bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Capital Adequacy Ratio Commercial Banks in Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Bishnu Prasad
Published: August 2020

The study attempts to determining the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks in Nepal. This study is based on the secondary balance panel data. The data were collected from the 11 commercial banks for the period of 2013/14 to 2017/18 leading to 55 observations. The convenience sampling technique has been used to selection of sample of the study. The study period has been made for fresh data in the analysis. The descriptive, correlational and casual comparative research design has been used for data analysis. The study assumes that the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks depends on bank specific variable: credit risk, asset quality, management quality, return on assets, liquidity, size of bank and macroeconomics variables gross domestic products growth rate and consumer price index i.e. inflation rate. The three different model like Pooled OLS, Fixed Effects Model and Random Effects Model have been used for data analysis. The results of the study revealed that the liquidity has positive and statistically significant effects on capital adequacy ratio.  Size of bank and inflation rate have negatively and statistically significant results. The others variables profitability, asset quality, credit risk, management quality and growth of gross domestic products does not effect to capital adequacy ratio. The study concluded that liquidity, size of bank and inflation have major determinants of capital adequacy ratio in Nepal.
A Comparative Analysis of Start-Up Entrepreneurship Support between the UK and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Falih Abdulaziz Abdulmohsen
Published: August 2020

Start-ups in many countries face numerous challenges especially the inadequacy of financial and professional support. Lending to startups is perceived as risky due to the high possibility of business failures.  Globally, there is a consensus on the significance of entrepreneurship particularly for social and economic development. Consequently, the correlation between startups and entrepreneurial support has attracted immense interests from researchers and policymakers.In this paper, the researcher sought to identify the support systems availed to startups in the UK and Sudi Arabia and compare the ease of establishing new businesses between the two countries. A qualitative and quantitative research approach was adopted with a sample of 100 participants from each country. The data collected wasanalysed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) and presented in the form of tables and graphs. The results showed that government support systems had a significant impact on the performance of startup entrepreneurship in the two countries under consideration. It was also found that startup entrepreneurship support systems were more favorable in the UK than in Saudi Arabia. In conclusion, the researcher formulated some recommendations for increasing support for startup entrepreneurship in both countries including the provision of practical programs for encouraging entrepreneurial mindsets, especially among learners.
University Students’ Attitudes Toward the Formal Integration of Facebook in Their Education: Investigation Guided by Rogers' Attributes of Innovation
Authors: Almoftadi Reham Mohammad , Aldarabah Intisar Turki
Published: August 2020

The aim of the study was to examine students’ attitudes toward the formal integration of Facebook in their education at Al- Hussein Bin Talal University and to examine the relationship between their attitudes and their perceptions of Facebook’s attributes. The investigation was guided by Rogers' (2003) attributes of innovation. A descriptive method was adopted in which a questionnaire was used to collect data from 99 undergraduate university students from the college of education. The results show that the students have positive and high attitudes toward the formal integration of Facebook in their teaching. In addition, the students have positive perceptions of Facebook in terms of its relative advantage, ease of use, compatibility, trialability, and observability. Furthermore, Regression analysis showed that 46% of the variance of the students’ attitudes toward the formal integration of Facebook in their education can be accounted for by its linear relationship with the five independent variables: relative advantage, ease of use, compatibility, trialability, and observability. Based on the results, set of recommendations were provided.
Textual Research on Henna Art Introduced into Ancient China Through the Silk Road
Authors: Yang Xue , Liu Yu
Published: August 2020

Since ancient Egypt, henna has been widely used as dyes for women’s henna body art. Through the Silk Road, China assimilated cultures of its Western Regions, India, and Persia, such as the henna art. In Ancient China the "garden balsam" is always called "henna". Nevertheless, they belong to two different kinds of flowers. Folks’ mixed use of these two kinds of flower names reflects the profound impact of the henna art on Chinese traditional culture of decorative nails. This textual research results revealed that in ancient China the customs of dye red nails are affected by foreign henna art and there were three development stages: the introduction period (from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty), the development period (in the Song-Yuan Dynasty) and the popularity period (in the Ming-Qing Dynasty).
Fatores críticos de sucesso da rede de incubação de empreendimentos do IFES
Authors: Carmo João Paulo , Rangel Rodolpho Da Cruz
Published: August 2020

This paper entitled “Critical Success Factors of the Incubation Network of Enterprises of the Ifes.” has as main objective of this study was to identify the critical success factors of the entrepreneurship incubation network of the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo. So it was done a single case study was conducted in the Ifes incubator, using documentary analysis and the semi-structured interview. The relevance of this study is found in the application of theoretical elements and in the scientific investigation of Entrepreneurs incubators as environments specialized in supporting projects that are in the early stages of development of your product or prototype. Critical Success Factors are the skills acquired by a manager or his or her work team, who will lead the organization to success. The main results found in this study were, critical success factors are the determining variables to keep incubators competitive, improving their organizational processes and ensuring their survival. Among the identified factors are: financial support and government support of the state of Espírito Santo, institutional support of Ifes, technical and technological support, management of incubator processes and monitoring of incubated companies. The main theoretical and methodological implications of this study indicate that promoting the management of innovative environments requires conditions for application this critical factors and reconciling new management tools. This research is expected to contribute to the opening of other studies, in addition to being an instrument of theoretical and methodological basis so that business incubators can offer better returns with a positive impact on society.
A model to adopt Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Business Intelligence (BI) among saudi SMEs
Authors: Aldossari Showimy , Mokhtar Umi Asma
Published: August 2020

Objective of the study: This paper touched upon the major issues that are related to intention towards the use of ERPBI in the Saudi private sector – Saudi Arabia is an example of a developing countryMethodology / approach:  This paper used a qualitative approach and the sample of the study comprised of 30 experts from the Saudi private sector, who were involved in ERPBI.Originality / Relevance: According to prior studies in literature, there is no specific model that supports and explains ERPBI, and as such, this increases the chances of ineffective adoption and use of ERPBI. This study found that ERPBI adoption models are lacking, and those that exist are inapplicable as they exclude several significant factors for successful adoption.Main results: The findings indicated that for the promotion of the ERPBI model, the entire significant factors have to be considered and incorporated. Those factors are: system quality, service quality, and information quality factors, change management, effective communication, training factors, clear vision and planning, competitive pressure, and government role.Theoretical / methodological contributions: This study’s results open door for future research based on the gap in theories applied and the factors investigated in the context of developing nations. Social / management contributions: Shedding light on the factors and their relationship with ERPBI use success would assist top management in minimizing losses through system use for enhanced cash flow, and improved performance of employees and that can eventually bring about the overall performance of the organization.
Reactivity of (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane with cellulose
Authors: Woźniak Magdalena , Ratajczak Izabela
Published: August 2020

Reactivity of (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane with cellulose. The paper presents the results of tests for the reactivity of (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMOS) with cellulose. The cellulose was treated with aqueous ethanolic solution of silane in two concentration: 5% and 20%. The reactivity of APTMOS with cellulose was analysed using instrumental methods: attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry and elemental analysis. In the FTIR spectra of silane-treated cellulose, the bands of Si-O, Si-C and N-H bonds were detected. The analysis of silicon and nitrogen concentration in treated cellulose confirmed the presence of silane in cellulose structure. The presented results indicate that APTMOS forms chemical bonds with cellulose.
Spark Plasma Sintering – new technology for obtaining tool materials
Authors: Wachowicz Joanna
Published: August 2020

Spark Plasma Sintering – new technology for obtaining tool materials. Cemented carbides are a valued tool material used for tools to process, among others, wood-based materials. They are traditionally obtained using high temperatures and long periods. New electric current activated sintering methods make it possible to obtain sinters with good mechanical properties in a short time and low temperature. This paper presents a comparative analysis of conventional and advanced SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) technology of obtaining cemented carbides.
POLICE OPERATIONS SIMULATOR IN THE CONTEXT
OF EVALUATION RESEARCH CARRIED OUT AT THE
POLICE ACADEMY IN SZCZYTNO IN 2014–2019
Authors: CHOROMAŃSKA AGNIESZKA , Jurczak Justyna
Published: August 2020

The main objective of the article is to present the results of the
evaluation carried out among participants of a specialist training course
for police operations commanders which was offered by the Police Academy
in Szczytno in 2014–2019. The course in question uses a police operations
simulator as a modern technology tool for responding to emergencies.
Both the functionality of the simulator and a modern form of simulation
training, which has replaced the previous theoretical work based on paper
maps, have completely changed the methods employed for in-service training,
thanks to which teaching outcomes can be achieved more effectively,
and police offi cers’ skills can be developed and refi ned with practice. The
use of the police operations simulator for training purposes improves police
command and control systems and increases the level of in-service training
received by commanding offi cers, which in turn results in an effective
management of human and material resources while carrying out police
operations targeted at the maintenance of public order and safety at major
events, including sports events, public gatherings and ceremonies, and any
different forms of disturbance to public order. Evaluated have been the following
issues: assessment of the training course curriculum, the knowledge
and practical skills acquired during the course, and the level of satisfaction
of the respondents with their participation in the course. Of key importance
has been to identify the extent to which the Police Academy’s training efforts
and research projects in the area of internal security affect the development
of the system of in-service training offered to police offi cers.
Organosilanes in wood protection – chemical analysis of wood and cellulose treated with MTMOS
Authors: Babicka Marta , Woźniak Magdalena , Ratajczak Izabela
Published: August 2020

Organosilanes in wood protection – chemical analysis of wood and cellulose treated with MTMOS. The paper presents the results of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) reactivity with Scots pine wood and cellulose. The lignocellulosic material after treatment with ethanolic solution of MTMOS was analysed using instrumental methods – atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The analysis of silicon concentration in treated material indicated the presence of silane in structure of wood and cellulose. The bands characteristic of vibrations of the silicon-carbon and silicon-oxygen originating from MTMOS molecule were observed in the spectra of modified materials, which confirmed the reactivity of silane with wood and cellulose. Moreover, the chemical analysis indicated that MTMOS exhibited higher reactivity to cellulose than to pine wood.
WHAT STATE OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WILL WE LEAVE FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS? REVIEW OF THE CAUSES OF THE CURRENT ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AND THE DEFINITION OF ECO-CRIMINOLOGY
Authors: NOWAK ALEKSANDRA
Published: August 2020

The article provides an overview of the causes of the current environmental crisis, with three main sources being identifi ed: industrial development and large-scale agriculture, a rapidly growing global population, and environmental crime.The most serious environmental problems, such as global warming, air and soil pollution have also been characterised. The author briefl y charac-terises the defi nitions related to eco-criminology. The international commu-nity, governments, and NGOs are involved in improving the effectiveness of police cooperation in the fi ght against eco-crime, but it is still not effective enough.Environmental protection is currently one of the most important issues that humanity must address. The quality of our lives and maybe our surviv-al depend on it.
GÄFGEN V. GERMANY. CASE STUDY
Authors: PATORA KRYSTYNA , ŚWIĄDER EMIL
Published: August 2020

The article focuses on the case of Gäfgen v. Germany, which con-cerns the restrictions imposed on police offi cers who work on cases involving terror and violence posing a risk to human life, and on the ones who have to make decisions protecting victims’ lives. The choice of measures serving the protection of the highest value, i.e. human life, is not easy. At the same time, police offi cers are assessed in terms of criminal law as regards the protection of the basic human rights enjoyed by perpetrators who pose a risk to other people’s lives. The case of Gäfgen v. Germany regards the choice of values, and the criminal liability of police offi cers, connected with thereof, as well as the problem of the admissibility of evidence obtained in breach of the law in criminal proceedings, and the limitations of the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine.
THE ISSUE OF ACCEPTING A REPORT OF A CRIME FROM A PERSON UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR SIMILAR SUBSTANCES WITH RESPECT TO THE PROPER PERFORMANCE OF THE POLICE OFFICER’S DUTIES
Authors: PROKOPOWICZ ALEKSANDRA
Published: August 2020

eporting a crime is a mutual obligation imposed by law and special regulations on both the sender and the recipient of the infor-mation. The obligation of both parties, i.e. the reporter and the reportee, to act synergistically is aimed at eliminating the risk of inaction of law enforce-ment agencies or some kind of social consent to break the law. It is notewor-thy that the person reporting a crime is not obliged to check the accuracy of the information, as this information does not have to be objectively true, although it should be factually correct. However, there are some concerns about accepting a report of a crime and the interrogation of the reporter as a witness in a situation where a police offi cer has a justifi ed suspicion that the reporter is under the infl uence of alcohol, intoxicants, or psychotropic or psychoactive drugs. In such a situation, is it necessary to verify the state of sobriety, and is there any legal basis at all for checking the state of sobriety of such a person? Can such a person be instructed about his/her rights and obligations, and what is the responsibility of such a person in accordanc with Article 233 § 1, Article 233 § 1a and Articles 234 and 238 of the Polish Criminal Code, Act of 6 June 1997? At the beginning, it is worth noting that there is an inconsistency in the position of the judicature and the doctrine on the issue of interrogating people who are in a state of intoxication. The reason for the above should be found in the fact that the legislator did not make a fi rm decision on the admissibility of an interrogation of a person who is intoxicated or under the infl uence of another similarly acting substance by a procedural authority.The aim of this article is to fi nd the answer to the aforementioned questions and to discuss the issue of the adoption of a notifi cation of a crime with respect to the proper performance of the duties by a police officer.
COMMENTARY ON THE JUDGEMENT OF THE SUPREME ADMINISTRATIVE COURTOF 28 SEPT. 2018, REF. NO. I OSK2016/16 (PARTLY APPROVING)
Authors: NOWAK KRZYSZTOF
Published: August 2020

The subject matter of the commentary focuses on the issue of the functional and grammatical interpretation of the notion of ‘a person perform-ing a public function’, which, in the author’s opinion, does not directly refer to the public offi cer referred to in Article 115(13) of the Act of 6 June 1997 Penal Code. The author highlights the unjustifi ed perception of a person performing a public function by the Polish justice system as being viewed as a public offi cer as defi ned in Article 115(13) of the Penal Code. The main arguments focus on the risks arising from an overly broad in-terpretation of the concept of a person performing a public function. In fact, the lack of a defi ned set of persons performing public functions may give rise to a malfunction on the part of the entity obliged to make public informa-tion available, and thus to the constitutional principle of limiting the right to public information on the grounds of privacy.The fi nal part of the commentary is a refl ection on making public infor-mation available under the provisions of the Act of 15 July 2011 on Control in Government Administration, and a starting point for a broader discussion on the need to amend the current legal system.
PROCESSO CONSTITUCIONAL
Authors: Pimenta Marcus Vinícius
Published: August 2020

No decorrer do século XX, o Direito Processual e o Direito Constitucional foram aproximados na busca por racionalização do exercício do poder e controle das funções do Estado. Nessa aproximação, foram fundamentais as contribuições das obras de Couture, Fix-Zamudio, Baracho, Andolina e Vignera. No presente artigo, as proposições desses autores serão pesquisadas por meio de revisão bibliográfica, o que desmistificará confusões conceituais que a literatura jurídica realizou sobre as consonâncias e dissonâncias de suas propostas relacionadas ao Processo Constitucional.
CRYPT, MAUSOLEUM, CENOTAPH; SEPULCHRE
Authors: McDonald Angus
Published: August 2020

Sanin-Restrepo’s theory of encryption is taken here as an instance of a practice of critique by allegory; thus the productivity of the theory can be developed and demonstrated by working through the allegorical meanings of encryption, one interpretation of which can choose to focus on the crypt. This allegorical meaning is distinct from symbolic meaning, using Benjamin’s distinction. We focus on the body and the structure, working through the instances of the visibility of the site and the presence or absence of the body. The question of visibility is significant since encryption deals with the hidden: is a crypt, then, a hiding place? We find four combinations: the concealed presence of a body, in a crypt; the publicised presence of a body, in a mausoleum; the publicised absence of a body, in a cenotaph; the concealed absence of a body, in a sepulchre. This four-way combination allows consideration of Agamben, Deleuze, Negri, and a critical Hegelianism that revisits Feuerbach, Stirner and Marx on alienatio, mapping the four metaphors in turn onto these four theoretical positions. This study of the theoretical implications of studying different modes of commemorating the corpse thus exemplifies the re-thinking possible by way of critique by allegory.
An Africancentred approach to quality in practice? Insights from East African volunteer involving organisations
Authors: Mati Jacob Mwathi , Perold Helene
Published: August 2020

Dieser Artikel untersucht das aufkommende Bestreben, die Qualität innerhalb von Organisationen, die Freiwillige in ihre Arbeit miteinbeziehen, zu verbessern sowie Standards und Akkreditierungsmechanismen zu errichten. Anhand von verschiedenen Organisationen, die im ostafrikanischen Kontext agieren, gelangt der Beitrag zu der zentralen Beobachtung, dass es eine Dissonanz zwischen den Qualitätspraktiken von lokalen Organisationen gibt, die mit Freiwilligen arbeiten und internationalen Entsendeorganisationen (EO). Grund dafür ist, dass internationale EOs die lokalen Organisationen hinsichtlich der Entwicklung von Qualitätsstandards zwar konsultieren, diese Konsultationen jedoch auf bereits im Vorfeld konzipierte Definitionen und Parameter ausgerichtet sind. Sie verfolgen das Ziel, die Interessen der Fördergeber*innen nach der Messung des Entwicklungsbeitrages der Freiwilligen zu befriedigen. Dadurch ist der Raum für lokale Innovationen und Anpassungen begrenzt. Dieses Vorgehen birgt das Risiko, dass Qualitätsstandards und Akkreditierungssysteme auf „Ankreuz-Übungen“ reduziert werden, die wenig Bedeutung für lokale Gemeinschaften und lokale Freiwilligenorganisationen haben. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass erfolgreiche Qualitätsverbesserungsmodelle kulturell eingebetteter Normen und Praktiken gegenseitiger Partnerschaft bedürfen, die Solidarität, eine gegenseitige Rechenschaftspflicht und Reziprozität wertschätzen, um das in internationalen Freiwilligenstrukturen oft inhärente traditionelle Machtungleichgewicht zu bearbeiten.
Zwischen neoliberaler Aktivierung und politischem Empowerment. Politische Bildung mit dem Ziel und Gegenstand „Engagement“
Authors: Wohnig Alexander
Published: August 2020

Engagement spielt für politische Bildung eine zentrale Rolle: zum einen als Ziel der Bildungsbemühungen, zum anderen als Ausgangspunkt und Gegenstand politischer Bildungsprozesse, etwa im schulischen Sozialpraktikum, in außerschulischen politischen Bildungsseminaren oder im Freiwilligendienst. Der Beitrag skizziert den Engagementdiskurs in der schulischen und außerschulischen politischen Bildung und vertritt die These, dass dieser zwischen neoliberaler Aktivierung und politisch-gesellschaftlichem Empowerment changiert. Auf der Basis zweier Studien wird Engagement holzschnittartig und bewusst „überspitzt“ als Herausforderung beschrieben, wenn es die Denkmuster des neoliberalen Aktivierungsstaates reproduziert, und als Chance, wenn es den Subjekten Möglichkeiten des politischen Erscheinens bietet. Abschließend werden Hinweise dafür gegeben, wie im Anschluss an Engagement - beispielsweise in sozialen Einrichtungen - kritische politische Bildungsprozesse politikdidaktisch angeleitet und begleitet werden können.
Systemfragen der Insolvenzanfechtung – ein deutsch-italienischer Rechtsvergleich vor dem Hintergrund des europäischen Insolvenzrechts
Authors: Bitzer Fabian
Published: August 2020

Die Arbeit vergleicht das deutsche und das italienische Insolvenzanfechtungsrecht und stellt die Ergebnisse in den Kontext des europäischen Insolvenzrechts nach der EuInsVO. Dabei werden die praktischen Schlussfolgerungen für die Vertragsgestaltung im internationalen Handelsverkehr gezogen.

Der Autor gibt zunächst einen ausführlichen historischen Abriss des Anfechtungsrechts vom römischen Recht bis zur InsO. Anschließend stellt er aufgrund der so gewonnenen Erkenntnisse die heutige Systematik des deutschen Anfechtungsrechts in Frage. Insbesondere geht er dabei auf das Verhältnis zwischen Gläubiger- und Insolvenzanfechtung, den Begriff der Gläubigerbenachteiligung und die Anfechtung geschuldeter Leistungen ein. Der Autor plädiert dafür, die Vorsatzanfechtung nach § 133 InsO entsprechend der überzeugenden Systematik des italienischen Rechts nicht als Teil der Insolvenzanfechtung zu begreifen und die Insolvenzanfechtung streng von der Gläubigeranfechtung abzugrenzen.

Die Arbeit gibt einen Kurzüberblick über das italienische Insolvenzrecht und basiert bereits auf dem neuen Insolvenzgesetzbuch Italiens. Auch die Auswirkungen der neuen Restrukturierungsrichtlinie auf das Insolvenzanfechtungsrecht beider Rechtsordnungen werden untersucht. Im Anhang sind die italienischen Anfechtungsvorschriften mit deutscher Übersetzung abgedruckt.
Fields of geometric objects associated with compiled hyperplane-distribution in affine space
Authors: Popov Yu. I.
Published: August 2020

A compiled hyperplane distribution is considered in an n-dimensional projective space . We will briefly call it a -distribution. Note that the plane L(A) is the distribution characteristic obtained by displacement in the center belonging to the L-subbundle. The following results were obtained: a) The existence theorem is proved: -distribution exists with arbitrary (3n – 5) functions of n arguments. b) A focal manifold is constructed in the normal plane of the 1st kind of L-subbundle. It was obtained by shifting the cen­ter A along the curves belonging to the L-distribution. A focal manifold is also given, which is an analog of the Koenigs plane for the distribution pair (L, L). c) It is shown that a framed -distribution in the 1st kind normal field of H-distribution induces tangent and normal bundles. d) Six connection theorems induced by a framed -distri­bu­tion in these bundles are proved. In each of the bundles , the framed -distribution induces an intrin­sic torsion-free affine connection in the tangent bundle and a centro-affine connection in the corresponding normal bundle. e) In each of the bundles (d) in the differential neighborhood of the 2nd order, the covers of 2-forms of curvature and curvature tensors of the corresponding connections are constructed.
Transformation of Bianchi for Minding Top
Authors: Cheshkova M. A.
Published: August 2020

The work is devoted to the study of the Bianchi transform for surfac­es of revolution of constant negative Gaussian curvature. The surfaces of rotation of constant negative Gaussian curvature are the Minding top, the Minding coil, the pseudosphere (Beltrami surface). The study of surfaces of constant negative Gaussian curvature (pseudospherical surfaces) is of great importance for the interpretation of Lobachevsky planimetry. The connection of the geometric characteristics of pseudospherical surfaces with the theory of networks, with the theory of solitons, with nonlinear differential equations and sin-Gordon equations is established. The sin-Gordon equation plays an important role in modern physics. Bianchi transformations make it possible to obtain new pseudospherical surfaces from a given pseudospherical surface. The Bianchi transform for the Minding top is constructed. Using a mathematical package, Minding's top and its Bianchi transform are constructed.
Lifting semi-invariant submanifolds to distribu­tion of almost contact metric manifolds
Authors: Bukusheva A. V.
Published: August 2020

Let M be an almost contact metric manifold of dimension n = 2m + 1. The distribution D of the manifold M admits a natural structure of a smooth manifold of dimension n = 4m + 1. On the manifold M, is defined a linear connection that preserves the distribution D; this connection is determined by the interior connection that allows parallel transport of admissible vectors along admissible curves. The assigment of the linear connection is equivalent to the assignment of a Riemannian metric of the Sasaki type on the distribution D. Certain tensor field of type (1,1) on D defines a so-called prolonged almost contact metric structure. Each section of the distribution D defines a morphism of smooth manifolds. It is proved that if a semi-invariant sub­manifold of the manifold M and is a covariantly constant vec­tor field with respect to the N-connection , then is a semi-invariant submanifold of the manifold D with respect to the prolonged almost contact metric structure.
Effects of National Dental Screening on Dental Caries Experience, Treatment, and Cost in Children
Authors: Lee Jonghyung , Lee Hangil , Son Donghyun , Kim Jihun
Published: August 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of national dental screening for children in Korea in the aspects of prevention of dental caries, the number of treatments related to dental caries, and cost of dental care.The study used the national cohort data on children health screening provided by National Health Insurance Service, and analyzed 32,937 1st dental screening, 22,608 2nd dental screening, 13,708 3rd dental screening, and 241,043 cases from the dental care of 27,944 children born in year 2008 and 2009. The decayed-filled teeth index and decayed-filled person rate, calculated from the results of the 2nd and 3rd dental screening, decreased as the number of preceding dental screening increased. Glass ionomer and amalgam restoration, pulp treatment of primary teeth and extraction of primary canine and molar were shown to decrease as the number of examined dental screening increased, and the total cost of dental care covered by national health insurance also decreased as the number of dental screening increased.In conclusion, national dental screening for children is an efficient and economical oral health care method that prevents dental caries and lowers the possibility of dental caries related treatment, thereby reducing cost of dental care.
Social inequality and homeownership from a comparative perspective: Is there a return of the welfare state?
Authors: Raïq Hicham , Chatti Chedli Baya , M. Ali Abdel-Samad
Published: August 2020

Esping-Andersen’s typology of welfare state regimes has been one of the most influential contributions to comparative studies. The general picture of this typology has four variants: social democratic, conservative, southern European, and liberal regimes. This typology becomes controversial particularly when homeownership inequalities are considered. Our study aims to evaluate the sustainability of the welfare state regime typology with regard to reducing inequalities of homeownership. The paper uses data from the Luxembourg Income Study to analyze the changes in homeownership rates for low-income populations as compared to the entire population. We compared ten countries representing various welfare regimes from 2000 to 2013/16 to examine the variations of homeownership and social inequalities over time. The results show that the distribution of countries seems to have a negative correlation between welfare regimes (according to the Gini index) and homeownership rates. In liberal countries (except Canada) and southern European countries, homeownership rates fell over time. In most of these countries, low-income populations experienced the highest decline in homeownership rates during the observed period.
Las desigualdes sociales y urbanas en la ciudad de México: ¿dónde queda el derecho a la vivienda?
Authors: Huerta Núñez Adriana , Bélanger Hélène
Published: August 2020

Este artículo explora las características de los procesos de gentrificación y de exclusión socio-espacial que surgen con los proyectos de revitalización urbana, los mismos que son puestos en marcha bajo un modelo de ciudad neoliberal. Para estudiar el contexto de la Ciudad de México, realizamos una investigación documental que incluyó el análisis de instrumentos jurídicos, políticas públicas y demás programas gubernamentales que, desde el año 2000, han implicado un desarrollo urbano caracterizado por la insuficiente construcción de vivienda social y el auge de inversiones inmobiliarias de lujo. Este análisis demuestra que la asociación de poderes públicos y de intereses privados ha generado condiciones de marcada desigualdad, lo que nos lleva a cuestionar el derecho a la ciudad y a la vivienda para las poblaciones de bajos recursos o marginalizadas, que son desplazadas simbólicamente o de facto.
A questão da participação nas autarquias
Authors: Gonçalves José Fidalgo , Louro Paulo , Corte Real Madalena
Published: August 2020

Face ao crescente reconhecimento da importância de mecanismos de participação na governação pública, o presente texto pretende apresentar uma reflexão sobre as atuais práticas existentes no contexto do poder local em Portugal. Neste sentido, é feita uma contextualização problemática, tendo por base uma reflexão em torno da crescente complexificação da sociedade, as atuais recomendações ao nível europeu e global e a definição dos conceitos de governança, de política e de ação pública. Segue-se um ponto dedicado à questão do envolvimento de stakeholders face a diferentes eixos de ação. Será ainda apresentada uma tipologia exploratória e uma análise dos mecanismos formais e informais, que são atualmente utilizados pelas autarquias de forma direta e digital. A reflexão final aponta para o facto de, não obstante se verificar uma evolução das formas de participação, ainda existirem muitos constrangimentos, nomeadamente a necessidade de melhorar o conteúdo e a forma de comunicação, a transparência, de atender às especificidades locais e de reconhecer que mais governança significa maior legitimidade e poder na deliberação.
Apakah saliensi mortalitas berperan dalam menjelaskan prasangka terhadap pasangan antarbudaya? Sebuah studi eksperimental
Authors: Yang Yurik , Pelupessy Dicky Chresthover
Published: August 2020

Studi Terror Management Theory (TMT) selama ini telah menunjukkan bahwa mengingatkan seseorang mengenai kematian (saliensi mortalitas) dapat membuatnya lebih berprasangka. Namun, masih belum jelas apakah sikap berprasangka tersebut juga dapat menyasar terhadap pasangan antarbudaya. Untuk itu, studi ini dilakukan guna menguji peran kecemasan eksistensial dalam kemunculan prasangka terhadap pasangan antarbudaya dengan menggunakan desain faktorial antarsubjek 2 (SM vs. kontrol) x 2 (harga diri tinggi vs. rendah). Partisipan penelitian ini terdiri dari 104 mahasiswa. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa partisipan yang diminta untuk memikirkan mengenai kematian memiliki skor rata-rata evaluasi terhadap pasangan antarbudaya yang secara signifikan lebih rendah dibandingkan partisipan yang diminta untuk memikirkan mengenai topik netral. Hasil studi ini memberikan bukti preliminer mengenai adanya peran kecemasan eksistensial di balik kemunculan prasangka terhadap pasangan antarbudaya.
Do Intergroup Threats Provoke Intergroup Anxiety? An Experimental Study on Chinese Ethnic Group in Indonesia
Authors: Ampuni Sutarimah , Irene Gabrielle
Published: August 2020

Through an online experiment, this study examines the role of intergroup threat on intergroup anxiety in Indonesian Chinese ethnic group, by considering the moderating role of positive intergroup contact. The posttest-only randomized experimental design was used in this study. Sixtyfour Chinese Indonesian college students (male = 31, female = 33) were randomly assigned into treatment group (male = 14, female = 18) and control group (male = 17, female= 15). All participants were first asked to complete a positive intergroup contact scale. Following this, participants in the treatment group were asked to read threat-inducing reading passages, while those in the control group were given neutral reading passages. They then were asked to complete a manipulation check and intergroup anxiety scale. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results showed that when positive intergroup contact was controlled, intergroup threat significantly affected intergroup anxiety but in the direction opposing the hypothesis. Instead of showing higher intergroup anxiety, the experimental group showed lower intergroup anxiety compared to the control group. An interview on a few participants was conducted to explore possible explanations of this result.
The Charisma Machine
Authors: Ames Morgan G.
Published: August 2020

A fascinating examination of technological utopianism and its complicated consequences.

In The Charisma Machine, Morgan Ames chronicles the life and legacy of the One Laptop per Child project and explains why—despite its failures—the same utopian visions that inspired OLPC still motivate other projects trying to use technology to “disrupt” education and development.

Announced in 2005 by MIT Media Lab cofounder Nicholas Negroponte, One Laptop per Child promised to transform the lives of children across the Global South with a small, sturdy, and cheap laptop computer, powered by a hand crank. In reality, the project fell short in many ways—starting with the hand crank, which never materialized. Yet the project remained charismatic to many who were captivated by its claims of access to educational opportunities previously out of reach. Behind its promises, OLPC, like many technology projects that make similarly grand claims, had a fundamentally flawed vision of who the computer was made for and what role technology should play in learning.

Drawing on fifty years of history and a seven-month study of a model OLPC project in Paraguay, Ames reveals that the laptops were not only frustrating to use, easy to break, and hard to repair, they were designed for “technically precocious boys”—idealized younger versions of the developers themselves—rather than the children who were actually using them. The Charisma Machine offers a cautionary tale about the allure of technology hype and the problems that result when utopian dreams drive technology development.
All and Nothing
Authors: Burckhardt Martin , Höfer Dirk
Published: August 2020

Why 1 = presence and 0 = absence and the digital world formula is x = xn: an exploration of meaning in a universe of infinite replication.

In the beginning was the Zero, and the Zero was with God, and God was the One.

—All and Nothing

In 1854, the British mathematician George Boole presented the idea of a universe the elements of which could be understood in terms of the logic of absence and presence: 0 and 1, all and nothing—the foundation of binary code. The Boolean digits 0 and 1 do not designate a quantity. In the Boolean world, x times x always equals x; all and nothing meet in the formula x = xn. As everything becomes digitized, God the clockmaker is replaced by God the programmer. This book–described by its authors as “a theology for the digital world”—explores meaning in a digital age of infinite replication, in a world that has dissolved into information and achieved immortality by turning into a pure sign.

All and Nothing compares information that spreads without restraint to a hydra—the mythological monster that grew two heads for every one that was cut off. Information is thousand-headed and thousand-eyed because Hydra's tracks cannot be deleted. It shows that when we sit in front of a screen, we are actually on the other side, looking at the world as an uncanny reminder of the nondigitized. It compares our personal data to our shadows and our souls, envisioning the subconscious laid out on a digital bier like a corpse.

The digital world, the authors explain, summons forth fantasies of a chiliastic or apocalyptic nature. The goal of removing the representative from mathematics has now been achieved on a greater scale than Boole could have imagined.
Inconsistencies
Authors: Steinweg Marcus
Published: August 2020

Meditations, aphorisms, maxims, notes, and comments construct a philosophy of thought congruent with the inconsistency of our reality.

Those who continue to think never return to their point of departure.

—Inconsistencies

These 130 short texts—aphoristic, interlacing, and sometimes perplexing—target a perennial philosophical problem: Our consciousness and our experience of reality are inconsistent, fragmentary, and unstable; God is dead, and our identity as subjects discordant. How can we establish a new mode of thought that does not cling to new gods or the false security of rationality? Marcus Steinweg, as he did in his earlier book The Terror of Evidence, constructs a philosophical position from fragments, maxims, meditations, and notes, formulating a philosophy of thought that expresses and enacts the inconsistency of our reality.

Steinweg considers, among other topics, life as a game (“To think is to play because no thought is firmly grounded”); sexuality (“wasteful, contradictory, and contingent”); desire (”Desire has a thousand names; It's earned none of them”); reality (“overdetermined and excessively complex”); and world (“a nonconcept”). He disposes of philosophy in one sentence (“Philosophy is a continual process of its own redefinition.”) but spends multiple pages on “A Tear in Immanence,” invoking Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, and others. He describes “Wandering with Foucault” (“Thought entails wandering as well as straying into madness”) and brings together Derrida and Debord. He poses a question: “Why should a cat be more mysterious than a dog?” and later answers one: “Beauty is truth because truth is beauty.” By the end, we have accompanied Steinweg on converging trains of thought. “Thinking means continuing to think,” he writes, adding “But thinking can only pose questions by answering others.” The question of inconsistency? Asked and answered, and asked.
Positive Nihilism
Authors: Lange Hartmut
Published: August 2020

A German writer's aphoristic, poetic, and difficult reflections on Heidegger's Being and Time.

There is a beyond of reason and unreason. It is the human psyche.

—Positive Nihilism

Like many German intellectuals, Hartmut Lange has long grappled with Heidegger. Positive Nihilism is the result of a lifetime of reading Being and Time and offers a series of reflections that are aphoristic, poetic, and (appropriately, considering his object of study) difficult. Lange begins with an abyss (“There is an abyss of the finite. It is temporality”) and proceeds almost immediately to extremity: “The twentieth century was governed by psychopaths. They collapsed the boundaries of moral reason and refuted Kant's analysis of consciousness.” He reflects further: “But who shall punish whom? One man's virtue is another man's crime. Thus Hitler could feel unwaveringly, as he wiped out entire populations, the starry sky above him and the moral law within him, as stipulated by Kant.” He considers the concept of civilization (“misleading”; “how should one oppose the remedies of civilization to the egomania, the murderous appetites of such outright psychopaths as Stalin or Pol Pot?”), the act of thinking (a fata morgana), the psyche, and Heidegger's Dasein.

Positive Nihilism can be considered a pocket companion to Being and Time. “Heidegger's understanding of Being is nihilistic,” Lange writes, and then explains his assertion. He draws on Kant, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and Shakespeare's Othello for supporting arguments and illustrations. “Everyone is possessed of the courage to have angst about death. The question is whether this courage necessarily secures those vital advantages Heidegger alleges”–that “self-understanding [is] the mental anticipation of death.” Lange wrestles with Heidegger's position, calling on Tolstoy, Georg Trakl, Herman Bang, and Heinrich von Kleist to argue against it.
Contraception
Authors: Drucker Donna J.
Published: August 2020

The development, manufacturing, and use of contraceptive methods from the late nineteenth century to the present, viewed from the perspective of reproductive justice.

The beginning of the modern contraceptive era began in 1882, when Dr. Aletta Jacobs opened the first birth control clinic in Amsterdam. The founding of this facility, and the clinical provision of contraception that it enabled, marked the moment when physicians started to take the prevention of pregnancy seriously as a medical concern. In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Donna Drucker traces the history of modern contraception, outlining the development, manufacturing, and use of contraceptive methods from the opening of Dr. Jacobs's clinic to the present. Drucker approaches the subject from the perspective of reproductive justice: the right to have a child, the right not to have a child, and the right to parent children safely and healthily.

Drucker describes contraceptive methods available before the pill, including the diaphragm (dispensed at the Jacobs clinic) and condom, spermicidal jellies, and periodic abstinences. She looks at the development and dissemination of the pill and its chemical descendants; describes technological developments in such non-hormonal contraceptives as the cervical cap and timing methods (including the “rhythm method” favored by the Roman Catholic church); and explains the concept of reproductive justice. Finally, Drucker considers the future of contraception—the adaptations of existing methods, new forms of distribution, and ongoing efforts needed to support contraceptive access worldwide.
Kinds Come First
Authors: Kagan Jerome
Published: August 2020

An argument that the meaning of a psychological or biological measure depends on the age, gender class, and ethnicity of the human subject.

In Kinds Come First, the distinguished psychologist Jerome Kagan argues that—contrary to the common assumption—age, gender, social class, and ethnicity affect the outcomes of psychological measures, and he questions the popular practice that uses statistical procedures to remove the effects of these categories to confirm a favored predictor-outcome relation. The idea that psychological measures have meanings that transcend the kinds of subjects, Kagan writes, reflects a premature hope of discovering broadly generalizable conclusions. In Kinds Come First, Kagan hopes to persuade investigators otherwise.

Kagan examines the unique properties of the four categories, making the case that life stage, gender, class, and ethnicity affect psychological measures in complex, nontrivial ways. He discusses the relevance of a person's developmental stage to many outcomes, focusing on the interval from five to twelve months, when working memory and the ability to relate the past to the present expands. He cites evidence suggesting that a person's gender, class of rearing, and ethnicity, within a particular society, are better predictors of health, arrest record, cognitive skills, and current life satisfaction than either their genomes or answers to a personality questionnaire.

Finally, Kagan argues, the biological properties that are more common in one gender, class, or ethnic group, are not a defensible basis for restricting access to an educational program, vocation, or position of authority. A society can ignore such differences in order to honor an ethical imperative for equality without incurring serious costs.