bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Risk Model for Assessment of Residents’ Perception of Complexity of Surgical Steps: Example of Modular Component Steps of Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery
Authors: Raskin Jeffrey S , Liu Jesse J , Holste Katherine , Brown Sarah , Hardaway Fran , Pang Priscilla , Raslan Ahmed M
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Quality improvement projects increasingly emphasize standardization of surgical work flow to optimize operative room efficiency. Removing special cause variability resulting from nonsurgical waste is an obvious target; however, resident surgical education must be maintained, even in the setting of process improvement.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the impact of resident-identified “risky” or “uncomfortable” procedural steps on operative time during transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).

METHODS

TLIF procedure steps were defined. An 8 2-part questions survey regarding comfort level and perceived risk assessment at each step was developed and completed by junior (17) and senior residents (10), and by faculty (6) from orthopedic, and neurological surgery. A risk matrix was constructed defining 2 zones: a “danger zone”; responses were high risk (3-5) and low comfort (1-3), and a “safe zone”; responses were low risk (1-2) and high comfort (4-5). One-tailed Chi-square with Yates correction was performed.

RESULTS

Risk matrix analysis showed a statistical difference among “danger zone” respondents between junior resident and faculty groups for exposure, pedicle screw placement, neural decompression, interbody placement, posterolateral fusion, and hemostasis. A radar graph identifies percent of respondents who fall within the “danger zone”.

CONCLUSION

Resident perception of surgical complexity can be evaluated for procedural steps using a risk matrix survey. For TLIF, residents may assign more risk and may be less comfortable performing steps in a training-level-dependent manner. Identification of particular high-risk or uncomfortable steps should prompt strict faculty oversight to improve patient safety, monitor resident education, and reduce operative time.
Acculturation and Tobacco/Illicit Drug Use in Hispanic Youth
Authors: Meca Alan , Reinke Lauren G. , Scheier Lawrence M.
Published: April 2017

This chapter explores the incipient role of acculturation in cigarette smoking, tobacco use, and use of illicit drugs in Hispanic youth in the United States. It first examines the conceptual foundations of acculturation, including early unidimensional models and later bidimensional and multicomponent perspectives of acculturation. It then reviews empirical studies linking acculturation with cigarette/tobacco and, separately, illicit drug use among Hispanic youth. The cumulative body of evidence is reviewed in terms of methodological strengths and weaknesses and how they sharpen our focus on acculturation in development. The chapter also examines three key developmental mechanisms that may account for the underlying relations between acculturation and drug use: (1) cultural stress, (2) family functioning, and (3) change in cognitive functioning related to drug use. The chapter closes with several recommendations that may help clarify the developmental linkages between acculturation and Hispanic youth drug use and should be addressed by future research.
Voting and Political Participation
Authors: Rolfe Meredith , Chan Stephanie
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews the current literature’s findings on how political and social interactions shape voter turnout and other forms of political participation. Current studies, which use a wide range of methodological approaches, from natural experiments and surveys to mathematical modeling, have demonstrated that political networks are a crucial component of any analysis of political behavior. Debates over the potentially negative impact of political disagreement on participation have differentiated the negative impact of political isolation from the neutral impact of heterogenous political discussion environments, while also exploring factors that might moderate an individual’s response to disagreement. Many of the studies reviewed in this chapter reflect an increasing interest in how research design and analysis may be used to disentangle the various mechanisms through which networks might shape political behavior, as well as to distinguish between the relative impact of selection and influence.
Political Networks and Computational Social Science
Authors: Lazer David , Wojcik Stefan
Published: April 2017

The last half century has witnessed the digitization of human life, with a sharp inflection point being the widespread adoption of the Internet. In the wake of this digitization the phrase “big data” has been coined. Because many big data are explicitly or implicitly relational, this digitization of humanity has been critical in the increase in the study of networks. Further, since this digitization process continues not only forward but backward (e.g., through the scanning of millions of books and news periodicals going back for centuries), it is likely that the social sciences will be recentered over the next generation around computational approaches to data emphasizing (1) the relational aspects of human behavior, (2) phenomena that exist on societal scales rather than just individual ones, and (3) the dynamics of human behavior. This chapter discusses, in particular, the potential transformation of political science in these directions.
Party System Effects on Electoral Systems
Authors: Colomer Josep M.
Published: April 2017

A long tradition of empirical studies has focused on the consequences of electoral systems on party systems. A number of contributions have turned this relationship upside down by postulating that it is the parties that choose electoral systems and manipulate the rules of elections. The most remote shaping of innovative electoral rules, the choice of electoral systems in new democracies, and further electoral reforms in well-established regimes can be explained on the basis of political parties’ relative strength, expectations, and strategic decisions. In a broader institutional context, political parties can also trade off electoral systems with choices and changes of other institutional rules.
The Feeding Network of Aplysia
Authors: Cropper Elizabeth C. , Jing Jian , Weiss Klaudiusz R.
Published: April 2017

This review focuses on the neural control of feeding in Aplysia. Its purpose is to highlight distinctive features of the behavior and to describe their neural basis. In a number of molluscs, food is grasped by a radula that protracts, retracts, and hyperretracts. In Aplysia, however, hyperretraction can require afferent activation. Phase-dependent regulation of sensorimotor transmission occurs in this context. Aplysia also open and close the radula, generating egestive as well as ingestive responses. Thus, the feeding network multitasks. It has a modular organization, and behaviors are constructed by combinations of behavior-specific and behavior-independent neurons. When feeding is initially triggered in Aplysia, responses are poorly defined. Motor activity is not properly configured unless responses are repeatedly induced and modulatory neurotransmitters are released from inputs to the central patter generator (CPG). Persistent effects of modulation have interesting consequences for task switching.
Psychological Comorbidities of Eating Disorders
Authors: Halmi Katherine A.
Published: April 2017

Psychological comorbidity of eating disorders may be conceptualized in varying facets including psychiatric diagnosis, specific behaviors, traits, affect regulation, and cognitive characteristics. Although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition (DSM-5) modified some criteria for psychiatric diagnoses, these modifications should have little effect over the previous rates of DSM-IV comorbidities and thus do not necessitate repeat large sample comorbidity studies. This chapter presents facets of psychological comorbidities of the three major eating disorders: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). The most comprehensive comorbid psychiatric diagnosis study from the US national comorbidity survey replication revealed at least one lifetime comorbid psychiatric DSM-IV disorder was present in 56.2% AN, 94.5% BN, and 78.9% BED. Affect regulation, negative affect, perfectionism, cognitive-behavioral flexibility, and impulse control are common comorbid features present in these disorders.
Managing Operations
Authors: Radnor Zoe , Bateman Nicola
Published: April 2017

This chapter aims to reflect on the past and present move of OM from manufacturing to service through analysis of key OM journals and recognition of practice before considering in more depth the future of OM in terms of the ‘fit’ for public services. It offers an analysis of ‘lean’ in public services. A philosophy and methodology much hailed as way to manage operations effectively. The review will present the prespective that uncritically applying manufacturing ideas to public service is flawed. It argues that adapting OM to the public service environment whilst, learning from existing thinking, should also recognise themselves as services, with the distinctive service operations management logic and managerial challenges that this implies. In conclusion, the chapter will state that managing operations across all sectors in the future should draw on a range of disciplines, theory and concepts.
Managing Projects
Authors: Pinto Jeff
Published: April 2017

Projects, defined as temporary endeavours undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result, have become a common method for initiating and managing change in modern organizations. Once viewed as a specialized organizational operation within some well-understood settings (construction, new product development, oil and gas exploration, and so forth), projects have evolved to becoming the principle means by which both public and private organizations can make positive changes to their operating environment. Hence, the need for project management skills has never been greater, as more and more organizations seek to adopt project-based work as a proactive method for engaging their customer bases. This chapter highlights the key features of projects, including their critical constraints and management challenges. It focuses in particular on both the promising results that effective project management affords organizations as well as the myriad challenges that project managers face as firms adopt project-based work in their operations.
Management Practice—and the Doing of Management
Authors: Tengblad Stefan
Published: April 2017

The chapter gives an overview of the most important studies about managerial work practices and the most important findings these studies shed on our general understanding of management as a societal phenomenon and as a field for scientific enquiry. These studies can be divided into major streams, one functionalistic and one ethnographic. Both streams identify work practices that are very different from mainstream management theory (reactive, fragmented, unsystematic, irrational, etc). While the first stream is oriented towards solutions to managers to act in a more rational manner, the second stream seeks to understand why normative management theory often is mere a rationalistic dream and a legitimizing ideology than a robust explanatory framework built on empirical results. Regardless of these limitations the chapter claims that it is possible to summarize both streams into an integrated theory about management practices that acknowledge the complexities and the multifaceted nature of management practice.
International Management
Authors: Geppert Mike , Hollinshead Graham
Published: April 2017

The focus of this chapter is on the multinational corporation (MNC) and, more specifically, on the structures, strategies, and processes inherent in the management of the geographically dispersed concern. While more prescriptive thinking and literature in the field of international management (IM) may have assumed, for example, that managerial ‘best practice’ may be readily transposed across borders, the starting premise of the current chapter is that ‘context matters’. In exploring, therefore, the nature of multinational organization, the logics underlying the international dispersal of productive sites within the MNC, and the complex dynamics characterizing the strategic relationship between headquarters and subsidiaries, our point of departure is to offer a grounded and finely grained account of the realities of MNC management and organization. Such an approach highlights the pervasiveness of micro-political contestation between indigenous social actors, as well as expressions of unity.
Patents and Related Rights
Authors: Burk Dan L.
Published: April 2017

Patents, along with the related systems of utility models and plant breeders’ rights, are the forms of intellectual property most closely associated with technological innovation. Some form of patent system is found in essentially all modern states, and patents have become a ubiquitous feature of the global legal and technical environment. Patents and related rights are therefore highly dynamic areas of law, displaying constant evolution of doctrine simultaneously in multiple jurisdictions. The shifting diversity of national approaches offers an opportunity to consider how characteristic themes and problems of patent law have been approached from different perspectives, and lend a sense of better, worse, and alternative solutions to the problem of prompting technical innovation. Consequently, this chapter surveys particular doctrinal problems in patent law and allied laws, uses them to illustrate both broad theoretical issues endemic to such laws, and ties those issues to ongoing controversies that have attracted widespread interest.
Cross-Border Intellectual Property Enforcement
Authors: Min Eun-Joo , Wichard Johannes Christian
Published: April 2017

This chapter identifies national and regional approaches adopted to ensure that intellectual property (IP) rights are enforceable in a global environment constituted by territorial rights that rely on local courts. It discusses reconsideration and recalibration of the private international law (PIL) rules that govern IP relationships in relation to jurisdiction, applicable law and recognition and enforcement. The chapter also explores the emergence of new fora for cross-border IP enforcement, through either trade or investment arrangements or privately designed alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms. It concludes by underscoring the continued relevance of the territoriality of IP rights, and the importance of coherence and mutual consistency between the different legal systems and regimes of cross-border IP enforcement.
Workers in the “Groves of Academe”
Authors: Spence Michael
Published: April 2017

This chapter weighs the claim of university academics to control over works and inventions produced as a part of their work in teaching and research. It does so relying on the most commonly advanced justifications for the intellectual property (IP) regimes. It is the contention here that while an academic has a strong claim to prima facie ownership of copyright in works produced in the course of her university teaching and research (albeit a form of copyright potentially limited in one important respect), her claim to the ownership of patent rights, and to copyright in computer programs, is very much weaker.
Intellectual Property Licensing
Authors: Kasdan Michael
Published: April 2017

This chapter provides a window into the world of intellectual property (IP) licensing and uses patents and US law as a case study. It begins with an overview of what patent licensing is and why it is such an important technique, both for companies seeking to monetize patents as well as those seeking to gain access to patented technologies. It next reviews some of the essential terms most commonly found in patent license agreements, and then closes by taking a look both backwards and forwards, and addresses how patent licensing has evolved, and also reviews newer cutting-edge monetization techniques that have their foundation in traditional bilateral patent licensing.
Adaptation and Opera
Authors: Hutcheon Linda , Hutcheon Michael
Published: April 2017

The tried and tested, not the new and original, became the norm early in the over-400-year history of opera, the Ur-adaptive art: because opera is a costly art form to produce, misjudging one’s audience can be disastrous. This may explain the persistence of a version of that familiar, limiting fidelity theory that has gone out of fashion in recent years in other areas. Since the Romantic period, opera’s tradition of Werktreue has demanded authenticity in realizing the operatic work authenticated by tradition. This has made the critical acceptance of adaptations of opera to film, for instance, a challenge. This essay theorizes not only adaptation into opera but also the adaptation of operas to both old and new media. The first, opera as adaptation, is especially complex, for it involves a series of stages: adapted text to libretto; libretto set to musical score; both libretto and score put on stage.
On the Origins of Adaptation, as Such
Authors: Jellenik Glenn
Published: April 2017

Adaptation scholars frequently gesture toward a vague history of adaptation, pointing out that the repurposing of stories stretches back to the beginnings of storytelling. This essay offers a more specific history, arguing that adaptation rose as a simple abstraction in the late eighteenth century. It identifies George Colman’s Iron Chest, which adapts William Godwin’s Caleb Williams, as the first adaptation, as such. Colman’s play achieves this distinction not through adaptive innovation, but rather through the critical reaction to the play—specifically an essay by John Litchfield that functions as the first piece of fidelity criticism. Thus, the cultural concept of adaptation is a critical construction that rose with the fidelity urge. Unpacking this alternate history of both adaptation and the Romantic period reveals adaptation as a vital cultural reaction that catalyzed and shaped Romanticism’s critical shifting and redefining of notions of originality, which literary scholars subsequently used to marginalize adaptation.
Adaptation and History
Authors: Tutan Defne Ursin
Published: April 2017

Chapter 33 argues that all historical representations are radically adaptive and that the ways in which they are conceived and perceived tell us more about the present than about the past they refer to. As the historian adapts the material into a pre-planned scheme to meet a certain end, every version of history becomes essentially an adaptation. While such a view of history is neither novel nor groundbreaking among historians, it has yet to find acceptance among popular readers and audiences of history. In other words, the discrepancy between how history is conceived and how it is perceived remains intact. A brief case study of the ways in which audiences have perceived The Tudors and Magnificent Century, and how fervently televised adaptations are contested, signals the need to challenge this discrepancy.
How to Write Adaptation History
Authors: Lev Peter
Published: April 2017

The scholarship on American film adaptations is surprisingly ahistorical, neglecting the institutional and production history of Hollywood film. Chapter 38 attempts a more historical approach. Concentrating on the 1930s, it discusses how stories were chosen, what kinds of stories were chosen, and how stories were shaped in the film production process, identifying the screenwriter and the supervising producer as key contributors to adaptation. Statistical tables provide information on the percentage of novel, play, and short story adaptations made in each year between 1931 and 1940. Critiquing both the auteur theory and Robert Stam’s intertextuality for their lack of interest in production history, the essay calls for more archival research and more attention to the production process.
Bakhtin, Intertextuality, and Adaptation
Authors: Cutchins Dennis
Published: April 2017

Much of the current thinking about adaptation owes its orientation to Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of intertextuality. Chapter 4 traces Bakhtin’s most influential contributions to adaptation studies. Against the assumption that adaptation is the faithful translation of a core of meaning, a Bakhtinian theory argues instead that adaptation is a way of looking at texts through interdeterminations with other texts that all texts share to a greater or lesser degree, rather than a special kind of text that is uniquely interdetermined. Although all relationships between texts exist only in the minds of individual audiences, interpreting texts has the power to generate productive dialogues between readers and other readers, texts and other texts, which overcome the isolation of individual audiences.
Key Concepts of “Literature”
Authors: Owen Stephen
Published: April 2017

“Literature” is a discursive field that is bounded by other discursive fields that are “not literature.” Reflection on that field as such can be traced to the early second century ce under the category wen. Wen was a much older and broader category that characterized certain qualities in a text, a person, or even the condition of an age. Critical reflection on wen was sustained for about four centuries, but the elusiveness of the term blurred the bibliographical category. Gradually, in the eighth and ninth centuries, critical discourse shifted to the large genre categories, to poetry and to wen redefined as “prose.”
Masters (zi子)
Authors: Denecke Wiebke
Published: April 2017

“Masters Literature” constitutes China’s most influential and productive repository of philosophical thought, featuring debates about fundamental questions of social order, the good life, governance, heavenly justice, human character, and the cosmos. The chapter first discusses how people have defined the Masters corpus from antiquity to the present and how divergent definitions affect our understanding of this textual genre. It then surveys the most important intellectual camps and approaches within Masters Literature, namely Confucians, Mohists, Persuaders, Lao-Zhuang and Huang-Lao Daoism, statecraft specialists, encyclopedic compendia, and Han masters and scholar-officials, asking in each case what central intellectual concerns were at stake and what major rhetorical formats and strategies were used to make convincing arguments. Lastly, it touches on how Masters Literature is significant today and what kind of debates it has catalyzed for the present.
“Chinese Poetry”
Authors: Rouzer Paul
Published: April 2017

The chapter seeks to give a historical overview of elite shi, popular shi, fu, and Chuci forms up until 1000 ce, emphasizing the role of traditional theoretical perspectives in shaping or problematizing modern views. In the case of shi, these perspectives include the Mao school’s interpretation of the Shijing; the retroactive creation of a shi tradition by pre-Tang court anthologists and critics in an attempt to privilege elite participation; the explosion of shi composition among the literate classes from the eighth century on due to its significant role in social exchange and in civil service examinations, and the concomitant decline of court aesthetics; the gradual triumph of a self-expressive and autobiographical model for shi composition; and the elite tradition’s general disregard for forms of verse production that did not fit its ideals. In discussing fu and Chuci, it is important to note its changing social roles as well as continuing existence.
Narrative Genres
Authors: Allen Sarah
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses classical narrative before 900 from two perspectives: as fiction (or proto-fiction), and as history. Modern histories of Chinese literature have focused on tracing the development of fiction—xiaoshuo小說 in Chinese—out of a narrative tradition initially dominated by history-writing. In such schemes, narrative began as a vehicle for recording history; fictional elements emerged when writers recorded events that cannot have actually occurred, leading in the eighth and ninth centuries to “conscious” fiction in a small number of sophisticated narratives on topics such as occult encounters or romance. During the period covered by this volume, however, the majority of narrative works—including those that appear most fantastic to modern readers—were seen as forms of history. Narrative was thus envisioned as an enterprise devoted to recording past events, even though the events recorded might be of varying degrees of reliability.
The Song Reception of Earlier Literature
Authors: Owen Stephen
Published: April 2017

The literature of the Song dynasty was engaged with earlier literature, primarily that of the Tang, far more intensely than any earlier period had been engaged with the literary past. Scholarly editing and eventually widespread printing made past texts available on an unprecedented scale. They were relatively uninterested in pre-Tang literature, with the exception of the poetry of Tao Qian (Tao Yuanming, 365–427), but developed their own poetics through changing interpretations of the Tang literary legacy. The major change came in the early thirteenth century with Yan Yu’s Canglang shihua (Canglang’s Remarks on Poetry), which tied poetic composition to a literary historical curriculum of reading that did include pre-Tang poetry, with each period judged in relation to the whole. This set the model for the poetics of later dynasties.
Tradition Formation
Authors: Durrant Stepphen
Published: April 2017

A strong sense of tradition emerges in China during a period that looks with nostalgia to the past as an antidote to ongoing political and social disruption. While several versions of that past compete in the writings of the late Zhou masters, the early Zhou period and the “sage” Confucius eventually become central parts of what we might label “the dominant past.” This tradition is then formalized and institutionalized during the Han dynasty with the promotion and enhancement of a classical canon, the appearance of a vast new unifying history of China, and an official bibliography that provides structure and meaning to a growing and diverse world of textual production. Voices of dissent are heard, to be sure, but these are safely incorporated into a tradition that legitimizes invention as an important supplement to transmission.
Sites II
Authors: Swartz Wendy
Published: April 2017

This chapter examines sites that were situated in nature (mountains and rivers, temples), modeled after nature (parks and estates), inspired by nature (urban sanctuaries such as private gardens and temples), or defined by their distance from the capital court (roads leading away from the political or cultural center). Writings on these sites commonly treated the themes of exile from the capital, retreat from court life, personal cultivation, or the beauty and mystery of nature. Sites in nature and the political center at times converged in these writings whereby these sites could reinforce or augment the authority of imperial power (the imperial park or the temples of previous dynastic founders).
Figures
Authors: Li Wai-Yee
Published: April 2017

This chapter presents a wide range of human actors in classical Chinese literature, exploring when, where, how, and to what ends certain figures appear, recur, change, or achieve typicality, which often in turn breeds reversals and transformations. The discussion follows three partially overlapping axes—political power, desire, and transcendence or otherness. Imagining political power involves good and bad rulers, remonstrators, frustrated officials, recluses, knights-errant, and so on. Male and female longing are portrayed differently, yielding images of the ambivalent divine woman, the hopeless lover, the pining or abandoned woman, the femme fatale, and martyrs of love in various configurations of quest, union, separation, and estrangement. Transcendence or otherness signals gods, ghosts, spirits, immortals, and a host of strange or demonic creatures beyond the realms of civilization, human agents who facilitate communication with these beings, as well as human seekers of higher truths or of immortality.
Sino-Korean Literature
Authors: Kornicki Peter
Published: April 2017

This section considers the introduction of Chinese writing to Korea and subsequent literary activity in Korea using Literary Chinese. During the Unified Silla period and the Koryŏ Dynasty, expertise in Literary Chinese was essential for maintenance of the tributary relationship with China and for the civil service examination system. During the Chosŏn Dynasty, scholarship was promoted and the civil service examination system continued. In spite of the invention of the han’gŭl script in the mid-fifteenth century, Literary Chinese remained the language of government, scholarship and belles lettres until the nineteenth century. However, the han’gŭl script was used to produce bilingual editions of texts in literary Chinese to assist learners.
Early Sino-Japanese Literature
Authors: Denecke Wiebke
Published: April 2017

Sino-Japanese literature stands out among the Chinese-style literatures of East Asia for the wealth of texts preserved from the early period, its complex symbiosis with a flourishing vernacular tradition, and its pervasive reliance on gloss-reading techniques of Chinese texts (kundoku). These techniques allowed the transformation of Chinese texts into Japanese sound, syntax, and morphology and enabled a distinctive linguistic and creative distance from continental literary production. This chapter surveys the literary culture and production of Early Japan (Asuka, Nara and Heian Periods, seventh through twelfth centuries). After introducing the debates about the varied nomenclature of the corpus of “Sino-Japanese Literature” (kanbun; also called Japanese Literature in Chinese), it sketches the contexts of the emergence of Sino-Japanese textual culture and literature in Japan and gives an overview of major texts in their cultural context. It concludes with reflections on what students of China can learn from Sino-Japanese Literature.
Sino-Vietnamese Literature
Authors: Kornicki Peter
Published: April 2017

This section considers the introduction of Chinese writing to Vietnam and subsequent literary activity in Vietnam using Literary Chinese. It notes that no book printed before 1697 has survived, although printing began in Vietnam centuries earlier, and not a single ancient manuscript either. It traces the development of Chinese prose and poetry written by Vietnamese, including some women poets, and the impact of the development of the vernacular script chữ nôm. Although the contours of the practice are not yet well understood, at least by the eighteenth century it had become increasingly common to combine Chinese texts with vernacular translations or explanations to facilitate understanding.
Text and Commentary
Authors: Puett Michael
Published: April 2017

This essay traces the notions of text, authorship, and commentary in the early Chinese literary tradition, exploring how the notions were debated and redefined from the fourth century bce to the fourth century ce in an endless process of accretion, in which poetic lines were utilized in new ways and stories were constantly varied according to context. The analysis shows how the texts of the classical period emerged together with the commentaries to them and literary production in the early period developed out of contested visions of how to define text and commentary, author and interpreter; it opens up comparative possibilities for thinking through the development of other early literary traditions as well.
Can Scholarly Works on Discrimination Make a Practical Difference?
Authors: Outtz James L.
Published: April 2017

This chapter argues that scholarly works on employment discrimination have had little influence on practice for three reasons: accessibility, scope, and relevance. It begins by discussing how the accessibility of scholarly works is limited by the fact that few persons outside academia have access to them, or that their authors do not seem to recognize the need to explain or even address how their findings might be applied to practical situations. The article then shows that most scholarly works in employment discrimination do not give sufficient consideration to factors that underlie discrimination across several venues such as housing, or focus too narrowly on one target group defined on the basis of race, nationality, gender, age, religion, and so forth. It also looks at some problems with current research methodologies and offers suggestions on how research can be more influential in developing practices that combat discrimination in the workplace.
Introduction
Authors: Fisher Maryanne L.
Published: April 2017

The topic of women’s competition has gained recent momentum, as evidenced by the proliferation of articles in the scientific literature. There has been a considerable body of new research highlighting competition in several domains, including access to and retention of mates, access to resources related to mothering, interaction with virtual media, issues faced in the workplace, and engagement with sport and physical activity. The chapters in this volume provide a definitive view on the contemporary state of knowledge regarding women’s competition. The majority of chapters rely on an evolutionary framework; other chapters argue that sociocultural sources shape women’s competition. While the book is primarily about women, some contributors focus on issues faced by adolescent girls, or mention developmental trajectories for young girls through adulthood. It is hoped that the information within this volume will serve as a source of inspiration to help guide future directions for research.
Parental Love
Authors: Richards Norvin
Published: April 2017

This chapter begins from the intuition that love comes in different forms, and that the forms differ in the objects to which they are suited. It applies those thoughts to parental love. It identifies a sense in which it would be better if a parent’s love had certain qualities. It identifies some of those qualities and explains what it is about parenthood that makes them auspicious in a parent’s love. It draws contrasts between love of the kind that is suited to parenthood in this way and love of the kind that is suited to friendship and to relationships of other kinds.
Eucharist
Authors: McPartlan Paul
Published: April 2017

After noting convergences regarding the Eucharist between the teaching of the Second Vatican Council and the views of the 1963 Faith and Order conference, this chapter surveys a wide range of bilateral and multilateral ecumenical agreed statements on the Eucharist achieved in recent decades. It finds broad progress in them regarding three specific aspects of the Eucharist, namely, the links between the Eucharist and the Church, the Eucharist and the Holy Spirit, and the Eucharist and the future (or eschatology), respectively. It identifies outstanding issues, especially regarding the Eucharist as sacrament and sacrifice, and suggests how the progress provides a new context for tackling those issues. The relationship between baptismal and eucharistic ecclesiologies is then considered, and also ways in which the Eucharist has been recognized in ecumenical dialogue as influencing the structure of the Church. Attention is finally given to ecological implications of the Eucharist.
Changes in lifestyle in ancient Rome (Italy) across the Iron Age/Roman transition
Authors: De Grossi Mazzorin Jacopo , Minniti Claudia
Published: April 2017

As concerns the continuing debate over the impact of Roman conquest in the world, Rome represents a very interesting case study as it represented the core of the Roman Empire and the geographic foundation of Roman culture. In this respect, the zooarchaeology of Rome itself provides a most promising area of investigation, as the modern city has been the scene of extensive archaeological activity in recent years. The results from the analysis of animal assemblages from Rome and neighbouring geographic areas show that significant changes occurred across the pre-Roman/Roman transition and throughout the Roman period. They include substantial changes in diet, with pork consumption becoming predominant, improvements in pig and other livestock, the development of breeds and varieties of dogs, and the introduction of exotic animals for use in exhibitions and games.
Animals in urban life in Medieval to Early Modern England
Authors: O'Connor Terry
Published: April 2017

Animals formed an essential part of urban life in England from Medieval times onwards, economically, socially, and ecologically. As livestock, they provided meat and other carcass resources, traction power, wool, and dairy produce. The close integration of livestock with everyday urban life is reflected in the ubiquity of butchered cattle, and sheep and pig bones, and the sight, sound, and smell of livestock would have been everyday experiences. Horses are probably under-represented in the animal bone record, given their likely importance as pack and riding animals. Poultry and, later, rabbits were important as livestock that poorer households could raise and trade. Other animals provided companionship, although the differentiation of companion animals is not unproblematic. The commensal scavengers such as crows and rodents were a central element of the urban scene, becoming stigmatized as ‘vermin’ at least by the sixteenth century.
From bovid to beaver
Authors: Maltby Mark
Published: April 2017

This chapter reviews evidence for the exploitation of animals in Medieval northwest Russia, highlighting the evidence from the town of Novgorod and its hinterland. The zooarchaeological evidence from this region has been complemented by other sources of archaeological and documentary evidence. Most faunal assemblages are dominated by cattle, which were of small stature and exploited mainly for their meat and milk. There is evidence that pigs became less important in later periods. Sheep and goat were poorly represented on most sites, but with goats forming a higher proportion of the sheep/goat remains than on many other European sites. Evidence for fur trade in the region comes mainly from sites deep in the forest zone. Horsemeat was consumed, although horses were mainly valued as transport animals. The high-status site of Ryurik Gorodishche produced evidence for organized carcass-processing, ritual deposition of horse skulls, and the import of exotic species.
Subsistence economy, animal domestication, and herd management in prehistoric central Asia (Neolithic–Iron Age)
Authors: Benecke Norbert
Published: April 2017

Sites of the Neolithic Jeitun Culture in southern Turkmenistan present the earliest evidence of animal husbandry, mainly based on sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus), in Central Asia. In its northern parts, subsistence economy relied on the exploitation of wild animal resources in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic. The steppes of north Kazakhstan played a prominent role in the domestication of the horse (Equus caballus) some time prior to 3000 bc. In subsequent periods, horse breeding was of great economic importance in this area. In the Bronze Age, the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) became a common livestock animal in the Eurasian dry zones. Its domestication seems to have taken place in the southwestern part of Central Asia. According to geography, vegetation, and climate, different types of animal keeping and herd management developed in the centuries of the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Introduction of domestic animals to the Japanese archipelago
Authors: Hongo Hitomi
Published: April 2017

Zooarchaeological and molecular biological studies indicate that all domestic animals found in Japan were introduced and local domestication of wild boar and wolf is unlikely. Timing of introduction and husbandry practice for dog, pig, horse, cattle, and chicken are discussed. These main domestic species were introduced from the Chinese continent in prehistoric times, probably via the Korean peninsula. Meat of domestic animals and dairy products were not a major part of the diet until the twentieth century ad, partly because of the Buddhist prohibition of the consumption of animal meat. Zooarchaeological data from the Yayoi and Kofun period sites as well as the historical era have been gradually accumulating, helping the interpretation of textual records as well as supplementing them.
Farming, social change, and state formation in Southeast Asia
Authors: Higham Charles F. W.
Published: April 2017

Farming in Southeast Asia is dominated two major crops, rice and millet, and domestic pigs, cattle, water buffalo, chickens, and dogs. The domestication of these species took place in China, and the first farmers began to settle Southeast Asia in the early second millennium bc. They integrated with the indigenous hunter-gatherers, and were heavily reliant not only on their crops and domestic animals, but also on hunting, gathering, and fishing. An agricultural revolution took place during the Iron Age, involving plough agriculture in permanent fields. Ownership of improved land would have stimulated the rise of social elites and dependent craft specialists, factors underlying the rapid formation of early states.
Cattle, a major component of the Kerma culture (Sudan)
Authors: Chaix Louis
Published: April 2017

Cattle were an essential element of the economy of the kingdom of Kerma, located between the first and fourth cataract in Egypt, which flourished between 2600 and 1500 bc. They are an important source of protein and labour, as well as secondary products (milk, hides, tools, etc.). The role of cattle in funerary rituals is attested by the presence of bucrania, which were placed facing the deceased in the burial mounds, sometimes in large numbers. Some burials contained bucrania with parallel horns, whereas others had a deliberately misshapen horn. In the Classic Kerma phase, cattle become less important, and the bucrania around the burials rarer. This may be linked to a worsening of the climate and a rapidly growing human population. The significance of cattle in the Kerma culture is evidenced by baked clay figurines, by paintings visible in the excavated funerary ‘chapels’, and by the presence of engraved ostrich eggs.
The zooarchaeology of Iron Age farmers from southern Africa
Authors: Badenhorst Shaw
Published: April 2017

The Iron Age of southern Africa covers the spread and occupation of Bantu-speaking farmers during the last 1,500 years. Archaeological research of these farmers was heavily influenced by the Central Cattle Pattern, a settlement model which, as one of its main concepts, argued that cattle were the most important domestic animal since the first farmers settled in southern Africa during the first millennium ad. Various arguments have been presented to support this view, including the presence of cattle dung, cattle herd sizes, informants and ethnography, and weights of livestock, as well as ageing and skeletal part data. These arguments have been challenged recently, and new interpretations offered. New interpretations unrestricted by the Central Cattle Pattern have focused on descent patterns of farmers. Changes in identification methodology and measures of changes of livestock over time have played a major role in these new interpretations.
Historical zooarchaeology of colonialism, mercantilism, and indigenous dispossession
Authors: Heinrich Adam R.
Published: April 2017

The investigation of the Dutch East India Company’s (VOC) meat industry that was emplaced at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa reveals information about livestock production, slaughter, and consumption at the colonial entrepot in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The investigation consisted of five faunal samples including three sites from the Castle of Good Hope; the Moat, the Granary (F2), and Donkergat (DKG); Elsenburg; and the Dump (DP) from Oudespost I. The archaeological faunal remains speak to transplanted and hybridized European husbandry practices as the VOC struggled to overcome initial hardships of meeting high meat demands to become the dominant power across the landscape while dispossessing the indigenous Khoekhoe peoples of their livestock, land, and identity.
Tracking the trade in animal pelts in early historic eastern North America
Authors: Lapham Heather A.
Published: April 2017

This chapter highlights zooarchaeology’s contribution to our understanding of the trade in animal pelts (furs, skins, and hides) that flourished between Native Americans and Europeans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in eastern North America. Hides from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) dominated exchanges in the southern trades, whereas the northern trades focused mainly on acquiring pelts from American beaver (Castor canadensis) and other fur-bearing animals. Zooarchaeological signatures of hunting to procure deerskins for commercial trade are outlined on the basis of evidence from Native American animal economies in southwestern Virginia. A case study focused on early historic-period Susquehannock deer hunting and beaver harvesting in south-central Pennsylvania is then presented.
Archaeozoological techniques and protocols for elaborating scenarios of early colonization and Neolithization of Cyprus
Authors: Vigne Jean-Denis
Published: April 2017

This paper summarizes some of the main results that have been obtained through the archaeozoological study of the large Cypriot Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Shillourokambos, dated between 8300 and 7000 cal bc. It shows how the presence of the archaeozoologists in the field, as well as an original faunal-based critical approach of the relative chronology of the different phases of occupation of this site, can improve the quality of the archaeozoological contribution to the cultural history of the region. Special attention is also paid to the osteometric study of sexually dimorphic ungulates. The results concern the evolution of the system of exploitation of the animal resources during this important phase of the Near Eastern Neolithic transition. They also evidence the long-distance exchanges between early Neolithic villages and they indirectly document the early history of navigation in the eastern Mediterranean.
The exploitation of aquatic environments by the Olmec and Epi-Olmec
Authors: Peres Tanya M.
Published: April 2017

Hydrographic features dominate the Olmec heartland. Fishing, travel, transport, and trade via watercraft were essential parts of daily life. This chapter synthesizes archaeofaunal, iconographic, and biological data about human–animal relationships during the Formative period in the Gulf Coastal lowlands of Veracruz, Mexico. Aquatic environments were reliable sources of physical sustenance for the Olmec and Epi-Olmec, and fresh-water fish, turtles, and local and migratory water birds made up the daily diet. Animals found in marine environments were elevated to a sacred status and venerated in iconography, and jade and ceramic effigies and pendants became important parts of spiritual sustenance.
Zooarchaeology of the Maya
Authors: Emery Kitty F.
Published: April 2017

Maya zooarchaeology can be used to answer a broad range of questions about the ancient Maya environmental and cultural history. Animal remains represent the impact of human activity on animal populations and the landscape as well as the full range of subsistence, economic, political, and symbolic practices of ancient peoples, households, and communities, all at a very local scale. As such, they can provide perspective on many of the major debates in Maya archaeology. Here, I explore the information that zooarchaeology in the Maya area has provided on questions of climate change, deforestation, and animal population management (both hunting and husbandry), as well as the contributions of animal remains to questions of ancient Maya community hierarchy, crafting, and economics, and the interrelated powers of politics and religion.