bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutation of keratin 18 caspase digestion sites interferes with filament reorganization and promotes hepatocyte leakiness and necrosis
Authors: Weerasinghe Sujith V. W. , Ku Nam-On , Altshuler Peter J. , Kwan Raymond , Omary M. Bishr
Published: January 2014

Keratin 18 (K18) undergoes caspase-mediated cleavage during apoptosis; the significance of which is poorly understood. We mutated the two K18 caspase-cleavage sites (D238E/D397E) in the K18 gene (K18-DE) followed by transgenic overexpression. K18-DE mice develop extensive Fas-mediated liver damage compared to wild-type K18-overexpressing (K18-WT) mice. Fas-stimulation of K18-WT mice or isolated hepatocytes causes K18 degradation. In contrast, K18-DE livers or hepatocytes maintain intact keratins but become hypophosphorylated at a major stress-kinase-related K8-phospho-site. Although K18-WT and K18-DE hepatocytes manifest similar Fas-mediated caspase activation, K18-DE hepatocytes are more leaky after mild hypoosmotic challenge and more susceptible to necrosis after Fas-stimulation or severe hypoosmotic stress. K8 hypophosphorylation is not due to inhibition of kinase-keratin binding but is due to mutation-induced K8-kinase inaccessibility. A hepatocyte-expressing stress-modulated keratin phospho-mutant phenocopies hepatocyte susceptibility to necrosis but undergoes keratin filament reorganization during apoptosis. Therefore, caspase cleavage of keratins appears to promote keratin filament reorganization during apoptosis. Interference with keratin caspase-cleavage shunts hepatocytes towards necrosis and increases liver injury via inhibition of keratin phosphorylation. These findings may extend to other intermediate filament proteins that undergo proteolysis during apoptosis.
The Rio+20 outcomes, their impact on employment, the workplace and the role of employers’ organizations and trade unions
Authors: Glynn Peter
Published: January 2014

This article discusses research on the impact on employment and the workplace from the commitments made at Rio+20 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s recent Conferences of the Parties, and the relationship with climate change and sustainability policies. It explores the ongoing work of employers’ organizations and trade unions as part of the response by civil society. The article reports that international agreements have not yet been of noticeable influence over domestic labour issues. It also finds that diverse issues and interests have hampered the opportunity for effective intervention in UN proceedings by employers’ organizations, trade unions and other civil society organizations. The article concludes that a separation of the economic and social from the environmental imperative may be necessary to refocus the efforts of the multilateral process on preserving the world’s natural resources and effectively managing climate change.
‘Low carbon city development’ (LCCD) as a strategy for sustainable cities: The case of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Rescalvo Miguel , Lasa Maite , D’Silva Natasha , Barrios Ramiro , Sommaripa Leo , Scholz Sebastian , Sugar Lorraine
Published: January 2014

This article discusses how cities can contribute to climate change mitigation through an integrated approach involving low carbon development (LCD) as part of a city’s strategic planning. Cities have an opportunity to link climate change policies to local developmental priorities. They can engage in sustainable development and take leadership in climate change initiatives by considering a LCD approach in which municipalities take advantage of integrated planning that ensures that emissions reductions strategies and socio-economic growth are not mutually exclusive. This article features the Low Carbon City Development (LCCD) Programme developed by the World Bank and DNV KEMA Energy and Sustainability as a framework for the integration of LCD and climate change mitigation actions with respect to implementation of strategic urban planning in cities.
The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and its role in hereditary pituitary adenomas
Authors: Pankratova Iu V , Przhiyalkovskaya E G , Pigarova E A , Dzeranova L K
Published: January 2014

Despite active research involving familial pituitary adenomas and characterization of five hereditary syndromes, the genetic defects in more than 80 - 95% of patients remain not found. Besides, there is more than 25 cases of coexistence of pheochromocytomas and pituitary adenomas described in literature that up to date is not integrated in any syndrome; genetic defects of such coexistence also aren't defined. However it is supposed that in pituitary tumorigenesis, germline mutations of SDH can take part that is obviously important aspect of further investigation. Germline mutations of SDH were found in patients with different phenotypes of pituitary adenomas. Studying of mutations in genes SDHD, SDHB, SDHC, SDHA and their prevalence in patients with familial pituitary adenomas or with phenotypes of multiple endocrine neoplasia without mutations in MEN1, CDKN1B, PRKAR1A, AIP genes can provide clarity in a role of mutations in SDH in endocrine and in particular pituitary tumorigenesis.
Secondary obesity. Part 2
Authors: Babarina M B , Fadeeva M I , Savelieva L V
Published: January 2014

Glucocorticoids, prolactin and growth hormone play an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Hypercortisolism, hyperprolactinemia and growth hormone deficiency lead to an increase in body weight due to visceral fat accumulation. Mechanisms of development of obesity in various endocrine diseases are different. Adequate correction of hormonal disorders usually is accompanied by a decrease in body weight and the improvement of metabolic parameters.
Adverse Effects of Patent Pooling on Product Development and Commercialization
Authors: Jeitschko Thomas D. , Zhang Nanyun
Published: January 2014

The conventional wisdom is that the formation of patent pools is welfare enhancing when patents are complementary, since the pool avoids a double-marginalization problem associated with independent licensing. This conventional wisdom relies on the effects that pooling has on downstream prices. However, it does not account for the potentially significant role of the effect of pooling on downstream product development and commercialization. We consider development technologies that entail spillovers between rivals and assume that final-demand products are imperfect substitutes. When pool formation facilitates information sharing and spillovers in development, then decreases in the degree of product differentiation can adversely affect welfare by reducing the incentives towards product development and product market competition – even with perfectly complementary patents. The analysis modifies and even negates the conventional wisdom for some settings and suggests why patent pools are uncommon in science-based industries such as biotech and pharmaceuticals that are characterized by tacit knowledge and incomplete patents.
Carica Papaya Seed as a Biosorbent for Removal of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution: Thermodynamics and Kinetic Analysis of Experimental Data
Authors: Chithra K. , Lakshmi Shweta , Jain Abhishek
Published: January 2014

The use of Carica papaya seeds as an adsorbent for decontamination of toxic metal ions like Ni (II) and Cr (VI) in solution was investigated. The maximum biosorption capacities of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) were observed at pH 2 and pH 6 respectively. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin equations. In order to determine the best fit isotherm, five error analysis methods were used, namely the sum-of-squared errors (SSE), the composite functional error (HYBRID), the Marquardt’s percent standard deviation (MPSD), the average relative error (ARE) and the sum of absolute error (EABS). The error values demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit to the experimental data for Cr (VI) and the Freundlich model for Ni (II). Adsorption kinetics data were tested using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters such as changes of standard free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) were determined. The maximum metal uptake of 5.85 mgg–1 for Cr (VI) and 5.58 mgg–1 for Ni (II) from Langmuir model demonstrates the ability of Carica papaya seed to absorb heavy metals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was used to evaluate the binding characteristics of Carica papaya seed with metals.
Stability and Emissions of a Lean Pre-Mixed Combustor with Rich Catalytic/Lean-burn Pilot
Authors: Di Sarli Valeria
Published: January 2014

In this work, a reactor network model was developed to study homogeneous gas-phase methane combustion taking place under typical operating conditions of lean pre-mixed combustors piloted by rich catalytic/lean-burn (RCL) systems. In particular, the thermo-kinetic interaction between the pilot stream (i.e. the stream exiting the RCL stage) and the main feeding stream to the homogeneous reactor was investigated in terms of combustion stability and emissions. The homogeneous combustor was modeled as a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR). The pilot stream was mixed with the main feeding stream prior to entering the PSR.

Numerical results have shown that the opportunity to stabilize combustion is strongly linked to the presence of hydrogen in the pilot stream. Combustion stability is highly sensitive to variations in fuel split between catalytic pilot and homogeneous reactor. The increase in pilot fuel split (and, thus, in the inlet hydrogen concentration to the PSR) enlarges the operating window of stable combustion (in terms of higher heat losses, lower preheat temperatures and lower residence times), while still achieving NOx and CO emissions lower than 9 ppm (at 15% O2). These results highlight the potential of the RCL technology as a valuable alternative to conventional diffusion flame-based pilots.
Identification of Peanut Pods with Three or More Kernels by Machine Vision and Neural Network
Authors: Wang Jason , Yang Wade W. , Walker Lloyd T. , Rababah Taha
Published: January 2014

Separation of unshelled peanuts containing three or more kernels and then niche marketing them can potentially increase the value of unshelled peanuts and thus the profit of peanut producers or processors. Effective identification of peanut pods with three or more kernels is a critical step prior to separation. In this study, a machine vision system was teamed up with neural network technique to discriminate unshelled peanuts into two groups: one with three or more kernels and the other with two or less kernels. A set of physical features including the number of bumps, projected area, length and perimeter, etc., were extracted from the images taken and used to train an artificial neural network for discriminating the peanuts. It was found that among all the selected features, the length, the major axis length and perimeter have the best correlation with the number of kernels (correlation coefficient r = 0.87–0.88); the area and convex area have good correlation (r = 0.85); the eccentricity, number of bumps, and the compactness have relatively lower correction (r = 0.77–0.80); the solidity and the minor axis length have the least correlation to the number of kernels (r = −0.415–0.26). The best discrimination accuracy obtained for peanut pods with three or more kernels was 92.5% for the conditions used in this study.
Existence and stability of square-mean almost periodic
solutions to a spatially extended neural network with impulsive
noise
Authors: Bonaccorsi Stefano , Ziglio Giacomo
Published: January 2014

Our work is concerned with a neural network with n nodes, where the
activity of the k-th cell depends on external, stochastic inputs as
well as the coupling generated by the activity of the adjacent cells,
transmitted through a diffusion process in the network. This paper
aims to throw some light on time-varying, stochastically perturbed,
neuronal networks. We show that when the coefficients oscillate
around a reference value, with oscillations that are almost periodic
and suitably small in percentage, then there exists a unique solution
for the system, that is almost periodic and uniformly bounded in the
square-mean norm for all times.
The Anomalous Fragmentation of Water Clusters at Ultrafast Impacts: An experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Luria Kfir , Even Uzi , Christen Wolfgang , Rademann Klaus , Raz Tamar
Published: January 2014

Experimental results for the hypersonic impact of singly charged, mass
selected, water clusters at a hard surface demonstrate cooling of the
heated cluster by sequential loss of a water molecule. The trends in
the experiment are most simply summarized as an evaporation. This
behavior is in contrast to the shattering phenomena observed for rare
gas clusters. The same information theoretic approach that predicted
the shattering transition is fully consistent with the results for the
water clusters. It shows that the relatively high binding energy per
water monomer is the key reason for the anomalous fragmentation. The
tetra coordinated oxygen atom in a cluster does however imply that the
fragmentation is not a pure evaporation but has residual elements of
a shattering transition. For water clusters the transition is
broadened to span the finite range in energy between the onset of
boiling and the energy when the solvation of the hydronium ion is over
and it is bare.
Continuous Monitoring of Bender Element Shear Wave Velocities During Triaxial Testing
Authors: Styler Mark A. , Howie John A.
Published: January 2014

Bender element testing is used to measure shear wave velocities (VS) across soil specimens in the laboratory. Conventional bender element testing is carried out at a few discrete points during an experiment. This paper presents a method which uses bender elements to monitor VS continuously throughout a triaxial test. The method is based on monitoring the change in phase angle between a continuous trigger signal and a received signal. It allows the phase velocity at multiple selected frequencies to be monitored throughout a test. The method is described in detail and its use is illustrated for triaxial tests on loose specimens of Fraser River sand prepared by water pluviation. The variation of shear wave velocity is demonstrated during consolidation, ageing, and shearing to failure along a conventional stress path. Potential difficulties of interpretation are presented and discussed. In addition, the potential for continuous excitation of the specimen to alter the test results is considered and dismissed based on a comparison of samples tested without benders and with continuous benders at a range of excitation voltages. The proposed method for continuously monitoring bender element shear wave velocities does not use special or unique equipment. It results in a continuous VS from a trigger and receiver element installed on opposite ends of a triaxial specimen. This method provides a measure of VS during dynamic phases of an experiment that have not previously been observed. For example, this paper includes measures of VS at the onset of creep, the onset of shearing, and over the phase transformation from contractive to dilative behaviour. The relationship between fundamental soil behaviour and VS can now be more easily explored.
Thermal Strain Sensing of Concrete Piles Using Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
Authors: Mohamad H. , Soga K. , Amatya B.
Published: January 2014

Recent advancement in distributed fiber-optic sensing offers new possibilities for performance monitoring in the field of geotechnical and civil engineering. Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR) is a commercially available technology that allows distributed strain measurements in the microstrain range along the full length of an optical fiber. By integrating a single fiber-optic cable into soil or a structure, an unprecedented amount of reasonably accurate (±30 με), spatially resolved data could be obtained. Since the BOTDR data is influenced by both strain and temperature, it is important that methods to separate the two effects are fully understood. This paper describes the BOTDR temperature compensation method by implementing appropriate thermal expansion coefficients of optical cables and structures to the raw data. In the laboratory study, validation of the instrumentation technique was conducted in a concrete beam by embedding two types of optical cables consisting of tight-buffered and loose-tubed coatings to measure thermal strains response during concrete curing. Temperature readings inferred from optical fibers were found to be in accordance to the thermocouples. A field study of axially loaded concrete pile subjected to cooling and heating cycle is presented. Measurements in the test pile and adjacent borehole indicate similar strain profiles and temperature changes between BOTDR and conventional instrumentation such as vibrating wire strain gauges and thermistors. General steps to derive the temperature compensated strain profiles observed in the thermal pile as a result of cooling and heating is presented. The data enables load-transfer profiles to be interpreted and used as framework to understand pile response to temperature changes.
Triaxial Erosion Test for Evaluation of Mechanical Consequences of Internal Erosion
Authors: Ke Lin , Takahashi Akihiro
Published: January 2014

This paper presents a newly developed triaxial apparatus to directly investigate the mechanical behavior of eroded soils. Efforts are devoted to maintaining the back pressure in the tested specimens to ensure a relatively high degree of saturation during the erosion test. Instead of determining the cumulative eroded soil mass by the method of collecting and drying effluent at discontinuous periods, a consecutive monitoring system is installed to permit continuous recording of the eroded soil mass. Gap-graded non-cohesive soils, which are vulnerable to internal erosion, are tested. Erosion tests are performed by the constant-flow-rate control method with the measurement of the induced pressure difference between the top and bottom of the tested specimens under the preferred stress state. Volumetric strain of the 70-mm-diameter, 150-mm-high specimen is monitored during the erosion tests. The mechanical consequences of internal erosion, in terms of the stress–strain relationship, are evaluated by conducting monotonic compression and cyclic tests on the eroded soils. The test results reveal that internal erosion would cause the increase of hydraulic conductivity and volumetric deformation of the tested specimens. Internal erosion would mainly induce the reduction of the drained compressive strength. The undrained peak deviator stress of the soil that suffered from internal erosion is higher than that of the soil without erosion. Undrained cyclic tests indicate that, compared to the soil without erosion, the eroded soil would fail after more cyclic loops.
Evaluation of Ko in Centrifuge Model Using Shear Wave Velocity
Authors: Cho Hyung Ik , Park Heon Joon , Kim Dong Soo , Choo Yun Wook
Published: January 2014

The coefficient of earth pressure at rest (Ko) is an important parameter in the analysis and design of geotechnical structures. Methods based on the shear wave velocity (Vs) can be utilized to estimate Ko using the directionality of a shear wave and its dependence on effective stresses. For centrifuge modeling, it is important to understand the in-flight stress states at various locations during loading-unloading-reloading cycles and to develop a direct method for measuring Ko in flight. In this study, previously proposed methods based on Vs (Vs–Ko relationships) were assessed to determine Ko in a centrifuge model using the results of bender element tests performed in a cross-hole configuration. The suitability of the Vs–Ko relationship for the centrifuge test and variation in Ko with respect to location in the centrifuge model were investigated. Through changes in centrifugal acceleration, the loading and unloading stress conditions were simulated, and the Ko value calculated based on the Vs–Ko relationship was compared to values obtained from an earth pressure transducer and via empirical equations. It was found that the method using a single horizontally propagating Vs and one pressure measurement was adequate to evaluate Ko in a centrifuge model. In addition, Ko in the centrifuge model was higher at the center than near the boundary for the unloading stage because of the arching effect.
Living with Speculative Infrastructures
Authors: Ziser Michael
Published: January 2014

This article looks at the California origins of much of Twentieth Century science fiction. It examines how the exploding growth and development of postwar California informed science fiction writers like Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein, and Philip K. Dick, and looks to their books for answers to twenty-first century dilemmas such as the uses of technology, the environment, and infrastructure.
Reading Kevin Starr
Authors: Robinson Rebecca
Published: January 2014

The author—a young California writer—reflects on historian Kevin Starr’s multi-volume history of California and the California dream. While the California dream is tarnished and its survival is questioned in the final volume of Starr’s opus, Robinson suggests that the future of the dream may yet be redeemed by pragmatic young Californians under no illusions about its limits.
Sensitivity of human granulosa cell tumor cells to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition
Authors: Andersson Noora , Anttonen Mikko , Färkkilä Anniina , Pihlajoki Marjut , Bützow Ralf , Unkila-Kallio Leila , Heikinheimo Markku
Published: January 2014

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is implicated in the progression of many human cancers, but its significance in ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) pathobiology remains poorly understood. We assessed theEGFRgene copy number, surveyed the mRNA and protein expression patterns of EGFR in 90 adult GCTs, and assessed thein vitrosensitivity of GCT cells to EGFR inhibition. Low-level amplification ofEGFRgene was observed in five GCTs and high-level amplification in one sample.EGFRmRNA was robustly expressed in GCTs. Most tumors expressed both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated EGFR protein, but the protein expression did not correlate with clinical parameters, including the risk of recurrence. Small-molecule EGFR inhibitors reduced the EGF-induced activation of EGFR and its downstream signaling molecules at nanomolar doses, but cell viability was reduced, and caspase-3/7 was activated in GCT cells only at micromolar doses. Based on the present results, EGFR is active and abundantly expressed in the majority of GCTs, but probably has only minor contribution to GCT cell growth. Given the high doses of EGFR inhibitors required to reduce GCT cell viabilityin vitro, they are not likely to be effective for GCT treatment as single agents; they should rather be tested as part of combination therapies for these malignancies.
Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets in an Adolescent With Severe Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Borzutzky Arturo , Grob Francisca , Camargo Carlos A. , Martinez-Aguayo Alejandro
Published: January 2014

Atopic dermatitis (AD) affects 10% to 20% of children worldwide. Its severity may be inversely correlated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels. Although low levels of vitamin D (VD) can cause rickets in infants, VD deficiency rickets is an unusual presentation in teenagers. We report the case of a 14-year-old girl with severe AD and fish allergy since early childhood. She lived at high latitude (with less sun exposure) and, because of her atopic disorders, avoided sunlight and fish. Laboratory studies showed elevated alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels and low serum calcium; her serum 25OHD level was <12 nmol/L. A radiograph of the wrist showed a radiolucent band in the distal metaphysis of the radius with marginal sclerosis. She was diagnosed as having hypocalcemic rickets due to VD deficiency. Treatment with VD increased her 25OHD level to 44 nmol/L, with normalization of alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and calcium. Moreover, we observed a dramatic improvement in her AD severity with VD treatment. This case demonstrates the complex interaction between VD deficiency, AD, and food allergy. We advise a high index of suspicion of VD deficiency rickets in children of all ages with AD, particularly during accelerated growth periods and in the presence of other risk factors such as darker skin, living at high latitude, sun avoidance, and low intake of VD-rich foods. The concomitant improvement in bone-related parameters and AD severity may reflect a double benefit of VD treatment, a possibility that warrants research on VD as potential treatment for AD.
Referral to Pediatric Surgical Specialists
Authors:   SURGICAL ADVISORY PANEL, Klein Michael D. , Bannister Carolyn F. , Houck Constance S. , Tweddell James S. , Dias Mark S. , Segura Adriana , Ruben James B. , Hennrikus William L. , Schwend Richard M. , Schoem Scott R. , Mackay Donald R. , Taub Peter J. , Cassady Christopher I. , Brandt Mary L. , Rescorla Frederick J. , Hulbert William C. , Peters Craig A.
Published: January 2014

The American Academy of Pediatrics, with the collaboration of the Surgical Sections of the American Academy of Pediatrics, has created referral recommendations intended to serve as voluntary practice parameters to assist general pediatricians in determining when and to whom to refer their patients for pediatric surgical specialty care. It is recognized that these recommendations may be difficult to implement, because communities vary in terms of access to major pediatric medical centers. Limited access does not negate the value of the recommendations, however, because the child who needs specialized surgical and anesthetic care is best served by the skills of the appropriate pediatric surgical team. Major congenital anomalies, malignancies, major trauma, and chronic illnesses (including those associated with preterm birth) in infants and children should be managed by pediatric medical subspecialists and pediatric surgical specialists at pediatric referral centers that can provide expertise in many areas, including the pediatric medical subspecialties and surgical specialties of pediatric radiology, pediatric anesthesiology, pediatric pathology, and pediatric intensive care. The optimal management of the child with complex problems, chronic illness, or disabilities requires coordination, communication, and cooperation of the pediatric surgical specialist with the child’s primary care pediatrician or physician.
Effect of mineral fertilizer on a 9-year-old planted sward
Authors: Kádár Imre , Ragályi Péter
Published: January 2014

Műtrágyázási kísérletünk 36. évében, 2009-ben vizsgáltuk az eltérő N-, P- és Kellátottsági szintek és kombinációik hatását a réti csenkesz (Festuca pratensis) vezérnövényű, nyolckomponensű pillangósnélküli gyepkeverék kilencedik évének termésére, ásványi elemtartalmára és elemfelvételére. A termőhely talaja a szántott rétegben 3% humuszt, 3–5% CaCO3-ot és 20–22% agyagot tartalmazott, N és K elemekben eredetileg közepesen, P és Zn elemekkel viszonylag gyengén ellátottnak minősült.A kísérlet 4N×4P×4K = 64 kezelést×2 ismétlést = 128 parcellát foglalt magában. A talajvíz 13–15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület aszályérzékeny. Az 1. kaszálás idejéig (május 26-ig) a terület 119 mm, a 2. kaszálás állománya 124 mm csapadékot kapott augusztus 12-ig, tehát a 2,5 hónapos tenyészidő alatt, amikor a napi maximum hőmérséklet általában 30 °C körül vagy felett volt.A főbb eredményeket az alábbiakban foglaljuk össze:

— A 36 éve trágyázatlan kontrollon 0,8 t·ha−1, a bőségesen trágyázott NPK-kezelésben 6,4 t·ha−1szénahozam termett a két kaszálással. Az őszi kaszálás átlagos szénatömege a májusi első kaszálás átlagos szénatermésének 63%-át tette ki. Döntőnek a N, illetve a N×P kölcsönhatások bizonyultak. Terméscsökkenést a legnagyobb PK-ellátottság, ill. N-adag sem okozott.

— A javuló N-kínálattal az 1. kaszáláskor a N, NO3-N, Mn, Zn, Ba és Cu; a P-kínálattal a P, S és Sr; a K-kínálattal a K koncentrációja emelkedett a szénában. Mérséklődött viszont a N-trágyázás nyomán a K, P, B és Mo; a P-trágyázás hatására a NO3-N, Zn és Mo; a K-kínálattal a Ca, Mg, Na, Sr és Cr kationok mennyisége.

— A N 1,05–1,86%, a K 0,55–1,52%; a Ca 0,45–0,65%; a P 0,13–0,34%; a Mg 0,13–0,22%; a Na 0,02–0,23%, a NO3-N 52–405 mg·kg−1, a Zn 12–24 mg·kg−1, a Sr 11–23 mg·kg−1, a Mo 0,3–2,1 mg·kg−1, a Cr 0,2–0,4 mg·kg−1tartományban változott a N×P, ill. N×K kezelések nyomán az 1. kaszálás idején.

— A gyepszénába épült elemek mennyisége az 1. kaszáláskor a kezelések függvényében az alábbi minimum-maximum értékeket mutatta: 5–60 kg N, 7–37 kg K, 2–16 kg Ca, 1–5 kg P és S, 1–4 kg Mg, 0,1–3,4 kg Na, 5–58 g Sr, 7–49 g Zn, 1–2 g Mo hektáronként. Hasonló felvétel jellemezte a 2. kaszálás elemtartalmát, ill. elemfelvételét is.

— A 2. kaszálás idején a kisebb termésben a vizsgált elemek átlagos koncentrációja 20–50%-kal dúsult a szénában, összevetve az 1. kaszáláskorival. A N-trágyázás a széna N- és NO3-N-, a P-trágyázás a P- és Sr-, a K-trágyázás a K-tartalmát növelte. Egyéb elemek mennyisége általában mérséklődött az NPK-terheléssel. A felvett elemek mennyisége az 1. kaszáláskor mérthez viszonyítva a Na és Ni esetében átlagosan 25–30; a K, Ca, Al, S, Cu és Mo elemeknél 50–70; míg a N, Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, B és Zn esetében (melyek jobban dúsultak az elöregedő szénában) 70–90%-ot tett ki.
Effect of potassium, boron and strontium on poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: January 2014

Mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajon, az MTA ATK TAKI Nagyhörcsöki Kísérleti Telepén (Mezőföldön) vizsgáltuk a K, B és Sr elemek közötti kölcsönhatásokat a kísérlet 11. évében, 1998-ban mák növénnyel.Az alaptrágyázás általában 100–100 kg N és P2O5·ha−1·év−1 volt, amelyet 25%-os pétisó és szuperfoszfát formájában adtunk ki. A K-szinteket megismételt 0, 1000, 2000 kg K2O-, a B-szinteket megismételt 0, 20, 40, 60 kg B-, a Sr-szinteket 67 kg Sr hektáronkénti adaggal állítottuk be. Műtrágyaként 60%-os KCl-ot, 11%-os bóraxot és 33%-os SrCl2·6H2O sót alkalmaztunk. Főparcellánként három K-kezelés, alparcellánként négy B-kezelés, al-alparcellánként két Sr-kezelés szolgált, 24 kezeléssel×3 ismétlésben = 72 parcellával, osztott parcellás elrendezésben.A kisérlet béallításakor (1987 őszén) a szántott réteg 5% CaCO3-ot, 3% humuszt, 20% agyagot tartalmazott. A pH(H2O) 7,8; a pH(KCl) 7,3; az AL-oldható K2O es P2O5 180–200 es 100–120, a KCl-oldhato Mg 110–150, a KCl+EDTA-oldható Mn 60–80, a Cu és Zn 1–2, valamint a B 0,7 mg·kg−1 értékkel volt jellemezhető. A termőhely kielégitő K-, Ca- és Mg-; közepes N- és P-; valamint gyenge Zn- és Cu-ellátottságu. A talajvíz szintje 13–15 m mélyen található, a terület aszályérzékeny. Az átlagos középhőmérséklet 11 °C, az éves csapadékösszeg 400–600 mm közötti, egyenetlen eloszlással.A Kompolti M fajtájú mákot 1998. március 16-án vetettük el 45 cm sortávolságra, 1–2 cm mélyre. A kísérletben végzett agrotechnikai műveletekről és a vonatkozó módszertani megfigyelésekről az 1. táblázat ad áttekintést.A főbb megállapítások, levonható következtetések:

— Ebben a kedvező csapadékellátottságú évben a kezeléshatások elmaradtak. Az aratáskori szár 3,4, a tok 1,1, a mag 1,6 t·ha−1 tömeget adott, a mák összes légszáraz föld feletti biomassza tömege 6,1 t·ha−1 mennyiséget tett ki.

— A bórtrágya hat év után sem mosódott a mélyebb talajrétegekbe. A sekélyen gyökerező mák szerveinek B-tartalma a többszörösére nőtt a B-terheléssel. Mérséklődött ezzel egyidejűleg a szár és a tok Ca- és Mg-koncentrációja. A K-trágyázás emelte a szár és a tok K-, illetve csökkentette a Mg %-át. Igazolható volt a hat évvel korábban adott 67 kg Sr·ha−1 Sr-trágyázás hatása is a mákszervek emelkedett Srtartalmában.

— Az 1 t mag és a hozzá tartozó melléktermés fajlagos/egységnyi elemtartalma 79-41-114-109-20 = N-P2O5-K2O-CaO-MgO kg·t−1 mennyiségnek adódott. Hasonló fajlagos értékeket mértünk korábbi kísérleteinkben is, melyek a hazai szaktanácsadásban ajánlott N, P és K fajlagosokat átlagosan mintegy kétszeresen, a Ca és Mg fajlagosokat 5–6-szorosan múlják felül. Javasoljuk a hazai szaktanács revízióját.
Comportamentos de risco para a saúde de estudantes da Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (Brasil) - uma proposta de intervenção online
Authors: Mello Marcus Vinícius de Oliveira , Bernardelli Junior Rinaldo , Menossi Berlis Ribeiro dos Santos , Vieira Fabio da Silva Ferreira
Published: January 2014

Conhecer o estilo de vida de estudantes universitários torna-se relevante para subsidiar eventuais tomadas de decisões na implantação de programas intervencionistas no espaço da universidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as prevalências de comportamentos de risco para a saúde em amostra representativa de estudantes da UENP e diante das informações levantadas, indicar ações específicas, através de meios que possam orientar na redução destes comportamentos. O levantamento dos principais fatores de risco para a saúde da população em questão foi feito por meio de análise de banco de dados. A orientação foi realizada através de redes sociais, com controle on line em relação aos acessos e interações dos membros das mesmas com as informações disponibilizadas por meio do trabalho. Foram realizados mais de 200 posts, buscando-se orientar esta população a fatores ligados a hábitos saudáveis. Atingiu-se uma visualização média de 471,2 ± 128,16 pessoas por post e a página, um alcance médio de 12915,07 ± 6517,45 pessoas por semana. Diante do exposto, sugerem-se ações na UENP, no sentido de orientação ligada a hábitos saudáveis e, as redes sociais mostraram-se como ferramenta viável para tal, porém outros meios podem ser ofertados, visando uma maior aderência desta população a um estilo de vida mais ativo e saudável.
Associação entre circunferência da cintura e índice de massa corporal de mulheres brasileiras
Authors: Meller Fernanda de Oliveira , Ciochetto Carla Ribeiro , Santos Leonardo Pozza dos , Duval Patrícia Abrantes , Vieira Maria de Fátima Alves , Schäfer Antônio Augusto
Published: January 2014

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação entre a circunferência da cintura (CC) e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) de mulheres brasileiras em idade fértil, estudadas na última Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde (PNDS), no ano de 2006. Este estudo é um recorte da PNDS, a qual é um estudo seccional, de base domiciliar. O estado nutricional foi avaliado através do IMC e da CC, considerando-se excesso de peso IMC > 25 Kg/m2e CC de risco > 80 cm. Para a avaliação da significância estatística foi usada Regressão de Poisson, que identificou os fatores associados à CC de risco em mulheres com e sem excesso de peso, apresentando-se o valor p correspondente ao teste de Wald para heterogeneidade ou tendência linear. Das 14.101 mulheres estudadas, 45,8% apresentaram excesso de peso e 55,5% CC de risco. Em relação à associação entre IMC e CC, constatou-se que 23,5% das mulheres sem excesso de peso apresentavam CC de risco. Após análise estratificada pelo IMC, a prevalência de CC de risco entre as mulheres sem excesso de peso foi maior nas regiões Nordeste, 26,0%, e Sudeste, 24,5%, e menor na região Sul, 18,5%. Conclui-se que as medidas antropométricas IMC e CC devem ser empregadas concomitantemente, uma vez que a utilização isolada dessas medidas pode desprezar indivíduos com risco para várias patologias.
Análise da incorporação da perspectiva do direito humano à alimentação adequada no desenho institucional do programa nacional de alimentação escolar
Authors: Siqueira Renata Lopes de , Cotta Rosângela Minardi Mitre , Ribeiro Rita de Cássia Lanes , Sperandio Naiara , Priore Sílvia Eloíza
Published: January 2014

O fato de ser signatário de acordos internacionais que reconhecem o Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada (DHAA) e de ter inserido este direito na sua Constituição Federal, impõem ao estado brasileiro o dever de prover, proteger e promover o DHAA. Para tal, faz-se necessária a incorporação dos princípios do DHAA no processo de planejamento e execução das ações de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN). Objetivou-se analisar o processo de incorporação da perspectiva do DHAA no novo desenho institucional do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) tomando como referência os princípios presentes no Comentário Geral No12, no Guia para Análise de Políticas e Programas Públicos de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional sob a Perspectiva dos Direitos Humanos e na Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (LOSAN). Os resultados expressam que o novo marco regulatório do PNAE sinaliza para um processo de mudança de paradigma que se caracteriza por gradativo declínio da percepção do PNAE como política de caráter assistencialista e pelo incremento da concepção do benefício da alimentação escolar como um direito, com a ressalva de que a construção de um novo marco regulatório, embora condição essencial, não é suficiente para a plena realização do DHAA.
Processo de implantação de um Centro Regional de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Quilião Paula Lamb , Fassa Anaclaudia Gastal , Restrepo María Clara
Published: January 2014

O estudo avalia a implantação do Centro de Referência Regional em Saúde do Trabalhador da Região Oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Cerest Oeste), mediante o diagnóstico do perfil ocupacional e de saúde do trabalhador em Alegrete, e propõe estratégias para viabilizar este processo e subsidiar o seu planejamento. Desenvolveu-se um estudo retrospectivo com base em análise quantitativa de dados secundários de bancos institucionais, referentes ao período de 2000 a 2009, e análise qualitativa por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chave envolvidos no processo de implantação do Cerest. Evidenciou-se que a principal barreira na implantação foi a falta de articulação entre as diferentes esferas de gestão. Isso dificultou a definição de responsabilidades que dessem conta do caráter regional do Centro e implicou em problemas de infraestrutura e recursos humanos. A definição precoce da equipe e o envolvimento do controle social desde a fase de projeto podem auxiliar no enfrentamento das dificuldades. Faz-se necessário também ampliar as informações epidemiológicas em saúde do trabalhador e facilitar o acesso a elas de forma a instrumentalizar o planejamento das ações do Centro.
Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador: a tentação de engendrar respostas às perguntas caladas
Authors: Ribeiro Fátima Sueli Neto
Published: January 2014

Este texto pretende refletir a implementação da Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador (Visat) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O recorte teórico adotado se situa em uma perspectiva crítica da área de Saúde do Trabalhador com práticas tradicionais que ainda não incorporaram o contexto do capitalismo mundializado, a globalização do consumo e das relações sociais, a flexibilização das relações sociais e sua repercussão na dinâmica social do sujeito coletivo. A partir da práxis no SUS, analisa os possíveis motivos pelos quais as ações de Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador não são efetivadas e se o modelo atual atende às demandas modernas do mundo do trabalho sob os princípios de equidade e integralidade do SUS. Destaca a necessidade de superar o modelo de vigilância centrado em agravos e de modernização de suas práticas para uma atuação sobre os determinantes sociais no contexto do capitalismo atual. Refletindo acerca da produção teórica atual e das práticas no modelo do SUS, propõe uma atuação baseada em pactuação de cenários, adoção de novos indicadores e avaliação sistemática e contínua das ações em uma Vigilância Antecipatória de Cenários, bem como conjectura algumas ações de curto, médio e longo prazos para a área.
Saúde do trabalhador na Atenção Básica: interfaces e desafios
Authors: Souza Thiago Santos de , Virgens Liliam Silva das
Published: January 2014

A construção da Saúde do Trabalhador (ST) no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) representa uma conquista da classe trabalhadora ao longo de décadas. O processo de desenvolvimento desse campo no contexto brasileiro das relações produção/trabalho, ambiente e saúde é abordado neste artigo no âmbito da Atenção Básica. OBJETIVO: Refletir acerca das interfaces da ST na Atenção Básica do sistema de saúde brasileiro. MÉTODO: Revisão de documentos oficiais e publicações na área, organizados em duas categorias de análise: panorama histórico da ST e da ST na Atenção Básica. RESULTADOS: As categorias de análise possibilitaram estabelecer o resgate histórico da ST no SUS e refletir acerca de elementos da ST na Atenção Básica, como: território e ferramentas de atenção à saúde; competência das equipes da atenção básica; vigilância em saúde do trabalhador; relações de produção e saúde ambiental; práticas educativas em ST; vulnerabilidades do trabalhador da saúde e implementação de experiências institucionais. CONCLUSÃO: A incorporação da ST na Atenção Básica caracteriza-se como elemento para redefinição de práticas e mudança no modelo assistencial.
Microestrutura e condutividade elétrica do eletrólito sólido de céria-20% mol gadolínia com adições de SrO, TiO2 e SrTiO3
Authors: Dias M. C. F. , Muccillo E. N. S.
Published: January 2014

Os efeitos da adição de SrO, TiO2 e SrTiO3 na sinterização, na microestrutura e na condutividade elétrica do eletrólito sólido céria-gadolínia foram sistematicamente investigados. Foram preparadas pelo método convencional de mistura dos reagentes de partida seguida de reação em estado sólido composições contendo 1, 2,5 e 5% mol dos aditivos. Diversas técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas. Os resultados mostraram que os aditivos exercem influência em todas as propriedades estudadas, mas de forma diferente dependendo do tipo e do teor. De forma geral, o SrO tornou desprezível o bloqueio aos portadores de carga nos contornos de grão, mas prejudicou a densificação. O TiO2 promoveu aumento substancial na densificação da céria-gadolínia, mas também no bloqueio exercido pelos contornos de grão, além de ser responsável pela exsolução do gadolínio e pela formação da fase pirocloro Gd2Ti2O7, quando adicionado em teores acima do limite de solubilidade. O SrTiO3 não produziu alterações significativas na densificação, e resultou em aumento da condutividade intergranular pela diminuição da energia de ativação para o processo de condução.
Monoqueima de porcelanas esmaltadas em forno de micro-ondas
Authors: Fernandes J. P. C. , Gunnewiek R. F. K. , Souto P. M. , Kiminami R. H. G. A.
Published: January 2014

A utilização da energia de micro-ondas no processamento de materiais cerâmicos apresenta vantagens quanto ao tempo de processo e homogeneidade microestrutural. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a monoqueima de porcelanas de decoração esmaltada em um substrato de geometria complexa utilizando o aquecimento ultrarrápido híbrido por micro-ondas. As peças foram conformadas por colagem de barbotina e, ainda a verde, esmaltadas por imersão e queimadas pelo processo de monoqueima em forno convencional e em forno de micro-ondas. As peças queimadas por micro-ondas apresentaram características físicas, como aparência da superfície, adesão do esmalte, densidade aparente e resistência mecânica igual ou superior ao processo convencional de queima em apenas 24 min, equivalente a menos de 10% do tempo utilizado na sinterização convencional.
Extração de lítio de amostras de β-espodumênio
Authors: Bieseki L. , Melo V. R. M. , V. Sobrinho E. , Melo D. M. A. , Pergher S. B. C.
Published: January 2014

Um estudo do processo de extração de lítio de β-espodumênio foi realizado visando a obtenção do lítio e geração de um subproduto zeolítico. A retirada de lítio foi avaliada por meio de medidas de absorção atômica do sobrenadante. As análises de difração de raios X do resíduo gerado e de precipitados indicaram o principio de formação da zeólita A, quando NaOH é utilizado no procedimento de síntese. A adição de aluminato de sódio não é favorável ao processo de extração, pois proporciona a formação compostos mais estáveis com o lítio.
Interaction of molten salts in the systems SiO2-Al2O3
Authors: Grambálová E. , Vadász P. , Petrík J.
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to realize and evaluate laboratory corrosion tests for a solution of problems such as wear of refractory materials at processing of aluminum, for example. The static crucible corrosion tests were carried out in laboratory resistive furnace at 850 °C during 2 h air atmosphere. Two standards of alumina-silica shaped refractory bricks were used as a corroding material. Pure sodium chloride and potassium chloride were applied as a corrosive media. The results of tests were evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic, chemical and semiquantitative EDX analysis. Sodium chloride shows more significant penetration and chemical interaction in penetrated area. EDX analysis confirms creation of the reaction layer between chlorides and elements of refractory lining. The products of reactions penetrate more deeply into A lining. K ions penetrate into the grains of the lining more intense than Na ions.
Effect of divalent chloride salts on lamellar silica conductivity
Authors: Araujo A. C. P. C. de , Cavalcante M. G.
Published: January 2014

Silica is an important raw material in the production of soluble silicates, silicon and its derivatives: silicon carbide and silicone, which are converted into the lamellar form using the sol-gel process. This compound, which has been extensively studied because it is structurally organized, can be used for selective adsorption of toxic substances or immobilization of photo-active species. Impedance spectroscopy was used in a study of the electrical properties of lamellar silica doped with the following metal salts: nickel chloride, manganese chloride, and copper chloride, in order to observe the cation effect in their structure. In this study, the following order of conductivity was obtained: manganese chloride nickel chloride copper chloride. This effect was also observed using X-ray diffraction analysis.
Characterization of elaborated Moroccan mullite to improving porous refractories quality
Authors: Sadik C. , Al Albizane A. , El Amrani I.
Published: January 2014

Production of porous and light-weight bricks with acceptable flexural strength is accomplished. Sawdust was used as an additive to an earthenware brick to produce the pores. SEM-EDS, XRD and XRF analysis of the raw materials and the elaborated refractory were performed. Mixtures containing sawdust were prepared at different proportions (up to 30%). Apparent porosity at 1600 °C was investigated with the bulk density, water absorption, firing shrinkage and flexural strength. Microstructural investigation was carried out by both natural light microscopy and polarized light microscopy. The results obtained showed that the samples tested here maintained their shape without undergoing any deformation up to 1600 °C. The use of sawdust decreased the fired density of the bricks down to 1.24 g/cm³.
Superfícies fotocatalíticas de titânia em substratos cerâmicos: Parte I: Síntese, estrutura e fotoatividade
Authors: Feltrin J. , Sartor M. N. , De Noni Jr. A. , Bernardin A. M. , Hotza D. , Labrincha J. A.
Published: January 2014

A fotocatálise é um processo de oxidação avançada capaz de transformar uma grande variedade de poluentes orgânicos tóxicos em substâncias inofensivas em condições ambientes. Porém, a utilização do dióxido de titânio na fase anatase em produtos cerâmicos é limitada devido à transformação para fase rutilo em temperaturas superiores a 400 °C. As pesquisas apontam caminhos promissores para inibir a formação da fase rutilo através da introdução de dopantes na estrutura do semicondutor. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma revisão dos principais aspectos encontrados na literatura especializada sobre fotocatálise com dióxido de titânio, em particular a relação entre estrutura química e atividade fotocatalítica.