bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association Between Periodontal Disease and Prostate‐Specific Antigen Levels in Chronic Prostatitis Patients
Authors: Joshi Nishant , Bissada Nabil F. , Bodner Donald , MacLennan Gregory T. , Narendran Sena , Jurevic Rick , Skillicorn Robert
Published: April 2010

Background: Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is an inflammatory marker produced by the epithelial cells of the prostate acini. In the presence of inflammation or malignancy of the prostate, PSA levels are ≥4 ng/ml. This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate any association between periodontitis and PSA levels in chronic prostatitis patients.

Methods: Thirty‐five subjects who underwent prostate biopsy because of abnormal findings on digital rectal examination or elevated PSA (≥4 ng/ml) participated in the study. Plaque and gingival indices, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were determined. Two‐sided independent sample t tests assessed any significant differences in the PSA levels between and among the groups of prostatitis and periodontitis.

Results: Mean PSA levels were significantly higher (P = 0.04) in subjects with moderate/severe prostate inflammation than those with none/mild (8.8 ± 5.8 versus 5.7 ± 3.1 ng/ml). Subjects with CAL ≥2.7 mm had higher but not statistically significant PSA levels than those with CAL <2.7 mm (7.7 ± 5.2 versus 5.7 ± 3.2 ng/ml), respectively. Individuals having both moderate/severe prostatitis and CAL ≥2.7 mm (10.8 ± 7 ng/ml) had significantly higher mean PSA levels (P = 0.05) than those with neither condition (5.6 ± 3.7 ng/ml) nor only CAL ≥2.7 mm (5.7 ± 2.4 ng/ml) or moderate/severe prostatitis (6 ± 1.9 ng/ml).

Conclusion: Subjects having comorbidity of CAL ≥2.7 mm and moderate/severe prostatitis have higher PSA levels than those with either condition alone.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor Gamma Polymorphism and Periodontitis in Pregnant Japanese Women
Authors: Hirano Emi , Sugita Noriko , Kikuchi Akira , Shimada Yasuko , Sasahara Jun , Iwanaga Ruriko , Tanaka Kenichi , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: April 2010

Background: Recent studies suggest an association between maternal periodontitis and preterm birth, although the association remains controversial. It was suggested that mechanisms such as a genetic predisposition for a hyperinflammatory response cause periodontitis and preterm births. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear hormone receptor and ligand‐dependent transcription factor. PPARγ inhibits the transcriptional activity of the genes that produce proinflammatory mediators and repress periodontitis. Recently, a common polymorphism, proline(PRO)‐to‐alanine(ALA) mutation at codon12 in exonB (Pro12Ala: rs 1801282) PPARγ, was reported to reduce the ability to transactivate responsive promoters. In this study, we tested whether the PPARγPro12Ala polymorphism was associated with maternal periodontitis and/or preterm birth.

Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from the venous blood of pregnant Japanese women (term birth: n = 72; preterm birth: n = 58). The PPARγPro12Ala genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Within 5 days after labor, clinical periodontal parameters were evaluated, and periodontopathic bacteria from the subgingival plaque were detected by species‐specific PCR.

Results: The mean clinical attachment level (P = 0.012), mean probing depth (P = 0.031), mean gingival index (P = 0.037), and percentages of sites with bleeding on probing (P = 0.041) in women with the PPARγPro12Ala genotype were significantly higher than in women with the PPARγPro12Pro genotype. However, there was no association between preterm birth and periodontitis.

Conclusion: We suggest that the PPARγPro12Ala polymorphism may represent a genetic susceptibility factor for the clinical measurements of periodontitis in a limited number of pregnant Japanese women, but it probably cannot influence the relationship between periodontitis and preterm birth.
Serum Cytokine and Periodontal Profiles in Relation to Disease Activity of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Japanese Adults
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuo , Yokoyama Tomoko , Ishida Kohei , Abe Asami , Yamamoto Kouji , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: April 2010

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis are common chronic inflammatory conditions and share many pathologic features. A similar profile of cytokines is involved in the pathogenesis of the two diseases. The relationship between the disease activity of RA and the periodontal condition remains unclear. This study examines whether the disease activity of RA affects serum cytokine and periodontal profiles.

Methods: The study subjects consisted of 84 Japanese adults with RA and 22 race‐matched control individuals. After periodontal and rheumatologic examination, the disease activity of RA was determined with the Disease Activity Score including 28 joints using C‐reactive protein (DAS28‐CRP). Serum levels of cytokines including interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐12, IL‐12 p40, IL‐18, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. High‐sensitive CRP was also measured with a latex particle‐enhanced nephelometric method.

Results: Of 84 patients with RA, 28 and 56 patients exhibited low and moderate to high disease activity, respectively. Serum levels of IL‐6, TNF‐α, and CRP were significantly different between the two groups (P <0.05). Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between DAS28‐CRP and percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) (P = 0.008) and between serum TNF‐α levels and percentage of sites with BOP (P = 0.01) in 56 patients with RA with moderate to high activity.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the disease activity of RA correlated with serum levels of IL‐6, TNF‐α, and CRP, and it might influence BOP in the patients with moderate to high disease activity.
The Regulatory Role of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 28 on the Biologic Property of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
Authors: Zhao Zheng , Wang Yi , Wang Dongsheng , Liu Hongchen
Published: April 2010

Background: A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 28 (ADAM28) is considered to be the possible virulence gene for congenital hypoplasia of tooth root. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are regarded as playing crucial roles in the developing process of the periodontium and are generally used in dental regenerative medicine. This study evaluates the influence of ADAM28 on the biologic property of human PDLSCs (HPDLSCs) and to postulate the possible mechanism of this influence.

Methods: HPDLSCs were acquired by immunomagnetic bead selection and identified by immunofluorescence detection. After ADAM28 eukaryotic plasmid and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS‐ODNs) were constructed and respectively transfected into HPDLSCs by a transfection reagent, the expression differences of ADAM28 among various groups were assessed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting. The 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide and cell‐cycle assays were used to test the proliferation activity of HPDLSCs. Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide analysis was performed to detect the apoptotic level. Cell differentiation was tested by measuring the alkaline phosphatase level. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting were carried out to determine the effects of ADAM28 AS‐ODNs on HPDLSCs expressing cementum attachment protein (CAP), osteopontin, and osteocalcin.

Results: The ADAM28 eukaryotic plasmid group showed the highest expression level in HPDLSCs, whereas the AS‐ODN group displayed the lowest. Furthermore, the overexpression of ADAM28 enhanced the proliferation of HPDLSCs and inhibited the specific differentiation of HPDLSCs, whereas the inhibition of ADAM28 produced the opposite effects and induced apoptosis. ADAM28 AS‐ODNs were able to significantly inhibit CAP expression, and ADAM28 had a positive correlation with CAP.

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that ADAM28 was able to effectively manipulate the proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of HPDLSCs.
Kinetic Study and Modeling of Aerobic Biological Oxidation of Organic Wastewater
Authors: Karkare M. V. , Murthy ZVP
Published: April 2010

The complex organic wastewater from agrochemical industry consists of a large number of solids and dissolved compounds. For the design and scale-up of any activated sludge reactor, it is desirable to know the kinetics of oxidation, which strongly depends upon the nature of wastewater and the microorganism. In the present work, the kinetics of aerobic biological oxidation of an agrochemical plant waste is investigated, having initial COD of 800-1200 mg/L. Experiments are performed at five different dissolved oxygen (DO) levels; viz. (i) 1.5 to 2.5 mg/L, (ii) 2.5 to 3.5 mg/L, (iii) 3.5 to 4.5 mg/L, (iv) 4.5 to 5.5 mg/L, and (v) 5.5 to 6.5 mg/L. For each DO level five mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) are studied in the range of 6000-20000 mg/L. The maximum percentage reduction of COD is 74.1%, 74.8%, 89.9%, 73.3% and 89.6% at different DO levels of 1.5-2.5 mg/L, 2.5 to 3.5 mg/L, 3.5 to 4.5 mg/L, 4.5 to 5.5 mg/L, and 5.5 to 6.5 mg/L and MLSS concentrations from 6000 to 20000 mg/L, respectively. An attempt is made to propose the kinetics of substrate utilization that does not actively support growth of organism. A kinetic model is proposed to understand the effect of DO and MLSS concentration.
Trends in Governance and Decision-Making: A Democratic Analysis with Attention to Application in Education
Authors: Edwards D. Brent
Published: April 2010

Recent decades have witnessed the rise in popularity of a handful of related yet distinct approaches to governance and decision-making in many different contexts that either relocate the level and location at which decisions are made or how they are made, or both. True for developing as well as developed countries, and for both the public and private spheres, this article explicates four of these trends (decentralization, democratic decentralization, deliberative democracy, and empowered participatory governance) in terms of their theory and definition, goals, and implementation – with particular attention to their application in education. Furthermore, the article invokes a framework for analysis that permits an assessment of the extent to which each approach to decision-making facilitates participation along four dimensions: breadth, depth, range, and control. Lastly, this article discusses weaknesses in theory and practice across all four decision-making variations and proposes areas for further research. The results of this inquiry are relevant for theorists and practitioners given the fact that many policies and reforms – often incorrectly – are lumped under the term decentralization.
Digitized Youth: Constructing Identities in the Creative Knowledge Economy
Authors: Besley Tina (A.C.)
Published: April 2010

The article elaborates on the notion of building knowledge cultures and the creative knowledge economy, referring largely to work jointly written with Michael A. Peters. It then discusses some of the recent research findings about US youths' engagement and identities in the digital world that have become available since 2007. It examines the creativity of youths and the constructive means they use to develop new identities and subjectivities that resist the worst excesses of the market while engaging and negotiating the emergent social media and developing their own hybridized sense of style in music and culture. Finally, the article looks at youth and creativity—the implications for the creative knowledge economy with this new generation of digital natives and how education might finally take an active role rather than banning children's participation.
Exposing Environmental Health Deception as a Government Whistleblower: Turning Critical Ethnography into Public Pedagogy
Authors: McKenna Brian
Published: April 2010

This article focuses on the author's applied anthropological work with the Ingham County Health Department between 1998 and 2001. Government administrators were reflexively aware that nobody had ever stepped back to assess the area's overall environmental health and rank the issues according to some criteria, such as by the ‘most urgent problems’, and then help resolve them. They requested a holistic analysis. The author, an anthropologist, was hired to investigate virtually all of the environmental health problems in the region. This initiative, as originally conceived, was envisioned as a challenge to traditional ways of doing business at the Environmental Health Bureau of the Health Department. The Health Department leadership explicitly sought to create a model that turned the ‘public's health into the ‘People's Health’. Paradoxically, after several disturbing findings became apparent, Health Department officials began to work diligently to prevent the impending publication of the first report, ‘The Story of Water Resources at Work’ in August 2000. The article describes how the author used the methodology of critical ethnography to chronicle the processes of hegemony in the work environment, and how he acted as a critical public pedagogue by employing extant cultural forms to communicate these corruptions to citizens at large. In so doing it charts the surprising contingencies that resulted from his resistance.
Storied Understandings: Bringing Aboriginal Voices to Canada's Multicultural Discourse
Authors: Syed Khalida Tanvir
Published: April 2010

This article discusses the implications and complexities of Canada's multicultural policies for aboriginal students in its post-secondary education systems. The author, a Pakistani-Canadian multicultural educator, interviewed an Aboriginal-Canadian multicultural educator, to discuss the cultural differences, divisions, and resistances between immigrant and aboriginal perspectives on multiculturalism. What emerged was an examination of belonging, of cultural identity, and of learning and sharing through stories, which is presented here in narrative form. Rather than offering solutions of suggestions for change, this attempts to offer a bridge of understanding – so that Canada's immigrant and aboriginal cultural minorities can learn together, how to support each other's voices in the multicultural discourse that informs political and educational policies.
Learning to Plunder: Global Education, Global Inequality and the Global City
Authors: Tannock Stuart
Published: April 2010

Most research and policy discussions of education in the global city have focused on the ways in which globalization and the emergence of global or globalizing cities can create social, economic and educational inequality locally, within the global city itself. Global cities, however, are, by definition, powerful places, where the core institutions, structures and processes of the global economy are constituted and controlled; as such, they are places where decisions and actions taken locally can have significant and often destructive effects all over the globe. This article presents a case study of a series of partnerships between public institutions of education and the global corporate mining sector in Toronto, Canada to serve as both example and metaphor of how global city education often helps to create, exacerbate and legitimate inequalities and injustices, not just locally, but regionally, nationally and globally, between the city and the rest of the world.
‘Literacies' in the Arts: A New Order of Presence
Authors: Mansfield Janet
Published: April 2010

Through a somewhat interruptive analysis, this article argues that the arts ‘literacies' policy strategy which has become a feature of curriculum policy in the New Zealand Curriculum Framework since the year 2000, presents and promotes a new hegemonic strategy of normalization and reduction. Policy language is an ideologically loaded language, and in a sense, the article attempts, through critical philosophical post-structuralist discourse, what could be considered as a decolonization of the ideologically loaded language of curriculum policy for the arts in education. Paradoxes, contradictions and power politics abound within policy, which can often lean upon assumptions, apparently ‘natural’ and rational thinking. By resisting these paradoxes we may extract the rhetorics and codes of such modes of representation to reveal inadequacies. In the case of the arts, this article challenges the application of ‘literacies' to the arts as an economically expedient strategic act that promotes diminishing arts as normative practice.
Detached Leaf Technique for the Establishment of Root Cultures of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Krauss Ulrike
Published: April 2010

Axenic cultures of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) roots can be initiated from in vitro cultured embryos and shoot meristems. Embryo axes produced more shoots than tissue taken from axillary meristems. For tissue derived from shoot cultures, Virginia cultivars had a higher percentage of rooting explants than a Spanish cultivar. Inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes increased root yields. However, root propagation in liquid medium was unsuccessful. On the other hand, the use of detached leaves, incubated on a sand/mineral liquid medium, led to vigorous root production after inoculation with A. rhizogenes, regardless of the bacterial strain used. These roots could be propagated subsequently in liquid medium. The advantages of the detached leaf technique are discussed.
Arachis hypogaea Plant Recovery Through in Vitro Culture of Peg Tips1
Authors: Feng Q. L. , Stalker H. T. , Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G.
Published: April 2010

In vitro culture of embryos in Arachis is necessary to recover interspecific hybrids which otherwise abort soon after fertilization. The objective of this research was to develop in vitro techniques to promote proembryo development so that plants can be recovered. Aerial peg tips consisting of embryos, ovules, and peg meristem of Arachis hypogaea L. cv. NC 6, were collected 7, 10, and 14 d after self-pollination. Peg tips were cultured in the dark on combined MS and B5 media with NAA, GA3 and 6-BAP for 90 d. The effects of plant growth regulators on in vitro reproductive traits, including peg elongation, callus and root production, pod formation, ovule and embryo development were variable. Results indicated that 10-d-old peg tips, which contained eight-celled proembryos, had more embryo development and pod formation than 7- and 14-d-old peg tips. Medium with 4 mg L-1 NAA and 0.5 mg L-1 6-BAP suppressed in vitro development of pods, ovules and embryos and induced large amounts of callus. Media with lower concentrations of NAA, GA3, and 6-BAP caused development of more and larger pods and ovules. The development of young embryos from proembryos was observed and mature seeds were obtained by an in vitro one-step process. Peanut plants were obtained both from in vitro-recovered embryos and from mature seeds.
Survey by ELISA of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Vectored Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Distribution in Foliage and Flowers of Field-Infected Peanut1
Authors: Kresta Kenya K. , Mitchell Forrest L. , Smith J. W.
Published: April 2010

The foliage of individual field-infected peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). TSWV was detected commonly in terminals (folded quadrifoliates) and flowers, the vector's feeding and breeding niches. Reconstructions of the assayed plants demonstrated that the virus concentration varied from plant to plant and symptoms were significantly correlated to virus concentration in individual leaves and terminals. The virus was not distributed uniformly throughout individual plants but was concentrated in young, developing terminal tissue. The presence of symptoms was indicative of detectable virus 95% of the time.
Interaction of Bentazon and Imazethapyr Applied Postemergence to Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.)
Authors: York Alan C. , Wilcut John W.
Published: April 2010

Field and greenhouse experiments evaluated purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundas L.) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus L.) control with mixtures of bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and imazethapyr {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid} applied postemergence. Mixtures of the sodium salt of bentazon at 0.6 or 1.1 kg ae/ha and the ammonium salt of imazethapyr at 35 or 70 g ae/ha were antagonistic on purple nutsedge in field and greenhouse experiments. Mixtures of bentazon at 0.6 kg/ha and imazethapyr at 35 or 70 g/ha were additive on yellow nutsedge in field experiments but antagonistic in greenhouse experiments. Mixtures of bentazon at 1.1 kg/ha and imazethapyr at 35 or 70 g/ha were antagonistic on yellow nutsedge in field and greenhouse experiments.
Effects of Host Resistance on Germination of Cercospora arachidicola on Peanut Leaf Surfaces1
Authors: Waliyar F. , Shew B. B. , Sidahmed R. , Beute M. K.
Published: April 2010

Conidial germination by a North Carolina field-isolate of Cercospora arachidicola Hori was studied on leaf surfaces of two highly resistant and two susceptible peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes under 5 day/night temperature regimes. Conidia germinated at all temperature regimes, but a greater percentage germinated at the coolest temperature regimes of 26 C day/20 C night and constant 24 C than in warmer temperature regimes. Percentage germination differed significantly with respect to time and genotype in each temperature regime. Fewer conidia germinated on resistant compared to susceptible genotypes, with lowest germination on the resistant genotype 91 PA 150 (a Virginia type derived from a cross of A. hypogaea and A. cardenasii Krapov. and W. C. Gregory). Conidia germinated more quickly and more conidia germinated overall on the susceptible NC 7 than on the other genotypes tested.
Roasted Peanut Flavor Intensity Variations Among U.S. Genotypes1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Giesbrecht Francis G. , Isleib Thomas G.
Published: April 2010

Roasted flavor should be a critical factor in the acceptance of a peanut cultivar edible use. A 5-yr study was made on variation in roasted peanut flavor intensity of U.S. peanut cultivars and advanced breeding lines. Sixty-one genotypes were evaluated with sufficient location and replication observations (4) to have a 40% chance of detecting a true difference of 0.5 sensory units in flavor score with P = 0.05. Cultivars Florunner, NC 7, and Pronto were used as comparison standards for the roasted peanut attribute in the runner, Virginia, and Spanish market types, respectively. The adjusted mean difference between control and test germplasm was largest within the Virginia type, with an adjusted mean difference of +0.7 units for roasted peanut attribute intensity. Runner types were next with a difference of +0.3 units and Spanish types were not different. Broad-sense heritability for the roasted peanut attribute among germplasm sources was 9.3%, which compares favorably with previously published values of 10.6 and 24.3%. Heritability of the sweet sensory attribute was determined to be 25.9%, compared to previously published values of 14.3 and 37.0%. This suggests a potential for improving the roasted peanut and sweet attribute levels through using proper breeding strategies.
A Note on High Moisture Content Foreign Material Effects on Aflatoxin in Peanuts During Storage
Authors: Dowell Floyd , Smith John
Published: April 2010

Samples containing four types of high moisture content foreign material were placed in warehouses to determine how this material may contribute to aflatoxin formation in peanuts during storage. The high moisture material included gherkins, maypops, briarballs, and citrons. Results showed aflatoxin levels exceeding 700 ppb in some shelled peanut samples. Frequency tests showed 9% of all grade samples from farmers stock lots contained high moisture foreign material. When averaged across an entire warehouse, the high moisture foreign material could raise the average aflatoxin level in storage by 30 ppb.
Lipid, Protein, and Ash Contents, and Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds from Ecuador
Authors: Grosso Nelson R. , Guzmán Carlos A.
Published: April 2010

Oil and protein percentages, ash, iodine value, fatty acid and sterol compositions were studied in 28 Arachis hypogaea L. cultivars originating from Ecuador. Results showed lower protein percentages in the varieties hypogaea (27.3%) and hirsuta (25.9%) than in the varieties fastigiata (29.4%), peruviana (29.4%), and aequatoriana (31.3%). The principal fatty acids were linoleic and oleic. The variety hypogaea exhibited higher concentrations of oleic acid (45.1%). The sterol composition showed higher concentration of β-sitosterol following by campesterol, stigmasterol, and Δ5-avenasterol.
Progress in Breeding Sclerotinia Blight-Resistant Runner-Type Peanut1
Authors: Goldman J. J. , Smith O. D. , Simpson C. E. , Melouk H. A.
Published: April 2010

Field screening tests were conducted in 1991, 1992, and 1993 to identify Sclerotinia blight-resistant runner-type peanuts. Selections were made from three populations, “backcross to runner,” “backcross to Tamspan 90,” and “single cross.” Runner parents were chosen for agronomic qualities and resistance to other pathogens. Resistant (Spanish) parents used were cultivar Tamspan 90 and TxAG-5 germplasm. Families within populations were planted as single row 3 × 0.9-m plots. Repeated plant-by-plant inspections (PBPI) were made for assessment of sequence of infection and subsequent calculation of an area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Most families in the backcross to Tamspan 90 population consistently had a disease reaction close to or lower than Tamspan 90 but also retained undesirable plant forms (i.e., upright). By 1993, the F2:5 backcross to runner population had the highest percentage of runner-type families (88%) and a mean disease reaction close to Tamspan 90. Whole plot evaluation of Sclerotinia blight severity was compared with PBPI for effectiveness on a segregating population containing a total of 298 F4:7 single cross and F2:5 backcross entries. The whole plot system used a scale of 0 = no visible plot infection to 5 ≥80% infection in the plot. Correlation between area under disease progress curve values of both methods was high (>.85). Remnant seed of selections screened for resistance in the greenhouse were planted in the field and evaluated for resistance. Chi-square test for independence indicated a significant (α = .012) relationship between greenhouse and field performance. Field screening and limited greenhouse screening appears to be an effective way to develop resistant runner-type peanut lines.
Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Altom J. V. , Westerman R. B. , Murray D. S.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1993 to evaluate eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L., control and peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., response to herbicide treatments. Fomesafen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoro-methyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide} applied at cracking was the only preemergence-applied herbicide which provided season-long control (>84%). Herbicides applied postemergence were more effective when the eclipta was less than 5 cm in height. The most consistent early postemergence treatments were bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazm-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and bentazon + acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} + 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)butanoic acid]. Various other early postemergence followed by late postemergence sequential treatments also were equally effective. Minor peanut injury was observed at the early season rating from several herbicides; however, all injury had disappeared by the late season rating. Eclipta control did not consistently improve peanut pod yield.
Conservational Tillage and Cultivar Influence on Peanut Production1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Porter D. M.
Published: April 2010

The influence of conservational tillage and cultivar on pod yield, crop value, and market grade factors was evaluated as a means to increase the production efficiency of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Two conservational tillage systems, in-row and band tillage, and one conventional tillage system were compared over a 4-yr period using the cultivars Florigiant, NC 6, and VA 81B. For all three cultivars, pod yields averaged 15% less and crop values averaged 21% less under the conservational tillage systems as compared to the conventional tillage system. The cultivar NC 6 performed slightly better than Florigiant and VA 81B. The percentage of extra large kernels for NC 6 was significantly higher than for the other two cultivars. There were no significant differences in the percentage of sound mature kernels and total meat content between the three cultivars. Tillage systems did not have a consistent effect on grade factors over the 4-yr period.
Peanut Response to Prohexadione Calcium, a New Plant Growth Regulator
Authors: Mitchem Wayne E. , York Alan C. , Batts Roger B.
Published: April 2010

Experiments in 1992, 1993, and 1994 evaluated prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) as a growth regulator for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Two experiments in 1992 compared prohexadione calcium applied at 140 to 560 g ae/ha at the early pegging stage (PG) or at the row closure stage (RC). Greater suppression of main stem (MS) and cotyledonary lateral branch (CLB) length and greater row visibility at harvest were noted when prohexadione calcium was applied at RC. Prohexadione calcium applied at RC decreased MS and CLB length at harvest 16 to 27% and 14 to 29%, respectively, and greatly improved row visibility. Prohexadione calcium applied at PG generally reduced yield and the percentage of extra large kernels (ELK), fancy pods (FP), and total sound mature kernels (TSMK) but had no effect on crop maturity. Prohexadione calcium applied at RC generally had no effect on yield or the proportion of TSMK but increased the percentage of ELK, decreased the percentage of FP, and enhanced crop maturity. Two experiments in 1993 compared prohexadione calcium at rates of 47 to 280 g/ha applied at RC or at RC and again 3 wk later (RC3). Prohexadione calcium at 140 and 280 g/ha applied at RC suppressed MS and CLB length at harvest 11 to 18% and improved row visibility. Single and sequential applications were equally effective. Prohexadione calcium had no effect on yield, maturity, or the percentage of ELK, FP, and TSMK in 1993. One experiment in 1994 compared prohexadione calcium at rates of 186 to 280 g/ha applied at RC and RC3 or at RC and RC3 and 6 wk after RC (RC6). Results were similar with all treatments. MS and CLB length at harvest was reduced 29 to 34% and 28 to 32%, respectively, and row visibility was greatly improved. Prohexadione calcium increased yield 8% and increased the percentage of ELK but had no effect on the percentage of FP and TSMK. Daminozide [butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide)] at 950 to 1430 g ae/ha was included in all experiments as a comparison. Row visibility and suppression of MS and CLB length at harvest in prohexadione calcium-treated peanut were at least as great as in daminozide-treated peanut. Results indicate prohexadione calcium could be an effective-replacement for daminozide.
Response of Peanut to PGR-IV™ Growth Regulator1
Authors: York Alan C. , Batts Roger B. , Culpepper A. Stanley
Published: April 2010

Field experiments in North Carolina in 1994 and 1995 determined virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to PGR-IV, a commercial hormonal growth regulator consisting of 30 mg/L of gibberellic acid, 27 mg/L of indolebutyric acid, and a proprietary fermentation broth. Treatments included PGR-IV applied once at 438 mL/ha 21, 45, 60, or 75 DAE (days after peanut emergence) or twice at 219 mL/ha at 21 and 45 DAE or 45 and 60 DAE. PGR-IV had no effect on peanut main stem or cotyledonary lateral branch length, yield, maturity, percentage of fancy pods, extra large kernels, or total sound mature kernels, or net returns.
Screening the Peanut Core Collection for Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Holbrook C. C. , Culbreath A. K.
Published: April 2010

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is among the greatest yield-reducing viruses affecting peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The best known method of control of TSWV is through the use of resistant cultivars. Unfortunately, only a few peanut genotypes with moderate levels of resistance are known. The objectives of this study were to identify additional sources of resistance to TSWV and to determine whether plant descriptor information is associated with reaction to TSWV in the field. Peanut plant introductions from a core collection were evaluated for resistance to TSWV in field trials from 1991 to 1993. Great variability was found among PIs for reaction to natural TSWV epidemics at Attapulgus, GA. Accessions which exhibited potential resistance in 1991 or 1992 were reevaluated in subsequent years. Disease pressure was high in 1993 and 27 accessions exhibited significantly greater resistance than Florunner, and one (PI 262049) had lower disease incidence than Southern Runner. Only minor relationships existed between TSWV incidence and plant descriptor traits (growth habit and maturity) using the stepwise multiple regression procedure. Peanut accessions with resistance to TSWV were found among all maturity levels and growth habits. These accessions provide additional parents and may provide additional genes for resistance that may be useful in developing resistant cultivars.
Interference of Amino Acids in Pulsed Amperometric Detection of Peanut Sugars1
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Grimm D. T. , Sanders T. H.
Published: April 2010

High performance anion exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometry were used to separate and quantify peanut sugars extracted with methanol: chloroform:water (60:25:15, V/V/V), a highly polar solvent which solubilizes other seed components including amino acids. Free sugars were separated on an anion exchange column using a sodium hydroxide gradient and detected with a pulsed amperometric detector equipped with a gold electrode. Free amino acids in the seed extract interfered with sugar analysis by causing peak shifting and co-elution of some amino acids with sugars. Free arginine co-eluted with inositol resulting in a peak area which was 42% of the actual total area for both compounds. Proline co-eluted with fructose. Serine eluted on the leading edge of sucrose. Peak areas of these interfering amino acids were either “additive” or “subtractive” to sugar peaks. Altering the gradient elution or using cation syringe filters to remove contaminant amino acids permitted the accurate identification and quantification of peanut seed sugars. Results from this study suggest applications that can be applied in other biological systems containing free amino acids and sugars.
Imazethapyr Systems for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Richburg John S. , Wilcut John W. , Vencill William K.
Published: April 2010

Field studies conducted in 1992 at Tifton and Midville, GA and in 1993 at Attapulgus, GA evaluated imazethapyr systems for weed control, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) injury, and yield. The standard of imazethapyr + paraquat early postemergence (EPOST) followed by paraquat + 2,4-DB + bentazon postemergence (POST) controlled at least 87% of bristly starbur, prickly sida, smallflower morningglory, and yellow nutsedge and the peanut crop yielded 3310 kg/ha. This standard controlled Florida beggarweed (46 and 83% control) and sicklepod (74 and 88% control) in 1992 and 1993; respectively. Imazethapyr PPI at 36 and 72 g/ha controlled bristly starbur 78 and 100%, respectively, and controlled prickly sida and smallflower morningglory at least 90%. Imazethapyr PPI at 36 and 72 g/ha controlled yellow nutsedge 83 and 80%, respectively. Imazethapyr did not control sicklepod or Florida beggarweed. Control of these two species and high peanut yields required a POST application of a paraquat mixture.
Effects of Band Width and Timing of Chlorpyrifos Granule Applications on Stem Rot Incidence and Wireworm Damage to Irrigated Peanut
Authors: Brown S. L. , Brenneman T. B. , Layton R. C.
Published: April 2010

The objective of this study was to determine if band width and timing affected the insecticidal and fungitoxic activity of chlorpyrifos granules applied to irrigated peanut. At two locations and in 3 yr, chlorpyrifos granules were applied to flowering-stage or pegging-stage peanuts of the cultivar Florunner through a drop-tube or in 23-cm or 46-cm-wide bands centered over the row. At midseason, all chlorpyrifos treatments, except the widest band width applied at pegging significantly reduced the incidence of stem rot, but no differences were found at harvest. Wireworm populations were highly variable among tests but, when numbers were sufficient for evaluation, all chlorpyrifos treatments reduced wireworm populations and numbers of damaged pods. Application method and timing had little effect on the efficacy of chlorpyrifos as an insecticide. Even though all chlorpyrifos treatments reduced-wireworm damage to peanut pods and at least delayed the onset of stem rot, only the drop-tube application at flowering resulted in increased yield at one location. Orthogonal contrasts of flowering-stage applications versus pegging-stage applications indicated that the flowering-stage applications resulted in higher yields and values per hectare.
Handling Farmer Stock Peanuts at Warehouses with Potato Equipment1
Authors: Blankenship P. D. , Lamb M. C.
Published: April 2010

An alternative system for handling farmer stock peanuts in and out of warehouse storage was evaluated and compared to conventional handling systems. The potato handling system provided significantly less mechanical damage and improved peanut value than conventional handling methods. Loose shelled kernels and sound splits were decreased by 1.83 and 4.00%. respectively, by more gentle handling of the peanuts (P≤0.05). Thus, the potential for aflatoxin contamination during storage was reduced. Economic analysis revealed that investment costs of the potato and conventional handling systems were similar. The analysis revealed that the net value of peanuts from a 3629-t capacity warehouse could be increased by $23,758/yr by investing in potato handling equipment instead of conventional handling equipment when constructing a new warehouse. However, it is probably not economically feasible to convert the handling equipment of an existing conventional warehouse to the potato handling system.
Quantifying Pod Detachment Rate of Florunner Peanut1
Authors: Batchelor W. D. , Boote K. J. , Jones J. W. , Drew D. A.
Published: April 2010

Pod detachment is a problem that affects optimum date to peanut harvest. Thus, it is important to understand and quantify causes for pod detachment. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that detachment is initiated in a cohort of peanut pods when the supply of carbon is reduced or terminated. It was assumed that the supply of carbon to an individual pod is related to pod growth rate; therefore, termination of carbon translocation to a pod was characterized by termination of pod growth. Carbohydrate limitations were imposed on Florunner peanut by leaf spot disease, artificial shade, and water stress. A cohort of pods was manually tagged in each treatment and growth characteristics were measured throughout the season. Cumulative pod detachment was measured for tagged pods and plants in each treatment. Initiation of detachment in tagged pods for a control and manual shade treatment corresponded to the date that tagged pod growth ended. However, detachment was initiated before tagged pod growth ended in water stress and disease treatments. A, second hypothesis tested was that once detachment is initiated in a cohort, the detachment rate is related to time after carbohydrate is terminated and is independent of the reason for the carbohydrate limitation. We found that once detachment was initiated in a tagged cohort, cumulative detachment over time was similar in each treatment. An exponential equation was used to relate cumulative percentage pod detachment vs. thermal time after initiation of pod detachment in a cohort of pods.
Flumioxazin for Weed Control in Texas Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Grichar W. James , Colburn A. Edwin
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1993 to evaluate flumioxazin alone and in various herbicide programs for weed control in peanut. Flumioxazin alone provided inconsistent control of annual grasses, while the addition of pendimethalin or trifluralin improved control considerably. Pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.] control was > 75% when flumioxazin was used alone. Flumioxazin caused early season peanut stunting with some recovery within 4 to 6 wk. Postemergence applications of imazethapyr or lactofen increased peanut stunting.
Soil-Borne Pests of Peanut in Growers' Fields with Different Cropping Histories in Alabama1
Authors: Bowen K. L. , Hagan A. K. , Weeks J. R.
Published: April 2010

Pest levels and yields of peanut were monitored in growers' fields in 1991 through 1993. Yields ranged from 2085 to 6440 kg/ha and averaged 3947 kg/ha over the 3 yr. Incidence of southern stem rot (SSR) (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) averaged 7.6 foci (up to 30 cm in length) per 30.5 m row and ranged from 0 to 31.0 foci. Peanut yield tended to be inversely related to incidence of SSR and directly related to the number of years between peanut crops. Incidence of SSR was inversely related to number of years between peanut crops and was consistently greater in fields cropped to peanut every other year compared to other fields with less intensive peanut production. Yields obtained from irrigated fields averaged 11.4% greater than those without irrigation. Leaf spot control programs used by growers provided consistent levels of control. Peanut seed invasion by aflatoxigenic fungi and plant damage by larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalus lignosellus) generally were low. Seed invasion by Aspergillus flavus-type fungi was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with damage due to lesser cornstalk borer in 1993. Juvenile populations of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were positively correlated (P < 0.001) with incidence of SSR in 1992.
An Automated Cleaning, Pod Sizing, Shelling, and Kernel Sizing System for Grading Farmers Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Dowell F. E.
Published: April 2010

In response to peanut industry requests to improve the farmers stock grading system, an automated grading system was developed that reduced the variability in measuring most grade factors up to 50%. The automated system reduced sampling error by grading a larger sample while maintaining approximately the same sample processing speed. The system reduced inspector error by simplifying the grading process and eliminating opportunities for mistakes to occur. The system reduced equipment error by replacing outdated equipment with more efficient and effective equipment. Implementing the system could result in a return of about $10,350 annually per buying point and save the entire U.S. peanut industry up to $6 million each year. In addition, reducing errors in measuring grade factors should improve the quality of peanuts reaching consumers.
High Efficiency Peanut Regeneration Using a Nonimbibed Immature Leaflet Culture Method
Authors: Utomo S. D. , Weissinger A. K. , Isleib T. G.
Published: April 2010

Efficient plant regeneration is an essential part of gene transfer systems using recombinant DNA technology. Efficiency of regeneration from immature leaflets of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was compared among several explant treatments in an effort to maximize recovery of plants from culture. In one experiment, explants were derived from leaflets of cv. NC 7 from dry mature seeds or from mature seeds which had been imbibed for 1 or 4 d. To avoid confounding treatment effects with variation among individual seeds, both nonimbibed and imbibed leaflets originated from a single seed. For each seed, four nonimbibed leaflets from a single leaf were excised, sterilized, rinsed, and plated on MS-based medium amended with 4 mg L-1 benzylaminopurine and 2 mg L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid. The embryonic axis with the other leaf (four remaining leaflets) and one cotyledon attached was then imbibed in water for 1 or 4 d. After 4 wk in culture, 53% of nonimbibed leaflets, 37% of leaflets imbibed for 1 d, and 6% of leaflets imbibed for 4 d produced shoots. Subsequently, regeneration efficiency was compared among immature leaflet cultures from nonimbibed seeds of four cultivars representing three botanical varieties from two subspecies. Shoot frequency after 4 wk in culture averaged 9% for Peruvian introduction A2 (NC Ac 17090) representing subsp. fastigiata var. peruviana versus 53% for cv. NC 7 and Bolivian introduction B2 (PI 274191), both representing subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea. At 6 wk after plating, these frequencies increased to 28 and 61%, respectively. The response of Argentine introduction C2 (PI 262000) representing subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris was intermediate to vars. hypogaea and fastigiata. Shoot proliferation in var. hypogaea was significantly greater than in the other varieties, whereas it was significantly lower in var. peruviana. Regenerated plants developed normal flowers and pods in the greenhouse. The study indicated that A. hypogaea can be cultured efficiently from nonimbibed leaflets.
Peanut Fungicides: Effect on Survival and Development of the Corn Earworm, Fall Armyworm, and Velvetbean Caterpillar1
Authors: Lynch Robert E.
Published: April 2010

The fungicides chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and propiconazole commonly used for control of peanut diseases were evaluated for activity against the corn earworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)], fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)], and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner). Chlorothalonil most adversely affected early establishment and survival of neonates of all three insect species on peanut terminal buds. Chlorothalonil also decreased the weight of larvae of all three species at 10 d and extended the time to pupation for fall armyworm and velvetbean caterpillar larvae. Similarly, tebuconazole adversely affected early survival and establishment, decreased 10-d weight and extended time to pupation of corn earworm and velvetbean caterpillar larvae, but had little effect on fall armyworm larvae. Propiconazole had no effect on establishment and survival of corn earworm and fall armyworm larvae on peanut terminals, and actually increased the weight of 10-d-old larvae for all three insects over that recorded for the untreated control. Orthogonal comparisons of the activity of five chlorothalonil-based fungicides against the fall army-worm showed that the activity was due to chlorothalonil rather than to formulation. At equivalent concentrations used in the field, Bravo Ultrex® was significantly more active against larvae of the fall armyworm than was a comparable concentration of Bravo 72®. However, regression lines did not differ for the two fungicides for any of the developmental parameters measured when larvae of all three species were fed different concentrations of Bravo 720® and Bravo Ultrex® in their meridic diet.