bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statelessness through the Prism of International Refugee Law
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the context and relevance of the book; its scope, its methods, and outline. It articulates the challenges faced by the international community as a result of the separation of the international regime for the protection of refugees and stateless persons respectively into two distinct instruments. It explains that the book focuses on the potential of stateless persons who are outside their country of former habitual residence to obtain protection as refugees in international law. Hence, it is primarily concerned with stateless persons on the move between states, or stateless persons who have already moved (and not with the stateless in situ), because it is members of this group who require recognition of their status in order to establish themselves in a new country following a decision to flee.
Five Modes of Scepticism
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan
Published: May 2019

This book offers an account of the functioning of the five Agrippan modes of scepticism as presented in the works of Sextus Empiricus. These five modes (of disagreement, hypothesis, infinite regression, reciprocity, and relativity) are analysed, individually, in the book’s first five chapters, and, collectively, in its sixth. Two perspectives on these modes are distinguished from one another—a dogmatic perspective which considers how a dogmatic philosopher might come to suspend judgement on the basis of these modes and a sceptical perspective which considers how a sceptic might come to do so. It is argued that the standard way in which these modes have been understood has been from a dogmatic perspective. The book opens up an alternative sceptical perspective on the modes according to which mode of disagreement (or one version of it) is equivalent to the sceptic’s method of equipollence, and the modes of hypothesis, infinite regression, and reciprocity are different instances of that method (with the mode of hypothesis being a limiting case of the method). It is also argued that the mode of relativity is inconsistent with the mode of disagreement and should be discarded when considering how the modes work together in a combined sceptical strategy. The final chapter offers an account of four different ways in which the modes might be combined together and concludes that each of these ways turns on a number of theoretical assumptions which the sceptic is not in a position to make.
Introduction
Authors: Beardsworth Richard , Brown Garrett Wallace , Shapcott Richard
Published: May 2019

The twenty-first century saw the emergence of a new doctrine of state and international responsibility in the form of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). This doctrine transforms, in principle, the moral and political vocabulary of international politics from one of traditional definitions of state and human rights to a broadened normative understanding of domestic and global responsibilities. The doctrine stipulates that states individually and collectively have responsibilities to protect their citizens and those of other states from mass atrocity crimes. In using this language the international community has formalized the idea that states, in addition to their rights, have responsibilities that are essentially cosmopolitan in that they are owed to people everywhere....
R2P and the Emergence of Responsibilities Across Borders
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. , Tacheva Blagovesta
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the nature of the international responsibilities entailed by the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) principle and explores to what extent these responsibilities are recognized in contemporary international society. This chapter explores the nature of the ‘responsibility’ entailed by R2P, focusing on its quality (what sort of a responsibility is it?), scope (a responsibility for/to do what?) and agency (whose responsibility is it?)—questions that have been contested by scholars and states alike. Illuminating how these three elements speak to and reflect key aspects of cosmopolitan thought, this chapter outlines what a more cosmopolitan position on R2P would look like and how it adds normative sharpness to the debate surrounding the principle. The second part of the chapter asks to what extent states and other actors recognize these responsibilities in practice and behave as if there were protection responsibilities across borders. There are clear signs of an emerging recognition within international society of a shared responsibility to protect populations from atrocity crimes. Although agreement in principle does not translate neatly into agreement on how to act in specific situations, the experience of R2P does suggest the possibility of nascent and developing cosmopolitan responsibilities emerging from within the society of states.
Exporting Harmful People
Authors: Curley Melissa
Published: May 2019

Many states commit to uphold human rights either through domestic legislation and/or through international treaties. In doing so they may adopt forms of cosmopolitan extraterritoriality whereby they can extend the criminal liability of their own citizens and corporations, for their actions abroad. Utilizing Linklater’s work on conceptualizing and classification of harm, the chapter analyses the domestic motivations for the implementation of Australia’s extraterritorial child sex tourism (CST) laws in 1994, and explores the actual implementation of laws via a review of selected prosecutions from 1995 to 2014, as well as international cooperation efforts that have evolved over time. The account presented here is not that the Australian state is a unitary cosmopolitan actor. Rather, it argues that under certain circumstances, the state is willing to partner with non-governmental organizations and responsive citizens (domestic and international) to be a vehicle for realizing cosmopolitan values in some policy realms/areas of interest. The chapter provides a theoretically informed empirical account of why extraterritorial law was enacted, which agents supported it and why, and how it has been mobilized over time by a ‘disaggregated’ Australian state.
Political Community and Cosmopolitan Responsibility
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates the social and political forces that have encouraged critical deliberations on the state’s immanent cosmopolitan possibilities over approximately the last three decades. It shows how expanding webs of human interdependence have confronted modern peoples with the problem of whether they can undergo the transition from national to post-national perspectives as part of their attunement to the realities of rapid, largely unplanned, and unpredictable global change which have created new opportunities for harming distant strangers. The inquiry considers the challenges in constructing compelling public philosophies (not least in the context of national-populist revolts) that can harmonize traditional state obligations to citizens with demanding responsibilities to other peoples, which are firmly embedded in cosmopolitan law.
Motivating Cosmopolitanism and the Responsibility for the Health of Others
Authors: Brown Garrett Wallace , Jarvis Samuel
Published: May 2019

Cosmopolitanism has often been criticized for being unable to overcome a ‘motivational problem’ of moving moral theory to political practice. This chapter responds to this criticism by exploring a state-based and more politically motivated form of cosmopolitanism. In doing so this chapter re-examines whether a cosmopolitan condition must necessarily derive its normativity from an explicit cosmopolitan moral foundation of ‘humanity’ alone, further arguing that it is possible to locate three conditions available to advance a motivation-based ‘transitional cosmopolitanism’ that sits between state self-interest and a movement towards a cosmopolitan condition. In order to better connect theory to practice, the chapter examines recent normative and institutional shifts in global health policy and the growing recognition by powerful states that national health security and the health of those beyond borders are intimately linked and co-constituted.
Foreign Policy and Domination
Authors: Buckinx Barbara
Published: May 2019

Foreign policy, even when well-intentioned, operates beyond the control of the individuals whose lives it affects, and this makes it suspect from a republican-cosmopolitan standpoint. When a republican state aspires to avoid dominating others, may it still formulate its own foreign policy? This chapter suggests that there are two ways forward for preserving space for independent foreign policy. The first proposal parses categories of foreign policy initiatives according to their dominating effects in order to (cautiously) permit some and prohibit others. The second proposal conceives of a ‘licensing regime’ to signal which states have reliably displayed a robust commitment to non-domination in their dealings with others, and thus which states may be granted more leeway in formulating independent foreign policy than others.
Republican Citizens and Political Responsibility in a Globalizing World
Authors: Slaughter Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter develops a republican perspective on the possibility and potential of developing stronger forms of global political responsibility by focusing upon the role of citizens and the function of the state. This republican perspective argues that responsiveness is a crucial element of political responsibility and contends that republicanism’s focus upon the activity and dispositions of citizens as political actors, which can animate political responsiveness in both national and global governance, can position the state as being an agent for promoting liberty at home and abroad. However, it argues that republicanism needs to adapt to the contemporary political context and consequently further develops a position termed ‘critical republicanism’ by Cécile Laborde, which draws from critical theory’s interest in social change to develop an account of republican responsibility and responsiveness adapted to globalization.
Meaning Diminished
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2019

This book examines the dialectical role of semantic analysis within metaphysical inquiry. It argues that semantic analysis ought to be modest in its metaphysical pretensions in the sense that linguistic and conceptual analysis should not be expected to yield deep insight into either what exists or the nature of what exists. The argument turns on distinctions among narrowly linguistic semantics in the generative tradition and two varieties of broadly philosophical semantics which correspond to broad approaches to semantically infused metaphysical inquiry. In particular it distinguishes ideational semantics and metaphysical inquiry via the way of ideas, on the one hand, from referential semantics and metaphysical inquiry via the way of reference, on the other. It is argued that foundational assumptions of the generative framework are insufficient on their own to support the drawing of metaphysically immodest conclusions from the narrowly semantic premises. But it is shown that if we are determined to bridge the gap between narrowly semantic premise and metaphysical conclusion, we must augment our semantics with additional metasemantic premises. Such additional premises may come either from ideationalist or referentialist metasemantics. A number of arguments for preferring referential metasemantics over ideational metasemantics are offered. It is argued pursuing referentialist metasemantics as opposed to ideationalist metasemantics yields a semantics that is metaphysically modest. Finally it is argued that metaphysically modest should regarded as a feature rather than a bug of a semantic theory, one that serves to bring semantics into closer alignment with the special sciences generally.
A Model Minority? The Dissenting Press and Political Broadcasting in the Georgian Revolution
Authors: Caudle James J.
Published: May 2019

In 1660–88, Protestant Dissenters had been stigmatized as naturally rebellious and regicidal. However, from 1689–1716, they reshaped their image and became something of a ‘model minority’ in terms of their producing a number of loyalist political sermons in favour of George I far out of proportion to their actual percentage of the Christian population of England. How did they attempt to effect a change in public attitudes towards them, altering their reputation from radical fringe element to model minority? This essay uses James J. Caudle’s database/bibliography of the political sermons of 1714–17 in order to analyse patterns in the geography of Dissenter communities and publishing houses.
Changes in Dissenting Perceptions of the Hanoverian Succession, 1714 to c.1765
Authors: Ditchfield G. M.
Published: May 2019

The theme of this chapter is the enhancement of the legal, social, and political fortunes of English Dissent between the accession of George I in 1714 and the death of the Duke of Cumberland, the last of George II’s sons, in 1765. Dissenters had cause to fear that the House of Hanover might be overthrown by a Jacobite rebellion, and even after that possibility was effectually removed in 1746, they had not reinforced the security of their religious toleration by the achievement of civil equality. While grateful for the benefits conferred upon them by the Protestant succession, by the 1760s some Dissenters expressed dissatisfaction with the existing order and contemplated measures by which it could be reformed to accommodate their aspirations.
The Huguenots and the Hanoverian Succession
Authors: Glozier Matthew
Published: May 2019

The 1697 Peace of Rijswijk dashed Huguenot hopes of a return to their homeland. The refugees of the diaspora found permanent places of refuge in England, the Netherlands, and Hanover, becoming a Protestant International. In Hanover the elites military refugees exerted considerable influence over the Elector, Georg Ludwig (future King George I), and Huguenot religious and military personnel played a neglected part in the narrative of succession. Among the Huguenot names that dominate the narrative are those of Henri Massue de Ruvigny (better known as the Earl of Galway) and Jean de Robéthon; the first was a universally respected soldier, the latter a controversial diplomat and politician.
Song and dance man
Authors: Naas Michael
Published: May 2019

In the Laws, Plato’s Athenian argues that the human is the only animal endowed with nous and, as a result, the only one capable of perceiving order and participating in law-governed activity. The human is therefore not just the sole animal capable of reasoning but also—and this is a more surprising conclusion—the only one capable of singing and dancing. In this paper, Naas demonstrates, first, that despite its seemingly ironic cast, this claim is utterly serious, and that, second, it is perfectly in keeping with what Plato argues in other dialogues about the relationship between the human and the animal. Naas concludes that it is only by following this extreme, even hyperbolic, extension of the human within the Platonic dialogues that we will ever be able to isolate and identify a genuinely pre- or posthuman antiquity within the dialogues.
Shared life as chorality in Schiller, Hölderlin, and Hellenistic poetry
Authors: Payne Mark
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines a trajectory of German thought from Schiller to Hölderlin and Heidegger that sees a choral relationship with the natural world instituted by natural entities themselves as the distinctive foundation of classical Greek sociality. Hölderlin, in Hyperion, calls the discovery of the constitutive role of Nature in classical Greek culture “gleaning,” by which he means the recovery of a salvific remainder ungarnered in the original constellation of experience, and, in a series of close readings, Payne shows that the recovery of this remainder is already constitutive of the form of attention that the Hellenistic poets direct towards the Greek past.
Apples and poplars, nuts and bulls
Authors: Sissa Giulia
Published: May 2019

This chapter attends to Pythagoras’ great speech in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, and its eccentric poetic metaphysics. Sissa shows how, for Ovid, the change that forms and permeates the cosmos follows a certain logic and operates as a very particular kind of becoming, one that produces stabilities that endure for a time and then flow away. Out of this form of becoming emerges not only a taxonomy of human, non-human animals, and plants, but also an ethics of eating. Whereas any non-human animal may derive from a human being, comestible plants are metamorphosis-free. This ethics is born not out of respect for non-human life but out of the fear of anthropophagy, and in this, the poem remains an anthropocentric text. But, as Sissa demonstrates, its metamorphic fluidity undermines any sense of human exceptionalism, and thus presents us with the paradoxical formation of an anthropocentrism that is also posthuman.
On Stoic sympathy
Authors: Holmes Brooke
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses the Stoic concept of cosmic sympathy. The Stoics contribute to the conceptualization of a web of interconnected natures in antiquity by making sympathy visible as a feature of the world, encompassing both humans and non-humans. Holmes argues that the Stoic conceptualization of sympathy offers an experiment in thinking through the contradictions of cosmic organicism or “cosmobiology” insofar as it affirms both the integrity of individual natures and the rigorous unity of the cosmos as a whole, to which its parts are subordinated. By taking cosmobiology to an extreme, the Stoics have to deal with how to affirm the integrity of individual natures within a cosmos organized by Nature as a totally determined life, to which each part must be subordinated. Revisiting Deleuze’s reading of the Stoics in the Logic of Sense, she argues that sympathy is not only the expression of a totalized Nature but must also be seen as the surface effect par excellence in the Stoic cosmos, namely, the paradoxical reality of god’s becoming.
Immanent maternal
Authors: Hill Rebecca
Published: May 2019

Hill’s chapter takes up Aristotle’s claim that time is always other and other (aei allo kai allo) and the same (hama pas chronos ho autos) as a figuring of time that exceeds his definition of time as the measurement of motion. Hill reads Aristotle’s claim that time is always other and other and the same in relation to Henri Bergson’s theory of duration as heterogeneous and continuous change. Bergson conceives of the Whole Universe in terms of virtual fluxes of duration. The final section of this chapter refigures the Bergsonian virtual Whole with reference to Luce Irigaray’s essay “Volume without Contour” from Speculum of the Other Woman. Hill proposes, strategically, a figuration of the maternal as immanent time in which there is no more self and disavowed other, and no more inside and outside, but only virtual rhythms of the immanent maternal, always other and other.
Innovations
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

This chapter comes to grips with the nature of innovation and systems of innovation. It identifies ten specific activities that define systems of innovation. The ten activities are specific elements directly related to the performance of innovation, that collectively shape the way in which innovation takes place in an innovation system. We call this a ‘systems activities approach’, and it is a broad version of the systems of innovation approach. These activities are partly performed by private organizations and partly by public organizations. The theoretical basis for innovation policy proposed in this book is built from the identification of the concrete problems (failures, bottlenecks, weaknesses, etc.) that afflict innovations and their determinants in systems of innovation, including those problems that might be the unintended consequences of policy itself.
Knowledge Production and R&D
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

Who produces scientific and technical knowledge these days? What type of knowledge is being produced, and for what purposes? This chapter studies the role of public policy in knowledge production (especially R&D activities) relevant for the innovation process from a perspective of innovation systems. It identifies four typical policy-related obstacles and barriers related to knowledge production in an innovation system. Next, it elaborates a set of overall criteria for the selection and design of relevant policy instruments addressing those unbalances. Most importantly, the chapter argues that in most countries innovation policy continues to be subsumed under research policy. An holistic and problem-oriented innovation policy requires that innovation policy and research policy are separated from each other in the design phase—but it must be ensured that they support each other when implemented (in the same way as many other policy areas have to be coordinated with each other).
Functional Procurement as Demand-Side Innovation Policy
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

Public procurement occurs when public agencies purchase products (goods, services, and systems). The rationale, purpose, and starting point of public procurement should always be to solve societal problems, to satisfy human needs, or to meet global challenges, such as environmental and health problems. This chapter discusses how public procurement can influence the direction and speed of innovation processes, as an instrument of innovation policy operating from the demand side. The chapter focuses on four specific kinds of procurement, namely (1) direct innovation procurement, (2) catalytic innovation procurement, (3) functional regular procurement, and (4) pre-commercial procurement. A conclusion is that functional specification is needed for all four of these different kinds of procurement. Questions addressed are: how can we achieve an increase in the use of innovation-enhancing procurement? What types of procurement initiatives have the potential to influence innovations most? And how can these be designed and implemented?
The Choice of Innovation Policy Instruments
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the different types of instruments of innovation policy, to examine how governments and public agencies in different countries and different times have used these instruments differently, to explore the political nature of instrument choice and design (and associated issues), and to elaborate a set of criteria for the selection and design of the instruments in relation to the formulation of holistic innovation policy. The chapter argues that innovation policy instruments must be designed and combined into mixes that address the problems of the innovation system. These mixes are often called ‘policy mixes’, though we prefer the term ‘instrument mix’. The wide combination of instruments into such mixes is what makes innovation policy ‘holistic’.
Building the Theoretical Foundations for an Holistic Innovation Policy
Authors: Borrás Susana , Edquist Charles
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of the main arguments and conclusions in the book, and to highlight its main contributions. Taking the point of departure from the book’s analytical framework, and taking stock of the detailed considerations in its different chapters, this chapter looks into a series of issues related to the design of holistic innovation policy. With this purpose in mind, the chapter summarizes the theoretical foundations of an holistic innovation policy, how policy problems, obstacles, and barriers in innovation systems can be identified, and how policy instruments can be selected. The chapter finishes with a discussion of further avenues for innovation policy and innovation research. This summary chapter can be read independently of the rest of the book.
Rule and Order
Authors: Heller Hermann
Published: May 2019

The sociological problem of sovereignty, and thus the fundamental sociological problem of public law, is the relationship between rule and order. No one has yet denied that the problem of rule belongs in sociology; and no public law scholar, despite lawyers’ aversion to sociological questions, has been able to skirt the concept of rule. More controversial is the possibility of dealing with the concept of social order ontologically, and the legal fruitfulness of such an interpretation. This chapter shows that a public law theory could not manage without establishing independently the causal structure of its subject, the legal order. The problem of sovereignty is so muddled not least because jurisprudence has become entangled in the net of its terms, with no regard for causation.
The Sovereignty of the State and the Problem of International Law
Authors: Heller Hermann
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that any study of international law that does not take the existence of a plurality of sovereign units of will as its starting point is doomed to fail from the start. International law exists only as long as there are at least two universal and effective territorial decision-making units. The sovereign state is a necessary part of juristic thought but international law is not. The “world state” and the state that isolates itself behind a Chinese wall would exist as sovereign decision-making units even without international law; international law without sovereign states, however, is a conceptual impossibility. The chapter shows that the sovereignty of the state is not an obstacle to international law, but an essential requirement for it.
Political and Ethical Evaluation of Sovereignty
Authors: Heller Hermann
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that every juristic theory and construct of state law phenomena is a political value judgment and remains rooted in political contradictions. A jurist can only achieve true objectivity if he is aware of his own value judgments, but never if he leads himself and others to believe that his research is completely without presuppositions. The confusion between demo-liberalism and democracy also forms a rich source of internally contradictory evaluations of sovereignty. If the struggle against sovereignty, which is logical in liberalism, is an expression of the immanent utopia that the idea as such wishes to achieve, then state-theoretical nationalism is characterized by the fact that it raises the reality of the contemporary nation state and its sovereignty to the level of an idea.
Prominent possessor indexing in Gurindji
Authors: Bond Oliver , Meakins Felicity , Nordlinger Rachel
Published: May 2019

In Gurindji (Ngumpin-Yapa; Australia) bound forms that index the morphosyntactic features of predicate arguments can also index possessors. In prominent alienable possession constructions, internal possessors that are structural dependents of their possessive phrase are indexed for person and number when sufficiently discourse-prominent (e.g. when contrastively focussed), but otherwise do not trigger agreement. In contrast, possessors in inalienable possession constructions are always indexed by agreement clitics. This chapter proposes that examples of this type are not only semantically different from constructions with phrase-internal alienable possessors, but are also structurally different. While Gurindji presents us with genuine examples of prominent internal possessors, inalienable possessors in Gurindji are neither internal nor external possession in a syntactic sense, but rather are best seen as a third type of possession characterized by apposition.
Conditions on prominent internal possessors in Turkish
Authors: Göksel Asli , Öztürk Balkiz
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates the syntactic properties of the prominent possessor constructions in Turkish. Possessors of possessive phrases become prominent only in a set of well-defined constructions, namely, from within an adverbial clause, typically containing a body part idiom. These idioms have the structure NP-POSS V, where N is a noun of inalienable possession, V is an unaccusative verb, and the idiom itself is paraphraseable as a psych-verb. The chapter analyses the syntactic structure of these idioms and proposes that the subject position in the adverbial clause is occupied by PRO. PRO is in the c-command domain of the matrix subject and is the locus of the experiencer of the unaccusative verb. The possessor is coindexed with this experiencer via its morphosyntactic features.
Prominent internal possessors in Bashkir
Authors: Say Sergey
Published: May 2019

Bashkir (Turkic) definite possessors are invariably coded by genitives. Bashkir quasi-coordinate constructions in which the non-finite clause is headed by the converb in -p normally require coreferential subjects, but are sometimes acceptable if there is coreference between a genitival possessor in either clause and the subject in the other clause. Typically, these prominent possessors are animate, topical, and affected by the event, the possessive relations are inalienable, and the respective possessed nominals are inanimate. However, none of these absolute requirements is obligatory; the possessor’s ability to control coreference is determined relatively: it must occupy the leftmost position in the clause and be more salient than other available noun phrases. The ability of genitival nominals in Bashkir to function as prominent possessors is related to their other exceptional properties: Bashkir genitives are used in many contexts where other languages switch to clause-level possessors.
Proximate possessors
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina , Bárány András
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes possessive constructions in Tundra Nenets (Uralic) with a particular focus on the behavioural and functional properties of lexical possessors. While pronominal possessors always trigger agreement on the possessed noun, lexical possessors only do so in specific circumstances. Agreeing lexical possessors are referred to as prominent internal possessors (PIPs). The distribution of PIPs is restricted by other third person nominals in the clause. This is explained in terms of obviation: PIPs are inherently proximate and therefore are incompatible with other proximate elements. The chapter further shows that—in contrast to other lexical possessors—PIPs can control subjects of converbial clauses, and argues that it is their phrase-peripheral adjunct-like position that makes them accessible to the phrase-external syntax.
Red Britain
Authors: Taunton Matthew
Published: May 2019

Red Britain provocatively situates the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 as the most definitive pretext for the cultural and political debates of the British mid-century. Drawing on new archival research and historical scholarship to investigate British responses to Soviet politics and culture, Taunton describes their conceptual, discursive, and formal reverberations in British literature and culture. The book provides new insight into writers including Arthur Koestler, Doris Lessing, George Orwell, Dorothy Richardson, H. G Wells, and Raymond Williams, as well as a diverse cast of lesser-known writers, intellectuals, journalists, and visitors to the Soviet Union. As Taunton shows, the cultural resonances of the Russian Revolution are more far-reaching and various than has been acknowledged. Each of the five chapters of Red Britain takes as its subject one particular problem or debate, and explores the ways in which it was politicized as a result of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent development of the Soviet state. The chapters focus on the idea of the future; numbers and arithmetic; law and justice; debates around agriculture and landowning; and finally orality, literacy, and religion. In all of these spheres, Red Britain explores how political ideas formed in the Bolshevik revolution—futurist, utilitarian, literate, urban, statist, and economistic—clashed with and sometimes redirected, and were sometimes overwritten by, the medievalist, romantic, oral, pastoral, anarchic, and ethical emphases of English socialism.
Two and Two Make Five
Authors: Taunton Matthew
Published: May 2019

The Bolshevik Revolution induced British writers to rethink the politics of number, and this chapter considers the significance of the marked preponderance of numbers, equations, and arithmetic in discussions of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet State. It explores the obsessive use of statistics by the Soviet Union and its British defenders, as a utilitarian form of socialism came to dominate left-wing discussions of politics. The chapter theorizes a ‘Romantic anti-Communism’ that opposed itself to such calculations, and often to the principle of quantitative equality. The chapter also explores—partly via the equation ‘two and two make five’ (featured Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, but also in other texts that mediate the relationship between Russian and British socialism)—how the seemingly timeless propositions of mathematics were up for grabs in the debates around Marxist science and dialectical materialism. Writers covered include Orwell, Arthur Koestler, and Bertrand Russell.
Conclusion
Authors: Taunton Matthew
Published: May 2019

The conclusion assesses the contribution of Red Britain to the study of twentieth-century literature and politics. It touches on questions of periodization, assessing the usefulness of terms such as ‘late modernism’, the ‘long 1930s’, and ‘mid-century’ in light of the book’s arguments. In particular, it is argued here that Red Britain resists a still dominant narrative of the ‘Red Decade’, which sees the politicized writing of the Auden gang as a temporary and embarrassing blip, in which the energies released by the Russian Revolution could be cordoned off and dismissed as the youthful enthusiasm of a few upper-middle-class, Oxbridge poets. The cultural effects of the Russian Revolution run deeper and wider, as the preceding chapters have shown. The conclusion then reflects on some methodological questions, arguing that Red Britain represents a decisive move away from a Marxist aetiology of culture, while also acknowledging a debt to the New Left, and to Raymond Williams in particular.
Introduction
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

The chapter has three parts. The first part is an introduction to the Mainland Scandinavian languages, with a brief sketch of their history, their relationship to the other Scandinavian languages, and their position among the North Germanic languages. Mainland Scandinavian is treated as one language, since it consists of a continuum of mutually intelligible dialects across Scandinavia. The second part is a presentation of the sources and the origin of the examples used in the book. They are taken from various sources, reference grammars, research literature, the internet, text corpora, and original research. The third part is a presentation of the theoretical background and the descriptive framework, which is generative grammar in its current version, known as ‘minimalism’.
The prepositional phrase
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

Prepositions are either basic lexical items, compounds, or lexicalized expressions. They denote various relations, such as location, direction to or from, time, manner, or more abstract relations. Prepositional phrases used as adverbial complements have an external argument which may raise to become the subject of a copula or the object of a transitive verb, or the subject or object of an unaccusative verb. A preposition may take its complement in a form of a DP, another PP, or a CP, or it may be intransitive. This is what prepositions have in common with verbs and adjectives. Some words that are traditionally called adverbs are here categorized as intransitive prepositions. Prepositions may be modified by words or phrases of various categories, such as adjectives in the neuter, adverbs, or measure phrases.
Coordination and ellipsis
Authors: Faarlund Jan Terje
Published: May 2019

This chapter is about coordination, and ellipsis connected to coordination. Coordination is symmetric, where the conjuncts can be interchanged, or fixed. Symmetric coordination is typically additive or disjunctive, and fixed coordination is adversative. Causal coordination connects two main clauses, where one gives the cause of the other. The order depends on the conjunction used. Ellipsis in both directions of identical elements takes place in coordinated phrases of all kinds. Identical subjects are generally elided in the second clause. In such cases, an identical object may also be elided in the second clause. By sluicing an interrogative clause is elided, leaving only the wh-word. Pseudocoordination is the coordination of two verb phrases denoting one single event. The two verbs cannot both move to C, and a non-fronted subject follows the first verb but precedes the second, whereas in ordinary coordination, both verbs precede the subject.
Introduction
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech , Sevel Michael , Walton Kevin
Published: May 2019

This introduction identifies some themes of the collection and indicates the content of each chapter. It starts by pointing out that every contribution is concerned, even if only implicitly, with the nature of legitimacy. It then notes some aspects of this general issue discussed by the contributors and mentions two theorists whose work on legitimacy has been especially influential. The introduction ends with brief descriptions of each of the chapters. Those in Part One are concerned directly with the nature of legitimacy. Those in Part Two consider the legitimacy of the state. The chapters in Part Three examine legitimacy beyond the state.
The Future of State Sovereignty
Authors: Raz Joseph
Published: May 2019

This chapter is the first of four to focus on the legitimacy of the state. It starts with a question: Do increasing challenges to state sovereignty require legal theory to be re-thought? The chapter observes that, despite these increasing challenges, state sovereignty persists, since no alternative is available. It then argues that the success of the assortment of international organizations that challenge state sovereignty depends on their ability to attract loyalty, which depends, in turn, on their ability to recognize the truth of pluralism and respond to diverse interests, preferences, and traditions. It also suggests that perhaps such value-pluralism is best protected by sovereign states.
The Rule of Law and State Legitimacy
Authors: Krygier Martin
Published: May 2019

This chapter, on the rule of law and state legitimacy, begins by pointing out that how the rule of law contributes to state legitimacy turns on how the rule of law is understood. It recommends looking first to the point of the rule of law, which is, it suggests, to temper the arbitrary exercise of power. The chapter suggests that such tempering is something without which a state cannot be legitimate. It then insists that the rule of law does not depend simply on the formal rules and procedures of states, but also on the actual and the perceived functioning of those rules and procedures, on tempering both state and non-state arbitrariness, and on being effective.
Who’s Afraid of Suprastate Constitutional Theory?
Authors: Amhlaigh Cormac Mac
Published: May 2019

This chapter is a reply to critics of attempts to ground the legitimacy of suprastate institutions in constitutionalism. More specifically, it responds to the objection that suprastate constitutionalism is idealistic due to the improbability of a demos beyond the state. Two points are made: first, the objection relies on a normative understanding of the idea of a demos that is itself potentially idealistic and, second, the objection assumes that idealism in normative theory is problematic, which might be doubted. The chapter concludes that we should be more sanguine about the contribution that constitutionalism in all its forms can make to addressing the challenges of legitimacy faced by contemporary suprastate law and governance.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Tallgren Immi , Skouteris Thomas
Published: May 2019

The introductory chapter to the volume serves four functions. First, it explains the motivations and sensibility of this collective work (Section:‘Intrigue’), with emphasis on the need to re-evaluate the received historiographical tradition of international criminal law. Second, it situates the project in the context of the current debates in international criminal law, international legal history and theory, and critique at large (Section:‘Context’). Third, it outlines the primary editorial objectives and the proposed mode of critique: to bring to the fore the structure and function of contemporary histories of international criminal law, to take issue with the consequences of these histories, and to call for their demystification (Section: ‘Objectives’). Finally, it discerns, post-hoc, the registers and thematics on the basis of which the essays retry the history of international criminal law (Section: ‘The Essays’).
From the Sentimental Story of the State to the Verbrecherstaat, Or, the Rise of the Atrocity Paradigm
Authors: Douglas Lawrence
Published: May 2019

By the terms of the ‘sentimental story of the state’ fashioned by thinkers such as Hobbes, the state represented the greatest bulwark against the disordering effects of violence, and C4.P2obedience to the law represented the supreme virtue of the pacified citizenry. Nazi Germany fundamentally upset the sentimental story; in the parlance of Karl Jaspers, Nazi Germany was a Verbrecherstaat, a criminal state. The Nuremberg trial treated aggression as the paradigmatic crime of the criminal state; subsequent developments in international criminal law view acts of atrocity—crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes—as the paradigmatic state crimes. In this chapter, it is argued that this shift—from treating aggression to treating acts of atrocity as the paradigmatic state-sponsored crimes—has unsettled basic legal categories, such as the criminal/enemy dyad and the distinction between policing and war-making. The unsettling of these categories leaves, the chapter argues, international criminal law in a vexed state.
‘Voglio una donna!’: On Rewriting the History of International Criminal Justice with the Help of Women Who Perpetrated International Crimes
Authors: Tallgren Immi
Published: May 2019

In histories of international criminal law, perpetrators of crimes are represented almost exclusively as men. Historiography, criminology, gender studies, and legal studies offer differing views on whether women perpetrators are actually so very few or merely excluded from accounts. This chapter analyses the quest of rectifying the absence (or exclusion) of women by a retroactive ‘search’ and inclusion of women perpetrators. It starts by discussing the discursive practices of ‘becoming’ a perpetrator and the tropes of histories featuring a woman accused of an ‘international crime’. Far from innocuous, various stereotypes of women are instrumental for either obscuring or elucidating women’s role as perpetrators in court practice as well as in ‘academic’ and ‘popular’ histories, serving gendered and racialized ideological discourses which also inform nations and nationalisms. To conclude, the chapter advances an intuitive explanation for the derivative histories of perpetrators, whilst pointing out the possibility of another kind of histories.
Writing More Inclusive Histories of International Criminal Law
Authors: Haslam Emily
Published: May 2019

Historical master-narratives of international criminal law rest on a series of exclusions. Although there is growing recognition of the need to develop more inclusive histories of international criminal law, fundamental questions remain about the politics, methods, and agents of inclusion. This contribution explores some of the challenges of writing more inclusive international criminal legal histories and highlights some of the different registers within which questions of inclusion play out by reference to scholarship on the transatlantic slave trade and slavery. This rich literature provides an opportunity for reflecting on the dilemmas of more inclusive history writing in a cross-cultural racialized context. These challenges apply not just to the past. Scholarship on the slave trade, which has grappled with questions of agency, voice, and empathy, incites a challenge to the representation of victims in international criminal law today.
Nazi Atrocities, International Criminal Law, and Soviet War Crimes Trials
Authors: Exeler Franziska
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses the Soviet Union’s role in the global moment of post-Second World War justice. It examines the extent to which Moscow’s participation at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, its war crimes trials of Axis soldiers, and its treason (or collaboration) trials of Soviet citizens were linked, but also when and why these different-level processes remained separate. Although the Soviet side made productive contributions to the history of international criminal law, its war crimes and treason trials continued to lack basic rule of law. In one crucial respect, though, the Soviet trials of Axis soldiers were distinct from Soviet prewar show trials. The difference lay in fabricated or imagined versus actual and visible acts, and in the extent to which almost everyone in occupied territory had suffered under the Germans. This, in turn, not only affected public perception of the trials, it also accounted for differences within illiberal justice.
Theodor Meron and the Humanization of International Law
Authors: Peltonen Aleksi
Published: May 2019

The chapter explores legal life-writing as a method of history within the context of international criminal law. It offers a biographical sketch of Theodor Meron and discusses some of his major works and especially his humanization thesis in light of the structural changes that occurred in the international legal order after the end of the Cold War. This account serves a triple function. The first is to draw a linkage between Meron’s scholarly works and certain developments in international criminal law. The second is to offer a critical perspective on the humanization thesis. The third is to ask questions about human agency, structural constraints, and historical causality in a self-reflective manner. Thus apart from being a work of legal life-writing in itself, the chapter simultaneously seeks to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of this form of history.
The Joy of Statistics
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

The Joy of Statistics consists of a series of 42 “short stories,” each illustrating how elementary statistical methods are applied to data to produce insight and solutions to the questions data are collected to answer. The text contains brief histories of the evolution of statistical methods and a number of brief biographies of the most famous statisticians of the 20th century. Also throughout are a few statistical jokes, puzzles, and traditional stories. The level of the Joy of Statistics is elementary and explores a variety of statistical applications using graphs and plots, along with detailed and intuitive descriptions and occasionally using a bit of 10th grade mathematics. Examples of a few of the topics are gambling games such as roulette, blackjack, and lotteries as well as more serious subjects such as comparison of black/white infant mortality rates, coronary heart disease risk, and ethnic differences in Hodgkin’s disease. The statistical description of these methods and topics are accompanied by easy to understand explanations labeled “how it works.”
Probabilities—rules and review
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

A description of elementary probability techniques and applications useful to understanding the statistical tools that follow later in the book.
Distributions of data—four plots
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

An introduction to four graphic statistical descriptions, namely histograms, stem-leaf plots, frequency polygons, and frequency distributions.
Mean value—estimation and a few properties
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: May 2019

The mean value is perhaps the most fundamental statistic and the chapter describes its properties and features that make it an important and necessary analytic tool.