bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases: Meeting Report from the International Liver Congress 2018
Authors: Banales Jesus M. , Feldstein Ariel E. , Sänger Hanna , Lukacs‐Kornek Veronika , Szabo Gyongyi , Kornek Miroslaw
Published: January 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small and heterogeneous membrane‐bound structures released by cells and found in all biological fluids. They are effective intercellular communicators, acting on a number of close and/or distant target cells. EV cargo may reflect the cell of origin as well as the specific stress that induces their formation and release. They transport a variety of bioactive molecules, including messenger RNA, noncoding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, that can be transferred among cells, regulating various cell responses. Alteration in the concentration and composition of EVs in biological fluids is a typical hallmark of pathologies in different liver diseases. Circulating EVs can serve as biomarkers or as messengers following uptake by other cells. This review is a meeting report from the International Liver Congress 2018 (European Association for the Study of the Liver) celebrated in Paris (Symposium: Extracellular vesicles and signal transmission) that discusses the role of EVs in several liver diseases, highlighting their potential value as disease biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities.
The affective basis of violence
Authors: Mizen Richard
Published: January 2019

Violence is a complex matter, and understandingly perhaps, it is the objective, behavioral aspects that are commonly focused on. Here, however, it is the subjective psychological and especially affective substrates of violence that are brought to the fore. Psychoanalytic perspectives provide a way of thinking about these that also sets them in a human‐developmental context. In this essay, psychoanalytic ideas about aggression and violence are considered, and what they have to say about the relationship between states of mind and behavior is critically reviewed. There also is an exploration of the ways that some recent findings in developmental science and neuroscience can refine and augment an understanding of these relationships, facilitating the construction of a psychobiological model, which may be placed in a social context. From this biopsychosocial perspective, aggression is seen as a heuristic concept that encapsulates numerous interacting elements that in ordinary development integrate and serve to promote optimal organism survival: By contrast, from this perspective, in humans violence may be understood as a pathological variant of aggression.
Lead exposure and child maltreatment as models for how to conceptualize early‐in‐life risk factors for violence
Authors: Jaffee Sara R.
Published: January 2019

Although rates of violent crime have been on the decline in the United States for the past two decades, young people—and particularly young men—continue to commit and fall victim to alarmingly high rates of violence. Effective prevention requires data on what the determinants of violence are and when in the life course they emerge. The goal of this review was to identify early‐in‐life risk factors for violence and to describe (a) who is most affected and (b) effect mechanisms. I focus on abuse and neglect and exposure to lead as risk factors for violence that disproportionately affect young children and that are likely to have causal effects on development. I conclude with future directions for research and intervention.
To Calibrate, or Not to Calibrate?
Authors: Putman Pete
Published: January 2019

HDTV calibration services are a profitable up‐sell for retailers. Do consumers really care about or need them?
How to create appealing temporal color transitions?
Authors: Vogels Ingrid , Sekulovski Dragan , Rijs Bartjan
Published: January 2019

Many applications, such as AmbiLight TV and atmosphere creation with dynamic light, generate colored light that changes gradually from one color to another. However, there is not much scientific knowledge on how to create suitable color transitions. This study investigates what is perceptually the most optimal way to create a temporal color transition between two colors. The first experiment measured the ability to distinguish between two temporal color transitions. The reference transition was a linear interpolation between two colors in CIELab, the test transitions were arcs defined in different planes going through the linear transition. Discrimination thresholds ranged between 2.5 and 12.5 ΔEab, depending on the color pair, direction, and duration of the transition. In the second experiment, several perceptually different color transitions were compared. The most preferred transitions were a linear transition in CIELab and a linear transition in RGB. The results suggest that it is possible to design a general algorithm for temporal color transitions that is appreciated by human observers, independent of color pair and application.
Improvement of luminous efficiency using high helium content in full‐HD plasma‐display panels
Authors: Park Ki‐Hyung , Tae Heung‐Sik , Jeong Hyeong‐Seol , Hur Min , Heo Eun Gi
Published: January 2019

The influence of the Xe (15%) and He (70%) fractions on the discharge and driving characteristics was compared in 50‐in. full‐HD plasma‐display panels. The same improvement in the luminous efficacy was obtained when increasing either the Xe or He fraction. However, the discharge current with a high He fraction was smaller than that with a high Xe fraction. While the breakdown voltage was hardly influenced by an increase in the He fraction, it was significantly changed when increasing the Xe fraction. The formative and statistical time lags were only slightly changed with a high He fraction, yet significantly increased with a high Xe fraction. In addition, the relatively low luminance and driving‐margin characteristics with a high He fraction were compensated for by controlling the capacitance of the upper dielectric layer.
Segmented Displays Enable a Variety of Smart Surfaces
Authors: Au Joanna , Kawano Shigeaki
Published: January 2019

Because they are ultra‐thin, rugged, and flexible, high‐contrast segmented electronic‐paper displays can be placed in a variety of devices.
ICDM Special Session: A Visionary Standard
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

The new guidelines contained in the Display Measurements Standard (DMS) developed by SID's International Committee for Display Metrology (ICDM) are designed to flexibly address the pace of change in the display industry by using a common language rather than specific tests. And those guidelines will grow with technology. “We anticipate that this will be a living document,” says Joe Miseli, Chair of the ICDM.
Color‐breakup suppression and low‐power consumption by using the Stencil‐FSC method in field‐sequential LCDs
Authors: Member) Fang‐Cheng Lin (SID Student , Huang Yi‐Pai , Member) Ching‐Ming Wei (SID Student , Fellow) Han‐Ping D. Shieh (SID
Published: January 2019

Field‐sequential color (FSC) is a potential technique for low‐power liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs). However, it still experiences a serious visual artifact, color break‐up (CBU), which degrades image quality. Consequently, the “Stencil Field‐Sequential‐Color (Stencil‐FSC)” method, which applies local color‐backlight‐dimming technology at a 240‐Hz field rate to FSC‐LCDs, is proposed. Using the Stencil‐FSC method not only suppressed CBU efficiently but also enhanced the image contrast ratio by using low average power consumption. After backlight signal optimization, the Stencil‐FSC method was demonstrated on a 32‐in. FSC‐LCD and effectively suppressed the CBU, which resulted in more than a 27,000:1 dynamic contrast ratio and less than 40‐W average power consumption.
Evaluation of moving‐line contrast degradation without motion
Authors: Becker Michael E.
Published: January 2019

A method for evaluation of the contrast of moving step‐grating patterns under smooth‐pursuit eye‐tracking conditions without imaging data acquisition and image analysis is introduced. Periodic optical responses of the display to a set of simple driving signals have been recorded at a fixed location, and the luminance vs. time data has been evaluated to obtain two types of contrast for characterization of the dynamical performance of the display under test: the frame‐convoluted contrast and the frame‐integrated contrast. The relation of this characterization with respect to modulation transfer functions from impulse responses and to the dynamic modulation transfer function from sine‐gratings is explained and discussed. The approach described here provides a detailed and comprehensive characterization of the dynamical properties of electronic displays, including both extreme cases of step‐response and impulse‐response with quantities that are related to visual perception. With this type of evaluation, the visual resolution of displays can be described by the same characteristics in the static and the dynamic case. The method is attractive due to limited instrumental efforts and the transparent method of evaluation.
An Overview for Developing End‐to‐End Standards for 3‐D TV in the Home
Authors: Zou William
Published: January 2019

Enthusiastic consumer response to recent 3‐D theatrical releases is demonstrating users' appetite for 3‐D content, and 3‐D seems destined to become the next killer application for the home‐entertainment industry. Until then, the standardization of 3‐D formats for mastering and distribution is critically important for a successful introduction to the consumer market.
Display Week 2009 Review: OLEDs
Authors: Drzaic Paul
Published: January 2019

OLEDs seem poised to wrest some market share from dominant display technologies.
Directory of the Display Industry
Authors: Morreale Jay
Published: January 2019

ID's twenty‐third annual directory of the display industry.
Blue Phases for LCDs Based on Isotropic‐to‐Anisotropic Transitions
Authors: Kikuchi Hirotsugu
Published: January 2019

Novel LCD materials with fast response times and no requirement for alignment by rubbing have recently been developed. The polymer‐stabilized blue phases, which exhibit electric‐field‐induced transitions from an optically isotropic state to an anisotropic one, boost the response speed of electro‐optic switching without surface treatment.
LCD‐TV Makers Go Thin and Green to Generate New Growth
Authors: Dash Sweta
Published: January 2019

LCD manufacturers are looking beyond pricing and volume to gain market share. Those that take the lead will do so by developing and optimizing slimmer, more energy‐efficient models.
LCD In‐Cell Touch
Authors: Walker Geoff , Fihn Mark
Published: January 2019

Imagine being able to touch the surface of any display with your finger or a stylus and have the location of your touch instantly identified down to the exact pixels. Imagine this happening with no cover glass or special coatings or any other obstruction in front of the display, and with minimal change inside the display. That's the promise of in‐cell touch. The problem is that the promise remains mostly out of reach. This article explores that promise and its current status in detail.
Touch Screens and Touch Surfaces are Enriched by Haptic Force‐Feedback
Authors: Banter Bruce
Published: January 2019

Tactile feedback can enable more effective use of touch screens, particularly in automotive applications where driver distraction is a problem. The number of technologies used to produce haptic effects continues to increase, providing many options and opportunities for system designers.
Green Technology
Authors: Carkner Don
Published: January 2019

For the first time in the history of the Symposium, the Society for Information Display has designated a group of special sessions to explore green technologies in the display industry. These include Novel Power‐Reduction Techniques, Green Technologies in Display Manufacturing, Low‐Power E‐Paper and Other Bistable Displays, Power‐Saving Device Designs, and Green Technologies in Active‐Matrix Devices.
Touch Takes Off at Display Week 2010
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

Due to the large number of touch‐related symposium papers and exhibitors at last year's Display Week, the Society for Information Display has inaugurated sessions devoted exclusively to touch technology in 2010. The sessions are: Touch Technology Development, Multi‐Touch Systems and Developments, and Display‐Embedded Touch Solutions. There is also a touch poster session with nine presentations.
Broadcast and Production Embrace 3‐D
Authors: Chinnock Chris , Brennesholtz Matthew
Published: January 2019

Content providers and consumer‐electronics companies are already behind the move to 3‐D. Now, professional broadcast and production vendors are joining in to help provide critical mass.
Display Technology at the 2010 North American Auto Show
Authors: Sobel Alan
Published: January 2019

Modern automobiles contain a great deal of electronics, including a significant number of information displays. At the North American International Auto Show in Detroit last January, a showcase for the latest in autos and automotive electronics, there was no shortage of great examples of display technology at work.
OLED Requirements for Solid‐State Lighting
Authors: Lu Min‐Hao Michael , Ngai Peter
Published: January 2019

Rapidly improving efficacy and lifetime make OLEDs practical for general illumination. Panel requirements for a number of product categories from a luminaire manufacturer's perspective will be discussed. In particular, the necessary efficacy is derived from both required illumination and thermal constraints. Based on the progress reported with regard to hybrid tandem OLEDs at this year's SID Symposium,1 OLEDs should be able to meet the product roadmap outlined in this article.
When Can I Get My AMOLED TV?
Authors: Young Barry
Published: January 2019

Prototypes have whetted consumers' appetites for AMOLED TVs. Meanwhile, companies are working to overcome production challenges in order to produce the TVs in volume.
Beyond Conventional Display Applications: Cholesteric Reflective LCDs
Authors: Khan Asad
Published: January 2019

New cholesteric LC materials and roll‐to‐roll manufacturing processes have enabled new technologies that have, in turn, inspired new applications and products.
The Display Industry: Fast to Grow, Slow to Change
Authors: Semenza Paul
Published: January 2019

The development of the display industry over the past 50 years shows the long development cycles of display technologies, the importance of key applications that supported manufacturing investments, and the role of such investments in determining the location of production. The industry has grown rapidly, but fundamental changes in technology, applications, and production have taken place over many years.
Front‐of‐Screen Display Components and Technologies
Authors: Bita Ion , Mienko Marek , Rao Rashmi , Mihalakis George , Martin Russel , Valliath George
Published: January 2019

Front‐of‐screen (FOS) display components are key to optimizing optical performance in displays as well as user experiences.
Laser Patterning of Silver Nanowire
Authors: Pothoven Terry
Published: January 2019

The use of laser patterning on silver nanowire enables reduced manufacturing costs and increased flexibility for touch‐panel manufacturers.
Holographic Television at the MIT Media Lab
Authors: Bove V. Michael , Smalley Daniel
Published: January 2019

Several recent advances point the way toward real‐time holographic television for telepresence, entertainment, and teleoperation. This article introduces the concepts and requirements for such systems, then presents the MIT Media Lab's work to make them practical and inexpensive.
Alpha and Omega: Most Exciting Display Technologies at CES
Authors: Sechrist Steve
Published: January 2019

Giant TVs, ultra‐high definition, IGZO, and more were among the display showstoppers at this year's Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.
The Road Ahead to the Holodeck: Light‐Field Imaging and Display
Authors: Larimer Jim
Published: January 2019

Light‐field displays represent the 3‐D of our future.
Display Week 2013 Review: LCDs
Authors: Poor Alfred
Published: January 2019

LCDs dominate the display market despite challenges.
Display Week 2013 Review: 3‐D
Authors: Werner Ken
Published: January 2019

The 3‐D technology on the show floor this year was represented primarily by small, glasses‐free displays with improved image quality.
Display Week 2013 Review: OLEDs
Authors: Murano Sven , Lemke Anke
Published: January 2019

TVs were not the only OLED‐based products of interest at Display Week.
Display Week 2013 Review: e‐Paper
Authors: Heikenfeld Jason C.
Published: January 2019

A new product line from E Ink Corp. topped the surprises at this year's show.
Public Displays in Europe (and elsewhere)
Authors: Raikes Bob
Published: January 2019

Public displays have been slow to make inroads in many European markets, although there have been pockets of progress. It is difficult to generalize about the digital‐signage market in Europe, let alone the Middle East and Africa because every country is a market unto itself, with unique economic, cultural, and regulatory requirements.
The Virtues of Quantum Dots
Authors: Coe‐Sullivan Seth
Published: January 2019

When used in conjunction with LED backlighting, quantum dot technology can make LCD performance meet or exceed that of OLED displays.
Technologies for Flexible AMOLEDs
Authors: Hong Soonkwang , Yoo Juhnsuk , Jeon Changhoon , Kang Changheon , Lee Jino , Ryu Joungho , Ahn Byungchul , Yeo Sangdeog
Published: January 2019

In 2013, the world's first mass‐produced devices based on flexible AMOLED displays entered the marketplace. In this article, the technical barriers and challenges involved in creating the AMOLED panel used in LG Display's G Flex smartphone will be described.
CES 2015: The Show of Everything (SoE)
Authors: Werner Ken
Published: January 2019

For a consumer‐electronics show, CES 2015 was noticeably shorter on traditional consumer‐electronic products than in previous years. Enterprise solutions – such as automotive electronics and displays – received as much attention as TVs.
Understanding the Requirements for Automotive Displays in Ambient Light Conditions
Authors: Bauer Jan , Kreuzer Markus
Published: January 2019

Optimizing vehicular displays for the ambient light conditions they will be used in – from dark nights to sunny days and everything in between – requires a delicate balance of settings based on carefully obtained metrics.
Bulk‐Accumulation Oxide‐TFT Backplane Technology for Flexible and Rollable AMOLED Displays: Part II
Authors: Jang Jin
Published: January 2019

In the second of a two‐part series on a new backplane technology for flexible and rollable AMOLED displays, the author describes a system built on a bulk‐accumulation (BA) amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) TFT.
Next‐Generation Metrology Facilitates Next‐Generation Displays
Authors: Notermans Peter , Cohen Nathan
Published: January 2019

Impressive advances in production technology have created high‐density displays operating over wide color gamuts, but what is built must be tested, and improved production requires improved metrology. Color presents a particularly challenging metrology problem because even high‐quality color cameras are not traceable to spectral standards. Spectrometers provide accurate color information but without the spatial resolution required to faithfully capture display color quality. As described in this article, the author's team assembled an instrument that combines the strengths of both spectrometers and high‐quality cameras to provide rapid and reliable metrology for color displays.
Create Higher Resolution Displays with the VESA DSC Standard
Authors: Legault Alain , Crozier Emma‐Jane
Published: January 2019

As consumer demand for ultra‐high‐definition display products grows, designers are faced with many system design challenges associated with handling increased video throughput. The VESA Display Stream Compression (DSC) standard offers a compelling solution for enhancing display resolution up to 8K for a number of applications without having to compromise on display quality, battery life, or cost.
ID Interviews Seth Coe‐Sullivan, Vice President and Chief Technical Officer for Luminit
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

Seth Coe‐Sullivan is well known as a co‐founder of the quantum dot company QD Vision. He holds numerous patents relating to quantum dots (QDs) and organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). Coe‐Sullivan's role at Luminit, a maker of light diffuser films and holographic components, includes intellectual property strategy, technical marketing, and business development.
Stretchable Oxide TFT for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Li Xiuling , Jang Jin
Published: January 2019

Oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) in a neutral plane are shown to be robust under mechanical bending and thus can also be suitable for TFT backplanes for stretchable electronics. The oxide TFTs when built on a PI substrate can then be transferred onto a PDMS substrate and applied to stretchable electronics. The PDMS regions on the TFT parts are UV/O3 treated for stiff PDMS and then the TFTs are transferred onto this region. This substrate with TFTs applied can then be stretched up to 50 percent without significant performance degradation. Therefore, stretchable oxide TFT arrays can be used for stretchable displays and sensors.
Developing Liquid‐Crystal Functionalized Fabrics for Wearable Sensors
Authors: Wang Junren , Jákli Antal , Guan Yu , Fu Shaohai , West John
Published: January 2019

Textiles are the most universal wearable interface. Textile functionality is being rapidly expanded to incorporate a wide range of new technologies. A new concept of combining liquid crystals with fibers effectively incorporates all of the functionality associated with liquid crystals. In this article we report how liquid crystals can be incorporated into fibers and fabrics that respond visually to temperature. Looking to the future, we can envision how these liquid‐crystal fabrics can be designed to respond to chemical and biological stimuli, signaling the presence of bacteria and viruses, and opening the potential for wearable medical sensors. In addition to the visual response, the fabrics can provide an electrical output, allowing them to be integrated into more sophisticated sensing systems.
At Display Week with Universal Display Corporation
Authors: Werner Ken
Published: January 2019

In Los Angeles last May, ID frequent contributor and industry expert Ken Werner spoke with Universal Display Corporation's Janice DuFour about UDC's thoughts and plans regarding the OLED industry. Later on, he took in a forward‐looking OLED presentation by UDC's Mike Hack.
Light‐Field Displays and Extreme Multiview Rendering
Authors: Burnett Thomas
Published: January 2019

Light‐field displays have moved beyond the realm of science fiction, with prototypes now existing in the real world. Light‐field computation, however, is the barrier to deployment. The sheer number of pixels required to produce high‐fidelity light‐field content at a reasonable cost represents a daunting though not unsolvable problem.
ID Interviews Edward Tang, Co‐Founder and CTO of Avegant
Authors: Donelan Jenny
Published: January 2019

Edward Tang oversees the strategic direction of Avegant, which develops head‐mounted mixed‐reality technology. He also drives the company's business development and fundraising activities. Prior to Avegant, Tang started Tang Engineering Consulting LLC, a consulting and design firm for the MEMS community. He received his B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan.
Five Short Display Stories from CES 2018
Authors: Werner Ken
Published: January 2019

OLEDs, car cockpits, quantum dots, and really big TVs were all part of the narrative at this year's Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.
Emissive Materials Generate Excitement at the Show
Authors: Werner Ken
Published: January 2019

MicroLEDs created the most buzz at Display Week 2018, but quantum dots and OLEDs sparked a lot of interest too.
A New Frontier for Quantum Dots in Displays
Authors: Lee Ernest , Wang Chunming (Kevin) , Yurek Jeff , Ma Ruiqing
Published: January 2019

Quantum‐dot enhancement film (QDEF) is giving LCD technology an edge as it battles new TV display entrants such as white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs). Recent advances in quantum‐dot properties are also enabling new and innovative implementations. This includes their evolving use in LCDs, their possible deployment in OLED and microLED displays, and their potential as emitter materials for future printable electroluminescent displays.
The hemodynamic changes during cupping therapy monitored by using an optical sensor embedded cup
Authors: Kim Sungchul , Kim Evgenii , Jung Geunho , Lee Sanghun , Kim Jae G.
Published: January 2019

Cupping therapy is one form of alternative medicine that is used widely across the world. Although the applications of cupping therapy including pain relief have a 1000‐year history, the therapeutic effect of cupping is still questionable due to a lack of scientific evidence. Therefore, in the present study, we embedded a near‐infrared spectroscopic sensor into a suction cup to monitor the hemodynamic changes on the treated site while the hemodynamics at the surrounding tissue of the cup was also simultaneously monitored by another near‐infrared spectroscopic sensor. The results from 10 healthy male subjects show a dramatic increase of the oxy‐hemoglobin (OHb) and deoxy‐hemoglobin (RHb) concentrations at the treatment site while the OHb and RHb levels were decreased at the surrounding tissue. Moreover, after the treatment, we observed that the OHb concentrations were maintained at a higher level than before treatment at both sites, which may demonstrate how cupping therapy works for treatment. In summary, the results showed that cupping therapy increases blood volume and tissue oxygenation at the treatment site while those were slightly decreased at the surrounding tissue. This study showed that the embedding of near‐infrared spectroscopy in a cupping system could offer a better understanding of the mechanism of cupping therapy.
Manipulating the Amount and Structure of the Organic Matrix Affects the Water Compartments of Human Cortical Bone
Authors: Nyman Jeffry S , Uppuganti Sasidhar , Unal Mustafa , Leverant Calen J , Adabala Saahit , Granke Mathilde , Voziyan Paul , Does Mark D
Published: January 2019

Being predictors of the mechanical properties of human cortical bone, bound and pore water measurements by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are being developed for the clinical assessment of fracture risk. While pore water is a surrogate of cortical bone porosity, the determinants of bound water are unknown. Manipulation of organic matrix properties by oxidative deproteinization, thermal denaturation, or nonenzymatic glycation lowers bone toughness. Because bound water contributes to bone toughness, we hypothesized that each of these matrix manipulations affect bound water fraction (Vbw/Vbone). Immersing cadaveric bone samples in sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 96 hours did not affect tissue mineral density or cortical porosity, but rather decreased Vbw/Vbone and increased short‐T2 pore water signals as determined by 1H nuclear MR relaxometry (1H NMR). Moreover, the post treatment Vbw/Vbone linearly correlated with the remaining weight fraction of the organic matrix. Heating bone samples at 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, and then 140°C (∼24 hours per temperature and rehydration for ∼24 hours before 1H NMR analysis) did not affect Vbw/Vbone. After subsequently heating them at 200°C, Vbw/Vbone increased. Boiling bone samples followed by heating at 110°C, 120°C, and then 130°C in water under pressure (8 hours per temperature) had a similar effect on Vbw/Vbone. Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the increase in Vbw/Vbone coincided with an increase in an Amide I subpeak ratio that is sensitive to changes in the helical structure of collagen I. Glycation of bone by ribose for 4 weeks, but not in glucose for 16 weeks, decreased Vbw/Vbone, although the effect was less pronounced than that of oxidative deproteinization or thermal denaturation. We propose that MR measurements of bound water reflect the amount of bone organic matrix and can be modulated by collagen I helicity and by sugar‐derived post translational modifications of the matrix. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Interaction between caspase‐3 and caspase‐5 in the stretch‐induced programmed cell death in the human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Wu Yaqin , Zhuang Jiabao , Zhao Dan , Xu Chun
Published: January 2019

In our previous studies, programmed cell death (PCD) was induced in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, through activation of caspase‐3 and upregulation of CASP5 gene (encoding caspase‐5 protein), in response to mechanical stretch loading. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between the inflammatory caspase, caspase‐5, and the apoptotic executioner protein, caspase‐3, in human PDL cells. Here, we found that cyclic stretching upregulated the activity and the protein expression level of caspase‐3 and ‐5 and the addition of the caspase‐3 inhibitor or caspase‐5 inhibitor significantly inhibited the stretch‐induced PCD. Meanwhile, the inhibition of caspase‐5 inhibited the activation of caspase‐3 and vice versa. The result of coimmunoprecipitation also demonstrated that the expression of caspase‐3 was immunoprecipitated with caspase‐5. Thus, our study revealed that the in vitro application of cyclic stretching induced PCD by activation of caspase‐3 and ‐5 in human PDL cells, and these two caspases could interact with each other after mechanical stretch loading. The study may facilitate further studies on the mechanism of stretch‐induced PCD and help us understand the force‐related periodontal homeostasis and remodeling better.
The long noncoding RNA XIST regulates cardiac hypertrophy by targeting miR‐101
Authors: Xiao Lili , Gu Yulei , Sun Yunlong , Chen Jun , Wang Xiaofang , Zhang Yanzhou , Gao Lu , Li Ling
Published: January 2019

Cardiac hypertrophy and its resultant heart failure are among the most common causes of mortality, worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in diverse biological processes, and their vital role in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy is increasingly being discovered. Nevertheless, the biological roles of lncRNA X‐inactive specific transcript (XIST) in cardiac hypertrophy are scarcely reported, and the current study was designed to determine whether cardiac hypertrophy can be regulated by XIST and to elucidate the related mechanism. The animals were randomized to receive either an adeno‐associated virus expressing XIST or control plasmid via a single bolus‐tail vein injection. Two weeks later, hypertrophy was established by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery. In vitro, H9c2 cells were used to explore the potential molecular mechanism of XIST in the regulation of phenylephrine (PE)‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. A luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to explore the relationships among XIST, microRNA (miR)‐101, and toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2). In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of XIST was significantly upregulated in hypertrophic mouse hearts and PE‐treated cardiomyocytes. Then, we observed that knockdown of XIST attenuated PE‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Conversely, overexpression of XIST aggravated TAC‐induced cardiac hypertrophy. Finally, we demonstrated that miR‐101 was a direct target of XIST, whereas TLR2 was a target of miR‐101. Rescue assays further confirmed that XIST promoted the progression of cardiac hypertrophy through competitively binding with miR‐101 to enhance the expression of TLR2. Collectively, these in vivo and in vitro findings identify XIST as a necessary regulator of cardiac hypertrophy due to its regulation of the miR‐101/TLR2 axis, suggesting that XIST might act as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
MicroRNA replacement therapy in cancer
Authors: Mollaei Homa , Safaralizadeh Reza , Rostami Zeinab
Published: January 2019

Despite the recent progress in cancer management approaches, the mortality rate of cancer is still growing and there are lots of challenges in the clinics in terms of novel therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are regulatory small noncoding RNAs and are already confirmed to have a great role in regulating gene expression level by targeting multiple molecules that affect cell physiology and disease development. Recently, miRNAs have been introduced as promising therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Regulatory potential of tumor suppressor miRNAs, which enables regulation of entire signaling networks within the cells, makes them an interesting option for developing cancer therapeutics. In this regard, over recent decades, scientists have aimed at developing powerful and safe targeting approaches to restore these suppressive miRNAs in cancerous cells.

The present review summarizes the function of miRNAs in tumor development and presents recent findings on how miRNAs have served as therapeutic agents against cancer, with a special focus on tumor suppressor miRNAs (mimics). Moreover, the latest investigations on the therapeutic strategies of miRNA delivery have been presented.
Prognostic scoring system for osteosarcoma using network‐regularized high‐dimensional Cox‐regression analysis and potential therapeutic targets
Authors: Goh Tae Sik , Lee Jung Sub , Il Kim Jeung , Park Yong Geon , Pak Kyoungjune , Jeong Dae Cheon , Oh Sae‐Ock , Kim Yun Hak
Published: January 2019

With the recent emphasis on the importance of personalized genomic medicine, studies have performed prognostic stratification using gene signatures in cancers. However, these studies have not considered gene networks with clinical data. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel prognostic score using grouped variable selection for patients with osteosarcoma. We assessed messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and clinical data from Gene Expression Omnibus to develop a novel prognostic scoring system for patients with osteosarcoma. Variable selection using Network‐Regularized high‐dimensional Cox‐regression analysis with information regarding gene networks obtained from six large pathway databases was performed. We determined the risk score on the linear combination of regression coefficients and mRNA expression values. Log‐rank test, UNO's c‐index, and area under the curve (AUC) values were determined to evaluate the discriminatory power between the low‐ and high‐risk groups. A recently reported next‐generation Connectivity Map was used to identify future therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma. Our novel model had significantly high discriminatory power in predicting overall survival. An optimal c‐index of 0.967 was obtained and time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an acceptable predictive value of AUC between 0.953 and 1.000. Knockdown of BACE2 or ING2 and linifanib treatment may improve the prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma. Herein, this novel prognostic scoring system would not only facilitate a more accurate prediction of patient prognosis, but also contribute to the selection of suitable therapeutic alternatives for osteosarcoma patients.
Intraovarian injection of miR‐224 as a marker of polycystic ovarian syndrome declines oocyte competency and embryo development
Authors: Vahdat‐Lasemi Maryam , Hosseini Sara , Jajarmi Vahid , Kazemi Bahram , Salehi Mohammad
Published: January 2019

miR‐224 is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that is an epidemic in reproductive age women. Most studies of miR‐224 have focused on in vitro analyses, whereas the in vivo effects are not widely understood. In this study, we have conducted in silico analysis and found two potential miR‐224 target genes, Ptx3 and Smad4 that have roles in folliculogenesis. Because patients with PCOS have decreased numbers of follicular cells related to cell apoptosis, we also investigated two apoptotic genes, Bax and Bcl2. We used the intraovarian injection method to deliver miR‐224 into a mouse model. Histological examination of the ovaries was done by fluorescent microscope. Fertilization, cleavage, and developmental competence rates were counted under a stereomicroscope and compared between the studied groups. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analysis of miR‐224 was conducted to determine the levels of the studied genes in the oocytes, cumulus cells, and blastocysts. The numbers of oocytes and fertilization rate indicated a higher apoptosis index (
p < 0.05) and increased numbers of degenerated embryos with irregular blastomeres and fragmented cytoplasm in the experimental group. RT‐PCR results indicated a significant increase in miR‐224 levels in the manipulated group. Of the four analyzed genes, Ptx3, Smad4, and Bcl2 had decreased levels in the transfected group, with increased Bax expression (
p < 0.05). This data showed that miR‐224 negatively affected ovulation in the mouse model by decreasing Ptx3 and Smad4 expressions. The changes in Bcl2 and Bax expression levels, as apoptosis biomarkers, showed that apoptosis was a secondary outcome of the effect of miR‐224.
Train‐the‐trainer: Methodology to learn the cognitive interview
Authors: Molinaro Peter F. , Fisher Ronald P. , Mosser Alexandra E. , Satin Geri E.
Published: January 2019

Research has indicated that police may not receive enough training in interviewing cooperative witnesses, specifically in use of the cognitive interview (CI). Practically, for the CI to be effective in real‐world investigations, police investigators must be trained by law enforcement trainers. We conducted a three‐phase experiment to examine the feasibility of training experienced law enforcement trainers who would then train others to conduct the CI. We instructed Federal Bureau of Investigation and local law enforcement trainers about the CI (Phase I); law enforcement trainers from both agencies (n = 4, 100% male, mean age = 50 years) instructed university students (n = 25, 59% female, mean age = 21 years) to conduct either the CI or a standard law enforcement interview (Phase II); the student interviewers then interviewed other student witnesses (n = 50, 73% female, mean age = 22 years), who had watched a simulated crime (phase III). Compared with standard training, interviews conducted by those trained by CI‐trained instructors contained more information and at a higher accuracy rate and with fewer suggestive questions.
Sirtuin-1 in immunotherapy: A Janus-headed target
Authors: Chadha Sakshum , Wang Liqing , Hancock Wayne W , Beier Ulf H
Published: January 2019

Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), a member of the NAD-dependent sirtuin family of histone/protein deacetylases (HDAC), is an important target for immunotherapy due to its role in deacetylating the transcription factors Foxp3 and thymic retinoid acid receptor related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt). Sirt1 inhibition can increase Foxp3 acetylation and promote the production and functions of Foxp3+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells, whereas the acetylation of RORγt decreases its transcriptional activity DNA binding and decreases the differentiation of proinflammatory Th17 cells. Pharmacologic inhibitors of Sirt1 increase allograft survival and decrease autoimmune colitis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. However, in contrast to its role in T cells, Sirt1 has anti-inflammatory effects in myeloid cells, and, context dependent, in Th17 cells. Here, inhibition of Sirt1 can have proinflammatory effects. In addition to effects arising from the central role of Sirt1 in cellular metabolism and NAD-dependent reactions, such proinflammatory effects further complicate the potential of Sirt1 for therapeutic immunosuppression. This review aims to reconcile the opposing literature on pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of Sirt1, provides an overview of the role of Sir1 in the immune system, and discusses the pros and cons associated with inhibiting Sirt1 for control of inflammation and immune responses.
Multicultural Competency Training of School Counselor Trainees: Development of the Social Class and Classism Training Questionnaire
Authors: Pietrantoni Zachary , Glance Dorea
Published: January 2019

The Social Class and Classism Training Questionnaire was developed to assess multicultural competency and training of social class and classism for school counselor trainees (SCTs). The authors analyzed the differences between accreditation status, social class backgrounds, and factors contributing to SCTs’ competence and training. Results showed that socially desirable responding, number of multicultural courses, and training level contributed most to perceived competence and training. This study provides insight into factors influencing SCTs’ competence and training of social class.

El Cuestionario de Capacitación en Clase Social y Clasismo fue desarrollado para evaluar la competencia multicultural y capacitación en clase social y clasismo de consejeros escolares en formación (SCT, por sus siglas en inglés). Los autores analizaron las diferencias entre el estado de acreditación, la clase social de origen y otros factores que contribuyen a la competencia y capacitación de los SCT. Los resultados mostraron que las respuestas socialmente deseables, el número de cursos multiculturales y el nivel de capacitación contribuyeron en mayor medida a la percepción de competencia y capacitación. Este estudio ofrece una perspectiva de los factores que influyen en la competencia y capacitación en clase social de los SCT.
An Initial Investigation of Individual Instructors’ Self‐Perceived Competence and Incorporation of Disability Content Into CACREP‐Accredited Programs: Rethinking Training in Counselor Education
Authors: Feather Katherine A. , Carlson Ryan G.
Published: January 2019

Given the prevalence of children and families who experience disabilities, this study examined how 141 instructors from programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs cover disability‐related content in their curriculum. The study also examined the influence self‐perceived disability‐related competencies have on whether and how instructors infuse disability‐related content into counselor pedagogy. Limitations and implications for counselor educators are presented.

Dada la prevalencia de niños y familias que experimentan discapacidades, este estudio examinó cómo 141 docentes de programas acreditados por el Consejo de Acreditación en Consejería y Programas Educativos Relacionados (CACREP, por sus siglas en inglés) presentan los contenidos relacionados con la discapacidad en sus currículums. El estudio también examinó la influencia que tienen las competencias autopercibidas relacionadas con la discapacidad sobre si los docentes incluyen contenidos relacionados con la discapacidad en la pedagogía de consejeros y de qué forma lo hacen. Se presentan las limitaciones e implicaciones para educadores de consejeros.
Clinical evaluation of two dark blood methods of late gadolinium quantification of ischemic scar
Authors: Foley James R.J. , Broadbent David A. , Fent Graham J. , Garg Pankaj , Brown Louise A.E. , Chew Pei G. , Dobson Laura E. , Swoboda Peter P. , Plein Sven , Higgins David M. , Greenwood John P.
Published: January 2019

Background

Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging was validated for diagnosis and quantification of myocardial infarction (MI). Despite good contrast between scar and normal myocardium, contrast between blood pool and myocardial scar can be limited. Dark blood LGE sequences attempt to overcome this issue.

Purpose

To evaluate T1 rho (T1ρ)‐prepared dark blood sequence and compare to blood nulled (BN) phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) and standard myocardium nulled (MN) PSIR for detection and quantification of scar.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Thirty patients with prior MI.

Field Strength/Sequence

Patients underwent identical 1.5 T MRI protocols. Following routine LGE imaging, a slice with scar, remote myocardium, and blood pool was selected. PSIR LGE was repeated with inversion time set to MN, to BN, and T1ρ FIDDLE (flow‐independent dark‐blood delayed enhancement) in random order.

Assessment

Three observers. Qualitative assessment of confidence scores in scar detection and degree of transmurality. Quantitative assessment of myocardial scar mass (grams), and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) measurements between scar, blood pool, and myocardium.

Statistical Tests

Repeated‐measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction, coefficient of variation, and the Cohen κ statistic.

Results

CNRscar‐blood was significantly increased for both BN (27.1 ± 10.4) and T1ρ (30.2 ± 15.1) compared with MN (15.3 ± 8.4 P < 0.001 for both sequences). There was no significant difference in CNRscar‐myo between BN (55.9 ± 17.3) and MN (51.1 ± 17.8 P = 0.512); both had significantly higher CNRscar‐myo compared with the T1ρ (42.6 ± 16.9 P = 0.007 and P = 0.014, respectively). No significant difference in scar size between LGE methods: MN (2.28 ± 1.58 g) BN (2.16 ± 1.57 g) and T1ρ (2.29 ± 2.5 g). Confidence scores were significantly higher for BN (3.87 ± 0.346) compared with MN (3.1 ± 0.76 P < 0.001) and T1ρ (3.20 ± 0.71 P < 0.001).

Data Conclusion

PSIR with inversion time (TI) set for blood nulling and the T1ρ LGE sequence demonstrated significantly higher scar to blood CNR compared with routine MN. PSIR with TI set for blood nulling demonstrated significantly higher reader confidence scores compared with routine MN and T1ρ LGE, suggesting routine adoption of a BN PSIR approach might be appropriate for LGE imaging.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:146–152.