bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A short-pulse X-ray beamline for spectroscopy and scattering
Authors: Reininger R. , Dufresne E. M. , Borland M. , Beno M. A. , Young L. , Evans P. G.
Published: July 2014

Experimental facilities for picosecond X-ray spectroscopy and scattering based on RF deflection of stored electron beams face a series of optical design challenges. Beamlines designed around such a source enable time-resolved diffraction, spectroscopy and imaging studies in chemical, condensed matter and nanoscale materials science using few-picosecond-duration pulses possessing the stability, high repetition rate and spectral range of synchrotron light sources. The RF-deflected chirped electron beam produces a vertical fan of undulator radiation with a correlation between angle and time. The duration of the X-ray pulses delivered to experiments is selected by a vertical aperture. In addition to the radiation at the fundamental photon energy in the central cone, the undulator also emits the same photon energy in concentric rings around the central cone, which can potentially compromise the time resolution of experiments. A detailed analysis of this issue is presented for the proposed SPXSS beamline for the Advanced Photon Source. An optical design that minimizes the effects of off-axis radiation in lengthening the duration of pulses and provides variable X-ray pulse duration between 2.4 and 16 ps is presented.
A compact tool for coaxial laser alignment on a time-sharing beamline at Taiwan Light Source
Authors: Yuh Jih-Young
Published: July 2014

A simple design and easily installed tool for alignment has been developed for time-sharing undulator beamlines. A laser beam is directed onto a beam splitter inside the vacuum chamber, then reflects 90° along the synchrotron beam path; this beam serves as a reference to mimic the synchrotron beam path. Use of this tool greatly abbreviated alignment of an end-station after beamline switching; both beamline diagnosis and end-station development can be completed before the synchrotron beam time begins.
Quantitative study of contrast enhancement in soft X-ray micrographs of insect eyes by tissue selective mass loss
Authors: Späth Andreas , Watts Benjamin , Wasserthal Lutz Thilo , Fink Rainer H.
Published: July 2014

Quantitative studies of soft X-ray induced radiation damage in zone-plate-based X-ray microspectroscopy have so far concentrated on investigations of homogeneous specimens. However, more complex materials can show unexpected radiation-induced behaviour. Here a quantitative radiochemical analysis of biological tissue fromXantophan morganii praedictaeyes is presented. Contrast enhancement due to tissue selective mass loss leading to a significant improvement of imaging quality is reported. Since conventional quantitative analysis of the absorbed dose cannot conclusively explain the experimental observations on photon-energy-dependent radiation damage, a significant contribution of photo- and secondary electrons to soft matter damage for photon energies above the investigated absorption edge is proposed.
N—H...O and C—H...F hydrogen bonds in the incommensurately modulated crystal structure of adamantan-1-ammonium 4-fluorobenzoate
Authors: Schönleber Andreas , van Smaalen Sander , Weiss Hans-Christoph , Kesel Andreas J.
Published: July 2014

At low temperatures the organic salt adamantan-1-ammonium 4-fluorobenzoate, C10H18N+·C7H4FO2−, possesses an incommensurately modulated crystal structure. The effect of the modulation on the atomic arrangement and intermolecular interactions is studied by analysing single-crystal X-ray diffraction data within the (3 + 1)-dimensional superspace approach and superspace groupP21/n(α0γ)00. The modulation strongly affects the position of the atoms as well as their atomic displacement parameters. Nevertheless, the molecular cations and anions are built by rigid moieties, which vary their orientation with respect to each other as a function of the phase of the modulationt. Cations and anions are connected into slabs by dense N—H...O and C—H...F hydrogen-bonded networks, which are characterized by being rather rigid and which show only a little variation as a function of the phase of the modulationt.
Synthesis and structural characterization of donor-stabilized disubstituted diphenyldithiophosphates of nickel(II)
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Khajuria Ruchi , Jassal Amanpreet Kaur , Hundal Geeta , Hundal Maninder S. , Pandey Sushil K.
Published: July 2014

Donor-stabilized addition complexes of nickel(II) with disubstituted diphenyldithiophosphates, [{(ArO)2PS2}2NiL2] {Ar = 2,4-(CH3)2C6H3[(1), (5)], 2,5-(CH3)2C6H3[(2), (6)], 3,4-(CH3)2C6H3[(3), (7)] and 3,5-(CH3)2C6H3[(4), (8)];L= C5H5N [(1)–(4)] and C7H9N [(5)–(8)]}, were successfully isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic moment, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compound (4) crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/nwhereas compounds (7) and (8) crystallize in the triclinic space group P\bar 1. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of (4), (7) and (8) reveals a six-coordinated octahedral geometry for the NiS4N2chromophore. Two diphenyldithiophosphate ions act as bidentate ligands with their S atoms coordinated to the Ni centre. Each of them forms a four-membered chelate ring in the equatorial plane. The N atoms from two donor ligands are axially coordinated to the Ni atom.
Homoleptic 2,2′-bipyridine metalates(–I) of iron and cobalt, one cocrystallized with an anthracene radical anion and the other with neutral anthracene
Authors: Brennessel William W. , Ellis John E.
Published: July 2014

Homoleptic 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) metalates of iron and cobalt have been synthesized directly from the corresponding homoleptic anthracene metalates. In the iron structure, bis[([2.2.2]cryptand)potassium(I)] tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ferrate(–I) anthracene(–I), [K(C18H36N2O6)]2[Fe(C10H8N2)3](C14H10), the asymmetric unit contains one potassium complex cation in a general position, the Fe center and one and a half bipy ligands of the ferrate complex on a crystallographic twofold axis that includes the Fe atom, and one half of an anthracene radical anion whose other half is generated by a crystallographic inversion center. The cations and anions are well separated and the geometry about the Fe center is essentially octahedral. In the cobalt structure, ([2.2.2]cryptand)potassium(I) bis(2,2′-bipyridine)cobaltate(–I) anthracene hemisolvate tetrahydrofuran (THF) disolvate, [K(C18H36N2O6)][Co(C10H8N2)2]·0.5C14H10·2C4H8O, the asymmetric unit contains the cation, anion, and both cocrystallized THF solvent molecules in general positions, and one half of a cocrystallized anthracene molecule whose other half is generated by a crystallographic inversion center. The cation and anion are well separated and the ligand planes in the cobaltate anion are periplanar. Each anthracene molecule is midway between and is oriented perpendicular to a pair of symmetry-related bipy ligands such that aromatic donor–acceptor interactions may play a role in the packing arrangement. The lengths of the bonds that connect the bipy rings support the assertion that the ligands are bipy radical anions in the iron structure. However, in the case of cobalt, these lengths are between the known ranges for a bipy radical anion and a bipy dianion, and therefore no conclusion can be made from the crystallography alone. One cocrystallized THF solvent molecule in the cobalt structure was modeled as disordered over three positions with appropriate geometric and thermal restraints, which resulted in a refined component mass ratio of 0.412 (4):0.387 (3):0.201 (3).
Case report of polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma in the trachea with metastasis to the right middle lobe bronchus
Authors: Zhang Yong , Wang Chunbao , Zhang Guangjian , Wang Zhe , Wen Xiaopeng , Yang Xiaomei , You Jiangtao , Fu Junke
Published: July 2014

Polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is a low‐grade malignant infiltrative tumor of the minor salivary glands. According to data from PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology), one case of PLGA involving the left main bronchus and one case involving the right main and upper lobar bronchi have previously been reported. Here, we describe the first case of PLGA originating in the trachea with metastasis to the right middle lobe bronchus, all initially misdiagnosed as adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). It is particularly important to distinguish this tumor from other types of salivary gland tumors, especially ACC. Complete surgical excision is the curative treatment of choice for PLGA.
Target‐specific acoustic predator deterrence in the marine environment
Authors: Götz T. , Janik V. M.
Published: July 2014

Acoustic deterrent devices (ADDs) have often been considered a benign solution to managing pinniped predation. However, ADDs have also been highlighted as a conservation concern since they can inflict large‐scale habitat exclusion in toothed whales (odontocetes). We tested a new method that selectively inflicted startle responses in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) at close ranges to the loudspeaker but not in a non‐target species, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), by using a frequency range where porpoise hearing was less sensitive than that of phocid seals. The sound exposure consisted of isolated 200 ms long, 2–3 octave‐band noise pulses with a peak frequency of 1 kHz, which were presented at a source level of ∼180 dB re 1 μPa. Field tests were carried out within a 2‐month period on a fish farm on the west coast of Scotland where marine mammal behaviour was observed within three distance categories. Seal numbers dropped sharply during sound exposure compared with control observation periods within 250 m of the sound source but were unaffected at distances further away from the farm. A Poisson regression model revealed that the number of seal tracks within 250 m of the device decreased by ∼91% during sound exposure and was primarily influenced by sound exposure with no evidence for a change in the effect of treatment such as habituation, throughout the experiment. In contrast to seals, there was no shift in the number of porpoise groups in each distance category as a result of sound exposure and porpoises were regularly seen close to the device. We also sighted six common minke whales during sound exposure while only one was seen during control periods. Our data demonstrate that the startle method can be used to selectively deter seals without affecting porpoises.
Laparoscopic resection of hepatoblastoma: Report of a case
Authors: Yada Keigo , Ishibashi Hiroki , Mori Hiroki , Shimada Mitsuo
Published: July 2014

Despite the increasing number of recent reports on laparoscopic resection of malignant liver tumors in adults, there have been few reports involving children. In this paper we discuss the laparoscopic resection of a hepatoblastoma in a 1‐year‐old boy. The CT scan revealed an exophytic hepatic tumor on S5 measuring 6 × 5 × 4 cm after preoperative chemotherapy. The operation time was 225 min with an estimated blood loss of about 38 mL; intraoperative transfusion was not required. Radiofrequency‐assisted precoagulation was performed. The patient had an uncomplicated recovery and started postoperative chemotherapy on postoperative day 12. Our literature search revealed only five reported cases of laparoscopic resection of hepatoblastoma in which there was no postoperative complication or recurrence. Laparoscopic resection of a hepatoblastoma in a selected subgroup of patients can be safe and feasible.
Shocks, financial dependence and efficiency: Evidence from U.S. and Canadian industries
Authors: Estevão Marcello , Severo Tiago
Published: July 2014

This paper investigates how changes in industries’ funding costs affect total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Based on panel regressions using data for U.S. and Canadian industries and industries’ dependence on external funding as an identification mechanism, we show that increases in the cost of funds affect TFP growth negatively. The effect is non‐monotonic depending on a sector's external finance need. This paper presents a theoretical model that produces the observed non‐monotonic effect of financial shocks on TFP growth and suggests that financial shocks distort the allocation of factors across firms even within an industry, thus reducing TFP growth.
The propagation of U.S. shocks to Canada: Understanding the role of real financial linkages
Authors: Beaton Kimberly , Lalonde René , Snudden Stephen
Published: July 2014

This paper examines the role of financial frictions in affecting the transmission of U.S. real and financial shocks to Canada using a dynamic stochastic general‐equilibrium model with an active banking sector and financial frictions. We find that the U.S. banking and interbank markets can be a potentially important source of variability of Canadian output and inflation—consistent with the financial crisis. The presence of both the demand and the real supply sides of credit in the model help to capture the stylized facts of both the domestic and the international business cycles.
A longitudinal study of thyroid autoantibodies in pregnancy: the importance of test timing
Authors: Ekinci E.I. , Chiu W.‐L. , Lu Z.X. , Sikaris K. , Churilov L. , Bittar I. , Lam Q. , Crinis N. , Houlihan C.A.
Published: July 2014

Objective

Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb) are frequently measured to investigate thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Despite the recognized fall of these autoantibodies in pregnancy, there is limited guidance on the timing of such testing. We assessed optimal test timing of TPOAb/TGAb for the detection of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and post‐partum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD).

Design

Prospective longitudinal study with recruitment in Trimester 1.

Patients

Healthy women ≤13 weeks' gestation from Mercy Hospital for Women, a tertiary obstetric hospital in Melbourne.

Measurements

Serum TPOAb, TGAb, TSH and fT4 were measured at Trimester 1 (T1), Trimester 2(T2), Trimester 3(T3) and postpartum (PP) in each participant. Post‐partum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) was defined if TSH deviated from the assay's nonpregnant reference interval. Longitudinal random‐effect logistic regression was used to investigate the association between time and positive/negative thyroid autoantibody status.

Results

Samples from 140 women at T1 (12·0: 10·3–13·0) (median: IQR weeks' gestation); 95 at T2 (24·3: 23·0–25·9), 79 at T3 (35·9: 34·8–36·7) and 83 at PP (12·4: 10·8–14·6 weeks post‐partum) were attained. At T1, 13 (9%) and 15 (11%) women had positive TPOAb and TGAb, respectively. The odds of having a positive TPOAb were 96% lower at T2 [OR = 0·04 (95% CI: 0·02–0·8; P = 0·03)] and 97% lower at T3 [OR = 0·03 (95% CI: 0·001–0·6; P = 0·02)] than at T1. Similarly, the odds of having a positive TGAb were 99·4% lower [OR = 0·006 (95% CI: 0–0·3; P = 0·01)] at T2, and 99·5% lower [OR = 0·005 (95% CI: 0–0·4; P = 0·02)] at T3 than at T1. The ROC analysis diagnostic ORs for a positive TPOAb and/or TGAb to predict PPTD were 7·8 (95% CI: 2·2–27·6), 1·2 (95% CI: 0–8·9), 2·0 (95% CI: 0–16·8), and 12·2 (95% CI: 3·3–44·9) at T1, T2, T3 and post‐partum, respectively.

Conclusions

A significant proportion of pregnant women lose their thyroid autoantibody positivity after T1. The gestation‐dependent loss of TPOAb/TGAb positivity and reduction in diagnostic accuracy for predicting PPTD limits the value of testing at T2 and T3.
What factors influence concordance with medications? Findings from the UK Asian Diabetes study
Authors: Lloyd C. E. , Mughal S. , Roy T. , Raymond N. T. , O'Hare J. P. , Barnett A. H. , Bellary S.
Published: July 2014

Aims

To investigate concordance with medication, as assessed at baseline and at 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up, and to examine factors associated with non‐concordance in a UK‐resident South‐Asian population.

Methods

Data from the UK Asian Diabetes Study were analysed. Concordance with medications was assessed and recorded at three time points during the study. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the factors associated with non‐concordance; the associations of baseline factors with year 1 concordance and baseline plus year 1 factors with year 2 concordance.

Results

Data for 403 patients from seven practices participating in the UK Asian Diabetes Study were analysed. The numbers of patients who were non‐concordant were: 63 (16%) at baseline; 101 (25%) at year 1; and 122 (30%) at year 2. The baseline‐measured variables that were significantly associated with year 1 non‐concordance included diabetes duration, history of cardiovascular disease, components of the EuroQol quality of life questionnaire, the EQ‐5D score, and number of medications prescribed. In multivariable analyses, the most important determinant of year 1 non‐concordance was baseline non‐concordance: odds ratio 13.6 (95% confidence limits 4.7, 39.9). Number of medications prescribed for blood pressure control was also significant: odds ratio 1.8 (95% confidence limits 1.4, 2.4). Similar results were observed for year 2 non‐concordance.

Conclusions

Non‐concordance with medications was common and more likely in people prescribed more medications. The current target‐driven management of risk factor levels may lead to increasing numbers and doses of medications. Considering the high cost of medications and the implications of poor health behaviours on morbidity and mortality, further investigation of prescribing behaviours and the factors affecting patient concordance are required.
Role of sleep duration as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes among adults of different ages in Japan: the Niigata Wellness Study
Authors: Heianza Y. , Kato K. , Fujihara K. , Tanaka S. , Kodama S. , Hanyu O. , Sato K. , Sone H.
Published: July 2014

Aim

To compare the role of short sleep duration as a risk factor for diabetes among adults of different ages.

Methods

The study enrolled 38987 Japanese individuals without diabetes, and the 8‐year risk of developing diabetes attributable to different sleep durations (< 5.5 h, 5.5 to < 6.5 h, 6.5 to < 7.0 h, 7.0–7.5 h, > 7.5–8.0 h, or > 8.0 h) was assessed among individuals aged ≤ 45, 46–59 or ≥ 60 years.

Results

During the 8‐year follow‐up period, 2085 individuals developed diabetes. Overall, individuals with a short sleep duration of < 5.5 h or 5.5 to < 6.5 h had, respectively, a 1.53‐fold (95% CI 1.19, 1.97) or 1.25‐fold (95% CI 1.10, 1.42) increased risk of diabetes as compared with those who had 7.0–7.5 h of sleep. A sleep duration of < 5.5 h or 5.5 to < 6.5 h was predictive of the development of diabetes among individuals aged ≤ 45 years, but not among those aged ≥ 60 years. With increasing age, the effect of short sleep duration on the risk of diabetes was attenuated.

Conclusions

Short sleep duration was predictive of diabetes among young or middle‐aged Japanese adults but not among elderly individuals after age was considered. Managing habitual short sleep and the possible reasons for having such short sleep duration could be particularly important for young or middle‐aged adults in the development of future diabetes.
Pharmacological treatment of diabetes in older people
Authors: Valencia W. M. , Florez H.
Published: July 2014

The pharmacological management of diabetes in older people is complex and challenging. It requires a comprehensive understanding of the individual beyond the diabetes itself. Through the ageing years, the older individual presents with diabetes‐related and non‐related comorbidities and complications, develops functional limitations and psychological issues, and may lack social support and access to care. A disturbance in these categories, known as the four geriatric domains, will negatively affect diabetes self‐management and self‐efficacy, leading to poor outcomes and complications. Furthermore, older people with diabetes may be more interested in the management of other chronic conditions such as pain or impaired mobility, and diabetes may be lower in their list of priorities. Proper education must be provided to the older individual and caregivers, with continuous monitoring and counselling, especially when pharmacological interventions offer risks of side effects, adverse reactions and interactions with other medications. Informed shared medical decisions will help to improve adherence to the regimen; however, such discussions ought to be based on the best evidence available, which is unfortunately limited in this age group. We performed a review focused on pharmacological agents and summarize current evidence on their use for the treatment of diabetes in older people. We encourage clinicians to investigate and incorporate the four geriatrics domains in the selection and monitoring of these agents.
Neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist orvepitant is an effective inhibitor of itch‐associated response in a Mongolian gerbil model of scratching behaviour
Authors: Trower Michael K. , Fisher Amy , Upton Neil , Ratti Emiliangelo
Published: July 2014

Data suggest that substance P could play an important role in pruritus, and therefore, blockade of the neurokinin (NK)‐1 receptor might be antipruritic. Thus, we explored in the Mongolian gerbil the effect on scratching behaviour, induced by intra‐dermal injection of the NK‐1 receptor‐specific agonist GR73632, of oral administration of the NK‐1 receptor antagonist orvepitant. Orvepitant at all doses tested (0.1–10 mg/kg p.o.) produced a profound inhibition of GR73632 (30 nmol i.d.) induced hindlimb scratching; the minimum effective dose of orvepitant in this model was identified as ≤0.1 mg/kg. The data generated supported the proposition that the antipruritic potential of orvepitant should be evaluated in clinical trials.
Changes in chemical composition caused by water–rock interactions across a strike‐slip fault zone: case study of the Atera Fault, Central Japan
Authors: Niwa M. , Mizuochi Y. , Tanase A.
Published: July 2014

In some cases, water–rock interactions in fault zones can affect radionuclide migration. Here, we analyzed the chemical compositions of well‐exposed fault rocks from the strike‐slip Atera Fault, Central Japan, in order to understand the variability and behavior of major and selected trace elements. The fault zone has a 1.2‐m‐wide, smectite‐rich fault core and paired damage zones that developed within welded tuff on one side of the core and within granite on the other side. The 30‐cm‐wide, kaolinite‐rich fault gouge is developed in granite cataclasite, and it shows indications of the latest fault activity, while the 1.2‐m‐wide fault core appears to be older. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in the clay‐rich fault gouges, and carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in carbonates indicate that the two major clay‐rich zones formed in bedrock near the surface, consistent with observed deformation structures. Based on chemical analyses, we identified (1) a slight depletion in SiO2, Na2O, K2O, and light rare earth elements at the edges of the 1.2‐m‐wide fault core, (2) a clear depletion in SiO2, Na2O, K2O, and all rare earth elements except Eu in the 30‐cm‐wide fault gouge, and (3) an increase in CaO, MnO, and heavy rare earth elements across the entire 1.2‐m‐wide fault core. Findings (1) and (2) reflect water–rock interactions in the 1.2‐m‐wide fault core and in the 30‐cm‐wide fault gouge that resulted in the formation of smectite and kaolinite. Finding (3) reflects carbonate precipitation caused by the addition of basalt fragments from a nearby site to the 1.2‐m‐wide fault core during faulting, and subsequent sorption reactions of heavy rare earth elements via processes such as complexation with the carbonates.
Population genetic connectivity of an endemic New Zealand passerine after large‐scale local extirpations: a model of re‐colonization potential
Authors: Baillie Shauna M. , Ritchie Peter A. , Brunton Dianne H.
Published: July 2014

Little is known about how a 70% loss of native forests has affected the genetic connectivity of remnant bird populations in New Zealand. We use the common and widely distributed New Zealand Bellbird Anthornis melanura as an indicator species of population connectivity for well‐flighted birds. Using eight microsatellite loci, we identified five main genetic populations in the North Island, South Island, sub‐Antarctic Auckland Islands and two small remnant island populations adjacent to a large region of avian extirpations in northern North Island. Only one remnant island population, on a 30‐year‐old conservation reserve at Tiritiri Matangi, displayed a clear signature of recent genetic bottleneck. The 7% migration rate at Tiritiri Matangi indicates that bottlenecks can be maintained despite habitat rehabilitation, possibly through behavioural barriers to gene flow. Adjacent to the same extirpation zone, Bellbirds on the Poor Knights Islands were found to have low genetic diversity and low re‐colonization potential. Two gaps concordant with deforestation patterns separated the Kapiti Coast of southern North Island from populations to both the north and the south. In summary, we identified linked avian habitats, as well as isolated and inbred populations and suggest that Bellbirds are good re‐colonizers. We emphasize the importance of genetic studies that assess animal dispersal among newly rehabilitated habitat patches.
Antibiofilm activity of three irrigation protocols activated by ultrasonic, diode laser or Er:YAG laser in vitro
Authors: Neelakantan P. , Cheng C. Q. , Mohanraj R. , Sriraman P. , Subbarao C. , Sharma S.
Published: July 2014

Aim

To investigate the impact of three irrigation protocols, activated by three different methods, on mature biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis in vitro.

Methodology

Root canals in 280 single‐rooted teeth were instrumented using a rotary Ni‐Ti system. Biofilms of E. faecalis were generated based on a previously established protocol. Samples were randomly divided into three experimental (n = 80) and one control (n = 40) group based on the irrigation protocol employed: group 1 (NaOCl + Etidronic acid), 1 : 1 mixture of 6% NaOCl and 18% etidronic acid; group 2 (NaOCl‐EDTA), 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA; group 3 (NaOCl‐EDTA‐NaOCl), 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA and a final flush of 3% NaOCl. Saline served as the control. Samples were further divided into four subgroups (n = 20) based on the activation method: subgroup A, no activation; subgroup B, ultrasonic activation; group C, diode laser; group D, Er:YAG laser. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to assess bacterial viability in situ. Root dentine powder was obtained for determining the colony‐forming units (CFU mL−1). Data were analysed by appropriate statistical analyses with P = 0.05.

Results

All experimental irrigation protocols caused complete destruction of the biofilm in the root canal lumen. Within the dentinal tubules, all groups had a significantly higher percentage of dead bacteria than the saline control (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between NaOCl + etidronic acid and NaOCl‐EDTA‐NaOCl (P > 0.05), whereas both groups brought about more bacterial reduction than NaOCl‐EDTA (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between diode laser and Er:YAG laser in any of the groups (P > 0.05). Both diode and Er:YAG laser were more effective than ultrasonic activation and conventional syringe irrigation in reducing E. fecalis biofilms (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The use of NaOCl after or in combination with a chelator caused the greatest reduction of E. faecalis. Diode laser and Er:YAG laser activation were superior to ultrasonics in dentinal tubule disinfection.
The ageing males' symptoms scale for Chinese men: reliability,validation and applicability of the Chinese version
Authors: Kong X‐b. , Guan H‐t. , Li H‐g. , Zhou Y. , Xiong C‐l.
Published: July 2014

In this study, the ageing males' symptoms (AMS) scale was translated into Chinese following methodological recommendations for linguistic and cultural adaptation. This study aimed to confirm the reliability, validation and applicability of the simplified Chinese version of the scale (CN‐AMS) in older Chinese men, a free health screening for men older than 40 years was conducted. All participants completed a health questionnaire, which consisted of personal health information, AMS scale, the generic quality of life (QoL) instrument SF36 and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The fasting blood samples of participants were collected on the day of completing the health questionnaire. Serum total testosterone (TT), albumin and sex hormone‐binding globulin levels were measured and the level of free testosterone was calculated (calculated free testosterone, CFT). A total of 244 men (mean age: 52 ± 7.3 years, range: 40–79 years) were involved in the investigation and provided informed consent before their participation. The reliability of CN‐AMS was analysed as internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha was 0.91) as well as a 4‐week‐interval test–retest stability (Pearson's correlation was 0.83) and found to be good. The validation of CN‐AMS was analysed as the internal structure analysis (Pearson's correlation between total score and each item score r = 0.48–0.75), total‐domain‐correlation (among the three domains r = 0.47–0.68, p < 0.01; domains with the total score r = 0.81–0.88, p < 0.01), and cross‐validation with other scales (with SF36 r = −0.59, p < 0.01; with BDI r = 0.50, p < 0.01). Androgen deficiency (AD) was defined as the presence of three sexual symptoms (decreased frequency of morning erections, sexual thoughts and erectile dysfunction) in combination with TT < 11 nmol/L and CFT < 220 pmol/L, and the sensitivity and specificity for CN‐AMS was 68.8 and 6.8% respectively. The CN‐AMS had sufficient sensitivity in screening AD of older men, but the low specificity made it unsuitable to be adopted as the diagnostic criteria. The scanning capability of AMS scale for AD has the downward trend with ageing and a hypothesis is proposed to give a possible reason for the new finding.
Primary treatment of painful varicocoele through percutaneous retrograde embolization with fibred coils
Authors: Puche‐Sanz I. , Flores‐Martín J. F. , Vázquez‐Alonso F. , Pardo‐Moreno P. L. , Cózar‐Olmo J. M.
Published: July 2014

The literature on the treatment of painful varicocoele is limited, likely because of the short period since it was recognized as a clinical entity and the limitations posed by the subjectivity of pain. Our aim was to systematically analyse the results of percutaneous embolization as the chosen treatment for this condition. We conducted a retrospective study of patients undergoing percutaneous embolization as primary treatment for painful varicocoele from January 2007 to November 2013. Radiologic and ultrasonographic successes were evaluated according to the existence or absence of venous reflux on venography after embolization and on Echo Doppler control at 3–6 months. Clinical success was assessed by Visual Analog Scale pain questionnaires before surgery and at 3–6 months; in addition, at the time of the study, telephone interviews were conducted to update the clinical situation and development. A total of 154 patients received operations. The median pain before surgery, at 3–6 months and at the time of interview was 7, 1 and 0 points respectively (p < 0.001). The ultrasonographic success rate at 3–6 months was 68.6%. With a median follow‐up of 39 months, the success and relapse/clinical persistence rates were 86.9 and 13.1% respectively. By studying the degree of agreement between clinical success and ultrasonographic success, a kappa index = 0.443 was obtained. Patients with success recounted greater pre‐operative pain scores than those who relapsed or persisted (7.5 vs. 5.0; p = 0.004). In patients with painful varicocoele, the ultrasonographic recurrence of venous reflux does not imply the recurrence of pain; hence, the proper assessment of success in these patients should include a systematic assessment of their pain and grade of reflux. Percutaneous retrograde embolization as a primary treatment for painful varicocoele is a clinically effective option with a high success rate that can be maintained in the long term, especially in patients with high pre‐operative pain.
Crack Healing by Thermal Treatment in Float Glass: The Effect of Tin
Authors: Girard Rémi , Faivre Annelise , Despetis Florence
Published: July 2014

The evolution of radial cracks generated by Vickers indentation on “tin side” of float glass is analyzed when heat treated at 620°C under various atmospheres and results are compared with a previous similar study performed on the “air side” of the same glass. Results evidence that the presence and the oxidation state of tin ions has a strong influence on crack morphological changes. If the oxidation state of tin remains quasi unchanged during the heat treatment, the mechanism responsible of the crack evolution is the spheroidization and there is no strong difference between the crack morphological changes observed on the “air” and “tin side” in this case. For oxidative atmospheres, contrary to what is observed on the “air side”, no crack spheroidization occurs. The cracks stay quasi unchanged for dry air or close for humid air. Increase of the viscosity at the top surface due to Sn oxidation is proposed to explain this spheroidization impediment. It is also shown that in these two cases, there is an efficient blunting and healing of the cracks, as 4‐point bending tests indicate a significant sample strengthening with thermal treatment.
Informal Social Networks of People with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities: Relationship with Age, Communicative Abilities and Current Living Arrangements
Authors: Kamstra A. , van der Putten A. A. J. , Post W. J. , Vlaskamp C.
Published: July 2014

Background

People with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) have limited informal social contacts. Research to determine the factors which can positively influence establishing sound informal social contacts is required.

Materials and Methods

Regression analysis for 200 people with PIMD was used to analyse how age, communicative abilities and current living arrangements were related to the number and frequency of their contacts.

Results

Only age was negatively related to both the number and frequency of social contacts. Current living arrangements related only to the frequency of contacts. Communicative abilities related to neither.

Conclusions

Like people with intellectual disabilities, age and living arrangements are related to the informal social networks of people with PIMD. However, for people with PIMD, these networks are already more limited. Therefore, professionals need to be attentive to the maintenance and/or expansion of the social networks of people with PIMD at an early stage.
The effect of the ‘Gait keeper’ mutation in the DMRT3 gene on gaiting ability in Icelandic horses
Authors: Kristjansson T. , Bjornsdottir S. , Sigurdsson A. , Andersson L.S. , Lindgren G. , Helyar S.J. , Klonowski A.M. , Arnason T.
Published: July 2014

A nonsense mutation in DMRT3 (‘Gait keeper’ mutation) has a predominant effect on gaiting ability in horses, being permissive for the ability to perform lateral gaits and having a favourable effect on speed capacity in trot. The DMRT3 mutant allele (A) has been found in high frequency in gaited breeds and breeds bred for harness racing, while other horse breeds were homozygous for the wild‐type allele (C). The aim of this study was to evaluate further the effect of the DMRT3 nonsense mutation on the gait quality and speed capacity in the multigaited Icelandic horse and demonstrate how the frequencies of the A‐ and C‐ alleles have changed in the Icelandic horse population in recent decades. It was confirmed that homozygosity for the DMRT3 nonsense mutation relates to the ability to pace. It further had a favourable effect on scores in breeding field tests for the lateral gait tölt, demonstrated by better beat quality, speed capacity and suppleness. Horses with the CA genotype had on the other hand significantly higher scores for walk, trot, canter and gallop, and they performed better beat and suspension in trot and gallop. These results indicate that the AA genotype reinforces the coordination of ipsilateral legs, with the subsequent negative effect on the synchronized movement of diagonal legs compared with the CA genotype. The frequency of the A‐allele has increased in recent decades with a corresponding decrease in the frequency of the C‐allele. The estimated frequency of the A‐allele in the Icelandic horse population in 2012 was 0.94. Selective breeding for lateral gaits in the Icelandic horse population has apparently altered the frequency of DMRT3 genotypes with a predicted loss of the C‐allele in relatively few years. The results have practical implications for breeding and training of Icelandic horses and other gaited horse breeds.
Comparative metabolomic analysis of wild type and mads3 mutant rice anthers
Authors: Qu Guorun , Quan Sheng , Mondol Palash , Xu Jie , Zhang Dabing , Shi Jianxin
Published: July 2014

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) MADS3 transcription factor regulates the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during late anther development, and one MADS3 mutant, mads3‐4, has defective anther walls, aborted microspores and complete male sterility. Here, we report the untargeted metabolomic analysis of both wild type and mads3‐4 mature anthers. Mutation of MADS3 led to an unbalanced redox status and caused oxidative stress that damages lipid, protein, and DNA. To cope with oxidative stress in mads3‐4 anthers, soluble sugars were mobilized and carbohydrate metabolism was shifted to amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism to provide substrates for the biosynthesis of antioxidant proteins and the repair of DNA. Mutation of MADS3 also affected other aspects of rice anther development such as secondary metabolites associated with cuticle, cell wall, and auxin metabolism. Many of the discovered metabolic changes in mads3‐4 anthers were corroborated with changes of expression levels of corresponding metabolic pathway genes. Altogether, this comparative metabolomic analysis indicated that MADS3 gene affects rice anther development far beyond the ROS homeostasis regulation.
The provision of aids and adaptations, risk assessments, and incident reporting and recording procedures in relation to injury prevention for adults with intellectual disabilities: cohort study
Authors: Finlayson J. , Jackson A. , Mantry D. , Morrison J. , Cooper S.‐A.
Published: July 2014

Background

Adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) experience a higher incidence of injury, compared with the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the provision of aids and adaptations, residential service providers' individual risk assessments and training in these, and injury incident recording and reporting procedures, in relation to injury prevention.

Method

Interviews were conducted with a community‐based cohort of adults with IDs (n = 511) who live in Greater Glasgow, Scotland, UK and their key carer (n = 446). They were asked about their aids and adaptations at home, and paid carers (n = 228) were asked about individual risk assessments, their training, and incident recording and reporting procedures.

Results

Four hundred and twelve (80.6%) of the adults with IDs had at least one aid or adaptation at home to help prevent injury. However, a proportion who might benefit, were not in receipt of them, and surprisingly few had temperature controlled hot water or a bath thermometer in place to help prevent burns/scalds, or kitchen safety equipment to prevent burns/scalds from electric kettles or irons. Fifty‐four (23.7%) of the paid carers were not aware of the adult they supported having had any risk assessments, and only 142 (57.9%) had received any training on risk assessments. Considerable variation in incident recording and reporting procedures was evident.

Conclusion

More work is needed to better understand, and more fully incorporate, best practice injury prevention measures into routine support planning for adults with IDs within a positive risk‐taking and risk reduction framework.
How It Was/Is Told, Recorded and Remembered: The Discontinued History of the Third Front Construction
Authors: Li Ju
Published: July 2014

By comparing different historical narratives of the Third Front Construction that was built as a home‐front defensive industrial base against the threat of war from both the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1960s, this paper aims to explore a particular aspect of China's socialist history in a relational manner that contrasts but also connects past and present, archives and subjectivity, top‐down and bottom‐up perspectives. It is part of a larger effort to understand the complexity of China's socialist history and its relation to the present.
Performance of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance compared with World Health Organization standards
Authors: Desai Shalini , Smith Tiffany , Thorley Bruce R , Grenier Danielle , Dickson Nigel , Altpeter Ekkehardt ,   SPSU Committee, Sabbe Martine , Elliott Elizabeth , Zurynski Yvonne
Published: July 2014

Aim

To compare acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance systems used by members of the International Network of Paediatric Surveillance Units (INoPSU) across the five AFP surveillance performance indicators recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the maintenance of polio‐free certification.

Methods

A survey was administered to AFP surveillance co‐ordinators in five INoPSU member countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland). Data collected included information on surveillance system processes, WHO‐recommended performance indicators, investigative practices and final diagnoses of cases from 2006 to 2010.

Results

All countries contacted completed the survey. Each country used similar case definitions and processes for collecting AFP data. All countries used at least one of the WHO indicators for surveillance. No country consistently met the performance indicator for incidence or stool sampling. In all countries, at least one form of neurological testing was used to diagnose cases of AFP. Guillain‐Barré syndrome was the most common final diagnosis in all countries for all years examined.

Conclusions

Industrialised countries surveyed do not consistently meet the WHO‐recommended AFP surveillance performance indicators. An opportunity exists for INoPSU to suggest a standard way for member countries to collect AFP data in order to examine the potential for strengthening the current systems or introducing additional enterovirus surveillance or alternative/complementary neurological performance measures suitable for countries that have eliminated polio. INoPSU member countries are evaluating these possibilities.
Evaluation of regional limb perfusion with chloramphenicol using the saphenous or cephalic vein in standing horses
Authors: Kelmer G. , Tatz A. J. , Famini S. , Bdolah‐Abram T. , Soback S. , Britzi M.
Published: July 2014

Regional limb perfusion (RLP) significantly decreases morbidity and mortality associated with distal limb injuries in horses. There is an urgent need for finding additional effective antimicrobial drugs for use inRLP. In this study, we tested the pharmacokinetics (PK) of chloramphenicol inRLP. Eight horses participated in the study, which was approved by theUniversityAnimalCare andUseCommittee. The cephalic and the saphenous veins were used to perfuse the limbs. Synovial samples were collected from the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joint. TheFriedmanTest was applied for assessing change inPKconcentration over time, for all time points. TheWilcoxonSignedRanksTest was used to test the difference betweenPKconcentration in joint & serum as well as concentration in joint vs.MIC. The comparison of measurements between measurements taken on hind vs. front legs was carried out using theMann–WhitneyTest. AP‐value of 5% or less was considered statistically significant. AfterRLP, the concentration of chloramphenicol in the synovial fluid of theMCP/MTPjoint using either the cephalic or the saphenous vein was initially far above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of most susceptible pathogens and remained above theMICfor approximately 6 h. The results indicate that performingRLPusing the cephalic and saphenous veins enables reaching concentrations of chloramphenicol in theMCP/MTPjoint that are well above theMICof most susceptible pathogens. The chloramphenicol concentrations achieved in the synovial fluid of theMCP/MTPjoint in the current study were between 1.5 (MTP) and 7 (MCP) times theMICofMRSAin horses. These results are encouraging sinceMRSAinfections are becoming far more common, causing considerable morbidity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol followingRLPin the horse and the results are positive.
Functional dyspepsia: outcome of focus groups for the development of a questionnaire for symptom assessment in patients suffering from postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)
Authors: Carbone F. , Holvoet L. , Vandenberghe A. , Tack J.
Published: July 2014

Background

To date, no patient reported outcomes (PRO) instrument is available for evaluation of treatment efficacy in functional dyspepsia (FD)/postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). The aim of our study was to perform focus group interviews for the development of a new questionnaire for assessing symptom pattern and severity in PDS.

Methods

Random ambulatory patients diagnosed with FD/PDS based on Rome III criteria and no predominant gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms were invited to participate. Focus group sessions were organized where patients reported and discussed their symptoms, facilitated by an experienced physician. After reaching saturation of identified symptom items, questions for a pilot PRO instrument were drafted and evaluated in cognitive interviews for relevance, clarity, and consistency.

Key Results

Of 225 screened patients, 26 patients were diagnosed with PDS without overlapping GERD as single final diagnosis. Fifteen of these (87% female, 48 ± 3.2 years) participated in one of three focus groups. All (100%) confirmed experiencing symptoms that were triggered or aggravated by ingestion of a meal, corresponding to early satiation (100%), and postprandial fullness (100%). In addition reported gastroduodenal symptoms were nausea (40%, postprandial in all, interprandial in 20%), upper abdominal bloating (33%), excessive belching (27%), and vomiting (13%). Epigastric pain and burning were present in respectively 20% and 13%. Non‐gastroduodenal symptoms that patients reported included heartburn (33%, but mostly sporadic), weight loss (93%, on average 5.0 ± 1.7 kg), and fatigue (67%). Questions evaluating these symptoms were validated in 15 cognitive interviews.

Conclusions & Inferences

This focus group study confirms symptoms corresponding to postprandial fullness and early satiation as the key items for developing a PRO for PDS.