bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cohort Difference in Age-Related Trajectories in Network Size in Old Age: Are Networks Expanding?
Authors: Suanet Bianca , Huxhold Oliver
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Contemporary societal views on old age as well as a rise in retirement age raise the question whether patterns of stability and/or decline in network size as found in earlier studies similarly apply to later birth cohorts of older adults.

Methods

Change score models are estimated to determine cohort differences in age-related trajectories in network size. Two birth cohorts (1928–37 and 1938–47, 55–64 at baseline in 1992 and 2002) of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam are followed across 4 observations over a time span of 9 years.

Results

Age-related trajectories in network size differ between the early and late birth cohort. The late birth cohort makes large gains in network size around retirement age, but this increase does not hold over time. Increased educational level and larger diversity in social roles relate to the cohort difference. Nonetheless, cohort difference prevails even after adjusting for these factors.

Discussion

The peak level in the network size in the late birth cohort hints at stronger preference and more opportunities to gain and maintain social relationships around retirement age in the current societal structure and culture. The subsequent drop-off in network size suggests that these ties are mostly used to adapt to the retirement transition.
How Long Did I Wait? The Effect of Construal Levels on Consumers’ Wait Duration Judgments
Authors: Wang Jing , Hong Jiewen , Zhou Rongrong
Published: November 2017

We examine how construal levels affect wait duration judgments through two different routes: one based on consumers’ subjective feelings (an affective route) and the other based on mental markers (a cognitive route). We further identify the conditions under which the affective versus the cognitive route operates. We theorize that low-level construal people generate more wait-unrelated thoughts during the wait than high-level construal people. This difference in turn affects duration judgments in opposite directions depending on the judgment strategy that people use. People spontaneously rely on their subjective feelings—how long they feel they have waited. In this case, low- (vs. high-) level construal consumers, who are more distracted by their wait-unrelated thoughts, find the wait to be less boring and hence judge it to be shorter. However, when subjective feelings become less accessible (after a delay) or diagnostic (perceived as less trustworthy), or when mental markers become more accessible, people resort to the number of thoughts they had during the wait to infer the duration—the more thoughts they had, the longer it must have been. In this case, low- (vs. high-) level construal people perceive the wait to be longer. Results from five studies support the proposed framework.
The Value of the Middle Meningeal Artery in Cerebrovascular Bypass Surgery: An Anatomic Feasibility Study
Authors: Niknejad Hamid Reza , van der Zwan Albert , Heye Sam , Van Calenbergh Frank , Van Loon Johannes
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Over the past decade, there has been a revival and a renewed interest for cerebrovascular bypass procedures. The superficial temporal artery (STA) has its value as a reliable donor vessel; however, a possible role for the middle meningeal artery (MMA) as a donor artery is still unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the feasibility of using the MMA as a donor vessel in cerebrovascular surgery.

METHODS

We performed cadaveric dissections on 12 fresh specimens (23 sides) after bilateral silicone injection into the internal and external carotid arteries. We compared the size, diameter, and possibility to perform a bypass to the middle cerebral artery for both the MMA and the STA. Measurements were done using an electrical caliper. Additional measurements of the MMA and STA were performed on 20 random angiograms.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference in diameter of the MMA at its ostium being 2.4 mm, compared to 2.7 mm for the STA ostium (t-test; P = .21). The MMA could be mobilized over 4.1 cm, whereas the STA over 8.3 cm. Finally, the mean diameter of the donor vessel at the site of the anastomosis was 1.6 mm versus 1.9 mm for MMA and STA, respectively (P = .0026). We were able to perform an MMA and middle cerebral artery anastomosis on 17 sides.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the MMA is a potentially valuable donor vessel to be used in selected cases. The availability of a suitable MMA branch should be assessed preoperatively on the angiogram.
What Will I Be
Authors: Gentry Philip M.
Published: November 2017

In the wake of World War II, the cultural life of the United States underwent a massive transformation. Central to the era was the rise of the concept of identity, and with it a reformulation of the country’s political life during the early Cold War. At the same time, a revolution in music was taking place, a tumult of new musical styles and institutions that would lead to everything from the birth of rock and roll to the new downtown experimental music. Together, these two trends came to define the era: a search for new social affinities and modes of self-fashioning, with music providing just the right tool for doing so. What Will I Be: American Music and Cold War Identity follows the development of the concept of identity as it emerged alongside the development of new post-war music making. It travels through four very different musical scenes: early doo-wop pioneers the Orioles, the early film musicals of Doris Day, Asian American cabaret in San Francisco, and John Cage’s infamous silent piece. Close analyses of small moments in the lives of musicians, composers, critics, and fans look at how individuals negotiated the larger social forces sweeping the country, laying the groundwork for many of today’s political and musical narratives.
On Sympathetic Grounds
Authors: Greyser Naomi
Published: November 2017

On Sympathetic Grounds lays out sympathy’s vital place in shaping North America. The book puts forward a critical method for thinking about sentimentalism as a genre, mode, and political and affective outlook people have used to cultivate a sense of intimacy across distance—that is, an affective geography. Chapters intersperse theoretical reflections on the affective production of space with analyses of valleys that become vales of tears, heart-rending oratory, and weeping rock formations, as well as emplotments of narrative and continent in works by Harriet E. Wilson, Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and others. Philosophers and rhetoricians regard grounds as necessary conditions for argumentation. This book takes grounds to be geopolitical, geoaffective, and geophysical, mapping them as alternately shaky, unsettling, and stabilizing. Circulating across bodies and surfaces, sympathy has enriched conditions for living at the same time that it has mercilessly enlisted some bodies and lives as the grounds for others’ well-being.
Understanding and Structure
Authors: Hazlett Allan
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores two claims about metaphysical structure: that “carving nature at the joints” is a valuable intellectual achievement and that understanding is constituted by a “grasp” of explanatory structure, and the following claim about their relationship is defended: explanatory understanding requires “carving nature at the joints.” The existence of explanatory connections, to be “grasped” in understanding, requires the existence of natural “joints,” which must be represented in understanding. However, neither “carving nature at the joints” nor understanding is plausibly seen as “the aim of belief” or the “the aim of inquiry.” The chapter concludes with a discussion of the metaphysical preconditions for explanatory understanding through a discussion of the role of socially constructed properties in explanations: despite beign in some sense “non-natural,” such properties are real enough to ground the possibility of explanatory understanding. The fact that explanatory understanding requires “carving nature at the joints” therefore does not preclude the possibility of understanding in disciplines whose subject matters are plausibly understood as comprising socially constructed properties.
Unscripted America
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

From their earliest encounters in the Americas, Europeans struggled to make sense of the words spoken by the numerous indigenous tribes that surrounded them. Unscripted America recounts a colonial struggle between peoples of European descent who aspired to map native languages according to Christian and Enlightenment cosmologies and indigenous resistance to this ascribed meaning. Unscripted America reconstructs an archive of indigenous language texts in order to present a new account of their impact of comparative philology on the formation of US literary culture. American Indian language texts reveal poignant and contradictory histories of preservation through erasure: each stands as a record of colonial destruction as well as an archive ready for recovery and recuperation. Unscripted America places American Indian languages within transatlantic intellectual history, while also demonstrating how American letters emerged in the 1810s through 1830s via a complex and hitherto unexplored engagement with the legacies and aesthetic possibilities of indigenous words. What scholars have more traditionally understood through the Romantic ideology of the noble savage, a vessel of antiquity among dying populations, was in fact a palimpsest of still-living indigenous populations whose presence in American literature remains traceable through words.
More than Meets the Eye
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

More Than Meets the Eye: What Blindness Brings to Art explores the ways blindness and visual art are linked in many facets of the culture. The author writes from her position as the blind daughter of two visual artists. Due to this background, she claims to know something about art, but recognizes that this claim challenges cultural notions that conflate seeing with knowing. The book examines the ways blindness has been represented in philosophy, visual culture, and cognitive science, showing how these traditional understandings of blindness rely on an over-determined, one-to-one correspondence between touch in the blind and sight in the sighted, as if the other senses and other forms of cognition play no role in perception. Unfortunately, this reductive image of blindness often influences the design of museum access programs for the blind, including touch tours and verbal description of art. The book places these representations in conversation with autobiographical accounts by blind people, especially blind and visually impaired artists. It also gives a first-hand account of access programs at art institutions around the world, and speculates on how acceptance of the idea of blind artists and blind art lovers can change future museum practices and aesthetic values. The book is more of an extended, speculative essay than a scholarly treatment or how-to manual that seeks to show that what blindness brings to art is the recognition that there is more to it than meets the eye.
The Roles of Government in Protecting and Promoting Occupational and Environmental Health
Authors: Wagner Gregory R. , Spieler Emily A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the roles of government in promoting occupational and environmental health, with a focus on the U.S. federal government. Governmental interventions, as described here, can range from non-regulatory interventions, such as dissemination of information or generation and communication of information, to establishing regulatory requirements through the promulgation and enforcement of standards and regulations. The chapter describes the U.S. laws and roles of the administrative agencies responsible for occupational and environmental health, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Noting the budgetary and political constraints on these federal agencies, the chapter goes on to discuss briefly the role of the public and the states. The government also plays a role when preventive efforts fail, and the chapter provides a brief summary of programs designed to provide compensation to injured workers.
Occupational Stress
Authors: Landsbergis Paul A. , Dobson Marnie , LaMontagne Anthony D. , Choi BongKyoo , Schnall Peter , Baker Dean B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes sources of stress in the work environment, their adverse effects on the health of workers, and how they are influenced by economic globalization, political systems, laws, government policies, and the changing labor market. Models of occupational stress, in particular job strain and effort-reward imbalance, are presented. Additional occupational stressors are described, including long work hours, shift work, precarious work and job insecurity, work-family conflict and organizational injustice, including discrimination, harassment, and bullying. The health and safety consequences of exposure to occupational stressors are detailed, including musculoskeletal disorders, acute traumatic injuries, mental disorders (such as depression), health behaviors, and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors (including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome). Finally, there is a discussion of efforts on work reorganization and job redesign, workplace policies and programs, and laws and regulations designed to reduce occupational stress and improve the health and safety of workers.
The Conceptual Basis for Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Tabak Rachel G. , Chambers David A. , Hook Mary , Brownson Ross C.
Published: November 2017

There are tangible benefits to the use of models to inform dissemination and implementation research. However dissemination and implementation scientists may find it difficult to select, adapt, and apply a model to their work. Guidance is provided on how to select a model, as answering several questions (e.g., the research question, scope of the study) can aid a research team in selecting a model. Given the large number of models available and the amount of work required to develop a new model, a dissemination and implementation researcher likely does not need to create a new model. There is a need to look outside the field of health research to identify other models that might inform dissemination and implementation research, as reviews have identified gaps in availability models for certain types of dissemination and implementation research (e.g., policy research).
Measurement Issues in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Lewis Cara C. , Proctor Enola K. , Brownson Ross C.
Published: November 2017

The National Institutes of Health, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the CDC, and a number of private foundations have expressed the need for advancing the science of dissemination and implementation. Interest in dissemination and implementation research is present in many countries. Improving health care requires not only effective programs and interventions, but also effective strategies to move them into community based settings of care. But before discrete strategies can be tested for effectiveness, comparative effectiveness, or cost effectiveness, context and outcome constructs must be identified and defined in such a way that enables their manipulation and measurement. Measurement is underdeveloped, with few psychometrically strong measures and very little attention paid to their pragmatic nature. A variety of tools are needed to capture health care access and quality, and no measurement issues are more pressing than those for dissemination and implementation science.
Implementation Strategies
Authors: Kirchner JoAnn E. , Waltz Thomas J. , Powell Byron J. , Smith Jeffrey L. , Proctor Enola K.
Published: November 2017

As the field of implementation science moves beyond studying barriers to and facilitators of implementation to the comparative effectiveness of different strategies, it is essential that we create a common taxonomy to define the strategies that we study. Similarly, we must clearly document the implementation strategies that are applied, the factors that influence their selection, and any adaptation of the strategy during the course of implementation and sustainment of the innovation being implemented. By incorporating this type of rigor into our work we will be able to not only advance the science of implementation but also our ability to place evidence-based innovations into the hands of practitioners in a timely and efficient manner.
Fidelity and Its Relationship to Implementation Effectiveness, Adaptation, and Dissemination
Authors: Allen Jennifer D. , Shelton Rachel C. , Emmons Karen M. , Linnan Laura A.
Published: November 2017

There is substantial variability in the implementation of evidence-based interventions across the United States, which leads to inconsistent access to evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies at a population level. Increased dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions could result in significant public health gains. While the availability of evidence-based interventions is increasing, study of implementation, adaptation, and dissemination has only recently gained attention in public health. To date, insufficient attention has been given to the issue of fidelity. Consideration of fidelity is necessary to balance the need for internal and external validity across the research continuum. There is also a need for a more robust literature to increase knowledge about factors that influence fidelity, strategies for maximizing fidelity, methods for measuring and analyzing fidelity, and examining sources of variability in implementation fidelity.
Dissemination and Implementation Research in Community and Public Health Settings
Authors: Vinson Cynthia A. , Stamatakis Katherine A. , Kerner Jon F.
Published: November 2017

Both the review in this chapter of what we know and the case examples of what is being done to close the gap between research discovery and program and policy delivery, suggest that a very small portion of the overall investment in research, practice, and policy work is being used to link the lessons learned from science with the lessons learned from policy and practice. From the research funding agency perspective, the NIH and CDC have supported dissemination and implementation research for the past several years. From the practice/policy funding perspective, the NIH and CDC have also provided support for such linkages as well as providing forums and IT tools to disseminate evidence-based intervention approaches and best practices both domestically and internationally. However, as noted previously, these relatively small steps at their current level of support, and in and of themselves, are unlikely to accelerate closing the discovery-delivery gap.
Exile, Diaspora, and Return
Authors: Roniger Luis , Senkman Leonardo , Sosnowski Saúl , Sznajder Mario
Published: November 2017

This book explores how Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay have been affected by postexilic relocations, transnational migrant displacements, and diasporas. It provides a systematic analysis of the formation of exile communities and diaspora politics, the politics of return, and the agenda of democratization in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, focusing on the impact of intellectuals, academics, activists, and public figures who had experienced exile on the reconstitution and transformation of their societies following democratization. Readers are offered a kaleidoscope of intellectual itineraries, debates, and contributions held in the public domain by individuals who confronted and fought authoritarian rule. The book covers their contributions to the restructuring and transformation of scientific disciplines and of the humanities and the arts, as well as their collective institutional impact on higher education, science and technology, and public institutions. Bringing together sociopolitical, cultural, and policy analysis with the testimonies of dozens of intellectuals, academics, political activists, and policymakers, the book addresses the impact of exile on people’s lives and on their fractured experiences, the debates and prospects of return, the challenges of dis-exile and postexilic trends, and, finally, the ways in which those who experienced exile impacted democratized institutions, public culture, and discourse. It also follows some crucial shifts in the frontiers of citizenship, moving analysis to transnational connections and permanent diasporas, including the diasporas of knowledge that increasingly changed the very meaning of being national and transnational, while connecting those countries to the global arena.
Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin
Published: November 2017

Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. This book presents an encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. It shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. Topics include formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, and negative indefinite pronouns.
A Typological Perspective on Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the goals and methods of a typological perspective on indefinite pronouns. It begins with an overview of language typology and the reasons why typological research is very important to our understanding of human language. It then considers the four steps involved in a typological study. First, the domain of phenomena to be compared across languages is delimited by formulating a definition that is cross-linguistically applicable. Second, the space of typological variation is mapped out by providing a complete taxonomy of the various means by which the phenomenon under discussion is expressed in different languages. Third, correlations between individual structural options and other parts of the grammar are identified and formulated as implicational universals. Fourth, explanations for these universals are sought. General problems of typological sampling are highlighted and the two samples used in the typological study are described: the 40-language sample and the 100-language sample.
Further Sources of Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on diachronic sources of indefinite pronouns that cannot be easily subsumed under grammaticalization. It first considers indefinite pronouns marked by scalar focus particles such as ‘even’ and ‘at least’ before discussing the possibility that the disjunctive conjunction ‘or’ may be used as an indefiniteness marker. It then examines bare interrogative pronouns that are used as indefinites, taking into account strategies of disambiguation and bare interrogatives in Indo-European. It also explains why indefinites tend to be identical to interrogatives and goes on to analyse reduplicated indefinite pronouns. After formulating a number of generalizations, the chapter describes some further diachronic issues, including the change from generic nouns and the numeral ‘one’ into indefinite pronouns, along with the borrowing of indefinite pronouns.
Negative Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the typology of negative indefinite pronouns, with particular emphasis on their relation with other indefinites. It first considers the received taxonomy of negated indefinites, showing that it is inadequate and that the implicational map for representing the functions of indefinite pronouns offers a better classification. Four main syntactic ways of expressing negative indefinites, or the direct-negation function of indefinite pronouns, are described: verbal negation plus (ordinary) indefinite, verbal negation plus ‘special indefinite’, verbal negation plus ‘negative indefinite’, and ‘negative indefinite’ without verbal negation. The chapter proceeds by analysing one important aspect of the syntax of negative indefinites: the co-occurrence with a negative element associated with the verb. It also formulates a number of cross-linguistic generalizations and proposes functional explanations for them before concluding with an assessment of various diachronic sources of negative indefinites, including negative scalar focus particles and minimal-unit expressions.
A Brief History of the International Monetary System since Bretton Woods
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio
Published: November 2017

The 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, which created the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, was a major landmark in international cooperation. However, the Bretton Woods system came under increasing pressure in the 1960s due to the lack of a reliable adjustment mechanism to manage payment imbalances as well as the persistent asymmetries in the balance-of-payments pressures faced by surplus and deficit countries. In 1971 the system effectively collapsed when the US government suspended convertibility of dollars into gold for other central banks—a decision that would prove to be permanent. The system that evolved to replace it can be viewed as a ‘non-system’ with diverse ad hoc arrangements. Viewed overall this non-system has proved to be fairly resilient, but some of its major gaps continue to have negative effects on the global economy.
Global Monetary Cooperation and the Exchange Rate System
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at historical and current frameworks to manage macroeconomic linkages among economies. The basic objective of cooperation in this area is to guarantee the consistency of the macroeconomic policies of major economies, to avoid both unsustainable global booms and crises. This requires an adequate supply of liquidity at the international level, the topic analysed in Chapter 2, as well sustainable payments balances and an adequate exchange rate system, two areas of cooperation analysed here. The chapter looks first at the evolving nature of global imbalances. It then analyses the mechanisms that have been put in place at different times to manage macroeconomic linkages among major economies, before finally considering the current exchange rate ‘non-system’. The chapter claims that exchange rate policy is perhaps the most critical area for which macroeconomic policy cooperation should be strengthened, particularly by moving to a system of reference rates among major currencies.
Capital Account Liberalization and Management
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the transition from the acceptance at Bretton Woods of capital account management as a normal policy instrument to the liberalization of the capital account, first in developed countries and later in developing countries. It then analyses the risks of capital account liberalization, particularly the relation between capital account liberalization and the boom–bust cycles in global finance which have severely affected emerging and developing countries since the 1970s. It finally reviews the controversies around the effects of capital account liberalization and the evidence of success or failure with capital account management. Overall, there is significant evidence that capital account regulations improve the composition of capital flows towards less reversible flows and increase monetary independence without sacrifising exchange rate objectives. They also may have a desirable effect on the magnitude of flows and on exchange rates, but these effects are contested by some authors.
Victorian Christianity and Emigrant Voyages to British Colonies c.1840 - c.1914
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: November 2017

This volume looks at the religious dimensions of the nineteenth-century British and Irish emigration experience, examining the varieties of Christianity adhered to by most British and Irish emigrants in the nineteenth century and consequently taken to their new homes in British settler colonies. It examines a significant aspect of this emigration history that has been overlooked by scholars—the development of an international emigrants’ chaplaincy by the Church of England that ministered to Anglicans, Nonconformists, and others, including Scandinavians, Germans, Jews, and freethinkers. The volume uses the records of this emigrants’ chaplaincy, as well as the shipboard diaries kept by emigrants themselves to give them a voice in this history. Concentrating on the experiences of the emigrant voyages, an analysis is provided of the Christianity of these British and Irish emigrants as they travelled by ship to British colonies. Their ships were ‘floating villages’ that necessitated and facilitated religious encounters across denominational and even religious boundaries. The volume argues that the Church of England provided an emigrants’ ministry that had the greatest longevity, breadth, and international structure of any Church in the nineteenth century. It also explores the principal varieties of Christianity espoused by most British emigrants, and argues their religion was more central to their identity and, consequently, more significant in settler colonies than historians have hitherto accepted. In this way, emigrant Christianity and the Church of England’s emigrants’ chaplaincy made a major contribution to the development of a British world in settler colonies of the British Empire.
The Philosophy of Social Evolution
Authors: Birch Jonathan
Published: November 2017

From microbes to humans, the natural world is full of spectacular examples of social behaviour. In the 1960s, W. D. Hamilton introduced three key innovations—now known as Hamilton’s rule, kin selection, and inclusive fitness—that changed the way we think about how social behaviour evolves, beginning a research program now known as social evolution theory. This is a book about the philosophical foundations and future prospects of that program. Part I, ‘Foundations’, provides a philosophical analysis of Hamilton’s core ideas, with some modifications along the way. We will see that Hamilton’s rule provides a compelling way of organizing our thinking about the ultimate causes of social behaviour; and we will see how, in inclusive fitness, Hamilton found a fitness concept with a special role to play in explaining cumulative adaptation. Part II, ‘Extensions’, shows how these ideas, when extended in certain ways, can help us understand cooperation in micro-organisms, cooperation among the cells of a multicellular organism, and culturally evolved cooperation in the earliest human societies. In all these cases and more, living things cooperate because they are related, where the concept of relatedness picks out relevant statistical patterns of similarity in the transmissible basis (genetic or otherwise) of social traits.
Mind the Body
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

Our own body seems to be the object that we know the best for we constantly receive a flow of internal information about it. Yet bodily awareness has attracted little attention in the literature, possibly because it seems reducible to William James’s description of a “feeling of the same old body always there” (1890, p. 242). But it is not true that our body always feels so familiar. In particular, puzzling neurological disorders and new bodily illusions raise a wide range of questions about the relationship between the body and the self. Although most of the time we experience our body as our own, it is possible to report feeling parts of our body as alien. It is also possible to experience extraneous objects, such as prosthetic hands, as our own. Hence, what makes us feel this particular body as our own? The fact that we feel sensations there? The fact that we can voluntarily move it? Or the fact that it needs protection for self-preservation? To answer these questions, we need a better understanding of the various aspects of bodily self-awareness, including the spatiality of bodily sensations, their multimodality, their role in social cognition, their relation to action, and to self-defence. Mind the Body thus provides a comprehensive treatment of bodily awareness and of the sense of bodily ownership, combining philosophical analysis with recent experimental results from cognitive science.
Collecting Architecture
Authors: Walker Matthew
Published: November 2017

In this chapter I explore the processes by which architects collected the material that was essential to their performance as intellectually driven designers of buildings. Central figures in this chapter are architects and agents whose collecting practices have been preserved in the historical record. They include Robert Hooke, Alexander Edward, William Talman, and his son John. I will examine the various media—printed, graphic, textual, and visual—that these figures used to obtain knowledge of the appropriate forms of architecture. I will also explore how they acquired this material. Finally I will argue that architects’ collections had a role to play that was more than just repositories of source material or indicators of their owners’ tastes. Instead, I will conclude that collections were seen as the material evidence of an architect’s education and justification of their status as an architectural practitioner.
The Theory of the Growth of the Firm
Authors: Penrose Jago
Published: November 2017

This chapter comprises a description of Edith’s influential book, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, how it came to be written, and its main arguments. It is often called revolutionary. She showed that the human resources required for the management of change are tied to the individual firm and so are internally scarce. As management tries to make the best use of the resources available, a ‘dynamic’ interacting process occurs which encourages growth but limits the rate of growth. The book was an important step towards modern, liberally minded management concepts, developing the resource-based and knowledge-based perspective, and ultimately including the theory of stakeholding, in which the interests of employees, customers, and the community count alongside those of shareholder owners.
The Law of Pillage, Conflict Resources, and Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Radics Olivia , Bruch Carl
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the role of the law of pillage in the emerging body of jus post bellum with respect to temporal considerations as to its application; its relationship to the law of occupation; the scope of actors to whom pillage applies; and the legal and practical implications of approaching pillage as an economic crime. The chapter discusses questions such as to what extent does the law of pillage continue to apply during the post-conflict period and to whom does it apply? Would it include unelected transitional government officials who might be found liable for making decisions on natural resource concessions? Does the law of pillage apply to occupying forces having de facto or de jure control over a country? How would it relate to immovable state property in occupation? The chapter discusses the viability of war crimes prosecutions for pillage as well as of alternative avenues of accountability.
Conflict, Cash, and Controversy
Authors: Easterday Jennifer , Ivanhoe Hana
Published: November 2017

Addressing environmental concerns in a post-conflict setting is a difficult undertaking; yet addressing these concerns, particularly their cyclical nature, is vital to ensuring that post-conflict countries develop sustainably. Fundamental human rights may also be implicated where there is systematic environmental degradation and those rights infringements in turn can threaten efforts at peace and stability. Given the inadequacy of existing post-conflict country domestic and international hard law governing environmental rights and protections, voluntary and soft law norms and the corporate social responsibility movement are critical to ensuring that multinational investment in post-conflict countries is in line with sustainable development principles and the long-term economic and environmental prosperity of those countries, and therefore should be included in a holistic jus post bellum framework. These norms provide a critical opportunity to harness the power of private corporations and investments to ensure sustainable development, resulting in a more durable transition to peace in post-conflict states.
‘After the War is Before the War’
Authors: Dienelt Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter draws the bow between preventive measures under IHL and their relevance in a post-conflict situation regarding environmental protection. The author analyses the training of forces, the marking of protected zones and the weapons review according to Article 36 of Additional Protocol I. Since IHL provisions and principles protecting the natural environment are of relevance for the training of forces and the weapons review, they are briefly summarized as well. But do these preventive measures also impact post-conflict situations? The author studies post-conflict assessments of the environment. These can result in an updating of military manuals and military curricular relating to the training of forces. A monitoring of the conduct of hostilities can also influence the weapons reviews (including weapons instructions), leading to updating them by using the lessons learned extracted from the war theatre. Protected zones can also be assessed post-conflict, resulting in the conclusion of peace agreements including demilitarized zones detached from Article 60 AP I. To restore justice after war, post-conflict assessments of the environment can thus be a useful tool. The legal bases for this assertion are assessed in this chapter.
Singularities at interfaces
Authors: Eggers J.
Published: November 2017

In this set of notes, we will pursue two different themes: pinch-off and making small things.
Microfluidic devices: a nice tool to study enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Bodiguel H. , Du L. , Cottin C. , Colin A.
Published: November 2017

This lectures deals with enhanced oil recovery. After recalling the basis of the oil recovery process, i will show that microfluidics is a nice tool to study the mechanisms of flows in porous media.
Defects on cylinders: superfluid helium films and bacterial cell walls
Authors: Nelson David R. , Amir Ariel
Published: November 2017

There is a deep analogy between the physics of crystalline solids and the behaviour of superfluids, dating back to the pioneering work of Phillip Anderson, Paul Martin, and others. The stiffness to shear deformations in a periodic crystal resembles the super-fluid density that controls the behaviour of supercurrents in neutral superfluids such as He4. Dislocations in solids have a close analogy with quantized vortices in superfluids. Remarkable recent experiments on the way rod-shaped bacteria elongate their cell walls have focused attention on the dynamics and interactions of point-like dislocation defects in partially-ordered cylindrical crystalline monolayers. In these lectures, we review the physics of superfluid helium films on cylinders and discuss how confinement in one direction affects vortex interactions with supercurrents. Although there are similarities with the way dislocations respond to strains on cylinders, important differences emerge due to the vector nature of the topological charges characterizing the dislocations.
The Distributive/Collective Ambiguity in Singular Group Action Sentences
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 4 shows that many singular group action sentences admit of a distributive/collective ambiguity and that singular group referring terms are often the antecedents of plural pronouns. This provides support for a straightforward extension of the account of the logical form of plural action sentences to singular group action sentences. It shows further that the ambiguity is not plausibly attributed to lexical ambiguity in either the noun phrase or verb phrase in singular group action sentences. Next, it shows that the reason that some singular group action sentences appear to have only a collective reading has to do with the verbs expressing essentially collective action types and not with the fact that their subject positions are occupied by singular group referring terms.
Declarations and Status Functions
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 12 evaluates, in the light of the analysis of status functions in previous chapters, a recent claim by Searle that all institutional facts, and so all status functions, are created by declarative speech acts. An example of a declaration is an employer saying “You’re fired” to an employee and thereby making it the case that he is fired. The chapter argues that while declarations are often used, given background conventions in a community, to impose status functions on objects, they are not necessary, and that more generally the idea that status functions are imposed by representing that object as having them is mistaken, in the light of the earlier analysis of collective acceptance as a matter of members of a community having appropriate we-intentions or conditional we-intentions directed at the relevant things.
Corporations
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 14 applies the account developed through Chapter 13 to corporate agency. First, it develops an account of the corporation as its shareholders acting through the corporate form. Second, it explains the significance of legal personality and its relation to the forms of speech we use to attribute corporate agency, which shows the surface forms of speech to be misleading. Third, it develops an account of the structure of corporate agency when ownership and control are separated in a two-tier management system consisting of an elected board of directors overseeing upper management. The conclusion is the board, management, and employees are proxy agents of the shareholders. Fourth, it considers the some forms of legal speech about corporations that raise specific puzzles. Fifth, it develops a deflationary account of the import of ordinary forms of speech about corporations and businesses that employ propositional attitude verbs.
Nation States
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 15 takes up some difficulties that arise in connection with nation states. The first is whether the account can accommodate ordinary talk about nation states. The chapter argues that many difficulties arise from ambiguities in how names for nation states are used. The second is the question whether all citizens are agents of what the nation state does when citizenship is typically conferred by a birthright. The chapter argues that only self-conscious citizens are properly thought of as contributing to what the state does. The fourth is whether non-representative governments can be accommodated in the picture. The chapter argues that they can if the citizens accept the form of government. The fifth is whether oppressive governments, which may even have a representative form, are counterexamples. The chapter argues that these are like a Potemkin village, and its citizens akin to POWs.
Computer Simulation of Liquids
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

This book provides a practical guide to molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation techniques used in the modelling of simple and complex liquids. Computer simulation is an essential tool in studying the chemistry and physics of condensed matter, complementing and reinforcing both experiment and theory. Simulations provide detailed information about structure and dynamics, essential to understand the many fluid systems that play a key role in our daily lives: polymers, gels, colloidal suspensions, liquid crystals, biological membranes, and glasses. The second edition of this pioneering book aims to explain how simulation programs work, how to use them, and how to interpret the results, with examples of the latest research in this rapidly evolving field. Accompanying programs in Fortran and Python provide practical, hands-on, illustrations of the ideas in the text.
Rare event simulation
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

The development of techniques to simulate infrequent events has been an area of rapid progress in recent years. In this chapter, we shall discuss some of the simulation techniques developed to study the dynamics of rare events. A basic summary of the statistical mechanics of barrier crossing is followed by a discussion of approaches based on the identification of reaction coordinates, and those which seek to avoid prior assumptions about the transition path. The demanding technique of transition path sampling is introduced and forward flux sampling and transition interface sampling are considered as rigorous but computationally efficient approaches.
Inhomogeneous fluids
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, the special techniques needed to simulate and calculate properties for inhomogeneous systems are presented. The estimation of surface properties, such as the interfacial tension, may be accomplished by a variety of methods, including the calculation of the stress tensor profiles, the change in the potential energy on scaling the surface area at constant volume, the observation of equilibrium capillary wave fluctuations, or direct free energy measurement by cleaving. The structure within the interface is also of interest, and ways of quantifying this are described. Practical issues such as system size, preparation of a two-phase system, and equilibration time, are discussed. Special application areas, such as liquid drops, fluid membranes, and liquid crystals, are described.
Truth and Trust in Fiction
Authors: Ichino Anna , Currie Greg
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines two pathways through which fictions may affect beliefs: by invading readers’ cognitive system via heuristics and other sub-rational devices, and by expressing authorial beliefs that readers take to be reliable. Focusing mostly on the latter pathway, the chapter distinguishes fiction as a mechanism for the transmission of uncontroversial factual information from fiction as a means of expressing distinctive perspectives on evaluative propositions. In both cases, the inferences on which readers rely are precarious, and especially so with evaluative cases where there is little hope of independent verification. Moreover, trust, which in other contexts can increase the reliability of beliefs transmitted from person to person, cannot be much depended on when it comes to belief transmission from author to reader.
The Novel as a Source for Self-Knowledge
Authors: O’Brien Lucy
Published: November 2017

We take ourselves to learn things from reading novels. Moreover, we do not just take ourselves to learn how to acquire empathy, or feel the right thing in the right way, we also take ourselves to acquire beliefs that are true, and well supported. This is puzzling because authors of novels have an almost unconstrained licence to make things up—their work is not constrained by the truth. This chapter argues that our capacity directly to read off truths from fiction, and the power of the novelist to testify to truths, is limited. It argues that there are, however, more indirect ways of coming to truths through fiction. Nevertheless, even in those cases, the author’s power to manipulate should make the epistemically virtuous person proceed carefully. The chapter concludes by showing that the author can, however, use that power to manipulate to provide the reader with lessons in such care.