bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of long-term riskless asset on ensuring liquidity and preventing banking fragility
Authors: Shahin Mahmoud
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Through portfolio diversification, the author identifies the risk sharing deposit contract in a three-period model that maximizes the ex ante expected utility of depositors.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the author extends the study by Allen and Gale (1998) by adding a long-term riskless investment opportunity to the original portfolio of a short-term liquid asset and a long-term risky illiquid asset.

Findings

Unlike Allen and Gale, there are no information-based bank runs in equilibrium. In addition, the model can improve consumers' welfare over the Allen and Gale model. The author also shows that the bank will choose to liquidate the cheaper investments, in terms of the gain-loss ratios for the two types of existing long-term assets, when there is liquidity shortage in some cases. Such a policy reduces the liquidation cost and enables the bank to meet the outstanding liability to depositors without large liquidation losses.

Originality/value

The author believe that the reader would be interested in this article because it is relevant to real world where depositors rush to withdraw their deposits from a bank if there is negative information about future prospect of the bank asset portfolio and bank investment. Economists and financial analysts need to determine the suitable mechanism to improve the stability of the bank and the depositor welfare.
The impact of consumers’ attitudes towards technology on the acceptance of hotel technology-based innovation
Authors: Cheng Vincent Ting Pong , Guo Renyu
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Technology-based innovation (TBI) is a primary approach across the hospitality industry to improve customer experience. It is essential to know the critical factors that affect consumers’ acceptance of hotels’ TBI. The effect of consumers’ attitudes toward technology is hypothesized to affect the acceptance of TBI besides commonly used technology acceptance models.

Design/methodology/approach

A model of attitudes toward technology influence on TBI was constructed and tested by inviting participants to watch a video of a keyless check-in process of a leading hotel chain and then completed a questionnaire. The attitudes toward technology were measured using the technology adoption propensity (TAP) scale.

Findings

Attitudes toward technology strongly affect the hotel’s booking intention (BI) used as a proxy for consumers’ acceptance of hotels’ TBI. However, attitudes toward technology can only influence BI through the mediating variables of trust and curiosity.

Practical implications

The findings provide useful insights, encouraging hotels to positively enhance consumers’ attitudes toward technology when introducing TBI services.

Originality/value

Most research on the acceptance of e-commerce technology focuses on consumers’ resulting attitudes or emotions using the products or services. In contrast, this study investigates the effect of consumers’ attitudes toward technology on accepting hotels’ TBI service. The study demonstrated that attitudes toward technology substantially impact the acceptance of hotels’ TBI service. Furthermore, the study provides empirical support on the use of the TAP scale in complex TBI services.
Organizational structure and convergent change: explanatory factors in SMEs
Authors: Marín-Idárraga Diego Armando , Hurtado González José Manuel
Published: June 2021

Purpose

By integrating the structural contingency and the organizational adaptation theories, this study analyzes the impact of the main variables of organizational structure on convergent change. The authors also examine whether some contingency variables, such as the firm's size, age and sector, may help to explain differences in the relationship between organizational structure and convergent change.

Design/methodology/approach

This work was carried out through an explanatory and cross-sectional study. The hypotheses were tested through a multiple regression analysis.

Findings

This paper demonstrates that, in Bogota's SMEs, modifications in differentiation and formalization explain convergent change, and that centralization does not affect it. Furthermore, the authors find that the company's size explains these relationships, and that age and sector do not influence them.

Practical implications

The authors provide useful information in this work to guide managers and professionals on the implications of organizational structure and convergent change, more specifically on decisions regarding hierarchical arrangement, job division and processes redefinition.

Originality/value

This work provides empirical evidence with original data for a better understanding of the reality of Colombian SMEs in the Latin American context.
Fire behaviour and resistance of cold-formed steel beams with sigma cross-sections
Authors: Arrais Flávio , Lopes Nuno , Vila Real Paulo
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Sigma cross-section profiles are often chosen for their lightness and ability to support large spans, offering a favourable bending resistance. However, they are more susceptible to local, distortional and lateral-torsional buckling, as possible failure modes when compared to common I-sections and hollow cross-sections. However, the instability phenomena associated to these members are not completely understood in fire situation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyse the behaviour of beams composed of cold-formed sigma sections at elevated temperatures.

Design/methodology/approach

This study presents a numerical analysis, using advanced methods by applying the finite element software SAFIR. A numerical analysis of the behaviour of simply supported cold-formed sigma beams in the case of fire is presented considering different cross-section slenderness values, elevated temperatures, steel grades and bending moment diagrams. Comparisons are made between the obtained numerically ultimate bending capacities and the design bending resistances from Eurocode 3 Part 1–2 rules and its respective French National Annex (FN Annex).

Findings

The current design expressions revealed to be over conservative when compared with the obtained numerical results. It was possible to observe that the FN Annex is less conservative than the general prescriptions, the first having a better agreement with the numerical results.

Originality/value

Following the previous comparisons, new fire design formulae are analysed. This new methodology, which introduces minimum changes in the existing formulae, provides at the same time safety and accuracy when compared to the numerical results, considering the occurrence of local, distortional and lateral-torsional buckling phenomena in these members at elevated temperatures.
Using social networking tools for teaching requests to undergraduate Arab EFL learners: a study of pragmatics
Authors: Qadha Adil Mohammed , Al-Wasy Baleigh Qassem , Mahdi Hassan Saleh
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the impact of social networks on learning requests by Arab undergraduate EFL students.

Design/methodology/approach

Furthermore, both types of requests (i.e. direct and indirect) have been compared under the same condition. A total of 40 Saudi EFL learners participated in this study. Their scores in the pre-test and post-test were compared.

Findings

Results of the post-tests indicated that the experimental groups' performance significantly outscored the control groups. However, no significant difference was reported between the two experimental groups (i.e. direct and indirect).

Originality/value

Requests, as a component of pragmatics, have been investigated extensively in the literature to aid second/foreign language learning. However, little is known about the manner by which social networks could foster learning requests.
Dwelling form and culture in the traditional Najdi built environment, Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlNaim Mohammed M.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study examines the built environment in the preserved historic settlements of the Najd region of Saudi Arabia, providing insight into shared core concepts and forms that were commonly shared across the settlement's dwellings before the Kingdom's period of modernization.

Design/methodology/approach

Space syntax convex mapping and the justified access graphing as the main techniques to examine several internal elements at the building level. The study created elements such as connectivity, access graphs and depth graphs to understand the integration and placement of these elements to overcome surrounding forces. Also, the author combined graphical architectural analysis with space syntax techniques to understand the spatial and physical integration in three-dimensional space. This helped to establish a link between what is two-dimensional (the building layout) with what is three-dimensional (the physical form).

Findings

The paper found that the hierarchical order of internal spaces and the order's role in shaping the physical form served to satisfy the social behavior and environmental conditions. As a result, all building elements generated with the guidance of the main culturally rooted in support with internal spaces order. This order of spaces inside the house led the urban spatial hierarchy to connect but not conflict, as the whole process of generating the physical forms is to complement each other and to produce a unified built environment.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited to Najdi dwelling form and culture, the author believes expanding the number of study samples in the five traditional settlements or expanding the scope of the study to examine other Saudi regions may result in new findings and insights.

Originality/value

The paper offers and discusses two mechanisms on how to enhance the process of designing modern houses in similar cultures or elsewhere in the world. Also, how traditional dwelling elements generated with the guidance of the main, culturally rooted values and beliefs, in support of the internal spatial order.
How the dimensions of culture influence supply chain collaboration: an explanatory sequential mixed-methods investigation
Authors: Acquah Innocent Senyo Kwasi , Naude Micheline Juliana , Soni Sanjay
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study aims to demonstrate how integration is achieved in an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design by assessing the effect of collaborative cultural dimensions on supply chain collaboration amongst firms in Ghana's downstream petroleum sector. Specifically, the study examined how collectivism, long-term orientation, power symmetry, as well as uncertainty avoidance influence supply chain collaboration. Besides, it also demonstrates how integration is achieved in an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design.

Design/methodology/approach

Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the study employed a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis of quantitative data (N = 166), followed by a thematic analysis of eight semi-structured interviews to explain how and why the dimensions of collaborative culture impact supply chain collaboration.

Findings

The quantitative findings suggest that three out of the four dimensions of culture significantly predict supply chain collaboration. Integrating the quantitative and qualitative findings suggests convergence between the results of the quantitative and qualitative phases of the study as the qualitative results compliment the quantitative findings and offer more nuanced understanding of the cultural mechanisms responsible for successful supply chain collaborations.

Practical implications

The findings provide managers in the downstream petroleum sector with insights into how and why the dimensions of collaborative culture influence supply chain collaboration. These managers should, therefore, build corporate cultures characterized with high levels of long-term orientation, power symmetry and uncertainty avoidance.

Originality/value

Owing to the role of culture in successful supply chain collaborations, this study, through a mixed-methods design, links the dimensions of collaborative culture with supply chain collaboration in the downstream petroleum sector. Moreover, it demonstrates how integration and complementarity are achieved at the study design, methods, as well as the interpretation and reporting levels of an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design.
A little learning is a dangerous thing
Authors: Jackson Norman V.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Asking whether we should regard the learning organization as a tautology and, thus, of questionable utility, the purpose of this paper is to assess the ur-definition of the concept furnished by Senge. It seeks to demonstrate, particularly to those unaware of a textual-analytic approach, how claims that have academic authority can have poor explanatory power, with attendant risks.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a post-structuralist methodology, by illuminating unarticulated assumptions and questioning bald assertions, this paper exposes sub-textual bias and a lack of rigour characterizing the prescription of the learning organization. This legitimizes alternative and more inclusive narratives.

Findings

This paper finds the learning organization furthering a managerialist interest under the guise of enabling the achievement of employee’s and employees’ desires. As such, it is in the tradition of improvement-offering management fashions. In offering the promise of a sort of liberation for employees, it ignores and facilitates systemic dysfunctions, both internal and external.

Originality/value

By introducing the suggestion that the learning organization might be usefully interrogated as a paralogism, this paper encourages a critical appreciation of learning, not as an unalloyed good but as a potentially repressive tool. A fortiori, the learning organization.
Stratum corneum levels of calprotectin proteins S100A8/A9 correlate with disease activity in psoriasis patients
Authors: Matsunaga Yukiko , Hashimoto Yuki , Ishiko Akira
Published: June 2021

Psoriasis is an intractable inflammatory skin disorder characterized by scaly erythema and plaques. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) is widely used to score disease severity, but evaluation is subjective, and an objective biomarker would be useful. The stratum corneum (SC), which can be non‐invasively harvested, may reflect psoriasis‐associated changes in epidermal keratinocytes, such as the upregulation of the calprotectin proteins S100A8 and S100A9. The aim of this study was to examine the availability of S100A8/A9 protein levels in SC as a biomarker of psoriasis disease activity. Fifty‐three patients with psoriasis, 30 with psoriasis vulgaris (PsV), and 23 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) participated. SC cells from lesional and non‐lesional skin were collected by tape‐stripping. S100A8/A9 levels in serum and in SC were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and compared with PASI score before and after treatment initiation or switching. Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and disease‐free individuals were used as controls. Expression of S100A8/A9 in SC of lesional skin of psoriasis patients was significantly higher than in non‐lesional skin or AD skin. There was no significant difference of SC S100A8/A9 levels between PsV and PsA patients. The S100A8/A9 levels in SC of psoriasis patients were significantly positively correlated with the PASI score. When patients’ skin lesions cleared (PASI clear) in response to treatment, expression of S100A8/A9 in SC was no longer detectable. S100A8/A9 protein levels in SC may be available as an objective, non‐invasive biomarker of psoriasis activity to complement PASI scoring.
The family policy positions of conservative parties: A farewell to the male‐breadwinner family model?
Authors: GIULIANI GIOVANNI AMERIGO
Published: June 2021

Since the Golden Age of the Welfare State ended, the male‐breadwinner family model traditionally supported by conservative parties has been put under pressure.Familialismappears to be no longer attractive to a changing, more volatile constituency. By comparing four different European countries – namely, Denmark, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom – this work investigates the evolution of the conservative parties’ family policy positions in the post‐Fordist era (1990s–2010s). The article has two goals. First, relying on a multidimensional theoretical framework where both social consumption and social investment policy instruments are at stake, it probes whether conservatives have switched their positions by backing de‐familialism and thus the dual‐earner family model. Second, it explains policy position change or stability over time and cross‐country differences through a multicausal analytical framework.

The content analysis of party manifestos shows that, in the post‐Fordist era, the conservative parties have supported ‘optional familialism’, thus upholding bothfamiliarizingand de‐familiarizingmeasures. However, such positions are not static. In the 1990s, support for familialism was higher while, since the 2000s, there has been a constant, increasing backing of de‐familialism. While the shift is evident for all the parties, cross‐country differences remain. The comparative historical analysis has pointed out that the specific ‘optional familialism’ positions taken by the conservative parties over time result from the interaction of constituency‐oriented, institutional, contextual and political factors.
Management of patients presenting with low back pain to a private hospital emergency department in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Buchbinder Rachelle , Bourne Allison , Staples Margaret , Lui Chris , Walker Katie , Ben‐Meir Michael , Gorelik Alexandra , Blecher Gabriel
Published: June 2021

Objective

Recent studies suggest many patients with non‐specific low back pain presenting to public hospital EDs receive low‐value care. The primary aim was to describe management of patients presenting with low back pain to the ED of a private hospital in Melbourne, Australia, and received a final ED diagnosis of non‐specific low back pain. We also determined predictors of hospital admission.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients who presented with low back pain and received a final ED diagnosis of non‐specific low back pain to Cabrini Malvern ED in 2015. Demographics, lumbar spinal imaging, pathology tests and medications were extracted from hospital records. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of hospital admission.

Results

Four hundred and fifty presentations were included (60% female); 238 (52.9%) were admitted to hospital. One hundred and seventy‐seven (39.3%) patients received lumbar spine imaging. Two hundred and eighty (62.2%) patients had pathology tests and 391 (86.9%) received medications, which included opioids (n = 298, 66.2%), paracetamol (n = 219, 48.7%), NSAIDs (n = 161, 35.8%), benzodiazepines (n = 118, 26.2%) and pregabalin (n = 26, 5.8%). Predictors of hospital admission included older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.05), arrival by ambulance (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.06–3.90) and receipt of pathology tests (OR 3.32, 95% CI 2.01–5.49) or computed tomography scans (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.12–3.11).

Conclusion

We observed high rates of imaging, pathology tests and hospital admissions compared with previous public hospital studies, while medication use was similar. Implementation of strategies to optimise evidence‐based ED care is needed to reduce low‐value care and improve patient outcomes.
Cognitive performance in older‐age bipolar disorder: Investigating psychiatric characteristics, cardiovascular burden and psychotropic medication
Authors: Beunders Alexandra J. M. , Kemp Tokie , Korten Nicole C. M. , Oudega Mardien L. , Beekman Aartjan T. F. , Kupka Ralph W. , Stek Max L. , Schouws Sigfried N. T. M. , Dols Annemiek
Published: June 2021

Objective

This study aimed to explore a large range of candidate determinants of cognitive performance in older‐age bipolar disorder (OABD).

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed in 172 BD patients aged ≥50 years. Demographics, psychiatric characteristics and psychotropic medication use were collected using self‐report questionnaires and structured interviews. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors was determined by combining information from structured interviews, physical examination and laboratory assessments. Cognitive performance was investigated by an extensive neuropsychological assessment of 13 tests, covering the domains of attention, learning/ memory, verbal fluency and executive functioning. The average of 13 neuropsychological test Z‐scores resulted in a composite cognitive score. A linear multiple regression model was created using forward selection with the composite cognitive score as outcome variable. Domain cognitive scores were used as secondary outcome variables.

Results

The final multivariable model (N = 125), which controlled for age and education level, included number of depressive episodes, number of (hypo)manic episodes, late onset, five or more psychiatric admissions, lifetime smoking, metabolic syndrome and current use of benzodiazepines. Together, these determinants explained 43.0% of the variance in composite cognitive score. Late onset and number of depressive episodes were significantly related to better cognitive performance whereas five or more psychiatric admissions and benzodiazepine use were significantly related to worse cognitive performance.

Conclusion

Psychiatric characteristics, cardiovascular risk and benzodiazepine use are related to cognitive performance in OABD. Cognitive variability in OABD thus seems multifactorial. Strategies aimed at improving cognition in BD should include cardiovascular risk management and minimizing benzodiazepine use.
Management of Charitable Program Expense Ratios in the Charity Sector
Authors: Cyr Dominic , Landry Suzanne , Fortin Anne
Published: June 2021

We examine factors likely to influence charity managers’ propensity to manage their charitable program expense ratios. To this end, we survey 202 Canadian charities. First, we ask managers whether they think a high charitable program expense ratio is important. The results suggest that managers are less concerned with charitable program expense ratios when there are no regulatory restrictions for this figure, but they are more (less) inclined to post a high charitable program expense ratio when the charity depends on private donations (relies on government grants). We also find a positive relationship between education level and managers’ perception of the importance of having a high charitable program expense ratio. Second, for managers who believe having a high charitable program expense ratio is important, we use a logit model to analyse their propensity to manage the ratio upward. We show that improving the management team's reputation, avoiding losing the organisation's charitable status and retaining or obtaining government grants propel charity managers to alter the ratio. However, managers with more experience in a management position in charities and those with higher levels of education are less likely to engage in this practice.
Pet ownership and mental health during COVID‐19 lockdown
Authors: Phillipou A , Tan EJ , Toh WL , Van Rheenen TE , Meyer D , Neill E , Sumner PJ , Rossell SL
Published: June 2021

Owning a pet has often been associated with improved mental health among owners, including enhanced quality of life, and decreased levels of depression and loneliness. The aim of this study was to identify whether owning a cat and/or dog was associated with better psychological wellbeing during a strict lockdown period in Victoria, Australia, during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data were analysed from a large‐scale mental health study: the COvid‐19 and you: mentaL heaLth in AusTralia now survEy (COLLATE). The impact of pet ownership on levels of resilience, loneliness and quality of life were examined in a sample of 138 pet owners and 125 non‐pet owners. Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that pet ownership was significantly associated with poorer quality of life, but not significantly associated with resilience or loneliness, after accounting for situational factors (e.g. job loss) and mood states. Contrary to expectations, the findings suggest that during a specific situation such as a pandemic, pets may contribute to increased burden among owners and contribute to poorer quality of life.
Impact of the 2014 kidney allocation system changes on trends in A2/A2B into B kidney transplantation and organ procurement organization reporting of donor subtyping
Authors: Stern Jeffrey , Alnazari Nasser , Tatapudi Vasishta S. , Ali Nicole M. , Stewart Zoe A. , Montgomery Robert A. , Lonze Bonnie E.
Published: June 2021

The current kidney allocation system (KAS) preferentially allocates kidneys from blood type A2 or A2B (A/A2B) donors to blood type B candidates. We used national data to evaluate center‐level performance of A2/A2B to B transplants, and organ procurement organization (OPO) reporting of type A or AB donor subtyping, in 5‐year time periods prior to (2009–2014) and following (2015–2019) KAS implementation. The number of centers performing A2/A2B to B transplants increased from 17 pre‐KAS to 76 post‐KAS, though this still represents only a minority of centers (7.3% pre‐KAS and 32.6% post‐KAS). For high‐performing centers, the median net increase in A2/A2B to B transplants was 19 cases (range ‐2–72) per center in the 5 years post‐KAS. The median net increase in total B recipient transplants was 21 cases (range ‐17–119) per center. Despite requirements for performance of subtyping, in 2019 subtyping was reported on only 56.4% of A/AB donors. This translates into potential missed opportunities for B recipients, and even post‐KAS up to 2322 A2/A2B donor kidneys may have been allocated for transplantation as A/AB. Further progress must be made both at center and OPO levels to broaden implementation of A2/A2B to B transplants for the benefit of underserved recipients.
Primary cutaneous anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma with 6p25.3 rearrangement exhibits a biphasic histopathologic pattern: Two case reports and literature review
Authors: Xue Yan‐ning , Wang Zhen , Sun Jian‐fang , Chen Hao
Published: June 2021

Background

Primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative diseases are the second most common group of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas, including lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), primary cutaneous anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma (pcALCL), and borderline cases. These diseases form a spectrum and may show overlapping histopathological, phenotypic, and genetic features. In the 2016 WHO classification, LyP with 6p25.3 rearrangement was introduced as a rare new subtype of LyP and showed distinctive clinicopathological features. The striking biphasic histopathologic pattern presented with larger transformed lymphocytes diffusely infiltrating the dermis and smaller atypical cells infiltrating the epidermis as in pagetoid reticulosis.

Methods

Herein we report two cases of pcALCL with rearrangement involving the DUSP22‐IRF4 locus on 6p25.3 that show the same particular biphasic histopathologic pattern. We review the literature regarding five similar reported cases and discuss the clinical, pathologic immunotype and follow‐up features.

Results

Our findings suggest that the biphasic histopathologic pattern is not a unique characteristic of LyP with 6p25.3 rearrangement.

Conclusion

Cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative diseases with 6p25.3 rearrangement may have the same biphasic histopathological pattern and favorable prognosis, although a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from LyP to pcALCL and even anaplastic lymphoma kinase negative systemic ALCL with secondary cutaneous involvement may be observed.
Diagnostic utility of PRAME in distinguishing proliferative nodules from melanoma in giant congenital melanocytic nevi
Authors: Gill Pavandeep , Prieto Victor G. , Austin Mary T. , Giubellino Alessio , Torres‐Cabala Carlos A.
Published: June 2021

We describe a case of a melanocytic proliferation arising in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) and outline the potential utility of an immunohistochemical study with PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma (PRAME) in distinguishing benign proliferative nodules (PN) from melanoma in this context. A 15‐day‐old girl presented with a fibrotic nodule clinically suspicious for melanoma within a giant CMN. Histopathological examination showed a predominantly intradermal melanocytic nevus with congenital features intermixing with an ill‐defined proliferation of larger melanocytes demonstrating mild‐to‐moderate cytologic atypia and increased mitotic activity. Anti‐PRAME was diffusely positive within the congenital nevus while negative within the larger proliferating cells. Chromosomal microarray analysis revealed whole chromosomal gains and losses only, consistent with a PN arising in a giant CMN. To our knowledge, PRAME expression in giant CMN, PN, and pediatric melanomas has not been previously described. Based on our experience with this case, we propose that differential patterns of PRAME expression may be present in these three lesions, allowing PRAME immunohistochemistry to potentially serve as a helpful adjunct diagnostic tool for laboratories that do not readily have access to molecular testing in rendering a diagnosis for atypical melanocytic proliferations arising in giant CMN.
The value of considering demographic contributions to connectivity: a review
Authors: Drake Joseph , Lambin Xavier , Sutherland Chris
Published: June 2021

Connectivity is a central concept in ecology, wildlife management, and conservation science. Understanding the role of connectivity in determining species persistence is increasingly important in the face of escalating anthropogenic impacts on climate and habitat. These connectivity augmenting processes can severely impact species distributions and community and ecosystem functioning.

One general definition of connectivity is that it is an emergent process arising from a set of spatial interdependencies between individuals or populations, and increasingly realistic representations of connectivity are being sought. Generally, connectivity consists of a structural component, relating to the distribution of suitable and unsuitable habitat, and a functional component, relating to movement behavior, yet the interaction of both components often better describes ecological processes. Additionally, although implied by ‘movement', demographic measures such as the occurrence or abundance of organisms are regularly overlooked when quantifying connectivity. Integrating such demographic contributions based on the knowledge of species distribution patterns is critical to understanding the dynamics of spatially structured populations.

Demographically‐informed connectivity draws from fundamental concepts in metapopulation ecology while maintaining important conceptual developments from landscape ecology, and the methodological development of spatially‐explicit hierarchical statistical models that have the potential to overcome modeling and data challenges. Together, this offers a promising framework for developing ecologically realistic connectivity metrics.

This review synthesizes existing approaches for quantifying connectivity and advocates for demographically‐informed connectivity as a general framework for addressing current problems across ecological fields reliant on connectivity‐driven processes such as population ecology, conservation biology and landscape ecology. Using supporting simulations to highlight the consequences of commonly made assumptions that overlook important demographic contributions, we show that even small amounts of demographic information can greatly improve model performance. Ultimately, we argue demographic measures are central to extending the concept of connectivity and resolves long‐standing challenges associated with accurately quantifying the influence of connectivity on fundamental ecological processes.
Differences in Social Media Monitoring Practices Based on Child and Parent Gender
Authors: Wallace Lacey N.
Published: June 2021

Objective

This study investigated two research questions. First, how do parents monitor and regulate adolescent use of social media? Second, how do parental monitoring practices vary by adolescent and parent gender?

Background

Smart phones and Internet access are nearly universal among U.S. adolescents, yet most past research on online parental monitoring examined Internet use generally without a focus on social media.

Method

Data were obtained in 2019 with a web survey with items addressing parent and adolescent use of social media, parental monitoring of social media use, and parents' perceptions of the impact of social media on adolescents. Respondents were a state‐representative sample of 389 Pennsylvania parents with an adolescent aged 12 to 17 years in their household.

Results

Mothers more frequently talked with their adolescent children about social media than fathers, and mothers were more likely to report consequences for breaking household rules about social media use. Mothers used more intrusive monitoring strategies than fathers. Parents were more likely to ask daughters about social media use than sons. Parents monitored social media use of opposite gender adolescents less frequently.

Conclusions

Results suggest strong differences in social media monitoring by parent and adolescent gender but in directions that do not necessarily align with the parental monitoring literature more broadly. Heavy use of more intrusive practices in the sample may indicate problems with trust or parental concern with adolescent self‐disclosure.
Blockholder exit threats and corporate cash holdings
Authors: Sun Lingna , Phan Hieu V. , Simpson Thuy
Published: June 2021

We investigate the effects of blockholder exit threats, which increase with stock liquidity, on corporate cash holdings and the value of cash to shareholders. Exploiting decimalization as an exogenous shock to stock liquidity to identify the effects of blockholder exit threats, we find robust evidence that blockholder exit threats have a negative effect on corporate cash holdings and a positive effect on the value of cash to shareholders. Further analysis indicates that exit threat induces firms to increase stock repurchases and improve investment efficiency. Our evidence is consistent with the view that blockholder exit threats are an effective corporate governance mechanism.
Constraints on potential enzyme activities in thermokarst bogs: Implications for the carbon balance of peatlands following thaw
Authors: Heffernan Liam , Jassey Vincent E. J. , Frederickson Maya , MacKenzie M. Derek , Olefeldt David
Published: June 2021

Northern peatlands store a globally significant amount of soil organic carbon, much of it found in rapidly thawing permafrost. Permafrost thaw in peatlands often leads to the development and expansion of thermokarst bogs, where microbial activity will determine the stability of the carbon storage and the release of greenhouse gases. In this study, we compared potential enzyme activities between young (thawed ~30 years ago) and mature (~200 years) thermokarst bogs, for both shallow and deep peat layers. We found very low potential enzyme activities in deep peat layers, with no differences between the young and mature bogs. Peat quality at depth was found to be highly humified (FTIR analysis) in both the young and mature bogs. This suggests that deep, old peat was largely stable following permafrost thaw, without a rapid pulse of decomposition during the young bog stage. For near‐surface peat, we found significantly higher potential enzyme activities in the young bog than in the mature—associated with differences in peat quality derived from differentSphagnumspecies. A laboratory incubation of near‐surface peat showed that differences in potential enzyme activity were primarily influenced by peat type rather than oxygen availability. This suggested that the young bog can have higher rates of near‐surface decomposition despite being substantially wetter than the mature bog. Overall, our study shows that peat properties are the dominant constraint on potential enzyme activity and that peatland site development (successional pathways and permafrost history) through its influence on peat type and chemistry is likely to determine peat decomposition following permafrost thaw.
Small artificial waterbodies are widespread and persistent emitters of methane and carbon dioxide
Authors: Peacock M. , Audet J. , Bastviken D. , Cook S. , Evans C. D. , Grinham A. , Holgerson M. A. , Högbom L. , Pickard A. E. , Zieliński P. , Futter M. N.
Published: June 2021

Inland waters play an active role in the global carbon cycle and emit large volumes of the greenhouse gases (GHGs), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). A considerable body of research has improved emissions estimates from lakes, reservoirs and rivers but recent attention has been drawn to the importance of small, artificial waterbodies as poorly quantified but potentially important emission hotspots. Of particular interest are emissions from drainage ditches and constructed ponds. These waterbody types are prevalent in many landscapes and their cumulative surface areas can be substantial. Furthermore, GHG emissions from constructed waterbodies are anthropogenic in origin and form part of national emissions reporting, whereas emissions from natural waterbodies do not (according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines). Here, we present GHG data from two complementary studies covering a range of land uses. In the first, we measured emissions from nine ponds and seven ditches over a full year. Annual emissions varied considerably: 0.1–44.3 g CH4 m−2 year−1 and −36–4421 g CO2 m−2 year−1. In the second, we measured GHG concentrations in 96 ponds and 64 ditches across seven countries, covering subtropical, temperate and sub‐arctic biomes. When CH4 emissions were converted to CO2 equivalents, 93% of waterbodies were GHG sources. In both studies, GHGs were positively related to nutrient status (C, N, P), and pond GHG concentrations were highest in smallest waterbodies. Ditch and pond emissions were larger per unit area when compared to equivalent natural systems (streams, natural ponds). We show that GHG emissions from natural systems should not be used as proxies for those from artificial waterbodies, and that artificial waterbodies have the potential to make a substantial but largely unquantified contribution to emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use sector, and the global carbon cycle.
A transnational lens into international student experiences of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hari Amrita , Nardon Luciara , Zhang Hui
Published: June 2021

We analyse the experiences of international students living in Canada during the COVID‐19 pandemic through the lens of transnationalism that understands mobility as broadly uninterrupted, continuing and taken‐for‐granted, and international student migration (ISM) literature. With the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, people had to contend with sudden border closures and stringent restrictions on all forms of travel. International students are regarded as the archetypal trans‐migrants with frequent mobility and often multiple attachments to place. We interrogate these assumptions of mobility by drawing on interview data from 13 international students in Ontario from April to June of 2020. We found that international students experienced the pandemic transnationally and faced increased challenges, which heightened their reliance on support from transnational families, and generated anxieties about their future career and mobilities. We bring transnational theories into conversation with ISM literature to better understand international students’ lived experiences in Canada during a pandemic.
PD‐1‐induced proliferating T cells exhibit a distinct transcriptional signature
Authors: Strazza Marianne , Bukhari Shoiab , Tocheva Anna S. , Mor Adam
Published: June 2021

Ligation of the inhibitory receptor PD‐1 on T cells results in the inhibition of numerous cellular functions. Despite the overtly inhibitory outcome of PD‐1 signalling, there are additionally a collection of functions that are activated. We have observed that CD4+T cells stimulated through the T‐cell receptor and PD‐1 primarily do not proliferate; however, there is a population of cells that proliferates more than T‐cell receptor stimulation alone. These highly proliferating cells could potentially be associated with PD‐1‐blockade unresponsiveness in patients. In this study, we have performed RNA sequencing and found that following PD‐1 ligation proliferating and non‐proliferating T cells have distinct transcriptional signatures. Remarkably, the proliferating cells showed an enrichment of genes associated with an activated state despite PD‐1 signalling. Additionally, circulating follicular helper T cells were significantly more prevalent in the non‐proliferating population, demonstrated by enrichment of the associated genesCXCR5,CCR7,TCF7,BCL6andPRDM1and validated at the protein level. Translationally, we also show that there are more follicular helper T cells in patients that respond favourably to PD‐1 blockade. Overall, the presence of transcriptionally and functionally distinct T cell populations responsive to PD‐1 ligation may provide insights into the clinical differences observed following therapeutic PD‐1 blockade.
Junior high school students’ readiness to participate in e‐learning and online EFL classes during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Mabrur Iskhaki Andre Muhammad , Suwartono Tono ,   Lutfiana
Published: June 2021

More and more educational institutions have to replace face‐to‐face classes with online learning classes or e‐learning due to the spread of coronavirus (COVID‐19). To create efficient online learning experiences, students’ readiness and willingness to join e‐learning activities must be considered. A few aspects to consider are how accessible online learning technology is to the participants, their proficiency in using e‐learning devices, and their motivation in joining online learning, especially online EFL classes. Therefore, this study attempted to understand those aspects of online learning by gathering survey feedback from a group of students. The survey participants were seventh‐grade students of Muhammadiyah 2 Junior High School of Purwokerto, Indonesia. Data were collected using a five‐point Likert scale questionnaire. The results of the survey would be analysed to find out frequencies, means, and standard deviations. The results have concluded that, despite significant positive feedback regarding the students’ readiness and motivation for joining e‐learning classes and online EFL learning, there were still a number of students who were unsure of their readiness in joining such activities. Therefore, it is suggested that further effort is made to make online learning more accessible to more students.
Microanatomy of the myocardial extensions of the pulmonary valve in light of modern catheter ablation methodology
Authors: Lis Maciej , Solewski Bernard , Chrzanowski Jan , Dudkiewicz Damian , Strona Marcin , Jasińska Katarzyna A. , Wiater Jerzy , Wartalski Kamil , Lis Grzegorz J. , Hołda Mateusz K.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The muscular sleeves (or myocardial extensions) derived from the right ventricle infundibulum myocardium are considered the true anatomic substrate for right ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias.

Methods

Pulmonary valve specimens obtained from 65 donors (24.6% females, mean age 45.9 ± 15.8 years) were investigated micro‐anatomically. Specimens were histologically processed, stained with Masson's Trichrome, and examined under a light microscope.

Results

The myocardial extensions were present in the left anterior pulmonary valve sinus in 86.2% of cases, in the right anterior sinus in 89.2% of cases and in 90.7% of cases in the posterior sinus (p = .699). In 69.2% of examined hearts, the myocardial extensions were present in all sinuses. The mean height of the extensions was 4.12 ± 1.76 (left anterior) versus 3.69 ± 1.47 (right anterior) versus 4.28 ± 1.73 mm (posterior) (p = .137). The myocardial extensions occupied an average of 28.9 ± 10.4% of the left anterior sinus, 26.7 ± 11.2% of the right anterior sinus, and 31.9 ± 11.3% of the posterior sinus (p = .044). Sleeves extending beyond the fibro‐arterial transition zone were present in at least one sinus in 33.8% of hearts (in 7.7% (5/65) of the left and right anterior sinuses and 21.5% (14/65) of posterior sinus, p = .021).

Conclusions

The myocardial extensions of the pulmonary valve are common anatomical entities. Although the length of the myocardial sleeves is similar in all pulmonary valve sinuses, their relative extent is greatest in the posterior sinus. Long sleeves that spread beyond the fibro‐arterial transition zone were observed in one‐third of hearts, predominantly in the posterior sinus. Myocardial and fibrous tissue layer thicknesses varied considerably.
The humeral head: A review of the blood supply and possible link to osteonecrosis following rotator cuff repair
Authors: Keough Natalie , Lorke Dietrich E.
Published: June 2021

Trauma, corticosteroid therapy and metabolic diseases are well established aetiologies of humeral head osteonecrosis; however, there is increasing evidence that arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery may be another possible cause. One of the reasons is that there may be inadvertent damage to the arterial blood supply to the humeral head during surgical intervention. The blood supply to the humeral head displays large amounts of variation with regard to origin, course and distribution. Therefore, to shed light on the pathogenesis, the blood supply of the humeral head is reviewed together with a summary of all reported cases of osteonecrosis of the humeral head that occurred following rotator cuff repair. Inconsistencies with regard to terminologies used and contradictions concerning arterial contributions from the anterior circumflex humeral artery and the posterior circumflex humeral artery towards humeral head supply are addressed. Moreover, variations in the course of the anterior circumflex humeral artery and its branches are summarized. The vascular anatomy of the humeral head is clinically relevant due to the close relationship of these blood vessels with the surgical repair sites for rotator cuff surgery and biceps tenotomies or tenodesis procedures. Potential sites of disruption of blood supply following arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery are discussed. Detailed knowledge of the course of the arteries supplying the humeral head may help to minimize the risk of vascular injury and subsequent osteonecrosis. Given the great interindividual variations of vascular anatomy, imaging procedures preceding arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery may be advisable.
Liberal parentalism
Authors: Heifetz Aviad , Minelli Enrico , Polemarchakis Herakles
Published: June 2021

What normative constraints should bind parents (or policy makers) if they intervene in the choices of children (or constituencies) whose preferences evolve over time? For a sophisticated child who anticipates correctly his preference change, we prove that generically there exist parental interventions that are Pareto improving over the backward induction path that the child will follow on his own. If, in contrast, the child misperceives his future preferences, Pareto improving interventions might not exist, and even nudges might be painfully sobering. The parent may then choose to minimize the maximal disappointment along time that her benevolent intervention would cause.