bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specialized Meat-Eating in the Holocene: An Archaeological Case from the Frigid Tropics of High-Altitude Peru
Authors: Rick John W , Moore Katherine M
Published: November 2023

Like many ethnographically known hunter-gatherers themselves, anthropologists spend a great deal of time conversing and arguing about meat-eating and its partial correlate, hunting. The ability to procure meat, once felt to be a hallmark of human intelligence and culture, is now highly contested at various stages of human evolution. Although primates are clearly involved in hunting, with increasingly extensive modem records of how meat procurement fits within their lives, the involvement of premodem humans with hunting has left evidence that is less clear. This volume encompasses both specific evidence (e.g., chapters by Speth and Tchemov or Pickering), and more general overviews and models of the data and processes of evolving hunting abilities (see chapter by Foley). There are few who would contest the human ability to hunt by the time of anatomical and behavioral modernity, and issues of which prey were chosen, the degree of reliance on hunted foods, and which methods of hunting were used are more relevant. As humans develop behavioral flexibility, situations emerge in which the predominance of camivory is an option, allowing humans to become specialized predators. This chapter looks at one such case that illustrates the difference between focused human camivory and the less intensive exploitation of animals generally seen in most premodem hominid assemblages.
What Do We Know About Judgment Under Stress?
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Because I want to provide the reader with a broad overview of the study of stress on judgment and decision making as it has recently been carried out by psychologists and others, I will provide readers with some context that will give them an appreciation of where we stand today. Therefore, I begin with a description of a hearing held by the Defense Policy Panel of the Committee on Armed Services of the U.S. House of Representatives on August 3, 1988. It will be a crucible for our current understanding of the effects of stress on judgment and decision making. A hearing was called by the House Committee on Armed Services to consider “the Administration proposal to pay compensation to the victims oflran Air Flight 655 which was shot down[by the American cruiser Vincennes] over the Persian Gulf on July 3” (Committee on Armed Services, 1989, p. 1).
Coherence Theories and Their Implications for Judgment Under Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Coherence is a psychologically compelling attribute of any argument, but it is also a logically compelling attribute; indeed, it is a mandatory attribute for those arguments-or judgments-that do not rely on their correspondence with empirical facts. Consider a jury trial in which the defendant’ s attorney offers an alibi for the defendant; he was at a certain place at a certain time that made it impossible for the defendant to have committed the crime; therefore, the attorney claims his client is innocent. What will the prosecutor’ s strategy be? It will be to show that the opponent’ s argument lacks consistency; that it contains a contradiction; that it places the defendant at two different places at once. In short, it is incoherent, therefore it can’ t be true.
A Theory of Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I present a new concept of stress in the attempt to remove the present vagaries that now make it so difficult to use as a research tool. I begin with two premises: (I) All organisms attempt to maintain stable relations with their environment, and (2) the disruption of stabilized relations produces phenomena known to lay persons and professionals alike as “stress.” (A caveat: Under conditions called “play,” certain organisms, notably human beings, seek circumstances that counter these premises.) The first premise can be refined, made specific and operational, and non circular measures can be developed, by reference to the empirically well established phenomenon of constancy. This term refers to the organism’ s ability, for example, to estimate correctly the size or shape or color of an object despite changing sensory inputs. Thus, the size of an object re mains constant to us no matter how far away it is. Similarly with sound; even though a very loud sound may be heard only faintly because its origin is far away, we are still able to detect it as a loud noise, an explosion, for example.
A Savage Place
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

“The present inhabitants,” wrote Judge Ephraim Kirby upon his arrival in frontier Mississippi, “are illiterate, wild and savage, of depraved morals.” One hopes he exaggerated, but Kirby’s judgment captures the spirit of many early settlers struggling to tame the state’s savage conditions. Mostly a wilderness, much of the state belonged to American Indians until the 1820s and 1830s, when a succession of treaties cleared the way for white settlement. Even at the time of secession, many areas still resembled a frontier. Another early resident spoke for thousands when he recalled “that the times then tried the stuff men were made of.” Part of the settlement heritage, reinforced and sustained by slavery and scattered residence, was a glorification of certain manly virtues: physical courage and aggressiveness, but also reliability and loyalty neighbors and kin. Confirmed in public, face-to-face encounters between men, these values defined masculinity and reinforced the demands of honor, linking individual men with their peers in the community. After 1830 rapid immigration sparked social and economic development and created a more complex society. Settlers began to enjoy greater social stability, more coherent and supportive neighborhoods, and some outward signs of ̒̒civilization.̓̓
Mortal Stakes
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

Mississippi’s struggle over the Compromise of 1850 suggested the inherent weakness of its party system as many voters abandoned old loyalties and invoked a pervasive antiparty discourse. Throughout the history of Mississippi’s two-party system, men expressed the same distrust of organization, declaring that anyone loyal to parties remained suspect. Common to all parties and spokesmen from the 1840s to secession, the politics of antipartyism helped define Mississippi’s political culture. It was more than the disgruntled griping of frustrated office seekers; even pro-party extremists conceded in public and private that most rank-and-file voters disliked and avoided parties whenever possible. In particular, the antiparty tradition condemned the essence of party organization: the convention system and professional politicians, both of which, its adherents argued, promoted selfish, scheming candidates who wanted simply to feed at the public trough.
Playmates
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

On election day 1860 state geologist, traveler, and diarist Benjamin L. C. Wailes noted his vote for Constitutional Union nominees John Bell and Edward Everett and carefully prepared a small table in his journal to tally the returns. A successful planter and historian, he had recently returned from a long trip that included Philadelphia and Washington. If anyone in antebellum Mississippi could qualify as cosmopolitan, it would be Wailes. Yet his outlook on the presidential election was inevitably local: “At this precinct,” he wrote, “Bell & Everitt received [blank space] votes.” Like his less sophisticated neighbors, Wailes’s perspective on politics began in his home precinct within a neighborhood community that sustained the state’s antiparty political culture.
Family Enterprises in Japan Today
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1, the definition of the term “family enterprise” was broadened. The broader definition includes companies where the founder (after retiring or dying) has left his company to his family, who then cooperates with salaried managers in the running of the business. Other definitions in chapter 1 include families who run their businesses themselves, as well as families who don ‘t run their businesses but hold substantial management responsibilities, such as employing and dismissing salaried managers from outside the family. Yet despite the apparent clarity of the above definition, in order to carry out more in-depth, objective research, I believe it ‘s necessary to have a definition based on quantifiable criteria.
Prosodic Conditions on Anaphora and Clitics in Jakaltek
Authors: Aissen Judith
Published: November 2023

In studies which reach back more than twenty years, Colette Craig described certain disjoint reference effects in Jakaltek, a Mayan language spoken in the highlands of Guatemala (Craig 1977), and one of the rigid VSO languages in the family. These effects are induced by the presence of an overt pronominal element, as in (1), where the two instances of ix can only refer to different women (the genitive follows the head in Jakaltek).
Attack of the Amateurs
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Are you a mathematical amateur? Do not fret. Many amazing mathematical findings have been made by amateurs, from homemakers to lawyers. These amateurs developed new ways to look at problems that stumped the experts.

Have any of you seen the movie Good Will Hunting, in which 20-year-old Will Hunting survives in his rough, working-class South Boston neighborhood? Like his friends, Hunting does menial jobs between stints at the local bar and run-ins with the law. He’s never been to college, except to scrub floors as a janitor at MIT. Yet he can summon obscure historical references from his photographic memory and almost instantly solve math problems that frustrate the most brilliant professors.
Why Don’t We Use Roman Numerals Anymore?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“Ah, yes,” said Dr. Googol, “I can answer your question, but before I tell you, you must solve a small puzzle with Roman numerals. I don’t think this puzzle dates back to Roman times, but it looks so simple that it could well be quite ancient.” Dr. Googol drew the Roman numerals I, II, and III on 6 columns as schematically illustrated in the aerial view in Figure 2.1.
What if we Receive Messages from the Stars?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

What if spaceships from another world suddenly appeared in our skies? What if tomorrow morning you turned on your radio and heard a strange, pulsating tone, and what if you learned that the same thing was happening across our planet? Dr. Googol often fantasizes that he is a handsome computer genius watching as a giant alien mothership arrives in Earth orbit and immediately begins to transmit a cyclic tone down to the nations of Earth. The world frantically tries to understand the aliens’ intentions—until Dr. Googol deciphers the alien message: it’s a countdown to weapon firing. The President of the United States attempts to reason with the creatures, who give Earthlings one choice: become their slaves, or die. The aliens demonstrate their massive orbital firepower by destroying large U.S. cities, and the military forces of many nations try to retaliate with little effect.
A Ranking of the 5 Strangest Mathematicians Who Ever Lived
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) Ramanujan, who started life as a clerk in the accounting department of the Madras post office, became India’s greatest mathematical genius and one of the greatest 20th-century mathematicians. Ramanujan made substantial contributions to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions, continued fractions, and infinite series. He came from a poor family, and his mother took in boarders, which created a crowded home. Ramanujan was very shy and found it hard to speak. He excelled in math but usually failed all his other courses. When he was 13, he borrowed a high school student’s math book and mastered it in a week. Because he was deprived of manuals that could teach him about rigorous proofs, Ramanujan developed rather strange methods to establish mathematical truths. Mathematician G. H. Hardy remarked:
A Ranking of the 8 Most influential Female Mathematicians
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Despite horrible prejudice in earlier times, several women fought against the establishment and persevered in mathematics. Until the 20th century, very few women received much education, and the path to more advanced studies was usually blocked. Many of these women had to go against the wishes of their families if they wanted to learn. Some were even forced to assume false identities, study in terrible conditions, and work in intellectual isolation. Consequently, very few women contributed to mathematics. The following ranking of the 8 most influential female mathematicians was compiled through extensive research and by surveying mathematicians. These women did more than just influence the course of mathematics. They also affected people’s perceptions of women’s role in all intellectual endeavors.
What is Numerical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Individuals afflicted with obsessive-compulsive disorder are often compelled to commit repetitive acts that are apparently meaningless such as persistent hand washing, counting objects, checking to see if doors are locked, and avoiding oddly stressful situations such as stepping on the cracks of the sidewalk. Obsessive-compulsive disorder involving numbers is particularly sad and fascinating. The great inventor Nikola Tesla had “arithromania,” or “numerical obsessive-compulsive disorder.” He demanded precisely 18 clean towels each day. If asked why, Tesla provided no explanation. Table accoutrements and towels were not the only items he demanded come in multiples of 3. For example, he often felt compelled to walk around the block 3 times, and he always counted his steps while walking. He chose room number 207 in the Alta Vista Hotel, because 207 is divisible by 3. When dining, he always stacked 18 napkins in a neat little pile because he favored numbers divisible by 3.
Cube Maze
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol created a cubical array of metallic spheres with numbers painted on each sphere. Figure 48.1 is a schematic illustration of the original 3-dimensional model. Although it’s more fun to hold the model in your hand and turn it around as needed, you can still have a terrific challenge by trying to trace a path from the arrow at the top to the arrow at the bottom such that the sum of all the spheres you pass through is 202.
Alien Snow: A Tour of Checkerboard Worlds
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

So begins a science-fiction saga that describes humanity’s first encounter with ephemeral entities resembling points of light on a 3-dimensional checkerboard—lights that move and change shapes according to mathematical laws. Some readers will recognize the cloud as a 3-dimensional cellular automaton. The theme saturates Ox, even to the point where each chapter begins with a small cellular grid decorated by dots. The presence or absence of a dot in a grid cell indicates which of 2 states a cell is in (that is, the cell is either on or off).
Hyperspace Prisons
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol enjoys simple-looking geometrical puzzles that require you to estimate the number of overlapping triangles within a diagram such as the one in Figure 61.1a. Can you guess how many triangles are in this figure? Stop. Take a guess before reading further. This figure contains a walloping 87 triangles. Sometimes it is possible to come up with rules that specify the number of triangles in an ever-growing sequence of diagrams, such as the sequence in 61.1b. Impress your friends with your ability to compute the number of triangles in the //th triangular figure: \n(n + 2)(2zz + l)]/8, for even n, and [n(n + 2)(2w + 1) −1]/8 for odd n.
Hexagonal Cats
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Many years ago, Dr. Googol was visiting a Middle Eastern museum. Outside, the villagers were gathered around dozens of primitive ocelot statues. One of the bearded men in the gathering began to meticulously arrange the new archeological findings on the hot sand amidst the parched and withered cacti. He arranged the cats in the shape of concentric hexagons, as shown below. After resting for a few minutes, the wizened man groaned, knelt down, and began to count the cats, starting from the center.
Apocalyptic Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

While on the topic of piano keys, did you ever notice that the widths of the white keys are not all the same at the back ends (where they pass between the black keys)? What back-end widths would piano manufacturers chose to use if they wanted to make the widths as similar as possible? Mathematician Kevin Brown studied different pianos and how they accommodate this problem in “linear programming.” Let Wdenote the widths of the white keys at the front, and let B denote the widths of the black keys. Then let tf, £,..., £ (variables are assigned to their musical equivalents) denote the widths of the white keys at the back. It seems impossible to have a-b-. . . = g. The best you can do is try to minimize the greatest difference between any 2 of these keys. One simple approach would be to set d = g = a = (IF-B) and b = c = e = f= (W-BI2), which gives a maximum difference of B/2 between the widths of any two white keys (at the back ends).
Grenade Stacking
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

As discussed in Laurent Beeckman’s article in the May 1994 American Mathematical Monthly, if we allow any set of k consecutive squares (not necessarily beginning with 1), there are solutions for k = 1,2, 11, 23, 24, 33, 47, . . . For each of these we have infinitely many sequences of k consecutive squares whose sum is a square. For example, with Further Exploring ® 359 k = 24 we not only have the previous sequence, l2 + 22 + 33 + 44 + . . . . + 242 = 702, but we also have 92 + 102 + 112 + . . . + 322 = 1062, 202 + 212 + 222 + . . . + 432 = 1582, etc. Can you find others? In general, it seems that the sum of the 24 squares beginning with m1 is a square for m = 1,9, 20, 25, 44, 76,.
Beauty and Gaussian Rational Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate a very simple graphics technique for visualizing a large class of graphically interesting manifestations of complex rational numbers. As background, complex rational numbers are of the form p/q, where p and q can be complex numbers of the form a + bi where i = and a and b are integers. As an example of a complex rational number, consider (1 + 2z)/(3 + 3/)). In other words, p = p' = ip", and q = q' = iq", with p', p", q', q" all integers.
The incan Tablets
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The second pair completes the set because this pair completes every possible pair of the 4 symbols. Perhaps there are other equally valid solutions?
Zoologic
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

In Figure Fl 14.1, Mr. Gila walks along 47 paths, or 4,700 feet. The path he chooses hits these enclosures in sequence: 18, 20, 19, 17,18, 20, 21, 13, 14, 10, 9, 5, 6, 10, 11, 7, 6, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 11, 15, 14, 22, 23, 15, 16, 12, 8, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 9, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 16, 28, 25, 26, 27, and 28. As you can see, in several instances he must travel a path twice. Can you find a shorter route? If Mr. Gila places the 19 panes of glass in the manner shown in Figure Fl 14.2, he will have 10 enclosures of equal size.
Yin or Yang
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The puzzle is actually based on an ancient problem. Figure Fl 16.1 is the only solution of which Dr. Googol is aware. To satisfy yourself that the pieces are in fact the same size and shape, you can draw this pattern on a piece of paper, cut out the pieces, and superimpose them on one another.
An incident at Chavin de Hudntar
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

To decode the “keys to the universe,” you must substitute an English letter for each symbol. Rest in peace.
3 Weird Problems with 3
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

For problem 1, you can define an arithmetic series as follows: ax = 1, a2 = 2, = 3, an = an-3 + + an-\ f°r n — 4. The sum of each row in the original problem is the sum of its digits. This means that the sum of each row is the sum of the previous 3 rows’ sums. One can use this information to write a BASIC program to compute the sum for the thirtieth row: 45,152,016.
Zen Archery
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Problem 1:8 + 19 + 31 + 41 + 101 = 200. We believe there are roughly 27 distinct solutions. What method did you use to solve this? Must the 8 be present in every solution? Problem 2: 10 + 19 + 71 = 100.
The Effects of Stress On The Experience of Emotions
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

Have you ever had a close call, a brush with death or some other near disaster, and, looking back, realized that the odds were not much better, perhaps less than 50/50, that you were going to make it? In a split second’s time your fate was decided. Perhaps too there was even a choice you had to make. A left turn or a right? And you made the right choice. Do you remember what you were feeling at the time? Not afterward, but right then?

For me, it was speeding up a hill on a country road outside of Grass Valley, California, on a motorcycle. At 50 mph, I was definitely going too fast. Just over the rise, there was a boy on his bike stopped in the middle of the road waiting for the traffic to clear so he could turn left for home. There was not enough road for both of us, and at my speed, I knew I would hit him.
Positive Emotions and Mental Health
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

“My daughter took my pain with her.” One of our rheumatoid arthritis patients said that to us. We were marveling that the pain due to her disease had suddenly dropped to 0 from moderately high levels of 60 on a 0-to-100 scale. She saw this change as her body’s reaction to the death of her daughter. Actually, this woman had lost her father and daughter within the same 2 weeks. It happened by chance to be a time at which we were monitoring her stress and disease activity with weekly interviews, so we were able to detect these changes in disease occurring in concert with the deaths in her family. We also were able to confirm a clear reduction in clinical signs of inflammation following those deaths by physician joint examinations (Potter & Zautra, 1997). The major losses she experienced had unintended benefits to her health. In fact, those benefits lasted about 6 months, the usual period of time associated with grieving over the death of a close family member.
Emotional Intelligences
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

People differ in their emotional capacities, just as they differ in intellectual capacities. This chapter is devoted to exploring such individual differences in emotional intelligence. But what does it mean to be intelligent with emotions? Many in the behavioral sciences have grown up shouldering the philosophies of Rene Descartes and Immanuel Kant, who taught that emotion is the antithesis of reason. Logic, hard-nosed thinking, and high-speed analysis are thought to be the keys to the sublime when it comes to intellect. From this perspective, emotions are at best a nuisance, at worst a source of bias, irrationality, and error in information processing and decision-making. For some, emotional intelligence seems to be an oxymoron, like “kind terrorist” or “idiot savant.”

Somewhere along the way to the end of the twentieth century, however, we turned away from processing speed as the sine qua non of intelligence. Perhaps it is the result of high-speed computers such as Deep Blue checkmating Garry Kasparov, the best human chess player at the time of the match. We talk of the need for good judgment, as we can no longer compete in computational tasks. Perhaps we can blame the baby boomers; according to some commentators, the boomers are talking about the need for wisdom just to compensate for the slowing of their intellectual skills. Whatever the cause of this new emphasis on emotional smarts, it is apparent that people differ in their capacity to experience, understand, communicate, and manage their feelings and in their ability to understand the feelings of others.
Marriage and Other Close Relationships
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

Behavioral scientists are like most people; they tend to think of relationships as either good for you or bad for you. In truth, relationships defy such simple classification. They can be, and usually are, both healthy and unhealthy. The evidence that divorce leads to health problems is strong, especially for men. Higher rates of depression, and alcoholism, and a twofold increase in suicides are typically found among divorced and separated men compared with married and single men (Bruce & Kim, 1992; Kposowa, 2000; Power, Rodgers, & Hope, 1999). Women are also at risk, with high rates of depressive disorders following marital dissolution. But these statistics do little to dissuade people from marriage and other risky intimate partnerships. A close relationship is indeed a double-edged sword. This chapter examines these two sides of the emotional life of marriage and similar bonds, relying on the two-dimensional framework developed thus far in this book.

John Neale and Arthur Stone (Stone, 1981; Stone & Neale, 1982) were among the first to discover dualism in everyday conjugal relations. They recruited couples who answered their advertisements in the local newspapers and asked them to complete daily diaries.
The Quality of Emotional Life at Work
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

When you ask people why they work, you often hear comments such as, “It puts food on the table,” or “It keeps me busy,” or “To get out of the house.” These comments disguise the strong emotional attachments that most of us have to our jobs, the way that troubles at work can preoccupy us, or the profound sense of loss that we feel when we leave a job, whether we choose to go or are asked to leave. Most people still find contentment at work, even when their jobs are so taxing physically and psychologically that their activities are truly harmful to their health. There is no experience other than marriage and family that involves us so fully.

How can we begin to understand our emotional attachments to employment in a way that can account for the fundamental contribution that the work experience makes to our lives? Marie Jahoda (1981) identified what she called “latent” or hidden purposes underlying work. A job imposes a time structure on the waking day, allows for shared experiences with people outside the home, links an individual to goals and purposes that transcend one’s own, defines key components of personal identity, and, perhaps fundamentally, requires activity.
The Preservation of Quality of Emotional Life As We Age
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

My aim in this chapter is to examine the quality of the emotional lives of older adults with lenses focused on both positive and negative dimensions of emotional experience. But first, I think it is important to address a bias that pervades much of our thinking about aging populations. Many people maintain that we have more important concerns than attending to the quality of life of older adults. For them, nurturing the mental health of children provides us with the best hope for the future. They subscribe to the belief that what happens early in life shapes our futures to a great extent. In contrast, the ways of older adults are already set, as if their stories have been foretold, forecast by events earlier in life. Another commonly held belief is that biological processes play a greater role in determining the health and well-being of older adults than of young children. Collectively, these attitudes add up to restatements of the adage about “old dogs” not being able to learn and of the futility of our attempts to improve the lives of our elders. Even if older adults could be influenced by new experiences to the same extent as young adults and children, the balance of years favors investing in children and their mothers first, does it not? So many years are wasted when a child dies or is wounded psychologically; fewer years are lost for the person already past his or her “prime.” These are the arguments I hear about the relative unimportance of enriching the quality of life of our elders.
The Emotional Community
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

The Greene family was driving through Sicily at night when they were attacked. A group of bandits brandishing firearms pulled alongside the Greenes’ car. As the family tried to flee, the bandits opened fire. After a chase, the bandits pulled away, and the Greenes came upon an automobile accident with police and ambulance present. At first relieved, they stopped their car to report their brush with lawlessness. When they opened the back door, however, they found that a bullet had pierced the skull of their 6-year-old son, Nicholas. Two days of intensive care did not reverse the fact that their child was brain dead. When they told this story on National Public Radio, 3 years after the event, few of the millions of listeners could hold back tears.

Mr. and Mrs. Greene lost a life very precious to them on that Sicilian highway. But what happened next seems nothing short of miraculous. By donating their son’s organs, the Greenes ignited an international movement that has saved the lives of countless people. Their story provides a dramatic illustration of the opportunities for positive thought and emotion that are embedded within even the most tragic circumstances. And when you hear them tell it, as a simple matter of fact, an attitude of, “Well, wouldn’t anyone have done the same?” we know that the warmth we feel is not due to the way they told the story but from how the story itself touches us.
Brodmann’S Cortical Areas
Authors: Smith Chris U M
Published: November 2023

Korbinian Brodmann was born at Liggersdorf, Hohenzollern, on 17 November 1868. He was educated at Gymnasia in Sigmaringen and Konstanz and studied medicine at, successively, Munich, Wurzburg, Berlin, and Freiburg-im-Breisgau. He passed his final medical examinations at Freiburg on 21 February 1895. It seems that his ambition after passing his medical examinations was to work as a doctor in the Black Forest region. To this end he enrolled at the Munich Pediatric Clinic and Polyclinic, but he was prevented from taking up the time-consuming duties of general practitioner when he contracted diphtheria. Instead, in May 1896, he assumed the less demanding position of assistant in the Neurological Clinic at Alexanderbad-im-Fichtelberg (northern Bavaria), whose director at that time was Oskar Vogt. This was a crucial moment in Brodmann’s career.
The Sylvian Fissure
Authors: Beukers Harm
Published: November 2023

Franciscus dele Boè, called Sylvius, was a descendant of a Protestant family from Cambrai, France.1 For religious reasons the family moved to Germany, where Sylvius was born in Hanau in 1614. He studied medicine at the universities of Sedan and Leiden. He enrolled on 4June 1632 at Leiden and held a disputation Positiones variae medicae under the presidency of Adolphus Vorstius in 1634. After a study tour to southern German universities, Sylvius became a doctor of medicine at the University of Basel on 16 March 1637, defending a thesis entitled De animali motu ejusque laesionibus under the presidency of Emanuel Stupanus.
Froment’S Sign
Authors: Spaans Frank
Published: November 2023

In the early part of the twentieth century, the boundaries between the various medical disciplines were much less sharply defined than they are now. Thus it is not surprising that although Jules Froment1•2 was made professor of internal medicine at the University of Lyon (France) in 1928, he devoted most of his professional life to neurology. Jules Froment was born in 1878, in a family without any medical tradition. His initial interest was in internal medicine, as is evident from his 1906 dissertation on abnormalities of the heart valve in Graves’ disease. During World War I he was conscripted to work as a physician at the front, where he saw many nerve injuries caused by bullets.He studied the anatomy and function of the peripheral nervous system and was soon given a position in Paris withJoseph Babinski (1857-1932; see Chapter 18), whom he came to admire greatly.
The No-Rebound Phenomenon Of Stewart-Holmes
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M , Bruyn George W
Published: November 2023

The (no-)rebound phenomenon is a valuable diagnostic tool that, in our opinion, is regrettably underused in neurological examinations. This is probably largely due to a misunderstanding about (or lack of comprehension of) the essential point of this sign, despite its lucid description by Stewart and Holmes.1-3 Thomas Grainger Stewart, the third son of the well-known Sir Thomas (Grainger Stewart) and his wifeJessy Dingwall Fordyce, daughter of the parson Dr. R. Macdonald, was born in Edinburgh on 2 December 1877. The shy, rather introverted youth was of above-average intellectual endowment. He took the bachelors in medicine and surgery in 1900, became a member of the Royal College of Physicians (RCP), Edinburgh, in 1902 and of the RCP, London, in 1904. Between a stint as house physician at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and his moving to London he studied in Munich. He was awarded the gold medal for his M.D. thesis in 1912 and elected Fellow of the RCP, London, a year later.
Broca’S Aphasia
Authors: Moffie David , Schiller Francis
Published: November 2023

Pierre Paul Broca (1824-1880) was born on 28 June 1824 in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, a small town in the Dordogne, east of Bordeaux, in a Calvinist family.1 His father, who had served as a surgeon in Napoleon’s army, was a general practitioner. Paul attended the local primary and high schools. He wanted to study at the Ecole Polytechnique to become an engineer, but he changed his mind and studied medicine instead. This was probably owing to his father’s insistence on his taking over his practice.
The Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Authors: Koehler Peter J , Aminoff Michael J
Published: November 2023

The Brown-Sequard syndrome occurs following unilateral lesion of the spinal cord. Paralysis and disturbed proprioception are found ipsilateral to the lesion, whereas diminished pain and temperature appreciation, starting one or two segments below the level of the lesion, are found contralaterally. The syndrome may have many different causes.
The Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M , Rapper Allan H
Published: November 2023

The identification of Guillain-Barre syndrome with an acute polyneuritis has remained unchallenged since its first description. Nearly all cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome follow a typical course. Limb paresthesias are followed by weakness in proximal muscles, sometimes accompanied by cramping pain in the back, buttocks, and thighs. The disorder may follow a viral or bacterial infection, vaccination, or a number of other conditions. Except for facial weakness, cranial nerve involvement is uncommon but may emerge in more severe cases. This includes ophthalmoplegia, oropharyngeal weakness, and, rarely, progression to a “locked-in” state. As a result of impaired baroreceptor function, spontaneous fluctuations in blood pressure and bradycardia may occur.
Wallenberg’S Syndrome
Authors: Barnett Henry J M , Meldrum Heather
Published: November 2023

Wallenberg’s name has been a household word in neurology for the last century. His observations were made close to the zenith of the hundredth anniversary of descriptive neurology’s birth and epitomized the best skills of neurologists of this epoch. His careful honing of the art of history taking and neurological examination, knowledge of neuroanatomy, and resolute pursuit of bedside studies to the postmortem room were exemplary. Adolf Wallenberg was born in Stargard (near Danzig, in Prussia, the present Gdansk in Poland) on 10 November 1862. His father was the district’s physician, Samuel Wallenberg; his grandfather was a rabbi. Samuel died when Adolf was six years old. He and his three brothers received an academic education but were also given music lessons.
Parkinson’S Disease
Authors: Rose Frank Clifford
Published: November 2023

This condition is probably the eponymous disease most widely recognized by the general lay public. In spite of this, few know the details of Parkinson’s life. He was born in April 1755 in Hoxton (to the northeast of the City of London), an area which in the late eighteenth century was more salubrious than now. Baptized and married in St. Leonards Church, he was buried in its churchyard as were his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, all four generations practicing as surgeon-apothecaries for a continuous period of 80 years.1 There is no portrait of Parkinson, but his friend, Dr. Mantell, wrote Mr Parkinson was rather below middle stature, with an energetic intellect, and pleasing expression of countenance, and of mild and courteous manners; readily imparting information, either on his favourite science, or on professional subjects.
The Third World Alternative
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie degate on how to conduct the nuckar arms race was at r()(Jt a debate about foreign policy. \Vhcthcr or not either side had something approximating to a first-strike capability mattcn:d only if it was fdt that the dynamics of international affairs Wl.H: pushing the superpowers in exorably to the brink of war or that alliance commitments depended on a readiness to take the highest risks. Although the ideas or limited war and arms control allowed members or the liberal wing or the Democratic Party to appear responsible realists rather than naive idea lists, they tended to doubt that the Soviet Union was really contemplating total war, and they suspected that by showing greater fle.,ibility the \Vest could move toward some sort of :iccommodation with the East. lvlorc seriously, they believed that the prcoccup:irion with European geopolitics, the cold w:lr, and the :mns race me:mt tlut the big story of the contcmpor:it)’ era, the snugglcs in the third world for politic:li mdependencc and economic de velopment, w:is being missed.
The New Strategy
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Roilert mcnamara entered tiie pentagon as something of a whirlwind, firing off dctaikd questions in all directions. His capacity to digest information, zoom in on discrepancies, compute costs, and assess alternatives astonished and alarmed subordinates. The military appeared as amatn1rs in his presence, fumbling for answers to questions that had m:vcr been asked before, expected to explain their programs without recourse to the normal slogans or a sense or what the political marketplace would bear.
The Options Debated
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

On 16 octoger the evidence was incontrovcrtihk. The Soviet Union was attempting to insert missiks covertly into Cuba. Over the next thirteen days Kcnm:dy took the advice of a group that met regularly-almost con tinually-for the duration of the crisis. This group has come to he known as ExComm (for Executive Conunittcc of the National Security Council) although it was not rormally designated as such until a week into the crisis.
Blockade
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie alternative to an air strike took time to crystallize. Early on the afternoon of l6 October, in a way that suggested prior preparation, Mc Naman, had raised the idea of a hlocbck. A previous nu:ntion had been as a suppk1m:nt rather than an alternative to an air strike, to prevent missiks arriving after the original set had been destroyed. It was on this basis that Maxwell Taylor had stated it as a requirement in his initial presentation, along with the rein(orcement or the American base at Guannlnamo.
Aftermath
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie “castiw piwglem’’ had been played down for the duration of the crisis in order to focus on the “missik probkm.” As the missiles began to kavc, the Castro probkm was highlighted once more. Ily the time of the crisis over 150,000 Cubans had entered the United States as refugees. Out of this ferociously anti-Castro community came demands for action, and militants determined to act themselves. Meanwhile conservative crit ics, including members or the Joint Chiers, saw Castro’s survival as evi dence or a severe railure or nerve on Kennedy’s part. Vv’ith Senator Keating claiming that U.S. intelligence was being hoodwinked once again, talk or missiles being stored in caves, and agents’ reports insisting that Soviet wc:ipons were here, there, :md everywhere, there was <l frenzy of cknunds for further action.
Toward a Test Ban
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

After tiie missile crisis, the first intdligcnn: assessment of the Soviet reaction anticipated “a period of rcconsolidation masked by verbal activity and propagandistic initiativcs.”1 Having been worsted in the crisis, Mos cow would conclude that its bargaining position in any negotiations had been weakened, and so it would play for time. Yet as the crisis closed, the two leaders had spoken publicly and privately or their desire to move Forward on a more constructive agenda. At the end or November, Ken nedy met in \Vashington with Khrushchev’s conlidant, Anastas Mikoyan, who recently had been in Cuba trying to calm Castro down. The presi dent took the opportunity to confirm his disdain ror the U.S. bases in Turkey. He n::turned to his old theme, which he considered to have been reinforced by the Cuban episode: the need to :ivoid misjudgment. This time lvlikoyan w:is more symp:ithetic.
The Test Ban Treaty
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

By june it was possible to look forward to high-level negotiations in Moscow in July, but there was no reason to suppose that the basic obstacles would be overcome. Khrushchev seemed entrenched in his position, while the treaty opponents in the United States had the numbers. At the same time he was negotiating with Moscow, the president also had to negotiate with the Joint Chiefs. They had the right to give their views directly to Congress, and there was no reason to suppose that they would hesitate if they dissented from the administration line. In addition, as early as May calculations in the Senate had predicted that a comprehensive treaty would be ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required. They had also, however, indicated that a limited treaty, which allowed underground tests to continue, had much better prospects.
Minor Young Turk Groups, 1902–1905
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

The 1902 Congress precipitated the formation of two major fronts by various Young Turk groups and marked the end of the CUP, which, as an umbrella organization, had dominated the movement since the outset. In a sense, the coalition between the followers of Ahmed R1za and the activists now replaced the CUP. The new coalition, however, lacked the most significant characteristic of the old CUP, namely its role as an umbrella organization in which all groups worked together despite their conflicting agendas. The “majority” led by Sabahaddin Bey naturally attempted to counter the coalition’s influence and prevent it from becoming a dominant force in the Young Turk movement. But it was the coalition’s caustic and inflexible ide ology that enabled Sabahaddin Bey and his followers to deny dominance to this body even during their period of inactivity following their ignominious defeat in 1903. Thus from 1902 onward the Young Turk movement displayed a polarized character.
Love
Authors: Hendrick Susan , Hendrick Clyde
Published: November 2023

In this quotation from the end of our book, Ro- mantic Love , we construe love as one of the most important defining qualities of life. In that volume, we focused on romantic love, but the quotation could be extended to other types of love—the love of parents (and grandparents) for a newborn child, the love of siblings, the love of best friends, and so on. What is more important than love for a happy human life? Our answer is “nothing is more important,” and in this response we advocate love as being a centerpiece of a positive psychology.
42
Authors: Affleck Howard Tennen & Glenn
Published: November 2023

Individuals facing adversity frequently report benefits in their negative experiences (Affleck & Tennen, 1996). Benefit-finding has been linked to psychological and physical health, and it plays a prominent role in theories of cognitive adaptation to threatening circumstances (Janoff- Bulman, 1992; Taylor, 1983), posttraumatic growth (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1995), and psychological thriving (Epel, McEwen, & Ickovics, 1998). Snyder and McCullough (2000) refer to benefit-finding as a human strength, and they urge its inclusion in the emerging positive psychology paradigm. Yet the empirical literature in this area is a long way from fulfilling its promise.
Positive Ethics
Authors: Handelsman Mitchell M , Knapp Samuel , Gottlieb Michael C
Published: November 2023

The goals of positive ethics are to shift the ethics of psychologists from an almost exclusive focus on wrongdoing and disciplinary responses to a more balanced and integrative approach that includes encouraging psychologists to aspire to their highest ethical potential (Knapp, 2000; Small & Knapp, 1999).
Families, Health, and Illness:The Search for Pathways and Mechanisms of Effect
Authors: Wood Beatrice L , Miller Bruce D
Published: November 2023

Human beings and their families and social systems are complex and dynamic. Understanding families, health, and illness therefore requires an investigatory paradigm that can match that complexity. The systems paradigm meets this requirement because it assumes that biological, human, and social phenomena are multilevel, dynamic, and characterized by patterns of interactive and mutual influence. In considering mutual and reciprocal effects of family factors and health and illness, we find that for the most part the family and health models have focused on only one direction of effect at a time (i.e., the effect of family on health or the effect of health on the family). Although family models have addressed various aspects of the systemic paradigm, there is to date no fully comprehensive model, or even framework, that addresses health and illness in family and social contexts. It is a challenge for the future to examine whether one unified model is feasible, or whether a ‘‘family’’ of models will be required to cover the territory (see Fisher, ch. 22 in this volume). Regardless of whether one or several models are required, we submit that the most useful models will be multilevel, dynamic, and characterized by patterns of interactive and mutual influence, i.e., systems models.
Group Interventions for Children in Crisis
Authors: Jagodic Gordana Kuterovac , Kontac Ksenija , Zubenko Wendy N
Published: November 2023

Group activities serve many purposes. Group activities can organize children’s free time; create a supportive and com- forting environment; encourage the healthy expression of emotions; provide for the sharing of problems and difficulties; en- courage socialization with peers; and create opportunities for building confidence, skills, and knowledge. Many of these activities are related to play and expressive activities such as art, music, dance, drama, and writing. There are also specific activities organized for children with particular problems, such as aggression, poor socialization, grief, or loss of developmentally appropriate skills.