bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ice Formation in Woody Plants Under Field Conditions
Authors: Honma Shigemi , Ashworth E. N. , Davis G. A.
Published: September 2022

In the article “ ‘Ice Formation in Woody Plants Under Field Conditions” by E.N. Ashworth and G.A. Davis (HortScience 21:1233-1234, Oct. 1986) literature citations 1 and 4 were printed incorrectly.
Crop Production on Reclaimed Phosphate-mined Soils in Florida
Authors: Hocmuth C. J. , Hanlon E. A. , Stricker J. A.
Published: September 2022

Florida produces nearly 80% of the United State's and up to 25% of the world's phosphate (1). Begun in the 1800s, Florida phosphate mining occurs mostly in south-central Florida (Bone Valley) and, to a lesser degree, in extreme northern Florida. About 90% of Florida phosphate is used in agricultural fertilizers and 5% goes into animal feed supplements (1). The remainder is used in many products, including soft drinks, flame-proofing compounds, insecticides, plastics, and cleaning products.
Influence of Dikegulac on the Growth of Processing Tomatoes
Authors: Frost D. J. , Kretchman D. W.
Published: September 2022

Three weeks after transplanting tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), aqueous sprays of dikegulac were applied at concentrations of 0, 100, 500, and 2500 ppm to stimulate lateral branching. An apical hand-pinch pruning treatment also was made at this time. Ten days later, a separate 500 ppm dikegulac treatment was applied. An increase in the degree of lateral branching was observed with the 500 and 2500 ppm dikegulac concentrations. The hand-pinched treatment had no apparent influence on branching. The stimulation of branching increased the total number of fruiting clusters per plant. However, the 2500 and late 500 ppm dikegulac treatments delayed flowering, delayed fruit maturity, reduced fruit size, and restricted yields. The 100 and early 500 ppm dikegulac and hand-pinch treatments had no apparent effect on yields or time of fruit maturity. Chemical name used: 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methyl-ethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac).
Response of Aglaonema ‘Silver Queen’ to Nighttime Chilling Temperatures
Authors: Fooshee W. C. , McConnell D. B.
Published: September 2022

Aglaonema ‘Silver Queen’ exposed to 4.5°, 13°, or 21°C for 10 hr each night for 1, 3, or 6 nights exhibited visual damage that increased as temperature decreased or as length of exposure increased. Growth index was negatively correlated with length of exposure in growth chambers, but exhibited no response to temperature. Leaf areas of new leaves exhibited reduced values at the lowest temperature and longest durations, but measurements of effusate conductivities, total leaf area, and number of new leaves were not affected by treatments. Microscopic examination of visually damaged leaves showed collapsed epidermal cells, while stem sections of chilled plants had a reduced number of starch grains.
Influence of Leaf to Fruit Ratio on Nut Quality, Shoot Carbohydrates, and Photosynthesis of Pecan
Authors: Marquard Robert D.
Published: September 2022

Leaf to fruit ratios of 2, 4, 8, and 12 were created on girdled shoots of three cultivars of pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch). Girdling of fruiting and vegetative shoots reduced net photosynthesis to nearly 30% and 3%, respectively, of the ungirdled “checks.” Differences in photosynthetic rates among the various leaf to nut ratios were not detectable. Two leaves, equivalent to 575 cm2 of leaf area, were sufficient to fill one pecan kernel of ‘Sioux’ or ‘Western’. A ‘Mohawk’ leaf to fruit ratio of 4 produced nuts superior in quality to those supported by two leaves. Girdling tended to increase shoot carbohydrates, and starch accumulation was related to leaf to fruit ratio in ‘Mohawk’.
A Mosaic Disease of Wax Myrtle Associated with a New Species of Eriophyid Mite
Authors: Elliott M. S. , Cromroy H. L. , Zettler F. W. , Carpenter W. R.
Published: September 2022

A mosaic disease of wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera L.) occurring in Florida is described. Affected plants had small, distorted leaves that displayed a virus-like mosaic pattern characterized by pale green blistered areas interspersed with dark green, normal-colored tissues. Affected epidermal, palisade, and spongy mesophyll cells were disorganized, distorted, and frequently contained fewer definable chloroplasts than healthy leaves. Standard virus indexing techniques yielded no evidence of a viral etiology; however, a new species of eriophyid mite, Calepitrimerus ceriferaphagus Cromroy, was recovered from symptomatic tissue. Symptomatic plants produced symptomless new growth after treatment with the systemic acaricide oxamyl, suggesting an association of the mite with the mosaic disease. Chemical name used: methyl 2-(dimethyl-amino)-N-[[methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxoethanimidothioate(oxamyl).
Hydroponic Production of Cut Chrysanthemums: A Commercial Trial
Authors: Hicklenton Peter R. , Blatt C. R. , O’Regan R. J.
Published: September 2022

A hydroponic nutrient film (NF) system was compared with soil for the production of five cut chrysanthemum crops in a commercial greenhouse. Crops of the cultivars Polaris; Blue, White and Florida Marble; Icecap; Chardonnay; and Heirloom matured 5 days earlier, on average, in NF than in soil. Yields of flowering stems were similar in each system, but close spacing increased productivity per unit greenhouse area for NF. Costs and returns for installation and operation of soil and NF systems in a 1-ha greenhouse were analyzed based on data obtained from the trial crops. Capital and operating costs per unit area increased for NF, but productivity and returns were also greatly improved. Internal rates of return (IRR) were higher for NF, compared to soil, over economic lifetimes ranging from 5 to 25 years. Product price variations caused similar changes in IRR for both systems. A 20% downturn in price, however, resulted in IRR of 3.5% and 19.4% for soil and NF, respectively, over a 25-year lifetime.
Freeze Preservation of Apical Meristems of Rubus in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Reed Barbara M. , Lagerstedt H. B.
Published: September 2022

Shoot tip explants from tissue culture plantlets of five Rubus accessions (Rubus leucodermis Torr. & Gray, R. spectabilis Pursh, R. idaeus L. ‘Heritage’, Rubus spp. ‘Logan Thornless’ and ‘Merton Thornless’) were frozen slowly (0.8°C/min) to -40° and then rapidly to -196° in the presence of cryoprotectants. Following rapid thawing, regrowth as organized apical growth or as callus occurred on agar media. A combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG), glucose, and dimethylsulfoxide (PGD) was the most successful cryoprotectant.
Measurement of Apple Leaf Total Nitrogen by Near-infrared Reflectance
Authors: Korcak R. F. , Norris K. H. , Walker V. , Bhargava J. N.
Published: September 2022

A near-infrared reflectance (NIR) technique was developed that provides a rapid, nondestructive, nonchemical analysis of ground apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaf tissue for predicting total N content. Leaf tissue samples of apple with known (chemical) leaf N concentrations ranging from about 1.6% to 2.9% N were used in the calibration of the NIR technique. The NIR technique was highly correlated (r = 0.923) with the chemically determined total leaf N content. Prediction of tissue N values was performed with a standard error of estimate of about ±0.10% N. This value compares favorably with the standard error obtained for duplicate determinations preformed by a tissue analysis facility employing standard chemical (Kjeldahl) digestion methodology.
Timing of a Lighting Period For Easter Lily Bulbs Prior to Forcing
Authors: Pertuit A. J. , Kelly J. W.
Published: September 2022

Supplemental night lighting of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb) plants (2, 5-7) induces early floral initiation and reduces the number of leaves per plant, provided the bulbs (plants) have not been saturated with cold inductive temperatures <21.1°C, the upper limit of vernalization for Lilium ‘Ace’ (6). Also, ‘Ace’ bulbs respond to light during cold storage, which reduces the number of leaves formed before floral initiation and increases the percentage of plants that flower (4). Lighting Allim bulbs during cold storage was also shown by De Mille and Vest (1) to promote early flowering.
Response of Foliage Plants to Fertilizer Application Rates and Associated Leachate Conductivity
Authors: Poole R. T. , Chase A. R.
Published: September 2022

Excessive fertilization produces high soluble salts, resulting in root damage and poor quality foliage. Although usually determined by mixing soil with water, conductivity also can be determined by mixing with leachate obtained by pouring water through the potting medium.
‘Duke’ Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Draper Arlen , Galletta Gene , Jelenkovic Gojko , Vorsa Nicholi
Published: September 2022

‘Duke’ highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is a new cultivar originating from the cooperative blueberry breeding program of the USDA and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. It is a productive, early ripening cultivar with fruit that has the shipping qualities needed for commercial fresh market use. ‘Duke’ is intended for commercial growers and packers in areas where high-chilling highbush blueberries are grown successfully. ‘Duke’ is named in honor of S. Arthur (Duke) Galletta, to recognize his many significant and meaningful contributions, and those of his Atlantic Blueberry Company partners and their staff, in continuous support of the blueberry breeding work since 1949.
GA 1565-2-4 BWT, GA 219-1-2 BWT, GA 1095-1-4 BWT, and GA 1405-1-2 BWT Bacterial Wilt-tolerant Tomato
Authors: Jaworski Casimir A. , Phatak Sharad C. , Ghate Suhas R. , Gitaitis Ronald D. , Widrlechner Mark P.
Published: September 2022

Bacterial wilt, caused by the soil-borne pathogen Pseudomonas solanacearum E, F. Sm., causes major economic losses in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production in many warm, humid regions of the world (6, 8). Selections of L. esculentum (GA 1565-2-4 BWT, GA 219-1-2 BWT and GA 1095-1-4 BWT) and of L. esculentum × L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. (GA 14051-2 BWT), all possessing high tolerance levels to P. solanacearum, are jointly released by the ARS/USDA and the Univ. of Georgia.
C879-J1 and -J2 Virescent Mutant Muskmelon Breeding Lines
Authors: Nugent P. E.
Published: September 2022

C879-J1 and C879-J2 muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) breeding lines were released by the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory in 1984. These lines are homozygous recessive for virescent v (2). They are useful for germplasm enhancement, species crosses, and isogenic line production, as well as for hybrid, pollination, genetic, and linkage studies.
“Ornamentals”
Authors: Flint Harrison L.
Published: September 2022

Three cheers for Tukey for pointing out why we should no longer use the word “ornamentals” (HortScience 22:9, Feb. 1987) to describe landscape plants, with their many functional uses that transcend the merely ornamental. Some of us have been uncomfortable with the word for a long time. Now it is time to discipline ourselves to the use of more appropriate language—if we expect our products and services to receive the respect they deserve.
Solar Injury of Raspberry Fruit
Authors: Renquist A. R. , Hughes H. G. , Rogoyski M. K.
Published: September 2022

Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is prone to a “white drupelet” disorder on the sun-exposed side of the fruit, largely during those harvest periods when daytime temperatures exceed about 33°C. In mid-August, more than 40% of the fruit were affected. Three types of shade covers (30% and 60% black shade fabric and 25% shade white polyester), placed over raspberry plots for 1 to 3 weeks prior to fruit harvest, reduced the amount of solar-injured fruit from 41% in unshaded plots to between 8% and 16%. Fruit surface temperature was reduced about 4° by both black shade fabrics, but only 1° by the polyester cover. Fans cooled fruit by about 2°, but the reduction in solar injury was less than with shade covers.
Mechanical Harvest of Red Raspberry as Affected by Training Systems
Authors: Martin Lloyd W. , Nelson Esther
Published: September 2022

Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L, cv. Meeker) was grown with either 3-m or alternate 3-m and 1.5-m between-row spacing. Canes were trained as: a) pruned upright bundles, b) pruned and individually woven canes, or c) unpruned looped bundles, all secured to wires 1.5 m high. Training did not consistently affect yield as obtained with a Littau mechanical harvester. Fruit size was smallest in the unpruned bundles. The amount of fruit that dropped between or during harvests was substantial, but was similar for row spacings and training systems.
Inoculation of Sweet Potato with Azospirillum
Authors: Crossman Stafford M. , Hill Walter A.
Published: September 2022

The response of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to inoculation with Azospirillum with and without fertilizer N was evaluated in a greenhouse and field study. In the greenhouse study, storage root N concentration of ‘Centennial’ and ‘Jewel’ were higher with 34 mg N/pot + inoculant (Cd strain) than with 34 mg N/pot without inoculant. In the field study, the marketable and total root yields and root N contents of ‘Centennial’ for the 0 kg N/ha + Cd inoculant and 0 kg N/ha + TI-sp-(7 + 11) inoculant treatments were higher than for the 0 kg N/ha control and were not different from or higher than the 67 kg N/ha treatments with or without the inoculants.
Use of Growth Retardants to Improve Ripening Uniformity and Yield of Processing Tomatoes
Authors: Frost D. J. , Kretchman D. W.
Published: September 2022

After the major fruit set period was completed, aqueous sprays of 1000 ppm dikegulac, 66 ppm ancymidol, 1000 ppm maleic hydrazide (MH), and 1 kg·ha−1 RSW 0411 were applied to processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants. Dikegulac, RSW 0411, and ancymidol visually reduced vegetative growth, whereas MH had no apparent influence. None of the compounds reduced the number of flower clusters or flowers per cluster on the late-season growth, but dikegulac and RSW 0411 did reduce the percentage of fruit set in the terminal regions. The partial reductions in late vegetative and/or reproductive growth from the chemical treatments did not enhance uniformity of fruit maturity. Only the dikegulac treatment decreased the yields and percentage of green fruit from the harvest. Chemical names used: 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene-d-l-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione [maleic hydrazide (MH)]; and β-(cyclohexylmethylene-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (RSW 0411).
Tomato Fruit Temperature Before Chilling Influences Ripening After Chilling
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Cabrera Roberto M.
Published: September 2022

Tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Castlemart) either harvested hot (e.g., 32°C) and chilled for 7 days at 7°, or harvested cool (e.g., 19°) and held in the laboratory at 37° for 7 hr before chilling at 2.5° for 4 days ripened slower (a symptom of chilling injury) than fruit that were either harvested cool (19°) or held at 12.5° for 7 hr before chilling.
Carbon Dioxide-induced Injury of Romaine Lettuce Stored in Controlled Atmospheres
Authors: Lipton Werner J.
Published: September 2022

Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was stored for 2 weeks at 0°, 2.5°, or 5°C with O2/CO2 (%/%) levels of 21/0 (air), 20/5, 20/7.5, 20/10, 20/15, 20/20, 20/30, 0.25/0, or 0.5/0. Controlled atmosphere combinations of 20/15, 20/20, and 20/30 resulted in brown, sunken patches on the green lamina at all temperatures. The 20/10 treatment induced this injury only at 0° and 2.5°, whereas 20/7.5 induced it only at 0°. No injury developed in 20/5 or 21/0. Brown stain, a typical symptom of CO2 injury on midribs of crisphead lettuce, was absent in 20/30, 20/20, 20/5, and 21/0, but developed in the other atmospheres, mainly at 0°. Low levels of O2 (0.5% or 2%) combined with 7.5% CO2 did not consistently enhance sensitivity of romaine to CO2 injury. Salability was retained at least as well in romaine stored at 0° or 2.5° in air as in any of the controlled atmospheres.
Relationship of Ice Nucleation and Water Status to Freezing Patterns in Dormant Peach Flower Buds
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Gusta L. V.
Published: September 2022

The supercooling of flower primordia within dormant peach buds [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] is dependent on water migration from the base of the flower primordium to preferential sites of freezing in the flower bud scales and pith during the initial stages of freezing. The preferential freezing that occurs in the flower bud scales and pith does not appear to be caused by a difference in distribution of ice nucleators. The mean nucleation temperature of the flower bud increased with the amount of attached shoot, an indication that ice nucleation began in the shoot and spread into the flower bud. The flower primordium, however, appeared to have an intrinsic resistance to ice nucleation in comparison to other parts of the flower bud, which may be related to its lower water and osmotic potentials. The reduced osmotic potential of the flower primordium could be a consequence of significantly higher sucrose levels on a dry weight basis compared to that of the vascular tissue below the flower buds or that of the flower bud scales. A gradient in water potential between the xylem of the shoot and the flower bud also existed and may account for the recovery of water that is lost from the flower bud during freezing.
Afterripening and Harvesting Effects on Tabasco Pepper Seed Germination Performance
Authors: Edwards R. L. , Sundstrom F. J.
Published: September 2022

Field emergence of Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) often requires 10 to 14 days even under optimum conditions. Methods to increase and accelerate Tabasco seed germination were investigated. Seed were extracted from orange and red fruit harvested at 150, 195, and 240 days from transplanting. The influence of fruit maturity on seed germination performance was significant over all harvest times. Seed extracted from red fruit had a significantly greater germination rate and final germination percentage than seed from orange fruit. Germination performance of seed extracted from red fruit harvested 150 days after transplanting was superior to that of seed harvested from orange fruit and to seed harvested later in the growing season. Results indicate that Tabasco seed extracted from red fruit responds favorably to a period of dry after ripening. A 21-day period at 25°C appears to be optimum for improving germination percentage and rate.
Viability of Celery Pollen After Collection and Storage
Authors: D’Antonio Vince , Quiros Carlos F.
Published: September 2022

A technique for collection and storage of viable celery (Apium graveolens L.) pollen is reported for the cv. Tall Utah 52-70R and the annual strain A143. Umbels at anthesis were dried in an incubator for 14 hr at 31°C, crushed by hand, and passed through a sieve. The pollen released by this operation was collected on a sheet of paper and stored in gelatin capsules. High drying temperatures were detrimental to pollen viability. Pollen collection at different times of the day did not affect viability. After 6 days at 24°, a significant percentage of pollen grains was still viable. The viability declined close to 0% in 9 to 12 days. Pollen of A143 survived better than that of ‘T.U. 52-70R’. Pollen stored for 9 months at 4° maintained a viability of 45% to 50%, but declined close to 0% by the 18th month. Pollen stored at −10° maintained a viability of 10% to 30% by the 18th month. Storage of celery pollen at −10° for 6 to 9 months will keep enough viability for pollinations. Use of stored viable pollen will help with the crossing of celery, as it is often difficult to synchronize the flowering of different plants.
Inheritance of Low Temperature Tolerance in Beans at Several Growth Stages
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Petzoldt R.
Published: September 2022

Narrow sense heritabilities were 28%, 56%, 45%, and 74%, respectively, imbibition at 5°C and, at 16°, for seedling vigor, plant vigor, and days to bloom in a cross of NY 590 × BBL 92. Cold tolerance at these stages was inherited independently. Pod set at 16° behaved as a recessive, compared to only setting at warmer temperatures. Selections made under 16° generally did very well in an unusually cool season in New York. Double setting was absent in lines that showed set at 16°, and present in many cultivars.
Effect of Single Plant Selection in Commercial Pea Cultivars on Bloom Dates and on Green Pea Yield for Processing
Authors: Haglund W. A. , Anderson W. C.
Published: September 2022

Single plant progeny (SPP) lines of peas (Pisum sativum L.) selected from the cultivars Early Frosty and Darkskin Perfection were compared for days to bloom, nodes to first flower, and yield. In 1980, SPP lines from within a cultivar deviated significantly in bloom date, nodes to first flower, and yield. One SPP line from each cultivar was compared to the commercial cultivar for yield from 1980 through 1985. The average yield during 5 years for ‘Early Frosty’ and ‘Darkskin Perfection’ was 4.07 and 3.72 t·ha-1 and 5.86 and 5.80 t·ha-1 for their respective SPP lines, equivalent to 44% and 56% yield improvement for the SPP lines. The data obtained from the SPP lines establish that genetic diversity existed within the two cultivars studied. This diversity could be stabilized in SPP lines. With one exception, variation between the SPP lines and/or the cultivar were within the phenotypic descriptions of the original cultivars. The superior yield of the SPP lines selected from ‘Early Frosty’ and ‘Darkskin Perfection’ could not be attributed to the selection of an unknown cultivar contaminating ‘Early Frosty’ and ‘Darkskin Perfection’.
Seasonal Enhancement of Flower Development in ‘Tahiti’ Limes by Marcottage
Authors: Oslund Clayton R. , Davenport Thomas L.
Published: September 2022

Marcots (air layers) were made on ‘Tahiti’ lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) trees every 2 weeks for 1 year. One-half of the marcots were excised from the trees and potted after substantial numbers of roots had formed. Newly emerging generative, mixed, and vegetative shoots were counted during the subsequent period of 2 to 3 weeks on the planted marcots, marcots on the tree, and untreated branches. Marcots generally produced more shoots than untreated branches, but the response was seasonal. During the season of heaviest natural bloom, marcottage increased the number of inflorescences formed as well as the ration of generative to vegetative shoot types. It is suggested that cytokinins translocated from the newly developed adventitious roots of the marcots may play a role in the promotion of shoot development, thus enhancing the numbers of flowering shoots expressed.
Author’s Reply
Authors: Mullins Charles A.
Published: September 2022

I agree with Jones that the information requested is useful and would add to the article. However, I doubt that any article published has all the information that could and should be presented for a perfect paper. I assume that my name and address was a part of the publication so that anyone wanting additional information could contact me. This study was conducted at the request of representatives of a seed company based on their worldwide observations of excessive N use, excessive plant lodging, and difficulty with machine harvest of snap beans. Those observations included both organic and inorganic forms of N and were essentially the same as we found previously with Bush Blue Lake-type snap beans in Tennessee. The newer cultivars apparently have considerable Bush Blue Lake parentage and lodge less with lower N fertilization levels. This article will be reprinted by the seed company involved and will be distributed in several countries as part of an effort to promote improved snap bean production practices.
Needed: A Better Word than “Ornamentals”
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C.
Published: September 2022

H.B. Tukey, Jr.’s request for a better word than “ornamentals” (HortScience 22:9, Feb. 1987) is a point well taken: however, “urban plants” may or may not be an acceptable replacement. It is true that “ornamentals” does us a great disservice. Whether “urban plants” with a professional connotation would be any better would depend on its acceptance in the mind and market. A correct term is needed to qualify the essential and beneficial effects of ornamental horticulture on human beings. It must have both psychological and economic meanings.
Crop Production on Reclaimed Phosphate-mined Soils in Florida
Authors: Hochmuth G. J. , Hanlon E. A. , Strieker J. A.
Published: September 2022

In the article “Crop Production on Reclaimed Phosphate-mined Soils in Florida”, by G.J. Hochmuth, E.A. Hanlon, and J.A. Strieker (HortScience 22:190, 343, April 1987), G.J. Hochmuth’s name was spelled incorrectly.
The International Planting Systems Trial
Authors: Jackson J. E. , Palmer J. W. , Wertheim S. J. , Bunemann G. , Winter F. , Christensen J. Vittrup , Sansavini S. , Mika A.
Published: September 2022

The International Planting Systems Trial, a collaborative experiment, was initiated as a result of discussions within the High Density Planting Working Group of the Fruit Section of the International Society for Horticultural Science.
Relative Productivity and Yield Efficiency of Canning Peach Trees in Three Intensive Growing Systems
Authors: Hutton Ronald J. , McFadyen Lisa M. , Lill Warwick J.
Published: September 2022

Low productivity and decreasing profitability have caused a dramatic reduction in planted area and negligible replanting of canning peach trees in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas (M.I.A.) of New South Wales over the past 14 years. The production of canning peaches is now falling below processor requirements. Peach production must be maintained at present levels for continued viability of the canning fruit industry in this region. Furthermore, the average productivity of the remaining plantings is very low by world standards. Faced with rising production costs, growers must raise average efficiency of production to improve profitability.
Influence of Temperature and Applied Auxins During Winter Propagation of Kiwifruit
Authors: Testolin R. , Vitagliano C.
Published: September 2022

Kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson, var. deliciosa] were propagated successfully by hardwood cuttings with bottom heat. Rooting improved in response to increasing bottom heat up to 24°C. Temperatures >24° damaged cuttings. Optimal results were obtained with bottom heat placed in a cold tunnel. In the heated greenhouse, rooting was unsatisfactory. NAA was the most effective auxin in promoting rooting, whereas IBA did not show appreciable effects. Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Muskmelon Production under Mulch and Trickle Irrigation in the Jordan Valley
Authors: Battikhi A. M , Ghawi I.
Published: September 2022

The effects of different plastic mulching using drip irrigation on yields, soil temperature, crop water requirements, and root density and distribution were determined for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) at the Jordan Valley Research Station, Jordan. There were no significant differences among transparent, black, and nonmulched treatments with respect to irrigation amounts, soil moisture depletion, total water supplied, deep percolation losses, and vapotranspiration. Root weights, density, and distribution, horizontally and vertically, were not significantly different among treatments. Transparent mulch treatment yields averaged 14.2 t·ha-1 and were significantly lower (5% level) than average yields (28.7 t·ha-1) of the black mulch treatments. Nonmulched treatment yields averaged 6.0 t·ha-1 and were significantly different from the average transparent mulch (5% level) and from black mulch (1% level). This difference in yield may be attributed to the fact that black mulch treatments received more irrigations than transparent mulch and bare ones. Calculations of expected potential evapotranspiration for muskmelon during the season showed that the plants did not receive their water requirements.
Tomato Seed Development and Quality as Influenced by Preharvest Treatment with Ethephon
Authors: Kwon Oh-Sik , Bradford Kent J.
Published: September 2022

Plants of two cultivars of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cvs. UC82B and VF145B-7879) were sprayed with ethephon solutions 10 days prior to harvest. Seeds were extracted from fruits that had been tagged at anthesis to allow separation into age classes ranging from 31 to 70 days at harvest. Seed dry weight increased rapidly until ≈40 days after anthesis, then remained relatively constant for 10 to 15 days before increasing again. During the plateau phase, the initial (5-day) germination percentages increased by 20% to 40% and final (10-day) germination increased by 6% to 10%. Germination percentages then fell slightly with increasing maturity and dry weight accumulation. Preharvest ethephon treatment caused younger fruit to ripen and shifted the development of maximum germinability toward young seed ages, without influencing dry weight accumulation. Seeds ≤53 days old at harvest increased in germination due to ethephon treatment, whereas seeds older than 53 days showed decreased germination. Since the bulk of harvested seeds will be in the older classes, overall seed quality may be affected adversely by preharvest ethephon applications. Although seed lots from ethephon-treated plants still had acceptable germination, there would appear to be no benefit from ethephon applications to tomatoes destined solely for seed production. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Response of Gerbera to Root Zone Heating in Soil and Gravel Substrates
Authors: Goldsberry Kenneth L. , Lang Regina C.
Published: September 2022

The overall flower production of Gerbera jamesonii (Bolus), cvs. Amethyst, Friendship, and Mandrin, was 90% greater in root zone-heated media compared to nonheated substrates. Root zone heating also attributed to an overall 15% increase in stem length, but only a 4% nonsignificant decrease in flower diameter. The greatest flower yield, longest stems, and largest-diameter flowers were produced by plants grown in the pea gravel substrate.
Effect of Warm Medium, Light Intensity, BA, and Parent Leaf on Propagation of Golden Pothos
Authors: Wang Ying-Tung
Published: September 2022

Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) at 290 μmol·s-1·m-2 and warm propagation medium (28°C) enhanced both shoot and root growth of golden pothos (Epipremnum aureum) from single-node leaf-bud cuttings compared to PPF at 60 μmol·s-1·m-2 and unheated medium (10° to 16°). Heated cuttings accumulated much more dry matter in new growth, but parent leaves had smaller area leaf weight than unheated cuttings. Soaking cuttings in 500 or 750 ppm BA before planting caused slower initial growth of the axillary shoot, and stem length was reduced to 75% of the control. Leaf number and total leaf area was unaffected by BA. Leaf-bud cuttings needed 10 more days to unfold the first leaf compared to stem cuttings without parent leaves. Shoots developed from leaf-bud cuttings had longer stems, more leaves and total leaf area, and heavier dry weight than shoots from stem cuttings. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Postemergence Control of an Oat Cover Crop and Broadleaf Weeds in Direct-seeded Nursery Beds
Authors: Warmund M. R.
Published: September 2022

An oat (Avena sativa L. ‘Otee’) cover crop was planted in nursery beds seeded with Acer ginnala Maxim., Celastrus scandens L., and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. and 21 Mar. 1985. Postemergence graminicide treatments were applied on 25 Apr. and 8 May after the nursery seedlings had germinated and when the oats were ≈15 and 38 cm tall. Treatments included fluazifop at 0.28, DPX-Y6202 at 0.11, haloxyfop at 0.28, and sethoxydim at 0.34 kg·ha-1. In 1986, the same herbicides, except DPX-Y6202, were applied alone to Sophora japonica L. seedlings grown in an oat cover crop. Six days later, imazaquin at 0.14 kg·ha1 or chlorimuron-ethyl at 0.009 kg·ha1 was applied alone and to plots that had previously received graminicide treatments. Acer and Celastrus seedlings in plots treated on 25 Apr. 1985 had greater dry weight than those treated on 8 May 1985. Date of herbicide treatment did not affect the dry weight of Elaeagnus seedlings. In 1986, graminicides provided complete control of oats, but broadleaf weed growth was subsequently released. Imazaquin and chlorimuron-ethyl provided control of pigweeds (Amaranthus sp.), but did not control lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) or purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Tree seedlings treated with haloxyfop alone, sethoxydim alone, or sethoxydim plus imazaquin had greater dry weight than those in the untreated controls. DPX-F6025 alone reduced seedling dry weight when compared to that of the untreated control. Chemical names used: (±)-2-[4[[-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (fluazifop); (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (DPX-Y6202); 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (haloxyfop); 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim); 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) 5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (imazaquin); 2(([(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine-2-yl)amino carbonyl]amino sulfonyl))benzoic acid, ethyl ester (chlorimuron-ethyl).
Evaluation of Two Methods of Pepper Fruit Color Determination
Authors: Conrad R. S. , Sundstrom F. J. , Wilson P. W.
Published: September 2022

Fruit of Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were graded into six color classes, ranging from green to red, as determined by the Munsell System of Color Notation. Color of either whole or mashed Tabasco fruit was measured by use of a Gardner Color Difference Meter, and by the approved method of the Assn. of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Different procedures using the color difference meter were initially analyzed and procedure se analyzed statistically for differences. Analysis of pepper fruit mash using the L-Scale aL/bL value and three optical sample beaker rotations resulted in the smallest se of tested procedures. One hundred percent and 64.8% of fruit color values recorded from the Gardner Color Difference Meter and the AOAC method, respectively, were correctly color-classified by discriminant analysis.
Veronica repens Establishment with Herbicides and Activated Charcoal
Authors: Steinegger D. H. , Shearman R. C. , Finke L.
Published: September 2022

Veronica repens was evaluated in a field study comparing herbicide effects on ground cover establishment. Herbicides were applied 1 day before ground covers were transplanted. Ground cover transplant root systems were either dipped or not dipped in an activated charcoal slurry prior to planting. There was a significant interaction between herbicide and charcoal treatment. Dichlobenil, chlorsulfuron, and simazine caused significant injury and reduced surface coverage. Transplants dipped in activated charcoal and treated with dichlobenil or chlorsulfuron had as much as three times less injury and produced 24% greater surface coverage than those without activated charcoal. DCPA, oxadiazon, and trifluralin caused little herbicide injury or ground cover stand reduction, and activated charcoal preconditioning did not influence their responses. These results indicate a broad herbicide range could be used with the activated charcoal root system dip procedure during Veronica repens establishment. Chemical names used: dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil); 2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide (chlorsulfuron); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methyle-thoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 6-chloro-N, N’-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin).
Influence of Temperature on Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Wright Robert D.
Published: September 2022

Pine bark-filled containers were subjected to 10°, 20°, 30°, or 40°C for 24 days and fertilized periodically with 210 ml of a solution containing 100 ppm NH4-N. Every 6 days, medium solutions were tested for NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations and a NO3-N accumulation rate (NAR) was determined. Medium solution NH4-N concentrations were lower at 20° and 30° than at 10° and 40°, while those at 40° were considerably greater than at other temperatures and increased over time. In general, medium solution NO3-N concentrations at 10°, 20°, and 30° were comparable and higher than at 40°. Over time, the general order of NAR was 20° = 30° > 10° > 40°.
Influence of NH4-N Application Rate on Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Wright Robert D.
Published: September 2022

Nitrification in a pine bark medium in response to a range of applied NH4-N levels (25, 100, and 200 ppm) was studied. Medium solution NH4-N concentrations at the 25 ppm N treatment decreased from 30 ppm at day 1 to 0 ppm at day 40. Ammoniacal-N concentration values decreased from 64 to 6 ppm and from 105 to 20 ppm for the 100- and 200-ppm N treatments, respectively, by day 60. Rapid increases in medium solution NO3-N concentrations coincided with these NH4-N decreases, resulting in low medium solution NH4-N:NO3-N ratios. During the periods of NO3-N increase, medium solution pH decreased 0.3, 0.7, and 1.3 units for the 25-, 100-, and 200-ppm N treatments, respectively. Similarly treated bark without plants was used to determine a NO3-N accumulation rate (NAR). NAR data indicated that the NH4-N supply of the 100- and 200-ppm N treatments exceeded the oxidative capacity of nitrifiers during a 96-hr period.
Stomatal Aperture Determination of Muskmelon Fruits by Microrelief Image Analysis
Authors: Altman Steven A. , Corey Kenneth A. , Hruschka William R.
Published: September 2022

Differences in aperture area and frequency of stomata on fruits of two muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes were determined by computerized image analysis of photomicrographs obtained by microrelief techniques. Acetate impressions of surface cellular features on polar and equatorial regions of the fruit were viewed by phase contrast microscopy, and photomicrographs of random fields of stomata were made. A minicomputer-based image processor scanned each photomicrograph and digitized the image of individual stomata. The image was displayed on a monitor and a digitizing tablet was used to mark end points on the axes of an ellipse circumscribing the effective aperture. A FORTRAN image processing system calculated the area of each ellipse. Resulting data showed a significantly lower stomatal aperture area and stomatal frequency on the surface of fruits of the netted genotype.
Comparison of TTC and Electrical Conductivity Heat Tolerance Screening Techniques in Phaseolus
Authors: Schaff Dennis A. , Clayberg Carl D. , Milliken George A.
Published: September 2022

Two laboratory techniques for estimating genotypic differences in response to heat stress—the electrical conductivity and the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction tests—were compared in tests with 26 cultivars of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) previously evaluated for heat tolerance. After heat acclimation of plants, leaf disks were subjected to heat stress over a range of temperatures. The temperature causing 50% injury above the control, considered as the killing temperature, was estimated by fitting the data to a sigmoidal model. Although cultivar killing temperatures were correlated between tests, only killing temperatures for the conductivity test were correlated with yield performance under stress in the field.
Identification of New Sources of Resistance to Downy Mildew in Lactuca Spp.
Authors: Farrara Barry F. , Michelmore Richard W.
Published: September 2022

More than 300 accessions of Lactuca spp. recently collected in the Mediterranean region and California were screened for resistance to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel). Accessions were evaluated in the seedling stage with two isolates of B. lactucae, which together have virulence to all known resistance factors. Four accessions demonstrated complete resistance to both isolates, indicating that new resistance was present. This resistance was confirmed using further isolates of B. lactucae. None of these lines, however, was resistant to all the isolates used.
Adventitious Bud Formation from Leaf Explants of Ficus lyrata
Authors: Jona Roberto , Gribaudo Ivana
Published: September 2022

Leaf fragments of Ficus lyrata Warb. were excised, surface-sterilized, and inoculated on a modified Nitsch and Nitsch medium (thiamine, 15 μm) supplemented with 24 μm BA + 24 μm 2iP + 24 μm kinetin + 12.5 μm IBA. After 3 months, the explants started to proliferate on the edge of the cuttings, producing many adventitious buds that developed into shootlets. During a further growth period of 1 month, full elongation was attained. The plants were then transferred to a rooting medium containing Knop’s macroelements, modified Nitsch & Nitsch’ microelements, amino acids and vitamins, and 5 μm of NAA. After 1 week on this medium, the shootlets were deprived of NAA and thus induced to root within 1 week. Chemical names used N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP); N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Variation in Date Palm Pollen Grain Size
Authors: Asif Mir I. , Al-Tahir Osman A. , Al-Ghamdi Abdullah S.
Published: September 2022

The genus Phoenix is characterized by dioecious wind-pollinated woody trees. The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the world’s oldest cultivated fruit trees. The date palm inflorescence consists of a compound spadix enclosed by a spathe. Flowers are produced on strands. At anthesis, the spathe splits and the strands loosen and spread to expose the flowers. Cultivated date palms are artificially pollinated. Mature male inflorescences are cut off before the spathe splits, and the strands are placed in female flower clusters to ensure pollination. In earlier studies of pollen structure and stainability (1,2), abnormally large pollen grains were noted occasionally. This study dealt with pollen size distribution in 10 male palms used to pollinate female trees in commercial groves in the Al-Hassa region of Saudi Arabia.
Temperature and Imbibition Effects on Seed Germination of Sabal palmetto and Serenoa repens
Authors: Carpenter William J.
Published: September 2022

Soaking palm seed in water for 1 to 21 days prior to planting reduces the number of days required for germination (3). Loomis (1) found soaking seeds of Acrocomia scierocarpa and Astrocaryum mexicanum palms for 2 to 3 weeks following hot water scarification at 100°C for 3 min hastened seed germination. Rees (3) reported soaking Copernicia cerifera (Mart.) seeds in water for 7 days at 38° to 42° also accelerated germination after planting. Presoaking Alexandra palm [Archontophoenix alexandrite (F.J. Muell.) H. Wendl & Drude] seed in water for 24 to 72 hr at 25° was reported by Nagao and Sakai (2) to stimulate germination. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature during a 7-day preplanting period on imbibed and nonimbibed seed and to compare seed soaking in water with moist peatmoss on germination percentages and numbers of days required to achieve 50% final germination.
Effects of Floral Excision on Reversion from Reproductive to Vegetative Development in Strawberry
Authors: Chia Tet-Fatt , Hew Choy-Sin
Published: September 2022

In strawberry, vegetative reproduction occurs through runners or side shoots. In our studies it was possible to produce plantlets from reproductive structures through floral excision. In this report, we describe the induction, from a reproductive structure, of successive developmental stages leading to complete plant formation.
‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’ Lagerstroemia
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’ are the first intermediate growth habit Lagerstroemia indica L. × L. fauriei Koehne cultivars to combine mildew resistance, an array of spectacular exfoliating bark colorations, and a range of flower colors. Seven previously released U.S. National Arboretum-released L. indica × L. fauriei mildew-resistant cultivars, ‘Muskogee’, ‘Natchez’, ‘Tuscarora’, ‘Tuskegee’, ‘Biloxi’, ‘Miami’, and ‘Wichita’ are vaseshaped, outward-arched, small trees that can be expected to mature at 7 to 10 m high (4–6, 8); while four others, ‘Acoma’, ‘Hopi’, ‘Pecos’, and ‘Zuni’, are semi-dwarf growth habit cultivars that will ultimately mature at heights <3 m high (7). ‘Apalachee’, ‘Comanche’, ‘Lipan’, ‘Osage’, ‘Sioux’, and ‘Yuma’, with mature heights <5 m, bridge the landscape growth habit gap between the upright, small trees and the compact, semidwarf cultivars. With the introduction of these six cultivars, the U.S. National Arboretum Lagerstroemia breeding project has introduced 23 unique, distinct, and noteworthy cultivars for the nursery industry, landscape architects, and home gardeners alike (1–3).
A Seed-planted Cultivar of Globe Artichoke
Authors: Basnitzki Yehuda , Zohary Daniel
Published: September 2022

The current methods of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) production place serious restrictions on its culture (5). The industry is based on cultivation of vegetatively propagated clones and planting of basal stumps or suckers is costly because of the labor input. Plantations usually are maintained for several years, even though yield and quality decrease considerably after the second year. Perennial culture also incurs heavy risks of disease or damage from pests.
‘Redwing’ Raspberry
Authors: Luby J. J. , Hoover E. E. , Bedford D. S. , Munson S. T. , Gray W. H. , Wildung D. K. , Stushnoff C.
Published: September 2022

‘Redwing’ is a primocane-fruiting (“fall-fruiting”) red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivar (Fig. 1) developed by the Univ. of Minnesota fruit breeding program. It typically begins fruiting 10 to 14 days earlier than ‘Heritage’, the most widely grown commercial primocane-fruiting cultivar. ‘Redwing’ is intended to supplement or replace ‘Heritage’ in situations where earlier primocane fruiting is desired.
Images: The Use of Art in Promoting Agricultural Awareness
Authors: Haque Mary , Acorn John , Stockham James , Regnier Ireland
Published: September 2022

Agriculture’s image has suffered of late. The media’s exploitation of news about farmer’s financial problems, movies like “Country” and “Places in the Heart” dramatizing families struggling to earn a living on the farm, and songs by singers such as Charley Pride lamenting that “if we can put a man up on the moon, why can’t we keep one down on the farm?” have contributed to a negative image. This image is extending to the whole of agriculture, and it is evident in bacculaureate enrollments, which declined by ≈30% in agriculture at land-grant universities between 1977 and 1983 (1).
Management of Hardy Nursery Stock Plants to Achieve High Yields of Quality Cuttings
Authors: Scott Margaret A.
Published: September 2022

Efford Experimental Horticulture Station is part of the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (ADAS) in the United Kingdom with responsibility for development trials with container-grown nursery stock and propagation from cuttings as one of its work sectors. This program has seen rapid expansion since 1973 and recently has been extended to include propagation in sun tunnels for field and container enterprises. Such programs require uniform batches of cuttings to reduce trial variability, and this becomes particularly important if, as often happens in larger-scale development work, complete replication is not possible.