bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Defense Issue In West Germany: Constraints on Increased Military Allocations
Authors: Allen Christopher S. , Diehl Paul F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the debate over West German defense policy from several perspectives. It first traces the evolution of the increased internal and external pressures for West German rearmament. It next addresses whether calls for increased defense spending are justified, given current FRG expenditures. Lastly, it analyzes the unique West German economic and political constraints that limit the FRG's ability to assume a greater military role in NATO. While economic constraints are not a decisive barrier to greater military spending, the domestic political climate and the West German view that security encompasses more than military security represent the greatest obstacles to increased defense spending.
Trends in Canadian Security Policy And Commitments
Authors: Bland Douglas L. , Young John D.
Published: March 2007

Canadian governments actively promoted the creation of NATO and demonstrated commitment to an Atlanticist security orientation throughout the Alliance's formative years. The goal of ensuring ongoing yet constrained American engagement in European security affairs obviously accounted for this early Canadian support for the North Atlantic concept. But there were composite motives at play, including a predisposition for multilateralism over an exclusively bilateral security relationship with the country's North American ally and guarantor. The consummate irony, of course, is that Canadian security policy since at least the mid-1960s has contributed to the undermining of the very principles on which the country's Alliance membership was founded. Thus, the muchdiscussed commitment-capability gap in Canadian defense policy constitutes but a surface manifestation of a basic misreading of intra-Alliance political and military linkages that has now persisted for more than two decades. The 1987 White Paper has introduced a measure of belated corrective to the Canadian security policy drift, but it may well represent a classic instance of "too little, too late," especially since it echoes an existing declaratory stance more than it provides a blueprint for a renewed Atlanticist action policy.
Military Professionalism: Changes in the Australian Defence Force
Authors: Jans Nicholas A.
Published: March 2007

Significant changes in the technology and organization of war have caused commensurate changes in the structure of the military organization. One of the major results concerns the combat-oriented image of the military role, which corresponds less and less to what officers actually do. Increasingly, many middle-level and senior appointments in Western military forces are located in central departments of defense. This article suggests that such professional role change should be accompanied by a change in professional identity; this proposition was tested in a survey of officers in the Australian Defence Force. Data were gathered from some 1,400 regular officers in the navy, army, and air force by mailed questionnaire and interview. The results show that many officers not only react negatively to service in the Australian Department of Defence but also feel less competent in their jobs there, as well as less adequately prepared for them, when compared with officers serving elsewhere in the ADF. These findings are taken as evidence of a failure in the military profession to adapt professional role identities to changed circumstances. Implications for these findings are discussed.
Pay Comparability: U.S. Navy Pilots vs. Airline Pilots
Authors: Henderson David R. , Kriegel David A.
Published: March 2007

This article's findings contradict the conventional wisdom that Navy pilots who leave to become airline pilots do better financially. Under the most favorable assumptions for the airlines, the present value of income for a pilot who leaves the Navy as soon as eligible is 0.6 percent less than the present value for a pilot who stays. Under more plausible assumptions, the present value for the pilot who leaves the Navy is as much as 9.1 percent less. This result does not imply that the Navy pays pilots too generously. If the Navy is not reaching its retention goals and if those goals have been set optimally-then the service is not paying pilots enough, even if they receive more than civilians in comparable jobs.
In the Army Barracks Of Imperial Japan
Authors: Drea Edward J.
Published: March 2007

This essay offers an in-depth analysis of the pre-World War II Imperial Japanese Army's recruit training system. Based on a detailed examination of life in the barracks, it seeks to establish correlations between battlefield performance and individual training. The Imperial army capitalized on existing prewar Japanese social, cultural, and traditional norms to enhance unit cohesion and combat effectiveness. It deliberately adapted familial models for its company-sized units, which maintained the Japanese conscripts' village, educational, and institutional ties. Training became an extension of the recruits' previous socialization. Even the violence associated with the barracks was incorporated into a familiar pattern of informal or unofficial group sanctions. The result was a tough, obedient soldier who fought to the death even against hopeless odds.
Crises and the Study Of Alliance Politics
Authors: Thies Wallace J.
Published: March 2007

The history of the Atlantic Alliance is one of recurrent "crises" among its members. Participants and observers alike have been prone to use the notion of an "Alliance crisis" as a form of political shorthand to indicate the presence of greater-than-normal tensions and strains. An excessive reliance on this kind of shorthand, however, can obscure far more than it reveals; it can also serve as an impediment rather than as an aid to theory construction. A better approach would be to develop a structural theory of alliance behavior-one that might provide insights into the nature of alliance relationships.
Military Higher Education In Hungary
Authors: Barany Zoltan D.
Published: March 2007

Hungarian military education has undergone significant evolution since 1945. In spite of the recent changes implemented in officer training, it is unlikely that the manpower problems facing the Hungarian armed forces will be alleviated. It seems that as long as the Hungarian public continues to view the army negatively-as an economic burden and the ultimate guarantor of the survival of the regime-the best of Hungary's youth will ignore the military as a career choice.
Debating the Draft In America
Authors: Burk James
Published: March 2007

Military conscription has always been a hot issue in American politics. Debates about conscription, however, do not always revolve around the same issues. In this paper, arguments for and against the draft offered in World War II are compared with arguments offered during the Vietnam War. An important difference between these arguments is documented: while argument pro and con during the Second World War was based on assessments of the draft's impact on society, it was based during the Vietnam War on assessments of the draft's impact on individual citizens. This shift in focus is explained as the response of broad sectors of public opinion to long-term trends in patterns of social integration that are not directly related to the immediate problems (or requirements) of raising an army for war.
Military-University Encounters And the Educational Plans Of Israeli Officers
Authors: Enoch Yael , Yogev Abraham
Published: March 2007

This article examines the interrelationship between military and educational institutions, focusing on the issue of personnel mobility from a military to an educational framework. To provide training in basic management skills to recently promoted lieutenant squadron commanders, the Israeli Air Force sponsors two-week courses in management related subjects at Tel Aviv University. The study on which this article is based sought to determine the effects of these courses on the officers' further educational plans. Precourse and postcourse questionnaires were administered to 51 officers who participated in recent courses. The data were analyzed by a path model, which showed a strong direct effect of course evaluation on educational plans reinforcement. The latter variable was predicted by demographic and social background, precourse educational plans, and course evaluation. The findings indicate that, in addition to its main manifest function, the course also fulfilled the latent function of reinforcing the educational plans of those officers who found the course a rewarding experience. The possible implications of this effect for both the officer and the military is discussed vis-ai-vis the "occupational military" model.
Satisfaction with Family Life in the Military
Authors: Bowen Gary L.
Published: March 2007

Using the 1985 DoD Worldwide Survey of Officer and Enlisted Personnel, the impact of satisfaction with the environment for families on overall satisfaction with the military as a way of life was examined separately for married officers and enlisted members across four household patterns: (1) married to a military spouse with no children, (2) married to a military spouse with children, (3) married to a civilian spouse with no children, and (4) married to a civilian spouse with children. Sixteen additional subdomains of satisfaction concerning issues particular to the military way of life were used as control variables in examining this relationship, as well as the gender and pay grade of the member. The results suggested that satisfaction with the environment for families in the military was a significant predictor of overall satisfaction for only five of the eight sample subgroups. In these cases, the results supported the major prediction of the study: the more satisfaction members have with the environment for families in the Army, the greater their satisfaction with the military as a way of life. However, satisfaction with other aspects of military life are sometimes just as (or more) significant predictors of overall satisfaction. Policy and program developers need to be sensitive to the diversity of lifestyles in the Army community and to understand that policies and programs must be tailored to specific target groups to maximize their costeffectiveness.
The Reserve Forces Of Canada
Authors: Willett Terence C.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a sociological perspective of the Canadian reserve forces. The distinctive ideologies and structures of the components are outlined, and the main problems arising from their adaptation to a unique "unified" structure are explained. The emphasis is on the Militia (the reserve army) and its difficulties in maintaining credibility as a mainly combatant force in peacetime, when the threat of war seems remote.
The Canadian Navy: Torpedoed Again
Authors: Dowdy William L.
Published: March 2007

With the recent cancellation of its nuclear submarine acquisition program, a Canadian government once again has reneged on a major commitment to provide its navy with the capabilities to carry out its responsibilities. This article demonstrates that such reversals are typical of Canadian naval history, reviews the current state and future prospects of the Canadian navy, and reflects on the societal sources of Canadian defense policy in general and of naval policy in particular. It seems likely that for the foreseeable future the Royal Canadian Navy will lack the balance and the three-ocean capability that it has for so long been denied.
Civilianization and the Canadian Military
Authors: Critchley W. Harriet
Published: March 2007

Some observers of the Canadian Forces perceive a marked increase in the numbers of civilian employees in the more senior administrative and policy positions at National Defence Headquarters. This article shows how this perception is rooted in the integration of the civilian and military sections of the Department of National Defence and not in unification of the Canadian Forces. Further, the argument is made that despite the appearances of an increase of civilians at the more senior decision-making levels, there has, in fact, been an increase in the proportion of military officers.
The Russians Are Coming: A Computer Simulation
Authors: Stoll Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The defense of Western Europe from a Soviet/Warsaw Pact attack has been a major preoccupation of U.S. national security decision makers for the past 40 years. It has recently received renewed attention in the wake of the INF Treaty. This paper presents a tool for analyzing NATO's ability to stop a Warsaw Pact blitzkrieg without the use of nuclear weapons: a computer simulation. The model is based on the earlier work of Joshua Epstein. After the essence of a blitzkrieg and the model are described, several scenarios are explored using both. The results of the blitzkrieg model, while not as optimistic as those of Epstein, do offer some hope for NATO's ability to stop the Warsaw Pact.
The Alliance And Missile Defense
Authors: Gardner Anthony
Published: March 2007

As originally conceived by President Ronald Reagan, the Strategic Defense Initiative was potentially more disruptive of transatlantic relations than the Sentinel antiballistic missile system of 1967 or the Safeguard system of 1969. While Sentinel and Safeguard were short-term programs with specific and limited objectives, SDI was a vague, longterm program aimed at substituting an ambitious area defense of the United States for the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction, which many Western Europeans believe is responsible for 40 years of peace in Europe. Unlike Sentinel and Safeguard, SDI posed a serious threat to a major arms control agreement. Many Western European leaders consider the 1972 ABM Treaty to be a crucial component of Western security and an important symbol of superpower cooperation. Given current budgetary constraints and SDI's more modest objectives under the Bush administration, the ABM Treaty is no longer perceived in Western Europe to be in jeopardy. Moreover, SDI no longer appears to be an insurmountable obstacle to the successful completion of the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks.
The All-Volunteer Army: Fifteen Years Later
Authors: Gilroy Curtis L. , Phillips Robert L. , Blair John D.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the changing recruitin environment during the 15 years since the inception of the All-Volunteer Force. It describes the origins of the "dual market" strategy, which'segmented the recruiting market, and focuses on the systematic development of one of the most important recruiting policy initiatives in the 1980s—the Army College Fund. The impact of the ACF is estimated, providing empirical evidence of how significant a policy tool this was in accessing high quality enlistees into the U.S. Army.
Light Infantry as Peacekeepers in the Sinai
Authors: Segal David R. , Furukawa Theodore P. , Lindh Jerry C.
Published: March 2007

What kinds of soldiers and units are most appropriate for peacekeeping duty? This article compares the adaptation of light infantrymen-trained primarily as part of a rapid deployment force for low-intensity combat missions-with that of soldiers from an elite airborne division who served earlier with the Sinai Multinational Force and Observers. The study tracked over time an infantry company that was part of a battalion task force deployed in spring 1987, using surveys and several waves of extensive individual and group interviews and field observations during the deployment. Our analysis led to four fundamental conclusions: deployments and return from deployments have clear and systematic effects on soldiers' attitudes; training for the peacekeeping mission had measurable effects on the attitudes of soldiers; such low-intensity conflict training lowered soldiers' estimates of the likelihood of high-intensity conflict; and all infantry divisions are not the same in their collective views of the world and their role in it.
NATO in the 1980s: Between European Pillar and European Home
Authors: Stuart Douglas
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the transatlantic security relationship during the 1980s. It argues that the relative decline of U.S. power and absolute changes in the postwar international system encouraged two trends among key European middle powers. On the one hand, nations such as France, Italy, and Britain exhibited a new defense consciousness and a new sense of responsibility for national and regional security. On the other hand, Western European governments and publics sought relief in Mikhail Gorbachev's vision of a "common European home" from the problems inherent in the transatlantic security relationship. The tension between these two trends is discussed, and the reasons for the ultimate success of the European home at the expense of a European "second pillar" within NATO are considered.
Democratic Currents in Authoritarian Seas: The Military in Greece and the Philippines
Authors: Danopoulos Constantine P. , Gerston Larry N.
Published: March 2007

This research explores the impact of electoral exercises in countries with weak democratic traditions. Examination centers on the 1973 plebiscite conducted by the colonels in Greece and the 1986 "snap" presidential election held by President Marcos. Performance failures in the economic, social, and political arenas generated sufficient pressures on both regimes to use the polls in a desperate effort to reinvigorate sagging popularity. But rather than rescue the incumbents, the election campaigns exposed the lack of legitimacy, established credible oppositions, and revealed social ferment. As a result, elements in the respective armed forces mobilized to topple these regimes and help bring about democratization.
Military Coups, Regime Change, and Interstate Conificts in West Africa
Authors: Agyeman-Duah Baffour
Published: March 2007

This article examines regime types and the impact of military coups and regime change on conflicts among West African states. The main hypothesis tested is that radical regimes threaten the relatively stable but soft states; counterthreat measures result in conflict situations. Analysis is made of threat perception, the interrelatedness of coups d'état, regime change, and conflicts against the backdrop of the theories of linkage politics and political development. Indications are that interstate conflicts occur and are exacerbated with the emergence of radical-type military regimes, when conformist-type regimes are alarmed about the contagiousness of domestic turbulence. The linkage between domestic change and external conflict behavior is exemplified by the study; however, the subject deserves further exploration.
Militarization, Military Regimes, and the General Quality of Life in the Third World
Authors: Looney Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to reexamine the debate concerning the military/civilian regime and socioeconomic performance from the perspective of comparative budgetary processes. Specifically, do budgetary patterns differ between Third World military and civilian governments? If so, do they differ to the extent that military expenditures have a regime-distinctive impact on socioeconomic expenditures and therefore on the quality of life? The main finding is that a consistent set of socioeconomic differences exists between Third World military and civilian regimes. These differences result not only from differences in budgetary priorities but, almost as importantly, from the manner in which governments mobilize resources for military purposes.
Guns, Debt, and Politics: New Variations on an Old Theme
Authors: Snider Lewis W.
Published: March 2007

The impact of military budgets on Third World debt problems cannot be understood outside the context of the political attractiveness of external borrowing in the 1970s. While military expenditures have increased Third World borrowers' debt levels and impeded their debt service efforts, an analysis of 35 Third World debtor countries between 1974 and 1986 sugges is is less important than the political capacity of debtor governments to mobilize and i rect human and material reurces toward that end. Many Third World countries used much of the borrowed ca, rak to finance current budget deficits, government consumption, and arms imports. TIL apparent worsening of Third World debt service difficulties attributed to military expenditures may reflect defense budgets' and domestic arms industries' intimate connection with the distributive politics of many of these countries.
Theories of Mffitary Intervention in the Tird World: Lessons from the Philippines
Authors: Casper Gretchen
Published: March 2007

This article reexamines military intervention in the overthrow of civilian governments in the Third World. First, it reconsiders three major theories developed to explain the military overthrow of the Goulart government in Brazil in 1964, each of which focuses on a different independent variable: institutional change, economic stress, and political polarization. Second, it applies and demonstrates the usefulness of these three theories to a recent case outside Latin America: the Philippines. Supporting evidence is found for each of the three theories in both the Brazilian and the Philippine cases. Third, it offers new evidence on the Philippine case, based on 33 interviews with military officers and other informants knowledgeable about the military's role in the overthrow of the Marcos regime in the Philippines in 1986. The interviews were conducted in the Philippines from May to July 1988. The informants consisted of 17 active military officers, 8 retired officers, and 8 outside observers. The article concludes by showing that each theory complements the others, since they focus on different aspects of the process, and it argues that a synthesis of these contending theories is possible.
Globalism and Regionalism: U.S. Arms Transfers to Sudan
Authors: Lefebvre Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

Over the past four decades U.S. arms transfers to Sudan have been premised on a mix of globalist and regionalist rationales. American policymakers have attempted to find a balance between containment of Soviet influence and radical regional forces in northeast Africa with a desire not to unnecessarily antagonize Egypt, the most influential Arab state which has a vital stake in Sudan. Since the mid-1970s these two objectives have been largely congruent. U.S. support for Sudan has been seen as a means to enhance the security of Egypt and, thereby, maintain the pro-U.S. policy of Cairo. Except for a brief time in the late 1970s and early 1980s when Washington hoped to replace its lost position of influence in the Horn of Africa via the development of a close political-military relationship with the government of Jaafar Nimieri, Sudan, in and of itself, has been of little direct consequence to the United States, simply a potential domino. As a result the "local" situation in Sudan has been susceptible to distortion by U.S. policymakers who are either obsessed with containing "so-called" radical forces in the region or placating Cairo, or both.
Hate and Combat Behavior
Authors: Ballard John A. , McDowell Aliecia J.
Published: March 2007

Of the multiple determinants of combat motivation, one of the least discussed and studied is hate. Does hate play a role in the conduct of modern armies? If so, what are the implications? If not, should it play a role? This article reviews the sociological and psychological literature concerning hate as it pertains to the armed forces. Various definitions of hate and hatred, from Aristotle to Allport, are presented. Attitudinal and emotional conceptualizations are examined. Factors affecting the learning of hatred (e.g., culture or background) are discussed. Arguments for and against hate indoctrination for members of the armed forces during wartime are considered.
High Technology and National Security: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Snow Donald M.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that high technology, defined in terms of the explosion of information gathering and disseminating capability, is becoming a much more important component of national security. At one level, high technology is the driving force behind economic competitiveness and thus economic security. More specifically, five specific national security impact areas are examined: dual-use technologies and their impact on technology transfer; the international character of the technology process; the relationship between high technology and economic security; the effects of communications technology on crisis management; and the difficulty of maintaining national political control over technology dispersion. The article concludes that technology is changing so rapidly that it is increasingly difficult to keep up with its effects.
Origins of the Army Industrial College: Military Business Tensions After World War I
Authors: Gough Terrence J.
Published: March 2007

In founding the Army Industrial College in the 1920s, activist U.S. Army logistical officers were not wholeheartedly embracing closer relations with the business sector. World War I had demonstrated to them the need for the military to school itself in mobilizing for industrial-based war. But the war also had presented businessmen as rivals for control of procurement functions. With the knowledge acquired in their planned industrial college, the logistical officers hoped to gain an advantage over civilian dollara-year men in any future mobilization. They wanted to improve the Army's performance and simultaneously to achieve for themselves increased professional status and recognition in comparison with the combat arms officers who habitually reaped the lion's share of wartime glory. Seen from this perspective, pre-World War II military-industrial relations appear less close than generally thought and require fresh study.
Whither Future U.S. lliance Strategy? The ABCA Cue
Authors: Young Thomas-Durell
Published: March 2007

This article describes and analyzes the little-known, but extensive, defense cooperative relationship that exists among the armed forces of the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. While perhaps arguably a relatively esoteric subject prior to 1989, given the recent changes that have taken place in the Soviet Union, U.S. alliance strategy is now on the threshold of a new era—an era in which the Soviet threat is seen by many allies as diminishing. As U.S. officials ponder the implications of a decreased Soviet threat on its many alliances, of which almost all have been threat-based, it will be important to recall the one series of collective security arrangements with allies that has been founded on similarities, vice solely threats. This intimate Anglo-Saxon connection appears to have the needed bases for enduring well into the post-cold-war era.
"Feminization" and the French Military: An Anthropological Approach
Authors: Boulègue Jean
Published: March 2007

This study explores consequences of recent measures of "feminization" in the French armed forces, where conscription remains limited to males. The current situation is not fully egalitarian, but one of minority participation of women in frameworks dominated by men. The first consequence affects relations between the armed forces and the nation: the masculinity of conscription, which has already lost legitimacy due to global changes, is becoming less and less justified because of new military functions assigned to women. In a parallel fashion, the image of military service as a means of initiation is falling into disuse. Another consequence, internal to the armed forces, is the success of certain females in the ranks due to a charismatic type of authority. The military institution, whose model still applies to male enlistees, has difficulty recognizing this phenomenon.
African American Women in the U.S. Military
Authors: Moore Brenda L.
Published: March 2007

This article is a comparison of black women with women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds and black men in the U.S. military. Developmental analysis is used to examine historical trends and to hypothesize about the future of black women on active duty. Although there is considerable scholarly literature on minorities (particularly African-American men) and women in the armed forces, no systematic study of the participation of African-American women exists. This omission is significant in view of the fact that the representation of black women has increased more than sixfold over the last 15 years (which marks a greater percentage increase than any other segment of the military population).

Results of statistical analysis confirm previous findings that African-American women are accessing the military at a faster pace than other racial and ethnic female groups in the United States; they are more concentrated in the Army than other branches of the military; they are mostly assigned to administrative and support occupations; and they are more likely to be single parents than are military women and men in the comparison groups. The article ponders the consequences of these findings for the future stability of the participation of black women in the U.S. military.
The Impact of Military Life on Spouse Labor Force Outcomes
Authors: Schwartz J. Brad , Wood Lisa L. , Griffith Janet D.
Published: March 2007

The focus of the research presented in this article is the impact of Army life on spouse (wife) employment outcomes. Spouse employment is thought to be an important determinant of a soldier's commitment to the Army, job performance, and reenlistment decision. Because of these concerns the Army has initiated a series of policies and programs directed toward the enhancement of spouse employment. Using 1985 individual-level Department of Defense survey data, we examine the underlying determinants of Army wives' labor force participation, employment, level of employment, and underemployment, with a focus on the effect of on-post spouse employment programs and other Army policies on these outcomes. The results suggest that spouse employment programs, education, length of time spent at the same location, and a continental U.S. location have a statistically strong positive influence on spouse employment outcomes. Policy implications are discussed.
Public Opinion and Superpower Strategic Amns
Authors: Mandel Robert
Published: March 2007

This article combines a theoretical context with longitudinal and cross-sectional data to examine public opinion in the United States and Western Europe spanning roughly 1978 to 1986 on issues related to superpower strategic arms. The findings include that in the early 1980s the public's high emotional fear-of global nuclear war, Soviet military superiority, and the threat of possible Soviet attack-converged with a preference for confrontation-for American military superiority, arms escalation, and nuclear retaliation against an attack-and that Britain, France, and the United States exhibited this high emotional fear and confrontational preference considerably more than did Italy.
Card Games and an Israeli Army Unit: An Interpretive Case Study
Authors: Feige Michael , Ben-Ari Eyal
Published: March 2007

This essay includes a description and an analysis of the gambling encounters that took place in an Israeli reserve company during the early 1980s. The aims of this analysis are: (1) to consider army life in light of some current social scientific thinking about symbolic action; (2) to explore the implications of expressive behavior for an understanding of the armed forces; and (3) to show the importance of examining the place and functioning of less motivated soldiers within the Israel Defense Forces. Through a series of different yet complementary interpretations, the card games are analyzed as complex occasions that accomplish a number of things: entertainment and the revitalization of soldiers, cathartic mechanisms for stress release, rites of inversion for expressing tensions, means for establishing status, and commentaries on the social life of the military unit.
From Professional to Political: The Redecline of the Lebanese Army
Authors: Mclaurin Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

For all its weaknesses and travails, the Lebanese Army did not fall victim to the disease of politicization in support of a specific personality until after the failed American intervention of 1982-1984. When for the first time the army developed a limited combat capability and orientation, instead it entered into the political arena. The result replicates the experience of politicization in other regional armies: decline of combat capabilities, new forms of fragmentation, and widespread demoralization.
El Salvador: The Military and Politics
Authors: Needler Martin C.
Published: March 2007

Does the conflict in El Salvador, conceptualized by the U.S. government as a battle in the cold war, become more amenable to solution if seen strictly on its own terms? The current struggle seems most intelligible as the latest episode in the post-Conquest struggle of a Spanish-descended elite to maintain control of its land against threat from an Indiandescended peasantry. The military and paramilitary conduct of the struggle has alienated the noninvolved civilian population from the government without drawing them to the guerrilla cause. Since neither side can win militarily under present circumstances, a negotiated settlement may be attainable.
Israel's Small War: The Military Response to the Intifada
Authors: Inbar Efraim
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes Israel's military response to the intifada. Beginning with a discussion of the attitude on the part of the main Israeli decision makers toward the use of force in the Arab-Israeli conflict, it goes on to analyze the crystallization of Israeli strategy to deal with the Palestinian uprising. It reviews the main stages in the developing Israeli response. The succeeding section focuses on how the Israeli Defence Forces adapted to waging a small war for which it was unprepared. The slow process is reviewed in terms of manpower policy, intelligence, training, operations, and equipment. The article concludes with a discussion of the question whether victory is possible and at what price.
CFE II: A Quest for Stability
Authors: Garrett James M.
Published: March 2007

A second round of conventional arms-control negotiations should aim toward solidifying, prolonging, and increasing stability rather than simply toward making more reductions for their own sake. Additional, proportional reductions would actually be destabilizing because they would deprive NATO of the minimum force-to-space ratio necessary to defend against a possible renewed threat and would also feed the fears of those in Eastern Europe who see or profess to see a danger of invasion from the West. The goals of arms-control policy should be to devise force structures and workable operational plans that deter attack by promising effective defense, fortify populations (especially in Western Europe) against coercion, and do not appear threatening to other countries. A defense might consist of several thousand small, mobile teams of regulars or highly ready reserves to exploit the defensive advantages of European terrain and contemporary weapons; sufficient firepower, either conventional or possibly nuclear, to make the defense effective; and one or more operational reserves of heavy mechanized units strong enough to cope with breakthroughs but too small for a general strategic offensive. Such a defensive posture would be stabilizing if adopted by either coalition, more so if adopted by both.
Profile of a Citizen Army: Shiloh's Soldiers
Authors: Frank Joseph Allan
Published: March 2007

Based on an analysis of the letters, diaries, and reminiscences of approximately 450 raw recruits at the Battle of Shiloh in the American Civil War, the study elaborates a comparative profile of the Civil War volunteers in contrast to professional armies. The analysis assesses sources of combat motivation such as political articulateness, nationalism, attitudes toward officers, relations with the home front, and how these affected fighting style and the citizen-soldier ethos.
Retention of Junior Enlisted Soldiers in the All-Volunteer Army Reserve
Authors: Perry Shelley , Griffith James , White Terry
Published: March 2007

The Army Reserve loses approximately 30 percent of its personnel annually. Most of these losses are junior enlisted who do not complete their initial service obligation. The purpose of this study was to develop and test several hypotheses regarding why junior enlisted leave the Army Reserve before the end of their current obligations. Three general models were tested: demographic-pecuniary; unit activities (e.g., unit leadership, training, and administration); and family and civilian employment conflicts with Army Reserve duties in combination with unit activities. Findings support the Army Reserve continuing to offer both pecuniary incentives for joining and remaining in the Army Reserve (i.e., enlistment bonuses and educational benefits) and unit activities that promote feelings of self-worth (e.g., belonging and importance to the unit through recognition and awards) and self-development (through training in military job and general soldiers' skills)
Current Trends in South Mrica's Security Establishment
Authors: Seegers Annette
Published: March 2007

This article assesses three security trends in a transitional South Africa: the role of the police, the military's relation to state power, and what has not happened. Budgetary allocations to and the size of the South African Police have been vastly increased and the SAP-command structure has been regionalized. Although the military's confidence remains high, its grip on state power has been weakened. That the causes of these trends cut back to at least the last 10 years and that these trends now coincide with a new political will, has convinced many South Africans that minority rule will end soon. Yet civilian leadership has failed to act fully on evidence of scandalous behavior by members and units of the security establishment. Although it could be argued that this failure is explained by the fear that the transition to majority rule will be ruined at the last moment, it does little to strengthen the conditions of democracy in the long run.
Governmental Policy and Combat Effectiveness: France 1920-1940
Authors: Kirkland Faris R.
Published: March 2007

French governmental policy and legislation between the world wars had unintended effects on the morale and efficiency of military officers. The second-order effects were progression of officers' morale from psychological autonomy toward dependency. These effects can be discerned from an analysis of articles in military journals between 1920 and 1940. The third-order effects were on efficiency. They included the officers' growing inability to cooperate across branches, unwillingness to attend to technological developments, and unquestioning acceptance of an obsolete military doctrine -behavior that contributed to their defeat in 1940. The French experience illustrates processes through which unexamined governmental action can degrade the combat effectiveness of an armed force.
The Army's Delayed Entry Program
Authors: Kearl Cyril E. , Nelson Abraham
Published: March 2007

The Delayed Entry Program, which allows individuals to delay reporting for active duty up to 12 months after signing enlistment contracts, is a valuable management tool used by the U.S. Army Recruiting Command and other U.S. military recruiting organizations. Attrition from this program increases recruiting costs and reduces training efficiency. DEP attrition is analyzed here using microdata for individuals who signed Army enlistment contracts during fiscal years 1986 and 1987. The findings indicate that the strongest predictors of DEP attrition are related to personal characteristics. Being younger, male, black, a high school graduate, and having dependents reduces the likelihood a recruit will be a DEP loss. Economic factors also influence DEP loss. The results suggest that as the economy becomes stronger, DEP loss is more prevalent. Increasing recruiting incentives result in small, but significant, reductions in the probability of DEP loss. The findings also indicate longer DEP terms increase DEP attrition.
Military Disengagement from Politics: Paradigms, Processes, or Random Events
Authors: Welch Claude E.
Published: March 2007

Although no paradigm for the study of military disengagement from politics and subsequent liberalization and democratization has emerged and been widely embraced by scholars, patterns have been discerned in regionally based analyses. The article examines common themes (abrupt versus phased withdrawal, impact of professionalism, attitudes of senior officers, levels of national unity, and the effect of rapid delegitimation on military governments), areas of disagreement (military training and mission, economic factors, internal disorder, and gradual versus revolutionary change), and areas for further research (intra-military attitudes, political culture, and hypothesis-testing case studies).
Military Medicine: Not the Same as Practicing Medicine in the Miitary
Authors: Smith Arthur M.
Published: March 2007

The discipline of military medicine is dedicated to keeping our uniformed services "fit to fight." With an extensive historical, academic, and technical knowledge base of its own, it is responsible for maintaining the medical hygiene of deploying forces, as well as treatment of the unique diseases and injuries associated with combat operations. This is generally done while utilizing procedures and "ground rules" not directly adaptable from peacetime practices. Military history provides many lessons that confirm the validity of the precepts of military medicine. Unfortunately, many of these principles have lain fallow between conflicts, requiring that they be relearned at great human expense during subsequent engagements.
Morris Janowitz and the Origins of Sociological Research on Armed Forces and Society
Authors: Burk James
Published: March 2007

Despite early recognition of the importance of military institutions for understanding social organization and social change, sociology established no strong research tradition to study the military until after World War II. This paper explores the origins of this subfield by focusing on the pioneering contributions of Morris Janowitz. Relying on a comprehensive review of primary source documents, it provides a history of the first twenty years of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society (IUS), an organization Janowitz founded in 1961 to support, extend, and routinize sociological study of the military as a social institution. Special attention is paid to the relation between the development of this institution and Janowitz's intellectual biography and to the strains resulting from the IUS's attempts to pursue multiple and sometimes conflicting goals.
Institutional Alternatives to Traditional U.N. Peacekeeping: An Assessment of Regional and Multinational Options
Authors: Diehl Paul F.
Published: March 2007

This essay assesses the utility of two prominent alternate arrangements to traditional UN peacekeeping operations, i.e., peacekeeping operations organized by regional organizations or by multinational forces not under the control or direction of an international organization. For each alternative, it describes proposed changes to existing practice and points out alleged advantages over the status quo. Each alternative is assessed to determine the existence and magnitude of those advantages as well as the conditions under which such advantages are likely. Special attention is given to how (if at all) the alternatives address the general conditions for success.

Overall, despite its faults, the current mode of operation holds up rather well in comparison to the alternatives. Regional and multinational peacekeeping operations have the potential to succeed or fail for many of the same reasons that UN operations do, and they might be appropriate substitutes for the UN. Yet they also carry with them some unique risks and problems that make their applicability much more limited. Multinational operations might be best used when one or more of the disputants objects to the participation of the UN or wishes to have a major power guarantee the operation. Regional peacekeeping efforts may best when done jointly with the UN or when confined to conflicts involving small states in the region.
Former Naval Cheapskate: Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill and the Royal Navy, 1924-1929
Authors: Macgregor David
Published: March 2007

Winston Churchill is justly admired for his lonely advocacy of rearmament in the 1930s, but as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the 1920s he was an equally staunch and eloquent critic of arms budgets, particularly those of the Royal Navy. Motivated by a desire for funds to reduce taxes and increase social spending, as well as a sincere belief that no enemy could or would challenge Britain's strategic position in the foreseeable future, Churchill campaigned vigorously for strategic complacency and against naval expenditure throughout his tenure as Chancellor. He promoted the formal assumption that any war was at least ten years away and he strenuously opposed Admiralty plans for warship construction, naval aviation development, and a Singapore naval base. The result was a seriously weakened Royal Navy in the following decade when Churchill demanded a more assertive British foreign policy.
European Public Opinion on the Future of Its Security
Authors: Manigart Philippe , Marlier Eric
Published: March 2007

This article reports some preliminary results from a comparative research project on how security issues have been perceived in the twelve E.C. countries since the early 1970s among the mass public. This period has been characterized by breathtaking changes in the political and military world environment. How have Europeans reacted to these changes and what are their opinions on the future shape of European defense policy? The empirical evidence is based on a secondary analysis of public opinion surveys conducted in the European Community in the last twenty-one years. The trend analyses show that Europeans are overwhelmingly favorable to the creation of a common European security organization. This does not mean, however, that NATO is no longer thought to be essential or that the E.C. should supplant or replace NATO as the most important forum for making decisions about the security of Western Europe.
A New Paradigm for Military Policy: Socioeconomics
Authors: Shields Patricia M.
Published: March 2007

Socioeconomics is a new, more moral economic theory developed by Amitai Etzioni. Its purpose is to replace neoclassical economics. This article advocates socioeconomics as a paradigm for military policy and begins by showing how neoclassical economics has influenced military policy. Criticisms of the neoclassical approach by military sociologists are reviewed. Socioeconomics is briefly explained, key elements of the two models are compared, and socioeconomics is applied to the military. Socioeconomics shed light on both the careerism vs. professionalism and leadership vs. management debates. Moskos's I-O model, is also an application of socioeconomics.
Military Spending and Economic Growth in Taiwan
Authors: Ward Michael D. , Davis David R. , Chan Steve
Published: March 2007

This research probes the trade-off between economic growth and military spending, focusing on the experience of Taiwan, a society in which per capita GNP has grown from $100 to $9,000 in the past four decades. Using a production function approach, we explore the direct and indirect effects of the government's military and nonmilitary spending on economic growth. We find that Taiwan has avoided a direct trade-off in that military spending contributes to economic growth. At the same time, we find that Taiwan has paid an opportunity cost for its high level of defense spending, because the civilian sector of the economy has a much greater relative marginal productivity than the military sector,