bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recherches Physico-chimiques sur les Liquides de Parasites. (Ascaris) II
Authors: Schopfer William H.
Published: June 2009

Dans un travail publié précédemment dans cette revue, nous avons montré que la concentration moléculaire du liquids cœlomique d'Ascaris megalocephala était voisine de Δ = − 0°, 63 avec de petites variations; d'après nos expériences, l'Ascaris était susceptible d'une régulation osmotique; il augmente de poids dans une solution hypotonique par rapport à son liquide; il y a pénétration d'eau; dans une solution hypertonique il diminue de poids (départ d'eau).
Caligus zeiNorman and T. Scott 1906 (Crustacea: Copepoda), with a Revision of the Appendages
Authors: Oakley C. L.
Published: June 2009

Habitat and record. The animal under consideration, a copepod of the Family Caligidae, has up to the present received three notices: by Norman and T. Scott (1906), A. Scott (1907), and T. and A. Scott (1913). (For further particulars see References at end of this paper, p. 409.) Norman and Scott stated that “the specimens were taken forty years ago on the dory by Laughrin, and by him sent to A. M. N.” Consequently, the specimens were forty years old before they were described, which would, even in the absence of other reasons, excuse a little scepticism as to the description. Scott gives a bare record of capture, with a copy of Norman and Scott's diagrams. These diagrams and the original of Norman and Scott are republished by Scott and Scott with the addition of a few errors. Considering these facts, and also that no satisfactory description is given of the appendages of the male, or of the maxillae or swimming legs of the female, and that the animal is very common, occurring on nearly every dory, I feel that there is some justification for a further description.
Further Observations and Experiments on the Cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica from Cysts
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

In a recent paper1, written jointly with Dr P. P. Laidlaw, methods were described for cultivating Entamoeba histolytica, and various other entozoic amoebae of man and monkeys, from the encysted forms. We there showed that cultures of all the species studied can be readily obtained by merely incubating such cysts in any of the media suitable for the cultivation of the corresponding active forms—provided that certain precautions are taken.
On Legerella hydropori n.sp., A Coccidian Parasite of the Malpighian Tubules of Hydroporus palustris L. (Coleoptera)
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: June 2009

The host of the Coccidian described in this paper is Hydroporus palustris L., a small Dytiscid beetle common in stagnant ditches. The infected material was collected from two ditches in the neighbourhood of Grantchester (Cambridge). From one ditch 25 per cent. of the beetles were parasitised, and from the other ditch 15 per cent. were parasitised. The infection with Legerella, which is confined to the malpighian tubules, is often very intense. Heavily infected beetles are readily recognised on dissection because the malpighian tubules are colourless and do not contain the brown excretory granules characteristic of the normal tubules. The parasite has been observed at all seasons of the year, and the life cycle does not appear to follow a seasonal course.
Urethral Spirochaetosis
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott
Published: June 2009

(1) In the discharge from a case of acute urethritis spirochaetes were found which it is believed were the causal agent of the disease.

(2) The spirochaetes were most commonly 8μ to 12μ in length, and showed four or five spirals; but the range in the three hundred parasites measured was from 5μ, to 20μ. They appeared to multiply both by longitudinal and transverse division and by the formation of coocoid bodies. The parasites passed through an intracellular phase which seemed to be as follows: some of the spirochaetes enter the epithelial scales lining the urethra, become quiescent, and break up into coccoid bodies. These bodies multiply so as to form masses of granules from which young spirochaetes develop, grow to about the normal size, and eventually escape.

(3) The name Spirochaeta urethraeis proposed for the parasite.
Some Larval Trematodes from Millport
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: June 2009

The following work was done chiefly on material collected during a month's stay at Millport in August 1913 whilst working at the Marine Station. I have to thank Mr Elmhirst for much help in obtaining material and also for giving me the first specimens of the larval Maritrema encysted in Ligia oceanica which he discovered in the genital ducts of that Isopod. This is specially interesting as it is the first undoubted Maritrema larva known.
Short Description of the Larva ofLophoscelomyia asiatica, Leicester 1905, and Notes on the Species
Authors: Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

The larva of Leicester's bamboo-breeding anopheline “asiatica” as Stanton says (1912) has not, been previously described, although Leicester himself mentioned in his monograph that it was characterised by the possession of a very conspicuous black marking on the thorax shaped like a Maltese Cross; so having recently obtained a batch of seven of these creatures from a cut-bamboo at Ginting Simpah, the pass between the Native Malay States of Selangor and Pahang which is at an altitude of 1500 feet, I will attempt to fill the deficiency in our knowledge, adding as well a few notes on the biological side of the subject.
Notes bearing on Dufour, von Siebold and Goodsir, whose portraits appear in Parasitology, XIV, No. 2. Portraits-plates XV-XVII (continuing the Series begun in Vol. XIII.)
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Léon Dufour was born 11 April, 1780, at Saint Sever (Landes) and died there 18 April, 1865. He was a medical man and a naturalist. He took his M.D. at Montpellier ir 1806. From 1806 to 1814 he served in the army, then turned his attention to entomology and botany, but in 1823 he took part in the Spanish Campaign as an army doctor. He distinguished himself especially through his work on the anatomy and physiology of arthropods and upon the habits and metamorphosis of insects, but he also wrote on botany, agriculture and meteorology. He was elected to the Academic des Sciences and was the first Frenchman upon whom that body conferred the Cuvier Prize (1861). During 1811–1864 he published 232 papers on entomology, the relation of insects to plant diseases, parasites of Insects, parasitism, Protozoa and Helminths.
A New Species of Tapeworm from a Parakeet, Brotogerys tirica
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

In the course of dissecting a parakeet (Brotogerys tirica) sent to me for examination, I came across several large tapeworms of the genus Cotugnia in the duodenum. They did not agree with any of the species previously described and, upon closer examination, showed so many points of difference as to justify the creation of a new species for them. I propose the name Cotugnia brotogerys for this species.
Some Observations on the Theory and Practice of Dipping
Authors: Cooper W. F. , Laws H. E.
Published: June 2009

That ticks are a very serious trouble in countries where stock forms the basis of the wealth of the country is too well known to require elaborate demonstration, for the fact that they are the agents of transmission of some of the most fatal and devastating diseases is now generally recognised by the stock-farmer.
Considerations regarding an outbreak of Malaria at Morib, Federated Malay States
Authors: Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

Consideration of the outbreak of fever at Morib in Selangor, Federated Malay States, impresses us with the great practical importance of obtaining an exact comparative infectivity table of the various anophelines, compiled on a comprehensive basis; it is only by accurate study of a disease and the factors responsible for it, that it can be successfully combated.

At Morib we can only rely on general considerations and conclude that the species ludlowi has been causing most of the trouble.

It would seem that the reason that hill-land malaria in Malaya, and perhaps India, is so difficult to get, rid of is because it is conveyed by mosquitoes of high infectivity and low prevalence, whereas low-land malaria can be easily allayed because it is conveyed by mosquitoes of low infectivity and high prevalence. It is a corollary to this that if malaria in any community can be easily allayed, it is caused by mosquitoes which possess low infectivity.
Two Lernaeopodidae (Copepoda) from Roscoff
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The following animals are from a collection made for and kindly presented to me by Miss Nora G. Sproston during her visit to the Station Biologique de Roscoff, Finistère, in June 1937.
The External Anatomy of the Sarcoptes of the Horse
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

Warburton (1920) has recently published a survey of our present knowledge of the mites of the genus Sarcoptes; from his survey it is clear that in spite of all the work that has been done upon these mites, much of it by most pains-taking anatomists, we are still without an accurate knowledge of the anatomy of any one species of Sarcoptes. This is, in part at any rate, due to the fact that some of the best work was done, by Robin and others, between 1860 and 1865, at a time when microscopes and technique were by no means as highly developed as they now are.
On the Sarcoptes of Man
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

Our knowledge of the systematics of the genus Sarcoptes is in an unsatisfactory state. About a score of species have been admitted, many of which have never been seen since they were described. Many of the descriptions date from between sixty and seventy years ago, a period when microscopes and microscopical technique were barely adequate to cope with so difficult a genus as Sarcoptes is. In order to provide a basis for further study of Sarcoptes, Warburton (1920) published a critical survey of our knowledge regarding these mites. His review of the literature has proved invaluable to myself, and is the foundation on which I have worked. In the foregoing paper (pp. 114–145) I published an only too lengthy description of the Sarcoptes of the horse, finding that a full description of one form was necessary as a basis for comparison. Since we do not know what anatomical points are of systematic importance, attention was given to all details of the external anatomy.
On some Nematode Parasites of the Camel in India
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

Whilst working through the collections of Nematodes at the Punjab Veterinary College in Lahore I had the opportunity of examining a number of Strongylid worms from the Indian camel (Camelus dromedarius) belonging to two species, labelled Haemonchus longistipes and Nematodirus spathiger, respectively.
Some Observations on the Biology and Structure of Ornithodorus moubata, Murray. Together with a Note on the External Characters which serve to differentiate the Sexes
Authors: Cunliffe N. , Nuttall G. H. F.
Published: June 2009

1. Copulation between individuals of the two species O. moubata, and O. savignyi may occur, and the stimulus of coition may induce oviposition, the eggs being non-fertile.

2. There is no evidence of parthenogenesis in this species, nor do these ticks undergo ecdysis after reaching maturity.

3. An increase in temperature of 8° C. from 22° C. (a) doubles the.rate of oviposition, (b) decreases the fertility of the eggs by 30 per cent., (c) reduces the longevity of the female tick from 715 to 397 days, i.e. by 40 per cent, and (d) approximately halves the period required for metamorphosis, under laboratory conditions. Under these conditions at 37° C., reproduction is inhibited, and the longevity of the female is reduced by 80 per cent.

4. An individual may undergo from four to eight ecdyses before reaching maturity, the great majority of the males appearing after the fifth ecdysis and the females about equally after the fifth and sixth ecdyses.

5. Engorgement can take place one or two days after emergence, at any stage, the average time required being three-quarters of an hour. There is great variation in the extent of engorgement at each stage, but this is not correlated with the ecdysis period. The largest meal may be taken either before or after an individual reaches maturity.

6. Moisture has an adverse influence on the vitality of the individual, excess of moisture inhibiting growth.

7. An approximation to the stage of development attained can be made after the study of the structure of the hypostome, leg and spiracle. The larval and first four nymphal stages are fairly well differentiated, much more so than the later stages, but variation due to nutrition requires further study.
Notes bearing on Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Linnaeus, de Geer, Rudolphi, Müller, Leidy, Owen, Jenner, Kircher and Boyle, whose portraits have appeared in Parasitology, Vol. XIII
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

As stated in a slip inserted opposite the first portrait-plate of this series, the collection herein presented is issued without regard to chronological order, moreover, the portraits are confined to those men of science who, in various ways, have advanced the subject of parasitology.
Factors affecting the morphology of Leishmania tropica
Authors: Weinman David
Published: June 2009

Leishmania forms of L. tropica were obtained in cultures. The methods and results are given and discussed.
Notes on some new species of parasitic mites
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

Examination of mite material sent from various sources for identification has revealed a number of new species. In this paper seven new species of Laelaptinae, one ofEntonyssusand one ofListrophoroidesare described.
On a new genus and species of Rhadinorhynchidae (Acanthocephala)
Authors: van Cleave Harley J. , Lincicome David R.
Published: June 2009

In the vicinity of Grand Isle, Louisiana, Menticirrhus americanus, a marine fish of the surmullet family, carries in the intestine an acanthocephalan which has been previously undescribed. The attention of the writers was first called to this species by collections made available by Mr J. E. Tobie. Additional specimens were later secured from Dr H. J. Bennett. This new species is clearly a representative of the family Rhadinorhynchidae but in it are embodied peculiarities and combinations of characters which preclude its inclusion in any previously recognized genus. Hence a new genus is herein proposed and the species is described as Illiosentis furcatus.
On the Occurrence of a Supplementary Chromatic Body in Maupasella nova Cépède (Ciliata astoma), an Intestinal Parasite of Earth-worms (Allolobophora caliginosa Savigny)
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

Maupasella nova Cépède was discovered by Maupas (1877) in the alimentary canal of an Algerian earth-worm and subsequently described by Cépède (1910). As was well remarked by the latter author, this ciliate varies much in size and in form, long specimens measuring 80–95 by 25μ., and short ones only 50–75 by 27–47μ. The essential characters of Maupasella are: (1) the presence of an anterior fixing apparatus in the form of a conical process derived from thickened ectoplasm, (2) an elongated ribbon-like macronucleus, (3) irregularly disposed contractile vacuoles, and (4) dense ciliation. Moreover, the micronucleus (PI. VI, fig. 18 and m in all the other figures), which is often difficult to see, is spindle-shaped, with its axis parallel to that of the ciliate's body, strangulated in the middle and with the chromatin condensed into a disc lying in the strangulated portion of the spindle.
On Two New Gregarines, Allantocystis dasyhelei n.g., n.sp., and Dendrorhynchus systeni n.g., n.sp, Parasitic in the Alimentary Canal of the Dipterous Larvae, Dasyhelea obscura Winn. and Systenus sp
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The host of this gregarine is the larva of a Ceratopogonid: Dasyhelea obscura Winnertz, which, as I have previously mentioned, lives in the decomposed sap filling the infected wounds of the Elm and Horse-chestnut trees in Cambridge (at Newnham and along the Queen's Road). The parasitised larvae were found late in the season, about the end of September, they were all young and never heavily infected, containing from three to eight and exceptionally twelve parasites in different developmental stages. The gregarine seems to be rare as among several hundred of these larvae examined only twelve yielded this interesting parasite.
On the life History of Bucentes (siphona) geniculata (Diptera: tachinidae), Parasite of Tipula paludosa (Diptera) and other Species
Authors: Rennie John , Sutherland Christina H.
Published: June 2009

The Dipterous Family, Tachinidae, comprises a very large number of species whose larvae live as parasites within other insects, particularly in their larval forms.
On some Filariid Parasites of Cattle and other Ruminants
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: June 2009

This memoir presents the results of the study of a number of specimens of Filariid worms from Cattle and other Ruminants which had accumulated during the last few years from various collections of Nematodes, sent to me for identification and laid aside for further investigation.
Report on a Collection of Parasitic Nematodes, mainly from Egypt. Part II. Oxyuridae
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The following is a continuation of the foregoing Report (Parasitology, xv, pp. 1–13). As in the first part, the numbers are those given to the original tubes at Cambridge.
On Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense and their Ability to Infect Man
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

1. A strain of T. rhodesiense, isolated from man and readily transmissible by tsetse, was passed by direct inoculation through a series of fourteen guineapigs over a period of 18 months. At the end of that time it had lost its transmissibility by Glossina palpalis, and it also failed to infect a volunteer.

2. Another line of the same strain, after 98 days in a bushbuck, 30 days in a fowl and 294 days in oxen, proved still readily transmissible by G. palpalis and also readily infective to man.

3. A second strain underwent seven consecutive cyclical passages through tsetse, then two passages by the syringe, and finally another cyclical passage, all save one in monkeys. When tested on man at the tenth and eleventh passages it was found to be non-infective.

4. A strain of T. gambiense, isolated in November 1920 from a patient from Fernando Po, was found in February 1934 to be readily infective to man. The strain was entirely non-transmissible by and almost completely non-infective to G. palpalis.

5. Three strains of T. brucei, one from the west, one from the north and one from the south of Uganda Protectorate, were found to be incapable of infecting normal healthy man. All the tests were carried out with cyclically infected tsetse.

6. A freshly isolated strain of T. gambiense from a Uganda native was transmitted to man by cyclically infected laboratory-bred G. palpalis.

7. A strain of T. rhodesiense, shortly after its recovery from a native of Tanganyika Territory, underwent three successive cyclical passages by laboratory-bred G. palpalis from monkey to monkey; at each passage the strain was tested on man and found to be readily infective.

8. A strain from Nigeria showing points of resemblance to both T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense was found to be pathogenic to man, on subcutaneous inoculation of infected blood, three years after its first isolation.
The Comparison of the Efficiency of Anthelmintics
Authors: Fraser W. A. Carr
Published: June 2009

1. The assumptions underlying the current methods of determining the efficiency of drugs or a mixture of drugs as an anthelmintic are set out.

2. The method of assessing the efficiency of a given drug or mixture of drugs, as used by Seddon and Ross, is cited and objections to its value are given.

3. A method is suggested whereby the mean efficiency of a drug or mixture of drugs can be assessed, in terms of the initial and residual infestation of selected animals.

4. In the light of the suggested method, Roberts' data for the efficiency of various drugs and mixtures of drugs, as specifics against H. contortus infestation in sheep, are fully investigated.
Notes on the preparation of Papers for publication in the Journal of Hygiene and in Parasitology
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F.
Published: June 2009

Although the following Notes may appear elementary to practised writers, over thirty years' experience as an editor has convinced me that many authors need guidance in the preparation of their manuscripts and illustrations for publication and in dealing with their proofs.
Observations upon some common cestode parasites of the wild rabbit,Oryctolagus cuniculus
Authors: Evans W. M. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Between November 1936 and February 1937, ninety-six rabbits were examined, whilst between August 1937 and July 1938, 446 rabbits were examined for cestode parasites. The rabbits were obtained from the same area.

2. The rabbits were infected with the following cestodes to the extent given, for the two periods respectively:

3. Two species of the genusHymenolepisare recorded for the first time from the rabbit, and they are briefly described.

4. The seasonal fluctuations in the incidence of the above cestodes are discussed.

5. The span of life of bothCittotaenia pectinataandC. denticulatais seen to be not greater than 10 months, and evidence is given to show that the intermediate host ofC. denticulatais available between April and December, and that ofC. pectinatafrom August to April.

6. Evidence of host and age resistance is demonstrated inCysticercus pisiformis.
Whipworms and blood-flukes in dogs in India, with remarks on trichuriasis
Authors: Srivastava Har Dayal
Published: June 2009

Members of the genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761 (Syn. Trichocephalos Goeze, 1782; Trichocephalus Schrank, 1788) have a characteristic shape. The oesophageal portion of the body is very slender and is longer than the posterior portion, the latter being usually much stouter than the former. The eggs are lemon-shaped with a knob at each end, while the egg-shell is of a dark brown colour when seen in faeces.
New ectoparasitic mites (Acarina) from Uganda
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

In this paper two new genera of Laelaptidae are raised, the first for four large mites taken oh a banded mongoose, the second to fit a number of females taken on a squirrel. In addition to these new genera, two new species ofLiponyssusand a new species ofHaemolaelapsare described. All these specimens have been collected in Uganda.
On the persistence of protozoan infections in the cloaca of an anuran Xenopus laevis (Daudin)
Authors: Mohr J. L.
Published: June 2009

Using the method developed by VanOrden & Nelson (1926) in withdrawing and examining cloacal contents of four captive individuals of the Plathander or clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), the writer determined that infections of ciliate protozoans had persisted for more than 6 years.
On avian cestodes of the family Dilepididae Fuhrmann 1907, collected in Burma
Authors: Johri L. N.
Published: June 2009

The material which forms the basis of this paper was obtained from the birds shot at Lashio, Upper Burma, in October 1941. I am greatly indebted to Prof. F. J. Meggitt for his help at Rangoon, in spite of his busy time owing to active field service at that period in Burma, and also for the use of his extensive private library before the general evacuation of 1942.
The occurrence and morphology of Coenurus serialis in rabbits
Authors: Hamilton A. G.
Published: June 2009

1. Two specimens of Coenurus serialis in the rabbit are described.

2. The duration of infection is estimated at 18–24 months.

3. Secondary external daughter coenuri had developed within the same adventitious cyst of host tissue as the primary coenuri.

4. No internal daughter coenuri were found within the primary coenuri.

5. Both primary coenuri contained some scolices which had developed vesicles (ranging from 3 to 30mm.) in their ‘neck’ region. These vesicular scolices remain attached to the germinal layer until the vesicle is 4–5 mm. in diameter, when they become detached. These would appear to be the internal daughter coenuri of many authors but are here shown to be degenerating scolices.
On Ornithodoros zumpti n.sp., a new tick from South Africa
Authors: Heisch R. B. , Guggisberg C. A. W.
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this paper is to describe a new tick of the genus Ornithodoros Koch, from South Africa. Specimens were received through the courtesy of Dr Zumpt of the South African Institute of Medical Research, after being collected from the burrow of a striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman), near Cathcart, Cape Province, in April 1952. Interest in the ‘burrow haunting’ Ornithodoros of Africa has increased in recent years, because certain of these ticks have been found to transmit spirochaetes of rodents and other small mammals. These spirochaetes may be evolutionary precursors of those that infect man, and cause the well-known sporadic relapsing fever of tropical Africa. Two live Ornithodoros larvae from the burrow were emulsified and inoculated into a white mouse but no spirochaete was isolated (Zumpt, personal communication).
Studies on the cross-transmission of polyhedral viruses: experiments with a new virus from Pyrameis cardui, the Painted Lady butterfly
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Xeros N.
Published: June 2009

Up to the present time the polyhedral viruses of insects have been considered to be extremely specific in their infectivity, and cases of cross-infection, even between closely related species, were regarded as rare occurrences. Recently, however, we have recorded results which suggest that there is no such specificity of infection (Smith & Xeros, 1952). In the following paper we describe the results obtained in an extensive series of cross-inoculations among a heterogeneous collection of lepidopterous larvae, selected entirely at random. The results obtained appear at first sight to be compatible with one clear-cut explanation of straightforward cross-infections with differential multiplication of two different viruses in different hosts. Other complications, however, cannot be excluded and one or two possible situations are discussed later in the paper.
Notes upon the biology and morphology of the immature stages of Neottiophilum praeustum (Meigen, 1926)(Diptera: Neottiophilidae) parasitic on birds
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

1. The feeding habits of second- and third-instar larvae of Neottiophilum praeustum have been observed and show that this species is a true parasite of birds and feeds by sucking the blood of nestlings.

2. If they are too numerous the larvae may kill the nestlings. Although they will continue to feed upon dead birds, and even penetrate into the viscera, such food is unsuitable for the development of the larvae and they become greatly distended and die within a few days.

3. The morphology of the hitherto unknown second-instar larva is described and is compared with that of the third instar.

4. Within the puparium of Neottiophilum praeustum there is a fourth moult resulting in the formation of a cast prepupal cuticle which resembles that described by Snodgrass in Rhagoletis pomonella and is much better developed than the prepupal cuticle in Calliphora erythrocephala.

5. The better development of the prepupal cuticle in the acalypterates than in calypterates indicates that the presence of a prepupal stage in the cyclorrhaphous Diptera is a primitive character and is progressively reduced until in the higher families it is almost vestigial.
Tricotyledonia genypteri n.g., n.sp, a three-suckered trematode from the red ling, Genypterus blacodes Block & Schn
Authors: Fyfe M. L.
Published: June 2009

T. genypteri n.g., n.sp., is described from the stomach of the red ling, Genypterus blacodes Bloch & Schn., in coastal waters of Otago, New Zealand. This genus is characterized by having a small sucker anterior to the oral sucker and two muscle pads in the forebody.
Sporogony in Selenidium mesnili Brasil, a Sporozoan Parasite of Myxicola infundibulum Mont
Authors: Reed Nancy
Published: June 2009

In 1930 Ray published a valuable paper on the genus Selenidium Giard, in which he described sporogony in S. spionis Koll. and S. foliatum Ray. He did not observe schizogony in either of these two, but he confirmed Brasil's account of intracellular schizogony in S. caulleryi Brasil from Protula tubularia Mont, and recorded it for the first time in S. mesnili Brasil from Myxicola infundibulum Mont. After seeing association of gametocytes in both these species he was unable to continue his observations, so I have taken up the work where he left it, choosing S. mesnili rather than S. caulleryi, since it is more easily obtainable. My search for gamete and sporozoite formation has been successful, but I have not been able to make the sporozoites hatch, or in studying sections of Myxicola have I seen sporozoites entering the epithelial cells of the gut.
Sarcoptes of Cattle
Authors: Cameron A. E.
Published: June 2009

The differences noted between these Sarcoptes from cattle and those from the horse, described by Buxton, are as follows:

There are two lateral setae in all stages. The spines are notched or V-shaped at the ends. There are three cones in the larva as well as in all other stages. There is a pair of setae analogous to that found on the genital apron of the male at the corresponding location in the immature female. In the immature female the ridges on which are located the third ventral setae (V 3) run backward without returning forward on the opposite side. In the adult female, immature female and male, the two short setae on the terminal joint of the first leg, P 7 and 8, are represented by a single seta on the second leg. The third leg in all stages is furnished with four short setae on the terminal joint. The end joint of the fourth leg of both adult and immature females has four short setae. In the nymph none are present on the fourth leg.
On some New Cephaline Gregarines
Authors: Bhatia B. L. , Setna Sam
Published: June 2009

Host: Xylocopa aestuans (Linn.). Locality: Lahore, India.

The gregarine described below has been found abundantly in the alimentary canal of many specimens of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa aestuans (Linn.), and is the first to be described from any Hymenopteran host. Keilin (1918), in describing Leidyana tinei in a Lepidopterous larva, remarked that no gregarines had been found till then in the two large orders of holometabolic insects: Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. He further observed as follows: “The fact that gregarines have not been previously recorded in these two orders cannot be considered as due to lack of observation, since large numbers of these insects have been dissected for many different purposes. Possibly we can account for the infrequency of their occurrence because of the habits of the larvae of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. These are often parasites in other Arthropods (Hymenoptera) or they are gallicolous (Hymenoptera) or phytophagous (Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera) or they live in nests and cells (Hymenoptera).” We have examined about 200 specimens of Xylocopa and found them practically always infected.
Tests with Chara foetida and C. hispida on the development of Mosquito Larvae
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm E.
Published: June 2009

The reputed toxic and destructive action of certain species of Chara led to the preparation of watery and alcoholic extracts of Chara foetida and C. hispida which were sent to me with the request that the larvicidal power of these extracts should be tested.
Oesophagostomum multifoliatum n.sp
Authors: Daubney R. , Hudson J. R.
Published: June 2009

The species of Oesophagostomum here described has been collected quite frequently from sheep and goats in certain parts of the colony, always accompanied by the commoner oesophagostome O. columbianum.
Fertilisation and Egg Formation in a Digenetic Trematode, Podocotyle atomon
Authors: Jones E. Idris
Published: June 2009

Few records have been made of the process of fertilisation in the Digenea. Nicoll (1907) observed it in Podocotyle and states that it lasted but 10 min., and MacCallum (1913) has given an account of fertilisation in Microcotyle, one of the Monogenea.
The Experimental Transmission of Anaplasmosis by Debmacentor andersoni
Authors: Rees Charles W.
Published: June 2009

It has been determined that anaplasmosis may be transmitted by Dernmcentor andersoni under the following conditions: (1) Larvae may acquire the infection by engorging on a bovine whose blood contains anaplasms and may transmit the infection as nymphs to susceptible bovines; and (2) in a similar manner the nymphs may acquire the infection and transmit it as adults. The test of “hereditary” transmission was negative, i.e. the larvae did not apparently acquire the infection from adult females which engorged on carriers of anaplasmosis. Conditions of transmission by D. andersoni are the same as those which have thus far been determined by me for D. variabilis. The incrimination of these two species of tick points to the possibility that anaplasmosis occurring anywhere within the known range of distribution of that disease in the United States may be tick-borne so far as a coincident distribution of known tick carriers can establish this possibility.
Further observations on the structure of nematode cuticle
Authors: Bird Alan F.
Published: June 2009

1. An examination of the cuticle ofOxyuris equihas revealed the presence of previously unidentified structures. The layers of the cuticle of this nematode have been renamed.

2. The cuticle ofStrongylus equinushas been examined in a similar fashion and, whilst the basic nomenclature of the various layers has been retained, previous descriptions of the individual layers have been modified and extended.

3. Further evidence is put forward in favour of the presence of pore canals in the cuticle ofAscaris lumbricoides.
On the egg and miracidium of Paryphostomum mehrai (Faruqui)
Authors: Jain G. P.
Published: June 2009

This paper gives an account of the mature eggs and the miracidium of Paryphostomum mehrai obtained from experimentally infected white rats, which were fed with the cysts of Cercaria mehrai obtained from naturally infected as well as artificially infected snails of the species Indoplanorbis exustus. The metacercariae develop into the adults in the intestine of the host in a period of 20 days, after which the adults begin to lay their eggs, which are passed out with the faeces of the host. The molluscan phase of the life cycle involves the gradual development of the miracidium larva after its penetration into the molluscan host into a mother rediae. The mother rediae, not more than three to five in number, were observed in the preoesophageal region of the snail host. They produce large numbers of daughter rediae, which were found migrating towards the liver mass. The daughter rediae, after fixing themselves in the liver mass, undergo further development and produce large numbers of cercariae. The entire process, from the entry of the miracidium until the cercariae are matured takes about 8 weeks.
A Study of the early stages of infection with the tipula iridescent virus
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

Ultra-thin sections and electron microscopy have been used in a study of the empty membranes which occur in the fatbody cells of the larva of T. paludosa infected with the Tipula Iridescent Virus (TIV).

It has been observed that these empty membranes are most numerous in the early stages of infection. Later an apparent ‘primary body’, which may be threadlike in its initial stages, develops in the centre of the membrane. This primary body seems to increase in size until the membrane is filled, and the various steps in this process can easily be seen.

It is suggested that the formation of the empty membranes and the apparent gradual development of their contents are the means by which the virus multiplies.

The remarkable resemblance between the empty virus membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum is pointed out.
Studies on phosphatase systems of cestodes I. Studies onTaenia pisiformis(Cysticercus and adult)
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

1. The phosphatases present in the adult and cysticercus stages ofTaenia pisiformishave been investigated using histochemical and biochemical methods.

2. Histochemical tests failed to demonstrate the sites of enzyme activity in the cysticercus.

3. In the adult, the acid phosphatase is confined to the cuticle. Alkaline phosphatase occurs in the cuticle, subcuticular cells and the membranes bounding the ovary and vitelline tubules.

4. The histochemical distribution is uneven along the length of the worm, both acid and alkaline phosphatase being predominant hi the region of ‘mature’ proglottides. The scolex was negative to both tests.

5. Biochemical tests have demonstrated distinct acid and alkaline phosphatases in the cysticercus and adult stages. In the cysticercus the acid enzyme is predominant and in the adult it is the alkaline, implying a change in relative magnitude during the completion of the life cycle.

6. pH-activity curves have been obtained for the enzymes of both stages.

7. The results are discussed in relation to recent findings in the field of cestode enzymology, and it is suggested that these phosphatases may be associated with active transport of materials across the cuticle and ovarian and vitelline membranes.
The life cycle of the British rabbit trypanosome, Trypanosoma nabiasi Railliet, 1895
Authors: Grewal Manohar Singh
Published: June 2009

This work was carried out with a strain of trypanosomes isolated by inoculation into domestic rabbits of fleas naturally infected from wild rabbits in Hertfordshire.

The course of infection was studied in experimentally infected normal and splenectomized rabbits, in which the incubation period varied from 5 to 12 days. After recovery from the infection, rabbits became immune to re-infection. Immune rabbit serum had no protective action against Trypanosoma lewisi.

Attempts to infect other animals with the rabbit trypanosome produced negative results.

Young rabbits proved to be more susceptible to infection with this trypanosome, and their parasitaemia lasted longer than in adult rabbits, but the parasite was found to be non-pathogenic to these animals.

It was demonstrated that this trypanosome multiplies in the spleen, where the stages of division are confined to the capillaries. Multiplication follows the inoculation of metacyclic trypanosomes from infected fleas or blood forms. It proceeds by division of the nucleus and kinetoplast into four, followed by fission of the cytoplasm, giving rise to four small daughter individuals. These are transformed into trypanosome forms, which are shed into the peripheral blood, where they change into the typical adult trypanosomes.

The development in the intermediate host takes place in the gut of the rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi, with the production of metacyclic trypanosomes in the hind-gut (posterior station).

The nomenclature and synonymy of the rabbit trypanosome are discussed, and it is concluded that its valid name is Trypanosoma nabiasi Railliet, 1895.
The capitulum and feeding mechanism of Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann 1901
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: June 2009

The external structure of the capitulum of all stages of Dermacentor parumapertus is described in detail. The capitulum is divisible into an extra-basis and basis regions. The former consists of a dorsally grooved hypostome or food channel overlapped by a labral membrane, along its whole length. The salivary channel lies above the labral membrane, being bordered laterally by the meso-ventral margins of the outer cheliceral sheaths. Within the basis a vertical wall separates the base of the palpal cavity from the rest of the basis. This wall is produced backwards to form a wing or ala on either side of the pharynx and to it are attached dilator and constrictor muscles. Opening of the fore-part of the pharynx, i.e. where it is in the form of a V-shaped depression overlapped by a wedge, is effected by ventral and ventro-lateral dilator muscles, and closure by the elasticity of the pharyngeal walls.

The pharynx, oesophagus and salivary glands are described.
Two new parasitic mites (Acarina) from the South African porcupine
Authors: Till W. M.
Published: June 2009

Three new parasitic mites—a fur mite, a mange mite, and a nasal mite—were recovered recently on dissolving the head of a specimen of Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters, the South African porcupine, in a solution of potassium hydroxide. The fur mite is being studied by Dr R. F. Lawrence of the Natal Museum. The other two species, the mange mite, belonging to the genus Psorergates Tyrrell, and the nasal mite, belonging to the genus Rhinophaga Fain, are described below.
The Ixodes schillingsi group: ticks of Africa and Madagascar, parasitic on primates, with descriptions of two new species (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

1. This paper reviews the morphology, distribution and hosts of I. schillingsi Neumann, 1901.

2. Two new species, I. rageaui from the Cameroons, and I. lemuris from Madagascar are described and figured. The latter shows obvious African affinities and is but slightly different from its African relative.

3. I. schillingsi is, with the exception of Lophiomys ibeanus (crested rat), known only from Colobus monkeys, I. rageaui from monkeys of the Cercopithecus group and I. lemuris from Lemur rufifrons.
A Note on the Adult Female of Anguillulina aptini (Sharga), A Nematode Parasitising Aptinothrips rufus Gmelin
Authors: Lysaght Averil M.
Published: June 2009

Anguillulina Aptini (Sharga) was described in 1932. Nematodes had previously been recorded in other species of thrips (Uzel, 1895; Russell, 1912), but no descriptions had been published. There is an extensive body of literature dealing with the nematode parasites of other insects (see van Zwaluwenburg, 1928).
Studies of the Effect on T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense of Prolonged Maintenance in Mammals other than Man; with Special Reference to the Power of these Trypanosomes to Infect Man. I
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

The main theme of this series of papers will be the power of the three wellknown members of the brucei group of trypanosomes, T. brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense, to infect man. Inextricably involved with this problem are two others, both of practical importance: (1) Can the African big game serve as a reservoir for human trypanosomiasis? and (2) What are the affinities existing among these three trypanosomes? This may appear to be an inversion of the real order of importance, but a study of the literature on the brucei group, past and recent, reveals that infectivity to man dominates all other considerations.
Trochopus gaillimhe n.sp., an Ectoparasitic Trematode of Trigla hirundo or Trigla lucerna
Authors: Little Percy A.
Published: June 2009

The Trematode herein described was obtained from the gills of Trigla hirundo Day, popularly called the Yellow Gurnard, Latchet or Tub, one of the most common species of the Gurnard family found on the west coast of Ireland.
A Consideration of the Relation of Host-specificity of Helminths and other Metazoan Parasites to the Phenomena of Age Resistance and Acquired Immunity
Authors: Sandground J. H.
Published: June 2009

1.The relation of host-parasite specificity to age resistance.

Conclusive demonstration of a substantial resistance developing concomitantly with the ageing of the host has been made with reference to four helminths, namely: Ancylostoma duodenale andA. caninumin the dog andAscaridia lineataandSyngamus tracheain the chicken.A. duodenalein the dog andS. tracheain the chicken are manifestly in abnormal hosts. In contrast with this, it is to be noted that the normal hosts of these parasites, respectively man and the turkey, exhibit no appreciable age resistance. With regard to the remaining two cases, those ofAncylostoma caninumandAscaridia lineata, the association of age resistance and a specific host-parasite mal-adjustment is not nearly so clear. In nature, both parasites enjoy a polyxenous distribution, neither having acquired the need for strictly specific host conditions for development. As a result of recent researches withA. caninumit has been brought out that the species is comprised of strains better adapted to one species of host than to another, and it has been demonstrated that a higher degree of age resistance is exhibited in the host parasitised with a foreign strain. Although no information on the matter is available, it is quite possible that age resistance will be found to be less markedly expressed in other species or races of suitable hosts, when the bionomics of bothAncylostoma caninumandAscaridia lineataare further investigated.
Buxtonella sulcata Jameson, 1926 (Protozoa, Ciliata): Cysts and Cyst Formation
Authors: Becker Elery R. , Hsiung T. S.
Published: June 2009

Jameson (1926) has described from the caeca of cattle a ciliate belonging to the family Isotrichidae to which he has given the name Buxtonella sulcata. The most prominent character of this ciliate is a dorsal ridge running in a wide sweeping curve from one end of the body to the other with a groove running down the middle. Other characters of importance are a peculiar indentation near the mouth and the not uncommon occurrence of the macronucleus in two separate rounded portions. Roundish oval cysts of this ciliate, 80 to 100 microns in length by 60 to 80 microns in width, were also found by him.
Further Note on Haemogregarina lepidosirenis
Authors: Jepps Margaret W.
Published: June 2009

In response to my request for specimens of blood from Lepidosiren paradoxa, Dr G. S. Carter and Mr L. C. Beadle very kindly made a large number of dried films from 34 fish caught between the dates Sept. 25th, 1926, and May 24th, 1927. These fish were caught in the same locality in the Gran Chaco from which came the infected specimen of my former note (Jepps, 1927), on the parasite which I called Haemogregarina lepidosirenis.
A Holostomid Larva from the Pericardiac Cavity of Lepidosiren paradoxa
Authors: Jepps Margaret W.
Published: June 2009

Small trematodes were observed by Dr G. S. Carter and Mr L. C. Beadle in the pericardiac cavities of Lepidosiren paradoxa caught in the swamp at Makthlawaiya in the Gran Chaco, during the months January to June 1927. The infected Lepidosiren varied in length from 20 to 34 ins., and constituted almost one-half of all the fish collected during that period. Dr Carter tells me that the infected fish appeared to be in perfect condition. Specimens from fifteen fish were preserved, and have been examined.
On a TrematodeAllopyge UndulatusN.SP. Parasitic in Lilford's Crane (Megalornis grus Lilfordi)
Authors: Canavan Wm. P. N.
Published: June 2009

While studying a collection of roundworm parasites from animals dying in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, accounts of which appeared in 1929 and 1931, I found ten flukes in it, one of which proved to be new. Two common distomes in the lot,Renifer ellipticusPratt 1903 andOpisthorchis tenuicollis(Rud. 1819) are from new hosts; the former from an American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the latter from a Canadian lynx (Felis canadensis). The one rare monostome found in the lot is recognised as a new species of the genus Allopyge Johnston 1913 in the family Cyclocoelidae and is namedAllopyge undulatusn.sp. It was found in the thoracic air sacs of Lilford's crane (Megalornis grus lilfordi).