bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive multi wavelengths sensorsystem for measuring carboxy-and methemoglobin
Authors: Gewiß Helge , Timm Ulrich , Kraitl Jens , Brock Beate , Ewald Hartmut
Published: September 2017

Standard pulse oximetry only measures the functional derivatives oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) to calculate the arterial oxygenation. However, the two dysfunctional hemoglobin derivatives carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and methemoglobin (MetHb) are of much interest. The gold standard detecting abnormal concentration of COHb or MetHb is the blood gas analysis (BGA). In this paper a non-invasive method for measuring these derivatives and a setup for validation is presented.

A standard pulse oximeter utilizes a sensor with two LEDs at the wavelengths 660 nm and 905 nm. For achieving information about the other hemoglobin derivatives, the new sensor is equipped with additional wavelengths between 500 nm and 1400 nm. An artificial blood-flow-model is used to simulate the blood flow through tissue. In this model a variation of the concentrations O2Hb, MetHb and COHb is feasible. The reflection of emitted light is measured for wavelengths between 500 nm and 600 nm, whereas transmission is measured for emitted light above 600 nm. An algorithm was designed to calculate the different hemoglobin derivatives independently. Therefore, the perfusion for each wavelength is computed and combined in a linear regression model.

An in-vivo animal study with 18 pigs confirmed previous simulations. The pigs were ventilated with a respiratory minute volume of 4 l. To induce hypoxia (minimal SaO2 70 %), the inhaled air was mixed with nitrogen. Ventilating with 100 % oxygen reoxygenated the pigs. An increase of MetHb up to 35 % was induced by sodium nitrite. Afterwards methylene blue decreased the concentration. Carbon monoxide was mixed with the inhaled air to raise the COHb concentration up to 40 %. Different combinations of concentrations were performed. The references were achieved via BGA.

It is shown that this setup is capable of measuring COHb, MetHb and O2Hb non-invasively. The setup is accurate even when manipulating hemoglobin derivatives in parallel.
Alternative light therapy with luminescent textiles
Authors: Lempa Evelyn , Kitzig Andreas , Naroska Edwin , Rabe Maike , Neukirch Benno , Graßmann Carsten
Published: September 2017

Current research shows, that light directly influences the course of the inner biological rhythm. Light synchronizes the biological clock by controlling the concentration of various hormones in the human body. A well-known example is the discharge of melatonine due to increased blue spectral parts in daylight. Light affects the quality of sleep, general performance and even the phenomenon Season Affected Disorder (SAD).
Acute drug transfer and particle release of drug coated balloons within a porcine in-vitro model
Authors: Brandt-Wunderlich Christoph , Almstädt Lucas , Kaule Sebastian , Reske Thomas , Schmidt Wolfram , Schmitz Klaus-Peter , Grabow Niels
Published: September 2017

Drug coated balloons (DCB) are used in the therapy of coronary as well as peripheral artery disease. The success of drug transfer to the vessel wall depends on the excipient used in combination with paclitaxel as antiproliferative drug. Although in-vivo studies show very good results with this technology, there is a lack of in-vitro test methods for characterization of various DCB available on the market. This study describes a method to gain information about the drug transfer and the particle release of three different DCB based on cetylpyridinium salycate (Cetpyrsal), hyaluronic acid and iopromide within a porcine in-vitro model. The Cetpyrsal-based DCB showed promising results with the highest drug transfer while producing the lowest number of particles.
New ways of diabetes management with smart data and genomic data
Authors: Becker Kurt
Published: September 2017

By 2025, the number of diabetic patients worldwide could rise by more than 50 percent from now 250 million to about 380 million. With about 6 million patients, diabetes mellitus is one of the greatest national diseases in Germany.

Type 1 diabetes is a mostly genetically induced autoimmune disease, type 2 diabetes is a civilization disease and arises due to lack of exercise and poor diet. Regardless of the type of diabetes, it is important for those affected to manage their own insulin production of the body and to harmonize these with appropriate possibilities. Because of the harmful side effects of exogenous insulin doses, the major focus should be on a sustainable behavioral change and low-threshold nutritional coaching.

The most important side effects of diabetes are damage to the vascular system with possible consequences: myocardial infarction, stroke, kidney weakness, nasal damage and erectile dysfunction. A concept for a knowledge-based expert system for the therapy of diabetes mellitus is presented, in which genetic, anatomical and physiological parameters are recorded, evaluated and visualized by means of a model-based approach to specific therapeutic recommendations. The "user interface" is a digital avatar, which can display the model parameters in various "abstraction levels" as a metamodel.
Reconstruction of conductivity change in lung lobes utilizing electrical impedance tomography
Authors: Schullcke Benjamin , Gong Bo , Krueger-Ziolek Sabine , Moeller Knut
Published: September 2017

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a novel medical imaging technology which is expected to give valuable information for the treatment of mechanically ventilated patients as well as for patients with obstructive lung diseases. In lung-EIT electrodes are attached around the thorax to inject small alternating currents and to measure resulting voltages. These voltages depend on the internal conductivity distribution and thus on the amount of air in the lungs. Based on the measured voltages, image reconstruction algorithms are employed to generate tomographic images reflecting the regional ventilation of the lungs. However, the ill-posedness of the reconstruction problem leads to reconstructed images that are severely blurred compared to morphological imaging technologies, such as X-ray computed tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Thus, a correct identification of the particular ventilation in anatomically assignable units, e.g. lung-lobes, is often hindered. In this study a 3D-FEM model of a human thorax has been used to simulate electrode voltages at different lung conditions. Two electrode planes with 16 electrodes at each layer have been used and different amount of emphysema and mucus plugging was simulated with different severity in the lung lobes. Patient specific morphological information about the lung lobes is used in the image reconstruction process. It is shown that this kind of prior information leads to better reconstructions of the conductivity change in particular lung lobes than in classical image reconstruction approaches, where the anatomy of the patients’ lungs is not considered. Thus, the described approach has the potential to open new and promising applications for EIT. It might be used for diagnosis and disease monitoring for patients with obstructive lung diseases but also in other applications, e.g. during the placement of endobronchial valves in patients with severe emphysema.
PET image reconstruction using the Origin Ensemble algorithm and geometric constraints
Authors: Schaar Moritz , Buzug Thorsten M. , Rafecas Magdalena
Published: September 2017

The Origin Ensemble method allows image reconstruction of photon-limited emission tomography data to be performed entirely in the image domain. This offers attractive perspectives such as including scatter events for image reconstruction in Positron Emission Tomography. In this work, the probability of single Compton scatter along a line-of-response is estimated by the Single Scatter Simulation algorithm; for every event a decision is made whether this event is reconstructed along a line or an area confined by two circular arcs holding potential scatter points. First results of 2D simulations show visual agreement with the reference and locally increased contrast recovery coefficient values.
Pore size estimation from double diffusion encoding
Authors: Methot Vincent , Ulloa Patricia , Koch Martin A.
Published: September 2017

Double diffusion encoding is a magnetic resonance technique with applications in measuring microstructure. In many tissues, cell size (which is of a few micrometers) is an important biological parameter. Estimating an arbitrary pore size distribution from a diffusion attenuated signal usually relies on varying a single experimental setting. This inversion process is numerically unstable. Numerical simulations are presented, where multiple experimental settings are varied concomitantly. The inversion’s results show good agreement with ground truth.
Assessment of heart valve performance by finite-element design studies of polymeric leaflet-structures
Authors: Pfensig Sylvia , Kaule Sebastian , Sämann Michael , Stiehm Michael , Grabow Niels , Schmitz Klaus-Peter , Siewert Stefan
Published: September 2017

For the treatment of severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis, minimally invasive heart valve prostheses are increasingly used, especially for elderly patients. The current generation of devices is based on xenogenic leaflet material, involving limitations with regard to calcification and durability. Artificial polymeric leaflet-structures re-present a promising approach for improvement of valve performance. Within the current work, finite-element ana-lysis (FEA) design studies of polymeric leaflet structures were conducted. Design of an unpressurized and axially-symmetric trileaflet heart valve was developed based on nine parameters. Physiological pressurization in FEA was specified, based on in vitro hydrodynamic testing of a commercially available heart valve prosthesis. Hyper-elastic constitutive law for polymeric leaflet material was implemented based on experimental stress strain curves resulting from uniaxial tensile and planar shear testing. As a result of FEA, time dependent leaflet deformation of the leaflet structure was calculated. Obtained leaflet dynamics were comparable to in vitro performance of the analyzed prosthesis. As a major design parameter, the lunula angle has demonstrated crucial influence on the performance of the polymeric leaflet structures. FEA represented a useful tool for design of improved polymeric leaflet structures for minimally invasive implantable heart valve prostheses.
Gynecological brachytherapy with Elekta microSelectron V3 afterloading system
Authors: Kornhuber Christine , Homonnay Nico , Lange Frithjof , Gerlach Reinhard , Vordermark Dirk
Published: September 2017

Objective: For commissioning of source path mo-dels for ring tubes of Nucletron (now Elekta) CT/MR ring applicators, a method was established using a source position simulator (SPS) and a CT scanner. Methods: An acrylic glass support for ring tubes was constructed serving as defined coordinate system. With SPS, 40 positions were set in the ring in steps of 2.5mm from proximal to distal direction. In each position a CT-series was taken with ring plane inside scan plane using a GE Optima 580 scanner (slice width 0.625mm). Evaluation was done in multiplanar recon-struction mode under display settings revealing dummy source shape. With a 3D-cursor dwell position coordinate (center of Ir-192 core) was determined. Measurements were validated by film autoradiography in selected positions. Four rings were investigated: 60° Φ26, 45° Φ26, 60° Φ30, and 45° Φ30 with figures denoting angle between ring plane and stem and ring diameter in mm. Results: The method is feasible to reconstruct source dwell positions with an overall accuracy of ±0.3mm. Detected coordinates are consistent and in excel-lent agreement with those obtained by autoradiography. Comparison with Elekta’s source path models, however, re-vealed mean deviations of up to 3.5mm. Discussion: It is advisable to measure individual source paths and have them added to the data base of the treatment planning system.
Influence of bulk incorporation of FDAc and PTX on polymer properties
Authors: Teske Michael , Wulf Katharina , Arbeiter Daniela , Eickner Thomas , Schmitz Klaus-Peter , Grabow Niels
Published: September 2017

In the last decades PLLA-based copolymers have been among the most attractive polymeric candidates used to fabricate devices for drug delivery and stent applications in the cardiovascular system. PLLA is biocompatible and biodegradable, exhibits a wide range of erosion times and has tunable mechanical properties. Therefore, the influence of drug incorporation on the physicochemical properties of biodegradable PLLA copolymers were examined in this study using Fluorescein diacetate (FDAc) and Paclitaxel (PTX). A percental amount of these drugs (17.5 %) were incorporated into poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (P(LLA-co-GA)) and poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LLA-co-CL)) made via spray coating. The polymer surface properties, such as surface morphology and hydrophilicity were also examined and remained rather unchanged for both polymers after drug loadings. Furthermore, also the contact angle changed rather marginally. However, both polymers have already different thermal properties without the drug embedded, especially the glass transition temperature (TG) is for P(LLA-co-CL) under 37°C and for P(LLA-co-GA) considerable above with around 66°C. An rather high increase in TG achieved by addition of FDAc or PTX, crucial influences the drug release profiles for P(LLA-co-CL) in contrast to P(LLA-co-GA). Besides these results preliminarily experiments of additional coupling of other drugs on the polymer surface were performed and we obtained an influence of FDAc or PTX. The drug incorporation and physicochemical characterization data obtained in this study is relevant in optimizing the incorporation or coupling of further drugs on the polymer surface and delivery properties of these potential multi drug delivery coatings.
Dynamic determination of equivalent CT source models for personalized dosimetry
Authors: Rosendahl Stephan , Büermann Ludwig
Published: September 2017

With improvements in CT technology, the need for reliable patient-specific dosimetry increased in the recent years. The accuracy of Monte-Carlo simulations for absolute dose estimation is related to scanner specific information on the X-ray spectra of the scanner as well as the form filter geometries and compositions. In this work a mobile measurement setup is developed, which allows both to determine the X-ray spectra and equivalent form filter of a specific scanner from just one helical scan in less than 2 minutes.
Experimental analysis of correction factors for reference dosimetry in a magnetic field
Authors: Brand Nicole , Pojtinger Stefan , Tsitsekidis Savas , Thorwarth Daniela , Dohm Oliver S.
Published: September 2017

Today, hybrid systems of linear accelerator and MRI scanner are clinically available. Therefore it is important to investigate the feasibility of reference dosimetry with ionization chambers in the presence of a magnetic field and determine correction factors. In this work, correction factors under various conditions that influence the chamber response were experimentally investigated, using a conventional 6 MV linear accelerator together with a stand-alone magnet. We found that the correction factor for a PTW31010 ionization chamber ranges from 0.9873 to 1.009 depending on the magnetic field strength, magnetic field orientation and magnetic field size. The phantom material also does have an influence on the measured signal. Therefore, reference dosimetry with ionization chambers in the presence of a magnetic field is feasible, but requires dedicated correction factors, which depend on the experimental setup.
Automatic feature extraction algorithms for the assessment of in-vitro electrical recordings of rat myocardium with ablation lesions
Authors: Gross Carl , Pollnow Stefan , Dössel Olaf , Lenis Gustavo
Published: September 2017

Cardiac arrhythmias are a widely spread disease in industrialized countries. A common clinical treatment for this disease is radiofrequency ablation (RFA), in which high frequency alternating current creates a lesion on the myocardium. However, the formation of the lesion is not entirely understood. To obtain more information about ablation lesions (ALs) and their electrophysiological properties, we established an in-vitro setup to record electrical activity of rat myocardium. Electrical activity is measured by a circular shaped multielectrode array. This work was focused to gain more information by developing algorithms to process the measured electrical signals to collect different features, which may allow us to characterize an AL. First, pacing artefacts were detected and blanked. Subsequently, data were filtered. Afterwards, activations in atrial signals were detected using a non-linear energy operator (NLEO) and templates of these activations were generated. Finally, we determined different features on each activation in order to evaluate changes of unipolar as well as bipolar electrograms and considered these features before and after ablation. In conclusion, the majority of the signal features delivered significant differences between normal tissue and lesion. Among others, a reduction in peak to peak amplitude and a diminished spectral power in the band 0 to 100 Hz may be useful indicators for AL. These criteria should be verified in future studies with the aim of estimating indirectly the formation of a lesion.
3D reconstruction of ablation lesions from in-vitro preparations using MRI
Authors: Pollnow Stefan , Noshadi Areg , Kircher Michael , Guthausen Gisela , Oerther Thomas , Dössel Olaf
Published: September 2017

Radiofrequency ablation is the gold standard for treating cardiac arrhythmias. However, the success rate of this procedure depends on numerous parameters. Wet lab experiments provide the opportunity to investigate cardiac electrophysiology under reproducible conditions. To evaluate the electrophysiological changes of ablated myocardium in these studies it is necessary to consider the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the lesions. For this purpose, we investigated the usage of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences as well as an image processing procedure to analyze in-vitro preparations. To differentiate signal intensities between nonablated and ablated tissue we evaluated FISP (fast imaging with steady-state precession; delivering dominantly T1
-weighted images) and RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement; delivering dominantly T2
-weighted images). After image processing, the ablated tissue was segmented in each image slice forming a 3D volume. The geometry of the lesion was modeled by the boundary of this volume. It was generally feasible to distinguish between healthy myocardium and ablated tissue as well as to determine lesion transmurality. The analysis of the reconstructed lesion geometries from FISP and RARE MRI showed a high agreement, however T2
-weighted sequences showed larger lesion volumes as well as higher variations in segmentation compared to T1
- mapping. FISP with higher quality may be used to reconstruct the 3D geometry of the ablation lesions.
Implantable electronics of a closed-loop system for controlling prosthetic hands
Authors: Nikas Antonios , Holzberger Alfred , Klein Leonhard , Hauer Johann , Voelker Matthias , Ruff Roman , Hoffmann Klaus-Peter
Published: September 2017

This paper presents the design of implantable electronics as a part of a system for prosthetic hand control. Purpose of the implant is the sensing of electrical signals originating from biological tissue and the actuation of the same, therefore closing the loop and allowing for an improved control of the prosthetic hand. The implant contains two integrated circuits for eight channel EMG monitoring and four channel stimulation, respectively. An on-board microcontroller allows for local pre-processing. All intracorporeal to extracorporeal communications are running through and are directed by the main processing platform. The external components of the control system include, in addition to the main processing and control platform, the inductive power transfer circuits and the pressure sensors for the sensory feedback. Different assembly and encapsulation options are taken into account for the implantable electronics and are unified in a single PCB design.
Social dominance and wheel running in females of Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Górecki Marcin T. , Błaszczyk Bożena
Published: September 2017

Wheel running is a behaviour that has a rewarding effect on animals. There are not numerous papers investigating potential relationships between social rank and wheel running in mammals kept in groups, and the majority of published researches were conducted on male house mice (Mus musculus). The aim of our study was to investigate if social dominance and wheel running are related in female Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Hamsters were kept in groups, and social position of every animal was expressed as dominance index calculated on the basis of agonistic behaviour. We found significant positive correlation between dominance index and wheel running (rs = 0.809, n = 18, P < 0.0001), thus dominants used wheel more often than subordinates. Our results are consistent with those published on male mice. In conclusion, we claim that in majority of mammals (independent of their sex) kept in groups with restricted possibility of wheel running, dominants use wheel more often (or in optimal time) than subordinates, what is consistent with the fact that dominants have priority of access to resources.
Educational Attainment, Financial Support and Job Creation across Lebanese Social Entrepreneurships
Authors: Kallab Tania El , Salloum Charbel
Published: September 2017

Social entrepreneurship has turned into the focal recognition of scientists in the field. In the Middle East, specifically, where nations are yet developing, SE has played a critical aspect because of its driving role in advancing comprehensive development at both the full-scale and smaller-scale economy levels. This article investigates how academic achievement of social entrepreneurs and government or non-government funding increase social enterprises’ performance and size leading to job creation in a pivotal nation in the Middle East, Lebanon. The study applies a multivariate linear regression to analyze variability among 39 small to medium sizes social Lebanese enterprises. Results show that academic accomplishment, training and financial support positively affect the performance of the SE and hence impact job creation.
Analysis of Circular Development and Investment Possibilities (Transport, Energy and Building) Related to International Sports Event Planning
Authors: Horváth Bálint , Fogarassy Csaba
Published: September 2017

This study investigates the possibilities of various development areas (transport, energy, building) to make the cost-efficient realisation of high-profile investments, and organising and holding international sports events possible. Using a case study, the paper introduces development routes based on the evaluation of environmental and economic perspectives. The current research introduces the investment characteristics based on the development of the Hungarian building, energy and transport sectors for the 2017-2030 period. The main criterion is the integration of ‘circular economy’. For sectors which operate with high material and energy consumption, the consideration of circular economy principles may prove to be important for sustainable development. Through planning highvolume sports and worldwide events, the usual development strategy for traffic systems focuses on public transport and rentable vehicles (f. e. electric scooter, or bicycle) which can decrease CO2 emissions via modern technological solutions. Regarding the buildings, sports arenas and related facilities, besides the existing low-carbon solutions, the functions of buildings must be expanded and their usage prolonged. The management of waste left after the life cycle is expended has to be pre-planned. These are the options for making the sector’s GHG emissions decrease apart from circular tenders, which can be further combined with SMART energetic solutions.
The reliance on inclusive living thing in inductive inference among 5-year-olds: the role of access to nature and the size of receptive vocabulary
Authors: Tarłowski Andrzej
Published: September 2017

The present study employed a serial forced choice inductive inference paradigm to test whether rural and urban 5-year-olds varying in SES rely on the representation of living things in extending new knowledge. Sixty-five children learned that humans possess a novel internal property and, in a series of test trials, had to decide whether to attribute the property to an inanimate living thing or to an artifact. Additionally, the size of children’s receptive vocabulary was assessed. This study provides the first evidence that those 5-year-olds who have access to rich nature and who have acquired a high level of receptive vocabulary do rely on living kinds in induction in a forced choice task. The study further underscores the necessity to include children with diverse backgrounds in research on the development of biological knowledge. It also provides new evidence that general cognitive ability links to advances in children’s biological understanding.
Advanced Multi-Phase Microstructure Investigation of Carbonitrided Samples
Authors: Steinbacher Matthias , Skalecki Marian Georg , Saddei Peter , Böcker Michael , Zoch Hans Werner
Published: September 2017

Modern gas-carbonitriding processes are enabling smart material properties and an extension of materials’ strength, so that the limit of use of a given alloy and component can be expanded. Recently, a rapid development of the understanding of microstructure development during carbonitriding and in-depth investigation of the microstructure by the means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was performed. The paper will show examples for the treatment of different case-hardening steels and the development of the microstructure in the final carbonitrided case. It will be shown that a multi-phase microstructure can be varied by process variations from a two-phase martensite and austenite microstructure to a multi-phase microstructure consisting of martensite, austenite, and precipitations. The kind of precipitations emerging and their specific arrangement will be discussed.
Investigations of Electron Beam Hardening on TiAlN Coated Heat-Â„Treatable Steel
Authors: Weigel Kai , Keunecke Martin , Bewilogua Klaus , Bräuer Günter , Grumbt Gundis , Zenker Rolf , Biermann Horst
Published: September 2017

In this investigation, an electron beam hardening (EBH) procedure was applied to heat-treatable steel 51CrV4 coated with Ti(1-x)AlxN hard coatings, where x ranged from 0.3 to 0.6. The coatings with variable composition and mechanical properties were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. For electron beam surface hardening following hard coating deposition, the energy distribution within the energy transfer field caused a nearly constant hardening temperature on the treated material surface. Morphology, composition, and mechanical properties of the coatings remained mostly unchanged, whereas the coating-substrate interface and the steel surface region were highly modified. Diffusion of the near-interface coating elements into the substrate occurred, and the corresponding region of the substrate showed clear changes in morphology and composition. These changes can be correlated with substantial improvements of the coating adhesion properties. Based on temperature measurements and calculations of electron penetration depths, a plausible description of the observed effects was derived. The EBH caused a significant improvement of delamination resistance, especially for coatings with insufficient adhesion properties.
Apico-basal Polarity Determinants Encoded by crumbs Genes Affect Ciliary Shaft Protein Composition, IFT Movement Dynamics, and Cilia Length
Authors: Hazime Khodor , Malicki Jarema J
Published: September 2017

One of the most obvious manifestations of polarity in epithelia is the subdivision of the cell surface by cell junctions into apical and basolateral domains. crumbs genes are among key regulators of this form of polarity. Loss of crumbs function disrupts the apical cell junction belt and crumbs overexpression expands the apical membrane size. Crumbs proteins contain a single transmembrane domain and localize to cell junction area at the apical surface of epithelia. In some tissues, they are also found in cilia. To test their role in ciliogenesis, we investigated mutant phenotypes of zebrafish crumbs genes. In zebrafish, mutations of three crumbs genes, oko meduzy/crb2a, crb3a, and crb2b, affect cilia length in a subset of tissues. In oko meduzy (ome), this is accompanied by accumulation of other Crumbs proteins in the ciliary compartment. Moreover, intraflagellar transport (IFT) particle components accumulate in the ciliary shaft of ome;crb3a double mutants. Consistent with the above, Crb3 knockdown in mammalian cells affects the dynamics of IFT particle movement. These findings reveal crumbs-dependent mechanisms that regulate the localization of ciliary proteins, including Crumbs proteins themselves, and show that crumbs genes modulate intraflagellar transport and cilia elongation.
La evolución socio-cultural de la Amazonía prehispánica y colonial: Nuevas perspectivas en la investigación arqueológica y etnohistórica
Authors: Solórzano Fonseca Juan Carlos
Published: September 2017

Durante años se pensó que la Amazonía había estado escasamente poblada en el período prehistórico y apenas ocupada por pequeñas sociedades cazadoras recolectoras. El siguiente trabajo resume y analiza los hallazgos de investigaciones recientes que muestran que, por el contrario, esta región estuvo entonces densamente habitada, y llegó a albergar incluso sociedades de compleja organización económica y social. Con el arribo de los europeos, este modo de vida comenzaría a desestructurarse hasta desaparecer, al tiempo que ocurría un acentuado declive demográfico.
Nach Huawei/ZTE: Die kartellrechtliche Zwangslizenz im Patentverletzungsprozess
Authors: Franz Benjamin , Podszun Rupprecht
Published: September 2017

Der EuGH hat mit der Entscheidung in der Sache Huawei/ZTE die Diskussion um die kartellrechtliche Zwangslizenz nicht etwa geklärt, sondern nur in eine neue Bahn gelenkt. Die zentrale Frage bleibt, wie die Zwangslizenz im Verfahren operationabel gemacht wird. Nach einem Überblick über die Grundlagen (II) wird anhand der Neuerungen der Entscheidung des EuGH die kartellrechtliche Zwangslizenz als Verfahrensproblem betrachtet (III). Im Anschluss werden die wesentlichen inhaltlichen Problemfelder identifiziert, deren Lösung das durchzuführende Verfahren zu leisten hat (IV). Dazu werden alternative Konfliktlösungsmöglichkeiten vorgestellt (V). Ein Fazit schließt die Betrachtung ab. Die Huawei-Entscheidung ist bereits Gegenstand zahlreicher Aufsätze geworden. Der vorliegende Text soll die Diskussion erstens um eine weitere Auswertung der inzwischen ergangenen Folge-Urteile bereichern. Zweitens wird in diesem Beitrag versucht, das Problem stärker anhand von drei Grundgedanken zu analysieren, die in Teil I 3 vorgestellt werden.
Dieviška prievarta, įstatymas ir teisingumas judaizme žvelgiant iš Walterio Benjamino perspektyvos
Authors: Pažėraitė Aušra Kristina
Published: September 2017

Straipsnyje analizuojamas dieviškos prievartos klausimas. „Dieviškos prievartos“ sąvoka buvo pradėta vartoti Walterio Benjamino, priešinant ją „mitinei prievartai“. Benjamino formuluota priešprieša rėmėsi (tarp kitų pavyzdžių) nuorodomis į biblinę istoriją ir judaizmo teisę, tačiau nebuvo pakanka­mai išskleista ir problemiška. Kaip turėtume suprasti tai, ką Benjaminas vadina dieviška prievarta, jei neitume į politinės filosofijos ar teologijos sritį, bet liktume religinėje plotmėje? Kaip įmanoma, ir ar įmanoma, Benjamino nurodytoje priešpriešoje aptikti religinės žydų tradicijos nuostatų ir idėjų? Straipsnyje pasirinkta svarstymo perspektyva išeities tašku ima ortodoksinio judaizmo tradiciją, kokia ji egzistuoja rabiniškuose rašytiniuose ir nerašytiniuose komentaruose. Analizuojant dieviškos prie­vartos sampratos ortodoksiniame judaizme peripetijas, tyrimo metu pavyko prieiti prie išvadų, kad yra visas kompleksas taškų, siejančių rabinišką dieviškos teisės, teisingumo ir prievartos sampratą su Benjamino dieviškos prievartos sąvoka. Ją pasitelkus, galima analizuoti rabiniškos teisės nuostatas ir perspektyvą, konstruojamą dualistinių priešpriešų – universalizmo ir partikuliarizmo (istoriškumo, pasak Jacques’o Derrida) bei Toros absoliutaus pobūdžio ir žemiškos (istoriškos, žmogiškos) praktikos – pagrindu. Šios priešpriešos straipsnyje aptariamos pasitelkus dieviškos prievartos (karet), rabiniško teismo pobūdžio, dieviško teisingumo sampratas ortodoksiniame judaizme. Tyrimas veda prie išvadų, kad Benjamino formuluota priešprieša subtiliai atspindi rabiniškame mąstyme ir teisės sampratoje egzistuojančias priešpriešas.
Konfliktas kaip tiesos sąlyga – G. Vattimo ir J. D. Caputo
Authors: Okunauskas Aurimas
Published: September 2017

Pasitelkiant Gianni Vattimo ir Johno D. Caputo tyrinėjimus, tekste mėginamos atrasti tiesos sąvokos ribos ir tiesos reikšmė postmoderniame mąstyme. Abiem autoriams svarbus distancijos su tiesa kaip adaequatio sukūrimas, nes jie daro prielaidą, kad autentiškas atsakas į daugiakultūrio pasaulio tikrovę nebeleidžia tiesos mąstyti tokiu būdu. Tekste pabrėžiamas tiesos statusas postmetafiziniame diskurse – jos neįmanomybė, kuri kyla iš tiesos etinio praktinio vaidmens siekiant išlaikyti dialogą atvirą, o tai savaime yra mėginimas vengti grįžti į metafiziką. Atvirumas tiesos atžvilgiu tekste interpretuojamas analizuojant konflikto būseną, kuri pasireiškia tais atvejais, kai klausimas pakrypsta prie pačios dialogo galimybės ir konfliktas pasirodo esantis esmingas vengiant tiesos klausimo užsivėrimo ir jo institucionalizavimo (ypač politikos ir mokslo srityse). Mokslas, kaip paradigminis uždaros ir savipakankamos racionalios sistemos pavyzdys, analizuojamas susitelkiant į hermeneutinius jo pagrindus.
Gestational Age and Outcomes in Critical Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Steurer Martina A. , Baer Rebecca J. , Keller Roberta L. , Oltman Scott , Chambers Christina D. , Norton Mary E. , Peyvandi Shabnam , Rand Larry , Rajagopal Satish , Ryckman Kelli K. , Moon-Grady Anita J. , Jelliffe-Pawlowski Laura L.
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

It is unknown how gestational age (GA) impacts neonatal morbidities in infants with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD). We aim to quantify GA-specific mortality and neonatal morbidity in infants with CCHD.

METHODS:

Cohort study using a database linking birth certificate, infant hospital discharge, readmission, and death records, including infants 22 to 42 weeks’ GA without chromosomal anomalies (2005–2012, 2 988 925 live births). The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnostic and procedure codes were used to define CCHD and neonatal morbidities (intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy, periventricular leukomalacia, chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis). Adjusted absolute risk differences (ARDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS:

We identified 6903 out of 2 968 566 (0.23%) infants with CCHD. The incidence of CCHD was highest at 29 to 31 weeks’ GA (0.9%) and lowest at 39 to 42 weeks (0.2%). Combined neonatal morbidity or mortality in infants with and without CCHD was 82.8% and 57.9% at <29 weeks and declined to 10.9% and 0.1% at 39 to 42 weeks’ GA. In infants with CCHD, being born at 34 to 36 weeks was associated with a higher risk of death or morbidity than being born at 37 to 38 weeks (adjusted ARD 9.1%, 95% CI 5.5% to 12.7%), and being born at 37 to 38 weeks was associated with a higher risk of death or morbidity than 39 to 42 weeks (adjusted ARD 3.2%, 95% CI 1.6% to 4.9%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Infants born with CCHD are at high risk of neonatal morbidity. Morbidity remains increased across all GA groups in comparison with infants born at 39 to 42 weeks. This substantial risk of neonatal morbidity is important to consider when caring for this patient population.
“No veo más que a Heidegger y Lacan”. Comentario a la distinción entre filosofía y espiritualidad en La hermenéutica del sujeto de Michel Foucault
Authors: Farías Rivas Rodrigo
Published: September 2017

Se discuten las nociones de filosofía y espiritualidad, tratadas por M. Foucault en La hermenéutica del sujeto, que relacionan el sujeto con la verdad. Si la filosofía del conócete a ti mismo trata la relación cognoscitiva del sujeto con la verdad a la que tiene derecho, entonces la espiritualidad del cuidado de sí trata de la transformación experiencial que requiere la verdad para que el sujeto acceda a ella. Este es el contexto en el que M. Foucault se refiere a M. Heidegger y J. Lacan como los autores que pensaron la relación entre el sujeto y la verdad. Se discute en ambos casos la distinción entre la filosofía y la espiritualidad: en Lacan, porque la experiencia psicoanalítica aparece como vivencia espiritual del cuidado de sí; en Heidegger, porque el Dasein y la verdad como desocultamiento muestran la filosofía como actividad espiritual por excelencia.
Ontología del acontecer. El camino de Hans-Georg Gadamer
Authors: Forero Pineda Fernando
Published: September 2017

El artículo ingresa en la ontología del acontecer y recorre cuatro momentos. En primer lugar, distingue la visión del mundo en general, propia de la llamada “metafísica” de la visión del ser como acontecer, y busca un diálogo entre la perspectiva del ser en la metafísica y ontología de Hans-Georg Gadamer. En segundo lugar, analiza la estructura del acontecer o el modo como se despliega el movimiento del sentido, para determinar la lógica de la pregunta como estructura del acontecer. En tercer lugar, entabla un diálogo entre la idea de acontecer y la categoría de finitud, para evidenciar que, cuando se piensa en una ontología del acontecer, esta remite a la determinaciónde la finitud. Y, finalmente, plantea algunas líneas de desarrollo para profundizar en esta investigación.
KAJIAN BIOLOGI UDANG JERBUNG (Penaeus merguiensis De Man, 1888) DI PERAIRAN UTARA JAWA TENGAH
Authors: Tirtadanu Tirtadanu , Ernawati Tri
Published: September 2017

Penangkapan berlebih dapat menyebabkan penurunan stok udang jerbung di Perairan Utara Jawa Tengah sehingga mengancam kelestariannya. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan penelitian tentang kajian biologi udang jerbung sebagai dasar pengelolaan perikanan udang di Perairan Utara Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan di tempat pendaratan udang di Cirebon dan Pemalang dari bulan April – Agustus 2015. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengkaji aspek biologi udang jerbung melalui pengamatan frekuensi panjang, hubungan panjang berat, faktor kondisi, nisbah kelamin, tingkat kematangan gonad, rata-rata panjang karapas udang matang gonad (Lm) dan rata-rata panjang karapas udang tertangkap (Lc). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, modus panjang karapas udang jantan dan betina sebesar 28 mm. Pertambahan panjang udang jantan dan betina, lebih cepat dari beratnya dengan tingkat kegemukan yang rendah. Nisbah kelamin seimbang pada bulan April-Mei dan tidak seimbang pada bulan Juli dan Agustus. Persentase tertinggi udang betina matang gonad yaitu pada bulan Mei sebesar 40,2 %. Nilai Lc sebesar 29,4 mmCL lebih rendah dari Lm sebesar 42,85 mmCL yang berarti rata-rata udang yang tertangkap merupakan udang yang belum matang gonad. Biological information of banana prawn as crucial for managing shrimp fishery in the northern waters of Central Java. The research aims to biological aspects of banana prawn. The study was conducted in landing site of prawn in Cirebon and Pemalang on April-August 2015. Length frequency, length weight relationship, Condition Factor, sex ratio, gonadal maturity, length at first capture (Lc) and length at first mature at gonad maturity (Lm) were determined. The results showed that the mode of carapace length was 28 mm. The growth of length (both male and female) were faster than the weight. The sex ratio was equal on April-Mei and unequal on July and August. The highest percentage of mature female was on May (40.2%) which indicates as spawning season. The length at first capture was 29.4 mmCL which was lower than length at first mature (42.85 mmCL). That finding implied that the average size of prawn being captured was immature prawns.
KAJIAN KUALITAS PERAIRAN UNTUK PERIKANAN DI RAWA PENING JAWA TENGAH
Authors: Aida Siti Nurul , Utomo Agus Djoko
Published: September 2017

Perairan Rawa Peningmerupakan tipe perairan yang tergenang dan mempunyai arti penting bagi perikanan. Masalah utama yang ada di Rawa Pening yaitu pendangkalan karena sedimentasi dan eutrofikasi yang disebabkan pencemaran air berasal dari limbah rumah tangga, pertanian dan budidaya perikanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui tingkat kesuburan perairan dan kualitas air di Rawa Pening. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei, Juni, Agustus dan Oktober 2013. Frekuensi pengambilan contoh dilakukan empat kali yaitu pada bulan Mei, Juni,Agustus dan Oktober. Stasiun pengamatan meliputi:A. Tengah (Puteran); B.Muara sungai (Torong); C.Area KJA; D. Pemotongan eceng Gondok (tengah 1); E. Sungai keluar (Tuntang); F. Muara sungai (Muncul); G. Tidak ada pemotongan eceng gondok (tengah 2). Data tingkat kesuburan perairan dianalisis dengan metode Carlon’s.Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa Rawa Pening termasuk katagori perairan dengan tingkat kesuburan tinggi, nilai Thropic State Index (TSI) pada semua stasiun pengamatan berkisar antara 57,22 - 68,06. Kondisi kualitas air yang kurang baik tersebut akanmerugikan perikanan, seperti kejadian kematian ikanmasal, lambatnya pertumbuhan ikan dan penurunan daya dukung perairan.The Rawa Pening waters is a lentic water and has significance for fishery. The main problems in Rawa Pening are silting due to sedimentation and eutrophication due to water pollution from household waste, agriculture and fisheries. The study aims to examine trophic level and water quality. The research conducted on May, June, August and October 2013. There was 7 stations i.e. A. middle (Puteran); B. inlet of Torong; C. Location of aquaculture;D. locations where harvesting of water hyacinth occurred (middle1); E. outlet (Tuntang); F. inlet (Muncul); G. location where no harvest of water hyacinth (middle 2). Trophic level were analyzed by Carlon’s method. The results showed that Rawa Pening waters categorized as the high eutrophication level where the Trophic State Index (TSI) was 57. 22 to 68. 06. The low water quality will be detrimentaled to fisheries, such as mass fish death, slow fish growth and also a decline of carrying capacity of ecosystem.
Climate Change in Cameroon Political Discourse: A Case Study of Paul Biya’s COP21 Speech
Authors: Badiang Oloko Francis
Published: September 2017

The management of and the concern for climate change have been occupying a growing space in public debates the recent years. The various challenges which are linked to climate change can be said to have become a global concern as there have been mobilizations from institutions and persons that work in different fields – science, politics and even arts. Frameworks have been developed over the years to enable people from all these diverse fields to meet and discuss this issue which has a direct impact on the daily life of societies all over the world. The most important of such frames is the Conference of the Parties (COP) organised by the United Nations, where people from various fields meet to discuss what is at stake and the measures that can be or should be taken in order to have a coordinated and global response to the challenges the world faces due to climate change. Language and language use are therefore relevant when when we try to figure out what is said and by whom in the debate on climate. The present paper seeks to give an insght into the political discourse on climate (change) with a special focus on Cameroon.The speech made by Paul Biya during the COP21 can thus serve as an example to identify the voices that can interact within one speech the relations between some of these voices and that of the speaker. The discursive polyphony postulated by Gjerstad (2001) can therefore be relevant in such a project. Meanwhile, it will be based here on two approaches which fall within the frame of polyphony: the ScaPoLine and the Praxématique. The theoretical challenge is therefore to view wether these two approaches can be put together and how this can be done, in a bid to narrow the scope of what a discursive polyphony can be.
Love on the Final Slopes of Life: Fedor Ivanovich Tiutchev and “The Denis’eva Cycle”
Authors: Helle Lillian Jorunn
Published: September 2017

Old age represents a serious contemporary social issue. With the greater incidence of longevity also literary approaches to ageing have emerged, and “Ageing and literature” is now established among literary scholars as a critical perspective in its own right, with a perspective usually marked by an interdisciplinary stance.What insights can literature offer when it comes to old age that other kinds of knowledge cannot? As my article aims to show, literature is and remains (inter alia) highly relevant as a unique access to individual ageing, enabling us to grasp the ambivalences and intricacies connected to growing old more distinctly then quantitative, statistical sociological studies and medical reports can do. And most notably, literature can investigate the domain of ageing senses and sensations and widen our understanding of how elderly people experience sensual attractions, love and desire.To concretize these assumptions, I will focus on the so called “Denisieva cycle”, by Feodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, one of the greatest poets in the classical Russian tradition. The cycle has an autobiographical context: it retells in lyrical verse how the married Tyutchev, at 50, an advanced age at that time, fell  in love with Elena Aleksandrovna Denisieva, a noblewoman of 22 and a school-friend of his daughters. While not divorcing, the poet kept up an illicit relationship with Denisieva for 15 years and she bore him three children. The affair ended in utmost tragedy, when Denisieva, ostracized by both family and former friends, died in 1865, followed closely by the death of two of their children. These events brought the elderly lover into a spiral of endless despair, but also resulted in a sublime body of poems which constitutes a remarkably testimony of the senescent subject in love, questioning, as I will demonstrate, a number of prevalent stereotypes about passions in the winter of a man’s life. Moreover, the manner in which Tyutchev in these poems builds his final love into an utterly moving narrative, making bearable through its sheer literary and poetical magnetism the real sufferings it is based on, reminds us in a meaningful way of the words once uttered by Karen Blixen: “All sorrows can be borne if you put them into a story”.