bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Igbo Clitics as Agreement Markers: A Study of Grammatical Number in English and Igbo
Authors: C. V. Dike, , I. E. Ngulube,
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the morphosyntactic analysis of grammatical number in English and Igbo languages. This study therefore sets out to examine the differences and similarities that exist in the use of grammatical number in English and Igbo, exploring areas of similarity that may enhance the learning of the second language, and areas of difficulty that may pose problems to the second language learner. No theoretical framework is employed since the study is descriptive. The study examines how grammatical number is marked in English and Igbo. The study establishes that gender could be neutral, masculine, or feminine. It delineates a person into first, second, or third. Number is the focus of this study, how it affects the various parts of speech – nouns and grammatical number, pronouns and grammatical number, verbs and grammatical number, demonstratives and grammatical number. The study concludes that the Igbo language is very rich in its ability to produce options in varying syntactic constructions and relations. We therefore termed the constituents that mark number agreement between the subjects and the objects and the verb as AGR morphemes. The nature of these AGR morphemes needs to be explained theoretically and we shall leave that for another study.
Vertex stress polynomial of a graph
Authors: Rai Prajna S. , Rajendra R. , Reddy P. Siva Kota
Published: February 2025

The notion of stress of a vertex in a graph was introduced by Alfonso Shimbel in 1953. The stress of a vertex in a graph is the number of shortest paths passing through that vertex. In this paper, we introduce the concept of vertex stress polynomial of a graph and obtain some results including a characterization of graphs with vertex stress polynomial a non-zero constant.
Research of demand using dermatoglyphics service at VNC Company
Authors: Tuyen Ho Tan , Ly Le Thi Khanh , Tham Nguyen Thi Nhu
Published: February 2025

This study identifies the factors affecting customers' intention to use dermatoglyphics service at VNC company. The findings of this study revealed that four of variables statistically influenced customers' intention to use dermatoglyphics service at VNC company, name all the four Reliability, Security, Usefulness and Ease of ues. This study provides useful information to the managers in understanding factors affecting customers' intention to use dermatoglyphics service. From that can help managers in making appropriate policies, strategies and solutions to rise the revenue.
Review on Omicron: How different variants of Concern of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 impacted the World
Authors: Adsul Samruddhi Subhash , Ugale Vaishnavi Sanjay , Wable Madhuri Sanjay , Kardile Sayali Dadasaheb
Published: February 2025

Newly Apparent SARS-COV-2 Variants The toxicity and contagiousness of the virus as well as the efficacy of digenetic techniques may be particularly concerning. effectiveness of vaccines Internationally, SARS-CoV delta forms have taken centre stage. WHO dubbed B.1.15219 omicron and classified it as a kind of concern on November 26, 2021? The molecular profile of the omicron type, which also has several mutations in common with the earlier VOC alpha, beta, and gamma kinds, is reviewed in this paper. The omicron type's pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and viral transmability caused widespread alarm at the time. In this article, we go over the identification and description of the omicron type. The five VOCs' spike mutations were analysed, and potential countermeasures to the dissemination of omicron-type vaccines based on the SARS spike protein were discussed. Omicron B.1 was initially identified in a patient in South Africa in mid-November 2021, and in a matter of weeks, it had spread to 87 nations worldwide. It had taken the place of the once-dominant Delta variant globally by the end of December. PCR instrument for pathogen detection, such as SARS-CoV-2. The previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately sparked worries about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion worldwide, share multiple mutations with the Omicron variant. Here, we discussed the Omicron variant's discovery and traits, compared the mutations that caused the spike in the five VOCs, and further discussed potential preventative and remedial measures for the Omicron variant's prevalence.
Medical Coding in Clinical Trials
Authors: Pawar Hemlata J. , Tamkhane Ashwini R. , Patil Paresh A.
Published: February 2025

Investigators situated at numerous sites in various countries record data collected in every clinical study on the data collecting tool Case report Form/Electronic Case Report Form. Since different investigators or medically competent specialists are from several sites or centers, it might be difficult to record medical terms consistently in multicentric clinical studies. These words are processed and medical coding is carried out by clinical data management team medical coders. To properly identify the reported medical words so they may be examined and studied, medical coding is done. In this article, the two most used medical dictionaries, WHO-DDE and MedDRA, are briefly discussed along with the procedure utilized for medical coding in clinical data management. It is anticipated that it will aid medical coders in their understanding of the clinical data management process. Additionally, a few typical difficulties that the medical coder encounters when completing medical coding are emphasized.
Do human Interventions lead to climate change vulnerability? A Review from the protected areas of the Western Ghats of India
Authors: Kurian Binoy
Published: February 2025

The climate change on earth is increasing day by day due to global warming. India is prone to various types of climate change vulnerabilities as a region of geographical diversities. The human interventions in the protected areas of Western Ghats of India increased the burden of geological structure leads to natural calamities. In this background, a review study was conducted regarding the cause of recent climate change hazards occurred in the Western Ghats of India.
ЛЕПБУКІНГ ЯК ОДНА ІЗ МЕТОДИК ПРОЕКТНОГО НАВЧАННЯ ПРИРОДНИЧИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН У ПЕДАГОГІЧНОМУ КОЛЕДЖІ
Authors: ДАВИДЮК Г. М. , ТРАЧ О. Т.
Published: February 2025

У статті з’ясовано, що методика лепбуків розкриває потенціал здобувача освіти, формує ключові вміння і навички, враховує навчальні компетентності. Ефект від упровадження лепбуків на різних етапах вивчення тем природничих дисциплін полягає в тому, що охоплює різні сфери діяльності, а саме: пошукові методи, узагальнення і систематизацію. Інноваційність методики лепбуку полягає в поєднанні дослідницького, проєктного, творчого, технологічного, естетичного, інформаційного напрямків діяльності. Лепбук – це підсумковий етап самостійної пошукової роботи, яку студент виконує в процесі вивчення теми. Головне привчити здобувачів освіти накопичувати і систематизовувати матеріал не лише тоді, коли вивчається тема, а й поповнювати його безперервно. Це крок до того, щоб вони самостійно отримували знання, формували вміння і навички для майбутньої професійної діяльності. Створення лепбука сприяє реалізації діяльнісного підходу у навчанні майбутніх педагогів, адже методика передбачає активізацію самостійної пізнавальної діяльності студентів, а також формування умінь співпрацювати, ефективно комунікувати, взаємодіяти, проявляючи емпатію, підтримку та партнерство. Виховний потенціал роботи над створенням лепбуків розкривається в інтеграції завдань естетичного, трудового, розумового, морального, екологічного, громадянського напрямів виховання. Унікальність виготовлення лепбука в тому, що його кожний виготовляє під свій власний смак за власним дизайном. Відповідно до концепції Нової української школи сучасний вчитель повинен володіти інноваційними підходами, методиками навчання дітей, бути мобільним і гнучким у доборі нових форм і методів навчальної роботи. Отримані результати дослідження дозволяють рекомендувати лепбукінг як одну з методик при вивченні природничих дисциплін у педагогічному коледжі.
Release and Revive Optimizing pediatric tongue tie care with oromyofunctional therapy: A case series
Authors:   Junior Resident, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King Georges Medical University, UP, Lucknow, India., Akulwar Srushti
Published: February 2025

Ankyloglossia, commonly known as tongue-tie, whether partial or complete, can cause significant issues such as speech abnormalities, malocclusion, and swallowing difficulties, impacting daily routine activities. Various techniques, including scalpel, laser, electro-surgery
Prevalence of tooth transpositions and associated dental anomalies: A CBCT study
Authors:   Research Assistant, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuzmayıs University, Samsun, Turkey., Cam Kubra
Published: February 2025

The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency and type of dental transposition and its relationship with other dental anomalies and pathologies using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).
A Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Cardiovascular and Hepatic Disorders using Boosted Ensemble Deep Learning
Authors: Dolley Srivastava
Published: February 2025

In recent years, machine learning has gained traction as a potential tool for improving the accuracy and timeliness of illness diagnoses. The use of machine learning for the diagnosis of cardiovascular and renal disorders is critically examined in this research. To enhance patient outcomes, it is essential to diagnose cardiovascular and hepatic illnesses early and accurately. The interpretation of complicated clinical data and the identification of detailed patterns indicative of these disorders, however, may be difficult for standard diagnostic approaches. This study thoroughly tests three cutting-edge boosting algorithms: XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting), CatBoost, and AdaBoost. Enabling the capture of complex nonlinear interactions and management of varied data sources, these ensemble approaches repeatedly integrate and optimize numerous weak learners. After conducting thorough experiments on massive clinical datasets, results show that the XGBoost algorithm is the best for certain types of diseases. Intelligent diagnostic tools that can reliably identify cardiovascular and hepatic diseases early on are within reach, according to the results of this study. This will lead to better patient care and disease management methods.
Scalable Approaches for Enhancing Privacy in Blockchain Networks: A Comprehensive Review of Differential Privacy Techniques
Authors: Pavan Kumar Vadrevu
Published: February 2025

The rapid adoption of blockchain technology in a number of industries, such as supply chain management, healthcare, and finance, has intensified concerns surrounding data privacy. As sensitive information is stored and shared on decentralized networks, the inherent cryptographic mechanisms of blockchain provide robust security. However, the transparency of public ledgers can unintentionally expose sensitive data, resulting in potential privacy risks and regulatory challenges. Differential privacy has emerged as a promising approach to protect individual data while preserving the usability of shared datasets. By enabling data analysis without revealing individual data points, differential privacy is well-suited for anonymizing transactions, smart contract interactions, and other blockchain activities. However, integrating differential privacy into blockchain systems presents several challenges, including ensuring scalability, balancing privacy with data utility, and managing computational overhead. This review, "Scalable Approaches for Enhancing Privacy in Blockchain Networks: A Comprehensive Review of Differential Privacy Techniques," examines 50 recent studies published between 2023 and 2024 that investigate differential privacy techniques in blockchain networks. It highlights various scalable approaches and their effectiveness in enhancing privacy. The findings indicate that these methods can significantly improve privacy protection, provide flexibility for both public and private blockchains, and assist in complying with regulatory requirements. This establishes differential privacy as a vital tool for secure blockchain implementation.
Frequency of Port Site Infection in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Evaluation by Southampton Score: A Prospective Study
Authors: Ali Gohar , Ali Jawad , Ullah Fazal , Khan Tayyab , Dawar Muhammad Kashif , Khan Shandana , Ahmed Anees
Published: February 2025

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of Port-Site Infections (PSIs) following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) using the Southampton Scoring System and identify associated risk factors.
Methodology: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over two years in the Department of General Surgery at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Data were collected using a standardized proforma and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.0, with a significance value set at p<0.05. The Southampton Scoring System was used to monitor and grade wound infections at discharge, 2nd week and 4th weeks post-surgery.
Results: After exclusion, 841 patients were included in the study, with 471 males (56%) and 370 females (44%). The average age was 45.9 ± 12.7 years. Significant intraoperative findings included symptomatic gallbladder stones (82.5%), acute cholecystitis (26%), thick-walled gallbladder (44.4%), bile spillage into peritoneum (41.5%), and gallbladder perforation (54.6%). The frequency of port site infection with Southampton scores of 3 and above was 9.9% for the umbilical port and 27.3% for the epigastric port. Significant risk factors for SSI included symptomatic gallbladder stones, acute cholecystitis, gangrenous gallbladder, spillage into the wound, gallbladder perforation, and surgery duration exceeding 90 minutes (p<0.05).
Conclusions: The Southampton Scoring System effectively identified and tracked wound infections, underscoring the need for meticulous surgical techniques and thorough postoperative care to reduce SSIs. Although wound healing was initially good, complications increased by the 2nd and 3rd week, especially at the epigastric port. Most patients show significant improvement of wound healing by 4th week. Regular monitoring and timely interventions are essential to lower SSI rates in laparoscopic surgeries.
SABR vs. SBRT: A New Deal for Radiotherapy Beyond Terminology
Authors:   1 Department of Radiation Oncology, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
2 Faculty of Health, Universidad Camilo José Cela of Madrid, Spain, Montero Angel , Logar Helena BZ ,   Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia., Ratosa Ivica ,   Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Published: February 2025

Employed shortly after its discovery over a century ago, radiotherapy has become the most effective cancer treatment after surgery. Its utility, however, extends beyond oncology, with proven success in managing non-malignant conditions as well. Over its 120-year history, the evolution of radiotherapy has been driven by two main pillars: radiobiological knowledge—explaining the “how,” “why,” and “when” of its application—and technological advancements, which enable and enhance these principles. Efforts to increase precision, amplify therapeutic effects, shorten treatment duration, and ultimately improve clinical outcomes and patient quality of life are central to translational research in radiation oncology. Stereotactic radiotherapy techniques represent the pinnacle of these ongoing advancements.
SOIL YIELD FORECASTING
Authors: Son D. V.
Published: February 2025

This research project serves as a comprehensive meta-analysis in the field of agricultural science, specifically focusing on the prediction of crop yields. This endeavor involves collating and synthesizing findings from a variety of studies and articles that have explored different methodologies and models for forecasting agricultural outputs. The objective of this comprehensive review is to identify trends, methodologies, and key factors that consistently influence crop yield predictions across different studies.It synthesizes methodologies from various studies, emphasizing machine learning (ML) techniques like Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). These studies integrate high-resolution satellite imagery with environmental indices such as NDVI, EVI, and LAI. Soil chemical properties (pH, nutrients) and satellite-derived data were used to enhance the prediction of crop yields for diverse crops. The findings highlight the comparative effectiveness of different models in handling the spatial and temporal variability of both above-ground and below-ground data, improving prediction accuracy under varying environmental and soil conditions.Through this theoretical analysis, the research underscores the potential of advanced analytical models to transform agricultural monitoring and prediction, providing critical insights that can aid in the optimization of agricultural policies and resource management.
AN INTELLIGENT CLIMATE MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CLEAN ROOMS BASED ON IOT AND SCADA
Authors: Imanbek B. T. , Baigarayeva Zh. E. , Boltaboyeva A. K. , Kalpeyeva Zh. B. , Kopenov A. B.
Published: February 2025

The article presents the results of research on the development and implementation of an intelligent control system for cleanroom parameters based on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, carried out as part of a project to create an automated monitoring system for medical and industrial facilities. The regularities of the technological process of microclimate management in clean rooms, including temperature, humidity and air quality control, have been established, which ensures high accuracy and reliability of the system. The rational operating modes of the system, supported by IoT sensors and the SCADA platform, ensure stable environmental parameters, which increases the efficiency of medical equipment and reduces energy consumption. A design feature of the control system is proposed, which allows reducing energy consumption while increasing the accuracy of monitoring and maintaining optimal conditions in clean rooms, as well as integration with cloud platforms for remote monitoring and data analysis.
DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN FOOD PACKAGES IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Zhanbolat A. A. , Tungyshbaeva U. O. , Amanova Sh. S. , Nuriakhmet A. A. , Aman S. E.
Published: February 2025

Food quality and safety is one of the most important aspects of the food industry. One of the key factors to ensure food safety is packaging. Increasing number of food packaging materials is creating a demand for promoting products and brands that are safe for consumption. Food spoilage due to poor quality packaging causes huge loss not only to businesses but also to consumers. Despite the effectiveness of existing practices, retailers still face many challenges, including the materials used and their possible interaction with food. In addition, the transfer of harmful materials from packaging materials to food is still an issue. This study presents the results of determining the migration of heavy metals used in different types of food packaging in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Determination of heavy metal migration was carried out in aqueous extract by atomic absorption spectrometry. The practical value of the above research is to study the content of lead, zinc and chromium in the composition of various types of paper food packaging. The study revealed that the average amount of chromium migration in food packaging was in compliance with the requirements set out in TR/TC 005 2011 ‘On safety of packaging’, the values of lead and zinc migration were close to the limits set out in the Technical Regulation, which should be considered as a potential risk to human health if they can be reused without any pre-treatment as a source of recycled cellulose fibre.
APPLICATION OF HACCP SYSTEM IN GLUTEN-FREE BREAD PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Kulushtaeva B. M. , Zhumanova G. T. , Kambarova A. S. , Smolnikova F. Kh. , Nabieva J. S.
Published: February 2025

In Kazakhstan, food security issues are prioritized, especially with the growing demand for a variety of food products. In this context, ensuring the safety of bread products becomes particularly important for maintaining high quality, protecting consumer health, and enhancing market competitiveness. The HACCP system is aimed at preventing and managing risks, providing a proactive approach to product safety.This article discusses the implementation of the HACCP system in the technology of gluten-free bread production, identifying critical control points (CCPs). The use of HACCP in production allows for improving the quality of the final product for consumers. The research identified microbiological, chemical, and physical risks, as well as corresponding critical control points. In the gluten-free bread production process, three CCPs were identified, and measures were developed to eliminate the identified hazards. The application of the HACCP system in the bakery industry helps to increase production efficiency, improve product quality, and reduce costs, playing a key role in enhancing the enterprise’s competitiveness.For gluten-free bread production, composite flour was used based on the research results. The composition of the composite flour includes amaranth and chickpea flour, as well as wheat starch. The results of comprehensive research showed that the organoleptic, physicochemical properties, and the amino acid and vitamin composition of gluten-free bread are of high quality, which enhances its nutritional value and has a positive effect on consumers. In particular, the product’s taste, smell, and appearance were highly rated, and its physicochemical characteristics met established standards. Moreover, the balanced content of amino acids and vitamins makes the product beneficial for health, increasing its contribution to a healthy diet and consumer well-being.
IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF ENRICHED SOFT CHEESE BASED ON THE STUDY OF THE SUITABILITY OF COW'S MILK FOR CHEESE PRODUCTION IN PAVLODAR REGION
Authors: Tuganova B. S. , Omarova K. M.
Published: February 2025

This article reflects the results of the conducted research on the cheese suitability of milk from cows of different breeds of the Pavlodar region and the development and improvement of production technology for a new type of enriched soft cheese for functional purposes. At the first stage of the research, a review of special and scientific, technical and patent literature was conducted on the trend in the development of technology for the production of natural rennet soft cheese using raw materials of vegetable origin. Further, in the course of the research work, experimental studies were conducted on the suitability of milk from 3 breeds of cows of the Pavlodar region «Simmental», «Red Steppe» and «Kazakh white-headed» for rennet coagulation. According to the results of the conducted research, cow's milk of the Simmental breed was selected as the main raw material for the production of enriched soft cheese. Then several variants of a mixture of good-quality milk of cows «Simmental» and less good-quality milk of cows of the breed «Krasnaya Stepnaya» were compiled in various ratios (90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50) and accordingly, the process of rennet coagulation of selected variants of raw milk using selected starter cultures and rennet was investigated enzymes. According to the results obtained, it was also found that the enzyme «Natural Rennet» and the starter culture «Lactoferm ECO» also have a very high coagulation activity of various milk mixtures. The dynamics of changes in titrated acidity during coagulation of a mixture (60-40 and 50-50) of raw milk from cows of the Simmental breed and less raw milk from cows of the Krasnaya Stepnaya breed reached the maximum index for titrated acidity Further, studies were conducted on the selection and justification of additives of plant origin – as functional components in the formulation of a new type of enriched soft cheese for functional nutrition. According to the results of the research, a milk – vegetable composition (milk – protein clot and vegetable paste) was developed as a functional additive for the production of enriched soft cheese and its concentration in the component composition of enriched soft cheese was determined. As a result, samples of soft cheese with chickpea paste in the amount of 2-4% were selected. It was found that with an increase in the dose of vegetable filler of 6-10% leads to a deterioration in organoleptic parameters, i.e. an overly pronounced taste of the bean component.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GLUTEN-FREE BREAD MADE FROM COMPOSITE FLOUR
Authors: Kulushtayeva B. M. , Zhumanova G. T. , Kambarova A. S. , Atambaeva Z. M. , Utegenova A. O.
Published: February 2025

Ensuring food safety encompasses various political, social, technical, economic, medical, and other aspects. There are numerous analytical tools available for this purpose, among which technical regulation plays a crucial role. It establishes both mandatory and voluntary requirements for products and processes, serving as a legal foundation for setting prices that comply with these standards, as well as for governing relationships between stakeholders. The quality of food products is assessed for conformity with established technical regulations, standards, and specifications, with safety remaining the primary concern.Nutrition is a key factor influencing public health. Proper dietary practices help prevent various diseases, enhance life expectancy, and improve overall productivity. Bread occupies a vital role in the diet of Kazakhstanis, as it is a staple food. Data indicate that baked goods contribute approximately 30% of the body's energy requirements, along with 20-30% of plant-based proteins and up to 30% of carbohydrates.However, traditional bread varieties can adversely affect health and may trigger celiac disease. Over the past decade, researchers have increasingly focused on the issue of gluten intolerance found in cereals. The prevalence of individuals allergic to gluten-containing products is on the rise, with statistics showing that 1 in 262 people is affected. Unlike many other allergies, gluten allergy can lead to severe gastrointestinal disruptions.Studies on the health of individuals with celiac disease reveal a significant demand for gluten-free food products. In this context, there is a proposal to develop beneficial gluten-free baked goods by incorporating various types of gluten-free raw materials into the recipes.
A STUDY OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MARE'S MILK FROM A PRIVATE FARM FROM THE VILLAGE OF SHALKODE, RAYYMBEK DISTRICT, ALMATY REGION
Authors: Ashimova P. B. , Serikbayeva A. D. , Tumenova G. T. , Kozhabergenov A. T. , Zhamurova V. S.
Published: February 2025

The article presents the results of a study on the organoleptic, physical, and chemical properties of four samples of mare’s milk obtained from a farm in the village of «Shalkode», Rayimbek District, Almaty Region. The MilkoScan FT 1 milk analyzer was used to determine the qualitative indicators of the milk, with a comparative analysis of the average results obtained during the summer and autumn seasons.The study of the physicochemical properties of mare’s milk from the village of “Shalkode” aimed to assess its nutritional value. The key parameters analyzed included fat content, protein content, dry matter, lactose, glucose, and casein.The fat content of the milk was found to range between 1,95% and 2,03%, which corresponds to the average fat content of mare’s milk. The protein content ranged between 1,5% and 2,2%, highlighting the high biological value of the milk. The dry matter content was 11,73%-11,75%, indicating a rich composition of minerals and nutrients.The lactose level was measured at 7,01%, contributing to the sweet taste of the milk and serving as a primary energy source. The glucose content was approximately 0,27%-0,28%, reflecting the stability of the indicators under proper care and feeding conditions. The casein content ranged from 1,27% to 1,31%, confirming the high protein quality of the milk.Overall, the study results highlight the high nutritional value of mare’s milk. All physicochemical parameters were stable and of high quality.
DETERMINATION OF QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF PRESS EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENT FOR SEA BUCKTHORN JUICE PRODUCTION
Authors: Muratzhankyzy N. , Kassenov A. , Tokayev S. , Abdilova G. , Lobasenko B.
Published: February 2025

This paper will describe the result of analysis of local wild sea buckthorn products taken as an object of research for further enrichment of food products with valuable vitamins and minerals.Sea buckthorn is a valuable source of a number of important biologically active compounds. Its fruits contain water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, lipids, polyphenols, carbohydrates, amino acids and minerals. Nevertheless, it is of great interest because of the presence of its unique oil, which has high physiological activity and is used in the treatment of a number of diseases.A brief description of a high-performance liquid chromatograph used for analytical purposes is given. Standard solutions of vitamins, phosphoric acid, acetonitrile for liquid chromatography were used for analysis. In the method of vitamin determination we start with the preparation of the sample to be analyzed and show Step by Step method of analysis.The nutritional value as a result of the analysis was given in the form of a ring diagram and it was observed that sea buckthorn contains considerable, that is, 81 - 89% water, so it belongs to the group of juicy fruits. It was found that sea buckthorn is rich in fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins (groups E, B) and macro- and micro - elements useful for proper formation of the body.
MODERN ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE USE OF CELLULOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS FOR PROCESSING LIGNOCELLULOSE BIOMASS
Authors: Issayeva A. U. , Karimova S. S. , Zhumadulaeva A. I. , Aralbayeva R. B. , Ashirbayeva S. B.
Published: February 2025

Lignocellulose biomass (LCB) is an important resource for the production of biofuels and other highvalue products. The main components of LCB are cellulose and lignin, which are difficult to decompose. Recent research has focused on the use of cellulolytic microorganisms, such as Bacillus subtilis bacteria, Trichoderma reesei fungi and Penicillium oxalicum, to effectively break down these components. The article provides an overview of modern achievements, including the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES), which showed an improvement in the availability of cellulose and an increase in sugar yield up to 80%. The use of agro-industrial waste, such as rice straw, as a substrate for the production of enzymes, helps to reduce the cost of production and supports circular bioeconomics.Strategies to increase the efficiency of enzymatic processing are described, including the development of multi-enzyme complexes and genetically modified strains of microorganisms. For example, the use of multifunctional enzymes from Clostridium cellulosi allowed to increase the yield of sugars by 30%. The possibilities of integrating mushroom co-cultures and hydrothermal processing methods that provide a synergistic effect in the processing of LCB are considered.Special attention is paid to key enzymes such as cellulases, hemicellulases and ligninases and their role in the breakdown of plant polymers. Prospects for further research are discussed, including the development of thermostable enzymes, the introduction of environmentally friendly processing methods and the integration of new technologies into industrial biorefineries.
STUDY OF QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS OF SEA BUCKTHORN RAW MATERIAL
Authors: Muratzhankyzy N. , Kassenov A. , Mursalykova M. , Kokayeva G. , Tokaev S.
Published: February 2025

This paper describes the result of the study of qualitative indicators of sea buckthorn raw material, revealing the content of the pressing process depending on the purpose of the research work.Sea buckthorn is a valuable source of a number of important biologically active compounds. Raising the question of sea buckthorn processing industry is due to the valuable properties of multivitamin crops.In the course of research of the process of obtaining wild sea buckthorn juice, experimental juicing equipment was described. The pressure self-regulation mechanism equipped with a screw press design in the working area, which provides the technical result, is characterized. Through the self-regulating pressure mechanism in the working zone, eliminating the need for manual force, we achieve an increase in the operability of the equipment, intensifying the juicing process.The characterization of the instruments for measuring the actual juice yield, density and ultimate shear stress of sea buckthorn raw material used during the experiment is given.Depending on the speed of juice extraction and pressing time, qualitative indicators of the studied sea buckthorn raw material were determined, graphical relations of the obtained values were deduced and characterized.The data obtained as a result of the study of qualitative indicators of sea buckthorn raw material were taken into account in determining the optimal parameters of the juicer for the food industry.
BIOSAFETY ASSESSMENT OF LACTOBACILLUS PARACASEI – 010K STRAIN
Authors: Sagymbek F. G. , Serikbaeva A. D. , Abdigaliyevа T. B.
Published: February 2025

The article evaluates the biosafety of microorganisms based on the study of the pathogenicity and nature of side effects of a new probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei – 010K isolated from koumiss. The paper presents data on the determination of potentially pathogenic signs in vitro, virulence, allergenic and irritant sensitizing effects and the study of toxicological effects. According to the existing classification of strains (Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of producing microorganisms, bacterial preparations and their components in the air of the working area Hygienic standards GN 2.2.6.709-98), the new strain of Bifidobacterium crudilactis 7-1C belongs to the 4th hazard class. It can be used to develop biological products in order to increase the vegetation of fish, prevent and treat the aura of fish, improve the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of the stomach.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHOTOCATALYTIC HYDROGEN EVOLUTION ON G-C3N4 DECORATED WITH NIS AND NIS2 CO-CATALYSTS VIA ION EXCHANGE PRECIPITATION METHOD
Authors: Maksut N. , Tatykayev B. , Tugelbay S. , Abilkhan A. , Khan N.
Published: February 2025

NiS and NiS2 co-catalysts were decorated on the surface of g-C3N4 through ion exchange reaction by precipitation method. Synthesized double systems were investigated using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and TEM elemental mapping. XRD and FT-IR analyses showed the presence of g-C3N4 in the composition of g-C3N4/NiS and g-C3N4/NiS2, however the presence of nickel sulfides was not identified. SEM analysis showed that double systems have heterogeneous systems, the stacked flat sheets with wrinkles and an irregular shape morphology and rough surface, where the presence of irregular shape pores is visible. TEM proved the presence of irregularly shaped layers of g-C3N4, and TEM elemental mapping showed the presence of nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and nickel. The ability of the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by prepared samples revealed, that g-C3N4/NiS2 manifests the highest hydrogen evolution rate in comparison with g-C3N4/NiS and g-C3N4. Thus, the highest evolution rate of hydrogen was reached by g-C3N4/NiS2 on the 3rd hour of the visible light irradiation and was equal to 56.79 μmolh-1g-1.
INVESTIGATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DETONATION Ni-Cr-Al COATINGS
Authors: Maulet M. , Sagdoldina Zh. B. , Çoruh A. , Alibekova A. B.
Published: February 2025

This study explores the tribological properties of Ni-Cr-Al coatings applied through detonation spraying technology, with a focus on the comparison between gradient coatings and homogeneous coatings. Ni-Cr-Al coatings, widely used in aerospace, automotive, and energy industries like power plants, are valued for their exceptional hardness, wear resistance, and high-temperature stability. Gradient coatings, produced by tailoring the detonation spraying parameters, exhibit a microstructure combining a hard, wear-resistant surface with a softer, ductile subsurface, enhancing their load-bearing capacity and tribological performance. Experimental results reveal that gradient coatings achieve lower and more stable friction coefficients (0.3-0.4) compared to homogeneous coatings (0,4-0,5), attributed to their optimized stress distribution and reduced adhesive interactions. These findings underscore the superior wear resistance and durability of gradient Ni-Cr-Al coatings, making them highly suitable for applications involving prolonged operation under sliding conditions. This research contributes to the development of advanced coating systems optimized for demanding operational environments.
DURABILITY AND CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF Ni-Cr-Al DETONATION COATINGS UNDER Na2SO4/NaCl EXPOSURE
Authors: Maulet M. , Azlan M. N. , Bolatov S. , Alibekova A.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the durability and corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr-Al detonation-sprayed coatings when exposed to high-temperature environments containing molten Na₂SO₄ and NaCl. Such conditions are highly corrosive and frequently encountered in aerospace, energy, and chemical industries. Gradient and homogeneous Ni-Cr-Al coatings were compared to understand their behavior under aggressive exposure. The reveal of results those gradient coatings exhibit superior corrosion resistance due to their ability to retain protective oxides, such as Cr₂O₃, and mitigate stress-induced damage through compositional grading. In contrast, homogeneous coatings displayed significant degradation, including widespread corrosion, delamination, and the formation of sodium-based phases like NaNiO₂. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of oxidation and sulfidation products, with gradient coatings showing enhanced stability against phase transitions. These findings highlight the potential of gradient Ni-Cr-Al coatings to improve component performance in extreme conditions and provide valuable insights for optimizing coating compositions and processes to enhance operational reliability in harsh environments.
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS IN DETECTING SPEECH ACTIVITY IN A STREAM
Authors: Taubakabyl N. M.
Published: February 2025

The research presented in this article focuses on the development of a system for detecting speech activity in audio streams using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Speech activity detection plays a crucial role in many modern applications, such as voice-activated assistants, real-time communication platforms, and automated transcription services. The study synthesizes findings from nine key studies, demonstrating the effectiveness of CNNs in handling complex audio data, isolating speech signals from noise, and improving overall detection accuracy.The research emphasizes the architectural advantages of deep CNN models, such as VGG, ResNet, and AlexNet, highlighting their ability to capture intricate audio features and improve performance across various environments. The study also explores techniques like data augmentation and optimization algorithms, which further enhance the robustness and efficiency of these models.By evaluating the effectiveness of different CNN architectures and comparing various evaluation metrics, the research identifies potential areas for future exploration, such as optimizing CNN models for real-time applications and exploring hybrid architectures. Overall, this research offers valuable insights into the state of CNN-based speech activity detection and its implications for real-world applications.
The journal Science awards the drug lenacapavir as the most important scientific advance of the year 2024 in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against HIV
Authors: Esteban Rodríguez Mariano
Published: February 2025

Since the appearance of the first cases of infection in 1981 in New York and San Francisco by a virus unknown at the time and later identified in 1983 as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS and is responsible for some 42 million deaths and 88 million infections since the beginning of the pandemic, fundamental discoveries have been made that have led to great advances in HIV control. These discoveries range from methods of rapid detection of the virus, basic knowledge of the structure and function of viral proteins, mechanisms of cell penetration, receptors, interaction with the host, transport and genomic integration, stability, pathology, to the development of control procedures, especially antivirals. For years, HIV infection was synonymous with death, until the scientific community and the pharmaceutical sector developed antiretrovirals. There are currently multiple specific compounds directed against different stages in viral replication, such as reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside analogues and non-analogues, protease inhibitors, inhibitors of fusion and penetration of the virus, antagonists of co-receptors on the surface of lymphocytes, integrase blockers, inhibitors of the fusion of the virus to the cell membrane, capsid inhibitors, pharmacokinetic enhancers. These drugs are combined, using at least two drugs in a single pharmaceutical form with two different classes of action for oral treatment and also in long-acting intravenous administration. In this way, it has been possible to turn a fatal infection into a chronic one, with a very high long-term survival rate.
Deuterium in Pharmacology
Authors: Cuéllar Rodríguez Santiago
Published: February 2025

Isomers and isosteres play a key role in the molecular modelling and optimisation of drugs. A special type of isosteres are isotopologues, chemical species that contain a different isotope of at least one of the atoms of the reference molecule. The most obvious example is the substitution of one or more conventional hydrogen atoms or protium (¹H) by deuterium (D or ²H), which is a stable (non-radioactive) isotope. Both isotopes are very similar in terms of physicochemical properties, although the carbon-deuterium (C-D) bond is more stable than the carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond and its cleavage occurs more slowly, so the isotopological substitution of D by H could significantly modify the reaction rate, when the substitution occurs in a C-H bond involved in some relevant aspect of the interaction with biological receptors or metabolising enzymes. The kinetic isotope effect of deuterium – deuteration (substitution of one or more H atoms by D) – can affect the pharmacokinetics of a good number of drugs that are metabolized by pathways that involve the cleavage of the C-H bond (C-D, in this case), which could improve some limitations of non-deuterated (parent) drugs, optimizing the pharmacokinetic properties to lead to a lower or less frequent dosage and, what is even more important, limit or decrease the formation of non-selective metabolites of the drug and, thus, improve its drug selectivity or toxicological profile. In addition, it can be a tool to modulate and optimize the properties of some drugs by inducing specific stereoelectronic effects.
To date, 6 deuterated drugs have been approved, although the number of drugs in advanced clinical research phases is large and rapidly increasing, especially in the areas of cancer, neurology and psychiatry, as well as in autoimmune, metabolic and infectious pathologies. All this offers a hopeful perspective in the development of new, more effective, safe and predictable drugs. However, sometimes the impact of deuteration may not be as expected due to unforeseen multidirectional metabolic changes, reduced efficacy and interspecies variability that jeopardizes the predictability of preclinical tests. Most major pharmaceutical companies have taken the de novo deuteration route, making it an integral part of molecular design procedures for new drugs to optimize not only pharmacokinetic conditions but also other aspects such as release and absorption, as well as stabilization of certain pure stereoisomers of drugs to increase their activity and mechanistic understanding while preventing interconversion to potentially toxic or pharmacologically divergent stereoisomers.
In conclusion, deuteration is an interesting and constantly evolving approach with multiple and sometimes unforeseen applications.

Keywords: Molecular design; Isotopology; Deuterium; Deuteration; Pharmacology; Pharmacokinetics
ESG performance metrics landscape: Examining sustainable leadership, stakeholder engagement and organizational characteristics
Authors: Alhazemi Abdulrahman Ali
Published: February 2025

The present study investigates the influence of sustainability leadership, stakeholder engagement and organizational characteristics on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics within organizations. Structural Equational Modelling—partial least squares (SEM-PLS) was used as a statistical tool to demonstrate the study's landscape. A sample size of 382 was employed for the research. The results illustrate that sustainability leadership positively influences ESG performance metrics. The findings show that measures of ESG performance are enhanced by sustainability leadership. Stakeholder engagement similarly acts as a mediator to improve performance criteria. Conversely, organizational characteristics help moderate the relationship between sustainable leadership and stakeholder involvement influencing ESG performance indicators. Moreover, this research emphasises that organisations with strong sustainability leadership are not only more likely to get favourable ESG results but also encourage innovation, lower running risks, and enhance long-term financial success. Emphasising stakeholder involvement helps to improve organisational resilience and responsibility, hence promoting more open decision-making procedures. This paper also investigates the difficulties companies have including incorporating sustainability principles emphasizing the requirement of adaptable tactics and cultural transformation. In addition, it shows that although organisational characteristics decrease this relationship, additional research is required to thoroughly understand their contribution to improving ESG results. The knowledge acquired from this study guarantees that companies trying to remove obstacles to sustainability match worldwide ESG criteria and objectives, thereby offering valuable directions. These results will enable companies to raise ESG performance and strategically implement more sensible sustainability policies.
Critical thinking and AI: Enhancing history teaching through ChatGPT simulations
Authors: Santamaria-Velasco Juan , Núñez-Naranjo Aracelly , Morales-Urrutia Ximena
Published: February 2025

This work investigates the incorporation of ChatGPT into history education to enhance critical thinking and promote student engagement. A qualitative research design was utilized in this study. The interactions of 40 students with ChatGPT, which mimicked conversations with Simón Bolívar, were examined. Thematic content analysis was used to assess these interactions. The results demonstrate significant progress in students' critical thinking skills, understanding of history, and overall participation. Students exhibited enhanced analytical capabilities and a deeper comprehension of historical events, particularly related to the concept of sustainable development. The results indicate that ChatGPT serves as a valuable resource for enhancing history education. Through the promotion of critical thinking and involvement, it contributes to the development of creative and inclusive educational settings. This research offers a detailed examination of the educational potential inherent in artificial intelligence, highlighting its capacity to revolutionize conventional history teaching methods and equip learners with the skills necessary to confront global challenges.