Clinical and histopathological parameters in transrectal ultrasound‐guided biopsies associated with tumor upgrading after radical prostatectomy: A comparative analysis of risk groups
Authors: Ozkaya Mustafa , Simsekoglu Muhammed Fatih , Kalender Goktug , Sahin Kadir Can , Gurses Iclal 
Published: May 2024

Background

Thanks to technological advances, prostate cancer (PCa) can be diagnosed at a younger age. It is known that most of these patients are in the low‐intermediate risk group, and the histological grade of the tumor increases in half of those undergoing radical prostatectomy (Rp) compared to their diagnostic biopsies. This is especially important in terms of active surveillance (AS) and/or the timely evaluation of curative treatment options in patients diagnosed at an early age. Our aim was to investigate clinical and histopathological parameters that may be associated with an increase in the histological grade of the tumor in patients with acinar adenocarcinoma who were diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound‐guided biopsy (TRUS‐Bx) and underwent Rp.

Methods

A total of 205 patients with classical acinar adenocarcinoma diagnosed by TRUS‐Bx without metastasis and who underwent Rp were grouped according to the D'Amico risk classification. Age at diagnosis, serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), PSA density, prostate volume, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) score, clinical stage, Gleason Grade Group (GGG), high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia in tumor‐free cores (HGPIN) (single and ≥2 cores), perineural invasion (PNI), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) was obtained. Additionally, GGG, pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, surgical margin positivity, and tumor volume obtained from Rp were evaluated. Comparisons were made between the case groups in which the tumor grade increased and remained the same, in terms of age, serum PSA, PSA density, HGPIN in tumor‐free cores (single and ≥2 cores), PNI, and LVI in all biopsies (with or without tumors), as well as risk groups. In addition, the relationships of HGPIN in tumor‐free cores (single and ≥2 cores), PNI, and LVI on TRUS‐Bx with age, serum PSA and PSA density, tumor volume, surgical margin positivity, pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, and risk groups were examined separately.

Results

Of the patients, 72 (35.1%) were in the low‐risk group, 95 (46.3%) in the intermediate‐risk group, and 38 (18.5%) in the high‐risk group. Most of the patients with an increased histological grade (n = 38, 48.1%) were in the low‐risk group (p < 0.05) and had an advanced median age. HGPIN in single and ≥2 tumor‐free cores and PNI were more common in these patients (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.05, respectively). According to the multivariable analysis, advanced age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.087, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.029–1.148, p < 0.05), high serum PSA (OR: 1.047, 95% CI: 1.006–1.090, p < 0.05), HGPIN in ≥2 tumor‐free cores (OR: 6.346, 95% CI: 3.136–12.912, p < 0.001), and PNI (OR: 3.138, 95% CI: 1.179–8.356, p < 0.05) were independent risk factors for a tumor upgrade. Furthermore, being in the low‐risk group was an independent risk factor when compared to the intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups (OR: 0.187, 95% CI: 0.080–0.437, p < 0.001 and OR: 0.054, 95% CI: 0.013–0.230, p < 0.001, respectively). The HGPIN diagnosis was more common in the low‐ and intermediate‐risk groups. Advanced age at diagnosis, high serum PSA and PSA density values were associated with PNI on TRUS‐Bx. High serum PSA and PSA density values were associated with LVI on TRUS‐Bx. Surgical margin positivity was higher in cases with PNI and LVI detected by TRUS‐Bx. HGPIN in ≥2 tumor‐free cores, PNI, and LVI on TRUS‐Bx were associated with a higher rate of lymph node metastases.

Conclusions

In patients diagnosed with acinar adenocarcinoma, the presence of HGPIN even in a single tumor‐free core on TRUS‐Bx was found to be significant in terms of showing an increase in the histological tumor grade in Rp. The diagnosis of HGPIN in ≥2 tumor‐free cores on TRUS‐Bx was determined as an independent risk factor for an increased Gleason score after Rp. Furthermore, an advanced age, a high serum PSA value, being in the low‐risk group, and the presence of PNI were associated with a tumor upgrade. HGPIN in ≥2 tumor‐free cores, PNI, and LVI were also associated with lymph node metastasis. Therefore, the diagnosis of HGPIN should be signed out on pathological reports.