bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fort Sumter: At Last the War
Authors: Royster Charles
Published: November 2023

They were going to fight the war, but no one should make the mistake of believing that they were responsible for it. In undertaking to discuss the start of the fighting and Americans’ acceptance of combat, I must make some disclaimers of my own, in the hope that I will not be held responsible for subjects that are outside of my scope. I do not propose to analyze the crisis over Fort Sumter or to recount the mobilization of the armies or the battlefield expectations of the combatants.
Sacred Vessel: The Dreadnought
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

In November 1900 the enterprising Lieutenant William S. Sims arrived aboard the USS Kentucky, which, along with her sister Kearsarge, was the latest and presumably the most awesome addition to the growing herd of U.S. capital ships.1 Fresh from a three-year tour of duty as an intelligence officer assigned to evaluate the latest developments in European naval technology, Sims was naturally interested in the details of Kentucky’s armament and construction. What he discovered was not reassuring. Although Sims had been taught “from the day that I entered the Naval Academy ... that each ship that we launched was ‘the latest expression of naval science,’ “ he found the Kentucky to be a treasure trove of naval blunders and antiquities. 2 He reacted to the ship’s manifold failings with something akin to moral outrage. “Kentucky is not a battleship at all. She is the worst crime in naval construction ever perpetrated by the white race.”3 So great was Sims’s consternation that in February 1901 he presented the unfortunate vessel’s commanding officer with a detailed bill of indictment to be forwarded to the Navy Department in Washington.4 “I shall never forget the scene at the wardroom mess table when the criticisms were first discussed. The executive and other officers became pale with rage in denouncing them-and me. However, after much discussion, they were obliged sadly to acknowledge their justice.
Trial by Fire: Battle in the North Sea
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

In 1914, for the first time in a century, Europe found itself immersed in general war. As the terrestrial conflict settled into a ghastly stalemate, the war at sea pitted the presumably incomparable British Grand Fleet against the brash chal¬ lenger from across the North Sea, the German High Seas Fleet. At last the mighty dreadnoughts would prove themselves to be the formidable weapons sailors everywhere knew them to be-or so the naval world fervently believed. In fact,_ things were destined to be a great deal different. Reality and that silent arbiter of human affairs, technology, had finally caught up with a naval establish¬ ment totally committed to floating leviathans calculated more to inspire fear than to deal death. What ensued was unlikely to reassure those who placed much stock in people’s ability to plan their futures.
Martyrdom: Dreadnoughts in the Wake of Versailles
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

As the Great War wound down to ashes in the fall of 1918, it became clear that for the second time in a bit over a century an outsider would preside over a general European peace settlement. Like Russia’s Alexander I a hundred years before him, Woodrow Wilson was an idealist who had seen the struggle from a vastly different perspective, both geographically and conceptually, from the views of the other belligerents. Millions of his people had not been uselessly slaughtered; the gargantuan hatreds generated by the war were but dimly perceived.
Requiem: The Washington Naval Conference
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

The chorus of naval protest that arose over Mitchell’s disregard of the rules could not drown out the test’s stark, simple lesson. A plane had sunk a battleship. Those were the words spoken by the public after reading their morning papers. That was the rationale behind Senator’s King’s 25 July bill to terminate work on the new dreadnoughts. 1 That was the message that pierced the ornate gray facade of the State Department building and found the ear of Charles Evans Hughes.
Life After Death: Rehabilitating the Dreadnought
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

The U.S. Navy steamed into the interwar period with its course set to rehabilitate the battleship. But its bearings were askew: Those charting the passage were enshrouded in a fog of their own making, heavy with illusions of both past and future. Fortunately it was a multinational overcast, similarly dimming the vision of the British and Japanese naval leadership, leaving all three of the world’s great fleets steering nearly equally eccentric paths across the 1920s and 1930s. Cer¬ tainly there were dissenters within each of the three services, but until the very end of the period their voices were generally muffled by the liturgical chants of the orthodox and the manifest thunder of the sacred vessels. And appropriately enough that chapter ended with a massive slaughter of dreadnoughts, a massacre that, though perceived initially as a great victory, would prove tactically and strategically irrelevant to the conduct of the war it had provoked.
Conclusion: Vampires of Seapower
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

The day of the dreadnought may have passed, but the individual ships lived on and on. Considering how it had begun, World War II proved to be something less of a debacle for battleships than might have been expected, but their role in the American Navy remained definitely a secondary one. After Midway-the first naval battle when the warships involved didn’t come within sight or gunshot of one another-it was utterly apparent that the carrier was the new capital ship. For their part, dreadnoughts would subsequently engage hostile surface-vessels only four times during the course of war, the high point coming when the new battleships Washington and South Dakota sank the Japanese Kirishima in November 1942 off Guadalcanal. However, battleships did prove useful for shore bombardment in support of amphibious operations, as antiaircraft platforms to protect carriers, and still less heroically as oilers. All in all, it was a modest but positive performance, although other, far .cheaper ships could have approximated most of these services, including shore fire mimicked by massed rocket barrages. Nonetheless, when the shooting stopped, it was a dreadnought that steamed into the spotlight at the moment of victory. For on 2 September 1945, Japanese representatives signed the instrument of surrender, not on the flight deck of a battle-scarred aircraft carrier, but aboard the dreadnought Missouri. Old loyalties die hard.
The Fractal Dimension: Self-Similar and Self-Affine Scaling
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we provided an overview of the utility of fractal concepts in biology, and indeed of their usefulness in science in general. We now describe these concepts in greater detail.
Fractal Measures of Heterogeneity and Correlation
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

If anything is characteristic of biological signals it is that they fluctuate. Yet, like the staggering progress of science, there is direction and correlation. We often need to characterize correlations, that is, the degree and extent of similarity of a measured property as it varies in space and time. The use of the normal curve assumes the fluctuations are independent, not correlated. However, in nature these fluctuations are more structured. For example, structured correlations occur in the variation in density of water in a cloud, the variation in regional blood flow, and local receptor densities in an organ.
Mechanisms That Produce Fractals
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Fractals help us understand physiological systems in two different ways. First, they provide a phenomenological description. Since fractals have qualitatively different properties than nonfactual, just the realization that we are working with a fractal is important. This realization can actually be difficult, even if the pattern is “obvious.” Thus, it has been a significant surprise each time yet another physiological system was found to be fractal, such as the branching of the airways in the lung, or the distribution of blood flow in the heart, or the kinetics of ion channels.
Chaos? in Physiological Systems
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Over the last two decades chaotic dynamical systems analysis has become a standard tool for systems analysis in the hydrodynamics of turbulence, in mechanical systems, and in electrical signals. The label “chaotic” referes to the lack of predictability of the weather and other complex systems. We can use “chaos” theory to enhance our understanding of cardiovascular pressures, flows, heart rates, and tracer exchanges. “Chaos” is the descriptor applied to the state of a system that is unpredictable, even though bounded.
Negation and Clausal Structure
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: November 2023

Every human language has some syntactic means of distinguishing a negative from a non-negative sentence; in other words, every speaker ‘s syntactic competence provides a means to express sentential negation. This ability, however, may be expressed in different ways, as shown by the fact that individual languages employ different syntactic strategies for the expression of the same semantic function of negating a sentence. Zanuttini ‘s goal here is to characterize the range of such variation by comparing the different syntactic means for expressing sentential negation exhibited by the members of one language family--the Romance languages--and by reducing the differences we witness to a constrained set of choices available to the particular grammars of these languages. This sort of analysis is a first step towards the ultimate goal of determining and understanding what limits there are on the syntactic options that universal grammar imposes on the expression of sentential negation.
A Bibliography of the Conjunctive
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

BROWNE, G. Michael, Bibliotheca Orientalis, 36 (1979): 181-83, at 182. Review of Tito Orlandi, Il dossier copto del martire Psote. Tosti e documenti per lo studio dell’Antichita 61. Milano: Cisalpino-Goliardica, 1978. , Chronique d’Egypte, 53 (1978): 199-202, at 201-2. Review of Hans Quecke, Das Lukasevangelium sai’disch. Papyrologica Castroctaviana: Studia et Textus 6. Rome and Barcelona: Papyrologica Castroctaviana, 1977.
Translating Contiguous Events
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

The present paper does not aim to discuss the subtle differences that no doubt exist among these four alternatives. Since it is impossible to determine the degree of vividness expressed by the Egyptian original, Egyptian being a dead language, the translator will have to choose for each example the English alternative that seems stylistically most suitable, at the risk of not conveying the proper degree of forcefulness. In the translations of the examples below, subjective choices have been made among those four alternatives.
Incentives to Increase Services: The Range of Existing Practices
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

Conflicts of interest in fee-for-service medicine are significant and intractable. Coupled with insurance, they have spawned a great deal of overuse of medical services.3 In reaction, third-party payers have developed alternative ways of paying physicians that do not provide incentives for increasing services. These include salary, capitation payment (a set fee per patient for a fixed period of time), and risk-sharing plans that hold physicians financially responsible for the volume of services they provide. But fee-for-service payment still dominates our medical care system. Eliminating fee-for-service payment would require major changes in the organization of medicine that would be politically difficult, and this form of payment does provide some benefits for patients and society.
The Dangers Of Incentives To Decrease Services And The Ineffectiveness Of Current Responses
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

Both Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and hospitals have developed strong long-term organizational and financial ties with physicians that enable them to influence their clinical decisions. As we have seen, they often use financial incentives to manage physicians’ behavior and cut costs. Many incentives can promote patients’ welfare or at least have no detrimental effect. But there are HMO risk-sharing and hospital incentive plans that encourage physicians to reduce the number of services they provide. They compromise physicians’ loyalty to patients and reduce their independent judgment. These problems are not minor. They are growing more serious, and regulatory measures are not yet coping with them adequately.
Form, Creativity, and Competitiveness
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

Japan’s industrial competitiveness is factory-based competitiveness, and for Toshiba, Knowledge Works are the source of its competitive, leading edge in manufacturing. Knowledge Works are focused, yet flexible and versatile, high-tech manufacturing sites that emphasize an integrated management of people, capital, and technology, and embody an abundant base of knowledge, capability, and ambition. This factory-as-fulcrum argument goes beyond Alfred Chandler’s 20th-century emphasis on vertical integration, management of physical assets, and the coordination of scale and scope economies to argue that network forms of organization, workplace centered human resource strategies, and intangible asset management constitute a new paradigm for factories and industrial firms in the 21st century.
Internationalizing Knowledge Works
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

The factory, as opposed to the firm, as a principal vehicle for transferring organizational and technical knowledge has been ignored or, at least, badly neglected. This has led to a misunderstanding of the process by which inter unit and inter functional manufacturing capabilities are moved, and to an overemphasis on strategic rather than operational aspects of the transfer. When capabilities are site- and relation-specific, as in Knowledge Works, the transfer is likely to be especially problematic, resulting in wasted efforts and opportunities.

Waste is just what Knowledge Works are designed to reduce, yet the very reasons why they reduce waste at home may be jeopardized overseas.
Introduction
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. To the outside world, the news came as a complete surprise. Two years earlier Iraqand Kuwait had stood together as allies against the rising tide of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, which threatened both countries as well as the region as a whole. During the eight-year war with Iran, Kuwaitindeed, along with several other Arab neighbors-supported Iraq not only politically in international councils, but also financially when its income from the export of oil was reduced by Iran’s raids, which destroyed most of its oil fields. Small wonder that the invasion of Kuwait aroused concerns in international circles about Iraq’s intentions, and the Western media, already disenchanted with Iraqi policy, launched an outrageous campaign against its leadership.
Shri and Kurdish Uprisings
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

The Iraqi Army’s defeat by the Coalition powers and the massive destruction of military and civilian areas released pent-up antiregime feelings among the opposition groups inside and outside the country. Above all, it reinvigorated opponents to the regime among the Shi’is in southern Iraq and the Kurds in northern areas who had long been awaiting favorable opportunities for uprisings against the central government.
’A Negro on Trial for His Life’Criminal Law and Race
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Fascism’s rise in Europe, which Justice Black alluded to in his Chambers opinion, brought third-degree methods and discrimination in jury selection to the center of the Supreme Court’s concern about racial equality. The African-American com-munity pressed civil rights lawyers to pursue cases raising these issues. Those were truly pressing cases of sheer human need, and they appealed to Marshall’s instincts as a trial lawyer. During the 1940s ’Judge and Company’ laid the foundations of the law of criminal procedure that eventually came into full flower under Chief Justice Earl Warren.
Hong Kong
Authors: Day Jerome J
Published: November 2023

To understand Hong Kong’ s telecommunications policy and practice requires an understanding of Hong Kong’ s uniqueness in terms of the broad parameters and institutional frameworks within which these matters are worked out compared with those elsewhere. First, Hong Kong is not a country. Rather, it is a British Crown Colony headed by a governor appointed by the Queen. In historical practice this means that the governor and other senior officials have been “vetted” for their posts by the British government in London. While the Hong Kong government has enjoyed the authority to legislate law for Hong Kong, to interpret this law through an independent judiciary, and to administer it, British constitutional and administrative practices naturally have predominated. (In the run-up to 1997 this has changed somewhat; see, e.g., Miners 1991).
Human Resource Management
Authors: Oster Sharon M
Published: November 2023

One of the hallmarks of the nonprofit organization is its high labor intensity. For charitable nonprofits as a whole, in 1987, 44% of total expenses were in the form of labor payments, as shown in Table 5.1. This paid staff is supplemented by a large and active volunteer staff, the value of whose services in the United States alone has been estimated at over $150 billion. For reasons of size alone, human resource management is a critical issue in most nonprofits.
The English Power of the Purse
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

The framers of the Constitution did not, of course, invent the power of the purse. Parliamentary use of that power in England dates back to the thirteenth century. But before we trace it that far, we must address several hazards of generalizing from English history to interpret the Constitution.
The Uses and Abuses of Riders and Continuing Resolutions in National Security
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

Congress has been familiar with the employment of restrictions in the national security appropriation process since the early years of the nation. Although riders were occasionally employed to thwart constitutional exercises of the president’s power in the nineteenth century, especially during the turbulent presidency of Andrew Johnson, they were not used regularly to control the president’s engagement of the military abroad until President Nixon’s secret bombing of Cambodia in 1970. Since then, appropriation restrictions to control the president-and its attendant controversy-have become almost routine. Although Congress has supplied various internal correctives along the way to curb the use of riders, these devices have been largely ineffectual.
Informal Controls on National Security Spending
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter
Published: November 2023

Records of committee and subcommittee hearings and floor debates, as well as appropriations and conference committee reports routinely accompany appropriations for national security activities, where they help to explain lump-sum appropriations for categories such as “operations and maintenance” or “salaries and expenses.” This legislative history may include instructions about spending, usually though not always tracking the estimates supplied by the agencies. The executive branch must decide the extent to which these nonstatutory controls should be taken into account, how much weight to attach to commands or requests found somewhere other than in the statute itself.
The Environment Of The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Goldson Edward
Published: November 2023

In the United States during 1993, about 3,979,000 infants were born. Of this number 7.2%-that is, about 288,482 babies- had birth weights less than 2,500 g (Guyer et al., 1995). The proportion of very low birth weight (VLBv\0 babies, those weighing less than 1,500 g, was 1.3% in 1993. If one considers the more precise vital statistics from 1990, during which the number of births was 4,158,212, 7%, or 289,419, had a birth weight less than 2,500 g (Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 1993). Of this number, 108,003, or 2.6% of the total number of infants born, had birth weights less than 2,000 g and most likely required some care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). These numbers, however, do not include infants born at term with a variety of birth defects or term infants who sustained severe birth asphyxia and also required intensive care. Thus, the numbers probably underestimate the actual number of infants cared for in NI CUs.
Evidence for a Verb-Second Phase in Old Portuguese*
Authors: Ribeiro Ilza
Published: November 2023

The basic facts related to the verb-second phenomenon have been studied in generative grammar based on data from Modern Germanic languages (except Modern English) and both Old Germanic and Romance languages. There is a consensus among researchers who have developed studies on this phenomenon that the verb-second effects are derived from two rules of movement: a) a rule which moves the finite verb to the second position of the sentence, the verb fronting being obligatory for every root clause: b) a rule which moves any XP constituent (the NP-subject or a VP element or any XP of the sentence [e.g., an adverbial]) to the first position of the sentence. This movement is obligatory for every root declarative clause.
Introduction: Redesigning the Firm
Authors: Bowman Edward , Kogut Bruce
Published: November 2023

This book revolves around two ideas: the first appears center stage, the second is behind the scenes. The first idea is that fundamental changes occurring in advanced industrial societies have occasioned a revolutionary rethinking of the design of corporations and business. The second is that the business school, as one of the most important institutions for the formation of managers and for the advancement of business-related knowledge, is itself being transformed by wider social and economic changes.

The chapters in this book consequently represent two endeavors. The first is to present a wide range of insights into organizational redesign that will allow firms to compete into the next century. Nineteen experts examine the critical issues facing firms and, in chapters written for practicing managers, provide powerful tools for orchestrating change.
Organizing the Global Multinational Firm
Authors: Farley John , Kobrin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Organizing multinational firms to capture the advantages of global competition is one of the most difficult problems facing international business managers today. Top managers of multinationals have an intuitive sense that “organization matters” and that the proper fit between organizations, strategy, and environment will lead to better financial performance. Beyond that basic premise, both practitioners and academics agree that adapting a firm to the rigors of global competition is a daunting task—one often arrived at through a process of trial and error.

In this chapter, we analyze the question of the linkage between structure and performance in the global multinational firm. First, we examine the idea of the integrated global firm and explore the paradox posed by the need to fashion a global multinational firm out of local materials. Second, we specifically examine the empirical evidence for the relationship between multinational organization and financial performance. Third, we ask the questions: “What kinds of macrostructures are suitable for this task? and “Is there a logical progression in the evolution of the multinational firm toward global status?” Fourth and finally, we discuss the implications of our inquiry and try to come up with a set of practical guidelines for managers of global multinational firms.
Architecture
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

Architecture is the first of the three principal sources of distinctive capability. It is the network of relational contracts within or around a firm. Firms may establish these relationships with and among their employees (internal architecture), with their suppliers or customers (external architecture), or among a group of firms engaged in related activities (networks).
(Re-)lntroducing Suffixaufnahme
Authors: Plank Frans
Published: November 2023

Although not a household term (yet), Suffixaufnahme has a typological record that is astonishingly long for a rare and seemingly marginal phenomenon. This unsung record merits retracing. As will emerge from the historical narrative to follow (Section 2), the morphological and syntactic issues that Suffixaufnahme has now and then been seen to raise are not really so marginal, and indeed are issues that contemporary typology is increasingly recognizing as formidable challenges. They involve the limits on case marking and on agreement; the word-class distinction of nouns and adjectives, the difference between inflection and derivation, and the status of genitives and other possessive forms in these two respects; the nature of attribution; noun-phrase constituency and, generally, the depth or flatness of syntax; and systematic interdependencies among all kinds of further structural features. In the remaining sections the approach will be systematic rather than historical, presenting the comparative anatomy of Suffixaufnahme in broad outline, to be fleshed out in the rest of this volume.
Direct-Oblique Agreement of Attributes in Daghestanian
Authors: Kibrik Aleksandr E
Published: November 2023

Although Daghestanian languages are not normally included among those showing Suffixaufnahme, the encoding of attributive constructions in some of them bears a striking resemblance to this pattern insofar as markers of nominal attributes are found to vary with the case of the head (as was noted in Plank 1990: 1040 for Tsakhur). The comparative examination of these peculiarities across relevant Daghestanian languages is intended to bring out their similarities to, and differences from, prototypical Suffixaufnahme, and thus to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of agreement possibilities in the NP and of multiple case marking.
Suffixaufnahme and Related Case Marking Patterns in Australian Languages
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to survey the occurrence of Suffixaufnahme and related patterns of double case marking in Australian languages. Following the classical prototype in Old Georgian, two conditions give rise to a case marking pattern called Suffixaufnahme: first, an adnominal possessor is marked by a case suffix usually labeled genitive (although in Australian languages syncretism of genitive and dative is common; see Blake 1977); second, the entire NP is marked for its case role by attaching an appropriate suffix to the head (=possessed) and to the dependent ( =possessor), with the dependent thus receiving double case marking.
Tropical Deforestation
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

The fate of tree-covered areas close to the equator is important to all humankind. As forests are cleared to make way for new cropland and pasture, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere. The earth grows warmer as a result, all else remaining the same (Detwiler and Hall, 1988). Biological diversity is also diminished since many of the world’s plant and animal species live only in tropical forests (Wilson, 1988). In addition to causing global warming and species extinction, ecosystem destruction in Africa, Asia, and Latin America carries a direct human cost. Some native forest dwellers have dealt with missionaries, traders, and mineral prospectors for more than a century. But contact between some groups and the rest of the world was minimal until very recently. For many people, recent decades have brought economic exploitation and the loss of cultural identity, not to mention exposure to outsiders’ diseases.
Shrimp Mariculture and Coastal Ecosystems
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

Since the late 1970s, Ecuador has become the Western Hemisphere’s leading producer and exporter of shrimp. From modest beginnings, the country’s shrimp industry has grown to the point where it often generates more foreign exchange than any other part of the rural economy. Increased production has come about largely through maricultural development. About 8,000 metric tons have been captured off the Ecuadorian coast each year since the middle 1970s. Meanwhile, pond output has increased severalfold, from less than 5,000 metric tons in 1979 to more than 100,000 metric tons in the early 1990s.
Tourism and Species Preservation in the Galapagos
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

To many foreigners, Ecuador is best known for the Galapagos Islands (Figure 9-1), which are located about 1,000 kilometers west of the South American coast. Being relatively isolated, the archipelago is home to a unique mix of flora and fauna. Of course, anybody who has taken a biology class knows of Charles Darwin’s brief visit to the islands, described in a highly entertaining chapter of the Journal of the Voyage of the Beagle (1845). The observations he made there eventually flowered into his theory that new species arise because of natural selection (Darwin, 1859).
On the Relevance of Tense for Sentential Negation
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: November 2023

Much recent work has focused on the issue of which functional categories are present in a sentential structure. Both Moro (1987) and Pollock (1989), independently and on the basis of quite different considerations, suggest that in Romance and in English the Infl node should be split into two components, a Tense Phrase and an Agreement Phrase. Kitagawa (1986, section 2.4.3) argues for the existence of a negative head in Japanese, an idea extended to Romance by Kayne (1989a:242) and to English by Pollock (1989), who suggest that sentential negative markers can be analyzed as belonging to a Negative Phrase. Rivero (1994) proposes the existence of a functional projection of a modal or aspectual nature in the Balkan languages. Shlonsky (1989), based on facts from Semitic languages, suggests that the functional category Agreement Phrase should be further split into three distinct components— PersonP, NumberP and GenderP.
The Medieval Background
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: November 2023

Sophisticated Christian readers of religious texts in the European Middle Ages recognized four levels of interpretation. The first was literal and addressed the basic matters of physical reality. If the word “Jerusalem” appeared in scripture, its literal interpretation evoked the biblical or historical city in Israel. However, Jerusalem also connoted the Church allegorically, the believing soul morally, and the heavenly City of God mystically.1 Similarly, the words “Jew” (Latin Judeus or any of its vernacular forms) and “Blackness” (nigredo with its vernacular synonyms) had various levels of meaning in the texts in which we find them. “Jew” literally denoted a person who professed the religion of Judaism either in biblical or contemporary times; “Blackness,” the absence of light. Yet, allegorically the words “Jew” and “Blackness” conjured the Devil; morally they denoted evil; and mystically they evoked the Day of Judgment. Although this negative cast given to the two terms was not entirely unrelieved, derogatory and demeaning associations were those which predominated in the Middle Ages.
Blacks and Jews: The Struggle in the Cities
Authors: Kaufman Jonathan
Published: November 2023

1966, Martin Luther King, Jr. decided to move the Civil Rights struggle north, to America ‘s cities. He announced that he would begin a series of demonstrations in Chicago. It would mark a new stage for the civil rights movement, which up until then had fixated America with its battles and demonstrations in Montgomery and Birmingham, Alabama; Jackson, Mississippi; Greensboro, North Carolina; and Albany, Georgia. It would also mark a new stage in the relationship between Blacks and Jews. For decades Blacks and Jews had been neighbors, economic and even political allies in the North. But after 1966, their relationship would become more intense and more pointed. Cities were the scene of the earliest cooperation between Blacks and Jews; they would soon become the scenes of their most bitter conflicts. Through changes in neighborhoods and clashes over schools and jobs, the relationship between Blacks and Jews would deteriorate until by the 1990s the two groups were barely on speaking terms with each other.
Black-Jewish Universalism in the Era of Identity Politics
Authors: Carson Clayborne
Published: November 2023

He victories of the modern civil rights movement during the period from 1954 to 1965 were made possible by political coalitions that brought together African Americans and Jewish Americans. Yet ironically the increasing militancy of that movement also led many blacks and Jews to question assimilationist assumptions that had guided previous racial reform efforts. As black Americans turned from NAACP-led litigation and lobbying efforts to the mass civil rights protests and community-wide mobilizations of the early 1960s, blacks and Jews began to argue publicly with one another and among themselves over fundamental issues involving group identity and advancement strategies. Debate over these issues was particularly intense in urban black communities, where class divisions among blacks and between blacks and non-blacks persisted despite civil rights gains. After the June 1966 Mississippi voting rights march introduced the Black Power slogan to the nation, established civil rights leaders faced increasingly forceful challenges from competitors who derided nonviolent tactics and questioned the racial loyalties of leaders committed to interracialism and the maintenance of black-Jewish ties. In an era of identity politics and cultural conflict, the universalistic values and cosmopolitan perspectives which had characterized the civil rights movement exerted less and less influence over national politics and over the attitudes of African Americans and Jews. On a deeper, more general level, tensions and controversies in contemporary black-Jewish relations have reflected the worldwide decline of transracial, transcultural, and transnational movements seeking to realize egalitarian and democratic ideals.
Allies of a Different Sort: Jews and Blacks in the American Left
Authors: Buhle Paul , Kelley Robin D G
Published: November 2023

Jewish Americans and African Americans occasionally venture into the fringes of American liberalism, where Leftists dream of workers ‘ revolution even when working for reform. Such discussions recall the golden age of a radical Black-Jewish alliance conditioned by a vanished socialist tradition. Like all memories, however, this one is very selective, revealing as much about the degree of mythmaking and self-deception in such recollections as the deep scars left by the collapse of the alliance. In this discourse, Black Nationalism usually figures as the culprit-deserter, with the vanquished hopes of the Great Society the tragic backdrop. On the other hand, Black nationalist intellectuals, most conspicuously Harold Cruse, recollect a history of Jewish paternalism suffocating native Black radicalism, of nationalist-minded Jews pushing for their own cultural autonomy at the expense of their darker comrades.
The Need To Remember: Three Phases in Black
and Jewish Educational Relations
Authors: Lewis Earl
Published: November 2023

He comes to collect the rent, so you know him in that role. He runs the grocery store and he give you credit, so you know him in that role. He runs the drug store and he bandages your wounds, and you know him in that role... You don ‘t really know him from anybody else, but... you deal with it one way or another. When I was growing up it was a time, after all, of the Second World War. My best friends in high school were Jewish. It was a very, very important moment in my life because it was a time when I realized in a way ...my friends...were not so far from the fiery furnace after all.
Structural Focus, Structural Case, And the Notion of Feature Assignment
Authors: Horvath Julia
Published: November 2023

Cross-linguistic variation with respect to the syntactic position(s) occupied by arguments, e.g. by subjects, within clauses has traditionally been in the center of research within the framework of GB theory, and has given rise to important developments in relation to the parametrization of UG. (see e.g. Chomsky (1981), Travis (1984), Borer (1986), Koopman and Sportiche (1990)). Likewise, variation among languages with respect to the S-structure position(s) of Wh-phrases in particular, in situ vs. moved into [SPEC, CP]-has received considerable attention (see e.g. May (1985), Chomsky (1986), Kuroda (1988), Rizzi (1991)). A further, fundamentally similar, instance of cross-linguistic variation, involving the range of S-structure positions for focus-i.e., for constituents interpreted as the (identificational) FOCUS of their clause-however has gone largely un-recognized until recently. The first proposal involving restrictions and language-particular differences in the syntactic distribution of FOCUS and their incorporation into the theory of GB appeared in Horvath (1981, 1986); only a couple of recent papers take up this topic of obvious theoretical significance, such as Tuller (1988, 1992), Brody (1990), proposing modifications and additions (to be discussed below) for the account of the syntax of Focus in the former works. The present study will undertake further investigation of the sources and theoretical implications of the cross-linguistic variation manifested by the syntax of Focus, more precisely, the existence and specific location(s) of designated-Le. syntactically/structurally limited-Focus positions in a variety of languages.
The Study
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin
Published: November 2023

Research Instruments To test the hypotheses underlying this study, an experimental design was applied in the form of a structured test (see Appendix A) specifically devised for this purpose. The decision to construct a test aimed at production rather than comprehension of linguistic forms was dictated by the nature of the materials to be investigated-active knowledge of rules of inflectional morphology, e.g. Normative/Standard nikiti vs. Nonstandard niketi ‘(I) cleaned’. The input test items directed respondents towards a limited range of possible output forms; the final choice depended on an array of structural, developmental, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic factors that constitute the subject matter of this study.
Linguistic Variation and Cost
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin
Published: November 2023

These last two chapters aim to integrate the central factors motivating synchronic variation and eventually diachronic change: surface opacity interacting with propensities towards Consistency, Transparency and Saliency. These are checked by Maturation, by the conservative force of Literacy, and by the evaluation measure of Cost, to explain the disappearance, partial retention, and fossilization of the deviations described above. For Modern Hebrew, this means that old standards are giving way to new in a language that was artificially revived but which is nonetheless shaped by the same factors as underlie the evolution of all human languages.
Labor Cost Incentives for Capital Mobility in the European Community
Authors: Kuruvilla Christopher L Erickson Sarosh C
Published: November 2023

On December 31, 1992, the twelve economies making up the European Community (EC) took a major step toward becoming a single market with the initiation of the internal market program allowing for the free movement of goods, people, and money across borders. One major hypothesized effect is that capital will flee from high-labor-cost countries to those with low labor costs, or that “social dumping” will occur: a lowering of labor standards and social protection in the wealthier countries in response to competition from countries with substantially lower labor standards and costs. One aspect of this issue involves labor protection and social policies, which are expected to be addressed to a greater or lesser extent by the Social Charter and its supporters’ goal of long-term upward harmonization of social policies. How ever, even if standards are equalized, there remains the issue of labor costs. Labor costs can be a key component of competitive strategy, and it seems doubtful that harmonization policies will be able to equalize the currently large differences in man unfaltering labor costs across the EC countries. Despite the considerable attention given to harmonization of labor standards, relatively little attention has been paid to the question of the levels of labor costs within the EC.
Labor and the Politics of Exchange Rates: The Case of the European Monetary System
Authors: Frieden Jeffry A
Published: November 2023

It is widely believed that the great economic openness of modern industrial societies has fundamentally reduced the possibilities of successfully implementing labor oriented or social democratic economic policies. This is especially the case in regard to the very high contemporary levels of financial-market integration. Analysts and activists from all sides of the political spectrum assert that the ability of investors to move financial assets from country to country at low cost and high speed has significantly increased the political power of the investing community, and significantly curtailed the ability of labor to prevail in economic policy debates. This chapter outlines the effects of increased financial integration on the possibilities for labor-oriented macroeconomic policies. It argues that cross-border capital mobility alters, but does not eliminate, the scope of national monetary policy-primarily by shifting it away from interest rates and toward the exchange rate. This has been illustrated with great force in Europe over the past several years, especially in the ongoing process of European monetary integration.
How Much Is Enough?
Authors: Bayley David H
Published: November 2023

Police everywhere complain that they are understaffed and over-worked. In the face of rising crime rates, it is unrealistic, they argue, for the public to expect them to be more effective without additional resources. The war on crime is underfinanced. When President Bill Clinton was campaigning for the White House, he repeatedly called for the hiring of 100,000 more police officers. That would, by the way, represent an increase of almost one seventh.
Particles and the Dative Alternation
Authors: Dikken Marcel den
Published: November 2023

The properties of particle constructions like these will be shown to yield new insights into the structure of dative and double object constructions, and their relationship. The behaviour of triadic particle constructions argues for the postulation of a transformational relationshipbetween dative and double object constructions, the latter being derived from the former, but it militates against Larson’s (1988) influential implementation of this relationship, as I shall show in section 3.2.Setting aside a Larsonian approach to the dative alternation, I then proceed to presenting evidence for an analysis of Dative Shift involving movement of the dative PP around the direct object, to the subject position of the particle headed SC a movement operation identical in nature with Locative Inversion. This analysis shares with Kayne’s (1984) the view that the indirect object is alwayscontained in a PP, whose head is empty in double object constructions.
The National Home
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

Global events had an overwhelming impact upon the growth of the Jewish national home under the mandate. The political turmoil of Europe in the r92os, the world economic and political crises of the 1930s, and the cataclysms of the 1940s all left a deep imprint upon the Yishuv’s development. Yet the effect was more often inversely related to general world trends than it was a direct reflection of them.
Determinants of Trust
Authors: Zand Dale E
Published: November 2023

Leaders sense that many factors determine trust. Some are deeply rooted in people’s emotional and psychological histories; others are closer to the surface and thus more easily changed. People are often unaware of the underlying factors that determine their approach to trust. In this chapter we discuss two durable foundation factors: personality and training. We explore how early experiences with depen dence shape leaders’ attitudes toward trust and examine how specialized training can combine with personality to affect a leader’s trust. We then discuss several additional, more accessible determinants of trust in daily relationships: competence, openness, supportiveness, reward systems, and intentions.

Personality and training, like breathing or blinking our eyes, are so much a part of us that people have difficulty seeing how they affect trust. Leaders, however, need to understand the connection.
Agenda, Staffing, and Review Power
Authors: Zand Dale E
Published: November 2023

Leaders have a wide range of legitimate powers in addition to decision process power. This chapter discusses other key powers—agenda, staffing, and review power. To use these powers wisely, leaders also need knowledge. Although knowledge has been discussed in Part I of this book as one of the triadic leadership forces, in this chapter we dis cuss knowledge as power—that is, as a source of influence. We have also discussed trust as a triadic force, but here we discuss it as power—that is, as an influence on what people are willing to do.

Agenda power is navigation power. It is a leader’s right to determine where the organization will go—to define goals—and how it will get there—to design strategies to achieve those goals. Effective leaders select appropriate targets and determine how best to reach them. They also develop systems that sense and track how well the organization is performing.
Knowledge and Management
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1, we sketched a basic difference in the way Western and Japanese managers approach “knowledge creation,” which is deeply rooted in the intellectual traditions of the two cultures. To understand the difference, we need to examine fundamental assumptions about what knowledge is and how knowledge comes about. The philosophical inquiry of knowledge is known as “epistemology.” Thus we begin our journey in this chapter with a brief look at the contrasting approaches to epistemology in the Western and Japanese intellectual traditions.
‘‘Unless Our Children Begin to Learn Together’’
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

From Lyndon Johnson’s perspective, Thurgood Marshall was the right man at the right time for the Supreme Court not only because he was the nation’s most prominent African-American lawyer but arguably because he was the lawyer most qualified for a position on the Supreme Court. Marshall stood for the law as the African-American’s best hope for progress when the civil rights movement had turned from the courts to social protest activities in the streets. Marshall wholeheartedly endorsed the domestic programs of the War on Poverty as John son’s solicitor general. Perhaps more important, he criticized Martin Luther King, Jr., for “leading the movement in the wrong direction” by linking the movement for African-American advancement to opposition to the Vietnam war.