bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building Organizational Learning Capability: A Blueprint for Learning Architects
Authors: Yeung Arthur K , Ulrich David O , Nason Stephen W , Glinow Mary Ann Von
Published: November 2023

Consider the following scenario.

You are a member of your company’s top management team. Performance indicators suggest that the firm’s sales performance in your home country is softening due to market maturity and stiff competition from overseas competitors. After years of downsizing and cost­cutting efforts, it’s clear the company can only grow by increasing its presence in emerging markets like China and India. Active participation in these emerging economies could help the company gain access to huge and rapidly growing markets in Asia, establish low-cost manufacturing bases, and serve existing customers globally.

Unfortunately, when several of your company’s businesses started to establish manufacturing and sales operations through strategic alliances and wholly owned subsidiaries in China and India, they met with various degrees of success. While some found the right partners and negotiated the appropriate terms of cooperation, others ran into difficulty right from the beginning. Moreover, even though it isn’t difficult to build state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities in China and India, transferring the management and technical know-how necessary to run these facilities from your home country has been quite challenging.
Black and on the Border
Authors: Ayers Edward L , Thomas William G , Rubin Anne Sarah
Published: November 2023

The civil war is often understood in terms of stark opposites. It seems only natural to think of North and South, of Union and Confederacy, of freedom and slavery. But the habit of thinking in opposites often extends to other parts of the war where it serves us less well: battlefield and homefront, soldier and civilian, male and female, and black and white, as if these places, people, and experiences were not swept up in the same all-consuming war. In an attempt to bring together aspects of the war that are often kept separate, this essay focuses on the region of the United States that is often ignored when explaining the onset of the Civil War: the border where the upper South met the lower North. This area— a third of the nation—went into the war with uncertainty but then gave itself over to the conflict, playing a crucial role start to finish as battlefield and supplier of soldiers, materiel, and leaders. Specifically, this essay looks at the border between Virginia and Pennsylvania, a region almost arbitrarily divided by the Mason-Dixon Line.
A Stranger in the Club: The Army of the Potomac’s Black Division
Authors: Trudeau Noah Andre
Published: November 2023

The decision to add African American units to the Union army was a massive experiment on virtually every social, military, and personal level. The experiences of the soldiers themselves were complex and varied. There are many ways to tell their stories. This one follows the brief history of the only black division organized in the Civil War to be made a part of what is arguably the best-known Union force of the period: the Army of the Potomac. Termed by a postwar historian the “mighty rival” of the South’s equally illustrous Army of Northern Virginia, the Army of the Potomac had a history, tradition, and command rank culture that set it apart from other Northern armies. This brief examination of its reluctant involvement in integration hopes to illuminate a lesser-known chapter of America’s most studied war.
Political Theory
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

Criminal punishment has traditionally been the most elementary and obvious expression of the state’s sovereign power. As is evidenced by the ready appeal to punishment in the international community as well as in the European Union, the institution of punishment also provides an important medium for expressing the majesty of new super entities as well as of traditional states.
Moral Theory
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

Morality covers a host of sins. The term is used to refer to all matters of right and wrong, good and evil. Yet the discussion of morality suffers from unexamined assumptions. Legal positivists take the distinction between law and morality to be fundamental largely because they assume that law derives from an ultimate, authoritative source while morality has no similar source.1 No one “makes” morality the way judges and legislators make law. At the same time, American lawyers seem to believe that there are no legal moral rights as well as legal rights, and that, in general, it would be better if more moral rights became legally enforceable. A good example is the currently popular idiom of human rights. These rights exist by virtue of their moral rather than legal force.
Punishment
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

International criminal law is grounded in the comparative analysis of domestic systems of criminal law. This fact might not be obvious to inter—national lawyers, because international law, as such, is not so grounded. Nothing in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice1—the provision that lays down the sources of international law—invites a comparative analysis of domestic legal systems. It is fair to say, therefore, that public international and international criminal law differ in their fundamental structure.
Guilt
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The Old English word gilt has bequeathed to us one of the pivotal words of our criminal jurisprudence. We do not completely know what it is, but our system cannot do without it. Our pleading and our jury verdicts revolve around the distinction between being guilty and not guilty. Yet the word has no cognates in other languages and no associations with other terms in English. It stands by itself, an outlier in the languages of the world, and yet it commands the entire field of law that surrounds it.
The Economics of Litigation and Settlement
Authors: Miceli Thomas J
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the next examine the decision by the parties to a legal dispute as to whether to settle out of court or go to trial. For the purposes of the analysis, the specific nature of the dispute is not relevant; all that matters is that one party—the plaintiff—is seeking some amount of money from the other party—the defendant—as compensation for damages the latter imposed on the former. Economists are interested in the resolution of legal disputes for at least three reasons. First, the manner in which they are resolved has an important effect on the cost of operating the legal system. Second, economic theory is useful in explaining and predicting how rational litigants will resolve disputes and can therefore offer suggestions for lowering the cost of litigation. Finally, the manner in which parties resolve disputes has implications for the structure of legal rules, which in turn affects investments in the future by individuals to avoid disputes in the first place.
Prepositions and Variation
Authors: Klipple Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The question of how language variation may arise is central to the theory of grammar. Recent proposals by Chomsky (1993) and Di Sciullo (1993) suggest that cross-linguistic differences do not arise from changes in parameter settings, but that variation arises principally from differences in the morphological properties of the languages. This paper supports these proposals. We examine the category preposition cross-linguistically. A close comparison is made of the behavior of prepositions in English and French. It is shown that prepositions serve several different functions, which may be divided up differently on a language-particular basis. We argue that a difference in the representation of the “direction/aspect” (D/A) function found in English prepositions but not in French prepositions accounts for several differences between the two languages.
On the Modularity of Case Theory: A Case against the Visibility Hypothesis
Authors: Tremblay Mireille
Published: November 2023

The system of grammar put forth in Chomsky (1981, 1986, 1993) is modular in the sense that “the full complexity of observed phenomena is traced to the interaction of partially independent subtheories, each with its own abstract structure” (Chomsky 1981:135). Within such a framework, we expect subtheories to interact at specific levels of representation (or at interfaces in the Minimalist Program [Chomsky 1993] ). Any principle or well-formedness condition making reference to more than one subtheory is highly suspicious. This chapter is concerned with two questions: To what extent are subtheories independent modules and should the interaction between those modules be allowed to be encoded formally in the theory of grammar, or should it be restricted to interaction on linguistic expressions, as has been proposed for the passive construction (see Chomsky 1981)? We argue in favor of a theory of grammar in which subtheories are completely independent and interact only at the interface. These issues are addressed with respect to Case and Theta theory.
Modularity in a Configurational Theta Theory
Authors: Gruber Jeffrey S
Published: November 2023

The event structures expressed by sentences consist of relations among subevents and their participant roles, called thematic roles or relations. We will say that a theory of the thematic structure of sentences is strictly configurational if every thematic role distinction is represented by a configurationally distinct position in this structure. Strict Thematic Configurationality therefore implies an isomorphism between thematic relations and equivalence classes of positions in syntactic structures. Thus, given this principle, thematic or event-structural aspects of semantics must be purely syntactic. More specifically, meaning or interpretation in respect to these aspects must be a function of category type (functional properties) and configuration (purely formal structural/syntactic relations) only. There can be no representation of thematic relations as substantive categories or features. The syntactic forms representing thematic structure may or may not be identified with those of a component of grammatical syntax. However, a minimalist conception of Strict Thematic Configurationality would seem to require that they are: that there is no autonomous system of thematic relations apart from grammatical syntax.
Consequentialists, Retributivists, and Abolitionists
Authors: Duff R A
Published: November 2023

The philosophy of punishment has long been a battleground for various versions of consequentialism (whose central slogan is that punishment can be justified only if it brings some consequential good) and retributivism (whose central slogan is that punishment can be justified only as being deserved). In this chapter, I sketch some recent trends in that debate and some attempts to undercut or dissolve it.
From Theory to Practice
Authors: Duff R A
Published: November 2023

Criminal punishment, I argue, should be understood and justified as a communicative, penitential process that aims to persuade offenders to recognize and repent the wrongs they have done, to reform themselves, and so to reconcile themselves with those they have wronged. I now tackle some questions about the relationship between this theory of punishment and actual penal practice.
Que(e)ryng Friendship Discourses of Resistance and the Construction of Gendered Subjectivity
Authors: Coates Jennifer , Jordan Mary Ellen
Published: November 2023

This paper is a decade old. I have gone somewhere else in my work on lesbian language use, but one thing I like about this conference paper is that in it I observe that lesbian practice is regarded as marked behavior but goes unremarked much more than is true Of gay male practice, even in this era of both friendly and hostile societal discourses on queers. Lesbian language behavior in particular goes unremarked. I ask why the dominant society ‘s negative sanction on lesbian revelation and its general refusal to ac­ knowledge lesbian existence, a state of affeirs referred to as “enforced invisibility,” manifests especially as, in fact, “inaudibility.” Why are we not heard as lesbians, apparently even by ourselves?
Disloyal to Masculinity: Linguistic Gender and Liminal Identity in French
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

Since the second wave of feminism began in the late 1960s, linguistic issues have been subject to intense scrutiny by feminist theorists. Participating in the discussion of language and gender, and of the relationship between language and world­ view, a discussion that crosses national and linguistic boundaries to span Western Europe and North America, feminist writers have experimented with innovative solutions to the problem of creating a feminine subject position in languages that encode the masculine as the unmarked, the generic, the universal. This debate has been complicated by an examination of the language used by and about communities whose gender is not stable, or who use the linguistic gender system to different ends at different times.
Architecture and the Business Corporation
Authors: Harris Neil
Published: November 2023

In the modem era, four great categories of clients have divided support for architecture among themselves: churches; rulers and governments; private builders erecting domestic structures; and corporate enterprises, seeking places within which to train, produce, store, display, sell, or manage. For one reason or another, each of these customer groups has dominated specific moments of architectural invention. A stroll through the highlights of post-Renaissance architecture in Europe quickly reveals their shifting status, as sources of both wealth and professional honor.
Brain and Behavior
Authors: Swanson Larry W
Published: November 2023

General theories about relationships between the nervous system and behavior have a long, and often amusing, history that goes back well before the discovery of electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. Perhaps the first theory of any real merit was elaborated by Plato in his cosmology, Timaeus. He divided the mental and behavioral faculties (referred to as the soul) into three categories, each associated with a different level of the central nervous system and corresponding level of the body. The divine part concerned with intellect, reason, sensation, and voluntary movement was placed highest, in the brain, within the head. The mortal part dealing with the emotions came next, in upper regions of the spinal cord associated with the thorax, especially the heart. And the baser part subserving the appetites was lowest, in regions of the spinal cord associated with the abdomen and pelvis. Because it is desirable that these functions be partly shielded from one another, the neck forms an isthmus separating the intellect from the emotions, and the diaphragm separates the emotions from the appetites. Furthermore, this was a hierarchi­cally organized functional model: the intellect influences the emo­tions, which in turn influence the appetites.
Religious Arguments in Public Political Debate
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

The proper role of religious arguments in politics is the subject of intense controversy in the United States. The controversy comprises two inquiries: a debate about the constitutionally proper role of such arguments in politics and a related but distinct debate about their morally proper role. In the preceding chapter, I addressed the question of the constitutionally proper (permissible) role of religious arguments in American politics; in this and the next chapter, I address the question of the morally proper role of such arguments in politics. Because it focused on the constitutional law of the United States, the preceding chapter was relevant to questions about “religion in politics” as they arise in the United States.
Listening In Matlab: Where Troubles Talk Led Me
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

Fashions of speaking and thresholds of tolerance change with social conditions. For example, Fatima and Yasmin, whose diffuse (less assertive, less confrontational) somatic complaints and their indexicality are explored in chapter 4, are past childbearing, members of a generation in which schooling was unavailable to rural women. By contrast, Latifa’ s relatively assertive protest against her brothers’ behavior, embedded in a 1992 lament, is that of an educated young woman (chapter 4). And Rehana, who attained an M.A. from Dhaka University in 1991, is one of two Bengali persons who ever complained to me spontaneously of depression; this psychological idiom reflects her engagement with modernity.
Signs And Selfhood
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

The South Asia reflected in the anthropological literature until recently was trapped at either of two extremes between which this book steers. I avoid the homogenizing tendency of Indological literature on selfhood that eschews variation at the individual level, 1 but I also eschew the tendency on the part of psychoanalytic ethnographers of India to reduce emergent social interaction to individual psychology. Focusing on transcribed interaction discourages psychological reductionism, while also calling more attention to interpersonal variability than is possible within structuralist and ethnosociological accounts of India. The linguistic constitution of both intersubjectivity and individually variable participant strategies becomes visible to us through careful analysis of the transcripts. As we familiarize ourselves with those transcripts we thus discover what I call the dialogical self.
Personhood: The “I” In The Complaint
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

How do narratized experiences of being a person vary cross-culturally, and what relation do those experiences have to cultural models of the self (Hollan 1992; Spiro 1993)? Comparing the way that various Bangla speakers deploy literal tokens of “I” in discourse points us to the referents of “I” projected and constituted by language.
Learning To Tell Troubles: Socialization Of Crying And Troubles Telling
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

Every society seems to have a model, an ideal trajectory, of human development. A culturally ideologized and idealized locus of control-internal, external, or fluid-helps constitute developmental goals. The troubles telling “I” of Bangladeshi men emerges over developmental time, first socialized in the relatively special attention received hy little boys; the narrative “I” of women as lamenters grows from a different developmental path. As is true of all such cultural models, the relationship between model and behavior seems natural to insiders, while outsiders who glimpse the model view it as constructed or imposed upon reality. A vision of how children acquire communicative competence is part of such models.
Icons And Iconic Indexes: Complaint Practices And Local Views
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

Peircean semiotics entails a set of tools quite useful in understanding phenomena of interest not only to medical anthropologists but also, more importantly, to the actors engaged in the situations reflected in my transcripts. For, using the vocal qualities they use means not only manipulating symbols in Peirce’s sense of the term but also physically engaging listeners and forming a vocal icon of a nonvocal state, such as misery. The creaky voice (described and graphically depicted later in this chapter) may be a sign conventionally understood to resemble a particular sort of low-energy state (Brown and Levinson 1986: 119, 267, 268). But to understand its use in troubles talk, we must also see it as a sort of vocal gesture indexically linked with other gestures, some visible, some audible. The sum of these gestures seems to represent a category like suffering, physical depression, or weakness. Put simply, using the creaky voice or the other sign-vehicles I highlight later may be a familiar signal. Still, conventions do not abstractly govern behavior (Bourdieu 1977b). Hence, over and above the conventionality of the vocal gestures described later, their availability and local social history condition the significance of their use. This semiotic fact potentiates something even more interesting-the ability of actors to invoke, play with, and deviate from convention.
Troubles Talk And Social Conflict
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

Troubles talk is scmiotically structured, but semiotic processes are always social processes. The means by which signs (e.g., troubles talk and its particulars) are construed is not immanent in the signs themselves, nor even in histories of how such signs have been construed, but rather, are emergent in performance. To use the rubric of “performance” in relation to troubles telling is to acknowledge, with Good (1994), Desjarlais (] 992), and others, that illness narratives, laments, and other forms of troubles telling should be approached as aesthetic objects no less controversial than the objects of art funded by the National Endowment for the Arts over which recent American culture wars have been fought.
Troubles Talk And Its Troubling (And Troubled) Eloquence
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

This book has explored two sides of “eloquence in trouble”-first, the eloquence people seem to discover in producing troubles talk; and second, the degree to which genres like lament are themselves in trouble. (Both sides of the picture are represented in Table 13-1, which summarizes the discursive features and ideological links manifested in selected examples from earlier chapters.) Why should they be in trouble? We should hesitate before ascribing “genre troubles” to fundamentalism simplistically conceived. Islamic prohibitions on women speaking loudly can only be invoked indirectly as motivations for Latifa’s cousins’ violent efforts to stop her performances, to finally remove her and her weeping from their compound. But, whatever the motivation, kin closed ranks in 1992 to impose a particular interpretation of Latifa, her speech, and her self-projections. The framing of speech, like the labeling of illness and disease, affects illness careers but also rhetorical careers. To frame is to exercise power, mediated by linguistic ideologies; such exercises of power are never unilateral. Latifa and others do not passively accept labels like “mad” but, rather, actively participate in the discourses in which labels are negotiated. What the preceding chapters have documented, therefore, are manifestations of performativity as discursive power ascribable to Latifa in her resistance, but particularly to the more dominant authors of her life story.
Introduction
Authors: Truesdell Matthew
Published: November 2023

With the Revolution of 1848 and the broadening of the suffrage to include all adult men, France entered the world of democratic politics. But democracy, as the French quickly discovered, did not guarantee tranquillity. Indeed, it seemed to bring ever more complicated problems as the different politicians and divergent political visions of the age clashed, sometimes violently, in their competition for popular approval. Out of this, however, emerged one undisputed master of the new political game: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. This book examines how Louis-Napoleon, first as president of the Second Republic and then as Emperor Napoleon III, developed and refined the use of public spectacle as a powerful instrument for dealing with a political system based on universal male suffrage and a society that put ever more trust in the value of popular opinion.
The Divided Republic
Authors: Truesdell Matthew
Published: November 2023

In several days of rioting in February 1848, the people of Paris overthrew the July Monarchy of King Louis-Philippe and began an experiment with democracy called the Second Republic. The months that followed the February riots were a strange and uncertain period. The volatile new Republic, although decidedly a creature of the left in origin, soon veered decisively to the right. April elections for the Constituent Assembly resulted in a stunning victory for the moderate republicans over their more radical rivals. In June, three days of lethal street fighting in Paris decimated the left and brought on a political reaction that included restrictions on freedom of the press and the suppression of secret societies. Then, in December, in the Second Republic’s first presidential election, voters chose a man whose sole credible claim to their attention was his very unrepublican name: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
Celebrating the Past
Authors: Truesdell Matthew
Published: November 2023

On the afternoon of 14 August 1857, the emperor, the empress, several members of the imperial family, and a clutch of notables left the Tuileries Palace and boarded six ornate court carriages to go a distance they might easily have walked in less than five minutes without leaving the building. In other circumstances, this would have been ludicrously excessive, even at court, but ceremony has its own logic, a logic that places display above simplicity, and the procession was making its way to ceremonially inaugurate one of the regime’s proudest achievements: the newly completed Louvre.

French sovereigns had been tinkering with the Louvre from the time of Philip Augustus on, but it was Napoleon III who brought the work to its fullest state of completion. In 1848, the complex had included the Louvre itself, the Tuileries Palace, and the long wing along the Seine connecting those two buildings. Each of the individual pieces was aesthetically satisfactory, but as a whole they lacked the unity and coherence of a fully realized palace. In addition, much of the existing structure was in a dilapidated state.
Sex Chromosome and Autosome Contributions to Normal Gonadal Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Research on the genetics of sexual determination and differentiation has resulted in many recent advances. These include the cloning of the testis-determining factor (SRY), identification of candidate downstream genes for its action, and localization of genes whose role in sexual differentiation is not fully understood. This chapter attempts to review the current status of this fast moving field without ignoring the unanswered questions.
X Chromosome Aberrations
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider gonadal maldevelopment caused by X-chromosome aberrations. As in Chapter 5, “gonadal maldevelopment” is defined broadly so that it includes defective spermatogenesis due to an extra X chromosome in XXY males and gonadal dysgenesis due to accelerated oocyte attrition in XO females. These two conditions, and XX/XY mosaics, are discussed under the heading, “Genomic Mutations”-an abnormal number of whole X chromosomes. This is followed by a section on gonadal maldevelopment due to abnormality in parts of an X chromosome, under the heading “Chromosomal Mutations.” Next we discuss the consequences of X chromosomes that bear a SRY-containing portion of the Y chromosome. Finally, we treat a prototypic example of gonadal maldevelopment due to mutation of a single X-linked gene.
Autosomal Disorders
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Several cases of 46,XY sexual reversal associated with deletions of the distal region of chromosome 9p have been reported. As discussed in Chapter 2, the possible localization of an autosomal copy of ZFY in this region of 9p suggests one candidate gene that might be involved; a very conserved gene involved in male sex differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila suggests another. Although the number of cases is small, one can expect that rapid progress will be made in delimiting a gene, or genes, on 9p involved in testis differentiation.
Jails
Authors: Frase Richards.
Published: November 2023

Hans Mattick once described American jails as “an unknown and neglected area of justice” (1974, p. 777). This statement remains true, although much has been learned in the past twenty-five years about the nation’s jails and jail inmates. The available data suggest that most jails are better today than they were in the pastnewer, more fully staffed, better equipped, and safer. Yet serious problems remain, reflecting persistent patterns of jail organization and function that have existed for centuries: too many jails today are still locally run institutions that are uneconomically small, poorly financed, overwhelmed by the diversity and transience of their inmate populations, and insufficiently attuned to the correctional and personal needs of these inmates.
The Juvenile Court
Authors: Feld Barry C
Published: November 2023

Ideological changes in the cultural conceptions of children and in strategies of social control during the nineteenth century led to the creation of the first juvenile court in Cook County, Illinois, in 1899. Culminating a century-long process of differentiating youths from adult offenders, Progressive Era reformers combined new theories of social control with new ideas about childhood and created the juvenile court as a social welfare alternative to criminal courts to respond to criminal and noncriminal misconduct by youths (Fox 1970; Platt 1977).
Semantic Solutions to the Problem of P
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

Following the analysis in chapter 2 of P’s categoriality and the inadequacy of purely syntactic explanations, this chapter examines what semantically oriented explanations can tell us. Specifically, we want to know what it is about P’s function that can produce such different interpretations for one word, so that, for example, run up the hill has a different meaning forllthan run up the flag; and believe in has a different meaning for in than in the library. We also want to know, following chapter2 (section 2.1.2), why different syntactic constraints seem to apply not only to prepositions and particles but also to different kinds of prepositional sequences, so that, for example, these sequences may be passivized in some sequences but not in others.
P in Discourse: Orienting, Situating, and Linking
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

The first part of this chapter defines orientation and argues that this function is as basic in our cognitive makeup as is our perception of people, objects and events - in fact, it helps to define our perception of these entities. The adprep is represented as the prototypical orientating element. I will then argue from the data that orientation involves two subfunctions: situating and linking. I will illustrate how these subfunctions are taken up by particles and prepositions, respectively. Finally, I will consider some possible counterarguments and will conclude that the notion of orientation is meaningful as a theoretical principle, for both unifying and distinguishing prepositions and particles.
P in Construction
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

The task set for this study in chapter 1 was to account for P’s categoriality, semantic productivity, and syntactic constraints. The task was elaborated as a series of questions that language scholars or learners are likely to ask about P’s complexity of forms and functions. Previous chapters have now addressed the question of P’s categoriality and have argued for a new definition of P as an orienting element that unifies prepositions and particles and also explains their differentiated functions in pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic terms.
The Big Picture
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

That question entailed several smaller ones, often raised by students of English, about the intriguing characteristics of prepositions and particles. This volume has addressed both large and small questions and has resolved several other problematic issues from the previous literature on P, by proposing a new theoretical account of P as an orienting element. This account explains why we have prepositions and particles, why they alternate, why they pattern as they do, and why they have so many meanings. In the process, it has unified syntax and semantics with the pragmatic motivations that drive P’s extensions over time and across different conversational contexts.
On Derivatjonality
Authors: being There is no , Nietzsche only becoming. -Friedrich
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we take a closer look at a number of fundamental issues that arise in the context of the derivational framework we are proposing. First, we begin with a second look at the derivational construal of C-command and provide a formalization of the relation that overcomes a possible objection to the derivational construal analysis given in chapter 1. Second, we recap the implications of our approach for trace theory and the distinction between Merge and Move; in the final analysis, traces under this approach are epiphenomena!, and Merge and Move can in fact be unified (see also Kitahara 1994, 1995) as a single pairing operation. Third, we step back from the analysis a bit and compare the architecture of such a system with that of a representational system, suggesting that an argument in favor of the derivational architecture can be found in the natural way it simultaneously accommodates both symmetrical and asymmetrical relations.
The Illusion of Control: Our Information Past
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

Since the 1950s, computers have enabled us to capture and store much larger volumes of information. Consequently, managers have gone from a cautious interest in planning and monitoring organizational performance to the current frenzied clamor to know everything. Of course, it’s impossible to know everything about how a business operates; that was true in 1900, and it will still be true after the year 2000. Yet the desire for control is never far from most managers’ hearts. It has often seduced them into attempting to quantify the inherently unquantifiable, or ignoring certain types of information that aren’t easily represented on a computer.
Information Politics
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

Information is affected daily, even hourly, in virtually all organizations by power, politics, and economics. This is no secret.1 Yet few managers want to deal consciously and systematically with information politics, perhaps because to do so would somehow undercut an organization’s existing hierarchy. Therefore, power plays or political wrangling over information—when they do muscle themselves into managerial awareness—have been treated as an aberration rather than as a natural and inevitable component of information management. And the all-important economic ramifications of information politics are often dismissed, since it’s hard to quantify information value.
Valuing Stratification:Honor In Oratory And Feasting Practices
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book I have been looking closely at how social stratification is constructed through “practical activity” (Bourdieu 1977). As Bourdieu (1977) states: “Practice always implies a cognitive operation, a practical operation of construction which sets to work, by reference to practical functions, systems of classification (taxonomies) which organize perception and structure practice” (97). As shown in previous chapters, Pohnpeians constitute status as an important organizing principle, both verbally and visually. Honorific speech is an important tool in this process. In this chapter, I discuss more broadly the concept of honor in Pohnpeian society as it is expressed in a public discourse about honor at honor feasts (kamadipw en wahu). In oratory, honor is topicalized, and it is classified as sharing properties with other socially valued cultural ideas and ideals. At public feasts, self-depletion (figuratively through language and literally through resources) is classified as its opposite (accrual).
Financing an Acquisition
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane
Published: November 2023

Even the best-intended acquisitions can result in financing-related corporate indigestion. For example, Hilton Hotels absorbed a $125 million loss to restructure debt after its acquisition of Bally Entertainment. Further­ more, a financing arrangement that makes sense for one combination may not work elsewhere. When First Union agreed to acquire Signet Banking in a stock transaction, the share prices of both companies fell. On the other hand, both Travelers and Citicorp enjoyed increases in their share prices when they agreed to join forces in an all-stock deal.
Clinical Hypoglycemia
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

The arterial plasma glucose concentration is normally a tightly regulated biological variable. Large variations in glucose flux into or out of the vascular compartment normally cause rather small changes in the plasma glucose concentration because endogenous glucose production (largely from the liver) and extra-CNS glucose utilization (largely by skeletal muscle) are rapidly regulated such that systemic glucose balance is promptly restored and maintained (Chapter 2).
Ideology in Discourse
Authors: Philips Susan U
Published: November 2023

During the time I spent studying judges’ use of language in the Pima County Superior Court, in Tucson, Arizona, judges and lawyers occasionally expressed surprise that an anthropologist was doing research in their courts. Some of them may have been surprised because they associate anthropology with archaeology, which is a highly visible area of endeavor in Arizona, and other kinds of anthropologists usually do ethnographic studies of communities in small-scale non-Western societies. So what was I doing in court? My own single major study up to that time had been an ethnographic study of language use on a small Indian reservation in Oregon (Philips [1983] 1993). In that study I combined the classic ethnographic method of participant observation in a community with what has come to be called microethnography, which is the study of culture and social structure in face-to-face interaction (Philips 1993). Usually, microethnographic work involves tape recording or videotaping an activity in a bounded setting. In my case the settings were classrooms where I tape-recorded as well as observed.
lntertextual Relations between Written and Spoken Genres of Law
Authors: Philips Susan U
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2, I described how the legal profession, particularly legislatures and appellate courts and including the judges in this study, sees trial court judges as implementers of written law made by others. In this chapter and the next, I discuss how the judges in this study implement the written law in the spoken guilty plea. Both of these chapters then focus on the way legal ideologies, rather than political and everyday ideologies, dominate the practical consciousness of these judges. From the judges’ point of view, the key issue in the guilty plea is to make sure defendants are waiving their constitutionally guaranteed due process rights to a trial knowingly and voluntarily as they plead guilty to a crime.
Ideological Diversity in Legal Discourses
Authors: Philips Susan U
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of this book, I talked about how the Marxist tradition offers a model of ideology as socially ordered and as grounded in society, even though this model is simplistic in its image of a dualistic opposition between dominant and subordinate ideologies. And I suggested that the oversimplicity of this model is due in part to its lack of empirical engagement, particularly engagement with actual ongoing social practices. Marxist approaches to ideology acknowledge a role for language as a manifestation of ideology, but this role is not well developed. However, there is now a literature that looks at resistance as symbolic interaction (Willis 1977; Scott 1990), pays increasing attention to ideological diversity in legal language use in courts (Merry 1990; Conley & O’Barr 1990; Matoesian 1993), and fosters an emerging awareness of the shaping influence of relations of domination and subordination in the constitution of ideologies in discourse practices. Linguistic anthropological approaches to situated language use in the traditions of the ethnography of communication and textual analysis (which show culture and ideology constituted in discourse) offer theoretical and methodological models for the empirical and practical grounding of ideology in language use. But here, attention to the significance of power and to the shaping influence of relations of domination and subordination was much less developed than in Marxist traditions generally and is only now emerging in the study of language within these traditions.
Patterns of Interpretation and Grammaticality
Authors: Fernald Theodore B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will survey the range of grammatical phenomena that have been proposed as sensitive to the ILP/SLP distinction. These phenomena have been used as diagnostic tests by which predicates can be sorted into two classes. Consideration of these diagnostics in some detail is important because, as noted in the introduction, an independent definition of the contrast has thus far eluded investigators. The constructions discussed in the following sections have traditionally been assumed to divide the (non-kind-level) predicates into two classes. Past investigations have focused on syntactically simple predicates, and this initial discussion will be confined to that domain.
Traditional Explanations
Authors: Fernald Theodore B
Published: November 2023

Carlson (1977) developed an account of the behavior of bare plurals using a sorted intensional logic. The set of entities is partitioned into three sorts: kinds, objects, and stages. Objects belong to the familiar sort of entity known from traditional logic. Names like Jane Austen and Al Gore, and common noun phrases like that dog are taken to have the set of objects as their denotation space.
Taking Stock
Authors: Fernald Theodore B
Published: November 2023

Having surveyed the previous accounts of the ILP/SLP distinction, and having seen ways in which slippage is possible between the sorts of predicates, we now will consider what is required of an adequate analysis. This chapter will make three main points that, along with the conclusions of chapter 6, will serve as the basis for the analysis in chapter 7. First, it will be established that, given considerations of syntax, the ILP/SLP distinction must be visible after the predicate has composed with its subject argument, at least in infinitival and small clauses. Evidence supporting this conclusion comes from the analysis of perceptual reports and augmented absolutes as containing small clauses.
Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine in Animals
Authors: Gourlay Steve
Published: November 2023

Tobacco smoking is a well-known cause of cardiovascular diseases such as accelerated atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, stroke, and peripheral vascular occlusion.1 However, the constituent of tobacco smoke that is responsible for long-term, adverse effects on the cardiovascular system is unknown. Potential candidates include carbon monoxide, nicotine, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and glycoproteins.
Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines
Authors: Hecht Stephens. , Borukhova Anna , Carmella Steven G
Published: November 2023

In 1956, Magee and Barnes’ described the hepatocarcinogenicity of dimethylni trosamine, providing the first example of nitrosamine carcinogenesis. Since that landmark study, the broad-ranging and potent carcinogenic activities of more than 200 nitrosamines in at least 40 animal species have been firmly established, and there is substantial evidence that nitrosamines are also responsible for a large number of human cancers.
Adverse Events and Prolonged Use of Nicotine Gum and Patch
Authors: Spyker Daniel A , Alderfer Raymond J , Goetsch Roger A , Longmire A W , Kramer E Douglas
Published: November 2023

Nicotine substitution products have been commercially available for a decade. Nicotine gum (2 mg) was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1984; the agency approved the 4-mg dose for more highly dependent smokers in 1991. Four transdermal patch systems (5-21 mg/day) were approved in 1991 and 1992. In 1996, nicotine nasal spray was approved as a prescription product, and the gum (2--4 mg) and patch (7-21 mg/day) were approved for over­ the-counter sale. In a review of postmarket surveillance, we examined adverse event (AE) reports for the nicotine gum and patch to establish whether possible differences existed in the frequencies of reported dependence on different nicotine delivery systems, with particular attention paid to prolonged use.
The Politics of Crime
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

For the politician in a representative democracy, populism is a slippery concept. The aspirant to public office knows that electoral success is a prerequisite for the exercise of influence and power and that in order to gain more votes than rival candidates it is imperative to ascertain the opinions of the voters, and then to satisfy them. Elected politicians everywhere are keenly aware of the need to keep their ears close to the ground. The skill lies in interpreting the signals that are picked up, some loud but irregular, others fainter but more consistent, and the uses to which they are then put. Once elected to the representative assembly, the successful political candidate becomes a legislator, a more dignified status, with a voice and a vote in reaching decisions on policies and making laws. It takes some newly elected representatives longer than others to realize that the function of any legislative assembly worth the name is not simply to transmit undiluted the outpourings of raw public opinion but, in the felicitous language of James Madison, “to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, …”
Partisanship and Compromise
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

By the time that the legislators returned to Washington for the Second Session of the 103rd Congress in late January 1994, they had seen concern about crime climb in the polls and had been reminded of its compelling importance to their electorates. In the House of Representatives, congressmen were vocal in declaring that legislation on crime was a top priority. The President embraced the popular sense of urgency. In his State of the Union Address, Clinton characterized the problem of violence as an American problem without any partisan or philosophical element. He admonished members of Congress “to find ways as quickly as possible to set aside partisan differences and pass a strong, smart, tough crime bill.” In endorsing the three strikes law, and mentioning Polly Klaas by name, he drew the longest ovation for his speech. The rapidity of Clinton’s conversion to the policy of three strikes owed more to the promptings of his private pollsters than the caution of the Department of Justice. Biden for one was taken by surprise, having only shortly before dismissed the three strikes policy as “wacky.” Despite the stirring language, what was smart and what was tough were linked only in rhetoric. In practice there were bound to be conflicts. The dilemma was illustrated with embarrassing clarity by the Deputy Attorney General, Philip Heymann, an experienced criminal lawyer and administrator who had served four previous Attorneys General at the Department of Justice. On the day before the State of the Union speech, Heymann announced his resignation, citing differences in management style with the Attorney General, Janet Reno. But, as became only too clear at a news conference called when vacating office on February 15 and in later public statements, he had become disenchanted with the way the administration had responded to public pressures and the legislative compromises required by Congress.