bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Through Information Technology
Authors: Henderson John C , Venkatraman N
Published: November 2023

As organizational transformation emerges as an important theme among both management scholars and practitioners, it is perhaps a truism that the organizations of the 1990s will be significantly different from those of the last few decades. While several factors have been postulated to influence and propel the organizational transformation process, as the chapters in this book attest, a major force lies in the recent developments and capabilities offered by information technology (IT)-namely, computers and communication technologies. This is mainly due to the acceleration of power and capabilities of these technologies with corresponding improvement in cost-performance ratio in recent years (Scott Morton, 1991). Over the last few years, several different arguments have been offered to highlight the potential of IT to influynce competitive characteristics (see, for instance, Keen, 1986; McFarlan, 1984; Parsons, 1983; Porter and Millar, 1985; Rockart and Scott Morton, 1984; Wiseman, 1985) as well as facilitate and shape business transformations, but there is a glaring lack of systematic frameworks to conceptualize the logic, scope, and patterns of organizational transformation that depend on IT. To help address this deficiency, this chapter develops and presents a conceptual model with a set of propositions and management implications.
Using Human Resources in Skill Formation: The Role of Training
Authors: Lynch Lisa M
Published: November 2023

As U.S. firms continue to face increasing international compet1t10n, deregulation, technological innovation, and changes in the demographic composition of the work force, they are being challenged to examine the skill formation process of their work force in order to increase productivity and remain competitive. Productivity growth in the United States in the 1970s and l980s lagged behind productivity growth in countries such as Japan, West Germany, Sweden, Italy, and the United Kingdom. There are many reasons cited for this (see Bailey and Chakrabarti, 1988, for a comprehensive survey), but given that labor accounts for at least 70 percent of total costs, if “we could figure out a way to make labor 10 percent more efficient . . . output per hour of work would rise by about 7 percent even with no increase in capital. Such an increase in labor productivity would soon pull investment along . . . and the transitory increase in productivity growth would be impressive” (Blinder, 1990, p. 2).
Systems Thinking and Organizational Learning: Acting Locally and Thinking Globally in the Organization of the Future
Authors: Senge Peter M , Sterman John D
Published: November 2023

Eroding competitiveness, declining productivity growth, and explosive technological, political, and environmental change form the familiar litany of problems that threaten traditional organizational structures and management practices. Organizations stressed by these pressures have worked to clarify their missions, visions, and values. Many seek to reorganize into leaner, more locally controlled, and market-responsive structures. Yet all too often the core operating (as opposed to espoused) policies guiding organizational behavior remain unchanged. Efforts to improve strategic management often founder because new strategies and structures threaten traditional habits, norms, and assumptions. The problem lies, in part, with failing to recognize the importance of prevailing mental models. New strategies are the outgrowth of new world views.
Creating the Learning Organization
Authors: Useem Michael , Kochan Thomas A
Published: November 2023

The process that resulted in this book was conceived as an inductive search for a new and more satisfactory model or theory of organizational change than the models inherited from prior generations of behavioral scientists. We were not disappointed. As the dialogue between researchers and managers included with each chapter demonstrates, the participants were impatient with most of the existing frameworks. Rational decision making, traditional design principles, power- and leadership-based models, shareholder- or financial market-driven change, organizational development, and the stakeholder view of the corporation all came in for criticism. None of these served as a comfortable metaphor for describing the challenges facing contemporary organizations for either the academics or the practitioners who participated.
The Potemkin Village
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

If the typical Russian village of the 1930s was hungry, drab, depopulated, and demoralized, there was another village, happy and prosperous, bustling with people, and enlivened by the cheerful sounds of the accordion and balalaika, that existed in imagination. I call this the Potemkin village, but it meant something more in Soviet life than a facade to impress visiting VIPs. The Potemkin village existed for the benefit of the educated Soviet public-even to some degree for the benefit of peasants. Like other socialist-realist representations of the Stalin period, the image of the New Soviet Village so lovingly created in newspapers, movies, political speeches, and official statistics was not life as it was, but life as good Soviet citizens hoped it was be-coming. The Potemkin village was a preview of the coming attractions of socialism.1 Many years later, a man of peasant origin who had begun a successful urban career in the 1930s recalled his deep distress when Stalin, discarding the socialist-realist metaphor that Soviet socialism was “under construction,” announced in 1936 that the building of socialism was essentially finished.
The Constitution as Political Structure
Authors: Redish Martin H
Published: November 2023

Over the last forty years both modern constitutional scholarship and Supreme Court constitutional doctrine have concentrated on the analysis of rights, while issues of constitutional law related to the structure of government have been largely ignored. The irony of this interpretive emphasis is that the Constitution itself contains relatively little dealing with rights. Rather, it is primarily a blueprint for the establishment of a complex form of federal-democratic structure. This work is the only scholarly attempt to emphasize the central role served by the structural portions of the Constitution. Redish argues that these structural values were designed to provide the foundation in which our rights-based system may flourish, and that judicial abandonment of these structural values threatens the very basis of American political theory.
Bakhtin and Beautiful Science: The Paradox of Cultural Relativity Revisited
Authors: Holquist Michael
Published: November 2023

At least some of the enormous success dialogism has experienced in the last few years can be explained by a coincidental surge of interest in cultural studies. The academic study of literature seems to go through periodic swings from inwardly looking formalisms of various kinds to different versions of outer-oriented studies of context, and back again. A rising tide of interest in ethnic studies, feminism, and neo-Marxism has been evident in key books and journals published during the last decade.
Banning Smoking: Compliance Without Enforcement
Authors: Kagan Robert A , Skolnick Jerome H
Published: November 2023

In recent years, nineteen American states have enacted laws restricting smoking in government buildings and health facilities, bringing the total to forty-one states plus the District of Columbia. Several state laws demand protection for nonsmokers’ rights in private workplaces.1 An estimated 450 municipalities (five times as many as in 1986) have enacted ordinances restricting smoking in restaurants, stores, and offices. Thousands of private enterprises and organizations-including a majority of large corporations-have instituted no-smoking policies covering parts and sometimes all of their facilities. By federal regulation, one can no longer smoke on Greyhound buses or on any domestic airline flights. Smokers have been banned from the seats of the Oakland Coliseum, an open-air baseball park, as well from the domed arena of the Minnesota Twins and the University of Texas outdoor football
Health Insurance Policy And The Politics Of Tobacco
Authors: Schauffler Helen Halpin
Published: November 2023

What role should health insurers play in reducing tobacco use in our society? Are the goals of health insurance compatible with public-health objectives for health promotion and disease prevention? This chapter examines three policy options for health insurers to influence tobacco use. The first two policies target the behavior of individual policy holders and reflect the two basic functions of health insurance: the collection of premiums and the payment of claims for covered benefits. To influence tobacco use among their policy holders, health insurers can riskrate health-insurance premiums based on smoking status, in the form of discounts for nonsmokers or surcharges for smokers, or they can pay or reimburse for smoking-cessation services as covered benefits, such as physician counseling for smoking-cessation, participation in smoking-cessation programs, or use of smoking-cessation aids such as nicotine gum. A third policy option goes beyond these individualistic approaches, relying instead on the power of the healthinsurance industry to influence the development of public policy on tobacco.
Symbols And Smokers: Advertising, Health Messages, And Public Policy
Authors: Schudson Michael
Published: November 2023

It is widely believed that Madison Avenue is enormously successful in persuading the public to buy what it wants to sell. This belief in the power of advertising is vigorously championed by the advertising industry as it awards itself prizes for creative advertising, as it promotes its services to prospective clients, and as ancillary firms in market research urge their expertise upon the advertising agencies themselves. Cultural critics who mistake the surface glitter of advertising for the heart of what makes a consumer society tick also encourage popular confidence in advertising’s efficacy. In the popular view, advertising has almost magical potency (Schudson 1991).
Understanding And Predicting Organizational Change
Authors: Huber George P , Sutcliffe Kathleen M , Miller C Chet , Glicke William H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Huber, Sutcliffe, Miller, and Glick provide us with an encompassing analysis of the determinants of organizational change. This is an important contribution because organizational changes are of great and increasing importance. They affect organizational performance. They create new work tasks and new social relationships in the workplace. They create high workloads and stress levels for managers. The study reported here makes clear that the frequencies of different types of organizational changes are predictable, and it indicates which factors predict the frequencies of which types of change. Armed with this knowledge, managers can better prepare themselves, their employees, and their organizations for the consequences of change, to the benefit of all concerned. In contrast with individual prior studies, in this study the authors considered a variety of factors that might reasonably be thought to cause or constrain organizational change. They identified 24 such factors and were able to group them into five categories (which they called constructs): (1) characteristics of the organization’s environment, (2) characteristics of the organization’s performance, (3) characteristics of the organization’s top manager, (4) characteristics of the organization’s strategy, and (5) characteristics of the organization’s structure. After discussing how each factor might affect organizational change, the authors report the results of their longitudinal study of change in 119 diverse organizations.
Organizational Redesign As Improvisation
Authors: Weicke Karl E
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Weick challenges, and greatly enriches, our understanding of organizational design. Highlighting the dynamic and fluid nature of organizations, he calls for a perspective that emphasizes design as a verb rather than design as a noun, a perspective that acknowledges unpredictability rather than one that seeks and portrays stability. He goes further and reminds us that an organization’s design is what people believe it to be, that what people believe it to be reflects what they believe it was, that perceptions of what it was are therefore the basis for what people do, and that what people do in organizations is, in effect, the organization’s design.
Central Circulatory Adjustments To Dynamic Exercise
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the basic hemodynamic adjustments to mild to severe dynamic exercise and, in particular, the basic mechanisms underlying them. Cardiac adjustments to chronic high loads (physical conditioning) are discussed also. These adjustments occur over a range that can be precisely defined by objectively determined maximal values. The concept of a maximum for cardiovascular function is developed in some detail. The primary focus is on how heart rate, stroke volume, and oxygen extraction increase and also on how ventricular and vascular pressures are maintained by physical or hemodynamic means. This includes a treatment of those nonreflex mechanical adjustments that counteract the flow dependent fall in cardiac filling pressures seen when cardiac output rises during rest. Except for the role of cardiac vagus and sympathetic nerves, neural and reflex control are covered in subsequent chapters. In addition to providing a summary and some basic background for the chapters that follow, new material is presented.
Arterial Baroreflexes, Central Command, And Muscle Chemoreflexes: A Synthesis
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

The evidence presented in preceding chapters supports the idea that central command sets the basic patterns of effector activity at the beginning of exercise, as summarized in Figure 12-1. However, we still have the unsolved mystery regarding the causes of the rise in sympathetic nervous activity when heart rate approaches 100 beats mi-n t during dynamic exercise, as illustrated in Figure 11-6. Recall from Chapters IO and 11 that central command appears to raise cardiac output by withdrawal of vagal activity; it has minimal effect on the sympathetic nervous system. Based on the delayed onset of increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and the rise in blood lactate levels during isometric contractions, the sympathetic nervous system could, in those settings, be activated by muscle chemoreflex, but there is no evidence yet to support the action of this chemoreflex during mild to moderately heavy dynamic exercise under normal, free-flow conditions.
Black Glory: The African-American Role in Union Victory
Authors: Glatthaar Joseph t.
Published: November 2023

DURING THE FINAL year of the war, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant employed his overwhelming superiority in manpower to defeat the Confederacy. Simply stated, Grant’s plan was to mobilize every available man, apply pressure on all fronts, and stretch the Confederacy to enable forces under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman to break up one of the two primary Confederate commands, the Army of Tennessee. Then, with all other forces maintaining the same stranglehold, Sherman’s army was to devastate the Confederate military infrastructure—its railroads, its factories, its agriculture, and its labor supply—thus bringing the Confederacy to its knees.
Cultural and Ethnic Sensitivity
Authors: Primm Annelle B , Lima Bruno R , Rowe Cyprian L
Published: November 2023

In the United States, the term minority is used in a non-pejorative sense to reflect the current numerical status of African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, and native Americans with respect to whites. It is understood that inherent in this terminology is the marginalization of any grouping of individuals not considered white, regardless of actual numerical representation. The politics of minority status and the history of the four major groups encompass an experience of (1) slavery; (2) migration, both voluntary and involuntary, with varying degrees of assimilation and acculturation; (3) internment; (4) exploitation of land and labor; (5) segregation; (6) exclusion; and (7) outward experiences of racism, discrimination, and oppression. These experiences have an impact on the collective psyche of the groups and contribute to their social attitudes regarding mental illness and psychopathology.
Mapping in the Mouse: An Overview
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

The remaining chapters in this book will be devoted to the process and practice of genetic mapping in the mouse. Although mapping was once viewed as a sleepy pastime performed simply for the satisfaction of knowing where a gene mapped as an end in itself, it is now viewed as a critical tool of importance to many different areas of biological and medical research. Mapping can provide a means for moving from important diseases to clones of the causative genes, which, in tum, can provide tools for diagnosis, understanding, and treatment. In the opposite direction, mapping can be used to uncover functions for newly derived DNA clones by demonstrating correlations with previously described variant phenotypes. Mapping can also be used to dissect out the heritable and non­ heritable components of complex traits and the mechanisms by which they interact. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a primer on classical genetics and to give an overview of mapping in the mouse, with further details provided in subsequent, more focused chapters.
Technical Innovation and National Systems
Authors: Nelson Richard R , Rosenberg Nathan
Published: November 2023

This book is about national systems of technical innovation. The heart of the work consists of studies of 15 countries, including the large market-oriented industrialized ones, several smaller high-income countries, and a number of newly industrializing states. The studies have been carefully designed, developed, and written to illuminate the institutions and mechanisms supporting technical innovation in the various countries, the similarities and differences across countries and how these came to be, and to permit at least preliminary discussion of how the differences matter.
The U. S. National Innovation System
Authors: Mowery David C , Mowery Nathan
Published: November 2023

A descriptive analysis of the U.S. national innovation “system” is a gargantuan task, made all the more ambitious by our efforts to begin this discussion in the early twentieth century. We then examine the pre-World War II and postwar U.S. innovation “systems.” In the introductory and the concluding sections of the paper, we summarize some of the elements that appear to distinguish this national innovation system from those of other industrial and industrializing economies. Because of the dearth of reliable quantitative data for the pre-1953 era, most of our comparative assessments cover the postwar period or are largely qualitative. Moreover, the lack of data on other dimensions of the post-1953 U.S. innovation system (e.g., comprehensive statistics on the adoption of new technologies) means that our quantitative discussion of this period relies heavily on R&D investment data, with all of their limitations.
The Japanese System of Innovation: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Odagiri Hiroyuki , Goto Akira
Published: November 2023

It was commonly believed that the history of the Japanese economy was that of a country desperately trying to catch up with technologically advanced nations. When Japan opened its country around the time of the Meiji Restoration of 1868 following more than two centuries of seclusionism, the leaders had to realize how much Japan was behind Western countries in many aspects of technology. Naturally, the government made efforts to import superior technology, hire engineers from abroad, educate its people, and encourage the entrepreneurs to assimilate foreign technologies and apply them in Japanese factories. In addition, the determination to catch up in terms of military capacity gave the government a strong incentive to support technological advances and make domestic procurement possible. Such a catch-up process has been observed in many late-developing countries, such as Prussia and Russia in the nineteenth century or South Korea and Taiwan in recent decades. Japan’s experience was by no means unusual and neither were the policies taken by the government.
National System of Industrial Innovation: Dynamics of Capability Building in Korea
Authors: Kim Linsu
Published: November 2023

South Korea (hereafter Korea) has emerged as one of the fastest growing economy and has been transformed from a subsistent agricultural country into a newly industrial one during the past quarter century. As late as 1961, Korea suffered from almost all difficulties facing most poor countries today. But beginning in 1962, the Korean economy grew at an average annual growth rate of almost 9%, raising GNP per capita in current prices from $87 in 1962 to $4936 in 1989. Exports increased from a mere $40 million in 1953 to $62 billion in 1989. The share of manufactured goods in exports increased from 14.3 to 95.0% during the same period. In the mid-1960s, Korea began exporting textile, apparel, plywood, and other labor-intensive products. Ten years later, ships, steel, and construction services from Korea challenged established suppliers from the advanced countries. By the mid-1980s, computers, semiconductor memory chips, video cassette recorders, and automobiles were added to the list of Korea’s major export items. By the end of the 1980s, Korea’s R&D investment as a fraction of GNP and the number of scientists and engineers as a fraction of the work force were approaching the levels of some of the highly industrialized countries of Europe. What made it possible for Korea to achieve such a phenomenal growth in industrialization? Will Korea be able to sustain the growth in the future? As a way to answer these questions, this chapter presents Korea’s national system related to industrial innovation, which influences to a great extent the direction and pace of technological capability development that in turn lead to industrialization. The main focus of this chapter will be concerned with describing the industrial innovation system as of this new era in Korea’s industrial history. It is, however, also important to examine how the national system in the past has worked for Korea to acquire technological capabilities that brought the country where it is today.
Organizational Hierarchies and Evolutionary Processes: Some Reflections on a Theory of Organizational Evolution
Authors: Baum Joel A C , Singh Jitendra V
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we combine a number of ideas on organizational evolution into a more comprehensive conceptual framework. We introduce the idea that organizational processes-interaction and replication-act on two kinds of organizational entities-ecological and genealogical-at a variety of hierarchically nested levels of organization. The framework provides (1) an articulation of the domain of evolutionary inquiry in organization theory, (2) a context for the chapters that follow, and (3) a basis for identifying aspects of evolutionary theory in need of further investigation. We conclude by linking each chapter to the proposed framework, identifying some important challenges and themes revealed in the volume as a whole and making explicit several directions for future research that appear to hold promise for advancing an evolutionary theory of organizations.
Seeking Adaptive Advantage: Evolutionary Theory and Managerial Action
Authors: Miner Anne S
Published: November 2023

Observers of outstanding high-technology organizations report that senior managers often set vague goals, embrace simplistic slogans, propel internal teams into cutthroat competition, set up processes but no outcome standards, and permit employees to use time on unapproved projects (Quinn, 1986; Van de Ven, Angle, and Poole, 1989; Nonako, 1988). These practices seem to violate crucial management principles such as setting clear goals, enhancing cooperation, and assuring that each employee efficiently focus on top priorities. In this chapter, I suggest that such high tech practices may not violate good management principles, but illuminate instead a potential integrating framework for managerial action. In particular, I explore a simple evolutionary framework for conceptualizing a wide variety of potentially valuable managerial practices. A basic evolutionary model of an organization envisions it as a collection of routines, or stable bundles of activities. Over time, both intentional and unintentional variation occurs in the routines. Some of the new routines are selected into the ongoing practices. This simple variation-selection-retention cycle repeats continuously (Weick, 1979; Baum, 1988). This cycle can also be seen as a form of organizational learning but will be referred to as the evolutionary framework in this chapter.
Turning Evolution Inside the Organization
Authors: Meyer Marshall W
Published: November 2023

Question: What do you do when you see a rhinoceros? Answer: Give him what he wants. The preceding is the full text of a reviewer’s evaluation of a research proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation in the early 1980s. I won’t divulge the names of either the reviewer or the investigator. All I will say is that both the reviewer and the investigator are highly respected researchers, and that the advisory panel recommended full funding of the proposal. The investigator almost certainly appreciated the very personal and, indeed, touching humor of the review, but I can’t explain why without disclosing his or her identity. Aside from demonstrating that social scientists are capable of a good joke from time to time, the review and the advisory panel’s recommendation show that rhinoceroses often do get what they want rather than what the world would otherwise dish out to them. Much of evolutionary theory, at least as it is applied to organizations, does not seem to appreciate this fact or, for that matter, to acknowledge the existence of rhinoceroses or their organizational equivalents. The population ecology version of evolutionary theory, which asserts that organizations are inertial, for the most part incapable of internal change, posits a selection process whereby differential rates of birth and death cause populations of organizations, not individual organizations, to accommodate to the environment. The internal evolution perspective, which is reflected in the chapters by Burgelman and Mittman and by Winter and is central to Anne Miner’s chapter, posits processes of variation, selection, and retention within individual organizations leading, again, to accommodation to the environment.
Density and Mass Dependence in Rates of Entry into New Markets
Authors: Haveman Heather A
Published: November 2023

Campbell (1969) and Aldrich (1979) outlined a three-part evolutionary model involving variation, selection, and retention. Most research in organizational ecology has studied organizational failure, thereby focusing on the process of selection. Although variation is an equally important process in organizational evolution (Hawley, 1987; Fombrun, 1987), there have been comparatively few studies of this process, except the small number of studies of organizational founding. Variation is a necessary precondition for selection: without the diverse products of variation, selection would have no raw material upon which to operate (Campbell, 1969). One important source of variation in organizational populations is change in organizational structure and activities, which has recently become a topic of interest in organizational ecology and organizational evolution. Previous research has studied the effects of organizational characteristics on change and stability: age (Singh, Tucker, and Meinhard, 1988; Baum, 1990b), possession of specialized assets and vulnerability of existing domain (Mitchell, 1989), and past experience with change (Amburgey, Kelly, and Barnett, 1993; Delacroix and Singh, 1991; Ginsberg and Baum, chapter 7, this volume). Some work has also modeled the impact of competitive and institutional factors on rates of organizational change, such as population density and differentiation (Swaminathan and Delacroix, 1991), fluctuations in environmental munificence (Delacroix and Swaminathan, 1991; Singh, Tucker, and Meinhard, 1991), the uncertainty that follows exogenous shocks (Amburgey, Kelly, and Barnett, 1993; Delacroix and Swaminathan, 1991), and conditions at time of founding (Romanelli, 1991b).
Mimetic Learning and the Evolution of Organizational Populations
Authors: Mezias Stephen J , Lant Theresa K
Published: November 2023

The ecological (Hannan and Freeman, 1977) and institutional (Meyer and Rowan, 1977) perspectives have emerged as two dominant but distinct paradigms in organizational theory since their inceptions over a decade ago. Initially, one reason why these theories may have seemed irreconcilable, at least superficially, was the difference in the research questions that the original authors posed. Hannan and Freeman (1977) pointed to an apparent diversity of organizational forms and offered an ecological explanation for this multitude. Meyer and Rowan (1977) and especially DiMaggio and Powell (1983) stressed the lack of diversity of forms and proposed the mechanism of institutional isomorphism by which this diversity is eliminated. More recent work concerning populations of organizations has recognized the similarity of the interorganizational field (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983; Meyer and Scott, 1983) and the population (Hannan and Freeman, 1977, 1984; McKelvey and Aldrich, 1983) as units of analysis. For example, both institutional and ecological perspectives have been used in explaining the evolution of a population of Voluntary Social Service Organizations in the greater Toronto area (Singh, House, and Tucker, 1986; Singh, Tucker, and House, 1986; Singh, Tucker, and Meinhard, 1988; Tucker, Singh, and Meinhard, 1990). Singh and Lumsden (1990:182) argue that this convergence of the ecological and institutional paradigms “may be viewed as one of the more exciting research developments in organization theory.”
Density-Independent Selection and Community Evolution
Authors: Brittain Jack
Published: November 2023

As originally conceived, organizational ecology explicitly addressed the interpopulation dynamics that account for the evolution of organizational communities (Hannan and Freeman, 1977:942-46). A number of early ecological studies examined community development (Brittain and Freeman, 1980; Freeman and Hannan, 1983; Carroll, 1985), but the focus of recent ecological research has shifted to population analyses. And in particular, recent research has placed great emphasis on the role of density in population growth and decline (Hannan and Freeman, 1989; Carroll and Hannan, 1989b). The legitimacy-competition density formulation (Hannan and Freeman, 1989) was a significant contribution to ecological theory and has motivated considerable empirical research. But it has been at the cost of irrelevance to the broader concerns of organization theory. The legitimacy-competition density model is an endogenous, autocorrelated process specification, and as such, it focuses on specification issues that are of little interest to other organization theorists. In addition, the densitydependent formulation contributes little to our understanding of community development and the emergence of social structures, issues central to the original formulation.
The Coevolution of Technology and Organization
Authors: Rosenkopf Lori , Tushman Michael L
Published: November 2023

Consider three examples of technological competition and selection: Machine tooling technology. During World War II, two distinct technologies for automated machine tooling emerged. Numerically controlled (NC) machines replaced the series of shop-floor worker movements with mathematical equations developed by engineers, while record-playback (RP) machines recorded the movements of the shop-floor worker on paper tapes. NC machines were much more technology-intensive and cost-intensive than RP machines, but the academic-militaryindustrial complex of MIT, GE, and the Air Force propelled NC technology to completely dominate RP technology. (Noble, 1984) Electrical supply systems. During the late nineteenth century, both alternating current and direct current electrical supply systems served to deliver electricity to consumers. Each had different advantages: AC systems were able to span greater geographic distances, whereas DC systems were more cost-efficient in densely populated areas. In different countries, electrical supply systems took different forms due to the political ideologies and their attendant regulation (Hughes, 1983). In the U.S., the victory of AC systems over DC systems resulted more from Edison’s decision to pull financial support from his DC technology development than from any inherent weaknesses in the technology. (David, 1987)
What the Non-Cognitivist Helps Us to See the Naturalist Must Help Us to Explain
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: November 2023

Suppose that one were not inclined toward non-cognitivism about discourse in general. What characteristic features of moral discourse might make one think non-cognitivism peculiarly appropriate to it?

Various features present themselves as candidates, and we will briefly consider two, the seeming oddness of ‘moral facts’ and the persistence of moral disagreement, before coming to a third, the normative character of moral judgement, which will occupy most of our attention.
Postscript
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: November 2023

Simon Blackburn’s subtle and wide-ranging contribution calls, I need hardly say, for a much fuller response than is possible here. Space permits only brief comments on those parts of it which bear most directly on the difficulties raised in my essay.
“Little Women” Who Helped Make This Great War
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: November 2023

Yet Lincoln’s acknowledgment of a certain level of female agency where the onset of the war was concerned has been seen as nothing more than an historical curiosity by most twentieth-century historians of that conflict. This essay will argue, conversely, that while Lincoln may have been engaging in slight hyperbole, he was also demonstrating an awareness of an important development in world history: a female public in the North-one of the first, if not the first, ever-had played a role in precipitating that most male of undertakings, an outbreak of armed hostilities.
The Crisis of American Democracy: The Political System and the Coming of the Civil War
Authors: Gienapp William E
Published: November 2023

The conflict had such a profound impact on the nation, its society, institutions, and values, that few would deny its central importance in American history. Yet paradoxically the Civil War has stubbornly resisted incorporation into the mainstream of America’s historical experience. Whether historians have viewed the war as a singular and ultimately incomprehensible exception to the normal operation of the country’s political system, have pointed to vast unseen and uncontrollable forces as the cause of the war, or have blamed the nation’s political leaders for blundering into a war that could have and should have been avoided, underlying all these interpretations is an unspoken faith in democracy as a superior form of government; only rarely has the war been considered as an understandable product of America’s democratic political system.
Characteristics of the Japanese Production System and Its International Transfer Model
Authors: Kawamura Tetsuji
Published: November 2023

Research and Analytical Methods and the Operational Framework Chapter 1 examined the theoretical framework underlying this research, as well as the analytical perspectives which derived from it. It also presented an outline of the analytical methods that were employed. The management and production system characteristic of Japanese enterprises in the target industries (automotive assembly, automotive parts, consumer electronics, and semiconductors) were put forward as a model. Survey items were created on the basis of that model and arranged in an analytical framework. Following the observation of each company and plant, the survey results were compiled as “company records” and then carefully reexamined using the model and the survey items. Next, the Hybrid Evaluation Model was developed in order to illustrate and analyze the relationship between “application” and “adaptation” discovered to exist at the local production plants. The final outcome is shown in the Hybrid Evaluation Table (Table 2-1). It illustrates the main characteristics of the Japanese management and production system, and arranges and analyzes every aspect of”application” in the management and production system model at the local production plants in the United States, in terms of7-groups and 24-items.
Properties of Fractal Phenomena in Space and Time
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

As the epigraph suggests, the ability to interpret the full meaning of experimental data is limited by the types of tools that can be used in the analysis. A new analytical tool enlarges the analytical window into the world. The features of the world, previously unseen, that can be made visible by the new instrument of fractals are beautifully surprising. These features give us new insight into anatomical structures and physiological processes.
The Constitution In The Courts
Authors: Perry Michael
Published: November 2023

In the modern period of American constitutional law--the period since the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed racially segregated public schooling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)--there has been a persistent and vigorous debate in the United States about whether the Court has merely been enforcing the Constitution or whether, instead, in the guise of enforcing the Constitution, the Court has really been usurping the legislative prerogative of making political choices about controversial issues. In this book, Professor Perry carefully disentangles and then thoughtfully addresses the various fundamental issues at the heart of the controversy: What is the argument for “judicial review”? What approach to constitutional interpretation should inform the practice of judicial review? How large or small a role should the Court play in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts? To what extent are the Court’s most controversial modern decisions--for example, decisions about racial segregation, discrimination based on sex, abortion, and homosexuality--sound; to what extent are they problematic? The Constitution in the Courts is a major contribution to one of the most fundamental controversies in modern American politics and law.
Situational Variation In Children’s Language Revisited
Authors: Cazden Courtney B
Published: November 2023

When I reviewed research on situational variation in children’s language more than twenty years ago (Cazden 1970), I was not just contributing to a gap in scholarly attention; I was also deliberately intervening in a continuing debate about valid descriptions of how children’s communicative competence varies with differences in their cultural background and/or social class. In a still earlier article (Cazden 1966), I had argued against the adequacy of then prevailing “deficit explanations of lower-class children’s vocabu’ and syntax, and for more serious attention to “differences in language use that were beginning to be studied in the then very young fields of sociolinguistics and ethnography of communication. In 1970, this contrast was termed the” less language explanation versus the” different language explanation, and both were judged inadequate:

In the intervening decades, we have accumulated more studies of situational variation in children’s language, and even several research reviews. Romaine (1984) reviews the development of children’s stylistic variation, primarily in phonological features. Warren-Leubecker and Bohannon (1989) divide register variation into two dimensions-adaptations to listener knowledge and to listener status-and review children’s development of those adaptations in both production and judgments.
Grammaticalization
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

After having reviewed the discussion concerning the categorical status of auxiliaries, Palmer (1979b:3) concludes that the argument is not one for which a clear-cut “Yes” or “No” answer can be given, but rather that judgments of appropriateness must be made. While this is in fact the position one is likely to arrive at when aiming at a taxonomic description of auxiliaries, a different perspective emerges once one analyzes auxi!iaries in terms of the dynamics that give rise to them, especially when one interprets them as products of grammaticalization, as is done here.
New Zealand: The Unique Experiment in Deregulation
Authors: Mccabe Patrick G
Published: November 2023

Dramatic changes occurred in New Zealand telecommunications policy starting in the mid-1980s. A traditional government department with a virtual monopoly in the provision of post, telecommunication, certain banking, and ancillary services was separated into three distinct corporations, while its regulatory and policy advice functions were transferred to another government department. Almost all regulatory barriers to market entry were then removed, and the government-owned Telecom Corporation was privatized. In 1991 competition in the provision of domestic and international long-distance services emerged, and plans for competition for local calls and mobile telephony were revealed. At the beginning of the 1990s New Zealand had one of the most liberalized and modern telecommunications markets in the world.
Reconstructing the Patient: Starting with Women of Color
Authors: Roberts Dorothy E
Published: November 2023

Feminists have powerfully demonstrated the limitations of modern medical ethics. By centering its inquiry on the conflict of general ethical propositions, much of the analysis in medical ethics has ignored who the patient is, who the physician is, and the effect of social arrangements in the larger society on their relationship. Medical ethics has neglected the experiences of women of color in particular, as well as the effect on ethical conflicts of a publicly supported setting. Both the methods and substantive norms of medical ethics have failed to address medicine’s role in perpetuating inequalities of power in our society. One of feminism’s main contributions to medical ethics is to add a political dimension to its analysis of moral issues. Feminist ethics refuses to overlook the role of social problems in ethical deliberations; rather, it identifies and criticizes the ways in which the practice of medicine contributes to oppression based on gender.

This chapter extends the feminist critique of medical ethics by exploring the perspective of women of color. It is important to broaden medical ethics so that its substance and method includes these women. As a matter of justice, we should listen with heightened care to those whom institutional medicine has harmed the most, in order to compensate for their past exclusion.
Infant Massage Therapy
Authors: Field Tiffany
Published: November 2023

The Calcutta mother lays her infant on his stomach on her outstretched legs and stretches his body parts individually. She applies warm water and soap to the child’s legs, and then moves her hands to the arms, back, abdomen, neck, and face. The massage appears rigorous (almost rough), so it is not surprising that the infant (following swaddling) then sleeps for a long period.
Pediatric Preventive Cardiology
Authors: Strong William B , Kelder Steven H
Published: November 2023

The idea that atherosclerosis begins in childhood first arose from the observation of atherosclerotic lesions in young autopsied patients in 1915 (Saltykow 1915). More than 40 years later Holman (1961) reported similar observations and suggested a nutritional origin for atherosclerosis. His colleagues began to accumulate autopsy data that formed the basis for a natural history model of atherosclerosis (Figure 17.1) and provided the stimulus for the international research efforts of the next four decades (Strong 1962).

Reismann (1965) was one of the first clinicians to recognize atherosclerosis as a pediatric problem. Two major longitudinal, epidemiologic studies in the United States have confirmed that origins of atherosclerosis in the young and identified the precursor risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in children (Berenson 1981; 1991; Lauer 1975, 1982, 1988, 1989). Hyperlipidemia in the young has also been explored (Glueck 1974; Kwiterovich 1989). Although there had been controversy as to the earliest lesions of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, doubt no longer exists. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) research group (PDAY 1990) has amply confirmed the earlier studies of Korean (Enos 1955) and Vietnam (McNamara 1971) battle casualties, which demonstrated significant coronary atherosclerosis in young soldiers. In addition, the prospective studies of Newman and colleagues (1986) have shown the relationship of risk factors in young men with coronary lesions observed at the autopsies of these youths, who generally had traumatic deaths. The extent of the surface covered by atherosclerosis correlated with serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, cigarette smoking habit, and blood pressure level.
Introduction
Authors: Battye Adrian , Roberts Ian
Published: November 2023

Since the nineteenth century beginnings of linguistics as a scientific discipline, it has been recognised that comparative and historical linguistics are mutu ally reinforcing (in fact, synchronic and diachronic linguistics were not rigourously distinguished prior to de Saussure (1916)). The development of the “principles and parameters” approach to syntax in the wake of Chomsky (1981) and related work (see in particular Jaeggli (1982), Kayne (1984) and Rizzi (1982) for groundbreaking work on the Romance languages) has pro vided a solid foundation for the development of a rich and insightful approach to comparative syntax, with the result that during the mid-to-late 1980s there was a veritable explosion of work on comparative syntax, covering many of the world’s major language families.
The Loss of Verb Second in English and French
Authors: Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

In this paper I will attempt to give a unified explanation of the loss of verb second in English and French during the Middle Ages. Prior to the loss of verb second, both languages had developed a grammar with verb second SVO, and subject clitics; in such a grammar, there are very few signs which un ambiguously indicate verb second. The hypothesis I will defend in this paper is that the existence of such a stage triggered the loss of verb second, and that certain differences between Modern French and Modern English resulted from the loss of verb second in combination with the fact that Infl was “weak” in English but not in French at the time of the word order change.
Null Subjects in Verb-First Embedded Clauses in Philippe de Vigneulles’ Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles
Authors: Hirschbuhler Paul
Published: November 2023

The focus of the present study concerns the licensing of null subjects in em bedded verb-first constructions in a late Middle French text, the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles (from now on, the CNNV) by Philippes de Vigneulles.1 More precisely, our goal is to characterize as precisely as possible the conditions under which these null subjects are found, hoping that some of the ideas dis cussed will find their way in a more principled account than the one that is offered here. One point that should be clear from the start is that I do not claim that all the variables that appear to be required in characterizing the data examined here are necessarily relevant for other Middle French texts. Some of the facts are unexpected given previous literature.