bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of Small Intestine Presenting with Ileocolic Intussusception in an Adult - A Rare Case with Review of Literature
Authors: Chandra Prasant , Gupta Samir , Nagireddy Tejus V. , Kshirsagar Pankaj
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (1% to 2% of GI malignant tumors). They are most commonly located in the stomach (50 to 60%) and rarely in the small intestine (20-25% of all cases). The hallmark of most GISTs is their positivity for KIT (CD117) and DOG-1. Intussusception occurs rarely in adults with an incidence of approximately 2-3 per 1L per year. It represents 5% of all intussusceptions and is the cause of 1% of all intestinal obstructions. Ileocolic intussusception in adults is a unique variant in which most cases have a malignant lead point. In our case, we report an elderly patient presenting with intestinal obstruction, and imaging showed ileocecal intussusception with a solid nodular growth arising from the ileum. On exploration, the tumor was intraluminal arising from the ileum with ileocecal intussusception. Adhering to oncological principles, a right hemicolectomy was performed. The final pathologic diagnosis indicated the GIST of the ileum. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed CD117 negative and DOG-1 positive. Bowel obstruction due to intussusception in adults is rare. GIST in the ileum causing intussusception is unusual with a poorer prognosis than other GISTs. Intussusception in adults obstructing with small intestinal GIST which is CD117 negative makes it interesting and even rare. The diagnosis of intussusception and GISTs causing obstruction in adults is delicate, and timely surgical treatment can be vital. Given a high risk of malignancy, primary surgical resection using oncologic principles presents the best option in this scenario.
An Interesting Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Diggikar Pradnya M. , Reddy Raju Hansini , Mundada Mayank , Yammanuru Bhavya Sri Reddy
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a reactive condition marked by cytopenias and clinical features of systemic inflammation related to macrophage activation. It may be familial and may present early in life or sporadic and may affect people of any age. HLH secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare clinical entity with an estimated prevalence of 0.9–4.6%. A 19-year-old man with no significant past medical history presented with complaints of high-grade fever with chills and bleeding manifestations, such as hematemesis, hemoptysis, epistaxis, and petechial rash in both upper limbs and lower limbs. Laboratory investigations showed significant pancytopenia and raised plasma levels of ferritin, triglycerides, and soluble interleukin (IL)-2. Ultrasonography of the abdomen showed mild hepatomegaly. A bone marrow biopsy showed evidence of mild hemophagocytosis. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and double-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) came positive, and a diagnosis of HLH secondary to SLE was made. The patient was treated symptomatically with PCV and random donor platelet (RDP) transfusions and definitively with steroid therapy. HLH provokes potential life-threatening systemic toxicity and organ failure. Thus, prompt recognition when a patient presents with unexplained fever, cytopenias, and hepatosplenomegaly is required for timely treatment to prevent end-organ irreversible damage.
Study of Quality of Life among People Living with HIV/AIDS Taking Treatment at Anti-Retroviral Therapy Center of Tertiary Care Hospital, Tirupati
Authors: Akuthota Divya Sree , Subbarayudu Chintakunta V. , Rapuri Sowmya Pallavi , Bellamkonda Gopi Krishna , Gottumukkala Ravi Prabhu
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Even though the survival of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has improved by ART, their lifestyles and quality of life are affected by several factors like family and community support, and their socio-economic status. Hence, this study was undertaken to estimate the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients based on the World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Brief (WHOQOL-HIV BREF) questionnaire and to assess the association of quality of life with socio-demographic variables.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2019 to December 2020 in a sample of 220 HIV/AIDS patients of age more than 18 years, taking treatment at ART center, Tertiary Care Hospital in Tirupati. The data were collected using a standardized instrument (WHOQOL-HIV BREF). Socio-demographic details of the subjects were also obtained. Data were analyzed using Epi info software 7.2.2.6 version.

Results:

The overall mean QOL score is 59.3 ± 10.3. The highest mean QOL observed in the physical domain and the most affected domain is the social relationship’s domain. Lower levels of QOL were seen in females, residing in rural areas, illiterates, separated/divorced, who does not reveal their HIV status to their family members, who does not have family support, and these are found to be significantly associated with QOL (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The most affected domain is social relationship’s domain. Age, residence, educational status, marital status, knowledge of HIV status to family members, and their family support were found to be significantly associated with QOL among PLWHA.
Molecular Study of Viral Causes of Childhood Diarrhea in Western Maharashtra
Authors: Lall Mahima , Reddy R. Mahesh , Muhammed Yasmin , Sen Sourav , Gupta Rajiv M
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Although diarrheal diseases are highly preventable, they remain one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the pediatric population in developing countries. Knowledge of etiological agents is essential to implement public health programs. Viral infections are the most common cause of acute infectious diarrhea among children. There is a paucity of information regarding viral enteropathogens responsible for diarrhea in India, as many hospitals do not routinely carry out diagnostic tests for viral detection.

Aim and Objectives:

To estimate the prevalence of viral enteropathogens in children under five years of age presenting with acute diarrhea using real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its correlation with clinico-demographic features.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care center in Maharashtra from January 2016 to June 2019. Our study included 300 children who were under five years old with acute diarrhea. Standard protocols were advocated for the collection and transportation of stool samples. All samples were subjected to real-time multiplex PCR (Light cycler 480 Roche) using Fast Track Diagnostic kits for viral gastroenteritis. Data analysis was done using descriptive and analytical methods.

Results:

In our study, 57% of samples were positive for viral enteropathogens. Rotavirus (32%) was the most common isolate, followed by Norovirus Genogroup II (GII) (17%). The majority of pathogens were isolated from children less than 2 years of age.

Conclusion:

There is a need to test stool specimens of clinically confirmed diarrheal patients for enteric virus. This will avoid blind antibiotic treatment.
Optimizing Spark-Ignition Engine Performance with Ternary Blend Fuels
and Hybrid Nanolubricants: A Response Surface Methodology Study
Authors: Bharath Bhavin K , Selvan V. Arul Mozhi
Published: July 2024

The current research elucidates the application of response surface methodology
to optimize the collective impact of methanol–isobutanol–gasoline blends and
nanolubricants on the operational parameters of a spark-ignition engine. Diverse
alcohol blends in conjunction with gasoline are employed in engine trials at
2500 rpm across varying engine loads. The alcohol blends exhibit notable
enhancements in brake thermal efficiency, peak in-cylinder pressure, and heat
release rate. At 2500 rpm and 75% load, the break thermal efficiency of iBM15
surpasses that of gasoline by 33.5%. Alcohol blends significantly reduce
hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared to gasoline. The iBM15
demonstrates a reduction of 25.2% and 51.12% in vibration along the Z and Y
axes, respectively, relative to gasoline. As per the response surface
methodology analysis, the optimal parameters are identified: an alcohol content
of 29.99%, an engine load of 99.06%, and a nanolubricant concentration of 0.1%.
It is noteworthy that ternary blends can be viably employed in spark-ignition
engines, offering a partial replacement for conventional fossil fuels. This
research highlights that employing isobutanol–methanol–gasoline ternary blends
and the ZnO-TiO2/5W30 hybrid nanolubricant improves spark-ignition
engine performance, cuts emissions, and minimizes engine vibration compared to
conventional gasoline.
Efficient Smart Contract Mechanism for New Energy Vehicle Supply
Chain Based on Alliance Chain
Authors: Wang Peng
Published: July 2024

Supply chain management is key to industry efficiency, while information security
and transparency are at the core of operations management. Blockchain technology
shows great potential in this regard and can effectively make up for existing
shortcomings. This article deeply explores the application of blockchain in new
energy vehicle supply chain management, focusing on enhancing the
systematization and collaboration of the supply chain through smart contract
mechanisms. We established a collaborative contract model for the three-level
supply chain. Especially from the perspective of the intermediate supply chain,
we designed a smart contract mechanism to optimize key links such as order
processing, payment, and logistics tracking, and used the alliance chain to
ensure the safe sharing and sharing of information. At the same time, we have
also developed an interactive system for each link of the supply chain and
achieved smooth interaction in the new energy vehicle supply chain by adjusting
the parameters and functions of smart contracts. Using the Ethereum scripting
language, we built a blockchain smart contract mechanism based on supply chain
contracts. This research not only demonstrates the potential value of blockchain
technology in promoting supply chain information sharing and enhancing mutual
trust, but also highlights its importance in supply chain management innovation
and practical application.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic in tuberculosis diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa: data from DREAM program in Mozambique
Authors: Ciccacci Fausto , Ibraimo Kanyza , Sineque Alberto , Ceffa Susanna , Sidumo Zita , Orlando Stefano , Marazzi Cristina
Published: July 2024

Background: TB is a global emergency, COVID-19 reversed the trend in TB mortality reduction to 2017 levels. Mozambique is one of the highest-burden countries with 368 new cases per 100.000 population in 2020.Objectives: This analysis aims to evaluate a TB diagnostic service in two Mozambican cities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: We reviewed routine activity data from two laboratories in Mozambique (Maputo and Beira) in the period 01/2018–08/2022. GeneXpert test was prescribed based on clinical suspicion. Data about the number of tests, results, and rifampicin resistance were collected.Results: In the period 3,071 tests were conducted: 391 positive, and 32 rifampicin resistant. The number of positive samples was higher in Beira (20.2% vs 5%, OR 4[3.1-5.2]).In Maputo, we observed a higher percentage of rifampicin-resistant samples (13.2%vs7%, OR 0.5[0.2-1.1]), but the overall prevalence of rifampicin resistance was higher in Beira (14.1‰vs6.6‰, OR 2.1[1.0-4.5]).In 2020 and the first semester of 2021 a reduction in activity was observed, but positivity rates remained stable, with a slight increment starting in 2020.Conclusions: Our data confirm the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB diagnostic services but also highlight possible benefits in terms of diagnostic appropriateness in clinical centers.Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; tuberculosis diagnosis; sub-Saharan Africa; Mozambique.
Phytochemical profiling and acute oral toxicity of Suregada zanzibariensis (Baill) root extract
Authors: Kimondo Josephat Japhet , Beda Mpinda Cyprian , Justus Masalu Rose
Published: July 2024

Background: Traditional healers utilize the roots of Suregada zanzibariensis for managing diabetes mellitus. Therefore, evaluation of toxic properties of this plant is important.
Objective: To evaluate acute oral toxicity of S. zanzibariensis root extract on Wistar rats and to screen phytochemical compounds of the EAESZ.
Methods: GCMS analysis of the plant extracts were performed by using GCMS-2010 Shimadzu and mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the data in the library of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Acute oral toxicity testing was carried by administering a single Distilled water extract (DWESZ) and EAESZ to four different groups of rats at dosage of 300mg/kg and 2000mg/kg in each extract to the separately group of rats
Results: The GC-MS analysis of S. zanzibariensis roots extract revealed the presence of 10 major compounds. A higher single dose (2000mg/Kg) of EAESZ and DWESZ extract did not produce any sign of toxicity throughout 14 days of study, in terms of changes in behaviour or mortality in tested rats. No significant (p > 0.05) hematological, liver histological, biochemical changes were noticed between rats treated and control rats
Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that the plant extract can be classified as non-toxic.
Keywords: Phytochemical profiling; acute oral toxicity; Suregada zanzibariensis (Baill) root extract.
Letter to the Editor: Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis presenting as Occipital Neuralgia with associated Chiari Malformation
Authors: L Ruiz-Sandoval José , A Sánchez-Torres Marco , Felipe Uribe-Martínez Jefte , Jimenez-Ruiz Amado
Published: July 2024

NIL.
Relationship between calcium-to-magnesium ratio and malaria parasite density among children with uncomplicated malaria infection
Authors: Johnson Airen Oziegbe , Amenaghawon Emokpae Loveth , Omoruyi Zainab , Abiodun Emokpae Mathias
Published: July 2024

Background/Objective: A high calcium-to-magnesium ratio above 2:1 has been associated with higher risk of metabolic, inflammation and cardiovascular disorders. This study evaluates the serum levels of iron, magnesium, calcium, folate, vitamin B12 and calcium to magnesium ratio in children with uncomplicated malaria infection.
Materials and Methods: Measured nutritional parameters were determined in 300 children (100 males and 100 females) with malaria infection and 100 children (50 males and 50 females) without malaria infection using Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay and spectrophotometric methods.
Results: Significantly lower (p<0.001) levels of serum magnesium, iron, vitamin B12, folate and Packed cell volume (p<0.03) were observed among children with malaria than controls. On the other hand, serum calcium (8.45±0.20) and calcium-to-magnesium ratio (3.9:1.0) (were significantly higher (p<0.001) in malaria infected children than controls. Calcium to magnesium ratio correlated (r=0.188; p<0.01) with malaria parasitaemia.
Conclusion: Higher serum calcium-to-magnesium ratio above the recommended 2.1 may contribute to increase risk of morbidity and mortality. Nutritional intervention aimed at lowering the ca/mg ratio may be essential in the management of malaria infection in Children.
Keywords: Child; calcium; magnesium; parasites.
Anaemia in pregnancy: prevalence and associated socio-demographic and obstetric factors in urban and rural communities in Nsukka area of Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Ngozi Eze Scholastica , Nwanneka Ani Peace , Onyinyechukwu Anoshirike Cyril
Published: July 2024

Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is a major cause of maternal death especially, in developing countries.
Objectives: The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of anaemia and its associated socio-demographic and obstetric factors among pregnant women in Nsukka Area of Enugu State, Nigeria.
Methods: Pregnant women numbering 386 participated in the study. Respondents’ socio-demographic and obstetric data were collected using validated structured questionnaire. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb conc) was determined and used to categorize the women following WHO classification. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Duncan’s new multiple range tests, T-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
Results: More than half (55.9%) of the respondents had low Hb conc; with 39% and 16.9% having mild and moderate anaemia, respectively. Hb conc was significantly influenced by age, occupation, educational and income levels (P<0.05). Hb conc significantly increased with increase in educational and income levels. Negative correlation existed between respondents’ parity and Hb (r=-0.281; P<0.05).Women with 4 - 6 previous pregnancies had the lowest Hb conc (10.18±0.86g/dl) among the respondents.
Conclusion: Anaemia in pregnancy is highly prevalent in Nsukka, and was associated with younger age, low educational and income levels, and higher parity. Girl-child/women’s education must be highly prioritized, and adolescent marriage/pregnancy prevented through community-based approaches.
Keywords: Anaemia; pregnancy; women of childbearing age; Nigeria.
Changes of beneficiaries after Red Cross safe motherhood project in Northern Uganda
Authors: Ogata Ai , Naiki Mie , Saito Yukiya , Onzima Alex
Published: July 2024

Background: The Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) and the Uganda Red Cross Society (URCS) collaboratively implemented the safe motherhood project for women of reproductive age and community people to improve reproductive health in Northern Uganda from 2010 to 2016. Follow-up visit has not been conducted and the information on detailed changes of the beneficiaries were limited.
Objectives: To explore the beneficiaries’ changes after the Red Cross safe motherhood project in Northern Uganda.
Methods: Study design was qualitative content analysis using interview guides.
Findings: After the approval of Institutional Review Board Clearance, the study was started. All participants of the study were informed the study objectives, methods, and ethical considerations and consented to participate. The study participants were six people, three beneficiary couples. Changes in knowledge of safe motherhood and general healthcare, attitude helped and prepared financially, attitude to look women as valuable people, practice of visiting health center to get something, practice of avoiding infectious diseases, practice of increment of ANC visit and facility-based delivery, practice of male involvement for safe motherhood were derived from the interview.
Conclusion: Follow-up visit revealed positive changes of beneficiaries after the project, however continuous support is needed for sustainability of the safe motherhood project.
Keywords: Beneficiaries; Red Cross safe motherhood; Northern Uganda.
A 10 year retrospective review of factors associated with poor foetal outcome in patients with placenta praevia at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Authors: D Geidam Ado , H Abubakar Hassan
Published: July 2024

Background: Placenta Praevia (PP), a placenta that is implanted in the lower uterine segment has the potential to cause severe obstetric complications including foetal death.
Objective: To determine the factors associated with poor foetal outcomes in patients with placenta praevia.
Method: A retrospective review of the foetal outcome of all cases of PP managed at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital over 10 years (2011 to 2021).Chi-square test or Fixer exact test as appropriate were used to determine the factors associated with the development of poor foetal outcome. P-value < 0.05 was consider statistically significant.
Results: There were 26,407 deliveries during the study period out of which 166 were placenta previa; a prevalence of 0.6%. Most of the patients, 84.8% (95/112) were unbooked. The majority 50.9% (57/112) had blood loss ≥ 1000 ml and 30.4% (34/112) foetuses were of low birth weight. Low birthweight, hypotension, anaemia, unbooked status, vaginal delivery, and EBL ≥ 1000 mls were found to be significantly associated with foetal death.
Conclusions: Poor foetal outcome was associated with Unbooked status, anaemia, vaginal delivery, EBL of ≥ 1000 mls, hypotension and duration of hospital stay ≥ 7 days in patients with placenta previa in our environment.
Keywords: Foetal outcome; placenta praevia; poor outcome; UMTH.
The realities of adolescent sexual behaviours in Nigeria: a narrative review
Authors: Bamidele Olawade David , J Asaolu Akinsola , Adebayo Adebisi Yusuff , T Asaolu Fiyinfoluwa , Odetayo Aderonke , Clement David-Olawade Aanuoluwapo
Published: July 2024

Background: Adolescence is a critical period of development during which young people experience significant physical, cognitive, and social changes. Adolescent sexual behaviors can have significant consequences for their physical and mental health, as well as for their social and economic well-being. In Nigeria, the majority of adolescents have their sexual debut before the age of 18, and many do not have access to comprehensive sexuality education or sexual and reproductive health services.
Objective: We conducted a narrative review to discuss how early adolescence, in conjunction with a variety of social and environmental variables, influences adolescents' risky sexual behaviours in Nigeria.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted to explore the realities of adolescent sexual behaviors in Nigeria. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed Central using predetermined search terms. The articles were reviewed and analyzed and then the findings were discussed narratively.
Results: Various factors, including sexual maturation, peer association, and environment play key roles in an adolescents’ drive toward a first sexual experience. Many adolescents participate in risky sexual activities that may impact their health and well-being. These risky sexual behaviours, such as early sexual debut, lack of or improper use of condoms, multiple sexual partners, put them at high risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as unintended adolescent pregnancy.
Conclusion: Teenagers are momentarily endangered with various risky sexual behaviors as those who lack parental sex education are at greater risk. Hence, parent-child communication should be encouraged to curtail risky sexual habits among teenagers.
Keywords: Sexual health; sexual behaviour; adolescent; young people; Nigeria.
Prevalence and determinant factors of low birth weight in Marrakesh province, Morocco: cross sectorial survey
Authors: Elmoussaoui Soufiane , Kaoutar Kamal , Chetoui Ahmed , El Kardoudi Abdeslam , Chigr Fatiha , Borrous Mounir , Najimi Mohamed
Published: July 2024

Background: Low Birth Weight (LBW) is considered as the marker of infant wellbeing and the fundamental focus of infant health policy. The objective of this survey was to determine the prevalence of LBW and its associated factors in term new borns.
Methods: The data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with LBW.
Results: Totally 350 mother–newborn pairs were participated in this study. Out of this, 16.7% of term neonates were found to be LBW. Of note, employed mothers, mothers having birth interval less or equal to two years, women with previous history of low birth weight and mothers living in passive smoking conditions at home during pregnancy were more likely to have low birth weight babies.
Conclusion: The prevalence of LBW in our study could be considered as relatively high. It is recommended that special attention should be given to pregnant mothers to get adequate rest, attentional diet, and antenatal services available and accessible to all pregnant women.
Keywords: Low birth weight; newborn; mothers; Marrakesh; Morocco.
Causes, management outcome, and associated factors in patients admitted with a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction to Ambo University Referral Hospital: a 3-year retrospective chart review
Authors: Beyene Erko , Negassa Meti
Published: July 2024

Background: Intestinal obstruction is a major cause of surgical admissions in African countries. In this study, we assessed the causes, management outcome and associated factors among patients admitted with the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction to AURH.
Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients admitted to AURH with the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction from September 2017G.C. to August 2020G.C.
Results: Sigmoid volvulus and Adhesions were the most common causes of large bowel obstruction and small bowel obstruction, respectively accounting for 85.4% and 37.3% of cases. 203(69.3%) patients were managed operatively among which 70(23.9%) had unfavorable outcome. The mortality rate of intestinal obstruction in our study population was 5.5%. Factors which had significant association with management outcome were length of hospital stay, history of abdominal surgery and history of intestinal obstruction.
Conclusion: The most common causes of intestinal obstruction in our study population were similar to the one’s implicated in other studies done in the low-income countries. There is relatively high rate of unfavorable outcome which calls for further investigation as to why this is occurring. We recommend also interventions to be implemented to reduce the causes of morbidity and mortality related to intestinal obstruction found in this study.
Keywords: Intestinal obstruction; management outcome; causes of intestinal obstruction.
Incidence of work-related musculoskeletal pain among Primary Health-care Providers
Authors: Afzal Mubushara , Khan Amna , Farooqui Sumaira
Published: July 2024

Background: Work related musculoskeletal pain is majorly responsible for decrease in the productivity of occupational work. It is an important work-related problem which is affecting the industrious and effective output of the work. The causes of work-related musculoskeletal pain are complex mesh of interrelated factors that exert their influence simultaneously.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of work- related musculoskeletal pain along with its associated factors amongst the obstetrics and gynecologist (OB/GYN) using a self-designed questionnaire.
Methods: This was a cross sectional survey comprising of 196 obstetricians and gynecologists working in different public and private selected clinical settings. To gather data, self-designed questionnaire was used within a period of 4 weeks.
Results: The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal pain was seen in 171 (87.2%) out of 196 subjects, in at least one region and 25 (12.8%) subjects reported no musculoskeletal pain. The symptoms were majorly seen in lower back (59.2%) and leg (37.8%), also neck (27.8%), shoulder (26.0%), arm (12.8%), mid back (16.8) and upper back (9.2%).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that work-related musculoskeletal pain is highly prevalent in obstetrics and gynecologists, and it has a great impact on their daily lives.
Keywords: Musculoskeletal pain; obstetrics and gynecology; posture.
Trends, causes and outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) among children attending University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu
Authors: U Okafor Henrietta , Mbanefo Ngozi , Muoneke Vivian , O Odetunde Israel , N Uwaezuoke Samuel , Agu Grace , N Ossai Edmund , M Chinawa Josephat
Published: July 2024

Background: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in children is increasingly being recognized as a major problem in resource poor countries like Nigeria. In our own setting where resources for renal replacement therapy are limited, it becomes expedient to identify the cases early, ascertain the common causes and challenges in management. This will inform early interventions and strategies for prevention.
Objectives: This study sought to describe the trends,causes and outcomes in the management of AKI among children attending pediatric nephrology unit of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital.
Methods: A retrospective cross- sectional study whereby case folder of children with discharge diagnosis of AKI seen in the pediatric nephrology unit of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Southeast Nigeria.
Results: 51 case folders fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The age range was 0.8-16 with a mean of 5.3±4.6. There was male predominance with M:F ratio of 2.2:1.The commonest presenting feature was fever (78.4%). Majority (82.9%) came in with greater than and equal to stage 2 AKI (KDIGO) , with mean creatinine value of 494.6±367.44 μmmol. Sepsis and malaria were common associated diagnoses. Eight patients (11.8%) were dialyzed and mortality was 3.9%.
Conclusion: Febrile illnesses such as malaria and sepsis are the commonest cause of AKI in this study and this occurs between the ages of 1 and 9 years. Few of these children with AKI benefited form dialysis. Mortality is low and outcome in this study seems good
Keywords: Children; AKI; renal replacement therapy; prevention.
Evaluating the knowledge, practice and experience about management of Parkinson’s Disease among physiotherapists in Ghana: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Agoriwo Mary
Published: July 2024

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) presents with numerous functional disabilities which require specific expertise for effective management.
Objective: To describe the level of PD-specific expertise among physiotherapists (PTs) in Ghana and establish the association between the level of expertise, practice duration and number of persons with PD treated annually.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among PTs. A 25-item questionnaire was validated, piloted and distributed to PTs during an annual general meeting. Microsoft Excel 2016 and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to perform descriptive statistical analysis and test for association respectively.
Results: There was a 70% (n=42/60) response rate. Overall, 50%-90% of the participating PTs had limited knowledge about the cardinal motor signs, non-motor symptoms, motor complications of PD and setting of treatment goals. There was no significant association between participants’ level of PD-Specific expertise and practice duration and number of persons with PD treated annually.
Conclusion: The PTs exhibited inadequate knowledge about PD and its management. This limitation was not influenced by PTs practice duration or number of persons with PD treated annually. The immediate need for PD-specific training for PTs in Ghana is crucial to enhance PTs’ expertise in the management of persons with PD.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; physiotherapy; professional knowledge.
Prevalence of unmet need for family planning and unintended pregnancies among women of reproductive age living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: M Bakari Hafidha , Alo Oluwafemi , S Mbwana Mariam , M Salim Swalehe , Ludeman Emilie , Lascko Taylor , O Ramadhani Habib
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Family planning is an effective intervention for women living with HIV who do not desire to have children to reduce vertical transmission and infant- and pregnancy-related mortality.
Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of unmet need for family planning (UFP) and unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods: This was a systematic review that searched databases from March 2007 to December 2021. UFP was defined as women who were sexually active and did not desire to have additional children (unmet need for limiting), or who delayed their next pregnancy (unmet need for spacing) but were not using any contraception. Unintended pregnancies were defined as women who reported that their last pregnancy was unintended. Forest plots were used to present the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results: Total of 35 articles were included. Overall, the pooled prevalence of UFP was 30.1% (95%CI, 26.4–33.9). The pooled prevalence of unmet need for spacing was 11.9% and 14.2% for limiting.. The pooled prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 16.5% (95%CI, 9.4–25.1).
Conclusion: Three in ten women of reproductive age living with HIV in Africa have UFP. Efforts to prevent unsafe abortions from unintended pregnancies are needed to minimize the UFP.
Keywords: Unmet need for family planning; women living with HIV; un intended pregnancy; sub-Saharan Africa.
A meta-analysis for understanding the role of the COMT Val158Met variant in the susceptibility to alcoholism
Authors: Barman Deeplata , Ghanta Mohan Krishna , Jangde Sagar , Meher Babul , Sahu Nisha , Bhaskar LVKS
Published: July 2024

The hypothesis of association between 158Met allele of catechol-omethyltransferase (COMT) gene and poor dopamine catabolism, dopamine remains prolonged for their half-time in the prefrontal cortex and gets more reward from alcohol than COMT Val158 allele, has generated much interest, research and controversy. Hence, a meta-analysis to explore possible role of COMT Val158Met variant and alcoholism has been performed. Twenty two case-control data sets containing 3602 alcoholism patients and 5183 healthy subjects genotyped for COMT Val158Met variant has been included and assessed for their association with alcoholism. Meta-analyses were conducted with the use of MetaGenyo web tool. The results of this study confirmed that the COMT Val158Met variant is not contributing to the risk of alcoholism (Dominant model: OR = 1.10 (95% CI = 0.92-1.30), I2 = 49%). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity also found no association of this allele with alcoholism risk in both Asian (Dominant model: OR = 1.15 (95% CI = 0.83-1.60), I2 = 43%) and Caucasian (Dominant model: OR = 1.07 (95% CI = 0.87- 1.32), I2 = 54%) populations. The meta-analysis results of this study suggest no significant correlation between COMT Val158Met variant and alcoholism.
Prevalence of relapse and associated factors in khat chewers and non-chewers among persons with serious mental illness at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Habte Fikreselam , Kassaw Chalelgn , Gedamu Melak
Published: July 2024

People with serious mental illness using  llicit drug like amphetamine exhibit  poorer outcomes. But until now little is known about the impact of khat on relapse of  disease in people with serious mental illness. This study assessed prevalence and factors associated with relapse  between khat chewers and non-chewers among personswith serious mental illness. This was a cross sectional study involving 405 khat chewers and 400 non chewers with serious mental illness. The study was undertaken at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital on May, 2021. Patients were selected using systematic random sampling. The study involved interview (patients and care givers) and chart review. The study used Oslo Social Support Scale; Alcohol, Smoking, Substance Involvement Screening Test and a structured questionnaire The study established that prevalence of relapse was higher among khat chewers compared to non-chewers (22% Vs 13%, p=0.001) with serious mental illness. Additionally, the prevalence of relapse was positively correlated with the amount of khat used in the group of chewers. In the khat chewer group, previous hospitalization history and presence of stressful life situation were the main factors associated with relapse. On the other hand, treatment interruption, sleep disorder and previous hospitalization episodes were the key factors associated with relapse among non khat chewing persons with serious mental illness. The study found hat khat chewing poses increased risk of relapse among persons with serious mental illness. Patient care should consider khat chewing as one of the critical components for intervention.
How can faith and community based organizations help scale-up the fight against early exposure to alcohol, drugs and substance abuse among the youth in Kenya
Authors: Lelei Kirwa , Njenga Adrian , Muteti John
Published: July 2024

No abstract
Interpersonal Communication and its Influence on Vote Buying in 2023 Anambra South Senatorial Election in Nigeria
Authors: Anunike Ogonna , Nduka Ifegwu , Anunike Blessing
Published: July 2024

This paper examined the influence of interpersonal communication on vote buying in the 2023 Anambra South senatorial election in Nigeria. Clientelism theory and the Two Step Flow Model of Communication formed the theoretical underpinning for the study. The research was a descriptive survey, data were collected through a multi-stage sampling technique and were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentages. Results obtained show that senatorial candidates used interpersonal communication in vote canvassing and buying; incidentally the electorate perceived vote buying as good and acceptable aimed at assuaging their poverty. The effect is such that that the highest bidder coast home to victory. We hereby suggest more stringent electoral laws that are capable of handling the danger of vote buying, corporal punishment to perpetrators, massive sensitization of the general electorate on the ugly effect of vote buying by civil societies and lovers of democracy and a united force of the masses against manipulation by political gladiators.
Isomorphism of State and Private Sector Relations in Nigeria
Authors: Nwali Tiben
Published: July 2024

The paper draws our attention to the issues affecting State and Private Sector relations in Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to examine the State and Private sector in recent times, identify the factors affecting the relationships in Nigeria. Qualitative method of analysis of State and Private sector relations was adopted in the study while data for the study were drawn from secondary sources and content analytical method was employed in the analysis of data generated for the study. Meanwhile, the study revealed among other things that there have been significant relationships between State and Private sector organizations in Nigeria. The study recommends building more consensus and synergy on the relationship and strengthening the implementation and coordination mechanisms for the relationship to ensure greater efficiency, productivity and socio-economic transform
N-Power Programme and Poverty Reduction in Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: Aminu Sueliman , Aliyu Tala
Published: July 2024

One of the greatest challenges facing Nigerian economy today is poverty. The menacing of social and economic problem of poverty in Nigeria like many developing countries past governments to introduced N-power programme aimed at reducing poverty in Nigeria particularly State. The study examines N-power Programme and poverty reduction in Niger State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design with the population of 31,107 beneficiaries benefited from N-power programmes. To determine the sample size, Taro Yamane formula was adopted where the study arrived at 392. The study revealed that there exist negative perceptions among these beneficiaries regarding the programme's effectiveness in addressing these critical issues. The study further identifies several key factors affecting the implementation of N-Power programmes toward poverty alleviation in Niger State. These factors range from administrative challenges such as insufficient information and website/internet hiccups to more systemic issues like non-payment of stipends, bribery and corruption, and political interference. Given the identified challenge of inadequate funding as a hindrance to N-power's effectiveness, it is recommended that the government and relevant stakeholders increase the programme's funding allocation. This will ensure sustained program activities, expand outreach to more beneficiaries, and provide resources for comprehensive capacity-building initiatives beyond short-term employment.
Spectrophotometric, quantum chemical and molecular docking investigations of 4H-1-benzopyran-derived Pd(II) complexes
Authors: Arora Tanu , Garima Km , Kumar Vikas , Javed Saleem , Azam Mohammad , I. Al-Resayes Saud , Agnihotri Nivedita
Published: July 2024

Transition metal complexes are an appealing target in the development of functional materials used frequently in industrial and therapeutic world. The quantum chemical investigations help to obtain a thorough comprehension of the interplay between complexes and biological materials. It necessitates sufficient modeling of chemical phenomena in the system, occasionally involving assistance of classical or semi-empirical computational techniques. Identification of the factors influencing complexes and their optimization is essential for electronic structure calculations and the relevant biochemical potential. The present study aims at correlating analytical studies with the theoretical behavior involving identification of structural features and bonding interactions of the three 4H-1-benzopyrans and their spectrophotometrically analyzed palladium complexes using DFT calculations to get acquainted with pharmacological profile of the complexes. FMO studies indicated a higher Egap for ligand in all the cases than their respective Pd(II) complexes. Furthermore, according to the other chemical descriptors, interaction between the ligands and respective complexes, cause chromogenic ligand’s chemical hardness to decrease indicating that the formed complexes have lower kinetic stability and more chemical reactivity. Efficiency of the studied ligands further was analyzed by molecular docking against the target proteins, of which 2O0U, a transferase exhibited mutual interactions with all the examined ligands.
KEY WORDS: Palladium(II), 4H-1-benzopyran complexes, DFT, MEP, Molecular docking
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1311-1327.                                                         
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.10
Design, synthesis and molecular docking study of novel bis-oxazolone derivatives as potent antioxidant and antibacterial agents
Authors: Abdulla Haji Jalal , Hadi Chawishli Lana , Kareem Samad Mohammed
Published: July 2024

In response to the challenge of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, oxazolone analogs are frequently used for bacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory treatments. However, few studies have shown bis-oxazolone analogs possess antibacterial activities. In this study, we modified bis-oxazolone molecules with various aromatic amines to create new bis-benzamide and bis-imidazolone derivatives. These derivatives were analyzed using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. Molecular docking revealed favorable interactions with DNA gyrase, with compounds 3, 4a, and 5e showing higher binding affinities than penicillin G and ampicillin. These findings suggest their potential as future antimicrobial agents. The tested compounds demonstrated efficacy against bacterial strains, particularly E. coli and S. aureus, with significant activity observed in compounds 4a, 4e, 5d, and 5e. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH method, showed bis-compounds with excellent results comparable to ascorbic acid. This encourages further studies to explore their potential. Overall, the synthesized bis-oxazolone derivatives demonstrated increased medicinal activity and high potential as future antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
KEY WORDS: Bis-oxazolone, Bis-benzamide, Bis-imidazolone, Docking study, Antibacterial, Antioxidant
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1393-1404.                                                           
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.15
Structure and magnetism of a chiral Perovskite-like dicyanamidometallate framework
Authors: Ge Da-Chuan , Zhu Wen , Li Yu-Xuan , Zhang Feng , Chen Yun , Sun Jian-Hua , Wang Zhao-Xi
Published: July 2024

Perovskite-like compounds have attracted great attention because of their good properties, such as electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, etc. Herein, a new perovskite-like anionic dicyanamidometallate, namely (Bu3MeP)[Ni(dca)3] (1) (Bu3MeP = tributylmethylphosphine cation, dca = dicyanamide), was synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system with the chiral space group P43212, and exhibits a three-dimensional anionic dicyanamidometallate framework from Ni2+ units bridged by dicyanamides, in which tributylmethylphosphine cations are accommodated in the voids. The butyl groups present two conformations in the tributylmethylphosphine cation, resulting in chirality character occurred in compound 1. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility analysis indicates that weak ferromagnetic interaction exists between the nickel(II) ions coupling by μ1,5-bridings.
KEY WORDS: Perovskite-like, Dicyanamidometallate, Crystal structure, Magnetic properties
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1251-1260.                                                 
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.5
Influence of malting and/or fermentation on proximate composition of FARO 44 rice plus soybean based complementary foods
Authors: Bristone Charles , Eke Mike Ojotu , Ikya Julius Kwagh-hal , Ariahu Chukuma Charles
Published: July 2024

Nutritional challenges around the globe are still on the increase, the use of appropriate and adaptable technologies to formulate an acceptable diet would mitigate suffering affecting especially vulnerable children. The objective of the study was to examine how malting and/or fermentation would influence the proximate composition of FARO 44 and improve its subsequently formulated rice-based complementary foods. Malting of rice was achieved by standard methods while accelerated natural fermentation was by back slopping. The proximate composition of formulated food products was evaluated. Four complementary products comprising non-mated non-fermented rice plus soybean (NMNFRS), malted non-fermented rice plus soybean (MNFRS), non-malted fermented rice plus soybean (NMFRS) and malted and fermented rice plus soybean (MFFRS) were formulated to provide 16 g protein/100 g each based on the proximate composition of the rice and soybean in food materials. Results of the proximate composition of formulated food products were within the recommended level of FAO except in terms of fat. Fermentation caused a slight increase in protein, fat, carbohydrate, energy value and slightly reduced ash, crude fibre and moisture. Malting caused a slight increase in fat and reduced ash and crude fibre. Formulated food products from malted and/or fermented rice plus soybean flour are adequately acceptable and hold potential application as complementary foods for addressing protein energy malnutrition (PEM), especially in children.
Temperature-induced changes in optical properties of cubic CH3NH3SnI3 using phonopy-FHI-aims
Authors: Abdulsalam Hassan , Lariski Fatima Musa , Ahmad Habiba Garba , Shuwa Hassana Muhammad
Published: July 2024

This research explores how temperature influences the optical characteristics of Cubic Methylammonium Tin Iodide (CH3NH3SnI3), a material showing great promise for solar cell technology. The variations in the optical absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, reflectivity, and optical conductivity was examined over a range of temperatures and crystallographic orientations ([100], [010], [001]). The findings indicate that as temperature rises, there is a general decrease observed in the absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical conductivity. Similarly, reflectivity also tends to decrease with increasing temperature. These findings suggest that Cubic CH3NH3SnI3 exhibits consistent transparency, a stable refractive index, and relatively high reflectivity across different temperature conditions. Its low optical conductivity, typical of semiconductor materials, indicates its suitability for facilitating efficient charge separation and transport within solar cells. This research significantly adds to our comprehension of the optical properties of CH3NH3SnI3, paving the way for its potential use in solar cell applications.