bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of foliar calcium chloride treatment on the level of chlorogenic acid, β-carotene, lutein and tocopherols in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Authors: Perucka Irena , Olszówka Katarzyna
Published: April 2013

The aim of the presented study was to determine the effect of foliar application of CaCl2 on the level of β-carotene, lutein, tocopherols and phenolic compounds in the leaves of lettuce cv. Omega (Lactuca sativa L.). The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Cultivation and Fertilisation of Horticultural Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin. During the growing period, 7 and 14 days before harvest, the plants were treated with a solution of CaCl2 with concentrations of 0.1 M and 0.2 M. Plants sprayed with water were the control treatment in the experiment. Analyses were performed on whole leaves and the blade without midrib. The obtained results indicate that the leaves of lettuce cv. Omega are a good source of phenolic compounds, carotenoids and tocopherols. The dominant carotenoid in lettuce cv. Omega was β-carotene. Foliar application of CaCl2 on the plants did not have any significant effect on the level of β-carotene and lutein in the whole leaves. The contents of tocopherols, total phenolic compounds and chlorogenic acid were dependent on the concentration of CaCl2. The application of 0.1 M CaCl2 solution in the plants resulted in a decrease in the level of total phenolic compounds and chlorogenic acid, and an increase in tocopherol content. However, the treatment of the plants with 0.2M CaCl2 solution caused a lowering of the concentration of tocopherols and an increase in the content of chlorogenic acid and total phenolic compounds.
Yield and yield structure of spring barley (Hodeum vulgare L.) grown in monoculture after different stubble crops
Authors: Gawęda Dorota
Published: April 2013

A field experiment was conducted in the period 2006- 2008 in the Uhrusk Experimental Farm belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The experimental factor was the type of stubble crop ploughed in each year after harvest of spring barley: white mustard, lacy phacelia, winter rape, and a mixture of narrow-leaf lupin with field pea. In the experiment, successive spring barley crops were grown one after the other (in continuous monoculture). The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of stubble crops used on the size and structure of barley yield. The three-year study showed an increasing trend in grain yield of spring barley grown after the mixture of legumes, lacy phacelia, and white mustard compared to its size in the treatment with no cover crop. Straw yield was significantly higher when barley was grown after the mixture of narrowleaf lupin with field pea than in the other treatments of the experiment. The type of ploughed-in stubble crop did not modify significantly plant height, ear length, and grain weight per ear. Growing the mixture of leguminous plants as a cover crop resulted in a significant increase in the density of ears per unit area in barley by an average of 14.7% relative to the treatment with winter rape. The experiment also showed the beneficial effect of the winter rape cover crop on 1000-grain weight of spring barley compared to that obtained in the treatments with white mustard and the mixture of legumes. All the cover crops caused an increase in the number of grains per ear of barley relative to that found in the control treatment. However, this increase was statistically proven only for the barley crops grown after lacy phacelia and the mixture of legumes.
Comparative structure of the osmophores in the flowers of Stanhopea graveolens Lindley and Cycnoches chlorochilon Klotzsch (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Chwil Mirosława
Published: April 2013

The genus Tradescantia comprises about 70 species. In Poland Tradescantia x andersoniana is basically grown as an ornamental plant that is recommended for borders and to be planted around garden ponds. The present study investigated flowering as well as the micromorphological and anatomical features of some floral elements of Tradescantia x andersoniana W. Ludw. Rohweder 'Karin'. The macro- and micromorphology of the flowers was examined using stereoscopic, light, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spiderwort produces flowers with a diameter of 4.6-5 cm, which open early in the morning and close at noon. Non-glandular and glandular hairs grow on the abaxial surface of the calyx and on the apical part of the ovary. The glandular hairs develop a several-celled stalk and a unicellular spherical or elongated head. The staminal filaments produce chain-shaped trichomes. Striate cuticular ornamentation is found on their surface and on the epidermis covering the perianth. The striae on the cells of the stamen hairs run to the two poles of the cell. The pistil develops a wet stigma with unfused unicellular papillae. The cuticle on their surface is smooth, whereas on the style near the stigma it forms dense folds.
The biology of flowering of winter aconite (Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb.)
Authors: Rysiak Krystyna , Żuraw Beata
Published: April 2013

Eranthis hyemalis belongs to the Ranunculaceae family whose representatives enrich early spring pollen flow and nectar for pollinating insects. Flowering biology and morphological characteristics flowers of winter aconite were studied. The forage value was estimated as the rate of nectar production. Observations were carried out between 2008 and 2011 in the Botanical Garden of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University located in the Lublin area. In the conditions of Lublin, flowering of winter aconite plants started at the beginning of February and lasted until the end of March. The seasonal bloom dynamics was strongly affected by maximum temperatures, which intensified flower blooming, and snowfalls which hampered this process. During the day, flowers opened between 8.00 am and 3.00 pm, but the highest intensity was between 10.00 am and 12.00 am. The process of pollen release, with the average number of 29 stamens shedding pollen in the flowers, lasted from 2 to 3 days. During the day the largest number of anthers opened at noon hours, between 11.00 am and 1.00 pm, though a certain rise in this number was also observed in the morning hours between 8.00 and 9.00 am. Eranthis hyemalis flowers develop funnel-shaped nectaries, on average 3-6 per flower. The determined amount of nectar per flower was 1.23 mg, while the concentration of sugars in it averaged 72.11%. The weight of nectar sugar per flower was 0.88 mg.
Seed morphology and testa sculptures of some Allium L. species (Alliaceae)
Authors: Bednorz Leszek , Krzymińska Agnieszka , Czarna Aneta
Published: April 2013

The paper presents the results of the study on seed morphology of eight following Allium species: A. pyrenaicum Costa & Vayr., A. rotundum L., A. sphaerocephalon L., A. vineale L., A. moly L., A. karataviense Regel, A. fistulosum L. and A. nutans L. The study confirmed the substantial diversity in testa characters, especially curvature and relief of anticlinal walls as well as microsculpture of outer periclinal walls. The occurrence of raised anticlinal walls - an unusually rare feature in Allium seeds, previously observed only in a few species, was found in A. karataviense. It was also found that the testa type in A. pyrenaicum did not match the typical character combination, described before for subg. Allium sect. Allium.
Vascular flora in cemeteries of the Roztocze region and surrounding areas (south-east Poland)
Authors: Czarna Aneta , Nowińska Renata
Published: April 2013

The paper presents a systematic list of vascular plant species recorded at 78 cemeteries in the Roztocze region and surrounding areas. 543 species belonging to 75 families were recorded. Of these, 99 foreign and 43 native species were cultivated. 41 species introduced by humans to cemeteries can be regarded as the so-called established cemetery species. These species, once planted on graves, continue to grow or even spread after people stopped cultivating them.
Biological diversity of weeds in a winter triticale (Triticum rimpaui Wittm.) crop depending on different doses of herbicides and foliar fertilization
Authors: Andruszczak Sylwia , Kraska Piotr , Kwiecińska-Poppe Ewa , Pałys Edward
Published: April 2013

A field experiment was conducted in the period 2006-2008 on incomplete podzolic soil. The present study investigated the effect of different doses of the herbicides Mustang 306 SE and Attribut 70 WG as well as of the foliar fertilizers Insol 3 and FoliCare 18:18:18 on the biodiversity of weeds in a winter triticale crop, 'Todan'. The segetal flora was assessed 6 weeks after the application of the herbicides and before the harvest of the triticale crop. The herbicides were applied together at labelled doses as well as at doses reduced to 75% and by half. Spraying with the foliar fertilizers was done twice during the growing period. Plots in which no herbicides or foliar fertilizers were used were the control treatment. Matricaria maritima and Viola arvensis from the dicotyledonous class were predominant in the winter triticale crop, whereas Apera spica-venti was the dominant species among the monocotyledons. The weed control efficacy of the reduced herbicide doses was weaker compared to the labelled rates by, respectively, from 6% to 9% at the first time of weed infestation assessment and from 4% to 8% at the second assessment time. Simultaneously, air-dry weight of weeds in the herbicide-treated plots did not differ significantly. This indicates that it is possible to reduce herbicide doses in a winter triticale crop without a risk of increased weed infestation .
Efficacy of resistance selection to Verticillium wilt in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) tissue culture
Authors: Żebrowska Jadwiga I.
Published: April 2013

The soil-borne pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. causes economic losses in crops in temperate regions of the world and hence is the most studied species. Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) belongs to plant species susceptible to Verticillium dahliae, although the response to infection caused by this pathogen is varied and depends on the cultivar. Due to a lack of efficient methods in Verticillium wilt elimination, the selection of genetically resistant plant material is a priority direction in breeding programs. Efficacy of resistance selection to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. in strawberry tissue culture was examined on the basis of response to in vitro infection by this pathogenic fungus in two tissue cultured strawberry cultivars, i.e. 'Filon' and 'Teresa'. Culture was conducted for 16 months in an environmentally controlled growth room at 18-20°C, 60-70% relative humidity and light intensity of 100 µm E × m-2 × s-1 on a 16h light / 8h dark cycle. Subcultures were proliferated every 6 weeks on modified Murashige and Skoog medium. Four hundred microplants from each tissue cultured cultivar were inoculated under in vitro conditions at the 4-leaf stage with a homogenate of liquid mycelium of Verticillium dahliae serving as the selecting agent. Disease symptoms were observed at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75th days post inoculation. The extent of leaf chlorosis was rated on a scale of 0-4. At day 75th post inoculation, the percentage of totally chlorotic plants in micropropagated cv. Teresa reached the value of 76.27%, whereas the proportion of such plants in inoculated tissue cultured cv. Filon reached the value of 89.40%. Also, the index of infection calculated for very severe disease symptoms in the subclone 'Teresa' reached the mean value lower when compared with that calculated for subclone 'Filon' (0.0962 and 0.1150, respectively). These results suggested that the micropropagated cv. Teresa exhibited higher genetic resistance to the selecting agent in comparison with the tissue cultured cv. Filon, and it was consistent with field resistance of both cultivars to this pathogen. Therefore, the procedure of in vitro selection used in this study was quite efficient to distinguish varying genetic resistance to Verticillium dahliae in the two examined strawberry subclones, and can be recommended as a suitable method for the estimation of susceptibility to Verticillium wilt in different strawberry genotypes.
The effect of silicon foliar application on the development of Season ornamental plants. Part II: Argyranthemum frutescens 'Blazer Rose', Xerochrysum bracteatum 'Gold', Osteospermum ecklonis 'Grande Pink Blush' and Gaura lindheimeri 'Corinas Choice'
Authors: Wróblewska Katarzyna , Dębicz Regina
Published: April 2013

Recent research has proved that supplementary application of silicon, involved in plant tolerance against many stress factors, positively influences plant development improving the quality of ornamental plants. A two-factorial experiment involved four cultivars of ornamental plants: Argyranthemum frutescens 'Blazer Rose', Xerochrysum bracteatum 'Gold', Osteospermum ecklonis 'Grande Pink Blush', and Gaura lindheimeri 'Corinas Choice' The first experimental factor was the concentration of Actisil preparation being an equivalent of 60, 120, and 180 mg Si×dm-3, applied three times by spraying, while the second one was the type of medium: peat substrate and peat substrate with sand. Actisil had a beneficial effect on the number of lateral shoots in all plants. The highest number of buds and inflorescences was determined in Xerochrysum and Osteospermum plants sprayed with 0.3% Actisil, and 0.2% Actisil in case of Argyranthemum and Gaura. The effect of medium type on plant growth depended on plant species. Argyranthemum and Osteospermum plants cultivated in the medium with sand showed inhibited growth, although medium type did not affect the growth of Xerochrysum.
Architecture of Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Individuals in different habitats
Authors: Korczyński Maciej , Krasicka-Korczyńska Ewa
Published: April 2013

Ambrosia psilostachya is a plant of North American origin, well-domesticated in Poland. It covers ruderal habitats and is found in crops and in city green areas. The density of ragweed shoots in the researched areas ranged from 55 to 111 per m2. The production of biomass of this species relates to the production of synanthropic communities and city lawns. The factor limiting the population is cutting which affects mostly the number of shoots per patch, less considerably the state of a single individual. Habitats affected by mechanical factors are the biggest source of pollen causing allergies .
Changes in the flora of the eastern and southern shore area of lake Piaseczno in the years 2003-2010
Authors: Serafin Artur , Pogorzelec Magdalena
Published: April 2013

Changes in the flora composition of the eastern and southern shore area of Lake Piaseczno, with predominantly agricultural and recreational land use in the lake catchment, were examined in the years 2003 and 2010. Multifaceted analysis of the flora was made with regard to its botanical, syntaxonomical, and ecological aspects, the identified species were assigned to different historical-geographical groups and range groups, as well as the flora synanthropisation, anthropophytisation and apophytisation indices were calculated and compared. Both the species number and the species floristic composition of the Lake Piaseczno shore zone changed in seven years. The fact that the value of the synanthropisation index remained at a similar level and a slight increase in the anthropophytisation index values are probably related to the decrease in tourist traffic in this area and the diminishing pressure from extensive agriculture. The results of the flora analysis, in terms of the assignment of species to characteristic ecological groups, confirm the specific habitat conditions in the study area and, above all, significant permeability of the substrate and high soil nutrient availability.
Effect of heat-stress predisposition on the development of sooty canker caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous and Slippers
Authors: Hassan Wazeer A. , Haleem Raed A. , Hassan Payman H.
Published: April 2013

Sooty canker, caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous and Slippers, Synon. = Nattrassia mangiferae (Syd. and P. Syd.) B. Sutton and Dyko, on the inoculated thin bark saplings (12-24 months old) of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Olea europaea, and Populus nigra was monitored under greenhouse conditions every 2 days until the 8th day, and it was repeated 18, 28, 58 days after inoculation. Predisposition to stem cankers depended on the duration of warm temperature and abundance of fungal inoculum. The infected bark was discolored and revealed a black mass of fungal arthroconidia, particularly on the most susceptible plants of eucalyptus and poplar. The cankers extended to 18.53 mm and 16.11 mm on eucalyptus and poplar, respectively, after 58 days compared to 10 mm for non-inoculated saplings (wounding sites) of control treatment. The effect of temperature conditions before and after inoculation with N. dimidiatum on canker development on the same plants was studied in a growth chamber with two temperature regimes, very hot 40oC and hot 32oC. Among pre-inoculation regimes, very hot and hot temperatures were the most conductive to infection of eucalyptus saplings compared to other hosts, which showed a non-significant dependence between pre- and post-inoculation. Thus, heat stress of 32 and 40oC on the most susceptible host, eucalyptus, sustained the progress of cankers to 17.20-17.56 mm after 3 days and 18.08-18.06 mm after 5 days of inoculation.
Taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices in assessment of weed communities
Authors: Jastrzębska Magdalena , Wanic Maria , Jastrzębski Wiesław P. , Kostrzewska Marta K.
Published: April 2013

This paper contains an analysis of taxonomic weed biodiversity in the cultivation of spring barley in the period of 1990-2004, grown in crop rotation after potato with a 25% share of this cereal (potato - spring barley - field pea - winter triticale) as well as in crop rotation with its 75% share (potato - spring barley - spring barley - spring barley) in which barley was grown once and twice after the same barley crop. No weed control was used in the present experiment. Every year in the spring (at full emergence of the cereal crop) and before harvest, the species composition and the numbers of individual weed species were determined, as well as weed biomass before harvest. On this basis, the taxonomic diversity and distinctness indices were calculated. Potato/barley crop rotation with a 25% share of this cereal and growing spring barley once and twice after the same barley crop did not differentiate taxonomic weed biodiversity. However, it was positively correlated with rainfall abundance during the growing season and negatively correlated with mean temperature. The taxonomic diversity indices were positively correlated with species richness and species diversity, whereas the taxonomic distinctness indices did not generally show any relationship with these measures. Spring barley grain yield did not depend on taxonomic biodiversity of weed communities.
Description of DNA analysis techniques and their application in oat (Avena L.) genome research
Authors: Okoń Sylwia , Kowalczyk Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

DNA markers are used not only to estimate genetic similarity and distance but also to select and identify desirable forms, to assess the adjustment of breeding material, to confirm crossbreeding efficiency, to determine seed purity, and to identify the genes which determine important functional traits. In the case of oat, DNA markers were used to construct and increase the density of genetic maps both in hexaploid and diploid species. The development of markers for some important traits provides a fast selection of genotypes containing dwarf genes as well as the resistance genes to crown rust and powdery mildew. Numerous analyses of genetic similarity between different species belonging to the genus Avena which are currently carried out may contribute to explaining the process of evolution within this genus and may also explain the development of particular species of oat.
Meteorological factors and airborne Rumex L. pollen concentration in Lublin
Authors: Piotrowska Krystyna
Published: April 2013

The aim of the present study was to analyse the Rumex pollen season dynamics in Lublin in 2001-2010 and to find relationships between season parameters and meteorological conditions. This study was carried out by the volumetric method using a Lanzoni VPPS 2000 trap. The start and end dates of each season were determined based on the 98% method. The effects of meteorological factors on the Rumex pollen seasons were analysed by employing Spearman’s correlation test. On average, the sorrel pollen season started on 13 May (±7 days), ended on 7 September (±6 days), and lasted nearly four months (±9 days). The highest pollen concentrations were recorded in June and July. A significantly negative correlation was found between season duration and Seasonal Pollen Index (SPI). During shorter pollen seasons, higher pollen counts were recorded. In all study years, the seasons were right-skewed. The pollen concentration was most strongly correlated with humidity and mean air temperature. The season parameters (onset, end, peak date, peak value, SPI value) were primarily dependent on air temperature before and during the pollen season.
Identification and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria parva associated with grapevine decline in Kurdistan region - Iraq
Authors: Haleem Raed A. , Abdullah Samir K. , Jubrael Jaladet M. S.
Published: April 2013

During a survey on fungi associated with decline symptoms on grapevine cultivars growing in Kurdistan region of Iraq, several isolates of Botryosphaeria species were encountered. All isolates were identified as Botryosphaeria parva Pennycook and Samuels. Pathogenicity test for isolate DKI 1 was performed on two cultivars, Taefi and Rashmew. Under greenhouse conditions, one-year grape rooted cuttings were inoculated with the pathogen isolate by two methods, injecting the spore suspension into the green shoots and by artificial inoculation of wounded shoots with mycelial mat. The highest canker length (15.0 mm) was produced after four months on the shoots of the Taife cultivar artificially inoculated with mycelial mat of the pathogen. Under field conditions, two methods of inoculation were adopted, wounding the green shoots and drilling a hole in the arms of mature vine, followed by inoculation with mycelial mat. The highest canker length (11.17 mm) was obtained after 5 months on wounded shoots of the Rashmew cultivar and with a significant difference from the Taefi cultivar. The pathogen caused a reduction in fresh and dry weight of green shoots and roots compared with the non-inoculated control. This is the first report on B. parva in Iraq.
An attempt to use functional diversity indices for the assessment of weed communities
Authors: Jastrzębska Magdalena , Wanic Maria , Kostrzewska Marta K. , Treder Kinga , Nowicki Janusz
Published: April 2013

This paper presents an analysis of changes in functional diversity of weeds in spring barley grown in the period 1990-2004 in crop rotation after potato with a 25% share of this cereal (potato - spring barley - field pea - winter triticale) as well as in crop rotation with its 75% share (potato - spring barley - spring barley - spring barley) in which barley was grown once and twice after the same barley crop. No weed control was used in the present experiment. Every year in the spring (at full emergence of barley) and before harvest, the species composition and numbers of individual weed species were determined, as well as their weed biomass before harvest. On this basis, the selected functional diversity indices were calculated. Multidimensional techniques were used for dividing weeds into functional groups and for the determination of some of the indices. Potato/barley crop rotation with a 25% share of barley and growing spring barley once and twice after the same barley crop did not differentiate weed functional biodiversity. The weed functional diversity indices showed different variations over time. Higher variation was usually observed for the indices calculated for the summer communities compared to the spring ones. The strength and significance of the positive correlation between weed functional diversity and precipitation in the growing season and of the negative correlation with mean temperature for the period from April to August were dependent on the measure of diversity. The functional diversity indices showed high convergence. The FD and FAD indices proved to be interchangeable.
Tolerance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings to stress factors
Authors: Sękara Agnieszka , Bączek-Kwinta Renata , Kalisz Andrzej , Cebula Stanisław
Published: April 2013

The aim of the present study was to describe eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) tolerance to stress factors in the seedling stage as a basis for future studies on cross-tolerance to other stressors in subsequent stages of growth. After germination (3 days / 26oC), ‘Epic F1’ seedlings were exposed to chilling stress (3, 6 and 9oC × 48 h-1), heat stress (35, 40 and 45oC × 2 h-1), osmotic stress (mannitol 0.2; 0.6 and 1.0 M x 2 h-1), and oxidative stress (H2O2 0.2; 0.4 and 0.6 M × 2 h-1). A linear measurement of seedling radicle growth, electrolyte leakage and external symptoms of radicle damage under the stress conditions, compared to the non-stressed control, were analyzed. It was found that stressors in all experimental combinations caused a morphological and physiological response from eggplant seedlings. A significant reduction in linear growth of radicles, showed as an absolute length and as a percentage of the control, was found in the treatments exposed to chilling stress (3 and 6oC), heat stress (35, 40 and 45oC), osmotic stress (0.2, 0.6 and 1.0 M mannitol) as well as oxidative stress (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 M H2O2). The changes in seedling length as a result of stress factors did not always correspond with the changes in seedling mass. Electrolyte leakage in the treatments exposed to the following stressors: 3 and 6oC as well as 0.6 M H2O2, was significantly greater than that observed in control plants. Based on the obtained results and microscopic observations of radicle damage, the following stressors can be identified as those which cause a physiological response without severe damage: 9oC × 48 h-1 (chilling stress), 35oC × 2 h-1 (heat stress), 0.2 M mannitol × 2 h-1 (osmoticum), and H2O2 0.2 M × 2 h-1 (oxidation factor). We propose these stressors as a basis for future studies on plant acclimation and hardening to other stresses.
The share of xerothermic species in vascular flora of the city of Lublin (Poland)
Authors: Rysiak Anna
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this study is to present the distribution and characteristics of xerothermic flora located within Lublin (51o08’-51o18’N and 22o27’-22o41E). The data on this flora have been derived from the literature and herbarium collections as well as they were collected during field research conducted in 2002-2009. Family affiliation, life forms, geographical-historical groups, the degree of synanthropization of species and habitat, categories of threat are discussed in this paper. 107 xerothermic species belonging to 26 families and 70 genera were reported from the area of Lublin. The number constitutes 10% of the city’s flora. The most numerous are plants from the classes Festuco-Brometea (70 species), Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei (21) and Rhamno-Prunetea (16). All extinct species (8) belong to the class Festuco-Brometea. The analysis of the spectrum of life forms indicates that the biggest share in the flora of Lublin was observed in the group of hemicryptophytes (57 species) and phanerophytes (14). The native species (103) dominate over the group of alien ones (4 species). The group of xerothermic plants comprises 21 legally protected and endangered species. Xerothermic plants exhibit a mosaic distribution in the area of Lublin. The frequency (measured as the presence of a species in a study unit, one ATPOL square) ranged from 1 to 44 species. Two main features of the analyzed area seemed to be responsible for species distribution: the value of the Real Hemeroby Index (RIH) and the history of the flora.
Occurrence of blockage in cut stems of Clematis L.
Authors: Jędrzejuk Agata , Rochala Julia , Rochala Julia
Published: April 2013

During vase life of cut flowers obstructions in stem xylem vessels develop. Such obstructions may restrict water uptake in stems and its transport towards flowers, thus lowering their ornamental value and longevity. Clematis is a very attractive plant which can be used as a cut flower in floral compositions. However, nothing is known about the histochemical or cytolo- gical nature of xylem blockages occurring in cut stems of this plant. Observations carried out on Clematis cv. 'Solidarność' proved that tyloses appeared as a principal source of xylem blockage in cut stems. The preservative composed of 200 mg × dm-3 8-HQC (8-hydroxyquinolin citrate) and 2% sucrose arre-sted development of xylem blockage, while the vessels in stems kept in water were filled with tyloses or an amorphic substance. PAS reaction proved that polysaccharides were present in the xylem occlusions, whereas no homogalacturonans were immunolocalized in tyloses using JIM 5 and JIM 7 antibodies. The present study provides new information on the origin of xylem occlusions in clematis and their development in two different vase solutions. Such information can be useful to develop pro- per postharvest treatments aiming to improve keeping qualities of this new cut flower.
Effect of nutrient solution, effective microorganisms (EM-A), and assimilation illumination of plants on the induction of the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in hydroponic cultivation
Authors: Kleiber Tomasz , Starzyk Justyna , Bosiacki Maciej
Published: April 2013

The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the chemical composition of a nutrient solution (NS I, NS II), seed inoculation with Effective Microorganisms (EM), and assimilation illumination (AI) of plants on the growth, development and nutritional status of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in hydroponic cultivation and microbiological changes in the medium. The measurements were as follows: quantity of leaves per plant (LQ), surface area of the biggest leaves of plants (SBL), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD units), total fresh weight (TFW), total dry weight (TDW), percentage (%) of dry matter (% DM), chemical composition of leaves, nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) of the aboveground parts of the plant. It was shown that the simultaneous inoculation of seeds with EM and application of NS II had an effect on improving seed germination (1st–5th day after sowing), but a significantly positive influence of NS I on seed germination was found from the 5th to 9th day. The application of NS II and EM-A had a positive influence on the development of leaves on the plant. The chemical composition of the nutrient solution was found to have a significant effect on the biometrical parameters of plants. The use of supplemental lighting in cultivation of lettuce affected positively both the growth and development of plants. The chemical composition of the nutrient solution significantly modified the macronutrient nutrition status of plants, while the illumination of plants only in case of phosphorus – but at the same time it had a significant influence on the uptake of all nutrients by the plant. The influence of EM was not proved. The microbiological analysis showed a significant influence of the chemical composition of nutrient solutions on the changes in the numbers of the analyzed groups of microorganisms, showing an increase in their numbers in nutrient solutions with higher contents of chemical elements. However, there were no significant changes in the number of microorganisms relative to the treatment with assimilation illumination and to that of seed inoculation with EM solutions.
Fluctuation range of the concentration of airborne Alternaria conidiospores sampled at different geographical locations in Poland (2010–2011)
Authors: Kasprzyk Idalia , Sulborska Aneta , Nowak Małgorzata , Szymańska Agata , Kaczmarek Joanna , Haratym Weronika , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Jędryczka Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

Knowledge of seasonal and diurnal fluctuations of allergenic and phytopathogenic fungal spores in the air and the determination of the influence of weather and environmental parameters on spore concentrations are of great practical use in control of both human and animal health as well as plant diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the occurrence of Alternaria spores in the air at three sites located in different geographical regions of Poland. The study was done from 15 April to 30 September in 2010–2011 in Rzeszów (Carpathian Foothills, south-east Poland), Lublin (Lublin Upland, central east), and Poznań (central west); the distance between the experimental sites ranged from 138 to 441 km. To assess the concentration of Alternaria spores, the volumetric method was used. In both years, the highest concentration of spores was observed in Poznań and the lowest in Rzeszów. In 2010 the annual total, monthly total and maximum spore concentration were higher than in 2011 at all monitoring sites. The greatest concentration of Alternaria spores was recorded in August, followed by July. High spore concentrations were also noted at the beginning of September. The differences in daily concentrations, average concentrations and cumulative numbers of spores were statistically significant. The reasons for this can be related not only to weather parameters, which is often raised in the literature, but also to the type of landscape. Landscape and geo-botanical conditions of Great Poland and Carpathian Foothills greatly differ. In both years, the highest number of Alternaria spores was found in Poznań – the city with the highest urbanization factor and the capital of the region with large-scale farming, connected with the intensification of agricultural practices.
Laboratory effect of Boni Protect containing Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnoud in the control of some fungal diseases of apple fruit
Authors: Wagner Anna , Hetman Beata , Kopacki Marek , Jamiołkowska Agnieszka , Krawiec Paweł , Lipa Tomasz
Published: April 2013

The efficacy of Aureobasidium pullulans (in the biopreparation Boni Protect) against different pathogens of apples (Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructigena, Penicillium expansum, and Pezicula malicorticis) was evaluated under laboratory con- ditions. The biocontrol product was applied at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5%. Fruits of apple cultivars 'Jonagold Decosta' and 'Pinova' were used. Boni Protect was very effective against B. cinerea on cv. 'Jonagold Decosta', reducing disease incidence by 55–83.8%. On 'Pinova' apples, this biological control product was the most efficient at earlier stages of the experiment. It inhibited grey mold by 65% after 5 days from inoculation and only by 14% after 20 days. On cv. 'Jonagold Decosta', Boni Protect at a concentration of 0.1% was also effective against M. fructigena, reducing brown rot by 31.4–74.5%, but its efficiency on cv. 'Pinova' was not significant. Blue mold caused by P. expansum was inhibited only slightly by the biocontrol product, while P. malicorticis proved to be the most resistant to its antagonistic abilities.
The influence of selected agricultural factors on yield and content of some components of welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) 'Sprint'
Authors: Żurawik Agnieszka , Jadczak Dorota , Żurawik Piotr
Published: April 2013

The influence of three factors: sowing date (l0th April, 25th April, 10th May), sowing rate (4, 6, and 8 kg × ha-1), and row spacing (20, 25, and 30 cm), on the quantity and quality of yield of Welsh onion 'Sprint' was examined in the experiment. The highest total and marketable yield were obtained when seeds were sown on 25th April. An increase in sowing rates resulted in a significant increase of yield. The highest total and marketable yield were obtained at a sowing rate of 8 kg × ha-1. However, significantly greater total and marketable yield were obtained at a row distance of 20 cm. Dry matter content in Welsh onion yield depended significantly on the sowing date and the part of the plant. Plants obtained from seeds sown on 10th May contained the highest content of dry matter. Significantly more dry matter was in the pseudostems than in the leaves of Welsh onion. However, higher L-ascorbic acid content was estimated in the leaves. Welsh onion obtained from the earliest sowing date (10th April) contained significantly the most reducing sugars. Welsh onion obtained from seeds sown on 25th April was characterized by the highest content of pyruvic acid.
Somatic embryogenesis of selected coniferous tree species of the genera Picea, Abies and Larix
Authors: Bojarczuk Krystyna , Hazubska-Przybył Teresa , Szczygieł Krystyna
Published: April 2013

Experiments on somatic embryogenesis in selected spruce, fir and larch species were performed to determine if this method of micropropagation enables production of quality seedlings for forest nurseries. High frequencies of embryogenic callus in spruce (23-31%) and fir (29%) were achieved when mature zygotic embryos were used as explants, while in larches (36%) only when megagametophytes (endosperms with immature embryos) were used. The possibility of somatic embryogenesis initiation also from somatic embryos (resulting in secondary and third generation of embryogenic callus) indicate high efficiency of this method of micropropagation. The best results at all stages of somatic embryogenesis (good proliferation of embryogenic callus, high rate of embryo regeneration and their survival) were obtained for Norway spruce, European larch and some hybrid larches.
Fungi and minerals occurring in heartwood discolorations in Ouercus robur trees
Authors: Przybył Krystyna
Published: April 2013

The studied Quercus robur trees were oaks protected as monuments of nature (200-350 years old) and oaks growing in forest stands (200-300 years old). The most visible symptoms occurring in aboveground organs included defoliation (25-75%), dying of twigs and branches. Discoloured heartwood, obtained with an 80-cm Pressler borer, differed in colour intensity from normal wood and was divided into two groups: stained brown and dark brown. The brown-stained heartwood was a more active site, considering the number of fungi and their ability to produce enzymes (phenoloxidase, pectinase and cellulase) in comparison with the dark-brown-stained heartwood. This brown-stained heartwood contained also statistically more Ca, Mg and Mn.
Utilization of the invasive plant Impatiens parviflora DC. by the snail Columella edentula Draparnaud in oak-hornbeam forests
Authors: Piskorz Renata , Urbańska Maria
Published: April 2013

This study investigated the extend to which the snail Columella edentula is more strongly associated with the small balsam Impatiens parviflora than with other plants in the herb layer of an oak-hornbeam forest, and to interpret the character of the interaction Impatiens parviflora - Columella edentula. Numbers of C. edentula and rates of colonization were compared on various plant species under natural and laboratory conditions. Seasonal variation in snail abundance on I. parviflora was observed on permanent plots. The leaf injuries caused by C. edentula were localized in respect of the morphological and anatomical structure of leaves. The results show that I. parviflora is one of the plant species of the herb layer that are most abundantly colonized by this snail in oak-hornbeam forest. Snail finds a plant particularly suitable as a place for resting. The most favoured attachment site is on the underside of the leaf, along the midrib, which provides the highest and relatively stable humidity, as well as protection from direct sunlight and predators. I. parviflora is also a food for the snails, but they do not eat these fragments of leaves where calcium carbonate is accumulated.
A comparative cytological and morphometric analysis of vacuolation in central tissue of the effective and ineffective pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules
Authors: Borucki Wojciech
Published: April 2013

Vacuoles play very important physiological roles in plant cells. Pea root nodules, which exhibit distinct zonation (meristematic zone and central tissue zones), may serve as a good experimental model for the investigations of vacuole development and its importance to cell and tissue functioning. Moreover, the nodule central tissue is composed of both infected and uninfected cells which play different physiological roles and differ in the level of vacuolation. Cytological observations revealed that central vacuoles of the infected cells of the effective nodules expand toward cell walls. Thus only thin layers of the cytoplasm separate each central vacuole from plasma membrane and cell wall. This finding is discussed from the viewpoint of improved exchange of solutes and water between the central vacuole and apoplast of the infected cell. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the vacuoles of infected cells within a fragment of effective nodule central tissue, showed their spatial arrangement. Possible advantages coming from the spatial arrangement of vacuoles within the central tissue are discussed. A comparative study of the central tissue (bacteroidal tissue) and meristem vacuolation of the effective and ineffective pea root nodules is also presented. Morphometric measurements revealed that the effective nodule central tissue was more vacuolated than the ineffective one. It was proved that maturation of the infected cells involves dynamic changes in their vacuolation. Having numerous fixing nitrogen bacteroids, the infected cells of effective central tissue were less vacuolated than uninfected cells. On the other hand, both infected and uninfected cells of the effective central tissue showed a much higher level of vacuolation in nitrogen-fixing zone than cells of the same type in ineffective tissue. These results indicate that vacuolation is an important factor in development and functioning of pea root nodule central tissue.
Temporal changes of aquatic macrophytes vegetation in a Iowland groundwater feed eutrophic course (Klátovské rameno, Slovakia)
Authors: Oťahel'ová Helena , Hrivnák Richard , Valachovič Milan , Janauer Georg A.
Published: April 2013

Klátovské rameno is the lowland slow-flowing groundwater feed eutrophic tributary of the Malý Dunaj River (Danube Plain), where our study of temporal changes of aquatic macrophytes vegetation was realised in 1999 and 2005. For survey of aquatic vascular macrophytes the Kohler’s method (Janauer 2003) was used, which is compliant with European standard EN 14184. Altogether 35 aquatic macrophyte species were recorded during the survey. Nuphar lutea persisted as the most dominant species in 1996 and 2005. Species diversity increased slightly after the nine years: ten species immigrated to the watercourse. The changes in species abundance have shown weak differences, however the abundance of Sparganium emersum has increased markedly. Alien species Elodea canadensis and both S. emersum and Hydrocharis morsus-ranae significantly enlarged their distribution in the stream. The ecological quality of the river, based on the aquatic macrophytes assessment criteria, was slightly impaired after nine years, but still 90% of its studied course has a high or good ecological status.
Anatomy and ultrastructure of floral nectary of lnula helenium L (Asteraceae)
Authors: Sulborska Aneta , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta
Published: April 2013

Floral nectaries of Inula helenium L. only occurred in disc florets and were situated above the inferior ovary. The shape of the investigated glands (five-armed star with rounded tips and deep incisions - observed from above) clearly differed from the shape of the nectaries of other Asteraceae, also the height of nectary was much lower (129 µm). The glandular tissue of the nectaries of elecampane was composed of a single-layered epidermis and 5--9 layers of secretory cells. Nectar was released through modified stomata, mainly arranged in the top part of the gland. The secretory cells were characterised by granular cytoplasm and the presence of a large, often lobate, cell nucleus. In the cytosol, numerous amoeboid plastids, mitochondria, Golgi bodies and ribosomes were present. In small vacuoles, myelin-like structures, fibrous material and vesicles with the content of substances which can be secretion, were observed. The plastid stroma showed different electron density and the presence of internal tubules and plastoglobules. Vesicular extensions forming bright zones were visible between the membranes of the nuclear envelope. Adjacent to the plasmalemma, as well as between the plasmalemma and the cell wall, secretory vesicles occurred, indicating the granulocrine mechanism of nectar secretion.
Natural hybridization between Elymus repens and E. hispidus assessed by AFLP analysis
Authors: Szczepaniak Magdalena , Cieślak Elżbieta , Bednarek Piotr
Published: April 2013

Hybrid speciation within the genus Elymus is analyzed and discussed. The supposed hybrid origin of Elymus x mucronatus between Elymus repens and Elymus hispidus was tested. In this aim, pollen viability and AFLP variation of putative progenitors and progenies from two natural populations were studied. Pollen fertility of hybrids ranging from 0 to 91.95% (average 59.50%) indicates the occurrence of F1 hybrids and backcross hybrids. Seven EcoRI/MseI AFLP primer combinations generated a total of 477 AFLP fragments (300 polymorphic) for 48 parental and hybrid individuals. UPGMA and principal coordinates analysis of the AFLP data set show that hybrids are closer to E. hispidus than to E. repens and suggest unidirectional introgression towards E. hispidus. AFLP fragments of the hybrid taxon were additively inherited from the parental species and no hybrid-specific bands were identified. AFLP analysis validates the hybrid status of E. ×mucronatus. Populations in which E. repens, E. hispidus and their hybrids co-occur still progress from early hybridization stages of F1 hybrids to an advanced hybridization stage of a well-established hybrid swarm. E. ×mucronatus is potentially self-sustaining by predominant vegetative reproduction by rhizomes and partial fertility leading to the development of mature seeds. We propose to consider Elymus ×mucronatus as a new species of hybrid origin in the Polish flora.
Chiral changes of cortical microtubule orientations in epidermls of sunflower hypocotyls. The effect of blue and red light
Authors: Burian Agata
Published: April 2013

Light and developmental processes affect the cortical microtubule (cMT) orientation. The cMT orientation with a special regard to its chirality was analyzed under the outer epidermal cell walls in different regions of sunflower hypocotyls kept in darkness and after irradiation with blue and red light. The results show that the cMT orientation depends on the cell position along hypocotyl, but generally cMTs are oblique. The oblique orientation has defined chirality: either of Z-form (right-handed) or S-form (left-handed). In the lower region of hypocotyls the Z-form dominates. After irradiation of hypocotyls with blue light this domination has been maintained and appeared also in the upper region. In contrast, after irradiation with red light the Z-form domination has not been apparent. It is proposed that in darkness, variations of cMT orientations in the epidermis along the hypocotyl are due to developmental processes, while blue and red light affect the cMT orientation via "shifting" these processes backward and forward, respectively.