bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Concrete Power Poles on Raptors and Ravens in North western Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Cartron Jean-Luc E , Harness Richard E , Rogers Robert C , Manzano-Fischer Patricia
Published: November 2023

In the last 2 or 3 decades, much of rural northern Mexico has been electrified with three-phase power lines (i.e., power lines with 3 energized wires carrying voltages 120° apart in phase) mounted on poured concrete poles. These poles are reinforced inside by steel or “rebar” strands and are typically fitted with steel crossarms. Because steel and, to a lesser extent, concrete, are conductive, any bird that perches on the crossarm of a concrete pole becomes grounded. Whereas most electrocutions of raptors on nonconductive (e.g., wooden) poles and wooden crossarms involve simultaneous contact with two energized wires (APLIC 1996), on conductive poles the risk of electrocution is higher because a bird needs to touch only 1 energized conductor (Janss and Ferrer 1999).
“Why Is It Can a Woman Not Be Virtuous If She Does Mingle with the Toilers?”
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

Republican virtue, once vested in independent womanhood, now rested at the family hearth. But social prescription ran afoul of everyday reality: circumstances—family and work—made it impossible for many women to rest anywhere. For wage earners the gap between prescription and reality created conflict that transcended the harsh conditions of work. A self-described working woman expressed it best in a letter she wrote in 1874. She applauded men’s efforts to help women alleviate their conditions, she wrote, for “the world does not accord any privileges to women. If she was to fight for her interests, they would say how ‘rough’ and ‘coarse’ she is. Society would put her finger of scorn on her. Why is it can a woman not be virtuous if she does mingle with the toilers?” And yet this anonymous correspondent ended with a note of hope. “I think that it is among the possible that you find the virtuous,” she concluded.’ What was possible for wage-earning women in this period after the Civil War when they seemed beyond virtue? It turned out to be a fruitful time, for though the domestic code exposed women to particularly vicious forms of exploitation, the harsh conditions of their work led them to protest and to become militant in their own defense.
Ambition and Its Antidote in a New Generation of Female Workers
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

In 1927 the Consumers’ League of New York surveyed 500 working women. Would they favor a law reducing hours from fifty-four to forty-eight, the League asked. Overwhelmingly, women answered affirmatively. “I want more time to live. You get old fast enough without working yourself to death,” responded a young worker. One added, “I go to ‘Y’ classes twice a week and am studying stenography. When I worked nine hours a day I was too tired to go anywhere.” Their answers differed dramatically from those the Connecticut League had received when it asked women about their working hours just ten years before. Now, women worried less about adequate incomes; they cared more about “living.” This was a new kind of woman wage earner, with different expectations and new demands. She came from a new kind of home, which had produced a shift in the composition of female labor. And she reflected new pulls in the work force, which led her to alter her expectations. Different women were working for different reasons. They had different marital profiles and came from different age groups. The women who had held the old jobs did not qualify for the new ones. And some of those who could have continued to work chose not to.
The Internet as a Complex System
Authors: Park Kihong
Published: November 2023

The Internet, defined as the worldwide collection of Internet Protocol (IP) speaking networks, is a multifaceted system with many components and diverse features. In recent years, it has become an integral part of the socioeconomic fabric. Although the Internet is still an evolving system and, therefore, a moving tar get, understanding its properties is relevant for both engineering and potentially more fundamental purposes. The Internet is a complex system in the sense of a complicated system exhibiting simple behavior, as opposed to a simple system exhibiting complex behavior.
Passive Traffic Measurement for Internet Protocol Operations
Authors: Grossglauser Matthias , Rexford Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Managing a large communication network is a complex task handled by a group of human operators. These operators track the state of the network to detect equipment failures and shifts in traffic load. After detecting and troubleshooting a problem, they may change the configuration of the equipment to improve the utilization of network resources and the performance experienced by end users. The ability to detect, diagnose, and fix problems depends on the information available from the underlying network.
Content Networks: Taxonomy and New Approaches
Authors: Kung H T , Wu C H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we describe a taxonomy for content networks and suggest new architectures for such networks. In recent years, many types of content networks have been developed in various contexts, including peer-to-peer networks [8, 12, 16, 27, 31, 36, 49], cooperative Web caching [3, 47], content distribution networks [2, 7, 11], subscribe-publish networks [6, 52], and content-based sensor networks [14, 21, 22]. For each context, there have been numerous architectural approaches with various design objectives.
Morning of Revolution
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

It is late June in the summer of 1776. Two months ahead lies Colonel Landon Carter’s sixty-sixth birthday. One month behind lies the Virginia Convention’s vote for independence and a republic. That decision had not come as a surprise for Landon—indeed he had long expected it—but it had been a shock nonetheless.
Master and Slaves
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

It is Wednesday, June 12, 1771-a midsummer afternoon just after eighteenth century dinner time, four o’clockish. The master of Sabine Hall turns to his current diary. Quill poised, he bends over his June book. He enters his initial review of the day so far. This is a confident day in a confident month. His eldest grandson’s outrageousness has not yet toppled his mood. The diarist begins with the weather. Was it promising? Perhaps it was.
Landon and Nassaw
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

Nassaw was a man of about Robert Wormeley Carter’s age. He was not a son to Landon; he was an enslaved African American attendant. He was also the surgeon assistant in the master’s active healing practice and, as such, physically closer to the diarist than any son or daughter. In his contrariness he provided, almost as much as Robert, occasions for Landon to affirm order in a world turning upside down.
Statistical Methods in Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

This well-organized and clearly written text has a unique focus on methods of identifying the joint effects of genes and environment on disease patterns. It follows the natural sequence of research, taking readers through the study designs and statistical analysis techniques for determining whether a trait runs in families, testing hypotheses about whether a familial tendency is due to genetic or environmental factors or both, estimating the parameters of a genetic model, localizing and ultimately isolating the responsible genes, and finally characterizing their effects in the population. Examples from the literature on the genetic epidemiology of breast and colorectal cancer, among other diseases, illustrate this process. Although the book is oriented primarily towards graduate students in epidemiology, biostatistics and human genetics, it will also serve as a comprehensive reference work for researchers. Introductory chapters on molecular biology, Mendelian genetics, epidemiology, statistics, and population genetics will help make the book accessible to those coming from one of these fields without a background in the others. It strikes a good balance between epidemiologic study designs and statistical methods of data analysis.
Topic, Focus, and V2 Defining the CP Sublayers
Authors: ’ Paola Beninca , Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we intend to contribute to the cartography of the CP layer and give a more detailed analysis of the portion of the CP structure that encodes distinctions between theme and rheme, exploiting data from standard Italian and nonstandard varieties. We interpret the cartographic program as an inquiry aiming at localizing functional projections and reconstructing a “fine structure.” There is no limit, in our view, as to how many of these projections there will ultimately be, provided that there is a syntactic and semantic justification for them.
Resumptive Relatives and LF Chains
Authors: Bianchi Valentina
Published: November 2023

Many languages use resumptive relativization as a normal strategy alongside “gap” relativization. An important question is under which conditions either strategy is adopted. Recent research has concentrated mainly on the distribution of resumptive pronouns along the NP Accessibility Hierarchy proposed by Keenan and Comrie (1977): it has been pointed out that cross-linguistically, gap relativization tends to occur in the highest positions of the hierarchy, whereas resumptive pronouns tend to be obligatory in the lower oblique positions. In some languages, however, the two strategies seem to freely alternate in the subject and direct object position.
Remnant Movement in the Theory of Phases
Authors: Cecchetto Carlo
Published: November 2023

His chapter discusses the proper interpretation of the grammatical principle that states that a trace must be c-commanded by its antecedent. Assuming the most standard definition of c-command in terms of the first branching node (the complications that are necessary to treat head-adjunction are irrelevant for the problem addressed here) and also assuming that the landing site of movement must c-command the position that precedes movement, I focus on the configuration in (1), in which linear precedence indicates c-command: In (1), first the constituent X moves out of the constituent Zand reaches a position from which it c-commands its trace. However, in a later stage of the derivation the c-command configuration is destroyed because the constituent Z, which contains the trace of X, undergoes movement as well. The movement of Z in a configuration like (1) is commonly called “remnant movement.” After remnant movement, the trace of X is not c-commanded anymore by its antecedent. The question I address here is whether (1) is a configuration allowed by Universal Grammar.
Introduction
Authors: Deyle Steven
Published: November 2023

Whileon a tour of the United States in1841, British abolitionist Joseph Sturge visited Hope Slatter, a slave trader in Baltimore. Like many foreigners, and most abolitionists, Sturge believed that he knew what type of man would become involved in the American slave trade, and in part, he was making the trip to lecture Slatter on the error of his ways. Ironically, it was the abolitionist who received the education that day. While the experience clearly distressed him, Sturge found the slave trader to be nothing like the monster he had imagined, and he walked away with a greater understanding of both the American slave trade and the institution of southern slavery. In a letter he wrote to Slatter following the visit, Sturge confided that their conversation had helped him to “realize the true nature of the system of slavery.” He agreed with the slave trader that the man’s “business was necessary to the system of slavery, and an essential part of it-and if slave-holding were to be justified at all, the slave-trade must be also.” Furthermore, the visit had convinced Sturge that there was no moral distinction between a slave owner and a slave trader.
“Cash For Negroes”: Slave Traders and the Market Revolution in the South
Authors: Deyle Steven
Published: November 2023

Dickens & Co., this advertisement began like many others of its kind, noting that the company had just “completed one of the best prisons in the State” and that it was “now receiving daily large supplies of Fresh negroes from the buying markets.” The slave traders invited “the planting community to call on us before making other purchases, as we flatter ourselves that we can furnish you negroes as cheap as you can buy them.” But Bolton, Dickens & Co. did more than just make known what it had to offer and that it would beat any price. The company also advised planters to “call and buy before the present stock is picked over, as some is of the opinion that the first show at a fresh lot is one hundred dollars the advantage.” Furthermore, it urged them to “call and make your purchases to gather your crop-and then call quick again and buy to make another crop.
A Regular Part of Everyday Life: The Buying and Selling of Human Property
Authors: Deyle Steven
Published: November 2023

In March 1859, Pierce Butler, grandson of a signer of the Constitution and ex-husband of actress Fanny Kemble, was forced to sell all 460 slaves from his Georgia plantations to pay off creditors. Naturally, an auction of this size drew considerable attention. According to a correspondent for the New-York Tribune, “For several days before the sale every hotel in Savannah was crowded with negro speculators from North and South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana, who had been attracted hither by the prospects of making good bargains;’ and “nothing was heard for days, in the bar-rooms and public rooms, but talk of the great sale, criticisms of the business affairs of Mr. Butler, and speculations as to the probable prices the stock would bring.” The reporter also noted that “the office of Joseph Bryan, the negro broker who had the management of the sale, was thronged every day by eager inquirers in search of information, and by some who were anxious to buy, but were uncertain as to whether their securities would prove acceptable.” Most of the slaves had been brought to Savannah in freight cars and were being held at a local track outside of town where the sale was scheduled to occur: “Little parties were made up from the various hotels every day to visit the Race Course, distant some three miles from the city, to look over the chattels, discuss their points, and make memoranda for guidance on the day of sale.” Although hard rains had threatened to reduce the size of the crowd, a Savannah newspaper reported that the two-day affair was still “largely attended,” and the local slave trader William Parker noted that Butler seemed “well pleased with the sale:’ The following week, practically every boat or train that left the city carried individuals who had been purchased at this sale.
Delirium in the Nursing Home Setting
Authors: Huege Steven F , Streim Joel E
Published: November 2023

Although extensively studied in the acute care setting, the syndrome of delirium— also referred to as acute confusion—has been a subject of relatively few studies in the long-term care (LTC) setting. Delirium represents a signi1cant source of morbidity and mortality for patients in nursing homes. Studies indicate that the incidence of acute confusion in residents of LTC facilities ranges from 14% to 40% (Culp et al., 1997; Mentes et al., 1999). Although cognitive impairment is common in the nursing home setting, in some instances it may be reversible. Sabin et al. (1982) found that 25% of LTC facility residents with impaired cognition had a potentially reversible condition, and 6% to 12% of nursing home residents with dementia showed improvement in cognitive performance over the course of 1 year (Katz, 1991). However, it is not known what proportion of the patients in these studies actually met criteria for a diagnosis of delirium.
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Savla Gauri N , DelaPena-Murphy Jody , Sewell Daniel D , Kim, Daniel S , Jeste Dilip V
Published: November 2023

Long-term care facilities for patients with severe mental illness are an integral part of mental health care. Schizophrenia is a severely disabling mental illness that affects 3 million people aged 18 or older in the United States and contributes to an enormous economic burden in terms of mental health-care costs and loss of productivity (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Persons with schizophrenia not only suffer from clinical symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions but also have generalized mild-to-moderate cognitive de1cits, which directly impact their quality of life and everyday functioning (Green, 1996). Historically, a diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with a dire prognosis, with little hope of long-term symptom relief, let alone the possibility that patients may some day be reintegrated into mainstream society. With the conceptualization of schizophrenia as a “dementia praecox” (Kraepelin, 1919) or “precocious dementia” that had its onset in young adulthood (as opposed to “senile dementia,” that had its onset at an older age, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease[AD]), relegating these patients to state psychiatric facilities for close supervision appeared to be a reasonable option at the time. Research in schizophrenia has come a long way since those early observations, and the more accurate general characterization of the illness has dispelled the notion that schizophrenia is a form of dementia.
Principles of Geriatric Psychopharmacology
Authors: Leibovici Adrian
Published: November 2023

As shown in Chapter 1 of this book, the prevalence and incidence of mental problems in nursing homes is very high. About 80% of residents in nursing homes suffer with a psychiatric disorder according to studies conducted in different types of nursing homes, in different geographic locations, and utilizing different methodologies (Tariot et al., 1993). Many such psychiatric problems as depression, psychosis, agitation, or cognitive loss are amenable to pharmacological interventions.
Mental Health in the Assisted Living Setting
Authors: Samus Quincy M , Rosenblatt Adam
Published: November 2023

Assisted living (AL) has been the most rapidly expanding form of residential long-term care in the United States over the past 20 years (American Association for Retired Persons, AARP, 2002; National Center for Assisted Living, NCAL, 2001). Its expansion has been driven largely by state and private sector interest in the reduction of long-term care expenditures as well as consumer backlash toward the nursing home (NH) industry (Hawes, 2001). AL is now widely viewed as an integral, intermediary component of the long-term care continuum that 1lls the gap between home-delivered care and institutional-style care for many elders who cannot live independently in the community (Figure 22.1). Best estimates suggest that over 1 million elders are living in more than 35,000 AL facilities nationwide (Hawes, 2001; Mollica, 2002) and one study of residential care (RC) usage predicts that by the year 2010, more elders will be cared for in the AL setting than in nursing homes (Promatura Group, 2000). In concept, AL is meant to epitomize a “social” model of care, focusing primarily on the creation of a physical and social environment that promotes independence, health, and quality of life and allows residents to “age in place,” minimizing the need to move to another setting (Assisted Living Quality Coalition, ALQC, 1998; NCAL, 2001).
Historical Dimensions of Public Violence in Latin America
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

For historians violence is a difficult subject, diffuse and hard to cope with. It is committed by isolated individuals, small groups, and by large mobs; it is directed against individuals and crowds alike; it is undertaken for a variety of purposes (and at times for no discernible rational purpose at all), and in a variety of ways ranging from assassinations and murders to lynchings, duels, brawls, feuds and riots; it stems from criminal intent and from political idealism, from antagonisms that are entirely personal and from antagonisms of large social consequence. Hence it has been hard to conceive of violence as a subject at all.
Guatemala: Organizing for War
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

It looks like only force can keep him in office. His Army is large but how true I cannot say. Benton McMillin, U.S. minister in Guatemala, of dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera, 22 March 1920, three weeks before the latter’s resignation after twenty-two years in office In 1837, armed opposition to the policies of a transient liberal government broke out in what was still formally the state of Guatemala of the República Federal de Centro América. In the town of Mataquescuintla, José Rafael Carrera assembled a band of sixty would-be insurgents. Having grown up in a poor section of the state capital, the son of a mule driver and a domestic servant, Carrera was only twenty-three years old but already a veteran of the Federal Army, which he had joined as a drummer at the age of twelve. He saw combat in the first major civil war that followed the establishment of the Federation in 1824. Moving in and out of odd jobs after the war, he ended up raising pigs in Mataquescuintla, where he settled down and married. Only weeks before taking charge of Mataquescuintla’s guerrilla unit, Carrera had led an angry mob of two thousand residents who, while protesting the state government’s response to a cholera epidemic, killed some visiting government officials. In the first battle he led against government troops in June 1837, Carrera turned the tide in favor of the insurgents and immediately persuaded a regional leader of the revolt to submit himself and his men to Carrera’s direction.
Costa Rica: Caudillos in Search of a State
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

Words like these, written in the 1870s by Montúfar in reference to the first serious isthmian civil war in 1826–29, have been repeated endlessly by journalists, politicians, and historians of Central America ever since the 1820s. What distinguished Costa Rica was certainly not the absence of the elements of public violence that afflicted the rest of the isthmus—civil war, golpes de estado, election violence, caudillo rule, popular uprisings and military rule—but their comparative scarcity. In the history of the other four countries, the violence has flowed like a river that swells and contracts, but that hardly ever slowed to the trickle that characterized Costa Rica for much (though not all) of its history.
Defining Collaboration: The United States and Central America
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

The onset of intense collaboration between the military and police authorities of the United States and the five Central American governments, starting in World War II, not only globalized but also transformed public violence on the isthmus. The military and police agencies of all the Central American states, whose national economies were incapable of supplying their enlisted men little but the sandals on their feet and the most miserly of food rations, eagerly integrated themselves into global networks that provided material, technical, managerial, and ideological resources on a scale unmatched in their histories. The global, unregulated character of the networks meant no single power could control or monopolize their operation. The United States clearly dominated the Central Americans’ access to and participation in those networks.
Conclusions
Authors: Holden Robert H
Published: November 2023

Until 1940, the limits of public violence were shaped with little or no substantive or sustained interference by groups or interests that could be identified as wholly external to Central America. Although some modest Spanish, German, and Chilean military collaboration aided the upward displacement of the agents of public violence into national armed forces, this too was largely an internal process. The exception was Nicaragua, where the United States created the Guardia Nacional in the late 1920s and early 1930s in order to put an end to the country’s chronic public violence. Unavailing in its objective, the U.S. effort in Nicaragua instead spawned a state much like that of its northern neighbors—one that succeeded in concentrating a good deal of public violence in the hands of its own agents, even as they continued to operate within the traditionally permissive limits of that violence. The process of concentration or upward displacement was scarcely a smooth one. Burdened by the legacy of factionalism and personalism, it was subject to frequent disruption and setbacks. Even under the best of political circumstances, the extreme resource limitations of the Central American states invariably undermined their capacity to reliably concentrate and control public violence. As a result, the isthmian states’ armed forces had only become weakly institutionalized by the start of World War II. The war heralded a startling acceleration in the pace and thoroughness of the concentration of the disparate sources of institutional public violence into national armies, air forces, and police forces.
Life and Music after the Band
Authors: Gushee Lawrence
Published: November 2023

An obsession symmetry might here demand an attempt to parallel the kind of detail found in the earlier biographies of Chapter1. Two reasons speak against this: first, while documentary sources for New Orleans are concentrated in a handful of archives and libraries in New Orleans itself, this no longer holds once the various members of the band settled down in California, Chicago, or Philadelphia; second, the available information in standard reference works is reasonably reliable. Nonetheless, one point in particular justifies some biographical explorations, namely, the sound recordings made during the 1920s by Johnson, Keppard, Noone, Baquet, and possibly Vincent, and the 1940s recordings by Louis Delille. They truly are the only extant audible evidence for any speculations we might have regarding the sound of the Creole Band. Strangely enough, for the most part they haven’t been taken seriously.
‘Winston is Back!’
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Hitler’s armed forces launched their assault on Poland at first light on Friday 1 September 1939. Through the next forty-eight hours the Prime Minister and his Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax, prepared for the worst but retained some sparks of hope that it wouldn’t happen. Neville Chamberlain decided to form a small War Cabinet of non-departmental ministers and invited Churchill to be one of them, while Halifax juggled with a last-minute attempt to get Hitler to pull back, at the same time dealing with the French government’s prudent wish not to let it seem that Britain was dragging it into war. Through Saturday the 2nd the moods of Parliament and people hardened against further postponement of the inevitable. Chur-chill was restless and impatient. At last an ultimatum was sent to Berlin. It remained unanswered. At 11.15 on the morning of Sunday 3 September Chamberlain glumly broadcast his declaration that a state of war had come to exist between Britain and Germany. After the serio-comic interlude of a false air-raid alarm, Churchill went to the House to hear Chamberlain say much the same thing again. Labour’s Arthur Greenwood having affirmed his party’s support, Churchill made the short speech he had prepared for the occasion. (Had he taken it for granted that he would be called? Probably.) Then Chamberlain told him that the War Cabinet was to be enlarged to include the three services ministers, and asked whether Churchill would take the Admiralty. He would. He sent word to the Admiralty to be ready for him at 6 p.m. In the words of the signal flashed to the Royal Navy’s ships and stations worldwide, ‘Winston is Back!’
His Finest Hour
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Churchill understood that the military situation was not good when he became Prime Minister, but no more than anyone else had he an inkling of how very bad it was going to become within six weeks, or how bad it was going to stay through the next twelve months. The title often and justly conferred on him as the Saviour of the Nation rests above all on how he managed the war and kept the country going and its people united through this period from May 1940 until June 1941. Britain had only ever once before been in as dangerous a situation, and that was in the spring of 1917 when German unrestricted submarine warfare brought the country to within a few weeks of starvation. The dangers that threatened now were invasion and, that failing to materialise, destruction of its cities and factories and demoralisation of its people. Looking back on the summer and autumn days of 1940, his daughter (who was closer to the centre of the storm than most) wrote that although later times were often anxious and painful, ‘never again, I think, did one feel one could scarcely breathe. We got through the days almost automatically, living from news bulletin to news bulletin, and dreading what each would bring’.1 Bad news came thick and fast. Three days after Hitler’s forces attacked the Netherlands and Belgium, they began to penetrate France by way of the Ardennes, which the French high command had assumed would be impassable for them; by 19 May their spearhead had reached the Channel near Abbeville. Sensing that all was not well in France, on 15 May Churchill made the first of five flying visits to find out what was going on. As did other like-purposed visitors in those darkening days, he got a gloomy impression. Even before the full extent of the danger to the BEF was clear, the possibility of its evacuation began to be quietly considered.
America and Roosevelt
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Momentous decisions about strategy and foreign relations had to be made within a few weeks of Churchill’s assumption of the national leadership. Britain’s military situation quickly became as unfavourable as could have been imagined. Germany’s swift defeat of France, close on the heels of the occupation of Denmark, Norway and the Low Countries, meant more than the loss of Britain’s only major ally; an ally moreover who had been relied on to provide the greater part of the land forces with which Germany was to be fought. It meant that the German armed forces were also far better placed for operations against the British Isles. U-boats could sail straight into the high seas from bases on the Atlantic coast of France instead of having to creep through the Straits of Dover or go the long way round between Scotland and Iceland. Bombers operating from bases in France, Belgium and Norway could reach every desirable British target and bring heavier loads of bombs with them. Warships and commerce raiders had the whole Norwegian coastline to operate from, and the French ports too if they could get there. Germany’s war-making potential was increased by control of the economies of the occupied countries (Czechoslovakia’s of course was already in the bag), and the traditional British idea of blockading a continental foe into submission was gone forever. All that was catastrophic enough, yet there was even worse to come. Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940. Its incursion into south-eastern France was of little significance, but it mattered much that British security in East Africa, Egypt and the Middle East generally was now threatened. It mattered also that the Mediterranean had suddenly changed from being a safe sea into a perilous one. One of the nightmares of the pre-war imperial security planners had become a reality: the Royal Navy had to fight in the Mediterranean, on its own, as well as in the Atlantic and everywhere else.
The Iron Curtain
Authors: Best Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

When several years later Churchill got to writing the final volume of his war memoirs, the volume running from D-Day, 6 June 1944, to the Potsdam summit in July 1945, he set out its theme thus: ‘How the Great Democracies Triumphed, and so were able to Resume the Follies which had so nearly Cost them their Life.’ By the early 1950s it was all too clear to everyone that the Second World War had no more brought about a safer world than had the First. Cold War had succeeded to hot, Europe was once again divided between two hostile groups of states, and hot war itself was soon to be back in several other parts of the globe. From 1944 the great matter with which Churchill’s mind most constructively concerned itself was how to create an international order that would prove disaster proof; one that would prove itself more effective, one might add, than the United Nations Organization, whose principles and standards he admired while realistically reckoning that Great Power disharmony would restrict its usefulness. The greatest barrier to begin with was his listeners’ reluctance to believe that disaster might happen. Communists and fellow travellers were not the only elements of western European public opinion that found it difficult to think ill of Stalin and the Soviet Union. It was unnatural and distasteful to most people, it was a sort of affront to human nature, to be asked to view yesterday’s acclaimed friends as tomorrow’s probable foes.
The CPS Experience Working with a Family from Beginning to End
Authors: Brittain Charmaine , Murphy Kimberlee C , Wilmot Leslie
Published: November 2023

This handbook covers the various practices and procedures used in child protective services (CPS) work. If you are new to CPS work, you may find it somewhat difficult to understand how all aspects of the work fit together for the life of a case. This case diary, written from the perspective of the workers assigned to the case, will show you how a family moves through the CPS system and how the various players in the CPS system handle their portions of the case. For educational purposes, these notes reflect some of the workers’ thought processes, and they include more detail than would notes for an actual case. The names and scenario are fictitious; any resemblance to actual people or situations is purely coincidental.
The History of Child Protective Services
Authors: Lescher Nancy McDaniel Nita C
Published: November 2023

In the United States, the child protection movement was tied to and gained momentum from other social justice reform movements that occurred throughout the country in the mid-to late 1800s. In addition to championing suffrage, the women’s rights movement confronted and drew public attention to issues of family violence (Costin, Karger, & Stoesz, 1996). The animal welfare movement was particularly influential, as was the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) that supported and aided early efforts to legislate state authority to protect children. With the assistance of the ASPCA, in 1874 New York passed the Protective Services Act and the Cruelty to Children Act, thereby becoming the first state to enact legislation intended to safeguard the rights of children.
The Casework Process
Authors: McDaniel Anne Comstock. Nancy
Published: November 2023

The casework process is the approach to practice used in child protective services. It involves integrating the legal mandates for CPS, as well as the values of social work practice, in working together with families on resolving the issues that precipitated their involvement with CPS. In this chapter we first explore the philosophical foundation for CPS practice, and then we discuss the casework process, from the thinking behind it to the tasks within it. When conducting casework, you will have multiple roles, and you must be comfortable moving among all of them. You will also have to balance your use of authority with your engagement with and provision of help to the family. Your self-awareness can help to facilitate this balance. Finally, in this chapter we present the factors that make CPS a challenging experience and strategies for overcoming them to make the casework process a better experience for everyone involved.
Interviewing Children and Families
Authors: Nowak Edward , Schamber Ingo , Brittain Charmaine
Published: November 2023

Effective interviewing is a composite of knowledge, skills, preparation, experience, attitude, and your own inherent competence, as well as your ability to build a relationship with the family. Some of your skills will develop naturally as you try various approaches. However, in learning to interview parents or caregivers successfully, it is important that you be aware that practice is indispensable and that competency will be achieved only if you are conscious of certain effective approaches and techniques in dealing with families involved with CPS. As you develop your capacity to interview, your confidence as a practitioner will increase and you will find that you are more likely to help parents or caregivers make positive changes as parents and individuals. The quality of the relationships you develop with parents or caregivers and their responsiveness to your help will depend to a great extent on your interviewing skills.
Medical Evaluation of Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Wells Kathryn M , Sirotnak Andrew
Published: November 2023

The medical evaluation of a suspected child abuse or neglect victim may be of great assistance in establishing the presence and nature of the maltreatment. The medical provider’s primary goals are the identification of trauma or illness in need of treatment and assisting in the restoration of health. Secondarily, the medical provider can assist in establishing the presence or absence of additional injury as well as other relevant medical conditions. This evaluation may help determine a course of action and the need for placement of the involved child or other children. Clear communication between the worker and the medical provider is essential as you share a mutual goal of enhancing the child’s health. Throughout this chapter, the term medical provider is inclusive of any medical professional, including pediatricians, general practitioners, family physicians, nurse practitioners, physician’s assistants, and child health associates. Because interaction with medical professionals can be an intimidating process, this chapter will increase your professional knowledge base so that you can effectively work with medical professionals to assist your clients.
Accountability in Child Protective Services
Authors: Klein-Rothschild Susan , Brittain Charmaine
Published: November 2023

Since the passage of child abuse and neglect reporting laws in the early 1970s, the scope, size, and complexity of child protective services has increased tremendously. The rapid growth in the field and the significant effects of interventions have created an environment in which fellow practitioners, funding sources (government and private), and the general public are demanding accountability for decisions made and actions taken. Being accountable means accepting responsibility for performance, such as being able to show measurable ways in which CPS interventions make a difference, what works to assure safety for children, how permanency is achieved, or how we improve the well-being of children and families. Increasingly, we must pay attention to the consistency of decisions, to service availability, to cost justification, and to achieving results. Our ability to help children and families depends on our effectiveness as CPS professionals who recognize that part of doing a good job is being accountable.
“Damned in Time & in Eternity”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

By Late July 1864, Jubal Early Had Become A More Serious Headache For President Lincoln. At first, the raid on Washington had been a fleeting embarrassment for the Union high command. Then it turned out that Early had other plans for making excursions into northern territory. On Tuesday, July 26, 1864, when Gideon and Mary Ann Welles paid a social call on the president and first lady at the Soldiers’ Home, the men could talk about little else besides reports suggesting that the former Virginia state legislator turned Confederate general was now moving on southern Pennsylvania. “I told the President I trusted there would be some energy and decision in getting behind them, cut- ting them off, and not permitting them to go back,” Welles noted in his diary, “instead of a scare and getting forces to drive them back with their plunder.” The president said he agreed with those views “precisely” and told Secretary of Navy Welles that he had been urging General Halleck to guarantee that it would finally happen this time.
“Whatever is, is right”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

Fears About Possible Attempts To Harm Or Kidnap Abraham Lincoln Increased Throughout 1864. In March, the New York Tribune first reported on an alleged Rebel conspiracy to abduct the president. The same month, Willard Cutter noted that a man went “crazy” inside the White House, ranting about how “he would be the next President” before guards managed to arrest him. By May, Senator James Lane of Kansas made a special trip to the White House to warn John Hay that the president “must now chiefly guard against assassination.” The aide “poohpoohed” the concerns, in his words, arguing calmly that “every prominent man was more or less exposed to the attacks of maniacs.” A reported incident near the Soldiers’. Home in mid-August 1864 added to the sense of rising anxiety. About eleven o ‘clock one night, Private John W. Nichols of Company K was on guard duty at the large gate on the edge of the institution’s grounds when he heard a rifle shot and then witnessed the “bareheaded” president riding quickly on horseback toward his cottage. Private Nichols asked the president about his missing hat and was told that “somebody had fired a gun off at the foot of the hill” which frightened Lincoln’s horse and then led to a struggle to regain control that had “jerked his hat off.”
Grand Rounds
Authors: Milees Steven H
Published: November 2023

Rising faith in the promise of health-care technology and declining trust in the health-care system—such is the paradox of health care as the twenty-first century opens. Smallpox is extinct; polio is almost so. Lives are saved with seemingly miraculous transplants and chemotherapy. The ability to control high blood pressure is one of the many ways that modem health care prevents premature death or disability. Rehabilitation, prosthetics, and assistive devices enable persons with disabilities to live much better lives than they have in the past. In much of the world, infant mortality is falling and longevity is increasing.
In the shadow of Milton
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers brief readings of four poems: Wordsworth’s Intimations Ode, Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind, Keats’s Ode to Psyche, and Tennyson’s Ulysses. Wordsworth’s poem is written directly in the shadow of Milton, and may be called a misprision or powerful misreading of Lycidas. Shelley’s poem is a strong misreading of Wordsworth’s, while Keats’s can be called a persuasive misinterpretation of several texts by both Milton and Wordsworth. Tennyson’s dramatic monologue struggles with all four precursors, and marvelously achieves itself by one of the most complex misprisions in the language. All can be charted usefully and clearly on my map of misreading, and none has lost its disturbing power to affect the poetry of our own time.
From Donor to Recipient: The Pathway and Business of Donated Tissues
Authors: Anderson Martha W , Schapiro Renie
Published: November 2023

The procurement and distribution of skin and musculoskeletal tissues (bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage) follows its own pathway, one quite different from that of solid organs or other tissues such as corneas, heart valves, or veins. This chapter introduces the reader to the many steps and parties involved in that process, from the death of a potential donor to the distribution of the donated tissue (allograft) for implantation into a patient. The chapter also offers a primer on some of the business aspects of that process-where money changes hands and why the industry has become so attractive to for-profit companies. Subsequent chapters expand and build on the material presented here; this chapter is intended to introduce the reader to the basic system as a framework for the more expansive discussion that follows.
Clinical Aspects of Allograft Tissue
Authors: Makley John T , Nicholas Richard
Published: November 2023

As clinicians who implant allograft tissues, our purpose in this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the potential benefits and the practical applications of human tissue transplantation. We will provide a brief overview and clinical examples illustrating the use of allograft tissue. Allograft tissue is often necessary when adequate amounts of autograft are not available. Some surgical techniques require modifications of allograft tissues before they can be implanted into the recipient. Bone, for example, can be shaped, processed, or combined with other materials and then used as pins, screws, pastes, or putties in skeletal reconstruction. Intricate machining of bone yields tissue forms that are essential for certain types of spinal reconstruction.
Andy’s Gift: A Donor Family’s Perspective
Authors: Moyer John P
Published: November 2023

Writing this has caused me to revisit a very painful incident that occurred in our family in 1992. We lost our older son in a skiing accident. On a bright sunny Colorado day in December 1992, Andy was skiing with four of his closest friends when he fell and struck his head. Another skier found him, alerted the patrol, and life-saving measures were initiated. He was flown to a nearby trauma center where he was determined to be brain dead 24 hours later, despite expert and caring neurosurgery and intensive care. At that point we became a donor family. My profession in medicine from 1962 to the present has brought me close to the field of transplantation on many occasions. As a first-year medical student I witnessed the performance of one of the nation’s first renal trans plants. As a pediatric resident, I worked closely with liver transplantation, which in the mid-to late sixties was very experimental.
The Gift of Tissue: A Donor Mom’s Perspective
Authors: Kulik Ellen Gottmann
Published: November 2023

This chapter is an outpouring of a conflict that arose within me as I began to analyze informed consent and related issues on an intellectual level. On one side, I am an attorney by training; my legal mind tells me that there must be a defmitive standard for obtaining consent for donation from families. But I am also a donor mother and a member of the Executive Committee of the National Donor Family Council; my heart calls for compassion and sensitivity to the family’s grief. The crux of the issue is striking a deli cate balance between informing families about the donation process and providing appropriate bereavement care to families. I do not claim to know the answers. I only know that resolving the issue is not as cut-and-dried as my legal mind wants it to be.
Ethics of Allocation: Lessons from Organ Procurement History
Authors: Prottas Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

For those of us who live in it, human tissue has always been valuable. In the last thirty years of the twentieth century, however, this tissue has also become valuable as a medical treatment for illness and injury. The trans formation of the human body from sui generis-whether as abused or sacred object-to medical raw material has not always been easy in organizational, legal, or ethical terms.But, in our century, technological change waits on no consideration, and our organizational and legal tools have shown themselves able to adapt. Our ethical tools struggle to keep up with their more robust cousins.