bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Procedure to Evaluate the Progress and Results of the Student: Teaching and Learning the Skills of Manufacturing Engineering
Authors: Domingo Miguel Angel Lope , Albajez Jose Antonio , Santolaria Jorge
Published: June 2014

The results of this paper suggest that there is a serious problem in the curricula definition of some degrees. It is necessary to analyze the educational activities, teaching methodologies and evaluation systems for the Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees at the institutional level. This will allow for improvements in the evaluation of competence acquisition. Therefore, it is necessary to review the definition of the curricula while paying special attention to the relationship between competences and courses because the current study has detected notable discrepancies. The courses must be evaluated through competences or, more precisely, through the results of the learning process. This would considerably improve an evaluation model of the progress and results on the learning acquired by graduated students in terms of competences and would match what is established in the current regulation. When analysing the results for any two students, a simple comparison based on grades is not realistic, as it depends on the subjectivity of instructors and teachers during the grading process. By contrast, an evaluation based on competences is much more objective and comparable and would demonstrate which university reaches a better level of both general and specific competence achievement. The results of the aforementioned procedure are of interest to employers, enabling them to search and hire the best students in the desired field of study.
Accuracy Analysis of Fringe Projection Systems Based on Blue Light Technology
Authors: Bernal Claudio , de Agustina Beatriz , Marín Marta María , Camacho Ana Maria
Published: June 2014

Some manufacturers of 3D digitizing systems are developing and market more accurate, fastest and affordable systems of fringe projection based on blue light technology. The aim of the present work is the determination of the quality and accuracy of the data provided by the LED structured light scanner Comet L3D (Steinbichler). The quality and accuracy of the cloud of points produced by the scanner is determined by measuring a number of gauge blocks of different sizes. The accuracy range of the scanner has been established through multiple digitizations showing the dependence on different factors such as the characteristics of the object and scanning procedure. Although many factors influence, accuracies announced by manufacturer have been achieved under optimal conditions and it has been noted that the quality of the point clouds (density, noise, dispersion of points) provided by this system is higher than that obtained with laser technology devices.
The Incorporation of the Ceramic Industry Firewood Ash into Clayey Ceramic
Authors: Leandro dos Santos Leonardo , Filho José Elson Soares , Campos Liszandra Fernanda Araújo , Ferreira Heber Sivini , Dutra Ricardo Peixoto Suassuna
Published: June 2014

Much industrial waste has mineralogical, chemical and physical characteristics similar to clays used in ceramic materials, enabling the reuse of these as raw materials in the ceramic industry. The ashes are a type of waste containing metals, which can cause air pollution, responsible for serious respiratory problems in the affected population. This study investigate the use of waste derived from the carbonization of a solid fuel (wood) in ceramic paste used for the manufacture of rustic floors, aiming its incorporation into the mix, partially replacing (lessening the environmental problem) the usage of raw material (saving clay), enabling the analysis of certain variables of sample preparation (characterization and formulation) and their influence on the final properties of the material. Results indicate that the partial replacement of clay by ash is feasible in the chemical and mineralogical aspects in the formulation of ceramic paste in the manufacturing of rustic floors.
Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia with Lithium Addition
Authors: Muccillo Eliana Navarro Santos , Campos C.S. , Muccillo R.
Published: June 2014

Yttria-stabilized zirconia is a singular polycrystaline ceramic with a range of technological applications. The combination of its physical properties is responsible for application as solid electrolytes in solid oxide fuel cells. High densification is required for this and other applications. The sintering of this solid electrolyte is still a matter of investigation. To reduce the sintering temperature, the introduction of additives is an effective approach. In this work, the effects of lithium addition on microstructure and electrical conductivity of 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia was studied by scanning electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Cylindrical pellets were prepared by pressing, followed by sintering at 1200oC without and with 1 and 2 mol% lithium (metal basis). As precursor materials both lithium carbonate and lithium fluoride were used. The main microstructure features were correlated with the results of electrical conductivity.
Effect of the Mg2+ Substitution on the Sintering Behavior and Compressive Strength of Doped Β-TCP/CPP Ceramics
Authors: Dantas Alan Christie Silva , Acchar Wilson
Published: June 2014

β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramics are of interest for bone requirements implants due to resoption behavior. The mechanical properties of β-TCP, however, are not yet sufficient to allow load bearing application of implants. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of Mg2+substitution on the strength sintered TCP. Due to promotion of a liquid phase at 1200°C, Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP-C2P2O7) was used to improve the sintering of the samples. The introduction of CPP was promoted by use of a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.45. The powders were synthesized using a mixture of Ca (OH)2suspension and diluted H3PO4with addition of MgO and calcined at 750 °C, 900 °C and 1050 °C. The cold isostatic pressing compacts were sintered at 1200 °C and 1300 °C, respectively.It was shown that a small Mg content (1.5 mol%) increased both compressive strength and fractional density of the TCP material sintered at 1200 °C from 132 ± 39 MPa at 92.1 % of fractional density to 193 ± 29 MPa at 94.5 % of theoretical density. Higher amounts of Mg inhibited the grain growth provoking a increase of the boundary mobility activation energy. Abnormal grain growth (AGG) was observed after sintering at 1300°C, as result CPP - liquid phase formation. Increase of Mg content promoted AGG, due to inhibition of grain growth during normal grain growth resulting in a increase of the residual elastic energy of the system.
Study of the Influence of Granite Residue in Different Compositions to Prepare Ceramic Membranes
Authors: Lima Rosa Carmo Oliveira , Lira H.L. , Neves G.A. , Silva M.C. , França K.B.
Published: June 2014

The exploitation and processing of granite is responsible for generating large quantities of residue, mainly in the sawing step where is producing a dark color mud that is generally discharged directly in the environment without any treatment. The use of granite residue in the production of red ceramic has been widely studied and has shown promising results. The aim of this work is to verify the incorporation of granite residue in the preparation of tubular ceramic membrane in substitution of quartz. In this research it was done the characterization of the raw materials, the membrane preparation with different amount of granite residue and characterization of the membranes by scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry and tangential flux measurements. The results showed that the changing in 10% of granite residue amount in the ceramic body was enough to change the morphological characteristics of the membranes.
Study of the Interaction between Particles of Bentonite: Use of Dispersant Additives
Authors: Leite Raquel Santos , de Medeiros Nascimento Renalle Cristina Alves , Amorim Luciana Viana
Published: June 2014

This study has evaluated the influence of dispersant additives on the interaction of sodium bentonite clay in aqueous dispersion. Measurements of apparent viscosity (AV) and plastic viscosity (PV) for the dispersions, before and after additive, were done in a Fann 35A viscometer at ambient temperature and after thermal ageing (366K during 57600 seconds in Fann Roller Oven). The dispersions were prepared with clay contents of 0.04 and 0.08 kg/10-3m3 of water and the dispersants (sodium polyacrylate and sodium polyphosphate) with 0.02 and 0.04 kg/10-3m3 of water. Was observed that the dispersions prepared with clay and dispersant at ambient temperature presented, very likely, associations between particles of the type face to face, characterized by the low values of viscosity when compared to the ones of the dispersions containing only clay. Comparing the dispersions at ambient temperature with the aged ones, an increase of VA and VP was observed, wherein the dispersion was in a flocculated state, with associations of the types face-to-edge and/or edge-to-edge.
The current trend of administering a patient-generated index in the oncological setting: a systematic review
Authors: Tang Jessica A. , Oh Taemin , Scheer Justin K. , Parsa Andrew T.
Published: June 2014

The patient-generated index (PGI) is a more novel approach to evaluating health-related quality of life (HRQOL) that allows patients to formulate their own responses in an open-ended format in order to measure HRQOL based on each patient’s own stated goals and expectations. To date the use of PGI in the setting of patients diagnosed with cancer remains relatively less common compared to other health conditions. This systematic review primarily aims to identify current literature in which PGI has been used as a tool to assess quality of life in cancer patients. A systematic review using the MEDLINE database from January 1990 to July 2013 was performed with the following search terms to identify the implementation of PGI in oncology settings: (PGI OR patient generated index OR patient-generated OR patient-reported OR patient generated OR patient reported) AND (cancer OR oncology OR tumor OR neoplasm OR malignancy). Of the 2167 papers initially identified, 10 papers evaluated quality of life in oncology patients by collecting free-form responses from the patient, 4 of which actually used PGI. An overarching theme observed in these studies highlighted the concerns mentioned by patients that were not targeted or detected by standardized quality of life measures. While implementing the PGI may require slightly more investment of resources in the beginning, the potential implications of allowing patients to characterize their quality of life on their own terms are tremendous.
Systemic use of corticosteroids in neurological disorders
Authors: D’haeseleer Miguel
Published: June 2014

Corticosteroids have been used for almost 60 years in medicine and their roles in patients have always been discussed by researchers and clinicians dedicated in the related field. Now they are still used in treatment of patients with neurological disorders. Usually Corticosteroids are used to decrease inflammations. In this review, we present five key indications, i.e., bacterial meningitis, myasthenia gravis, Bell’s palsy and giant cell (temporal) arteritis for the systemic use of corticosteroids in neurology based on a mix of prevalence, quality of evidence and impact on disease management.
Alterations in the Expression of p53, KLF4, and p21 in Neuroendocrine Lung Tumors
Authors: Naranjo Gómez José Manuel , Bernal Jose Fernando Val , Arranz Pilar García , Fernández Servando Lazuén , Roman Jose Javier Gómez
Published: June 2014

Context.—Neuroendocrine lung neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of tumors with different clinical behavior and prognosis.

Objectives.—To evaluate the expression of p53, KLF4, and p21 in neuroendocrine lung neoplasms and to analyze the influence that expression has on the prognosis of those tumors.

Design.—All neuroendocrine lung neoplasms (N = 109) resected in our institution were reviewed, with the collection of histologic slides and paraffin blocks of 47 typical carcinoids (43%), 9 atypical carcinoids (8%), 35 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (32%), and 18 small cell lung carcinomas (17%), as well as 10 tumorlets (100%). Four tissue microarrays were performed. Follow-up was assessed in all cases (119 of 119; 100%).

Results.—p53 protein immunostaining results were negative in both the tumorlets and typical carcinoids and were overexpressed in 11% (1 of 9) of the atypical carcinoids and in 68% (36 of 53) of the carcinomas. KLF4 results were positive in all tumorlets (10 of 10; 100%), 32% (15 of 47) of the typical carcinoids, 44% (4 of 9) of the atypical carcinoids, and 62% (33 of 53) of the carcinomas. p21 expression did not differ among the groups. The lack of KLF4 and p21 expression was associated with an accumulation of aggressive features in typical carcinoids (P = .04 and P = .004, respectively, Fisher exact test).

Conclusions.—p53, KLF4, and p21 showed altered expression patterns in pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Lack of KLF4 and p21 expression was associated with accumulation of aggressive features in typical carcinoids.
α‐Oxamination of AmidesviaElectrophilic Activation
Authors: Lemmerer Miran , Matyašovský Ján , Tinelli Roberto , Maulide Nuno
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for α‐oxamination of amides via electrophilic activation. Selective oxidation reactions are valuable transformations in organic synthesis. Particularly, the α‐keto amide functionality has observed a spike in popularity in the synthetic chemistry community in recent years. Amide activation using triflic anhydride is a distinctive synthetic approach employed by multiple research groups in order to transform amides via chemoselective cycloaddition or nucleophilic addition processes. Reductive cleavage conditions lead to the corresponding α‐hydroxy amides, thus positioning the tetramethylpiperidine moiety as a “protecting group” for the hydroxy function. The authors have previously developed a chemoselective oxidation of amides to α‐keto amides and α‐hydroxy amides. The utility of such an approach is showcased by further transformations of the oxyaminated amides into synthetically useful building blocks accessible employing commonly used reagents.
Identification and analysis of short indels inducing exon extension/shrinkage events
Authors: Qu Zhuo , Sakaguchi Narumi , Kikutake Chie , Suyama Mikita
Published: August 2024

The search for genetic variants that act as causative factors in human diseases by disrupting the normal splicing process has primarily focused on single nucleotide variants (SNVs). It is worth noting that insertions or deletions (indels) have also been sporadically reported as causative disease variants through their potential impact on the splicing process. In this study, to perform identification of indels inducing exon extension/shrinkage events, we used individual‐specific genomes and RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) data pertaining to the corresponding individuals and identified 12 exon extension/shrinkage events that were potentially induced by indels that disrupted authentic splice sites or created novel splice sites in 235 normal individuals. By evaluating the impact of these abnormal splicing events on the resulting transcripts, we found that five events led to the generation of premature termination codons (PTCs), including those occurring within genes associated with genetic disorders. Our analysis revealed that the potential functions of indels have been underexamined, and it is worth considering the possibility that indels may affect splice site usage, using RNA‐seq data to discover novel potentially disease‐associated mutations.
Transparent, Bioelectronic, Natural Polymer AgNW Nanocomposites Inspired by Caviar
Authors: Aljarid Adel K. A. , Boland Conor S.
Published: August 2024

Recent breakthroughs in bioelectronic devices have stemmed from developments involving nanocomposites. Sepsis, preeclampsia, vascular dementia, and heart disease are serious conditions that will benefit from the continuous monitoring of pulse pressure (PP) and temperature (T) to improve medical insights and care. However, current clinical instruments are bulky, and lacking discreetness, while nanocomposites currently lack measurement accuracy. A thin (<1 mm) electronic skin (e‐skin) is developed utilizing nanocomposite micro‐caviar (MC), diameter (D) ≈290 µm, based on confined silver nanowire (AgNW) networks and food‐grade brown seaweed (BS). MCs are virtually invisible (transmittance >99%) and extremely electromechanically sensitive (gauge factor, G >200). In addition to a considerable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 4.58 ± 0.95% °C−1 and excellent signal stability, skin‐interfaced devices measured cuff‐less PP and skin T with an accuracy conducive to clinical instruments.
Targeting Macrophages via Ultrasonic Contrast Microspheres for Monitoring and Treatment of Knee Synovitis
Authors: Han Wang , Guan Mengtong , Ding Xiaoqian , Liao Bo , Shen Jieliang , Li Xinhe , He Yi , Han Xiaoyu , Bai Dingqun , Zhu Ying
Published: August 2024

The malignant cycle of synovitis considerably impacts the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, the precise localization of synovitis, targeted disruption of the inflammatory cycle, and real‐time monitoring of its dynamics are crucial for the effective diagnosis and management of OA. Here, porous HAMA/GelMA microspheres are synthesized using microfluidic technology. Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) nanobubbles, prepared via double emulsification, are grafted with folic acid (FA) via an amide reaction and subsequently impregnated and adsorbed onto the microspheres, thereby constructing an ultrasonic contrast microsphere system. This system facilitates not only ultrasonic imaging for accurate localization of synovitis but also the targeted and controlled delivery of IL‐10 under ultrasound conditions. In vitro, under ultrasound intensities of 0, 0.5, and 1.5 W, the system effectively releases IL‐10 at the rates of 19.95%, 30.95%, and 40.67%, respectively. In vivo, the biodegradability of the system facilitates real‐time tracking and monitoring of synovitis for at least 14 days. In summary, ultrasonic contrast microspheres enable precise localization and real‐time monitoring of synovitis. Under ultrasound conditions, these microspheres enable targeted and controlled drug delivery, effectively disrupting vicious inflammatory cycles. This strategy pioneers new pathways for the management and precise treatment of OA.
Tetramerized Small‐Molecule Acceptor for Organic Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency, Stability, and Mechanical Robustness: Impact of Chain Length and Dispersity Effects
Authors: Lim Chulhee , Lee Jin‐Woo , Kim Dong Jun , Han Daehee , Phan Tan Ngoc‐Lan , Lee Seungjin , Kim Taek‐Soo , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: August 2024

Discrete dimer or multimer acceptors have enhanced the stability of organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their slow diffusion kinetics resulting from their large molecular sizes. However, development of multimer acceptors with chain length longer than trimers has been challenging, which often require multistep reactions with low synthetic yield. In this study, a new discrete tetramer acceptor (TetA) using one‐pot reaction and subsequent purification processes is developed. During the purification, dimer (DA) and trimer acceptor (TA) are also obtained. The OSCs for TetA demonstrate a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.14% than those for the discrete acceptors with shorter chain lengths, such as monomer acceptor (MA, 12.85%), DA (14.31%), and TA (15.10%). Additionally, despite having a similar number‐average molecular weight, TetA‐based OSCs exhibit a significantly higher PCE (16.14%) compared to OSCs based on a mixture of the acceptors (MixA) with dispersity (10.72%). Furthermore, the TetA‐based OSCs have the highest photostability and mechanical robustness among the series. For example, TetA‐based OSCs demonstrate superior photostability (t70% lifetime = 2180 h under 1‐sun illumination) and mechanical robustness (crack‐onset strain (COS) = 8%) compared to those based on MA (t70% = 220 h, and COS = 2%), or MixA (t70% = 745 h, and COS = 6%).
Organic Crystals and Optical Functions in Biology: Knowns and Unknowns
Authors: Addadi Lia , Kronik Leeor , Leiserowitz Leslie , Oron Dan , Weiner Stephen
Published: August 2024

Organic crystals are widely used by animals to manipulate light for producing structural colors and for improving vision. To date only seven crystal types are known to be used, and among them β‐guanine crystals are by far the most widespread. The fact that almost all these crystals have unusually high refractive indices (RIs) is consistent with their light manipulation function. Here, the physical, structural, and optical principles of how light interacts with the polarizable free‐electron‐rich environment of these quasiaromatic molecules are addressed. How the organization of these molecules into crystalline arrays introduces optical anisotropy and finally how organisms control crystal morphology and superstructural organization to optimize functions in light reflection and scattering are also discussed. Many open questions remain in this fascinating field, some of which arise out of this in‐depth analysis of the interaction of light with crystal arrays. More types of organic crystals will probably be discovered, as well as other organisms that use these crystals to manipulate light. The insights gained from biological systems can also be harnessed for improving synthetic light‐manipulating materials.
Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Microporous Structures via Phase‐Separation for Enhancing Long‐Term Plasticity in Artificial Synapses
Authors: Yang Hui Su , Kim Woojo , Yoo Hocheon , Lee Eun Kwang
Published: August 2024

Artificial synapses, inspired by the intricate design of biological synapses, utilize electrical, chemical, and mechanical signals to transmit and retain information. Recent advances have involved research on artificial synapses based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), emphasizing low power consumption and rapid response times. A notable challenge arises when the gate voltage is removed, causing doped ions to return quickly to the electrolyte. A simple yet efficient approach is used to solve this problem: forming a microporous active layer using a phase separation method. This technique can maximize the contact area between the electrolyte and the active layer, enhancing ion doping/de‐doping in OECTs. Improvements in the product of hole mobility and volumetric capacitance is achieved. The electrostatic coupling effect and electrochemical doping in synaptic OECTs occur better than in the pristine active layer, yielding enhanced performance with higher short‐term and long‐term synaptic plasticity, compared to pristine OECTs. Moreover, improved ambipolar characteristics is shown by n‐dopant injection. This paper reports a way to improve performance by simply modifying the surface shape of the active layer using the phase separation, contributing to advancements in artificial synapses for neural networks.
Facile Lithographic Fabrication of Closed‐Loop Reentrant Micromesh via Shape Memory Effect‐Induced Suspension for Robust Liquid‐Repellency
Authors: Lee Gain , Kang Bong Su , Kim Minsu , Kwak Moon Kyu
Published: August 2024

Imprint lithography is one of the most used techniques for fabricating microstructures, owing to its high efficiency in both costs and time. However, imprinting has limited feasibility in realizing complex microstructures due to difficulties arising from the inherent limitations in the demolding process. Herein, a facile method is demonstrated for fabricating closed‐loop reentrant topographies with microscale meshes through a combination of imprint lithography and shape memory polymer (SMP). The mesh structure imprinted onto the pre‐pressed SMP pillar array can be elevated by utilizing the form‐switchable property of SMP to fabricate suspended micromesh. Suspended micromesh is fully supported by restored SMP micropillar array, exhibiting a closed‐loop shape that cannot be achieved with conventional imprint lithographic methods. Also, by the nature of reentrant geometry, liquid‐repellency can be realized even for liquids with a lower surface tension than water, offering numerous applications in self‐cleaning, droplet manipulation, and antifouling. Various liquid‐repellent performances of the fabricated suspended micromesh are investigated and compared to the theoretical expectations for a non‐wetting structure, confirming the successful establishment of reentrant topography in the fabricated structures. The proposed lithographic technique can be broadly utilized not only for liquid‐repellent surfaces but also for the fabrication of various functional structures.
Design and Fabrication of 3D‐Printed Lab‐On‐A‐Chip Devices for Fiber‐Based Optical Chromatography and Sorting
Authors: Milark Ole , Buttkewitz Marc , Agócs Emil , Legutko Beate , Bergmann Benjamin , Bahnemann Janina , Heisterkamp Alexander , Torres‐Mapa Maria Leilani
Published: August 2024

Microfluidic lab‐on‐a‐chip (LOC) devices have become essential tools for multitudes of applications in various research fields. 3D printing of microfluidic LOC devices offers many advantages over more traditional manufacturing processes, including rapid prototyping and single‐step fabrication of complex 3D structures. In this work, 3D‐printed microfluidic devices are designed and fabricated for optical chromatography and sorting. Optical chromatography is performed by inserting a single‐mode optical fiber into the device creating a counter‐propagating laser beam to the fluid flow. Particles are separated depending on refractive index and size. To demonstrate optical sorting, a cross‐type sorter 3D‐printed microfluidic device is fabricated that directs the laser beam perpendicular to the flow direction. Design features such as a sloping channel and a channel configuration for 3D hydrodynamic focusing (to aid in controlled sample flow and particle position) help to optimize sorting performance. Stable optofluidic trapping and sorting are successfully achieved using the fabricated microfluidic devices. These results highlight the tremendous potential of 3D printing of microfluidic LOC devices for applications aimed at the optofluidic manipulation of micron‐sized particles.
Artificial intelligence in soil science: Where do we go now?
Authors: Castro Jose Pablo , Gasch Caley K. , Flores Paulo
Published: August 2024

Recognizing the fast advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) in soil science, the main objective of this commentary paper is to discuss how this technology is being incorporated into the discipline, focusing on the most common algorithms and their applications. Employing a discursive and reflective methodology, the article draws insights from the authors' expertise and opinions. The paper explores some ethical considerations and the potential impact of AI on the job market and calls for a balanced approach that maximizes the benefits of this technology while vigilantly mitigating its negative implications to ensure the integrity and inclusivity of the profession.

Core Ideas

Artificial intelligence (AI) is changing soil science with advanced analytic and predictive modeling tools.

Ethical AI in soil science should focus on data integrity, privacy, and transparent research.

AI is reshaping the soil science job market, emphasizing the need for adaptability, and continuous learning.

Collaboration between technology and soil experts can lead to groundbreaking research and academic solutions.

AI, as a complementary tool, can enhance soil scientists' expertise, creativity, and problem‐solving abilities.
Influence of the odd‐even effect of dicarboxylic acids as crosslinker on the physicochemical properties of polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Gautam Leela , Warkar Sudhir G. , Jain Manish
Published: August 2024

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was crosslinked with a homologous series of four different dicarboxylic acids, HOOC(CH2) n‐2COOH (n = 2 to 5) viz. oxalic acid (OA; C2), malonic acid (MA; C3), succinic acid (SA; C4) and glutaric acid (GA; C5) containing odd and even number of carbon atoms. The characterization and assessment of synthesized crosslinked films were done using ATR‐FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM, DSC, rheology, percent swelling and sessile drop contact angle. The odd‐even effect of dicarboxylic acids was observed to significantly influence the physicochemical properties of PVA when employed as a crosslinker. PVA films crosslinked using dicarboxylic acids containing an even number of carbon atoms, displayed translucency, roughness, and an irregular matrix. In contrast, films incorporating an odd number of carbon atoms were transparent, homogenous, and densely packed. Furthermore, films containing even acids exhibited relatively lower crystallinity, lower melting temperature (Tm) and displayed an unexpected irregular trend in swelling as crosslinker concentration increased compared to films containing dicarboxylic acids with an odd number of carbon atoms which exhibits a consistent swelling with increasing crosslinker concentration. These results are attributed to the difference in the solubility and crystal structures of the odd‐even series of dicarboxylic acids.
Electrokinetics of Nitrite to Ammonia Conversion in the Neutral Medium Over A Platinum Surface
Authors: Islam Md. Fahamidul , Shahriar Md. Hassan , Rahaman Mostafizur , Aoki Kentaro , Nagao Yuki , Aldalbahi Ali , Uddin Jamal , Hasnat Mohammad A.
Published: August 2024

Polycrystalline Pt electrode was employed to selectively convert nitrite ions (
) into useful nitrogenous compound through electrochemical reduction reaction in neutral medium. According to adsorptive stripping analysis, the reduction process produced nitric oxide (NO) on the surface of Pt electrode. The spectroscopic test and gas chromatographic studies discovered the presence of ammonia (NH3) in the electrolyzed solution, suggesting the transformation of adsorbed NO into NH3 during the reverse scan. Scan rate dependent investigation was performed to elucidate kinetic information relating to this reaction on Pt surface. From Ep vs scan rate (υ) and jp vs υ (logarithmic plot), it was found that the conversion of
ion into NO is an irreversible reaction which relies on the diffusion of
ions to electrode surface. The Tafel analysis unveiled that the first electron transfer sets the overall reaction rate, having formal reduction potential, E0’=−0.46 V and standard heterogeneous rate constant, k0=
cm s−1. Reductive transfer coefficient (α) is another kinetics parameter, which was found to be approximate 0.77 from the difference between Ep and Ep/2 of the voltammograms obtained over scan rate range 0.005 V s−1 to 0.250 V s−1, indicating a stepwise process. According to temperature‐dependent voltammograms, the nitrite reduction reaction on Pt had a calculated activation energy of about 19.8 kJ mol−1 and a pre‐exponential factor of about 8.39×103 mA cm−2.
Does the Nebra Sky Disk encode an early Bronze Age report of a galactic supernova?
Authors: Vogt Nikolaus , Crocco Juan
Published: August 2024

The Nebra Disk is one of the earliest astronomical manifestations of humanity in Central Europe. We interpret the striking sevenfold stellar group shown on the disk as a celestial conjunction of the five naked‐eye visible planets together with Pollux and Castor in the constellation Gemini (happening in 2210BC) and the dominating large, filled circle as a bright supernova, probably corresponding to the remnant 3C58 in Cassiopeia. We believe that a close coincidence of these two extremely rare celestial events, that does never happen more than once in a human lifetime, could have impressed people of that epoch in a way that it was conveyed orally over several generations, until some Bronze Age artist created the Nebra Disk. If this interpretation is correct, it could offer a rather exact dating of a supernova explosion observed about 4200 years ago, more precise than any other dating methods for past supernova events, possibly leading to significant new insights into the underlying physics of supernovae.
Feasibility of artificial intelligence‐based measurement in psychotherapy practice: Patients' and clinicians' perspectives
Authors: Aafjes‐van Doorn Katie
Published: August 2024

Background

Tracking session‐by‐session patient‐reported outcomes (e.g. alliance and clinical symptoms) has been shown to improve treatment outcomes. However, self‐report measures are cumbersome to collect, and completion rates are inconsistent. Proof‐of‐concept machine learning research applications using psychotherapy data sets suggest that it may be possible to generate fully automated predictions of patient‐reported alliance and symptom ratings based on behavioural markers extracted from video recordings of psychotherapy sessions. For these artificial intelligence (AI)‐based measurements to be feasible, patients and clinicians must be comfortable with video recording their sessions and must be open to deploying such automated AI‐based models in their psychotherapy practice.

Methods

We conducted two online survey studies between December 2022 and March 2023. We asked 954 patients and 248 clinicians about the use and usefulness of (1) self‐report measures for routine outcome monitoring, (2) video recording therapy sessions and (3) utilising AI‐based prediction models in their treatments.

Results

Patients and clinicians found the use of self‐report measures useful but burdensome. While both patients and clinicians reported interest and willingness to embrace AI‐based technology for measurement‐based care, patients reported significantly more willingness to record their sessions, and more positive views on the use and usefulness of AI‐based measurement feedback for clinical outcomes, compared with clinicians.

Conclusion

Clinicians should be provided with more practice and training in the use of AI‐based tools to aid their clinical work before such AI‐based measurement tools may be successfully implemented into clinical practice.
Making meaning: The experience of Shared Individual Formulation Therapy in adults with functional neurological disorder
Authors: Gutkin Myles , Kanaan Richard A. , McLean Loyola , Cartoon Jodi , Brown Richard J.
Published: August 2024

Objective

Shared Individual Formulation Therapy (SIFT) is a brief, hybrid psychotherapy intervention that uses shared formulation and psychodynamic psychotherapy techniques to help participants expand their understanding of their difficulties. It was used in a pilot study for 29 adults with functional neurological disorder (FND). This analysis explores the experiences of participants using qualitative methods.

Method

Participants underwent semistructured interviews about their experiences of SIFT, which were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis from a critical realist standpoint. Findings were triangulated with the previously published quantitative results.

Results

Participants experienced SIFT as providing a safe space to help them explore and make sense of their FND. The resulting self‐knowledge was experienced as promoting recovery and growth, but some participants experienced the process as challenging and were ambivalent about it.

Conclusion

The findings support SIFT's potential value for treating adults with FND. The psychodynamic aspects are an important component of SIFT for many, but not all, participants.
Continuous Flow Microreactors for the High‐efficiency Enzymatic Synthesis of 10‐Hydroxystearic Acid from Oleic Acid
Authors: Zhao Yi‐Fan , Xie Wen‐Liang , He Kai , Li Hai‐Peng , Pan Jiang , Xu Jian‐He
Published: August 2024

Converting fatty acids into specialty chemicals is sustainable but hindered by the low efficiency and thermal instability of current oleic acid hydratases, along with mass transfer limitations in emulsion reactions. This study introduces an optimized continuous flow micro‐reactor (CFMR) that efficiently transforms oleic acid at low (15 g L−1) and high (50 g L−1) concentrations, improving reaction efficiency and overcoming key conversion barriers. The first CFMR model showed reaction speeds surpassing traditional batch stirred tank reactors (BSTR). Optimizations were performed on three key components: liquid storage, mixer, and reaction section of the CFMR, with each round's best conditions carried into the next. This achieved a space‐time yield of 597 g L−1 d−1 at a 15 g L−1 oleic acid load. To further enhance the yield, we optimized the emulsifier system to solve incomplete emulsification and developed a two‐component feed microreactor (TCFMR) that addressed mass transfer limitations caused by the product at high substrate loads, reaching a 91 % conversion of 50 g L−1 oleic acid in 30 minutes, with a space‐time yield of 2312 g L−1 d−1. These advancements represent significant progress in utilizing fatty acids and advancing sustainable chemical synthesis.
A severe tremor caused by a beta2 agonist in a patient with asthma‐chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap
Authors: Nakajima Kota , Momo Kenji
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

A 46‐year‐old male developed respiratory distress due to asthma‐chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap and experienced severe tremor caused by beta2 agonist inhalant. We present our successful experience with tizanidine administration.
Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxyphosphonates, A Literature Survey
Authors: Plouard Pierre , de Zordo‐Banliat Arnaud , Clarion Ludovic , Loiseau Séverine , Virieux David , Ayad Tahar
Published: August 2024

Owing to their role in drug design and as building blocks, enantiopure α‐hydroxyphosphonates stand at the forefront of contemporary research. In recent decades, synthetic methods have been developed highlighting the obvious interest and practical importance of these compounds. This review aims to provide an up‐to‐date overview of the synthesis of chiral α hydroxyphosphonates covering the literature from its inception in 1983 to February 2024.
Investigation Towards the Asymmetric CBS‐Catalysed Reduction of Aryl Methyl Ketones with Electrochemically in Situ Generated BH3
Authors: Abraham Marvin L. , Hilt Gerhard
Published: August 2024

The aim of this investigation was to explore the possibility to perform an asymmetric reduction, utilising a CBS‐type catalyst, of prochiral aryl methyl ketones under electrochemical conditions to generate the needed BH3 upon oxidation of NaBH4 with in situ generated I2 in the anode compartment. Therefore, various electrochemical parameters were optimised to conduct the desired formation of the chiral secondary alcohols in high to quantitative yields with a high stereochemical induction, although the catalyst loading had to be chosen relatively high to concur with the racemic reduction of the ketones by the electrogenerated BH3.
Bipyramidal Nanocrystals of Noble Metals: From Synthesis to Applications
Authors: Yu Hansong , Janssen Annemieke , Pawlik Veronica , Xia Younan
Published: August 2024

Shape control has been a major theme of nanocrystal research in terms of synthesis, property tailoring, and optimization of performance in a variety of applications. Among the possible shapes, bipyramids are unique owing to their symmetry, planar defects, and exposed facets. In this article, we focus on the colloidal synthesis of noble‐metal nanocrystals featuring a triangular bipyramidal shape, together with highlights of their properties and applications. We start with a brief discussion of the general classification and requirements for the nucleation and growth of bipyramidal nanocrystals, followed by specific aspects regarding the synthetic methods with a focus on the roles of reduction, etching, and capping, as well as controls of facet, size, aspect ratio, and corner truncation. In the end, we illustrate how these aspects affect the properties of bipyramidal nanocrystals for plasmonic and catalytic applications, together with future perspectives.
Benzodifuranone Crystals with Solid‐State Emission Arising from the Introduction of Bulky Substituents
Authors: Seki Tomohiro , Okada Takumi
Published: August 2024

Benzodifuranone derivatives, structural analogues of widely studied diketopyrrolopyrrole, have been reported to show photoluminescence exclusively in solution states. Here, upon introducing bulky aromatic groups into benzodifuranone dyes, crystals with unprecedented solid‐state emission were obtained. A crystallographic analysis revealed that the emissive properties should most likely be attributed to the absence of stacking between the dye scaffolds. In addition to the solid‐state emission, the compound showed responsivity to external stimuli, i. e., luminescent mechanochromism and thermosalient effect.
Thin‐Layer Diamond Coating on Si Wafer for Extended Alkaline ATR‐SEIRAS Investigations†
Authors: Li Wencheng , Zhang Wei‐Yi , Ni Baoxin , Shen Peng , Qiao Yu , Wang Xinchang , Ma Xian‐Yin , Cai Wen‐Bin , Jiang Kun
Published: August 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Electrochemical attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR‐SEIRAS) plays an important role in deciphering interfacial reaction mechanisms at molecular level. However, the corrosive etching of Si internal reflection element by OH− largely impedes reliable SEIRAS measurements in strong alkaline electrolytes. Herein, a dense and chemically inert nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film is successfully fabricated at a thickness of ~120 nm through hot filament chemical vapor deposition on a micromachined Si wafer to insulate the OH− etching. A reversible interfacial water feature without spectral interference of Si‐O band is obtained in 1.0 mol·L–1 KOH on Au/NCD/Si film electrode. Afterwards, electrochemical CO reduction reaction on Cu film electrode is explored in different KOH concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 mol·L–1 as a model reaction. A redshift of COL band, as well as its lower intensity but faster depletion kinetics, is noted with increasing electrolyte pH, whereas COB is identified as an inert spectator accumulating on Cu surface. Our present work demonstrates the alkaline resistant feature of diamond/Si composite internal reflection element, which could be a powerful platform to study electrocatalytic reactions in strong alkaline media.
Bayesian jackknife empirical likelihood‐based inference for missing data and causal inference
Authors: Chen Sixia , Wang Yuke , Zhao Yichuan
Published: August 2024

Missing data reduce the representativeness of the sample and can lead to inference problems. In this article, we apply the Bayesian jackknife empirical likelihood (BJEL) method for inference on data that are missing at random, as well as for causal inference. The semiparametric fractional imputation estimator, propensity score‐weighted estimator, and doubly robust estimator are used for constructing the jackknife pseudo values, which are needed for conducting BJEL‐based inference with missing data. Existing methods, such as normal approximation and JEL, are compared with the BJEL approach in a simulation study. The proposed approach shows better performance in many scenarios in terms of credible intervals. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of the proposed approach for causal inference problems in a study of risk factors for impaired kidney function.
Role of Dark States and Stokes Shift Simulations for Tetraphenylpyrazine Compared to Other Donor‐Acceptor Photosensitizers
Authors: Hernández‐Rodríguez Javier , Daría Alberto Martín Santa , Alquegui Marina Soledad , González‐Sánchez Lola , Gómez Sandra
Published: August 2024

An excellent agreement for simulated and measured absorption and emission spectra is found for four donor‐acceptor aromatic molecules (tetraphenylpyrazine, tetraphenylethene, distirylanthracene and hexaphenylsilole) whose derivatives serve as solid state photosensitizers. After comparing several hybrid TDDFT functionals, EOM‐CCSD, and experiments, the best agreement was found with TD‐B3LYP and double zeta basis sets (6‐31G** and def2‐SVP) for one molecule in gas phase. A full characterisation of twelve to twenty electronic excited states was performed in every system. Symmetry‐forbidden bands are found in the absorption spectra by sampling fifty to hundred geometries from a Wigner distribution. The density of states in the region 2–6 eV was also analysed, showing a very packed region of excited states and suggesting that dark electronic states may play a role in the dynamics of some of the photoexcited systems. Further calculations were done with QM/xTB at geometries extracted from previously published X‐ray data to evaluate the influence of the environment on the excitations of the four aggregated molecular crystals.
Comparing in Person to Telehealth Delivery of a Family Violence Intervention
Authors: Stover Carla Smith , Holland Margaret L. , Martin Ellen , Modanesi Edoardo , Fish Meghan Clough , Beebe Rebecca
Published: August 2024

There is increasing evidence that therapy and intervention services delivered by telehealth are effective at reducing a variety of mental health symptoms. Limited studies have indicated online services can reduce intimate partner violence (IPV), but none have tested in‐person compared to telehealth‐delivered interventions for men who have used IPV. Clinical outcome data from 311 parents (192 fathers and 119 linked coparent mothers) engaged in the Fathers for Change (F4C) intervention following referral by child protective services for IPV were examined to determine if in‐person delivery of the intervention differed in terms of client treatment engagement and retention or outcomes. Parents who enrolled during a 1‐year period prior to the COVID pandemic received their F4C therapy in person, while those who enrolled during the pandemic received their intake and most of their sessions via telehealth delivery. Parents reported significantly greater symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress prior to treatment if they enrolled prior to COVID than if they enrolled during the pandemic. There were few differences in completion rates or outcomes based on in‐person compared to telehealth delivery. Fathers were slightly more likely to complete treatment and attended a significantly higher percentage of their sessions when it was delivered by telehealth during COVID. Fathers reported significantly lower stress scores posttreatment when they received COVID telehealth delivery compared to prior to COVID in‐person delivery of F4C. These findings suggest that telehealth may be an appropriate and viable option for the delivery of IPV interventions for families.