bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empire State College: The Development of Online Learning
Authors: Lefor Patricia J. , Benke Meg , Ting Evelyn
Published: November 2016

Empire State College was founded in 1971 to meet the needs of adult and other nontraditional student populations in the state of New York. Its initial delivery model was individualized instruction with a student working with a full-time faculty member to develop a unique plan of study and learning contracts to support that plan. By 1979, the College established the Center for Distance Learning, which developed and still offers structured, print-based courses to students with no requirement for on-site meetings. It began to experiment with computer-supported learning activities in the late 1980s, employing professional staff to support the exploration of technology and to provide assistance to faculty in instructional design. However, it was not until 1994, with the formal creation of the Center for Learning and Technology, that the development of online courses and programs was systematically pursued. This article outlines the development of online programs since that time, emphasizing the issues and challenges faced by the institution in seeking to provide quality, cost-effective distance education.
Issues and Challenges of Providing Online Inservice Teacher Training: Korea's experience
Authors: Jung Insung
Published: November 2016

To meet the need for flexible and interactive teacher training, the Korean government created a Cyber Teacher Training Center (CTTC) in the summer of 1997. The CTTC project developed a software platform for managing online inservice teacher training, eleven general training courses, with plans to add more courses each year. This article examines the needs met through the introduction of online inservice teacher training and the strategies that have been employed in the process. This paper also analyzes the major impacts of online teacher training and looks at the challenges facing online inservice teacher training in the coming years.
Learning Objects: Resources For Distance Education Worldwide
Authors: Downes Stephen
Published: November 2016

This article discusses the topic of learning objects in three parts. First, it identifies a need for learning objects and describes their essential components based on this need. Second, drawing on concepts from recent developments in computer science, it describes learning objects from a theoretical perspective. Finally, it describes learning objects in practice, first as they are created or generated by content authors, and second, as they are displayed or used by students and other client groups.
The Hybridisation of Conventional Higher Education: UK Perspective
Authors: Lewis Roger
Published: November 2016

Before the creation of the United Kingdom Open University (UKOU) - its Charter was given in 1969 and the first students were admitted in 1971 - the full-time residential model of higher education was pervasive, with part-time and distance modes of study seen as separate and inferior. The UKOU demonstrated the effectiveness of distance learning but also, because of its success, in some ways inhibited change in the mainstream tertiary sector. As social and political pressures on the sector grew, higher education providers were forced to innovate and models of “open learning” offered ways forward. As a result, the distinction between “distance” and “face-to-face” delivery rapidly eroded during the 1990s. However, barriers still remain to a more radical approach to provision as a whole.
Building Sense of Community at a Distance
Authors: Rovai Alfred P.
Published: November 2016

This article challenges the belief that strong sense of community is limited to the traditional classroom and proposes that the virtual classroom has the potential of building and sustaining sense of community at levels that are comparable to the traditional classroom. Drawing on research literature, the concept of learning community is applied to the virtual classroom by taking on the issue of how best to design and conduct an online course that fosters community among learners who are physically separated from each other. Course design principles are described that facilitate dialogue and decrease psychological distance, thereby increasing a sense of community among learners.

Key Terms

Distance education, community, spirit, trust, interaction, learning, persistence, attrition, ALN, online
The Effectiveness of Web-Based Instruction: An Initial Inquiry
Authors: Olson Tatana , Wisher Robert A.
Published: November 2016

As the use of Web-based instruction increases in the educational and training domains, many people have recognized the importance of evaluating its effects on student outcomes such as learning, performance, and satisfaction. Often, these results are compared to those of conventional classroom instruction in order to determine which method is “better.” However, major differences in technology and presentation rather than instructional content can obscure the true relationship between Web-based instruction and these outcomes. Computer-based instruction (CBI), with more features similar to Web-based instruction, may be a more appropriate benchmark than conventional classroom instruction. Furthermore, there is little consensus as to what variables should be examined or what measures of learning are the most appropriate, making comparisons between studies difficult and inconclusive. In this article, we review the historical findings of CBI as an appropriate benchmark to Web-based instruction. In addition, we review 47 reports of evaluations of Web-based courses in higher education published between 1996 and 2002. A tabulation of the documented findings into eight characteristics is offered, along with our assessments of the experimental designs, effect sizes, and the degree to which the evaluations incorporated features unique to Web-based instruction.
The eClassroom used as a Teacher's Training Laboratory to Measure the Impact of Group Facilitation on Attending, Participation, Interaction, and Involvement.
Authors: Lobel Mia , Swedburg Randy , Neubauer Mike
Published: November 2016

This paper describes and quantifies the role of group facilitation in an experiential, real-time, online, university level credit course entitled eAHSC/230 Interpersonal Communications and Relations. A new and unique group interaction pattern called parallel communication, as well as classical elements of group interaction are described and quantified. New measures of online group facilitation attributes with analogous face-to-face (F2F) counterparts are presented. Specifically, the impact of effective group facilitation on Attentiveness, on Interaction, on Involvement, and on Participation is explored. The paper also examines the eClassrom’s potential effectiveness as a real time teaching and training laboratory which also functions as a process observation tool that collects and feeds back interaction data, providing teachers and trainers immediate and ongoing measures of facilitation effectiveness.
Student Support in Open Learning: Sustaining the process
Authors: Dearnley Christine
Published: November 2016

This paper discusses the aspect of student support that emerged as a key component of a longitudinal study into the experiences of nurses studying through open learning in the UK. Students engaged in this study were mature learners who were practicing nurses and predominantly, but not exclusively, women. Participants perceived entering higher education as a considerable challenge.

Key Terms: Longitudinal research; constant comparative analysis; social, professional and academic networks 
"A Vida Escapa Pelos Dedos e Pelos Medos": O Discurso de Libertação dos Papéis Sociais Femininos na Série Televisiva "Os Experientes"
Authors: Mungioli Maria Cristina Palma , Dantas Sílvia Góis
Published: November 2016

A partir da discussão acerca do envelhecimento da população e da “feminização” da velhice (MOREIRA 1998; SALGADO, 2002) como parte integrante do profundo e complexo processo de transformação da identidade e da intimidade (GIDDENS, 1993, 2002), o presente artigo analisa o discurso da personagem Francisca na série televisiva Os Experientes (Globo, 2015). A análise baseia-se na teoria semiótica narrativa greimasiana a partir dos estudos de Barros (2011) e Fiorin (1996, 2007, 2011). Estudando os processos de figurativização e tematização presentes no texto, foi possível observar a construção de um discurso que aponta para a valorização de novos modelos de velhice feminina, associados à liberdade e à busca da autoidentidade.
Vitamin-D Deficiency Predicts Infections in Young North Indian Children: A Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Chowdhury Ranadip , Taneja Sunita , Bhandari Nita , Sinha Bireshwar , Upadhyay Ravi , Bhan Maharaj Kishan , Strand Tor A.
Published: November 2016

Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between poor vitamin D status and respiratory infections and diarrhea among young children. Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) and diarrhea are among the two most important causes of death in under-5 children. In this analysis, we examine the extent to which vitamin-D deficiency (<10 ng/ml) predicts these outcomes using data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of daily folic acid and/ or vitamin B12 supplementation for six months in 6 to 30 months old children conducted in Delhi, India. Of the 960 subjects who had vitamin-D concentrations measured, 331(34.5%) were vitamin-D deficient. We found, after controlling for relevant potential confounders (age, sex, breastfeeding status, wasting, stunting, underweight, anemia status at base line and season), the risk of ALRI was significantly higher among vitamin-D deficient (OR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.55) compared to vitamin-D-replete children in the six months follow-up period. Vitamin-D status was not significantly associated with episodes of diarrhea and clinical pneumonia. The extent of causal relationship of vitamin-D status and ALRI needs to be explored in further studies.
Field Nitrogen Losses Induced by Application Timing of Digestate from Dairy Manure Biogas Production
Authors: Schwager Emily A. , VanderZaag Andrew C. , Wagner‐Riddle Claudia , Crolla Anna , Kinsley Chris , Gregorich Ed
Published: November 2016

Anaerobic digestion of dairy manure has environmental benefits, but the impact of effluent (i.e., digestate [DG]) application on environmental nitrogen (N) losses from soils has not been well quantified. Our objective was to evaluate how field application of DG affected nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3) leaching compared with raw dairy manure (RM) in spring versus fall applications. We measured N losses year‐round for 2.5 yr in silage corn on tile‐drained clay soil in Alfred, Ontario, Canada. Treatments were: digestate applied in spring (DS) and fall (DF), raw dairy manure applied in spring (RS) and fall (RF), urea applied in spring, and a control. Overall, the source of N had no effect on annual N2O emissions (overall average DG and RM, 4.9 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1), but more NO3 leached from DS than RS treatments (8.8 and 4.8 kg NO3–N ha−1 yr−1 on average, respectively). Estimated indirect N2O emissions from leached NO3–N were small (<0.2 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1). Timing of application did not affect annual N2O emissions but did shift emissions to the non‐growing season for fall applications (65% on average) and to the growing season for spring applications (60% on average). Overall environmental N losses (N2O–N + NO3–N) from DG were similar to RM when applied at the same time. For the conditions of our study, downstream emissions from anaerobic digestion (i.e., emissions induced by applied digestate) do not present an adverse trade‐off to the environmental benefits incurred during the biogas production phase.

Core Ideas

Biodigestion has environmental benefits, but N losses from soils are uncertain.

Nitrous oxide emissions and NO3 leaching were evaluated.

Digested and raw manure had similar annual N losses.

Application in spring had lower annual NO3 losses than fall application.

Soil emissions were not a trade‐off to environmental benefits of biogas production.
Corn Nitrogen Management Influences Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Drained and Undrained Soils
Authors: Fernández Fabián G. , Venterea Rodney T. , Fabrizzi Karina P.
Published: November 2016

To date, no studies have evaluated nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of a single versus a split‐nitrogen (N) fertilizer application under different soil drainage conditions for corn (Zea mays L.). The objective of this study was to quantify season‐long cumulative N2O emissions, N use efficiency, and soil N dynamics when corn received a recommended N rate as single or split‐N application in Minnesota soils with and without tile drainage over two growing seasons. Preplant urea was broadcast incorporated, and in‐season split‐N was broadcast as urea plus urease inhibitor. Tile drainage reduced N2O emissions during periods of excess moisture but did not affect grain yield or other agronomic parameters. Conversely, when precipitation was adequate and well distributed, tile drainage did not affect N2O emissions, but it did enhance grain yield. Averaged across years, the undrained soil emitted 1.8 times more N2O than the drained soil (2.36 vs. 1.29 kg N ha−1). Compared with the Zero‐N control, the Single Preplant and Split N applications emitted 2.1 and 1.6 times more N2O, produced 1.4 and 1.3 times greater grain yield, and resulted in 1.5 and 1.4 times more residual soil total inorganic N, respectively. Per unit of grain yield, the Split application emitted similar amounts of N2O as the Zero‐N control. Averaged across years and drainage, the Split application emitted 26% less N2O than the Single Preplant application (1.84 vs. 2.48 kg N ha−1; P< 0.001) with no grain yield differences. These results highlight that soil drainage can reduce N2O emissions and that a split N application may be a feasible way to achieve N2O reduction while enhancing grain yield.

Core Ideas

Undrained soils increased N2O emissions relative to drained soils.

N fertilization increased N2O emissions regardless of drainage.

N2O emissions per unit of grain‐yield were similar for the Split and 0‐N control.

Split‐N vs. single application reduced N2O emissions with no impact on grain yield.
Genetic Analysis of Cadmium Accumulation in Shoots of Sorghum Landraces
Authors: Tsuboi Kana , Shehzad Tariq , Yoneda Junichi , Uraguchi Shimpei , Ito Yusuke , Shinsei Lin , Morita Shoji , Rai Hiroki , Nagasawa Nobuhiro , Asari Keiko , Suzuki Hiroko , Itoh Rumiko , Saito Tomoko , Suzuki Katsura , Takano Izumi , Takahashi Hidekazu , Sakurai Kenji , Watanabe Akio , Akagi Hiromori , Tokunaga Tsuyoshi , Itoh Masashi , Hattori Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Toru , Okuno Kazutoshi , Tsutsumi Nobuhiro , Satoh‐Nagasawa Namiko
Published: November 2016

Contamination of agricultural fields with heavy metals, such as Cd, is a serious issue for safe food production worldwide. Previous reports indicate that sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is useful for phytoextraction of Cd from contaminated soils. To investigate the diversity for Cd accumulation in sorghum germplasm and to select useful cultivars for phytoextraction, we conducted experiments using 106 sorghum landraces and the cultivar BTx623, grown in hydroponic cultures and under field conditions. The Cd concentrations in plant shoots of different landraces showed no correlation between hydroponic and field‐grown plants (r = −0.16). We measured Cd concentrations in various plant parts at different stages of development in field‐grown plants and found that leaf sheaths often had higher Cd concentrations than other plant parts. Our results indicated that screening could be done for plants that might be useful for phytoextraction of Cd by determining the Cd concentrations in leaf sheaths of 1‐mo‐old plants grown in a Cd‐contaminated soil. We also mapped the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for Cd accumulation in sorghum shoots and found several chromosomal regions that affected Cd concentrations in different parts of the shoot. We were able to identify several promising landraces for developing sorghum cultivars that are capable of accumulating high levels of Cd and phytoextracting Cd from contaminated soils.
Switchgrass Biomass Composition Traits and their Effects on its Digestion by Ruminants and Bioconversion to Ethanol
Authors: Vogel Kenneth P. , Casler Michael D. , Dien Bruce S.
Published: November 2016

Six generations of divergent breeding in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for forage in vitro digestibility (IVDMD) resulted in significant changes in 20 biomass composition traits. Stepwise multiregression was used to determine which of the 20 composition traits had the largest significant effects on forage IVDMD and potential ethanol yield (ETOH) in a biorefinery. Switchgrass biomass samples from a field nursery containing the divergent switchgrass populations and families were harvested after flowering, dried, ground, and analyzed for composition traits by near‐infrared reflectance analyses using previously developed near‐infrared reflectance calibrations. After nonsignificant variables were eliminated, the resulting multiple regression models were highly significant (P < 0.001) and accounted for 95 and 96%, respectively, of the total variation for both IVDMD and ETOH. Standardized partial regression coefficients were used to estimate the relative importance of each significant variable. The biomass composition factors that had the largest impact on both IVDMD and ETOH were esterified ferulates, p‐coumarate esters, specific cell wall sugars that are involved in the linkage of cell wall lignin to hemicellulose, N, and extracted fats. Klason lignin was not a significant variable in either regression analysis, even though it was strongly negatively correlated with both IVDMD and ETOH. The IVDMD test, which acted as a biological selection index in a long‐term population breeding program, impacted an array of switchgrass biomass composition traits whose relative effects on both IVDMD and ETOH had not been previously quantified.
Estimating Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity using the Kostiakov and Philip Infiltration Equations
Authors: Su Lijun , Wang Quanjiu , Shan Yuyang , Zhou Beibei
Published: November 2016

Core Ideas

We analyzed the relationships between the parameters of the Kostiakov and Philip infiltration equations.

A new method was proposed to estimate the Ks by parameters in Kostiakov equation.

Effect of soil hydraulic parameters on a new method was discussed.

Direct measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is time and labor consuming, so Ks is often estimated by mathematical models describing soil–water infiltration. The Kostiakov infiltration equation is widely used to estimate soil–water infiltration rate (i) with only two empirical parameters m and n, which are highly dependent on Ks. The objective of this study was to develop a new method to estimate Ks using the parameters of the Kostiakov equation for short infiltration times. The new method is based on the relationship between the Kostiakov equation and Philip's two‐term equation. We used infiltration data of one‐dimensional vertical water absorption simulated by Hydrus‐1D to evaluate the applicability of the new method. The parameters of Philip's equation were applied to estimate the parameters of the Kostiakov equation with relative errors for m and n <1.15 and 4.20%, respectively. The estimated Ks agreed closely with the parameters of the Kostiakov equation, and the optimal depth of the wetting front (zf) was used as an indicator to confirm the infiltration time in the one‐dimensional vertical water‐absorption simulation. The inverse of the air‐entry value, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the pore‐size distribution index, and the initial water content had significant effects on zf, which could be described as a power function of these parameters, with an R2 of 0.9717. The parameters of the Kostiakov equation can thus be used to calculate Ks for most soils when the depth of the wetting front is approximately 20 ± 5 cm.
International strategy of the 500 largest firms in Latin America: an analysis from its mission and vision
Authors: Satsumi López-Morales José , Ortega-Ridaura Isabel
Published: November 2016

A mission and vision well designed are important for the business strategy. In addition, the Latin American firms are a relevant topic, but sub-studied in literature about international business. Thus, the main aim of this paper is identify the presence of international strategy (IS) in the strategic approaches of the 500 largest firms from Latin America. For this purpose, a qualitative technique of content analysis was carried out in official web pages of these firms. Several keywords were analyzed to locate the presence or absence of the IS. These words are: multinational, global, international, internationalization, world, worldwide, among others. With this, 375 firms were identified that mention the IE either its mission, vision or both. Likewise, this sample was subdivided in private firms (338) and state firms (37). The results indicate that the studied firms do not consider mostly the IE in the mission and vision. Another important finding is that companies consider the IS mostly in their vision. In adittion, another important finding is the increased presence of inclusion of IS in the vision of state companies (64.86%) above their private peers.
Keywords: international strategy, Latin America, mission, vision, strategic approaches. JEL Classification: M15, M16
Factors affecting entrepreneurial management in Bangladesh: an empirical analysis
Authors: Rattanawiboonsom Vichayanan , Mahboob Ali Muhammad
Published: November 2016

Economic growth is considered as an important objective for national governments for which entrepreneurial management is required. This paper introduces issue on the business creation by women and the factors which are instrumental in their success including economics, institutions and infrastructural factors have been taken as major factors. The study used both primary and secondary sources. The study used hypotheses testing considering four factors of entrepreneurial facilities such as male and female entrepreneurs, infrastructural and institutional requirements, and economic factor whether helps to enhance growth of entrepreneurial management of the country. Authors’ observed that the nature of SME activities is less favorable for women entrepreneur than the men entrepreneur. The authors suggested that the number of women entrepreneurs at rural areas should be increased through establishing community banks at a cheaper rate. In the formal sector, financial organizations are being required for developing proper steps to poverty alleviation, public-private and foreign strategic alliances and implementation procedures are required with special emphasis on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGS) of the country.
Keywords: Bangladesh, economic factor, entrepreneurship, women, infrastructure, institutional. JEL Classifications: L26, O43
Data envelopment analysis in performance measurement: a critical analysis of the literature
Authors: Shewell Patricia , Migiro Stephen
Published: November 2016

This study examines the benefits of data envelopment analysis (DEA) in evaluating the performance of decision making units (DMUs). DEA is a mathematical programming tool applied in performance measurement. The problem identified is establishing business support units as value adding business units. A case is made for applying DEA when evaluating the performance of such business support units. To this end, a literature review of the results of applications of DEA to the evaluation of information technology and purchasing supply chain management functions was conducted. The findings indicate the benefits of DEA are that the method identifies efficient performers in a given population and, therefore, allows for benchmarking against the ’best in class’ performer. This as opposed to more commonly used parametric methods, such as regression analysis, which result in a comparator that represents the average performance for a given population, therefore, allowing only for measurement against the average. In addition, the findings indicate that in respect of business support units, the DEA methodology allows for the incorporation of intermediate outcomes, which facilitates the measurement of the contribution of these units to overall company performance. Although the DEA methodology has been widely applied, it is still not as well known or generally applied as the more common approaches. The recommendations made in this paper will be beneficial in bringing DEA to the attention of decision-makers. The recommendations will also raise awareness of the potential benefits to be realised when applying the method in developing performance measurement frameworks for business support units.
Keywords: performance measurement, data envelopment analysis, decision making units, business support units. JEL Classification: C61, L25
Nitrite inhibition and limitation – the effect of nitrite spiking on anammox biofilm, suspended and granular biomass
Authors: Raudkivi Markus , Zekker Ivar , Rikmann Ergo , Vabamäe Priit , Kroon Kristel , Tenno Taavo
Published: November 2016

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has been studied extensively while no widely accepted optimum values for nitrite (both a substance and inhibitor) has been determined. In the current paper, nitrite spiking (abruptly increasing nitrite concentration in reactor over 20 mg NO−2-NL−1) effect on anammox process was studied on three systems: a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The inhibition thresholds and concentrations causing 50% of biomass activity decrease (IC50) were determined in batch tests. The results showed spiked biomass to be less susceptible to nitrite inhibition. Although the values of inhibition threshold and IC50 concentrations were similar for non-spiked biomass (81 and 98 mg NO−2-NL−1, respectively, for SBR), nitrite spiking increased IC50 considerably (83 and 240 mg NO−2-NL−1, respectively, for UASB). As the highest total nitrogen removal rate was also measured at the aforementioned thresholds, there is basis to suggest stronger limiting effect of nitrite on anammox process than previously reported. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed similar number of anammox 16S rRNA copies in all reactors, with the lowest quantity in SBR and the highest in MBBR (3.98 × 108 and 1.04 × 109 copies g−1 TSS, respectively).
Biosorptive removal of malachite green from aqueous solution using chemically modified brown marine alga Sargassum swartzii
Authors: Jerold M. , Sivasubramanian V.
Published: November 2016

Sargassum swartzii, marine macro brown alga, showed a high malachite green (MG) biosorption capacity in batch mode of operation. The analytical evidence from Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the involvement of amine group in the biosorption of MG and electrostatic interaction type of mechanism was proposed to occur between the amine group of dye and the cationic MG dye solution. Scanning electron micrograph shows the morphological features and the attachment of dye onto the biosorbent. pH edge experiment shows that biosorption capacity was maximum at pH 10. The effect of biosorbent concentration, pH, temperature, adsorption time was studied for the biosorption of MG using S. swartzii. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models were used to describe the isotherm data, of which Langmuir model described the isotherm data with high coefficient of determination R2 = 0.999. The maximum dye uptake of 111.1 mg/g was reported at pH 10 based on Langmuir model. Kinetics and temperature profiles were evaluated and reported. Desorption study was carried out with 0.1 M HCl. Efforts were also made to continuously treat MG bearing wastewater using up-flow packed column. Investigations proved that S. swartzii is an excellent biosorbent for the sequestration of MG in aqueous media.
An approximate model on three-dimensional groundwater infiltration in sewer systems
Authors: Guo Shuai , Yang Yulong , Zhang Yiping
Published: November 2016

Groundwater infiltration through cracked sewer pipes has caused significant economic losses. This paper presents a three-dimensional analytical expression for calculating the steady-state groundwater infiltration rate into sewer systems. As an extension of the previously developed two-dimensional model by the author, this new model can be used to simulate the infiltration through an orifice defect. The derived analytical expression has been validated with experimental results. The new model incorporates all the related resistances during the infiltration process, including the soil head loss and the orifice loss. The soil head loss is assessed with Ergun equation, which involves an inertial loss term in addition to the viscous loss. This has significantly extended the application range of the new expression. A new OS number (the ratio of orifice loss to soil loss) expression is also presented. The order analysis of the OS number expression has demonstrated that in most real cases, the head loss through the soil layer dominates the whole infiltration process.
PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA PEMBELAJARAN AKUNTANSI PAJAK DENGAN PENDEKATAN QUANTUM LEARNING DI SMK
Authors: Yuniarti Fitria , Sofyan Herminarto
Published: November 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menghasilkan produk multimedia pembelajaran akuntansi pajak dengan pendekatan quantum learning, (2) mengungkapkan kualitas kelayakan multimedia pembelajaran akuntansi pajak, (3) mengungkapkan keefektivan multimedia pembelajaran akuntansi pajak di Kelas XI SMK Negeri 1 Depok Yogyakarta. Multimedia pembelajaran ini dikembangkan dengan pendekatan quantum learning yang dikembangkan menggunakan software Adobe Flash CS6. Studi ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) dengan prosedur pengembangan yang mengadopsi model pengembangan Alessi dan Trollip, yaitu perencanaan, desain, dan pengembangan. Validasi produk dilakukan pada tahap uji alpha yang melibatkan dua ahli media dan dua ahli materi. Sementara uji beta melibatkan tiga orang siswa. Produk yang dikembangkan telah layak digunakan dengan perolehan skor hasil validasi ahli media 4,1 dengan kategori baik, validasi ahli materi 4,0 dengan kategori baik, dan penilaian siswa pada uji beta 4,5 dengan kategori sangat baik. Multimedia pembelajaran akuntansi pajak dinilai efektif karena dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif siswa dengan nilai rata-rata pretest 59,8, dan nilai rata-rata posttest85,6. Terjadi peningkatan pencapaian sebesar 25,8% dari 30 orang siswa hanya satu orang siswa yang tidak tuntas dalam proses pembelajaran.Kata kuci: multimedia, akuntansi pajak, quantum learning DEVELOPING MULTIMEDIA FOR TAX ACCOUNTING TEACHING WITH THE QUANTUM LEARNING APPROACH AT VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLAbstractThis research aims to: (1) develop a multimedia product for tax accounting teaching with the quantum learning approach, (2) reveal the feasibility quality of the developed multimedia for tax accounting teaching, (3) reveal the effectiveness of the developed multimedia for tax accounting teaching to the 11th grade students of State Vocational High School 1 Depok, Yogyakarta. This learning multimedia was developed by the quantum learning approach using Adobe Flash CS6 software. This study is research and development (R & D) with the procedure on the development adopted from Alessi and Trollip models, namely planning, design, and development. The validation of the product was conducted in the alpha test phase involving two media experts and two material experts. Meanwhile, the beta test involved three students. The developed product is proper to be used with the validity score of 4.1 by the media experts (good category), by experts’ validation material 4.0 of (good category), and assessment of students in the beta test of 4.5 (very good category); (3) the multimedia for tax accounting teaching is effective because it can increase students' cognitive learning outcomes. This is evidenced by the average score of 59.8 on pretest and posttest average score of 85.6. There is an increase by 25.8% of the 30 students, and only one student do not achieve the standard mastery.Keywords: multimedia, tax accounting, quantum learning
RELATIONSHIP OF METABOLIC PARAMETERS AND VASCULAR REMODELLING IN COMORBIDITY OF ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY
Authors: Bilovol O. M. , Bobronnikova L. R. , Shalimovà A. S.
Published: November 2016

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of metabolic parameters and vascular remodeling in patients with comorbidity of essential hypertension (EH), type 2 diabetes and obesity. We were examined 320 patients with EH stage II, grade 2 and type 2 diabetes moderate, subcompensated; 90 patients with EH stage II, grade 2 without type 2 diabetes and 31 healthy individuals. It was found that in comorbidity of EH, type 2 diabetes and obesity lipid and carbohydrate disorders, levels of adipokines and cytokines are linked and are the basis for the progression of the disease and for the beginning of cardiovascular complications, which was confirmed by data of correlation and variance analysis.
Consolidation in the Dialysis Industry, Patient Choice, and Local Market Competition
Authors: Erickson Kevin F. , Zheng Yuanchao , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C. , Ho Vivian , Bhattacharya Jay , Chertow Glenn M.
Published: November 2016

The Medicare program insures >80% of patients with ESRD in the United States. An emphasis on reducing outpatient dialysis costs has motivated consolidation among dialysis providers, with two for-profit corporations now providing dialysis for >70% of patients. It is unknown whether industry consolidation has affected patients’ ability to choose among competing dialysis providers. We identified patients receiving in-center hemodialysis at the start of 2001 and 2011 from the national ESRD registry and ascertained dialysis facility ownership. For each hospital service area, we determined the maximum distance within which 90% of patients traveled to receive dialysis in 2001. We compared the numbers of competing dialysis providers within that same distance between 2001 and 2011. Additionally, we examined the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, a metric of market concentration ranging from near zero (perfect competition) to one (monopoly) for each hospital service area. Between 2001 and 2011, the number of different uniquely owned competing providers decreased 8%. However, increased facility entry into markets to meet rising demand for care offset the effect of provider consolidation on the number of choices available to patients. The number of dialysis facilities in the United States increased by 54%, and patients experienced an average 10% increase in the number of competing proximate facilities from which they could choose to receive dialysis (P<0.001). Local markets were highly concentrated in both 2001 and 2011 (mean Herfindahl–Hirschman Index =0.46; SD=0.2 for both years), but overall market concentration did not materially change. In summary, a decade of consolidation in the United States dialysis industry did not (on average) limit patient choice or result in more concentrated local markets. However, because dialysis markets remained highly concentrated, it will be important to understand whether market competition affects prices paid by private insurers, access to dialysis care, quality of care, and associated health outcomes.
Microemulsion Modeling for Surfactant Optimal Salinity Prediction in Chemical EOR Design
Authors: Yee Hon Vai , van Male Jan , Handgraaf Jan-Willem , Culgi B. V. , Hsia Ivy Chai Ching , Fauzi Noor 'Aliaa Amira M
Published: November 2016

The knowledge of the relationship between the molecular structure of surfactants and their ability to form a single phase solution for water and oil has been expanded enormously over the last two decades, primarily because the use of microemulsion solutions for EOR are promising. The qualitative trends and sensitivities between the characteristic of microemulsion solutions and the phase behavior of mixtures of oil, water and surfactants are often obtained from experiment. The experiments are simple but laborious especially when it often involves a wide range of surfactant choice. In this paper, we demonstrate a complementing molecular chemistry modeling method to assist in reducing the huge experimental test matrix in shortlisting promising surfactants for a chemical EOR design.

Application of molecular chemistry modeling for optimal microemulsion formation in chemical EOR application is a niche technology within the oil and gas industry. The modeling approach used in our simulation is based on the physical chemistry of an optimal microemulsion interface which is planar with zero surface tension and torque. The approach is implemented using the framework of Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) technique. The simulation system comprises of oil, brine and surfactant in the form of coarse-grain (CG) beads. Atomistic parameters for both bonded and non-bonded CG beads are determined to simulate the molecular interactions within the system. This setup enables the computation of surface tension and torque as a function of the distance across the interface. Optimal salinity for for-mation of optimal microemulsion is determined from the profile of torque versus salinity at zero torque. The simulation results for various surfactants are compared with optimal salinity determined experimen-tally. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Avoiding Perforating High Permeability Water-Bearing Sands Within a Stacked Sand Oil Bearing Section Using Multi-DOI MR Fluid Mapping, a Case Study from a Recently Developed Field in the Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Platt C. J. , Shi Z. G. , Lerdsuwankij T.
Published: November 2016

Fresh formation waters in the Wassana field, Gulf of Thailand, with water salinity as low as 1000 ppm NaCl equivalent, present a challenging environment in which to make perforation decisions based on the deterministic petrophysical interpretation from triple combo logs alone. To address the uncertainties on reservoir quality and fluid typing, NMR with multi-frequency and multiple depth of investigation (DOI) was planned early on in the development drilling. The Magnetic Resonance Fluid characterization (MRF) maps at three DOIs characterized the signature of synthetic oil base mud (SBM) filtrate invasion. The SBM invasion also facilitates the water signal identification and assists in quantifying the native oil viscosity.

In an early development well in Wassana field, 3 out of the four sands exhibit similar characteristics on logging while drilling (LWD) logs . The third sand has obviously higher resistivity than other three. The high resolution NMR depth logs shows the three sands at bottom have similar permeability, as high as 1 Darcy. Without knowing fluid type, a commingled production for those sands could potentially create huge problems requiring surface water treatment, particularly severe at the early stage of the field development.

MRF maps at multi-DOIs reveal the second sand from top has a mobile water phase. At the shallowest DOI, the bound water, free water and SBM signals are observed on the map, as DOI increases, free water volume increases. The fluid characters on the maps are very similar to the maps acquired for a known water bearing sand just above the targeted "oil bearing" sands.

An integrated petrophysical interpretation shows that the other three sands in this sequence are oil bearing. SBM filtrate signals are observed at the shallowest DOI, as the DOI increases, the fluid signal shifts slightly to the left side of the SBM filtrate signal, at the deepest DOI, which is 4 inch from the borehole wall, the native oil signal dominates. Those three oil bearing sands were perforated with confidence, this well came on production at 790 BOPD and free of water.
Deepest Gas Sand Discoveries in North Malay Basin: Integration of Geophysical Applications and Well Data Leading to an Effective Evaluation for a Robust Development Plan, Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area
Authors: Adnan M. Mohd , Ismail W. Wan , Setiawan A. S.
Published: November 2016

Integrated geophysical applications and well datasets play an important role in understanding reservoir distribution and decision making for a robust development plan. A technical assessment was completed in a gas field in the North Malay Basin to describe the reservoir heterogeneity in the Early Miocene to Late Oligocene reservoir intervals. The field is a North-South oriented plunging anticline with stratigraphic trap configuration, discovered in 2007 by Well-X1. The assessment has resulted in a proposal of an appraisal well in 2014, Well-X2ST to delineate the northern hydrocarbon extent and to assess the hydrocarbon potential in the exploration interval of deeper sequences. The new well datasets were acquired and the results were utilized to further evaluate the field.

This paper focuses on the deepest reservoir sequence, DS12, encountered by the appraisal well in the eastern flank of the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (MTJDA). Rock physics modeling and seismic attribute datasets with well log and pressure data integration were utilized to better understand sand distribution for the upcoming development planning. Due to the thinly bedded nature of the reservoirs, the seismic could not be fully utilized to evaluate internal stacking geometries. This was further complicated by attenuation from the overlying thick shale. However, attribute analysis was effective to determine overall sand presence where the bed thickness ranges from 10 to 15 meters and the seismic detection limit is approximately 8 meters.

Rock property analysis was performed to calibrate both acoustic impedance and Vp/Vs to gamma ray for indication of sand presence. The Vp/Vs derivative was used instead of acoustic impedance because of the extra information obtained in both the elastic and AVO domain. In addition, rock physics modeling was performed to differentiate gas from wet sand and shale. The seismic datasets were used to qualitatively condition a geologic model to better distribute sand presence for well planning optimization. Development wells are planned to target good quality sands to maximize recovery efficiency

The success of proving the deepest reservoir sequence in the eastern flank of MTJDA, utilizing geophysical application and well data integration, have resulted in an improved understanding to outline deep reservoir distribution in the surrounding area and mitigate uncertainties in the development plan.
Simultaneous Solution of Three-Phase Formation Fluid Saturations Using Triangulation of Multidetector Pulsed Neutron Measurements
Authors: Kim Y. , Chace D.
Published: November 2016

The delineation of three-phase reservoir fluid saturation is important to operators as fields mature. The understanding of multiphase reservoir fluid distribution determines the operator's subsequent reservoir management and production strategies such as infill drilling and reentry planning for bypassed hydrocarbon access, perforation or squeeze interval selection, injection planning, etc.

Pulsed neutron well logging technology enables acquisition of useful data for saturation identification in cased hole environments. Interpretation of pulsed neutron data in three-phase formation fluid conditions has historically involved the use of empirical correlations or corrections to carbon/oxygen (C/O) and pulsed neutron capture (PNC) sigma measurements. However, a robust interpretation technique to provide reliable and quantitative three-phase fluid saturation results under any reservoir conditions (including fresh, saline and variable or unknown formation water environments) has not been available.

This paper presents a new patented interpretation method to quantify three-phase formation fluid saturations using pulsed neutron logging data. The principles of pulsed neutron logging and nuclear physics remain the same; however, the application of a multidetector pulsed neutron tool measurements and an innovative data analysis approach enabled the development of the new interpretation technique. The method combines two measurements recorded by a multidetector pulsed neutron logging tool and integrates Monte Carlo modeling responses to quantitatively determine formation water, oil and gas saturations.

Application case studies from sandstone and carbonate reservoirs are demonstrated. The technique successfully generated multiphase formation saturation profiles in various reservoir scenarios. In addition, the delivered solutions have enabled operators to understand current reservoir fluid saturations and perform subsequent well and reservoir management activities to maximize hydrocarbon production.
Multistage Fracturing Optimization for the Successful Development of a Complex Tight-Gas Reservoir in Western India: Case Study
Authors: Abdelaziz Sherif , Singh Aman , Deshpande Mayur , Tiwari Shobhit , Goyal Rajat , Sidharth Punj , Anand Surabh
Published: November 2016

For decades, the oil and gas exploration industry evaluated assets and screened them for future development based on certain characteristic requirements/pay cutoffs such as shale percentage, water saturation, and porosity. Reservoirs that did not meet these specific requirements were considered uneconomical and not considered for further development. Currently, as the demand for energy is continuously rising, those reservoirs that were considered uneconomical in the past because of a lack of original hydrocarbon flow capacity and were overlooked are attracting significant attention for development globally, and now a considerable percentage of the world hydrocarbon production is coming from these emerging unconventional reservoirs, such as shale gas, tight gas, and coalbed methane. The challenge in developing these unconventional assets is that they cannot produce at economic rates without an effective stimulation treatment. To achieve the required reservoir stimulation effectiveness, a coherent understanding of the subsurface characteristics of the reservoir is necessary, such as depositional environment, structural and lithological characteristics, rock mechanics, and geomechanical properties. This thorough evaluation of the reservoir is needed not only to determine the best stimulation approach but also to aid in deciding the most suitable well architecture—trajectory, azimuth, and completion concept—to maximize the benefit of the planned stimulation concept. Whereas the stimulation treatment design was usually only considered later in the life of the reservoir, for these formations, it is considered during a much earlier stage in the planning phase, moving from a drill-to- produce to a drill-to-stimulate and late-produce concept. Hydraulic fracturing is the most effective and widely used stimulation concept in modern times and was vital for making the shale gas plays in North America economic assets. Lately, it has attracted much attention, and a significant amount of scientific/engineering efforts are being exerted to develop a better understanding of how rocks will behave under hydraulic fracturing conditions. Understanding rock major behavioral characteristics, such as failure mechanisms, fracture growth patterns, and fracture height containment, is crucial for identifying the fracturing strategy, rate requirement, treatment volumes, and, more importantly, the number of stages required to maximize the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and hence a single well's deliverability.