bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luminescent [ZnIILnIII] complexes anchored on graphene: Synthesis and crystal structures of [ZnIIEuIII] and [ZnIITbIII] complexes decorated with pyrene groups
Authors: Apostol Adrian A. , Mihalache Iuliana , Mocanu Teodora , Tutunaru Oana , Pachiu Cristina , Gavrila Raluca , Maxim Catalin , Andruh Marius
Published: December 2020

Two [ZnLn] heterobinuclear complexes decorated with pyrene groups, [ZnEu(valpn)(hfac)2(pb)], have been obtained, in order to be deposited on graphene (LnIIIEuIII 2a; TbIII 2b); H2valpn is the Schiff base compartmental ligand resulted from the condensation reaction between o‐vanillin and propylenediamine (Hpb = 1‐pyrenebutiric acid; Hhfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone). The two complexes have been obtained by replacing the acetato ligand in [ZnEu(valpn)(hfac)2(CH3COO)] (EuIII: 1a; TbIII: 1b) by pb− anions. The crystal structures of 1a, 2a, and 2b have been solved and described. Compounds 2a and 2b were grafted on monolayer graphene/quartz. The new hybrid materials, 2a/graphene and 2b/graphene, as well as the starting complexes are luminescent. The two hybrid materials have been characterized by Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, which confirm the presence of the complexes on graphene.
Preparation and properties of modified aluminum diethylphosphinate flame retardant for low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Liu Ben , Xu Jiacheng , Xue Honglai , Shu Zhongjun , Xu Guoguang , Ou Hongxiang , Weng Yunxuan
Published: December 2020

To improve the flame retardancy of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and mechanical properties of LDPE composites, phenol‐formaldehyde aluminum diethylphosphinate microcapsules (PF@ADP) was prepared by in‐situ polymerization with phenol‐formaldehyde (PF) resin as the wall material and halogen‐free flame‐retardant aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) as the core material. The effects of PF@ADP on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of LDPE were investigated by methods of combustion experiments, mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and smoke density analysis. The results indicated that, compared with ADP/LDPE composites, the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PF@ADP/LDPE were obviously improved. With the addition of 20 wt% PF@ADP (PF:ADP = 3:7), the limit oxygen index (LOI) of LDPE composites increased to 30.7% and UL‐94 reached V‐1 grade. The tensile strength and elongation at break reached 12.5 MPa and 431.2%, which was 20.2% and 23.1% higher than that of ADP/LDPE with the same addition. The addition of PF@ADP was beneficial to the smoke suppression of LDPE.
Investigations on optical properties of Eu0.5Sm0.5(TTA)3tppo hybrid organic complexes molecularly doped in PMMA and PS matrices
Authors: Ugale Akhilesh , Kalyani N. Thejo , Dhoble S.J.
Published: December 2020

An attempt has been made to synthesize orange–red light‐emitting rare earth‐doped polymer matrices Eu0.5Sm0.5(TTA)3tppo (Eu = europium, Sm = samarium, TTA = thenoyltrifluoroacetone, tppo = triphenylphosphine oxide) hybrid organic complex by solution technique. Blended thin films were made by molecularly doping the complex in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) polymers at different weight percentages (5%, 10%). These films were solvated in basic and acidic media to explore the effect of solvent on its luminescence properties. UV–visible absorption spectra of these solvated films portray two peaks corresponding to π→π* and n→π* optical transitions in the range 240–275 nm and 370–390 nm in basic medium. Energy band gap of these thin films in basic medium was found between 3.16 eV to 3.20 eV and 3.12 eV to 3.22 eV in acidic medium. Photoluminescence spectra of all films in dichloromethane showed an intense peak at 614 nm, whereas in formic acid, the same were found at 475 nm, which fell in the orange–red and blue region of the visible spectrum, respectively. CIE coordinates of these solvated films in various solvents and at different weight percentages revealed tunable orange–red to blue light emission with change in polarity of the solvent. Therefore the synthesized complexes blended in the polymers can be shaped into flexible films for fabrication of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with consistent results, proving their prospect as colour tunable light emissive materials for OLED devices, lasers, displays, and solid‐state lighting.
Mitochondrial transplantation therapy inhibit carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver injury through scavenging free radicals and protecting hepatocytes
Authors: Zhao Zizhen , Hou Yixue , Zhou Wei , Keerthiga Rajendiran , Fu Ailing
Published: December 2020

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced liver injury is predominantly caused by free radicals, in which mitochondrial function of hepatocytes is impaired, accompanying with the production of ROS and decreased ATP energy supply in animals intoxicated with CCl4. Here we explored a novel therapeutic approach, mitochondrial transplantation therapy, for treating the liver injury. The results showed that mitochondria entered hepatocytes through macropinocytosis pathway, and thereby cell viability was recovered in a concentration‐dependent manner. Mitochondrial therapy could increase ATP supply and reduce free radical damage. In liver injury model of mice, mitochondrial therapy significantly improved liver function and prevented tissue fibrogenesis. Transcriptomic data revealed that mitochondrial unfold protein response (UPRmt), a protective transcriptional response of mitochondria‐to‐nuclear retrograde signaling, would be triggered after mitochondrial administration. Then the anti‐oxidant genes were up‐regulated to scavenge free radicals. The mitochondrial function was rehabilitated through the transcriptional activation of respiratory chain enzyme and mitophage‐associated genes. The protective response re‐balanced the cellular homeostasis, and eventually enhanced stress resistance that is linked to cell survival. The efficacy of mitochondrial transplantation therapy in the animals would suggest a novel approach for treating liver injury caused by toxins.
Interpersonal injustice and perceived legitimacy of authority: The role of institutional trust and informational justice
Authors: Liang Juan , Ma Hongyu
Published: December 2020

This study explained why interpersonal injustice enacted by representatives of an authority might undermine perceived legitimacy of the actual authority. We built a moderated mediation model in which institutional trust was the mediator, and informational justice was the moderator, in the relationship between interpersonal injustice and perceived legitimacy of authority. Study 1 showed that interpersonal injustice negatively influenced perceived legitimacy of authority. Study 2 indicated that institutional trust was a significant mediator of the relationship between interpersonal injustice and perceived legitimacy of authority. Study 3 indicated that institutional trust was a significant mediator of the relationship between interpersonal injustice and perceived legitimacy of authority when an explanation was absent, whereas it was not significant when explanation was given. These findings contribute to the literature by identifying components that shape the psychological process of forming legitimacy perceptions of authority.
Community‐oriented policing during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Rahn Josh
Published: December 2020

The important work of campus safety professionals hasn't stopped just because a pandemic has reshaped everyday life. Even at institutions with greatly reduced student populations, campus security and law enforcement officers are still expected to provide a high level of service to their communities. That attention to service might best be embodied by the notion of “community policing.”
The students doth protest too much? Manage campus protests during pandemic
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2020

The pandemic has created challenges for campus leadership, ranging from the profound, such as transitions to virtual learning, to the routine, such as increasing access to hand sanitizer. Now that students have returned to campus, pandemic management issues will only grow in complexity, especially if a so‐called second wave swells across the country. If these concerns weren't complicated enough, administrators at many institutions face increased campus protest activity arising from students and employees, chiefly protests related to the Black Lives Matter movement and protests over institutional responses to the pandemic itself, including reopening policies.
N‐Methylated Analogs of hIAPP Fragments 18–22, 23–27, 33–37 Inhibit Aggregation of the Amyloidogenic Core of the Hormone
Authors: Rozniakowski Kamil , Galecki Krystian , Wietrzyk Joanna , Filip‐Psurska Beata , Fraczyk Justyna , Kaminski Zbigniew J. , Kolesinska Beata
Published: December 2020

Amylin (hIAPP) aggregation leads to the formation of insoluble deposits and is one of the factors in the development of type II diabetes. The aim of this research was to find N‐methylated analogs of the aggregating amylin fragments 18–22, 23–27, and 33–37, which would not themselves be susceptible to aggregation and would inhibit the aggregation of the amyloidogenic cores of the hormone. None of the analogs of fragment 18–22 containing one or two N‐methylated amino acid residues showed any tendency to aggregate. Only the peptide H−F(N−Me)GA(N−Me) IL−OH (6) derived from the 23–27 hIAPP hot spot did not form fibrous structures. All analogs of the 33–37 amylin fragment were characterized by the ability to form aggregates, despite the presence of N‐methylated amino acids in their structures. N‐Methylated peptides 1–5 demonstrated inhibitory properties against the aggregation of fragment 18–22. Aggregation of the amyloidogenic core of 23–27 was significantly inhibited by N‐methylated peptides 1–3 derived from the (18–22) H−HSSNN−OH fragment and by the H−F(N‐Me)GA(N−Me)IL−OH (6) fragment derived from the 23–27 amylin hot spot. Fragment (33–37) H−GSNTY−NH2 was found to be inhibited in the presence of N‐methylated peptides 1–3 derived from the 18–22 fragment and by the double methylated peptide H−F(N−Me)GA(N−Me)IL−OH (6). Research on the possibility of using N‐methylated analogs of amyloidogenic amylin cores as inhibitors of hormone aggregation is ongoing, with a focus on finding the minimum concentration of N‐methylated peptides capable of inhibiting the aggregation of hIAPP hot spots.
Sponge cake baking quality—An 18‐year retrospective
Authors: Morris Craig F. , Kiszonas Alecia M. , Thompson Yvonne A. , Engle Douglas A.
Published: December 2020

Background and objectives

Sponge cake quality is an essential end‐use trait for U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) soft white (SW) wheat. This study examined sponge cake volume of SW winter wheat germplasm from 48 balanced datasets spanning 18 years.

Findings

Half of the datasets returned significant whole model and variety ANOVA F‐values, compared to 35 with significant whole model and environment F‐values, indicating that environment was in general the greater source of variation. Low (mean 3.1%) coefficients of variation suggested that nonsignificant variety F‐values were due to no substantive genetic variation (as opposed to high error variance). Datasets with only two environments rarely returned significant whole model F‐values, and never significant genotype F‐values, whereas 93% of datasets with ≥5 environments had significant ANOVA models. Nevertheless, significant models did not always delineate genotypes. Infrequently were significant differences detected among the commercial varieties.

Conclusions

In terms of sponge cake volume, PNW soft white winter wheat varieties, especially club wheats varieties, are genetically similar and consistent. ANOVA indicated that varieties need to be grown in ≥5 environments to detect small genotype differences.

Significance and novelty

Sponge cake quality has remained remarkably consistent among commercial soft white winter wheat varieties over 18 years of breeding and selection. The results indicate this consistency may be due to effective testing and selection, a narrow genetic germplasm base, or a combination thereof.
Hydrogen‐Bonding as a Factor to Determine the Regioselectivity for Pd‐mediated C−H Activation of Pyridine
Authors: Haines Brandon E. , Musaev Djamaladdin G.
Published: December 2020

Direct and regioselective functionalization of pyridine is a topic of high scientific and technological importance. In spite of extensive efforts, the regioselective functionalization of pyridine still remains a significant challenge due to their low reactivity and presence of Lewis‐basic sp2 nitrogen. Here, we studied the effect of hydrogen bonding interactions on the regiochemical outcome of Pd‐mediated C−H activation of pyridine by utilizing DFT calculations. We demonstrated that hydrogen bonding can act as a second independent factor to override the inherent regioselectivity of pyridine. This novel approach complements previously reported strategies, such as: (a) coordination of pyridine to transition metal center via its N‐center, (b) installation of directing group (DG) and then coordination of pyridine to the transition metal center via this DG (i. e. chelation assistant strategy), (c) protection of its nitrogen lone pair with N‐oxide or N‐imino groups or with Lewis acids, (d) the inherent positional reactivity of C−H bonds based on the electronic or steric properties of the substituents, and (e) by the identity of the oxidant used. We have also demonstrated that the oxidation state of the Pd catalyst has impact on the regiochemical outcome of the C−H activation step in pyridine. The implications of our study for regioselective C−H functionalization catalyst design of heteroarenes are twofold: It demonstrates (1) hydrogen bonding as a viable design principle, and (2) Pd(IV) as a catalyst for C−H functionalization.
High Voltage Carbon‐Based Cathodes for Non‐Aqueous Aluminium‐Ion Batteries**
Authors: Divya Shalini , Nann Thomas
Published: December 2020

Four different forms of carbon: activated carbon (AC) from human hair, AC from hemp fibers, a carbon fullerene extract consisting of C60 and C70 fullerene (CFEx) and Super‐P carbon black were tested and compared as cathodes for non‐aqueous aluminium‐ion batteries (AIBs). These materials differ in their general structure, porosity and morphology. Fullerenes display a crystalline structure, whereas hemp fibers, Super‐P and hair are amorphous in nature. Of all materials, AC obtained from hair recorded the highest specific capacity after 50 cycles at 103 mAh g−1 with a Coulombic efficiency of ∼90 % at a current rate of 50 mA g−1. Both hemp fibers and Super‐P achieved their highest specific capacities at 56 mAh g−1 and 84 mAh g−1 respectively. CFEx recorded its highest capacity at 78 mAh g−1 and maintained it for 50 cycles. The cells were charged and discharged to 2.45 V and 0.2 V respectively.
Performance Degradation of Lithium‐Ion Batteries with LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 Cathodes during Long‐Term, High‐Temperature Storage: Behaviors and Mechanism
Authors: Wang Zheng , Pang Peipei , Ma Zhen , Chen Hongyu , Nan Junmin
Published: December 2020

The behaviors and mechanism for the different performance degradation trends of 18650 cylindrical lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 cathodes under long‐term storage at a high temperature (HT) of 80 °C are investigated to gain insight on the safe use of LIBs. It is indicated that the direct current resistance (DCR) increases sharply within 240 h and then slows down gradually, whereas the open‐circuit voltage (OCV) and the recoverable capacity (RC) fading are relatively stable in the initial 240 h, but then speeds up from 240 h to 720 h. With the aid of analyses of the anode, cathode, and separator materials in batteries stored at 80 °C for 0 h, 240 h, 480 h, and 720 h, the mechanism of the performance degradation of batteries is elucidated. It is pointed out that the DCR rise is mainly caused by the anode materials peeling off from the copper foil, as is the subsequent interface resistance increase. The RC fading is attributed to the partial break of the cathode structure, owing to the dissolution of transition metal ions (Ni2+, Co3+, and Mn4+), and the dissolution becomes more severe as the time extends. In addition, the separator suffers a combination of stretching (machine direction), squeezing (anode side), oxidation (cathode side), and destruction, resulting in internal short circuit and sharp OCV drop, as well as the other potential safety risks of LIBs. These results are valuable to establish an accelerated testing method to evaluate batteries in a short time range to advance the safe use of LIBs under high‐temperature storage.
Selective CO2 Sorption Using Compartmentalized Coordination Polymers with Discrete Voids**
Authors: Miguel‐Casañ Eugenia , Andres‐Garcia Eduardo , Calbo Joaquín , Giménez‐Marqués Mónica , Mínguez Espallargas Guillermo
Published: December 2020

Carbon capture and storage with porous materials is one of the most promising technologies to minimize CO2 release into the atmosphere. Here, we report a family of compartmentalized coordination polymers (CCPs) capable of capturing gas molecules in a selective manner based on two novel tetrazole‐based ligands. Crystal structures have been modelled theoretically under the Density Functional Theory (DFT) revealing the presence of discrete voids of 380 Å3. Single gas adsorption isotherms of N2, CH4 and CO2 have been measured, obtaining a loading capacity of 0.6, 1.7 and 2.2 molecules/void at 10 bar and at 298 K for the best performing material. Moreover, they present excellent selectivity and regenerability for CO2 in mixtures with CH4 and N2 in comparison with other reported materials, as evidenced by dynamic breakthrough gas experiments. These frameworks are therefore great candidates for separation of gas mixtures in the chemical engineering industry.
Half‐Integer Spin Triangles: Old Dogs, New Tricks
Authors: Boudalis Athanassios K.
Published: December 2020

Spin triangles, that is, triangular complexes of half‐integer spins, are the oldest molecular nanomagnets (MNMs). Their magnetic properties have been studied long before molecular magnetism was delineated as a research field. This Review presents the history of their study, with references to the parallel development of new experimental investigations and new theoretical ideas used for their interpretation. It then presents an indicative list of spin‐triangle families to illustrate their chemical diversity. Finally, it makes reference to recent developments in terms of theoretical ideas and new phenomena, as well as to the relevance of spin triangles to spintronic devices and new physics.
Fully Conjugated Ladder Polymers as Metal‐Free Photocatalysts for Visible‐Light‐Driven Water Oxidation
Authors: Ma Xiaoyu , Wang Haiyun , Cheng Jun , Cheng Hao , Wang Lei , Wu Xiaojun , Xu Hangxun
Published: December 2020

Main observation and conclusion

Green plants and algae utilize complicated yet delicate structures to oxidize water into molecular oxygen while releasing electrons for dark reactions. The photocatalytic water oxidation reaction in photosystem II is challenging as it involves in transferring multiple electrons and protons and requires a large overpotential. Herein, for the first time, we report that conjugated ladder polymers with suitable band structures are potential metal‐free photocatalysts for efficient and stable water oxidation. Two structurally similar conjugated ladder polymers are synthesized via the condensation reaction between amine‐ and ketone‐containing monomers. Photocatalytic tests reveal that different polymer structures exhibit different photocatalytic performances which are determined by their inherent optoelectronics properties. Meanwhile, our first‐principles calculations confirm that photocatalytic water oxidation is thermodynamically feasible for both conjugated ladder polymers under visible light irradiation. Our study unveils a novel class of polymer materials for the water oxidation reaction and further indicates that metal‐free photocatalysts hold great potential for future solar‐to‐chemical conversion.
Outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions in the elderly: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cui Chenmin , Sheng Zhichao
Published: December 2020

Objective

This study aimed to compare outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTO) in the elderly (≥75 years) versus nonelderly and assess the impact of successful CTO‐PCI in the elderly.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to October 1, 2020. Mortality rates and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were compared between elderly and nonelderly patients and successful versus failed CTO‐PCI in the elderly.

Results

Eight studies were included. Meta‐analysis indicated no statistically significant difference in the risk of in‐hospital mortality (RR: 1.97 95% CI: 0.78, 4.96 I2 = 0% p = .15) but higher tendency of in‐hospital MACE (RR: 2.30 95% CI: 0.99, 5.35 I2 = 49% p = .05) in the elderly group. Risk of long‐term mortality (RR: 3.79 95% CI: 2.84, 5.04 I2 = 41% p < .00001) and long‐term MACE (RR: 1.53 95% CI: 1.14, 2.04 I2 = 80% p = .004) were significantly increased in the elderly versus nonelderly. Elderly patients had a significantly reduced odds of successful PCI as compared to nonelderly patients (OR: 0.63 95% CI: 0.54, 0.73 I2 = 1% p < .00001). Successful CTO‐PCI was associated with reduction in long‐term mortality (HR: 0.51 95% CI: 0.34, 0.77 I2 = 27% p = .001) and MACE (HR: 0.60 95% CI: 0.37, 0.97 I2 = 53% p = .04) as compared to failed PCI in elderly.

Conclusions

Elderly patients may have a tendency of higher in‐hospital MACE with significantly increased long‐term mortality and MACE after CTO‐PCI. The success of PCI is significantly lower in the elderly. In elderly patients with successful PCI, the risk of long‐term mortality and MACE is significantly reduced.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 Inhibitors for Modulation of Osteoclastogenesis: Enhancement of Solubility and Stability
Authors: Knapinska Anna M. , Singh Chandani , Drotleff Gary , Blanco Daniela , Chai Cedric , Schwab Jason , Herd Anu , Fields Gregg B.
Published: December 2020

Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13) activity has been correlated to breast cancer bone metastasis. It has been proposed that MMP‐13 contributes to bone metastasis through the promotion of osteoclastogenesis. To explore the mechanisms of MMP‐13 action, we previously described a highly efficacious and selective MMP‐13 inhibitor, RF036. Unfortunately, further pursuit of RF036 as a probe of MMP‐13 in vitro and in vivo activities was not practical due to the limited solubility and stability of the inhibitor. Our new study has explored replacing the RF036 backbone sulfur atom and terminal methyl group to create inhibitors with more favorable pharmacokinetic properties. One compound, designated inhibitor 3, in which the backbone sulfur and terminal methyl group of RF036 were replaced by nitrogen and oxetane, respectively, had comparable activity, selectivity, and membrane permeability to RF036, while exhibiting greatly enhanced solubility and stability. Inhibitor 3 effectively inhibited MMP‐13‐mediated osteoclastogenesis but spared collagenolysis, and thus represents a next‐generation MMP‐13 probe applicable for in vivo studies of breast cancer metastasis.
Multi‐view frontal face image generation: A survey
Authors: Ning Xin , Nan Fangzhe , Xu Shaohui , Yu Lina , Zhang Liping
Published: December 2020

Face images from different perspectives reduce the accuracy of face recognition, and the generation of frontal face images is an important research topic in the field of face recognition. To understand the development of frontal face generation models and grasp the current research hotspots and trends, existing methods based on 3D models, deep learning, and hybrid models are summarized, and the current commonly used face generation methods are introduced. Dataset, and compare the performance of existing models through experiments. The purpose of this paper is to fundamentally understand the advantages of existing frontal face generation, sort out the key issues of such generation, and look toward future development trends.
Change in personality traits and facets (Revised NEO Personality Inventory) following metacognitive therapy or cognitive behaviour therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Results from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen , Solem Stian , Hagen Roger , Havnen Audun , Nysæter Tor Erik , Hjemdal Odin
Published: December 2020

Objective

We aimed to discover whether psychological treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was associated with changes in the big five personality traits and their facets.

Method

Patients with GAD were randomized either to receive cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT, n = 28) or metacognitive therapy (MCT, n = 32). Before and after 12 sessions of treatment, 55 of the patients completed the full Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) (240 items).

Results

Patients with GAD showed a personality profile with high Neuroticism and lower Extraversion and Openness. Treatment across conditions was associated with significant reduction in Neuroticism and increased Extraversion and Openness. There were no significant changes in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. However, their facets of Actions and Trust increased. Post‐treatment levels of neuroticism were associated with symptoms of worry before and after therapy, whereas post‐treatment extraversion was related to depressive symptoms after treatment. MCT was associated with greater reduction of Neuroticism than CBT.

Conclusions

This is the first study to show that efficient treatment for a specific disorder resulted in changes across NEO‐PI‐R factors and facets and that more efficient treatment results in greater change. If this reflects a reduced trait vulnerability for mental disorder, this might provide evidence of relapse prevention.
Aneuploidy detection for diagnostic and prognostic use in premalignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix: A systematic review
Authors: Costa Ane Francyne , Ribeiro Mariana Goveia Melo , Onofre Alexandre Sherlley Casimiro , de Miranda Onofre Fabiana Botelho
Published: December 2020

Objective

To systematically review the role of aneuploidy detection alone or in combination with other methods in cervical cancer screening and to evaluate the value of aneuploidy to predict the behavior of premalignant cervical lesions.

Method

We conducted a systematic review based on an electronic search for articles published between 2001 and 2020 across databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were subjected to data extraction, risk of bias, and narrative synthesis.

Results

A total of 15 articles were included in the review. Eight out of 15 studies (53.3%) were judged to be at a high or unclear risk of bias. From the 15 included studies, the index test to detect aneuploidy was DNA image cytometry (DNA‐ICM) in 12 studies and DNA flow cytometry (DNA‐FCM) in three studies. Nine studies also evaluated the performance of cytology and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) tests. For DNA‐ICM, sensitivity to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (CIN2+) varied between 59.0% and 95.9% and specificity varied between 54.1% and 100%. For DNA‐FCM, sensitivity varied between 27.3% to 96.8% and specificity was 100%. For cytological evaluation, sensitivity varied between 25.0% and 70.4% and specificity varied between 70.6% and 99.9%. For HPV detection, sensitivity varied between 39.4% and 100% and specificity varied between 23.3% and 84.3%.

Conclusion

DNA ploidy along with atypical cells findings in cytology and/or HPV detection revealed great value to detect CIN2+ lesions and to predict which lesions are more likely to progress to cervical cancer.
The introduction of treatment and the cultural adaptability of western psychotherapies for eating disorders in China
Authors: Chen Jue , Guo Lei , Gu Lian , Han Hui
Published: December 2020

In the past 40 years, the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) in China has shown an increasing trend, leading to an urgent need to develop efficient treatment modes and methods. Since the beginning of the new century, the diagnosis, treatment, and research of ED in China have been under development. This article gives an introduction and commentary on the treatment modes, treatment methods and their applications in ED in China. There are two main treatment forms for ED until now, that is, inpatient treatment and outpatient treatment. Inpatient treatment is recommended as the first choice. Since 2008, clinical psychotherapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and family‐based treatment (FBT), which are effective for pathological symptoms of ED, have been introduced into China and developed clinically. Group CBT and group DBT for patients with ED and group FBT for caregivers might be the most efficient psychotherapy in China nowadays. A multi‐family FBT support group could be developed as the basic treatment of ED patients. Although these new types of psychotherapy have observed effectiveness in clinical application, the Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are rare and need to be developed.
The changing profile of eating disorders and related sociocultural factors in Japan between 1700 and 2020: A systematic scoping review
Authors: Nakai Yoshikatsu , Nin Kazuko , Goel Neha J.
Published: December 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changing profile of the phenotypic expression of eating disorders (EDs) and related sociocultural factors in Japan between 1700 and 2020.

Method

The authors conducted a systematic scoping review in accordance with the PRISMA statement guidelines for scoping reviews.

Results

Findings indicate that Kampo doctors reported more than 50 patients with restrictive EDs in the 1700s, when Japan adopted a national isolation policy. On the other hand, only a few reports of EDs were found between 1868 and 1944, when rapid Westernization occurred. After World War II, providers began diagnosing patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) around 1960. Patients reported experiencing fat phobia, but did not engage in restriction for achieving slimness. However, after the 1970s, Japan experienced a rise in patients with AN who engaged in restriction to achieve thinness. Cases of patients who engaged in binge/purge symptomatology increased after the 1980s, followed by a steady increase in total ED cases after the 1990s. At various time points, providers attributed family conflicts, internalization of a thin ideal of beauty, changing food environments, and pressures associated with traditional gender roles to the onset and maintenance of EDs in Japan.

Discussion

Findings reveal that restrictive EDs were present as early as the 18th century; Japanese patients may present with both “typical” and “atypical” forms of AN; ED symptoms can persist in the absence of Western influence; and sociocultural factors, such as gender‐specific stressors and family dynamics, may contribute to EDs for Japanese populations.
A single‐case multiple baseline design for treating insomnia in eating disorders: The TIRED study
Authors: Christensen Kara A. , Forbush Kelsie T. , Elliott Brendon T. , Jarmolowicz David P.
Published: December 2020

Objective

The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the novel use of an empirically supported treatment for sleep problems for people with residual insomnia disorder following ED treatment.

Method

Participants (N = 6) will complete a single‐case multiple baseline study using Brief Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia (Buysse et al., Archives of Internal Medicine, 171, 2011, 887–895; Troxel et al., Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 10, 2012, 266–279). Participants will complete pre‐ and post‐treatment evaluations of insomnia severity, sleep efficiency, daytime fatigue, ED symptoms, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Throughout treatment, participants will complete daily diaries of sleep indices (sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency).

Results

The primary outcome will be treatment effects on insomnia severity, measured by the Insomnia Severity Index. Secondary outcomes include sleep efficiency and daytime fatigue. Exploratory outcomes include ED‐related impairment and symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and depression symptoms. We will provide subject‐level graphs of sleep indices and ED symptoms throughout treatment. Additionally, treatment effects will be examined at one‐ and three‐month follow‐up.

Discussion

Although insomnia treatments have been evaluated in other psychiatric disorders, there has yet to be a study examining behavioral interventions for insomnia in EDs. Results of this study will inform the development and application of interventions for residual insomnia symptoms in this population.
Risk factors associated with retinopathy in young people with type 1 diabetes in Bangladesh
Authors: Zabeen Bedowra , Khaled Mohammad Zafar , Husain Lutful , Aktar Asma , Huda Kamrul , Kamal Yeasmin Afroz , Choudhury Nujhat , Azad Kishwar
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complications seen in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of retinopathy and its association with other risk factors in young people with type 1 diabetes.

Methods

This study was a cross‐sectional study, which was done as part of the ongoing complication assessment in the paediatric diabetes clinic in BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders), a tertiary care hospital. Children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes who were having diabetes duration >2 years were included in this study. Retinopathy was detected using fundal photography, and grading was done by National Screening Committee of UK by trained ophthalmologists.

Results

Diabetic retinopathy was observed in 44 (6.6%) patients. Majority (95.4%) of them had early diabetic retinopathy in the form of mild NPDR (nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy) (R1). Patients with retinopathy had higher HbA1c 9.6[8.4‐12.3] vs 9.1 [7.9‐10.8] (P = .013), longer duration of diabetes 7.6 [5.5‐10.7] vs 6.0 [4.5‐8.2] years (P = .001) and were older 21.5 [18.0‐23.0] vs 18 [16.0‐21.0] years (P = .0001) compared with those without retinopathy. On multivariate regression analysis, higher age and median HbA1c were significantly associated with DR.

Conclusions

Higher HbA1c was the only modifiable risk factor for development of DR in our study population. Early detection of DR with improvement of glycaemic control may reduce the risk of progression of severe stages of the disease.
Integrated hybrid MEMS hydrogen sensor with high sensitivity and high dynamic range
Authors: Hayashi Yumi , Yamazaki Hiroaki , Masunishi Kei , Ono Daiki , Saito Tomohiro , Nakamura Naofumi , Kojima Akihiro
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses an integrated hybrid MEMS hydrogen sensor that detects hydrogen in the range from 5 ppm to 100 vol%. The sensor is a single chip comprising both capacitive and thermal conductivity hydrogen sensors that can be fabricated simultaneously using the same process flow. The capacitive sensor detected hydrogen at concentrations as low as 5 ppm without a heater. The thermal conductivity sensor measured high hydrogen concentrations and had a low power consumption of several tens of milliwatts. The integrated hybrid MEMS hydrogen sensor showed a high gas selectivity.
miR‐148a controls metabolic programming and survival of mature CD19‐negative plasma cells in mice
Authors: Pracht Katharina , Meinzinger Julia , Schulz Sebastian R. , Daum Patrick , Côrte‐Real Joana , Hauke Manuela , Roth Edith , Kindermann Dorothea , Mielenz Dirk , Schuh Wolfgang , Wittmann Jürgen , Jäck Hans‐Martin
Published: December 2020

Long‐lived antibody‐secreting plasma cells are essential to establish humoral memory against pathogens. While a regulatory transcription factor network has been established in plasma cell differentiation, the regulatory role of miRNAs remains enigmatic. We have recently identified miR‐148a as the most abundant miRNA in primary mouse and human plasma cells. To determine whether this plasma cell signature miRNA controls the in vivo development of B cells into long‐lived plasma cells, we established mice with genomic, conditional, and inducible deletions of miR‐148a. The analysis of miR‐148a‐deficient mice revealed reduced serum Ig, decreased numbers of newly formed plasmablasts and reduced CD19‐negative, CD93‐positive long‐lived plasma cells. Transcriptome and metabolic analysis revealed an impaired glucose uptake, a reduced oxidative phosphorylation‐based energy metabolism, and an altered abundance of homing receptors CXCR3 (increase) and CXCR4 (reduction) in miR‐148a‐deficient plasma cells. These findings support the role of miR‐148a as a positive regulator of the maintenance of long‐lived plasma cells.
Cu‐TEMPO Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Friedlander Annulation/sp3 C–H Functionalization/Spiroannulation towards Spiro[indoline‐3,3'‐pyrrolizin]‐2'‐yl)‐4‐phenylquinoline‐3‐Carboxylates
Authors: Pavithra Dalavai , Ethiraj Kannat Radhakrishnan , Nawaz Khan Fazlur‐Rahman
Published: December 2020

A series of spiro[indoline‐3,3'‐pyrrolizin]‐2'‐yl)‐4‐phenylquinoline‐3‐carboxylate 6 from 2‐amino‐5‐chlorobenzhydrol 1, benzyl alcohols 3, and methyl or ethyl acetoacetate 2 is reported by the Cu(OAc)2, TEMPO catalyzed dehydrogenative Friedlander annulation/sp3–CH‐functionalization/regioselective 1,3‐ dipolar cyclo‐ addition. Likewise, chimanine A analogues 7 were obtained using a similar strategy in DES (Deep Eutectic Solvents) as a reaction medium in excellent yields.
Metal‐ and Solvent‐Free, One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Unsubstituted Benzoindolizines
Authors: Schifferer Lukas , García Mancheño Olga
Published: December 2020

A simple one‐pot, solvent‐free method for the synthesis of 3‐unsubstituted indolizines is presented. Conversely to the output from standard classical cycloaddition approaches, an unconventional connectivity is achieved with excellent chemoselectivity under neat conditions without requiring any metal catalyst or additional additive. Hence, various abundant (iso)quinolines and propiolic esters were transformed into the corresponding benzoindolizines in synthetically useful yields. This straightforward and simplistic transformation expands the synthetic tool kit for the preparation of valuable 3‐unsubstituted indolizines, which have been shown to be highly versatile synthetic intermediates with a broad bioactivity spectrum.
Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Styrene Hetero‐ and Homodimerization Initiation Proceeds with Two‐Electron Reductive Cleavage
Authors: Hussein Aqeel A. , Ma Yumiao , Al‐Yasari Ahmed
Published: December 2020

A mechanistic insight into the hetero‐ and homodimerizations (HETD and HOMD) of styrenes promoted by hypervalent iodine reagents (HVIRs; DMP and PIDA) and facilitated by hexafluoro2‐propanol (HFIP) to yield all‐trans cyclobutanes is reported using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The initialization involving direct bimolecular one‐electron transfer is found to be highly unfavored, especially for the PIDA system. At this point, we suggest that the reaction is initiated with an overall two‐electron reductive cleavage of two I–O bond cleavages, affording I(III) (iodinane) and I(I) (iodobenzene) product with DMP and PIDA as oxidant, respectively. The resulting acetate groups are stabilized by the solvent HFIP through strong hydrogen bonding interaction, which promotes the electron transfer process. The nature of the electron transfer is studied in detail and found that the overall two‐electron transfer occurs within a trimolecular complex organized by π‐stacking interactions and as a stepwise and concerted mechanism for I(III) and I(V) oxidants, respectively. The reaction rate is determined by the initialization step: for I(III), the initiation is thermodynamically endergonic, whereas the endergonicity for I(V) is modest. Upon initialization, the reaction proceeds through a stepwise [2+2] pathway, involving a radical‐cationic π–π stacked transition states, where the HOMD is a dynamically competing pathway to HETD although the latter is relatively faster.
Water‐Promoted Dehydrative Tsuji–Trost Reaction of Non‐Derivatized Allylic Alcohols with Sulfinic Acids
Authors: Yu Jing , Chang Xueping , Ma Ruitian , Zhou Qiuju , Wei Mengmeng , Cao Xinhua , Ma Xiantao
Published: December 2020

A mild, green and extra activator‐free synthesis of allylic sulfones from non‐derivatized allylic alcohols and sulfinic acids was developed and only the easily‐available Pd(PPh3)4 was used as the catalyst. This new method could be easily scaled up to gram scale, affording the target allylic sulfones in a nearly quantitative yield with water as the sole by‐product. Mechanism studies both by various NMR techniques and by theoretical calculations suggested two reaction pathways may be involved in the reaction, which are dependent on the reaction media, that is, an eight‐membered ring binding species may be formed in aqueous media between allylic alcohol, sulfinic acid and water, while a six‐membered ring binding species may be formed in common aprotic organic solvent between allylic alcohol and sulfinic acid. Both binding species may be accounted for the efficient activation of allylic alcohols via hydrogen bonding.
Oxidative and Redox‐Neutral Approaches to Symmetrical Diamines and Diols by Single Electron Transfer/Hydrogen Atom Transfer Synergistic Catalysis
Authors: Fujita Masashi , Kobayashi Fumihisa , Ide Takafumi , Egami Hiromichi , Hamashima Yoshitaka
Published: December 2020

Homocoupling reactions of benzylamines and benzyl alcohols were examined under synergistic catalysis conditions with a photoredox catalyst and thiobenzoic acid as a hydrogen atom abstractor. When pivalaldehyde was used as an electron acceptor, oxidative dimerization proceeded selectively, whereas the use of benzaldehydes or iminium ions as electron acceptors resulted in redox‐neutral coupling. These reactions afforded symmetrical 1,2‐diamines and 1,2‐diols in good yields.
On the Origin of Regioselectivity in Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Glucosides
Authors: Wan Ieng Chim (Steven) , Hamlin Trevor A. , Eisink Niek N. H. M. , Marinus Nittert , de Boer Casper , Vis Christopher A. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Witte Martin D. , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: December 2020

The palladium‐catalyzed oxidation of glucopyranosides has been investigated using relativistic density functional theory (DFT) at ZORA‐BLYP−D3(BJ)/TZ2P. The complete Gibbs free energy profiles for the oxidation of secondary hydroxy groups at C2, C3, and C4 were computed for methyl β‐glucoside and methyl carba‐β‐glucoside. Both computations and oxidation experiments on carba‐glucosides demonstrate the crucial role of the ring oxygen in the C3 regioselectivity observed during the oxidation of glucosides. Analysis of the model systems for oxidized methyl β‐glucoside shows that the C3 oxidation product is intrinsically favored in the presence of the ring oxygen. Subsequent energy decomposition analysis (EDA) and Hirschfeld charge analysis reveal the role of the ring oxygen: it positively polarizes C1/C5 by inductive effects and disfavors any subsequent buildup of positive charge at neighboring carbon atoms, rendering C3 the most favored site for the β‐hydride elimination.
Separation of regioisomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerols containing branched fatty acids (iso and/or anteiso)
Authors: Palyzová Andrea , Cajthaml Tomáš , Řezanka Tomáš
Published: December 2020

A combination of two chromatographic and one enzymatic methods was used for identification of the molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAGs) from Streptomyces avermitilis. Streptomyces avermitliswas cultured on various carbon sources and the ratio of iso‐ (i‐FAs), anteiso‐ (ai‐FAs), and straight‐chain‐ (n‐FAs) fatty acids was modified by precursor‐directed biosynthesis. Saturated TAGs were separated from other lipids (including TAGs containing unsaturated FAs) using Ag+ ion cartridges. Analysis of TAGs wereperformed by RP‐HPLC/ESI+ tandem mass spectrometry. Both the synthetically prepared sn‐TAGs and the natural mixture of TAGmolecular species of wereseparated and identified by tandem MS. The structures of synthetic TAGs werefurther confirmed by pancreatic lipase, which cleaves sn‐TAGs into sn‐2‐monoacylglycerols. The retention times (tR) of the individual regioisomers and enantiomers were found to be depend on the structure of the TAGs. If one branched acyl (iso or anteiso) is present in the TAG molecule, then the elution order is enantiomer (n/n/br), opposite enantiomer (br/n/n), regioisomer (n/br/n). In the case where two branched acyls are in the TAG molecule, the order of the elution is different, that is, br/n/br, n/br/br, br/br/n. In all cases, it was further demonstrated that tandem MS of either synthetically prepared TAGs or TAGs obtained from natural material, that is, n‐16:0/ai‐15:0/n‐16:0 and i‐16:0/n‐15:0/i‐16:0 are identical. Unfortunately, it is not possible to distinguish by ESI+ tandem MS such TAGs, which differ only in the branching of the acyls. The results of our analyses of TAGs are in good agreement with previously published data in other streptomycetes.
The gut microbiome in drug‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Chatzikonstantinou Simela , Gioula Georgia , Kimiskidis Vasilios K. , McKenna Jack , Mavroudis Ioannis , Kazis Dimitrios
Published: December 2020

Drug‐resistant epileptic patients make up approximately one‐third of the global epilepsy population. The pathophysiology of drug resistance has not been fully elucidated; however, current evidence suggests intestinal dysbiosis, as a possible etiopathogenic factor. Ketogenic diet, whose effect is considered to be mediated by alteration of gut microbiota synthesis, has long been administered in patients with medically refractory seizures, with positive outcomes. In this review, we present data derived from clinical studies regarding alterations of gut microbiome profile in drug‐resistant epileptic patients. We further attempt to describe the mechanisms through which the gut microbiome modification methods (including ketogenic diet, pre‐ or probiotic administration) improve drug‐resistant epilepsy, by reporting findings from preclinical and clinical studies. A comprehensive search of the published literature on the PubMed, Embase, and Web of science databases was performed. Overall, the role of gut microbiome in drug‐resistant epilepsy is an area which shows promise for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. More research is required to confirm the results from preliminary studies, as well as safety and effectiveness of altering gut bacterial composition, through the above‐mentioned methods.