bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of microstructure on fracture strength and conductivity of sintered NMC333
Authors: Huddleston William , Dynys Frederick , Sehirlioglu Alp
Published: October 2019

Sintering of LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 cathode material was investigated for potential application in all‐electric aerospace propulsion systems utilizing new architectural concepts. All‐solid‐state batteries, while inherently safe, may not reach the high energy density required for next generation propulsion systems. To meet this performance requirement, multifunctionality of sintered active material may achieve systems level weight savings through simultaneous load bearing and electrochemical energy storage performance. The effects of sintering conditions on structural stability, chemistry, densification, grain size, fracture strength and electrical conductivity were quantified for the active cathode material. X‐ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma results indicated the structure and stoichiometry were maintained across the range of processing conditions to facilitate intercalation. Densification was achieved by sintering at 1050°C in ambient atmosphere, but grain coarsening was observed for higher temperatures and longer hold times. Mechanical strength was improved with reduction in porosity, but excessive grain growth decreased strength, providing a maximum of 50 MPa for samples sintered at 1050°C for 10 hours. Electrical conductivity initially improved with densification, but significantly diminished as the microstructure coarsened. The optimal sintering condition of 1050°C maximized mechanical fracture strength and electrical conductivity, with shorter sintering times preferred.
Enhanced temperature stability in the O–T phase boundary of (K, Na)NbO3‐based ceramics
Authors: Wu Bo , Ma Jian , Gou Qian , Wu Wenjuan , Chen Min
Published: October 2019

In order to obtain excellent electrical properties and its temperature stability of KNN‐based ceramics to meet the practical applications, a new lead‐free material system of (1−x)K0.5Na0.5Nb0.96Sb0.04O3‐xBi0.5Na0.5Zr0.8Sn0.2O3 (KNNS‐xBNZS, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.060) was designed, and the enhanced electrical properties (eg, d33 ~ 465 pC/N, εr ~ 3318, Suni ~ 0.133%) is obtained in the ceramics with x = 0.04. The physical origin of enhanced electric properties should be ascribed to the phase instability of R‐T, resulting in a low‐energy barrier, which can greatly facilitate the polarization switching. Moreover, the temperature stable of piezoelectric constant (d33 or d33*) is measured by three distinctive methods in different phase boundaries (O, O‐T, R‐T) at the temperature range 20°C‐180°C, revealing that the O‐T phase boundary has a relatively good temperature stability. A mode is used to show how to effectively modified the piezoelectric constant (d33 or d33*) and its temperature stability, we believe that such a strategy may further improve the temperature stability of d33 or d33* value in KNN‐based ceramics.
Application of combined UV‐C light and ethanol treatment for the reduction of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus on Gwamegi (semidried Pacific saury)
Authors: Lee Eun‐Seon , Park Shin Young , Ha Sang‐Do
Published: October 2019

This study investigated the combined effects of different doses of UV‐C light at 260 nm (0–1,800 mWs/cm2) and ethanol (0–70%) on the reduction of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus in experimentally contaminated Gwamegi (semidried Pacific saury). After combined treatment of 4,800 mWs/cm2 of UV‐C and 70% ethanol, E. coli and B. cereus were reduced by 3.03 and 2.73 log CFU/g, respectively. However, quality losses of the product, including changes in pH, the thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances value, and color occurred after storage for 2 weeks at 5°C. The results suggested that a combination of 2,400 mWs/cm2 of UV‐C and 70% ethanol could potentially be used to inactivate E. coli and B. cereus in this dried fish product during storage for 7 days without any adverse changes in the qualities of the fillets.

Practical Applications

Since Gwamegi is traditionally air‐dried in the open, it could easily become contaminated by pathogens. Treatment with the combination of UV‐C (2,400 mWs/cm2) and ethanol (70%) is optimal to prevent microbial proliferation on the product during drying without causing organoleptic changes. Despite the cost, this hurdle technology can be applied in the small fishery industry.
Melatonin long‐lasting beneficial effects on pulmonary vascular reactivity and redox balance in chronic hypoxic ovine neonates
Authors: Gonzaléz‐Candia Alejandro , Candia Alejandro A. , Figueroa Esteban G. , Feixes Elisenda , Gonzalez‐Candia Cristopher , Aguilar Simón A. , Ebensperger Germán , Reyes Roberto V. , Llanos Aníbal J. , Herrera Emilio A.
Published: October 2019

Pulmonary arterial hypertension of the neonate (PAHN) is a pathophysiological condition characterized by maladaptive pulmonary vascular remodeling and abnormal contractile reactivity. This is a multifactorial syndrome with chronic hypoxia and oxidative stress as main etiological drivers, and with limited effectiveness in therapeutic approaches. Melatonin is a neurohormone with antioxidant and vasodilator properties at the pulmonary level. Therefore, this study aims to test whether a postnatal treatment with melatonin during the neonatal period improves in a long‐lasting manner the clinical condition of PAHN. Ten newborn lambs gestated and born at 3600 m were used in this study, five received vehicle and five received melatonin in daily doses of 1 mg kg−1 for the first 3 weeks of life. After 1 week of treatment completion, lung tissue and small pulmonary arteries (SPA) were collected for wire myography, molecular biology, and morphostructural analyses. Melatonin decreased pulmonary arterial pressure the first 4 days of treatment. At 1 month old, melatonin decreased the contractile response to the vasoconstrictors K+, TX2, and ET‐1. Further, melatonin increased the endothelium‐dependent and muscle‐dependent vasodilation of SPA. Finally, the treatment decreased pulmonary oxidative stress by inducing antioxidant enzymes and diminishing pro‐oxidant sources. In conclusion, melatonin improved vascular reactivity and oxidative stress at the pulmonary level in PAHN lambs gestated and born in chronic hypoxia.
Tracking Opioid Prescribing Metrics in Washington State (2012‐2017): Differences by County‐Level Urban‐Rural and Economic Distress Classifications
Authors: Sears Jeanne M. , Edmonds Amy T. , Fulton‐Kehoe Deborah
Published: October 2019

Purpose

High‐risk opioid prescribing is a critical driver of prescription opioid‐related morbidity and mortality. This study explored opioid prescribing patterns across urban‐rural and economic distress classifications. Secondarily, this study explored the urban‐rural distribution of relevant health services, economic factors, and population characteristics.

Methods

County‐level opioid prescribing metrics were based on quarterly Washington State Prescription Monitoring Program data (2012‐2017). Counties were classified using the 2013 National Center for Health Statistics Urban‐Rural Classification Scheme for Counties, and Washington State unemployment‐based distressed areas. County‐level measures from Area Health Resources Files were used to describe the urban‐rural continuum.

Findings

Persistent economic distress was associated with higher‐risk opioid prescribing. The large central metropolitan category had lower‐risk opioid prescribing metrics than the other 5 urban‐rural categories, which were similar to each other and not ordered by degree of rurality. High‐risk prescribing declined over time, without notable trend divergence by either urban‐rural or economic distress classifications.

Conclusions

The most striking urban‐rural differences in opioid prescribing metrics were between large central metropolitan and all other categories; thus, we recommend caution when collapsing urban‐rural categories for analysis. Further research is needed regarding geographic and economic patterning of opioid prescribing practices, as well as the dissemination of guidelines and best practices across the urban‐rural continuum. Finally, the multiple intertwined burdens faced by rural communities—higher‐risk prescribing practices, higher opioid morbidity and mortality rates, and fewer resources for primary care, mental health care, alternative pain treatment, and opioid use disorder treatment—must be addressed as an urgent public health priority.
Lymphatic‐to‐blood vessel transition in adult microvascular networks: A discovery made possible by a top‐down approach to biomimetic model development
Authors: Azimi Mohammad S. , Motherwell Jessica M. , Hodges Nicholas A. , Rittenhouse Garret R. , Majbour Dima , Porvasnik Stacey L. , Schmidt Christine E. , Murfee Walter L.
Published: October 2019

Objective

Emerging areas of vascular biology focus on lymphatic/blood vessel mispatterning and the regulation of endothelial cell identity. However, a fundamental question remains unanswered: Can lymphatic vessels become blood vessels in adult tissues? Leveraging a novel tissue culture model, the objective of this study was to track lymphatic endothelial cell fate over the time course of adult microvascular network remodeling.

Methods

Cultured adult Wistar rat mesenteric tissues were labeled with BSI‐lectin and time‐lapse images were captured over five days of serum‐stimulated remodeling. Additionally, rat mesenteric tissues on day 0 and day 3 and 5 post‐culture were labeled for PECAM + LYVE‐1 or PECAM + podoplanin.

Results

Cultured networks were characterized by increases in blood capillary sprouting, lymphatic sprouting, and the number of lymphatic/blood vessel connections. Comparison of images from the same network regions identified incorporation of lymphatic vessels into blood vessels. Mosaic lymphatic/blood vessels contained lymphatic marker positive and negative endothelial cells.

Conclusions

Our results reveal the ability for lymphatic vessels to transition into blood vessels in adult microvascular networks and discover a new paradigm for investigating lymphatic/blood endothelial cell dynamics during microvascular remodeling.
Gamma‐glutamyl–carboxylated Gas6 mediates positive role of vitamin K on lowering hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Dihingia Anjum , Ozah Dibyajyoti , Borah Thaneswar , Kalita Jatin , Manna Prasenjit
Published: October 2019

The role of gamma‐glutamyl–carboxylated growth arrest–specific 6 (cGas6) in mediating the beneficial effect of vitamin K (VK) on regulating glucose metabolism remains elusive. We took a three‐pronged approach—evaluating human type 2 diabetes (T2D), high‐fat diet (HFD)–fed mice, and in vitro cultured myotubes—to address this. Blood samples were collected from both T2D patients and control subjects; skeletal muscle and blood samples were collected from HFD–fed mice with or without VK supplementation (1, 3, and 5 µg/kg BW, 8 weeks); and the molecular mechanism of cGas6 was dissected using GGCX, Gas6, AXL, or IR siRNA–transfected cultured myotubes. Plasma cGas6 and VK were significantly lower in T2D patients compared with control; and cGas6 and the cGas6/Gas6 ratio were positively correlated with VK and inversely correlated with fasting glucose in T2D patients, suggesting an important role for plasma VK and cGas6 in maintaining glucose homeostasis in T2D. Animal studies revealed that VK supplementation dose‐dependently upregulated plasma cGas6; stimulated the protein expression of cGas6, PI3K, pAKT, and GLUT4 in skeletal muscle; and reduced hyperglycemia in HFD‐fed T2D mice. And in vitro mRNA knockdown studies demonstrated the requirement of cGas6 in mediating the positive effect of VK on glucose metabolism via stimulating the PI3K/pAKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway in high glucose–treated myotubes. These results demonstrate a significant involvement of cGas6 in mediating the beneficial effect of VK on regulating glucose homeostasis in T2D.
Von Wright and Wittgenstein on (the Varieties of) Goodness and Family Resemblance: A Constructive Rejoinder to Klagge (2018)
Authors: Jakola Lassi
Published: October 2019

James C. Klagge (2018) readings of G. H. von Wright's and Wittgenstein's views concerning goodness and family resemblance are criticised and new interpretations are provided: Pace Klagge, (i) von Wright's arguments against goodness as a family‐resemblance concept do not concern cases of goodness but the interrelations between the conceptual varieties of goodness; (ii) Wittgenstein did not endorse a ‘constitutivist account of goodness’ in his 1933 lectures; and (iii) Wittgenstein did not come close to Stevenson's emotivism in his Philosophical Investigations. Rather, Wittgenstein's later remarks on goodness may be read as ‘objects of comparison’ (PI §130), implying no strong theoretical commitments.
Effect of preconditioning to the soil environment on the performance of 20 cyanobacterial strains used as inoculum for biocrust restoration
Authors: Giraldo‐Silva Ana , Nelson Corey , Penfold Cory , Barger Nichole N. , Garcia‐Pichel Ferran
Published: October 2019

Biological soil crusts are complex communities of organisms that develop on the top layer of dryland soils where they enhance important ecosystem services, including soil fertility and protection from erosion. Regrettably, a range of human activities such as cattle grazing, off‐road driving, hiking, and global warming result in significant deterioration of biocrust cover and their associated services. This scenario has prompted efforts to develop effective biocrust restoration strategies, which often involve the production of biocrust inoculum, both in greenhouse and in laboratory settings. Sometimes this inoculum is preconditioned in a process of “hardening” at considerable expense and effort in order to improve its fitness under harsh field conditions. But the positive effects of such hardening procedures have yet to be rigorously demonstrated. Here, we compared the growth performance of 20 cultured strains of biocrust cyanobacteria in outdoor tests on native soils as a function of preconditioning regimes consisting of increasingly high exposure to solar radiation, temperature and illumination daily variability, and recurrent wet‐dry cycles. Preconditioning improved performance in 13 out of 20 strains, particularly among pioneer crust‐forming Microcoleus spp. (eight out of eight). Improvements were variable among heterocystous strains (three out of four Scytonema spp., two out of four Tolypothrix spp., and none out of four Nostoc spp.). Based on these results, we recommend the inclusion of preconditioning treatments to increase inoculum survival rate and speed of cyanobacterial biocrust recovery in restoration of dryland soils.
Using human values‐based approach to understand cross‐cultural commitment toward regulation and governance of cybersecurity†
Authors: Kharlamov Alexander , Pogrebna Ganna
Published: October 2019

This article develops a new framework linking cross‐cultural human values, regulation, and governance in the area of cybersecurity. Cyber space is currently transitioning from a laissez‐faire into a regulated area. Yet, there is a significant heterogeneity in terms of the strength of commitment in different states to regulation and governance of digital spaces. Therefore, it is important to explore why this heterogeneity exists. This article proposes that heterogeneity in the commitment to regulation and governance of cyber space between different nations stems from the fundamental cross‐cultural differences in human values between countries. Using an example of cybersecurity, we show how the cultural value orientations theory maps onto national commitments to regulate and govern cybersecurity issues. We construct a theoretical framework linking human values with cybersecurity regulation and confirm the existence of this link empirically using the data from the international Schwartz Value Survey and the Global Cybersecurity Index.
Head impact exposure in youth football—Are current interventions hitting the target?
Authors: Sandmo Stian Bahr , Andersen Thor Einar , Koerte Inga Katharina , Bahr Roald
Published: October 2019

Restrictions on heading in youth football have been implemented in some countries to limit head impact exposure. However, current interventions remain poorly guided by evidence. Our objective was to quantify heading exposure in youth football, assessing the effects of sex and age. Football matches played during an international youth football tournament with no heading restrictions were directly observed, including players from both sexes (11‐19 years). The elite senior level was included for comparison, using video analysis. All heading events were registered, classified, and assigned to individual players. Heading rates were calculated for each sex and age group. We observed a total of 267 matches, corresponding to 4011 player hours (1927 player hours for females, 2083 player hours for males). Males headed more frequently than females (2.7 vs 1.8 headers/player hour; P < .001). Heading rates increased with age (ANOVA, P < .001), approaching the elite senior level for players 16 years and older. There was substantial variation within teams for all age and sex groups, with the widest range (1‐18 headers) observed for girls aged 19. Girls younger than 12 years had the lowest exposure, with an average of <2 players per team heading the ball, each with 1‐2 headers. In conclusion, age and sex influence head impact exposure in youth football, and warrants careful consideration when introducing injury prevention measures. Males are more frequently exposed than females, heading rates increase with age, and there is substantial variation between players. Heading is a rare event in the youngest age groups, especially among females.
Quantum Langlands duality of representations of -algebras
Authors: Arakawa Tomoyuki , Frenkel Edward
Published: October 2019

We prove duality isomorphisms of certain representations of ${\mathcal{W}}$-algebras which play an essential role in the quantum geometric Langlands program and some related results.
Breath‐by‐breath oxygen uptake during running: Effects of different calculation algorithms
Authors: Koschate Jessica , Cettolo Valentina , Hoffmann Uwe , Francescato Maria Pia
Published: October 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Breath‐by‐breath gas exchange analysis during treadmill exercise can be disturbed by different breathing patterns depending on cadence, and the flow sensor might be subjected to variable mechanical stress. It is still unclear whether the outcomes of the gas exchange algorithms can be affected by running at different speeds.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Practically, the three investigated breath‐by‐breath algorithms (‘Wessel’, ‘expiration‐only’ and ‘independent breath’) provided similar average gas exchange values for steady‐state conditions. The ‘independent breath’ algorithm showed the lowest breath‐by‐breath fluctuations in the gas exchange data compared with the other investigated algorithms, both at steady state and during incremental exercise.

Recently, a new breath‐by‐breath gas exchange calculation algorithm (called ‘independent breath’) was proposed. In the present work, we aimed to compare the breath‐by‐breath O2 uptake () values assessed in healthy subjects undergoing a running protocol, as calculated applying the ‘independent breath’ algorithm or two other commonly used algorithms. The traces of respiratory flow, O2 and CO2 fractions, used by the calculation algorithms, were acquired at the mouth on 17 volunteers at rest, during running on a treadmill at 6.5 and 9.5 km h−1, and thereafter up to volitional fatigue. Within‐subject averages and standard deviations of breath‐by‐breath were calculated for steady‐state conditions; the data of the incremental phase were analysed by means of linear regression, and their root mean square was assumed to be an index of the breath‐by‐breath fluctuations. The average values obtained with the different algorithms were significantly different (P < 0.001); nevertheless, from a practical point of view the difference could be considered ‘small’ in all the investigated conditions (effect size <0.3). The standard deviations were significantly lower for the ‘independent breath’ algorithm (post hoc contrasts, P < 0.001), and the slopes of the relationships with the corresponding data yielded by the other algorithms were <0.70. The root mean squares of the linear regressions calculated for the incremental phase were also significantly lower for the ‘independent breath’ algorithm, and the slopes of the regression lines with the corresponding values obtained with the other algorithms were <0.84. In conclusion, the ‘independent breath’ algorithm yielded the least breath‐by‐breath O2 uptake fluctuation, both during steady‐state exercise and during incremental running.
Metabolic plasticity mediates differential responses to spring and autumn migrations: Evidence from gene expression patterns in migratory buntings
Authors: Sharma Aakansha , Kumar Vinod
Published: October 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What are the molecular underpinnings of seasonal metabolic plasticity during spring and autumn migrations in songbirds?

What is the main finding and its importance?

We report differences in mRNA levels of genes involved in the regulation of glucose and fat metabolism between photoinduced non‐migratory and migratory states and between the spring and autumn migratory states. Higher expression of genes associated with fat mobilization and energy generation in the spring than in the autumn migration suggests differential activation of the metabolic pathways or alteration in the efficiency of existing functional machinery during annual journeys between nearly fixed destinations.

The molecular underpinnings of metabolic plasticity underlying differential responses to spring and autumn migrations are not well understood. We investigated this by examining the differences in mRNA levels of metabolic genes in the liver, muscle and adipose tissues of night‐migratory red‐headed buntings between photostimulated non‐migratory and migratory states and between spring and autumn migratory states. Buntings accumulated more subcutaneous fat and hepatic lipid, had higher body mass, larger adipose cells and higher circulating triglyceride and free fatty acid levels and exhibited more intense Zugunruhe in the spring migratory state than in the autumn migratory state. More importantly, we found differences in the hepatic expression of pdc and pdk genes, indicating a differential acetyl‐CoA requirement, and of the mdh and ogdh genes, suggesting differential oxidative phosphorylation between the non‐migratory and migratory states and between the spring and autumn migratory states. Differences in fasn, bmal1 and glut1 mRNA levels were consistent with this and suggested seasonal differences in lipogenesis and/or glucose uptake. Likewise, differences in mRNA levels of genes coding for lipases (atgl and lpl) suggested that adipose triglycerides and free fatty acids serve largely as the metabolic substrate. Furthermore, changes in mRNA levels of genes coding for the fatty acid binding protein (fabp3) and fatty acid translocases (cd36) were consistent with differential fat fuel supply (via circulating free fatty acids) to aerobically exercising flight muscles between the spring and autumn migrations. These results show seasonal adaptation of genetic pathway(s) underlying seasonal metabolic plasticity that seems to mediate differential responses to spring and autumn migrations in latitudinal migratory songbirds.
Ecología política: aportes de la sociología y de la antropología
Authors: Straccia Patricio Hernán
Published: October 2019

El objetivo es analizar las contribuciones de la sociología y la antropología a la construcción del objeto de estudio de la ecología política en tanto campo de estudio en el que se discuten las relaciones de poder en torno a la naturaleza. Se realizó un análisis de las herramientas teóricometodológicas provenientes de estas dos disciplinas con el fin de destacar sus aportes a este espacio de pensamiento. Se sostiene que aquello definido como “natural” es construido en un campo de fuerzas necesariamente conflictivo, atravesado por desiguales relaciones de poder entre agentes sociales, en el que se dirimen formas contrapuestas de apropiación de la naturaleza, y se plantea que los análisis de las formas en que los grupos sociales se vinculan con sus lugares, preocupación central de la ecología política, deben operar a través de este supuesto para estudiar los conflictos en los procesos de apropiación de la naturaleza. Así, las herramientas teórico-metodológicas de la sociología y de la antropología permiten reconocer el carácter histórico y sociocultural de estos procesos y comprender los mecanismos a través de los cuales agentes subalternos denuncian la existencia de injusticias ambientales y proponen alternativas que cuestionan al modelo hegemónico.
Green Infrastructure in Rural Communities of Mexico
Authors: Silva Rodríguez de San Miguel Jorge Alejandro
Published: October 2019

Residents of Mexico’s communities face considerable health issues. The improvement of green infrastructure bolsters the efforts of rural communities in maintaining high standards of health, subsequently making rural communities as habitable as possible. This paper aims to critically assess the existing literature on this topic between 2000 and 2018 because most sources fell comfortably within this range and no other comparable systematic review, either selective or comprehensive in nature, has been conducted in this respect. The results of the review suggest that a greater focus on the development of green infrastructure in rural areas is required.
Sistemas regionales de innovación agroalimentarios de Colombia: un análisis factorial y de clúster para la industria
Authors: Arias Milena Esther , Alarcón Silverio
Published: October 2019

Los sistemas regionales de innovación potencian el crecimiento competitivo de los territorios. El análisis factorial de los sistemas regionales de innovación agroalimentarios de Colombia evidenció una relación directa entre la articulación empresarial y el capital relacional para la obtención de ventas correspondientes a innovaciones. Debido a la heterogeneidad y dispersión geográfica de los sistemas de innovación estudiados, no fue posible encontrar una única ruta de intervención para el sistema; sin embargo, los sistemas de innovación agroalimentarios localizados son una propuesta estratégica para la focalización de recursos productivos en materia de innovación.
El primer punto de cambio del gobierno cubano: III Congreso del Partido Comunista Cubano de 1986
Authors: Carrasco Muro Carlos David
Published: October 2019

Este trabajo se trata de un ensayo histórico sobre el III Congreso del Partido Comunista Cubano de 1986, sobre la base de un análisis del contexto internacional y los discursos pronunciados por Fidel y Raúl Castro en las plenarias de la reunión partidista. La justificación de este trabajo se basa en la necesidad de entender la naturaleza de los cambios políticos del gobierno cubano en los últimos años de la Guerra Fría, marcados por la precariedad económica y las transiciones geopolíticas en América Latina.
Nanoscale lift-off process using field emission scanning probe lithography
Authors: Hofmann Martin , Mecholdt Stephan , Mohr Markus , Holz Mathias , Dallorto Stefano , Manske Eberhard , Fecht Hans-Jörg , Rangelow Ivo W.
Published: October 2019

Nanoelectronics manufacturing requires an ongoing development of lithography and also encompasses some “unconventional” methods. In this context, the authors use field emission scanning probe lithography (FE-SPL) to generate nanoscaled electronic devices. For the generation of future novel quantum devices, such as single-electron transistors or plasmonic resonators, patterning of features in the sub-10 nm regime as well as a defined metallization is necessary. In terms of metallization, the authors take advantage of the well-known lift-off process for creating narrow gap junctions. Narrow gap electrodes have found wide approval in the formation of narrow gap junctions and can be employed for the investigation of the electrical properties of molecules. In the lift-off process presented here, two sacrificial layers (50 nm polymethylglutarimide and 10 nm calixarene) have been deposited and patterned by FE-SPL. Subsequently, the sample was treated with tetraethyl-ammonium hydroxide in order to ensure an undercut. Afterward, a layer of 10 nm thick Cr has been deposited on top and finally the sacrificial films have been removed, leaving behind only the chromium film deposited directly on the substrate. In this work, the authors will present the utilization of novel active cantilevers with diamond coated silicon tips for FE-SPL purposes in order to generate chromium metal features by lift-off for the generation of future quantum devices. In this context, they will present the integration of an ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) layer deposited on the tip of an active silicon cantilever. Electron emission and FE-SPL capabilities of UNCD coated silicon tips are evaluated. The authors demonstrate a reliable fabrication scheme of sub-15 nm coplanar narrow gap metal electrodes.
The Role of Self-Brand Connection on the Relationship Between Athlete Brand Image and Fan Outcomes
Authors: Kunkel Thilo , Biscaia Rui , Arai Akiko , Agyemang Kwame
Published: October 2019

This research explored the role of athlete on- and off-field brand image on consumer commitment toward the athlete and associated team, preference by the athlete’s sponsor, and the mediating effect of consumers’ self-brand connection on these relationships. Data were collected from fans of soccer players through a cross-sectional survey promoted on social media platforms. A partial least squares structural equation model examined the direct effects of both athlete brand dimensions on athlete commitment, team commitment, and athlete sponsor preference, and the indirect effects mediated via self-brand connection. The results indicate that an athlete’s on-field image is significantly related to athlete sponsor preference, while the off-field image influences athlete commitment and team commitment. Self-brand connection is influenced by athlete off-field image and mediates the relationship between off-field image and athlete commitment. This study contributes to a better understanding of how to manage athlete brands and linkages between fans, athletes, and associated entities.
Integrating Blended Learning Within Sport Event Management Curriculum
Authors: Lower-Hoppe Leeann M. , Wanless Liz A. , Aldridge Sarah M. , Jones Daniel W.
Published: October 2019

Experiential learning is a critical component of sport management education and industry preparation; however, the inclusion of time-intensive experiential projects can displace content learning. Blended learning integrates face-to-face and online instruction to enable the space to maximize multiple learning types. This article proposes an innovative experiential project that integrates blended learning—implemented in a sport event management course—with reflection and scholarship supporting the pedagogical strategies. The article concludes with implications to optimize blended learning (e.g., multimedia, pedagogical workshops, course evaluation), enhance communication (e.g., office hours, discussion forum, orientation video), and expand student learning outcomes (e.g., reading outlines, video lectures, student assessment).
High-efficiency single-photon generation via large-scale active time multiplexing
Authors: Kaneda F. , Kwiat P. G.
Published: October 2019

Time multiplexing with a low-loss adjustable optical delay line enables largely enhanced emissions of heralded single photons.
Ultralong cycle stability of aqueous zinc-ion batteries with zinc vanadium oxide cathodes
Authors: Wang Lulu , Huang Kuo-Wei , Chen Jitao , Zheng Junrong
Published: October 2019

Hierarchically porous zinc vanadium oxide cathodes contribute to high-rate and ultralong-life aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries.
Controlling three-dimensional optical fields via inverse Mie scattering
Authors: Zhan Alan , Gibson Ricky , Whitehead James , Smith Evan , Hendrickson Joshua R. , Majumdar Arka
Published: October 2019

We report a design method that can generate an array of wavelength-scale spheres to produce specified 3D optical field patterns.
Interference of clocks: A quantum twin paradox
Authors: Loriani Sina , Friedrich Alexander , Ufrecht Christian , Di Pumpo Fabio , Kleinert Stephan , Abend Sven , Gaaloul Naceur , Meiners Christian , Schubert Christian , Tell Dorothee , Wodey Étienne , Zych Magdalena , Ertmer Wolfgang , Roura Albert , Schlippert Dennis , Schleich Wolfgang P. , Rasel Ernst M. , Giese Enno
Published: October 2019

In a quantum version of the twin paradox, atom interferometers generate one clock, aging at different rates simultaneously.
Europe seeks broader support and impact for science projects
Authors: Rabesandratana Tania
Published: October 2019

The European Commission is asking the public to help design its new €94 billion research program.
DNA pushes back the microbiome frontier
Authors: Cohen Jon , Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: October 2019

New ways to culture microbes and decipher their chemistries make invisible world tangible.
Split decisions
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: October 2019

How Brexit has already taken a toll on five researchers.
Inception of memories that guide vocal learning in the songbird
Authors: Zhao Wenchan , Garcia-Oscos Francisco , Dinh Daniel , Roberts Todd F.
Published: October 2019

An imitation circuit

Animals, including humans, rely heavily on imitation and social learning, yet we know little about how this process operates in the brain. Zhao
et al.
used optogenetic manipulation of a synaptic pathway connecting auditory and vocal motor circuits to implant song memories sufficient to guide song learning into young zebra finches (see the Perspective by Clayton). Activation of this circuit overrode learning from live tutors. These experiments define circuits essential for social learning of songs from tutors and show that such memories can be localized.

Science
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; see also p.
33
The neural basis of combinatory syntax and semantics
Authors: Pylkkänen Liina
Published: October 2019

Human language allows us to create an infinitude of ideas from a finite set of basic building blocks. What is the neurobiology of this combinatory system? Research has begun to dissect the neural basis of natural language syntax and semantics by analyzing the basics of meaning composition, such as two-word phrases. This work has revealed a system of composition that involves rapidly peaking activity in the left anterior temporal lobe and later engagement of the medial prefrontal cortex. Both brain regions show evidence of shared processing between comprehension and production, as well as between spoken and signed language. Both appear to compute meaning, not syntactic structure. This Review discusses how language builds meaning and lays out directions for future neurobiological research on the combinatory system.
Unified prebiotically plausible synthesis of pyrimidine and purine RNA ribonucleotides
Authors: Becker Sidney , Feldmann Jonas , Wiedemann Stefan , Okamura Hidenori , Schneider Christina , Iwan Katharina , Crisp Antony , Rossa Martin , Amatov Tynchtyk , Carell Thomas
Published: October 2019

Conditions right for making nucleosides

In the absence of biological catalysts and metabolism, can atmospheric and geochemical processes provide the substrates and conditions required for production of biological molecules? Becker
et al.
devised an abiotic synthetic scheme that allows for accumulation of both purine and pyrimidine nucleoside mono- and diphosphates (see the Perspective by Hud and Fialho). A key starting material for this chemistry, hydroxylamine and/or hydroxylamine disulfonate, can form under plausible early atmospheric conditions. Cycles between wet and dry conditions provide the environments necessary to complete formation of purine and pyrimidine bases essentially in one pot.

Science
, this issue p.
76
; see also p.
32
Learning birdsong by imitation
Authors: Clayton David F.
Published: October 2019

Transforming sensory information into vocal imitation allows young finches to sing
The physicist and the dawn of the double helix
What Is Life?
Erwin Schrödinger
Cambridge University Press, 1944. 91 pp.
Authors: Sigmund Karl
Published: October 2019

Erwin Schrödinger's prescient musings on molecular biology turn 75
A circadian clock is essential for homeostasis of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in the gut
Authors: Teng Fei , Goc Jeremy , Zhou Lei , Chu Coco , Shah Manish A. , Eberl Gérard , Sonnenberg Gregory F.
Published: October 2019

Circadian regulation is important for intestinal homeostasis of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (see the related Focus by
Mortha
and Research Article by

Wang
et al.

.).
Observational, Prospective Single-Center Study of Antibiotic Prophylaxis with High-Dose Cefoxitin in Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Belveyre Thibaut , Guerci Philippe , Pape Elise , Thilly Nathalie , Hosseini Kossar , Brunaud Laurent , Gambier Nicolas , Meistelman Claude , Losser Marie-Reine , Birckener Julien , Scala-Bertola Julien , Novy Emmanuel
Published: October 2019

The optimal dose of cefoxitin for antibiotic prophylaxis in obese patients remains uncertain. We evaluated the adequacy of a 4-g dosing regimen of cefoxitin against the most common pathogens that infect patients undergoing bariatric surgery. This observational prospective study included obese patients who required bariatric surgery and a 4-g dose of cefoxitin as an antibiotic prophylaxis. Serum concentrations were measured during surgery (incision, wound closure, and in case of reinjection).
Global Comparison of the Bacterial Communities of Bilge Water, Boat Surfaces, and External Port Water
Authors: Schaerer Laura G. , Ghannam Ryan B. , Butler Timothy M. , Techtmann Stephen M.
Published: October 2019

Invasive species have been a worldwide problem for many years. However, the potential for microorganisms to become invasive is relatively underexplored. As the tools to study bacterial communities become more affordable, we are able to perform large-scale studies and examine bacterial communities in higher resolution than was previously practical. This study looked at the potential for bacteria to colonize both boat surfaces and bilge water. We describe the bacterial communities on boats in 20 shipping ports in five regions around the world, describing how these microorganisms were similar to microorganisms found in port water. This suggests that the water influences the bacterial community of a boat and that microorganisms living on a boat could be moved from place to place when the boat travels.
Multifunctional Roles of the N-Terminal Region of HIV-1
SF2
Nef Are Mediated by Three Independent Protein Interaction Sites
Authors: Ananth Swetha , Morath Katharina , Trautz Birthe , Tibroni Nadine , Shytaj Iart Luca , Obermaier Benedikt , Stolp Bettina , Lusic Marina , Fackler Oliver T.
Published: October 2019

HIV-1 Nef critically determines virus spread and disease progression in infected individuals by acting as a protein interaction adaptor via incompletely defined mechanisms and ligands. Residues 12 to 39 near the N terminus of Nef have been described as an interaction platform for the Nef-associated kinase complex (NAKC) and were recently identified as essential determinants for a broad range of Nef activities. Here, we report a systematic mapping of this amino acid stretch that revealed the presence of three independent interaction motifs with specific ligands and activities. While downmodulation of cell surface MHC-I depends on M20, two EP repeats are the minimal binding site for the NAKC, and residues 32 to 39 mediate antagonism of the host cell restriction factor SERINC5 as well as downmodulation of cell surface CD4. These results reveal that the N-terminal region of HIV-1
SF2
Nef is a versatile and multifunctional protein interaction module that exerts essential functions of the pathogenicity factor via independent mechanisms.
Validation of electronic visual acuity (EVA) measurement against standardised ETDRS charts in patients with visual field loss from inherited retinal degenerations
Authors: Jolly Jasleen K , Juenemann Kristin , Boagey Heather , Nadsady Marie , Bridge Holly , Maclaren Robert E
Published: October 2019

Background

With the increase in clinical trials testing therapy for retinal disease, there is a need to ensure that outcome measures are both accurate and standardised. The US Food and Drug Administration favours the use of visual acuity measured using ETDRS logMAR charts. The loss of visual field can interfere with visual tracking across the charts, leading to increased variability of measurements. Electronic visual acuity (EVA) presents the optotype on the centre of a screen, thereby removing the tracking element of the task, and may provide a more precise measurement.

Methods

Visual acuity was measured twice using ETDRS charts, EVA automated single letter (E-ETDRS) and EVA single line (EVA-SL) presentation (EMMES). Patients underwent microperimetry (MAIA; Centervue) to determine visual field. We tested 65 patients with rod-cone dystrophies and 41 healthy volunteers.

Results

Both participant groups read 2–3 letters more on average on the electronic charts compared with ETDRS. Limits of agreement using a modified Bland-Altman analysis account for replicates were wider in eyes with foveal defects (−9 to 18) compared with eyes without foveal defects (−11 to 15). Electronic charts in the presence of foveal defects reduced the range (−11 to 13).

Conclusion

EVA may provide more accurate measures of visual acuity than traditional ETDRS charts in patients when the visual field loss encroached on the central vision. Electronic presentation with a single line of letters was the favoured style reported by patients and should be considered in future interventional clinical trials.
Prognostic models for outcome prediction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and critical appraisal
Authors: Bellou Vanesa , Belbasis Lazaros , Konstantinidis Athanasios K , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Evangelou Evangelos
Published: October 2019

Objective

To map and assess prognostic models for outcome prediction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Design

Systematic review.

Data sources

PubMed until November 2018 and hand searched references from eligible articles.

Eligibility criteria for study selection

Studies developing, validating, or updating a prediction model in COPD patients and focusing on any potential clinical outcome.

Results

The systematic search yielded 228 eligible articles, describing the development of 408 prognostic models, the external validation of 38 models, and the validation of 20 prognostic models derived for diseases other than COPD. The 408 prognostic models were developed in three clinical settings: outpatients (n=239; 59%), patients admitted to hospital (n=155; 38%), and patients attending the emergency department (n=14; 3%). Among the 408 prognostic models, the most prevalent endpoints were mortality (n=209; 51%), risk for acute exacerbation of COPD (n=42; 10%), and risk for readmission after the index hospital admission (n=36; 9%). Overall, the most commonly used predictors were age (n=166; 41%), forced expiratory volume in one second (n=85; 21%), sex (n=74; 18%), body mass index (n=66; 16%), and smoking (n=65; 16%). Of the 408 prognostic models, 100 (25%) were internally validated and 91 (23%) examined the calibration of the developed model. For 286 (70%) models a model presentation was not available, and only 56 (14%) models were presented through the full equation. Model discrimination using the C statistic was available for 311 (76%) models. 38 models were externally validated, but in only 12 of these was the validation performed by a fully independent team. Only seven prognostic models with an overall low risk of bias according to PROBAST were identified. These models were ADO, B-AE-D, B-AE-D-C, extended ADO, updated ADO, updated BODE, and a model developed by Bertens et al. A meta-analysis of C statistics was performed for 12 prognostic models, and the summary estimates ranged from 0.611 to 0.769.

Conclusions

This study constitutes a detailed mapping and assessment of the prognostic models for outcome prediction in COPD patients. The findings indicate several methodological pitfalls in their development and a low rate of external validation. Future research should focus on the improvement of existing models through update and external validation, as well as the assessment of the safety, clinical effectiveness, and cost effectiveness of the application of these prognostic models in clinical practice through impact studies.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42017069247
Early life risk factors of motor, cognitive and language development: a pooled analysis of studies from low/middle-income countries
Authors: Sania Ayesha , Sudfeld Christopher R , Danaei Goodarz , Fink Günther , McCoy Dana C , Zhu Zhaozhong , Fawzi Mary C Smith , Akman Mehmet , Arifeen Shams E , Barros Aluisio J D , Bellinger David , Black Maureen M , Bogale Alemtsehay , Braun Joseph M , van den Broek Nynke , Carrara Verena , Duazo Paulita , Duggan Christopher , Fernald Lia C H , Gladstone Melissa , Hamadani Jena , Handal Alexis J , Harlow Siobán , Hidrobo Melissa , Kuzawa Chris , Kvestad Ingrid , Locks Lindsey , Manji Karim , Masanja Honorati , Matijasevich Alicia , McDonald Christine , McGready Rose , Rizvi Arjumand , Santos Darci , Santos Leticia , Save Dilsad , Shapiro Roger , Stoecker Barbara , Strand Tor A , Taneja Sunita , Tellez-Rojo Martha-Maria , Tofail Fahmida , Yousafzai Aisha K , Ezzati Majid , Fawzi Wafaie
Published: October 2019

Objective

To determine the magnitude of relationships of early life factors with child development in low/middle-income countries (LMICs).

Design

Meta-analyses of standardised mean differences (SMDs) estimated from published and unpublished data.

Data sources

We searched Medline, bibliographies of key articles and reviews, and grey literature to identify studies from LMICs that collected data on early life exposures and child development. The most recent search was done on 4 November 2014. We then invited the first authors of the publications and investigators of unpublished studies to participate in the study.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

Studies that assessed at least one domain of child development in at least 100 children under 7 years of age and collected at least one early life factor of interest were included in the study.

Analyses

Linear regression models were used to assess SMDs in child development by parental and child factors within each study. We then produced pooled estimates across studies using random effects meta-analyses.

Results

We retrieved data from 21 studies including 20 882 children across 13 LMICs, to assess the associations of exposure to 14 major risk factors with child development. Children of mothers with secondary schooling had 0.14 SD (95% CI 0.05 to 0.25) higher cognitive scores compared with children whose mothers had primary education. Preterm birth was associated with 0.14 SD (–0.24 to –0.05) and 0.23 SD (–0.42 to –0.03) reductions in cognitive and motor scores, respectively. Maternal short stature, anaemia in infancy and lack of access to clean water and sanitation had significant negative associations with cognitive and motor development with effects ranging from −0.18 to −0.10 SDs.

Conclusions

Differential parental, environmental and nutritional factors contribute to disparities in child development across LMICs. Targeting these factors from prepregnancy through childhood may improve health and development of children.