bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Troubles psychopathologiques de l'enfant épileptique : vers un modèle épigénétique ?
Authors: Ouss Lisa
Published: November 2013

Cet article fait le point sur les troubles psychopathologiques de l’enfant épileptique. Malgré les nombreux progrès de la prévention et du traitement médical de l’épilepsie de l’enfant, le taux de troubles psychopathologiques reste stable depuis plus de trente ans. Certains troubles ne sont pas plus fréquemment retrouvés que chez des témoins avec maladie chronique (dépression), alors que d’autres le sont davantage (troubles de l’attention, troubles sociaux, troubles de la pensée), ou sont particulièrement associés à certains syndromes épileptiques (troubles envahissants du développement). D’autre part, des troubles du comportement et la dépression sont parfois retrouvés avant l’apparition d’une épilepsie, ce qui plaide en faveur d’un dysfonctionnement neurobiologique commun à l’épilepsie et aux troubles psychiatriques. L’étude des variables influençant l’apparition de tels troubles montre des résultats contradictoires. Les variables propres à l’épilepsie ne semblent pas influer sur les troubles psychiatriques, sauf par le biais des troubles cognitifs secondaires à l’épilepsie. En revanche, les variables familiales (troubles du fonctionnement familial, dépression maternelle plus fréquemment retrouvés que chez les parents d’enfants témoins), et surtout la perception parentale du contrôle de l’épilepsie prédisent mieux l’ajustement parental que le niveau de contrôle de l’épilepsie. Tous les auteurs soulignent que malgré ce constat, la prise en charge psychiatrique est notoirement insuffisante. Ces résultats incitent à proposer des modèles complexes pour mieux comprendre, évaluer et traiter ces troubles, comme les modèles complémentaires et épigénétiques.
L'expérience de psychothérapeute d'enfants atteints d'épilepsie dans un SESSAD
Authors: Bennoun Irène
Published: November 2013

Cet article témoigne de l’expérience clinique de psychothérapies d’enfants atteints d’épilepsie dans un sessad . Certaines caractéristiques propres au travail clinique auprès de cette population d’enfants sont décrites : récurrence de certains troubles psychopathologiques et nécessité de l’adaptation du cadre psychothérapeutique en conséquence, intrication des facteurs neurologiques et psychoaffectifs favorisant l’émergence des troubles psychopathologiques, objectifs thérapeutiques spécifiques à ce type de suivi. Un récit de psychothérapie illustre les caractéristiques qui ont été décrites.
Épilepsie et structuration psychique de l'enfant
Authors: Sarfaty Jacques
Published: November 2013

L’épilepsie est l’objet d’une stigmatisation particulière comme en témoigne une rapide analyse historique de cette affection ainsi que les représentations dans différentes cultures. À partir d’une observation, nous réfléchirons aux conséquences sur la famille de la survenue de cette affection. Seront évoqués la question du traumatisme psychique, les efforts des parents pour dépasser ce traumatisme et les conséquences de la construction étiologique familiale sur la structuration psychique de l’enfant. Nous évoquerons enfin l’effet des crises d’épilepsie sur la construction psychique du fait de la discontinuité qu’elle introduit dans le vécu de l’enfant.
Comment et que travailler avec un bébé épileptique à haut risque développemental ?
Authors: Ouss Lisa
Published: November 2013

Le syndrome de West est une encéphalopathie épileptique apparaissant dans la première année de vie, dont les conséquences développementales sont marquées par un retard de développement très fréquent et environ un tiers de troubles envahissants du développement. Cette pathologie pose de manière paradigmatique la question dialectique entre trouble du développement, conséquences sur l’interaction, et spirale interactive négative qui en résulte. Nous décrirons ce qu’est le syndrome de West. Nous montrerons comment ce syndrome pose la question des modèles épigénétiques, c’est-à-dire de l’intrication étroite entre trouble organique et environnement, pour ensuite détailler le concept de double lecture et ses applications cliniques très concrètes, et nous terminerons par la description des modalités thérapeutiques parent/enfant, en proposant à chaque fois des illustrations cliniques.
La frontera animal-humano
Authors: Velayos Castelo Carmen
Published: November 2013

Los desarrollos científicos de nuestro tiempo han enfatizado la continuidad entre los humanos y nuestros parientes antropoides. Por supuesto, los seres humanos parecen diferentes a los animales no humanos, pero tales diferencias son más bien relativas y no absolutas. Muchos autores tratan, desde hace tiempo, de rellenar la separación discursiva y artificial entre humanos y animales, separación que ha servido a su vez para justificar la relación de dominio y control sobre los segundos. Sea como fuere, la progresión de las pruebas no ha resultado siempre convincente. ¿Por qué? Seguiremos el camino contrario. Analizaremos algunos de los argumentos más transitados a la hora de justificar la frontera ser humano-animal y trataremos de mostrar su debilidad, así como la necesidad de avanzar hacia un mundo que sustituya la frontera por criterios prácticos de responsabilidad.
Modelos para la investigación con embriones
Authors: López de la Vieja M.ª Teresa
Published: November 2013

Los modelos son relevantes para la teoría y para la práctica de la investigación con embriones. La Ley del año 2007, de investigación biomédica, ejemplifica la posibilidad de regular este tipo de investigación y, al mismo tiempo, establecer condiciones para autorizar proyectos y prácticas. Por un lado, el modelo gradualista considera que el desarrollo tiene diferentes etapas y, por lo mismo, ha de tener distintos grados de protección. Por otro, el modelo no gradualista rechaza este tipo de investigación, al defender la protección de la vida humana, desde sus inicios. Los desacuerdos en torno al tema demuestran que se trata de una cuestión que sigue siendo polémica, en la Unión Europea y en otros países. El artículo defiende que, en sociedades pluralistas, el respeto por todos los enfoques y modelos llevará a regular la investigación biomédica, no a prohibir prácticas acordes con una determinada noción de la vida humana.
¿Normal o patológico? El enfermo imaginario en tierra de nadie
Authors: Molina Pérez Alberto
Published: November 2013

¿Es la frontera entre lo normal y lo patológico una realidad o una ficción? ¿Es la enfermedad solo una cuestión de hecho o también de valores? Presentamos aquí algunos ejemplos de cómo supuestas enfermedades pueden ser inventadas y difundidas con fines de lucro (disease mongering) o por la propia dinámica de la investigación médica. Mostramos cómo la frontera entre la salud y la enfermedad es borrosa y está bajo la influencia de representaciones individuales y sociales, de modos de categorización relativos a cada cultura, y del grado de medicalización de la sociedad. Ahora bien, estas consideraciones no le restan realidad sino que le añaden complejidad, porque las construcciones sociales y las experiencias individuales, por ser subjetivas, no son menos reales. Concluimos que la salud y la enfermedad pertenecen simultáneamente a diferentes tipos de realidad, tanto objetivos como subjetivos, y que lo ficticio puede ser real.
Locos entre cuerdos, cuerdos en ambientes patológicos
Authors: Rodríguez-Arias Palomo José Luis
Published: November 2013

La Salud Mental se mueve en un territorio con límites imprecisos: la consideración de un comportamiento como sano o enfermo depende del momento histórico, de la sociedad y la cultura en la que se produce o, sencillamente, de la ideología del profesional que califica ese comportamiento. Desde la perspectiva del Constructivismo Radical se exploran estos límites entre la locura y la cordura y se cuestionan los criterios de clasificación al uso en los Servicios de Salud Mental a través de una serie de ejemplos, que ponen de relieve la inestabilidad de estos y la oscuridad de los mismos. La idea que atraviesa este debate es que la autonomía de los pacientes cobra protagonismo, precisamente, en la relatividad del diagnóstico en Salud Mental, ya que, aunque “locos”, tienen igual derecho que los cuerdos a decidir sobre su propia existencia y su propio estilo de vivir.
Educación, símbolo, tacto. Más allá del modelo instrumental en la pedagogía
Authors: Santos Gómez Marcos
Published: November 2013

Argumentamos que las teorías pedagógicas basadas en epistemologías modernas de tipo racional instrumental no son totalmente adecuadas para abordar la educación. Esto es así porque el hombre y la relación educativa manifiestan una enorme complejidad y una profundidad que ha de captarse interpretativamente, con una inteligencia hermenéutica o táctil, que se relaciona con la phronesis griega, o sabiduría práctica. Es preciso un esfuerzo por comprender lo que no puede ser jamás plenamente comprendido ni iluminado, como algo de naturaleza simbólica, ambigua, oscura, singular, contingente. La razón científica que pretende iluminar plenamente y dominar resulta un medio ciego y hostil a los matices de esta realidad humana que llamamos educación.
What Do Library Workers Want From Professional Conferences?
Authors: Hines Samantha Schmehl
Published: November 2013

What do library workers want from professional conferences? This question was the subject of a nationwide online survey administered to a randomly selected audience of library workers. Survey results showed that most library workers attend conferences, and their preferences were for face-to-face, topical events. The primary consideration for event attendance according those responding to the survey was the content presented. Issues of cost were also highly important to respondents, although funding for professional development was reported to be generally stable or even increasing. Of lesser interest to potential conference attendees were issues of location, vendor interaction, or the opportunity to perform committee work. Some future trends predicted include a growing acceptance of virtual events, a declining importance on location-based events like state library association conferences, and a need to review the roles of vendors and exhibitors in conferences.
Open Access Web Resources for Library Continuing Education and Training
Authors: Bolin Mary K.
Published: November 2013

Continuing education and training are essential for a vital and productive organization and for employee adaptability and job satisfaction. Libraries of all types are organizations that value learning. Training and development for library employees is expensive, and can be out of reach for smaller institutions, or libraries that are not well-funded. Regardless of funding, libraries of all types can benefit from the wide variety of training and continuing education opportunities available on the Web as open access resources. These include documentation, journal articles, reports and white papers, online courses, videos, podcasts, and so on, from many different reliable sources. This chapter surveys major sources and types of open access online learning, and evaluates their usefulness for library employees.
Professional Development Needs and Resources for Government Document Librarians
Authors: Caro Susanne
Published: November 2013

Few accredited library science programs offer more than one class on government resources or librarianship. As a result, government documents librarians often receive limited formal education focused on federal, state, or local government resources. The majority of professionals working with these materials drew from a number of additional resources, including networking, listserves, conferences, and webinars, to supplement their knowledge, stay abreast of changes in the field, and contribute to the professional community. As with other areas of librarianship, access to these options is limited by economic factors. Individuals working with government materials face reduced budgets for travel, registration, and lodging. Limited staffing makes taking time off for conferences difficult, and additional duties make it challenging for many librarians to find time to engage in classes or webinars. This chapter looks at previous surveys and the results of a new survey to determine the current obstacles, needs, and opportunities for government documents librarians.
A Perfect Match
Authors: Kraus Hilary , Kraus Rudolf V.
Published: November 2013

A persistent challenge for many librarians is a lack of formal training in pedagogical techniques. In addition to lacking academic coursework in this area, librarians seldom look beyond their professional community for opportunities to develop these vital skills. Given the obvious parallels in mission and responsibilities, the field of education seems a natural fit. This chapter explores the benefits of cross-disciplinary professional development in the context of a collaboration between a librarian and an educational studies professor. Through alternating points of view, it presents the motivation for the partnership, the challenges it presented, and the positive outcomes for each participant. It also offers an in-depth look at the instructional development itself.
Shifting to a Needs-Based Continuing Education Model
Authors: Taylor Tom
Published: November 2013

This chapter details how the South Central Kansas Library System (SCKLS) moved from a traditional continuing education model toward a needs-based model. The needs assessment process is detailed, as well as the process for implementing and managing this major change in professional development delivery. Analysis and assessment of the change in model will be presented. Practicalities and future directions will be discussed in order to provide direction to other interested institutions.
Library Associations, Conferences, and Professional Development
Authors: Hines Samantha Schmehl
Published: November 2013

What role do conferences play in the professional development offerings of associations? This chapter examines the role of library associations generally in librarian professional development, then focuses on the conference as the key outlet of professional development for the library association. Benefits of conference attendance as discussed in the scholarly literature of librarianship are presented. Current leaders of library associations are surveyed to determine the relevance and sustainability of conferences for library associations, and future trends are addressed along with recommendations for associations offering conferences.
Designing and Delivering Web-Based Instruction to Adult Learners in Higher Education
Authors: Okojie Mabel C. P. O.
Published: November 2013

The essence of this chapter is to discuss theories and practices including approaches that instructional designers consider when designing Web-based instruction for adult learners. The importance of the chapter is to discuss best practice activities and theories as well as technologies that enable adult online learners to be involved in the design of their Web-based instruction. This represents recognition that adults have accumulated a repertoire of knowledge and experiences that inevitably will enrich the course materials. The theories discussed in this chapter are constructivism and connectivism; these theories improve adult involvement and help them to establish learning networks for exchanges of ideas using cultural artifacts and various interactive and video technologies. These technologies include Adobe Connect, Camtasia, Articulate Storyline, SoftChalk, Prezi, Google.docs, and Google Hangout. The idea is to provide rich virtual learning environments to help adult learners explore learning and connect with each other without inhibition. The traditional method of instruction, which is teacher-centered, is considered inadequate for the present digital age with its rapid knowledge transformation. The roles of technology leaders within the institutional leadership and factors that may impact negatively on Web-based instruction for adults are also considered.
Adult Millennials
Authors: Bourke Brian
Published: November 2013

Discussions about students in post-secondary education are often based on divisions of distinct subpopulations, which are in turn often based on demographics or generational status. In the context of adult learners who are also members of the Millennial generation, there exist no discussions of the overlaps between the two groups. In this chapter, the author provides an overview of the characteristics of both adult learners and members of the Millennial generation. Following a comparison of the characteristics of the two groups, the author offers a perspective of a distinct subpopulation: Adult Millennials. After offering strategies for working with Adult Millennials, with attention to online learning environments, the chapter concludes with suggestions for further research addressing Adult Millennials.
A Place for Culture in Instructional Design
Authors: Figueroa Shabana , Kinuthia Wanjira
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the macro and micro challenges instructional designers face when designing Web-based instruction for adult learners. Macro level challenges like institutional and infrastructural requirements are those outside the design process that directly affect teaching and learning outcomes. Micro level challenges, on the other hand, are those inside the design process that directly impact teaching and learning outcomes (e.g. cultural biases of the designers and instructors). The authors discuss the effects of these challenges for instructional designers in higher education. Since the population of focus is adult learners, a brief overview of adult learning and characteristics of adult learners is provided. A variety of models and frameworks have been developed within the field, with only a handful that are constructed to explore diverse learners and learning. The chapter also includes introspection of the authors’ experiences as instructors, instructional design professionals, and students in the field. It concludes with strategies instructional designers can use to overcome the challenges discussed.
Preparing for Online and Distance Learning Courses
Authors: Asunda Paul A. , Calvin Jennifer , Johanson Rosalie
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this descriptive study is to investigate students’ perceptions of online learning courses at a 4 year mid-level mid-western university and whether or not these perceptions influenced their decision to continue taking online courses or not. The findings of this study concur with Lim (2004) in that thorough preparation prior to online course work can help to curb dropout rates and can better prepare learners for successful completion of the course.
Social Presence and Student Engagement in Online Learning
Authors: Ngoyi Luka , Malapile L. J. Sandy
Published: November 2013

Effective online learning practices should incorporate an active social presence that provides space and technological support for students and instructors to engage in social activities, which are an integral part of the learning process. The focus of this chapter is the description of social presence, the forms in which it occurs, and how social presence enhances student engagement in the learning process, whether online or face-to-face. Based on various studies related to this topic, the authors argue that social presence has a significant impact on student engagement, especially in online classes. Finally, this chapter examines how social presence affects student engagement and offers various strategies for instructors to enhance social presence and student engagement in online learning.
Christology and Christianity: The theological power of the threefold office in Lord’s Day 12
Authors: De Boer Erik A.
Published: November 2013

The concept of the threefold office of Jesus was developed in the explanation of the name Christ. The three distinct offices of king, priest and prophet in Israel are thought to be united in the one Messiah. Since the unity of all three offices in one person is not found in so many words in one specific text from the Bible, it is regarded as a theological concept. As such it was developed for the first time in the Heidelberg Catechism (HC). This article traces the development of the exposition of the Apostles’ Creed in earlier Lutheran and reformed catechisms. Special attention is devoted to the one by Johannes Brenz, which was used in the Palatinate before 1563. The main source of the new Catechism of Heidelberg is the Catechismus minor by Zacharias Ursinus, who himself may have been influenced by Martin Bucer and John Calvin and their respective Catechisms. A special feature of the HC is question and answer (Q/A) 32, devoted to a parallel exposition of the name Christian. Caspar Olevianus’ work Vester Grund (A Firm Foundation) is read as a contemporary commentary on the exposition of the Creed. The catechetical power of the concept of Christ’s threefold office is finally demonstrated in its use in systematic theologies as by Gerrit Immink and Michael Welker, especially in their Christologies.Die konsep van die drievoudige amp van Jesus is ontwikkel in die verklaring van die naam Christus. Die drie onderskeie ampte in Israel, dié van koning, priester en profeet, word gesien as verenig in die Messias. Aangesien die vereniging van al drie ampte in een persoon nie soseer in een spesifieke Bybelteks gevind word nie, word dit as ’n teologiese konsep beskou. Dit is sodanig vir die eerste keer in die Heidelbergse Kategismus (HK) ontwikkel. Hierdie artikel ondersoek die ontwikkeling van die uiteensetting van die Apostoliese Geloofsbelydenis in die konteks van vroeëre Lutherse en gereformeerde kategismusse. Daar word veral na Johannes Brenz se Kategismus, wat voor 1563 in die Pfalz gebruik is, gekyk. Die vernaamste bron van die Heidelberger is die sogenaamde Catechismus minor van Zacharias Ursinus, wat weer deur Martin Bucer en Johannes Calvyn en hul onderskeie Kategismus beïnvloed is. ’n Uitstaande kenmerk van die Heidelbergse Kategismus is vraag en antwoord (V/A) 32, wat aan ’n parallelle uiteensetting van die naam Christen gewy is. Dit kan aan die hand van die Engelse vertaling van Caspar Olevianus se werk, A Firm Foundation, verduidelik word. Die kategetiese krag van die konsep van Christus se drievoudige amp word gedemonstreer in die gebruik daarvan in sistematiese teologieë, soos Gerrit Immink en Michael Welker se Christologieë.
Content validation: The forgotten step-child or a crucial step in assessment centre validation?
Authors: Müller Klaus-Peter , Roodt Gert
Published: November 2013

Orientation: Assessment centres (ACs) are a popular method of assessment in South Africa, as they offer a practical link to the required job, directly observed through candidate behaviour. Content is often borrowed from the USA, so research into the applicability of that content in South Africa is justified.Research purpose: This study aimed to determine whether a selected USA-developed virtual assessment centre (VAC) measured what it claims to, and to determine whether the content is suitable for South Africa.Motivation for the study: A solid pre-statistical foundation of content forms the backbone of assessing validity. Content validation analysis is well suited to analysing the relevance of AC simulations in a specific cultural context. Too often content validation is either implied, or insufficiently explained.Research design, approach and method: A content evaluation schedule was developed, consisting of 50 items covering seven content validation dimensions. Thirteen subject matter experts and nine functional experts were tasked to assess an imported VAC using this schedule.Main findings: This study provides support that the VAC appears to measure what it purports to, and that overall, the content is suitable for use in South Africa.Practical/managerial implications: Content created in the USA can be assessed for relevance and applicability for South Africa through content validation.Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to AC literature and assessment methodology by demonstrating the importance and utility of content validation. Importers and developers of AC content may use this study’s techniques to validate content to meet legislative requirements and ensure domain relevance.
The Origin of Parasitism Gene in Nematodes: Evolutionary Analysis through the Construction of Domain Trees
Authors: Yang Yizi , Luo Damin
Published: November 2013

Inferring evolutionary history of parasitism genes is important to understand how evolutionary mechanisms affect the occurrences of parasitism genes. In this study, we constructed multiple domain trees for parasitism genes and genes under free-living conditions. Further analyses of horizontal gene transfer (HGT)-like phylogenetic incongruences, duplications, and speciations were performed based on these trees. By comparing these analyses, the contributions of pre-adaptations were found to be more important to the evolution of parasitism genes than those of duplications, and pre-adaptations are as crucial as previously reported HGTs to parasitism. Furthermore, speciation may also affect the evolution of parasitism genes. In addition, Pristionchus pacificus was suggested to be a common model organism for studies of parasitic nematodes, including root-knot species. These analyses provided information regarding mechanisms that may have contributed to the evolution of parasitism genes.
The Economic Case for Combating Malaria
Authors: Purdy Mark , Robinson Matthew , Wei Kuangyi , Rublin David
Published: November 2013

To date, existing studies focus largely on the economic detriments of malaria. However, if we are to create suitable incentives for larger-scale, more sustained anti-malaria efforts from a wider group of stakeholders, we need a much better understanding of the economic benefits of malaria reduction and elimination. Our report seeks to rectify this disjuncture by showing how attaining the funding needed to meet internationally agreed targets for malaria elimination would, on conservative assumptions, generate enormous economic improvements. We use a cost-benefit analysis anchored in Global Malaria Action Plan projections of malaria eradication based on fully met funding goals. By calculating the value of economic output accrued caused by work years saved and subtracting the costs of intervention, we find that malaria reduction and elimination during 2013–2035 has a 2013 net present value of US $208.6 billion.
The Economic Consequences of the Obama Reelection: How Stagnation Has Vanquished Growth
Authors: Epstein Richard A.
Published: November 2013

The stagnation of the American economy during the past decade is attributable to faulty policies at both the macro and micro level. The efforts to organize stimulus programs and manipulation tax rates create uncertainties that offset any supposed gains from Keynesian policies. At the same time, the failure to address major structural flaws in labor, real estate, free trade and positive rights have resulted in cumulative dislocations that require a shrinkage of government across the board to facilitate any reversal of economic fortune.
Perceived Participation After Stroke: The Influence of Activity Retention, Reintegration, and Perceived Recovery
Authors: Eriksson Gunilla , Baum M. Carolyn , Wolf Timothy J. , Connor Lisa Tabor
Published: November 2013

OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine the extent to which perceptions of participation in everyday occupations were affected in a sample of people with predominantly mild stroke. Demographic variables, stroke severity, community integration, participation in everyday occupations, and perceptions of recovery were examined as potential contributors to their perceptions of participation.

METHOD. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 116 people with mild to moderate first stroke assessed approximately 6 mo after stroke.

RESULTS. Perceptions of participation assessed using the Stroke Impact Scale varied (range = 19–100), with a mean score of 82. Regression analyses revealed three factors that contributed to perceptions of participation: retention of previous activities, reintegration in home and community, and perception of stroke recovery.

CONCLUSION. Although the majority of participants reported a high level of perceived participation, more than a third failed to report successful participation.
Childhood Toxic Stress: A Community Role in Health Promotion for Occupational Therapists
Authors: Gronski Meredith P. , Bogan Katherine E. , Kloeckner Jeanne , Russell-Thomas Duana , Taff Steven D. , Walker Kimberly A. , Berg Christine
Published: November 2013

People who experience the toxic stress of recurrent traumatic events in childhood have a higher risk for mental and physical health problems throughout life. Occupational therapy practitioners have a remarkable opportunity to be involved in addressing this significant public health problem. As health care practitioners already situated in the community, we have a responsibility to lead and assist in establishing and implementing occupation-based programs and to nurture the links between the child welfare system and existing intervention systems. In this article, we review the current research on toxic stress and recommendations made by other health care disciplines and offer strategies for occupational therapy practitioners to begin a dialogue on this critical, emerging issue.
On the Bottom-up Foundations of the Banking-Macro Nexus
Authors: Wäckerle Manuel
Published: November 2013

The complexity of credit-money is conceived as the central issue in the banking-macro nexus, which the author considers as a structural as well as process component of the evolving economy. This nexus is significant for the stability as well as the fragility of the economic system, because it connects the monetary with the real domain of economic production and consumption. The evolution of credit rules shapes economic networks between households, firms, banks, governments and central banks in space and time. The properties and characteristics of this evolutionary process are discussed in three sections. First, the author looks into the origins of the theory of money and its role for contemporary monetary economics. Second, he briefly discusses current theoretical foundations of top-down as well as bottom-up approaches to the banking-macro nexus, such as dynamic stochastic general equilibrium and agent-based models. In the third part he suggests an evolutionary framework, building on a generic rule-based approach, to arrive at standards for bottom-up foundations in agent-based macroeconomic models with a banking sector.
Ozone seasonality above the tropical tropopause: reconciling the Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives of transport processes
Authors: Abalos M. , Ploeger F. , Konopka P. , Randel W. J. , Serrano E.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We aim to reconcile the recently published, apparently contrasting results regarding the relative importance of tropical upwelling versus horizontal transport for the seasonality of ozone above the tropical tropopause. Different analysis methods in the literature (Lagrangian versus Eulerian, and isentropic versus pressure vertical coordinates) yield different perspectives of ozone transport, and the results must be carefully compared in equivalent terms to avoid misinterpretation. By examining the Lagrangian calculations in the Eulerian formulation, we show here that the results are in fact consistent with each other and with a common understanding of the ozone transport processes near and above the tropical tropopause. We further emphasize that the complementary approaches are suited for answering two different scientific questions: (1) what drives the observed seasonal cycle in ozone at a particular level above the tropical tropopause? and (2) how important is horizontal transport from mid-latitudes for ozone concentrations in the tropical lower stratosphere? Regarding the first question, the analysis of the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) ozone budget shows that the annual cycle in tropical upwelling is the main forcing of the ozone seasonality at altitudes with large vertical gradients in the tropical lower stratosphere. To answer the second question a Lagrangian framework must be used, and the results show that a large fraction (~50%) of the ozone molecules ascending through the tropical lower stratosphere is of extra-tropical origin and has been in-mixed from mid-latitudes.
Investigation of negative cloud radiative forcing over the Indian subcontinent and adjacent oceans during the summer monsoon season
Authors: Thampi B. V. , Roca R.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Radiative properties of clouds over the Indian subcontinent and nearby oceanic regions (0–25° N, 60–100° E) during the Asian summer monsoon season (June–September) are investigated using the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) flux data. Using multi-year satellite data, the net cloud radiative forcing (NETCRF) at the TOA over the Indian region during the Asian monsoon season is examined. The seasonal mean NETCRF is found to be negative (with its magnitude exceeding ~ 30 W m−2) over (1) the northern Bay of Bengal (close to the Myanmar–Thailand coast), (2) the Western Ghats and (3) the coastal regions of Myanmar. Such strong negative NETCRF values observed over the Indian monsoon region contradicts the assumption that near cancellation between LWCRF and SWCRF is a generic property of all tropical convective regions. The seasonal mean cloud amount (high and upper middle) and corresponding cloud optical depth observed over the three regions show relatively large values compared to rest of the Indian monsoon region. Using satellite derived cloud data, a statistical cloud vertical model delineating the cloud cover and single scattering albedo was developed for the three negative NETCRF regions. The shortwave (SW), longwave (LW) and net cloud radiative forcing over the three negative NETCRF regions are calculated using the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) with cloud vertical model as input. The NETCRF estimated from CERES observations show good comparison with that computed using RRTM (within the uncertainty limit of CERES observations). Sensitivity tests are conducted using RRTM to identify the parameters that control the negative NETCRF observed over these regions during the summer monsoon season. Increase in atmospheric water vapor content during the summer monsoon season is found to influence the negative NETCRF values observed over the region.
Horizontal divergence of typhoon-generated gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and its influence on typhoon evolution
Authors: Kim S. H. , Chun H.-Y. , Jang W.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The characteristics of horizontal divergence induced by typhoon-generated gravity waves (HDTGW) and the influence of HDTGW on typhoon evolution are investigated based on the simulation results of Typhoon Saomai (2006) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The power spectral density of HDTGW shows dominant powers at horizontal wavelengths of 20–30 km and at periods of less than one hour. This is associated with gravity waves generated by vigorous convective clouds in an inner core region of the typhoon. However, the domain-averaged HDTGW in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere had a spectral peak at 24 h, which is well correlated with the minimum sea-level pressure of the typhoon, especially during a rapidly developing period. The 24 h period of the averaged HDTGW stems from the inertia-gravity waves generated by the convective clouds in the spiral rainbands, and showed no clear association with the thermal tides or the diurnal variation of precipitation.
An MCM modeling study of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) impacts on oxidation, ozone production and nitrogen oxide partitioning in polluted continental outflow
Authors: Riedel T. P. , Wolfe G. M. , Danas K. T. , Gilman J. B. , Kuster W. C. , Bon D. M. , Vlasenko A. , Li S.-M. , Williams E. J. , Lerner B. M. , Veres P. R. , Roberts J. M. , Holloway J. S. , Lefer B. , Brown S. S. , Thornton J. A.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is produced at night by reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on chloride containing surfaces. ClNO2 is photolyzed during the morning hours after sunrise to liberate highly reactive chlorine atoms (Cl·). This chemistry takes place primarily in polluted environments where the concentrations of N2O5 precursors (nitrogen oxide radicals and ozone) are high, though it likely occurs in remote regions at lower intensities. Recent field measurements have illustrated the potential importance of ClNO2 as a daytime Cl· source and a nighttime NOx reservoir. However, the fate of the Cl· and the overall impact of ClNO2 on regional photochemistry remain unclear. To this end, we have incorporated ClNO2 production, photolysis, and subsequent Cl· reactions into an existing Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM version 3.2) box model framework using observational constraints from the CalNex 2010 field study. Cl· reactions with a set of alkenes and alcohols, and the simplified multiphase chemistry of N2O5, ClNO2, HOCl, ClONO2, and Cl2, none of which are currently part of the MCM, have been added to the mechanism. The presence of ClNO2 produces significant changes to oxidants, ozone, and nitrogen oxide partitioning, relative to model runs excluding ClNO2 formation. From a nighttime maximum of 1.5 ppbv ClNO2, the daytime maximum Cl· concentration reaches 1 × 105 atoms cm−3 at 7 a.m., reacting mostly with a large suite of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to produce 2.2 times more organic peroxy radicals in the morning than in the absence of ClNO2. In the presence of several ppbv of nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2), these perturbations lead to similar enhancements in hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx = OH + HO2). Neglecting contributions from HONO, the total integrated daytime radical source is 17% larger when including ClNO2, which leads to a similar enhancement in integrated ozone production of 15%. Detectable levels (tens of pptv) of chlorine containing organic compounds are predicted to form as a result of Cl· addition to alkenes, which may be useful in identifying times of active Cl· chemistry.
HOLIMO II: a digital holographic instrument for ground-based in situ observations of microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds
Authors: Henneberger J. , Fugal J. P. , Stetzer O. , Lohmann U.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Measurements of the microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds with high spatial resolution are important to understand the processes inside these clouds. This work describes the design and characterization of the newly developed ground-based field instrument HOLIMO II (HOLographic Imager for Microscopic Objects II). HOLIMO II uses digital in-line holography to in situ image cloud particles in a well-defined sample volume. By an automated algorithm, two-dimensional images of single cloud particles between 6 and 250 μm in diameter are obtained and the size spectrum, the concentration and water content of clouds are calculated. By testing the sizing algorithm with monosized beads a systematic overestimation near the resolution limit was found, which has been used to correct the measurements. Field measurements from the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, are presented. The measured number size distributions are in good agreement with parallel measurements by a fog monitor (FM-100, DMT, Boulder USA). The field data shows that HOLIMO II is capable of measuring the number size distribution with a high spatial resolution and determines ice crystal shape, thus providing a method of quantifying variations in microphysical properties. A case study over a period of 8 h has been analyzed, exploring the transition from a liquid to a mixed-phase cloud, which is the longest observation of a cloud with a holographic device. During the measurement period, the cloud does not completely glaciate, contradicting earlier assumptions of the dominance of the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen (WBF) process.
Sea–air CO2 fluxes in the Indian Ocean between 1990 and 2009
Authors: Sarma V. V. S. S. , Lenton A. , Law R. M. , Metzl N. , Patra P. K. , Doney S. , Lima I. D. , Dlugokencky E. , Ramonet M. , Valsala V.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Indian Ocean (44° S–30° N) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, yet it remains one of the most poorly sampled ocean regions. Several approaches have been used to estimate net sea–air CO2 fluxes in this region: interpolated observations, ocean biogeochemical models, atmospheric and ocean inversions. As part of the RECCAP (REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes) project, we combine these different approaches to quantify and assess the magnitude and variability in Indian Ocean sea–air CO2 fluxes between 1990 and 2009. Using all of the models and inversions, the median annual mean sea–air CO2 uptake of −0.37 ± 0.06 PgC yr−1 is consistent with the −0.24 ± 0.12 PgC yr−1 calculated from observations. The fluxes from the southern Indian Ocean (18–44° S; −0.43 ± 0.07 PgC yr−1 are similar in magnitude to the annual uptake for the entire Indian Ocean. All models capture the observed pattern of fluxes in the Indian Ocean with the following exceptions: underestimation of upwelling fluxes in the northwestern region (off Oman and Somalia), overestimation in the northeastern region (Bay of Bengal) and underestimation of the CO2 sink in the subtropical convergence zone. These differences were mainly driven by lack of atmospheric CO2 data in atmospheric inversions, and poor simulation of monsoonal currents and freshwater discharge in ocean biogeochemical models. Overall, the models and inversions do capture the phase of the observed seasonality for the entire Indian Ocean but overestimate the magnitude. The predicted sea–air CO2 fluxes by ocean biogeochemical models (OBGMs) respond to seasonal variability with strong phase lags with reference to climatological CO2 flux, whereas the atmospheric inversions predicted an order of magnitude higher seasonal flux than OBGMs. The simulated interannual variability by the OBGMs is weaker than that found by atmospheric inversions. Prediction of such weak interannual variability in CO2 fluxes by atmospheric inversions was mainly caused by a lack of atmospheric data in the Indian Ocean. The OBGM models suggest a small strengthening of the sink over the period 1990–2009 of −0.01 PgC decade−1. This is inconsistent with the observations in the southwestern Indian Ocean that shows the growth rate of oceanic pCO2 was faster than the observed atmospheric CO2 growth, a finding attributed to the trend of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) during the 1990s.
A reconstruction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its stable carbon isotopic composition from the penultimate glacial maximum to the last glacial inception
Authors: Schneider R. , Schmitt J. , Köhler P. , Joos F. , Fischer H.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The reconstruction of the stable carbon isotope evolution in atmospheric CO2 (δ13Catm), as archived in Antarctic ice cores, bears the potential to disentangle the contributions of the different carbon cycle fluxes causing past CO2 variations. Here we present a new record of δ13Catm before, during and after the Marine Isotope Stage 5.5 (155 000 to 105 000 yr BP). The dataset is archived on the data repository PANGEA® (www.pangea.de) under 10.1594/PANGAEA.817041. The record was derived with a well established sublimation method using ice from the EPICA Dome C (EDC) and the Talos Dome ice cores in East Antarctica. We find a 0.4‰ shift to heavier values between the mean δ13Catm level in the Penultimate (~ 140 000 yr BP) and Last Glacial Maximum (~ 22 000 yr BP), which can be explained by either (i) changes in the isotopic composition or (ii) intensity of the carbon input fluxes to the combined ocean/atmosphere carbon reservoir or (iii) by long-term peat buildup. Our isotopic data suggest that the carbon cycle evolution along Termination II and the subsequent interglacial was controlled by essentially the same processes as during the last 24 000 yr, but with different phasing and magnitudes. Furthermore, a 5000 yr lag in the CO2 decline relative to EDC temperatures is confirmed during the glacial inception at the end of MIS5.5 (120 000 yr BP). Based on our isotopic data this lag can be explained by terrestrial carbon release and carbonate compensation.
A brief history of ice core science over the last 50 yr
Authors: Jouzel J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. For about 50 yr, ice cores have provided a wealth of information about past climatic and environmental changes. Ice cores from Greenland, Antarctica and other glacier-covered regions now encompass a variety of time scales. However, the longer time scales (e.g. at least back to the Last Glacial period) are covered by deep ice cores, the number of which is still very limited: seven from Greenland, with only one providing an undisturbed record of a part of the last interglacial period, and a dozen from Antarctica, with the longest record covering the last 800 000 yr. This article aims to summarize this successful adventure initiated by a few pioneers and their teams and to review key scientific results by focusing on climate (in particular water isotopes) and climate-related (e.g. greenhouse gases) reconstructions. Future research is well taken into account by the four projects defined by IPICS. However, it remains a challenge to get an intact record of the Last Interglacial in Greenland and to extend the Antarctic record through the mid-Pleistocene transition, if possible back to 1.5 Ma.
Suitability of modelled and remotely sensed essential climate variables for monitoring Euro-Mediterranean droughts
Authors: Szczypta C. , Calvet J.-C. , Maignan F. , Dorigo W. , Baret F. , Ciais P.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Two new remotely sensed Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) satellite products are compared with two sets of simulations of the ORCHIDEE and ISBA-A-gs land surface models to investigate how recent droughts affected vegetation over the Euro-Mediterranean area. We analyze the interannual variability over the period 1991–2008. The leaf onset and the Length of the vegetation Growing Period (LGP) are derived from the satellite-derived LAI and from the modelled LAI. The LGP values produced by the photosynthesis-driven phenology model of ISBA-A-gs are closer to the satellite-derived LAI LGP than those produced by ORCHIDEE. In the latter, the phenology is based on a growing degree-day model for leaf onset, and on both climatic conditions and leaf life span for senescence. Further, the interannual variability of LAI is better captured by ISBA-A-gs than by ORCHIDEE. The summer 2003 drought case study shows a relatively good agreement of the modelled LAI anomalies with the observations, but the two models underestimate plant regrowth in the autumn. A better representation of the root-zone soil moisture profile could improve the simulations of both models. The satellite-derived SSM is compared with SSM simulations of ISBA-A-gs, only, as ORCHIDEE has no explicit representation of SSM. Overall, the ISBA-A-gs simulations of SSM agree well with the satellite-derived SSM and are used to detect regions where the satellite product could be improved. Finally, a correspondence is found between the interannual variability of detrended SSM and LAI. The predictability of LAI is less pronounced using remote sensing observations than using simulated variables. However, consistent results are found in July for the croplands of Ukraine and southern Russia.