bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of OSLD and a treatment planning system for surface dose determination in IMRT treatments
Authors: Zhuang Audrey H. , Olch Arthur J.
Published: August 2014

Purpose:

To evaluate the accuracy of skin dose determination for composite multibeam 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments using optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs) and Eclipse treatment planning system.

Methods:

Surface doses measured by OSLDs in the buildup region for open field 6 MV beams, either perpendicular or oblique to the surface, were evaluated by comparing against dose measured by Markus Parallel Plate (PP) chamber, surface diodes, and calculated by Monte Carlo simulations. The accuracy of percent depth dose (PDD) calculation in the buildup region from the authors’ Eclipse system (Version 10), which was precisely commissioned in the buildup region and was used with 1 mm calculation grid, was also evaluated by comparing to PP chamber measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom was CT scanned with OSLDs in place at three locations. A planning target volume (PTV) was defined that extended close to the surface. Both an 8 beam 3DCRT and IMRT plan were generated in Eclipse. OSLDs were placed at the CT scanned reference locations to measure the skin doses and were compared to diode measurements and Eclipse calculations. Efforts were made to ensure that the dose comparison was done at the effective measurement points of each detector and corresponding locations in CT images.

Results:

The depth of the effective measurement point is 0.8 mm for OSLD when used in the buildup region in a 6 MV beam and is 0.7 mm for the authors’ surface diode. OSLDs and Eclipse system both agree well with Monte Carlo and/or Markus PP ion chamber and/or diode in buildup regions in 6 MV beams with normal or oblique incidence and across different field sizes. For the multiple beam 3DCRT plan and IMRT plans, the differences between OSLDs and Eclipse calculations on the surface of the anthropomorphic phantom were within 3% and distance‐to‐agreement less than 0.3 mm.

Conclusions:

The authors’ experiment showed that OSLD is an accurate dosimeter for skin dose measurements in complex 3DCRT or IMRT plans. It also showed that an Eclipse system with accurate commissioning of the data in the buildup region and 1 mm calculation grid can calculate surface doses with high accuracy and has a potential to replacein vivo measurements.
Batting Cage Performance of Wood and Nonwood Youth Baseball Bats
Authors: Crisco Joseph J. , Rainbow Michael J. , Schwartz Joel B. , Wilcox Bethany J.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the batting cage performance of wood and nonwood baseball bats used at the youth level. Three wood and ten nonwood bats were swung by 22 male players (13 to 18 years old) in a batting cage equipped with a 3-dimensional motion capture (300 Hz) system. Batted ball speeds were compared using a one-way ANOVA and bat swing speeds were analyzed as a function of bat moment of inertia by linear regression. Batted ball speeds were significantly faster for three nonwood bat models (P < .001), significantly slower for one nonwood model, and not different for six nonwood bats when compared with wood bats. Bat impact speed significantly (P < .05) decreased with increasing bat moment of inertia for the 13-, 14-, and 15-year-old groups, but not for the other age groups. Ball-bat coefficients of restitution (BBCOR) for all nonwood were greater than for wood, but this factor alone did not correlate with bat performance. Our findings indicate that increases in BBCOR and swing speed were not associated with faster batted ball speeds for the bats studied whose moment of inertia was substantially less than that of a wood bat of similar length.
Analysis of Characterizing Phases on Waveforms: An Application to Vertical Jumps
Authors: Richter Chris , O’Connor Noel E. , Marshall Brendan , Moran Kieran
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study is to propose a novel data analysis approach, an analysis of characterizing phases (ACP), that detects and examines phases of variance within a sample of curves utilizing the time, magnitude, and magnitude-time domains; and to compare the findings of ACP to discrete point analysis in identifying performance-related factors in vertical jumps. Twenty-five vertical jumps were analyzed. Discrete point analysis identified the initial-to-maximum rate of force development (P = .006) and the time from initial-to-maximum force (P = .047) as performance-related factors. However, due to intersubject variability in the shape of the force curves (ie, non-, uni- and bimodal nature), these variables were judged to be functionally erroneous. In contrast, ACP identified the ability to apply forces for longer (P < .038), generate higher forces (P < .027), and produce a greater rate of force development (P < .003) as performance-related factors. Analysis of characterizing phases showed advantages over discrete point analysis in identifying performance-related factors because it (i) analyses only related phases, (ii) analyses the whole data set, (iii) can identify performance-related factors that occur solely as a phase, (iv) identifies the specific phase over which differences occur, and (v) analyses the time, magnitude and combined magnitude-time domains.
Young Swimmers’ Classification Based on Kinematics, Hydrodynamics, and Anthropometrics
Authors: Barbosa Tiago M. , Morais Jorge E. , Costa Mário J. , Goncalves José , Marinho Daniel A. , Silva António J.
Published: August 2014

The aim of this article has been to classify swimmers based on kinematics, hydrodynamics, and anthropometrics. Sixty-seven young swimmers made a maximal 25 m front-crawl to measure with a speedometer the swimming velocity (v), speed-fluctuation (dv) and dv normalized to v (dv/v). Another two 25 m bouts with and without carrying a perturbation device were made to estimate active drag coefficient (CDa). Trunk transverse surface area (S) was measured with photogrammetric technique on land and in the hydrodynamic position. Cluster 1 was related to swimmers with a high speed fluctuation (ie, dv and dv/v), cluster 2 with anthropometrics (ie, S) and cluster 3 with a high hydrodynamic profile (ie, CDa). The variable that seems to discriminate better the clusters was the dv/v (F = 53.680; P < .001), followed by the dv (F = 28.506; P < .001), CDa (F = 21.025; P < .001), S (F = 6.297; P < .01) and v (F = 5.375; P = .01). Stepwise discriminant analysis extracted 2 functions: Function 1 was mainly defined by dv/v and S (74.3% of variance), whereas function 2 was mainly defined by CDa (25.7% of variance). It can be concluded that kinematics, hydrodynamics and anthropometrics are determinant domains in which to classify and characterize young swimmers’ profiles.
Measurement of the Effect of Playground Surface Materials on Hand Impact Forces During Upper Limb Fall Arrests
Authors: Choi Woochol J. , Kaur Harjinder , Robinovitch Stephen N.
Published: August 2014

Distal radius fractures are common on playgrounds. Yet current guidelines for the selection of playground surface materials are based only on protection against fall-related head injuries. We conducted “torso release” experiments to determine how common playground surface materials affect impact force applied to the hand during upper limb fall arrests. Trials were acquired for falls onto a rigid surface, and onto five common playground surface materials: engineered wood fiber, gravel, mulch, rubber tile, and sand. Measures were acquired for arm angles of 20 and 40 degrees from the vertical. Playground surface materials influenced the peak resultant and vertical force (P < .001), but not the peak horizontal force (P = .159). When compared with the rigid condition, peak resultant force was reduced 17% by sand (from 1039 to 864 N), 16% by gravel, 7% by mulch, 5% by engineered wood fiber, and 2% by rubber tile. The best performing surface provided only a 17% reduction in peak resultant force. These results help to explain the lack of convincing evidence from clinical studies on the effectiveness of playground surface materials in preventing distal radius fractures during playground falls, and highlight the need to develop playground surface materials that provide improved protection against these injuries.
Draft Genome Sequence of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii Strain CFBP 6369
Authors: Gagnevin L. , Bolot S. , Gordon J. L. , Pruvost O. , Vernière C. , Robène I. , Arlat M. , Noël L. D. , Carrère S. , Jacques M.-A. , Koebnik R.
Published: August 2014

We report here the draft genome sequence of
Xanthomonas axonopodis
pv. allii strain CFBP 6369, the causal agent of bacterial blight of onion. The draft genome has a size of 5,425,942 bp and a G+C content of 64.4%.
Genome Sequence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
melonis
Strain NRRL 26406, a Fungus Causing Wilt Disease on Melon
Authors: Ma Li-Jun , Shea Terrance , Young Sarah , Zeng Qiandong , Kistler H. Corby
Published: August 2014

Horizontal chromosome transfer introduces host-specific pathogenicity among members of the
Fusarium oxysporum
species complex and is responsible for some of the most destructive and intractable plant diseases. This paper reports the genome sequence of
F. oxysporum
f. sp.
melonis
(NRRL 26406), a causal agent of
Fusarium
wilt disease on melon.
Draft Genome Sequence of Amycolatopsis mediterranei DSM 40773, a Tangible Antibiotic Producer
Authors: Mukherjee Udita , Saxena Anjali , Kumari Rashmi , Singh Priya , Lal Rup
Published: August 2014

Amycolatopsis mediterranei
DSM 40773 has been of special interest as successors of this strain are in use for the commercial production of rifamycin B. Here we present the draft genome sequence (~10 Mb) of this strain, which contains 108 contigs, 9,198 genes, and has a G+C content of 71.3%.
Finished Genome Sequence of the Unicellular Cyanobacterium
Synechocystis
sp. Strain PCC 6714
Authors: Kopf Matthias , Klähn Stephan , Voss Björn , Stüber Kurt , Huettel Bruno , Reinhardt Richard , Hess Wolfgang R.
Published: August 2014

Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6714 is a unicellular cyanobacterium closely related to the popular model organism
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803. A combination of PacBio SMRT and Illumina GAIIx data results in a highly accurate finished genome sequence that provides a reliable resource for further comparative analyses.
Genome Sequence of Tumor Virus X, a Member of the Genus
Protoparvovirus
in the Family
Parvoviridae
Authors: Vollmers Ellen M. , D'Abramo Anthony , Cotmore Susan F. , Tattersall Peter
Published: August 2014

The orphan parvovirus tumor virus X (TVX) has potent oncolytic activity. Compared to other viruses from the species
Rodent protoparvovirus 1
, TVX has a 111 nucleotide deletion in its nonstructural (NS) gene, a 24 nucleotide insertion in VP1, and a 93 nucleotide repeat initiating from the C-terminus of the capsid gene.
Genome Analysis of 17 Extensively Drug-Resistant Strains Reveals New Potential Mutations for Resistance
Authors: Guio H. , Tarazona D. , Galarza M. , Borda V. , Curitomay R.
Published: August 2014

We report the whole-genome sequence of an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) strain of Latin American–Mediterranean (LAM) lineage. This strain is phenotypically resistant to aminoglycosides, but carries no related mutations in
rrs
,
tlyA
, and
eis
. Through genome analysis comparison with 16 XDR strains, we found 218 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shared that could confer resistance.
The pathway to orthopaedic surgery: a population study of the role of access to primary care and availability of orthopaedic services in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Canizares Mayilee , Davis Aileen M , Badley Elizabeth M
Published: August 2014

Objective

To examine the impact of access to primary care physicians (PCPs), geographic availability of orthopaedic surgeons, socioeconomic status (SES), proportion of older population (≥65 years) and proportion of rural population on orthopaedic surgeon office visits and orthopaedic surgery.

Design

Population multilevel study.

Setting

Ontario, Canada.

Participants

Ontario residents 18 years or older who had visits to orthopaedic surgeons or an orthopaedic surgery for musculoskeletal disorders in 2007/2008.

Primary and secondary outcomes

Office visits to orthopaedic surgeons and orthopaedic surgery.

Results

Access to PCPs and the index of geographic availability of orthopaedic surgeons, but not SES, were significantly associated with orthopaedic surgeon office visits. There was a significant interaction between access to PCPs and orthopaedic surgeon geographic availability for the rate of office visits, with access to PCPs being more important in areas of low geographic availability of orthopaedic surgeons. After controlling for office visits with orthopaedic surgeons, the index of geographic availability of orthopaedic surgeons was no longer significantly associated with orthopaedic surgery.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that, particularly, in areas with low access to PCPs or with fewer available orthopaedic surgeons, residents are less likely to have orthopaedic surgeon office visits and in turn are less likely to receive surgery. Efforts to address adequate access to orthopaedic surgery should also include improving and facilitating access to PCPs for referral, particularly in geographic areas with low orthopaedic surgeon availability.
Hydraulic and strength properties of unexposed and freeze–thaw exposed cement-stabilized soils
Authors: Jamshidi Reza Jolous , Lake Craig B.
Published: August 2014

A total of 108 specimens were prepared to examine the hydraulic performance and strength performance of nine different cement-stabilized soils under unexposed and freeze–thaw exposed conditions. Specimens from each mix design were evaluated under two levels of curing conditions (i.e., immature versus mature). Hydraulic conductivity and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) measurements were performed to assess changes in the performance of specimens after 12 cycles of freezing at −10 ± 1 °C and thawing at 22 ± 1 °C. Measured mass losses of the specimens from a standard brushing test were also monitored at different freeze–thaw cycles, and results were compared with the changes in the hydraulic performance for each mix design. Hydraulic conductivity measurements on unexposed mature specimens showed that the lowest values likely occurred at water contents slightly wet of optimum water content (OWC). The UCS values showed a general decreasing trend with the increase in the water content for both immature and mature specimens under unexposed conditions. After freeze–thaw exposure, specimens showed minor reductions as well as increases of up to 5250 times in hydraulic conductivity values. Increases of up to 14% and reductions of up to 58% in compressive strength were also observed, compared with unexposed conditions. For most cases, mature specimens resulted in a higher degree of damage compared with immature specimens. Results from the brushing tests showed this test method is not a suitable indicator for predicting changes in the hydraulic performance of cement-stabilized soils. Hydraulic conductivity measurements after a period of post-exposure healing showed damaged specimens have some potential in recovering parts of the increased hydraulic conductivity value due to the healing process.
Phase structures of holographic screen thermodynamics
Authors: Jiang Wei-Jian , Chen Yi-Xin , Li Jian-Long
Published: August 2014

Holographic screens are the generalization of the event horizon of a black hole in entropic force scheme, which are defined by setting Newton potential ϕ constant, i.e. e2ϕ = c = const. We demonstrate that the integrated first law of thermodynamics is equivalent to the (r-r) component of Einstein equations, so that we strengthen the correspondence between thermodynamics and gravity. We show that there are not only the first law of thermodynamics, but also kinds of phase transitions of holographic screens. These phase transitions are characterized by the discontinuity of their heat capacities. In (n+1)-dimensional Reissner–Nordström–anti-de Sitter (RN-AdS) spacetime, we analyze three kinds of phase transitions, which are of the holographic screens with Q = 0 (charge), constant Φ (electrostatic potential) and nonzero constant Q. In the Q = 0 case, only the holographic screens with 0≤c<1 can undergo phase transition. In the constant Φ case, the constraints become as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a dimensional-dependent parameter. By verifying the Ehrenfest equations, we show that the phase transitions in this case are all second order phase transitions. In the constant Q case, there might be two, or one, or no phase transitions of holographic screens, depending on the values of Q and c.
Electromagnetic and gravitational form factors in simulated QED and Yukawa model
Authors: Kumar Narinder , Dahiya Harleen
Published: August 2014

The light-cone Fock state representation of composite systems has a number of remarkable properties and for systems such as hadrons they have exact representation for angular momentum, energy–momentum tensor. We investigate the electromagnetic and gravitational form factors with zero momentum transfer in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and Yukawa theory. To improve the convergence near the end points of x qualitatively as well as to check the consistency of the model, we differentiate the wave function w.r.t. bound state mass. We test the behavior of the anomalous gravitomagnetic moment, which follows directly from the Lorentz boost properties of the light-cone Fock representation, for the simulated model as well as the Yukawa model. We also discuss the Pauli form factor obtained from the spin-flip matrix element.
COMPACT WILKINSON PASS-BAND FILTERING POWER DIVIDER BASED ON QUARTER-WAVELENGTH SIDE-COUPLED RING
Authors: WU YONGLE , LIU QIANG , SHEN JUNYU , LIU YUANAN
Published: August 2014

A Wilkinson power divider with improved bandpass filtering and high isolation performance is proposed. These characteristics are achieved by replacing the quarter-wavelength transmission line in the conventional coupled line Wilkinson power divider with quarter-wavelength side-coupled ring (QSCR). Additional features such as DC blocking between arbitrary two ports, single-layer via-less structure for low-cost fabrication and convenient integration (as only one isolation resistor required) are highlighted. A 2-GHz Wilkinson microstrip power divider with a fractional bandwidth of 4% has been fabricated and experimentally characterized. The consistency between simulated and measured results validates the effectiveness of our proposed design.
FUZZY LOGIC BASED MODELING OF TRAFFIC FLOWS INDUCED BY REGIONAL SHOPPING MALLS
Authors: VANCHERI ALBERTO , GIORDANO PAOLO , ANDREY DENISE
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we present an agent-based model aiming at supporting decisions about the planning of shopping malls (SM), with a main focus about their environmental impact. The model forecasts the traffic flows induced by SM at the regional level on the whole road network of Canton Ticino (Switzerland), and has been used by the public administration as a support to decide master plan rules. The system has been modeled as an interaction space, a new type of modeling framework that includes both multi-agent systems and cellular automata as a particular case. We define a grammar to specify different agents' trips, and we associate a fuzzy logic based indicator to each one of these specifications. Similarly, we define attractiveness indicators for zones containing economical activities related to agents' trips. The use of these indicators permits to obtain agents' location choices of secondary activities with a great computational efficiency. Simulations include several environmental indicators, like concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, counting changes in a given small part of a road or an estimation of roads' level of service.
An Interactive, Web-Based High Performance Modeling Environment for Computational Epidemiology
Authors: Deodhar Suruchi , Bisset Keith R. , Chen Jiangzhuo , Ma Yifei , Marathe Madhav V.
Published: August 2014

We present an integrated interactive modeling environment to support public health epidemiology. The environment combines a high resolution individual-based model with a user-friendly Web-based interface that allows analysts to access the models and the analytics backend remotely from a desktop or a mobile device. The environment is based on a loosely coupled service-oriented-architecture that allows analysts to explore various counterfactual scenarios. As the modeling tools for public health epidemiology are getting more sophisticated, it is becoming increasingly difficult for noncomputational scientists to effectively use the systems that incorporate such models. Thus an important design consideration for an integrated modeling environment is to improve ease of use such that experimental simulations can be driven by the users. This is achieved by designing intuitive and user-friendly interfaces that allow users to design and analyze a computational experiment and steer the experiment based on the state of the system.

A key feature of a system that supports this design goal is the ability to start, stop, pause, and roll back the disease propagation and intervention application process interactively. An analyst can access the state of the system at any point in time and formulate dynamic interventions based on additional information obtained through state assessment. In addition, the environment provides automated services for experiment set-up and management, thus reducing the overall time for conducting end-to-end experimental studies.

We illustrate the applicability of the system by describing computational experiments based on realistic pandemic planning scenarios. The experiments are designed to demonstrate the system’s capability and enhanced user productivity.
Efficient Stream Provenance via Operator Instrumentation
Authors: Glavic Boris , Esmaili Kyumars Sheykh , Fischer Peter M. , Tatbul Nesime
Published: August 2014

Managing fine-grained provenance is a critical requirement for data stream management systems (DSMS), not only for addressing complex applications that require diagnostic capabilities and assurance, but also for providing advanced functionality, such as revision processing or query debugging. This article introduces a novel approach that uses operator instrumentation, that is, modifying the behavior of operators, to generate and propagate fine-grained provenance through several operators of a query network. In addition to applying this technique to compute provenance eagerly during query execution, we also study how to decouple provenance computation from query processing to reduce runtime overhead and avoid unnecessary provenance retrieval. Our proposals include computing a concise superset of the provenance (to allow lazily replaying a query and reconstruct its provenance) as well as lazy retrieval (to avoid unnecessary reconstruction of provenance). We develop stream-specific compression methods to reduce the computational and storage overhead of provenance generation and retrieval. Ariadne, our provenance-aware extension of the Borealis DSMS implements these techniques. Our experiments confirm that Ariadne manages provenance with minor overhead and clearly outperforms query rewrite, the current state of the art.
Performance within a fiber-to-the-home network
Authors: Sargent Matthew , Allman Mark
Published: August 2014

Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) networks are on the brink of bringing significantly higher capacity to residential users compared to today's commercial residential options. There are several burgeoning FTTH networks that provide capacities of up to 1 Gbps. We have been monitoring one such operational network---the Case Connection Zone---for 23 months. In this paper we seek to understand the extent to which the users in this network are in fact making use of the provided bi-directional 1 Gbps capacity. We find that even when given virtually unlimited capacity the majority of the time users do not retrieve information from the Internet in excess of commercially available data rates and transmit at only modestly higher rates than commodity networks support. Further, we find that end host issues---most prominently buffering at both end points---are often the cause of the lower-than-expected performance.
Protocol design contests
Authors: Sivaraman Anirudh , Winstein Keith , Varley Pauline , Batalha João , Goyal Ameesh , Das Somak , Ma Joshua , Balakrishnan Hari
Published: August 2014

In fields like data mining and natural language processing, design contests have been successfully used to advance the state of the art. Such contests offer an opportunity to bring the excitement and challenges of protocol design---one of the core intellectual elements of research and practice in networked systems---to a broader group of potential contributors, whose ideas may prove important. Moreover, it may lead to an increase in the number of students, especially undergraduates or those learning via online courses, interested in pursuing a career in the field.

We describe the creation of the infrastructure and our experience with a protocol design contest conducted in MIT's graduate Computer Networks class. This contest involved the design and evaluation of a congestion-control protocol for paths traversing cellular wireless networks. One key to the success of a design contest is an unambiguous, measurable objective to compare protocols. In practice, protocol design is the art of trading off conflicting goals with each other, but in this contest, we specified that the goal was to maximize $\log(\mbox{throughput}/\mbox{delay})$. This goal is a good match for applications such as video streaming or videoconferencing that care about high throughput and low interactive delays.

Some students produced protocols whose performance was better than published protocols tackling similar goals. Furthermore, the convex hull of the set of all student protocols traced out a tradeoff curve in the throughput-delay space, providing useful insights into the entire space of possible protocols. We found that student protocols diverged in performance between the training and testing traces, indicating that some students had overtrained ("overfitted") their protocols to the training trace. Our conclusion is that, if designed properly, such contests could benefit networking research by making new proposals more easily reproducible and amenable to such "gamification," improve networked systems, and provide an avenue for outreach.
A look behind the future internet architectures efforts
Authors: Fisher Darleen
Published: August 2014

The Future Internet Architectures (FIA) constitutes a 10-year effort by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that was launched in 2006, with the announcement of the Future INternet Design (FIND) research area within a Network Technologies and Systems (NeTS) program solicitation. This solicitation outlined a three-phase program to ``rethink'' the Internet, beginning with FIND and culminating in the recently announced two-year awards for Future Internet Architecture--Next Phase (FIA-NP). Because many readers may not be familiar with the thinking behind this effort, this article aims to provide a historical context and background for the technical papers included in this issue.
The role of a bad news reporter in information technology project escalation
Authors: Lee Jong Seok , Cuellar Michael J. , Keil Mark , Johnson Roy D.
Published: August 2014

This paper presents a study of the deaf effect response to bad news reporting in an IT project management context. Using a mixed method approach that included both quantitative and qualitative data obtained through a laboratory experiment, our findings suggest that individuals turn a deaf ear to bad news reporting when bad news is received from a person who is not role prescribed to report bad news or is not perceived to be credible. Further, it was found that perceived message relevance and risk perception mediate these relationships. We also found that men are more willing to take risk, and also less likely to perceive risk compared to women in IT project escalation situations. Consequently, men are more likely to turn a deaf ear, thus causing IT project escalation to occur. In this paper, we discuss several implications of the findings of this study for both research and practice.
Quantifying hypoxia-induced chemoreceptor sensitivity in the awake rodent
Authors: Morgan Barbara J. , Adrian Russell , Bates Melissa L. , Dopp John M. , Dempsey Jerome A.
Published: August 2014

We evaluated several methods for characterizing hypoxic chemosensitivity in the conscious rat. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 30) were exposed to normobaric hypoxia [inspired oxygen fraction (Fio2) 0.15, 0.12, and 0.09]. We measured ventilation (V̇e; barometric plethysmography), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2; pulse oximeter), and oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production (V̇o2and V̇co2; analysis of expired air). Linear regression analysis was used to define stimulus-response relationships. Testing was performed on 2 days to assess day-to-day reproducibility. Exposure to graded, steady-state hypoxia caused progressive reductions in SpO2that were, for any given Fio2, quite variable (SpO2range, 20–30%) among individuals. Hypoxia produced progressive increases in V̇e caused by increases in both tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency. Hypoxia also increased the VT:inspiratory time (Ti) ratio, an indicator of central respiratory “drive.” Hypoxia caused consistent, progressive declines in V̇o2, V̇co2, and core temperature (>20% at the lowest SpO2). We propose that optimal quantification of carotid chemoreceptor hypoxic sensitivity in the unanesthetized rodent should employ SpO2[a surrogate for arterial Po2(PaO2)] as the stimulus variable and the ventilatory equivalent for V̇co2(V̇e/V̇co2) and/or mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/Ti) normalized for V̇co2as the response variables. Both metrics take into account not only the important influence of a falling metabolic rate, but also SpO2, which represents the hypoxic stimulus at the carotid body. Because of the somewhat curvilinear nature of these responses, exposure to multiple levels of graded hypoxia provides the most complete characterization of hypoxic chemosensitivity.
Molecular Homology and Difference between Spontaneous Canine Mammary Cancer and Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Liu Deli , Xiong Huan , Ellis Angela E. , Northrup Nicole C. , Rodriguez Carlos O. , O'Regan Ruth M. , Dalton Stephen , Zhao Shaying
Published: August 2014

Spontaneously occurring canine mammary cancer represents an excellent model of human breast cancer, but is greatly understudied. To better use this valuable resource, we performed whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, RNA-seq, and/or high-density arrays on twelve canine mammary cancer cases, including seven simple carcinomas and four complex carcinomas. Canine simple carcinomas, which histologically match human breast carcinomas, harbor extensive genomic aberrations, many of which faithfully recapitulate key features of human breast cancer. Canine complex carcinomas, which are characterized by proliferation of both luminal and myoepithelial cells and are rare in human breast cancer, seem to lack genomic abnormalities. Instead, these tumors have about 35 chromatin-modification genes downregulated and are abnormally enriched with active histone modification H4-acetylation, whereas aberrantly depleted with repressive histone modification H3K9me3. Our findings indicate the likelihood that canine simple carcinomas arise from genomic aberrations, whereas complex carcinomas originate from epigenomic alterations, reinforcing their unique value. Canine complex carcinomas offer an ideal system to study myoepithelial cells, the second major cell lineage of the mammary gland. Canine simple carcinomas, which faithfully represent human breast carcinomas at the molecular level, provide indispensable models for basic and translational breast cancer research. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5045–56. ©2014 AACR.
89Zr-trastuzumab and 89Zr-bevacizumab PET to Evaluate the Effect of the HSP90 Inhibitor NVP-AUY922 in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Gaykema Sietske B.M. , Schröder Carolien P. , Vitfell-Rasmussen Joanna , Chua Sue , Oude Munnink Thijs H. , Brouwers Adrienne H. , Bongaerts Alfons H.H. , Akimov Mikhail , Fernandez-Ibarra Cristina , Lub-de Hooge Marjolijn N. , de Vries Elisabeth G.E. , Swanton Charles , Banerji Udai
Published: August 2014

Purpose: HSP90 chaperones have key client proteins that are involved in all hallmarks of breast cancer growth and progression. The primary aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the feasibility of using 89Zr-trastuzumab PET (for HER2-positive breast cancer) or 89Zr-bevacizumab PET [for estrogen receptor (ER)–positive breast cancer] to determine in vivo degradation of client proteins caused by the novel HSP90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922.

Experimental Design: Of note, 70 mg/m2 NVP-AUY922 was administered intravenously in a weekly schedule to patients with advanced HER2 or ER-positive breast cancer. Biomarker analysis consisted of serial PET imaging with 2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), 89Zr-trastuzumab, or 89Zr-bevacizumab. Response evaluation was performed according to RECIST1.0. FDG, 89Zr-trastuzumab, and 89Zr-bevacizumab distributions were scored visually and quantitatively by calculating the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax). In blood samples, serial HSP70 levels, extracellular form of HER2 (HER2-ECD), and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were measured.

Results: Sixteen patients (ten HER2-positive and six ER-positive tumors) were included. One partial response was observed; seven patients showed stable disease. SUVmax change in individual tumor lesions on baseline versus 3 weeks 89Zr-trastuzumab PET was heterogeneous and related to size change on CT after 8 weeks treatment (r2 = 0.69; P = 0.006). Tumor response on 89Zr-bevacizumab PET and FDG-PET was not correlated with CT response.

Conclusions: NVP-AUY922 showed proof-of-concept clinical response in HER2-amplified metastatic breast cancer. Early change on 89Zr-trastuzumab PET was positively associated with change in size of individual lesions assessed by CT. Clin Cancer Res; 20(15); 3945–54. ©2014 AACR.
Larger A1/M1 Diameter Ratio Predicts Embolic Anterior Cerebral Artery Territorial Stroke
Authors: Shoamanesh Ashkan , Masoud Hesham , Furey Katrina , Duerfeldt Kaylyn , Lau Helena , Romero Jose R. , Pikula Aleksandra , Teal Philip , Nguyen Thanh N. , Kase Carlos S. , Babikian Viken L.
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose—

In contrast to middle cerebral artery territory strokes, anterior cerebral artery strokes (ACAS) occur rarely. The low frequency of ACAS, in relation to middle cerebral artery territory strokes, may be explained by differences in ACA and middle cerebral artery anatomy influencing their respective flow-directed embolism rates. We aimed to determine whether variability in ACA anatomy, and in particular A1 segment diameter, is associated with embolic ACAS.

Methods—

Consecutive patients admitted to Boston Medical Center with embolic ACAS were reviewed. Ipsilateral and contralateral A1 diameters, M1 diameters, and terminal internal carotid artery bifurcation angles were measured from computed tomographic angiography and MRI angiography images. We compared these measurements between cases of ACAS and consecutive cases of embolic middle cerebral artery territory strokes.

Results—

The study comprised 55 individuals (27 ACAS, 28 middle cerebral artery territory strokes) with mean age of 69 years. In multivariate regression analysis, larger ipsilateral A1 diameters (odds ratio per 1 mm increment: 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–53.3) and ipsilateral A1/M1 diameter ratio (odds ratio per 10% increment: 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.9) were associated with ACAS, whereas larger ipsilateral M1 diameters was protective for ACAS (odds ratio per 1 mm increment: 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.0–0.9).

Conclusions—

Larger ipsilateral A1 diameters and A1/M1 diameter ratio are associated with embolic ACAS. These findings suggest that A1 diameters and M1 diameters are important in determining the path of emboli that reach the terminal internal carotid artery.
Festbankett oder Henkersmahl? Die zwei Gesichter von Jes 25:6-8
Authors: Maier Michael P.
Published: August 2014

Biblical scholarship generally considers Is. 25:6-8 one of the most universal salvation oracles. Nevertheless, not only the old translations, but also Jewish exegetes of the Middle Ages understood it as an announcement of doom. A fresh look at the intertextuality of some of the key words, gives new credibility to this interpretation. In fact, a banquet may be occasion of judgment, oil can hint to extravagant ointment, new wine may intoxicate, the covering which is pulled away is sometimes a metaphor for military protection.

After the exegesis, the hermeneutical problem of diverging interpretations is discussed. The two faces of the oracle are seen as the result of the different readings of Israel and the Church. For obvious reasons, Jewish readers identified with the people living on mount Zion, Christian readers with the nations climbing up to it. In order to bridge the abyss, it is necessary to recognize these contrasting receptions and to acknowledge the distinct, but intimately connected roles of Israel and the Gentiles.
Habakkuk 3:10-11: In Defence of a Masoretic Unit Division
Authors: Wearne Gareth J.
Published: August 2014

This short paper argues in defence of the Masoretic verse division of Habakkuk 3:10-11. It is argued that by interpreting the hapax rôm in v.10 as a by-form of the noun mārôm (rather than rûm as is usual), it is possible to preserve the logical and structural integrity of the verses without resorting to emendation. The validity of this interpretation is supported by the textual witnesses, which otherwise prove difficult to explain.
Corruption in Sport
Authors: Nassif Nadim
Published: August 2014

Corruption in sport may have different forms: bribes to International Olympic Committee officials, gambling scandals in football games, doping… But these scourges are not only related to bribery in winning a bid to organize an international sport event or to an athlete cheating, they are also very present in the policy of the government in this field. In fact, the economic, social and political growth of sport in the end of the 20th century has put this sector on the national agendas. Today, sport policy is subject to a structure mechanism and a financing system defined and implemented by the government. Therefore, if a country has a public sector tainted with corruption, it is very likely to affect the whole government apparatus, including the sport sector. When it comes to the public sector, corruption is mainly found in the bribery of officials, kickbacks in procurement and embezzlement of funds.

This article examines corruption in the Lebanese sport system. It argues that the latter is highly influenced by the state’s multiconfessional political system. This system, which is officially based on a communitarian balance that is difficult to reach, is transformed in reality into a struggle for overrepresentation, even in the field of sport. As the main goal for the different religious groups is to lead the political scene, this often implies corruptive and nepotistic behavior.
Morphology and phylogeny of Chaetospermum (asexual coelomycetous Basidiomycota)
Authors: TANGTHIRASUNUN NARUMON , SILAR PHILIPPE , BHAT DARBHE JAYARAMA , CHUKEATIROTE EKACHAI , WIKEE SAOWANEE , MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA SAJEEWA S.N. , HYDE KEVIN D. , WANG YONG
Published: August 2014

Five asexually reproducing basidiomycetous fungi, isolated from northern and southern provinces of Thailand, characterized by slimy, setulate conidia in creamy white pycnidia and classified in the genus Chaetospermum, are studied in detail. Two species, C. camelliae and C. artocarpi, are redescribed and epitypified. A phylogenetic tree based on 28S large subunit rDNA (LSU) sequence was used to analyze their taxonomy and relationships. The study confirmed that Chaetospermum belongs to the Sebacinales, a poorly studied order of Agaricomycetes.
Two new Aprostocetus species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), fortuitous parasitoids of invasive eulophid gall inducers (Tetrastichinae) on Eucalyptus and Erythrina
Authors: YANG MAN-MIAO , LIN YU-CHE , WU YAOJUN , FISHER NICOLE , SAIMANEE TITIPORN , SANGTONGPRAOW BENJAKHUN , ZHU CHAODONG , CHIU WILLIAM CHIEN-HSIEN , SALLE JOHN LA
Published: August 2014

Two closely related new species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) are described as fortuitous parasitoids of invasive gall inducers in two other genera of Tetrastichinae, Leptocybe Fisher & LaSalle and Quadrastichus Girault. Aprostocetus causalis La Salle & Wu is a parasitoid of Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle on Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) in China and Thailand, and A. felix La Salle, Yang & Lin is a parasitoid of Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim on Erythrina spp. (Fabaceae) in Taiwan. Epitetrastichus nigriventris Girault, 1913 is removed from synonymy from Aprostocetus gala (Walker), and treated as the valid species A. nigriventris (Girault).
Tropical Cyclone Simulation and Response to CO2 Doubling in the GFDL CM2.5 High-Resolution Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Seog , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Knutson Thomas R. , Anderson Whit G. , Delworth Thomas L. , Rosati Anthony , Zeng Fanrong , Zhao Ming
Published: August 2014

Global tropical cyclone (TC) activity is simulated by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Climate Model, version 2.5 (CM2.5), which is a fully coupled global climate model with a horizontal resolution of about 50 km for the atmosphere and 25 km for the ocean. The present climate simulation shows a fairly realistic global TC frequency, seasonal cycle, and geographical distribution. The model has some notable biases in regional TC activity, including simulating too few TCs in the North Atlantic. The regional biases in TC activity are associated with simulation biases in the large-scale environment such as sea surface temperature, vertical wind shear, and vertical velocity. Despite these biases, the model simulates the large-scale variations of TC activity induced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation fairly realistically. The response of TC activity in the model to global warming is investigated by comparing the present climate with a CO2 doubling experiment. Globally, TC frequency decreases (−19%) while the intensity increases (+2.7%) in response to CO2 doubling, consistent with previous studies. The average TC lifetime decreases by −4.6%, while the TC size and rainfall increase by about 3% and 12%, respectively. These changes are generally reproduced across the different basins in terms of the sign of the change, although the percent changes vary from basin to basin and within individual basins. For the Atlantic basin, although there is an overall reduction in frequency from CO2 doubling, the warmed climate exhibits increased interannual hurricane frequency variability so that the simulated Atlantic TC activity is enhanced more during unusually warm years in the CO2-warmed climate relative to that in unusually warm years in the control climate.
The impact of employment-level characteristics on work–life interference in school-aged children
Authors: Loudoun Rebecca , McDonald Paula
Published: August 2014

Work–life interference is important for school-aged workers because it influences their educational outcomes/career aspirations. Although research highlights the role of work hours in determining work–life interference for these workers, work/job-level characteristics have received limited attention. Using survey data from Queensland school students who work part-time, we assess the influence of a range of employment-level variables on work–life interference. The results of multiple regression analysis indicate work–life interference is exacerbated by having low trust in managers and limited scope to refuse work hours and stability in work hours, emphasising the importance of organisational variables in integrating work and non-work spheres for school-aged workers.
School Brand Management
Authors: DiMartino Catherine , Jessen Sarah Butler
Published: August 2014

Over the past 20 years, market-based choice initiatives have become a popular approach to education reform. Since 2002, the New York City Department of Education has opened over 250 high schools, creating a marketplace so widespread that many students no longer have a zoned or neighborhood school. This article uses two New York City–based case studies to examine branding or marketing practices at new small schools. It explores how and to whom schools market themselves and the nature and type of information provided to students and parents. The article raises questions about the implications of marketing and branding practices for public education.
The financialisation of rental housing: A comparative analysis of New York City and Berlin
Authors: Fields Desiree , Uffer Sabina
Published: August 2014

This paper compares how recent waves of private equity real estate investment have reshaped the rental housing markets in New York and Berlin. Through secondary analysis of separate primary research projects, we explore financialisation’s impact on tenants, neighbourhoods, and urban space. Despite their contrasting market contexts and investor strategies, financialisation heightened existing inequalities in housing affordability and stability, and rearranged spaces of abandonment and gentrification in both cities. Conversely cities themselves also shaped the process of financialisation, with weakened rental protections providing an opening to transform affordable housing into a new global asset class. We also show how financialisation’s adaptability in the face of changing market conditions entails ongoing, but shifting processes of uneven development. Comparative studies of financialisation can help highlight geographically disparate, but similar exposures to this global process, thus contributing to a critical urban politics of finance that crosses boundaries of space, sector and scale.
Thrombocytopenia in malaria: its usefulness in a clinical setting. A study from Western Rajasthan, India
Authors: Singh Anurag , Goyal Manish , Sharma Deepak
Published: August 2014

Objective

To assess the occurrence of thrombocytopaenia in hospitalised patients of malaria and to correlate its severity with the type of malaria in Western Rajasthan.

Methods

A total of 100 patients with proven malaria were included in this study. Haematological parameters were determined by using an automated analyser. Fifty malaria-free patients were taken as controls.

Results

In the study group of 100 patients; 45 patients had P. vivax malaria, 38 had P. Falciparum malaria and mixed malaria was detected in 17 patients. Out of 100 patients, 89 patients had thrombocytopaenia while out of 50 controls only eight (16%) patients had thrombocytopaenia ( P < 0.001). Ninety-one percent of patients with thrombocytopaenia also had anaemia. Thrombocytopaenia was more commonly associated with complicated malaria compared to uncomplicated malaria ( P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Any patient in a malaria endemic zone presenting with acute febrile illness and having thrombocytopaenia and anaemia should be alerted to the possibility of malarial infection.