bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Earthquake Model
Authors: Evans John William
Published: October 2009

S
ome
eighteen months ago, Mr. R. D. Oldham showed to this Society a model designed to explain the mechanism of the earth-movements at the time of the Californian earthquake of 1906 in the neighbourhood of the San Andreas Fault. Though of great value in assisting us to realize the nature of the changes which then took place, it does not give prominence to the time-element so as to indicate the succession of events that led up to the earthquake shock; and it is to illustrate this aspect of the question that I have had the model constructed which forms the subject of the present paper.

It will be convenient for me, in the first place, to describe succinctly, from my own standpoint, the stages into which the conditions that precede an earthquake may be divided.

I shall on the present occasion put on one side earthquakes which are in the nature of landslips, as well as those which are the immediate result of the explosive action of the gases in igneous magmas, although there are authors who attribute to both of these modes of origin a greater importance and a more frequent occurrence than is usually accorded to them.

The typical earthquake, then, including great earthquakes like that of 1906, is, in my belief, the ultimate result of the slow relative movement of great masses of the earth's crust extending in most cases far beyond the area immediately affected by the shock. This differential creep may be in a horizontal,
Notes on the Geology of the District around Llansawel (Carmarthenshire)
Authors: Drew Helen , Slater Ida L.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
1906 and 1907 respectively, we were the recipients of the Daniel Pidgeon Fund, and decided to undertake a piece of field-work among the Palæozoic rocks of Wales.

It was suggested to us that we should make the country north of Llandeilo the seat of our investigations, with the view of discovering, if possible, the junction between the rocks of Hartfell and those of Birkhill age. We knew that Lower Birkhill graptolites had been found at Pumpsaint, some 11 miles to the north of Llandeilo, and we therefore hoped that the intermediate country might furnish sufficient fossil evidence to give us this line of junction.

With this end in view, we first made our headquarters at Llandeilo, and studied the country north of that investigated by Mr. T. C. Cantrill and Mr. H. H. Thomas. However, we found that the same monotonous series of highly-cleaved unfossiliferous (?) shales, apparently of Upper Hartfell age, continued so persistently to the north as to give us no hope of a graptolitic succession there. While pursuing our way still farther north, in search of some change in the lithology, our attention was attracted by some large slabs of a hard blue mudstone, standing outside a smithy; on close inspection these showed unmistakable fragments of graptolites, preserved in by rite. By the help of very vague directions, given in Welsh by the smith, we succeeded, after considerable difficulty, in locating the quarry from which the slabs had been brought. It is situated on
The Rocks of Pulau Ubin and Pulau Nanas (Singapore)
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
the January number of the ‘Geological Magazine’ for 1909 a short note of mine appeared on the igneous rocks of Singapore, giving the results of observations made on occasional visits to Singapore from the Malay States during the years 1904 to 1908. Not many weeks after the paper had been despatched, a further opportunity presented itself of visiting some of the localities mentioned; and, as perhaps has happened to others, I found that the fresh information available in the quarries was so extensive and so significant that my remarks in the note mentioned appeared very meagre. It proved too late, however, to withdraw the paper, and therefore the following remarks must be considered in some sense supplementary to those in the earlier paper; but, at the same time, they embody other new information that will, I think, be found to be of considerable interest to those who have studied the geology of the East Indies.

My object in the present paper is to describe the granite of Pulau Ubin, veins of rhombic pyroxene-bearing rocks traversing this granite, as well as ‘basic masses’ in the granite of the same island; also to describe fragments of granite in tuffs on Pulau Nanas, and to show that these are derived from a granite mass distinct from and much older than that forming Pulau Ubin, and therefore also older than the tin-bearing granite that now forms the backbone of the Peninsula. Further, the mutual relations of the granite, the veins, and
On a Collection of Insect-Remains from the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Bolton Herbert
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
am
indebted to the courtesy of the Director of H.M. Geological Survey, for the opportunity of examining and describing an interesting suite of blattoid remains obtained by the officers of that Survey from the South Wales Coalfield.

Insect-remains of Carboniferous age are so rare in this country that the finding of no less than nine specimens, three of them with their counterparts, constitutes an event of considerable palæontological interest. The South Wales Coalfield has thus yielded more examples and more species than all other British coalfields together. All the specimens, with one exception, are blattoid in character.

The total number of fossil cockroaches known from the Carboniferous is now great, and nearly all the numerous genera and species are founded upon the anterior wings or tegmina alone. Only once in this country, so far as I am aware, have larval stages been recognized.

The number of specimens and of species recorded from the British Coal Measures is singularly small, the great bulk of known forms occurring in Continental and North American coalfields. Dr. Henry Woodward, in quoting S. H. Scudder's census of blattoid forms, mentions 14 genera and 69 species as recorded from all Carboniferous sources.

He also mentions that Miall & Denny quote Scudder as recording the number of Palæoblattariæ at 70 species. Scudder was followed by Dr. E. H. Sellards, who took a broad survey of the whole subject, describing the structure of Palæozoic cockroaches with remarkable detail, and adding eight new species and one
The Skomer Volcanic Series (Pembrokeshire)
Authors: Thomas Herbert Henry
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
region in which this volcanic series is developed occupies an extensive area in the extreme west of Pembrokeshire on the southern side of St. Bride's Bay, and includes the islands of Midland, Skomer, Grassholm, and the Smalls.

Skomer is by far the largest of the islands, and is situated about two-thirds of a mile from that part of the mainland which is known as Wooltack. It has a length, from east to west, of about 2 miles, a breadth of a little over a mile, and an area of 722 acres. Between it and the mainland lies the small island of Midland, with an area of 21½ acres, which is separated from Skomer by the Little Sound, only about 100 yards in width, and from the mainland by the broader stretch of water known as Jack Sound.

Grassholm Island lies 8 miles to the west of Skomer and covers an area slightly less than that of Midland, while the Smalls, which occupy only three-quarters of an acre, lie 8 miles to the west of Grassholm.

Skomer Island is a detached portion of that plateau which is so well marked in the west of Pembrokeshire: it rises more or less abruptly to an elevation of 200 feet; but, on account of the smaller size of Grassholm, the highest levels attained by this island fall some way short of the usual plateau-horizon, while the Smalls rise only a few feet above the level of high-water at spring-tides. All these
The Zonal Classification of the Salopian Rocks of Cautley and Ravenstonedale
Authors: Watney G.R. , Welch E. G.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction and
L
iterature
.

W
e
were induced by Dr. Marr to undertake the examination of the Salopian rocks of the area under consideration. He had failed in former years to obtain any zonal succession of the rocks of Wenlock age in the Lake District, owing to the cleaved nature of the rocks of that age above the lowest beds containing
Cyrtograptus murchisoni
. An examination of the less cleaved representatives of the Wenlock Beds near Cautley had convinced him that a succession might be established there, similar to that described in Scania by Tullberg, and in Wales and the Welsh borderland by Mrs. Shakespear and Miss Elles.

Our study of the Wenlock and Ludlow rocks of the Cautley and Ravenstonedale area has convinced us that these beds are capable, of a division into zones, although some of the zones recognized farther south apparently do not persist when traced northwards to this district.

The Cautley and Ravenstonedale area is situated north of Sedbergh; its northern and eastern limits are defined by Carboniferous rocks, but on the west it is continuous with the Salopian of the Lake District.

The physiography of the district and the features due to ice-action have recently been described by Dr. Marr & Mr. Fearnsides: it will suffice, therefore, to mention here that the area is a very hilly one, the fells often rising steeply from the 600- to the 1750-foot contour-line. North-west of the Rawthey the hilltops are everywhere formed of hard grits of Ludlow age, while on
Some Observations on the Eastern Desert of Egypt; with Considerations bearing upon, the Origin of the British Trias
Authors: Wade Arthur
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

D
uring
the past two years I have on several occasions visited that part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt which borders the Red Sea near its junction with the Gulf of Suez. While there I made observations of desert conditions and phenomena which appeared to me to be of interest to the student of the conditions determining the origin of the Triassic rocks of Britain.

A few years ago the late J. Lomas dealt very fully with these conditions, having made some studies of South African and Egyptian deserts, and it is with pleasure that I find myself able to confirm or to supplement several of the conclusions to which he came.

II. The Igneous ‘Gravels’ and Pebble-Beds.

The western side of the Red Sea is flanked by a wall of hills running generally in lines parallel with the general trend of the coast. They rise abruptly from a level or gently sloping coast-plain, which varies in width from under 1 to over 10 miles. The hills are composed chiefly of igneous rocks: red and grey granites, dark andesites and purple porphyries, with some tracts of gneiss and schist.

At the foot of the hills, large mounds of angular débris of the igneous rocks occur, running in tongues from the hills out on to the plain, or forming low foot-hills which run parallel with the main range.

The mounds themselves consist of unsorted angular blocks and flakes varying greatly in size, and showing as a rule no signs
Trilobites from the
Paradoxides
Beds of Comley Shropshire
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling
Published: October 2009

Introductory remarks

In a previous communication I called attention to certain trilobites associated with Callavia. callavei Lapw., from the limestones at the top of the Lower Comley Sandstone, and indicated the correspondence of many of the forms with those of Dr. Matthew's Protolenus Fauna from the Cambrian of the Atlantic province of North America.

The object of the present paper is to describe and figure the trilobites of the Upper Comley Sandstone, and to endeavour to estimate the faunal importance of the physical break between the upper and the lower groups of strata.

Many of the specimens have been obtained during the progress of the excavations that I have been conducting for the British Association; others have been collected at various times during the past twenty years; and, through tho kindness of Prof. Charles Lapworth, I have had access to the type-specimens of his Paradoxicles groomii, which are now figured for the first time.

The fossils described in this paper occur at three distinct horizons. A lower one, the Quarry-Ridge Grits, at the base of the Paradoxides-bearing beds of the Comley Sandstone, where they rest unconformably upon the Protolenus and Callavia Beds; a second, the Hill-House Beds, some 300 feet higher in the succession; and a third, the Shoot-Rough-Road Beds, near the top of the Comley Sandstone Group, presumably several hundreds of feet higher.

The stratigraphical relations of these beds to one another and to the strata above and below them, the local names adopted, and the horizons from which
Faunal Horizons in the Bristol Coalfield
Authors: Bolton Herbert
Published: October 2009

T
he
Bristol Coalfield differs from the Midland and more northerly fields in the paucity of animal remains which have been discovered therein. Whereas the last-mentioned coalfields are capable of division by their faunas alone, the Bristol Coalfield, and the South Wales Coalfield, can hardly be so treated; and, for the same reason, no close correlation with the Midland and Northern Coalfields can be established, except by means of fossil plants and the general lithological agreement.

The Bristol Coalfield is largely covered by later rocks, surface-sections being rare. The search for evidences of a fauna has therefore to be carried on chiefly under ground, and among material brought to the surface in the course of mining operations.

By an examination of a measured section at the junction of the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal-Measures in the South Liberty Colliery at Bristol, I was able to demonstrate the existence of a marine fauna in these measures. The same method has since been applied to the measures underlying the Bedminster Great Vein, and with successful results. It was shown in my former paper (
op. cit.
p. 448) that the Bedminster Great Vein was correlated by Handel Cossham with the Kingswood Great Vein, so that the measures examined have a development along the whole of the south-western side of the Bristol area.

With the guidance of the information obtained from the Ashton and Bedminster Series, and with the aid of a grant of £20 from the Royal Society, search has been prosecuted at as
The Llandovery and Associated Rocks of North-Eastern Montgomeryshire
Authors: Wade Arthur
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
district investigated is one which was well loved by Murchison, who paid many visits, about the year 1836, to Powis Castle while preparing his great work on the ‘Silurian System.’

It extends for a distance of over 7 miles in a north-easterly direction from a point a mile or so south of Welshpool in Montgomeryshire, and includes a tract of country embracing the Vale of Guilsfield, and a portion of the valley of the Severn. It is bounded on the west by the watershed of the Vyrnwy, the area covering nearly 40 square miles. The country may be broadly described as consisting of three parallel ridges of Silurian rocks running in a north-north-easterly direction, with two wide intervening valleys containing subsidiary though usually more precipitous ridges, formed by the escarpments of rocks of Ordovician age. It was among these fertile valleys and finely wooded hills that De Quincy found solace during part of his early wanderings.

II. H
istorical
R
eview
.

Murchison, in 1839, was the first to give any account of the structure of this region. Speaking of the whole of the country between the Breiddens and the Berwyns, he describes [1] the Silurian strata as lying

in undulations or troughs ........ constituting a number of parallel anticlinal and synclinal lines.' (Ch. xxiv, pp. 300
et seqq
.)

Of the particular district with which I now propose to deal he has much to say. He describes very fully the Welshpool Dyke, and notes its apparent effect upon the strike
On a Monchiquite Intrusion in the Old Red Sandstone of Monmouthshire
Authors: Boulton William S.
Published: October 2009

I. P
osition and
F
ield
-R
elations
.

T
he
igneous intrusion here described, and hitherto unrecorded, is situated in Monmouthshire in lat. 51° 40′ N., long. 2° 49′ 30″ W. Following the main road from Chepstow to Usk for about 7½ miles, and then branching off southwards for another mile and a half, we come to a place which is marked on the 6-inch Ordnance map of the district as the ‘Great House’; and about 250 yards north of it, the rocks in question are exposed. Some 70 yards north-west of the carriage-drive leading to the house (where I first noticed the rock which was being used to ‘metal’ the drive), a small quarry has been excavated in the rising ground. It is in this quarry that the main exposure of the monchiquite is seen, and from which most of the material described in this paper was obtained.

The quarry measures about 20 by 25 yards and is some 20 feet deep. A few yards west of it is a small, shallow opening, from which the igneous rock has evidently been taken, and some of it may still be seen
in situ
cropping out through the grass. Still farther west, over the fence, a similar hollow is seen, and a little north of it is an old quarry measuring 20 yards across and of considerable depth, with a pool at the bottom and the sides overgrown with bushes and long grass. In this old disused quarry no rock is visible in position; but
Kainozoic Mollusca from Cyrenaica
Authors: Newton Richard Bullen
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

A
mong
the geological specimens obtained from Cyrenaica by Prof. J. W. Gregory, during a journey through that province of Northern Africa in the summer of 1908, are a considerable number of molluscan remains, which it has been my privilege to study and report upon in the following notes. It may be at once mentioned that the more important part of this collection will be presented by Prof. Gregory to the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History).

Speaking generally, the shells are badly preserved, and some consist merely of internal casts; hence only one new species has been made, namely,
Æquipecten cyrenaicus
, referred to the Priabonian horizon—a more useful purpose, it is hoped, being served in the endeavour to show relationships to already described forms.

The specimens are, however, easily divisible into various groups of the Kainozoic System, none offering characters that would indicate their attribution to the Mesozoic or any older series of the sedimentary rocks.

The more ancient specimens are the most numerous and probably of greatest importance, since they denote such horizons as the Lutetian, Priabonian, Aquitanian, and Vindobonian: those of later age belonging both to the earlier and to the newer deposits of the post-Pliocene Epoch.

The rocks associated with the Lutetian and Priabonian fossils are full of nummulites and occasional specimens of
Orthophragmina
; while those that form the matrix of the Aquitanian and Vindobonian specimens exhibit foraminiferal organisms such as
Operculina, Amphistegina, Lepidocyclina
, etc., but no nummulites. This is interesting confirmation of
On the Geology of Antigua and other West Indian Islands with reference to the Physical History of the Caribean Region
Authors: Lechmere Guppy R. J.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

M
y
paper on the ‘Geological Connexions of the Caribean Region’ dealt as a whole with the Atlantis Problem and the changes on the earth connected therewith. Among other matters, I indicated the course of the dislocation (which I will call the great Antillean Dislocation) passing along the chain of the Antilles from Trinidad to Sombrero, and thence as I suggested through the northern part of the Island of Haiti. To make such further observations as were possible to me despite my physical disabilities, I undertook a voyage to Antigua and the neighbouring islands in the early part of 1910.

In the preparation of this paper I have consulted all the authorities available to me, but I have made-most use of the papers by Purves and Spencer. For Dr. J. W. Spencer's papers I am indebted to himself, and for Purves's I am indebted to the Natural History Society of Belgium.

II. C
onsiderations on the
G
eology of
A
ntigua
.

Geologists and all interested in West Indian geology owe much to men who, like Nugent (a resident) and Purves (a visitor), under-take to furnish a careful and conscientious account of the features of a neglected and despised island such as Antigua, High praise is due to them. In the time of Nugent (1819) geological science was in a backward state, and he did not therefore enjoy the means that his successor possessed of dealing with geological subjects. Yet Nugent's work is the basis of our knowledge of the geology of Antigua.
On the Interglacial Gravel-Beds of the Isle of Wight and the South of England, and the Conditions of their Formation
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: October 2009

The Author, after referring to the investigations of previous authors, especially of Mr. Codrington and the officers of the Geological Survey, with which he in the main agrees, points out that the origin and mode of formation of the gravel-terraces of the Isle of Wight and of the New Forest district are still open to discussion. He points out that the levels of the higher beds on both sides of the Solent, up to about 400 feet, indicate the amount of subsidence of the whole area at a time when the stratified gravels, composed mainly of rolled flints, were formed at the margin of the uprising ridges of the Chalk in the post-Glacial Epoch, for this part of England. Preceding this was the great uplift indicated by Godwin-Austen, by which the British Isles were joined to the continent as land. By this uplift the English Channel was laid dry, and along its centre there ran a river from its source about the Straits of Dover to its outlet into the ocean through the Continental Platform. This river-channel is laid down on the Admiralty Charts under the name of ‘the Hurd Deep’ for a distance of 30 miles of its course, and has been named by the Author ‘the English Channel River.’

The Author considers the gravel-beds of this region to be the representatives of the High-level Gravels of the Midlands and Cromer; also of the ‘Interglacial Gravels’ of Cheshire and Lancashire; and of the shell-bearing beds of the Denbighshire Hills, and of Moel Tryfaen in Wales, at levels of about 1200 feet above the sea.
The Glacial Sections round Sudbury (Suffolk)
Authors: Hill Edwin
Published: October 2009

The sections round Sudbury are called in the Geological Survey Memoir of 1885 ‘perhaps about the finest in any inland spot in East Anglia.’ They are described in the Survey Memoir on North-West Essex (1878); and there are further notes in that on Ipswich, Hadleigh, etc. (1885).

There is a paper by Dr. Marr in Geol. Mag. 1887 (p. 262); there have been excursions to the neighbourhood on the occasion of the Geological Society's Centenary in 1907, and by the Geologists' Association in 1898 and 1910, of which brief descriptions have been published. I know of nothing else. Since publication of the two Survey Memoirs some pits have been closed; some new ones opened; and many extended considerably. These changes have disclosed facts of considerable interest, which deserve to be put on record.

I. The Principal Pits.

I will name the position and contents of the principal pits, giving numbers to them for use in this paper and notes of references to them in the Survey Memoirs.

Beginning with those on the high road leading eastwards from the town, Green's Pit (1) has been filled in, but the singular contorted sands are still visible. On the south side of the road two pits (2) called Victoria on the Ordnance Map and in the Geological Survey Memoirs, now joined at the top, show Chalk, Thanet Sands, Crag, gravels, and a patch of Boulder Clay. Farther out along the road, on Gallows Hill, two brickworks (3), called California on the Ordnance Map
Petrological Notes on Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and Alderney
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Hill Edwin
Published: October 2009

During the nineteen years which have passed since we visited the Channel Islands, our friend Mr. John Parkinson has examined parts of Jersey with results described in four valuable papers contributed to this journal. He then turned his attention to Northern Guernsey, and in a short but very important summary of his work on its diorites, announced his conclusion that the syenite, horn-blende-gabbro, and diorite, which had been separated by the older observers, were not genetically distinct, but were related to each other as the products of the differentiation of a single magma. Our brief visits to the island in 1888 and 1891 had shown us that the above-named distinctions could hardly be maintained, and prepared us for some such conclusion as that just mentioned.

The principal object of our visit in September 1910 was to make a further examination of this question and to study some of the numerous dykes a little more fully than Mr. Hill had been able to do when drawing up his sketch-map and general account of the geology of Guernsey.

We also spent two full days in Alderney, an afternoon in Herm (both unknown to one of us), and twice visited Sark, in order to re-examine some specially interesting sections.

I. The Gneiss.

The gneiss, which occupies the larger half of Guernsey, forming the grand crags and beautiful bays of its more southern shores, was described by Mr. Hill in his paper on this island, to which Prof. Bonney contributed some petrographical notes.

At
The Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of the Kilbride Peninsula (Mayo)
Authors: Gardiner Charles Irving , Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The Kilbride area with which this paper deals lies some 5 miles to the south of the Glensaul area described by us in 1910. Its limits are very sharply defined. It forms a peninsula bounded by two long inlets from the south-western corner of Lough Mask, the northern one being known as Derry Bay or Derrypark Bay, the southern as Kilbride Bay. It has a length from east to west of about 4½ miles, and a breadth of about a mile and a half. It ends to the west in the alluvial tract through which the Finny River runs. From this low ground the land rises rapidly to a ridge which attains its highest point at Knock Kilbride (1230 feet). Farther east is another eminence (Knocknamuck), and then the ground sinks slowly through Fox Hill to the shore of Lough Mask. The descent from the high ground to Derry Bay on the north is far steeper than that to Kilbride Bay on the south, a fact intimately associated with the geological structure of the country.

Little has been written about the geology of this area. Some description of it is given in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey. The igneous rocks are referred to as being everywhere felsite; the presence of ash is mentioned; and allusion is made to the finding of Llandovery fossils at several points on the southern side of the peninsula.

In the ‘Annual Report of the Geological Survey for 1896’ (pp. 49–51) a general
The Glen Orchy Anticline (Argyllshire)
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby , Macgregor Murray
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In a previous paper [1, p. 586] an explanation has been offered of the tectonics of the schists occupying a district of the West Highlands between Loch Tulla and Appin, in the south, and the River Spean, beyond Ben Nevis, in the north (fig. 1). In the present paper the south-eastern continuation of this district is dealt with, from the head of Loch Awe to Beinn Achallader, one of the summits of the Beinn Doirean range (Pl. X). In the district originally described lying to the west and north of Loch Tulla the following stratigraphical sequence was established; but, whether it should be read upwards or downwards, is still unascertained:—

9.

Eilde Flags.

8.

Glen Coe Quartzite (fine-grained).

7.

Leven Schists (grey phyllites, with ‘Banded Series’ next the Glen Coe Quartzite).

6.

Ballachulish Limestone (dark grey, with a thick cream-coloured margin next the Leven Schists).

5.

Ballachulish Slates (black).

4.

Appin Quartzite (pebbly).

3.

Appin Limestone (cream, pink, or very pale blue).

2.

Appin Phyllites (with a large proportion of flaggy quartzite).

1.

Cuil Bay Slates (black).

These rock-groups, as previously shown, are disposed in two major recumbent folds, known as the Ballachulish and Appin Folds respectively, to which may be added the subordinate Aonach Beag Fold, recognized as yet in the neighbourhood of Ben Nevis only. For convenience of description, the cores of these three folds have been arbitrarily defined as those portions which are made up of rocks included in Groups 1-6 of the foregoing stratigraphical table.
Report On The Mosses From The Arctic Bed
Authors: Dixon Hugh Neville
Published: October 2009

The moss-remains sent to me from the Arctic Beds at Ponder's End represented four separate gatherings. The first was a general collection from the deposit, while the others were taken from three superimposed beds, and are referred to as the Upper, Middle, and Lowest Beds.

I have been able to determine with scarcely any doubt some forty or more species. A certain number at present unnamed may yet be determined, but these are so few that they cannot modify to any appreciable extent the conclusions to be drawn from those already determined. I give here a table showing the forms so far detected, with their distribution through the different beds.

The fragmentary or patchy nature of the three superimposed beds left some doubt as to how far they represented different periods of deposit, or how far one or other of the upper layers might be simply a redistribution of the subjacent layers; and also as to the relation of any of them to the deposit from which the first sample was collected. The foregoing Table gives, I think, some reply to these problems. Leaving the Upper Bed out if the question for the present, it will be seen that of the forty of so forms determined from the remaining three beds, fourteen at least occured in all three. Of about 24 species determined from the Middle Bed, 16 at least are also in the Lowest, and 15 at least in the General Collection. Of about 32 determined from the General
Report on the Insect-Remains [from the Arctic Bed]
Authors: Waterhouse Charles O.
Published: October 2009

I have examined the insect-remains from the Arctic Bed at Ponders End, and find that the following groups are represented:—

Carabidæ.

Anchomenus?
(several species).

Cyrtonotus
sp.

Pterostichus
sp.

Carabus
sp.

Elaphrus cupreus
Dufts.

Dytiscidæ.

Agabus?

Hydrophilidæ.

Hydrobius fuscipes
L.

Aphodiidæ.

Aphodius
.

Ægialia?

Curculionidæ.

Oiiorhynchus
(several species).

Phytophaga.

Donacea
.

The above are mostly ground-beetles and weevils, nearly all water or marsh-insects. The commonest forms of the Carabidæ appear to belong to the genus
Anchomenus
, but the species are not known to me. A thorax is almost certainly a
Cyrtonotus
, of about half the size of our British species.

The
Elaphrus cupreus
, which is represented by an elytron, lives on the mud at the side of lakes.
Hydrobius fuscipes
is a common pond species. The
Donacea
is very near to
D. sericea
, which is found in
Sphagnum
, but is more rugose. It may be a variety of that species.

The majority of the forms present I am unable to identify as extant British species, and the collection certainly suggests conditions that differed greatly from those of the present day. Unfortunately, I am quite unable to attempt the work of comparing these insect-remains with the species of Northern Europe.
Report on the Entomostraca [from the Arctic Bed]
Authors: Scourfield David J.
Published: October 2009

I have examined the sample of the Arctic Bed from Ponders End submitted to me, and have also received picked-out remains of Ostracoda from the washings made by Messrs. Warren, Kennard, and Davies.

My own attention was directed mainly to the discovery of the remains of Cladocera, as I had previously found it possible to identify a number of species of this group in samples of the peaty deposit known as ‘moorlog’ dredged up from the Dogger Bank. After a considerable amount of search, I succeeded in finding three specimens representing two species, namely
Chydorus sphœricus
and
Acroperus harpœ (?)
. In each case only the shell-valves were obtained, the head-shield and all internal parts having disappeared. One of the two specimens of
Ch. sphœricus
was in the ‘ephippial’ condition, that is, it had undergone the peculiar modification adapting it to receive the resting-egg. The specific determination of the specimen of
Acroperus
is not quite certain, owing to its distorted condition, but the probability is that it is
A. harpœ
. It is very satisfactory to have found these traces of such delicate animals as Cladocera, especially as the recorded fossils of this group are, I believe, neither very numerous nor always reliable.

With regard to the Ostracods, the numerous specimens were found to belong to about twelve species, representing six genera. The exact specific determination is doubtful in some cases; but this is scarcely to be wondered at, when it is remembered that with fossils only single valves are available, and
Note on Lemming-Remains from The Arctic Bed at Angel Road
Authors: Hinton Martin A. C.
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to Mr. Warren for permission to study the small bones which he has so carefully collected from the Arctic Bed at Angel Road. The remains are exceptionally fragile, and they say much for Mr. Warren's skill and perseverance.

All the specimens are referable to the species of
Dicrostonyx
which occurs in the deposit of the Ightham Fissures, namely,
D. henseli
. All the more important parts of the skeleton are more or less well represented; and, when fully worked out, the collection will form a valuable contribution to our knowledge of this form. It comprises the remains of from eight to ten individuals, and includes seven palatal specimens in six of which the maxillary teeth are present. These teeth agree in form with those of
D. henseli
; the anterior and middle molars (dm.
1
and m.
1
) have the posterior walls of their 4th inner and 3rd inner prisms respectively reduced, and each tooth completely lacks all trace of the minute vestigial inner angle which occurs behind the prisms named in
D. torquatus
and
D. gulielmi
. The skulls, moreover, agree in size, in their narrow nasals, small and peculiarly shaped bullæ, palatal structure, etc., with
D. henseli
.

D. henseli
is an extinct form known from the German Pleistocene, the Ightham Fissures, Langwith Cave, and Doneraile Cave (County Clare). Most of the living species of
Dicrostonyx
live in the Arctic tundra of the Old and New Worlds, and the form living in Grinnell Land reaches 83° or 84° lat. N. On
The Upper Keuper (or Arden) Sandstone Group and Associated Rocks of Warwickshire
Authors: Matly Charles Alfred
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

The field-work on which this paper is based was mainly carried out between 1895 and 1901, at a time when I lived near Birmingham. It was then suspended, owing to my removal from the district, and until 1911 I was unable to revisit the ground and advance the mapping sufficiently for the presentation of this paper. Even now I have been compelled to curtail considerably my original plan of work, which was to zone the Keuper Marls of Warwickshire from base to summit as far as possible, and, when that was accomplished, to investigate their lithology and fossils with the view of ascertaining their origin and mode of formation. The present paper deals mainly with the stratigraphy, tectonics, and geological relations of a well-marked horizon in the Marls which is usually known as the ‘Upper Keuper Sandstone,’ and further work on the Marls of this area must be left to other workers.

II. General Description of the District.

The portion of Warwickshire to he described extends from the neighbourhood of Solihull, Knowle, and Barston on the north to Wilmcote and Snitterfield, near Stratford-on-Avon, on the south; and from Tanworth-in-Arden, the Alne Hills, and Wixford on the west to Hatton and Claverdon on the east, an area of about 108 square miles. The Keuper Marls occupy the whole of this district, except where they are overlain in the south by the Rhætic and Lower Lias, and in the north, near Knowle, by an outlier of the same formations. Geologically
Some New Lower Carboniferous Gasteropoda
Authors: Longstaff Jane
Published: October 2009

Eight species are here described, all characterized by the presence of a band on the whorls: in seven it is probably the result of a sinus or slit in the outer lip, but in the eighth it is merely ornamental, as the lines of growth pass over it. These species are referable to six genera or subgenera, five of which are new, namely
Tropidostropha, Trechmannia, Foordella, Tmetonema
, and
Microptychis
; the other genus,
Pithodea
De Kon., has not been previously recorded from the British Isles.

Family ? Raphistomidæ Ulrich.

Diagnosis.—Shell conical, of medium height Whorls with a prominent, flange-like keel a little above the middle of the body-whorl, and considerably below the middle of the penultimate whorl; convex, except immediately above and below the keel, where they are concave. Test thin, composed of two layers. Outline of the keel slightly convex below, and slightly concave above. Under the keel is an inner, flat or somewhat concave band, covered with arched striæ, and formed of the inner shell-layer. Lines of growth strong and irregular: above they slope backwards with moderate obliquity to the edge of the keel, over which they pass without break; while below they at first curve sharply forwards, and then run almost vertically into the umbilicus. Aperture subquadrate. Umbilicus open.

Genotype.—
Pleurotomaria griffithi
M'Coy.

Remarks and resemblances.—This genus is suggested for two species, the characteristics of which do not exactly agree with any genus or subgenus known to me. These are
Pleurotomaria griffithi
M'Coy and
Tropidostropha punctata
, sp. nov. Both
Shelly Clay Dredged from the Dogger Bank
Authors: Stather John Walkek
Published: October 2009

Some little time ago my attention was drawn to some notes in the ‘Essex Naturalist’ on the subject of ‘moorlog,’a tough compact peaty deposit, which is dredged from various parts of the southern portion of the North Sea, but principally from the Dogger Bank.

It occurred to me that a comparison of this ‘moorlog’ with the post-Glacial peat-deposits, which are found at various points on the coast of East Yorkshire, might prove of interest, and I consequently arranged with Capt. H. G. Foot, of the Hull trawler
Grosbeak
, to bring me any of the material of this kind that came into his nets. He informed me that the ‘moorlog’ is well known to the fishermen of the North Sea, and that great cakes of it are frequently brought up in the trawls. Since then, from time to time, he has procured for me large pieces of this peaty material, which coincides precisely with the description of the ‘moorlog’ given by Mr. Clement Reid, and supports his suggestion that it represents a land-peat accumulated on boggy ground.

One large slab which Capt. Foot brought in, however, was of peculiar interest, as it showed adhering to the peat a portion of another deposit of altogether different character. This adherent material was not peaty, but consisted of dark silty clay with shells, and when dried bore some resemblance to the shelly marls that occur in some of the post-Glacial lacustrine deposits of the coast, though differing in the character of the shells, which
The Geology Of Mynydd-y-Gader, Dolgelly
Authors: Lake Philip , Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In our previous paper upon this district we described the geology of the area which lies between Dolgelly and Mynydd-y-Gader, a ridge which rises prominently about a mile and a half south of the town, in front of the precipices of Cader Idris. But our observations ended at the foot of Mynydd-y-Gader, and the relations of the dolerite which forms the mass of that ridge to the sedimentary beds of the lower-lying ground were by no means clear. We were led, therefore, to extend our map somewhat farther southwards, and it is chiefly with this southern part of the district that we are now concerned.

Much of the field-work was done by the two authors in company, but each has visited the district at other times alone. One of the authors (P. L.) is primarily responsible for the interpretation of the structure, the other (S. H. R.) for the petrological examination of the rocks.

References to the work of other observers will be found in our previous paper.

II. The Geology of Mynydd-Y-Gader. (P. L.)

(1) The General Structure.

Dolgelly stands in the valley of the Wnion. The southern side of the valley is the northern edge of a broad irregular plateau, about 500 feet above sea-level. On the surface of this plateau the Odyn and the Aran, with its tributary the Ceunant, have cut broad and shallow valleys, which near the edge become deep and narrow gorges. The plateau extends southwards to a line running from Gilfachwydd
On the Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian Rocks of Brawdy, Hayscastle, and Brimaston (Pembrokeshire)
Authors: Thomas Herbert Henry , Jones Owen Thomas
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

During the recent revision of the geology of the Pembrokeshire coalfield by the Geological Survey, a portion of the area dealt with in this paper had to be surveyed by one of us on the scale of 6 inches to the mile. The work had not progressed far before it was recognized that this area was one of exceptional interest, and one in which the relations of the Lower Cambrian to the pre-Cambrian rocks could be made out with little difficulty. We therefore decided to make an unofficial survey, on the same scale, of that portion of the district, containing Lower Cambrian and older rocks, which lay beyond the limits of the proposed publications of the revised geological survey.

The area surveyed and represented by the appended map (Pl. XL) is that portion of Pembrokeshire which stretches from the River Cleddau at St. Lawrence to St. Bride's Bay at Newgale, and includes the villages of St. Lawrence, Hayscastle, and Brawdy. Its total length from east to west is about 9 miles, and it has a maximum breadth of about 2 miles.

The country is of low relief, seldom rising to more than 400 feet above sea-level, and forms a somewhat elevated part of the West Pembrokeshire plain. The surface-configuration has but little relation to the nature or texture of the rocks beneath, and natural exposures are of rare occurrence, except on the sides of the deeper valleys and in the sea-cliffs.

Before proceeding to a description of the
The Lower Carboniferous Succession in the North-West of England
Authors: Garwood Edmund Johnston
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The Lower Carboniferous rocks of Westmorland and Cumberland crop out in a nearly continuous ring encircling the Lower Palæozoic rocks of the Lake District, broken only on the west by the overlap of the Triassic deposits. The south-eastern edge is situated in Yorkshire, and, though apparently continuous with the rest, is separated structurally by the Dent Fault; while the eastern margin of the ring is cut off from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of the Pennine Chain by the Pennine Fault, and by the mantle of Permian and Triassic rocks occupying the Vale of Eden.

The area dealt with in the present communication comprises some 400 square miles of country occupied by Lower Carboniferous rocks. It includes the whole of Westmorland and Yorkshire north and west of the Dent Fault, together with that portion of Lancashire which lies north of the Lune Valley. The small tract of Lower Carboniferous rocks, forming the northern extremity of Yorkshire, which lies between the Westmorland portion of the Pennine Chain and the River Tees is also included. The following are the points to which special attention has been given during the examination of the district:—

(1)

The possibility of establishing a palæontological sequence from the base to the summit of the succession which would be applicable to the whole of the North-West of England.

(2)

The general lithological characters of the different faunal horizons, and the variations which these undergo when they are traced laterally.

(3)

The distribution of these faunal horizons in
On the Discovery of a Fossil-bearing Horizon in the ‘Permian’ Rocks of Hamstead Quarries, near Birmingham
Authors: Hardaker Walter Henry
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

(1) The Hamstead Locality.

Near the village of Hamstead, 4 miles north-west of the centre of the city of Birmingham, the shafts of the Hamstead Colliery are sunk in the broad outcrop of Midland Red Rocks which fringe the south-eastern edge of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, and are classed and coloured upon the original maps of H.M. Geological Survey as ‘Permian.’ The colliery-shafts are carried down through the lower rocks of this so-called ‘Permian’ into productive Coal Measures below, which are the underground continuation of those of the visible South Staffordshire Coalfield, the well-known ‘Thick Coal’ itself being worked in this colliery.

The red rocks cut through in the colliery-shafts between the surface of the country and the grey productive Coal Measures below are collectively referred to in the present paper—for the sake of convenience—under the title of the Hamstead Colliery Series.

The strata of the Colliery Series rise to the outcrop west of the colliery for a distance of about 2 miles, until they are cut off by the well-known Eastern Boundary-Fault of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, which there limits the ‘Permian’ outcrop in the western direction.

A short distance east of the colliery, the eastern limit of the ‘Permian’ outcrop is reached, and is succeeded by the outcrop of the Trias.

In the narrow band of ‘Permian’ ground which intervenes between the colliery and the Triassic boundary-line, the local remainder of the so-called ‘Permian’ crops out. Its strata follow conformably upon those of the Hamstead-Colliery Series
The Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the Cautley District (Yorkshire)
Authors: Marr John Edward
Published: October 2009

The object of this paper is to established a more detailed succession for the Ordovician rocks of the district, and to offer some notes upon the faunas of the Silurian rocks, the detailed succession of which has already been established.

I wish to thank the members of a party who accompanied me on an excursion, for much help in collecting. They were Messrs. A. W. R. Don, W. B. R. King, R. U. E. Knox, T. C. Nicholas, J. Romanes, and Bernard Smith. My son, F. A. Marr, has also rendered much assistance on several occasions. Fossils were collected on Sally Brow many years ago by Prof. McKenny Hughes, and Mr. Fearnsides has also supplied several specimens. I would especially thank Mr. J. Middlebrook, who placed his valuable local collection at my disposal, and ultimately presented it to the Sedgwick Museum.

I am greatly indebted to Miss G. L. Elles, D.Sc., for her kindness in identifying the Ordovician graptolites.

The Geological Survey Memoir, ‘The Geology of the Country around Mallerstang....,’ explanatory of Quarter-Sheet 97 N.W. (n. s. Sheet 40), has naturally been of great use. In this memoir a bibliography of the geology of the area up to the time of its publication (1891) is given; this renders it unnecessary to append one here.

Some brief notes on the rocks by myself and Mr. W. G. Fearnsides were published in the Report of the British Association (Sheffield) 1910, p. 603.

It will be well to give here a developed in