bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contributions of the collective subject discourse methodology (CSD) for the Strategy Research as practice
Authors: Paganni Oliveira Paulo Frederico , Marchiori Marlene , Pacagnan Mario Nei
Published: March 2016

This essay reflects on the CSD methodology in studies of the strategy as a social practice, considering as one of the main challenges the methodological procedures of this field of study. Firstly, the origin of the strategy is contextualized as a social practice, focusing then the CSD methodology, emphasizing the construction of collective thought and the presence of the subject-that-talk. It is reflected on the CSD as a possible method for strategizing research that reveals the social skills focused on the subject providing an understanding from social representations. From this discussion emerge approaches suggesting this methodology as a candidate for contribution to the research on this phenomenon because of its conceptual juxtapositions.
Precise regulation of the guidance receptor DMA-1 by KPC-1/Furin instructs dendritic branching decisions
Authors: Dong Xintong , Chiu Hui , Park Yeonhee Jenny , Zou Wei , Zou Yan , Özkan Engin , Chang Chieh , Shen Kang
Published: March 2016

Extracellular adhesion molecules and their neuronal receptors guide the growth and branching of axons and dendrites. Growth cones are attracted to intermediate targets, but they must switch their response upon arrival so that they can move away and complete the next stage of growth. Here, we show that KPC-1, a C. elegans Furin homolog, regulates the level of the branching receptor DMA-1 on dendrites by targeting it to late endosomes. In kpc-1 mutants, the level of DMA-1 is abnormally high on dendrites, resulting in trapping of dendrites at locations where a high level of the cognate ligand, the adhesion molecule SAX-7/L1, is present. The misregulation of DMA-1 also causes dendritic self-avoidance defects. Thus, precise regulation of guidance receptors creates flexibility of responses to guidance signals and is critical for neuronal morphogenesis.
Comparative study of scintillation properties of Cs2HfCl6 and Cs2ZrCl6
Authors: Saeki Keiichiro , Fujimoto Yutaka , Koshimizu Masanori , Yanagida Takayuki , Asai Keisuke
Published: March 2016

The photoluminescence and scintillation properties of Cs2HfCl6 and Cs2ZrCl6 crystals were investigated. Two emission bands in the photoluminescence spectra were observed at 375 and 435 nm for the Cs2HfCl6 crystal and at 440 and 479 nm for the Cs2ZrCl6 crystal. Similar spectra were observed for radioluminescence. The decay time constants were found to be about 2.2 and 8.4 µs for Cs2HfCl6 and 1.5 and 7.5 µs for Cs2ZrCl6. The scintillation light yields were estimated to be 27,500 and 25,100 photons/MeV for Cs2HfCl6 and Cs2ZrCl6, respectively.
Effect of surrounding gases and water vapor on the induced electric current associated with a laser-induced plasma
Authors: Matsuta Hideyuki
Published: March 2016

The effect of surrounding gases and water vapor on the laser-induced electric current was investigated. Laser-induced plasma was generated on an aluminum alloy target. The laser-induced plasma was optically examined to estimate the excitation temperature and electron density in room air. There was a linear relationship between the maximum amplitude of the laser-induced current and the electron density. As the electron mean free path of the surrounding gas increased, the observed amplitude of the current increased. The amplitude of the induced current signal in dry air became maximum upon mixing with the optimum amount of water vapor. This enhancement of the induced current signal might be due to the large relative permittivity of water vapor. The laser-induced plasma as a whole seems to be a low-temperature plasma consisting of electrons, a large amount of cold surrounding gas, injected hot atoms, hot ions, and hot particles.
Recent results for concentrator photovoltaics in Japan
Authors: Yamaguchi Masafumi , Takamoto Tatsuya , Araki Kenji , Kojima Nobuaki
Published: March 2016

We summarize the Europe–Japan Collaborative Research Project on Concentrator Photovoltaics (CPV); NGCPV Project (a New Generation of Concentrator PhotoVoltaic cells, modules and systems). The aim of this project was to accelerate the move to very high efficiency and lower cost CPV technologies and to enhance the widespread deployment of CPV systems. Seven European partners and nine Japanese partners have contributed to this international collaboration. The following objectives have been reached: 1) a CPV cell with InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs three-junction world-record efficiency of 44.4% has been developed by Sharp, 2) 50 kW and 15 kW CPV plant operations with an average DC efficiency of 27.8% have been demonstrated in Spain (since mid-2012), 3) a new “Intrepid” CPV module with 31.3% efficiency has been developed by Daido Steel, 4) standard measurement of CPV cells has been established by FhG-ISE and AIST, and 46.0% efficiency has been confirmed for the direct-bonded GaInP/GaAs/GaInAsP/GaInAs four-junction solar cell under this project, 5) the fundamental research on novel materials and structures for CPV has also been conducted.
Self-stabilization techniques for intermediate power level in stacked-Vdd integrated circuits using DC-balanced coding methods
Authors: Kohara Yusuke , Kubo Naoya , Nishiyama Tomofumi , Koizuka Taiki , Alimudin Mohammad , Rahmat Amirul , Okamura Hitoshi , Yamanokuchi Tomoyuki , Nakamura Kazuyuki
Published: March 2016

Two new parallel bus coding methods for generating a DC-balanced code with additional bits are proposed to achieve the self-stabilization of the intermediate power level in Stacked-Vdd integrated circuits. They contribute to producing a uniform switching current in parallel inputs and outputs (I/Os). Type I coding minimizes the difference in the number of switchings between the upper and lower CMOS I/Os by 8B/10B coding followed by toggle conversion. Type II coding, in which the multi-value running disparity control feature is integrated into the bus-invert coding, requires only one redundant bit for any wider bus. Their DC-balanced feature and the stability effect of the intermediate power level in the Stacked-Vdd structure were experimentally confirmed from the measurement results obtained from the developed test chips.
First-principles study of defect formation in the photovoltaic semiconductor Cu2SnS3 for comparison with Cu2ZnSnS4 and CuInSe2
Authors: Nishihara Hironori , Maeda Tsuyoshi , Shigemi Akio , Wada Takahiro
Published: March 2016

The formation energies of neutral Cu, Sn, and S vacancies in monoclinic Cu2SnS3 were calculated by first-principles pseudopotential calculations using plane-wave basis functions in typical points in a schematic ternary phase diagram of a Cu–Sn–S system. The formation energy of a Cu atom vacancy in Cu2SnS3 under the Cu-poor condition has been calculated to be 0.23 eV, which is considerably smaller than those of Sn and S vacancies in Cu2SnS3. The results have been compared with those in Cu2SnZnS4 and CuInSe2 calculated with the same version of program code. The formation energy of a Cu atom vacancy in Cu2SnS3 under the Cu-poor condition is smaller than those for Cu2SnZnS4 (0.40 eV) and CuInSe2 (0.50 eV). The results indicate that Cu vacancies are easily formed in Cu2SnS3 under the Cu-poor condition as is the case with Cu2ZnSnS4 and CuInSe2. In this respect, Cu2SnS3 has the appropriate character of a light-absorbing material for thin-film solar cells, as is the case with Cu2ZnSnS4 and CuInSe2.
Uppermost mantle structure of the Australian continent from Pn traveltime tomography
Authors: Sun Weijia , Kennett B. L. N.
Published: March 2016

Past studies of the seismic structure of the Australian continent have dominantly exploited surface wave tomography for the mantle, with seismic refraction, receiver functions, and ambient noise used for crustal structure. The 3‐D structure has been summarized in the Australian Seismological Reference Model (AuSREM), for which the zone immediately below the crust is the least well characterized. Pn traveltime tomography provides a way of improving structural information on the uppermost mantle across the continent. We have exploited waveforms from larger events across Australia recorded at both permanent and portable stations since 1993, supplemented by bulletin arrival times. To compensate for the large velocity contrasts, with much faster mantle wave speeds in the center and west, all events were relocated using the AuSREM model. After relocation, consistent patterns of traveltime residuals are obtained. We extract Pn as the first arrival in the distance range 1.8° to 15°. We use the FMTOMO approach to invert the travel‐time residuals to generate a P wave speed structure with a resolution of 3°×3°. There is strong heterogeneity in Pn wave speed in the uppermost mantle across the continent. The fastest Pn wave speed of 8.36 km/s beneath the Precambrian cratons of western and central Australia is 3.99% faster than the global ak135 model, and the slowest Pn wave speed 7.66 km/s on the eastern margin is 4.74% slower. The slowest velocities in the uppermost mantle are found along the eastern margin of the Australian continent beneath the Phanerozoic orogenic belts, with links to Neogene volcanism.
Thermal emission spectroscopy of microcrystalline sedimentary phases: Effects of natural surface roughness on spectral feature shape
Authors: Hardgrove C. J. , Rogers A. D. , Glotch T. D. , Arnold J. A.
Published: March 2016

Distinguishing between microcrystalline and macrocrystalline mineral phases can help constrain the conditions under which those minerals formed or the degree of postdepositional alteration. This study demonstrates the effects of crystal size and surface roughness on thermal infrared emission spectra of micro and macrocrystalline phases of the two most common minerals on Earth, quartz and calcite. Given the characteristic depositional and environmental conditions under which microcrystalline minerals form, and the recent observations of high‐silica deposits on Mars, it is important to understand how these unique materials can be identified using remote infrared spectroscopy techniques. We find that (a) microcrystalline minerals exhibit naturally rough surfaces compared to their macrocrystalline counterparts at the 10 µm scale; and that (b) this roughness causes distinct spectral differences within the Reststrahlen bands of each mineral. These spectral differences occur for surfaces that are rough on the wavelength scale, where the absorption coefficient (k) is large. Specifically, the wavelength positions of the Reststrahlen features for microcrystalline phases are narrowed and shifted compared to macrocrystalline counterparts. The spectral shape differences are small enough that the composition of the material is still recognizable, but large enough such that a roughness effect could be detected. Petrographic and topographic analyses of microcrystalline samples suggest a relationship between crystal size and surface roughness. Together, these observations suggest it may be possible to make general inferences about microcrystallinity from the thermal infrared spectral character of samples, which could aid in reconstructions of sedimentary rock diagenesis where corresponding petrographic or microimaging is not available.
Dynamic delayed detached eddy simulation of a multi‐inlet vortex reactor
Authors: Liu Zhenping , Passalacqua Alberto , Olsen Michael G. , Fox Rodney O. , Hill James C.
Published: March 2016

The multi‐inlet vortex reactor (MIVR) is used for flash nanoprecipitation to manufacture functional nanoparticles. A validated computational fluid dynamics model is needed for the design, scale‐up, and optimization of the MIVR. Unfortunately, available Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes methods are unable to accurately model the highly swirling flow in the MIVR. Large‐eddy simulations (LES) are also problematic, as excessively fine grids are required to accurately model this flow. These dilemmas led to the application of the dynamic delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) method to the MIVR. In the dynamic DDES model, the eddy viscosity has a form similar to the Smagorinsky sub‐grid viscosity in LES, which allows the implementation of a dynamic procedure to determine its model coefficient. Simulation results using the dynamic DDES model are found to match well with experimental data in terms of mean velocity and turbulence intensity, suggesting that the dynamic DDES model is a good option for modeling the turbulent swirling flow in the MIVR. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2570–2578, 2016
Length to diameter ratio of extrudates in catalyst technology II. Bending strength versus impulsive forces
Authors: Beeckman Jean W. L. , Fassbender Natalie A. , Datz Theodore E.
Published: March 2016

This article describes the reduction of the length to diameter ratio of extrudates, by breakage on collision with a surface. The approach links the rupture force of the extrudate by bending to the impulsive force the extrudate experiences due to collision. The bending or flexural strength of the extrudate is described by the Euler‐Bernoulli modulus of rupture. The impulsive force the extrudate experiences is described by Newton's second law. We apply the force balance at the asymptotic length to diameter ratio which is reached after many repeated impacts. This balance yields a dimensionless group as the ratio of the rupture force by bending to the impulsive force by collision. The analysis shows that the asymptotic length to diameter ratio is directly proportional to the square root of this group. This dimensionless group also allows one to define a severity of the collision via the impact velocity and the time of contact of the collision. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2658–2669, 2016
MENTORS' PERCEIVED PROGRAM SUPPORT SCALE: DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL VALIDATION
Authors: Marshall Jenna H. , Davis Martha C. , Lawrence Edith C. , Peugh James L. , Toland Michael D.
Published: March 2016

Although mentoring can have powerful benefits for youth, it can be a challenging responsibility for mentors. The literature emphasizes training and support as being essential for effective mentoring, but empirical research has not yet provided a psychometrically sound measure to assess this construct. The present study focuses on the development and initial evaluation of the Mentors’ Perceived Program Support Scale (MPPSS), an 11‐item inventory that addresses 4 areas of support: emotional, informational, tangible assistance, and appraisal. The MPPSS was administered to 664 mentors from 19 formal mentoring programs. Data analysis included a factor analysis, item response theory analysis, and an assessment of convergent and discriminant validity. Reliability and validity estimates of the MPPSS indicated that the MPPSS may have several advantages over the Match Characteristics Questionnaire's Programmatic Support subscale, one of the few available measures of mentor support. Implications for the use and further evaluation of the MPPSS are discussed.
UNDERSTANDING THE ATTAINMENT OF STABLE HOUSING: A SEVEN‐YEAR LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF HOMELESS ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Braciszewski Jordan M. , Toro Paul A. , Stout Robert L.
Published: March 2016

Stable housing provides a solid foundation for youth development, making it an essential topic of study among young homeless people. Although gains have been made in research with adolescents and young adults experiencing homelessness, few longitudinal studies of this population exist, clouding the long‐term housing outcome picture. The current study examined the course and risk factors for homelessness in a sample of 243 homeless adolescents followed over a 7‐year period. The vast majority of youth returned to stable housing quickly; however, early experiences of homelessness, even at this young age, were observed to have a substantial negative effect on future housing. Participants from poorer neighborhoods and those identifying as ethnic minorities also took longer to achieve stable housing. The data suggest that family reunification interventions may serve this population well. Preparing youth for returning home may not only prevent subsequent homeless episodes but also improve their overall functioning.
Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification, Warming, and Hypoxia on Marine Organisms
Authors: Baumann Hannes
Published: March 2016

A suite of parallel anthropogenic changes affects contemporary marine ecosystems. Excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution results in warmer, more acidic oceans with lower dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, meanwhile the emission of reactive nitrogen/phosphorus results in eutrophication, excessive microbial degradation and thus metabolic hypoxia and acidification. Despite decades of empirical research how each individual stressor of the ‘climate‐change syndrome’ (i.e., temperature, CO2, DO) affects the fitness of marine organisms, we still know little about the combined effects of these stressors. This lecture gives an overview over the nascent field of multi‐stressor approaches evaluating the climate sensitivity of marine organisms across taxa. In most studied cases, combined effects of these stressors exceeded those observed individually. Effects of combined warming, acidification, and deoxygenation have mostly been additive (no stressor interaction) or synergistically negative (stressor interaction). The occurrence and strength of synergistic stressor interactions in some species, life history stages, and traits comprises a vexing challenge but hints at potentially greater sensitivities of organisms to marine climate change than previously recognized. This lecture is intended for post‐secondary students, providing them with illustrated examples from the most resent literature, while aiding in communicating the urgent need for empirical data from multi‐stressor approaches.
CO‐ACTIVE LEADERSHIP: A NEW LEADERSHIP STORY
Authors: Karen   , Kimsey‐House Henry
Published: March 2016

“Co‐active leadership” is a new, multidimensional view of leadership presented by Karen and Henry Kimsey‐House. There are five dimensions, described in detail, which they have dubbed Leader Within (self‐acceptance and self‐authority), Leader in Front (connection and direction), Leader Behind (serving and coaching), Leader Beside (partnership and synergy), and Leader in the Field (intuition and innovation). They believe there is a shift in consciousness on the part of leaders and others in today's organizational world. This should make people more receptive to this new model, which distributes responsibility for leadership across an organization, rather than everything resting at the top.
Eco‐Friendly Vegetable Oil‐Based Metalworking Fluid (MWFs) from Modification of Glycolyzed Products of Polyurethane
Authors: Negm Nabel A. , El‐Sukkary Mohamed M. , Sayed Galal H. , Mohamed Manal G. , Bekheit Mahmoud
Published: March 2016

In order to produce environmentally friendly and efficient metalworking fluids and also to reduce the impact of waste polyurethane polymer in the environment, polyurethane polymers were recycled in a novel process. Waste polyurethane foam was glycolyzed using polyethylene glycol 400 to give the glycolyzed product (GPU). The GPU was esterified using oleic acid, linoleic acid, and acids obtained from hydrolysis of rapeseeds oil, coconut oil, and castor oil to obtain GPUO, GPUL, GPUA, GPUB, and GPUC, respectively. The prepared additives were used as emulsifiers in the formulation for metalworking fluid application in the presence of rapeseed oil, coconut oil, and castor oil as environmentally friendly oils. The results showed good stability of the prepared water‐vegetable oil emulsions. The pH, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity at 40 and 100 °C, surface tension, and anticorrosion tests of the prepared formulation showed acceptable results compared with the published data for several metalworking fluid formulations.
Shear‐Induced Structural Transitions in a Model Fabric Softener Containing an Esterquat Surfactant
Authors: Calero Nuria , Santos Jenifer , Berjano Manuel , Muñoz José
Published: March 2016

Processing conditions must be rigorously controlled in the production of fabric softener because mechanical energy input during the mixing operation may provoke undesirable structural transitions. Hence, ability to control and modify rheological properties of surfactant systems is an important pre‐requisite for many applications of surfactant formulations. Mixtures of a commercial cationic esterquat‐type surfactant and different concentrations of salt (CaCl2) were rheologically and microscopically characterized. Shear‐induced microstructural transitions have been studied in order to control the formation of vesicles, which is undesirable. The addition of salt allows viscosity to be adjusted and provoked a lack of viscoelastic properties. In addition, a shear thickening effect above a specific value of critical shear rate, which is different for each salt concentration, was observed. This is related to the transition from lamellar bilayer to vesicles. This fact was confirmed by hysteresis‐loop experiments, which showed apparent antithixotropic behaviour. Start‐up flow tests indicated that a minimum value for shear rate and a certain shear time are needed for the formation of shear‐induced structures. After this test, the systems showed viscoelastic properties due to the formation of vesicles.
Fertility preservation through gonadal cryopreservation
Authors: Devi Lalitha , Goel Sandeep
Published: March 2016

Fertility preservation is an area of immense interest in todayˈs society. The most effective and established means of fertility preservation is cryopreservation of gametes (sperm and oocytes) and embryos. Gonadal cryopreservation is yet another means for fertility preservation, especially if the gonadal function is threatened by premature menopause, gonadotoxic cancer treatment, surgical castration, or diseases. It can also aid in the preservation of germplasm of animals that die before attaining sexual maturity. This is especially of significance for valuable, rare, and endangered animals whose population is affected by high neonatal/juvenile mortality because of diseases, poor management practices, or inbreeding depression. Establishing genome resource banks to conserve the genetic status of wild animals will provide a critical interface between ex‐situ and in‐situ conservation strategies. Cryopreservation of gonads effectively lengthens the genetic lifespan of individuals in a breeding program even after their death and contributes towards germplasm conservation of prized animals. Although the studies on domestic animals are quite promising, there are limitations for developing cryopreservation strategies in wild animals. In this review, we discuss different options for gonadal tissue cryopreservation with respect to humans and to laboratory, domestic, and wild animals. This review also covers recent developments in gonadal tissue cryopreservation and transplantation, providing a systematic view and the advances in the field with the possibility for its application in fertility preservation and for the conservation of germplasm in domestic and wild species.
Raumordnerische Risikovorsorge am Beispiel der Planungsregion Köln
Authors: Greiving Stefan , Hartz Andrea , Hurth Florian , Saad Sascha
Published: March 2016

With the demonstration project “Preventive Risk Management and Regional Planning” the exemplary development, implementation and documentation of an integrated concept for risk prevention embedded within regional planning was elaborated. The project was based on the concept of risk governance. It was implemented in the case study region of the District of Cologne, which was represented by its departments for regional development, immission control and water management. Within a broader scope of analysis, special attention was paid to critical infrastructures.

For regional planning those risks and hazards are most important that require a cross-sectoral, regional response (see Art. 1 § 1 and Art. 8 § 6 Federal Regional Planning Act), as their impacts or related response strategies are of regional character. Therefore, the following four hazards were selected: river flooding, earthquakes, major accident hazards and heat.

For these four potential dangers hazard and susceptibility classes were defined in accordance with a concept of risk analysis developed by the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Crisis Prevention. Hazard and susceptibility were merged into an integrated risk index. The categorization into hazard classes was the result of a consensus-building process among the project team and the participating experts of the District of Cologne. Furthermore, the team collaboratively defined specific susceptibilities for each land-use function (e. g. residential areas, transport infrastructure etc.) regarding each of the four selected types of hazards.

On this conceptual basis, a GIS-based analysis of the risks that are caused by the selected hazards was conducted. Main results are hazard, susceptibility and risk maps for river floods, earthquakes and major accident hazards—both for the entire region and (with a finer resolution) for selected hot spots. Moreover, the project developed recommendations for regulations on risk management as a basis for the necessary weighting up of risk prevention against other planning concerns. Finally, a roadmap for spatial risk management as an integrated part of a comprehensive regional plan was derived.

The District of Cologne will use the project’s results as an evidence basis for the forthcoming update of the regional plan. This is of particular importance in view of the recent amendment of the EU Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (2014/52/EU) that widened the scope of this assessment to climate change and catastrophic risks.
La taphonomie des enfants de la classe 0-1 an en contexte archéologique, analyse des correspondances multiples
Authors: Cambra P.
Published: March 2016

Le déficit des sujets périnatals et des nourrissons pose deux interrogations lors des reconstitutions paléodémographiques : l'une sur les pratiques funéraires autour des tout-petits et notamment la précarité de leur sépulture et l'autre sur leur conservation osseuse, en relation directe avec la spécificité squelettique de ces sujets. En effet il y a dislocation des pièces osseuses avec la disparition des points d'ossification. De plus, les effets d'une architecture funéraire conservée ou non et l'empreinte des derniers gestes sur le cadavre sont des données qui entrent dans la discussion sur le mode de décomposition.

La présente étude s'appuie sur la fouille minutieuse en laboratoire de quatre sépultures de nouveau-nés sous tuiles canal, et l'analyse des relevés d'un cimetière médiéval à Blandy-les-Tours et des photographies zénithales de tombes à Saint-Rémy-Montlouis.

La persistance différentielle des connexions articulaires dans des contextes donnés marqués par l'empreinte des pratiques funéraires sur les vestiges humains a été examinée par analyse des correspondances multiples (ACM). Les résultats sont en étroite relation avec la typologie des articulations indépendamment du milieu de décomposition, a contrario de la variable du traitement du corps.
How are Sensory Features associated with seven anxiety disorders in boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Authors: Bitsika Vicki , Sharpley Christopher F. , Mills Richard
Published: March 2016

The association between Sensory Features (SF) and seven anxiety disorders was investigated using self‐reports and parental reports about 140 young males with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Although there were significant correlations between SF and self‐ and parent‐ratings of some of the seven anxiety disorders, overall, SF was found to have an inconsistent association across the seven anxiety disorders and this was also found for the 8 symptoms of Generalised Anxiety Disorder. These data challenge the practice of assessing SF and anxiety via global measures and argue for individualized disorder‐specific assessments to develop more effective diagnoses and treatments for the effects of SF.
Association between the maternal serum levels of 19 eicosanoids and pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Long Anxiong , Ma Shungao , Li Qian , Lin Na , Zhan Xia , Lu Shuaijun , Zhu Yuli , Jiang Liansheng , Tan Longyi
Published: March 2016

Objective

To investigate whether serum levels of 19 eicosanoids are associated with pre‐eclampsia.

Methods

A case–control study was performed using data for pregnant women with pre‐eclampsia, normotensive pregnant women, and nonpregnant women, for all of whom serum samples had been collected at a hospital in Shanghai, China, between December 2012 and December 2013. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure the serum levels of 19 eicosanoids.

Results

Overall, 49 pregnant women with pre‐eclampsia, 26 normotensive pregnant women, and 14 nonpregnant women were included. Women with pre‐eclampsia had significantly higher serum levels of 11,12‐epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12‐EET), the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids 5‐HETE, 8‐HETE, 12‐HETE, and 15‐HETE, and leukotriene B4 than did women with a normal pregnancy and nonpregnant women, both before and after the onset of pre‐eclampsia (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). Women with severe pre‐eclampsia had significantly higher serum levels of 5‐HETE, 15‐HETE, and leukotriene B4 than did women with mild pre‐eclampsia, women with a normal pregnancy, and nonpregnant women (P < 0.01 for all comparisons).

Conclusion

The eicosanoids 11,12‐EET, 5‐HETE, 8‐HETE, 12‐HETE, 15‐HETE, and leukotriene B4 might play important parts in the occurrence and development of pre‐eclampsia.
High‐Risk Stress Fractures: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: McInnis Kelly C. , Ramey Lindsay N.
Published: March 2016

Stress fractures are common overuse injuries in athletes. They occur during periods of increased training without adequate rest, disrupting normal bone reparative mechanisms. There are a host of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including biochemical and biomechanical, that put athletes at risk. In most stress fractures, the diagnosis is primarily clinical, with imaging indicated at times, and management focused on symptom‐free relative rest with advancement of activity as tolerated. Overall, stress fractures in athletes have an excellent prognosis for return to sport, with little risk of complication. There is a subset of injuries that have a greater risk of fracture progression, delayed healing, and nonunion and are generally more challenging to treat with nonoperative care. Specific locations of high‐risk stress fracture include the femoral neck (tension side), patella, anterior tibia, medial malleolus, talus, tarsal navicular, proximal fifth metatarsal, and great toe sesamoids. These sites share a characteristic region of high tensile load and low blood flow. High‐risk stress fractures require a more aggressive approach to evaluation, with imaging often necessary, to confirm early and accurate diagnosis and initiate immediate treatment. Treatment consists of nonweight‐bearing immobilization, often with a prolonged period away from sport, and a more methodic and careful reintroduction to athletic activity. These stress fractures may require surgical intervention. A high index of suspicion is essential to avoid delayed diagnosis and optimize outcomes in this subset of stress fractures.
The Evolution of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound in Sports Medicine
Authors: Finnoff Jonathan T.
Published: March 2016

Diagnostic and interventional ultrasound is a rapidly evolving field in sports medicine. The use of ultrasound has increased exponentially during the past decades. This imaging modality is appealing to sports medicine physicians because of its broad diagnostic and interventional capabilities. In sports medicine, the indications for diagnostic ultrasound extend well beyond the musculoskeletal realm to include other conditions such as ocular trauma, thoracoabdominal trauma, and cardiac morphology. Thus, the term “sports ultrasound” has been adopted as a more accurate representation of the broad and unique applications of ultrasound in this specialty. Ultrasound‐guided procedures also have evolved from the commonly performed joint and tendon sheath injections to include ultrasound‐guided surgical procedures. This article will discuss the evolution of diagnostic and interventional ultrasound in sports medicine using a case‐based approach to highlight its many new applications.
Exercise‐Associated Collapse: Is Hyponatremia in Our Head?
Authors: Krabak Brian J. , Parker Kelsey M. , DiGirolamo Anthony
Published: March 2016

Exercise‐associated hyponatremia (EAH) is one of the most common causes of exercise‐associated collapse. The primary pathogenesis of EAH is largely the result of excessive fluid intake but is influenced by other factors, including hormonal abnormalities (ie, inappropriate arginine vasopressin secretion), renal abnormalities, and mobilization of sodium stores. Early recognition of EAH is crucial to appropriate treatment, because symptoms are varied and may be confused with other causes of exercise‐associated collapse. Onsite testing of [Na+] will confirm the diagnosis but is not always available. Rapid treatment of EAH will depend upon the type and severity of symptoms. Treatment protocols range from fluid restriction or oral hypertonic fluids for mild symptoms to intravenous hypertonic fluids for more severe symptoms. Preventative strategies should emphasize fluid consumption based on thirst and athlete/coach/staff education regarding proper hydration practices.
The Role of Controlled Exercise in Concussion Management
Authors: Leddy John , Hinds Andrea , Sirica Dan , Willer Barry
Published: March 2016

Concussion affects the autonomic nervous system and its control of cerebral blood flow, which may be why uncontrolled activity can exacerbate symptoms after concussion. Traditionally, patients have been advised to restrict physical and cognitive activity until all symptoms resolve. However, recent research suggests that prolonged rest beyond the first couple of days after a concussion might hinder rather than aid recovery. Humans do not respond well to removal from their social and physical environments, and sustained rest adversely affects the physiology of concussion and can lead to physical deconditioning and reactive depression. Some animal data show that early forced exercise is detrimental to recovery after concussion, but other animal data show that voluntary exercise is not detrimental to recovery. We developed the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test to systematically evaluate exercise tolerance in persons with prolonged symptoms after concussion (ie, more than 4‐6 weeks, which is called postconcussion syndrome [PCS]). Using a predetermined stopping criterion (symptom‐exacerbation threshold), akin to voluntary exercise in animals, the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test is the only functional test known to safely and reliably reveal exercise intolerance in humans with PCS. The test data are used to develop individualized subthreshold exercise treatment programs to restore the physiology to normal and enhance recovery. Return of normal exercise tolerance can then be used to establish physiological recovery from concussion. New research suggests that absolute rest beyond the first few days after concussion may be detrimental to concussion recovery. However, further research is required to determine the appropriate mode, duration, intensity, and frequency of exercise during the acute recovery phase of a concussion prior to making specific exercise recommendations. For patients with PCS, subsymptom threshold exercise improves activity tolerance and is an appropriate treatment option for this patient population.
Exercise Testing: Who, When, and Why?
Authors: Nelson Nicole , Asplund Chad A.
Published: March 2016

There are different modalities of exercise testing that can provide valuable information to physicians about patient and athlete fitness and cardiopulmonary status. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is a form of exercise testing that measures ventilatory and gas exchange, heart rate, electrocardiogram, and blood pressures to provide detailed information on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and muscular systems. This testing allows an accurate quantification of functional capacity/measure of exercise tolerance, diagnosis of cardiopulmonary disease, disease‐progression monitoring or response to intervention, and the prescription of exercise and training. CPX directly measures inhaled and exhaled ventilator gases to determine the maximal oxygen uptake, which reflects the body's maximal use of oxygen and defines the limits of the cardiopulmonary system.

CPX is the ideal modality to evaluate causes of exertional fatigue and dyspnea, especially in complex cases in which the etiology could be cardiac, pulmonary, or deconditioning. Exercise tolerance has become an important outcome measure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure, as well as other chronic diseases, and is a well‐recognized predictor of mortality. Older athletes or those with underlying medical conditions could benefit from exercise testing for risk stratification and clearance to participate, as well as to help set their training zones and determine their functional limitations.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hip Girdle Pain in the Athlete
Authors: Prather Heidi , Cheng Abby
Published: March 2016

Evaluation of an athlete's report of “hip pain” is challenging. Many conditions involving the pelvic girdle can present with overlapping pain distributions, and athletes often may have coexisting disorders. Appropriate evaluation requires thorough, systematic consideration of intra‐articular hip disease, extra‐articular local causes of hip pain, and referred pain from other musculoskeletal or even visceral sources. Although our understanding of intra‐articular hip disorders has been greatly enhanced in recent decades through advances in hip arthroscopy, gaps still exist in our understanding of appropriate treatment, including effective nonsurgical protocols and when to consider surgical intervention. For instance, we have a better understanding of hip dysfunction related to structural changes that occur prior to the onset of arthritis, but we are also learning that correction of the structural changes does not always guarantee a correction of dysfunction and pain. Furthermore, athletes need instruction and guidance in retraining appropriate movement patterns after a surgical intervention. Risk stratification regarding which athletes need surgical intervention and what their needs are after specific surgical procedures remain undefined. In this review we will describe the differential diagnosis of hip and pelvic girdle pain in the athlete and then discuss how to use a history, physical examination, and appropriate imaging and diagnostic injections to arrive at a proper diagnosis. Lastly, a brief discussion is included of key concepts and controversies involved in treating some of the most common hip disorders experienced by athletes.
Opening the Black Box: Evaluating the Pediatric Athlete With Elbow Pain
Authors: Soma David B.
Published: March 2016

Evaluation and treatment of pediatric elbow injuries in sport can be difficult because of the complex anatomy, evolving bony and cartilaginous composition, and multiple varied forces applied during athletic competition. In addition, youth sports are now putting even greater demands on the elbow of young athletes. It is important to understand the risk factors for injury, age‐appropriate conditions affecting the elbow, proper treatment of these conditions, and prevention strategies for elbow injuries in this young athletic population.
High‐Pressure Balloon‐Assisted Stretching of the Coracohumeral Ligament to Determine the Optimal Stretching Positions: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Baek Sora , Lee Kyu Jin , Kim Keewon , Han Seung‐Ho , Lee U‐Young , Lee Kun‐Jai , Chung Sun Gun
Published: March 2016

Background

The coracohumeral ligament (CHL) is a thick capsular structure and markedly thickened when affected by adhesive capsulitis. Therapeutic stretching is the most commonly applied treatment for adhesive capsulitis, but optimal stretching postures for maximal therapeutic effects on the CHL have not been fully investigated.

Objective

To investigate the most effective stretching direction for the CHL by measuring the stretching intensity in 5 different directions and to determine whether the stretching intervention resulted in loosening of the ligament by comparing the changes of CHL tightness before and after stretching.

Design

Biomechanical cadaver study.

Setting

Academic institution cadaver laboratory.

Participants

Nine fresh frozen cadaveric shoulders.

Methods

A high‐pressure balloon catheter inserted under the CHL and intraballoon pressure was measured, to evaluate CHL tightness without ligament damage as well as to augment and monitor stretching intensity. To find the optimal stretching direction, the glenohumeral joint was stretched from the neutral position into 5 directions sequentially under pressure‐monitoring: flexion, extension [EX], external rotation [ER], EX+ER, and EX+ER+adduction [AD] directions.

Main Outcome Measurements

CHL tightness was determined by a surrogate parameter, the additional pressure created by the overlying CHL. The pressure increase (ΔPstr) by a specific directional stretch was considered as the stretching intensity.

Results

ΔPstr by the 5 directions were mean (standard deviation) values of 0.03 ± 0.07 atm, 0.87 ± 1.31 atm, 1.13 ± 1.36 atm, 1.49 ± 1.32 atm, and 2.10 ± 1.70 atm, respectively, revealing the highest ΔPstr by the EX+ER+AD stretch (P < .05). The balloon pressure by the overlying CHL was decreased from 0.45 ± 0.35 atm to 0.18 ± 0.14 atm (P = .012) before and after the stretching manipulation.

Conclusions

EX+ER+AD of the glenohumeral joint resulted in the greatest increase in balloon pressure, implying that it could be the most effective stretching direction. A series of stretching manipulations assisted with an underlying pressure balloon were capable of decreasing CHL tightness. With further development and modification, high‐pressure balloon‐assisted stretching can be a potential therapeutic option to release tight CHL, including the advantage of augmenting and monitoring stretching intensity.

Level of Evidence

II
Test−Retest Reliability and Convergent Validity of Three Manual Dexterity Measures in Persons With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Ekstrand Elisabeth , Lexell Jan , Brogårdh Christina
Published: March 2016

Background

Decreased manual dexterity is common in persons after stroke. Different measures are used to assess manual dexterity, but a lack of knowledge exists about their reliability and how they are related.

Objective

To evaluate the test−retest reliability and convergent validity of 3 manual dexterity measures after stroke.

Design

A test−retest design.

Setting

University Hospital.

Participants

Forty‐five persons (mean age 65 years) with mild‐to‐moderate impairments in the upper extremity at least 6 months after stroke.

Main Outcome Measures

Manual dexterity was assessed on 2 occasions, 1 week apart using the Box and Block Test (BBT), the Nine‐Hole Peg Test (NHPT), and the modified Sollerman Hand Function Test (mSHFT). The reliability of the BBT and NHPT was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient together with systematic and random measurement errors. Reliability of the mSHFT was evaluated with the Kappa coefficient and the Svensson rank‐invariant method (percent agreement and systematic and random disagreements). Convergent validity of the total scores was evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation coefficients (rho).

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficient for the BBT and the NHPT ranged from 0.83 to 0.99. Significant systematic measurement errors were found for both tests and hands. The Kappa coefficient for the total sum score of the mSHFT was 0.95 for the more affected hand and 0.59 for the less affected hand. One of the 3 items showed systematic disagreements for both hands. The convergent validity (rho) for the more affected hand ranged from 0.41 (BBT versus mSHFT) to −0.68 (NHPT versus mSHFT).

Conclusion

The test−retest reliability of the BBT, NHPT and mSHFT was high but all measures showed learning effects. The relationships between the 3 measures indicate that they partly complement one another. The BBT may be preferred for persons with moderate impairments of the upper extremity and the NHPT and the mSHFT for persons with milder impairments. As the mSHFT has the advantage of reflecting activities in daily life it may be a suitable alternative to the NHPT.

Level of Evidence

III
Excess pay and deficient performance
Authors: Carter Mary Ellen , Li Lei , Marcus Alan J. , Tehranian Hassan
Published: March 2016

We investigate the link between abnormal CEO compensation and firm performance, asking whether high unexplained compensation relative to several benchmarks is a sign of hard‐to‐measure but desirable executive attributes or is instead a symptom of unsolved agency problems. We find that abnormally high CEO pay predicts worse future firm performance. Abnormally high compensation that is performance‐contingent is a less ominous signal about the future success of the firm. But abnormal levels of even performance‐contingent compensation predict worse future performance. We conclude that abnormally high CEO pay can be useful as an independent indicator of agency problems.
Fascist Yogis: Martial Bodies and Imperial Impotence
Authors: Imy Kate
Published: March 2016

Between the First and Second World Wars, two retired British military officers, Francis Yeats-Brown and J. F. C. Fuller, embraced fascism and yoga. In their publications and lecture tours, they used their past experiences as soldiers in India to encourage strength, discipline, and virility. While Fuller believed that yoga could teach men to be strong and powerful leaders, Yeats-Brown celebrated yoga as a part of “Aryan” racial inheritance. This article examines both Fuller's and Yeats-Brown's published accounts and archival trails in order to understand the development of global masculinities within individual British lives. It reveals that their engagement with yoga was a defensive effort to appropriate the “regeneration” of martial masculinity encouraged by Indian nationalists. Claiming yoga for “great men” and “Aryan” audiences became a way to rewrite their own histories of service to the British Empire. They erased the weakness and fragility of imperial life, and replaced it with idealized bodies that were strong, disciplined, and virile. In so doing, they attempted to save imperial soldiers from political and cultural irrelevance. This reimagining used imperial hierarchies of gender and racial difference to encourage a “universal” model of martial masculinity that could restore the power of the British Empire.
Rumor and “Common Fame”: The Impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham and Public Opinion in Early Stuart England
Authors: Coast David
Published: March 2016

This article reexamines the parliamentary impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham, the royal favorite of King Charles I, by placing this event in the broader contexts of political culture and social change in early Stuart England. Buckingham's enemies based the impeachment on “common fame,” claiming that his faults were a matter of public knowledge. Charles, however, believed that the charges were based on seditious rumors. The impeachment undercut an important element of elite rhetoric that associated rumor with the rebellious multitude, revealing ideological divisions over the nature of grievances and the legitimacy of popular speech. The article contextualizes the impeachment within 1620s underground literature that purported to present the views of the common people, arguing that there was a wider tendency to ventriloquize public opinion. When Buckingham's allies produced their own tracts featuring the persona of the “honest ploughman,” appeals to the authority of public opinion were clearly gaining in strength. By explaining this development in political culture with reference to the growth of a more politically reliable “middling sort,” the article contributes to debates about the relationship between social change and political conflict in early Stuart England.