bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The essence of fundamental breach of contract: Exploring sales legislation in the Southeast European context
Authors: Drpljanin Vildan , Mašović-Muratović Irma
Published: December 2024

This paper examines the concept of the fundamental breach of contract and its application within the contract laws of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, with a particular focus on sales contracts. It highlights the role of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) as a foundational framework for understanding fundamental breaches and their implications for international trade. While regional legislation does not explicitly reference the term "fundamental breach," this study demonstrates how the concept is implicitly recognized and addressed within national laws governing obligations. A comparative analysis of these legal systems reveals both similarities and divergences in the treatment of breaches, shedding light on shared practices and region-specific variations. Notably, although regional laws stress the importance of timely notification and define conditions for contract termination, they lack precise criteria for identifying fundamental breaches. This paper advocates for amendments to national civil codes to incorporate clearer definitions, aligning domestic legislation with international standards. Such reforms could enhance legal harmonization, strengthen adherence to modern international trade practices, and facilitate the integration of Southeast European countries into the global market.
Ethical theory of Al-Ghazali
Authors: Dudić Mevlud , Smailagić Sumeja
Published: December 2024

In this article, the author examines the role of moral philosophy and its significance within the philosophical-theological thought of Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali (Arabic: الغزالي محمد بن محمد حامد أبو). Al-Ghazali is regarded as one of the most important figures in the Muslim intellectual tradition, leaving behind a rich body of work. The author demonstrates how ethics plays a central role in Al-Ghazali's philosophy, which evolves into a synthesis of philosophical-theological thought and, in his later years, mystically oriented thinking. Through works such as Ihya Ulum al-Din, Tahafut al-Falasifa, and Al-Munqidh min al-Dalal, Al-Ghazali integrates Sufism with Sharia law, critiques Peripatetic philosophy, and describes his spiritual journey. Al-Ghazali's interpretation of moral issues will have a significant influence on the development of later philosophical-theological thought in Islam, laying the groundwork for the harmonization of Sufism with orthodox Islam and influencing Muslim and European intellectual currents.
Social media and students' learning
Authors: Marković Marija , Stanisavljević-Petrović Zorica
Published: December 2024

Alongside the development of social media, their implementation in the field of higher education has become more common, raising questions about the relationship between youth and new technologies, as well as the impact of social media on the academic performance of students. The aim of this research is to examine students' perceptions of the effects of social media on the learning process. The research utilized a descriptive research method and a scaling technique, with a custom-constructed Likert scale instrument used for data collection. The research sample was purposive, comprising 314 students from the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Niš, from various study programs. The results show that students generally have a positive attitude towards the impact of social media on the learning process. Regarding the independent variables in the research, statistically significant differences in responses were observed concerning the variables of affiliation to a study program and the frequency of social media access. The pedagogical implications of this research are related to the possibilities for improving teaching practices in higher education institutions by introducing new media technologies, along with initiatives that support effective learning and greater development of students' digital competencies.
The impact of sport on psychmotor development of adolescents
Authors: Radončić Mirza , Šabanović Binasa
Published: December 2024

Psychomotor development provides numerous essential skills for the success of children and adolescents in later life. Participation in sports is crucial for proper growth and development during adolescence. This research was conducted with the aim of examining the impact of sports on the psychomotor development of adolescents. The study was carried out at the "12. December" Elementary School in Sjenica, with a sample of 80 respondents aged 12 to 14 years, with both genders represented equally in terms of number and age. In line with the research problem and objectives, we applied the Psychomotor Evaluation Test, created as a measurement instrument based on Oliveira's test (Oliveira, 2008). The psychomotor tests evaluated five psychomotor abilities: coordination and balance (CB), body composition (BC), laterality (L), spatial organization (SO), and temporal organization (TO). In the coordination section, we focused on global coordination, dissociative movements, and hand-eye coordination, which involves coordinated control of eye movements by hand movements and the processing of visual input to guide reach and grasp, along with the use of proprioception of the hands to guide the eyes. For balance, we studied both its static and dynamic characteristics. Over a period of 4 weeks, a structured physical education class plan was implemented. The physical education teacher led only the experimental group through these lessons, which were pre-structured, planned, and tailored for the experimental group. Students in the experimental group participated in regular physical education classes four times a week, each lasting 45 minutes. The experimental group completed a total of sixteen physical education classes. At the end of the research, the same group of tests was applied to both groups. Growth in psychomotor characteristics was consistently statistically higher in the experimental group. Based on the results, we conclude that there were no significant deviations based on gender. The research demonstrated the impact of physical activity on the psychomotor and overall development of adolescents.
Consonant alternations in the language of Safet Sijarić's novel Rod i Dom
Authors: Mujević Dženisa
Published: December 2024

The subject of this work is the analysis of consonant changes in Safet Sijarić's novel Rod i Dom. The narrative material of this novel contains the dialectal peculiarities of the Eastern languages of Montenegro. This speech is characterized by numerous specificities that distinguish it from neighboring and other Montenegrin languages, and it is full of many interesting voice alternations, both vowel and consonant. What differentiates this speech from the neighboring ones are precisely the phonetic and phonological specificities, then the specificities of the morphological system in the context of word formation, in the context of declension, conjugation, and morphological syncretism in the case paradigm system. Dialect marks concerning consonant changes in the mentioned contexts, which are registered in the language of the novel Rod i Dom, are analyzed in detail and explained in the paper. The analysis included phenomena related to individual consonants and a detailed presentation of alternations - equalization of consonants by sonority, dissimilation of consonant groups, loss of consonants and simplification of consonant groups, iotation, and insertion of consonants.
The influence of the choice of foreign policy strategies of the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro on the development of their bilateral military relations
Authors: Spasojević Čedo
Published: December 2024

n a complex system of international relations and current geopolitical and security architecture at the global level, states, in accordance with their economic, military and other potentials, choose foreign policy strategies. In that regard, small states have a specific challenge making that choice given their limited capacities. Notwithstanding numerous classifications of small state foreign policy strategies that exist in the scientific community, they can essentially be reduced to two: the choice of a protector (in a form of an alliance or a powerful state) or the declaration of political/military neutrality. The different choice made by small countries in this matter can often be one of the obstacles in the development of their mutual bilateral relations, bearing in mind that choosing a certain foreign policy strategy implies actions that are often opposed to the interests of other countries. This particularly refers to the development of bilateral relations in sensitive foreign policy segments of small states, such as defence and security. The subject of the paper is the very analysis of this phenomenon on a concrete example, i.e. the examination of the impact of the different choice of foreign policy strategies of Serbia and Montenegro on the development of their mutual bilateral military relations, in the period after the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. The aim of the paper is to determine possible connection between the non-complementarity of foreign policy courses of Serbia and Montenegro and the dynamics in the development of their bilateral military relations. The basic hypothesis is that Montenegro's choice of protector strategy through NATO membership and Serbia's strategy of military neutrality represent a serious obstacle in the development of their overall and especially bilateral military relations. Using content analysis, discourse analysis and comparative methods, the paper tried to prove the existence of a link between the oscillations in the bilateral military relations between Serbia and Montenegro and the dynamics in the choice of their foreign policy strategies. The paper is going to show that the actions undertaken by Montenegro within the framework of profiling its foreign policy strategy and efforts to become a member of NATO directly affected the weakening of the dynamics in the strengthening of bilateral military relations with Serbia, and that Serbia's neutral military policy and its shift away from Atlantic integration make it difficult to improve those relations. It can be concluded that the relations determined in such a way will remain dominant in the upcoming period as well, regardless of occasional publicly expressed intentions by both countries of mutual improvement of bilateral military relations, and especially in the circumstances of the current polarization in the relations between great powers after the beginning of the war in Ukraine in early 2022.
Hardfacing alloys for excavator teeth coating
Authors: Poser Maja , Zdraveski Filip , Petreski Martin , Pavlović Miloš , Jeremić Vladan
Published: December 2024

The capacity of the rotor excavator depends to a significant extent on the backet teeth. Abrasive wear of cutting teeth and cutting edges is typical when digging sand, sandy clay and gravel in common rock environments. Of particular importance is the contribution of the correct geometry of the teeth, their position on the backet, and especially their sharpness, which they lose over time. Over time, teeth become blunt due to abrasive wear and their geometry changes. The digging resistance becomes greater, and therefore the efficiency of the rotor excavator decreases. White cast iron stands out as a base alloy that has wear resistance, but has very low toughness and often brittle fracture under impact loads. Manganese steel, although it has the property of deformation strengthening, has no wear resistance when digging in sand. This condition can be improved by choosing a material more resistant to abrasive action. Excavator teeth that fail due to abrasive wear can be protected from abrasive wear by the use of hardface coating. These hardfacing alloys are presented in this paper.
Effect of laser beam and arc power on weld bead geometry in hybrid laser arc welding of structural steel
Authors: Petreski Martin , Runchev Dobre , Vrtanoski Gligorche , Zdraveski Filip , Stankoski Marko
Published: December 2024

Hybrid Laser Arc Welding - HLAW combines the advantages of Laser Beam Welding - LBW and Gas Metal Arc Welding - GMAW, resulting in a welding process of high welding speed, less heat input, deeper penetration into the welding material, and increased process efficiency compared to conventional welding processes. The merger of the two heat sources, laser beam and arc, in a single welding process leads to a weld joint characterized by two zones, an upper-wide zone or laser-arc zone and a lower narrow zone or laser zone. This study investigates the impact of laser beam and arc currents on the weld bead geometry in the arcleading hybrid laser arc welding process of 12 (mm) structural steel. Through systematic experimentation, single-pass hybrid laser arc welds were performed in a butt joint configuration with zero-gap at various power settings, laser beam power range 10 - 13 (kW), and arc current range 340 - 400 (A) to determine their influence on weld bead width, height, and depth. The quality level of the hybrid laser arc welds was evaluated according to ISO 12932. The results indicate that increasing laser beam power enhances weld bead depth and narrows bead width, while the arc current is directly related to weld bead height and overall smoothness. The findings show that weld bead geometry is a function of laser beam and arc power ratio, an increased ratio leads to a narrow weld bead and vice versa.
Effects of tool rotation and welding speeds on toughness and tensile strength of aa 6060 welded by FSW
Authors: Hauck Albert , Pecanac Milan , Kulundzic Nenad , Balos Sebastian
Published: December 2024

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) stands out as an innovative and demanding solid-state welding method gaining traction in modern fabrication. This paper explores the welding of an aluminiumsilicone-magnesium alloy using FSW technique with a use of a robot, by utilizing welding speeds of 160 to 250 mm/min. Variation of the tool's rotary and welding speed was conducted to determine the optimal parameters for achieving desirable macro and mechanical properties, including tensile strength and impact energy. It was shown that higher tensile properties and lower impact energies are obtained with lower tool rotation speeds, which can be related to a lower heat input. The highest weld efficiency obtained was 91 %, proving that a relatively effective replacement of precipitation hardening with strain hardening occurred in the welding process.
Examination of the microstructure of high-pressure steam pipes after 200 000 hours of operation
Authors: Hamzić Resul , Džibrić Namik , Avdić Sead
Published: December 2024

This study examined the microstructure of the main steam pipes in thermal power plant using the method of metallographic replicas. The aim of the research was to analyze and assess the condition of the pipes after 200 000 hours of operation, as well as to evaluate their remaining service life and endurance under long-term loads according to the VGB-S 517 standard. This standard establishes rigorous guidelines for inspecting and assessing the microstructural composition and damage due to creep in creep-resistant steel for high-pressure piping, boiler components, welded joints, considering the parameters such as material, wall thickness and construction. In addition to microstructure analysis, particular emphasis was placed on studying the time-dependent strength of the steam pipes, especially in the context of creep. Creep or deformation under constant load over time at high temperatures is a key factor influencing the long-term performance of the pipes. The results of the conducted research will provide a broader understanding of the condition of the steam pipes after 200 000 hours of operation, identify potential defects or weaknesses in the material and enable timely implementation of appropriate maintenance or replacement measures, thereby reducing the risk of accidents and failures.
Correlation Between Building Damage Levels and Microtremor HVSR Curve Parameters
Authors: Baiq Laelatin Diniati  , Syamsuddin Syamsuddin , Bakti Sukrisna  , Kormil Saputra  , Ika Umratul Asni Aminy  , Rahmatun Inayah  , Adella Ulyandana Jayatri
Published: December 2024

The level of damage caused by an earthquake is related to the physical parameters obtained from Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) analysis. The dominant frequency (f0) and wave velocity are the two HVSR parameters used. This research aims to determine the type of rock and the level of damage to buildings caused by the 2018 Lombok earthquake. We used secondary data from the 2011 Mataram City microtremor, which included 85 measurement points. We conducted frequency spectrum analysis using the HVSR method and shear wave velocity (vs) inversion modeling to gain a comprehensive understanding of Mataram City seismic properties. The Poisson ratio analysis results reveal that earthquake-prone sedimentary layers dominate Mataram City. The HVSR analysis revealed a negative correlation between the damage from the 2018 earthquake and the dominant frequency and shear wave velocity. The overlay results between the dominant frequency values, shear wave velocity, and the comparison of vp and vs with the damage level from the 2018 earthquake demonstrate this.
LAVAņA KUḻAMBU: A Traditional Siddha Formulation for Liver Health and Disease Mangement - A Review
Authors:   PG scholar, Department of Gunapadam, National Institute of siddha, chennai 600047, India, Swathi T , Sudha Revathy S ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Gunapadam, National Institute of siddha, chennai 600047, India
Published: December 2024

The Siddha system is one of the traditional systems which provide healthy life to humans through the natural sources in the form of herbals, minerals and animal products. Lavaņa kuḻambu is a Siddha herbo-mineral formulation mentioned in the Siddha text Aņupõka Vaittiyanavaṉītam. Kuḻambu is a semi solid preparation with the shelf life of 5 years. The drug is indicated for Pīlīkai kaṭṭi, Kavitai kaṭṭi, Pāņṭu, Kāmālai, Peruvayiṟu, Makōtaram All these symptoms are related to the dysfunction of the vital organ Liver. Liver inflammation and oxidative stress are commonly associated with development and progression of chronic liver disease. It is evident that the natural products with anti inflammatory and anti oxidant activities posses therapeutic effect against inflammation, fibrosis and metabolic disorders. This review is aimed to bring out scientific evidence for the therapeutic usage of Lavaņa kuḻambu and focused on the Hepato protective activity for the curative nature of the drug. It is unambiguous that the ingredients in the Lavaņa kuḻambu have Hepato protective activity as per the Siddha literature and scientific evidence.
Understanding the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M3 Receptor: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications
Authors:   Shantou Univ, Brain Funct & Dis Lab, Med Coll, Shantou, Guangdong, China, Chen Shi-wan-er , Wu Jie
Published: December 2024

Muscarinic acetylcholine M receptors (mAChRs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and play a crucial role in regulating and controlling the release of acetylcholine (ACh). This review aims to focus on M3 receptor (M3R) subtype distribution, function, efficacy, and clinical applications. Specifically, we will delve into the M3R, encoded by the CHMR3 gene, which is primarily found in the cerebral cortex, airway, digestive tract, and glands. Under normal healthy conditions, M3Rs participate in various significant physiological reactions. They are involved in regulating the release of second messengers and controlling the opening of ion channels. Such functions contribute to maintaining essential processes within the body. In pathological conditions, M3Rs become potential therapeutic targets. Pharmacological manipulation using M3R agonists or antagonists can be utilized in treating a range of diseases, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), type Ⅱ diabetes (T2D), congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute pancreatitis (AR), and overactive bladder (OAB). These receptors hold promise as proven or potential targets for effective disease management. Therefore, understanding the pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of M3R is vital for developing multi-target drugs (MTAs) to treat diseases with complex pathogenesis. This approach can help avoid the decline in drug efficacy caused by drug resistance. Exploiting the unique three-dimensional structure of M3Rs and their selective preference for different ligands, selective or non-selective pharmaceutical reagents for targeted therapy can be designed. Understanding these characteristics can facilitate the design of drugs that interact optimally with the receptor, potentially enhancing therapeutic outcomes.
ÇOCUKLAR İÇİN CİMNASTİK ANTRENMANLARININ FİZİKSEL PERFORMANSA ETKİSİ
Authors: YILDIRIM Ulaş Can
Published: December 2024

Bu kitap ÇOCUKLAR İÇİN CİMNASTİK ANTRENMANLARININ FİZİKSEL PERFORMANSA ETKİSİ' ni incelemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.
High rectification and gate-tunable photoresponse in 1D-2D lateral van der waals heterojunctions
Authors: Wang Pu , Mu Haoran , Yun Tinghe , Ji Depeng , Wei Bohan , Mei Zengxia , Xian Lede , Ke Qingqing , Zhang Guangyu , Lin Shenghuang
Published: December 2024

The self-passivating surfaces and reduced tunneling leakage current enable the creation of ideal Schottky contacts in van der Waals (vdW) semiconductor heterojunctions. However, simultaneously achieving high rectification ratios, low reverse leakage currents, and rapid photoresponse remains challenging. Here, we present a one-dimensional (1D)/two-dimensional (2D) mixed-dimensional heterostructure photodiode to address these challenges. The significant valence band offset and minimal electron affinity difference in this structure ensure high rectification ratios and efficient charge collection. Additionally, the dimensional disparity between the 1D and 2D materials, characterized by a smaller contact area and significant thickness difference, results in low reverse leakage current and a high current on-off ratio. Moreover, it enables gate-tunable band structure transitions. Our device exhibits an exceptional rectifying ratio of 4.7 × 107 and a high on-off ratio of 5 × 107 (Vds = 2 V and, Vg = 30 V) at room temperature. Under a gate voltage of 20 V, the photodiode achieves a specific detectivity (D*) of 4.9 × 1014 Jones, a rapid response time of 14 μs, and an extended operational wavelength approaching to 1550 nm. The strategic combination of mixed-dimensional design and band engineering yields a 1D-2D p-n heterojunction photodiode with remarkable sensitivity, repeatability, and fast response, underscoring the potential of vdW semiconductors for advanced optoelectronic applications.
Endülüs Emevîleri Dönemi'nde İlmî Nesir Çalışmaları (138/756-422/1031)
Authors: Barut Elmas Ruşen , Soyupek Hasan
Published: December 2024

Endülüs Emevîleri Dönemi, İber Yarımadası’nın fethinin ardından devletleşme sürecinde yaklaşık üç asırlık bir zaman dilimini kapsar. 138/756 yılında devletin kurucu Emîri I. Abdurrahman ed-Dâhil’in (ö. 172/788) bağımsızlığını ilanı ile başlayıp 422/1031 yılında hilâfetin lağvedilmesiyle son bulan bu dönem, Emirlik (138/756-317/929) ve Hilâfet (317/929-422/1031) olmak üzere iki ayrı dönemi haizdir. Fetihler neticesinde ortaya çıkan siyasî ve ekonomik çalkantıların durulmaya başladığı Emirlik Dönemi’nde toplumsal refahın artması ile temelleri atılan ilmî ve kültürel faaliyetler, Hilâfet Dönemi’nde ürünlerini vermeye başlamıştır. Doğu İslâm dünyası ile irtibat kurulması ve Emîr ve Halifelerin ilmî çalışmalara verdikleri destek sayesinde, Endülüs Emevîleri Dönemi’nde ilk defa ilmî nesir eserleri telif edilmiştir. Bu dönem ilmî çalışmalar ve eserler açısından oldukça başarılı bir evre olarak değerlendirilebilir. Zira Endülüs kendi ulemasını yetiştirecek donanıma ulaşmış, ilmî nesirde kendine özgü bir kimlik kazanmaya başlamıştır. Müslümanların bu dönemde fetihler ve iç karışıklıkların getirdiği siyasî ve toplumsal sıkıntılardan uzaklaşarak ilmî çalışmalara başlamaları ve Endülüs’ün sonraki nesillerine temel teşkil edecek eserler ortaya koymaları takdire şayandır. Bu dönemin ilmî nesir çalışmalarına, Endülüs’ün tamamını kapsayan ya da yalnızca dönemsel çalışılan araştırmalarda yer verilmiştir. Ancak her iki durumda da edebî faaliyetler bir bütün halinde verildiği için şiir ve edebî nesir de konuya dahil edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla dönemin ilmî nesir kısmı ayrı bir başlık altında ele alınsa da araştırmaların sınırları gereği detay verilememiştir. Endülüs’ün yalnızca ilmî ve kültürel hayatından bahseden çalışmalar da bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu tür çalışmalarda da Endülüs’te yedi asır boyunca ortaya çıkan eserler ele alınmış, Endülüs Emevîleri Dönemi’ne ait ilmî eserler özel bir başlık altında incelenmemiştir. Bu bilgiler ışığında çalışmamız dönemin yalnızca ilmî nesri üzerine odaklanmakta, daha önce yapılan araştırmalar dikkate alınarak, Endülüs Emevîleri Dönemi’nde kaleme alınan ilmî nesir örneklerini derlemeyi ve eksik görülen kısımları ya da çalışmaları tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. İlmî çalışmaların bütünlük içinde sürdüğü dikkate alınarak, siyasî açıdan yapılan dönemsel ayrımlar gözetilmeksizin, nesir örnekleri Emirlik ve Hilâfet Dönemi şeklinde bir ayrıma tabi tutulmamıştır. Endülüs Emevîleri Dönemi’nde ilmî faaliyetlerin gelişmesine katkıda bulunan unsurlara kısaca değinilmekte, çeşitli ilim dallarında ön plana çıkan âlimler ve eserlerinden bahsedilmektedir. Ansiklopedik eserler olarak değerlendirilen edebî telif eserleri ile tabakât eserleri, dinî ilimlere dair eserler ile sosyal ve fennî ilimlerde kaleme alınan eserler çalışmanın kapsamında yer almaktadır.
The Impact of E-Wallets on Consumer Spending Behavior and Financial Management
Authors: Yousef Faten
Published: December 2024

This study examines how e-wallets in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, are influencing consumer buying patterns and money management. The study, which is based on Saudi Vision 2030, which prioritises financial inclusion and economic diversification, looks at how e-wallets affect young to middle-aged users' financial discipline, impulsive buying habits, and purchase decisions. The users' ages range from 22 to 35. Data was collected from 750 individuals using a cross-sectional survey strategy, and descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, such as regression analysis, were used for analysis. The results show that e-wallet adoption has a statistically significant positive impact on consumer purchasing patterns and money management. Convenience, real-time transaction capabilities, and spending tracking tools are some of the e-wallet characteristics that encourage both impulsive purchases and better budgeting techniques. According to the correlation analysis, there is a 0.734% increase in consumer buying behaviour and a 0.603% improvement in financial management for every 1% increase in e-wallet use. Because of their convenience of use and promotional incentives, e-wallets have the potential to simplify financial transactions, but they also provide a risk of excessive spending. In order to reduce the hazards associated with impulsive spending, the study's conclusion highlights the significance of increasing consumer knowledge regarding appropriate e-wallet usage and financial education. Enhancing technology infrastructure, improving e-wallet features for increased user pleasure, and creating regulations that strike a balance between innovation and consumer safety are some of the recommendations. In line with the goals of Vision 2030, these findings advance knowledge of the changing dynamics of digital payments and its consequences for financial inclusion, personal finance, and overall economic growth. This study offers useful information to help stakeholders—such as customers, financial institutions, e-wallet providers, and legislators—make the most of digital payment systems and encourage prudent financial practices. To further enhance the conversation on digital payment ecosystems, future studies should examine sector-specific adoption trends and longitudinal effects.
Penguatan Kapasitas Manajerial UMKM di Sektor Kuliner Melalui Workshop Keuangan dan Pengelolaan Bisnis
Authors: Suyatno Maulana Ihsan Yusufi , Kusumawardani Anisa , Suyatno Primadhani Dyah Larasati
Published: December 2024

Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kapasitas manajerial pelaku UMKM di sektor kuliner di Desa Tanggulsari, Kecamatan Brangsong, Kabupaten Kendal, melalui pelatihan pengelolaan keuangan, pemasaran digital, dan manajemen sumber daya manusia (SDM). Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan dalam bentuk workshop yang diikuti oleh 30 pelaku UMKM lokal, dengan materi yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan mereka. Dalam pelatihan ini, peserta diberikan pemahaman tentang pentingnya pengelolaan keuangan yang baik, cara memanfaatkan media sosial untuk pemasaran produk, serta teknik dasar dalam manajemen SDM yang efektif. Evaluasi dilakukan melalui kuesioner dan kuis singkat untuk mengukur pemahaman peserta sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan. Hasilnya menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan peserta dalam pengelolaan keuangan, penggunaan media sosial untuk promosi, dan pengelolaan SDM dalam usaha mereka. Selain itu, peserta juga merasa lebih percaya diri dalam mengelola usaha mereka secara lebih profesional. Pendampingan lanjutan setelah pelatihan juga membantu peserta mengimplementasikan materi yang telah dipelajari. Kegiatan ini menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan berbasis praktik dan penggunaan teknologi digital dapat meningkatkan daya saing UMKM di sektor kuliner, serta berkontribusi pada pengembangan ekonomi lokal. Melalui kegiatan ini, diharapkan pelaku UMKM di Desa Tanggulsari dapat menghadapi tantangan bisnis dengan lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan.
The Role of Citizenship Education on Enhancing the Promotion of Unity in Nigeria: Implication for Primary Education
Authors: Ugobueze Ann Ngozi
Published: December 2024

Citizenship education, as a pedagogical approach, emphasizes the development of civic responsibility, tolerance, and national identity, which are essential for addressing the challenges posed by Nigeria's ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity. The study explores how the integration of citizenship education in primary schools helps inculcate values such as respect for diversity, patriotism, and conflict resolution skills among young learners.  Using a survey research design, data were collected from 320 Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) students from Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe, and Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze, in Anambra State, Nigeria. Purposive random sampling was employed to select respondents from Social Studies, Economics, English, and Igbo Language departments. A structured questionnaire with 15 items on a 4-point Likert scale was used for data collection, and reliability was confirmed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Data analysis involved mean scores, with a cutoff of 2.50 for agreement. Findings revealed that ethnic hatred, religious intolerance, distrust, lack of basic education, and colonial policies are significant barriers to unity in Nigeria. Citizenship education was found to promote unity by enhancing the appreciation of diversity, instilling values of cooperation and tolerance, and equipping individuals with conflict resolution skills. However, challenges such as a lack of qualified teachers, insufficient instructional materials, and inadequate commitment from educators hinder its effectiveness. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating citizenship education into primary education to cultivate values that promote unity among young learners. The research findings imply the need for systematic transformation in the basic education curriculum, by integrating programs that comprehensively teach the values ​​of tolerance, cooperation, and conflict resolution.
The Scientific Miracle of Human Creation in the Holy Quran
Authors: Zekkour Hafidha , Syarifah Umaiyatus , Minarno Eko Budi
Published: December 2024

The scientific miracles in the Quran indicate God's ability to create the universe and humanity. The ayat alkawnia illustrate the stability of natural phenomena and link these Ayat to the divine cause. The stages of human creation are represented, starting from clay to the sperm, then the Elaqa, the Madagha, the bones, and finally the blowing of the spirit. Many surah, such as Al-Mu'minun and Al-Hajj, clarify these stages. These ayat reflect a scientific understanding that was not available at the time of the Quran's revelation, enhancing its status as a book of truth and affirming the connection between science and faith.
Assessment of Chemistry Teachers’ Knowledge on Entrepreneurial Chemistry Topics in Senior Secondary Schools
Authors: Onwudinjo Felicity Uju
Published: December 2024

The study investigated the entrepreneurship knowledge of chemistry teachers in Otuocha education zone of Anambra state, towards some topics in senior secondary school chemistry curriculum. Three research questions guided the study. 31 chemistry teachers from Otuocha education zone were involved. Twenty-four item questionnaire generated from five branches of chemistry mainly taught in senior secondary schools were used for data collection. The instrument was validated and its reliability was found to be 0.91 using Cronbach alpha. The data analysed using mean and standard deviation indicated that twelve (12) out of the twenty three topics were found not to be significant on teachers’ knowledge of entrepreneurship in teaching. This is an indication that students are not being cultured with these skills during lesson. This was also confirmed in the analysis of the data collected from how teachers relate the topics to real world / entrepreneurial skill, where sixteen (16) out of twenty three topics were found not to be significant on teachers’ in relating to entrepreneurship in teaching. Out of the fifteen (15) entrepreneurial teaching strategies tested, twelve were found not to be significant on teachers’. Some recommendations were made based on the findings to improve the development of entrepreneurial skills in students.
WAYS TO FIGHT FOREST FIRES
Authors: Yacenko Mariya
Published: December 2024

In this paper, the types of forest fires, the main causes of forest fires, as well as methods used to combat forest fires in Russia and abroad were considered. There are several types of forest fires: grassroots, riding level and peat fire. Sometimes a separate category is distinguished by the ignition of dead wood and a spotted fire. The most common cause of fires is a person and his activities (spring grass fall, unkempt fires, discarded cigarette butts, broken bottles and other garbage). Methods of fighting forest fires are divided into two categories: preventive methods (prevention of forest fires) and methods of extinguishing forest fires. Conclusions were drawn about the most commonly used methods of fighting for various types of forest fires.
DETERMINATION OF THE ARRIVAL TIME OF THE FIRST FIRE UNIT AT THE OBJECT DESIGN STAGE
Authors: Baklushin Vasilii
Published: December 2024

his article is devoted to the analysis of existing regulatory requirements for the movement time of fire-service equipment, the time of turnout and departure of the fire protection forces upon an alarm call. There is a consideration of possible options for the determination fire-fighting response time to the design objects and structures in order to show object compliance with the Technical Regulations for fire safety requirements. The relevance of this topic is related to the possibility of double interpretations of regulatory requirements for fire safety and the lack of regulatory speed of the fire-fighting equipment for different design objects. As a result fire safety experts state remarks about project documentation during the examination.
A study of the factors of the war between Russia and Ukraine from the point of view of aggressive realism
Authors: Rahimzadeh Somaieh , Qaderi Afson
Published: December 2024

The war between Russia and Ukraine is the biggest military conflict in Europe and one of the most important events of the international system in the 21st century. After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, there were occasional conflicts between these two countries that did not lead to a major war, but in February 2022, Russia, contrary to the principle of sovereignty, launched a military attack on Ukraine, which also had global consequences. There are various analyzes regarding this war and its factors, but what is closer to the existing realities is the realistic analysis of the war. Considering the importance of this war and the position of realism in the analysis of wars in international relations, the question is raised, what factors caused this war from the point of view of realism? Apparently, Russia's power-seeking and ambitious policies to expand power, secure interests, maintain security and Russia's position in the region and the world, and especially the issue of Ukraine joining NATO, caused this war. The purpose of the research is to investigate the factors of the war between Russia and Ukraine from the perspective of realism theory. Descriptive-analytical research method and the tools of books, articles and reports have been used in the form of the theoretical framework of aggressive realism. The findings of the research showed that Russia attacked NATO in accordance with the historical, geopolitical, political and economic requirements and in line with the realization of its goals, security and interests, especially the Ukraine issue. Russia showed that the presence of the West and NATO in the most important foreign sphere close to it is dangerous for this country, and it even resorted to war to prevent it.
An Analysis of the Principle of Individual Criminal Responsibility in Islam and Afghanistan’s Criminal Law
Authors: Sadat Sayed  Masaud
Published: December 2024

The principle of individual criminal responsibility asserts that each person is accountable for their own criminal behavior. This principle, based on Islamic and social justice perspectives and justice-oriented ideologies, is recognized as a fundamental principle of criminal law. It is crucial to ensure proportionality between the crime and the offender, as well as to determine its applicability or non-applicability to legal cases. Therefore, examining this principle as criminal behavior in Afghanistan's criminal law is essential and warranted. The primary question is: What is the position of the principle of individual criminal responsibility in Islamic and Afghanistan’s criminal law? The author hypothesizes that the principle of individual responsibility for crime and punishment is acknowledged in both Islamic and Afghanistan’s criminal law. This study analyzes the issue from the perspectives of Islam and Afghanistan's criminal laws through a descriptive-analytical method using library resources. The findings of the study indicate that in Islam, the "Wizr" rule exemplifies the principle of individual criminal responsibility, which is also reflected in the Criminal Law of 1964. In addition, this principle generally exists as a rule in Afghanistan’s criminal law.
An Examination of Jurists' Views on Combining Two Prayers
Authors: Sarwari Abdul Sattar
Published: December 2024

Prayer is the second pillar of Islam and holds significant importance for specific conditions and pillars. One of the prerequisites for the validity of prayer is knowledge of its designated times. Numerous Quranic verses and narrations emphasize the necessity of performing prayers at prescribed times and highlight their preference for doing so. Combining the two prayers has long been a contentious ijtihadi issue, with jurists and scholars offering various perspectives. Each school of thought supported its position through distinct arguments. The central question is whether combining these two prayers is permissible. The significance of this research lies in addressing practical issues. It is often heard that some people assume the permissibility of combining two prayers, particularly during travel, by analogy with breaking the fast or shortening prayers. However, acts of worship cannot be established through analogy. The research method was analytical and descriptive, as the topic did not involve fieldwork. Trusted and authoritative sources, including hadith collections and reliable jurisprudential texts of the four Sunni schools of thought, were used. The findings of this study support and give preference to the Hanafi position, which holds that combining these two prayers is impermissible.
ცენზურა და სიტყვის თავისუფლება
Authors: გოგილავა ნინო
Published: December 2024

ცენზურა და სიტყვის თავისუფლება ორი მნიშვნელოვანი კონცეფციაა, რომლებიც ხშირად იკვეთება ერთმანეთთან. სიტყვის თავისუფლება უზრუნველყოფს ინდივიდებს საშუალებას, გამოხატონ საკუთარი აზრები, შეხედულებები და ემოციები ნებისმიერ თემაზე. ეს უფლებები მნიშვნელოვანი არის დემოკრატიული საზოგადოების და ადამიანის ძირითადი უფლებების დაცვის თვალსაზრისით. თუმცა, სიტყვის არ არის აბსოლუტური და მას აქვს გარკვეული საზღვრები, რათა არ გამოიწვიოს დისკრიმინაცია, ცილისწამება, ან საზოგადოებრივი წესრიგის დარღვევა. ცენზურა, როგორც წესი, არის ხელისუფლების მიერ განხორციელებული ღონისძიება, რომელიც მიზნად ისახავს კონკრეტული შინაარსის აკრძალვას ან შეზღუდვას, მაგალითად, პოლიტიკური მოტივების ან საზოგადოებრივი უსაფრთხოების დაცვის მიზნით. თუმცა, ცენზურა ხშირად აწყდება კრიტიკას, რადგან ის შეიძლება იყოს ძალადობრივი და ზღუდავდეს ინდივიდის პირად და პროფესიულ თავისუფლებას. ამიტომ, ცენზურა და სიტყვის თავისუფლება მუდმივად დგას ურთულესი ბალანსის წინაშე, რომელიც მოითხოვს პასუხისმგებლობას და გაწონასწორებულ მიდგომას.
კოოპერატიული განვითარება საქართველოში, შესაძლებლობები და გამოწვევები
Authors: ხიმშიაშვილი მერაბ
Published: December 2024

საქართველოში კოოპერატივული განვითარება წარმოადგენს მნიშვნელოვან საკვანძო პროცეს, რომელიც ხელს უწყობს ქვეყნის ეკონომიკის სტაბილურობას და სოფლის მეურნების განვითარებას. კოოპერატივები, როგორც თანამშრომლობის საფუძველზე შექმნილი ორგანიზაციები, ქმნიან შესაძლებლობების მრავალფეროვნებას, რაც განსაკუთრებით მნიშვნელოვანია მცირე და საშუალო საწარმოების მხარდაჭერისთვის. კოოპერატივები, როგორც კოლექტიური მეწარმეობრივი მოდელი, უზრუნველყოფენ პროდუქციის წარმოების და გაყიდვის უფრო ეფექტურ მექანიზმებს, რაც ხელს უწყობს ადგილობრივი რესურსების ეფექტურ გამოყენებას და მოსახლეობის ეკონომიკურ განვითარებას. სტატიის მიზანია გაუზიაროს მკითხველს კოოპერატივების მნიშვნელობა ქვეყნის ეკონომიკური განვითარების პროცეში, მათ შორის სოფლის მეურნეობისა და ადგილობრივი ბიზნესების სფეროში, აგრეთვე გაანალიზოს კოოპერატივების როლი, არსებული შესაძლებლობები და გამოწვევები, რომელთა წინაშეც დგას ეს მოდელი საქართველოში, მათი გავლენა ქვეყნის სოციალურ-ეკონომიურ განვითარებაზე, ასევე სახელმწიფო მხარდაჭერის პოლიტიკის არსებითი მნიშვნელობა. საქართველოს აგრარული სექტორი, ტრანსფორმაციის პროცესში, სავსეა გამოწვევებით, თუმცა კოოპერატივები სოფლის მოსახლეობას აძლევს საშუალებას არა მარტო საკუთარი პროდუქციის ხარისხის გაუმჯობესოს, არამედ საერთო ინტერესების და საჭიროებების საფუძველზე ითანამშრომლონ და განავიტარონ კონრეტული სექტორები. კოოპერატივების მეშვეობით, მეწარმეები და ფერმერები ერთიანდებიან ცალკეული პროდუციის ქვეშ, რაც საშუალებას აძლევს მათ აწარმოოინ უფრო კონკურენტუნარიანი პროდუქტი ბაზარზე, რომელიც ფასებშიც აისახება რათქმაუნდა. სტატიაში განხილული იქნება აგრეთვე საერთაშორისო გამოცდილება კოოპერატივების განვითარების თვალსაზრისით, ასევე სხვადასხვა ქვეყნების წარმატებულ მოდელები, რომელთა გამოყენება შეიძლება საქართველოსათვის. მაგალითად, ევროპის ქვეყნებში კოოპერატივები მნიშვნელოვან როლს თამაშობენ სოფლის განვითარების პროცესში.
Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Jinekolojik Kanserler Üzerine Etkisi: Derleme
Authors: Küçükkaya Burcu , Temiz Mehtap
Published: December 2024

Jinekolojik kanserler, kadının üreme sisteminden kaynaklanan malign patolojilerdir Jinekolojik kanser tanısının artmasına ve kanser bakım ile tedavi süreçlerinin olumsuz ilerlemesine doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak neden olan önemli faktörlerden biri küresel iklim değişiklikleridir. Literatür incelendiğinde; ortamdaki hava kirliliği ile over ve serviks kanserleri dahil olmak üzere jinekolojik kanserler arasındaki kesin ilişkiyi gösteren önemli kanıtlar saptandı. Bu bağlamda, derlemede küresel iklim değişikliğinin jinekolojik kanserler üzerine etkisini mevcut literatür kapsamında incelemek amaçlandı. Literatürde yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde, genel olarak, küresel iklim değişikliği ile jinekolojik kanserler arasında ilişki olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Küresel iklim değişikliği ile birlikte daha fazla hava kirliliği, artan sıcaklık, sel baskınları gibi maruziyet yaşanan faktörlerin jinekolojik kanser görülme sıklığını ve jinekolojik kanser semptomlarının şiddetini arttırmaktadır. Bu ilişkinin gücü, yaşanan değişikliğinin yoğunluğunun yüksek seviyede olması ve tanı öncesinde daha uzun maruz kalma süresiyle birlikte arttığı görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, kadın sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşirelerinin küresel iklim değişikliği değişkenlerini değerlendirmeleri ve sorgulamaları, jinekolojik kanser farkındalık eğitimlerinde küresel iklim değişikliklerinin etkilerine ve yönetimine dair içerikler oluşturması önerilmektedir.
Enhancing Writing Skills through Cultural Integration: Exploring the Impact of Culturally-Responsive Writing Instruction in Diverse EFL Classrooms
Authors: Sutrisno Djoko , Abbas Azwar , Muhammad
Published: December 2024

In an increasingly multicultural and interconnected world, the integration of culturally-responsive teaching methods into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction has emerged as a vital pedagogical approach. This study examines the impact of culturally-responsive writing instruction on the development of EFL learners' writing skills, comparing it with traditional writing instruction. The objective is to explore how integrating cultural elements into writing pedagogy enhances linguistic competencies, fosters engagement, and promotes inclusivity in diverse classrooms. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining a quantitative pre-test and post-test experimental approach with qualitative interviews and focus group discussions. The quantitative phase of the study involved assessing writing performance in two groups: one experimental group that received culturally-responsive instruction and one control group that followed traditional teaching methods. Writing samples were evaluated using standardized rubrics to measure key competencies such as content, organization, grammar, and critical thinking. The qualitative phase gathered insights into students' perceptions, motivation, and engagement through thematic analysis of interviews and focus group discussions.
The results demonstrated significant improvements in the experimental group's writing performance, with notable gains in grammar (+40.9%), critical thinking (+41.7%), and vocabulary (+35.3%). Students reported higher engagement, confidence, and personal connection to writing tasks. Teachers observed improved participation and deeper critical analysis in student writing. However, challenges such as balancing curriculum demands and limited institutional support were highlighted. Overall, the findings underscore the transformative potential of culturally-responsive instruction in improving writing outcomes, fostering cultural appreciation, and creating inclusive learning environments. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence advocating for educational equity and culturally-responsive practices in EFL classrooms.