bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective CO2‐to‐C2H4Photoconversion Enabled by Oxygen‐Mediated Triatomic Sites in Partially Oxidized Bimetallic Sulfide
Authors: Wu Yang , Chen Qingxia , Zhu Juncheng , Zheng Kai , Wu Mingyu , Fan Minghui , Yan Wensheng , Hu Jun , Zhu Junfa , Pan Yang , Jiao Xingchen , Sun Yongfu , Xie Yi
Published: February 2023

Selective CO2photoreduction into C2fuels under mild conditions suffers from low product yield and poor selectivity owing to the kinetic challenge of C−C coupling. Here, triatomic sites are introduced into bimetallic sulfide to promote C−C coupling for selectively forming C2products. As an example, FeCoS2atomic layers with different oxidation degrees are first synthesized, demonstrated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy spectra. Both experiment and theoretical calculation verify more charges aggregate around the introduced oxygen atom, which enables the original Co−Fe dual sites to turn into Co−O−Fe triatomic sites, thus promoting C−C coupling of double *COOH intermediates. Accordingly, the mildly oxidized FeCoS2atomic layers exhibit C2H4formation rate of 20.1 μmol g−1 h−1, with the product selectivity and electron selectivity of 82.9 % and 96.7 %, outperforming most previously reported photocatalysts under similar conditions.
Symmetry‐Broken Intermolecular Charge Separation of Cationic Radicals
Authors: Liu Guanghua , Gao Lei , Han Yi , Xiao Yao , Du Bochao , Gong Jianye , Hu Jinlian , Zhang Fujin , Meng He , Li Xiang , Shi Xueliang , Sun Zhe , Wang Jianguo , Dai Gaole , Chi Chunyan , Wang Qing
Published: February 2023

A quadrupolar compoundPyr‐BAwith two pyrrole‐type nitrogen atoms doped externally was prepared in this work. In high contrast with other π ionic radicals, its cationic radicalPyr‐BA⋅+undergoes unusual symmetry‐broken charge separation (SB‐CS), generating the mixed valence complex ofPyr‐BA+1−q⋅⋅⋅Pyr‐BA+1+q, whereqis the degree of charge transfer. Variable‐temperature (VT) single‐crystal analysis, absorption and EPR experiments all confirmed that aggregation and lower temperature would help to facilitate this SB‐CS process. Gibbs energy calculations and gauge‐including magnetically induced current simulation both validate that, forPyr‐BA⋅+, SB‐CS behavior is more favorable than the conventional dimerization mode. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that shows solid single‐crystal evidence for spontaneous SB‐CS between identical ionic radicals. Such a unique phenomenon is of great significance both in terms of fundamental aspects and uncharted material science.
Inorganic Solid‐State Nonlinear Optical Switch with a Linearly TunableTcSpanning a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Yang Yi‐Chang , Liu Xin , Zhu Chu‐Feng , Zhu Lin , Wu Li‐Ming , Chen Ling
Published: February 2023

Nonlinear optical (NLO) switch materials that turn on/off second‐harmonic generation (SHG) at a phase transition temperature (Tc) are promising for applications in the fields of photoswitching and optical computing. However, precise control ofTcremains challenging, mainly because a linearly tunableTchas not been reported to date. Herein, we report a unique selenate, tetragonalP21c[Ag(NH3)2]2SeO4witha=b=8.5569(2) Å andc=6.5208(2) Å that exhibits a strong SHG intensity (1.3×KDP) and a large birefringence (Δnobv.=0.08). This compound forms a series of isostructural solid‐solution crystals [Ag(NH3)2]2SxSe1−xO4(x=0–1.00) that exhibit excellent NLO switching performance and an unprecedented linearly tunablespanning 430 to 356 K. The breaking of localized hydrogen bonds between SeO42−and the cation triggers a phase transition accompanied by hydrogen bond length changes with increasingxand a linear change in the enthalpy.
To determine the bioactivity of IL‐1β monoclonal antibodies: Introduction of a reliable reporter gene assay
Authors: Chen Shiyu , Fu Zhihao , Yu Chuanfei , Liu Chunyu , Li Meng , Wu Gang , Guo Xiao , Liu Xumei , Wang Lan , Wang Junzhi
Published: February 2023

IL‐1β is a essential molecule in inflammatory signalling pathways and plays an essential role in inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target IL‐1β has become the focus of developing new anti‐inflammatory drugs. The successful clinical application of therapeutic antibodies is dependent on good quality control, which is based on accurate bioactivity determination. The aim of this work was to develop an elegant and accurate reporter gene assay to determine the bioactivity of anti‐IL‐1β antibody drugs. The D10‐G4‐1 cell line with a naturally high expression of IL‐1 receptor was selected as the effector cell, and the plasmid containing luciferase reporter gene with NF‐κB as a regulatory element was transfected into D10‐G4‐1 cells. After a period of pressure screening, a monoclonal cell line with good reactivity and stable expression of reporter gene was finally screened out. Stimulation of this cell line via IL‐1β addition increased the expression of the luciferase gene by activating the NF‐κB signalling pathway, with the addition of luciferase substrate, which can be quantified by relative luminescence units. When anti‐IL‐1β antibodies are present in the system, the expression of luciferase gene is inhibited, which demonstrates the bioactivity of anti‐IL‐1β antibodies. Detailed methodological optimization and comprehensive methodological validation were followed to establish a reporter gene assay for the bioactivity of anti‐IL‐1β antibodies.
TiO2 nanoparticle enhanced high temperature proton conductivity in hyperbranched sulfonated polyarylene aliphatic ketones for proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications
Authors: Senthil Theerthagiri , Prabukanthan Peethambaram , Paradesi Deivanayagam , Dinakaran Kannaiyan
Published: February 2023

A new hyperbranched sulfonated poly(arylene aliphatic ketones) (HB‐SPAAK) has been synthesized and loaded with titania nanoparticles to obtain HB‐SPAAK/TiO2 nanocomposites for thermally stable proton‐conducting electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. The synthesis of HB‐SPAAKs was carried out through the polycondensation reaction of different aliphatic and aromatic acids with simultaneous loss of H2O, trifluromethane sulfonic acid used as catalyst. The long chain hyperbranched polymers and TiO2‐loaded nanocomposites were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, SEM and HR‐TEM. Proton conductivity (PC), swelling ratio, water uptake and oxidative stability. The SEM image of TiO2 NPs and HB‐SPAAKs/TiO2 nanocomposites membrane clearly showed the spherical of TiO2 and porous structure of HB‐SPAAKs with a pore diameter of 2–50 μm. TEM image reveals the uniform particle size distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles having a nanosize of 100 nm. TiO2 loaded polymer nanocomposites showed lower values of W/U and S/R when compared to the unmodified HB‐SPAAK, while 3% TiO2 loaded HB‐SPAAKs exhibited a threefold increment of proton conductivity of 1.439 × 10−2 S cm−1 compared to HB‐SPAAKs (0.41 x 10−2 S cm−1) and lower than that of Nafion 117 (0.1003 S cm−1 at 80°C). The 5% TiO2 NPs‐embedded with HB‐SPAAKs nanocomposites membranes also presented admirable oxidative stability with a degradation value of 13.8% during immersion in Fenton reagent for 8 h at 70°C.
Mechanical properties of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) lower jaws explain trophic plasticity
Authors: Nieto‐Miranda J. Jesús , Aguilar‐Medrano Rosalía , Hernández‐Camacho Claudia J. , Peredo Carlos Mauricio , Cruz‐Escalona Víctor Hugo
Published: February 2023

The fossil record of pinnipeds documents a suite of morphological changes that facilitate their ecological transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic lifestyle. Among these is the loss of the tribosphenic molar and the behavior typically associated with it in mammals: mastication. Instead, modern pinnipeds exhibit a broad range of feeding strategies that facilitate their distinct aquatic ecologies. Here, we examine the feeding morphology of two species of pinnipeds with disparate feeding ecologies: Zalophus californianus, a specialized raptorial biter, and Mirounga angustirostris, a suction specialist. Specifically, we test whether the morphology of the lower jaws facilitates trophic plasticity in feeding for either of these species. We used finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate the stresses during the opening and closing of the lower jaws in these species to explore the mechanical limits of their feeding ecology. Our simulations demonstrate that both jaws are highly resistant to the tensile stresses experienced during feeding. The lower jaws of Z. californianus experienced the maximum stress at the articular condyle and the base of the coronoid process. The lower jaws of M. angustirostris experienced the maximum stress at the angular process and were more evenly distributed throughout the body of the mandible. Surprisingly, the lower jaws of M. angustirostris were even more resistant to the stresses experienced during feeding than those of Z. californianus. Thus, we conclude that the superlative trophic plasticity of Z. californianus is driven by other factors unrelated to the mandible's tensile resistance to stress during feeding.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 4′‐phosphonomethoxy pyrimidine ribonucleosides as potential anti‐influenza agents
Authors: Hassan Abdalla E. A. , Hegazy Hend A. , Zaki Islam , Hassan Marwa H. , Ramadan Medhat , Haikal Abdelfattah Z. , Sheng Jia , Abou‐Elkhair Reham A. I.
Published: February 2023

Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and cause acute respiratory distress in humans. The developed drug resistance toward existing drugs and the emergence of viral mutants that can escape vaccines mandate the search for novel antiviral drugs. Herein, the synthesis of epimeric 4′‐methyl‐4′‐phosphonomethoxy [4′‐C‐Me‐4′‐C‐(O‐CH2P═O)] pyrimidine ribonucleosides, their phosphonothioate [4′‐C‐Me‐4′‐C‐(O‐CH2P═S)] derivatives, and their evaluation against an RNA viral panel are described. Selective formation of the α‐
l‐lyxo epimer, [4′‐C‐(α)‐Me‐4′‐C‐(β)‐(O‐CH2‐P(═O)(OEt)2)] over the β‐
d‐ribo epimer [4′‐C‐(β)‐Me‐4′‐C‐(α)‐(O‐CH2‐P(═O)(OEt)2)] was explained by DFT equilibrium geometry optimizations studies. Pyrimidine nucleosides having the [4′‐C‐(α)‐Me‐4′‐C‐(β)‐(O‐CH2‐P(═O)(OEt)2)] framework showed specific activity against influenza A virus. Significant anti‐influenza virus A (H1N1 California/07/2009 isolate) was observed with the 4′‐C‐(α)‐Me‐4′‐C‐(β)‐O‐CH2‐P(═O)(OEt)2‐uridine derivative 1 (EC50 = 4.56 mM, SI50 > 56), 4‐ethoxy‐2‐oxo‐1(2H)‐pyrimidin‐1‐yl derivative 3 (EC50 = 5.44 mM, SI50 > 43) and the cytidine derivative 2 (EC50 = 0.81 mM, SI50 > 13), respectively. The corresponding thiophosphonates 4′‐C‐(α)‐Me‐4′‐C‐(β)‐(O‐CH2‐P( S)(OEt)2) and thionopyrimidine nucleosides were devoid of any antiviral activity. This study shows that the 4′‐C‐(α)‐Me‐4′‐(β)‐O‐CH2‐P(═O)(OEt)2 ribonucleoside can be further optimized to provide potent antiviral agents.
Polyphosphazene Based Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Cathode Containing Pyrene Tetraone Sides for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sariyer Selin , Yeşilot Serkan , Kılıç Nazmiye , Ghosh Arpita , Sel Ozlem , Demir‐Cakan Rezan
Published: February 2023

Aqueous rechargeable zinc‐ion batteries (ARZBs) are intriguing for electrochemical energy storage applications because of their safety and cost‐effectiveness. Regarding cathode materials, rapid development has been observed with the organic‐based cathode materials that offer much higher structural integrity upon successive (de‐)insertion of charge carries ions. Even though promising results demonstrated with organic electrodes, they still suffer from the short cycle‐life due to their discharge products solubility in electrolyte. Herein, electrochemical performance and charge storage mechanism of the synthesized polyphosphazene‐based inorganic‐organic hybrid electrode containing pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone (PTO) redox active lateral group, poly[(bis(2‐amino‐4,5,9,10‐pyrenetetraone)], abbreviated as (PPAPT), were investigated in ARZBs. The charge storage mechanism of PPAPT was examined by variousex‐situ[Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)] andin‐situ[pH change with bromocresol green indicator and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM)] characterization techniques as well as computational density functional theory (DFT) revealing that the PPAPT electrode (de‐)coordinates both zinc and proton. The electrode and its discharge product are insoluble in the electrolyte demonstrated by UV‐vis analysis and exhibited a stable cycling performance with a discharge capacity of 125.4 mAh g−1after 1000 cycles at a current density of 10 C.
Exosomes from M2c macrophages alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration by promoting synthesis of the extracellular matrix via MiR‐124/CILP/TGF‐β
Authors: Liu Yi , Xue Mintao , Han Yaguang , Li Yucai , Xiao Bing , Wang Weiheng , Yu Jiangming , Ye Xiaojian
Published: February 2023

Immuno‐inflammation is highly associated with anabolic and catabolic dysregulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the nucleus pulposus (NP), which dramatically propels intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). With the characteristics of tissue remodeling and regeneration, M2c macrophages have attracted great attention in research on immune modulation that rebuilds degenerated tissues. Therefore, we first demonstrated the facilitating effects of M2c macrophages on ECM anabolism of the NP in vitro. We subsequently found that exosomes from M2c macrophages (M2c‐Exoss) mediated their metabolic rebalancing effects on the ECM. To determine whether M2c‐Exoss served as positive agents protecting the ECM in IVDD, we constructed an M2c‐Exos‐loaded hyaluronic acid hydrogel (M2c‐Exos@HA hydrogel) and implanted it into the degenerated caudal disc of rats. The results of MRI and histological staining indicated that the M2c‐Exos@HA hydrogel alleviated IVDD in vivo in the long term. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, we performed 4D label‐free proteomics to screen dysregulated proteins in NPs treated with M2c‐Exoss. Cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP) was the key protein responsible for the rebalancing effects of M2c‐Exoss on ECM metabolism in the NP. With prediction and verification using luciferase assays and rescue experiments, miR‐124‐3p was identified as the upstream regulator in M2c‐Exoss that regulated CILP and consequently enhanced the activity of the TGF‐β/smad3 pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated ameliorating effects of M2c‐Exoss on the imbalance of ECM metabolism in IVDD via the miR‐124/CILP/TGF‐β regulatory axis, which provides a promising theoretical basis for the application of M2c macrophages and their exosomes in the treatment of IVDD.
Caudolenticular gray bridges of the brain: A magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Dang Brian , Necker Fabian N. , Dhawan Siddhant Suri , Murty Tara , Massoud Tarik F.
Published: February 2023

The caudolenticular (or transcapsular) gray bridges (CLGBs) connect the caudate nucleus (CN) and putamen across the internal capsule. The CLGBs function as the main efferent terminus from premotor and supplementary motor area cortex to the basal ganglia (BG). We conjectured if inherent variations in numbers and sizes of CLGBs could contribute to abnormal cortical–subcortical connectivity in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder featuring a hindrance of BG processing. However, there are no literature accounts of normative anatomy and morphometry of CLGBs. We therefore retrospectively analyzed axial and coronal 3T fast spoiled gradient‐echo magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 34 healthy individuals for bilateral CLGBs symmetry, their numbers, dimensions of thickest and longest bridge, and axial surface areas of CN head and putamen. We calculated Evans' index (EI) to account for any brain atrophy. We statistically tested associations between sex or age and measured dependent variables, and linear correlations between all measured variables (significance at p < 0.05). Study subjects were F:M = 23:11 with mean age 49.9 years. All EI's were normal (<0.3). All but three CLGBs were bilaterally symmetrical with a mean 7.4 CLGBs per side. Mean CLGBs thickness and lengths were 1.0 and 4.6 mm, respectively; CN head and putamen areas were 205 and 382.0 mm2, respectively. Females had thicker CLGBs (p = 0.02) but we found no significant interactions between sex or age and measured dependent variables, and no correlations between CN head or putamen areas and CLGBs dimensions. These normative MRI dimensions of the CLGBs will help guide future studies on the possible role of CLGBs morphometry in PD predisposition.
Good outcome of tracheostomy in a COVID‐19 child with Joubert syndrome—Case report
Authors: Epure Veronica , Oprea Doru , Gheorghe Dan Cristian
Published: February 2023

Pediatric tracheostomy in COVID‐19 patients is a rarity. Joubert syndrome is a rare genetic disease, involving a lack of muscle control. We report the case of a child with Joubert syndrome and a severe form of COVID‐19 infection, in whom we performed tracheostomy in order to replace prolonged intubation and mechanical ventilation; successful decannulation was performed after 12 months. Successful decannulation is still possible in a child with severe comorbidities (Joubert syndrome) even if it might take much longer than in patients without comorbidities.
Butane Hydroisomerisation Using Pt‐Promoted OSDA‐Free Zeolite Beta
Authors: Cheung Ka Yan , Schouterden Sam , Van Minnebruggen Sam , Tomkins Patrick , De Baerdemaeker Trees , Parvulescu Andrei‐Nicolae , Yokoi Toshiyuki , De Vos Dirk
Published: February 2023

Hydroisomerisation of n‐butane to isobutane is a challenging reaction, even for Pt‐loaded zeolites with strong acid sites. In comparison with 10‐membered ring (10MR) zeolites, 12‐membered ring (12MR) zeolites give consistently higher isomerisation yields. We report that besides the known catalysts with *BEA topology, also three‐dimensional frameworks with MSE and YFI topologies (with Si/Al∼10) are suitable to obtain high isobutane selectivities and yields. As an alternative to Beta zeolites obtained via templated synthesis, Beta zeolites prepared via a template‐free synthesis proved to be more active at lower temperatures and delivered higher isobutane yields in such conditions. Side reactions such as the Pt‐catalysed hydrogenolysis were successfully suppressed by decreasing the Pt content, even in hydrogen‐rich conditions. Isobutane yields up to 31 % were achieved in a single pass.
Experimental Study and Artificial Intelligence Modeling of Dye Removal in Microfluidic Systems
Authors: Hosseini Fardin , Rahimi Masoud
Published: February 2023

A modeling approach was utilized to achieve efficient operational conditions for Alizarin removal from synthetic wastewater in a T‐type micromixer. Besides experimental work, the neuro‐fuzzy system and artificial neural network techniques were utilized for this purpose. Input parameters were the pH, the initial Alizarin concentration in the feed, the extractant volume percentage in the organic phase, and the fluid flow rate. Based on the obtained results, both models have high precision. However, the accuracy of the neural network for estimating the extraction percentage is higher compared to that of the neuro‐fuzzy model. The optimal values of the operating parameters were determined by the genetic algorithm technique and the extraction percentage value was obtained as about 99.4 %.
Morphological Evolution of Calcite Grown in Zwitterionic Hydrogels: Charge Effects Enhanced by Gel‐Incorporation
Authors: Yao Yuqing , Ye Tao , Ren Jie , Li Hanying
Published: February 2023

The incorporation of charged biomacromolecules is widely found in biomineralization. To investigate the significance of this biological strategy for mineralization control, gelatin‐incorporated calcite crystals grown from gelatin hydrogels with different charge concentrations along the gel networks are examined. It is found that the bound charged groups on gelatin networks (amino cations, gelatin‐NH3+ and carboxylic anions, gelatin‐COO−) play crucial roles in controlling the single‐crystallinity and the crystal morphology. And the charge effects are greatly enhanced by the gel‐incorporation because the incorporated gel networks force the bound charged groups on them to attach to crystallization fronts. In contrast, ammonium ions (NH4+) and acetate ions (Ac−) dissolve in the crystallization media do not exhibit the similar charge effects because the balance of attachment/detachment make them more difficult to be incorporated. Employing the revealed charge effects, the calcite crystal composites with different morphologies can be flexibly prepared.
Method of model checking for case II interval‐censored data under the additive hazards model
Authors: Feng Yanqin , Tang Ming , Ding Jieli
Published: February 2023

General or case II interval‐censored data are commonly encountered in practice. We develop methods for model‐checking and goodness‐of‐fit testing for the additive hazards model with case II interval‐censored data. We propose test statistics based on the supremum of the stochastic processes derived from the cumulative sum of martingale‐based residuals over time and covariates. We approximate the distribution of the stochastic process via a simulation technique to conduct a class of graphical and numerical techniques for various purposes of model‐fitting evaluations. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the finite‐sample performance of the proposed method. A real dataset from an AIDS observational study is analyzed for illustration.
Roadmap for understanding mechanisms on how Epstein–Barr virus triggers multiple sclerosis and for translating these discoveries in clinical trials
Authors: Lanz Tobias V , Robinson William H , Ho Peggy P , Steinman Lawrence
Published: February 2023

Here, we offer a roadmap for what might be studied next in understanding how EBV triggers MS. We focus on two areas: The first area concerns the molecular mechanisms underlying how clonal antibody in the CSF emanates in widespread molecular mimicry to key antigens in the nervous system including GlialCAM, a protein associated with chloride channels. A second and equally high priority in the roadmap concerns various therapeutic approaches that are related to blocking the mechanisms whereby EBV triggers MS. Therapies deserving of attention include clinical trials with antivirals and the development of ‘inverse’ vaccines based on nucleic acid technologies to control or to eradicate the consequences of EBV infection. High enthusiasm is given to continuation of ongoing clinical trials of cellular adoptive therapy to attack EBV‐infected cells. Clinical trials of vaccines to EBV are another area deserving attention. These suggested topics involving research on mechanism, and the design, implementation and performance of well‐designed trials are not intended to be an exhaustive list. We have splendid tools available to our community of medical scientists to tackle how EBV triggers MS and then to perhaps change the world with new therapies to potentially eradicate MS, as we have done with nearly complete success for poliomyelitis.
Cortisol response marks biological sensitivity to kindergartners’ social hierarchies for emerging school engagement
Authors: Armstrong‐Carter Emma , Bush Nicole R. , Boyce W. Thomas , Obradović Jelena
Published: February 2023

This longitudinal study investigated how kindergartners’ position in the classroom social hierarchy and cortisol response relate to their change in school engagement across the first year of kindergarten (N = 332, M = 5.3 years, 51% boys, 41% White, 18% Black). We used naturalistic classroom observations of social hierarchy positions, laboratory‐based challenges to elicit salivary cortisol response, and teacher, parent, and child reports of emotional engagement with school. Robust, clustered regression models revealed that in the fall, lower cortisol response (but not social hierarchy position) was associated with greater school engagement. However, by spring, significant interactions emerged. Highly reactive, subordinate children showed increases in school engagement from fall to spring of the kindergarten year, whereas highly reactive, dominant children showed decreases in school engagement. This is some of the first evidence that higher cortisol response marks biological sensitivity to early peer‐based social contexts.
First identification of dapagliflozin in human hair: Development of a new liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method
Authors: Arbouche Nadia , Blanchot Adeline , Raul Jean‐Sébastien , Kintz Pascal
Published: February 2023

Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 1 inhibitors are a new class of drugs used for the treatment of type II diabetes. Due to their diuretic capabilities and the glycosuria they induce, these molecules cause effective weight loss that could attract the interest of a wider public than diabetics with all the health consequences knowing the adverse effects of these substances. In order to reveal a past exposure to these substances, hair analysis can be very useful especially in the medicolegal context. There are no data in the literature about gliflozin testing in hair. In this study, a method was developed for the analysis of three molecules belonging to the gliflozin family (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin and canagliflozin) using a liquid chromatography system coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. After decontamination with dichloromethane, gliflozins were extracted from hair following incubation in methanol in the presence of dapagliflozin‐d5. Validation showed acceptable linearity for all compounds between 10 and 10,000 pg/mg, with limit of detection and limit of quantification at 5 and 10 pg/mg, respectively. Repeatability and reproducibility were below 20% at three concentrations for all analytes. The method was subsequently applied to the hair of two diabetic subjects under dapagliflozin treatment. In one of the two cases, the result was negative, while in the second case, the concentration was 12 pg/mg. Due to the absence of data, it is difficult to explain the absence of dapagliflozin in the hair of the first case. Physico‐chemical characteristics of dapagliflozin could explain its bad incorporation in hair, making detection difficult even after daily treatment.
Spontaneous vocal coordination of vocalizations to water noise in rooks (Corvus frugilegus): An exploratory study
Authors: Tomasek Maëlan , Ravignani Andrea , Boucherie Palmyre H. , Van Meyel Sophie , Dufour Valérie
Published: February 2023

The ability to control one's vocal production is a major advantage in acoustic communication. Yet, not all species have the same level of control over their vocal output. Several bird species can interrupt their song upon hearing an external stimulus, but there is no evidence how flexible this behavior is. Most research on corvids focuses on their cognitive abilities, but few studies explore their vocal aptitudes. Recent research shows that crows can be experimentally trained to vocalize in response to a brief visual stimulus. Our study investigated vocal control abilities with a more ecologically embedded approach in rooks. We show that two rooks could spontaneously coordinate their vocalizations to a long‐lasting stimulus (the sound of their small bathing pool being filled with a water hose), one of them adjusting roughly (in the second range) its vocalizations as the stimuli began and stopped. This exploratory study adds to the literature showing that corvids, a group of species capable of cognitive prowess, are indeed able to display good vocal control abilities.
Design and Synthesis of Chemiluminescent Cassettes Based on Energy Transfer
Authors: Vertueux Steven , Haefele Alexandre , Solmont Kathleen , Durand Philippe , Renard Pierre‐Yves
Published: February 2023

Chemiluminescent probes are being considered as a convenient option for optical imaging. Several strategies were reported to increase the probe chemiluminescence efficiency. In this study, a series of chemiluminescent cassettes based on adamantyl stabilized 1,2‐dioxetanes (“Schaap's dioxetane”) linked to a fluorophore (BODIPY or dicyanoisophorone fluorophore) by a conjugated linker have been synthetized. Their chemiluminescent decomposition and the photoluminescence properties of their respective emissive species were investigated.
Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Seiricuprolide and Pestalotioprolide B
Authors: Sanphetchaloemchok Pitipat , Saikachain Nongluk , Khumjiang Rungtiwa , Muanprasat Chatchai , Tadpetch Kwanruthai
Published: February 2023

The first total syntheses of seiricuprolide and pestalotioprolide B, rare 14‐membered α,β‐unsaturated macrolides embedding a chiral epoxide motif, were achieved in 17 steps with 1.9 % and 1.6 % overall yields, respectively. Our synthesis featured the key Shiina macrolactonization to construct the 14‐membered macrocyclic skeleton, Wittig olefination to generate the (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated ester and selective reduction of advanced chiral propargylic alcohol intermediate to enable the exclusive formation of Z‐ or E‐olefin at C8−C9. Synthetic seiricuprolide and pestalotioprolide B were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against the HCT116 colon cancer cell line as well as their inhibitory effect on CFTR chloride channel activity in human intestinal epithelial (T84) cells. Preliminary structure–activity relationship suggested that the C5−C6 β‐epoxide moiety suppressed both biological activities.
Experimental study on fire performance of optical cables used in utility tunnel: Influence of cable spacing and heat flux
Authors: An Weiguang , Sun Xiaoxiao , Tang Yanhua , Wang Tao , Wang Zhe
Published: February 2023

Optical cable is an important part of modern telecommunications infrastructure. In this study, cone calorimeter experiments are conducted on the optical cables which are widely being applied in utility tunnels in China. The coupling effect of the spacing between optical cables (8, 10, 12, 15 mm) and the heat flux (30, 40, 50 kW/m2) on fire performance of optical cables is studied. It is highlighted that the optical cables conform to the ignition time model of the thermally thin material. The ignition time of the optical cables decreases when increasing the heat flux. When the heat flux is 30 kW/m2, the ignition time of the optical cable with different spacing varies greatly. When the heat flux is greater than 30 kW/m2, the difference in the ignition time between the optical cable samples with different spacing is small. Furthermore, the average mass loss rate of the optical cables increases when increasing either the heat flux or the spacing between optical cables. The heat release rate of the optical cables also increases when increasing either the heat flux or the spacing between optical cables. The curves of the heat release rate versus time show two peaks, the second one being significantly smaller.
Constraints of vigilance‐dependent noradrenergic signaling to mouse cerebellar Bergmann glia
Authors: Salinas‐Birt Angelica , Zhu Xiangyu , Lim Eunice Y. , Cruz Santory Aryana J. , Ye Liang , Paukert Martin
Published: February 2023

Behavioral state plays an important role in determining astroglia Ca2+ signaling. In particular, locomotion‐mediated elevated vigilance has been found to trigger norepinephrine‐dependent whole cell Ca2+ elevations in astroglia throughout the brain. For cerebellar Bergmann glia it has recently been found that locomotion‐induced transient Ca2+ elevations depend on their α1A‐adrenergic receptors. With increasing availability and implementation of locomotion as behavioral parameter it becomes important to understand the constraints of noradrenergic signaling to astroglia. Here we evaluated the effect of speed, duration and interval of locomotion on Ca2+ signals in Bergmann glia as well as cerebellar noradrenergic axon terminals. We found almost no dependence on locomotion speed, but following the initial Ca2+ transient prolonged locomotion events revealed a steady‐state Ca2+ elevation. Comparison of time course and recovery of transient Bergmann glia and noradrenergic terminal Ca2+ dynamics suggested that noradrenergic terminal Ca2+ activity determines Bergmann glia Ca2+ activation and does not require noradrenergic receptor desensitization to account for attenuation during prolonged locomotion. Further, analyzing the correlation among Ca2+ dynamics within regions within the field of observation we found that coordinated activity among noradrenergic terminals accounts for fluctuations of steady‐state Bergmann glia Ca2+ activity. Together, our findings will help to better understand astroglia Ca2+ dynamics during less controlled awake behavior and may guide the identification of behavioral contexts preferably dependent on astroglia Ca2+ signaling.
Impact of health insurance coverage on health care utilization during COVID‐19 pandemic: A propensity score matched survey analysis in a target region in India
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Kuberan Deivasigamani , Krishnan Murali , Sinha Isha , Kanth Krishna , Samuel Gerald
Published: February 2023

Background

Health insurance is considered as a mechanism to accelerate the progress towards universal health coverage and ensure financial risk protection for households throughout the country. There is a growing body of evidence reporting that the health insurance coverage can significantly improve the access and utilization of healthcare services. Hence, we attempted to determine the impact of health insurance on the utilization of healthcare services during COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted in rural Tamil Nadu. The primary data collection was conducted during November 2021. We employed a multi‐stage stratified random sampling technique. Propensity score matching analysis was performed using radius matching method at 0.05 calliper to estimate the following parameters: average treatment effect (ATE), average treatment effect on treated (ATT), and average treatment effect on untreated (ATU).

Results

In total, 2390 participants were included. Almost two‐third belonged to 18–45 years with almost equal distribution of males and females. Only 13.6% were covered by health insurance. Healthcare utilization was significantly higher among participants with health insurance (55.2%) compared to participants without coverage (42.5%). The ATT values in intervention and control group were 0.55 and 0.46 (p < 0.001). Similarly, the ATU values in intervention and control group were 0.42 and 0.51. The ATE value was 0.08.

Conclusion

Our study shows that the health insurance coverage had significant impact on utilization of healthcare services during COVID‐19 pandemic. Further longitudinal research exploring the effect of different forms of health insurance for improving access and utilization of healthcare services can be undertaken.
Gallic acid regulates immune response in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Liu Siqin , Li Jiajia , Feng Le‐heng
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Previous studies revealed that gallic acid (GA) exerts anti‐inflammation and immuno‐regulatory properties. This study aims to explore the pharmacological activities of GA in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model.

Methods

Male DBA/1J mice were used to construct the CIA model. The mice were administrated with GA for 3 weeks. Clinical arthritis scores and hind paw volume were evaluated over the experimental period. qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine the levels of matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs) and cytokines. In addition, flow cytometry was used to measure the populations of Th17 and Treg cells. ELISAs were used to determine the cytokines in the serum and ankle joint tissues.

Results

Treatment of GA (40 and 80 mg/kg/d) reduced clinical arthritis scores and hind paw volume in the CIA mouse model. Besides, treatment of GA reduced the overexpression of MMPs and modulated the dysregulation of inflammation‐related cytokines. Flow cytometry showed that treatment of GA decreased the population of Th17 cells, and increased the population of Treg cells, as supported by treatment of GA regulated the Th17/Treg‐related cytokines.

Conclusions

GA attenuates symptoms in the CIA mouse model by anti‐inflammation and regulating Th17/Treg cell imbalance.
Beyond traditional financial asset classes: The demand for infrastructure in a multi‐period asset allocation framework
Authors: Umar Zaghum , Zaremba Adam , Gull Ammar Ali , Sokolova Tatiana
Published: February 2023

This paper employs a multi‐asset allocation framework to analyse the short‐term and long‐term desirability of listed infrastructure investments in an investor's portfolio. We employ 14 infrastructure indices encompassing six regions and eight sectors. The asset menu of the investor comprises traditional financial asset classes (stocks, bonds and bills) and infrastructure. We calculate the welfare losses due to ignoring the demand for infrastructure for various levels of risk aversion. In addition, we calculate the portfolio weights across various levels of risk aversion. Our results show that infrastructure is a desirable addition to the portfolio of traditional financial asset classes for both short‐run and long‐run investors.
School start time delays and high school educational outcomes: Evidence from the START/LEARN study
Authors: James Sarah A. , Erickson Darin J. , Lammert Sara , Widome Rachel
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Delaying high school start times extends adolescents' nightly sleep, but it is less clear how it affects educational outcomes. We expect links between school start time delays and academic performance because getting enough sleep is a key input to the cognitive, health, and behavioral factors necessary for educational success. Thus, we evaluated how educational outcomes changed in the 2 years following a school start time delay.

Methods

We analyzed 2153 adolescents (51% male, 49% female; mean age 15 at baseline) from START/LEARN, a cohort study of high school students in the Minneapolis—St. Paul, MN, USA metropolitan area. Adolescents experienced either a school start time delay (“policy change schools”) or consistently early school start times (“comparison schools”). We compared patterns of late arrivals, absences, behavior referrals, and grade point average (GPA) 1 year before (baseline, 2015–2016) and 2 years after (follow‐up 1, 2016–2017 and follow‐up 2, 2017–2018) the policy change using a difference‐in‐differences analysis.

Results

A school start time delay of 50–65 min led to three fewer late arrivals, one fewer absence, a 14% lower probability of behavior referral, and 0.07–0.17 higher GPA in policy change schools versus comparison schools. Effects were larger in the 2nd year of follow‐up than in the 1st year of follow‐up, and differences in absences and GPA emerged in the second year of follow‐up only.

Conclusions

Delaying high school start times is a promising policy intervention not only for improving sleep and health but for improving adolescents' performance in school.
A simple uric acid assay by using 3‐hydroxytyramine as a chromogenic colorimetric sensor in human serum samples: Density functional theory supported mechanistic approach
Authors: Krishna Honnur , Krishnegowda Avinash , Anantharaman Shivakumar , Ashwinee Kumar Shrestha , Vijayalakshmi A Edalli
Published: February 2023

A simple, fast, sensitive, convenient, and economical accurate enzymatic colorimetric sensor is developed for the quantification of the clinically important biomarker uric acid (UA) in human serum samples. The method is based on the quantification of UA using 3‐hydroxytyramine (3‐HT) as a chromogenic substrate by using peroxidase (POD) and uricase (UOx). UOx catalyzes the oxidation of UA where H2O2 is generated in‐situ to produce allantoin and CO2. The POD in oxidative coupling of peroxide in presence of 3‐HT, forms an intense orange‐colored product with λmax = 500 nm. The reaction was carried out in a citric acid‐tripotassium‐citrate buffer (12.5 mM) of pH = 6.8 at room temperature. Computational calculations were done by Gaussian‐16 employing the B3LYP functional basis set. The standard curve for UA was found to be linear between 12.3–297.3 and 3.07–396.5 μM by rate and fixed time method, respectively. The LOD and LOQ for UA were 1.5 and 2.9 μM, respectively. Within‐day and day‐to‐day precision was 1.50–3.07 and 3.10–4.16% (n = 7), respectively. The accuracy ranges for UA concentrations of 24.7, 198 and 297.3 μM were 87%–101.50%, 90%–105%, and 89%–107%, respectively. The UA recovery range by the proposed method was 98.00%–100.47% with a mean recovery of 99.5% and has A good correlation coefficient of 0.981 with the standard method.
Ludwig's angina and mask use
Authors: Takayama Maya , Misawa Miwa , Shimada Fumio , Suzuki Tomio
Published: February 2023

Ludwig angina cases that could only be recognized by unmasking.
Impact of nucleic acid extraction procedures on human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and genotyping
Authors: Naegele Klaudia , Weissbach Fabian H. , Leuzinger Karoline , Gosert Rainer , Bubendorf Lukas , Hirsch Hans H.
Published: February 2023

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are often asymptomatic, but some of the >200 HPV genotypes confer a high risk for precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer. Current clinical management of HPV infections relies on reliable nucleic acid testing detection and genotyping. We prospectively compared nucleic acid extraction without and with prior centrifugation enrichment for detecting and genotyping HPV in cervical swabs with atypical squamous or glandular cells. Consecutive swabs were analyzed from 45 patients with atypical squamous or glandular cells. Nucleic acids were extracted in parallel using three procedures, Abbott‐M2000, Roche‐MagNA‐Pure‐96 Large‐Volume Kit without (Roche‐MP‐large) and with prior centrifugation (Roche‐MP‐large/spin) and tested using Seegene‐Anyplex‐II HPV28. In total, 54 HPV‐genotypes were detected in 45 samples, 51 by Roche‐MP‐large/spin, 48 by Abbott‐M2000 and 42 by Roche‐MP‐large. The overall concordance was 80% for detecting any HPV and 74% for specific HPV‐genotypes. Roche‐MP‐large/spin and Abbott‐M2000 showed the highest concordance for HPV detection (88.9%; kappa 0.78), and genotyping (88.5%). Two and more HPV‐genotypes were detected in 15 samples, often with one HPV being more abundant. Dilution series confirmed the specific detection of multiple HPV‐genotypes and their relative abundance. In 285 consecutive follow‐up samples extracted by Roche‐MP‐large/spin, the top three detected genotypes were the high‐risk HPV16, HPV53, HPV56 and the low‐risk HPV42, HPV54 and HPV61. Rate and breadth of HPV detection in cervical swabs depends on extraction protocols being highest after centrifugation/enrichment. As multivalent HPV‐vaccine coverage increases, detecting the evolving HPV virome depends on improved extraction and broader genotype coverage.
Changes in Aortic Diameter and Wall Strain in Progressing Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Derwich Wojciech , Keller Tobias , Filmann Natalie , Schmitz‐Rixen Thomas , Blasé Christopher , Oikonomou Kyriakos , Wittek Andreas
Published: February 2023

Objectives

The analysis of wall strain opens new perspectives in the prediction of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture. This study investigates the capability of four‐dimensional ultrasound (4D US) to detect and characterize changes in wall strain in the same patients during follow‐up observations.

Methods

Eighteen patients were examined by 64 4D US scans during a median follow‐up period of 24.5 months. After performing the 4D US and manual aneurysm segmentation, kinematic analysis was performed using a customized interface and evaluation of the mean and peak circumferential strain, as well as spatial heterogeneity.

Results

All aneurysms showed a continuous diameter growth with a mean rate of 4% per year (P < .001). The mean circumferential strain (MCS) tends to increase from a median 0.89% by 10.49% per year in follow‐up independent of the aneurysm diameter (P = .063). The subgroup analysis reveals a cohort with increasing MCS and decreasing spatial heterogeneity, as well as a cohort with nonincreasing MCS and increasing spatial heterogeneity (P < .05).

Conclusions

The 4D US is able to register the strain changes in AAA follow‐up. The MCS tends to increase during the observation time in the entire cohort, but the changes were independent of the maximum aneurysm diameter. The kinematic parameters allow the entire AAA cohort to differentiate into two subgroups and provide additional information about the pathologic behavior of the aneurysm wall.
Comparison of aeolian desertification between the Moltsog Dune Field in Mongolia and the Ujimqin Dune Field in China
Authors: Wu Zifeng , Hasi Eerdun , Tuya Wulan , Guan Chao , Kesi Tang , Yin Jie , Jiang Kang
Published: February 2023

Aeolian desertification is a severe ecological and environmental problem in arid regions. Research on its spatio‐temporal distribution, modelling and driving force is necessary to prevent the development of aeolian desertification. In this study, the Moltsog Dune Field in Mongolia and the Ujimqin Dune Field in China were selected as the study areas, as both contain dunes under similar physical conditions. Using LANDSAT data from 1988, 1995, 2002, 2009, 2016 and 2020, the spatial–temporal distribution and the degree of development of aeolian desertification in the two dune fields over the past 30 years were compared. Two periods of high‐resolution images were then used to compare the surface morphological changes induced by aeolian desertification in these dune fields. Climatic and socio‐economic data of the same period were used to compare and analyse the potential causes of changes in aeolian desertification in these regions. The results show that: (1) Over the last 30 years, the degree and development rate of aeolian desertification in the Ujimqin Dune Field were generally higher than those in the Moltsog Dune Field, and the former had a high degree of fragmented aeolian desertification patches with an expanding range. (2) The main form of aeolian desertification is the reactivation of fixed dunes, which includes the development of blowouts on the flat grassland under the influence of human activities in the Ujimqin Dune Field. (3) Desertification in Moltsog is mainly affected by climatic factors, while that in Ujimqin is mainly driven by anthropogenic activities. The latter is specifically affected by the high grazing intensity before 2000 and increased mining activities after 2000. These findings provide a reference for comparing the aeolian desertification process and meaningful information for preventing and controlling aeolian desertification and enabling the sustainable development of dune fields in arid regions.
A technology‐based, financially sustainable, quality improvement intervention in a medical journal for bilingualism from submission to publication
Authors: Bachelet Vivienne C. , Rousseau‐Portalis Máximo
Published: February 2023

Key points

While English is the dominant language in scientific literature, there are many reasons for introducing bilingualism in academic journals.

Bilingualism has generally been avoided due to the perception of high costs and possible inconsistencies between the source language article and the translated version.

A medical journal based in Santiago, Chile, carried out a two‐year‐long quality improvement intervention to overhaul the peer review, copyediting, translating and publication technologies to ensure full bilingualism from submission to online publication.

The outcomes are full bilingualism for articles submitted in Spanish and simultaneous publication of both language versions while not compromising the financial sustainability of the journal.