bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeds of Legacy: Hybrid and Flexible Spaces
Authors: Cappai Carlo , Segantini Maria Alessandra
Published: April 2018

Public space is being eroded all over the world. Given a lack of political will to tackle the issue, might architects play their part in rectifying it? Carlo Cappai and Maria Alessandra Segantini, co‐directors of C+S Architects, based in Venice and London, believe so. They advocate designing public buildings with a consideration of communal uses beyond those of the main brief. This, coupled with flexibility to endure changing occupation needs, can make them an asset to the community for generations.
Cultivating Spaces to Take Risks: An Interview with the Royal Academy of Arts' Kate Goodwin
Authors: Hopkins Owen
Published: April 2018

A 250‐year history does not stop London's Royal Academy of Arts from constantly exploring new ground. Its expanding architecture programme, led by Head of Architecture and Drue Heinz Curator Kate Goodwin, is no exception. Here she talks to Guest‐Editor Owen Hopkins about the purposes and methods of cultural commissioning, and the curator's responsibilities to artists/architects and public. Key to her approach are establishing mutual trust, resisting the temptation to play it safe, and knowing when to take a step back.
Shared Memories of a Possible Future: An Interview with Umbrellium's Usman Haque
Authors: Hopkins Owen
Published: April 2018

Usman Haque's practice is not what you would immediately think of as architecture. But, as founding partner of London‐based urban technology designers Umbrellium, Haque is having an impact in areas associated with the discipline. As he reveals here in conversation with Guest‐ Editor Owen Hopkins, he is particularly concerned with empowering ordinary people to take part in decision‐making processes about the creation of their living environment.
The N‐Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) Effect in Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling with Simple Ferric Salts and MeMgBr
Authors: Muñoz Salvador B. , Daifuku Stephanie L. , Sears Jeffrey D. , Baker Tessa M. , Carpenter Stephanie H. , Brennessel William W. , Neidig Michael L.
Published: April 2018

The use of N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a co‐solvent in ferric salt catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions is crucial for achieving the highly selective, preparative scale formation of cross‐coupled product in reactions utilizing alkyl Grignard reagents. Despite the critical importance of NMP, the molecular level effect of NMP on in situ formed and reactive iron species that enables effective catalysis remains undefined. Herein, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel trimethyliron(II) ferrate species, [Mg(NMP)6][FeMe3]2 (1), which forms as the major iron species in situ in reactions of Fe(acac)3 and MeMgBr under catalytically relevant conditions where NMP is employed as a co‐solvent. Importantly, combined GC analysis and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic studies identified 1 as a highly reactive iron species for the selective formation generating cross‐coupled product. These studies demonstrate that NMP does not directly interact with iron as a ligand in catalysis but, alternatively, interacts with the magnesium cations to preferentially stabilize the formation of 1 over [Fe8Me12]− cluster generation, which occurs in the absence of NMP.
Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization by Visible‐Light‐Activated [2+2] Photocycloaddition
Authors: Hu Naifu , Jung Hoimin , Zheng Yu , Lee Juhyeong , Zhang Lilu , Ullah Zakir , Xie Xiulan , Harms Klaus , Baik Mu‐Hyun , Meggers Eric
Published: April 2018

A novel method for the catalytic asymmetric dearomatization by visible‐light‐activated [2+2] photocycloaddition with benzofurans and one example of a benzothiophene is reported, thereby providing chiral tricyclic structures with up to four stereocenters including quaternary stereocenters. The benzofurans and the benzothiophene are functionalized at the 2‐position with a chelatingN‐acylpyrazole moiety which permits the coordination of a visible‐light‐activatable chiral‐at‐rhodium Lewis acid catalyst. Computational molecular modeling revealed the origin of the unusual regioselectivity and identified the heteroatom in the heterocycle to be key for the regiocontrol.
A Perioperative Approach to Increase Limb Salvage When Treating Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Howell Raelina S. , Criscitelli Theresa , Woods Jon S. , Gillette Brian M. , Brem Harold , Gorenstein Scott
Published: April 2018

Foot ulceration in patients with diabetes increases the risk of lower extremity amputation. Major amputations produce substantial adverse consequences, increase length of hospital stay, diminish quality of life, and increase mortality. In this article, we describe approaches that decrease amputations and improve the quality of life for patients with diabetes and foot ulcers. We highlight the role of the perioperative nurse, who is essential to providing optimal patient care in the perioperative period. Perioperative care of patients with diabetes involves providing optimal surveillance for a break in the skin of the foot, screening for neuropathy, following guidelines for foot ulcer infections, preparing for pathophysiology‐based debridement, using adjuvant therapies, and offloading the patient's affected foot. Nurses should understand the disease process and pathophysiology and how to use these approaches in the perioperative setting to assist in curtailing the morbidity and mortality associated with foot ulcers in patients with diabetes.
Pediatric Perioperative Nurses and the Ethics of Organ Donation After Cardiac Death
Authors: Austin Elizabeth A. , Lovett Pamela , Moore Wendy C. , Zuzarte Ingrid
Published: April 2018

Pediatric perioperative nurses are experiencing increased opportunities to participate in donations after cardiac death. An increased public awareness regarding transplantation has inspired more people to donate than in previous years. The demand for transplantable organs has led to opportunities that have increased donor candidates including living donors and cardiac death donors. Cardiac death in children is often sudden and unexpected, and is an emotional time not only for the family members but also for the hospital staff members, including perioperative nurses. However, when perioperative nurses adhere to standards and guidelines, they can perform their responsibilities in an ethical and compassionate manner and assist their team in doing so. This article reviews the guiding principles of pediatric organ donation after cardiac death, the phases of the process, and the ethical and moral issues surrounding donation.
Analogy of multiday sequences of atmospheric circulation favoring large rainfall accumulation over the French Alps
Authors: Blanchet Juliette , Stalla Simon , Creutin Jean‐Dominique
Published: April 2018

We propose in this article an analogy approach for characterizing the similarity between daily atmospheric state sequences—in our case large‐scale geopotential height fields. The similarity is measured using two indices—the persistence and the singularity. The persistence of a sequence is defined through the average distance between its consecutive states. Its singularity is the average distance between its states and their closest analogues. We apply these indices to geopotential heights over Western Europe in view of characterizing the sequences yielding record rainfall accumulations over several days in the Northern French Alps, more specifically in the Isère River catchment at Grenoble. We show that these indices remarkably stratify the heaviness of rainfall sequences in the region. We find that the less singular and the more persistent the atmospheric state sequence, the wetter the rainfall sequence. Although the persistence of atmospheric states leading to extremes was expected, their low singularity might be a feature of the Northern French Alps, which usually experiences roughly westerly winds triggering orographically enhanced precipitation. Relying on some choices that may be improvable, our study opens the door to future research on the characterization of the atmospheric state sequences favoring regional climate extremes based on analogy.
Mass loss rates of Li‐rich AGB/RGB stars
Authors: Maciel W. J. , Costa R. D. D.
Published: April 2018

A sample of AGB/RGB stars with an excess of Li abundances is considered in order to estimate their mass loss rates. Our method is based on a correlation between the Li abundances and the stellar luminosity, using a modified version of Reimers formula. We have adopted a calibration on the basis of an empirical correlation between the mass loss rate and some stellar parameters. We conclude that most Li‐rich stars have lower mass loss rates compared with the majority of AGB/RGB stars, which show no evidence of Li enhancements, so the Li enrichment process is apparently not associated with an increased mass loss rate.
The emotion dysregulation inventory: Psychometric properties and item response theory calibration in an autism spectrum disorder sample
Authors: Mazefsky Carla A. , Yu Lan , White Susan W. , Siegel Matthew , Pilkonis Paul A.
Published: April 2018

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often present with prominent emotion dysregulation that requires treatment but can be difficult to measure. The Emotion Dysregulation Inventory (EDI) was created using methods developed by the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) to capture observable indicators of poor emotion regulation. Caregivers of 1,755 youth with ASD completed 66 candidate EDI items, and the final 30 items were selected based on classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) analyses. The analyses identified two factors: (a) Reactivity, characterized by intense, rapidly escalating, sustained, and poorly regulated negative emotional reactions, and (b) Dysphoria, characterized by anhedonia, sadness, and nervousness. The final items did not show differential item functioning (DIF) based on gender, age, intellectual ability, or verbal ability. Because the final items were calibrated using IRT, even a small number of items offers high precision, minimizing respondent burden. IRT co‐calibration of the EDI with related measures demonstrated its superiority in assessing the severity of emotion dysregulation with as few as seven items. Validity of the EDI was supported by expert review, its association with related constructs (e.g., anxiety and depression symptoms, aggression), higher scores in psychiatric inpatients with ASD compared to a community ASD sample, and demonstration of test‐retest stability and sensitivity to change. In sum, the EDI provides an efficient and sensitive method to measure emotion dysregulation for clinical assessment, monitoring, and research in youth with ASD of any level of cognitive or verbal ability.Autism Res2018, 11: 928–941. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This paper describes a new measure of poor emotional control called the Emotion Dysregulation Inventory (EDI). Caregivers of 1,755 youth with ASD completed candidate items, and advanced statistical techniques were applied to identify the best final items. The EDI is unique because it captures common emotional problems in ASD and is appropriate for both nonverbal and verbal youth. It is an efficient and sensitive measure for use in clinical assessments, monitoring, and research with youth with ASD.
Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+ Based on Enhancement of Peroxidase‐like Activity of Chitosan‐Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Jiang Cuifeng , Li Zhuojian , Wu Yinxing , Guo Wei , Wang Jinshan , Jiang Qiong
Published: April 2018

Hg2+ is a serious environmental contaminant that can cause severe damage to the immune and nervous systems, and Hg2+ monitoring is critical. Herein, we report a novel, simple, and sensitive Hg2+ sensor based on the enhanced peroxidase‐like activity of chitosan–gold nanoparticles (CS‐AuNPs). The peroxidase‐like activity of the CS‐AuNPs can be markedly enhanced by Hg2+ as seen by the deeper color and increased absorbance at 652 nm. This improved catalytic ability was used to develop a sensitive and selective colorimetric sensor for Hg2+ detection. The limit of detection via the absorption spectra is as low as 0.02 μM. The mechanism underlying the enhanced catalytic ability is discussed. This approach is label‐free, simple, and offers detection with the naked eye. Thus, it has potential applications for the detection of Hg2+ in environmental and food samples.
Create a powerful morning routine in 5 steps
Authors: Costa Karen
Published: April 2018

Do you frequently hit snooze when your morning alarm sounds, then feel harried and rushed? When you contemplate waking up earlier, do you counter the idea with a firm “I'm not a morning person”?
Was student judged unfairly during disciplinary process?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: April 2018

A 2003 Cincinnati Enquirer article stated that four Miami University female students reported separate sexual assaults during one weekend, and the suspects in each assault were fellow students.
Learn how rising negligence claims impact athletics departments
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: April 2018

The relationship between college sports and the law continues to evolve. Whereas in the past, it was rare to encounter an objection to student‐athletes being pushed to their physical or mental limits in practices, that's no longer the case. During the last few years, lawsuits have emerged in which student‐athletes bring negligence claims against institutions, coaches, administrators, trainers, and medical personnel. They allege they suffered injuries as a result of being pushed too hard by coaching staff, not receiving the appropriate level of athletic training attention and medical treatment, and being coerced to continue to practice and participate in competitions despite their injuries.
Site‐Specific Incorporation of Chemical Fluorescence on Live Enterovirus‐71 Virion by Using an Organometallic Palladium Reagent To Monitor Virus Entry
Authors: Wang Yaxin , Liu Jingwei , Cao Lin , Wang Wenjing , Sun Yuna , Yin Zheng , Lou Zhiyong
Published: April 2018

Imaging live virus to monitor the viral entry process is essential to understand virus–host interactions during pathogen infection. However, methods for efficient labeling of live viruses, in particular labeling non‐enveloped viruses and tracing virus entry processes, remain limited. Recently, labeling by using organometallic palladium reagents has provided a highly efficient and selective way to bioconjugate cysteines of virus proteins. Here, site‐specific bioorthogonal labeling mediated by an organometallic palladium reagent on the surface of live enterovirus‐71 (EV71) was used to visualize its entry into live cells. In contrast to currently used immunofluorescence and membrane‐anchored dyes, this site‐specific and quantitative labeling of live EV71 allows temporal imaging of its entry into host cell membranes on the timescale of seconds with little negative impact on its virulence. This method revealed details of EV71 virus entry and has broad applicability for monitoring virus entry that is difficult to assess by using conventional protein‐labeling approaches.
Eph/ephrin family anchored on exosome facilitate communications between cells
Authors: Zhao Yao , Yin Lingyu , Zhang Haoliang , Lan Ting , Li Shibao , Ma Ping
Published: April 2018

Interactions of Ephrins and Eph receptors at cell membranes play crucial role in boundary formation and axon guidance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are formed by cells communicating with each other in paracrine or endocrine manner. Until now, it is thought that direct cell–cell contact is necessary for ephrin and Eph receptor signal transduction. In this review, we discuss recent data that indicate the existence of a novel Eph‐ephrin family anchored exosome signaling pathway in long‐range intercellular communication and provide evidence that this type of signaling elicits cellular responses in cancer cells, independent of juxtacrine interactions. We emphasize that exosome‐anchored Eph/ephrin involves a variety of biological processes and transduction signals, which may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker.
Breath of relief: apparent pulmonary nodule due to heterotopic ossification
Authors: Abston Eric , Novaco Robert , Hon Stephanie , Scalera Jonathan , Steiling Katrina
Published: April 2018

Key Clinical Message

Extrapulmonary heterotopic ossification appears similarly to pulmonary nodules on CXR, and is in the differential for pulmonary nodules. It occurs following the bone trauma, and in early stages appears similarly to tumors. Heterotopic ossification is diagnosed by its calcification pattern via MRI or ultrasound and managed conservatively unless symptoms develop.
Spontaneous regression of metastatic squamous cell lung cancer
Authors: Ariza‐Prota Miguel , Martínez Cristina , Casan Pere
Published: April 2018

Key Clinical Message

Spontaneous regression (SR) of cancer is a rare but confirmed spectacular phenomenon, and it is even rarer in the context of advanced NSCLC. It is essential to understand this phenomenon in order to elucidate the nature of neoplastic disease and develop new treatment methods.
Expedient Synthesis of N‐Methyl‐ and N‐Alkylamines by Reductive Amination using Reusable Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Senthamarai Thirusangumurugan , Murugesan Kathiravan , Natte Kishore , Kalevaru Narayana V. , Neumann Helfried , Kamer Paul C. J. , Jagadeesh Rajenahally V.
Published: April 2018

The front cover artwork for issue 6/2018 is provided by the Leibniz‐Institute für Katalyse e. V. (Germany). The image shows the reductive amination reaction using cobalt nanocatalysts to synthesize various N‐methyl and N‐alkylamines. This Co‐based amination process enables the preparation of selected drugs used to treat brain disorders and for other life science applications. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201701617.
Effects of L‐Serine and L‐Proline on Crystallization Kinetics of Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate
Authors: Gencaslan Aybala , Sayan Perviz , Titiz-Sargut Sibel
Published: April 2018

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystallization was investigated in a mixed‐suspension mixed‐product removal (MSMPR)‐type crystallizer in the presence of the amino acids L‐serine and L‐proline as additives. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential analysis were applied for characterization of the crystals obtained. CPPD crystals obtained in pure media consisted of aggregated particles which included plate‐like structures and rod‐shaped crystals. However, it was observed that agglomeration and breakage tendency on CPPD crystals obtained in the presence of amino acids were remarkable. The population balance equation for CPPD crystals was resolved with numerical analysis considering aggregation and breakage steps. The predominant mechanism was the breakage for CPPD crystallization in the presence of amino acids.
Monitoring and Process Control of Anaerobic Digestion Plants
Authors: Liebetrau Jan , Kleinsteuber Sabine , Jacobi Fabian , Pfeiffer Diana
Published: April 2018

No abstract.
Measurement and Analysis of Dynamic Impedance Spectra Acquired During the Oscillatory Electrodissolution of p‐Type Silicon in Fluoride‐Containing Electrolytes
Authors: Koster Dominique , Patzauer Maximilian , Salman Munir M. , Battistel Alberto , Krischer Katharina , La Mantia Fabio
Published: April 2018

Using dynamic multifrequency analysis (DMFA), we investigated the oscillatory reaction dynamics that govern the anodic electrodissolution of p‐type silicon in fluoride‐containing electrolytes, in which the anodization of silicon is followed by the chemical etching of the oxide layer. By applying a constant voltage to the silicon electrode, stable oscillations are found in the presence of an external resistance. The dynamic impedance spectra acquired through DMFA were fitted to a suitable electrical equivalent circuit. In doing so, it was possible to investigate the temporal evolution of the kinetic parameters throughout the formation and dissolution of the silicon oxide.
Zum Biegedrillknicken von Kranbahnträgern aus winkelverstärktenWalzprofilen
Authors: Dürr A. , Walter S.
Published: April 2018

This article is not available for publication.
sheet metal connections on seismic design of single storey steel buildings
Authors: Beck H.
Published: April 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Biological Evaluation and X‐ray Co‐crystal Structures of Cyclohexylpyrrolidine Ligands for Trypanothione Reductase, an Enzyme from the Redox Metabolism of Trypanosoma
Authors: De Gasparo Raoul , Brodbeck‐Persch Elke , Bryson Steve , Hentzen Nina B. , Kaiser Marcel , Pai Emil F. , Krauth‐Siegel R. Luise , Diederich François
Published: April 2018

The tropical diseases human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and the various forms of leishmaniasis are caused by parasites of the family of trypanosomatids. These protozoa possess a unique redox metabolism based on trypanothione and trypanothione reductase (TR), making TR a promising drug target. We report the optimization of properties and potency of cyclohexylpyrrolidine inhibitors of TR by structure‐based design. The best inhibitors were freely soluble and showed competitive inhibition constants (Ki) against Trypanosoma (T.) brucei TR and T. cruzi TR and in vitro activities (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) against these parasites in the low micromolar range, with high selectivity against human glutathione reductase. X‐ray co‐crystal structures confirmed the binding of the ligands to the hydrophobic wall of the “mepacrine binding site” with the new, solubility‐providing vectors oriented toward the surface of the large active site.
Staging of Early Nonseminomatous Germ‐Cell Testicular Cancer
Authors: FRALEY ELWIN E. , LANGE PAUL H. , WILLIAMS RICHARD D. , ORTLIP STEPHEN A.
Published: April 2018

The common clinical staging techniques for nonseminomatous testicular cancer fail to predict the pathologic stage in a significant number of patients with Stages I, IIS, and IIA disease. Newer techniques such as ultrasonography and computed tomography are useful in more advanced disease (Stages IIB or higher), but neither can detect microscopic metastases (Stage IIA). The accuracy of clinical staging may be improved by the discovery of new tumor markers and the devising of assays for tumor‐associated antigens, but at present retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is needed for staging as well as for treatment.
Testicular Cancer in Children
Authors: EXELBY PHILIP R.
Published: April 2018

Management of testis cancer in children differs from that in adults due to the histological types and varying tolerances to chemotherapy agents.

Embryonal adrenocarcinoma (endodermal sinus tumor, Teilum's tumor) is a tumor of infancy and young children and less aggressive than other testis cancers. Most cases require only orchiectomy for cure.

Embryonal carcinoma is seen in older children and is managed by orchiectomy, regional node dissection, and chemotherapy according to stage.

Teratocarcinoma is seen in older age groups. In the young children, as rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma are often present. Intensive multidisciplinary treatment is required in management.

Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the distalcord requires pelvic and retroperitoneal node dissection in addition to orchiectomy. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy help to produce high cure rates in these tumors.

Details of the treatment of these histological types and results of treatment will be presented.
Childhood Urologic Cancer Therapy Related Sequelae and Their Impact on Management
Authors: JAFFE NORMAN , MCNEESE MARSHA , MAYFIELD JACK K. , RISEBOROUGH EDWARD J.
Published: April 2018

Multidisciplinary treatment for childhood urologic cancer has resulted in improved survival. However, the sucessful results may be marred by the appearance of therapy‐related sequelae. Thus, radiation therapy has produced spine deformities (kyphosis and scoliosis), ovarian failure, renal disease and abnormalities in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle. Successful treatment of pulmonary metastases has been associated with abnormalities in pulmonary physiology and chest wall deformities. Chemotherapy‐related complications include hemorrhagic cystitis and possible gonadal failure. If exenteration for bladder or prostate cancer is required, the sequelae are immediately apparent and include ureterosigmoidostomy, colostomy, or iliostomy. Oncogenic sequelae comprise benign and malignant neoplasms, and many of them appear to be radiation induced. Recognition of these sequelae has lead to changes in therapy to reduce or prevent their occurrence. However, despite innovative changes, long‐term survivors still appear to be a risk for the development of late complications. The importance of continued surveillance is stressed.
Classification and Staging of Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: PROUT GEORGE R.
Published: April 2018

Bladder carcinoma is a chronic, heterogeneous, field‐change, neoplastic diathesis in most of the patient., that it afflicts. Staging initially considered the primary lesion(s) and local nodal involvement (Jewett‐Strong‐Marshall), but variable disease characteristics cannot be accommodated by this system. For clinical research purposes, longitudinal observations on patients with bladder carcinoma seem useful for identifying and classifying types of patients with types of urothelial neoplasms. For general use, however, the classification of the American Joint Committee provides for common taxonomy concerning the primary tumor(s), T(m); nodal involvement, (N); metastases, (M); grade, (G); and lymphatic involvement, (L+/L−). It also provides for indicating how the information for each of these tumor characteristics or activities was obtained, i.e. clinical, (cT); surgical biopsy of a metastatic pelvic node, (sN+); or pathological evaluation of cystectomy specimen, (pTpN). This system clearly describes patients in different stages of disease treated by different modalities, using previously defined rules. It should be employed in initial and subsequent follow‐up of patients, particularly when analyzing the results of treatment.
Chemotherapy of Metastatic Bladder Cancer
Authors: YAGODA ALAN
Published: April 2018

Recent disease‐oriented phase II clinical trials in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract have defined the therapeutic efficacy of cis‐diamminedichloride platinum II, Adriamycin and methotrexate. Other agents which may have some activity include cyclophosphamide, the podophyllotoxins, hexamethylmelamine, and possibly 5‐flourouracil. While combination drug regimens have been reported to induce higher remission rates when compared to single agents, prospective randomized trials will be needed to document enhanced therapeutic benefit. The problems in selecting appropriate patients and in defining response criteria in clinical trials in urothelial tumors are discussed. Chemotherapy data in the treatment of bladder cancer is summarized, using strict response criteria.
Chemotherapy Programs of the National Prostatic Cancer Project (NPCP)
Authors: SCHMIDT JOSEPH D. , SCOTT WILLIAM W. , GIBBONS ROBERT , JOHNSON DOUGLAS E. , PROUT GEORGE R. , LOENING STEFAN , SOLOWAY, MARK , DEKERNION JEAN , PONTES J. EDSON , SLACK NELSON H. , MURPHY GERALD P.
Published: April 2018

Results of the first nationally randomized trial of the National Prostatic Cancer Project revealed a demonstrable advantage for chemotherapy in the management of advanced disease (Stage D in relapse from endocrine therapy). Both cyclophosphamide and 5‐Fluorouracil showed improved activity over standard therapy. A second trial for patients previously irradiated, with less tolerance to myelosuppressive agents, revealed an advantage for estramustine phosphate and streptozotocin over standard therapy. Subsequently completed trials have revealed activity for prednimustine and imidazole carboxamide (DTIC). Trials currently underway for newly‐diagnosed Stage D and for Stage D disease clinically stable to diethylstilbestrol (DES) show promising activity for DES combined with cyclophosphamide. Current trials with single agents in advanced disease are comparing methyl‐CCNU and hydroxyurea with cyclophosphamide; another is evaluating estramustine phosphate and vincristine alone and in combination. The use of chemotherapy in earlier staged patients as adjuvants to definitive surgery or irradiation is underway in two clinical trials, where the effect of cyclophosphamide and estramustine phosphate as long‐term therapies is compared with no additional treatment.
Cancer of the Penis
Authors: MERRIN CLAUDE E.
Published: April 2018

Cancer of the penis is infrequent in the United States because of good genital hygiene and circumcision of male babies at birth. In other countries, it represents 11–12% of all cancer in males. Tumors of the penis consist mainly of squamous cell carcinoma. Mesenchymal tumors are rare. The treatment is based on the surgical excision of the penis (partial or total) with or without regional lymphadenectomy. Radiotherapy alone or in conjunction with surgery is also used. Chemotherapy with bleomycin and/or methotrexate has been effective in advanced disease. The prognosis is directly related to the stage of the tumor at the time of the treatment. Patients without lymphatic metastases remain alive and free of disease at ten years of follow‐up. Meanwhile, patients with microscopic lymphatic spread, survive an average of 2.5 years (Roswell Park Memorial Institute). These data emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to achieve long survival.
The Place of Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Carcinoma of the Distal End of the Penis
Authors: HAILE KENNETH , DELCLOS LUIS
Published: April 2018

Carcinoma of the penis is a rare disease in the mainland United States. It occurs almost exclusively in uncircumcised men, very rarely before age 30, usually after age 50, and is generally associated with phimosis and resulting difficult or poor hygiene. It tends to remain localized for considerable lengths of time, but undifferentiated tumors and tumors in younger patients may be quite aggressive. Primary treatment may be surgical extirpation or irradiation. The latter is followed by surgery in the event of failure to control the tumor or for a radiation complication. Irradiation alone, if successful, avoids the functional disability and the psychological distress caused by loss of the penis, so if control is comparable, obviously this is the treatment of choice. Many authors have published results of treatment by primary surgery or radiotherapy. We wish to report on the treating of carcinoma of the penis by radiotherapy alone or in planned combination with surgery. The M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute's experience with conservative management of carcinoma of the distal end of the penis by radiotherapy is reviewed, and compared with more drastic methods that combine preoperative irradiation with partial or total amputation.
Moving toward a true depiction of tobacco behavior among Asian Indians in California: Prevalence and factors associated with cultural smokeless tobacco product use
Authors: Mukherjea Arnab , Modayil Mary V. , Tong Elisa K.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Asian Indians (AIs) in the United States exhibit disproportionate burdens of oral cancer and cardiovascular disease, which are potentially linked to smokeless tobacco. However, little is known about the use of cultural smokeless tobacco (CST) products in this population.

METHODS

California Asian Indian Tobacco Use Survey data from 2004 (n = 1618) were used to investigate CST prevalence among California's AIs. CST products included paan, paan masala, and gutka. A multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine factors (socioeconomic status, acculturation measures, and religious affiliation) associated with current CST use versus never use.

RESULTS

The current CST prevalence was 13.0% (14.0% for men and 11.8% for women). In contrast, the prevalence of current cigarette use was 5.5% (8.7% for men and 1.9% for women), and the prevalence was lower for cultural smoked tobacco (0.1% for bidis and 0.5% for hookahs). Factors associated with CST use included the following: being male, being 50 years old or older, being an immigrant, speaking an AI language at home, having a higher level of education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for high school/some college, 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1‐6.5; AOR for college degree or higher, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7‐9.5), having a higher income (AOR for $75,000‐$100,000, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3‐4.7; AOR for ≥$100,000, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4‐5.0), identifying as non‐Sikh (AOR for Hinduism, 10.0; 95% CI, 6.0‐16.5; AOR for other faiths, 10.2; 95% CI, 5.9‐17.7), and disagreeing that spiritual beliefs are the foundation of life (AOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2‐3.5).

CONCLUSIONS

The current CST prevalence is relatively high among California's AIs in comparison with the prevalence of smoking, with narrower differences between sexes. The association with a higher socioeconomic status is contrary to typical cigarette smoking patterns. Acculturation and religious affiliation are important factors associated with current use. Health care providers and policymakers should consider such determinants for targeted interventions. Cancer 2018;124:1607‐13. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
The Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research, and Training (AANCART)'s contributions toward reducing Asian American cancer health disparities, 2000‐2017
Authors: Chen Moon S. , Chow Edward A. , Nguyen Tung T.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

In 2000 and in 2 subsequent 5‐year cycles, the National Cancer Institute funded grantees on a regional and national basis to address community needs for cancer awareness, research, and training. The Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research and Training (AANCART) is fortunate to have been funded since 2000 to focus on mitigating cancer health disparities facing Asian Americans residing primarily in California and Hawaii. This article highlights AANCART's achievements with respect to the original specific aims and unanticipated outcomes in its most recent funded cycle.

METHODS

Sources included reports to the National Cancer Institute and peer‐reviewed articles as well as the insights of the 3 principal investigators.

RESULTS

All aims of the original application (infrastructure, outreach, research, and training) were attained or exceeded. Most distinctive was the completion and publication of 8 randomized controlled trials to address Asian American cancer health disparities and its nurture of 14 new and early stage investigators who have been productive in terms of research career trajectories.

CONCLUSIONS

AANCART is contributing to mitigating Asian American cancer health disparities by catalyzing academic and community collaborations that have resulted in linguistically specific and culturally tailored educational products, scientifically rigorous interventions addressed at cancer risk factors, and nurturing new and early stage Asian American cancer investigators. Cancer 2018;124:1527‐34. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Stereochemistry (and Conformation) of Nucleosides and Their Synthetic Precursors by Vibrational Circular Dichroism
Authors: Taniguchi Tohru , Nakano Kie , Monde Kenji
Published: April 2018

The chemistry of artificial nucleosides is associated with the difficulties in the characterization of the stereochemistry and conformation of their furanose ring moiety. This unit describes how to use vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy to identify the three‐dimensional structure of nucleosides. The experimental part of this protocol is dedicated to obtain a VCD spectrum of a sample with high S/N ratio. The computational part generally starts with a conformational search using molecular mechanics and the following structural optimization by density functional theory calculation. Then, theoretical VCD spectra of stable conformers are calculated and averaged on the basis of their Boltzmann population. Finally, the obtained experimental and theoretical VCD spectra are compared qualitatively or quantitatively. The agreement between these spectra leads to determination of the stereochemistry of the studied molecule. This protocol may also be useful for analyzing the conformation of nucleosides. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fixation and Laser Capture Microdissection of Plant Tissue for RNA Extraction and RNASeq Library Preparation
Authors: Chavan Suchitra , Schnabel Elise , Saski Christopher , Frugoli Julia
Published: April 2018

In order to study the transcriptome of individual plant cells at specific points in time, we developed protocols for fixation, embedding, and sectioning of plant tissue followed by laser capture microdissection (LCM) and processing for RNA recovery. LCM allows the isolation of individual cell types from heterogeneous tissue sections and is particularly suited to plant processing because it does not require the breakdown of cell walls. This approach allows accurate separation of a small volume of cells that can be used to study gene expression profiles in different tissues or cell layers. The technique does not require separation of cells by enzymatic digestion of any kind, does not require cell‐specific reporter genes, and allows storage of fixed and embedded tissue for months before capture. The methods for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and capture of plant cells that we describe yield high‐quality RNA suitable for making libraries for RNASeq. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Highly Efficient Agrobacterium‐Mediated Transformation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Production of Transgenic Microtubers
Authors: Craze Melanie , Bates Ruth , Bowden Sarah , Wallington Emma J.
Published: April 2018

The following method enables the rapid production of transgenic potato plants and microtubers for gene validation and expression, or promoter studies. The method is highly efficient, with reproducible transformation efficiencies of at least 50% to 60% with potato cv. Desiree, and can produce transgenic microtubers within 6 months of initiation of the experiment. Microtubers are produced in the absence of hormones, giving an in vitro gene testing system broadly analogous to the natural state. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative Intracerebral Microdialysis Studies to Determine Unbound Extracellular Fluid Drug Concentrations in Discrete Areas of the Brain
Authors: Durk Matthew R.
Published: April 2018

Intracerebral microdialysis is a powerful technique for quantifying unbound brain extracellular fluid concentrations of drugs and drug candidates over time in live, conscious, freely moving animals. The results provide crucial information on the brain penetrance of the administered agent. This unit details the surgical procedures, study planning and execution, and data analysis required for a brain microdialysis study following intravenous infusion of a test substance to steady state. The accumulated data makes possible the determination of the area under the concentration–time curve ratio and steady‐state concentration ratio for unbound compound in rat brain extracellular fluid as compared to that in plasma (Kpu,u). In vitro determination of the compound recovery from the probe, a critical parameter in a microdialysis study, is considered as well. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effective use of legal resources plays significant role in managing risk
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: April 2018

Benjamin Franklin truly summed up the value of risk management with his lasting phrase: “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Campus administrators should keep that in mind, especially as it relates to invoking attorneys' assistance.
Confrontation and avoidance: Alternatives to civil discourse
Authors: Sanford Amy Aldridge
Published: April 2018

In the fall semester of 2015, a group of students at the University of Missouri blocked then‐President Tim Wolfe's car during a homecoming parade. They were protesting what they believed to be a (non)response to reported incidents of racism on campus. Ten days later, students sent a list of eight demands to the President's Office, including an increase in black personnel at the university, a hand‐written apology and resignation from Wolfe, and more staff for social justice centers on campus.
Expect courts to determine national policy on web accessibility
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: April 2018

What obligations do schools have to make public‐facing noncurricular websites with audio or visual content, including third‐party content provided to the public at no cost, accessible? Past columns have noted the decision by the University of California, Berkeley, then threatened with litigation by the Department of Justice, to withdraw public access to its archived course lectures rather than spend substantial sums to closed‐caption them. Past columns have also noted still‐pending litigation by the National Association of the Deaf against Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, challenging their failure to make their similar public‐facing websites accessible.
Most campuses don't track student suicides, despite increase in resources
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2018

Most large public research institutions in the United States do not track student suicides, according to a research report issued by The Associated Press. The AP asked the 100 largest public research institutions in the country for their annual statistics on student suicide. Of those 100 institutions, only 46 reported tracking annual student suicides. Of the remaining 54 institutions, 43 did not track student suicides at all, nine were able to provide limited or incomplete data, and two did not respond to the survey.
The tree height‐related spatial variances of tree sap flux density and its scale‐up to stand transpiration in a subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest
Authors: Zhang Zhenzhen , Zhao Ping , Zhao Xiuhua , Zhou Juan , Zhao Peiqiang , Zeng Xiaomin , Hu Yanting , Ouyang Lei
Published: April 2018

The sap flux method generates problems when it is applied in a subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest. In this study, 6 dominant species in such a forest were selected to investigate the spatial variances on the stem and individual variances within the forest. The sap flux density (Fd) at 20–40 and 40–60 mm of the xylem for the upper canopy species (Schima superba, Castanea henryi, and Machilus chinensis) accounted 18–60% and 16–37%, respectively, of that at 0–20 mm. For the lower canopy species (Ilex ficoidea, Symplocos ramosissima, and Schefflera octophylla), the highest Fd occurred at 20–40 mm. Tree height (H) was closely related to the radial variances of sap flux in the xylem. Vertically, the mean Fd increased with tree height among different species (p < .01). On this basis, the proportion of mean whole tree transpiration for the 6 tree species was 37.10% (S. superba), 17.73% (C. henryi), 7.15% (M. chinensis), 15.88% (I. ficoidea), 17.36% (S. ramosissima), and 4.76% (S. octophylla). The annual stand transpiration for the 6 tree species was estimated of 366.4 mm. The observed distinct stratification of the water flux that highly related to their importance for different tree species revealed the critical role of tree water use in determining the development of vegetation succession.
Water storage dynamics across different types of vegetated patches in rocky highlands of central Argentina
Authors: Poca María , Cingolani Ana M. , Gurvich Diego E. , Saur Palmieri Valentina , Bertone Gustavo
Published: April 2018

Rivers originating in the granitic highlands of seasonally dry central Argentina provide water to 2 million people. These highlands comprise a complex landscape where a matrix of outcropping rock hosts vegetated patches that vary in response to long‐term grazing and fire. We characterized water storage dynamics across 20 sites representing 6 vegetation‐soil conditions with similar mid‐upslope positions in the landscape. We measured temporal and spatial variability of water inputs (rain and fog) and water stored at the unsaturated and saturated zones. We found that rainfall was highly seasonal, but fog occurred year‐round, likely representing an extra water source in areas with complex vegetation structure. Moreover, fog seems to regulate evapotranspiration/topsoil water dynamics. Water was stored in the saturated zone only during the rainy season. Piezometric response to rainfall was rapid but transient (dropping an average 15 cm/day), possibly buffering peak stormflows, reducing sediment yield, and delivering subsurface water downslope for potential storing throughout the year. Spatially, a reduction in soil depth (from 100 up to 9 cm) and vegetation structure (from woodlands to stonelands), with a degradation of topsoil conditions for infiltration were accompanied by a decline in water storage at the unsaturated (from 32% up to 14%) and saturated (from 46.3 up to 0 cm) zones. Taken together, our results support the infiltration trade‐off hypothesis, which states that vegetation structure benefits fog interception, soil properties that enhance water infiltration, subsurface flow paths, and storage. Long‐term disturbances have likely triggered a degradation of the hydrological function of seasonal highlands in central Argentina.
Effects of hurricanes and climate oscillations on annual variation in reproduction in wet forest, Puerto Rico
Authors: Zimmerman Jess K. , Hogan James Aaron , Nytch Christopher J. , Bithorn John E.
Published: April 2018

Interannual changes in global climate and weather disturbances may influence reproduction in tropical forests. Phenomena such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are known to produce interannual variation in reproduction, as do severe storms such as hurricanes. Using stationary trap‐based phenology data collected fortnightly from 1993 to 2014 from a hurricane‐affected (1989 Hugo, 1998 Georges) subtropical wet forest in northeastern Puerto Rico, we conducted a time series analysis of flowering and seed production. We addressed (1) the degree to which interannual variation in flower and seed production was influenced by global climate drivers and time since hurricane disturbance, and (2) how long‐term trends in reproduction varied with plant lifeform. The seasonally de‐trended number of species in flower fluctuated over time while the number of species producing seed exhibited a declining trend, one that was particularly evident during the second half of the study period. Lagged El Niño indices and time series hurricane disturbance jointly influenced the trends in numbers of flowering and fruiting species, suggesting complex global influences on tropical forest reproduction with variable periodicities. Lag times affecting flowering tended to be longer than those affecting fruiting. Long‐term patterns of reproduction in individual lifeforms paralleled the community‐wide patterns, with most groups of lifeform exhibiting a long‐term decline in seed but not flower production. Exceptions were found for hemiepiphytes, small trees, and lianas whose seed reproduction increased and then declined over time. There was no long‐term increase in flower production as reported in other Neotropical sites.
Numerical Study on Periodic Structure Evolution of Output Power in MHD Generator by Using Pulse‐Assisted Ionization Discharge
Authors: YAMAZAKI YOSUKE , TAKAHASHI KAZUMASA , SASAKI TORU , KIKUCHI TAKASHI , HARADA NOB
Published: April 2018

A pulse‐assisted ionization discharge applied to a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator is proposed as a technique to increase an electrical conductivity of working fluid. In this study, a periodic structure of output power in the MHD generator by using pulse‐assisted ionization discharge was evaluated. As a result, the discharge electrode length and the velocity of working fluid affect the discharge current distribution. The periodic structure of output power was observed in the several conditions. When the velocity of working fluid is roughly same as the sound speed, the periodic structure of output power was not observed.