bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Batch versus Flow Acetalization of Benzaldehyde with HKUST‐1: Diffusion Pathways and Performance Comparison
Authors: Piscopo Calogero G. , Schwarzer Maud , Herrmann Michael , Affini Anna , Pelagatti Paolo , Maestri Giovanni , Maggi Raimondo , Loebbecke Stefan
Published: March 2016

Understanding the poisoning and deactivation pathways of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is an essential goal to boost their application as robust and efficient catalysts in chemical transformations relevant to industrial processes. Herein, the acetalization reaction of benzaldehyde with methanol was investigated by using [Cu3(BTC)2] (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate) as a catalyst. The reaction was performed under batch and continuous flow conditions, and the conversion of benzaldehyde into 1,1‐dimethoxytoluene proceeded efficiently in the presence of a modest amount of water. Nevertheless, a drastic reduction in the catalytic activity was observed after recycling the MOF for repetitive batch experiments and after prolonged continuous flow tests. Pore clogging of the MOF and partial crystal‐structure modifications, gathered from XRD and pore analyses, suggested grinding the catalyst prior to application; the ground catalyst showed a considerable enhancement in catalytic performance.
A Mild and Base‐Free Protocol for the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitriles with Tridentate Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Adam Rosa , Bheeter Charles Beromeo , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: March 2016

A novel protocol for the general hydrogenation of nitriles in the absence of basic additives is described. The system is based on the combination of [Ru(cod)(methylallyl)2] (cod=cyclooctadiene) and L2. A variety of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles is hydrogenated under mild conditions (50 °C and 15 bar H2) with this system. Kinetic studies revealed higher activity in the case of aromatic nitriles compared with aliphatic ones.
Deracemization of Secondary Alcohols by using a Single Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Karume Ibrahim , Takahashi Masateru , Hamdan Samir M. , Musa Musa M.
Published: March 2016

We developed a single‐enzyme‐mediated two‐step approach for deracemization of secondary alcohols. A single mutant of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus secondary alcohol dehydrogenase enables the nonstereoselective oxidation of racemic alcohols to ketones, followed by a stereoselective reduction process. Varying the amounts of acetone and 2‐propanol cosubstrates controls the stereoselectivities of the consecutive oxidation and reduction reactions, respectively. We used one enzyme to accomplish the deracemization of secondary alcohols with up to >99 % ee and >99.5 % recovery in one pot and without the need to isolate the prochiral ketone intermediate.
A Life‐Design‐Based Online Career Intervention for Early Adolescents: Description and Initial Analysis
Authors: Nota Laura , Santilli Sara , Soresi Salvatore
Published: March 2016

Using contemporary digital technology offers possibilities for better engaging youth in constructing their future careers. This study describes and initially tests the effectiveness of an online career intervention based on life‐design principles. Middle school students were assigned to either a traditional test interpretation‐based intervention group or an online intervention group. Analysis conducted to evaluate pre‐ and posttest differences between the 2 groups indicated that students in the online intervention group showed higher levels of career adaptability and life satisfaction than did students in the traditional intervention group. Results also suggested that intervention increased students' narratives future aspirations.
Covalent Reactions on Chemical Vapor Deposition Grown Graphene Studied by Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Kovaříček Petr , Bastl Zdeněk , Valeš Václav , Kalbac Martin
Published: March 2016

Graphene is a material of unmatched properties and eminent potential in disciplines ranging from physics, to chemistry, to biology. Its advancement to applications with a specific function requires rational design and fine tuning of its properties, and covalent introduction of various substituents answers this requirement. We challenged the obstacle of non‐trivial and harsh procedures for covalent functionalization of pristine graphene and developed a protocol for mild nucleophilic introduction of organic groups in the gas phase. The painstaking analysis problem of monolayered materials was addressed by using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, which allowed us to monitor and characterize in detail the surface composition. These deliverables provide a toolbox for reactivity of fluorinated graphene under mild reaction conditions, providing structural freedom of the species to‐be‐grafted to the single‐layer graphene.
Labeling and Selective Inactivation of Gram‐Positive Bacteria Employing Bimodal Photoprobes with Dual Readouts
Authors: Galstyan Anzhela , Block Desiree , Niemann Silke , Grüner Malte C. , Abbruzzetti Stefania , Oneto Michele , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Hermann Sven , Viappiani Cristiano , Schäfers Michael , Löffler Bettina , Strassert Cristian A. , Faust Andreas
Published: March 2016

Carbohydrate‐conjugated silicon(IV) phthalocyanines with bimodal photoactivity were developed as probes with both fluorescent labeling and photosensitizing capabilities, and the concomitant fluorescent labeling and photoinduced inactivation of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative models was explored. The maltohexaose‐conjugated photoprobe provides a dual readout to distinguish between both groups of pathogens, as only the Gram‐positive species was inactivated, even though both appeared labeled with near‐infrared luminescence. Antibiotic resistance did not hinder the phototoxic effect, as even the methicillin‐resistant pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was completely photoinactivated. Time‐resolved confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis suggests that the photoprobe sticks onto the outer rim of the microorganisms, explaining the resistance of Gram‐negative species on the basis of their membrane constitution. The mannose‐conjugated photoprobe yields a different readout because it is able to label and to inactivate only the Gram‐positive strain.
Druckverlustberechnung an konzentrischen porösen Hohlzylinderfiltern anhand dimensionsanalytischer Folgerungen und experimenteller Daten
Authors: Reichert Daniel , Schwarz Thomas , Stöwe Klaus
Published: March 2016

In der Praxis sind viele geometrische Formen von Filtermitteln denkbar, die vom klassischen Fall einer Querstromfiltration mit Hohlfasermembranen abweichen. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Geometrie des Filtermittels auf den Filtermitteldruckverlust durch ein von außen angeströmtes poröses Hohlzylinderrohr dargelegt. Es kommt zu einer Erhöhung des Filtermittelwiderstandes in Abhängigkeit von Filtermitteldicke und mittlerer Krümmung. Anhand von Dimensionsanalysen wurden die erhaltenen Daten in einen sinnvollen Zusammenhang gebracht und ein empirisches Modell zur Berechnung des Druckverlustes in gekrümmten Filtermitteln abgeleitet.
State of Knowledge: Conflict Coaching Theory, Application, and Research
Authors: Brinkert Ross
Published: March 2016

This article begins by revisiting the origins of conflict coaching to recognize the many and varied contributions that led to its emergence. The period of 2005 to 2015 is then considered in depth and organized according to theory, application, and research developments. The third portion of the article consists of six propositions on the current state of conflict coaching. These propositions are intended to help guide those involved with conflict coaching on scholarly and practitioner levels in the coming years.
Numerical Study of Instabiities in Magnetized Inhomogeneous Plasmas under the Effect of Ionization
Authors: Chaudhary J.
Published: March 2016

Influence of ionization is studied on two stream instability (TSI) in an inhomogeneous plasma in the presence of obliquely applied magnetic field. In addition to the usual TSI, a new type of instability is found to occur in this system, which is driven by the magnetic field and survives for relatively longer wavelength of oscillations. The growth rates of both the instabilities are enhanced by the magnetic field but their magnitudes attain a minimum value at certain angles of the wave propagation depending upon the wavelength of oscillations. At a critical value of ionization rate there is a sudden fall in the growth of both the instabilities, the reason of which is understood as the Landau damping. A further enhancement in the ionization suppresses the usual TSI whereas the magnetic field‐driven instability attains much lower growth. This new type of instability grows faster in the plasma having heavier ions, but shows a weak dependence on the charge of the ions. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interactive effects of pests increase seed yield
Authors: Gagic Vesna , Riggi Laura GA , Ekbom Barbara , Malsher Gerard , Rusch Adrien , Bommarco Riccardo
Published: March 2016

Loss in seed yield and therefore decrease in plant fitness due to simultaneous attacks by multiple herbivores is not necessarily additive, as demonstrated in evolutionary studies on wild plants. However, it is not clear how this transfers to crop plants that grow in very different conditions compared to wild plants. Nevertheless, loss in crop seed yield caused by any single pest is most often studied in isolation although crop plants are attacked by many pests that can cause substantial yield losses. This is especially important for crops able to compensate and even overcompensate for the damage. We investigated the interactive impacts on crop yield of four insect pests attacking different plant parts at different times during the cropping season. In 15 oilseed rape fields in Sweden, we estimated the damage caused by seed and stem weevils, pollen beetles, and pod midges. Pest pressure varied drastically among fields with very low correlation among pests, allowing us to explore interactive impacts on yield from attacks by multiple species. The plant damage caused by each pest species individually had, as expected, either no, or a negative impact on seed yield and the strongest negative effect was caused by pollen beetles. However, seed yield increased when plant damage caused by both seed and stem weevils was high, presumably due to the joint plant compensatory reaction to insect attack leading to overcompensation. Hence, attacks by several pests can change the impact on yield of individual pest species. Economic thresholds based on single species, on which pest management decisions currently rely, may therefore result in economically suboptimal choices being made and unnecessary excessive use of insecticides.
Assessing multimetric aspects of sustainability: Application to a bioenergy crop production system in East Tennessee
Authors: Parish Esther S. , Dale Virginia H. , English Burton C. , Jackson Samuel W. , Tyler Donald D.
Published: March 2016

This article connects the science of sustainability theory with applied aspects of sustainability deployment. A suite of 35 sustainability indicators spanning 12 environmental and socioeconomic categories has been proposed for comparing the sustainability of bioenergy production systems across different feedstock types and locations. Information on sustainability indicators and associated measurements for the feedstock production and logistics portions of the biofuel supply chain was available from a recent demonstration‐scale switchgrass‐to‐ethanol production system located in East Tennessee. Knowledge pertaining to the available indicators was distributed within a hierarchical decision tree framework to generate an assessment of the overall sustainability of this no‐till switchgrass production system relative to two alternative business‐as‐usual scenarios of unmanaged pasture and tilled corn production. The relative contributions of the social, economic, and environmental information were determined for the overall trajectory of this bioenergy system's sustainability under each scenario. The results show that, within this East Tennessee context, switchgrass production is an attractive option for improving environmental and social sustainability trajectories without adverse economic impacts, which can lead to enhanced sustainability overall. Although external trade does not yet exist for this switchgrass commodity, our economic modeling indicates that switchgrass production can still be beneficial to the counties surrounding the biorefinery in terms of dollars earned and jobs created. The opportunity to use inactive equipment and laborers is a potential benefit captured indirectly by the sustainability evaluation framework. Given the early stage of cellulosic ethanol production, it is currently difficult to determine quantitative values for all 35 proposed sustainability indicators across the entire biofuel supply chain. This case study demonstrates that integration of qualitative sustainability indicator ratings may increase holistic understanding of a bioenergy system in the absence of complete information.
Who pays? Intra‐ versus inter‐generational costs of reproduction
Authors: Moore J. F. , Wells C. P. , Van Vuren D. H. , Oli M. K.
Published: March 2016

Reproduction is thought to be costly for female mammals due to high energetic costs associated with pregnancy and lactation. Such costs of reproduction can be particularly high for younger females, who are less experienced and smaller than fully grown adults, and can manifest themselves within (intra‐individual or intra‐generational trade‐offs) or between (inter‐generational trade‐offs) generations. Using lifetime survival and reproductive histories of 416 female golden‐mantled ground squirrels (Callospermophilus lateralis) in Colorado, USA, we tested for the evidence of intra‐ and inter‐generational trade‐offs between age of first reproduction and fitness and its components. Females who waited to begin reproduction lived longer but they did not experience a greater number of lifetime reproductive events, did not produce larger litters, nor did they have higher lifetime reproductive success than those females who attained reproductive maturity earlier. However, delaying age of first reproduction substantially reduced individual fitness, quantified as the dominant eigenvalue of the population projection matrix, suggesting that fitness benefits of earlier maturity exceeded associated costs. Females born to mothers who delayed age of first reproduction had a higher probability of surviving to reproduce at least once during their lifetimes. Thus, in our study system, daughters pay for their mothers’ reproductive decisions, suggesting that some costs of reproduction can transcend a generation. Studies testing for costs of reproduction on survival or reproductive output within a short timeframe or those focusing within a generation may fail to detect inter‐generational trade‐offs.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation Behavior in Rare Ln–Cu–Ln Linear Trinuclear Complexes
Authors: Zhang Junqing , Li Cun , Wang Juanjuan , Zhu Mei , Li Licun
Published: March 2016

Three novel heterotrinuclear complexes {[Ln(hfac)3]2CuL2} [LnIII = Gd (1), Tb (2), and Dy (3); HL = 4‐methoxysalicylaldehyde, hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone] have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography as well as by a study of their magnetic properties. In these compounds, CuII and LnIII ions are bridged by two phenolato and aldehyde oxygen atoms from two 4‐methoxysalicylaldehyde ligands and one oxygen atom from one hfac ligand, resulting in a linear trinuclear core of Ln–Cu–Ln with one central CuII ion and two terminal LnIII ions. Furthermore, the linear trinuclear units generate a pseudo‐one‐dimensional chain through π–π interactions. Direct‐current magnetic susceptibility studies show that there is a ferromagnetic interaction between CuII and GdIII ions. Tb and Dy complexes exhibit frequency‐dependent out‐of‐phase signals, indicating slow magnetic relaxation behavior.
Aggregation‐Induced Phosphorescent Emission from ReI Complexes: Synthesis and Property Studies
Authors: Chen Cong , Xu Yazhou , Wan Yuchun , Fan Wei , Si Zhenjun
Published: March 2016

Four ReI complexes with aggregation‐induced phosphorescent emission (AIPE) were synthesized with the formula Re(CO)3(Bath‐n)Br (n = 1–4), where Bath‐1 = 4,7‐diphenyl‐2‐[4‐(trimethylsilyl)‐phenyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (1), Bath‐2 = 4,7‐diphenyl‐2‐[4‐(dimethylphenylsilyl)phenyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (2), Bath‐3 = 4,7‐diphenyl‐2‐[4‐(methyldiphenylsilyl)phenyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (3), and Bath‐4 = 4,7‐diphenyl‐2‐[4‐(triphenylsilyl)phenyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (4), and fully characterized. The single crystals of 1 and 3 were obtained in the monoclinic crystal system by diffusion of diethyl ether into their dichloromethane solutions. Complexes 1–4 in pure THF (c ≈ 10–5 mol L–1) mainly present π* → π emission at 370 nm and intraligand charge‐transfer (ILCT) emission at 440 nm, whereas the powder samples of 1–4 solely give lower energy 3MLCT (metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer) emission at approximately 560 nm. The lifetimes of the powder samples of 1–4 were measured at room temperature to be 0.335 µs, 0.149 µs, 0.289 µs, and 1.301 µs, respectively. Additionally, the emission spectra and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of 1–4 were analyzed in different THF/H2O mixtures to investigate their AIPE character. Furthermore, the ground states and the UV/Vis absorption spectra of 1–4 were also theoretically simulated at the B3LYP/(LANL2DZ+6‐31G) level.
Socio–environmental sustainability of indigenous lands: simulating coupled human–natural systems in the Amazon
Authors: Iwamura Takuya , Lambin Eric F , Silvius Kirsten M , Luzar Jeffrey B , Fragoso José MV
Published: March 2016

Understanding pathways to environmental sustainability in tropical regions is a priority for conservation and development policies. Because drivers of environmental degradation often occur simultaneously, a holistic approach is needed. We analyzed environmental degradation on demarcated indigenous lands in Guyana, using a spatially explicit, agent‐based simulation model representing human livelihoods, forest dynamics, and animal metapopulations. We examined four plausible drivers of ecological degradation: conversion of land for agro–industrial use, erosion of hunting and dietary taboos, reduction in child mortality rates, and introduction of external food resources. Although social–ecological systems were resilient to internal changes, the introduction of external food resources resulted in large fluctuations in the system, leading to a deterioration in environmental sustainability. Our simulation model also revealed unexpected linkages within the system; for example, population growth rates of non‐human animal species were related to the sustainability of human livelihoods. We highlight the value of simulation models as social–ecological experiments that can synthesize interdisciplinary knowledge bases and support policy development.
Exploring the barriers to rigorous monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening activities: qualitative evidence from international development partners
Authors: Wisniewski Janna M. , Yeager Valerie A. , Diana Mark L. , Hotchkiss David R.
Published: March 2016

The number of health systems strengthening (HSS) programs has increased in the last decade. However, a limited number of studies providing robust evidence for the value and impact of these programs are available. This study aims to identify knowledge gaps and challenges that impede rigorous monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of HSS, and to ascertain the extent to which these efforts are informed by existing technical guidance. Interviews were conducted with HSS advisors at United States Agency for International Development‐funded missions as well as senior M&E advisors at implementing partner and multilateral organizations. Findings showed that mission staff do not use existing technical resources, either because they do not know about them or do not find them useful. Barriers to rigorous M&E included a lack suitable of indicators, data limitations, difficulty in demonstrating an impact on health, and insufficient funding and resources. Consensus and collaboration between international health partners and local governments may mitigate these challenges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipogenic Enzymes Complexes and Cytoplasmic Lipid Droplet Formation During Adipogenesis
Authors: Padilla‐Benavides Teresita , Velez‐delValle Cristina , Marsch‐Moreno Meytha , Castro‐Muñozledo Federico , Kuri‐Harcuch Walid
Published: March 2016

Lipid droplets are dynamic organelles that store triglycerides and participate in their mobilization in adipose cells. These organelles require the reorganization of some structural components, the cytoskeleton, and the activation of lipogenic enzymes. Using confocal microscopy, we analyzed the participation of cytoskeletal components and two lipogenic enzymes, fatty acid synthase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, during lipid droplet biogenesis in differentiating 3T3‐F442A cells into adipocytes. We show that subcortical actin microfilaments are extended at the basal side of the cells in parallel arrangement to the culture dish substrate, and that the microtubule network traverses the cytoplasm as a scaffold that supports the round shape of the mature adipocyte. By immunoprecipitation, we show that vimentin and perilipin1a associate during the early stages of the differentiation process for lipid droplet formation. We also report that the antibody against perilipin1 detected a band that might correspond to a modified form of the molecule. Finally, the cytosolic distribution and punctate organization of lipogenic enzymes and their co‐localization in the proximity of lipid droplets suggest the existence of dynamic protein complexes involved in synthesis and storage of triglycerides. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2315–2326, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Interactive Effects of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness on Career Commitment
Authors: Arora Ridhi , Rangnekar Santosh
Published: March 2016

In the last few decades, considerable research has focused on the effects of trait interactions on job performance, but only a few studies have examined trait interaction effects on career commitment. This study investigates the interactive effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on career commitment and its 3 facets of career identity, career resilience, and career planning in a sample of 254 employees in North India. Results suggest a partial interaction effect of conscientiousness and agreeableness on career commitment. Trait interactions were seen as significant predictors of career resilience in the Indian context. The authors discuss implications for research, theory, and practice.
Biofilm formation increases treatment failure in Staphylococcus epidermidis device‐related osteomyelitis of the lower extremity in human patients
Authors: Morgenstern Mario , Post Virginia , Erichsen Christoph , Hungerer Sven , Bühren Volker , Militz Matthias , Richards R. Geoff , Moriarty T. Fintan
Published: March 2016

The ability to form biofilm on the surface of implanted devices is often considered the most critical virulence factor possessed by Staphylococcus epidermidis in its role as an opportunistic pathogen in orthopaedic device‐related infection (ODRI). Despite this recognition, there is a lack of clinical evidence linking outcome with biofilm forming ability for S. epidermidis ODRIs. We prospectively collected S. epidermidis isolates cultured from patients presenting with ODRI. Antibiotic resistance patterns and biofilm‐forming ability was assessed. Patient information was collected and treatment outcome measures were determined after a mean follow‐up period of 26 months. The primary outcome measure was cure at follow‐up. Univariate logistic regression models were used to determine the influence of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance on treatment outcome. A total of 124 patients were included in the study, a majority of whom (n = 90) involved infections of the lower extremity. A clear trend emerged in the lower extremity cohort whereby cure rates decreased as the biofilm‐forming ability of the isolates increased (84% cure rate for infections caused by non‐biofilm formers, 76% cure rate for weak biofilm‐formers, and 60% cure rate for the most marked biofilm formers, p = 0.076). Antibiotic resistance did not influence treatment cure rate. Chronic immunosuppression was associated with a statistically significant decrease in cure rate (p = 0.044). Clinical significance: The trend of increasing biofilm‐forming ability resulting in lower cure rates for S. epidermidis ODRI indicates biofilm‐forming ability of infecting pathogens does influence treatment outcome of infections of the lower extremity. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1905–1913, 2016.
Are the interarytenoid muscles supplied by branches of both the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves?
Authors: Pascual‐Font Arán , Cubillos Luis , Vázquez Teresa , McHanwell Steve , Sañudo José R. , Maranillo Eva
Published: March 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

It has been generally accepted that the branches of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve to the interarytenoid muscle are exclusively sensory. However, some experimental studies have suggested that these branches may contain motor axons, and therefore that the interarytenoid muscle is supplied by both the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. The aim of this work was to determine whether motor axons to the interarytenoid muscles are present in both laryngeal nerves.

Study Design

Basic research.

Methods

Twelve human internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve were dissected, and its branches to the interarytenoid muscle were removed and processed for choline‐acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, a method not used previously in studying the nerve fiber composition of the laryngeal nerves.

Results

The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve divided into two to five branches to the interarytenoid muscle. All branches contained motor axons, with the proportion of motor axons varying from 6% to 31%.

Conclusion

The present study confirms that the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provides a motor innervation to the interarytenoid muscles.

Level of Evidence

N/A.Laryngoscope, 126:1117–1122, 2016
Impact of adenotonsillectomy on nocturnal enuresis in children with sleep‐disordered breathing: A prospective study
Authors: Park Sungchan , Lee Jung Min , Sim Chang Sun , Kim Jae Gi , Nam Jung Gwon , Lee Tae‐Hoon , Han Myung Woul , Kwon Joong Keun , Lee Jong Cheol
Published: March 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To investigate the relationship between sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) and nocturnal enuresis (NE) in children and to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy on resolving enuresis in indicated SDB patients with NE.

Methods

We prospectively collected data from 183 children (121 males, mean age 8.17 ± 2.84 years) who underwent adenotonsillectomy to treat SDB between July 2011 and July 2013, and analyzed the prevalence of NE. Before and 3 months after surgery, all parents were requested to answer a self‐reported SDB scale questionnaire (22 questions, 0–22 points) and a NE questionnaire (episodes of enuresis per month). Paired t test, Student t test, and Chi‐square test were used to analyze the data.

Results

Overall prevalence of NE was 9.3% (17 patients) preoperatively and 1.5% postoperatively (four patients). After adenotonsillectomy, prevalence of NE and the mean SDB scale were significantly decreased (both P values < 0.001). After adenotonsillectomy, 13 of the 17 NE patients (76.5%) showed complete resolution. There was significantly higher prevalence of NE in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) than those without OSA (13.1%, 14 of 107 vs. 3.9%, 3 of 76; P = 0.036).

Conclusion

There is strong association between NE and SDB, and adenotonsillectomy can markedly improve enuresis in the majority of children with NE and SDB.

Levels of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1241–1245, 2016
Cost analysis and outcomes of a second‐look tympanoplasty‐mastoidectomy strategy for cholesteatoma
Authors: Crowson Matthew G. , Ramprasad Vaibhav H. , Chapurin Nikita , Cunningham Calhoun D. , Kaylie David M.
Published: March 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To analyze cost and compare cholesteatoma recidivism and hearing outcomes with single‐stage and second‐look operative strategies.

Study Design

Retrospective review and cost analysis.

Methods

Adult and pediatric patients who underwent a tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma with a single‐stage or second‐look operative strategy were identified. Variables included procedure approach, residual or recurrent cholesteatoma, ossicular chain reconstruction frequency, and operative complications. Audiologic outcomes included pre‐/postoperative air bone gap (ABG) and word recognition score (WRS). Cost analysis included charges for consultation and follow‐up visits, surgical procedures, computed tomography temporal bone scans, and audiology visits.

Results

One hundred and six patients had a tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma, with 80 canal wall‐up procedures (CWU) as initial approach. Of these, 46 (57.5%) CWU patients had a planned second look. Two (4.3%) CWU patients had recurrent cholesteatoma and 20 (43.4%) had residual identified at second look. Four (11.7%) single‐stage CWU strategy patients developed recurrent cholesteatoma. There was no significant difference in pre‐/postoperative ABG and WRS between second look and single stage (P > 0.05). Compared to second‐look patients, single‐stage patients had significantly fewer postoperative visits (6.32 vs. 10.4; P = 0.007), and significantly lower overall charges for care ($23,529. vs. $41.411; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The goal of cholesteatoma surgery is to produce a safe ear, and a second‐look strategy after CWU has historically been used to evaluate for recurrent or residual disease. The cholesteatoma recurrence rate at a second look after a CWU tympanoplasty‐mastoidectomy is low. Costs of operative procedures are a significant proportion of healthcare resource expenditures. Considering the low rate of cholesteatoma recurrence and relatively high cost of care, implementation of a second‐look strategy should be individually tailored and not universally performed.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:2574–2579, 2016
Quantifying emissions of methane derived from anaerobic organic matter respiration and natural gas extraction in Lake Erie
Authors: Townsend‐Small Amy , Disbennett Doug , Fernandez Julianne M. , Ransohoff Rebecca W. , Mackay Ross , Bourbonniere Rick A.
Published: March 2016

Despite a growing awareness of the importance of inland waters in regional and global carbon (C) cycles, particularly as sources of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), very little is known about C sources and fluxes in the Laurentian Great Lakes, Earth's largest surface freshwater system. Here, we present a study of CH4 dynamics in Lake Erie, which has large spring algae blooms linked to fertilizer runoff and followed by hypoxia, as well as an extensive network of natural gas wells and pipelines in Canadian waters. Lake Erie is a positive source of CH4 to the atmosphere in late summer, even in shallow regions without water column hypoxia. Stable isotopic measurements indicate that both biogenic and thermogenic CH4 contribute to emissions from Lake Erie. We estimate that Lake Erie emits 1.3 ± 0.6 × 105 kg CH4‐C d−1 in late summer, with approximately 30% of CH4 derived from natural gas infrastructure. Additional work is needed to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 emissions from Lake Erie and to confirm estimates of source contribution. Studies of the C cycle in large lakes are not as straightforward as those in smaller lakes, as, in addition to O2 availability, subsurface currents and high winds may exert significant control over dissolved CH4 patterns. If climate warming and increasing precipitation intensity lead to increased algal biomass and/or greater extent and duration of hypoxia, this may increase emissions of CH4 from Lake Erie in a positive feedback to climate change.
Geometric metasurface fork gratings for vortex‐beam generation and manipulation
Authors: Chen Shumei , Cai Yuan , Li Guixin , Zhang Shuang , Cheah Kok Wai
Published: March 2016

In recent years, optical vortex beams possessing orbital angular momentum have received much attention due to their potential for high‐capacity optical communications. This capability arises from the unbounded topological charges of orbital angular momentum (OAM) that provide infinite freedoms for encoding information. The two most common approaches for generating vortex beams are through fork diffraction gratings and spiral phase plates. While realization of conventional spiral phase plate requires complicated 3D fabrication, the emerging field of metasurfaces has provided a planar and facile solution for generating vortex beams of arbitrary orbit angular momentum. Among various types of metasurfaces, the geometric phase metasurface has shown great potential for robust control of light‐ and spin‐controlled wave propagation. Here, we realize a novel type of geometric metasurface fork grating that seamlessly combine the functionality of a metasurface phase plate for vortex‐beam generation, and that of a linear phase gradient metasurface for controlling the wave‐propagation direction. The metasurface fork grating is therefore capable of simultaneously controlling both the spin and the orbital angular momentum of light.

image
Quantification of spatial spread in track‐based applications
Authors: Cheung Jacob C. H.
Published: March 2016

Traditionally, spaghetti charts and track ellipses are used in track‐based meteorological applications to illustrate the spatial uncertainty of a set of paths on a map. However, the spatial spread of the set is often evaluated by the eye, and as a result, the decisions made can be highly subjective. A unit‐less metric based on the Fréchet distance is developed and proposed as a consistent way of quantifying spatial uncertainty in track‐based applications. The methodology described is generic and can be configured for use in applications where a measure of the spatial similarity among a set of tracks is required, such as tropical storm track forecasts and flight/ship routing.
New cascadic multigrid methods for two‐dimensional Poisson problem based on the fourth‐order compact difference scheme
Authors: Li Ming , Li Chenliang
Published: March 2016

Based on the fourth‐order compact finite difference scheme, new extrapolation cascadic multigrid methods for two‐dimensional Poisson problem are presented. In these new methods, a new extrapolation operator and a spline interpolation operator are used to provide a better initial value on refined grid. Numerical experiments show the new methods have higher accuracy and better efficiency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structurally damped elastic waves in 2D
Authors: Reissig Michael
Published: March 2016

The goal of the paper is to study structurally damped elastic waves in 2D. A suitable diagonalization procedure allows to derive WKB representations for solutions to the Cauchy problems. As consequences, we obtain results on energy decay with and without additional regularity for the data, Gevrey smoothing, and propagation of singularities for the visco‐elastic damped elastic wave model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Hierarchical Polymer@Pd Nanowire‐Network: Synthesis and Application as Highly Active Recyclable Catalyst and Printable Conductive Ink
Authors: Mir Sajjad Husain , Ochiai Bungo
Published: March 2016

A facile one‐pot approach for preparing hierarchical nanowire‐networks of hollow polymer@Pd nanospheres is reported. First, polymer@Pd hollow nanospheres were produced through metal‐complexation‐induced phase separation with functionalized graft copolymers and subsequent self‐assembly of PdNPs. The nanospheres hierarchically assembled into the nanowire‐network upon drying. The Pd nanowire‐network served as an active catalyst for Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. As low as 500 μmol % Pd was sufficient for quantitative reactions, and the origin of the high activity is ascribed to the highly active sites originating from high‐index facets, kinks, and coalesced structures. The catalyst can be recycled via simple filtration and washing, maintaining its high activity owing to the micrometer‐sized hierarchical structure of the nanomaterial. The polymer@Pd nanosphere also served as a printable conductive ink for a translucent grid pattern with excellent horizontal conductivity (7.5×105 S m−1).
A Randomized Noninferiority Trial of Intravenous Iron Isomaltoside versus Oral Iron Sulfate in Patients with Nonmyeloid Malignancies and Anemia Receiving Chemotherapy: The PROFOUND Trial
Authors: Birgegård Gunnar , Henry David , Glaspy John , Chopra Rakesh , Thomsen Lars L. , Auerbach Michael
Published: March 2016

Study Objective

A safe alternative to erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents to treat anemia is warranted in patients with cancer and anemia; thus the objective of this trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous (IV) iron isomaltoside with oral iron in patients with cancer and anemia by testing the noninferiority of IV versus oral iron.

Design

Phase III, prospective, open‐label, comparative, randomized, noninferiority, multicenter trial.

Setting

Forty‐seven hospitals or private cancer clinics in Asia, the United States, and Europe.

Patients

A total of 350 patients with cancer and anemia.

Intervention

Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either intravenous iron isomaltoside or oral iron sulfate. Patients in the iron isomaltoside group were then randomized into an infusion subgroup (single intravenous infusions of a maximum dose of 1000 mg over 15 min) or a bolus injection subgroup (bolus injections of 500 mg over 2 min).

Measurements and Main Results

The primary efficacy outcome was change in hemoglobin concentration from baseline to week 4. Changes in other relevant hematology variables, effect on quality of life, and safety outcomes were also assessed. The primary efficacy outcome was tested for noninferiority, whereas the remaining outcomes were tested for superiority. Iron isomaltoside was noninferior to oral iron in change in hemoglobin concentration from baseline to week 4 (difference estimate 0.016, 95% confidence interval –0.26 to 0.29, p<0.001). A faster onset of the hemoglobin response was observed with infusion of iron isomaltoside (superiority test: p=0.03 at week 1), and a sustained effect on hemoglobin level was shown in both the iron isomaltoside and oral iron treatment groups until week 24. A significant mean decrease in fatigue score was observed from baseline to week 12 in the iron isomaltoside group (p<0.001) but not in the oral iron group (p=0.057). A higher proportion of patients treated with oral iron experienced adverse drug reactions (18.8% vs 6.6%, p<0.001) and discontinued the trial due to intolerance (8.0% vs 0.9%, p=0.001). Transient hypophosphatemia (phosphate level less than 2 mg/dl) was reported at similar low frequencies among the groups: 7.1% in the iron isomaltoside infusion subgroup versus 8.5% in the iron isomaltoside bolus injection subgroup versus 5.4% in the oral iron group.

Conclusion

This trial demonstrated comparable sustained increases in hemoglobin concentration over time with both iron isomaltoside and oral iron. Iron isomaltoside was better tolerated than oral iron, and fatigue was significantly decreased with iron isomaltoside. Low rates of clinically insignificant hypophosphatemia were reported in patients receiving both treatments.
Paths to future growth in photovoltaics manufacturing
Authors: Basore Paul A.
Published: March 2016

The past decade has seen rapid growth in the photovoltaics industry, followed in the past few years by a period of much slower growth. A simple model that is consistent with this historical record can be used to predict the future evolution of the industry. Two key parameters are identified that determine the outcome. One is the annual global investment in manufacturing capacity normalized to the manufacturing capacity for the previous year (capacity‐normalized capital investment rate, CapIR, units $/W). The other is how much capital investment is required for each watt of annual manufacturing capacity, normalized to the service life of the assets (capacity‐normalized capital demand rate, CapDR, units $/W). If these two parameters remain unchanged from the values they have held for the past few years, global manufacturing capacity will peak in the next few years and then decline. However, it only takes a modest improvement in CapIR to ensure future growth in photovoltaics. Several approaches are presented that can enable the required improvement in CapIR. If, in addition, there is an accompanying improvement in CapDR, the rate of growth can be substantially accelerated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geistertöne
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo
Published: March 2016

Nicht alle Töne, die wir wahrnehmen, gelangen von außen an unser Ohr. Der Gehörsinn ist ein komplexes und aktives System, das auch Information in Form von Tönen generiert. Zum Beispiel fügt es zu einem Obertonspektrum einen nicht vorhandenen Grundton hinzu. Diese Grundtonerkennung wird bei der Frequenzkomprimierung zum Beispiel von Telefongesprächen genutzt. Der geisterhafte Tartini‐Ton entsteht im Gehör als Differenz von zwei realen Tönen. Wenig angenehm ist dagegen der Tinnitus als dritte Klasse von Geistertönen.
Lemon Curd: Aufstrich mit Physik
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: March 2016

Die englische Zitronencreme Lemon Curd erfreut sich wegen ihres mild‐säuerlichen Geschmacks und der cremigen Konsistenz großer Beliebtheit. Die Physik dieses Multikomponentensystems verbindet unvernetzte, transiente Gele mit Mikroemulsionen.
Ordnung muss sein: selbstorganisierte Nanostrukturen in drei Schritten
Authors: Erb Denise , Schlage Kai , Röhlsberger Ralf
Published: March 2016

Nanostrukturierte Materialien sind aus Forschung und Technik nicht mehr wegzudenken. Mit einem neuartigen Selbstorganisationsverfahren können auch sehr große Oberflächen effizient mit verschiedenen regelmäßigen Nanostrukturmustern bedeckt werden. Das eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten, die größen‐ und formabhängigen Eigenschaften von Nanostrukturen während ihres Wachstums zu untersuchen und gezielt einzustellen.
Unentscheidbare Probleme in der Vielteilchen‐Quantenphysik
Authors: Wolf Michael
Published: March 2016

In der Mathematik, Physik und theoretischen Informatik gab es um das Jahr 1930 herum fundamentale Veränderungen. In der Physik wurde die Quantentheorie etabliert, die Mathematik verabschiedete sich mit Kurt Gödels Unvollständigkeitssätzen von der Vorstellung eines vollständigen und beweisbar widerspruchsfreien axiomatischen Fundaments, und Alan Turing legte mit dem Konzept der Turing‐Maschine den Grundstein der modernen theoretischen Informatik. Turing und Gödel zeigten beide die Existenz von unentscheidbaren Problemen. Im Fall von Gödel unentscheidbare Aussagen, die unabhängig vom Axiomensystem sind, und im Fall von Turing unentscheidbare Prädikate, für deren Auswertung kein Algorithmus existiert. Wir konnten jetzt zeigen, dass auch zentrale Probleme der Quantenphysik unentscheidbar sind.
The use of MALDI‐MSI in the investigation of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders: A review
Authors: Schubert Klaus Oliver , Weiland Florian , Baune Bernhard T. , Hoffmann Peter
Published: March 2016

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) is a mass spectrometry technique used for the analysis of macromolecules on an intact tissue of interest, thereby allowing the assessment of molecular signatures in health and disease in the anatomical context. MALDI‐MSI is increasingly used to investigate neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders at the molecular level, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). These illnesses are characterized by complex neuropathological processes, and conventional proteomic techniques investigating brain tissue homogenates have inherent limitations in determining the precise anatomical or cellular location of proteomic findings. In this article, we review MALDI‐MSI studies on neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, and explore whether the technique could accelerate the translation of proteomic information into improved understanding and ultimately better therapeutic applications.
Innovation for Multiproject Management: The Case of Component Commonality
Authors: Korhonen Tuomas , Laine Teemu , Lyly-Yrjänäinen Jouni , Suomala Petri
Published: March 2016

To attain benefits and value, multiproject R&D management seeks synergy between projects. Selecting or inventing appropriate end-product components within R&D programs is a concrete example of the synergy between projects. Lowering the number of different components used across projects (i.e., increasing component commonality) can lower end-product costs, which can contribute to firm-level profitability. Prior research, however, shows component commonality as a limitation of innovativeness in multiproject R&D. Conversely, this article shows that component commonality can also serve as the source of innovation, making component commonality an area of special interest to multiproject R&D management and research.
Chemical modification of a phenoxyfuranone‐type strigolactone mimic for selective effects on rice tillering or Striga hermonthica seed germination
Authors: Takahashi Ikuo , Fukui Kosuke , Asami Tadao
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

We previously reported that a series of phenoxyfuranone compounds, designated ‘debranones’, mimic strigolactone (SL) activity. 4‐Bromodebranone (4BD) is a functionally selective SL mimic that reduces the number of shoot branches on rice more potently than GR24, a typical synthetic SL analogue, but does not induce seed germination in the root‐parasitic plant Striga hermonthica. To enhance the selective activity of debranones in stimulating the seed germination of root‐parasitic plants, we prepared several analogues of 4BD in which the chlorine atom was substituted with an H atom at the o‐, m‐ or p‐position on the phenyl ring (designated 2‐, 3‐, or 4‐chlorodebranone, respectively) or had a bicyclic group instead of the phenyl ring. We evaluated the biological activities of the compounds with rice tillering assays and S. hermonthica seed germination assays.

RESULTS

Both assays showed that the substituent position affected debranone efficiency, and among the monochlorodebranones, 2‐chlorodebranone was more effective than the other two isomers in both assays. When the activities of the bicyclic debranones were compared in the same two assays, one was more active than GR24 in the rice tillering assay. This debranone also stimulated the germination of S. hermonthica seeds. Thus, some debranone derivatives induced the germination of S. hermonthica seeds, although their activities were still ∼1/20 that of GR24.

CONCLUSION

These results strongly suggest that further and rigorous structure–activity relationship studies of the debranones will identify derivatives that more potently stimulate the suicidal germination of S. hermonthica seeds. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry