bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk-stratified Distant Metastatic Thyroid Cancer with
Clinicopathological Factors and BRAF/TERT Promoter
Mutations
Authors: Cheng Xian , Zhou Ying , Xu Shichen , Yu Huixin , Wu Jing , Bao Jiandong , Zhang Li
Published: November 2023

Objective To assess the prognostic value of clinicopathological factors as
well as BRAF and TERT promoter mutations in predicting distant
metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer.

Design The status of BRAF and TERTp mutations were available
in 1,208 thyroid cancer patients who received thyroidectomy at Jiangyuan
Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine from January 2008
to December 2021. Based on inclusion criteria, 99 distant metastasis thyroid
cancers (DM-TCs) and 1055 patients without DM (Non-DM-TCs) were retrospectively
reviewed.

Results After univariate and multivariate analyses, a risk model was
established for DM prediction based on factors: T3/T4 stage, lymph node
metastasis (LNM) number over 5, and BRAF/TERT mutations (TLBT).
It was defined based on the number of TLBT factors: low risk (no risk factor,
n=896), intermediate risk (1 risk factor, n=199), and high risk
(≥2 risk factors, n=59). Notably, compared with patients with
low and intermediate risks, patients assigned to high TLBT risk have a shorter
time of DM disease-free survival. Except for gene mutation, other factors were
also included in the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk guideline.
Comparing with the ATA risk category, this risk model showed a better
performance in predicting DM-TCs.

Conclusions This study proposes a TLBT risk classifier consisting of
T3/T4 stages, LNM (n>5), and BRAF+TERTp mutations
for predicting DM-TCs. TLBT risk stratification may help clinicians make
personalized treatment management and follow-up strategies.
Disentangling the evolution of electrons and holes in photoexcited ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Milne Christopher J. , Nagornova Natalia , Pope Thomas , Chen Hui-Yuan , Rossi Thomas , Szlachetko Jakub , Gawelda Wojciech , Britz Alexander , van Driel Tim B. , Sala Leonardo , Ebner Simon , Katayama Tetsuo , Southworth Stephen H. , Doumy Gilles , March Anne Marie , Lehmann C. Stefan , Mucke Melanie , Iablonskyi Denys , Kumagai Yoshiaki , Knopp Gregor , Motomura Koji , Togashi Tadashi , Owada Shigeki , Yabashi Makina , Nielsen Martin M. , Pajek Marek , Ueda Kiyoshi , Abela Rafael , Penfold Thomas J. , Chergui Majed
Published: November 2023

The evolution of charge carriers in photoexcited room temperature ZnO nanoparticles in solution is investigated using ultrafast ultraviolet photoluminescence spectroscopy, ultrafast Zn K-edge absorption spectroscopy, and ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The photoluminescence is excited at 4.66 eV, well above the band edge, and shows that electron cooling in the conduction band and exciton formation occur in <500 fs, in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The x-ray absorption measurements, obtained upon excitation close to the band edge at 3.49 eV, are sensitive to the migration and trapping of holes. They reveal that the 2 ps transient largely reproduces the previously reported transient obtained at 100 ps time delay in synchrotron studies. In addition, the x-ray absorption signal is found to rise in ∼1.4 ps, which we attribute to the diffusion of holes through the lattice prior to their trapping at singly charged oxygen vacancies. Indeed, the MD simulations show that impulsive trapping of holes induces an ultrafast expansion of the cage of Zn atoms in <200 fs, followed by an oscillatory response at a frequency of ∼100 cm−1, which corresponds to a phonon mode of the system involving the Zn sub-lattice.
Dynamic deformation behavior and constitutive model of a Zr–W alloy
Authors: Ma Yue , Wang Chuanting , Guo Zhiping , Chen Ying , Gao Hongyin , Meng Yuanpei , Yang Yansong , He Yuan , Guo Lei , He Yong
Published: November 2023

In this paper, a Zr–5W alloy was fabricated via casting. In order to obtain the mechanical properties of the material, quasi-static compression tests at room temperature and split Hopkinson pressure bar tests at various temperatures were carried out. The x-ray diffraction result showed that the main components of the alloy were αZr and W2Zr, where αZr is the matrix and W2Zr is the reinforcement. The metallographic characterization results showed that there were two main forms of W2Zr in the material, namely, large particle boundary and small diffuse submicrometer precipitates. The reinforcements of both distributions have the effect of increasing the strength of the material, but the small submicrometer W2Zr precipitates would cause microcrack nucleation during the late plastic deformation stage, resulting in damage softening. In order to make theoretical calculations of the mechanical properties of materials, the Johnson–Cook (JC) constitutive model and Zerilli–Armstrong (ZAM) constitutive model of the material were obtained. It was found that the JC constitutive model had poor consistency in describing material properties. Although the consistency of the ZAM constitutive model was higher than that of the JC constitutive model, it still had obvious shortcomings. Combined with the deformation mechanism of the alloy, a modified constitutive relation was established by adding damage softening terms based on the hexagonal close-packed metal constitutive model inferred by the kinetics of heat-activated dislocations. The relative error results of all working conditions show that the correlation consistency of the improved constitutive model in this paper is significantly better than that of JC constitutive and ZAM constitutive.
Selective recording of physiologically evoked neural activity in a mixed autonomic nerve using a minimally invasive array
Authors: Payne Sophie C. , Osborne Peregrine B. , Thompson Alex , Eiber Calvin D. , Keast Janet R. , Fallon James B.
Published: November 2023

Real-time closed-loop control of neuromodulation devices requires long-term monitoring of neural activity in the peripheral nervous system. Although many signal extraction methods exist, few are both clinically viable and designed for extracting small signals from fragile peripheral visceral nerves. Here, we report that our minimally invasive recording and analysis technology extracts low to negative signal to noise ratio (SNR) neural activity from a visceral nerve with a high degree of specificity for fiber type and class. Complex activity was recorded from the rat pelvic nerve that was physiologically evoked during controlled bladder filling and voiding, in an extensively characterized in vivo model that provided an excellent test bed to validate our technology. Urethane-anesthetized male rats (n = 12) were implanted with a four-electrode planar array and the bladder instrumented for continuous-flow cystometry, which measures urodynamic function by recording bladder pressure changes during constant infusion of saline. We demonstrated that differential bipolar recordings and cross-correlation analyses extracts afferent and efferent activity, and discriminated between subpopulations of fibers based on conduction velocity. Integrated Aδ afferent fiber activity correlated with bladder pressure during voiding (r2: 0.66 ± 0.06) and was not affected by activating nociceptive afferents with intravesical capsaicin (r2: 0.59 ± 0.14, P = 0.54, and n = 3). Collectively, these results demonstrate our minimally invasive recording and analysis technology is selective in extracting mixed neural activity with low/negative SNR. Furthermore, integrated afferent activity reliably correlates with bladder pressure and is a promising first step in developing closed-loop technology for bladder control.
Hemodynamic differences caused by left atrial appendage modeling contours
Authors: Chen Yanlu , Xu Buyun , Cheng Yuzhou , Luo Kun , Fan Jianren , Xiang Meixiang
Published: November 2023

Comparing the hemodynamic parameters of thrombus-positive and thrombus-negative patients in the early stages of the disease (before thrombus formation occurs) can help predict atrial fibrillation-related thrombosis. However, most clinical images of thrombus-positive are of existing thrombus, and the presence of thrombi blurs the outline of the atrial appendage intima. Therefore, using the left atrial appendage (LAA) epicardial geometry for hemodynamic analysis has become a last resort. This study compares hemodynamic differences using the modeling contour of the inner and outer membranes of the LAA. The research results show the velocity and shear strain rate of the endocardial and epicardial geometries exhibit relative consistency. As for the parameters related to wall shear stress, the difference in time-averaged wall shear stress mainly occurs at the LAA entrance and does not affect the determination of thrombosis risk factors. The difference in the oscillatory shear index mainly occurs at the tip of LAA and the parts with larger curvature, which are seriously affected by geometry. The differences between endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP) and relative residence time (RRT) are concentrated at the tip of the LAA, but the maximum and minimum values are significantly different. After we exclude the top and bottom 5% of values, we believe that ECAP and RRT are reliable parameters. This investigation conducted both qualitative and quantitative assessments of the hemodynamic disparities between the endocardial and epicardial geometries. The findings offer valuable data reference for related research.
Does the electrolyte flow in a lithium-ion battery? A perspective from the electrochemical–thermal–hydraulic–mechanical coupling in porous media
Authors: Yu Wen , Li Peichao , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Ma Dezheng , Huang Haibo , Zhang Hengyun
Published: November 2023

This paper presents an electrochemical–thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (ETHM) coupling model by introducing the electrolyte flow field into the model of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). First, the ETHM coupling model is established on the basis of the electrochemical–thermal–mechanical (ETM) coupling model and poroelasticity model. Then, the ETHM coupling model for the discharge of LIBs is numerically resolved and verified against the ETM coupling model using the commercial 11.5 Ah LiMn2O4 battery as an example. Subsequently, the flow and deformation characteristics (such as the Darcy's velocity, the pore pressure, the Péclet number, and the volumetric strain) are analyzed. The results suggest that the electrolyte does flow during the operation of LIBs. Furthermore, the electrolyte flow is governed by the internal pore pressure gradient induced by the poroelastic effect. The electrolyte flow behavior is also influenced by the boundary conditions. The findings in this study are of benefit to obtain in-depth understanding of the coupling mechanisms among the electrolyte flow field and the stress (strain) field, the temperature field, and the electrochemical field.
Roughness implementation and convective heat transfer coefficient computation toward ice accretion simulation
Authors: Chen Jiawei , Zhang Yufei , Fu Song
Published: November 2023

In the simulation of icing, the calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficient for rough surfaces has significant importance. Our study investigates the extension of the γ-Reθt transition model for rough icing surfaces and aims to provide an alternative to the integral boundary layer method for facilitating the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient in three-dimensional icing simulations. Initially, the performance of the γ-Reθt transition model in predicting the transition characteristics and heat transfer for smooth surfaces is examined. Subsequently, to compensate for the deficiency of the γ-Reθt transition model in predicting the premature transition caused by roughness, an additional model equation Ar is introduced to simulate the influence of the surface roughness. Three test cases, including a clean cylinder, an iced cylinder, and a swept wing, are used to validate the applicability of the γ-Reθt-Ar transition model for heat transfer computations on rough surfaces. The results demonstrate that the γ-Reθt-Ar model is superior to other turbulence models in computing convective heat transfer for two-dimensional and three-dimensional icing rough surfaces and shows its potential for ice accretion simulation.
MDA-9/Syntenin in the tumor and microenvironment defines prostate cancer bone metastasis
Authors: Maji Santanu , Pradhan Anjan K. , Kumar Amit , Bhoopathi Praveen , Mannangatti Padmanabhan , Guo Chunqing , Windle Jolene J. , Subler Mark A. , Wang Xiang-Yang , Semmes Oliver J. , Nyalwidhe Julius O. , Mukhopadhyay Nitai , Paul Asit Kr. , Hatfield Bryce , Levit Michael M. , Madan Esha , Sarkar Devanand , Emdad Luni , Cohen David J. , Gogna Rajan , Cavenee Webster K. , Das Swadesh K. , Fisher Paul B.
Published: November 2023

Bone metastasis is a frequent and incurable consequence of advanced prostate cancer (PC). An interplay between disseminated tumor cells and heterogeneous bone resident cells in the metastatic niche initiates this process.
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-9
(
mda-9/Syntenin/syndecan binding protein
) is a prometastatic gene expressed in multiple organs, including bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs), under both physiological and pathological conditions. We demonstrate that PDGF-AA secreted by tumor cells induces CXCL5 expression in BM-MSCs by suppressing MDA-9-dependent YAP/MST signaling. CXCL5-derived tumor cell proliferation and immune suppression are consequences of the MDA-9/CXCL5 signaling axis, promoting PC disease progression.
mda-9
knockout tumor cells express less PDGF-AA and do not develop bone metastases. Our data document a previously undefined role of MDA-9/Syntenin in the tumor and microenvironment in regulating PC bone metastasis. This study provides a framework for translational strategies to ameliorate health complications and morbidity associated with advanced PC.
Rubin Observatory LSST Transients and Variable Stars Roadmap
Authors: Hambleton Kelly M. , Bianco Federica B. , Street Rachel , Bell Keaton , Buckley David , Graham Melissa , Hernitschek Nina , Lund Michael B. , Mason Elena , Pepper Joshua , Prša Andrej , Rabus Markus , Raiteri Claudia M. , Szabó Róbert , Szkody Paula , Andreoni Igor , Antoniucci Simone , Balmaverde Barbara , Bellm Eric , Bonito Rosaria , Bono Giuseppe , Botticella Maria Teresa , Brocato Enzo , Bučar Bricman Katja , Cappellaro Enrico , Carnerero Maria Isabel , Chornock Ryan , Clarke Riley , Cowperthwaite Phil , Cucchiara Antonino , D’Ammando Filippo , Dage Kristen C. , Dall’Ora Massimo , Davenport James R. A. , de Martino Domitilla , de Somma Giulia , Di Criscienzo Marcella , Di Stefano Rosanne , Drout Maria , Fabrizio Michele , Fiorentino Giuliana , Gandhi Poshak , Garofalo Alessia , Giannini Teresa , Gomboc Andreja , Greggio Laura , Hartigan Patrick , Hundertmark Markus , Johnson Elizabeth , Johnson Michael , Jurkic Tomislav , Khakpash Somayeh , Leccia Silvio , Li Xiaolong , Magurno Davide , Malanchev Konstantin , Marconi Marcella , Margutti Raffaella , Marinoni Silvia , Mauron Nicolas , Molinaro Roberto , Möller Anais , Moniez Marc , Muraveva Tatiana , Musella Ilaria , Ngeow Chow-Choong , Pastorello Andrea , Petrecca Vincenzo , Piranomonte Silvia , Ragosta Fabio , Reguitti Andrea , Righi Chiara , Ripepi Vincenzo , Rivera Sandoval Liliana , Stassun Keivan G. , Stroh Michael , Terreran Giacomo , Trimble Virginia , Tsapras Yiannis , van Velzen Sjoert , Venuti Laura , Vink Jorick S.
Published: November 2023

The Vera C. Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) holds the potential to revolutionize time domain astrophysics, reaching completely unexplored areas of the Universe and mapping variability time scales from minutes to a decade. To prepare to maximize the potential of the Rubin LSST data for the exploration of the transient and variable Universe, one of the four pillars of Rubin LSST science, the Transient and Variable Stars Science Collaboration, one of the eight Rubin LSST Science Collaborations, has identified research areas of interest and requirements, and paths to enable them. While our roadmap is ever-evolving, this document represents a snapshot of our plans and preparatory work in the final years and months leading up to the survey’s first light.
Filling the radio transients gap
Authors: Fender R , Horesh A , Charles P , Woudt P , Miller-Jones J , Bright J
Published: November 2023

Rob Fender, Assaf Horesh, Phil Charles, Patrick Woudt, James Miller-Jones and Joe Bright make the case for a dedicated radio transients monitoring array in the southern hemisphere
Diagnostic significance of blood lymphocyte activation markers in pre-eclampsia
Authors: Kurmanova Almagul , Urazbayeva Gulfairuz , Terlikbayeva Aigul , Salimbaeva Damilya , Ayazbekov Ardak
Published: November 2023

The adaptive and innate immune system is important in both initiating and preventing functional disorders during pregnancy, one of which is pre-eclampsia. The research aims to conduct the comparative quantification of selected subpopulations of peripheral blood immunoregulatory cells in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia in the third trimester. The marker receptors CD4, CD8, CD95, CD25, and CD27 and the marker antigen HLA-DR were considered. The screening was performed by flow cytometry with dual phenotyping using phycoerythrin- and fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Data processing consisted in calculating a likelihood value to assess the statistical significance of the difference between the samples. A statistically significant decrease in the subpopulation titer of T and B lymphocytes with marker receptors CD4, CD8, and CD19 was found in pre-eclampsia patients. In the CD4 carrier T-lymphocyte population, there was an increased expression of the CD25/CD95 activation and apoptosis markers. In the CD8 T-killer population, a decreased representation of the CD27/CD25/CD95 markers of differentiation, activation, and apoptosis was deterministic. The expression pattern of the major histocompatibility complex antigen HLA-DR did not change significantly in normality and pathology. The titer of peripheral natural killer cells carrying the CD56 marker increased in patients with various degrees of disease severity, while the number of CD16 natural killer remained at the level of the control group. The research results suggest that a change in the ratio of the above receptors is a diagnostic indicator for pre-eclampsia.
epialleleR: an R/Bioconductor package for sensitive allele-specific methylation analysis in NGS data
Authors: Nikolaienko Oleksii , Lønning Per Eystein , Knappskog Stian
Published: November 2023

Low-level mosaic epimutations within the BRCA1 gene promoter occur in 5–8% of healthy individuals and are associated with a significantly elevated risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Similar events may also affect other tumor suppressor genes, potentially being a significant contributor to cancer burden. While this opens a new area for translational research, detection of low-level mosaic epigenetic events requires highly sensitive and robust methodology for methylation analysis. We here present epialleleR, a computational framework for sensitive detection, quantification, and visualization of mosaic epimutations in methylation sequencing data. Analyzing simulated and real data sets, we provide in-depth assessments of epialleleR performance and show that linkage to epihaplotype data is necessary to detect low-level methylation events. The epialleleR is freely available at https://github.com/BBCG/epialleleR and https://bioconductor.org/packages/epialleleR/ as an open-source R/Bioconductor package.
Finding haplotypic signatures in proteins
Authors: Vašíček Jakub , Skiadopoulou Dafni , Kuznetsova Ksenia G , Wen Bo , Johansson Stefan , Njølstad Pål R , Bruckner Stefan , Käll Lukas , Vaudel Marc
Published: November 2023

Background

The nonrandom distribution of alleles of common genomic variants produces haplotypes, which are fundamental in medical and population genetic studies. Consequently, protein-coding genes with different co-occurring sets of alleles can encode different amino acid sequences: protein haplotypes. These protein haplotypes are present in biological samples and detectable by mass spectrometry, but they are not accounted for in proteomic searches. Consequently, the impact of haplotypic variation on the results of proteomic searches and the discoverability of peptides specific to haplotypes remain unknown.

Findings

Here, we study how common genetic haplotypes influence the proteomic search space and investigate the possibility to match peptides containing multiple amino acid substitutions to a publicly available data set of mass spectra. We found that for 12.42% of the discoverable amino acid substitutions encoded by common haplotypes, 2 or more substitutions may co-occur in the same peptide after tryptic digestion of the protein haplotypes. We identified 352 spectra that matched to such multivariant peptides, and out of the 4,582 amino acid substitutions identified, 6.37% were covered by multivariant peptides. However, the evaluation of the reliability of these matches remains challenging, suggesting that refined error rate estimation procedures are needed for such complex proteomic searches.

Conclusions

As these procedures become available and the ability to analyze protein haplotypes increases, we anticipate that proteomics will provide new information on the consequences of common variation, across tissues and time.
Midday
Authors: Enright Tim
Published: November 2023

The first of September is here and there is nothing to say in its favour. We had very bad weather last night. It could not have been worse if it had been St Brigid's night, the first of February. The poor farmers are in a sorry state over this same weather and with good reason. All the people's talk is of the weather and what has happened to it in recent years. As they say themselves, there's no use harking back to what we used to have in bygone days; that was real weather for you and we'll never see its like again. This is not hard to believe with the day that's in it today, but people have no cause for complaint yet until they inspect the potatoes. Then is the time they will start to worry, when they see them changing colour.
Actions of nicotine on dopamine pathways and implications for Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Reavill C
Published: November 2023

Two questions can be posed with respect to the relationship between smoking and nicotine and Parkinson’s disease: does smoking have a shielding action against the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, and does nicotine have a palliative effect on the neurological deficits of patients who are already showing symptoms? Over half a century has passed since Moll (1926) observed that the administration of nicotine to patients suffering from post-encephalitic Parkinsonism caused temporary relief from muscular rigidity. Since then, most epidemiological studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between cigarette smoking and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, and some of these studies have suggested that cigarette smoking may have a protective action against the pathogenesis of the disease (Kahn 1966; Kessler and Diamond 1971). Also, although the smoking habit has been associated with increased prevalence of tardive dyskinesias in psychiatric patients (Binder et al. 1987; Yassa et al. 1987), nicotine has been reported to abolish dystonia and athetoid movements in one case (Lees 1984). However, these reports are not numerous such that the Extrapharmacopoeia (Martindale 1982) describes nicotine as ‘having no therapeutic uses but is of considerable pharmacologicalinterest’.z
Spinal cord stimulation in various ischaemic conditions
Authors: Augustinsson Lars E , Linderoth, Bengt , Mannheimer Clas
Published: November 2023

In the mid-1970s, when spinal cord stimulation (SCS) was used to treat spasticity in multiple sclerosis, it was a well-known phenomenon that the patients often reported a feeling of warmth in their legs with stimulation. Discoloration of the skin, because of impaired circulation, also gradually returned to normal following SCS. The first systematic studies with SCS in leg ischaemia were independently carried out by Cook et al. (1976) and Dooley and Kasprak (1976). They applied SCS to patients who suffered from peripheral ischaemia in their legs mainly as a result of atherosclerosis. The results were impressive with a high rate of pain relief and, in some patients, signs of ulcer healing after a period of stimulation. However, the number of patients was small.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Gadioli E , Hodgson P E
Published: November 2023

These hypotheses, according to Bohr, were not restricted to processes induced by particles with an energy of a few MeV, but ... even if we could experiment with neutrons or protons of energies of more than a hundred million volts, we should still expect that the excess energy of such particles, when they penetrate into a nucleus of not too small mass, would in the first place be divided among the nuclear particles with the result that a liberation of any of these would necessitate a subsequent energy concentration. Instead of the ordinary course of nuclear reactions we may, however, in such cases expect that in general not one but several charged or uncharged particles will eventually leave the nucleus as a result of the encounter.
Multi Step Compound Reactions
Authors: Gadioli E , Hodgson P E
Published: November 2023

In recent years several formal theories of pre-equilibrium reactions have been formulated, in particular those of Feshbach, Kerman and Koonin (1980), of Tamura Udagawa and Lenske (1977, 1982) and of Nishioka et al. (1986, 1988). The Feshbach theory makes use of the distinction between multistep compound and multistep direct reactions: in a multistep compound reaction all the particles remain bound during the equilibration cascade, whereas in multistep direct reactions one particle remains in the continuum. In multistep compound reactions the phases of the matrix elements involving different total angular momenta J, parity, and other quantum numbers required to specify a channel are assumed to be random so that no interference terms remain after averaging and so the energy-averaged cross-sections are symmetric about 90°. In the multistep direct reactions there is constructive interference between matrix elements involving the same change in the momentum of the particle in the continuum and so the cross-sections are forward-peaked. This distinction between multistep compound and multistep direct reactions was subsequently used by Kalbach and Mann (1981) in their empirical parametrization of pre-equilibrium cross-sections.
From Caesar to Claudius
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

When we compare our picture of the country that Caesar found with the state of knowledge about Britain just before the Claudian invasion a century later, we must be struck by the fact that we can construct a reasonably complete map of the tribes for the later period, and people it with the names of a substantial number of rulers at whose relations with one another we can in some cases make guesses. However, the apparent clarity of our picture of the Britain that emerged in the period between the invasions must not cause us to forget that our knowledge rests on founations that may be radically modified or eroded by future advances in scholarship. It is partly based on the fact that when they were transformed into Roman civitates tribes often.
The Assimilation of Britain
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

To understand how the provinces came to be Romanized, we have to abandon some of our common conceptions. There is little evidence that the Romans had any general racial prejudice in the modern sense. Hence they assumed that anyone, or almost anyone, could absorb Roman culture and manners, even as they themselves (despite the protests of moralists and conservatives) borrowed extensively from other cultures, especially in the fields of art and religion. They had a keen sense of class and an enormous pride in their family histories, but on the whole they treated a man on the basis of what he was now rather than on the background from which he had come, though they were not above making fun of the nouveaux riches. Moreover, while there were privileges attached to class and legal status-slave, freedman, citizen or non-citizen, equestrian, senator-there was nothing immutable about a man’s position. This is a real difference between Rome and the classical Greek world before it, and, in many senses, the medieval to come. In the letters of that Italian aristocrat Pliny the Younger we have the cautionary tale of the senator Macedo.
Priority for the Village
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

When Stalin died Soviet agriculture was in a parlous state. ‘Nearly everything was wrong: planning, organization, management, the price system, taxation, physical equipment and facilities, the composition of the labour-force, the distribution system and, above all, incentives’ (Grossman 1963). The list could be extended. One of the most glaring deficiencies was the lack of statistics. These had been deliberately falsified, to the point that even the country’s leaders were ignorant of the actual state of the countryside.
For Faith and Freedom
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

The cultural renaissance led to a renewed concern with spiritual values. In Solzhenitsyn’s story ‘Matriona’s House’ the central character is a simple, saintly peasant woman: demanding nothing of her fellow men and giving all, ‘she was that Righteous One without whom, as the proverb says, no village can stand. Nor any city. Nor our whole land.’ Josef Brodsky’s ‘Christmas Poem’ (1965) ends with a tribute to God’s gift to man of the miracle of life. Perhaps some intellectuals turned to religion out of faddishness or a superficial revulsion against the technological bias of Soviet society.
Nemesis
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

In Russia the national movement was bound to take a different form than it did in other union republics, where elites had a more readily identifiable common foe, usually although not invariably the ‘imperial’ power, against which they could rally popular support. Many Russians, too, felt that their nation’s interests had been neglected under the existing dispensation, but for this they blamed not just the ‘Centre’ but also those minorities which, they believed, had derived an unfair advantage from the Soviet system.
Bread and circuses
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

If the immediate purpose of our existence is not suffering, then our existence is the most ill- adapted to its purpose in the world ‘, wrote Arthur Schopenhauer in a late essay entitled On the suffering of the world. Misfortune and unhappiness, he argues, are the rule rather than the exception in life: ‘Work, worry, toil and trouble are indeed the lot of almost all men their whole life long. ‘ It is true that human beings often have a great deal to worry about, from financial uncertainty, to poor health, to unrequited love, to the disappointment of not realizing life-long dreams.
Worriers and enthusiasts
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

Common experience shows that some people are cheerful and buoyant almost whatever bad things happen to them, whilst some are full of worry and anguish even in the best of circumstances. In fact, it is very easy to find, amongst people you know, two individuals roughly matched for age, income, occupation, and marital status, of whom one is always positive and upbeat, and the other prone to suspicion, disappointment, and anxiety.
Learned Helplessness in Animals
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P
Published: November 2023

Our work on learned helplessness grew out of the study of animal learning. Indeed, the learned helplessness phenomenon was accidentally encountered in the mid-1960s during our attempts to test predictions of two-process learning theory. Because we (Steven Maier and Martin Seligman) were students of learning theories, the development of our explanatory principles was both constrained by and at the same time a reaction against these theories. Moreover, the controversy that surrounded learned helplessness research from roughly 1967 to 1975 concerned not so much the nature of the phenomenon and its limits but rather the clash between the explanation that we had offered and the tenets of traditional theories. In this chapter, we trace the development of learned helplessness in animals and evaluate its current status.
The Attributional Reformulation
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P
Published: November 2023

As it was first articulated, the learned helplessness model hypothesized that experience with uncontrollable events leads to difficulties in motivation, cognition, and emotion (Chapter 2). Mediating this effect is a person’s expectation that responses and outcomes are independent. This expectation arises through his attempts to master events that elude his control, and it is generalized into new situations to produce the problems that constitute the learned helpless­ ness phenomenon (Chapter 1).
Epilogue
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P
Published: November 2023

We have come to the end of our learned helplessness story, but of course research continues on the many fronts we have described. In this final chapter, we step back and take a look at what we have accomplished in our study of learned helplessness thus far and where we might be headed in the future. Learned helplessness was discovered in the animal learning laboatory of Richard Solomon at the University of Pennsylvania in 1964. With their colleagues there, Steven Maier and Martin Seligman were young researchers challenging the scientific status quo. Some thirty years later, their work has become an integral part of psychology. How did this come to pass? Someone naive to the history of science might assume that the learned helplessness model became popular simply because it was correct. But scientific progress does not work that way. Correct ideas do not inevitably triumph over incorrect ones. All sorts of social factors shape the acceptance or rejection of ideas, and in this case, learned helplessness prospered while other perspectives fell by the wayside. We suggest that it was because some fortunate choices were made, which kept learned helplessness party to what was happening through the 1970s and 1980s, surely a tumultuous time for the whole of psychology
Role of the Cerebral Cortex in Autonomic Function
Authors: Cechetto D F , Saper C B
Published: November 2023

As early as 1869, the British neurologist John Hugh lings Jackson (cited in Hoff et al., 1963), noting the autonomic responses that accompanied motor seizures in epileptic patients, proposed that within the convolutions of the cerebrum were represented not only the voluntary movements of the whole body but also the involuntary movements of the blood vessels and viscera. Jackson’s interpretation was prescient in more ways than one: in addition to being the first modern neuroscientist to suggest a cortical visceral representation, his observations under scored the difficulties in distinguishing direct autonomic responses from reflex changes that accompany somatic motor activity, pain, and generalized epileptic discharge.
The Philadelphia Negro and the Consolidation of a Worldview
Authors: Reed Adolph L
Published: November 2023

The Philadelphia Study demands the attention of those concerned with Du Bois’s political thought for several reasons. It is practically a commonplace at this point to refer to the place of Du Bois’s study in the history of American sociology.1 In that sense The Philadelphia Negro is important because it helps to disclose aspects of Du Bois’s early attitudes about sociological knowledge, its nature and purposes, and the relation between knowledge and action. His work in Philadelphia also, since it represents his first systematic confrontation of the structures of Afro-American existence, is significant as an indicator of his early thinking about Afro-American life. Consideration of the assumptions that he brought to the investigation and the findings that he constructed helps locate Du Bois’s thinking in relation to that of his contemporaries and suggests themes and attitudes that recur or are elaborated in his later work. The Philadelphia study in fact lays out core themes and perspectives that persisted through the remainder of his life. Finally, the idea that such a study should be commissioned in the first place originated from the social ideology prominent among liberal-progressivist reformers of the time.
The Thermal Pressure
Authors: Anderson Orson L
Published: November 2023

where N is Avogadro’s number; k is the Boltzmann constant; and 3 accounts for the three degrees of freedom of an individual particle. This equation, one of the introductory concepts of kinetic theory, is found by equating the mean kinetic energy of a particle to momentum transfer in a unit time over a unit area.
Preparing the Basic National Security Strategy
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

The drafting of the new statement of Basic National Security Policy was an extended and contentious process. It took three months for the Planning Board and NSC to complete NSC 162/2. And even after Eisenhower approved it, some issues were not fully resolved, as will be discussed in later chapters. The process began with a July 30 meeting of the NSC to consider instructions to the Planning Board for drafting the strategy paper. In addition to the summaries of the Solarium task force reports that had already been prepared and circulated, Cutler submitted a two-page memorandum of his own, distilling the key points of the reports on one page and setting out a “Proposed New Basic Concept” on the second.
Military Strategy
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

From his experience under Truman as Army chief of staff, as ad hoc chairman of the JCS, and finally as SACEUR, Eisenhower had formed firm convictions regarding defense strategy, force structure, and budgeting. He had been dismayed by Truman’s inadequate defense spending before Korea, by the interservice feuding, and by the frenetic across-the-board buildup after the Korean invasion that resulted in a huge budget deficit and national security spending amounting to 13.8 percent of the GNP in FY 1953. In revising Truman’s FY 1954 budget, already discussed, Eisenhower applied several of his basic convictions. The pace of the buildup, he insisted, should be designed not to react to a fixed date of peak danger, but for an orderly development of defense forces capable of being maintained for an indefinite period of cold warthe long haul. Moreover, the level of defense spending should be sufficient to provide adequate security without damaging the economy, which was an essential component of long-term security. On the FY 1954 budget he satisfied these criteria (over the conflicting objections of Humphrey and the JCS) by savings in administration and support forces and deferring advance procurement, without cutting combat forces. Thus reform of the military strategy was not addressed. That would be done only during the second half of 1953 in conjunction with the drafting of the broad national security strategy.
Simple Liquids
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

Since the molecular distribution of a liquid differs from that of a gas or a crystal, its study is important. This study can be performed effectively using two experimental methods: X-ray or electromagnetic wave diffraction and neutron scattering. The former method probes a static distribution that is quite different from those of gases and crystals. The latter provides information on the dynamic correlation of molecules, which is also distinctive. We shall discuss the former in this section and the latter in the next section.
Approach To Electron Systems
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

At low temperatures and high densities, electrons are gaseous and mobile, as in the case of metals. As their density is increased, their Coulombic correlations become stronger relative to the kinetic energy so that they enter a liquid or crystal phase. In reality, electrons are confined in a finite volume only in the presence of opposite charges, which are usually positive ions. Hence, their properties and descriptions depend on the status of the latter. In what follows, we shall introduce some basic approaches that do not require explicit treatments of the host ions.
Electron Correlations
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

Most properties of metals and semiconductors are due to free charge carriers. However, the carriers do have various interactions. Mutual interaction of electrons through the Coulomb potential is fundamentally important in understanding metallic binding. Electron-phonon interaction, indirect electron interaction via phonons, electron-hole interaction, interaction between conduction electrons and localized impurities, and so on, cause interesting phenomena. In this chapter we discuss only some aspects of electron correlations via the Coulomb potential based on the jellium and other models. Some other interaction effects will be addressed in later.
Hopping And Localization
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

When an electron is placed in a periodic potential with wells so far apart that the overlap between the atomic wavefunctions on adjacent wells is small, the tight-binding approximation is good, and electron energy e(k) oscillates sinusoidally. The amplitude of this oscillation, that is, the width of electron’s energy band, is determined by the overlap integral between the nearest neighbors. If the electron is subject to a potential that varies randomly in space or in well-depth, its wavefunction will be modulated randomly. However, the wavefunction will have large amplitudes at low-energy areas.
Magnetism
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

In a magnetic field, free electrons show paramagnetism due to spin and diamagnetism due to orbital motion. At low temperatures and fields, the corresponding susceptibilities are constant. However, in 1930 de Haas and van Alphen discovered that the magnetic susceptibility of bismuth was not constant but oscillatory as a function of magnetic field. Subsequently, as the same oscillatory behavior was found in many other metals, the name de Hass-van Alphen effect emerged.
Curiouser and Curiouser
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

Thousands of years ago curi ous human beings asked why lodestone attracted pieces of iron. Until the nineteenth century the answers were very slow in coming. Then a rush of experi mental and conceptual breakthroughs culminated in the devel opment of the theory of electromagnetism, which showed that magnetism, electricity, and light were intimately related. The quest for an explanation of the fascinating force exhibited by the lodestone culminated in the discovery that current electric ity created magnetic fields. It was a logical step to consider that circular currents might be responsible for magnetism in the molecular realm in order to explain the properties of lodestone and permanent magnets, and in the earth’s molten core to ex plain geomagnetism.
Magnetic Fields in Space
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

That mysterious and elusive property of matter known as magnetism is fundamental to our understanding of astronomi cal phenomena. Magnetism exists in planets and stars, galaxies and quasars. Magnetic fields permeate and power the shattered remnants of stars that died violently thousands of years ago. Magnetic fields thread their way through space between the stars in the Milky Way. How do astronomers know this? And why is magnetism barely discussed, even at scientific meetings?The answer to the second question is that in astrophysics magnetic fields are difficult to measure and even more difficult to take into account in theoretical models. As Professor van de Hulst suggested, in most situations astronomers prefer not to talk about magnetism, yet, like sex, its pervasive influence is felt every where. The answer to the question about how astronomers de tect magnetic fields in space involves another saga of discovery, the subject of this chapter.
The Acasta Gneisses: Remnant Of Earth’s Early Crust
Authors: Bowring S A , Housh, T B , Isachsen C E
Published: November 2023

The 3.96-Ga Acasta gneisses from the Slave craton of northwestern Canada are the oldest rocks yet recognized on Earth. Uranium-lead ion-microprobe analyses of zircons separated from two samples, a banded tonalitic orthogneiss and a granitic orthogneiss, yield the same crystallization age of 3.96 Ga. The U-Pb zircon data from both samples define complex arrays on a concordia diagram and may be interpreted in terms of zircon crystallization at 3.96 Ga followed by an early Pb-loss event and crystallization of new zircon at ca. 3.6 Ga, followed by a Proterozoic or younger Pb-loss event. Neodymium and lead isotopic data suggest that crust older than 3.96 Ga was involved in the generation of these rocks. The tonalitic orthogneiss has a chondritic Nd model age of ca 4.1 Ga and an fNct(3.96 Ga) of -1.7. A mafic layer from the tonalitic orthogneiss and the granitic orthogneiss have fNct(3.96 Ga) of +0.7 and +0.8, respectively. The least radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions of feldspars from the orthogneisses are very radiogenic relative to early Archean model mantle compositions and have model ages considerably younger than their age. The feldspar Pb isotopic data indicate that these rocks were derived from a source region that had experienced a complex multistage history prior to 3.96 Ga and had a high U:Pb ratio during some or all of its evolution. Thus, the Acasta gneisses are the first example of an early Archean isotopically enriched reservoir. The U-Pb geochronology, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions, and geochemistry of the Acasta gneisses are consistent with the involvement of older crust in their formation. By implication, available Nd and Pb isotopic data from other Archean cratons worldwide may be interpreted as reflecting mixtures of older crust and mantle, rather than mantle heterogeneity alone. The 3.96-Ga Acasta gneisses are evidence that early, enriched, sialic crust was preserved, although isotopic and geochemical arguments suggest that it is not the sole enriched complement to the depleted mantle.
Portuguese to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A
Published: November 2023

This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Other challenges and anomalies
Authors: Williams George C
Published: November 2023

In my view the various examples of stasis, some discussed in Chapter 9, form the most serious set of difficulties facing evolutionary theory today. In this chapter I try to continue in the spirit of Darwin’s Chapters 6 and 7, and my own Chapters 8 and 9, and discuss various other theoretical challenges. Other investigators can undoubtedly identify major anomalies that I have overlooked. To these might be added an enormous list of single investigations that yielded results somewhat different from what had been expected. Some of these might well be of enormous importance, given the proper interpretation. The finding of mitotic irregularities and unexpected pigment patterns in maize leaves and kernels might have been shrugged off by many geneticists as a minor technical annoyance. Happily McClintock (1965, 1987) did more than shrug. She took the trouble to keep detailed records of the annoyances through successive generations and thereby discovered the previously unsuspected transpos­ able elements.