bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First ‘Back-to-back’ Shaped Compartmental Ligand; Structural Characterization of a Tetranuclear Zinc(II) Complex in a Highly Flattened Form
Authors: Asato Eiji , Chinen Mitsuyoshi , Yoshino Atsushi , Sakata Yoshiteru , Sugiura Ken-ichi
Published: October 2004

Schiff-base condensation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetraformyl-4,4′-biphenyldiol, which was converted from 4,4′-biphenyldiol by a modified Duff reaction, and N,N-diethylethylenediamine in the presence of Zn(CH3CO2)2 followed by the addition of excess NH4PF6 gave a tetrazinc complex [Zn4(L)(µ-CH3CO2)4](PF6)2 (1), where L2− is a new ligand bearing four Schiff-base and two phenoxo-bridging moieties; structure of 1 was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Radical-Cation Salts Based on Brominated and Chlorinated Ethylenedioxytetrathiafulvalenes
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Ogura Eiji , Takano Takahiro , Hara Kenji , Kuwatani Yoshiyuki , Kato Takehiro , Yoneyama Naoki , Nishijo Jun-ichi , Miyazaki Akira , Enoki Toshiaki
Published: October 2004

Radical-cation salts derived from 4,5-dibromo-4′,5′-ethylenedioxy- and 4,5-dichloro-4′,5′-ethylenedioxytetrathiafulvalenes (EDO-TTFBr2 and EDO-TTFCl2) showed metallic conductivities in spite of their electron-withdrawing substituents.
An Application of the Water/Supercritical CO2 Microemulsion to a Novel “Microreactor”
Authors: Kometani Noritsugu , Toyoda Yuji , Asami Kenji , Yonezawa Yoshiro
Published: October 2004

Water/supercritical CO2 microemulsions were prepared by using ammonium carboxylate perfluoropolyether (PFPE) as a surfactant. The de-aggregation of the J-aggregate of cyanine dyes and the formation of fairly small silver particles in these microemulsions would indicate the realization of the chemical reactions in the small space. In this sense, the water/supercritical microemulsion is regarded as a novel “microreactor” of the nanometer size.
Convenient Synthesis of Poly(butylene succinate) Catalyzed by Distannoxane
Authors: Takahashi Hiroyuki , Hayakawa Teruaki , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: October 2004

A convenient method for the synthesis of poly(butylene succinate) (1) of high molecular weight has been developed. This polyester was prepared readily by the distannoxane-catalyzed polycondensation of succinic acid (2) with 1,4-butanediol (3) in decalin at 190 °C under azeotropic condition. The polycondensation proceeded in decalin-melted polymer two-phase, giving 1 with the number average molecular weight of 150000.
Concentration Dependent Photodimerization of Azobenzenes in Solution
Authors: Kojima Masanobu , Takagi Tomoko , Karatsu Takashi
Published: October 2004

Cis-trans photoisomerization of azobenzenes in higher concentrations proceeds through a bimolecular reaction process, probably involving the dimer biradical intermediates, in competition with a unimolecular isomerization process, which is the predominant reaction in lower concentrations.
Preparation and Properties of π-Conjugated Polymer with Phenazasiline Units
Authors: Hayashi Hideki , Nakao Hidenobu , Adachi Akira , Kimura Hideaki , Okita Koichi , Hayashi Teruyuki , Tanaka Masato
Published: October 2004

Poly(phenazasiline)s (PPhenaz) and related phenazasiline copolymers having arylenediethyndiyl units in the backbone (PPhE) were prepared by organometallic processes. PPhenaz films show reversible electrochromic behavior upon electrochemical treatment. A double layer electroluminescent device comprising PPhenaz with n-C8H17 groups bound to the silicon displays high performance similar to those comprising a typical hole-transport material, poly(N-vinylcarbazole).
New-Type Ordering Behavior in the Layered Perovskite Compound RbLa2Ti2NbO10
Authors: Hong Young-Sik , Kim Keon
Published: October 2004

Layered perovskite compound RbLa2Ti2NbO10 has been successfully characterized by the Rietveld analysis of powder X-ray diffraction pattern and lattice energy calculation. The RbLa2Ti2NbO10 represents a unique example of layered perovskite in which equal numbers of Ti4+ and Nb5+ cations were statistically distributed in the outer octahedra, and only Ti4+ cations occupied the middle octahedra.
A Novel Activating Agents of ‘Disarmed’ Thioglycosides, Combination of Trityl Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, Iodine and 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ)
Authors: Takeuchi Kazuya , Tamura Takayuki , Jona Hideki , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: October 2004

A combined use of trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate [TrB(C6F5)4], iodine (I2) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) effectively activates “disarmed” thioglycosides to afford the corresponding disaccharides in high yields on treatment with several glycosyl acceptors.
Vapor-Phase Asymmetric Hydroformylation
Authors: Nozaki Kyoko , Shibahara Fumitoshi , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: October 2004

Polystyrene-supported (R,S)-BINAPHOS–Rh complex was demonstrated to be applicable to the asymmetric hydroformylation of gaseous substrates in a non-solvent system: 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (2a) and (Z)-2-butene (2b) were converted into the corresponding branched aldehydes with 90% and 80%ee, respectively.
Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid (TfOH)-Catalyzed Stereoselective Glycosylation Using Glycosyl Fluoride
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Jona Hideki , Takeuchi Kazuya
Published: October 2004

Stereoselective glycosylation of 2-O-benzoyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-glucosyl fluoride 6 with several glycosyl acceptors is successfully carried out by using a catalytic amount of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH).
Chiral Recognition of Ru(phen)32+ by Anionic Cyclodextrins
Authors: Kano Koji , Hasegawa Hideki
Published: October 2004

Chiral recognition of Ru(phen)32+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) by heptakis(6-carboxymethylthio-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin heptaanion (per-CO2−-β-CD) in D2O has been studied by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy. The binding constant for the Δ-Ru(phen)32+ complex (K = 1250 dm3 mol−1) is about 2.1-times larger than that for the Λ-isomer (DDG = 1.9 kJ mol−1). A clockwise helix-configuration of the Δ-isomer may well fit to the asymmetrically twisted CD cavity.
Formation of Outer- and Inner-Sphere Complexes of Lanthanide Elements at Montmorillonite-Water Interface
Authors: Takahashi Yoshio , Tada Akisa , Kimura Takaumi , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: October 2004

The distribution of 14 lanthanide elements (Ln) between water and montmorillonite’s surface was simultaneously determined by ICP-MS. From the dependence of the distribution coefficients on the atomic number of Ln, the formation of outer- or inner- sphere complexes with the surface of montmorillonite was estimated. The formation of the outer-sphere complex was also confirmed by the quenching of the fluorescence from Eu(III) ion due to the hydrated water.
Molybdenum Nitride As a Long Lifetime Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization
Authors: Nagai Masatoshi , Kiyoshi Masaru , Tominaga Hiroyuki , Omi Shinzo
Published: October 2004

The molybdenum nitride catalysts are long-lifetime catalysts due to resistance to carbon deposition compared to the sulfided catalysts. The deactivation of the molybdenum nitride catalysts at the initial stage was related to the depositions of sulfur and carbon at the steady state.
Competitive Attachment of Alkali Cations to Poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(propylene glycol) Oligomers in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Process
Authors: Togashi Hisashi
Published: October 2004

In the attachment reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers, consisting of 7-13 monomers, with Li+ or K+ in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization process, Li+-attached oligomer distribution shows larger fraction of small oligomer ions than K+-attached oligomer distribution, while both distributions are similar to each other for poly(propylene glycol) (6-11 monomers), indicating that the chemical structure of chain is essential in the cationization reaction for linear polyglycols.
Per-C-6 Oligosaccharide-Branched Cyclodextrin Interacting with Both the Lectin and Drug
Authors: Yasuda Naoyoshi , Aoki Nobuyoshi , Abe Hideyoshi , Hattori Kenjiro
Published: October 2004

The improved dual interactions with both the lectin (PNA, a cellular receptor model) and an anticancer drug (DXR) have been observed in per-C-6 oligosaccharide-branched cyclodextrin (2) using an optical biosensor based on SPR.
ASP, The Art and Science of Practice: Getting the R in Contact
Authors: Flowers A. Dale
Published: October 2004

Business schools increasingly pressure faculty members to prepare MBA students to immediately contribute to their employers' bottom lines. Many academics have had little or no business experience themselves, and administrators are encouraging them to acquire it to improve their classroom effectiveness. My guidelines to help faculty get involved with the business community concern handling the initial contact with a company, developing a proposal, managing the project, and following up to ensure successful implementation. I seek to help the faculty member get the r in the word contact, to convert it into contract. I focus on operations management and management science, and my intent is to start a process of sharing ideas that encourages others to add to the set.
Distributing Scarce Drugs for the Medpin Program
Authors: Swaminathan Jayashankar M. , Ashe Marice , Duke Kathryn , Maslin Liz , Wilde Leon
Published: October 2004

In the 1999 settlement of a lawsuit by the state of California, 19 pharmaceutical firms were required to provide $150 million worth of drugs free of charge to 200 California clinics and hospitals over three years. The Public Health Institute (www.phi.org), an independent, nonprofit organization, was responsible for distributing these drugs in a fair and equitable manner. In 2001, six more firms and $20 million dollars were added to the project. The decision-support system for the drug distribution project (DDP) used management science and operations research concepts to distribute drugs in a timely and fair manner, taking into account various clinic, pharmaceutical, and allocation constraints. Many uninsured patients who would otherwise have had difficult or no access to medication have received their prescribed drugs and sustained their health. Although an accurate count of the patients affected is not available yet, we estimate that 2.6 million, 30-day drug prescriptions were filled as part of DDP between April 2000 and February 2003. Further, many pharmaceutical firms are exploring using the DDP's decision-support system to improve operation of their charitable drug programs.
Distribution Spectrum of Paraoxonase Activity in HDL Fractions
Authors: Bergmeier Christoph , Siekmeier Rüdiger , Gross Werner
Published: October 2004

Background: Paraoxonase (PON1) associated with HDL can be regarded as a cardio- and vasoprotective enzyme. However, because HDL is not a homogeneous fraction, it is important to investigate in which subgroups of HDL active PON1 is located. It would also be useful to determine density profiles of the HDL apolipoproteins (Apo) E and J.

Methods: We investigated the density range of HDL (ρ = 1.063–1.256 kg/L) in healthy individuals, using the ultracentrifugation reference method and a newly introduced automated fractionation method. Profiles of PON1 activity and ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoE, ApoJ, and cholesterol concentrations were obtained by use of various density gradients.

Results: PON1 activity was highest in the more dense HDL3 and VHDL fractions where PON1 was not dissociated from the particles during centrifugation. The fraction in density range 1.175–1.185 kg/L showed not only the highest PON1 activity, but also the highest specific activity (activity per HDL particle). This fraction was the least-dense fraction containing both ApoE and ApoJ. Only the Q192R polymorphism had an effect on the distribution profile of PON1 activity. In contrast, L55M and the T(−107)C polymorphisms (determined by a novel nonradioactive method) were without effect on the density distribution of PON1 activity.

Conclusion: The HDL3 fraction, which is important in reverse cholesterol transport, also carries the highest PON1 activity.
Relationship between Serum Lipoprotein Ratios and Insulin Resistance in Obesity
Authors: Brehm Attila , Pfeiler Georg , Pacini Giovanni , Vierhapper Heinrich , Roden Michael
Published: October 2004

Background: The fasting serum lipid profile [triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL- and HDL-cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C)] is used to calculate lipid ratios (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C) that allow identification of individuals at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Because these individuals are also frequently insulin resistant, this study analyzed the relationships between lipid ratios and insulin sensitivity.

Methods: In 132 obese [mean (SE) body mass index, 37.5 (0.6) kg/m2] outpatients without known diabetes mellitus, fasting serum lipid profiles and 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Insulin sensitivity was assessed from surrogate estimates for fasting (QUICKI) and dynamic (OGIS) conditions.

Results: After exclusion of other endocrine diseases (n = 35), the remaining patients were classified as glucose tolerant (n = 56), glucose intolerant (n = 22), or as having type 2 diabetes (n = 19). QUICKI and OGIS indicated severe insulin resistance in all individuals with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance compared with glucose-tolerant individuals: QUICKI, glucose tolerant, 0.302 (0.002); glucose intolerant, 0.290 (0.002); type 2 diabetes, 0.281 (0.005); P <0.001; OGIS (mL · m−2 · min−1), glucose tolerant, 343 (7), glucose intolerant, 293 (9); type 2 diabetes, 256 (12); P <0.001. Serum TG (P <0.005) and TG/HDL-C ratios (P <0.05) were increased in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. TG/HDL-C ratios negatively correlated with QUICKI (r = −0.370; P < 0.001) and OGIS (r = −0.333; P < 0.005) in nondiabetic individuals (glucose tolerant plus glucose intolerant), but not in patients with type 2 diabetes (not significant).

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the TG/HDL-C ratio positively correlates with insulin resistance in severely obese nondiabetic individuals.
Photonic Crystal Glucose-Sensing Material for Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose in Tear Fluid
Authors: Alexeev Vladimir L , Das Sasmita , Finegold David N , Asher Sanford A
Published: October 2004

Background: We recently developed a photonic crystal glucose-sensing material (Alexeev et al., Anal Chem 2003;75:2316–23), which consists of a crystalline colloidal array embedded within a polymer network of a polyacrylamide-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with pendent phenylboronic acid groups. The aim of the present work was to improve this approach for application to noninvasive or minimally invasive monitoring of glucose.

Methods: We used new boronic acid derivatives such as 4-amino-3-fluorophenylboronic acid and 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid as the molecular recognition elements to achieve sensing at physiologic pH values.

Results: The improved photonic glucose-sensing material sensed glucose in the range of the 100 μmol/L concentrations found in tear fluid. The detection limits were ∼1 μmol/L in synthetic tear fluid. The visually evident diffraction color shifted across the entire visible spectral region from red to blue over the physiologically relevant tear-fluid glucose concentrations. This sensing material is selective for glucose over galactose, mannose, and fructose.

Conclusions: These new glucose sensors have properties appropriate for use in such glucose-sensing applications as ocular inserts or diagnostic contact lenses for patients with diabetes mellitus.
Selenium Metabolites in Urine: A Critical Overview of Past Work and Current Status
Authors: Francesconi Kevin A , Pannier Florence
Published: October 2004

Background: Selenium is an essential trace element that also elicits toxic effects at modest intakes. Investigations of selenium metabolites in urine can help our understanding of the transformations taking place in the body that produce these beneficial and detrimental effects. There is, however, considerable discord in the scientific literature regarding the selenium metabolites thought to play important roles in these biotransformation processes.

Approach: We critically assessed the published reports on selenium urinary metabolites, from the first report in 1969 to the present, in terms of the rigor of the data on which structures have been proposed.

Content: We present and discuss data from ∼60 publications reporting a total of 16 identified selenium metabolites in urine of humans or rats, a good model for human selenium metabolism. We assessed the analytical methods used and the validity of the ensuing structural assignments.

Summary: Many of the studies of selenium metabolites in urine appear to have assigned incorrect structures to the compounds. The long-held view that trimethylselenonium ion is a major human urinary metabolite appears unjustified. On the other hand, recent work describing selenosugars as major urinary metabolites looks sound and provides a firm basis for future studies.
Freeze-Thaw Effects and Gas Permeability of Utility Line Backfill
Authors: Hooper FP , Allen Marr W , Drefus RB , Farrag K
Published: October 2004

Backfill materials used in utility trenches must maintain physical and mechanical integrity when subjected to the seasonal effects of freezing and thawing. Materials used over gas utility lines must also have adequate permeability to allow any leaking gas to flow upward and out. To help determine how soils and flowable fills might perform as backfill over utility lines, we conducted laboratory tests to measure the permeability of backfill materials before freezing, during freezing, and after thawing. The two materials investigated in this study were a silty sand, and a flowable fill made with Type F fly ash. Our work also examined the susceptibility of these materials to frost heave and thaw weakening. An apparatus and standard test method for performing permeability during freezing and after subsequent thawing did not exist. We developed a method by adapting the ASTM Standard Test Method for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils (D 5918) and the ASTM Standard Test Method for Measurement of Pneumatic Permeability of Partially Saturated Porous Materials by Flowing Air (D 6539). Although more data are needed to confirm specific conclusions determined from this study, the test method developed here appears to be useful for evaluating the effects of freeze-thaw on backfill materials for utility trenches. Additional work is needed to demonstrate whether these laboratory results correspond to actual field conditions.
A Simple Methodology For Determining Electrical Conductivity of Soils
Authors: Shah PH , Singh DN
Published: October 2004

Electrical conductivity of soils has been demonstrated to be an important parameter for determining their basic properties. As measurement of soil conductivity using the DC field is limited by irreversible changes in the state of the soil and the errors due to electrode polarization, application of an AC field has been recommended. However, it has been noted that researchers have resorted to the ‘single frequency measurements’, considering that impedance is purely resistive, which may not always be true. Hence, it becomes essential to study electrical conductivity of soils in a broad frequency range. With this in view, using the concept of Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), conductivity measurements were carried out on different type of soils in the 20 Hz to 1 MHz frequency range, and details of the study are presented in this paper. Measured data has also been analyzed using Nyquist and Bode formats, and a good matching of the results has been noted. This demonstrates utility of the developed methodology and the ease with which electrical conductivity of soils can be determined in the laboratory.
Validated Microstructural Assessment of Femoral Heads
Authors: Fischman G
Published: October 2004

The method developed and outlined in this paper, Validated Microstructural Assessment, can be used to better ensure that components are more consistent than the current single micrograph methods. This paper shows that predictable microstructural variances occur even in components with materials and processes that have been optimized for production. Further, it is demonstrated that by using this technique these variances can be evaluated to create a typing of this optimized material-component system. Results show that one micrograph is not sufficient to describe this component using the protocol designed for this analysis, but an appropriate micrographic sampling of five components is sufficient for such a description.
Developmentally Regulated Switch in Alternatively Spliced SNAP-25 Isoforms Alters Facilitation of Synaptic Transmission
Authors: Bark Christina , Bellinger Frederick P. , Kaushal Ashutosh , Mathews James R. , Partridge L. Donald , Wilson Michael C.
Published: October 2004

Although the basic molecular components that promote regulated neurotransmitter release are well established, the contribution of these proteins as regulators of the plasticity of neurotransmission and refinement of synaptic connectivity during development is elaborated less fully. For example, during the period of synaptic growth and maturation in brain, the expression of synaptosomal protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25), a neuronal t-SNARE (solubleN-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) essential for action potential-dependent neuroexocytosis, is altered through alternative splicing of pre-mRNA transcripts. We addressed the role of the two splice-variant isoforms of SNAP-25 with a targeted mouse mutation that impairs the shift from SNAP-25a to SNAP-25b. Most of these mutant mice die between 3 and 5 weeks of age, which coincides with the time when SNAP-25b expression normally reaches mature levels in brain and synapse formation is essentially completed. The altered expression of these SNAP-25 isoforms influences short-term synaptic function by affecting facilitation but not the initial probability of release. This suggests that mechanisms controlling alternative splicing between SNAP-25 isoforms contribute to a molecular switch important for survival that helps to guide the transition from immature to mature synaptic connections, as well as synapse regrowth and remodeling after neural injury.
Failure to Consolidate the Consolidation Theory of Learning for Sensorimotor Adaptation Tasks
Authors: Caithness Graham , Osu Rieko , Bays Paul , Chase Henry , Klassen Jessica , Kawato Mitsuo , Wolpert Daniel M. , Flanagan J. Randall
Published: October 2004

An influential idea in human motor learning is that there is a consolidation period during which motor memories are transformed from a fragile to a permanent state, no longer susceptible to interference from new learning. The evidence supporting this idea comes from studies showing that the motor memory of a task (A) is lost when an opposing task (B) is experienced soon after, but not if sufficient time is allowed to pass (∼6 hr). We report results from three laboratories challenging this consolidation idea. We used an ABA paradigm in the context of a reaching task to assess the influence of experiencing B after A on the retention of A. In two experiments using visuomotor rotations, we found that B fully interferes with the retention of A even when B is experienced 24 hr after A. Contrary to previous reports, in four experiments on learning force fields, we also observed full interference between A and B when they are separated by 24 hr or even 1 week. This latter result holds for both position-dependent and velocity-dependent force fields. For both the visuomotor and force-field tasks, complete interference is still observed when the possible affects of anterograde interference are controlled through the use of washout trials. Our results fail to support the idea that motor memories become consolidated into a protected state. Rather, they are consistent with recent ideas of memory formation, which propose that memories can shift between active and inactive states.
Distribution and Injury-Induced Plasticity of Cadherins in Relationship to Identified Synaptic Circuitry in Adult Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Brock John H. , Elste Alice , Huntley George W.
Published: October 2004

Cadherins are synaptically enriched cell adhesion and signaling molecules. In brain, they function in axon targeting and synaptic plasticity. In adult spinal cord, their localization, synaptic affiliation, and role in injury-related plasticity are mostly unexplored. Here, we demonstrate in adult rat dorsal horn that E- and N-cadherin display unique patterns of localization to functionally distinct types of synapses of intrinsic and primary afferent origin. Within the nociceptive afferent pathway to lamina II, nonpeptidergic C-fiber synapses in the deeper half of lamina II (IIi) contain E-cadherin but mostly lack N-cadherin, whereas the majority of the peptidergic C-fiber synapses in the outer half of lamina II (IIo) contain N-cadherin but lack E-cadherin. Approximately one-half of the Aβ-fiber terminations in lamina III contain N-cadherin; none contain E-cadherin. Strikingly, the distribution and levels of these cadherins are differentially affected by sciatic nerve axotomy, a model of neuropathic pain in which degenerative and regenerative structural plasticity has been implicated. Within the first 7 d after axotomy, E-cadherin is rapidly and completely lost from the dorsal horn synapses with which it is affiliated, whereas N-cadherin localization and levels are unchanged; such patterns persist through 28 d postlesion. The loss of E-cadherin thus occurs before the onset of mechanical hyperalgesia (∼10-21 d postlesion), as reported previously. Together, the synaptic specificity displayed by these cadherins, coupled with their differential response to injury, suggests that they may proactively contribute to the maintenance of some, and incipient dismantling of other, synaptic circuits in response to nerve injury. Speculatively, such changes may ultimately contribute to subsequently emerging abnormalities in pain perception.
Monkey Business: Imitation, Authenticity, and Identity from Pithekoussai to Plautus
Authors: Connors Catherine
Published: October 2004

Abstract This essay explores references to monkeys as a way of talking about imitation, authenticity, and identity in Greek stories about the “Monkey Island” Pithekoussai (modern Ischia) and in Athenian insults, and in Plautus' comedy. In early Greek contexts, monkey business defines what it means to be aristocratic and authoritative. Classical Athenians use monkeys to think about what it means to be authentically Athenian: monkey business is a figure for behavior which threatens democratic culture—sycophancy or other deceptions of the people. Plautus' monkey imagery across the corpus of his plays moves beyond the Athenian use of “monkey” as a term of abuse and uses the “imitative” relation of monkeys to men as a metapoetic figure for invention and play-making. For Plautus, imitator—and distorter—of Greek plays, monkeys' distorted imitations of men are mapped not onto the relations between inauthentic and authentic citizens, as in Athens, but onto the relation of Roman to Greek comedy and culture at large. Monkey business in Plautus is part of the insistence on difference which was always crucial in Roman encounters with Greek culture.
Hipponax Fragment 128W: Epic Parody or Expulsive Incantation?
Authors: Faraone Christopher A.
Published: October 2004

Abstract Scholars have traditionally interpreted Hipponax fragment 128 (West) as an epic parody designed to belittle the grand pretensions and gluttonous habits of his enemy. I suggest, however, that this traditional reading ultimately falls short because of two unexamined assumptions: (1) that the meter and diction of the fragment are exclusively meant to recall epic narrative and not any other early hexametrical genre, and (2) that the descriptive epithets in lines 2 and 3 are the ad hoc comic creations of the poet and simply refer to the table manners of a glutton or a parasite. I argue instead that this fragment in several ways reflects the language, the meter and the performative goal of hexametrical chants or incantations designed to expel harmful famine demons or to escort human scapegoats from the city. I also suggest that the vivid and somewhat comic descriptions of the enemy in fragment 128 probably do not aim at his personal eating disorders, but rather they are drawn from two interrelated and generic features of archaic Greek thought: a tradition of describing famine-demons as insatiable eaters, and a popular theme in Greek invective which demonizes political enemies as rapacious pests who threaten to gobble up the commonwealth of the city and who therefore must be expelled from the community, precisely like a famine-demon.
Delusion and Dream in Apuleius'Metamorphoses
Authors: Kenaan Vered Lev
Published: October 2004

Abstract Considering the absence of any ancient systematic approach to the reading of the novel, this paper turns to ancient dream hermeneutics as a valuable field of reference that can provide the theoretical framework for studying the ancient novel within its own cultural context. In introducing dream interpretation as one of the ancient novel's creative sources, this essay focuses on Apuleius'Metamorphoses. It explores the dream logic in Apuleius' novel by turning to such authorities as Heraclitus, Plato, Cicero, Artemidorus, and Macrobius, whose characterization of the phenomenon of dreaming sheds light on specific narratological trtaits of theMetamorphoses. It argues that the lower dream category, the insomnium (or the enhupnion), provides a notion of textuality that can clarify the traditional status of the Metamorphoses as a marginal work of art. In contrast to divinely sent symbolic dreams, it is primarily the insomnium—conceived as a by-product of the lower functions of the soul—that lends psychological force to Apuleius' fiction.
The Power of Image-Makers: Representation and Revenge in OvidMetamorphoses6 andTristia4
Authors: Oliensis Ellen
Published: October 2004

Abstract This essay focuses on the competing representational projects of poet and emperor as represented (or polemically misrepresented) in Ovid's poetry. I begin by developing two readings of the famous weaving contest of Metamorphoses 6, the first emphasizing Arachne's will to truth (her exposé of Olympian injustice), the second her will to power (her appropriation of Olympian potency). With these models in mind, I explore the vicissitudes of Ovid's rivalrous identification with Augustus in the Tristia, ending with some unhappier implications of this identification, and with some reflections on the question of the reality of Ovid's exile.
Putting Cato the Censor'sOriginesin Its Place
Authors: Sciarrino Enrica
Published: October 2004

Abstract After reviewing current opinions about the social function of literature in second-century BCE Rome, I focus on two controversial fragments assigned to Cato the Censor's Origines. In the first, Cato portrays the ancestors in a convivial setting as they sing the praises and the manly deeds of famous men; in the second, he gestures towards the pontifex maximus' specialized use of writing and the functioning of the tabula as a locus of memory. By drawing on the field of performance studies, I identify the performative features inherent in both of these fragments and map out how these features inform the positioning of Cato in relation to the identity politics of his time, professionalism, and writing. The aim of this study is to return the Origines to its immediate socio-cultural purview, but working towards this aim will also entail a shift in perspective and a reassessment of our notions of “poetry” and “prose.” In fact, by stressing the performance dimension that underlies the genesis of the Origines as a text, this article will also expose the shortcomings inherent in the hyper-literary approaches that have been so far adopted.
“The Most Divinely Approved and Political Discord”: Thinking about Conflict in the Developing Polis
Authors: Thalmann William G.
Published: October 2004

Abstract This paper considers literary responses to the role of competition in the polis of the late Geometric and Archaic periods through the semantics of the word eris (“strife,” “discord”), with particular reference to Hesiod's account of the two Erides at Works and Days 11–26. As Homeric and Epic Cycle usage makes clear, the innovation in this passage is not the assertion that there is a positive as well as a destructive form of eris but the qualitative polarization between them. This polar opposition is a reflex of, and an attempt to gain cognitive mastery over, a fundamental cultural problem: the need of the polis to project direct forms of violence externally as intercommunal warfare, to eliminate internal discord or at least limit its effect, and to use the competitive energies associated with eris positively, in the interest of social and political cohesion. Uses of eris in Herodotus, Xenophon, and Thucydides confirm the lexical argument and show the continuity of these issues in Greek culture.
Dos décadas de arqueología en México
Authors: Martínez Muriel Alejandro , Bader Renteria Cipactli
Published: October 2004

Este trabajo da a conocer las funciones principales que ha desempeñado el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia con respecto al patrimonio arqueológico de México: los aspectos relacionados con su protección, investigación, conservación y difusión. Se hace un análisis de los trabajos realizados en los últimos veinte años, las políticas aplicadas, los problemas enfrentados, y sus soluciones. Además se presenta una síntesis y de los principales proyectos arqueológicos llevados a cabo durante ese tiempo.

This essay considers the main functions performed by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia with regards to Mexico´s archaeological heritage, such as aspects related to its protection, research, conservation and diffusion. It analyzes the policies applied, the problems faced and the solutions set forth during the last twenty years. It examines a brief sampling of some of the main archaeological projects conducted during this time period and analyzes their development.
Lengua y cultura Nahuas
Authors: León-Portilla Miguel
Published: October 2004

During the last twenty years, as never before, there has been increasing interest in the study and research of Nahuatl language and culture. In this respect, the Seminario de Cultura náhualt at UNAM has exercised considerable influence through its teaching and publications. Moreover, other Mexican institutions, such as the universities of Puebla, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Colima and the Veracruzana as well as the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, have centers where this research and teaching is conducted. The study of Nahuatl language and culture has also grown in the United States as well as in various European countries, such as France, Germany, Spain, Holland and Italy. The principal focus of this work has been linguistic as well as the publication and translation of Nahuatl texts. The “Nueva Palabra,”that is the expression in Nahualt by persons for whom it is its mother language, has also flourished during this period.

Como nunca antes, durante los últimos veinte años se ha incrementado el interés por los trabajos de investigación en torno a la lengua y cultura nahuas. Considerable influencia ha tenido el Seminario de Cultura náhuatl (UNAM) en sus aspectos de docencia y publicaciones. Hay además otros centros en México donde se labora en este campo, como las universidades de Puebla, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Colima y la Veracruzana, así como la Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. En los Estados Unidos se han desarrollado mucho estos estudios y otro tanto puede decirse de varios países europeos, en particular, Francia, Alemania, España, Holanda e Italia. Los trabajos principales han sido, unos de carácter lingüístico o de publicación de textos en náhuatl con sus correspondientes versiones. En este lapso ha florecido la que se conoce como “Nueva Palabra”, es decir la expresión en náhuatl de personas que tienen esta lengua como materna.
Veinte años de Antropología Mexicana. La configuración de una Antropología del Sur.
Authors: Medina Hernández Andrés
Published: October 2004

This essay examines the development of Mexican anthropology from a perspective that defines it as “Anthropology from the South.” It centers its analysis on a theoretical approach that emerged during the last twenty years, that of cosmovisión. That approach resulted in significant interpretations of the Mesoamerican cultural tradition. The essay also raises questions about the proceso civilizatorio that considers the entire Mexican nation and that goes beyond the “México profundo” characterized by Guillermo Bonfil.

En este ensayo se plantea el desarrollo de la antropología mexicana desde la perspectiva que la define como una “Antropología del Sur” y centra su descripción en un campo teórico que emerge en el lapso comprendido de los últimos veinte años, el de la cosmovisión, a partir de cuya discusión se hacen contribuciones significativas para la comprensión de la tradición cultural mesoamericana y se abren preguntas sobre el proceso civilizatorio que abarca al conjunto de la nación mexicana, más allá de lo que Guillermo Bonfil caracterizó como el “México profundo”.
Two Decades of Anglophone Historical Writing on Colonial Mexico: Continuity and Change since 1980
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: October 2004

Research on colonial Mexico continues to be one of the most important sub- fields in the history of Latin America in the United States, but also enjoys considerable attention in Canada and Britain. Over the last twenty-five years or so the approach of English-speaking scholars to colonial Mexican history has changed perceptibly. The rise of cultural history, ethnohistory, and subaltern history, for example, are all fairly obvious trends, even if they were already on the horizon by 1980 or so. On the other hand, more traditional styles of work such as economic history have continued strong. The article traces these changes, both in general terms and by looking at a number of monographs and clusters of works. One conclusion of the essay is that the rise of cultural history, ethnohistory, and the search for “subaltern agency”in more recent historical writings, by de-emphasizing the scalar measurement of Mexican underdevelopment so characteristic of older types of writing, have made for a less grim and monochromatic image of colonial Mexican society.

La investigación sobre el México colonial sigue siendo uno de los sub-campos más importantes de los estudios de la historia de América Latina en Estados Unidos; también disfruta de una atención notable en Canadá e Inglaterra. No obstante, durante los últimos veinticinco años los métodos y planteamientos de los historiadores anglófonos frente a la historia del México colonial han cambiado notablemente. El ascenso de la historia cultural, la etnohistoria, y la historia de grupos subalternos, por ejemplo, son tendencias bastante obvias, a pesar de que ya se vieran en el horizonte historiográfico desde 1980. Por supuesto, los trabajos tradicionales, como los que versan sobre historia económica, han seguido fuertes también. Este articulo esboza estos cambios, en términos generales como también a través del examen de varias obras monográficas y grupos de obras. Una conclusión del ensayo es que el ascenso de la historia cultural, la etnohistoria, y la búsqueda de la “agencia subalterna”en las obras históricas más recientes, ha pintado una imagen menos sombría y monocromática de la sociedad mexicana de la época colonial, al desenfatizar la medición del desarrollo mexicano como si existiera en una escala lineal (una característica del estilo de los trabajos más tradicionales).
La historia en México (1984-2004)
Authors: Matute Álvaro
Published: October 2004

This article was intentionally written as a sort of conversation with Luis González to whom it is dedicated. It is full of references to his writings and his ideas. Instead of providing a list of historical writings produced in Mexico since 1984, the essay examines the institutional framework in which Mexican historiography is produced and the relationship between institutions and the writing of history. Another goal is to consider the entry into the profession of new generations of historians and, with them, the enormous variety of historical subjects that constitute the new fields of historical research. Finally, the author considers the contrast between the new interpretations and the unwillingness of a public, molded by an official history, to accept them.

Más que hacer un recorrido a través de la vasta producción historiográfica mexicana de los últimos 20 años (1984-2004), el artículo pretende analizar las condiciones de desarrollo institucional a partir de las cuales se ha desenvuelto dicha producción historiográfica. Los sistemas de evaluación desarrollados a partir del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores cobran un papel relevante. Asimismo, se pone énfasis en el surgimiento de las nuevas generaciones de historiadores, en los nuevos temas que se han incorporado a los tradicionalmente tratados y en el contraste entre las nuevas propuestas de los historiadores provenientes de los resultados de las investigaciones y las interpretaciones a que han dado lugar y la resistencia del público, moldeado por la inercia de la historia oficial. El artículo está deliberadamente planteado con títulos y elementos de don Luis González, a cuya memoria está dedicado.
Morena/o, blanca/o y café con leche: Racial Constructions in Chicana/o Historiography
Authors: Ruiz Vicki L.
Published: October 2004

This essay reviews someof the scholarship of the last twenty years that illuminates significant twentieth-century experiences and the multiple identities of Mexican-origin populations in the United States. The racial/gendered contours of Chicana/o history are explored through research that focuses on the Chicano movement, labor and civil rights organizations, identity and community, education, segregation, and sexuality and power. Throughout the history, complicating notions of mestizaje (morena/o), whiteness (blanca/o) and cultural coalescence (café con leche) influence and explain individual and institutional actions. Therefore, in this essay the situational nature of racial constructs in the historical (and the historians’) moment are discerned by both a focused overview of critical works in the field and specific cases, including a preview of a case study on school desegregation in the Southwest.

Este ensayo revisa parte de la investigación de los últimos veinte años que ilumina experiencias significativas en el siglo XX sobre las múltiples identidades de las poblaciones de origen mexicano en los Estados Unidos. Los contornos raciales/ genéricos de la historia chicana son explorados a través de la investigación que se centra en el movimiento chicano, las organizaciones de derechos civiles y laborales, identidad y comunidad, segregación educativa, sexualidad, y poder. A través de la historia, complejas nociones de mestizaje (morena/o), blancura (blanca/o) y fusiones culturales (café con leche) influyen y explican las acciones individuales e institucionales. Por esa razón, en este ensayo la situación de las construcciones raciales en el momento histórico (y en el de los historiadores) son discernidas a través de una revisión panorámica centrada en los trabajos críticos del campo y, a la vez, bajo casos específicos, incluyendo un estudio particular sobre la desegregación de una escuela en el Suroeste de los Estados Unidos.
Two Decades of Economics in Mexico
Authors: Glade William
Published: October 2004

This essay reviews Mexican economic policy and scholarship over the last twenty years. Momentous changes in the Mexican economic environment and national policy have precipitated corresponding changes in the economic literature, to which the maturation of the scholarly profession on the basis of improvements in Mexican academic institutions, the large number of economists trained abroad, and the employment of economists as technocrats in business and government have also contributed. Technical proficiency and new interests, in turn, have altered the profile of the economics literature produced by Mexicans, at home and abroad. A few “old” themes like inter-regional differences in development have taken on new cogency with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), but new topics of concern have been added as well, especially a literature on technical, quantitative economics.

Este ensayo revisa las políticas económicas de México y la investigación académica de los últimos veinte años. Los cambios profundos que México ha experimentado han tenido igual impacto en la producción académica sobre la economía—un cambio nutrido también por el crecimiento y mejoramiento de nuevos y modernos programas de especialización, un incremento de los economistas que han tenido su formación profesional en el extranjero, y el empleo creciente de economistas como tecnócratas en el gobierno y la industria. La habilidad técnica y los nuevos intereses han alterado, como consecuencia, los trabajos académicos producidos por los mexicanos tanto dentro como fuera del país. Algunos “viejos”temas como las desigualdades regionales, ahora en el contexto del Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC), siguen siendo analizados, pero además se agregan nuevos tópicos de interés, especialmente trabajos sobre la economía técnica y cuantitativa.
The Scholarly Study of Mexican Politics
Authors: Domínguez Jorge I.
Published: October 2004

This essay reviews the state of the scholarly study of Mexican politics. It focuses on research on political change since 1990. It discusses the political origins of economic problems and policies, including the enactment of NAFTA and the 1994-95 financial panic. It assesses the decline of the PRI, the presidency, and official organized labor; the role of urban protest and the Zapatista insurgency; and the revitalization of Congress, the Supreme Court, and state governments. It synthesizes the principal analytical findings on parties, public opinion, and elections.

Este ensayo revisa la situación actual de los estudios académicos sobre la política mexicana. Se concentra en la investigación sobre los cambios políticos desde 1990. Pondera los orígenes políticos de los problemas económicos y políticas derivadas, inclusive la aprobación del TLC y el pánico financiero de 1994-95. Discute el declive del PRI, la presidencia, y el sindicalismo oficial; el papel de la protesta urbana y la insurgencia Zapatista; y la revitalización del Congreso, la Suprema Corte, y los gobiernos estatales. Sintetiza los principales resultados analíticos sobre los partidos, la opinión pública y las elecciones.
Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 20 años de historia
Authors: Miño Grijalva Manuel , Rabadán Figueroa Macrina
Published: October 2004

This article examines the structure and development of the journal of Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos throughout its twenty years of circulation. It shows the number of contributions from different disciplines, the profile of the authors and the institutions that have participated and given life to the journal.

Este artículo examina la estructura y trayectoria de la revista Mexican Studies/ Estudios Mexicanos a lo largo de sus veinte años de circulación. Muestra el número de contribuciones en sus diferentes disciplinas, el perfil de sus autores y las instituciones que han participado y dado vida a la revista.