bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking Financial Statement Valuations to the Nature of Azienda: The Theorization by Egidio Giannessi
Authors: Gonnella Enrico , Talarico Lucia
Published: December 2018

This paper focuses on the contribution given by Egidio Giannessi (1908-1982), the founder of the Pisa University’s business school, to Italian studies in Economia Aziendale. In order to better understand his scientific profile and highlight the novelty of his thought, we have set the scholar in the scientific school of which he was one of the most prominent members, the Tuscan School of Economia Aziendale. Our study has mainly looked at two fundamental contributions of his scientific production: the general theory of azienda and the theory of financial valuation, two strictly interrelated scientific constructs where, more specifically, the latter is a consequence of the former. In the authors’ opinion, it is exactly the originality of the conception of azienda formulated by Giannessi that helps understand his theory of financial valuation.
Determination of Subjective Well-Being Level in Adolescents in Association with Sport Participation
Authors: Mallı Ahmet Yavuz , Çakmak Yıldızhan Yasemin
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study is to determine the subjective well-being levels of high school students in association with theirparticipation in school sports and to examine whether participating in school sports has an impact on subjectivewell-being. The research place is the high schools in Erzincan city centre. The sample contains 1004 adolescentsincluding 479 female and 525 male students randomly selected according to the school types. The data of this studyare collected by using ''Subjective Well-Being Scale'' (High School Form) and ''Personal Information Form.''Research data are analysed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical programme. Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis Htest are used for the analysis of the data. As a result, it is observed that participation in school sports increasessubjective well-being level of students. Subjective well-being level of female students who participate in schoolsports is higher. School types affect the subjective well-being levels. It is found that the subjective well-being level ofthe students who do not participate in school sports decreases as the grade of the student increases. The students withthe lowest household income have lower subjective well-being levels.
Review of the Interactive Writing Lesson Provided for Turkish Hearing-Impaired University Students
Authors: Karasu Guzin
Published: December 2018

When the literature about the writing expression of hearing-impaired students is reviewed, it is seen that there arestudies in which the effectiveness of several approaches and the writing process are analysed, assessment andevaluation aspects are considered and comparisons are made with the level of skills of non-impaired peers. On theother hand, there is a need for researches regarding the method of implementation of writing lessons. In this study, it isexplained how the pre-writing stage for the writing of a text is performed with hearing-impaired students throughInteractive Writing. The study, based on the action research method, was conducted during the Fall term of the2015-2016 academic year, at the Integrated School for the Handicapped of Anadolu University, located in Eskisehirprovince of Turkey. Participants of the study were seven hearing-impaired second-year students enrolled to theComputer Operating department. During the study, nine lessons were made based on the principles and components ofthe Balanced Literacy Instruction Approach (BLIA). Among the nine lessons, four of them were performed withinteractive writing. When the language skill levels of the hearing-impaired students group of the study was considered,Interactive Writing was determined to be the most effective writing component for the group. However, the mosteffective writing component can be different for another hearing-impaired student group. Writing levels of the students,the types and amount of support they need and their level of knowledge about the text to be written were decisive in thedetermination of writing components.
English Phraseological Research on Until By/ Before Working as Complex Prepositions
Authors: Inoue Ai
Published: December 2018

This corpora-based study shows that until by and until before, which are newly observed phraseological units (PUs) in contemporary English, function as complex prepositions (CPs). As an interesting phenomenon of present-day English, two prepositions are put together with a single meaning. Specifically, the prepositions in and on co-occur with various other prepositions, and each resulting prepositional phrase becomes established as a new CP with a single meaning like in at or in on. The combinations until by and until before have not been widely acknowledged and have been regarded as mistakes in previous studies. This study shows the meanings of the two phrases, the process of their establishment as new CPs and the way they gained their new meanings. To this end, the study carries out the following research procedures: (i) showing the frequencies of until by and until before in corpora from the synchronic and diachronic perspectives; (ii) differentiating until by and until before by semantically and syntactically clear regarding how until by and until before are used in context; and (iii) showing the kinds of prepositions that are used with until to form PUs as well as CPs.
A Descriptive Analysis of the Metacognitive Reading Strategies Employed by EFL College Students in Kuwait
Authors: Alrabah Sulaiman , Wu Shu-hua
Published: December 2018

The study measured the awareness and use of metacognitive reading strategies among English as a foreign language (EFL) students at a medical college in Kuwait. The college offers a four-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) and a two-year Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN). Data collection involved distributing the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategy Inventory (MARSI) online through Google Forms to a sample of 80 students (Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002). Data were analyzed for strategy use, variations in strategy use between the BSN and ADN students, and the most and the least frequently-used strategies by the participating students. Microsoft Excel software generated the means, percentages, rankings, and standard deviations of strategy use. Findings indicated that the participating students were overall highly aware of metacognitive reading strategies. Moreover, the results showed that while the participating students were high users of problem-solving and global strategies, they were medium users of support strategies. The results also indicated that years of studying English showed a possible impact on the variations in strategy use between the participating students at the BSN and ADN programs. Finally, the analysis revealed that while the most frequently-used strategies among the participants were problem-solving strategies followed by global strategies, the least frequently-used strategies were support strategies. Implications for pedagogy included the need for English teachers to first identify their students’ awareness of metacognitive reading strategies. Second, English teachers can implement evidence-based instruction to maximize the use of students’ metacognitive reading strategies.
Why Is Uncle Paintbrush so Funny? The Case of YouTube Translation of a Syrian Kurdish Wedding Song into Finnish
Authors: Kärjä Antti-Ville
Published: December 2018

In late 2009 and early 2010, a craze for a YouTube video titled “Niilin hanhet” (“The geese of Nile”; The Kassitus 2009) and its star, a Syrian Kurd singer who became known as Pensselisetä (“Uncle Paintbrush”), swept Finland. It was not the quality of the performance that made the video stand out from the plethora of YouTube productions, but its subtitling in Finnish. “Niilin hanhet” is an example of a practice known to YouTube users as “buffalaxing.” Named for the YouTube user who pioneered the practice, buffalaxing is a type of phonemic translation that results in rather silly, grammatically incorrect, and salacious phrases that generally—but by no means exclusively—are considered funny by the YouTube audience. In the case of “Niilin hanhet,” lines like “The geese of Nile of my own ass” and “I protect my ass with dusty trips” result from a deliberate mishearing of the Kurdish language as Finnish. More particularly, the outcome is a Finnish text that combines homoerotic imagery with allegedly comedic—and potentially xenophobic—content.
Squaring Off: The Forgotten Caller in Cape Breton Square Dancing
Authors: Sparling Heather
Published: December 2018

Square dancing forms a vibrant part of the traditional music scene in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. In addition to the weekly West Mabou square dance, monthly dances and occasional square dances can be found across the island year-round. The number of square dances balloons during the summer months. But quite unlike most other square dance traditions in North America, Cape Breton square dancing rarely features a caller, a person who calls out the movements so that dancers do not have to remember them and can focus instead on performing them, listening to the music, and socializing with other dancers. While callers are generally absent from Cape Breton's square dances today, they were once essential.
Índice de autores/as y estadísticas del número | List of authors and issue statistics
Authors: Editorial CEFD Gestión
Published: December 2018

Índice de autores/as y estadísticas del número

A través de este PDF podrá acceder a los datos de los/las autores/as que publican un artículo o recensión en este número, junto con los datos de los artículos recibidos, publicados y rechazados, y el tiempo medio de gestión de los mismos.
Richness and phylogenetic diversity are affected by space and time in the megadiverse Atlantic Forest of South America
Authors: Portillo José Thales da Motta , Barbo Fausto Erritto , Azevedo Josué Anderson Rêgo , Sawaya Ricardo Jannini
Published: December 2018

Understanding variation of species richness along latitudinal gradients, with more species toward the tropics, represents a challenge for ecologists. Species richness also varies according to the available area, with more species in larger regions, with area and latitude posited as major drivers of richness variations. However, species richness does not fully capture the evolutionary history behind those patterns. Phylogenetic diversity can provide insights on the role of time and evolutionary drivers of environmental gradients. We analyzed here the latitudinal gradient of endemic snakes from the Atlantic Forest of South America, a megadiverse and highly threatened portion of the Neotropics. We assessed the effect of area and average clade age on species richness and phylogenetic diversity, testing whether species richness and phylogenetic diversity increase with area availability and in lower latitudes. We found that area can predict species richness, but not phylogenetic diversity. Brazilian southeastern mountain ranges include larger patches of Atlantic Forest and the highest richness levels, but generally harboring snakes from relatively recent clades (neoendemics). There is a negative relationship between species richness and average clade age along the latitudinal gradient, with older clades found mainly in northern portions, increasing phylogenetic diversity at lower latitudes. Different dimensions of diversity, species richness and phylogenetic diversity, are thus affected in different ways by area and time for speciation in the Atlantic Forest, and this may be a trend in highly diverse tropical regions.
Once Upon an Algorithm
Authors: Erwig Martin
Published: December 2018

How Hansel and Gretel, Sherlock Holmes, the movie Groundhog Day, Harry Potter, and other familiar stories illustrate the concepts of computing.

Picture a computer scientist, staring at a screen and clicking away frantically on a keyboard, hacking into a system, or perhaps developing an app. Now delete that picture. In Once Upon an Algorithm, Martin Erwig explains computation as something that takes place beyond electronic computers, and computer science as the study of systematic problem solving. Erwig points out that many daily activities involve problem solving. Getting up in the morning, for example: You get up, take a shower, get dressed, eat breakfast. This simple daily routine solves a recurring problem through a series of well-defined steps. In computer science, such a routine is called an algorithm.

Erwig illustrates a series of concepts in computing with examples from daily life and familiar stories. Hansel and Gretel, for example, execute an algorithm to get home from the forest. The movie Groundhog Day illustrates the problem of unsolvability; Sherlock Holmes manipulates data structures when solving a crime; the magic in Harry Potter's world is understood through types and abstraction; and Indiana Jones demonstrates the complexity of searching. Along the way, Erwig also discusses representations and different ways to organize data; “intractable” problems; language, syntax, and ambiguity; control structures, loops, and the halting problem; different forms of recursion; and rules for finding errors in algorithms.

This engaging book explains computation accessibly and shows its relevance to daily life. Something to think about next time we execute the algorithm of getting up in the morning.
Ethics in Everyday Places
Authors: Koch Tom
Published: December 2018

An exploration of moral stress, distress, and injuries inherent in modern society through the maps that pervade academic and public communications worlds.

In Ethics in Everyday Places, ethicist and geographer Tom Koch considers what happens when, as he puts it, “you do everything right but know you've done something wrong." The resulting moral stress and injury, he argues, are pervasive in modern Western society. Koch makes his argument "from the ground up," from the perspective of average persons, and through a revealing series of maps in which issues of ethics and morality are embedded.

The book begins with a general grounding in both moral stress and mapping as a means of investigation. The author then examines the ethical dilemmas of mapmakers and others in the popular media and the sciences, including graphic artists, journalists, researchers, and social scientists. Koch expands from the particular to the general, from mapmaker and journalist to the readers of maps and news. He explores the moral stress and injury in educational funding, poverty, and income inequality ("Why aren't we angry that one in eight fellow citizens lives in federally certified poverty?"), transportation modeling (seen in the iconic map of the London transit system and the hidden realities of exclusion), and U.S. graft organ transplantation.

This uniquely interdisciplinary work rewrites our understanding of the nature of moral stress, distress and injury, and ethics in modern life. Written accessibly and engagingly, it transforms how we think of ethics—personal and professional—amid the often conflicting moral injunctions across modern society.

Copublished with Esri Press
We Now Disrupt This Broadcast
Authors: Lotz Amanda D.
Published: December 2018

The collision of new technologies, changing business strategies, and innovative storytelling that produced a new golden age of TV.

Cable television channels were once the backwater of American television, programming recent and not-so-recent movies and reruns of network shows. Then came La Femme Nikita, OZ, The Sopranos, Mad Men, Game of Thrones, and The Walking Dead. And then, just as “prestige cable” became a category, came House of Cards and Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Video, and other Internet distributors of television content. What happened? In We Now Disrupt This Broadcast, Amanda Lotz chronicles the collision of new technologies, changing business strategies, and innovative storytelling that produced an era termed “peak TV.”

Lotz explains that changes in the business of television expanded the creative possibilities of television. She describes the costly infrastructure rebuilding undertaken by cable service providers in the late 1990s and the struggles of cable channels to produce (and pay for) original, scripted programming in order to stand out from the competition. These new programs defied television conventions and made viewers adjust their expectations of what television could be. Le Femme Nikita offered cable's first antihero, Mad Men cost more than advertisers paid, The Walking Dead became the first mass cable hit, and Game of Thrones was the first global television blockbuster. Internet streaming didn't kill cable, Lotz tells us. Rather, it revolutionized how we watch television. Cable and network television quickly established their own streaming portals. Meanwhile, cable service providers had quietly transformed themselves into Internet providers, able to profit from both prestige cable and streaming services. Far from being dead, television continues to transform.
Bureaucratic Landscapes
Authors: Thomas Craig W.
Published: December 2018

Political scientists have long been concerned about the tension between institutional fragmentation and policy coordination in the U.S. bureaucracy. The literature is rife with examples of agencies competing with each other or asserting their independence, while cooperation is relatively rare. This is of particular importance in policy areas such as biodiversity, where species, habitats, and ecosystems cross various agency jurisdictions.

Bureaucratic Landscapes explores the reasons for the success and failure of interagency cooperation, focusing on several case studies of efforts to preserve biodiversity in California. The book examines why public officials tried to cooperate and the obstacles they faced, providing indirect evidence of policy impacts as well. Among other topics, it examines the role of courts in prompting agency action, the role of scientific knowledge in organizational learning, and the emergence of new institutions to resolve collective-action problems. Notable findings include the crucial role of environmental lawsuits in prompting agency action and the surprisingly active role of the Bureau of Land Management in resource preservation.
Global Migration and the World Economy
Authors: Hatton Timothy J. , Williamson Jeffrey G.
Published: December 2018

World mass migration began in the early nineteenth century, when advances in transportation technology and industrial revolutions at home enabled increasing numbers of people to set off for other parts of the globe in search of a better life. Two centuries later, there is no distant African, Asian, or Latin American village that is not within reach of some high-wage OECD labor market. This book is the first comprehensive economic assessment of world mass migration taking a long-run historical perspective, including north-north, south-south, and south-north migrations. Timothy Hatton and Jeffrey Williamson, both economists and economic historians, consider two centuries of global mobility, assessing its impact on the migrants themselves as well as on the sending and receiving countries.

Global Migration and the World Economy covers two great migration waves: the first, from the 1820s to the beginning of World War I, when immigration was largely unrestricted; the second, beginning in 1950, when mass migration continued to grow despite policy restrictions. The book also explores the period between these two global centuries when world migration shrank sharply because of two world wars, immigration quotas, and the Great Depression. The authors assess the economic performance of these world migrations, the policy reactions to deal with them, and the political economy that connected one with the other. The last third of Global Migration and the World Economy focuses on modern experience and shows how contemporary debates about migration performance and policy can be informed by a comprehensive historical perspective.
IMF Essays from a Time of Crisis
Authors: Fischer Stanley
Published: December 2018

Stanley Fischer served as First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund from 1994 to 2001. IMF Essays from a Time of Crisis collects sixteen essays written for the most part during his time at the IMF, each updated with Fischer's later reflections on the issues raised. The IMF drew much criticism for some of its actions during Fischer's tenure, and he vigorously defends the "battlefield medicine" practiced by the IMF during a series of economic crises, which included the problems of economic transition in the former Soviet bloc and the Asian financial crisis. Fischer addresses the subsequent calls for reform of the international financial system and makes the case for the IMF as an international lender of last resort.

The first section of essays, "The Role of the IMF and the Reform of the International Financial System," considers the IMF's role in the international financial system in light of the crises of the 1990s. The second section, "Macroeconomic Policy, Stabilization, and Transition," examines such topics as exchange rate regimes, inflation, and Eastern Europe's relation to the European Union. The final section, "Poverty and Development," reflects Fischer's basic belief that economic policies should explicitly target poverty reduction. These engaging and accessible essays will appeal not only to economics students, economists, and policymakers but also to the general reader interested in the international monetary system.
The Mind Doesn't Work That Way
Authors: Fodor Jerry A.
Published: December 2018

In this engaging book, Jerry Fodor argues against the widely held view that mental processes are largely computations, that the architecture of cognition is massively modular, and that the explanation of our innate mental structure is basically Darwinian. Although Fodor has praised the computational theory of mind as the best theory of cognition that we have got, he considers it to be only a fragment of the truth. In fact, he claims, cognitive scientists do not really know much yet about how the mind works (the book's title refers to Steve Pinker's How the Mind Works).

Fodor's primary aim is to explore the relationship among computational and modular theories of mind, nativism, and evolutionary psychology. Along the way, he explains how Chomsky's version of nativism differs from that of the widely received New Synthesis approach. He concludes that although we have no grounds to suppose that most of the mind is modular, we have no idea how nonmodular cognition could work. Thus, according to Fodor, cognitive science has hardly gotten started.

Bradford Books imprint
Shape
Authors: Stiny George
Published: December 2018

How design is calculating with shapes: formal details and design applications.

In Shape, George Stiny argues that seeing shapes—with all their changeability and ambiguity—is an inexhaustible source of creative ideas. Understanding shapes, he says, is a useful way to understand what is possible in design.

Shapes are devices for visual expression just as symbols are devices for verbal expression. Stiny develops a unified scheme that includes both visual expression with shapes and verbal expression with signs. The relationships—and equivalencies—between the two kinds of expressive devices make design comparable to other professional practices that rely more on verbal than visual expression. Design uses shapes while business, engineering, law, mathematics, and philosophy turn mainly to symbols, but the difference, says Stiny, isn't categorical. Designing is a way of thinking. Designing, Stiny argues, is calculating with shapes, calculating without equations and numbers but still according to rules. Stiny shows that the mechanical process of calculation is actually a creative process when you calculate with shapes—when you can reason with your eyes, when you learn to see instead of count.

The book takes the idea of design as calculation from mere heuristic or metaphor to a rigorous relationship in which design and calculation each inform and enhance the other. Stiny first demonstrates how seeing and counting differ when you use rules—that is, what it means to calculate with your eyes—then shows how to calculate with shapes, providing formal details. He gives practical applications in design with specific visual examples. The book is extraordinarily visual, with many drawings throughout—drawings punctuated with words. You have to see this book in order to read it.
Velvet Revolution at the Synchrotron
Authors: Doing Park
Published: December 2018

Change in scientific practice and its implications for the status of scientific claims, examined through an analysis of three episodes at a synchrotron laboratory.

After World War II, particle physics became a dominant research discipline in American academia. At many universities, alumni of the Manhattan Project and of Los Alamos were granted resources to start (or strengthen) programs of high-energy physics built around the promise of a new and more powerful particle accelerator, the synchrotron. The synchrotron was also a source of very intense X-rays, useful for research in solid states physics and in biology. As synchrotron X-ray science grew, the experimental practice of protein crystallography (used to determine the atomic structures of proteins and viruses), garnered funding, prestige, and acclaim. In Velvet Revolution at the Synchrotron, Park Doing examines the change in scientific practice at a synchrotron laboratory as biology rose to dominance over physics. He draws on his own observations and experiences at the Cornell University synchrotron, and considers the implications of that change for the status of scientific claims. Velvet Revolution at the Synchrotron is one of the few recent works in the sociology of science that engages specific scientific and technical claims through participant observation—recorded evocatively and engagingly—to address issues in the philosophy of science. Doing argues that bureaucratic change in science is neither “top-down” nor “bottom-up” but rather performed in and realized through recursively related forums of technical assertion and resistance. He considers the relationship of this change to the content of science, and the implications of this relationship for the project of laboratory studies begun in the late 1970s.
The View from Above
Authors: Haffner Jeanne
Published: December 2018

The role of aerial photography in the evolution of the concept of social space”and its impact on French urban planning in the mid-twentieth century.

In mid-twentieth century France, the term “social space” (l'espace social)—the idea that spatial form and social life are inextricably linked—emerged in a variety of social science disciplines. Taken up by the French New Left, it also came to inform the practice of urban planning. In The View from Above, Jeanne Haffner traces the evolution of the science of social space from the interwar period to the 1970s, illuminating in particular the role of aerial photography in this new way of conceptualizing socio-spatial relations.

As early as the 1930s, the view from above served for Marcel Griaule and other anthropologists as a means of connecting the social and the spatial. Just a few decades later, the Marxist urban sociologist Henri Lefebvre called the perspective enabled by aerial photography—a technique closely associated with the French colonial state and military—“the space of state control.” Lefebvre and others nevertheless used the notion of social space to recast the problem of massive modernist housing projects (grands ensembles) to encompass the modern suburb (banlieue) itself—a critique that has contemporary resonance in light of the banlieue riots of 2005 and 2007. Haffner shows how such “views” permitted new ways of conceptualizing the old problem of housing to emerge. She also points to broader issues, including the influence of the colonies on the metropole, the application of sociological expertise to the study of the built environment, and the development of a spatially oriented critique of capitalism.
Building Successful Online Communities
Authors: Kraut Robert E. , Resnick Paul , Kiesler Sara , Burke Moira , Chen Yan , Kittur Niki , Konstan Joseph , Ren Yuqing , Riedl John
Published: December 2018

How insights from the social sciences, including social psychology and economics, can improve the design of online communities.

Online communities are among the most popular destinations on the Internet, but not all online communities are equally successful. For every flourishing Facebook, there is a moribund Friendster—not to mention the scores of smaller social networking sites that never attracted enough members to be viable. This book offers lessons from theory and empirical research in the social sciences that can help improve the design of online communities.

The authors draw on the literature in psychology, economics, and other social sciences, as well as their own research, translating general findings into useful design claims. They explain, for example, how to encourage information contributions based on the theory of public goods, and how to build members' commitment based on theories of interpersonal bond formation. For each design claim, they offer supporting evidence from theory, experiments, or observational studies.
Hanan al-Cinema
Authors: Marks Laura U.
Published: December 2018

An examination of experimental cinema and media art from the Arabic-speaking world that explores filmmakers' creative and philosophical inventiveness in trying times.

In this book, Laura Marks examines one of the world's most impressive, and affecting, bodies of independent and experimental cinema from the last twenty-five years: film and video works from the Arabic-speaking world. Some of these works' creative strategies are shared by filmmakers around the world; others arise from the particular economic, social, political, and historical circumstances of Arab countries, whose urgency, Marks argues, seems to demand experiment and invention.

Grounded in a study of infrastructures for independent and experimental media art in the Arab world and a broad knowledge of hundreds of films and videos, Hanan al-Cinema approaches these works thematically. Topics include the nomadism of the highway, nostalgia for '70s radicalism, a romance with the archive, algorithmic and glitch media, haptic and networked space, and cinema of the body. Marks develops an aesthetic of enfolding and unfolding to elucidate the different ways that cinema can make events perceptible, seek connections among them, and unfold in the bodies and thoughts of audiences.

The phrase Hanan al-cinema expresses the way movies sympathize with the world and the way audiences feel affection for, and are affected by, them. Marks's clear and expressive writing conveys these affections in works by such internationally recognized artists and filmmakers as Akram Zaatari, Elia Suleiman, Hassan Khan, Mounir Fatmi, and Joana Hadjithomas and Khalil Joreige, and others who should be better known.
Association of Ocular Inflammation and Rubella Virus Persistence
Authors: Gonzales John A. , Hinterwirth Armin , Shantha Jessica , Wang Kaidi , Zhong Lina , Cummings Milo , Qian Ying , Wilson Michael R. , Acharya Nisha R. , Doan Thuy
Published: December 2018

Importance

Metagenomic deep sequencing (MDS) demonstrates that persistent and active rubella virus (RV) infection is associated with Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI).

Objective

To assess the utility of MDS in identifying RV infection in patients with uveitis.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This case series assessed 6 patients diagnosed by MDS with RV-associated uveitis at a tertiary uveitis referral center in the United States.

Exposures

Prior RV infection.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Clinical examination findings, slitlamp photography, corneal confocal imaging, and infectious pathogen genome obtained from RNA sequencing.

Results

Six white men (age range, 36-61 years) were diagnosed with RV-associated uveitis by MDS. Three patients exhibited iris heterochromia associated with their uveitis in classic FHI fashion. The other 3 patients had less classic FHI features and exhibited anterior vitritis. Three patients had in vivo corneal confocal microscopy, with 2 demonstrating stellate keratic precipitates in addition to endothelial infiltration, spotlike holes, and enlarged intercellular boundaries. Of these 3 patients, 1 patient exhibited polymorphism and polymegathism of the endothelial cells.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that persistent RV infection is associated with recurrent or chronic anterior or anterior-intermediate uveitis as well as corneal endothelial cell damage. Ophthalmologists should consider RV infection as a potential cause of hypertensive anterior and intermediate uveitis.
Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exosome Enrichment: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study for Exosome‐Based Targeting Peptide Screening
Authors: Liu Xiangwei , Yang Xuekang , Sun Wenqi , Wu Qi , Song Yingliang , Yuan Lijun , Yang Guodong
Published: December 2018

Selection of a peptide that binds preferentially to targeted cells or tissues is a prerequisite for targeted therapy. Although in vivo phage display is a high‐throughput method, it is restricted in identifying target ligands specific for different vascular beds. In this study, the exosomes are repurposed for targeting peptide screening. Briefly, the signal peptide region of Lamp2b (a membrane protein on the exosomes) in the N‐terminus is engineered to fuse with 10 aa long random peptides, while the C‐terminus of Lamp2b is fused with the MS2 coating protein (MCP). Then, the whole Lamp2b‐MCP open reading frame (ORF) is further engineered to harbor a 3′UTR sequence consisting of MS2. The resultant exosomes from engineered Lamp2b‐MCP expressing cells display the 10 aa peptides on the outside while containing the genetic information inside. By proof‐of‐principle experiments, the exosomes with different peptides could preferentially distribute to different tissues besides the spleen and liver. Furthermore, detailed target sequences for different tissues are enriched by rounds of selection. In summary, the established novel targeted peptide screening strategy, namely, “exosome display,” has broad applicability, especially for displaying and screening targeted peptides for the cells outside the capillary with condense barriers, like the neurons in the brain.
Preparation of Inorganic‐Organic‐Framework Nanoscale Carries as a Potential Platform for Drug Delivery
Authors: Yu Haiyan , Zhu Tonghe , Xie Jicai , Du Juan , Sun Changbing , Wang Jincheng , Wang Jihu , Chen Sihao
Published: December 2018

The adsorbent chitosan‐coated illite (CS‐Ilt) is prepared as a drug carrier to load an acidic drug‐Danshensu (DSS). Then, the model DSS loaded CS‐Ilt particles are dispersed into poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polyurethane (PU) solution to fabricate electrospun hybrid nanofibers. The results of XRD and FTIR indicate that DSS molecules are successfully adsorbed onto the surface of CS‐Ilt. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) result reveals that the DSS@CS‐Ilt/PLGA/PU hybrid nanofibers own uniform and smooth morphology. Meanwhile, compared to PLGA nanofibers, the mechanical properties seem to get better after addition of both CS‐Ilt/PU and PU. Cell viability assay and cell morphology observation show that the formed DSS@CS‐Ilt/PLGA/PU composite nanofibers exhibit good biocompatibility. Importantly, the loaded DSS within the CS‐Ilt/PLGA/PU hybrid nanofibers show a sustained release profile. With the strikingly reduced burst‐release profile, the developed DSS@CS‐Ilt/PLGA/PU hybrid nanofiber may find various potential applications in the field of pharmaceutical science.
Atomic Scale Investigation on Precipitates and Defects of Mg–RE Alloys: A Review
Authors: Zhu Chenyang , Chen Bin
Published: December 2018

Magnesium rare‐earth (Mg‐RE) alloys with are playing an increasingly important role in many industrial fields due to the improvement of mechanical properties and formability from RE alloying. In addition to the traditional researches on the relationship between macroscopic mechanical properties and micro‐structures, atomic scale characterization methods have been rapidly developed and widely applied to reveal the interior of these alloys. Precipitates and defects are known to be the dominant factors that influence the mechanical behaviors as well as plastic responses. Common strengthening precipitates in Mg‐RE alloys include long period stacking ordered structure (LPSO), β serial, γ serial metastable precipitates. This review mainly considers and discusses the recent development in atomic scale investigation on Mg‐RE alloy, including the common strengthening phases and interactions between defects (dislocations, twins) and existing strengthening precipitates.
Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Subsequent Deformation Behavior in a Binary Z1 Magnesium Alloy Studied by the Acoustic Emission Technique
Authors: Drozdenko Daria , Bohlen Jan , Horváth Klaudia , Yi Sangbong , Letzig Dietmar , Chmelík František , Dobroň Patrik
Published: December 2018

Pre‐straining of magnesium alloy modifies the final texture of the material and therefore leads to a different deformation behavior during subsequent loading. At the same time, heat treatment in the context of thermo‐mechanical procedures is used as softening mechanism, as well as for age hardening processing. In mechanical conditions with twin‐dominated deformation in textured magnesium alloys, the twin boundaries can be pinned if existing after a pre‐deformation of samples and therefore influence their mobility. The impact of the ongoing mechanical behavior is discussed. In the present paper, a procedure of pre‐compression and reverse tensile loading of extruded binary magnesium alloy Mg–1 wt% Zn (Z1) is used and intermediate aging at 200 °C is applied in two different routes. The effect of the heat treatment on the flow behavior during subsequent mechanical loading is correlated with the dominating deformation mechanisms revealed by in situ acoustic emission measurements and ex situ scanning electron microscopy. The pinning of twin boundaries can restrict their mobility in experimental environments that favor the recovery of the samples. As a result, new twins easily nucleate if the concurrent re‐orientation of the lattice is favorable for strain accommodation.
A Study of the Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Ni‐Based Superalloy during Hot Power Spinning Based on Cellular Automaton
Authors: Long Jinchuan , Zhu Ningyuan , Xia Qinxiang , Cheng Xiuquan
Published: December 2018

A two‐dimensional cellular automaton (CA) model of microstructure evolution is developed to visually and quantitatively simulate and predict the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of a typical Ni‐based superalloy during hot power spinning. The high‐temperature plane strain compression test and hot power spinning experiment are carried out to verify the developed CA model, and results show that the flow stress can be well predicted and the simulated average grain sizes are in good accordance with the experimental ones. The evolution of DRX and dislocation density as well as influence of processing parameters on DRX during hot power spinning are simulated and discussed. It is found that the DRX nucleation starts at grain boundaries when a large thinning ratio of wall thickness is reached. With the increasing of thinning ratio, the growth of crystal nuclei and secondary nucleation occurs. Furthermore, the average grain size and DRX fraction are greatly influenced by the forming temperature and thinning ratio, while the average grain sizes decrease slightly with the increasing of roller feed rate.
Bio‐Erasable Intermolecular Donor–Acceptor Interaction of Organic Semiconducting Nanoprobes for Activatable NIR‐II Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Tang Yufu , Li Yuanyuan , Lu Xiaomei , Hu Xiaoming , Zhao Hui , Hu Wenbo , Lu Feng , Fan Quli , Huang Wei
Published: December 2018

Activatable second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II; 1.0–1.7 µm) fluorescence probes that uncage deep‐tissue penetrating fluorescence by disease‐related biomarker stimuli hold great promise for detecting diseases with a poor understanding of the pathology at the molecular level with unprecedented resolution. However, currently, very few activatable NIR‐II fluorescence probes are reported mainly due to the lack of a simple yet general design strategy. Herein, a new and fairly generic design strategy using a bio‐erasable intermolecular donor–acceptor interaction to construct activatable NIR‐II fluorescence probes is reported. An organic semiconducting nanoprobe (SPNP) is constructed through blending a biomarker‐sensitive organic semiconducting non‐fullerene acceptor (3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐cyclopentane‐1,3‐dione‐[c]thiophen))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2',3'‐d']‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b'] dithiophene) (ITTC) (one of electric acceptors in organic solar cells) with a biomarker‐inert semiconducting polymer donor 5‐(4,8‐bis((2‐ethylhexyl)oxy)‐6‐methylbenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b']difuran‐2‐yl)‐10‐methylnaphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c']bis([1,2,5]thiadiazole) (PDF) in an amphiphilic‐polymer‐coated single nanoparticle to suppress NIR‐II fluorescence of the donor via a intermolecular donor–acceptor interaction. The acceptor ITTC is found to be specifically degraded by hypochlorite (an important biomarker) to erase its acceptor property, thus erasing the intermolecular donor–acceptor interaction and uncaging NIR‐II fluorescence. Consequently, SPNP exhibits a 17.5‐fold higher fluorescence brightness in the hypochlorite‐abnormal inflammation in vivo than in normal tissues. Our bio‐erasable intermolecular donor–acceptor interaction strategy provides simple yet general guidelines to design various biomarker‐activatable NIR‐II fluorescence probes.
Recent Progress in Piezo‐Phototronic Effect Enhanced Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Laipan , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: December 2018

For third generation semiconductors, for example, wurtzite ZnO and GaN, a piezopotential will be induced in these non‐centrosymmetric structures through applying a stationery deformation. The synchronous occupancy of semiconductor engineering, piezoelectric property, and optical excitation processes in these materials brings about outstanding device performances, such as promoting carrier creation, transfer, separation, or suppressing carrier recombination. Enormous research interests have been sparked in this emerging field known as the piezo‐phototronic effect. This manuscript reviews the fundamental research progress in enhanced photovoltaic efficiency by this effect, which not only provides a comprehensive coverage of the theoretical and experimental works illustrating the basic physics for understanding the enhanced solar cells when an external mechanical strain is applied, but also gives new insight into designing high‐performance solar cells.
Emerging Carbon‐Based Heterogeneous Catalysts for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide into Value‐Added Chemicals
Authors: Wu Jingjie , Sharifi Tiva , Gao Ying , Zhang Tianyu , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: December 2018

The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 provides a sustainable way to mitigate CO2 emissions, as well as store intermittent electrical energy into chemicals. However, its slow kinetics and the lack of ability to control the products of the reaction inhibit its industrial applications. In addition, the immature mechanistic understanding of the reduction process makes it difficult to develop a selective, scalable, and stable electrocatalyst. Carbon‐based materials are widely considered as a stable and abundant alternative to metals for catalyzing some of the key electrochemical reactions, including the CO2 reduction reaction. In this context, recent research advances in the development of heterogeneous nanostructured carbon‐based catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO2 are summarized. The leading factors for consideration in carbon‐based catalyst research are discussed by analyzing the main challenges faced by electrochemical reduction of CO2. Then the emerging metal‐free doped carbon and aromatic N‐heterocycle catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO2 with an emphasis on the formation of multicarbon hydrocarbons and oxygenates are discussed. Following that, the recent progress in metal–nitrogen–carbon structures as an extension of carbon‐based catalysts is scrutinized. Finally, an outlook for the future development of catalysts as well as the whole electrochemical system for CO2 reduction is provided.
Emerging Nanotechnologies for Liquid Biopsy: The Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells and Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Li Wenzhe , Wang Huayi , Zhao Zijian , Gao Houqian , Liu Changliang , Zhu Ling , Wang Chen , Yang Yanlian
Published: December 2018

Liquid biopsy enables noninvasive and dynamic analysis of molecular or cellular biomarkers, and therefore holds great potential for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of disease progress and treatment efficacy, understanding of disease mechanisms, and identification of therapeutic targets for drug development. In this review, the recent progress in nanomaterials, nanostructures, nanodevices, and nanosensors for liquid biopsy is summarized, with a focus on the detection and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The developments and advances of nanomaterials and nanostructures in enhancing the sensitivity, specificity, and purity for the detection of CTCs and EVs are discussed. Sensing techniques for signal transduction and amplification as well as visualization strategies are also discussed. New technologies for the reversible release of the isolated CTCs and EVs and for single‐CTC/EV analysis are summarized. Emerging microfluidic platforms for the integral on‐chip isolation, detection, and molecular analysis are also included. The opportunities, challenges, and prospects of these innovative materials and technologies, especially with regard to their feasibility in clinical applications, are discussed. The applications of nanotechnology‐based liquid biopsy will bring new insight into the clinical practice in monitoring and treatment of tumor and other significant diseases.
Cardiomyocytes‐Actuated Morpho Butterfly Wings
Authors: Chen Zhuoyue , Fu Fanfan , Yu Yunru , Wang Huan , Shang Yixuan , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: December 2018

Morpho butterflies are famous for their wings' brilliant structural colors arising from periodic nanostructures, which show great potential value for fundamental research and practical applications. Here, a novel cellular mechanical visualizable biosensor formed by assembling engineered cardiac tissues on the Morpho butterfly wings is presented. The assembled cardiomyocytes benefit from the periodic parallel nanoridges of the wings and can recover their autonomic beating ability with guided cellular orientation and good contraction performance. As the beating processes are accompanied by the cardiomyocytes' elongation and contraction, the elastic butterfly wing substrate undergoes the same cycle of deformations, which causes corresponding synchronous shifts in their structural colors and photonic bandgaps for self‐reporting of the cell mechanics. It is demonstrated that this self‐reporting performance can be further improved by adding oriented carbon nanotubes in the nanoridges of the wings for the culture. In addition, taking advantage of the similar size of the cardiomyocyte and a single Morpho wing scale, the investigation of single‐cell‐level mechanics can be realized by detecting the optical performance of a single scale. These remarkable properties make these butterfly wings ideal platforms for biomedical research.