bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of different racing positions on mechanical and electromyographic patterns during pedalling
Authors: Dorel S. , Couturier A. , Hug F.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that, in comparison with standard postures, aero posture (AP) would modify the coordination of lower limb muscles during pedalling and consequently would influence the pedal force production. Twelve triathletes were asked to pedal at an intensity near the ventilatory threshold (VT+Δ20%) and at an intenisty corresponding to the respiratory compensation point (RCP). For each intensity, subjects were tested under three positions: (1) upright posture (UP), (2) dropped posture (DP), and (3) AP. Gas exchanges, surface electromyography and pedal effective force were continuously recorded. No significant difference was found for the gas‐exchange variables among the three positions. Data illustrate a significant increase [gluteus maximus (GMax), vastus medialis (VM)] and decrease [rectus femoris (RF)] in electromyography (EMG) activity level in AP compared with UP at RCP. A significant shift forward of the EMG patterns (i.e. later onset of activation) was observed for RF (at VT+Δ20% and RCP), GMax, VL, and VM (at RCP) in AP compared with UP. These EMG changes are closely related to alteration of force profile in AP (higher downstroke positive peak force, lower upstroke negative peak force, and later occurrence of these peaks along the crank cycle).
Myofibrillar proteolysis in response to voluntary or electrically stimulated muscle contractions in humans
Authors: Hansen M. , Trappe T. , Crameri R. M. , Qvortrup K. , Kjaer M. , Langberg H.
Published: July 2010

Knowledge about the effects of exercise on myofibrillar protein breakdown in human subjects is limited. Our purpose was to measure the changes in the degradation of myofibrillar proteins in response to different ways of eliciting muscle contractions using the local interstitial 3‐methyl‐histidine (3‐MH) concentration as a marker for myofibrillar protein breakdown. Untrained males (n=8, 22–27 years, range) performed 210 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions with each leg on an isokinetic dynamometer. One leg performed voluntary (VOL) and the other leg performed electrically induced contractions (ES). Microdialysis probes were placed in m. vastus lateralis in both the legs immediately after, and 1 and 3 days post‐exercise. Interstitial 3‐MH was higher in ES vs VOL immediately after exercise (P<0.05). One and 3 days post‐exercise no difference between the two exercise types was observed. Only after ES did the histochemical stainings show significant disruption of cytoskeletal proteins. Furthermore, intracellular disruption and destroyed Z‐lines were markedly more pronounced in ES vs VOL. In conclusion, the local level of interstitial 3‐MH in the skeletal muscle was significantly enhanced after ES compared with VOL immediately after exercise, while the level of 3‐MH did not change in the post‐exercise period after VOL. These results indicate that the local myofibrillar breakdown is accelerated after ES associated with severe myofiber damage.
Blood profiles in elite cross‐country skiers: a 6‐year follow‐up
Authors: Morkeberg J. , Saltin B. , Belhage B. , Damsgaard R.
Published: July 2010

Following the doping scandals at the World Championships in cross‐country skiing in 2001, the International Ski Federation decided to generate individual blood profiles. From 2001 to 2007, 7081 blood samples from 1074 male and female elite cross‐country skiers were collected and analyzed for hemoglobin concentration [Hb] and % reticulocytes (%rets). Data were applied to blood algorithms wherefrom blood model scores were calculated. From 1997–1999 to 2001–2002, the mean [Hb] was reduced by 0.9 g/dL to 15.3 g/dL in male skiers and by 0.4 g/dL to 13.8 in female skiers. From 2002–2003 to 2006–2007, the combination of increases in [Hb] and decreases in %rets led to pronounced increases in mean OFF‐model scores. [Hb] was 0.2 g/dL higher at Olympic Games/World Championships (WOCs) than at World Cups competitions <4 weeks before and after WOCs. [Hb] and %rets increased with altitude in both genders. Since the introduction of an enlarged blood testing program, the mean [Hb] values were lowered to close to normal levels, but over the last 2–3 years there has been a small elevation and an increase in OFF‐model scores, which may indicate a change in the manipulations used to elevate the [Hb].
Acute sport‐related stressors, coping, and emotion among professional rugby union players during training and matches
Authors: Nicholls A. R. , Jones C. R. , Polman R. C. J. , Borkoles E.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine acute sport‐related stressors, coping, and emotion among a sample of professional rugby union players during training and matches. Five professional rugby union players maintained diaries for 31 days. The diaries consisted of a stressor checklist and an open‐ended stressor response section, an open‐ended coping response section, a Likert‐type evaluation of coping effectiveness, a best‐of‐fit emotional response section, and a Likert‐type evaluation of emotional intensity. Six out of the 10 stressors reported had a higher mean frequency in training compared with matches. Blocking was the most frequently cited coping strategy on match days, whereas increased concentration was the most frequently cited coping strategy on training days. Coping effectiveness was significantly higher during training compared with matches. Additionally, higher levels of emotional intensity were significantly associated with lower levels of coping effectiveness. Significant individual differences were found for both coping effectiveness and emotional intensity.
New insights into the exercise intolerance of β‐thalassemia major patients
Authors: Nanas S. , Vasileiadis I. , Dimopoulos S. , Sakellariou D. , Kapsimalakou S. , Papazachou O. , Tasoulis A. , Ladis V. , Pangalis G. , Aessopos A.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of our study was assessment of the relative contribution of the systems involved in blood gas exchange to the limited exercise capacity in patients with β‐thalassemia major (TM) using integrative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with estimation of oxygen kinetics. The study consisted of 15 consecutive TM patients and 15 matched controls who performed spirometric evaluation, measurement of maximum inspiratory pressure (Pimax) and an incremental symptom‐limited CPET on a cycle ergometer. Exercise capacity was markedly reduced in TM patients as assessed by peak oxygen uptake (pVO2, mL/kg/min: 22.1±6.6 vs 33.8±8.3; P<0.001) and anaerobic threshold (mL/kg/min: 13.0±3.0 vs 18.7±4.6; P<0.001) compared with controls. No ventilatory limitation to exercise was noted in TM patients (VE/VCO2 slope: 23.4±3.2 vs 27.8±2.6; P<0.001 and breathing reserve, %: 42.9±17.0 vs 29.5±12.0; P<0.005) and no difference in oxygen cost of work (peak VO2/WR, mL/min W: 12.2±1.7 vs 12.2±1.5; P=NS). Delayed recovery oxygen kinetics after exercise was observed in TM patients (VO2/t slope, mL/kg/min2: 0.67±0.27 vs 0.93±0.23; P<0.05) that was significantly correlated with Pimax at rest (r: 0.81; P<0.001). The latter was also significantly correlated to pVO2 (r: 0.84; P<0.001) and inversely correlated to ferritin levels (r: −0.6; P<0.02). Exercise capacity is markedly reduced in TM patients and this reduction is highly associated with the limited functional status of peripheral muscles.
Physical fitness, everyday physical activity, and fatigue in ambulatory adults with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Nieuwenhuijsen C. , van der Slot W. M. A. , Dallmeijer A. J. , Janssens P. J. , Stam H. J. , Roebroeck M. E. , van den Berg‐Emons H. J. G. ,   the Transition Research Group South West Netherlands
Published: July 2010

This study assessed physical fitness and its relationships with everyday physical activity (PA) and fatigue in cerebral palsy (CP). Participants were 42 adults with ambulatory bilateral spastic CP (mean age 36.4 ± 5.8 years; 69% males; 81% with good gross motor functioning). Progressive maximal aerobic cycle tests determined VO2peak (L/min). Objective levels of everyday PA were measured with accelerometry and self‐reported levels of everyday PA with the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities. Fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Severity Scale. The average aerobic capacity of adults with CP was 77% of Dutch reference values. Participants were physically active during 124 min/day (85% of Dutch reference values), and half experienced fatigue. In women, lower physical fitness was related to lower self‐reported levels of PA (Rp=0.61, P=0.03), and in men to higher levels of fatigue (Rp=−0.37, P=0.05). Other relationships were not significant. Results suggest that ambulatory adults with CP have low levels of physical fitness, are less physically active than able‐bodied age mates and often experience fatigue. We found little evidence for relationships between the level of physical fitness and everyday PA or fatigue.
Factors Influencing Best‐Practice Guideline Implementation: Lessons Learned from Administrators, Nursing Staff, and Project Leaders
Authors: Ploeg Jenny , Davies Barbara , Edwards Nancy , Gifford Wendy , Miller Pat Elliott
Published: July 2010

Background: Clinical practice guidelines are promising tools for closing the research evidence‐practice gap, yet effective and timely implementation of guidelines into practice remains fragmented and inconsistent. Factors influencing effective guideline implementation remain poorly understood, particularly in nursing. A sound understanding of barriers and facilitators is critical for development of effective and targeted guideline implementation strategies.

Aim: This paper reports the perceptions of administrators, staff, and project leaders about factors influencing implementation of nursing best practice guidelines.

Methods: Twenty‐two organizations, in clusters of two to five, implemented one of seven guidelines in acute, community and long‐term care settings. The topics were client centered care, crisis intervention, healthy adolescent development, pain assessment, pressure ulcers, supporting and strengthening families and therapeutic relationships. Fifty‐nine administrators, 58 staff and 8 project leaders participated in post implementation semi‐structured telephone interviews. Qualitative thematic analysis was conducted.

Findings: Factors at individual, organizational and environmental levels were identified as influencing guideline implementation. Facilitators included learning about the guideline through group interaction, positive staff attitudes and beliefs, leadership support, champions, teamwork and collaboration, professional association support, and inter‐organizational collaboration and networks. Barriers included negative staff attitudes and beliefs, limited integration of guideline recommendations into organizational structures and processes, time and resource constraints, and organizational and system level change. Similarities and differences in perceptions of these factors were found among staff, project leaders and administrators.

Implications/Conclusions: Best practice guideline implementation strategies should address barriers related to the individual practitioner, social context, and organizational and environmental context, and should be tailored to different groups of stakeholders (i.e., nursing staff, project leaders and administrators). Health care administrators need to recognize the “real” costs and complexity associated with successful implementation of guidelines and the need to ensure corporate commitment at the onset.
A FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING COMPUTERIZED FARM MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
Authors: Connor Larry J. , Vincent Warren H.
Published: July 2010

Despite the current interest of agricultural economists in the use of computers to provide information to farm managers, much remains to be done before the potential of the computer will be fully realized in the area of applied farm management for a large number of farms. From the standpoint of computer capability, the information possibilities are endless. Thus, the primary object for study is not the computer, but rather the manager and the information he needs in performing his functions. Major functions performed by managers are reviewed and related to types of information required to perform these functions. The conclusion is that the crucial element is providing decision‐making information, and that computerized systems will have limited application unless they are able to indicate problem areas, suggest the dimensions of the problems, and point to prescriptive action.

CADRE ĎANALYSE CONCERNANT LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA GEST10N AGR1COLE SUR ORDINATEUR – En dépit, de ľintérit croissant des économistes ruraux dans ľutilisation ďordinateurs afin de fournir des informations aux fermiers, beaucoup reste à faire avant que les possibilites de ľordinateur aient étéépuisées dans le domaine de la geslion pour un grand nombre ďexploitations. Au niveau des performances de ľordinateur, les possibilités sont inépuisables. Ainsi, le premier objectif n'est pas ďétudier ľordinateur, mais plutôt le directeur et les informations dont il a besoin pour accomplir son travail. Les plus importantes fonctions accomplies par les directeurs sont passées en revue et reliées aux types ďinformations requises pour accomplir ces fonctions. La conclusion est que ľaccent doit être mis sur la fourniture ďinformations permettant de prendre des décisions et que les systèmes de traitement de ľinformation devront avoir des applications limitées à moins qu'ils soient capables šindiquer les zones de problèmes, ďen montrer les dimensions et de suggérer quelques actions prescriptives.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS OF MARKET EFFICIENCY
Authors: Warrack Allan A.
Published: July 2010

Important agricultural marketing policies and decisions are constantly before industry and government. Much market research is being supported. There is a need to “bridge” research with policy. The core of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework that spans the needed analysis of marketing efficiency. The basic point is that marketing policy must focus on both competition and physical operations. The analysis of this paper builds upon Clark's concept of workable competition and Sosnick's extension to the concept of effective competition. Market efficiency is separated into operational efficiency and exchange efficiency components; the determinants of each component are diagnosed and analyzed in terms of costs and pricing. While the agricultural marketing process produces increments of product form, space, and time utility, costs are incurred. Cost analysis is central to the notion of operational efficiency; cost levels depend upon market organization and the feasible set of market logistics. Exchange efficiency refers primarily to price; the effectiveness with which price reflects costs depends upon market structures and the applicable competitive strategies. The conceptual framework developed in this paper integrates the preceding relationships and formalizes an approach for decisions. Trade‐offs often exist between operational efficiency and exchange efficiency components of market efficiency. When a trade‐off relationship exists, market efficiency is maximized by equalizing the gain in one component with the opportunity‐cost loss in the other component.

Le gourvernement el I'industrie font continuellemeni face àďimportante décisions dans le domaine des marchés el de la politique agricloe. Ces deux groupes subven‐tionnenl les recherches dans ce domaine. II y a un besoin de Her la recherche avec la politique. ľessentiel de cet article est de développer un côdre qui comprend ľanalyse nécessaire pour ľefficacité du marché, le point important est que le politique du marché doit se concentrer sur le concurrence et les operations.

L'analyse de cet article travail sur le théorie de concurrence réalisable de Clark et sur celle Sosnick traitant de ľExtension de la concurrence effective. ľefficacité du marché est diversé en deux éléments: ľexploitation efftcace el ľechange éfficace, les facteurs déterminant de chaque élément sont soumis à un diagnostic et à une analyse en termes du coût et du prix
THE AGRICULTURAL POTENTIALS OF CANADA'S RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY*
Authors: Manning Travis W.
Published: July 2010

Canada's agricultural potential during the 1980's will be constrained by the availability and prices of productive agricultural land, water, energy, labour, and technology. Resources for further expansion of agricultural production are becoming increasingly scarce. Past expansions were made possible largely by the substitution of cheap fossil energy for expensive labour. Further expansion will necessitate new technology that is both energy saving and labour saving. A multifaceted program involving government, farmers, and other components of the food system is needed to achieve Canada's agricultural potentials. Agricultural expansions in the 1990's will depend first upon the success of the programs designed for the 1980's and second upon new scientific knowledge and technological adaptations. Without a massive and well coordinated effort to meet the needs of agriculture, Canada could become a food deficit nation before the end of this century.

Le potentiel de ľAgriculture du Canada durant les 1980's va être contraint par la disponibilité et le pri.x de la terre, ľeau, ľenergie, le travail et la technologie productive. Les ressources pour ľavancement de la production agricoie deviennent de plus en plus rare. Les expansions du passé ont été possible par la substitution de ľénergie fossile pour le travail dispendieux.

Un autre anvancement va nécessiter une nouvelle technologie qui sauvera ľenergie et le travail.

Un programme qui comprend le gouvernement les fermiers et touts les autres constituents du système alimentaire est nécessaire si le Canada va achever son potential agricoie. Les expansions agricoles des 1990's vont depéndre premièrement du succès des programmes developpés pour les 1980's et deuxièment de nouvelles connaissances scientifique et de nouvelles adaptations technologigues. Sans un effort massif et sans un grand effort coordonné dans le domaine de ľagriculture, le Canada peut devenir un pays qui manque de la nourriture avant la fin du siècle.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH USING SOCIO‐ECONOMIC EVALUATION AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS*
Authors: Russell D. G.
Published: July 2010

A Resource Allocation System for Agricultural Research (RASAR) was developed [40] as a framework (a) to provide adequate criteria for resource allocation decisions, !(b) to guide the assessment of research, and (c) to effectively use mathematical models to generate decision‐aiding information.

RASAR was conceptualized as an iterative system for selecting a portfolio of research projects such that the research outputs would provide society with the potential power to change the agricultural system in ways that are expected to bring about the greatest improvement in social welfare. The ultimate goal of agricultural research was tentatively identified as having nine dimensions in three broad categories: Consumption category–(1) Quantity, (2) Quality, (3) Availability; Security category–{4) Human Safety, (5) Economic Defense, (6) Food Sources Security, (7) Conservation; Equity category–(8) Distribution, (9) Individual Rights. Subsystems within RASAR for generating socio‐economic data relating to these dimensions were specified and demonstrated with case study research projects. A mathematical programming model for assimilating the complexity of criteria and data into a form which is readily usable for decision making was developed and evaluated.

Un système ď allocation des fonds pour les recherches agronomiques (SAFRA) a été développé [40] comme un cadre de travail (a) pour fournir les critères nécessaircs pour décisions en matière ď allocation de fonds, (b) pour guider la répartion des recherches, el (c) pour employés efficacement des modèles mathématiques pour engendrer des informations pour aider les décisions.

On a conçu le SAFRA comme système itératif pouvant être utilisé pour la sélection ď un portejeuille de projets de recherche tel que le rendement pourraient fournir avec une force potentielle à la société le possibilityé de changer le système agricole dans le sens qui permettrait la plus grande amélioration du bien‐être social. Le but final de la recherche agronomique a été défini expérimentalement comme ayant nef dimensions dans trois grandes catégories: Catégorie de la consommation–(1) qitantilé, (2) qualityé, (3) disponibilité; Catégorie de la sécurité–(4) sécurité de ľ homme, (5) défense économique, (6) sécurité des ressources alimentaires, (7) conservation; Catégorie ďéquite–(8) distribution, (9) droits de ľ individu. Pour fournir les données socio‐économiques sc rapportant à ces dimensions, des sous‐systèmes out étéétablis an sein du SAFRA et ils out été démontré sur la base ď une étude de projets de recherche. On a également développé et évalué un modèle mathématique de programmation pour assimiler la complexité des critères et des données sous une forme qui pent être facilement utilisée pour la prise de décisions.
Crop Depredation by Waterfowl: Is Compensation the Solution?
Authors: Stier J.C. , Bishop R.C.
Published: July 2010

This article examines the apparent failure of public programs which provide reimbursement for agricultural losses in order to quell opposition to concentrations of migratory waterfowl. A theoretical model and case study are employed to investigate the complex economic incentives arising from the presence of waterfowl, the availability of compensation, and public assistance with prevention of loss. It is concluded that compensation and dispersal assistance generate conflicting incentives, and that the limited success of the former could also be due to satiation in consumption and to administrative inefficiencies.

The paper examines an alternative to compensation — institutional change which would enable farmers to capture willingness to pay for the opportunity to hunt waterfowl—and concludes that it is worthy of greater attention from policymakers.

Cet article examine l'échec apparent des programmes publics destines à rembourser les agriculteurs des penes dues aux oiseaux aquatiques migrateurs. Un modèle théorique et une étude de cas sont utilisés pour examiner les motifs économiques compliqués qui résultent de la presence de ces oiseaux, les fonds de dédommagemenl disponibles, et l'action publique pour la prévention des pertes. II est conclu que dédommagemenl et assistance pour la dispersion des oiseaux produisent des conflits d'intérêl, el que l'insuccès partiel de la première mesure pourrai êire clûà I'incompétence administrative et à un effet de sur‐consommation.

Cet article examine une alternative au dédommagement: un changement d'institutions qui permettrait au fermier de récupérer la valeur de la chasse aux oiseaux aquatiques migraleurs. On conclut que cetle solution mérite plus d'attenlion de la pan des agents de decision.
An Analysis of Alternative Income Stabilization Programs for B.C. Beef Producers
Authors: Kennedy George , Tang Yan Sing
Published: July 2010

This paper uses simulation to estimate the costs and effects of provincial government programs designed to stabilize the incomes of B.C. beef producers, assuming that these programs had operated over the period 1959–78. A mathematical model of the British Columbia beef industry was constructed and successive runs were made, each assuming operation of one of the three programs: the 1977 and 1980 Farm Income Assurance Programs (FIAPs) and a guaranteed price scheme. All three programs were found to have a similar impact on increasing producer incomes, but FIAP(1980) was inferior in terms of its effect on reducing income variability. The income gains to producers differed depending on whether calves, calf‐yearlings or yearlings were involved.

Dans cette communication, on utilise la simulation pour èvaluer les coúts el les effets des programmes provinciaux visanl à stabiliser les revenus des producteurs de boeufs de C.B. On suppose que ces programmes ont été en vigueur durant la pèriode 1959–78. On a báTti un modé le mathématique de I'industrie du boeufen C.B. et ètudièplusieurspossibilités, chacune d'elles ayant comme hypolhèse que l'un des trois programmes suivants ètait en vigueur: les programmes d'assurance de revenu agricole de 1977 et 1980 (FIAP) et unplan deprix garanti. On a trouv'e que ces trois programmes avaient comme effet commun d'augmenter les revenu du producteur, mats FIAP (1980) n'avaitpas autant fail diminuer la variabilitè des revenu que les deux autres programmes. Les gains en revenus pour les producteurs differaienl, suivant quil s'agissait de veaux, de veaux d'un an ou d'autres animaux d'un an.
Pricing Efficiency in Hog Markets
Authors: Adamowicz W. L. , Baah S. O. , Hawkins M. H.
Published: July 2010

Weekly hog prices for Edmonton, Toronto and an average of mid‐west United States markets are analyzed for lead‐lag structure or Granger Causal ity. These price series are analyzed over six time periods from January 1964 to December 1983, corresponding to changes in marketing structure by the Alberta Pork Producers Marketing Board. Both ARIMA filters and a restricted‐unrestricted ordinary least squares test for Granger Causality are employed. Results indicate an increase in isolation of markets, possibly illustrating the effectiveness of the local marketing board in its efforts to relate prices to local supply and demand conditions.

Les prix hebdomadaires du pore à Edmonton, Toronto et d'une moyenne de marchés du mid‐west ameYicain sont analysés pour evaluer les directions des mouvements de ces marchés les uns par rapport aux autres ou la causalité de Granger. Ces séries de prix de Janvier 1964 à décembre I983 sont divisées en six périodes qui correspondent aux changements structurels de la mise en marché effectués par la régie albertaine du pore. L'analyse utilise des filtres ARIMA et un simple modéle linéaire restreint ou non restreint pour faire l'épreuve de causalité de Granger. Les résultats indiquent une augmentation de I'isolation des marchés les uns les autres; il semble que la régie de mise en marché locale réussit à relier les prix aux conditions locales de l'offre et de la demande.
Rent Seeking and Supply Management in Canadian Agriculture
Authors: Faminow M.D. , Benson Bruce L.
Published: July 2010

The social costs of supply management in Canadian agriculture have been the subject of recent theoretical and empirical study. Thus far, analyses have focused on the conventional deadweight loss approach to describing social costs. This debate is expanded by considering how the scarce resources consumed in a competitive rent seeking process revise the interpretation and calculation of societal losses from supply management. It is concluded the exclusion of society's loss due to wasteful rent seeking activities results in underestimation of the social cost of supply management programs.

Les coûts sociaux dus à la gestion des stocks dans l'agriculture Ca‐nadienne ont fait l'object de plusieurs études recentes, aussi bien tháoriques qu'empiriques. Jusqu'à présent, les analyses ont mis l'accent sur l'approche conventionnelle de l'étude des pertes sêcnes pour décrire les coûts sociaux. Le débat sur la question est ici relancé quand on considère, dans le cadre d'un processus concurrentiel de recherche de plus‐value áconomique, combien l'utilization des resources limitáes conduit à réviser l'interpretation et le calcul des pertes soc‐iales duer à la gestion des stocks. En conclusion, I'exclusion des pertes sociales dues aux activitás ruineuses de recherché de plus‐value a pour resultat de sousestimer le coût social des programmes de gestion des stocks.

A recent article in this Journal by Schmitz reviews the economic effects of the supply management experience in Canada. Utilizing previously published empirical evidence and an economic surplus methodology, Schmitz concludes that the net welfare losses due to supply management are small for the commodities discussed. So small, in fact, that Schmitz wonders if policy makers can be influenced, on the basis of efficiency criteria, to reconsider supply management as an approach to ag‐ricultural policy.
An Economic View of the Debate on Farm Size in Saskatchewan: A Comment
Authors: Dawson P. J.
Published: July 2010

In a recent paper in this Journal, Jensen (1984) continues the debate on farm size in Saskatchewan. In particular, he considers the relationship between farm size and efficiency “… to determine if it is necessary to have fewer and larger farms in order to gain cost efficiency …” Attention is focused on the notion of returns to size and the vehicle for analysis is estimates of long‐run average cost (LAC) curves. Individual farm data are used for different farm types in the two years, 1977 and 1980. Equations are fitted to each farm type in each year. Hence, each estimated equation is based on cross‐section data. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that, “… at the frontier, constant returns to size are the norm in Saskatchewan agriculture” (p. 199). Moreover, “Governments could consider removing policies which favor large units …” (p. 198).
The Determination of Ex‐Ante Returns
Authors: Farreil Carlyle , Funk Thomas
Published: July 2010

This study documents ex‐ante returns to research in three areas of plant biotechnology‐anther culture, protoplast and somatic hybridisation and recombinant D.N.A. techniques. The study uses Delphi forecasting methodology to estimate the potential contribution to increased yield expected to result from research in these emerging agricultural technologies. Returns to research were measured as internal rates of return and were found to vary from 15 percent to 40 percent.

Cette étude traite des rendements ex‐ante de la recherche dans trois domaines de la biotechnologie des plantes—les techniques de la culture anthère, de l'hybridation somatique et protoplastique, et de la recombi‐naison de l'A.D.N. L'étude utilise la méthodologie de previson Delphi pour estimer la contribution potentielle à l'accroissement des rendements anticipés de la recherche dans ces technologies agricoles nou‐velles. Les rendements de la recherche étaient mesurés par les taux de rendement internes qui variaient de 15 percent à 40 percent.
Developing Economic Indexes for the Quebec Hog/Pork Industry
Authors: Tamini Lota D. , Gervais Jean‐Philippe
Published: July 2010

The Quebec hog/pork industry has grown significantly over the last 25 years. Explanations of this growth in the literature have centered on government policies, expansion of profitable market opportunities, and reforms in marketing institutions. A coincident index model that trends with total hog slaughters in Quebec is estimated using a dynamic factor model. It implicitly defines a variable that measures the overall state of economic activity in the Quebec hog/pork industry. The results show that reforms in hog marketing institutions are strongly correlated with the economic expansion of the industry. A leading economic index also forecasts the growth of the coincident index using leading variables. The overall statistical performance of the leading coincident index is disappointing, but the growth in American inventories of frozen pork meat is shown to have useful predictive value.
The Effects of Selling Complements and Substitutes on Consumer Willingness to Pay: Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment
Authors: Rousu Matthew C. , Beach Robert H. , Corrigan Jay R.
Published: July 2010

Basic economic theory predicts that a consumer's willingness to pay for a good is affected by the availability of complements and substitutes. In an auction setting, this theory implies that the presence of complements would increase bid prices for a good, while the presence of substitutes would decrease bid prices for a good. We designed an experiment that allows the calculation of inverse elasticities, the inverse‐demand equivalent of conventional price elasticities. Our results show that the availability of complements and substitutes affects bids in the expected directions. This finding has important implications for researchers who design experimental auctions.

Selon la théorie économique de base, la volonté de payer d'un consommateur pour obtenir un bien est influencée par la disponibilité de compléments et de substituts. Dans un scénario de vente aux enchères, cette théorie implique que la présence de compléments ferait augmenter le prix offert pour un bien, tandis que la présence de substituts ferait diminuer le prix offert. Nous avons conçu une expérience qui a permis de calculer les élasticités inverses, l'équivalent de la demande inverse des élasticités‐prix classiques. Nos résultats ont montré que la disponibilité de compléments et de substituts influence les offres d'achat dans les directions prévues. Cette observation a d'importantes répercussions pour les chercheurs qui conçoivent des ventes aux enchères expérimentales.
EFFECT OF THE TEMPERATURE ON THE ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI AND LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Authors: AGUILAR CATALINA , KLOTZ BERNADETTE
Published: July 2010

In this study the effect of refrigeration, abusive and optimum growth temperatures (5, 20, and 37C) on the dynamic of bacterial populations in pure and co‐cultures was investigated. The antagonistic activity of two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, with auto‐ and co‐inducible bacteriocin‐like inhibitory substance production, against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes was described and quantified through the comparison of the growth curves and the estimated kinetic parameters of pure and mixed cultures. The growth pattern of the bacterial binary systems studied showed that the mechanism of inhibition was complex and not attributable to one antagonist factor. Temperature had an effect on the spectrum of action and the level of inhibition of the growth of the pathogens by LAB. Low and suboptimal temperatures significantly reduced the antagonistic activity of the two LAB strains against the pathogenic bacteria. At refrigeration temperature only the growth of L. monocytogenes was inhibited by Lactobacillus plantarum WS4174. The results obtained show the importance of validating functionality of biological antimicrobial systems when used for biopreservation purposes under different application conditions.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Consumers demand the use of natural systems to provide safety foods with extended shelf life. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have demonstrated through thousands years their potential to control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and therefore suitable for biopreservation purposes. The antagonistic properties of LAB rely on the production of organic acids and antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins) among other bioactive metabolites. However, there is need for more research in order to understand the mechanism of inhibition and to assess the effectiveness of LAB and/or of their growth‐limiting metabolites under different conditions. LAB and their antimicrobial compounds, such as bacteriocins, are not necessarily functional in all food systems and environmental conditions. The present study shows how the fluctuation in bacteriocin‐like inhibitory substances production and/or activity caused by temperature changes is reflected on the inhibition potential against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Effectiveness of biological control is essential for its safe and successful application on foods.
China—Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for the TRIPS‐Plus Border Measures
Authors: Grosse Ruse‐Khan Henning
Published: July 2010

One of the ground‐breaking features of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is its part III on the enforcement of intellectual property (IP) rights. In early 2009, the first WTO Dispute Settlement Panel Report primarily addressed obligations on IP enforcement. Here, the technical success of the US border measures claim comes with a crucial limitation: those Chinese measures that cover basically all of the commercially relevant activity are ab initio excluded from the panel's findings. Because they go beyond the minimum standards of TRIPS, the panel relied on one of the few TRIPS provisions that specify the relevance of TRIPS for additional “TRIPS‐Plus” IP protection and enforcement. Given that such “TRIPS‐Plus” measures are increasingly common in national laws and international treaties, it is time to take a closer look at how TRIPS addresses TRIPS‐Plus IP protection. With a focus on border measures, I conclude that TRIPS contains not only minimum but also maximum standards or “ceilings” that impose limits on additional IP protection and enforcement. Such ceilings in TRIPS can function as limits for further extensions of IP protection and enforcement—as currently negotiated under a proposed Anti‐Counterfeiting Trade Agreement or relating to border measures against generic drugs in transit.
Contemporary management of lateral root perforation diagnosed with the aid of dental computed tomography
Authors: Young Geoffrey R.
Published: July 2010

Lateral root perforation unnoticed during post‐space preparation, and followed by post cementation, can subsequently be challenging to diagnose in the labio‐lingual plane due to the two‐dimensional nature of conventional radiography. This paper demonstrates the application of a recently developed three‐dimensional imaging system, cone beam computed tomography, in the diagnosis of iatrogenic root perforation. A clinical case is reported where labial post perforation in a maxillary central incisor occurring 15 years previously presented with a sinus tract and radiolucent lesion. Non‐surgical retreatment and perforation repair using mineral trioxide aggregate was performed with the aid of an operating microscope. The sinus tract resolved with radiographic evidence of healing at 1‐year recall.
Endodontic imaging as an aid to forensic personal identification
Authors: Forrest Alexander Stewart , Wu Henry Yuan‐Heng
Published: July 2010

Identification by dental comparison between records of a missing person and the dentition of a deceased individual depends on recognition of concordant features common to both with no unexplained discrepancies. While written dental records are commonly used for this task, we believe they should not be the preferred basis of comparison because they do not derive directly from an individual and are potentially prone to errors, inaccuracies and misinterpretation. Images, however, are a direct representation of a physical item, and are an objective method of recording information. Radiographs are images that capture the unique morphological features of teeth, surrounding structures and physical detail of past dental treatment resulting in changes to a dentition. Taking post‐mortem radiographs in such a way as to duplicate as closely as possible the conditions under which the ante‐mortem radiographs were produced, permits demonstrably rigorous methods of comparison, raising the probative value of the outcome. In this context post‐treatment endodontic radiographs present a particularly rich source of features on which individuation can be achieved, especially considering that alteration of endodontic restorations happens less frequently than is the case with intra‐coronal restorations. We illustrate various techniques with a series of cases and discuss the parameters for success.
The Decline of English Popular Politics?
Authors: LAWRENCE JON
Published: July 2010

Politics and the People. A Study in English Political Culture, c. 1815–1867. By James Vernon.
The End of the Gamble: The Termination of the Virginia Lotteries in March 1621*
Authors: ROSE EMILY
Published: July 2010

The sudden cancellation of the Virginia lotteries during the first sitting of the parliament of 1621 was not part of a general parliamentary attack on monopolies but a calculated political act intended to pressure the Virginia Company of London to pay more taxes than required by its charter of 1612. The appropriate context for considering the cancellation is the financial difficulties of James I and the search for funds by Sir Lionel Cranfield. The cancellation coincided with a rejection of a new charter for the company, possibly incited by Count Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador in England. The cancellation of the lotteries was the most important turning point in the history of Jamestown and started the company on its downward spiral.
Calcium‐Mediated Mechanisms of Ischemic Injury and Protection
Authors: Morley Paul , Hogan Matthew J. , Hakim Antoine M.
Published: July 2010

Our understanding of calcium's role in cerebral ischemia continues to evolve from the initial recognition that it may be harmful to the ischemic cell. A multitude of experiments have supported the hypothesis that excessive influx of calcium into the cell under ischemic conditions is a major mechanism of cell injury and death. Pharmacological intervention to restore cellular calcium homeostasis is protective in many models of cell anoxia. Principle routes of calcium entry are the voltage‐sensitive (VSCC) andN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate linked receptor operated (ROCC) calcium channels. Regional variations in channel densities have been described and it is now known that these classes of channels are located in different regions of the neurons. Activation of both channel types has been identified inin vivomodels of cerebral ischemia. Although the ROCC is predominant in number, the VSCC appears to activate at higher cerebral blood flow values suggesting that it is an earlier conduit for calcium than the glutamate‐driven ROCC. Intracellular calcium is well recognized as a second messenger system and there is increasing appreciation that it induces immediate early genes (IEG). Since lEGs function as transcriptional regulating factors, the differential expression of specific target genes may be of importance for determining death or survival of the ischemic tissue.
Myelinated Axons Demonstrated in the CNS and PNS by Anti‐Neurofilament Immunoreactivity and Luxol Fast Blue Counterstaining
Authors: Yao Da‐Lin , Komoly Samuel , Zhang Qian‐Lin , Webster Henry deF.
Published: July 2010

A method which demonstrates myelinated axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems will be described. Paraffin, frozen or semi‐thin epoxy‐embedded sections were immunostained first with a monoclonal antibody raised against a 200 kilo‐Dalton neurofilament protein and then counterstained with Luxol fast blue
Glial‐Neuronal Interactions in Alzheimer's Disease: The Potential Role of a ‘Cytokine Cycle’ in Disease Progression
Authors: Griffin W.S.T. , Sheng J.G. , Royston M.C. , Gentleman S.M. , McKenzie J.E. , Graham D.I. , Roberts G.W. , Mrak R.E.
Published: July 2010

The role of glial inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease has been highlighted by recent epidemiological work establishing head trauma as an important risk factor, and the use of anti‐inflammatory agents as an important ameliorating factor, in this disease. This review advances the hypothesis that chronic activation of glial inflammatory processes, arising from genetic or environmental insults to neurons and accompanied by chronic elaboration of neuroactive glia‐derived cytokines and other proteins, sets in motion acytokine cycleof cellular and molecular events with neurodegenerative consequences. In this cycle, interleukin‐1 is a key initiating and coordinating agent. Interleukin‐1 promotes neuronal synthesis and processing of the β‐amyloid precursor protein, thus favoring continuing deposition of β‐amyloid, and activates astrocytes and promotes astrocytic synthesis and release of a number of inflammatory and neuroactive molecules. One of these, S100β, is a neurite growth‐promoting cytokine that stresses neurons through its trophic actions and fosters neuronal cell dysfunction and death by raising intraneuronal free calcium concentrations. Neuronal injury arising from these cytokine‐induced neuronal insults can activate microglia with further overexpression of interleukin‐1, thus producing feedback amplification and self‐propagation of this cytokine cycle. Additional feedback amplification is provided through other elements of the cycle. Chronic propagation of this cytokine cycle represents a possible mechanism for progression of neurodegenerative changes culminating in Alzheimer's disease.
Extracerebral Biopsy in Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders. Ultrastructural Findings
Authors: Groote Chantai Ceuterick‐de , Martin Jean‐Jacques
Published: July 2010

The lysosomal and peroxisomal disorders are characterized by specific storage affecting mainly the central nervous system with involvement of the peripheral nervous system and visceral organs.

Most of these disorders can now be diagnosed by using biochemical and enzymatical assays and by molecular biology techniques, without the need for a brain biopsy used previously. Extraneural tissue biopsies have also been investigated at the ultra‐structural level. The study of such tissues is still necessary when the enzymatic or biochemical defect remains unknown and when DNA studies are not informative. The choice of tissue is important. Skin and conjunctival biopsies are less traumatic and are cost‐effective diagnostic tools allowing the examination of a great diversity of structures. Skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves are more frequently used for patients with a late‐onset or slower course of disease. Rectal biopsy is helpful when neurons require examination in lysosomal diseases, whereas liver is more usually investigated than adrenal or testis in peroxisomal diseases. Bone marrow is most useful for Gaucher's disease while lymphocytes may be examined for all lysosomal disorders as a first diagnostic approach. Chorionic villi still have a diagnostic role in combination of electron microscopy with DNA studies in early pregnancies at‐risk for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Cultured fibroblasts are less informative than other biopsy samples for the morphological evaluation of lysosomal and peroxisomal disorders.
The Neuronal Ceroid‐Lipofuscinoses. Recent Advances
Authors: Goebel Hans H. , Sharp Julie D.
Published: July 2010

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) represent a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterised by progressive visual failure, neurodegeneration, epilepsy and the accumulation of an autofluorescent lipopigment in neurons and other cells. The main childhood subtypes are infantile (INCL;CLN1), classical late infantile (LINCL;CLN2) and juvenile NCL (J NCL; CLN3), distinguished on the basis of age of onset, clinical course and ultrastructural morphology, and recently genetic analysis. In addition several variant forms of the disease complex have been described as well as a rare adult onset form. Advances in both genetics and biochemistry have led to the identification of the genes for the three main subtypes of childhood NCL and their corresponding protein products and to mapping of two additional genes for two variant forms. The disease causing genes in both INCL and classical LINCL have been shown to encode lysosomal enzymes whilst the JNCL gene codes for a protein whose function is as yet unknown.