bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrient intake in adolescent girls and boys diagnosed with coeliac disease at an early age is mostly comparable to their non‐coeliac contemporaries
Authors: Kautto E. , Ivarsson A. , Norström F. , Högberg L. , Carlsson A. , Hörnell A.
Published: May 2013

Background

Food habits, nutrient needs and intakes differ between males and females, although few nutritional studies on patients with coeliac disease (CD) have reported results stratified by gender.

Objectives

To compare energy and nutrient intakes among 13‐year olds diagnosed with CD in early childhood with those of a non‐coeliac (NC) age‐ and gender‐matched control group, and also with estimated average requirements (EAR).

Methods

A case–control study was conducted in Sweden 2006–2007 within the coeliac screening study ETICS (Exploring The Iceberg of Coeliacs in Sweden). Dietary intake was assessed among 37 adolescents (23 girls) diagnosed with CD at median age 1.7 years (CD group) and 805 (430 girls) NC controls (NC group) using a food‐frequency questionnaire covering 4 weeks. Reported energy intake was validated by comparison with the calculated physical activity level (PAL).

Results

Regardless of CD status, most adolescents reported an intake above EAR for most nutrients. However, both groups had a low intake of vitamin C, with 13% in the CD‐group and 25% in the NC‐group below EAR, and 21% of boys in the CD‐group below EAR for thiamine. The intake of fatty acids was unbalanced, with a high intake of saturated and a low intake of unsaturated fats. Girls and boys in the CD‐group had an overall lower nutrient density in reported food intake compared to girls and boys in the NC‐group.

Conclusions

Nutrient intake of adolescent girls and boys with CD was mostly comparable to intakes of NC controls. Dietitians should take the opportunity to reinforce a generally healthy diet when providing information about the gluten‐free diet.
Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Auxin and Cytokinin Regulating Somatic Embryogenesis in Different Sister Lines of Cotton Cultivar CCRI24
Authors: Xu Zhenzhen , Zhang Chaojun , Zhang Xueyan , Liu Chuanliang , Wu Zhixia , Yang Zuoren , Zhou Kehai , Yang Xiaojie , Li Fuguang
Published: May 2013

To get a broader view on the molecular mechanisms underlying somatic embryogenesis (SE) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.), global analysis of cotton transcriptome dynamics during SE in different sister lines was performed using RNA‐Seq. A total of 204 349 unigenes were detected by de novo assembly of the 214 977 462 Illumina reads. The quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) measurements were positively correlated with the RNA‐Seq results for almost all the tested genes (R2 = 0.841, correlation was significant at the 0.01 level). Different phytohormone (auxin and cytokinin) concentration ratios in medium and the endogenous content changes of these two phytohormones at two stages in different sister lines suggested the roles of auxin and cytokinin during cotton SE. On the basis of global gene regulation of phytohormone‐related genes, numerous genes from all the differentially expressed transcripts were involved in auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways. Analyses of differentially expressed genes that were involved in these pathways revealed the substantial changes in gene type and abundance between two sister lines. Isolation, cloning and silencing/overexpressing the genes that revealed remarkable up‐ or down‐expression during cotton SE were important. Furthermore, auxin and cytokinin play a primary role in SE, but potential cross‐talk with each other or other factors remains unclear.
Autosomal recessive Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease: from genes to phenotypes
Authors: Tazir Meriem , Bellatache Mounia , Nouioua Sonia , Vallat Jean‐Michel
Published: May 2013

The prevalence of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease or hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) varies in different populations. While in some countries of Western Europe, the United States and Japan the dominant form of HMSN is the most frequent, in other countries such as those of the Mediterranean Basin, the autosomal recessive form (AR‐CMT) is more common. Autosomal recessive CMT cases are generally characterized by earlier onset, usually before the age of 2 or 3  years, and rapid clinical progression that results in severe polyneuropathy and more marked distal limb deformities such as pes equino‐varus, claw‐like hands, and often major spinal deformities. Recent clinical, morphological and molecular investigations of CMT families with autosomal recessive inheritance allowed the identification of many genes such as GDAP1, MTMR2, SBF2, NDRG1, EGR2, SH3TC2, PRX, FGD4, and FIG4, implicated in demyelinating forms (ARCMT1 or CMT4), and LMNA, MED25, HINT1, GDAP1, LRSAM1, NEFL, HSPB1 and MFN2 in axonal forms (ARCMT2). However, many patients remain without genetic diagnosis to date, prompting investigations into ARCMT families in order to help discover new genes and common pathways. This review summarizes recent advances regarding the genotypes and corresponding phenotypes of AR‐CMT.
Evaluation of dermal myelinated nerve fibers in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Peltier Amanda C. , Myers M. Iliza , Artibee Kay J. , Hamilton Audra D. , Yan Qing , Guo Jiasong , Shi Yaping , Wang Lily , Li Jun
Published: May 2013

Skin biopsies have primarily been used to study the non‐myelinated nerve fibers of the epidermis in a variety of neuropathies. In this study, we have expanded the skin biopsy technique to glabrous, non‐hairy skin to evaluate myelinated nerve fibers in the most highly prevalent peripheral nerve disease, diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). Twenty patients with DPN (Type I, n = 9; Type II, n = 11) and 16 age‐matched healthy controls (age 29–73) underwent skin biopsy of the index finger, nerve conduction studies (NCS), and composite neuropathy scoring. In patients with DPN, we found a statistically significant reduction of both mechanoreceptive Meissner corpuscles (MCs) and their afferent myelinated nerve fibers (p = 0.01). This myelinated nerve fiber loss was correlated with the decreased amplitudes of sensory/motor responses in NCS. This study supports the utilization of skin biopsy to quantitatively evaluate axonal loss of myelinated nerve fibers in patients with DPN.
Severe Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 1E caused by a novel p.Phe84Leufs*24 PMP22 point mutation
Authors: Vital Anne , Sole Guilhem , Casenave Philippe , Magdelaine Corinne , Ferrer Xavier , Vital Claude , Goizet Cyril
Published: May 2013

We report a severe phenotype of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease type 1E caused by a novel p.Phe84Leufs*24 PMP22 point mutation. Ultrastructural examination of a nerve biopsy showed non‐ or partly myelinated axons which were surrounded by “onion bulb” formations mainly composed of concentric basement membranes and characterized by the presence of prominent concentric or longitudinal collagen fibrils interspersed with basement membranes. PMP22 point mutations are rare and responsible for polyneuropathies often demyelinating with onion bulb formations composed of concentric and redundant basement membranes. Entrapment of prominent collagen fibrils within onion bulb formations is unusual, even in the large spectrum of CMT disease with long duration and severe damage.
A Qualitative Study of Rural Primary Care Clinician Views on Remote Monitoring Technologies
Authors: Davis Melinda M. , Currey Jillian M. , Howk Sonya , DeSordi Molly R. , Boise Linda , Fagnan Lyle J. , Vuckovic Nancy
Published: May 2013

Purpose

Remote monitoring technologies (RMTs) may improve the quality of care, reduce access barriers, and help control medical costs. Despite the role of primary care clinicians as potential key users of RMTs, few studies explore their views. This study explores rural primary care clinician interest and the resources necessary to incorporate RMTs into routine practice.

Methods

We conducted 15 in‐depth interviews with rural primary care clinician members of the Oregon Rural Practice‐based Research Network (ORPRN) from November 2011 to April 2012. Our multidisciplinary team used thematic analysis to identify emergent themes and a cross‐case comparative analysis to explore variation by participant and practice characteristics.

Results

Clinicians expressed interest in RMTs most relevant to their clinical practice, such as supporting chronic disease management, noting benefits to patients of all ages. They expressed concern about the quantity of data, patient motivation to utilize equipment, and potential changes to the patient‐clinician encounter. Direct data transfer into the clinic's electronic health record (EHR), availability in multiple formats, and review by ancillary staff could facilitate implementation. Although participants acknowledged the potential system‐level benefits of using RMTs, adoption would be difficult without payment reform.

Conclusions

Adoption of RMTs by rural primary care clinicians may be influenced by equipment purpose and functionality, implementation resources, and payment. Clinician and staff engagement will be critical to actualize RMT use in routine primary care.
Chronic exposure to the mycotoxin T‐2 promotes oral absorption of chlortetracycline in pigs
Authors: Goossens J. , Devreese M. , Pasmans F. , Osselaere A. , De Baere S. , Verbrugghe E. , Haesebrouck F. , De Backer P. , Croubels S.
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate whether T‐2 toxin, a potent Fusarium mycotoxin, affects the oral absorption of the antibiotic chlortetracycline in pigs. Animals were allocated to blank feed without T‐2 toxin (controls), feed containing 111 μg T‐2/kg feed, T‐2‐contaminated feed supplemented with a yeast‐derived feed additive, or blank feed supplemented solely with the feed additive, respectively. After 21 days, an intragastric bolus of chlortetracycline was given to assess potential alterations in the pharmacokinetics of this commonly used antibiotic. A significantly higher area under the plasma concentration–time curve and maximal plasma concentration of chlortetracycline was observed after intake of T‐2‐contaminated feed compared with control. Thus, exposure to T‐2‐contaminated feed can influence the oral bioavailability of chlortetracycline. This effect could have consequences for the withdrawal time of the drug and the occurrence of undesirable residues in edible tissues.
Oxygen Sensitivity, Potassium Channels, and Regulation of Placental Vascular Tone
Authors: Wareing Mark
Published: May 2013

The human fetoplacental vasculature is a low‐resistance circulation with deoxygenated arterial relative to venous blood. The placenta lacks neuronal innervation suggesting that local physical (e.g., oxygenation; flow rate), paracrine (e.g., endothelial cell nitric oxide), and circulating (e.g., angiotensin II) factors will contribute to blood flow regulation in small fetoplacental vessels. Oxygenation (specifically hypoxia) has received particular attention. At the macro‐level, hypoxic challenge increases vascular resistance, but the data's physiological relevance remains questionable. K+ channels are a diverse family of proteins known to play important roles in the normal physiological functions of endothelial and smooth muscle cells of a variety of vascular beds. K+ channels are categorized by their predicted transmembrane structure or gating properties. A small number of perfused placental cotyledon and isolated blood vessels studies have assessed K+ channel activity. Specific activator/inhibitor application suggests functional voltage‐gated channels, whereas toxin inhibitor studies have documented KCa channel activity. Pharmacological KATP channel activation significantly dilates preconstricted placental arteries and veins. There is a paucity of cell subtype‐specific expression studies of placental K+ channels. This review focuses on the roles of K+ channels and oxygenation in controlling reactivity of small fetoplacental blood vessels.
Just how important is spatial coincidence to multisensory integration? Evaluating the spatial rule
Authors: Spence Charles
Published: May 2013

This review addresses the question of when spatial coincidence facilitates multisensory integration in humans. According to the spatial rule (which was first formulated on the basis of neurophysiological data in anesthetized animals), multisensory integration is enhanced when stimuli in different sensory modalities are presented from the same spatial location. While the spatial rule fits with the available data from studies of overt and covert spatial attentional orienting, and from the majority of those studies in which space has been somehow relevant to the participant's task, it is inconsistent with the evidence that has emerged from the majority of multisensory studies of stimulus identification and temporal perception. Such a mixed pattern of behavioral results suggests that the spatial rule does not represent a general constraint on multisensory integration in humans. Instead, it would appear to be a much more task‐dependent phenomenon than is often realized. These results, however, are broadly consistent with a distinction between the processing of “where” and “what” (or “how”) information processing in the human brain.
Cutting xylem under tension or supersaturated with gas can generate PLC and the appearance of rapid recovery from embolism
Authors: WHEELER JAMES K. , HUGGETT BRETT A. , TOFTE ALENA N. , ROCKWELL FULTON E. , HOLBROOK N. MICHELE
Published: May 2013

We investigated the common assumption that severing stems and petioles under water preserves the hydraulic continuity in the xylem conduits opened by the cut when the xylem is under tension. In red maple and white ash, higher percent loss of conductivity (PLC) in the afternoon occurred when the measurement segment was excised under water at native xylem tensions, but not when xylem tensions were relaxed prior to sample excision. Bench drying vulnerability curves in which measurement samples were excised at native versus relaxed tensions showed a dramatic effect of cutting under tension in red maple, a moderate effect in sugar maple, and no effect in paper birch. We also found that air injection of cut branches (red and sugar maple) at pressures of 0.1 and 1.0 MPa resulted in PLC greater than predicted from vulnerability curves for samples cut 2 min after depressurization, with PLC returning to expected levels for samples cut after 75 min. These results suggest that sampling methods can generate PLC patterns indicative of repair under tension by inducing a degree of embolism that is itself a function of xylem tensions or supersaturation of dissolved gases (air injection) at the moment of sample excision. Implications for assessing vulnerability to cavitation and levels of embolism under field conditions are discussed.
The sex‐linked region in Populus tremuloides Turesson 141 corresponds to a pericentromeric region of about two million base pairs on P. trichocarpa chromosome 19
Authors: Kersten B. , Pakull B. , Groppe K. , Lueneburg J. , Fladung M.
Published: May 2013

In the dioecious genus Populus, sex determination has been located to chromosome 19. However, despite a high degree of genome collinearity, various Populus species seem to differ with regard to the location of the sex‐determining region on the respective chromosome and the apparent heterogametic sex. In this study, the boundaries of the recombination‐suppressed, sex‐linked region of the male P. tremuloides clone Turesson 141 were localised by genetic mapping using new SNP and InDel markers. The respective region seems to be located in a pericentromeric position. The corresponding P. trichocarpa genome region spans about two million bp and comprises 65 gene loci, which were bioinformatically evaluated for their potential as candidate genes for sex determination. Three putative transcription factor genes and four genes that are potentially involved in flower development processes, e.g. meristem transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase, were identified. Populus tremuloides sequence data of the sex‐linked region is required for a final search for candidate genes.
Sperm‐TALP: An Alternative Extender for Retrieving and Diluting Epididymal Sperm in the Domestic Cat
Authors: Buranaamnuay K
Published: May 2013

Contents

Effects of sperm‐TALP (TALP) on the quality of fresh‐extended and frozen‐thawed epididymal cat sperm were evaluated. The epididymides suspended in Tris–glucose–citrate solution (Tris), a conventional medium, and TALP were cut into small pieces to recover epididymal sperm. In experiment 1, the sperm pellets remained after centrifugation were re‐suspended (1 : 2, v/v) in Tris and TALP. The sperm quality in all four groups, that is, sperm retrieved with Tris (I and II) or TALP (III and IV) and diluted with Tris (I and III) or TALP (II and IV) was assessed. The sperm motility at the 0‐h incubation in TALP–TALP was superior to that of the rest (p < 0.001 to p = 0.04). At the 2‐h incubation, the motility in Tris/TALP–TALP was greater than that in Tris/TALP–Tris (p ≤ 0.001). In experiment 2, after centrifugation, the sperm pellets were added with freezing extenders and frozen. The thawed sperm previously retrieved from the epididymides with Tris and TALP were allotted so as not to further diluted (Tris/TALP–O) and to further diluted (1 : 1, v/v) with Tris (Tris/TALP–Tris) and TALP (Tris/TALP–TALP) and were evaluated the quality. At both incubation times, the motility of frozen‐thawed sperm recovered with TALP (TALP–O/Tris/TALP) was comparable with or significantly higher than that in the Tris groups (Tris–O/Tris/TALP; p = 0.003 to p > 0.05). The motility and viability of thawed sperm in Tris–Tris were significantly decreased during the 2‐h incubation (p = 0.007 for the motility and p = 0.01 for the viability). In both experiments, neither type of diluent (Tris vs TALP) nor incubation time (0 vs 2 h) significantly affected the sperm membrane integrity under hypo‐osmotic condition (p > 0.05). According to beneficial effects on the quality of fresh‐extended and frozen‐thawed sperm demonstrated, sperm‐TALP could be used as an alternative medium for recovering sperm from the epididymides and for diluting epididymal sperm in the domestic cat.
Changing the Family Portrait: Hagar and Sarah in Art and Interfaith Dialogue
Authors: Rosen Aaron
Published: May 2013

The ‘Abrahamic’ has become an almost indispensable touchstone in the theory and practice of interfaith dialogue between Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The more this terminology has been employed, however, the less clear we have become about what we mean by it. If we are going to call for interfaith dialogue under the banner of the Abrahamic, we should begin by wrestling more fully with the character of Abraham, and his complex family relations. One key task is to address a persistent emphasis on patriarchs over matriarchs, which elevates Abraham while marginalizing his wives Sarah and Hagar. While their tales are narrated and interpreted in divergent ways in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, related challenges arise in each tradition, which bear directly upon the prospects for interfaith dialogue. In this essay I will unpack some of these issues using works of art by such diverse artists as Edmonia Lewis, George Segal, Adi Nes, and Siona Benjamin. I will conclude by speculating on the wider possibilities for using the visual arts as a tool for dialogue between the Abrahamic faiths.
Religion Compass: A Survey of Current Researches on India’s Nāth Yogīs
Authors: Bouillier Véronique
Published: May 2013

The Nāth or Kānphaṭā Yogīs belong to a Hindu Shaiva ascetic and monastic tradition which had a lot of influence on the religious and literary landscape of precolonial India and is still counted among the important sectarian movements of modern India. This survey offers a brief overview of scholarship on three key areas: first, the relationship to Yoga and the link with Gorakhnāth as the supposed author of Sanskrit treatises on Haṭha Yoga; second, the interpretation of the vernacular literature of the Nāth Yogīs, their legends, their strong relationship to power and their convergence with the bhakti milieu; and third, the Nāth Yogīs as constituting a modern sectarian organization, and recent developments relating to their organisation and rituals.
Draupadī in the Mahābhārata
Authors: Black Brian
Published: May 2013

This paper will explore three dimensions of Draupadī’s literary personality: (1) as a divine figure with a cosmic destiny; (2) as an enraged and defenseless victim of sexual abuse; and (3) as a female scholar (paṇḍitā),who contributes to the Mahābhārata’s programmatic examination of dharma (justice). By looking at these three interconnected aspects of her character, the paper will trace her main appearances in the story, engage with scholarly discussions about her literary persona, and reflect upon how Draupadī provides a unique perspective from which to appreciate the Mahābhārata.
The Pseudepigrapha in Current Research
Authors: Sheinfeld Shayna
Published: May 2013

The Pseudepigrapha is a collection of Jewish and Christian texts usually attributed to ideal figures from the past. The Pseudepigrapha generally date from the Second Temple and early Christian period, approximately 200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. While the term itself derives from the Greek meaning ‘falsely attributed,’ the function of pseudepigraphic texts is more complex than what in modern society would simply be forgery. Pseudepigraphy itself was not uncommon in the ancient world, and its usage in Jewish and Christian circles should come as no surprise to those familiar with the Greek education system, where pseudonymous writing was a basic pedagogical practice. This article will discuss current research on pseudonymous attribution and its function for the author of a pseudepigraphic text, which assists the author in handling present situations by emulating circumstances and ideal figures from the past. In addition, determining the provenance—whether Jewish or Christian—of individual pseudepigrapha is highly problematic, as these texts were preserved and transmitted by Christians and may therefore have been redacted. The latest research discussing how one might determine the provenance of an individual pseudepigraphic text will be explored.
Progressive alopecia associated with hypoparathyroidism in a Jersey heifer
Authors: Villarroel Aurora , Hustace Jaime L. , Piripi Susan A.
Published: May 2013

Background

Chronic progressive generalized alopecia in dairy cattle has been anecdotally discussed in veterinary forums.

Objective

To describe subclinical changes in an otherwise apparently healthy animal with chronic progressive generalized alopecia.

Animals

One 10‐month‐old Jersey heifer.

Methods

Case report.

Results

A heifer was presented for chronic progressive alopecia. The skin was hyperpigmented and very thin (2.4 ± 0.0 mm, compared with 8.1 ± 0.3 mm measured in four contemporaneous Jersey heifers). Histopathological examination of the skin revealed severe epidermal hyperplasia, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and diffuse follicular atrophy. Clinicopathological changes included hypocalcaemia that did not respond to calcium therapy. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) was not detected, compared with 1.38 ± 0.78 pmol/L in four contemporaneous Jersey heifers. A diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism was made based on hypocalcaemia and low PTH in the presence of normal magnesium levels. The heifer was otherwise healthy and was allowed to continue normal life. A spontaneous abortion occurred at 5.5 months of pregnancy and this was likely due to the presence of twin fetuses. Despite targeted therapy of the ensuing retained placenta, the heifer declined in health and had to be euthanized. From the time of diagnosis with hypoparathyroidism until euthanasia (29 months of age), blood levels of calcium, phosphorus and PTH were regularly monitored. Calcium and phosphorus levels varied widely. Serum PTH was consistently undetectable. At postmortem examination, the parathyroid glands could not be located.

Conclusions and clinical importance

To our knowledge, this is the first report of naturally occurring hypoparathyroidism in cattle and with a clinical presentation of alopecia.
Václav Šimerka: quadratic forms and factorization
Authors: Lemmermeyer F.
Published: May 2013

In this article we show that the Czech mathematician Václav Šimerka discovered the factorization of$\frac{1}{9} (1{0}^{17} - 1)$using a method based on the class group of binary quadratic forms more than 120 years before Shanks and Schnorr developed similar algorithms. Šimerka also gave the first examples of what later became known as Carmichael numbers.
Path-Following Steering Control for Articulated Vehicles
Authors: Jujnovich B. A. , Cebon D.
Published: May 2013

Passive steering systems have been used for some years to control the steering of trailer axles on articulated vehicles. These normally use a “command steer” control strategy, which is designed to work well in steady-state circles at low speeds, but which generates inappropriate steer angles during transient low-speed maneuvers and at high speeds. In this paper, “active” steering control strategies are developed for articulated heavy goods vehicles. These aim to achieve accurate path following for tractor and trailer, for all paths and all normal vehicle speeds, in the presence of external disturbances. Controllers are designed to implement the path-following strategies at low and high speeds, whilst taking into account the complexities and practicalities of articulated vehicles. At low speeds, the articulation and steer angles on articulated heavy goods vehicles are large and small-angle approximations are not appropriate. Hence, nonlinear controllers based on kinematics are required. But at high-speeds, the dynamic stability of control system is compromised if the kinematics-based controllers remain active. This is because a key state of the system, the side-slip characteristics of the trailer, exhibits a sign-change with increasing speeds. The low and high speed controllers are blended together using a speed-dependent gain, in the intermediate speed range. Simulations are conducted to compare the performance of the new steering controllers with conventional vehicles (with unsteered drive and trailer axles) and with vehicles with command steer controllers on their trailer axles. The simulations show that active steering has the potential to improve significantly the directional performance of articulated vehicles for a wide range of conditions, throughout the speed range.
75 Years of Progress: A History of the ASME Heat Transfer Division
Authors: Marner W. J.
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a history of the ASME Heat Transfer Division (HTD) over the past 75 years. The foundations, birth, growth, and maturation of the division are addressed. An overview of honors and awards is presented and selected developments and trends are discussed. Noteworthy events and workshops, including the 50th anniversary celebration, are considered in some detail. The growing trend toward internationalization is addressed through several conferences and initiatives. Publications, with a focus on the Journal of Heat Transfer, are addressed. The Heat Transfer Division story is told through the contributions and dedicated service of the men and women of the division. The paper concludes with some thoughts about the future.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Laser and Plasma Nitriding of Titanium
Authors: Yu Hanjiang , Tan Tianya , Wu Wei , Tian Chao , An Ying , Sun Fengjiu
Published: May 2013

The molecular dynamics (MD) method is successfully applied to simulate the nitridation of titanium by the mixing technology with laser and plasma. Based on the simulation, the influence of the processing parameters, such as the laser power density and the scanning velocity on the effective thickness of the nitride layer, was investigated. It was found that, for each scanning velocity, there is a laser power density range within which the higher laser power density has the beneficial effect for nitriding treatment. Comparing the simulation and experimental results shows that the calculated results are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
An Artificial Neural Network in Short-Term Electrical Load Forecasting of a University Campus: A Case Study
Authors: Palchak David , Suryanarayanan Siddharth , Zimmerle Daniel
Published: May 2013

This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) for forecasting the short-term electrical load of a university campus using real historical data from Colorado State University. A spatio-temporal ANN model with multiple weather variables as well as time identifiers, such as day of week and time of day, are used as inputs to the network presented. The choice of the number of hidden neurons in the network is made using statistical information and taking into account the point of diminishing returns. The performance of this ANN is quantified using three error metrics: the mean average percent error; the error in the ability to predict the occurrence of the daily peak hour; and the difference in electrical energy consumption between the predicted and the actual values in a 24-h period. These error measures provide a good indication of the constraints and applicability of these predictions. In the presence of some enabling technologies such as energy storage, rescheduling of noncritical loads, and availability of time of use (ToU) pricing, the possible demand-side management options that could stem from an accurate prediction of energy consumption of a campus include the identification of anomalous events as well the management of usage.
Prediction of Vortex-Induced Vibration Response of a Pipeline Span by Coupling a Viscous Flow Solver and a Beam Finite Element Solver
Authors: Pontaza Juan P. , Menon Raghu G.
Published: May 2013

This paper describes a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modeling approach to predict the vortex-induced vibration response of a pipeline span by coupling a three-dimensional viscous incompressible Navier–Stokes solver with a beam finite element solver in time domain. The pipeline span is modeled as an Euler–Bernoulli beam subject to instantaneous flow-induced forces and solved using finite element basis functions in space and an unconditionally stable Newmark-type discretization scheme in time. At each time step, the instantaneous incremental displacement is fed back to the fluid flow solver, where the position of the pipeline is updated to compute the resulting instantaneous flow field and associated flow-induced forces. Numerical predictions from the FSI model are compared to current tank experimental measurements of a pipeline span subject to uniform free-stream currents.
Analysis of a Two-Body Floating Wave Energy Converter With Particular Focus on the Effects of Power Take-Off and Mooring Systems on Energy Capture
Authors: Jaya Muliawan Made , Gao Zhen , Moan Torgeir , Babarit Aurelien
Published: May 2013

The present paper summarizes analyses of a two-body floating wave energy converter (WEC) to determine the mooring tension and the effect of the mooring system on energy capture. Also, the effect of the power take-off (PTO) is assessed. An axisymmetric Wavebob-type WEC is chosen as the object of investigation. However, the PTO system is modeled in a simplified manner as ideal linear damping and spring terms that couple the motions of the two bodies. The analysis is performed using SIMO, which is a time domain simulation tool that accommodates the simulation of multibody systems with hydrodynamic interactions. In SIMO, docking cone features between the two bodies allow movement as per actual operation, and fenders are applied to represent end stops. Six alternative mooring configurations are applied to investigate the effect of mooring on power capture. Mooring analysis is performed to determine the necessary capacity of mooring lines for each configuration to carry the tension due to the WEC motion in extreme conditions. Hydrodynamic loads are determined using WAMIT. We assumed that the WEC will be operated to capture wave power at the Yeu site in France. The analysis is performed for several regular and irregular wave conditions according to wave data available for that site. Simulations are performed to study the effect of the PTO system, end stops settings and several mooring configurations on power capture.
Three-Dimensional Fluid-Structure-Sediment Interaction Modeling With Application to Local Scouring Around a Movable Cylinder
Authors: Nakamura Tomoaki , Yim Solomon C. , Mizutani Norimi
Published: May 2013

Complex multidisciplinary physical fields formed by the dynamic interaction between fluid flows, structure motion, and seabed profile evolution are natural in a marine environment. Modeling and analysis of such fluid-structure-sediment interactions are essential for predicting and analyzing the nonlinear behavior of movable structures and their surrounding sediments under wave action. However, no analytical and numerical tools which consider the detailed physics of the entire coupled fluid-structure-sediment system are currently available. In this study, a three-dimensional coupled fluid-structure-sediment interaction model is developed to provide an overarching computational framework for simulating the dynamic behavior of multidisciplinary physical systems. The model consists of an extended Navier-Stokes solver that computes incompressible viscous multiphase flow, a volume-of-fluid module that tracks air-water interface motion, an immersed boundary module that tracks structure motion, and a sediment transport module that tracks suspended sediment motion and seabed profile evolution. For validation, the model is applied to hydraulic experiments on local scouring around a movable short cylinder supported at the base. It is found that the model predicts scour patterns around the cylinder reasonably well, consistent with experimental results measured in the hydraulic experiments. In addition, the computational applicability of the model is demonstrated to predict and analyze a general complex fluid-structure-sediment interaction phenomenon in the marine environment.
Ultimate Strength Characteristics of a Ship's Deck Stiffened Plate Structure in the Presence of Camber Parabolic Curvature
Authors: Reza Khedmati Mohammad , Edalat Pedram
Published: May 2013

The main target of this research is to identify the effects of camber parabolic curvature on the ultimate strength and behavior of stiffened plates under in-plane compression. A parametric model for the study of the problem is created. The model includes different parameters related to plate, stiffeners, and also parabolic camber curvature. Three distinct sensitivity cases are assumed. In each sensitivity case, many different models are analyzed and their ultimate strengths are obtained using an in-house finite element program. Ultimate strength and behavior of the models with different ratios of parabolic curvature are compared to each other and interpreted.
Applied Tests of Design Skills—Part II: Visual Thinking
Authors: Shah Jami J. , Woodward Jay , Smith Steven M.
Published: May 2013

A number of cognitive skills relevant to conceptual design have been previously identified: divergent thinking, visual thinking, spatial reasoning, qualitative reasoning, and problem formulation. A battery of standardized test has been developed for each of these skills. This is the second paper in a series of papers on testing individual skill level differences in engineers and engineering students. In the first paper, we reported on the theoretical and empirical basis for divergent thinking test, as well as, on test formulation, data collection, norming studies, and statistical validation of that test. This paper focuses similarly on the efforts related to the visual thinking and spatial reasoning in engineering context. We have decomposed visual thinking into six categories: visual comprehension including perceptual speed, visual memory (that is, the visual memory system), visual synthesis mental image manipulation/transformation, spatial reasoning, and graphical expression/elaboration. We discuss the theoretical basis of a comprehensive test for engineers, test composition, trial runs, and computation of reliability measures. The alpha version was given to a small set of subjects to determine clarity of the questions and gauge difficulty level. The beta version was used for norming and test validation from over 500 samples that included engineering students and a smaller number of practicing engineers. Construct validation was achieved through basing the construction of our instrument off other well-known measures of visual thinking, while content validity was assured through thoroughly sampling the domain of visual thinking and including a variety of items both pertinent and specific to the engineering design process. The factor analysis reveals that there are possibly two eigenvalues above 1.0, an indication that it is a stable and accurate instrument. We emphasize that these tests are not just dependent on native abilities, but on education and experience; design skills are teachable and learnable.
Digital Human Forward Kinematic and Dynamic Reliabilities
Authors: Gragg Jared , Yang James
Published: May 2013

Probabilistic methods have been applied to many problems in various fields of study. There are many distinct applications of probabilistic design in the biomechanics field, in particular. Traditionally, deterministic methods have been applied in digital human modeling (DHM). Transforming the deterministic approach of digital human modeling into a probabilistic approach is natural since there is inherent uncertainty and variability associated with DHM problems. Typically, deterministic studies in this field ignore this uncertainty or try to limit the uncertainty by employing optimization procedures. Often, inverse kinematics or dynamics techniques are introduced to point the system to the desired solution, or “best solution.” Due to the variability in the inputs, a deterministic study may not be enough to account for the uncertainty in the system. Probabilistic design techniques allow the designer to predict the likelihood of an outcome while also accounting for uncertainty, in contrast to deterministic studies. The purpose of this study is to incorporate probabilistic approaches to a deterministic DHM problem that has already been studied, analyzing human forward kinematics and dynamics. The problem is transformed into a probabilistic approach where the human forward kinematic and dynamic reliabilities are determined. The forward kinematic reliability refers to the probability that the human end-effector position (and/or orientation) falls within a specified distance from the desired position (and/or orientation) in an inverse kinematics problem. The forward dynamic reliability refers to the probability that the human end-effector position (and/or velocity) falls within a specified distance from the desired position (and/or velocity) along a specified trajectory in the workspace. The dynamic equations of motion are derived by the Lagrangian backward recursive dynamics formulation.
Derivation of Optimum Profile Modifications in Narrow-Faced Spur and Helical Gears Using a Perturbation Method
Authors: Bruyère J. , Velex P.
Published: May 2013

A perturbation method is presented which makes it possible to obtain approximate closed-form expressions for profile relief that minimize the fluctuations of quasi-static transmission errors under load. A number of results are displayed which prove the theoretical effectiveness of the proposed solutions for low-contact ratio (LCR) and high-contact ratio (HCR) spur and helical gears. It is also shown that the corresponding relief performance is not significantly downgraded by center-distance (CD) variations. Finally, a number of practical considerations are brought up and commented.
Electrical characteristics of ZrO2/GaAs MOS capacitor fabricated by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Konda R. B. , White C. , Thomas D. , Yang Q. , Pradhan A. K.
Published: May 2013

GaAs based metal oxide semiconductor capacitors were fabricated with zirconium oxide (ZrO2) using atomic layer deposition. The effect of growth temperature of ZrO2 dielectric films on GaAs was studied. The ZrO2 layers were deposited using tetrakis dimethyl amido zirconium and water in the temperature region of 200–275 °C. The as deposited samples have a significant amount of fixed charge in the bulk of the gate dielectric and at dielectric/semiconductor (ZrO2/GaAs) interface, which causes the flat band shift and frequency dispersion. The postannealing in nitrogen (N2) reduces the flat band shift, frequency dispersion, and capacitance–voltage (C-V) stretch out. In addition, the inversion characteristics of as fabricated capacitor were also improved with respect to the growth temperature and annealing. The gate dielectric stack is qualitatively illustrated through improved C-V characteristics and quantitatively verified by the reduced interface trap density (Dit). The effect of N2 annealing is investigated in detail through electrical characterization and Dit measurements. The authors find that there exists a tradeoff where annealing improves C-V characteristics and reduces the Dit, however, at the cost of higher leakage current.
Improving Education Standards
Authors: Coffey Janet , Alberts Bruce
Published: May 2013

This month, achieve, an organization established by the 50 U.S. state governors to improve academic standards and testing, will begin finalizing its draft document (released in January 2013) of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS).
*
This document aims to establish new common standards for science education for students aged 5 to 18 in the United States, and it explicitly builds on the U.S. National Academies' 2011 Framework for K-12 Science Education.
†
The Framework put forth a vision of science education that is notable for emphasizing student participation in key science and engineering practices, such as asking questions and defining problems; developing and using models; engaging in argument from evidence; and learning cross-cutting concepts such as energy and matter, cause and effect, and structure and function. To allow room for these in the school day, the Framework stressed the importance of minimizing the number of disciplinary core ideas that standards require to be taught. Now that the NGSS document has entered its final revision stage, it is important to ask how well these standards match the powerful vision for them that was laid down by the Framework.
Ultrafast Three-Dimensional Imaging of Lattice Dynamics in Individual Gold Nanocrystals
Authors: Clark J. N. , Beitra L. , Xiong G. , Higginbotham A. , Fritz D. M. , Lemke H. T. , Zhu D. , Chollet M. , Williams G. J. , Messerschmidt M. , Abbey B. , Harder R. J. , Korsunsky A. M. , Wark J. S. , Robinson I. K.
Published: May 2013

Distorted Nanoparticle

Nanoparticles have found many applications in modern technology; however, the full characterization of individual particles is challenging. One of the most interesting mechanical properties is the particle's response to lattice distortion. This property has been probed for ensembles of nanoparticles, but the required averaging may distort the results.

Clark
et al.

(p.
56
, published online 23 May; see the Perspective by

Hartland and Lo

) were able to image the generation and subsequent evolution of coherent acoustic phonons from an individual perturbed gold nanocrystal on the picosecond time scale.
Structural Basis for the Counter-Transport Mechanism of a H
+
/Ca
2+
Exchanger
Authors: Nishizawa Tomohiro , Kita Satomi , Maturana Andrés D. , Furuya Noritaka , Hirata Kunio , Kasuya Go , Ogasawara Satoshi , Dohmae Naoshi , Iwamoto Takahiro , Ishitani Ryuichiro , Nureki Osamu
Published: May 2013

Inward-Facing Antiporter

Calcium/cation antiporters play a role in regulating the cytosolic calcium concentration by using the electrochemical gradient of other cations to catalyze Ca
2+
transport across cell membranes. The structure of a Na
+
/Ca
2+
exchanger in an outward-facing conformation was recently determined.

Nishizawa
et al.

(p.
168
, published online 23 May) now report the crystal structure of a H
+
/Ca
2+
exchanger in an inward-facing conformation. Comparison of the structures shows how structural changes create hydrophilic cavities to alternate between the intra- and extracellular sides of the protein, facilitating cation transport.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Natural Recombinant H9N2 Influenza Virus Isolated from a White-Fronted Goose (
Anser albifrons
) in South Korea
Authors: Lee Dong-Hun , Park Jae-Keun , Yuk Seong-Su , Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir , Kwon Jung-Hoon , Lee Joong-Bok , Park Seung-Yong , Choi In-Soo , Song Chang-Seon
Published: May 2013

In 2007, we isolated a natural recombinant H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) from the fecal droppings of a white-fronted goose (
Anser albifrons
) in South Korea. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete genome sequence showed that polymerase acidic (PA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes belonged to the Eurasian lineage AIV, but polymerase basic 2 (PB2), PB1, hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP), matrix (M), and nonstructural (NS) genes belonged to the North-American lineage AIV. These data are beneficial for understanding the ecology and epidemiology of AIVs.
Complete Genomic Sequence of Southern Rice Blacked-Dwarf Virus, a Novel Fijivirus, from Vietnam
Authors: Xue Jin , Li Jing , Ta Hoang-Anh , Zhang Heng-Mu , Yang Jian , Lv Ming-Fang , Meng Yuan , Li Pei-Pei , Chen Jian-Ping
Published: May 2013

The nucleotide sequences of the ten genomic segments of a Vietnam isolate of southern rice blacked-dwarf virus were determined. This complete genomic sequence will help to further understand the viral etiology (origin of viral pathogen) and phylogenetic relationships among fijiviruses.
Genome Sequence of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Corylina, Isolated from Turkish Filbert in Colorado
Authors: Ibarra Caballero Jorge , Zerillo Marcelo M. , Snelling Jacob , Boucher Christina , Tisserat Ned
Published: May 2013

Previously, we reported the isolation of a bacterium producing leaf spots in Turkish filbert. Here, we present the draft genome assembly of the bacterium identified as
Xanthomonas arboricola
pv. corylina. To our knowledge, this is the first published genome of this pathovar of
X. arboricola
.
Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica Serotype Tennessee Strain CDC07-0191, Implicated in the 2006-2007 Multistate Food-Borne Outbreak Linked to Peanut Butter in the United States
Authors: Deng Xiangyu , Salazar Joelle K. , Frezet Stephanie , MacCannell Duncan , Ribot Efrain M. , Fields Patricia I. , Fricke W. Florian , Zhang Wei
Published: May 2013

Salmonella enterica
serotype Tennessee strain CDC07-0191 was isolated from the 2006-2007 multistate food-borne outbreak linked to peanut butter in the United States. Here we report a high-quality draft assembly of the genome sequence of this strain, derived from a patient. This is the first reported high-quality draft genome sequence for
S. enterica
serotype Tennessee, which will enable in-depth studies of its transmission and virulence.
Complete Genome Sequence of Corynebacterium urealyticum Strain DSM 7111, Isolated from a 9-Year-Old Patient with Alkaline-Encrusted Cystitis
Authors: Guimarães Luis C. , Soares Siomar C. , Albersmeier Andreas , Blom Jochen , Jaenicke Sebastian , Azevedo Vasco , Soriano Francisco , Tauch Andreas , Trost Eva
Published: May 2013

Corynebacterium urealyticum
is a common skin colonizer with potent urease activity. It is clinically recognized as an opportunistic pathogen causing urinary tract infections. The annotated genome sequence of strain DSM 7111, isolated from the urine of a young boy with an ectopic kidney, provides new insights into the pathomechanisms of this bacterium.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Cellulolytic, Mesophilic, Anaerobic Bacterium Clostridium termitidis Strain CT1112 (DSM 5398)
Authors: Lal Sadhana , Ramachandran Umesh , Zhang Xiangli , Munir Riffat , Sparling Richard , Levin David B.
Published: May 2013

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Clostridium termitidis
strain CT1112 (DSM 5398), a mesophilic, cellulolytic bacterium that can utilize a variety of sugars, as well as pure cellulose, as a sole carbon source; it also synthesizes fermentation end products with potential industrial applications.