bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Early Years of the MIT PhD Program in Industrial Economics
Authors: Duarte Pedro Garcia
Published: December 2014

The immediate postwar period witnessed not only a considerable expansion of economics graduate education in the United States but also its reformulation. Graduate education at MIT became more technical, with shorter theses on narrowly defined problems. This occurred as economics was going through important changes, informed by its mathematization, by the stabilization of a neoclassical way of doing economics, by the advancement of econometrics and the “Keynesian revolution,” and by the Americanization of economics. The MIT PhD program in economics was created only in 1941 but very quickly became a major producer of PhDs. The new training offered by MIT to economists not only followed larger changes in US academe but also contributed to them, and this makes it an important case study of the transformation of American economics more generally. My aim here is to scrutinize the formative years of this graduate program, mostly the 1940s and 1950s.
The Rise and Fall of Economic History at MIT
Authors: Temin Peter
Published: December 2014

This article recalls the unity of economics and history at MIT before the Second World War and their divergence thereafter. Economic history at MIT reached its peak in the 1970s, with three teachers of the subject to graduates and undergraduates alike. It declined until economic history vanished both from the faculty and from the graduate program around 2010. The cost of this decline to current education and scholarship is suggested at the end of the narrative.
A genetic reduction in antioxidant function causes elevated aggression in mice
Authors: Garratt Michael , Brooks Robert
Published: December 2014

Male-male aggression can have a large influence on access to mates, particularly in highly territorial animals such as mice. It has been suggested that males with impaired antioxidant defence and a consequential increased susceptibility to oxidative stress may have a reduced ability to invest in aggressive behaviours, which could limit their mating opportunities and reproductive success. Oxidative stress occurs as a result of an uncontrolled over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in relation to defence mechanisms (such as antioxidants), and can cause damage to a variety of different cellular components. Impairments in specific aspects of antioxidant defence, leading to oxidative stress, can limit investment in some reproductive traits in males, such as sperm quality and the production of sexual signals to attract males. However, a direct effect of impaired antioxidant defence on aggressive behaviour has not, to our knowledge, been reported. In this study we demonstrate that mice with experimentally elevated sensitivity to oxidative stress (through inhibition of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Sod1)) actually show the opposite response to previous predictions. Males completely deficient in Sod1 are more aggressive than both wild-type males and males that express 50% of this antioxidant enzyme. They are also faster to attack another male. The cause of this increased aggression is unknown, but this result highlights that aggressive behaviour in mice is not highly constrained by inhibited Sod1 expression, in contrast to other reproductive traits known to be impaired in this mouse model.
Mudflow activity analysis in the Mzymta river basin
Authors: Титоренко Александр , Titorenko Aleksandr
Published: December 2014

Active development of the territory of the Black Sea coast

of the Caucasus, especially during construction of Olympic facilities

led to growth of torrential activity. The basin of the Mzymta River

where different authors mark out more than 100 torrential is considered.
Compassion is a ten-letter word
Authors: Culpitt Tracie , Spencer-Adams Stephan
Published: December 2014

Compassion is the emotion that one feels in response to the suffering of others that motivates a desire to help.
Eye care and the HCA/AP
Authors: Peate Ian , Gil Michael
Published: December 2014

Our senses allow us to learn, to protect ourselves and to enjoy our world. The sense of sight is dependent upon the eyes; if the eyes are impaired in any way, this can have a negative impact on the person's safety, their health and wellbeing. The provision of effective eye care, a role often provided by the healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) can enhance a person's health and wellbeing. This article focuses on the provision of eye care; it will provide insight and understanding of this important skill.
IPE: interprofessional education for HCAs
Authors: Hayes Catherine
Published: December 2014

This article is written for both HCAs and their educators and provides a brief overview of interprofessional education (IPE)—also known as ‘interprofessional learning (IPL)’—of relevance to the HCA workforce.

The notion of IPE has been popularised in recent years, with the need for healthcare practitioners to build capacity within and between different professional disciplines. The motivation for this is often that IPE and the improved multidisciplinary teamwork (MDT) it contributes to can have a direct, positive impact on the quality of patient-centred care.

When HCAs are in the process of returning to education after a considerable time, they might not be familiar with the notions of IPE or MDT, or even have considered the relevance of either to the care they provide to patients and their families and carers.

This article provides an insight into and an explanation of both IPE and MDT, using worked examples from practice. It also places value on the experiential learning that HCAs bring to the context of IPE for others. The everyday work and interaction at the front line of patient care of HCAs places them in an ideal position to share accounts of their experience from practice, so that others might learn from them.

Finally, a key set of learning objectives in relation to IPE is presented, so that when HCAs contemplate their own IPE learning, whether formal or informal, they are better equipped to consider key elements that might be of direct relevance to their own contribution to practice.
Chronic pain: current issues and opportunities for future collaborations
Authors: Grieve Kathleen , Schultewolter Dieter
Published: December 2014

Chronic pain is common and complex to manage because biological, psychological and social factors conspire to amplify and perpetuate symptoms and their impact on a patient's life. Pain exacts a large toll on individuals, their families, the healthcare system and the economy. Management of pain requires a holistic multidisciplinary approach, combining education, exercise, pharmacological therapy, psychological therapies and other interventions. Pharmaceutical companies specialising in pain who adopt a consultative, patient-centric approach will have an important role to play in addressing the challenge that chronic pain presents to our society, through the development of innovative treatments, education of clinicians and support of patient organisations.
The experiences of patients and carers in the daily management of care at the end of life
Authors: Hardy Beth , King Nigel , Rodriguez Alison
Published: December 2014

Background

Home is the preferred location for most people with an advanced disease and at the end of life. A variety of care professionals work in community settings to provide support to this population. Patients and their spouses, who also care for them (spouse-carers), are rarely accompanied by these sources of support at all times, and have to manage independently between their contact with care professionals.

Aim

To explore how patients and spouse-carers manage their involvement with care professionals in the community setting.

Method

Interpretive phenomenology informs the design of the research, whereby 16 interviews were conducted with the patients and spouse-carers. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using phenomenological techniques including template analysis.

Findings

Patients and spouse-carers were interdependent and both parties played a role in co-ordinating care and managing relationships with professional care providers. The patients and spouse-carers actively made choices about how to manage their situation, and develop and modify managing strategies based on their experiences.

Conclusions

When daily management is effective and care professionals acknowledge the dyadic nature of the patient and spouse-carer relationship, people have confidence in living with advanced disease.
Trauma healthcare treatment costs in the National Health Service
Authors: Yasin MN , Saqib R
Published: December 2014

Comparing the block contract system with ‘Payment by Results’.
Patient perception of follow-up review after hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Baxter JA , Courtman NH
Published: December 2014

Patients want follow-up, but how often and how long for?
Into Africa
Authors: Biswas Seema
Published: December 2014

In the first of our new series of overseas dispatches, general surgeon Seema Biswas describes life on a mobile surgical team in civil war-torn South Sudan.
Los nuevos prosumidores: audiencias de la televisión social. Análisis de Operación Palace en Twitter
Authors: Ferreras Rodríguez Eva Mª
Published: December 2014

En esta contribución se presentan las mediciones sobre la repercusión en Twitter del programa Operación Palace: la verdadera historia del 23f’ emitido en La Sexta el pasado 23 de febrero. Se pretende conocer la actividad de varios perfiles, etiquetas y usuarios. Para realizar el seguimiento se ha utilizado la herramienta creada por la empresa Pirendo. España es uno de los países que registra mayor índice de comentarios en Twitter sobre programas de televisión durante el prime time y Salvados, programa vinculado a este ‘especial’ documental es uno de las emisiones que más impacto consigue en las redes. Así podremos conocer su estrategia, presencia e interacciones en la red Twitter.
Métodos heurísticos usando busca local aleatória em vizinhança variável para o problema do caixeiro viajante com grupamentos
Authors: Mestria Mário
Published: December 2014

Nesse artigo, são propostos novos métodos heurísticos para resolver o Problema do Caixeiro Viajante com Grupamentos (PCVG). O PCVG é uma generalização do Problema do Caixeiro Viajante (PCV), onde os vértices são particionados em grupos disjuntos e o objetivo é encontrar um ciclo hamiltoniano de custo mínimo tal que os vértices de cada grupo são visitados de forma contígua. Nós desenvolvemos dois Métodos de Descida Aleatória em Vizinhança Variável com Iterated Local Search para resolver o PCVG. Os métodos heurísticos propostos foram testados em tipos de instâncias com dados em níveis diferentes de granularidade para o número de vértices e grupos. Resultados computacionais mostraram que os métodos heurísticos se sobrepõem aos métodos recentes existentes na literatura e são competitivos com um método exato usando o software CPLEX Paralelo.
The Signaling Role of Subsidies
Authors: Muñoz-Garcia Félix , Espinola-Arredondo Ana
Published: December 2014

This paper investigates the effect of monopoly subsidies on entry deterrence. We consider a potential entrant who observes two signals: the subsidy set by the regulator and the output level produced by the incumbent firm. We show that not only a separating equilibrium can be supported, where information about the incumbent’s costs is conveyed to the entrant, but also a pooling equilibrium, where the actions of regulator and incumbent conceal the monopolist’s type, thus deterring entry. We demonstrate that the regulator strategically designs subsidies to facilitate, or hinder, entry deterrence, depending on which outcome yields the largest social welfare. Furthermore, we compare equilibrium welfare relative to two benchmarks: complete-information environments and standard entry-deterrence games where the regulator is absent.
Sphingolipids in viral infection
Authors: Schneider-Schaulies Jürgen , Schneider-Schaulies Sibylle
Published: December 2014

Viruses exploit membranes and their components such as sphingolipids in all steps of their life cycle including attachment and membrane fusion, intracellular transport, replication, protein sorting and budding. Examples for sphingolipid-dependent virus entry are found for: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which besides its protein receptors also interacts with glycosphingolipids (GSLs); rhinovirus, which promotes the formation of ceramide-enriched platforms and endocytosis; or measles virus (MV), which induces the surface expression of its own receptor CD150 via activation of sphingomyelinases (SMases). While SMase activation was implicated in Ebola virus (EBOV) attachment, the virus utilizes the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C protein 1 (NPC1) as ‘intracellular’ entry receptor after uptake into endosomes. Differential activities of SMases also affect the intracellular milieu required for virus replication. Sindbis virus (SINV), for example, replicates better in cells lacking acid SMase (ASMase). Defined lipid compositions of viral assembly and budding sites influence virus release and infectivity, as found for hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV. And finally, viruses manipulate cellular signaling and the sphingolipid metabolism to their advantage, as for example influenza A virus (IAV), which activates sphingosine kinase 1 and the transcription factor NF-κB.
Practical Intersubjectivity and Normative Guidance: Bratman on Shared Agency
Authors: Roth Abraham Sesshu
Published: December 2014

In an important new book on shared agency, Michael Bratman develops an account of the normative demand for the coordination of intentions amongst participants in shared agency. Bratman seeks to understand this form of normative guidance in terms of that associated with individual planning intentions. I give reasons to resist his form of reductionism. In addition, I note how Bratman’s discussion raises the interesting issue of the function or purpose of shared intention and of shared agency more generally. According to Bratman, the function of shared intention is to promote interpersonal coordination of intention and action. I suggest that power sharing amongst participants must also be included as a function of shared intention.
Sounding the depths at the confluence of numerosity and language
Authors: Everett Caleb
Published: December 2014

Researchers in a variety of disciplines are currently exploring how number words and other culturally variant symbols for quantities enable and enhance numerical cognition. In this article I survey the ways in which fieldwork among Amazonian languages is helping to elucidate the relationship between numerical cognition and language. I highlight several noteworthy findings in recent work on this topic, address their implications, and also consider the potential of future fieldwork on languages with typologically remarkable number systems.
First record of Leontopithecus chrysopygus (Primates: Callitrichidae) in Carlos Botelho State Park, São Miguel Arcanjo, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Moraes Rodrigues Suelen Barbosa , Gagetti Bruna Leone , Piratelli Augusto João
Published: December 2014

We report the first record of a black lion tamarin (
Crystal structure of 1-[2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethyl]-1H-imidazole, C16H13Cl3N2OS
Authors: Pansuriya Pramod B. , Friedrich Holger B. , Maguire Glenn E. M.
Published: December 2014

C16H13Cl3N2OS, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 10.0547(4) Å, b = 9.8289(3) Å, c = 16.6993(7) Å, β = 90.659(2)°, V = 1650.2 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0348, wRref(F2) = 0.0891, T = 173 K.
Preserving the Medieval City of Ani
Authors: Watenpaugh Heghnar Zeitlian
Published: December 2014

Despite its architectural fame, the medieval city of Ani in eastern Turkey, once an Armenian capital on the Silk Road, was endangered until recently. Preserving the Medieval City of Ani: Cultural Heritage between Contest and Reconciliation traces the evolution of Ani since the late nineteenth century as an object of preservation and the subject of debate about heritage. As a primarily non-Muslim site in a modern, majority-Muslim country, Ani poses dilemmas shared by other cultural heritage sites in postconflict societies: it presents economic opportunity through tourism, but its history prompts questions about a painful recent past the state refuses to acknowledge. Analyzing the recent developments in cultural heritage management in Turkey involving international heritage organizations, especially for Christian and Armenian monuments, and highlighting the civil society debate about rediscovering long-suppressed episodes of Turkish history, Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh argues that despite daunting difficulties beleaguering acknowledgment of the past, cultural heritage can provide a medium for reconciliation rather than contestation.
Role of ITGAE in the development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice
Authors: Barrie Elizabeth S , Lodder Mels , Weinreb Paul H , Buss Jill , Rajab Amer , Adin Christopher , Mi Qing-Sheng , Hadley Gregg A
Published: December 2014

There is compelling evidence that autoreactive CD8+T cells play a central role in precipitating the development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Given that ITGAE (CD103) recognizes an islet-restricted ligand (E-cadherin), we postulated that its expression is required for initiation of disease. We herein use a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes (NOD/ShiLt mice) to test this hypothesis. We demonstrate that ITGAE is expressed by a discrete subset of CD8+T cells that infiltrate pancreatic islets before the development of diabetes. Moreover, we demonstrate that development of diabetes inItgae-deficient NOD mice is significantly delayed at early but not late time points, indicating that ITGAE is preferentially involved in early diabetes development. To rule out a potential contribution by closely linked loci to this delay, we treated WT NOD mice beginning at 2 weeks of age through 5 weeks of age with a depleting anti-ITGAE mAb and found a decreased incidence of diabetes following anti-ITGAE mAb treatment compared with mice that received isotype control mAbs or non-depleting mAbs to ITGAE. Moreover, a histological examination of the pancreas of treated mice revealed that NOD mice treated with a depleting mAb were resistant to immune destruction. These results indicate that ITGAE+cells play a key role in the development of autoimmune diabetes and are consistent with the hypothesis that ITGAE+CD8+T effectors initiate the disease process.
Risikoberichterstattung kapitalmarktorientierter Banken nach DRS 20 – Handlungsfelder und Umsetzungsvorschläge im Kontext aufsichtsrechtlicher Anforderungen
Authors: Weber Dieter , Menk Michael Torben
Published: December 2014

Mit dem DRS 20 hat der nationale Standardsetter DRSC die Lageberichterstattung von Grund auf novelliert. Durch die Zusammenfassung der bisherigen Standards zur jährlichen Lage- und Risikoberichterstattung von Konzernen zu einem Dokument ist die bisher formal schon vorhandene Verbindung der für Banken geltenden Risikoberichtstandards – DRS 5 und DRS 5-10 – mit dem übergeordneten Lageberichtstandard DRS 15 stärker in den Vordergrund gerückt. Dadurch wird noch deutlicher, dass die generellen Lageberichtsgrundsätze in gleicher Weise für den Risikobericht gelten wie für die sonstigen Lageberichtsteile auch.

Der Beitrag untersucht die wesentlichen Implikationen des DRS 20 für die externe Risikoberichterstattung im Konzernlagebericht kapitalmarktorientierter Banken und berücksichtigt dabei verwandte aufsichtsrechtliche Normen. Neben den originären handelsrechtlichen Transparenzanforderungen werden sowohl neuere Entwicklungen zur aufsichtsrechtlichen Offenlegung – wie beispielweise die Anforderungen CRR und die Empfehlungen der EDTF – als auch die auf die Gestaltung des Risikomanagements abzielenden MaRisk BA und die künftig geltenden Baseler Grundsätze für die Aggregation von Risikodaten und die Risikoberichterstattung in die Offenlegungskonzeption einbezogen.

Im Sinne einer adressatenorientierten Offenlegung folgt die Untersuchung dem Leitbild eines möglichst hohen Integrations- und Konsistenzgrads der auf verschiedenen Regelwerken aufbauenden Risikoberichterstattung. Dies mündet – soweit gesetzlich zulässig und informationsökonomisch geboten – in einem zentralen Risikobericht im Konzernlagebericht, der als Leitmedium der Risikopublizität von Banken fungiert.
Nota técnica: el uso de una camiseta adicional aumenta significativamente el grado de deshidratación durante la práctica del fútbol
Authors: López Dávila Alfredo Jesús
Published: December 2014

Durante la práctica de actividad física, el aumento de la temperatura corporal activa el mecanismo de la sudoración. La evaporación del sudor permite que la temperatura corporal no aumente excesivamente, pero esto ocurre a expensas de que el sujeto se deshidrate. La deshidratación a su vez puede verse aumentada por muchos factores, entre ellos la indumentaria utilizada por quien se ejercita. En este reporte se demuestra, experimentalmente, que el uso de una camiseta adicional mientras se practica fútbol produce incrementos estadísticamente significativos en el porcentaje de deshidratación corporal inducido por el ejercicio. Al tomar en cuenta que la deshidratación tiene el potencial de afectar negativamente ciertas facultades físicas y cognitivas de forma aguda, el uso de una camiseta adicional cuando se juega al fútbol no resulta recomendable desde un punto de vista estrictamente termorregulador.
Possibilities for Integration of the Eastern Partnership Countries’ Export into the EU Markets
Authors: Rauluskeviciene Jolanta , Makuteniene Daiva
Published: December 2014

To implement the Eastern Partnership (EaP) framework launched in 2009, the EU seeks to bring its Eastern neighbours – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – closer to the European standards, promote regional relations with these countries, ensure sustainable growth of their economy, cooperate in trade area for the countries of the Eastern Partnership to become economically stronger, European countries, part of the European markets and structures. It is important for the EU that the countries neighbouring with its Eastern boarders are stable and their economies continue to develop. One of the ways to promote economic growth of a country or region is to develop its export. Geographical proximity of the markets provides the opportunity for the EaP countries to increase trade with the EU, thus creating the conditions for economic growth. The research was aimed at evaluating the possibilities for integration of the EaP countries’ export into the EU markets by identifying characteristic features of the countries’ export structure and their comparative advantages in trade with the EU. The article presents extensive analysis of export of six EaP countries, characteristic features of product specialization are identified, and comparative advantages of production by these countries and their effectiveness are identified. No similar studies have been carried out in a common context of the EaP countries till now. Export concentration (diversification), export structure similarity, the revealed comparative advantage and Lafay indices have been measured with the view towards the aim of the research. Empirical study of the export structure and comparative advantages of the EaP countries has been carried out using statistical data for the period 2005–2012 provided by Trade Map database, classification of products into product groups under the Combined Nomenclature. The results of the research have shown that current integration of the EaP countries’ export into the markets of the EU countries is not favourable enough for the countries due to irrationality of their export structure and low level of export diversification. Only Moldova’s variety of the exported products was deeper, broader and closer to the export by the EU. The results of the analysis of comparative advantages have shown that the set of product groups having comparative advantage in the export by the EaP countries to the EU is rather wide, such products have already occupied the EU markets niche, which could lead to more effective leverage of the export potential and, at the same time, create preconditions for economic growth of these countries and their export integration into the EU markets.
The Roles of School Principal in the Implementation of Character Education at Boarding School
Authors: Asmendri Asmendri
Published: December 2014

The success or failures of educational institutions in the implementation of character education in boarding schools or madrasah is determined by its leaders.  The school principal as a leader and educator should be a good model to all teachers and learners in the school.  In other words,  he or she will create a healthy school life, conducive and supportive school performance. There are seven principal’s roles in implementing character building the school. He or she should has a clear vision, rely on more collaborative approach,  responsive and proactive in responding to what is happening outside of school, be consistent in enforcing the rules, be active, give  many social rewards, and create a variety of rides or activities that can develop pro-social skills and devotion of students.
Indications and practice of enteral nutrition
Authors: Hallay Judit , Nagy Dániel , Fülesdi Béla
Published: December 2014

Malnutrition in hospitalised patients has a significant and disadvantageous impact on treatment outcome. If possible, enteral nutrition with an energy/protein-balanced nutrient should be preferred depending on the patient’s condition, type of illness and risk factors. The aim of the nutrition therapy is to increase the efficacy of treatment and shorten the length of hospital stay in order to ensure rapid rehabilitation. In the present review the authors summarize the most important clinical and practical aspects of enteral nutrition therapy. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(51), 2028–2033.
Are meta‐ecosystems organized hierarchically? A model and test in rocky intertidal habitats
Authors: Menge Bruce A. , Gouhier Tarik C. , Hacker Sally D. , Chan Francis , Nielsen Karina J.
Published: December 2014

Ecosystems are shaped by processes occurring and interacting over multiple temporal and spatial scales. Theory suggests such complexity can be simplified by focusing on processes sharing the same scale as the pattern of interest. This scale‐dependent approach to studying communities has been challenged by multiscale meta‐ecosystem theory, which recognizes that systems are interconnected by the movement of “ecological subsidies” and suggests that cross‐scale feedbacks between local and regional processes can be equally important for understanding community structure. We reconcile these two perspectives by developing and testing a hierarchical meta‐ecosystem model. The model predicts local community responses to connectivity over multiple oceanographic spatial scales, defined as macro‐ (100s of km), meso‐ (10s of km), and local scale (100s of m). It assumes that local communities occur in distinct regions and that connectivity effects are strongest among local sites. Predictions are that if macroscale processes dominate, then regardless of mesoscale differences, (1) local communities will be similar, and (2) will be even more so with increased connectivity. With dominance of mesoscale (i.e., regional) processes, (3) local structure will be similar within but distinct between regions, and (4) with increased connectivity similar both within and among regions. With dominance of local‐scale processes, (5) local communities will differ both within and among regions, and (6) with increased connectivity be similar within but not between regions. We tested the model by evaluating rocky intertidal community structure patterns with variation in ecological subsidies and environmental conditions at 13 sites spanning 725 km of the northern California Current system. External factors operating at meso‐ and local scales had strong effects, explaining 52% and 27% of the variance, respectively, in community structure. Sessile invertebrate and predator dominance was associated with weaker upwelling, higher phytoplankton abundance, and higher recruitment, and the opposite was true for macrophyte dominance. Overall, our results support the theory that meta‐ecosystems are organized hierarchically, with environmental processes dominating at meso‐ to macroscales and ecological processes playing a more important role at local scales, but with important bidirectional cross‐scale interactions.
American Indian Diabetes Prevention Center: Challenges of a Health Equity Quest
Authors: Henderson J. Neil , Carson L. D.
Published: December 2014

American Indians are classified by the federal government as a “health disparities population” with significant excess morbidity and mortality caused by diabetes and its many complications. The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health has created a national program titled “Centers of Excellence” whose primary goal is the elimination of health disparities. This article describes the American Indian Diabetes Prevention Center at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Public Health, in terms of its intellectual foundations rooted in a biocultural analytic model and operationalized by an interdisciplinary functioning staff. Challenges are described in terms of the monumental task of impacting health disparity conditions and in the exigencies of research collaborations with American Indian Nations located in rural areas remote to the University’s health sciences urban-based hub.
Tobacco Industry Use of Personal Responsibility Rhetoric in Public Relations and Litigation: Disguising Freedom to Blame as Freedom of Choice
Authors: Friedman Lissy C. , Cheyne Andrew , Givelber Daniel , Gottlieb Mark A. , Daynard Richard A.
Published: December 2014

We examined the tobacco industry’s rhetoric to frame personal responsibility arguments. The industry rarely uses the phrase “personal responsibility” explicitly, but rather “freedom of choice.” When freedom of choice is used in the context of litigation, the industry means that those who choose to smoke are solely to blame for their injuries. When used in the industry’s public relations messages, it grounds its meaning in the concept of liberty and the right to smoke. The courtroom “blame rhetoric” has influenced the industry’s larger public relations message to shift responsibility away from the tobacco companies and onto their customers. Understanding the rhetoric and framing that the industry employs is essential to combating this tactic, and we apply this comprehension to other industries that act as disease vectors.
Peter Bourne’s Drug Policy and the Perils of a Public Health Ethic, 1976–1978
Authors: Clark Claire D. , Dufton Emily
Published: December 2014

As President Jimmy Carter’s advisor for health issues, Peter Bourne promoted a rational and comprehensive drug strategy that combined new supply-side efforts to prevent drug use with previously established demand-side addiction treatment programs. Using a public health ethic that allowed the impact of substances on overall population health to guide drug control, Bourne advocated for marijuana decriminalization as well as increased regulations for barbiturates. A hostile political climate, a series of rumors, and pressure from both drug legalizers and prohibitionists caused Bourne to resign in disgrace in 1978. We argue that Bourne’s critics used his own public health framework to challenge him, describe the health critiques that contributed to Bourne’s resignation, and present the story of his departure as a cautionary tale for today’s drug policy reformers.
More Money, Fewer Lives: The Cost Effectiveness of Welfare Reform in the United States
Authors: Muennig Peter , Caleyachetty Rishi , Rosen Zohn , Korotzer Andrew
Published: December 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the economic benefits of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) relative to the previous program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).

Methods. We used pooled mortality hazard ratios from 2 randomized controlled trials—Connecticut Jobs First and the Florida Transition Program, which had follow-up from the early and mid-1990s through December 2011—and previous estimates of health and economic benefits of TANF and AFDC. We entered them into a Markov model to evaluate TANF’s economic benefits relative to AFDC and weigh them against the potential health threats of TANF.

Results. Over the working life of the average cash assistance recipient, AFDC would cost approximately $28 000 more than TANF from the societal perspective. However, it would also bring 0.44 additional years of life. The incremental cost effectiveness of AFDC would be approximately $64 000 per life-year saved relative to TANF.

Conclusions. AFDC may provide more value as a health investment than TANF. Additional attention given to the neediest US families denied cash assistance could improve the value of TANF.
A preliminary water footprint assessment of copper production in China
Authors: Chan B. K. C. , Xiong M. Y. , Chen C. , Zhang G. P. , Franke N.
Published: December 2014

Scarcer water resources, stricter water regulations, decline in ore grade and increasing controversy on water use between local communities and mining operators have raised awareness of good water stewardship as being vital to running commercially viable mining operations. Water footprint assessment (WFA) is a holistic methodological framework that allows detailed quantification of direct and indirect water use in different sectors at various spatial and temporal scales. The ultimate aim of this study is to identify water footprint (WF) reduction targets, formulate response strategies to minimize water consumption and pollution and therefore improve the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the mining processes. The assessment will eventually serve as a model for other mines in northern China with water scarcity issues. The paper describes the preliminary WFA of copper cathodes, with particular emphasis on the methodology, approach, degree of details and areas for consideration. It focuses from ore extraction to final discharge to the river. Significant WF contribution is found in the process rather than the supply chain. The explorative approach applied in this real case scenario and the findings contribute to the literature body of the WFA field. This case study can provide helpful guidance for WFA practitioners when applying this methodological framework in addressing particular issues in mining processes.
Assessing water resources carrying capacity based on integrated system dynamics modeling in a semiarid river basin of northern China
Authors: Xie Ying , Li Xuyong , Yang Chunsheng , Yu Yang
Published: December 2014

Water shortage is a major problem in northern China, because of a huge population and rapid economic growth. Taking the Luanhe River Basin (LRB) as a study area, we set up a System Dynamics (SD) model of the basin for the period 2005–2010, and considered various important socioeconomic and environmental factors and their correlation. Significant trends for the period 2011–2030 were simulated and the water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) of the LRB and its trends over the next 30 years were analyzed. The results indicate a decreasing trend of WRCC in the basin and that current economic growth is not sustainable. The study investigated possible optimized allocation projects. The most apt project would involve a combination of strategies that could considerably increase the WRCC, reduce demand, and improve water quality.
Temporal and spatial changes of water footprint of maize production in Jilin Province
Authors: Duan Peili , Qin Lijie
Published: December 2014

Quantitation of the green, blue and grey water footprints (WFs) of crop production can distinguish the water types and amount in crop production, as well as the degree of freshwater pollution. This paper calculates the WF of maize production and assesses the temporal variability and spatial distribution of WFs in different types of rainfall years over Jilin Province from 1998 to 2012. The results indicated that: (1) the annual average WF of maize production was 1,067 m3/ton, which was 53% green, 24% blue and 23% grey (maize production in Jilin Province relies primarily on green water); (2) the drier the year, the higher the WF of maize production; (3) the highest WF of maize production values among 49 counties in the province were in Antu and Tumen counties, whereas the lowest values occurred in Gongzhuling and Lishu counties, whether the year was humid, average or dry; and (4) the WF of maize production was highest in the eastern region, moderate in the western region and lowest in the middle region.
Introducing pressure and number of connections into water loss indicators for French drinking water supply networks
Authors: Renaud E. , Clauzier M. , Sandraz A. C. , Pillot J. , Gilbert D.
Published: December 2014

In France, the system of performance indicators defined within the relevant regulations does not include indicators relating to pressure, or the number of connections. So, Irstea and Veolia Water decided to create a new system of water loss indicators designed for use in France and that would take into account these parameters. The study was initially carried out at District Metered Area (DMA) level. These analyses showed the advantages of considering the ratio of losses to number of connections, but did not highlight a significant link between water loss levels and average pressure. After that, using a module that automatically calculates average pressure based on an EPAnet model of a network, it was possible to carry out a study at the system level. The results at the system scale were similar to those obtained at the DMA level. The study demonstrates that it is relevant to use a performance indicator of losses per connection. On the other hand, it showed no link between the volume of losses and the average pressure, which is contrary to what is commonly admitted.
Risk-based zoning for urbanizing floodplains
Authors: Porse Erik
Published: December 2014

Urban floodplain development brings economic benefits and enhanced flood risks. Rapidly growing cities must often balance the economic benefits and increased risks of floodplain settlement. Planning can provide multiple flood mitigation and environmental benefits by combining traditional structural measures such as levees, increasingly popular landscape and design features (green infrastructure), and non-structural measures such as zoning. Flexibility in both structural and non-structural options, including zoning procedures, can reduce flood risks. This paper presents a linear programming formulation to assess cost-effective urban floodplain development decisions that consider benefits and costs of development along with expected flood damages. It uses a probabilistic approach to identify combinations of land-use allocations (residential and commercial development, flood channels, distributed runoff management) and zoning regulations (development zones in channel) to maximize benefits. The model is applied to a floodplain planning analysis for an urbanizing region in the Baja Sur peninsula of Mexico. The analysis demonstrates how (1) economic benefits drive floodplain development, (2) flexible zoning can improve economic returns, and (3) cities can use landscapes, enhanced by technology and design, to manage floods. The framework can incorporate additional green infrastructure benefits, and bridges typical disciplinary gaps for planning and engineering.
Green–blue water in the city: quantification of impact of source control versus end-of-pipe solutions on sewer and river floods
Authors: De Vleeschauwer K. , Weustenraad J. , Nolf C. , Wolfs V. , De Meulder B. , Shannon K. , Willems P.
Published: December 2014

Urbanization and climate change trends put strong pressures on urban water systems. Temporal variations in rainfall, runoff and water availability increase, and need to be compensated for by innovative adaptation strategies. One of these is stormwater retention and infiltration in open and/or green spaces in the city (blue–green water integration). This study evaluated the efficiency of three adaptation strategies for the city of Turnhout in Belgium, namely source control as a result of blue–green water integration, retention basins located downstream of the stormwater sewers, and end-of-pipe solutions based on river flood control reservoirs. The efficiency of these options is quantified by the reduction in sewer and river flood frequencies and volumes, and sewer overflow volumes. This is done by means of long-term simulations (100-year rainfall simulations) using an integrated conceptual sewer–river model calibrated to full hydrodynamic sewer and river models. Results show that combining open, green zones in the city with stormwater retention and infiltration for only 1% of the total city runoff area would lead to a 30 to 50% reduction in sewer flood volumes for return periods in the range 10–100 years. This is due to the additional surface storage and infiltration and consequent reduction in urban runoff. However, the impact of this source control option on downstream river floods is limited. Stormwater retention downstream of the sewer system gives a strong reduction in peak discharges to the receiving river. However due to the difference in response time between the sewer and river systems, this does not lead to a strong reduction in river flood frequency. The paper shows the importance of improving the interface between urban design and water management, and between sewer and river flood management.
Development and assessment of an integrated ecological modelling framework to assess the effect of investments in wastewater treatment on water quality
Authors: Holguin-Gonzalez Javier E. , Boets Pieter , Everaert Gert , Pauwels Ine S. , Lock Koen , Gobeyn Sacha , Benedetti Lorenzo , Amerlinck Youri , Nopens Ingmar , Goethals Peter L. M.
Published: December 2014

Worldwide, large investments in wastewater treatment are made to improve water quality. However, the impacts of these investments on river water quality are often not quantified. To assess water quality, the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires an integrated approach. The aim of this study was to develop an integrated ecological modelling framework for the River Drava (Croatia) that includes physical-chemical and hydromorphological characteristics as well as the ecological river water quality status. The developed submodels and the integrated model showed accurate predictions when comparing the modelled results to the observations. Dissolved oxygen and nitrogen concentrations (ammonium and organic nitrogen) were the most important variables in determining the ecological water quality (EWQ). The result of three potential investment scenarios of the wastewater treatment infrastructure in the city of Varaždin on the EWQ of the River Drava was assessed. From this scenario-based analysis, it was concluded that upgrading the existing wastewater treatment plant with nitrogen and phosphorus removal will be insufficient to reach a good EWQ. Therefore, other point and diffuse pollution sources in the area should also be monitored and remediated to meet the European WFD standards.
The future of FDI in south eastern European countries: Messages from new EU member states
Authors: Penev Slavica , Rojec Matija
Published: December 2014

This paper looks at the interlinking of inward FDI, EU accession, and
transition-related structural reform processes, and identifies the largest
lags of SEE-6 countries in EU accession and transition processes, whose
removal would have a positive impact on inward FDI. The analysis is based on
EBRD Transition Indicators, the World Bank Doing Business Index, and the
World Bank Governance Index. We find an obvious correlation of inward FDI,
transition, and EU accession processes of NMS-10 countries and claim that
SEE-6 countries will broadly follow the same pattern: their relative position
as FDI recipients will gradually improve along with the progress of EU
accession and transition processes. The analysis identifies the following
main gaps of the SEE-6 in these processes: (i) in terms of economic system
development - enterprise restructuring and governance, and sectoral reforms
in energy, infrastructure, capital markets, and private equity; (ii) in terms
of the governance of economy and society at large - regulatory quality and
rule of law; and (iii) in terms of the business environment - dealing with
construction permits, enforcing contracts, and registering property. Progress
in narrowing down these gaps would mean a step forward in EU accession and
transition, and consequently an improvement of SEE-6 countries? positions as
locations for inward FDI.
Ecophysiological properties of white and Canadian poplar in habitats with various water regimes
Authors: Djukic Matilda , Djunisijevic-Bojovic Danijela , Grbic Mihailo , Skocajic Dragana , Markovic Marija , Samuilov Sladjana
Published: December 2014

In this paper are presented the analyzes of some morphometric properties,
leaves area stomata density and the intensity of leaves transpiration of
white poplar, Populus alba L. and canadian poplar, Populus x canadensis
Moench ?I 214? in populations at (1) flooded (wet) and (2) unflooded (dry)
habitats on the Ada Ciganlija river island during the growing season. Six
trees of each species from both habitats were selected, with similar height,
age and physiological condition. The morphometric analysis of the analysed
poplar species show that the type of habitat did not influence tree height
and trunk as well as the leaves area. However, crown width and trunk diameter
were greater in the wetter habitat. It was found that the intensity of
transpiration of Populus x canadensis ?I 214? trees had higher average values
(0,73 gH2Odm??h??) than white poplar (0,68 gH2Odm ??h??). Transpiration of
both taxa was more intensive on the drier than on the flooded habitats. By
analyzing the number and size of stomata on leaves of the investigated
Populus x canadensis ?I 214? trees, it was found that stomata are more
numerous but of smaller size on the leaves from drier habitats. It could be
concluded that both species could have impact on microclimate conditions by
increasing air moisture content and decreasing air temperature but Canadian
comparing to white poplar, slightly greater. Increasing air temperature is a
consequence of evident global climate change. Through transpiration plants
reduce summer air temperature indirectly, by increasing its relative
humidity.
Pointer years in the growth of beech trees of the NP "Djerdap" area
Authors: Stajic Branko
Published: December 2014

This paper defines pointer years and years with distinctive tree rings in the
growth of beech in 3 sites (ecological units-EU) of the area of Djerdap, in
order to observe the reactions of trees to the effects of various factors of
growth. The pointer years were determined by the Schweingruber (1983)
methodology. The years with distintive tree rings were defined as the years
of beech growth with very pronounced distinctive growth rings (annual ring
width at least ? 2 standard deviations higher or lower than the arithmetic
mean) and pronounced typical growth rings (annual ring width at least ? 1.5
standard deviation higher or lower than the arithmetic mean). The common
pointer years for the growth of beech in the site conditions of all three
ecological units are 1977 and 1988 (negative pointer years). A particular
pointer year is 1988, when in more than 90% of trees under the analyzed
environmental conditions the marked reduction of tree rings width of the
trees (EUB) or very pronounced reduction in the width of tree rings (EUA and
ESV) were observed.