bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allochthonous plant species in the vegetation of the Great War Island
Authors: Jarić Snežana , Mataruga Zorana , Sekulić Dimitrije , Pavlović Marija , Pavlović Dragana , Mitrović Miroslava , Pavlović Pavle
Published: January 2021

The main aim of the conducted research was to determine the presence of allochthonous plants in the area of the protected natural reserve - The Great War Island. The research was conducted during the vegetation season of 2020. Thirty four allochthonous plant species were recorded and classified into 19 families. Asteraceae (8 species), Fabaceae Poaceae and Sapindaceae (3 species each) had the highest species diversity. Phytogeographic analysis of their primary distribution areas has shown that most belong to the category of floral elements of the "adventitious" areal type. The chorological spectrum is dominated by species of North American origin (58.8%), while in the biological spectrum the most common are therophytes (38.2%). Chronological spectrum analysis has shown the highest prevalence of neophytes (64.7%). Seventeen species have the status of invasive, 16 naturalized, while one species (Morus alba) is characterized as ephemerophyte. The most frequent neophytes on the Great War Island are Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissima, Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, while among neotophytes, Echinocystis lobata and Symphyotrichum lanceolatus stand out in terms of frequency of occurrence. The geographical position of the Great War Island, due to which it is exposed to periodic floods, high levels of groundwater, strong influence of anthropogenic factors and the biological characteristics of allochthonous species are the main factors enabling them to inhabit this area. Results of this research should be the basis for the development of a strategy for monitoring the condition and planning control measures for the unwanted plant species, in order to protect the indigenous flora. Only careful and responsible management of landscapes of outstanding features such as The Great War Island and taking appropriate preventive measures can prevent the settlement, domestification and further spread of allochthonous plants.
Distribution and invasiveness of Xanthium species in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Kelečević Biljana , Petković Vladimir , Mitrić Siniša , Vrbničanin Sava , Kovačević Zlatan
Published: January 2021

Xanthium species are native to America, although it has been shown that reintroduction has occurred between the Old and the New World. Owing to the selective colonization of certain genotypes, these species are adapted to different habitats and have so far successfully colonized a vast number of habitats in many countries. Although Xanthium species can be used for medicinal purposes (extracts of X. strumarium have been used for cancer treatment, because they inhibit the development of cancer cells and are also used for treating inflammatory diseases), due to its toxicity (high amounts of carboxyatractyloside) and wide distribution in agricultural, ruderal and coastal areas, in most countries they are characterized as invasive weed species. These species invade many different crops, such as maize, wheat, soybean, potato, sunflower, tomatoes, tobacco, rape, orchards and vineyard, and can sometimes also be found in grain crops, when full tillering fails to occur. Nomenclature and identification of the plant material follows modern systematic principles according to Kiraly (2009) and the Plant List (2019). The distribution of the identified species is presented on UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) maps. The distribution of the studied species was presented with the digital elevation model (Digital Elevation Model, DEM) of B&H with a resolution of 20x20 m in a 10x10 km grid. Quantitative representation of Xanthium species was done by a modified Braun Blanquet (1965) model. This work represents a detailed study of the distribution of Xanthium species in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). In the study are, morphological determination has confirmed the presence of two species: X. spinosum and X. orientale. Within the species X. orientale, two subspecies were identified: X. orientale L. subsp. italicum (Moretti) Greuter and X. orientale L. subsp. riparium (Čelak.) Greuter.. Based on the results of the distribution and number of identified species, it can be concluded that in the studied area X. orientale subsp. italicum is a widespread weed species . Even though X. orientale subsp. riparium was found on only one location, due to the occurrence of cross-polination between subspecies, and even species, it can be said that the species X. orientale has an invasive character. Considering that the presence of X. spinosum was ascertained only in the southern parts of B&H, it can be characterized as a harmful weed species which is not in expansion.
Plivanje u triatlonu
Authors: Race Silvia , Vujkov Sandra
Published: January 2021

Triathlon is an Olympic sport that consists of three cyclic events: swimming, running and cycling, which are taking place one after another. Triathlon race begins with swimming, mainly on open water. Even the great sport experts analyze triathlon through each segmental technique. In regards to that, triathlon-swimming technique is not identical to the classic technique in swimmers; moreover, there are significant differences in certain elements. The first triathlon competition was held in 1977 in Hawaii, organized by a group of US Marines. The aim of this paper was to explain the way of training, tactical preparation and other relevant elements related to the swimming part of the triathlon race.
Supply chain finance
Authors: Gaćeša Radmila
Published: January 2021

Supply channel financing or reverse factoring can be defined as the use of financial instruments and technologies to optimize the management of working capital and liquidity, which are linked to the supply chain. This type of transaction includes the following participants: the supplier, the buyer and the factor as an intermediary. Given the available expertise, professionally trained staff, structured experience, technical equipment and some other functionalities, banks are, as factors, ideal participants in supply chain financing. The support provided by international financial institutions, some of which will be mentioned more specifically in the following text, can be a valuable opportunity to improve existing models, and to initiate new projects and install appropriate platforms, which would certainly benefit both clients and the banks themselves.
Overfishing criminal threat
Authors: Uljanov Sergej
Published: January 2021

Controversial nature of environmental crime and its modi operandi made the author to direct his attention to the problem of overfishing with its intricate phenomenological structure being reflection of complex environmental criminal activities. This work is backboned by paradox of environmental crime general presence followed by its drastic essence and "default low profile" being illustrated by the author's analyzing of overfishing criminal threat. Methodologically, right after initial general overview, the author introduces us to the devastating mosaic of environmental crime and its key segments, just like to its relations with other types of criminal activities. Subsequently, focus of the article shifts from targeting environmental crime to overfishing, as one of the almost daily and most frequent criminal activities and a factor in the devastation of fish stocks with unforeseeable consequences to the detriment of both nature and man. Besides determining the phenomenon of overfishing, the author puts forward typology of criminal activities as inevitable fragments of overfishing conceptual totality. Particular section of the paper is addressed by the author to the specific links among overfishing modi operandi and the whole range of various illicit activities. This is exact section set by the author to confirm his claim about actively presented conditional correlation among close phenomena ranged differently, in relation to some other phenomena likely linked to them. In nuce, if broader term is connected to other particular terms, then narrower term, derived from the same phenomenological milieu, must be related to those terms, as well. As an example, the author presents ratio between environmental crime, as broader term, and overfishing, as narrower one. Finally, as conclusion, the author warns of overfishing consequences and suggests some possible ways to combat this kind of environmental crime.
Contemporary teachers' action research: Basis for the development of reflective practice in education
Authors: Osmanović-Zajić Jelena , Maksimović Jelena
Published: January 2021

A reflective practitioner is an active individual who explores the possibilities of solving problems in practice and who is characterised by being reflectively open to reexamining their own opinion. The authors of this paper start from the premise that the process of education, however consistent and well-founded it may be, is exposed to constant inspection and improvement. The aim of this research is to identify the teachers' skills needed for conducting action researches. This goal is accomplished by examining the possibility of connecting action researches with teachers' reflective practice. The methods used are the descriptive method, scaling technique and the Likert-type scale (AIRP). This scale examines the teachers' skills for conducting action researches and is based on five factors extracted by the factor analysis: diagnostic skills, attitudes towards action researches, data collecting skills, practical skills and skills needed for conducting action researches. This study involved 305 respondents from the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The obtained results show statistically significant differences between the teachers with long teaching experience and those with a few years of teaching experience, p<0.05. This research represents an attempt to change the current practice at the micro level with the purpose of initiating qualitative changes and improving teaching practice by means of action researches. Therefore, it will be possible to induce changes at the meso and macro level of the system of education.
Exploring the relationship between language learning beliefs and foreign language classroom anxiety
Authors: Palinkašević Radmila , Brkić Jovana
Published: January 2021

Language learning beliefs and foreign language classroom anxiety present two extremely important factors in language learning. This paper explores these two factors and their complex relationship in students at the Preschool Teacher Training College in Vršac and Teacher Training Faculty in Belgrade (Vršac campus). Both quantitative and qualitative research models were implemented in the study. The quantitative analysis used BALLI (Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory) and FLCAS (Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale) as instruments, and latter implemented a correlational analysis to see which language learning beliefs had a strong connection with anxiety levels. Ten language learning beliefs showed a significant correlation with foreign language classroom anxiety levels. These beliefs were placed into five belief categories which were used as a starting point in the qualitative analysis. For the qualitative analysis language learning histories were used. The process produced two additional language belief categories which showed a strong connection with foreign language classroom anxiety. The research proposes which language learning beliefs teachers should first promote in order to establish a positive attitude towards language learning without high levels of anxiety along with other suggestions for the change and promotion of language learning beliefs and the lowering of classroom anxiety.
A sociolinguistic perspective in the analysis of English textbooks: Development of a checklist
Authors: Atar Cihat , Erdem Cahit
Published: January 2021

This study aims to suggest a checklist for teachers and researchers to analyze English as a second or foreign language textbooks from a sociolinguistic perspective. In the literature there is not a checklist or framework by which English textbooks can be evaluated considering the sociolinguistics issues raised in this study. After obtaining expert opinion and a piloting on 8 textbooks used in state schools in Turkey, a checklist consisting 6 criteria was suggested. Then, the check list was applied on the 9th grade English book ReLearn (Karamil & Birincioglu Kaldar, 2019) used in state schools in Turkey to demonstrate how the checklist can be utilized. The findings suggest that from a sociolinguistic perspective, the book in focus occasionally conforms to the sociolinguistic concerns while it needs some qualitative improvements. Improvements in providing genuine speakers of non-native and non-standard accents of English rather than using standard accent vocalizations for the speakers that are depicted as non-natives can be a primary suggestion and at the same time, the textbook should focus on different ways of life and perspectives instead of mostly providing intercultural knowledge such as cities or historic places. Finally, the textbook should pay more attention to the linguistic ecology in Turkey and adjust its contents so as to compensate for the foreign language status of English in Turkey. Accordingly, this study contributes to the literature by providing a checklist to evaluate textbooks systematically with regard to essential sociolinguistic issues and it demonstrates the application of the checklist.
Early attachment and emotional regulation
Authors: Slavković Ana
Published: January 2021

In this paper we explore the considerations of supporters of the attachment theory relating to the importance of closeness and acceptance by parents for the formation of healthy mechanisms of emotional regulation. Proponents of this theory emphasize the importance of forming positive internal "working models" of self and others, the role of which is to predict interpersonal interactions and determine a basically positive image of oneself and the world. Emotional regulation can be related to attachment in the sense that attachment is the context in which emotional regulation develops. The model of the parent enables the child to internalize emotional regulation strategies that can be applied in other social situations. This paper presents research findings that present a positive correlation between early attachment safety and emotional regulation. It also explains how a secure attachment reinforces the ability to regulate emotions, which enhances a child's social relationships and social competence, which in turn reinforces self-esteem and a positive self-image.
Structure of the Hungarian pension system and the most important features of the certain pillars with regard to the expectations of the EU
Authors: Barta Judit
Published: January 2021

Europe is facing a major demographic crisis, because longer lifespan, declining birth rates and an ageing society. This situation affects the state pension systems as well, which operation on the pay-as-you-go basis, because fewer and fewer young people will support more pensioner for a longer time. In addition to decreasing contribution and increasing payments, budget support will be needed. However, this has EU limitations. In the final case, this situation could lead to the reduction of the amount of state pensions, which could degrade the previous replacement rate. According to predictions in most Member States an supplementary pension will be required to ensure old-age living. In this regard the EU has set out its expectations. The study examines that how can the institutions of the Hungarian supplementary pension system meet the expectations of the EU in the light of legal regulations.
Roadmap to the Enhanced Thoracic Surgical Journey
Authors: Y. D. Woodard, MSN, APRN, ACNP-BC, AOCNP TaCharra , M. Patel, MSN, APRN, ACNP-BC Carla , L. Walsh, MD Garrett
Published: January 2021

The Enhanced Recovery Program (ERP) is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that directly impacts the functional recovery and quality of life of patients after surgery. Initiated in 2013 at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center by the Liver Surgery group and expanded to numerous specialties, the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Department developed a version of Enhanced Recovery After Thoracic Surgery in 2014. The benefits gained thus far include (1) decreased postoperative complications, (2) reduced hospital length of stay, (3) decreased opioid usage, (4) decreased healthcare costs, and (5) improved patient satisfaction. This article aims to provide a brief description of the history of the enhanced recovery approach and to identify the critical elements of the program necessary for improved patient care. It is intended to serve as a practical guide for program implementation in thoracic surgery departments at other institutions.
Advanced Practice Perspectives on Preventing and Managing Tumor Lysis Syndrome and Neutropenia in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Goodrich, RN, MSN, CRNP Amy
Published: January 2021

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and neutropenia are significant toxicities in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Both TLS and neutropenia can lead to potentially life-threatening complications for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia undergoing antineoplastic therapy. This article focuses on diligent risk assessment, prophylaxis, early identification, monitoring, patient education, and prompt intervention for TLS and neutropenia. These are all necessary steps to reduce life-threatening complications. Guidelines are available for risk assessments for both TLS and neutropenia. Once risk is established, prophylaxis and monitoring recommendations can be found in available guidelines. There are no established guidelines or widely used decision-making standards for the treatment of clinical TLS. General management strategies are well documented in the literature, with some degree of customization to each individual patient. If fever occurs in the setting of neutropenia, there are well-established guidelines for management, including guidance on anti-infective agents and use of growth factors. In addition, awareness and proper actions regarding TLS and neutropenia are key to preventing treatment delays, dose reductions, or treatment discontinuation. Adequate planning for TLS and neutropenia is critical to optimize patient outcomes.
Metastatic Melanoma With Leptomeningeal Disease
Authors: M. Marinova, MS, PA-C Amanda , L. Reilly, CRNP, BSN, MSN, RN, AANP Jennifer , Wong, MS, PA-C Victoria , Weiss, MD Stephanie , J. Olszanski, MD Anthony
Published: January 2021

Leptomeningeal disease in patients with melanoma historically portends a grim prognosis, with median survival measured in weeks to months. The advent of effective immunotherapy and targeted agents may modify the outcome of such patients. This case report describes a 43-year-old patient diagnosed with stage IIIa BRAF-positive cutaneous melanoma in 2012 who subsequently developed leptomeningeal involvement as her sole site of melanotic metastasis. She received multiple systemic therapies and radiotherapy and survived 2.5 years after her diagnosis with central nervous system involvement. This case report highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary team and the advent of effective agents, which offers the potential for significantly improved outcomes for patients with metastatic melanoma involving the central nervous system.
Life Stages, Gender and Temporalities. Historical and Sociological Reflections
Authors: Charles Aline , Charton Laurence , Baslyk Valentina
Published: January 2021

Research Framework: Long conducted in parallel,
studies on life stages and gender have converged more in recent years, but still
leave large areas uncovered. Some analyzes still treat sex as a simple variable that
does not require problematization. Others lose sight of the fact that growing up and
aging generate categories and trajectories that are the result of interactions of
sex and age. The link between gender and age thus still needs to be tightened.

Objectives: The introductory article of the
issue " Life Stages, Gender and Temporalities" proposes to explore the interactions
between age and gender relations by examining the gendered constructions of ages and
the life trajectories structured by gender.

Methodology: This article lists studies by
sociologists and historians exploring gender/age links.

Results: The articles presented help to show to
what extent gender and age relationships overlap and interact in the development of
social inequalities throughout the life of individuals. They also participate in
questioning the social hierarchy which is "mechanically" based on gender and certain
age-related markers.

Conclusions: The joint analysis of gender and
age relations is progressing, but slowly, and still remains in the blind spot of
intersectional perspectives. While current research now recognizes gender and age as
constantly interacting systems, it too seldom addresses the power relations and the
cumulative inequalities they generate.

Contribution: This introductory article opens
up new research perspectives, both with regard to the gendered processes favouring
the development of sexual physical characteristics and to the dominant social codes
that shape heteronormative experiences and temporalities.
Survival of the glycosylated
Authors: Blair Harry C , Schlesinger Paul H
Published: January 2021

Osteocalcin is a bone matrix protein that acts like a hormone when it reaches the blood, and has different effects in mice and humans.
Cutaneous Sarcoidosis- A Report of Two Intriguing Cases
Authors: Mathumathy R , Murugan S , Adikrishnan S , Sivayogana R
Published: January 2021

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease which leads to formation of noncaseating granuloma in the affected organs like lungs, lymph nodes and less commonly the skin. Cutaneous sarcoidosis occurs in about 20-35% of individuals with systemic sarcoidosis. Skin involvement serves as an early marker and may be the presenting sign of systemic sarcoidosis. Wide variety of morphological forms of cutaneous sarcoidosis is known to occur simulating several other dermatoses. Isolated skin involvement is very rare. Histopathological examination and special stains plays an important role in ruling out other granulomatous conditions like cutaneous tuberculosis, leprosy, foreign body granuloma and granuloma annulare from sarcoidosis. Corticosteroids remain the main cornerstone in the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis. Here, the authors reported two interesting cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis without systemic involvement, of which one presented as micropapular sarcoidosis and the other was mimicking lupus vulgaris. Both of them responded well to corticosteroid treatment and are in regular monitoring for development of systemic symptoms. Informed consent was obtained was obtained from both the patients.
Perioperative Sedation and Sympatholysis Due to Tizanidine
Authors: Situ . , Singh Girish Kumar , Gnaneswaran Hari Haran
Published: January 2021

Tizanidine is a short acting central muscle relaxant. It has agonist activity at noradrenergic alpha 2 receptors and inhibits the excitatory (presynaptic) motor neurons at both the spinal and supraspinal levels. Its action is through central alpha 2 receptors agonism. Tizanidine is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for reducing muscle tone in spastic conditions like spastic quadriparesis, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and so on. Working knowledge of this kind of drugs are rarely used in the clinical practice which is useful for the anaesthesiologists to manage cases in the perioperative period. Here Authors reported the perioperative effects of Tizanidine in a patient with clitoral mass excision under general anaesthesia. All preoperative investigations were found with in normal limits. Patient was on tizanidine preoperatively for spastic quadriparesis. Intraoperatively, there were no significant fluctuations of Blood Pressure (BP) and Heart Rate (HR) even laryngoscopic response blunted. Postoperatively patient was calm and drowsy. This perioperative sympatholysis and sedation was due to tizanidine.
Livelihood Improvement of Farmers through Agroforestry Practices in Teesta and Jamuna River Basins
Authors: Sultana Rebeka , Bari Md. Shafiqul
Published: January 2021

Agroforestry is one of the most sustainable land management systems practiced around the world due to the socioeconomic benefits to farmers. In Bangladesh, farmers practice agroforestry, applying indigenous knowledge. The objectives of the study are to explore the dominant agroforestry systems and species preferred by and to assess the socio-economic impact of agroforestry technologies on their livelihoods of farmers of the Char dwellers in Jamuna and Teesta river basins. The study was conducted at four Char Upazillas such as Kazipur, Shariakandi, Kaunia and Dimla. A total 120 farmers were surveyed during the research period using structured questionnaire with both open and closed ended questions. The majority of the respondents (56.67%) having low score in adoption of traditional agroforestry practices. Most of the farmers (94.17%) in Teesta and Jamuna river basins are practicing traditional homestead agroforestry system. The most frequent strategy was boundary tree plantation (44.17%) followed by scattered tree plantation technique on composite planting system, and the alley of cropland. A total of 41 tree species are abundant in Char areas of Teesta and Januna basins. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) is widely adaptable in Bangladesh including Char areas followed by Mango (Mangifera indica) in homestead besides, Mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni) is another abundant species planted in croplands boundaries of Char areas along with Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis). The farmers mentioned different problems they were facing in practicing agroforestry but ‘shade cast by trees’ was the major problem. Majority farmers of Char areas plant trees in homestead for fruits (63.33%) and in cropland for fuel wood (95.83%) and timber production (82.50%). Farmers’ livelihoods improved enormously by practicing agroforestry as they have more access to food, fodder and fuel wood which is reflected by greater access to livelihood capitals except social capital. However, the farmers have experienced increased incidences of pests and diseases to annual crops and trees. Agroforestry practices increases species diversity, ensure economic return and sustain farmers’ livelihoods. The respondents, local leaders and experts suggested the constrains of adopting agroforestry in Char areas are lack of awareness, education, technical skills, capital, technical assistance, interest, marketing and transportation facilities at the study areas . The government should initiate some agroforestry focused projects, especially in the Char areas for the capacity building of the farmers and equip them with the new farming techniques through trainings and orientation workshops. The farmers should be provided scientific guidance about suitable tree species grown on agricultural land with field crops, their silvicultural operations and tree management practices along with free services and inputs including seeds, seedlings and loan schemes for promoting agroforestry.
Soil and land Suitability Assessments towards Sustainable Rice Production in the Northern Zone of Ghana
Authors: Gyekye Prince M. , Boateng Enoch , Sadick Adams , Baffoe Justice Ankomah , Kabutey Bernard T. , Mensah Samuel O.
Published: January 2021

Rice has become the second most important cereal crop and a primary staple food in Ghana. However, domestic rice production falls below its demand, resulting in over 50% rice import per annum. The Government of Ghana has responded by introducing policies to intensify domestic rice production, especially in Ghana's northern zone, where over 50% of local rice is produced. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify and classify soils within the catchment areas of Lonto, Sabonjida, Buntum, Djadema and Wiesi towns in Northern Ghana. The soils were then evaluated for their suitability for valley rice production, under irrigation. The study identified eight soil types (Lima, Lima-variant, Sirru, Lapliki, Kpelesawgu, Changnalili, Kasele and Wenchi series) in the selected study areas. Lima series was the most extensive soil type and was found at all the sites except Djadema site. The soils were generally rated moderately suitable for rice, with the most suitable soils being Sirru and Lapliki series. Groundwater lateritic soils of Changnalili and Kasele series were rated not to be suitable. The general fertility of the soils was low, which calls for sound soil nutrient and water management. The study is expected to serve as baseline information to help guide decisions of improving per capita rice yield and reducing household food insecurity and poverty levels in Northern Ghana.
dynasor—A Tool for Extracting Dynamical Structure Factors and Current Correlation Functions from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Fransson Erik , Slabanja Mattias , Erhart Paul , Wahnström Göran
Published: January 2021

Perturbative treatments of the lattice dynamics are widely successful for many crystalline materials; however, their applicability is limited for strongly anharmonic systems, metastable crystal structures and liquids. The full dynamics of these systems can, however, be accessed via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using correlation functions, which includes dynamical structure factors providing a direct bridge to experiment. To simplify the analysis of correlation functions, here the dynasor package is presented as a flexible and efficient tool that enables the calculation of static and dynamical structure factors, current correlation functions as well as their partial counterparts from MD trajectories. The dynasor code can handle input from several major open source MD packages and thanks to its C/Python structure can be readily extended to support additional codes. The utility of dynasor is demonstrated via examples for both solid and liquid single and multi‐component systems. In particular, the possibility to extract the full temperature dependence of phonon frequencies and lifetimes is emphasized.
Spatial–temporal thermal‐fluid behaviors of microbubble emission boiling (MEB)
Authors: Horiuchi Kazuna , Kobayashi Hotaka , Miyashita Shu , Hori Takuma , Ueno Ichiro
Published: January 2021

We investigate non‐uniform behaviors in space of the microbubble emission boiling (MEB). Special attention is paid to radial temperature difference on the heated surface before/after the onset of the MEB. Correlation among the regimes of the MEBs, the radial temperature difference in the heated surface and the vapor bubble behaviors is indicated experimentally. We find that the surface temperature near the center becomes higher in the transition to the MEB, and then it becomes lower in the developed MEB. It is found that a linear correlation between the power input to the heaters and the resultant heat flux on the heated surface breaks in the transition of the MEB. The difference of the MEB regimes, S‐MEB and C‐MEB, is apparently distinguishable by monitoring the radial temperature difference of the heated surface.
Integrative functional genomic analysis of intron retention in human and mouse brain with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Li Hong‐Dong , Funk Cory C. , McFarland Karen , Dammer Eric B. , Allen Mariet , Carrasquillo Minerva M. , Levites Yona , Chakrabarty Paramita , Burgess Jeremy D. , Wang Xue , Dickson Dennis , Seyfried Nicholas T. , Duong Duc M. , Lah James J. , Younkin Steven G. , Levey Allan I. , Omenn Gilbert S. , Ertekin‐Taner Nilüfer , Golde Todd E. , Price Nathan D.
Published: January 2021

Intron retention (IR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of complex diseases such as cancers; its association with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unexplored. We performed genome‐wide analysis of IR through integrating genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data of AD subjects and mouse models from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership‐Alzheimer's Disease project. We identified 4535 and 4086 IR events in 2173 human and 1736 mouse genes, respectively. Quantitation of IR enabled the identification of differentially expressed genes that conventional exon‐level approaches did not reveal. There were significant correlations of intron expression within innate immune genes, like HMBOX1, with AD in humans. Peptides with a high probability of translation from intron‐retained mRNAs were identified using mass spectrometry. Further, we established AD‐specific intron expression Quantitative Trait Loci, and identified splicing‐related genes that may regulate IR. Our analysis provides a novel resource for the search for new AD biomarkers and pathological mechanisms.
Boosting the Electrocatalysis of MXenes by Plasmon‐Induced Thermalization and Hot‐Electron Injection
Authors: Wu Xianhong , Wang Junhui , Wang Zhiyu , Sun Fu , Liu Yuzhao , Wu Kaifeng , Meng Xiangyu , Qiu Jieshan
Published: January 2021

The MXenes attract great interest in catalytic and energy applications but suffer from inferior redox activity. An efficient strategy is presented to boost the intrinsic electrochemical activity of MXenes for electrocatalysis in various chemical environments by utilizing their plasmonic response to electromagnetic waves. The resulting significant thermoplasmonic effect lowers the endothermic enthalpy and potential barrier to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the Vis/near‐IR region. Simultaneous hot‐electron injection in a prolonged sub‐femtosecond to picosecond timescale also remarkably facilitates interfacial charge transfer and decreases the activation energy of the reaction. Both effects boost the HER activity of various types of MXenes over fivefold with improved kinetics and Faradaic efficiency over a broad pH range.
Site Selective Chlorination of C(sp3)−H Bonds Suitable for Late‐Stage Functionalization
Authors: Fawcett Alexander , Keller M. Josephine , Herrera Zachary , Hartwig John F.
Published: January 2021

C(sp3)−Cl bonds are present in numerous biologically active small molecules, and an ideal route for their preparation is by the chlorination of a C(sp3)−H bond. However, most current methods for the chlorination of C(sp3)−H bonds are insufficiently site selective and tolerant of functional groups to be applicable to the late‐stage functionalization of complex molecules. We report a method for the highly selective chlorination of tertiary and benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds to produce the corresponding chlorides, generally in high yields. The reaction occurs with a mixture of an azidoiodinane, which generates a selective H‐atom abstractor under mild conditions, and a readily‐accessible and inexpensive copper(II) chloride complex, which efficiently transfers a chlorine atom. The reaction's exceptional functional group tolerance is demonstrated by the chlorination of >30 diversely functionalized substrates and the late‐stage chlorination of a dozen derivatives of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Surface Modification of Black Phosphorus with Group 13 Lewis Acids for Ambient Protection and Electronic Tuning
Authors: Tofan Daniel , Sakazaki Yukako , Walz Mitra Kendahl L. , Peng Ruoming , Lee Seokhyeong , Li Mo , Velian Alexandra
Published: January 2021

Herein we introduce a facile, solution‐phase protocol to modify the Lewis basic surface of few‐layer black phosphorus (bP) and demonstrate its effectiveness at providing ambient stability and tuning of electronic properties. Commercially available group 13 Lewis acids that range in electrophilicity, steric bulk, and Pearson hard/soft‐ness are evaluated. The nature of the interaction between the Lewis acids and thebP lattice is investigated using a range of microscopic (optical, atomic force, scanning electron) and spectroscopic (energy dispersive, X‐ray photoelectron) methods. Al and Ga halides are most effective at preventing ambient degradation ofbP (>84 h for AlBr3), and the resulting field‐effect transistors show excellentIVcharacteristics, photocurrent, and current stability, and are significantly p‐doped. This protocol, chemically matched tobP and compatible with device fabrication, opens a path for deterministic and persistent tuning of the electronic properties inbP.
Superior overall water splitting performance in polypyrrole photoelectrode by couplingNrGOand modifying electropolymerization substrate
Authors: Rasouli Haleh , Hosseini Mir Ghasem , Yardani sefidi Pariya , Kinayyigit Solen
Published: January 2021

We prepare photoelectrodes with mixed metal oxides (TiO2‐RuO2), polypyrrole (PPy) and N‐doped reduced graphene oxide (NrGO) on titanium (Ti) substrate for overall water splitting and methylene blue degradation during two steps; including a sol–gel deposition of mixed metal oxide (MMO) and electrodeposition of PPy or PPy‐NrGO films. The as‐prepared photoelectrodes are characterized by physical and photoelectrochemical measurements. Ti/MMO/PPy‐NrGO photoelectrode exhibit a considerably photocurrent density of −6.97 mA cm−2(at 0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode [RHE]) and 12.89 mA cm−2(at 1.23 V vs. RHE) for hydrogen and oxygen generations, respectively. However, promotion in the H+/H2efficiency (40.25%) is about 28 orders of magnitude while in the case of H2O/O2(13.77%) is 10 times. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott–Schottky measurements reveal that the simultaneous incorporation of MMO and NrGO nanosheets in PPy coating leads to the lowest charge transfer resistance at the photoelectrode/electrolyte interface and an improvement in charge carrier density.
Central nervous system development in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L. 1758)
Authors: de Almeida da Anunciação Adriana Raquel , Favaron Phelipe Oliveira , de Morais‐Pinto Luciano , de Carvalho Carla Maria Figueiredo , dos Santos Martins Daniele , Conei Daniel , del Sol Mariano , Vásquez Bélgica , Miglino Maria Angelica
Published: January 2021

The present study describes the embryonic and fetal development of the central nervous system in rabbits from the seventh day after conception until the end of the full‐term fetal period. A total of 19 embryonic and fetal samples were carefully dissected and microscopically analyzed. Neural tube closure was observed between 7.5 and 8 days of gestation. Primordial encephalic vesicle differentiation and spinal canal delimitation were observed on the 12th day of gestation. Histologically, on the 15th day of gestation, the brain, cerebellum, and brain stem were delimited. On the 18th day of gestation, the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord were visible. On the 28th day of gestation, four‐cell layers could be distinguished in the cerebral cortex, while the cerebellar cortex was still differentiating. Overall, the morphological aspects of the embryonic and fetal developmental phases in rabbits were highly similar to those in humans. Thus, the present study provides relevant information highlighting rabbits as an excellent candidate animal model for preclinical research on human neurological diseases given the high adaptability of rabbits to bioterium conditions and the similarity of morphological events between rabbits and humans.
The blazar sequence revised
Authors: Rueda‐Becerril Jesús M. , Harrison Amanda O. , Giannios Dimitrios
Published: January 2021

We propose and test a fairly simple idea that could account for the blazar sequence: all jets are launched with similar energy per baryon, independently of their power. For instance, flat‐spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), the most powerful jets, manage to accelerate to high bulk Lorentz factor, as observed in the radio. As a result, the emission region will have a rather modest magnetization which will induce a steep particle spectra therein and a rather steep emission spectra in the gamma‐ rays; particularly in the Fermi‐LAT band. For the weaker jets, namely, BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs), the opposite holds true; i.e., the jet does not achieve a very high bulk Lorentz factor, leading to more magnetic energy available for non‐thermal particle acceleration and harder emission spectra. Moreover, this model requires but a handful of parameters. By means of numerical simulations, we have accomplished to reproduce the spectral energy distributions and light curves from fiducial sources following the aforementioned model. With the complete evolution of the broadband spectra, we were able to study in detail the spectral features at any particular frequency band at any given stage. Finally numerical results are compared and contrasted with observations.
External beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: What are the current research trends and hotspots?
Authors: Li Rui , Liu Xia , Yang Bo , Qiu Jie
Published: January 2021

Background

The external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) applied for prostate cancer (PCa) has been one of the most important and hottest research fields over recent decades. This study aimed to explore the research hotspots of EBRT in PCa and help the researchers have a clear and intuitive reference basis for later researches.

Methods

The literature scientometric analysis related to “EBRT applied for PCa” was conducted via the Web of Science Core Collection from 2010 to 2019. The Microsoft Office Excel 2019 and CiteSpace V. 5.7.R1 software were introduced for visualizing and analyzing the data.

Results

A total of 7860 relevant papers were extracted and downloaded. A total of 7828 papers were extracted and analyzed after data cleansing by CiteSpace. The tendency of published papers was comprehensively increasing from 2010 to 2019. Among all 73 countries/regions, USA published the most papers, accounting for 39%, which was the most active contributor with most publications. Australia (Centrality: 0.18), England (Centrality: 0.12) were cooperating most cohesively with other countries. Univ Toronto was the most productive institute (229), while Harvard Univ (Centrality: 0.67) had extensive collaborations with other institutes. The International journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics had the largest number of publications and the highest number of co‐citations. Briganti A had the largest volume of publications. D'Amico AV had the highest number of co‐citations. Four latest and largest clusters were identified as oligometastases, salvage therapy (SRT), prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and hypofractionation. Thirteen references became strongest burst citations lasting until 2019. The studies of “oligometastases,” “SRT,” “PSMA,” “hypofractionation,” “postoperative radiotherapy,” and “dose and fraction regimen changes” were prevailing in the recent years.

Conclusion

The “oligometastases,” “SRT,” “PSMA,” “hypofractionation,” “postoperative radiotherapy,” and “dose and fraction regimen changes” may be the state‐of‐art research frontiers, and related studies will advance in this field over time.
Metal‐Organic‐Framework‐Derived Bismuth Nanosheets for Electrochemical and Solar‐Driven Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Formate
Authors: Zhang Bo , Cao Shuyan , Wu Yunzhen , Zhai Panlong , Li Zhuwei , Zhang Yanting , Fan Zhaozhong , Wang Chen , Zhang Xiaomeng , Hou Jungang , Sun Licheng
Published: January 2021

Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising way to achieve CO2 fixation and energy storage. However, it is a challenge to develop the potential electrocatalysts with excellent performance and selectivity. Herein, bismuth nanosheet arrays (Bi/CC‐17) are prepared through an in situ electrochemical transformation strategy by use of Bi‐based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as the precursors, which are then attached on carbon cloth. The as‐synthesized Bi/CC‐17 nanosheet arrays achieve considerable partial current density of 45 mA cm−2 and remarkably high faradic efficiency of 98 % at the potential of −1.1 V versus RHE for the conversion of CO2 to formate, outperforming most previously reported electrocatalysts. In particular, the solar‐driven In2O3/In2S3∥Bi two‐electrode system with a In2O3/In2S3‐based photoanode and typical Bi‐based cathode achieves high faradaic efficiencies of ≥90 % for HCOOH formation, from −0.6 to −1.6 V versus the counter electrode (vs. CE). This work paves an avenue to develop MOF‐derived electrocatalysts for sustainable conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals.
Complications of left ventricular assist devices causing high urgency status on waiting list: impact on outcome after heart transplantation
Authors: Immohr Moritz Benjamin , Boeken Udo , Mueller Franziska , Prashovikj Emir , Morshuis Michiel , Böttger Charlotte , Aubin Hug , Gummert Jan , Akhyari Payam , Lichtenberg Artur , Schramm René
Published: January 2021

Aims

Heart transplantation (HTx) represents optimal care for advanced heart failure. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are often needed as a bridge‐to‐transplant (BTT) therapy to support patients during the wait for a donor organ. Prolonged support increases the risk for LVAD complications that may affect the outcome after HTx.

Methods and results

A total of 342 patients undergoing HTx after LVAD as BTT in a 10‐year period in two German high‐volume HTx centres were retrospectively analysed. While 73 patients were transplanted without LVAD complications and with regular waiting list status (T, n = 73), the remaining 269 patients were transplanted with high urgency status (HU) and further divided with regard to the observed leading LVAD complications (infection: HU1, n = 91; thrombosis: HU2, n = 32; stroke: HU3, n = 38; right heart failure: HU4, n = 41; arrhythmia: HU5, n = 23; bleeding: HU6, n = 18; device malfunction: HU7, n = 26). Postoperative hospitalization was prolonged in patients with LVAD complications. Analyses of perioperative morbidity revealed no differences regarding primary graft dysfunction, renal failure, and neurological events except postoperative infections. Short‐term survival, as well as Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, indicated comparable results between the different study groups without disadvantages for patients with LVAD complications.

Conclusions

Left ventricular assist device therapy can impair the outcome after HTx. However, the occurrence of LVAD complications may not impact on outcome after HTx. Thus, we cannot support the prioritization or discrimination of HTx candidates according to distinct mechanical circulatory support‐associated complications. Future allocation strategies have to respect that device‐related complications may define urgency but do not impact on the outcome after HTx.
Halide perovskite composites for photocatalysis: A mini review
Authors: Luo Jianqiang , Zhang Wanwen , Yang Hongbin , Fan Qiangwen , Xiong Fengqiang , Liu Shujuan , Li Dong‐Sheng , Liu Bin
Published: January 2021

Halide perovskites have attracted increasing scientific interests for photocatalysis because of their remarkable opto‐electronic properties, such as optimal band structures, long charge carrier lifetimes, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and so on. However, pure halide perovskites generally face problems of low stability, lack of active sites, and ineffective extraction of carriers, which limit their applications in photocatalytic reactions. To improve the photocatalytic activity and stability, halide perovskites are composited with other materials. Herein in this mini review, we summarize the recent progresses on the design and development of halide perovskite composites for various photocatalytic reactions including photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, photocatalytic pollutant degradation reaction, and so on. Finally, an outlook of halide perovskite for photocatalysis is provided to point up the future challenges and the possible solutions.

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