bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Personality Inventory Scales: A Self-Rating Clinical Instrument for Diagnosis of Personality Disorder
Authors: Burgess J. Wesley
Published: August 2011

A personality inventory was developed as an aid in securing history and beliefs relevant to the assessment of personality structure and the diagnosis of personality disorders. The inventory was developed by restating DSM diagnostic criteria in everyday language, rewording the resulting statements in the form of True/False questions, and placing these questions in a short, self-paced booklet which subjects could complete in about 15 minutes. The following assessments were made and discussed: construct validity, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, comparison with a standardized interview, and comparison with actual clinical assessments. The personality inventory is discussed as a useful accompaniment to the diagnostic interview in clinical settings and for research into personality structure and personality disorders.
Retention of Massed vs Distributed Response-Prevention Treatments in Rats and a Revised Training Procedure
Authors: Martasian Paula J. , Smith Nelson F. , Neill Stephen A. , Rieg Thomas S.
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were conducted to estimate the retention of response-prevention effects using massed vs distributed treatments in a model of animal avoidance-learning. In Exp. I, 120 rats were trained to avoid shock in a one-way platform avoidance apparatus. Groups received response-prevention treatment or nontreatment in a 36-min. massed session or in several sessions distributed over a four-day period. In Exp. II, 160 rats were given two trials of escape training in a one-way shuttle box. Groups received response-prevention treatment or nontreatment in a 24-min. session of massed or distributed treatments delivered in one day. Subjects in both studies were tested using a passive-avoidance paradigm immediately following treatment, 24 hours later, and 30 days later. Analysis showed that response-prevention treatments were effective in reducing avoidance behavior and there were no significant differences in retention of avoidance associated with massed vs distributed response-prevention treatments. Implications for animals and humans are discussed, and researchers are encouraged to change from a criterion training procedure to an escape procedure since the latter is a closer analogue to the human condition.
Dimensionality of Sex-Role Behavior: Factor Stability of the Male-Female Relations—Female Form
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Brooks Peggy R. , Morgan Gwen S.
Published: August 2011

The initial validation study of the 1980 Male-Female Relations questionnaire of Spence, Helmreich, and Sawin provided evidence for the instrument's construct validity, discriminant/convergent validity, and reliability with undergraduate students. In the current study the factorial structure of the Male-Female Relations—Female Form was replicated on a sample of 273 women who typified a community sample of women. Social interaction and male preference factors in the current study were congruent with those in the earlier Spence, et al. study. Results indicate that the two factors are stable and appropriate for use with a community sample of women.
Depression, Suicide Ideation, and Aggression among High School Students Whose Parents are Divorced and Use Alcohol at Home
Authors: Workman Michael , Beer John
Published: August 2011

106 high school students from a small rural high school completed the Children of Alcoholics Scale, Zaks and Walters' Aggression Scale, Beck Depression Scale, and a modified version of the Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation. Analyses of variance showed boys were not experiencing suicide ideation any more than girls; suicide ideation was similar across the four grades, but on aggression alcohol-dependent boys scored significantly higher than girls, and in Grade 9 boys' scores were significantly higher than those in Grade 10. The sophomores' scores on alcohol dependency were significantly lower than the freshmen's scores. Boys and children from divorced homes had higher scores on aggression than girls and children from nondivorced homes. Children from homes in which alcohol was used had higher depression scores than children from nonalcoholic homes. Freshman girls and sophomore boys had higher depression scores than senior boys and girls. A Pearson r of 0.28 between scores on alcohol dependency and suicide ideation was significant, but research is needed to understand better the associations of thoughts of suicide and drug-alcohol dependency among these high school students so strategies for prevention and intervention can be focused.
Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale: A Further Factor Analytic Validation
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook
Published: August 2011

Data from 462 members of the general public were used to evaluate Hong's Psychological Reactance Scale. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation yielded a four-factor solution which was almost identical to previous research findings with a sample of college students, thereby indicating factorial stability. Reliabilities for the scale were satisfactory so use is recommended.
Evaluation Strategies for Some Nonstandard Conditionals during Adolescence
Authors: Langford Peter E.
Published: August 2011

380 adolescents and young adults between the ages of 11 and 29 years participated in three experiments in which they were asked to evaluate both universally quantified nonstandard and standard conditionals using items of information bearing upon them. Subjects found it much easier to avoid a biconditional interpretation with the nonstandard than with the standard conditionals, which throws doubt on the explanation of desire for symmetry of biconditional conversion. It was argued, from data of other studies, that a modified version of the Piagetian view that biconditional conversion occurs as a result of a desire to avoid the complications of dealing with three factors explains most cases of such conversion in adolescence. Results also confirmed that it is more profitable to analyse performance on tasks of this kind using a two-stage model of interpretation and information use previously developed to explain performance with standard universally quantified conditionals than to view such tasks as providing truth-table values. Such an analysis was extended to the nonstandard conditionals studied in the present paper. The origins of the dramatic differences in information-use strategies adopted by adolescents for standard and nonstandard conditionals remain unclear.
Mortality Rates and Aggression Management among Native Americans
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

Using data from the general USA population, Field reported that various causes of death correlated with measures of aggression management obtained from suicide and homicide rates. Since in this study replication of these findings cross-culturally was not successful with data for US Indian Health Service areas and Field did not explain his ecological correlations, the reliability and validity of his findings may be questioned.
Construct Validity of the Commitment to Career Choices Scale among South African University Students
Authors: Stead Graham B. , Watson Mark B.
Published: August 2011

Factor analysis of 190 South African university undergraduates' responses to the Commitment to Career Choices Scale showed considerable similarity of factors with those in Blustein, et al.'s 1989 work and supports the construct validity of the scale. However, omission of certain items from the two dimensions is recommended.
Influence of Involuntary Migration on Children's Perception of Control
Authors: Magwaza A. S.
Published: August 2011

The present study was done to explore the influence of involuntary migration on children's perception of control. Three groups of 50 black South African children each were randomly selected from three types of migrant populations. A control group of 50 nonmigrant children was also formed. To this sample a multidimensional measure of children's perception of control was administered. Analysis showed differences in perception of control by migrant and nonmigrant children as well as among the various groups of migrant children. Such variations were attributed to migration process and differences in educational and socioeconomic status.
Culture, Environment: Value Judgments about Cognitive Development
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

Cross-cultural studies have suggested cultural and environmental influences in cognitive development. Such differences have been described as value free and do not imply that one group is better than another. In this paper such a stance is challenged as unrealistic.
Correlations between Scores on a Continuous Performance Test and Parents' Ratings of Attention Problems and Impulsivity in Children
Authors: Thompson Ronald W. , Nichols George T.
Published: August 2011

This is a study of the relationship between a continuous performance test and parents' behavioral ratings of attention problems and impulsivity in 45 boys who had been referred to a clinic for learning and behavioral problems. No significant correlations obtained between these two methods of assessment. Perhaps the lack of congruence is due to the multidimensional nature of both attention problems and impulsivity. Suggestions for clinical practice and further research are discussed.
The Relocation Experience: Analysis of Factors Thought to Influence Adjustment to Transition
Authors: Carlisle-Frank Pamela Lyn
Published: August 2011

This paper provides an overview of the literature on the psychological, sociological, and environmental factors associated with relocation. From this review of the literature several hypotheses have been abstracted and are suggested for further study. A new model is also presented which examines these factors in relation to their influence on adjustment to transition.
Economic Frustration and Sexual Assault in Large American Cities
Authors: DeFronzo James
Published: August 2011

Frustration-Aggression Theory suggests that alleviating economically generated frustration can reduce violent crime. The present multivariate analysis suggested differences in the amount of welfare assistance to the poor had a relatively strong negative relationship to the variation in reported rates of sexual assault among 142 large American cities.
Conditional Stimulus Control of Childrens' Sequence Production
Authors: Stromer Robert , Mackay Harry A.
Published: August 2011

Normally capable children were first taught to touch in sequence each of a set of five physically dissimilar stimuli (Sequence A). Another set of stimuli was then used to train sequence B. Next, direct training established conditional control of the production of the A sequence and its reversal: in the presence of one printed word, touching the stimuli in the order A1→A2→A3→A4→A5 was reinforced; in the presence of another word, touching the stimuli in the order A5→A4→A3→A2→A1 was reinforced. During probe sessions, the printed words also exercised conditional control over production of the B sequence and its reversal for five of six subjects, suggesting the formation of stimulus classes. Four of these five subjects also performed mixed sequences under conditional control of the words (e.g., A1→B2→A3→B4→A5 and its reversal), verifying that the stimuli which occupied the same position in each sequence were members of the same class.
Pets and Perceived Family Life Quality
Authors: Loyer-Carlson Vicki
Published: August 2011

This study examined peoples' perceptions of their families' quality of life and the factors thought to influence those perceptions. The Perceptual Indicators of Family Life Quality Scale was answered by 391 young adults, 75% of whom reported owning a pet. Findings indicate that persons in two birth-parent families are no more likely to perceive their families as quality families than are persons in other family configurations. The size of the community in which the family resides also does not affect individuals' perceptions of their family life quality, and pet owners do not make significantly different assessments from nonpet owners. Implications focus on the specific interactions within each group, and recommendations are made for further study.
Possible Gender Bias in Ivy League and Selective Colleges
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: August 2011

In a 1991 report it was shown that many college women, especially conservatives, would not want a woman or an African-American to be President of the United States. Data are presented from a 1989 report by Persell and Cookson of 1035 high school seniors, showing Ivy League colleges and other highly selective colleges appeared to discriminate against female applicants. Even though both male and female applicants were from the pool of what elite colleges might consider to be the most qualified candidates, 92% of the boys but only 77% of the girls were accepted by the colleges.
Assessment of Depression in College Students: Geriatric Depression Scale versus Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Authors: Brink T. L. , Niemeyer Louise
Published: August 2011

103 college students took the Geriatric Depression Scale and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale along with five measures of life satisfaction. The correlation between scores on the first scales was .66. Both depression scales had moderate negative correlations (−.34 to −.71) with each measure of life satisfaction. However, on every measure of life satisfaction, the correlation with scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale was higher than with those on the CES-Depression Scale.
Positively and Negatively Worded Items in a Self-Report Measure of Dispositional Optimism
Authors: Mook Jaap , Kleijn Wim Chr. , van der Ploeg Henk M.
Published: August 2011

Significantly higher mean scores on the negatively versus positively worded subscales are reported for a Dutch-adapted version of the Life Orientation Test, a measure of dispositional optimism. This extends previous findings on measures of negative affect (i.e., anxiety and depression) to a similarly balanced measure of positive affect. Factor analysis identified two factors (presence of optimism and absence of pessimism) which suggested the multidimensionality of the scale based on differences in item content along the independent dimensions of positive and negative affect.
Family Dysfunction as a Risk Factor in the Development of Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Marquis Peter
Published: August 2011

Many studies have indicated a positive correlation between family dysfunction and subsequent cognitive and behavioral problems in offspring. The purpose of this study was to compare the family histories of 118 inmates with those of 45 college students and to document differential patterns. The possible social implications of the data are discussed as well as directions for further research.
WAIS—R Scatter with Psychiatric Inpatients: I. Intrasubtest Scatter
Authors: Boone Daniel E.
Published: August 2011

Intrasubtest scatter values for eight WAIS—R subtests were estimated for a sample of 150 psychiatric inpatients and compared with those reported for a comparable portion of the WAIS—R standardization group by Kaplan, Fein, Morris, and Delis in 1991, using the normal deviate ( z) test. The standardization group's intrasubtest scatter was significantly greater than those reported for the psychiatric inpatients on all subtests except Arithmetic and Information. These results suggested that, contrary to expectation, limited intrasubtest scatter may characterize WAIS—R protocols of psychiatric inpatients, while the presence of scatter may characterize normal WAIS—R performance.
High School Achievement, Self-Efficacy, and Locus of Control as Predictors of Freshman Academic Performance
Authors: Ferrari Joseph R. , Parker James T.
Published: August 2011

78 male and 241 female college students completed self-report measures of social and general self-efficacy and academic locus of control midway through their first term in college. Fall semester credits completed and gradepoint average were criterion measures, while high school performance and personality variables were predictor variables. Although the magnitude of the coefficients was small (<.30), fall GPA was significantly related to high school English average and class rank and to social efficacy. Fall credits completed were significantly related to high school averages in Mathematics and English, class rank, to SAT Mathematics and Verbal scores, and to social efficacy. Regression analysis indicated that none of the high school performance or personality variables were predictors of fall semester achievement. General self-efficacy and locus of control were not significantly related to either academic criterion measure. Implications for interventions with beginning college students are offered.
Employment Status Transitions in a Longitudinal Study of Young People
Authors: Winefield Helen R. , Winefield Anthony H. , Tiggemann Marika
Published: August 2011

We report the workforce status, one year later, of four annual waves of respondents in a longitudinal study. The satisfied employed were the most stable group, with an average of 90% remaining in the same category after one year. The dissatisfied employed had often (55% on average) become satisfied a year later, and the unemployed were the group most likely (at 18% on average) to undertake further study.
Stability of Parental Nurturance as a Salient Predictor of Self-Esteem
Authors: Buri John R. , Murphy Patrick , Richtsmeier Lynda M. , Komar Karen K.
Published: August 2011

The relationship of parental nurturance to self-esteem for seven distinct adolescent and early-adulthood age groups ( N = 784) was investigated. Analysis showed that even though mothers' and fathers' nurturance together were more strongly related to self-esteem during the junior high school years ( R2 values >50% were obtained in each of the junior high samples) than during the high school and college years ( R2 values < 40% were obtained in each of these samples), parental nurturance still remained a robust predictor of self-esteem during these latter years. These results were discussed within the context of (a) the stability at different ages of the bases upon which one's judgments of self-esteem are made, and (b) parental nurturance as a stabilizing influence during the transitional years of adolescence and early adulthood.
Reliability Data on a Greek Translation of the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale
Authors: Malikiosi-Loizos Maria , Anderson Lynn R.
Published: August 2011

Scores on a Greek translation of the Revised Self-monitoring Scale were very highly correlated with those on the English version among 36 bilingual undergraduate Greek university students. For a sample of 127 undergraduate women in Greece coefficient alpha for Factor A. Ability to Modify Self-presentation was .63, and for Factor B. Sensitivity to the Expressive Behavior of Others was .65 when Item 4 was deleted. Scores for both Factor A and Factor B were uncorrelated with age for the Greek students. The translation appears sufficiently reliable to warrant use with Greek individuals.
Attitudes toward Firearms and Reasons for Firearm Ownership among Nonurban Youth: Salience of Sex and Race
Authors: Livingston Mary Margaret , Lee Marvin W.
Published: August 2011

Few studies have examined firearm attitudes and reasons for gun ownership among nonurban youth. Analysis of responses of 367 northern Louisiana elementary and secondary students showed sex and race, more than hunting or shooting experience, appear responsible for their differences in attitude White girls and black youth express greater discomfort in shooting game animals than intruders. White boys were more likely to hunt, own and use firearms, as well as express progun attitudes. 80% of students were willing to restrict gun ownership, with girls generally favoring more controls than boys. Despite the presence of firearms in most households, few students had gun-safety training. Further research on differences in attitude by sex and race and the discrepancy between availability of firearms and safety training is suggested.
Mental Health Locus of Control in First-Degree Relatives of Agoraphobic and Depressed Inpatients
Authors: Hoffart Asle , Torgersen Svenn
Published: August 2011

Mental health locus of control in 77 first-degree relatives of agoraphobic, agoraphobic and major depressed (comorbid), and depressed inpatients were studied. Relatives of comorbid patients externalized locus of control more to chance than did relatives of agoraphobic and of depressed patients. These results suggest that a tendency to externalize to chance is familially transmitted and may be a vulnerability factor for the development of the comorbid condition of agoraphobia and major depression.
Summer and School-Term Youth Employment: Ecological and Longitudinal Analyses
Authors: Hardesty Patrick H. , Hirsch Barton J.
Published: August 2011

The effects of summer versus school-year employment on self-esteem, peer relationships, and family social climate were investigated in a sample of 135 adolescents. Students were assessed the summer before entrance into high school and during the second semester of high school, using a longitudinal design. Cross-sectional findings indicated that, during the summer, 52 workers possessed higher self-esteem than 79 nonworkers. Longitudinal analysis indicated that 10 girls who worked only during the school term reported increases in both stress and activity with peers. At our final assessment, the families of 49 students who did not work at either time had become more conflicted and less cohesive than families of all other students. The developmental implications of these results are discussed.
Gender Equality, Legitimization of Violence, Social Disorganization and Rates of Personal Violence (Suicide and Homicide) in America
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Suicide rates were associated with measures of legitimate violence and social disorganization over the 48 continental American states, whereas homicide rates for 1980 were associated with a measure of gender equality.
The Anal-Erotic Factor in Hindus and Muslims: An Empirical Examination of Berkeley-Hill's Hypothesis
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: August 2011

A claim, derived from psychoanalytic theory, which postulates that the religion, philosophy, and personality of Hindus are related to anal-erotic impulses, was examined. English college students (48 Hindus, 97 Muslims, 63 Protestants, and 54 of other religions) were administered a questionnaire on anal personality traits. Mean scores for each group were computed and comparisons drawn between groups. Both Hindu and Muslim religious groups displayed significantly more anal personality traits than did the Protestants and the ‘other religions’ group. Further, similar item endorsements were found for the Hindu and Muslim groups. The hypothesized claim relating Hindus and anal-eroticism was accepted.
Alcohol and Creative Writing
Authors: Brunke Mark , Gilbert Merv
Published: August 2011

A repeated-measures design was used to test for the effects of alcohol on creative writing as measured by use of novel figurative language. 11 male social drinkers participated in a creative writing task under two conditions, alcohol (high dose: 1.1 ml. ethanol/kilogram body weight) and placebo. In the alcohol condition, within-subject comparisons indicated significantly greater quantity of creative writing while intoxicated. These results were interpreted as supporting the belief that alcohol can reduce “writer's block,” at least amongst nonalcoholic subjects.
Assessment of Preschoolers At-Risk with the WPPSI—R and the Stanford-Binet L—M
Authors: Gerken Kathryn C. , Hodapp Albert F.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide data on the validity of using the WPPSI—R with 16 preschoolers who had been referred for psychological assessment. A comparison of the preschoolers' performance on the WPPSI—R and the Stanford-Binet L-M was made. Children ranged in age from 3-0 to 6-0 years, with a mean age of 4–5 yr. The correlations between WPPSI—R and Stanford-Binet L-M scores were strong; WPPSI—R Verbal IQ and Stanford-Binet L-M IQ, r = .85; WPPSI—R Performance IQ and Stanford-Binet L-M IQ, r = .75, and WPPSI—R Full Scale IQ and Stanford-Binet L-M IQ, r = .82. For this very small sample of children whose mean IQ was significantly below average, the WPPSI—R appeared to assess validly their current intellectual functioning. Attention should be given concurrent and predictive validity as well as the efficiency of using the WPPSI—R with other and larger samples of referred children.
Reliability Data for a Greek Translation of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Comparisons with Data from the USA
Authors: Anderson Lynn R. , Malikiosi-Loizos Maria
Published: August 2011

A Greek translation of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale was internally reliable ( α = .89), after eliminating Item 4, and significantly correlated with the English version ( r = .94) for a sample of bilingual students. Weiss's distinction between social loneliness and emotional loneliness was also reliably identified in the Greek translation. Loneliness scores in Greece were significantly higher than in the USA. The translation seems to be sufficiently reliable to warrant further use with Greek individuals.
Value of the Mini-Mental State Examination and Informants' Data for the Detection of Dementia in Geriatric Outpatients
Authors: van der Cammen T. J. M. , van Harskamp F. , Stronks D. L. , Passchier J. , Schudel W. J.
Published: August 2011

The Dutch version of the Mini-Mental State Examination was administered to 138 elderly patients who were referred to a geriatric outpatient clinic for a variety of reasons. An optimal cut-off point of 24/25 was found for the detection of dementia. At this cut-off point, the Mini-Mental State Examination was 87.6% sensitive and 81.6% specific in detecting dementia. The discriminative validity was influenced by education and by the presence of psychiatric disorders other than dementia. Informants' data showed better sensitivity and specificity than the Mini-Mental State Examination for the detection of dementia. The findings suggest that informants' data are a primary source of information for the detection of dementia in geriatric outpatients.
Dimensions of Modern Warfare
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A reanalysis, with exploratory factor analysis using a varimax rotation, of data from 326 land battles from 321 BC to 1905 AD (published in 1980 by D. K. Simonton) yielded five orthogonal factors.
Fantasizers and Dissociaters: Data on Two Distinct Subgroups of Deep Trance Subjects
Authors: Barrett Deirdre
Published: August 2011

This study delineated two subgroups of highly hypnotizable subjects. The first ( n = 19) entered trance rapidly, scored high on absorption, and described hypnosis as much like their rich and vivid waking fantasy life. The second subgroup of 15 took time to achieve a deep trance, saw hypnosis as very different from any prior experiences, and were more likely to exhibit amnesia for both hypnotic experience and waking fantasies.
Relationship between Child-Rearing Attitudes and Sport Leadership
Authors: Potgieter Justus R.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to establish the association between parental child-rearing attitudes and sport leadership. An abridged version of Hereford's 1963 Parent-Attitude Survey was completed by 190 parents. No significant differences between attitudes of parents of sport leaders and those of nonleaders were observed on subscales for acceptance, understanding, and trust. It is concluded that the development of sport leadership is not related to such differences in home environment.
Using Humor in Psychotherapy with a Sex Offender
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: August 2011

Humor was used during psychotherapy with a 22-year-old child molester. The humor appeared to help establish rapport and led to his admission of desires to rape and torture adult women. Here exchange of humor seemed to be a helpful adjunct to psychotherapy.
Correlations of Memory and Learning with Vision in Aged Patients before and after a Cataract Operation
Authors: Fagerström Ritva
Published: August 2011

The connection between memory and learning with vision was investigated by studying 100 cataract operation patients, aged 71 to 76 years, 25 of them being men and 75 women. The cataract operation restored sufficient acuity of vision for reading (minimum E-test value 0.40) to 79% of the subjects. Short-term memory was studied with series of numbers, homogenic and heterogenic inhibition, and long sentences. Learning was tested with paired-associate learning and word learning. Psychological symptoms were measured on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and personality on the Mini-Mult MMPI. Memory and learning improved significantly when vision was normalized after the cataract operation. Poor memory and learning scores correlated with monocular vision before the operation and with defects in the field of vision, due to glaucoma and exceeding 20%, postsurgery. Monocular vision and defects in the visual field caused a continuous sense of abnormalness, which impaired old people's ability to concentrate on tasks of memory and learning. Cerebrovascular disturbances, beginning dementia, and moderate psychological symptoms obstructed memory and learning on both test rounds. Depression was the most important psychological symptom contributing to poor memory and learning scores after the cataract operation. The memory and learning defects mainly reflected disturbances in memorizing.
Relationship between MCMI-II Scales and Normal Personality Traits
Authors: Craig Robert J. , Olson Ronald E.
Published: August 2011

We correlated MCMI-II and 16 PF profiles of 145 couples in outpatient marital therapy and noted significant associations between these tests that were consistently and logically related to constructs which underlie the meaning of the MCMI-II scales. This provided good concurrent validity for both the Personality and Clinical Scales of the MCMI-II. These results add credence to research designed to study Millon's basic styles in normal populations.
Bipolar Depression as the Prelude to Schizoaffective Disorder
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

Contending that the mind of a creative person is often characterized by thin boundaries between the ego and the unconscious, this paper proposes how, on the manic side of bipolar depression, a creative ego may temporarily make great strides in intellectuality and creativity. However, as this process proceeds, a creative ego may lose its boundaries with the unconscious, and a schizoaffective disorder may emerge
Collectivism-Individualism and Rates of Personal Violence (Suicide and Homicide)
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Measures of collectivism-individualism from samples of college students in eight nations were not associated with national rates of suicide or homicide.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXXIX. The Ahistorical past: Lewinianism and History
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

This paper suggests how Kurt Lewin's concept of “the ahistorical past” may provide one key to reconciling history and social psychology. In so doing, it shows how historical residues, rather than objective events, may combine with contemporary motivation to shape current behavior.
Gender and Sex-Role Differences in Young Adult Reactions towards “Newborns” in a Pretend Situation
Authors: Demarest Jack , Glinos Filitsa
Published: August 2011

104 college students were asked to fill out a questionnaire on sex-role orientation, act out a scene as a parent with a newborn baby (doll), rate their attitudes toward the baby using a semantic differential scale of 19 adjective pairs, and write an open-ended statement about the baby's future. Analysis indicated few differences in how men and women reacted to or described boy and girl babies and most of the variability in scores could be accounted for by interactions involving sex-role orientation. Sex-stereotyped women typically gave ratings similar to those given by androgynous women while sex-stereotyped men, when they differed from androgynous men, generally gave less positive ratings.
Depression, Self-Esteem, Suicide Ideation, Death Anxiety, and Gpa in High School Students of Divorced and Nondivorced Parents
Authors: Brubeck Dan , Beer John
Published: August 2011

131 subjects from a small north central Kansas high school participated and completed the Beck Depression Scale, Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory short form with the Lie scale included, the Death Anxiety Scale, and the first 11 questions of the Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation. Background information collected from each subject included age, grade, marital status of parents, and sex. Grade point averages (on a 4-point scale) were taken from the students' files. On death anxiety girls had a significantly higher mean than boys while freshmen's and sophomores' scores were significantly higher than those of juniors and seniors but there was no difference between means of students of divorced and nondivorced parents. On self-esteem and GPA children of divorced parents scored significantly lower than children of nondivorced parents, but there was no difference between the sexes on self-esteem. On GPA girls scored significantly higher than boys. On depression the children of divorced parents scored higher than children of nondivorced parents but there was no sex difference.
University Students' Perceptions of Deaf Parents
Authors: Rienzi Beth M. , Levinson Karen S. , Scrams David J.
Published: August 2011

A methodology for assessing attitudes toward nontraditional parents was developed. 54 university students with a mean age of 26.5 yr. ( SD = 10.2 yr.) participated in a study which assessed attitudes toward deaf parents by asking subjects to rate the adoptive suitability of an unmarried applicant based on a scenario describing the individual as a deaf woman, deaf man, hearing woman, or hearing man. Women were perceived as more suitable to adopt daughters, and men were perceived as more suitable to adopt sons. Applicants' hearing status and gender influenced perceived suitability to adopt a son but not a daughter.
Development and Testing of the Aids Psychosocial Scale
Authors: Perkel Adrian K.
Published: August 2011

The dramatic spread of AIDS globally has placed it high on the world health agenda. Since no medical or technological solution to the problem is near at hand and given the fact that the HIV virus is heavily reliant on human sexual behaviours for transmission, tackling the problem of AIDS rests on addressing change of sexual behaviour. Various psychosocial factors have been implicated as mediating between adequate knowledge and behaviour change, given the poor correlation between the two variables. The present study was aimed at developing and testing a scale to measure various psychosocial factors, including self-concept, defenses of denial, repression and rationalisation, peer pressure, and perceived empowerment expressed in locus of control and self-efficacy. Two studies are reported in which students at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa participated. Various statistical analyses in the two phases indicated that the AIDS Psychosocial Scale was sufficiently reliable and valid for use in examining psychosocial mediation in the AIDS area.
Crisis Calls and Lunar Cycles: A Twenty-Year Review
Authors: Byrnes Gail , Kelly I. W.
Published: August 2011

12 studies are reviewed that have examined the relationships among crisis calls to police stations, poison centers, and crisis intervention centers and the synodic lunar cycle. On the basis of the studies considered it is concluded that no good foundation exists for the belief that lunar phase is related to the frequency of crisis calls. In addition, there is no evidence whatsoever for the contention that calls of a more emotional or “out-of-control” nature occur more often at the full moon.
Human Sympathy-Groups: Cross-Cultural Data
Authors: Buys Christian J.
Published: August 2011

Data gathered in Egypt, Malaysia, Mexico, and South Africa ( ns = 73, 27, 17, and 39) lend support to the highly speculative notion that human quantitative boundaries for sympathizing were perhaps established during humans' evolution into social beings.
Suicide and Lunar Cycles: A Critical Review over 28 Years
Authors: Martin S. J. , Kelly I. W. , Saklofske D. H.
Published: August 2011

20 studies which have examined the relations between completed suicide or attempted suicide and suicide threats with the synodic lunar cycle are reviewed. Most studies indicated no relation between lunar phase and the measures of suicide. The positive findings conflicted, have not been replicated, or were confounded with variables such as season, weekday, weather, or holidays. It is concluded that there is insufficient evidence for assuming a relationship between the synodic lunar cycle and completed or attempted suicide.
Meaning of Craving in Research on Addiction
Authors: Sitharthan Thiagarajan , McGrath David , Sitharthan Gomathi , Saunders John B.
Published: August 2011

The meaning of the word craving varies as illustrated by Kozlowski and Wilkinson's reports of ambiguities in use amongst cigarette smokers. We extended this line of investigation to problem drinkers who sought a goal of controlled drinking versus abstinence, to professionals involved in the addictions area, and to university students. Significant differences in meaning were noted particularly among the problem drinkers ( N = 256 between 17 and 60 years of age). Reasons for this are offered.
Ability and Personality Correlates of Children's Attitudes and Aspirations
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

This study examined to what extent personality types are related to children's attitudes and aspirations after taking into account relationships between ability and the attitude and aspiration measures. Data were collected from 500 12-yr.-old Australian children. In the analysis the children were classified into four personality groups who were labeled as extravert-adjusted, extravert-anxious, introvert-adjusted, and introvert-anxious. The findings suggest the general proposition that children's personality types have strong associations with school-related attitudes after taking into account associations between children's intellectual ability and their attitudes. In contrast, children's personalities tended not to be related to measures of educational and occupational aspirations.
Depression, Self-Esteem, Suicide Ideation, and GPAs of High School Students at Risk
Authors: Beer Joe , Beer John
Published: August 2011

131 subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory—Short Form, the first 11 questions of the Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation, and gave some background information. The students receiving free or reduced-cost lunches scored lower on self-esteem, while students who had been absent more than 15 times scored higher on depression and suicide ideation and had lower GPAs than students who were not absent as often but had similar scores on self-esteem. Students who were below the 25th percentile on the SRA Composite score had lower GPAs. 9 students in special education in Learning Disabilities and Behavioral Disordered categories had scores similar to those of 121 regular education students on depression, self-esteem, suicide ideation, and GPA. Indicators for children at-risk provide clues about how children think about themselves, others, and the world in which they live.
Self-Perception of Asthmatic Children and Modification through Self-Management Programmes
Authors: Vázquez M. I. , Fontan-Bueso J. , Buceta J. M.
Published: August 2011

To examine the influence of asthma on patients' self-perceptions, 48 children with light to moderate asthma and 41 healthy children were selected to complete Harter's Self-perception Profile for children. No differences between the groups were observed. Then, to assess the effects of a psychological asthma treatment programme on self-perception, 27 of the asthmatic children were selected and allocated to three groups of 9 patients. The first of these groups received an asthma self-management programme, the second received that programme plus training in progressive relaxation, and the third (as control) only standard pharmacological treatment. Immediately after intervention and at 6- and 12-mo. follow-ups subjects again completed Harter's profile on which no significant changes were observed.
Use of Formal Assessments among Providers of Residential Services for the Seriously Mentally Ill
Authors: Muckenhoupt Margaret , Robey Kenneth L.
Published: August 2011

A survey of use of formal scales in assessment was sent to 1381 agencies that provide residential services to the seriously mentally ill. 271 residential agencies responded. A majority of respondents who used formal assessments used in-house measures. Scales were used most often in client care decisions. A substantial minority of respondents reported being somewhat or very dissatisfied with existing scales. Lack of predictive ability and staff time required were the most frequently cited difficulties. The study indicates a need for better assessments to aid client-care planning, and promote interagency communication.
Psychological Development in Men: Generativity and Involvement with Young Children
Authors: Bailey William T.
Published: August 2011

The personality development of 50 white men was investigated in terms of Eriksonian generativity and involvement with young children. Generativity was not related to caregiving; however, it was associated with social involvement. Generativity was also associated with several aspects of male personality including self-esteem, locus of control, and instrumentality.
Relation of Parental Education and Life Status to Academic Achievement by Xhosa Children
Authors: Cherian Varghese Iepen
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between parental education and academic achievement of 1021 Xhosa pupils (369 boys and 652 girls) whose ages ranged from 13 to 17 years ( M age, 15.6 yr.). The sample included 712 children for whom both parents were alive and 308 children for whom either or both parents were deceased. Children were chosen at random from the Standard 7/Year 9 population of Transkei, South Africa. A simple questionnaire was administered students to identify whether one or both parents were dead or both parents were living. A second questionnaire was administered parents or parent surrogates to obtain their formal education. The marks obtained by the pupils in the Standard 7 external examination conducted by the Department of Education of the Government of Transkei in seven subject areas were aggregated as the criterion measure. Analysis of variance showed significant effects of parental education on academic achievement of children regardless of whether the children's parents were deceased or alive.
Feminism and Anorectic Tendencies in College Women
Authors: Bailey William T. , Hamilton Tracy L.
Published: August 2011

Anorexia is a debilitating disorder which affects significant numbers of young women. Brumberg has suggested a causal relationship in young women between feminism and anorexia. In this study, traditional-aged female college students completed the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and the Eating Attitudes Test. The hypothesized relationship between feminism and anorexia was not found.
Artistic Orientation as a Clinical Indicator of Chronic Career Indecision in Adult Children and Grandchildren of Alcoholics
Authors: Pedoto Joseph P. , Hartman Bruce W.
Published: August 2011

This study has empirically assessed whether artistic orientation and avoidance are good predictors of chronic career indecision for college-attending adult children and grandchildren of alcoholics. The sample consisted of 143 freshman and sophomore introductory psychology students attending a county college in the northeast. Osipow's Career Decision Scale total scores of artistically oriented children and grandchildren of alcoholics were not significantly higher than scores of those who were not artistic. As predicted, the Career Decision Scale total scores of avoidant subjects were significantly higher than those of nonavoidant subjects. As expected in both instances, no differences were found between artistic subjects and nonartistic subjects or between the avoidant and nonavoidant subjects. The findings suggest (1) that the artistic career-undecided children of alcoholics observed by Schumrum and Hartman in 1988 were, in fact, members of a broader avoidant group and (2) that the relationship between career indecision and avoidant personality style does vary according to family status of whether subjects are adult children and grandchildren of alcoholics.
Gender Differences in the Personality Features of British Managers
Authors: Melamed Tuvia , Bozionelos Nicholas
Published: August 2011

In this study were examined the personality profiles of 132 British managers from the civil services, using the 16 PF. The data were compared to norms for the British adult population. The results suggested that managers scored higher on traits associated with intelligence, dominance, confidence, and extroversion. This pattern did not differ as a function of gender. Gender differences apparent in the general population were hardly evident among managers. Finally, the strength of traits associated with management increased as a function of the managerial grade. Yet this pattern was more distinct among men than women.
Relationship between Knowledge of and Attitudes towards Aids
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2011

202 subjects completed a questionnaire concerning their knowledge of and attitudes towards AIDS. The knowledge questionnaire had three sections, general knowledge, knowledge of spread and symptoms. Intercorrelations of the sections of the attitudinal measure were factor analysed, and five interpretable factors identified. As in two previously reported studies the correlations among the three knowledge and five attitudinal factors were low and nonsignificant. Implications for health education and attitude change are considered.
Cognitive Style as a Factor in Accounting Students' Perceptions of Career-Choice Factors
Authors: Gul Ferdinand , Huang Allen , Subramaniam Nava
Published: August 2011

Since prior studies of individuals' perceptions of career-choice factors have not considered the effect of cognitive styles of subjects, this study, using 68 accounting students, investigated the mediating effects of the field dependent-independent cognitive dimension on perceptions of the importance of career-choice factors. The results, in general, show that cognitive style affected individuals' perceptions of career-choice factors, suggesting that future studies of individuals' perceptions should take into account individual cognitive differences.
Religious Fundamentalism, Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Prejudice
Authors: Wylie Linda , Forest James
Published: August 2011

Prior research has not yielded a clear relationship between religious orientation and prejudice in spite of theoretical predictions. It was hypothesized that authoritarianism and religious fundamentalism would be positively associated with ethnic and racial prejudice, hostility towards homosexuals, and punitiveness in prison sentencing. Questionnaires measuring these variables and 12 demographic variables were mailed to 285 Manitoba voters, of whom 75 responded. Correlational and standard regression analysis confirmed that for this sample scores on authoritarianism and religious fundamentalism were positively correlated, with scores on authoritarianism significantly related to those on ethnic and racial prejudice, and punitiveness. Stepwise analysis suggested that the most important factor was authoritarianism although certain demographic variables were predictive as well.