bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delegationsreise der Deutschen Gesellschaft für
Handchirurgie (DGH) nach Jerusalem
Authors: Giunta Riccardo
Published: August 2017

Nachdem wir im Mai des vergangenen Jahres eine Delegationsreise der Deutschen
Gesellschaft für Handchirurgie (DGH) zur Jahrestagung der Chinesischen
Gesellschaft für Handchirurgie (CSSH) nach Qingdao, China 1 organisiert und zuvor bereits bei der AASH in
Scottsdale, USA 2 zu Gast waren, hatte Shai
Luria (
Abb. 1
) der derzeitige Präsident
der Israelian Society for Surgery of the Hand (ISSH) vergangenes Jahr
vorgeschlagen, eine ähnliche Tagung in Jerusalem gemeinsam zu organisieren. Zur
Gelegenheit der Jahrestagung der Federation of European Societies for Surgery of
the Hand (FESSH) in Santander, Spanien hatten wir dann gemeinsam Details geplant
und diese bei der DGH Tagung in Frankfurt vorgestellt.
Microphysics of inhomogeneous flowing dusty plasmas studied by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Wilms Jochen , Piel Alexander
Published: August 2017

A strongly coupled inhomogeneous dust flow in a toroidal trap is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. In this system, the particles arrange themselves in concentric shells. These shells merge and split depending on the acceleration and deceleration of the flow, which determines the local stress in the fluid. The merging proceeds smoothly near an energetic minimum. The splitting can occur in the form of sudden hydraulic jumps. Particular attention is paid to the changes of the Voronoi cell geometry and the nearest-neighbor dynamics. A common feature of the microphysics is a preference of shear motion over compressional motion, which can be quantified by the novel measures of mean strain rate and mean rotation rate.
Sine wave gating silicon single-photon detectors for multiphoton entanglement experiments
Authors: Zhou Nan , Jiang Wen-Hao , Chen Luo-Kan , Fang Yu-Qiang , Li Zheng-Da , Liang Hao , Chen Yu-Ao , Zhang Jun , Pan Jian-Wei
Published: August 2017

Silicon single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the key devices for detecting single photons in the visible wavelength range. Here we present high detection efficiency silicon SPDs dedicated to the generation of multiphoton entanglement based on the technique of high-frequency sine wave gating. The silicon single-photon avalanche diode components are acquired by disassembling 6 commercial single-photon counting modules (SPCMs). Using the new quenching electronics, the average detection efficiency of SPDs is increased from 68.6% to 73.1% at a wavelength of 785 nm. These sine wave gating SPDs are then applied in a four-photon entanglement experiment, and the four-fold coincidence count rate is increased by 30% without degrading its visibility compared with the original SPCMs.
Optimization of grating duty cycle in non-interferometric grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging
Authors: Luo Ronghui , Wu Zhao , Xiong Ying , Wei Chenxi , Zhang Xiaobo , Hu Renfang , Wang Lei , Guo Liang , Liu Gang , Tian Yangchao
Published: August 2017

Grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging technology is one of the most potential imaging methods in real applications. It can be classified into two categories: interferometry and non-interferometric imaging. The non-interferometric grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging (NIGPCI) instrument has a great advantage in the forthcoming commercial applications for the flexible system design and the use of large periodic gratings. The performance of the NIGPCI instrument depends on its angular sensitivity to a great extent. Therefore, good angular sensitivity is mandatory in order to obtain high quality phase-contrast images. Several parameters, such as the X-ray spectrum, the inter-grating distances, and the parameters of the three gratings, influence the angular sensitivity of the imaging system. However, the quantitative relationship between the angular sensitivity and grating duty cycle is unclear. Therefore, this paper is devoted to revealing their internal relation by theoretical deduction and emulation of the imaging process with the theories of linear system and Fourier optics. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis method to optimize the duty cycles of gratings is proposed and its applicability to a general NIGPCI system is verified.
RRKM and master equation kinetic analysis of parallel addition reactions of isomeric radical intermediates in hydrocarbon flames
Authors: Winter Pierre M. , Rheaume Michael , Cooksy Andrew L.
Published: August 2017

We have calculated the temperature-dependent rate coefficients of the addition reactions of butadien-2-yl (C4H5) and acroylyl (C3H3O) radicals with ethene (C2H4), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (H2CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and ketene (H2CCO), in order to explore the balance between kinetic and thermodynamic control in these combustion-related reactions. For the C4H5 radical, the 1,3-diene form of the addition products is more stable than the 1,2-diene, but the 1,2-diene form of the radical intermediate is stabilized by an allylic delocalization, which may influence the relative activation energies. For the reactions combining C3H3O with C2H4, CO, and HCN, the opposite is true: the 1,2-enone form of the addition products is more stable than the 1,3-enone, whereas the 1,3-enone is the slightly more stable radical species. Optimized geometries and vibrational modes were computed with the QCISD/aug-cc-pVDZ level and basis, followed by single-point CCSD(T)-F12a/cc-pVDZ-F12 energy calculations. Our findings indicate that the kinetics in all cases favor reaction along the 1,3 pathway for both the C4H5 and C3H3O systems. The Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) microcanonical rate coefficients and subsequent solution of the chemical master equation were used to predict the time-evolution of our system under conditions from 500 K to 2000 K and from 10−5 bar to 10 bars. Despite the 1,3 reaction pathway being more favorable for the C4H5 system, our results predict branching ratios of the 1,2 to 1,3 product as high as 0.48 at 1 bar. Similar results hold for the acroylyl system under these combustion conditions, suggesting that under kinetic control the branching of these reactions may be much more significant than the thermodynamics would suggest. This effect may be partly attributed to the low energy difference between 1,2 and 1,3 forms of the radical intermediate. No substantial pressure-dependence is found for the overall forward reaction rates until pressures decrease below 0.1 bar.
Structural phase transitions in SrTiO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Han , Liu Sizhan , Scofield Megan E. , Wong Stanislaus S. , Hong Xinguo , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Greenberg Eran , Tyson Trevor A.
Published: August 2017

Pressure dependent structural measurements on monodispersed nanoscale SrTiO3 samples with average diameters of 10 to ∼80 nm were conducted to enhance the understanding of the structural phase diagram of nanoscale SrTiO3. A robust pressure independent polar structure was found in the 10 nm sample for pressures up to 13 GPa, while a size dependent cubic to tetragonal transition occurs (at P = Pc) for larger particle sizes. The results suggest that the growth of ∼10 nm STO particles on substrates with significant lattice mismatch may maintain a polar state for a large range of strain values, possibly enabling device use.
Enhanced thermopower and low thermal conductivity in p-type polycrystalline ZrTe5
Authors: Hooda M. K. , Yadav C. S.
Published: August 2017

Thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline p-type ZrTe5 are reported in the temperature (T) range of 2–340 K. Thermoelectric power (S) is positive and reaches up to 458 μV/K at 340 K on increasing T. The value of Fermi energy 16 meV suggests a low carrier density of ≈9.5 × 1018 cm−3. A sharp anomaly in S data is observed at 38 K, which seems intrinsic to p-type ZrTe5. The thermal conductivity (κ) value is low (2 W/m K at T = 300 K) with major contribution from the lattice part. Electrical resistivity data show the metal to semiconductor transition at T ∼ 150 K and non-Arrhenius behavior in the semiconducting region. The figure of merit zT (0.026 at T = 300 K) is ∼63% higher than that of HfTe5 (0.016) and better than those of the conventional SnTe, p-type PbTe, and bipolar pristine ZrTe5 compounds.
Measuring the flexoelectric coefficient of bulk barium titanate from a shock wave experiment
Authors: Hu Taotao , Deng Qian , Liang Xu , Shen Shengping
Published: August 2017

In this paper, a phenomenon of polarization introduced by shock waves is experimentally studied. Although this phenomenon has been reported previously in the community of physics, this is the first time to link it to flexoelectricity, the coupling between electric polarization and strain gradients in dielectrics. As the shock waves propagate in a dielectric material, electric polarization is thought to be induced by the strain gradient at the shock front. First, we control the first-order hydrogen gas gun to impact and generate shock waves in unpolarized bulk barium titanate (BT) samples. Then, a high-precision oscilloscope is used to measure the voltage generated by the flexoelectric effect. Based on experimental results, strain elastic wave theory, and flexoelectric theory, a longitudinal flexoelectric coefficient of the bulk BT sample is calculated to be μ11=17.33×10−6 C/m, which is in accord with the published transverse flexoelectric coefficient. This method effectively suppresses the majority of drawbacks in the quasi-static and low frequency dynamic techniques and provides more reliable results of flexoelectric behaviors.
Variational principle for the parallel-symplectic representation of electromagnetic gyrokinetic theory
Authors: Brizard Alain J.
Published: August 2017

The nonlinear (full-f) electromagnetic gyrokinetic Vlasov-Maxwell equations are derived in the parallel-symplectic representation from an Eulerian gyrokinetic variational principle. The gyrokinetic Vlasov-Maxwell equations are shown to possess an exact energy conservation law, which is derived by the Noether method from the gyrokinetic variational principle. Here, the gyrocenter Poisson bracket and the gyrocenter Jacobian contain contributions from the perturbed magnetic field. In the full-f formulation of the gyrokinetic Vlasov-Maxwell theory presented here, the gyrocenter parallel-Ampère equation contains a second-order contribution to the gyrocenter current density that is derived from the second-order gyrocenter ponderomotive Hamiltonian.
Numerical analysis and performance optimization of a submerged wave energy converting device based on the floating breakwater
Authors: Peng Wei , Huang Xiaoyun , Fan Yaning , Zhang Jisheng , Ren Xingyue
Published: August 2017

A submerged wave energy converting device, based on the proton-type floating breakwater, has been studied under regular waves in the present study. In order to assess the performance of the developed Wave Energy Convertor (WEC), a numerical simulator has been built based on the Navier-Stokes solver. Making use of the laboratory measurements, the numerical model has been proved to be a reliable tool for reproducing wave deformations and the dynamics of the floating energy device. Then, the model was employed to test the sensibility of the proposed WEC performance to changes in some variables under regular waves: wave period, Power Take Off (PTO) damping, and spring constant. Three damping functions for the PTO system were employed, namely, constant value, step function, and sine function. From numerical estimations, it can be concluded that the PTO damping function and the properties of springs play important roles in effectively harnessing the wave energy. The highest energy conversion ratio can be up to approximately 17%, either by using a relatively large PTO damping or by using a smaller PTO damping but with the help of springs. A tuning strategy making use of the supplementary springs was also suggested to maintain a high energy capture width for the present WEC in changing waves. Moreover, the efficiency of the developed WEC was also discussed when subjected to less energetic water waves, which was important for a smooth power output of the device under various wave conditions.
Broadband microwave absorption and standing wave effect in helium capacitively coupled plasma
Authors: Zhang Yachun , He Xiang , Chen Jianping , Chen Li , Zhang Hongchao , Ni Xiaowu , Lu Jian , Shen Zhonghua
Published: August 2017

The broadband microwave absorption of a large volume helium plasma, which is generated by two parallel rectangular plates based on the principle of capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) is developed in this paper. The transmission attenuation is simulated by the combination of the time-dependent fluid model and dispersion equation, and measured by a high dynamic range measurement system in a frequency range of 1–12 GHz. The results show that the plasma can absorb microwave energy efficiently, especially in the frequency range of 1–5 GHz, where the transmission attenuation is more than −5 dB. The attenuation increases with gas pressures and applied voltages. Besides, the standing wave effect in plasma can increase the microwave absorption effectively. The numerical and experimental results have a qualitative agreement, and these characteristics suggest that the helium CCP has tremendous potential to be applied in plasma stealth.
Segmentation of Australian meat consumers on the basis of attitudes regarding farm animal welfare and the environmental impact of meat production
Authors: Malek Lenka , Umberger Wendy J. , Rolfe John
Published: August 2017

While public concern over the welfare of farm animals is believed to have intensified across Australia in recent years, no empirical research has sought to examine and quantify the heterogeneity in farm animal-welfare (FAW) concerns among Australian meat consumers. The present study is the first to address this knowledge gap. Data were collected in 2015 by using a comprehensive online survey instrument completed by a representative sample of 1009 Australian meat consumers. Sample quotas were set for age, gender and location. Using these data, we were able to segment meat consumers according to their attitudes towards FAW and perceptions regarding the environmental impact of meat production. Six unique segments were identified and characterised by purchase behaviour, livestock-management knowledge, farming background and experience, beliefs regarding the consumer/farmer implications of improved FAW, influential information sources, participation in FAW-related activities and socio-demographic variables. Our findings showed that the majority of Australian meat consumers (70%) hold neutral views regarding FAW. However, there are two segments, termed ‘concerned-FAW’ (10%) and ‘anti-FAW’ (20%), which expressed strong views with respect to FAW. Overall, consumer knowledge regarding livestock-management practices was low across all segments, with only 11–42% of consumers indicating that they felt sufficiently informed about FAW. This insight into perceptions of FAW by different segments and the impact of meat production on the environment can assist the industry in developing targeted information campaigns to address consumer concerns and allow better-informed meat purchase decisions.
Performance of legume-based annual forage crops in three semi-arid Mediterranean environments
Authors: Annicchiarico P. , Alami I. Thami , Abbas K. , Pecetti L. , Melis R. A. M. , Porqueddu C.
Published: August 2017

Legume-based annual forages could be pivotal for the sustainable intensification of forage production in drought-prone Mediterranean cereal-livestock systems. This study aimed to optimise the composition of these crops for three climatically contrasting areas. Four legumes (field pea of semi-dwarf and tall type; Narbon vetch; common vetch) and two cereals (oat; triticale) were grown in three autumn-sown sites (Sassari, Italy; Sétif, Algeria; Marchouch, Morocco) for 2 years as pure stands and legume-cereal binary and four-component mixtures. We assessed dry matter yield, weed content and farmers’ acceptability of the crops, and legume content and Land Equivalent Ratio of the mixtures. Legumes’ competitive disadvantage ranged from very high in Sétif to nearly nil in Sassari. Pea- and common vetch-based mixtures out-performed Narbon vetch-based ones in terms of yield, legume content and farmers’ acceptability. The tall pea, featuring greatest competitive ability against cereals, maximised the yield and legume content of legume-cereal crops. Vetch-cereal mixtures exhibited lower weed content than the average of the components’ pure stands. Oat monoculture was top-yielding but modestly appreciated by farmers. Pea provided the only legume monoculture combining good yielding ability and high farmers’ appreciation. Greater species diversity as provided by complex mixtures did not display any production advantage over binary mixtures.
The acquisition of the non-subject status of nominative objects in Japanese
Authors: Sano Tetsuya , Shimada Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Yoshiki
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the L1 acquisition of the Japanese nominative object construction and discusses its implication for the Universal Phase Requirement (UPR) Hypothesis in Wexler (2004) and Hirsch and Wexler (2007). Although the results of our first experiment could be interpreted as evidence against the UPR Hypothesis, we raise the question of whether this interpretation is legitimate, and discuss what should be considered in a suitable evaluation of the UPR Hypothesis with the nominative object construction. Given the finding in our second experiment, our third experiment provides some preliminary data that suggest that the L1 acquisition of the Japanese nominative object construction may support the UPR Hypothesis.
Free choice and wh-indefinites in child Mandarin
Authors: Zhou Peng
Published: August 2017

The present study reports findings from experimental studies investigating Mandarin-speaking children’s knowledge of the free choice reading of existential expressions like wh-indefinites. Twenty-eight monolingual Mandarin-speaking children and twenty-two Mandarin-speaking adults participated in the study. Using a Question-Statement task (Zhou & Crain 2011), the present study found that four-year-old Mandarin-speaking children exhibited adult-like knowledge of the free choice reading of existential expressions. The current findings, in conjunction with the findings of previous research, provide evidence for a unified account of the semantic interpretations of existential expressions.
Logical expressions in Mandarin-speaking children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Su Yi (Esther)
Published: August 2017

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are traditionally believed to demonstrate profound impairment in processing semantic relations or concepts, in contrast to their relative strengths in syntax. This conclusion may be partially caused by the limitations of the traditional assessments, without incorporating fine-grained analyses of specific semantic properties that are crucial for revealing the nature of language acquisition in children with ASD. In this paper, two studies are reviewed which investigated the comprehension of logical expressions in 28 4- to 15-year-old Mandarin-speaking children with ASD and matched typical controls. Using a computer-based Truth Value Judgment task, the first study examined children’s interpretation of the logical words youxie ‘some’ and mei…huozhe…‘every…or…’. Using a computer-based Question Statement task, the second study assessed children’s understanding of the Mandarin wh-words shenme ‘what’ and shei ‘who’. The results of both studies provide evidence for the relative strengths of the interpretation of logical expressions in children with ASD. Thus, different from the traditional assumptions, it is possible that in the domain of semantics, several semantic properties may be selectively spared in children with ASD. We discuss the findings in the light of the possible contributions the language faculty makes to language acquisition, including in children with ASD.
The scalar operator even and its German equivalents
Authors: Gast Volker
Published: August 2017

The English scalar additive operator even has a broad distribution, e.g. insofar as it is used in upward- as well as downward-entailing contexts. Other languages, such as German, use a variety of expressions to render the function(s) of even. The question arises what conditions and determines the use of the various operators of German. The present study addresses this question with respect to the particles selbst, sogar and auch as translation equivalents of even in upward-entailing contexts. On the basis of a sample of 300 translation pairs from the Europarl corpus, the influence of four syntactic and three pragmatic variables on the choice of an operator in German is investigated. The results show that the operators are mainly sensitive to two of the pragmatic variables, the presence or absence of overt focus alternatives in the clausal environment, and the size of the set of alternatives. From a syntatic point of view, a clear difference between selbst and sogar is shown, with selbst exhibiting a tendency to attach to higher levels of syntax than sogar. The quantitative findings are interpreted against the background of historical developments, the assumption being that synchronic distributions reflect diachronic developments (‘distributional intertia’).
Ënghe, ence and also anche
Authors: Fiorentini Ilaria
Published: August 2017

The contribution examines the behaviour of additive particles in a specific language contact situation, namely the Ladin speaking area in Trentino-South Tyrol (Italy). Ladin is a minority language spoken by ca. 30,000 speakers, whose linguistic repertoires include also Italian (Fassa valley) and German (Badia and Gardena valleys). The analysis of a corpus of bilingual speech shows that, contrary to other types of particles (such as discourse markers), there is no borrowing of additive particles from Italian and German to Ladin. Nevertheless, the contact with these languages affects the position and scope of additive particles in the utterance, especially in Badia and Gardena Ladin.
New evidence for the Source–Goal asymmetry
Authors: Zanchi Chiara
Published: August 2017

This paper provides new evidence for the Source–Goal asymmetry by analyzing the synchronic behavior and the diachronic developments of Ancient Greek preverbs. This investigation is based on a diachronic corpus, including Homer as well as later prose, obtained by selecting a number of verbs representing different verb classes. Ancient Greek preverbs show both synchronic and diachronic asymmetries. The Goal is expressed by a larger number of preverbs than the Source, and is often associated with Location. Source-preverbs are more advanced in grammaticalization than Goal-preverbs: they are more obligatory, more easily repeated, and show a stronger tendency to develop actional meanings. Moreover, compounds with Source-preverbs often take a Goal-participant, whereas the opposite is not attested. These asymmetries are due to the syncretism undergone by Ancient Greek cases, which turned the genitive into a highly polysemous case.
Asymmetries between Goal and Source prefixes in Spanish
Authors: Sotelo Elisabeth Gibert
Published: August 2017

An asymmetry is observed in Spanish between the Goal prefixes a- and en- and the Source prefix des-: while the former are not productively adjoined to verbal bases, the latter felicitously attaches to verbs in order to encode Source-oriented transition events. From a diachronic standpoint, it is shown that this asymmetry was not present in Latin, and that it was triggered by the evolution from a satellite-framed system (rich in prefixed verbs able to encode a Manner Co-event in the verbal root) to a verb-framed one (whose prefixed verbs can only encode an abstract Ground in the root of the verb). The different behaviour of a- and en-, on the one hand, and des-, on the other, can be accounted for by taking into consideration the different conceptual and structural complexity of Goal paths and Source paths. The present study offers a nanosyntactic analysis of the observed asymmetry which, in addition, fits the Goal bias and naturally explains the linear order in which Spanish directional prefixes appear in multi-prefixed verbs.
Source-oriented and Goal-oriented events in Old and Modern French
Authors: Kopecka Anetta
Published: August 2017

In the development from Old to Modern French one of the changes involves a morphosyntactic reorganization of the expression of Path of motion. Old French had several micro-systems to express Path including verb prefixes and verb particles. However, their productivity has decreased over the centuries and, as a consequence, the expression of Path in Modern French relies more heavily on verbs. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the effects of this change on the expression of Source-oriented and Goal-oriented events. Based on data extracted from medieval texts and their translations into Modern French, the study shows that the availability of verb prefixes and particles in Old French and their relatively free combinability with verbs of motion allows for a more fine-grained expression of the initial and final component of Path, and a more frequent description of complex Path that includes both Source and Goal-related information. The descriptions of motion in Modern French, on the other hand, put less emphasis on these two parts of Path, leaving, at times, some spatial information to be inferred from the context.
Source-Location ambiguity and incipient decline in the recent evolution of the English directional particle away
Authors: Lewis Diana M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter reports on a corpus-based investigation of the evolution of spatial away over the Modern English period in the light of recent work on the expression of motion events. Three observations are made: firstly, a directional-locative polysemy develops, secondly productivity seems to stagnate, and thirdly, for a range of verbs, directional V-away seems to be being gradually replaced by V-off. The likely mechanisms behind these changes are discussed, and it is suggested that away may be an atypical directional particle in decline, possibly in the context of a reorganization or regularization of English directional particles.
Precision timing and timed embeddedness of imperatives in embodied courses of action
Authors: Mondada Lorenza
Published: August 2017

Drawing on video recorded data in French, this chapter studies the use of imperatives in situations in which participants involved together in an activity get one another to do something immediately, within that activity. More specifically, this chapter focuses on activities characterized by fast progression and by a sense of urgency, risk, or speed – in which the immediacy of a participant’s response is particularly relevant. These characteristics highlight temporality in a specific and exemplary way. The chapter offers a systematic analysis of sequential environments that contain imperatives directing someone to perform an immediate action. The linguistic and embodied characteristics of these actions are reviewed, as well as their responses and possible third closing turns. The analysis will demonstrate how both directives and their responses are multimodally assembled and carefully fine-tuned, and how they orient to the precise timing of the ongoing activity. Beyond the basic organization of the sequence, the chapter studies the specific formats of repeated imperatives, orienting to temporal features such as the imminence, urgency, time precision, and duration of the directed action.
Secondary and deviant uses of the imperative for requesting in Italian
Authors: Rossi Giovanni
Published: August 2017

The use of the imperative for requesting has been mostly explained on the basis of estimations of social distance, relative power, and entitlement. More recent research, however, has identified other selection factors to do with the functional and sequential relation of the action requested to the trajectory of the ongoing interaction. In everyday activities among family and friends, the imperative is typically warranted by an earlier commitment of the requestee to a joint project or shared goal which the action requested contributes to. The chapter argues this to be the primary use of the imperative for requesting in Italian informal interaction, and distinguishes it from other uses of the imperative that do not conform to the predominant pattern. These other uses are of two kinds: (i) secondary, that is, less frequent and formally marked imperatives that still orient to social-interactional conditions supporting an expectation of compliance, and (ii) deviant, where the imperative is selected in deliberate violation of the social-interactional conditions that normally support it, attracting special attention and accomplishing more than just requesting. This study extends prior findings on the functional distribution of imperative requests and makes a point of relating and classifying distinct uses of a same form of action, offering new insights into more general aspects of language use such as markedness and normativity.
Cherry production.
Authors: Bujdosó G. , Hrotkó K.
Published: August 2017

It is said to be difficult to obtain accurate cherry production data. In many cases, production for both cherry species, sweet (Prunus avium) and sour (Prunus cerasus), are published together under one 'cherry' category. This form of data presentation is more frequent in countries where sour cherry production is negligible, and therefore the production figures can be assumed to represent sweet cherry. In addition, the hectares of cherry production and yields reported are not uniform between countries. There is variation in whether the orchard surface and yields reported include only commercial or commercial plus backyard garden production, bearing or both bearing and non-bearing orchards, and exported production. Therefore, accurate comparisons are difficult to obtain, especially the average yield/ha data when calculated by total yield of the country divided by total orchard surface. This chapter presents the global sweet and sour cherry production.
Flowering, fruit set and development.
Authors: Herrero M. , Rodrigo J. , Wünsch A.
Published: August 2017

In this chapter, flower biology and fruit set in cherry, sweet (Prunus avium) and sour (Prunus avium), are examined, paying attention to the critical steps that result in failures in fruit set. For this purpose, a chronological timeline is followed. First, flower development is examined in relation to dormancy. Then, at flowering, the events from pollination to fertilization are described with a particular emphasis on self-incompatibility. Finally, fruit set and fruit development are considered, evaluating the causes behind failures in fruit set and the main determinants of fruit development.
Biodiversity, germplasm resources and breeding methods.
Authors: Iezzoni A. , Wünsch A. , Höfer M. , Giovannini D. , Jensen M. , Quero-García J. , Campoy J. A. , Vokurka A. , Barreneche T.
Published: August 2017

This chapter deals with the taxonomy (in the scion and rootstock gene pool), origin, domestication, preservation of germplasm resources, breeding methods (including hybridization) and DNA-informed breeding (discussing quantitative trait loci and diagnostic DNA tests) of cherry species. The seed anatomy, extraction, dormancy breaking and germination are described.
Sour cherry varieties and improvement.
Authors: Schuster M. , Apostol J. , Iezzoni A. , Jensen M. , Milatović D.
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the importance of plant breeding in the development of new sour cherry cultivars. Information on the origin, parentage, tree growth, fertility/fruit set, flowering date, fruit characteristics, resistance to various biotic and abiotic factors and uses of these new sour cherry cultivars are also presented.
Environmental limiting factors for cherry production.
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , Neilsen D. , Forge T.
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the major potential limitations to optimizing cherry production as imposed by abiotic and biotic soil characteristics, such as soil organic matter, pH, salinity, soil fertility, porosity, plant parasitic nematodes, soilborne pathogens and symbionts, among others. Some strategies to overcome or avoid such limitations are also discussed.
Site preparation and orchard infrastructure.
Authors: Koumanov K. S. , Long L. E.
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the importance of site selection and preparation, pollen sources, pollinators, tree support, drainage and irrigation, soil fertility and organic matter and weed management, among others, on the establishment and management of a cherry orchard.
Morphology, cropping physiology and canopy training.
Authors: Ayala M. , Lang G. A.
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the importance of proper rootstock selections, canopy training systems and cropping physiology analyses (canopy photosynthesis and carbon distribution, among others) to improve the fruit production of intensive cherry orchards. The benefits of canopy and crop load management in imcreasing crop yields are also discussed.
Fruit chemistry, nutritional benefits and social aspects of cherries.
Authors: Serradilla M. J. , Akšić M. F. , Manganaris G. A. , Ercisli S. , González-Gómez D. , Valero D.
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the physicochemical characteristics (soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and volatile compounds) and nutritional (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, sugars, organic acids, minerals and vitamins) and non-nutritional composition of sweet and sour cherry fruits. Some non-nutrient food constituents of sweet and sour cherry fruits, such as phytochemicals, phytonutrients, plant secondary metabolites and biologically active and health-promoting compounds, are also presented.
Fruit harvest methods and technologies.
Authors: Whiting M. D. , Perry R. L.
Published: August 2017

This chapter presents a review of the current harvest processes, including the potential for mechanical harvest, of fresh market-quality sweet cherry fruits.
Loewy lengths of blocks with abelian defect groups
Authors: Eaton Charles , Livesey Michael
Published: August 2017

We consider

p
p

-blocks with abelian defect groups and in the first part prove a relationship between its Loewy length and that for blocks of normal subgroups of index

p
p

. Using this, we show that if

B
B

is a

2
2

-block of a finite group with abelian defect group
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper D approximately-equals upper C Subscript 2 Sub Superscript a 1 Baseline times midline-horizontal-ellipsis times upper C Subscript 2 Sub Superscript a Sub Super Subscript r Baseline times left-parenthesis upper C 2 right-parenthesis Superscript s">

D
≅

C

2

a
1

×
⋯
×

C

2

a
r

×
(

C
2

)
s

D \cong C_{2^{a_1}} \times \cdots \times C_{2^{a_r}} \times (C_2)^s

, where

a
i

>
1

a_i > 1

for all

i
i

and

r
≥
0

r \geq 0

, then

d
>
LL
⁡
(
B
)
≤

2

a
1

+
⋯
+

2

a
r

+
2
s
−
r
+
1

d > \operatorname {LL}(B) \leq 2^{a_1}+\cdots +2^{a_r}+2s-r+1

, where

|

D

|

=

2
d

|D|=2^d

. When

s
=
1

s=1

the upper bound can be improved to

2

a
1

+
⋯
+

2

a
r

+
2
−
r

2^{a_1}+\cdots +2^{a_r}+2-r

. Together these give sharp upper bounds for every isomorphism type of

D
D

. A consequence is that when

D
D

is an abelian

2
2

-group the Loewy length is bounded above by

|

D

|

|D|

except when

D
D

is a Klein-four group and

B
B

is Morita equivalent to the principal block of

A
5

A_5

. We conjecture similar bounds for arbitrary primes and give evidence that it holds for principal

3
3

-blocks.
Holmes: a graphical tool for development, simulation and analysis of Petri net based models of complex biological systems
Authors: Radom Marcin , Rybarczyk Agnieszka , Szawulak Bartłomiej , Andrzejewski Hubert , Chabelski Piotr , Kozak Adam , Formanowicz Piotr
Published: August 2017

Model development and its analysis is a fundamental step in systems biology. The theory of Petri nets offers a tool for such a task. Since the rapid development of computer science, a variety of tools for Petri nets emerged, offering various analytical algorithms. From this follows a problem of using different programs to analyse a single model. Many file formats and different representations of results make the analysis much harder. Especially for larger nets the ability to visualize the results in a proper form provides a huge help in the understanding of their significance. We present a new tool for Petri nets development and analysis called Holmes. Our program contains algorithms for model analysis based on different types of Petri nets, e.g. invariant generator, Maximum Common Transitions (MCT) sets and cluster modules, simulation algorithms or knockout analysis tools. A very important feature is the ability to visualize the results of almost all analytical modules. The integration of such modules into one graphical environment allows a researcher to fully devote his or her time to the model building and analysis.

Availability and implementation

Available at http://www.cs.put.poznan.pl/mradom/Holmes/holmes.html
EMHP: an accurate automated hole masking algorithm for single-particle cryo-EM image processing
Authors: Berndsen Zachary , Bowman Charles , Jang Haerin , Ward Andrew B
Published: August 2017

The Electron Microscopy Hole Punch (EMHP) is a streamlined suite of tools for quick assessment, sorting and hole masking of electron micrographs. With recent advances in single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) data processing allowing for the rapid determination of protein structures using a smaller computational footprint, we saw the need for a fast and simple tool for data pre-processing that could run independent of existing high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures. EMHP provides a data preprocessing platform in a small package that requires minimal python dependencies to function.

Availability and implementation

https://www.bitbucket.org/chazbot/emhp Apache 2.0 License

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Political Ideology and Consumer Research beyond Complaining Behavior: A Response to the Commentaries
Authors: Jung Kiju , Garbarino Ellen , Briley Donnel A , Wynhausen Jesse
Published: August 2017

Two commentaries on our article offer interesting and useful paths for pushing forward the research stream we have developed. Jost, Langer, and Singh suggest delving more deeply into underlying psychological motives while extending our finding to consumer boycotting behavior, and Crockett and Pendarvis suggest broadening the scope to consider the sociocultural context in which complaining occurs. We discuss these two complementary approaches. Building on these ideas, we offer five research themes we believe are fruitful avenues for exploring the interface between consumer research and political ideology. As an illustration of one of these themes, we use three county-level datasets to explore whether and how political ideology and social vulnerability combine to influence a number of prosocial behaviors.
Diffuse X-ray sky in the Galactic center
Authors: Koyama Katsuji
Published: August 2017

The Galactic diffuse X-ray emission (GDXE) in the Milky Way Galaxy is spatially and spectrally decomposed into the Galactic center X-ray emission (GCXE), the Galactic ridge X-ray emission (GRXE), and the Galactic bulge X-ray emission (GBXE). The X-ray spectra of the GDXE are characterized by the strong K-shell lines of the highly ionized atoms, and the brightest lines are the K-shell transition (principal quantum number transition of n = 2 → 1) of neutral iron (Fe i-Kα), He-like iron (Fe xxv-Heα), and He-like sulfur (S xv-Heα). Accordingly, the GDXE is composed of a high-temperature plasma of ∼7 keV (HTP) and a low-temperature plasma of ∼1 keV, which emit the Fe xxv-Heα and S xv-Heα lines, respectively. The Fe i-Kα line is emitted from nearly neutral irons, and hence the third component of the GDXE is a cool gas (CG). The Fe i-Kα distribution in the GCXE region is clumpy (Fe i-Kα clump), associated with giant molecular cloud (MC) complexes (Sagittarius A, B, C, D, and E) in the central molecular zone. The origin of the Fe i-Kα clumps is the fluorescence and Thomson scattering from the MCs irradiated by past big flares of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*. The scale heights and equivalent widths of the Fe i-Kα, Fe xxv-Heα, and Fe xxvi-Lyα (n = 2 → 1 transition of H-like iron) lines are different among the GCXE, GBXE, and GRXE. Therefore, their structures and origins are separately examined. This paper gives an overview of the research history and the present understandings of the GDXE, while in particular focusing on the origin of the HTP and CG in the GCXE.
Family-Centered Care As a Western-Centric Model in Developing Countries
Authors: Al-Motlaq Mohammad A. , Shields Linda
Published: August 2017

Family-centered care (FCC) is a model of care that emerged over many years and is broadly defined as promoting a partnership between the parents and health care professionals in the care of the child. Although recognized by many as the ideal way to care for children and families, previous reviews showed a lack of evidence for its efficacy. A recent Cochrane review recommended further rigorous research to assess the model's effect. Other reports emerged to ascertain FCC poor implementation. There is also a paucity of studies investigating the model outside the Western context. This article dissects the literature and provides a comprehensive summary on FCC in the context of limited resources versus best practice. Lessons learned from the literature for the reproducibility of the model in the developing world are provided. Considered a luxury, the autocratic health systems in most of these countries will not easily accept such a model of care except with a greater understanding and support for the model and high-quality research that can guide hospitals, health systems, and policy makers.
Measuring Consumer Engagement: A Review of Tools and Findings
Authors: Jacobs Laurie M. , Brindis Claire D. , Hughes Dana , Kennedy Caitlin E. , Schmidt Laura A.
Published: August 2017

Consumer engagement is increasingly emphasized in healthcare initiatives and has been a priority in healthcare reforms. Consumer engagement takes multiple forms, including increased involvement of consumers in their own care, in organizational design, and in broader policy decision-making processes. Determining the effectiveness of such involvement requires both effective measurement and empirical study, both of which have yet to be standardized or fully explored. In this review, we examine both existing measurement tools for consumer engagement and current empirical knowledge regarding the outcomes associated with each of three levels of consumer engagement. Although measurement and results at the level of direct care are more established, measurement of consumer engagement, let alone its effects at the organizational design or policy level, is less well developed. Building on our review, we make suggestions for how to fill the current gaps in understanding the measurement and outcomes of consumer engagement.
Evolution of the anterolateral thigh free flap
Authors: Graboyes Evan M. , Hornig Joshua D.
Published: August 2017

Purpose of review

To review the recent literature on the evolution and advanced uses of the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap in reconstruction of oncologic defects of the head and neck.

Recent findings

The ALT free flap is a versatile flap that can be harvested in a chimeric fashion with independent, vascularized skin, muscle, fascia, nerve and bone. Various techniques for chimeric flap harvest and flap inset have been described for reconstruction of pharyngocutaneous, oromandibular and radical parotidectomy defects. These reports expand the indications for the ALT free flap while demonstrating good functional and aesthetic outcomes.

The ALT free flap remains popular for reconstruction of head and neck oncologic defects because of its versatility. Continued evolution in chimeric flap harvest techniques for pharyngocutaneous, osseous and radical parotidectomy defects highlights novel advanced reconstructive uses for the ALT free flap.
Eosinophilic Solid and Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma (ESC RCC)
Authors: Trpkov Kiril , Abou-Ouf Hatem , Hes Ondřej , Lopez Jose I. , Nesi Gabriella , Comperat Eva , Sibony Mathilde , Osunkoya Adeboye O. , Zhou Ming , Gokden Neriman , Leroy Xavier , Berney Daniel M. , Werneck Cunha Isabela , Musto Maria L. , Athanazio Daniel A. , Yilmaz Asli , Donnelly Bryan , Hyndman Eric , Gill Anthony J. , McKenney Jesse K. , Bismar Tarek A.
Published: August 2017

Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC RCC) has been recently described as a unique and indolent renal neoplasm, found in female patients with and without tuberous sclerosis complex. Although ESC RCC has a distinct morphology and frequent CK20 reactivity, its molecular karyotype has been previously studied only in few cases. We identified 19 ESC RCC from multiple institutions; all patients were female individuals without clinical features of tuberous sclerosis complex. Molecular karyotyping was performed in 13 cases (12 with informative result). The median age was 55 years (range: 32 to 79 y). The tumors were yellow-gray with a median size of 31 mm (range: 12 to 135 mm) and showed solid and cystic gross appearance. All tumors demonstrated typical microscopic features with solid areas admixed with variably sized macrocysts and microcysts. The cells showed eosinophilic cytoplasm with granular cytoplasmic stippling and round-to-oval nuclei. CK20 was positive in 14/19 (74%) cases. Stage pT1 was found in 17/19 (89%) patients (pT1a in 12, pT1b in 5); 1 patient each had pT2a and pT3a. A total of 15/16 patients with available follow-up were alive and without evidence of disease progression, after 1 to 169 months (median: 44 mo; mean: 49.6 mo); 3 died of other causes. The most common copy number gains were 16p13.3-16q23.1 (33% to 67%), 7p21.2-7q36.2 (42% to 50%), 13q14.2 (33%), and 19p12 (33%). The most common copy number losses included Xp11.21 (42%) and 22q11.23 (33%). Loss of heterozygosity was most frequently found at 16p11.2-11.1 (75%), Xq11.1-13.1 (75%), Xq13.1-21.1 (33%), 11p11.2-11.11 (33%), 9q21.1-22.2 (33%), and 9q33.1 (33%). ESC RCC demonstrates common molecular karyotype alterations, which further support its distinct nature.