bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistics for X‐chromosome associations
Authors: Özbek Umut , Lin Hui‐Min , Lin Yan , Weeks Daniel E. , Chen Wei , Shaffer John R. , Purcell Shaun M. , Feingold Eleanor
Published: June 2018

In a genome‐wide association study (GWAS), association between genotype and phenotype at autosomal loci is generally tested by regression models. However, X‐chromosome data are often excluded from published analyses of autosomes because of the difference between males and females in number of X chromosomes. Failure to analyze X‐chromosome data at all is obviously less than ideal, and can lead to missed discoveries. Even when X‐chromosome data are included, they are often analyzed with suboptimal statistics. Several mathematically sensible statistics for X‐chromosome association have been proposed. The optimality of these statistics, however, is based on very specific simple genetic models. In addition, while previous simulation studies of these statistics have been informative, they have focused on single‐marker tests and have not considered the types of error that occur even under the null hypothesis when the entire X chromosome is scanned. In this study, we comprehensively tested several X‐chromosome association statistics using simulation studies that include the entire chromosome. We also considered a wide range of trait models for sex differences and phenotypic effects of X inactivation. We found that models that do not incorporate a sex effect can have large type I error in some cases. We also found that many of the best statistics perform well even when there are modest deviations, such as trait variance differences between the sexes or small sex differences in allele frequencies, from assumptions.
General practitioners' knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: A mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Jennings Aisling A. , Foley Tony , Walsh Kieran A. , Coffey Alice , Browne John P. , Bradley Colin P.
Published: June 2018

Objectives

To synthesise the existing published literature on general practitioners (GP)'s knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) with a view to informing future interventions.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and synthesis of quantitative and qualitative studies that explored GPs' experiences of managing BPSD (PROSPERO protocol registration CRD42017054916). Seven electronic databases were searched from inception to October 2017. Each stage of the review process involved at least 2 authors working independently. The meta‐ethnographic approach was used to synthesise the findings of the included studies while preserving the context of the primary data. The Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (CERQual) was used to assess the confidence in our individual review findings.

Results

Of the 1638 articles identified, 76 full texts were reviewed and 11 were included. Three main concepts specific to GPs' experiences of managing BPSD emerged: unmet primary care resource needs, justification of antipsychotic prescribing, and the pivotal role of families. A “line of argument” was drawn, which described how in the context of resource limitations a therapeutic void was created. This resulted in GPs being over reliant on antipsychotics and family caregivers. These factors appeared to culminate in a reactive response to BPSD whereby behaviours and symptoms could escalate until a crisis point was reached.

Conclusion

This systematic review offers new insights into GPs' perspectives on the management of BPSD and will help to inform the design and development of interventions to support GPs managing BPSD.
Definition of disease‐progression risk stratification in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia using combined clinical, molecular and virological variables
Authors: Qin Shuchao , Fan Lei , Liang Jinhua , Gale Robert , Miao Yi , Wu Yujie , Wang Rong , Yang Hui , Wu Wei , Xia Yi , Wu Jiazhu , Zhu Huayuan , Wang Li , Xu Wei , Li Jianyong
Published: June 2018

Prognoses of persons with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) including time‐to‐therapy (TTT) and survival is heterogeneous. Risk factors and predictive scoring systems are mostly developed in persons of predominately European descent with CLL. Whether these systems accurately predict TTT and survival of Han Chinese with CLL is unknown. We interrogated clinical and laboratory data from 334 newly diagnosed, untreated Chinese CLL without treatment indication upon diagnosis to identify variables associated with TTT and develop a prognostic score. Binet stage, blood lymphocyte level, TP53 abnormality, unmutated IGHV, prior HBV, and EBV infections were independently associated with TTT in multivariate analyses. We constructed a prognostic score dividing subjects into cohorts with low, intermediate, and high risk from diagnosis to TTT. Median TTTs were 139 months (range, 85‐189 months), 25 months (12‐38 months), and 4 months (1‐7 months; P‐value for trend <0.001). We identified variables associated with TTT in Chinese with CLL with no treatment indication and developed a predictive model for survival. Some variables associated with TTT are similar to those of persons of predominately European descent, whereas others, such as HBV and/or EBV infections, operate in Chinese and Europeans but are not currently included in prognostic and predictive staging systems in persons of European descent. They should be investigated.
Pathway‐focused gene expression profiles and immunohistochemistry detection identify contrasting association of caspase 3 (CASP3) expression with prognosis in pediatric classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Vera‐Lozada Gabriela , Segges Priscilla , Stefanoff Claudio Gustavo , Barros Mário Henrique M. , Niedobitek Gerald , Hassan Rocio
Published: June 2018

The search for clinically relevant molecular markers in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is hampered by the histopathological complexity of the disease, resulting from the admixture of a small number of neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed‐Sternberg (H‐RS) cells with an abundant and heterogeneous microenvironment. In this study, we evaluated gene expression profiles of 11 selected genes previously proposed as a molecular score for adult cHL, aiming to validate its application in the pediatric setting. Assays were performed by RT‐qPCR from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) lymph nodes in 80 patients with cHL. Selected genes were associated with cell cycle (CENPF, CDK1, CCNA2, CCNE2, and HMMR), apoptosis (BCL2, BCL2L1, and CASP3), and monocytes/macrophages (LYZ and STAT1). Despite using controlled preanalytical and analytical strategies, we were not able to validate the 11‐gene score to be applied in pediatric cHL. Principal component analysis (PCA) disclosed 3 components that accounted for 65.7% of the total variability. The second PC included microenvironment and apoptosis genes, from which CASP3 expression was associated with a short time of progression‐free survival, which impact was maintained in the unfavorable risk group, Epstein‐Barr virus‐negative cases, and multivariate analysis (P < .05). Because this is a counterintuitive association, CASP3 active expression was assessed at the protein level in H‐RS cells by double immunohistochemistry. In contrast to the association of mRNA levels with a poor therapeutic response, a high number of cleaved CASP3+ cells were associated with longer progression‐free survival (P = .03) and overall survival (P = .002). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using FFPE samples as RNA source for molecular prognostication, but argue against the concept of direct and wide applicability of molecular scores in cHL. We reinforce the potential of CASP3 as an interesting target to be explored in adult and pediatric cHL, and alert for its dual biological role in H‐RS cells and tumor microenvironment.
UNDERSTANDING PARENTING STRESS AND CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS AMONG HOMELESS, SUBSTANCE‐ABUSING MOTHERS
Authors: Wu Qiong , Slesnick Natasha , Murnan Aaron
Published: June 2018

This article tested a model of parenting stress as a mediator between maternal depressive symptoms, emotion regulation, and child behavior problems using a sample of homeless, substance‐abusing mothers. Participants were 119 homeless mothers (ages 18–24 years) and their young children (ages 0–6 years). Mothers responded to questions about their depressive symptoms, emotion regulation, parenting stress, and child behavior problems. A path analysis showed that maternal depressive symptoms were positively associated with child behavior problems through increased parenting stress whereas maternal cognitive reappraisal was negatively associated with child behavior problems through decreased parenting stress. Moreover, maternal expressive suppression was negatively related to child externalizing problems. Findings support the parenting stress theory and highlight maternal parenting stress as a mechanism associated with homeless children's mental health risk. This study has significant implications for understanding the parenting processes underlying child's resilience in the context of homelessness and maternal substance use.
UK term structure decompositions at the zero lower bound
Authors: Carriero Andrea , Mouabbi Sarah , Vangelista Elisabetta
Published: June 2018

This paper employs a zero lower bound (ZLB) consistent shadow‐rate model to decompose UK nominal yields into expectation and term premium components. Compared to a standard affine term structure model, it performs relatively better in a ZLB setting by capturing the stylized facts of the yield curve. The ZLB model is then exploited to estimate inflation expectations and risk premiums. This entails jointly pricing and decomposing nominal and real UK yields. We find evidence that medium‐ and long‐term inflation expectations are contained within narrower bounds since the early 1990s, suggesting monetary policy credibility improved after the introduction of inflation targeting.
Application of tissue‐engineered pericardial patch in rat models of myocardial infarction
Authors: Kameli Seyedeh Maryam , Khorramirouz Reza , Eftekharzadeh Sahar , Fendereski Kiarad , Daryabari Seyedeh Sima , Tavangar Seyed Mohammad , Kajbafzadeh Abdol‐Mohammad
Published: June 2018

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in industrialized societies. Myocardial tissue engineering is an alternative and promising approach for substituting injured myocardium through development and seeding of appropriate scaffolds. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of using an acellular pericardium to deliver autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the infarcted site for regeneration of the myocardium. MI was induced in two groups of rats; G1 or MI group, and G2 or patch‐implanted group. In G2 group, rats had undergone transplantation of a pericardial patch which was previously seeded with adipose tissue derived MSCs. To evaluate the efficacy of the pericardial patches, biopsies were taken one month after transplantation. In order to evaluate the extent of regeneration, inflammation and fibrosis, histopathological investigations including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Sirius Red and trichrome staining were performed. In addition, immunohistochemical investigations by Desmin as well as CD68, CD45 and CD34 antibodies were performed. Furthermore, Tunnel assay was performed to detect the extent of apoptosis. H&E assessments of biopsies from the patch‐implanted group confirmed presence of pre‐seeded pericardium containing MSCs along with neo‐vessels. Immunohistochemical assessments demonstrated higher number of CD34 positive cells and Desmin‐positive cells in the patch implanted group (p < 0.05); these findings are suggestive of cardiomyocyte regeneration in G2 rats. This study demonstrates the advantages of application of natural acellular scaffolds as cell delivery devices and it emphasizes neovascularization following this approach. However, further investigations are required to analyze long‐term cardiac function in recipients. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2670–2678, 2018.
Optical and biological properties of polymer‐based nanocomposites with improved dispersion of ceramic nanoparticles
Authors: Wetteland Cheyann Lee , Liu Huinan
Published: June 2018

This article reports a new process for creating polymer‐based nanocomposites with enhanced dispersion of ceramic nanoparticles without using any surfactants, and the resulted changes in their optical and biological properties. Specifically, dispersion of two different ceramic nanoparticles, that is, hydroxyapatite (nHA) and magnesium oxide (nMgO) nanoparticles, in a model biodegradable polymer, namely poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA), was studied. High‐power sonication was integrated with dual asymmetric centrifugal (DAC) mixing to improve dispersion of nanoparticles during solvent casting. The polymer/solvent ratio was optimized to improve nanoparticle dispersion in the multistep processing, including enhancing the efficacy of sonication and DAC mixing and reducing nanoparticle sedimentation during solvent‐casting. Microstructural characterization confirmed that this new process improved nanoparticle dispersion in nMgO/PLGA and nHA/PLGA nanocomposites. Improved nanoparticle dispersion increased the optical transparency visually and optical transmission quantitatively for both nHA/PLGA and nMgO/PLGA nanocomposites. Improved dispersion of nanoparticles improved the adhesion of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on nHA/PLGA but decreased BMSC viability on nMgO/PLGA. This difference is likely because the chemistry of nHA and nMgO had different effects on BMSCs. This study provided a new process for enhancing dispersion of ceramic nanoparticles in a polymer matrix and revealed the effects of dispersion on optical properties and cell responses, which are valuable for engineering optimal ceramic/polymer nanocomposites for different biomedical applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2692–2707, 2018.
The Contribution of Attachment and Social Media Practices to Relationship Development
Authors: Sherrell Renee S. , Lambie Glenn W.
Published: June 2018

This study tested the hypothesized directional relationship that college students (N = 717; 10.1% response rate to an online survey) who score higher on measures of insecure attachment and social media practices would have lower relationship development quality scores. Structural equation modeling results indicated that participants with greater insecure attachment had lower relationship development quality (large effect size), whereas individuals with greater social media practices had higher relationship development quality scores. Implications for counselors are presented.
Mixed methods in psychotherapy research: A review of method(ology) integration in psychotherapy science
Authors: Bartholomew Theodore T. , Lockard Allison J.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Mixed methods can foster depth and breadth in psychological research. However, its use remains in development in psychotherapy research. Our purpose was to review the use of mixed methods in psychotherapy research.

Method

Thirty‐one studies were identified via the PRISMA systematic review method. Using Creswell & Plano Clark's typologies to identify design characteristics, we assessed each study for rigor and how each used mixed methods.

Results

Key features of mixed methods designs and these common patterns were identified: (a) integration of clients’ perceptions via mixing; (b) understanding group psychotherapy; (c) integrating methods with cases and small samples; (d) analyzing clinical data as qualitative data; and (e) exploring cultural identities in psychotherapy through mixed methods.

Conclusion

The review is discussed with respect to the value of integrating multiple data in single studies to enhance psychotherapy research.
Pharmacology of Antiretrovirals in the Female Genital Tract for HIV Prevention
Authors: Nicol Melanie R. , Corbino Joseph A. , Cottrell Mackenzie L.
Published: June 2018

Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a powerful tool that, as part of a comprehensive prevention package, has potential to significantly impact the HIV epidemic. PrEP effectiveness is believed to be dependent on the exposure and efficacy of antiretrovirals at the site of HIV transmission. Clinical trial results as well as modeling and simulation indicate the threshold of adherence required for PrEP efficacy of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate may differ between sites of HIV transmission with less forgiveness for missed doses in women exposed through genital tissue compared to people exposed through colorectal tissue. This suggests a role for local and host factors to influence mucosal pharmacology. Here we review the mucosal pharmacology of antiretrovirals in the female genital tract and explore potential determinants of PrEP efficacy. Host factors such as inflammation, coinfections, hormonal status, and the vaginal microbiome will be explored as well as the role of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters in regulating local drug exposure. The use of preclinical and early clinical models to predict clinical effectiveness is also discussed.
Nicotine treatment ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by suppressing MAdCAM-1 expression and leukocyte recruitment
Authors: Maruta Koji , Watanabe Chikako , Hozumi Hideaki , Kurihara Chie , Furuhashi Hirotaka , Takajo Takeshi , Okada Yoshikiyo , Shirakabe Kazuhiko , Higashiyama Masaaki , Komoto Shunsuke , Tomita Kengo , Nagao Shigeaki , Ishizuka Toshiaki , Miura Soichiro , Hokari Ryota
Published: June 2018

The enhanced recruitment of leukocytes to the inflamed colon is a key feature of ulcerative colitis (UC). The gut-specific adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte recruitment have emerged as recent therapeutic targets. Nicotine absorbed from smoking has been reported to work protectively in UC patients. Our hypothesis is that nicotine may suppress the aberrant leukocyte recruitment and colonic inflammation via the suppression of the overexpressed gut-specific adhesion molecules in the inflamed colon. To test this hypothesis, the severity of colitis and the degree of leukocyte recruitment induced by gut-specific adhesion molecules were assessed in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis mice (C57BL/6J mice treated with 3% DSS) with or without nicotine treatment. We also studied the in vitro changes in the expression of adhesion molecules by using a vascular endothelial cell line. DSS-induced colitis was accompanied by increases in disease activity index (DAI), histological score, recruitment of leukocytes, and the expression of adhesion molecules, mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) and VCAM-1. Nicotine treatment significantly attenuated MAdCAM-1 expression, leukocyte recruitment, DAI, and histological score. The expression of β7-integrin, the ligand for MAdCAM-1, on leukocytes was not affected by nicotine treatment. In vitro study, the TNF-α-enhanced mRNA expression of MAdCAM-1 was reduced by the coadministration of nicotine in a dose-dependent manner, possibly via nicotinic receptor activation. These results supported our hypothesis that nicotine treatment ameliorated colitis through the suppression of MAdCAM-1 expression on the microvessels in the inflamed colon. Further investigation is warranted on the role of nicotine in the treatment of UC.

Nicotine ameliorated the over-expressed MAdCAM-1 and inhibited leukocyte recruitment in murine colitis.
Synthesis of 13C‐labeled 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide‐1‐β‐D‐[13C5] ribofuranosyl 5′‐monophosphate
Authors: Zarkin Allison K. , Elkins Phyllis D. , Gilbert Amanda , Jester Teresa L. , Seltzman Herbert H.
Published: June 2018

5‐Aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide‐1‐β‐D‐[13C5] ribofuranosyl 5′‐monophosphate ([13C5 ribose] AICAR‐PO3H2) (6) has been synthesized from [13C5]adenosine. Incorporation of the mass‐label into [13C5 ribose] AICAR‐PO3H2 provides a useful standard to aid in metabolite identification and quantification in monitoring metabolic pathways. A synthetic route to the 13C‐labeled compound has not been previously reported. Our method employs a hybrid enzymatic, and chemical synthesis approach that applies an enzymatic conversion from adenosine to inosine followed by a ring‐cleavage of the protected inosine. A direct phosphorylation of the resulting 2′,3′‐isopropylidine acadesine (5) was developed to yield the title compound in 99% purity following ion exchange chromatography.
Characterization of monocytic and granulocytic subsets of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells in blood donors with occult hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Zhang Weiyun , Huang Jieting , Wang Min , Song Dandan , Liao Qiao , Rong Xia , Li Tingting , Allain Jean‐Pierre , Ren Guangli , Fu Yongshui , Li Chengyao
Published: June 2018

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate from many diseases. MDSCs are rarely explored in occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI). The frequency of monocytic MDSCs (M‐MDSCs) and granulocytic MDSCs (G‐MDSCs) in OBI carriers was analyzed for correlation with clinical parameters, which was no different between OBI and healthy individuals, whereas the frequency of M‐MDSCs but G‐MDSCs in OBI was significantly lower than that observed in chronic hepatitis B carriers (0.4% vs 0.7%, P = 0.0004). The frequency of MDSCs was not correlated with clinical parameters and viral load of OBI, suggesting that the absence of HBsAg in OBI carriers might not induce the accumulation of MDSCs.
Induction of defense responses against Magnaporthe oryzae in rice seedling by a new potential biocontrol agent Streptomyces JD211
Authors: Shao Zhengying , Li Zhang , Fu Yanhui , Wen Yangping , Wei Saijin
Published: June 2018

The induced resistance against plant pathogens via biocontrol agents is considered as an eco‐friendly and promising strategy. In this study, the induced resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) in rice seedling by a new potential biocontrol agent Streptomyces JD211 (JD211) was evaluated. The effects of JD211 on defense‐related enzymes activities and defense genes expression were investigated. The biocontrol efficacy of different JD211 concentrations was different, and the treatment of 10 g kg−1 JD211 achieved the highest biocontrol efficacy. Activities of catalase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) and β‐1,3‐glucanase significantly increased in the presence of JD211. The gene expression level of both PAL and pathogenesis related protein 1 increased when rice seedlings were inoculated with JD211 alone or co‐inoculated with M. oryzae, and the expression level of chitinase gene was enhanced by JD211 in the later stage. All results suggested that JD211 could increase the rice resistance by stimulating a series of defense responses, which was the result of induced systemic resistance by JD211. This work will provide a new biocontrol agent against Magnaporthe oryzae in rice seedling.
Scavenger Receptor A‐Mediated Targeting of Carboxylated Polyrotaxanes to Macrophages and the Impacts of Supramolecular Structure
Authors: Matsui Hideto , Tamura Atsushi , Osawa Mamoru , Tonegawa Asato , Arisaka Yoshinori , Matsumura Mitsuaki , Miura Hiroyuki , Yui Nobuhiko
Published: June 2018

Because macrophages are involved in the pathology of many diseases, targeting delivery of therapeutic molecules to macrophages is important issue. Polyrotaxanes (PRXs) composed of multiple cyclodextrins threaded with a linear polymer were utilized as a therapeutic agent for metabolic disease and for regulating cellular metabolism. For targeting delivery of PRXs to macrophages, carboxyethyl ether group‐modified PRXs (CEE‐PRXs) are designed for promoting interaction to macrophage scavenger receptor class A (SR‐A). The cellular internalization of anionic CEE‐PRXs in SR‐A‐positive macrophage‐like cells (RAW264.7) is remarkably higher than that of nonionic PRX, whereas the cellular internalization efficiency in SR‐A‐negative cells is comparable between anionic and nonionic PRX. Furthermore, the molecular weight of axle polymer and the number of CEE groups modified on PRX are found to be the predominant factors governing cellular internalization efficiency in SR‐A‐positive RAW264.7 cells. Thus, CEE‐PRXs are a promising design for targeting delivery of PRXs to macrophages.
Endothelialization and Anticoagulation Potential of Surface‐Modified PET Intended for Vascular Applications
Authors: Giol Elena Diana , Van Vlierberghe Sandra , Unger Ronald E. , Schaubroeck David , Ottevaere Heidi , Thienpont Hugo , Kirkpatrick Charles James , Dubruel Peter
Published: June 2018

In vascular tissue engineering, great attention is paid to the immobilization of biomolecules onto synthetic grafts to increase bio‐ and hemocompatibility—two critical milestones in the field. The surface modification field of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a well‐known vascular‐graft material, is matured and oversaturated. Nevertheless, most developed methods are laborious multistep procedures generally accompanied by coating instability or toxicity issues. Herein, a straightforward surface modification procedure is presented engineered to simultaneously promote surface endothelialization and anticoagulation properties via the covalent immobilization of gelatin through a photoactivated azide derivative. A complete physicochemical characterization and biological study including cytotoxicity and endotoxin testing are performed. In addition, biocompatibility toward small (diameter ≤ 6 mm) and/or large caliber (diameter ≥ 6 mm) vessels is assessed by micro‐ and macrovascular endothelial cell assays. Superior bio‐ and hemocompatibility properties are seen for the gelatin‐covalently modified PET surfaces compared to the conventional surface‐modification procedures based on physisorption.
Low dimensional instability for quasilinear problems of weighted exponential nonlinearity
Authors: Le Phuong
Published: June 2018

We prove a sharp Liouville type theorem for stable solutions of the equation
urn:x-wiley:0025584X:media:mana201700260:mana201700260-math-0002on the entire Euclidean space , where and f is a continuous and nonnegative function in such that as , where and . Our theorem holds true for and is sharp in the case .
Classification of the relative positions between a circular hyperboloid of one sheet and a sphere
Authors: Brozos‐Vázquez M. , Pereira‐Sáez M. J. , Souto‐Salorio M. J. , Tarrío‐Tobar A. D.
Published: June 2018

We characterize all possible relative positions between a circular hyperboloid of one sheet and a sphere through the roots of a characteristic polynomial associated to these quadrics.

As an application, this provides a method to detect contact between the 2 surfaces by a simple calculation in many real world applications.
Geometric analysis of a model for cross‐feeding in the chemostat
Authors: Rashkov Peter
Published: June 2018

A model for competition between bacterial strains in a chemostat is studied using a model reduction argument and phase portrait analysis for the specific case of trophic chain. The first strain feeds on glucose but secretes a metabolic intermediate (acetate), which the second strain consumes. However, the metabolic intermediate imposes a cost to growth to both strains. The geometric and asymptotic analysis of the reduced model allows a rigourous treatment of the role of this assumption in the emergence of coexistence (cross‐feeding) equilibria. Conditions for non‐existence of cross‐feeding equilibria are given for certain parameter ranges. In the case of trophic chains, existence of cross‐feeding equilibria does not rely only on the presence of the acetate specialist scavenging for the intermediate metabolite inside the resource‐limited chemostat environment. The glucose specialist must, in addition, possess a certain degree of tolerance to the metabolic intermediate. Relaxing the assumption of the cost of growth helps establish a cross‐feeding equilibrium.
Prospective: Is bipolar disorder being overdiagnosed?
Authors: Kelly Tammas
Published: June 2018

Objectives

Many studies indicate that bipolar disorders are underdiagnosed. Yet from 2007 to 2008, a series of publications asserted that bipolar disorders were being overdiagnosed. This review examines the methods used in the studies that reported bipolar disorders were being overdiagnosed.

Methods

A literature search for studies with original data related to overdiagnosis of bipolar disorders was performed.

Results

Four studies were found indicating bipolar disorders were being overdiagnosed. The Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (SCID) was used in the diagnostic process. The studies compared the clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder to a single SCID interview without interviewing family or reviewing old records. The studies assumed the SCID diagnosis was correct.

Conclusions

Numerous concerns were found. The SCID frequently missed diagnosis of bipolar, the definitions of bipolar disorder are so narrow and conservative that the outcomes of the studies may have been predetermined. Ultimately, the studies compared the strength of a diagnosis made by a treating psychiatrist to a SCID diagnosis collected with virtually no information from the clinician. The assumption that the SCID diagnosis is always correct and the clinician is always wrong is unsupportable. The premise that bipolar disorders are being overdiagnosed is unsupported by reasonable science.
Human apolipoprotein E as a reservoir of cryptic bioactive peptides: The case of ApoE 133‐167
Authors: Zanfardino Anna , Bosso Andrea , Gallo Giovanni , Pistorio Valeria , Di Napoli Michela , Gaglione Rosa , Dell'Olmo Eliana , Varcamonti Mario , Notomista Eugenio , Arciello Angela , Pizzo Elio
Published: June 2018

Bioactive peptides derived from the receptor‐binding region of human apolipoprotein E have previously been reported. All these peptides, encompassing fragments of this region or designed on the basis of short repeated cationic sequences identified in the same region, show toxic activities against a broad spectrum of bacteria and interesting immunomodulatory effects. However, the ability of these molecules to exert antibiofilm properties has not been described so far. In the present work, we report the characterization of a novel peptide, corresponding to residues 133 to 167 of human apolipoprotein E, here named ApoE (133‐167). This peptide, besides presenting interesting properties comparable with those reported for other ApoE‐derived peptides, such as a direct killing activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria or the ability to downregulate lipopolysaccharide‐induced cytokine release, is also endowed with significant antibiofilm properties. Indeed, the peptide is able to strongly affect the formation of the extracellular matrix and also the viability of encapsulated bacteria. Noteworthy, ApoE (133‐167) is not toxic toward human and murine cell lines and is able to assume ordered conformations in the presence of membrane mimicking agents. Taken together, collected evidences about biological and structural properties of ApoE (133‐167) open new perspectives in the design of therapeutic agents based on human‐derived bioactive peptides.
An overview of smart packaging technologies for monitoring safety and quality of meat and meat products
Authors: Ahmed Ishfaq , Lin Hong , Zou Long , Li Zhenxing , Brody Aaron L. , Qazi Ihsan Mabood , Lv Liangtao , Pavase Tushar Ramesh , Khan Mati Ullah , Khan Sohaib , Sun Lirui
Published: June 2018

The food packaging sector has experienced much development since its inception. In the past few decades, innovations in packaging sector have led to the development of smart packaging (SP) systems that carve a niche in a highly competitive food industry. SP systems have great potential for improving the shelf‐life, and safety of food products apart from their basic roles of protecting the products against unwanted biological, chemical, and physical damage and keeping them clean. Indicators and sensors, SP components, are used for real‐time monitoring of meat quality and subsequently inform the retailers and consumers about the freshness, microbiological, temperature, and shelf life status of the products. Barcodes and radio‐frequency identification tags are employed in meat packaging for real‐time information about the authenticity, and traceability of the products in the supply chain. Recently, innovations in SP technologies resulted in fast, sensitive, and effective detection, sensing, and record keeping of freshness, microbiological, and shelf life status of meat and meat products. The SP system shows promise for extensive utilization in the meat industry in response to the consumer appreciation for safe, and quality meat products, as well as their waste reduction notions. This paper gives an updated overview of ongoing scientific research, and recent technological advances that offer the perspectives of developing smart meat packaging systems that are capable of monitoring the physical, microbial, and chemical changes of the package contents from producer to the point of sale and even beyond, and remediating potential adverse reactions.
Statistical characterization of an urban dual‐polarized MIMO LMS channel
Authors: Nikolaidis Viktor , Moraitis Nektarios , Kanatas Athanasios G.
Published: June 2018

This paper presents a thorough statistical characterization of a dual‐polarized multiple‐input‐multiple‐output channel, based on a measurement campaign of 2 land mobile satellite link scenarios in urban environments. The received signal is decomposed into its large‐scale and small‐scale fading parts, which are separately evaluated and characterized. The large‐scale fading can be well approximated by the Lognormal distribution, whereas the small‐scale fading in line‐of‐sight condition can be characterized as a Rician channel with a strong direct component and high K‐factors. On the other hand, in nonline‐of‐sight cases, the fading can be approximated by Nakagami or Rician distribution with low K‐factors. The cross‐polar discrimination is found between 14.2 and 22.5 dB, whereas the cross‐polar isolation is found between 12.8 and 21 dB, respectively. Finally, assessing the diversity performance, applying the maximal ratio combining technique, it is found that the left‐hand circular polarized transmission outperforms the right‐hand circular polarized transmission, providing gains up to 2.5 dB, especially in nonline‐of‐sight cases. The low‐diversity gains indicate that beamforming would be preferable to be applied in the specific channel.
Ethoxy‐Ester Functionalized Imidazolium based Ionic Liquids for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Nirmale Trupti , Khupse Nageshwar , Gore Rohitkumar , Ambekar Jalindar , Kulkarni Milind , Varma Anjanikumar , Kale Bharat
Published: June 2018

Ethoxy ester functionalized imidazolium and bis(tri fluoromethanesulfonyl)imide based ionic liquids (ILs) are synthesized and considered as electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. The series of ethoxy ester functionalized ionic liquids were chosen with increase in ethoxy unit from one to three, followed by polymeric units. These ionic liquids provide both ester and ethoxy groups as interaction sites for Li+ ions enhancing the Li+ ion transportation, resulting in ionic conductivity of 10−3 Scm−1 at 25 °C, which is of 103 factor higher than ethoxy containing polyethylene oxide solid polymer electrolyte. It's noteworthy that the conductivity increases as ethoxy units are increased from one to three units, followed by a decrease for the polymeric ethoxy unit. Electrochemical stability window of these ionic liquids improves as the ethoxy groups are added to imidazolium cation. The Li/LiFePO4 cell fabricated with [ME3AMIm][TFSI] electrolyte shows good initial discharge capacity of 98.5 mAhg−1 at 0.05 C‐rate at room temperature, which gradually decreases with cycling. Systematic investigation of electrode surfaces by using SEM and EDX shows deposition of passivation layers on their surfaces. Ionic liquids fabricated by this facile method provide a promising model system for understanding the molecular interactions in promoting the lithium‐ion conduction mechanism. The advantages and the limits associated to series of ionic liquid electrolytes are critically investigated.
Synthesis of γ‐Valerolactone from Levulinic Acid and Formic Acid over Mg‐Al Hydrotalcite Like Compound
Authors: Hussain SK. , Velisoju Vijay Kumar , Rajan N. Pethan , Kumar Balla Putra , Chary Komandur V. R.
Published: June 2018

Catalytic transformation of levulinic acid (LA) with in situ hydrogen transfer from formic acid (FA) into γ‐valerolactone (GVL) was investigated over calcined Mg‐Al hydrotalcite catalysts under atmospheric N2 pressure. Several catalysts containing different Mg/Al mole ratio in between 1:4 to 7:1 were synthesized by co‐precipitation method. The catalytic performances of calcined Mg/Al hydrotalcite during LA hydrogenation were found to be much higher than pure magnesia (MgO) and physical mixture samples of MgO‐Al2O3. Pure MgO exhibited higher activity in the initial hours but a gradual deactivation was noticed during the course of reaction time. Under the optimised reaction conditions, the calcined Mg/Al hydrotalcite catalyst with Mg/Al ratio of 3:1 exhibited superior performance with high GVL selectivity of 98% and total conversion of LA till 10 h of reaction time. The synthesised catalysts were characterized by various spectroscopic and adsorption techniques. The catalytic activity results during hydrogenation are well supported by means of the findings of characterization of the catalysts.
Cobalt(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Functionally Substituted Alkynes and 1,3‐Diynes to 1,3,5,7‐Cyclooctatetraene in the Synthesis of Bicyclo[4.2.2]deca‐2,4,7,9‐tetraenes
Authors: D'yakonov Vladimir A. , Kadikova Gulnara N. , Gazizullina Guzel F. , Dzhemilev Usein M.
Published: June 2018

The [6π+2π]‐cycloaddition of O‐, S‐, N‐, Hal‐, and Si‐containing alkynes and 1,3‐diynes to 1,3,5,7‐cyclooctatetraene was accomplished for the first time using a Co(acac)2‐based four‐component catalytic system [Co(acac)2/dppe/Zn/ZnI2] to give previously undescribed functionally substituted bicyclo[4.2.2]deca‐2,4,7,9‐tetraenes in 72–95% yields. These products are of interest as key monomers for the synthesis of natural and synthetic biologically active compounds.
Natural Product Inspired Topology Directed Synthesis of Hybrid Macrocyclic Compounds: A Simple Approach to Natural Product Analogues
Authors: Gade Narendar Reddy , Iqbal Javed
Published: June 2018

Herein we report a new approach of designing natural product‐like macrolide analogues by combining the critical structural features of two different class of natural products. These critical structural features are structural motifs that are commonly present in each class of selected family of natural products. These molecules are synthesized by using Steglich esterification and ring‐closing metathesis as key reactions.
A parallel portfolio approach to configuration optimization for large software product lines
Authors: Shi Kai , Yu Huiqun , Guo Jianmei , Fan Guisheng , Yang Xingguang
Published: June 2018

Software product line (SPL) engineering demands for optimal or near‐optimal products that balance multiple often competing and conflicting objectives. A major challenge for large SPLs is to efficiently explore a huge space of various products and satisfy a large number of predefined constraints simultaneously. To improve the optimality and convergence speed, we propose a parallel portfolio approach, called IBEAPORT, which designs three algorithm variants by incorporating constraint solving into the indicator‐based evolutionary algorithm in different ways and performs these variants by utilizing parallelization techniques. Our approach utilizes the exploration capabilities of different algorithms and improves optimality as far as possible within a limited time budget. We evaluate our approach on five large‐scale real‐world SPLs. Empirical results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms the state of the art for all five SPLs on a quality indicator and a diversity indicator. Moreover, IBEAPORT quickly converges to a relatively stable hypervolume value even for the largest SPL with 6888 features.
Microaggressions and Social Class Identity in Higher Education and Student Affairs
Authors: Locke Leslie Ann , Trolian Teniell L.
Published: June 2018

In this chapter, we discuss microaggressions, or the everyday (and often unintended) incidents of discrimination that individuals from marginalized or underserved groups experience on college campuses as they relate to students’ social class identities—or simply, class‐based prejudices.
Minimum reinforcement revisited
Authors: Pérez Caldentey Alejandro , Garcia Roberto , Corres Peiretti Hugo
Published: June 2018

Minimum reinforcement has a significant impact on the economy and sustainability of concrete structures. Current code formulations do not always address all practical cases, in particular the amount of minimum reinforcement required in thick members, for which codes generally over‐estimate the necessary values. Also, some codes have formulations which are only applicable to limited conditions, or, as is the case of Eurocode 2, have a general formulation, which, however, is not easy to understand, is not complete, and still over‐estimates the necessary reinforcement. In the light of the revision of Eurocode 2, this paper proposes a general formulation for general cross sections formed by a combination of rectangles (rectangular, flanged, or box sections) subjected to both bending and axial force based on mechanical principles and provides a reduction in minimum reinforcement for thick members by allowing the formation of larger interior cracks while providing adequate control of surface cracks.
Cover Image, Volume 8, Issue 4
Authors: Usvyat Denis , Maschio Lorenzo , Schütz Martin
Published: June 2018

The cover image, by Denis Usvyat et al., is based on the Advanced Review Periodic and fragment models based on the local correlation approach, DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1357.

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Cover Image, Volume 9, Issue 4
Authors: Robin Jessica
Published: June 2018

The cover image, by Jessica Robin, is based on the Advanced Review Spatial scaffold effects in event memory and imagination, DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1462.

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Mellin bootstrap for scalars in generic dimension
Authors: Golden John , Mayerson Daniel R.
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We use the recently developed framework of the Mellin bootstrap to study perturbatively free scalar CFTs in arbitrary dimensions. This approach uses the crossing-symmetric Mellin space formulation of correlation functions to generate algebraic bootstrap equations by demanding that only physical operators contribute to the OPE. We find that there are no perturbatively interacting CFTs with only fundamental scalars in d > 6 dimensions (to at least second order in the perturbation). Our results can be seen as a modest step towards understanding the space of interacting CFTs in d > 6 and are consistent with the intuition that no such CFTs exist.
Reducing indwelling urinary catheter use through staged introduction of electronic clinical decision support in a multicenter hospital system
Authors: Youngerman Brett E. , Salmasian Hojjat , Carter Eileen J. , Loftus Michael L. , Perotte Rimma , Ross Barbara G. , Furuya E. Yoko , Green Robert A. , Vawdrey David K.
Published: June 2018

Objective

To integrate electronic clinical decision support tools into clinical practice and to evaluate the impact on indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) use and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This 4-phase observational study included all inpatients at a multicampus, academic medical center between 2011 and 2015.

Interventions

Phase 1 comprised best practices training and standardization of electronic documentation. Phase 2 comprised real-time electronic tracking of IUC duration. In phase 3, a triggered alert reminded clinicians of IUC duration. In phase 4, a new IUC order (1) introduced automated order expiration and (2) required consideration of alternatives and selection of an appropriate indication.

Results

Overall, 2,121 CAUTIs, 179,070 new catheters, 643,055 catheter days, and 2,186 reinsertions occurred in 3·85 million hospitalized patient days during the study period. The CAUTI rate per 10,000 patient days decreased incrementally in each phase from 9·06 in phase 1 to 1·65 in phase 4 (relative risk [RR], 0·182; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0·153–0·216; P<·001). New catheters per 1,000 patient days declined from 53·4 in phase 1 to 39·5 in phase 4 (RR, 0·740; 95% CI, 0·730; P<·001), and catheter days per 1,000 patient days decreased from 194·5 in phase 1 to 140·7 in phase 4 (RR, 0·723; 95% CI, 0·719–0·728; P<·001). The reinsertion rate declined from 3·66% in phase 1 to 3·25% in phase 4 (RR, 0·894; 95% CI, 0·834–0·959; P=·0017).

Conclusions

The phased introduction of decision support tools was associated with progressive declines in new catheters, total catheter days, and CAUTIs. Clinical decision support tools offer a viable and scalable intervention to target hospital-wide IUC use and hold promise for other quality improvement initiatives.
Advances and challenges in barcoding of microbes, parasites, and their vectors and reservoirs
Authors: MORAND SERGE
Published: June 2018

DNA barcoding is now a common tool in parasitology and epidemiology, which require good methods for identification not only of parasites and pathogens but vectors and reservoirs. This special issue presents some advances and challenges in barcoding of microbes, parasites, and their vectors and reservoirs. DNA barcoding found new applications in disease ecology, conservation parasitology, environmental parasitology and in paleoparasitology. New technologies such as next-generation sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight have made it now possible to investigate large samples of specimens. By allowing the investigation of parasites at the interface between environment, biodiversity, animal and human health, barcoding and biobanking have important policy outcomes as well as ethics and legal implications. The special issue ‘Advances and challenges in the barcoding of parasites, vectors and reservoirs’ illustrates some recent advances and proposes new avenues for research in barcoding in parasitology.
Pentecostal Identity and Citizen Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Evidence from Zambia
Authors: Sperber Elizabeth , Hern Erin
Published: June 2018

Since the 1980s, Pentecostal and other born again Christian movements have become increasingly prominent in the public spheres of many sub-Saharan African states. A dearth of reliable survey data has constrained investigation of the potential influence of these religious movements on political attitudes and participation. This article analyzes original survey data from Zambia, a majority-Christian nation. These data, from a stratified random sample of 1,500 Zambians, indicate that Pentecostals do in fact share partisan preferences and report higher levels of political interest and participation than other Christians. They are less likely, however, to contact elected officials—a finding that accords with ethnographic accounts of Pentecostal pastors as political interlocutors for their politically mobilized congregations. We further contextualize and explore the external validity of our findings using cross-national survey data collected by the Pew Forum (2010,N = 9,500). We conclude by underscoring the value of further survey research on religion and politics in the region.