bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Class size, pupil attentiveness and peer relations
Authors: Blatchford Peter , Edmonds Suzanne , Martin Clare
Published: March 2003

Background: Despite a long‐running debate over the effects of class size differences on educational performance there is little evidence on the classroom processes that might be involved.

Aims: The effects of class size differences are examined in relation to social and behavioural adjustment to school, in terms of two dimensions: attentiveness and peer relations. It was predicted that as class size increased there would be more inattentiveness in class and more signs of social difficulties between children in the form of more rejection, asocial, anxious and aggressive behaviour, and less prosocial behaviour.

Samples: Data came from a large‐scale longitudinal study of children over KS1 (4‐7 years). The observation study was based on a subsample of 235 children in 21 small (average 19 children) and 18 large (average 33 children) reception classes (aged 5 years). The PBR sample involved over 5,000.

Methods: There were two complementary methods of data collection: first, a systematic observation study of pre‐selected target children in terms of three ‘social modes’ — when with their teachers, other children and when not interacting — and in terms of work, procedural, social and off‐task activities; and, second, a teacher administered Pupil Behaviour Rating (PBR) scale comprising over 50 items rated on a 3‐point scale grouped into six ‘factors’: hyperactive/distractible, aggressive, anxious/fearful, prosocial, asocial, and excluded.

Results: Observations showed that children in large classes were more likely to show off‐task behaviour of all kinds, and more likely to interact with their peers in terms of off‐task behaviour, social, and also on‐task behaviours. Connections between class size and PBR factors were not strong. There was no support for the view that peer relations are better in smaller classes; indeed, there was a slight tendency for worse peer relations, in terms of aggression, asocial and excluded, in the smallest classes.

Conclusions: There was confirmation that children in large classes are more distracted from work and more often off task. The unexpected result, based on teacher ratings, that small classes may lead to less social and more aggressive relations between children is discussed, along with implications for teachers of a tendency for more peer‐related contacts in large classes.
Nuclear localization of basic fibroblast growth factor is mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans through protein kinase C signaling
Authors: Hsia Edward , Richardson Thomas P. , Nugent Matthew A.
Published: March 2003

Understanding the process of wound healing will provide valuable insight for the development of new strategies to treat diseases associated with improper regeneration, such as blindness induced by corneal scarring. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are not normally expressed in the corneal stroma, but their presence at sites of injury suggests their involvement in the wound healing response. Primary cultured corneal stromal fibroblasts constitutively express HSPG and represent an injured phenotype. Recently, nuclear localization of HSPG was shown to increase in corneal stromal fibroblasts plated on fibronectin (FN), an extracellular matrix protein whose appearance in the corneal stroma correlates with injury. One possible role for the nuclear localization of HSPG is to function as a shuttle for the nuclear transport of heparin‐binding growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2). Once in the nucleus, these growth factors might directly modulate cellular activities. To investigate this hypothesis, cells were treated with 125I‐labelled FGF‐2 under various conditions and fractionated. Our results show that nuclear localization of FGF‐2 was increased in cells plated on FN compared to those on collagen type I (CO). Interestingly, FGF‐2‐stimulated proliferation was increased in cells plated on FN compared to CO and this effect was absent in the presence of heparinase III. Furthermore, pre‐treatment with heparinase III decreased nuclear FGF‐2, and CHO cells defective in the ability to properly synthesize heparan sulfate chains showed reduced nuclear FGF‐2 indicating that the heparan sulfate chains of HSPG are critical for this process. HSPG signaling, particularly through the cytoplasmic tails of syndecans, was investigated as a potential mechanism for the nuclear localization of FGF‐2. Treatment with phorbol 12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA), under conditions that caused downregulation of protein kinase Cα (PKCα), decreased nuclear FGF‐2. Using pharmacological inhibitors of specific PKC isozymes, we elucidated a potential mode of regulation whereby PKCα mediates the nuclear localization of FGF‐2 and PKCδ inhibits it. Our studies suggest a novel mechanism in which FGF‐2 translocates to the nucleus in response to injury. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1214–1225, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lumbrical Tears in Rock Climbers
Authors: SCHWEIZER A.
Published: March 2003

Performance rock climbing places high demands on the hand and may lead to specific injuries. In a “one-finger-pocket” hold, the interphalangeal joints remain in 20–40° flexion. To increase the maximum force of the holding finger by the quadriga effect, the interphalangeal joints of the adjacent fingers become almost maximally flexed. Holding a “one-finger-pocket” with the ring or small finger leads to a shift of the deep flexor tendons which increases the distance between the two adjacent origins of either the third or the fourth lumbrical. This may cause disruption and tear of that muscle. An organized haematoma in the third lumbrical was visible by ultrasonography in one of the three cases described.
Palmar Cortical Angle of the Distal Radius: A Radiological Study
Authors: BASSI R. S. , KRISHNAN K. M. , DHILLON S. S. , DESHMUKH S. C.
Published: March 2003

Fifty lateral radiographs of normal wrists were viewed to determine the palmar cortical angle of the distal radius. The palmar cortical angle is different to its previously described palmar tilt or angulation. The mean value for the palmar cortical angle was 37° (range, 26–50°). This may be clinically important in the design of palmar plates for the distal radius.
Flexor Tendon Graft Attachment: A Review of Methods and A Newly Modified Tendon Graft Attachment
Authors: WILSON S. , SAMMUT D.
Published: March 2003

A review of the described methods of attachment of flexor tendon grafts to the distal phalanx is presented. The authors advocate the previously described method of attachment consisting of passage of the tendon graft through the pulp with anchorage to the nail. A new modification of this technique is presented, facilitating accurate dissection and placement of the graft with minimal trauma.
Alignment of strategic priorities and performance: an integration of operations and strategic management perspectives
Authors: Joshi Maheshkumar P , Kathuria Ravi , Porth Stephen J
Published: March 2003

In theory, strategic priorities at the functional level align with and support business level strategies. Alignment of priorities is presumed to contribute to enhanced organizational performance, just as misalignment is expected to undermine performance. This study further develops and tests these theoretical conventions by examining the perceptions of general managers and manufacturing managers regarding manufacturing priorities of their business units. Based on a sample of matched pairs of manufacturing managers and general managers from 98 manufacturing plants, the hypotheses regarding the alignment–performance relationship are tested. Specifically, we tested whether the performance of the manufacturing unit is enhanced when general managers and manufacturing managers agree on strategic priorities. Furthermore, the influence of organizational factors on the relationship between alignment and performance of the manufacturing unit is studied. Results support our hypotheses that certain organizational variables moderate the relationship between alignment of priorities and manufacturing performance.
A comparative dose–response study of cartilage‐derived morphogenetic protein (CDMP)‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 for tendon healing in rats
Authors: Forslund Carina , Rueger David , Aspenberg Per
Published: March 2003

Cartilage‐derived morphogenetic proteins (CDMPs), belonging to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, are known to be cartilage and bone inducers as well as to induce tendon and ligament‐like tissue. In this study we investigated the influence of CDMP‐1, ‐2 or ‐3 at four different doses (0, 0.4, 2 and 10 μg) on tendon healing in a rat model, as well as differences in osteogenesis between the different CDMPs and doses.

In 110 rats, a 3 mm segment of the Achilles tendon was removed via a 2 mm skin incision. CDMP‐1, ‐2 or ‐3 was injected into the defect 6 h postoperative. The rats were killed 8 days after operation. The tendon regenerates were tested biomechanically. There was a significant dose‐related increase in strength and stiffness with all three CDMPs, but no difference between the CDMPs was found.

Another 50 rats were used to compare the highest dose of the CDMPs with controls and osteogenic protein 1 (OP‐1), as regards cartilage or bone formation after 4 weeks. Cartilage occurred in all groups, including the controls. Some specimens in all groups contained bone, except the controls. No difference between the CDMPs could be demonstrated. The CDMP‐1, CDMP‐3 and OP‐1 groups contained significantly more calcium than controls. Only the CDMP‐2 group and the controls contained significantly less calcium than the OP‐1 group.

In conclusion, the three CDMPs appeared similar as regards improvement of tendon repair and osteogenicity in this setting. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Successful pregnancy in a woman with mut− methylmalonic acidaemia
Authors: Deodato F. , Rizzo C. , Boenzi S. , Baiocco F. , Sabetta G. , Dionisi‐Vici C.
Published: March 2003

We report on a favourable pregnancy in a woman affected by mut− methylmalonic acidaemia. Under vitamin B12 and carnitine therapy she remained symptom‐free throughout pregnancy, labour, delivery and the postpartum period and gave birth to a term, healthy female newborn. At follow‐up, the child shows normal somatic and neurocognitive development.
Hurricane Georges: A cross‐national study examining preparedness, resource loss, and psychological distress in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and the United States
Authors: Sattler David N. , Preston Andrew J. , Kaiser Charles F. , Olivera Vivian E. , Valdez Juan , Schlueter Shannon
Published: March 2003

This cross‐national study examined preparation for and psychological functioning following Hurricane Georges in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and the United States. Four to five weeks after the storm made landfall, 697 college students (222 men, 476 women) completed a questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, preparation, social support, resource loss, and symptoms associated with acute stress disorder. Location, resource loss (especially personal characteristic resources) and social support accounted for a significant portion of psychological distress variance. The findings support the conservation of resources stress theory (Hobfoll. 1989. 1998). Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Multiple Phosphorylation Sites and Quaternary Organization of Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Complex of Elongation Factor-1 (EF-1βγδ/ValRS) Control the Various Functions of EF-1α
Authors: Minella Odile , Mulner-Lorillon Odile , Bec Guillaume , Cormier Patrick , Bellé Robert
Published: March 2003

The eukaryotic guanine-nucleotide exchange factor commonly called elongation factor-1βγδ (EF-1βγδ), comprises four different subunits including valyl-tRNA synthetase (EF-1βγδ/ValRS). The factor is multiply-phosphorylated by three different protein kinases, protein kinase C, casein kinase II and cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). EF-1βγδ/ValRS is organized as a macromolecular complex for which we propose a new structural model. Evidence that EF-1βγδ/ValRS is a sophisticated supramolecular complex containing many phosphorylation sites, makes it a potential regulator of any of the functions of its partner EF-1α, not only involved in protein synthesis elongation, but also in many other cellular functions.
Biophysical Aspects of Using Liposomes as Delivery Vehicles
Authors: Ulrich Anne S.
Published: March 2003

Liposomes are used as biocompatible carriers of drugs, peptides, proteins, plasmic DNA, antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes, for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biochemical purposes. The enormous versatility in particle size and in the physical parameters of the lipids affords an attractive potential for constructing tailor-made vehicles for a wide range of applications. Some of the recent literature will be reviewed here and presented from a biophysical point of view, thus providing a background for the more specialized articles in this special issue on liposome technology. Different properties (size, colloidal behavior, phase transitions, and polymorphism) of diverse lipid formulations (liposomes, lipoplexes, cubic phases, emulsions, and solid lipid nanoparticles) for distinct applications (parenteral, transdermal, pulmonary, and oral administration) will be rationalized in terms of common structural, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the lipids. This general biophysical basis helps to understand pharmaceutically relevant aspects such as liposome stability during storage and towards serum, the biodistribution and specific targeting of cargo, and how to trigger drug release and membrane fusion. Methods for the preparation and characterization of liposomal formulations in vitro will be outlined, too.
Controlling the Physical Behavior and Biological Performance of Liposome Formulations Through Use of Surface Grafted Poly(ethylene Glycol)
Authors: Allen C. , Dos Santos N. , Gallagher R. , Chiu G.N.C. , Shu Y. , Li W.M. , Johnstone S.A. , Janoff A.S. , Mayer L.D. , Webb M.S. , Bally M.B.
Published: March 2003

The presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at the surface of a liposomal carrier has been clearly shown to extend the circulation lifetime of the vehicle. To this point, the extended circulation lifetime that the polymer affords has been attributed to the reduction or prevention of protein adsorption. However, there is little evidence that the presence of PEG at the surface of a vehicle actually reduces total serum protein binding. In this review we examine all aspects of PEG in order to gain a better understanding of how the polymer fulfills its biological role. The physical and chemical properties of the polymer are explored and compared to properties of other hydrophilic polymers. An evidence based assessment of several in vitro protein binding studies as well as in vivo pharmacokinetics studies involving PEG is included. The ability of PEG to prevent the self-aggregation of liposomes is considered as a possible means by which it extends circulation longevity. Also, a “dysopsonization” phenomenon where PEG actually promotes binding of certain proteins that then mask the vehicle is discussed.
Macrophage Mannosyl Fucosyl Receptor: Its Role in Invasion of Virulent and Avirulent L. Donovani Promastigotes
Authors: Chakraborty Rila , Chakraborty Prasanta , Basu Mukul K.
Published: March 2003

The interaction of leishmania parasites with macrophages is known to be receptor mediated. Previous study from this laboratory (J. Parasitol. 82:632, 1996) showed the significant involvement of LPG and gp63 receptors in the recognition of virulent strains onto the macrophages. The role of carbohydrate receptors–the other major receptors besides LPG and gp63 receptors, in the recognition of both virulent (strains AG83 and GE1) and avirulent (strain UR6) leishmania onto the host macrophages has been the major focus of the present investigation. Various neoglycoproteins were used as efficient ligands to preblock the carbohydrate receptors on the macrophage surface. Similarly, various sugar specific lectins were used to preblock the corresponding carbohydrate ligands on the parasite surface. When these preblocked macrophages or parasites were used to study their mode of recognition, it was obvious from the findings that avirulent leishmania promastigotes possibly use the mannosyl fucosyl receptors (MFR) more avidly for their initial attachment and subsequent internalization into the macrophages whereas the virulent leishmania exhibits limited use of this receptor. When a macrophage-like cell line (J774), lacking in MFR, was purposely selected to test the previous findings, as expected, the attachment of avirulent promastigotes (UR6) onto the cell line was found to be negligible when compared to the peritoneal macrophages. Thus, it appears that avirulent leishmania promastigotes probably utilize MFR significantly for their initial recognition and subsequent internalization by macrophages.
The Impact of Communal‐Mastery Versus Self‐Mastery on Emotional Outcomes During Stressful Conditions: A Prospective Study of Native American Women
Authors: Hobfoll Stevan E. , Jackson Anita , Hobfoll Ivonne , Pierce Charles A. , Young Sara
Published: March 2003

Past research has examined the stress resiliency of individuals high in sense of personal‐mastery. However, it has been theorized that within more collectivist cultures, a sense of shared efficacy, which we call communal‐mastery, may be more central to people's resiliency in the face of challenging life circumstances. We compared the impact of sense of self‐mastery (i.e., “I am the key to my success”) to that of communal‐mastery (i.e., “I am successful by virtue of my social attachments”) in a prospective study among a group of rural 103 Native American women residing on Indian Reservations in Montana. We found that women high in communal‐mastery experienced less increase in depressive mood and anger, especially when faced with high stress circumstances, than women who were low in communal‐mastery. In addition, the beneficial impact of communal‐mastery was found to be more effective than self‐mastery for these women.
Expression, Purification and Characterization of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Agglutinin (PNA) from Baculovirus Infected Insect Cells
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Behera Aruna K. , Kumar Sanjay , Srinivas V. R. , Das Hasi R. , Surolia Avadhesha , Das Rakha H.
Published: March 2003

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed lectin, PNA is widely used to identify tumor specific antigen (T-antigen), Galβ1-3GalNAc on the eukaryotic cell surface. The functional amino acid coding region of a cDNA clone, pBSH-PN was PCR amplified and cloned downstream of the polyhedrin promoter in the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) based transfer vector pVL1393. Co-transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells (Sf9) with the transfer vector, pAcPNA and AcRP6 (a recombinant AcNPV having B-gal downstream of the polyhedrin promoter) DNAs produced a recombinant virus, AcPNA which expresses PNA. Infection of suspension culture of Sf9 cells with plaque purified AcPNA produced as much as 9.8 mg PNA per liter (2.0 × 106 cells/ml) of serum-free medium. Intracellularly expressed protein (re-PNA) was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography using ECD-Sepharose. Polyclonal antibodies against natural PNA (n-PNA) cross-reacted with re-PNA. The subunit molecular weight (30kDa), hemagglutination activity, and carbohydrate specificity of re-PNA were found to be identical to that of n-PNA, thus confirming the abundant production of a functionally active protein in the baculovirus expression system.
Mental Health and Welfare Transitions: Depression and Alcohol Abuse in AFDC Women
Authors: Dooley David , Prause JoAnn
Published: March 2003

From a selection perspective, does prior dysfunction select women into welfare or serve as a barrier to leaving welfare? From a social causation perspective, does entering or exiting welfare lead to changes in well being? These questions were analyzed in panel data for over 3,600 women drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the period 1992–94. Welfare is associated with both depression and alcohol consumption cross‐sectionally. This link appears to derive in small part from selection into welfare by depression (in interaction with marital status), but depression and alcohol abuse did not operate as barriers to leaving welfare. Entering welfare was clearly associated with increased depression and alcohol consumption, but confidence in an apparent beneficial effect on alcohol symptoms of leaving welfare for employment was limited by small sample sizes. These findings are located in the context of the 1996‐welfare reform and the recent economic expansion. One implication is that community psychology should consider welfare entry as a risk factor similar to adverse employment changes such as job loss.
Carnosine, the Protective, Anti-aging Peptide
Authors: Boldyrev Alexander A. , Gallant Steven Ch. , Sukhich Gennady T.
Published: March 2003

Carnosine attenuates the development of senile features when used as a supplement to a standard diet of senescence accelerated mice (SAM). Its effect is apparent on physical and behavioral parameters and on average life span. Carnosine has a similar effect on mice of the control strain, but this is less pronounced due to the non-accelerated character of their senescence processes.
Sensing issues related to the clinical use of implantable loop recorders
Authors: Chrysostomakis S. I. , Klapsinos N. C. , Simantirakis E. N. , Marketou M. E. , Kambouraki D. C. , Vardas P. E.
Published: March 2003

Aims

The newer insertable loop recorder device (Reveal Plus 9526, Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis MN, U.S.A.) is equipped with auto-activation capabilities. In this study we investigated whether the new device encounters sensitivity problems in the form of oversensing or undersensing. We also tested whether body position changes influence the sensed electrogram's amplitude, therefore affecting the device's autosensing ability.

Methods and results

We enrolled 32 patients aged 58·1±11·7 years with a loop recorder implanted either in the left parasternal or in the heart's apex area, to investigate undiagnosed syncopal episodes after initial assessment.

During the follow-up period (5·7±2·7 months), that began 6 months after the device implantation, we analysed 284 auto-recorded episodes (103 undersensed and 181 correctly sensed). No oversensing episodes were recorded.

The recorded QRS amplitude in five different body positions: supine, left and right lateral, sitting and standing was measured. No statistically significant changes were observed in the different postures.

Even when patients were divided into subgroups according to implant site or the occurrence of undersensing episodes, no significant inter- or intra-group differences of the sensed electrogram were observed.

Conclusion

Undoubtedly this device is the current gold standard for the diagnosis of unexplained syncope. In the population we studied though, the device faced undersensing problems. Consequently, the device should be equipped with more advanced software for QRS morphology recognition, to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the recorder.
Genetic Polymorphisms and the Progression of Liver Fibrosis: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Bataller Ramón , North Kari E. , Brenner David A.
Published: March 2003

Liver fibrosis is a highly dynamic process in which multiple genes interact with environmental factors. Recent human epidemiologic studies have identified possible polymorphisms in a number of candidate genes that influence the progression of liver fibrosis. These genetic factors could explain the broad spectrum of responses to the same etiologic agent found in patients with chronic liver diseases. Polymorphisms in genes encoding immunoregulatory proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, and fibrogenic factors may influence disease progression in patients with alcohol–induced liver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, or chronic hepatitis C. However, some of the studies have yielded contradictory results. For example, conflicting results have been obtained in studies assessing the role of mutations in the hemochromatosis gene on fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Large–scale, well–designed studies are required to clarify the actual role of this factor and other genetic variants in liver fibrosis.
Transplantation of Monocyte CC-Chemokine Receptor 2–Deficient Bone Marrow Into ApoE3–Leiden Mice Inhibits Atherogenesis
Authors: Guo Jian , Van Eck Miranda , Twisk Jaap , Maeda Nobuyo , Benson G. Martin , Groot Pieter H.E. , Van Berkel Theo J.C.
Published: March 2003

Objective—To determine the role of leukocyte CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in the early development of atherosclerosis

Methods and Results—Bone marrow cells harvested from CCR2 (−/−) and CCR2 (+/+) mice were transplanted into ApoE3–Leiden mice, a mouse strain susceptible for diet-induced atherosclerosis. Eight weeks after bone marrow transplantation, the diet of regular chow was switched to a high-cholesterol diet (1% cholesterol, 15% fat, 0.5% cholate) for another 8 weeks to induce atherosclerosis. No significant differences in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed between the CCR2 (+/+) → ApoE3–Leiden and CCR2 (−/−) → ApoE3–Leiden mice. However, the mean cross-sectional aortic root lesion area of CCR2 (−/−) → ApoE3–Leiden mice was only 2.94±1.94×104μm2compared with 20.94±12.71×104μm2, for CCR2 (+/+) → ApoE3–Leiden mice. Thus, the absence of CCR2 on leukocytes induces an 86% reduction of aortic lesion area as compared with controls (n=10,P<0.01).

Conclusion—These results provide direct evidence that CCR2 expressed by leukocytes plays a critical role in the initiation of early atherosclerosis and that pharmacological intervention in CCR2 function represents an attractive target to inhibit atherogenesis.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome and renal failure associated with citalopram overdose
Authors: Kelly C A , Upex A , Spencer E P , Flanagan R J , Bateman D N
Published: March 2003

A 45-year-old man ingested 3000 mg of citalopram hydrobromide (2400 mg citalopram). He presented to the Emergency Department 2 hours post-ingestion with a pulse of 100 beats/min and blood pressure of 120/ 80 mmHg. His electrocardiogram (ECG) was normal. Chest X-ray showed bilateral shadowing, with no evidence of aspiration of gastric contents. Shortly after, he had three tonic-clonic seizures, requiring intravenous diazepam. Eight hours post-ingestion he became oliguric with deteriorating renal function, despite normal arterial and central venous pressures. He became increasingly hypoxic, with chest X-ray changes compatible with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite treatment with 100% oxygen and continuous positive airway pressure, his gas exchange continued to deteriorate, requiring intubation and ventilation. His renal function also deteriorated with a peak creatinine of 492 mmol/L on day 4 in the absence of rhabdomyolysis. There was complete spontaneous recovery of renal function after 2 weeks. A peak plasma total citalopram (R-S enantiomers) concentration of 1.92 mg/L was recorded 2 hours post-ingestion. Total norcitalopram concentrations continued to rise up to 24 hours post-ingestion. Citalopram has been associated with seizures, ECG abnormalities, rhabdomyolysis and coma after overdose. The renal and respiratory complications seen in this patient have not been reported previously.
Novel protein RGPR‐p117: The gene expression in physiologic state and the binding activity to regucalcin gene promoter region in rat liver
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayoshi , Misawa Hiroyuki , Ma Zhong Jie
Published: March 2003

The binding activity of a novel regucalcin gene promoter region‐related protein (RGPR‐p117) to the TTGGC sequence of the rat regucalcin gene promoter region was investigated. The expression of RGPR‐p117 mRNA was seen in the liver tissues of male and female rats. The sexual difference of this expression was not found. Liver RGPR‐p117 mRNA expression was not changed with increasing age (1–50 weeks old), and its expression was not altered by fasting or refeeding. Nuclear factor I‐A1 (NF1‐A1) has been identified to be a transcription factor in stimulating the rat regucalcin gene promoter activity (Misawa and Yamaguchi [2002a] J Cell Biochem 84:795–802]. Recombinant nuclear factor I‐A1 (NF1‐A1) and RGPR‐p117 proteins were used gel mobility shift assay. RGPR‐p117 could not bind to TTGGC motif of the sequence between −525 and −504, which has been defined as a functional promoter element II‐b. NF1‐A1 was specifically bound to the II‐b oligonucleotide. Moreover, RGPR‐p117 was not bound to the II‐b oligonucleotide in the presence of NF1‐A1 or rat liver nuclear protein. The binding of NF1‐A1 to the II‐b oligonucleotide was not altered in the presence of RGPR‐p117. This study demonstrates that RGPR‐p117 mRNA, is expressed stably for physiologic change in rat liver, and that recombinant the protein does not directly bind to the TTGGC motif in rat regucalcin gene promoter. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1092–1100, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guidelines for Writing Letters to Patients
Authors: Baker Diane L. , Eash Timothy , Schuette Jane L. , Uhlmann Wendy R.
Published: March 2003

Patient letters provide a permanent record of the genetic counseling that was provided and are unique in medical care; rarely do other health care providers send summaries written specifically to their patients and families. We surveyed genetic counseling training program directors and found that while the acquisition of patient letter‐writing skills was considered important, there were no specific guidelines made available to students. To develop letter‐writing guidelines, we evaluated patient letters, reviewed references on professional correspondence, surveyed the medical literature, and worked with a writing consultant. The guidelines we subsequently developed and present here include a format for writing patient letters, suggestions on presenting medical information in understandable terms, and wording considerations. These patient letter‐writing guidelines are intended to serve as a guide for teaching students this important skill and as a resource for practicing health care professionals.
A Fermat-like Principle for Chemical Reactions in Heterogeneous Systems
Authors: Sieniutycz Stanisław
Published: March 2003

We formulate a variational principle of Fermat type for chemical kinetics in heterogeneous reacting systems. The principle is consistent with the notion of ‘intrinsic reaction coordinate’ (IRC), the idea of ‘chemical resistance’ (CR) and the second law of thermodynamics. The Lagrangian formalism applies a nonlinear functional of entropy production that follows from classical (single-phase) nonequilibrium thermodynamics of chemically reacting systems or its extension for multiphase systems involving interface reactions and transports. For a chemical flux, a “law of bending” is found which implies that — by minimizing the total resistance — the chemical ray spanned between two given points takes the shape assuring its relatively large part in a region of lower chemical resistivity (a ‘rarer’ region of the medium). In effect, the chemical flux bends into the direction that ensures its shape consistent with the longest residence of the chemical complex in regions of lower resistivity. The dynamic programming method quantifies the “chemical rays” and related wavefronts along the reaction coordinate.
A Transient-State Analysis of Tyson's Model for the Cell Division Cycle by Means of KCC-Theory
Authors: Antonelli P. L. , Rutz S. F. , Sabău V. S.
Published: March 2003

The transient-state stability analysis for the trajectories of Tyson's equations for the cell-division cycle is given by the so-called KCC-Theory. This is the differential geometric theory of the variational equations for deviation of whole trajectories to nearby ones. The relationship between Lyapunov stability of steady-states and limit cycles is throughly examined. We show that the region of stability (where, in engineering parlance, the system is “hunting”) encloses the Tyson limit cycle, while outside this region the trajectories exhibit a periodic behaviour.
Liposome Clearance
Authors: Ishida Tatsuhiro , Harashima Hideyoshi , Kiwada Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

The clearance rate of liposomal drugs from the circulation is determined by the rate and extent of both drug release and uptake of liposomes by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Intravenously injected liposomes initially come into contact with serum proteins. The interaction of liposomes with serum proteins is thought to play a critical role in the liposome clearance. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the role of serum proteins, so-called opsonins, that enhance the clearance of liposomes, when bound to liposomes. In addition to opsonin-dependent liposome clearance, opsonin-independent liposome clearance is also reviewed. As opposed to the conventional (non-surface modification) liposomes, we briefly address the issue of the accelerated clearance of PEGylated-liposomes (sterically stabilized liposomes, long-circulating liposomes) on repeated injection, a process that has recently been observed.
Identification of two novel mutations inOCTN2from two Saudi patients with systemic carnitine deficiency
Authors: Rahbeeni Z. , Vaz F. M. , Al‐Hussein K. , Bucknall M. P. , Ruiter J. , Wanders R. J. , Rashed M. S.
Published: March 2003

Systemic carnitine deficiency (CDSP) (McKusick 212140) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by defective plasma membrane uptake of carnitine. The disease is characterized by Reye syndrome, progressive cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, hypoglycaemia and hyperammonaemia. CDSP is a treatable disease provided an early diagnosis is made and prompt treatment with L‐carnitine is initiated. The biochemical diagnosis of the disease is based on the findings of very low plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations. Recently, a human gene,SLC22A5, encoding a sodium‐dependent high‐affinity carnitine transporterOCTN2was cloned from human kidney and shown to be mutated in systemic carnitine deficiency. Here we report two unrelated Saudi CDSP patients who were detected by tandem mass spectrometric analysis (MS/MS) of blood spots. Studies in skin fibroblasts from the two patients showed a severely reduced carnitine uptake. Subsequent molecular studies led to the identification of two novel missense mutations in theOCTN2gene in the two patients.
Reversible fulminant lactic acidosis and liver failure in an infant with hepatic cytochrome‐c oxidase deficiency
Authors: Lev D. , Gilad E. , Leshinsky‐Silver E. , Houri S. , Levine A. , Saada A. , Lerman‐Sagie T.
Published: March 2003

Cytochrome‐c oxidase (COX) is the most common respiratory chain complex involved in liver failure, either as a single enzyme deficiency or as part of multiple enzyme deficiencies. We describe an infant who presented with fulminant lactic acidosis in the neonatal period. The lactic acidosis resolved spontaneously but liver and pancreatic insufficiency ensued. Isolated cytochrome‐c oxidase deficiency was found in liver but not in muscle and fibroblasts. mtDNA rearrangements or depletion were ruled out. By the age of one year, liver and pancreatic functions have normalized completely and neurodevelopment is normal.
Interaction of Newly Synthesized Apolipoprotein B with Calnexin and Calreticulin Requires Glucose Trimming in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Tatu Utpal , Helenius Ari
Published: March 2003

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is the only protein component of the low density lipoproteins (LDL) in plasma. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of about 550 kDa (4536 amino acids) containing 16 N-glycans. We have studied the interaction of ApoB with two lectin-like chaperones of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)’Calnexin (CN) and Calreticulin (CR). Using a co-immunoprecipitation approach we observed that newly synthesized ApoB associates with CN and CR. The interaction was transient; within 30–60 min after synthesis bulk of newly formed ApoB dissociated. Using McA Rh7777 cells expressing an N-terminal fragment of ApoB we found that inhibition of glucosidases in the ER prevented the association of CN and CR to newly synthesized ApoB. The results showed that like for association with other glycoprotein substrates, trimming of glucose residues was essential for ApoB binding to CN and CR.
The Structural Basis for the Susceptibility of Gangliosides to Enzymatic Degradation
Authors: Sonnino Sandro , Brocca Paola , Acquotti Domenico , Bernardi Anna , Raimondi Laura , Kiso Makoto , Ishida Hideharu , Li Su-Chen , Li Yu-Teh
Published: March 2003

The conformational properties of GM2, GalNacβ-4(Neu5Acα-3) Galβ-4Glcβ-1Cer have been compared to those of 6′-GM2, in which the linkage between the GalNAc and Gal was altered from GalNacβ-4Galβ- to GalNacβ-6Galβ-, and to those of GD1a, Neu5Acα-3Galβ-3GalNAcβ-4(Neu5Acα-3)Galβ-4Glcβ-1Cer, and GalNAc-GD1a.

Our results revealed that unlike the compact and rigid oligosaccharide head group found in GM2, where the Neu5Ac and the GalNAc residues interact, the sugar chain of 6′-GM2 is in an open spatial arrangement, with the Neu5Ac no longer interacting with GalNAc, freely accessible to external interactions.

The structure of GD1a can be regarded as that of GM2 with an extension of the terminal Neu5Acα-3Galβ-disaccharide. The inner portion of GD1a is that of GM2 comprising the very rigid GalNAc-[Neu5Ac-]Gal trisaccharide. The terminal Neu5Ac-Gal linkage is flexible and fluctuates between two limiting conformations. In GalNAc-GD1a the outer sialic acid gains conformational rigidity due to the presence of the outer GalNAc in position 4 of galactose. This ganglioside has two ‘core’ GalNAc-[Neu5Ac-]Gal trisaccharide linked in tandem.
The Convergent Validity of Two Burnout Instruments
Authors: Demerouti Evangelia , Demerouti Evangelia , Bakker Arnold B. , Vardakou Ioanna , Kantas Aristotelis
Published: March 2003

Summary This study examined the factorial and convergent validity of the OLdenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS) among 232 Greek employees from different occupational groups (e. g., banking and insurance, chemical industry). Results of confirmatory factor analyses supported the proposed factor structure for both instruments. In addition, the convergent and discriminant validity of the OLBI and MBI-GS was supported by the results of multitrait-multimethod analyses. Since the OLBI subscales contain both positively and negatively phrased items, it is suggested to increase the psychometric properties of the MBI-GS by including the positively phrased items of the OLBI.
Gender and salaries in hotel financial management: it’s still a man’s world
Authors: Burgess Cathy
Published: March 2003

Research into the careers and salaries of financial controllers in the hospitality industry has shown continuing discrepancies between men and women. Analysis of the results of a survey indicates that the assumption that differentials are based purely on gender are somewhat simplistic and that it is in the nature of the work that men and women perform that the real reasons emerge. Women and men appear in general to undertake different types of job within hospitality financial management, those with higher status and hence pay being more likely to be held by men. Occupational segregation and educational level emerge as being major factors although ongoing social attitudes towards women’s employment have limited their progress. It is essential for these attitudes to change if the hospitality industry is to optimise the use of all skilled and trained financial managers to the benefit of the business.
Differential Effects of Doxycycline, a Broad-Spectrum Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor, on Angiotensin II–Induced Atherosclerosis and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Manning Michael W. , Cassis Lisa A. , Daugherty Alan
Published: March 2003

Objective—

Angiotensin II (AngII) infusion into hyperlipidemic mice leads to the rapid formation of atherosclerotic lesions and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). To define the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the development of these vascular pathologies, we administered the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor doxycycline to saline- and AngII-infused LDL receptor−/− mice.

Methods and Results—

Mice were placed on a high-fat diet for 1 week before infusion with either saline or AngII (1000 ng · kg
−1
· min
−1
) via osmotic pumps for 28 days. Doxycycline (30 mg · kg
−1
· d
−1
) was administered in the drinking water to both saline- and AngII-infused mice. Administration of doxycycline did not significantly influence systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentrations, or lipoprotein-cholesterol distribution. Doxycycline had no effect on the extent of atherosclerosis in saline- or AngII-infused mice. In contrast, doxycycline markedly reduced the incidence of AAA formation (86% vs 35%, AngII vs AngII+doxycycline, respectively;
P
<0.05), in addition to reducing aneurysm severity.

Conclusions—

These data do not imply a role for MMPs in AngII-induced atherosclerosis but provide evidence consistent with a role in AngII-induced AAA formation.
Increased Superoxide Production in Coronary Arteries in Hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: Ungvari Zoltan , Csiszar Anna , Edwards John G. , Kaminski Pawel M. , Wolin Michael S. , Kaley Gabor , Koller Akos
Published: March 2003

Objective—In coronary arteries, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy, a known risk factor for coronary heart disease) impairs flow-induced dilations, which can be reversed by superoxide dismutase (SOD). To evidence increased O2.−generation and elucidate its source, we characterized changes in activity (lucigenin chemiluminescence, hydroethidine staining) and expression of arterial pro- and antioxidant systems (Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, cDNA microarray, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) in the coronary arteries of rats by using methionine diet-induced HHcy.

Methods and Results—The increased generation of O2.−by HHcy coronary arteries was inhibited by SOD, diphenyleneiodonium, apocynin, and apocynin plus amino guanidine but was unaffected by allopurinol and rotenone. Also, diphenyleneiodonium-sensitive NADPH-driven O2.−generation was increased in HHcy vessels. In HHcy arteries expression of the smooth muscle-confined NAD(P)H oxidase subunit nox1 and that of iNOS was increased. Expression of p67phox, p22phox, and p47phoxsubunits and that of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, extracellular SOD (mRNA), and xanthine oxidase was unchanged. Microarray analysis showed increased expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry) that was localized in smooth muscle. In vitro incubation (18 hours) of HHcy arteries with anti-TNF-α antibody decreased O2.−production, whereas incubation of control vessels with TNF-α increased O2.−generation and nox1 expression.

Conclusions—In coronary arteries, HHcy increases TNF-α expression, which enhances oxidative stress through upregulating a nox1-based NAD(P)H oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Thus, TNF-α induces a proinflammatory vascular phenotype in HHcy that potentially contributes to the development of coronary atherosclerosis.
Regulation of hematopoietic‐specific G‐protein Gα15 and Gα16 by protein kinase C
Authors: Gu Jennifer L. , Lu Wei , Xia Chunzhi , Wu Xiushan , Liu Mingyao
Published: March 2003

Heterotrimeric G proteins mediate cell growth and differentiation by coupling cell surface receptors to intracellular effector enzymes. The G‐protein α subunit, Gα16, and its murine homologue Gα15, are expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells and their expression is highly regulated during differentiation of normal and leukemic cells. In this study, we examined the phosphorylation of Gα15/Gα16 and its role in receptor and effector coupling. We observed a PMA‐stimulated intact cell phosphorylation of Gα15 in COS7 cells transfected with Gα15 and protein kinase Cα (PKCα), and phosphorylation of endogenous Gα16 in HL60 cells. We also showed that peptides derived from the two G‐proteins were phosphorylated in vitro using purified brain PKC. Furthermore, we identified the putative phosphorylation site and showed that mutation or deletion of this PKC phosphorylation site inhibited phospholipase C (PLC) activation. The behavior of double mutants with the constitutively active G‐protein mutation (QL‐mutant) and mutation in the putative phosphorylation site suggests that the phosphorylation site of Gα15/16 is essential for receptor‐coupled activation of PLC, but not for direct interaction of the G‐protein with PLC‐β. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1101–1111, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular smooth muscle cells efficiently activate a new proteinase cascade involving plasminogen and fibronectin
Authors: Houard Xavier , Monnot Catherine , Dive Vincent , Corvol Pierre , Pagano Maurice
Published: March 2003

The plasminogen/plasmin system is involved in vascular wall remodeling after injury, through extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and proteinase activation. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) synthesize various components of the plasminogen/plasmin system. We investigated the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin in primary cultured rat VSMCs. VSMCs efficiently converted exogenous plasminogen into plasmin in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. We measured plasmin activity by monitoring the hydrolysis of Tosyl‐G‐P‐R‐Mca, a fluorogenic substrate of plasmin. Cell‐mediated plasmin activation was associated with the degradation of ECM, as revealed by fibronectin proteolysis. Plasmin also activated a proteinase able to hydrolyze Mca‐P‐L‐G‐L‐Dpa‐A‐R‐NH2, a fluorogenic substrate of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, this proteinase was not inhibited by an MMP inhibitor. Furthermore, this proteinase displayed similar biochemical and pharmacological properties to fibronectin‐proteinase, a recently identified zinc‐dependent metalloproteinase located in the gelatin‐binding domain of fibronectin. These results show that VSMCs convert exogenous plasminogen into plasmin in their pericellular environment. By hydrolyzing matrix protein plasmin activates a latent metalloproteinase that differs from MMP, fibronectin‐proteinase. This metalloproteinase may participate to vascular wall remodeling, in concert with other proteinases. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1188–1201, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ref‐1 protein enhances the IL‐2‐stimulated telomerase activity
Authors: Xu Weijing , Yan Mingda , Sun Lanying , Zheng Zhongcheng , Liu Xinyuan
Published: March 2003

Telomerase is an important ribonucleoprotein enzyme involved in cellular proliferation and senescence. Activation of telomerase has been detected in a vast majority of human cancer cells. In this article, we demonstrated that Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) which is the pivotal cytokine in the immune system could stimulate the activity of telomerase in the cultured BA/F3β cells. It was also found that the level of IL‐2‐induced telomerase activity was decreased by the treatment with chemical oxidant in vitro. Since IL‐2 stimulation produces a oxidative shift of the intracellular environment, the activation and maintenance of telomerase in this oxidative circumstance requires particular protection. Here we proved the redox factor‐1 (Ref‐1) protein was involved in this process. The addition of GST–Ref‐1 protein increased the level of IL‐2‐induced telomerase activity in the TRAP assay, while elimination of the endogenous Ref‐1 protein by immunodepletion decreased it. Consistent with these in vitro results, IL‐2‐induced telomerase activity could be enhanced by transient overexpression of Ref‐1 protein in BA/F3β cells. Taken together, these findings proved that Ref‐1 protein benefits the activation of telomerase activity in the oxidative microenvironment of the BA/F3β cells stimulated by IL‐2. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1120–1128, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.