bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obstruction of St. Jude Medical Valves in the Aortic Position: Plasma Transforming Growth Factor Type Beta 1 in Patients With Pannus Overgrowth
Authors: Teshima Hideki , Fukunaga Shuji , Takaseya Tohru , Tomoeda Hiroshi , Akashi Hidetoshi , Aoyagi Shigeaki
Published: March 2010

The study investigated the hypothesis that plasma transforming growth factor type beta 1 (TGF‐β1) initiated pannus overgrowth in cases with aortic prosthetic valve dysfunction (PVD). Patients with obstruction of an aortic St. Jude Medical valve in 26 cases (PVD group) and without obstruction in 48 cases (control group) were studied. Plasma TGF‐β1, the intensity of the prothrombin time–international normalized ratio (PT‐INR), and the interruption of an oral anticoagulant medicine were conducted. Plasma TGF‐β1 levels in the PVD group (87.7 ± 29.2 ng/mL) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the control group (73.7 ± 25.2 ng/mL). The interruption of an oral anticoagulant medicine in 54% of the PVD group versus 12% of the control group was identified (P < 0.001). The mean value of the PT‐INR in the PVD group (1.75 ± 0.30) and control group (1.75 ± 0.30) was not significantly different (P = 0.82). In conclusion, elevated levels of plasma TGF‐β1 may play a role in pannus overgrowth.
Catheter‐related Infections via Temporary Vascular Access Catheters: A Randomized Prospective Study
Authors: Nakae Hajime , Igarashi Toshiko , Tajimi Kimitaka
Published: March 2010

Temporary vascular access catheters (VACs) are important devices used in acute blood purification therapies. The aim of this study was to determine whether a catheterization duration of 2 weeks increased the risk of nosocomial complications when compared with a 1‐week duration. Fifty‐six patients with 90 double lumen VACs were randomly chosen, and received either 1‐ or 2‐week catheterizations from operators experienced in the placement of such catheters at three sites such as the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral vein. The characteristics of the VACs, including the sites, procedures, and lengths, were similar in both groups. No significant difference in the rate of catheter colonization was observed between the groups (14.6% vs 26.2%, P = 0.1371). No significant difference in the rate of catheter‐related bloodstream infections was observed between the groups (2.1% vs 4.8%, P = 0.5967). Two‐week indwelling did not increase the risk of infection compared with 1‐week indwelling at any of the sites in critically ill patients.
Region‐specific changes in gene expression in rat brain after chronic treatment with levetiracetam or phenytoin
Authors: Hassel Bjørnar , Taubøll Erik , Shaw Renee , Gjerstad Leif , Dingledine Ray
Published: March 2010

Purpose:  It is commonly assumed that antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) act similarly in the various parts of the brain as long as their molecular targets are present. A few experimental studies on metabolic effects of vigabatrin, levetiracetam, valproate, and lamotrigine have shown that these drugs may act differently in different brain regions. We examined effects of chronic treatment with levetiracetam or phenytoin on mRNA levels to detect regional drug effects in a broad, nonbiased manner.

Methods:  mRNA levels were monitored in three brain regions with oligonucleotide‐based microarrays.

Results:  Levetiracetam (150 mg/kg for 90 days) changed the expression of 65 genes in pons/medulla oblongata, two in hippocampus, and one in frontal cortex. Phenytoin (75 mg/kg), in contrast, changed the expression of only three genes in pons/medulla oblongata, but 64 genes in hippocampus, and 327 genes in frontal cortex. Very little overlap between regions or drug treatments was observed with respect to effects on gene expression.

Discussion:  We conclude that chronic treatment with levetiracetam or phenytoin causes region‐specific and highly differential effects on gene expression in the brain. Regional effects on gene expression could reflect regional differences in molecular targets of AEDs, and they could influence the clinical profiles of AEDs.
POLYPHYLETIC ORIGIN OF THE DICTYOSPHAERIUM MORPHOTYPE WITHIN CHLORELLACEAE (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Krienitz Lothar , Bock Christina , Luo Wei , Pröschold Thomas
Published: March 2010

The green algal Dictyosphaerium morphotype is characterized by spherical or oval cells connected by gelatinized strands to microscopic colonies, which are covered by prominent mucilaginous envelopes. Combined SSU and ITS rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed that this morphotype evolved independently both in the Chlorella and Parachlorella clades of the Chlorellaceae. It was shown that strains exhibiting the morphology of the type species Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum Nägeli established a sister lineage to Parachlorella. The strain D. ehrenbergianum CCAP 222/1A was designated as an authentic strain for establishing the epitype of the genus Dictyosphaerium. The comparison of this strain with the authentic strain of Parachlorella beijerinckii Krienitz, E. Hegewald, Hepperle, V. Huss, T. Rohr et M. Wolf (SAG 2046) showed considerable differences in the secondary structure of the ITS region. Within the whole ITS‐1 and ITS‐2 region, 27 compensatory base changes (CBCs) were recognized. In the conserved Helix III of the ITS‐2, five CBCs/HemiCBCs were detected. This is a conclusive argument for separation of these two species. The clear definition of Dictyosphaerium is intended to be the necessary starting point of taxonomic reevaluation of Dictyosphaerium‐like algae within different evolutionary lineages of the Chlorellaceae.
Assessment of the Relationship Between Age and the Effect of Risedronate Treatment in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Pooled Analysis of Four Studies
Authors: Boonen Steven , Klemes Andrea B. , Zhou Xiaojie , Lindsay Robert
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVES:To quantify the effect of age on the incidence of osteoporosis‐related fractures and of risedronate treatment on fracture risk in different age groups in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

DESIGN:Data from four randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, Phase III studies were pooled and analyzed.

PARTICIPANTS:The analysis population (N=3,229) consisted of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis as determined on the basis of prevalent vertebral fractures, low bone mineral density (BMD), or both.

INTERVENTION:Patients had received risedronate 5 mg daily or placebo for 1 to 3 years.

MEASUREMENTS:The endpoints of interest were the incidence of osteoporosis‐related fractures, clinical fractures, nonvertebral fractures, and morphometric vertebral fractures. The effect of age on fracture risk and treatment benefit was examined using Cox regression models with age and treatment as explanatory variables. The 3‐year fracture risk was estimated for patients in each treatment group at a given age.

RESULTS:Irrespective of treatment, fracture risks were greater in older patients (P<.001). On average, for every 1‐year increase in age, a patient's risk for osteoporosis‐related fracture increased 3.6% (95% confidence interval=2.3–5.0%). Irrespective of age, risedronate treatment reduced fracture risk 42%. Risedronate‐treated patients had fracture risks similar to those of placebo‐treated patients 10 to 20 years younger.

CONCLUSION:Patients treated with risedronate have a significantly lower fracture risk, similar to that of untreated patients 10 to 20 years younger.
A Review of the Pathogenesis of Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease as a Basis for Future Preventive Strategies
Authors: Griffon Dominique J.
Published: March 2010

Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency is the leading cause of lameness of the canine stifle and has important consequences in terms of morbidity and cost associated with its management. In spite of this impact, development of preventive strategies remains in its infancy, largely because of gaps in our understanding of the complex and likely multifactorial origin of CCL deficiency. The purpose of this article is to provide a critical review of the literature related to the pathogenesis of CCL deficiency and place this evidence in the context of potential preventive measures. Trauma accounts for a minority of CCL ruptures in dogs, whereas progressive degeneration of the ligament has been attributed to a variety of factors that may be broadly classified as genetic, conformational, environmental, immune‐mediated, and inflammatory. Genetic screening appears promising as a long‐term option in selected breeds while immunomodulating therapies may be implemented in the nearer future to reduce the incidence of contralateral disease in dogs with unilateral CCL deficiency. Preventive modification of conformation factors may be applicable to most breeds predisposed to CCL deficiency but requires further investigations into the relative contribution of individual factors, as well as into the feasibility, and potential risks of large‐scale implementation.
Comparison of Contact Mechanics of Three Meniscal Repair Techniques and Partial Meniscectomy in Cadaveric Dog Stifles
Authors: Thieman Kelley M. , Pozzi Antonio , Ling Hang‐Yin , Lewis Dan
Published: March 2010

Objective:To evaluate the biomechanical effect of horizontal, vertical, and cruciate suture repairs and partial meniscectomy on contact mechanics of dog stifles.

Study Design:Ex vivo experimental study.

Sample Population:Cadaveric canine stifles (n=24).

Methods:Simulated bucket handle medial meniscal tears were created in cadaveric dog stifles. Tears were treated with 1 of 3 suture repair techniques or partial meniscectomy. Instantaneous contact area (CA), mean contact pressure (MCP), and peak contact pressure (PCP) measurements were recorded with a pressure sensing system. CA, MCP, and PCP for intact stifles (control), stifles with simulated tears, and stifles after treatment were recorded and compared using 1‐way repeated measures ANOVA.

Results:Stifles with bucket handle tears had significantly decreased CA, increased MCP and increased PCP when compared with control. All meniscal repair techniques reestablished normal contact mechanics. When comparing meniscal repair and partial meniscectomy, stifles with partial meniscectomy had ∼35% lower CA, 57% higher MCP, and 55% higher PCP than stifles undergoing repair.

Conclusions:Contact mechanics obtained from each repair technique were mechanically superior to partial meniscectomy. Performing meniscal repair instead of partial meniscectomy in dogs with select meniscal tears may mitigate the development of degenerative joint disease. Criteria for selection of candidates for meniscal repair should be confirmed with future studies.

Clinical Relevance:Based on this ex‐vivo model, meniscal repair will restore normal contact mechanics. Consideration should be given to meniscal repair as treatment for peripheral meniscal tears located in the vascular zone if the meniscal parenchyma is normal.
In Defense of Counterfeiting Illegitimate Money
Authors: Block Walter E.
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Counterfeiting legitimate money is, and ought to be, a crime, not only under the libertarian law code but under the rules and regulations of all civilized orders. But what about counterfeiting money that is per se illegitimate; that is, is itself counterfeit? Is that a licit human action? The present article argues, somewhat paradoxically, that it is. It offers a counterpart to two authors—Murphy (2006) andMachaj (2007)—who take the opposite point of view.
Racial Fractionalization and School Performance
Authors: Hall Joshua C. , Leeson Peter T.
Published: March 2010

Abstract

The literature on racial “peer effects” suggests that diversity improves at least some students' school performance. However, a literature in economic development posits that diversity may negatively affect school performance by undermining the efficient provision of education. This article empirically tests this claim, which we call the “public goods channel,” by examining the relationship between racial diversity and student performance in Ohio's school districts. We find that moving from a completely homogenous school district to one in which two racial groups have equal population shares is associated with a 7–17.5 percentage point decline in the passage rate on the state math exam, holding per pupil spending across districts constant. These results suggest that racial diversity is negatively associated with school performance but that the public goods channel is not responsible for this relationship.
Health Perception and Health Care Access: Sex Differences in Behaviors and Attitudes
Authors: Gil‐Lacruz Marta , Gil‐Lacruz Ana I.
Published: March 2010

Abstract

This article analyzes the link between men's and women's perceptions of health and the demand for health goods and services. The study examines access to the health care system in a community characterized by social and economic variance. The data have been taken from a health survey carried out in a suburb of the city of Zaragoza in Spain. The sample (1,032 people over the age of 15) was selected according to specifications of sex, age, and place of residence. The sample shows a confidence interval of 95.5 percent with a ±3 margin of error. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques are used. Sex differences are reflected in social conditions, lifestyles, health perception, and health care behaviors. The research describes how differences in health attitudes can be contextualized by the neighborhood. The results of this type of research are essential for the design of preventive strategies that are better adapted to need.
Capitalizing on Partisan Politics? The Political Economy of Sector‐Specific Redistribution in Germany
Authors: BECHTEL MICHAEL M. , FÜSS ROLAND
Published: March 2010

This paper studies the redistributive effects of government partisanship on economic sectors in a parliamentary democracy. Based on a rational partisan perspective and policy‐induced campaign contribution models, we expect that once in office, ideologically different parties deliver favorable policies to different industries in order to enrich their electoral and sector‐specific supporters. Using daily stock market data, we empirically evaluate whether and how the mean and the volatility of returns to four important economic sectors covaried with the electoral prospects of a right‐/left‐leaning coalition in Germany from 1991 to 2005. This sheds light on the magnitude of sector‐specific redistribution to be expected from ideologically different governments holding office. The results show that the mean and the volatility of defense and pharmaceutical sector returns increase if a right‐leaning government is becoming more likely to win the upcoming election. In contrast, an increase in the probability of a left‐leaning government triggers higher returns to the alternative energy sector and increases the volatility of consumer sector returns. Thus, our estimates partly support the idea that parties redistribute across sectors.
Openness and Inflation
Authors: COOKE DUDLEY
Published: March 2010

This paper develops a two‐country general equilibrium model to analyze the optimal rate of inflation under discretion. When agents' welfare is the sole policy objective it is possible to show that openness and inflation no longer have a simple inverse relationship. Because the terms of trade are related to monopoly markups, a greater degree of openness may lead the policymaker to exploit the short‐run Phillips curve more aggressively, even if it involves a smaller short‐run benefit. Inflation can then be higher in a more open economy.
Do Markets Care Who Chairs the Central Bank?
Authors: KUTTNER KENNETH N. , POSEN ADAM S.
Published: March 2010

This paper assesses the impact of central bank governor appointments on exchange rates and bond yields using a new data set of announcements spanning 15 countries and 30 years. The results show that exchange rates exhibit a statistically significant response to the announcement of a new governor, especially when the appointee's identity was not anticipated. The reactions are especially pronounced for banks lacking either independence or a nominal anchor. New governors are not generally thought to lack credibility, however, as announcements generally do not cause exchange rate or bond yield movements signaling expectations of higher inflation or looser monetary policy.
Monetary Misperceptions, Output, and Inflation Dynamics
Authors: COLLARD FABRICE , DELLAS HARRIS
Published: March 2010

We revisit the contribution of misperceived money to business cycles and, in particular, to the inertial dynamics of inflation following a monetary policy shock. We establish three things. First, the difference between preliminary and revised money data captures monetary misperceptions well. Second, misperceived money is quantitatively substantial and also matters significantly for economic activity. And third, imperfect information about monetary aggregates can help the standard NK model exhibit inertial inflation dynamics.
Seigniorage‐Maximizing Inflation under Sticky Prices
Authors: DAMJANOVIC TATIANA , NOLAN CHARLES
Published: March 2010

What is the seigniorage‐maximizing level of inflation? Three models' formulae for the seigniorage‐maximizing inflation rate (SMIR) are compared. A sticky‐price model prescribes a somewhat lower SMIR to Cagan's formula and a variant of a flex‐price model due to Kimbrough (2006). The models differ markedly in how inflation distorts the labor market: The sticky‐price (Calvo) model implies that inflation and output are negatively related and that output is falling in price stickiness. Interestingly, if our version of the Calvo model is to be believed, the level of inflation experienced recently in advanced economies such as the United States and the United Kingdom may be quite close to the SMIR.
An Economic Approach to Capital Allocation
Authors: Zanjani George
Published: March 2010

Abstract

This article starts with primitive assumptions on preferences and risk. It then derives prices consistent with a social optimum within an insurance company and the consumer‐level capital allocation implied therein. The allocation “adds up” to the total capital of the firm (a result echoing findings in the congestion pricing literature—where optimal tolls exactly cover the rental cost of the highway). The allocation follows each consumer's share of recoveries in states of insurer default, weighted by the severity of the default in terms of welfare impact. However, the article argues that an economic approach technically restricts only the capital allocated to marginal units of coverage: inframarginal units could in principle receive different allocations.
Long‐Term Prognostic Significance of Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve in Patients with Significant Coronary Artery Disease Not Involving the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (Results from the SZEGED Study)
Authors: Nemes Attila , Balázs Erika , Pintér Szilvia , Csanády Miklós , Forster Tamás
Published: March 2010

Objective: Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFR) by pulsed Doppler echocardiography is a useful hemodynamic index to evaluate the coronary microcirculatory dysfunction in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The present study was designed to evaluate the long‐term predictive value of CFR for mortality in patients with right (RC) and/or left circumflex coronary artery (CX) stenosis without epicardial LAD disease. Methods: A total of 49 patients with significant RC and/or CX stenosis were enrolled in this prospective follow‐up study. All patients had undergone coronary angiography demonstrating significant RC and/or CX stenosis without LAD disease and dipyridamole stress transoesophageal echocardiography as CFR measurement. Results: The success rate of follow‐up was 43 out of 49 (88%). During a mean follow‐up of 97 ± 29 months, 14 patients suffered cardiovascular deaths (12 sudden cardiac deaths and 2 strokes), and 1 patient died of pulmonal tumor. Patients who died during the follow‐up had significantly lower CFR values (1.85 ± 0.43 vs. 2.31 ± 0.57, P < 0.05). Using ROC analysis, CFR <2.09 had the highest accuracy in predicting cardiovascular survival (sensitivity 80%, specificity 57%, area under the curve 73%, P = 0.003). The logistic regression model identified only CFR as an independent predictor of survival (hazard ratio [HR] 6.26, 95% CI of HR 1.23–19.61, P = 0.024). Conclusions: Long‐term prognostic significance of CFR for the prediction of mortality has been demonstrated during a 9‐year follow‐up in patients with significant coronary artery disease not involving the LAD. (Echocardiography 2010;27:306‐310)
Myocardial Viability Detected by Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography—Prognostic Value in Patients after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Olszowska Maria , Kostkiewicz Magdalena , Podolec Piotr , Rubis Paweł , Tracz Wiesława
Published: March 2010

Objective: This study aimed to assess the role of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) as a predictor of cardiac events and death in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: Eighty‐six patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty for AMI. Segmental perfusion was estimated by MCE in real time at mean 5 days after PCI using low MI (0.3) after 0.3–0.5 ml bolus injection of intravenous Optison. MCE was scored semiquantitatively as: (1) normal perfusion (homogenous contrast effect), (2) partial perfusion (patchy myocardial contrast enhancement), (3) lack of perfusion (no visible contrast effect). A contrast score index (CSI) was calculated as the sum of MCE scores in each segment divided by the total number of segments. The patients were followed up for cardiac events and death. Results: A CSI of >1.68 was taken to be a predictor of cardiac events and death. Death occurred only in patients with CSI >1.68. Patients with CSI >1.68 had a significantly (P = 0.03) higher incidence of cardiac death or cardiac events (75%) compared to those with CSI <1.68 (27%). The absence of residual perfusion within the infarct zone was an independent predictor of death and cardiac events (P = 0.02). Conclusions: The absence of residual myocardial viability in the infarct zone supplied by an infarct‐related artery is a powerful predictor of cardiac events in patients after AMI. (Echocardiography 2010;27:430‐434)
Echocardiographic Findings on Congenital Left Ventricular Diverticulum and Aneurysm: Two Rare Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Zhang Yue‐Li , Shen E. , Wu Zuo‐Hui , Xue Xiao‐Pei , Zhang Wei‐Xing
Published: March 2010

Congenital diverticulum and aneurysm are rare cardiac abnormalities. Given their very low incidence especially in adult patients and the few cases reported, the diagnosis might be ignored when the cardiac malformation is seen for the first time. This article presents two adult cases of congenital diverticulum and aneurysm, which were first detected by echocardiography. The relevant literature is reviewed. (Echocardiography 2010;27:344‐347)
Unusual Acoustic Artifacts Due to Left Ventricular Pacing Electrode
Authors: Gadhinglajkar Shrinivas , Sreedhar Rupa , Chandranmahaldar Divya Amol
Published: March 2010

(Echocardiography 2010;27:359‐361)
Depicting of a Cleft Mitral Valve by Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Özkan Mehmet , Kaya Hasan , Duran Nilüfer Ekşi , Biteker Murat , Avcı Anıl , Yıldız Mustafa , Tuncer Altuğ
Published: March 2010

We report the usefulness of real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in comprehensive delineation of cleft mitral valve. This new technique may be a useful supplement to two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in the assessment of this pathology. (Echocardiography 2010;27:356‐358)
Anomalous Right Coronary Artery Origin in a High School Athlete
Authors: Smulevitz Beverly , Cordova Francisco J. , Kim Hyunggun , Witte Richard , McPherson David D.
Published: March 2010

Coronary anomalies are the cause of 12% of sudden deaths among athletes. Similarly anomalous coronary origin from the opposite sinus is often found at autopsy. The use of echocardiography to screen for these types of defects may provide a potentially life‐saving diagnosis. The authors present a case that highlights the utility of echocardiography as part of a comprehensive screening program for athletes. (Echocardiography 2010;27:348‐350)
Left Ventricular Function after Percutaneous Occlusion of Atrial Septal Defects
Authors: Rao P. Syamasundar , Lorch Steven
Published: March 2010

(Echocardiography 2010;27:351‐353)
Continuing Medical Education Program in Echocardiography
Authors: Fan Pohoey , Vallurupalli Srikanth , Das Smita , Manchanda Shalini
Published: March 2010

Article Title: Infection and the Risk of Topical Anesthetic Induced Clinically Significant Methemoglobinemia after Transesophageal Echocardiography (Echocardiography 2010;27:317)
Permutation Tests for Stochastic Ordering and ANOVA: Theory and Applications with R by BASSO, D., PESARIN, F., SALMASO, L., and SOLARI, A.
Authors: Berger Vance W.
Published: March 2010

Permutation Tests for Stochastic Ordering and ANOVA: Theory and Applications with R

(D. Basso, F. Pesarin, L. Salmaso, and A. Solari)

Vance W. Berger
 
 
A Comprehensive Guide to Factorial Two‐Level Experimentation

(R. W. Mee)

Steven G. Gilmour
 
 
Data and Safety Monitoring Committees in Clinical Trials

(J. Herson)

Roger F. Liddle
 
 
Marginal Models for Dependent, Clustered, and Longitudinal Categorical Data

(W. Bergsma, M. Croon, and J. A. Hagenaars)

Ivy Liu
 
 
Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data

(T. L. Lash, M. P. Fox, and A. K. Fink)

Lawrence McCandless
 
 
The Phylogenetic Handbook: A Practical Approach to Phylogenetic Analysis and Hypothesis Testing, 2nd edition

(P. Lemey, M. Salemi, and A.‐M. Vandamme, Editors)

Mike Steel
Using Food as a Tool to Teach Science to 3rd Grade Students in Appalachian Ohio
Authors: Duffrin Melani W. , Hovland Jana , Carraway‐Stage Virginia , McLeod Sara , Duffrin Christopher , Phillips Sharon , Rivera David , Saum Diana , Johanson George , Graham Annette , Lee Tammy , Bosse Michael , Berryman Darlene
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT: The Food, Math, and Science Teaching Enhancement Resource (FoodMASTER) Initiative is a compilation of programs aimed at using food as a tool to teach mathematics and science. In 2007 to 2008, a foods curriculum developed by professionals in nutrition and education was implemented in 10 3rd‐grade classrooms in Appalachian Ohio; teachers in these classrooms implemented 45 hands‐on foods activities that covered 10 food topics. Subjects included measurement; food safety; vegetables; fruits; milk and cheese; meat, poultry, and fish; eggs; fats; grains; and meal management. Students in 4 other classrooms served as the control group. Mainstream 3rd‐grade students were targeted because of their receptiveness to the subject matter, science standards for upper elementary grades, and testing that the students would undergo in 4th grade. Teachers and students alike reported that the hands‐on FoodMASTER curriculum experience was worthwhile and enjoyable. Our initial classroom observation indicated that the majority of students, girls and boys included, were very excited about the activities, became increasingly interested in the subject matter of food, and were able to conduct scientific observations.
Microstructural Effects on the Creep Deformation of Alumina/Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes Composites
Authors: Zapata‐Solvas Eugenio , Gómez‐García Diego , Poyato Rosalía , Lee Zonghoon , Castillo‐Rodríguez Miguel , Domínguez‐Rodríguez Arturo , Radmilovic Velimir , Padture Nitin P.
Published: March 2010

The enhanced high‐temperature creep resistance in alumina/single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) composites has been attributed to the unprecedented grain‐boundary structure of these composites, where the SWNTs bundles segregated at the alumina grain boundaries partially impede grain‐boundary sliding. In this study, the effect of SWNTs distributions at alumina grain boundaries on the creep behavior of alumina/SWNTs composites has been investigated. Microstructures of two different alumina/10 vol% SWNTs composites, one with heterogeneous and the other with homogenous distributions of SWNTs at grain boundaries, have been characterized quantitatively. The steady‐state creep rate (uniaxial compression) in the heterogeneous composite has been found to be over three times higher than that in the homogeneous composite at 1300° and 1350°C (argon atmosphere). It is argued that the less uniform distribution of SWNTs at the alumina grain boundaries in the heterogeneous composite results in less effective obstruction of grain‐boundary sliding, and attendant higher creep rate. This also results in more efficient recovery in that composite.
Screen Printing to Achieve Highly Textured Bi4Ti3O12
Authors: Winter Michael R. , DiAntonio Christopher B. , Yang Pin , Rodriguez Mark A. , Michael Joseph R. , Chavez Tom P. , McKenzie Bonnie B.
Published: March 2010

The focus of this paper is to explore the efficacy of screen printing to generate crystalline texture in bismuth titanate through the orientation of highly anisotropic seed crystals. Seed crystals were grown through a molten salt flux technique with aspect ratios of ∼100:1, mixed with equiaxed powder of the same composition and oriented using screen printing, a high shear process. By printing on a flexible polymer substrate and using multiple print/dry cycles, it was possible to create pads with a thickness of several hundred micrometers and to remove the dried pads, creating free‐standing samples. Upon sintering, the seed crystals grew at the expense of the matrix powder, a process known as templated grain growth. The degree of texture was analyzed using a variety of techniques including scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction.
A Survey on Piezoelectric Ceramics for Generator Applications
Authors: Rödig Thomas , Schönecker Andreas , Gerlach Gerald
Published: March 2010

Piezoelectric generators enable maintenance‐free power supply for integrated electronics in smart system applications. The majority of publications consider the aspect of power transfer electronics; however, the influence of the transducer materials was rarely described. Recently, material characteristics received increased attention from the ceramics community. We set the focus of the present paper to commercially available piezoelectric ceramics. Different figures of merit are derived from system analysis using electromechanical modeling. They allow for the description of typical load scenarios and commercial piezoceramics. Derived rules are expected to be helpful for guiding ceramic engineers and system designers to succeed in improved generator solutions.
Plans and Semantics in Human Processing of Language
Authors: Hamburger Henry , Crain Stephen
Published: March 2010

The analogy between humans and computers as language processors has previously been exploited primarily with respect to the parsing or analysis phase of processing, as opposed to a synthesis phrase. Here we pursue the analogy on the synthesis side by positing cognitive algorithms that correspond to target language code generated by a compiler. We consider the computational resource demands of these cognitive algorithms and compare them to what is required to carry out syntactic and semantic processing. It is argued that cognitive demands are responsible for certain empirical results in developmental psycholinguistics that have previously been attributed to syntactic complexity. The analysis suggests new empirical studies whose results, in turn, provide support for the analysis.
CoPAPIA Continues Forward Momentum: Outgoing Chair's Report
Authors: Bennett Linda A
Published: March 2010

Shirley Fiske and Niel Tashima are contributing editors of “Anthropology Works,” the AAA Committee on Practicing, Applied and Public Interest Anthropology column in Anthropology News.
Dental Cementum in Age Estimation: A Polarized Light and Stereomicroscopic Study
Authors: Kasetty Sowmya , Rammanohar M. , Raju Ragavendra T.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Dental hard tissues are good candidates for age estimation as they are less destructive and procedures to determine age can be easily performed. Although cementum annulations and cementum thickness are important parameters in this regard, they are seldom used. This study was undertaken to review the methods, difficulties in execution of techniques, and accuracy of cementum thickness and annulations in estimating the age. Unstained and stained ground sections of tooth were used to measure cemental thickness and count cemental annulations based on which age was estimated and was compared with known age. Although there was positive relation between cemental thickness and annulations with age, only in 1–1.5% of cases, age could be predicted with accuracy.
Assessment of the Capacity to Express Informed Consent for Organ Donation in Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: De Marco Maria Civita , Sani Gabriele , Manfredi Giovanni , Pacchiarotti Isabella , Savoja Valeria , Balbi Andrea , Mazzarini Lorenzo , Borriello Adriana , Kotzalidis Giorgio D. , Tatarelli Roberto , Girardi Paolo , Ferracuti Stefano
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  In Italy, the “silent‐consent” principle of donor’s willingness regulates organ donation for postmortem transplantation, but civil incompetence excludes it. We investigated decisional capacity for organ donation for transplantation of 30 controls and 30 nonincompetent patients with schizophrenia as related to clinical symptoms, cognition, and functioning. Assessments were carried out through the Competence for Donation Assessment Scale (CDAS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Life Skills Profile (LSP), Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Rey RI, Rey RD, and Visual Search. Patients and controls differed on the CDAS Understanding and Choice Expression areas. Patients showed significant inverse bivariate correlations between CDAS Understanding and scores on total BPRS, LSP self‐care scale, and RCPM cognitive test. Our results show that decisional capacity for participating in research does not predict decisional capacity for postmortem organ donation in patients with schizophrenic or schizoaffective psychosis; hence, before judging consent for donation, patients must be provided with enhanced information to better understand this delicate issue.
A 20‐year census of a rocky littoral fish community in Lake Tanganyika
Authors: Takeuchi Y. , Ochi H. , Kohda M. , Sinyinza D. , Hori M.
Published: March 2010

Takeuchi Y, Ochi H, Kohda M, Sinyinza D, Hori M. A 20‐year census of a rocky littoral fish community in Lake Tanganyika. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 239–248. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract – Tropical fish communities are highly diverse with large numbers of allied species coexisting. Concerns have been raised about changes in such communities caused by anthropogenic disturbances, but little is known about long‐term changes. We investigated changes in the littoral fish community of Lake Tanganyika. A 10 × 40‐m quadrat was placed on a rocky shore in the southern part of the lake, and fish censuses were conducted once a year during most years in 1988–2008. In total, 54 cichlid and 6 non‐cichlid species were recorded. Aufwuch feeders were most abundant, followed by plankton feeders, detritus feeders, piscivores, shrimp eaters, zoo‐benthos eaters, and scale eaters. Species richness and abundance were sustained over the study period, with biodiversity, as evaluated by the Shannon–Wiener index, remaining high. However, Mantel tests between the Bray–Curtis index and the difference in years between compared censuses revealed that the species composition of the community gradually changed with time. The fish community gradually underwent a change that may be due to low anthropogenic impacts on food condition. Our results promote awareness about the conservation of diversity in Lake Tanganyika.
Covariation in shape and foraging behaviour in lateral plate morphs in the three‐spined stickleback
Authors: Bjærke O. , Østbye K. , Lampe H. M. , Vøllestad L. A.
Published: March 2010

Bjærke O, Østbye K, Lampe HM, Vøllestad LA. Covariation in shape and foraging behaviour in lateral plate morphs in the three‐spined stickleback. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 249–256. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract – In three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) colonisation of freshwater has led to rapid evolution in various morphological and behavioural traits. Examples are reduction in lateral plate number and increased benthic foraging. These changes are believed to result from natural selection, but the evolutionary mechanisms driving behavioural changes and how such changes are associated with phenotypes, are poorly understood. Here, we study three different lateral plate morphs from a brackish water lake and one morph from a river upstream. We investigate if the lateral plate morphs differ in overall body shape and then experimentally test how foraging behaviour differ among morphs and with body shape. Foraging behaviour is measured as the consumption efficiency of benthic and pelagic prey types. The results show that lateral plate morphs differ in overall body shape and that body shape significantly co‐varies with foraging behaviour.
The Expression of Th1‐ and Th2‐Related Chemokine Receptors in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage: the Impact of Lymphocyte Immunotherapy
Authors: Kheshtchin Nasim , Gharagozloo Marjan , Andalib Alireza , Ghahiri Ataollah , Maracy Mohammad R. , Rezaei Abbas
Published: March 2010

CitationKheshtchin N, Gharagozloo M, Andalib A, Ghahiri A, Maracy MR, Rezaei A. The Expression of Th1‐ and Th2‐Related chemokine receptors in women with recurrent miscarriage: the impact of lymphocyte Immunotherapy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 104–112

Problem Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses prior to the 20th week of gestation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of T helper (Th)1‐ and Th2‐related chemokine receptors on CD4+T helper and CD8+T cytotoxic (Tc) cells in RM and control subjects. The effects of lymphocyte immunotherapy on the balance of Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 chemokine receptors were further evaluated in RM women.

Method of study The expression of Th1‐related (CCR5 and CXCR3) and Th2‐related (CCR3 and CCR4) chemokine receptors on CD4+or CD8+T cells from RM women were analyzed and compared with controls using flow cytometry. The expression of chemokine receptors in RM women was also compared before and after lymphocyte immunotherapy.

Results The ratios of Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 chemokine receptors were higher in RM women compared to controls. The ratio of Th1/Th2 chemokine receptors was decreased in RM women after immunotherapy, while no significant change was identified in the Tc1/Tc2 after immunotherapy.

Conclusion This study indicates the Th1 dominant immune responses in circulation of RM women compared to controls. Moreover, lymphocyte immunotherapy might influence pregnancy outcome via a shift in the balance of the Th1/Th2 chemokine receptors.
Using topographic wetness index in vegetation ecology: does the algorithm matter?
Authors: Kopecký Martin , Čížková Štěpánka
Published: March 2010

Questions: How important is the choice of flow routing algorithm with respect to application of topographic wetness index (TWI) in vegetation ecology? Which flow routing algorithms are preferable for application in vegetation ecology?

Location: Forests in three different regions of the Czech Republic.

Methods: We used vegetation data from 521 georeferenced plots, recently sampled in a wide range of forest communities. From a digital elevation model, we calculated 11 variations of TWI for each plot with 11 different flow routing algorithms. We evaluated the performance of differently calculated TWI by (1) Spearman rank correlation with average Ellenberg indicator values for soil moisture, (2) Mantel correlation coefficient between dissimilarities of species composition and dissimilarities of TWI and (3) the amount of variation in species composition explained by canonical correspondence analysis.

Results: The choice of flow routing algorithm had a considerable effect on the performance of TWI. Correlation with Ellenberg indicator values for soil moisture, Mantel correlation coefficient and explained variation doubled when the appropriate algorithm was used. In all regions, multiple flow routing algorithms performed best, while single flow routing algorithms performed worst.

Conclusions: We recommend the multiple flow routing algorithms of Quinn et al. and Freeman for application in vegetation ecology.
Technology, learning and instruction: distributed cognition in the secondary English classroom
Authors: Gomez Mary Louise , Schieble Melissa , Curwood Jen Scott , Hassett Dawnene
Published: March 2010

In this paper, we analyse interactions between secondary students and pre‐service teachers in an online environment in order to understand how their meaning‐making processes embody distributed cognition. We begin by providing a theoretical review of the ways in which literacy learning is distributed across learners, objects, tools, symbols, technologies and the environment in modern English language arts classrooms. This is followed by a case study where we identify how programme values, textual resources and cultural schema function as distributed tools. In traditional schools, with an emphasis on taking standardised tests, the learning environment is designed on the view that learning is a transaction that happens solely ‘inside the head’. Unfortunately, this pushes many students to the margins of classroom engagement and participation. By analysing students' and pre‐service teachers' online discourse, we argue that virtual spaces can facilitate critical dialogue and can act as catalysts for a distributed theory of mind.
Regulating life in residential care: the unassuming authority of the timetable
Authors: Tan Jennifer
Published: March 2010

This paper highlights the various roles and influences of a particular text form: the timetable pasted unassumingly on the wall of a residential home for children. It provides examples of literacy events that take place around the ubiquitous timetable and how through these events, the social dynamics of its residents and those around them are constructed and enforced. An important aspect of institutional life, the timetable “regulates the home's residents' daily patterns by structuring their time so that they move from one set of skills to another throughout the day”. In addition, it becomes the ‘invisible monitor’ in the absence of the home's supervisor, as though ‘empowered’ with authority to dictate the children's actions. In other words, the timetable proves to have dominant control over the daily practices of those living in residential care.
Opening the box: literacy, artefacts and identity
Authors: Scanlan Mary
Published: March 2010

This article discusses research which was carried out within the ESRC‐funded Home–School Knowledge Exchange Project (2001–2004). Through a process of collaborative action research an activity based on previous project work was devised. Children were asked to select artifacts from home that would inspile their creative writing in school. This activity explicitly allowed children to present aspects of their identity within the school domain and for knowledge of home practices to permeate the literacy curriculum. The research explored the constraints that the contemporary literacy curriculum imposed on the activity, in particular the problematic status of oracy. The gains that the activity afforded some children, both curriculum‐based (extended pieces of work, improved structure to writing) and personal (increased motivation, heightened self‐esteem), are also examined. The research highlighted the relationship between literacy and identity in that the activity allowed the expression of both figurative and positional identity. Additionally the importance of popular culture in the formation of individual and group identity is discussed.
Teacher and child talk in active learning and whole‐class contexts: some implications for children from economically less advantaged home backgrounds
Authors: Martlew Joan , Ellis Sue , Stephen Christine , Ellis Jennifer
Published: March 2010

This paper reports the experiences of 150 children and six primary teachers when active learning pedagogies were introduced into the first year of primary schools. Although active learning increased the amount of talk between children, those from socio‐economically advantaged homes talked more than those from less advantaged homes. Also, individual children experienced very little time engaged in high‐quality talk with the teacher, despite the teachers spending over one‐third of their time responding to children's needs and interests. Contextual differences, such as the different staffing ratios in schools and pre‐schools, may affect how well the benefits of active learning transfer from pre‐school contexts into primary schools. Policy‐makers and teachers should pay particular attention to the implications of this for the education of children from economically less advantaged home backgrounds.
POLITICAL ACTS? TOWARD THE RECUPERATION OF OPINION
Authors: Harwood Valerie
Published: March 2010

Encouraging debate on inclusion and equity can meet with awkward silences, particularly across disciplinary boundaries. In disability studies, for example, it can be difficult to build dialogue with other disciplines; as a consequence, the different disciplinary groups within the field of education often end up working in their own “equity” silos. In this essay Valerie Harwood addresses this concern by drawing on Hannah Arendt's emphasis on the importance of opinion together with Michel Foucault's work on truth‐telling and critique. Following Arendt's emphasis on opinion and the political, Harwood makes the case that political acts in education require that we recuperate the importance of opinion and to take account of how truth functions in our contemporary context.
Role of the C‐terminal extension in a bacterial tyrosinase
Authors: Fairhead Michael , Thöny‐Meyer Linda
Published: March 2010

The well studied bacterial tyrosinases from the Streptomyces sp. bacteria are distinguishable from their eukaryotic counterparts by the absence of a C‐terminal extension. In the present study, we report that the tyrosinase from the bacterium Verrucomicrobium spinosum also has such a C‐terminal extension, thus making it distinct from the Streptomyces enzymes. The entire tyrosinase gene from V. spinosum codes for a 57 kDa protein (full‐length unprocessed form), which has a twin arginine translocase type signal peptide, the two copper‐binding motifs typical of the tyrosinase protein family and the aforementioned C‐terminal extension. We expressed various mutants of the recombinant enzyme in Escherichia coli and found that removal of the C‐terminal extension by genetic engineering or limited trypsin digest of the pro‐form results in a more active enzyme (i.e. 30–100‐fold increase in monophenolase and diphenolase activities). Further studies also revealed the importance of a phenylalanine residue in this C‐terminal domain. These results demonstrate that the V. spinosum tyrosinase is a new example of this interesting family of enzymes. In addition, we show that this enzyme can be readily overproduced and purified and that it will prove useful in furthering the understanding of these enzymes, as well as their biotechnological application.