bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alachlor and 1,8-Naphthalic Anhydride Effects on Sorghum Seedling Development
Authors: Hickey J. Stephen , Krueger W. A.
Published: May 2019

Time of coleorhiza emergence through the per carp of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ‘AKS 614′] germinated on blotters in the dark was not affected by 1, 5, or 25 ppmw of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], by 2% w/w 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (hereafter referred to as NA) seed treatment, or their combinations. Coleoptile emergence was delayed slightly by NA alone and in combination with alachlor, but not by alachlor alone. Emergence of the primary leaf from the coleoptile was inhibited by alachlor treatments in the presence of NA and even more so in its absence. Various degrees of leaf distortion resulted when plants not exhibiting leaf emergence were placed in light. Severity of distortion was less with 1 ppmw of alachlor than with 5 ppmw, and the alachlor-induced distortion was less when in combination with 150 ppmw of NA. After 4 weeks the primary leaves were still distorted, but subsequent emerging leaves were normal in all treatments. More complete emergence and unrolling of the primary leaf were observed when terminal segments (3.5 cm long, including the coleoptile and part of the first internode) from plants grown in the presence of 150 ppmw of NA were vacuum infiltrated with 15, 25, and 50 ppmw of alachlor than in the controls. From these results we conclude that the protective action of alachlor is of a physiological nature and not one of physical deactivation of the herbicide.
Relative Sensitivity of Several Plants to Diphenamid
Authors: Deli J. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

The concentration of N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) required to cause 50% growth inhibition (I50) of the shoots or roots in soil, or the roots in a bioassay, was determined for several species. of the plants tested, grasses were the most sensitive, while Solanaceae were among the most tolerant to diphenamid. Based on shoot inhibition, the sensitivity difference between the sensitive foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and the tolerant pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) was 150 fold. Highly significant correlations among the I50 values indicate that any of the three methods would be satisfactory for measuring the sensitivity of species to diphenamid.
Control of Johnsongrass Ecotypes
Authors: McWhorter C. G.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) for the control of 55 morphologically distinct ecotypes of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) collected throughout the United States and from several foreign countries. Ecotypes varied widely in their response to dalapon whether collected from Mississippi, from 10 other states, or from eight foreign countries. Initial control of seven ecotypes with dalapon increased 8 to 35% when nitrogen fertilization was increased from 0 to 300 lb/A. Regrowth of surviving plants was more vigorous with increased nitrogen levels so increased fertility reduced final control. Comparative differences in the susceptibility of the seven selected ecotypes to monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) were not as great as those obtained with dalapon. Varying the rate of nitrogen fertilization had less effect on johnsongrass susceptibility to MSMA than to dalapon. Dalapon controlled sorghum almum (Sorghum almumParodi) better than johnsongrass.
Two New Varieties of Setaria viridis
Authors: Schreiber Marvin M. , Oliver Lawrence R.
Published: May 2019

Two new varieties of foxtails, Setaria viridis var. robusta alba Schreiber and Setaria viridis var. robusta-purpurea Schreiber are described. As their names imply, they differ from each other only in the color of their bristles but differ from Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. and Setaria viridis var. major (Gaud.) Posp. in their robust growth habit, morphology, and physiological responses. A key distinguishes these from other species of similar habit and habitat.
Differential Selectivity of Herbicides on Six Setaria Taxa
Authors: Oliver Lawrence R. , Schreiber Marvin M.
Published: May 2019

Differential selectivity was shown for 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 2-chloro-4, 6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (propazine), and S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate (butylate) on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), giant green foxtail (Setaria viridis var. major (Gaud.) Posp.), robust white foxtail (Setaria viridis var. robusta-alba Schreiber), and robust purple foxtail (Setaria viridis var. robusta-purpurea Schreiber). The differentials obtained could explain the reports of uncontrolled Setaria species and the apparent increase of the latter three varieties. The two new varieties of green foxtail, robust white and robust purple foxtails, were the most tolerant varieties or species to atrazine and propazine with giant green foxtail intermediate between the robust foxtails and green, giant, and yellow foxtail. The ED50 values for the robust foxtails were also higher than for the other varieties and species studied. Yellow foxtail was the most tolerant to butylate. The effective rate, measured as percent of control, was directly related to soil organic matter content.
Weed Competition in Cotton. II. Cocklebur and Redroot Pigweed
Authors: Buchanan Gale A. , Burns Earl R.
Published: May 2019

Competitive effects of cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) were evaluated in four experiments at two locations in Alabama during the period 1966 to 1968. Cocklebur was more competitive with cotton than was pigweed on Norfolk sandy loam soil. A density of eight cocklebur plants per 7.31 m of row reduced cotton yields 20 to 40%. Higher densities of cocklebur resulted in greater yield reductions. Forty-eight cocklebur plants per 7.31 m of row caused cotton yields to be reduced more than 80%. Pigweed at a density of 48 weeds per 7.31 m of row reduced cotton yields less than 50% on the Norfolk soil. On Lucedale sandy clay loam, cocklebur and pigweed were equally competitive and both species were more competitive than on Norfolk soil. A density of eight cocklebur or pigweed plants per 7.31 m of row resulted in 60 to 70% cotton yield reductions. The highest density of pigweed studied, 48 plants per 7.31 m of row, reduced cotton yields 90% on the Lucedale soil. Vegetative growth, boll, and seed size were not affected as much as cotton yields by either weed species. Percentage lint and fiber properties were unaffected by plant competition.
Control of Nutsedge with Organic Arsenical Herbicides
Authors: Keeley P. E. , Thullen R. J.
Published: May 2019

Nonradioactive and14C-labeled arsenical herbicides were applied to foliage of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) grown under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. Disodium methanearsonate (DSMA) controlled purple nutsedge better at 20 and 29 C than at 13 C. Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) was as effective in controlling this weed at 13 C as at 20 and 29 C. DSMA and MSMA provided 80% or greater control of yellow nutsedge grown at the three temperatures. When plants were treated with14C-DSMA and14C-MSMA, greater radioactivity was detected in yellow nutsedge than in purple nutsedge. The apparent differential herbicide penetration of purple and yellow nutsedge leaves is believed to have contributed substantially to the control of nutsedge observed in this study.
Effect of Seedbed Preparation for Corn on Distribution of Weed Seed
Authors: Wicks G. A. , Somerhalder B. R.
Published: May 2019

The Nebraska till-plant system of planting corn (Zea mays L.) moves weed seed away from the corn row. A reduction of weed seed in the row reduces the number of weeds emerging with the corn. In contrast, the conventional disking and plowing system of seedbed preparation does not remove weed seed from the row.
Degradation of Fluometuron in Sandy Loam Soil
Authors: Bozarth G. A. , Funderburk H. H.
Published: May 2019

Degradation of 1,1-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl) urea (fluometuron) in a sandy loam soil was investigated in time-course and 14CO2 evolution studies. Degradation occurred only in nonautoclaved samples and was more rapid in glucose-amended soil, indicating that it is a function of microbial metabolism. Time-course studies showed that the pathway of degradation of fluometuron in soil is similar to that previously reported for other substituted ureas, involving a two-step demethylation, probably followed by hydrolysis of the urea linkage to form the aniline derivative. Further evidence for degradation was a small but significant recovery of 14CO2 from soil treated with fluometuron labeled in the trifluoromethyl group.
Woollyleaf Bursage Response to Selected Herbicides
Authors: Smith D. T. , Wiese A. F. , Cooley A. W.
Published: May 2019

Fenac [(2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acetic acid] and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) at 28 and 2.2 kg/ha, respectively, controlled woollyleaf bursage(Franseria tomentosaGray) for 3 years in noncropped areas. Effective control of woollyleaf bursage was obtained when treated at the bud stage or earlier with an ester formulation of (2,4-di= chlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at 2.2 kg/ha or 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole) at 4.5 kg/ha in an oil-water emulsion carrier or 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) at 2.2 kg/ha in a water carrier with 0.5% surfactant. Picloram, at 0.44 kg/ha or more, controlled woollyleaf bursage at any time of application.
Selectivity of Endothall in Turf
Authors: Turgeon A. J. , Penner Donald , Meggitt W. F.
Published: May 2019

Absorption, translocation, metabolism, and action of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall) in annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Merion’), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. ‘Penncross’) were studied. Selective action on annual bluegrass from root applications of endothall was attributed to differences in absorption and action of the herbicide. Morphological differences among species, spray retention, and endothall action contributed to selectivity following foliar applications.
Persistence of Herbicides in Fallow Desert Cropland
Authors: Hamilton K. C. , Arle H. F.
Published: May 2019

Four herbicides were applied at 6-month intervals, and incorporated by disking, to desert cropland soils at two locations. Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) was applied at 0.9 kg/ha; and 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne), 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) were applied at 1.8 kg/ha. Following treatment the soils remained fallow without irrigation for 24, 18, 12, 6, or 0 months before planting eight crops. Sugarbeet(Beta vulgarisL.) growth was affected 24 months after applications of trifluralin. Growth of two or three crops at each location was affected 18 months after application of prometryne. Residues of atrazine and diuron usually caused greater injury to most crops than did prometryne or trifluralin. Six months after the first planting four additional crops were planted. In plots planted 30 months after treatment diuron reduced sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)stands by 70% and reduced fresh weights of three crops at Mesa. Trifluralin reduced fresh weight of sorghum by 80% at Yuma. Crops responded differently to herbicide residues at the two locations. Injury to crops was most severe at Mesa despite higher rainfall during the fallow period at this location.
CONSENSO E OPPOSIZIONE: UNA TIPOLOGIA
Authors: Graham George J.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

I ruoli svolti dalle opposizioni all'interno di una società sono definiti dalle « aspettative » di coloro con cui i gruppi di opposizione interagiscono. Le aspettative della cittadinanza si traducono direttamente in una serie di condizioni di confine che stabiliscono quali forme di comportamento vengano apertamente tollerate nelle attività politiche. Le attività di opposizione vengono perciò giudicate sulla base delle norme consensuali presenti in una società, e gli effetti di stili differenti di comportamento dell'opposizione dipenderanno chiaramente dalla reazione pubblica nei loro confronti. È chiara l'importanza del rapporto tra consenso e opposizione per comprendere singolarmente entrambi i fenomeni dal momento che le norme ed i valori sociali prevalenti sono essenziali agli effetti dello stile del dissenso all'interno di una società. Da molto tempo è stata riconosciuta l'importanza di entrambi i fenomeni nelle analisi del decision-making, dell'integrazione sociale, dello sviluppo politico e del conflitto politico, ma la loro importanza ha ricevuto un nuovo rilievo dallo sviluppo di gruppi di opposizione di massa che perseguono la contestazione politica nella forma della politica di scontro frontale.
CONSEGUENZE POLITICHE DELLA LEGGE ELETTORALE REGIONALE IN ITALIA
Authors: Fisichella Domenico
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il 7 giugno 1970 l'Italia è entrata nell'era regionalistica del suo sviluppo politico-amministrativo. Vi è entrata in virtú dell'elezione, svoltasi in quel giorno e nel successivo, dei consigli regionali delle quindici regioni a statuto normale: regioni le quali, insieme alle cinque a statuto speciale da tempo in essere, costituiscono adesso, e ancor piú costituiranno in futuro, le unità fondamentali della struttura politica di base della repubblica italiana.
LA POLITICA COME SCIENZA
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La filosofia non presuppone un metodo filosofico. Quantomeno, non esiste un metodo filosofico codificato. Al massimo si potrà dire che la filosofia presuppone un « corretto ragionare », e cioè la logica. Ma certo la logica non sta alla filosofia cosí come il metodo scientifico sta alla scienza. Sarebbe azzardato asserire che non c’è filosofia senza logica; e certo, molti illustri filosofi hanno ampiamente derogato dall−unica logica che la tradizione filosofica ha codificato: la logica Aristotelica. Per contro si sostiene che non c’è scienza propriamente detta senza metodo scientifico. Questo metodo scientifico non è immutabile, è uno ma anche plurimo, ed  è in continua evoluzione. Il che non toglie che la scienza, presuppone un metodo scientifico. È in forza di questo criterio, difatti, che la nascita del pensiero scientifico e il suo distacco dal pensiero filosofico viene collocata nei secoli XVI-XVIII, nell−arco di tempo che va da Bacone a Galileo e, conclusivamente, a Newton.
MOBILITAZIONE SOCIALE E CRISI RIVOLUZIONARIA
Authors: Pellicani Luciano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In questo saggio mi propongo di analizzare il meccanismo socio-psicologico che può determinare una crisi rivoluzionaria, cioè un acuto squilibrio tra il flusso degli inputs e il flusso degli outputs, eliminabile solo con una radicale trasformamazione del regime politico. L'ipotesi centrale dalla quale muovo è che, perché una società sia integrata, è necessario un notevole grado di sintonia fra le strutture, le istituzioni e le mentalità, di modo che:
DIMENSIONI DEL POTERE
Authors: Frey Frederick W.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nonostante quasi duemila anni di esperienze e di tentativi almeno occasionali di analisi sistematica in scienza politica, in antropologia, in economia e in sociologia, la comprensione scientifica dei fenomeni di potere, intesi in senso lato come quei fenomeni caratterizzati dall'influenza di un uomo su un altro uomo, si sta sviluppando soltanto adesso. L'argomento è altrettanto sfuggente e formidabile quanto di vitale importanza.
LE COMMISSIONI PARLAMENTARI AFFARI ESTERI: UNA UNITÀ DECISIONALE IN POLITICA ESTERA
Authors: Attinà Fulvio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Presso i primi studiosi di Relazioni Internazionali l'analisi della politica estera occupava un posto di minore importanza rispetto all'analisi di tutti quei fattori (moralità, diritto, ecc.) e processi (organizzazione, guerra, ecc.) internazionali che si riteneva costituissero la sfera tipica degli interessi dello studioso. Il decision-making approach costituí, perciò, al suo apparire una vera e propria rivoluzione, non tanto come inversione di tendenza — privilegiare l'analisi della politica estera — quanto come chiarificazione del campo attraverso il riconoscimento che anche la politica estera non è soltanto il risultato di forze, morali e materiali, contrastanti, quanto un campo caratterizzato da attori che adottano scelte motivate. Sul piano della ricerca ciò si è tradotto nell'analisi del comportamento degli attori nazionali e internazionali nel momento in cui essi affrontano delle scelte, selezionano dei corsi di azione alternativi, decidono e attuano le loro scelte.
28. Galaxies
Authors: Burbidge E. M.
Published: May 2019

As with the 1970 report, it has not been possible to write an all-inclusive account listing everything published by the great number of astronomers in this field (which greatly exceeds the commission membership). The subject headings below are not intended as completely separate divisions, but rather as guides to the contents. Where possible, references are given by the numbers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts; elsewhere, commonly-used abbreviations for journals are used and volume numbers alone without years.

Among the colloquia and symposia on extragalactic astronomy whose proceedings have been published in the last three years are the following. IAU Symposium No. 38, on ‘The Spiral Structure of Our Galaxy’ (03.012.013), contained a few papers concerned with external galaxies, as did IAU Symposium No. 37, on ‘Non-Solar X- and Gamma-Ray Astronomy’ (04.012.002). ‘Quasars and High-Energy Astronomy’ (04.012.005) contained several papers on galaxies and QSOs. Some theoretical work relevant to external galaxies was contained in ‘Structure and Evolution of the Galaxy’ (Athens; NATO Summer Study; 05.012.006).
Deliberate Differentiation by the Chinese State: Outsourcing Responsibility for Governance
Authors: Sun Taiyi
Published: May 2019

Do authoritarian governments’ responses towards different civil society organizations (CSOs) reflect policy differentiations? Building on the existing literature of graduated control, diversification of civil society, and consultative authoritarianism, this paper utilizes an online field experiment,1and interviews with government officials and CSO leaders to demonstrate that local governments have the tendencies to intentionally treat different CSOs with different policy responses, referred to as “deliberate differentiation” in this paper. However, contrary to what the existing literature would suggest, this study reveals that at the local level, such differentiation is driven more by the state's interest in extracting productivity and outsourcing responsibility for the provision of public goods and less by the state's need to acquire information from CSOs, including politically sensitive advocacy groups.
Action for Cities: the Thatcher government and inner-city policy
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto
Published: May 2019

This article surveys the Thatcher administration's approach to inner-city policy. It uses recently opened archives to reignite the debate over how far these years marked a radical break with past practices towards market-oriented approaches. The first part explains why inner cities became such a central issue for the Conservative party, running through all areas of domestic policy and taking up a vast amount of legislative time. The second part details some of the transatlantic neo-liberal ideas that blamed inner-city ills on government intervention, which were increasingly influential amongst senior Conservatives. The third section shows how little free market ideology actually succeeded in directing government policy, which more often than not saw an expansion of the role of the state. Antagonism with local authorities is revealed to have been a much more important and influential factor. These themes are expanded in the fourth section, which charts the Action for Cities policy drive of Thatcher's final term.
Of Pipes and Patches: Listening to augmented pipe organs
Authors: d’Alessandro Christophe , Noisternig Markus
Published: May 2019

Pipe organs are complex timbral synthesisers in an early acousmatic setting, which have always accompanied the evolution of music and technology. The most recent development is digital augmentation: the organ sound is captured, transformed and then played back in real time. The present augmented organ project relies on three main aesthetic principles: microphony, fusion and instrumentality. Microphony means that sounds are captured inside the organ case, close to the pipes. Real-time audio effects are then applied to the internal sounds before they are played back over loudspeakers; the transformed sounds interact with the original sounds of the pipe organ. The fusion principle exploits the blending effect of the acoustic space surrounding the instrument; the room response transforms the sounds of many single-sound sources into a consistent and organ-typical soundscape at the listener’s position. The instrumentality principle restricts electroacoustic processing to organ sounds only, excluding non-organ sound sources or samples. This article proposes a taxonomy of musical effects. It discusses aesthetic questions concerning the perceptual fusion of acoustic and electronic sources. Both extended playing techniques and digital audio can create musical gestures that conjoin the heterogeneous sonic worlds of pipe organs and electronics. This results in a paradoxical listening experience of unity in the diversity: the music is at the same time electroacoustic and instrumental.
On digital front-runners and late-comers: Analyzing issue competition over digitization in German subnational elections
Authors: Siewert Markus B. , König Pascal D.
Published: May 2019

Despite the sweeping societal and economic transformation brought about by digitization, it has remained a relatively marginal topic in elections, with parties having few incentives to signal commitment to digitization. Why then would parties start to do so? We address this question by examining party manifestos from German subnational elections in the period between 2010 and 2018. Our analysis contributes to the research on issue competition by looking at why parties engage with the topic of the digitization even though it has neither become politicized nor salient, at present. We find, first, that parties emphasize digitization more in regions belonging to the mid-tier in terms of their degree of digital modernization. Second, parties with more resources and greater ideological compatibility signal more commitment to digitization. Finally, electoral success of the Pirate Party as a credible challenger has been followed by greater emphasis on digitization, especially among the ideologically closest competitors.
Attribution of the Hemispheric Asymmetries in Trends of Stratospheric Trace Gases Inferred From Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Measurements
Authors: Han Yuanyuan , Tian Wenshou , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Zhang Jiankai , Wang Feiyang , Sang Wenjun , Luo Jiali , Feng Wuhu , Chrysanthou Andreas , Tian Hongying
Published: May 2019

Using Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite observations, ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, and a chemistry transport model simulation, we analyze and investigate the causes of the asymmetric hemispheric trends of N2O, CH4, and HCl in the stratosphere during the period 2004–2012. We find significant hemispheric asymmetries in the trends of these trace gases in the midlatitude middle and lower stratosphere. With regard to N2O and CH4, the enhanced downwelling branch of the residual circulation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) middle and upper stratosphere transports more N2O/CH4‐poor air from the upper stratosphere to the lower stratosphere. The enhanced poleward meridional branch of the residual circulation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratosphere brings more N2O/CH4‐rich air from lower to middle latitudes. These processes therefore contribute to the negative trends of N2O and CH4 in the NH lower stratosphere and the positive trends in the SH middle stratosphere. A corresponding positive trend is found for HCl in the NH, where the deep branch of the residual circulation located in the middle and upper stratosphere strengthens, bringing more HCl‐rich air downward to the lower stratosphere, while the shallow branch of the residual circulation in the lower stratosphere weakens and leads to enhanced conversion of chlorine‐containing source gases of different lifetimes to HCl. A reversed picture emerges in the SH, where the deep branch of the residual circulation in the middle and upper stratosphere weakens, while the shallow branch in the lower stratosphere strengthens, resulting in less HCl there. In addition, the southward shift of the upwelling branch of the residual circulation in recent decades can partly explain trace gas trends above 20 hPa, while the eddy mixing has a small effect on the trends. Understanding these contributions from different processes to the hemispheric asymmetries in trends of these trace gases can help us to evaluate more accurately future changes in stratospheric composition.
Retreat Pattern of Glaciers Controls the Occurrence of Turbidity Currents on High‐Latitude Fjord Deltas (Eastern Baffin Island)
Authors: Normandeau A. , Dietrich P. , Hughes Clarke J. , Van Wychen W. , Lajeunesse P. , Burgess D. , Ghienne J.‐F.
Published: May 2019

Glacier and ice sheet mass loss as a result of climate change is driving important coastal changes in Arctic fjords. Yet limited information exists for Arctic coasts regarding the influence of glacial erosion and ice mass loss on the occurrence and character of turbidity currents in fjords, which themselves affect delta dynamics. Here we show how glacial erosion and the production of meltwaters and sediments associated with the melting of retreating glaciers control the generation of turbidity currents in fjords of eastern Baffin Island (Canada). The subaqueous parts of 31 river mouths along eastern Baffin Island were mapped by high‐resolution swath bathymetry in order to assess the presence or absence of sediment waves formed by turbidity currents on delta fronts. By extracting glaciological and hydrological watershed characteristics of these river mouths, we demonstrate that the presence and areal extent of glaciers are a key control for generating turbidity currents in fjords. However, lakes formed upstream during glacial retreat significantly alter the course of sediment routing to the deltas by forming temporary sinks, leading to the cessation of turbidity currents in the fjords. Due to the different deglaciation stages of watersheds in eastern Baffin Island, we put these results into a temporal framework of watershed deglaciation to demonstrate how the retreat pattern of glaciers, through the formation and filling of proglacial lakes, affects the turbidity current activity of deltas.
Australia–New Zealand Plan for Future Scientific Ocean Drilling
Authors: Coffin Millard , Parr Joanna , Armand Leanne
Published: May 2019

Australian–New Zealand IODP Consortium Ocean Planet Workshop; Canberra, Australia, 14–16 April 2019
Pacific Carbon Uptake Accelerating Faster Than Expected
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: May 2019

A new study suggests that shifting ocean currents drive faster carbon dioxide uptake.
The Impact of Oxygen on the Reconnection Rate
Authors: Tenfjord P. , Hesse M. , Norgren C. , Spinnangr S. F. , Kolstø H.
Published: May 2019

We investigate the role of a background oxygen population in magnetic reconnection, using particle‐in‐cell simulations. We run several simulations, with different initial oxygen temperatures and densities, to understand how the reconnection rate is influenced, as oxygen is captured by the reconnection process. The oxygen remains approximately demagnetized on the relevant time and spatial scales and therefore has little direct (i.e., immediate mass loading) effect on the reconnection process itself. The reconnection rate is independent of the initial oxygen temperature but clearly dependent on the density. The reduced reconnection rate is twice as fast as predicted by mass loading. We describe a mechanism where the oxygen population (and the associated electrons) acts as an energy sink on the system, altering the energy partitioning. Based on a scaling analysis, we derive an estimate of the reconnection electric field that scales as (1+no/np)−1, where no and np is the oxygen and proton densities, respectively.
A Model for the Formation of Eskers
Authors: Hewitt Ian J. , Creyts Timothy T.
Published: May 2019

We develop a mathematical model for esker formation by the continuous deposition of sediments near the mouth of water‐filled subglacial tunnels. We assume a retreating ice sheet margin and prescribe meltwater and sediment supply to a channelized subglacial drainage system. The hydrodynamic model for the subglacial channel has its cross section governed by wall melting, creep closure, and sediment deposition. Sediment‐carrying capacity typically increases downstream, before decreasing rapidly near the margin, suggesting that most deposition occurs there. This can lead to “choking” near the margin, which is offset by enhanced melting to keep the channel open. The model shows that the deposition rate varies roughly quadratically with sediment supply and inversely with water flux. For given sediment supply, the model suggests esker formation is most prevalent in smaller channels. Larger ice sheet melt rates likely produce more closely spaced eskers, but with smaller cross sections.
81Kr Dating at the Guliya Ice Cap, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tian Lide , Ritterbusch Florian , Gu Ji‐Qiang , Hu Shui‐Ming , Jiang Wei , Lu Zheng‐Tian , Wang Di , Yang Guo‐Min
Published: May 2019

We present radiometric 81Kr dating results for ice samples collected at the outlets of the Guliya ice cap in the western Kunlun Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau. This first application of 81Kr dating on midlatitude glacier ice was made possible by recent advances in Atom Trap Trace Analysis, particularly a reduction in the required sample size down to 1 μL STP of krypton. Eight ice blocks were sampled from the bottom of the glacier at three different sites along the southern edges. The 81Kr data yield upper age limits in the range of 15–74 ka (90% confidence level). This is an order of magnitude lower than the ages exceeding 500 ka which the previous 36Cl data suggest for the bottom of the Guliya ice core. It is also significantly lower than the widely used chronology up to 110 ka established for the upper part of the core based on ice δ18O.
Urban Impacts on Extreme Monsoon Rainfall and Flooding in Complex Terrain
Authors: Yang Long , Smith James , Niyogi Dev
Published: May 2019

Hydrometeorological impacts due to urbanization for cities close to complex terrain are poorly understood due to the complexities of terrain‐related circulation and urban perturbations of atmospheric flow. In this study, we examine urban impacts on extreme monsoon rainfall and the resultant flooding over central Arizona based on high‐resolution atmospheric and hydrological model simulations. Strong positive rainfall anomalies at the urban‐rural interface downwind of the city are mainly related to dynamic effects (increased surface roughness) on convective outflow boundaries. Urban‐related thermodynamic disturbances slightly increase rain rates over the downtown core of Phoenix. Contrasting rainfall anomalies for two consecutive storm episodes highlight the importance of flow regime analysis in understanding urban impacts on extreme rainfall in complex terrain. Urban‐induced rainfall anomalies result in amplification of flood peak magnitudes by as much as a factor of 2 for Phoenix watersheds. Our results highlight the urban impacts on regional flood hydrology through land‐atmosphere interactions.
Characterization and Evolution of Radiation Belt Electron Energy Spectra Based on the Van Allen Probes Measurements
Authors: Zhao H. , Johnston W. R. , Baker D. N. , Li X. , Ni B. , Jaynes A. N. , Kanekal S. G. , Blake J. B. , Claudepierre S. G. , Reeves G. D. , Boyd A. J.
Published: May 2019

Based on the measurements of ~100‐keV to 10‐MeV electrons from the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) and Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope (REPT) on the Van Allen Probes, the radiation belt electron energy spectra characterization and evolution have been investigated systematically. The results show that the majority of radiation belt electron energy spectra can be represented by one of three types of distributions: exponential, power law, and bump‐on‐tail (BOT). The exponential spectra are generally dominant in the outer radiation belt outside the plasmasphere, power law spectra usually appear at high L‐shells during injections of lower‐energy electrons, and BOT spectra commonly dominate inside the plasmasphere at L>2.5 during relatively quiet times. The main features of three types of energy spectra have also been revealed. Specifically, for the BOT energy spectrum, the energy of local flux maximum usually ranges from approximately hundreds of keV to several MeV and the energy of local flux minimum varies from ~100 keV to ~MeV, both increasing as L‐shell decreases, confirming the plasmaspheric hiss wave scattering to be the main mechanism forming the BOT energy spectra. Statistical results using 4‐year observations from the Van Allen Probes on the relation between energy spectra and plasmapause location also show that the plasmasphere plays a critical role in shaping radiation belt electron energy spectrum: the peak location of BOT energy spectra is ~1 L‐shell inside the minimum plasmapause, where BOT energy spectra mostly form in ~1–2 days as a result of hiss wave scattering.
Dysregulation of a specific immune-related network of genes biologically defines a subset of schizophrenia
Authors: Trossbach Svenja V. , Hecher Laura , Schafflick David , Deenen René , Popa Ovidiu , Lautwein Tobias , Tschirner Sarah , Köhrer Karl , Fehsel Karin , Papazova Irina , Malchow Berend , Hasan Alkomiet , Winterer Georg , Schmitt Andrea , Meyer zu Hörste Gerd , Falkai Peter , Korth Carsten
Published: May 2019

Currently, the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia relies solely on self-reporting and clinical interview, and likely comprises heterogeneous biological subsets. Such subsets may be defined by an underlying biology leading to solid biomarkers. A transgenic rat model modestly overexpressing the full-length, non-mutant Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein (tgDISC1 rat) was generated that defines such a subset, inspired by our previous identification of insoluble DISC1 protein in post mortem brains from patients with chronic mental illness. Besides specific phenotypes such as DISC1 protein pathology, abnormal dopamine homeostasis, and changes in neuroanatomy and behavior, this animal model also shows subtle disturbances in overarching signaling pathways relevant for schizophrenia. In a reverse-translational approach, assuming that both the animal model and a patient subset share common disturbed signaling pathways, we identified differentially expressed transcripts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of tgDISC1 rats that revealed an interconnected set of dysregulated genes, led by decreased expression of regulator of G-protein signaling 1 (RGS1), chemokine (C–C) ligand 4 (CCL4), and other immune-related transcripts enriched in T-cell and macrophage signaling and converging in one module after weighted gene correlation network analysis. Testing expression of this gene network in two independent cohorts of patients with schizophrenia versus healthy controls (n = 16/50 and n = 54/45) demonstrated similar expression changes. The two top markers RGS1 and CCL4 defined a subset of 27% of patients with 97% specificity. Thus, analogous aberrant signaling pathways can be identified by a blood test in an animal model and a corresponding schizophrenia patient subset, suggesting that in this animal model tailored pharmacotherapies for this patient subset could be achieved.
Author Correction: Pathogenic copy number variants that affect gene expression contribute to genomic burden in cerebral palsy
Authors: Corbett Mark A. , van Eyk Clare L. , Webber Dani L. , Bent Stephen J. , Newman Morgan , Harper Kelly , Berry Jesia G. , Azmanov Dimitar N. , Woodward Karen J. , Gardner Alison E. , Slee Jennie , Pérez-Jurado Luís A. , MacLennan Alastair H. , Gecz Jozef
Published: May 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Topological characterizations of an extended Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model
Authors: Xie Dizhou , Gou Wei , Xiao Teng , Gadway Bryce , Yan Bo
Published: May 2019

The Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) model perhaps is the easiest and the most basic model for topological excitations. Many variations and extensions of the SSH model have been proposed and explored to better understand both fundamental and novel aspects of topological physics. The SSH4 model has been proposed theoretically as an extended SSH model with higher dimension (the internal dimension changes from two to four). It has been proposed that the winding number in this system can be determined through a higher-dimensional extension of the mean chiral displacement measurement, however, this has not yet been verified in experiment. Here, we report the realization of this model with ultracold atoms in a momentum lattice. We verify the winding number through measurement of the mean chiral displacement in a system with higher internal dimension, we map out the topological phase transition in this system, and we confirm the topological edge state by observation of the quench dynamics when atoms are initially prepared at the system boundary.
Beaver-generated disturbance extends beyond active dam sites to enhance stream morphodynamics and riparian plant recruitment
Authors: Levine Rebekah , Meyer Grant A.
Published: May 2019

Given the direct effects of their dams on hydrology, sediment storage, and vegetation, beaver are widely acknowledged as ecosystem engineers. Here we explore the effects of beaver activity on channel processes and riparian plant recruitment beyond those dams and after dam abandonment in southwestern Montana, USA. Willow cuttings from beaver herbivory are commonly deposited along point bars, adding roughness and promoting sediment accumulation. Most cuttings are found <1 km downstream of an active dam. These cuttings often sprout, aiding in willow colonization and bar stabilization. Thirty-four radiocarbon ages show that beaver cuttings have accumulated by similar processes over thousands of years, adding to floodplain carbon storage. Breached dams can initiate meanders, increasing channel and riparian habitat diversity. Beaver activity thus generates a cycle of frequent disturbance, from dam building and riparian plant browsing through dam failure and abandonment, with each phase influencing channel and floodplain evolution and riparian plant recruitment.
Spurious violation of the Stokes–Einstein–Debye relation in supercooled water
Authors: Kawasaki Takeshi , Kim Kang
Published: May 2019

The theories of Brownian motion, the Debye rotational diffusion model, and hydrodynamics together provide us with the Stokes–Einstein–Debye (SED) relation between the rotational relaxation time of the $${\boldsymbol{\ell }}$$
ℓ
-th degree Legendre polynomials $${{\boldsymbol{\tau }}}_{{\boldsymbol{\ell }}}$$

τ

ℓ

, and viscosity divided by temperature, η/T. Experiments on supercooled liquids are frequently performed to measure the SED relations, $${{\boldsymbol{\tau }}}_{{\boldsymbol{\ell }}}$$

τ

ℓ

kBT/η and Dt$${{\boldsymbol{\tau }}}_{{\boldsymbol{\ell }}}$$

τ

ℓ

, where Dt is the translational diffusion constant. However, the SED relations break down, and its molecular origin remains elusive. Here, we assess the validity of the SED relations in TIP4P/2005 supercooled water using molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, we demonstrate that the higher-order $${{\boldsymbol{\tau }}}_{{\boldsymbol{\ell }}}$$

τ

ℓ

values exhibit a temperature dependence similar to that of η/T, whereas the lowest-order $${{\boldsymbol{\tau }}}_{{\boldsymbol{\ell }}}$$

τ

ℓ

values are decoupled with η/T, but are coupled with the translational diffusion constant Dt. We reveal that the SED relations are so spurious that they significantly depend on the degree of Legendre polynomials.
Learning from droplet flows in microfluidic channels using deep neural networks
Authors: Hadikhani Pooria , Borhani Navid , H. Hashemi S. Mohammad , Psaltis Demetri
Published: May 2019

A non-intrusive method is presented for measuring different fluidic properties in a microfluidic chip by optically monitoring the flow of droplets. A neural network is used to extract the desired information from the images of the droplets. We demonstrate the method in two applications: measurement of the concentration of each component of a water/alcohol mixture, and measurement of the flow rate of the same mixture. A large number of droplet images are recorded and used to train deep neural networks (DNN) to predict the flow rate or the concentration. It is shown that this method can be used to quantify the concentrations of each component with a 0.5% accuracy and the flow rate with a resolution of 0.05 ml/h. The proposed method can in principle be used to measure other properties of the fluid such as surface tension and viscosity.
Molecular basis of natural tolerance to glyphosate in Convolvulus arvensis
Authors: Huang Zhaofeng , Liu Yan , Zhang Chaoxian , Jiang Cuilan , Huang Hongjuan , Wei Shouhui
Published: May 2019

Convolvulus arvensis is a troublesome weed that is naturally tolerant to glyphosate. This weed tolerates glyphosate at a rate 5.1 times higher than that of glyphosate-susceptible Calystegia hederacea. Glyphosate-treated C. arvensis plants accumulated less shikimic acid than C. hederacea plants. The overexpression of EPSPS genes from the two species in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in similar glyphosate tolerance levels. qPCR of genomic DNA revealed that the EPSPS copy number in C. arvensis was approximately 2 times higher than that in C. hederacea. Moreover, glyphosate treatment caused a marked increase in EPSPS mRNA in C. arvensis compared to C. hederacea. GUS activity analysis showed that the promoter of CaEPSPS (CaEPSPS-P) highly improved GUS expression after glyphosate treatment, while no obvious differential GUS expression was observed in ChEPSPS-P transgenic A. thaliana in the presence or absence of glyphosate. Based on the obtained results, two coexisting mechanisms may explain the natural glyphosate tolerance in C. arvensis: (i) high EPSPS copy number and (ii) specific promoter-mediated overexpression of EPSPS after glyphosate treatment.
NOMePlot: analysis of DNA methylation and nucleosome occupancy at the single molecule
Authors: Requena Francisco , Asenjo Helena G. , Barturen Guillermo , Martorell-Marugán Jordi , Carmona-Sáez Pedro , Landeira David
Published: May 2019

Recent technical advances highlight that to understand mammalian development and human disease we need to consider transcriptional and epigenetic cell-to-cell differences within cell populations. This is particularly important in key areas of biomedicine like stem cell differentiation and intratumor heterogeneity. The recently developed nucleosome occupancy and methylome (NOMe) assay facilitates the simultaneous study of DNA methylation and nucleosome positioning on the same DNA strand. NOMe-treated DNA can be sequenced by sanger (NOMe-PCR) or high throughput approaches (NOMe-seq). NOMe-PCR provides information for a single locus at the single molecule while NOMe-seq delivers genome-wide data that is usually interrogated to obtain population-averaged measures. Here, we have developed a bioinformatic tool that allow us to easily obtain locus-specific information at the single molecule using genome-wide NOMe-seq datasets obtained from bulk populations. We have used NOMePlot to study mouse embryonic stem cells and found that polycomb-repressed bivalent gene promoters coexist in two different epigenetic states, as defined by the nucleosome binding pattern detected around their transcriptional start site.
The diagnostic quality of needle brain biopsy specimens obtained with different sampling methods – Experimental study
Authors: Trojanowski Piotr , Jarosz Bożena , Szczepanek Dariusz
Published: May 2019

The aim is to examine whether brain tissue samples obtained through needle biopsy are better for histopathological evaluation when obtained with defined vacuum pressure, a novel needle rotation method, and using different needle type - Laitinen or Nashold. Moreover the paper aims to answer the question: Does vacuum and mechanical injury resulting from different sampling methods damage the tissue specimen challenging the diagnosis?. Eight hundred biopsy specimens from fresh swine brains were obtained using Nashold and Laitinen brain biopsy needles through inner cannula cutting or needle rotation sampling at vacuum pressure, from 0 to 0.06 MPa. The specimen weight and tissue quality for microscopic assessment were evaluated using the Mair score. Rising aspiration pressure increased the biopsy sample weight. Needle rotation delivered larger biopsy samples than the standard method. Laitinen provided larger samples than the Nashold needle, with the same sampling method or vacuum pressure. A higher histopathological diagnostic quality of tissue was obtained with the Laitinen needle than with Nashold, with higher vacuum pressure than lower pressure and finally with needle rotation than the standard method. No tissue damage caused by higher suction pressure or method of tissue separation was documented. Brain tissue samples obtained through needle biopsy are better for histopathological evaluation when obtained with higher vacuum pressure, a novel needle rotation method and with Laitinen needle. Higher suction pressure and sampling methods did not cause tissue damage.
N-acetylcysteine prevents bladder tissue fibrosis in a lipopolysaccharide-induced cystitis rat model
Authors: Ryu Chae-Min , Shin Jung Hyun , Yu Hwan Yeul , Ju Hyein , Kim Sujin , Lim Jisun , Heo Jinbeom , Lee Seungun , Shin Dong-Myung , Choo Myung-Soo
Published: May 2019

Therapeutic options for non-Hunner type interstitial cystitis (IC), which is histologically characterized by fibrosis and mast cell infiltration, are limited. We developed a rat model that replicates chronic inflammation and fibrosis and evaluated the therapeutic effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known anti-fibrotic agent, on the model. Intravesical instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 750 μg) after protamine sulfate (10 mg) was conducted twice per week for five consecutive weeks. One week after final instillation, 200 mg/kg NAC (n = 10, IC + NAC group) or phosphate-buffered saline (n = 10, IC group) was daily injected intraperitoneally once daily for 5 days. LPS instillation induced bladder fibrosis, mast cell infiltration, and apoptotic tissue damage. Functionally, LPS insult led to irregular micturition, decreased inter-contraction intervals, and decreased micturition volume. NAC significantly improved most of the voiding parameters and reversed histological damages including fibrosis. NAC inhibited the induction and nuclear localization of phospho-Smad2 protein in bladder tissues and the upregulation of genes related to fibrosis, such as Tgfb2, Tgfb3, Smad2, Smad3, Cxcl10, and Card10. This is the first study to demonstrate the beneficial effects on NAC in restoring voiding function, relieving tissue fibrosis and related bladder injuries, in the LPS-induced cystitis rat model.