bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic resource allocation based on service time prediction for device‐to‐device communication underlaying cellular networks
Authors: Zheng Jun , Chen Renpeng , Zhang Yuan
Published: January 2015

This work studies the dynamic resource allocation for device‐to‐device communication and proposes a service time prediction‐based dynamic resource allocation mechanism for a cellular system. The proposed allocation mechanism introduces the concept of ‘utility’ as a metric to reflect the quality of experience of users with different service requirements, and takes into account service time prediction in spectral resource allocation. Specifically, it enables a base station to predict the service time of a new user and the remaining service time of existing users in the system, and takes into account the predicted service time and remaining service time in calculating the effective utility gain caused by the arrival of a new user. Based on the calculated effective utility gain, the base station will select the physical resource block (PRB) with the largest effective utility gain every time it allocates a PRB to the new user. Simulation results show that the proposed dynamic allocation mechanism can significantly improve the system performance in terms of the overall average utility and the number of users successfully admitted to the system.
Error estimation of a proper orthogonal decomposition reduced model of a permanent magnet synchronous machine
Authors: Henneron Thomas , Mac Hung , Clénet Stéphane
Published: January 2015

Model order reduction methods, like the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), enable to reduce dramatically the size of a finite element (FE) model. The price to pay is a loss of accuracy compared with the original FE model that should be of course controlled. In this study, the authors apply an error estimator based on the verification of the constitutive relationship to compare the reduced model accuracy with the full model accuracy when POD is applied. This estimator is tested on an example of a permanent magnet synchronous machine.
Modelling of fault detection in electrical wiring
Authors: Shirkoohi Gholamhossein
Published: January 2015

Electrical wiring and cables, in many cases buried deep, in many systems and environments suffer damage. In some cases the damage only affects wire insulation and is not usually detected under normal operating conditions. This study discusses computer modelling of electrical wires, based on time‐domain reflectometry using trains of successive pulses which were used in order to develop techniques and test procedures that would lead to identification of these types of faults. This study shows detailed simulations of defects in insulation of electrical wires and in cable shields, using dedicated electromagnetic modelling computation software. The results of simulations were compared with those obtained in experimental measurement for wires and cables of several metres in length. Comparison of the analysed measurement results for this novel technique shows clear indication of its relevance to flaw detection in electrical wires, guided through simulation.
Nonextensive statistics and the sheath criterion in collisional plasmas
Authors: Hatami M. M.
Published: January 2015

The Bohm criterion in an electropositive plasma containing nonextensively distributed electrons and warm ions is investigated by using a steady state two-fluid model. Taking into account the ion-neutral collisions and finite temperature of ions, a modified Bohm criterion is derived which limits both maximum and minimum allowable velocity of ions at the sheath edge (u0i). It is found that the degree of nonextensivity of electrons (q) and temperature of positive ions (Ti) affect only the lower limit of the entrance velocity of ions into the sheath while the degree of ion collisionality (α) influences both lower and upper limits of the ion velocities at the sheath edge. In addition, depending on the value of q, it is shown that the minimum velocity of positive ions at the sheath edge can be greater or smaller than its Maxwellian counterpart. Moreover, it is shown that, depending on the values of α and Ti, the positive ions with subsonic velocity may enter the sheath for either q > 1 or −1 < q < 1. Finally, as a practical application, the density distribution of charged particles in the sheath region is studied for different values of u0i, and it is shown that monotonical reduction of the positive ion density distribution occurs only when the velocity of positive ions at the sheath edge lies between two above mentioned limits.
Temperature dependent low-field measurements of the magnetocaloric ΔT with sub-mK resolution in small volume and thin film samples
Authors: Döntgen J. , Rudolph J. , Gottschall T. , Gutfleisch O. , Salomon S. , Ludwig A. , Hägele D.
Published: January 2015

We present temperature dependent ΔT measurements of the magnetocaloric effect in a thin film sample of Gd, employing magnetomodulation and detection of thermal radiation. A bulk sample of the metamagnetic material LaFe11.05Co0.91Si1.04 shows a strong broadening of the ΔT peak for increasing field amplitudes between 4 and 45 mT. Bulk Gd in comparison shows only a weak broadening. All investigated samples exhibit a clear quadratic dependence of ΔT on the external field Hext at the ΔT peak maximum, contrary to earlier predictions. An analytic expression is derived that interpolates between the Hext2-behavior at low and the well-known Hext2/3-behavior at high fields.
Yo‐Yo Intermittent Endurance Test‐Level 1 to monitor changes in aerobic fitness in pre‐pubertal boys
Authors: Fernandes Luís , Krustrup Peter , Silva Gustavo , Rebelo Antonio , Oliveira José , Brito João
Published: January 2015

The present study aimed to examine the performance and heart rate responses during the Yo‐Yo Intermittent Endurance Test‐Level 1 (Yo‐Yo IE1) in children under the age of 10. One hundred and seven male children (7–9 years) performed the Yo‐Yo IE1 at the beginning (M1), middle (M2) and end (M3) of the school year. Data from individual heart rate curves of the Yo‐Yo IE1 were analysed in order to detect the inflection point between an initial phase of fast rise in heart rate values and a second phase in which the rise of the heart rate values is much smaller. The distance covered in the Yo‐Yo IE1 improved from M1 to M3 (884 ± 496 vs. 1032 ± 596 m; p < 0.05; d = 0.27), with intermediate values for M2 (962 ± 528 m). Peak heart rate (HRpeak) decreased from M1 to M2 and M3 (204 ± 9, 202 ± 9 and 200 ± 9 bpm, respectively; p < 0.05; d = 0.25–0.42). The 7th shuttle of the test (280 m), corresponding to 2.5 min, was identified as the inflection point between the two phases. Also, absolute heart rate at the 7th shuttle decreased progressively throughout the year (185 ± 9, 183 ± 10, and 179 ± 10 bpm; p < 0.05; d = 0.31–0.61). The present study provides evidence of the usefulness of a maximal as well as a submaximal version of Yo‐Yo IE1 as a tool to monitor changes in aerobic fitness in pre‐pubertal children.
Newtonian Forces and Evolutionary Biology: A Problem and Solution for Extending the Force Interpretation
Authors: Filler Joshua
Published: January 2015

There has recently been a renewed interest in the “force” interpretation of evolutionary biology. In this article, I present the general structure of the arguments for the force interpretation and identify a problem in its overly permissive conditions for being a Newtonian force. I then attempt a solution that (1) helps to illuminate the difference between forces and other types of causes and (2) makes room for random genetic drift as a force. In particular, I argue that forces are not differentin kindfrom other types of causes but rather that forces are situated on a continuum of causes distinguished by their unifying power.
The Paradox of Stasis and the Nature of Explanations in Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan Michael
Published: January 2015

Recently, Estes and Arnold claimed to have “solved” the paradox of evolutionary stasis; they claim that stabilizing selection, and only stabilizing selection, can explain the patterns of evolutionary divergence observed over “all timescales.” While Estes and Arnold clearly think that they have identified the processes that produce evolutionary stasis, they have not. Instead, Estes and Arnold identify a particular evolutionary pattern but not the processes that produce that pattern. This mistake is important; the slippage between pattern and process is common in population and quantitative genetics and contributes to a persistent misunderstanding of the nature of explanations in evolutionary biology.
Evidence and Experimental Design in Sequential Trials
Authors: Sprenger Jan
Published: January 2015

To what extent does the design of statistical experiments, in particular sequential trials, affect their interpretation? Should postexperimental decisions depend on the observed data alone, or should they account for the used stopping rule? Bayesians and frequentists are apparently deadlocked in their controversy over these questions. To resolve the deadlock, I suggest a three-part strategy that combines conceptual, methodological, and decision-theoretic arguments. This approach maintains the pre-experimental relevance of experimental design and stopping rules but vindicates their evidential, postexperimental irrelevance.
Dynamics of Reason and the Kantian Project
Authors: Van Dyck Maarten
Published: January 2015

I show why Michael Friedman's idea that we should view new constitutive frameworks introduced in paradigm change as members of a convergent series introduces an uncomfortable tension in his views. It cannot be justified on realist grounds, as this would compromise his Kantian perspective, but his own appeal to a Kantian regulative ideal of reason cannot do the job either. I then explain a way to make better sense of the rationality of paradigm change on what I take to be Friedman's own terms.
Regulation of nuclear–cytoplasmic shuttling and function of Family with sequence similarity 13, member A (Fam13a), by B56-containing PP2As and Akt
Authors: Jin Zhigang , Chung Jin Wei , Mei Wenyan , Strack Stefan , He Chunyan , Lau Gee W. , Yang Jing
Published: January 2015

Recent genome-wide association studies reveal that the FAM13A gene is associated with human lung function and a variety of lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, and pulmonary fibrosis. The biological functions of Fam13a, however, have not been studied. In an effort to identify novel substrates of B56-containing PP2As, we found that B56-containing PP2As and Akt act antagonistically to control reversible phosphorylation of Fam13a on Ser-322. We show that Ser-322 phosphorylation acts as a molecular switch to control the subcellular distribution of Fam13a. Fam13a shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. When Ser-322 is phosphorylated by Akt, the binding between Fam13a and 14-3-3 is enhanced, leading to cytoplasmic sequestration of Fam13a. B56-containing PP2As dephosphorylate phospho–Ser-322 and promote nuclear localization of Fam13a. We generated Fam13a-knockout mice. Fam13a-mutant mice are viable and healthy, indicating that Fam13a is dispensable for embryonic development and physiological functions in adult animals. Intriguingly, Fam13a has the ability to activate the Wnt pathway. Although Wnt signaling remains largely normal in Fam13a-knockout lungs, depletion of Fam13a in human lung cancer cells causes an obvious reduction in Wnt signaling activity. Our work provides important clues to elucidating the mechanism by which Fam13a may contribute to human lung diseases.
Hyphal growth inCandida albicansdoes not require induction of hyphal-specific gene expression
Authors: Naseem Shamoon , Araya Esteban , Konopka James B.
Published: January 2015

Various stimuli, including N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), induce the fungal pathogen Candida albicans to switch from budding to hyphal growth. Previous studies suggested that hyphal morphogenesis is stimulated by transcriptional induction of a set of genes that includes known virulence factors. To better understand hyphal development, we examined the role of GlcNAc metabolism using a triple mutant lacking the genes required to metabolize exogenous GlcNAc ( hxk1Δ nag1Δ dac1Δ). Surprisingly, at low ambient pH (∼pH 4), GlcNAc stimulated this mutant to form hyphae without obvious induction of hyphal genes. This indicates that GlcNAc can stimulate a separate signal to induce hyphae that is independent of transcriptional responses. Of interest, GlcNAc could induce the triple mutant to express hyphal genes when the medium was buffered to a higher pH (>pH 5), which normally occurs after GlcNAc catabolism. Catabolism of GlcNAc raises the ambient pH rather than acidifying it, as occurs after dextrose catabolism. This synergy between alkalinization and GlcNAc to induce hyphal genes involves the Rim101 pH-sensing pathway; GlcNAc induced rim101Δ and dfg16Δ mutants to form hyphae, but hyphal gene expression was partially defective. These results demonstrate that hyphal morphogenesis and gene expression can be regulated independently, which likely contributes to pathogenesis at different host sites.
Introduction
Authors: Moravcsik Edith
Published: January 2015

First, the concept of competing motivations is introduced as conflicting tendencies whose effects are detectable in grammar and in language use. Second, the basic issues involved in researching competing motivations are listed: what motivations compete? how are they manifested in synchronic structure and in the processes of language use, language acquisition, and historical change? what are possible ways in which competitions can be resolved? and what may explain the existence of competing motivations in language? Third, past research on the topic is surveyed, followed by summaries of the chapters with comments on the connections among the papers and on how the papers address the basic issues of the study of competing motivations.
Resolving alignment conflicts: A competing motivations approach
Authors: Malchukov Andrej
Published: January 2015

The present chapter addresses a thorny question of whether individual constructions reveal alignment preferences with respect to monotransitive (accusative vs. ergative) and ditransitive (indirective vs. secundative) alignment. It is argued that typological variation in this domain can be explained through interaction of two general factors, Harmony embodying the analogical tendency for coding/behavior matching, and Bias embodying intrinsic alignment preferences dictated by functional properties of individual constructions. It is shown that interaction between these two factors can both explain the crosslinguistically recurrent patterns of alignment (arising in situations when both motivations prefer the same alignment pattern) and crosslinguistic variation (arising in situations when the two motivations are in conflict).
Why move? How weight and discourse factors combine to predict relative clause extraposition in English
Authors: Francis Elaine J. , Michaelis Laura A.
Published: January 2015

In relative clause extraposition (RCE) in English, a subject-modifying relative clause appears after the verb phrase, as in Some research was conducted that supports the existing theory. Previous studies have revealed that both grammatical weight and discourse factors induce speakers to use RCE. However, the current study is the first to examine the interaction of the two. A quantitative analysis of RCE and comparable non-RCE tokens in the International Corpus of English–Great Britain (ICE-GB) showed a strong effect of weight: there is a strong preference for RCE when the relative clause is at least five times longer than the verb phrase, and a strong preference for canonical (non-RCE) order when the relative clause is the same length or shorter than the verb phrase. However, for those tokens with length ratios falling between these limits, choice of structure depends primarily on discourse factors.
Competing motivations in children's omission of subjects? The interaction between verb finiteness and referent accessibility
Authors: Hughes Mary E. , Allen Shanley E. M.
Published: January 2015

Children acquiring a first language omit sentential subjects more frequently than their adult counterparts. The posited motivation for this non‐target‐like omission differs across theoretical accounts: nativists claim that subjects are omitted when the accompanying verb is non‐finite, while usage‐based theorists claim that subjects are omitted when referents are accessible. Given the lack of dialogue between theories, these motivations are seen as competing, meaning that only one account provides the correct explanation. This chapter demonstrates that these two motivations interact rather than compete. Spontaneous speech data from monolingual English‐speaking children and their caregivers shows that subjects are more likely omitted when their referents are accessible in both finite and non‐finite contexts, and that subjects are more likely omitted in non‐finite contexts both when they are maximally accessible and when they are maximally inaccessible.
Competing cues in early syntactic development
Authors: Krajewski Grzegorz , Lieven Elena
Published: January 2015

In this chapter, a number of studies exploring young children's development of grammar within the Competition Model framework (Bates and MacWhinney 1989) are reviewed. It focuses on studies investigating children's ability to comprehend a simple transitive sentence, i.e., their ability to identify its subject and object, and in particular on the role that word order and case marking play in this process in different languages. The results suggest that children can initially process sentences which follow a prototypical pattern of their language and as such provide a number of redundant cues, and that the process of pulling apart individual cues is slow and gradual. The ability to use cues productively with novel items is more delayed and sentences with competing cues remain particularly difficult for a long time. The implications those results have for our understanding of early grammatical development are discussed.
Sentence grammar vs. thetical grammar: Two competing domains?
Authors: Kaltenböck Gunther , Heine Bernd
Published: January 2015

The main goal of this chapter is to argue that linguistic discourse organization operates on two different planes, involving two different domains, namely Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar. Each of the two domains has its own internal organization, and the two tend to be separated from one another syntactically, prosodically, and semantically. Building on recent research on parenthetical structures, the chapter aims on the one hand to define the main characteristics of the two domains; on the other hand, it looks into the question of how the two compete in the construction of utterances.
Policy Processes and Food Price Crises
Authors: Chandra Babu Suresh
Published: January 2015

During the recent food crisis, developing countries responded with a wide variety of policy responses to protect their population. Understanding the policy-making process in developing countries is important to know how why such policy responses are made. In this chapter a framework is developed for analysing the policy process in developing countries and it is applied to study the food policy process during the food price crisis in selected countries. A synthesis of policy process analysis in 14 developing countries indicate that policy responses may differ depending on the nature and magnitude of roles actors in the policy process. Political institutions and organizational infrastructure for policy consultations, strategic analysis, knowledge management and monitoring, and timely warning of food crisis and its impact can determine the policy process and its outcomes. Several lessons for improving the policy process are derived from the country studies.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in Bangladesh
Authors: Raihan Selim
Published: January 2015

Global food price hikes during 2007–8 resulted in a sharp rise in staple food prices in Bangladesh. Poor and marginalized households were particularly vulnerable to such an adverse situation as their real purchasing power eroded. Studies indicated that the adverse effects of the food price hike in Bangladesh were primarily manifested by the significant rise in the number of households falling below the poverty line income. At the political front, Bangladesh was run by an unelected and undemocratic ‘civil’ caretaker government backed by the military. The caretaker government remained in power until the end of 2008 and undertook several steps to contain price hikes. These measures included cuts in tariffs and taxes, increase in the allocation for subsidies, widening the scope and coverage of the social safety net programmes, public procurement, and distribution programmes, etc. Some of these policies and programmes were effective and some were not.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in India
Authors: Ganguly Kavery , Gulati Ashok
Published: January 2015

India did not experience food price spikes during 2007–8 when global prices erupted, partly due to a ban on exports of wheat and common rice. The fiscal stimulus in 2009 to avert economic recession, coupled with one of the worst droughts, led to rising food prices. The nature of food price inflation, however, changed from being cereals-led to high-value products (fruits and vegetables, and protein foods). While food inflation invited severe political protests, the situation did not escalate to any riots or violence. Government has been trying hard to cool down food prices by reining-in fiscal deficit, tightening monetary policy, releasing more grains from public stocks, and distributing subsidized grains through the public distribution system to targeted population. Yet it has not quite succeeded in containing a high level of food inflation, causing concern given the large number of people below the poverty line in India.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in China
Authors: Huang Jikun , Yang Jun , Rozelle Scott
Published: January 2015

The overall goal of this chapter is to analyse the political economy of food price policies in China during the global food crisis. The results show that given China’s unique economic and political context and the nature of its agricultural markets, the government’s reaction to the crisis was swift and decisive. Responses, which considered the interests of the relevant stakeholders, included both short-term counter-measures that covered a wide range of domestic and border policies as well as long-term policy changes on biofuels and agricultural investment. This, in conjunction with the country’s political system, meant that the decision-making process encountered no problems and that the impacts of policy responses by the government achieved the envisaged objectives.
The Political Economy of Food Price Policy in South Africa
Authors: Kirsten Johann F.
Published: January 2015

This chapter analyses the food price trends in South Africa during two periods of rapid food price inflation that occurred in the decade 2000–10 and unpacks the political reaction and policy responses to the food price crises. Based on a number of sources, the authors conclude that agricultural and food policy in South Africa remained largely unchanged with no controls or regulations introduced. The country has a substantive social welfare programme which has provided an important safety net during periods of high food prices. The South African government nevertheless implemented a set of ‘second class’ interventions that mostly target the poorer section of the population in an attempt to mitigate the negative effects of price changes and include elements such as food parcels, agricultural starter packs, and vegetable gardens.
US Policy Contributions to Agricultural Commodity Price Fluctuations, 2006–12
Authors: Rausser Gordon C. , de Gorter Harry
Published: January 2015

Since 2006, global prices and price volatility for foodgrain commodities have spiked frequently and dramatically, with heaviest economic and social impact on developing nations where agriculture accounts for a sizable portion of economic activity. The chapter demonstrates how US public policies have contributed to these spikes. We first assess the impacts of US agricultural and macroeconomic policies on basic food commodity markets and their spillover effects on world markets prior to 2006. It then focuses on new causal mechanisms that have emerged since 2006, sourced with energy and environmental policies. The chapter also analyses the political economy of US biofuel policies, the changing US political landscape. The chapter demonstrates that the ‘iron triangle’ that once influenced governmental intervention in programme commodity markets has expanded into an ‘iron maze’ of environmental, energy, and agricultural organized interest groups.
Political Factors in the Growth of Social Assistance
Authors: Barrientos Armando , Pellissery Sony
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines the significance of political factors in the rise of social assistance programmes in developing countries in the last decade. It finds this is a two-way process. Politics is crucial to the adoption, design, and implementation of social assistance programmes. They also have a feedback effect on local and national politics. The chapter develops a framework for distinguishing the different dimensions of influence. It applies this framework to study the development of social assistance in India, Brazil, and South Africa. It employs a comparative perspective to identify key approaches, findings, and knowledge gaps in the politics of social assistance.
The Gendered Politics of Securing Inclusive Development
Authors: Nazneen Sohela , Mahmud Simeen
Published: January 2015

Political settlement frameworks are gender blind. This chapter interrogates this assertion by analysing selected country case studies of the gendered nature of political processes and identifying what contextual and structural factors promote gender-inclusive development policies and outcomes. These factors include: elite support for a gender equity agenda; ability of the women’s movement to contain oppositional elite or non-elite groups; transnational discourse and actors creating space for the gender equity agenda; presence of male allies and ‘femocrats’ within the state apparatus; and policy coalitions exerting pressure on the state. The political opportunity structure and the history of how women’s political entitlement was established influence the dynamics between these factors. The chapter concludes that a political settlement framework benefits from using a gender lens to allow for exploration of the role played by (gendered) ideas, (gender) ideology, informal relations, policy coalitions, and bottom-up strategies in how settlements are reached and sustained.
Transition and the end of empire
Authors: Darwin John
Published: January 2015

In this schematic of European decolonization, Darwin outlines four key questions of transition that elicit modern parallels: from what?; through what?; how?; and to what? In terms of legacies, Darwin shows that legal, ideological, and cultural legitimacy underpinned imperialism, but it was a system founded on particular European geo-politics and a willingness to tolerate the burdens it conferred. Change came with the economic transformation of war, particularly the Second World War, and attempts to hang on to empire, which required a renewed injection of effort, were only briefly sustainable. Transition to new partnerships proved largely illusory, and conflicts were more prevalent, but the consequences of decolonization seem far from being concluded yet.
‘A graveyard for the British’? Tactics, military operations, and the paucity of strategy in Aden, 1964–1967
Authors: Edwards Aaron
Published: January 2015

The killing of 22 British soldiers in two ambushes on 20 June 1967 in Aden, Britain’s only Middle Eastern colony, threw the withdrawal from Empire into sharp relief. Between 1964 and 1967 the British had been following a deliberate policy of preparing the Arabs of South Arabia for eventual independence, a process which was accelerated following the announcement by a British Labour Defence Secretary in 1966 that Britain would be leaving by 1968. The results were catastrophic. The NLF, the principal armed opponent to the British-backed Federal Government, were buoyed by the announcement and increased the tempo of their sophisticated campaign of terror in both the rural hinterland and inner urban area of Aden. The upsurge in violence drove the British to take even more coercive measures to curtail the chaos. In the end Arabization failed, culminating in the mutiny of Arab Federal forces and the deaths of British troops.
The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
Authors: Braithwaite Rodric
Published: January 2015

The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to stabilize a strategically important country on their southern border. They planned to train up the Afghan army and police, reorganize Afghanistan’s political and economic system on ‘socialist’ lines, and withdraw quickly. Instead they were bogged down in a war which they could not win, even though they could not be defeated. After nine years they negotiated an orderly withdrawal. But their main political objectives remained unachieved. The objectives of the American-led invasion of 2001 were similar (substituting ‘democracy’ for ‘socialism’). It looks as if the results will not be much better. Afghanistan’s problems require political, not military solutions, which the Afghans will have to find for themselves.
Transitions and hybrid political orders
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger
Published: January 2015

This chapter investigates the possibilities offered by the concept of hybridity for understanding contemporary peace-support and stabilization interventions. Hybridity allows us to move away from the static categories and binaries that often shape the study of international intervention. In particular, the concept helps us to see local agency and bottom-up processes, and thus see international intervention not simply as something that is ‘done to’ local communities. Drawing on a conceptual model of hybrid political orders, the chapter reassesses the unrealistic categories of ‘success’ and ‘failure’ that are often used by intervening states and international organizations to judge their peace-support interventions and programmes.
Delivering and conceptualizing transition
Authors: Rundell Peter
Published: January 2015

Transition forced the Helmand Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) to refocus on gains that could be sustained, to prevent the instability that would come from disappointed expectations or Helmandis’ experience of deterioration. It identified areas of success—notably in sub-national governance—as well as areas where pressure to deliver had swiftly built up Government infrastructure beyond what could be maintained. Recognizing that only authorities seen as legitimate would survive transition, the PRT shifted its ways of working to fit within Afghan Government channels. Drawing lessons from its own experience as well as the literature, it identified ‘Seven Deadly Sins’ of stabilization practice, encapsulated in a Guidance for Transition note.
‘Gripping and Touching’ the Afghan National Security Forces
Authors: Lewis Oliver , Britton Andrew
Published: January 2015

This chapter discusses the British experience in Helmand Province of the October 2011 shift in the ISAF campaign in Afghanistan from direct counter-insurgency to ‘security force assistance’. The authors were members of the task force headquarters and use this personal experience alongside the campaign documentation to make theoretical interventions about military reflexivity and catharsis. The authors discuss the receipt of irregular forms of knowledge into military institutions with ambiguous and interconnected chains of command. The chapter proposes that recent military doctrinal interventions in Afghanistan are a cathartic act of self-recognition of past failures rather than purely a prescription for the conduct of operations.
The Development of Old English
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann
Published: January 2015

This volume traces the development of English phonology and morphology from Proto-Germanic to Old English of about the year 900 and describes Old English syntax in a modern framework from a historical perspective. An introduction describing the linguistic state of early Old English in general terms is followed by two chapters detailing the changes that can be shown to have occurred from Proto-Germanic to Proto-Northwest Germanic and from the latter to Proto-West Germanic. The fourth chapter is a grammatical sketch of Proto-West Germanic. There follows a chapter on developments that occurred in the northern part of the West Germanic speech area. Chapter 6 describes the phonological changes that occurred in the separate development of Old English, with special attention to the recoverable relative chronology of the changes; Chapter 7 does the same for morphological changes. Finally, Chapter 8 is a comprehensive description of Old English syntax in a modern theoretical framework, with notes on changes that occurred during the attested Old English period and on what little can be recovered of the syntactic prehistory of the language. The discussion throughout is technical; it is meant to be accessible especially to linguists who do not specialize in Old English nor in historical linguistics, but it will also be of use to students who already have some background in linguistics.
The development and diversification of Northwest Germanic
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann
Published: January 2015

This chapter sketches the development from Proto-Germanic to Proto-Northwest Germanic and discusses some subsequent changes that were widely shared among Northwest Germanic dialects. In addition to discussions of sound changes narrowly datable to Proto-Northwest Germanic and those partially shared with Gothic, and a discussion of Proto-Northwest Germanic morphological innovations, the chapter treats a number of important innovations that are widespread but not uniform in North and West Germanic, at least some of which probably spread through a diversifying dialect continuum.
The northern West Germanic dialects
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann
Published: January 2015

This chapter outlines several changes which occurred in the northern West Germanic (or "Ingvaeonic") dialects and are each common to some subset of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, and one or more Old English dialects. These include several important regular sound changes affecting low vowels and the system of unstressed vowels, as well as a major syncretism in verb inflection and the remodelling of class II and class III weak presents and of n-stem nouns. A few minor changes and lexical innovations are also noted.
Old English syntax
Authors: Ringe Don , Taylor Ann
Published: January 2015

This chapter is a comprehensive description of the syntax of Old English, with some notes on its probable prehistory, in the generative tradition but largely on a descriptive level. Topics covered include clausal syntax, negation, and processes of rightward and leftward movement; headedness of the verb phrase; periphrastic and impersonal constructions; nominal phrases; and nonfinite and finite subordinate clauses. Reference is made throughout to previous work in the field, not only work in the generative tradition, but also recent and earlier work in other frameworks, including Mitchell's massive pretheoretical volumes on Old English syntax.
The question and the approach
Authors: Gibson David J.
Published: January 2015

The essence of this chapter is to emphasize the importance of careful advanced planning in all plant population ecology research. The stage is set through presentation of a Q & A on ‘Some things you might panic about, but shouldn't’. Ways of addressing questions in plant population ecology are introduced based upon the philosophy of science and application of the hypothetic-deductive and hierarchy of hypotheses approaches. The importance of identifying dependent (response) and independent (explanatory) variables is emphasized along with a categorization and definitions of useful measurable and derived variables. Finally, the importance of collecting preliminary data and conducting pilot studies is discussed and reinforced.
Introduction: All “Mormon Elder-Berry’s” Children
Authors: Reeve W. Paul
Published: January 2015

This chapter situates the Mormon racial story in a moment of transition at the beginning of the twentieth century. It uses a political cartoon from Life magazine to frame the entire book. It situates the argument within racial and whiteness studies contexts and a fluid and illogical nineteenth-century American racial context. It uses the children in Mormon Elder Berry’s imagined family to frame the book. It argues that race is both something ascribed from the outside and aspired to from within. In the Mormon example, negative media representations, such as the cartoon in Life, kept the Mormons mired in a racialized past even as they struggled to reframe themselves as “white.”
“The New Race”
Authors: Reeve W. Paul
Published: January 2015

This chapter considers the ways in which Mormons were racialized as less than white and defined as a “new race.” It traces the steps in that process, with examples of labels like “Mormonite” or “Mormon” and “Mormon race” with an accumulating set of group characteristics. The Mormon body was defined as physically different by the 1860s, even though outsiders could not agree what this body looked like. Degraded Mormon male, female, and child bodies also emerged from the same context. Polygamy, in the minds of outsiders, was not merely destroying the American family; it was also destroying the white race. It represented racial decline into barbarism and savagery.
Red, White, and Mormon
Authors: Reeve W. Paul
Published: January 2015

This chapter considers Mormon theological views of Indians and their initial missionary efforts toward Native Americans. It then traces the three key ways in which Mormons were conflated with Indians up through 1847. They were accused of conspiring with Indians, marrying among Indians, and becoming Indians. This chapter also examines the origins of the phrase “nits make lice” and how the thinking behind it was passed down from generation to generation and finally used to justify slaughter of the Mormon “other.” Some of the same race-based slander used in justifying Indian removal and extermination was also used to justify tainting Mormons with the mark of “redness.”
Black, White, and Mormon: Black and White Slavery
Authors: Reeve W. Paul
Published: January 2015

This chapter considers the beginning of a race-based priesthood restriction within Mormonism and Brigham Young’s justifications. It offers the most thorough deconstruction to date of Young’s rationale and its impact upon a Mormon racial theology. It focuses on the 1852 territorial legislative session in which Mormon leaders decided what laws should govern enslaved blacks brought to the territory by their Mormon masters from the South. It traces the “servant code” that the legislature produces and explores its impact upon Mormon ideas concerning race mixing. It uses newly uncovered speeches from the legislative session to more fully contextualize and explain the evolving theology of race within Mormonism. It also considers the ways in which outsiders described polygamy as a version of white slavery irrespective of the black “servitude” Mormons legalized in 1852.
Black, White, and Mormon: “One Drop”
Authors: Reeve W. Paul
Published: January 2015

This chapter considers the evolution of the raced-based priesthood ban within Mormonism and the beginning of a raced-based temple restriction. It traces those internal policies to their culmination in the early twentieth century. It follows the story of Elijah Abel, a black priesthood holder, and his effort to secure temple privileges for himself; it was a cause also picked up by another black Mormon, Jane Manning James. It situates these policies within the context of post–Civil War segregation nationally and the use of “one drop” rules to reinforce that segregation in America, and Mormonism’s corresponding effort to do the same.
Oriental, White, and Mormon
Authors: Reeve W. Paul
Published: January 2015

This chapter considers the ways in which Mormons were conflated with Muslims, Turks, and Chinese and construed as an oriental problem on American soil. Scholars, ministers, and politicians argued that monogamy was “white” and polygamy was African or Asiatic and thereby offered further “evidence” of Mormonism’s degenerative impact on truly civilized society. Chinese immigrants and Mormons were seen as being similar threats. The chapter shows how Chinese were depicted in newspapers and popular magazines as heathens who were particularly susceptible to despotic rule, but the Mormons looked on them as potential converts to their religion. They even went so far as to send missionaries to China. Newspapers and politicians began to call for the expulsion of both Chinese and Mormons from American society. But as evidenced in this chapter, Mormons began to distance themselves from the Chinese and began their so-called Americanization, which meant giving up polygamy.
Conclusion From Not White to Too White: The Continuing Contest over the Mormon Body
Authors: Reeve W. Paul
Published: January 2015

This chapter traces in broad strokes the Mormon racial story in the twentieth century. By the 1950s, Mormonism began passing as white, something that became a liability by the second half of the twentieth century as the nation moved toward civil rights and Mormons clung to their segregated priesthood and temples. By the twenty-first century, Mormons were too white, and they attempted to claim a more racially diverse identity for themselves. Mitt Romney’s 2012 presidential campaign is used as the most recent example of how Mormon whiteness became a liability. Even still, a broader transformation had taken place. No longer were Mormon bodies seen as degraded and dumb but instead as “hot and healthy.” Some of the terms of the struggle to define the Mormon body had shifted from a racial to a religious contest.
Estimating Yield Gaps With Limited Data: An Application to United States Wheat
Authors: Tack Jesse , Barkley Andrew , Lanier Nalley Lawton
Published: January 2015

The objective of this research is to estimate and analyze the gap between in‐trial yield potential, on‐farm yield potential, and actual on‐farm wheat yields. Yield gaps are quantified by measuring how varietal mean yields have changed over time, due to productivity increases generated by public and private wheat breeding programs. Variety performance trial data for Kansas winter wheat are used to summarize the evolution of wheat yields over the time period 1985 to 2011. A measure of yield potential is compared to actual on‐farm yields to derive implications for wheat industry stakeholders. Persistent and expanding yield gaps between potential yield and actual on‐farm yield are measured and analyzed. Producers’ variety adoption decisions explain a relatively small portion of this gap, and producers have become more effective at identifying and adopting yield‐enhancing varieties over time. The largest portion of these gaps was explained by on‐farm production decisions.
Ultrafast SNP analysis using the Burrows–Wheeler transform of short-read data
Authors: Kimura Kouichi , Koike Asako
Published: January 2015

Motivation: Sequence-variation analysis is conventionally performed on mapping results that are highly redundant and occasionally contain undesirable heuristic biases. A straightforward approach to single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, using the Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT) of short-read data, is proposed.

Results: The BWT makes it possible to simultaneously process collections of read fragments of the same sequences; accordingly, SNPs were found from the BWT much faster than from the mapping results. It took only a few minutes to find SNPs from the BWT (with a supplementary data, fragment depth of coverage [FDC]) using a desktop workstation in the case of human exome or transcriptome sequencing data and 20 min using a dual-CPU server in the case of human genome sequencing data. The SNPs found with the proposed method almost agreed with those found by a time-consuming state-of-the-art tool, except for the cases in which the use of fragments of reads led to sensitivity loss or sequencing depth was not sufficient. These exceptions were predictable in advance on the basis of minimum length for uniqueness (MLU) and FDC defined on the reference genome. Moreover, BWT and FDC were computed in less time than it took to get the mapping results, provided that the data were large enough.

Availability and implementation: A proof-of-concept binary code for a Linux platform is available on request to the corresponding author.

Contact:  kouichi.kimura.hh@hitachi.com

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Large-scale extraction of brain connectivity from the neuroscientific literature
Authors: Richardet Renaud , Chappelier Jean-Cédric , Telefont Martin , Hill Sean
Published: January 2015

Motivation: In neuroscience, as in many other scientific domains, the primary form of knowledge dissemination is through published articles. One challenge for modern neuroinformatics is finding methods to make the knowledge from the tremendous backlog of publications accessible for search, analysis and the integration of such data into computational models. A key example of this is metascale brain connectivity, where results are not reported in a normalized repository. Instead, these experimental results are published in natural language, scattered among individual scientific publications. This lack of normalization and centralization hinders the large-scale integration of brain connectivity results. In this article, we present text-mining models to extract and aggregate brain connectivity results from 13.2 million PubMed abstracts and 630 216 full-text publications related to neuroscience. The brain regions are identified with three different named entity recognizers (NERs) and then normalized against two atlases: the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) and the atlas from the Brain Architecture Management System (BAMS). We then use three different extractors to assess inter-region connectivity.

Results: NERs and connectivity extractors are evaluated against a manually annotated corpus. The complete in litero extraction models are also evaluated against in vivo connectivity data from ABA with an estimated precision of 78%. The resulting database contains over 4 million brain region mentions and over 100 000 (ABA) and 122 000 (BAMS) potential brain region connections. This database drastically accelerates connectivity literature review, by providing a centralized repository of connectivity data to neuroscientists.

Availability and implementation: The resulting models are publicly available at github.com/BlueBrain/bluima.

Contact:  renaud.richardet@epfl.ch

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.