bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic responses of boreal-montane orchid Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. populations to contrasting environmental conditions
Authors: Jermakowicz Edyta , Brzosko Emilia
Published: March 2016

In an age of changes in species’ geographical ranges, compounded by climatic and anthropogenic impacts, it become important to know which processes and factors influence plant populations and their persistence in the long term.

Here we investigated dynamic and fitness components in twelve populations of Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw., situated in different geographical (regions) and ecological (type of habitat) units. Although M. monophyllos is a rare species, characterized by highly fragmented, boreal-montane distribution range, in last few decades it successfully colonized secondary habitats in Polish uplands. Our results indicate that M. monophyllos is represented mainly by small populations, which annual spatial and temporal changes might be very high, what affects the ephemeral character of these populations, regardless of the region and type of habitat. This dynamic structure, in turn, is caused by intensive exchange of individuals in populations, as well as by their short above-ground life span. Despite the large range of variation in size and reproductive traits, we can distinguish some regional patterns, which indicate boreal region as the most optimal for M. monophyllos growth and persistence in the long term, and with montane and upland/anthropogenic populations, due to lower reproductive parameters, as the most threatened. Although it should be considered that anthropogenic populations, despite their lower reproductive parameters and instability in the long term, present an intermediate, geographical and ecological character, therefore they may be valuable in shaping, both M. monophyllos’ future range, as well as its potential for response on ongoing and future changes. In general, reproduction is the main factor differentiating of M. monophyllos populations in regions, and we can suspect that it may become the cause of the future differentiation and isolation of these populations, occurring with progressive range fragmentation.
Micromorphology and anatomy of fruits and seeds of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L., Cucurbitaceae)
Authors: Giuliani Claudia , Tani Corrado , Maleci Bini Laura
Published: March 2016

The aim of this paper is investigating the micromorphological properties of fruits and seeds in the food and medicinal plant Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). A detailed anatomical description on cross-sections of immature fruits and seeds is reported for the first time.

The fruit is characterized by a thin epicarp, a multi-layered mesocarp and by an inconspicuous endocarp. The seed-coat displays a pattern of organization in five tissues. These endomorphic features were compared and discussed with the results of previous investigations on other representatives of the genus Momordica. Since the structure of seed-coat is considered diacritical in the taxonomy of the genus, this report may offer a set of additional character useful for the characterization of the genus.
Changing Roma Identity : A New Kind of Double Identity and How to Model it
Authors: Gyetvai Gellért , Désfalvi Judit
Published: March 2016

The Roma Revival Movement, which started in the mid-20th century, exhibits several peculiar features as a social phenomenon, each of which contributes to the formation of a new identity of the Romani people, both individually and on the group level. One of the most important results of the Roma Revival Movement is the birth of a new religious Roma identity. In this new identity form, in contrast to earlier known ethnic identity forms, religion (through conversion and community membership) operates as a filter, as a new frame which can eliminate several handicaps of the ethnic or double identity (which are laden with negative feelings on the personal and group level), and establishes a new, mainly positive, identity form, the Religio-Roma Identity (RRI). In our study based on representative data, we first present the two sources of the new identity form, the rapidly growing ethnic movement as a social phenomenon and the radical change in the lives of newly joined community members. We then describe the new identity form and compare it to other known forms of ethnic double identity.
Mediators between Yoga Practice and Psychological Well-Being : Mindfulness, Body Awareness and Satisfaction with Body Image
Authors: Tihanyi Benedek T. , Böőr Petra , Emanuelsen Lene , Köteles Ferenc
Published: March 2016

Regular yoga practice was connected to higher levels of psychological well-being in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. However, the psychological mechanisms of this connection are still unexplained. In the present cross-sectional questionnaire study, hypothesised mediating effects of body awareness, satisfaction with body image, and mindfulness were investigated. 203 healthy adults (183 females, mean age: 36.8 ± 10.03 years) practicing yoga at an advanced level were involved in the study. Participants completed online questionnaires assessing body awareness (BAQ), dissatisfaction with body image (BIQ), mindfulness (MAAS) and well-being (WHO-5). Body awareness, body image dissatisfaction and mindfulness showed significant correlations with the weekly frequency of yoga practice as well as with psychological well-being. Body awareness, body image and mindfulness mediated the connection between yoga practice and well-being. In the regression analysis, body image dissatisfaction and body awareness remained connected to well-being even after controlling for practice frequency, mindfulness, gender and age. According to these results, body awareness, body image satisfaction and mindfulness are mediators of the connection between yoga practice and well-being.
Analysis of the treatment cost of HIV/AIDS in Turkey
Authors: Kockaya Guvenc , Zengin Tuba Elbir , Yenilmez Fatma Betul , Dalgic Canan , Simten Malhan Simten Malhan , Cerci Pamir , Oksuz Ergun , Unal Serhat
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE: Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a major global health problem. Patients with HIV can live normal lives with today’s new treatment options. As the treatment is generally successful, the life expectancy of patients infected with HIV is rising. As a result, the economic burden of HIV treatment on health systems is set to increase. According to the Ministry of Health, there were more than 6000 HIV-positive patients in Turkey in 2013. The aim of this study was to determine the direct costs of HIV treatment in Turkey.METHOD: A retrospective data analysis was performed from the reimbursement agency perspective. Data for 252 patients at a university hospital in Ankara from 2001 to 2012 were used for the analysis. The average costs of treatment per HIV patient and the average costs per HIV patient, depending on the state of the patient’s health, were calculated. The latter was determined according to the number of CD4 cells/ml, as defined by the CDC’s classification system for HIV infection. The cost of treatment was calculated based on published reimbursement prices in 2013, per patient per year.RESULTS: The CD4 values of 25.3%, 29%, and 45.7% of the 252 patients were <100 cells/mm3, 100–300 cells/mm3, and >300 cells/mm3, respectively. The treatment costs per patient per year for 2013 for those with CD4 values of <100 cells/ mm3, 100–300 cells/mm3, and >300+ cells/mm3 were $ 5,637.04, $ 2,211.54, and $ 2,182.35, respectively. The weighted average of the treatment cost per patient was $ 3,344.64 for 2013.CONCLUSION: This analysis is unique to Turkey and calculates the cost only of HIV treatment in Turkey. Lower CD4 values are associated with higher treatment costs. Appropriate HIV treatment is crucial for controlling CD4 values and lowering the treatment costs of HIV patients. These findings need to be considered by policy makers who may need to focus on HIV.
[Budget impact analysis of empagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Italy]
Authors: Iannazzo Sergio , Mannucci Edoardo , Mantovani Lorenzo
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Empagliflozin is the most recent molecule in the SGLT-2i class, new antidiabetic drugs that reduce renal glucose absorption by determining the excretion in the urine. The high prevalence of T2D, the chronicity of the condition and the severe economic and social burden caused by the disease, impose the need for a careful health economic assessment on each therapeutic innovation in this area.AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the budget impact of adopting empagliflozin in the diabetic population currently treated with sulfonylureas and potentially eligible for treatment with SGLT-2i.METHODS: The budget impact analysis was conducted from the perspective of the Italian National Health Service over a period of three years, through an analytic model developed in MS Excel. The target population was estimated in about 170,000 patients currently treated with sulfonylureas, based on the growth forecasts of the Italian population, epidemiological estimates and drug-use information available in the literature on diabetes in Italy. In the base case was assumed a replacement rate of sulfonylureas equal to 10%, 20% and 30% respectively at the first, second and third year of analysis. A scenario analysis was considered assuming a constant uptake of 100% since the first year. The following direct healthcare costs were considered: 1) acquisition of antidiabetic drugs as the main therapy and as rescue therapy; 2) self-monitoring of blood glucose; 3) management of severe hypoglycemic events and 4) management of major cardiovascular events. Clinical effectiveness data was based on the published literature and unit costs were derived from current prices and tariffs. Oneway sensitivity analysis was developed to assess the impact of input’s uncertainty on the overall result.RESULTS: The base case analysis presented a substantially neutral impact on the budget. The 3-year cumulative impact was -454.337 €, corresponding to a 0.1% saving. This means that the replacement of sulphonylureas with empagliflozin determines an increase in acquisition costs of drugs, which is entirely offset by the reduction in costs of self-monitoring of blood glucose, management of hypoglycemic events and cardiovascular events. The scenario analysis, based on the assumption of a full substitution of sulphonylureas with empagliflozin at the first year, yielded a more enhanced savings. The cumulative impact was -2.269.517 €, corresponding to a 0.6% saving.CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that the replacement of sulfonylureas (a class of generic products) with empagliflozin, motivated by the advantageous efficacy and safety profile, can take place optimizing healthcare expenditure for the management of DT2.[In Italian]
Famiglia romana e famiglia vandala nell’Africa di Vittore di Vita
Authors: Lusvarghi Marcello
Published: March 2016

Behind the theological interpretation of the events that mark the entire work of

, the

contains multiple information about both the Roman-African family and the Vandal one. The hagiographic representations in which the members of the African family are protagonists allow to consider the author knowledge about the marriage law and the role of family members in late antiquity. At the same time the description of the Vandal Kings’ actions provides essential information about their succession system and their family relationships.
The risks of partner violence following HIV status disclosure, and health service responses: narratives of women attending reproductive health services in Kenya
Authors: Colombini Manuela , James Courtney , Ndwiga Charity ,   Integra team, Mayhew Susannah H
Published: March 2016

Introduction

For many women living with HIV (WLWH), the disclosure of positive status can lead to either an extension of former violence or new conflict specifically associated with HIV status disclosure. This study aims to explore the following about WLWH: 1. the women's experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) risks following disclosure to their partners; 2. an analysis of the women's views on the role of health providers in preventing and addressing IPV, especially following HIV disclosure.

Methods

Thirty qualitative interviews were conducted with purposively selected WLWH attending clinics in Kenya. Data were coded using NVivo 9 and analyzed thematically.

Results

Nearly one third of the respondents reported experiencing physical and/or emotional violence inflicted by their partners following the sero‐disclosure, suggesting that HIV status disclosure can be a period of heightened risk for partner stigma and abuse, and financial withdrawal, and thus should be handled with caution. Sero‐concordance was protective for emotional and verbal abuse once the partner knew his positive status, or knew the woman knew his status. Our results show acceptance of the role of the health services in helping prevent and reduce anticipated fear of partner stigma and violence as barriers to HIV disclosure. Some of the approaches suggested by our respondents included couple counselling, separate counselling sessions for men, and facilitated disclosure. The women's narratives illustrate the importance of integrating discussions on risks for partner violence and fear of disclosure into HIV counselling and testing, helping women develop communication skills in how to disclose their status, and reducing fear about marital separation and break‐up. Women in our study also confirmed the key role of preventive health services in reducing blame for HIV transmission and raising awareness on HIV as a chronic disease. However, several women reported receiving no counselling on safe disclosure of HIV status.

Conclusion

Integration of partner violence identification and care into sexual, reproductive and HIV services for WLWH could be a way forward. The health sector can play a preventive role by sensitizing providers to the potential risks for partner violence following disclosure and ensuring that the women's decision to disclose is fully informed and voluntary.
Contribution Levels of Intrinsic Risk Factors to the Management of Patients with Plantar Heel Pain
Authors: Ortega-Avila Ana Belen , Cuesta-Vargas Antonio I. , Jiménez-Cebrián Ana María , Labajos-Manzanares María Teresa , Barón-López Francisco Javier , Bennet Paul
Published: March 2016

Background: Of all of the lower-extremity injuries with multifactorial causes, heel pain represents the most frequent reason for visits to health-care professionals. Managing patients with heel pain can be very difficult. The purpose of this research was to identify key variables that can influence foot health in patients with heel pain.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was performed with 62 participants recruited from the Educational Welfare Unit of the University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain. Therapists, blinded for the study, acquired the anthropometric information and the Foot Posture Index, and participants completed the Foot Health Status Questionnaire.

Results: The most significant results reveal that there is a moderate relationship between clinical variables such as footwear and Foot Health Status Questionnaire commands such as Shoe (r = 0.515; P < .001). The most significant model domain was General Health (P < .001), with the highest determination coefficient (beta not standard = 34.05). The most significant predictable variable was body mass index (−0.110).

Conclusions: The variables that can help us manage clinical patients with heel pain are age, body mass index, footwear, and Foot Posture Index (left foot).
Group B and F Beta Streptococcus Necrotizing Infection–Surgical Challenges with a Deep Central Plantar Space Abscess
Authors: Mendivil Jason M. , Jolley David , Walters Jodi , Dancho Jim , Martin Billy
Published: March 2016

We present the case of a 66-year-old, type II diabetic male with a deep wound to the plantar-lateral aspect of his right hallux. On examination, the central plantar compartment of his right foot was moderately erythematous and tender on palpation. After obtaining a deep wound culture, treatment was complicated by a progression of a group B and F beta streptococcus, necrotizing infection. The patient underwent a right hallux amputation, followed by a plantar medial incision for drainage of an abscess to the medial and central plantar compartments of the foot. Due to the extent and limb threat of the infection, the patient ultimately underwent a transmetatarsal amputation. Advanced healing modalities were also employed to decrease wound healing times, which allowed the patient to achieve early weightbearing and return to activities of daily living. This study depicts how the astute podiatric surgeon needs to make a decision in a timely manner to surgically debride all nonviable and necrotic tissue in order to minimize further amputation and preserve foot function.
The Influence of Running on Foot Posture and In-Shoe Plantar Pressures
Authors: Bravo-Aguilar María , Gijón-Noguerón Gabriel , Luque-Suarez Alejandro , Abian-Vicen Javier
Published: March 2016

Background: Running can be considered a high-impact practice, and most people practicing continuous running experience lower-limb injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of 45 min of running on foot posture and plantar pressures.

Methods: The sample comprised 116 healthy adults (92 men and 24 women) with no foot-related injuries. The mean ± SD age of the participants was 28.31 ± 6.01 years; body mass index, 23.45 ± 1.96; and training time, 11.02 ± 4.22 h/wk. Outcome measures were collected before and after 45 min of running at an average speed of 12 km/h, and included the Foot Posture Index (FPI) and a baropodometric analysis.

Results: The results show that foot posture can be modified after 45 min of running. The mean ± SD FPI changed from 6.15 ± 2.61 to 4.86 ± 2.65 (P < .001). Significant decreases in mean plantar pressures in the external, internal, rearfoot, and forefoot edges were found after 45 min of running. Peak plantar pressures in the forefoot decreased after running. The pressure-time integral decreased during the heel strike phase in the internal edge of the foot. In addition, a decrease was found in the pressure-time integral during the heel-off phase in the internal and rearfoot edges.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that after 45 min of running, a pronated foot tends to change into a more neutral position, and decreased plantar pressures were found after the run.
Surgical Management of Irreducible Dislocation of the Peroneus Longus Tendon
Authors: Chinzei Nobuaki , Kanzaki Noriyuki , Fujishiro Takaaki , Hayashi Shinya , Hashimoto Shingo , Kuroda Ryosuke , Kurosaka Masahiro
Published: March 2016

Peroneal tendon dislocation is often overlooked because the mechanism of injury is similar to that of lateral ligament sprains and the frequency of the disease is low. Therefore, it is difficult to treat peroneal tendon dislocation when diagnosed in the chronic state. Furthermore, because irreducible peroneal tendon dislocation has multiple causes, treatment is much harder. Herein, we present a rare case of irreducible dislocation caused by a complex pathogenesis. Surgical treatment yielded good results. Orthopedic surgeons should be aware of this issue and consider it in the preoperative simulation.
Unicameral Bone Cyst of the Medial Cuneiform
Authors: Schick Faith A. , Daniel Joseph N. , Miller Juliane S.
Published: March 2016

A unicameral bone cyst is a relatively uncommon, benign bone tumor found in the metaphysis of long bones, such as the humerus and the femur, in skeletally immature persons. In the foot, these benign, fluid-filled cavities are most commonly found within the os calcis. We present a case report of a 10-year-old female with a unicameral bone cyst of the medial cuneiform.
Relationship Between Faculty and Standardized Patient Assessment Scores of Podiatric Medical Students During a Standardized Performance Assessment Laboratory
Authors: Mahoney James M. , Vardaxis Vassilios , Anwar Noreen , Hagenbucher Jacob
Published: March 2016

Background: Direct assessment of health professional student performance of clinical skills can be accurately performed in the standardized performance assessment laboratory (SPAL), typically by health professional faculty. However, owing to time and economic considerations, nonmedical individuals have been specially trained to perform the same function (standardized patients [SPs]). This study compared the assessment scores of the history and physical examination components of a SPAL designed for second-year podiatric medical students at Des Moines University (DMU) by a podiatry medical faculty member and SPs.

Methods: A total of 101 students from the classes of 2015 and 2016 were evaluated in 2013 and 2014 by 11 to 13 SPs from the DMU SPAL program. The video recordings of these 101 students were then evaluated by one faculty member from the College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery at DMU.

Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient for each class showed a strong linear relationship between SP and faculty assessment scores. The associations between SP and faculty assessment scores in the history, physical examination, and combined history and physical examination components for the 2016 class (0.706, 0.925, and 0.911, respectively) were found to be stronger than those for the 2015 class (0.697, 0.791, and 0.791, respectively).

Conclusions: This study indicated that there are strong associations between the assessment scores of trained SPs and faculty for the history, physical examination, and combined history and physical examination components of second-year SPAL activity for podiatric medical students.
High-quality chalcogenide glass waveguide fabrication by hot melt smoothing and micro-trench filling
Authors: Zhai Yanfen , Qi Renduo , Yuan Chenzhi , Zhang Wei , Huang Yidong
Published: March 2016

We propose a fabrication method for chalcogenide glass (ChG) waveguides based on hot melt smoothing and micro-trench filling. ChGs has low melting points and good flowability. Experiments show that this method can realize high quality As2S7 glass waveguides with reverse ridge structures. The attenuations of the fundamental quasi-TE mode and quasi-TM mode are 0.1 and 0.9 dB/cm, respectively. This method avoids fabrication processes, such as photolithography, lift-off, and dry or wet etching that are directly applied to the ChG films. It provides a simple way to fabricate high quality ChG waveguides, which have great potential for applications in integrated nonlinear optical devices.
Test–re-test reliability and inter-rater reliability of a digital pelvic inclinometer in young, healthy males and females
Authors: Beardsley Chris , Egerton Tim , Skinner Brendon
Published: March 2016

Objective.The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of a digital pelvic inclinometer (DPI) for measuring sagittal plane pelvic tilt in 18 young, healthy males and females.

Method.The inter-rater reliability and test–re-test reliabilities of the DPI for measuring pelvic tilt in standing on both the right and left sides of the pelvis were measured by two raters carrying out two rating sessions of the same subjects, three weeks apart.

Results.For measuring pelvic tilt, inter-rater reliability was designated as good on both sides (ICC = 0.81–0.88), test–re-test reliability within a single rating session was designated as good on both sides (ICC = 0.88–0.95), and test–re-test reliability between two rating sessions was designated as moderate on the left side (ICC = 0.65) and good on the right side (ICC = 0.85).

Conclusion.Inter-rater reliability and test–re-test reliability within a single rating session of the DPI in measuring pelvic tilt were both good, while test–re-test reliability between rating sessions was moderate-to-good. Caution is required regarding the interpretation of the test–re-test reliability within a single rating session, as the raters were not blinded. Further research is required to establish validity.
Sushi barcoding in the UK: another kettle of fish
Authors: Vandamme Sara G. , Griffiths Andrew M. , Taylor Sasha-Ann , Di Muri Cristina , Hankard Elizabeth A. , Towne Jessica A. , Watson Mhairi , Mariani Stefano
Published: March 2016

Although the spread of sushi restaurants in the European Union and United States is a relatively new phenomenon, they have rapidly become among the most popular food services globally. Recent studies indicate that they can be associated with very high levels (>70%) of fish species substitution. Based on indications that the European seafood retail sector may currently be under better control than its North American counterpart, here we investigated levels of seafood labelling accuracy in sushi bars and restaurants across England. We used the COI barcoding gene to screen samples of tuna, eel, and a variety of other products characterised by less visually distinctive ‘white flesh’. Moderate levels of substitution were found (10%), significantly lower than observed in North America, which lends support to the argument that public awareness, policy and governance of seafood labels is more effective in the European Union. Nevertheless, the results highlight that current labelling practice in UK restaurants lags behind the level of detail implemented in the retail sector, which hinders consumer choice, with potentially damaging economic, health and environmental consequences. Specifically, critically endangered species of tuna and eel continue to be sold without adequate information to consumers.
Impacts of spontaneous hot flow anomalies on the magnetosheath and magnetopause
Authors: Omidi N. , Berchem J. , Sibeck D. , Zhang H.
Published: March 2016

Spacecraft observations and global hybrid (kinetic ions and fluid electrons) simulations have demonstrated that ion dissipation processes at the quasi‐parallel bow shock are associated with the formation of structures called spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). Previous simulations and recent spacecraft observations have also established that SHFAs result in the formation of magnetosheath filamentary structures (MFS). In this paper we demonstrate that in addition to MFS, SHFAs also result in the formation of magnetosheath cavities that are associated with decreases in density, velocity, and magnetic field and enhancements in temperature. We use the results of a global MHD run to determine the change in the magnetosheath properties associated with cavities due to ion kinetic effects. The results also show the formation of regions of high flow speed called magnetosheath jets whose properties as a function of solar wind Mach number are described in this study. Comparing the properties of the simulated magnetosheath cavities and jets to past spacecraft observations provides good agreement in both cases. We also demonstrate that pressure variations associated with cavities and SHFAs in the sheath result in a continuous sunward and antisunward magnetopause motion. This result is consistent with previous suggestions that SHFAs may be responsible for the generation of ion cyclotron waves and precipitation of ring current protons in the outer magnetosphere.
Frictional properties of phyllosilicate‐rich mylonite and conditions for the brittle‐ductile transition
Authors: Zhang Lei , He Changrong
Published: March 2016

To understand frictional properties of natural phyllosilicate‐rich mylonite along fault depth, friction experiments on simulated mylonite gouge were conducted at temperatures of 100–600°C, effective normal stresses of 100–300 MPa, and loading rates of 0.04–1.0 µm/s. Experimental results show that at temperatures above 200°C, frictional strength of the mylonite gouge exhibits systematic increase with temperature, in the range of 0.52–0.73. Under 200–300 MPa normal stress conditions, velocity dependence of mylonite gouge shows a transition from initial velocity‐strengthening (Regime 1) to velocity‐weakening behavior (Regime 2) at a temperature between 200 and 300°C and transitions back to velocity‐strengthening behavior (Regime 3) as temperature increases. The latter transition is also found to be promoted by slower loading rates. Friction stability of the mylonite gouge also exhibits a strong pressure sensitivity. While velocity‐strengthening behavior in Regime 3 is absent under 100 MPa normal stress condition, stable frictional behavior is significantly enhanced at higher effective normal stresses, with the transition temperature to velocity strengthening decreasing with effective normal stress. Microstructural analysis shows that the transition of velocity dependence from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening corresponds to transition from cataclastic flow to semibrittle process featured by mylonitic structures (S‐C fabrics). The formation of mylonitic fabrics is due to plastic deformation of phyllosilicates combined with thermally activated grain size reduction of hard clasts (quartz and plagioclase). Our results may help constrain depth range of seismogenesis within phyllosilicate‐rich fault zone and imply that variation of effective normal stress may affect faulting behavior.
Unusual seismic activity in 2011 and 2013 at the submarine volcano Rocard, Society hot spot (French Polynesia)
Authors: Talandier Jacques , Hyvernaud Olivier , Maury René C.
Published: March 2016

We analyze two seismic events that occurred on 27 May 2011 and 29 April 2013 at the Rocard submarine volcano which overlies the Society hot spot. The Polynesian Seismic Network recorded for the first time unusual associated short‐ and long‐period signals, with perfectly monochromatic (0.0589 Hz) Rayleigh wave trains of long period and duration. None of the numerous observations of long‐period (10–30 s) signals previously associated with volcanic activity in Japan, Italy, Mexico, Indonesia, Antarctica, and the Hawaiian Islands have the characteristics we observed at Rocard. We propose a tentative model for these unusual and rather enigmatic signals, in which the movement of lava excited the resonance of a shallow open conduit under a high hydrostatic pressure of ~400 bars.
Characteristics of acoustic gravity waves obtained from Dynasonde data
Authors: Negrea Cătălin , Zabotin Nikolay , Bullett Terrence , Fuller‐Rowell Tim , Fang Tzu‐Wei , Codrescu Mihail
Published: March 2016

Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are ubiquitous in the thermosphere‐ionosphere and are often assumed to be caused by acoustic gravity waves (AGWs). This study performs an analysis of the TID and AGW activity above Wallops Island, VA, during October 2013. The variations in electron density and ionospheric tilts obtained with the Dynasonde technique are used as primary indicators of wave activity. The temporal and spectral characteristics of the data are discussed in detail, using also results of the Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) and the Global Ionosphere Plasmasphere Model (GIP). The full set of propagation parameters (frequency, and the vertical, zonal and meridional wave vector components) of the TIDs is determined over the 160–220 km height range. A test of the self‐consistency of these results within the confines of the theoretical AGW dispersion relation is devised. This is applied to a sample data set of 24 October 2013. A remarkable agreement has been achieved for wave periods between 52 and 21 min, for which we can rigorously claim the TIDs are caused by underlying acoustic gravity waves. The Wallops Island Dynasonde can operate for extended periods at a 2 min cadence, allowing determination of the statistical distributions of propagation parameters. A dominant population of TIDs is identified in the frequency band below 1 mHz, and for it, the distributions of the horizontal wavelengths, vertical wavelengths, and horizontal phase speeds are obtained.
Sampling biases in CMIP5 decadal forecasts
Authors: Choudhury Dipayan , Sharma Ashish , Sen Gupta Alexander , Mehrotra Rajeshwar , Sivakumar Bellie
Published: March 2016

Recent studies examining the fidelity of decadal hindcast experiments from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project have highlighted the need for larger ensembles of forecasts, compared to the initial five yearly spaced initializations, to help correct for model biases (drift). This study quantifies differences in the two drift estimates in sea surface temperature (SST) and SST anomaly (SSTA) predictions, between experiments initialized every 5 years and those initialized every year. The effect of the recommended mean drift correction, on the two sets of predictions, is also analyzed. Our results indicate that differences between the SST drift estimates are largest over the tropical Pacific. Moreover, this difference is large for Niño 3.4 and almost negligible for the global average SSTA. Drift correction as per the mean drift from the 5 year case leads to spurious peaks in the drift‐corrected Niño 3.4 (and the tropical Pacific) and sporadic improvements in skill. This problem with Niño 3.4 stems from an aliasing that occurs during the drift calculation that results from a combination of the timing of major El Niño events in relation to the initialization dates. The study recommends accounting for such sampling effects while considering any subset of the full data set.
Atomic‐Scale Structural and Chemical Study of Columnar and Multilayer Re–Ni Electrodeposited Thermal Barrier Coating
Authors: Baik Sung‐Il , Duhin Alla , Phillips Patrick J. , Klie Robert F. , Gileadi Eliezer , Seidman David N. , Eliaz Noam
Published: March 2016

Rhenium alloys exhibit a unique combination of chemical, physical, and mechanical properties that makes them attractive for a variety of applications. Herein, we present atomic‐scale structural and atomic part‐per‐million level three‐dimensional (3D) chemical characterization of a Re–Ni coating, combining aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and atom‐probe tomography (APT). A unique combination of a columnar and multilayer structure is formed by single‐bath dc‐electroplating and is reported here for the first time. Alternating thicker Re‐rich and thinner Ni‐rich layers support a mechanism in which Ni acts as a reducing agent. The multilayers exhibit hetero‐epitaxial growth resulting in high residual shear stresses that lead to formation of corrugated interfaces and an outer layer with mud‐cracks.
Effects of Superimposed Micro/Nano‐Structured Titanium Alloy Surface on Cellular Behaviors In Vitro
Authors: Wang Teng , Wan Yi , Liu Zhanqiang
Published: March 2016

Surface modification has been widely applied in biomedical fields to improve the bioactivity and biocompatibility of biomedical implants. In this research, a novel superimposed micro/nano‐structured titanium alloy surface is obtained by hybrid micro‐milling technology and alkali‐hydrothermal reaction. The results indicate that substrates with micro/nano‐structure provide a beneficial interfacial environment for the growth of MC3T3s. The cell adhesion and proliferation are improved with alkali‐hydrothermal reaction. Furthermore, the superimposed micro/nano‐structured surface is conducive to induce the differentiation of MC3T3s. Conclusions demonstrate that micro/nano‐structured surface is a promising method for improving the biocompatibility of titanium alloy implants.
Reversible Electrochemically Triggered Delamination Blistering of Hydrogel Films on Micropatterned Electrodes
Authors: Xu Ben B. , Liu Qihan , Suo Zhigang , Hayward Ryan C.
Published: March 2016

Stimuli responsive elastic instabilities provide opportunities for controlling the structures and properties of polymer surfaces, offering a range of potential applications. Here, a surface actuator based on a temperature and electrically responsive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide‐co‐sodium acrylate) hydrogel that undergoes a two‐step delamination and buckling instability triggered using micropatterned electrodes is described. The electrically actuated structures entail large out‐of‐plane displacements that take place on time‐scales of less than 1 s, in response to modest triggering voltages (−3–6 V). Alongside these experimental observations, finite element simulations are conducted to better understand the two‐step nature of the instability. In the first step, hydrogel films undergo delamination and formation of blisters, facilitated by electrochemical reduction of the thiol groups anchoring the film to the electrodes. Subsequently, at larger reducing potentials, the electrolytic current is sufficient to nucleate a gas bubble between the electrode and the gel, causing the delaminated region to adopt a straight‐sided blister shape. Finally, thermally induced deswelling of the gel allows the film to be returned to its flat state and readhered to the electrode, thereby allowing for repeated actuation.
Role of Polymer Structure on the Conductivity of N‐Doped Polymers
Authors: Naab Benjamin D. , Gu Xiaodan , Kurosawa Tadanori , To John W. F. , Salleo Alberto , Bao Zhenan
Published: March 2016

The n‐doping of several conjugated co‐polymers based on perylene diimide (PDI) and napthalene diimide (NDI) acceptors co‐polymerized with ethynylene, ethylene, and bithiophene by the dimeric dopant (2‐Cyc‐DMBI)2 is reported. The n‐doping reactions are confirmed in solution by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy and in thin films with photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS). The reduced species of the ethynylene‐linked polymers are found to be more delocalized along the polymer backbone than the bithiophene‐linked polymers by comparison of the absorption spectra. A high conductivity of 0.45 S cm−1 is measured for the ethynylene‐linked polymer P(PDI2OD‐A). In contrast, neither of the two bithiophene‐linked polymers, P(NDI2OD‐T2) and P(PDI2OD‐T2), achieve conductivities greater than 4 × 10−3 S cm−1. Furthermore, there is no correlation between the conductivity of the doped films and the mobility of the pure films used in this study. Grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements of the films find that a similar doped phase forms irrespective of the crystallinity of the pure host polymer. In absence of a significant difference in morphology, these results suggest a link between the polaron delocalization length of the polymers and the conductivity, and more fundamentally between the backbone structure of the polymer and the polaron delocalization length.
Intensification of photocatalytic pollutant abatement in microchannel reactor using TiO2 and TiO2‐graphene
Authors: Padoin Natan , Andrade Luísa , Ângelo Joana , Mendes Adélio , Moreira Regina de Fátima Peralta Muniz , Soares Cíntia
Published: March 2016

A microfluidic device was applied to the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue as a model pollutant. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2–P25) and a synthesized composite TiO2‐graphene catalyst were immobilized on the inner walls of a borosilicate glass microfluidic chip. The deposition evolution of the nanoparticles was evaluated by monitoring the optical profile of the system. It was found that a higher initial reaction rate was obtained in the microreactor containing composite catalyst (TiO2‐GR) on the inner walls, but both systems (TiO2 and TiO2‐GR) achieved similar reaction rates when the steady‐state was reached. Decolorization rate of methylene blue in our microfluidic chips was found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher than equivalent macroscopic systems reported in the literature at similar experimental conditions. Additionally, computational simulations were performed to investigate the physics involved in these processes. The model was experimentally validated for further scale‐out studies. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2794–2802, 2016
Differences in the paranasal sinuses between germ‐free and pathogen‐free mice
Authors: Jain Ravi , Waldvogel‐Thurlow Sharon , Darveau Richard , Douglas Richard
Published: March 2016

Background

The role of bacteria in the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is not fully understood. Commensal bacteria may have a significant impact on the development of normal paranasal sinus anatomy and mucosal immunity, as they do in the gut. Studying the paranasal sinuses of germ‐free (GF) mice may provide some insight into the effect of commensal bacteria on sinus structure and mucosal function.

Methods

The paranasal sinuses of 5 GF mice were compared to 5 pathogen‐free normal mice. Mice heads underwent computed tomography and images were compared for pneumatization and geometry of the sinuses. Histologically, slides were examined by light microscopy and compared for mucosal thickness, epithelial thickness, cilia, collagen, goblet cells, and nasal‐associated lymphatic tissue (NALT).

Results

No radiological differences were seen between groups. Overall, GF mice were found to have thinner mucosa (Δ 15.2 ± 5.2 μm, p = 0.004), thinner epithelium (Δ 5.5 ± 2.6 μm, p = 0.037), more collagen (Δ 5.8% ± 1.6%, p < 0.001), fewer goblet cells (Δ 29.3 ± 5.4, p < 0.001), and less NALT (Δ 14,900 ± 6700 μm2, p = 0.04). Subanalysis by region revealed significant differences for GF mice in the middle (thinner mucosa, thinner epithelium, fewer cilia, and more collagen) and posterior (fewer goblet cells) sinus sections.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that commensal microbiota significantly contribute to the structure and function of murine paranasal sinuses. Therefore, changes in commensal microbiota associated with CRS may alter the normal microbe host dialogue in humans and be implicated in the pathogenesis of CRS.
Enantioselective Trifluoromethylthiolating Lactonization Catalyzed by an Indane‐Based Chiral Sulfide
Authors: Liu Xiang , An Rui , Zhang Xuelin , Luo Jie , Zhao Xiaodan
Published: March 2016

Enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolation, especially of alkenes, is a challenging task. In this work, we have developed an efficient approach for enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolating lactonization by designing an indane‐based bifunctional chiral sulfide catalyst and a shelf‐stable electrophilic SCF3 reagent. The desired products were formed with diastereoselectivities of >99:1 and good to excellent enantioselectivities. The transformation represents the first enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolation of alkenes and the first enantioselective trifluoromethylthiolation that is enabled by a catalyst with a Lewis basic sulfur center.
Challenges in the development of reversible solid oxide cell technologies: a mini review
Authors: Jiang San Ping
Published: March 2016

High‐temperature solid oxide cells (SOCs) are attractive for storage and conversion of renewable energy sources by operating reversibly in solid oxide fuel cell and solid oxide electrolysis cell modes. Solid oxide fuel cell is the most efficient energy conversion device for the electricity generation by electrochemically direct conversion of chemical energy of fuels such as hydrogen, methanol and methane, while under solid oxide electrolysis cell operation mode, hydrogen or syngas can be produced as fuels or feedstock for liquid fuels such as methanol, gasoline and diesel using electricity from renewable energy sources. This mini review will introduce briefly the principle, status and progress in the electrochemical energy conversion and storage process by reversible operation of high temperature SOCs. The challenges in key material and performance degradation issues associated with high‐temperature fuel cell and electrolysis operation of SOCs will be concisely reviewed and discussed. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on self‐assembly interactions of proteins and octenyl succinic anhydrate (OSA)‐modified depolymerized waxy rice starch using rheological principles
Authors: Puerta‐Gomez Alex Frank , Castell‐Perez M. Elena
Published: March 2016

Dynamic tests (23 °C, pH ∼ 7.0) yielding relaxation times, λ, as a function of frequency and polymer concentration were performed to assess self‐assembly characteristics of biopolymers in aqueous solution. Reduction of λ‐values (slope) up to a critical frequency value (CFV) helps characterize structure formation. Proteins and octenyl succinic anhydrate (OSA)‐modified depolymerized waxy rice starch (DWxRc) show a well‐defined λ‐slope at all concentrations. Except for whey protein isolate (WPI, 0.184 g/L) and 7% OSA‐modified DWxRc (1.84 g/L), the λ‐values of the solutions are comparable (P > 0.05), indicating similar structures. Self‐assembly interaction of α‐lactalbumin (3.68 g/L) with OSA‐modified polysaccharides is observed with 18.4 g/L of 7% OSA‐modified DWxRc (CFV of 0.08 Hz), while WPI (3.68 g/L) exhibits self‐assembly with all polysaccharides and concentrations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of electrostatically precipitated proteins alone or in combination with OSA‐modified polysaccharides confirms that λ−slope and CFV values relate to shape, size, and shear stability of the assembled structures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43603.
Effects of mixing protocol on morphology and properties of PA6/ABS blends compatibilized with MMA‐MA
Authors: Castro L.D.C. , Oliveira A.D. , Kersch M. , Altstädt V. , Pessan L.A.
Published: March 2016

The effect of different mixing protocols in the preparation of PA6/ABS/MMA‐MA (57.5/37.5/5 wt %) blends on their morphological, rheological, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical behavior were studied. Despite the second‐phase size reduction due to copolymer incorporation, mixing sequence seems to play an important role in the properties of the blends. When PA6 is blended with the pre‐blended ABS/MMA‐MA system, compatibilizer is preferentially located in ABS phase and a co‐continuous structure is formed. The co‐continuity is believed to be responsible for the enhancements in toughness, but excessive presence of MMA‐MA in ABS phase seems to hamper thermomechanical properties. On the other hand, when ABS is blended with the PA6/MMA‐MA system previously prepared, compatibilizer is preferentially located in PA6 phase and a particle‐in‐matrix morphology is observed. The absence of excessive amount of MMA‐MA in ABS phase avoids the negative effect on thermomechanical resistance, however enhancements in toughness are not so pronounced. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43612.
Effect of adhesive thickness on the wettability and deformability of polyacrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives during probe tack test
Authors: Karyu Nozomi , Noda Masayo , Fujii Syuji , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Urahama Yoshiaki
Published: March 2016

Effect of adhesive thickness on the wetting and deformation behaviors during probe tack test of pressure‐sensitive adhesive (PSA) was investigated. For this purpose, cross‐linked poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) [P(BA‐AA)] and poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate‐acrylic acid) [P(2EHA‐AA)] random copolymers with an acrylic acid content of 5 wt % and thicknesses in the range of ∼15–60 μm were used. Tack was measured using the probe tack test and the fracture energy was calculated from the areas under force–displacement curve recorded during debonding process. From contact time dependence of fracture energy, the rising rate of fracture energy with contact time increased with increasing of adhesive thickness and was P(2EHA‐AA) > P(BA‐AA). The fracture energy was P(BA‐AA) > P(2EHA‐AA) at shorter contact time, whereas it reversed at longer contact time. This was caused by two different interfacial adhesions: the physical wetting of PSA molecules to the adherend surface with contact time and the chemical interaction between the acrylic acid units and the adherend surface. From the force–displacement curve measured under the condition of sufficient interfacial adhesion, both maximum force and displacement—namely, the deformability of PSA during debonding process—increased with adhesive thickness. The degree of increase of deformability was P(2EHA‐AA) > P(BA‐AA). The fracture energy was found to depend on the development of interfacial adhesion during contacting process and the deformability of PSA during debonding process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43639.