bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric forcing during active convection in the Labrador Sea and its impact on mixed‐layer depth
Authors: Schulze Lena M. , Pickart Robert S. , Moore G. W. K.
Published: September 2016

Hydrographic data from the Labrador Sea collected in February–March 1997, together with atmospheric reanalysis fields, are used to explore relationships between the air‐sea fluxes and the observed mixed‐layer depths. The strongest winds and highest heat fluxes occurred in February, due to the nature and tracks of the storms. While greater numbers of storms occurred earlier and later in the winter, the storms in February followed a more organized track extending from the Gulf Stream region to the Irminger Sea where they slowed and deepened. The canonical low‐pressure system that drives convection is located east of the southern tip of Greenland, with strong westerly winds advecting cold air off the ice edge over the warm ocean. The deepest mixed layers were observed in the western interior basin, although the variability in mixed‐layer depth was greater in the eastern interior basin. The overall trend in mixed‐layer depth through the winter in both regions of the basin was consistent with that predicted by a 1‐D mixed‐layer model. We argue that the deeper mixed layers in the west were due to the enhanced heat fluxes on that side of the basin as opposed to oceanic preconditioning.
Which weather systems are projected to cause future changes in mean and extreme precipitation in CMIP5 simulations?
Authors: Utsumi Nobuyuki , Kim Hyungjun , Kanae Shinjiro , Oki Taikan
Published: September 2016

Future changes in precipitation due to climate change are of great concern to society. However, questions such as “Which weather systems will cause which changes?” and “Is the relative importance of these weather systems likely to change in the future?” have not been addressed fully yet. Here we present the first global estimates of the relative contributions of different weather systems (i.e., tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones including fronts, and others) to changes in annual mean and extreme precipitation in the late 21st century using multimodel projections of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. Although the models present biases in tropical cyclones over southern hemisphere, in particular, the representations of global weather system patterns are comparable to the reanalysis data. Total precipitation from tropical cyclones decreases (increases) in the tropics (subtropics) and that from extratropical cyclones including fronts decreases (increases) on the equatorial (poleward) side of the storm tracks. In addition, the mean intensity and frequency of system‐wise precipitation can change significantly even without considerable changes in annual amounts. We found that the subtropics, particularly in the Pacific and North Atlantic, are the regions where the proportions of precipitation by weather systems in annual mean and extreme precipitation display notable changes, suggesting distinct shifts in climate regimes. These regions have a common feature: they undergo the influence of several distinct weather systems in the present climate. In regions where climate regime shifts are projected, even the weather systems that have a minor contribution to precipitation in the present climate may cause considerable changes in annual and extreme precipitation.
A stochastic basis to the spatially uniform distribution of randomly generated Ionian paterae
Authors: Shoji D. , Hussmann H.
Published: September 2016

Due to its tidally heated interior, Io is a geologically very active satellite that bears many volcanic features. It is observed that the mean nearest neighbor distance of each volcanic feature, called a patera, is larger than that of a random distribution, which implies that the spatial distribution of paterae is uniform rather than random. However, it is uncertain how the paterae are organized into a uniform distribution. We suggest the mechanism of Io's uniformly distributed paterae considering localized obliteration of old features. Instead of geological modeling, we performed stochastic simulations and statistical analyses for the obliteration of quiescent paterae. Monte Carlo calculations with Gaussian obliteration probability show that if the width of obliteration probability is approximately 80 km and the volcanic generation rate is ∼5.0 × 10−6 km−2 Ma−1, uniform distribution and the observed number density of paterae are attained at the 2σ level on a time scale of approximately 6 Myr. With this generation rate and width of the obliteration probability, the averaged distance of one patera to the nearest patera (mean nearest neighbor distance) is approximately 200 km, which is consistent with the observed value. The uniformity of the distribution is maintained once it is achieved. On regional scales, Io's paterae would naturally evolve from random into uniform distributions by the obliteration of old and quiescent features.
Seasonal variations of halite saturation in the Dead Sea
Authors: Sirota Ido , Arnon Ali , Lensky Nadav G.
Published: September 2016

Hypersaline lakes and seas were common in the past, precipitating thick evaporitic salt deposits. The only modern analogue for the paleolimnology of deep salt‐saturated aquatic environments exists in the Dead Sea. In this study, we present new insights from the Dead Sea on the role of seasonal thermohaline stratification and water balance on the seasonal and depth variations of the degree of saturation of halite (salt) and the rate of halite growth along the water column. We developed methodologies to accurately determine the empirical degree of halite saturation of the lake based on high accuracy densitometry, and to quantify halite growth rate along the water column. During summer, the epilimnion is undersaturated and halite is dissolved, whereas during winter the entire water column is supersaturated and crystallizes halite. This result is not trivial because the variations in the water balance suggest the opposite; summer is associated with higher loss of water by evaporation from the lake compared to the winter. Hence, the thermal effect overcomes the hydrological balance effect and thus governs the seasonal saturation cycle. The hypolimnion is supersaturated with respect to halite and crystallizes throughout the year, with higher super saturation and higher crystallization rates during winter. During summer, simultaneous opposing environments coexist—an undersaturated epilimnion that dissolves halite and a supersaturated hypolimnion that crystallizes halite, which results in focusing of halite deposits in the deep hypolimnetic parts of the evaporitic basins and thinning the shallow epilimnetic deposits.
Screening and identification of the tumor‐associated antigen CK10, a novel potential liver cancer marker
Authors: Zhu Zhaoyu , Liu Zheng , Liu Yuchun , Wang Chunyan , Li Ruyu , Liu Hui , Gu Baohua , Li Guodong , Zhang Shoutao
Published: September 2016

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy that is associated with high mortality rates in Asia. These tumors are highly invasive and their etiology is frequently unknown. Thus, most patients are diagnosed in the middle and late stages of the disease, and thus do not have sufficient time for therapy. Therefore, it is essential to study the early diagnosis and treatment of HCC; in this regard, the study of tumor‐associated antigens has received much attention. Here, antigens from the human primary HCC cell line, QGY‐7703, were used to immunize mice in order to prepare monoclonal antibodies. The specific antigen recognized by antibody 11C3 was purified from total protein lysates of QGY‐7703 by immunoaffinity chromatography. The validity of the candidate antigen as a new HCC‐associated marker was tested using SDS/PAGE, western blot, HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS, and RT‐qPCR. Our results showed that the levels of CK10 in HCC‐derived cell lines were significantly higher than those in normal liver cells. Thus, we suggest that CK10 may be involved in the formation and development of HCC, and may be a therapeutically targetable tumor‐associated antigen.
Longitudinal profile of iron accumulation in good‐grade subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Scherfler Christoph , Schiefecker Alois Josef , Delazer Margarete , Beer Ronny , Bodner Thomas , Spinka Georg , Kofler Mario , Pfausler Bettina , Kremser Christian , Schocke Michael , Benke Thomas , Gizewski Elke R. , Schmutzhard Erich , Helbok Raimund
Published: September 2016

Objective

MRI parameters of iron concentration (R2*, transverse relaxation rate), microstructural integrity (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy), as well as gray and white matter volumes were analyzed in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and uncomplicated clinical course to detect the evolution of brain tissue changes 3 weeks and 12 months after ictus.

Methods

MRI scans of 14 SAH patients (aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, n = 5; no aneurysm n = 9) were compared with 14 age‐matched healthy control subjects. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was applied to objectively identify focal changes of MRI parameters throughout the entire brain and to correlate image parameters with neuropsychological measures.

Results

SPM localized significant bilateral increases in R2* signal within the white matter compartment of the temporal and parietal lobe and the cingulate gyrus (P < 0.001) which did not change significantly at 12 months. Significant gray matter volume reduction of the left insula and superior temporal gyrus (P < 0.001), as well as decreases in fractional anisotropy of the cingulate gyrus (P < 0.01) were also evident at 12 months. Significant correlations were found between fractional anisotropy signal alterations adjacent to the left middle and superior frontal gyrus and cognitive parameters of executive dysfunction (P < 0.001).

Interpretation

The study indicates that iron is trapped predominantly throughout large portions of the white matter compartment in SAH patients at 12 months postbleeding. Increased disintegration of fiber tracts colocalizing with iron overload and correlating with lower executive function performance suggests that the white matter compartment is primarily susceptible toward long‐term damage in patients with good clinical grade SAH.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 Promotes Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Survival and Resultant Bone Formation When Entrapped in Photocrosslinked Alginate Hydrogels
Authors: Ho Steve S. , Vollmer Nina L. , Refaat Motasem I. , Jeon Oju , Alsberg Eben , Lee Mark A. , Leach J. Kent
Published: September 2016

There is a substantial need to prolong cell persistence and enhance functionality in situ to enhance cell‐based tissue repair. Bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) is often used at high concentrations for osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) but can induce apoptosis. Biomaterials facilitate the delivery of lower doses of BMP‐2, reducing side effects and localizing materials at target sites. Photocrosslinked alginate hydrogels (PAHs) can deliver osteogenic materials to irregular‐sized bone defects, providing improved control over material degradation compared to ionically cross‐linked hydrogels. It is hypothesized that the delivery of MSCs and BMP‐2 from a PAH increases cell persistence by reducing apoptosis, while promoting osteogenic differentiation and enhancing bone formation compared to MSCs in PAHs without BMP‐2. BMP‐2 significantly decreases apoptosis and enhances survival of photoencapsulated MSCs, while simultaneously promoting osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Bioluminescence imaging reveals increased MSC survival when implanted in BMP‐2 PAHs. Bone defects treated with MSCs in BMP‐2 PAHs demonstrate 100% union as early as 8 weeks and significantly higher bone volumes at 12 weeks, while defects with MSC‐entrapped PAHs alone do not fully bridge. This study demonstrates that transplantation of MSCs with BMP‐2 in PAHs achieves robust bone healing, providing a promising platform for bone repair.
Atomic Layer Deposition for Sensitized Solar Cells: Recent Progress and Prospects
Authors: Kim Do Han , Losego Mark D. , Peng Qing , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: September 2016

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) are vapor phase deposition techniques used to create conformal coatings with molecular‐level control of thickness and composition. Recently, ALD and MLD have been extensively exploited to engineer the complex interfaces of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and other molecularly functionalized photoelectrochemical devices to improve the performance and long‐term stability. This progress report describes the recent advances in the applications of ALD and MLD for sensitized solar cells including DSSCs then discusses current challenges and future opportunities of ALD.
Advances in the Application of Atomic Layer Deposition for Organometal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Deng Kaimo , Li Liang
Published: September 2016

Organometal halide perovskite solar cells have undergone an unprecedented development as one of the most promising photovoltaic devices for the future. The conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has reached over 20% which renders it a position to compete with traditional crystalline silicon solar cells. However, the conversion efficiency still has room to be improved, and the device stability must be addressed to achieve excellent reproducibility and long lifetime. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is becoming a powerful technology to deposit high‐quality thin film with good accuracy and low temperature, which may help to resolve the challenges remained in perovskite solar cells. This review will highlight the key developments using ALD in synthesizing basic building blocks and optimizing solar cell performances. Finally, the challenges faced by the application of ALD in perovskite solar cells are discussed.
DNA‐Nanogele als Falle für Karzinogene: ein bioinspiriertes, generisches Konzept mit hoher Effizienz
Authors: Topuz Fuat , Singh Smriti , Albrecht Krystyna , Möller Martin , Groll Jürgen
Published: September 2016

Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAHs) sind allgegenwärtige Schadstoffe in der Umwelt und insbesondere im Trinkwasser. Nach Kontakt von PAHs mit DNA bilden sich als erster Schritt der toxischen Wirkung schnell stabile PAH‐DNA‐Zusammenlagerungen. In dieser Arbeit wurden hydrophile DNA‐Nanogele hergestellt, um den Komplexierungsprozess als eine biomimetische Reinigungsmethode zu nutzen. Der Ansatz ist dabei nicht auf die Adsorption an der Nanogeloberfläche beschränkt, sondern beruht auf der Wechselwirkung zwischen PAHs mit der gesamten Netzwerkstruktur der mit Wasser gequollenen Hydrogelnetzwerke. Die Aufnahme von bis zu 720 μg PAH pro Gramm DNA belegt eine Reinigungskapazität von 1 mg DNA pro Liter Wasser mit einer kritischen, potentiell krebsauslösenden PAH‐Konzentration von 600 ng L−1. Aufgrund der kurzen Diffusionswege erfolgt die schnelle Aufnahme von PAHs mit einer 50 %igen Beladung nach 15 min. Daneben könnten DNA‐Nanogele für die allgemeine Entgiftung von Trinkwasser hilfreich sein, da die meisten bekannten Moleküle, die starke Wechselwirkungen mit DNA zeigen, Mutagene sind.
A Lanthipeptide‐like N‐Terminal Leader Region Guides Peptide Epimerization by Radical SAM Epimerases: Implications for RiPP Evolution
Authors: Fuchs Sebastian W. , Lackner Gerald , Morinaka Brandon I. , Morishita Yohei , Asai Teigo , Riniker Sereina , Piel Jörn
Published: September 2016

Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptide natural products (RiPPs) exhibit diverse structures and bioactivities and are classified into distinct biosynthetic families. A recently reported family is the proteusins, with the prototype members polytheonamides being generated by almost 50 maturation steps, including introduction of d‐residues at multiple positions by an unusual radical SAM epimerase. A region in the protein‐like N‐terminal leader of proteusin precursors is identified that is crucial for epimerization. It resembles a precursor motif previously shown to mediate interaction in thioether bridge‐formation in class I lanthipeptide biosynthesis. Beyond this region, similarities were identified between proteusin and further RiPP families, including class I lanthipeptides. The data suggest that common leader features guide distinct maturation types and that nitrile hydratase‐like enzymes are ancestors of several RiPP classes.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed sp2‐C−H Activation: Intermolecular Heterocyclization with Allenes at Room Temperature
Authors: Thrimurtulu Neetipalli , Dey Arnab , Maiti Debabrata , Volla Chandra M. R.
Published: September 2016

The reactivity of allenes in transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H activation chemistry is governed by the formation of either alkenyl–metal (M–alkenyl) or metal–π‐allyl intermediates. Although either protonation or a β‐hydride elimination is feasible with a M–alkenyl intermediate, cyclization has remained unexplored to date. Furthermore, due to the increased steric hindrance, the regioselectivity for the intramolecular cyclization of the metal–π‐allyl intermediate was hampered towards the more substituted side. To address these issues, a unified approach to synthesize a diverse array of biologically and pharmaceutically relevant heterocyclic moieties by cobalt‐catalyzed directed C−H functionalization was envisioned. Upon successful implementation, the present strategy led to the regioselective formation of dihydroisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones, isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones, dihydropyridones, and pyridones.
Molecular Conductance through a Quadruple‐Hydrogen‐Bond‐Bridged Supramolecular Junction
Authors: Wang Lin , Gong Zhong‐Liang , Li Shu‐Ying , Hong Wenjing , Zhong Yu‐Wu , Wang Dong , Wan Li‐Jun
Published: September 2016

A series of self‐complementary ureido pyrimidinedione (UPy) derivatives modified with different aurophilic anchoring groups were synthesized. Their electron transport properties through the quadruple hydrogen bonds in apolar solvent were probed employing the scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STMBJ) technique. The molecule terminated with a thiol shows the optimal electron transport properties, with a statistical conductance value that approaches 10−3 G0. The 1H NMR spectra and control experiments verify the formation of quadruple hydrogen bonds, which can be effectively modulated by the polarity of the solvent environment. These findings provide a new design strategy for supramolecular circuit elements in molecular electronics.
Synthesis of Aminoboronic Acid Derivatives from Amines and Amphoteric Boryl Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Diaz Diego B. , Scully Conor C. G. , Liew Sean K. , Adachi Shinya , Trinchera Piera , St. Denis Jeffrey D. , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: September 2016

Herein, we demonstrate the use of α‐boryl aldehydes and acyl boronates in the synthesis of aminoboronic acid derivatives. This work highlights the untapped potential of boron‐substituted iminium ions and offers insights into the behavior of N‐methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) boronates during condensation and tautomerization processes. The preparative value of this contribution lies in the demonstration that various amines, including linear and cyclic peptides, can be readily conjugated with boron‐containing fragments. A mild deprotection of amino MIDA‐boronates enables access to α‐ and β‐aminoboronic acids in high chemical yields. This simple process should be applicable to the synthesis of a wide range of bioactive molecules as well as precursors for cross‐coupling reactions.
Polymer and Mesoporous Silica Microspheres with Chiral Nematic Order from Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Wang Pei‐Xi , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: September 2016

Polymer microspheres with chiral nematic order were obtained from an emulsion polymerization technique using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as the template. The growth of the liquid crystals from tiny tactoids to droplets with spherical symmetry was captured and investigated by both optical and electron microscopy for the first time. The size of the microspheres could be tuned between tens and hundreds of micrometers; to obtain single, integrated chiral nematic kernels, the size of water droplets in the emulsion should be similar to that of CNC tactoids. Through a double‐matrix templating method, novel silica microspheres with chiral nematic order were fabricated, which showed a high surface area and mesoporosity. The methods developed here may help to reveal the evolution of other self‐assembling systems, and these materials have potential applications in optical devices and chiral separations.
NMR Structure of a Triangulenium‐Based Long‐Lived Fluorescence Probe Bound to a G‐Quadruplex
Authors: Kotar Anita , Wang Baifan , Shivalingam Arun , Gonzalez‐Garcia Jorge , Vilar Ramon , Plavec Janez
Published: September 2016

An NMR structural study of the interaction between a small‐molecule optical probe (DAOTA‐M2) and a G‐quadruplex from the promoter region of the c‐myc oncogene revealed that they interact at 1:2 binding stoichiometry. NMR‐restrained structural calculations show that binding of DAOTA‐M2 occurs mainly through π–π stacking between the polyaromatic core of the ligand and guanine residues of the outer G‐quartets. Interestingly, the binding affinities of DAOTA‐M2 differ by a factor of two for the outer G‐quartets of the unimolecular parallel G‐quadruplex under study. Unrestrained MD calculations indicate that DAOTA‐M2 displays significant dynamic behavior when stacked on a G‐quartet plane. These studies provide molecular guidelines for the design of triangulenium derivatives that can be used as optical probes for G‐quadruplexes.
Metallfreie Aktivierung von Wasserstoff, Kohlenstoffdioxid und Ammoniak durch das offenschalige Singulett‐Biradikaloid [P(μ‐NTer)]2
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander
Published: September 2016

Das offenschalige Singulett‐Biradikaloid [P(μ‐NTer)]2 (Ter=2,6‐Bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)phenyl) wurde in der Aktivierung kleiner stabiler Moleküle eingesetzt, wobei schnelle Reaktionen mit H2, CO2 und NH3 beobachtet wurden. Wasserstoff reagiert bei Raumtemperatur mit [P(μ‐NTer)]2 zu [HP(μ‐NTer)]2, wohingegen die Freisetzung von Wasserstoff bei Temperaturen oberhalb 60 °C gefunden wurde. [P(μ‐NTer)]2, eine Verbindung mit Phosphor in der ungewöhnlichen Oxidationsstufe +II, konnte Kohlenstoffdioxid reduzieren, wobei die zwitterionische Verbindung [OP(μ‐NTer)2P] und Kohlenstoffmonoxid erhalten wurden. Die Reaktion von [P(μ‐NTer)]2 mit Ammoniak führte zur Bildung eines Azadiphosphiridins, nachdem der zentrale P2N2‐Heterocyclus eine Umlagerung durchlaufen hatte.
DNA Nanogels To Snare Carcinogens: A Bioinspired Generic Approach with High Efficiency
Authors: Topuz Fuat , Singh Smriti , Albrecht Krystyna , Möller Martin , Groll Jürgen
Published: September 2016

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are combustion‐related pollutants and are ubiquitous in the environment, including in sources of drinking water. Upon contact with DNA, stable PAH–DNA adducts form rapidly as the first step towards their toxic effects. In this work, we prepared hydrophilic DNA nanogels to exploit this generic complexation process as a biomimetic scavenging method. This approach relies on interaction between PAHs and the complete network that constitutes the water‐swollen nanogels, and is not restricted to interfacial adsorption. Up to 720 μg of PAH per gram of DNA nanogel are taken up, meaning that 1 mg of DNA nanogel is sufficient to purify a liter of water containing the critical PAH concentration for cancer risk (600 ng L−1). As a result of short diffusion pathways, PAH uptake is rapid, reaching 50 % loading after 15 minutes. Beyond PAHs, DNA nanogels may be useful for the generic detoxification of water containing genotoxins, since most known molecules that strongly associate with DNA are mutagenic.
Metal‐Free Activation of Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Ammonia by the Open‐Shell Singlet Biradicaloid [P(μ‐NTer)]2
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander
Published: September 2016

The Group 15 open‐shell singlet biradicaloid [P(μ‐NTer)]2 (Ter=2,6‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)phenyl) was utilized in the activation of stable small molecules. Fast reactions with H2, CO2, and NH3 were observed. Dihydrogen easily added to [P(μ‐NTer)]2 , yielding [HP(μ‐NTer)]2 under ambient conditions whereas reversible release of molecular hydrogen was observed at slightly elevated temperatures (T>60 °C). As [P(μ‐NTer)]2 is a species with phosphorus in the unusual formal oxidation state +II, it is capable of reducing carbon dioxide to afford a zwitterionic compound, [OP(μ‐NTer)2P], and carbon monoxide. The reaction of [P(μ‐NTer)]2 with ammonia led to the formation of an azadiphosphiridine after rearrangements of the central P2N2 heterocycle.
Efficient solid‐phase synthesis of acetylated lignin and a comparison of the properties of different modified lignins
Authors: Zhao Xiaohong , Huang Zuqiang , Zhang Yanjuan , Yang Mei , Chen Dong , Huang Kai , Hu Huayu , Huang Aimin , Qin Xingzhen , Feng Zhenfei
Published: September 2016

The chemical modification of lignin can greatly enhance its functionality and exploit its application areas. To avoid the difficulties of separation and environmental pollution in the traditional liquid‐phase method, we prepared acetylated lignin by a mechanical‐activation‐assisted solid‐phase synthesis (MASPS) technology with a customized stirring ball mill as a reactor and studied its structure and properties. Ultraviolet–visible analysis showed that the degree of esterification (DE) of the acetylated lignin produced by the MASPS technique was 77.59%, whereas the DEs of those produced by traditional liquid‐phase synthesis (LPS) and thermal solid‐phase synthesis (TSPS) were only 42.29 and 27.54%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR analyses indicated that both phenolic hydroxyls and aliphatic hydroxyls participated in the reaction, and the reactivity of the phenolic hydroxyls was higher than that of the aliphatic hydroxyl groups. The acetylation of aliphatic hydroxyl mainly happened at the γ of arylglycerol‐β‐aryl ether (β‐O‐4). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the acetylated lignins prepared by MASPS and TSPS were irregular blocks with coarse surfaces and loose structures, whereas the lignin prepared by LPS consisted mostly of regular balls with a smooth surface and a compact structure. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses indicated that the glass‐transition temperatures and thermal stability of the acetylated lignin increased by orders with the processing techniques of MASPS, TSPS, and LPS. MASPS integrated the activation and reaction in the same equipment without the use of a solvent and showed advantages of a high efficiency, environmental protection, and easy operation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44276.
Nitroxide polymer brushes as efficient and recoverable catalysts for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes
Authors: Liu Shaojie , Wang Huali , Chu Xiaomeng
Published: September 2016

2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO)‐containing polymer brushes were grafted onto crosslinked polystyrene microspheres via surface‐initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidyl methacrylate, followed by an oxidation process with 3‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid as oxidant. The synthesized nitroxide polymer brushes included homopolymer brushes, block copolymer brushes, and random copolymer brushes with various TEMPO contents and molecular weights. They were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. These nitroxide brushes bearing high TEMPO contents were used as recoverable catalysts for the hypochlorite and aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. The effects of polymer brush structure on the catalytic properties were studied and discussed. The results showed that these nitroxide polymer brushes had excellent catalytic properties and good recycling performances. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44365.
The electropolymerization of several poly(3‐methylthiophene) films in the same used solution and its consequence in their properties
Authors: Correa Alessandra Alves , Gonçalves Roger , Pereira Rodrigo , Pereira Ernesto Chaves
Published: September 2016

The effect of the electropolymerization of seven poly(3‐methylthiophene) (P3MT) films in the same used monomer solution have been investigated. Cyclic voltammetry, UV‐visible, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance measurements were carried out to understand the effect of the solution reusing on the polymer electrochemical properties. The obtained results show that, as the solution is reused, the polymerization rate increase and the charge in of the cyclic voltammetry decrease. Besides, there are important changes in the sample's morphologies, with the increase of the synthesis number, the amount of fibers increase and this leads to lower the conductivity of the polymer film. In agreement to this, the impedance data analysis shown important changes in the interfacial electronic parameters, i.e., changer transfer resistance and double‐layer capacitance, used to describe the films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44368.
Linkage between Rural Voters and Politicians: Effects on Rice Policies in the Philippines and Thailand
Authors: Fang Arnold H.
Published: September 2016

This article explains how linkages between politicians and rural voters affected the design of agricultural policies, using rice in two countries as examples. In the Philippines, colonial history bolstered an oligarchy of landed elite politicians, whose power was restored after the dictatorship of Marcos ended in 1986. Their practice of patronage brought corruption that led to dwindling rice productivity and increasing import dependence while displacing the political necessity to offer price support to farmers. In Thailand, sociopolitical development was more centralized, with new electoral rules introduced in 1997 to weaken locally confined patronage arrangements. Mass parties competing on a policy platform were favoured instead, resulting in increasing, but eventually, excessive subsidies for rice farmers. Although voter–politician linkages resulted in different rice policies in the two countries, recent instability in the world rice market showed that strategies with greater sustainability considerations are needed in addressing domestic income disparities and global food insecurity.
Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation of 2‐(2‐Bromoaryl)indoles with CO as a C1 Source: Selective Access to 6 H‐Isoindolo[2,1‐a]indol‐6‐ones and Indeno[1,2‐b]indol‐10(5 H)‐ones
Authors: Guo Shenghai , Tao Li , Wang Fang , Fan Xuesen
Published: September 2016

A highly efficient and regioselective synthetic route to 6 H‐isoindolo[2,1‐a]indol‐6‐ones and indeno[1,2‐b]indol‐10(5 H)‐ones through the Pd‐catalyzed cyclocarbonylation of 2‐(2‐bromoaryl)indoles under atmospheric CO pressure has been achieved. Notably, the regioselectivity of the reaction was exclusively dependent on the structural characteristics of the indole substrates. With N‐unsubstituted indoles as the starting materials, the reaction afforded 6H‐isoindolo[2,1‐a]indol‐6‐ones in good‐to‐excellent yields. On the other hand, with N‐substituted indoles as the substrates, the reaction gave indeno[1,2‐b]indol‐10(5 H)‐ones in a highly regioselective manner.
Fine particle‐induced birth defects: Impacts of size, payload, and beyond
Authors: Teng Chuanfeng , Wang Zhiping , Yan Bing
Published: September 2016

Worldwide epidemiological studies have shown that exposures to particulate matters (PMs), such as PM2.5 or PM10, during pregnancy cause birth defects in the newborn. Although mechanistic understanding of such effects are not available, recent research using murine models highlights some key progress: (1) toxicity caused by PMs is a combined effects of particles and the adsorbed toxic pollutants, such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, bacteria, and virus. Fine particles may hold on to pollutants and, therefore, reduce their toxicity or enhance the toxicity by carrying pollutants crossing the placental barrier; (2) smaller size, certain particle surface chemistry modifications, early developmental stage of placenta, and maternal diseases all aggravate PM‐induced birth defects; (3) molecular events involved in such toxicity are begin to emerge: induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and alteration of molecular signaling or epigenetic events are some possible causes. Despite this progress, a clear understanding of PM‐induced birth defects awaits further breakthroughs on many fronts, including epidemiological studies, animal models, nanotoxicity, and molecular mechanism investigations. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:196–206, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment and imaging of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: current perspectives and future directions
Authors: van den Wijngaard Ido R. , Holswilder Ghislaine , van Walderveen Marianne A. A. , Algra Ale , Wermer Marieke J. H. , Zaidat Osama O. , Boiten Jelis
Published: September 2016

Background and Purpose

Intracranial atherosclerosis is a common cause of stroke worldwide. It results in ischemic stroke due to different mechanisms including artery‐to‐artery embolism, in situ thrombo‐occlusion, occlusion of perforating arteries, and hemodynamic failure. In this review, we present an overview of current treatment and imaging modalities in intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis.

Methods

PubMed was searched for relevant articles in English that evaluated the treatment and imaging of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS).

Results

Aggressive medical management, consisting of dual antiplatelet therapy and intensive risk factor management, is important in patients with ICAS because of a substantial risk of recurrent stroke, approximately 20% in the first year, in patients on aspirin or warfarin alone. Recent trials have suggested that, aggressive medical therapy results in better outcome as compared with intracranial stenting. However, the question remains what the optimal treatment strategy would be in patients with recurrent strokes in the setting of failed aggressive medical therapy. Moreover, controversy exists whether a subgroup of patients with symptomatic ICAS could benefit from intracranial stenting if selection is based on radiological evidence of hemodynamic failure. With regard to imaging, transcranial Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography are useful screening tests for exclusion of ICAS, but need confirmation by other imaging modalities when stenosis is suggested. Computed tomography angiography has a high positive and negative predictive value for detection of intracranial luminal stenosis of 50% or higher, but performs worse than digital subtraction angiography with regard to establishing the exact degree of luminal stenosis. Novel imaging techniques including high‐resolution CT and MRI better identify plaque characteristics than conventional imaging methods.

Conclusions

Currently, aggressive medical management remains the standard of care for patients with ICAS. Further research is needed to identify high‐risk subgroups and to develop more effective treatments for ICAS patients.
A ‐1573T>C SNP within the human TRAIL promoter determines TRAIL expression and HCC tumor progression
Authors: Piras‐Straub Katja , Khairzada Khaleda , Kocabayoglu Peri , Paul Andreas , Gerken Guido , Herzer Kerstin
Published: September 2016

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in liver cancer cells but not in normal liver cells. Therefore, TRAIL got credited to play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and progression. Impaired expression of TRAIL in HCC cells and sequence variations in the TRAIL promoter may facilitate development, growth, and spread . The TRAIL promoter was sequenced from liver tissue of 93 patients undergoing partial liver resection (PRT) or liver transplantation (LT) for HCC. TRAIL mRNA expression was investigated by quantitative real‐time PCR. A variant ‐1573T>C (single‐nucleotide polymorphism; C, cytosine) SNP was characterized by electron mobility shift assay and supershift assays. Functionality of the ‐1573T>C SNP was analyzed in reporter gene assays and cell migration assays. In approximately 30% of HCC samples, a loss‐of‐function shift of the binding pattern due to a ‐1573T>C SNP was found within the human TRAIL promoter. Correlation analysis revealed significantly lower TRAIL expression in HCC samples with the ‐1573C sequence (P ≤ 0.05). Reporter gene assays revealed significantly reduced inducibility of the TRAIL promoter due to the ‐1573C sequence. The variant ‐1573C sequence impaired not only binding of transcription factors but also expression of TRAIL. Interestingly, this impairment resulted in enhanced migration activity and colony formation of the liver tumor cells. Our findings suggest that loss of function of the human TRAIL promoter due to the ‐1573T>C SNP leads to reduced expression and impaired inducibility of TRAIL, with the consequence of enhanced growth and migration of tumor cells, ultimately resulting in the progression of the HCC.
Six New Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from the Fruit of Camptotheca acuminata
Authors: Li Guo‐Qiang , Chen Neng‐Hua , Zhang Yu‐Bo , Li Pan , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Jiang Ren‐Wang , Wang Guo‐Cai , Li Yao‐Lan
Published: September 2016

Six new pentacyclic triterpenoids were isolated from the fruit of Camptotheca acuminata. The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including HR‐ESI‐MS, IR, UV, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR. Moreover, the antibacterial activities of compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Dickeya zeae. All these tested compounds showed moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Dickeya zeae.
Fabrication and Application of Isotopically Labelled Gold Arrays for Multiplexed Peptide Analysis
Authors: Castangia Roberto , Hudson Siân R. , Robinson Helen K. , Flitsch Sabine L. , Thomas‐Oates Jane , Routledge Anne
Published: September 2016

A new array‐based technology for the simultaneous capture, chemical labelling and mass spectrometry analysis of peptides is presented. Isotopically labelled self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) gold arrays are constructed and used simultaneously to capture and label a range of peptides. The array‐immobilised, labelled peptides were released by MALDI ablation, analysed by MALDI mass spectrometry and readily identified as labelled peptides from their characteristic isotope pattern. This new solid‐phase array platform has the advantage of minimal sample manipulation and is suitable for multiple analyses of single protein digests on a single MALDI target plate.
Career Guidance and Counseling in Shanghai, China: 1977 to 2015
Authors: Zhou Xiaolu , Li Xixi , Gao Yaoming
Published: September 2016

This article presents 4 stages in the development of career guidance and counseling in education settings in Shanghai, People's Republic of China, from 1977 (after the Cultural Revolution) to 2015, with an economic–political perspective. In the 1st stage (1977–1992), job allocation was implemented by the government as a mandatory regulation to meet the pressing demands for trained professionals in various industries. In the 2nd stage (1993–1999), job allocation was replaced by vocational guidance as a service. In the 3rd stage (2000–2011), there was a growth in career education, mainly in colleges. The 4th stage (2012–2015) witnessed the boom of career counseling with the focus transferring to secondary schools. This article ends with a discussion of the future model of career guidance and counseling in Shanghai.
Career Barriers for Chinese Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Leong Frederick T. L. , Tang Mei
Published: September 2016

To assist career counselors working with diverse populations, this article examines the career barriers experienced by Chinese immigrants in the United States. It begins with an overview of the history and background of Chinese immigrants. The rest of the article is based on an adapted ecological model for studying career barriers for Chinese immigrants that is an integration of Bogardus's () social distance theory and Bronfenbrenner's (,) ecological systems theory of human development. Career barriers are discussed along the multiple nested contexts at the societal, community, schools and colleges, and workplace levels. Within these contexts, career barriers range from ethnic stereotypes to unintended consequences of the model minority myth. Other barriers include language, lack of social support, and workplace discrimination. The article concludes with recommendations for overcoming these career barriers.
In the Spirit of What Might Be Lost: Troubling the Boundaries of Good Fit
Authors: Korcuska James S.
Published: September 2016

Counselor Education and Supervision is a journal with the aim of enhancing the preparation of counselor educators, counselors, and supervisors. Editorial boards and editors may use the troubled concept known as good fit when considering manuscripts. Authors of potential manuscripts are encouraged to demonstrate scholarship, diversify author and participant type, and incorporate pedagogy.
The Supervisory Relationship: A Conceptual and Psychometric Review of Measures
Authors: Tangen Jodi L. , Borders DiAnne
Published: September 2016

To date, a comprehensive review of supervisory relationship measures has yet to be published. In this article, the authors explore conceptualizations of the supervisory relationship, describe and critique 11 measures, provide recommendations for researchers and practitioners when selecting measures, and offer suggestions regarding future measure development.
Mexican American Women Pursuing Counselor Education Doctorates: A Narrative Inquiry
Authors: Hinojosa Tamara J. , Carney JoLynn V.
Published: September 2016

The authors used narrative inquiry and Anzaldúa's () bordlerlands theory to understand the cultural experiences of 5 Mexican American women in doctoral programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. Results indicated that participants navigated multiple cultural spheres and that the doctoral program culture affected their professional identity. Implications for counselor education include engaging Mexican American women in academic activities congruent with their ethnic identities.
On estimation of bias field in MRI images: polynomial vs Gaussian surface fitting method
Authors: Kahali Sayan , Adhikari Sudip Kumar , Sing Jamuna Kanta
Published: September 2016

Surface fitting is one of the well‐known retrospective methods for bias field estimation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Bias field in MRI images is primarily caused because of radio frequency–coil nonuniformity, improper image acquisition process, patient movement, and so on. The bias field can be characterized by any slow variant and smooth function because of its slow variant nature. In this paper, we present a comparative study between polynomial and Gaussian surface fitting methods. In particular, we have used both the second‐ and third‐order polynomial functions to estimate the bias field. In this study, we approximate the bias field in two different ways. In the first method, the surfaces are fitted on the anatomical tissue regions individually and then fused to estimate the bias field. Conversely, in the second method, we have done the same over the entire image region. We have tested on three volumes of simulated and one volume of real‐patient MRI brain images and validated the results by both the qualitative and quantitative analyses. The quantitative analyses are presented in standard deviation and coefficient of joint variation. The analysis of the simulation results show that the Gaussian surface fitting method yields better results in both the cases, where the surface fitting is done on entire image and individual tissue regions.
ChemInform Abstract: The Valence States of Copernicium and Flerovium.
Authors: Ghosh Abhik , Conradie Jeanet
Published: September 2016

Two‐component ZORA (Zeroth Order Regular Approximation to the Dirac equation) DFT calculations are used to analyze the valence states of Cn and Fl.
ChemInform Abstract: Halide Free M(BH4)2 (M: Sr, Ba, and Eu) Synthesis, Structure, and Decomposition.
Authors: Sharma Manish , Didelot Emilie , Spyratou Alexandra , Lawson Daku Latevi Max , Cern� Radovan , Hagemann Hans
Published: September 2016

The title compounds are prepared from mixtures of ball milled MH2 (M: Sr, Ba, Eu) and excess Et3NBH3 (100 °C for 24 h and 145 °C for 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Negative Thermal Expansion and Low‐Temperature Heat Capacity Anomalies of Ge31P15Se8 Semiclathrate.
Authors: Novikov V. V. , Matovnikov A. V. , Mitroshenkov N. V. , Shevelkov A. V.
Published: September 2016

Polycrystalline Ge31P15Se8 samples are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Ge, red P, and Se (evacuated silica tubes, 874 K, 8 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Trigonal Planar [HgSe3]4‐ Unit: A New Kind of Basic Functional Group in IR Nonlinear Optical Materials with Large Susceptibility and Physicochemical Stability.
Authors: Li Chao , Yin Wenlong , Gong Pifu , Li Xiaoshuang , Zhou Molin , Mar Arthur , Lin Zheshuai , Yao Jiyong , Wu Yicheng , Chen Chuangtian
Published: September 2016

Single crystals of BaHgSe2 are grown from an equimolar mixture of HgSe and BaSe (evacuated silica tubes, 850 °C, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Spontaneous Formation of a Superconductor‐Topological Insulator‐Normal Metal Layered Heterostructure.
Authors: Wang Ye‐Liang , et al.
Published: September 2016

A HfTe3/HfTe5/Hf layered hybrid is obtained in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber equipped with molecular beam epitaxy capabilities.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Evolution of Spinel Mn1‐xZnxCr2O4 Single Crystals.
Authors: Lin G. T. , Luo X. , Pei Q. L. , Chen F. C. , Yang C. , Song J. Y. , Yin L. H. , Song W. H. , Sun Y. P.
Published: September 2016

Mn1‐xZnxCr2O4 (x = 0—1) single crystals are grown from the polycrystalline material by chemical vapor transport with CrCl3 as the transport agent (quartz tubes, 1060→1015 °C, 10 d; cooling rate of 15 °C/h).
ChemInform Abstract: Layered‐to‐Tunnel Structure Transformation and Oxygen Redox Chemistry in LiRhO2 Upon Li Extraction and Insertion.
Authors: Mikhailova Daria , et al.
Published: September 2016

Upon delithiation of the layered positive electrode material for Li ion batteries, LiRhO2 shows migration of Rh cations towards empty octahedral positions in the Li layers, resulting in the LiyRh3O6 phase with a rutile—ramsdellite intergrowth structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Historical Pigment Exhibiting Ammonia Gas Capture Beyond Standard Adsorbents with Adsorption Sites of Two Kinds.
Authors: Takahashi Akira , Tanaka Hisashi , Parajuli Durga , Nakamura Tohru , Minami Kimitaka , Sugiyama Yutaka , Hakuta Yukiya , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi , Kawamoto Tohru
Published: September 2016

Polycrystalline samples of Prussian blue (K0.23Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.74) (I), Cu[Fe(CN)6]0.5 (II), and Co2[Co(CN)6]0.6 (III) are prepared by precipitation in a micromixer using e.g. a 0.16 mol/L Fe(NO3)3 and a 0.12 mol/L K2[Fe(CN)6] solution at a flow speed of 50 mL/min for pigment (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Ammine Complexes of Na‐, Ag‐, Mn‐, and Zn‐Azides.
Authors: Mueller Thomas G. , Buchner Magnus R. , Scheubeck Thomas J. , Korber Nikolaus , Kraus Florian
Published: September 2016

Colorless crystals of [Ag(NH3)3]N3 are obtained from saturated solutions of AgN3 in dry liq.
ChemInform Abstract: AlNbBr8 — Preparation, Crystal Structure, and Vapor Pressure Studies.
Authors: Rogachev Alexander V. , Zelenina Ludmila N. , Chusova Tamara P. , Virovets Alexander V. , Sokolov Maxim N.
Published: September 2016

Red crystals of AlNbBr8 are prepared by degradation of Nb2S4Br4 in AlBr3 and [emim]Br under Ar (150 °C, 48 h) followed by dilution in benzene (4 °C, several d).