bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Looser zones or pseudofractures in the anteromedial tibia as a component of medial tibial stress syndrome in athletes
Authors: Stürznickel Julian , Jandl Nico Maximilian , Delsmann Maximilian M. , von Vopelius Emil , Barvencik Florian , Amling Michael , Ueblacker Peter , Rolvien Tim , Oheim Ralf
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) represents a common diagnosis in individuals exposed to repetitive high-stress loads affecting the lower limb, e.g., high-performance athletes. However, the diagnostic approach and therapeutic regimens are not well established.

Methods

Nine patients, diagnosed as MTSS, were analyzed by a comprehensive skeletal analysis including laboratory bone turnover parameters, dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DXA), and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT).

Results

In 4/9 patients, bilateral pseudofractures were detected in the mid-shaft tibia. These patients had significantly lower levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol compared to patients with MTSS but similar levels of bone turnover parameters. Interestingly, the skeletal assessment revealed significantly higher bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores at the hip (1.3 ± 0.6 vs. − 0.7 ± 0.5,p = 0.013) in patients with pseudofractures and a trend towards higher bone microarchitecture parameters measured by HR-pQCT at the distal tibia. Vitamin D supplementation restored the calcium-homeostasis in all patients. Combined with weight-bearing as tolerated, pseudofractures healed in all patients and return to competition was achieved.

Conclusion

In conclusion, deficient vitamin D levels may lead to pseudofractures due to localized deterioration of mineralization, representing a pivotal component of MTSS in athletes with increased repetitive mechanical loading of the lower limbs. Moreover, the manifestation of pseudofractures is not a consequence of an altered BMD nor microarchitecture but appears in patients with exercise-induced BMD increase in combination with reduced 25-OH-D levels. The screening of MTSS patients for pseudofractures is crucial for the initiation of an appropriate treatment such as vitamin D supplementation to prevent a prolonged course of healing or recurrence.

Level of evidence

III.
An issue based power index
Authors: Kong Qianqian , Peters Hans
Published: September 2020

An issue game is a combination of a monotonic simple game and an issue profile. An issue profile is a profile of linear orders on the player set, one for each issue within the set of issues: such a linear order is interpreted as the order in which the players will support the issue under consideration. A power index assigns to each player in an issue game a nonnegative number, where these numbers sum up to one. We consider a class of power indices, characterized by weight vectors on the set of issues. A power index in this class assigns to each player the weighted sum of the issues for which that player is pivotal. A player is pivotal for an issue if that player is a pivotal player in the coalition consisting of all players preceding that player in the linear order associated with that issue. We present several axiomatic characterizations of this class of power indices. The first characterization is based on two axioms: one says how power depends on the issues under consideration (Issue Dependence), and the other one concerns the consequences, for power, of splitting players into several new players (no advantageous splitting). The second characterization uses a stronger version of Issue Dependence, and an axiom about symmetric players (Invariance with respect to Symmetric Players). The third characterization is based on a variation on the transfer property for values of simple games (Equal Power Change), besides Invariance with respect to Symmetric Players and another version of Issue Dependence. Finally, we discuss how an issue profile may arise from preferences of players about issues.
About Symmetry in Partially Hinged Composite Plates
Authors: Berchio Elvise , Falocchi Alessio
Published: September 2020

We consider a partially hinged composite plate problem and we investigate qualitative properties, e.g. symmetry and monotonicity, of the eigenfunction corresponding to the density minimizing the first eigenvalue. The analysis is performed by showing related properties of the Green function of the operator and by applying polarization with respect to a fixed plane. As a by-product of the study, we obtain a Hopf type boundary lemma for the operator having its own theoretical interest. The statements are complemented by numerical results.
Management of differentiated thyroid cancer through nuclear medicine facilities during Covid-19 emergency: the telemedicine challenge
Authors: Klain Michele , Nappi Carmela , Maurea Simone , De Risi Marina , Volpe Fabio , Caiazzo Elisa , Piscopo Leandra , Manganelli Mariarosaria , Schlumberger Martin , Cuocolo Alberto
Published: September 2020

Purpose

To investigate whether a telemedicine service (TMS) carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic impacted on management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the number and the findings of outpatient visits in DTC subjects referred between March 11, 2020, and May 31, 2020, during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Radiometabolic Unit of the University of Naples Federico II. Office visits scheduled in March and May 2020 were converted in teleconsultation reaching all patients planned for an in-ward access to advise them to use the TMS for all clinical necessity. The number and the findings of DTC patients evaluated by in-ward access in the corresponding period of 2019 were also assessed for direct comparison.

Results

The number of outpatient visits performed by TMS during the pandemic (n = 445) and by in-ward access in the corresponding period of 2019 (n = 525) was comparable with only 15% of outpatient evaluations missed.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate the utility of telemedicine tools to avoid the potential negative impact of interruption or postponement of diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures. Therefore, investments in medical network system development, including the implementation of telehealth approaches, should be encouraged at national and international levels.
Flow around a scoured bridge pier: a stereoscopic PIV analysis
Authors: Jenssen Ulrich , Manhart Michael
Published: September 2020

We performed stereoscopic particle image velocimetry of the turbulent flow inside a scour hole around a cylinder in a sandy bed. At two planes, symmetry plane and $$45^\circ$$

45
∘

with respect to the approach flow, the flow and its turbulence structure were investigated. We used two Reynolds numbers (20, 000 and 39, 000) based on the cylinder diameter and the depth-averaged velocity in the symmetry plane. The flow is characterized by a strong down-flow in front of the cylinder, a large horseshoe vortex inside the scour, and an upstream directed wall jet underneath. The values of vorticity in the horseshoe vortex and of the velocity in the wall jet are larger than in a comparable configuration on a flat bed. Enhanced levels of turbulent kinetic energy are found around the horseshoe vortex and in the shear layer detaching from the rim. The orientation of the main axis of the velocity fluctuations changes when the flow enters the scour hole: from about wall-parallel in the detaching shear layer to vertical at the horseshoe vortex. The production of turbulent kinetic energy shows a maximum upstream of the horseshoe vortex centre with considerable production in the shear layer and in the wall jet underneath the horseshoe vortex. Furthermore, strong wall-parallel velocity fluctuations are visible in this region, and bimodal velocity distributions are found, but not anywhere else. The time-averaged wall-shear stresses are largest under the horseshoe vortex and most likely larger than in a corresponding flat-bed configuration.

Graphic abstract
Crystallographic and shape orientations of magnetite micro-inclusions in plagioclase
Authors: Ageeva Olga , Bian Ge , Habler Gerlinde , Pertsev Alexey , Abart Rainer
Published: September 2020

Plagioclase hosted, oriented magnetite micro-inclusions are a frequently observed phenomenon in magmatic and metamorphic rocks. Understanding the orientation relationships between these inclusions and the plagioclase host is highly relevant for interpreting paleomagnetic measurements. The systematics of the shape and crystallographic orientation relationships between needle- and lath-shaped magnetite micro-inclusions and their plagioclase host from oceanic gabbro were investigated using optical microscopy including universal stage measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and crystal orientation analysis by electron backscatter diffraction. The magnetite inclusions show preferred shape orientations following six well-defined directions and with specific crystallographic orientation relationships to the plagioclase host. These relationships are rationalized based on angular and dimensional similarities between the crystal structures of magnetite and plagioclase, which favor the parallel alignment of oxygen layers with similar lattice spacing in both phases. The parallel alignment of oxygen layers in plagioclase and magnetite can be traced back to the oriented nucleation of magnetite, which occurs by the accommodation of FeO6 octahedra in six-membered rings of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra of the plagioclase structure. The orientation systematics of the magnetite micro-inclusions is related to four orientation variants for placing the FeO6 octahedra into the plagioclase structure.
Randomized clinical trial on the use of a colon-occlusion device to assist rectal washout
Authors: Cordewener Carolin , Zürcher Manuel , Müller Philip C. , Müller-Stich Beat P. , Zerz Andreas , Linke Georg R. , Steinemann Daniel C.
Published: September 2020

Background

Transrectal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery is currently limited by the inherent risk of surgical site infection due to peritoneal contamination after rectotomy. Coloshield has been developed as a temporary colon occlusion device to facilitate rectal washout. However, effectiveness and safety has not been evaluated in humans.

Methods

Twenty-two patients have been randomly assigned to undergo proctological intervention with a rectal washout with and without the use of Coloshield. Patients and assessors were blinded. Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) has been determined 30 min as well as immediately after rectal washout. Feasibility, pain, intra- and postoperative morbidity as well as bowel function and continence 6 weeks after surgery were assessed.

Results

BBPS 30 min after rectal washout with and without Coloshield was in mean 2.42 ± 1.02 and 2.12 ± 0.89 (p = 0.042). Mean BBPS immediately after rectal washout was 2.39 ± 1.02 and 2.24 ± 0.66 (p = 0.269). Mean BBPS immediately after rectal washout and 30 min thereafter did not differ (p = 0.711). Coloshield application was feasible without any complications. The median (interquartile range) numeric rating scale for pain 4 h after surgery was 1 (0–1) and 3 (0–4) (p = 0.212). Six weeks after surgery 0/11 and 1/11 patients suffered from evacuation difficulties (p = 1.0) and the median Vaizey–Wexner score was 1 (0–3) and 1 (0–2) (p = 0.360).

Conclusions

Coloshield application in humans is feasible and safe. Slight benefits in rectal preparation by washout are found when Coloshield is used. Colon occlusion by Coloshield for transrectal NOTES should be evaluated within clinical studies.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02579330
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell seeded Atelocollagen scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering
Authors: Li Qiong , Li Miaomiao , Li Meng , Zhang Zhengyan , Ma Han , Zhao Liang , Zhang Min , Wang Guodong
Published: September 2020

ADMSCs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue, characterized and cultured in vitro. GFP-labeled ADMSCs can grow and proliferate well on the Atelocollagen scaffolds, and induced by 5-aza the cells can differentiate into cardio-like cells. 3D cultured ADMSCs on Atelocollagen scaffolds were transplanted into mice ischemia myocardium, and have good biocompatibility with host cardio tissue.
Multiplicity of Radial Ground States for the Scalar Curvature Equation Without Reciprocal Symmetry
Authors: Dalbono Francesca , Franca Matteo , Sfecci Andrea
Published: September 2020

We study existence and multiplicity of positive ground states for the scalar curvature equation $$\begin{aligned} \varDelta u+ K(|x|)\, u^{\frac{n+2}{n-2}}=0, \quad x\in {{\mathbb {R}}}^n\,, \quad n>2, \end{aligned}$$

Δ
u
+
K

(
|
x
|
)

u

n
+
2

n
-
2

=
0
,

x
∈

R

n

,

n
>
2
,

when the function $$K:{{\mathbb {R}}}^+\rightarrow {{\mathbb {R}}}^+$$

K
:

R

+

→

R

+

is bounded above and below by two positive constants, i.e. $$0<\underline{K} \le K(r) \le \overline{K}$$

0
<

K
̲

≤
K

(
r
)

≤

K
¯

for every $$r > 0$$

r
>
0

, it is decreasing in $$(0,{{{\mathcal {R}}}})$$

(
0
,
R
)

and increasing in $$({{{\mathcal {R}}}},+\infty )$$

(
R
,
+
∞
)

for a certain $${{{\mathcal {R}}}}>0$$

R
>
0

. We recall that in this case ground states have to be radial, so the problem is reduced to an ODE and, then, to a dynamical system via Fowler transformation. We provide a smallness non perturbative (i.e. computable) condition on the ratio $$\overline{K}/\underline{K}$$

K
¯

/

K
̲

which guarantees the existence of a large number of ground states with fast decay, i.e. such that $$u(|x|) \sim |x|^{2-n}$$

u

(
|
x
|
)

∼

|
x
|

2
-
n

as $$|x| \rightarrow +\infty $$

|
x
|
→
+
∞

, which are of bubble-tower type. We emphasize that if K(r) has a unique critical point and it is a maximum the radial ground state with fast decay, if it exists, is unique.
Measuring Gamblers’ Behaviour to Show That Negative Sounds Can Reveal the True Nature of Losses Disguised as Wins in Multiline Slot Machines
Authors: Scarfe Molly L. , Stange Madison , Dixon Mike J.
Published: September 2020

Losses disguised as wins (LDWs) are slot machine outcomes where players gain fewer credits than they wager. Despite being losses, slot machines celebrate LDWs with positive sounds and animations, leading gamblers to respond to them as wins. It is unknown how manipulating the sound following LDWs may influence gamblers’ behaviour. In Experiment 1, participants played two conditions on a realistic slot machine simulator: a (standard) positive sound condition (LDWs paired with positive sound, losses paired with silence), and a negative sound condition (LDWs and losses paired with negative sound). We measured participants’ behavioural responses [post-reinforcement pauses (PRPs)], win estimates, and subjective experience. In the negative sound condition, participants behaviourally responded to LDWs in a more loss-like and less win-like fashion, as measured by PRPs. Win estimates were reduced, and subjective experience was significantly impacted, but only when the negative sound condition was played second. In Experiment 2, we employed a much more subtle manipulation, pairing only LDWs with negative sound, and observed similar effects. Through these two experiments, we show that pairing LDWs with negative sound is an effective way to modify players’ responses to LDWs, causing them to respond to them more like the losses they are, rather than the wins they seem.
A Fine Line Between Pleasure and Pain: Would Decriminalising BDSM Permit Nonconsensual Abuse?
Authors: Bennett Theodore
Published: September 2020

The increasing social visibility of Bondage/Domination, Discipline/submission and Sadism/Masochism (BDSM) within Western society has placed pressure on the criminal law to account for why consensual BDSM activities continue to be criminalised where they involve the infliction of even minor injuries on participants. With moralistic and paternalistic justifications for criminalisation falling out of favour, one key justification that is gaining traction within international commentary on BDSM is the “bogus BDSM argument”. The bogus BDSM argument contends that BDSM activities should be criminalised because otherwise false claims of BDSM will be used by defendants to excuse or minimise their criminal liability for nonconsensual abuse. This article refutes this argument by showing how it relies on premises that are unjustifiable, illogical and irrelevant. This article concludes that the decriminalisation of BDSM would not permit nonconsensual abuse so long as legal officials were equipped with sufficient knowledge about the norms and conventions of BDSM culture.
Does Sex Really Sell? Paradoxical Effects of Sexualization in Advertising on Product Attractiveness and Purchase Intentions
Authors: Gramazio Sarah , Cadinu Mara , Guizzo Francesca , Carnaghi Andrea
Published: September 2020

To test the “sex sells” assumption, we examined how Italian men and women react to sexualized advertising. Women showed lower product attractiveness and purchase intentions toward products presented with sexualized female models than with neutral ads, whereas men were unaffected by ads’ sexualization (Study 1,n = 251). Study 2 (n = 197) replicated the overall results. Study 3 (n = 198) tested hostile sexism as a moderator as well as negative emotions as a mediator of consumers’ responses. Especially men with higher hostile sexism showed more purchase intentions after viewing female sexualized ads than neutral ads. Moreover, women’s lower consumer responses toward sexualized female ads were due to higher negative emotions. Study 4 (n = 207) included ads with both female and male models, replicating responses to female sexualization and showing that both women and men had lower product attractiveness and purchase intentions toward male sexualized ads than neutral ads. Replicating and extending Study 3’s results, women’s negative emotions was the mediator. The present study has practical implications for marketers because it suggests that “sex does not sell.” In addition, considering both the psychological damage and practical inefficacy of sexualized ads, our findings have important implications for public policy.
Laponite: a promising nanomaterial to formulate high-performance water-based drilling fluids
Authors: Huang Xian-Bin , Sun Jin-Sheng , Huang Yi , Yan Bang-Chuan , Dong Xiao-Dong , Liu Fan , Wang Ren
Published: September 2020

High-performance water-based drilling fluids (HPWBFs) are essential to wellbore stability in shale gas exploration and development. Laponite is a synthetic hectorite clay composed of disk-shaped nanoparticles. This paper analyzed the application potential of laponite in HPWBFs by evaluating its shale inhibition, plugging and lubrication performances. Shale inhibition performance was studied by linear swelling test and shale recovery test. Plugging performance was analyzed by nitrogen adsorption experiment and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. Extreme pressure lubricity test was used to evaluate the lubrication property. Experimental results show that laponite has good shale inhibition property, which is better than commonly used shale inhibitors, such as polyamine and KCl. Laponite can effectively plug shale pores. It considerably decreases the surface area and pore volume of shale, and SEM results show that it can reduce the porosity of shale and form a seamless nanofilm. Laponite is beneficial to increase lubricating property of drilling fluid by enhancing the drill pipes/wellbore interface smoothness and isolating the direct contact between wellbore and drill string. Besides, laponite can reduce the fluid loss volume. According to mechanism analysis, the good performance of laponite nanoparticles is mainly attributed to the disk-like nanostructure and the charged surfaces.
A mod p variant of the André–Oort conjecture
Authors: Edixhoven Bas , Richard Rodolphe
Published: September 2020

We state and prove a variant of the André–Oort conjecture for the product of 2 modular curves in positive characteristic, assuming GRH for quadratic fields.
On a successive property of strongly starlikeness for multivalent functions
Authors: Nunokawa Mamoru , Sokół Janusz
Published: September 2020

For f analytic in the unit disk $$\mathbb {D}$$
D
, of the form $$f(z)=z^p+\cdots $$

f

(
z
)

=

z
p

+
⋯

, we consider some consequences of strongly starlikeness of $$f^{(p-1)}(z)/p!$$

f

(
p
-
1
)

(
z
)

/
p
!

.
Tuning Atomically Dispersed Fe Sites in Metal–Organic Frameworks Boosts Peroxidase-Like Activity for Sensitive Biosensing
Authors: Xu Weiqing , Kang Yikun , Jiao Lei , Wu Yu , Yan Hongye , Li Jinli , Gu Wenling , Song Weiyu , Zhu Chengzhou
Published: September 2020

Although nanozymes have been widely developed, accurate design of highly active sites at the atomic level to mimic the electronic and geometrical structure of enzymes and the exploration of underlying mechanisms still face significant challenges. Herein, two functional groups with opposite electron modulation abilities (nitro and amino) were introduced into the metal–organic frameworks (MIL-101(Fe)) to tune the atomically dispersed metal sites and thus regulate the enzyme-like activity. Notably, the functionalization of nitro can enhance the peroxidase (POD)-like activity of MIL-101(Fe), while the amino is poles apart. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the introduction of nitro can not only regulate the geometry of adsorbed intermediates but also improve the electronic structure of metal active sites. Benefiting from both geometric and electronic effects, the nitro-functionalized MIL-101(Fe) with a low reaction energy barrier for the HO* formation exhibits a superior POD-like activity. As a concept of the application, a nitro-functionalized MIL-101(Fe)-based biosensor was elaborately applied for the sensitive detection of acetylcholinesterase activity in the range of 0.2–50 mU mL−1 with a limit of detection of 0.14 mU mL−1. Moreover, the detection of organophosphorus pesticides was also achieved. This work not only opens up new prospects for the rational design of highly active nanozymes at the atomic scale but also enhances the performance of nanozyme-based biosensors.
Fragility of a multilayer network of intranational supply chains
Authors: Gomez Michael , Garcia Susana , Rajtmajer Sarah , Grady Caitlin , Mejia Alfonso
Published: September 2020

Supply chains enable the flow of goods and services within economic systems. When mapped for the entire economy and geographic locations of a country, supply chains form a spatial web of interactions among suppliers and buyers. One way to characterize supply chains is through multiregional input-output linkages. Using a multiregional input-output dataset, we build the multilayer network of supply chains in the United States. Together with a network cascade model, the multilayer network is used to explore the propagation of economic shocks along intranational supply chains. We find that the effect of economic shocks, measured using the avalanche size or total number of collapsed nodes, varies widely depending on the geographic location and economic sector of origin of a shock. The response of the supply chains to shocks reveals a threshold-like behavior. Below a certain failure or fragility level, the avalanche size increases relatively quickly for any node in the network. Based on this result, we find that the most fragile regions tend to be located in the central United States, which are regions that tend to specialize in food production and manufacturing. The most fragile layers are chemical and pharmaceutical products, services and food-related products, which are all sectors that have been disrupted by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States. The fragility risk, measured by the intersection of the fragility level of a node and its exposure to shocks, varies across regions and sectors. This suggests that interventions aiming to make the supply-chain network more robust to shocks are likely needed at multiple levels of network aggregation.
SARS-CoV-2-Related Kidney Injury: Current Concern and Challenges
Authors: Cheng Yongqian , Wang Wenling , Wu Liang , Cai Guangyan
Published: September 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) not only causes pulmonary inflammation but also causes multiple organ damages, including the kidney. ACE2, as one of the receptors for SARS-CoV-2 intrusion, is widely distributed in kidney tissues. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are still unclear. Here, we review the recent findings of characteristics of COVID-19 in CKD patients and highlight the possible mechanisms of kidney injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We then discuss the emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing kidney damage and protecting kidney function including virus removal, immunotherapy, supporting treatment, special blood purification therapy, etc. Problems unresolved and challenges ahead are also discussed.
An Overview of Calcite Recovery by Flotation
Authors: Dhar Priyanka , Thornhill Maria , Kota Hanumantha Rao
Published: September 2020

In general, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is used as a mineral filler in paper industries; while natural calcite (CaCO3) ore is also suitable for industrial use if it is a finely ground high-grade material. Naturally, calcite is found in the form of high- or low-grade ores and it is one of the most widely distributed industrial minerals on the earth’s crust. However, it is rarely found in its pure form and is generally associated with other gangue minerals; the type and percentage of which vary from one deposit to another. These minerals are generally separated by flotation and/or magnetic separation (in the case of iron impurities). Calcite ores typically contain metal sulphide, silicate, or other calcium-containing impurity minerals, which can be removed by flotation. A tremendous amount of research has been performed on refining the flotation process for calcite ores and designing the reagents (specifically, collectors) to increase the efficiency of the process. Metal sulphide/silicate impurity minerals can be removed by the froth-flotation process using amines and xanthate collectors. Alternatively, fatty acids are used as collectors to float calcium-type minerals directly from the ore. This paper reviews the industrial practices and fundamental research related to collectors surrounding calcite ore flotation. This article presents and reviews collectors for the beneficiation of high-grade calcite ores which have been reported in the literature in order to assist judicial choice of collecting agents in flotation.
The Effect of the Starting Mineralogical Mixture on the Nature of Fe-Serpentines Obtained during Hydrothermal Synthesis AT 90°C
Authors: Pignatelli Isabella , Mosser-Ruck Régine , Mugnaioli Enrico , Sterpenich Jérôme , Gemmi Mauro
Published: September 2020

The formation conditions and stability fields of Fe-serpentines are still poorly understood in both terrestrial (natural or anthropic) and extraterrestrial environments. Knowledge of the effects of physical-chemical parameters on compositional and structural features of Fe-serpentines is lacking, and only a few thermodynamic parameters of these minerals are available in the literature. To fill these gaps, the synthesis of these minerals, while controlling all the physicochemical experimental parameters, was undertaken. Two hydrothermal syntheses were carried out at 90°C to investigate the effect of two different starting mineralogical mixtures on the nature of Fe-serpentines. The run products were identified by several analytical techniques (powder X-ray diffraction, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy). Berthierine crystals were synthesized from a starting mixture of kaolinite and metal iron. The berthierines synthesized show different morphologies and iron contents (~3–38 at.%). From a starting mineralogical mixture composed of quartz and metal iron, cronstedtite crystallizes. Most of the crystals are 1M polytypes. Magnetite is always associated with both berthierine and cronstedtite. Lepidocrocite was observed only in the experiment with kaolinite. These experimental results demonstrated that Fe enrichment in serpentines depends on the silicate precursor (kaolinite or quartz) of the starting mixture. The results are also in agreement with the geochemical equilibrium predicted by thermodynamic modeling, i.e. the formation of berthierine and cronstedtite in association with magnetite at the expense of metal iron and silicates.
Correction to: Towards policies that capture the expected value of biomolecular diversity for drug discovery, human health, and well-being
Authors: Pesic Milica , Egamberdieva Dilfuza , Kolodziejczyk Bartlomiej , Elsässer Simon J. , Neergheen Vidushi S. , Kagansky Alexander
Published: September 2020

The third author’s given name was incomplete in the initial online publication.
A doubling of glacier mass loss in the Karlik Range, easternmost Tien Shan, between the periods 1972–2000 and 2000–2015
Authors: Wan Zhujun , Wang Yetang , Hou Shugui , Huai Baojuan , Liu Qi
Published: September 2020

Despite a number of studies reporting glacier extent changes and their response to climate change over the eastern Tien Shan, glacier mass-balance changes over multiple decades are still not well reconstructed. Here, glacier mass budgets on the Karlik Range, easternmost Tien Shan during the time spans of 1972–2000 and 2000–2015 are quantified using digital elevation models reconstructed from topographic maps, SRTM X-band radar data and ASTER images. The results exhibit significant glacier mass loss in the Karlik Range for the two time spans, with a mean mass loss of −0.19 ± 0.08 m w.e. a−1 for the 1972–2000 period and −0.45 ± 0.17 m w.e. a−1 for the 2000–2015 period. The doubling of mass loss over the latter period suggests an acceleration of glacier mass loss in the early 21st century. The accelerated mass loss is associated with regional warming whereas the decline in annual precipitation is not significant.
Common envelope episodes that lead to double neutron star formation
Authors: Vigna-Gómez Alejandro , MacLeod Morgan , Neijssel Coenraad J. , Broekgaarden Floor S. , Justham Stephen , Howitt George , de Mink Selma E. , Vinciguerra Serena , Mandel Ilya
Published: September 2020

Close double neutron stars (DNSs) have been observed as Galactic radio pulsars, while their mergers have been detected as gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave sources. They are believed to have experienced at least one common envelope episode (CEE) during their evolution prior to DNS formation. In the last decades, there have been numerous efforts to understand the details of the common envelope (CE) phase, but its computational modelling remains challenging. We present and discuss the properties of the donor and the binary at the onset of the Roche lobe overflow (RLOF) leading to these CEEs as predicted by rapid binary population synthesis models. These properties can be used as initial conditions for detailed simulations of the CE phase. There are three distinctive populations, classified by the evolutionary stage of the donor at the moment of the onset of the RLOF: giant donors with fully convective envelopes, cool donors with partially convective envelopes, and hot donors with radiative envelopes. We also estimate that, for standard assumptions, tides would not circularise a large fraction of these systems by the onset of RLOF. This makes the study and understanding of eccentric mass-transferring systems relevant for DNS populations.
DIRECT DATING OF THE HUMAN NAVICULAR FROM THE CUEVA DE LOS TORREJONES (GUADALAJARA, SPAIN)
Authors: Pablos Adrián , Sala Nohemi , Arribas Alfonso
Published: September 2020

Pleistocene human remains are rare inland on the Iberian Peninsula. Most are considered Neandertals, but anthropological analyses and direct dating are rare. Recently, we published a study of a navicular from this region found in the Torrejones Cave. The results showed it differed from that of Neandertals and it was re-identified as Homo sapiens. Following the previous stratigraphic and biochronologic descriptions, we suggested that it could correspond to an Upper Paleolithic human, since the navicular was apparently recovered in the Late Pleistocene from an in situ unit. Direct radiocarbon dating from this fossil (4855–5036 cal BP), believed to be the only Paleolithic Homo sapiens from inland Iberia, as well as other hominin and faunal remains from the site, show that the human bones actually date to the Chalcolithic. The unexpectedly recent chronology for the navicular implies that there is no evidence of human fossils from the Upper Paleolithic in Torrejones Cave. Thus, any date from the Middle/Upper Paleolithic human record should be taken with caution until in-depth paleoanthropological, stratigraphical and/or direct dating studies are conducted. Extraordinary caution is recommended when human remains are recovered from apparently Paleolithic units in contexts bearing Holocene sepulchral units on the uppermost levels and/or some evidence of bioturbation.
DIRECT RADIOCARBON DATING OF CHARCOAL-BASED INK IN PAPYRI: A FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Fedi Mariaelena , Barone Serena , Carraresi Luca , Dominici Simona , Liccioli Lucia
Published: September 2020

When dating documents by radiocarbon (14C), what we typically measure is the concentration of the support (e.g. paper, parchment, or papyrus). This can however lead to a possible misinterpretation of results because the support may be older than the writing itself. To minimize such a possible ambiguity, the ideal approach would be direct dating of the ink or color (if organic). Here we propose a feasibility study to date carbon-based black inks when deposited on papyrus, one of the most widespread writing supports used in the past. We prepared test samples, using a commercial papyrus and a homemade black ink, obtained combining modern charcoal fragments and Arabic gum. Even though the ink binder might have represented the best candidate to be dated, we verified by FTIR that the molecular composition of its soluble fraction is very similar to papyrus extractives, thus identifying the residual charcoals recovered after extraction as the most suitable material for the measurement. Enough charcoal material was extracted from the test samples and processed using our new setup optimized for microgram-size samples. The overall experimental procedure was found to be reproducible, and measured14C concentrations were coherent with the data obtained from larger samples and raw materials.
Ultra-processed food consumption, appetitive traits and BMI in children: a prospective study
Authors: Vedovato Gabriela Milhassi , Vilela Sofia , Severo Milton , Rodrigues Sara , Lopes Carla , Oliveira Andreia
Published: September 2020

This study aimed to investigate the association of ultra-processed food consumption at 4 and 7 years of age with appetitive traits at 7 years and BMI at 10 years of age. Participants were 1175 children of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI, who provided food diaries and complete data on socio-demographic variables, anthropometric measures and the Portuguese Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (P-CEBQ). Foods were grouped according to NOVA classification into: ‘unprocessed, minimally or moderately processed, and culinary preparations’; ‘processed’ and ‘ultra-processed’. To assess tracking of groups’ consumption, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Generalised linear models were fitted to test main associations, mediators and interactions among the variables. Ultra-processed consumption exhibited a fair level of stability between ages 4 and 7 years (r0·34; ICC = 0·32; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·39), corresponding, respectively, to 27·3 % (1881·9 (SD908·8) kJ/d) and 29·3 % (2204·5 (SD961·1) kJ/d) of total energy intake. After adjusting for maternal and child characteristics, higher ultra-processed consumption at 4 years was associated directly with ‘Food Responsiveness’ (β= 0·019; 95 % CI 0·007, 0·037) and indirectly through energy intake with avoidant traits: ‘Food Fussiness’ (β= –0·007; 95 % CI 0·002, 0·012) and ‘Satiety Responsiveness’ (β= –0·007; 95 % CI 0·003, 0·012). Ultra-processed consumption at 4 years old was associated with BMI at 10 years old, but appetitive behaviours were not powerful mediators of this association. The results suggest a path by which ultra-processed products may impact on later appetitive traits and higher BMI in children.
Fendou:A keyword of Chinese modernity
Authors: FUMIAN MARCO
Published: September 2020

This article analyses the modern historical trajectory of the wordfendou(奋斗, ‘struggle’), from its emergence in the early twentieth century to the present. Originally embedded in a Social Darwinist philosophy of struggle,fendouwas later co-opted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). As one of its key ideological shibboleths, it was typically used to mobilize the Chinese people to ‘struggle’ for the goals of the nation. However, as these goals varied significantly in the course of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the actual meanings and uses offendouevolved accordingly, following shifts in the ideological paradigms that characterized the different eras. By studying how this term was used as an ideological keyword over time, it is possible to observe the continuities and discontinuities in the visions of struggle, and the relevant ‘pedagogies of struggle’, promoted in different periods by the Chinese state. The article, in particular, analyses the use offendouin both contemporary official discourse and popular culture, suggesting that in promoting the formation of a competitive subject in line with the aims of the ‘socialist market’,fendoustill, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, expresses and disseminates a predominantly Social Darwinist world view.
The puzzle of quality of life in schizophrenia: putting the pieces together with the FACE-SZ cohort
Authors: Ehrminger Mickael , Roux Paul , Urbach Mathieu , André Myrtille , Aouizerate Bruno , Berna Fabrice , Bohec Anne-Lise , Capdevielle Delphine , Chéreau Isabelle , Clauss Julie , Dubertret Caroline , Dubreucq Julien , Fond Guillaume , Honciuc Roxana-Mihaela , Lançon Christophe , Laouamri Hakim , Leigner Sylvain , Mallet Jasmina , Misdrahi David , Pignon Baptiste , Rey Romain , Schürhoff Franck ,   Members of the FACE-SCZ Group, Passerieux Christine , Brunet-Gouet Eric
Published: September 2020

Background

The determinants of quality of life (QoL) in schizophrenia are largely debated, mainly due to methodological discrepancies and divergence about the concepts concerned. As most studies have investigated bi- or tri-variate models, a multivariate model accounting for simultaneous potential mediations is necessary to have a comprehensive view of the determinants of QOL. We sought to estimate the associations between cognitive reserve, cognition, functioning, insight, depression, schizophrenic symptoms, and QoL in schizophrenia and their potential mediation relationships.

Methods

We used structural equation modeling with mediation analyses to test a model based on existing literature in a sample of 776 patients with schizophrenia from the FondaMental Foundation FACE-SZ cohort.

Results

Our model showed a good fit to the data. We found better functioning to be positively associated with a better QoL, whereas better cognition, better insight, higher levels of depression, and schizophrenic symptoms were associated with a lower QoL in our sample. Cognitive reserve is not directly linked to QoL, but indirectly in a negative manner via cognition. We confirm the negative relationship between cognition and subjective QoL which was previously evidenced by other studies; moreover, this relationship seems to be robust as it survived in our multivariate model. It was not explained by insight as some suggested, thus the mechanism at stake remains to be explained.

Conclusion

The pathways to subjective QoL in schizophrenia are complex and the determinants largely influence each other. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these cross-sectional findings.
The Popularity of Authoritarian Leaders
Authors: Guriev Sergei , Treisman Daniel
Published: September 2020

How do citizens in authoritarian states feel about their leaders? While some dictators rule through terror, others seem genuinely popular. Using the Gallup World Poll’s panel of more than one hundred-forty countries in 2006–2016, the authors show that the drivers of political approval differ across regime types. Although brutal repression in overt dictatorships could cause respondents to falsify their preferences, in milder informational autocracies, greater repression actually predicts lower approval. In autocracies as in democracies, economic performance matters and citizens’ economic perceptions, while not perfectly accurate, track objective indicators. Dictators also benefit from greater perceived public safety, but the authors find no such effect in democracies. Covert censorship of the media and the Internet is associated with higher approval in autocracies—in particular, in informational ones—but ratings fall when citizens recognize censorship. In informational autocracies, executive elections trigger a ratings surge if there is leader turnover, but, unlike in democracies, reelected autocrats enjoy little honeymoon.
International experience with performance-based risk-sharing arrangements: implications for the Chinese innovative pharmaceutical market
Authors: Xu Weiwei , Wu Jing
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Various forms of outcomes-based or risk-sharing agreements have been implemented since early 2000s as a way of access to innovative medicinal products. This study aims to summarize the international experience of performance-based risk-sharing arrangements (PBRSAs) and identify the preconditions for a successful implementation of such schemes. Their implications for the Chinese healthcare market are discussed.

Methods

A systematic literature review (in PubMed) was conducted to review the evidence on the nature and performance of PBRSAs in the past 10 years. Grey literature was searched for reports in government websites of the countries in scope.

Results

The search identifies 463 records from PubMed and 3 additional records from other sources. Thirty-one publications are included in the final review. The following preconditions were identified to support a successful implementation of PBRSAs: (1) Identify meaningful and feasible outcome measurements; (2) Establish an effective and efficient data collection infrastructure; (3) Control of the implementation costs; (4) Develop governance and administrative infrastructure to allow delisting and rebate/refund; (5) Clarify personal data protection issues.

Conclusions

The implementation of PBRSAs has proven to be challenging. Although the Chinese healthcare system is not yet well equipped to implement such schemes, some recent changes may pave the way to successful PBRSAs for particular innovative products.
Using photography to estimate above-ground biomass of small trees
Authors: Hays Brandon R. , Riginos Corinna , Palmer Todd M. , Gituku Benard C. , Goheen Jacob R.
Published: September 2020

Quantifying tree biomass is an important research and management goal across many disciplines. For species that exhibit predictable relationships between structural metrics (e.g. diameter, height, crown breadth) and total weight, allometric calculations produce accurate estimates of above-ground biomass. However, such methods may be insufficient where inter-individual variation is large relative to individual biomass and is itself of interest (for example, variation due to herbivory). In an East African savanna bushland, we analysed photographs of small (<5 m) trees from perpendicular angles and fixed distances to estimate above-ground biomass. Pixel area of trees in photos and diameter were more strongly related to measured, above-ground biomass of destructively sampled trees than biomass estimated using a published allometric relation based on diameter alone (R2 = 0.86 versus R2 = 0.68). When tested on trees in herbivore-exclusion plots versus unfenced (open) plots, our predictive equation based on photos confirmed higher above-ground biomass in the exclusion plots than in unfenced (open) plots (P < 0.001), in contrast to no significant difference based on the allometric equation (P = 0.43). As such, our new technique based on photographs offers an accurate and cost-effective complement to existing methods for tree biomass estimation at small scales with potential application across a wide variety of settings.
Unsupervised Arabic dialect segmentation for machine translation
Authors: Salloum Wael , Habash Nizar
Published: September 2020

Resource-limited and morphologically rich languages pose many challenges to natural language processing tasks. Their highly inflected surface forms inflate the vocabulary size and increase sparsity in an already scarce data situation. In this article, we present an unsupervised learning approach to vocabulary reduction through morphological segmentation. We demonstrate its value in the context of machine translation for dialectal Arabic (DA), the primarily spoken, orthographically unstandardized, morphologically rich and yet resource poor variants of Standard Arabic. Our approach exploits the existence of monolingual and parallel data. We show comparable performance to state-of-the-art supervised methods for DA segmentation.
Professionelle Wahrnehmung und Fachkraft-Kind-Interaktion von KiTa-Fachkräften
Authors: Mischo Christoph , Wolstein Katrin , Peters Svenja
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Professionelle Wahrnehmung von Pädagoginnen und Pädagogen als Fähigkeit zur Identifikation, Interpretation und Bewertung relevanter Merkmale pädagogischer Interaktion stellt eine wichtige pädagogische Teilkompetenz dar. Empirisch untersucht ist die Professionelle Wahrnehmung insbesondere bei Lehrkräften, kaum dagegen bei Fachkräften in KiTas. Ziel dieser Studie ist daher die Untersuchung von Zusammenhängen zwischen der Professionellen Wahrnehmung und dem beobachteten Handeln von KiTa-Fachkräften. Zur Evokation der Professionellen Wahrnehmung wurden 120 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern typische Fachkraft-Kind-Interaktionen als Video-Stimuli dargeboten. Die Erfassung der Professionellen Wahrnehmung erfolgte mit zwei offenen (Lautes Denken und retrospektives Interview) sowie mit einem geschlossenen Antwortformat (Rating-Skalen). Zur Einschätzung der Qualität des Interaktionsverhaltens der Fachkräfte wurde das international gut etablierte Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS Pre-K) eingesetzt. Bei der Zusammenhangsprüfung im Rahmen eines Strukturgleichungsmodells mit latenten Variablen zeigte nur die mit der Methode des Lauten Denkens erfasste Professionelle Wahrnehmung Zusammenhänge mit den CLASS-Domänen Organisation des KiTA-Alltags und Lernunterstützung. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Implikationen der Erhebungsmethodik für die Professionelle Wahrnehmung diskutiert.