bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The stability of demand for money in the proposed Southern African Monetary Union
Authors: Asongu Simplice , Folarin Oludele , Biekpe Nicholas
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stability of demand for money in the proposed Southern African Monetary Union (SAMU).

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses annual data for the period 1981 to 2015 from ten countries making-up the Southern African Development Community. A standard function of demand for money is designed and estimated using a bounds testing approach to co-integration and error-correction modeling.

Findings

The findings show divergence across countries in the stability of money. This divergence is articulated in terms of differences in cointegration, CUSUM (cumulative sum) and CUSUMSQ (CUSUM squared) tests, short run and long-term determinants and error correction in event of a shock. Policy implications are discussed in the light of the convergence needed for the feasibility of the proposed SAMU.

Originality/value

This study extends the debate in scholarly and policy circles on the feasibility of proposed African monetary unions.
Subtle but spotted? Influencing factors of customer-perceived weight discrimination
Authors: Kralj Sonja N. , Lechner Andreas T. , Paul Michael
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Studies report that frontline employees frequently discriminate against overweight customers, a group of vulnerable consumers that is growing worldwide. However, because most discrimination by frontline employees is covert, the authors ask whether overweight customers perceive discrimination and what influences this perception. Drawing on field theory, this paper aims to investigate how two environment factors (frontline employee overweight and frontline employees’ neutral treatment of other customers) and two person factors (customer pre-encounter affect and self-esteem) influence customer-perceived weight discrimination.

Design/methodology/approach

In a pilot study and three experimental studies, the authors examine the impact of covert discrimination of overweight customers by frontline employees on customers’ perception of discrimination and the influencing effects of environment and person factors. Hypotheses are tested using regression analysis.

Findings

The authors find that overweight customers perceive covert weight discrimination by frontline employees. Frontline employee overweight mitigates the effect of covert discrimination, and (state and trait) self-esteem amplifies this effect. Frontline employees’ neutral treatment of other customers is insignificant. Customer (state and trait) negative affect directly increases customer-perceived discrimination independent of covert discrimination.

Originality/value

While extant research focuses on marketplace discrimination triggers and consequences, the perspective of the discriminated customer and what influences his or her perception of covert discrimination has attracted much less attention. Moreover, research rarely addresses overweight as a discrimination trigger. As environment and person influences frequently shape service encounters, the authors contribute novel and relevant insights to the literature. This is of high value, especially in light of the harmful consequences marketplace discrimination entails for customers and service firms.
Effects of pore fluids on quasi‐static shear modulus caused by pore‐scale interfacial phenomena
Authors: Rozhko Alexander Y.
Published: August 2019

It is evident from the laboratory experiments that shear moduli of different porous isotropic rocks may show softening behaviour upon saturation. The shear softening means that the shear modulus of dry samples is higher than of saturated samples. Shear softening was observed both at low (seismic) frequencies and high (ultrasonic) frequencies. Shear softening is stronger at seismic frequencies than at ultrasonic frequencies, where the softening is compensated by hardening due to unrelaxed squirt flow. It contradicts to Gassmann's theory suggesting that the relaxed shear modulus of isotropic rock should not depend upon fluid saturation, provided that no chemical reaction between the solid frame and the pore fluid. Several researchers demonstrated that the shear softening effect is reversible during re‐saturation of rock samples, suggesting no permanent chemical reaction between the solid frame and the pore fluid. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to explain this fluid–rock interaction mechanism theoretically, because it does not contradict to the assumptions of Gassmann's theory, but contradicts to its conclusions. We argue that the observed shear softening of partially saturated rocks by different pore fluids is related to pore‐scale interfacial phenomena effects, typically neglected by the rock physics models. These interface phenomena effects are dependent on surface tension between immiscible fluids, rock wettability, aperture distribution of microcracks, compressibility of microcracks, porosity of microcracks, elastic properties of rock mineral, fluid saturation, effective stress and wave amplitude. Derived equations allow to estimate effects of pore fluids and saturation on the shear modulus and mechanical strength of rocks.
Between the ‘Bank Screw’ and ‘Affording Assistance’. Rules, Standards, and the Bank Charter Act of 1844
Authors: Frame Iain
Published: August 2019

This article explores a dilemma at the centre of the monetary order: how to counter inflation eroding the value of money and simultaneously allow bank‐created credit to meet the needs of an expanding economy. Building on recent scholarship on the history of money, the article analyses the Bank Charter Act of 1844 and the financial crisis of 1847 to reveal a response to this dilemma which continues to shape the modern context. That response relies on ex ante restrictive measures in a bid to limit the discretion of the monetary authorities and cultivate financially prudent behaviour. Yet the history of the mid‐nineteenth century exposes the challenges faced by those who enforce such rules, challenges which tie the mid‐nineteenth century to the post 2008 reforms in both the US and the Eurozone, and reveal the ongoing force of the dilemma: that simultaneous desire for both expansive credit and sound money.
Thermal Stability and Kinetic Study on Thermal Degradation of Vitamin D3 in Fortified Canola Oil
Authors: Zareie Mina , Abbasi Azam , Faghih Shiva
Published: August 2019

Nowadays, fortified vegetable oils with vitamin D3 are widely available in different countries and are consumed daily. The reduction rate of added vitamin D3 in fortified canola oil during heating process, the changes in oxidative status, and the thermal kinetic degradation of vitamin D3 in the fortified oil were investigated. For this purpose, canola oil was fortified at two levels of vitamin D3 with 5.625 µg/mL (low concentration or LC) and 13.585 µg/mL (a high concentration or HC). Samples were heated isothermally at 100, 150, and 180 °C for 30 min. The vitamin D3 concentration was determined by the high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. The retention of vitamin D3 in samples treated at 100 °C for 30 min showed no significant reduction. Samples treated at 150 and 180 °C depending on the initial concentration showed the retention of 67.5% to 72.97% and 33.16% to 40.35% of vitamin D3, respectively. An inverse relationship was found between the increment of lipid oxidation products (peroxide and anisidine values) and the retention of vitamin D3. Kinetic parameters such as rate constant, activation energy, decimal reduction time, and quotient indicator were also calculated. An Arrhenius relationship was used for the assessment of temperature dependence of vitamin D3 degradation. Activation energies for vitamin D3 in LC and HC between 100 and 180 °C were found to be 44.01 and 38.77 kJ/mol, respectively.

Practical Application

The oil can be fortified with vitamin D3 at low cost and offers a good bioavailability. A high‐temperature cooking method may not be appropriate for the fortified products containing high lipid content.
Angioarchitecture of collateral arteries of the aortic arch of Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: de Oliveira Radan Elvis Matias , Santoro Giovanna Almeida , Freire Augusto Carlos da Bôaviagem , Attademo Fernanda Löffler Niemeyer , Lima Stella Almeida , Bomfim Aline da Costa , Fragoso Ana Bernadete Lima , Silva Flávio José de Lima , Gavilan Simone Almeida , de Oliveira Moacir Franco
Published: August 2019

The aortic arrangement is an important structure associated with the maintenance of homeostasis. Based on this information, this study was conducted to describe the collateral arteries of the aortic arch of Antillean manatee and define the standard model for the species. Three specimens, an adult male, adult female and a male neonate, all strandings on the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were used. The study was performed in the Laboratory of Morphophysiology of Vertebrates of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, where in situ photographs were taken to demonstrate their topography. Subsequently, their hearts were removed and fixed in 10% formaldehyde and after 72 hr were dissected and analysed, obtaining schematic drawings and photographs of the vascular arrangement. The aortic arch was represented by three collateral arteries identified as the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery. This arrangement was similar to that found for other sirenians, and yet, for other mammals like hooded seal, murine, margarita island capuchin, black‐handed tamarin, Mongolian gerbil and human. The morphological similarity presented in this study with different species of mammals, including humans, may contribute valuable information from an evolutionary point of view.
New biological treatments for asthma and skin allergies
Authors: Eyerich Stefanie , Metz Martin , Bossios Apostolos , Eyerich Kilian
Published: August 2019

Allergies are typically endemic, complex and heterogeneous diseases with a high impact at quality of life. Mechanistically, type 2 immune responses involving eosinophil and basophil granulocytes, mast cells and humoral factors such as IgE are key drivers of allergic diseases. Fighting allergic diseases knows three strategies: prevention, symptomatic and causative therapy. While remarkable progress was made in understanding molecular events in allergies as a prerequisite for effective prevention and desensitization, this review article focuses on the most efficient symptomatic treatments—that is using more and more specific antibodies neutralizing particular immune pathways. We highlight and classify recent and upcoming developments in the three prototype chronic allergic diseases allergic asthma, chronic spontaneous urticaria and atopic eczema. In all three examples, biologics such as dupilumab or omalizumab become reliable and efficient therapeutic options. Finally, we give an outlook how a diagnostic and therapeutic workflow might look like in the near future for these three major burdens of society.
Ultrasound cesarean scar assessment one year postpartum in relation to one‐ or two‐layer uterine suture closure
Authors: Hanacek Jiri , Vojtech Jiri , Urbankova Iva , Krcmar Michal , Křepelka Petr , Feyereisl Jaroslav , Krofta Ladislav
Published: August 2019

Introduction

This study compared healing of the scars after cesarean section during the first postpartum year using a single‐ or double‐layer suturing technique. Scarring was assessed by a transvaginal ultrasound. We explored the appearance and localization of uterine scars with regard to the obstetric history. Our aim was to compare the position of the scar or defect, if present, its dimensions, and any residual myometrium with respect to the suturing technique during the cesarean section.

Material and methods

Women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies indicated for elective or acute cesarean section were randomly allocated to the uterine closure technique group. During the first postpartum year, their lower uterine segment was examined with a transvaginal ultrasound in three consecutive visits at 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months.

Results

324 women attended the 12‐month visit; of these, 149 underwent single‐layer closure of the uterine incision and 175 double‐layer technique. A higher proportion of the defects is seen in the single‐layer closure technique of suturing. Defects in the single‐layer group were wider (0.002) and the residual myometrial thickness in the single‐layer group were thinner (0.019). Women who underwent cesarean section at the stage of full cervical dilation had scars that were closer to the external cervical os (0.000). The position of the uterus varies greatly between controls (0.000). The combination of uterine position and scar defect presence changed significantly between controls (0.001), and was significantly dependent on the suturing method (0.003). Defects with or without contact with the uterine cavity changed statistically between controls (0.017). Both types of defects were more common in the single‐layer closure technique group.

Conclusions

The findings of this study demonstrate that double‐layer technique with the first continuous nonlocking suture followed by a second continuous nonlocking suture is associated with better suture healing and greater residual myometrial thickness. No difference was observed between single‐ and double‐layer closure for the presence of maternal infectious morbidity, wound infection or blood transfusion.
Risk scores for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Latin America: a systematic review of population‐based studies
Authors: Carrillo‐Larco R. M. , Aparcana‐Granda D. J. , Mejia J. R. , Barengo N. C. , Bernabe‐Ortiz A.
Published: August 2019

Aim

To summarize the evidence on diabetes risk scores for Latin American populations.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted (CRD42019122306) looking for diagnostic and prognostic models for type 2 diabetes mellitus among randomly selected adults in Latin America. Five databases (LILACS, Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase and Global Health) were searched. type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined using at least one blood biomarker and the reports needed to include information on the development and/or validation of a multivariable regression model. Risk of bias was assessed using the PROBAST guidelines.

Results

Of the 1500 reports identified, 11 were studied in detail and five were included in the qualitative analysis. Two reports were from Mexico, two from Peru and one from Brazil. The number of diabetes cases varied from 48 to 207 in the derivations models, and between 29 and 582 in the validation models. The most common predictors were age, waist circumference and family history of diabetes, and only one study used oral glucose tolerance test as the outcome. The discrimination performance across studies was ~ 70% (range: 66–72%) as per the area under the receiving‐operator curve, the highest metric was always the negative predictive value. Sensitivity was always higher than specificity.

Conclusion

There is no evidence to support the use of one risk score throughout Latin America. The development, validation and implementation of risk scores should be a research and public health priority in Latin America to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus screening and prevention.
The garden in Umayyad society in al‐Andalus
Authors: Forcada Miquel
Published: August 2019

The majority of Arab sources concerning gardens and spaces dedicated to the cultivation of any kind of plant species in al‐Andalus date mainly from the eleventh century onwards and offer very little specific information about the Umayyad period (mid‐eighth to the beginning of the eleventh centuries). However, we do know the importance that gardens, understood broadly, had both in the material and daily life, as well as in the emblematic and symbolic life, of al‐Andalus during the Umayyad period. The present article reconsiders the early history of the Andalus garden in the context of the cultural history of the Umayyad period in order to understand better the foundations of the specific nature of Andalusī gardens and to show that, despite the influence of the reigning dynasty, the history of the garden in al‐Andalus has a notably collective dimension.
“Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall – Who Is the Greatest Investor of all?” Effects of Better‐than‐Average Beliefs on Venture Funding
Authors: Linder Christian , Sperber Sonja
Published: August 2019

Agency theory considers information the most decisive element in investor–entrepreneur relations. Building on the notion of better‐than‐average (BTA) beliefs, we investigate the extent to which information asymmetries between investors and entrepreneurs may also emerge on paths other than the self‐interest or opportunistic behaviour of rational actors. Based on a data set of 176 investors from 23 different German financial institutions, we conduct a conditional process analysis that indicates approximately 30% of all professional investors hold unjustified BTA beliefs regarding their abilities to identify flaws in new venture ideas, which leads to inaccurate financing decisions. We further find evidence that investors generally tend to underfund start‐up projects if they perceive little similarity with the founders, but overfund projects if interpersonal similarities are high. Moreover, we demonstrate that high BTA beliefs facilitate engagement in competition with peers for the best investment option.
Stakeholder salience and accountability mechanisms in not‐for‐profit service delivery organizations
Authors: Chen Jinhua , Dyball Maria Cadiz , Harrison Graeme
Published: August 2019

Motivated by the importance and distinctiveness of accountability to stakeholders in not‐for‐profit organizations (NFPs), we examine the use of Ebrahim's accountability mechanisms in a large sample of service delivery NFPs in Australia. Although much prior literature relies on the concept of stakeholder power to explain NFPs’ accountability practices, stakeholder salience (embracing the concepts of stakeholder power, legitimacy, and urgency) emerges as a competing explanation. Utilizing Mitchell et al.’s stakeholder salience framework, we examine the impact of stakeholder power, legitimacy, and urgency on NFPs’ use of accountability mechanisms to account to two key stakeholder groups, government and beneficiaries. Our results show that although legitimacy and urgency of government influence the use of upward accountability mechanisms, beneficiary power influences the use of the downward accountability mechanism of participation.
Peer victimization and cortisol production in children and adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Kliewer Wendy , Sosnowski David W. , Noh Hayne , McGuire Kristina , Wright Anna W.
Published: August 2019

Purpose

To summarize the literature linking peer victimization to cortisol production in children and adolescents, with the goals of improving how these constructs are assessed and clarifying implications for health outcomes.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted across four online databases. Searches included studies examining any association between peer victimization, or bullying, and cortisol among school‐age youth (ages 5–17 years).

Results

A thorough search of multiple online databases and careful consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines yielded 20 studies for detailed review. Peer victimization was consistently associated with blunted cortisol reactivity and diurnal cortisol slope, and least often associated with the cortisol awakening response.

Conclusions

Studies that expand the range of biomarkers and the diversity of youth included in the samples; that use appropriate covariates, adequate quantities of biological samples, and reliable measures; and that test theoretically grounded pathways through which peer victimization is linked to biological stress responses will advance scholarship in this field.
Effects of a transtheoretical model‐based WeChat health education programme on self‐management among haemodialysis patients: A longitudinal experimental intervention study
Authors: Ren Qingli , Lian Minling , Liu Yang , Thomas‐Hawkins Charlotte , Zhu Lixia , Shen Qu
Published: August 2019

Aim

To examine the effects of a transtheoretical model‐based WeChat health education programme on self‐management in haemodialysis patients in China.

Design

A longitudinal experimental intervention study.

Methods

Patients (N = 120) who underwent haemodialysis from December 2015–November 2017 were recruited and randomly allocated to either group 1 (who received a 3‐month WeChat health education immediately after randomization) or group 2 (who was combined with group 1 and received the same intervention at the 5th month after enrolment in the study). Self‐management, knowledge and self‐efficacy were assessed at baseline (T0), 3 months after enrolment in the study (T1), 21 months after enrolment in the study (T2).

Results

There were significant group effects on self‐efficacy; time effects on partnership, self‐care, emotion management with total self‐management; interaction effects on problem‐solving and emotion management within total self‐management according to the two‐way repeated measures ANCOVA. Further between‐group comparisons indicated that patients in group 1 had better self‐management than those in group 2 at T1. Within‐group comparisons demonstrated that, compared with the baseline values, group 1 had significantly improved self‐management at T1; however, group 2 had improved self‐management at T2.

Conclusion

The transtheoretical model‐based WeChat health education programme had a potentially positive effect on improving the self‐management of haemodialysis patients.

Impact

Self‐management is often difficult yet crucial for haemodialysis patients. This study indicated that the transtheoretical model‐based WeChat health education resulted in improved self‐management in haemodialysis patients and can be implemented in continuing care during the interdialysis period to improve self‐management in patients.

Trial registration: ChiCTR1800018172.
Depolarization and repolarization parameters on ECG predict recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wen Song‐Nan , Zhu Hao‐Jie , Sun Peng‐Yu , Wu Kui , Liu Nian , Ruan Yan‐Fei , Bai Rong , Tang Ri‐Bo , Yu Rong‐Hui , Long De‐Yong , Sang Cai‐Hua , Jiang Chen‐Xi , Li Xin , Li Song‐Nan , Hu Rong , Du Xin , Dong Jian‐Zeng , Ma Chang‐Sheng
Published: August 2019

Introduction

The outcomes of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation remain suboptimal. It is important to identify which AF patients will most likely benefit from ablation and who are more likely to show treatment failure, especially in those with structural heart disease such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Methods and Results

We enrolled 120 HCM patients who underwent primary AF ablation (48 with persistent AF). Preprocedural QTc was measured and corrected using the Bazett's formula, and the distribution of fragmentation of the QRS complex (fQRS) was recorded. Arrhythmia recurrence was defined as any kind of documented atrial tachyarrhythmia of more than 30 seconds. Overall, arrhythmia recurrence occurred in 69 patients after 13.4 months’ follow‐up. fQRS was present in 71 (59.17%) patients and was most commonly (81.69%) observed in the inferior leads. QTc more than 448 ms could predict arrhythmia recurrence with a sensitivity of 68.1% and specificity of 68.6%. Patients with QTc more than 448 ms (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.982; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.155‐3.402; P = .013) or those with fQRS+ (HR: 1.922; 95% CI: 1.151‐3.210; P = .012) were at an increased risk of recurrence. A combination of fQRS+ and QTc more than 448 ms was superior to fQRS or QTc alone in predicting arrhythmia recurrence.

Conclusion

In patients with HCM undergoing AF ablation, QTc prolongation, specifically >448 ms, and presence of fQRS are independent risk factors for arrhythmia recurrence at follow‐up. The combination of these two parameters has greater predictive value and would help to identify patients who are at the highest risk of procedural failure.
Ridge preservation in molar extraction sites with an open‐healing approach: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Lim Hyun‐Chang , Shin Hyun‐Seung , Cho In‐Woo , Koo Ki‐Tae , Park Jung‐Chul
Published: August 2019

Aim

To determine the effect of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) in molar sites without primary flap closure.

Materials and Methods

Three groups were established: extraction sockets grafted with deproteinized bovine bone mineral containing 10% collagen (DBBM‐C) and covered by a native bilayer collagen membrane (NBCM) (test group 1), sockets grafted with DBBM‐C only (test group 2), and sockets that healed naturally (control group). Primary flap closure was not attempted. Conebeam computed tomography scans were obtained immediately and then 4 months after ARP. A biopsy was performed. The change of the marginal bone level was measured.

Results

There was significantly less horizontal resorption in test group 1 than in the control group at levels 1 mm (−1.02 ± 0.88 [mean ± SD] vs. −4.44 ± 3.71 mm) and 3 mm (−0.31 ± 1.51 vs. −2.27 ± 1.15 mm) below the crest, and significantly less vertical reduction in the midcrestal area in test group 1 than in test group 2 (−0.25 ± 0.95 vs. −1.15 ± 1.63 mm) (p < .05). There were no significant differences between test groups in clinical and histomorphometric measurements. All groups exhibited stable marginal bone levels after 1 year of loading.

Conclusion

Alveolar ridge preservation without primary flap closure in molar areas was effective in minimizing ridge resorption and facilitated implant treatment.
Prediction of progression of chronic atrophic gastritis withHelicobacter pyloriand poor prognosis of gastric cancer by CYP3A4
Authors: Zhang Fan , Wang Furong , Chen Cong , Wang Tianyu , Hu Jike , Su Ruiliang , Li Xuemei , Gu Baohong , Tang Shaojun , Chen Hao , Li Yumin
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

It has been well documented thatHelicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection is a risk factor for aggravating gastric mucosal atrophy. However, the exact molecular mechanism mediating this process is not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers, which may predict the risk for progression of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) withH. pylori.

Methods

GSE27411 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) betweenH. pylori‐infected samples without CAG andH. pylori‐infected CAG samples were analyzed. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed, followed by protein–protein interaction network construction. We used immunohistochemistry analysis to identify DEGs in 20 chronic gastritis, 20 CAG, and 22 gastric cancer (GC) specimens.

Results

A total of 303 upregulated and 26 downregulated DEGs were identified. The pathways enriched by upregulated DEGs were mainly related to fat digestion and absorption, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor signaling pathway, and chemical carcinogenesis. Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 (CYP3A4) had the highest degrees in protein–protein interaction network. Moreover, the positive rates of CYP3A4 protein expression in chronic gastritis, CAG, and GC were 10% (2/20), 55% (11/20), and 77.3% (17/22), respectively (P < 0.001). The Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that elevated expression of CYP3A4 was significantly associated with worse overall survival and first progression, respectively (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

According to the findings of this study, the expression of CYP3A4 might be related to the potential carcinogenic transformation of CAG to GC. Therefore, CYP3A4 may be biomarkers to predict progression of CAG and poor prognosis of gastric cancer.
Does APC/CCDH1 control the human brain size?
Authors: Dohrn Maike F. , Bolaños Juan P.
Published: August 2019

This editorial highlights a study by Rodriguez, Sanchez‐Moran et al. (2019) in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, in which the authors describe a microcephalic boy carrying the novel heterozygous de novo missense mutation c.560A> G; p.Asp187Gly in Cdh1/Fzr1 encoding the APC/C E3‐ubiquitin ligase cofactor CDH1. A functional characterization of mutant APC/CCDH1 confirms an aberrant division of neural progenitor cells, a condition known to determine the mouse brain cortex size. These data suggest that APC/CCDH1 may contribute to the regulation of the human brain size.

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Mesotherapy: Safety profile and management of complications
Authors: Plachouri Kerasia‐Maria , Georgiou Sophia
Published: August 2019

Background

Mesotherapy is a procedure that involves the injection of active substances into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue in order to treat several local medical and cosmetic conditions. Despite being considered as a relatively safe method, a series of adverse reactions can occur due to its wide application and lack of standardization processes.

Objectives

The aim of this paper is to summarize all the mesotherapy‐related complications published so far, and to provide an insight into their management.

Patient/Methods

Articles derived from the databases, PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS, and published between 1992 and 2018, were analyzed for this review. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results

In this literature, there is a number of case series and isolated case reports describing various side effects of different severities. The therapeutic management of these complications is—in most cases—individualized.

Conclusions

Larger systematic studies are needed in order to adequately evaluate the safety profile of mesotherapy, and in order to determine standardized therapy parameters, so as to minimize the risk of potential adverse reactions.
A Stationary Spatio‐Temporal GARCH Model
Authors: Hølleland Sondre , Karlsen Hans Arnfinn
Published: August 2019

We introduce a lagged nearest‐neighbour, stationary spatio‐temporal generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model on an infinite spatial grid that opens for GARCH innovations in a space‐time ARMA model. This is illustrated by a real data application to a classical dataset of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific Ocean. The model and its translation invariant neighbourhood system are wrapped around a torus forming a model with finite spatial domain, which we call circular spatio‐temporal GARCH. Such a model could be seen as an approximation of the infinite one and simulation experiments show that the circular estimator with a straightforward bias correction performs well on such non‐circular data. Since the spatial boundaries are tied together, the well‐known boundary issue in spatial statistical modelling is effectively avoided. We derive stationarity conditions for these circular processes and study the spatio‐temporal correlation structure through an ARMA representation. We also show that the matrices defined by a vectorized version of the model are block circulants. The maximum quasi‐likelihood estimator is presented and we prove its strong consistency and asymptotic normality by generalizing results from univariate GARCH theory.
Metabolic and regulatory insights from the experimental horizontal gene transfer of the aurofusarin and bikaverin gene clusters to Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: de Reus Elise , Nielsen Mikkel Rank , Frandsen Rasmus John Normand
Published: August 2019

We staged the transfer of the aurofusarin and bikaverin biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) to Aspergillus nidulans with the aim of gaining functional insights into dynamics immediately following a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. While the introduction of both BGCs resulted in the production of detectable pathway metabolites in A. nidulans, the transferred aurofusarin BGC formed dimeric shunt products instead of aurofusarin. This was linked to low transcription of the cluster activator and insufficient activity of tailoring enzymes, demonstrating how a shift of the pathway bottleneck after HGT can result in metabolic innovation. The transferred bikaverin BGC readily produced bikaverin, providing a model system for studying the conservation of regulatory responses to environmental cues. Conserved PacC‐mediated pH regulation of the bikaverin BGC was observed between original host Fusarium fujikuroi and A. nidulans. Contrary to strong nitrogen responses described in other hosts, the BGC appeared unresponsive to environmental nitrogen in A. nidulans. While F. fujikuroi and A. nidulans both form chlamydospore‐like structures when exposed to ralsolamycin, specific induction of the bikaverin BGC was not observed in A. nidulans. We propose that the presence of compatible cis‐regulatory elements in BGCs facilitates regulatory conservation after transfer, without which the chromosomal context would dictate expression.
Beyond balancing selection: frequent mitochondrial recombination contributes to high‐female frequencies in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica (Campanulaceae)
Authors: Adhikari Binaya , Caruso Christina M. , Case Andrea L.
Published: August 2019

Gynodioecy is a sexual system in which females and hermaphrodites co‐occur. In most gynodioecious angiosperms, sex is determined by an interaction between mitochondrial male‐sterility genes (CMS) that arise via recombination and nuclear restorer alleles that evolve to suppress them. In theory, gynodioecy occurs when multiple CMS types are maintained at equilibrium frequencies by balancing selection. However, some gynodioecious populations contain very high frequencies of females. High female frequencies are not expected under balancing selection, but could be explained by the repeated introduction of novel CMS types.

To test for balancing selection and/or the repeated introduction of novel CMS, we characterised cytoplasmic haplotypes from 61 populations of Lobelia siphilitica that vary widely in female frequency.

We confirmed that mitotype diversity and female frequency were positively correlated across populations, consistent with balancing selection. However, while low‐female populations hosted mostly common mitotypes, high‐female populations and female plants hosted mostly rare, recombinant mitotypes likely to carry novel CMS types.

Our results suggest that balancing selection maintains established CMS types across this species, but extreme female frequencies result from frequent invasion by novel CMS types. We conclude that balancing selection alone cannot account for extreme population sex‐ratio variation within a gynodioecious species.
Effect of beta2‐adrenergic agonist and resistance training on maximal oxygen uptake and muscle oxidative enzymes in men
Authors: Lemminger Anders Krogh , Jessen Søren , Habib Sajad , Onslev Johan , Xu Stella Feng Sheng , Backer Vibeke , Bangsbo Jens , Hostrup Morten
Published: August 2019

While beta2‐adrenoceptor stimulation has been shown to increase lean mass and to alter metabolic properties of skeletal muscle, adaptations in muscle oxidative enzymes and maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) in response to beta2‐adrenergic agonist treatment are inadequately explored in humans, particularly in association with resistance training. Herein, we investigated beta2‐adrenergic‐induced changes in O2max, leg and arm composition, and muscle content of oxidative enzymes in response to treatment with the selective beta2‐adrenergic agonist terbutaline with and without concurrent resistance training in young men. Forty‐six subjects were randomized to 4 weeks of lifestyle maintenance (n = 23) or resistance training (n = 23). Within the lifestyle maintenance and resistance training group, subjects received daily terbutaline (8 × 0.5 mg) (n = 13) or placebo (n = 10) treatment. No apparent treatment by training interactions was observed during the study period. Terbutaline increased leg and arm lean mass with the intervention, whereas no treatment differences were observed in absolute O2max and incremental peak power output (iPPO). Treatment main effects were observed for O2‐reserve (P < .05), O2max relative to body mass (P < .05), O2max relative to leg lean mass (P < .01), and iPPO relative to leg lean mass, in which terbutaline had a negative effect compared with placebo. Furthermore, content of electron transport chain complex I‐V decreased by 11% (P < .05) for terbutaline compared with placebo. Accordingly, chronic treatment with the selective beta2‐adrenergic agonist terbutaline may negatively affect O2max and iPPO in relative terms, but not in absolute.
Impact of Musical Creative Drama Education on Self-Confidence of Preschool Children
Authors: Umuzdaş Serpil , Doğan Akanda , Umuzdaş Mehmet Serkan
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of getting musical creative drama education on self-confidence of preschool children. The study was conducted in Tokat Private İlgim Schools, with 4, 5 and 6 year-old preschool children in the 2018-2019 academic year. The education was conducted with a total of 50 students, 29 being boys and 21 girls. The research data were collected through the Günalp self-confidence observation test that is applied to preschool children. At the end of the 10-week experimental period, the impact of creative drama education on self-confidence of preschool children was tested. SPSS program was used for data analysis. "ANOVA" was used in the comparison of the levels of self confidence by hometown, number of individuals living at the household, status of parents, number of siblings, child's birth order in the family, economic status of the family, age of starting school, caregivers before starting school, education level and occupation types. Results of the study showed that there was a significant difference in self-confidence development of preschool students as a result of creative drama studies. No statistically significant difference was found in the self-confidence development of students in terms of gender, hometown, number of individuals living at the household, status of parents, number of siblings, child's birth order in the family, economic status of the family, age of starting school, caregivers before starting school, education level and occupation types of parents. There was a significant difference between pre-school students' self-confidence in proportion to their ages. It was seen that musical creative drama activities make a positive impact on the self-confidence of preschool students.
Workplace bullying and risk of burnout in nurses: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Purpora Christina , Cooper Adam , Sharifi Claire , Lieggi Michelle
Published: August 2019

Objective:

The objective of this review is to assess the association between workplace bullying and nurse burnout.

Introduction:

Internationally, workplace bullying has been linked to nurse burnout. Burnout is of significant concern due to its association with nurses’ intent to quit, job dissatisfaction, reduced empathy and patient satisfaction. While there have been systematic reviews conducted on workplace bullying, none have explored its association with nurse burnout.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider studies that include licensed nurses in any clinical setting in any country. Only studies in which the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised was used to measure licensed nurses’ exposure to workplace bullying and in which the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to measure burnout (i.e. the outcome of interest) will be considered. Prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies and analytical cross-sectional studies will be considered for inclusion.

Methods:

Key information sources to be searched for studies in English from 1990 to the present include CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus. Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full texts of selected citations against the inclusion criteria and appraise for methodological quality. Two reviewers will independently use the standardized data extraction tool to extract data from studies used in the review. Studies will, where possible, be pooled in a statistical meta-analysis. Where statistical pooling is not possible, the findings will be presented in narrative form including tables and figures to aid in data presentation, where appropriate.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42019128798
Promoting informed consent in a children's hospital in Tabriz, Iran: a best practice implementation project
Authors: Kabiri Neda , Hajebrahimi Sakineh , Alizadeh Gisoo , Azimzadeh Solmaz , Farajzadeh Nayyereh , Talebpour Amin
Published: August 2019

Introduction:

Informed consent is a continuous and dynamic process. It is a crucial part of healthcare procedures that becomes more complex in a pediatric clinical practice, where parents must make decisions for their children.

Objectives:

The aim of this implementation project was to evaluate the current practice and implement the best practice related to obtaining informed consent in a children's hospital in Tabriz, Iran.

Methods:

A clinical audit was undertaken using the JBI Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System (JBI PACES) tool. Five audit criteria representing the best-practice recommendations for informed consent were used. A baseline audit was conducted, followed by the implementation of multiple strategies. The project was finalized with a follow-up audit to determine change in practice.

Results:

The compliance rate of all criteria improved from baseline to follow-up audit. Criteria 1 (obtaining informed consent prior to all nursing procedures) and 5 (provision of information related to the necessity of the treatment) reached 97% compliance in the follow-up cycle. Criterion 4 (provision of information related to the nature and effect of the treatment) achieved 74% compliance. Both criteria 2 and 3 (provision of information related to alternative treatments and consequences of refusing treatment) reached 57% in the follow-up cycle. To improve compliance, meetings were organized with the heads of departments, nurses and residents regarding informed consent. Also, staff were encouraged to report cases where informed consent was not obtained.

Conclusion:

The audit results indicated an improvement in obtaining informed consent in the included departments. The interventions that were employed can facilitate the implementation of evidence into clinical practice.
Physics and Birdsong: “Listening” with Graphs
Authors: de Winter James
Published: August 2019

It is common for high school physics teachers to comment on the challenges they face in supporting students’ graph drawing skills, knowing their importance for the study of physics. This paper suggests a novel and alternative way to support students to develop their graph drawing skills as well as teach them about sound, frequency, and amplitude. Rather than equipment-heavy demonstrations using a microphone, loudspeaker, oscilloscope, and signal generator, I suggest approaching the topic through birdsong and spectrograms.
A Centennial of Protons
Authors: Lincoln Don
Published: August 2019

In the modern and exciting world of particle physics, in which scientists talk of Higgs bosons and supersymmetry, it would be natural for someone to dismiss the common proton as a particle too pedestrian to be interesting. Yet in the centennial year of the announcement of its discovery, studies of the humble nucleus of the hydrogen atom continue to teach us fascinating lessons about the subatomic world.
A Measurement of the Gravitational Acceleration with Many Different Pendula
Authors: Straulino Samuele
Published: August 2019

The pendulum has a great relevance in physics and it has been explored in educational papers from many theoretical or experimental points of view (see, for example, Refs. 1-12 and references therein). Here a method for the measurement of the gravitational acceleration with a large number of trials is presented; we assume that the systematic errors can be neglected. The experiment has been carried out with 250 first-year university students (students not enrolled in physics). Although the pendulum can be considered as a standard part of the introductory courses in physics laboratory, the approach described here allows students to handle various aspects of data analysis.
Unpacking the new AP Physics resources
Authors: Gende Dolores
Published: August 2019

The College Board has released new curriculum resources for each of the four AP Physics courses: Course and Exam Description (CED) (Fig. 1)AP Classroom, a digital platform.

What follows is a summary of the most relevant elements of these new resources.

The Curriculum and Exam Descriptions are downloadable from AP Central,2 and teachers can order a free-of-charge hardcopy CED binder with a Course at a Glance poster. Each Course and Exam Description includes not only the curriculum framework, but also detailed unit guides and instructional strategies.
A wave of monocytes is recruited to replenish the long-term Langerhans cell network after immune injury
Authors: Ferrer Ivana R. , West Heather C. , Henderson Stephen , Ushakov Dmitry S. , Santos e Sousa Pedro , Strid Jessica , Chakraverty Ronjon , Yates Andrew J. , Bennett Clare L.
Published: August 2019

Following immune damage in the epidermis, monocytes from the circulation give rise to epidermal Langerhans cells.
An unusual cause of paraesthesia in a neo-adjuvant gastro-oesophageal cancer
Authors: Derby Sarah , Graham Janet , McIntosh David
Published: August 2019

There is ongoing debate about the best neo-adjuvant strategy for localised resectable oesophageal cancer, however chemotherapy is often employed. Both oesophageal cancer and cisplatin carry an increased risk of thrombosis. Here, we look at an unusual finding in a previously fit woman who presented following neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable oesophageal cancer with increasing difficulty in walking and lower limb paraesthesia. This case looks particularly at the diagnostic challenge and concerns raised in a patient undergoing radical treatment as well as the challenge of complications secondary to treatment with chemotherapy. Willingness to reassess and revisit is a vital part of the diagnostic process. Vascular complications of a disease can be notorious to diagnose and, as in this case can mimic arguably more logical diagnoses. Cancer care provides the unique challenge of investigating unusual presentations related both to disease and treatment.
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in endomyocardial biopsies from orthotopic heart transplant recipients
Authors: George Bistees , Rivera Rolon Maria Del Mar , Mohit Sharma , Stevenson Heather L
Published: August 2019

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs when cells lose morphological features of epithelial cells, such as cell-to-cell adhesion, and gain features of mesenchymal cells, including elongation and flattening. These cells also lose expression of epithelial immunohistochemical markers. In this report, we present a 55-year-old Caucasian male patient who underwent orthotopic heart transplant and immunosuppressant therapy with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid. Seven and a half months later, an endomyocardial biopsy revealed a hypercellular, atypical lesion. Evaluation was negative for acute cellular rejection and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Histopathologic features and immunohistochemical stains were consistent with EMT. We subsequently identified four additional cases of EMT in patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation and received a similar immune suppression regimen. EMTs have been reported to occur in lung and kidney allografts; however, this is the first known report describing this entity in a heart transplant recipient.