bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Do Not Grieve”
Authors: Sheveland John N.
Published: January 2020

John Sheveland sets the theme of reconciliation in Barth’s Church Dogmatics 3, no. 2 and 4, no. 1 in conversation with Vedanta Desika’s discussion of Bhagavad Gita 18:66 and its call to take refuge in Narayana alone. In both cases, the futility of the human condition is real, but secondary to the power of divine salvation. Human beings thus live in a paradoxical situation of having been reconciled, yet living much of the time as if that were not so. Sheveland concludes his essay with “pastoral gleanings,” drawing out practical constructive implications from this comparative encounter.
The Fetish of Textuality: David Boilat’s Notebooks and the Making of a Literary Past
Authors: Warner Tobias
Published: January 2020

This chapter sketches the beginnings of literary modernity in Senegal through an analysis of a remarkable nineteenth-century collection of textual artifacts.This collection includes a multilingual corpus of poetry, calligraphy, folktales, and songs, as well as the textual components of several leather-bound protective amulets that for centuries Europeans called “fetishes.” The collection was assembled by David Boilat, a mixed-race priest, who pasted his findings into the pages of a notebook before sending them to anthropologists in Paris. Boilat’s notebook reframes the residues of many different textual practices and performance genres as texts that can be quotable, transportable, and readable in new ways. This subsumes collected artifacts into a new textual order, founded on the principle of readability. Nearly a century later, a young Léopold Senghor would incorporate some of Boilat’s collections into an early anthology of African writing in French, thereby consecrating them as literature.
How Mariama Bâ Became World Literature: Translation and the Legibility of Feminist Critique
Authors: Warner Tobias
Published: January 2020

How did Mariama Bâ’s 1979 novel Une si longue lettre[So Long a Letter] become one of the most widely read, taught, and translated African texts of the twentieth century? This chapter examines how prize committees, translators, editors, and critics all shaped how the Senegalese author’s work became recognizable to a global audience. Bâ’s success came to be bound up with two interpretations of her work: first, that her novel was a broadside against the institution of polygamy in Senegal; and, second, that it was a celebration of the self-fashioning powers of literary culture. This chapter rejects both these accounts, arguing instead that these ways of framing the novel reveal the terms through which postcolonial literatures become legible as world literature. The conversion of Lettreinto world literature is contrasted with its vernacular appropriation by the contemporary Wolof novelist Maam Yunus Dieng, who translates and rewrites this iconic text.
Portable EDXRF and Principal Component Analysis for inorganic element determination and provenance of eye shadows
Authors: Molari Rafael , Endo Lucas Yoshimi , Appoloni Carlos Roberto , Melquiades Fábio Luiz , Portezan Filho Otávio , Parreira Paulo Sergio
Published: January 2020

Nos dias de hoje, produtos cosméticos desempenham um importante papel na vida de quase todas as pessoas. Homens e mulheres dedicam muito tempo, recursos e esforços para cultivar a higiene pessoal e a melhor aparência possível ao longo de suas vidas. Um dos tipos de cosméticos mais utilizados é a sombra para os olhos. A fluorescência de raios X (XRF) é uma técnica bem estabelecida, conhecida por sua capacidade de identificar e quantificar espécies inorgânicas de maneira simples, rápida e não-destrutiva, no entanto, não é amplamente utilizada em análises de produtos cosméticos. A fim de se mostrar a potencialidade da técnica, fluorescência de raios X por dispersão em energia portátil foi empregada na quantificação de elementos inorgânicos em 40 sombras para os olhos brasileiras. Foi possível identificar e quantificar os elementos Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn e Bi. Utilizando a análise de componentes principais, foi possível distinguir os diferentes fabricantes. A metodologia de fluorescência de raios X associada à análise de componentes principais provou ser uma ferramenta valiosa para a discriminação e caracterização de produtos cosméticos.
Durabilidade de concreto armado sob condição de carregamento e cura em ambiente marinho
Authors: Costa Junior Milton Paulino , Moraes Pinheiro Sayonara Maria
Published: January 2020

Muitos fatores podem influenciar a durabilidade do concreto, como o meio ao qual o material está exposto, a cura, o ambiente externo e a ação de carregamento, os quais podem ocasionar microfissuras e/ou fissuras na estrutura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a relação entre a ação de carregamento induzindo fissuras, a cura e a durabilidade do concreto armado ao longo de dois anos, submetido à ambiente natural e sob a ação de névoa salina artificial. Foram produzidos corpos-de-prova prismáticos e durante o período de dois anos estas amostras foram submetidas à névoa salina artificial, estando sob a ação de carregamento central permanente e sem carregamento (referência), com cura úmida aos 7 dias ou cura ao ar; sendo realizados ensaios de profundidade de carbonatação para verificar diferenças entre as duas situações (com e sem carregamento) e de cura ao longo de dois anos de idade. A abertura de fissuras influenciou na profundidade de carbonatação apenas aos 24 meses de idade; porém, essas diferenças significativas só foram observadas em concretos submetidos à cura ao ar. Observou-se que a fissura pode ser um caminho preferencial para que a difusão do CO2 ocorra no interior do concreto.
On identities for derivative operators
Authors: Baran Mirosław , Ozorka Paweł
Published: January 2020

Let $X$ be a commutative algebra with unity $e$ and let $D$ be a derivative on $X$ that means the Leibniz rule is satisfied: $D(f\cdot g)=D(f)\cdot g+f\cdot D(g)$. If $D^{(k)}$ is $k$-th iteration of $D$ then we prove that the following identity holds for any positive integer $k$ $$\frac{1}{k!}\sum\limits_{j=0}^k(-1)^j\binom{k}{j}f^jD^{(m)}(gf^{k-j})=\Phi_{k,m}(g,f)=\begin{cases}0,\ 0\leq m <k,\\ gD(f)^k,\ k=m.\end{cases}$$ As an application we prove a sharp version of Bernstein's inequality for trigonometric polynomials.
Statistical significance in the era of big data
Authors: Szreder Mirosław
Published: January 2020

The development of new technologies has affected both the procedures of traditional statistical surveys and the perception of their results in the light of other availa-ble sources of information. In this connection, the roleof the verification of statistical hypotheses and of the interpretation and presentation of its results, including the use of statistical significance and p-value, has recently returned as a frequent topic for discussion among the scientific community. The author was inspired to write this paper by a wave of discussion regarding this matter held at the beginning of 2019 in the Natureand The American Statistician journals. The aim of the paper is to present the opportunities provided and challenges posedby the use of big data to the hypothesis verification process and to statistical inference, both in the traditional and Bayesian approaches. The author explains the necessity of discontinuing adopting excessivesimplifications while performing statisticalinference and pre-senting the results of the verification of hypotheses. This involves both the postulate to pay greater attention tothe quality of sampling data, especially in the case of data originating from big data sets, as well as the postulate to providefull information about the statistical model on the basis of which the inference is being performed.
The probability of exitfrom registered unemployment, based on the example of Szczecin
Authors: Bieszk-Stolorz Beata , Dmytrów Krzysztof
Published: January 2020

The aim of the paper is to determine the influence of sex, age and education on the probability of exit from the registered unemployment in Szczecin. For the purposes of the study, the authors employed the survival analysis method, where they used survival trees built on the basis of the Kaplan-Meier estimators and adopted the statistic of the log-rank test as the splitting criterion. The research analysed the two most frequent reasons for deregistration, namely starting a job and the unemployed person’s failure to meet the conditions for being registered as unemployed. In addition, the study extracted subgroups of persons whom it took shortest and longestto start a job or deregister froma labour office. The analysis was based on the microdata from the Powiat Labour Office in Szczecin concerning persons who registered as unemployed in 2013 and were moni-tored until the end of 2014. The calculations were made in the R computer programme, using the partykit package and the ctree function. The research demonstrated that the probability of deregistration from the unemployment register because of finding a job depends solely on the age and education of the unemployed person, while the probability of getting removed from the unemployment register –on the two former determinants plus sex.
The change in the sectoral structure of employed persons by voivodships
Authors: Wawrzyniak Katarzyna
Published: January 2020

The aim of this paper is to identify the regularities in the pattern of changes in the employment structure by economic sectors in Polish voivodships in the period of 2010–2016. The researchuses the data on persons employed by the actual workplace in six economic sectors (groups of sections), obtained from Statistics Poland. The research determines the degree of similarity between the sectoral structure of employment of each examined voivodship and such structure of whole Poland. The diversity of percentages of persons employed in particular economic sectors within each examined voivodship was determined using the Herfindahl-Hirschman relative index. The research also examines the similarity of sectoral structures of employment in voivodships in the chain ap-proach (year-on-year), using the similarity measure of structures. The voivodships were grouped according to the degree of similarity of structures, which, in turn, made it possible to identify the voivodships where the changes observed in the analysed period were most and least significant. The research demonstrates that in the years 2010–2016, the changes in the structure of employment by economic sectors in the examined voivodships took place relatively slowly, and that in most voivodships, the employment rate in agriculture decreased, while in services for financial, insurance and real estate sectors, it increased. The highest diversification in the structure of employment was observed in Lubelskie voivodship, andthe lowest in Małopolskie voivodship. The most dynamic changes in the sectoral structure of employment were observed at the beginning of the analysed period (2011/2010), whereas towards its end, these changes became slower.
Baby Boom generation in the online banking market in Europe
Authors: Kaczmarek Mirosława
Published: January 2020

The Baby Boom generation, i.e. persons born between 1944 and 1963, constitutes over one fifth of the total European population, which makes it a significant segment of consumers. The important feature of this generation is their high trust in the banking system, which is one of the conditions for adapting technological changes in the areaof banking service distribution, including the acceptance of the internet banking (IB). In 2018, the average of 37.1% Baby Boomers used IB, which demonstrates that this distribution channel still has a large potential for development. There are distinct differences among European states regarding the scope of the internet usage for banking services by persons aged 55–74. The aim of this study is to define the structure of IB market for the European Baby Boom generation according to social and demographical characteristics (education and gender). The study is based on Eurostat’s corresponding data for 2018.The analysis of the structure of the IB market has been based on the gender and the level of education of its users, adopting one of the methods of cluster analysis, the Ward method. The analysis demonstrates that Nordic countries and the Netherlands are the European leaders in terms of IB usage among Baby Boomers, whereas the lowest percentage of IB usage among Baby Boomers has been observed in the Balkan and Southern Europe-an countries, e.g. Turkey and Italy. Among the analysed social and demographic characteristics, education differentiates the selected groups of states to a larger extent than gender.
On a certain version of the multilane turnpike theorem in Gale’s non-stationary economy
Authors: Panek Emil
Published: January 2020

In the vast majority of papers concerning asymptotic (main) properties of the optimal growth processes in Neumann-Gale-Leontief’s stationary economies, the geometric image of a turnpike is expressed by a single ray, called von Neumann’s ray. Even though neither the postulate of stationariness nor unambigiousness of a production turnpike are consistent with the observations of real economic processes, the list of papers devoted to the effect of a multilane turnpike in Neumann-Gale-Leontief’s non-stationary economies (with changing technology and multiple lanes) is much more modest. These works include mainly papers by Panek (2017, 2018), where the author replaces a single production turn-pike in Gale’s non-stationary economy with a multilane turnpike. This paper draws directly upon the author’s earlier work (Panek, 2019), where two turnpike theorems were presented. Both of them were based on the assumption signifi-cantly weakened by this paper – that in Gale’s non-stationary economy the optimal pro-duction structure in period ݐ remains optimal also in the future.
Childcare and eldercare and Polish employees’ remunerations
Authors: Witkowska Dorota
Published: January 2020

Providing care for one’s relatives is always a sacrifice, which, aside from the reduction of income, often entails the worsening of one’s professional position and, consequently, a lower pension in the future. The aim of the paper is to establish if the phenomenon of the loss of income by family caregivers (care penalty) is observable in the Polish labour market, and if it is, whom it affects. The research was carried out on the basis of the data from the Polish Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2009Q1. Factors affecting employees' income were identified using regression models which contained explana-tory variables describing the employees and the structure of their families as well as the characteristics of their workplaces. The analysis was performed separately for all the respondents, according to the respondents’ sex, and for female employees aged 25–54. The parameters of the models of monthly and hourly wages which used various sets of variables reflecting the family structure were estimated using the OLS method. Introducing variables representing the structure of households made it possible to observe that both the phenomena of the loss of income by working mothers (motherhood penalty) and of the loss of income by caregivers of elderly relatives (eldercare penalty) do apply to the Polish labour market. The study also demonstrated that the reduction of caregivers' income, especially that of the caregivers of the elderly, affects mostly women aged 25-54. The results of the research indicate that a vast number of Polish families function according to the traditional model, where it is mostly women who combine the role of a caregiver with their professional career.
“Many People ‘Colored’ Have Come to the Homicide Office”
Authors: Jett Brandon T.
Published: January 2020

This chapter uses black-on-black homicide reports from the Memphis Police Department in the Jim Crow era to reveal the complex interactions between the police and black Memphians. The police investigated these crimes extensively, especially in light of the white public’s outcries about crime rates. Yet, this was not a simple matter of white social control. African Americans aided the police in these efforts, providing information, collecting evidence, and acting as witnesses, not because they trusted the police to protect their neighborhoods, but because they did not. Their involvement allowed them to grasp some leverage in a system under which they otherwise had very little power.
Testimonial Incapacity and Criminal Defendants in the South
Authors: Holloway Pippa
Published: January 2020

highlights the tensions between the demands of modern law and white supremacy by studying the rights of convicted criminals in court. Many southern states, for racial and partisan ends, used criminal convictions to strip convicts of their right to testify on their own behalf in court. While states in the rest of the country had revoked such limitations on courtroom testimony by the late nineteenth century, southern states maintained them. They served as an extension of Jim Crow laws, used to deny African Americans full citizenship, much as felon disenfranchisement laws did.
Radicals in the Heartland
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Entering the 1960s, the University of Illinois typified “Middle America,” with its midwestern campus, middle-class enrollment, and midcentury quiescence—the unlikeliest of settings for protest, rebellion, and riots in the streets. But all of that came to pass. Born of free-speech issues in the Red Scare era and nourished by anger with an unpopular war, protests grew into a general antiestablishment frustration, climaxing in a student strike and days-long violent disturbances that shut down one of the nation’s largest land-grant universities. How could this happen, here? The story is one of self-important legislators, well-intentioned administrators, a conservative citizenry, and “outside agitators,” but mostly of a minority of confident, determined, somewhat naïve students. Virtually all white, relatively privileged, raised in a postwar economic boom, believers in and embodiment of American exceptionalism, they would confront moral questions around race, justice, war, life, and death that became existential as the body count rose in Vietnam. This is the story of how those Illini students responded. No one could have predicted rebellion would happen here. But it did. These young people helped bring down one president, shamed a second, and helped lead the nation to end a wretched war. By their agency they changed history. And if such a movement could happen in such an unlikely place, who is to say that another, equally unlikely, might not happen again?
The Sexual Rebel: Leo Koch
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Koch was an assistant professor of biology and author of a letter to the student newspaper condoning premarital sexual intercourse and cohabitation for sufficiently mature university students. Parents, community leaders, and Illinois newspapers strongly condemned him and called for his firing. A faculty committee quickly recommended dismissal, which President Henry approved. The American Association of University Professors (AAUP), Illinois students, and many faculty, both at Illinois and across the nation, came to Koch’s defense, to no avail. The case was appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the firing stood.
Henry Reverses
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

In a private meeting with faculty, President Henry revealed his personal opposition to the Clabaugh Act, suggesting that today’s students did not need such protection, that the law was unenforceable anyway, and that it interfered with the spirit of academic freedom. His (leaked) opinions were printed in the Daily Illini; he did not deny them. Protesters were disconcerted by their Diskin success, arguing about the way forward as the DuBois Club met in student-government offices. As the semester came to a close, Henry and Millet spoke confidently to the board about the coming year, while Vic Berkey predicted big happenings.
A New Focus: The War
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

The Committee to End the War in Vietnam (CEWV) formed, antiwar “gripe-ins” began in the Union, protesters demonstrated against military recruiting stations, and freshman activist Keven Roth wrote about it all in a letter home. The DRU brought a draft resister to speak in the Red Herring, SDS did the same with a national organizer, and the student senate invited antiwar activist Staughton Lynd to speak in the Union. SDS announced they were planning a protest, specifics to be determined, against the presence of the Dow Chemical Company, scheduled to visit campus in October.
Race Returns to Center Stage
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

King’s assassination moved race to center stage on campus, Eugene McCarthy entered the presidential race, Lyndon Johnson withdrew his name from nomination by his party, and Citizens for Racial Justice (CRJ) formed and proposed university action to improve race relations. Antiwar activists hosted ten days of protest with a pray-in, teach-in, and play-in called Gentle Thursday. Peltason accepted the CRJ proposal, hired a dean, and announced plans to enroll more blacks, which the Black Students Association (BSA) condemned as aiming for too few black enrollees and proceeding too slowly. As black students occupied campus buildings across the country, Peltason accelerated and expanded the enrollment program, to be known as Project 500.
A Sign of the End: Weathermen Come to Town
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

SDS split in two: the SDS/RYM (Revolutionary Youth Movement)--led by Jeff Jones, Bernardine Dohrn, and Mark Rudd, soon to become Weathermen—and the SDS/PL (Progressive Labor), led by old-school Marxists. The Weathermen visited campus, recruiting for a revolutionary action in Chicago, a failed effort—few Illini followed their lead—and the local SDS withdrew from the national organization, as antiwar feelings were now mainstream on campus but violent revolution was not. The Radical Union (RU) formed, supporting a national march on Washington; the FBI arrested three on campus for harboring a deserter; Seymour Hersh exposed the My Lai massacre.
A Doctored Voice
Authors: Irizarry Ylce
Published: January 2020

This chapter narrates how familial, social, and educational institutions have doctored the author’s Latina voice. Using autocritography, the author charts how engagements of feminism by cultural theorists Gloria Anzaldúa, Audre Lorde, Cherríe Moraga, Chela Sandoval, and Alice Walker helped her deconstruct and respond to multiple forms of racism: personal, institutional, and intra-ethnic. The essay describes the author’s miseducation: a fraught process of being strategically silent and vocal within academic spaces. Closing with a reflection on the role of womanism in her education, the essayist describes pedagogical practices that help students understand how their voices have been doctored and how they can rewrite the narratives defining their belonging.
Compelled by the Spirit
Authors: Iverson M. Thandabantu
Published: January 2020

Writing about his personal journey toward feminist and womanist manhood, the author of this chapter revisits his relationships with family members. He records his experience of “patriarchal masculinity and heterosexist battering abuse.” The author attributes his pro-feminist/womanist identity to his mother and what she taught him about her life as a black woman. He states that she would be the first woman to introduce him to the meaning of feminism. As he continues his narrative toward self-transformation—he shares how his college education and his work as a professor and activist in Labor Studies would transport him to a deeper understanding his mother’s life and that of other black/women of color. The author refers to them his “other mothers and soul sisters.” Ultimately, he aims to “challenge males of all ages and (of all races and ethnicities) to open themselves up to the self-transforming power of feminism and womanism.”
Looking Backward
Authors: Potter Susan
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on an expanded visual archive that is emblematic of the intermediality of early cinema: the electric light dance performances of late-nineteenth-century celebrity Loïe Fuller and their early film copies. The chapter argues that Fuller’s on-stage performances, and the cinematic remediations that imitated her disembodied modes of performance, represent a specific response to, and transformation of, conditions of vision, practices of looking, and modes of voyeurism that had until recently been cultural norms for women. Fuller’s visual archive suggests how the developing sexual subjectivities of female spectators were already bound up in proto-cinematic forms of spectatorship that turned on the visual pleasures of the moving female body. Appropriating and reorienting the sexuality effects of late-nineteenth-century visual culture, Fuller’s performances sustained a paradoxically disembodied and depersonalized homoerotic mode of spectatorship.
Valentino’s Lesbianism
Authors: Potter Susan
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the terms by which Rudolph Valentino’s historical female spectatorship is shaped by both identifications with and desires for the feminized star. These entangled spectatorial relations are often associated with Valentino’s negation of cross-sex desire, whether through his onscreen relationships with mannish or asexual female figures, or his offscreen relationships with well-known sapphic figures. The chapter argues that these and other elements of Valentino’s contradictory fantasy image, though constitutive of his sexual ambiguity, comprise a more obscure fantasmatic supporting female same-sex desire and new forms of sexual identity shared by women and men. The spectatorial possibilities that accrue to Valentino are suggestive of the unpredictable but also generative possibilities of the Hollywood star system by which the seeming impossibility of desire between women might register in more diffuse terms as a kind of recognizable queer affect or structure of feeling.
Coda
Authors: Potter Susan
Published: January 2020

This coda draws attention not only to the opacity of sexuality but its complex ordering across multiple, dynamic registers. It instigates a close reading of a digital fragment from the archive of early cinema in order to denaturalize processes of sexual representation and their interpretation, and to consider their imbrications in sexuality itself. It argues that the simultaneous sexual transparency and opacity of such digital fragments in the present foregrounds the ongoing value of an interdisciplinary film history while also sharpening the need to make explicit our perspectives, disciplinary frameworks, and approaches to film historiography.
The World in a City
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

This book examines interracial labor and radical organizing in Los Angeles, California, and the United States/Mexico borderlands between 1900 and 1930. Domestic and transnational migration to Los Angeles—including from Europe, Asia, and Mexico—created one of the most racially diverse regions in the United States. Uneven regional economic development drove continued labor mobility for many working-class residents. The book documents a thread of working-class culture in which interracial solidarities formed to oppose capitalism, racism, and often the state itself. These solidarities flourished most frequently among workers with the most precarious employment and living situations, fueled by the ideals advanced in anarchism, socialist internationalism, the syndicalism of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM). This book uses the anarchist notion of affinity to frame its understanding of interracial organizing as the mobility of workers often made coalitions and solidarities short lived. Affinity frames the individual cooperative actions that shaped the social practices of resistance often too unstructured or episodic for historians to capture. This approach maintains focus on the continuity of organizing practices while tracing changing solidarities, associations, and organizations that formed and dissolved through struggle, repression, and factionalism. The radical practices that germinated in and near Los Angeles produced some of the broadest examples of interracial cooperation in U.S. history.
The Baja Raids
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

In winter 1910-11 the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) organized a military incursion across the United States/Mexico border in Baja California during the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. This chapter maintains a narrow focus on the regional coalition building and transnational support structure for the Baja raids. The force’s international composition remained unmatched until antifascist organizing during the Spanish Civil War, and its interracial dimension was still more significant. The racial diversity of participants increased the overall number of rebels and contributed to the effectiveness of the military force. But conflicts between rebels and then with the adventurers and interlopers who crossed the border contributed to questions about the legitimacy of the raids. The Baja raids remain the PLM’s most contested legacy.
Regeneration, decline, and Reordering The Left
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the reemergence of the anarchist and syndicalist movements in Los Angeles after World War I. This took place against the backdrop of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and then the slow growth of Communist parties in Los Angeles and Mexico through the 1920s. This chapter also discusses former Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) members Enrique Flores Magón and Librado Rivera organizing in Mexico. In Los Angeles the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Kropotkin Literary Society, Libertario Centro, and Open Forum grew to be the largest organizations on the radical left and institutionalized their presence to a greater degree than any examined in this book.
Eugene Days
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Shilts enrols at University of Oregon and quickly engages with the Eugene Gay People’s Alliance. Early attempts to start a gay liberation movement among Oregon students, including the university’s first-ever Gay Pride Week. He loses a later bid for Student Body President under a theme of “Come Out for Shilts.” Shilts embraces a “gay centric” approach to schoolwork and his life, living fully out despite some miscues, convinced heterosexuals are unaccepting of homosexuals because they lack understanding or knowledge of gays and lesbians. Oregon classmates recall Shilts’s transition from student politics to journalism. Shilts finds being “out” in conflict with his dreams of a career in mainstream journalism. Shilts writes about a summer job at a gay bathhouse.
The Life and Times
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Shilts struggles to overcome obstacles from being an openly gay reporter as his job at KQED officially comes to an end. Jobless again with no prospects in view, Shilts falls into a hole of drinking and marijuana use. Going back to freelance writing jobs to survive, Shilts’s coverage of the assassination of Milk and Moscone draws the attention of New York City editors who ask him to write up a proposal for a biography of Milk. Shilts undertakes well-researched and positively reviewed book on Milk’s life. Shilts’s work on the Milk bio also takes in important aspects of the growing gay community in San Francisco. Shilts embraces a “new journalism” writing style he admires from novelist James Michener.
Becoming the AIDS Scribe
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Shilts joins The San Francisco Chronicle as its first openly gay reporter on the newsroom staff. Hired to cover the “gay beat” in San Francisco, Shilts also is given general assignment stories. Shilts coordinates Chronicle coverage of the deadly October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Newsroom colleagues overcome suspicions of the new “gay reporter” as Shilts lobbies publishers for non-discrimination policies and domestic partner benefits. Shilts picks up on rumors of a “gay cancer” affecting gay men in the Castro district. Reporting includes very first stories attempting to link exotic immune system related diseases with homosexual men in San Francisco and elsewhere. Shilts is becomes convinced the AIDS story is a major story and devotes himself nearly full-time to the subject.
Introduction
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

The introduction provides an overview of the scholarship and identifies the aims of Hostile Heartland. It draws distinctions between racial and racist violence, assesses different types of violence and their uses, and addresses the temporal trajectory of lynching from its bifurcation into lethal and non-lethal forms, through its so-called heyday, and into its demise as underground lynching. It considers all types of black resistance, be they armed force, the court system, the free press, or civil rights organizations. It also analyzes the transformation of the police and the white authorities generally from defenders against mob violence into its purveyors. The introduction also discusses the significance of the midwestern context as an antidote to a scholarship overwhelmingly focused on the South.
The Antebellum Old Northwest
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter challenges prevailing assumptions that anti-black lynching emerged during or after the American Civil War and that it was inherently lethal. First, it examines non-lethal lynchings and lethal lynchings in the Old Northwest states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois during the antebellum period, the quarter century before the Civil War. Second, it situates lynching within a broader tapestry of racist violence that included race riots, gang-rapes, beatings, and other assaults. Third, it investigates the underlying motivations of whites for lynchings specifically and for racist violence generally, including concerns over school integration and interracial sexual relations. Finally, the chapter ruminates on the significance of its findings for the rapidly expanding historiography of racist violence
Black Families and Resistance in Kansas, 1880–1905
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

Pioneering a new methodology, this chapter shows that whites targeted particular black families for disproportionate racist violence, justifying it through a complicit press that circulated defamatory stories designed to create negative reputations about them and through a criminal justice system that hounded them. It challenges the contemporary white-authored narrative by demonstrating that whites targeted these families not because of their “bad character” but because of their refusal to submit to white supremacy. Investigating sources centered on Kansas and its border states over several decades, this study demonstrates that historians may unearth more credible stories about these families and their experiences. In the final section, the chapter assesses the significance of this methodology for the scholarship on black resistance and border studies.
The Missouri Ozarks and Beyond, 1894–1930
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses the use of racist violence by whites in the Missouri Ozarks between 1894 and 1930 to control and expel blacks, to establish and maintain sundown towns, and to satisfy and regulate the need for cheap black labor in the larger cities. Building on an extensive secondary literature, it expands this story in three ways. First, it addresses the often studied most violent years from 1894 to 1906 and the years of consolidation over the next quarter century. Second, the chapter places this story into a larger geographical context by addressing the impact of this violence in the border areas of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Finally, it considers the implications of its findings for the historiography of racist violence and border studies.
The Old Northwest, 1890s–1930s
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the development—particularly by the police—of white opposition to mob violence against blacks in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio from the 1890s to the 1930s. At the outset it details the methods deployed by local authorities to protect prisoners threatened with violence and the conditions required to trigger their appeals to state authorities for support, including the use of state militias (National Guard). Next it explores the responses of “ordinary” whites to these efforts. It then traces the efforts of state governments to curtail mob violence with legislation and of local authorities, especially the police, to offset their success in mitigating mob violence by appropriating mob tactics to control blacks themselves. Finally, it assesses the implications of its findings for the historiography of police violence (police brutality).
The Midwest in the Late Lynching Period
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter uses a lynching in South Point, Ohio, in 1932 as an example of the changing nature of this type of violence during its twilight in the Midwest, a change described as “underground lynching” in the late lynching period. It sketches the contours of the lynching, white motivations, the initial black campaign for justice, and the trial. It then explores the black political and legal struggles for justice, including the roles of local and national civil rights groups like the NAACP. Next, it addresses the characteristics of underground lynching, as exemplified by the Murray lynching and similar lynchings elsewhere. Last, it considers its substantive and historiographical implications for Midwestern mob violence and the black freedom struggle.
Conclusion
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

The conclusion synthesizes the book’s themes. Substantively, it summarizes racist violence and its temporal and spatial adaptations, exclusion and the growth of sundown towns, Jim Crow restrictions and their expansion, and police and their appropriation of mob violence. It reviews the black response through armed resistance, legal, journalistic, and organizational challenges, and concentration of population in cities. It assesses the role of modernity in facilitating these changes. In terms of methodology, the conclusion highlights a more nuanced assessment of targeted violence against black families. In historiographic terms, it suggests that the fear of interracial sex in the Midwest pre-dated that in the South, that the concentration of blacks motivated more racist violence than did the origin of the white settlers, and that situational suicides by blacks faced with imminent death require more critical interrogation.
Modernism and Exile
Authors: Enyeart John P.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 examines how Louis Adamic used the paradox of immigrants providing the labor to make the United States the wealthiest nation on earth while receiving mostly misery in return. The xenophobes who dominated US politics after World War I made it clear that Slavs were not quite “white” and thus not quite American. Adamic and his fellow countrymen found themselves in between white and black on the US racial spectrum and trapped in between Slovenian and US cultures. During the 1920s, he grappled with this liminality by employing literary modernism and writing from the perspective of an exiled peasant. In 1933, he added a political dimension to work when writing about slovenstvo (Slovene spirit) at a crucial moment in his homeland’s history.
Mormons, Musical Theater, and Belonging in America
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: January 2020

American musical theater is often dismissed as frivolous or kitschy entertainment. But what if musicals actually mattered a great deal? What if perhaps the most innocuous musical genre in America actually defined the practices of Mormonism--America’s fastest-growing religion? Mormons, Musical Theater, and Belonging in America is an interdisciplinary study of voice, popular music, and American religion that analyzes the unexpected yet dynamic relationship between two of America’s most iconic institutions, Mormonism and American musical theater. This book argues that Mormonism and early American musical theater were cut from the same ideological cloth--formed in the early nineteenth century out of Jacksonian principles of self-fashioning, white supremacy, and broader understandings of the democratic principles of vicariousness. Throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Mormons gravitated toward musicals as a common ideological platform, using musicals not only to practice a theology of voice but also to transition from outlier polygamist sect to become by the mid-twentieth century emblems of white, middle-class respectability in America. In an effort to become gods themselves, Mormons use the musical stage to practice transforming into someone they are not, modeling closely the theatrical qualities of Jesus and other spiritual leaders in Mormon mythology. Thus, learning to vicariously voice another person on the musical stage actually draws the faithful closer to godliness. Looking outward from the shared ideological roots of Mormonism and musical theater, this book offers a compelling study of how the ways Americans sound determine the paths of their belonging.
Exoticized Voices, Racialized Bodies
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: January 2020

Just as Mormons used musical theater to purchase whiteness in the early twentieth century, so too do Mormons begin in the 1960s to use musical theater to associate other racial minorities with white American values. By allowing certain groups the opportunity to voice whiteness through the conventions of musical theater, Mormons reimagined the genre as a tool to transform some minority members into exemplars of whiteness. This chapter first details the history of Mormonism in Hawaii and the musical theater productions at the Mormon-owned Polynesian Cultural Center that began there in 1963. Importantly, Mormons have long understood dark-skinned Polynesians, like themselves, to be a chosen people, rather than cursed--displaced Jews, in fact, whose origins are explained in The Book of Mormon. The chapter then analyzes the Mormon musical Life . . . More Sweet than Bitter, billed as a sequel to Fiddler on the Roof, for its narrative explicitly connecting Mormons to Judaism. The musical stage thus becomes for modern Mormons a reckoning device to demonstrate belonging and acceptance in exotic terms--“whitening” the dark-skinned Polynesians and demonstrating fluidity between Mormonism and Judaism.
“I’ve Heard That Voice Before”
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the cultural shift in Mormonism beginning in 1960, a shift prompted when Mormon leaders adopted a principle called “Correlation” that was intended to streamline Mormon theology and make it easier to explain in other parts of the world. In doing so, Mormonism placed a new premium on standardization--in clothes, practice, and even voice. Problematic ideas or beliefs from early Mormonism (such as the history of polygamy or racist policies) were abandoned and institutional focus turned to a much narrower set of religious principles that branded Mormonism as a promoter of an always-American value system. Consequently, Mormons increasingly felt compelled during this time to return to sacred time--the time before polygamy was abandoned and “true” Mormonism was practiced. Musicals, like other pageants, road shows, and dramas in Mormonism, helped Mormons remember and access that sacred time. This chapter explores how Mormon musicals of this time, particularly the 1973 phenomenon Saturday’s Warrior, provided a way of reprising Mormon ideals or beliefs lost in this process of standardization that ultimately enlivened contemporary Mormon theology.
Subject to Reality
Authors: Warren Shilyh
Published: January 2020

This book reconsiders the history and study of women’s documentary filmmaking in the United States from 1920 to 1940, and during the long 1970s--when significant transformations in cinematic technologies coincided with major transformations in sociopolitical discourses surrounding gender and race. Rather than comprehensive, the approach is transhistorical, setting women’s cultural expression during these two periods into conversation, and thereby provoking a reconsideration of a number of key debates about subjectivity, feminism, realism, and documentary that have had lasting epistemological and material consequences for film and feminist studies. The book excavates a lost ethnographic history of women’s documentary production and investigates the political and aesthetic legacy of this early history in later, more deliberately feminist and yet equally misremembered periods, especially the 1970s. In particular, Subject to Reality asks how ethnographic thinking and seeing shaped the historical arc and aesthetic, ethical, and political commitments of women’s realist documentaries throughout the twentieth century. The shared interests of women in anthropology, academic film studies, and political feminism have long shaped the production and reception of documentary in the United States. Subject to Reality explores the consequences of this cross-pollination as it has shaped women’s documentaries, and especially the realist films that have been glossed over as “boring” “organizing tools” or merely “talking head films.”
Native Ethnographers and Feminist Solidarity
Authors: Warren Shilyh
Published: January 2020

This chapter explore matters of racial and ethnic difference and solidarity in films by white women and by women of color about communities of color. It argues that the films are most productively read as autoethnographies: studies of the mutual imbrication of selves and others, some individual and others collective, all of which are subject to the realities of gender, class, and race, albeit distinctly. In the context of political documentaries, just as in the conceptual battles over ethnography, matters of representation refract these tensions between inside and outside, self and other, us and them. Autoethnography is key to detecting the way women’s documentaries of the 1970s play a role in these ethical and political negotiations and the visions of justice they seek.
The “Grapevine Telegraph”
Authors: Fain Cicero M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines black agency during the immediate post-Civil War period of 1865-1871, a time in which African American movement and migration transforms the region. In the attempt to achieve a fuller measure of their freedom, black migrants leave Virginia and travel over the Appalachian Mountains into the newly formed state of West Virginia. Though free in the ostensibly anti-slavery state, racism impedes black aspiration. The chapter foregrounds the varied methods blacks utilize to ameliorate these barriers and constraints to build lives anew. It concludes that the primary purpose of black migration into the state and Huntington was not political or social gain but the acquisition of gainful employment affiliated with the establishment of the upstart Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad.
Introduction
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

The following chapters examine the relationship between the Florida Park Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps between 1935 and 1945. It was clear early in my research that the CCC not only assisted the FPS in the early years; it funded, designed, built, and in large part ran the state park program. The FPS is financially, thematically, ideally, and literally a direct product of the New Deal. The New Dealers believed in conserving nature for society’s use. This belief resulted not only in the CCC’s highly publicized efforts in tree planting and fire prevention but also in the building of public parks and other nature-based recreational activities.
A New Deal for Florida
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 explores both the nation’s and Florida’s reaction to the Great Depression, resulting in the New Deal and the creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps.