bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of the holmium yttrium aluminum garnet laser for percutaneous thoracolumbar intervertebral disk ablation in dogs
Authors: Dickey D. Thomas , Bartels Kenneth E. , Henry George A. , Stair E. L. , Schafer Steven A. , Fry Thomas R. , Nordquist Robert E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate a laser ablation technique for treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

33 dogs with signs of recurrent back pain associated with intervertebral disk disease after the initial episode had been managed conservatively for a minimum of 2 weeks.

Procedure

Spinal needles were placed percutaneously through the annulus fibroses to permit delivery of an optical fiber into the nucleus pulposes of thoracolumbar intervertebral disks T10-11 through L3-4. Fluoroscopy was used to guide needle placement. Holmium yttrium aluminum garnet laser energy then was used to ablate the contents of each selected intervertebral disk. Intervals from time of treatment to time of assessment ranged from 3 to 114 weeks.

Results

All dogs recovered without complication. Results of follow-up radiography and histologic evaluation indicated that percutaneous holmium yttrium aluminum garnet laser ablation reduces the volume of nucleus pulposus in treated disks.

Clinical Implications

Used as a clinical treatment and prophylactically, this minimally invasive procedure should prevent further extrusion of partially herniated disks and should reduce the chances of subsequent herniation of disks at other treatment sites. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1263–1267)
Clinical and pathologic findings in ferrets with lymphoma: 60 cases (1982–1994)
Authors: Erdman Susan E. , Brown Susan A. , Kawasaki Thomas A. , Moore Frances M. , Li Xiantang , Fox James G.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine clinical and pathologic findings in 60 ferrets with lymphoma.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

60 ferrets in which the diagnosis of lymphoma had been confirmed by means of histologic examination of biopsy or necropsy specimens.

Procedure

Information including age, sex, coat color, history, clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, treatment, outcome, and results of histologic examination of biopsy and necropsy specimens were retrieved from medical records of ferrets with spontaneous lymphoma examined between 1982 and 1994 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology or private veterinary practices in 10 states. Classification of lymphoma was assigned according to the National Cancer Institute's working formulation for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, χ2 Trend analysis was used to determine whether age was associated with history, clinical signs, hematologic abnormalities, stage, histologic grade, or outcome.

Results

Acute onset, mediastinal mass, lymphocytosis, and multicentric distribution were linked with younger ferrets, and lymphopenia and survival longer than 2 months after diagnosis was associated with older ferrets. Twenty percent of ferrets in this study had cohabitated with another ferret with lymphoma. Chemotherapeutic efficacy was not evaluated.

Clinical Implications

Clinical and pathologic features linked with age should be considered when evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic options for ferrets with lymphoma. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208: 1297–1301)
Respiratory function and treatment in dogs with acute respiratory distress syndrome: 19 cases (1985-1993)
Authors: Parent Chantal , King Lesley G. , Van Winkle Thomas J. , Walker Lynn M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize respiratory function and treatment in dogs with findings compatible with those of human adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and to evaluate the application in dogs of clinical criteria for diagnosis of ARDS.

Design

Retrospective review of medical records.

Animals

19 dogs with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Results

Arterial blood pH was 7.30 ± 0.059 (mean ± SD). Nine dogs had metabolic acidosis. In nonmechanically ventilated dogs, Paco2 was 15.0 to 54.9 mm of Hg. Respiratory acidosis developed in 2 mechanically ventilated dogs. Hypoxemia was observed in 4 of 5 dogs breathing room air. In 4 mechanically ventilated dogs, oxygenation was inadequate, despite use of > 60% inspired O2 and positive end-expiratory pressure in 3 dogs. Alveolar-to-arterial oxygen tension gradients were widened in 4 dogs breathing room air and in 6 dogs ventilated with 100% O2.

Ten dogs were mechanically ventilated; ventilatory rate was 18 to 60 breaths/min. Tidal volume was 12 ± 3.8 ml/kg of body weight in 4 dogs, minute ventilation > 400 ml/kg/min in 2 dogs, and peak airway pressures > 25 cm of H2O in 6 dogs. Positive end-expiratory pressure was used in 8 dogs. Pneumothorax was detected in 5 ventilated dogs.

Human clinical criteria for diagnosis of ARDS were fulfilled in 7 dogs. Fluid treatment consisted of IV crystalloids and synthetic colloids. Drugs most often administered were antibiotics and loop diuretics.

Clinical Implications

Human clinical criteria for identification of ARDS may be helpful in diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1428-1433)
Infection of the intertubercular bursa in horses: four cases (1978-1991)
Authors: Vatistas Nicholas J. , Pascoe Jack R. , Wright Ian M. , Dyson Sue J. , Mayhew Ian G.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the clinical outcome of horses treated for infection of the intertubercular bursa (infectious bicipital bursitis).

Design

Retrospective analysis of case records.

Animals

Four horses referred for treatment of infectious bicipital bursitis.

Procedure

Medical records of horses that were severely lame on admission were reviewed.

Results

In 3 horses, palpation over the bicipital bursa as well as flexion and extension of the scapulohumeral joint were resented. Ultrasonography performed in 1 horse revealed that the bicipital bursa was large and that excessive amounts of fluid containing hyperechoic material were evident within the bicipital bursa. Two horses were treated by the administration of antimicrobial and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Both remained lame and failed to resume their former activity. Two horses additionally were treated surgically by means of a partial synovectomy. Both resumed their former activity although a subtle lameness remained in 1 horse.

Clinical Implications

Partial synovectomy may be useful in the treatment of horses with infectious bicipital bursitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1434-1437)
Evaluation of outbreaks of disease attributable to eastern equine encephalitis virus in horses
Authors: Ross Whitney A. , Kaneene John B.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To evaluate outbreaks of disease attributable to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in horses in Michigan, and the associated environmental patterns and weather conditions, so that factors could be identified that may have predisposed horses in specific areas of the state to infections with EEEV.

Design

Epidemiologic retrospective records analysis.

Animals

Data on EEEV vectors, wild-bird reservoir hosts, and incidental hosts, including horses and human beings, obtained from census reports and medical records compiled between 1942 and 1991.

Procedure

Patterns detected during outbreaks of disease attributable to EEEV infections in horses were compared to associated water drainage patterns, distributions of EEEV vectors, wild-bird reservoir and incidental hosts, and weather conditions.

Results

Michigan has all of the elements required to sustain EEEV on a state-wide basis. Outbreaks of disease attributable to EEEV in horses have recurred in a similar regional distribution in Michigan. Regions of Michigan that have specific patterns for water drainage, specific mosquito species, and areas with higher than expected amounts of precipitation have been associated with outbreaks of disease attributable to EEEV in horses.

Clinical Implications

Evaluation of environmental patterns, weather conditions, and vector and reservoir host distributions may be useful to identify areas in Michigan and elsewhere in which horses and human beings are at increased risk for an outbreak of disease attributable to EEEV. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1988-1997)
Tibial stress fractures in racing Standardbreds: 13 cases (1989–1993)
Authors: Ruggles A. J. , Moore R. M. , Bertone A. L. , Schneider R. K. , Bailey M. Q.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine clinical signs, radiographic and scintigraphic findings, and performance outcome of racing Standardbreds with tibial stress fractures.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

13 racing Standardbreds with tibial stressfractures.

Procedure

Information concerning clinical signs, diagnostic evaluation, and recommendations was obtained by review of the medical records. Performance information before and after diagnosis of the fracture was collected from racing records, and follow-up information was obtained from the owners or trainers by use of a telephone questionnaire.

Results

Horses with tibial stress fractures were moderately lame, and diagnosis was made by nuclear scintigraphy and radiography. Fractures were more likely to occur in 2-year-old horses than in older horses. The fracture location was unique for Standardbreds;11 of 13 developed stress fractures in the mid-diaphysis of the tibia, whereas fractures in Thorough breds are usually in the proximal caudal or caudolateral cortex. Fractures occurred in young horses that had raced or were in advanced race training. All horses were treated with rest alone, and 10 of 13 horses raced after injury. The horses that raced after injury were able to return to a level of performance that was equal to or better than the level raced before injury. 8 of 10 horses established a life time-best winning time after injury.

Clinical Implications

Tibial stress fractures are a cause of lameness in young racing Standardbreds. Diagnosisis aided by nuclear scintigraphy. The prognosis for return to previous level of performance after a tibial stress fracture is good. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996,209:634-637)
Factors that impede animal movement at slaughter plants
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: December 2023

Factors that impede animal movement in slaughter plants and that are likely to cause excitement, stress, or bruises are major mistakes in the design of chutes and stockyard pens; lack of training or poor supervision of employees; distractions that impede animal movement, such as sparkling reflections on a wet floor, air hissing, high-pitched noise, or air drafts blowing down the chute toward approaching animals; poor maintenance of facilities, such as worn out or slick floors that cause animals to fall; and animals from genetic lines that have an excitable temperament. Veterinarians need to be aware of these factors because such factors can cause animals to balk and become excited, which may result in excessive prodding. When a handling system is being evaluated, one must be careful to discriminate between a major design mistake and small distractions that can be easily corrected, but that can ruin the performance of the best systems. A survey of 29 Canadian slaughter plants revealed that 21 % (6 plants) had slick floors that would cause animals to slip and fall, and 27% (8 plants) had high-pitched motor noise or hissing air that caused animals to balk. Air drafts blowing down the chutes, which will often impede animal movement, were a problem in 10% (3) of the plants. Simple modifications of lighting and elimination of air drafts and hissing will often greatly improve animal movement. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:757–759)
Laryngeal and pharyngeal dysfunction in horses homozygous for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Authors: Carr Elizabeth A. , Spier Sharon J. , Kortz Gregg D. , Hoffman Eric P.
Published: December 2023

Objective

Evaluate histories, clinical signs, and laboratory data of 69 horses homozygous by DNA testing for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP).

Design

Cohort study.

Sample Population

69 of 189 horses testing homozygous for HPP between October 1992 and November 1994.

Procedure

Questionnaires addressing signalment, training regimes, medical history, and current status of affected horses were sent to owners, trainers, or attending veterinarians. Data from completed questionnaires were tabulated and evaluated, using descriptive statistics.

Results

Sixty-nine (37%) of 189 questionnaires were completed and returned. Clinical episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis varied in severity and frequency from mild muscle fasciculations to recumbency and death. Sixty-three of 68 HPP-affected horses were reported to have had stridor associated with exercise, excitement, stress, or episodes of muscle paralysis. Common endoscopic findings in affected horses included pharyngeal collapse, pharyngeal edema, laryngopalatal dislocation, and laryngeal paralysis. Twelve of 27 horses receiving acetazolamide had decreases in stridor while receiving medication.

Clinical Implications

Most horses testing homozygous for HPP had clinical signs associated with pharyngeal and laryngeal dysfunction. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis should be included on a differential list for horses examined for signs of laryngeal or pharyngeal dysfunction or stridor. Treatment with acetazolamide may help to control respiratory tract signs associated with this disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:798–803)
Proficiency testing of selected antigen and antibody tests for use in dogs and cats
Authors: Troy Gregory C. , Becker Milton J. , Greene Russell T.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the correlation of seroimmunologic test results between reference and nonreference laboratories.

Design

Retrospective data analysis.

Procedure

Serum samples obtained from naturally infected dogs and cats were distributed to reference and nonreference laboratories for seroimmunologic testing. Correlation of test results was evaluated by use of nonparametric analysis.

Results

Correlation coefficients were high between laboratory groups for samples tested for feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies, FeLV antigen, and toxoplasmosis antibodies in cats. Results for feline immunodeficiency virus antibody tests from reference laboratories were more likely to be positive than results from nonreference laboratories. Test results for feline infectious peritonitis antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and Borrelia antibodies in cats were not significant. Coefficient correlations were significant for results of heartworm antigen, Brucella antibodies, Toxoplasma antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and rheumatoid factor in dogs. Results for Borrelia antibodies were not correlated between laboratory groups.

Clinical Implications

Results were highly correlated between reference and nonreference laboratories for 8 of 14 seroimmunologic tests. Seroimmunologic tests for use in cats were less correlated as a group than those for use in dogs. Poor correlation of results between laboratories was attributed to variations in control agents, antigens, reagents, technical expertise, and cutoff values and end-point titers used for diagnosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996,209:914-917)
Effect of participation by veterinarians in a dairy production medicine continuing education course on management practices and performance of client herds
Authors: Moore Dale A. , Sischo William M. , Hutchinson Lawrence J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine what effect participation by veterinarians in a dairy production medicine continuing education course would have on herd performance and management practices of client herds.

Design

Cohort study.

Sample Population

56 dairy herds for which health services were provided by veterinarians enrolled in a dairy production medicine continuing education program (treatment herds) and 97 dairy herds for which health services were provided by veterinarians not enrolled in the program (control herds).

Procedure

Management practices were evaluated every year for 4 years (1991 through 1994) by mail questionnaire. Herd performance was evaluated by reviewing Dairy Herd Improvement Association records.

Results

Mean age at first calving for the treatment herds decreased by 2 months over the course of the study. At the end of the study, treatment herds were 3 times more likely to review herd performance with their veterinarian and monitor heifer growth, and 2 times more likely to set goals and conduct adequate estrus detection than were control herds.

Clinical Implications

Effective professional continuing education in production medicine can have a positive impact on health and performance of client herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1086-1089)
Influence of owner personality type on expression and treatment outcome of dominance aggression in dogs
Authors: Dodman Nicholas H. , Moon Robin , Zelin Martin
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the success rate of positive training methods and behavioral modification techniques in dogs with dominance aggression and to compare personality profiles between owners of dominant-aggressive and nondominant dogs.

Design

Prospective clinical study.

Animals

10 dominant-aggressive dogs and 10 nondominant, nonaggressive control dogs.

Procedure

Dominance aggression was quantified, using an aggression score, in the 10 dominant dogs before and after a nonconfrontational behavior modification program. The personality profile of the owners of dominant and control dogs, assessed by means of a Keirsey temperament sorter, was compared, as was the influence of owner personality on the outcome of behavioral modification in the dominant dogs.

Results

9 of 10 dominant dogs responded to the nonconfrontational treatment program by a decrease in aggressive response to similar eliciting stimuli. Significant differences were not found between the personality of the owners of dominant versus control dogs, and owner personality did not significantly affect the outcome of behavior modification treatment.

Clinical Implications

Nonconfrontational behavior modification programs are effective in reducing owner-directed dominance aggression in dogs, Owner personality does not necessarily predispose certain individuals to assaults by dominant dogs or profoundly affect their ability to engage in a successful behavioral modification program. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209:1107-1109)
Clinical and serologic evaluation of cats with cryptococcosis
Authors: Flatland Bente , Greene Russell T. , Lappin Michael R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes and serologic changes in cryptococcal antigen and antibody titers in cats with confirmed Cryptococcus neoformans infection.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

47 cats with cryptococcosis.

Procedure

Cats included in this study were determined to have cryptococcosis on the basis of identification of C neoformans on histologic or cytologic examination, isolation of C neoformans in culture, or positive serologic test results for cryptococcal antigens. Information concerning the signalment, history, physical examination findings, FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus status, serologic testing, treatment, and outcome for each cat was requested on a survey form. Follow-up measurements of serum cryptococcal antigen and antibody titers were requested for all surviving cats.

Results

Signalment and clinical signs of cats with cryptococcosis reported here were consistent with previous reports. Treatment consisted primarily of azole antifungal drugs. All cats were seronegative for cryptococcal antibodly titers, whether tested initially or at follow-up examination. All but 1 cat tested were seropositive for cryptococeal antigens when initially tested. Cats with and without clinical signs of C neoformans infection were seropositive for cryptococcal antigens months to years after initial diagnosis of cryptococcosis.

Clinical Implications

The results of this study indicate that serum titers to cryptococcal antigens in cats can persist with or without clinical signs for months to years after an initial diagnosis of cryptococcosis is made. Repeated evaluation of serum cryptococcal antigen titers is advised during the treatment of cats to monitor progress, evaluate prognosis, and guide cessation of treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1110-1113)
Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets
Authors: Van Saun Robert J. , Smith Bradford B. , Watrous Barbara J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate vitamin D concentrations in juvenile llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Animals

21 llamas (14 with rickets, 7 clinically normal) and 9 alpacas (6 with rickets, 3 clinically normal).

Procedures

Blood samples were collected at the time of diagnosis and prior to the initiation of treatment. Serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ({vitamin Dy were determined on all samples. Comparisons were completed for disease status, age, sex, species, month of birth, and all interactions.

Results

Serum concentrations of phosphorus and vitamin D were lower in affected llamas and alpacas than in clinically normal llamas and alpacas, even when mean concentrations were adjusted for age differences. Species (Ilama or alpaca), sex, and age did not affect any of the metabolite concentrations within this study population. Month of birth influenced vitamin D concentrations and number of affected llamas and alpacas per month. The greatest number of affected llamas and alpacas was identified between January through March, suggesting a seasonal pattern to this syndrome. Treatment of affected llamas and alpacas with vitamin D resulted in increased concentrations of phosphorus and vitamin D. Serum phosphorus concentration was best predicted by 2 independent variables (serum vitamin D concentration and month of birth).

Clinical Implications

We believe vitamin D deficiency is the primary cause of hypophosphatemic-rickets of growing camelids, and the observed hypophosphatemia is secopdary to a primary deficiency of vitamin D. Appropriate treatment with vitamin D supplements can correct hypophosphatemia and vitamin D deficiency in camelids. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209:1128-1133)
Comparison of topical application of three products for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Britt Jenks Swann , Gaska Jerome , Garrett Edward Frank , Konkle Darlene , Mealy Martha
Published: December 2023

Objective

To test the effectiveness of 3 topical sprays for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in dairy cattle.

Design

Prospective field trial.

Animals

48 lactating cows with PDD randomly assigned to 4 groups of 12 cows each.

Procedure

For 3 weeks, cows in each group were treated topically with oxytetracycline solution (100 mg/ ml), acidified ionized copper solution, acidified sodium chlorite solution, or a placebo (tap water). Cows were milked 3 times daily, and at each milking, lesions were washed with a pressure hose and treatment solutions were sprayed on the lesions. Degree of lameness was graded before and after 3 weeks of treatment.

Results

Mean lameness score decreased (ie, cows were less lame) for all 3 treatment groups, but increased for the control group.

Clinical Implications

Daily application of topical solutions was effective in decreasing degree of lameness associated with PDD in cattle tested. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1134-1136)
Intervertebral disk disease in dogs with signs of back pain alone: 25 cases (1986–1993)
Authors: Sukhiani H. R. , Parent J. M. , Atilola M. A. O. , Holmberg D. L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the population characteristics; historical, clinical, and diagnostic findings; and treatment outcome of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) whose only clinical signs were those of back pain.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Dogs with IVDD and clinical signs of back pain only, without neurologic deficits, in which survey radiography of the vertebral column and diagnostic myelographic studies were performed.

Procedure

Review of the medical record, evaluation of survey radiographs of the vertebral column, evaluation of myelograms and estimation of apparent extent of spinal cord compression, and follow-up information provided by telephone contact with owners.

Results

Spinal cord compression was detected on myelography in 20 of 25 (80%) dogs. Treatment included decompressive surgery in 18 of 25 (72%) dogs and all dogs underwent intervertebral disk fenestration. The condition was improved in 24 of 25 (96%) dogs after surgery.

Clinical Implications

Dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD that have clinical signs of back pain alone, without neurologic deficits, may have substantial compression of the spinal cord. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1275–1279)
Papillomatous digital dermatitis in 458 dairies
Authors: Rodríguez-Lainz Alfonso , Hird David W. , Walker Richard L. , Read Deryck H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To estimate prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in California dairies during 1993, to describe temporal and spatial patterns of PDD and response of cows to treatment, and to evaluate herd-related risk factors for PDD.

Design

Epidemiologic survey.

Sample Population

All southern California dairies and a 50% random sample of the rest of California dairies.

Procedure

A questionnaire was mailed to managers of 1,429 selected dairies.

Results

Prevalence of PDD during 1993 was significantly higher for dairies in the south (75.3%) and central (68.8%) regions, compared with north coast (33.3%) and north (23.1%) regions of the state. Herd mean and median proportions of affected cows in PDD-affected herds were 11.6 (SEM = 0.9) and 5%, respectively. Most (74%) dairy managers surveyed observed PDD for the first time during 1992 or 1993. Highest PDD activity was reported as taking place in summer in the south and in fall and winter in the north coast and north regions; an obvious pattern was not determined for the central region.

Clinical Implications

PDD was widespread in California dairies during 1993 and affected a high proportion of cows, especially in the south and central regions of the state. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1464–1467)
Evaluation of the results of a survey of dairy producers on dairy herd biosecurity and vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea
Authors: Rauff Yvette , Moore Dale A. , Sischo William M.
Published: December 2023

A survey on biosecurity and vaccination practices was sent to 632 dairy producers in Pennsylvania to determine the proportion of the approximately 12,500 dairy herds in Pennsylvania that might be at risk for outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Most producers relied on their veterinarian for vaccination information and vaccine purchases, but administered the vaccine to the cattle themselves. Many producers did not vaccinate all susceptible groups of cattle in their herd. Also, many producers did not administer a booster vaccination after administration of an initial killed-virus vaccine, as recommended by vaccine manufacturers. As a result, although 309 of 376 (82.2%) dairy producers indicated that they routinely vaccinated their herds, only 73 of 266 (27.4%) herds were considered adequately vaccinated. Veterinarians were as likely to administer vaccines to cattle in adequately vaccinated herds as to cattle in inadequately vaccinated herds. Adequately vaccinated herds were more likely to be larger herds (> 121 cattle) than smaller herds. Analysis of survey results indicated that veterinarians are not taking full advantage of their pivotal role in dairy herd vaccination programs.
Cost effectiveness of use of a solution of 6% dextran 70 in young calves with severe diarrhea
Authors: Wall Piper L. , Nelson Lee M. , Guthmiller Lynn A.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine whether intravenous administration of 6% dextran 70 solution to young calves with severe diarrhea is cost effective.

Design—

Randomized, prospective, clinical trial.

Animals—

22 calves < 2 months old that were hospitalized for diarrhea and that did not have pneumonia.

Procedure—

All calves received antibiotics, were fed by use of an orogastic tube, were supplied with radiant heat, and were given crystalloids, IV, as deemed appropriate by an attending veterinarian. A group of 12 calves also received 500 ml of 6% dextran 70 solution, IV, over a 1-hour period as part of the initial treatment. Data were collected to determine whether early treatment with 6% dextran 70 solution resulted in a similar end cost for treatment because of a decrease in the volume of fluids administered IV, a decrease in antibiotic usage, a decrease in the amount of time hospitalized, or a decrease in mortality.

Results—

Capillary refill times, heart rates, respiratory rates, and rectal temperatures; and scores for dehydration, mucous membrane color, lung sounds, mental status, and suckling response were not different between the 2 groups of calves at admission. Differences were not detected in client charges or in hospitalized time (6% dextran 70 group, $89.68 ± 11.05 and 36 ± 3 hours; control group $88.02 ± 4.93 and 36 ± 4 hours), but those charges did not include costs for the 6% dextran 70 solution.

Clinical Implications—

Use of 6% dextran 70 solution as part of the resuscitation of most young calves with diarrhea requiring hospitalization is not likely to be cost effective. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1714–1715)
Diagnosis and treatment of insulin-secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors in ferrets: 57 cases (1986–1994)
Authors: Caplan Elaine R. , Peterson Mark E. , Mullen Holly S. , Quesenberry Katherine E. , Rosenthal Karen L. , Hoefer Heidi L. , Moroff Scott D.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate clinical, laboratory, radiographic, ultrasonographic, surgical, and histologic findings in ferrets with insulinoma and to determine their long-term outcome.

Design—

Retrospective study.

Animals—

57 ferrets with a histopathologic diagnosis of pancreatic islet cell tumor.

Procedure—

Medical records of ferrets with pancreatic islet cell tumors were reviewed.

Results—

Lethargy, weakness, and collapse were the most common clinical signs. All ferrets had hypoglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia was documented in 39 of 47 (83%) ferrets. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen revealed pancreatic nodules in 5 of 23 ferrets. Surgical treatment was performed in 50 ferrets, 3 were treated by medical management alone, and 4 did not have treatment. At the time of surgery, 1 pancreatic nodule was found in 13 (26%) ferrets and multiple nodules were found in 37 (74%) ferrets. Pancreatic carcinoma alone was found in 34 ferrets, whereas a combination of carcinoma and either hyperplasia or adenoma was found in 23 ferrets; 4 ferrets had metastasis to regional lymph nodes or liver. In 26 (53%) ferrets, hypoglycemia persisted after surgery, necessitating medical treatment with prednisone, diazoxide, or both. Sixteen (33%) ferrets had redevelopment of hypoglycemia at 1 to 23.5 months (median, 10.6 months) after surgery. Only 7 of the 50 (14%) ferrets remained euglycemic after surgery.

Clinical Implications—

In ferrets, surgical removal of insulin-secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors is recommended as definitive treatment; however, multiple pancreatic nodules are common, making complete excision of all tumor tissue difficult. Persistent hypoglycemia after surgical treatment indicates that lifelong medical management with prednisone or diazoxide or both may be necessary in many ferrets. Finally, because the insulin-secreting tumors are malignant, long-term cure and survival are not likely. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1741–1745)
Effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats
Authors: Stubbs W. Preston , Bloomberg Mark S. , Scruggs Sherry L. , Shille Victor M. , Lane Thomas J.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the effect of prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats.

Design—

Prospective controlled study of kittens randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: group 1, neutered at 7 weeks of age; group 2, neutered at 7 months of age; and group 3, sexually intact controls.

Animals—

31 clinically normal male and female kittens.

Procedure—

Age at distal radial physeal closure and mature radius length were determined radiographically. Six behavioral characteristics were recorded monthly. At 1 year of age, body weight was recorded and thickness of the falciform ligament was measured from a lateral abdominal radiographic view. Secondary sex characteristics were also examined at 1 year of age.

Results—

There were no differences between group-1 and group-2 cats for any of the study variables. Sexually intact cats (group 3) weighed significantly less than group-2 cats and had less falciform fat and earlier distal radial physeal closure than cats of both neutered groups. Group-3 cats manifested greater intraspecies aggression, less affection, and greater development of secondary sex characteristics than neutered cats.

Clinical Implications—

Neutering cats at 7 weeks of age had similar effects on physical and behavioral development, compared with neutering at the more traditional age of 7 months. These data lend support to the concept of prepubertal gonadectomy, already performed by many animal shelters/humane organizations, as a method of enhancing the effectiveness of pet population control programs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1864–1871)
Safety and efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole for treatment of suspected or confirmed ethylene glycol intoxication in dogs: 107 cases (1983–1995)
Authors: Connally Heather E. , Thrall Mary Anna , Forney Stuart D. , Grauer Gregory F. , Hamar Dwayne W.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate safety and efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) treatment in dogs and to determine clinical signs and outcome of, and clinicopathologic abnormalities in, dogs treated in early or late stages of ethylene glycol (EG) intoxication.

Design—

Retrospective study.

Animals—

107 dogs.

Procedure—

For dogs treated with 4-MP, 1 of 2 dosage regimens was usually used: 20 mg/kg of body weight, IV, initially, 15 mg/kg 17 hours later, and 5 mg/kg 25 and 36 hours after the initial dose, or 20 mg/kg, IV, initially, 15 mg/kg 12 and 24 hours later, and 5 mg/kg 36 hours after the initial dose.

Results—

Neither adverse clinical signs nor clinicopathologic abnormalities were associated with the administration of 4-MP except in 1 dog, which developed tachypnea, gagging, excess salivation, and trembling after the second dose of 4-MP was given. Ethylene glycol intoxication was confirmed in 37 dogs. Of these, 21 were azotemic or became azotemic within 18 hours after admission, and only 1 of the 21 survived. All 16 dogs that did not become azotemic survived. Median time from EG ingestion to treatment with 4-MP was 5 hours (range, 2 to 8.5 hours) for dogs that were not azotemic at admission and 14.5 hours (range, 8.5 to 38 hours) for dogs that were azotemic at admission.

Clinical Implications—

4-MP was a safe and effective treatment for EG intoxication when it was given before sufficient quantities of EG had been metabolized to induce renal failure. Dogs treated within 8 hours of EG ingestion had a good prognosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1880–1883)
Clarifying the relationship of veterinary medical education and moral development
Authors: Self Donnie J. , Olivarez Margie , Baldwin DeWitt C. , Shadduck John A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To clarify the relationship between veterinary medical education and moral development in response to 2 previous studies that presented conflicting evidence that the experience of veterinary medical education may inhibit moral development.

Design

The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was used to survey the moral reasoning of veterinary medical students at the beginning and end of their education.

Sample Population

First- and fourth-year veterinary medical students.

Procedure

The moral reasoning of 98 veterinary medical students was assessed at the beginning of their first semester of veterinary medical education and again, 4 years later, at the end of their last semester to determine whether their moral reasoning scores would reflect the expected maturity-related increases usually found at this age range and education level.

Results

The DIT scores ranged from 8.3 to 70.0 for first-year students and from 16.7 to 76.7 for fourth-year students. The first-year mean was 44.0 and the fourth-year mean was 45.4.The mean change of +1.45 points was not significant. Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant correlation between the moral reasoning scores and age; however, there was a significant correlation between the moral reasoning scores and gender, with females scoring higher on the first and second test. The difference in the rate of change between tests by gender was not significant.

Conclusion

This study appears to confirm the findings of an earlier study suggesting veterinary medical education inhibits an increase of moral reasoning in veterinary medical students. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:2002–2004)
Glucocorticoid deficient hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 18 cases (1986–1995)
Authors: Lifton Stephanie J. , King Lesley G. , Zerbe Carole A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize naturally developing glucocorticoid deficiency in dogs.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

18 dogs with glucocorticoid deficiency defined by an inadequate response to stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a normal Na:K ratio (> 27), and no history of receiving corticosteroids for at least 6 weeks.

Procedure

Information including signalment, body weight, clinical signs on admission, historical findings, physical examination findings, results of CBC and serum biochemical analyses, results of ACTH stimulation tests and other ancillary endocrine tests, diagnostic imaging findings, findings from other procedures such as endoscopy and surgery, and information on concurrent diseases, management, and outcome were retrieved from the medical records of dogs with glucocorticoid deficiency treated between 1986 and 1995 at the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Veterinary Medicine and 2 dogs from private practices.

Results

Most dogs were young (< 7 years) and represented larger breeds (> 20 kg). Clinical signs were nonspecific: lethargy, weight loss, and gastrointestinal disturbances including regurgitation with radiographic evidence of megaesophagus. Hypocholesterolemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, and a mild, nonregenerative anemia were common. Ten of the 18 dogs responded well to glucocorticoid supplementation alone, with only 2 dogs developing electrolyte abnormalities. Four (22%) of the dogs died, with death usually occurring as a result of secondary disease processes rather than hypoadrenocorticism.

Clinical Implications

An ACTH stimulation test should be considered as part of the diagnostic plan in dogs with signs of weight loss, inappetence, and interminent vomiting and diarrhea. Glucocorticoid-deficient dogs may not require supplemental mineralocorticoids. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:2076–2081)
Long-term results of treatment of traumatic coxofemoral joint dislocation in dogs: 64 cases (1973-1992)
Authors: Evers Petra , Johnston Gary R. , Wallace Larry J. , Lipowitz Alan J. , King Vickie L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine long-term results of various treatments for traumatic coxofemoral joint dislocation in dogs.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

64 dogs that underwent closed reduction and bandage stabilization, extracapsular suture stabilization, transacetabular pinning, toggle pinning, DeVita pinning, or femoral head and neck excision.

Procedure

Follow-up evaluations included owner evaluation (64 dogs), physical evaluation (23), and radiography (19). Follow-up time ranged from 8 to 156 months.

Results

Owner evaluation scores after closed reduction were significantly better than scores after DeVita pinning, extracapsular suture stabilization, and femoral head and neck excision. On physical examination, 6 of 23 dogs were lame on the side of the previous dislocation. Signs of pain and crepitation were evident during palpation of 12 and 8 of 25 joints, respectively. Thirteen of 21 joints had radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease. There was a greater progression of degenerative joint disease in previously dislocated joints than in unaffected joints. There were not any significant differences between treatments in regard to results of physical and radiographic evaluation. Time between trauma and treatment and existence of concomitant injuries did not influence follow-up results, but there was a significant association between body weight and radiographic evaluation score.

Clinical Implications

Concomitant injuries do not appear to justify a worse prognosis in dogs with traumatic coxofemoral joint dislocation, nor does a delay in treatment of > 3 days. Gait abnormalities and degenerative joint disease might develop in the long term. Proper body weight should be maintained regardless of treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210:59–64)
Diagnostic evaluation of cats with seizure disorders: 30 cases (1991-1993)
Authors: Quesnel Andr e D. , Parent Joane M. , McDonell Wayne , Percy Dean , Lumsden John H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To investigate causes of seizure disorders in cats.

Design

Case series.

Animals

30 cats referred to the Ontario Veterinary College for recurrent seizures.

Procedures

Signalment and seizure pattern were evaluated. Diagnostic procedures included physical, neurologic, and fundic examinations; CBC; serum biochemical analyses, including determination of pre- and postprandial bile acid concentrations; urinalysis; serologic assays for FeL V and feline immunodeficiency virus, feline infectious peritonitis, and Toxoplasma gondii; magnetic resonance imaging of the brain; CSF analysis; and neuropathologic examination of euthanatlzed cats and of surgical biopsy specimens.

Results

All cats were found to have structural brain diseases; nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown cause was found in 14 cats, feline ischemic encephalopathy in 6, meningioma in 2, polycythemia vera with secondary brain lesions in 2, posttraumatic epilepsy in 1, and cerebral abscess in 1. A definitive diagnosis could not be reached in 4 cats.

Clinical Implications

The most common cause of seizures in cats is structural brain disease. Structural brain lesions often can be detected on the basis of seizure pattern and results of neurologic examination. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and brain imaging are essential to determine the cause of these lesions. Causes of seizures found in the cats of this study differ from those reported to be the most common. Nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown origin appears to be a frequent cause of neurologic disorders in cats, including seizure disorders. Feline ischemic encephalopathy appears to exist in a milder form than the classic disease and may be a common cause of seizures in cats. (J Am Vel Med Assoc 1997;210:65–71)
Comparison of racing performance before and after treatment of incomplete, midsagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in Standardbreds: 49 cases (1986-1992)
Authors: Tetens Joanne , Ross Michael W. , Lloyd James W.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the effect of incomplete, midsagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx (P1) on racing performance in Standardbreds.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Animals

49 Standardbred horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals between July 1986 and December 1992 with a definitive radiographic diagnosis of an incomplete, midsagittal fracture of P1 and a known method of treatment.

Procedure

Performance index and racing time were compared before and after diagnosis and treatment of fracture, using ANOVA that controlled for the effects of horse, gender, age, track length, and track condition.

Results

Expected racing time increased by 0.7 seconds and performance index decreased by 0.7 points, although controlling for factors known to affect racing performance had a substantial impact on these results.

Clinical Implications

Standardbreds with incomplete, midsagittal fractures of P1 have a favorable prognosis for return to racing; recovered horses will likely have slower racing times and decreased performance indices. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:82–86)
Five-year longitudinal study on limited food consumption and development of osteoarthritis in coxofemoral joints of dogs
Authors: Kealy Richard Dean , Lawler Dennis Frank , Ballam Joan Marion , Lust George , Smith Gail Keen , Biery Daryl Norman , Olsson Sten Eric
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine the effects of limited food intake on frequency and severity of osteoarthritis in coxofemoral joints of Labrador Retrievers.

Design

Dogs were paired according to gender and body weight, within each litter, at 8 weeks of age. One dog of each pair was fed ad libitum. The limit-fed pairmate was fed 75% of the amount eaten the previous day by the ad libitum-fed counterpart.

Animals

48 Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure

All dogs received the same diet. Radiographic evaluation of coxofemoral joints for frequency and severity of osteoarthritis were made when dogs were 4 and 6 months and 1, 2, 3, and 5 years old.

Results

Radiographic evaluation for osteoarthritis indicated greater frequency and more severity of osteoarthritis in the ad libitum-fed group of dogs.

Clinical Implications

Analysis of data suggested that limit feeding of dogs over a 5-year period minimizes development of osteoarthritis in the coxofemoral joints.
Estimated prevalence of injection-site sarcomas in cats during 1992
Authors: Coyne Michael J. , Reeves Nancy C. Postorino , Rosen David K.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To obtain an estimate of the yearly prevalence of injection-site sarcomas in cats.

Design

Mail survey of members of the American Association of Feline Practitioners.

Procedure

A questionnaire was sent to 1,112 veterinarians.

Results

235 responses were sufficiently complete for inclusion in the study. Overall, responding veterinarians reported 744,993 cat visits in 1992, representing 434,638 individual cats (1.7 visits/cat). The estimated overall prevalence of injection-site sarcomas during 1992 was 0.00021 cases/cat visit (2.1 cases/10,000 cat visits) or 0.00036 cases/cat (3.6 cases/10,000 cats).

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that injection-site sarcomas were rare during 1992.