bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subsection IV
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Incertae Sedis / Subsection IV

Members of Subsection IV are
filamentous cyanobacteria that divide exclusively by binary fission in one plane
, perpendicularly to the long axis of the trichomes. Cell division occurs at similar rates throughout the trichome or, in some genera, may be more rapid in “meristematic” zones of the filaments (Castenholz, 1989b; Komárek and Anagnostidis, 1989; Whitton, 1989). With the exception of some representatives of the genus
Nostoc
, the trichomes are always clearly uniseriate. The
ensheathed filaments
of some genera (e.g.,
Calothrix
or
Scytonema
)
may exhibit false branching
, a developmental process distinct from true branching that occurs only in members of Subsection V (see Hoffman and Castenholz, this volume) and involves cellular division in more than one plane.
Several genera
are defined by a basal–apical polarity of the filaments (i.e.,
tapering
trichomes), the apical extremity often terminating in thin and colorless cells, termed “hair” cells (Komárek and Anagnostidis, 1989; Whitton, 1989). The trichome diameter among members of Subsection IV presently in culture varies greatly, ranging from about 2 µm (
Cylindrospermopsis
) to 15 µm (i.e., members of
Scytonema, Calothrix
, and
Rivularia
).
Form‐Cylindrospermopsis
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Cy.lin.dro.sper' m.op' sis. Cylindrospermum
genus of cyanobacteria; Gr.
opsis
appearance; M.L. fem. n.
Cylindrospermopsis Cylindrospermum
‐like in appearance.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐ Cylindrospermopsis

The thin trichomes (<4 µm in diameter) are straight or loosely coiled; vegetative cells are cylindrical and exhibit randomly distributed gas vesicle clusters. Heterocysts occupy exclusively terminal positions, at one or both ends of the trichomes. As the vegetative cells that give rise to them, heterocysts are conical to spear‐shaped. Cylindrical akinetes, singly, in pairs or short chains, are formed adjacent to, or slightly distant from, the heterocysts. Sheath layers and hormogonia that differ structurally from the mature filaments are not produced.
Form‐Calothrix
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Ca' lo.thrix. Gr. adj.kalosbeautiful; Gr. n.thrixhair; M.L. fem. n.Calothrixbeautiful filament.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.II / Form‐Calothrix

Mature ensheathed trichomes exhibit a pronounced degree of tapering. The motile hormogonia are generally very short, exhibit a significantly reduced cell diameter, and are sheathless (or less ensheathed). They give rise to trichomes that differentiate a basal, one‐pored heterocyst. False branching frequent. Akinetes lacking in most members. All are freshwater, soil, or hot spring inhabitants.
Geovibrio
Authors: Caccavo Frank
Published: August 2015

Ge.o.vi' bri.o
. Gr. n.
ge
the earth; L. hyp. masc. v.
vibrare
to vibrate; M.L. masc. n.
Geovibrio
vibrating from the earth.

Deferribacteres / Deferribactere / Deferribacterales / Deferribacteraceae / Geovibrio

Vibrioid
Gram‐negative cells 0.5 × 2–3 µm and motile by a single polar flagellum. Spore formation is not observed.
Cells occur singly or in chains
. Strictly anaerobic, obligately respiratory chemoorganotroph that oxidizes acetate with Fe(III), S
0
, or Co(III) as an electron acceptor. Hydrogen,
proline
, lactate, propionate,
Casamino acids
, succinate, fumarate, pyruvate, and yeast extract are also used as electron donors for Fe(III) reduction, while other carboxylic acids, sugars, alcohols, amino acids, and aromatic hydrocarbons are not. Optimum temperature, 35°C. Cells contain c‐type cytochromes. Grows best in freshwater medium, but will grow in up to 2% NaCl. 16S rRNA sequence analysis shows that
Geovibrio
currently

forms a separate line of descent within the
Bacteria

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42.84 ± 1.51.

Type species
:
Geovibrio ferrireducens
Caccavo, Coates, Rossello‐Mora, Ludwig, Schleifer, Lovley and McInerney 2000, 1415 (Effective publication: Caccavo, Coates, Rossello‐Mora, Ludwig, Schleifer, Lovley and McInerney 1996, 375.)
Thermus
Authors: da Costa Milton S. , Fernanda Nobre M. , Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Ther' mus. Gr. adj.thermoshot; M.L. masc. n.Thermusto indicate an organism living in hot places.

“Deinococcus‐Thermus” / Deinococci / Thermales / Thermaceae / Thermus

Straight rods, 0.5–0.8 µm in diameter; the cell length is variable. Short filaments are also formed under some culture conditions. Some strains have a stable filamentous morphology.Nonmotile; do not possess flagella. Endospores are not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Most strains formyellow‐pigmented colonies, some strains are nonpigmented.Aerobicwith a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, but some strains grow anaerobically with nitrate and nitrite as terminal electron acceptors. Oxidase positive and catalase positive.Thermophilic, with an optimum growth temperature of about 70–75°C; most strains have a maximum growth temperature below 80°C, but some strains grow at higher temperatures. The optimum pH is about 7.8.Menaquinone 8is the predominant respiratory quinone;ornithineis the principal diamino acid of the peptidoglycan. One major phospholipid and one major glycolipid dominate the polar lipid pattern on thin‐layer chromatography. Additional phospholipids and glycolipids are minor components. Fatty acids are predominantlyiso‐ and anteiso‐branched; branched chain 3‐hydroxy fatty acids are present in some strains. Proteins and peptides are hydrolyzed by all strains. Starch is hydrolyzed by some strains. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, amino acids, and organic acids are used as sole carbon and energy sources. The utilization of pentoses and polyols is very rare. Most strains require yeast extract or cofactors for growth. Found inhydrothermal areaswith neutral to alkaline pH, also commonly isolated from man‐made thermal environments.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 57–65.

Type species:Thermus aquaticusBrock and Freeze 1969, 295.
Dictyoglomus
Authors: Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: August 2015

Dic'ty.o.glo'mus. Gr. n.
dictyon
net; L. neut. n.
glomus
ball; N.L. neut. n.
Dictyoglomus
net ball.

Dictyoglomi / Dictyoglomia / Dictyoglomales / Dictyoglomaceae / Dictyoglomus

Slender rod to filamentous cells
(5–30 × 0.35–0.45 µm), which
occur singly or in pairs
. Nonsporeforming and nonmotile;
no flagella
have been observed. Stain Gram‐negative, and cell walls possess outer and an inner cell wall layers.
Spherical balls of cells
, termed rotund bodies, formed due to either cell aggregation or by cell division, are commonly observed. The walls of the cells in the rotund bodies are portioned with the rotund bodies acquiring the outer wall layer with the cells attached to the inner wall layer.
Thermophilic, neutrophilic, chemoorganotrophs
which are strict

anaerobes. Ferment carbohydrates to acetate, lactate, ethanol, CO
2
, and H
2
. Occur in natural thermal hot springs

and man‐made thermal environments (Table 151).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 29–34.

Type species
:
Dictyoglomus thermophilum
Saiki, Kobayashi, Kawagoe and Beppu 1985, 256
VP
.
Ferroglobus
Authors: Hafenbradl Doris , Stetter Karl O.
Published: August 2015

Fer.ro.glo' bus
. L. masc. n.
ferrum
iron; L. masc. n.
globus
ball; M.L. masc. n.
Ferroglobus
the iron ball.

Euryarchaeota / Archaeoglobi / Archaeoglobales / Archaeoglobaceae / Ferroglobus

Cells irregular coccoid
, 0.7–1.3 µm in diameter. Motile by monopolar flagella. Weak
blue‐green fluorescence at 420 nm. Optimal growth at
~
85°C, pH 7.0
, and 2% NaCl.
Strictly anaerobic. Facultatively chemolithoautotrophic
. Growth by
oxidation of Fe
(
II
), S
2−
, and H
2
;
nitrate used as electron acceptor
, and, in the presence of H
2
, also with S
2
O
3
2−
as electron acceptor. S‐layer envelope.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: ~43.

Type species
:
Ferroglobus placidus
Hafenbradl, Keller, Dirmeier, Rachel, Rossnagel, Burggraf, Huber and Stetter 1 9 9 7, 601 (Effective publication: Hafenbradl, Keller, Dirmeier, Rachel, Rossnagel, Burggraf, Huber and Stetter 1 9 9 6, 313.)
Fibrobacter
Authors: Spain Anne M. , Forsberg Cecil W. , Krumholz Lee R.
Published: August 2015

Fi'bro.bac'ter. L. fem. n.
fibra
fiber or filament in plants or animals; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod or staff; N.L. masc n.
Fibrobacter
bacterial rod that subsists on fiber.

Fibrobacteres / Fibrobacteria / Fibrobacterales / Fibrobacteraceae / Fibrobacter

Cells are rod‐shaped (0.3–0.5 µm × 0.8–1.6 µm) or ovoid (0.8–1.6 µm × 0.8–1.6 µm). Obligately anaerobic non‐sporing and not detectably motile by microscopy. They are able to migrate through agar when growing on cellulose, suggesting a gliding form of motility. Ferment a narrow range of carbohydrates including glucose, cellobiose, and cellulose. Other sugars including lactose or maltose are fermented by a few species. The fermentation products are acetate and succinate, and sometimes formate at low levels. Cells require CO
2
, straight‐chain and branched‐chain fatty acids in the media as well as ammonia as the N source. Membranes are composed of straight‐chain fatty acids, and phospholipids are predominantly ethanolamine plasmalogens. Habitat is the mammalian gastrointestinal tract.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45–51.

Type species
:
Fibrobacter succinogenes
Montgomery, Flesher and Stahl 1988, 434
VP
.
Alicyclobacillus
Authors: da Costa Milton S. , Rainey Fred A. , Albuquerque Luciana
Published: August 2015

A.li.cy.clo.ba.cil'lus. Gr. adj.
aliphos
fat; Gr. n.
kyklos
circle; L. n.
bacillus
small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Alicyclobacillus
small rod with ω‐alicyclic fatty acids.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Alicyclobacillaceae” / Alicyclobacillus

Straight rods
, 0.3–1.1 µm × 1.5–6.3 µm. Terminal or subterminal ovoid endospores are formed. In some strains the sporangium is swollen. The majority of the species stain Gram‐positive; one species stains Gram‐negative. Many of the strains are
nonmotile, but others have motility. Colonies are not pigmented. Aerobic
with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, but a few strains reduce nitrate to nitrite, and some reduce Fe
3+
. The strains of these organisms have variable oxidase and catalase reactions.
Mesophilic, slightly thermophilic
, and
thermophilic
, with an optimum growth temperature 35–65°C; the temperature range for growth 4–70°C.
Acidophilic
; the pH range for growth is from about 0.5–6.5; the optimum is from pH 1.5–5.5.
Menaquinone‐7
is the predominant respiratory quinone. Two phospholipids, one aminoglycolipid, one glycolipid, and a sulfonolipid are generally present. Fatty acids are predominantly
ω‐cyclohexane or ω‐cycloheptane
; three species do not possess these fatty acids. Branched chain iso‐ and anteiso‐fatty acids and straight‐chain fatty acids are also present. Some strains are known to possess hopanoids. Most species are
chemoorganotrophic
; two species are
mixotrophic
. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, amino acids, and organic acids are used as sole carbon and energy sources; acid is produced from several carbohydrates. Mixotrophic species utilize Fe
2+
, S
0
, and sulfide minerals in the presence of yeast extract or sole organic compounds. Some strains require yeast extract or cofactors for growth. Found in
soil and water of geothermal areas, nongeothermal soils, fruit juices, and ores
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 48.7–62.5.

Type species
:
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
(Darland and Brock, 1971) Wisotzkey, Jurtshuk, Fox, Deinhard and Poralla 1992, 267 (
Bacillus acidocaldarius
Darland and Brock 1971, 9.)
Geobacillus
Authors: Logan Niall A. , Vos Paul De , Dinsdale Anna
Published: August 2015

Ge.o.ba.cil'lus. Gr. n.Gethe Earth; L. dim. n.bacillussmall rod; N.L. masc. n.Geobacillusearth or soil small rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Geobacillus

Obligately thermophilic. Vegetative cells are rod‐shaped andproduce one endospore per cell. Cells occur either singly or in short chains and are motile by means of peritrichous flagella or they are nonmotile. The cell‐wall structure is Gram‐positive, but the Gram‐stain reaction may vary between positive and negative.Ellipsoidal or cylindrical endosporesare located terminally or subterminally in slightly swollen or non‐swollen sporangia. Colony morphology and size are variable; pigments may be produced on certain media. Chemo‐organotrophic. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, replaceable in some species by nitrate. The temperature range for growth is 35–75 °C, with anoptimum at 55–65°C. Neutrophilic. Growth occurs at pH 6.0–8.5, with optimal growth at pH 6.2–7.5. Growth factors, vitamins, NaCl, and KCl are not required by most species.Most species can utilize n‐alkanes as carbon and energy sources. Most species produce acid, but not gas from fructose, glucose, maltose, mannose, and sucrose. Most species produce catalase. Oxidase reaction varies. Phenylalanine is not deaminated, tyrosine is not degraded, and indole is not produced. The major cellular fatty acids are C15:0 iso, C16:0 iso, and C17:0 iso, which make up more than 60% of the total. The main menaquinone type is MK‐7. The lowest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between allGeobacillusspecies is around 93%, which indicates that at least some species need to be reclassified at the genus level. Species are widely distributed in nature, in heated and unheated environments.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 48.2–58 (Tm).

Type species:Geobacillus stearothermophilus(Donk 1920) Nazina, Tourova, Poltaraus, Novikova, Grigoryan, Ivanova, Lysenko, Petrunyaka, Osipov, Belyaev and Ivanov 2001, 443VP(Bacillus stearothermophilusDonk 1920, 373).
Aerococcus
Authors: Collins Matthew D. , Falsen Enevold
Published: August 2015

A.ë.ro.coc'cus. Gr. masc. n.
aër
air, gas; Gr. n.
kokkos
a berry; N.L. masc. n.
Aerococcus
air coccus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Aerococcaceae” / Aerococcus

Cells are ovoid in shape (1–2 μm in diameter) and divide on two planes at right angles, giving rise to tetrad and cluster arrangements; some pairs and single cells may also be observed. α‐Hemolytic
. Gram‐positive and nonmotile. Nonsporeforming.
Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐negative. Oxidase‐negative. Grows in 6.5% NaCl. Gas is not produced in MRS broth. Acid is produced from glucose and some other carbohydrates
. Hippurate is hydrolyzed by most strains. Leucine aminopeptidase and β‐glucuronidase may or may not be produced. Arginine is not deaminated by most strains and urease is not produced.
Voges–Proskauer‐negative. Vancomycin‐sensitive
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–44 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Aerococcus viridans
Williams, Hirch and Cowan 1953, 477.
Trichococcus
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Tri.cho.coc.cus. Gr. n.
thrix
hair; L. masc. n.
coccus
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Trichococcus
a hair of cocci.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Trichococcus

Pleiomorphic
cells, can be spherical to ovoid, olive shaped with tapered ends or rod shaped. Cells are 0.75–2.5 µm × 0.7–1.5 µm. Cells occur singly, in pairs, or in short or long chains. Motility observed in some species.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonsporeforming. Peptidoglycan type is A4α,
L
‐Lys‐
D
‐Asp.
Aerotolerant
.
Fermentative metabolism
. Catalase and oxidase negative.
Psychroactive mesophile
; optimum temperature for growth is 23–30 °C. Growth occurs in the range −5 to 40 °C and pH 5.5–9.0. Indole is not produced. Under aerobic conditions lactate and acetate produced from glucose; under anerobic conditions lactate, formate, acetate, and ethanol produced from glucose. Isolated from activated sludge, swamps, soil, hydrocarbon spill site, and penguin guano.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45–49.

Type species
:
Trichococcus flocculiformis
Scheff, Salcher and Lingens 1984b, 356
VP
(Effective publication: Scheff, Salcher and Lingens 1984a, 118.) emend. Liu, Tanner, Schumann, Weiss, McKenzie, Janssen, Seviour, Lawson, Allen and Seviour 2002, 1124.
Enterococcus
Authors: Švec Pavel , Devriese Luc A.
Published: August 2015

En.te.ro.coc'cus. Gr. n.enteronintestine; L. masc. n.coccusa grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.Enterococcusintestinal coccus

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Enterococcaceae” / Enterococcus

Gram‐positive. Cells are ovoid, occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains, and are frequently elongated in the direction of the chain. Nonsporeforming. Strains of some species may be motile by scanty flagella. Some species are yellow pigmented. Facultatively anaerobic. Certain species are carboxyphilic (CO2‐dependent). Catalase‐negative, but some strains reveal pseudocatalase activity when cultivated on blood‐containing agar media. Hemolytic activity is variable and largely species‐dependent.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 35.1–44.9.

Type species:Enterococcus faecalis(Andrewes and Horder 1906) Schleifer and Kilpper‐Bälz 1984, 33VP(Streptococcus faecalisAndrewes and Horder 1906, 713.).
Melissococcus
Authors: Dicks Leon M. T. , Holzapfel Wilhelm H.
Published: August 2015

Me.lis'so.coc'cus. Gr. n.
melissa
bee; Gr. n.
coccus
berry; N.L. masc. n.
Melissococcus
coccus of the (honey) bee.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Enterococcaceae” / Melissococcus

Cells are
lanceolate
cocci and occur
singly
,
in pairs
,
or in chains of varying lengths
(Figure 1).
Pleomorphic
and rod‐like forms have also been described. Individual cells measure 0.5–0.7 × 1.0 µm. Gram‐positive, but destain easily. Stain negative with nigrosin. Nonmotile, catalase‐negative, asporogenic, and non‐acid‐fast.
No aerobic growth
. Anaerobic to microaerophilic, with
best growth in the presence of 1–5
% (
v
/
v
)

CO
2

. CO
2
levels higher than 5% inhibit some strains, but inhibition may be overcome by inclusion of self‐prepared autolyzed yeast extract.

Type species
:
Melissococcus plutonius
corrig. (
ex
White 1912) Bailey and Collins 1983, 672 (Effective publication: Bailey and Collins 1982b, 216.)
Lactobacillus
Authors: Hammes Walter P. , Hertel Christian
Published: August 2015

Lac.to.ba.cil'lus. L. n.lac, lactismilk; L. n.bacillusa rod; N.L. masc. n.Lactobacillusmilk rodlet.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / Lactobacillaceae / Lactobacillus

Cells vary fromlong and slender, sometimes bent rodstoshort, often coryneform coccobacilli; chain formation common.Motilityuncommon; when present, by peritrichous flagella.Nonspore‐forming. Gram‐stain‐positive. Some strains exhibit bipolar bodies, internal granulations, or a barred appearance with the Gram‐reaction or methylene blue stain.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 32–55 (Bd,Tm).

Type species:Lactobacillus delbrueckii(Leichmann 1896b) Beijerinck 1901, 229AL(Bacillus Delbrücki(sic) Leichmann 1896b, 284.
Lactococcus
Authors: Teuber Michael
Published: August 2015

Lac.to.coc'cus. L. n.lacmilk, L. gen. n.lactisof milk, Gr. n.coccus(kokkos) a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.Lactococcusmilk coccus

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / Streptococcaceae / Lactococcus

Spheres or ovoid cells occur singly, in pairs, or in chains, and are often elongated in the direction of the chain. Gram‐stain‐positive. Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile. Not β‐hemolytic. Facultatively anaerobic; catalase‐negative. Growth at 10°C but not at 45°C. Usually grows in 4% (w/v) NaCl with the exception ofLactococcus lactissubsp.cremoriswhich only tolerates 2% (w/v) NaCl. Chemo‐organotroph. Metabolism fermentative. The predominant end product of glucose fermentation isL(+)‐lactic acid. May contain menaquinones. Most strains react with group N antisera (Lancefield, 1 9 3 3). Nutritional requirements are complex and variable. The peptidoglycan is of group A withL‐lysine as diamino acid in position 3 of the peptide subunit. Typical inhabitants of plants, animals, and their products.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 34–43 (Tm).

Type species:Lactococcus lactis(Lister 1 8 7 3) Schleifer, Kraus, Dvorak, Kilpper‐Bälz, Collins and Fischer 1 9 8 6, 354VP(Effective publication:Lactococcus lactisSchleifer, Kraus, Dvorak, Kilpper‐Bälz, Collins and Fischer 1 9 8 5, 189.) (Bacterium lactisLister 1 8 7 3, 408;Streptococcus lactisLöhnis 1 9 0 9, 554.)
Streptococcus
Authors: Whiley Robert A. , Hardie Jeremy M.
Published: August 2015

Strep.to.coc'cus. Gr. adj.streptuspliant; Gr. n.kokkosa grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.Streptococcuspliant coccus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / Streptococcaceae / Streptococcus

Streptococcusstrains are normallyspherical or ovoid, less than 2 µm in diameter,occurring in chains or in pairswhen grown in liquid media. Cells arenonmotile.Endospores are not formed.Gram‐positive. Virtually all species arefacultatively anaerobic, some requiring additional CO2for growth.Chemo‐organotrophic with fermentative metabolism. Carbohydrates are fermented toproduce mainly lactic acidbut no gas.Catalase‐negative. Nutritional requirements are complex and variable.The peptidoglycan is of group A(Schleifer and Kandler, 1972) withL‐lysine as the diamino acid in position 3 of the peptide subunit. Menaquinones are not present. Cell‐wall polysaccharides form the basis of the Lancefield serological grouping scheme (Lancefield, 1933). Rhamnose is a common constituent of almost all streptococcal cell walls and its notable absence among members of the Mitis species group which includesStreptococcus pneumoniae, together with the presence of significant amounts of ribitol, are valuable chemotaxonomic markers for these taxa.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 33–46.

Type species:Streptococcus pyogenesRosenbach 1884, 23AL.
Clostridium
Authors: Rainey Fred A. , Hollen Becky Jo , Small Alanna M.
Published: August 2015

Clos.tri'di.um. Gr. n.
closter
a spindle; N.L. neut. dim. n.
Clostridium
a small spindle.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / Clostridium

Rods
, usually stain Gram‐positive at least in very early stages of growth, although in some species Gram‐stain‐positive cells have not been seen. Motile or nonmotile. When motile, cells usually are peritrichous. The majority of species form oval or spherical
endospores
that usually distend the cell.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 22–53.

Type species
:
Clostridium butyricum
Prazmowski 1880, 24
AL
.
Eubacterium
Authors: Wade William G.
Published: August 2015

Eu.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. pref.eu‐ good‐, well‐, beneficial (not as opposed to pseudo‐); Gr. neut. dim. n.bakteriona small rod; N.L. neut. n.Eubacteriumbeneficial bacterium.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Eubacteriaceae” / Eubacterium

Uniform or pleomorphicnonspore‐forming, Gram‐stain‐positiverods. Nonmotile or motile.Obligately anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophs, saccharoclastic or nonsaccharoclastic. Usuallyproduce mixtures of organic acids from carbohydratesorpeptone, often includinglarge amounts ofbutyric, acetic, or formic acids. Do not produce:

DNA G+C content(mol%): 47 (Tm).

Type species:Eubacterium limosum(Eggerth 1935) Prévot 1938, 295AL(Bacteroides limosusEggerth 1935;Butyribacterium rerrgeriBarker and Haas 1944, 303).
Butyrivibrio
Authors: Willems Anne , Collins Matthew D.
Published: August 2015

Bu.ty.ri.vib'ri.o. N.L. adj.
butyricus
butyric; L. v.
vibro
to vibrate; N.L. n.
Vibrio
that which vibrates, a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Butyrivibrio
a butyric vibrio.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Butyrivibrio

Gram‐stain‐negative
,
but structurally Gram‐positive
,
non‐sporeforming
,
strictly anaerobic straight to curved rods
, 0.3–0.8 × 1.0–5.0 µm, occurring singly or in chains or filaments that may be helical.
Motile by monotrichous or lophotrichous
,
polar or subpolar flagella or nonmotile
.
Chemo‐organotrophic
,
fermentative metabolism
with carbohydrates as the main substrates.
Glucose or maltose are fermented with butyrate as a major end product
. Under some conditions some strains may produce large amounts of lactate and little butyrate. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences,
Butyrivibrio
belongs to cluster XIVa of the
Clostridium
subphylum of the Gram‐positive bacteria. It is not monophyletic:
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
strains form two distinct subgroups which correspond to different genera and
Butyrivibrio crossotus
occupies a separate position (Willems et al., 1996).
Butyrivibrio hungatei
belongs to the
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
subgroup that also comprises the type strain of
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
(Kopečný et al., 2003). According to the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis presented in the roadmap to this volume (Figure 1), the genus
Butyrivibrio
is a member of the family
Lachnospiraceae
, order
Clostridiales
, class
Clostridia
in the phylum
Firmicutes
. Isolated from the rumen of ruminants and in human, rabbit, and horse feces.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36–45 mol% (
T
m
and HPLC).

Type species
:
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
Bryant and Small 1956b, 19
AL
.
Moryella
Authors: Carlier Jean‐Philippe
Published: August 2015

Mo.ry.el'la. L. fem. dim. ending ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. n.
Moryella
named in honor of the French microbiologist Francine Mory.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Moryella

Elongated rod
with
pointed ends
, about 0.8–1.7 µm × 0.5–0.6 µm, usually occurring singly or in pairs and occasionally in short chains.
Nonmotile
.
Gram‐stain‐positive
, but cells may decolorize easily.
Strictly anaerobic
. Does not form spores.
Catalase‐ and urease‐negative
. Nitrate is not reduced.
Indole‐positive
and weakly saccharolytic. Traces of gas may be produced in trypticase‐glucose‐yeast extract (TGY, see below) deep agar cultures. The major metabolic end products in TGY broth are
acetic
,
butyric
,
and lactic acids
. Its habitat is not known, but it is probably a resident of the human digestive tract.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50.2.

Type species
:
Moryella indoligenes
Carlier, K'ouas and Han 2007, 728
VP
.
Desulfitobacterium
Authors: Lupa Bogusław , Wiegel Juergen
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fi.to.bac.te'ri.um. L. pref.
de
from, off, away; N.L. n.
sulfis
sulfite; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfitobacterium
rod‐shaped bacterium that reduces sulfite.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Desulfi tobacterium

Cell wall is of
Gram‐positive
structure but may stain
Gram‐negative or ‐positive
depending on the strain. Exponential‐growth phase cells are
straight or curved rods
, 2–5 µm in length, depending on the species and strain. Although the physiology is obligately anaerobic; certain species tolerate microaerophilic culture conditions (<5% air in N
2
head gas phase);
mesophilic
and
heterotrophic
.
Desulfitobacterium
species use a variety of chlorinated phenols and/or alkenes as electron acceptors during dehalorespiration (also called halorespiration or chloridogenesis). Furthermore, they reduce sulfite, thiosulfate, sulfur, fumarate (forming succinate), and nitrate, but not sulfate, in the presence of various electron donors. Yeast extract as growth supplement is required; some strains grow only using pyruvate (forming lactate + acetate + CO
2
), others can utilize various sugars. Four species are validly published,
Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans
,
Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans
,
Desulfitobacterium hafniense
, and
Desulfitobacterium metallireducens
. For differentiation of the species, see Table 181.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45–48.8.

Type species
:
Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans
Utkin, Woese and Wiegel 1994, 615
VP
.
Desulfosporosinus
Authors: Hippe Hans , Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.spo.ro.si'nus. L. pref.
de
from; L.n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. n.
spora
spore; L. n.
sinus
bend; N.L. masc. n. Desulfosporosinus, a spore‐forming curved (organism) that reduces sulfur compounds.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Desulfosporosinus

Gram‐negative rods that have a multilayered cell‐wall structure. Endospores present, oval and subterminal to (almost) terminal, causing the cells to swell slightly. Motile with lateral or peritrichous flagella or nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic. If determined, desulfoviridin and cytochrome
c
3
absent and bisulfite reductase P582 present. Sulfate and thiosulfate are reduced to sulfide in the presence of lactate but not in the presence of acetate or fructose. Incomplete oxidation of organic compounds to acetate. Acetate is the fermentation end product. Autotrophic growth with hydrogen plus sulfate.
LL
‐Diaminopimelic acid is the diagnostic diamino acid of peptidoglycan. Contains menaquinone with a side chain with seven isoprene units (MK‐7 type) as major component. Predominant fatty acids are even‐numbered, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; significant amounts of aldehydes, detected as 1,1‐dimethylacetals. Phylogenetically, a member of the
Clostridium
/
Bacillus
subphylum of Gram‐positive bacteria.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 41.6–45.9 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Desulfosporosinus orientis
(Campbell and Postgate 1965) Stackebrandt, Sproer, Rainey, Burghardt, Päuker and Hippe 1997, 1138
VP
(
Desulfotomaculum orientis
Campbell and Postgate 1965, 361; “
Desulfovibrio orientis
” Adams and Postgate 1959, 256).
Desulfotomaculum
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.to.ma'cu.lum. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfo
sulfur; L. n.
tomaculum
a kind of sausage; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfotomaculum
a sausage‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Desulfotomaculum

Straight or curved rod‐shaped
cells, 0.3–2.5 × 2.5–15 µm with rounded or pointed ends. Occur singly or in pairs. Spores oval or round, terminal to central, causing swelling of the cells. Stain Gram‐positive, although often only detected by electron microscopy. Cells are motile by single polar or peritrichous flagella, but motility can be lost during cultivation.
Strict anaerobe
with a respiratory type of metabolism.
Chemo‐organotrophs
or
chemoautotrophs
. Simple organic compounds are used as electron donor and carbon sources, and are either completely oxidized to CO
2
or incompletely to acetate. Some species can grow on H
2
autotrophically with CO
2
as the sole carbon source; one species can grow on CO alone. Sulfate, and usually sulfite and thiosulfate, serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Sulfur and nitrate are not used as electron acceptors. Fermentative growth has been observed for some species. Desulfoviridin is absent. The major
menaquinone is MK‐7
. Growth occurs in simple defined media containing sulfide as a reductant. Some species require vitamins or yeast extract. Some species can fix N
2
. The optimum temperature range for growth is 30–37°C for mesophilic and 50–65°C for thermophilic species. The optimum pH range for growth is 6.5–7.5. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity has been demonstrated for some species.
Desulfotomaculum
species are common in anoxic freshwater, brackish or marine sediments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37.1–56.3.

Type species
:
Desulfotomaculum nigrificans
(Werkman and Weaver 1927) Campbell and Postgate 1965, 361
AL
(
Clostridium nigrificans
Werkman and Weaver 1927, 63).
Thermincola
Authors: Sokolova Tatyana G. , Zavarzina Daria G.
Published: August 2015

Therm.in'co.la. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; L. fem. n.
incola
inhabitant; N.L. fem. n.
Thermincola
inhabitant of a hot spring.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Thermincola

Cells are rods with
Gram‐positive
type cell walls. Anaerobic thermophile

capable of chemolithotrophic growth by anaerobic CO oxidation coupled to molecular hydrogen and CO
2
production

. Does not ferment organic substrates. Found in terrestrial hot springs.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45–48.

Type species
:
Thermincola carboxydiphila
Sokolova, Kostrikina, Chernyh, Kolganova, Tourova and Bonch‐Osmolovskaya 2005, 2072
VP
.
Faecalibacterium
Authors: Duncan Sylvia H. , Flint Harry J.
Published: August 2015

Fae.ca.li.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj.
faecalis
pertaining to feces; Gr. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Faecalibacterium
rod from feces, as this bacterium is abundant in feces, with the colon its presumed habitat.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Faecalibacterium

Variable length, straight, rod‐shaped cells (0.5–0.8 × 2.0–14.0 µm) mainly occur singly and sometimes seen as hourglass‐shaped. Nonsporulating. Usually gives a Gram‐negative staining reaction.
Cells are nonmotile
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 47–57 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
(Hauduroy, Ehringer, Urbain, Guillot and Magrou 1937) Duncan, Hold, Harmsen, Stewart and Flint 2002, 2145
VP
(
Bacteroides praussnitzii
(
sic
) Hauduroy, Ehringer, Urbain, Guillot and Magrou 1937, 68;
Fusobacterium prausnitzii
Cato, Salmon and Moore 1974, 45).
Fastidiosipila
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: August 2015

Fas.ti.di.o.si.pi'la. L. adj.
fastidiosus
fastidious; L. fem n.
pila
ball; N.L. fem. n.
fastidiosipila
a fastidious ball, because the organisms are difficult to grow.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Fastidiosipila

Cells are cocci
(approx. 0.5 µm diameter) that stain Gram‐stain‐positive and do not form spores.
Anaerobic but can grow in the presence of 2
%
and 6
%

O
2

.
Catalase‐negative
.
Carbohydrates are not fermented
. Small amounts of acetic and butyric acids are detected in Fastidious Anaerobe Broth with meat granules.
Lecithinase
‐,
lipase
‐,
and urease‐negative
.
Non‐cellulolytic
. Cells are indole‐negative and do not reduce nitrate to nitrite. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses, this genus is loosely associated with
Clostridium
rRNA cluster III of the
Firmicutes
. Isolated from human blood.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32.9.

Type species
:
Fastidiosipila sanguinis
Falsen, Collins, Welinder‐Olsson, Song, Finegold and Lawson 2005, 856
VP
.
Papillibacter
Authors: Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: August 2015

Pa.pil.li.bac'ter. L. fem. n.
papilla
teat; N.L. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.
bakterion
rod or staff; N.L. masc. n.
Papillibacter
a rod with ends looking like a teat.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Papillibacter

Cells are
rod‐shaped
and
stain Gram‐positive
.
Nonmotile
.
Nonsporulating Strict anaerobic
. Grows on a limited number of aromatic compounds and crotonate but not on carbohydrates, organic acids and alcohols.

Type species
:
Papillibacter cinnamivorans
Defnoun, Labat, Ambrosio, Garcia and Patel 2000, 1227
VP
.
Syntrophospora
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuji
Published: August 2015

Syn.tro.pho.spo'ra. Gr. adj.
syn
together with; Gr. fem. n.
trophos
one who feeds; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a spore, seed; N.L. fem. n.
Syntrophospora
a spore former which feeds together with (another species).

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Syntrophomonadaceae / Syntrophospora

Rod‐shaped cells. Gram‐stain reaction is variable.
Gram‐positive cell‐wall ultrastructure
.
Oval
,
terminal endospores that swell the sporangium are usually formed
.
Strictly anaerobic chemoorganotroph
.
Saturated fatty acids
,
butyrate
,
and longer chain fatty acids are utilized for growth and are
β‐
oxidized
to acetate and H
2
or, along with odd‐numbered straight‐chain fatty acids, to acetate, propionate, and H
2
in syntrophic association with H
2
‐scavenging anaerobes.
Some strains can be adapted to grow in pure culture on crotonate
with acetate and butyrate as major products. No other organic acids, sugars, or alcohols are utilized. Sulfate, sulfur, thiosulfate, nitrate, and fumarate are not reduced. Habitats are aquatic and marine anaerobic sediments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 37.6 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Syntrophospora bryantii
(Stieb and Schink 1985) Zhao, Yang, Woese and Bryant 1990, 43
VP
(
Clostridium bryantii
Stieb and Schink 1985, 390).
Anaeroarcus
Authors: Strömpl Carsten , Lünsdorf Heinrich
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro.ar'cus. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air, anaero not (living) in air; L. masc. n.
arcus
a bow, arc; N.L. masc. n.
Anaeroarcus
a bow not living in air.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Anaeroarcus

Cells are
curved
or spiral‐shaped
rods
, motile and
Gram‐stain‐negative
.
Endospores are not formed
. Obligately
anaerobic chemo‐organotroph
. A limited range of organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and alcohols are fermented mainly to acetate, propionate, succinate, and propanol. Yeast extract, Casamino acids, peptone, and Biotrypticase support growth. The modified
naphthoquinone
“Lipid F”, with octa‐ and nona‐prenologues (ratio 4:1) as the predominating isoprenologues, and
b
‐type
cytochromes
are present. Ferric iron, but not sulfate or nitrate, is reduced.
Mesophilic
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): ~48.

Type species
:
Anaeroarcus burkinensis
(Outtara, Traore and Garcia 1992) Strömpl, Tindall, Jarvis, Lünsdorf, Moore and Hippe 1999, 1870
VP
(
Anaerovibrio burkinabensis
Outtara, Traore and Garcia 1992, 395).
Anaerosinus
Authors: Strömpl Carsten , Hippe Hans
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro.si'nus. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air;
anaero
not (living) in air; L. masc. n.
sinus
bend; N. L. masc. n.
Anaerosinus
a curved organism not living in air.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Anaerosinus

Cells are curved rods
or spirals exhibiting a
Gram‐stain‐negative cell wall
. Motile, but motility may be lost in culture.
Endospores are not formed
.
Obligately anaerobic
.
Chemo‐organotrophic
. Catalase‐negative.
Cytochrome
b
and the modified
naphthoquinone
, “lipid F”, with octa‐and nonaprenologues (ratio 1:2) as the predominating isoprenologues, are present.
Mesophilic
. Phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine are the
major polar lipids
. Major fatty acids are C
15:1
, C
15:0
, C
17:1
, and C
17:0
, and, of the hydroxy fatty acids, C
11:0 3OH
, C
12:0 3OH
, and C
13:0 3OH
dominate.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): ~35.

Type species
:
Anaerosinus glycerini
(Schauder and Schink 1996) Strömpl, Tindall, Jarvis, Lünsdorf, Moore and Hippe 1999, 1870
VP
(
Anaerovibrio glycerini
Schauder and Schink 1996, 625).
Anaerovibrio
Authors: Strömpl Carsten , Jarvis Graeme N.
Published: August 2015

An.aer.o.vib'rio. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air;
anaero
not (living) in air; L. v.
vibrio
to move rapidly to and fro, vibrate; N.L. masc. n.
vibrio
that which vibrates; N.L. masc. n.
Anaerovibrio
vibrio not living in air.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Anaerovibrio

Slightly curved rods
usually 0.5 µm × 1.2–3.6 µm. Capsules not formed.
Nonspore‐forming
. No resting stage known.
Gram‐stain‐negative
.
Motile with a single polar flagellum
. Obligately
anaerobic
.
Chemo‐organotrophic
; no scavenging system for oxygen is present. Growth occurs at 38°C, but not at 20°C, 30°C, or 50°C. Optimum pH for growth, 6.3; no growth occurs below pH 5.9 or above 7.0.
Lipolytic
. A limited range of sugars can be utilized as a carbon source. Glycerol is fermented mainly to propionate. Fermentation products from growth on
DL
‐lactate, ribose, and fructose are acetate, propionate, CO
2
, and traces of H
2
and succinate. Peptides, triacylglycerol, and phospholipids also support growth. An organic nitrogen source and vitamins (folic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxal‐HCl) are required.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44.0 ± 0.3 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Anaerovibrio lipolyticus
corrig. Hungate 1966, 80
AL
.
Propionispora
Authors: Biebl Hanno
Published: August 2015

Pro.pi.on.i.spo'ra. N.L. n.
acidum propionicum
propionic acid; Gr. n.
spora
a seed; N.L. fem. n.
Propionispora
a propionic‐acid‐forming, spore‐forming organism.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Propionispora

Curved or spiral‐shaped rods. Motile by a
tuft of flagellae inserted at the concave side
of the cell (Figure 1). Forms round, terminally located
endospores
.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Chemo‐organotrophic and anaerobic.
Ferments sugars and sugar alcohols to propionic acid
,
acetic acid
,
and
CO
2
. Requires yeast extract.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42.3–48.7.

Type species
:
Propionispora vibrioides
Biebl, Schwab‐Hanisch, Spröer and Lünsdorf 2001, 793
VP
(Effective publication: Biebl, Schwab‐Hanisch, Spröer and Lünsdorf 2000, 246.).
Quinella
Authors: Krumholz Lee R. , Buckel Wolfgang , Cook Gregory M. , Russell James B.
Published: August 2015

Quin.el'la. N.L. fem. n. Quinella named for the pioneering ruminologist, J.I. Quin, who described the organism in some detail (Quin, 1943).

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Quinella

Cells are
Gram‐stain‐negative
and
oval shaped
. Size is 3–4 × 5–8 µm in size but can be considerably smaller in the rumen if crowding occurs.
Tumbling motility
with linear tufts of flagella on one side of the cells.
Endospores are not formed
.
Heterotrophic
and
mesophilic
. Reproduces by binary fission, and it usually occurs as singles and pairs. A small number of
carbohydrates are fermented
mainly to lactate, acetate, propionate, and CO
2
. Contains a glycogen‐like reserve material.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): unknown.

Type species
:
Quinella ovalis
Krumholz, Bryant, Brulla, Vicini, Clark and Bryant 1993, 295
VP
.
Schwartzia
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Schwart'zi.a. L. fem. n.
Schwartzia
named in memory of Helen M. Schwartz, a South African rumen physiologist who had a keen interest in rumen microbiology.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Schwartzia

Gram‐stain‐negative
, curved rods, motile by lateral flagella.
Non‐spore‐forming
.
Anaerobic
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 46 (UV).

Type species
:
Schwartzia succinivorans
van Gylswyk, Hippe and Rainey 1997, 158
VP
.
Succinispira
Authors: Janssen Peter H.
Published: August 2015

Suc.ci.ni.spi'ra. L. n.
succinum
amber; N.L. n.
acidum succinicum
succinic acid (derived from amber); Gr. n.
spira
coil, spiral; N.L. fem. n.
Succinispira
succinate (utilizing) spiral (shaped bacterium).

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Succinispira

Curved rods
, 0.5 µm in diameter and 2–10 µm long. Longer cells can be spirals of up to 3 or 4 turns with an amplitude of 1.5–2.0 µm, and a wavelength of 3–4 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative. Aminopeptidase‐negative. Cell‐wall structure appears to be of a Gram‐negative type with an outer membrane.
Highly motile
with laterally inserted flagella. Cytochromes are not formed.
No endospores
. Strict anaerobe; media containing a suitable reductant are required for growth. Chemo‐organotrophic metabolism.
Organic and amino acids are fermented
, while carbohydrates and alcohols are not.
Formate
,
acetate
,
propionate
,
malate
,

CO
2

,

and H
2
are the fermentation end products

, depending on the substrate. Sulfate, sulfur, thiosulfate, nitrate, and fumarate are not used as terminal electron acceptors.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36.

Type species
:
Succinispira mobilis
Janssen and O'Farrell 1999, 1012
VP
.
Veillonella
Authors: Carlier Jean‐Philippe
Published: August 2015

Veil.lo.nel'la. N.L. dim. suff. ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. n.
Veillonella
named after Adrien Veillon, the French microbiologist who isolated the type species.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Veillonella

Cocci
,
0
.
3–0
.
5
μ
m in diameter
; cells are usually arranged in pairs, masses, or short chains. Stains
Gram negative
. Nonmotile, nonsporeforming.
Anaerobic
. Optimum temperature, 30–37°C. Optimum pH, 6.5–8.0. Oxidase negative.
Nitrate is reduced
. Some species produce an atypical catalase lacking porphyrin.
Gas is produced by most strains
.
Pyruvate
,
lactate
, malate, fumarate, and oxaloacetate are fermented.
Carbohydrates and polyols are not fermented by most strains
. Major metabolic end products in trypticase‐glucose‐yeast extract (TGY, see below) broth are
acetic and propionic acids
. In addition,

CO
2
and H
2

are produced from lactate (Rogosa, 1964). Resident of oral cavity, genito‐urinary, respiratory, and intestinal tracts of humans and animals, but can also cause severe human infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and prosthetic joint infection.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36–43 (
T
m
) or 40–44 (Bd).

Type species
:
Veillonella parvula
(Veillon and Zuber 1898) Prévot 1933, 119
AL
(
Staphyloccocus parvulus
Veillon and Zuber 1898, 542).
Gallicola
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki
Published: August 2015

Ga.li'co.la. L. n.
gallus
rooster/chicken; L. masc. suff. ‐
cola
inhabitant; N.L.masc. n.
Gallicola
inhabitant of chickens, referring to the isolation of the type species from chicken feces.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Gallicola

Non‐spore‐forming, obligately anaerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive cocci. Cells may occur in pairs and as irregular masses. Carbohydrates are not fermented. Indole is negative. The optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic and butyric acid. Found in chicken feces.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32–34.

Type species
:
Gallicola barnesae
(Scheifer‐Ullrich and Andreesen 1985) Ezaki, Kawamura, Li, Li, Zhao and Shu 2001a, 1527
VP
(
Peptostreptococcus barnesae
Scheifer‐Ullrich and Andreesen 1985, 30).
Helcococcus
Authors: Ruoff Kathryn L.
Published: August 2015

Hel.co.coc'cus. Gr. masc. n.
helkos
wound; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry, sphere; N.L. masc. n.
Helcococcus
a sphere found in wounds.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Helcococcus

Gram‐stain‐positive cocci
that are
catalase‐negative
and
nonmotile
. Cells are arranged in
irregular groups
,
pairs or short chains
. Helcococci form
small pinpoint non‐hemolytic colonies
on blood agar after 24 hours of incubation at 35–37°C.
Facultative anaerobes that produce acid
,
but not gas from glucose
.
No hydrolysis of urea
,
hippurate or gelatin
.
Arginine dihydrolase is not produced
.
Nitrate is not reduced
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 29–30 mol% (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Helcococcus kunzii
Collins, Facklam, Rodrigues and Ruoff 1993, 427
VP
.
Fusibacter
Authors: Ravot Gilles , Garcia Jean‐Louis , Magot Michel , Ollivier Bernard
Published: August 2015

Fu.si.bac'ter. L. n.fususa spindle; N.L. n.bactermasc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod; N.L. masc. n.Fusibactera small spindle‐shaped rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / Fusibacter

Spindle‐shaped rodswith cells that are 1 × 2–5 µm, and occurring singly or in pairs.Motile by one to four peritrichous flagella. Spores are not formed. Gram‐stain‐positive. Chemoorganotrophic andobligately anaerobic. Requires yeast extract for growth. Oxidizes a few carbohydrates to butyrate, acetate, CO2, and H2. Uses thiosulfate and sulfur as electron acceptors during glucose fermentation with production of H2S.Mesophilic,neutrophilic,and halotolerant.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 43 (HPLC).

Type species:Fusibacter paucivoransRavot, Magot, Fardeau, Patel, Thomas, Garcia and Ollivier 1999, 1145VP
Guggenheimella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Gug.gen.heim.el'la. L. dim. suff. ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. n.
Guggenheimella
after the Swiss microbiologist Bernhard Guggenheim.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / Guggenheimella

Short to coccoid
,
non‐spore‐forming rods
.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Nonmotile.
Obligately anaerobic
. Assacharolytic. Cell wall contains the diamino acid ornithine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44.4.

Type species
:
Guggenheimella bovis
Wyss, Dewhirst, Paster, Thurnheer and Luginbühl 2005, 669
VP
.