bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivation of Labor in the Health System
Authors: Japarova Damira
Published: December 2019

With the increase of salaries of medical workers in Kyrgyzstan their income increased. But the desire to earn additional income from patients not disappeared. As practice shows, giving money to the hands of health care workers is widespread in health system of Kyrgyzstan. It is not only drops the image of doctors, but also causes serious damage to the family budget of citizens who are in a hospital bed, or at the reception of doctor's. The main reason for the existence of informal payments in health care is considered a relatively low level of wages. If in the real sector the financial stimulation carried out by the expense of encouraging profit in medicine only source of stimulation is wage fund. The stimulating part should be increased at the expense of main part of wages. İnasmuch as there is no profit in medicine as a source of encouragement it is used the funds received from paid services. The basis for motivation of labor in medicine is to avoid time-based wage system and to introduction of piecework forms in different versions. Criterion for evaluating health care workers is the health of the patient after treatment.
Financial-Economic Crisis and Hollywood’s Social Transformation Operations by Horror Movies
Authors: Kurtoğlu Ramazan
Published: December 2019

The fastest change and transition in the human history is neoliberal capitalism’s 30 year global free market politics project which affects every part of the world with 1978 Washington Consensus. According to John Gray who is a well known academician and an intellectual of the new right-wing, neoliberalism is an apocalyptic secular religion which is based on pagan and Christian values and its ultimate goal is post-apocalyptic heaven in the real world. The best marketing expert of this heaven is, Hollywood based American cinema industry in crisis as well as in regular times. In this study, the effects of the horror movies to the subconscious under economical crises period will be analyzed.
Women's Poverty In Turkey
Authors: Şengül Seda , Fisunoğlu Mahir
Published: December 2019

Poverty is a persisting problem in the world. Therefore an examination of the women poverty is a very important field. Women living in poverty are increased as a following reason: 1) a growth of female-headed households, 2) intra-household inequalities and bias against women. For this reason the alleviation of poverty requires determining the women poverty levels. The data used in this study is obtained from the project on Household Income, Consumption, Saving Behavior and Poverty Level in Adana Province conducted the authors of this study and financed by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Probit model is used for determining the women poverty in Turkey. The results of this study are described the women poverty levels in Turkey based on the determinants of poverty on some socio- demographic characteristics of female-headed households. In the light of findings some policy prescriptions will be determined for reducing deprivation and vulnerability of women poverty and intra-household inequalities in Turkey.
Youth Unemployment in 21st Century: The Turkish Case
Authors: Ar Kamil Necdet
Published: December 2019

The main aim of this paper is to discuss the global youth unemployment problems and review the present situation throughout the World. Youth unemployment is a worldwide severe socio-economic problem today and may develop worse in coming years, unless effective measures are taken. Sorts of inequality which affecting youth unemployment exists throughout the world between rich and poor nations and various social layers of society and all of these waiting solutions. The dimensions of the youth problem is widening in many countries. The proportion of youth unemployment is increasing due to wrong economic and population policies. To tackle all these problems requires new strategies and policies based on fresh visions. In this respect Turkey can be case to review. The dimensions of the youth problem in Turkey is widening like many other developing countries. The proportion of youth unemployment is increasing due to wrong policies. The Turkish is economy cannot support a large growing population under the present circumstances. Also the Turkish education system has to be restructured in order to meet the needs of national and the global labour market demands. In order to solve youth unemployment problems in Turkey, prudential and scientific based policies are to be introduced.
Forecasting of Economic Efficiency of the City-Forming Enterprise in the Monotown
Authors: Gurieva Oksana , Barhatov Viktor
Published: December 2019

Research objective is development of the forecast of scenario conditions of increase of economic efficiency of the city-forming enterprise of the monotown for further social and economic development of the region for 2014-2016. For achievement of a goal a number of tasks is solved: consideration of theoretical prerequisites to concept economic efficiency; research of features of economic efficiency of the city-forming enterprise in the monotown; choice of a method of forecasting; forecasting of economic efficiency of the city-forming enterprise. When carrying out research scenario approaches and expert methods of forecasting are used. The main versions of the forecast – option 1 (conservative), option 2 (moderate and optimistical) and option 3 (forced) – are developed on the basis of a uniform hypothesis of external conditions and differ with models of behavior of the enterprises of the monotown, and as with prospects of increase of their efficiency. It is established that at realization of all versions of the forecast economic efficiency of the city-forming enterprise of the monotown increases. However quality of this increase in considered scenarios of the forecast of social and economic development of the region variously. As the most acceptable the moderate and optimistical option is recognized, so at its realization economic efficiency will increase on the average 0,7 items above, than in option 1. The moderate and optimistical option is more focused on innovations, assumes carrying out transformations in development of the human capital and science, and also active modernization of the enterprise.
Poverty in the Process of Globalization: Its Perspective in Turkey and in the World
Authors: Sarı Gerşil Gülşen , Yeşilyurt Hülya
Published: December 2019

A country's wealth and poverty are opposite to each other, but they are two inseparable important elements. The more the subject how to increase the welfare of the country is important, the more the distribution of this welfare among country members, especially. Although the observed increase in global prosperity with 21st century in especial that adopted neo-liberal policies in all over the world has caused to further deepening of the phenomenon of poverty. This case has given rise that concept of the "Poverty" has been discussed intensively workers in manufacturing is important. So, issues of fair distribution of income and prevention of poverty should be handled as interdisciplinary, mainly including social policy. That socio-economic and political structure of societies are different has been complicated to have a common definition on the concept of poverty. The World Bank, based on the absolute poverty approach, has made a research to determine the poverty line in the world (by getting base the ones who reap a profit below $ 1) and has determined that the poor class has remained in “minority” compared to world population. As it appears; more than half of the world population is below of the poverty line in reality. While seen daily increases in the welfare of the world countries, given the impression that poverty decreases does not reflect the reality. In this study, why poverty cannot be prevented besides causes of increase will be examined; this dangerous situation rapidly increasing in Turkey and in the world will be analyzed.
The Impact of Stock Prices on Consumption and Interest Rate in Turkey: Evidence from a Time Varying Vector Autoregressive Model
Authors: Tören Evrim
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to examine the spillovers from stock prices onto consumption and interest rate for Turkey by using a time-varying vector autoregressive model with stochastic volatility. A three-variable time-varying vector autoregressive model is estimated to capture the time-varying nature of the macroeconomic dynamics in the Turkish economy between real consumption, nominal interest rate and real stock prices. In order to obtain the macroeconomic dynamics in a small open economy, the data covers the period 1987:Q1 until 2013:Q3 in Turkey. The sample data is gathered from the official website of Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Overall, this study provides the evidence of significant time-varying spillovers on consumption and interest rate coming from the stock market during financial crises and implications of monetary policy in Turkey. In addition, a time-varying vector autoregressive model with stochastic volatility offers remarkable results about the impact of price shock on consumption levels in Turkey.
EU Innovation Performance Policies and the Economic Crisis: Innovation Policy and the Political Failure of Italy
Authors: Boschele Marco
Published: December 2019

At EU level, measures to promote research and innovation became concrete with the creation of the European Research Area and the issuing of the White Paper on Governance in 2001. These were measures to tackle low economic growth and unemployment and to boost European innovation with the aid of science and technology. Nevertheless, the economic crisis of late 2008 has halted this process and exposed the lack of convergence across European and neighbour countries in innovative performance. Moreover, economically more affected countries have abandoned innovation policies as part of the austerity policies precisely dictated by the EU bureaucrats. This paper first discusses the EU policies towards the creation of the knowledge society and the effect of the crisis in relation to research and development. Secondly, the paper will analyze the case of Italy and how it has failed to keep up with some of its other European neighbours in terms of investment on knowledge, arguing that lack of such investment make countries less equipped and more dependent on knowledge generated in other places.
Development of the Financial Markets in Turkey in Comparison with the EU Countries
Authors: Apak Sudi , Bayramoğlu Mehmet Fatih
Published: December 2019

The Turkish financial sector, especially the Turkish banking sector, demonstrates a growth tendency in recent years. Although this growth is observed to be steady, it has not reached a sufficient volume and the sources of growth are not healthy. In this study, the dimensions of the said growth in the Turkish financial sector are analyzed in comparison with the EU member countries, which are also the members of OECD, with respect to the competitiveness features of the countries and financial centers, banking sectors of the countries and the capital markets of the countries. The study presents an evaluation of the current situation with a special focus on Istanbul - a city planned to be a global financial center.
Type of Information Resources and Feedback Facilities for Corporate Social Responsibility Related Issues on Corporate Websites in Indonesia
Authors: Harmoni Ati , Putri Permatasari Hanum
Published: December 2019

Companies in Indonesia have made use of the official website as a medium to convey important information, including corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs to stakeholders. This study was conducted to look at the type of resources and means of feedback available on the company's website in Indonesia in terms of disclosure of CSR issues. Survey conducted on forty five (45) companies’ included in the LQ45 index period 2013. A content analysis methodology was used and applied to the corporate websites of the 45 companies studied. Two type of analysis established: the content category served to identify the issues included in CSR and the information resources and feedback resources. Ten values corresponding to issues related to CSR were identified. Results showed that more companies are using information expositive form of text, images and graphics. Expositive sources rarely used form is video, while the interactive resources are used only for specific information by some companies. Means of public feedback on the web is a general email to all types of information. Other mean of feedback are telephone and facsimile.
A.Smith and the Classical School, K.Marx and the Marxist Socialism, J.M.Keynes and the Keynesian Revolution and the Subsequent Developments
Authors: Gencer Ayşen Hiç , Hiç Özlen
Published: December 2019

Adam Smith is known as the founder of economics as a social science and also of economic liberalism (or termed as capitalism after Karl Marx) based on principles of non-intervention and non-protection by the governments to perfectly competitive markets. Over time, economic theory and resulting economic regime evolved: Interventions to improve the welfare of workers; infant-industry argument for limited trade protection; and most importantly, following the 1929 Great Depression, John Maynard Keynes and his macroeconomic system giving rise to less-than-full- employment equilibrium, hence the need for macro-economic level state interventions by means of monetary and fiscal policies. Evidently, liberal economic regime was modified but remained in essence; hence, it proved to be flexible and resilient. On the other hand, Marxist socialism, the doctrinaire challenge to capitalism, had virtually collapsed in the 1990's. The move of even the developing countries towards outward orientation and market economy at the national level is in line with Adam Smith's views; so is the establishment of the European Union and the like at the regional level, as well as the more recent move towards globalisation.
Eco-innovation as a Determinant of the Importance of Sustainable Economic Development: World and Turkey Examples
Authors: İncekara Ahmet , Haykır Hobikoğlu Elif
Published: December 2019

In modern societies, because of the continuity of change and transformation, innovation became one of the hallmarks of community life. Studies which mainly started by engineers in the field of environment, nowadays became a work area in many branches of science. Although eco-innovation has supply or demand side determinants, there are some corporate and political effects. Negative interaction with the environment of the societies of the world has become a risk for the sustainable existence. It also revealed the need for eco-innovation. Eco-innovation examined in four main sectors such as recycling, building and construction, food and beverage, and green businesses. Businesses can also become a part of the transformation and the concept has emerged that called green businesses. Contribute to the formation of eco-labeling has provided public awareness. Netherlands, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Turkey are examined, said that Turkey's eco-innovation in the early period.
Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Their Employment Structures in the Process of Globalization: Yalova Sample
Authors: Koçak Orhan , Zengin Eyüp , Oğuz Karademir Hande
Published: December 2019

Today, small and medium sized companies are briefly called SMEs, are becoming more important in order to sustain of both national and local economies under the intensive competition and in the existing global markets. SME’s are making important contributions countries’ economic growths by making innovations, giving responses for the economic crises, positive effects on the growing of employment and having flexibility on their productions. In this study, the current situation of SMEs in the globalized economic order, the advantages and disadvantages, economic problems, the importance of SMEs in Turkey’s economy and also incentives provided for SMEs is emphasized. In the second part, with the globalization changing employment structure of SMEs and their conditions in the fight against unemployment is emphasized in Turkey. In the final part, an investigation is done and it is aimed to research employment structures, strategies for the future and approaches for the big companies of SMEs that are doing business in Yalova city. For this, survey method is used and survey results were analyzed for 158 SMEs in Yalova.
The Influence of Intellectual Capital on Firm Value towards Manufacturing Performance in Indonesia
Authors: Suhendra Euphrasia Susy
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of intellectual capital on firm value through firm performance (profitability, productivity, market valuation and growth). Intellectual capital is measured by using a Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC™). Firm value is measured by Tobin's Q. The financial performance consists of Return on assets (ROA), Asset turn over (ATO), Market to Book Value (MB) and Earnings per Share (EPS).
Data from this study was obtained from financial statements and annual reports of manufacturing companies that are taken from the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample of this study is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the year of 2011-2013 for 37 companies. The types of data used are secondary data in the form of annual reports by the manufacturing companies. Empirical analysis is conducted by using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM).
The results of this study indicate that Intellectual capital has a significant effect on profitability, market valuation and growth. Intellectual capital does not significantly affect productivity and firm value. Market valuation significantly affects the firm value. Profitability, productivity and growth do not significantly affect firm value. Furthermore, Intellectual capital which is intervened by the firm performance has a positive effect on firm value.
The Conceptual Research on the Quality Control Circles
Authors: Özbay Gülçin , Sarıışık Mehmet
Published: December 2019

Quality circles occurred in Japan after the Second World War, and the forefront of the competition today, has an important role in improving the quality and efficiency. The main philosophy of the quality circle is to achieve quality with a participative management approach. Quality circles, only to find not only identify problems also suggests a variety of solutions. It is settled principle that the employees can do the best work by themselves and, according to this it is tried to provide more opportunities for employees. This situation motivates the staff, and thus prepares the ground to increase the quality of goods or services. Customer satisfaction and management objectives are carried out. Considering all these factors, quality circles has emerged as a concept that should be investigated.
In this study, it was examined quality circles that considered as a factor of enhancing success in the operations and having an important role inquality management. The study carries a descriptive qualification that is prepared literature review. In the first section of the study was investigated the purpose of the quality control that the steps followed and the methods used in this process.
The second section was focused on quality circles. In this section, it has tried to explain shortly the definition of quality circles, history, characteristics, comparison with other groups and objectives. Benefits of quality circles were examined separately for businesses and employees, and determined the business sectors. The organizational structure of quality circles and organization members’ tasks was explained.
Unfair Competition in Imports and Anti-damping Practices in Turkey
Authors: Göktepe Hülya
Published: December 2019

Unfair competition in imports is done by dumping or subsidy. According to the Turkish legislation dumping; export price of a product to Turkey being less than the normal value for the like product, subsidy; a direct or indirect financial contribution by the country of origin or export, which confers a benefit or any form of income or price support within the meaning of Article XVI of GATT 1994. In the case of unfair competition in imports, General Directorate of Imports applies trade defence instruments (antidumping, antisubsidy, safeguard measures) in compliance with WTO rules and national legislation, and follows up the enforcement of those measures.
The purpose in this study is to contribute to Turkish literature related to damping and subsidy. In this study, national and international regulation on antidumping will be given. It will be explained antidumping practices in Turkey. Dumping investigations will be presented. The data from Ministry of Economy and foreign trade data will be used. This study is a descriptive study.
Is Knowledge Economy the End of Union Action?
Authors: Kalça Adem
Published: December 2019

Production methods transform social structures, including the economy. In the societies that are shaped by old production methods, the existence of those people who earn their living working through these methods will be destroyed altogether and their lives will be harder than they used to be, which will lead to conflicts. It is true that changes make transformations inevitable
Labor in the agriculture society was a very important production factor. In the industrial society, on the other hand, workers will serve their labor for the needs of people with a huge capital rather than serving their own ends, which make union action all the same very important. It is true that the potential role of labor as a vital component of the production has been weakened in the industrial societies. The reason for this is that there are now millions of people who can easily replace others in industrial societies. For this reason, the laborers who have faced huge challenges against the capital in this framework started to initiate union action in order to protect their rights.
The function or the roles of union actions to have appeared in the industrial societies have changed when faced with information society in the 21.century. Information society forced unions towards change in union actions. Today, there is need for unionists to agree on a new road map in the 21.century for union organizations and activities.
Reorganization of Reengineering Depending Accounting Firm: A Study in Public Accountancy in Istanbul
Authors: Kartal Cihat , Yücel Recep , KARA MUSTAFA
Published: December 2019

After globalization; living in the most profound effects of the accountancy profession dimensions of internationalization; already in an office, is considered as an occupation area of the execution of local operations. However; ACCA, XBRL, concepts such as IFRS or strategic partnerships, demonstrate the need to be addressed in the international integration process of this profession. Today, local thinking, just considering the fact that reveal the results beyond the local competence; think of the international dimension of such a formation or to be accredited, the reconsideration of the existing accountancy organizational structure and will need to run the restructuring process in this direction.
Avoidance of the Contract at International Sales of Goods
Authors: Topaloğlu Mustafa
Published: December 2019

Avoidance the Contract is a kind of legal system arrangement which is adopted as a private law enforcement applied effortlessly, in the context of not to be performed delivery of goods in accordance with the contract. Merely, International Tendency in 20th century have fronted that avoidance of the contract is the “ultimum remedium” in the case of any breach of the contract. In several of modern sale law systems, for instance in German Law and Scandinavian Law systems, avoidance of the contract is a process which should be applied in the case of other enforcements are inadequate. The “Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG)” which has stipulated the same solution way, has an important role in the formation of this modern tendency mentioned below. In accordance with the CISG enforcement of avoidance of the contract shall be exercised in the case of essential breach of the contract. Besides, In case of insubstantial breaches, the buyer is enabled to refer a possibility “the avoidance of the contract” as if the breach is a kind of material breach of the contract by giving additional period to the seller who the party in breach. Despite the additional period of time fixed him, in the case of the seller does not perform delivery of the goods the buyer shall have the right to avoidance of the contract.
Human Capital Spending: A Review on the Developments and the Results in Turkey
Authors: Akça Haşim
Published: December 2019

Human capital is defined as values like knowledge, capability, experiment and dynamism that labour contributed to production holds and enables more productive usage of other factors of production. According to this definition that includes properties of individuals in the production process like knowledge, capability, experiment and dynamism, with the definition of human capital, all capabilities devoted to the increasing production is incorporated.
Developing and efficient usage of human capital and is very crucial especially in less developed and developing countries. In this countries, not only selecting the optimal combination but also acquisition and the way to use these factors of production in order to increase production exhibits an important dimension. However, this will not be sufficient to catch the developed countries. In order to achieve this goal, beyond transmitting new technologies, constructing knowledge and technology that fosters this technological development is required.
Developing and efficient usage of human capital, one of the important dynamics of the economic growth is very crucial in less developed and developing countries comparing to developed countries. In order to develop human capital educated and healthy society is needed. Efficient assessment of the associated capital requires satisfaction of individuals by the means of tangible facilities social relations.
In this study, the evolution of human capital will be investigated under human capital indicators and findings will be revealed. Therewithal, several suggestions will be powered for developing human capital.
The Causal Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Çağlayan Akay Ebru , Abdiyeva Raziya , Oskonbaeva Zamira
Published: December 2019

Renewable energy plays a crucial role in increasing economic growth while reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The aim of this study is to examine the interaction between renewable energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions for selected Middle East and North Africa countries. For this aim, panel vector autoregression approach are used in the study.
The annual data used in this study cover the period from 1988 to 2010 for Middle East and North Africa countries. Firstly, second generation unit root test are used to investigate stationarity properties of the variables and second generation panel cointegration test is applied to the data under consideration because of the cross-sectional dependence. Then a panel causality approach is proposed to examine the causal relationship between the variables. Finally, panel vector autoregression model, impulse-response and variance decomposition analysis are applied using generalized moment methods.
The finding of this study shows that there is a bi-directional causality between growth and renewable energy consumption, which is consistent with the feedback hypothesis in terms of the energy consumption-growth nexus. It is found the evidence of unidirectional causality from carbon dioxide emissions to renewable energy consumption and from growth to carbon dioxide emissions. It is also found that the responses of growth to a shock of energy consumption are positive and the impact of renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions is negative.
On the Non-Economic Factors of Impact on the Eurasian Economic Cooperation
Authors: Koychuev Turar , Koichueva Merim
Published: December 2019

Treat the entire Asia and Europe as a geo-economic space is impossible and counterproductive. In our opinion, Eurasian geo-economic space can be considered as a geographical area, which is the junction between Europe and Asia. Geographically, it is - the Urals, the Volga region, the Caspian Sea region of Russia, post-Soviet Central Asia, the Caucasus and the territory where Turkey and Xinjiang is located. The economic interests of the Eurasian countries for "unity" can be the same, but there are non-economic conditions (state and political system, the mode of government - authoritarian, democratic, way of life of the state - secular, religious, moral and cultural values, ideological differences, and historical features of interethnic relations) that as factors may influence positively or negatively.
Principles of formation of the Eurasian Economic Cooperation shall include economic feasibility and mutual benefit, political loyalty, ideological, philosophical and ethnic tolerance, peer contacts, peace-loving nature and solving conflict with a positive decision.
The Relationship between Competitiveness and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis on Selected Countries
Authors: Yurttançıkmaz Ziya Çağlar , Emsen Ömer Selçuk , Aydemir Ahmet Fatih , Çelik Ahmet Alkan
Published: December 2019

As economic growth is very important for the development of individuals and the society, the importance of capital stocks and labor force for the economic growth of countries cannot be neglected. Additionally, the human capital component and especially the role of competitiveness increases on the growth process have been extensively discussed over the last two decades. This paper examines the impact of competitiveness increases on economic growth of selected middle-income countries including Turkey for the period of 1997-2012 using a balanced panel data analysis, which was relatively less studied in the literature. According to analysis results, an increase on the competitiveness index of countries in the panel, which were obtained from the data set of the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), positively increases per capita income level. This result may be interpreted as several factors that increase competitiveness including infrastructure, economic structure, business world and regulations and investments that ensure public efficiency may have a positive impact on economic growth. Therefore, this study suggests that future policies that concentrate on extensive growth instead of intensive dimension may contribute to efficient and sustainable growth.
Cereals Producers’ Agricultural Aims and Their Tendencies to Sustain Agricultural Production in Turkey
Authors: Gül Yavuz Gonca , Miran Bülent , Özüdoğru Tijen
Published: December 2019

The change in income level and urbanization bring a different dimension to the demand to agricultural products from the food habits to supply food, increase the attention to the cereals production and enhance the agricultural effect of cereals which are the main food source of people and are used as feed and in industry. Cereals have the biggest share in agricultural production in terms of both production volume and sowing area in Turkey which produces a lot of agricultural products thanks to the climate and soil characteristics. In this study, in Turkey which is globally an important actor in cereals production and trade, the aims of producers in agricultural production and the factors in the process of making decision toward sustaining production are studied by the best-worst analysis method. Also, the relationship between the sustainability of the agriculture and cereals production, and the individual characteristics and farm structures of producers are examined by bivariate probit analysis method. In this context, study is conducted by 961 producers with face-to-face surveys in 14 provinces. According to the results, while “to increase living standards” is the most important agricultural aim, “good crop price” is the most important factor for sustainability of the agriculture. Moreover, education, agricultural experiences, household size, cereals area and total farm land are determined as the effective factors on sustainability.
Eurasian Customs Union and Turkey’s Membership
Authors: Karluk S. Rıdvan
Published: December 2019

Leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan which are the countries of disintegrated Soviet Union signed an agreement in order to establish a Union named Eurasian Economic Union on the date of 29 May 2014. With this attempt Russia wants to protect its former penetration on former Soviet geography by providing economic integration. Positive messages upon the membership of Turkey to Eurasia Economic Union were given at Eurasia Economic Union meeting which was held in Ankara in January mid-2015 and hosted by Andrey Karlov, Ambassador of Russia. Nursultan Nazarbayev, who is the pioneer of this idea, has stressed that Turkey should be a member of the Community several times before now. The idea of Sergey Markov, who is the point man of Putin as “Turkey should enter Eurasia Union not European Union, it can gain strength in this way”, is void within the scope of international agreements which Turkey signed with European Union and of the rules of WTO. Erdoğan, Prime Minister of the relevant term said Putin that “Take Turkey into Shanghai Cooperation Organization and ease our difficulty”; in Russian- Turkey peak held on 23 November 2013 in St. Petersburg province of Russia. This explanation is not possible in terms of international law. Explanation of Zeybekçi, Minister of Economy as “Eurasia Customs Union is a must for Turkey. We have to be there” is not realistic. In our paper we will deal and explain why Turkey cannot enter Eurasia Customs Union and why an axial dislocation cannot occur in Turkey.
The Interaction between Stock Prices and Commodity Prices: East Europe and Central Asia Countries
Authors: Ildırar Mustafa , İşcan Erhan
Published: December 2019

The sharp increase in commodity prices since 2000s has important effects on many economic variables. Especially the upward trend in commodity prices had substantial effects on stock prices. The literature has continuing and growing interest to the dynamics of commodity price and their significant impact on economic and financial developments. There is growing evidence that commodity prices, stock prices moved together, and that the correlations between them have increased. Many studies investigated the interaction between stock prices and real and commodity prices and find strong interaction for developed countries. However, the effect of the commodity prices on stock markets in relatively less investigated for ECA countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-run relationship between commodity prices and stock prices in ECA countries can by using a panel cointegration test.
Gender Differences in Work Experiences and Work and Learning Outcomes among Employees in the Manufacturing Sector in Turkey: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Koyuncu Mustafa , Acar Fusun Tekin , Burke Ronald J , Koyuncu Kadife
Published: December 2019

This study examined gender differences in work experiences and work outcomes among 215 male and 46 female employees working in the textile and furniture sectors in Turkey. Data were collected from 261 employees, a 65 percent response rate, using anonymously completed questionnaires. Respondents were mostly male, worked full-time, had relatively short job and firm tenures, generally held jobs involving some supervisory responsibilities, and worked 41 to 50 hours per week in fairly large firms. All measures used here had been used and validated previously by other researchers. Work experiences included perceptions of supervisor empowering behaviors; outcomes included job satisfaction, affective commitment, work engagement, engaging in voice behaviors, and intent to quit. Learning related outcomes included learning opportunities and self-rated employability. There were small differences in departments in which men and women worked with a slightly higher percentage of men in production and a slightly lower percentage of men in accounting, human resource management and marketing. Consistent with earlier work, significant gender differences were found on several personal demographic and work situation characteristics. Women were younger, less likely to be married, were more highly educated, were at lower organizational levels, had less job and organizational tenure. Males and females had similar perceptions of their supervisor’s empowering behaviors, their own levels of psychological empowerment, similar learning opportunities and levels of self-rated employability and on most work outcomes (e.g, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intent to quit).
The Effects of Oil Price Volatility on Foreign Trade Revenue and National Income: A Comparative Analysis on Selected Eurasian Economies
Authors: Hacıoğlu Deniz Müjgan , Sümer Kutluk Kağan
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to identify the effects of the volatility of oil prices and exchange rates on foreign trade revenue of a few selected Eurasian Economies. These countries are oil and natural gas exporting countries and getting most of their trade revenue from exporting these commodities. The effects of sharply falling oil prices since June 2014 and depreciating exchange rates on these countries’ external trade were analyzed by using alternative econometric models. The sample of this analysis covered the period from June 2014 when oil prices has started falling sharply – till June 2015 in which still world oil price is lower than the price of 140-150 dollars for per gallon in the previous years. Decreasing prices basically destabilize the revenues of these states since approximately two third (2/3) of their export revenue and substantial part of their budget revenue that comes from oil and natural gas. In Russian economy falling prices of oil depreciates both public revenue and economic activity. This means predominantly depending on one commodity for export and foreign trade makes these countries’ economies in dependence of that commodity’s price and makes these economies so vulnerable to global crisis and price volatilities. In order to avoid from this situation, these countries should divert their production and increase in variety for exporting goods.
The Macroeconomic Effects of European Debt Crisis and Turkey
Authors: Ulusoy Ahmet , Ela Mehmet
Published: December 2019

European sovereign debt crisis is the period that because of low interest rates, government and private debt increased substantially and also financial crisis transform private debt to high sovereign debt. In this period, low interest rates made government borrowing cost cheap and so sovereign debt increased considerably. In same period, private sector consumption and debt rose and this induced the housing bubbles. The expansionary fiscal policy against the effects of global financial crisis and bail-outs given to banks which are problematic made the sovereign debt highest and debt burden unsustainable for some countries. European sovereign debt crisis affect the world globally with the financial and economic links. Countries implemented fiscal and monetary policies against the recession and unemployment. In this respect, it is worthwhile researching the European sovereign debt crisis which is multifaceted and complex and offering suggestions for Turkey. Turkey must maintain the strong fiscal position and increased country resilience against crisis. And Turkey must also maintain banking regulation and supervision which are intended to steady financial sector.
The aim of this paper is analyzing the development of European sovereign debt crisis and its effects; and also emphasizing the actions Turkey can take and offering suggestions for Turkey.
Features of Russian Unemployment and Unemployed: 2000-2014
Authors: Salatova Alexandra
Published: December 2019

The study of unemployment and the unemployed in Russia began in the 1990s. The three periods can be distinguished in the unemployment study: 1. 1992-1998 - Post-reform period of heightened public attention. 2. 1999-2008 Post-transformation recovery period - attempts to explore the correlations between unemployment and the main socio-economic trends. 3. 2009 - present. Period of protracted economic and financial crisis – the themes of unemployment losing its actuality, despite the fact that Russians still fear of firing and the job-hunting difficulties. However, there are the lack of articles, which are analyzed the present features of the unemployment and unemployed in Russia. The paper based on the results of analysis of socio-economic development indicators and the statistical data by the Federal State Statistical Service for 2000-2014 for the Central, Volga and North-Caucasian Federal Districts (with lowest, medium and highest levels of unemployment respectively). Findings: Russian unemployed do not form a particular social stratum. The large number of unemployed people live in cities; the number of rural unemployed is almost constant and does not fluctuate in crisis. The number of unemployed as men as women is reducing. Data on gender structure of the unemployed allow mention the labor market is becoming more civilized: a female unemployment rate lower than male; there is no trend to the preferential exclusion of women from labor market. The average age of the unemployed is increasing, possibly due to the innovation economy needs in new skills, and professional inertia of older people.
The Relationship between Export and Innovation in Turkish Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Perçin Selçuk , Karakaya Aykut , Ağazade Seymur
Published: December 2019

Posner’s (1961) “technological gap theory” and Vernon’s (1966) “product life cycle theory” predicts that innovation causes market power and facilitates export. In other side export encourages firms and provides more affirmative environment for innovative processes. These theoretical approaches have different predictions regarding the direction of causality between export and innovation. Using Two-Step System Generalized Moments of Method this study investigates causality relationship between export intensity and R&D intensity for the period 2008-2013 in Turkish Manufacturing Industry. Causality relationship was modeled within two different equations and analyzed by Wald Test. First equation models export intensity as function of R&D intensity and real exchange rate. In the second equation R&D intensity estimated as a function of export intensity and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index as competition variable. Causality test results show that there is unidirectional causal relationship from R&D intensity to export intensity. This finding supports the predictions of Posner’s (1961) “technological gap theory” and Vernon’s (1966) “product life cycle theory” related to the innovation and export relationship in Turkish Manufacturing Industry.
The Development of Recycling in the Construction Industry and Its Effect on the Economy
Authors: Fırat Fatih Kürşat , Akbaş Fahri
Published: December 2019

The growth in world population, global climate change, consumption habits of people, and the excessive use of prime materials, causes natural resources to decline rapidly. We waste more energy during the process of production, operation and transportation of materials than ever. Perhaps one of the most important challenges that our generation faces is to create an economy that prevents waste. Considering limited resources, countries are searching for new methods of recycling and reusing waste material.
Recycling is one primary way to reduce the consumption of natural resources. Waste material can go through a reproduction process with various physical and chemical transformation methods. The recycling of petrochemicals used in the automotive industry, electrical appliances, steel and cement industries, and the improvement of the transportation sector can reduce energy consumption and raw material significantly. Investment in recycling facilities can maximize profits by turning waste back into the economy.
In Turkey, the improvements on the subject of recycling of materials such as plastics and paper are observed. However, we almost see no recycling in the construction industry, except iron and steel sector. Demolition materials in other countries are included in the reproduction processes through recycling. Thus both the benefits of reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions are at a minimum. Therefore, this study focuses on the recycling in the Turkey construction industry. The research also investigates the impact of recycling of construction materials to the economy and the environment based on the data and knowledge obtained from some European countries.
Analyzing the Free Movement of Goods Principle in European Union
Authors: Ay Ahmet , Ayhan Fatih , Gerçeker Mustafa
Published: December 2019

In this paper, it will be analyzed the free movement of goods principle’s progress in European Union. This principle have special importance for all countries not only EU members. Because of globalisation’s effects, all countries have to open their boundaries to all over the World. Thus the free movement of goods affects almost all countries. Free movement of goods principle is achieved a successful progress in EU case. In this paper, we will try to show this principle’s success in EU agreements, regulations, settlements and peaks. Not only in EU, but also all open economies are getting extra benefit from trade. Free movement of goods is a part of international trade and also first step of EU integration process. Followings steps are consisting of free movement of capitals, services and human. In this paper, we’ll show the meaning and importance of this principle and its historical progress in EU. And also it will be analyzed to basic drawback, preventions, and exceptions of this principle.
Human Resource Management Problems in Turkish Business in Bishkek
Authors: Karaman Ömer Faruk
Published: December 2019

Human Resource Management of the basic concepts of this study, applications, functions, International Human Resources Development of management, the impact of globalization, showing the current location and activities in Kyrgyzstan aimed to determine international firms HRM issues. These problems have been introduced as a result of business manager one to one meeting with. Selected businesses are based in Turkey. The reason are Turkish companies seeking to operate in Kyrgyzstan. Especially in recent years, bilateral relations between Kyrgyzstan and Turkey are developing. Proliferation of Turkish investors in Bishkek also increases the importance of this research. This study may guide the Turkish businessmen in Bishkek.
State Marketing as a Factor in the Strengthening of Macroeconomic Indicators
Authors: Kamalova Anara
Published: December 2019

This article deals with the state of marketing and its role in strengthening macroeconomic indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic, but it does not apply in the country properly. The need for the use of state marketing is intensifying with the entering of Kyrgyzstan to EEU as a member. To improve the structure of foreign trade, it is proposed marketing initiatives and research on the study of the external market, the internal potential of the country, specialization of production, the creation of "umbrella brand" for the country, the best way of satisfying consumers of public services, effective control of the quality and safety of products, regulation of the relevant parameters, that meet international standards, the fight against counterfeit, creating a positive image of Kyrgyzstan in the world and others.