equally beneficial to 2 split application of 60 kg K O/ha. Similarly, 2 split application of 60 kg K O/ha at 50 : 50 or 2 2 75 : 25 ratio increased the benefit: cost ratio by 10% (2.2) over application of entire dose as basal.