bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holocene migration of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) in southern Yukon, Canada
Authors: Strong Wayne L , Hills Leonard V
Published: May 2013

A palynological reconstruction ( n = 25 profiles) suggests that the northern extent of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann ex S. Watson) occurred between 59° and 60°N latitude in northwest North America from 10,000 to 7000 calendar years before present (cal. yr BP) prior to entering Yukon. Although specific migration pathways could not be resolved with the available palynological data, mountains along the southern edge of Yukon appear to have diverted lodgepole pine migration through the Carcross and Frances Lake areas in southwest and southeast Yukon, respectively. Migration in the southwest (70 m/yr) was likely confined to lower elevations of the Yukon and Teslin river valleys, with lodgepole pine reaching 61°N ~2000 cal. yr BP. Along the eastern route, migration was channeled through a 15–20 km wide pass in a 200 km mountainous front. After breaching the Liard drainage divide north of Frances Lake ~4000 cal. yr BP, migration progressed northwest (160–220 m/yr) along the Tintina Trench. Lodgepole pine was estimated to have reached its near present-day northern limit (~63°N) ~1790 cal. yr BP, which is ~1290 years earlier than previously thought. This difference in arrival dates is due the use of a >5% rather than a >15% pine pollen content threshold, which appears to correspond with >1% pine tree cover in the landscape. Climatic cooling after 1000 cal. yr BP that caused a population decline at higher elevations is hypothesized to explain the present-day sparse and disjunct distribution of pine across Yukon north of 61°N.
Justice Through Bureaucracy
Authors: Kurkchiyan Marina
Published: May 2013

This paper examines legal proceedings in the court of first instance for civil cases in Ukraine. Using ethnographic methodology, it demonstrates that a large part of a court judgement is predetermined by the institutional infrastructure and by practices established more widely in Ukrainian society. By observing case hearings and interviewing litigants and judges, the paper reveals that an unbridgeable gap separates a legal case, as constructed through documentary files, from the reality of life. This affects the very meaning of ‘evidence’ and the way that judicial decisions are made. The paper also illustrates the benefits of viewing a lower-level civil courtroom as a microcosm of a society, demonstrating that it provides rich insights into different layers of that society.
Psychometric Properties of IES-R, Short Arabic Version in Contexts of Military Violence
Authors: Veronese Guido , Pepe Alessandro
Published: May 2013

Objective:

Professional social workers and emergency workers operating in war contexts may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following exposure to traumatic events. Impact of trauma must be accurately assessed by researchers via robust models of measurement. In this article, measurement models for the 13-item Children’s Revised Impact of Event scale (CRIES-13), Arabic version were assessed in an adult population operating in a war context.

Method:

A sample ( N = 218) of in-service adult Palestinian helpers was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis.

Results:

Findings supported adoption of a bidimensional model comprising two normally distributed measures labeled intrusion and avoidance as a quantitative screening tool for PTSD in contexts of military violence.

Conclusion:

The solid psychometric properties of CRIES in an adult population suggest its use as a short version of the Impact of Event scale–Revised (IES), Arabic version (IES-R-13).
Differential Response
Authors: Samuels Bryan , Brown Brett Vaughn
Published: May 2013

In their critique of differential response (DR), Hughes and colleagues raise a number of important issues that are central to broader efforts at the Administration on Children, Youth, and Families (ACYF) including the need for greater reliance on evidence-based practice in child welfare, more rigorous evaluation methodologies, and a robust set of measures and instruments to guide practice and evaluation. ACYF is pursuing these goals with projects to increase focus on child well-being, improve associated measures, promote the use of evidence-based programs, and expand the evidence base. We believe that DR is a promising practice and expect forthcoming results from an ACYF-sponsored multisite evaluation of DR to significantly enhance the evidence base. Future efforts can build on these results by focusing on social and emotional well-being in addition to safety and permanency, using demonstrated assessments to monitor outcomes, and offering families in both alternative and investigative pathways evidence-based services.
Sensorimotor enactivism and temporal experience
Authors: Silverman David
Published: May 2013

O’Regan and Noë’s sensorimotor approach rejects the old-fashioned view that perceptual experience in humans depends solely on the activation of internal representations. Reflecting a wealth of empirical work, for example active vision, the approach suggests that perceiving is, instead, a matter of bodily exploration of the outside environment. To this end, the approach says the perceiver must deploy knowledge of sensorimotor contingencies, the ways sense input changes with movement by the perceiver or object perceived. Clark has observed that the approach faces a challenge accounting for the experience of temporal duration, since event-like properties cannot be characterised by reference to the sensory consequences of possible movements. This paper argues that the account can best be shored up by emphasising, more than Noë does, the dependence of perceptual experience, in general, on temporally extended, organismic interaction with the outside environment. The paper argues, moreover, that an ‘extensionalist’ account of temporal experience could help make sense of object experience, which is itself, plausibly, an experience of temporal duration.
Enactive cognitive science: revisionism or revolution?
Authors: Villalobos Mario
Published: May 2013

The enactive approach is usually associated with a revolutionary project that aims to transform in a radical way our understanding of mind and cognition. Bold theoretical moves such as the rejection of cognitive representations or the assumption of a deep continuity between life and mind, among other enactive ideas, justify this perception. Nonetheless, when we assume a broader historical perspective, including the long cybernetic tradition that preceded the emergence of cognitive sciences, the image of the enactive approach looks different. Put in the context of the paradigmatic shift that took place between first-order and second-order cybernetics, especially in the case of Maturana’s autopoietic theory, the enactive paradigm, so I will try to show in this work, appears rather like a conservative or revisionist project. Better said, it appears as a slightly hybrid paradigm, wherein original and progressive elements coexist with revisionist components. The paper aims to offer an alternative interpretation of the enactive approach and contribute to a better understanding of its identity as a research program, its present and its possible future challenges.
Impact of School Flu Vaccine Program on Student Absences
Authors: Plaspohl Sara S. , Dixon Betty T. , Streater James A. , Hausauer Elizabeth T. , Newman Christopher P. , Vogel Robert L.
Published: May 2013

Literature provides evidence that school attendance correlates with academic performance and student success. Influenza is a contributing factor to school absences. Primary prevention for influenza includes immunization. School-located influenza vaccine (SLIV) programs provide greater access for students to be immunized. A retrospective review of preexisting data from four academic years was conducted to examine the relationship between SLIV participation and absenteeism among students at eight public elementary schools in Effingham County, Georgia. Results identified differences in average frequency of absences between SLIV and non-SLIV years as well as between SLIV participants and nonparticipants for the 2 SLIV years. Implications for practice include the potential for increased herd immunity among students, which may also extend to other parties within the school community and at home, thus promoting overall wellness and future student success.
Inequality, Self-Interest, and Public Support for “Robin Hood” Tax Policies
Authors: Franko William , Tolbert Caroline J. , Witko Christopher
Published: May 2013

Influential economic models predict that as inequality increases, the public will demand greater redistribution. However, there is limited research into the determinants of support for redistributive tax increases because such proposals have been so rare in America in recent decades. We use Washington State’s Proposition 1098 to examine how economic self-interest, concerns about inequality, and partisanship influence support for redistributive taxation. The results show that all of these factors influenced support, with strong support among the lower income, indicating that when the distributional implications of policies are clear, citizens can translate their self-interest and broad attitudes into congruent redistributive preferences.
A Chinese Popularity Function
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. , Tang Wenfang , Martini Nicholas F.
Published: May 2013

The notion of a Chinese popularity function may seem surprising, given its authoritarian nature. However, exploring the possibility of indirect popularity functions in nondemocratic systems, we articulate a model of national government support in China. The model argues that sociodemographics, political attitudes, and performance issues mold central government satisfaction. Drawing on a countrywide 2008 public opinion survey, we conclude that regional differences, national trust, and local policy success are of special importance in shaping national government support. The findings, which exhibit theoretical and statistical appeal, lay the groundwork for further investigation of popularity functions in China.
Carcinoma of the Thyroid With Ewing Family Tumor Elements and Favorable Prognosis
Authors: Eloy Catarina , Oliveira Mário , Vieira Joana , Teixeira Manuel R. , Cruz João , Sobrinho-Simões Manuel
Published: May 2013

The rare reports of primary, nonneuroendocrine small cell carcinomas of the thyroid have not provided enough evidence to support the recognition of these tumors as an entity or to understand their etiopathogenesis. We report the second case of a primary, nonneuroendocrine small cell carcinoma of the thyroid displaying diffuse expression of cytokeratins, CD99, and p63, in the absence of vimentin expression, in a 24-year-old male who is alive without any signs of disease 13 years after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine. The tumor disclosed the EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement, and we propose to designate it as a carcinoma of the thyroid with Ewing family tumor elements.
β-Adrenergic Blockade in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Frishman William H.
Published: May 2013

The development and subsequent clinical application of the β-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs represent one of the major advances in human pharmacotherapeutics. No other class of synthetic drugs has demonstrated such widespread therapeutic utility for the treatment and prevention of so many cardiovascular diseases. In addition, these drugs have proven to be molecular probes that have contributed to our understanding of the disease, and on the molecular level, both the structure and function of the 7 transmembrane G protein receptors that mediate the actions of many different hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs. The evolution of β-blocker drug development has led to refinements in their pharmacodynamic actions that include agents with relative β1-selectivity, partial agonist activity, concomitant α-adrenergic blockers activity, and direct vasodilator activity. In addition, long-acting and ultra-short-acting formulations of β-blockers have also demonstrated a remarkable record of clinical safety in patients of all ages.
Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin Alleviates Infection-Associated Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Lin Jie , Zhu Hongli , Li Suxia , Fan Hui , Lu Xuechun
Published: May 2013

Objective:

To examine the efficacy and adverse events of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) in the treatment of infection-associated thrombocytopenia in senile patients.

Methods:

The current study is a retrospective analysis of the patients receiving rhTPO for infection-associated thrombocytopenia in our hospital.

Results:

Forty-nine cases were included in the analysis as rhTPO group. The absolute platelet count after treatment, increase in platelet count, and the overall response rate were considerably higher in the rhTPO group than that in the control group. Improvement in bleeding score was higher in the rhTPO treatment group than that in the control group (2.1 ± 5.4 vs 0.4 ± 1.7). Bleeding event was stopped in 68.2% of the patients after rhTPO treatment and in 35% of the patients in the control group ( P = .032). A stratified analysis indicated that the therapeutic efficacy is much better in patients without organ failure.

Conclusion:

Recombinant human TPO is effective in alleviating infection-associated thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage in senile patients, particularly if given prior to the emergence of organ failure.
Child Maltreatment Victimization and Subsequent Perpetration of Young Adult Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Millett Lina S. , Kohl Patricia L. , Jonson-Reid Melissa , Drake Brett , Petra Megan
Published: May 2013

This study examined whether young adults with documented histories of child maltreatment had higher records of documented severe intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration than an income-matched control group. It also examined whether this association was mediated by juvenile violent delinquency, problematic substance use, or mental health problems. Study data came from one state’s administrative public sector records of child welfare, juvenile court, mental health, income maintenance, and birth records. The study employed a prospective longitudinal design to follow children for 16 years ( N = 5,377). The IPV was measured by police arrests and temporary restraining order petitions. Multiple group path analysis was used to examine mediation hypotheses and determine whether they differed by gender. The study found that IPV perpetration rates were higher among maltreated than control participants and higher in maltreated men than in women. For men, maltreatment had both direct and mediated effects on IPV perpetration through violent delinquency. For women, maltreatment did not directly or indirectly predict IPV perpetration, though low power makes these findings tentative. The study highlights the importance of child maltreatment prevention as a way to reduce violence later in life and suggests that the juvenile justice system may also provide a point of intervention for the maltreated youth.
From Theory to Practice
Authors: Aertsen Tamara , Jaspaert Koen , Van Gorp Baldwin
Published: May 2013

In this article, an educational project is described that was formulated with the aim to give master’s students in business communication the opportunity to experience how theory could be applied to shape practice. A 4-week project was developed in which students were urged to use communication theory and linguistic theory to manage the communication with respect to a simulated crisis at the university. The students were enrolled in collaborative learning teams. In this article, the architecture of the project is described, and drawing on an analysis of the students’ work and their evaluation of the project, its outcomes are discussed.
Anisotropic constitutive model and numerical simulations for crystalline energetic material under shock loading
Authors: Pi Aiguo , Huang Fenglei , Wu Yanqing , Zhang Zhongya
Published: May 2013

A dynamic crystal plasticity model for a low-symmetric β-cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine single crystal with only limited operative slip systems has been developed, accounting for nonlinear elasticity, volumetric coupling with deviatoric behavior and thermo-dynamical consistence. Based on the decomposition of the stress tensor, a modified equation of state for anisotropic materials is employed. Simulations of the planar impact on the β-cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine single crystal show good agreement with existing particle velocity data in the case of (110) and (011). Pressure snapshots, the dislocation density, the shear stress and the strain localization for β-cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine single crystal under shocked loading are discussed. The present model provides more insights into a range of complex, orientation-dependent elastic and inelastic behaviors in shocked explosive crystals than isotropic elastic–plastic constitutive descriptions. The proposed formulation and algorithms can also be applied to study other low-symmetric crystals under high-pressure shocked loading that deform mainly by crystallographic slip.
Axisymmetric circular indentation of a half-space reinforced by a buried elastic thin film
Authors: Ahmadi Seyed Farzad , Eskandari Morteza
Published: May 2013

The analytical treatment of an axisymmetric rigid punch indentation of an isotropic half-space reinforced by a buried extensible thin film is addressed. With the aid of appropriate displacement potential functions, Hankel transforms, and some mathematical techniques, the mixed boundary value problem under consideration is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The most interesting results of the problem, including the equivalent normal stiffness of the system and the contact stress distribution beneath the rigid punch, are expressed in terms of the solution of the obtained Fredholm integral equation. Some limiting cases corresponding to inextensible and extremely extensible thin films, a surface-stiffened half-space, axisymmetric surface loading, and infinite embedment are studied and the available results in the literature are used for verification purposes. Some dimensionless plots are provided to show the effects of extensibility of the membrane on the system stiffness. It is observed that neglecting the elastic behavior of thin films and utilizing the simplified inextensible assumption for their modeling can lead to unrealistic predictions. It is shown that the axisymmetric problems concerning the elastic half-spaces including surface effects can be equivalently modeled by a surface-reinforced elastic medium. Taking the surface effects into account, the problem of an isotropic half-space under the action of a surface patch load is treated by employing the present approach.
Treadmill Acceleration and Deceleration
Authors: Diamond Adam
Published: May 2013

An analysis of how the organic dairy commodity chain in the Northeast United States is structured uncovers significant power asymmetries and conflicting tendencies regarding the treadmill of production in organic dairy farming, distribution, and marketing, thus calling into the question the capacity of the state to simultaneously promote markets and transform agriculture in the direction of ecological sustainability. While organic certification has contributed to highly centralized business structures and more advanced processing technology at the distribution and marketing levels, it has also fostered significant changes in farming practices that represent a shift away from intensification and industrialization of agriculture. The standards governing organic dairy production require a slowing down of bovine metabolism and an overall reduction in material throughput, even as the economic system flowing from this regulatory regime has led to changes in milk processing, distribution, and economic control that constitute an acceleration of the treadmill of production.
Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Case Studies
Authors: Hoon Christina
Published: May 2013

The purpose of this article is to provide the research design of a meta-synthesis of qualitative case studies. The meta-synthesis aims at building theory out of primary qualitative case studies that have not been planned as part of a unified multisite effect. By drawing on an understanding of research synthesis as the interpretation of qualitative evidence from a postpositivistic perspective, this article proposes eight steps of synthesizing existing qualitative case study findings to build theory. An illustration of the application of this method in the field of dynamic capabilities is provided. After enumerating the options available to meta-synthesis researchers, the potential challenges as well as the prospects of this research design are discussed.
Renal dimensions at ultrasonography in healthy Ragdoll cats with normal kidney morphology: correlation with age, gender and bodyweight
Authors: Debruyn Katrien , Paepe Dominique , Daminet Sylvie , Combes Anaïs , Duchateau Luc , Peremans Kathelijne , Saunders Jimmy H
Published: May 2013

Fifty-six healthy Ragdoll cats underwent an ultrasonographical examination of the urinary tract to evaluate if gender, age, bodyweight and presence of a medullary rim sign had a significant influence on renal length and corticomedullary ratio (CM). Individual variation percentage was much more pronounced for renal length in comparison with CM ratio. Mean renal length measured 3.83 ± 0.45 cm (range 2.98–5.09 cm), mean cortical thickness 0.73 ± 0.15 cm (range 0.36–1.18 cm), mean medullary thickness 0.87 ± 0.19 cm (range 0.46–1.39 cm) and mean CM ratio 0.88 ± 0.29 (range 0.29–1.78). Renal length showed a significant positive correlation with bodyweight ( P <0.0001), age ( P = 0.0073) and male gender ( P <0.0001). Therefore, these parameters have to be kept in mind when evaluating renal length on ultrasound. The CM ratio was solely influenced by the presence of a medullary rim sign ( P <0.0001). Further research, however, is needed to investigate the usefulness of the CM ratio for the detection of kidney disease by ultrasonography.
Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet shop kittens in Japan
Authors: Itoh Naoyuki , Ito Yoichi , Kato Akihisa , Kanai Kazutaka , Chikazawa Seishiro , Hori Yasutomo , Hoshi Fumio , Higuchi Seiichi
Published: May 2013

The present study examined the prevalence of intestinal parasites in kittens from five pet shops in East Japan. Fresh faecal samples were collected from 555 kittens (aged 1–3 months) on a single occasion. The samples were tested for the presence of Giardia species coproantigen using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Other intestinal parasites were identified microscopically using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 27.2%; two genera of protozoa ( Giardia species and Cystoisospora species) and one nematode ( Toxocara cati) were detected. Faecal condition was not related to intestinal parasite infections. Significant differences among the pet shops were observed in the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites and the presence of Cystoisospora species infections.
Authenticated Spaces
Authors: Karaosmanoğlu Defne
Published: May 2013

This article examines the intersection of food, space, and performance within the experiences of food bloggers in London. It looks at the ways that Turkish grill ( ocakbaşı) restaurants in Dalston, London, are imagined, reinvented, defined, and approached in food blog writing. Bloggers provide the reader with personal narratives of their trip to the restaurant space. These narratives reveal sensual experiences of concern, anxiety, fear, excitement, and joy. This article pays attention both to the visceral realm and to discourse in order to understand the performances of space and body and the ways that they create fantasies of the familiar and strange in the bloggers’ experiences of walking in Dalston and sitting in its restaurants. This article tries to answer the following questions: How is authenticity produced and attached to space and body? What kinds of images are crucial in this production? The author argues that the production of authenticity is closely related to the reproduction of stereotypical images of class and gender in food blog narratives.
Tales From the Borderlands
Authors: Kempny Marta
Published: May 2013

This article deals with representations of the Northern Irish conflict by Polish migrants. It first sets the scene for the migration of Poles, discussing the issue of the sectarian divide. Subsequently, it presents a conceptual framework for understanding the construction of social representations. It then discusses migrants’ opposing tendencies to represent the ethno-religious boundaries as fixed and rigid on one hand and to represent them as fluid and shifting on the other hand. Whereas the tendency to represent the local conflict as of great consequence to migrants’ lives relates to a wider cultural knowledge, the tendency to point at ongoing social changes in Belfast is connected to a more direct exposure of Polish migrants to members of the local community.
Braking performance and influence of microstructure of advanced cast irons for heavy goods vehicle brake discs
Authors: Collignon Mathilde , Regheere Gilles , Cristol Anne-Lise , Desplanques Yannick , Balloy David
Published: May 2013

It is well known that truck brakes dissipate several megajoules of energy every few seconds, which leads to high thermal stresses in the rubbing parts. Therefore, premature failure by cracking of truck brake discs is a matter of major concern. Improving the design and material of brake discs may enhance braking performance. This study focuses on the latter aspect and was carried out with the aim of developing new material solutions for increasing disc lifespan. To do so, braking experiments were conducted on a specially designed braking tribometer. The brake pads that were used were made from a commercial brake lining material. Two advanced cast irons with different graphite morphology were studied in comparison with the lamellar grey cast iron commonly used for brake disc. To verify the friction and thermal behaviour of the two cast irons, braking tests were carried out as a series of stop-brakings with increasing dissipated power and energy and as a series of slowdowns to achieve heat accumulation effects. Thermal phenomena were studied through bulk temperature measurements and infrared monitoring of the disc surface. Friction behaviour, braking performance and variations in thermal loading were analysed in relation to the level of energy dissipation. The two advanced cast irons and lamellar cast iron had equivalent braking performance and stored similar amounts of heat, according to their thermophysical properties. Observations of the rubbing surfaces indicated damage mechanisms affected by the graphite morphology. Less plastic deformation on the surface was observed with an interdendritic graphite.
Employment status in multiple sclerosis: impact of disease-specific and non-disease-specific factors
Authors: Krause Ivonne , Kern Simone , Horntrich Antje , Ziemssen Tjalf
Published: May 2013

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with high rates of early retirement (ER).

Objectives:

A German cohort of MS patients and healthy control subjects (HCs) were compared cross-sectionally to investigate disease- and non-disease-specific factors that are associated with employment status (ES) in MS and to identify predictors of ES in MS.

Methods:

A total of 39 ER MS patients, 48 employed MS patients, and 37 HCs completed a brief neuropsychological battery and questionnaires related to depressive symptoms, fatigue, health-related quality of life (HrQoL) and health locus of control (HLC). Neurological disability was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC).

Results:

ER compared with employed MS patients scored significantly higher in neurological disability, depressive symptoms and fatigue and significantly lower in cognitive functioning and HrQoL. Further, both groups differed with regard to age, education, disease course and duration but not in HLC. Neurological disability, age and fatigue were identified as significant predictors of ES in MS.

Conclusions:

ES in MS was associated with demographic aspects, neurological and cognitive status, depressive symptoms, fatigue and HrQoL but was not associated with HLC. Findings confirm neurological disability, age and fatigue as independent predictors of ES in MS.
The role of specific and core dysfunctional beliefs in breast cancer radiotherapy patients’ fatigue
Authors: Sucala Madalina , Schnur Julie B , Brackman Emily H , David Daniel , Montgomery Guy H
Published: May 2013

The goal of the study was to examine the relationships among fatigue catastrophizing, core dysfunctional beliefs, and fatigue in breast cancer radiotherapy patients. Seventy-eight patients participated in the study (mean age = 56.3, standard deviation = 10.5). Patients completed questionnaires on fatigue catastrophizing, core dysfunctional beliefs, and fatigue in their last week of radiotherapy. Using bootstrapping procedures to obtain estimates and confidence intervals for indirect effects, results showed that core beliefs (Need for Comfort and Demandingness for Fairness) had significant indirect effects on fatigue through fatigue catastrophizing, as indicated by the 95 percent confidence interval (.02–.19 for Need for Comfort; .01–.16 for Demandingness for Fairness).
Concept appropriation and the emergence of L2 sociostylistic variation
Authors: van Compernolle Rémi A
Published: May 2013

Drawing on longitudinal data, this study explores the dynamic relationship between the development of conceptual knowledge of language and the emergence of sociostylistic variation in second language (L2) speech. Participants include eight intermediate-level US university learners of French who participated in a concept-based pedagogical enrichment program over the course of two months. After presenting an overview of the study’s design, this article analyses the co-development of conceptual knowledge and one type of sociostylistic variation in French: the variable presence versus absence of the proclitic negative particle ne of verbal negation. The analysis centers on learners’ orientations to scenarios to be performed as spoken-interactive tasks, including reasons for choosing different negative structures, their use of negative structures in actual performance, and the emergence of mediated and independent performance abilities.
Consuming private security: Consumer citizenship and defensive urbanism in Singapore
Authors: Pow Choon-Piew
Published: May 2013

Recent scholarship in criminology has suggested that we are witnessing the emergence of an uneven patchwork of urban policing and security provision, increasingly determined by the ability and willingness of consumers to pay for private security goods and services. In particular, it has been argued that the commodification of urban policing and private security has given rise to new forms of ‘consumer citizenship’ and identity and alongside these, the creation of new secured spaces of consumption. This article seeks to examine one specific manifestation of such a security product—the gated community. While the proliferation of gated communities and the frantic construction of such ‘architecture of fear’ (Ellin, 1997) have often been associated with an American-style ‘defensive urbanism’, the emergence of such security-enhanced urban landscapes is invariably time and place specific. Using the context of Singapore, a city-state with strong state control and relatively low crime rate, the article traces the development of such enclosed residential enclaves to show how the rise of private policing and security are bound up in the creation of fortified residential spaces in which an exclusive social-spatial order comes to be defined and enforced.
Ethnography at the periphery: Redrawing the borders of criminology’s world-map
Authors: Fraser Alistair
Published: May 2013

In the current era of globalization, a paradox has developed in the field of criminology. In the context of the increasingly global nature of crime, there has been a firm recognition among criminologists of the need for comparative, transnational research; particularly that which moves beyond knowledge created in the global North. However, production of this knowledge remains clustered in a relatively narrow range of geographical sites—and understandings of crime and criminology in the South too often defined through the lens of the North. As processes of globalization confound and disrupt the traditional dualisms of East/West and North/South, there is a pressing need for an expansion of criminology’s world-map. This article explores the conceptual possibilities of one particular methodology—ethnography—as a means of explicating the deep-seated tensions, fragmented realities and hybridized identities that emerge from the margins of globalization. Drawing on cogent debates from the fields of sociology and anthropology, I argue that ethnographically informed ‘theory from the South’ can at once enrich the criminological imagination and provoke a more cosmopolitan global imaginary.
‘Penal populism’ and penological change in contemporary Japan
Authors: Fenwick Mark
Published: May 2013

This article examines whether the concept of penal populism can be useful in understanding contemporary developments in Japanese criminal justice. In addressing this issue it is suggested that we need to draw a clear distinction between different conceptions of penal populism and, in particular, we should avoid equating penal populism with intensification of the severity of state punishment. A discussion of the Japanese experience highlights the importance of focusing on populism as a process by which new voices emerge and influence criminal justice policy as a result of an unmet demand for justice and security. This perception of a lack of security and justice is a global phenomenon that, nevertheless, expresses itself in distinctive, culturally specific ways. Although the extent of this shift should not be exaggerated, at least in a Japanese context, penal populism has contributed to an opening up of criminal justice and a disaggregation of state sovereignty.
Capital punishment in China: A populist instrument of social governance
Authors: Miao Michelle
Published: May 2013

Contrary to the assumption that authoritarian authorities are insensitive to popular demands for justice, the Chinese penal regime has been highly attentive and responsive to public sentiments since its early days. As an instrument for the authorities to govern the country in the name of the people, capital punishment functioned as a tool for political struggles in Maoist China and later served as a tool to fight crimes in Deng’s reform era. Nowadays, the demands of the masses for revenge, justice and equality have been translated into a fervent passion for capital punishment for certain offences and offenders. By reaching out to satisfy these public demands and sentiments, the party-state hopes to enhance its political legitimacy. In this sense, the death penalty serves as a populist mechanism to strengthen the resilience of the authoritarian party-state by venting public anxiety and resentment towards social problems created in the processes of China’s rapid modernization and social fragmentation.
Doing criminological ethnography in China: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Xu Jianhua , Laidler Karen Joe , Lee Maggy
Published: May 2013

This article reflects on the emerging criminological research enterprise in China. We provide a brief overview on the nature of criminological knowledge production in China, particularly in relation to practical and political constraints. We contend that while there are distinct challenges associated with doing criminology in China, there are also new possibilities for alternative methodologies and critical analyses to push the boundaries of administrative criminology. Through the example of a study of migrants and motorcycle taxi driving in a Chinese city, we argue that an ethnography of the periphery can facilitate our understanding of the nuances of the social and cultural construction of the migrant crime problem, bringing to the foreground globally as well as locally relevant tensions, fragmented realities and hybridized identities.
Contestation in the Colbert Nation: Participants, producers and the struggle over digital dialogue
Authors: Burwell Catherine
Published: May 2013

This article traces tensions between participants and producers on the official Colbert Report discussion boards. Employing critical discourse analysis, it examines the flow of power between the program’s producers and fans as they struggle over how the parody’s meanings will be interpreted, and how fans’ digital labor and content will be used. I begin by recounting the conflicted history of the message boards, and then analyze a sample of discussion threads in order to illustrate the vibrant and boisterous community created there. Finally, I explore strategies of migration, refusal and offline communication used by participants to express agency and power in relation to the boards’ producers. Throughout, I argue that theoretical approaches to participatory culture must take into account the corporate drive to centralize, manage and profit from users’ communicative desires, as well as audiences’ corresponding efforts to resist such control.
The politics of reception: ‘Made in China’ and western critique
Authors: Chu Yingchi
Published: May 2013

The article explores some of the reasons for the apparent incommensurability of interpretative attitudes in the consumption of Chinese media products in the West. It also addresses the difficulties faced by existing audience theories in explicating cross-cultural media communication, especially as it applies to the cultural and political divide between China and the West, a phrase I use non-reductively as no more than an abbreviation. The focus of ‘politics of reception’ is on the different ‘horizons of expectation’ that inform that politics. I do so by a cross-cultural analysis of the reception of such ‘soft-power’ products as the films of Zhang Yimou; the reception in the West of China’s Confucius Institutes; and the Chinese intervention in the Kadeer incident in Australia. The article concludes with a theorization of the principles that inform the politics of Chinese and western critical and evaluative attitudes.
Implementing market orientation in charities
Authors: Chad Paul
Published: May 2013

This article examines the highly under-researched area of exactly how a market orientation can be successfully implemented within an organisation. Market orientation is the key strategic orientation that assists for-profit organisations achieve improved performance and can potentially also assist charities that play a vital role within society but are facing increasing competition. Utilising a discourse transformation framework to case study a charity that introduced market orientation as its dominant strategic orientation, thematic analysis identifies how management transformed the organisation via a three-phase process and greatly improved performance. The new dominant market orientation was aided by elements of other strategic orientations, particularly entrepreneurialism. Minimal articles have previously examined how management of a charity can successfully implement a market orientation. The article also introduces a discourse transformation perspective into the examination of market orientation and offers charity managers valuable insights to assist performance improvement.
Reification in and through law: Elements of a theory in Marx, Lukács, and Honneth
Authors: Hedrick Todd
Published: May 2013

This paper proposes reformulating the theory and critique of reification around the democracy-undermining consequences of reification in law. In contradistinction to Axel Honneth’s attempts to revive reification as an orienting concept for critical theory using moral and psychological categories, I reconstruct the elements of a theory of legal reification from Marx’s and Lukács’ writings, both of whom suggest the formality of modern legal systems tends to render legally mediated social relations in an ossified, nature-like manner, although I argue that neither could assemble a full theory of legal reification absent insights from the theory of constitutional democracy and legal realism. I close by arguing that it is fruitful to view reification as closely linked to modern legal practices because it grounds the concept in a way that avoids theoretical problems found in Lukács, as Honneth wishes, while connecting it to normative issues in law and democracy in a way that he does not.
‘Let’s do some jumping together’: Intergenerational participation in the use of remote technology to co-construct social relations over distance
Authors: Kelly Clare
Published: May 2013

This article discusses a small-scale study that explores how members of one family based in Australia and the United Kingdom use remote technology to develop and maintain family relationships across generations and distance. Of particular interest was the manner in which Skype computer software was mediated to develop intersubjectivity between a 4-year-old girl and her grandparents. Encounters were filmed, transcribed and coded; participants were interviewed and asked to keep reflective diaries. Analysis showed that all the adults scaffolded the child’s interactions to sustain communication and help her negotiate meaning with her grandparents as virtual partners, but that she also took on a leadership role by appropriating the affordances of the medium to incorporate them in her play in creative ways.
Managing Ethical Dilemmas in Community-Based Participatory Research With Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Campbell-Page Ruth M. , Shaw-Ridley Mary
Published: May 2013

This article describes two ethical dilemmas encountered by our research team during a project working with undocumented immigrants in Toronto, Canada. This article aims to be transparent about the problems the research team faced, the processes by which we sought to understand these problems, how solutions were found, and how the ethical dilemmas were resolved. Undocumented immigrants are a vulnerable community of individuals residing in a country without legal citizenship, immigration, or refugee status. There are more than half a million undocumented immigrants in Canada. Through an academic–community partnership, a study was conducted to understand the experiences of undocumented immigrants seeking health care in Toronto. The lessons outlined in this article may assist others in overcoming challenges and ethical dilemmas encountered while doing research with vulnerable communities.
Building Tobacco Cessation Capacity in the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands
Authors: David Annette M. , Cruz Peter J. , Mercado Susan P. , Li Dan
Published: May 2013

Tobacco control stakeholders in priority populations are searching for culturally appropriate cessation training models to strengthen cessation capacity and infrastructure. We adapted the University of Arizona model for Brief Tobacco Cessation Interventions training for Pacific Islanders and pilot-tested it in four Pacific Islands—Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Northern Mariana Islands and the Marshall Islands. All participants completed a posttraining knowledge assessment exam, pre- and posttraining confidence assessments, and a quality improvement evaluation. Of 70 participants, 65 (93%) completed the training. Forty-one (63%) passed the posttraining knowledge assessment exam at the first attempt; an additional 9 (14%) successfully passed on their second attempt, for a total pass rate of 77%. The pre- and posttraining confidence surveys demonstrated a statistically significant increase in confidence across all competency areas for delivering brief advice. The quality improvement survey revealed high acceptance and approval for the content and delivery of the locally adapted training model. As Pacific Island communities enact tobacco control policies, cessation demand is growing. The Guam cessation training model used culturally relevant data, materials, and training approaches and appeared effective in four different Pacific island countries. This underscores the importance of culturally competent adaptation of cessation training for priority populations such as Pacific Islanders.
Environmental Influences on Tobacco Use Among Asian American and Pacific Islander Youth
Authors: Tanjasiri Sora Park , Lew Rod , Mouttapa Michele , Lipton Rob , Lew Lillian , Has Sovanna , Wong Michelle
Published: May 2013

There is growing interest in understanding individual and environmental influences on youth risk behaviors, including tobacco use. The purpose of this article is to describe the processes and findings from a study that sought to increase the capacity of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community-based organizations to understand and address the environmental influences on tobacco use among AAPI youth. Using a multimethod approach to data collection that included GIS (geographic information system) mapping, Photovoice, and individual youth surveys, a team of community and university researchers conducted a 3-year study to assess and address the environmental influences of tobacco use among youth. Community-based participatory research principles guided the study and facilitated unique capacity building and analyses throughout the study period. Results in Long Beach from all three methods highlighted the associations between youth smoking and environmental factors: GIS mapping identified at least 77 separate locations of pro-tobacco influences, photographs captured many of these locations and provided youth leaders with opportunities to identify how other influences contributed to smoking risk, and surveys of youth indicated that perceived community safety and proximity to pro-tobacco influences were associated with smoking in the past 30 days. Subsequent community-based organization activities undertaken by study partners are also discussed, and lessons learned summarized.
Building Partnerships in Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Hoeft Theresa J. , Burke Wylie , Hopkins Scarlett E. , Charles Walkie , Trinidad Susan B. , James Rosalina D. , Boyer Bert B.
Published: May 2013

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is an important framework for partnering with communities to reduce health disparities. Working in partnership with community incurs additional costs, some that can be represented in a budget summary page and others that are tied to the competing demands placed on community and academic partners. These cost considerations can inform development of community–academic partnerships. We calculated costs from a case study based on an ongoing CBPR project involving a Community Planning Group (CPG) of community co-researchers in rural Alaska and a bicultural liaison group who help bridge communication between CPG and academic co-researchers. Budget considerations specific to CBPR include travel and other communication-related costs, compensation for community partners, and food served at meetings. We also identified sources of competing demands for community and academic partners. Our findings can inform budget discussions in community-academic partnerships. Discussions of competing demands on community partners’ time can help plan timelines for CBPR projects. Our findings may also inform discussions about tenure and promotion policies that may represent barriers to participation in CBPR for academic researchers.