bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for laterally spreading tumors larger than 20 mm
Authors: Terasaki Motomi , Tanaka Shinji , Oka Shiro , Nakadoi Koichi , Takata Sayaka , Kanao Hiroyuki , Yoshida Shigeto , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: November 2011

Background and Aims:  Colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LST) > 20 mm are usually treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). Endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection (EPMR) is sometimes required. The aim of our study was to compare the outcomes of ESD and EMR, including EPMR, for such LST.

Methods:  A total of 269 consecutive patients with a colorectal LST > 20 mm were treated endoscopically at our hospital from April 2006 to December 2009. We retrospectively evaluated the complications and local recurrence rates associated with ESD, hybrid ESD (ESD with EMR), EMR, and EPMR.

Results:  ESD and EMR were performed successfully for 89 and 178 LST, respectively: 61 by ESD; 28 by hybrid ESD; 70 by EMR; and 108 by EPMR. Between‐group differences in perforation rates were not significant. Local recurrence rates in cases with curative resection were as follows: 0% (0/56) in ESD; 0% (0/27) in hybrid ESD; 1.4% (1/69) in EMR; and 12.1% (13/107) in EPMR; that is, significantly higher in EPMR. No metastasis was seen at follow up. The recurrence rate for EPMR yielding ≥ three pieces was significantly high (P < 0.001). All 14 local recurrent lesions were adenomas that were cured endoscopically.

Conclusions:  As for safety, ESD/hybrid ESD is equivalent to EMR/EPMR. ESD/hybrid ESD is a feasible technique for en bloc resection and showed no local recurrence. Although local recurrences associated with EMR/EPMR were seen, which were conducted based on our indication criteria, all local recurrences could obtain complete cure by additional endoscopic treatment.
Association of tumor necrosis factor‐α gene promoter polymorphism at sites ‐308 and ‐238 with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Ji‐kai , Feng Zhe‐wei , Li Ying‐chun , Li Qing‐yan , Tao Xing‐yong
Published: November 2011

Background and Aim:  Environmental and genetic factors play a role in the pathogenesis and natural history of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the association between tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α gene promoter polymorphism at sites ‐308 and ‐238 and NAFLD susceptibility.

Methods:  We performed an extensive search of relevant studies and made a meta‐analysis, including eight studies with 837 NAFLD cases and 990 controls in the association between TNF‐α ‐308 polymorphism and NAFLD; and seven studies with 771 cases and 787 controls in TNF‐α ‐238 polymorphism.

Results:  The combined results showed that there was a significant difference in TNF‐α‐238 genotype distribution between NAFLD and control based on all studies (GA/AA vs GG [odds ratio = 2.06, 95% confidence interval = 1.58–2.69, P < 0.000 01]). However, the combined results based on all studies showed there was no evidence of association of TNF‐α‐308 genotype distribution between NAFLD cases and controls (GA/AA vs GG [odds ratio = 1.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.82–1.42, P = 0.60]). When stratifying for race, the significant results did not change materially compared with whole populations.

Conclusion:  This meta‐analysis suggested that TNF‐α gene promoter polymorphism at position ‐238 but not ‐308 might be a risk factor for NAFLD.
Characterization of microRNA expression profiles associated with hepatitis B virus replication and clearance in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Pan Xiao‐Ben , Ma Hui , Jin Qian , Wei Lai
Published: November 2011

Background and Aim:  Alpha interferon (IFN‐α) is an approved treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). MicroRNA (miRNA) are currently known as a part of IFN‐mediated antiviral defense. We aimed at characterizing the miRNA expression associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and IFN‐mediated HBV clearance.

Methods:  We investigated the expression patterns of cellular miRNA induced by HBV replication and/or IFN‐α treatment in HepG2 cells, and also analyzed the miRNA response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CHB patients on IFN‐α treatment. The differentially expressed miRNA were verified using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and an miRNA expression pattern was classified based on the final virological response.

Results:  A total of 223 miRNA were differentially expressed (> 1.5 folds) between the HepG2.2.15 and HepG2 cells, including 24 highly differentially expressed miRNA (> 5 folds). With 12 h of IFN‐α treatment, 23 totally differentially expressed miRNA were identified in HepG2 cells; whereas only five miRNA were identified in HepG2.2.15 cells. Similar amounts of the miRNA were regulated in patients with HBeAg or non‐HBeAg seroconversion; whereas levels of eight miRNA were significantly differentially expressed between the two groups.

Conclusions:  HBV replication alters miRNA expression profiles and impairs IFN‐inducible miRNA response in HepG2 cells. The miRNA expression pattern of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in CHB patients with IFN therapy can be associated with their therapeutic outcome.
Comparison of clinical characteristics and management of inflammatory bowel disease in Hong Kong versus Melbourne
Authors: Prideaux Lani , Kamm Michael A , De Cruz Peter , Williams James , Bell Sally J , Connell William R , Brown Steven J , Lust Mark , Desmond Paul V , Chan Heyson , Chow Dorothy K L , Wu Justin C Y , Leong Rupert W , Sung Joseph J , Chan Francis K L , Ng Siew C
Published: November 2011

Background and Aim:  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), common in Melbourne, was rare but is now increasing in incidence in Hong Kong (HK). To investigate whether these are the same diseases in the West and East, potential causes of changing incidence, and to plan resource needs, an appreciation of clinical characteristics in contrasting populations is essential.

Methods:  Disease characteristics were collected from prospectively populated IBD databases in two specialist centers in Melbourne, Australia and HK.

Results:  Of 795 patients (Crohn's disease [CD] : ulcerative colitis [UC] Melbourne 272:159 and HK 161:203), the age of diagnosis was higher, there were proportionally more male patients with CD but no UC sex difference, fewer patients were current or ex‐smokers (CD 8% vs 50%; UC 17% vs 35%) and a family history of IBD was less common (2% vs 11%; P < 0.001) in HK compared to Melbourne. Stricturing and perianal CD were more common in HK (12% vs 6%; P < 0.001; and 29% vs 16%; P = 0.001, respectively). In HK for UC, more patients had extensive disease at diagnosis (42% vs 22%) but colectomy was less common (7% vs 20%; P < 0.001). In Melbourne there was greater steroid use at diagnosis and patients were more likely to receive an immunomodulator or anti‐tumor necrosis factor agent.

Conclusions:  IBD in HK was diagnosed at an older age, and had more complicated disease behavior than in Melbourne. Medical therapy, however, was less intense in HK. These differences may relate to real differences in disease or delayed diagnosis due to late presentation and less disease recognition in HK.
Personal narrative skills of school‐aged children with Down syndrome
Authors: van Bysterveldt Anne Katherine , Westerveld Marleen Frederike , Gillon Gail , Foster‐Cohen Susan
Published: November 2011

Background: Personal narratives are descriptions of past events experienced by the speaker and are one of the most commonly found forms of narration in children. The ability to tell personal narratives is considered critical for socio‐emotional wellbeing and academic performance.

Aims: This study investigated the personal narrative skills of 25 children with Down syndrome (age 5;11–13;1 years) who attended predominantly mainstream primary schools in New Zealand and were classified as beginning readers.

Methods & Procedures: Personal narrative samples were elicited by the children's speech–language therapists using a standard protocol commonly used with New Zealand children. Children were shown a series of 11 photographs with scripted introductory prompts and were asked if anything like that ever happened to them. Transcribed samples were analysed on measures of mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLU‐M), semantics (number of different words; NDW), and personal narrative quality (PNQ).

Outcomes & Results: Consistent with previous research, results showed wide variability in performance. Although 92% of the children produced at least 50 utterances in response to the prompts, in general MLU‐M was very low (mean = 2.67, SD = 1.04). NDW ranged from 19 to 126 (mean = 61.52, SD = 25.39). Regression analyses showed no significant effect for age on MLU‐M (p= 0.094), nor on PNQ. There was a significant effect for age on NDW (p= 0.03), with performance improving with age. Analysis of PNQ revealed that only four children (ages 9;11–12;7) were able to relate a personal narrative containing a high point. Correlational analyses indicated significant correlations between PNQ, MLU‐M, NDW and performance on a standardized reading test.

Conclusions & Implications: The findings highlight the difficulties children with Down syndrome have in producing personal narratives, despite exposure to a national English curriculum that encourages children to develop and convey ‘personal voice’. Clinical implications of these findings will be presented.
Sensorimotor integration for speech motor learning involves the inferior parietal cortex
Authors: Shum Mamie , Shiller Douglas M. , Baum Shari R. , Gracco Vincent L.
Published: November 2011

Sensorimotor integration is important for motor learning. The inferior parietal lobe, through its connections with the frontal lobe and cerebellum, has been associated with multisensory integration and sensorimotor adaptation for motor behaviors other than speech. In the present study, the contribution of the inferior parietal cortex to speech motor learning was evaluated using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) prior to a speech motor adaptation task. Subjects’ auditory feedback was altered in a manner consistent with the auditory consequences of an unintended change in tongue position during speech production, and adaptation performance was used to evaluate sensorimotor plasticity and short‐term learning. Prior to the feedback alteration, rTMS or sham stimulation was applied over the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG). Subjects who underwent the sham stimulation exhibited a robust adaptive response to the feedback alteration whereas subjects who underwent rTMS exhibited a diminished adaptive response. The results suggest that the inferior parietal region, in and around SMG, plays a role in sensorimotor adaptation for speech. The interconnections of the inferior parietal cortex with inferior frontal cortex, cerebellum and primary sensory areas suggest that this region may be an important component in learning and adapting sensorimotor patterns for speech.
Artificial feeding synchronizes behavioral, hormonal, metabolic and neural parameters in mother‐deprived neonatal rabbit pups
Authors: Morgado Elvira , Juárez Claudia , Melo Angel I. , Domínguez Belisario , Lehman Michael N. , Escobar Carolina , Meza Enrique , Caba Mario
Published: November 2011

Nursing in the rabbit is under circadian control, and pups have a daily anticipatory behavioral arousal synchronized to this unique event, but it is not known which signal is the main entraining cue. In the present study, we hypothesized that food is the main entraining signal. Using mother‐deprived pups, we tested the effects of artificial feeding on the synchronization of locomotor behavior, plasma glucose, corticosterone, c‐Fos (FOS) and PERIOD1 (PER1) rhythms in suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, paraventricular and tuberomammillary nuclei. At postnatal day 1, an intragastric tube was placed by gastrostomy. The next day and for the rest of the experiment, pups were fed with a milk formula through the cannula at either 02:00 h or 10:00 h [feeding time = zeitgeber time (ZT)0]. At postnatal days 5–7, pups exhibited behavioral arousal, with a significant increase in locomotor behavior 60 min before feeding. Glucose levels increased after feeding, peaking at ZT4–ZT12 and then declining. Corticosterone levels were highest around the time of feeding, and then decreased to trough concentrations at ZT12–ZT16, increasing again in anticipation of the next feeding bout. In the brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus had a rhythm of FOS and PER1 that was not significantly affected by the feeding schedule. Conversely, the supraoptic, paraventricular and tuberomammillary nuclei had rhythms of both FOS and PER1 induced by the time of scheduled feeding. We conclude that the nursing rabbit pup is a natural model of food entrainment, as food, in this case milk formula, is a strong synchronizing signal for behavioral, hormonal, metabolic and neural parameters.
Ablation of connexin30 in transgenic mice alters expression patterns of connexin26 and connexin32 in glial cells and leptomeninges
Authors: Lynn B. D. , Tress O. , May D. , Willecke K. , Nagy J. I.
Published: November 2011

Expression of connexin26 (Cx26), Cx30 and Cx43 in astrocytes and expression of Cx29, Cx32 and Cx47 in oligodendrocytes of adult rodent brain has been well documented, as has the interdependence of connexin expression patterns of macroglial cells in Cx32‐ and Cx47‐knockout mice. To investigate this interdependence further, we examined immunofluorescence labelling of glial connexins in transgenic Cx30 null mice. Ablation of astrocytic Cx30, confirmed by the absence of immunolabelling for this connexin in all brain regions, resulted in the loss of its coupling partner Cx32 on the oligodendrocyte side of astrocyte–oligodendrocyte (A/O) gap junctions, but had no effect on the localization of astrocytic Cx43 and oligodendrocytic Cx47 at these junctions or on the distribution of Cx32 along myelinated fibres. Surprisingly, gene deletion of Cx30 led to the near total elimination of immunofluorescence labelling for Cx26 in all leptomeningeal tissues covering brain surfaces as well as in astrocytes of brain parenchyma. Moreover northern blot analysis revealed downregulation of Cx26 mRNA in Cx30‐knockout brains. Our results support earlier observations on the interdependency of Cx30/Cx32 targeting to A/O gap junctions and further suggest that Cx26 mRNA expression is affected by Cx30 gene expression. In addition, Cx30 protein may be required for co‐stabilization of gap junctions or for co‐trafficking in cells.
Gap junction‐mediated calcium waves define communication networks among murine postnatal neural progenitor cells
Authors: Lacar Benjamin , Young Stephanie Z. , Platel Jean‐Claude , Bordey Angélique
Published: November 2011

In the postnatal neurogenic niche, two populations of astrocyte‐like cells (B cells) persist, one acting as neural progenitor cells (NPCs, B1 cells) and one forming a structural boundary between the neurogenic niche and the striatum (B2 cells, niche astrocytes). Despite being viewed as two distinct entities, we found that B1 and B2 cells express the gap junction protein connexin 43 and display functional coupling involving 50–60 cells. Using neonatal electroporation to label slowly cycling radial glia‐derived B1 cells, which send a basal process onto blood vessels, we further confirmed dye coupling between NPCs. To assess the functionality of the coupling, we used calcium imaging in a preparation preserving the three‐dimensional architecture of the subventricular zone. Intercellular calcium waves were observed among B cells. These waves travelled bidirectionally between B1 and B2 cells and propagated on blood vessels. Inter‐B‐cell calcium waves were absent in the presence of a gap junction blocker but persisted with purinergic receptor blockers. These findings show that privileged microdomains of communication networks exist among NPCs and niche astrocytes. Such functional coupling between these two cell types suggests that niche astrocytes do not merely have a structural role, but may play an active role in shaping the behavior of NPCs.
Positive practice environments in critical care units in South Africa
Authors: Pretorius R. , Klopper H.C.
Published: November 2011

PRETORIUS R. & KLOPPER H.C. (2011) Positive practice environments in critical care units in South Africa. International Nursing Review59, 66–72

Background:  The demanding nature of the critical care unit (CCU) presents a challenge to many nursing professionals and carries the risk of a high turnover rate. The critical care nurse (CCN) is responsible for caring for the most ill patients in hospitals, and the acute shortage of nurses contributes to the intensity and pressure of the environment. While the reasons for the nursing shortage are varied and complex; a key factor seems to be an unhealthy work environment. Little evidence exists of research conducted to investigate the practice environment of CCNs in South Africa (SA).

Purpose:  This study aimed to construct a grounded theory for positive practice environments (PPEs) in private CCUs in SA.

Methods:  Intensive interviews and a constant comparative approach to data collection and data analysis were used to explore the participants' (n = 6) perceptions of the elements of a PPE.

Findings:  A theory depicting the core conceptual category of being in control and its relation to the other six categories was constructed from the data to explain a PPE for private CCUs in SA.

Conclusions:  The study provides a robust overview of the elements of a PPE and contributes to the constructivist application of grounded theory.

Study limitations:  The study was conducted in the private healthcare sector in SA, thus limiting the findings to this context.
Critical care nursing organizations and activities: a third worldwide review
Authors: Williams G. , Bost N. , Chaboyer W. , Fulbrook P. , Alberto L. , Thorsteinsdóttir R. , Schmollgruber S. , Chan D.
Published: November 2011

WILLIAMS G., BOST N., CHABOYER W., FULBROOK P., ALBERTO L., THORSTEINSDÓTTIR R., SCHMOLLGRUBER S. & CHAN D. (2011) Critical care nursing organizations and activities: a third worldwide review. International Nursing Review59, 73–80

Aim:  The study aim was to profile the issues and activities of critical care nurses and professional critical care nursing organizations (CCNOs), and to identify expectations of the role of the World Federation of Critical Care Nurses. This information will determine how the critical care nursing specialty is changing over time and assist to formulate strategies that provide ongoing support to critical care nursing internationally.

Background:  This study is the third worldwide review of CCNOs. Two previous surveys were undertaken in 1999–2000 and in 2005. Data were collected from 23 and 51 countries, respectively.

Methods:  An online descriptive survey was e‐mailed to 97 countries with CCNOs or known nursing leaders. Responses were analysed descriptively by geographical region.

Results:  Sixty‐five respondents completed the questionnaire, achieving a 67% return rate. The most common issues identified were teamwork, access to educational programmes, formal practice guidelines/competencies, staffing levels and working conditions. Respondents perceived professional representation, national conferences, practice standards/guidelines, educational course standards, website provision, skills courses and educational workshops as the most important activities that should be provided by national CCNOs. Furthermore, less affluent countries showed greater emphasis on educational and training needs compared with wealthier counties and had poorer access to Internet and other supportive infrastructure.

Conclusions:  Teamwork, education, development of practice guidelines and workforce remain important issues to critical care nurses and have changed very little over the last 10 years, although the emphasis on teamwork is stronger than a decade ago. Differences in emphasis occur between affluent and less affluent countries and need to be acknowledged. Future research is recommended to better understand those priorities to enable the global community of critical care nurses to respond constructively.
Alcohol consumption patterns among parents of hospitalized children: findings from a brief intervention study
Authors: Bjerregaard L. , Rubak S. , Høst A. , Wagner L.
Published: November 2011

Bjerregaard L., Rubak S., Høst A. & Wagner L. (2011) Alcohol consumption patterns among parents of hospitalized children: findings from a brief intervention study. International Nursing Review59, 132–138

Aims:  This study aimed to explore parents' perception and experience of a brief intervention (BI), focusing on their alcohol consumption habits to assess the impact on parents of staff members using motivational interviewing (MI) and to gain knowledge of how to reinforce initiatives regarding behavioural changes of lifestyle problems in a clinical setting.

Background:  Substantial parental alcohol consumption influences children's development negatively. Nursing staff lacks knowledge and training in communicating with parents about alcohol issues. Little is known about parents' attitudes towards, and perception of, nursing staff addressing issues concerning their use of alcohol.

Methods:  A qualitative approach by use of phenomenological and hermeneutic methods was applied. Through interviews with 15 parents, their opinions and perceptions of a brief alcohol intervention were explored.

Results:  Three themes emerged from the phenomenological reduction: (1) experiencing respect and genuine interest from the nursing staff, (2) BI causing reflections on own use of alcohol, and (3) reflections continuing and developing over time.

Conclusion and practice implications:  The parents did not mind having their lifestyle habits discussed in connection with having their child admitted to hospital. The method MI proved effective in getting the parents to talk about and reflect on alcohol consumption habits. The effects of the intervention seemed to last beyond the first months after the intervention took place.
Everyday Politics of Fat
Authors: Hopkins Peter
Published: November 2011

Abstract: This paper explores the everyday politics and lived experiences of young people who identify as fat, obese or overweight. Situated within the emerging interdisciplinary fields of fat studies, critical weight studies and critical geographies of body size, this paper gives voice to young people who are often marginalised and frequently stigmatised. I draw attention to the embodied relationalities and intersectionalities evident with the young people's narratives of body size as well as the structures of constraint that operate to reinforce the marginalisation they feel. I conclude by outlining the challenges that exist in transforming the everyday politics of fat.
Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis: analysis of 10 cases and a brief review of the literature
Authors: Lange M. , Niedoszytko M. , Nedoszytko B. , Łata J. , Trzeciak M. , Biernat W.
Published: November 2011

Background  Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM) is an extremely rare disease characterized by mast cell (MCs) infiltration of the entire skin. Little is known about the natural course of DCM.

Objectives  We decided to characterize clinical manifestations, the frequency of MCs mediator‐related symptoms and anaphylaxis, risk of systemic mastocytosis (SM) and prognosis, based on 10 cases of DCM, the largest series published to date.

Methods  Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, DCM was confirmed by histopathological examination of skin samples in all cases. SCORing Mastocytosis (SCORMA) Index was used to assess the intensity of DCM. The analysis of clinical symptoms and laboratory tests, including serum tryptase levels was performed. Bone marrow biopsy was done only in selected cases.

Results  Large haemorrhagic bullous variant of DCM (five cases) and infiltrative small vesicular variant (five cases) were identified. The skin symptoms appeared in age‐dependent manner; blistering predominated in infancy, whereas grain‐leather appearance of the skin and pseudoxanthomatous presentation developed with time. SM was not recognized in any of the patients. Mast cell mediator‐related symptoms were present in all cases. Anaphylactic shock occurred in three patients. Follow‐up performed in seven cases revealed slight improvement of skin symptoms, reflected by decrease of SCORMA Index in all of them. Serum tryptase levels declined with time in six cases.

Conclusions  Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, DCM is a heterogeneous, severe, cutaneous disease, associated with mediator‐related symptoms and risk of anaphylactic shock. Although our results suggest generally favourable prognosis, the review of the literature indicate that SM may occur. Therefore, more guarded prognosis should be given in DCM patients.
Examining the application of Web 2.0 in medical‐related organisations
Authors: Chu Samuel Kai Wah , Woo Matsuko , King Ronnel B. , Choi Stephen , Cheng Miffy , Koo Peggy
Published: November 2011

Objectives:  This study surveyed Web 2.0 application in three types of selected health or medical‐related organisations such as university medical libraries, hospitals and non‐profit medical‐related organisations.

Methods:  Thirty organisations participated in an online survey on the perceived purposes, benefits and difficulties in using Web 2.0. A phone interview was further conducted with eight organisations (26.7%) to collect information on the use of Web 2.0. Data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Results:  Results showed that knowledge and information sharing and the provision of a better communication platform were rated as the main purposes of using Web 2.0. Time constraints and low staff engagement were the most highly rated difficulties. In addition, most participants found Web 2.0 to be beneficial to their organisations.

Conclusions:  Medical‐related organisations that adopted Web 2.0 technologies have found them useful, with benefits outweighing the difficulties in the long run. The implications of this study are discussed to help medical‐related organisations make decisions regarding the use of Web 2.0 technologies.
SHAFT‐HOLE AXES FROM CAPUT ADRIAE MADE FROM AMPHIBOLE‐RICH METABASITES: EVIDENCE OF CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NORTHEASTERN ITALY AND CENTRAL EUROPE DURING THE FIFTH MILLENNIUM BC
Authors: BERNARDINI F. , DE MIN A. , LENAZ D. , ŠÍDA P. , TUNIZ C. , MONTAGNARI KOKELJ E.
Published: November 2011

Here we show the results of a study concerning a small group of shaft‐hole axes found in northeastern Italy, made from amphibole‐rich metabasites, fine‐grained and free of phenoblasts. The main mineral phases are amphibole, ranging from actinolite to hornblende, and plagioclase (An10–15 and An70–77). The amphiboles generally show a needle shape and are often radially arranged. Quartz is present in thin veinlets, while ilmenite is widespread in small patches. The petrographic and geochemical features suggest that the axes originate from the southern thermal aureole of Tanvald granite in northern Bohemia. In accordance with this provenance, the typology of the tools shows similarities with the perforated shoe‐last axes spread across Central Europe during the fifth millennium bc and made from similar raw material. For the first time, these axes give evidence of long‐distance (about 800 km) contacts between northeastern Italy and Central Europe during the Neolithic.
A HYBRID APPROACH TO CREATE AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL VISUALIZATION SYSTEM FOR A PALAEOLITHIC CAVE
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐GONZÁLVEZ P. , MANCERA‐TABOADA J. , GONZÁLEZ‐AGUILERA D. , MUÑOZ‐NIETO Á. , ARMESTO J.
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a visualization system based on metric data to manage and disseminate archaeological information on the Internet. We describe the integration of two different types of sensors: laser scanning and close‐range photogrammetry. How we created an automatic and hierarchical approach based on processing and matching the images coming from a digital camera and a terrestrial laser scanner is also shown. This development has created a visualization system combining spherical photographs and georeferences for graphical and numerical data acquired by the sensors. The case study where we have applied this method is the Palaeolithic rock art of the Llonín Cave (Asturias, Spain), which has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and has restricted public access. Our results demonstrate that this tool integrates data, metadata, services and information, which simplifies the location, identification, selection and management of archaeological information.
Comparative Cost Analysis of Housing and Case Management Program for Chronically Ill Homeless Adults Compared to Usual Care
Authors: Basu Anirban , Kee Romina , Buchanan David , Sadowski Laura S.
Published: November 2011

Objective

To assess the costs of a housing and case management program in a novel sample—homeless adults with chronic medical illnesses.

Data Source

The study used data from multiple sources: (1) electronic medical records for hospital, emergency room, and ambulatory medical and mental health visits; (2) institutional and regional databases for days in respite centers, jails, or prisons; and (3) interviews for days in nursing homes, shelters, substance abuse treatment centers, and case manager visits. Total costs were estimated using unit costs for each service.

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial of 407 homeless adults with chronic medical illnesses enrolled at two hospitals inChicago,Illinois, and followed for 18 months.

Principal Findings

Compared to usual care, the intervention group generated an average annual cost savings of (−)$6,307 per person (95 percentCI: −16,616, 4,002;p = .23). Subgroup analyses of chronically homeless and those withHIVshowed higher per person, annual cost savings of (−)$9,809 and (−)$6,622, respectively. Results were robust to sensitivity analysis using unit costs.

Conclusion

The findings of this comprehensive, comparative cost analyses demonstrated an important average annual savings, though in this underpowered study these savings did not achieve statistical significance.
Patient–Physician Role Relationships and Patient Activation among Individuals with Chronic Illness
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey A. , Hearld Larry R. , Mittler Jessica N. , Harvey Jillian
Published: November 2011

Objective

To examine whether chronically ill patients’ perceptions of their role relationships with their physicians are associated with levels of patient activation.

Data Sources

Random digit dial survey of 8,140 chronically ill patients and the Area Resource File.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional, multivariate analysis of the relationship between dimensions of patient–physician role relationships and level of patient activation. The study controlled for variables related to patient demographics, socioeconomic status, health status, and market and family context.

Principal Findings

Higher perceived quality of interpersonal exchange with physicians, greater fairness in the treatment process, and more out‐of‐office contact with physicians were associated with higher levels of patient activation. Treatment goal setting was not significantly associated with patient activation.

Conclusion

Patient–physician relationships are an important factor in patients taking a more active role in their health and health care. Efforts to increase activation that focus only on individual patients ignore the important fact that the nature of roles and relationships between provider and patient can shape the behaviors and attitudes of patients in ways that support or discourage patient activation.
The Political Determinants of the Cost of Equity: Evidence from Newly Privatized Firms
Authors: BEN‐NASR HAMDI , BOUBAKRI NARJESS , COSSET JEAN‐CLAUDE
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we investigate the political determinants of the cost of equity using a unique data set of 236 firms privatized between 1987 and 2006 in 38 countries. We find robust evidence that the cost of equity is increasing in government ownership. We also show that the cost of equity is significantly related to political orientation and the extent of government expropriation. Furthermore, we report a less pronounced effect of state ownership on the cost of equity in more populist governments and in more financially developed countries, in addition to a more pronounced effect of state ownership on the cost of equity when the risk of government expropriation is higher. Results from an event study examining the replacement of left‐wing governments by right‐wing governments suggest a lower cost of equity in more financially developed countries and a higher cost of equity in more autocratic countries and in countries with a high risk of government expropriation. Finally, we find that chief executive turnover is associated with a higher cost of equity in more autocratic countries.
Analgesic conotoxins: block and G protein‐coupled receptor modulation of N‐type (CaV2.2) calcium channels
Authors: Adams David J , Callaghan Brid , Berecki Géza
Published: November 2011

Conotoxins (conopeptides) are small disulfide bonded peptides from the venom of marine cone snails. These peptides target a wide variety of membrane receptors, ion channels and transporters, and have enormous potential for a range of pharmaceutical applications. Structurally related ω‐conotoxins bind directly to and selectively inhibit neuronal (N)‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels (VGCCs) of nociceptive primary afferent neurones. Among these, ω‐conotoxin MVIIA (Prialt) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an alternative intrathecal analgesic for the management of chronic intractable pain, particularly in patients refractory to opioids. A series of newly discovered ω‐conotoxins from Conus catus, including CVID–F, are potent and selective antagonists of N‐type VGCCs. In spinal cord slices, these peptides reversibly inhibit excitatory synaptic transmission between primary afferents and dorsal horn superficial lamina neurones, and in the rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain, significantly reduce allodynic behaviour. Another family of conotoxins, the α‐conotoxins, are competitive antagonists of mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). α‐Conotoxins Vc1.1 and RgIA possess two disulfide bonds and are currently in development as a treatment for neuropathic pain. It was initially proposed that the primary target of these peptides is the α9α10 neuronal nAChR. Surprisingly, however, α‐conotoxins Vc1.1, RgIA and PeIA more potently inhibit N‐type VGCC currents via a GABAB GPCR mechanism in rat sensory neurones. This inhibition is largely voltage‐independent and involves complex intracellular signalling. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of conotoxin action will lead to new ways to regulate VGCC block and modulation in normal and diseased states of the nervous system.
A multiproxy reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of the Late Pleistocene in northeastern Iberia: Cova dels Xaragalls, Vimbodí‐Poblet, Paratge Natural de Poblet, Catalonia
Authors: López‐García Juan Manuel , Blain Hugues‐Alexandre , Bennàsar Maria , Euba Itxaso , Bañuls Sandra , Bischoff James , López‐Ortega Esther , Saladié Palmira , Uzquiano Paloma , Vallverdú Josep
Published: November 2011

The Cova dels Xaragalls is a small open karst system, located in the municipality of Vimbodí‐Poblet (Tarragona, Catalonia, NE Spain). It is an important Holocene archaeological site that was inspected in the 1970s but from which little has been published. New excavations starting in 2008 have exposed a deep Late Pleistocene stratigraphical sequence. In this paper, we present for the first time palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstructions of this Late Pleistocene succession on the basis of both the small‐vertebrate assemblages and the charcoals. Results from the small‐vertebrate associations along the sequence indicate that the landscape had open‐woodland habitats in the vicinity of the Cova del Xaragalls, with wet points in the surrounding area. Woodland habitats were dominant throughout the sequence, as evidenced by the abundance of the species Apodemus sylvaticus, but were better developed during warm periods (layers C5 and C8), whereas during cold periods (layers C4 and C3) the environment was slightly more humid in response to higher mean annual precipitation and the opening of the landscape. The charcoal analysis indicates that the woodland surrounding the cave was composed mainly of Pinus (more than 90% was identified as Pinus), but that during the cold period (C3–C4) it incorporated some Quercus ilex/coccifera and Angiosperm indet., probably linked with greater precipitation. Comparisons are made with other long palaeoenvironmental sequences from the northeastern Iberian Peninsula and with global marine isotopic curves, providing a scenario for the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental changes that occurred during the Late Pleistocene in the woodland areas surrounding the Cova dels Xaragalls.
The Impact of Contingency Management on Quality of Life among Cocaine Abusers with and without Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Andrade Leonardo F. , Alessi Sheila M. , Petry Nancy M.
Published: November 2011

The use of quality of life (QOL) measures in substance abuse treatment research is important because it may lead to a broader understanding of patients’ health status and effects of interventions. Despite the high rates of comorbid cocaine and alcohol use disorders, little is known about the QOL of this population, and even less about the impact of an efficacious behavioral treatment, contingency management (CM), on QOL. In this study, data from three clinical trials were retrospectively analyzed to examine QOL in outpatient cocaine abusers with and without alcohol dependence (AD) and the impact of CM on QOL over time as a function of AD status. Patients were randomized to standard care (n = 115) or standard care plus CM (n = 278) for 12 weeks. QOL was assessed at baseline and Months 1, 3, 6, and 9. At treatment initiation, AD patients had lower QOL total scores and they scored lower on several subscale scores than those without AD. CM treatment was associated with improvement in QOL regardless of AD status. These data suggest that CM produces benefits that go beyond substance abuse outcomes, and they support the use of QOL indexes to capture information related to treatment outcomes. (Am J Addict 2011;21:47–54)
Domestic violence and women's autonomy in developing countries: theory and evidence
Authors: Eswaran Mukesh , Malhotra Nisha
Published: November 2011

Abstract This paper sets out a simple non‐cooperative model of resource allocation within the household in developing countries that incorporates domestic violence as a vehicle for enhancing bargaining power. We demonstrate that the extent of domestic violence faced by women is not necessarily declining in their reservation utilities, or necessarily increasing in their spouses’. Using the National Family Health Survey data of India for 1998–99, we isolate the effect of domestic violence on female autonomy, taking into account the possible endogeneity of domestic violence through the choice of appropriate instruments. We provide some evidence for the evolutionary theory of domestic violence, which argues that such violence stems from the jealousy caused by paternity uncertainty in our evolutionary past. The findings have strong policy implications suggesting that it will take more than an improvement in women’s employment options to address the problem of spousal violence.
Predicting Canadian recessions using dynamic probit modelling approaches
Authors: Hao Lili , Ng Eric C.Y.
Published: November 2011

Abstract This paper examines the ability of various financial and macroeconomic variables to forecast Canadian recessions. It evaluates four model specifications, including the advanced dynamic, autoregressive, dynamic autoregressive probit models as well as the conventional static probit model. The empirical results highlight several significant recession predictors, notably the government bond yield spread, growth rates of the housing starts, the real money supply and the composite index of leading indicators. Both the in‐sample and out‐of‐sample results suggest that the forecasting performance of the four probit models is mixed. The dynamic and dynamic autoregressive probit models are better in predicting the duration of recessions while the static and autoregressive probit models are better in forecasting the peaks of business cycles. Hence, the advanced dynamic models and the conventional static probit model can complement one another to provide more accurate forecasts for the duration and turning points of business cycles.
Survey Research in Public Administration: Assessing Mainstream Journals with a Total Survey Error Framework
Authors: Lee Geon , Benoit‐Bryan Jennifer , Johnson Timothy P.
Published: November 2011

Survey research is a common tool for assessing public opinions, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors for analyses in many social science disciplines. Yet there is little knowledge regarding how specific elements of survey research methodology are applied in practice in public administration. This article examines five mainstream public administration journals over an eight‐year period regarding current methodological practice, organized around the total survey error framework. The findings show that survey research in the field of public administration features mainly small‐scale studies, heavy reliance on a single data collection mode, questionable sample selection procedures, and suspect sample frame quality. Survey data largely are analyzed without careful consideration of assumptions or potential sources of error. An informed evaluation of the quality of survey data is made more difficult by the fact that many journal articles do not detail data collection procedures. This study concludes with suggestions for improving the quality and reporting of survey research in the field.
Role of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony in Predicting Remodeling after ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Turan Burak , Yilmaz Fatih , Karaahmet Tansu , Tigen Kursat , Mutlu Bulent , Basaran Yelda
Published: November 2011

Background: Intraventricular dyssynchrony is associated with worsening systolic function, adverse remodeling, and clinical events. The aim of this study is to investigate whether intraventricular dyssynchrony assessed by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can predict left ventricular (LV) remodeling after first ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated successfully with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Methods: Fifty‐two consecutive patients who presented with first acute STEMI were included in the study. All patients underwent successful pPCI. Standard echocardiography was performed within 48 hours of admission. LV dyssynchrony was assessed by color‐coded TDI. Dyssynchrony (Ts‐diff) was calculated by maximal temporal difference between time to peak systolic velocities (Ts) of six basal segments. Echocardiographic examination was repeated after 6 months to reassess LV volumes. LV remodeling was defined as >15% increase in LV end‐systolic volume index (LVESVI) after 6 months. Results: Eleven patients (23%) developed LV remodeling. Baseline dyssynchrony was found to be correlated with percent change in LVESVI and LV end‐diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) after 6 months. Ts‐diff, creatine kinase‐MB and mitral inflow E‐wave deceleration time (DT) were the independent predictors of remodeling after STEMI in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that Ts‐diff >56 msec had 72.7% sensitivity and 83.8% specificity for predicting remodeling. Conclusions: LV dyssynchrony is a strong predictor of LV remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It could be useful in risk stratification of patients after AMI. (Echocardiography 2012;29:165‐172)
Left Ventricular Systolic Dyssynchrony Index by Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography in Patients with Decreased Left Ventricular Function: Comparison with Tissue Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: Tani Tomoko , Sumida Toshiaki , Tanabe Kazuaki , Ehara Natsuhiko , Yamaguchi Kazuto , Kawai Junichi , Yagi Toshikazu , Morioka Shigefumi , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Okada Yukikatsu , Kita Toru , Furukawa Yutaka
Published: November 2011

Background: Three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) can simultaneously assess left ventricular (LV) regional systolic motion and global LV mechanical dyssynchrony. Methods: We used 3DE to measure systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI) (standard deviation of the time from cardiac cycle onset to minimum systolic volume in 17 LV segments) in 100 patients and analyzed the association of SDI with other parameters for LV systolic function or dyssynchrony. Eighteen patients who underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) were also evaluated at 6 months after CRT, and the association of baseline SDI and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) dyssynchrony index (Ts‐SD) with the change of LV end‐systolic volume (ESV) analyzed. Ts‐SD was calculated using the standard deviation of the time from the QRS complex to peak systolic velocity. Results: There was a significant inverse correlation between LVEF and SDI (r =−0.686, P < 0.0001). QRS duration was also significantly correlated to SDI (r = 0.407, P < 0.0001). There was a significant positive correlation between baseline SDI and the decrease in LVESV after CRT (r = 0.42). Baseline SDI was significantly greater in responders (10 patients) than in nonresponders (16.4 ± 5.1 vs. 7.9 ± 2.4%, P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in Ts‐SD. SDI > 11.9% predicted CRT response with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 75%. Conclusions: SDI derived from 3DE is a useful parameter to assess global LV systolic dyssynchrony and predict responses to CRT. (Echocardiography 2012;29:346‐352)
Three‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Fontan Conduit for Thrombus
Authors: Mart Christopher R.
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Total caval pulmonary connection (Fontan circuit) is the final common pathway for the palliation of single ventricle congenital heart disease. Flow within the Fontan circuit results in an environment that is prone to thrombus formation putting the patient at risk for pulmonary and/or systemic embolus. To prevent these problems, patients are placed on antithrombotic therapy and periodically evaluated for thrombus within the conduit. Two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography, although commonly used to evaluate these patients, has been shown to have limited ability in accurately identifying thrombi within the Fontan conduit. The diagnosis of intracardiac thrombi has been augmented by three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography and the patients in this series were evaluated with 3D imaging (3D transthoracic echocardiography and/or 3D transesophageal echocardiography) to determine if thrombi could be detected or excluded within the Fontan conduit. To the author's knowledge, this constitutes the first case series describing the use of 3D echocardiography to evaluate the Fontan conduit for thrombus. Methods: The four patients described in this case series underwent 3D echocardiography to evaluate the Fontan conduit for a suspected or potential thrombus. Results: The Fontan conduit was imaged and thrombi were felt to be documented or excluded in all four patients with 3D echocardiography. Conclusions: Three‐dimensional echocardiography may enhance the ability to detect or exclude thrombi within the Fontan conduit. Further studies are needed to determine if this will prove to be an effective and reliable technique in evaluating the Fontan conduit for thrombus. (Echocardiography 2012;29:363‐368)