bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Factor Analytic Study of Job Perceptions in a State Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Bohr Ronald H. , Offenberg Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Semantic differential ratings of their own and one another's jobs were made by 12 trainees in social interaction therapy and 20 psychiatric aides before and after they worked together as peers for 1 wk. Subsequent factor analyses of these ratings, which did not change over time for either group, revealed marked differences in cognitive orientations between them. As hypothesized, trainees perceived evaluation and potency as 2 distinct personality characteristics; aides, however, organized their perceptions in an idiosyncratic semantic space. Viewing the 2 traits as unidimensional for themselves, they saw the leniency of trainees as their most salient characteristic. Both substantive and methodological implications are discussed.
Meanings of “Most Acceptable” and “Most Objectionable”
Authors: Jones James Marc
Published: September 2011

153 Ss responded to the Sherif-Hovland instruments for 2 issues. Ss then rated their statements judged most acceptable (MA) and most objectionable (MO) on 18 semantic differential scales. Separate factor analyses of the semantic differential scales were run, collapsing across both issues. The patterns of percentages of variance indicated that the 2 semantic structures were probably not identical. Tests of significance were performed for 2 single scales and for factor scores (8) for the first 2 components (evaluation and potency) extracted in the factor analyses. The issues were tested separately, comparing Ss' ratings of their MAs and MOs. The tests were significant and showed that MA was rated “better,” more important, and more acceptable (a check on validity of Ss' responses) than MO; however, MO was judged more potent than MA. It was concluded that the 2 positions, MA and MO, are probably not simply antithetical.
Cognitive Dissonance: A Bibliography of its First Decade
Authors: Margulis Stephen T. , Songer Elaine
Published: September 2011

319 theoretical, experimental, and critical contributions to cognitive dissonance theory published during or before 1967 are listed.
Personal Values and the Meaningfulness of Value-Related Words
Authors: Gardner R. C. , Reynolds A. G. , Beinarovics Veneranda
Published: September 2011

In a factorial design, it was shown that Ss produce more responses to their high-value area label than to their low-value area label in a continuous word-association task, where value importance was measured by the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. It was also shown that the commonality and number of responses decrease over time. Possible reasons for the failure to find a significant effect for associational fluency are discussed.
Focussing on the Client's Expectations of Treatment: Brief Report
Authors: Krause Merton S. , Fitzsimmons Margaret , Wolf Norma
Published: September 2011

Extensive efforts to clarify clients' expectations of treatment during their first 6 to 12 interviews may enhance their motivation and prognoses and do not seem to harm them.
Effects of Alcohol and D-Amphetamine upon Mood and Volition
Authors: Hurst P. M. , Radlow R. , Chubb N. C. , Bagley S. K.
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to measure drug effects upon mood self-ratings and upon volitional outcomes presumably related to changes in mood. Alcohol, d-amphetamine and placebo were administered, separately and in combination, to 70 male volunteers who served as their own controls. Measures of volitional behavior included gambling for money, and verbal production on assigned topics. Mood self-ratings were interspersed. Alcohol increased the number of maximum bets but did not significantly increase average bet size or affect verbal production. D-amphetamine significantly increased verbal production but not risk-taking. There was no evidence of drug interaction in either of these measures of volitional behavior. However, there were interesting combinatorial effects upon the various mood dimensions, where the combination of alcohol and d-amphetamine produced additive, non-additive and supra-additive effects. As in some previous studies, drug effects on the mood self-ratings were found to be useful but uncertain predictors of plausibly relevant volitional behaviors.
The Psychiatric Team as a Differential Decision-Maker with Child Patients
Authors: Weissman Herbert N.
Published: September 2011

The decision-making capabilities of the psychiatric team were examined with focus on whether a sample child patient should be placed in individual therapy, group therapy, or be terminated. A survey research approach was implemented in order to ascertain the relative degree of commonality in dispositional judgments rendered by team members (psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers) and whether differential criteria were employed for these three decision-making conditions.
Effects of Odour Trials on Open-Field Behavior in Rat
Authors: Satinder K. Paul
Published: September 2011

This experiment extended the findings of Whittier and McReynolds in regard to the effects of odour trails left by an animal in the open field. Each rat was placed for 10 min. in the open field, one-half of which had just been occupied by another rat for 5 min. There was no over-all significant preference or tendency to spend more time on either side. However, male Ss spent significantly more time on the side where females were placed previously and female Ss spent more time on the previously unoccupied side. Ss spent more time on the side where they were placed first.
Occupational Differences of Male Psychiatric Patients on the MMPI
Authors: Blum Donna M.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies contain little data on the relationship of occupational differences of psychiatric patients to their MMPI personality patterns. The present study reports the distributions of MMPI T scores and standard deviations in three occupational categories within a randomly selected group of 110 male patients in a private psychiatric hospital. Results suggest that MMPI personality patterns should not be considered independently of the occupation of the individual testee.
Sex Differences and Repeated Choice in Retarded and Non-Retarded Subjects
Authors: Millan Donald L. Mac
Published: September 2011

Normal and educable mentally retarded Ss of several ages were tested for repetition choice preference to determine whether ability level or sex were determinants of repetition of previously completed or interrupted tasks. For normal and EMR boys, as CA and MA increased so did the tendency to repeat interrupted tasks. A curvilinear relationship between repetition choice and CA was found for normal and EMR girls. A sex difference became apparent between ages 11 and 17, with males choosing to repeat interrupted tasks in increasing proportions and females reverting to an increased preference for previously completed tasks. For the total sample, males repeated significantly more interrupted tasks than did females.
Locus of Control and Self-Reported Depression among College Students
Authors: Abramowitz Stephen I.
Published: September 2011

The Internal-External Control, Guilford Depression, and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scales were administered to 69 university undergraduates to test the hypothesis that depression is associated with belief in external control. The results supported the hypothesis. Implications of the results for notions which link I-E to maladjustment in a U-shaped fashion and for some psychodynamic notions regarding correlates of depression were discussed.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: X. Filmed Dialogues with Notable Contributors to Psychology
Authors: Evans Richard I.
Published: September 2011

A series of films which involves dialogues with notable contributors to psychology is being completed. Included in the series so far are 30-to 50-min. films featuring Carl Jung, Ernest Jones, Erich Fromm, B. F. Skinner, Erik Erikson, Gardner Murphy, Raymond Cartell, Henry Murray, Nevitt Sanford, Ernest R. Hilgard, Gordon Allport, and playwright Arthur Miller. The rationale for this series is discussed both in terms of its use as an instructional device in psychology courses and its archival value. Also described is the procedure utilized in completing these films.
Faking on the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
Authors: Mikesell R. H. , Calhoun L. G.
Published: September 2011

Effects of faking instructions on the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale were investigated for both male and female Ss. There were no sex differences but there was a significant difference due to instructions ( p < .05). Ss instructed to respond as maladjusted obtained scores indicative of greater depression than did Ss given “fake good” or standard instructions. No significant differences were found between the latter instructions and no significant interaction between sex and instructions.
Hypermnesia and Schizophrenia
Authors: Steinberg Harry R.
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that the “primary” psychological abnormality in some schizophrenic patients is inability to forget normally owing to unusually vivid memories. Phenomena of possible relevance to this hypothesis are discussed.
Pacing Effects on Performance of an Automated Task
Authors: Seitz Sue
Published: September 2011

This study compared 5 different methods of pacing the presentation of a discrimination task for 50 mentally retarded Ss. Data support the hypothesis that such Ss perform better if paced at a rate slower than that at which they would pace themselves. Where the presentation rate was changed during practice, performance was enhanced and the number of learners increased.
Techniques for Creative Thinking: An Empirical Comparison of Three Methods
Authors: Warren Thomas F. , Davis Gary A.
Published: September 2011

30 undergraduates were allowed unlimited time to “think of ways to change or improve a door knob.” One group (Short Checklist) was taught to use a 7-item checklist which suggested general categories of ideas (i.e., change colors, shape, material, design/style, size; rearrange parts; add/subtract something). A second group (Long Checklist) used Osborn's (1963) “73 idea-spurring questions” as an idea checklist. Ss in the third group were instructed in the morphological synthesis procedure in which ideas for improving one quality of an object (e.g., color or shape) are listed along one axis and ideas for improving other qualities are listed along other axes. New ideas are produced by combining ideas on various axes. The fourth group (Control) received no instruction regarding techniques. The results showed that Ss in the Short-checklist and Morphological Synthesis Groups produced the greatest total number of ideas and the greatest number of high quality ideas. While the four groups did not differ significantly in the amount of S-determined problem-solving time, Ss in the Short-checklist Group used more time than Ss in the other groups, supporting earlier findings that the short checklist is stimulating and challenging.
On the Relationship between Affect and Cognition
Authors: Kilty Keith M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between affect and cognition was explored by means of an attitude instrument, the implicative meaning (IM) procedure. The instrument was developed as a measure of attitudinal cognition, but it bears considerable resemblance to other procedures that have been hypothesized to be indirect measures of attitudinal affect. Two samples of Ss ( Ns of 75 and 84) and 12 attitude objects were studied. The correlations between IM scores and an independent measure of affect were low (sample means of .39 and .45). In terms of variance controlled, the majority of correlations controlled, at best, only 25% to 40% of the reliable common variance, indicating a lack of equivalence. These data support a conceptualization of attitude which distinguishes affect from cognition.
Systematic Desensitization of Snake-Avoidance under Two Conditions of Suggestion
Authors: McGlynn F. Dudley , Mealiea Wallace L. , Nawas M. Mike
Published: September 2011

Two groups of Ss received systematic desensitization for “snakephobia.” 9 Ss were led to expect anxiety reduction from desensitization; another 9 were not. Changes in snake-avoidance for these two groups were compared with changes displayed by 9 Ss who received no treatment.
Comparison of the Toy-Play Behavior of Autistic, Retarded, and Normal Children: A Reanalysis
Authors: Weiner Barbara J. , Ottinger Donald R. , Tilton James R.
Published: September 2011

Tilton and Ottinger (1964) examined differences among autistic, retarded, and normal children by observing their behavior in a toy-play setting. The purpose of this study was to reanalyze these data using a multiple discriminant function analysis, which allowed consideration of all 10 categories of toy play and their intercorrelations within one analysis. Significant differences ( p < .001) were found among the 3 groups and between the possible pairs of groups (normal-autistic, normal-retarded, autistic-retarded). In addition, information about the statistical classification of individuals was available. In the four discriminant function analyses, the proportions of Ss statistically classified the same as their original psychiatric diagnosis were .96 of the normals, .83 of the autistics, and .89 of the retardates. The combinational category of toy play emerged as the most important variable in discriminating the groups in all four analyses. It was concluded that this observational technique combined with the multiple discriminant function analysis would have practical utility as a diagnostic and evaluative measurement instrument.
Race, Sex, Ordinal Position of Birth, and Self-Disclosure in High School Students
Authors: Dimond Richard E. , Hellkamp David T.
Published: September 2011

The Jourard and Lasakow (1958) Self-disclosure Questionnaire was administered to 120 high school students in order to examine relationships of birth order, race, and sex to self-disclosure. Results indicated that later borns disclosed more than firstborns, whites disclosed more than Negroes, and mother was the favorite target person. Further, firstborn Negroes disclosed less than any other group, females disclosed most to mother and female friend while males disclosed least to female friend, firstborns disclosed most to mother, and whites disclosed more to father than Negroes. Results were discussed in relation to possible child-rearing practices affecting the meaningfulness of interpersonal relationships established by the various birth ranks.
Complexity of Information and Accuracy of Interpersonal Prediction
Authors: Blanchard William A. , Ganam Carol D.
Published: September 2011

225 judges ( Js) predicted the responses of 4 targets ( Ts) to interest test items. Two characteristics of the information given the Js about the Ts were varied: (1) number of relevant information dimensions (dimensions) and (2) the amount of irrelevant information (noise). It was hypothesized that increases in both variables would lead to an increase in error. Analysis of the total data indicated that an increase in noise led to a significant increase in error but that an increase in dimensions led to a decrease in error. It is suggested that this latter result is due to response set. An analysis of partial data not susceptible to such a set showed that amount of noise had a significant retrograde effect on accuracy but that the effect of number dimensions was not significant. These results are, in part, consistent with those found in concept identification tasks.
Situational Variables and Self-Acceptance
Authors: Solway Kenneth S. , Fehr Robert C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of experimentally induced success and failure on level of self-acceptance. Three groups (success group, failure group, and control group) of freshman psychology students were given a fictional perceptual discrimination test, supposedly related to probability of university graduation. Experimental conditions did not produce statistically significant changes in self-acceptance.
Sex Chromatin, Body-Masculinity and Smoking Behavior
Authors: Carney Richard E. , Feldman Herman , Loh Wei Ping
Published: September 2011

An hypothesized relationship between smoking behavior, body masculinity ( Masc), and amount of sex chromatin was investigated using 6 samples of California college students ( n = 437) and 1 of 80 Indiana adults. Ratings of Masc were positively correlated with the amount smoked by smokers of both sexes in all samples. Amount of chromatin in both buccal smears and blood neutrophils was higher for smokers in all samples tested. The amount smoked was negatively correlated for male and positively correlated for female smokers with amount of chromatin. Amount of chromatin is related to Masc in females but not in males.
Delayed Auditory Feedback Effects on Twenty-Four-Hour Retention of Prose
Authors: Kravetz Richard Jefferey
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 10 college students read prose material aloud into a microphone; one group received delayed auditory feedback. The accuracy of written recalls obtained 24 hr. later was superior for the control group ( P < .05). This fails to confirm a hypothesis offered by King and Dodge and suggested by Walker's action decrement theory.
Comment on “Intellectual Differences in Five-Year-Old Underprivileged Girls and Boys with and without Pre-Kindergarten School Experience”
Authors: Rubin Stephen , Asher William
Published: September 2011

Caution should be used in accepting conclusions from a research study with problems of selection and an ex post facto design (Smith, 1968).
Oral and Written Measurement of Meaningfulness (m)
Authors: Reynolds Allan , Preston Joan
Published: September 2011

In an experiment performed to compare the effect of oral and written administration of the m task, using concrete and abstract stimuli, it was found that concrete stimuli elicited more responses and that this effect was more marked for oral responding. No significant effect was found for response mode, and significant correlations across stimulus types were found. The results are discussed in terms of previous research on imagery.
Reliable Recency Effects
Authors: Wallace William , Wilson Warner
Published: September 2011

400 undergraduates read excerpts from a jury trial in either a defense-prosecution or a prosecution-defense order. 10 replications of this order effect paradigm showed recency effects.
Awareness in Verbal Conditioning: Objective Assessment and Automatic Strengthening
Authors: Leftwich James , Nawas M. Mike , Siegel Shepard
Published: September 2011

A Taffel-type verbal conditioning experiment was conducted in order to (a) explore the role of awareness as assessed by a newly developed objective instrument that is not open to the criticisms to which interview techniques have been subjected, and (b) determine whether exposure to different numbers of conditioning trials has an effect upon usage of the reinforced response class and awareness of contingencies. The results indicate that (a) only aware Ss manifest increments in performance, and (b) experimental Ss did not show differential levels of performance, not did increased proportions of Ss become aware as a result of exposure to increased amounts of conditioning and reinforcement. Implications of these results for psychological theory and methodology are discussed.
Conditioned Exploration in Domestic Rats
Authors: Towle Thomas O. , Jennings Joseph W.
Published: September 2011

Recent findings suggesting that an animal's initial response to novel objects is one of avoidance casts doubt on explanations of exploratory behavior as a separate drive. The hypothesis was developed that exploratory activity is a learned response to novelty. 60 male hooded rats were subjected to various deprivation and reinforcement conditions in an open-field apparatus. The results support the hypothesis.
Effect of Noncontingent Vicarious Reinforcement on Verbal Learning in a Group Situation
Authors: Phillips Robert E.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the effects of contingent and noncontingent vicarious reinforcement (VR) on group verbal conditioning by direct reinforcement (DR). The results indicated that noncontingent VR impedes learning. In addition, this experiment compared group and individual verbal conditioning and found that they were not significantly different in their effects.
Measured Intelligence and Estimates by Nursing Instructors and Nursing Students
Authors: Wolff Richard , Wasden Ronald
Published: September 2011

Estimates of intelligence and other personality characteristics by experts have been shown to be rather inaccurate. Intelligence test scores were compared with several criteria including estimates of these scores by nursing instructors and the students themselves. None of the subjective estimates showed a high positive correlation with the test scores. The students were more accurate than their instructors.
Cognitive Anchoring of Different Errors in Continuous Serial Learning
Authors: Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

This paper investigated different types of errors in serial learning, via a further analysis of the data obtained by Harcum, Pschirrer, and Coppage (1968) with continuous presentation of 10-trigram lists. The purpose was to discover whether the particular distributions of extralist intruding errors (ELI), intralist intruding errors (ILI), and failures to respond (FTR), which have been obtained using the conventional temporal gap between successive trials, are found when trials are continuous. Similar distributions would indicate that the relevant determinants are intervening cognitive factors, rather than stimulus variables. The results with continuous trials were similar to those for conventional pacing; FTR errors showed both asymmetrical and symmetrical (bowing) components, the ILI distribution was more nearly symmetrical with the minimum at the cognitively first item, and ELI errors, which were infrequent, varied little among serial positions. These results support the conclusion that an asymmetrical component of the serial-position curve is produced by the cognitive selection of one item to be learned first, to become the anchor for the later learning, and a symmetrical component is the result of associative or positional confusion.
Test-Taking Anxiety and Psychological Needs
Authors: Walsh Richard P.
Published: September 2011

Facilitating (F) and debilitating (D) test-taking anxieties as measured by the Alpert-Haber Achievement Anxiety Test were correlated with psychological needs as measured by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (PPS). Ss were 201 members (98 males, 103 females) of a sophomore social science class. For F anxiety, significant correlations for males were obtained with Needs-Achievement, Affiliation, Intraception, Succorance, Exhibition and Nurturance. For D anxiety, the significant correlations for males were Needs-Abasement, Exhibition, Achievement, Deference and Dominance. For females, F anxiety was only correlated with Needs-Achievement, while D anxiety was related to Needs-Intraception, Order and Exhibition. It appears that certain personality needs seem related to these types of anxieties, particularly for males.
Comment on Fricke's Approach to Controlling Social Desirability in the Forced-Choice Format
Authors: Braun John R. , Tinley John J.
Published: September 2011

The novel approach used in trying to control the social desirability of the alternatives in Fricke's forced-choice Self-descriptive Check List is discussed. Evidence is presented which indicates that the test does not succeed in producing clusters of alternatives which are functionally equivalent in desirability.
Specificity of Transfer of a Learned Response by Intracisternal Injection of Brain Extract from Trained Rats: Negative Findings
Authors: Griffiths Roland R. , Sears Barry D. , Jennings Luther B.
Published: September 2011

One group of rats was trained on a discrimination task while another group received no training. Brain extract containing RNA was prepared from the brains of these rats and injected intracisternally into naive rats. The naive rats were then retrained on the original discrimination task. No differences were found between the performances of the tats injected with “trained” extract, “untrained” extract, or saline solution.
Changes in Self Estimates of Psychological Attributes as a Function of the Direction of Discrepancies between Initial Estimates and Reported Test Scores
Authors: Jacobs Alfred , Maas Jeannette
Published: September 2011

Estimates of amounts of aptitude, interest and personality possessed by the rater were collected from 75 males requesting vocational and educational guidance before and immediately after the interpretation to the counselees of paper-and-pencil psychological tests presumably measuring the estimate attributed. Estimates of the attributes were significantly closer to the test scores following feedback. The discrepancies between test scores and the estimates of attributes after feedback were significantly smaller for those Ss whose estimates before counseling were underestimates of the test scores than for those overestimating. Such differences between the under- and overestimators were most marked for estimates of ability, second for interest, but not significant for temperament.
Grades, Attendance, and Extraversion
Authors: Dotson Elsie , Templer Donald I.
Published: September 2011

Extraversion correlated —.15 with both grades and class attendance of 216 introductory psychology students. These findings were hypothesized and are congruent with Eysenck's theory of personality. Otis scores also correlated — .23 with extraversion. This correlation contrasts with no relationship between intelligence and extraversion usually reported. The discrepancy seems related to the type of intelligence test employed.
“Emotional” Role-Playing and Changes in Smoking Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Lichtenstein Edward , Keutzer Carolin S. , Himes Kenneth H.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of an “emotional” role-playing procedure for modifying smoking attitudes and behavior (Janis & Mann, 1965) was evaluated in three studies using 54 female smokers. Each experimental S role-played a patient who received information that she had lung cancer, would have to undergo an immediate operation, and would have to stop smoking; control Ss listened to a taped role-playing session. While experimental and control groups did not differ in attitude or behavior change, the comparison of pre- and post-measures of smoking attitudes indicated significant within-group changes on several items for both role-players and controls. The magnitude of attitude and smoking-rate changes was small, however, compared to the Janis and Mann data. Further analysis revealed that both the role-players and controls reported considerable emotional arousal during the sessions; paradoxically, such arousal was more closely associated with change-scores for control Ss than for the role-playing Ss.
Mixed Rules in Concept Learning
Authors: Haygood Robert C. , Miller Janice S.
Published: September 2011

A mixed conceptual rule is one in which the correct response is determined both by the characteristics of the stimulus and by the position of the stimulus in the sequence. This experiment was designed to study mixed rules in concept learning by examining the effect of reversing the correct answer for a single trial every 4, 8, and 12 trials, along with a no-reversal control condition. Performance on both reversal and nonreversal trials improved as the spacing between reversal trials increased; the best performance was found with no reversals. The improvement from increased spacing appears to result from the increased opportunity to learn the basic concept between reversal trials.
A Short Form of the WISC for Use with the Mentally Retarded
Authors: Talkington Larry W. , Rieker Grace A.
Published: September 2011

A short form of the WISC was investigated for use with mentally retarded children. WISC records of 70 Ss were rescored using an abbreviated procedure; correlations with the original ranged from .80 on Picture Completion to .90 on Block Design with correlation of .95, .95, and .91 for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale respectively.
Experimental Learning Aspects of Business Game Playing with Incomplete Information about the Rules
Authors: Philippatos G. C. , Moscato D. R.
Published: September 2011

Some findings from questionnaire-based research in which business games were used for experimental purposes are described. Two games were used with 41 undergraduate students who had no information about the names, nature, and rules of these games in order to test their ability to perceive the environment and critical variables involved. Evidence indicated that even under conditions of complete “ignorance” the players discerned the important characteristics, critical variables, and some ranges of maximum and minimum performance.
Adolescents' Attitudes toward Themselves and Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Zagona Salvatore V. , Babor Thomas F.
Published: September 2011

This paper examined the progressive development of adolescents' generalized attitudes toward themselves and cigarette smokers of various ages ( n = 699, grades 4 to 12). Adolescents who reported being smokers did not differ from nonsmokers in over-all self-ratings, but they had more favorable and differentiated attitudes toward adolescent and adult smokers.
Rate of Formation of Associations by Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects as a Function of Stimulus or Response Placement of Aversive Components
Authors: Wischner George J. , Gladis Michael
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the formation by schizophrenic and non-psychotic Ss of associations involving neutral and aversive stimulus components in two paired-associate paradigms. Both groups of Ss tended to form associations involving aversive stimuli faster than those involving neutral stimuli in both paradigms. These results were in marked contrast to those of a previous study in which the identical aversive words served as responses. The discrepancies in findings of the two studies were discussed in terms of certain characteristics of aversive words and differential reactions to them.
Contemporary Concepts of Masculinity and Femininity
Authors: Jenkin Noel , Vroegh Karen
Published: September 2011

Masculinity and femininity as perceived by middle-class American men and women were investigated in two studies. Using adjective checklists and semantic differentials, Ss described most and least masculine and most and least feminine persons. The sexes generally agreed upon the nature of masculinity and femininity. Indices of relationship based upon adjective endorsements indicated that masculinity and femininity are not opposite ends of a bipolar variable; most masculine and most feminine persons have shared traits as well as differentiating ones. Least masculine and least feminine persons have traits negatively related to both most masculine and most feminine persons. The results also emphasized that descriptions of males and females undifferentiated as to degree of sex identity provide incomplete information about the nature of masculinity and femininity.
Psychedelic-Induced Social Behavior in Mice: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Siegel Ronald K. , Poole Jean
Published: September 2011

When large populations of mice were treated with LSD (2mcg/kg to 30mcg/kg), bufotenine (5mg/kg to 30mg/kg), a cannabis sativa extract (50mg/kg to 100mg/kg), or tetrahydrocannabinol (2mg/kg to 10mg/kg), there was a dramatic change in social behavior. Such treatment produced a significant reduction in aggression, group aggregation, and temporary disruptions of social hierarchies. Hallucinogenic-treated mice placed in normal untreated colonies were hypersensitive to auditory and tactile stimulation and aggregated in small groups apart from the rest of the population. Treatment with saline or BOL-148 produced no significant changes in behavior.
Relationship of Manifest Aggressiveness to Aggressive Word Associations
Authors: Geen Russell G. , George Robert
Published: September 2011

A self-report inventory made up of items from the Buss-Durkee manifest aggressiveness scales, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and the Masculinity-Femininity scale of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey was administered to 72 men along with a test of verbal associations to aggressive and neutral cue words. The number of aggressive associations made to aggressive cue words was highly correlated with over-all manifest aggressiveness and with two of the aggressiveness subscales. The results were discussed in terms of the relationship of aggressiveness habit strength to verbal behavior.
Self-Stimulation of Brain by Rats: Effects on Endocrine Organs
Authors: Tyce Francis A. J.
Published: September 2011

Study was made of 21 rats which responded by increased bar pressing for a stimulating current to the brain. These were allowed to self-stimulate for 4 or 8 hr. twice a week for 10 wk. At the end of this time the weights of the testes were found to be less than those of control animals and definite histologic changes were found in the adrenal glands. The weights and appearance of the pituitary, thyroid, and thymus glands, the seminal vesicles, and the ventral portions of the prostate glands appeared to be unchanged.
Effects of Posture and Anxiety Level on Effectiveness of Free Association
Authors: Kroth Jerome A. , Forrest Marvin S.
Published: September 2011

Clinical observations have characterized low anxious (LA) Ss as possessing a repressive-denial defense pattern. The psychoanalytic notion that repression diminishes with relaxation and reduced motility on the couch was examined in the predictions that supine LA Ss would free-associate more effectively than supine HA Ss, but that the reverse would hold true in the sitting position. The 10 highest and lowest trait-anxiety rankings in each of the postural conditions were given Bordin's free-association procedure Results indicated a significant effect for posture and an interaction with anxiety level in the predicted direction. The differential effect of motility on repression in LA Ss vis-a-vis other defense styles in HA Ss was discussed.
Retention of Course Material after Varying Intervals of Time
Authors: Gustav Alice
Published: September 2011

An objective test covering material from introductory psychology was administered, on a surprise basis, to 343 students registered in advanced psychology classes. Approximately half the students passed the test. Scores showed a very slight positive relationship with reported final grades in, and amount of time elapsing since the introductory course. Comments by students concerning their recollections of the introductory course shed some light on what they consider relevant.
Commentary on Kerlinger's Structural Theory of Social Attitudes
Authors: Zdep S. M. , Marco G. L.
Published: September 2011

Kerlinger's structural theory of attitudes is analyzed, and some of the implications of the theory are examined. Initially, Kerlinger's use of the available data to extend the theory to the realm of social attitudes is questioned. His use of the same pool of items with different subject populations is especially criticized. Moreover, his rejection of attitude unidimensionality and bipolarity is shown to be an artifact of his operational definition of attitudes which are defined as “sets of beliefs” rather than “affect toward an object.” It is also shown that his use of factor analysis to reject a competing model is not consistent with sound scientific principles. In terms of implications for attitude measurement, it is suggested that the relevance as well as the affect of items be assessed.
Can Creativity Be Predicted?
Authors: Coleman Richard
Published: September 2011

Prediction of creativity has been singularly unsuccessful despite a wide variety of approaches. One of the reasons for this lack of success is that vested interests in education and psychology appear to prefer to focus on the narrow range of achievement behavior which has been erroneously labelled intelligence. This mislabelling has precluded exploration into the remaining spectrum of intellectual process, i.e., intelligent and creative behavior.
The Combination Test as a Quick Screening Device to Differentiate Levels of Retardation
Authors: Gioioso Joseph V. , Aderman Morris
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine whether a completion test could be used as a quick screening device to distinguish the retarded. The two-part combination test requires 7 min. for administration and consists of (a) incomplete figures, which were designed especially for the study and (b) a passage containing incomplete and missing words. Correlations of .93, .86, .80, and .72 were obtained between the two-part combination test and the Stanford-Binet, Ammons FRPV, Columbia, and Wechsler-Bellevue, respectively. All coefficients were significant ( p < .001). The data indicate that the two-part combination test can be validly used in screening the retarded.
Semantic and Acoustic Coding in Short- and Long-Term Memory
Authors: Gruneberg Michael M. , Sykes Robert N.
Published: September 2011

This paper considers the evidence for semantic processing in STM. It is concluded that there is sufficient evidence of semantic processing in STM to make it impossible to dichotomize between long- and short-term memory on the basis of semantic coding being exclusively employed by long-term memory.
Psychological Distance as a Function of Length of Hospitalization
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Donnon Mildred S.
Published: September 2011

21 psychiatric patients hospitalized in a state institution for at least 3 yr. (LH group) were compared in regard to their psychological distance with 38 patients who had been in private hospitals for less than 3 mo. (SH group). Psychological distance was determined by means of a modified version of Kuethe's social schemata technique which calls for replacement of pairs of figures on a field. Although LH patients were significantly older than SH patients, it was demonstrated that age was not significantly related to distance responses. The SH group consistently placed the figures further apart than the LH, suggesting that long-term hospitalized patients have more of a desire for social involvement than patients hospitalized for briefer periods of time. The possible effects of differential severity of symptoms, differences in the social climate of the hospitals, and prolonged relative social isolation were discussed.
Sex Differences in the Extreme Response Tendencies of Psychiatric Patients: A Function of Sex-Role Identification
Authors: Parsonson Barry S.
Published: September 2011

Two research hypotheses, generated from earlier studies and relating to sex differences in response tendency on the semantic differential (SD), were tested. Three carefully matched groups, each comprising 10 male and 10 female normals, neurotics, and psychotics, completed a 7-concept, 9-scale SD. The results indicated that emotional maladjustment and sex of rater were important variables in determining the pattern of scale-checking exhibited. It was suggested that the observed differences in extreme response tendency might be related to sex-role expectancies.
Continuous Progress Concept of Instruction with University Students
Authors: Moore J. William , Mahan J Maurice , Ritts C. Allen
Published: September 2011

Performance and attitudes of Ss who had completed either a traditionally organized university course or an experimental course which held mastery as a requirement for progressing through the course were compared. There were three replications of the experiment, one each in courses in biology, philosophy, and psychology. In all three comparisons the performance of Ss in the E group was higher and their attitudes toward the instructional procedures were more favorable than the performance and attitudes of controls.
Shifts to Risk and Reward
Authors: Jarlais Don Des
Published: September 2011

The expected payoffs for the risky alternatives in a standard shift-to-risk experiment were investigated rather than controlled. As predicted, a significant shift to reward was found. The group expectations of the risky payoffs were higher than the means of the individual expectations. The shift to reward was significantly, but lowly, correlated with a cotemporaneous shift to risk. Implications of the shift to reward are discussed.
Validity of Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale: A Study of Delinquent Adolescents
Authors: Fitzgerald Bernard J. , Pasewark R. A. , Noah Sally J.
Published: September 2011

As a partial test of the validity of Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale, the instrument was utilized in an attempt to differentiate male and female delinquent groups from non-delinquent groups matched for age and social class. Since Rotter states that delinquents are less trusting of others, the use of such groups seemed a fair test of the discriminability of the scale, but no significant differences were found on the Interpersonal Trust Scale among these male and female delinquent groups and their non-delinquent counterparts. Thus, the validity of the instrument as a measure of the Trust variable was questioned.
Inhibition of Humor Enjoyment: Effects of Sexual Content and Introversion-Extraversion
Authors: Verinis J. Scott
Published: September 2011

Of 2 experiments on the inhibition of enjoyment of humor Exp. I employed sexual cartoons. Expectations were that those Ss asked to analyze these cartoons for their point would show less enjoyment than those Ss not asked to do this. These expectations were not supported. Exp. II explored the effects of the introversion-extraversion variable on inhibition of enjoyment of humor. Expectations were that those Ss high in introversion would show the greatest inhibition. These expectations were verified in a variety of experimental situations.
Adjectives Pertinent to Psychotherapy for Use with the Semantic Differential: An Heuristic Note
Authors: Mills David H.
Published: September 2011

This study reports an attempt to get bipolar adjectives pertinent to psychotherapy for use in research with the semantic differential. A total of 41 pairs of adjectives were rated by therapists as to their pertinence. The results are presented for their heuristic value and discussed in terms of their generality. Despite being somewhat theoretically biased, they show marked overlap with Cattell's list of personality sphere variables and may have rather general use.
Paradox Regained
Authors: Harris Richard J.
Published: September 2011

No interpretation of Howard's (4) theory of meta-games has been offered which lessens the paradox of the one-trial Prisoner's Dilemma game, and the theory as stated is not relevant to the iterated PD.
Empirical Validation of Automated Nursing Notes: Informational Utility
Authors: Ravensborg Milton R.
Published: September 2011

Automated nursing notes (ANN) were compared with traditional notes (TNN) as to efficiency in recording and transmitting information and ability to preserve the identifiability of individual patients' behavior. Analysis of summaries based on both types of notes showed that ANN yielded more informative reports than TNN, while retaining as much identifiability.
Multidimensional Scaling of Terms Used to Describe Personality
Authors: Gerjuoy Herbert , Aaronson Bernard S.
Published: September 2011

Buss and Gerjuoy classified 293 personality-descriptive terms into 18 personality “dimensions.” They reported “abnormality” and “intensity” scale values for each term. The present study multidimensionally scaled the highest-intensity, lowest-intensity, and lowest-abnormality terms from 6 Buss-Gerjuoy dimensions. Expert judges estimated the correlations among the personality traits referred to by these terms. The mean estimates had a two-dimensional configuration. One dimension was Abnormality; the other, Behavior Elicitation-Emission. Communications among psychologists should take into account psychologists' assumptions about trait intercorrelations. Psychologists may perceive personality descriptions as redundant if the traits specified are believed highly correlated. Individuals with trait combinations not fitting the consensual model should be explicitly so characterized.
Emotions Profile Index (EPI) Pattern for Paranoid Personality Types: Cross-Validation and Extension
Authors: Fiorentino Diane , Sheppard Charles , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

The possibility of defining an emotion profile consistent with personality type was examined in this cross-validational study. The procedure contrasted a sample of newly admitted acute paranoid schizophrenic patients, who were identified by clinical procedures and judgment, with a group of narcotic users who were defined as paranoid personality types on the basis of their responses to self-report inventories. When the resulting Emotions Profile Index scores were compared for these two groups, they showed high similarity. This suggests the possibility of identifying emotion profile types which are consistent with underlying personality types.
Differential Adrenocortical Stress Responses in Naval Aviators during Aircraft Carrier Landing Practice
Authors: Rubin Robert T. , Miller Robert G. , Arthur Ransom J. , Clark Brian R.
Published: September 2011

Serum Cortisol levels were measured in 9 Navy pilots and their flight officers during aircraft carrier landing practice in the two-man F-4B jet aircraft. The pilots showed an unequivocal adrenocortical stress response; the flight officers did not. The complex and hazardous task of carrier landing appears to be a considerably greater stress on the “executive” naval aviator (the pilot in control of the aircraft) than on his passive partner, although both are exposed to the same dangers. The findings of this study highlight the importance of the active versus the passive role as a determinant of stress intensity in human Ss exposed to naturally occurring stress situations.
Memory Growth by Adding to Ends of the List
Authors: Hickson R. H. , Driskill J. C.
Published: September 2011

A row of 9 meaningful or nonsense trigrams was presented in either the same or random order to 4 groups of undergraduate students until a criterion of perfect recall. Improvements in memory for nonsense, but not meaningful, material resulted from additions to ends of previous lists. Serial order of input led to serial recall; random input led to random recall on final trials.
Note on Difficulty of Material and Delay of Knowledge of Results
Authors: Baller William
Published: September 2011

The effects of 3 different delays of knowledge of results over 3 stages of the acquisition process were investigated at 2 levels of list difficulty. Results from 90 college Ss indicate that delays have differing effects for different acquisition stages. Effects appear consistent by level of list difficulty.
Workshop in Communication for Members of a Psychiatric Team
Authors: Lacks Patricia Brilliant , Landsbaum Jane B. , Stern Michael R.
Published: September 2011

The paper describes the procedures and evaluation of a training laboratory (workshop) designed to improve communication among representatives from all disciplines of a psychiatric children's unit. Group problem solving rather than personal insight was emphasized. Tasks relevant to the Children's Services staff were developed from data obtained from individual interviews given prior to the workshop. Pre-workshop, post-workshop, and 5-mo. follow-up questionnaires also provided qualitative and quantitative data for evaluating the effectiveness of the program. Improvements in staff communication and team reorganization following the workshop are described as well as difficulties encountered.