bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Legume-Legume Replacement Series of Intercropping System on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chickpea
Authors: Vasava N. M. , Shroff J. C. , Shah S. N. , Panchal P. S. , Parmar P. M.
Published: March 2024

Chickpea is major pulse crop cultivated in India. Area under chickpea cultivation has been increasing day by day. Although area of chickpea is increasing still the productivity per unit area is not increasing.  There are many factor responsible for lack of productivity including crop failure. Therefore, increasing productivity and for avoiding the risk associated with complete crop failure, intercropping is the way forward.  Intercropping of legume in association with non-legumes helps in utilization of nitrogen being fixed by legumes in the current growing season, but also helps in residual build-up of nutrients in soil. Best utilization of nutrients, moisture, space and solar energy can be derived through intercropping system. Intercropping provides an insurance against calamities and helps in the maximization of productivity and profit by efficient utilization of natural resources. Hence, crop intensification is both in space and time dimensions. Selection of compatible genotype and appropriate planting pattern helps in minimizing the inter-specific and intra-specific competition for resources thereby boosting up the productivity of the system as a whole. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat during two consecutive rabi season of the year 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisting of nine treatment. viz.; T1: sole chickpea, T2: sole linseed, T3: sole fenugreek, T4: (chickpea + linseed 2:1), T5: (chickpea + linseed 3:1), T6: (chickpea + linseed 4:2), T7: (chickpea + fenugreek 2:1), T8: (chickpea + fenugreek 3:1) and T9: (chickpea + fenugreek 4:2) with four replication. Legume intercropping resulted in better growth due to complimentary actions of the both the crop. The total equivalent yield obtained from intercropping far surpasses the yield of the sole crop in unit area.
Influence of Various Nutrient Sources on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Productivity and Quality under Organic Farming
Authors: Raj Janak , Dubey P. K. , Kaswala A. R. , Italiya A. P. , Patel Krutika Subodh
Published: March 2024

The field investigation aimed to examine the impact of various organic nutrient sources on rice var. GNR-7 at the organic farm of ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat during the kharif season of 2021. The experiment was structured using a Randomized Block Design with a factorial concept, incorporating two levels: soil application and foliar application. Total of twelve treatment i.e., S1: 100% RDN through NADEP compost, S2: 80% RDN through NADEP compost along with Azospirillium and PSB @ 2 l/ha each S3: 60% RDN through NADEP compost along with Azospirillium and PSB @ 2 l/ha each and S4: Ghan-jivamrut @ 500 kg/ha + Jivamrut @ 500 l/ha and that of foliar application were, F0: Control, F1: Novel organic liquid nutrient @ 1% and F2: moringa leaf extract @ 3%. The application of foliar spray was done thrice at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing. were replicated thrice. The result revealed that S1 treatment significantly recorded the grain yield and S2 treatment significantly recorded the straw yield. While for foliar application, the treatment F2 significantly recorded the highest grain and straw yield but remained at par with F1 treatment. The mean data of quality parameters did not significantly change due to soil and foliar application of different organic nutrient sources. It can be determined that the soil application of 100 per cent RDN through NADEP compost and foliar application of either 3 per cent Moringa leaf extract or 1 per cent Novel organic liquid nutrient at 15, 30 and 45 DAS resulted in higher yield and also improved the quality parameters of rice under organic farm.
Effect of Thermally Extracted Carrot Oil Using Biomass Solvent to Boost Consumer Goods: Box-Behnken Design Approach
Authors: Ozioko F. C. , Iweka Sunday Chukwuka , Nwanze N. E. , Adepoju T. F.
Published: March 2024

Massive production of fast-moving consumer goods boosts the economy of any nation. Thus, the need to look into ways of accelerating and transforming carrot utilization into more commercialized usage in order to add value to the developmental strides of any nation where carrot is cultivated like Nigeria. This study concluded that the optimization of the carrot oil extracted from crushed carrot and coconut oil (biomass volume) via soxhlet equipment using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach, generated an ideal optimal output of 18.58 wt% at SW of 60 g, BV of 200 ml and ET of 14mins. Although, three input elements which are sample weight (SW), biomass volume (BV), and extraction time (ET) were modelled to generate 17 setups by BBD, but standard order (Std) 8 from the 17 setups generated an ideal output of 18.58 wt%. Thus, the process optimization of the extraction process via BBD of RSM showed that both the coefficient of determination (R2) which is 0.9886, and the difference between adjusted R2 and predicted R2 which is less than 0.2 fall within an ideal range. Also, the elements considered for modeling are mutually significant with the quadratic model equation and the interactive effects of the independent parameters on the carrot oil output showed that an increase in the sample weight and time led to a corresponding increase in the carrot oil output, and this is corroborated by the perturbation plot. Additionally, the physiochemical valuables of the carrot oil generated showed that the free fatty acid and the acid value were very low signifying that the carrot oil is edible and can be used in the manufacturing process using the saponification method in making soap and moisturizing cream for the benefit of mankind.
Women’s Awareness Towards their Entrepreneurial Behaviour in Tumkuru and Chikaballapura District of Karnataka, India
Authors: Yankanchi Geetha, M. , Geetha, K  , Jiragal Imrankhan , Latha Rani, R.
Published: March 2024

Indian women are evolving, and they are quickly establishing themselves as prospective entrepreneurs. To break down conventional perceptions on men's and women's sectors, women in non-traditional business sectors should be role models. In nearly every country, women-owned businesses are fast-growing economics. The main objective the study was to explore the awareness of farm women regarding entrepreneurial development in Tumkuru and Chikkaballapura distrcits of Karnataka state over the years 2021-2022 to determine farm women's understanding of entrepreneurial development. From each of the district 500 respondents were identified for the collection a total of 1000 respondent’s data were collected by simple random sampling method. The results revealed that dimension wise awareness indicated that high preference for self-awareness & initiative to start a business, awareness regarding education & training and legal or procedural awareness were (40.20%, 37.80% and 56.00%) in Tumkuru district. Where as in Chikkaballapura it was high in awareness regarding education & training 55.60 per cent respectively. Overall awareness of farm women regarding entrepreneurial development was found to be high in Tumkuru (51.80%) as compared to Chikkaballapura district (46.80%). Hence, knowledge gap has a significant impact on women's development. As a result, both the government and non-government organizations should take the initiative to educate and motivate surviving women to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities.
Unveiling the Potential of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varietal Performance Evaluation through Organic Nutrient Management
Authors: Singh Richa , Sahu R.P. , Sharma P.B. , Sahu Vinay , Thakur Satyendra , Patel Raghav , Singh Sonali , Kumawat Rohit Kumar
Published: March 2024

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is second-most important food grain crop produced in India after rice. The Experiments was conducted during the Rabi season of the year 2020/21 at Instructional Research Farm, Krishi Nagar, Adhartal, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.) to study the performance of different wheat varieties under organic nutrient management in Kymore Plateau and Satpura Hills Zone. The soil of the region favour high input intensive farming for producing a maximum yield per unit of land area. Frequent use of agrochemicals, such as fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides etc. and other techniques were extremely taxing, that depletes the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil and causing a considerably larger loss of nutrients than its replenishment. The standardization of organic manure application is the need of the hour to sustain crop productivity and soil health in the region. Selection of a variety plays a crucial role under organic farming as it has a direct effect on yield and economics of a crop than conventional farming. Organic farming requires regionally adapted varieties that are well suited to regional soil, climate, and production systems. The existing cultivars have to be appraised for the specific characteristics needed in organic farming. As a result, treatments consisted of twelve varieties of wheat viz., JW 17, JW 3020, JW 3173, JW 3269, JW 3288, C 306, HI 1500, HI 1531, HI 1418, HD 2987, HW 2004 and HD 4672 were tested in randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest grain yield of 3787 kg ha-1 recorded from JW 17 followed by varieties C 306 and JW 3269. While HI 1418 variety was the lowest yielder with a grain yield of 2796 kg ha-1 among all tested varieties. Thus, the performance of variety JW 17 was found superior concerning growth parameters, yield attributing characters and yield closely followed by varieties C 306, JW 3269 and JW 3288.
The Role of Economic and Social Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Small-Scale Sunflower Oil Production Companies in Tanzania
Authors: Erasmus Maria , Kaungal Jignesh
Published: March 2024

Most developing nations, including Tanzania, consider agro-processing a key to industrialization. Despite an attractive sunflower seed yield, Tanzania's sunflower oil processing and production have been staggering over the years. Sunflower oil production is inefficient, which leads to low output. So, this research studied sunflower oil production technical efficiency in the Singida region. The study examined the social and economic factors that affect technical efficiency in small-scale sunflower oil producers. It applied cross-sectional design and secondary data for the years 2016–2017, which were collected from the Central Zone Sunflower Oil Processors Association and Small Industrial Development Organization based on Singida sunflower oil producers. It also used stochastic frontier analysis and multiple linear regressions to find the empirical economic relationship between the variables. Sunflower oil producers averaged 30.1% less technical efficiency, as the average was 69.9%. It also revealed that labor, seed, capital, and electricity affect production, while age, experience, education, and locality also matter. Finally, processing techniques, socio-economic, and demographic differences affect sunflower oil production. So, producers must increase capital inputs to be technically efficient. Consider boosting producer capacity and abilities and observing a minimum number of productive staff.
Options for Nitriles Removal from C4–C5 Cuts: 1. Via Adsorption
Authors: Ramírez-Corredores Maria M. , Hernández Zaida , Guerra Julia , Medina Jaqueline , Alvarez Rosa
Published: June 2006

Light cuts from fluid catalyst cracking (FCC) units are commonly used as feedstocks for etherification units in oil refineries. These feedstocks contain nitriles and diolefins that poison the etherification catalyst. PDVSA Intevep has developed several methods for removing these nitriles. An adsorption-based option is discussed in this paper; two other options reported recently were based on catalytic conversions (Ramírez-Corredores et al. 2002, 2003). The oligomerization tendencies of the diolefins dictated the use of a rather inert adsorbent. Some of the critical features of this adsorbent and the adsorption process are discussed. The adsorbent design was based on a geometrical premise and on active non-acid sites to achieve a highly selective adsorbent with a high adsorption capacity for nitriles. Chemical shift was selected for the desorption stage of the removal process to preserve the active lifetime of the adsorbent in the treatment of reactive feedstocks. This was demonstrated to be both effective and beneficial.
Thermodynamic Study of Protein Adsorption onto Synthetic Calcium Hydroxyapatites
Authors: Kandori Kazuhiko , Takaragi Shin-Ichi , Murata Kanae , Ishikawa Tatsuo
Published: June 2006

Thermodynamic parameters have obtained in the present study by measuring the adsorption isotherms of bovine serum albumin (BSA: isoelectric point (iep) = 4.7), myoglobin (MGB: iep = 7.0) and lysozyme (LSZ: iep = 11.1) onto calcium hydroxyapatite (Hap) at different temperatures (15°C and 35°C) in an attempt to clarify the adsorption mechanism of such proteins. The adsorption affinity of proteins strongly depended on the Ca/P molar ratio of the Hap particles. In the case of BSA, the initial slopes of the adsorption isotherms increased remarkably with an increase in the Ca/P ratio. In contrast, the initial slopes of the adsorption isotherms for LSZ changed gradually with increasing Ca/P ratio. Finally, no Ca/P ratio dependence was observed in the MGB system.

These results were explained in terms of the electrostatic interaction between the proteins and Hap. The negative values of ΔGads for the BSA system increased from −34.0 kJ/mol to −36.1 kJ/mol with increasing Ca/P ratio whereas those for the LSZ system decreased from −37.9 kJ/mol to −30.8 kJ/mol. A diminished dependence of ΔGads on the Ca/P ratio was observed in the MGB system. The adsorptions of LSZ and MGB onto Hap were exothermic which again supports an electrostatic attraction mechanism. In contrast, the adsorption of BSA onto Hap exhibited a large positive value for ΔHads, indicating that the process was endothermic. The ΔSads value of the LSZ system was negative while those for the BSA and MGB systems were positive. Positive values for ΔSads, especially for the BSA system, indicate that the adsorption processes for BSA and MGB (both with a lower structural stability) were driven by an entropy gain, i.e. ΔSads > 0. Adsorption of these proteins onto the Hap surface was accompanied by a structural rearrangement.
David Georges Emmerich Professor of Morphology
Authors: Chassagnoux Alain
Published: June 2006

David Georges Emmerich taught morphology at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and later at the Paris-La Villette School of Architecture from 1965 to 1990.

An architect and engineer by training, convinced of the modern movement's inability to provide mankind with the architectural space needed, his research led to constructive systems using cheap, industrialised components, with wide scope for self-help housing as well as a broad range of architectural structures.

His extensive study of regular partitioning in space, natural shapes, the resistance of shapes and combinatorial analysis led him to developing stereometric systems; and, more specifically, to the invention of self-tensioning, or tensegrity, structures.
In-Plane Nonlinear Analysis and Buckling of Tied Circular Arches
Authors: Bradford M. A. , Zhang Y. X. , Gilbert R. I. , Wang T.
Published: June 2006

A nonlinear theory is developed in this paper to investigate the elastic in-plane buckling of shallow tied circular arches under uniformly distributed radial loading, in which the effects of the prebuckling deformation and geometric nonlinearity are included. Prescriptive formulae for the elastic buckling loads of tied arches are derived, as well as the critical stiffness that delineates between the possibility that the arch will buckle, or that it will not buckle, in its plane of loading. The relationship between the buckling load and a modified slenderness parameter of the arch is also discussed. The paper also includes the results of two short-term tests undertaken on shallow reinforced concrete tied arches, and the solutions are also analysed using the well-known ABAQUS software. The consistency of the critical loads and the load versus deflection responses demonstrates the accuracy and practicability of the analytical results derived in the paper.
Stress at Ultimate in Unbonded Post Tensioning Tendons for Simply Supported Beams: A State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Manisekar R. , Senthil R.
Published: June 2006

An in depth State-of-Art Review is done on the topic, Stress at Ultimate in Unbonded Post tensioning Tendons. Simply supported members are used for discussion. Prediction equations proposed to compute the stress in tendons at ultimate, fps are reviewed. Six data sets are used to analyse the prediction equations and the results discussed. In addition, the parameter Δ fps is compared with plastic hinge length on the basis of Δ fps is directly related to the plastic hinge formation that occurs from yielding of nonprestressing steel to the concrete crushing in the extreme compressive fiber. Acceptable trend is obtained from the comparison. Further, stress in external tendons are reviewed and discussed based on the review of internal unbonded tendons.
Experimental and Analytical Validation of a Fastener Bearing Test as a Means of Evaluating the Bracing Characteristics of Plasterboard
Authors: Liew Y. L. , Gad E. F. , Duffield C. F.
Published: June 2006

The beneficial bracing characteristics of plasterboard have recently been incorporated into Australian design standards for residential structures. There is a need to develop control procedures, commensurate with these enhanced design guidelines, to control the quality of plasterboard such that its manufactured properties conform with the bracing characteristics assumed. This paper reports the findings of a study into the adequacy of existing plasterboard quality tests as a measure of its bracing capacity. The paper also reports the development of a new test method, described herein as fastener bearing test, as an alternate quality control method for bracing capacity of plasterboard. This fastener bearing test is subsequently validated through an extensive experimental program and analytical modelling. The paper concludes that the proposed test is a reliable method to assess the bracing capacity of plasterboard. It has also established the validity of a simple closed-form mathematical approach to ascertain the lateral capacity of clad framed walls.
La Comite europeen de prevention de la torture: Mecanisme de controle des etablissements de detention
Authors: Lehalle Sandra , Landreville Pierre , Cere Jean-Paul
Published: June 2006

Monitoring detention centres in Europe has become a crucial concern because of the overcrowding and poor physical living conditions in some of these institutions. Since 1987, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT), a unique prevention mechanism, has visited detention centres in different countries and drawn up recommendations for the states concerned. Using some concrete examples, this article examines how the CPT fulfils its monitoring mission, creates penitentiary norms, and influences the practices of correctional systems across Europe. The analysis of this mechanism allows us to conclude that the CPT is a good example and a useful tool for improving living conditions in detention centres as well as for protecting prisoners' rights.

En Europe, la question du contr�le des �tablissements de d�tention se pose
de facüon d'autant plus accrue que les locaux sont v�tustes et en proie �
une importante surpopulation. Depuis 1987, un m�canisme original de
pr�vention de la torture et des mauvais traitements des d�tenus, le Comit�
europ�en pour la pr�vention de la torture et des peines ou traitements
inhumains ou d�gradants (CPT) effectue des visites des lieux de d�tention
et formule des recommandations aux � tats concern�s. En donnant quelques
exemples concrets (notamment du cas francüais), cet article examine
comment le CPT exerce sa mission de contr�le, cr�e des normes p�nitentiaires
et exerce une influence sur les pratiques p�nitentiaires europ�ennes.
L'analyse r�alis�e permet de soutenir que le CPT constitue, de nos jours,
un outil pertinent et un exemple � suivre pour am�liorer les conditions de
d�tention et prot�ger les droits des prisonniers.
Public Fiscal Behaviour & Aid Heterogeneity in Aid-Recipient Economies
Authors: Mavrotas George , Ouattara Bazoumana
Published: June 2006

The paper develops a model of public fiscal behaviour of the aid-recipient government in the presence of both endogenous and heterogeneous foreign aid. We endogenize aid on the grounds that the recipient government has some influence over aid disbursements. Regarding aid heterogeneity, it is argued that each of the main four categories of aid, namely project aid, programme aid, technical assistance and food aid may exert different effects on the recipient economy. Furthermore, in case the preferences of the aid-recipient government are higher for some of these types of aid, neglecting aid heterogeneity would lead to aggregation bias in the results and conclusions. The model adds an important new dimension to the vast aid effectiveness literature and calls for further modelling as well as empirical work in this promising research area so that significant policy implications can be derived.
Health Status, Diseases, and Economic Development: A Cross-Country Analysis
Authors: Qureshi Halima A , Mohyuddin Hasina A
Published: June 2006

With the help of cross-sectional data from eighteen developing countries, this paper investigates the impact of two health status indices (Under Five Mortality Rate and Life Expectance at Birth) and four different types of diseases (Tuberculosis, Diarrhea, Malaria, and Hepatitis) on GDP, as well as on the growth rate of GDP. The health status indices are found to have an insignificant impact on economic development. Similarly, two of the diseases, Tuberculosis and Diarrhea, are also found to have an insignificant impact. However, the two other diseases, Malaria and Hepatitis, are found to have a significant negative impact on GDP as well as on the growth rate of GDP. The findings of this paper thus imply that a policy aimed at reducing the incidence of Malaria and Hepatitis will promote economic development in developing countries.
Dislocating Shakespeare: Scene Locators and the Place of the Page
Authors: Menzer Paul
Published: June 2006

Shakespeareans often deploy the jingle "page to stage" to telegraph the movement from print to performance. The neat rhyme obscures the fact that page and stage are different locations - even different temporalities. The incompatibility between page and stage vexes the editorial project in particular, and nowhere more evidently than when editors attempt to "locate" a scene in the bibliographical apparatuses that accompany editions of Shakespeare. "Dislocating Shakespeare" traces the evolution of scene locators from Nicholas Rowe's 1790 edition of Shakespeare to today's many and varied complete works of Shakespeare. Rowe largely relied for his sense of location from contemporary productions, but modern editions' scene locators are largely beholden to the work of a later eighteenth-century editor, Edward Capell. His 1768 edition of Shakespeare was the first to ignore preceding editions and "scenical locators" attempted to access Shakespeare's imaginary conception of fictional space for his readers, a standard that seemingly operates in today's collected works. Like eighteenth-century fossils embedded in twenty-first-century texts, each scene locator has a history to tell. These histories demonstrate that no scene locator is self-authorized but is rather the product of peculiar editorial and theatrical decisions. Awareness of this history may help us to understand how often arbitrary if not illogical are these indices of geographical place, and how we might re-evaluate the way we treat location on the page and on the stage.
Narratives of the Death Sentence: Toward a Theory of Legal Narrativity
Authors: Fleury-Steiner Benjamin
Published: June 2006

This article investigates how the consciousness of ordinary citizens enlisted as jurors in death penalty trials is racialized. The study draws on post-trial interviews with some 66 white and black jurors who served on 24 capital trials in which either a white or black defendant received the death sentence. Findings among white jurors reveal a hegemonic tale of racial inferiority. However, other characteristics such as social class or relevant biographical experiences help explain how jurors' stories are racialized. More specifically, racial inferiority is articulated in four congruous narratives: “individual responsibility,” “the tragedy of the ‘black’ group,” “the bad kid and the caring family,” and “the threatening outsider.” Furthermore, black jurors' stories are influenced by their background experiences as well. More-educated black jurors employ a sympathetic discourse toward the “culturally distant whites.” On the other hand, working-class blacks that have had negative experiences with whites in public are found to employ a narrative of “resisting white racism.” Understanding the subtle influences of legal agents' multiple identities in the remaking of racial hegemony has broader implications for a revised constitutive perspective of law—what I call a “theory of legal narrativity.”
The Execution Spectacle and State Legitimacy: The Changing Nature of the American Execution Audience, 1833–1937
Authors: Linders Annulla
Published: June 2006

This paper examines the role of the audience in the process that transformed executions from public spectacles to hidden rituals, and makes visible the ambiguities and uncertainties that accompanied the transportation of capital punishment from its monarchical origins to a modern democratic setting. From this vantage point, the evolving responses to concerns associated with the execution audience share many characteristics with efforts to control other problematic audiences. And yet, the particular forms that audience manipulation in the context of executions took cannot be fully understood without considering the occasion that brought the audience into being. Viewed as a mirror held up to the execution, the audience, whether conceptualized as a rowdy crowd or a solemn group of witnesses, emerges as a constitutive element of the execution and, in this sense, carries the potential to grant, or deny, legitimacy to the event and, by extension, capital punishment itself.
Introductory Essay
Authors: Sterett Susan M.
Published: June 2006

Suppose you want to writeOf a woman braidingAnother woman's hair-Straight down, or with beads and shellsIn three-strand plaits or corn-rowsYouhad better know the thicknessThe length the patternWhy she decides to braid her hairHow it is done to herWhat country it happens inWhat else happens in that countryYou have to know these things-Adrienne Rich, "North American Time"

Although Adrienne Rich tells us we “have to know these things,” we are often willingly blind to the rich stories of those with whom we are most intimate. You may braid someone's hair without knowing very much about her. You may even write about it, though the writing would rapidly become very dull. In this issue ofLaw & Society Review, the authors examine how legal regimes facilitate knowing (and ignoring) stories when making families. For people seeking to adopt a child in western national states, the law has sometimes made it easy not to know about who bore a child, why she is available for adoption, and why a family might have raised her one way rather than another—braiding her hair in cornrows or in plaits. Also, in intercountry adoption, children often arrive with no history available, a condition legal adoption allows and often facilitates. We need not know “what else happens in that country.” Recent scholarship notes the historical and cultural specificity of the practice of ignoring. Adoptees, mothers who have placed their children for adoption, and adoptive parents have all claimed a right to know their own or their child's history, sometimes for different reasons. Scholars have followed, explaining that creating an “as if” family, in which all of this knowledge is foreclosed, does not fit with the experience of families. Articles in this issue address three interlocking themes that question the practice of not knowing: the commodification of children and family in a market economy, contests over the framework of choice in the making of a family, and the identity of children.
Speaking Truth and Power
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: June 2006

It is, I suspect, no accident that it was a breakthrough in physics that caused Kitty Calavita (2002) to reflect on the need for law and society scholars to engage in acts of public discourse and aspire to become public intellectuals. Substantively, physics may be an unlikely source of theoretical help to law and society scholarship, but no discipline better epitomizes the role of science as a practical aspect of power and governance since the mid-20th century. I would suggest that we follow Calavita's meditation not to develop our envy of the methods and theories of physics, but to develop our reflexivity concerning the dangerous role of physicists as “enablers” of power. (Think J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project, not Einstein and the General Theory of Relativity.)
Counting Cases About Milk, Our “Most Nearly Perfect” Food, 1860-1940
Authors: Wright Ronald F. , Huck Paul
Published: June 2006

At the turn of the 20th century, as more people in the United States started moving to urban areas, the quality of the milk supply became one of the preeminent public health challenges of the day and a centerpiece of the Progressive agenda. Governments passed ordinances and statutes to safeguard the milk supply and sanctioned violators of these laws. This study collects the published cases where judges were asked to enforce these health regulations.

Contrary to the Revisionist reading of Progressive Era constitutional history, these cases demonstrate that enforcement of these health laws became more difficult during the Progressive Era. Parties resisting these laws made broader constitutional challenges to the laws more often. While the number of victories for these parties remained steady, the scope of their victories became broader. The study also throws light on the early use of “regulatory crimes.” Governments were more likely throughout the study period to use a criminal rather than a civil enforcement process. Surprisingly, the use of criminal enforcement did not affect the government's success rate in these cases.
An Original Look at Originalism
Authors: Howard Robert M. , Segal Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2006

While the normative debate over originalism continues unabated (e.g., Scalia 1997; Whittington 1999), the systematic empirical validity of originalism lies relatively unexamined. Using data derived from briefs filed by litigants over eight years, we developed an initial systematic test of the influence of arguments about text and intent on the decisions of U.S. Supreme Court Justices. Typically, we find that Justices support textual or intentional arguments when they are made by liberal parties or when they are made by conservative parties, but not across the board. Multivariate analyses show that legal arguments as to text, and particularly intent, have little impact on the votes of even those Justices alleged to be originalists. Instead, ideology continues to explain their decisions.
Rejoinder: Eight Misrepresentations and a Confession
Authors: Verweij Marco
Published: June 2006

In her response to my article, Mary Durfee argues that my research, though promising, is “flawed” in its execution and rests on “incoherent biophysical science.” She reaches this conclusion by misrepresenting my article in eight ways. I would like to highlight these misunderstandings before pointing out, and correcting, a real flaw in the execution of my research, which went undetected by Durfee, but which did not affect the conclusions of my study.
Issues in the use of an Electronic Rehabilitation System with Chronic Recidivists
Authors: Schwitzgebel Ralph K.
Published: June 2006

Certain recent technological developments may soon make possible new alternatives to the incarceration of offenders. These alternatives clearly present some hazards as well as benefits. The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly a few of the difficult and complex issues that may soon arise as a result of these new alternatives.

Some of the most relevant advances in technology are occurring in areas other than that of corrections. For example, an electronic rescue and rehabilitation system now being developed will permit the monitoring of the heart rate and geographical location of cardiac patients in an urban environment as they move through the prescribed monitored area. In the event of acute cardiac infarction, the patient could transmit an emergency signal to the base station and help could be sent immediately. Even if the patient were unconscious, the base station might automatically be alerted to his condition and location. The location would not need to be determined unless an emergency occurred. A similar system might also be used to help rescue persons subject to other types of medical emergencies, to protect mentally ill or retarded persons who might easily become lost or confused in the city, and to help safeguard persons with suicidal tendencies.
The Reasonable Man: Legal Fiction or Psychosocial Reality?
Authors: Green Edward
Published: June 2006

This paper explores the judgmental process involved in the determination of liability in accident cases. The law of negligence, unlike other branches of the civil law and the criminal law, lacks a body of substantive rules by which a jury may determine the legality of conduct. The acts of one person which may result in property loss or physical injury to another are extremely varied. This variety makes it all but impossible to specify, in advance, what kind of behavior constitutes adequate caution or due care in given situations. Hence, the law has devised a general procedure by which to reach a judgment on this matter for any particular case. It directs the members of the jury to consider what precautions a person should take while engaged in some potentially hazardous endeavor in order to minimize the risk of possible harm to others, and offers a model of behavior “... the supposed conduct, under similar circumstances, of a hypothetical person, the reasonable man of ordinary prudence who represents a community ideal of reasonable behavior.”
The Connecticut Crackdown on Speeding
Authors: Campbell Donald T. , Ross H. Laurence
Published: June 2006

Social research frequently encounters the task of evaluating change produced in nonrandomly selected groups by events which are beyond the researcher's control. The social scientist must verify that there has in fact been a change, and that the indicated event is its cause. Illustrations are manifold: a state terminates capital punishment, and proponents of this type of punishment predict an increase in the murder rate; a school is integrated, and supporters of the reform expect to find an increase in the positive self-evaluation of Negro pupils; a natural disaster occurs in a community, and altruistic behavior is expected to increase. Because in these situations the investigator has no control over the assignment of individuals or groups to “experimental” and “control” situations, the logic of the classical experiment must be reexamined in a search for optimal interpretative procedures.
Comment – Durkheim and Legal Evolution: Some Problems of Disproof
Authors: Baxi Upendra
Published: June 2006

In their admirable “Legal Evolution and Societal Complexity,” Professors Schwartz and Miller (1964: 161) expressed doubts about the validity of Durkheim's (1933: 68-174) well known generalization that repressive sanctions characterize a society based on organic solidarity; as distinct from one based on a complex division of social labour, in turn characterized by restitutive, rather than repressive, sanctions. Although Schwartz and Miller express considerable diffidence in their views on the invalidity of Durkheim's generalization, some later literature has taken their valuable study to be a “refutation” of Durkheim's theory (e.g., Schur, 1967: 111-13). The present comment attempts to analyze the reasons justifying the diffidence expressed by Schwartz and Miller and to show that their findings do not result in a definitive invalidation of Durkheim's thesis.
The Decision to Grant or Deny Certiorari: Further Consideration of Cue Theory
Authors: Ulmer S. Sidney , Hintze William , Kirklosky Louise
Published: June 2006

Political scientists now agree that the Supreme Court is a major institutional policy maker in the American political system. But they have done little to relate that conclusion to democratic theory. Nor have they bothered to draw the implications for structural reform of the Court that seem to flow from such a relationship. Specifically, we have been less concerned with holding Supreme Court justices accountable to those they govern than seeing to it that legislators and executives provide acceptable policies. Such a discrepancy becomes increasingly diffiult to justify as we dilute the traditional role distinctions between judicial and other policy making institutions of government.

Generally speaking, accountability is promoted through two devices. The first is access to the policy maker—i.e., the opportunity to be heard, to express oneself, to communicate one's preferences effectively to those whose policy actions are directly relevant. If these preferences are not sufficiently heeded, then we reserve the right to replace the incumbent with one who will provide greater satisfaction in that regard. For executives and legislators, free expression and frequent elections are appropriate means to insure accountability. But since Supreme Court justices are appointed for life (formally “good behavior,” but in fact for life), access to Court review becomes crucial.
Limitations of the Case-Method in the Study of Tribal Law
Authors: Gluckman Max
Published: June 2006

E. Adamson Hoebel is justly honoured for the contribution he made to the study of tribal law by insisting on the recording and study of what he, with the late Karl N. Llewellyn, called “trouble-cases” in their innovative book, The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence (1941). The fruitfulness of this method was demonstrated also by Hoebel in another book, published at virtually the same time, on The Political Organization and Law-Ways of the Comanche Indians (1940), and argued further in his The Law of Primitive Man (1954). We may see the form of these studies as emerging partially from the method of case-law in Anglo-American jurisprudence, and here the influence of Llewellyn was probably important. But concentration on specific “cases”, “situations”, “incidents”, et alia, was also part of a general tendency in social science from the 1920's onwards: the increasing focus of analysis on untangling the structure of specific situations against the general social background was marked in political science and economics (see e.g., Devons, 1960, 1970) and sociology (see e.g., Gouldner, 1954). I have discussed the general development in social anthropology (Gluckman, 1959, 1965b, 1967).
Small Claims, Complex Disputes: A Review of the Small Claims Literature
Authors: Yngvesson Barbara , Hennessey Patricia
Published: June 2006

We take it as a matter of course that a judge should be a mere umpire, to pass upon objections and hold counsel to the rules of the game, and that the parties should fight out their own game in their own way without judicial interference … The idea that procedure must of necessity be wholly contentious disfigures our administration of justice at every point.

Pound, 1906:404-5

The possibility that any given problem might be handled in more than one way does not constitute a liability. Rather, it is a form of competition among, for instance, means of settling a dispute …. Each method of dispute settlement constitutes a different product—of differing utility to different consumers—some clearly more suitable than others for certain situations. The Justice Industry has an obligation, not simply continuously to refine one product—but to deliver new and competing products to serve the varied needs of the consumer.

Cahn & Cahn, 1966:947-48
Surveys and Judiciaries, or Who's Afraid of the Purple Curtain?
Authors: Becker Theodore L.
Published: June 2006

As any science, natural or social, goes through various stages of development, practitioners find that past conceputalizations and tools need revamping or new applications. This is in the scheme of scientific things; it is essential for progress in science. It is necessary for developing that body of knowledge and those observations and measurement techniques comprising the sum and substance of the sciences. But one question remains: when will this occur — sooner or later?
The Public Ordering of Private Relations: Part One: Initiating Civil Cases in Urban Trial Courts
Authors: Wanner Craig
Published: June 2006

People and organizations make demands on the civil courts to settle their disputes, enforce the performance of obligations, and direct the redistribution of resources. Although the potential number of users of civil court proceedings would seem to be as numerous as individuals and organizations in a society, only some individuals and some groups use the civil courts. Furthermore, from the entire catalogue of remedies provided by law, users differentially present matters for litigation. Not all types of legal actions are demanded. Nor are the most frequent plaintiffs the most frequent defendants; some litigants predominate as plaintiffs, while others appear most often as defendants. Because of this nonrandom appearance of litigants and subjects of litigation, civil courts of first instance are daily exposed to claims of some, but not all of the people. The object of this paper is to locate and describe the principal users of the civil court system and the matters these users want adjudicated.
Consumerism and Legal Services: The Merging of Movements
Authors: Nader Ralph
Published: June 2006

The traditional emphasis on individual legal problems and their solution through “access” to legal services is seen here as being inadequate to produce general change in economic and political institutions. The concept of access is explored in the forms of freedom of information, prepaid legal services, and extralegal group action; examples of each are given.

Institutional reform, it is suggested, can be brought about by creating a balance of power between consumers and large institutions. A “checkoff” system is described and put forward as a means of organizing consumers to use the evidence of individual complaints to advocate institutional change, something that legal services, as presently structured, do not do. Monopolies such as the utilities and the post office would be required by state law to solicit voluntary contributions from their customers to support a consumer action movement—“a piggyback ride so they can organize themselves.”

The interrelationships between group legal services and these piggyback consumer groups are pointed out: the accumulation of individual case evidence and the promotion of cooperative institutions that would provide legal representation as one of their satellite services. These lawyers could press for government reform of procedural restraints on consumer class actions.

Possible conflicting interests between conservative sponsoring consumer groups and their progressive legal service staff are recognized and ways to avoid them are discussed. One solution offered is to permit lawyers a broader range of activities by relaxing the legal profession's self-restrictions. Law schools are urged to reevaluate what they should teach and to require more analysis and investigation of government and corporate structures in their clinical education. This would ensure a starting point for the continuation of reform in the legal system.
Legal Realism and the Burden of Symbolism: The Correspondence of Thurman Arnold
Authors: Samuels Warren J.
Published: June 2006

This study uses the recently published correspondence of Thurman W. Arnold to examine his work in legal realism, symbols, power, and antitrust. It focuses on how Arnold, seeing symbols as functional, not merely insubstantial, was quite comfortable in pursuing a successful career within the system and using symbols to affect behavior, as in his antitrust work.
The Significance of Voting Cues in State Supreme Court Elections
Authors: Dubois Philip L.
Published: June 2006

Voters rarely take time to inform themselves about the candidates and issues in judicial elections. Uninformed, voters must rely upon some kind of voting cue, such as political party affiliation, incumbency, name familiarity, or the like, to help them cast their ballots in these low-salience elections. This article examines the effects these cues have in determining voter behavior in partisan and nonpartisan elections for state supreme court justices. The results show that party labels structure voter behavior along partisan lines. Without a party cue, however, voting decisions are relatively unstructured and, as examples show, often produce idiosyncratic results. The implications of these findings for the continuing debate over judicial selection are then explored.
Language in the Legal Process
Authors: Danet Brenda
Published: June 2006

This review essay analyzes the relation between language and the two basic functions of law, the ordering of social relations and the restoration of social order when it breaks down. One main theme is the linguistic description of legal language and the sociolinguistic and sociolegal limitations on its reform. Drawing on a basic distinction between the nature of discourse in play, ritual, and the “serious” mode of everyday life, the essay goes on to contrast “play” genres of disputing with “fact”-oriented genres. An overview of the forms and functions of play genres of disputing is followed by a discussion of the management of three main aspects of “facf'-oriented disputes: the substance of arguments, linguistic form, and language and silence. Narrative and questioning modes of claim construction are contrasted. The notion of “thickening” in legal language is presented, and five possible explanations for this phenomenon are explored. The essay concludes with a discussion of topics for future debate and research.
Socialpsychological Processes Underlying Attitudes Toward Legal Punishment
Authors: Vidmar Neil , Miller Dale T.
Published: June 2006

This paper develops a theoretical framework for investigating the socialpsychological dynamics of punishment reactions to criminal offenders. Two basic types of punishment motives are delineated: behavior control and retribution. The target, or focus, of these motives may be the offender or a broader social audience. Within each of the four cells defined by this classification, we review the literature describing how punishment responses are influenced by characteristics of the rule, the offense, and the offender, as well as by the attitude and personality of the reactor. A large number of empirically testable propositions are generated.