bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold Spray Application onto Stainless Steel Dry Cask Storage Canisters
Authors: Heath Michael , Hogan Dan , Cannell Gary , Gillespie Marie
Published: October 2024

NAC International Inc. (NAC) is providing transportable storage canisters (TSCs) to Central Plateau Cleanup Company CPCCo) for long term dry storage of capsulized radioactive waste at the Hanford Site in Richland, WA. The TSC consists of 316/316L stainless-steel components welded to form a cylindrical canister that acts as a confinement boundary for the payload. The heat affected zones of the welded areas are most susceptible to Chloride Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking (CISCC), that may limit the life of the TSC. To mitigate CISCC during the anticipated 300-year storage period, an overcoating is applied to the heat affected zones of all external TSC fabrication welds, referred to as Cold Spray. This paper will discuss the purpose, development, and application of Cold Spray to the CPCCo TSCs. Cold Spray is a process whereby metal powder particles are deposited upon a substrate by means of ballistic impingement via a high-velocity stream of gas, resulting in a uniform deposition with minimal porosity and high bond strength. Temperatures are below the melting thresholds of many engineering materials enabling a large variety of application uses. NAC developed a process for Cold Spray application onto the 316/316L stainless-steel TSCs to serve as a CISCC protective/mitigative coating for its canister products. Testing during development arrived at nickel as the deposited coating material and nitrogen as the gas vehicle, along with a set of various application parameters. The qualified process was implemented onto the CPCCo TSCs. Prior to application, the equipment and process are validated via coupons that are sprayed and then tested to meet requirements for adhesion strength (ASTM C633) and porosity (ASTM E2109). After successful coupon testing, Cold Spray is performed on the external TSC fabrication welds, to include heat affected zones. Acceptance testing of the resulting deposition is performed via visual inspection.
Creep Behaviors of Alloy 718 Type Ni-Based Superalloys
Authors: Kobayashi Satoru , Tsuya Takumi
Published: October 2024

Alloy 718 is an important class of Nb-bearing Ni-based superalloys for high-temperature applications, such as compressor disks/blades and turbine disks in gas turbine systems. The service temperature of this alloy is, however, limited below 650 °C probably due to the degradation of its strengthening phase γ"-Ni3Nb. Aiming at understanding and improving creep properties of 718-type alloys, we investigated creep behaviors of alloy 718 and alloy Ta-718 where different types of γ" phases, Ni3Nb and Ni3Ta, were precipitated, respectively. Creep tests were conducted at 700 °C under stress conditions of 400 and 500 MPa for the two alloys in aged conditions. It was found that while the minimum creep rates were comparable in the two alloys, the creep rate acceleration was lower in alloy Ta-718 than in alloy 718 under the creep conditions studied. Microstructural observations on the specimens before and after the creep tests suggested that the γ" precipitates were distinguishably finer in alloy Ta-718 than in alloy 718 throughout the creep tests. The formation of planar defects and shearing of γ" precipitates occurred frequently in the alloy 718 specimen. The observed creep deformations were discussed in terms of the critical resolved shear stress due to shearing of γ" particles by strongly paired dislocations.
Creep Rupture Strength and Ductility of Grade 92 Steel
Authors: Komai Nobuyoshi , Arisue Ko , Hashimoto Keita , Saito Nobuhiko , Tominaga Kimihiko
Published: October 2024

This study aims to elucidate the chemical compositions and microstructural factors that affect longterm creep rupture strength and creep rupture ductility using multiple heats of Gr.92 steel. Evaluating the reduction behavior in long-term creep rupture strength, we propose a relative creep rupture strength value, which is expressed as the logarithmic ratio of the estimated creep strength for each rupture time exceeding 10,000 hours, with 10,000 hours as the reference. Higher initial hardness correlates with greater pronounced strength reduction in the long-term regime. While smaller prior austenite grain sizes lead to greater reductions in creep rupture strength, this effect diminishes above 30 μm. However, no clear correlation was observed between Cr content and creep strength reduction in this study. Brittle creep ruptures with smooth test specimens were observed just below the extensometer ridge in the parallel section of test specimen, indicating notch weakening. Even in heats with excellent creep ductility, the amount of inclusions tended to be higher than in heats with lower creep ductility. Factors other than inclusions also seem to influence long-term creep ductility.
Study on Creep Rupture Properties of Inconel 617B and 10%Cr Steel Dissimilar Metal Weld
Authors: Li Songlin , Huo Xin , Li Kejian , Cai Zhipeng
Published: October 2024

In this paper, the dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) between 617B nickel-based alloy and 10%Cr martensitic heat-resistant steel filled by 617 filler metal was studied, focused on the high temperature creep rupture properties. The high temperature creep rupture properties of welded joints with different welding processes were tested, and the microstructure of welded joints before and after the creep rupture test was observed by OM and SEM. The results showed that, there were three failure modes: base metal failure, type W failure and interface failure, among which interface failure caused the most serious life reduction. The welded joints using ER NiCr-3 filler metal reduced the strain concentration at the interface, so the fracture location shifted from the interface to HAZ of 10%Cr martensitic heat-resistant steel under high temperature and low stress conditions, and creep rupture life was improved. Similarly, weld cap shifted the creep crack propagation path by changing the groove form, so as to altered the stress state of joint and prolong the creep rupture life.
Understanding the Kinetics of Sigma Phase Evolution in Super 304H using Lab Creep Tested Heats and Long-term Service Aged Components
Authors: Lolla T. , Siefert J. , Lee H. , Kim J. , Hashimoto K. , Komai N. , Tominaga K.
Published: October 2024

Super 304H is a new generation of advanced austenitic stainless steels that is increasingly being used in superheater/ reheater (SH/RH) sections of thermal ultra-supercritical steam power plants due to its high creep strength combined with good oxidation resistance and microstructure stability. However, recent studies have shown significant microstructural changes and associated degradation in creep performance during long-term service exposure in this alloy. Microstructure evolution during service and its effect on the long-term creep performance has not been comprehensively assessed. In this work, variations in the microstructure of long-term service exposed Super 304H RH tubes (~99,600 hours at 596°C steam temperature) are documented. The results for the ex-service material are compared to well-documented laboratory studies to provide perspective on improved life management practices for this mainstay advanced stainless steel.
Creep Deformation Mechanisms in IN738LC Manufactured With Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Megahed Sandra , Krämer Karl Michael , Kontermann Christian , Heinze Christoph , Udoh Annett , Weihe Stefan , Oechsner Matthias
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the influence of build orientation on the high-temperature mechanical properties of IN738LC manufactured via metal laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M). Since the PBF-LB/M layer-wise manufacturing process significantly affects grain morphology and orientation—ranging from equiaxed to textured grains—mechanical properties typically exhibit anisotropic behavior. Samples were manufactured in three build orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) and subjected to hot tensile and creep testing at 850°C following DIN EN ISO 6892-2 and DIN EN ISO 204 standards. While tensile properties of the 45° orientation predictably fell between those of 0° and 90° orientations, creep behavior over 100-10,000 hours revealed unexpected results: the 45° orientation demonstrated significantly shorter rupture times and faster creep rates compared to other orientations. Microstructural analysis revealed distinct creep deformation mechanisms active within different build orientations, with the accelerated creep rate in 45° specimens attributed to multiple phenomena, particularly η-phase formation and twinning. These findings provide crucial insights into the orientation-dependent creep behavior of PBF-LB/M-manufactured IN738LC components.
Influence of Solution Annealing on Creep Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316H SS Using Microstructurally Graded Specimen
Authors: Snitzer John , Lou Xiaoyuan , Wei Bingqiang , Wang Jian
Published: October 2024

Laser additive manufacturing (AM) is being considered by the nuclear industry to manufacture net- shape components for advanced reactors and micro reactors. Part-to-part and vendor-to-vendor variations in part quality, microstructure, and mechanical properties are common for additively manufactured components, attributing to the different processing conditions. This work demonstrates the use of microstructurally graded specimen as a high throughput means to establish the relationship between process-microstructure-creep properties. Through graded specimen manufacturing, multiple microstructures, correlated to the processing conditions, can be produced in a single specimen. The effects of a solution annealing heat treatment on the microstructure and creep properties of AM 316H are investigated in this work. Using digital image correlation (DIC), the creep strain can be calculated in these graded regions, allowing for multiple microstructures to be probed in a single creep test. The solution annealing heat treatment was not sufficient in recrystallization of the large, elongated grains in the AM material; however, it was sufficient in removing the cellular structure commonly found in AM processed alloys creating a network of subgrains in their place. The resulting changes in microstructure and mechanical properties are presented. The heat treatment was found to generally increase the minimum creep rate, reduce the minimum creep rate, and reduce the ductility. Significant amounts of grain boundary carbides and cavitation were observed.
Nitridation Resistance of Several Modern High-Temperature Nickel- and Cobalt-Based Alloys
Authors: Tossey Brett , Li Bingtao
Published: October 2024

Nitridation is a high-temperature material degradation issue that can occur in air and in environments containing nitrogen, ammonia, etc., and in a variety of industrial processes. The nitridation behavior of several commercial nickel- and cobalt-based alloys is reviewed in this paper. The alloys include Haynes 230, Haynes 188, Haynes 625, Haynes 617, Haynes 214, Hastelloy X, and Haynes 233. The environments discussed are high-purity nitrogen gas between 871°C and 1250°C, 100% ammonia gas at 982°C and 1092°C, and a simulated combustion atmosphere at 982°C. The results showed that nitridation occurred in all the environments containing nitrogen. The nitridation attack was strongly influenced by the alloy compositions and the type of oxide formed (i.e., chromia or alumina), as some degree of oxidation was expected in the environments in which residual oxygen was present. Thermal cycling is briefly discussed because the integrity of protective oxides is also an important factor in resisting high-temperature oxidation and nitridation attack.
Cracking of Grade 91 Steel Welds in Longer-Term Service - Case Studies
Authors: Totemeier Terry , Weiss Wendy , Studer Tony , Gressler Steven
Published: October 2024

This paper presents three recent example cases of cracking in Grade 91 steel welds in longer-term service in high temperature steam piping systems: two girth butt welds and one trunnion attachment weld. All the cases were in larger diameter hot reheat piping, with the service exposure of the welds ranging from approximately 85,000 to 150,000 hours. Cracking in all cases occurred by creep damage (cavitation and microcracking) in the partially transformed heat-affected zone (PTZ, aka Type IV zone) in the base metal adjacent to the welds. The location and morphology of the cracking are presented for each case along with operating conditions and potential contributors to the cracking, such as system loading, base metal chemical composition, and base metal microstructure.
Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue Evaluation of Alloy 709 at 760 and 816°C
Authors: Wang Yanli , Sham Ting-Leung
Published: October 2024

A significant research and development effort is underway to support the qualification of Alloy 709 as a Class A construction material in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 5, High Temperature Reactors. This initiative includes a comprehensive Alloy 709 code qualification plan aimed at generating extensive material testing data crucial for compiling the code case data package. The data package is essential in establishing material-specific design parameters for Alloy 709 to be used as Section III, Division 5 Class A construction material for fast reactors, molten salt reactors and gas-cooled reactors. An ASME Section III, Division 5 material code case requires the evaluation of mechanical properties from a minimum of three commercial heats, covering anticipated compositional ranges. A key part of the data package involves fatigue and creep-fatigue testing at elevated temperatures, needed for developing the fatigue design curves and the damage envelope of the creep-fatigue interaction diagram (D-diagram). This paper summarizes the strain-controlled fatigue testing on three commercial heats of Alloy 709 at 760 and 816°C with strain ranges between 0.25% and 3%. The fatigue failure data are used to generate a preliminary fatigue design curve. Additionally, the creep-fatigue testing results at 816°C with tensile hold times of 10, 30, and 60 minutes are presented in support of developing the D-diagram for Alloy 709.
Estimation of Creep Strength of ASME Grade 91 Type Steel in Actual Service Conditions
Authors: Yaguchi Masatsugu , Hamaguchi Tomoaki , Yuga Masao , Nomura Kyohei , Komai Nobuyoshi
Published: October 2024

The creep strength of the base metals and welded joints of ASME Grade 91 type steel under actual service conditions was investigated using long-term used materials in this study. Creep tests were conducted on the materials used for hot reheat or main steam piping at power plants. The remaining creep life of each material under actual service conditions was evaluated using the Larson-Miller parameter for the test result. Then, the creep life of each material under the service condition was estimated as a summation of the service time at the plants and the remaining creep life. The estimation results were useful for examining the validity of the life evaluation formula in the long-term region because it is extremely difficult to obtain creep rupture data under such conditions owing to the long test duration. The estimated creep lives were compared with creep life evaluation curves, which were regulated for Grade 91 type steel in Japan. Regarding the base metals, the estimation results suggest that Grade 91 pipe-type steel tends to exhibit a shorter life than the 99% confidence lower limit of the evaluation curve of the material. This finding indicated that the life evaluation formula for the Grade 91 type steel base metals should be reviewed. On the other hand, the estimation results suggest that the welded joints of Grade 91 type steel generally exhibit a longer life than the 99% confidence lower limit of the evaluation curve of the material, indicating that there is no need to review the life evaluation formula for the Grade 91 type steel welded joints.
Characterization of Precipitation-Strengthening Heat-Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steels for Life-Prediction Modeling
Authors: Yamamoto Yukinori , Ren Qing-Qiang , Pillai Rishi , Hoelzer David , Brady Michael , Zhao Yajie , Poplawsky Jonathan , Lala-Curzio Edgar , Mariyappan Arul Kumar , Lebensohn Ricardo , Capolungo Laurent , Glazoff Michael , Gao Michael , Detrois Martin , Jablonski Paul , Hawk Jeffery , Alman David
Published: October 2024

In this study, the role of minor alloying additions in 347H stainless steels (UNS34709, ASTM A240/240M) on creep-rupture properties at 650-750°C and microstructure evolution during isothermal exposure at 750°C has been investigated, aiming to provide the experimental dataset as boundary conditions of physics-based modeling for material/component life prediction. Four different 347H heats containing various amounts of boron and nitrogen additions were prepared and evaluated. The combined additions of B and N are found to stabilize the strengthening secondary M23C6 carbides and retarding the transition from M23C6 to sigma phase precipitates during thermal exposure. The observed kinetics of microstructure evolution reasonably explains the improvement of creep-rupture properties of 347H stainless steels with the B and N additions.
Interactions Between U-Bearing Fluoride Fuel Salts and Graphite
Authors: Park Jaewoo , Leong Amanda , Zhang Jinsuo
Published: October 2024

A thorough understanding of interactions between graphite and fluoride fuel salts is crucial, as graphite is a promising candidate for the moderator of molten salt reactors. This study investigates the infiltration of fluoride fuel salts into graphite and the fluorination of graphite by these salts under various pressures and temperatures. A high-pressure salt infiltration test apparatus was developed to examine the infiltration of NaF-KF-UF4 and NaF-BeF2-UF4-ZrF4 fuel salts into two types of graphite at high temperatures. For tests using NaF-BeF2-UF4-ZrF4, two different temperatures were selected to assess the impact of temperature on threshold pressure. The study observed salt infiltration into graphite at pressures exceeding its threshold pressure, and the threshold pressure for infiltration was lower at the higher temperature. In addition, the formation of carbon fluorides on the surface of post-test graphite specimens was identified.
THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS BETWEEN TOURIST EXPLOITATION AND DEGRADATION, CASE OF EL KALA NATIONAL PARK (ALGERIA)
Authors: Brahmi Sami  , Grib Aissa
Published: October 2024

Algeria is the largest country in Africa by area and is among the countries in the world that possess a rich natural and cultural heritage due to its size, diversity of regions, environments, cultures, and the civilizations that passed through it, including Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Ottomans, and others. Our study area, the El Kala National Park, is one of the most important regions in Algeria with significant natural and cultural resources. It boasts an important coastal strip with numerous beautiful beaches and tourism expansion zones that could attract investors. Additionally, it contains various ecosystems, including lakes, dunes, forests, diverse flora and fauna and historical sites from different eras, most notably the El Kala Church.
However, this heritage faces degradation due to irresponsible practices, such as the destruction of vegetation in summer 2022, despite existing protective laws. These challenges prompted our study, which partly examines Algeria's policies on tourism, environmental conservation, and heritage preservation. The research methodology employs a combined approach, starting with a historical analysis of the park's status since its UNESCO world heritage classification. We then address the natural ecosystems in the area, illustrated with images, and present a comprehensive study of tourism potentials. Finally, we conduct an in-depth analysis using the SWOT method to obtain a holistic view of the region's natural ecosystems and cultural heritage. Based on our findings, we offer conclusions and recommendations to promote tourism and drive regional development while preserving the ecosystems and natural and cultural heritage of El Kala National Park from degradation and damage.
The Effects of Creative Story Writing on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Learning and Retention
Authors: Bozdoğan Havva Nur , Ekmekçi Emrah
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to determine the effect of creative story writing on prep school students' vocabulary recall and find the students' perceptions related to story writing tasks in terms of vocabulary learning and memorization. The study lasted 8 weeks with 34 intermediate prep school students, utilizing a mixed methods design. The analysis of independent-sample t-tests (for pre- and post-tests) and paired-sample t-tests (for the pre, post-, and delayed tests) indicated that creative story writing effectively improved students' vocabulary learning and recall. The written reflections of students also showed that the students reported the benefits of creative story writing in that it provides learning vocabulary in context, with a higher involvement load, with the act of writing that helps retention and also relates to pragmatics that caters to where, when and how to use that vocabulary. We offer implications for ELT, ESL learners, teachers, and course book writers.
ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines 2024
Authors: Elhadki İslam
Published: October 2024

The book review template does not include a summary
Due Tomorrow? Do Tomorrow: An Inquiry into EFL Students’ Online Assignment Submission Behaviours
Authors: Şimşek Erdi , Çetin Kenan
Published: October 2024

Time management is crucial for academic success, particularly in higher education, where deadlines play a significant role. While students recognise the importance of assignments, they often struggle due to several reasons. This study aims to examine the online submission behaviours of undergraduate EFL students and explore the reasons behind last-minute submissions. The relationship between last-minute submissions and initiation types (time), academic performance, and variation among different deadline hours were examined through quantitative methods and the factors affecting the participants’ behaviours were explored through qualitative methods. Quantitative results shed light on when and how participants submit assignments and illustrates that last-minute submissions occurred regardless of initiation type, and submission timing didn't impact academic performance. Qualitative results showed that many factors such as strategical planning, the complexity of the assignment, anxiety, physical health, procrastination, academic overload, household environment, and access to technology affect the submission behaviours. In light of these results, implications regarding coping with anxiety and procrastination are recommended in the conclusion.
Exploring High School Students' Acceptance and Use of Mobile Applications for English Language Learning
Authors: Coşkun Zelal , Solmaz Osman
Published: October 2024

This study explored the perceptions and attitudes of high school English learners towards mobile language learning applications in a southeastern province of Türkiye. It also examined how factors such as gender, age, school type, smartphone ownership, and regular internet access influence the use of these applications among high school EFL learners. The research involved 650 high school students aged 15 to 17 years old, across 9th, 10th, and 11th grades, and was conducted using a mixed-methods approach, predominantly quantitative. Questionnaires were distributed in four different public high schools, and semi-structured interviews were carried out with 30 volunteering students. Findings indicated that high school EFL learners generally held positive perceptions and attitudes towards mobile language learning apps, using them for various purposes, including practicing and developing English language skills.

Keywords: Mobile-Assisted Language Learning, English as a Foreign Language, Learning English, Mobile Applications
Design and Application Prototype of soft starting Three-Phase AC Motor by Using Analog Electronics Control for Teaching Aids of Power Electronics Practice
Authors: Effendi Effendi , Zakwansyah Zakwansyah
Published: October 2024

In general, palm oil processing factories, from fresh fruit bunches to Crude Palm Oil, require three-phase electric motors to drive or rotate it. The problems that often arise when using three-phase electric motors simultaneously in large numbers will result in very large surges in the electric current, which can affect the performance of electronic devices. To overcome this problem, a prototype of a three-phase AC voltage regulator circuit was made by adjusting the SCR triggering delay angle using an analog electronics equipment control that can be used for three-phase motor soft start applications in a palm oil factory. This prototype will be used as a learning tool for the practical for Aceh Polytechnic students for power electronics courses. This system is built with a method where the three-phase source is first lowered using a transformer arranged in a star on the primary and secondary sides, then each voltage is compared to the ground using an IC LM324, which aims to produce pulses wave. This pulse then connected to a triangular wave generator circuit, this triangular wave is then compared with the DC source voltage from the potentiometer, which aims to regulate the SCR triggering angle of SCR via MOC3063 driver, where the load used is resistive and connected in a star. The measurement using an oscilloscope and observing the change of triggering angle for several variations of each phase, the different Vrms voltage between measurements compared to  mathematical analysis influenced by several factors, including, the transformer is made of three transformers that not identically, the electronic components used are not in ideal condition, and observations on the oscilloscope are carried out visually using the eye and manually adjusting the potentiometer rotation so that the level of measurement accuracy between one person and another will produce different values.
Habilidades de negociación y manejo de conflictos en líderes comunitarios del Callao, Perú, 2024
Authors: Panche Rodríguez Odoña Beatriz , Alegría Varona Gonzalo Ricardo , Graus Cortez Lupe Esther
Published: October 2024

Introducción: Para la participación ciudadana como herramienta crucial para la modernización del Estado, se requiere que la institucionalidad estatal mejore la eficiencia de la gestión pública, especialmente en el ámbito de los programas sociales. Esto incluye el diseño y ejecución de políticas públicas que respondan a una planificación y ejecución de la asistencia social que permita maximizar la satisfacción de sus beneficiarios. Metodología: Mediante enfoque cuantitativo, se analizan las variables habilidades de negociación y manejo de conflictos, realizando encuestas estructuradas con escala de Likert, muestreo censal, a cuarenta y dos participantes de un curso de capacitación sobre las variables, sin distinción de sexo, que viven en La Perla, Callao, Perú. Resultados: Los resultados muestran la correlación correspondiente, con su respectivo grado de significancia. Discusión: Se discute, mediante triangulación, los hallazgos que determinan el impacto de las habilidades de negociación en el manejo de conflictos en líderes comunitarios de Callao. Conclusiones: Se cumplen los objetivos y se valora la percepción de los líderes comunitarios peruanos y su conocimiento frente a las habilidades de negociación.
Autorregulación para la gestión de seguridad en las cadenas de suministro
Authors: Vaudo Godina Liliana
Published: October 2024

Introducción: La autorregulación empresarial debe integrar la estandarización, la responsabilidad y los criterios sociales, ambientales y de gobernanza empresarial, en las cadenas de suministro, con el objeto de asegurar la buena gestión empresarial. Metodología: Documental en un nivel analítico y exploratorio, sobre doctrina, decisiones judiciales, normas internacionales de estandarización. Resultados: Las organizaciones que forman parte de cadena de suministro, deben establecer programas de gestión de seguridad basados en la debida diligencia, destinando los recursos dispuestos en controlar las amenazas y vulnerabilidades, identificando las necesidades de formación y competencias requeridas para llevar a cabo la gestión de los riesgos globales. Discusión: Del análisis de los resultados se evidencia que la consideración de normas de estandarización en la autorregulación permite certificar la seguridad en las cadenas de suministro, reportando beneficios una vez que se construye una cultura de cumplimiento que involucre a todas las esferas, incluyendo los proveedores externos. Conclusiones: Una cultura de cumplimiento por parte de las altas esferas se extiende a todas las instancias empresariales, garantizará mejores condiciones laborales, confianza de usuarios y consumidores sobre la calidad de los productos y servicios que ofrece la empresa, mitigación de riegos, ventaja competitiva y proyección sostenible.
On using vector spherical harmonics
Authors:   Central Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo of RAS, Malkin Z.M.
Published: October 2024

In many astronomical works, the structure of vector fields is analyzed, such as the differences in the celestial object coordinates in catalogs or the celestial object velocities, by decomposition into vector spherical harmonics (VSH). This method has shown high efficiency in many studies, but, at the same time, comparing the results obtained by different authors can cause difficulties associated with different approaches to building the VSH system and even with their different designations. To facilitate this task, this paper provides a comparison of the three VSH systems most often used in works on astrometry and stellar astronomy.
Calling In to Vote: Maximizing Inclusion and Accessibility in Australia’s Elections. Technical Paper, October 2024
Authors: Spinelli Antonio
Published: October 2024

The Australian Electoral Commission is responsible for conducting federal elections and referendums. It has ensured high levels of inclusiveness and participation by maximizing voting accessibility in the electoral processes it oversees. One of these voting methods is telephone voting. There is a lack of information concerning measures that are used to protect the integrity, secrecy and confidentiality of votes cast by telephone. This Technical Paper addresses this lack of information by providing an in-depth description of telephone voting as employed in Australia. While people in some jurisdictions may be curious to learn more about how this voting method works, others may find it useful to consider how telephone voting could help maximize inclusion and accessibility in their own elections.
The Systematic History of the Tribe Laurencieae (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) and the problems in studying representatives of this Taxon in the Far Eastern Seas of Russia
Authors: Belous O. S. , Skriptsova A. V.
Published: October 2024

A history of the taxonomy of the tribe Laurencieae is given in this brief review. The taxonomic revisions that have occurred over the past 200 years are analyzed, and a current view on the species diversity of the tribe and its genera is presented. The problems in identification of the tribe’s representatives in the Far Eastern seas of Russia are revealed, and molecular genetic methods are required to solve them.
Effect the temperature and lithium polysulfides on the composition of lithium cathodic deposits formed on a steel electrode
Authors: Karaseva E. V. , Mochalov S. E. , Kolosnitsyn V. S.
Published: October 2024

Using our method developed earlier, we studied the effect the lithium polysulfides on the amount and ratio of electrochemically active metallic lithium, electrochemically inactive metallic lithium, and chemically formed lithium compounds into cathode deposits formed on a stainless steel electrode during galvanostatic cycling in 1М solution of LiClO4 in sulfolane at 15, 30, 45 and 60°C. It is shown that an increase in temperature leads to an increase in the Coulomb efficiency of cycling and the amount of electrochemically active metallic lithium and a decrease in the amount of electrochemically inactive metallic lithium, regardless of the presence of lithium polysulfides into electrolyte. When lithium polysulfides are introduced into the electrolyte, an increase in the Coulomb efficiency of metallic lithium cycling and a change in the ratio of various forms of lithium in cathode deposits towards an increase in electrochemically active lithium by about 1.5 times are observed. It is assumed that lithium polysulfides contribute to the dissolution of electrochemically inactive metallic lithium, forming on the electrode an interface “sulfide” film with high ionic conductivity and good protective properties, especially at elevated temperatures.
THE BOTTOM-UP LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF BITOLA, REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Authors: Janusheva Violeta
Published: October 2024

The present study examines the bottom-up linguistic landscape (LL),
specifically the shop names in Bitola, a city in North Macedonia. The aim is to
comprehend the hierarchy of the written languages and their script, the role of
the English language, and the extent to which these signs reflect the city’s
language repertoire and sociolinguistic vitality. Thus, using selective observation,
numerous signs are collected, then further coded in a coding protocol, according
to these variables, and analyzed, exploiting the interpretative-inductive method
which leads to the development of ideas from the gathered data. The research
results showcase the presence of several languages in Bitola’s bottom-up LL,
among which Macedonian and English have the same prevalence. However, the
results suggest that the languages of signs do not indicate Bitola’s sociolinguistic
reality, considering that all of the ethnic communities’ languages are not visible
in the public arena, but rather represent linguistic resources that are made use of
in the public space, thus demonstrating a symbolic reality. Furthermore, Bitola’s
non official LL confirmed the absolute English language dominance in the public
sphere as well. In addition, this scrutiny manifests that in order to obtain a more
accurate image of the LL, the origin of words and the Cyrillic transcription of
foreign languages names have to be taken into account.
PHRASEME UND IHRE FUNKTIONEN IM DEUTSCHEN UND ITALIENISCHEN WÄHREND DES KRIEGES IN DER UKRAINE
Authors: Perić-Šormaz Marija , Kiprovska Knežić Elena
Published: October 2024

Phraseme sind feste Wortverbindungen, die folgende Eigenschaften
haben: (1) Polylexikalität, d. h. jedes Phrasem besteht aus mehr als einem Wort;
(2) Festigkeit, d. h. Phraseme sind als eine Einheit in unserem Gehirn gespeichert
und werden in genau dieser Kombination von Wörtern verwendet; (3)
Idiomatizität, d. h. Phraseme im engeren Sinne weisen eine Diskrepanz zwischen
der phraseologischen und wörtlichen Bedeutung auf (Burger 2010, 11-32).
Unterschiedliche Funktionen von Phrasemen, unter anderem Expressivität,
Einstellung, Ironie, Euphemismus, Argumentation und Manipulation, hängen oft
von dem Kontext ab, d. h. an welcher Stelle in einem Text sie vorkommen und
von wem sie verwendet werden (Dobrovol’skij 61-63; Fleischer 1997, 218-220;
Stöckl 188-190; Skog-Södersved 270-274; Sandig 168).
In diesem Beitrag werden Phraseme im Deutschen und Italienischen während
des Krieges in der Ukraine untersucht. Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es,
Unterschiede und Ähnlichkeiten im Gebrauch von Phrasemen während des
Krieges in der Ukraine im Deutschen und Italienischen zu bestimmen, u. a.
Idiomatizität, Funktionen der Phraseme sowie ihre Position in Texten. Die
Phraseme wurden aus den Online-Zeitungen Der Spiegel und La Repubblica
extrahiert. Es wird bestimmt, welche und wie viele Phraseme in den
Zeitungsartikeln über den Krieg in der Ukraine verwendet werden, welche
Funktionen sie erfüllen und von wem sie verwendet werden. Außerdem werden
die Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Sprachen kontrastiert.
Determination of the required degree of surface perforation of collecting drainage pipelines
Authors: Kravchuk Andriy , Kravchuk Oleksandr
Published: October 2024

The operational characteristics of a collecting pressure pipeline, where the flow enters through holes and slots along its length in a turbulent mode, and a pressure drainage pipeline, where liquid enters through the side walls in a filtration mode, are investigated. Based on a comparison of analytical dependencies used to describe the flow entry laws into the pipelines in each case, relatively simple and practical calculation formulas have been derived to determine the required degree of the side walls perforation of the drainage pipeline. These formulas ensure that the desired water flow rate is achieved in the collector. The degree of perforation S in this work is defined as the ratio of the area of the perforation holes (slots) in the side walls of the drainage pipeline to the total area of its side surface. In the analysis of the pipelines considered, parameter A is used, which comprehensively accounts for both the design and filtration characteristics of the drainage pipelines. Relevant analytical dependencies and a graph for determining this parameter are presented. A series of calculations have been performed using the proposed formulas to determine the degree of perforation for these pipelines. It is shown that, in general, the magnitude of the perforation degree is influenced by both the structural characteristics of the pipeline itself and the filtration properties of the surrounding soil and the surface of the drainage pipes.
Experimental studies of bearing capacity of pipe steel of sewage systems
Authors: Makarenko Valery , Gots Voldymyr , Makarenko Yuliya , Arhatenko Tetiana
Published: October 2024

The results of experimental studies on the kinetics of crack growth, its relationship with the parameters of crack resistance and long-term strength of pipe steels of different service life and their structural and phase composition are presented. It was found that the value of the critical stress SK for all test steels increases with the increase in the service life, and the impact viscosity decreases, which indicates the structural embrittlement of the pipe steels associated with their sudden flooding. It is shown that the new 06G2BA steel, which is economically modified with a carbide-forming element (vanadium) and has a fine-grained structure and a low content of harmful impurities (sulfur, phosphorus), has the highest visco-plastic properties and resistance to brittle fracture. The microstrain of the α-Fe crystal lattice, as well as the quantitative decay of cementite and the redistribution of carbon between ferrite and pearlite, were evaluated by X-ray structural methods. 06G2BA steel is recommended for use in the construction of pipelines and, for example, bridge structures, which are constantly under cyclic loads with simultaneous contact with a corrosive-aggressive environment. The influence of the service life of water pipes on the hydrogen content and microcracks in pipe steels was determined. A diagram of the relationship between long-term and static strength depending on the hydrogen content in steels is recommended, which can be used by designers to rationally choose the type of steels with high crack resistance in aggressive technological environments. In order to extend the service life of pipe structures, it is necessary to use economically modified steels.
Ten Years of the Institute of International Politics and Economics in Prague
Authors: Ort Alexandr
Published: October 2024

The Czechoslovak Constitution for International Politics and Economics was established in 1957 and began its activities in the autumn of that year. In fact, it was about the end of a several-year process, because proposals for the establishment of a similar state appeared already in the early fifties, and some of them were discussed very seriously. The successes and failures of these plans created both certain experiences for the new state and were also proof of the great need for research a workplace that would scientifically deal with international relations, world politics and economy and Czechoslovak foreign policy.
The establishment of the UMPE in 1957 is actually a living proof of how the institution was and is closely connected with the overall development of international relations. In the period of the Cold War, it was not so necessary to deal scientifically with international relations, when they were limited to the necessary minimum. That is why the proposals to establish the institute found only limited support. Only the overall easing of international tension in the mid-1950s created favorable conditions for the development of international relations and for scientific research into this issue.
International Court of Justice
Authors: Potočný Miroslav
Published: October 2024

In July 1998, a diplomatic conference convened by the UN General Assembly adopted the Rome statutes of the International Court of Justice. It proceeded from a proposal submitted by the Commission on International Law. The outcome of laborious negotiations was an extensive treaty with 128 articles.Once the Statutes come into force, which requires the deposition of 60 ratification documents or documents on admission and access, an 18-member International Court of Justice with its seat in The Hague commences its activity.The Court is a permanent institution which is authorized to judge the most serious international crimes, affecting the international community as a whole. The Court adopts a complementary attitude to the national criminal jurisdiction of state parties.The Court is entitled to judge crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression. The facts of a case in the first three categories are listed in detail in the Statutes. The crime of aggression is to be specified at an evaluation and revision conference due to meet seven years after the Statues come into force. The addition of further crimes (for example, crimes of international terrorism) is not ruled out in future.The Court deals with cases in an investigation, court and appeals senate. Apart from the Court, there is an independent separate prosecutor's office which is responsible for the prosecution and investigation of the culprits. The Secretariat of the Court deals with administrative services.The Court can pass verdicts of prison sentences of up to thirty years, and in exceptional cases even life imprisonment.
Chemical Disarmament and the Czech Republic
Authors: Středa Ladislav
Published: October 2024

Chemical Disarmament and the Czech Republic.
State System of Malaysia
Authors: Bankowicz Marek
Published: October 2024

State System of Malaysia.
Discussion about Costs of the NATO's Eastern Expansion
Authors: Řezanková Ivona
Published: October 2024

Die Debatte über die Kosten der NATO-Osterweiterung. Hg. August Pradetto, Fouzieh Melanie Alamir . Demokratie, Sicherhiet, Frieden, Bd. 119. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1998, 282 stran, ISBN 3-7890-5447-X.
Rethinking Cold War History
Authors: Wallatová Josefina
Published: October 2024

John Lewis Gaddis: We now know: Rethinking Cold War History. Clarendon Press, New York, Oxford 1997.
Pugwash Convened in Mariánské Lázně
Authors: Šnejdárek Antonín
Published: October 2024

The Pugwash movement arose from the initiative of atomic scientists from various countries who realized their responsibility for human life. That is why they opposed the war and began to discuss how to reduce or even eliminate the threat of war. Since they could provide very valuable, sometimes even decisive information in various areas with their knowledge, they could significantly contribute to the conclusion of agreements banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere right at the beginning of their activities. The initiators of the movement, grouped mainly in The Pugwash Standing Committee, however, were not satisfied with these results.
They remained faithful principles they agreed upon at a meeting in a small village in the USA bearing the Indian name of Pugwash and continued their efforts to eliminate the outbreaks of war and dangers to world peace in all areas. The movement expanded considerably. Not only the leaders of nuclear research in the USA, USSR and Great Britain are among them, but also nuclear physicists from all important countries, scientists from a number of other disciplines, including social sciences.
Foreign Guests in ÚMPE
Authors: Plaček Štěpán
Published: October 2024

On March 20, the UMPE staff welcomed a prominent figure in American science, Prof. Karl Deutsche from Yale University in New Haven (Connecticut). Prof. Deutsch opened the friendly discussion with a short lecture on the topic of American response to the challenge of Europe. The debate deviated somewhat from its own topic, because the audience was most interested in the speaker's engaging conclusions about the use of quantitative methods in the scientific study of international relations. Prof. Deutsch, who - originally from Bohemia - gave a lecture in Czech, gave a number of examples where he achieved remarkable results with the help of these methods and using a high-speed computer.
The leading representative of the Republican Party, the former vice-president of the USA and later presidential candidate Richard Nixon visited UMPE on March 23; in a short speech he answered questions from cs. of scientific workers, which mostly concerned US foreign policy, including 1 American intervention in Vietnam. Nixon, who emphasized right from the start that he was a representative of the opposition and that he had certain reservations about the foreign policy of the current US government, responded, however, in a more straightforward manner with official American positions: he warned in advance that he did not intend to criticize the government abroad. In an interesting debate, no consensus was reached on any issue of practical US policy.
On the Soviet Foreign Policy
Authors: Mudroch Josef
Published: October 2024

The authors of the book "History of Foreign Policy of the USSR" are prominent Soviet workers in the field of international relations and diplomacy who worked under the leadership of B. N. Ponomarev, A. A. Gromyk and V. M. Chvostov. I see the messengers of this book in that it enabled the Soviet people to understand more deeply the essence of the foreign policy of the USSR, and the Ctenari foreign policy embraced the goals of this policy.
I define Soviet foreign policy as a policy that harmoniously combines the national interests of the Soviet state and the Soviet people with the international obligations of the working class that seized power. The authors divided the history of Soviet foreign policy into two basic stages. Proni begins with the Great Rhine Socialist Revolution and the year 1945, the second stage begins with the consolidation of the results of the USSR's struggle against fascism, the victory of the people's revolutions in Europe and Asia, and the emergence of the world socialist system.