bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHENOLOGY OF FALL DISPERSAL BY WINTERFORM PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) IN RELATION TO LEAF FALL AND WEATHER
Authors: Horton David R. , Burts Everett C. , Unruh Thomas R. , Krysan James L. , Coop Leonard B. , Croft Brian A.
Published: November 2009

Phenology of fall dispersal into apple orchards is described for winterform pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, in orchards located in Yakima and Wenatchee, Washington. Psylla in both regions first appeared on pear in mid to late September, reaching peak densities in late October or early to mid November, and then decreased in numbers to a low in December. Movement onto apple began in October; peak counts on apple occurred in late November to early December. There was considerable variation among years in phenology of leaf fall in pear and numbers of psylla entering apple. Leaf fall in pear was delayed in a cool, wet fall (1991) compared with warmer and drier years (1990 and 1992), and temperatures during leaf fall were consequently lower in 1991. Numbers of psylla moving onto apple were considerably lower in 1991 than 1990 or 1992. Catch on sticky traps and dispersal rates onto apple were both positively correlated with rates of leaf fall in pear, temperature, and density of psylla on pear.
PITYOPHTHORUS ORARIUS BRIGHT (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN A NORTHERN CALIFORNIA DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARD: EFFECT OF CLONE, TREE VIGOR, AND CONE CROP ON RATE OF ATTACK
Authors: Rappaport Nancy G. , Wood David L.
Published: November 2009

The geographic range of the Douglas-fir twig beetle, Pityophthorus orarius Bright, was extended beyond the original provenance of southern British Columbia to northern California. A survey of 457 Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] trees in 1985 revealed that those with heavy cone crops were more likely to be infested by twig beetles than were those with a light crop. Furthermore, attack rates differed among clones. A second survey done in 1987 confirmed the importance of clone and cone crop in attack rate. In this survey, stressed trees were attacked at a higher rate than unstressed trees. Beetle distributions appeared clumped in both surveys, possibly because of semio-chemicals or oviposition behavior.
POST-HARVEST RECOVERY OF RHAGOLETIS MENDAX CURRAN (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FROM LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY FRUIT
Authors: Dixon P.L. , Knowlton A.D.
Published: November 2009

A brown-sugar flotation technique, recovery trays, and fruit dissection, three methods for determining numbers of larvae of Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) from lowbush blueberry fruit, were tested at Kentville, Nova Scotia, in 1990. Similar numbers of larvae were detected by each method, with an average of 3.3, 5.2, and 17.3 larvae recovered at low, medium, and high levels of infestation, respectively. Recovery trays require a minimum of labour but results are available only after 2 weeks, and thus they are of no use for rapid determination. For quality or quarantine inspections, brown-sugar flotation should be used.
STREPSIPTERA OF SOUTH FLORIDA AND THE BAHAMAS WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES OF CORIOXENIDAE
Authors: Kathirithamby Jeyaraney , Peck Stewart B.
Published: November 2009

Eight species of Strepsiptera have been reported so far from Florida, but none from the Bahamas. This study reports five species from southern subtropical Florida, and one species from Andros Island, the Bahamas. Of these, Floridoxenos monroensis gen.nov., sp.nov. Kathirithamby and Peck (Corioxenidae: Corioxeninae) is described and added to the subfamily Corioxeninae based on the 4-segmented tarsi without claws; Strichotrema beckeri (Oliveira and Kogan) (Myrmecolacidae) of Brazil is reported from the United States for the first time; a second record for Elenchus koebelei Pierce (Elenchidae) from Florida is reported; and Caenocholax fenyesi Pierce (Myrmecolacidae) is a new record for Bahamas. This latter species is generally a widespread parasite of fire ants in the southern parts of North America, in the West Indies, and in the northern Neotropics.
REVISION OF NORTH AMERICANAGABUSLEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE):LUTOSUS-,OBSOLETUS-, ANDFUSCIPENNIS-GROUPS
Authors: Larson D.J.
Published: November 2009

Species ofAgabusof thelutosus-,obsoletus-, andfuscipennis-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are revised. Members of thelutosus- andobsoletus-groups are restricted to the Cordilleran and Great Plains regions of temperate western North America. Within this region, the species of each group are largely parapatric. Three species are assigned to thelutosus-group:A.lutosusLeConte along the Pacific Coast;A.griseipennisLeConte in the Great Basin, Rocky Mountain, and Great Plains regions; andA.rumppiLeech in the southern deserts.Agabus lutosusandA.griseipennishybridize in the Pacific Northwest;A.lutosus mimusLeech is synonymized withA.lutosus. Theobsoletus-group contains five species:A.obsoletusLeConte,A.morosusLeConte, andA.ancillusFall along the Pacific Coast and the Sierra Nevada Mountains;A.hoppingiLeech in the Sierra Nevada Mountains; andA.obliteratusLeConte, containing two subspecies,A.o.obliteratusandA.o.nectrisLeech, new status, with a wide range including the Great Plains and Cordillera but not reaching the Pacific Coast. The four species of thefuscipennis-group,A.ajaxFall,A.coxalisSharp,A.fuscipennis(Paykull), andA.infuscatusAubé, are boreal and all exceptA.ajaxare Holarctic.Agabus coxalisis restricted to northwestern North America, the other three species are transcontinental.For each species the following information is provided: synonymy, description, and illustrations of taxonomically important characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities. Group diagnoses and keys to the species of each group are presented. A correction to the key to species groups of North AmericanAgabus(Larson 1989) is made with the addition of a couplet to include theobsoletus-group. Lectotypes are designated forA.discolorLeConte andA.obliteratusLeConte.
TYCHIUS MELILOTI STEPHENS NEW TO CANADA WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF TYCHIUS GERMAR INTRODUCED INTO NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Anderson R.S. , Howden A.T.
Published: November 2009

Four species of Tychius have been introduced into North America from Europe: Tychius picirostris (Fabricius) (host plants: Trifolium spp.), widespread in North America; T. cuprifer (Panzer) (host plants: Trifolium spp., Teline monspessulana L.), known only from Maryland, USA; T. meliloti Stephens, new North American record (host plants: Melilotus spp.), known from scattered localities in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec, Canada; and T. stephensi Schoenherr (host plants: Trifolium spp.), widespread in North America. Keys to separate the species are presented.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES BY THE CRUCIFER FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE)
Authors: Turnock W.J. , Turnbull S.A.
Published: November 2009

The contact toxicities of 11 insecticides were determined with a Potter spray tower using adults of crucifer flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) collected from three locations over a 3-year period. Flea beetles collected from an experimental farm at London, Ontario, where no insecticides had been used, were compared with those from canola-growing areas near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and Winnipeg, Manitoba. Lindane, in a seed dressing, is widely used in both Saskatchewan and Manitoba whereas carbofuran, as in-furrow granules, has been more heavily used in Manitoba than in Saskatchewan. The flea beetles from Winnipeg were significantly less susceptible to all three carbamates tested (carbofuran, carbaryl, oxamyl) than those from Saskatoon or London. Both the Winnipeg and Saskatoon flea beetles were significantly less susceptible to methamidophos than the London population but not to the other organophosphates, the organochlorine (endosulfan), or the pyrethroids that were tested. These differences may indicate resistance in the Manitoba population, but this low level would not affect the efficacy of the currently recommended insecticides. The results emphasize the need to develop control strategies that will minimize the chances that the level of resistance will increase.
TAXONOMIC NOTES ON THE GENUSNEOSYMYDOBIUSBAKER WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

Neosymydobius neomexicanussp.nov.,N.peregrinussp.nov.,N.acutipilosussp.nov.,N.rumorosensissp.nov., andN.paucisetosussp.nov. are described and their relationship with other species is discussed. A lectotype ofN.agrifoliae(Essig) was chosen from Essig’s type specimens. The taxonomic position ofNeosymydobiusis evaluated and a key for the identification of the presently known species is presented.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE PERILISSUS ANATINUS SPECIES GROUP AND NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SPECIES GROUPS OF PERILISSUS (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE, CTENOPELMATINAE)
Authors: Barron John
Published: November 2009

Individuals of Perilissus nudus sp.nov. of the Perilissus anatinus species group are described. This species, which occurs in the mountain ranges of southern Mexico and Costa Rica, is compared with the closely related species P. anatinus Barron. Locality data on additional specimens of P. anatinus, found in mountain ranges in Mexico, are included. Study of characteristics of P. nudus in relation to P. anatinus clarifies further the relationship of this species group with the other species groups of Perilissus.
CYTOGENETICS OF THE SIMULIUM VENUSTUMIVERECUNDUM COMPLEX (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) ON THE AVALON PENINSULA, NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: McCreadie John W. , Adler Peter H. , Colbo Murray H.
Published: November 2009

Results are presented for a 4-year (1986–1989) cytological survey of the Simulium venustum/verecundum complex on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada. Based on 4578 larval identifications from 72 sites, six species in the S. venustum/verecundum complex were found: S. truncatum Lundström (= S. venustum EFG/C), S. venustum CC2, S. venustum CC3, S. venustum AC(gB), S. verecundum Stone and Jamnback (= S. verecundum AA), and S. rostratum Lundström (= S. verecundum ACD). The possibility that S. venustum A/C and S. venustum Say (= S. venustum CC) exist on the Avalon Peninsula in low numbers cannot be excluded, although this is doubtful. Discoveries of EFG/C and CC2 reciprocal sex exceptions support the hypothesis that exceptional individuals are the product of crossover. Cytological results confirm the supposition that S. truncatum, S. venustum CC2, S. venustum CC3, S. venustum AC(gB), S. verecundum AA, and S. rostratum are all distinct species. Results are interpreted within the broader geographic context of the S. venustum/verecundum complex. Three new cytotypes are recognized: one, from Quebec, we place under AC(gB); the other two, from the eastern United States, fall under CC2.
ADULT AGE AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN STABLE FLY POPULATIONS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Krafsur E.S. , Moon R.D. , Lysyk T.J.
Published: November 2009

The pterin age-grading method was applied to natural populations of stable flies sampled for 3 years from diverse locations in Minnesota and Iowa. Significant differences were detected among years in mean degree-day ages per fly. Fly ages, in degree-day units, were exponentially distributed. A two-parameter Weibull distribution closely fit the fly survival distributions. Mean expectations of life did not differ significantly between males and females and were estimated to be 86.6 degree-days above a 6.5 °C threshold. Conventional age-grading techniques based on ovarian morphology applied to Iowa females showed that large fractions of the populations experienced delays in vitellogenesis. The reproductive rate, in terms of lifetime ovipositions, was less than the maximum sustainable rate suggested by ambient temperatures.
PHYSICAL STRESSORS AFFECTING INTERACTIONS OF SPODOPTERA EXIGUA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND AN ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE
Authors: Thurston Graham S. , Kaya Harry K.
Published: November 2009

Cuticular damage of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) pupae, caused by puncturing with a sterilized insect pin, resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), but cold shock (5 °C for 24 h) did not alter susceptibility. The additional avenue of entry for the nematode probably accounted for the increased mortality of the damaged pupae. In all treatments, some dead pupae contained Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Poinar and Thomas), the symbiotic bacterium of S. carpocapsae, but no nematodes. More nematode-killed pupae containing X. nematophilus but no nematodes were found in the cold-shock treatment than in the room-temperature control (62.6 versus 46.9%). In contrast, fewer nematode-killed pupae containing X. nematophilus but no nematodes were found in the damaged pupae compared with the undamaged control (25.0 versus 45.1%). Moreover, mortality of nematodes within the cadavers of cold-shocked insects was higher than in the cadavers of non-cold-shocked insects. These results suggest that the stressors, cold shock and cuticular damage, produce fundamentally different responses in insects exposed to them, and that the physiological state of the insect greatly influences nematode survival in the host and hence nematode recycling in the environment.
THE ROLE OF FUNGI VECTORED BYDENDROCTONUS BREVICOMISLECONTE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN OCCLUSION OF PONDEROSA PINE XYLEM
Authors: Hobson K.R. , Parmeter J.R. , Wood D.L.
Published: November 2009

Following attack byDendroctonus brevicomisLeConte, ponderosa pines were periodically sampled over 7 weeks. Xylem water conduction was assessed using a dye flow technique. Fungal isolations were made from functioning and occluded xylem. NeitherOphiostoma nigrocarpum(Davids.) de Hoog or other bluestain fungi were commonly found at the interface of the occluded and functioning xylem. Instead, blue-stain fungi appear to colonize already occluded xylem, not cause xylem occlusion by direct hyphal penetration of functioning sapwood. No evidence for a mutualistic association ofD.brevicomisand its vectored bluestain fungi was found.
BIODIVERSITY OFNABICULAKIRBY SPECIES (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE) IN CANADA: FAUNISTIC REVIEW, BIOECOLOGY, BIOGEOGRAPHY
Authors: Larivière M.-C.
Published: November 2009

Seven species ofNabiculaKirby occur in Canada:N.americolimbata(Carayon),N.flavomarginata(Scholtz),N.limbata(Dahlbom),N.nigrovittata nearctica(Kerzhner),N.propinqua(Reuter),N.subcoleoptrataKirby, andN.vanduzeei(Kirkaldy), of whichN.limbatais officially recorded for the first time for North America. A faunistic review of the species, key to all taxa, generic diagnosis, and characters distinguishing male and female last-instar nymphs are presented. As appropriate for each species, die following are provided: synonymy, description of adult, wing polymorphism, taxonomic comments, detailed geographical distribution, bioecology, and illustration of important structural characters and nymphal instars. The last-instar nymphs ofN.americolimbata,N.nigrovittata nearctica,N.propinqua,N.subcoleoptrata, andN.vanduzeeiare described and illustrated for the first time. The biogeography ofNabiculais considered with regard to species diversity patterns, ecological assemblages, species distribution patterns, and relationships between macroptery and geographical distribution.
A NEW SPECIES OF NEOMEONEURITES HENNIG (DIPTERA: CARNIDAE) FROM ARGENTINA, WITH A DISCUSSION OF MALE POSTABDOMINAL STRUCTURE IN THE GENUS
Authors: Wheeler Terry A.
Published: November 2009

Neomeoneurites dissitus sp.nov., the second known species of the genus, is described from Neuquén territory, Argentina. The generic diagnosis is revised to accommodate the species. The structure of the male postabdomen of Neomeoneurites is discussed and some errors in previous interpretations of the postabdomen are corrected. Synapomorphic characters of the male postabdomen in Neomeoneurites include extensive fusion of the hypandrium and sternite 8, loss of the phallic guide, well-developed posteroventral hypandrial projections, and surstyli that are completely fused with the epandrium.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM: George E. Ball: Student and Exponent of Diversity
Authors: Spence John R. , Heming Bruce S.
Published: November 2009

George Ball, longtime Professor of Entomology at the University of Alberta, has retired. This does not mean that his contributions to entomology will cease; in fact, this academic earthquake will surely unleash a new tidal wave of excellent systematic work about ground-beetles. Nevertheless, many of George's friends, colleagues, and former students gathered in Edmonton on 6 November 1992 to participate in an entomological symposium entitled “Ball's Circle: a merry go 'round of systematics” to mark this occasion and to celebrate George's outstanding record of achievement as an entomologist and university teacher. We begin the proceedings with some rather personal reflections about George.
VICARIANCE EVENTS IN THE BIOGEOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF PANSCOPUS SCHÖNHERR WEEVILS IN NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: ENTIMINAE)
Authors: Spanton T.G.
Published: November 2009

A phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among the species of the broad-nosed weevil genus Panscopus Schönherr indicates sister-taxon relationships between pairs of species, and pairs of ancestral lineages, which today exhibit disjunctions between their geographical distributions. The range disjunctions in these sister lineages appear to correlate with known geological or palaeoecological events. These correlates suggest dates of later Eocene to Miocene for some branching points in the phylogeny. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that one or more ancestral form(s) of Panscopus were extant by the Eocene or earlier, and that most of the cladogenesis in the history of this genus occurred likely in middle to late Tertiary times. These hypotheses, in turn, suggest that adelognathan weevils must be a much older group than the oldest known representative fossils would suggest (Eocene), and that they likely arose during the Mesozoic.
THE EXTRAORDINARY LARVAL CHARACTERS OFCARENUMBONELLI AND THEIR BEARING ON THE PHYLOGENY OF THE SCARITITAE (COLEOPTERA; CARABIDAE)
Authors: Moore B.P. , Lawrence J.F.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of the Australian fossorial carabidCarenum anthracinumMacleay are described from reared material and compared with the reared larva ofC.elegansMacleay and eight different unassociated larval types belonging to the complex. These larvae exhibit an extraordinary range of character states indicating clearly that their placement in the tribe Scaritini cannot be retained. An examination of adult characters and, in particular, the fore tibial dentition confirms thatCarenumand allied genera form a separate tribe, the Carenini, which appears to be a sister group of the remaining Scaritini (including Clivinina).
SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF PILIPALPINAE (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONOIDEA) AND COMPOSITION OF PYROCHROIDAE
Authors: Pollock Darren A.
Published: November 2009

Based on external and internal structural features of larvae and adults, the phylogeny of Trictenotomidae, Salpingidae, Pythidae, Boridae,TydessaPeacock (included previously in Pilipalpinae), Pilipalpinae, Pyrochroinae, and Pedilinae is reconstructed as: (Trictenotomidae + Salpingidae + Pythidae) + (Boridae + {Tydessa+ [Pilipalpinae + (Pyrochroinae + Pedilinae)]}). The genusTydessais placed in its own monobasic subfamily, Tydessinae. Both Tydessinae and Pilipalpinae are included in Pyrochroidae, along with Pyrochroinae, Pedilinae, and possiblyCononotusandAgnathus. A historical account of the classification of Pilipalpinae is presented, along with a revised subfamilial classification of Pyrochroidae and Pythidae.
STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL SCARITINI. II. FORCIPATORINA AND CLIVININA LIMITS, WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW GENERA (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Perrault Georges G.
Published: November 2009

The various characteristics used to describe Forcipatorina and to fix its limits with Clivinina are analyzed and checked against the different genera concerned. New definitions for the subtribes and a key to the genera included in Forcipatorina are given. It is shown that the genusStratiotesPutzey s is heterogenous and must be divided into several genera, two of which are described as new:KultianellaandWhiteheadiana.
ESTABLISHMENT OF OLESICAMPE GENICULATAE QUEDNAU AND LIM (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) TO CONTROL THE MOUNTAIN ASH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA GENICULATA (HARTIG) (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: West R.J. , Dixon P.L. , Quednau F.W. , Lim K.P. , Hiscock K.
Published: November 2009

Mated female Olesicampe geniculatae Quednau and Lim were released in St. John’s, Newfoundland, to establish a biological control against the mountain ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Hartig). Two hundred and fifty-nine females were released during 1981–1984 in a field cage constructed over a mountain ash tree and provided with thousands of host larvae; 171 females were released outside the cage in 1984. A second open release of 368 P. geniculata cocoons, obtained as larvae from the field cage and presumably parasitized by O. geniculatae, was made in 1986 at Pasadena in western Newfoundland. Olesicampe geniculatae rapidly established in the St. John’s area where host populations dropped to insignificant levels by 1990. Island-wide monitoring during 1989 and 1990 indicated that O. geniculatae had spread to the west and south coasts, at rates as high as 50 km per year. Effective and persistent suppression of P. geniculata by O. geniculatae is anticipated.
RESOURCE PARTITIONING IN A GUILD OF MARSH-DWELLING AGONUM (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Landry Jean-François
Published: November 2009

The spatial and temporal distribution of microsympatric species of marsh-inhabiting Agonum were investigated in central Alberta. Agonum nigriceps LeC., A. ferruginosum Dej., A. thoreyi Dej., and A. lutulentum (LeC.) were the most abundant carabid species in the emergent vegetation of the flooded zone. Agonum nigriceps was segregated from the other species through habitat use, being most abundant in emergent sedge tussocks. Agonum ferruginosum was most abundant in floating cattail mats, whereas A. thoreyi was rather evenly distributed across macrohabitats. Within flooded macrohabitats both A. ferruginosum and A. thoreyi predominantly occupied microsites with emergent substrate or clumps of dead vegetation. In one marsh where A. ferruginosum co-occurred with A. lutulentum, their macrohabitat distributions were mutually exclusive. Reproduction began earlier and teneral adults emerged earlier for both A. nigriceps and A. ferruginosum than for A. thoreyi. Agonum nigriceps, A. ferruginosum, and A. thoreyi were all nocturnal and showed no differences in daily activity pattern. In laboratory experiments, adults of A. nigriceps displayed the highest propensity to climb on narrow vertical structures, a behavior correlated with their main habitat association with structurally simple emergent sedge habitat. Adults of A. nigriceps are cryptically colored to blend into their habitat background.
REVISION OF NEARCTIC SPECIES OFCEROMYAROBINEAU-DESVOIDY (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: O’Hara James E.
Published: November 2009

Nine species ofCeromyaRobineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae: Siphonini) are recognized in the Nearctic region, including four new species, and one described species known previously only from the Palearctic region. The species are arranged into three species groups, with each group hypothesized to be monophyletic and each containing extralimital members. The three species groups and nine Nearctic species are as follows: thebicolor-group withC.bicolor(Meigen) (a Holarctic species newly recorded from the Nearctic region); theflaviseta-group withC.Ontario(Curran) andC.palloris(Coquillett); and theamericana-group withC.americana(Townsend),C.ballisp.nov. (type-locality Masham Township, Quebec, Canada),C.elyii(Walton),C.flavasp.nov. (type-locality Masham Township, Quebec, Canada),C.orienssp.nov. (type-locality Masham Township, Quebec, Canada), andC.occidentalissp.nov. (type-locality Lakelse Lake, British Columbia, Canada). Thebicolor-group has an Old World – Nearctic distribution, theflaviseta-group has an European–Nearctic distribution, and theamericana-group has a Neotropical–Nearctic distribution. Adults of the nine Nearctic species ofCeromyaare keyed and described, known hosts are listed (including corrections to published records), distributions are mapped, and taxonomically useful features are illustrated.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE MAJOR SUBGROUPS OF BRACHYCERA (DIPTERA): A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: Griffiths Graham C.D.
Published: November 2009

Six major subgroups of the Brachycera are recognized under the names Stratiomyomorpha, Vermileonomorphanew infraorder, Tabanomorpha, Nemestrinoidea, Pleroneura, and Eremoneura. Recent suggestions regarding the possible sister-group of the Brachycera are reviewed, and all found to be inadequately supported. Characters used to support possible relationships between the major subgroups (i.e. possible synapomorphies) are reviewed with respect to morphological interpretation and polarity. On the basis of this analysis, five partly conflicting possible groupings are discussed: (1) all other Brachycera as the sister-group of the Stratiomyomorpha; (2) Muscomorpha sensu Woodley (Nemestrinoidea + Heterodactyla); (3) inclusion of Nemestrinoidea in Tabanomorpha; (4) Heterodactyla sensu Lameere (Pleroneura + Eremoneura); and (5) an asilotabaniform group (Vermileonomorpha + Tabanomorpha + Nemestrinoidea + Pleroneura). Resolution of conflicts among these possible groupings will require critical morphological studies of the phallic complex and embryological studies of groups of Brachycera other than Cyclorrhapha. Because of present uncertainties, it is recommended that authors consider alternatives rather than rely on a single preferred concept of phytogeny at this time. Autapomorphies of the major subgroups are discussed in an appendix.
DIAPAUSE INDUCTION IN THE HORN FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Lysyk T.J. , Moon R.D.
Published: November 2009

Laboratory studies of diapause induction in the horn fly Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) indicated that the incidence of diapause was unrelated to daylength or the number of day–night cycles. Transfer experiments were conducted to estimate the beginning and end of diapause sensitivity and the required number of days for diapause induction. On average, sensitivity was between the ages 0.10 and 0.82 on a physiological age scale of immature development. The number of days required for 50% diapause was estimated as 19.1 days. A model was developed relating the proportion of insects in diapause to the number of days spent in the interval 0.10–0.82. Additional experiments revealed that diapause in the puparia was related to the mean temperatures experienced by immatures during the interval of sensitivity. An equation relating the proportion in diapause to temperature was also developed and compared with the required day number model. Both models provided similar estimates of the proportion of horn flies entering diapause.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ADULT ECLOSION, OVIPOSITION, AND PARASITISM AND PREDATION OF EGGS OF THE SPRUCE BUD MOTH, ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Ostaff Donald P. , Quiring Dan T.
Published: November 2009

Spruce bud moth adults eclosed in mid-July and completed oviposition within a period of 2 weeks at 8- and 11-year-old white spruce plantations and at an old-field site in northern New Brunswick. Parasitism of bud moth eggs by Trichogramma sp. started less than 14 days after the beginning of adult bud moth eclosion and increased until the middle of August. The temporal patterns of egg parasitism and predation of viable bud moth eggs were similar in 1988 when most mortality occurred during the 2 weeks following the end of oviposition. At two sites studied in 1989, most parasitism occurred during the 4–5 weeks, and predation during the 1–3 weeks following the end of oviposition. Examination of temporal patterns of parasitoid eclosion and of the incidence of parasitism suggests that second-generation parasitoids attacked bud moth eggs at two of three sites. Depending on site and collection date, predators either showed a strong preference for unparasitized eggs or ate similar proportions of unparasitized and parasitized eggs. The incidence of egg parasitism and predation was not influenced by egg density in 1988. In 1989, a weak negative relationship between the number of eggs per cluster and the incidence of egg parasitism was not significant. However, a significant proportion of the variation in percentage egg parasitism was attributable to the interaction between egg density per shoot and collection date.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN QUEBEC BY AUGMENTATIVE RELEASES OF THE TWO-SPOTTED STINKBUG PERILLUS BIOCULATUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Cloutier Conrad , Bauduin France
Published: November 2009

Field plot tests during two seasons show that augmentative releases of Perillus bioculatus can control first-generation eggs and larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) under Quebec short-season conditions. Stinkbugs mass-reared on CPB were introduced manually as 2nd- and 3rd-stage nymphs during spring oviposition of the beetle at densities of one nymph per 50–225 CPB eggs recruited per plant, in 0.025-ha plots. Sampling at intervals of 1–3 days measured predator establishment, CPB egg and larval mortality, and foliage protection level. Direct observations were used to document predator-prey relationships and to determine weather conditions favourable to P. bioculatus.

In the 1 st-year test, with predators released over all plants within plots, CPB control was compared among: (1) stinkbugs alone, (2) the bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) as Trident™, (3) a combination of both control alternatives, and (4) no protection against the CPB. BT and stinkbugs, both alone and in combination, produced significant control as measured by percentage reductions in prepupal drop to the ground, new adult emergence, and foliage protection. Only treatments involving P. bioculatus reduced CPB egg eclosion which was the key control factor; it is strongly correlated with overall control level.

In the 2nd-year test, predators were released in a central area comprising only 25% of all plants within plots. Predator and CPB egg mass densities were manipulated to produce predator: prey ratios of 0:1, 0:2, 1.5:2, 1.5:1, 3:2, and 3:1, representing average ratios of 0, 1.5,or 3 P. bioculatus per plant, and 1 or 2 CPB egg masses per plant at release time. As expected, central release produced complex interactions between control, and predator and prey densities. High beetle density slowed predator emigration from the centre, more so at low predator density than at high predator density. Predators moved more quickly within the same row than across rows. CPB eggs were destroyed in large numbers in both years but in 1993, final control correlated with larval rather than egg predation. A maximum 80% reduction in prepupal drop to the ground was obtained at the 3:1 predator:prey ratio (1 P. bioculatus:95 CPB eggs recruited per plant).

The results prove the efficacy of P. bioculatus for biological control of first-generation L. decemlineata populations, at densities resulting in approximately 300 eggs laid per plant during spring oviposition in the study area. Despite low natural populations of P. bioculatus and unclear prospects for commercial availability at reasonable cost, it is evident that stinkbug releases have potential as a non-chemical control measure within an IPM program in Quebec potato production.
EFFECTS OF THE POTATO APHID MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON OILSEED FLAX, AND STAGE-SPECIFIC THRESHOLDS FOR CONTROL
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J. , Kenaschuk E.O.
Published: November 2009

The potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), infests oilseed flax, Linum usitatissimum L., when the crop is flowering and developing seeds. Field studies in cages, open plots, and commercial fields showed that the aphid can cause yield losses of 20% or more, but reduces the weight of individual seeds only slightly and has no effect on oil quality. A single application of a foliar insecticide at full bloom or the green boll stage will control the potato aphid until harvest. The yield loss of flax is 0.021 t/ha per aphid per plant for crops sampled at full bloom and 0.008 t/ha per aphid per plant for crops sampled at the green boll stage. The economic threshold for the potato aphid in flax is three aphids per plant at full bloom and eight aphids per plant at the green boll stage, based on crop prices and control costs from 1990 to 1992. Aphids should be controlled as soon as the economic threshold is exceeded. If control is not warranted at full bloom, aphid densities should be assessed again at the green boll stage. The effective use of growth-stage-specific sampling and economic thresholds will maximize the benefits of insecticide use for producers and minimize unnecessary or ineffectively timed applications.
NEW PALAEARCTIC SPECIES OF SPALANGIOPELTA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA: PTEROMALIDAE: CEINAE)
Authors: Darling D. Christopher
Published: November 2009

New information concerning Palaearctic species of Spalangiopelta is provided. Two new species are described and illustrated: S. alboaculeatasp. nov. (type locality: England, Cambridgeshire, Santon Downham) and S. hikosp. nov. (type locality: Japan, Kyushu, Mt. Hiko). Additional information and illustrations are provided for S. procera; the male is described and illustrated for the first time, and notes and photomicrographs of the forewing and antenna are used to augment the previous descriptions of the female. The male of S. dudichi is also described and illustrated for the first time. Notes are provided to accommodate these new species and males in the key to world species of Spalangiopelta (Darling 1991) and the phylogenetic and biogeographic implications are discussed.
EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF CHLORPYRIFOS AND CYPERMETHRIN ON MORTALITY OF CORN EARWORM AND FALL ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE
Authors: Chandler L.D. , Robertson J.L. , Preisler H.K.
Published: November 2009

Mixtures of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were tested against 1-day-old larvae of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), to determine the type of joint action involved in insect mortality. Statistical analyses indicated that mixtures of both insecticides interacted additively in both species. Chlorpyrifos alone was not as effective against larvae of fall armyworm as it was against larvae of corn earworm. No apparent differences in toxicity between the two species were observed with cypermethrin.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON TOXICITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS TO THE OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Li S.Y. , Fitzpatrick S.M. , Isman M.B.
Published: November 2009

In recent years, the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has become a major pest of raspberries in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia (Anonymous 1994). Overwintering C. rosaceana larvae begin feeding on raspberry leaf buds in early April. Heavy infestation causes serious damage to raspberry plants. Larvae of the first generation hatch in late June to early July, and feed on growth terminals and berries. The occurrence of this generation usually coincides with berry harvesting time. Because the larvae are shaken from the plants by the harvesting machine, C. rosaceana can be a major contaminant of machine-harvested berries.
AMPLIFIED MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AS A DIAGNOSTIC MARKER FOR SPECIES OF CONIFER-FEEDINGCHORISTONEURA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sperling Felix A.H. , Hickey Donal A.
Published: November 2009

We describe a method for identifying conifer-feeding species and lineages ofChoristoneuraLederer in Canada and Alaska. The method relies on amplification of mitochondrial (mt) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR); amplified DNA is then digested with restriction enzymes to give characteristic DNA fragment patterns. We used the cytochrome oxidase I and II genes of mtDNA, which were previously shown to contain numerous nucleotide differences at the level of species. Ten restriction enzymes were surveyed and a combination of two of these (EcoR V +Hinf I) was sufficient to distinguish the major mtDNA lineages.Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens),C.pinusFreeman, andC.rosaceana(Harris) were readily distinguished from each other and from an assemblage of three putative western species (C.occidentalisFreeman.C.oraeFreeman, andC.biennisFreeman). The three western species have the same mtDNA marker pattern in most individuals and, although ecologically differentiated, their populations may actually be conspecific. At one locality in Alaska, pheromone traps bailed with lures forC.fumiferanaattract moths withC.fumiferanamtDNA, and lures forC.oraeattract moths with mtDNA that is characteristic of the western assemblage. This demonstrates geographic overlap of genetically distinct species in Alaska. The same two separate mtDNA lineages co-occur at two localities in Alberta, but pheromone attraction is unknown. In British Columbia, populations identified asC.biennisandC.occidentaliscontain a few individuals with divergent mtDNA genotypes, the significance of which remains unclear. Amplified mtDNA thus provides a convenient, reliable marker for surveying genetic variation within species and for studying interactions among species of theC.fumiferanagroup.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE ON THE CAPACITY OF AN ICE-NUCLEATING-ACTIVE BACTERIUM AND FUNGUS TO REDUCE INSECT COLD-TOLERANCE
Authors: Fields Paul , Pouleur Stéphan , Richard Claude
Published: November 2009

Cold treatment is used to control the rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae), the predominant insect pest of stored grain in Canada. However, because it is difficult to cool the grain enough to control C. ferrugineus quickly, we have examined ways to reduce the cold-tolerance of adult C. ferrugineus, the most cold-hardy stage. We compared the efficacy of two ice nucleators, Pseudomonas syringae and Fusarium avenaceum, to decrease cold-tolerance of this insect, as well as their thermal stability. Ice nuclei from the bacteria P. syringae raised C. ferrugineus supercooling point from −17 to −6 °C, and increased mortality at −9°C for 24 h from 11 to 100%. Pseudomonas syringae held at 30°C for 16 weeks showed only a slight decline in its ability to reduce C. ferrugineus cold-tolerance. The fungus F. avenaceum raised the supercooling point of C. ferrugineus from −17 to −9°C, but only increased the mortality at −9°C for 24 h from 10 to 33%. Wheat treated with F. avenaceum and held at 30°C for 4 weeks reduced the cold-hardiness of C. ferrugineus, but had no effect after 8 weeks at 30°C. One reason for the difference between the two nucleators is that P. syringae had approximately 1000 times more ice nuclei per gram than did F. avenaceum. These results suggest that P. syringae is stable enough to reduce C. ferrugineus cold-tolerance after several weeks on warm grain. We discuss possible ways to increase the ice-nucleating activity of F. avenaceum.
BORNEOL AS AN ATTRACTANT FOR CYZENIS ALBICANS, A TACHINID PARASITOID OF THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA L. (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Roland Jens , Denford Keith E. , Jimenez Luis
Published: November 2009

Volatile compounds were isolated and identified from a crude extract of garry oak, Quercus garryana, foliage which was known to be attractive to the tachinid fly Cyzenis albicans. Candidate compounds were identified by the combined use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and infra-red spectroscopy. Specific oak-leaf volatiles were field-tested in 2 different years in an apple orchard. Compounds were applied singly or in combination to individual apple trees; the number of C. albicans entering the canopy of each tree was observed and the number of eggs they oviposited on foliage was estimated. Borneol was the only compound that attracted flies when compared with the other treatments, but this did not result in more fly eggs being oviposited on borneol-treated trees. None of the compounds tested resulted in a greater number of Cyzenis eggs being oviposited. A greater abundance of borneol in oak foliage than in apple foliage, and its attractiveness to C. albicans, may explain the aggregation of flies in response to feeding-damage among oak trees and the absence of this pattern among apple trees.
CONTROL OF HYLOBIUS CONGENER DALLE TORRE, SHENKLING, AND MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) USING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES
Authors: Eidt D.C. , Zervos S. , Pye A.E. , Finney-Crawley J.R.
Published: November 2009

Damage by Hylobius congener, the seedling debarking weevil, to newly planted conifer seedlings was reduced to tolerable levels by treating the roots of the seedlings with the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) before planting. A practical treatment method was to apply a suspension of infective juveniles (IJs) in water to seedlings in multipots with a watering can. An application rate of 300 000 IJs per seedling is recommended. The plantation should be at least 500 m from recent clearcuts and the entire plantation should be treated to avoid negation of treatment effects by invading uninfected weevils. It is suggested that a similar method may also be effective against other species of weevils that damage conifers near the soil surface.
FLEAS (SIPHONAPTERA: CERATOPHYLLIDAE) FROM NESTS OF WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS (ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS) IN SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Chilton Glen , Galloway Terry D.
Published: November 2009

Fleas (Siphonaptera: notably species of Ceratophyllidae) parasitize many species of birds. Although adult fleas rely on the birds as their principal means of dispersal, they are not commonly collected on the host itself. Most of these fleas spend the greatest portion of their life cycle in or near the host's nest. Colonial nesting habits facilitate transfer of fleas among hosts (Hoogland and Sherman 1976), and reuse of nests or nesting cavities in successive breeding seasons enhances transmission from one generation to the next (Hopla and Loye 1983). This stability of nest habitat and reliability of host presence favours fleas that are truly nest-bound. On the other hand, birds that defend exclusive breeding territories and construct new nests for each breeding attempt are usually host to vagabond, generalist species (Darskaya 1964).
FEEDING BY COLORADO POTATO BEETLE LARVAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN FIELD CAGES: MEASUREMENTS AND A MODEL
Authors: Lactin Derek J. , Holliday N.J. , Lamari L.L.
Published: November 2009

Feeding rates of Colorado potato beetle larvae were measured in 24-h trials in small field cases on potato leaflets that remained attached to the plants. Four models were constructed to explain the results; these differed by including or excluding the effect of insolative heating on larval body temperature, and by including or excluding thermoregulatory behavior, in all combinations. In all instars, observed feeding was independent of mean body temperature during the trial as estimated by each model, and less than the amount predicted using this mean to drive constant-temperature feeding rate functions.

The four models were assessed by regressing model predictions on observed feeding rates. For first and second instars, there was no relationship between observed feeding and the amount predicted by any of the models, probably because the feeding rate was small relative to the precision of the measurements. For third and fourth instars, predictions from the model that included both insolative heating and behavioral thermoregulation did not differ significantly from observations. Simulations using this model suggested that daily mean body temperature fails to predict foliage consumption because this mean cannot account for the effects of transient occurrences of suboptimal temperatures.
CHARACTERIZATION OF GYPSY MOTH POPULATIONS AND RELATED SPECIES USING A NUCLEAR DNA MARKER
Authors: Pfeifer Tom A. , Humble Leland M. , Ring Mark , Grigliatti Tom A.
Published: November 2009

The discovery of egg masses of Asian gypsy moth onboard Russian freighters in Pacific ports of North America and the capture of adult male gypsy moths in pheromone traps underscored the need for a positive identification of Asian and European gypsy moth males. We have devised a method for differentiation of these two populations based on restriction endonuclease cleavage of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) generated product. DNA primers for the 5S and 28S rDNA were employed to amplify the ITS2 region using PCR. The ends of the amplified DNA products were sequenced and gypsy moth specific oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify the gypsy moth ITS2 region. Eleven of 28 restriction enzymes tested cleaved the amplified product. The restriction enzymes ClaI, PvuI, and TaqI generated distinct restriction fragment patterns for the Asian and European gypsy moth PCR product. This diagnostic was applied to samples of field-collected gypsy moths in a double blind test and correctly identified them as Asian or European. Additional studies demonstrated that these primers and restriction enzymes could be used to differentiate among Lymantria dispar, L. monacha, and L. mathura.
MATING DISRUPTION FOR CONTROLLING THE CODLING MOTH, CYDIA POMONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Trimble R.M.
Published: November 2009

Sex pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C® pheromone dispensers was evaluated as a means of controlling the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, over three consecutive growing seasons in organically managed blocks of apples at two commercial apple orchards in Ontario. The objective of the study was to determine if mating disruption could be used to stabilize or reduce the amount of damage caused by indigenous codling moth populations. The emission rate of the pheromone dispensers was estimated using volumetric and gravimetric methods. Efficacy of the pheromone treatment was assessed by comparing pheromone-baited trap catches of adult male codling moths in pheromone- and insecticide-treated blocks of apples, and by estimating damage caused by first- and second-generation codling moths in pheromone- and insecticide-treated blocks as well as in small plots of apples where the codling moth was not controlled. The estimated average release rate of pheromone varied from 22.2 to 30.3 mg per ha per h. The seasonal total number of adult male moths trapped in the pheromone-treated blocks was from 3.8 to 25.3% of the number trapped in insecticide-treated blocks; during one season at one farm, no moths were trapped in a pheromone-treated block. Treatment with pheromone did not prevent an increase in codling moth damage. At one farm, damage increased ca. 5-fold during the 3-year study. At the other farm, damage increased ca. 4-fold during two consecutive growing seasons in one block and ca. 4-fold during three consecutive seasons in the other block. At both farms there was a marked increase in the amount of damage between the first and second generations of the pest. Possible reasons for the failure of the pheromone treatment to prevent increases in codling moth damage are discussed.