bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovering sodium erythorbate from wastewater through freeze crystallization technology
Authors: Chen Peng , Song Pengfei , Wang Lidong , Yan Ying , Liu Yongdi , Zhang Lehua
Published: December 2018

Eutectic freeze crystallization was developed to recover sodium erythorbate (NaE) from wastewater at pHs 4.1, 5.3, and 6.5. Two substances (A and B) were sequentially recovered from the samples. The recovery rate of substance A was 2.06, 1.83, and 3.03 g/L at pHs 4.1, 5.3, and 6.5, respectively; while that of B was 5.51, 3.09, and 3.26 g/L at the corresponding pHs. The analysis results of the two recovered substances indicated that substance A was mostly Na2SO4·10H2O, while substance B was mainly NaE. Salt recovery was most successful at pH 4.1 with the purity of recovered NaE reaching 87.53 wt%. Moreover, the chemical oxygen demand and electric conductivity of the ice were far smaller than the initial wastewater. The concentration effect was minimal due to the formation of Na2SO4·10H2O and NaE crystals. This combined crystallization strategy can potentially become an economic technology to recover NaE from wastewater.

Practitioner points

Segregation of NaE and Na2SO4·10H2O during the freeze crystallization process.

Recovering 5.53 kg NaE with the purity of 87.53 wt% from 1 m3 wastewater.

Decreasing chemical oxygen demand and electric conductivity of wastewater through freeze crystallization technology.
Monochromatic and mean radiative properties of astrophysical plasma mixtures in nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium regime
Authors: Rodríguez Rafael , Espinosa Guadalupe , Gil Juan Miguel , Beltrán Pablo R.
Published: December 2018

Radiative‐hydrodynamics and radiative transfer simulations of astrophysical plasmas require the determination of radiative properties. However, most of the plasma radiative properties are calculated assuming the plasma in coronal equilibrium or local thermodynamic equilibrium regimes that is often not the case for many scenarios. In this work, we present nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of radiative opacities of Fe and S and of an astrophysical plasma mixture for temperatures larger than 100 eV. We also analyze the departure from local thermodynamic equilibrium simulations.
The Rise of Operation Reinhard
Authors: Russell Nestar
Published: December 2018

In this chapter, Russell details what evolved into the large-scale gassing programs in the East, with a particular emphasis on Operation Reinhard—the extermination of Jews in the city ghettos of the General Government. What follows shares much in common with the pattern of escalation depicted in the previous chapters: initially low rates of killing, top-down pressure to increase those rates, the application of formal rationality from the bottom-up (increased experimentation, bureaucratization, and the honing of a less stressful killing process), resulting in increased kill rates that only served to stimulate new top-down pressures to meet new and even more ambitious goals, thus occasioning an ever-expanding cycle of destruction.
The Solution to the Jewish Question—Auschwitz-Birkenau
Authors: Russell Nestar
Published: December 2018

At face value, Operation Reinhard and the Auschwitz concentration camp system appear similar: both aimed to kill massive numbers of human beings. Then again, both were governed by different policy objectives: Operation Reinhard’s policy was to kill all the “useless mouths” in the Polish ghettos while Auschwitz focused on extermination through work. As Russell shows in this chapter, although both camp systems were different, Auschwitz moved toward its objective using the same mechanism as Operation Reinhard and, later, Milgram did—the application of intuition, past experience, and pilot testing. As this chapter will also demonstrate, for three main reasons Auschwitz became the most preferred solution to Germany’s “Jewish problem”: greater efficiency, profitability, and (from the Nazi perspective) “humaneness.”
A single-institution experience of performing bloodless transplant in Jehovah’s Witness patients
Authors: Coltoff Alexander , Shreenivas Aditya , Afshar Solmaz , Steinberg Amir
Published: December 2018

Objective/Background:

Autologous stem cell transplant has been shown to prolong survival in multiple myeloma (MM). A common complication of the pre-transplant conditioning chemotherapy is severe multi-lineage cytopenias, resulting in significant transfusion requirements. Jehovah’s Witnesses are members of a religious group that do not accept the transfusion of blood products. Many large transplant centers refuse to perform transplantation in Jehovah’s Witnesses due to the complexity of treating cytopenic patients without blood product transfusions. However, some transplant centers that specialize in “bloodless” medicine and surgery have successfully transplanted in Jehovah’s Witnesses without transfusion support.

Methods:

In order to maximize successful outcomes in this population, potential transplant candidates are treated with a variety of agents to maximize baseline hemoglobin and platelet counts. In preparation for the first two “bloodless” transplants for MM at our institution, we conducted a retrospective study of patients with MM who underwent a transplant in the preceding year.

Results:

Of the 60 patients reviewed, only six required packed red blood cell transfusion, whereas 39 required at least one platelet transfusion. These findings helped us to design a novel protocol for a “bloodless” autologous transplant. We administered romiplostim, a thrombopoietin (TPO) agonist, along with aminocaproic acid, desmopressin, and vitamin K post-transplant to two Jehovah’s Witness patients to mitigate the risk of thrombocytopenia. Neither patient experienced significant bleeding nor qualified for platelet transfusion, and underwent successful and uncomplicated transplantation.

Conclusion:

We propose that the use of romiplostim or similar TPO agonists can be used to maximize the chance of a successful “bloodless” transplant for stem cell recipients.
Reacting flow analysis of a cavity-based scramjet combustor using a Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov method
Authors: Rouzbar R. , Eyi S.
Published: December 2018

The scramjet is a rather a new technology and there are many issues related to their operation, especially when it comes to the combustion processes. Combustion in high-speed flows causes various problems such as flame instability and poor fuel–air mixing efficiency. One of the methods used to overcome these problems is to recess a cavity in the combustor wall where a secondary flow is generated. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is developed to analyse the reacting flow passing through the cavity-based scramjet combustor. The developed code is based on three-dimensional coupled Navier–Stokes and finite rate chemistry equations. An ethylene-air reduced chemical reaction model is used as a fuel–air combination. The Spalart–Allmaras model is utilised for turbulence closure. The non-dimensional form of the flow and chemical reaction equations are discretised using a finite volume method. The Jacobian-Free Newton–Krylov (JFNK) method is used to solve the coupled system of non-linear equations. The JFNK is a matrix-free solution method which improves the computational cost of Newton’s method. The parameters that affect the performance of the JFNK method are studied in the analysis of a scramjet combustor. The influence of the forcing term on the convergence of the JFNK method is studied in the analysis of scramjet combustor. Different upwind flux vector splitting methods are utilised. Various flux limiter techniques are employed for the calculations of higher order flux vectors. The effects of flux vector splitting and flux limiter methods on the convergence and accuracy of the JFNK method are evaluated. Moreover, the variations of the mixing efficiency with fuel injection angles are studied.
Le rôle du Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers (PTAS) dans la vulnérabilisation des travailleurs migrants au Canada
Authors: Gagnon Cindy , Couture Gagnon Alexandre
Published: December 2018

Chaque année, plus de 25 000 personnes originaires du Mexique et des Antilles migrent au Canada par l’intermédiaire du Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers (PTAS) dans le but d’occuper un emploi dans une ferme canadienne. Dans quelle mesure le PTAS, en tant qu’institution, exerce-t-il une incidence sur la vulnérabilisation des travailleurs migrants agricoles? L’éclairage apporté par les trois branches de la théorie néo-institutionnaliste propose des explications qui permettent de mieux appréhender la complexité des facteurs économiques et sociohistoriques générés par le PTAS qui influent sur la situation des travailleurs migrants. Il est mis en évidence que ce programme a créé et perpétue un contexte dans lequel il est difficile pour ces travailleurs d’avoir un pouvoir d’agir sur leurs conditions de travail.
Dynamic stabilization of plasma instability
Authors: Kawata S. , Karino T. , Gu Y. J.
Published: December 2018

The paper presents a review of dynamic stabilization mechanisms for plasma instabilities. One of the dynamic stabilization mechanisms for plasma instability was proposed in the paper [Kawata, Phys. Plasmas 19, 024503 (2012)], based on a perturbation phase control. In general, instabilities emerge from the perturbations. Normally the perturbation phase is unknown, and so the instability growth rate is discussed. However, if the perturbation phase is known, the instability growth can be controlled by a superimposition of perturbations imposed actively. Based on this mechanism we present the application results of the dynamic stabilization mechanism to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) and to the filamentation instability as typical examples in this paper. On the other hand, in the paper [Boris, Comments Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 3, 1 (1977)] another mechanism was proposed to stabilize RTI, and was realized by the pulse train or the laser intensity modulation in laser inertial fusion [Betti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3131 (1993)]. In this latter mechanism, an oscillating strong force is applied to modify the basic equation, and consequently the new stabilization window is created. Originally the latter was proposed by Kapitza. We review the two stabilization mechanisms, and present the application results of the former dynamic stabilization mechanism.
‘Horrid’ and ‘infamous’ practices: the kidnapping and stripping of children,c.1730–c.1840
Authors: Kelly James
Published: December 2018

Among the abuses experienced by children in Ireland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, kidnapping and stripping stand out both for what they reveal of the changing nature of the manner in which children were preyed upon and contemporary attitudes to children and child welfare. Though it is misleadingly presented as evidence of the existence of a vibrant trade in ‘white slaves’, children were not only kidnapped so they could be ‘sold’ in the crown’s Caribbean and American colonies. They were also targeted domestically for a variety of pursuits in which children laboured – among which begging and chimney sweeping stand out. In any event, the diminished visibility of child kidnapping after the 1780s suggests it was not pursued actively thereafter. Children continued to be targeted, but the primary object of those who did so was to strip them of the clothes and jewellery they wore in order to realise the monetary value of these goods. Pursued primarily by female offenders, the fact that a majority of the reported incidents occurred in Dublin, Belfast, Limerick and Cork indicates that it was first and foremost an urban crime. Its identification attests both to the vulnerability of children to exploitation, and to the active engagement of adults in that exploitation.
The leading manufacturing firms in the Irish Free State in 1929
Authors: Barry Frank
Published: December 2018

The manufacturing sector of the 1920s Irish Free State was substantially more complex in structure than occasional references to a ‘beer and biscuits’ economy suggest. There were nine factories employing 500 workers or more in 1929, while the larger firms in sectors such as bacon curing, flour milling and fertilisers each operated more than a single factory. This article identifies the largest manufacturing firms and establishments of the era, as well as the largest within each industrial sector. Twenty-two firms had workforces of a minimum of around 400. Three of the five largest were foreign subsidiaries, the most significant of which – the Ford Motor Company – employed, at one stage, more than twice as many workers as Guinness. Of the larger indigenous companies, the majority were Protestant-owned, though Catholic-owned firms dominated in certain industrial segments.
Select document: Catholic ownership of tithes: a County Wexford widow’s dispensation, 1595
Authors: Mac Cuarta Brian
Published: December 2018

Down to the mid-nineteenth century, the rural population in Ireland was obliged by law to contribute to the upkeep of the Church of Ireland clergy by means of tithes, a measure denoting a proportion of annual agricultural produce. The document illustrates what was happening in the late sixteenth century, as separate ecclesial structures were emerging, and Catholics were beginning to determine how to support their own clergy. Control of ecclesiastical resources was a major issue for the Catholic community in the century after the introduction of the Reformation. However, for want of documentation the use of tithes to support Catholic priests, much less the impact of this issue on relationships within that community, between ecclesiastics and propertied laity, has been little noted. This text – a dispensation to hold parish revenues, signed by a papally-appointed bishop ministering in the south-east – illustrates how the recusant community in an anglicised part of Ireland addressed some issues posed by Catholic ownership of tithes in the 1590s. It exemplifies the confusion, competing claims, and anxiety of conscience among some who benefited from the secularisation of the church’s medieval patrimony; it also preserves the official response of the relevant Catholic ecclesiastical authority to an individual situation.
A Method for Capturing Context in the Assessment of Leaders: The “Too Little/Too Much” Rating Scale
Authors: Vergauwe Jasmine , Kaiser Robert B. , Wille Bart , De Fruyt Filip , Hofmans Joeri
Published: December 2018

In their focal article, Reynolds, McCauley, Tsacoumis, and the Jeanneret Symposium Participants (2018) stress the importance of context in leadership assessment. For instance, they argue that senior executives work in a different context compared to lower-level managers and that this should be taken into account. A simple example is that the competency of strategic thinking is critical for executive performance but much less so, if at all, for front-line supervisors. The claim that context matters in leadership and in the assessment of leaders is easy to grasp but difficult to apply in practice.
A Qualitative Study Exploring Family Life in Men Following Neurosurgery for Adult Onset Epileptic Seizures
Authors: Raffaele Martin
Published: December 2018

This study explored family relationship dynamics of men with Adult Onset Epileptic Seizures (AOES) following an elective lobectomy procedure to address their frequent seizure activity. Informants were five Australian men with history of adult-onset epilepsy for which they received neurosurgery (aged 34–59 years). Thematic analysis following semi-structured interviews yielded three themes: role marginalization, role dependency and role enmeshment. All the men reported significant role marginalization in not being consulted about everyday life activities. They also reported to experience decisional role shifting towards their spouses or partners and children post-surgery. Their family role enmeshment experiences included being perceived by spouses or partners as adult–children and by their children as a parent–child. However, some of the men were accepting of these role definitions and to add rather than take away from their health-related quality of life.
A mean field equation involving positively supported probability measures: blow-up phenomena and variational aspects
Authors: Jevnikar Aleks , Yang Wen
Published: December 2018

We are concerned with an elliptic problem which describes a mean field equation of the equilibrium turbulence of vortices with variable intensities. In the first part of the paper, we describe the blow-up picture and highlight the differences from the standard mean field equation as we observe non-quantization phenomenon. In the second part, we discuss the Moser–Trudinger inequality in terms of the blow-up masses and get the existence of solutions in a non-coercive regime by means of a variational argument, which is based on some improved Moser–Trudinger inequalities.
Asymptotic analysis of the Ginzburg–Landau functional on point clouds
Authors: Thorpe Matthew , Theil Florian
Published: December 2018

The Ginzburg–Landau functional is a phase transition model which is suitable for classification type problems. We study the asymptotics of a sequence of Ginzburg–Landau functionals with anisotropic interaction potentials on point clouds Ψnwherendenotes the number data points. In particular, we show the limiting problem, in the sense of Γ-convergence, is related to the total variation norm restricted to functions taking binary values, which can be understood as a surface energy. We generalize the result known for isotropic interaction potentials to the anisotropic case and add a result concerning the rate of convergence.
Lagrangian submanifolds of the nearly Kähler 𝕊3 × 𝕊3 from minimal surfaces in 𝕊3
Authors: Bektaş Burcu , Moruz Marilena , Van der Veken Joeri , Vrancken Luc
Published: December 2018

We study non-totally geodesic Lagrangian submanifolds of the nearly Kähler 𝕊3× 𝕊3for which the projection on the first component is nowhere of maximal rank. We show that this property can be expressed in terms of the so-called angle functions and that such Lagrangian submanifolds are closely related to minimal surfaces in 𝕊3. Indeed, starting from an arbitrary minimal surface, we can construct locally a large family of such Lagrangian immersions, including one exceptional example. We also show that locally all such Lagrangian submanifolds can be obtained in this way.
A problem of integer partitions and numerical semigroups
Authors: Rosales J. C. , Branco M. B.
Published: December 2018

Let C be a set of positive integers. In this paper, we obtain an algorithm for computing all subsets A of positive integers which are minimals with the condition that if x1 + … + xn is a partition of an element in C, then at least a summand of this partition belongs to A. We use techniques of numerical semigroups to solve this problem because it is equivalent to give an algorithm that allows us to compute all the numerical semigroups which are maximals with the condition that has an empty intersection with the set C.
PólyaS3-extensions of ℚ
Authors: Maarefparvar Abbas , Rajaei Ali
Published: December 2018

A number fieldKwith a ring of integers 𝒪Kis called a Pólya field, if the 𝒪K-module of integer-valued polynomials on 𝒪Khas a regular basis, or equivalently all its Bhargava factorial ideals are principal [1]. We generalize Leriche's criterion [8] for Pólya-ness of Galois closures of pure cubic fields, to generalS3-extensions of ℚ. Also, we prove for a real (resp. imaginary) PólyaS3-extensionLof ℚ, at most four (resp. three) primes can be ramified. Moreover, depending on the solvability of unit norm equation over the quadratic subfield ofL, we determine when these sharp upper bounds can occur.
Quaternary tephra from the Valles caldera in the volcanic field of the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico identified in western Canada
Authors: Westgate John A. , WoldeGabriel Giday , Halls Henry C. , Bray Colin J. , Barendregt René W. , Pearce Nicholas J.G. , Sarna-Wojcicki Andrei M. , Gorton Michael P. , Kelley Richard E. , Schultz-Fellenz Emily
Published: December 2018

A fine-grained, up to 3-m-thick tephra bed in southwestern Saskatchewan, herein named Duncairn tephra (Dt), is derived from an early Pleistocene eruption in the Jemez Mountains volcanic field of New Mexico, requiring a trajectory of northward tephra dispersal of ~1500 km. An unusually low CaO content in its glass shards denies a source in the closer Yellowstone and Heise volcanic fields, whereas a Pleistocene tephra bed (LSMt) in the La Sal Mountains of Utah has a very similar glass chemistry to that of the Dt, supporting a more southerly source. Comprehensive characterization of these two distal tephra beds along with samples collected near the Valles caldera in New Mexico, including grain size, mineral assemblage, major- and trace-element composition of glass and minerals, paleomagnetism, and fission-track dating, justify this correlation. Two glass populations each exist in the Dt and LSMt. The proximal correlative of Dt1 is the plinian Tsankawi Pumice and co-ignimbritic ash of the first ignimbrite (Qbt1g) of the 1.24 Ma Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff. The correlative of Dt2 and LSMt is the co-ignimbritic ash of Qbt2. Mixing of Dt1 and Dt2 probably occurred during northward transport in a jet stream.
Family Matters? Voting Behavior in Households with Criminal Justice Contact
Authors: WHITE ARIEL
Published: December 2018

Contact with the criminal legal system has been shown to reduce individuals’ political participation, but its effect on friends and family members is less clear. Do people who see loved ones arrested or incarcerated become mobilized to change the system, or do they withdraw from political life? I address this question using administrative data from one large county, identifying registered voters who live with someone facing misdemeanor charges. Court records and vote histories allow me to accurately measure proximate criminal justice exposure and voting for a broader sample of people than survey data would. Using case timing for arrests shortly before and shortly after the election allows me to avoid bias from omitted variables. I find evidence of a short-term demobilization effect for people who see household members convicted or jailed in the weeks before the election, but no evidence of a lasting turnout effect from these experiences.
Longitudinal association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with adipokines and markers of glucose metabolism among Brazilian pregnant women
Authors: Benaim Camila , Cocate Paula Guedes , de Barros Erica Guimarães , Alves-Santos Nadya Helena , Figueiredo Amanda Caroline Cunha , Franco-Sena Ana Beatriz , Lepsch Jaqueline , Adegboye Amanda Rodrigues Amorim , Mokhtar Rana , Holick Michael F. , Kac Gilberto
Published: December 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association of vitamin D status with glycaemia, insulin, homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, adiponectin and leptin. A prospective cohort with 181 healthy, pregnant Brazilian women was followed at the 5th–13th, 20th–26th and 30th–36th gestational weeks. In this cohort, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) plasma concentrations were analysed using liquid chromatography–tandem MS. Vitamin D status was categorised as sufficient or insufficient using the Endocrine Society Practice Guidelines (≥75/<75 nmol/l) and the Institute of Medicine (≥50/<50 nmol/l) thresholds. Linear mixed-effect regression models were employed to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and each outcome, considering interaction terms between vitamin D status and gestational age (P<0·1). At baseline, 70·7 % of pregnant women had 25(OH)D levels <75 nmol/l and 16 % had levels <50 nmol/l. Women with sufficient vitamin D status at baseline, using both thresholds, presented lower glycaemia than those with insufficient 25(OH)D. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D concentrations <75 nmol/l showed lower insulin (β=−0·12; 95 % CI −0·251, 0·009;P=0·069) and adiponectin (β=−0·070; 95 % CI −0·150, 0·010;P=0·085) concentrations throughout pregnancy than those with 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/l. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l at baseline presented significantly higher leptin concentrations than those with 25(OH)D levels ≥50 nmol/l (β=−0·253; 95 % CI −0·044, 0·550;P=0·095). The baseline status of vitamin D influences the biomarkers involved in glucose metabolism. Vitamin D-sufficient women at baseline had higher increases in insulin and adiponectin changes throughout gestation than those who were insufficient.
‘GREETINGS, CICERO!’: CAESAR AND PLATO ON WRITING AND MEMORY
Authors: Krebs Christopher B.
Published: December 2018

In his digression on the Gauls in Book 6 of theGallic War, Caesar includes a portrait of the Druids (BGall.6.13.3sed de his duobus generibus[sc. quae aliquo sunt numero atque honore]alterum estdruidum) and their public roles first and foremost in religious and legal affairs (6.13.4–5illirebus diuinisintersunt,sacrificiapublica ac priuata procurant,religionesinterpretantur … fere de omnibuscontrouersiispublicis priuatisque constituunt), not forgetting their philosophical doctrine (6.14.6multa …disputantet iuuentuti tradunt). He emphasizes the strictly oral form their teaching takes (6.14.4), how ‘they do not deem it appropriate to commit it [their learning] to writing even though in almost everything else, in public and private affairs, they resort to Greek writing (neque fas esse existimantea litteris mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis priuatisque rationibus Graecis litteris utantur)’, about the reasons for which he then proceeds to speculate (6.14.4):

idmihiduabus de causis instituisseuidentur, quod neque in uulgum disciplinam efferri uelint neque eos qui discunt litteris confisos minus memoriae studere: quodfere plerisque accidit, ut praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant.

This [sc. practice] they seem to me to have instituted for two reasons: they do not wish either that their teaching be revealed to the general public or that those who are learning it, having become reliant on writing, give less attention to memorization; and it does, as a rule, happen to many that, because of the prop offered by writing, they relax their diligence in thoroughly committing things to memory.
Unitary and Symmetric Units of a Commutative Group Algebra
Authors: Bovdi V. A. , Grishkov A. N.
Published: December 2018

LetFbe a field of characteristic two andGa finite abelian 2-group with an involutory automorphismη. IfG=H×Dwith non-trivial subgroupsHandDofGsuch that η inverts the elements ofH(Hwithout a direct factor of order 2) and fixesDelement-wise, then the linear extension ofηto the group algebraFGis called anice involution. This determines the groups of unitary and symmetric normalized units ofFG. We calculate the orders and the invariants of these subgroups.
Cow responses and evolution of the rumen bacterial and methanogen community following a complete rumen content transfer
Authors: De Mulder T. , Vandaele L. , Peiren N. , Haegeman A. , Ruttink T. , De Campeneere S. , Van De Wiele T. , Goossens K.
Published: December 2018

Understanding the rumen microbial ecosystem requires the identification of factors that influence the community structure, such as nutrition, physiological condition of the host and host–microbiome interactions. The objective of the current study was to describe the rumen microbial communities before, during and after a complete rumen content transfer. The rumen contents of one donor cow were removed completely and used as inoculum for the emptied rumen of the donor itself and three acceptor cows under identical physiological and nutritional conditions. Temporal changes in microbiome composition and rumen function were analysed for each of four cows over a period of 6 weeks. Shortly after transfer, the cows showed different responses to perturbation of their rumen content. Feed intake depression in the first 2 weeks after transfer resulted in short-term changes in milk production, methane emission, fatty acid composition and rumen bacterial community composition. These effects were more pronounced in two cows, whose microbiome composition showed reduced diversity. The fermentation metrics and microbiome diversity of the other two cows were not affected. Their rumen bacterial community initially resembled the composition of the donor but evolved to a new community profile that resembled neither the donor nor their original composition. Descriptive data presented in the current paper show that the rumen bacterial community composition can quickly recover from a reduction in microbiome diversity after a severe perturbation. In contrast to the bacteria, methanogenic communities were more stable over time and unaffected by stress or host effects.
Metacyclogenesis ofLeishmania (Viannia) guyanensis: a comprehensive study of the main transformation features in axenic culture and purification of metacyclic promastigotes by negative selection withBauhinia purpurealectin
Authors: Mendes Bárbara Pinheiro , da Silva Ildefonso Alves , DaMata Jarina Pena , Castro-Gomes Thiago , Vieira Leda Quercia , Ribeiro-Dias Fátima , Horta Maria Fátima
Published: December 2018

Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensisis one species that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. The incidence of infections with this parasite is probably underestimated and few studies exist on this species, despite its epidemiological importance. In particular, there are no studies concerningL. guyanensismetacyclogenesis and no technique for obtaining metacyclic promastigotes for this species is presently available. Here, we have studiedL. guyanensismetacyclogenesis in axenic culture, describing the main changes that occur during this process, namely, in morphology and size, sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis, surface carbohydrates and infectivity to macrophages. We have shown that metacyclogenesis inL. guyanensispromastigotes is basically complete on the 4thday of culture, as determined by decreased body size, increased flagellum length, resistance to complement-mediated lysis and infectivity. We have also found that only a fraction of the parasites is agglutinated byBauhinia purpurealectin. The non-agglutinated parasites, which also peaked on the 4thday of culture, had all morphological traits typical of the metacyclic stage. This is the first report describing metacyclogenesis inL. guyanensisaxenic promastigotes and a simple and efficient method for the purification of metacyclic forms. Furthermore, a model of human macrophage infection withL. guyanensiswas established.
Influencing Factors of GNSS Differential Inter-System Bias and Performance Assessment of Tightly Combined GPS, Galileo, and QZSS Relative Positioning for Short Baseline
Authors: Wu Mingkui , Zhang Xiaohong , Liu Wanke , Wu Renpan , Zhang Renlan , Le Yuan , Wu Yuexia
Published: December 2018

This paper first investigates the influencing factors of between-receiver Differential Inter-System Bias (DISB) between overlapping frequencies of the Global Positioning System (GPS), Galileo and the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). It was found that the receiver reboot and the type of observations may have an impact on DISBs. The impact of receiver firmware upgrades and the activation of anti-multipath filters are also investigated and some new results are presented. Then a performance evaluation is presented of tightly combined relative positioning for a short baseline with GPS/Galileo/QZSS L1-E1-L1/L5-E5a-L5 observations with the current constellations, in which the recently launched Galileo and QZSS satellites will also be included. It is demonstrated that when DISBs are a priori calibrated and corrected, the tightly combined model can deliver a much higher empirical ambiguity resolution success rate and positioning accuracy with respect to the classical loosely combined model, especially under environments where the observed satellites for each system are limited and only single-frequency observations are available. The ambiguity dilution of precision, bootstrapping success rate, and ratio values are analysed to illustrate the benefits of the tightly combined model as well.
The Colour of Hope: The Legacy of the ‘Green Cadres’ and the Problem of Rural Unrest in the First Czechoslovak Republic
Authors: Beneš Jakub
Published: December 2018

This article addresses the divided memory and contested meaning of the Great War in interwar Czechoslovakia. Focusing on the legacy of a loose and short-lived movement of army deserters called ‘Green Cadres’ that appeared in 1918, it suggests that the Czechoslovak nation building project faced challenges not only from sizable ethnic minorities within the fledgling state, but also from the restive Czech peasantry. As elsewhere in East Central Europe, many peasants regarded the Green Cadres as liberators and representatives of a more radical, rural oriented national revolution. These unfulfilled hopes resonated through the interwar period. This article thus sheds light on an important social and cultural fault line that has been neglected in histories of the world wars in Europe.
Conference report, International Planning History Society (IPHS) Biennial Conference, Yokohama, 15–19 July 2018
Authors: Lincoln Toby
Published: December 2018

The IPHS conference in Yokohama demonstrates that the history of planning is in rude health. The discipline now includes the histories of planning around the world, and scholars from many different countries are reflecting deeply on their own and each other's experiences. Planners, the institutes they work in, the evolution and transmission of their ideas and of course their application and success or failure are now considered from a multitude of regional and disciplinary perspectives. The vitality of these debates in the twenty-first-century global urban world holds much promise that historical study can contribute to understanding some of the challenges facing contemporary cities.
Diagnosis Prevalence and Comorbidity in a Population of Mobile Integrated Community Health Care Patients
Authors: Scharf Becca M. , Bissell Rick A. , Trevitt Jamie L. , Jenkins J. Lee
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Frequent calls to 911 and requests for emergency services by individuals place a costly burden on emergency response systems and emergency departments (EDs) in the United States. Many of the calls by these individuals are non-emergent exacerbations of chronic conditions and could be treated more effectively and cost efficiently through another health care service. Mobile integrated community health (MICH) programs present a possible partial solution to the over-utilization of emergency services by addressing factors which contribute to a patient’s likelihood of frequent Emergency Medical Services (EMS) use. To provide effective care to eligible individuals, MICH providers must have a working understanding of the common conditions they will encounter.

Objective

The purpose of this descriptive study was to evaluate the diagnosis prevalence and comorbidity among participants in the Queen Anne’s County (Maryland USA) MICH Program. This fundamental knowledge of the most common medical conditions within the MICH Program will inform future mobile integrated health programs and providers.

Methods

This study examined preliminary data from the MICH Program, as well as 2017 Maryland census data. It involved secondary analysis of de-identified patient records and descriptive statistical analysis of the disease prevalence, degree of comorbidity, insurance coverage, and demographic characteristics among 97 program participants. Diagnoses were grouped by their ICD-9 classification codes to determine the most common categories of medical conditions. Multiple linear regression models and chi-squared tests were used to assess the association between age, sex, race, ICD-9 diagnosis groups, and comorbidity among program enrollees.

Results

Results indicated the most prevalent diagnoses included hypertension, high cholesterol, esophageal reflux, and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, 94.85% of MICH patients were comorbid; the number of comorbidities per patient ranged from one to 13 conditions, with a mean of 5.88 diagnoses per patient (SD=2.74).

Conclusion

Overall, patients in the MICH Program are decidedly medically complex and may be well-suited to additional community intervention to better manage their many conditions. The potential for MICH programs to simultaneously improve patient outcomes and reduce health care costs by expanding into larger public health and addressing the needs of the most vulnerable citizens warrants further study.

ScharfBM, BissellRA, TrevittJL, JenkinsJL.Diagnosis prevalence and comorbidity in a population of mobile integrated community health care patients.Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):46–55.
On the Way Out: An Analysis of Patient Transfers from Four Large-Scale North American Music Festivals Over Two Years
Authors: Turris Sheila A. , Callaghan Christopher W. , Rabb Haddon , Munn Matthew Brendan , Lund Adam
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Music festivals are globally attended events that bring together performers and fans for a defined period of time. These festivals often have on-site medical care to help reduce the impact on local health care systems. Historically, the literature suggests that patient transfers off-site are frequently related to complications of substance use. However, there is a gap in understanding why patients are transferred to hospital when an on-site medical team, capable of providing first aid services blended with a higher level of care (HLC) team, is present.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to better understand patterns of injuries and illnesses that necessitate transfer when physician-led HLC teams are accessible on-site.

Methods

This is a prospective, descriptive case series analyzing patient encounter documentation from four large-scale, North American, multi-day music festivals.

Results/Discussion

On-site medical teams that included HLC team members were present for the duration of each festival, so every team was able to “treat and release” when clinically appropriate. Over the course of the combined 34 event days, there were 10,406 patient encounters resulting in 156 individuals being transferred off-site for assessment, diagnostic testing, and/or treatment. A minority of patients seen were transferred off-site (1.5%). The patient presentation rate (PPR) was 16.5/1,000. The ambulance transfer rate (ATR) was 0.12/1,000 attendees, whereas the total transfer-to-hospital rate (TTHR), when factoring in non-ambulance transport, was 0.25/1,000. In contrast to existing literature on transfers from music festivals, the most common reason for transfer off-site was for musculo-skeletal (MSK) injuries (53.8%) that required imaging.

Conclusion

The presence of on-site HLC teams impacted the case mix of patients transferred to hospital, and may reduce the number of transfers for intoxication. Confounding preconceptions, patients in the present study were transferred largely for injuries that required specialized imaging and testing that could not be performed in an out-of-hospital setting. These results suggest that a better understanding of the specific effects on-site HLC teams have on avoiding off-site transfers will aid in improving planning for music festivals. The findings also identify areas for further improvement in on-site care, such as integrated on-site radiology, which could potentially further reduce the impact of music festivals on local health services. The role of non-emergency transport vehicles (NETVs) deserves further attention.

TurrisSA,CallaghanCW,RabbH,MunnMB,LundA.On the way out: an analysis of patient transfers from four large-scale North American music festivals over two yearsPrehosp Disaster Med.2019;34(1):72–81.
Neurological commentary addressing the article titled “Guidance for switching from off-label antipsychotics to pimavanserin for Parkinson’s disease psychosis: an expert consensus”
Authors: Hermanowicz Neal
Published: December 2018

Parkinson’s disease psychosis (PDP) occurs commonly and can comprise the most troubling symptoms among the many that occur with this illness. Prior treatment options for PDP have been limited and unsatisfactory due to uneven efficacy data, burdensome monitoring, and lack of a specific FDA indication coupled with warnings of increased mortality. Pimavanserin, approved for the treatment of PDP by the FDA in 2016, overcomes some of these obstacles, with data proven efficacy and without the frequent monitoring required for clozapine. This presents an opportunity to transition patients with PDP to pimavanserin from older therapies. Black and colleagues provide their thoughtful recommendations on how to achieve this transition to pimavanserin while maintaining symptom control and minimizing disruptions that might occur with a medication change.
THE SUPREME COURT AS THE FOUNTAIN OF PUBLIC REASON
Authors: Kogelmann Brian
Published: December 2018

The idea of public reason requires that citizens in their public deliberation employ considerations stemming from a shared conception of justice. One worry is that public reason's content will be incomplete, in that it does not contain sufficient material for adequate public debate. Rawls has a way of expanding the content of public reason to address such concerns—by including in public reason all those things you and I say in our justification of the conception of justice. After arguing that this strategy fails, a new way of expanding public reason's content is proposed. Instead of understanding the Supreme Court—which Rawls famously calls the “exemplar” of public reason—as an institution that appeals to exogenously determined public reasons, we should understand the judicial authority in a liberal democratic society as an endogenous fountain of public reason.
A NOTE ON ROBUST MONETARY POLICY AND NON-ZERO TREND INFLATION
Authors: Hasui Kohei
Published: December 2018

This paper studies how model uncertainty influences economic fluctuation when trend inflation is high. We introduce Hansen and Sargent’s [(2008) Robustness, Princeton University Press] robust control techniques into a New Keynesian model with non-zero trend inflation. We reveal the following three points. First, we find that robust monetary policy responds more aggressively. This aggressiveness increases with trend inflation. Second, as the trend inflation rises, the response of macroeconomic variables is larger under robust policy. Third, stronger robustness tends to lead to indeterminate equilibrium as trend inflation increases. Consequently, the economy might be volatile when trend inflation is high due to robustness from the view of both variance and determinacy. We interpret the results as indicating that the model uncertainty might be the one of the factors causing large macroeconomic fluctuations when trend inflation is high.
Using regulation to limit salt intake and prevent non-communicable diseases: lessons from South Africa’s experience
Authors: Kaldor Jenny Claire , Thow Anne Marie , Schönfeldt Hettie
Published: December 2018

Objective

To analyse the policy process for the South African regulation setting upper limits for salt in thirteen commonly consumed food categories, to inform future policy action for prevention of non-communicable diseases.

Design

Semi-structured interviews (n10) were conducted with key stakeholders from government, academia, non-governmental organisations and the food industry. Interviewees were asked about the content, context, process and actors involved in developing the regulation. Data were analysed according to Walt and Gilson’s health policy analysis triangle.

Setting

South Africa.

Participants

Key actors and stakeholders in the policy process to develop the salt regulation.

Results

The regulation was a response to research establishing the effectiveness of food supply interventions and to a shared perception that government regulation was the quickest way to address the problem of salt overconsumption. While the regulations were developed through a consultative process, food industry stakeholders perceived the consultation as inadequate. Implementation is currently underway, supported by a health promotion programme. Monitoring and enforcement were identified as the most likely challenges due to capacity constraints.

Conclusions

Comprehensive mandatory salt limits are an innovative approach to food reformulation. Factors that enabled regulation included robust scientific evidence, strong political and bureaucratic leadership, and the pragmatic use of existing regulatory instruments. The main challenges identified were disagreement over the appropriate nature and extent of food industry participation, and monitoring and enforcement challenges due to capacity constraints.
Factors underlying compliance with a healthy snacking initiative in the school environment: accounts of school principals in Montevideo (Uruguay)
Authors: Girona Alejandra , Iragola Valentina , Alcaire Florencia , Curutchet María Rosa , Pereira Pablo , Magnani Daiana , Barreto Patricia , Petingi Sofía , Allegue Gimena , Conzalo Gonzalo , Mosteiro Camila , Ares Gastón
Published: December 2018

Objective

To evaluate the implementation of the Uruguayan healthy snacking initiative in primary and secondary schools in the capital, and to explore the factors underlying compliance from the perspective of school principals.

Design

A mixed-method approach was used, which included semi-structured interviews with school principals and a survey of the foods and beverages sold and advertised in the schools.

Setting

Primary and secondary schools in Montevideo (the capital city of Uruguay).

Participants

School principals.

Results

The great majority of the schools did not comply with the initiative. Exhibition of non-recommended products was the main cause for non-compliance, followed by advertising of non-recommended products through promotional activities of food and beverage companies. Although school principals were aware of the healthy snack initiative and showed a positive attitude towards it, the majority lacked knowledge about its specific content. Factors underlying compliance with the healthy snacking initiative were related to its characteristics, characteristics of the schools, and external factors such as family habits and advertising.

Conclusions

Results showed that the rationale underlying the selling of products at schools favours the availability of ultra-processed products and constitutes the main barrier for the promotion of healthy dietary habits among children and adolescents. Strategies aimed at facilitating the identification of unhealthy foods and beverages and provision of incentives to canteen managers to modify their offer are recommended.