bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A retrospective analysis of adverse events among patients receiving daptomycin versus vancomycin during outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Schrank Gregory M. , Wright Sharon B. , Branch-Elliman Westyn , LaSalvia Mary T.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is a safe and effective alternative to prolonged inpatient stays for patients requiring long-term intravenous antimicrobials, but antimicrobial-associated adverse events remain a significant challenge. Thus, we sought to measure the association between choice of antimicrobial agent (vancomycin vs daptomycin) and incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs).

Methods

Patients receiving OPAT treatment with vancomycin or daptomycin for skin and soft-tissue infections, bone and joint infections, endocarditis, and bacteremia or endovascular infections during the period from July 1, 2013, through September 30, 2016, were included. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from the medical record. Logistic regression was used to compare ADEs requiring a change in or early discontinuation of therapy, hospital readmission, and emergency room visits between groups. Time from OPAT enrollment to ADE was compared using the log-rank test.

Results

In total, 417 patients were included: 312 (74·8%) received vancomycin and 105 (25·2%) received daptomycin. After adjusting for age, Charlson comorbidity index, location of OPAT treatment, receipt of combination therapy with either β-lactam or fluoroquinolone, renal function, and availability of safety labs, patients receiving vancomycin had significantly higher incidence of ADEs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3·71; 95% CI, 1·64–8·40). ADEs occurred later in the treatment course for patients treated with daptomycin (P<·01). Rates of readmission and emergency room visits were similar.

Conclusions

In the OPAT setting, vancomycin use was associated with higher incidence of ADEs than daptomycin use. This finding is an important policy consideration for programs aiming to optimize outcomes and minimize cost. Careful selection of gram-positive agents for prolonged treatment is necessary to limit toxicity.
The effect of timing of oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis in controlling influenza A H3N2 outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Manitoba, Canada, 2014-2015: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Singh Davinder , Jiang Depeng , Van Caeseele Paul , Loeppky Carla
Published: June 2018

Objective

This study examined the effect of the timing of administration of oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis for the control of influenza A H3N2 outbreaks among residents in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Manitoba, Canada, during the 2014–2015 influenza season.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all LTCF influenza A H3N2 outbreaks (n=94) using a hierarchical logistic regression analysis. The main independent variable was how many days passed between the start of the outbreak and commencement of oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis. The dependent variable was whether each person in the institution developed influenza-like illness (yes or no).

Results

Delay of oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis was associated with increased odds of infection in both univariate (t=5·41; df=51; P<·0001) and multivariable analyses (t=6·04; df=49; P<·0001) with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1·2–1·5) per day for influenza A H3N2.

Conclusions

The sooner chemoprophylaxis is initiated, the lower the odds of secondary infection with influenza in LTCFs during outbreaks caused by influenza A H3N2 in Manitoba. For every day that passed from the start of the outbreak to the initiation of oseltamivir, the odds of a resident at risk of infection in the facility developing symptomatic infection increased by 33%.
Validation of semiautomated surgical site infection surveillance using electronic screening algorithms in 38 surgery categories
Authors: Cho Sun Young , Chung Doo Ryeon , Choi Jong Rim , Kim Doo Mi , Kim Si-Ho , Huh Kyungmin , Kang Cheol-In , Peck Kyong Ran
Published: June 2018

Objective

To verify the validity of a semiautomated surgical site infection (SSI) surveillance system using electronic screening algorithms in 38 categories of surgery.

Design

A cohort study for validation of semiautomated SSI surveillance system using screening algorithms.

Setting

A 1,989-bed tertiary-care referral center in Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Methods

A dataset of 40,516 surgical procedures in 38 categories stored in the conventional SSI surveillance registry at the Samsung Medical Center between January 2013 and December 2014 was used as the reference standard. In the semiautomated surveillance system, electronic screening algorithms flagged cases meeting at least 1 of 3 criteria: antibiotic prescription, microbial culture, and infectious disease consultation. Flagged cases were audited by infection preventionists. Analyses of sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) were conducted for the semiautomated surveillance system, and its effect on reducing the workload for chart review was evaluated.

Results

A total of 575 SSI events (1·42%) were identified by conventional SSI surveillance. The sensitivity of the semiautomated SSI surveillance was 96·7%, and the PPV of the screening algorithms alone was 4·1%. Semiautomated SSI surveillance reduced the chart review workload of the infection preventionists from 1,283 to 482 person hours per year (a 62·4% decrease).

Conclusions

Compared to conventional surveillance, semiautomated surveillance using electronic screening algorithms followed by chart review of selected cases can provide high-validity surveillance results and can significantly reduce the workload of infection preventionists.
Assessing the impact of antibiotic stewardship program elements on antibiotic use across acute-care hospitals: an observational study
Authors: Langford Bradley J. , Wu Julie Hui-Chih , Brown Kevin A. , Wang Xuesong , Leung Valerie , Tan Charlie , Garber Gary , Daneman Nick
Published: June 2018

Objectives

Antibiotic use varies widely between hospitals, but the influence of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) on this variability is not known. We aimed to determine the key structural and strategic aspects of ASPs associated with differences in risk-adjusted antibiotic utilization across facilities.

Design

Observational study of acute-care hospitals in Ontario, Canada

Methods

A survey was sent to hospitals asking about both structural (8 elements) and strategic (32 elements) components of their ASP. Antibiotic use from hospital purchasing data was acquired for January 1 to December 31, 2014. Crude and adjusted defined daily doses per 1,000 patient days, accounting for hospital and aggregate patient characteristics, were calculated across facilities. Rate ratios (RR) of defined daily doses per 1,000 patient days were compared for hospitals with and without each antimicrobial stewardship element of interest.

Results

Of 127 eligible hospitals, 73 (57%) participated in the study. There was a 7-fold range in antibiotic use across these facilities (min, 253 defined daily doses per 1,000 patient days; max, 1,872 defined daily doses per 1,000 patient days). The presence of designated funding or resources for the ASP (RRadjusted, 0·87; 95% CI, 0·75–0·99), prospective audit and feedback (RRadjusted, 0·80; 95% CI, 0·67–0·96), and intravenous-to-oral conversion policies (RRadjusted, 0·79; 95% CI, 0·64–0·99) were associated with lower risk-adjusted antibiotic use.

Conclusions

Wide variability in antibiotic use across hospitals may be partially explained by both structural and strategic ASP elements. The presence of funding and resources, prospective audit and feedback, and intravenous-to-oral conversion should be considered priority elements of a robust ASP.
Contested Ground: Disentangling Material and Symbolic Attachment to Disputed Territory
Authors: Manekin Devorah , Grossman Guy , Mitts Tamar
Published: June 2018

Territorial disputes are prone to conflict because of the value of territory to publics, whether due to its strategic and material worth, or to its intangible, symbolic value. Yet despite the implications of the distinction for both theory and policy, empirically disentangling the material from the symbolic has posed formidable methodological challenges. We propose a set of tools for assessing the nature of individual territorial attachment, drawing on a series of survey experiments in Israel. Using these tools, we find that a substantial segment of the Jewish population is attached to the disputed West Bank territory for intangible reasons, consisting not only of far-right voters but also of voters of moderate-right and centrist parties. This distribution considerably narrows the bargaining space of leaders regardless of coalitional configurations. Our empirical analysis thus illustrates how the distribution of territorial preferences in the domestic population can have powerful implications for conflict and its resolution.
Error correction and social transformation in Creole studies and among Creole speakers: The case of Haiti
Authors: DeGraff Michel
Published: June 2018

Mark Lewis asks that socially engaged linguists go beyond Labov's (1982)principle of error correction(PEC) so that we can enlistcritical race theory(CRT) to address ‘more difficult and fundamental questions of the sociohistorical conditions of a representation of language, challenging its premises and showing its connections to racial, economic, or other forms of violence’ (Lewis, this issue, p. 341). The ultimate goal is the actualtransformationof the socioeconomic structures responsible for structural violence against speakers of stigmatized languages.
Turning the lens onto our own language: Engaging in critical reflexivity in the pursuit of social change
Authors: Mallinson Christine , Charity Hudley Anne H.
Published: June 2018

The question is a fair one. The concept of teacher resistance is now common lore among sociolinguists, who have heard about or who have experienced the rejection of well-intended efforts to bring linguistic knowledge to classrooms and schools. When we explain that we have had hardly any ‘resistant’ teachers—only two we can recall, over the course of working with thousands of teachers for the past decade—we are generally met with incredulity, quickly followed by a request to learn how we've made it work.
Critical reflections on the role of the sociolinguist in UK language debates
Authors: Snell Julia
Published: June 2018

Mark Lewis invites us to reconsider the theory of social change that underpins Labov'sprinciple of error correction(PEC), which assumes that change will occur when researchers share their (privileged) linguistic knowledge with the wider public. This is a welcome invitation, for it opens up space for critical reflection on the role sociolinguists can play in public debates about language. As my use of the termcriticalsuggests, I align with Lewis’ position that we must relinquish Labov's (1982) quest for ‘objectivity’ in favour of critical reflexivity. This involves interrogating our own positioning, interests and investments, the nature of the knowledge we produce, and how this relates to other sources of knowledge and opinion. In this spirit, I reflect on my own experiences as a sociolinguist who has made relatively modest attempts to intervene in UK debates about language, with questionable success. In doing so, I take up Lewis’ call to incorporate a language ideological analysis into social-change efforts and to refocus attention on the material and institutional aspects of inequality.
Correcting whose errors? The principle of error correction from an
ethnographic lens
Authors: Zavala Virginia
Published: June 2018

Labovian sociolinguistics constitutes an important paradigm that brings to the
forefront issues of social justice in linguistics and asks about the debt the
scholar has towards the community once s/he gets information from it.
Nevertheless, as many scholars have discussed, and even though this paradigm has
focused on changing society for the better, it has serious limitations on how it
conceptualizes the relationship between language and society. Based on critical
race theory and language ideologies, Lewis powerfully contributes to this
discussion by critiquing the principle of error correction
(PEC) proposed by Labov as a particular way of conceptualizing social change. As
Lewis points out at the end of the article, this principle reflects an ‘earlier
era’ and needs to be reconsidered in light of the significant transformations
not only in the study of language in society developed in recent decades but
also in critical theory and humanities in general.
THE EXTENSION OF SHORT-TIME WORK SCHEMES DURING THE GREAT RECESSION: A STORY OF SUCCESS?
Authors: Brey Björn , Hertweck Matthias S.
Published: June 2018

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of short-time work (STW) extensions—e.g., relaxing eligibility criteria or implementing new schemes—in OECD countries during the Great Recession. First, we find that the dampening effect of STW on the unemployment rate diminishes at higher take-up rates. Second, only countries with pre-existing STW schemes were able to fully exploit the benefits of STW. Third, the effects of STW were strongest when GDP growth was deeply negative at the beginning of the recession. In summary, our results indicate that STW is most effective when used as a fast-responding automatic stabilizer.
Receipt and targeting of evidence-based psychosocial interventions for people living with psychoses: findings from the second Australian national survey of psychosis
Authors: Harvey C. , Lewis J. , Farhall J.
Published: June 2018

Aims.

Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) recommend evidence-based psychosocial interventions (EBPIs) to improve consumer recovery; however, availability appears limited. We describe receipt of six EBPIs, reported by people with psychoses, and associations with service and consumer characteristics, including indicators of need (eligibility) and benefit (suitability).

Methods.

Participants in the 2010 Australian national survey of psychosis (n= 1825) were interviewed to assess demographic, functional, mental and physical health characteristics and service use in the previous year. Six EBPIs (Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for psychosis; Family Psycho-Education (FPE); Relapse Prevention Planning (RPP); Skills Training; Supported Employment; and Assertive Community Treatment) were chosen, based on the strength and consistency of CPG recommendations. Associations between receipt of interventions and eligibility and suitability indicators were examined via correlations and χ2. Logistic regression was used to predict receipt of one or more EBPIs and to identify predictors of each individual EBPI.

Results.

Less than one-quarter of the sample reported receipt of an evidence-based level of any intervention: rates ranged from 3.4% (FPE) to 21.1% (RPP). The model predicting receipt of one or more EBPIs was statistically significant (χ2(20,n= 1746) = 216.12,p< 0.01) and marginally useful. Nine variables contributed uniquely, of which six were service characteristics. The strongest predictors of receipt were being assigned a psychologist as a case manager (p< 0.01, OR(CI) = 2.36(1.50–3.72)) and accessing a non-clinical mental health support service in the past year (p< 0.01, OR(CI) = 2.01(1.60–2.51)).

Conclusions.

Prior reports of limited receipt of EBPIs are reinforced. There is patchy evidence for targeting of EBPIs to those who might benefit most. Service characteristics contribute more to the prediction of receipt than clinical characteristics. Greater implementation effort and better targeting are required to bridge evidence-practice gaps, including improved evidence-based practice literacy among professionals and needs-based service re-design to improve provision and optimise consumer outcomes.
Authentische Führung
Authors: Franke-Bartholdt Luise , Frömmer Dirk , Wegge Jürgen , Strobel Anja
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Zur Erfassung authentischer Führung fehlt im deutschen Sprachraum ein transparent validiertes Messverfahren. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll mit einer deutschen Adaption des Authentic Leadership Inventory von Neider und Schriesheim (2011) diese Lücke schließen. Nach der Übersetzung des Originals wurde das Deutsche Inventar Authentischer Führung (DIAF) in drei Stichproben (Ngesamt = 705) geprüft und modifiziert. In konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen konnte die theoretisch postulierte Binnenstruktur mit vier Komponenten bestätigt werden: Selbstbewusstheit, Transparenz in Beziehung zu anderen, verinnerlichte moralische Perspektive und ausgewogene Informationsverarbeitung. Die internen Konsistenzen der Gesamtskala (16 Items) und Einzelkomponenten lagen im guten bis sehr guten Bereich. Es wurden erwartungskonforme Zusammenhänge zu anderen Führungsskalen gefunden (positive Korrelationen zu ethischer Führung und Leader Member Exchange, negative Korrelationen zu destruktiver Führung). Das Instrument zeigte bedeutsame Zusammenhänge zu zentralen organisationalen Ergebniskriterien (Wohlbefinden, Arbeitsengagement, individuelle Leistung) und inkrementelle Validität über andere Führungsskalen hinaus. Insgesamt kann das DIAF als ökonomisches und valides Verfahren zur Erfassung authentischer Führung eingesetzt werden.
A New Framework to Enable Equitable Outcomes: Resilience and Nexus Approaches Combined
Authors: Stringer L. C. , Quinn C. H. , Le H. T. V. , Msuya F. , Pezzuti J. , Dallimer M. , Afionis S. , Berman R. , Orchard S. E. , Rijal M. L.
Published: June 2018

Managing integrated social‐ecological systems to reduce risks to human and environmental well‐being remains challenging in light of the rate and extent of undesirable changes that are occurring. Developing frameworks that are sufficiently integrative to guide research to deliver the necessary insights into all key system aspects is an important outstanding task. Among existing approaches, resilience and nexus framings both allow focus on unpacking relationships across scales and levels in a system and emphasize the involvement of different groups in decision making to different extents. They also suffer weaknesses and neither approach puts social justice considerations explicitly at its core. This has important implications for understanding who wins and loses out from different decisions and how social and ecological risks and trade‐offs are shared and distributed, temporally and spatially. This paper conceptually integrates resilience and nexus approaches, developing a combined framework and indicating how it could effectively be operationalized in cases from mountain and mangrove social‐ecological systems. In doing so, it advances understanding of complex social‐ecological systems framings for risk‐based decision making beyond that which could be achieved through use of either resilience or nexus approaches alone. Important next steps in testing the framework involve empirical and field operationalization, requiring interdisciplinary, mixed method approaches.
A Numerical Study of the Thermospheric Overcooling During the Recovery Phases of the October 2003 Storms
Authors: Chen Xuetao , Lei Jiuhou
Published: June 2018

Previous studies showed that the density overcooling in the thermosphere during the recovery phases of the October 2003 storms was not reproduced by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. In this study, a series of controlled numerical experiments were carried out to explore the processes responsible for the neutral density overcooling. It was found that the simulation with the temperature‐dependent reaction rate of N(2D) + O2 from Duff et al. (2003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016720) can better capture the overcooling during the recovery phases of the October 2003 storms. Our study also demonstrated that the thermosphere recovery strongly depends on the altitudinal distribution of NO emission per mass rather than the NO cooling flux alone. During the storm recovery phases, the temperature starts to show overcooling in 110–180 km where the NO increases primarily, which has great contribution to the density overcooling.
A Horizontal Ice Core From Taylor Glacier, Its Implications for Antarctic Climate History, and an Improved Taylor Dome Ice Core Time Scale
Authors: Baggenstos Daniel , Severinghaus Jeffrey P. , Mulvaney Robert , McConnell Joseph Robert , Sigl Michael , Maselli Olivia , Petit Jean‐Robert , Grente Benjamin , Steig Eric J.
Published: June 2018

Ice core records from Antarctica show mostly synchronous temperature variations during the last deglacial transition, an indication that the climate of the entire continent reacted as one unit to the global changes. However, a record from the Taylor Dome ice core in the Ross Sea sector of East Antarctica has been suggested to show a rapid warming, similar in style and synchronous with the Oldest Dryas—Bølling warming in Greenland. Since publication of the Taylor Dome record, a number of lines of evidence have suggested that this interpretation is incorrect and reflects errors in the underlying time scale. The issues raised regarding the dating of Taylor Dome currently linger unresolved, and the original time scale remains the de facto chronology. We present new water isotope and chemistry data from nearby Taylor Glacier to resolve the confusion surrounding the Taylor Dome time scale. We find that the Taylor Glacier record is incompatible with the original interpretation of the Taylor Dome ice core, showing that the warming in the area was gradual and started at ∼18 ka BP (before 1950) as seen in other East Antarctic ice cores. We build a consistent, up‐to‐date Taylor Dome chronology from 0 to 60 ka BP by combining new and old age markers based on synchronization to other ice core records. The most notable feature of the new TD2015 time scale is a gas age—ice age difference of up to 12,000 years during the Last Glacial Maximum, by far the largest ever observed.
Sustained Groundwater Loss in California's Central Valley Exacerbated by Intense Drought Periods
Authors: Ojha Chandrakanta , Shirzaei Manoochehr , Werth Susanna , Argus Donald F. , Farr Tom G.
Published: June 2018

The accelerated rate of decline in groundwater levels across California's Central Valley results from overdrafting and low rates of natural recharge and is exacerbated by droughts. The lack of observations with an adequate spatiotemporal resolution to constrain the evolution of groundwater resources poses severe challenges to water management efforts. Here we present SAR interferometric measurements of high‐resolution vertical land motion across the valley, revealing multiscale patterns of aquifer hydrogeological properties and groundwater storage change. Investigating the depletion and degradation of the aquifer‐system during 2007–2010, when the entire valley experienced a severe drought, we find that ~2% of total aquifer‐system storage was permanently lost, owing to irreversible compaction of the system. Over this period, the seasonal groundwater storage change amplitude of 10.11 ± 2.5 km3 modulates a long‐term groundwater storage decline of 21.32 ± 7.2 km3. Estimates for subbasins show more complex patterns, most likely associated with local hydrogeology, recharge, demand, and underground flow. Presented measurements of aquifer‐system compaction provide a more complete understanding of groundwater dynamics and can potentially be used to improve water security.
A Small Temperate Lake in the 21st Century: Dynamics of Water Temperature, Ice Phenology, Dissolved Oxygen, and Chlorophyll a
Authors: Tan Zeli , Yao Huaxia , Zhuang Qianlai
Published: June 2018

It is unclear how small temperate lakes will evolve physically and biologically in the whole water column under future climate because previous modeling studies usually focused on only one or two physical or biological state variables in the surface waters. Here we used a well‐validated lake biogeochemistry model driven by different climate scenarios of the 21st century to predict the dynamics of ice phenology, water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a in a small Canadian temperate lake (0.714 km2) that is oligotrophic and strongly stratified in summer, considering the influence of catchment hydrology. The ice season and thickness of the lake are projected to shrink substantially under warming, resulting in a positive energy feedback between climate and the lake. Due to the reduced heat diffusion and water mixing, the dynamics of water temperature in surface and deep waters of the lake are considerably different, with surface waters warmed dramatically but deep waters muted to warming. DO depletion is predicted to occur in the whole water column of the lake under warming, but the controlling processes are depth dependent. Unexpectedly, the predicted growth of the lake's chlorophyll a is small under warming, due to the weakened convection and the mismatch of the timings of favorable solar radiation, thermal, and nutrient conditions. For the examined state variables, our prediction shows that only the dynamics of DO is significantly impacted by the changing catchment hydrology. This study suggests that similar temperate lakes will have diverse physical and biological responses to climate change.
Effects of a Solar Flare on the Martian Hot O Corona and Photochemical Escape
Authors: Lee Yuni , Dong Chuanfei , Pawlowski Dave , Thiemann Edward , Tenishev Valeriy , Mahaffy Paul , Benna Mehdi , Combi Michael , Bougher Stephen , Eparvier Frank
Published: June 2018

We examine for the first time the flare‐induced effects on the Martian hot O corona. The rapid ionospheric response to the increase in the soft X‐ray flux (~800%) facilitates more hot O production at altitudes below the main ionospheric peak, but almost all of these atoms are thermalized before escape. In response to the increase in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux (~170%), the overall upper ionospheric and thermospheric densities are enhanced, and the peak thermospheric responses are found ~1.5 hr later. The photochemical escape rate is predicted to increase by ~20% with the increases in the soft X‐ray and EUV fluxes but decrease rapidly by ~13% about 2.5 hr later before recovering the preflare level. Since escaping hot O atoms are mostly produced at high altitudes where ionization by the EUV flux is the greatest, the main contributor to the 20% increase in escape rate is the enhancement in the EUV flux.
The Eye of Saturn's North Polar Vortex: Unexpected Cloud Structures Observed at High Spatial Resolution by Cassini/VIMS
Authors: Baines K. H. , Sromovsky L. A. , Fry P. M. , Momary T. W. , Brown R. H. , Buratti B. J. , Clark R. N. , Nicholson P. D. , Sotin C.
Published: June 2018

Near‐infrared spectral maps of Saturn's north polar vortex obtained at high spatial resolution provided by Cassini/Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) reveal localized ammonia clouds composed of unusually large particles exceeding 13 μm in radius, the largest cloud particles documented during the Cassini mission. Taken under near‐optimum direct polar lighting and viewing conditions within a month of the summer solstice, these small (~200 km in breadth) discrete clouds are located within the eye of the polar vortex, which otherwise is unusually clear of observable aerosols in reflected sunlight, with total 2‐μm opacity <0.04 versus >1.0 elsewhere on Saturn. The dichotomy of large‐particle condensate cloud features—indicative of convective upwelling—within a large (~ 2000‐km diameter) nearly aerosol‐free region of downwelling characteristic of the core of a polar vortex reveals surprising polar dynamics on Saturn.
Automatic Correction of Contaminated Images for Assessment of Reservoir Surface Area Dynamics
Authors: Zhao Gang , Gao Huilin
Published: June 2018

The potential of using Landsat for assessing long‐term water surface dynamics of individual reservoirs at a global scale has been significantly hindered by contaminations from clouds, cloud shadows, and terrain shadows. A novel algorithm was developed toward the automatic correction of these contaminated image classifications. By applying this algorithm to the data set by Pekel et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20584), time series of area values for 6,817 global reservoirs (with an integrated capacity of 6,099 km3) were generated from 1984 to 2015. The number of effective images that can be used in each time series has been improved by 81% on average. The long‐term average area for these global reservoirs was corrected from 1.73 × 105 km2 to 3.94 × 105 km2. The results were proven to be robust through validation using observations, synthetic data, and visual inspection. This continuous reservoir surface area data set can provide benefit to various applications (both at continental and local scales).
The Acceleration of Ultrarelativistic Electrons During a Small to Moderate Storm of 21 April 2017
Authors: Zhao H. , Baker D. N. , Li X. , Jaynes A. N. , Kanekal S. G.
Published: June 2018

The ultrarelativistic electrons (E > ~3 MeV) in the outer radiation belt received limited attention in the past due to sparse measurements. Nowadays, the Van Allen Probes measurements of ultrarelativistic electrons with high energy resolution provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the dynamics of this population. In this study, using data from the Van Allen Probes, we report significant flux enhancements of ultrarelativistic electrons with energies up to 7.7 MeV during a small to moderate geomagnetic storm. The underlying physical mechanisms are investigated by analyzing and simulating the evolution of electron phase space density. The results suggest that during this storm, the acceleration mechanism for ultrarelativistic electrons in the outer belt is energy‐dependent: local acceleration plays the most important role in the flux enhancements of ~3–5 MeV electrons, while inward radial diffusion is the main acceleration mechanism for ~7 MeV electrons at the center of the outer radiation belt.
Properties of Intense Field‐Aligned Lower‐Band Chorus Waves: Implications for Nonlinear Wave‐Particle Interactions
Authors: Zhang X.‐J. , Thorne R. , Artemyev A. , Mourenas D. , Angelopoulos V. , Bortnik J. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B.
Published: June 2018

Resonant interactions between electrons and chorus waves are responsible for a wide range of phenomena in near‐Earth space (e.g., diffuse aurora and acceleration of > 1 MeV electrons). Although quasi‐linear diffusion is believed to be the primary paradigm for describing such interactions, an increasing number of investigations suggest that nonlinear effects are also important in controlling the rapid dynamics of electrons. However, present models of nonlinear wave‐particle interactions, which have been successfully used to describe individual short‐term events, are not directly applicable for a statistical evaluation of nonlinear effects and the long‐term dynamics of the outer radiation belt, because they lack information on the properties of intense (nonlinearly resonating with electrons) chorus waves. In this paper, we use the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms and Van Allen Probes data sets of field‐aligned chorus waveforms to study two key characteristics of these waves: effective amplitude
(nonlinear interaction can occur when
) and wave packet length β (the number of wave periods within it). While as many as 10–15% of chorus wave packets are sufficiently intense (
–3) to interact nonlinearly with relativistic electrons, most of them are short (β < 10) reducing the efficacy of such interactions. Revised models of nonlinear interactions are thus needed to account for the long‐term effects of these common, intense but short chorus wave packets. We also discuss the dependence of
, β on location (MLT and L‐shell) and on the properties of the suprathermal electron population.
Shipboard Observations of the Meteorology and Near‐Surface Environment During Autumn Freezeup in the Beaufort/Chukchi Seas
Authors: Persson P. Ola G. , Blomquist Byron , Guest Peter , Stammerjohn Sharon , Fairall Christopher , Rainville Luc , Lund Björn , Ackley Stephen , Thomson Jim
Published: June 2018

The collection and processing of shipboard air, ice, and ocean measurements from the Sea State field campaign in the Beaufort/Chukchi Seas in autumn 2015 are described and the data used to characterize the near‐surface freezeup environment. The number of parameters measured or derived is large and the location and time of year are unique. Analysis was done of transits through the new, growing ice and of ice edge periods. Through differential surface energy fluxes, the presence of new, thin sea ice (<50 cm) produces lower tropospheric air temperatures in the ice interior that average ~4°C colder than those over open water near the ice edge, resulting in an ice edge baroclinic zone. This temperature difference doubles by late October and produces thermodynamic and dynamic feedbacks. These include off‐ice, cold‐air advection leading to enhanced surface heat loss averaging ~200 W/m2 over the open water, formation of low‐level jets, suppression of the ice edge baroclinic zone, and enhanced ice drift. The interior ice growth rate is thermodynamically consistent with a surface heat loss of ~65 W/m2 to the atmosphere and a heat flux of several tens of W/m2 from the ocean below. Ice drift at times contributes to the southward advance of the autumn ice edge through off‐ice winds. The ocean thermohaline structure is highly variable and appears associated with bathymetric features, small‐scale upper‐ocean eddies, and the growing ice cover. Lower salinity under the ice interior compared to the nearby ice edge is an upper‐ocean impact of this thin ice cover.
Observations of Shelf Exchange and High‐Frequency Variability in an Alaskan Fjord
Authors: Merrifield Sophia , Otero Mark , Terrill Eric
Published: June 2018

High‐frequency observations collected over 3 years are used to describe upper‐ocean variability in Behm Canal, a nonglacial fjord in Southeast Alaska. The fjord is sheltered by surrounding topography and connected to the outer continental shelf by a 400‐m‐deep strait. Summer conditions are characterized by strong near‐surface stratification, a sea breeze wind regime, and tidally dominated flows. In nonsummer months, baroclinic subinertial flows exceeding 0.5 m/s dominate the velocity record. The flow events represent a wind‐driven response to low‐pressure systems that impact the coast as they propagate across the Gulf of Alaska. The observations suggest that the storm systems generate downwelling events that propagate into the fjord with a mode‐one‐like vertical structure in the upper 60 m. Following the initial up‐fjord current pulse lasting approximately a day, a down‐fjord flow occurs lasting several days, the duration of the downwelling anomaly. These subinertial downwelling events likely are the dominant mechanism of shelf‐fjord exchange, with estimated fjord‐flushing times of 50 days. The downwelling events are accompanied by enhanced near‐inertial shear, which exhibits downward energy propagation. Evidence for enhanced energy near the maximum buoyancy frequency in the thermocline suggests high‐frequency internal wave trapping, with the primary energy source in the semidiurnal band associated with tidal and wind forcing. The observations highlight the importance of shelf‐fjord coupling through meteorological forcing and the existence of internal wave energy at a range of frequencies, which have implications for mixing and transport within the fjord.
Interannual Modulations of the 50‐Day Oscillations in the Celebes Sea: Dynamics and Impact
Authors: Chen Xiao , Qiu Bo , Chen Shuiming , Cheng Xuhua , Qi Yiquan
Published: June 2018

Intense 50‐day oscillations have been previously observed at the entrance of Celebes Sea, and their formation has been suggested to be a result of Rossby wave resonance where the frequency of cyclonic eddy shedding by the intruding Mindanao Current matches that of the gravest Rossby mode of the semienclosed Celebes Sea basin. Using the ocean state estimate of 1993–2016 from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II, we detected strong interannual modulations in the shedding of cyclonic eddies at the Celebes Sea entrance. Active eddy sheddings occurred during 1993, 2002–2003, 2006–2010, and 2013–2015. Southward shifting of the wind‐driven North Pacific tropical gyre and the concurrent strengthening of the Mindanao Current southeast of the Mindanao Island in these years are found to be inducive for the generation of cyclonic eddies intruding into the Celebes Sea. Modulated by the activity of eddy sheddings, the upper ocean water mass properties in both the Celebes Sea and Makassar Strait exhibit noticeable interannual changes with less saline waters appearing in the 75‐ to 175‐m layer during the active eddy shedding years.
Three‐Dimensional Turbulence‐Resolving Simulations of the Plunge Phenomenon in a Tilted Channel
Authors: Schuch F. N. , Pinto L. C. , Silvestrini J. H. , Laizet S.
Published: June 2018

Hyperpycnal flows are produced when the density of a fluid flowing in a relatively quiescent basin is greater than the density of the fluid in the basin. The density differences can be due to the difference in temperatures, salinity, turbidity, concentration, or a combination of them. When the inflow momentum diminishes, the inflowing fluid eventually plunges under the basin fluid and flows along the bottom floor as an underflow density current. In the present work, 3‐D turbulence‐resolving simulations are performed for an hyperpycnal flow evolving at the bottom floor of a tilted channel. Using advanced numerical techniques designed for supercomputers, the incompressible Navier‐Stokes and transport equations are solved to reproduce numerically the experiments of Lamb et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30125.1) obtained inside a flume with a long tilted ramp. This study focuses on presenting and validating a new numerical framework for the correct reproduction and analysis of the plunge phenomenon and its associated flow features. A very good agreement is found between the experimental data of Lamb et al. (2010), the analytical models of Parker and Toniolo (2007, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:6(690)), and the present turbulence‐resolving simulations. The mixing process between the ambient fluid and the underflow density current is also analyzed thanks to visualizations of vortical structures at the interface.
The Relationship of Near‐Surface Flow, Stokes Drift and the Wind Stress
Authors: Clarke Allan J. , Van Gorder Stephen
Published: June 2018

Many years of simultaneous hourly buoy wind and directional wave spectra data in the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific were used to estimate Stokes drift and u* ew where u* = (magnitude of the local windstress/water density)1/2 and ew is a unit vector in the direction of the local wind. Stokes drift and u* ew were strongly vectorally correlated, the two vectors on average being within a few degrees of one another. This result remained valid even when there was evidence of remotely forced swell. Extension of the observed wave spectra above 0.35 Hz to the u*‐dependent wave breaking frequency shows that typically the e‐folding scale of the Stokes drift with depth is less than 1.8 m, much smaller than the Ekman layer e‐folding scale. Therefore, there is negligible induced Eulerian cancellation of the Stokes drift, and the surface particle movement is governed by the Eulerian velocity + |uStokes|ew. Taking into account wave spreading, |uStokes| typically ranges from about 3 to 13 cm/s. Thus, the Stokes drift, which can be estimated directly from the wind stress, is an order one contributor to the surface transport of particles.
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Soil Following Wetting Events
Authors: Rossabi Sam , Choudoir Mallory , Helmig Detlev , Hueber Jacques , Fierer Noah
Published: June 2018

Dynamics of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following the wetting of dry soil have been widely studied in field and laboratory settings. Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also emitted from soil following a rain event and are evident from the characteristic smell of wet soil. Few studies have documented VOC emissions before and after soil rewetting. Soil emissions were studied using a dynamic flux chamber system purged with VOC‐free air, with identification and quantification of emissions performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All soils exhibited a rewetting‐induced pulse of VOC emissions, with VOC emissions 14 times higher (on average) in the few hours after rewetting compared to moist soils 2 days after rewetting. This VOC rewetting pulse mirrored the CO2 rewetting pulse (the so‐called “Birch Effect”) but was shorter in duration. Average VOC emissions were 5.0 ± 2.0% of CO2 emissions (molar C equivalent) and increased with increasing soil organic matter content (ρ = 0.40, ρ = 0.99 with one soil excluded). The amounts and types of VOCs varied with time since rewetting and across the five studied soil types, though acetone and small hydrocarbons were the dominant compounds emitted from all soils. Some of the VOCs emitted are likely important mediators of microbial activities and relevant to atmospheric chemical dynamics. Soil VOC emissions, similar to CO2 emissions, are strongly affected by rewetting events, and it is important to consider these rewetting dynamics when modeling soil and ecosystem VOC emissions and understand their relevance to terrestrial ecosystem functioning and atmospheric processes.
Local icariin application enhanced periodontal tissue regeneration and relieved local inflammation in a minipig model of periodontitis
Authors: Zhang Xiuli , Han Nannan , Li Guoqing , Yang Haoqing , Cao Yangyang , Fan Zhipeng , Zhang Fengqiu
Published: June 2018

Periodontitis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease. Treatment should alleviate inflammation, regulate the immune reaction and promote periodontal tissue regeneration. Icariin is the main active ingredient of Epimedii Folium, and it is a promising compound for the enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell function, promotion of bone formation, inhibition of bone resorption, alleviation of inflammation and regulation of immunity. The study investigated the effect of icariin on periodontal tissue regeneration in a minipig model of periodontitis. The minipig model of periodontitis was established. Icariin was injected locally. The periodontal clinical assessment index, a computed tomography (CT) scan, histopathology and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) were used to evaluate the effects of icariin. Quantitative analysis results 12 weeks post-injection demonstrated that probing depth, gingival recession, attachment loss and alveolar bone regeneration values were (3.72 ± 1.18) mm vs. (6.56 ± 1.47) mm, (1.67 ± 0.59) mm vs. (2.38 ± 0.61) mm, (5.56 ± 1.29) mm vs. (8.61 ± 1.72) mm, and (25.65 ± 5.13) mm3 vs. (9.48 ± 1.78) mm3 in the icariin group and 0.9% NaCl group, respectively. The clinical assessment, CT scan, and histopathology results demonstrated significant enhancement of periodontal tissue regeneration in the icariin group compared to the 0.9% NaCl group. The ELISA results suggested that the concentration of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the icariin group was downregulated compared to the 0.9% NaCl group, which indicates that local injection of icariin relieved local inflammation in a minipig model of periodontitis. Local injection of icariin promoted periodontal tissue regeneration and exerted anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory function. These results support the application of icariin for the clinical treatment of periodontitis.
Gut bacterial and fungal communities of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) and wild mulberry-feeding relatives
Authors: Chen Bosheng , Du Kaiqian , Sun Chao , Vimalanathan Arunprasanna , Liang Xili , Li Yong , Wang Baohong , Lu Xingmeng , Li Lanjuan , Shao Yongqi
Published: June 2018

Bombyx mori, the domesticated silkworm, is of great importance as a silk producer and as a powerful experimental model for the basic and applied research. Similar to other animals, abundant microorganisms live inside the silkworm gut; however, surprisingly, the microbiota of this model insect has not been well characterized to date. Here, we comprehensively characterized the gut microbiota of the domesticated silkworm and its wild relatives. Comparative analyses with the mulberry-feeding moths Acronicta major and Diaphania pyloalis revealed a highly diverse but distinctive silkworm gut microbiota despite thousands of years of domestication, and stage-specific signatures in both total (DNA-based) and active (RNA-based) bacterial populations, dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Most fungal sequences were assigned to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Environmental factors, including diet and human manipulation (egg production), likely influence the silkworm gut composition. Despite a lack of spatial variation along the gut, microbial community shifts were apparent between early instars and late instars, in concert with host developmental changes. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiota of silkworms assembles into increasingly identical community throughout development, which differs greatly from those of other mulberry-feeding lepidopterans from the same niche, highlighting host-specific effects on microbial associations and the potential roles these communities play in host biology.
Integrated DNA/RNA targeted genomic profiling of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using a clinical assay
Authors: Intlekofer Andrew M. , Joffe Erel , Batlevi Connie L. , Hilden Patrick , He Jie , Seshan Venkatraman E. , Zelenetz Andrew D. , Palomba M. Lia , Moskowitz Craig H. , Portlock Carol , Straus David J. , Noy Ariela , Horwitz Steven M. , Gerecitano John F. , Moskowitz Alison , Hamlin Paul , Matasar Matthew J , Kumar Anita , van den Brink Marcel R. , Knapp Kristina M. , Pichardo Janine D. , Nahas Michelle K. , Trabucco Sally E. , Mughal Tariq , Copeland Amanda R. , Papaemmanuil Elli , Moarii Mathai , Levine Ross L. , Dogan Ahmet , Miller Vincent A. , Younes Anas
Published: June 2018

We sought to define the genomic landscape of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy specimens. We used targeted sequencing of genes altered in hematologic malignancies, including DNA coding sequence for 405 genes, noncoding sequence for 31 genes, and RNA coding sequence for 265 genes (FoundationOne-Heme). Short variants, rearrangements, and copy number alterations were determined. We studied 198 samples (114 de novo, 58 previously treated, and 26 large-cell transformation from follicular lymphoma). Median number of GAs per case was 6, with 97% of patients harboring at least one alteration. Recurrent GAs were detected in genes with established roles in DLBCL pathogenesis (e.g. MYD88, CREBBP, CD79B, EZH2), as well as notable differences compared to prior studies such as inactivating mutations in TET2 (5%). Less common GAs identified potential targets for approved or investigational therapies, including BRAF, CD274 (PD-L1), IDH2, and JAK1/2. TP53 mutations were more frequently observed in relapsed/refractory DLBCL, and predicted for lack of response to first-line chemotherapy, identifying a subset of patients that could be prioritized for novel therapies. Overall, 90% (n = 169) of the patients harbored a GA which could be explored for therapeutic intervention, with 54% (n = 107) harboring more than one putative target.