bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Overview of Tax Amnesty Policy Implementation in Nigeria
Authors: Richards Newman
Published: July 2022

Nigeria between 2016 and 2019 implemented several tax amnesty programmes successively. Tax amnesty is the release from the consequence of non-compliance with a tax obligation. The repetition of tax amnesty schemes within a short period indicates that there are lapses in tax administration in Nigeria. This paper examines the role of Tax amnesty in catalysing domestic resource mobilisation and voluntary compliance to tax obligations in Nigeria; drawing from the lessons presented by the experiences of Ghana, South Africa, Mauritius, Kenya, Ireland, Indonesia and the United Kingdom.  The doctrinal research methodology is adopted in this research.  The paper will contend that for a tax amnesty to succeed there is need for an effective tax administrative system that has the capacity to enforce tax laws and sanctions. It recommends that a sectorial tax amnesty is preferable for Nigeria.
Diagnosis of Abortion Laws in Nigeria and Human Rights Trajectory: Lessons from Great Britain and United States of America
Authors: Nwaogazie Innocent
Published: July 2022

Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before its birth for whatever reason. The present study is concerned with therapeutic abortion which is criminalized in Nigeria been the focus of this study. The Nigerian societal attitude to abortion is one of stereotyped stigmatization notwithstanding the validity of the reasons. The aim of the study is to examine the trajectory between abortion laws and human rights in Nigeria and the lessons Nigeria can learn from Great Britain and United States jurisdictions. The objective is to interrogate the extant abortion laws with a view to locating their inadequacies in the area of both the African and international human rights concerns of sexual and reproductive health of women on abortion rights. Using doctrinal design by reliance on primary and secondary sources analysed through deductive reasoning based on extant statutes and case law, this study interrogated the extant abortion laws in Nigeria in juxtaposition with the British and the United States legal framework on abortion as well as critical examination of the African and international human rights jurisprudences, and found out that the current position of abortion law in Nigeria is not in the same wavelength with both the African and international human rights jurisprudences on sexual and reproductive health rights of females to access safe abortions implicit in the fundamental rights and freedoms of privacy, non-discrimination, right to life, good health and bodily autonomy as it relates to unwanted pregnancies induced by other factors such as rape, incest or severe foetus abnormalities. The study recommended law reform by using the models provided by the British and United States legal framework to allow women access to legal abortion in deserving cases in conformity with African and international human rights treaties.
Evaluating the Legality of Application of Responsibility to Protect in Africa: The Libya Experience
Authors: Odoemena Emmanuel , Offor Elias , Ukam Ikenna
Published: July 2022

The international community gathered in 2005 and adopted responsibility to protect in paragraph 138 and 139 of the World Summit Outcome Document. Few years after this adoption, the international community through the UN Security Council applied the concept of responsibility to protect in the 2011 Libyan intervention. The Resolution 1973 was adopted as a result of Gaddafi’s manifest intention to exterminate the Libyan population. It authorised the member nations and regional organizations to use all necessary measures to protect civilians in Libya. Thereafter, the coalition of states went to Libya under the pretext of responsibility to protect and protection of civilians, and as a result the Libyan leader was killed. The killing of Gaddafi generated wide controversy as a result of the manner in which the intervening forces implemented Resolution 1973. It was against this background that this research work set to evaluate the application of responsibility to protect in Africa using the Libyan intervention as a text case. In so doing, the study examines the historical development and content of responsibility to protect, which was introduced in 2001 as a result of the Security Council’s failure to authorize intervention for humanitarian purposes in Rwanda, Bosnia and Kosovo. The study aims to investigate whether or not the intervention in Libya was in line with responsibility to protect, and in so doing, the study analyses Resolution 1973 to ascertain whether or not the interveners went beyond mandate.  The responsibility to protect is central to the discussion of this research work because Resolution 1973 in its preamble reminded the Libyan authorities of their responsibility to protect civilian populations. The study in analysing Resolution 1973, argues that it would be impossible to enforce civilian protection with Gaddafi in power, and even if some scholars posited that the interveners went beyond mandate in Resolution 1973, the interveners saved many lives which would have been killed by Gaddafi.
Pengalaman Perawat Dalam Memberikan Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Pasien Covid-19 di DKI Jakarta
Authors: Tallulembang Abdi , Widani Ni Luh , Bandur Agustinus
Published: July 2022

COVID-19 merupakan penyakit yang menular sehingga diperlukan perawat khusus untuk memberikan asuhan keperawatan. Tujuan: mengeksplorasi pengalaman perawat dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien COVID-19. Metode: kualitatif fenomenologi dengan pemilihan sampel secara purposive sampling, jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 10 partisipan. Hasil penelitian: Pengalaman pengkajian ditemukan partisipan mengalami perasaan cemas, takut, was-was dan bertanya-tanya, melakukan pengkajian dengan menjaga jarak dan menggunakan APD lengkap, melakukan pengkajian dengan terfokus dan riwayat secara detail. Pengalaman peneggakkan diagnosis yaitu dengan cara terfokus pada data pengkajian dan sesuai prioritas, ditemukan adanya diagnosis prioritas pada COVID-19 yaitu bersihan jalan nafas, hipertermi dan kecemasan. Pengalaman melakukan intervensi yaitu adanya intervensi yang berbeda dari non-covid-19 yaitu pendekatan psikologis. Pada pengalaman melakukan implementasi ditemukan pasien kurang kooperatif. Pada pengalaman melakukan evaluasi: ditemukan pengalaman partisipan melakukan evaluasi yaitu dengan cara evaluasi secara langsung dan mengacu pada asuhan yang sudah diberikan, adanya indikator dalam malakukan evaluasi yaitu pemeriksaan swab, target yang diberikan tercapai, dan hemodinamik stabil. Hambatan pengkajian yaitu hambatan pemeriksaan fisik dan komunikasi kurang efektif, hambatan penegakan diagnosa yaitu data tidak valid dan adanya data yang kurang, hambatan intervensi partisipan yaitu hambatan berkolaborasi dengan keluarga. Hambatan melakukan implementasi yaitu penggunaan APD, peralatan atau fasilitas masih kurang, Hambatan melakukan evaluasi yaitu proses keperawatan kurang maksimal, swab pasien masih positif. Adaptasi partisipan dalam pengkajian yaitu berkoordinasi dan critical thingking, Adaptasi partisipan saat intervensi yaitu diskusi dengan team dan kerjasama dengan keluarga, Adaptasi partisipan mengatasi hambatan implementasi yaitu saling mensupport dan saling berkoordinasi. Adaptasi partisipan dalam melakukan evaluasi yaitu dengan re-evaluasi dan berkolaborasi dengan team. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran pengalaman, hambatan yang dialami, cara beradaptasi partisipan dalam melakukan asuhan keperawatan pasien COVID-19. Saran: peneliti menyarankan penelitian selanjutnya dengan pengembangan penelitian kuantitatif atau mixed method, terkait dengan asuhan keperawatan COVID-19 dalam jumlah partisipan yang lebih banyak.
PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP PERJANJIAN BAKU DALAM TRANSAKSI KEUANGAN BERDASARKAN PERATURAN OTORITAS JASA KEUANGAN NOMOR 01/POJK.07/2013
Authors: Yetti  , Miftahul Haq  , Dedy Felandry
Published: July 2022

Klausula baku yang disebut eksonerasi adalah klausula yang membebaskan, membatasi, atau mengalihkan tanggung jawab pelaku usaha, yang pada gilirannya akan memberatkan atau merugikan konsumen. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Implikasi Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 01/POJK.07/2013 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Sektor Jasa Keuangan terkait perlindungan konsumen terhadap perjanjian baku dalam transaksi keuangan adalah perjanjian baku masih dipraktikkan di bank dalam bentuk aplikasi formulir pembukaan rekening simpanan yang memuat klausula eksonerasi yang dilarang oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen dan Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 01/POJK.07/2013 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Sektor Jasa Keuangan. Akibat hukum Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 01/POJK.07/2013 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Sektor Jasa Keuangan terkait perlindungan konsumen terhadap perjanjian baku dalam transaksi keuangan adalah perjanjian baku yang mengandung klausula eksonerasi pada aplikasi formulir pembukaan rekening tabungan di bank secara yuridis dapat berakibat batal demi hukum.
A comparison of simple side-channel analysis countermeasures for variable-base elliptic curve scalar multiplication
Authors: Nascimento Erick , Abarzúa Rodrigo , López Julio , Dahab Ricardo
Published: July 2022

Side-channel attacks are a growing threat to implementations of cryptographic systems. This article examines the state of the art of algorithmic countermeasures against simple side-channel attacks on elliptic curve cryptosystems defined over prime fields. We evaluate the security versus computation cost trade-offs of SSCA countermeasures for variable-base scalar multiplication algorithms without precomputation. The expected performance impact of each countermeasure is analyzed regarding their computational cost in terms of finite field operations.
Sistema Indicador de Resiliência na Conectividade de Redes Heterogêneas sem fio
Authors: Melo Robson , Nogueira Michele , Santos Aldri
Published: July 2022

A dinamicidade e a complexidade das redes heterogêneas sem fio dificultam o desenvolvimento de soluções de segurança adaptativas às suas condições. A convergência de diferentes tecnologias de comunicação amplia as opções de conectividade, contudo, agregada aos problemas de segurança, podem afetar a disponibilidade dos serviços na rede. Soluções que garantam resiliência à rede são necessárias para tolerar as frequentes desconexões dos terminais móveis e ainda assim garantir a disponibilidade de conectividade por diferentes tecnologias de comunicação. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema indicador de resiliência, particularmente fragilidade e robustez, na conectividade de redes heterogêneas sem fio. O sistema avalia a criticidade dos enlaces de comunicação e a redundância de rotas entre os dispositivos na rede para indicar o grau de resiliência de diferentes redes de acesso em um ambiente de redes heterogêneas sobrepostas. Os resultados mostram a efetividade do sistema em avaliar a fragilidade e a robustez da conectividade e a aplicação do mesmo em diferentes tipos de redes, suportando a criação de soluções voltadas à resiliência e a segurança em redes heterogêneas sem fio.
Estruturas Virtuais e Diferenciação de Vértices em Grafos de Dependência para Detecção de Malware Metamórfico
Authors: Martins Gilbert B. , Souto Eduardo , Freitas Rosiane de , Feitosa Eduardo
Published: July 2022

Este artigo apresenta uma metodologia de identificação de malware metamórfico baseada na comparação de grafos de dependência armazenados numa base de referência. Em função da diferenciação estrutural dos vértices e da adição de estruturas virtuais, a metodologia proposta é capaz de identificar e eliminar os elementos não relevantes do grafo de referência original, reduzindo o tamanho da base de referência e melhorando a variância nos resultados obtidos durante a comparação entre os grafos. Para validar isto, é apresentada a comparação dos resultados obtidos com aqueles gerados por uma metodologia de referência, na identificação dos malware metamórficos W32.Evol e W32.Polip.
CloudSec - Um Middleware para Compartilhamento de Informações Sigilosas em Nuvens Computacionais
Authors: Souza Rick Lopes de , Netto Hylson Vescovi , Lung Lau Cheuk , Custódio Ricardo Felipe
Published: July 2022

A necessidade de compartilhar e manipular dados sensíveis é um desafio para grande parte dos provedores de conteúdo que utilizam a nuvem para armazenamento. No entanto, desenvolver aplicações que garamtam sigilo em nuvem é uma tarefa complexa e requer integração de múltiplos aspectos de segurança e interoperabilidade. Para contornar esses desafios, esse trabalho tem como principal objetivo propor uma arquitetura de middleware para garantir o compartilhamento seguro de documentos sigilosos em nuvem utilizando provedores de nuvens públicas para o armazenamento dos dados e módulos de segurança criptográficos para o gerenciamento de chaves criptográficas. Este trabalho tem como principais características: o uso da criptografia baseada em identidade, uso de nuvens híbridas, gerenciamento de chaves criptográficas simplificado, garantia de segurança ponto a ponto e utilização de módulos de segurança criptográficos.
Relação custo/benefício de técnicas utilizadas para prover privacidade em computação nas nuvens
Authors: Moia Vitor Hugo Galhardo , Henriques Marco Aurélio Amaral
Published: July 2022

Com a crescente utilização da computação nas nuvens, devido a suas atraentes características, surge uma grande preocupação com a segurança e privacidade nesse meio. Possíveis ataques realizados pelos próprios provedores de serviço ou por terceiros tornam os usuários relutantes na utilização desta tecnologia. Em meio a tais problemas, este trabalho apresenta uma discussão sobre os principais problemas e soluções relativos à privacidade nas nuvens e faz uma comparação preliminar destes com base em estimativas dos custos e do grau de privacidade de cada um.
Uma Técnica de Análise Estática para Detecção de Canais Laterais Baseados em Tempo
Authors: Silva Bruno R. , Aranha Diego , Pereira Fernando M. Q.
Published: July 2022

Canais laterais baseados em tempo são vulnerabilidades ligadas à implementação de sistemas criptográficos e que permitem ao adversário conhecer acerca de uma informação sigilosa através de minuciosas observações do tempo de execução do programa. Mascaramento e sistemas de tipos já foram propostos objetivando mitigar esse problema. Este artigo propõe uma alternativa focada em análise estática de fluxo de informação. Aplicou-se essa análise na biblioteca NaCl e em porções da OpenSSL onde foi possível validar a boa qualidade da primeira e reportar vários traços vulneráveis na segunda.
Exploratory Use of PPG Signal in Continuous Authentication
Authors: Dias Júlio da Silva , Traore Issa , Ferreira Vitor G. R. A. , Ardigo Julibio David , De Rolt Carlos Roberto
Published: July 2022

One-time or static authentication is not sufficient in many applications and continuous authentication methods can provide a way to increase security in situations where an application could be compromised or misused after statically authenticating the user. The aim of this work is to evaluate the use of the Photoplethysmographic Signal (PPG) in continuous authentication and identify the requirements of the system that should be used to record and process the signal. Different types of sensors, sampling rates, and analog to digital conversion resolutions were tested in order to identify the configuration that best suits the application requirements. The algorithms used for processing the PPG signal as well as the size of the samples used in the authentication process were also analyzed during the experiments. In order to achieve the set objective, a dataset of PPG signals was developed since it was not possible to find open datasets with long term monitoring samples of individuals.
A secure protocol for exchanging cards in P2P trading card games based on transferable e-cash
Authors: Silva Marcos V. M. , Simplicio Jr. Marcos A.
Published: July 2022

Trading card games (TCG) distinguish from traditional card games mainly because the cards are not shared between players in a match. Instead, users play with the cards they own (e.g., purchased or traded with other players), which corresponds to a subset of all cards produced by the game provider. Even though most computer-based TCGs rely on a trusted third-party (TTP) for preventing cheating during trades, allowing them to securely do so without such entity remains a challenging task. Actually, potential solutions are related to e-cash protocols, but, unlike the latter, TCGs require users to play with the cards under their possession, not only to be able to pass those cards over. In this work, we present the security requirements of TCGs and how they relate to e-cash. We then propose a concrete, TTP-free protocol for anonymously trading cards, using as basis a secure transferable e-cash protocol.
A New Design for Lattice-Based Cryptographic Constructions
Authors: Barros Charles F. de , Schechter L. Menasché
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we propose a new type of construction for a secure and efficient public-key cryptosystem, which is based on a new problem from the theory of lattices.
Compressão e Otimização de Chaves Públicas usando Algoritmo Genético em Criptografia Completamente Homomórfica
Authors: Gavinho Filho Joffre , Silva Gabriel Pereira da , Micelli Claudio
Published: July 2022

A Criptografia Homomórfica é uma técnica de criptografia para o processamento de dados criptografados sem a necessidade de decifra-los. Tal método é indicado para uso em ambientes não confiáveis, como por exemplo as plataformas de computação em nuvem. Vários métodos têm sido propostos para a implementação dessa técnica. Porém, o grande problema destes métodos é que, para a sua operacionalização, há a necessidade da geração de chaves públicas com tamanhos excessivanente grandes. Este artigo tem como objetivo implementar e otimizar as técnicas de redução de chaves públicas usando Algoritmos Genéticos (AG) para a calibração dos parâmetros das primitivas do regime das variantes de testes de Coron e de Bilar.
Implementação em Tempo Constante de Amostragem de Gaussianas Discretas
Authors: Ortiz Jheyne N. , Aranha Diego F. , Dahab Ricardo
Published: July 2022

Algoritmos de amostragem Gaussiana discreta sobre reticulados demandam métodos discretos de amostragem sobre inteiros. Considerando que a amostragem de DΛ,σ,c é um dos passos na encriptação em certos criptosistemas modernos baseados em reticulados, surge a preocupação por implementações resistentes a ataques por canais laterais. Este trabalho apresenta e discute implementações dos métodos Knuth-Yao e Ziggurat em tempo constante comparando-as com suas versões de tempo variável. A implementação em tempo constante do Knuth-Yao é aplicada na amostragem sobre reticulados.
Uma Análise do Impacto do Ataque de Poluição de Cache em Redes Orientadas a Conteúdo Sem-Fio
Authors: Cieza Elise G. , Moraes Igor M. , Velloso Pedro B.
Published: July 2022

Nas Redes Orientadas a Conteúdo Sem-fio baseadas na arquitetura Data-Centric Network (NDN) pode ser empregada uma política de cache proativo. Assim, um nó pode armazenar um conteúdo mesmo que não tenha um interesse pendente para esse conteúdo. O objetivo é aproveitar a natureza de difusão do meio sem-fio para aumentar a disponibilidade dos conteúdos. Um problema dessa abordagem, entretanto, é que a política de cache proativo pode potencializar ataques de poluição de cache. Este trabalho, portanto, avalia o impacto desses ataques em redes NDN sem-fio através de simulações. Compara-se o desempenho da rede considerando o uso da políticas de cache proativo e não proativo, com e sem mobilidade, em condições normais de operação e sob ataque. O desempenho é avaliado em relação à taxa de entrega, atraso, à ocupação maliciosa do cache dos nós, taxa de hit no cache e número médio de saltos atravessados pelos conteúdos. O cache proativo potencializou o ataque de poluição dos caches, em contrapartida melhorou a eficiência da rede.
Análise de Desempenho do Protocolo DTLS para Internet das Coisas
Authors: Jesus Daniele F. de , Kleinschmidt João H.
Published: July 2022

A Internet das Coisas (IoT) se refere à interconexão da rede formada por objetos inteligentes, além do conjunto das tecnologias que compõem esses objetos e suas aplicações e serviços. Possui grandes limitações em recursos computacionais, o que torna desafiadora a questão de segurança dos dados. Este trabalho analisa o desempenho do protocolo de segurança DTLS em ambientes IoT. Foi utilizado o ambiente de simulação Contiki para a análise de consumo de energia e tempo de resposta em uma rede cliente/servidor com DTLS. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o DTLS é uma solução viável para ser utilizado na IoT e que pequenas alterações no protocolo padrão podem melhorar o desempenho.
Uma avaliação de toolkits para criptografia baseada em emparelhamento bilinear
Authors: Sampaio Frederico M. B. , Grossi Lucas Goulart , Maia Neto Antonio L. , Cunha Ítalo , Loureiro Antonio A. F. , Oliveira Leonardo B.
Published: July 2022

Bilinear pairing has many applications in cryptography. Several IDbased, and also attribute-based cryptosystems were proposed using bilinear pairings of algebraic curves. This work aims at presenting the principal pairingbased cryptography toolkits, comparing their main characteristics as optimization, readability and coverage. This paper also contemplates an evaluation of the performance and energy efficiency of each of them and their cryptoprimitives, in order to define the pros and cons of each toolkit.
Identificação de código suspeito por meio de depuração supervisionada
Authors: Boccardo Davidson R. , Machado Raphael C. S. , Silva Vagner P. da , Carmo Luiz Fernando Rust da Costa
Published: July 2022

A identificação de funcionalidades ocultas pela análise do binário de um software embarcado é uma tarefa desafiadora. Este desafio se deve ao fato da própria complexidade em se analisar um binário. É de particular interesse da área da segurança da informação garantir a inexistência de tais funcionalidades uma vez que elas podem comprometer o comportamento de um software. Este trabalho propõe um método para localizar trechos de código suspeitos por meio de uma depuração supervisionada do software embarcado, auxiliada pela análise estática dos grafos de fluxo de controle e de chamadas.
Sistematização do Contexto como Fator de Autenticação de Usuários de Dispositivos Móveis
Authors: Correia Márcio A. S. , Ximenes Pablo , Andrade Rossana M. C.
Published: July 2022

A necessidade de proteger os dispositivos móveis de acessos não autorizados é crescente. Por outro lado, os mecanismos convencionais de autenticação utilizados hoje representam um obstáculo difícil que os usuários precisam vencer sempre que desejam utilizar seus dispositivos. Essa problemática é agravada nos dispositivos móveis por conta das suas diferenças na dinâmica de utilização. Nesse cenário, muitos autores propõem soluções baseadas em autenticação implícita, transparente e contínua focadas principalmente no uso de fatores biométricos. Diferente dos outros trabalhos, propomos o uso do contexto como fator de autenticação dos usuários e uma sistematização do seu uso nos dispositivos móveis, utilizando para isso o framework de aquisição de contexto LoCCAM e Cadeias de Markov Ocultas (Hidden Markov Model HMM).
District bank of Niš 1907-1947
Authors: Becić Ivan
Published: July 2022

During the Customs War of the Kingdom of Serbia and Austro-Hungary, a large number of discount banks were established in Serbia. One of them was the District Bank in Niš. In accordance with the business policy of Serbian banks in that period, this bank also had its own companies, an automatic mill and a brick factory. The Great War interrupted the work of banks in Serbia, and their property became the subject of exploitation by the occupiers. After the end of the war, the District Bank renewed its work, and the most profitable part of the company was the mill. The brickyard worked poorly because the citizens did not have the funds to build new houses. In the period from 1921 to 1929, the District Bank operated successfully and regularly paid dividends to its shareholders. With the outbreak of the economic crisis and falling prices for agricultural products, the District Bank found itself in trouble because it had to stop working in its industrial companies, and the withdrawal of funds from savings deposits left the bank without working capital. The bank was forced to seek protection and used it until 1942. It was one of the few banks that operated during the WWII and even increased its capital. The change of the social system and the creation of socialists' Yugoslavia marked the end of the business of this financial institution.
Ivo Andrić and the culture of forgetting
Authors: Đurković Uroš
Published: July 2022

Ivo Andrić's literary work is analyzed in terms of the culture of forgetting. The culture of forgetting is comprehended neither as an antithesis of the culture of remembrance, nor as a political or ideological construct, but as a particular Andrić's sensibility, that shows the ubiquitous wish for being overwhelmed by non-existence, preserved in disappearance, fused with oblivion in silence. Therefore, certain aspects of Andrić's literary work in the light of the culture of forgetting are emphasized: 1) silence as a form of forgetting; 2) theatre stage and play as strategies of forgetting; 3) snow as an important motif in Andrić's literature. Special attention is given to the four of Andrić's short stories: The Bridge on the Žepa (Most na Žepi), Aska and the Wolf (Aska i vuk), Play (Igra), and Children (Deca).
Regional inequalities of economic and rural development in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Dimitrijević Jasmina , Dimitrijević Miloš , Ristić Lela
Published: July 2022

Having in mind the fact that there are significant differences in the development of the regions in many countries, well-formulated regional policy and its implementation are important determinants of reducing existing regional inequalities and also they are the factors of rural development. Accordingly, the subject of research in this paper are disparities at the NUTS 2 level in the Republic of Serbia, with the aim of determining the level of economic development of the regions and the rural development of the Republic of Serbia. Thereby, an important role of regional policy in the regional convergence and achieving a more balanced regional and rural development is emphasized. The comparative analysis in the paper identifies significant differences between the Belgrade region and other regions in the Republic of Serbia, that are predominantly rural. In order to overcome these differences, the necessity of innovative solutions and an active regional policy is emphasized.
Digital divide in European Union: State and perspectives
Authors: Đorić Žarko
Published: July 2022

The term digital divide (digital social inequality, also a "first world problem") refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology and those that don't have access. The primary aim of the paper is to look at the very concept of the digital divide, as well as the possibility of bridging it in order to achieve the fundamental goal embodied in a more inclusive Europe, using the latest EUROSTAT data, for the years 2019 and COVID-19 2021. The paper performs a classical comparison of quantitative information of observed phenomena according to various criteria and from different time frames, specifically before the pandemic and during the pandemic. A more detailed review of the literature points to the persistence of the gap of both the first (material access), and the second (skills and uses) and the third level (outcomes of differentiated access and use) in the European Union, which is also evident in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic which has confirmed the need to turn to digital transformation which is accelerated and adequately managed. The digital divide is manifested between the EU Member States, with a particularly pronounced dividing line between northern and southern European countries. In order to narrow digital divide as much as possible, a strong commitment is needed, not only from policy makers at EU level, but also from Member States, primarily towards raising investment in research and innovation, the diffusion of ICT literacy and the deployment of smart technologies for society.
Implications of the Covid-19 pandemic on foreign direct investment in European transition economies
Authors: Tubić-Ćurčić Tijana
Published: July 2022

In early 2020, the world faced a serious crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, and the application of restrictive measures to prevent and slow down the spread of the virus had a negative impact on economic flows, including foreign direct investment (FDI). The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on global FDI flows have been devastating, resulting in a large drop in FDI. Flows to European transition countries have also been affected, but less than the world average. It is expected that the recovery of FDI from the shock of 2020 would be long and that it would be impossible to return to structural and geographical patterns before the pandemic. Having in mind the above, the aim of this paper was to analyze the dynamics of FDI before and during the pandemic in European transition countries in order to examine the effect of Covid-19 pandemic on FDI. The results of the research confirm the negative impact of the pandemic on the flows of FDI in European transition economies, except for Montenegro, Bulgaria, Hungary and Estonia, where an increase in the inflow of FDI was determined.
Progesterone and oestrogen receptor status in breast carcinoma in surgically treated women relative to age
Authors: Počekovac Miloš , Davidović Kristina , Stojanović Mirjana , Stojanović Milena , Mihajlović Slađana , Marković Slađana , Paskaš Jovo
Published: July 2022

Due to its frequency, morbidity and mortality, breast cancer represents the most significant malignancy in women. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor status is used as an important prognostic and predictive factor in breast cancer. The purpose of this research was to determine estrogen and progesterone receptor status of primary breast cancer relative to patient age. High receptor level indicates an active response to endocrine therapy. Studies have shown that about 70% of breast cancers are oestrogen receptor positive, while 30% are negative. The study encompassed 337 patients operated at the Kruševac Regional Centre in the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013. The patients were classified into four groups according to their hormonal status, after which all groups were tested for certain parameters. All patients had histopathological findings and diagnosis confirmation. Patients with a determined receptor status (329) were divided into four groups depending on the steroid (oestrogen and progesterone) receptor status. Data was analysed with regard to hormonal sensitivity with the patients split into two subgroups: hormone-sensitive and hormone-insensitive. Our results show that 67.65% of the carcinoma were ER+/PR+, 9.19% ER+/PR-, 0.59% ER-/PR+, and 21% ER-/PR-17.21, while 18 women (5.34%) were not tested. Our low percentage of ER-/PRof 17.21% is probably due to the fact that only 18 (5.34%) of the patients were younger than 40. The average share of ER+/PR+, found in our study to be 67.65% goes to over 90% in postmenopausal patients, while the share of ER-/PRamounts to 33.33% in younger patients. The study of oestrogen and progesterone receptor status relative to the patient's age showed that the percentage of patients with ER/PR positive status increases statistically significantly with age and the percentage of hormone insensitive cancers declines, but this decline is not statistically significant.
The defence expenditure and spending of the Republic of Serbia with special reference to the COVID-19 pandemic period
Authors: Knežević Milena
Published: July 2022

The financing of the expenditure and spending of the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces is defined by the Budget System Law. The amount of allocated funds for defence in all countries is mainly related to gross domestic product. The financing of the defence system directly depends on the economic position and development of state, and also on the available budget. Therefore, the greatest responsibility of those who are authorized is to dispose of budget funds in a certain period of use for the most important state priorities, as well as the need for the highest control over the disposal and use of these funds. The financing of the defence system of the Republic of Serbia, as a direct beneficiary of budget funds, is conducted in compliance with the procedures defined by laws and other normative regulations of the country. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global security risk and threat, and 2020 has been taken for consideration and analysis of defence expenditure in state budgets. Thus, the readiness of states and defence forces to resist security challenges and threats has been presented. Moreover, fifteen countries that allocated the greatest funds for defence in 2020 have been presented. China is the only country that has positive growth of gross domestic product in the considered year and at the same time the highest percentage of allocations from GDP for defence. The five European countries that allocated the most for defence have also been presented, as well as the ratio of total allocations for defence in Europe and the United States. The average allocation rate for all countries (Table 2) in 2020 is 1.59% of GDP, which is shown in Graph 1. In the considered period, the Republic of Serbia allocated 1.89% of GDP for defence, which is above average. The percentage share of defence expenditure in GDP in recent years is approximately 1.9%. Graph 2 shows the percentage share of defence expenditure in the period from 2013 to 2021. The specificity of financing defence expenditure and spending has been emphasised because the defence system, like other complex systems, is characterized by complexity, openness, dynamism, strict hierarchical structure and two-way relations. Bearing in mind that the Ministry of Defence and Serbian Armed Forces are a non-profit organization, defence expenditure and spending are almost entirely financed from budget funds. The exception is certain categories of revenues, in a very small percentage in relation to the total available financial resources. In addition to its revenues, other sources of financing, such as various donations, unspent revenues and donations from previous years, income from the sale of non-financial assets and voluntary transfers are represented in financing the expenditure and spending of the Ministry of Defence and Serbian Armed Forces. It is very important to point out that since 2020, as a source of financing defence expenditure and spending, funds from the source - income from internal debt - has been used.
El protocolo del luto oficial: el caso de España por las víctimas de la COVID-19
Authors: Portugal Bueno Mª del Carmen
Published: July 2022

El luto oficial es el signo exterior de pena y duelo que disponen los Estados para rendir honores a sus fallecidos, independientemente de la causa.

El 11 de marzo de 2020 la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declara oficialmente la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, más conocida como COVID-19. Esta enfermedad epidémica ha causado cerca de novecientos mil muertos en todo el mundo, a fecha de septiembre de 2020.

Una catástrofe sanitaria que ha afectado a España y que su Gobierno decidió honrar a sus víctimas por coronavirus con la declaración de luto nacional.

Esta investigación, tras analizar el protocolo existente en torno al luto oficial, tanto a nivel nacional como autonómico, ofrece como resultado unas normas de actuación a aplicar en todo el territorio español. De esta manera, se pretende dotar al luto oficial de una escenificación propia y unitaria para la nación, las diecisiete comunidades autónomas y las dos ciudades autonómicas españolas.

En consecuencia, la declaración del luto oficial se convierte en la herramienta idónea de protocolo, y por ende de comunicación, para expresar el duelo de todo el pueblo español por las víctimas del coronavirus.
Redes intelectuales en los orígenes de la filosofía española contemporánea. Estudio cuantitativo
Authors: Estrella González Alejandro
Published: July 2022

En este artículo se lleva a cabo un estudio cuantitativo de la formación del campo de la filosofía española contemporánea desde la sociología de los intelectuales. A partir de una selección de 81 autores, se relacionan determinados rasgos sociológicos con los entramados de 6 redes filosóficas y se sostiene que cada una de ellas socializa a sus miembros en tipos específicos de estrategias y gustos filosóficos. El estudio sociológico se pone en contexto, relacionando las conclusiones que arrojan los datos con la coyuntura histórica del periodo, con el fin de comprender la manera en la que se configura la filosofía española contemporánea en sus orígenes. Se finaliza mostrando los rasgos dominantes que heredará la filosofía española de las generaciones del 98 y del 14. El trabajo intenta mostrar los rendimientos que ofrece aplicar herramientas de las ciencias sociales al estudio de la historia de la filosofía.
In this article, I carry out a cuantitative study about the making of the contemporary Spanish philosophical field from sociology of intelectuals. Taking a sample of 81 authors, I relate some sociological traits whith 6 philosophical nets, and I sustain that each one of them socializes its members in a kind of philosophical strategy and liking. The sociological study is put in context, relating the conclusión of the data whith the historical jucture. The objective is to understand haow Spanish philosophy is configured in its origins. I finish showing the dominant traits inherited by the philosophical Generation of´98 and ´14. The paper tries to show t show the returns offered by applying social science tools to the history of philosophy.
El humus trágico de la "Escuela de Madrid"
Authors: Arévalo Benito Héctor
Published: July 2022

El presente trabajo procura analizar brevemente el concepto de “humus” trágico que supo transmitir Ortega –conscientemente o no-, a su discipulado, durante la conocida Escuela de Madrid. Para ello, y en segundo lugar, sostenemos que se puede desvelar este “humus” orteguiano desde las ideas de Hayden White. En tercer lugar, proponemos cómo se desplegaron dichas ideas orteguianas en María Zambrano y en José Gaos, y sostenemos que lo hicieron desde sus concepciones sobre la razón poética y cierta gigantomaquia de la historia –respectivamente-, las cuales no sólo reflejaron fielmente dichas ideas sino que, además, dieron un paso más allá de la propuesta orteguiana. Finamente, intentaremos poner en evidencia cuáles son las características zambranianas y gaosianas de dicha concepción trágica de la filosofía, las cuales irán mucho más allá del racionalismo europeo tradicionalista.
Una influencia de la filosofía del exilio español en el pensamiento iberoamericano
Authors: Morollón del Río Diego
Published: July 2022

En el siguiente artículo se expondrán algunos apartados específicos de la obra Los principios de la ciencia de Eduardo Nicol y cómo tal texto tuvo una repercusión destacable dentro del pensamiento latinoamericano de la década de los sesenta. El planteamiento aquí expuesto gira en torno a la influencia de Nicol que se desprende del momento en que nuestro autor viaja y publica extensivamente por diversos países en América Latina, ejemplos de ello serían sus cursos en la Universidad de La Habana en 1955 o su visita a Colombia a principios de los 60. Momento en que sus publicaciones estimuladas por la editorial Fondo de Cultura Económica le llevaron a ser estudiado en diferentes facultades de manera interdisciplinaria. A partir de esto, sin la pretensión de abarcar las ramificaciones que puede llegar a tener el pensamiento de Nicol en América Latina, nos centraremos en un caso específico, la presencia de su obra en el libro ¿Extensión o comunicación? del pensador Paulo Freire.
lenguas cooficiales en el aula, y su uso dentro del sistema educativo
Authors: Molero Martín-Salas Mª. del Pilar
Published: July 2022

La diversidad lingüística es una gran riqueza cultural de nuestro Estado, es por ello que la Constitución, en el artículo 3, reconoce el castellano como lengua oficial en todo el territorio, y la posibilidad de que otras lenguas también puedan serlo; si así se dispone en su estatuto de autonomía. Se prevé un modelo cooficial que fomenta la convivencia de las diferentes lenguas, por lo que, para impulsar el uso y conocimiento de las lenguas regionales, y situarlas al mismo nivel que el castellano, se pone en marcha la normalización lingüística. Las diferentes lenguas oficiales regionales se incorporan a los sistemas educativos autonómicos, con el objetivo de alcanzar un bilingüismo que permita el uso simultaneo y el conocimiento correcto de ambas lenguas. Con el paso del tiempo este objetivo se ha cumplido, y poco a poco han ido aumentando el número de horas dedicadas al estudio de la lengua regional, si bien la dedicación e interés por el castellano se han resentido, y el contacto con la lengua común está siendo cada vez menor.A ello se suman las dudas en cuanto al concepto de lengua vehicular en la enseñanza que, si bien en la anterior ley educativa se predicaba del castellano, la actual ley lo elimina de su contenido. A la espera de lo que resuelva el Tribunal Constitucional, hemos de recordar lo dicho en sentencias anteriores, considerando que ambas lenguas deben ser consideradas vehiculares en la enseñanza, y que ninguna se puede entender como preferente o propia; si ello supone un demérito para la otra. Resulta realmente incoherente hablar de lengua oficial de un Estado, común para todos sus ciudadanos, y que no se entienda como vehicular.Así las cosas, el interés de los territorios por el fomento y uso de sus lenguas regionales parece haber ido más allá del equilibrio, de tal forma que las horas lectivas dedicadas al castellano son cada vez menos, y mayores los problemas de las familias para encontrar centros educativos cuya lengua vehicular sea la común. Buscar la proporción adecuada entre el fomento de la gran riqueza cultural que supone el poder dominar dos lenguas, y el hecho de que el conocimiento del castellano no se vea perjudicado, no está siendo una tarea fácil. La atención desproporcionada hacia las lenguas regionales, en detrimento de la lengua común, supone una clara afectación de numerosos valores implicados, y una clara limitación en el ejercicio de ciertos derechos. Son los poderes públicos los que están llamados a controlar y garantizar que realmente el sistema cooficial se aplique con respeto al espíritu con el que fue concebido.
Acta Constitucional número 2 de 11 de septiembre de 1976 y la limitación del poder del general Pinochet a la luz de la doctrina de la constitución histórica
Authors: Palma Eric Eduardo , Zúñiga Urbina Francisco
Published: July 2022

El artículo se inserta en los estudios acerca de la dictadura cívico militar chilena y la caracterización del ejercicio del poder por parte del General Pinochet como limitado. Sostenemos que la tesis de las limitaciones cuenta también con una explicación construida desde el punto de vista histórico jurídico: se pueden entender como un caso de proyección de la doctrina indiana del buen gobierno. Estudiaremos el fenómeno en el contexto de la aprobación del Acta Constitucional número 2 de 1976 para sostener que el fenómeno de la limitación es comprensible a la luz de la tesis de la constituciónhistórica (que prescinde de la doctrina del constitucionalismo clásico).
La ciudadanía latinoamericana contra la democracia neoliberal: protestas, revueltas y reconfiguración política en el tiempo presente (1989-2019)
Authors: Radic Vega Juan , Delgado Torres Felipe
Published: July 2022

The article propose to analyze to the social unrest in Latina American in the XXI century. We ask ourselves about the similarities and differences that they present to analyze the historical continuity that they represent. Our premise understands that although dissimilar, plural and temporarily disruptive, the current social conflict present connections that allow to draw a unity with respect to its meanings, establishing in its background an emancipatory practice, transformer and criticism of the current order. To do this, we analyze three specific cycles of social unrest, considering the cases of Argentine, Ecuador and Chile, at stopping at two specific areas; the event that triggers the mass protests and how is interpreted by the mobilized society through the analysis of the discourses and demands that we identify in each one of them. Second, observing the political reconfiguration that they potentially represent, considering some mechanisms of organization created during these cycles, and invite us to rethink the politics and democracy. The comparative perspective tries to construct a global reflection while the considered temporality invites us to think in a historical dimension the deep questioning of the fact hegemony that neoliberalism has established in the region, as well as the potential sensibilities, actors and values, which envision being facing a profound and inexorable change of time.

El artículo propone analizar las revueltas sociales en América Latina en el siglo XXI en perspectiva histórica. Nos interrogamos acerca de las similitudes y diferencias que presenta cada una de ellas para analizar la potencial continuidad que representan. Para ello, analizaremos tres ciclos específicos de revueltas sociales considerando los casos de Argentina (2001), Ecuador (2005), y Chile (2019), deteniéndonos en dos ámbitos determinados; el acontecimiento que desencadena las protestas masivas y cómo es interpretado por la sociedad movilizada a través del análisis de los discursos y reivindicaciones que identificamos en cada uno ellos. En segundo lugar, observando la reconfiguración política que potencialmente representan. Para ellos consideramos –brevemente— algunos mecanismos de organización surgidos durante estos ciclos y que invitan a repensar lo político y la democracia. La mirada comparada pretende construir una reflexión global mientras la temporalidad escogida invita a pensar en una dimensión histórica el cuestionamiento de fondo a la hegemonía de facto que ha establecido el neoliberalismo en la región así como los potenciales procesos de transición cultural que representan la emergencia de nuevas sensibilidades actores y valores, que vislumbran estar frente a un cambio de época profundo e inexorable.