bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new marker of terminal differentiation in keratinizing epithelia
Authors: Knight Jennifer C. , Davis Patricia A. , Gusterson Barry A.
Published: June 2005

Using the well‐differentiated human squamous carcinoma cell line LICR‐LON‐HN‐5 as an immunogen we have produced a monoclonal antibody (32a) that reacts with the keratohyalin granular layer of the normal epidermis. We present here results showing the distribution of the epitope recognized by this antibody in human tissues in vivo and in vitro, as demonstrated using immuno cytochemical staining techniques at the light and ultrastructural levels. Expression of the determinant first appears at 18 weeks of fetal development, localized in cells associated with the hair germ. In hyperplastic epidermis the staining pattern is altered, apparently linked with a switch from orthokeratotic to parakeratotic keratinization. In primary squamous cell carcinomas and in xenografts formed by the squamous carcinoma cell line LICR‐LON‐HN‐5 the keratinized elements are stained. Poorly differentiated tumours are not stained, indicating that antibody may be useful as a marker of terminal differentiation in vivo. When grown on collagen gels both human epidermal keratinocytes and the squamous carcinoma cell line show staining of the more differentiated cells which appears to be associated with the keratinohyalin granules, indicating that this antibody may be of value in studies aimed at the control of squamous differentiation.
Neurone specific enolase immunostaining in the diagnosis of breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation. Its usefulness and limitations
Authors: Nesland Jahn M. , Holm Ruth , Johannessen Jan Vincents , Gould Victor E.
Published: June 2005

Thirty‐eight infiltrating ductal carcinomas, nine infiltrating lobular carcinomas, two tubular carcinomas and one papillary carcinoma were studied by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Seventeen cases showed immunoreactivity for NSE. Immunostaining for different peptide‐hormones was observed in 12 of these 17 cases and in none of the 10 NSE‐negative cases used for controls. Scattered cells were positive for gastrin in five cases, pancreatic polypeptide in five, leu‐enkephalin in three, sub‐P in two, ACTH in one, bombesin in one and β‐endorphin in one case. Four cases revealed immunoreactivity for more than one peptide‐hormone. Typical neuroendocrine granules were seen in five cases (all positively stained for NSE). Small, electron dense granules of possible neuroendocrine nature were not found in any of the 33 NSE‐negative tumours. Our results confirm that immunoreactivity for NSE is present in a high proportion of breast carcinomas, but that neuroendocrine differentiation cannot be proved to be present in all these cases.
New methodology for assessment of the Langerhans cell network
Authors: Halliday Gary M. , McArdle John P. , Knight Brett A. , Muller H. Konrad
Published: June 2005

A new procedure is described for staining Langerhans cells (LCs) based on the ability of anti‐S‐100 antibody to stain both epidermal LCs and melanocytes, while L‐Dopa stains only melanocytes. This procedure can be used on paraffin‐embedded skin sections and is therefore advantageous for examination of pathological skin specimens. In order to determine how best to quantitate LCs in skin sections the distribution of LCs has been investigated using an improved method for preparation of epidermal sheets from mouse skin. Epidermal LCs stained for their surface membrane‐bound enzyme adenosine triphosphatase were observed to link with each other via their dendrites, forming a single cell layer which undulates throughout the epidermis. It is therefore proposed that LCs in skin sections should be enumerated per unit length, after identification in paraffin‐embedded sections double stained with anti‐S‐100 antibody and L‐Dopa.
Expression of low molecular weight cytokeratin proteins in cervical neoplasia
Authors: Bobrow Lynda G. , Makin Carol A. , Law Sharon , Bodmer Walter F.
Published: June 2005

CAM 5.2 is a monoclonal antibody which identifies lower molecular weight cytokeratin proteins (50, 43 and 38 kD). It is an antibody which works reliably on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. In this study, using CAM 5.2 in the indirect immunoperoxidase method we have examined ectocervical epithelium ranging from normal, through metaplasia and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive squamous carcinoma. CAM 5.2 is demonstrated to be a useful indicator of changes associated with malignant transformation in the ectocervix.
Immature sinus histiocytosis a monocytoid B‐lymphoid reaction
Authors: Piris M. A. , Rivas C. , Morente M. , Oliva H. , Rubio C.
Published: June 2005

The proliferation of characteristic cells in expanded sinuses and in the perivenular area of the paracortex of lymph nodes with patients with toxoplasmosis, and homosexual and drug abusers with lymphadenopathy is referred to as ‘immature sinus histiocytosis’ (ISH). In a study of nine cases we have shown that these cells are monocytoid B‐cells with an immunological phenotype differing from that of other node‐based B‐cells. The function of these cells is not known.
The nature and significance of tumour‐associated mast cells
Authors: Roche William R.
Published: June 2005

The role of the mast cell in tumour growth was examined in the rat with the use of a transplanted sarcoma. Mast cells were found at the periphery of the tumours and in fibrovascular trabeculae within the tumour mass. Histochemical studies showed that these cells contained an immature proteoglycan molecule, in contrast to normal mast cells. The mast cells appeared to be of the connective tissue phenotype and their local occurrence correlated with an antero‐posterior difference in tumour growth. Mast cell enhancement of tumour proliferation was demonstrated by the addition of mast cells to the initial tumour inoculum and by pharmacological inhibition of mast cell degranulation.
Rapid immunoperoxidase staining of lymphocyte antigens using microwave irradiation
Authors: Leong Anthony S–Y. , Milios James
Published: June 2005

The innovative application of microwave irradiation in the immunoperoxidase staining of a wide range of labile lymphocyte antigens is described. Fifteen second irradiation at 320 watts produced excellent adherence of the frozen sections to the glass slides without loss of surface antigen staining. This brief procedure eliminated the need for much longer periods of freeze drying or drying at 4°C. Microwave irradiation was also used to accelerate the incubation of the primary antibody. Thirty seconds of irradiation at 320 watts produced specific antigen staining of an intensity which was as good as that obtained with much longer durations of incubations at room temperature. Cytomorphologic preservation was also good and background staining was minimal.
Differential histologic diagnosis of osteoid. A study on human osteosarcoma collagen by the histochemical picrosirius‐polarization method
Authors: Junqueira Luiz C. U. , Figueiredo Marco T. Assis , Torloni Humberto , Montes Gregorio S.
Published: June 2005

Using only one histologic preparation and under the light microscope, the simple method described here permits a distinction between osteoid and other tissue components that can be mistaken for osteoid. Osteoid from both normal osteogenesis and osteosarcomas is disclosed by the picrosirius‐polarization method as a three‐dimensional network of randomly arranged, thin, short, weakly birefringent collagenous structures which shine against a dark background. These morphologic features can be used as a precise diagnostic criterion for the differential diagnosis between osteoid and other materials which resemble osteoid by other staining techniques. This precise characterization of osteoid is of great importance since the presence of osteoid is used as a criterion for the differential diagnosis of osteosarcomas. Not only does this method permit the precise characterization of osteoid but it is also useful for studying collagen distribution in osteosarcomas. In this regard the foregoing results agree with the immunofluorescence observations recorded in the literature.
Modulation of fibroblast activity by normal and silica‐exposed alveolar macrophages
Authors: Gritter Hilda L. , Adamson Ian Y. R. , King Gillian M.
Published: June 2005

Silica‐induced pulmonary fibrosis is thought to involve fibroblast stimulation by a product of alveolar macrophages (AM) but various cell culture systems have given conflicting results. Macrophage‐fibroblast interactions are now studied using an homologous system in which supernatants of rat AM after incubation with silica, art tested on fibro blasts isolated from the same animals to assess the effects on cell proliferation and collagen production. Fibroblast growth varied with initial seeding density and changes induced by AM supernatants varied depending on the proliferative rate. Normal AM supernatants inhibited [3H]‐thymidine incorporation into fibroblasts, especially in more rapidly dividing cells, Supernatants, of silica‐treated AMs also inhibited division of rapidly growing fibroblasts, whereas the same material stimulated growth of slowly dividing cells. Collagen synthesis increased with the length of time that fibroblasts were confluent and was inhibited by control AM supernatants. Silica‐treated AM supernatants increased collagen production by fibroblasts confluent for 3 days, whereas the same supernatants inhibited collagen synthesis by cells confluent for at least 8 days. The observation that a factor derived from silica‐exposed AM first stimulates then inhibits fibrogenesis, indicates a modulation of the normal macrophage‐fibroblast control system. This suggests that other factors may be required in vivo to shift this cellular balance towards the fibrotic process.
The gross pathology and histological features of tumours produced by inoculation of human cell lines into immune‐deprived mice
Authors: Busuttil A. , O'Conor G. T. , Foster M. E. , Gurtsevitch V. , Morten J. E. N. , Steel C. M.
Published: June 2005

Tumours were raised in both congenitally athymie (‘nude’) Swiss mice and in neonatally thymcctomized, Ara‐C‐ protectcd, whole‐body irradiated CBA mice by subcutaneous inoculation of cells from a variety of cultured human lines. In both types of animal, tumours tended to grow massively at the site of inoculation, with some infiltration of adjacent tissues hut only rarely with evidence of metastatic spread. Tumours derived from Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) lines or from EB virus‐transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were nil classified as high grade malignant lymphomas with a limited range of appearances on conventional histological examination. In the material studied there were no consistent features distinguishing BL‐derived from LCL‐dcrivcd tumours. Cell lines originating from other haematopoietic malignancics tended to produced tumours interpreted us immunoblastic lymphomas though there were distinctive characteristics in some cases, such as highly convoluted or pleomorphic nuclei in the cells of some tumours derived Prom T‐cell leukaemia lines and plasmacytoid differentiation in tumours originating from myeloma lines. Malignant cell lines of epithelial origin gave rise to tumours wilh the histological appearances of anaplastic carcinomas readily distinguishable from the high grade lymphomas produced by haematopoietic cells.
Histogenests of acinic cell carcinoma of the major and minor salivary glands. An ultrastructural study
Authors: Chaudhary Anand P. , Cutler Leslie S. , Leifer Calvin , Satchidanand Sateesch , Labay Gerald , Yamane George
Published: June 2005

This studydescribes the light microscopic, histochemical and electron‐microscopic findings of 10 acinic cell carcinomas from the major and mior salivery glands. Ultrastructually, four cell types were identified: secretory acinar cells, intercalated duct‐like cells, pluripotential reserve/stem cells and myoepithelial cells.

This cellular composition suggests that the tumours are derived from neoplastic proliferation, cytodifferentiation and functionall maturation of pluripotential reserve/stem cells which normally reside at the acinar‐intercalated duct junctions and /or in the intercalated ducts proper of adult salivery glands. This study further supports the concept that different salivery gland tumours recapitulate various developmental stages in the normal embryogenseis of the salivery glands.
Prevalence of neuroendocrine granules in small cell lung carcinoma. Usefulness of electron microscopy in lung cancer classification
Authors: Mooi Wolter J. , Dingemans Koert P. , Van Zandwijk Nico
Published: June 2005

Fifty‐four lung carcinomas submitted for routine electron microscopy under the light microscopical diagnosis of small cell carcinoma were investigated. In 42 or of 45 evaluable cases, neuroendocrine granules were considered definitely or probably present, the modification ‘probably’ being necessary in suboptimal material. In three cases, squamous cell differentiation was seen, but no neuroendocrine granules were found. On revision of these three cases, the light microscopical diagnosis was changed to squamous cell carcinoma in one instance, and neither of the other two cases was considered classical for small cell carcinoma. Patient follow‐up of these three cases showed tumour behaviour indicative of non‐small cell carcinoma in two evaluable cases, the third case yielding no significant data. These results indicate that neuroendocrine granules can generally be found in small cell lung carcinomas, provided the material is sufficient for evaluation. When these granules are absent, and other differentiation is found on electron microscopy, the final classification of the tumour should incorporate this finding, to warn the clinician that the tumour will not necessarily behave as a small cell carcinoma.
Endothelial cell markers in vascular neoplasms: An immunohistochemical study comparing factor VIII‐related antigen, blood group specific antigens, 6‐keto‐PGF1 alpha, and Ulex europaeus 1 lectin
Authors: Little Daniel , Said Jonathan W. , Siegel Robert J , Fealy Michael , Fishbein Michael C.
Published: June 2005

Markers for endothelial cells including Ulex europaeus 1 lectin, blood group A, B, and H, and the prostaglandin metabolite 6‐keto‐PGF! alpha were evaluated in paraffin sections from formalin‐fixed benign and malignant vascular neoplasms using a variety of immunohistochemical techniques, and results compared with staining for factor VIII‐related antigen. Staining for Ulex appeared more sensitive than factor VIII‐related antigen in identifying poorly differentiated neoplasms including haemangiosarcomas and spindle cell proliferations in Kaposi's sarcoma. Staining for blood group related antigens correlated with blood group in all cases. Ulex europaeus 1 lectin was the only marker for endothelial cells in lymphangiomas.
Expression of epithelial and neural antigens in small cell and non small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Moss Fiona , Bobrow Lynda G. , Sheppard Mary N. , Griffiths Meryl , Rowe Deborah , Beverley Peter C. L. , Addis Bruce , Souhami Robert L.
Published: June 2005

Seventy‐one lung carcinomas from 66 different patients were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Twenty‐nine were small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), 15 adenocarcinomas, 17 squamous carcinomas and 10 large cell carcinomas. Three of the monoclonal antibodies recognize different cytokeratins, three recognize other epithelial antigens and one recognizes a neural antigen. Both formalin‐fixed and cryopreserved tumours were studied using an indirect immunoperoxidase method. 23/29 SCLC reacted with all but one of the antibodies which recognize epithelial antigens. This staining was similar to that seen in non small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and provides further evidence that SCLC are true epithelial tumours. All but one of the SCLC stained with the antibody recognizing a neural antigen. This antibody did not stain squamous or adenocarcinomas. However, four of the the large cell carcinomas stained well with this antibody, suggesting that SCLC and some large cell carcinomas share a common pathway of differentiation.

There were variations of staining seen both within and between tumours. This has obvious implications if immunotargetting with monoclonal antibodies is to be used diagnostically or therapeutically.
Evaluation of PAS‐diastase and carcinoembryonic antigen staining in the differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma and papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary
Authors: Silcocks Paul B. , Herbert Amanda , Wright Dennis H.
Published: June 2005

A series of malignant mesotheliomas and papillary serous carcinomas of the ovary were stained using the periodic acid Schiff reaction with diastase digestion (PAS‐D) and an immunoperoxidase technique for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The methods were evaluated in terms of repeatability and validity. Staining reactions were classed as positive or negative by three ‘blinded’ observers. Within‐observer repeatability was greater for PAS‐D than for CEA but there was no statistically significant difference for between‐observer repeatability. The validity of the methods clearly differed, however, since the sensitivity and specificity of CEA were consistently less than that of PAS‐D. Our most consistent estimates of sensitivity and specificity were compared with those of other studies and the reasons for this difference were analysed. Positive PAS‐D and CEA staining were uncorrelated but a combination of the two did not appear significantly superior to PAS‐D alone.

We believe that PAS‐D remains the method of choice for differentiating peritoneal mesotheliomas and disseminated papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary in the absence of reliable evidence of an ovarian primary because the significance of CEA positivity in occasional mesothelial tumours remains to be determined.
Effects on the rabbit carotid body of stimulation by almitrine, natural high altitude, and experimental normobaric hypoxia
Authors: Smith P. , Heath D. , Fitch R. , Hurst G. , Moore D. , Weitzenblum E.
Published: June 2005

Rabbits were given intraperitoneal injections of almitrine in ascending doses for 5 weeks. They were compared with a control group and with a group of rabbits which had been exposed from birth to the natural hypobaric hypoxia found at Cerro de Pasco (4330 m) in the Peruvian Andes. A further group of animals was placed in an experimental normobaric chamber for either 3 or 6 months to subject them to the same degree of hypoxia as that occurring in Cerro. The carotid bodies of the rabbits in all these groups were processed for light and electron microscopy, and examined both qualitatively and quantitatively. The carotid bodies in the group given almitrine showed no changes in their size or in the population of their glomic cells when compared with controls. In contrast, the carotid bodies of Peruvian rabbits were greatly enlarged with a disproportionate increase in the population of the light variant of chief cell. Rabbits from the hypoxic chamber also had enlarged carotid bodies but those killed after 3 months showed an increase in the dark variant of chief cell, whereas after 6 months this cell was reduced in number. There was also intense cytoplasmic vacuolation. Electron microscopy confirmed these changes and revealed that dark cells had larger, more pleomorphic granules than the light variant. Vacuolation of the granules in light cells was most pronounced in Peruvian rabbits, but was uncommon in animals exposed to hypoxia for 3 months. We suggest that the dark cell responds to the early stages of hypoxia but later matures into the light variant of chief cell.
Survival tumour in breast cancer related to oestrogen receptor status and immunohistochemical staining for NCRC 11
Authors: Angus B. , Napier J. , Purvis J. , Ellls I. O. , Hawkins R. A. , Carpenter E. , Horne C. H. W.
Published: June 2005

NCRC 11 is a monoclonal antibody raised against dissociated breast cancer cells. Using this antibody, it has been shown in an earlier study that staining of a high proportion of tumour cells is strongly associated with superior survival. Many investigators have found that positive tumour oestrogen receptor (OER) status is associated with better survival in breast cancer. In the present study of 136 breast cancer patients followed up for a minimum of 30 months, tumour oestrogen receptor assays were carried out, and using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, histological sections of paraffin embedded material were stained for NCRC 11; for the purpose of this study, tumours showing 25 per cent or less cells staining were regarded as ‘negative’. Patients whose tumours were OER positive had a significantly better prognosis (logrank test P <0·05). Patients whose tumours were graded as negative for NCRC 11 had a poorer prognosis compared with the positive group but this did not attain significance. Our failure to demonstrate convincingly a better prognosis for the NCRC 11 positive patients may relate to the shorter duration of our study, or to different tissue fixation techniques. In this study staining for NCRC 11 was positively correlated with oestrogen receptor status (P < 0·02).
Changes at the glomerular tip: A feature of membranous nephropathy and other disorders associated with proteinuria
Authors: Howie Alexander J.
Published: June 2005

Renal biopsies and post‐mortem kidneys were examined for segmental lesions at glomerular tips, consisting of adhesion of the tuft to Bowman's capsule with an area of intra‐capillary foam cells or hyaline material or sclerosed material. Of 72 consecutive renal biopsies showing membranous nephropathy, 46 (64 per cent) had tip changes. Such changes were correlated with the presence of acute tubular damage and with later stages of the nephropathy, but otherwise seemed unrelated to any particular clinical or pathological feature. Fourteen other patients were identified whose renal biopsies showed tip changes in glomeruli that had segmental or global mesangial hypercellularity not of a well‐recognized type such as IgA nephropathy. These patients had persistent proteinuria unresponsive to steroids. Tip changes were also seen in several miscellaneous conditions including IgA nephropathy and diabetic glomerulosclerosis. These findings demonstrate that (a) tip changes are seen in many disorders of the kidney associated with proteinuria and represent a previously unrecognized common response of the glomerulus to some insult, (b) the glomerular tip lesion, as originally defined, is distinguished by the apparent normality of tufts except for the tip changes and can be regarded as presumed minimal change nephropathy plus tip changes and (c) when tip changes are seen, the most important factor determining the prognosis is the condition of the rest of the glomerular tuft.
Contrasting in vitro effects of retinol and mononuclear cell factor on young and old human cartilage
Authors: Huber‐Bruning O. , Wilbrink B. , Vernooij J. E. , Bijlsma J. W. J. , Den Otter W , Huber J.
Published: June 2005

Studies with young animal cartilage have shown that retinol and mononuclear cell‐factor (MCF) cause in vitro breakdown of the cartilage, mediated by the living chondrocyte (indirect degradation). We studied the effects of retinol and MCF on healthy human articular cartilage of different ages, measuring the effects on proteoglycan (PG) content of the cartilage, and on PG synthesis during 8 days of culture. This study shows: (1) Retinol and MCF induce indirect degradation of young, but not of old human cartilage of the humeral head; (2) Both retinol and MCF suppress PG synthesis of young and stimulate PG synthesis of old cartilage; (3) The effects of retinol and MCF on cartilage PG content and on PG synthesis are related to the metabolic state of the chondrocyte; (4) Therefore mononuclear cell‐factor may have a destructive or beneficial effect on cartilage depending on whether proteoglycan synthesizing activity is high or low, respectively.
Immunohistological study in chordomas
Authors: Coindre Jean‐Michel , Rivel Janine , Trojani Monique , De Mascarel Isabelle , De Mascarel Antoine
Published: June 2005

An immunohistological study of 15 chordomas, six chondrosarcomas, four liposarcomas and seven carcinomas on paraffin embedded samples using anti‐cytokeratin, anti‐epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), anti‐S100 protein, anti‐vimentin and anti‐neurofilaments showed that chordomas has a characteristic immuno‐staining, i.e. positive for cytokeratin, EMA, S100 protein and vimentin; and negative for neurofilaments. This immuno‐staining allows a clear distinction of chordomas from other tumours.
An autoradiographic technique for en‐face preparations of aortic endothelium
Authors: Zimmerman Matthew J. , McGeachie John K.
Published: June 2005

A method for the en‐face preparation of aortic endothelium was developed from various different published accounts of the technique. This was adapted for autoradiography. Eighteen mice had tritiated thymidine (1μCi/g body weight) injected and were killed 1 day later. Perfusion fixed aortae were cut into segments and placed face down on gelatin‐coated slides. The arterial media and adventitia were removed and the en‐face preparations coated with autoradiographic stripping film. After an exposure of 12 weeks the autoradiographs were developed and stained with Harris' haematoxylin. Labelled endothelial cells were clearly distinguishable and there was no distortion of the cells compared with other en‐face and whole mount preparations. The technique described is simple, reliable and produces consistent results.
The demonstration of B‐cell, T‐cell and myeloid antigens in paraffin sections
Authors: West K. P. , Warford A. , Fray L. , Allen M. , Campbell A. C. , Lauder I.
Published: June 2005

The monoclonal antibodies MB1 and MT1, which detect B cells and T cells respectively, have been applied to human lymphoid tissues. The distribution of staining within paraffin sections was compared with that observed using frozen sections and was found to be identical. The antibodies were then applied to paraffin sections of 19 B‐cell lymphomas and 10 T‐cell lesions in which full immunophenotyping had been performed. The B lymphomas all consisted of a large majority of MB1 positive cells with a variable infiltrate of small MT1 positive lymphocytes. The T cell lesions consisted of MT1 positive cells with few MB1 positive cells except in residual B cell areas of lymph nodes. In paraffin sections from cases of Hodgkin's disease anti‐Leu M1 identified Reed‐Sternberg cells and their variants and MB1 and MT1 showed a similar distribution of B cells and T cells to that demonstrated in previous studies using frozen sections. The results show that MB1 and MT1 are useful markers for B and T cells in routinely fixed paraffin embedded tissue. In conjunction with anti‐Leu M1 they provide a valuable panel of antisera for the examination of lymph nodes and other biopsies when frozen tissue is not available.
Lysis of the glomerular basement membrane in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch‐Shönlein nephritis
Authors: Yoshikawa N. , Yoshiara S. , Yoshiya K. , Matsuo T. , Okada S.
Published: June 2005

An electron‐microscopic study of the glomerular basement membrane was made on 242 renal biopsies from 222 children with a variety of renal diseases. Lysis of the basement membrane was observed in 16 of the 25 children with Henoch‐Schönlein nephritis, 36 of the 72 with IgA nephropathy and one with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Lysis was frequently associated with subepithelial dense deposits and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and these are thought to play a role in the lytic process. There was a significant correlation between the presence of lysis of the basement membrane, the degree of proteinuria and the severity of glomerular changes by light microscopy. These findings suggest that the degree of lysis is an indication of the severity of the disease and lysis is associated with progressive disease and a worse prognosis in Henoch‐Schönlein nephritis and IgA nephropathy.
Organ culture of human gastric mucosa and gastric cancers. 1. Morphological aspects
Authors: Wilson Nigel W. , Macartney James C.
Published: June 2005

An organ culture system for explants of human gastric mucosa and gastric cancer from surgical resection specimens is described. Pyloric mucosa has been successfully maintained in vitro for up to 120 h, and gastric carcinoma for up to 48 h. Morphological preservation by light and electron microscopy was good, although some simplification of the glandular pattern occurred in normal mucosa with longer periods of in vitro culture. [3H]‐thymidine and [3H]‐leucine uptake was assessed by autoradiography, and patterns of uptake resembled those described in vivo in normal gastric mucosa and gastric intestinal metaplasia. Labelling indices with [3H]‐thymidine were however low compared with in vivo estimates. Successful organ culture of human gastric tissue offers a useful method for investigating factors affecting growth control in normal and neoplastic gastric epithelium.
Breast carcinoma with stromal multinucleated giant cells—a light microscopic, histochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: McMahon Raymond F. T. , Ahmed Ali , Connolly Charles Eugene
Published: June 2005

A rare form of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast containing numerous benign stromal multinucleated giant cells (MNGC) is described. Giant cell tumours of the breast are usually the result of stromal metaplasia or fusion of malignant cells or occur as extraskeletal giant cell tumours. Benign multinucleated cells in breast carcinoma, however, are a very unusual phenomenon and have been said to arise from the fusion of mononuclear cells, in response to increased vascularity. The present investigation by light and electron microscopy, in part, supports an origin for the multinucleated giant cells from mononuclear cells, but immunohistochemistry surprisingly failed to confirm this observation. Also, the formation of the multinucleated giant cells did not show any direct relationship with tumour vascularity.
Impaired adaptation of pulmonary circulation to extrauterine life in newborn pigs exposed to hypoxia: An ultrastructural study
Authors: Allen Kim M. , Haworth Sheila G.
Published: June 2005

Twelve Large White pigs aged <1 min, and 3, 5.5, and 14 days were exposed to hypoxia (380 torr) for 2.5 – 3 days. The wall structure of terminal bronchiolar (resistance arteries) and elastic arteries was assessed by light and electron microscopy using quantitative morphometric techniques. In animals exposed from birth, mean terminal bronchiolar arterial medial thickness was increased (p>0.05) because endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) retained their fetal shape, position, overlap, interdigitation and the low surface/volume ratio characteristic of fetal life. In all older animals, the cells had a normal postnatal shape and surface/volume ratio. In the elastic vessels hypoxia did not prevent the normal postnatal reduction in mean SMC diameter of animals exposed from birth. SMC hypertrophy did not occur in any age group, but all animals save those first exposed at 14 days, showed an increase in SMC myofilament volume density (p < 0.01). Connective tissue volume density also increased (p < 0.01), mainly due to an increase in elastin and ground substance. Thus a short period of neonatal hypoxia impaired adaptation and appeared to potentiate contractile capacity in stiff‐walled arteries but elicited a less marked response from animals first exposed at 14 days.
The cellular composition of human lymph nodes after allogeniec bone marrow transplantation: An immunohistological study
Authors: Dilly Susan A. , Sloane John P. , Psalti Ionna S. M.
Published: June 2005

Using immunohistological techniques, the cellular composition of lymph nodes was assessed in 18 patients who had died 15 to 326 days after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for leukaemia. The lymph nodes showed reduced cellularity of the cortex and paracortex, dilated sinuses and no lymphoid follicles. The majority of leucocytes were T lymphocytes with an inversion of the normal T4:T8 ratio. No cells were detected expressing immature cortical thymocyte antigens, using NA1/34 and OKT10, but an excess of T11 (E rosette receptor)+ cells over the sum of T4+, T8+ and HNK1+ cells raised the possibility of the presence of immature cells. B lymphocytes were extremely rare and present as clusters in only two patients. Despite this, plasma cells were prominent in many cases and their number increased with time post transplant. The predominant immunoglobulin heavy chain class was IgA in seven cases, IgG in three cases, IgM in two cases and IgE in one case with no relationship between dominant class and days post transplant. In patients with graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD), there was a significantly lower T4:T8 ratio but no increase in expression of lymphocyte activation markers. Pyknotic leucocytes were present in half of the cases with GvHD and none of the other cases. No differences were detected in patients who had received marrow purged with monoclonal antibodies (Campath‐I or UCHT1). Chimeric studies on three recipients of one haplotype matched marrow, using a monoclonal antibody specific for HLA‐A2 and A28 antigens, showed a significant influx of donor cells by 56 days but this did not appear to be an immediate prelude to full morphological reconstitution.
Immunocytochemical application of monoclonal antibodies to rat liver glucocorticoid receptor
Authors: Teasdale Jane , Lewis Fraser A. , Barrett Ivor D. , Abbott Alison C. , Wharton John , Bird Colin C.
Published: June 2005

Seven per cent (10/145) of hybridomas raised against partially purified activated glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver produced monoclonal antibody to receptor. Six IgM secreting clones selected for further investigation bound equally well to activated and non‐activated receptor from fresh rat liver, but significantly less well (11–25 per cent) to receptor from frozen rat liver. No interaction was found with oestrogen receptor from rat uterus but extensive cross reaction occurred with progesterone receptor. Although none of the antibodies bound to glucocorticoid receptor from human or porcine liver or lymphoid cells, several cross‐reacted with mouse liver glucocorticoid receptor. Immunoelectroblotting of proteins from fresh and frozen rat liver cytosol showed the antibodies bound to 90 000 and 40 000 MW forms of receptor respectively. Immunostaining of both frozen and paraffin embedded sections of rat tissue showed that receptor is preserved during fixation and processing of tissues. Using both indirect immunoperoxidase and immunogold silver staining methods, the pattern of receptor staining observed correlates with the known glucocorticoid responsiveness of the tissues studied.
Osteoclasts contain macrophage and megakaryocyte antigens
Authors: Athanasou N. A. , Heryet A. , Quinn J. , Gatter K. C. , Mason D. Y. , McGe J. O'D.
Published: June 2005

The origin and mechanism of formation of the osteoclast remains controversial. Although it is known to be derived from a circulating mononuclear precursor, the identity of this cell is unknown. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against macrophage and other marrow‐derived cells, we determined the immunocytochemical staining of human osteoclasts in both fetal bone metaphyseal imprints and frozen sections. Osteoclasts and marrow mononuclear cells were stained by three broad spectrum antimacrophage antibodies, EBM‐11, Y182a and BM2. T310, an antibody which stains macrophages and T helper cells, and C17, an antimegakaryocyte antibody, also stained osteoclasts. EBM‐11, Y182a and BM2 also stained megakaryocytes in bone imprints as well as normal bone marrow smears. The presence of macrophage‐associated antigens in osteoclasts, megakaryocytes and bone marrow mononuclear cells indicates that they are phenotypically similar to macrophages.
The pathogenesis of acute systemic candidiasis in a susceptible inbred mouse strain
Authors: Papadimitriou J. M. , Ashman R. B.
Published: June 2005

The histopathological features of the acute infection by Candida albicans in susceptible CBA/H mice, as well as its dissemination in various organs has been examined. The brain, in which the localization of blastospores is minimal, is the organ most severely affected. A significant deposition of blastospores occurs in lungs, liver, spleen and kidney, but of these organs, only in the kidneys is infection established. A transient myocarditis follows the minor blastospore deposition that occurs in the heart. Infection in the affected organs is characterized by abscess formation while in the brain the process is complicated by the development of hydrocephalus and a pachymeningitis that erodes the petrous temporal and involves the vestibular apparatus. There is also infection of the retinae with an accompanying endophthalmitis.
Basement membrane charge in human glomerular disease
Authors: Furness Peter N. , Turner David R. , Cotton Roger E.
Published: June 2005

Fixed anionic charges in the mammalian glomerulus, on both the basement membrane and the eptihelial cell foot processes, are believed to form an important part of the glomerular filtration barrier. There is good evidence that their loss causes proteinuria. The charges can be visualized ultrastructurally using cationic dyes, but the requirement of these techniques for perfusion or immersion of fresh tissue has largely confined such studies to experimental models.

We have extended the widely used polyethyleneimine technique, to study the charge of glomerular basement membranes in human tissue reprocessed out of paraffin blocks up to 10 years old. We studied selected cases of glomerular disease, where the diagnosis was not in any doubt. In the majority of diseases studied, a continuous charge layer persisted despite severe abnormalities of the basement membrane. Two exceptions were found. In amyloidosis, accumulation of fibrils was associated with a considerable decrease or loss of stainable basement membrane charge. In S.L.E., numerous small defects in the charge layer were noted.

The persistence of charge is contrary to reported findings in several animal models of glomerular disease, including puromycin nephrosis, Heymann nephritis and streptozotocin diabetes. Although this method is not subject to precise quantitative analysis, we conclude that in the majority of cases, proteinuria in man is not caused by an extensive loss of glomerular basement membrane anionic charge.
Presence of apocrine epithelial antigen (AEA) in type II pneumocytes and in hyaline membranes of neonatal RDS
Authors: Forsman Lisbeth M. , Hallman Mikko , Autero Matti , Rapola Juhani , Anderson Leif C.
Published: June 2005

We have investigated the distribution of an apocrine membrane antigen (AEA) in pulmonary tissue using a rabbit antiserum raised against fat globule glycoproteins isolated from human milk. In indirect immunostaining (PAP, IF) of sections from normal lung tissue, the membranes facing the alveolar lumen of cells corresponding to the type II pneumocytes in the alveolar walls were decorated. The selective distribution of AEA to the membranes of type II pneumocytes was confirmed in double immunostaining by identification of these cells with rat antibodies against surfactant apoprotein.

In fetal lung tissue, the AEA antigen was detected by the 9th week of gestation. In lung samples from newborns which had died of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) the intra‐alveolar hyaline membranes stained for the AEA antigen.

SDS‐PAGE of the immunoprecipitate obtained with anti‐AEA serum from radiolabelled glycoprotein fraction of normal lung tissue revealed a single band of 79000 dalton apparent molecular weight.

These findings indicate that the AEA constitutes a membrane marker of the type II pneumocytes and might be involved in the secretory process of surfactant. Immunohistological evidence for the presence of AEA in the hyaline membranes of neonatal RDS is also presented.
Distribution of Ca (Oxford) antigen on placental trophoblast
Authors: Bishop Paul W. , Malam Jacqui E. , Morris James A. , Fox Harold
Published: June 2005

The distribution of the Ca (Oxford) antigen in 75 human placentae has been studied using an immunohistological technique. The antigen was not detected until nineteen weeks gestation, when it first appeared on the surface of syncytial sprouts. Thereafter it spread to the syncytiotrophoblast of chorionic villi of all sizes, becoming more strongly expressed towards term. The antigen was consistently not detected on extravillous trophoblast. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to competing theories as to its function.
Detection of leptospiral antigen in the human liver and kidney using an immunoperoxidase staining procedure
Authors: Alves V. A. Ferreira , Vianna M. Regina , Yasuda P. H. , De Brito T.
Published: June 2005

Detection of leptospiral antigen using an immunoperoxidase staining (IP) procedure was carried out on fifteen samples of human liver, (nine from autopsies and six from biopsies) and nine samples of human kidneys (eight autopsies and one biopsy). The IP staining procedure to detect leptospiral antigen (L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) in human liver and kidney proved to be a reproducible method useful on paraffin embedded tissues after formalin, Bouin's or Helly's fluid fixation. Furthermore, the IP procedure on paraffin‐embedded tissue appears to have potential as an aid to the diagnosis. IP stained leptospiral antigen was detected in portal spaces of the liver, engulfed by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, in the interstitium of the kidney, and lining vessel walls of both liver and kidney. The results suggest that in acute human leptospirosis (L. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) the main factors in the pathogenesis of the lesions are related to the presence of organisms and/or their virulence, including products released by lysis.
The role of hepatic venous congestion and endotoxaemia in the production of fulminant hepatic failure secondary to congestive heart failure
Authors: Shibayama Yuro
Published: June 2005

The present study was undertaken to clarify the role of congestion of the liver and endotoxaemia in the production of fulminant hepatic failure secondary to congestive heart failure. Induction of congestion of the liver, i.e. an elevation of hepatic venous pressure, in rats was accomplished by partial obstruction of the inferior vena cava. A close relationship was demonstrated between venous pressure and serum levels of transaminases as a measure of hepatic dysfunction. Hepatic dysfunction was mild in rats with venous hypertension alone, and only centrilobular congestion was seen on microscopy. In contrast, severe abnormalities of hepatic function were induced by venous hypertension and endotoxaemia. Histologically, the liver revealed bridging centrilobular necrosis as seen in patients with congestive heart failure who develop fulminant hepatic failure. These data suggest that coexistence of endotoxaemia and congestion of the liver may induce fulminant hepatic failure, and that the latter alone is associated only with slight hepatic dysfunction and liver damage.
The structure and reactions of the microcirculation in a subcutaneous air pouch in the rat
Authors: Balasubramaniam Gnaneswary S. , Hurley John V.
Published: June 2005

Studies by a combination of vascular perfusion, histological and electron microscopic techniques show that subcutaneous injection of air into rats excites no acute inflammatory response, but leads to the formation of a pouch lined by avascular fibrous tissue. Existing subcutaneous blood vessels are displaced by the pouch but no new blood vessels are formed.

By contrast injection of carrageenan with the air or into a preformed air pouch leads to a severe inflammatory reaction and the rapid development of a thick layer of granulation tissue.

Either type of pouch is a useful system in which to study inflammation. However because the distribution and ultrastructure of small blood vessels in the pouch wall is quite different from the known characteristics of the micro‐circulation of synovial membrane, the air pouch is an unsuitable model for the study of injury to joints or experimental arthritis.
Periventricular intraparenchymal cerebral haemorrhage in preterm infants: The role of venous infarction
Authors: Gould Stephen J. , Howard Susan , Hope Peter L. , Reynolds E. Osmund R.
Published: June 2005

Haemorrhage into cerebral parenchymal tissue supero‐lateral to the angles of the lateral ventricles is a major cause of death and disability in preterm infants. It is frequently associated with germinal layer and intraventricular haemorrhage but the mechanism by which parenchymal haemorrhage occurs is uncertain. Recent studies have suggested that it is due to bleeding into tissue previously damaged by ischaemia following cerebral hypoperfusion. We have studied 68 preterm infant brains, of which four contained early intraparenchymal haemorrhage supero‐lateral to the angles of the lateral ventricles which were associated with large germinal layer and intraventricular haemorrhages. The anatomical distribution and histological features of these haemorrhages suggested that they resulted from venous infarction and that the venous drainage of the periventricular tissues had been obstructed by the germinal layer haemorrhages. In these four infants, bleeding into parenchymal tissues could be regarded as a complication of germinal layer and intraventricular haemorrhage rather than of cerebral hypoperfusion.
Cytoplasmic reactivity with the monoclonal antibody HMFG1 as a marker of cervical glandular atypia
Authors: Brown Laurence J. R. , Griffin Nicholas R. , Wells Michael
Published: June 2005

Cervical adenocarcinomas show cytoplasmic reactivity with the monoclonal antibody HMFG1 in contrast to the luminal border (cuticular) staining seen in normal endocervical glands and microglandular hyperplasia. HMFG1 was applied to 15 cases of cervical glandular atypia: thirteen showed cytoplasmic reactivity similar to that seen in overt endocervical neoplasia. This pattern of reactivity seems to be a useful marker of cervical glandular atypia and further supports its suggested place in the development of adenocarcinoma.
Ultrastructural characteristics of the interdigitating dendritic cell in dermatopathic lymphadenopathy of mycosis fungoides patients
Authors: Poblete María T. , Figueroa Carlos D. , Caorsi Italo
Published: June 2005

The ultrastructure of interdigitating dendritic cells in dermatopathic lymphadenopathy from patients with mycosis fungoides was investigated. The most remarkable findings were: (i) a marked hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum with a peculiar concentric arrangements of the cisternae around lipid droplets, (ii) an abundance of cytoplasmic lipid droplets and (iii) the presence of paranuclear chromatoid‐like bodies. It is suggested that these ultrastructural features may correspond to some unknown functional capability of the interdigitating dendritic cell.
Expression of c‐myc in non‐malignant and pre‐malignant gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Ciclitira P. J. , Macartney J. C. , Evan G.
Published: June 2005

A monoclonal antibody 1‐6E10 against the protein product p62c‐myc of the c‐myc oncogene was used to assess, by immunohistology, a variety of non‐neoplastic and preneoplastic disorders of gastric and colonic mucosa. There were low levels of expression of the c‐myc oncogenic product in normal gastric and colonic tissue. In gastric mucosa, increased expression was observed with inflammatory, metaplastic and dysplastic histological appearances. In the normal colon low levels of expression were observed, but there was increased expression in inflammatory disorders including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. There was also increased expression in colonic dysplasia associated with ulcerative colitis. The oncogene product was localized in the cytoplasm, nuclei and Golgi apparatus. C‐myc 1‐6E10 may therefore be used as a marker to identify the cellular proliferative response in gastric and colonic mucosa that is associated with inflammation as well as potentially neoplastic hyperproliferative states.