bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La evolución de la metalurgia prehistórica en la provincia de Alicante
Authors: González Prats Alfredo
Published: February 2012

El trabajo intenta presentar una visión actualizada de la evolución de la metalurgia prehistórica del cobre en tierras alicantinas desde mediados del III milenio hasta los inicios de la Edad del Hierro, incidiendo en la existencia de una metalurgia ya desde momentos pre-campaniformes. En el Bronce Antiguo la tipología metálica cambia, aún con útiles fabricados de cobre arsenicado. Desde 1600 a.C. comienzan a aparecer objetos de bronce binario, generalizándose en el Bronce Final.
Hallazgo de los primeros utensilios de madera en el poblado neolítico de La Draga (Banyoles, Girona)
Authors: Bosch Lloret Angel , Chinchilla Sánchez Julia , Piqué Huerta Raquel , Tarrús Galter Josep
Published: February 2012

La Draga es un poblado neolítico de finales del VI milenio que se encuentra en la orilla oriental del lago de Banyoles. El resultado más destacable de la excavación en el sector subacuático ha sido la aparición de cuatro utensilios de madera, objetos hasta ahora poco conocidos en la prehistoria de la zona mediterránea.
Algunas consideraciones teóricas en torno a la fauna como indicadora de espacios agrarios en la Prehistoria
Authors: Morales Muñiz Arturo
Published: February 2012

La calidad bioindicadora de un taxón viene determinada por el grado de asociación con determinadas variables ambientales y no por otras circunstancias tales como su abundancia o tamaño. Desde esta perspectiva y desde el punto de vista del análisis del espacio agrario como un ecosistema de creciente importancia en la biosfera, el presente estudio analiza algunas de las circunstancias que permiten evaluar la calidad, como bioindicadores, de dos grupos de fauna bien diferentes, las aves y las garrapatas. El trabajo pretende asimismo sentar las bases de cara a una concepción más integradora y equilibrada de la arqueozoología como ciencia pluridisciplinar.
Aplicación de la imagen multiespectral al estudio y conservación del arte rupestre postpaleolítico
Authors: Vicent Garcia Juan Manuel , Montero Ruíz Ignacio , Rodríguez Alcalde Ángel L. , Martínez Navarrete M. Isabel , Chapa Brunet Teresa
Published: February 2012

El deterioro que padece el arte rupestre tanto por factores ambientales como antrópicos atañe a su conservación e investigación en el futuro. La documentación gráfica, en algunos casos el único vestigio disponible, se ve limitada también por problemas de conservación a largo plazo, en especial cuando se trata de fotografía en color. En este trabajo se plantean nuevas líneas de investigación para solventar estos problemas a partir de una investigación en curso en el Departamento de Prehistoria del Centro de Estudios Históricos (CSIC). Se trata de la conversión del importante archivo fotográfico del Corpus de Pintura Rupestre Levantina a formatos digitales (Kodak Photo CD) y la aplicación del tratamiento digital de imagen multiespectral a la investigación de estas manifestaciones artísticas.
Hacia una reconstitución de los procedimientos artísticos magdalenienses: contribución del análisis microscópico en el campo del arte mueble
Authors: Fritz Carole
Published: February 2012

[es] A partir del postulado de que el proceso de realización de un objeto del arte mueble magdaleniense tiene una cierta tradición técnica que puede expresar valores cognitivos y culturales, este trabajo se orienta hacia la percepción de las técnicas de grabado en hueso. El análisis de 90 objetos del sudoeste de Francia ha puesto en evidencia gestos que se repiten en este proceso y «fórmulas» gráficas que no parecen características de grupos locales o regionales. No existe un estilo técnico propio de UAriège o de la Gironde. Los Magdalenienses parecen tener un fondo técnico común.

[fr] Vers une reconstitution des procédés artistiques magdaléniens: contribution de l'analyse microscopique dans le domaine de l'art mobilier.

En partant du postulat que l'objet d'art mobilier magdalénien est porteur d'une certaine tradition technique qui peut exprimer des valeurs cognitives et culturelles; nous avons orienté notre travail vers la perception de ces valeurs à travers la compréhension des techniques de gravure sur os. L'examen d'un corpus de 90 objets provenant du grand sud-ouest de la France a mis en évidence des récurrences gestuelles et des «recettes» graphiques qui ne paraissent pas caractéristiques de groupes locaux ou régionaux. Techniquement, il n'existe pas de manière de faire propre à r Ariège ou à la Gironde ... Les Magdaléniens semblent posséder un fonds technique commun.
IκB Kinase β Is Required for Activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in CD3/CD28-Stimulated Primary CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Lupino Elisa , Ramondetti Cristina , Piccinini Marco
Published: February 2012

Engagement of the TCR and CD28 coreceptor by their respective ligands activates signal transduction cascades that ultimately lead to the activation of the transcription factors NFAT, AP-1, and NF-κB, which are required for the expression of cytokines and T cell clonal expansion. Previous studies have demonstrated that in mature T cells, activation of AP-1 and NF-κB is dependent on protein kinase C θ, suggesting the existence of a common signaling pathway. In this study, we show that in human primary CD4+ T cells, exposure to the cell-permeable IKKβ inhibitor PS-1145 or genetic ablation of IKKβ abrogates cell proliferation and impairs the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in response to engagement of CD3 and CD28 coreceptor. In addition, we show that stimulation of T cells in the absence of IKKβ activity promotes the time-dependent and cyclosporine-sensitive expression of negative regulators of T cell signaling leading to a hyporesponsive state of T cells.
Anterior Mandibular Ameloblastoma
Authors: Bhandarwar Ajay H. , Bakhshi Girish D. , Borisa Ashok D. , Wagh Amol , Kapoor Rajat , Kori Channabasappa G.
Published: February 2012

Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor. These are usually asymptomatic until a large size is attained. Ameloblastoma has tendency to spread locally and has a high recurrence rate. Majority of ameloblastomas (80%) arise from the mandible. Ameloblastoma arising from anterior mandibular region (symphysis- menti) is rare. Very few cases of midline anterior ameloblastomas are reported in the literature. They often require wide local excision. Reconstruction of mandible in these cases is challenging. We present a case of mandibular ameloblastoma arising from symphysis- menti. Patient underwent wide surgical excision of the tumor followed by immediate reconstruction using free fibular vascular flap, stabilized with titanium reconstructive plates. A brief case report ands review of literature is presented.
Fractal properties and simulation of micro-seismicity for seismic hazard analysis: a comparison of North Anatolian and San Andreas Fault Zones
Authors: Ozer Naside , Ceylan Savas
Published: February 2012

We analyzed statistical properties of earthquakes in western Anatolia as well as the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in terms of spatio-temporal variations of fractal dimensions, p- and b-values. During statistically homogeneous periods characterized by closer fractal dimension values, we propose that occurrence of relatively larger shocks (M >= 5.0) is unlikely. Decreases in seismic activity in such intervals result in spatial b-value distributions that are primarily stable. Fractal dimensions decrease with time in proportion to increasing seismicity. Conversely, no spatiotemporal patterns were observed for p-value changes. In order to evaluate failure probabilities and simulate earthquake occurrence in the western NAFZ, we applied a modified version of the renormalization group method. Assuming an increase in small earthquakes is indicative of larger shocks, we apply the mentioned model to micro-seismic (M<= 3.0) activity, and test our results using San Andreas Fault Zone (SAFZ) data. We propose that fractal dimension is a direct indicator of material heterogeneity and strength. Results from a model suggest simulated and observed earthquake occurrences are coherent, and may be used for seismic hazard estimation on creeping strike-slip fault zones.
Youth culture, media and sexuality: What could faith communities contribute?
Authors: Cloete Anita
Published: February 2012

This article provided an overview of youth culture and how the media shapes youth culture today. Its specific aim was to focus on the access to sexual content that the different forms of media provide and the possible effect that they have on youth culture today. The sexual development of teenagers is one of the most important areas of their journey into adulthood and can easily be influenced by media messages on sex and sexuality. As such, the sexual behaviour of teenagers mostly seems to demonstrate a misconception on sex and sexuality. The author argued that sex and sexuality can also be viewed as theological issues and concluded by offering a few suggestions on how faith communities can become a more relevant and effective partner in fostering a theological understanding of sex and sexuality, especially to the youth.
Non genetic factors affecting rabbit reproduction in Algeria
Authors: Belhadi S. , Boukir M. , Amriou L.
Published: February 2012

Environmental variability of reproductive traits has been investigated on a pool of 51 does of different origin in a rabbit breeding unit in Tizi Ouzou region. The objective was to estimate the effects of different factors such as kindling season, parity, physiological state of does, and number born alive on characters such as acceptation rate, conception and kindling rate by female, total born alive, stillborn, litter size at weaning, pre-weaning and post-weaning mortality and weekly litter weights from birth to weaning. Mean bunny weight at birth, at weaning and 70 days of age, litter weight at 70 days of age and total litter gain during lactation have also been considered. Results show that kindling season affects only litter size at weaning with favourable effect of autumn ad spring (7.8 vs 6.6). Highest mean weights at birth are recorded in autumn (16.2 g more than others) and highest litter weights at weaning during the three seasons other than summer (700 g more). The highest mean weight at 70 days is obtained in winter (1.9 Kg). For parity effect, we have recorded the greatest conception and kindling rates at the beginning of reproductive life (98.7 and 96.03% respectively). Other performances did not vary according to this factor. Lactating females at mating had the same acceptation, conception and kindling rate and similar litter sizes as no lactating; however, superior values were obtained for non lactating does for litter size. Moreover, differences due to effect of number born alive on weekly mean weights were significant. However, this effect fades down at 70 days of age.
The isotopic composition of precipitation from a winter storm – a case study with the limited-area model COSMOiso
Authors: Pfahl S. , Wernli H. , Yoshimura K.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Stable water isotopes are valuable tracers of the atmospheric water cycle, and potentially provide useful information also on weather-related processes. In order to further explore this potential, the water isotopes H218O and HDO are incorporated into the limited-area model COSMO. In a first case study, the new COSMOiso model is used for simulating a winter storm event in January 1986 over the eastern United States associated with intense frontal precipitation. The modelled isotope ratios in precipitation and water vapour are compared to spatially distributed δ18O observations. COSMOiso very accurately reproduces the statistical distribution of δ18O in precipitation, and also the synoptic-scale spatial pattern and temporal evolution agree well with the measurements. Perpendicular to the front that triggers most of the rainfall during the event, the model simulates a gradient in the isotopic composition of the precipitation, with high δ18O values in the warm air and lower values in the cold sector behind the front. This spatial pattern is created through an interplay of large scale air mass advection, removal of heavy isotopes by precipitation at the front and microphysical interactions between rain drops and water vapour beneath the cloud base. This investigation illustrates the usefulness of high resolution, event-based model simulations for understanding the complex processes that cause synoptic-scale variability of the isotopic composition of atmospheric waters. In future research, this will be particularly beneficial in combination with laser spectrometric isotope observations with high temporal resolution.
Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM
Authors: Ebersviller S. , Lichtveld K . , Sexton K. G. , Zavala J. , Lin Y-H. , Jaspers I. , Jeffries H. E.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. This is the first of a three-part study designed to demonstrate dynamic entanglements among gaseous organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and their subsequent potential biological effects. We study these entanglements in increasingly complex VOC and PM mixtures in urban-like conditions in a large outdoor chamber. To the traditional chemical and physical characterizations of gas and PM, we added new measurements of gas-only- and PM-only-biological effects, using cultured human lung cells as model indicators. These biological effects are assessed here as increases in cellular damage or expressed irritation (i.e., cellular toxic effects) from cells exposed to chamber air relative to cells exposed to clean air. The exposure systems permit gas-only- or PM-only-exposures from the same air stream containing both gases and PM in equilibria, i.e., there are no extractive operations prior to cell exposure. Our simple experiments in this part of the study were designed to eliminate many competing atmospheric processes to reduce ambiguity in our results. Simple volatile and semi-volatile organic gases that have inherent cellular toxic properties were tested individually for biological effect in the dark (at constant humidity). Airborne mixtures were then created with each compound and PM that has no inherent cellular toxic properties for another cellular exposure. Acrolein and p-tolualdehyde were used as model VOCs and mineral oil aerosol (MOA) was selected as a surrogate for organic-containing PM. MOA is appropriately complex in composition to represent ambient PM, and it exhibits no inherent cellular toxic effects and thus did not contribute any biological detrimental effects on its own. Chemical measurements, combined with the responses of our biological exposures, clearly demonstrate that gas-phase pollutants can modify the composition of PM (and its resulting detrimental effects on lung cells) – even if the gas-phase pollutants are not considered likely to partition to the condensed phase: the VOC-modified-PM showed significantly more damage and inflammation to lung cells than did the original PM. Because gases and PM are transported and deposited differently within the atmosphere and the lungs, these results have significant consequences. For example, current US policies for research and regulation of PM do not recognize this "effect modification" phenomena (NAS, 2004). These results present an unambiguous demonstration that – even in these simple mixtures – physical and thermal interactions alone can cause a modification of the distribution of species among the phases of airborne pollution mixtures and can result in a non-toxic phase becoming toxic due to atmospheric thermal processes only. Subsequent work extends the simple results reported here to systems with photochemical transformations of complex urban mixtures and to systems with diesel exhaust produced by different fuels.
Improved cloud screening in MAIAC aerosol retrievals using spectral and spatial analysis
Authors: Lyapustin A. , Wang Y. , Laszlo I. , Korkin S.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. An improved cloud/snow screening technique in the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm is described. It is implemented as part of MAIAC aerosol retrievals based on analysis of spectral residuals and spatial variability. Comparisons with AERONET aerosol measurements and a large-scale MODIS data analysis show strong suppression of aerosol optical depth outliers due to unresolved clouds and snow. At the same time, the developed filter does not reduce the aerosol retrieval capability at high 1 km resolution in strongly inhomogeneous environments, such as near centers of the active fires. Despite significant improvement, the optical depth outliers in high spatial resolution data are and will remain the problem to be addressed by the application-dependent specialized filtering techniques.
Implications of observed inconsistencies in carbonate chemistry measurements for ocean acidification studies
Authors: Hoppe C. J. M. , Langer G. , Rokitta S. D. , Wolf-Gladrow D. A. , Rost B.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. The growing field of ocean acidification research is concerned with the investigation of organisms' responses to increasing pCO2 values. One important approach in this context is culture work using seawater with adjusted CO2 levels. As aqueous pCO2 is difficult to measure directly in small scale experiments, it is generally calculated from two other measured parameters of the carbonate system (often AT, CT or pH). Unfortunately, the overall uncertainties of measured and subsequently calculated values are often unknown. Especially under high pCO2, this can become a severe problem with respect to the interpretation of physiological and ecological data. In the few datasets from ocean acidification research where all three of these parameters were measured, pCO2 values calculated from AT and CT are typically about 30 % lower (i.e. ~300 μatm at a target pCO2 of 1000 μatm) than those calculated from AT and pH or CT and pH. This study presents and discusses these discrepancies as well as likely consequences for the ocean acidification community. Until this problem is solved, one has to consider that calculated parameters of the carbonate system (e.g. pCO2, calcite saturation state) may not be comparable between studies, and that this may have important implications for the interpretation of CO2 perturbation experiments.
Filling the white space on maps of European runoff trends: estimates from a multi-model ensemble
Authors: Stahl K. , Tallaksen L. M. , Hannaford J. , van Lanen H. A. J.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. An overall appraisal of runoff changes at the European scale has been hindered by "white space" on maps of observed trends due to a paucity of readily-available streamflow data. This study tested whether this white space can be filled using estimates of trends derived from model simulations of European runoff. The simulations stem from an ensemble of eight global hydrological models that were forced with the same climate input for the period 1963–2000. A validation of the derived trends for 293 grid cells across the European domain with observation-based trend estimates, allowed an assessment of the uncertainty of the modelled trends. The models agreed on the predominant continental scale patterns of trends, but disagreed on magnitudes and even on trend directions at the transition between regions with increasing and decreasing runoff trends, in complex terrain with a high spatial variability, and in snow-dominated regimes. Model estimates appeared most reliable in reproducing trends in annual runoff, winter runoff, and 7-day high flow. Modelled trends in runoff during the summer months, spring (for snow influenced regions) and autumn, and trends in summer low flow, were more variable and should be viewed with caution due to higher uncertainty. The ensemble mean overall provided the best representation of the trends in the observations. Maps of trends in annual runoff based on the ensemble mean demonstrated a pronounced continental dipole pattern of positive trends in western and northern Europe and negative trends in southern and parts of Eastern Europe, which has not previously been demonstrated and discussed in comparable detail.
Political Science Research on International Law: The State of the Field
Authors: Hafner-Burton Emilie M. , Victor David G. , Lupu Yonatan
Published: February 2012

The discipline of political science has developed an active research program on the development, operation, spread, and impact of international legal norms, agreements, and institutions. Meanwhile, a growing number of public international lawyers have developed an interest in political science research and methods. For more than two decades, scholars have been calling for international lawyers and political scientists to collaborate, and have suggested possible frameworks for doing so. Some prominent collaborations are under way—sharing research methods and insights.
High-Dose Therapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Transplantation for Recurrent or Refractory Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Analysis of King Hussein Cancer Center Results and Prognostic Variables
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Fawzi , Hussein Ayad , Aljamily Mohammad , Al-Zaben Abdulhadi , Hussein Nilly , Addasi Ala'a
Published: February 2012

Purpose. to evaluate the outcome of patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma who underwent autologous transplantation at KHCC bone marrow transplant program. Patients and Methods. Over 6 years, 63 patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin’s lymphoma underwent high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous transplant. There were 25.4% patients in complete remission (CR), 71.4% with chemotherapy responsive disease at the time of transplant. Prior to conditioning regimen, 56% received two chemotherapy lines, and, 44% received more than two lines. Results. The main outcomes of the study are the rate of complete remission at day 100, overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), The impact of the following variables on OS and RFS: (a) disease status at the time of transplant, (b) number of chemotherapy lines prior to conditioning, (c) age group, (d) time of relapse < or >12 months were investigated.
The CR at day 100 was 57%. The median overall survival for the whole group was 40.6 months; the median RFS was 20 months. The only factor which significantly impacts the study outcomes was the number of chemotherapy lines prior to conditioning on OS in favor of patients received two lines. Conclusion. In our study only the number of chemotherapy lines received before conditioning had statistically significant impact on OS.
Vestibular Hearing and Speech Processing
Authors: Emami Seyede Faranak , Pourbakht Akram , Sheykholeslami Kianoush , Kamali Mohammad , Behnoud Fatholah , Daneshi Ahmad
Published: February 2012

Vestibular hearing in human is evoked as a result of the auditory sensitivity of the saccule to low-frequency high-intensity tone. The objective was to investigate the relationship between vestibular hearing using cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) and speech processing via word recognition scores in white noise (WRSs in wn). Intervention comprised of audiologic examinations, cVEMPs, and WRS in wn. All healthy subjects had detectable cVEMPs (safe vestibular hearing). WRSs in wn were obtained for them (66.9 ± 9.3% in the right ears and 67.5 ± 11.8% in the left ears). Dizzy patients in the affected ears, had the cVEMPs abnormalities (insecure vestibular hearing) and decreased the WRS in wn (51.4 ± 3.8% in the right ears and 52.2 ± 3.5% in the left ears). The comparison of the cVEMPs between the subjects revealed significant differences (P < 0.05). Therefore, the vestibular hearing can improve the speech processing in the competing noisy conditions.
Anxious and Nonanxious Children's Face Identification
Authors: Fitzgerald Ryan J. , Price Heather L. , Connolly Deborah A.
Published: February 2012

The impact of stress on children's face identification is not well understood, partly because of the ethical and methodological challenges posed by this line of research. In the present research, such challenges were addressed by having 4‐year‐old and 5‐year‐old children (n = 80) participate in swimming lessons that were anxiety provoking for some, but not all, children. Information processing conditions were also manipulated by varying event frequency and retention interval. Children's identifications were examined after both a short (1.5–4 weeks) and long (1 year) delay. Anxiety was largely unrelated to the accuracy of children's swimming instructor identifications; however, after a long delay, anxiety had a negative effect on correct line‐up rejections. In addition, the confidence–accuracy relation was influenced by the quality of the information processing conditions but only after a short delay. Implications for child witnesses are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Transconductance Organic Thin‐Film Electrochemical Transistors for Driving Low‐Voltage Red‐Green‐Blue Active Matrix Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Braga Daniele , Erickson Nicholas C. , Renn Michael J. , Holmes Russell J. , Frisbie C. Daniel
Published: February 2012

Switching and control of efficient red, green, and blue active matrix organic light‐emitting devices (AMOLEDs) by printed organic thin‐film electrochemical transistors (OETs) are demonstrated. These all‐organic pixels are characterized by high luminance at low operating voltages and by extremely small transistor dimensions with respect to the OLED active area. A maximum brightness of ≈900 cd m−2 is achieved at diode supply voltages near 4 V and pixel selector (gate) voltages below 1 V. The ratio of OLED to OET area is greater than 100:1 and the pixels may be switched at rates up to 100 Hz. Essential to this demonstration are the use of a high capacitance electrolyte as the gate dielectric layer in the OETs, which affords extremely large transistor transconductances, and novel graded emissive layer (G‐EML) OLED architectures that exhibit low turn‐on voltages and high luminescence efficiency. Collectively, these results suggest that printed OETs, combined with efficient, low voltage OLEDs, could be employed in the fabrication of flexible full‐color AMOLED displays.
Risk factors for occupational hand injuries: Relationship between agency and finger
Authors: DavasAksan Asli , Durusoy Raika , Bal Emin , Kayalar Murat , Ada Sait , Tanık Feride Aksu
Published: February 2012

Background

The aim of this study was to define the risk factors for occupational hand injuries and explore the relationship between the machines and the fingers injured, based on the records of a hospital in Turkey specialized in hand and microsurgery.

Methods

Five thousand twenty seven occupational hand injuries treated at a hand and microsurgery hospital between 1992 and 2005 were included in the study. All the injuries were retrospectively recoded according to ICD‐10, (ICECI) and ILO recommendations. Logistic regression and chi‐square for trend analysis were used to evaluate the risk factors for occupational injuries.

Results

The most frequent injuries were traumatic amputation of wrist and hand (53.2%), open wound of wrist and hand (46.3%). Considering all injuries, 60.9% of agricultural machines, 52.7% of metal working machines, 54.7% of transmission machinery, and 42.8% of wood and assimilated machines affected the right hand. Powered wood cutters, presses, planning and milling machines, and machine belts were the most frequent five machines involved in injuries, each having a different finger pattern. The proportion of machinery among all hand injuries was significantly decreasing with time.

Conclusion

A stricter and more frequent supervision of the use of protective equipment and prohibition of the purchase of machinery not complying with the regulations could contribute to the prevention of hand injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:465–473, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of experimental arthritis by targeting synovial endothelium with a neutralizing recombinant antibody to C5
Authors: Macor Paolo , Durigutto Paolo , De Maso Luca , Garrovo Chiara , Biffi Stefania , Cortini Andrea , Fischetti Fabio , Sblattero Daniele , Pitzalis Costantino , Marzari Roberto , Tedesco Francesco
Published: February 2012

Objective

To show that a new recombinant protein (MT07) obtained by fusing a synovial‐homing peptide to a neutralizing antibody to C5 can be selectively delivered to inflamed synovium and can effectively control joint inflammation in experimental models of arthritis.

Methods

Binding of MT07 to human, rat, and mouse synovial tissue was evaluated in vitro by immunofluorescence, and selective localization in the inflamed joints of rats was documented in vivo using time‐domain optical imaging. The antiinflammatory effect of MT07 was tested in a rat model of antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA) and in a mouse model of collagen antibody–induced arthritis (CAIA).

Results

MT07 was able to bind to samples of inflamed synovium from humans, mice, and rats while failing to recognize uninflamed synovium as well as inflamed mouse lung or rat kidney. In vivo analysis of the biodistribution of MT07 confirmed its preferential homing to inflamed joints, with negligible inhibition of circulating C5 levels. MT07 prevented and resolved established inflammation in a rat model of AIA, as demonstrated by changes in joint swelling, polymorphonuclear cell counts in synovial washes, release of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor α, and tissue damage. A similar therapeutic effect was obtained testing MT07 in a CAIA model.

Conclusion

Our findings show that the novel recombinant molecule MT07 has the unique ability to selectively target inflamed joints and to exert local control of the inflammatory process by neutralizing the complement system without interfering with circulating C5 levels. We believe that this approach can be extended to other antiinflammatory drugs currently used to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
A bibliometric chronicling of library and information science's first hundred years
Authors: Larivière Vincent , Sugimoto Cassidy R. , Cronin Blaise
Published: February 2012

This paper presents a condensed history of Library and Information Science (LIS) over the course of more than a century using a variety of bibliometric measures. It examines in detail the variable rate of knowledge production in the field, shifts in subject coverage, the dominance of particular publication genres at different times, prevailing modes of production, interactions with other disciplines, and, more generally, observes how the field has evolved. It shows that, despite a striking growth in the number of journals, papers, and contributing authors, a decrease was observed in the field's market‐share of all social science and humanities research. Collaborative authorship is now the norm, a pattern seen across the social sciences. The idea of boundary crossing was also examined: in 2010, nearly 60% of authors who published in LIS also published in another discipline. This high degree of permeability in LIS was also demonstrated through reference and citation practices: LIS scholars now cite and receive citations from other fields more than from LIS itself. Two major structural shifts are revealed in the data: in 1960, LIS changed from a professional field focused on librarianship to an academic field focused on information and use; and in 1990, LIS began to receive a growing number of citations from outside the field, notably from Computer Science and Management, and saw a dramatic increase in the number of authors contributing to the literature of the field.
Efficiently Synthesizing Lacto‐Ganglio‐Series Gangliosides by Using a Glucosyl Ceramide Cassette Approach: The Total Synthesis of Ganglioside X2
Authors: Nakashima Shinya , Ando Hiromune , Saito Risa , Tamai Hideki , Ishida Hideharu , Kiso Makoto
Published: February 2012

The first total synthesis of the hybrid ganglioside X2, which consisted of a highly branched octasaccharide and ceramide moieties, was accomplished by using a glucosyl ceramide cassette approach. With a disaccharyl donor, the heptasaccharide could not be constructed by glycosylation of the C4 hydroxy group of galactose at the reducing end of the pentasaccharide. In contrast, through an alternative approach with two branched glycan units, a GM2‐core trisaccharide, and a lacto‐ganglio tetrasaccharide, the heptasaccharyl donor could be prepared and subsequently joined with a glucosyl ceramide cassette to afford the protected ganglioside, X2. Finally, global deprotection completed the synthesis, thus affording the pure ganglioside X2.
Passive Control for Stochastic Interval Systems with Interval Time‐Varying Delay
Authors: Wang Cheng , Shen Yi
Published: February 2012

This paper is concerned with the problem of delay‐dependent passive analysis and control for stochastic interval systems with interval time‐varying delay. The system matrices are assumed to be uncertain within given intervals, and the time delay is a time‐varying continuous function belonging to a given range. By the transformation of the interval uncertainty into the norm‐bounded uncertainty, partitioning the delay into two segments of equal length, and constructing an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional in each segment of the delay interval, delay‐dependent stochastic passive control criteria are proposed without ignoring any useful terms by considering the information of the lower bound and upper bound for the time delay. The main contribution of this paper is that a tighter upper bound of the stochastic differential of Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is obtained via a newly‐proposed bounding condition. Based on the criteria obtained, a delay‐dependent passive controller is presented. The results are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
A computational framework for the design of optimal protein synthesis
Authors: Racle Julien , Overney Jan , Hatzimanikatis Vassily
Published: February 2012

Despite the establishment of design principles to optimize codon choice for heterologous expression vector design, the relationship between codon sequence and final protein yield remains poorly understood. In this work, we present a computational framework for the identification of a set of mutant codon sequences for optimized heterologous protein production, which uses a codon‐sequence mechanistic model of protein synthesis. Through a sensitivity analysis on the optimal steady state configuration of protein synthesis we are able to identify the set of codons, that are the most rate limiting with respect to steady state protein synthesis rate, and we replace them with synonymous codons recognized by charged tRNAs more efficient for translation, so that the resulting codon‐elongation rate is higher. Repeating this procedure, we iteratively optimize the codon sequence for higher protein synthesis rate taking into account multiple constraints of various types. We determine a small set of optimized synonymous codon sequences that are very close to each other in sequence space, but they have an impact on properties such as ribosomal utilization or secondary structure. This limited number of sequences can then be offered for further experimental study. Overall, the proposed method is very valuable in understanding the effects of the different properties of mRNA sequences on the final protein yield in heterologous protein production and it can find applications in synthetic biology and biotechnology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:2127–2133. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ASIS&T 2011 plenary session: How to identify ducks in flight: A crowdsourcing approach to biodiversity research and conservation
Authors: Hardin Steve
Published: February 2012

Editor's Summary

Volunteers engaged in crowdsourcing are providing valuable information to help understand bird biodiversity and migration. Attendees at the 2011 Annual Meeting heard Steve Kelling, director of information science at Cornell University's Ornithology Lab, explain how humans play a critical role by providing knowledge used to identify, differentiate and track birds around the world. Kelling's eBird project is a global citizen science project involving birders who report bird sighting locations, numbers, dates and time. The My eBird web pages engage birders, supporting collection and sharing of personal experiences. Smartphone apps and data‐backed dot indicators on Google Maps provide extra technology support for participants. The end goal is broad scale analysis with fine resolution about species occurrence and biodiversity, applying the kind of information that only humans can provide.
Introduction
Authors: White Layna
Published: February 2012

Editor's Summary

Museums are evolving dramatically in the ways they manage and present collections and related information to consumers. The contributors explore museum informatics from distinct perspectives, reporting on museum initiatives that share the goal of enhancing audience members' experience of museum collections while distinguishing the museum among peers. Innovation is seen in a collaborative project to design a collections management system, the extra analysis made possible by supplementary video content, in‐depth examination over time enabled by specialty imaging technologies, and the use of an ontology and linked open data to make information easily accessible for research. Museums' traditional collection catalogues are moving to digital format, allowing novel enhancements, and the museum information professional's efforts can even be invisible but successful if they promote audience participation or a new appreciation for holdings.
CollectionSpace: A story of open‐source software development and user‐centered design
Authors: Forbes Megan
Published: February 2012

Editor's Summary

CollectionSpace is an open‐source, web‐based collections management system for museums. It is being developed by and for the museum community, recognizing the commonalities in collection management and facilitating museum information processes, workflows, tasks and needs. A partnership among the Museum of the Moving Image, University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Cambridge, the project is dedicated to user‐centered design and has taken shape through workshops that identified five essential themes, starting with the idea that the software should be a museum's core information resource, serving all aspects of collection management. The software developed must be user friendly, support comprehensive data through resource linking, serve the outside community as well as museum professionals and encourage broad use by avoiding information silos. Though funding and participation challenges are normal for such an ambitious project, CollectionSpace is expected to change the way museums manage their collection information while promoting community ownership and development of the software product.
Penetration depth and size of the nonarthritic glenoid: Implications for glenoid replacement
Authors: Jung Hong Jun , Jeon In‐Ho , Ahn Tae Soo , Lee Tae Kyoon , Pawaskar Aditya , Lee Choon Sung , Chun Jae Myeung
Published: February 2012

Shoulder arthroplasty is technically demanding and relies heavily on precise surgical technique and preoperative planning. Proper glenoid component sizing plays a crucial role for successful shoulder arthroplasty. In this study, we measured the glenoid size together with penetration depth using three‐dimensional computed tomography (3D‐CT). From January 2010 to January 2011, 38 patients, including males and females, without evidence of a pathological glenoid, were enrolled for this study. CT images were taken and subsequently reconstructed in 3D images. The height of the glenoid was measured and the width was measured at five different levels (H1–H5). Axial images were taken at each level, with the anteroposterior (AP) glenoid diameter divided into eight areas (W1–W7). The penetration depth between the near and far cortices (thickness) at points W1–W7 was also measured. The overall mean height of the glenoid was 37.67 ± 4.09 mm. The width of the glenoid was the greatest at the distal 4/5th point and it was the least at the proximal 1/5th point. The penetration depth of the glenoid increased as the reference point progressed in the posterior direction, which was at the 5/7th point from the anterior margin. The measurement was greatest at the W4 point at the H1 level, but the W5 point was greatest at all other levels. On the basis of this study, the posterior and inferior parts of the glenoid are thinner than the anterior and superior parts. Thus, caution must be taken when inserting screws into the posteroinferior parts, where the glenoid is thinner than 15 mm, especially in females, to avoid penetration of the far cortex. Clin. Anat. 25:1043–1050, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase‐Catalyzed Ring Opening of the Bicyclic Amine, Nortropine: An Experimental and DFT Computational Study
Authors: Kwiecień Renata A. , Kosieradzka Katarzyna , Le Questel Jean‐Yves , Lebreton Jacques , Fournial Anaïs , Gentil Emmanuel , Delaforge Marcel , Paneth Piotr , Robins Richard J.
Published: February 2012

An approach combining experimental kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and quantum chemistry calculations at the DFT level was used to explore the mechanism by which the CN bond of the bicyclic amine nortropine (2) was cleaved during the catabolism of tropine (1) by Pseudomonas bacteria. The working model is that the ring opening involves the oxidation of nortropine at one bridgehead carbon position by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, followed by the protonation of the nitrogen, which leads to heterolytic bond cleavage. 15N and 2H heavy‐atom KIEs for the reaction were determined both experimentally and theoretically (DFT). Transition states were described for both oxidation and ring cleavage. Calculation of the heavy‐atom KIE values indicated a high 2H, a moderate 13C, and a negligible 15N effect for the oxidation and a strong inverse 15N and normal 13C KIEs at N and 1C for the 1CN bond cleavage. Experimental KIE values for the overall reaction were a strongly inverse 15N and negligible 2H effect, which indicated that the catalytic rate depended on the bond‐breaking part of the reaction. Thus, from the experimental and calculated results, it could be proposed that the enzyme‐dependent activation of the 1C position to destabilize the structure is a prerequisite for bond cleavage, but the driving force behind the carbon–nitrogen bond fission is the simultaneous protonation of the nitrogen of the intermediate species [3] and sp3 to sp2 transition at the 1C position. Thus, a mechanism that satisfactorily fits both the experimental and theoretical results could be proposed. It is unusual in that it indicates that the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase‐catalyzed hydrogen abstraction—though essential for the overall reaction to occur—is not the kinetically limiting partial reaction.
Characterization of the Core Oligosaccharide and the O‐Antigen Biological Repeating Unit from Halomonas stevensii Lipopolysaccharide: The First Case of O‐Antigen Linked to the Inner Core
Authors: Pieretti Giuseppina , Carillo Sara , Lindner Buko , Kim Kwang Kyu , Lee Keun Chul , Lee Jung‐Sook , Lanzetta Rosa , Parrilli Michelangelo , Corsaro Maria Michela
Published: February 2012

A novel core structure among bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that belong to the genus Halomonas has been characterized. H. stevensii is a moderately halophilic microorganism, as are the majority of the Halomonadaceae. It brought to light the pathogenic potential of this genus. On account of their role in immune system elicitation, elucidation of LPS structure is the mandatory starting point for a deeper understanding of the interaction mechanisms between host and pathogen. In this paper we report the structure of the complete saccharidic portion of the LPS from H. stevensii. In contrast to the finding that the O‐antigen is usually covalently linked to the outer core oligosaccharide, we could demonstrate that the O‐polysaccharide of H. stevensii is linked to the inner core of an LPS. By means of high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection we were able to isolate the core decasaccharide as well as a tridecasaccharide constituted by the core region plus one O‐repeating unit after alkaline degradation of the LPS. The structure was elucidated by one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy, ESI Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometry, and chemical analysis.
Influential Role of Ethereal Solvent on Organolithium Compounds: The Case of Carboranyllithium
Authors: Popescu Adrian‐Radu , Musteti Ana Daniela , Ferrer‐Ugalde Albert , Viñas Clara , Núñez Rosario , Teixidor Francesc
Published: February 2012

The influence of ethereal solvents (diethyl ether (Et2O), tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethoxyethane (DME)) on the formation of organolithiated compounds has been studied on the 1,2‐C2B10H12 platform. This platform is very attractive because it contains two CcH adjacent units ready to be lithiated. On would expect that the closeness of both CcH units would induce a higher resistance of the second CcH unit being lithiated following the first lithiation. However, this is not the case, which makes 1,2‐C2B10H12 attractive to get a better understanding of the ethereal solvent influence on the lithiation process. The formation of carboranyl disubstituted species has been attributed to the existence of an equilibrium in which the carboranyl monolithiated species disproportionates into dilithium carborane and pristine carborane. The way Li+ binds to Cc in the carboranyl fragment and how the solvent stabilizes such a binding is paramount to drive the reaction to the generation of mono‐ and disubstituted carboranes. In fact, the proportion of mono‐ and disubstituted species is a consequence of the formation of contact ion pairs and, to a lesser extent, of separated ion pairs in ethereal solvents. All ethereal solvents generate contact ion pairs in which a large degree of covalent CcLi(solvent) bonding can be assumed, according to experimental and theoretical data. Furthermore, Et2O tends to produce carboranyllitium ion pairs with a higher degree of contact ion pairs than THF or DME. It has been determined that for a high‐yield preparation of monosubstituted 1‐R‐1,2‐C2B10H11, in CcR (R=C, S or P) coupling reactions, the reagent type defines which is the most appropriate ethereal solvent. In reactions in which a halide is generated, as with ClPPh2 or BrCH2CHCH2, Et2O appears to produce the highest degree of monosubstitution. In other situations, such as with S8, or when no halide is generated, THF or DME facilitate the largest degree of monosubstitution. It has been shown that upon the self reaction of Li[1,2‐C2B10H11] to produce [LiC4B20H22]− the nucleophilicity of the carboranyllithium can even be further enhanced, beyond the ethereal solvent, by synergism with halide salts. The mediation of Li+ in producing isomerizations on allyl substituents has also been demonstrated, as Et2O does not tend to induce isomerization, whereas THF or DME produces the propenyl isomer. The results presented here most probably can be extended to other molecular types to interpret the Li+ mediation in CC or other CX coupling reactions.