bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AGROBACTER1UM-MED1ATED TRANSFORMATION OF APPLE
Authors: Alrefai Rudaina , Korban Schuyler S. , Domier Leslie L.
Published: February 2019

Two strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying a disarmed Ti-binary vector, pZA-7, were used as vectors for transformation of apple leaf segments, EHA101:pZA-7 carries a helper plasmid derived from pTiB0542, and C58Z707:pZA-7 carries a helper plasmid derived from pTiC58. The binary vector provides two selection markers, neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) and hygromycin resistance genes, and a screening marker, β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different concentrations of kanamycin, carbenicillin, and cefotaxime on regeneration of apple leaf sections and inhibition of A. tumefaciens strains. In vitro-derived leaf sections of `Royal Gala' apple were grown on a regeneration medium containing thidiazuron and NAA; these were then dipped into a suspension culture of A. tumefaciens and transferred to a fresh regeneration medium. Callus lines exhibiting kanamycin and hygromycin resistance were obtained mostly with agrobacterium strain EHA101:pZA-7. Expression of GUS activity was also determined in putative transformed calli. Southern blot analysis was used for confirming integrative transformation in transgenic lines.
GROWTH OF GREEN PEPPER AND LETTUCE TRANSPLANTS AS EFFECTED BY MYCORRHIZAE, MEDIA, AND CONTAINER TYPE
Authors: Watson Ray A. , Stewart Katrine A. , Furlan Valentin
Published: February 2019

The effects of two mycorrhizal species (Glomus versiforme and Glomus intraradix) and a control on the growth of green pepper, Capsicum annuum, and lettuce, Lactuca sativa, seedlings have been evaluated using three types of growing media (Fafard bulk mix, Cornell mix and a compost based mix) and two types of containers, Cell Packs (125 cubic cm volume) and Pro-Trays (65 cubic cm volume) for green pepper and Cell Packs (125 cubic cm volume) and Plug Flats (33 cubic cm volume) for lettuce. The experiments used a split plot randomized complete block design with 4 blocks, and were carried out in a double-poly greenhouse in 1991. Supplemental lighting was provided by HPS lights with a 16 hour photoperiod. Seeds were sown directly into the containers of mycorrhizal inoculated media. All treatments received the same fertilizer regime. Plants in the higher volume cells were larger than those in the smaller volume cells for both pepper and lettuce. The Fafard Bulk Mix and the Compost mix gave larger plants than did the Cornell mix for both crops. An additional experiment examining the effect of light type on mycorrhizal transplant growth and development is underway and will be presented.
THE INFLUENCE OF SHELTERBELT ON MUSKMELON PRODUCTION.
Authors: Daningsih Entin , Hodges Laurie , Brandle James R. , Stroup Walter W.
Published: February 2019

Windbreaks can increase crop growth and improve crop quality. The effects of shelter on vegetable production varies with crop, location, and farming practices. While the advantages of minimizing wind stress on vegetable production is well-known, little research documents the specific response of vegetables to microclimate modification through the use of shelterbelts.

During the summer, 1991, a preliminary experiment was conducted on the effects of tree windbreaks (shelterbelts) on muskmelon plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. A split-plot design was used with shelter and exposed areas as main treatments with 3 replications. Subtreatments were 7 combinations of anti-transpirant and time of application. Leaf growth was measured 4 and 6 weeks after planting. Muskmelon fruit were harvested over a 6 week period at 2 day intervals. Muskmelon yield, fruit and cavity diameter, fruit color, and total sugar content were obtained.

The use of anti-transpirant did not significantly affect total yield, fruit or cavity diameter, total sugar content, or early leaf growth. The effect of shelter varied with the measured variable.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL TENSION ON TOMATO FRUIT CRACKING
Authors: Nitzsche Peter J. , Storlie C.A. , Cowgill W.P. , Tietjen W.
Published: February 2019

Fruit cracking in tomatoes is a serious problem, particularly when trellis culture is used. Past studies indicate that fruit cracking is associated with fluctuating soil moisture levels. Soil moisture variations are influenced by irrigation practices, and an irrigation regime employing frequent applications of water will lessen variations in soil moisture. A field study was initiated to study the effect of trickle irrigation regime on fruit cracking in `Celebrity' tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). In the three treatments used, soil was allowed to dry to 10-20, 50-60, and 100-110 centibars of tension, respectively, between watering and then was irrigated to field capacity. These tension levels corresponded with soil moisture levels of field capacity (10-20 cb), 20% of available water depleted (50-60 cb), and 40% of available water depleted (100-110 cb). Yield measurements indicated that the driest treatment (100-110 cb) significantly reduced the percent of radially cracked fruit. This treatment also significantly lowered the total yield, in terms of both fruit number and weight. There was no significant effect, however, on marketable fruit yield due to irrigation treatments. Further field studies are required to determine the optimum irrigation program to reduce fruit cracking.
EVALUATING PREPLANT MOISTURIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVED FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SHRUNKEN-2 SWEET CORN.
Authors: Fritz Vincent A. , Hebel James B.
Published: February 2019

Germination and stand establishment of shrunken-2 sweet corn is a major production-related problem, particularly during early spring in the upper Midwest U.S. Several potential physical and physiological factors have been identified as contributors to poor stand establishment. Poor pericarp integrity and high sucrose levels may lead to non-uniform moisturization and imbibitional injury. Studies were conducted to determine if the use of “controlled moisturization” preplant treatments reduced imbibitional injury and improved germination and seedling vigor. Both laboratory and field results will be discussed.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THREE TOMATO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Brumfield R.G. , Effiom F.E. , Reiners S.
Published: February 2019

Fresh tomatoes grown under three production cropping systems at the Rutgers University's Snyder Research and Extension Farm were compared for differences in yields, gross revenues, production costs and net returns. Maximum marketable yields were obtained using the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system, followed closely by the conventional system. Yields of the organic plots were only 54 percent of the conventional yield. However, the organic plots yielded only 17 percent culls whereas the IPM plots yielded 37 percent culls. Fifty-two percent of the organic tomatoes were U.S. Number Ones, while only one third of the produce from the other two systems were U.S. Number One grade. Organic plots had lower chemical costs, but substantially higher labor costs than the other two systems.
RESPONSE OF OF SWEETPOTATO GROWN IN NFT TO DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIODS
Authors: Mortley D. G. , Bonsi C. K. , Hill W. A. , Loretan P. A. , Morris C. E. , Trotman A. A. , David P. P.
Published: February 2019

Growth chamber studies were conducted to determine growth responses of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) to differing photoperiods (PP) when grown by use of NFT. Four vine cuttings (15 cm length) of GA Jet and TI-155 were grown for 120 days at 12/12, 15/9, 18/6, and 21/3 light/dark PP. Irradiance averaged 427 umol m-2 s-1, with day/night temperatures of 28/22C and 70% RH. A modified half Hoagland's solution was used. Number of storage roots/plant, and storage root fresh and dry weights for GA Jet increased as PP increased from 12 to 21 h, while storage root fresh and dry weights for TI-155 increased up to 18 h PP but declined at 21 h PP. Storage root number/plant for TI-155 declined at 15 h PP but was higher at both 18 and 21 h PP. Highest foliage dry weight for GA Jet was obtained at 21 h PP while that for TI-155 was obtained at 18 h PP. Leaf area index (LAI) for GA Jet increased with increased PP, while LAI for TI-155 increased with increased PP up to 18 h then declined at 21 h PP.
FRUITING REDUCES FOLLOWING YEAR FRUIT SET IN CRANBERRY UPRIGHTS
Authors: DeMoranville C.J. , Roper T.R. , Patten K.D. , Davenport J.R. , Strik B.C. , Poole A.P.
Published: February 2019

Biennial bearing of uprights has been documented for cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). Percent return bloom (%RB) may vary from 14% to 74% depending on cultivar and growing region. Floral initiation for the following season in cranberry takes place during the same time period as flowering and fruit set for the current season. This research was undertaken to document the effect of fruiting or not fruiting in the previous year on %RB and %RF (return fruit) in two cultivars (Stevens and Ben Lear) and five growing regions (MA, NJ, WI, OR, WA). Previous year fruiting caused a reduction in %RB compared to non-fruiting in the previous year. The effect on %RF was even greater. For `Ben Lear', uprights that fruited in 1990 had 31%RB and 22%RF while those that did not fruit in 1990 had 67%RB and 54%RF. Both %RB and %RF in 1991 were about 49% lower for `Stevens' which fruited in 1990 than those that did not fruit in 1990. It is still not clear whether biennial bearing in cranberry uprights is a function of hormonal interaction and regulation or of resource limitation or both.
NEW LEAVES ARE THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF RESOURCES FOR FRUIT SET IN CRANBERRY
Authors: Roper Teryl R. , Klueh J.
Published: February 2019

The sources of carbohydrate and other resources for fruit growth in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) can be spatially partitioned into new growth, old leaves, and woody stems or other adjoining uprights. This research was conducted to determine which spatial source of resources was most important for fruit set in cranberry. At fruit set in late June, we removed the current season growth, one year old and older leaves, or both from 50 uprights per treatment plus a control at two locations. At harvest, fruit set, fruit number and size were determined. In all cases, removing the current season's growth significantly decreased fruit set. Removing both the current season's growth and old leaves produced an additional reduction in fruit set. Removing only old leaves reduced fruit set at one location but not the other. Fruit length, diameter or mean berry weight was not reduced by any treatment. The response of cranberry to resource limitation apparently is to reduce fruit numbers rather than fruit size. This research suggests that current season growth is the primary source of carbohydrates for fruit set in cranberry and that once the fruit are set they have sufficient sink strength to attract resources from a distance.
INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN SOURCE AND ALUMINUM ON THE NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND GROWTH OF PEACH
Authors: Graham Charles J. , Reighard Gregory L.
Published: February 2019

`Nemaguard' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedlings were grown hydroponically in a modified Hoagland's solution containing NO3N:NH4-N ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The solutions contained 0 or 50 ppm aluminum supplied as Al(NO3)3·9H2O or AlNH4(SO4)2·12H2O. Analysis of pooled nitrogen source data revealed Al significantly reduced plant leaf area, height, total growth, and root:shoot ratio. Ammonium concentrations > 25% of supplied nitrogen significantly reduced leaf number, leaf area, height, lateral breaks, lateral growth, total growth, and leaf, stem, and root dry weights. Only height and dry weights (stem and root) for plants receiving 100% nitrate were significantly greater than plants receiving 25% of supplied nitrogen as NH4-N. Generally, phosphorus uptake significantly decreased in the presence of Al regardless of nitrogen source, but the greatest reductions occurred at high NH4-N concentrations.
GLUTATHIONE CONTENT IN REDHAVEN PEACH BUDS IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENT AND RELEASE OF REST
Authors: Siller-Cepeda Jorge , Fuchigami Leslie , Chen Tony H.
Published: February 2019

Glutathione content was determined in buds of peach (Prunus persica L.) trees during rest development and release. Reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione content changed with the accumulation of chill units (CU). GSH content decreased in the early phases of rest, and then increased at maximum rest. GSH content continued to increase and peaked on 1 Dec at 860 CU, and then dropped during the quiescent stage. It appears that the increase of GSH during chilling was closely associated with the breaking of rest. In contrast GSSG showed a continuous increase from Oct to Dec. Five concentrations of cyanamide were applied every 2 weeks from Oct to Dec. All cyanamide treatments depleted GSH within 12 hr followed by a large increase 24 hr after treatment. The changes in GSH content induced by cyanamide were inversely related to the concentration. The extent of GSH change was dependent on both the physiological status of the bud and the cyanamide concentration. At maximum rest, the plants were more resistant to cyanamide treatment and this coincided with the highest level of cyanamide-induced GSH.
SHADE AFFECTS YIELD AND QUALITY OF HAZELNUTS
Authors: Hampson Cheryl R. , Azarenko Anita N. , McCluskey Rebecca , Olsen Jeffery
Published: February 2019

Many deciduous tree fruit species have a light requirement for floral induction. Floral induction of hazelnut has been reported to occur through the end of May into July. At the end of May, less than 5% full sun reaches the base of the canopy in a mature hazelnut orchard. Leaf area density was estimated to be 7.6. Six levels of shade (0, 30, 47, 63, 73, or 92%) were imposed on caged 7-year-old hazelnut trees (Corylus avellana L. cv. Ennis) to determine effects of shade on yield and nut quality. Shading reduced yield of nuts per tree from 3.43 kg in 0% shade to 0.62 kg in 92% shade and yield efficiency from 70.2 g/cm2 in full sun to 18.3 g/cm2 in 92% shade. Yield and yield efficiency decreased substantially in 30% shade. When shade exceeded 47%, nut and kernel size decreased sharply, but % kernel increased slightly. In comparison to trees in full sun, shaded trees had a higher incidence of moldy or shrivelled kernels and a lower incidence of blanks.
POLLEN TUBE GROWTH AND OVULE LONGEVITY OF RED DELICIOUS APPLE IN CUAUHTEMOC, CHIH. MEXICO
Authors: Guerrero-Prieto Victor M. , Carrasco Mirna , Rodriguez Alberto , Smith Don W.
Published: February 2019

Red Delicious apple is the second most important cultivar grown in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Red Delicious apple is well known for pollination problems which can reduce yield. Previous research suggested female sterility might account for irregular fruit set in the apple growing region of Chihuahua. Pollen tube growth and ovule longevity were examined in 1990 under field conditions in Chihuahua. Fluorescent light with Aniline Blue dye was used to determine pollen tube growth and ovule viability. Five days after pollination, 86% of the styles sampled had pollen tubes through the entire style and only 1% of the ovules were non-viable. These results do not support female sterility as the cause of irregular fruit set. Future research might be directed to the question of pollen viability on the stigma.
RESPIRATION OXYGEN RESPONSE AND RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT DURING CHILLING DORMANT APPLE TREES
Authors: Young Eric
Published: February 2019

During natural leaf abscission, two-year-old, potted apple trees (Malus domestica cv. MM.111 EMLA) were placed in a cold room at 6C for chilling. At 0, 600, 900, and 1400 chilling hours (CH), ten trees were removed and terminal shoots cut into four 15 cm sections. These sections were randomly placed in forty 10 1 test tubes at 20C and subjected to ten oxygen levels from 0.5 to 21% O2 with four reps each by flushing tubes with mixtures of air and nitrogen prior to sealing. Tubes remained sealed for 4 hr then reflushed and resealed for another 4 hr after which 1 ml gas samples were drawn and CO2 and O2 levels measured on a gas chromatograph. Respiration decreased with oxygen level at all CH. CO2 evolved did not show a pattern related to oxygen level, but O2 consumed decreased at a decreasing rate with additional CH. Respiratory quotient was below one at 0 and 600 CH and equal to one at 900 and 1400 CH, indicating a possible shift in respiration substrate with chilling.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON KIWIFRUIT MATURATION
Authors: Seager Nicky G. , Hewett Errol , Warrington Ian J.
Published: February 2019

In New Zealand, harvest maturity for kiwifruit is determined by the soluble solids concentration (SSC) of juice (minimum 6.2%). Commercial maturity differs in various regions of the country within each season and between years and may be due to differences in temperatures during growth.

Mature `Hayward' kiwifruit vines were grown in controlled environment temperature treatments of 14/8, 18/8, 22/8, 26/8, 14/12 and 22/12C to determine whether the increase in SSC at low night temperatures recorded in a related study was a result of the mean temperature, the min. daily temperature, or the magnitude of the max./min. temperature difference. Measurement was made of fruit size, firmness, starch and total sugar concentrations in the fruit at 10 day intervals.

SSC increased fastest with the coolest mean temperature irrespective of the min. temperature or max./min. difference. In the coolest treatment the concentration of starch decreased rapidly with a rise in total sugar, in the warmest treatment the change in the carbohydrate components was slower. Data will be used to predict harvest date at commercial orchard sites based on field temperature measurements.
CORK SPOT IN PEAR FRUIT
Authors: Bevacqua Robert F.
Published: February 2019

Cork spot is a serious physiological disorder in pear (Pyrus communis L. cv. d'Anjou) in the United States, but a reliable technique for diagnosing it has not been developed. A review of the scientific literature indicated the disorder was generally linked with low calcium concentration in the fruit. In the present study, mineral analyses were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on soil, leaves, and fruit peel from normal trees and trees prone to cork spot. Soil tests and leaf analysis did not provide measureable differences between the two groups of trees. Fruit analysis provided variable differences between normal and cork spotted fruit, but no single nutrient or ration of nutrients could be consistently associated with the disorder. An assay for pyruvate kinase was evaluated as a diagnostic tool for cork spot. The assay did not provide measureable differences between normal and cork spotted fruit. An important finding of this study was to learn cork spotted fruit had higher soluble protein concentration than normal fruit.
PHENOLOGY OF LOW-CHILL `FLORDAPRINCE' PEACH
Authors: Allan Peter , George Alan , Nissen Robert
Published: February 2019

Low chill `Flordaprince' peach trees were grown in subtropical Australia, either following paclobutrazol application to dwarf the trees, or extra nitrogen to invigorate them. Fruits were thinned uniformly. Paclobutrazol significantly reduced the competing spring shoot growth and gave earlier maturity of larger, better quality fruits. It reduced the spring, but increased the autumn root flush. Stage 2 of fruit growth was slightly longer in vigorous trees, resulting in delayed seed growth and greater dry mass of the embryos. Starch reserves were greatest in the roots, followed by the trunk, shoots and leaves. The reserves were lowest during the second half of fruit development, but rose again after the end of shoot extension growth. Leaf N, P, and K levels decreased through the season while Ca and Mg increased. There were significantly lower K and higher Ca and Mg levels in dwarfed trees.
CORRELATIONS OF CITRUS LEAF CHLOROPHYLL WITH LEAF MINERAL CONTENT
Authors: Rouse Robert E.
Published: February 2019

The Minolta chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 (Minolta Camera Company, 101 Williams Drive, NJ 07446, USA) has been found to be a quick, accurate, simple, and nondestructive way to determine chlorophyll content in citrus leaves and a standard curve had been developed. The SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter was used to measure chlorophyll content in citrus leaves of ten varieties on three rootstocks. Leaf mineral analysis was then determined on these leaves for N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu and Ca. Correlation r values were generally low and not significant for most nutrient elements but were highest for Fe and Ca. The relationship of leaf nutrient levels and chlorophyll meter readings are not understood. The usefulness of the SPAD chlorophyll meter for determining mineral content in citrus leaves is not yet known.
A NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR TROPICAL FRUIT AND NUT ORCHARDS
Authors: Hirae H.H. , Nagao M.A.
Published: February 2019

Monitoring the nutrient status of a crop by soil and tissue analysis is an important tool in maximizing yields and avoiding nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. A nutritional management system is presented that uses a computer database to compile periodic soil and leaf tissue analyses to assist in the development of rational fertilizer recommendations for banana and macadamia nut orchards. Database management allows the Extension Agent to organize parameters (soil type, rainfall, elevation, tree age, tree spacing, and previous fertilizer practices) used in nutritional recommendations for individual farms. Graphs depicting nutrient trends over time and comparison of nutrient levels to nutritional standards, present visual illustrations of problems and encourage grower acceptance of fertilizer recommendations. Growers are also able to see graphic responses to application of corrective fertilizers and soil amendments.
DIFFERENTIAL HYDRATION AND ELEMENTAL ABSORPTION OF TWO POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Ruter John M. , Roberson Robert W. , Sharp William P.
Published: February 2019

Hydration and elemental absorption of two commercially-available polyacrylamide gels (A and B) were studied in response to a 24-hr soak time in Hoagland's solution concentrations of either 2X, 1X, 0.5X, 0.25X, 0.125X or 0X (deionized water). Elemental absorption of gel specimens was observed and analyzed within the gel matrix on a Philips CM12S STEM equipped with an EDAX 9800 plus EDS unit for micro x-ray analysis. Thick sections were cut on dry glass knives using an RMC MT6000 ultramicrotome. Surface analysis of bulk specimens was made with an AMR 1000A SEM plus PGT1000 EDS unit. Overall, gel hydration decreased quadratically as solution concentration increased linearly; however, hydration for gel A was generally greater than for gel B. Surface analysis of gel samples revealed the presence Ca, K, P, S, Fe, and Zn for both gels. An analysis within the matrix of gel B revealed the presence of Ca, K, P, S, Fe, and Zn; however, an analysis within the matrix of gel A revealed the presence of Zn, and Fe only. The increased absorptive capacity of gel A appeared to be coupled to reduced migration of salts into the gel matrix.
MYCORRHIZAL GROWTH ENHANCEMENT OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) SEEDLINGS
Authors: Davies Fred T. , Duray Sharon A. , Bo Sein Hla , Phavaphutanon Lop
Published: February 2019

The Neem tree is of ornamental, revegetation, biomass and medicinal value. The compound azadirachtin, which is derived from Neem seeds, is commercially used for insecticidal properties. In a 2×2 factorial experiment, Neem seedlings were either colonized with the mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices or noninoculated and fertilized with full strength Long Ashton Mineral Solution at 11 or 22 ppm P. Mycorrhizal and P main effects were highly significant (p-value<0.001) with all growth parameters except R:S ratio. Mycorrhizal plants had greater leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, shoot and root dry weight than noncolonized seedlings. The higher P (22 ppm) level plants had superior growth compared with low P plants. Leaf area and leaf dry weight were similar in mycorrhizal/low P plants and nonmycorrhizal/high P plants. These results suggest that mycorrhizal growth enhancement has important implications for Neem trees which are found in agriculturally poor soils in hot and arid regions.
EFFECT OF CONTAINER SIZE ON THE GROWTH AND TRANSPLANT SURVIVAL OF GUAYALE SEEDLINGS
Authors: Mamood Amed N. , Ray Dennis T.
Published: February 2019

Studies were conducted to evaluate container size and pretreatment on transplant survival and growth of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray). Seeds of cv. 11605 were planted in a greenhouse in two different container sizes. After 60 days half of the seedlings in both treatments were clipped, and then hand transplanted into the field. The height and width of 10 plants in each treatment were measured biweekly. The percent survival, date of flowering, seed germination and weight of 1000 seeds were determined. Plants produced in large containers had a higher survival rate, plant size and flowering rate. In addition non-clipped seedling had significantly higher survival rates. There were no significant differences in seed germination or in seed weights among treatments.
REVISION OF A CERTIFIED NURSERYMAN'S MANUAL
Authors: Schnelle Michael A. , Cole Janet C.
Published: February 2019

A nursery certification manual was originally designed to provide initial and/or continuing education to nursery employees. Industry leaders wrote a manual and corresponding examination to initiate a pilot program. This manual has been revised by Oklahoma State University faculty in cooperation with the Oklahoma State Nurserymen's Association. The revised manual covers basic plant science, ornamental and related garden center plant materials, growth and cultural management concepts, basic business guidelines and current laws and regulations governing the nursery industry. After studying the 20 chapter manual, a rigorous examination is administered. Over 100 nursery workers have been certified to date. Employers have reported increased efficiency from these certified workers. Enhanced public confidence is another advantage to the Oklahoma Certified Nurseryman's Program. This program is likely to be adopted by most retail nurseries in the state.
USING INTERACTIVE C.A.D., VIDEO DISC, AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED PLANT SELECTOR TO TEACH LANDSCAPE DESIGN.
Authors: Vanderploeg John F.
Published: February 2019

Computer assisted plant selection coupled with video disc technology allows students with limited experience in plant identification and selection to successfully complete landscape design plans.

The plant selector and video disc components have been integrated into a C.A.D. program producing a complete work station. Students preparing computer generated designs can refer to both the selector and video disc without leaving the C.A.D. environment. This integration has proven to be an effective teaching tool in landscape design instruction.
ADMINISTRATION AS A SABBATICAL EXPERIENCE FOR FACULTY
Authors: Verkade Stephen D. , Miller Robert H.
Published: February 2019

There is a need for Universities to encourage the continuing development of administrative skills among faculty in order to meet the challenges of the future. National and university initiatives have been developed to recognize this need. This sabbatic leave was developed to provide a significant, active, and meaningful administrative experience in the Office of the Dean at the University of Rhode Island.

This paper presents information on the structure, activities and involvement; and benefits to the participating faculty member, administrator, and institutions. The case study presented was both worthwhile and enriching for the participants, and strengthening for the sponsoring institutions.
PROFILE OF TOMORROW'S STUDENTS: A MARKET STUDY
Authors: Perry Leonard P. , Stack Lois Berg
Published: February 2019

Our future horticulture students are growing up in an electronic world, and are gaining knowledge increasingly from computers, videotapes and television, and decreasingly from books and other written media. We need to understand their interests and motivations in order to determine how to market our educational programs to them. This study profiles our future students on several career-oriented factors, including their plans after high school, their academic interests, their impressions of and experiences in agriculture and horticulture, and the sources of information they look to when seeking assistance in choosing a career track. Results compare male vs. female students, urban vs. rural students, regional differences, and differences between fifth and tenth graders (critical ages in career decision-making).
URBAN FORESTRY PROGRAM AT SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE.
Authors: Chin Kit L. , Phills Bobby R. , Blanche Catalino A. , Bachireddy V. R. , Qi Yadong , Abdollahi Kamran K.
Published: February 2019

Nationally, the urban and community forests are in a state of rapid decline. About 52% of street trees are dead or dying. The average tree life of the urban areas is about five times less than in rural areas. The growing national awareness of the importance and benefits of trees and their role in maintaining a healthy environment magnifies the need for urban forestry training programs. The Southern University Urban Forestry Program (funded by USDA Forest Service, Southern Region) is set up to address the critical need for high quality, user-oriented urban forestry training for minority students, and to bridge the gap between minority participation and national forestry resources, education and management programs. This unique program places major emphasis on experiential learning activities in addition to sound academic education. The four-year curriculum will be centered around forestry, horticulture, urban and community planning and landscape architecture.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER USING VIDEO: DEMONSTRATING STRATEGIES FOR ANTHURIUM BACTERIAL BLIGHT CONTROL
Authors: Sewake Kelvin , DeFrank Joseph
Published: February 2019

Anthurium bacterial blight is a disease that has devastated much of the Hawaii anthurium industry in recent years. In response to the crisis, the Cooperative Extension Service produced a video entitled “Strategies for Anthurium Blight Control - A Growers' Discussion.” The video format was selected to allow the extension service to utilize experience of four successful large scale commercial growers and deliver blight control information to other growers with a graphic demonstration on control procedures for disease management. Production of the video eliminated the need for farm tours, eliminated the risk of disease spread, condensed information, and allowed growers to borrow copies. This video proved effective in prompting growers to adopt and implement recommended blight control procedures.
INTERDISCIPLINARY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE EFFORTS FOR VALUE-ADDED INDUSTRIES IN KANSAS
Authors: Gast Karen , Flores Rolando , Aramouni Fadi , Abeles-Allison Lisa , Boyle Elizabeth
Published: February 2019

Value-added is the transformation of a raw product, usually an agricultural product, into a product that serves consumer demand better. The value-added product usually has an increased value and a higher return than the raw product. Kansas is one of the lowest ranking midwestern states for the number of value-added industries, although it is one of the greatest producers of raw agricultural products. An interdisciplinary team of Extension Specialists was created to promote and to serve small and medium size value-added businesses in the state. This poster will describe Kansas State University Cooperative Extension's approach to serving this clientele.
SURVEY OF THE IMPACT OF THE FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY IN MINNESOTA.
Authors: Schwarze Debra , Erwin John E.
Published: February 2019

A phone survey was conducted to assess the total impact of the floriculture industry on the Minnesota economy. Data were collected from wholesale growers, garden center retailers, chain stores, and florists. Information was gathered on `hard good' sales associated with greenhouse produced plants as well as plant sales. In addition, data on labor and salaries associated with the production, distribution, and retailing of plants and goods associated with the floriculture industry was collected. This data will be provided to local flower growers organizations to enable these groups to actively lobby for their concerns within the state.
COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION TRANSFER FOR AGRICULTURE IN HAWAII
Authors: Iwata Ruth Y. , Fleming Kent , Campbell Scott
Published: February 2019

AgNet-Hawaii is a computer-based information transfer system (CBIS) established at the Beaumont Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, Hawaii to improve communication among research, extension and farmers on the island of Hawaii and with the island of Oahu. AgNet-Hawaii is one node of a Pacific-wide network of CBIS nodes, whose hub is the Coconut Telegraph CBIS on the Manoa Campus of the University of Hawaii on Oahu.

AgNet-Hawaii has file and conference areas, the capability of uploading and downloading files, issuing bulletins, and sending files attached to messages. Access is by computer and modem with the following modem protocols: Telephone (808) 969-3025 (AgNet-Hawaii), (808) 956-2626 (Coconut Telegraph), Data Bits: 8, Parity: N, Stop Bits: 1, Speed: 300/1200/2400/9600/14.4K bps.
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR HANDLING LANDSCAPE WASTES: A PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
Authors: Williams David J. , Ferree Rhonda
Published: February 2019

The State Of Illinois passed legislation banning landscape wastes deposition in land fills. Approximately 18% of all solid wastes going into Illinois landfills were landscape wastes including grass clippings, branch prunings, leaves and wood. A cooperative program between the Horticulture Department, the Cooperative Extension Service and the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources was initiated to train county extension advisers, municipalities, and the consuming public on methods for landscape waste reduction and recycling.

Workshops, video tapes, Master Composters, mobile displays, fact sheets and a model municipal composting facility were developed. Publications and other educational materials will be displayed.
NITROGEN NUTRITION FOR HOME GARDEN VEGETABLES
Authors: Leimbach Neal
Published: February 2019

Studies conducted on selected vegetable crops in replicated trials using nitrogen fertilizer at the specified rates equivalent to 56 kg, 112 kg, 224 kg, and 448 kg per hectare, produced yield variations. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) on vegetable production for the home gardener. The yield in numbers of U.S. No. 1 grade bell peppers treated at the rate of 224 kg was higher for the third harvest when compared to the individual yields of the 1st, 2nd, and 4th harvests. The accumulative weight and number of fruit were higher on pepper plants receiving 56 kg than those receiving greater amounts of nitrogen. Tomato yields were higher for the 3rd harvest of plants treated at the 56 kg rate when compared to the yield at greater rates. Maturity of tomatoes was delayed at the nitrogen rate of 448 kg per hectare. At the nitrogen rate of 56 kg, the 2nd harvest of snap beans recorded a higher yield than the individual yields of the other three harvests. Individual head weight of cabbage was the greatest when plants received 448 kg nitrogen as compared to plants treated with less nitrogen.
EFFECT OF IRAQI INVASION AND OCCUPATION ON VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN KUWAIT
Authors: Abdal Dr. Mahdi , Al-Bahouh Mr. Mohamed
Published: February 2019

A preliminary technical study has been carried out on vegetable production in Kuwait after liberation from Iraqi occupation. These assessment observations and data have been compared with pre-invasion published and unpublished data. The extent of damage and devastation to the status and needs, as well as the opportunities existing in this sub-sector, have been preliminarily described and documented. While the harshness of the environment, the scarcity of the water, the level of the temperatures, and the mobility of the sand have always been formidable obstacles here to vegetable production productivities, quantities produced, and qualities yielded, they now serve to exaggerate the adverse impact of this crisis on this sub-sector. Open fields, and their support systems, have been severely disrupted, protected environmental units have been dismantled, and irrigation systems have been destroyed, labor dissipated, and essential supplies pillaged. Opportunities now appear to abound for greenhouse and hydroponic advanced technologies in reconstructing and expanding Kuwait's vegetable production. Costs need to be balanced against value of products produced.
DEVELOPMENT OF A FARMER-BASED BEAN SEED MULTIPLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR RWANDAN FARMERS
Authors: Paul K.B.
Published: February 2019

Most farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa plant local cultivars introduced generations ago. Various national and international organizations and development projects introduce annually hundreds of improved germplasms to a country, and test these under farmer conditions for adaptability and acceptability. Although some local varieties perform well under traditional farming practices, many disease and insect pest resistant improved varieties out-yield local cultivars even under low-input production conditions of Africa. Regrettably, the seed production and distribution system in most of these countries are poorly developed; thus the promising varieties remain unavailable to the majority of farmers. To overcome this problem, the University of Arkansas-led Rwanda Farming Systems Research Project (FSRP) personnel trained farmer-cooperators in the production of good quality bean (Phaselous sp.) seeds. This, and the development of a farmer to farmer seed distribution system that led to quick diffusion of improved bean varieties in the project area will be discussed.
ROOTING CHARACTERISTICS OF 25 ZOYSIAGRASSES GROWN IN FLEXIBLE PLASTIC TUBES
Authors: Marcum K. B. , Engelke M. C.
Published: February 2019

Root extension to lower soil depths and root branching are important drought avoidance mechanisms, allowing efficient use of available soil water during periods of prolonged drought. Rooting characteristics of 25 zoysiagrasses included in the 1991 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program were determined. Grasses were grown in clear polyethylene tubes filled with sand, and inserted into opaque PVC sleeves, tilted 30° from vertical. Root extension was monitored weekly, and root mass and number per 10 cm depth determined. Root extension was correlated with total root weight and number of roots per 10 cm vertical section. Shoot weight was not correlated with root extension or total root weight. Grasses having exceptional root extension, root number and weight per 10 cm root section, include DALZ8516, TC5018, and GT29047, while those with poorest overall performance include DALZ9006, DALZ8508, DALZ8501, DALZ8502, and CD2013. Of five commercial cultivars tested, Emerald, Meyer, and El Toro had the greatest root extension.
INFLUENCE OF NON VISIBLE MECHANICAL DAMAGE ON INTERNAL QUALITY AND RIPENING OF KIWIFRUIT (Actinidia deliciosa L.)
Authors: Mencarelli F. , Lanzarotta L. , Massantini R. , Botondi R.
Published: February 2019

Kiwifruits were picked by hand and gently placed in pulp trays. Impact tests were conducted by dropping the fruits from heights of 30 cm onto different sandpapers to provide a uniform abrasion surface. Abrasion tests were conducted by compressing the fruits with a fixed load of 3.5 N (Instron equipment) onto different sandpapers and pulling out the fruits. Compression test was performed by using the previous procedure with a fixed load of 4.5 N for different period of time (minutes). Increase of transpiration rate and ethylene production was observed in fruits abraded with sandpaper which slight wounded the peel. Impact onto sandpaper, caused the appearance of white lignifted filaments in the flesh. Increase in soluble solids and softness of flesh and core was observed in injured fruits. Healing process and polyamines effect will be discussed.
EXTENDING STORAGE LIFE OF PAPAYA WITH EDIBLE COATING
Authors: Baldwin Elizabeth , Nisperos-Carriedo Myrna , Campbell Craig
Published: February 2019

Application of edible coatings that can simulate controlled atmosphere storage has become a popular concept. An experimental coating developed at the USDA Winter Haven laboratory, Nature-Seal (patent application #07/679,849), or a commercial composite coating was applied to papaya fruit at the green (immature) stage for comparison to uncoated fruit. Both types of coatings contain a polysaccharide base and therefore have different properties than most commercial “wax” coatings. The fruit were stored continuously at 21C or 3 days at 13C then ripened at 21C with 95 to 98% RH. Sample fruit from each treatment were analyzed for color, weight loss, CO2 ethylene, & % decay and softening. Results showed substantial extension of papaya shelf-life when the fruit were coated with Nature Seal while the commercial coating was less effective. This effect was due to retardation of ripening as evidenced by delayed color development, softening, and effect of coating permeability to CO2 and O2 on climacteric CO2 and ethylene production.
Introduction and Cultivation of Wild ornamental plants
Authors: Zhiming Zhang
Published: February 2019

Due to the large area and the complex topography and climate. a great deal of wild ornamental plants are still hidden in the depth of forests and on the highland plateaus--places difficult to approach by man. In the Three N Regions only, there are 51 species of Rhododendron, 27 of Lilium, 83 of Rosa, 30 of Iris, 40 of Clematis, etc., yet to be explored and utilized. Aiming at this, we made extensive introduction of plants in general and intensive introduction of certain families and genera in particular, with good results. At present we have in our living collection 12 species of Clematis, 24 of Rosa, 13 of Lilium, 10 of Iris, 8 of Tulip, 6 of Aquilegia, 10 of Thalictrum, 20 of Gentiana, 80 of ferns, 40 of Begonia, 50 of the Araceae. Seed germination tests, micropropagation, breeding for new varieties and other experiments and researches have been carried out on many of these plant groups.
Nitrogen assimilation in orchids
Authors: Hew C.S. , Lim L.Y. , Low C.M.
Published: February 2019

The uptake of nitrate and ammonium by a terrestial (Bromheadia finlaysonia) and an epiphytic (Dendrobium hybrid) orchid in solution culture has been studied. The rates of nitrate and ammonium were relatively linear, with higher rate of uptake for ammonium. The rates of nitrate uptake in terrestial and epiphytic orchids were 0.4 and 0.9 μmole gm fw-1 hr-1 respectively and they were considerably lower than those of most major crops. SEM studies show that the velamen of Bromheadia was 2 cells thick whereas that of Dendrobium was 8-10 cells thick. It is unlikely that the velamen is the major factor in restricting influx of nitrate or ammonium. Nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were present in roots and leaves of both orchids. NR was high in roots but low in leaves. The reverse was for GS. The activities of NR and GS was low but high enough to account for the rate of nitrate or ammonium uptake. It appears that the movement of ions across the transfer junction at the exodermis plays a major regulatory role in ion uptake by orchid root.
DESIGN AND FUNDING OF PLANT INTRODUCTION AND EVALUATION PROGRAMS IN TENNESSEE
Authors: Witte Willard T. , Schlarbaum Scott , Sauve Roger , Flanagan Phillip C.
Published: February 2019

Efforts have been underway since 1988 to establish a nursery research station in McMinnville, TN. Approximately 80 acres of farm property has been conveyed to Tennessee State University (TSU) for this purpose. Scientists at TSU, Tennessee Technological University, University of Tennessee, and USDA's National Arboretum and Shade Tree Laboratory have cooperated in obtaining funding via the Capacity Building Grants Program to initiate a plant evaluation and introduction program at the new station. Initial trials of woody genera include Acer, Castanea, Cornus, Lagerstroemia, Quercus, Syringa, and Ulmus. Herbaceous genera are Echinacea, Hemerocallis, and Hosta. Plantings will be made over a three year period as infrastructure at the new station develops. Complementary grant proposals have been recently submitted. Design, funding and support of all Tennessee introduction and evaluation programs will be discussed.
EFFECT OF SEED WEIGHT ON SEEDLING GROWTH AND SUBSEQUENT PLANT PERFORMANCE IN MANGROVE INTRODUCED INTO KUWAIT.
Authors: Abdal Mahdi , AboEl-Nil Mostafa , Al-Sabah Lateefa , Zaman Sameeha , Zayani Adel Al
Published: February 2019

Mangrove (Avicennia marina) (Forsk.) Vierh. is an indigenous plant species of the intertidal coastlines of the Arabian Gulf. Research is in progress for protection of mangrove habitat and for introduction of mangrove into the coastlines of Kuwait. This study was initiated to determine factors affecting seed germination, seedling growth and establishment of propagules into suitable sites, and the efficacy of utilizing seed weight as a parameter for early genetic evaluation. Seeds of open pollinated wild stand of Avicennia were obtained from the State of Bahrain. Avicennia seeds varied in size and weight. Seed weight ranged from 0.3 to 6.3 grams, 89% of the seed ranged from 1 to 3 grams. The median seed weight varied from 1.3 to 1.9 depending upon the source and the collection time during the seed maturation season. Seedling survival, early appearance of epicotyl and height were affected positively by seed weight. Early branching and number of root primordia were not correlated with seed weight.
ABA AND STOMATAL RESPONSES IN TEPARY AND COMMON BEAN
Authors: Janssen Maria G. , Markhart Albert H.
Published: February 2019

Tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius Gray) are more drought tolerant and have stomata that are more sensitive to low leaf water potentials (ψ w) than common beans (P. vulgaris L.). This study was designed to examine the role of ABA in controlling stomatal behaviour in these species. Comparison of the bulk leaf ABA content does not explain why tepary stomata are more sensitive to low leaf ψ w compared to common bean (at -1.4 MPa ABA content increased 40-fold in common bean and 25-fold in tepary). We hypothesize that the greater sensitivity of tepary stomata to low leaf ψ w is related to a higher concentration of ABA in the xylem sap, and/or to a greater sensitivity of tepary stomata to ABA. Xylem sap of well-watered and water stressed plants is analyzed to determine the concentration of ABA, and whether ABA is a putative candidate serving as a chemical root signal in response to water stress in Phaseolus. To test stomatal sensitivity to ABA, epidermal strips and detached leaves are exposed to a range of ABA concentrations. The relationship between stomatal aperture and different ABA concentrations is discussed.
ETHYLENE EVOLUTION BY CROP STANDS GROWN IN A CLOSED, CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Wheeler R.M. , Corey K.A. , Vieux B.A. , Mosakowski S.W. , Sager J.C. , Knott W.M
Published: February 2019

Ethylene concentrations were monitored using gas chromatography (GC/PID) throughout growth and development of wheat, soybean, and lettuce stands grown hydroponically inside a large, closed growth chamber (20 m2 area, 113 m3 vol.). For wheat (cv. Yecora Rojo), ethylene concentration increased from < 10 ppb to about 120 ppb at about 28 days after planting (pre-anthesis) and then declined sharply over the next 4 weeks to a plateau of about 10 ppb during canopy maturation and senescence. A similar pattern of evolution was measured for soybean stands (cv. McCall), with peak concentrations of 40 to 70 ppb occurring near 50 days after planting. Unlike wheat, a slight increase in ethylene was noted in the latter stages of soybean stand senescence. For lettuce stands (cv. Waldmann's Green), ethylene increased slowly to 10 to 15 ppb by 24 days after planting, and then rose sharply to 40 ppb by 28 days, when plants were harvested. Data will be used to define ranges for phytotoxicity studies and to project atmospheric contaminant control needs for tightly closed plant growth systems.