bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐stage least squares‐based iterative estimation algorithms for bilinear state‐space systems based on the bilinear state estimator
Authors: Liu Siyu , Zhang Yanliang , Ding Feng , Alsaedi Ahmed , Hayat Tasawar
Published: September 2020

Because of the product item of the control input and the state vector, the identification of bilinear systems is difficult. This paper considers the combined parameter and state estimation problems of bilinear state‐space systems. On the basis of the observability canonical form and the model transformation, an identification model with a linear combination of the system parameters is obtained. Using the hierarchical principle, the identification model is decomposed into three submodels with fewer variables, and a three‐stage least squares‐based iterative (3S‐LSI) algorithm is presented to estimate the system parameters. Furthermore, we derive a state estimator (SE) for estimating the unknown states, and present an SE‐3S‐LSI algorithm for estimating the unknown parameters and states simultaneously. After that, the least squares‐based iterative algorithm is presented as a comparison. By analyzing the estimation results and the calculation amount, these two algorithms can identify the bilinear system effectively but the 3S‐LSI algorithm can improve the computational efficiency. The simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
The Effect of the Strain Rate on the Fretting Wear Properties of Thermally Compressed Inconel 625 Alloy
Authors: Jia Zhi , Wang Yanjiang , Ji Jinjin , Sun Xuan , Wei Baolin
Published: September 2020

The strain rate during the thermal deformation process has a decisive effect on the performance of the material. Herein, Inconel 625 alloy is subjected to thermal compression at different strain rates to obtain fretting wear samples with different microstructures. The effects of the recrystallized grain morphologies, textures, and microhardness values on the fretting wear resistance of thermally compressed Inconel 625 are studied. The results demonstrate that the thermally compressed Inconel 625 alloy underwent severe oxidation reactions during fretting wear, mainly Fe oxides. At an equal temperature, as the strain rate of thermal compression increases, the friction coefficient and wear volume are found to first decrease and then increase. When the strain rates during thermal compression are 0.1 and 1 s−1, the workpiece is in a relatively fine recrystallized grain form without texture and with high hardness. At this time, the thermally compressed Inconel 625 has a low friction coefficient, a small volume of wear, and a large number of oxides on its surface. Therefore, the thermal deformation microstructure has a great influence on the wear resistance. Improvement in the fretting wear resistance of the workpiece by adjusting the strain rate during the thermal deformation process is proposed.
Phosphine Oxide Linkage Manipulating Trinuclear Iridium(III) Complex for High‐Efficiency Bilayer Nondoped Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wei Ying , Zhang Jing , Kan Wenjing , Xu Hui
Published: September 2020

Developing high‐efficiency nondoped phosphorescence (PH) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) by solution processing is still a big challenge, due to high demand on quenching suppression ability of phosphors. Here, phosphine oxide (PO) linkage is incorporated between Ir3+ complexed cores of a trinuclear phosphorescent emitter named [Ir(PBI)2]3TPBIPO. The emission spectra of single‐molecular [Ir(PBI)2]3TPBIPO is identical to its mononuclear congeners, but its frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) and triplet state location are separated by electron‐withdrawing effect of P=O. Furthermore, by virtue of tetrahedral configuration of sp3‐hybrid PO linker, steric hindrance of [Ir(PBI)2]3TPBIPO is enhanced by locking the spatial orientations of the cores and vanishing packing freedom, giving rise to the effectively suppressed triplet quenching. As a consequence, neat [Ir(PBI)2]3TPBIPO film achieves a photoluminescence quantum yield of ≈90%, and a state‐of‐the‐art external quantum efficiency of 23.2% at 1000 nits from its spin‐coated bilayer non‐doped OLEDs.
Random forest regression for optimizing variable planting rates for corn and soybean using topographical and soil data
Authors: Krause Margaret R. , Crossman Savanna , DuMond Todd , Lott Rodman , Swede Jason , Arliss Scott , Robbins Ron , Ochs Daniel , Gore Michael A.
Published: September 2020

In recent years, planting machinery that enables precise control of the planting rates has become available for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). With increasingly available topographical and soil information, there is a growing interest in developing variable rate planting strategies to exploit variation in the agri‐landscape in order to maximize production. A random forest regression‐based approach was developed to model the interactions between planting rate, hybrid/variety, topography, soil characteristics, weather variables, and their effects on yield by leveraging on‐farm variable rate planting trials for corn and soybean conducted at 27 sites in New York between 2014 and 2018 (57 site‐years) in collaboration with the New York Corn and Soybean Growers Association. Planting rate ranked highly in terms of random forest regression variable importance while explaining relatively minimal yield variation in the linear context, indicating that yield response to planting rate likely depends on complex interactions with agri‐landscape features. Random forest models explained moderate levels of yield within site‐years, while the ability to predict yield in untested site‐years was low. Relatedly, variable importance measures for the predictors varied considerably across sites. Together, these results suggest that local testing may provide the most accurate optimized planting rate designs due to the unique set of conditions at each site. The proposed method was extended to identify the optimal variable rate planting design for maximizing yield at each site given the underlying conditions, and empirical validation of the resulting designs is currently underway.
The ecophysiology of a neotropical mistletoe depends on the leaf phenology of its tree hosts
Authors: Cocoletzi Eliezer , Angeles Guillermo , Briones Oscar , Ceccantini Gregório , Ornelas Juan Francisco
Published: September 2020

Premise

Mistletoes parasitize many hardwood and softwood tree species; however, they play key roles in forest ecosystems. Adult individuals of Psittacanthus schiedeanus take up water and xylem nutrients from both deciduous and evergreen host trees, suggesting the ability to modify its physiology according to the availability of host resources. Yet, there is little information regarding the effects of mistletoes on their host trees from the eophyll stage to reproductive phases of the parasite.

Methods

Taking advantage of the fact that P. schiedeanus can reach sexual maturity in 1 year, we investigated its physiological performance during development on deciduous (Liquidambar styraciflua) and evergreen (Quercus germana) host trees in a cloud forest in eastern Mexico. Variables related to chlorophyll fluorescence, carbon assimilation, photosynthetic pigments, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contents of the parasite and non‐infected and infected hosts were analyzed in a nursery experiment.

Results

Mistletoe had lower water‐use efficiency and higher transpiration rates than the host species did. Despite the fact that P. schiedeanus obtained resources from species with differing phenology and resource availability, the parasite steadily improved its CO2 assimilation, electron transport rate, and nutrient content from seedling establishment to adult life stages. Mistletoe decreased the photosynthetic reactions of carbon metabolism in the deciduous host, photosynthetic light reactions in the evergreen host, and nutritional status of both host species, mostly in the evergreen host.

Conclusions

The hypothesis that mistletoes adjust their physiology according to the availability of host resources could extend to the early growth of the parasite.
Work as a social determinant of health; a landscape assessment of employers in two historically disinvested urban communities
Authors: Forst Linda , Grant Alexis , Hebert‐Beirne Jeni
Published: September 2020

Background

Work is considered a structural determinant of health, yet specific determinants that could be targeted at the community level have not been elaborated. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology for incorporating employers and employment into community health assessment.

Methods

As part of a community based participatory research (CBPR) collaboration, we inventoried and characterized businesses in two neighborhoods using multiple data sources and walk‐around surveys. Community and academic researchers planned, executed, discussed, and debated the methodology, the findings, and the potential for incorporating “work” in community health considerations.

Results

In two contiguous communities with a total population of roughly 100,000, we identified 1,127 employers: 85% were small employers; almost 70% of businesses were in retail, service, financial/business services, and food/accommodations sectors. Cash economy, hidden employment, and phantom businesses were uncovered.

Conclusion

We developed a CBPR approach to incorporating local businesses and employment sectors into community health assessment in economically and socially disadvantaged communities. Knowing about “work” in a community will form the basis for including business owners into CBPR partnerships and incorporating work‐related health and economic factors into community health improvement and quality of life plans.
Play behavior in immature moor macaques (Macaca maura) and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Beltrán Francés Víctor , Castellano‐Navarro Alba , Illa Maulany Risma , Ngakan Putu O. , MacIntosh Andrew J. J. , Llorente Miquel , Amici Federica
Published: September 2020

Play is widespread across mammalian taxa, but species strongly vary in the ways they play. In less despotic primate species (i.e., with less steep dominance hierarchies, less severe conflicts, and more reconciliation), play has been described as being more frequent, cooperative, and freely expressed. To study the link between social play and dominance style, we compared play behavior in free‐ranging infants, juveniles and subadults of more despotic Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata, N = 24) and less despotic moor macaques (Macaca maura, N = 17). We found interspecific differences in play behavior that corresponded with the contrasting dominance styles of the study species, largely confirming our predictions. In particular, moor macaques spent a larger proportion of time in solitary and social play than Japanese macaques, while Japanese macaques spent a larger proportion of time in grooming interactions. In moor macaques, play sessions included more players, a larger variety of play behaviors, greater play face rates, a greater proportion of time in contact play, and a higher rate of reciprocal play‐biting than in Japanese macaques. Aggressive escalations were not common, but more frequent in Japanese macaques. Finally, a higher frequency of play faces during play sessions predicted the occurrence of more reciprocal play‐bites, but not the proportion of time spent in contact play behaviors. Additional studies on other groups and species will allow a better understanding of the link between dominance style and social play.
Dopaminergic Retinal Cell Loss and Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Ortuño‐Lizarán Isabel , Sánchez‐Sáez Xavier , Lax Pedro , Serrano Geidy E. , Beach Thomas G. , Adler Charles H. , Cuenca Nicolás
Published: September 2020

Objective

Considering the demonstrated implication of the retina in Parkinson disease (PD) pathology and the importance of dopaminergic cells in this tissue, we aimed to analyze the state of the dopaminergic amacrine cells and some of their main postsynaptic neurons in the retina of PD.

Methods

Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we evaluated morphology, number, and synaptic connections of dopaminergic cells and their postsynaptic cells, AII amacrine and melanopsin‐containing retinal ganglion cells, in control and PD eyes from human donors.

Results

In PD, dopaminergic amacrine cell number was reduced between 58% and 26% in different retinal regions, involving a decline in the number of synaptic contacts with AII amacrine cells (by 60%) and melanopsin cells (by 35%). Despite losing their main synaptic input, AII cells were not reduced in number, but they showed cellular alterations compromising their adequate function: (1) a loss of mitochondria inside their lobular appendages, which may indicate an energetic failure; and (2) a loss of connexin 36, suggesting alterations in the AII coupling and in visual signal transmission from the rod pathway.

Interpretation

The dopaminergic system impairment and the affection of the rod pathway through the AII cells may explain and be partially responsible for the reduced contrast sensitivity or electroretinographic response described in PD. Also, dopamine reduction and the loss of synaptic contacts with melanopsin cells may contribute to the melanopsin retinal ganglion cell loss previously described and to the disturbances in circadian rhythm and sleep reported in PD patients. These data support the idea that the retina reproduces brain neurodegeneration and is highly involved in PD pathology. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:893–906
Control of Surface Barriers in Mass Transfer to Modulate Methanol‐to‐Olefins Reaction over SAPO‐34 Zeolites
Authors: Peng Shichao , Gao Mingbin , Li Hua , Yang Miao , Ye Mao , Liu Zhongmin
Published: September 2020

Mass transfer of guest molecules has a significant impact on the applications of nanoporous crystalline materials and particularly shape‐selective catalysis over zeolites. Control of mass transfer to alter reaction over zeolites, however, remains an open challenge. Recent studies show that, in addition to intracrystalline diffusion, surface barriers represent another transport mechanism that may dominate the overall mass transport rate in zeolites. We demonstrate that the methanol‐to‐olefins (MTO) reaction can be modulated by regulating surface permeability in SAPO‐34 zeolites with improved chemical liquid deposition and acid etching. Our results explicitly show that the reduction of surface barriers can prolong catalyst lifetime and promote light olefins selectivity, which opens a potential avenue for improving reaction performance by controlling the mass transport of guest molecules in zeolite catalysis.
Impact of Ethylene on Efficiency and Stereocontrol in Olefin Metathesis: When to Add It, When to Remove It, and When to Avoid It
Authors: Hoveyda Amir H. , Liu Zhenxing , Qin Can , Koengeter Tobias , Mu Yucheng
Published: September 2020

Ethylene is the byproduct of olefin metathesis reactions that involve one or more terminal alkenes. Its volatility is one reason why many cross‐metathesis or ring‐closing metathesis processes, which are reversible transformations, are efficient. However, because ethylene can be converted to a methylidene complex, which is a highly reactive but relatively unstable species, its concentration can impact olefin metathesis in other ways. In some cases, introducing excess ethylene can increase reaction rate owing to faster catalyst initiation. Ethylene and a derived methylidene complex can also advantageously inhibit substrate or product homocoupling, and/or divert a less selective pathway. In other instances, a methylidene's low stability and high activity may lead to erosion of efficiency and/or kinetic selectivity, making it preferable that ethylene is removed while being generated. If methylidene decomposition is so fast that there is little or no product formation, it is best that ethylene and methylidene complex formation is avoided altogether. This is accomplished by the use of di‐ or trisubstituted alkenes in stereoretentive processes, which includes adopting methylene capping strategy. Here, we analyze the different scenarios through which ethylene and the involvement of methylidene complexes can be manipulated and managed so that an olefin metathesis reaction may occur more efficiently and/or more stereoselectively.
Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953): Mendeleev's Protege, a Brilliant Scientist, and the Top Soviet Chemist of the Stalin Era
Authors: Beloglazkina Elena K. , Bogatova Tatiana V. , Nenajdenko Valentine G.
Published: September 2020

This Essay outlines the life path and scientific achievements of Nikolay Zelinsky to testify to his contributions to organic chemistry, catalysis, and petrochemistry. His legacy includes four name reactions (the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction, 1887; the Zelinsky–Stadnikov reaction, 1906; Zelinsky irreversible catalysis, 1911; the Zelinsky–Kazansky acetylene trimerization, 1924), pioneering contributions to the main oil‐refining processes (thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, hydrodesulfurization, reforming, and oxidative regeneration of coked catalysts), the coal gas mask, Pd/C and other supported catalysts, and a very large scientific school.
Interfacial Speciation Determines Interfacial Chemistry: X‐ray‐Induced Lithium Fluoride Formation from Water‐in‐salt Electrolytes on Solid Surfaces
Authors: Steinrück Hans‐Georg , Cao Chuntian , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Takacs Christopher J. , Wan Gang , Mackanic David G. , Tsao Yuchi , Zhao Jingbo , Helms Brett A. , Xu Kang , Borodin Oleg , Wishart James F. , Toney Michael F.
Published: September 2020

Super‐concentrated “water‐in‐salt” electrolytes recently spurred resurgent interest for high energy density aqueous lithium‐ion batteries. Thermodynamic stabilization at high concentrations and kinetic barriers towards interfacial water electrolysis significantly expand the electrochemical stability window, facilitating high voltage aqueous cells. Herein we investigated LiTFSI/H2O electrolyte interfacial decomposition pathways in the “water‐in‐salt” and “salt‐in‐water” regimes using synchrotron X‐rays, which produce electrons at the solid/electrolyte interface to mimic reductive environments, and simultaneously probe the structure of surface films using X‐ray diffraction. We observed the surface‐reduction of TFSI− at super‐concentration, leading to lithium fluoride interphase formation, while precipitation of the lithium hydroxide was not observed. The mechanism behind this photoelectron‐induced reduction was revealed to be concentration‐dependent interfacial chemistry that only occurs among closely contact ion‐pairs, which constitutes the rationale behind the “water‐in‐salt” concept.
Conservation management of abandoned paddy fields in Asia: Semi‐natural marshes with low‐intensity bovid grazing have higher biodiversity
Authors: So Ken Ying Kin , Dudgeon David
Published: September 2020

Semi‐natural marshland is becoming increasingly prevalent in Asia as a result of the continuing abandonment of rice cultivation. Although these marshes are important habitats for aquatic animals, they are susceptible to terrestrialization. Large mammalian herbivores that can retard terrestrialization are in decline globally, but domesticated bovids may serve as their surrogates, and could be used for managing semi‐natural marshes. Relevant research in Asia is lacking, however.

Aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled in both the wet and dry seasons from 26 freshwater marshes (abandoned paddy fields) across Hong Kong, encompassing 15 sites grazed by feral bovids (yellow cattle and water buffalo) and 11 ungrazed sites. The aim was to investigate seasonal variation in the effects of bovids on macroinvertebrate communities in monsoonal marshes.

Four decades after paddy cultivation had been abandoned, semi‐natural marshes with low‐intensity bovid grazing (0.06–0.14 cattle ha−1) had significantly higher (16%) site‐scale γ‐diversity. Macroinvertebrate communities at grazed sites had more Coleoptera and larval Odonata, and differed markedly from those at ungrazed sites. The effects of grazing on diversity and composition were unaffected by season, but season itself was a significant predictor of α‐ and β‐diversity and species composition.

This study is the first to record the responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity and composition to large‐mammal grazing in Asian marshlands. Given that bovid grazing at low intensity can control plant growth, with concomitant benefits for wetland diversity, it is suggested that targeted grazing of short duration could be used for conservation management of abandoned paddy fields.
Improvement in Student Performance and Perceptions through a Flipped Anatomy Classroom: Shifting from Passive Traditional to Active Blended Learning
Authors: El Sadik Abir , Al Abdulmonem Waleed
Published: September 2020

One of the major challenges facing anatomy educators is delivering the anatomy materials in fewer hours with a reduction of anatomy courses in the integrated curricula. The flipped classroom modality may be an innovative solution. However, its effectiveness remains under debate due to a lack of outcome‐based research and the mixed results of students' performance. The present study aimed to determine the outcome of the flipped classroom based upon the level of student cognition. The study investigated performance on 17 multiple‐choice anatomy questions as a part of the final examination of the musculoskeletal system module. The results were compared between the first‐year female students of Qassim Medical College, specifically the flipped classroom group (46 students) of the academic year (2018–2019) and the traditional group (49 students) of the academic year (2017–2018). The mean differences in the students' grades on the anatomy questions at the level of knowledge, application, and analysis using Cohen's d test were 0.43, 1.41, and 1.01, respectively. These results suggest the positive impact of flipping the students' classrooms on improving their levels of thinking according to Bloom's taxonomy. Perception surveys also revealed students' enthusiasm for the pre‐class activities, leading to a better performance in the class with more engagement with their peers and teachers. The present study suggested that the flipped classroom modality can be performed to compensate for the reduction of anatomy educational hours. However, further studies are recommended to investigate the best practices of the flipped classroom that fit with the students' needs and workloads.
Einfluss der Faserorientierung und des Fasergehalts auf die Druckfestigkeit von ultrahochfestem Beton
Authors: Riedel Philipp , Leutbecher Torsten
Published: September 2020

Abhängig von Geometrie und Herstellmethodik können sich in Bauteilen aus faserbewehrtem Beton (lokal) sehr unterschiedliche Faserorientierungen einstellen. Der Faserbeton verhält sich in der Folge nicht mehr isotrop, sondern zeigt je nach Beanspruchungsrichtung ein unterschiedliches Zug‐ und Drucktragverhalten. Für ultrahochfesten Beton (UHFB) ist dieser Aspekt von besonderer Relevanz, da UHFB in der Anwendung meist hohe Fasergehalte aufweist. Während der Einfluss der Faserorientierung auf das Zugtragverhalten von UHFB bereits Gegenstand zahlreicher Studien war, fehlten bislang aussagekräftige Daten, um die auf die Faserbewehrung zurückzuführende Anisotropie im Drucktragverhalten größenmäßig fassen zu können. Im Rahmen einer Versuchsreihe wurde daher der Einfluss der Faserorientierung und des Fasergehalts auf das Bruchverhalten und die Druckfestigkeit von Fein‐ und Grobkorn‐UHFB eingehend untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Druckfestigkeit bei überwiegend unidirektionaler Ausrichtung der Fasern in der Ebene senkrecht zur Belastungsrichtung mit steigendem Fasergehalt deutlich zunimmt. Dagegen ist der Einfluss des Fasergehalts bei einer überwiegend unidirektionalen Ausrichtung der Fasern in Belastungsrichtung gering. Abhängig von der Belastungsrichtung unterscheidet sich die Druckfestigkeit am Würfel um bis zu 26 N/mm2 bzw. 14 %. Die Differenz zwischen Würfel‐ und Zylinderdruckfestigkeit nimmt mit steigendem Fasergehalt zu. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse erfolgt eine Empfehlung zur Festlegung von Betonfestigkeitsklassen für die DAfStb‐Richtlinie „Ultrahochfester Beton“.
Ubiquitin‐Modulated Phase Separation of Shuttle Proteins: Does Condensate Formation Promote Protein Degradation?
Authors: Dao Thuy P. , Castañeda Carlos A.
Published: September 2020

Liquid‐liquid phase separation (LLPS) has recently emerged as a possible mechanism that enables ubiquitin‐binding shuttle proteins to facilitate the degradation of ubiquitinated substrates via distinct protein quality control (PQC) pathways. Shuttle protein LLPS is modulated by multivalent interactions among their various domains as well as heterotypic interactions with polyubiquitin chains. Here, the properties of three different shuttle proteins (hHR23B, p62, and UBQLN2) are closely examined, unifying principles for the molecular determinants of their LLPS are identified, and how LLPS is connected to their functions is discussed. Evidence supporting LLPS of other shuttle proteins is also found. In this review, it is proposed that shuttle protein LLPS leads to spatiotemporal regulation of PQC activities by mediating the recruitment of PQC machinery (including proteasomes or autophagic components) to biomolecular condensates, assembly/disassembly of condensates, selective enrichment of client proteins, and extraction of ubiquitinated proteins from condensates in cells.
Rediscovering the use of chatbots in education: A systematic literature review
Authors: Pérez José Quiroga , Daradoumis Thanasis , Puig Joan Manuel Marquès
Published: September 2020

Chatbots have been around for years and have been used in many areas such as medicine or commerce. Our focus is on the development and current uses of chatbots in the field of education, where they can function as service assistants or as educational agents. In this research paper, we attempt to make a systematic review of the literature on educational chatbots that address various issues. From 485 sources, 80 studies on chatbots and their application in education were selected through a step‐by‐step procedure based on the guidelines of the PRISMA framework, using a set of predefined criteria. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of different types of educational chatbots currently in use that affect student learning or improve services in various areas. This paper also examines the type of technology used to unravel the learning outcome that can be obtained from each type of chatbots. Finally, our results identify instances where a chatbot can assist in learning under conditions similar to those of a human tutor, while exploring other possibilities and techniques for assessing the quality of chatbots. Our analysis details these findings and can provide a solid framework for research and development of chatbots for the educational field.
Eye fixations and electrodermal activity during low‐budget virtual reality embodiment
Authors: Krogmeier Claudia , Mousas Christos
Published: September 2020

As motion‐sensing devices become more accessible to consumers, it is important to understand how users experience embodiment when using these devices. In our 3 × 2 between‐groups study, we explored eye fixations and electrodermal activity (EDA) in order to more objectively understand potential interaction effects between the self‐avatar body, and the presence of a mirror within the context of low‐budget embodiment. We developed six experimental conditions concerning Body (human, mannequin, and zombie self‐avatars) and Mirror (mirror and no mirror) factors, and presented participants with a virtual environment in which they could control their self‐avatars by using HTC Vive controllers and trackers. In addition to eye fixations and EDA, we assessed self‐reported data concerning body ownership, agency, self‐location, as well as enjoyment of the experience. Our results suggest that the Body may have been more influential in eliciting body ownership than the Mirror, and that an interaction effect between Gender and Body may influence eye gaze behavior. Additionally, female participants reported significantly higher agency than males. We consider logical next steps for similar research which might elaborate upon our findings.
Short RNA Universal Coding for Topological Transformation Nano‐barcoding Application
Authors: Kim Jeonghun , Moon Je Hun , Um Soong Ho
Published: September 2020

With the advent of innovative genomic discovery toolkits such as RT‐PCR, genetic information can be quickly decrypted, and this has resulted in significant progress in overcoming diseases. However, RT‐PCR has the serious problem of frequent errors, and the demand for a new gene diagnostic system is emerging. Herein, we propose a universal coding system for the effective detection of short single‐stranded DNA or RNA by using a topological transformation‐based nano‐barcoding technique (TNT). Our goal was to develop a dedicated diagnostic device that unifies the other gene groups, thus resulting in minimum testing. In a universal coding system consisting of two separate circulation structures, different gene groups become generalized into specific single genes with the same sequence by a strand‐displacement reaction and are then amplified, eventually being quickly detected in one TNT system. Simple gene diagnostic systems like this make high‐speed, point‐of‐care diagnostic technologies, and we are very confident that these will provide clinical gene detection in the near future.
BIOSOLVE‐IV‐registry: Safety and performance of the Magmaris scaffold: 12‐month outcomes of the first cohort of 1,075 patients
Authors: Verheye Stefan , Wlodarczak Adrian , Montorsi Piero , Torzewski Jan , Bennett Johan , Haude Michael , Starmer Gregory , Buck Thomas , Wiemer Marcus , Nuruddin Amin A. B. , Yan Bryan P.‐Y. , Lee Michael K.‐Y.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

We aimed to assess the safety and performance of the Magmaris sirolimus‐eluting bioresorbable magnesium scaffold in a large patient population.

Background

Magmaris has shown good outcomes in small‐sized controlled trials, but further data are needed to confirm its usability, safety, and performance.

Methods

BIOSOLVE‐IV is an international, single arm, multicenter registry including patients with a maximum of two single de novo lesions. Follow‐up is scheduled up to 5 years; the primary outcome is target lesion failure (TLF) at 12 months.

Results

A total of 1,075 patients with 1,121 lesions were enrolled. Mean patient age was 61.3 ± 10.5 years and 19.2% (n = 206) presented with non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Lesions were 3.2 ± 0.3 mm in diameter and 14.9 ± 4.2 mm long; 5.1% (n = 57) were bifurcation lesions. Device success was 97.3% (n = 1,129) and procedure success 98.9% (n = 1,063). The Kaplan–Meier estimate of TLF at 12 months was 4.3% [95% confidence interval, CI: 3.2, 5.7] consisting of 3.9% target lesion revascularizations, 0.2% cardiac death, and 1.1% target‐vessel myocardial infarction. Definite/probable scaffold thrombosis occurred in five patients (0.5% [95% CI: 0.2, 1.1]), thereof four after early discontinuation of antiplatelet/anticoagulation therapy.

Conclusion

BIOSOLVE‐IV confirms the safety and performance of the Magmaris scaffold in a large population with excellent device and procedure success and a very good safety profile up to 12 months in a low‐risk population.
Gold Catalysts Synthesized Using a Modified Incipient Wetness Impregnation Method for Propylene Epoxidation
Authors: Lu Zheng , Kunisch Jacob , Gan Zhuoran , Bunian Muntaseer , Wu Tianpin , Lei Yu
Published: September 2020

Propylene epoxidation in the presence of oxygen and hydrogen were measured for a series of Au/TS‐1 catalysts prepared by a modified incipient wetness impregnation (mIWI) method. This method enables precise control of the Au : Ti ratio in the Au/TS‐1 catalysts. The optimized Au/TS‐1 catalyst exhibited 12 % propylene conversion, 87 % PO selectivity, and 25 % hydrogen efficiency. The particle size of gold nanoparticles prepared by the modified IWI was between 2 and 3 nm, as demonstrated by XRD patterns, STEM images, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy at the Au L3 edge. XPS spectra showed that the surface species on the catalysts were similar. UV‐Vis spectra suggested that in the modified IWI method, the chlorine ligands in Au(Cl)4− were replaced by hydroxyl groups, which contributes to form small gold nanoparticles. Kinetic studies showed that the active sites of Au(mIWI)/TS‐1 are similar to the Au(DP)/TS‐1 prepared by deposition precipitation.
Insight into the Folding and Cooperative Multi‐Recognition Mechanism in Supramolecular Anion‐Binding Catalysis
Authors: Piekarski Dariusz G. , Steinforth Pascal , Gómez‐Martínez Melania , Bamberger Julia , Ostler Florian , Schönhoff Monika , García Mancheño Olga
Published: September 2020

H‐bond donor catalysts able to modulate the reactivity of ionic substrates for asymmetric reactions have gained great attention in the past years, leading to the development of cooperative multidentate H‐bonding supramolecular structures. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the forces driving the ion recognition and catalytic performance of these systems. Herein, insight into the cooperativity nature, anion binding strength, and folding mechanism of a model chiral triazole catalyst is presented. Our combined experimental and computational study revealed that multi‐interaction catalysts exhibiting weak binding energies (≈3–4 kcal mol−1) can effectively recognize ionic substrates and induce chirality, while strong dependencies on the temperature and solvent were quantified. These results are key for the future design of catalysts with optimal anion binding strength and catalytic activity in target reactions.
HER2‐positive breast cancer brain metastasis: A new and exciting landscape
Authors: Zimmer Alexandra S. , Van Swearingen Amanda E. D. , Anders Carey K.
Published: September 2020

Background

Brain metastases (BrM) incidence is 25% to 50% in women with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive breast cancer. Radiation and surgery are currently the main local treatment approaches for central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Systemic anti‐HER2 therapy following a diagnosis of BrM improves outcomes. Previous preclinical data has helped elucidate HER2 brain trophism, the blood‐brain/blood‐tumor barrier(s), and the brain tumor microenvironment, all of which can lead to development of novel therapeutic options.

Recent findings

Several anti‐HER2 agents are currently available and reviewed here, some of which have recently shown promising effects in BrM patients, specifically. New strategies driven by and focusing on brain metastasis‐specific genomics, immunotherapy, and preventive strategies have shown promising results and are under development.

Conclusions

The field of HER2+ breast cancer, particularly for BrM, continues to evolve as new therapeutic strategies show promising results in recent clinical trials. Increasing inclusion of patients with BrM in clinical studies, and a focus on assessing their outcomes both intracranially and extracranially, is changing the landscape for patients with HER2+ CNS metastases by demonstrating the ability of newer agents to improve outcomes.
Testing in Washington Identifies Widespread Postemergence Herbicide Resistance in Annual Grasses
Authors: Zuger Rachel J. , Burke Ian C.
Published: September 2020

Use of herbicides that are ineffective cost growers in the short and long term. Herbicide resistance screening can help growers and agronomists by allowing them to understand which herbicides are no longer an option. This article reports on testing in Washington. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Integrated Pest Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/855.
In situ Near‐Ambient Pressure X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Reveals the Influence of Photon Flux and Water on the Stability of Halide Perovskite
Authors: Kot M. , Kegelmann L. , Köbler H. , Vorokhta M. , Escudero C. , Kúš P. , Šmíd B. , Tallarida M. , Albrecht S. , Abate A. , Matolínová I. , Schmeißer D. , Flege J. I.
Published: September 2020

For several years, scientists have been trying to understand the mechanisms that reduce the long‐term stability of perovskite solar cells. In this work, we examined the effect of water and photon flux on the stability of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films and solar cells using in situ near‐ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP‐XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and current density–voltage (J–V) characterization. The used amount of water vapor (up to 1 mbar) had a negligible impact on the perovskite film. The higher the photon flux, the more prominent were the changes in the NAP‐XPS and FESEM data; also, a faster decline in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and a more substantial hysteresis in the J‐V characteristics were observed. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the PCE decrease originates from the creation of Frenkel pair defects in the perovskite film under illumination. The stronger the illumination, the higher the number of Frenkel defects, leading to a faster PCE decline and more substantial hysteresis in the J‐V sweeps.
Net‐C18: A Predicted Two‐Dimensional Planar Carbon Allotrope and Potential for an Anode in Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Cai Xing Hong , Yang Qiang , Zheng Shaohui , Wang Min
Published: September 2020

Net‐C18, a predicted two‐dimensional (2D) graphene‐like carbon allotrope, is investigated via first‐principles calculations. Its space group is Pmmm. There are 18 carbon atoms per cell. Net‐C18 has five‐, six‐, and eight‐membered rings. Net‐C18 may be formed by adding even pairs of carbon atoms on the top of hexagons to reconstruct new five‐ and eight‐membered rings, extending the strategy of Haeckelite. Compared to that of graphene (−9.28 eV atom−1), the total energy of net‐C18 (−9.15 eV atom−1) is only 0.13 eV atom−1 higher, revealing that net‐C18 is energetically metastable. The calculations of phonon and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) demonstrate dynamical and thermal stability of net‐C18. The independent elastic constants of net‐C18 meet the criterial for the mechanical stability of 2D structure. Its in‐plane stiffness along x or y axis is comparably large. The AIMD results reveal that net‐C18 has good thermal stability at 1500 K. The band structure also demonstrates that it is metallic. Furthermore, the diffusion of Li atoms on net‐C18 has a low energy barrier (0.32 eV), and net‐C18 has a low open‐circuit voltage (0.024 V) and a high theoretical specific capacity (403 mAh g−1). Thus, net‐C18 may provide high‐temperature resistant, flexible electrode in electronics and a promising metallic anode in lithium‐ion battery. The proposed formation of net‐C18 may open a new pattern defect for the designs of new carbon allotropes.
Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction‐Deposited Transparent Cu–Zn–S Nanocomposites as Hole Transport Materials in CdTe Photovoltaics
Authors: Bastola Ebin , Subedi Kamala Khanal , Alfadhili Fadhil K. , Phillips Adam B. , Heben Michael J. , Ellingson Randy J.
Published: September 2020

Evolving material science and device architectures continue to drive improvements in photovoltaic solar cell performance. Herein, the synthesis and application of p‐type transparent copper–zinc–sulfide (Cu–Zn–S) nanocomposite thin films for application as a semi‐transparent back buffer layer for cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics is reported. Earth‐abundant and low‐toxicity Cu–Zn–S films are prepared at room temperature using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). Transparency in the range of 500–800 nm, low resistivity, and composition‐controlled bandgap energy offer a compelling material system for high performance as an electron reflector enabling bifacial cell design. Implementing the Cu–Zn–S hole transport material (HTM) at the CdTe back contact, without intentional introduction of Cu doping, converts simulated AM1.5 sunlight to electricity at an efficiency up to 13.2%, with an average device performance of 13.0%. Intentional Cu doping yields a best efficiency of 14.3% with open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 848 mV and fill factor (FF) of 77.3% (average 14.1%). Our study shows the clear promise of this material for highly efficient and semi‐transparent back contact to CdTe solar cells.
Diverse perspectives of cat owners indicate barriers to and opportunities for managing cat predation of wildlife
Authors: Crowley Sarah L , Cecchetti Martina , McDonald Robbie A
Published: September 2020

Policy proposals to address predation of wildlife by domestic cats (Felis catus) include reducing cat populations, regulating ownership, educating owners, and restricting cats’ outdoor access. Such proposals rarely account for cat owners’ perspectives, however, and are frequently met with strong, principled opposition. We conducted a Q‐methodological study to investigate the views of domestic cat owners in the UK on the roaming and hunting behaviors of their pets. We identified five distinctive cat‐owner perspectives: (1) Concerned Protectors focus on cat safety, (2) Freedom Defenders prioritize cat independence and oppose restrictions on behavior, (3) Tolerant Guardians believe outdoor access is important for cats but dislike their hunting, (4) Conscientious Caretakers feel some responsibility for managing their cats’ hunting, and (5) Laissez‐faire Landlords were largely unaware of the issues surrounding roaming and hunting behavior. Most participants valued outdoor access for cats and opposed confinement to prevent hunting; cat confinement policies are therefore unlikely to find support among owners in the UK. To address this conservation challenge, we argue that generic policies will be less effective than multidimensional strategies offering owners practical husbandry approaches that are compatible with their diverse circumstances, capabilities, and senses of responsibility.
Development a national minimum data set for poisoning registry in Iran
Authors: Banaye Yazdipour Alireza , Sarbaz Masoumeh , Dadpour Bita , Moshiri Mohammad , Kimiafar Khalil
Published: September 2020

Objectives

In the developing countries with high mortality rates, poisoning is considered to be one of the most common causes of admission to emergency wards. Given the importance of registering data on poisoned patients, it is very important to have a complete poisoning Minimum Data Set (MDS). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine an MDS for poisoning registry in Iran.

Methods

This applied and cross‐sectional study was conducted through of Delphi technique in the poisoning ward of Imam Reza Hospital (northeastern Iran) in 2019. Literature reviews were initially carried out on such databases as PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Embase. Then, Google search was done to retrieve poisoning forms and poisoning registry websites. Also, we considered International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision coding guidelines of poisoning. Then, a questionnaire containing data elements of poisoning was developed.

Results

In total, 558 data elements were developed during two rounds of Delphi technique. The MDS was divided into 10 categories including patient and communication data, encounter data, diagnostic data and medical history, exposure data, clinical data, treatment data, complications, paraclinical tests, biobank, and discharge data.

Conclusions

Establishing an MDS as the first and most important step towards implementing poisoning registry can be the standard basis for collecting poisoned patient data. The data registered in the poisoning registry can be used for planning, policy‐making, prevention, and control purposes.
Solar radiative heat‐driven Sakiadis flow of a dusty nanoliquid with Brownian motion and an exponential space‐based heat source: Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model
Authors: Radhika M. , Mahanthesh B. , Siddabasappa  , Thriveni K.
Published: September 2020

The advancement of heat transportation is a significant phenomenon in nuclear reactors, solar collectors, heat exchangers, and electronic coolers; and it can be accomplished by choosing a nanofluid as the functional fluid. Nanofluids have improved thermophysical properties, due to their great progress in engineering and industrial applications. Therefore here, the significance of exponential space‐related heat source (ESHS) on radiative heat motivated Sakiadis two‐phase flow over a moving plate is analyzed for a particulate nanoliquid (CuO–H2O). The impact of the haphazard motion of nanoparticles is analyzed through the Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model. On applying a similarity transformation to the governing equations, a set of ordinary differential equations is obtained and numerically solved. Through the perception of graphs, the behavior of the velocity and temperature constraints for diverse values of effective parameters is decoded. The results show that the temperature of both phases (dust and fluid) improves with the ESHS aspect. Also, the heat transport rate/friction factor enhances/declines with the concentration of dust particles.
The determinants of systematic risk: A firm lifecycle perspective
Authors: Saravia Jimmy A. , García Carlos S. , Almonacid Paula M.
Published: September 2020

This paper investigates how systematic risk varies over the lifecycle of the firm. If market equity beta is determined by firm characteristics as the literature on the determinants of systematic risk holds, and if those characteristics change over the lifecycle of the firm following a definite pattern as firm lifecycle theory suggests, then market equity beta should change over the lifecycle of the firm following a predictable pattern. Our findings indicate that holding other determinants of beta constant, the coefficient of systematic risk tends to fall in magnitude following a nonlinear pattern as firm age increases. In addition, we find that the volatility of market equity beta also tends to fall over the lifecycle of the firm. We argue that our main variable of concern, that is, firm age, proxies for variables that have hitherto been omitted in the literature on the determinants of systematic risk. In particular, we maintain that firm age proxies for the mispricing propensity that young firms lose as they mature. This research is useful for both practitioners and researchers in that it may suggest ways to adjust empirical estimates of systematic risk. In addition, our results are important for research on beta forecasting as they show that the length of the stationary interval of betas is shorter for young companies, and therefore it is necessary to take into account this time varying characteristic in the estimation process in order to improve the beta forecasting.