bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Praxis der Fettsäure‐Geradeausdestillation in moderner Sicht
Authors: Jach K.‐W. , Stage H.
Published: November 2006

Im Hinblick auf die in den letzten Jahren weltweit stark gestiegenen Umweltauflagen sowie Betriebsmittelkosten für Energien und Löhne wurde von den Verfassern für die in dieser Hinsicht besonders betroffene Fettsäure‐Geradeausdestillation ein neues Destillationssystem entwickelt. Nach den inzwischen vorliegenden Ergebnissen entsprechender großtechnischer Anlagen zeichnet es sich nicht nur durch merklich geringeren Energiebedarf und niedrigere Umweltbelastungen, sondern gleichzeitig auch durch besonders günstige Werte für Geruch, Farbe und Hitzefarbbeständigkeit aus. Es handelt sich um die Kombination eines im Feinvakuumbereich arbeitenden, besonders schonend wirkenden zweistufigen Fallfilmdestillationshauptteiles mit einer ebenfalls zweistufig ausgebildeten, bei 133–266 mbar Kopfdruck betriebenen Vorstufe zur Entgasung, Entwässerung und Vorlaufabtrennung.
Hydrierung von Sojaöl
Authors: Zschau W.
Published: November 2006

Es wird über die Hydrierung von Sojaöl mit einer neuen Generation von Katalysatoren berichtet, wobei insbesondere auf das Schmelzverhalten und die Fettsäure‐Zusammensetzung unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Einsatzbedingungen eingegangen wird.
Sesamum indicum and Papaver somniferum Oils
Authors: Raie M. Y. , Salma
Published: November 2006

The physico‐chemical properties of oils, extracted from seeds of Sesamum indicum and Papaver somniferum were determined. The fatty acid composition of these oils was obtained by gas chromatography.
Studies on Apocynacea Seed Oils
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Ankalgi R. F.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of three seed oils of Apocynaceae has been studied in this investigation. The seed oils of Apocynaceae were examined for their component acids and were found to contain the following acids: Rauwolfia serpentina, Benth, (wt.%) lauric 0.2 %, myristic 0.8 %, palmitic 17.7%, stearic 4.9 %, arachidic 0.9 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 34.4 %, and linoleic 40.5 %. Rauwolfia tetraphylla, Linn. syn. Rauwolfia canescens, Linn., Rauwolfia heterophylla, Roem and Schult, (wt.%) lauric 0.9 %, myristic 3.4 %, palmitic 25.7 %, stearic 10.3%, arachidic 1.6%, behenic 1.4%, oleic 36.5 %, and linoleic 20.2 %. Vinca rosea Linn syn. Lochnera rosea, Linn. (wt.%) lauric 0.2%, myristic 1.0%, palmitic 1.4 %, stearic 6.8 %, arachidic 1.3 %, behenic 0.6 %, oleic 73.6 %, and linoleic 15.1 %.
Die Leistungsfähigkeit von Winterrapssorten mit 00‐Qualität
Authors: Busch H.
Published: November 2006

Nach Verwirklichung des ersten Qualitätsmerkmals — die Erucasäurefreiheit — bei Raps im Jahre 1974 arbeiten die Rapszüchter an dem zweiten Qualitätsmerkmal, die Freiheit von Glucosinolaten. Die Bemühungen führten 1981 zur Eintragung der ersten Winterrapssorte mit Doppelqualität LIBRADOR in die deutsche Sortenliste. Bereits 1 Jahr später — 1982 – folgte die Sorte LIGLANDOR, und 1983 wurden die Sorten LINDORA, LIROPA und ELENA in die Sortenliste aufgenommen. Mit jeder neuen Sorteneintragung verringert sich der Abstand in der Ertragsleistung zwischen den 0‐Sorten und 00‐Sorten. Die Problematik der Leistungsprüfung, bedingt durch Wildverbiß, führte dazu, daß die Streuung der Ergebnisse zwischen den 00‐Sorten wesentlich größer ist als zwischen den 0‐Sorten.
Some Experiences of Using Different Analytical Methods in Screening for Oil and Protein Content in Rapeseed
Authors: Bengtsson Lena
Published: November 2006

In this study some analytical methods, which have been used in oil crop breeding, are compared from the point of view of plant breeding. For oil content determination a gravimetric method, NMR and NIR have been used. Protein content has been determined by the classical Kjeldahl technique, by the Biuret method and by NIR. The results indicate that the NIR spectroscopy is specially useful in screening breeding materials. This method enables the breeder to select for several quality characters simultaneously at a high speed and at a low cost. Since NIR spectroscopy is nondestructive, the same seed lot can be used for analysis and planting. Thus it is possible to select on a large scale for single plants.
Erste Feldanbauerfahrungen bei Winterraps mit Doppelqualität
Authors: Entrup E. Lütke
Published: November 2006

Im Anbau von Winterraps stehen wir nach Umstellung auf erucasäurefreie Sorten seit 1974 vor Einführung einer neuen Sortengeneration mit Doppelqualität, die sowohl erucasäurefrei als auch glucosinolatfrei ist. Alle Beteiligten – Züchter, Erzeuger und Verwertungsindustrie — sind sich einig, daß mit der höheren Qualität keine Einbuße an Quantität einhergehen darf. Seit Eintragung der ersten 00‐Sorte LIBRADOR und den nachfolgenden Eintragungen 1982 und 1983 liegen nunmehr auch Erfahrungen aus dem feldmäßigen Anbau von 00‐Sorten vor. Wenn auch die Ergebnisse noch nicht für das ganze Bundesgebiet Aussagekraft besitzen, so lassen die Erträge des Jahres 1983 und 1984 den Schluß zu, daß bei Einhalten der normalen Anbautechnik gleichwertige Erträge wie mit 0‐Sorten erreichbar sind.
Application of Methoxy‐Bromomercuric‐Adduct Fractionation to the Study of Cyclic Fatty Acid Monomers from a Heated Linseed Oil
Authors: Sebedio J. L.
Published: November 2006

A linseed oil was heated at 275° C for 12 hr under nitrogen. The triglycerides were isolated from the polymers by gel permeation chromatography on 2μ‐styragel columns using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent. One part of the isolated triglyceride fraction was submitted to HPLC on a C18 reverse phase column. The resulting 8 fractions were transformed into methyl esters and hydrogenated on PtO2 The content of cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) in the different hydrogenated fractions was determined by gasliquid chromatography (GLC) on a Silar‐10 C column. The other part of the isolated triglyceride fraction was submitted to the action of BF3/MeOH. The resulting methyl esters were fractionated by thin‐layer chromatography of the corresponding methoxybromomercuric adducts. Five bands were obtained using a mixture of hexane: dioxane (60:40) as the solvent system. A band between the diene and the triene bands contained 40.6% of the total cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) while the diene and the monoene band contained respectively 38.9 and 11.2% of these cyclic components. The diene band and the band between the diene and the triene bands were hydrogenated on PtO2 The structures of the resulting hydrogenated cyclic fatty acid monomers were studied using a gas‐liquid chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC‐MS).
Acidolysis Reaction of Sal Fat (Shorea robusta) with Palmitic Acid
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. K. , Chakrabarty M. M. , Kar K.
Published: November 2006

Acidolysis reaction of sal fat (Shorea robusta) with palmitic acid has been studied in relation to the operating variables like catalyst system and concentration, reaction temperature and time and molar ratios of reactants with the object of introducing more palmitic acid which is low in sal fat. The results demonstrate that as low as 2.5% and as high as 39% palmitic acid can be introduced in sal fat at the expense of other acids under the influence of various operating conditions. The products obtained differ from original sal fat in respect of chemical composition and slip point. The importance of such study is that there are possibilities of getting plastic fats of diverse properties for edible and industrial uses.
Tilsiter‐Aroma
Authors: Ney K. H.
Published: November 2006

Isobuttersäure, Isovaleriansäuren und Isocapronsäuren wurden als die Schlüsselverbindungen des Tilsiter‐Aromas identifiziert. Aus den Substanzklassen der Fettsäuren, α‐Ketosäuren, Amine, Ester, Ketone, Aldehyde, Alkohole wurden insgesamt über 60 Verbindungen nachgewiesen, deren Vorkommen in Tilsiter‐Aroma bisher unbekannt war. Die Resultate werden diskutiert und in einem Aromagramm dargestellt.
Studies of Oils of Unusual Fatty Acids
Authors: Raie M. Y. , Zaka S. , Khan S. , Khan S. A.
Published: November 2006

Studies of linseed, castor seed and Vernonia anthelmintica seed oils have been undertaken together keeping in view their industrial importance. Linseed oil contains the highest percentage of linolenic acid (69.1%) whereas the highest percentage of hydroxy fatty acid (85.6%) and epoxy fatty acids (76.8%) has been found out in castor seed and Vernonia anthelmintica seed oils respectively as determined by the application of thin‐layer and gas liquid chromatography.
Sterol Composition of Some Seaweeds
Authors: Ilias A. M. , Connor W. E. , Lin D. S. , Ahmad M. U.
Published: November 2006

Eleven species of seaweeds were analyzed for the content and composition of sterols utilizing column and gas chromatography, and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Rhodophyta species contain primarily cholesterol; only one species contains large amount of desmosterol. Fucosterol is the dominant sterol of Phaeophyta, apparently the major sterol of every species examined. Most Phaeophyta also contain small amount of cholesterol and biosynthetic precursors of fucosterol. Sterol content in Chlorophyta is very similar to higher plants, and it contains large amount of cholesterol. The compositional study of sterols may be of value in the systematics of plants such as the Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and especially the Chlorophyta.
Determination of the Glucosinolate Content in Commercial Rapeseed Loads with a Pocket Reflectometer
Authors: Thies W.
Published: November 2006

A method is proposed which allows the determination of the glucosinolate content in commercial loads of rapeseed within 10 minutes. The procedure is based on the following steps: Homogenization of 10 g seeds, extraction of the glucosinolates with boiling water, enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucosinolates, removal of interfering substances with activated charcoal paper, detection of the liberated glucose using a glucose test paper, measurement of the colour intensity of the test paper with a pocket reflectometer and calculation of the glucosinolate content on basis of the measured values.
Ethersulfonate auf Basis ungesättigter Fettalkohole – eine neue Tensidklasse
Authors: Piorr R. , Meffert A. , Henkel Konrad
Published: November 2006

Alkenylpolyglykolalkylether der allgemeinen Formel R‐O‐(CH2‐CH2‐O)n‐R′ (R = ungesättigter Fettalkylrest; R′ = Alkylgruppe C1‐C10) führen nach Sulfonierung mit einem SO3/Luft‐Gemisch, anschließender Neutralisation und alkalischer Druckhydrolyse zu einem Gemisch von Ethersulfonaten. Die Sulfonierung wurde in einem Labor‐Fallfilmreaktor durchgeführt und hinsichtlich des SO3/Ether‐Verhältnisses optimiert. Auf Basis der dabei erhaltenen Ergebnisse ließ sich diese Reaktion in einer kontinuierlichen Technikumssulfieranlage (Durchsatz: 50kg Ether/h) durchführen. Bei den neuen Ethersulfonaten handelt es sich um eine sehr variable Tensidklasse, bei der sich in Abhängigkeit vom Verhältnis hydrophober zu hydrophiler Molekülteile unterschiedliche Anwendungseigenschaften einstellen lassen.
Skin‐Lotion für nasse Haut — Ein neues Produktkonzept
Authors: Ansmann A. , Henkel Konrad
Published: November 2006

Das veränderte Verbraucherverhalten hat den Duschbad‐Produkten und insbesondere denen mit pflegendem Anspruch in den letzten Jahren hohe Zuwachsraten gebracht. Der Kombination von Pflege‐ und Reinigungsleistung sind jedoch Grenzen gesetzt, die durch das neue Produktkonzept überwunden werden konnten. Bei der Entwicklung der Skin‐Lotion für nasse Haut wurden in Modellversuchen diejenigen Pflegebestandteile und Emulgatoren ermittelt, die einerseits optimale Pflege‐Eigenschaften auf nasser Haut ergaben und andererseits ausreichende Emulsionsstabilität des Produktes gewährleisteten. Die konzeptionellen Vorteile und Leistungen des Produktes wurden in Verbraucher und Kliniktests bestätigt.
Energieeinsparung bei der Rektifikation – Beispiele aus der fettchemischen Industrie
Authors: Johannisbauer W. , Jeromin L. , Henkel Konrad
Published: November 2006

Bei der Verarbeitung von Fetten und Ölen zu Fettalkoholen sind die Destillations‐ und Rektifikationsanlagen die größten Energieverbraucher. An drei aktuellen Beispielen werden die Möglichkeiten zur Energieeinsparung an bestehenden Anlagen aufgezeigt. Anhand der Aufarbeitung von Methanol‐Wasser‐Gemischen wird demonstriert, wie durch stufenweises Vorgehen eine bisher praktizierte Betriebsweise auf ein energetisch günstigeres Zweidruckverfahren umgestellt werden kann. Bei der destillativen Trennung ist oft auch die thermische Belastung ein wesentlicher Faktor für die Wahl von Kolonnentyp und Kolonnenpackung. Die Verwendung von Packungen mit niedrigem Druckverlust je Trennstufe ermöglicht die Reduzierung des Energieverbrauches bei der Rektifikation sowie bei der mit ihr verbundenen Vakuumerzeugung. In einem weiteren Beispiel wird aufgezeigt, daß die Wahl der Schnittfolge bei der Trennung von Mehrstoffgemischen homologer Verbindungen den Energieaufwand stark beeinflußt.
Messung von Druck‐ und Temperaturprofilen beim Abpressen von Ölsaaten in Seiherschneckenpressen
Authors: Eggers R. , Boeck H. , Stein W.
Published: November 2006

Fur die Auslegung einer optimalen Schneckengeometrie ist die meßtechnische Erfassung der Druckverläufe von großer Wichtigkeit. Eine rechnerische Ermittlung der Druckverläufe kann lediglich Tendenzen aufzeigen. Reproduzierbare Meßergebnisse sind möglich mit piezorestiven Membranmeßfühlern, die in einen Seiherstab eingesetzt werden können. Die Messungen führen zu einem Druckintervall zwischen pmax und pmin über den Pressenverlauf, in dem der tatsächliche Druck liegen sollte, um ein optimales Preßergebnis zu erhalten. Die gemessenen Temperaturen zeigen, daß im Bereich des mechanischen Zellaufschlusses (Stufen 1 und 2) erheblich mehr Antriebsenergie in Reibungswärme umgesetzt wird, als dies in der reinen Abpreßphase (Stufen 3 und 4) der Fall ist.
Neue Erkenntnisse zur Bedeutung der Hautoberflächenlipide bei der Akne
Authors: Nissen H. P. , Luderschmidt C.
Published: November 2006

Das Lipidmuster von Patienten mit einer Akne wurde gaschromatographisch analysiert und mit einem Normalkollektiv verglichen. Hierbei ergab sich, daß die mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren und das Squalen bei Akne‐Patienten signifikant erhöht sind.
Distribution of Isomeric Octadecenoic Fatty Acids in Commercially Hydrogenated Olive Oil
Authors: Boskou D. , Chryssafidis D.
Published: November 2006

Samples of cooking fats and margarines prepared from hardened olive oil were analyzed for positional isomers of the cis and trans monoene fraction. The fats were transesterified and the methyl esters were separated by silver nitrate thin layer chromatography. The monoene fraction was recovered from the plates and the positional isomers were determined by epoxidation, cleavage of methyl epoxy‐octadecanoates and gas chromatographic analysis of the aldehyde esters. Hydrogenated olive oil products contain 70–75% monoenes. 25–27% of the fatty acids are in the form of trans 18:1 isomers. The position of the double bond appears to be distributed from Δ7 to Δ13. This distribution over the carbon chain is 2–4 times higher in the trans fraction of the monoenes.
Effect of Fungi on the Lipid Composition of Soybean during Storage at Different Levels of Humidity
Authors: Patil K. B. , Shivamurthy S. C. , Badami R. C.
Published: November 2006

Inoculated soybean seeds with different fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, Cladosporium herbaceum and Rhizopus stolonifera, were stored for three months at 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% humidity levels. There was no perceptible change in oil, protein, sugar and fatty acid composition at 60% humidity. However, as the humidity increased, the oil and total sugar content of the seeds decreased gradually, but proportional increase of protein content was noted and this may be due to the biological utilisation of fat and carbohydrates by the fungi for conversion into protein. The principal change in the fatty acid composition was that of increase in oleic acid and proportional decrease of linoleic and linolenic acids, the corresponding rate of increase and decrease of the above said fatty acid composition was equal.
Der Futterwert von Fetten und Ölen aus Verarbeitungsprozessen bei Geflügel
Authors: Janssen W. M. M. A. , Schagen P. J. Wvan , Siegerink A. A. , Bisalsky A. J. N.
Published: November 2006

Insgesamt sind zwei Versuche mit 22 verschiedenen Fetten/Ölen durch‐geführt worden. Im ersten Versuch wurde die UE und die Verdaulichkeit der Fettsäuren von sieben Fetten und Ölen aus Verarbeitungsprozessen mit unterschiedlichen Gehalten an Polymeren an 2–3 und 5–6 Wochen alten Broilern sowie erwachsenen Hähnen bestimmt. Das Alter der Tiere und die Fettsäurenanteile der Fette hatten großen Einflußauf den Futterwert. In dem zweiten Versuch wurde die Mastleistung an Broilern bestimmt, die Rationen mit 13 verschiedenen Fritierölen, Bleicherdeölen bzw. Destillationsrückständen erhielten. Die Erfolge mit den Fritierölen waren gut, mäßig mit den Bleicherdeölen und ausgesprochen schlecht mit den Destillationsrückstän‐den. Eine Abhängigkeit zwischen dem Gehalt an Polymeren und dem Futterwert der Fette und Öle konnte nicht festgestellt werden.
Deep‐Fat Finish‐Frying of French Fries in Unhydrogenated Refined Soybean Oil
Authors: Keijbets M. J. H. , Ebbenhorst‐Seller G. , Ruisch J.
Published: November 2006

The suitability of unhydrogenated soybean oils (55 % C 18:2 and 7 % C 18:3) for commercial, small‐scale, heavy‐duty deep‐fat frying has been investigated in a laboratory experiment with four unhydrogenated soybean oils, a sunflower oil (68 % C 18:2) and a hydrogenated soybean fat (0 % C18:2). The frying procedure used simulated commercial, heavy‐duty deep‐fat finish‐frying of french fries, and comprised intermittent frying and cooling on five consecutive days. Analysis of the hydrolysis, oxidation and polymerization of the oils and sensory quality of the finish‐fried french fries established that the sunflower oil deteriorated more rapidly than the soybean oils. However, the hydrogenated soybean fat was much more stable than the oils. With regard to a limit of 10 % polymeric triglycerides, the frying life of hydrogenated soybean fat was at least twice that of unhydrogenated soybean and sunflower oils. Two of the soybean oils were more stable than the other two. Thus it was concluded that unhydrogenated soybean oils are no less suitable for heavy‐duty deep‐fat frying than other highly polyunsaturated oils. However, frying conditions, such as temperature, surface/volume ratio and intermittent operation need to be carefully controlled, and the oil needs to be replaced more frequently.
Stoffübergang in hochviskosen Gemischen
Authors: Mahiout S. , Vogelpohl A.
Published: November 2006

Obwohl hochviskose Medien in der chemischen, petrochemischen, pharmazeutischen und Nahrungsmittelindustrie häufig auftreten, ist die optimale Auslegung von Stoffaustauschanlagen zur Trennung derartiger Gemische aufgrund fehlender Daten nur beschränkt möglich. Um die Kenntnis der Stoffaustauschvorgänge in hochviskosen Gemischen zu verbessern, wurden Versuche zur Fluiddynamik und zum Stoffübergang an einzelnen Siebböden durchgeführt. Dabei wurden Absorptionsversuche mit dem Stoffsystem Luftsauerstoff‐Glyzerin/Wasser bei Veränderung der Betriebs ‐ und Stoffparameter sowie der Siebbodengeometrie durchgeführt. Die Meßergebnisse zeigen, daß die Trennleistung eines Siebbodens durch eine geeignete Wahl der Betriebsbedingungen und der Siebbodengeometrien wesentlich erhöht werden kann.
A comparative study of analytical methods for quality evaluation of frying fat
Authors: Croon L.‐B. , Rogstad Astri , Leth T. , Kiutamo T.
Published: November 2006

Four quick‐test methods (the Foodoil sensor, RAU‐Test, Fritest® and Spot test) and two ordinary laboratory methods (the free fatty acids and GLC determination of triglycerid dimers) were compared to a standard method (column chromatographic determination of polar compounds). One hundred samples collected from fast food shops and restaurants were included in the investigation. The Foodoil sensor showed the highest correlation to the standard method (c. f.=0.94). The RAU‐Test, Fritest® and Spot test were also well correlated to the standard method. It was easier to compare the colour of the reaction mixtures to the colour scale of the RAU‐Test than to that of the Fritest®. The amount of free fatty acids were found to be an unreliable indicator of deteriorated frying fat. The triglyceride dimers could not be quantified, but assessment by visual comparison of the peak pattern in the chromatogram corresponded well with the results of the standard method.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids in abutilon ramosum seed oil
Authors: Farooqi Javed A.
Published: November 2006

Seed oil of Abutilon ramosum was found to contain the following fatty acids (wt.%): malvalic (2.48%), sterculic (1.29%), myristic (1.0%), C15:0 (1.78%), palmitic (19.1%), palmitoleic (0.51%), stearic (6.53%), oleic (23.72%), linoleic (42.55%) and linolenic (0.91%). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the fatty acids were carried out by HBr‐titration and the gas‐liquid chromatography of the silver nitrate‐methanol‐treated esters using the fatty acid esters of the oil of sterculia foetida as reference standard.
Lipid Composition of Garlic
Authors: Kamanna V. S. , Chandrasekhara N.
Published: November 2006

Neutral, glyco‐ and phospholipids of garlic were resolved into their component fractions by thin layer chromatography. Neutral lipids contained considerable quantities of monoglycerides (18.5%), diglycerides (14.2%), sterols (16.3%) and triglycerides (41.5%) respectively. The phospholipid fraction was rich in phosphatidyl choline (23.5%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (17.9%), lysophosphatidyl choline (11.8%) and lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (8.2%). Digalactosyl diglyceride (10.1%), sterol glycoside (15.6%), cerebrosides (8.1%), acylsterol glycoside (38.6%) and monogalactosyl diglyceride (22.5%) were the major components of the glycolipids of garlic. Lauric, myristic, palmitic and linoleic acids constituted the major fatty acids of monoglycerides, diglycerides and free fatty acid fractions whereas palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were the major fatty acids of triglycerides. Palmitic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids of garlic phospholipids. Except the acylsterol glycoside fraction glycolipids were rich in lauric, palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids; palmitic acid was the only major fatty acid of acylsterol glycosides.
Analysis of Albizzia lebbeck Flower Oil
Authors: Asif M. , Mannan A. , Itoh T. , Matsumoto T.
Published: November 2006

The oil of Albizzia lebbeck flowers was analysed. Saponifiable lipid contains capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic and behenic acids. Unsaponifiable lipid was found to contain aliphatic alcohols, taraxerol, β‐amyrin, cycloartenol, lupeol, 24‐methylene cycloartanol, campesterol, sitosterol and four unidentified components.
Die Gehaltsänderungen der Tocochromanole während der Raffination und Härtung von Soja‐, Raps‐ und Palmöl
Authors: Nogala‐Kalucka M. , Gogolewski M. , Luczyński A.
Published: November 2006

Im Verlauf des Raffinationsprozesses kommt es zu Gehaltsänderungen der in Ölen vorkommenden Tocochromanole. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Raps‐, Soja‐ und Palmöl bezüglich der Veränderung des Gehaltes an Tocopherolen und Tocochromanolen bei der Raffination und Härtung unter‐sucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß die einzelnen Stufen der Raffination ‐ insbesondere die Desodorisierung ‐ den Tocochromanolgehalt in den untersuchten Ölen erniedrigen.
Synthesis of Long Chain Substituted 2‐Imino‐4‐Thiazolidinones and 2, 4‐Thiazolidinediones
Authors: Mukarram M. , Ahmad I. , Farooqi Javed A. , Ahmad M.
Published: November 2006

The α‐bromo palmitic, stearic and behenic acids on condensation with thiourea in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate yielded 5‐substituted‐2‐imino‐4‐thiazolidinones in 80%. Acid hydrolysis of 5‐substituted‐2‐imino‐4‐thiazolidinones afforded the 5‐substituted‐2, 4‐thiazolidinediones in 75% yield. Structures of these compounds have been established with the help of combustion, IR, NMR and MS spectral studies.
The Effect of Triton WR‐1339 on Lipid Metabolism in Mice
Authors: Aboul‐Enein A. M. , Rahim E. A. Abd El , Youssef A. M. , Afify A. S.
Published: November 2006

The hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia were induced in mice by injection (i.p.) of a single dose of Triton WR‐1339 at a dosage of 900 mg/kg body weight. These animals were characterized by significant increases in the average levels of plasma total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. The highest rise of each fraction was after 24 hr. of triton injection. Plasma total lipids and cholesterol levels were increased to 10‐fold and phospholipids to 8‐fold while triglycerides reached to 14‐fold when compared to control animals. This hyperlipemic state was associated with the appearance of fatty nodules in liver tissue. These nodules were found to be lipoproteins which were collected in bags by the liver cells. The blood glucose level was slightly elevated after triton injection while liver and muscle glycogen contents were highly increased and the highest levels were recorded after32 hr. of triton injection. Triton also reduced the activity of liver lipogenesis dehydrogenases. Maximum reduction in 6‐phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6‐PGD) and malate dehydrogenase was found after 8 hr. of triton injection but found after 16 hr. for glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD). After 24 and 32 hr. the enzyme activities were elevated but still below the normal levels. The mechanism of triton injection on lipid metabolism and turnover in mice was also discussed.
Influence of the Unsaturation on Chemical Alterations of Heated Fats
Authors: Fabreras J. J. Permanyer , Riera J. Boatella , De la Torre Boronat M. C.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made to measure the changes that occur by heating fatty acids with a different grade of unsaturation. The separation of decomposition products was made by adsorption column chromatography according to polarity and then we analyzed the different fractions by instrumental methods as UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy, GC‐MS and HPLC. Our results show the influence that the grade of unsaturation has with regard to the thermal stability of fatty acids.
Einfluß der Einarbeitung von Futterfetten auf den Gehalt an Vitaminen in vitaminiertem Futter
Authors: Sagredos A. N. , Hüttmann A. , Röttgermann R.
Published: November 2006

Der Einsatz von Futterölen schlechter Qualität bzw. die unzweckmäßige Einarbeitung von Futterölen in Legehennen‐Futtermehl oder Broilerpellets kann evtl. zu einer Verminderung des Gehaltes an zugesetzten lipophilen Vitaminen führen. Dadurch können wiederum die Eidotterfarbe, die Lege‐ und Mastleistung beeinflußt werden. In dieser Arbeit wird berichtet über den Einfluß der Zumischung von Futterölen, verschiedener Lagerungszeit sowie mit und ohne Antioxidans‐Stabilisierung, in Geflügelfutter auf die Konzentration von Vitamin A, E und D3 sofort nach der Zumischung und nach Lagerung. Ferner werden die angewandten Analysenmethoden zur Bestimmung oben genannter Vitamine diskutiert.
Der Einfluß des Fortfalls der Laugeentsäuerung auf den Hydrierungsprozeß von Sojaöl
Authors: Ong T. L.
Published: November 2006

Eine größere Anzahl Sojaöle von Standardqualität wurden mit und ohne vorhergehende Laugeentsäuerung hydriert. Der Fortfall der Laugeentsäuerung hat einen nachteiligen Einfluß auf die Hydriergeschwindigkeit und die Linolsäure‐Selektivität.
Gesamt‐, HDL‐ und LDL‐Cholesterinbestimmung im Serum von Ratten‐ Vergleich einiger Methoden mit der Ultrazentrifugation
Authors: Elmadfa I. , Niebuhr S. , Schmitt B.
Published: November 2006

Verschiedene Methoden zur Gesamt‐, HDL und LDL‐Cholesterin‐bestimmung wurden mit der Ultrazentrifugation als Referenzmethode ver‐glichen und auf ihre Anwendbarkeit bei Rattenseren hin überprüft. Als Kriterien dienten Präzision, Richtigkeit, Durchführbarkeit und Störanfälligkeit. Analysiert wurden Serumproben von männlichen Wistar‐Ratten, die cholesterinreich bzw. ohne Cholesterin gefüttert wurden. Die Gesamtcholesterinbestimmung ergab eine gute Übereinstimmung der beiden getesteten enzymatischen Methoden. Bei der Erfassung des HDL‐Cholesterins zeigte die Präzipitation mittels Phosphorwolframsäure und MgCl2 eine bessere Korrelation mit der Referenzmethode. Wegen ihrer höheren Spezifität in der Fällung, insbesondere bei den Serumproben der cholesterinreich gefütterten Tiere, und ihrer leichten Handhabung ist sie der Heparin‐MgCl2‐Fällung vorzuziehen. Bei der Ermittlung des LDL‐Cholesterins in Rattenseren lieferte ausschließlich die Ultrazentrifugation zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse.
Zum Stand der kontinuierlichen Extraktion von Feststoffen mit überkritischen Gasen
Authors: Eggers R. , Hagen R. , Sievers U.
Published: November 2006

Die Feststoffextraktion mit überkritischen Gasen hat sich bisher überwiegend auf dem Gebiet kleinerer Anlagen zur Gewinnung relativ teurer Wert‐ oder Inhaltsstoffe eingeführt. Sie hat sich wegen ihrer bekannten Vorteile gegenüber der herkömmlichen Lösungsmittelextraktion bewährt. Hingegen erscheint die Gasextraktion von Massenprodukten ‐ z.B. der Entölung von Ölsaaten ‐ wegen des mit den hohen Drücken verbundenen, aufwendigen Chargenbetriebes als nicht wirtschaftlich. In der Zwischenzeit sind einige apparative Ansätze zur Durchführung einer kontinuierlichen Extraktion des Feststoffes bekannt geworden. Es wird deshalb ein zusammenfassender Überblick über verschiedene Systeme zum kontinuierlichen Feststofftransport durch Räume unterschiedlichen Druckes gegeben. Gleichzeitig wird die Einsatzfähigkeit dieser Systeme für die Hochdruckextraktion untersucht.
Dimer and Trimer Fatty Acids in Feed Fats Characterized by HPLC‐GPC and MS
Authors: Jensen O. N. , Møller J.
Published: November 2006

Commercial feed fats, animal fat distillation residue, bleached earth oil and abused frying fat were fractionated into monomeric and dimeric triglycerides by means of gel permeation chromatography. Upon hydrolysis and methylation the mixtures were analysed by electron impact mass spectrometry using the integrated ion current technique. All samples contained a fraction of dimeric fatty acid methyl ester with molecular ions at m/z 584, 586, 588 and 590, probably representing a great variety of both cyclic and linear structures. The individual dimers are not separated by this technique but the mass spectra of the multicomponent dimer fractions of all feed fats investigated showed remarkable resemblance. This may indicate that the dimeric fatty acids generated through intermolecular dimerization between two triglycerides are rather similar to those formed through intramolecular dimerization within the triglycerides. In two cases only trimeric fatty acids methyl esters were observed. The actual concentration of dimeric fatty acids was determined by HPLC‐GPC to 3.7‐13.7%.
The Influence of a Non‐Uniform Distribution of the Liquid Phase on the Kinetics of Gase Side Mass Transfer in Absorption Packed Columns
Authors: Billet R. , Maćkowiak J. , Suder S.
Published: November 2006

In this paper is reported an experimental study, which aimed at quantifying the decrease in the packed tube columns efficiency when the liquid phase is distributed non‐uniformly above the bed. The experiments were run in one‐tube and multi‐tube columns packed with stacked metallic 50 mm Pall rings, using the absorption system ammonia‐air/0.5‐1 N aqueous solution of H2SO4. For the calculation of the mass transfer coefficients in packed tube columns with a non‐uniform distribution of the liquid phase a method was developed which enables a good approximation of the experimental results to be achieved.
Subthalamic nucleus stimulation is efficacious in patients with Parkinsonism and LRRK2 mutations
Authors: Schüpbach Michael , Lohmann Ebba , Anheim Mathieu , Lesage Suzanne , Czernecki Virginie , Yaici Sadek , Worbe Yulia , Charles Perrine , Welter Marie‐Laure , Pollak Pierre , Dürr Alexandra , Agid Yves , Brice Alexis
Published: November 2006

Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) improves motor signs in patients with levodopa‐responsive Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in the leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 (LRRK2) gene cause Parkinsonism. We assessed 69 patients under STN stimulation and found heterozygous LRRK2 mutations in 9 (G2019S in 8 and T2031S in 1). The age at onset of PD, the clinical characteristics before or after neurosurgery, and the clinical response to STN stimulation were similar in both groups. Two patients with the G2019S LRRK2 mutation still benefited from STN stimulation, 9 and 10 years after surgery. Patients with LRRK2 mutations are, therefore, good candidates for STN stimulation. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Update on the neurology of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Fowler Clare J.
Published: November 2006

The differential diagnosis of a patient with apparent Parkinson's Disease (PD) and bladder symptoms is considered and the bladder dysfunction of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is reviewed. Recent insights into the progression of the neuropathology of PD have enabled thinking about the stage of the disease at which bladder dysfunction is likely to occur and the expected clinical context of the problem. Bladder symptoms of neurological origin are likely in a patient who has had treated motor symptoms for some years and in whom the ongoing neuropathology has progressed beyond involvement of the basal ganglia, so that symptoms due to cortical dysfunction as well as the adverse effects of dopaminergic medication are also confounding factors. Bladder symptoms in a man with lesser neurological disability should be investigated to exclude underlying outflow obstruction. Possible management options are considered. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of spirulina on the number of ovary mast cells in lead‐induced toxicity in rats
Authors: Karaca Turan , Şimşek Nejdet
Published: November 2006

The present study investigated the protective effect of Spirulina against the lead‐induced increase in mast cells in the ovary during the oestrous cycle of rats. In the ovary cortex and medulla of lead‐exposed animals, there was a significant increase in the number of mast cells; however, when also treated with Spirulina, a decrease was observed. The number of mast cells when Spirulina (300 mg/kg) was used alone was not significantly different from that of the control group. These results indicate that Spirulina decreases the number of mast cells induced by lead in the cortex and medulla of rat ovary. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pycnogenol increases the probability of the contraction state in chick embryonic cardiomyocytes, indicating inotropic effects
Authors: Hasegawa Noboru , Kinoshita Hiromi , Mochizuki Miyako
Published: November 2006

The influence of pycnogenol on the probability of contraction was studied in chick cardiomyocytes. Ventricles from 9–11 day chicken embryos were cultured.

After 10–11 days in culture, stable spontaneous contractions were recorded and the contraction kinetics analysed. Isoproterenol and pycnogenol increased the probability of the contraction state. After pretreatment with the β‐receptor antagonist, propranolol reduced the isoproterenol‐ and pycnogenol‐increased probability of contraction state. These data suggested that pycnogenol has inotropic effects via stimulation of β‐receptor mediated activity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of deamidation of intact proteins by isotopic envelope and mass defect with ion cyclotron resonance Fourier transform mass spectrometry
Authors: Robinson Noah E. , Zabrouskov Vlad , Zhang Jennifer , Lampi Kirsten J. , Robinson Arthur B.
Published: November 2006

After synthesis and folding, proteins undergo many post‐synthetic modifications, including cleavage, oxidation, glycosylation, methylation, racemization, phosphorylation, and deamidation. Of these modifications, non‐enymatic deamidation is the most prevalent. Each asparaginyl and glutaminyl residue in a protein is a miniature molecular clock that deamidates with a genetically determined half‐time. These half‐times vary from a few hours to more than a century, depending on a primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure near the amide residue. It has been suggested that these clocks regulate many biological processes. A few such processes have been discovered. These discoveries have been difficult because deamidation is inconvenient to measure. While most post‐synthetic changes are easily measured by mass spectrometry, deamidation increases molecular mass by only one nominal Dalton, so the deamidated isotopic envelope overlaps the undeamidated isotopic envelope. While peptide deamidation rate determination through deconvolution of these envelopes has been accomplished for several hundred peptides, deconvolution becomes more difficult as the molecular weight increases. In high‐resolution mass spectrometers, this deconvolution is possible for larger molecules and an alternative method based on the 19 mDa mass defect between the deamidated envelope and the isotopic envelope of protein fragments can also be utilized. We herein report a comparison of the envelope deconvolution and the mass defect methods for measurement of deamidation in human eye lens crystallins, with special emphasis on βB2 crystallin and γS crystallin. Measurement of extent of deamidation of βB2 crystallin in a 7 Tesla ion cyclotron resonance Fourier transform mass spectrometer is found to be accurate to a relative standard deviation in a single measurement of about 4% for each method. The envelope deconvolution method is further illustrated by detection of deamidation in intact γS crystallin, a 20 904 Da protein, and discovery of the principal γS deamidation site. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Memoriam Kurt H. Meyer † 1882–1952
Authors: Hopff Heinrich
Published: November 2006

Am 14. April 1952 starb unerwartet an den Folgen eines Herzleidens in Menton Professor Kurt Otto Hans Meyer, Direktor des Instituts für organische Chemie der Universität Genf. Die Nachricht von seinem Hinscheiden löste in den Kreisen seiner zahlreichen Freunde und Kollegen tiefe Trauer aus. Die Wissenschaft beklagt den Verlust einer führenden Persönlichkeit, der die Chemie auf verschiedenen Gebieten grundlegende Arbeiten verdankt.
Fibre Washing
Authors: Besso R.
Published: November 2006

After rasping or milling, the Fibre Washing System must: remove the maximum “free” and “bound” starch, and water; and retain the majority of fibre. A maximum starch yield for minimum investment and operating costs was desirable. Machinery now available used gravity or centrifugal forces; and either, Woven Fibres, Perforated Plate, or Wedge Wire Screens for filtration. Experience has shown that the most successful machines used centrifugal forces in combination with wedge wire, but even they discharged fibre with high moisture and starch contents, and required pumps, tanks, chutes, pipelines, controls, and sometimes heavy foundations.

By applied experience and careful design, a new machine called the Screen Washer, was developed and improved on the best features of the existing machines, giving lower moisture and starch contents in the discharged fibre, transporting fibres between stages mechanically, and requiring only one filtrate pump as ancillary equipment for a three‐stage system. Being mechanical in operation it would accept all rates of flow from zero to maximum without supervision, was silent, totally enclosed, direct driven, free from vibration, and fabricated from high grade stainless steel.

The Screen Washer could be installed singly or as a packaged three‐stage “cascade” system, no special foundations were necessary. A range of heavy duty stainless steel screens were available with apertures from 50 μ and above. It could be used successfully on cereal and root fibres, maize grits, maize germ, and other liquid/solid separations, giving improved performance against similar systems and with lower capital and running costs.
The evolution of putative starch‐binding domains
Authors: Machovič Martin , Janeček Štefan
Published: November 2006

The present bioinformatics analysis was focused on the starch‐binding domains (SBDs) and SBD‐like motifs sequentially related to carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM) families CBM20 and CBM21. Originally, these SBDs were known from microbial amylases only. At present homologous starch‐ and glycogen‐binding domains (or putative SBD sequences) have been recognised in various plant and animal proteins. The sequence comparison clearly showed that the SBD‐like sequences in genethonin‐1, starch synthase III and glucan branching enzyme should possess the real SBD function since the two tryptophans (or at least two aromatics) of the typical starch‐binding site 1 are conserved in their sequences. The same should apply also for the sequences corresponding with the so‐called KIS‐domain of plant AKINβγ protein that is a homologue of the animal AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). The evolutionary tree classified the compared SBDs into three distinct groups: (i) the family CBM20 (the motifs from genethonins, laforins, starch excess 4 protein, β‐subunits of the animal AMPK and all plant and yeast homologues, and eventually from amylopullulanases); (ii) the family CBM21 (the motifs from regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 1 together with those from starch synthase III); and (iii) the (CBM20 + CBM21)‐related group (the motifs from the pullulanase subfamily consisting of pullulanase, branching enzyme, isoamylase and maltooligosyl trehalohydrolase).
Labour Formation, Identity, and Resistance in HM Dockyard, Singapore (1921–1971)
Authors: Khiun Liew Kai
Published: November 2006

For close on half a century, the British naval dockyard in Singapore was a prominent employer in the colony. The huge facility attracted migrant workers from the region, and entire settlements and communities were established around the premises of the dockyard as well. This article seeks to place the legacy of Singapore's naval-base workers within the historical contexts of the entanglements between imperialism, diaspora, social movements, and labour resistance. The development of international labour flows, formation, and identity was reflected in the prominence of the migrant Malayalee community and its socio-religious organizations at the naval base. Furthermore, the routine individual defiance and industrial unrest went beyond disputes about wage levels and working conditions. They were enmeshed within the broader undercurrents of Singapore's transitory political culture, and between the interwar decades and the period of decolonization disturbances at the naval dockyard became part of larger political contestations.
“Too Hard on the Women, Especially”: Striking Together for Women Workers' Issues
Authors: DeVault Ileen A.
Published: November 2006

This essay draws upon a larger study of over forty strikes which involved both male and female strikers in the United States between the years 1887 and 1903. Here the focus of analysis is on those strikes which began with demands raised by women workers. The essay examines the nature of women workers' demands, the ways in which cooperation with male co-workers altered those demands, and the affect that formal union involvement had on women strikers and their strike demands. Because the original set of case studies examines strikes across the United States, the strikes explored here also highlight a variety of geographic locations. The insights gained suggest future paths for research on the distinction between women's and men's strike demands.
Experimental study on heat transmission to the vestibule during CO2 laser use in revision stapes surgery
Authors: Szymański M , Morshed K , Mills R
Published: November 2006

We studied the transmission of heat to the vestibule during revision stapes surgery with a piston in situ, using a CO2 laser, in an in vitro model. A type K thermocouple was placed around the medial end of stainless steel and fluoroplastic wire pistons in a ‘vestibule’ filled with saline. The effect of laser hits on fluoroplastic wire and stainless steel stapes prostheses was investigated. The effect of introducing a vein graft to seal the stapedotomy was also examined. Greater temperature rises occurred with stainless steel than with fluoroplastic wire pistons. The addition of the vein graft reduced heat transmission.

Application of the CO2 laser to fluoroplastic wire pistons, using the power settings suggested by the manufacturer, is not likely to damage the inner-ear structures. Application of 6 W laser energy to stainless steel pistons can potentially disturb the inner-ear function.
Cape Verde: the most democratic nation in Africa?
Authors: Baker Bruce
Published: November 2006

This article examines the substance behind the claim that Cape Verde, a small archipelago state off the west coast of Africa, is the best country in Africa for political rights and civil liberties. Based on interviews conducted with 22 key informants in government, the judiciary, the legislature and civil society, it explores the electoral process, the political parties, the functioning of the National Assembly, civil and political rights, the judicial system, civil society and economic equality. It finds that Cape Verde's unique geography and history have played a key role in facilitating good governance, and an open and non-violent society that values the real political gains of 1991. However, democracy has not yet eradicated either gender discrimination, dependence on the diaspora or poverty.
On the road to the state's perdition? Authority and sovereignty in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Eberlein Ruben
Published: November 2006

This article discusses the reorganisation and fragmentation of political rule in the Nigerian Niger Delta from the end of the 1990s until today. It details empirical evidence on the resources provided by transnational interventions, especially those connected to the changing security strategies of oil companies as well as intensified corporate social deployments, and on the appropriation of these resources by local actors. The continued drive from neopatrimonial to predatory rule, it is argued, has taken a decided twist towards localisation during recent years. Instead of constructing the crises in the Niger Delta as an example of ‘state failure’, the focus of this article is directed at the establishment of extra-state political formations, their legitimising discourses and social practices.
Between a camp and a hard place: rights, livelihood and experiences of the local settlement system for long-term refugees in Uganda
Authors: Kaiser Tania
Published: November 2006

Drawing on qualitative research with refugees in and outside formal settlements, this article challenges characterisations of Uganda's UNHCR-supported refugee settlement system as un-problematically successful. It shows that by denying refugees freedom of movement, the settlement system undermines their socio-economic and other rights. Refugees who remain outside the formal system of refugee registration and settlement are deprived of the refugee status to which they are entitled under international law. The article questions the conventional opposition between refugees living in and out of refugee settlements in the Ugandan context, revealing a more complex and interconnected dynamic than is often assumed. It suggests that those refugees with some external support may be able to escape the confines of remote rural settlements, where refugee agricultural livelihoods are seriously compromised by distance from markets, unfavourable climatic conditions, exhausted soil and inadequate inputs. It argues that refugee livelihoods face more rather than fewer challenges as exile becomes protracted, and concludes that the government and UNHCR's Self Reliance Strategy (SRS) has not yet managed to overcome the contradiction inherent in denying people freedom of movement, without supporting them effectively to meet their needs in the places to which they are restricted.