bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whistler & the Sufficiency of Art
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

The family seemed normally American. In its heritage, religion, business connections, and geographical locations, the Whistler clan and its in-laws gave every indication of producing young pillars of the republic, the women tending to religion and the men to commerce. Yet the accidents of inheritance and the whims of an emperor intervened to nourish an artist whose works and ideas helped free art from decades of convention and too comfortable a place in the homes of the newly rich.
Henry James & the Drama of Consciousness
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

In the course of his ceaseless fretting about the well-being of his children, Henry James, Sr., wrote to his friend Emerson in 1849 that he was gravely pondering “whether it wouldn’t be better to go abroad for a few years with them, allowing them to absorb French and German and get such a sensuous education as they can’t get here.” Even to consider that a sensuous education was desirable made James an unusual father; to act as he did was even more unusual. Not only did the James children become “hotel children,” uprooted constantly from any place that might be considered home, they never had to adjust to organized schooling, with the discipline and socialization that such an experience brought. They never knew the strict Calvinism that had been so much a part of their father’s world, and they experienced sermons and theology as quaint persistances of a culture becoming extinct as they watched it. They never needed to concern themselves much with the worlds of business or politics that had been so central to the life of Grandfather William. They never needed to accustom themselves to America at all.
New Orleans
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

In every way, New Orleans was different from the other cities which incubated American modernism. Its heritage was cosmopolitan but predominantly French; it was Roman Catholic in religion; it was sexually liberated; it was proud of the arts and cultivated them. Of the arts available, music predominated: Philadelphia could have poetry, Chicago the novel, and Baltimore criticism; in New Orleans, people danced, sang, and played. Drawing inspiration from all over the South and Southwest, from St. Louis and Kansas City as well as the smallest Mississippi hamlets, New Orleans put it all together. The sounds of New Orleans helped liberate Western music from European conventions: as Los Angeles helped liberate the eye, so New Orleans liberated the ear.
Los Angeles
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

The American film industry settled in Los Angeles in a swift series of moves that lasted scarcely a decade. In 1906, the American Biograph and Mutoscope Company established a studio, and a year later, Colonel William Selig moved in a film crew to complete The Count of Monte Cristo. Adam Kessel and Charles Baumann arrived in 1909, and D.W. Griffith was right behind them. In 1911, two Englishmen who owned the Centaur Company established a branch office; Selig, Pathe, and Bison were in Edendale and Kalem was in Glendale. By the time America entered World War I in 1917, Los Angeles and especially the exurban area known as Hollywood, had become the center of American film production. Since the war effectively restricted the operation of most non-American filmmakers, Los Angeles dominated the industry world-wide.
Alfred Stieglitz
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

Modernism was an outgrowth of urban culture, and no city in America was as productive as New York. All but culturally barren in many decades of American history, it had shown some life in the days of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving, and an occasional novelist or diarist produced work that still commands critical attention. But New York remained forever derivative, no matter how educated and tolerant a few of its leading citizens might become, until the early years of the twentieth century. But that time, the forces of commerce, institutionalized culture, and proximity to Europe became irresistible. New York was the place by about 1912 or 1913, and never gave up the lead thereafter. Only the attractions of London and Paris rivaled it for Americans.1
Walter and Louise Arensberg
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

Of the three major New York salons, that of Walter and Louise Arensberg was the least known to the public and remains the least documented. It was also the most important in terms of its long-range impact on cultural history. In poetry, painting, and music it was crucial in numerous ways; and in that nebulous genre which should exist to include machine art and readymades, it was always preeminent. There, far more than in the Stieglitz salon which it often overlapped, vital issues of two-dimensional and four-dimensional art came up for discussion; and there, far beyond the dreams of anyone in 291, Europe and America not only met and intermingled, but cross-fertilized: sexually, obscenely, mechanically, comically, interdisciplinarily, linguistically, and even artistically.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Malcolm , Durie Mark
Published: November 2023

This book is about the classical comparative method of historical linguistics.1 When historical linguists talk about the ‘comparative method’, what they usually have in mind is not just a method but also an associated theory, and the contributors to this volume are no exception to this generalisation. For over a century a mainstay of the associated theory has been the ‘Neo grammarian hypothesis’, set out by Osthoff and Brugmann (1878) in the manifesto which sought to bring scholarly rigour to historical linguistics: ‘[E]very sound change, inasmuch as it occurs mechanically, takes place according to laws that admit no exception.’ (translated in Lehmann 1967: 204).
Natural Tendencies of Semantic Change and the Search for Cognates1
Authors: Wilkins David P
Published: November 2023

In general, the criteria of formal reconstruction can be strict because they stem from precise rules that cannot be set aside unless one is in a position to substitute more exact rules for them. The whole apparatus of phonetics and morphology enters in to sustain or refute these endeavours. But when it is a matter of meaning, one has as a guide only acertain probability based on ‘common sense, on the personal evaluation of the linguist, and on the parallels that he can cite. The problem is always, at all levels of analysis, within just one language or at different stages of a comparative reconstruction, to determine if and how two morphemes which are formally identical or similar can be shown to coincide in meaning. (Benveniste 1971: 249)The first and most fundamental step in comparative reconstruction is the identification of tentative cognates, and the first tool which tends to be employed in the search for cognates is a Swadesh-type basic vocabulary list of between fifty and two hundred items. In employing such lists it is common to examine the forms which the languages under comparison show for a particular gloss and, armed with a knowledge of what are plausible phonetic and phonological changes, determine which items within the set are formally similar. During this process, one may notice, or know of, a form which is phonologically similar to one of the forms under inspection, but which has a different meaning. When this occurs, one is faced with the problem of deciding whether or not these formally similar items are also semantically similar and, thus, whether or not they should be considered possible cognates. Swadesh (1972: 39) admits that ‘[t]he problems of cognate identification are, of course complicated by semantic change, which ... is extremely frequent’, and it is therefore ‘a commonplace rule of comparative linguistics that meanings of cognate forms need not be identical’.
White
Authors: Rorabaugh W J
Published: November 2023

On March 25, 1962, President John Fitzgerald Kennedy came to Berkeley to give the annual Charter Day speech. After a luncheon with the University of California Regents and President Clark Kerr at University House on campus, Kennedy made his way to Memorial Stadium, where he spoke to 88,000 people. It was the largest audience Kennedy ever addressed in person. On this happy occasion there were few pickets, and people noted the brisk breezes of a California spring, the sunshine glinting off the president’s reddish-brown hair, the good humor and enthusiastic applause of the crowd, and Kennedy’s unusual rapport with young people.
Are Humans Unique?
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

So Said Hamlet, in an outburst of human (and male) chauvinism. Admiration of our own species is a common human foible; we humans have long attributed to ourselves special qualities of mind, spirit, or morality that are denied all other creatures. Religions seem to play a special role in this by bestowing uniquely upon us an immortal soul or by tracing our origins to some divine act of creation. Indeed, it may be argued that religions exist as much for the glorification of humans as for the worship of gods.
Applied Demography for Biologists
Authors: Carey James R
Published: November 2023

Many important biological problems are concerned with birth, death, and population change - the basis of classical demographic research. Yet few biologists are aware that the well-developed principles of human demography can be applied to biological problems. This book introduces biologists to population studies and shows how to apply demographic principles and techniques in research. It outlines general principles - life tables, growth models, stable population theory - and provides examples from entomology. The book is based on the author’s insect demography course at the University of California, Davis. It is intended as a reference handbook for ecologists, population biologists, and entomologists, and as a graduate text in basic demography for advanced biology and ecology students.
Reproduction
Authors: Carey James R
Published: November 2023

Fertility rates were ignored historically probably because they had nothing directly to do with annuities. H. Nicander published a paper on fertility rates around 1800. These were used by Milne in 1815 in his treatise on annuities and by Bockh in 1886, who introduced what is now known as the net reproductive rate—expected progeny to an individual just born.
The Murder And Mythification Of Walther Rathenau
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

When Walther Rathenau, the German foreign minister, was assassinated in Berlin on 24 June 1922, he was a symbol of the Weimar Republic for both its adherents and its enemies. He became a myth that has played a role in the political imagery of Germany to the present.
Anxiety In History
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Anxiety is the most pervasive presenting complaint in the modern world,1 but it is as ancient as the Bible. It is the most important factor in politics, both democratic and authoritarian, and yet it is the least un derstood component of decision making. I will examine the function of anxiety in history and politics in an effort to enhance our understanding of its process and effects.
Consolidating the Foundations: 1796-1825
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

The accession of Paul in November 1796 represented a military coup by the head of the Romanov house against an oligarchic government of ruling families. The tsar, an adult male for the first time in the 71 years since the death of Peter in 1725,1 asserted his authority as commander in chief, proceeded to secure a political base in the army, began a buildup of the Guard, and created an institutional mechanism giving the military establishment an independence it had never before been able to achieve, even under Potemkin. The long conflict with revolutionary France facilitated this renewed transformation of the ruler into a commander in chief and the militarization of the imperial government, a phenomenon that outlived the war and reached its apogee during the reign of Nicholas I.
Civil Law
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

Russian law distinguished between real (“immovable’’) and personal (“movable”) property, and real property was in turn divided into patrimonial (rodovoe) and acquired (blagopriobretennoe) property.1 Real property-land, whether settled with peasants or empty-included its fixtures, such as forests, orchards, gardens, hayfields, houses, church and factory buildings, saltworks, trade shops (lavk1), barns and cellars (pogreby); and its appurtenances, such as rivers, lakes and swamps, roads, metals and minerals in the subsoil, mills, dams, bridges, and landings, as well as deeds, survey maps, and ledgers. Until 1714 real property held “in service” (pomest’e) was distinguished from that held “in demesne” (votchina), the chief difference being that the disposal of the former required the assent of the Pomestnyi Prikaz.
Conclusion
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

On the eve of Peter’s assumption of the full powers of his office in 1696, Russia was governed by a Romanov house a mere three generations old and by a constellation of families revolving around it. The leading families were the Dolgorukovs, the Saltykovs, and the Golitsyns on the one hand; the Streshnevs, Naryshkins, Lopukhins, and Kurakins on the other. These families, supported by relatives and clients, made up the core of the Russian ruling elite, filled the ranks of the Duma, and staffed the executive agencies of a government still indistinguishable from the extensive household of the ruling family.
Agents of Change: Jesuits in the Post-Columbian World
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

Some Invitations To Give Lectures or Write Articles feel just right: the desired topics seem comfortably within one’s intellectual range or reach. If my teaching, family, and un solicited writing obligations permit, I usually succumb to such enticements, particularly if the proffered audience, location, or honorarium is congenial. Outside offers serve as antidotes to our natural torpor and spurs to purposeful activity; if we’re publishing, we’re usually not perishing. But a few invitations come as a surprise, apparently based on a false or skewed impression of one’s scholarly depth, breadth, or interests. These I don’t hesitate to decline, in order to save everyone future embarrassment.
Beyond 1992
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

The Columbian Quincentenary Has Generated An abundance of public and academic scholarship, most of it of high quality. Perhaps quixotically, I have attempted to keep up with the flow for the sake of my teaching, my writing, and the American Historical Association’s Columbus Quincentenary Commit tee, which I chaired for its last two years. I also made the attempt out of sheer interest in the rare phenomenon of an international (rather than mere national) observance, and because this book needed a concluding chapter that looked beyond 1992.
Representing the Body Politic: The Paradox of Gender in the Graphic Politics of the French Revolution
Authors: Landes Joan B
Published: November 2023

Even under optimal circumstances, the trial and execution of a king as occurred in France in 1793 would not be a trivial matter. To the king’s supporters, the revolutionaries were guilty of the most awful form of parricide and a capital crime against the whole community. The Convention’s action was predicated upon a striking inversion: The king’s once sacred body had to become first a criminal body; one condemned according to a new, higher morality of crimes against the public’s liberty and the state’s security. Any judgment implies both a judge and the law. Indeed, in this unusual proceeding, a new (popular) sovereign, its representatives, and its legal code were in evidence. In this sovereign’s name the regicides acted.
“Equality” and “Difference” in Historical Perspective: A Comparative Examination of the Feminisms of French Revolutionaries and Utopian Socialists
Authors: Moses Claire Goldberg
Published: November 2023

It has become common practice among today’s feminists to speak of two opposing tendencies within the movement. One tendency—that of a so-called equality group—emphasizes the similarities between women and men, affirms androgyny, and argues that an equal rights, gender blind strategy is the sensible way to achieve women’s freedom and equality. A second tendency—that of a so-called difference group—emphasizes the differences between women and men, affirms the female, and argues that sex-differentiated policies may be necessary to achieve gender justice. Although most feminists have aligned themselves clearly with one or the other of the two tendencies, some others are now suggesting that we must accept contradiction and argue from one or the other position as circumstances warrant.
English Women Writers and the French Revolution
Authors: Mellor Anne k.
Published: November 2023

Following the fall of the Bastille, at the height of the Terror and afterward, during the Napoleonic campaigns and the reign of Bonaparte, a few intrepid Englishwomen crossed the Channel and experienced at first hand the events and the consequences of the French Revolution. Recording their impressions in letters, memoirs, and published prose, they developed out of the initiating ideology of the revolution—the battle cry of liberté, egalité, fraternité—a new vision both of the ideal government and of the nature and role of women.
Remembering the Personal Past
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

The impetus for this book is the belief that a comprehensive description of autobiographical memory in both form and function must be an eclectic, interdisciplinary endeavour. Unlike cognitive and experimental psychologists, who have conducted most of their work in laboratories and have been concerned with rote memory tasks, Ross looks at motivation and emotion as components of human memory and assembles a diverse body of sources that have heretofore been ignored by psychologists in their study of memory. He organizes his discussions along three lines of inquiry: (1) the subjective or experimental dimension of autobiographical memory, (2) the early development and later recall of childhood memories, and (3) social, historical, and folkloric perspectives on autobiographical retention. Rich and original scope, this work calls on the names of James, Titchener, Freud, Piaget, Baldwin, Janet, Proust, Sartre, Bergson, Russell, Strauss, and Merleau-Ponty, among others, to broaden our current understanding of the experience of autobiographical memory.
Some Psychoanalytic Offshoots
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

Many ideas about personal memories that have some Freudian genealogy have been applied in unchanged or modified form by therapists who are not themselves psychoanalysts. In this chapter I first present the views of Alfred Adler regarding autobiographical memory, followed by two examples of how seemingly minor and even discarded ideas in Freudian theorizing have been enlarged upon and made more consequential than they ever were in psycho­ analytic theory. The two psychiatrists, D. Ewen Cameron and William Sargant, who evolved these enlarged Freudians concepts concerning personal memory, are themselves more than a little critical of psychoanalysis, with their criticisms of interest as representing novel viewpoints. The latter part of the chapter, dealing with the contents of Chapters 3 through 6, offers a summarizing assessment of some past and present trends in psychoanalytic theorizing regarding autobiographical memory.
Memory Transmission and Cultivation
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues the emphasis of the previous chapter on the social aspects of memory. The central focus is the transmission of memories­ communication within society that is linked and interpreted in different ways by the retention capabilities of interacting individuals. Societal contexts are far broader, more representative, and less artificial than the laboratory experiments and psychotherapeutic inteviews that have been central to memory theorizing. In the past, memoric factors in societal interchanges have more often been assumed than studied by humanists and social scientists, but interest in formal study has been increasing in the latter half of the twentieth century. My selection of topics is intended to demonstrate the diversity of problems and theories that have been discussed within and between a variety of academic disciplines that ordinarily have minimal communication with each other.
Conclusions and Possibilities
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

The three approaches taken to autobiographical memory-subjective, developmental, and social-have many cross-relationships, though no single discipline combines them satisfactorily. This state of affairs can be taken more as a challenge than a reproach. No exact and comprehensive definition of autobiographical memory has been proposed, but a number of phenomena have been described and will be discussed further that strengthen the case for considering autobiographical memory as possessing unique characteristics. In this chapter I extend consideration of previously described topics with only passing attention paid to origin or authorship. Some definite and possibly opinion­ated judgments and suggestions are expressed, and some new supporting material is introduced.
Psychological Development Of Deaf Children
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

This volume provides the first comprehensive examination of deaf children’s development. In examining its role from the pre-natal period to adulthood, deafness becomes a potential determiner of differences in social and cognitive functioning. Special attention is given to the role of interpersonal communication between deaf children and their parents, peers, and teachers. The majority of deaf children (those with hearing parents) have relatively little linguistic communication with their parents, but the apparent effects of this situation go far beyond language. Deaf children may develop social and cognitive strategies for dealing with the world that differ from those developed by hearing children. The existence of such differences need not imply that deaf children are any less capable than hearing peers, but a variety of studies have revealed that they lag behind hearing age-mates in several areas. A careful and balanced consideration of existing evidence concerning deafness and development provides a new psychological perspective on deaf children and deafness in light of recent findings concerning manual communication, parent-child interactions, and intellectual and academic assessments of hearing impaired children. The result is an integrated understanding of social, language, and cognitive development as they are affected by childhood deafness and by each other. In this context, several popular assumptions about deaf children - some in their favour, some against - are found to lack any basis in fact, and several new discoveries are evident.
The Struggle To Revise The Security Treaty, 1957-60
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

IN 1957, Hollywood released a film version of Sayonara, James Michener’s best-selling novel about American military personnel in Japan during the Korean War. Starring Marlon Brando as air force pilot Lloyd Gruver, the story centered on the redemptive power of love between Japanese women and American soldiers. One of the protagonists, Joe Kelly, commits suicide along with his bride when his callous superior officer threatens to transfer him out of the country. In Gruver’s case, a submissive “golden skinned” lover, along with a dose of Japanese culture, transform him from a coarse bigot to a champion of interracial harmony.
The New Frontier In The Pacific
Authors: Schaller Michael
Published: November 2023

THE three years that followed the security treaty crisis proved unusually convivial. Chastened by the upheaval of 1960, President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister Ikeda Hayato shifted the focus of bilateral relations away from military issues and back toward trade, a subject in which both sides perceived mutual advantage. Like Eisenhower, Kennedy believed that increasing economic interdependence would link Japan more firmly to the Western alliance. And, like his mentor, Yoshida Shigeru, Ikeda recognized that only the United States could pro vide the outlet for trade expansion on which Japan’s export-oriented economy and conservative hegemony depended.
Vibration Of Membranes, Plates, And Shells
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. Vibrating membranes, plates, and shells are important components of biological acoustic systems. Like strings, membranes rely upon being stretched with appreciable tension over rigid frames, and their vibration modes have nodal lines or curves that divide the membrane into areas vibrating with opposite phase, as shown in Figs 5.1 and 5.4. Generally only the lowest mode, which has no nodal curves and a maximum amplitude near its center, is important in biological applications. The frequency of this first mode depends on the square root of the tension divided by the membrane thickness (or the elastic stress divided by the density) and is inversely proportional to the square root of the area of the membrane. It depends relatively little upon the exact shape of the membrane, provided it is reasonably equiaxial. This is illustrated for rectangular and circular membranes in Fig. 5.2.
Low-Frequency Network Analogs
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. When a mechanical or acoustic system is small in dimensions compared with the wavelength of the vibrations or sounds concerned, it is possible to use particularly simple treatments to analyze its behavior. Many biological systems meet this condition in the low-frequency part of their operating range, though many require the more sophisticated techniques that we develop later.
Low-Frequency Auditory Models
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. Animals generally have a plane of symmetry, and therefore two ears. There is usually an acoustic connection between the two ears through some sort of tube or cavity, but in animals such as mammals the connecting Eustachian tubes are so long and narrow that the ears are essentially independent. For sound at frequencies sufficiently low that the distance between the ears is much less than the sound wavelength, the sound pressure is the same at the two ears, but there is a difference in phase that depends upon the separation of the ears and the direction from which the sound is coming, as illustrated in Fig. 9.1. Auditory systems in which the two ears are acoustically coupled have generally developed in such a way as to respond to this phase difference directly, but animals with independent ears have to rely upon signal processing at a higher neural level in order to derive information about the direction of the acoustic source.
Pipes And Horns
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. Pipes and horns are important components of many auditory and vocal systems, and their dimensions are often comparable with or larger than the wavelength of the sounds with which they interact. It is wrong to simply apply naive ideas of “open” or “stopped” pipes when analyzing such systems, for only occasionally are these approxi¬mations valid. More generally we must consider the waves flowing in both directions in the pipe or horn and use a set of four impedance coefficients Z;i, as shown in Fig. 10.1, to represent the element by an electric analog network. The values of these impedance coefficients can be readily calculated in terms of the dimensions of the pipe or horn and the operating frequency. In narrow pipes, as shown in Fig. 10.2, the speed of sound may be somewhat reduced, and the attenuation a can become quite high.
High-Frequency Auditory Models
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. When the frequency is high enough that the sound wavelength is comparable to the dimensions of an auditory system, it is necessary to use the more sophisticated analysis set out in Chapter 10. Of course it must give the same results as the simple analysis of Chapter 8 at sufficiently low frequencies.
The Officers of the Night
Authors: Rocke Michael
Published: November 2023

“[The government] wishes to root out of its city the abominable vice of sodomy, called in the holy scriptures the most evil sin, and having decided that if what is written herein is done, for the most part this will be accomplished.” Thus began the law resoundingly approved on April 17, 1432, with which Florence finally instituted a special magistracy to pursue and prosecute sodomy. Culminating a thirty-year period of agitation for repression, on the one hand, and of contradictions, indecision, and failed expedients, on the other, the founding of the Office of the Night and the reforms introduced along with it signaled a watershed for homosexual activity and its regulation. For long prosecuted rarely and selectively, sodomy now became subject to systematic and routine control. During the next seventy years, until it was suppressed in 1502, the Office of the Night played what many Florentines deemed an indispensible role, as the informers’ comments suggest, in the community’s efforts to discipline the sexual behavior of its members.
Nazi Doctors, Racial Medicine, and Human Experimentation
Authors: Proctor Robert N
Published: November 2023

The human experimentation carried out by physicians in Nazi concentration camps can be understood only within the context of the German militarized state and the racial hygiene movement.1 Profound and disturbing questions arise concerning how and why physicians were able to engage in these medical crimes and atrocities. How could men and women sworn to the Hippocratic oath, trained as professionals in the world’s most advanced scientific culture, come to commit crimes that even today stand as exemplars of evil? My interest in these questions is part of a larger interest in what can be called the “political history of science”: How do political formations shape the structure of science? Why do scientists support or resist the emergence of a particular political order? How does this pattern of support or resistance differ from discipline to discipline? Why do governments find it in their interest to support one kind of science and not another? And how are the theories or i:nethods in a particular science shaped by the larger political order?
Universality of the Nuremberg Code
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: November 2023

A long-standing philosophical debate focuses on the question of whether ethics are relative to time and place. One side argues that there is no evident source of a universal morality, and that ethical rightness and wrongness are products of the cultural and historical milieu from which they emanate. Opponents claim that even if a universal set of ethical norms has not yet been articulated or agreed upon, ethical relativism is a pernicious doctrine that must be rejected. The first group replies that the search for universal ethical precepts is a quest for the Holy Grail. The second group responds with the telling charge: If ethics were relative to time, place, and culture, then what the Nazis did was “right” for them, and there is no basis for moral criticism by anyone outside the Nazi society.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Annas George J , Grodin Michael A
Published: November 2023

The contributors to this book, writing from a variety of professional and historical perspectives, have individually added a great deal to our understanding of the Nuremberg Code and its place in modern medical research. When we began this project, we assumed it would demonstrate the centrality of the Nuremberg Code in all ethical discussions involving human experimentation. The contributors seem to agree with this overall assessment. Nonetheless, although most discussions begin with Nuremberg, almost none end there, and there has been a consistent and insistent movement away from the directness of the Code toward more flexible forms of judging the conduct of human experimentation.
An Atlas of Drosophila Genes
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The common fruitfly, Drosophila, is the most extensively studied of all organisms from the standpoint of genetics and cytology. This atlas summarizes what is known about the approximately 100 Drosophila genes for which the complete nucleotide sequence is known. Each entry includes a description of the gene's molecular organization and expression, the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences, maps of interesting structures, highlights of functional features and promoter regulatory regions, and selected references to the primary literature. A separate section of the atlas considers different aspects of gene organization as they occur in the Drosophila genome. Topics covered include size correlations among various genetic elements, splicing signals, translation initiation signals, and codon bias. The work represents a new milestone in summarizing current information and making it easily accessible to geneticists and biologists.
Bicoid: Bed
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The following discussion refers to the 489 amino acid product of the major transcript, BCD. It is a DNA-binding regulatory protein of the homeodomain type. BCD controls the expression of early developmental genes in the anterior half of the embryo (Gehring 1987; Driever and Nüsslein-Volhard 1989; Hayashi and Scott 1990; Harrison 1991). For a review see Driever (1992).
The Dopa Decarboxylase Cluster: Ddc, l(2)amd, Cs, DoxA2
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The Ddc cluster is arbitrarily defined as those genes that fail to complement Df(2L)TW130, 37B9-C1 to 37D1-2, an 8-12-band deletion in the left arm of chromosome 2. The cluster contains 18 genetically identified genes plus three transcription units for which no mutations are known. Some of the genes in this cluster seem to be functionally related, most of them being involved in the formation, sclerotization and pigmentation of cuticle. Several genes in the cluster have mutant alleles that are female sterile. For three genes, Ddc, l(2)amd and DoxA2, some of the gene-product biochemistry is known; these genes are involved in catecholamine metabolism (Fig. 11.1) (Wright 1987).
The Metallothionein Genes: Mtn, Mto
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

MTN and MTO share properties with the metallothioneins (MT) of other invertebrate and vertebrate species: they are small, they lack aromatic amino acids and Cys residues constitute 25% or more of the protein (Lastowski-Perry et al. 1985; Mokdad et al. 1987). One striking feature of MTN is the arrangement of its 10 Cys residues in Cys-X-Cys groups that are distributed almost identically to the Cys-X-Cys groups in the N-terminal half of mammalian MT (Lastowski-Perry et al. 1985; Maroni 1990). Otherwise, sequence identity beteen MTN and MTO, or between either one of the Drosophila MTs and a mammalian MT is not extensive, being only 20-25% in all pairwise combinations.
Ribosomal Protein 49: Rp49
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Protein 49 of the large ribosomal subunit (Vaslet et al. 1980; O’Connell and Rosbash 1984). The syntheses of ribosomal proteins are coordinately regulated and at least part of that regulation occurs at the level of translation. For instance, while almost all Rp49 mRNA is translated during oogenesis, only a small fraction is associated with polysomes early in embryogenesis (Al-Atia et al. 1985).
The Serendipity Gene Cluster: Sryα Sryβ, Sryδ
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

Sryα , Sryβ and Sryδ are grouped in a dense cluster within an 8 kb segment that also includes janA, jan B and the ribosomal protein gene rp49 (Fig. 28.1). The three Sry genes are transcribed in the same direction; the distance between the poly-A signal in one gene and the TATA box of the next is a few hundred bp. In addition to the gene-specific transcripts, two other longer poly-A RNAs are detectable. These include sequences from neighboring genes: eitherβ plus α or α plus δ are combined. These longer RNAs are thought to be the consequences of transcription starting normally in one gene but then proceeding to “read-through” to the end of the next gene downstream (Vincent et al. 1984, 1985).
Vitelline Membrane Protein Genes: Vm26Aa, Vm26Ab, Vm32E, Vm34C, Fcp3C
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The complete sequences of four genes for vitelline membrane proteins (Vm26Aa, Vm26Ab, Vm32E and Vm34C) are available: all of these genes are in the left arm of the second chromosome. The predicted amino-acid sequences for the four proteins include a common 38-amino-acid segment: within this segment, the sequences of Vm26Aa and Vm34C are identical to each other and to the consensus sequence; the Vm26Ab sequence differs from the consensus in 10% of the positions and the Dm32E sequence differs by 24%. Outside of this region, the protein sequences are quite different, but putative signal peptides have been identified. Vm26Ab has 6-7 repeats of the octapeptide Tyr-Ser-Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala, a sequence that occurs only once in Vm32E and Vm34C (Fig. 31.1). These predicted sequences indicate the proteins are rich in Ala (10-27%) and Pro (9-16%) (Popodi et al. 1988; Scherer et al. 1988).
Messenger RNA splicing signals in Drosophila Genes
Authors: Mount Stephen M
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a general description of introns in Drosophila genes, with emphasis on the genetic information responsible for the correct specification of boundaries between introns and exons. The problem of locating introns within unannotated DNA sequences is posed by any large genomic sequencing project, and provides a perspective for discussing the information that specifies their removal. I want to stress, however, that there may not be a single set of rules that can identify all introns in all tissues. Certainly, it has become clear that the rules for locating introns will differ between species, such as flies and humans, in different taxonomic classes. Here, I will attempt to describe in general terms both what is known about how introns are recognized by the splicing machinery, and how an investigator might go about identifying introns within the sequence of his favorite Drosophila gene. Ultimately, such searches will be carried out by computer. Most current software, however, is designed specifically or primarily for species other than Drosophila (one exception is the program GM (Fields and Soderlund 1990), which accepts organism-specific consensus matrices and codon asymmetry tables). I am currently developing computational applications of the ideas described here, and interested readers are encouraged to consult current releases of the electronic Drosophila Information Newsletter.
Cultures of War and Peace: A Comparative Study of Waorani and Semai
Authors: Chek Clayton A Robar , Chek Carole J Robar
Published: November 2023

The explanation of human violence and war has, in recent years, come increasingly to occupy the attention of social and behavioral scientists. In anthropology, the most influential of the resulting theories have offered final cause explanations that focus on factors largely external to human consciousness and purposes: on adaptations to ecological parameters and on presumed biologically based propensities of one or another sort, especially the maximization of inclusive fitness.
Social Structure, Psychocultural Dispositions, and Violent Conflict: Extensions from a Cross-cultural Study
Authors: Ross Marc How Ard
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to conceive of a human community where there is no conflict among its members or between persons in the community and outsiders. At the same time, the degree to which conflict is physically violent varies widely. There are cases such as the Yanomamo (Chagnon 1967), where feuding and warfare are an ongoing condition of daily life in contrast to the Semai of Malaysia where open physical expressions of differences is rare and strongly discouraged (Dentan 1968; see also Chapters 9 and 10 of this volume). How can we best understand such variation? The research reported here summarizes and extends a series of studies contrasting two broad societal level explanations for within society (internal) and between society (external) conflict and violence (Ross 1985, 1986a, b, forthcoming). One view is structural, accounting for patterns of conflict in terms of competing interests that develop in particular forms of social and economic organization. The other is psychocultural, explaining violent conflict as a result of both culturally learned dispositions and interpretations of the world typical in a society.
Outside In
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

Ever since the massive immigration from Europe of the late 19th century, American society has accommodated people of many cultures, religions, languages, and expectations. The task of integration has increasingly fallen to the schools, where children are taught a common language and a set of democratic values and sent on their ways to become productive members of society. How American schools have set about educating these diverse students, and how these students’ needs have altered the face of education, are issues central to the social history of the United States in the 20th century. In her pathbreaking new book Paula S. Fass presents a wide ranging examination of the role of “outsiders” in the creation of modern education. Through a series of in-depth and fascinating case studies, she demonstrates how issues of pluralism have shaped the educational landscape and how various minority groups have been affected by their educational experiences. Fass first looks at how public schools absorbed the children of immigrants in the early years of the century and how those children gradually began to use the schools for their own social purposes. She then turns to the experiences of other groups of Americans whose struggles for educational and social opportunities have defined cultural life over the last fifty years: blacks, whose education became a major concern of the federal government in the 1930s and 1940s; women, who had access to higher education but were denied commensurate job opportunities; and Catholics, who created schools that succeeded both in protecting minority integrity and in providing Catholics with a path to American success. Along the way, she presents a wealth of fascinating and surprising detail. Through an examination of New York City high school yearbooks from the 1930s and 1940s, she shows how a student’s ethnic identity determined which activities he or she would engage in and how ethnicity was etched into schooling. And she examines how the New Deal and the army in World War II succeeded in educating large numbers of blacks and making the inequalities in their educational opportunities a critical national concern. A sweeping and highly original history of American education, Outside In helps us to understand how schools have been shaped by their students, how educational issues have merged with wider social concerns, and how outsiders have recreated schooling and culture in the 20th century. By opening up new historical terrain and rejecting a vision of outsiders as merely victims of American educational policy, the book has important implications for contemporary social and educational issues.
Building the Myth:Tangible Symbols of Death
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

While in Germany the revival of Christian piety had continued unbroken from the eighteenth into the nineteenth century, even the France of the Revolution could not ignore Christian traditions. Christian liturgy and ceremony were the only religious practices that most Europeans knew, and the Revolution used such ceremonial to serve a different god. The Goddess of Liberty took the place of the Virgin Mary, and revolutionary hymns replaced those of the church. Yet when it came to war, the Revolution preferred Roman models to Christian ideas of a crusade. The ethical values which the Romans placed upon those who died pro patria were recaptured as an example of patriotism untainted by Christianity.
The Process of Trivialization
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: November 2023

The public remembrance of war appropriated religion and nature, forces which had always served to uplift men and women. The memory of war was also appropriated through a process of trivialization, cutting war down to size so that it would become commonplace instead of awesome and frightening. Whether it was a shell used as a paperweight, a mouth organ shaped as a U-boat, or a Hindenburg cushion, such trivia fulfilled a definite purpose during and after the war (see Picture 2, p. 9). This use of trivia for the purpose of retaining pleasant or, at least, thrilling memories, was not new; it had always been a way in which people remembered and, at the same time, exercised control over their memory. The bric-a-brac in middle-class households, and in working-class homes as well, was not merely decoration but memorabilia as well. During the war one critic called such trifles “inappropriate memories”: just as in peacetime one might decorate dresses with doves and little hearts, so now one used Iron Crosses and shells, thus debasing the war experience.
Hearts, Again
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: November 2023

Hearts have repeatedly appeared in this account, and the reader may be wondering why the writer doesn’t get them off his chest once and for all. This circulatory machinery, though, is a well-integrated and coherent system, so we commonly need information about one part to take a more penetrating view of another. In addition (and more specifically) we’re now armed with the notions of diffusion, continuity, La place’s and Hooke’s laws, the Reynolds and Hagen-Poiseuille relation ships, and so forth, which we weren’t just a few chapters back. In a proper textbook the nonbiological underpinnings would be done at the start; but a textbook typically talks to a relatively involuntary reader who must put up with such deferral of gratification. (Perhaps the main difference between a nontext and a text, though, is that the nontext is designed to appeal to people looking for a decent level of novelty while the text is selected by people who often prefer a minimum of novelty.)
Moving Oxygen
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: November 2023

It’s now time to redeem one of the promissory notes left fluttering in the first chapter. Almost everything since that point has been about mechanics in a narrowly newtonian sense, solid and fluid mechanics with the distinct odor of engineering. Such a narrow view simply won’t suffice forever. As its most demanding task, our circulatory system dis tributes oxygen to our various cells to enable the cells to burn the fuel to release the energy to do the things we have to do. So our circulatory system is primarily a scheme for oxygen transport, and the specific mechanisms by which oxygen is carried are thus ‘ central to its story. The mechanisms may be chemical instead of mechanical, but mechanisms they remain. Oxygen, to state the obvious, has to be shifted from being a component of a gas mixture, air, to being dissolved in a liquid system mainly made of water in the lungs. It has to be transferred to another aqueous liquid system, blood. It must then be moved around by the now familiar circulatory machinery, and it has to be transferred from the blood first to extracellular and then to intracellular liquids.