bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE D’UN PRE-TRAITEMENT AU FROID ET DE LA TEMPERATURE NOCTURNE SUR LA CROISSANCE, LE DEVELOPPEMENT ET LE CONTENU EN ELEMENTS MINERAUX DE PLANTS DE POINSETTIA
Authors: SENECAL MICHEL , DANSEREAU BLANCHE
Published: March 2010

To achieve more rapid adaptation of plants grown under a constant or split night temperature regime, two poinsettia cultivars (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd ex. Klotzsch), Annette Hegg Dark Red (AHDR) and Annette Hegg Top White (AHTW), were given a cold pretreatment (PF). The PF was a 13 °C air temperature regime provided for 15 h a night during a 10-day period. The number of days to the first visible flower buds and to anthesis was longer for both cultivars having received a PF than the control plants (no pre-treatment). For AHDR only, plant height, top dry weight, the number and bract area were significantly lower after the PF when considering the average of the night temperature treatments. Regardless of the cultivar tested, no significant differences in bract diameter and root dry weight were observed between the control plants and those given a PF treatment. Whether the two cultivars were given a PF treatment or not, the split night temperature (TNP) of 16.3/14.2 °C caused a nonsignificant delay, from the appearance of first visible flower buds to anthesis, compared to those held at 16.7 °C. The most important delay of these parameters as well as the greatest reduction of bract area was obtained under a 10.8 °C night temperature. The TNP of 16.6/10.8 °C produced plants (PF or control), of both cultivars with a greater bract number and top dry weight. For the two cultivars given a PF treatment, the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium were greater when considering the means of the night temperature treatments.Key words: Euphorbia pulcherrima, cold pretreatment, night temperature, split night temperature
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND PLANT POPULATION ON YIELD, FRUIT SPECK AND BLOSSOM-END ROT OF PROCESSING TOMATOES
Authors: TAN C. S. , DHANVANTARI B. N.
Published: March 2010

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, Heinz-2653 and Campbell-28, were grown on Fox loamy sand in the subhumid region of southern Ontario from 1979 to 1982. Irrigation increased the marketable yields of H-2653 in a dry year, 1982, but not in the other years. Irrigation substantially increased marketable yields of C-28 in 1979 and 1982. Irrigation, when the available soil moisture (ASM) level reached 50%, was no more effective than when the ASM level in the soil was allowed to drop to 25%. Without irrigation yield increased as plant population increased in normal and wet years, but not in a dry year. Blossom-end rot (BER) of C-28 cultivar was markedly reduced by irrigation. Effects of irrigation or plant population treatments on the incidence of fruit speck did not appear to be significant.Key words: Available soil moisture, Lycopersicon esculentum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, fruit speck
EFFECTS OF CROZIER REMOVAL ON GROWTH OF THE OSTRICH FERN
Authors: DYKEMAN BRIAN W.
Published: March 2010

The effects of various crozier removal treatments (harvesting regimes) on long-term viability and vigor of ostrich fern crowns were examined in greenhouse pot studies. After four growing cycles, no negative effect on productivity was obtained when 4–8 croziers per crown were removed per cycle. The removal of 12 croziers per crown resulted in 40% plant mortality and reduced crozier production and size. Considerable variability in response existed among crowns.Key words: Matteuccia struthiopteris, harvesting regimes, crozier removal
IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF THE OSTRICH FERN (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Authors: DYKEMAN BRIAN W. , CUMMING BRUCE G.
Published: March 2010

Methods were developed for the successful in vitro propagation of ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro) clones utilizing shoot tips derived by forcing lateral buds on the rhizome. Maximum shoot proliferation was attained with 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) at 1.0 mg/L with half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) inorganic salts and sucrose, agar, NaH2PO4, adenine sulphate, i-inositol and thiamine∙HCl at 30 000, 4000, 85, 40, 100, 0.4 mg/L, respectively. Excellent frond and root development was achieved with half-strength MS salts and sucrose, agar, i-inositol and thiamine∙HCl at 7500, 4000, 100 and 0.4 mg/L, respectively. The methods developed were satisfactory for a cross section of clones. Morphogenesis in vitro was dependent on medium osmotic potential.Key words: Matteuccia struthiopteris, in vitro propagation, tissue culture, morphogenesis, fern (ostrich)
EMBRYOGENESIS AND HAPLOID PLANT PRODUCTION FROM ANTHER CULTURE OF CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)
Authors: CHIANG M. S. , FRECHETTE S. , KUO C. G. , CHONG CALVIN , DELAFIELD S. J.
Published: March 2010

Thirteen out of nineteen single plant cabbage (Brassica oleracea) selections from a clubroot-resistant breeding population with known variation in glucosinolate composition yielded embryos from cultured anthers. The highest embryo yield was obtained with a line that contained the lowest content of total glucosinolates and which was free of the glucosinolate hydrolysis product, goitrin. Of 191 regenerants examined from five selections, 23 haploids, 105 diploids, 162 tetraploids, and 1 aneuploid were identified.Key words: Tissue culture, glucosinolates, clubroot, cabbage, embryo, haploid
EFFECT OF TCA ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH 2,4-D ON WHEAT: CROP TOLERANCE AND TCA RESIDUES IN WHEAT
Authors: CESSNA A. J. , HUNTER J. H.
Published: March 2010

The tolerance of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to TCA (trichloroacetic acid) applied alone and tank-mixed with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was assessed in weed-free field plots for three seasons. Under weed-free conditions, the interaction of 2,4-D with TCA was not significant and thus the tolerance of wheat to TCA was not increased by the addition of 2,4-D. Plant height and kernel weight decreased with increasing rates of TCA. The number of culms headed increased with increasing rates of TCA; however, grain yield, as well as germination and plant dry weight were not affected by any TCA treatment. Residues of 2,4-D were not detected in the grain and straw at the limit of detection of the analytical method (0.05 ppm). In contrast, 1.0 and 0.79 ppm of TCA remained in the grain and straw, respectively, for the 1.12 kg/ha rate. Milling substantially reduced TCA residues originally in the treated grain, such that residues in the bran and flour were 0.25 and 0.11 ppm, respectively, for the 1.12 kg/ha rate. After baking the flour into bread, TCA residues were not detected at the limit of detection of the analytical method (0.05 ppm).Key words: TCA, 2,4-D, wheat, crop tolerance, residues
PROCEDURAL APPROACH FOR ASSESSING CULTIVAR-LOCATION DATA: PAIRWISE GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS OF TEST CULTIVARS WITH CHECKS
Authors: LIN C. S. , BINNS M. R.
Published: March 2010

A simple procedure for assessing cultivar-location data is proposed. The procedure consists of comparisons between checks and each of the test cultivars to find those test cultivars for which comparison with the checks can be done ignoring variability among locations, and to isolate those for which a location-by-location comparison is advisable. Since the level at which a comparison-wise genotype-environment interaction is deemed to be important can be set by the user, this represents a great simplification of the assessment process. A set of regional trial data was used as an example to demonstrate the approach. The complementary nature of this method with cluster analyses which group cultivars or locations is discussed.Key words: Genotype-environment interaction, cultivar assessment, barley yield
RATE OF P UPTAKE BY ONIONS COMPARED WITH RATE OF PYROPHOSPHATE HYDROLYSIS IN ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: PARENT L. E. , MACKENZIE A. F. , PERRON Y.
Published: March 2010

The rate of phosphorus uptake by onions was compared to the rate of pyrophosphate hydrolysis in mesic (MSM) and humic soil materials (HSM). Dry matter production and P uptake were very small from seeding to leek stage but increased considerably toward bulb maturity. Pyrophosphate half-life was 2 days in the HSM and 4 wk in the MSM, since addition of Ca(OH)2 markedly decreased pyrophosphatase activity and amounts of non-retained pyrophosphate in the MSM. By the time of high P demand by the crop, pyrophosphate was completely hydrolyzed in the HSM and most of it was already hydrolyzed in the MSM. These results suggest comparable availability of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate for onions grown in organic soils.Key words: Allium cepa L., onion growth, polyphosphates, Histosol, pyrophosphatase activity
Feeding Tube Enterostomies in Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancers
Authors: Saumitra Saha , Anandabrata Bose , Pankaj Chowdhary
Published: March 2010

Establishment and maintenance of safe access is crucial for long-term enteral nutrition in patients with head-neck and esophagogastric cancers. Tube enterostomies such as gastrostomy and jejunostomy are being increasingly used with wider use of chemoradiation and adjuvant therapy following surgery. This article reviews the currently available enteral access techniques by the open and percutaneous route and their indications, safety, effectiveness and role in modern oncological practice.
Nonsyndromic Type of Multiple Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Anil D'Cruz , Pankaj Chaturvedi , Devendra Chaukar , Amit Ghatge , Prathamesh Pai , Gouri Pantvaidya
Published: March 2010

We report a case of nonsyndromic type of multiple basal cell carcinoma associated purely with actinic keratoses. A 69-year-old Indian male had suffered from multiple, variable-sized papules and nodules on the face, neck and chest for 13 years previous to treatment. He had no history of arsenic intake, irradiation, herb medication, or exposure to chemical warfare gases. Family histories for basal cell carcinoma and xeroderma pigmentosum were negative. Classical features of Gorlin's syndrome were conspicuous by their absence. Histopathologically, the tumors revealed typical findings of basal cell carcinoma arising from actinic keratoses. The case in point is a very rare and unique case in itself as being nonsyndromic, nonhereditary and occurring in the absence of various other environmental conditions as already mentioned in literature.
Solitary Fibrous Tumor Presenting as a Parapharyngeal Mass
Authors: Pankaj Chaturvedi , Prathamesh Pai , Goregaonkar Ruta , Viswanathan Seethalakshmi , Kane SV
Published: March 2010

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) rarely occur in the neck region and can be easily mistaken for more common tumors if the index of suspicion is not high. They are characterized by remarkable histologic variability. However, immunopositivity for CD34 and Bcl2 with immunonegativity for other markers aid in establishing the diagnosis. Distinction from the other common benign entities is essential, as SFT are tumors of low grade aggressiveness and unpredictable biologic behavior. Complete resection is the key feature determining outcome.
White racist ideology and the myth of a postracial society
Authors: Colin, Scipio A. J.
Published: March 2010

This chapter discusses racism and racial profiling in employment, the media, and higher education.
Racism and white privilege in adult education graduate programs: Admissions, retention, and curricula
Authors: Baumgartner Lisa M. , Johnson‐Bailey Juanita
Published: March 2010

This chapter explores how white privilege and racism function in adult education graduate programs regarding admissions, retention, and curricula.
Working against the grain: White privilege in human resource development
Authors: Monaghan Catherine H.
Published: March 2010

This chapter looks at the role of the human resource development functions within organizations, with an emphasis on how white professionals can counteract racism and white privilege.
Immigration, racial profiling, and white privilege: Community‐based challenges and practices for adult educators
Authors: Kong Luis J.
Published: March 2010

This chapter will discuss the impact of a community‐based transformational model of adult education that challenges white privilege and the racial profiling of immigrants.
A living spiral of understanding: Community‐based adult education
Authors: Cueva Melany
Published: March 2010

Nurturing place, sharing power, heart listening, talking story, engendering humor, and the expressive arts are discussed as appreciative ways to add depth and dimension to community‐based health education with diverse adult learners.
The intersections of white privilege and racism: Moving forward
Authors: Colin, Scipio A. J. , Lund Carole L.
Published: March 2010

In the final chapter, the editors reflect on the ways in which the chapters contribute to the understanding of white privilege and racism in adult and continuing education.
Counting during recall: Taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories
Authors: van den Hout Marcel A. , Engelhard Iris M. , Smeets Monique A. M. , Hornsveld Hellen , Hoogeveen Elsbeth , de Heer Eric , Toffolo Marieke B. J. , Rijkeboer Marleen
Published: March 2010

While initially subject to debate, meta‐analyses have shown that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier studies showed that eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories reduce their vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for limited working memory (WM) resources. This study examined whether another secondary task that taxes WM has beneficial effects, and whether the stronger the taxing, the stronger the reductions in vividness/adversity. A reaction time (RT) paradigm showed that counting backwards requires WM resources, and that more complex counting is more demanding than simple counting. Relative to a retrieval‐only condition, counting during retrieval of emotional memories reduced vividness and emotionality during later recall of these memories. However, the counting conditions did not differ in the magnitude of this reduction, and did not show the predicted dose‐response relationship. Implications for a working‐memory explanation of EMDR and for clinical practice are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive mechanisms underlying the emotional effects of bias modification
Authors: Hoppitt Laura , Mathews Andrew , Yiend Jenny , Mackintosh Bundy
Published: March 2010

In this study we assessed the cognitive mechanisms underlying the affective consequences of modifying emotional processing biases. During ‘active’ training participants selected either threatening or non‐threatening meanings of emotionally ambiguous words, in contrast to ‘passive’ conditions in which participants read unambiguous words with equivalent valenced meanings. Both methods enhanced access to training‐congruent primed emotional meanings, as assessed in a lexical decision task, although neither method displayed evidence of an induced interpretive bias as it is usually understood. However, consistent with previous research, the methods differed in their emotional consequences: Active training had greater effects on anxiety while viewing an accident video than did passive exposure. We interpret these results to suggest that both forms of training enhance priming of a valenced category, but only active conditions induce an implicit production rule to generate and/or select emotional meanings, and that it is this latter process that is critical to the modification of emotionality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased effectiveness of a focused–distraction strategy in dysphoric individuals
Authors: Hattori Yosuke , Kawaguchi Jun
Published: March 2010

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the mechanism responsible for high frequency, negative intrusive thoughts in dysphoric individuals. Dysphoric and non‐dysphoric participants were asked to suppress their negative thoughts by focusing on a memory task, to simply suppress their negative thoughts, or to think about something they of their own choice for 3 minutes. The results showed that dysphoric participants reported intrusive thoughts more frequently than did non‐dysphoric participants, only in the focused–distraction condition. There was no significant difference in memory‐task performance between dysphoric and non‐dysphoric participants. Moreover, compared to the non‐dypshoric participants, the dysphoric participants reported less reduction in suppression effort when using a focused–distraction strategy, and the maintained effort was correlated with the number of negative intrusions. These results indicate that negative intrusions enter dysphoric individuals' minds, regardless of whether they focus attention on distractors. The maintenance of suppression‐effort may be causally related to these intrusions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mood and retrieval‐induced forgetting of positive and negative autobiographical memories
Authors: Harris Celia B. , Sharman Stefanie J. , Barnier Amanda J. , Moulds Michelle L.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments, we examined the effects of high and low levels of dysphoria on retrieval‐induced forgetting (RIF) of positive and negative autobiographical memories. In Experiment 1, participants took part in an RIF procedure that was adapted for autobiographical memories. Regardless of level of dysphoria, participants showed facilitation for both negative and positive memories; they only showed RIF for negative memories. Differences in baseline memories were responsible for this effect: Participants recalled more positive than negative baseline memories. Experiment 2 was conducted to address these baseline differences, and also focused only on participants with high levels of dysphoria. Again, high dysphoric participants showed facilitation for both positive and negative memories; they only showed RIF for negative memories. Recall also varied depending on the content of practiced memories and individual differences in anxiety. Overall, these results suggest that retrieval‐practice might have different outcomes for different kinds of autobiographical memories, that these outcomes may depend on individual memory biases and memory valence, and that practicing positive memories may assist mood repair. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bias in attending to emotional facial expressions: Anxiety and visual search efficiency
Authors: Matsumoto Eriko
Published: March 2010

There has been much controversy around the relationship between anxiety and attentional processing of threat‐related information. The purpose of this study was to examine how threatening facial expressions affect attentional processing, according to the level of trait anxiety. Through visual search tasks, two different components of attentional bias to threat were investigated: engagement and disengagement of attention from an angry face. Two main results were found. First, reaction times (RTs) were slower in detecting the absence of a discrepant face in the all angry‐display conditions rather than other expression conditions; however, there was no difference between anxiety groups. Second, the difference in search efficiency for the angry versus happy target was significant within the high‐anxiety group but not within the low‐anxiety group. The results suggest that the detection process for angry faces is more efficient for highly anxious people. On the other hand, the time to disengage attention from angry faces was not associated with anxiety level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive‐behavioural rehabilitation of high‐risk violent offenders: Investigating treatment change with explicit and implicit measures of cognition
Authors: Polaschek Devon L. L. , Bell Rebecca K. , Calvert Susan W. , Takarangi Melanie K. T.
Published: March 2010

Important as it is both to risk of re‐offending and to cognitive behavioural treatment, violent cognition is seldom measured in rehabilitation programmes, and even more rarely linked to measures of violence risk. Most often, researchers measure violent cognition by having offenders complete transparent self‐report questionnaires. This approach may be flawed both by socially desirable responding and by theoretical speculation that stronger links exist between automatic rather than explicit, consciously deliberated cognition and violent behaviour. We measured violent cognition in several ways; collecting data with two self‐report scales, along with two Implicit Association Tests (IATs) from men commencing and completing an intensive cognitive‐behavioural rehabilitation programme for high‐risk violent prisoners. We addressed the questions of whether these two forms of assessment—explicit and implicit—are related, and which is most strongly linked to estimates of violence, based on the Violence Risk Scale. Explicit and implicit tests were not related to each other, although both self‐report scales, and one of the IATs elicited significantly more pro‐social responses following treatment. Further, the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) scores were significantly correlated with dynamic risk both pre‐ and post‐programme, while post‐programme, scores on one of the two IATs was significantly correlated with dynamic and static risk, as measured pre‐ and post‐programme. These findings suggest that implicit and explicit measures may be assessing different aspects of cognition, and only some are related to violence risk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum‐Dot‐Functionalized Poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) Microbeads: Step‐Wise Self‐Assembly, Characterization, and Applications for Sub‐femtomolar Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization
Authors: Dong Haifeng , Yan Feng , Ji Hanxu , Wong Danny K. Y. , Ju Huangxian
Published: March 2010

A novel nanoparticle label capable of amplifying the electrochemical signal of DNA hybridization is fabricated by functionalizing poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) microbeads with CdTe quantum dots. CdTe‐tagged polybeads are prepared by a layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly of the CdTe quantum dots (diameter = 3.07 nm) and polyelectrolyte on the polybeads (diameter = 323 nm). The self‐assembly procedure is characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron, infrared and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The mean quantum‐dot coverage is (9.54 ± 1.2) × 103 per polybead. The enormous coverage and the unique properties of the quantum dots make the polybeads an effective candidate as a functionalized amplification platform for labelling of DNA or protein. Herein, as an example, the CdTe‐tagged polybeads are attached to DNA probes specific to breast cancer by streptavidin–biotin binding to construct a DNA biosensor. The detection of the DNA hybridization process is achieved by the square‐wave voltammetry of Cd2+ after the dissolution of the CdTe tags with HNO3. The efficient carrier‐bead amplification platform, coupled with the highly sensitive stripping voltammetric measurement, gives rise to a detection limit of 0.52 fmol L−1 and a dynamic range spanning 5 orders of magnitude. This proposed nanoparticle label is promising, exhibits an efficient amplification performance, and opens new opportunities for ultrasensitive detection of other biorecognition events.
Three‐Dimensional Nanostructures for Photonics
Authors: von Freymann Georg , Ledermann Alexandra , Thiel Michael , Staude Isabelle , Essig Sabine , Busch Kurt , Wegener Martin
Published: March 2010

Recent progress in direct laser writing of three‐dimensional (3D) polymer nanostructures for photonics is reviewed. This technology has reached a level of maturity at which it can be considered as the 3D analogue of planar electron‐beam lithography. Combined with atomic‐layer deposition and/or chemical‐vapor deposition of dielectrics—the 3D analogues of planar evaporation technologies, the 3D polymer templates can be converted or inverted into 3D high‐refractive‐index‐contrast nanostructures. Examples discussed in this review include positive and inverse 3D silicon‐based woodpile photonic crystals possessing complete photonic bandgaps, novel optical resonator designs within these structures, 3D chiral photonic crystals for polarization‐state manipulation, and 3D icosahedral photonic quasicrystals. The latter represent a particularly complex 3D nanostructure.
Nanofibrous Patches for Spinal Cord Regeneration
Authors: Zhu Yiqian , Wang Aijun , Shen Wenqian , Patel Shyam , Zhang Rong , Young William L. , Li Song
Published: March 2010

The difficulty in spinal cord regeneration is related to the inhibitory factors for axon growth and the lack of appropriate axon guidance in the lesion region. Here scaffolds are developed with aligned nanofibers for nerve guidance and drug delivery in the spinal cord. Blended polymers including poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) are used to electrospin nanofibrous scaffolds with a two‐layer structure: aligned nanofibers in the inner layer and random nanofibers in the outer layer. Rolipram, a small molecule that can enhance cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) activity in neurons and suppress inflammatory responses, is immobilized onto nanofibers. To test the therapeutic effects of nanofibrous scaffolds, the nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with rolipram are used to bridge the hemisection lesion in 8‐week old athymic rats. The scaffolds with rolipram increase axon growth through the scaffolds and in the lesion, promote angiogenesis through the scaffold, and decrease the population of astrocytes and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the lesion. Locomotor scale rating analysis shows that the scaffolds with rolipram significantly improved hindlimb function after 3 weeks. This study demonstrates that nanofibrous scaffolds offer a valuable platform for drug delivery for spinal cord regeneration.
Enhancement of Aggregation‐Induced Emission in Dye‐Encapsulating Polymeric Micelles for Bioimaging
Authors: Wu Wen‐Chung , Chen Ching‐Yi , Tian Yanqing , Jang Sei‐Hum , Hong Yuning , Liu Yang , Hu Rongrong , Tang Ben Zhong , Lee Yi‐Ting , Chen Chin‐Ti , Chen Wen‐Chang , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: March 2010

Three amphiphilic block copolymers are employed to form polymeric micelles and function as nanocarriers to disperse hydrophobic aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) dyes, 1,1,2,3,4,5‐hexaphenylsilole (HPS) and/or bis(4‐(N‐(1‐naphthyl) phenylamino)‐phenyl)fumaronitrile (NPAFN), into aqueous solution for biological studies. Compared to their virtually non‐emissive properties in organic solutions, the fluorescence intensity of these AIE dyes has increased significantly due to the spatial confinement that restricts intramolecular rotation of these dyes and their better compatibility in the hydrophobic core of polymeric micelles. The effect of the chemical structure of micelle cores on the photophysical properties of AIE dyes are investigated, and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the green‐emitting donor (HPS) to the red‐emitting acceptor (NPAFN) is explored by co‐encapsulating this FRET pair in the same micelle core. The highest fluorescence quantum yield (∼62%) could be achieved by encapsulating HPS aggregates in the micelles. Efficient energy transfer (>99%) and high amplification of emission (as high as 8 times) from the NPAFN acceptor could also be achieved by spatially confining the HPS/NPAFN FRET pair in the hydrophobic core of polymeric micelles. These micelles could be successfully internalized into the RAW 264.7 cells to demonstrate high‐quality fluorescent images and cell viability due to improved quantum yield and reduced cytotoxicity.
Controlling Photoactivity in Ultrathin Hematite Films for Solar Water‐Splitting
Authors: Le Formal Florian , Grätzel Michael , Sivula Kevin
Published: March 2010

A promising route to increase the performance of hematite (α‐Fe2O3) photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen production through water‐splitting is to use an extremely thin layer of this visible light absorber on a nanostructured scaffold. However, the typically poor performance of ultrathin (ca. 20 nm) films of hematite has been the limiting factor in implementing this approach. Here, the surprising effect of a substrate pretreatment using tetraethoxysilicate (TEOS) is reported; it results in drastic improvements in the photoperformance of 12.5 nm thick films of hematite. These films exhibit a water oxidation photocurrent onset potential at 1.1 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE) and a plateau current of 0.63 mA cm−2at 1.5 V vs. RHE under standard illumination conditions, representing the highest reported performance for ultrathin hematite films. In contrast, almost no photoactivity is observed for the photoanode with the same amount of hematite on an untreated substrate. A detailed study of the effects of the TEOS treatment shows that a monolayer of SiOxis formed, which acts to change the hematite nucleation and growth mechanism, increases its crystallinity, reduces the concentration of carrier trapping states of the ultrathin films, and suggests its further application to quantum‐dot and extremely‐thin‐absorber (ETA)‐type solar cells.
Balancing responsiveness and economics in process supply chain design with multi‐echelon stochastic inventory
Authors: You Fengqi , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: March 2010

This article is concerned with the optimal design of multi‐echelon process supply chains (PSCs) under economic and responsive criteria with considerations of inventory management and demand uncertainty. The multi‐echelon inventory systems are modeled with the guaranteed service approach to handle the uncertain demands at each echelon. The maximum guaranteed service time of the last echelon of the PSC is proposed as a measure of a PSC's responsiveness. The problem is formulated as a bi‐criterion mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP) with the objectives of minimizing the annualized cost (economic objective) and minimizing the maximum guaranteed service times of the markets (responsiveness objective). The model simultaneously predicts the optimal network structure, transportation amounts, and inventory levels under different specifications of the PSC responsiveness. An example on acetic acid supply chain is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed model and to comprehensively compare different measures of PSC responsiveness. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
The role of A‐site ion nonstoichiometry in the oxygen absorption properties of Sr1+xCo0.8Fe0.2O3 oxides
Authors: He Yufeng , Zhu Xuefeng , Yang Weishen
Published: March 2010

Sr1+xCo0.8Fe0.2O3 (−0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) oxides have been synthesized and investigated as potential oxygen absorbents for high temperature oxygen separation processes. It was found that the A‐site ion deficient Sr0.95Co0.8Fe0.2O3 and Sr0.9Co0.8Fe0.2O3 oxides have larger oxygen absorption capacities, and slightly higher oxygen desorption rates. However, the A‐site ion excess Sr1.05Co0.8Fe0.2O3 and Sr1.1Co0.8Fe0.2O3 exhibited much higher oxygen desorption rates, but smaller oxygen absorption capacities. The oxygen absorption capacities were further verified using oxygen temperature‐programmed desorption technique, and the oxygen desorption rates were well described by a pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model. In addition, the long‐term stability of Sr0.9Co0.8Fe0.2O3 was investigated for 280 h (1120 loops) with switching between oxygen absorption and desorption. The excellent stability was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction patterns which suggested that the cyclic processes of oxygen absorption and desorption took place between the perovskite structure with disordered oxygen vacancies and the brownmillerite structure with ordered oxygen vacancies. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Statistics pattern analysis: A new process monitoring framework and its application to semiconductor batch processes
Authors: He Q. Peter , Wang Jin
Published: March 2010

In the semiconductor industry, process monitoring has been recognized as a critical component of the manufacturing system. Multivariate statistical process monitoring (SPM) techniques, such as multiway principal component analysis and multiway partial least squares, have been extend to monitor semiconductor processes. These SPM methods require extensive, often off‐line data preprocessing such as data unfolding, trajectory mean shift, and trajectory alignment. This requirement is probably not an issue for the traditional chemical batch processes but it poses a significant challenge for semiconductor batch processes. This is because data preprocessing makes model building and maintenance extremely labor intensive due to the large number of models in a typical semiconductor fab. In addition, semiconductor process data often show more severe nonnormality compared to those of the traditional chemical process under closed‐loop control, which results in suboptimal performance in many applications. To address these challenges, several pattern classification based monitoring (PCM) methods have been developed recently, but some limitations remain and trajectory alignment is still required. In this article, we analyze the fundamental reasons for the limitations of the SPM and PCM methods when applied to monitor semiconductor processes. In addition, we propose a new statistics pattern analysis (SPA) framework to address the challenges associated with semiconductor processes. By monitoring batch statistics, the proposed SPA framework not only eliminates all data preprocessing steps but also provides superior fault detection performance. Finally, we use an industrial example to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed SPA framework, and examine the fundamental reasons for the improved performance from SPA. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Performance evaluation of UV reactor using optical diagnostic techniques
Authors: Elyasi Siamak , Taghipour Fariborz
Published: March 2010

Conventionally, the performance of a UV reactor is evaluated using the concentration of photoreactive chemicals at the outlet vs. the inlet. This research presents a novel method for measuring the concentration distribution of a photoreactive chemical inside a photoreactor using a modified planar laser‐induced fluorescence method. The fluence distribution was measured for a pilot scale photoreactor under different operating conditions. The visualized result of the fluence distribution revealed significant information about the local/overall performance of the photoreactor. This method is a powerful diagnostic tool for the determination of the local performance inside a UV reactor, as well as for the evaluation of models simulating UV reactor behavior. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
On the quantification of the controlling regimes in automotive catalytic converters
Authors: Santos H. , Costa M.
Published: March 2010

The conversion of pollutants in automotive catalytic converters is influenced by a number of physical and chemical processes that take place in the gaseous and solid phases as the exhaust gases flow through the converter. A detailed understanding of the complex processes involving flow dynamics, heat and mass transport and heterogeneous surface reactions is of crucial importance to improve the converter design. The main objective of the present study is to quantify the magnitudes of the external and internal mass transfer as well as chemical reaction limiting processes as a function of the converter operating temperature. To this end, experimental data, obtained for a three way catalyst (TWC) under real world operating conditions, are analyzed and compared against analytical expressions that allow for the quantification of the different limiting processes involved. The results demonstrate that (i) the external mass transfer resistance overlaps the reaction resistance only at moderate operating temperatures and not immediately above the ignition temperature as generally considered in the literature, (ii) the transport phenomena (external and internal mass transfer) represents 90% of the total resistance for temperatures higher than 792 K, (iii) the internal mass transfer in the porous washcoat presents a larger resistance than the external mass transfer from the bulk fluid to the washcoat wall even at high operating temperatures, and (iv) based on the quantification of the individual resistances as a function of the TWC operating temperature, it was demonstrated both the influence of the substrate cell density and of the effective diffusivity on the TWC conversions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Psychosocial work environment and medical symptoms among Swedish commercial airline cabin crew
Authors: Wahlstedt Kurt , Lindgren Torsten , Norbäck Dan , Wieslander Gunilla , Runeson Roma
Published: March 2010

Background

Associations between stress measured by the demands‐control model, iso‐strain model, and stress‐related symptoms among cabin crew were studied.

Methods

A questionnaire about psychosocial work environment and symptoms was answered by 918 (82%) flight attendants, stewards, and pursers at one airline company in 2005. Adjustment was made for age, gender, smoking, job category, and flight length using multiple logistic regression.

Results

Weekly headaches, concentration difficulties, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms were reported at rates of 18%, 10%, 56%, and 13%, respectively. Pursers scored higher on control than the others and they had lower associations between the strain measured by the demands‐control model and symptoms than stewards and flight attendants. All symptoms were more common in the high strain situation than in the low strain (reference). An active situation was related to an excess of symptoms. Low social support in the iso‐strain model increased risk of symptoms.

Conclusions

Demands‐control and iso‐strain models are useful in studying stress‐related symptoms in cabin crews. The dimension of social support adds explanatory value. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:716–723, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local attitudes and perceptions toward crop‐raiding by orangutans (Pongo abelii) and other nonhuman primates in northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Campbell‐Smith Gail , Simanjorang Hubert V.P. , Leader‐Williams Nigel , Linkie Matthew
Published: March 2010

Human–wildlife conflicts, such as crop‐raiding, increase as people expand their agricultural activities into wildlife habitats. Crop‐raiding can reduce tolerance toward species that are already threatened, whereas potential dangers posed by conflicts with large‐bodied species may also negatively influence local attitudes. Across Asia, wild pigs and primates, such as macaques, tend to be the most commonly reported crop raiders. To date, reports of crop‐raiding incidents involving great apes have been less common, but incidents involving orangutans are increasingly emerging in Indonesia. To investigate the interplay of factors that might explain attitudes toward crop‐raiding by orangutans (Pongo abelii), focal group discussions and semi‐structured interviews were conducted among 822 farmers from 2 contrasting study areas in North Sumatra. The first study area of Batang Serangan is an agroforest system containing isolated orangutans that crop‐raid. In contrast, the second area of Sidikalang comprises farmlands bordering extensive primary forest where orangutans are present but not reported to crop‐raid. Farmers living in Batang Serangan thought that orangutans were dangerous, irrespective of earlier experience of crop‐raiding. Farmers placed orangutans as the third most frequent and fourth most destructive crop pest, after Thomas' leaf monkey (Presbytis thomasi), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and long‐tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Although most (57%) farmers across both study areas were not scared of wildlife species, more than a quarter (28%) of the farmers' feared orangutans. Farmers in Batang Serangan were generally more tolerant toward crop‐raiding orangutans, if they did not perceive them to present a physical threat. Most (67%) Batang Serangan farmers said that the local Forestry Department staff should handle crop‐raiding orangutans, and most (81%) said that these officials did not care about such problems. Our results suggest that efforts to mitigate human–orangutan conflict may not, per se, change negative perceptions of those who live with the species, because these perceptions are often driven by fear. Am. J. Primatol. 72:866–876, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time course of vocal modulation during isolation in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Yamaguchi Chieko , Izumi Akihiro , Nakamura Katsuki
Published: March 2010

Common marmosets vocalize phee calls as isolation calls, which seem to facilitate their reunion with family groups. To identify multiple acoustic properties with different time courses, we examined acoustic modulations of phees during different social contexts of isolation. Subject marmosets were totally isolated in one condition, were visually isolated and could exchange vocalizations in another condition, and were visually isolated and subsequently totally isolated in a third condition. We recorded 6,035 phees of 10 male–female marmoset pairs and conducted acoustic analysis. The marmosets frequently vocalized phees that were temporally elongated and louder during isolation, with varying time courses of these changes in acoustic parameters. The vocal rates and sound levels of the phees increased as soon as the marmosets saw their pair mates being taken away, and then gradually calmed down. The phee duration was longer in conditions during which there were no vocal responses from their pair mates. Louder vocalizations are conspicuous and seem to be effective for long‐distance transmission, whereas shorter call duration during vocal exchanges might avoid possible vocal overlap between mates. Am. J. Primatol. 72:681–688, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of reaction of benzyl chloride with H2S‐rich aqueous monoethanolamine: selective synthesis of dibenzyl sulfide under liquid–liquid phase‐transfer catalysis
Authors: Sen Sujit , Pradhan Narayan C. , Patwardhan Anand V.
Published: March 2010

The development of viable alternative processes for the conversion of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to produce commercially important chemicals is important in process industries, particularly in refineries handling large quantity of sour crude. This work was undertaken to synthesize value‐added chemicals such as dibenzyl sulfide (DBS) and benzyl mercaptan (BM) utilizing H2S from various by‐product gas streams. This process is a viable alternative to the expensive Claus process, which produces only the less valuable elemental sulfur product from H2S. The reaction between benzyl chloride (BC) and H2S‐rich aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) was carried out in an organic solvent, toluene, using tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide as phase‐transfer catalyst. Two products, DBS and BM, were identified in the reaction mixture and both chemicals have many industrial uses. The conversion of BC and the selectivity of DBS, were maximized by considering the effect of various parameters such as stirring speed, catalyst loading, concentration of BC, concentration of MEA, concentration of sulfide, and temperature. The highest selectivity of DBS obtained was about 99% after 480 min of reaction with excess BC at 60 °C. The apparent activation energy for the kinetically controlled reaction was found to be 51.3 kJ/mol. The MEA/H2S mole ratio was found to have a significant effect on the selectivity of DBS and BM. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter estimation protocol for secondary clarifier models based on sludge volume index and operational parameters
Authors: Zhen Zhou , Zhichao Wu , Guowei Gu , Zhiwei Wang
Published: March 2010

The development of an accurate biological process model of activated sludge systems is important for the control, management, and optimization of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The performance of the secondary clarifier is closely related to successful operation of the WWTP, and the most suitable secondary clarifier model for activated sludge process modeling is the one‐dimensional layered model. The one‐dimensional layered model combined with a double‐exponential settling velocity model has been extensively used for secondary clarifier modeling, but the complexity in parameter estimation has limited its application and extension to a full‐scale WWTP. A parameter estimation protocol of the secondary clarifier model was developed by empirical formula estimation in combination with sensitivity analysis based on sludge volume index and routine operational parameters and employed in the secondary clarifier modeling with data from a pilot‐scale test and a full‐scale WWTP. Based on the sensitivity analysis results, the importance of each model parameter is assessed. The one‐dimensional layered clarifier model after parameter estimation provides good predictions for the suspended solids (SS) profile, and overflow and underflow SS concentrations, in both the pilot‐scale clarifier test and the full‐scale WWTP. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic resolution of racemic ethyl lactate to produce D‐lactic acid by immobilized cells of Rhizopus sp. WS0128
Authors: Shen Xueliang , Wang Zhao
Published: March 2010

D‐Lactic acid can be produced by either chemical or biochemical methods and is an important raw material or intermediate used in many fields including pesticides and herbicides production, and as polymers with promising applications in medical areas. Esterase produced by Rhizopus sp. WS0128 was effective in the catalytic resolution of racemic ethyl lactate to produce optically pure D‐lactic acid. The cells of Rhizopus sp. WS0128 were immobilized by entrapping them into calcium alginate gels, and the fermentation of the immobilized cells was carried out in an external‐loop airlift bioreactor (ELAB) (11.5 l). Optimal growth conditions for the microorganism were determined such that the maximum esterase activity of the immobilized cells reached 57.9 U/g cells after 48 h of fermentation. The immobilized cells of Rhizopus sp. WS0128 containing abundant esterase could be used directly as a biocatalyst in the enantioselective hydrolysis of ethyl lactate. The optimal hydrolysis reaction conditions were initial substrate concentration 160 g/l, temperature 40 °C, pH value 7.5 and reaction time 3.5 h. Under these conditions, the hydrolysis yield of ethyl lactate was 43.4% and the optical purity of D‐lactic acid was 96.3%. The immobilized cells were quite stable and could be utilized repeatedly in the biocatalytic process for at least six batches, where the average hydrolysis yield of ethyl lactate and the average optical purity of D‐lactic acid were 43.1% and 95.9%, respectively. This research work showed a promising process of D‐lactic acid preparation by biotransformation. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined method of complex coacervation and electrospray for encapsulate preparation
Authors: Omidi Javad , Khorram Mohammad , Samimi Abdolreza
Published: March 2010

Encapsulate beads composed of alginate and chitosan as shell and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as core were prepared by combined method of complex coacervation and electrospray. The main objective of this work was to produce mono‐sized and spherical capsule of chitosan‐alginate with controlled sizes of capsules and shell. However, the effects of applied voltage, flow rate, and molecular weight of chitosan were investigated on the size, size distribution, membrane thickness of the prepared capsules, as well as the release rate of BSA. The results revealed that by the method developed in this study, it was possible to produce spherical capsules with controlled size and narrow size distribution. Increasing the voltage and decreasing the flow rate reduced the radius of capsule and its shell thickness from 2.09 mm to 750 μm and from 1.31 mm to 490 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the molecular weight of chitosan had no significant effect on the capsules' size and the release rate of BSA, whereas the rate of BSA release was increased with increase of the voltage. The later effect would be due to the increase of shell porosity at the higher voltages. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010