bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osmotic potential and soluble solids concentration in onion (Allium cepa) bulbs
Authors: Sinclair Phillip J , Neeson Robyn J , Barlow E W R
Published: November 2006

Non‐structural carbohydrate composition of onion (Allium cepa L) bulbs is known to vary between varieties according to soluble solids concentration (SS), which may reduce the effect of SS on osmotic potential. This was confirmed in an experiment where osmotic potential (Ψπ) was determined psychometrically, and SS concentration refractometrically, in juice from entire, mature bulbs of 35 varieties of onion. ‘Fresh market’ varieties ranged in mean SS from 63 to 125 g kg‐ and in mean Ψπ from −0.97 MPa to −1.17MPa, whereas ‘dehydrating’ varieties ranged in mean SS from 167 to 227 g kg‐1 and in mean Ψπ from −1.23 MPa to −1.41 MPa. Compared to sugar solutions of constant composition, with increasing SS, there was a relatively slow decline in Ψπ toward a lower limit at the SS levels of dehydrating varieties. The relationship between Ψπ and SS was explained equally well (r2 = 0.83; DF = 172) by non‐linear and bent‐stick regression models, the latter indicating breakpoints close to the SS level separating fresh market variety samples from those of dehydrating varieties. Variety differences in the relationship between Ψπ and SS indicated among dehydrating varieties in particular are worthy of further investigation because of their possible physiological and quality implications.
Relationship between stalk cell wall digestibility and fibre composition in maize
Authors: Marvin Hans J P , Krechting Cornelis F , Van Loo Eibertus N , Snijders Charles H A , Dolstra Oene
Published: November 2006

The stalk fraction of recombinant inbred lines of maize (RILs), harvested shortly before silage stage, was used to determine genetic variation for organic matter digestibility (OMD) and cell wall digestibility (CWD) as well as variation for fibre content (eg neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF)) and chemical composition (eg hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, total phenolics and the phenolic acid esters: p‐coumaric, ferulic and vanillic acid). OMD and CWD, as monitored in an in vitro incubation using rumen fluid, ranged between 64.6 and 80.7% and 44.9 and 63.0%, respectively. The fibre content varied from 460 to 675 g kg−1 dry matter (NDF) and from 258 to 405 g kg−1 dry matter (ADF). Generally, hemicellulose (HEM) was present in lower amounts in the cell wall than cellulose (CEL). Comparison of two subsets of the RILs with either a low or a high CWD demonstrated that the RILs with the low CWD contained higher concentrations of fibre and enhanced amounts of all cell wall constituents measured except for HEM and ferulic acid (Fa). The Fa content of the low CWD subset was lower and no significant subset difference was present for HEM. The correlations between two blocks in a field trial (repeatability) was high for all forage quality traits, except HEM, total phenolics (tPHEN), p‐coumaric acid and vanillic acid. A close negative relationship existed between OMD and NDF, ADF, CEL and permanganate lignin (pLIG) showing absolute correlation coefficients above r = 0.80. The association of CWD to these cell wall properties was either weak or moderate. In contrast to all other cell wall constituents, tPHEN correlated better to CWD than to OMD (r = −0.82 and −0.62, respectively). By means of multiple regression, a regression equation was generated for CWD and OMD using ASH, pLIG and tPHEN or ASH, NDF, pLIG and tPHEN, respectively, as explanatory variables. About 92% of the variation of OMD and 80% of the variation of CWD could be explained by these regression models with residual standard deviations of 1.37% and 2.19%, respectively.
β‐amylase activity in commercial gluten
Authors: Every D , Gerrard J A , Gilpin M J
Published: November 2006

The nature of β‐amylase activity in commercial wheat gluten was examined. Forty‐nine samples of vital wheat gluten from five countries were tested and found to contain large amounts of both ‘free’ (water soluble) and ‘bound’ (extracted with reducing agents, papain or concentrated saline) β‐amylase, although the distinction between these two categories proved somewhat arbitrary. β‐Amylase was not active at extremes of pH (<3 or > 9) but activity was restored on reutralisation. Potassium cyanide reversibly inhibited both ‘free’ and ‘bound’ enzyme. 2′,3′‐Epoxypropyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside irreversibly inhibited the enzyme, but competing solvolysis made this method impractical for large‐scale work. Significant variation was found between the levels of β‐amylase activity in commercial gluten samples (the means of β‐amylase activity for individual countries ranged from 1‐88 to 3‐12 U mg−1 gluten) but this variation was not correlated with bread‐baking quality. β‐Amylase activity of gluten declined with storage, especially after 2 years, but bread‐baking quality was not affected. The decline in β‐amylase activity of experimentally heat‐treated gluten was related to the decline of bread‐baking quality. Exceptionally low β‐amylase activity could be used as a ‘marker’ for gluten that has been heat damaged during the drying process.
Evaluation of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy for predicting stover quality trait in semi‐exotic populations of maize
Authors: Albanell Elena , Plaixats Josefina , Ferret Alfred , Bosch Lluis , Casañas Francesc
Published: November 2006

Near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis was investigated as a means of predicting quality parameters in semi‐exotic maize stover. These parameters included crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Samples of semi‐exotic maize stover were collected during three growing seasons (1989, 1990, 1991) from three locations in Catalonia, Spain. Calibration equations were obtained by multiple linear regression of conventional laboratory values on NIRS data from 84 samples and verified with 20 additional samples. Separate NIRS calibration were developed also within year (1989 and 1990, respectively). A Bran + Luebbe InfraAnalyzer model 450 was used for the study. In the multi‐year calibration the coefficients of squared multiple correlation (R2) ranged from 0–81 for IVDMD to 0–92 for CP and the standard errors of calibration (SEC) ranged from 0–35 for CP to 1–46 for IVDMD. The study showed that NIRS analysis can be used to evaluate the quality of semi‐exotic maize in breeding programmes.
Gamma irradiation as a means to eliminate Listeria monocytogenes from frozen chicken meat
Authors: Kamat Annapurna S , Nair Madhusudanan P
Published: November 2006

Cells of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 35152 were sensitive to gamma irradiation in phosphate buffer, pH 7.00 (D10, dose required for 10% survival—0.15 kGy) at 0–5°C. The cells showed higher radiation survival when irradiated under frozen condition, with a D10 of 0.3 kGy. The protection offered by shrimp/chicken/kheema homogenates (100 g litre−1) was evidenced by even higher D10 values (0.5 kGy) at both 0–5°C and cryogenic temperature. Boneless chicken meat samples were artificially inoculated with L monocytogenes ATCC 35152 cells at low (5 × 103) colony‐forming unit (cfu) g−1 and high (5 × 106 cfu g−1) concentrations and irradiated at 1, 3, 4, 6 kGy doses under cryogenic conditions. The efficacy of the radiation process was evaluated by detecting L monocytogenes during storage at 2–4°C in the irradiated samples. These studies, when repeated with three other serotypes of L monocytogenes, clearly suggested the need for a dose of 3 kGy for elimination of 103 cfu cells of L monocytogenes g−1 from air‐packed frozen chicken meat.
A 13C‐NMR study of lipid alterations during fish canning: Effect of filling medium
Authors: Medina Isabel , Sacchi Raffaele , Aubourg Santiago P
Published: November 2006

Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was applied to study the effect of the filling medium on lipid modifications occurring during the industrial canning of tuna (Thunnus alalunga). In the two media studied—brine and soybean oil—increases in the free fatty acid level were observed with preferential hydrolysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids esterified in the sn‐2 position of the glycerol moiety. The extent and mechanism of lipolysis seem to be independent of the filling medium used. Quantitative results obtained for the main lipid classes showed dilution of the natural lipids of muscle by triacylglycerols from the filling medium in oil‐filled cans.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of onion flavours—relationship of onion pyruvate content on flavour yield
Authors: Guyer Daniel E , Sinha Nirmal K
Published: November 2006

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has been shown to produce fresh onion‐like flavour extracts, a flavour uncharacteristic of distilled commercial extracts. Relationships between onion cultivars and pyruvate content and extract yield were studied in an effort to select high extract oil yielding cultivars and to optimise the overall extract process. Flavour oil yield of five onion cultivars analysed ranged from 0.04 to 0.16 g kg−1 of initial raw product weight. Cultivars, Norstar and MSU selection 3506, showed higher flavour yields than others. Extra sweet yellow onion samples had lowest pyruvate content and gave the lowest flavour yield. A significant positive correlation between pyruvate content of onions and their supercritical carbon dioxide extracted onion flavour yield was obtained.
Effect of variety and location on optimum fermentation requirements of cocoa beans: An aid to fermentation on a cottage scale
Authors: Senanayake Malinie , Jansz Errol R , Buckle Ken A
Published: November 2006

Three selected cacao varieties (WAA, ICS1 and Na32) grown in new low country intercrops and traditional mid‐country plantations of Sri Lanka were compared. Significantly different temperature and pH changes occurred during fermentation of the three varieties. The optimum duration of fermentation for all varieties was 6 days irrespective of the location of growth. The ‘sweat box’ fermentation method (mini‐box) with mixing at 12 h intervals, could be used to obtain a satisfactory level (85%) of fermentation of cocoa beans. In the short term, these findings will help to upgrade the cottage‐scale cocoa industry in Sri Lanka.
The phenolic pigment composition of black tea liquors—part II: Discriminating origin
Authors: McDowell Ian , Taylor Sarah , Gay Clifton
Published: November 2006

The phenolic constituents of 95 black teas, from nine countries, were analysed by HPLC. The procedure resolved 38 coloured phenolic components which were classified as theaflavins (4), thearubigins (22) and flavonol glycosides (11). One of the thearubigin constituents was unresolved chromatographically, but nevertheless quantified as a hump. The relative levels of these substances for different regions and countries of origin were compared. Statistical analysis of the HPLC results with discriminant analysis or canonical variant analysis and ANOVA, highlighted the characteristic differences in phenolic substance levels which contributed most powerfully to the discrimination between origins. Discriminant analysis revealed a discrimination rule based on phenolic composition which achieved a country of origin classification success of 94%. This type of approach highlights which substances are most important in defining origin in terms of tasters' assessments.
The effect of multi‐purpose tree digesta on in vitro gas production from napier grass or neutral‐detergent fibre
Authors: Nsahlai I V , Umunna N N , Negassa D
Published: November 2006

This study evaluated differences in gas production of leaves gathered from a range of multi‐purpose trees (MPT) of Acacia, Cajanus, Chamaecytisus, Leucaena, Ricinus, Sesbania and Veronia species and the effect of their digesta (obtained by fermenting MPTs for 24 h) on gas production of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum. Schumach) (NapierGP) and neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) extracted from Napier grass (NDFGP). Fresh samples of MPTs were incubated in triplicate or quintuplicate in a medium prepared from sieved rumen liquor harvested from two rumen‐fistulated cows fed native pasture hay ad libitum and 2.0 kg cottonseed cake per head day−1. There was a wide variation in the volume of gas produced by the MPTs. With the exception of the leaves of R communis (castor oil plant) and L pallida (14189), the MPTs produced less (P < 0.05) gas than Napier grass. Sesbania goetzei (1279 and 15007), and C cajan (12842) produced gas at a slower (P < 0.05) rate than Napier grass. The digesta of MPTs induced rates of NapierGP that ranged from 0.63 to 0.83 the value obtained with the Napier grass digesta. With the exception of S Sesban (10865), C palmensis and R communis leaves, the MPT digesta induced NapierGP similar to or slightly higher than the Napier grass digesta. The digesta of S sesban (10805), A siberiana (pods), C cajan (11443, 12842) and C palmensis depressed the cumulative extent of NDFGP relative to Napier grass digesta. The MPT digesta prolonged the lag phase that precedes NDFGP. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of MPT digesta on aspects of cell wall fermentation and are corroborated with results obtained in vivo. It was concluded that the major effect of antifermentation factors in the MPTs would be manifested in vitro in prolonged lag phase preceding the onset of NDFGP and in slowed rate of NapierGP.
Oscillation spectral range of Yb-doped fiber lasers
Authors: Kurkov A S
Published: November 2006

In this brief review we consider the main factors determining the oscillation spectral range of cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped fiber lasers (YDFLs) and the results obtained for lasers emitting at various wavelengths. Like erbium-doped fiber amplifiers we suggest dividing the oscillation spectral range of YDFLs into three bands, namely: convenient (C-band), short (S-band), and long (L-band). Polymer-coated double-clad fibers with the inner cladding having a size of more than 100 μm allows one to get efficient operation in the convenient range (C-band): 1060 - 1130 nm. To get an oscillation within the S-band (976 - 980 nm and 1020 - 1060 nm) it is necessary to use active fibers with a small square of the inner cladding. Heating of the active fiber gives the possibility to get lasing within the L-band λ > 1130 nm). Another way to get an emission in this spectral range is by the application of long-wave pumping by a C-band YDFL. Also, we indicate some features that require further study.
Reflection of a few-cycle laser pulse on a metal nano-layer: generation of phase dependent wake-fields
Authors: Varró S
Published: November 2006

The reflection and transmission of a few-cycle femtosecond Ti:Sa laser pulse impinging on a metal nano-layer have been analyzed. The thickness of the layer was assumed to be of the order of 2 – 10 nm, and the metallic free electrons were represented by a surface current density at the plane boundary of a dielectric substrate. The target studied this way can be imagined for instance as a semi-transparent mirror produced by evaporating a thin aluminum layer on the surface of a glass plate. The exact analytical solution has been given for the system of the coupled Maxwell-Lorentz equations describing the dynamics of the surface current and the scattered radiation field. It has been shown that in general a non-oscillatory frozen-in wake-field appears following the main pulse with an exponential decay and with a definite sign of the electric field. The characteristic time of these wake-fields is inversely proportional with the square of the plasma frequency and with the thickness of the metal nano-layer, and can be larger then the original pulse duration. The magnitude of these wake-fields is proportional with the incoming field strength, and the definite sign of them is governed by the cosine of the carrier-envelope phase difference of the incoming ultrashort laser pulse. As a consequence, when we let such a wake-field excite the electrons of a secondary target (say an electron beam, a metal plate or a gas jet), we obtain 100 percent modulation depth in the electron signal in a given direction. This scheme can perhaps serve as a basis for the construction of a robust linear carrier-envelope phase difference meter.
Aminoxyl radical addition to arylketenes
Authors: Acton Austin , Allen Annette D. , Fedorov Andrei V. , Henry‐Riyad Huda , Tidwell Thomas T.
Published: November 2006

Kinetic studies of the addition of the aminoxyl radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinylaminoxyl, TO·) to the 4‐substituted phenylketenes 8 (4‐RC6H4CHCO, R = NO2, CN, Cl, H, CH3, CH3O) and to 3‐pyridylketene (15) reveal a correlation of logk2(TEMPO) with the Hammett sigma parameters of the substituents (including the aza substituent of 15), with rho = 1.58 (r = 0.94). A better correlation is obtained with the rate constants for hydration of the same substrates: logk2(TEMPO) = 1.64logk(H2O)−5.76 (r = 0.98). These results fit within a previously established correlation of ketene hydration reactivity with aminoxyl radical reactivity, and confirm that the reactivity of TEMPO in additions to ketenes is dominated by the nucleophilic character of the aminoxyl oxygen, with a strong trend of increasing reactivity for more electrophilic ketenes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of D‐ribonic acid‐dimethyltin(IV) in coordinating solvents: an experimental and DFT 119Sn NMR study
Authors: Bagno Alessandro , Bertazzi Nuccio , Casella Girolamo , Pellerito Lorenzo , Saielli Giacomo , Sciacca Ivan D.
Published: November 2006

We have investigated a newly synthesized complex of D‐ribonic acid with dimethyltin(IV). The structure of the complex in solution has been characterized by means of 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR and by DFT calculations. The comparison of experimental and computational results allowed the determination of the stable conformation in solution as well as the detection of a dimerization process. Moreover, evidence is given of active coordination of the metal by the solvent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization and melting of a branched polyethylene with precisely controlled chemical structure
Authors: Qiu W. , Pyda M. , Nowak‐Pyda E. , Habenschuss A. , Wagener K. B. , Wunderlich B.
Published: November 2006

The heat capacity of a linear polyethylene with dimethyl branches, at every 21st backbone atom was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and quasi‐isothermal temperature‐modulated DSC. This novel copolyethylene (PE2M) is relatively difficult to crystallize from the melt. On subsequent heating, a first, sharp melting peak is followed by a sharp cold‐crystallization and crystal perfection and a smaller endotherm, before reaching the main melting at 315–320 K, close to the melting temperatures of eicosane and tetracontane. The low‐temperature melting is sensitive to the cooling rate and disappears below 1.0 K min−1. The cold crystallization can be avoided by heating with rates faster than 80 K min−1. The PE2M exhibits some reversing and reversible melting, which is typical for chain‐folded polymers. The glass transition of semicrystalline PE2M is broadened and reaches its upper limit at about 260 K (midpoint at about 0.355 K). Above this temperature, the crystals seem to have a heat capacity similar to that of the liquid. A hypothesis is that the melting transition can be explained by changes in crystal perfection without major alteration of the crystal structure and the lamellar morphology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3461–3474, 2006
Calorimetric glass transition temperature and absolute heat capacity of polystyrene ultrathin films
Authors: Koh Yung P. , McKenna Gregory B. , Simon Sindee L.
Published: November 2006

The absolute heat capacity and glass transition temperature (Tg) of unsupported ultrathin films were measured with differential scanning calorimetry with the step‐scan method in an effort to further examine the thermodynamic behavior of glass‐forming materials on the nanoscale. Films were stacked in layers with multiple preparation methods. The absolute heat capacity in both the glass and liquid states decreased with decreasing film thickness, andTgalso decreased with decreasing film thickness. The magnitude of theTgdepression was closer to that observed for films supported on rigid substrates than that observed for freely standing films. The stacked thin films regained bulk behavior after the application of pressure at a high temperature. The effects of various preparation methods were examined, including the use of polyisobutylene as an interleaving layer between the polystyrene films. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3518–3527, 2006
Safety instrumented systems and safety critical devices: Risk abatement provided by safety instrumented systems may cause remote hazards with higher risks
Authors: Sepeda Adrian L.
Published: November 2006

A basic law of physics states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Translating that law into the world of risk analysis, we might state that for every action (even a risk mitigation action) there are consequences—and not all of those consequences are (1) clearly identified, (2) fully understood, and/or (3) good. Even when the initial actions are an effort to mitigate a perceived risk, the range of consequences (that is, reactions) can sometimes create another set of hazards and possibly larger risks than initially addressed.

The complexity of safety instrumented systems facilitates the creation of at least four types of new hazards that should be addressed. First, some consequences that may result from the proper functioning of a single safety system may not be desirable. Second, the accumulative and interactive effects when multiple safeguards function properly may cause unexpected and unwanted consequences. Third, unanticipated and sometimes unwanted consequences at seemingly remote locations may occur. Fourth, and finally, because of interactions with other control components, safety instrumented systems can easily create several layers of risk abatement actions cascading from the initiating event, making it virtually impossible for operations personnel to troubleshoot and correct the original anomaly in a timely manner—adding yet another hazard to the operations.

This article addresses the potential of creating “downstream” or remote hazards by the installation of safety instrumented systems and then discusses how and when consequence analyses should be expanded to identify these potential new hazards. This is done using the life cycle approach for the design and maintenance of safety instrumented systems discussed in the newly published CCPS book, “Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems.” It is not possible to delineate every variation of how successful activation of basic process controls and safety instrumented systems might lead to the problems described in this article. Rather, this article is a sampling intended to cause the reader to think more seriously about how successful activation of systems intended to protect the process might, in fact, create new hidden hazards remote from the initiating event. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
2‐methyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4‐H‐pyran‐3‐carboxylic acid anilide: A new systemic fungicide against smut diseases
Authors: Jank B. , Grossmann F.
Published: November 2006

2‐Methyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4‐H‐pyran‐3‐carboxylic acid anilide, a new systemic fungicide, proved to be highly effective against smut diseases of barley and oats (Ustilago nuda and U. avenae) in pot and field trials. The disease incidence could be prevented almost completely at rates of 50 g and 25 g respectively, of the active ingredient per 100 kg of seed.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain. XV.—Triphenyltin residues in potatoes
Authors: Thomas B. , Tann Hazel L.
Published: November 2006

An analytical method and results are given for the determination of triphenyltin residues in potatoes. Of the 44 samples analysed 35 contained residues of 0.001 ppm or less; residues in 6 of the samples were in the range 0.002–0.005 ppm and in 3 samples in the range 0.006–0.008 ppm.
Aerial spraying of wheat: A comparison of conventional low volume with ultra‐low volume spraying
Authors: Nguyen N. Trung , Symmons Philip M.
Published: November 2006

Recoveries of fenitrothion from both young and mature wheat, and from deposits on the ground, have been compared, following aerial spraying of blocks (each about 16 ha in area) by three methods: ultra‐low volume (ULV) application of technical material in very small droplets in a steady wind; low volume (LV) application of an emulsifiable concentrate in water through a boom and nozzles in a steady wind; and LV application in a near calm. The collection, deposition and airborne loss of insecticide, beyond the downwind edge of the blocks, was also estimated. Recovery from young wheat was highest with the ULV method, but only slightly greater than with the LV application in a wind. Collection on the upper part of the mature wheat was similar with all the methods, although ULV application gave the lowest value, and LV spraying in a steady wind the highest. Only the LV application in near calm conditions gave a substantial recovery on the lower part of the mature wheat. The deposit on the ground within the blocks was highest with the LV spraying in a near calm, and the deposit outside the blocks, and airborne loss was lowest. The results illustrate the importance of the vegetation structure and density in selecting the best method of application, but give little indication of the best droplet size for impaction in different circumstances.
Efficacy of metalaxyl for blue mould control and its persistence on tobacco
Authors: Businelli Mario , Marucchini Cesare , Patumi Maurizio , Zazzerini Antonio , Torre Guido Della
Published: November 2006

Foliar sprays of metalaxyl, benalaxyl, and cymoxanil plus mancozeb gave better control of blue mould (Peronospora tabacina) than mancozeb alone applied as a spray, or metalaxyl applied to the soil. Before flue‐curing, the mean values of metalaxyl residues in tobacco leaves were significantly higher from foliar spray treatments (5.09 μg g−1), than from soil treatments (0.93 μg g−1). Residues had decreased after flue‐curing (foliar spray treatment 2.51 μg g−1; soil treatment 0.69 μg g−1), especially on samples taken in September. Curing considerably reduced metalaxyl residues in all cases. Residues of mancozeb ranged from 59.5 to 224.2 μg g−1 before flue‐curing and from 11.0 to 22.1 μg g−1 after flue‐curing. All these residues were calculated on a dry weight basis. Imidazolidine‐2‐thione (ethylenethiourea) residues from mancozeb were always below the sensitivity limit of the method used.
An apparatus and technique for sampling aerially applied sprays in conifers
Authors: Cadogan Beresford L. , Zylstra Bert F.
Published: November 2006

A technique and apparatus that facilitated the sampling of aerially applied pesticides on artificial surfaces in the canopy of balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] and spruce (Picea spp.) are described. Field testing showed that sample units in the canopy were as receptive to droplets as those on the forest floor, and did not discernibly disturb the microenvironment in the tree.
Interaction between synergists and permethrin in adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (herbst)
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P. , Barker Philip S. , Kudryk Lubomir
Published: November 2006

The potential synergistic activities of chlordimeform, S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), and piperonyl butoxide were studied by exposing adults of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to treated filter paper discs. Each of the chemicals was individually of low toxicity to T. castaneum. However, when tested in various combinations, chlordimeform: DEF (1:1 and 1:4) exhibited a strong synergistic interaction, but other pairs (chlordimeform: piperonyl butoxide, 1:4, or DEF: piperonyl butoxide, 1:4) exhibited no synergism. When tested at experimentally determined optimum ratios with the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin, synergism was observed for permethrin:chlordimeform (1:2) and for permethrin: DEF (1:2) but not for permethrin: piperonyl butoxide (1:2). The triple mixture permethrin:chlordimeform:DEF (1:2:2) was twice as toxic as permethrin:DEF (1:2) but only slightly more toxic than permethrin: chlordimeform (1:2). Although chlordimeform and DEF interact synergistically, and each synergises permethrin by unrelated mechanisms, these interactions were not expressed independently in a mixture of all three substances tested against T. castaneum.
Pyrethroid insecticides derived from 2,2′ ‐bridged biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols
Authors: Plummer Ernest L. , Seiders Reginald P. , Seelye David E. , Stewart Robert R.
Published: November 2006

The addition of a hydrocarbon bridge between the 2‐ and 2′‐positions in biphenyl constrains the twist angle between the two phenyl rings to fairly small limits. It has been found that the biological activity of a series of pyrethroid esters, of hydrocarbon bridged biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols and of heterocyclic hydrocarbonbridged biphenyl analogues, changes with the length of the bridge. The optimum activity and the maximum biological activity spectrum were found for the esters of three‐carbon bridged alcohols. The relationship of the activity to the twist angle for these bridged esters was compared with the activity and spectrum of a series of biphenyl and heterocyclic biphenyl analogues previously reported. A parallel exists between the two series. The optimum twist angle between the aromatic rings of the alcohols, in both the bridged and free rotating analogues, is around 50°. Pyrethroid esters showing the highest activity were produced from 6, 7‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo‐[a,c]cyclohepten‐4‐ylmethanol. The biological activity of a series of pyrethroid esters of this alcohol is also reported.
A rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation of endosulfan
Authors: Sowbhagya Halagur B. , Visweswaraiah Krishnamoorthy , Majumder Suvendu K.
Published: November 2006

A method has been developed for the estimation of endosulfan, based on the reaction of endosulfan with 4‐(4‐nitrobenzyl)pyridine in an alkaline medium to form a pink complex with an absorption maximum at 520 nm. The method is rapid, and a minimum of 2m̈g endosulfan can be determined. The relationship between the absorbance and concentration of endosulfan is linear in the range of 2 to 100μg.
Fenvalerate residues in milk following topical treatments to dairy cows
Authors: Frank Richard , Braun Heinz E. , Miller Lloyd A. , Allan George W.
Published: November 2006

Two mature Holstein cows were treated with 0.1g of fenvalerate each, in six consecutive topical treatments at intervals of 3 or 4 days. Neither of the diastereoisomers of fenvalerate was detected in the milk 6h after the application. After 3 days, the mean fenvalerate residue was 0.46μg litre−1; by day 4, this residue had declined below the detection limit of 0.1μg litre−1 for each of the diastereoisomers. Two Holstein cows were also treated with 0.5g of fenvalerate per cow in three consecutive topical treatments at intervals of 14 days. Residues in whole milk were at a maximum 6h after treatment and declined to less than 0.2μg litre−1 over 21 days. Only 0.03 to 0.06% of the applied fenvalerate appeared in the milk as the intact insecticide.
A neurophysiological study of DDT‐pyrethroid isosteres on the labellar hair receptor of Lucilia cuprina
Authors: Holan George , Johnson Wynona M. P. , Rihs Kurt , Virgona Christopher T.
Published: November 2006

A novel group of oxime O‐ether insecticides was tested on the labellar taste receptors of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Some of the compounds failed to elicit any response at the receptor, while the neurophysiologically active compounds generated multiple nerve spikes similar to DDT. The insect toxicities of all the oxime O‐ethers were tested by topical application on the same strain of blowfly. The relationships between structure, index of multiplicity and LD50 values are discussed.
Effect of the fungicide fenitropan on the metabolism of some higher plants and Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Király István , Jakucs Erzsébet , Rácz Ilona , Tamás László , Lásztity Demeter
Published: November 2006

The effect of fenitropan [(1RS, 2RS)‐2‐nitro‐1‐phenyltrimethylene di(acetate)], a new fungicide from EGYT Pharmacochemical Works, on the photosynthetic activity, respiration, RNA content and protein synthesis of some higher plants and Fusarium oxysporum, was investigated. The effect on the aminoacylation of tRNAs suggests that fenitropan is an inhibitor of the aminoacyl tRNA ligases accepting aromatic amino acids.
Laboratory studies on the mechanisms of resistance to permethrin in a field‐selected strain of house flies
Authors: MacDonald R. Scott , Solomon Keith R. , Surgeoner George A. , Harris Charles R.
Published: November 2006

Enhanced oxidative metabolism appeared to be a major factor involved in resistance to permethrin in a field strain of house flies, selected with permethrin over 4 years. This was shown in the 7.8‐fold synergism by piperonyl butoxide which reduced the resistance ratio from 97 to 15. The rate of permethrin detoxication was significantly higher (P=0.05) in the resistant flies compared with a susceptible strain or resistant flies pretreated with piperonyl butoxide. The esterase inhibitor S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate did not reduce the level of resistance to permethrin in the resistant strain, although some hydrolytic metabolism was apparent. Rates of penetration were similar in susceptible and resistant flies and in resistant flies pre‐treated with piperonyl butoxide. A minor unidentified resistance factor, possibly reduced sensitivity of the nervous system, may also have been present in the resistant strain.
A novel mathematical approach to the prevention of fungicide resistance
Authors: Josepovits Gyula , Dobrovolszky András
Published: November 2006

The influences of alternated or combined fungicide treatments on the development of fungicide resistance in pathogens were compared. Mathematical deduction indicated the importance of the decreasing activity of the spray residue in the periods between two treatments. It is suggested that with similar fungicide protection, resistance will usually develop more slowly with combined than with alternated treatments in the case of fast‐growing pathogens, and also when shortlived fungicides are applied in a poor spray cover. In other circumstances both methods of treatment proved to be equally effective in the prevention of resistance.
Synthesis and pesticidal activities of some substituted 1,2,4‐triazines
Authors: Gupta Anil K. Sen , Bhattacharya Tapas , Hajela Kanchan , Shankar Kripa , Ahmad Shakeel
Published: November 2006

A series of 5,6‐diphenyl‐3‐substituted‐thio‐1,2,4‐triazines (II‐V) was prepared by treating 5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3‐thiol (I) with corresponding electrophiles. Condensation of IV or V with 1,2‐phenylenediamines gave 2‐[(5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐3‐yl) thiomethyl‐1H‐benzimidazoles] (VI). IV was converted into its corresponding hydrazide (VII) by the action of hydrazine hydrate. N‐Benzylidene derivatives (VIII) were prepared by the condensation of VII with appropriate aryl or heterocyclic aldehydes. The pesticidal activities of all the compounds thus synthesised were determined.
Toxicity of chlordimeform and amitraz to the egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens)
Authors: Davenport Anthony P. , Wright Denis J.
Published: November 2006

The relative toxicity (μg a.i. g−1 body wt) of the formamidine insecticide chlordimeform (CDM) and the triazapentadiene insecticide amitraz was examined in two species of noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis and Heliothis virescens. When applied topically, there was an unexpected and marked difference in the toxicity of CDM base and its hydrochloride to adults of both species, the salt being appreciably more toxic. For H. virescens at least, this difference in toxicity could not be explained by differences in penetration. This trend was reversed for larval instars of S. littoralis; while there was relatively little difference in the toxicity of the base to adult and larval stages, the salt was at least 1000‐fold more toxic to adults than to larvae. N1‐Demethylchlordimeform (DCDM) was the only metabolite of CDM to show biological activity against either species, but was much less toxic than the parent compound. Amitraz was far less toxic than either CDM or DCDM; like the CDM salt, it appeared to be more toxic to adult than larval stages of S. littoralis. Application of piperonyl butoxide significantly increased the toxicity of the CDM salt, DCDM and amitraz to adult H. virescens, the synergist being particularly effective with DCDM and amitraz. In contrast, piperonyl butoxide had no significant effect on the toxicity of DCDM, and slightly antagonised the toxicity of DCDM to fourth‐instar larvae of S. littoralis.
The effects of herbicide and fungicide treatments on the growth and provitamin a content of lettuce
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

Plots of lettuce were grown in the field in soil treated with the herbicides propyzamide and chlorpropham, either separately, or as a mixture, or with one of the fungicides iprodione, vinclozolin or benomyl. Four harvests were made and at each, the mean fresh weight per lettuce treated with the mixture propyzamide plus chlorpropham, or with iprodione, was greater than that of the control. Propyzamide, chlorpropham or benomyl reduced lettuce fresh weight compared with the untreated controls, but vinclozolin had no effect. The concentration of total carotene in the lettuce was increased by treatment with propyzamide, chlorpropham, propyzamide plus chlorpropham, or iprodione. Treatment with vinclozolin or benomyl had no effect.
Photodegradation of the pyrethroid insecticide fenpropathrin in water, on soil and on plant foliage
Authors: Takahashi Naohiro , Mikami Nobuyoshi , Yamada Hirohiko , Miyamoto Junshi
Published: November 2006

The photodegradation of fenpropathrin [(RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] (I), in water, on soil and on plant foliage, was investigated using 14C‐preparations labelled separately at the cyano group, cyclopropyl‐C1 or in the benzyl ring. On exposure to sunlight, I was photodecomposed with initial half‐lives of >6 weeks in distilled water, 6.0 weeks in humic acid aqueous solution, 2.7 weeks in river water, 1.6 weeks in sea water and 0.5 of a day in 2% aqueous acetone. A triplet photosensitiser, acetone, together with naturally occurring substances in river and sea water, including humic acid, enhanced the photodegradation of I. On three kinds of soil, I was rapidly photodegraded with initial half‐lives of 1–5 days, whereas it was fairly photostable on a mandarin orange leaf. The photoreactions involved were: decarboxylation, hydration of the cyano group to carboxamide, cleavage of the ester or the diphenyl ether linkage, hydrolysis of the carboxamide group to carboxyl, and hydroxylation at either or both of the gem dimethyl groups. The predominant reactions in water were decarboxylation, ester bond cleavage and photo‐induced evolution of [14C] carbon dioxide from the [14C] cyano label; on soil, hydration or ester bond cleavage predominated. The hydration was also of importance in river and sea water. Decarboxylation did not occur on soil and plant foliage.
Pirimiphos‐methyl applied to spanish citrus trees: Residue decay and final residue levels at harvest time in precocious fruits
Authors: Sendra José M. , Escamilla Juan C. , Santaballa Ernesto , Cuñat Pascual
Published: November 2006

Pirimiphos‐methyl [O‐(2‐diethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐yl) O,O‐dimethyl phosphorothioate], the active ingredient in ‘Actellic 50E’ (ICI PLC, Plant Protection Division) insecticide formulation, was field‐applied at a rate of 7.5 kg a.i. 6000 litres−1 ha−1 to Spanish mandarin, orange and lemon trees growing in the main production areas (provinces of Castellón, Valencia, Alicante and Murcia). Dissipation curves over a 28‐day post‐application period, as well as the final residue levels at the harvest‐time in precocious fruits, were determined in order to assist in the setting of legal fruit tolerances and harvest withholding periods. In all cases, residue decay could be fitted to two consecutive first‐order processes. Final residue levels at harvest‐time (the first fortnight of October) in precocious fruits, as a result of one, two or three sprays at the usual application dates (the first fortnight of June and/or September) were, respectively: for Clementina mandarins 0.05, 0.57 and 0.72; for Satsuma mandarins 0.09, 0.55 and 0.73; and for Navelina oranges 0.08, 0.25 and 0.46 mg of pirimiphos‐methyl kg−1. The data indicated that starting from the seventh post‐application day, pirimiphos‐methyl degraded much more slowly in lemons growing in Alicante than in those growing in Murcia. It was speculated that this difference could be due to variations between the local field climates, or to a severe water stress, suffered by the orchard in Murcia as the result of a lack of irrigation water.
Stability of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin on wheat in storage
Authors: Noble Robert M. , Hamilton Denis J.
Published: November 2006

Cypermethrin and cyfluthrin were applied to wheat, which was stored for 52 weeks at 25 or 35°C, and either 12 or 15% moisture content. Total residues and the proportions of the four pairs of enantiomers, cis I [(αR),(1R)‐cis + (αS),(1S)‐cis], cis II [(αR),(1S)‐cis + (αS),(1R)‐cis], trans III [(αR),(1R)‐trans + (αS),(1S)‐trans], and trans IV [(αR),(1S)‐trans + (αS),(1R)‐trans] for each pyrethroid were determined at five intervals during storage. For all storage conditions, the cis I isomers were the most stable, and the trans IV isomers were the least stable. Calculated half‐lives (weeks) for the pairs of enantiomers at 25°C (12% moisture) and 35°C (15% moisture) were: cypermethrin, cis I, 252, 62 and trans IV 66, 27; cyfluthrin, cis I, 114, 52 and trans IV 42, 23. The results suggested that one of the enantiomers of the cypermethrin trans IV pair was degraded faster than the other.
Phosphonic analogues of morphactins. Part V: Peptides containing 9‐aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphine oxides
Authors: Kafarski Pawel , Lejczak Barbara , Gancarz Roman , Jaskulska Elżbieta , Mastalerz Przemyslaw , Wieczorek Jan Sylwester , Zbyryt Iwona
Published: November 2006

Di‐ and tripeptides containingP‐terminal 9‐aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphine oxides were synthesised and evaluated for herbicidal activity usingSpirodela oligorriza(Kurz.) Hegelm. The glycylglycyl and threonyl peptides showed high activity as measured by the reduction of dry matter.
The estimation of residue levels of promacyl and its metabolites in beef tissue and fat by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection
Authors: Clegg Donald E. , Roberts Graham S. , Rzecki George
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the estimation of residues of the carbamate insecticide promacyl [5‐methyl‐m‐cumenyl butyryl(methyl)carbamate] and its metabolites that are hydrolysable to isothymol (m‐cymen‐5‐ol), using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to determine the isothymol. Clean‐up of samples relied on the steam volatility of phenols. Recoveries at the 0.1 mg kg−1 level varied from 72–88% for fat tissue and 81–91% for liver. The limits of detection were found to be 0.01 mg kg−1 for and 0.02 mg kg−1 for liver. A comparative study of the chromatography of sample extracts using both ultraviolet detection and electrochemical detection showed a substantial decrease in the level of interfering co‐eluates in the latter method. A field trial, involving a single spray application of the formulated acaricide on milking cattle, revealed residues in the butter fat comparable with those found in a previous investigation.
The resistance to eighteen toxicants of a strain of Musca domestica L. collected from a farm in England
Authors: Chapman Paul A.
Published: November 2006

A sample of houseflies initially collected from a pig farm and found to be resistant to bendiocarb, DDT, gamma‐HCH, pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (PB), tetrachlorvinphos and trichlorfon, was tested for resistance to knockdown by other toxicants. At the KD50 response level, resistance factors were obtained for: permethrin (× 141), deltamethrin (×96), bioresmethrin + PB (×37), resmethrin + PB (×33), fenitrothion (×94), bromophos (×58), iodofenphos (×42), pirimiphos‐methyl (×30), dichlorvos (×22), dimethoate (×9), diazinon (×8), methomyl (×4) and methomyl + PB (×4). The slopes of the dose–response lines were lower for the farm strain than for a susceptible strain. This resulted in an increase of resistance factors at the KD95 level by an average of × 1.6. The houseflies on the farm could not be controlled using space sprays of pyrethrins + PB, although resistance to this toxicant was only ×12. However, control was achieved with a methomyl bait.
Analysis and dissipation of dislodgable residues of acephate, dimethoate and formetanate hydrochloride on citrus foliage
Authors: Hadjidemetriou Demetrios G. , Iwata Yutaka , Gunther Francis A.
Published: November 2006

Dislodgable residues of acephate and its hydrolysis product methamidophos, dimethoate and its oxygen analogue omethoate (dimethoxon), and formetanate hydrochloride on citrus foliage were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. The use of 5% OV‐101 coated on a Carbowax 20M surface‐modified support (Ultra‐Bond 20M) allowed the reproducible analysis of dimethoate and omethoate residues. Formetanate hydrochloride residues were analysed as the free base, without preparation of a derivative, on a column packed with 5% Apiezon N coated on 80–100 mesh Ultra‐Bond 20M. The dissipation of the residues of the three pesticides applied to citrus trees was studied. Acephate and formetanate hydrochloride dissipation curves followed first‐order kinetics; dimethoate residues were best characterised by two first‐order kinetic processes. The half‐life values were 8.2 days for acephate, undeterminably long for formetanate hydrochloride, and 2.2 days (the 1–10 days portion) and 7.0 days (the 10–49 days portion) for dimethoate.
Interaction of formamidines with octopamine‐, dopamine‐and 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐sensitive adenylate cyclase in the nerve cord of Periplaneta americana
Authors: Downer Roger G. H. , Gole John W. D. , Orr Gregory L.
Published: November 2006

The interaction of chlordimeform, N1‐demethylchlordimeform [N2‐(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyl)‐N1‐methylformamidine], BTS‐27271 [N1‐methyl‐N2‐(2,4‐xylyl)formamidine, the 2,4‐xylyl analogue of N1‐demethylformamidine], and amitraz with octopamine‐, dopamine‐, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐mediated enhancement of cyclic‐AMP production was investigated in nerve cord homogenates of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. N1‐Demethylchlordimeform, BTS‐27271 and amitraz simulated the actions of the monoamines in enhancing cyclic‐AMP production, whereas chlordimeform showed no such agonism. Additivity studies indicated that these formamidine derivatives were interacting with dopamine‐ and 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐sensitive sites, in addition to their known interaction with octopamine‐sensitive adenylate cyclase. N1‐Demethylchlordimeform (Ki= 0.2μM) and amitraz (Ki=0.5μM) inhibited the dopamine‐mediated response, but only N1‐demethylchlordimeform (Ki=2μM) effected appreciable inhibition of the octopamine‐response. Pharmacological characterisation of the formamidineinduced elevation of cyclic‐AMP production indicated that the agonistic effects of formamidines are expressed primarily through the octopamine‐sensitive adenylate cyclase, rather than the dopamine‐ or 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐sensitive sites. The results are discussed in the light of the proposal that the behavioural changes, associated with formamidine poisoning, reflect the cumulative effects of octopamine‐agonism, and antagonism of the dopamine‐ and 5‐hydroxytryptaminemediated processes.