bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antigenic Changes in Lymph-Node Cells after Administration of Antiserum to Thymus Cells
Authors: Schlesinger Michael , Yron Ilana
Published: October 2006

Mice of the RIII and C57BL strains were treated with rabbit antiserum to thymus (ATS), and cells of their lymph nodes were analyzed serologically at intervals after treatment. While lymph-node cells of untreated mice were sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of isoantibodies against the theta antigen, lymph-node cells of ATS-treated mice showed a significantly reduced sensitivity. Three days after ATS treatment lymph-node cells of most mice were completely refractory to the cytotoxic effect of theta antibodies. Administration of normal rabbit serum elicited only a slight reduction of the sensitivity of lymph-node cells to the cytotoxic effect of theta antibodies. The results support the hypothesis that ATS treatment selectively affects a population of thymus-dependent circulating lymphocytes.
Immune Specific Induction of Interferon Production in Cultures of Human Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Green Jon A. , Cooperband Sidney R. , Kibrick Sidney
Published: October 2006

Human blood lymphocytes stimulated with nonviral antigens in vitro produce an antiviral substance with the biological and biochemical characteristics of interferon. The induced response was specific for cells obtained from immune donors. Cells from nonimmune donors did not produce interferon on exposure to these substances. The quantity of interferon produced by antigen stimulation was related to concentration of antigen over a relatively narrow range; with higher concentrations induction was decreased. Interferon production was maximum during days 4 to 7 in culture. In contrast, phytohemagglutinin-induced interferon was primarily produced during the first 4 days in culture.
Cell Division: A Second Circadian Clock System in
Paramecium multimicronucleatum
Authors: Barnett Audrey
Published: October 2006

Light-dark cycles entrain a pattern of division in a population of individually isolated cells cultured in excess nutrients at 14°C. This pattern persists for at least 8 days in continuous dim light. Both clones which do and which do not express a circadian rhythm of mating-type reversals can be entrained. The phase is a clonal characteristic.
Permian Insect Wing from Antarctic Sentinel Mountains
Authors: Tasch Paul , Riek Edgar F.
Published: October 2006

A homopterous insect wing was found in micaceous graywacke from the Polarstar Formation, Sentinel Mountains. The unusual venation is reminiscent of family Stenoviciidae known from the Permian and Triassic of Eastern Australia and elsewhere. This first documented account of Paleozoic insects in Antarctica bears on drift questions.
The Receptor for Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
Authors: Davis Samuel , Aldrich Thomas H. , Valenzuela David M. , Wong Vivien , Furth Mark E. , Squinto Stephen P. , Yancopoulos George D.
Published: October 2006

Although neurotrophic factors were originally isolated on the basis of their ability to support the survival of neurons, these molecules are now thought to influence many aspects of the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Identifying the receptors for these neurotrophic factors should aid in identifying the cells on which these factors act and in understanding their precise mechanisms of action. A "tagged-ligand panning" procedure was used to clone a receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). This receptor is expressed exclusively within the nervous system and skeletal muscle. The CNTF receptor has a structure unrelated to the receptors utilized by the nerve growth factor family of neurotrophic molecules, but instead is most homologous to the receptor for a cytokine, interleukin-6. This similarity suggests that the CNTF receptor, like the interleukin-6 receptor, requires a second, signal-transducing component. In contrast to all known receptors, the CNTF receptor is anchored to cell membranes by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage.
Dieldrin and DDT: Effects on Sparrow Hawk Eggshells and Reproduction
Authors: Porter Richard D. , Wiemeyer Stanley N.
Published: October 2006

Patterns of reproductive failure in declining populations of several European and North American raptorial species were duplicated experimentally with captive American sparrow hawks
Falco sparverius
that were given a diet containing two commonly used organochlorine insecticides. Major effects on reproduction were increased egg disappearance, increased egg destruction by parent birds, and reduced eggshell thickness.
Interocular Effects in Prism Adaptation
Authors: Foley Joan E. , Miyanshi Kiyoko
Published: October 2006

Monocular prism aftereffects were measured in three groups of subjects each of whom had walked about wearing a 20-diopter prism, base up, over the right eye and one of the following over the left eye: a diffusing screen, 0-diopter prism, or a 20-diopter prism, base down. The performance of the third group showed that visual-motor spatial coordination in the adult is subject to at least limited interocular independence.
Potential Energy Fields about Nitrogen in Choline and Ethanolamine: Biological Function at Cellular Surfaces
Authors: Zull J. E. , Hopfinger A. J.
Published: October 2006

Partial charge distribution on first and second neighbor atoms to nitrogen in choline and ethanolamine have been calculated. Coulombic and steric parameters were then utilized to evaluate the interaction of a negative test charge with the two molecules. Both the position and the magnitude of the maximum of interaction energy in the two systems were significantly different. The results suggest that ethanolamine interacts more strongly with anions than choline does. This is due principally to steric repulsion of the negative charge by the methyl groups in choline.
Operant Control of Neural Events in Humans
Authors: Rosenfeld Joel Peter , Rudell Alan P. , Fox Stephen S.
Published: October 2006

Human subjects were trained by traditional methods of instrumental conditioning to change the amplitude of a late component of the auditory evoked potential with and without oscilloscopic feedback of their performance.
Algal Stromatolites: Deepwater Forms in the Devonian of Western Australia
Authors: Playford Phillip E. , Cockbain Anthony E.
Published: October 2006

A diverse assemblage of algal stromatolites occurs in Devonian reef complexes of the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Some forms grew on fore-reef depositional slopes down to at least 45 meters below sea level and are believed to be products of deepwater nonskeletal algae. It is concluded that algal stromatolites in the stratigraphic record are not to be regarded as diagnostic evidence for deposition in very shallow water.
Interferometer Experiment on Nimbus 3: Preliminary Results
Authors: Hanel R. , Conrath B.
Published: October 2006

A Michelson interferometer spectrometer carried aboard the Nimbus 3 satellite, launched 14 April 1969, measured the spectrum between 400 and 2000 wave numbers with a resolution of 5 wave numbers. High-quality spectra have been obtained on a global scale, and preliminary results indicate that the absorption bands of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone can be used to obtain vertical distributions of temperature, water vapor, and ozone.
Diphosphonates Inhibit Hydroxyapatite Dissolution in vitro and Bone Resorption in Tissue Culture and in vivo
Authors: Fleisch Herbert , Graham R. , Russell G. , Francis Marion D.
Published: October 2006

Two diphosphonates containing the P-C-P bond, Cl
2
C(PO
3
HNa)
2
and H
2
C(PO
3
HNa)
2
retard the rate of dissolution of apatite crystals in vitro. They inhibit bone resorption induced by parathyroid extract in mouse calvaria in tissue culture and in thyroparathyroidectomized rats in vivo.
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate: Effects on Short-Circuit Current and Water Permeability
Authors: Bourgoignie Jacques , Guggenheim Stephen , Kipnis David M. , Klahr Saulo
Published: October 2006

In the isolated toad bladder, cyclic guanosine monophosphate induces an increase in short-circuit current similar to that produced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In contrast, cyclic guanosine monophosphate has no effect on water permeability in this organ. This finding raises the possibility that different and independent intracellular secondary messengers may exist.
Identification of FAP Locus Genes from Chromosome 5q21
Authors: Kinzler Kenneth W. , Nilbert Mef C. , Su Li-Kuo , Vogelstein Bert , Bryan Tracy M. , Levy Daniel B. , Smith Kelly J. , Preisinger Antonette C. , Hedge Philip , McKechnie Douglas , Finniear Rachel , Markham Alex , Groffen John , Boguski Mark S. , Altschul Stephen F. , Horii Akira , Ando Hiroshi , Miyoshi Yasuo , Miki Yoshio , Nishisho Isamu , Nakamura Yusuke
Published: October 2006

Recent studies suggest that one or more genes on chromosome 5q21 are important for the development of colorectal cancers, particularly those associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). To facilitate the identification of genes from this locus, a portion of the region that is tightly linked to FAP was cloned. Six contiguous stretches of sequence (contigs) containing approximately 5.5 Mb of DNA were isolated. Subclones from these contigs were used to identify and position six genes, all of which were expressed in normal colonic mucosa. Two of these genes (APC and MCC) are likely to contribute to colorectal tumorigenesis. The MCC gene had previously been identified by virtue of its mutation in human colorectal tumors. The APC gene was identified in a contig initiated from the MCC gene and was found to encode an unusually large protein. These two closely spaced genes encode proteins predicted to contain coiled-coil regions. Both genes were also expressed in a wide variety of tissues. Further studies of MCC and APC and their potential interaction should prove useful for understanding colorectal neoplasia.
Modulation of Cardiac Sodium Channels by cAMP Receptors on the Myocyte Surface
Authors: Sorbera Lisa Ann , Morad Martin
Published: October 2006

The phosphorylation of the cardiac sodium channel by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A leads to its inactivation. It was shown that extracellular cAMP can also modulate the sodium channel of rat, guinea pig, and frog ventricular myocytes in a rapid (less than 50 milliseconds), reversible, and dose-dependent manner. The decrease in the sodium current was accompanied by a 10- to 15-millivolt shift in the steady-state availability of the sodium channel toward more negative potentials and was inhibited by guanosine-5′-
O
-(2-thiodiphosphate) or pertussis toxin, suggesting that the extracellular modulation of the sodium channel by cAMP is mediated by a membrane-delimited mechanism that includes a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein.
Protein Electron Transfer Rates Set by the Bridging Secondary and Tertiary Structure
Authors: Beratan D. N. , Betts J. N. , Onuchic J. N.
Published: October 2006

The rate of long-distance electron transfer in proteins rapidly decreases with distance, which is indicative of an electron tunneling process. Calculations predict that the distance dependence of electron transfer in native proteins is controlled by the protein's structural motif. The helix and sheet content of a protein and the tertiary arrangement of these secondary structural units define the distance dependence of electronic coupling in that protein. The calculations use a tunneling pathway model applied previously with success to ruthenated proteins. The analysis ranks the average distance decay constant for electronic coupling in electron transfer proteins and identifies the amino acids that are coupled to the charge localization site more strongly or weakly than average for their distance.
A Phosphorylation Site in the Na
+
Channel Required for Modulation by Protein Kinase C
Authors: West James W. , Numann Randal , Murphy Brian J. , Scheuer Todd , Catterall William A.
Published: October 2006

Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for generation of action potentials in excitable cells. Activation of protein kinase C slows inactivation of sodium channels and reduces peak sodium currents. Phosphorylation of a single residue, serine 1506, that is located in the conserved intracellular loop between domains III and IV and is involved in inactivation of the sodium channel, is required for both modulatory effects. Mutant sodium channels lacking this phosphorylation site have normal functional properties in unstimulated cells but do not respond to activation of protein kinase C. Phosphorylation of this conserved site in sodium channel α subunits may regulate electrical activity in a wide range of excitable cells.
Expression Cloning of an Adenylate Cyclase-Coupled Calcitonin Receptor
Authors: Lin Herbert Y. , Harris Tonja L. , Flannery Merilee S. , Aruffo Alejandro , Kaji Eugene H. , Gorn Alan , Kolakowski Lee F. , Lodish Harvey F. , Goldring Steven R.
Published: October 2006

A calcitonin receptor complementary DNA (cDNA) was cloned by expression of a cDNA library from a porcine kidney epithelial cell line in COS cells. The 482-amino acid receptor has high affinity for salmon calcitonin (dissociation constant
K
d
≈ 6 nM) and is functionally coupled to increases in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The receptor shows no sequence similarity to other reported G protein-coupled receptors but is homologous to the parathyroid hormone-parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-PTHrP) receptor, indicating that the receptors for these hormones, which regulate calcium homeostasis, represent a new family of G protein-coupled receptors.
Energy Flux and Membrane Synthesis in Photosynthetic Bacteria
Authors: Sojka Gary A. , Baccarini Assunta , Gest Howard
Published: October 2006

Synthesis of the energy-converting membrane complex of the photosynthetic purple bacterium
Rhodopseudomonas capsulata
during growth under different conditions of energy flux was studied by examining the disorganizing effects of polymyxin B, with or without lysozyme, on integrity of the cell envelope. Cells growing with a limited supply of energy show an elevated bacteriochlorophyll content and increased resistance to breakdown of the "permeability barrier" by these agents. It seems that purple bacteria respond to energy restriction by preferentially synthesizing excess bacteriochlorophyll-membrane which, in effect, toughens the cell integument.
Sulfur Melting and Polymorphism under Pressure: Outlines of Fields for 12 Crystalline Phases
Authors: Vezzoli Gary C. , Dachille Frank , Roy Rustum
Published: October 2006

The polymorphism of sulfur has been investigated by static and dynamic methods up to 500°C at 35 kilobars and up to 350°C at 100 kilobars. The melting curve of sulfur to 31 kilobars and phase boundaries of the so-called "4.04-angstrom phase" have been determined. Evidence has been obtained for phase fields of nine new high-pressure forms of sulfur.
Chromosomal Fragments Transmitted through Three Generations in
Oncopeltus
(Hemiptera)
Authors: LaChance Leo E. , Degrugillier Maurice
Published: October 2006

Chromosomal fragments and translocations induced by x-rays in the sperm of adult milkweed bugs,
Oncopeltus fasciatus
(Dallas), were detected in the meiotic cells of F
1
, F
2
, and F
3
males and caused high levels of sterility in untreated progeny. The persistence of these fragments through numerous generations of cells confirmed the holokinetic nature of the milkweed bug chromosomes.
Circadian Periodicity of Bone Marrow Mitotic Activity and Reticulocyte Counts in Rats and Mice
Authors: Clark Ray H. , Korst Donald R.
Published: October 2006

Mitotic proliferation in the bone marrow of female rats and mice kept under standardized conditions with light from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. exhibited a significant circadian periodicity with the greatest activity occurring from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon. The reticulocyte levels in peripheral blood were highest at 8:00 a.m.
Rat Heart Papillary Muscles: Action Potentials and Mechanical Response to Paired Stimuli
Authors: Mainwood G. W. , Lee S. L.
Published: October 2006

Electrical reexcitation of rat papillary muscle after a short interval (50 to 80 milliseconds) results in action potentials with no significant mechanical counterpart. The mechanical response recovers as the interval is increased beyond 80 milliseconds. The rate of recovery is slowed at low external calcium levels. It appears that the coupling mechanism passes through a refractory stage owing to the depletion of an intracellular "releasable calcium" fraction.
Animals Respond for Food in the Presence of Free Food
Authors: Neuringer Allen J.
Published: October 2006

Pigeons pecked a response disk to gain access to grain rewards while identical grain was freely available from a cup within the experimental chamber. Similarly, rats pressed a lever for food pellets while free pellets were present. It is not necessary, therefore, to deprive an animal of food before it will engage in instrumental responding for food. Such responding can serve as its own motivation and reward.
Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Activity: Changes Induced by Ouabain and Propranolol
Authors: Gillis Richard A.
Published: October 2006

A study of the effects of ouabain and propranolol on the spontaneous activity in the preganglionic sympathetic nerves to the cat heart showed that ouabain can produce both an inhibition and a stimulation of the spontaneous activity in sympathetic nerves. The inhibition appears to be reflex in nature and is not present when the buffer nerves are sectioned. The stimulation is correlated with the development of cardiac arrhythmias and is antagonized by propranolol.
Laughing Gull Chicks: Recognition of Their Parents' Voices
Authors: Beer C. G.
Published: October 2006

Laughing gull chicks between 6 and 13 days old responded to the calls of their own parents with orientation toward the sound, approach, increased locomotion, and vocalization. In response to the same kinds of calls from other adults they tended to orient away from the sound, withdraw, and sit or crouch. Chicks as young as 6 days can identify their parents from individual characteristics in the calls of adult gulls.
Ionic Mobility in Muscle Cells
Authors: Kushmerick M. J. , Podolsky R. J.
Published: October 2006

The diffusivities of ionic potassium, sodium, sulfate, and adenosine triphosphate inside a muscle cell are reduced by a factor of 2, relative to diffusivities in aqueous solution. The diffusion coefficients of nonelectrolytes are reduced by the same factor, showing that the diffusion of the ions is retarded by physical, rather than chemical, interactions. In contrast, the diffusivity of the calcium ion, which is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is reduced fiftyfold.
Morphine: Conditioned Increases in Self-Administration in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Woods James H. , Schuster Charles R.
Published: October 2006

Operant responding in three monkeys was maintained by intravenous presentations of morphine. Nalorphine produced reliable increases in morphine-reinforced responding. With successive daily nalorphine injections there was a decreased latency of self-administration responding for morphine, and substituted saline injections produced conditioned increases in morphine-reinforced responding.
Benzene Complexes with Copper(II)montmorillonite
Authors: Doner H. E. , Mortland M. M.
Published: October 2006

Benzene formed a stable complex through its π electrons to the copper ion in copper(II)montmorillonite. Copper(II) was the only exchangeable metal cation in montmorillonite to form a complex with benzene. Only those clay minerals whose charge arises in the octahedral layer produced the complex.
Ecdysone Analog: Conversion to Alpha Ecdysone and 20-Hydroxyecdysone by an Insect
Authors: Kaplanis J. N. , Robbins W. E. , Thompson M. J. , Baumhover A. H.
Published: October 2006

The tritium-labeled synthetic ecdysone analog Δ
7
-5β-cholestene-2β,3β,14α-triol-6-one terminated diapause when injected into diapausing tobacco hornworm pupae and was converted into tritium-labeled α-ecdysone and tritium-labeled 20-hydroxyecdysone. About half of the crystalline α-ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone isolated from the tobacco hornworms 7½ to 8½ days after injection was derived from endogenous steroid precursors and half from the transformation of the synthetic ecdysone analog.
Hemoglobin as a Tracer in Hemodynamic Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Pietra G. G. , Szidon J. P. , Leventhal M. M. , Fishman A. P.
Published: October 2006

Stroma-free hemoglobin is an electron-opaque molecule useful as a tracer for the ultrastructural study of pulmonary capillary permeability. After this tracer was infused into the isolated pulmonary lobe of the dog, the endothelial junctions of the capillaries, as revealed by electron microscopy, act like distensible pores, thus allowing the tracer to escape when the pulmonary artery pressure was raised above 50 millimeters of mercury.
Respiration and Deep Diving in the Bottlenose Porpoise
Authors: Ridgway Sam H. , Scronce B. L. , Kanwisher John
Published: October 2006

A bottlenose porpoise was trained to dive untethered in the open ocean and to exhale into an underwater collecting funnel before surfacing from prescribed depths down to 300 meters. The animal was also taught to hold its breath for periods up to 4 minutes at the surface and then blow in the funnel. Alveolar collapse is probably complete at around 100 meters, and little pulmonary respiratory exchange occurs below that depth. Thoracic collapse was observed visually at 10 to 50 meters and by underwater television to 300 meters.
Regulation of Phagocyte Oxygen Radical Production by the GTP-Binding Protein Rac 2
Authors: Knaus Ulla G. , Heyworth Paul G. , Evans Tony , Curnutte John T. , Bokoch Gary M.
Published: October 2006

A major action of the microbicidal system of human neutrophils is the formation of superoxide anion (O
2
-
) by a multicomponent oxidase that transfers electrons from the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to molecular oxygen. The mechanism of assembly and activation of the oxidase from its cytosolic and membrane-bound components is unknown, but may require the activity of a guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)-binding component. A cytosolic GTP-binding protein (G
ox
) that regulates the NADPH oxidase of neutrophils was identified. G
ox
was purified and shown to augment the rate of O
2
-
production in a cell-free oxidase activation system. Sequence analysis of peptide fragments from G
ox
identified it as Rac 2, a member of the Ras superfamily of GTP-binding proteins. Antibody to a peptide derived from the COOH-terminus of Rac 2 inhibited O
2
-
generation in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that Rac 2 is a regulatory component of the human neutrophil NADPH oxidase, and provide new insights into the mechanism by which this oxygen radical-generating system is regulated.
Membrane Potential as the Sum of Ionic and Metabolic Components
Authors: Marmor M. F. , Gorman A. L. F.
Published: October 2006

The resting potential of a molluscan neuron can be separated experimentally into two components: one which depends on ionic gradients and permeabilities in accordance with the Goldman equation, and a second which depends on the electrogenicity of active sodium transport.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Fresh Leaves of
Pinguicula
Authors: Heslop-Harrison Yolande
Published: October 2006

Moist surfaces of leaves of
Pinguicula grandiflora
Lamck. can be observed directly by scanning electron microscopy, without metal coating. Samples dry out rapidly in the instrument, but during the first few minutes images can be obtained which must represent the natural state of the leaf surface.
Lunar Regolith at Tranquillity Base
Authors: Shoemaker E. M. , Hait M. H. , Swann G. A. , Schleicher D. L. , Dahlem D. H. , Schaber G. G. , Sutton R. L.
Published: October 2006

The regolith at Tranquillity Base is a layer of fragmental debris that ranges in thickness from about 3 to 6 meters. The thickness of the regolith and the exposure histories of its constituent fragments can be related, by means of a relatively simple model, to the observed crater distribution.
Oxygen Isotope Fractionation between Minerals and an Estimate of the Temperature of Formation
Authors: Onuma Naoki , Clayton Robert N. , Mayeda Toshiko K.
Published: October 2006

Oxygen isotopic compositions of separated minerals from three type A and four type B rocks are very uniform. The δ
18
O values are: plagioclase, 6.20; clinopyroxene, 5.75; ilmenite, 4.45 (parts per thousand relative to Standard Mean Ocean Water). The isotopic distribution corresponds to equilibrium at 1120°C. The isotopic composition of lunar pyroxenes falls within the range for pyroxenes of terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks, ordinary chondrites, enstatite chondrites, and enstatite achondrites, but above the range for basaltic achondrites, hypersthene achondrites, and mesosiderites. Glass isolated from the lunar soil has a δ
18
O value of 6.2, significantly richer in
18
O than the crystalline rock fragments in the soil.
lnterferometric Examination of Small (Glassy Spherules and Related Objects in a 5-Graml Lunar Dust Sample
Authors: Tolansky S.
Published: October 2006

Over two hundred spherules and cylinders were extracted from the lunar dust sample. Sizes ranged from 0.75 to 0.03 millimeters, and most were shiny glassy objects, which were studied by interferometry. This study reveals very high specular reflection, frequent perfect sphericity, and clear evidence in some objects of microcracking and microchipping. Many spheres were once projectiles. Some have impacted in free flight with much smaller pieces of rocky material, which embedded in the surface. It is conjectured that the glassy spherules originated as a gas-blown shower from a pool of molten glass.
Surface Properties of Lunar Samples
Authors: Grossman Jack J. , Ryan Jack A. , Mukherjee Nalin R. , Wegner Mary W.
Published: October 2006

Fine-grained samples disrupted after exposure to oxygen and oxygen with 3.5 percent water above 2 torr. Chemical etching revealed plastic deformation in some samples, adhesion due to impact melting in others, dislocations in crystalline phases and evidence that some glasses were partially devitrified. Specimens of rock that were fractured in ultrahigh vacuum exhibited a time-dependent adhesion and a network of localized electrostatically charged areas.
Determination of Manganese-53 by Neutron Activation and Other Miscellaneous Studies on Lunar Dust
Authors: Herr W. , Herpers U. , Hess B. , Skerra B. , Woelfle R.
Published: October 2006

A highly sensitive determination of spallogenic
53
Mn (
T
= 2 × 10
6
yr) was accomplished in 0.99 g of lunar soil. The chemical yield of Mn is determined with "carrier-free"
52
Mn tracer. During a 23-day reactor irradiation the
53
Mn is transformed into
54
Mn (
T
= 300 days). Appropriate chemical recycling was done by ion exchange and distillation. Interferences of the (n,p) and the (n,2n) nuclear reactions were carefully studied. A
53
Mn disintegration rate of 30.3 ± 5.5 dpm/kg results. This extremely economic method is proposed for further detailed lunar profile measurements. The Re content, which is of possible cosmochemical interest, was determined to be 11 ppb. Appropriate separation techniques were used. The rather weak and complex thermoluminescence properties made a more basic study advisable. Thermogravimetric analysis, mass spectroscopy, and Moessbauer spectroscopy were applied. The presence of ilmenite, metallic Fe etc., and of an unidentified Fe
2+
-containing compound was deduced. Natural thermoluminescence could not be proved with certainty in our surface sample. However, the complexity of the artificial thermoluminescence demands better defined mineral fractions. The fission track method was used to measure U distribution in glass spherules etc.
Fluorometric Examination of a Lunar Sample
Authors: Rho Joon H. , Bauman A. J. , Yen T. F. , Bonner James
Published: October 2006

We have been unable to detect porphyrins in 13 grams of the bulk fine lunar sample from the Sea of Tranquillity under conditions in which less than 10
-13
mole per gram of lunar sample could have been detected. By appropriate extraction, however, the lunar sample yields a material which exhibits absorption maxima at 310 and 350 nanometers and a fluorescence maximum at 410 nanometers.
Search for Organic Material in Lunar Fines by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Murphy R. C. , Preti G. , Nafissi-V. M. M. , Biemann K.
Published: October 2006

Three kinds of experiments were performed in an effort to detect and identify organic compounds present in the lunar material (fines 10,086): (i) vaporization of the volatilizable components directly into the ion source of a high-resolution mass spectrometer, and (ii and iii) extraction of the material with organic solvents before and after dissolving most of the inorganic substrate in hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid. The extracts were investigated by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Although a number of organic compounds or compound types have been detected, none appears to be indigenous to the lunar surface.
Pyrolysis-Hydrogen Flame Ionization Detection of Organic Carbon in a Lunar Sample
Authors: Johnson Richard D. , Davis Catherine C.
Published: October 2006

The lunar samples were analyzed for total organic carbon content by pyrolysis at 850°C and subsequent detection of the resulting volatilized organic compounds in a hydrogen flame ionization detector. The organic content ranged from 10 to 126 parts per million, depending primarily upon the handling in the sample processing. No correlation of organic content with rock type has been shown. The small quantities of organic matter are primarily contamination, and the indigenous organic content is estimated to be less than 10 parts per million.
Organic Compounds in Lunar Samples: Pyrolysis Products, Hydrocarbons, Amino Acids
Authors: Nagy Bartholomew , Drew Charles M. , Hamilton Paul B. , Modzeleski Vincent E. , Murphy Mary E. , Scott Ward M. , Urey Harold C. , Young Maria
Published: October 2006

Lunar fines and a chip from inside a rock pyrolyzed in helium at 700°C gave methane, other gases, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene/methanol extracts of fines yielded traces of high molecular weight alkanes and sulfur. Traces of glycine, alanine, ethanolamine, and urea were found in aqueous extracts. Biological controls and a terrestrial rock, dunite, subjected to exhaust from the lunar module descent engine showed a different amino acid distribution. Interpretation of the origin of the carbon compounds requires extreme care, because of possible contamination acquired during initial sample processing.
Spectra of Backscattered Light from the Sea Obtained from Aircraft as a Measure of Chlorophyll Concentration
Authors: Clarke George L. , Ewing Gifford C. , Lorenzen Carl J.
Published: October 2006

Spectra of sun and skylight backscattered from the sea were obtained from a low-flying aircraft and were compared with measurements of chlorophyll concentration made from shipboard at the same localities and at nearly the same times. Increasing amounts of chlorophyll were found to be associated with a relative decrease in the blue portion of the spectra and an increase in the green. Anomalies in the spectra show that factors other than chlorophyll also affect the water color in some instances; these factors include other biochromes, suspended sediment, surface reflection, polarization, and air light.
Composition of Interstitial Waters of Marine Sediments: Temperature of Squeezing Effect
Authors: Bischoff James L. , Greer Randall E. , Luistro Antonio O.
Published: October 2006

Warming of samples of marine sediments to room temperatures prior to the extraction of interstitial water accounts for the apparent enrichments of potassium ion (13.3 percent) and chloride ion (1.4 percent) and depletions of magnesium ion (2.5 percent) and calcium ion (4.9 percent). These differences are the result of changes in ion-exchange selectivity as a function of temperature.
Penicillin as Epileptogenic Agent: Its Effect on an Isolated Neuron
Authors: Ayala G. F. , Lin Sping , Vasconetto C.
Published: October 2006

Penicillin induces partial depolarization and increased excitability of the neuronal membrane of crayfish stretch receptor. Such effects suggest that the epileptic focus created by the topical application of penicillin to the mammalian cerebral cortex may result from the lowering of the threshold for impulse initiation by excitatory synaptic action within the neuron population.
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: Chemical Synthesis in Anhydrous Base
Authors: von Tigerstrom R. , Smith M.
Published: October 2006

The sugar hydroxyl of a methoxytrityldeoxyribonucleoside reacts with a methoxytrityldeoxyribonucleoside phosphorofluoridate in dimethylformamide and potassium tertiary butoxide to yield the protected dinucleoside monophosphate. The reaction is fast and specific, and is used in a stepwise synthesis to prepare trinucleoside diphosphate and tetranucleoside triphosphate.
Transformation of
Tetramitus
Amebae into Flagellates
Authors: Fulton Chandler
Published: October 2006

Methods have been developed for controlling the transformation of
Tetramitus rostratus
, a protozoan able to reproduce either as an ameba or as a flagellate. An essential condition for transformation is a low concentration of oxygen in the environment.
Cochlear Nerve Fiber Discharge Patterns: Relationship to the Cochlear Microphonic
Authors: Pfeiffer Russell R. , Molnar Charles E.
Published: October 2006

Fourier analysis of discharge patterns in response to sinusoidal acoustic stimulation provides a consistent and repeatable measure of response phase and amplitude. The variation of the fundamental and harmonic components of the patterns as stimulus parameters are changed is strikingly similar to that of cochlear microphonics. The results are significantly different for single fibers with different characteristic frequencies; the variations parallel those of microphonics recorded from different cochlear turns.
Countercurrent System in the Renal Cortex of Rats
Authors: Steinhausen M. , Eisenbach G. M. , Galaske R.
Published: October 2006

Tubules on the surface of the renal cortex are intertwined with the capillaries. Micropuncture experiments on rats show that generally the flow of tubular fluid is against the flow of blood in the peritubular capillaries. A countercurrent flow system, therefore, exists not only in the renal papilla but also in the superficial cortex.
Adenosine Inhibition of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis: Possible Role of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
Authors: Wolberg Gerald , Zimmerman Thomas P. , Hiemstra Kay , Winston Marvin , Chu Li-Chiang
Published: October 2006

The in vitro destruction of tumor cells by specifically sensitized mouse lymphocytes was inhibited by adenosine; this inhibition was markedly potentiated by the presence of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The inhibition of cytolysis by adenosine was accompanied by a rapid elevation in lymphocytic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) concentrations. Both the inhibition of cytolysis and the elevation of cyclic AMP were reversed by prolonged incubation of the lymphocytes in the presence of adenosine or, more rapidly, by removal of the adenosine. Low concentrations of adenosine also caused an elevation of cyclic AMP in human lymphocytes, and this effect of adenosine may contribute to the lack of immune response associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency.
Discrimination Between Intracellular Uptake and Surface Adhesion of Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Isberg Ralph R.
Published: October 2006

Most bacterial pathogens initiate infectious diseases by adhering to host cells. Bacterial adherence to nonphagocytic cells usually leads to extracellular colonization; however, many invasive microorganisms enter host cells after binding to the host cell surface. It is unclear why bacterial adherence can result in these two different fates for the microorganism. Analyses of model systems, such as the uptake of enteropathogenic
Yersinia
into cultured cells, indicate that the particular mammalian cell receptors bound and the nature of the binding event dictate whether the bacterium remains extracellular or enters host cells.
Organizer-Specific Homeobox Genes in
Xenopus laevis
Embryos
Authors: Blumberg Bruce , Wright Christopher V. , De Robertis Eddy M. , Cho Ken W. Y.
Published: October 2006

The dorsal blastopore lip of the early
Xenopus laevis
gastrula can organize a complete secondary body axis when transplanted to another embryo. A search for potential gene regulatory components specifically expressed in the organizer was undertaken that resulted in the identification of four types of complementary DNAs from homeobox-containing genes that fulfill this criterion. The most abundant of these encodes a DNA-binding specificity similar to that of the
Drosophila melanogaster
anterior morphogen
bicoid
. The other three are also homologous to developmentally significant
Drosophila
genes. These four genes may participate in the regulation of the developmental potential of the organizer.
Mitochondrial RNA Synthesis during Mitosis
Authors: Fan Hung , Penman Sheldon
Published: October 2006

HeLa cells arrested in metaphase synthesized relatively normal amounts of mitochondrial RNA, while little RNA synthesis associated with the nucleus was detected. The RNA synthesized resembled the portion of mitochondrial RNA sensitive to ethidium bromide in interphase cells, with major peaks at 21, 12, and 4
S
. Unlike that in interphase cells, RNA synthesis in the mitochondrial fraction of mitotic cells was completely inhibited by ethidium bromide.
Superheated Ice Formed by the Freezing of Superheated Water
Authors: Schubert Gerald , Lingenfelter Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Water, superheated with respect to the vapor phase, has been made to freeze, thus forming ice that is also superheated with respect to the vapor. This phase transformation occurred at the extension of the melting curve below the triple point pressure.
Shock Synthesis of Amino Acids in Simulated Primitive Environments
Authors: Bar-Nun A. , Bar-Nun N. , Bauer S. H. , Sagan Carl
Published: October 2006

A mixture of gases roughly simulating the primitive terrestrial atmosphere has been subjected to shock heating followed by a rapid thermal quench. Under strictly homogeneous conditions there is a very high efficiency of 5 × 10
10
molecules per erg of shock-injected energy for production of alpha-amino acids. Calculations suggest that rapid quenching bypasses the usual thermochemical barrier. The product of energy flux and efficiency implies the unexpected conclusion that shocks occurring on atmospheric entry of cometary meteors and micrometeorites and from thunder may have been the principal energy sources for prebiological organic synthesis on the primitive earth.
Thoracic Temperature Stabilization by Blood Circulation in a Free-Flying Moth
Authors: Heinrich Bernd
Published: October 2006

The sphinx moth,
Manduca sexta
, maintains its thoracic temperature within a degree of 42°C while in free flight over a range of air temperatures from about 17° to 32°C. Tying off the dorsal vessel abolishes temperature control. Moths with tied off vessels overheat and then stop flying at air temperatures of about 23°C. However, flight at this temperature is possible when the thoracic scales are removed. The mechanism of temperature control involves transfer of the heat produced in the thorax to the blood pumped from the dorsal vessel, and the subsequent dissipation of this heat when the blood returns to the relatively cool abdomen.
Aerial Vision: Unique Adaptation in an Intertidal Fish
Authors: Graham Jeffrey B. , Rosenblatt Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Mnierpes macrocephalus
, a clinid fish of rocky shores of the eastern tropical Pacific, makes frequent terrestrial sojourns. The normal fish eye is myopic in air because of curvature of the cornea. This is overcome in
Mnierpes
by the presence of two flattened corneal surfaces.
Potassium-Adenosine Triphosphate Complex: Formation Constant Measured with Ion-Selective Electrodes
Authors: Rechnitz G. A. , Mohan M. S.
Published: October 2006

Valinomycin and glass electrodes were used to measure activity of potassium ions in equilibrium with adenosine triphosphate. The thermodynamic formation constant of the complex is approximately 25 times greater than indirect measurements predict.
Eukaryotes versus Prokaryotes: An Estimate of Evolutionary Distance
Authors: McLaughln P. J. , Dayhoff M. O.
Published: October 2006

The divergence of nucleated organisms and bacteria was 2.6 times more remote in evolution than the divergences of the nucleated organisms into separate kingdoms, as evidenced by genetic changes in cytochrome c and transfer RNA. The development of the genetic code through the differentiation of transfer RNA's for different amino acids was still more remote in evolution. The overall rates of transfer RNA evolution in bacteria and nucleated organisms were comparable.
T Cells Responsive to Myelin Basic Protein in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Allegretta Mark , Nicklas Janice A. , Sriram Subramaniam , Albertini Richard J.
Published: October 2006

Gene mutation in vivo in human T lymphocytes appears to occur preferentially in dividing cells. Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are assumed to have one or more populations of dividing T cells that are being stimulated by autoantigens. Mutant T cell clones from MS patients were isolated and tested for reactivity to myelin basic protein, an antigen that is thought to participate in the induction of the disease. The hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (
hprt
) clonal assay was used to determine mutant frequency values in MS patients with chronic progressive disease. Eleven of 258 thioguanine-resistant (
hprt
-
) T cell clones from five of the six MS patients who were tested proliferated in response to human myelin basic protein without prior in vitro exposure to this antigen. No wild-type clones from these patients, nor any
hprt
-
or wild-type clones from three healthy individuals responded to myelin basic protein. Thus, T cell clones that react with myelin basic protein can be isolated from the peripheral blood of MS patients.
Deformation Twins in Hornblende
Authors: Rooney Thomas P. , Riecker Robert E. , Ross Malcolm
Published: October 2006

Hornblende deformation twins with twin planes parallel to (1̅01) are produced experimentally in single crystals by compression parallel to the
c
axis. Twinning occurs at confining pressures from 5 to 15 kilobars and temperatures from 400° to 600°C (strain rate, 10
-5
per second).
Horseshoe Crab Lactate Dehydrogenases: Evidence for Dimeric Structure
Authors: Selander Robert K. , Yang Suh Y.
Published: October 2006

D-Lactate dehydrogenase of
Limulus polyphemus
occurs in six molecular forms, not in five as does the L-lactate dehydrogenase of vertebrates. The electrophoretic pattern of bands in an apparent genetic variant is incompatible with a model of tetrameric molecular structure, and suggests, rather, that the three more anodally migrating isozymes are dimer molecules, the polypeptide subunits of which are encoded by two genetic loci and are not involved in the formation of the lower triad of isozymes.
Biological Phosphonates: Determination by Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Glonek Thomas , Henderson Thomas O. , Hilderbrand Richard L. , Myers Terrell C.
Published: October 2006

Advanced methods of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy provided a method whereby biological phosphonates and phosphates can be determined on simple lipid fractions of biological origin. The spectra consist of two easily distinguished resonance bands; one corresponds to families of phosphonates, and the other corresponds to families of orthophosphates.
Phototropism in
Phycomyces
as Investigated by Focused Laser Radiation
Authors: Meistrich Marvin L. , Fork Richard L. , Matricon Jean
Published: October 2006

The phototropic response and distribution of photopigment in the sporangiophore of
Phycomyces
was investigated with a microillumination pattern. The data support the hypothesis that phototropism results from greater stimulation of growth in regions of more intense illumination and indicate that the photoreceptor extends to the outer wall of the sporangiophore.
Molting in Land Crabs: Stimulation by Leg Removal
Authors: Skinner Dorothy M. , Graham Dale E.
Published: October 2006

If the Bermuda land crab,
Gecarcinus lateralis
, loses numerous walking legs or both chelipeds, it undergoes almost immediate preparations for molting with attendant limb regeneration. Injections of the arthropod-molting hormone, ecdysterone, have no effect in either intact animals or those missing legs.
Arctic Paleo-Oceanography in Late Cenozoic Time
Authors: Herman Yvonne
Published: October 2006

Sediment cores from the Arctic Ocean yield significant faunal and lithologic evidence of alternating cold and milder periods for the last 6 million years. Although high-latitude continental glaciation commenced prior to 6 million years ago, the Arctic Ocean remained free of permanent pack ice up to approximately 0.7 million years ago, after which successive ice-covered and ice-free conditions existed.
Quinacrine: Mechanisms of Antimalarial Action
Authors: Van Dyke Knox , Lantz Christian , Szustkiewicz Christopher
Published: October 2006

Two new interesting modes of action of quinacrine have been discovered. The first concerns a dose-related inhibition of uptake of
[

8-
3
H

]
adenosine into host cells of parasitized blood. Second, the drug inhibits the incorporation of tritiated adenosine triphosphate primarily into RNA but also into DNA of the erythrocyte-free malarial parasite
Plasmodium berghei.
Communication of Direction by the Honey Bee
Authors: Gould James L. , Henerey Michael , MacLeod Michael C.
Published: October 2006

In the presence of controls for site- and path-specific odors, observer and food-source scents, Nasanov gland and alarm odors, visual cues, wind, and general site taxis, recruited bees were able to locate the food source indicated by the dances of returning foragers in preference to a food source located at an equal distance in the opposite direction. This was true even when foragers were simultaneously dancing to indicate two different stations. Recruitment in the absence of dancing was very low, while in the absence of foraging it was virtually zero. Thus, under the experimental conditions used, the directional information contained in the dance appears to have been communicated from forager to recruit and subsequently used by the recruit.
Serum Hepatitis Antigen (SH): Rapid Detection by High Voltage Immunoelectroosmophoresis
Authors: Prince Alfred M. , Burke Kathleen
Published: October 2006

An immunoelectroosmophoretic technique for rapid detection of the antigen (SH) associated with the serum hepatitis virus has been devised. The technique maintains the specificity characteristic of the Ouchterlony gel-diffusion method, yet detects in 1 to 2 hours one-tenth the amount of antigen required for gel diffusion. The test has immediate application to blood-banking practice since it permits the screening of such labile products as platelets and fresh whole blood, and the detection of antigen in additional serums negative by the Ouchterlony technique.
Epileptic Focus Location: Spectral Analysis Method
Authors: Gersch Will , Goddard G. V.
Published: October 2006

A spectral analysis technique for locating the site of an epileptic focus in the cat brain with the use of multielectrode data, obtained during a generalized seizure, is described. The data, indicating widespread appearance of epileptic activity, does not lend itself to conclusive analysis by conventional means. Three channels of data are examined at a time. One channel is said to drive the other channels if the first channel explains or accounts for the linear relation between the other two over a frequency interval corresponding to the interval of greatest energy concentration. The method of analysis involves computation of the coherence and partial coherence between data from all electrode pairs.