bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of airflow patterns inside six industrial beef carcass chillers
Authors: Mirade Pierre‐Sylvain , Picgirard Laurent
Published: March 2003

Airflow patterns determine process efficiency in beef carcass chilling. An experimental study of air velocity in six industrial chillers (three batch and three continuous systems) afforded a diagnosis of their overall operation. However, the original experimental method did not provide an ideal chiller design: only configurations that were a priori more favourable for carcass chilling than others were identified. To complete the study, calculations were performed using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Applied to a continuous beef carcass chiller, this helped correct a dysfunction revealed in the experimental diagnosis, resulting in a marked lack of ventilation throughout about half the volume of the plant.
Risk, consent and public debate: some preliminary considerations for the ethics of food safety
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: March 2003

Two conceptual frameworks for understanding ethical responsibility with respect to risk impinge on food safety. On the one hand, optimization or public health frameworks define responsibility in terms of outcomes – benefits and harms – that are the result of choosing a particular action or policy. Statistics and probability theory provide a way for advocates of this approach to cope with imperfect or indeterminate knowledge of future outcomes. Informed consent criteria, on the other hand, demand that riskbearers be provided with all available information about the risks to which they are being exposed, and that they have a viable option of nonparticipation – of withholding consent to being placed at risk. Both approaches have relevance to food safety. In application, the optimization approach has relied on scientific assessment of outcomes associated with food‐borne pathogens, while the informed consent approach has sanctioned the view that each individual has a right to apply their own definitions and values with respect to which foods are safe. Thus, in practice, ‘science’ has prescribed a particular theory of moral action – one that promotes optimization, rather than informed consent. By common agreement, science should be neutral with respect to moral claims. Scientists should, thus, find a narrower basis on which to state their factual claims about food safety risk.
Comparison of must and sucrose as osmotic solutions to obtain high quality minimally processed kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis P.) slices
Authors: Escriche Isabel , Garcia‐Pinchi Ricardo , Carot Jose M. , Serra Juan A.
Published: March 2003

This study is a comparison, from a kinetic and sensory viewpoint, of the use of must (63Brix) and sucrose (65Brix) as osmotic solutions, to obtain kiwi slices with intermediate moisture content (aw: 0.90–0.95). The pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration (PVOD) method was applied at different working temperatures (25, 35 and 45 °C) using different vacuum pulse times at 50 mbar (0, 5, 10 and 15 min). The parameters evaluated during the process were the following: mass increment (ΔΜto), water loss (ΔΜtW), solute gain (ΔΜtST) and water activity (aw). The optimal processing conditions were at a temperature of 35 °C and with processing times of 175 min for sucrose and 105 min for must, with the system being subjected to vacuum conditions for 5 min in both cases. A considerable reduction in processing time was achieved using must as the osmotic solution, and the descriptive sensory analysis also suggested that the quality of the kiwi slices was better when processed with this osmotic solution.
Colour degradation and rheology of green chilli puree during thermal processing
Authors: Ahmed Jasim , Shivhare U.S. , Debnath S.
Published: March 2003

The kinetics of degradation of both green‐ and total‐colour of green chilli puree was studied at selected temperatures (50–90 °C). A fractional conversion concept was applied to determine the kinetic parameters. The degradation of green‐ and total‐colour followed first order reaction kinetics. In the case of green colour the data was based on changes in Hunter –a value while L × a × b was found to adequately represent total colour change. Dependence of the rate constant during heat treatment obeyed the Arrhenius relationship. The activation energy values for green‐ and total‐colour degradation were 23.04 and 25.02 kJ mol–1, respectively. These results indicated that total colour should be used as the quality indicator during thermal processing of green chilli puree. The pungency of green chilli puree decreased during thermal processing as the capsaicin content was reduced from 559 to 441 μg g–1 while the Scoville heat unit decreased from 8500 to 7480. The puree behaved as a shear‐thinning fluid and the flow activation energy at 100 r.p.m. equalled 19.22 kJ mol–1.
Phytate and mineral content in different milling fractions of some Pakistani spring wheats
Authors: Anjum Faqir M. , Butt Masood S. , Ahmad Nauman , Ahmad Ijaz
Published: March 2003

Six Pakistani wheat cultivars, namely C‐273, Inqulab‐91, Pasban‐90, Parwaz‐94, Shahkar‐95 and Rohtas‐90, were included in the present study. The kernel weight of the wheat cultivars varied from 31.43 to 36.76 g (per thousand kernels), Parwaz‐94 having the highest and Rohtas‐90 having the lowest. The test weight of cultivars ranged from 70.23 (Shakar‐95) to 76.13 kg hL–1 (Pasban‐90). The bran contained the highest amount of phytic acid (6.12%) in C‐273 followed by whole‐wheat flour (2.23%) in Inqulab‐91, and straight‐grade flour (0.24%) in Parwaz‐94. The phytate content was reduced during the baking of bread and chapati. The bread scores and other quality characteristics varied significantly among cultivars. The total bread scores ranged from 35.20 to 42.00, out of a possible fifty, with Parwaz‐94 being the highest. The concentration of minerals varied widely in different milling fractions of various wheat cultivars. The concentration of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn ranged from 5.00 to 52.50, 26 to 147.50, 0.00 to 97.00, 9.0 to 80.80 ppm, respectively, in different milling fractions of the wheat cultivars. The total chapati scores ranged from 22.40 to 24.20 of a possible score of 30. The minimum chapati scores were found in Rohtas‐90 and Parwaz‐94, while Inqulab‐91 produced the maximum score.
Substrate specificity, heat inactivation and inhibition of polyphenol oxidase from different aubergine cultivars
Authors: Doğan M. , Arslan O. , Doğan S.
Published: March 2003

The effects of substrate specificity, heat inactivation, temperature, pH and inhibitors on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity obtained from three different aubergine cultivars were investigated to identify the most appropriate aubergine cultivar for dried preparations. PPO obtained from different aubergine cultivars (cultivars I, II and III) was partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by dialysis. PPO showed activity with catechol and 4‐methylcatechol but not with L‐tyrosine. The best substrate for cultivar I (Vmax: 3333.3 EU min−1 mL−1, Km: 8.7 mM and Vmax/Km: 384.9 min−1) and cultivar III (Vmax: 1000 EU min−1 mL−1, Km: 9.3 mM and Vmax/Km: 107.5 min−1) was catechol, but 4‐methylcatechol was the best substrate for cultivar II (Vmax: 5000 EU min−1 mL−1, Km: 35.5 mM and Vmax/Km: 140.8 min−1). The optimum pH for aubergine PPO was 7.0 with catechol as a substrate and 6.0 with 4‐methylcatechol. Heat inactivation studies showed a decrease in enzyme activity at temperatures above 40 °C. For catechol and 4‐methylcatechol substrates, the optimum temperature for maximum PPO activity was 30 °C for all aubergine cultivars except cultivar I using catechol which was 20 °C. The effects of compounds such as tropolone, D,L‐dithiothreitrol and glutathione as inhibitors of the reactions catalysed by PPO were tested. Generally, tropolone was the most effective inhibitor.
Proteolytic and lipolytic changes during the ripening of León raw cow's milk cheese, a Spanish traditional variety
Authors: Prieto Bernardo , Franco Inmaculada , Prieto Josefa González , Bernardo Ana , Carballo Javier
Published: March 2003

Proteolytic and lipolytic changes were studied throughout ripening of five batches of León cow's milk cheese, a traditional variety made in the north of Spain. Total soluble nitrogen, non‐protein nitrogen, oligopeptides nitrogen, amino nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen fractions increased slightly during the ripening process. The final values of these nitrogen fractions indicate that this cheese undergoes a very slight proteolysis as much in extent as in depth. This weak protein degradation is corroborated when the caseins and their degradation products were quantified by electrophoresis. β‐Casein stayed practically intact throughout the ripening process and only 10% of αs‐casein became degraded. The content of total free amino acids increased progressively but in a slightly increased way during ripening, reaching final average values of 592 mg (100 g)−1 of total solids. The most abundant free amino acid at the end of ripening was lysine, followed by leucine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, valine and phenylalanine. The acidity index of the fat values increased during ripening by a factor of 4.39. The final values of this parameter are in the range of those observed in other cow's milk cheeses ripened by bacteria. The content in total free fatty acids underwent an increase throughout ripening reaching final average values of 6669 ppm. The most abundant free fatty acid at the end of ripening was oleic acid followed by butyric and palmitic acids. The high content of short‐chain fatty acids is outstanding, specially that of butyric acid.
Processing factors affecting the osmotic dehydration of diced green peppers
Authors: Ozen Banu F. , Dock Lisa L. , Ozdemir Murat , Floros John D.
Published: March 2003

A 25–2 fractional factorial design was used to investigate the effect of salt (2–10%), sorbitol (0–10%) concentration, agitation (0–80 r.p.m.), tissue to solution ratio (1:3 to 1:6) and temperature (20–50 °C) on weight loss, solids gain, salt and sorbitol uptake, water activity, tissue brix and solution brix, during osmotic dehydration (OD) of diced green peppers. Results showed that salt and sorbitol concentration were the most significant factors. In the first half hour of the osmotic process, salt and sorbitol significantly increased weight loss, solids gain and tissue brix, and decreased water activity. Temperature was also a significant factor. It increased weight loss during the first 2 h of the process, and decreased water activity after 20 h of osmosis. Agitation and tissue to solution ratio were less important.
Biogenic amines formation in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) stored under modified atmosphere packaging using a rapid HPLC method
Authors: Özogul F. , Taylor K. D. A. , Quantick P. , Özogul Y.
Published: March 2003

A rapid high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of nine biogenic amines and trimethylamine (TMA) was developed. A derivatization procedure is reported. It involves dissolving benzoyl chloride in acetonitrile to enhance its reaction with biogenic amines. This was compared with benzoyl chloride dissolved in methanol and with only benzoyl chloride to find the optimal condition for benzoylation of biogenic amines in terms of time and derivatization conditions. A gradient elution system was used for analysis with a mixture of acetonitrile and HPLC grade water and took less than 7 min to complete the analysis. The application of this method to detect biogenic amines in herring stored at 2 ± 2 °C and in modified atmosphere packing (MAP) was investigated. The concentrations of amines in herring held at 2 ± 2 °C increased more rapidly than herring stored in MAP. The level of TMA in herring held at 2 ± 2 °C was higher than herring stored in MAP. No significant differences were found in histamine concentrations between herring stored at 2 ± 2 °C and in MAP during the early stages of storage period but there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) after 6 days of storage. Significant differences were found (P < 0.05) in concentrations of putrescine (after 6 days) and cadaverine (after 4 days) between herring held at 2 ± 2 °C and in MAP.
Antibiotic use in shrimp farming and implications for environmental impacts and human health
Authors: Holmström Katrin , Gräslund Sara , Wahlström Ann , Poungshompoo Somlak , Bengtsson Bengt‐Erik , Kautsky Nils
Published: March 2003

Summary The use of antibiotics in aquaculture may cause development of antibiotic resistance among pathogens infecting cultured animals and humans. However, this is a recent issue and has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge about the environmental effects of antibiotic use in aquaculture. It is well known that antibiotics are commonly used in shrimp farming to prevent or treat disease outbreaks, but there is little published documentation on details of usage patterns. This study, conducted in 2000, shows that a large proportion of shrimp farmers along the Thai coast used antibiotics in their farms. Of the seventy‐six farmers interviewed, 74% used antibiotics in shrimp pond management. Most farmers used them prophylactically, some on a daily basis, and at least thirteen different antibiotics were used. Many farmers were not well informed about efficient and safe application practices. A more restrictive use of antibiotics could have positive effects for the individual farmer and, simultaneously, decrease impacts on regional human medicine and adjacent coastal ecosystems. It is likely that dissemination of information could contribute to a decreased use of antibiotics, without decreasing the level of shrimp production.
Characterization of lactococcal bacteriophages isolated from Slovenian dairies
Authors: Miklič Andreja , Rogelj Irena
Published: March 2003

Summary This is the first study on lactic acid bacteria bacteriophages isolated from dairy plants in Slovenia. Over a period of 2 years, thirteen lactococcal phages were isolated from the whey samples taken in three dairy plants. Phages were characterized by morphological properties, host range, restriction patterns, genome size and similarity of phage protein genes. All phages belonged to the Siphoviridae family. Five phages had prolate heads (52–61 × 40–52 nm) and 85–120 nm long non‐contractile tails (morphotype B2). Eight phages had small isometric heads (46–63 nm in diameter) and long non‐contractile tails (morphotype B1). The phages with the prolate heads showed a broader host range than the small isometric‐headed phages. The genome sizes of prolate phages were estimated between 15.9 and 16.3 kb while the genome sizes of small isometric‐headed phages were between 20.0 and 39.9 kb. Based on DNA restriction patterns, genome sizes and multiplex PCR analysis prolate phages were classified into the c2 group and were similar to the phage type c6A while all of the phages with small isometric heads were found to be related to the phage species 936.
Relationship between mothers’ gingival condition and caries experience of their 3‐year‐old children
Authors: Sasahara H. , Kawamura M. , Kawabata K. , Iwamoto Y.
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mothers’ gingival condition (an assumed indicator of their self‐care level) and the prevalence and severity of dental caries of their children.

Sample and Methods. Subjects comprised 1471 pairs of mothers and their children who attended for the 3‐year‐old dental check‐up at a community health centre in Hiroshima. The mothers’ gingival condition was scored as ‘excellent (+2)’, ‘good (+1)’, ‘questionable (0)’, ‘poor (−1)’ or ‘very poor (−2)’ according to the criteria of the Oral Rating Index (ORI). Caries experience of the children was recorded using the WHO caries diagnostic criteria for dmft.

Results. The percentage of caries‐free children was 51·3%, and the mean dmft score was 2·61. The percentages of caries‐free were higher and the mean dmft level were lower in the children of mothers with better gingival condition compared to the children of mothers with worse gingival condition.

Conclusions. Mothers’ gingival condition was associated with the prevalence and severity of dental caries of their children.
Interceptive orthodontics in the real world of community dentistry
Authors: Al Nimri K. , Richardson A.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To test the applicability and effectiveness of interceptive orthodontics in a community field trial.

Design. Prospective screening for suitable malocclusions, implementation of treatment and analysis of outcomes 12 months later.

Setting. Community dentistry in urban and rural areas of Northern Ireland, 1996–98.

Subjects and methods. The initial sample consisted of 2002 children (1014 boys, 988 girls) who were screened in routine community dental inspections. One thousand and sixty (523 aged 9 years, 537 aged 11 years) were domiciled in the urban area of greater Belfast and 942 (479 aged 9 years, 463 aged 11 years) in the rural area of Enniskillen and Omagh, Co. Tyrone.

Interventions. Interceptive orthodontic treatment.

Outcome measures. Dental health component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and specially devised local indices of treatment outcomes.

Results. With the use of an interception gauge, orthodontic screening was included in the community dental inspections without difficulty. Thirty‐three per cent of children were in need of interceptive treatment. Only 20% of those in need both attended for recall and underwent treatment. Compliance was better in the rural area but the need, with particular reference to extraction of carious first molars, was greater in the urban area. The numbers of children in IOTN grades 4 and 5 fell from 69% at the beginning of the study to 42% at the end. The outcome judged by local indices was 94% in the range of complete success to minimal improvement with only 2% showing deterioration.

Conclusions. One in three children screened in community dental inspections at age 9 and 11 years would benefit from interceptive orthodontics. Parents and children seem reluctant to accept offers of interceptive orthodontics and to having the treatment carried out. Among those complying fully, the interceptive measures are very successful. Not only does community interceptive orthodontics improve the condition being treated but also reduces the need for further treatment.
Conservative approach in the management of mandibular fractures in the early dentition phase. A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Crean ST.J. , Sivarajasingam V. , Fardy M.J.
Published: March 2003

A case is described of the management of bilateral fractures of mandible as a result of being kicked by a horse, in a 2‐year‐old child. The fractures were treated without any surgical intervention and the child made a good recovery with good function and appearance. The fractured mandible in children under the age of 5 years provides us with difficult treatment options. By encompassing the anatomical and developmental potential of facial tissues, both hard and soft, the majority of these cases can be managed conservatively. This negates the disadvantages of attempting potentially growth disturbing interventional surgery.
The effect of sociodemographic factors on dental anxiety in children seen in a suburban Nigerian hospital
Authors: Folayan M. O. , Idehen E. E. , Ufomata D.
Published: March 2003

Summary. Objective. This paper attempts to determine the sociodemographic factors that relate to dental anxiety in suburban African children.

Methods. A short form of the Dental subscale of the Child Fear Survey schedule (DFSS_SF) was administered to 81 patients (first time attendees at the clinic) between the ages of eight and 13 years. The psychometric scale was used after determining its reliability and validity to ensure that it was culturally appropriate. Age, gender, sociodemographic status were also recorded. The dental anxiety score distribution, its threshold level as well as the relationship between the sociodemographic variables and patients’ anxiety were determined.

Results. There was no statistically significant association between age (P = 0·856), gender (P = 0·124), socio‐economic status of the children (P= 0.12) and level of dental anxiety. However, a statistically significant relationship did exist between the type of school the child attended and the anxiety level (P = 0·009). Also, 18 (14·8%) of the children were found to have high anxiety levels.

Conclusions. Further studies involving larger non‐clinic samples are needed to examine the issues raised by the findings of this study.
Pain relief for paediatric dental chair anaesthesia: current practice in a community dental clinic
Authors: Jürgens S. , Warwick R. S. , Inglehearn P. J. , Gooneratne D. S.
Published: March 2003

Summary. Aim. A review of different modes of pain relief for simple dental extractions under general anaesthesia in a community dental setting.

Patients and methods. Different analgesia regimens are used by different anaesthetic teams working in a single community clinic. A total of 72 patients were reviewed post‐operatively in the recovery room and followed up with a telephone survey 24 h later to assess pain experienced by the patients. The efficacy of different analgesia regimens was analysed.

Results. The majority of patients were pain free in recovery, independent of the method of pain relief used. Local anaesthetic injections appear superior to systemic analgesia, and patients with local anaesthetic injections were more settled in recovery.

Discussion. Simple dental extractions cause pain and efficient administration of appropriate analgesia should be an integral part of the community dental service.
Women in the ‘developing world’ and their perceptions of health: an area for examination by the nurse from the ‘developed world'
Authors: Sbaih Lynn C
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to consider how nurses from the ‘developed world', in this instance Great Britain, may assist women from the ‘developing world', specifically from Pakistan, to meet their and others’ health needs To explore nurses’ understanding of women from Pakistan and its translation into delivery of nursing care, a number of topics require exploration These include culture, health, origins of Pakistani women who have settled in Britain, clarification of the geographical area under discussion and a brief introduction to two studies that have investigated the health beliefs of communities in Pakistan, in particular the health beliefs of women Appreciation of studies that illustrate women's beliefs about health can provide a basis upon which further examination can take place Ideas can then be assimilated into a framework for nursing care centred around anthropological and holistic approaches to women from Pakistan The outcome of this should be an examination of women's beliefs within a cultural context in relation to nursing care and management
Strain among nurses and their emotional reactions during 1 year of systematic clinical supervision combined with the implementation of individualized care in dementia nursing
Authors: Hallberg Ingalill R , Norberg Astrid
Published: March 2003

This study aimed at exploring nurses’ views of the characteristics of severely demented patients, the difficulties these characteristics produced and the emotional reactions they evoked during the provision of care Also, it aimed at exploring any changes in these aspects during a year of regular systematic clinical supervision combined with the implementation of individualized care at an experimental ward (EW) (n= 19) and at a control ward (CW) (n= 19) Data were collected by means of the Strain in Nursing Care scale, assessing the presence of certain characteristics in the patients, and how difficult each characteristic can be to handle The Emotional Reactions in Nursing Care scale was also used, assessing 18 pairs of emotions The analysis showed that agitation, not being responsive and unruly behaviour were the most common features while emptiness and agony turned out to be the most difficult problems to handle in the provision of care Feelings of defeat and dissociation were reported to be almost as common as feelings of control and association The EW nurses saw the patients as significantly more responsive, and victims of nihilation to a lesser degree and also patients’ wilfulness and emptiness was significantly easier to handle during the year of intervention There were no significant changes on the CW The mean values improved significantly in several aspects on the EW in comparison to the CW, patients seen as victims of ruhilation, easier to handle agony, obediency, wilfulness, evaluation and improved feelings of devotion and beneficence in the nurses
The effects of comprehensive guidelines for the care of sickle‐cell patients in crisis on the nurses’ knowledge base and job satisfaction for care given
Authors: Lorenzi Elizabeth A
Published: March 2003

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of comprehensive nursing guidelines for sickle‐cell patients in crisis on the nurses’ knowledge base and job satisfaction for nursing care given This study was earned out through the use of a single‐group pretest‐posttest design A total of 18 subjects participated in the study At the pretesting, each subject completed an Individual Information Questionnaire for the collection of background data, a Knowledge Base tool and a Job Satisfaction tool Afterwards, all subjects attended 10 5 hours of educational programmes on sickle‐cell disease, treatment, interventions and relaxation training Following this, the comprehensive guidelines for the care of sickle‐cell patients were instituted At 3 months and 6 months after the guidelines had been in effect, subjects were again asked to complete the Knowledge Base and Job Satisfaction tools The results of the tools were then measured comparing the three tune intervals for any differences in knowledge and job satisfaction using independent measure t‐tests t‐Tests were also performed for each question on the Job Satisfaction tool comparing the three time intervals The results of the analyses demonstrated that there was a statistically significant increase in knowledge between the pretest and 6 month time interval The findings also showed that there was no statistically significant increase in overall job satisfaction However, the t‐test results from the individual questions demonstrated a statistically significant increase in job satisfaction in the areas of nurse/physician collaboration and having a broad knowledge base of sickle‐cell disease
Focus groups in distance nursing education
Authors: MacIntosh Judith A
Published: March 2003

This paper describes an educator's experience using focus groups with post‐RN nursing students in a course offered by audio teleconferencing The purposes of implementing focus groups included to increase involvement of students located in the distance education settings, to implement principles of adult learning, to increase opportunities for drawing on the experience of the students, and to improve the quality of learning experience offered by distance education An example is given to demonstrate how the process was used to integrate the focus group experience into the distance education classroom
The incidence of pressure sores within a National Health Service Trust hospital during 1991
Authors: Clark Michael , Watts Sally
Published: March 2003

The prevalence of pressure sores has been frequently reported However, such measures fail to identify how many patients develop sores, while longitudinal changes in prevalence rates are difficult to interpret This paper provides the first report of the incidence of pressure sores across the population of a single NHS Trust hospital During 1991, 360 patients developed sores, an incidence of 4 03 patients per 100 admissions Within orthopaedic wards, the incidence was higher, with 10 3 patients per 100 admissions developing sores
Infection control as a topic for ward‐based nursing education
Authors: Gould Dinah , Chamberlain Angela
Published: March 2003

The link between nursing theory and practice remains a topic of ongoing debate Related to this issue is the best place to effectively combine the two The solution may be ward‐based teaching programmes as part of formal continuing staff development, involving collaboration between college‐based lecturers and acknowledged clinical experts Using infection control as an example of a topic in need of regular and continual updating for qualified practitioners, it is argued that such programmes would be desirable because they would afford sufficient flexibility to fulfil individual learning needs and could be assessed to indicate whether nursing practice had been enhanced Participants could be accredited for successful completion of ward‐based programmes
A staff development programme to support the incorporation of the McGill model of nursing into an out‐patient clinic department
Authors: Murphy Frances
Published: March 2003

In order to adopt a nursing model as a framework for professional practice in an out‐patient department of a paediatric tertiary care hospital, a staff development programme was instituted The nursing model chosen was the McGill model of nursing, which emphasizes the complementary role of nursing and focuses on people's health, strengths and potentials Staff development initially consisted of a journal club and clinic nurses were exposed to such concepts as family, coping, and health As the nurses acquired theoretical knowledge, the staff development programme was concerned with applying this knowledge to clinical situations As well as the nursing in‐service training, clinical supervision with small groups of nurses was instituted A study showed that staff development helped nurses to build a larger repetoire of family nursing skills The nursing role in the department evolved Nurses developed a more professional practice and provided health services which were complementary to those offered by other health professionals
Nursing and health promotion: conceptual concerns
Authors: Delaney Faith G
Published: March 2003

The importance of health promotion to nursing is now well established However, different interpretations of health promotion exist It is argued that many allegations of nursing's inadequacy in this field are misplaced and to a large extent result from the confused and variable ways in which the term health promotion is used Concepts of health promotion in general are considered and compared with usage of the term in nursing literature The contribution of nursing to health promotion and health education is discussed and some curncular issues are raised
Selected predictors of registered nurses' intent to stay
Authors: Fisher Mary L , Hinson Nolan , Deets Carol
Published: March 2003

This paper reports initial findings from a longitudinal study of autonomy, willingness to risk, exit/voice (E/V) and managerial environment (ME) as predictors of registered nurses’ intent to stay (ITS) that is being conducted at eight Midwestern hospitals in the USA In this two‐stage study, initial findings are based on responses from 524 staff nurses Due to the nature of the ITS variable, two logistic regression analyses were computed to test the predictive relationships of the independent variables In the first, subjects with neutral ITS scores were grouped with subjects who had no intent to stay Both ME and E/V were predictive of ITS In the second analysis, the subjects with neutral ITS scores were grouped with subjects who intended to stay In this case, only ME was predictive While the per cent variance accounted for by these variables is not as high as some other variables reported in previous research, these variables are amenable to managerial interventions
Electrical stimulation for the treatment of urinary incontinence: do we know enough to accept it as part of our practice?
Authors: Moore Katherme N
Published: March 2003

While many nurses are involved in the treatment of incontinent patients, few are well‐informed on electrical stimulation In this paper, patient‐controlled stimulation is discussed and implications for current nursing practice considered The paper includes a discussion of the weaknesses in current research with electrostimulation and concludes with recommendations for future research in the treatment of incontinence with this new modality
Resettlement without the support of an ethnocultural community
Authors: Baker Cynthia , Arseneault Anne Marie , Gallant Gemma
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe the lived experience of immigrating to a region where there is no ethnocultural community of one's culture Twenty culturally isolated immigrants to Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, of different ethnic origins were interviewed in depth about their resettlement experience the Giorgi modification of the phenomenological method was used to analyse these data The findings suggest that being a culturally isolated immigrant entails a sense of discontinuity between the past and the present and produces a period of heightened sensitivity to others Informants felt propelled from their country into an alien environment and were suddenly immersed into a new culture Their emotional energies were directed towards getting a foothold in then‐ new society This was a highly stressful process that was both encouraged and discouraged by pervasive thoughts of the future which permeated the participants' existence
Dietary calcium intake in 18‐year‐old women: comparison with recommended daily intake and dietary energy intake
Authors: Portsmouth Karen , Henderson Kathy , Graham Nina , Price Roger , Cole Joan , Allen Janet
Published: March 2003

Average dietary calcium intake and energy intake of 113 18‐year‐old university students in Western Australia was examined Four‐day, weighted diet records, including 1 weekend day, were completed by the subjects A large proportion of the students (68%) had an average daily calcium consumption below the 800 mg recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia A strong positive association was also found between dietary calcium and dietary energy intakes Many young women on self‐imposed energy reduction diets are at risk of a dietary calcium intake deficit at a tune when it should be enhanced These findings are significant for nursing practice as they indicate the need for further health education concerning the importance of dietary calcium in young women
Stress in cancer nursing: does it really exist?
Authors: Wilkinson Susie Mary
Published: March 2003

Nursing cancer patients has been identified as a particularly stressful occupation However, most studies have been descriptive, and few have measured levels of stress A study was set up to identify cancer nurses’ general proneness to stress and characteristics of nurses who experience the most stress. Sixty‐five registered nurses working on six wards in two hospitals identified the two most stressful incidents over the last 3 months and completed the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory over an 8‐week period The state anxiety subscale was completed six times, the trait anxiety once Data were analysed using SPSXX Statistical tests included analysis of variance and the Kendall tau correlation coefficient The nurses’ general anxiety proneness was no different from the normal values for working females, and their overall state anxiety levels were only significantly higher than the normal values for working women under examination conditions on the first time of testing Newly qualified nurses had a tendency to be more anxious compared with sisters and enrolled nurses Most nurses reported high levels of job satisfaction However, there was a statistically significant difference in nurses’ anxiety levels between wards The results suggest overall that the nurses in this sample were not experiencing high levels of stress They were perhaps only stressfully satisfied
Concepts in nurse education
Authors: Walker Mike , Kerr Catherine M
Published: March 2003

This paper reports a case study of student and senior nurses at the Royal Free Hospital, London, England Qualitative methods were used to investigate the perceptions of nursing upon which students and senior nurses based their activities on the wards Differences were identified between the ways in which students and senior nurses ‘saw’ their day‐to‐day tasks Analysis showed that these differences were based upon differing levels of conceptualization Student nurses were found to operate with low levels of conceptualization and were thus unable to categorize or group the patients, procedures or problems confronting them Senior nurses, on the other hand, operated with a high level of conceptualization and were able to perceive similarities in objects, events and processes and to differentiate these into categories, classes or patterns This allowed them to prioritize lines of action and to respond to situations in a rational and effective way The problem for nurse education, then, is how best to enable students to develop a professional level of conceptualization Strategies are identified by which senior nurses might enable student nurses to develop concepts in relation to their nursing activities on the wards
Problems of cardiac patients in early recovery
Authors: Jaarsma Tiny , Kastermans Marijke , Dassen Theo , Philipsen Hans
Published: March 2003

Most studies of the problems and information needs of patients describe these only for the period of hospitalization In this study, however, the authors focused on the first 6 months after discharge Eighty‐two cardiac patients, admitted to a university hospital with a myocardial infarction (MI) or for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS), were interviewed 6 months after discharge Questions required them to describe problems they experienced in early recovery and what information they needed All but one of the 82 patients stated they had experienced problems during the first 6 months after discharge Most problems descnbed concerned emotional reactions (59%), their change in physical condition (59%), deleterious effects of treatment (56%) and convalescence (54%) Topics on which most patients needed additional or different information were deleterious effects of the treatment (26%), physical condition (24%), risk factors (24%), convalescence (24%) and knowledge of the disease (24%)
Conducting a longitudinal study: an unsanitized account*
Authors: Seed Ann
Published: March 2003

Sanitized accounts of research add little to the literature describing ‘how’ research is actually ‘done’ This paper explores issues which emerged during the course of a longitudinal study which described the experiences of a cohort of 23 student nurses during their 3‐year training for registration as general nurses in the United Kingdom The approach used was that of grounded theory The students' changing perspectives were collected by the researcher utilizing participant observation and unstructured interview in various clinical settings In recognition of the fact that this is a ‘reflexive’ account it is written in the first person Issues addressed include my ‘immersion’ in the research process, my relationship with the students, the challenges which derive from researching in a shifting context and the use of grounded theory within the context of the study (All the names of students involved in the study are pseudonyms)
Assisting families of head‐injured survivors through a family support programme
Authors: Acorn Sonia
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this project was to develop, implement and evaluate a community‐based education/support programme for families of head‐injured survivors Three measures were used in evaluating the programme (a) a written evaluation by the participants, (b) the clinical impressions of the programme facilitators and the principal investigator, and (c) the three outcome measures coping, self‐esteem, and well‐being A pretest‐posttest quasi‐experimental design was used to test the effect of the intervention (the programme) on the outcome measures Data yield mixed results and suggest that the programme had considerable practical but not statistical significance
Pain: an account of nurses' talk
Authors: Wakefield Ann B
Published: March 2003

This paper examines how nurses refer to pain and pam management in their talk The documentation of talk was established after engaging a group of five nurses in a series of in‐depth unstructured interviews lastmg approximately 1 hour, in which they were encouraged to discuss their ideas regarding how postoperative pain should be managed, to render it more effective as an aspect of patient care However, the talk revealed that nurses tended to categorize patients according to symptoms or overt pain behaviours This essentially resulted in patients not being believed when they signalled that pam was becoming a distressing symptom The paper also discusses how nurses' knowledge regarding pain and pain management influences the way in which they manage postoperative pain
The effect of a senior preceptorship on the adaptive competencies of community college nursing students
Authors: Ridley M Jane , Spence Heather K , Goldenberg Dolly
Published: March 2003

A pre‐post design was used to examine the effect of a senior preceptorship experience on the adaptive competencies, environmental press perceptions and learning styles of 55 third‐year community college nursing students Kolb's experiential learning theory provided the framework for the study Subjects rated their concrete and abstract competencies and the importance of divergent and convergent competencies significantly higher following the preceptorship They also felt that the preceptorship experience contributed significantly more to their competency development than their weekly clinical experiences during the year Contrary to expectations, administration of the Learning Style Inventory LSI‐1976 and LSI‐1985 produced inconsistent classifications of subjects' learning styles Implications for nursing are described
Survey of carer satisfaction with the quality of care delivered to in‐patients suffering from dementia
Authors: Simpson Rosemary G , Scothern Gail , Vincent Mark
Published: March 2003

Quality assurance in British National Health Service provision stresses the importance of taking account of the consumer's viewpoint Elderly patients with dementia are not always able to contribute usefully to satisfaction surveys Therefore, their carers’ views were sought in order to assess the quality of services offered to this client group Forty‐one carers of patients discharged from the eight wards for the elderly mentally ill in Leicestershire, England, were randomly selected Individual focused interviews were conducted in carers’ own homes Both quantitative and qualitative data were obtained by use of a questionnaire designed to tap the patients’/carers’ experiences from preadmission, through hospital stay to post‐discharge Interviewees were asked to describe their favourable/unfavourable impressions of, and reactions to, all aspects of hospital care These interviews were tape‐recorded Analysis of the data included quantitative measurements of scale ratings Grounded theory was used to analyse qualitative data A wealth of information was uncovered using this research technique Much that was positive about the service was elicited However, carers highlighted areas where they felt the quality of care could be improved within all the foci discussed Twenty‐two recommendations for quality improvements in service provision were made in the report as a result of this survey
Survivors of acute leukaemia and highly malignant lymphoma—retrospective views of daily life problems during treatment and when in remission
Authors: Persson Lena , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm , Ohlsson Ola
Published: March 2003

Fifty‐four former patients, in remission after acute leukaemia or highly malignant lymphoma, responded to a questionnaire covering their physical problems, their view of the help they received, who was most helpful to them during the treatment phase, and the impact of the disease and treatment on their current life. Energy loss and nutritional problems were most troublesome during the treatment phase, signifying many other physical problems. Patients with acute leukaemia had more problems, and thought the care was worse than did patients with highly malignant lymphoma. Serious physical problems correlated with low satisfaction with practical help received, indicating that the nurses failed to meet the needs of those suffering the most. Reduced psychological and sexual energy persisted in remission, showed no correlation with the extent of physical problems during the treatment phase, but correlated with co‐existing problems and sensitivity to infections, with a great need for intimate help and counseling and with a low sense of coherence. Family relationships were said to have improved, while work and finances were negatively affected. The results indicate that nursing care should actively focus on physical problems, especially on energy loss and nutritional problems. The overwhelming fatigue hinders patients in taking physical care of themselves, and may be overlooked by the nurse since their motor capability seems intact. The long‐term effect of the illness means a reduced psychological and sexual energy and a high degree of existential problems and sensitivity to infections, which indicates the importance of follow‐up care, and perhaps especially o counseling for the long‐term reactions and disturbance of equilibrium.
Supportive learning in distance education
Authors: Lawton Sally
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that tutorial support should enhance the learning experience of students who enrol on a distance education programme. A rationale for such support is givne as well as a definition of support for distance learners. The complex role of the tutor in distance learning is described which suggests the need fortutor preparation, paricularly for tutors adapting to this mode of course delivery. The paper reports on two existing models used within distance education which have focused on the outcome of study. The paper introduces an alternative model of supportive learning which focuses on the development of the educational experience throughtout the lenght of a distance‐learning course.
The practice‐based context of educational innovation: nurse and midwife preparation in Scotland
Authors: Veitch Lin , May Nick , McIntosh Jean
Published: March 2003

The use of an illuminative approach to the national evaluation of the first 18 months of Project 2000 nurse and pre‐registration midwifery education in Scotland has facilitated the generation of data about the contexts in which the new programmes function. The aim of this paper is to present some of the data generated from programme participants about the conditions students experience in practice‐based learning experiences. The reported issues are direct or indirect effects of policy initiatives and service reforms. The current climate of change in health care provision has fostered a limited number of developments which are consistent with the aspirations of the new programmes and which offer highly valued learning experiences to students. More often however the reforms have served to frustrate the intent of the programmes to offer students experiences which are patient‐centered, holistic‐care and health oriented.
Culture, needs and nursing: a critical theory approach
Authors: Holmes Colin A. , Warelow Philip J.
Published: March 2003

This paper will bring the critique of culture, notably that undertaken by the Frankfurt School of Critical Social Science, to bear on the problem of needs, and expose its significance for the practice and discipline of nursing. The paper begins by reviewing ways in which the idea of‘needs’has been depicted in nursing literature, and it is suggested that this depiction is inadequate in fundamental ways. The critique of existing culture is then outlined and the implications for nursing are suggested in terms of the dissolution of hegemonic practices and the development of a concept of need built around the notion of‘praxis’.