bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Next Steps Forward in Understanding Martian Surface and Subsurface Chemistry
Authors: Carrier Brandi L.
Published: September 2017

The presence of oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and perchlorate (ClO4−), which have been detected on Mars, has significant implications for chemistry and astrobiology. These oxidants can increase the reactivity of the Martian soil, accelerate the decomposition of organic molecules, and depress the freezing point of water. The study by Crandall et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005329) reveals a new formation mechanism by which hydrogen peroxide and other potential oxidants can be generated via irradiation of perchlorate by cosmic rays. This study represents an important next step in developing a full understanding of Martian surface and subsurface chemistry, particularly with respect to degradation of organic molecules and potential biosignatures.
Multivariate Analyses and the Bridging of Biology's ‘Math‐Gap’
Authors: Skjærvold Nils K. , Brovold Helge , Rahmati Hodjat , Martens Harald , Tøndel Kristin , Cedersund Gunnar , Munck Lars M.
Published: September 2017

This article shows how multivariate data modeling and multivariate metamodeling bridge the math‐gap in many sciences, e.g. in the biosciences. Biomedical science is constituted by two traditionally diverging lines of research, one being explorative, inductive, and holistic and the other being confirmative, deductive, and reductionistic. We argue in this article that both cultures are in dire need of more cross‐disciplinarity and openness to the knowledge and opportunities that lie on the other side of what we here call the ‘Math‐Gap in Bioscience’: The former tradition, which we choose to call ‘The House of Bio’, needs to expand to more powerful data‐driven statistical modeling and assessments in order to make sense out of their deluge of measurement data. The latter, which we here call ‘The House of Math’, needs to develop more and better mechanistic models to make possible the quantitative combination and effective utilization of today's enormous growth in biomedical knowledge and data. However, the use of mathematics and statistics in biomedical fields is hampered by lack of contact, curiosity, and respect between these two research cultures. To bridge this ‘Math‐Gap’ between them, we here propose a simple but powerful toolbox: soft multivariate modeling based on graphically interpreted, cross‐validated bilinear analysis. Nine different examples of data modeling and metamodeling show how this is successfully used in widely different fields of biomedical research – and from both research traditions.
Interplay between Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Development of Aggressive–Antisocial Behavior during Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Vitaro Frank , Brendgen Mara , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: September 2017

For both perpetrators and their victims, aggressive–antisocial behavior during childhood and adolescence is related to concurrent and later adjustment problems, including violent and criminal behavior. Quantitative (i.e., behavioral) genetic studies have shown that aggressive–antisocial behavior, as well as related risk factors such as negative parenting, are subject to both genetic and environmental influences. In this chapter, we present evidence from genetically informed studies regarding the additive and interactive role of genetic and environmental factors (in particular, negative parenting) in the development of aggressive–antisocial behavior during childhood and adolescence. We also explore epigenetic mechanisms that may explain the role of environmental factors such as negative parenting in fostering the expression of youngsters' genetic liability for aggressive–antisocial behavior. Implications for prevention and for future research are discussed.
Humor and Violence
Authors: Gulas Charles S. , Weinberger Marc G. , Swani Kunal
Published: September 2017

Violence has been described as physical aggression enacted by a perpetrator with the intent to harm, demean, or humiliate. Humor, on the other hand, is generally associated with mirth, a positive emotion. Yet acts of violence often form the basis of humor. Violence has been a part of humor throughout human history and violent or aggressive humor has recently become a common tactic in advertising. What is it that turns violent, aggressive, or tragic events into humor? This chapter examines violent humor from the perspectives of existing humor theories and introduces the tripartite theory of humor, which posits that the presence of surprise (high), violation (benign), and a facilitating situation (e.g., other people laughing, humorous music, or context) are sufficient and necessary conditions for humor to be successful. We then examine the use and effectiveness of comedic violence in advertising and social media as well as the societal effects of comedic violence.
Social Learning Theory and the Development of Aggression
Authors: Goodnight Jackson A. , Wilhoit Sarah A. , Receveur Angela
Published: September 2017

Social learning theory is a well‐established and widely adopted framework for understanding the social–environmental origins of aggression, and it continues to stimulate novel research on the development of aggression in childhood and adolescence. The present chapter considers the core concepts and major variants of social learning theory in relation to the development of aggressive behavior. It also reviews findings from longitudinal, genetically informed, and intervention studies that provide strong evidence for social learning influences of peers and parents on the development of aggressive behavior. Finally, it considers research suggesting that child temperament and personality affect susceptibility to social learning influences on aggression.
Psychoanalytic Concepts of Violence and Aggression
Authors: Taubner Svenja , Rabung Sven , Bateman Anthony , Fonagy Peter
Published: September 2017

The central idea in psychoanalytic conceptualizations is that psychopathology is regarded as an adaptation to inner and attachment‐related problems associated with impaired functioning or dynamic defenses against unbearable mental states. This basic assumption leads to a quite unique stance, in which symptoms—even the most cruel or irrational behavior—are considered to be meaningful in terms of assuming a vital function of regulating the self or interpersonal relationships. Chronic violence and aggression are seen as symptoms on their own with quite diverse clinical contexts, meanings, and etiologies. At the same time, violence may have a common phenomenological core, including an unbearable affective state or the perceived danger of self‐fragmentation in relation to anxiety, shame, and rage. The violent act in that sense is regarded as a way of coping with unbearable affect and of protecting the individual from the fragmentation of the self. This seems to be accompanied by the individual's inability to symbolize or mentalize feelings and thoughts.
Pharmacological Management of Aggressive Behavior in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Goedhard Laurette E. , Heerdink Eibert R.
Published: September 2017

Aggressive behavior is frequently observed in general psychiatry, and pharmacotherapy is often used to manage aggressive behavior both acutely and in patients showing repeated aggression. In this chapter, we systematically review the evidence for the pharmacological management of aggression in acute situations and for maintenance of treatment. Evidence from randomized controlled trials regarding the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in treatment of aggression in psychiatric patients is weak. Recommendations for the pharmacological management of aggression are made.
Psychopharmacological Approaches to Aggression and Violence in Adults with Severe Mental Illness: What Works? What Works Best?
Authors: Citrome Leslie , Volavka Jan
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the definitions of agitation, aggression, violence, and hostility and the tools used to measure these, in order to better understand the literature supporting the use of medications to treat these behaviors. Many choices are available for the treatment of acute agitation, and they appear similar in terms of overall efficacy, but tolerability can differ. Second‐generation antipsychotics are preferred over first‐generation antipsychotics because of a lower risk of extrapyramidal adverse effects, including akathisia. The approved agents, ziprasidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole, are no longer under patent protection in many countries. Rapid‐acting nonparenteral formulations may be a useful alternative to intramuscular injection, and these include inhaled loxapine (approved for such use) and sublingual asenapine (an “off‐label” use). Beyond the acute episode of agitation, the best option for a specific antihostility medication is clozapine, followed by olanzapine.
Interventions for Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Stover Carla Smith , Carlson Melissa
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the array of interventions available for individuals who perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV) that can be found in the clinical and research literature, from batterer intervention programs to individual‐ and family‐focused interventions that target specific subgroups of offenders. An overview of each intervention is provided along with the available evidence base. One‐size‐fits‐all approaches to IPV intervention have not been effective. Instead, assessment and selection of appropriate interventions or clinical treatments from a range of available options (which may include criminal justice intervention, psychoeducational groups, and individual clinical or family treatment) may be the most appropriate and successful way to reduce violence in the home. Specific treatments have been developed for individuals with co‐occurring violence and substance abuse, fatherhood and parenting concerns, and veteran populations with posttraumatic stress disorder that show promise and could be made available as intervention options for IPV offenders.
Evidence‐Based Practice and Violent Offenders
Authors: Palmer Emma J.
Published: September 2017

Violent offending is a major public concern and it is important that we know how best to treat violence and aggression. This chapter considers the effectiveness of interventions to reduce violent offending. It considers adult and adolescent offenders along with violent offenders with mental illness and personality disorders. First, meta‐analyses and systematic reviews with adult and adolescent offenders are reviewed with these showing positive results for interventions to reduce violent reoffending that use cognitive–behavioral approaches. This may include anger management although it is noted that anger problems might not be a contributory factor for all violent offending. More recent primary research studies also provide evidence for intervening with violent offenders, although some report null findings. There are a number of “branded” programs that show some effectiveness with young offenders: aggression replacement training, Equipping Peers to Help Another (EQUIP), and Multisystemic Therapy (MST). MST has the most consistently positive results.
Violence Reduction Treatment of Psychopathy
Authors: Wong Stephen C. P. , Stockdale Keira C. , Olver Mark E.
Published: September 2017

The treatment of psychopathy has a challenging history; psychopathy was even once deemed untreatable. Psychopathy, a personality disorder, is characterized by dysfunctional affective and interpersonal traits that frequently co‐occur with violence and criminal behaviors. The former traits are often operationalized by the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised Factor 1 (PCL–R Factor 1) and the latter behaviors by the PCL–R Factor 2. Research suggests treatment of psychopathy to reduce future violence and criminality is best directed toward reducing Factor 2 criminological features rather than changing Factor 1 personality traits. Treatment attrition and disruptions often associated with Factor 1 traits must be carefully managed to ensure treatment integrity. A two‐component model, based on the two‐factor conceptualization of psychopathy, has been proposed as a framework to guide violence reduction treatment of psychopathy. We review the psychopathy treatment literature, contrast major treatment approaches, and discuss the two‐component model with applications to different psychopathy subgroups.
The Role of Police in Domestic Violence
Authors: Nelson Eric L.
Published: September 2017

In an earlier publication, I introduced a six‐step best practice method for police officers to use when they investigate domestic violence (DV) crime. On average it triples rates of prosecution and doubles rates of conviction. This chapter follows on by describing a five‐step organizational best practice method to support the proper investigation of DV crime by its first‐responding officers. This chapter examines important facts about DV that must be understood in order to effectively support frontline officers in this effort. Seven types of domestic violent relationships are examined, as well as rates of minor and severe DV as they exist worldwide. A deep look is taken at a real‐life example of ongoing DV in a couple, identifying seven events spread across a year wherein 16 separate crimes were committed. The complexity of investigating DV is described. A key block to prosecution of mutual batterers is explained. Two subgroups of police are described: those who routinely investigate thoroughly and those who don't. A sinister technique used by some low‐effort officers to get out of investigating cases of minor DV is revealed.
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Pathways to Gang Violence
Authors: Carson Dena C. , Esbensen Finn‐Aage
Published: September 2017

Gangs and gang members are responsible for a disproportionate amount of violence, which makes it especially important to understand the prevalence of gangs and risk factors associated with gang joining. This chapter first discusses the prevalence of gang members across various locations in the United States as well as internationally and provides a synopsis of their demographic characteristics. Next, we review risk factors for gang involvement across five domains: community, family, school, peers, and the individual. Research suggests that the accumulation of multiple risk factors in multiple domains increases the probability of gang joining. However, a number of youth who experience these risk factors will not become gang involved, which indicates other factors influence gang joining. This chapter discusses pushes and pulls that have been linked to decisions to both join and leave a gang. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of policy implications associated with this literature.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Workplace Bullying
Authors: Hogh Annie , Conway Paul Maurice , Mikkelsen Eva Gemzøe
Published: September 2017

The prevalence of workplace bullying depends on many factors: how bullying is measured and the definition used, the timeframe, the geographic area, the gender ratio of the employees, and so on. Risk factors are most often found in the psychosocial work environment. How the work is organized, the type of leader and leadership quality, and the social climate of the work groups are all aspects that under the right conditions may turn into risk factors for workplace bullying. Vulnerability factors such as being a minority (e.g., being a woman in a male work group or vice versa, being handicapped, or being of a different ethnicity from the majority) or having depression may also be potential risk factors.
An Introduction to Plant Pigments in Biology and Commerce
Authors: Davies Kevin M.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Plant Pigmentation

The Functions of Pigments in Plants

Economic Aspects of Plant Pigments
Electrophysiology Equipment and Software
Authors: Hills Adrian , Volkov Vadim
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Voltage Clamp Protocols

Equipment and Hardware

Computer Software

Henry
II's
EP
Suite
Intercellular Communication during Floral Initiation and Development
Authors: Coupland George
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Long‐Distance Signaling during the Induction to Flowering

Intercellular Communication during Floral Development

Perspectives
Cellular Architecture: Regulation of Cell Size, Cell Shape and Organ Initiation
Authors: Fleming Andrew J.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Growth and Cell Proliferation are Related but Separable Components Controlling Cellular Architecture

Meristems as a Source of Cells in the Plant

Patterning of Cellular Architecture

The Cellular Decision to Proliferate or Not to Proliferate

The Cytoskeleton as an Intermediary in the Regulation of Cellular Architecture

The Supracellular Organisation of Growth

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
France, Revolution of 1848
Authors: Sawyer Stephen W.
Published: September 2017

February 22, 1848 in Paris marked the uncontestable beginning of a year of revolution. In its wake, France would once again be the spearhead of a republican movement on the European continent, giving birth to political emancipation in the form of universal suffrage and the abolition of slavery. This year would also witness some of the fiercest social and class struggles seen to date. It is no coincidence that the young Karl Marx would carve his intellectual teeth on this event by writing
Class Struggle in France
. The year 1848, then, suggests far more than just a few days of revolution; it represents a transition in the history of nineteenth‐century politics. The two key turning points that were essential to this year of political and social upheaval occurred in June and December. The workers' revolt during the June Days framed the last gasp of a radical social revolution led by early socialists and based as much on the right to work as the right to vote. The presidential elections of December, on the other hand, marked the first election of a French president through universal suffrage and outlined an attempt to anchor republican political foundations within the French nation. These two traditions within 1848 reveal the dominant threads of this transformative moment.
Freire, Paulo (1921–1997)
Authors: McCullough Michael F.
Published: September 2017

Paulo Freire, the Brazilian educator and author of
Pedagogy of the Oppressed
, published in 1972, viewed education as an integral part of broader efforts to advance personal, social, and political liberation. In what has come to be known as critical pedagogy, Freire sought not only to displace rote teaching methods with participatory learning but to empower students as autonomous actors in social transformation. Through
conscientização
, defined by Freire as “learning to perceive social, political and economic contradictions and to take action against the oppressive elements of reality,” students cease to be passive observers of reality and achieve a critical consciousness that enables them to partake in and build a world of their own making. Such an approach to learning made Freire a dangerous criminal in the eyes of the military dictatorship that forced him into political exile in 1964, but won him broad international support from educators and activists who espouse the need for radically democratic change.
G8 Protests, Heiligendamm, June 2007
Authors: Brand Ulrich
Published: September 2017

From June 6–8, 2007, the annual summit of the Group of Eight (G8) most industrialized nations took place in Heiligendamm, Germany, on the Baltic coast. The gathering was hosted by the German government and accompanied by intense protests.
Galleani, Luigi (1861–1931)
Authors: Shantz Jeff
Published: September 2017

Luigi Galleani was, during his lifetime, among the most significant and best knownanarchist‐communists. Largely forgotten for decades, he has recently been rediscovered by the generation of anarchists politicized during the alternative globalization struggles.
Gambetta, Léon (1838–1882)
Authors: Wandel Torbjörn
Published: September 2017

Léon Gambetta was instrumental in bringing down the regime of Louis‐Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) and the Second Empire (1852–70) and in bringing about the Third Republic (1870–1940). Born in Cahors in southwest France to an Italian grocer of modest means, Gambetta went to Paris to study law and soon joined the opposition to the Second Empire that fomented in the Latin Quarter in the 1860s. He emerged as a leading voice of a new generation of republicans. He and his confidants, who were often young, from the provinces, fresh to the political scene, and hostile to the Catholic Church, represented a new breed in French politics, labeled by Gambetta himself as “the new social layers” (
les nouvelles couches sociales
), which called for an end to the “monopoly of the elders” (
monopole des Messieurs
) that dominated Second Empire politics and finance.
Garrison, William Lloyd (1805–1879)
Authors: Hatmaker Amy
Published: September 2017

William Lloyd Garrison, controversial editor of
The Liberator
, was a central figure in the abolitionist crusade. Garrison's radical views on immediate emancipation, women's rights, and political non‐resistance put him frequently at odds with more conservative abolitionists. His commitment to the abolitionist cause never wavered, and he is hailed as one of the most important voices of theanti‐slavery movement.
Glasgow General Strike, 1820
Authors: Pentland Gordon N.
Published: September 2017

The Glasgow general strike of 1820 was part of a wider and, ultimately, abortive attempt to initiate a general rising in the south of Scotland and the north of England. Estimates vary, but some 60,000 workers struck in and around Glasgow during the first week of April in response to a proclamation, purportedly the work of the Committee of Organization for Forming a Provisional Government, calling upon “all to desist from their labour … and attend wholly to the recovery of their Rights” (Ellis & Mac a'Ghobhainn 1970: 23).
Goldman, Emma (1869–1940)
Authors: Rimke Heidi M.
Published: September 2017

Emma Goldman, an anarcho‐feminist intellectual, activist, writer, organizer, and public speaker, is arguably the most famous, or perhaps infamous, anarchist in the history of North America. She spent a lifetime agitating for universal principles such as: an end to war, nationalism, authoritarianism, imperialism, and gender inequalities; social justice for all working people; reproductive freedom; the abolition of capitalism; and freedom of spiritual, political, intellectual, and sexual expression – including polyamory or free love. Admirers called her “Rebel Woman” and “the modern Joan of Arc,” while the press and her enemies mockingly named her “Red Emma,” “High Priestess of Anarchy,” or the “Anarchist Queen”; her resistance was so formidable to authorities that she was described by J. Edgar Hoover as “the most dangerous woman in the world.” From approximately the age of 20, Goldman dedicated her life to an unrelenting campaign of political agitation for social revolution, becoming a pivotal figure in the history of political philosophy. She faced lifelong criminalization, expulsion, public humiliation, and social scorn as a result of her controversial convictions and activities.
Gouges, Olympe de (1745–1793)
Authors: Offen Karen
Published: September 2017

Olympe de Gouges, playwright, pamphleteer, opponent of black slavery, and advocate of women's rights, is best known for her
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
(1791). Born Marie Gouze in May 1745, officially to Anne‐Olympe Mouisset and her husband in Montauban, she nevertheless claimed descent from a local noble. Indeed, scholars have since established, as Marie claimed and physical resemblance confirmed, that her mother's lover, Jean‐Jacques LeFranc, Marquis de Pompignan, was very likely her real father.
Grenadian Revolution, 1979–1983
Authors: Meeks Brian
Published: September 2017

Early in the morning of March 13, 1979, a small group of armed militants of the opposition New Jewel Movement (NJM) stormed and captured the army barracks at True Blue on the tiny southern Caribbean island of Grenada. Simultaneously, another detachment secured the sole radio station, renaming it “Radio Free Grenada” and calling on the citizenry to take to the streets and demand, by popular demonstration, the surrender of all police stations across the island. Six hours later, NJM and constitutional opposition leader Maurice Bishop declared the formation of the People's Revolutionary Government (PRG), arguing that the revolution was for “work, food, shelter, and a bright future for our children,” and all resistance ended. The NJM was in effective control of Grenada and her two smaller Grenadine islands of Carriacou and Petit Martinique.
Resonant Mode Engineering of Photonic Crystal Sensors Clad with Ultralow Refractive Index Porous Silicon Dioxide
Authors: Wan Yuhang , Krueger Neil A. , Ocier Christian R. , Su Patrick , Braun Paul V. , Cunningham Brian T.
Published: September 2017

Porous SiO2 (PSiO2) with ultralow refractive index (n = 1.09) is incorporated as the cladding of a photonic crystal (PC) refractive index sensor with enhanced sensitivity through the establishment of resonant modes that principally reside in the liquid medium covering the PC surface. PSiO2, obtained by thermal oxidation of porous Si that has been transferred to a transparent substrate, is transparent at visible and near infrared wavelengths with a refractive index determined by its porosity. The PSiO2 periodic grating structure (Λ = 590 nm) is patterned by nanoimprint lithography and reactive ion etching, then conformally coated by sputtering high refractive index TiO2 to seal the pores from liquid infiltration. With the refractive index of PSiO2 much lower than that of water, the resonant mode “flips” its spatial distribution from within the solid dielectric regions of the photonic crystal to reside mainly in the water media covering the PC, resulting in 4× greater resonant wavelength shift for a fixed refractive index change. This study demonstrates design, fabrication, and testing of the sensor as a refractometer, supported by electromagnetic simulations of the resonant mode spatial distribution, in which porous PC sensors are compared to nonporous PC sensors.
A Solution‐Processable Polymer Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water
Authors: Woods Duncan J. , Sprick Reiner Sebastian , Smith Charlotte L. , Cowan Alexander J. , Cooper Andrew I.
Published: September 2017

Direct photocatalytic water splitting is an attractive strategy for clean energy production, but multicomponent nanostructured systems that mimic natural photosynthesis can be difficult to fabricate because of the insolubility of most photocatalysts. Here, a solution‐processable organic polymer is reported that is a good photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from water, either as a powder or as a thin film, suggesting future applications for soluble conjugated organic polymers in multicomponent photocatalysts for overall water splitting.
Bismuth Tantalum Oxyhalogen: A Promising Candidate Photocatalyst for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Tao Xiaoping , Zhao Yue , Mu Linchao , Wang Shengyang , Li Rengui , Li Can
Published: September 2017

As wide range of light absorption and suitable redox potentials are prerequisites for photocatalytic water splitting, exploring new semiconductor‐based materials with proper band structures for water splitting still calls for longstanding efforts. In this work, a series of photocatalysts, bismuth tantalum oxyhalide, Bi4TaO8X (X = Cl, Br), with valence band and conduction band positions at ≈−0.70 and ≈1.80 eV versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), respectively, are found to be capable for both water oxidation and reduction under visible light irradiation. Using flux synthetic methods, Bi4TaO8X (X = Cl, Br) with microplatelet morphology can be successfully prepared. The photocatalyst based on these materials shows an apparent quantum efficiency as high as 20% at 420 nm for water oxidation. In addition, a Z‐scheme system coupling Bi4TaO8Br with Ru/SrTiO3:Rh is successfully achieved for overall water splitting with a stoichiometric ratio of H2 and O2 evolutions. This work demonstrates a new series of semiconductors Bi4TaO8X (X = Cl, Br) with the promising application in the field of solar energy utilization.
Organocatalyzed Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in a microreactor: Kinetic model and product inhibition
Authors: Du Chencan , Zhang Jisong , Luo Guangsheng
Published: September 2017

The kinetic study of Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime catalyzed by trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile in a microreactor is presented in this article. Parametric studies are conducted varying temperature, ratio of trifluoroacetic acid to acetonitrile, and concentration of cyclohexanone oxime. The inhibition effect of ɛ‐caprolactam in this reaction system is firstly reported. A comprehensive mathematic kinetic model considering the product inhibition effect of caprolactam has been developed in the temperature range of 368–391 K, which agrees well with the experimental results across a broad experimental parameter space. In addition, kinetic study indicates that the esterification of cyclohexanone oxime and transposition reaction of the intermediate are both supposed to be the rate‐determining steps, and in this catalyst system, the ratio of trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile mainly influences the reaction rate and the activation energy of the transposition step. The developed model could provide much reliable knowledge for industrial application. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 571–577, 2018
“Isolated” DyO+ Embedded in a Ceramic Apatite Matrix Featuring Single‐Molecule Magnet Behavior with a High Energy Barrier for Magnetization Relaxation
Authors: Kazin Pavel E. , Zykin Mikhail A. , Utochnikova Valentina V. , Magdysyuk Oxana V. , Vasiliev Alexander V. , Zubavichus Yan V. , Schnelle Walter , Felser Claudia , Jansen Martin
Published: September 2017

Meeting the challenges of Moore's Law, predicting ambitious miniaturization rates of integrated circuits, requires to go beyond the traditional top‐down approaches, and to employ synthetic chemistry methods, to use bottom‐up techniques. During the recent decades, it has been shown that open‐shell coordination compounds may exhibit intramolecular spontaneous magnetization, thus offering promising prospects for storage and processing of digital information. Against this background we regarded it rewarding to implement similar magnetic centers into a ceramic material, which would provide better long‐term mechanical and chemical durability. Here we present new robust inorganic compounds containing separate DyO+ ions in an apatite matrix, which behave like single‐molecule magnets. The materials exhibit a blocking temperature of 11 K and an energy barrier for spin reversal of a thousand inverse centimeters which is among the highest values ever achieved.
Pivotal response treatment for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder: Defining a predictor profile
Authors: Fossum Kristin‐Lee , Williams Loriann , Garon Nancy , Bryson Susan E. , Smith Isabel M.
Published: September 2017

Behavioral characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who respond positively to Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) have been described previously, based on single‐subject design research. The present study examined several such characteristics, as well as positive affect, as predictors of expressive language (EL) gains in a representative sample of preschoolers with ASD (n = 57) enrolled in a PRT‐based community early intervention program. Children's cognitive ability, positive affect, and levels of appropriate toy contact measured at the start of intervention each contributed significantly to the prediction of EL outcomes. Together these variables accounted for 40% of the total outcome variance. In addition, a profile of increased EL ability, positive affect and appropriate toy contact, and decreased social avoidance and stereotyped and repetitive vocalizations was associated with greater gains during intervention. Results are discussed in relation to their implications for understanding both the variable treatment response documented in children with ASD and how to tailor treatment to optimize individual benefit. Autism Res 2018, 11: 153–165. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The study examined behavior of 57 preschoolers who made the greatest and least gains from 1 year of a community Pivotal Response Treatment program. Using pre‐treatment videos, we saw that children who made the most progress showed more language, positive affect, and appropriate interactions with toys, also less avoidance of people and fewer repetitive vocalizations. Behavior profiles can be used to match treatment to individual children's needs.
Die Überarbeitung des Eurocode 7 „Geotechnik“ hat begonnen – Vorarbeiten, Mandat und erste Diskussionen
Authors: Schuppener Bernd , Richter Thomas , Ziegler Martin , Tafur Elias , Vogt Norbert
Published: September 2017

Der Aufsatz berichtet über europäische und deutsche Vorarbeiten für die Neufassung des Eurocode 7 „Geotechnik“ (EN 1997). Eine besondere Rolle nahm dabei die Initiative PraxisRegelnBau (PRB) mit der Projektgruppe Geotechnik (PG6) ein, die gleichzeitig auch Arbeitskreis der beiden Arbeitsausschüsse des DIN ist, die für die beiden Teile der EN 1997 als Spiegelausschüsse zuständig sind. Schwerpunkte ihrer Arbeit waren die Straffung des Normentexts zur Verbesserung der Nutzerfreundlichkeit und die Vorbereitung der Diskussion über die Aufnahme von geotechnischen Berechnungsmodellen in informative Anhänge der zukünftigen EN 1997. Die EN 1997 „Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung in der Geotechnik“ wird aus drei Teilen bestehen: Teil 1 „Allgemeine Regeln“ (EN 1997‐1), Teil 2 „Baugrunduntersuchungen“ (EN 1997‐2) und Teil 3 „Geotechnische Bauwerke“ (EN 1997‐3). In halbjährlichen Sitzungen des SC7 wurden Konzepte für inhaltliche Änderungen der EN 1997 diskutiert und im April 2017 wurde der erste Entwurf für den ersten Teil „Allgemeine Regeln“ vorgelegt. Eine wesentliche Neuerung betrifft die EN 1997‐2 „Baugrunduntersuchungen“, bei der in Zukunft nicht mehr die Versuche, sondern die Bodenkennwerte für die Bemessung im Vordergrund stehen werden. Für erhebliche Diskussion sorgte zuletzt der Vorschlag, die schon in der bestehenden EN 1990 im informativen Anhang B enthaltenen Klassifizierungen in den Kerntext der EN 1997‐1 zu übernehmen und durch eine Reihe weiterer geotechnischer Klassifizierungen zu ergänzen. Diese Klassifizierungen sollten mit Zu‐ und Abschlägen bei den Teilsicherheitsbeiwerten gekoppelt werden. Dies wurde in der letzten Sitzung des SC7 von vielen abgelehnt. Man einigte sich dann darauf, das System der Klassifizierungen in einen informativen Anhang zu übernehmen.
„Sacra à Deo in corde discenda, natura ex natura.“ Die Observationes Johann Christian Senckenbergs als medico‐theologische Aufzeichnungspraktik
Authors: Faßhauer Vera
Published: September 2017

“Sacra à Deo in corde discenda, natura ex natura.” Johann Christian Senckenberg's Observationes as a Medico‐Theological Writing Method. In his early diaries, the pietist physician Johann Christian Senckenberg has taken down large amounts of observation data which mostly concentrated on his own body and soul. Earlier research has mistaken his diligent self‐observation for hypochondria and unworldliness, especially since the author had never endeavoured to analyze and publish his work. The article shows that both his writing practice and his reluctance to process and share its results are due to his deeply religious and firmly anti‐rationalist conviction. The main purpose of his journal keeping was the attainment of religious self‐knowledge and professional self‐perfection. Scientific publications he considered to be hypothetical and dogmatic, be it in theology or medicine; moreover, their authors were often enough driven by their self‐love and desire for fame. In his eyes, the only godly way of knowledge acquisition was the humble, diligent and minute study of divine creation according to the Hippocratic method. The most immediate and reliable way of achieving true wisdom, however, was the observation of God's work within one's own body and mind, which were subject to the effects of God's grace and punishment as well as to atmospheric, environmental and dietetic circumstances.
Amine‐Mediated Enzymatic Carboxylation of Phenols Using CO2 as Substrate Increases Equilibrium Conversions and Reaction Rates
Authors: Pesci Lorenzo , Gurikov Pavel , Liese Andreas , Kara Selin
Published: September 2017

A variety of strategies is applied to alleviate thermodynamic and kinetic limitations in biocatalytic carboxylation of metabolites in vivo. A key feature to consider in enzymatic carboxylations is the nature of the cosubstrate: CO2 or its hydrated form, bicarbonate. The substrate binding and activation mechanism determine what the actual carboxylation agent is. Dihydroxybenzoic acid (de)carboxylases catalyze the reversible regio‐selective ortho‐(de)carboxylation of phenolics. These enzymes have attracted considerable attention in the last 10 years due to their potential in substituting harsh conditions typical of chemical carboxylations (100–200 °C, 5–100 bar) with, ideally, greener ones (20–40 °C, 1 bar). They are reported to use bicarbonate as substrate, needed in large excess to overcome thermodynamic and kinetic limitations. Therefore, CO2 can be used as substrate by these enzymes only if it is converted into bicarbonate in situ. In this contribution, we report the simultaneous amine‐mediated conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate and the ortho‐carboxylation of different phenolic molecules catalyzed by 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (de)carboxylase from Aspergillus oryzae. Our results show that under the newly developed conditions a significant thermodynamic (up to twofold increase in conversion) and kinetic improvement (up to approx. fivefold increase in rate) of the biocatalytic carboxylation of catechol is achieved.
Convergent Evolution of Ergothioneine Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria
Authors: Liao Cangsong , Seebeck Florian P.
Published: September 2017

Biosynthesis of N‐α‐trimethyl‐2‐thiohistidine (ergothioneine) is a frequent trait in cyanobacteria. This sulfur compound may provide essential relief from oxidative stress related to oxygenic photosynthesis. The central steps in ergothioneine biosynthesis are catalyzed by a histidine methyltransferase and an iron‐dependent sulfoxide synthase. In this report, we present evidence that some cyanobacteria recruited and adapted a sulfoxide synthase from a different biosynthetic pathway to make ergothioneine. The discovery of a second origin of ergothioneine production underscores the physiological importance of this metabolite and highlights the evolutionary malleability of the thiohistidine biosynthetic machinery.
Rationale and design of a global registry to evaluate real‐world clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and high risk of stroke treated with left atrial appendage occlusion using the AMPLATZER amulet device—Perspective of available/ongoing registries of catheter‐based LAA occlusion
Authors: Hildick‐Smith David , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Schmidt Boris , Paul Vincent , Settergren Magnus , Teiger Emmanuel , Camm John , Tondo Claudio , Landmesser Ulf
Published: September 2017

Objectives

To describe the rationale and design of a global prospective registry on catheter‐based left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion using the second generation AMPLATZER Amulet LAA occlusion device and to provide a comprehensive perspective on available/ongoing registries for catheter‐based LAA occlusion.

Background

Given the increasing clinical application of catheter‐based LAA occlusion, there is an important need for prospective real‐world clinical data regarding this cardiac intervention.

Methods

The Global Amplatzer Amulet LAA registry aims to provide prospective real‐world data from an all‐comer population of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing catheter‐based LAA occlusion for stroke prevention. This observational, prospective, multicenter registry will provide peri‐procedural and long‐term clinical outcome data for catheter‐based LAA occlusion using a second generation LAA occlusion device. The global registry will enroll 1,000 patients at up to 75 institutions. Patients will be followed for 2 years after implantation. Primary endpoints will report procedural and long‐term data on ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, cardiovascular death and major bleeding. The study will involve independent event adjudication and echocardiographic core laboratory evaluation. Long‐term follow‐up data are expected in 2018.

Results

The Global Amplatzer Amulet LAA registry will collect safety and efficacy information on catheter‐based LAA occlusion. Characteristics of available and ongoing catheter‐based LAA occlusion registries are described.

Conclusions

There is an important need for prospective real‐world clinical data of catheter‐based LAA occlusion given the increasing application of this intervention. The present global real‐world registry will expand our knowledge on peri‐procedural and long‐term outcome of catheter‐based LAA occlusion using a second generation occlusion device.
A systematic review of reported cases of combined transcatheter aortic and mitral valve interventions
Authors: Ando Tomo , Takagi Hisato , Briasoulis Alexandros , Telila Tesfaye , Slovut David P. , Afonso Luis , Grines Cindy L. , Schreiber Theodore
Published: September 2017

Objectives

To summarize the published data of combined transcatheter aortic and mitral valve intervention (CTAMVI).

Background

CTAMVI, a combination of either transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or transcatheter aortic valve‐in‐valve (TAViV) and transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR), transcatheter mitral valve‐in‐valve/valve‐in‐ring (TMViV/ViR), or percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) is an attractive alternative in high‐surgical risk patients with combined aortic and mitral valve disease. However, its procedural details and clinical outcomes have not been well described.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of all the published articles from PUBMED and EMBASE.

Results

A total of 37 studies with 60 patients were included. The indication for CTAMVI was high or inoperable surgical risk and symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (92%) or severe aortic regurgitation (8%) combined with moderate to severe/severe mitral stenosis (30%) or moderate/severe mitral regurgitation (65%) or both (5%). In majority of the cases, aortic valve intervention was performed prior to the mitral valve. Mortality rate were 25% for TAVR + TMVR (range 42 days to 10 months), 17% for TAVR + TMViV/ViR (range 13 days to 6 months), 0% for TAViV + TMViV/ViR (range 6–365 days), and 15% for TAVR/ViV + PMVR (range 17 days to 419 days). Significant (more than moderate) paravalvular regurgitation post‐procedure was rare.

Conclusions

CTAMVI appears to confer reasonable clinical outcome. Further large study is warranted to clarify the optimal strategy, procedural details and clinical outcomes in the future.
Enzymatic Production of Non‐Natural Nucleoside‐5′‐Monophosphates by a Thermostable Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase
Authors: del Arco Jon , Acosta Javier , Pereira Humberto M. , Perona Almudena , Lokanath Neratur K. , Kunishima Naoki , Fernández‐Lucas Jesús
Published: September 2017

The use of enzymes as biocatalysts applied to synthesis of modified nucleoside‐5′‐monophosphates (NMPs) is an interesting alternative to traditional multistep chemical methods which offers several advantages, such as stereo‐, regio‐, and enantioselectivity, simple downstream processing, and mild reaction conditions. Herein we report the recombinant expression, production, and purification of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase from Thermus themophilus HB8 (TtUPRT). The structure of TtUPRT has been determined by protein crystallography, and its substrate specificity and biochemical characteristics have been analyzed, providing new structural insights into the substrate‐binding mode. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant protein indicates that the enzyme is a homotetramer, with activity and stability across a broad range of temperatures (50–80 °C), pH (5.5–9) and ionic strength (0–500 mm NaCl). Surprisingly, TtUPRT is able to recognize several 5 and 6‐substituted pyrimidines as substrates. These experimental results suggest TtUPRT could be a valuable biocatalyst for the synthesis of modified NMPs.
Dorsal and ventral parts of thalamic nucleus submedius project to different areas of rat orbitofrontal cortex: A single neuron‐tracing study using virus vectors
Authors: Kuramoto Eriko , Iwai Haruki , Yamanaka Atsushi , Ohno Sachi , Seki Haruka , Tanaka Yasuhiro R. , Furuta Takahiro , Hioki Hiroyuki , Goto Tetsuya
Published: September 2017

The rodent orbitofrontal cortex is involved in a variety of cognitive and behavioral functions that require thalamic input to be successfully expressed. Although the thalamic nucleus submedius (Sm) is a major source of afferents to the orbitofrontal cortex, thalamocortical projection from the Sm has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we first divided the rat Sm into dorsal and ventral parts according to the distribution of vesicular glutamate transporter 2‐immunoreactive varicosities, which were somatosensory afferents from the brain stem. Subsequently we investigated dendritic and axonal arborizations of individual dorsal and ventral Sm neurons by visualizing the processes with Sindbis virus vectors expressing membrane‐targeted fluorescent proteins. The number of dendritic processes of ventral Sm neurons was greater than that of dorsal Sm neurons. In the cerebral cortex, all the reconstructed Sm neurons sent axons primarily to layers 2–5. Interestingly, dorsal Sm neurons formed a single axon arbor exclusively within the ventrolateral orbital area, whereas ventral Sm neurons made two axon arbors in the lateral orbital and ventral orbital areas simultaneously. The spread of each axon arbor was 500–1000 µm in diameter in the direction tangential to the cortical surface. These results indicate that the dorsal and ventral Sm comprise two distinct thalamocortical pathways. The dorsal Sm pathway relay somatosensory information to the ventrolateral orbital area and may be involved in emotional and aversive aspects of nociceptive information processing, whereas the ventral Sm pathway seems to co‐activate distant orbitofrontal cortical areas, and may link their functions under certain circumstances.
Covalently Functionalized Nanoparticles of Semiconducting Metal Chalcogenides and Their Attributes
Authors: Vishnoi Pratap , Fatahi Parvin , Barua Manaswee , Bandyopadhyay Arkamita , Pati Swapan K. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: September 2017

Covalent functionalization of the semiconducting chalcogenide nanoparticles ZnS, ZnSe and CdS by reaction with organic halides, specifically iodobenzenes, has been demonstrated. DFT calculations have thrown light on the electronic structure of the functionalized chalcogenides. Chalcogenides with bonded phenyl groups exhibit a long wavelength charge‐transfer band as predicted by theory. Functionalization has been carried out with fluorophores as well. Functionalization of semiconducting chalcogenide particles offers many possibilities for study of their properties and application.