bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As influências na motivação para o trabalho em ambientes com metas e recompensas: um estudo no setor público
Authors: Rodrigues Weslei Alves , Reis Neto Mário Teixeira , Gonçalves Filho Cid
Published: March 2014

Este estudo investigou as influências na motivação para o trabalho apoiando-se nas teorias de Latham e Locke (2002), Porter e Lawler III (1968), Vroom (1964) e Wright (2001, 2007). Foi realizado um survey com 333 funcionários públicos de seis órgãos estaduais e um municipal na cidade de Belo Horizonte (MG), que possuíam políticas de metas e recompensas. A motivação dos funcionários se mostrou influenciada de forma direta e significativa pela valência da missão institucional, pela instrumentalidade ligada às recompensas e pela autoeficácia no alcance das metas. A especificidade e o feedback em relação às metas influenciaram a motivação de forma significativa e indireta. A importância das metas, a valência das recompensas extrínsecas, a expectativa, a equidade, a participação na definição das metas, a dificuldade das metas, a avaliação geral dos sistemas de metas e a avaliação geral dos sistemas de recompensas não exerceram influências diretas na motivação. Os funcionários de faixa etária mais elevada apresentaram maiores médias de motivação. Já os funcionários ocupantes de cargo de chefia e os que recebiam algum tipo de recompensa extra (além do salário fixo) apresentaram índices mais elevados em fatores relacionados à motivação.
Cinefilia, cult movies e o filme Bastardos inglórios, de Quentin Tarantino
Authors: Jorge Marina Soler
Published: March 2014

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as aproximações entre a cinefilia e os cult movies com base na análise do filme Bastardos inglórios, de Quentin Tarantino (2009). O amor cinéfilo, conforme surge nos anos 1950 a partir da crítica dos Cahiers du Cinéma, legitima filmes que correm à margem do gosto elevado francês e abraça obras até então consideradas menores. Nesse processo, cria uma teoria e uma "política" que colocam um cinema B no rol das manifestações elevadas. O fenômeno dos cult movies também tenta a seu modo legitimar o "mau gosto", dessa vez por meio de práticas sociais que preferem antes cultuar o maldito a inseri-lo entre os bens culturais elevados. Tarantino opera uma junção das duas formas de amor ao cinema, abraçando ao mesmo tempo a citação àquilo que é marginal e àquilo que é elevado, numa esvaziamento pós-moderno das fronteiras culturais.
O estatuto político da amizade: A alma do osso, de Cao Guimarães
Authors: Almeida Rafael de
Published: March 2014

A partir do conceito de amizade proposto por Giorgio Agamben, este ensaio reflete, em uma interface entre estética e política, acerca das relações de poder presentes em A alma do osso (Cao Guimarães, 2004). O maior relevo é dado ao modo pelo qual o cineasta partilha, por meio do filme, sua existência com o ermitão Dominguinhos da Pedra, bem como as reverberações que isso garante à forma do documentário.
Economia afetiva e capital emocional em cena: o star system hollywoodiano revisitado em comerciais de perfumes na TV
Authors: Guimarães Denise Azevedo Duarte
Published: March 2014

O artigo examina recentes comerciais televisivos de perfumes, dirigidos por três renomados cineastas, com ênfase nos modos de representação das imagens femininas e nos recursos estilísticos bastante similares. Abordam-se a evocação da ilusão cênica típica do cinema e as glamorosas imagens das "divas", já cultivadas pelo star system, em meados do século XX. O texto também aponta as estratégias persuasivas comuns aos três produtos audiovisuais; numa retórica que gira em torno de objetos do desejo e do status, com apelos ao luxo, aos prazeres e às sensações exacerbadas, construídos como polos de identificação para mulheres contemporâneas.
A cultura empreendedora nos discursos sobre a juventude
Authors: Salgado Julia
Published: March 2014

Neste artigo examino alguns discursos midiáticos que promovem aquilo que chamei de cultura empreendedora. Partindo da análise comparativa de duas séries televisivas voltadas para o público jovem em temporalidades distintas, busco examinar algumas retóricas midiáticas que celebram o empreendedorismo juvenil como resposta às demandas por sucesso pessoal e como solução ao problema do desemprego estrutural. Antes, porém, faço uma contextualização do ambiente social que se construiu a partir da emergência de uma racionalidade neoliberal, procurando, com isso, compreender a relação da cultura empreendedora com lógicas sistêmicas mais amplas e dominantes.
A comunidade dos contemporâneos
Authors: Yamamoto Eduardo Yuji
Published: March 2014

A partir da ideia de "contemporâneo", presente em Giorgio Agamben, propõe-se aqui dois caminhos para se conceber a comunidade hoje: 1) A partir do pensamento sociológico que entende a comunidade como substância comum compartilhada (território, cultura, etnia, classe, etc.) ou; 2) A partir do que denominamos filósofos contemporâneos da comunidade (Maurice Blanchot, Jean-Luc Nancy, Georges Bataille, Roberto Espósito e Giorgio Agamben) que dessubstancializam a comunidade, compreendendo-a como experiência da dessubjetivação (vinculação). O presente texto apresenta, de maneira breve, a articulação entre esses filósofos num eixo comum (diferença ontológica) e sua possível inscrição como problema comunicacional.
Shrek: mimese, consumo e/ou aprendizagem
Authors: Contrera Malena Segura , Fortunato Ivan
Published: March 2014

O artigo investiga a repercussão da personagem de animação Shrek, considerando sua natureza imaginária e as relações que os meios de comunicação estabelecem entre imaginário e consumo. Pensando no processo de espelhamento e na centralidade dos processos miméticos para a constituição da identidade social, o artigo busca investigar não apenas a repercussão da personagem Shrek, mas também possíveis efeitos que o tratamento dado à personagem possa ter, como o hiperconsumo e a infantilização.
Os sinsignos icônicos nas 66 classes de signos: uma análise semiótica da fonte tipográfica Univers Revolved
Authors: Borges Priscila Monteiro
Published: March 2014

O potencial analítico dos modelos de três e dez classes de signos de C. S. Peirce é reconhecido pelos pesquisadores da área. O mesmo não se pode dizer do sistema de 66 classes. Pouco conhecido, pois foi deixado em aberto por Peirce, e ainda é alvo de muitas discussões a respeito de sua aplicabilidade. Com o propósito de mostrar o seu potencial analítico, este artigo apresentará uma análise dos sinsignos icônicos extraída de uma análise completa de uma fonte tipográfica fundamentada no sistema de 66 classes de signos. Além de corresponder à parte empírica de uma pesquisa teórica, que propõe de um modelo analítico com as 66 classes, a análise mostra detalhes da relação entre sinsignos icônicos e qualissignos que não podem ser percebidos nos sistemas com menos classes, o que é uma evidência da contribuição do sistema de 66 classes a semiótica.
A realidade construída pela produção documental participativa
Authors: Menezes Leonardo Moraes
Published: March 2014

Uma característica marcante das mídias eletrônicas na atualidade torna-se evidente pela celebração do potencial de participação da audiência, quando produtores profissionais, inclusive de suportes considerados tradicionais, desenham diferentes estratégias de engajamento do produtor amador. O conceito de participação nas narrativas audiovisuais pode ser pensado como um procedimento diferenciado de produção. Uma suposta coautoria seria um dos aspectos mais importantes na caracterização desse modo de criação e produção audiovisual. Como essa coautoria, caso exista, se configura nos discursos documentais participativos? Estas possíveis transformações na paisagem midiática nos fazem refletir sobre as facetas participativa e autoral das organizações contemporâneas da produção audiovisual.
Antiulcer, wound healing and hepatoprotective activities of the seaweeds Gracilaria crassa, Turbinaria ornata and Laurencia papillosa from the southeast coast of India
Authors: Senthil Kulandhaisamy Arul , Murugan Annappan
Published: March 2014

Seaweeds have bioactive compounds of interest in the pharmaceutical industry. In India, seaweeds are used exclusively for phycocolloids production and have not yet received consideration as a dietary supplement. So, it has become imperative to explore the biomedical potential of seaweeds and promote their utilization as a functional food. The seaweeds Turbinaria ornata, Gracillaria crassa and Laurencia papillosa, collected from the Tuticorin coast of the Southeast coast of India and selected based on preliminary screening, were extracted with acetone and evaluated for antiulcer, wound healing and hepatoprotective activities. L. papillosa showed the highest level of gastric protection activity (81%) at 200 mg/kg, comparable to the standard drug ranitidine (90%). G. crassa followed with 76%. G. crassa and L. papillosa, showed marked wound-healing activity. G. crassa at 200 mg/kg, showed a marked effect on the serum marker enzymes indicating prominent hepatoprotective activity. The noteworthy wound-healing and hepato-protective properties of G. crassa besides anti-ulcer activity next to L. papillosa were indicative of its potential for further consideration.
Anatomical characters of the medicinal leaf and stem of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Duarte Márcia do Rocio , Silva Ariane Gonçalves
Published: March 2014

Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae), better known by its former name Vernonia amygdalina Delile, is a small shrub used in folk medicine as an antipyretic, laxative, antimalarial and anthelmintic. Studies have demonstrated that different vegetal extracts possess antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities. Among the bioactive metabolites, there are sesquiterpene lactones, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids. This study investigated the leaf and stem microscopic characters of G. amygdalinum, aiming to expand the knowledge on this medicinal species and indicate anatomical structures. Plant material was fixed and sectioned by freehand and using a microtome. The sections were either stained or underwent standard histochemical tests. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to investigate epidermal relief. The leaf is amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata. There are striate cuticle, glandular and non-glandular trichomes and dorsiventral mesophyll. In transverse section, the midrib and the petiole have a plano-convex shape. Both show several collateral vascular bundles and few crystals of calcium oxalate. In the stem, the epidermis persists and the phellogen has a peripheral origin. It presents typical endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps adjoining the phloem. The aspects that contribute to characterizing the species are stomata on both leaf surfaces, midrib and petiole features, the endodermis and sclerenchymatic caps in the stem, as well as the different types of trichome on both aerial organs.
In vivo hypotensive effect and in vitro inhibitory activity of some Cyperaceae species
Authors: Martins Monica Lacerda Lopes , Pacheco Henrique Poltronieri , Perini Iara Giuberti , Lenz Dominik , Andrade Tadeu Uggere de , Endringer Denise Coutinho
Published: March 2014

In 1820, French naturalist August Saint Hillaire, during a visit in Espírito Santo (ES), a state in southeastern Brazil, reported a popular use of Cyperaceae species as antidote to snake bites. The plant may even have a hypotensive effect, though it was never properly researched. The in vitro inhibitory of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity of eigth ethanolic extracts of Cyperaceae was evaluated by colorimetric assay. Total phenolic and flavonoids were determined using colorimetric assay. The hypotensive effect of the active specie (Rhychonospora exaltata, ERE) and the in vivo ACE assay was measured in vivo using male Wistar Kyoto (ERE, 0.01-100mg/kg), with acetylcholine (ACh) as positive control (5 µg/kg, i.v.). The evaluation of ACE in vivo inhibitory effect was performed comparing the mean arterial pressure before and after ERE (10 mg/kg) in animals which received injection of angiotensin I (ANG I; 0,03, 03 and 300 µg/kg, i.v.). Captopril (30 mg/kg) was used as positive control. Bulbostylis capillaris (86.89 ± 15.20%) and ERE (74.89 ± 11.95%, ERE) were considered active in the in vitro ACE inhibition assay, at 100 µg/mL concentration. ACh lead to a hypotensive effect before and after ERE's curve (-40±5% and -41±3%). ERE showed a dose-dependent hypotensive effect and a in vivo ACE inhibitory effect. Cyperaceae species showed an inhibitory activity of ACE, in vitro, as well as high content of total phenolic and flavonoids. ERE exhibited an inhibitory effect on both in vitro and in vivo ACE. The selection of species used in popular medicine as antidotes, along with the in vitro assay of ACE inhibition, might be a biomonitoring method for the screening of new medicinal plants with hypotensive properties.
Development and validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of artesunate and mefloquine hydrochloride in fixed-dose combination tablets
Authors: Nogueira Fernando Henrique Andrade , Reis Naialy Fernandes Araújo , Chellini Paula Rocha , César Isabela da Costa , Pianetti Gerson Antônio
Published: March 2014

The present study developed and validated an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of artesunate (AS) and mefloquine hydrochloride (MQ) in fixed-dose combination tablets, according to ICH guidelines. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an XBridge C18 (250 x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size, Waters) analytical column. The mobile phase included a 0.05 M monobasic potassium phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 3.0 with phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (50 + 50, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the run time was 13 minutes. A dual-wavelength approach was employed: AS detection was performed at 210 nm and MQ was detected at 283 nm, using a diode array detector. Stability of sample solutions was evaluated for 8 hours after preparation, during which time the solutions remained stable. Youden's test was employed to evaluate robustness. The method proved to be linear (r²>0.99), precise (RSD<2.0%), accurate, selective, and robust, proving to be appropriate for routine drug quality control analysis.
Effect of cross-linked biodegradable polymers on sustained release of sodium diclofenac-loaded microspheres
Authors: Saha Avik Kumar , Ray Sarbani Dey
Published: March 2014

The objective of this study was to formulate an oral sustained release delivery system of sodium diclofenac(DS) based on sodium alginate (SA) as a hydrophilic carrier in combination with chitosan (CH) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) as drug release modifiers to overcome the drug-related adverse effects and to improve bioavailability. Microspheres of DS were prepared using an easy method of ionotropic gelation. The prepared beads were evaluated for mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, swelling capacity, erosion and in-vitro drug release. They were also subjected to various studies such as Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) for drug polymer compatibility, Scanning Electron Microscopy for surface morphology, X-ray Powder Diffraction Analysis (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetric Analysis (DSC) to determine the physical state of the drug in the beads. The addition of SCMC during the preparation of polymeric beads resulted in lower drug loading and prolonged release of the DS. The release profile of batches F5 and F6 showed a maximum drug release of 96.97 ± 0.356% after 8 h, in which drug polymer ratio was decreased. The microspheres of sodium diclofenac with the polymers were formulated successfully. Analysis of the release profiles showed that the data corresponds to the diffusion-controlled mechanism as suggested by Higuchi.
Chondromyxoid Fibroma of the Mandible in an Adolescent: Case Report and Microsurgical Reconstructive Option
Authors: Khosla Rohit K. , Nguyen Christine , Messner Anna H. , Lorenz H. Peter
Published: March 2014

Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare bony tumor that usually presents in the lower extremities of middle-aged adults. Involvement of the craniofacial skeleton is extremely rare. We present the unique case of an adolescent boy with a chondromyxoid fibroma of the mandible. The chondromyxoid fibroma in this patient recurred after initial treatment with curettage. We treated the recurrence with resection of the involved mandible and immediate reconstruction using a vascularized musculo-osseus seventh rib flap (“Eve procedure”). Despite complex reconstruction in adolescents due to skeletal immaturity, the rib flap has successfully grown with the patient up to 3 years postoperatively. Therefore, we believe the musculo-osseus rib flap is a feasible solution for complex ramus and condyle reconstruction of the growing mandible in the adolescent patient.
Infrastructure and assets: what role history?
Authors: Holt Gary D.
Published: March 2014

Distinctive features of the new Infrastructure Asset Management (IAsMa) journal are highlighted. Infrastructure and assets are briefly considered in terms of the supply chains and manufacturing functions that produce them (the processes) and, the built and civil engineered infrastructure that results from those processes (the products). In this context, it is asserted that both processes and products suffer from a dearth of research relating to their history. The unique opportunity this offers potential IAsMa authors is outlined and the future submission of IAsMa historical-themed papers is welcomed.
UKRLG framework for highway infrastructure asset management
Authors: Taggart Alan , Tachtsi Lila , Lugg Matthew , Davies Haydn
Published: March 2014

Highway infrastructure asset management is an established and widely recommended approach both in the UK and internationally. The Highway Infrastructure Asset Management Guidance, published in 2013 by the UK Roads Liaison Group (UKRLG), with the support of the Highways Maintenance Efficiency Programme (HMEP), has been developed to provide comprehensive advice to enable the successful implementation of good asset management practices and the benefits and savings to be realised. The guidance includes 14 recommendations that should be adopted if councils are to achieve the full benefits of asset management and make better use of their scarce resources. It also introduces an asset management framework that is designed to provide flexible support to councils in developing an approach to highway maintenance that matches their strategic priorities and meets efficiency requirements and stakeholder expectations. This paper describes the guidance and framework for highway infrastructure asset management. These are available to all those managing highway infrastructure assets.
Centering Perspectives on Black Women, Hair Politics, and Physical Activity
Authors: Versey H. Shellae
Published: March 2014

As researchers categorize issues facing Black women’s health, obesity and physical exercise continue to be significant topics of debate. General interventions targeted toward Black women to address obesity and increase physical exercise have been largely ineffective. In this article, I situate the current public health discourse on obesity and related interventions within a sociocultural context of body appearance, with a specific focus on hair. Why do some African American women feel such strong ties to their hair that they will avoid exercise? What can be done to understand this phenomenon and address alternatives that may make both hair maintenance and regular exercise feasible? I map a theoretical argument for why hair matters for some women, and discuss how physical activity intervention strategies might be improved by considering such complexities.
Strategic Messaging to Promote Taxation of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Lessons From Recent Political Campaigns
Authors: Jou Judy , Niederdeppe Jeff , Barry Colleen L. , Gollust Sarah E.
Published: March 2014

Objectives. This study explored the use of strategic messaging by proponents of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation to influence public opinion and shape the policy process, emphasizing the experiences in El Monte and Richmond, California, with SSB tax proposals in 2012.

Methods. We conducted 18 semistructured interviews with key stakeholders about the use and perceived effectiveness of messages supporting and opposing SSB taxation, knowledge sharing among advocates, message dissemination, and lessons learned from their messaging experiences.

Results. The protax messages most frequently mentioned by respondents were reinvesting tax revenue into health-related programs and linking SSB consumption to health outcomes such as obesity and diabetes. The most frequently mentioned antitax messages addressed negative economic effects on businesses and government restriction of personal choice. Factors contributing to perceived messaging success included clearly defining “sugar-sweetened beverage” and earmarking funds for obesity prevention, incorporating cultural sensitivity into messaging, and providing education about the health effects of SSB consumption.

Conclusions. Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation has faced significant challenges in gaining political and public support. Future campaigns can benefit from insights gained through the experiences of stakeholders involved in previous policy debates.
Influence of Point-of-Sale Tobacco Displays and Graphic Health Warning Signs on Adults: Evidence From a Virtual Store Experimental Study
Authors: Kim Annice E. , Nonnemaker James M. , Loomis Brett R. , Shafer Paul R. , Shaikh Asma , Hill Edward , Holloway John W. , Farrelly Matthew C.
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We tested the impact of banning tobacco displays and posting graphic health warning signs at the point of sale (POS).

Methods. We designed 3 variations of the tobacco product display (open, enclosed [not visible], enclosed with pro-tobacco ads) and 2 variations of the warning sign (present vs absent) with virtual store software. In December 2011 and January 2012, we randomized a national convenience sample of 1216 adult smokers and recent quitters to 1 of 6 store conditions and gave them a shopping task. We tested for the main effects of the enclosed display, the sign, and their interaction on urge to smoke and tobacco purchase attempts.

Results. The enclosed display significantly lowered current smokers’ (B = −7.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −13.20, −0.91; P < .05) and recent quitters’ (Β = −6.00, 95% CI = −11.00, −1.00; P < .01) urge to smoke and current smokers’ purchase attempts (adjusted odds ratio = 0.06; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.11; P < .01). The warning sign had no significant main effect on study outcomes or interaction with enclosed display.

Conclusions. These data show that POS tobacco displays influence purchase behavior. Banning them may reduce cues to smoke and unplanned tobacco purchases.
Secular Trends in Fast-Food Restaurant Use Among Adolescents and Maternal Caregivers From 1999 to 2010
Authors: Larson Nicole , Hannan Peter J. , Fulkerson Jayne A. , Laska Melissa N. , Eisenberg Marla E. , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We examined trends from 1999 to 2010 in adolescents’ self-reported fast-food restaurant use alongside maternal reports of fast-food consumption and purchasing from restaurants for family meals.

Methods. Middle- and high-school student participants from Minneapolis–St Paul, Minnesota, represented diverse ethnic/racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Adolescents completed classroom-administered surveys and maternal caregivers responded by phone or mail.

Results. The overall prevalence of frequent fast-food consumption, defined as 3 or more times per week, decreased from 1999 to 2010 among adolescents (1999: 25%; 2010: 19%; P < .001) and maternal caregivers (1999: 17%; 2010: 11%; P < .001), but sociodemographic disparities were apparent. For example, the prevalence of frequent fast-food consumption remained highest and did not significantly decrease among Black or Native American youths. The overall prevalence of frequent fast-food purchases for family meals did not significantly decrease; large decreases were observed only among Hispanic families (1999: 18%; 2010: 6%; P < .001).

Conclusions. In light of previous findings linking frequent fast-food consumption to greater weight gain and poor nutrition, the observed decreases in consumption are encouraging and interventions are needed to address observed disparities.
Longitudinal Associations Between Poverty and Obesity From Birth Through Adolescence
Authors: Lee Hedwig , Andrew Megan , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Lumeng Julie C. , Lee Joyce M.
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We examined the relationship between timing of poverty and risk of first-incidence obesity from ages 3 to 15.5 years.

Methods. We used the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (1991–2007) to study 1150 children with repeated measures of income, weight, and height from birth to 15.5 years in 10 US cities. Our dependent variable was the first incidence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 95th percentile). We measured poverty (income-to-needs ratio < 2) prior to age 2 years and a lagged, time-varying measure of poverty between ages 2 and 12 years. We estimated discrete-time hazard models of the relative risk of first transition to obesity.

Results. Poverty prior to age 2 years was associated with risk of obesity by age 15.5 years in fully adjusted models. These associations did not vary by gender.

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that there are enduring associations between early life poverty and adolescent obesity. This stage in the life course may serve as a critical period for both poverty and obesity prevention.
National Trends in Smoking Behaviors Among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Men and Women in the United States
Authors: Blanco Lyzette , Garcia Robert , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , White Martha M. , Messer Karen , Pierce John P. , Trinidad Dennis R.
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We examined trends in smoking behaviors across 2 periods among Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans in the United States.

Methods. We analyzed data from the 1992–2007 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. We constructed 2 data sets (1990s vs 2000s) to compare smoking behaviors between the 2 periods.

Results. Significant decreases in ever, current, and heavy smoking were accompanied by increases in light and intermittent smoking across periods for all Latino groups, although current smoking rates among Puerto Rican women did not decline. Adjusted logistic regression models revealed that in the 2000s, younger Mexicans and those interviewed in English were more likely to be light and intermittent smokers. Mexican and Cuban light and intermittent smokers were less likely to be advised by healthcare professionals to quit smoking. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans who were unemployed and Mexicans who worked outdoors were more likely to be heavy smokers.

Conclusions. Increases in light and intermittent smoking among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Americans suggest that targeted efforts to further reduce smoking among Latinos may benefit by focusing on such smokers.
A Systematic Review of Effective Interventions for Reducing Multiple Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescence
Authors: Hale Daniel R. , Fitzgerald-Yau Natasha , Viner Russell Mark
Published: March 2014

We systematically searched 9 biomedical and social science databases (1980–2012) for primary and secondary interventions that prevented or reduced 2 or more adolescent health risk behaviors (tobacco use, alcohol use, illicit drug use, risky sexual behavior, aggressive acts).

We identified 44 randomized controlled trials of universal or selective interventions and were effective for multiple health risk behaviors. Most were school based, conducted in the United States, and effective for multiple forms of substance use. Effects were small, in line with findings for other universal prevention programs. In some studies, effects for more than 1 health risk behavior only emerged at long-term follow-up.

Integrated prevention programs are feasible and effective and may be more efficient than discrete prevention strategies.
Listening to Community Health Workers: How Ethnographic Research Can Inform Positive Relationships Among Community Health Workers, Health Institutions, and Communities
Authors: Maes Kenneth , Closser Svea , Kalofonos Ippolytos
Published: March 2014

Many actors in global health are concerned with improving community health worker (CHW) policy and practice to achieve universal health care. Ethnographic research can play an important role in providing information critical to the formation of effective CHW programs, by elucidating the life histories that shape CHWs’ desires for alleviation of their own and others’ economic and health challenges, and by addressing the working relationships that exist among CHWs, intended beneficiaries, and health officials.

We briefly discuss ethnographic research with 3 groups of CHWs: volunteers involved in HIV/AIDS care and treatment support in Ethiopia and Mozambique and Lady Health Workers in Pakistan.

We call for a broader application of ethnographic research to inform working relationships among CHWs, communities, and health institutions.
A Systematic Review of the Correlates of Violence Against Sex Workers
Authors: Deering Kathleen N. , Amin Avni , Shoveller Jean , Nesbitt Ariel , Garcia-Moreno Claudia , Duff Putu , Argento Elena , Shannon Kate
Published: March 2014

We conducted a systematic review in June 2012 (updated September 2013) to examine the prevalence and factors shaping sexual or physical violence against sex workers globally.

We identified 1536 (update = 340) unique articles. We included 28 studies, with 14 more contributing to violence prevalence estimates. Lifetime prevalence of any or combined workplace violence ranged from 45% to 75% and over the past year, 32% to 55%. Growing research links contextual factors with violence against sex workers, alongside known interpersonal and individual risks.

This high burden of violence against sex workers globally and large gaps in epidemiological data support the need for research and structural interventions to better document and respond to the contextual factors shaping this violence. Measurement and methodological innovation, in partnership with sex work communities, are critical.
Substrate Aeration Properties and Growth of Containerized White Spruce: A Case Study
Authors: Boudreault Simon , Pepin Steeve , Caron Jean , Lamhamedi Mohammed S. , Paiement Ian
Published: March 2014

Seedlings are rejected every year in forest nurseries because of insufficient root development and root plug cohesion. Adequate substrate bulk density and aeration properties are of critical importance for root growth and water and nutrient uptake. The quality norms for nursery substrates, based in part on the ratio of coarse to fine particle sizes, have recently been questioned with respect to substrate performance. We conducted experiments in 2008 and 2009 under commercial nursery conditions to determine the effects of substrate physicochemical properties on seedling growth and nutrition. Seedlings were grown in 13 different substrates composed of coarse and fine peat particles (threshold size: 0.5 mm), perlite, and vermiculite, covering a broad range of physical properties with adequate available water and various coarse/fine particle ratios and aeration properties. Substrate properties had significant effects on growth parameters in both years. Seedling growth was affected by water stress in 2008 and low gas diffusivity in 2009. This study emphasizes the importance of management on substrate performance, indicating that short periods of moderate water stress (matric potential lower than −10 kPa) may hinder seedling growth. It also suggests that when irrigated substrates are maintained within the 0 to −5 kPa matric potential range, gas diffusivity should not be lower than 0.003 to 0.005 cm2 s cm−2 s−1, in agreement with the modeled O2 profiles in root plugs. Hence, when designing and using substrates at the nursery scale, more attention should be paid to aeration properties after potting and to the management rather than to the coarse/fine particle ratio.
Soil Moisture Retrieval Using Ground‐Based L‐Band Passive Microwave Observations in Northeastern USA
Authors: Temimi Marouane , Lakhankar Tarendra , Zhan Xiwu , Cosh Michael H. , Krakauer Nir , Fares Ali , Kelly Victoria , Khanbilvardi Reza , Kumassi Laetitia
Published: March 2014

A field experiment was performed in a grassland at the NOAA‐CREST–Soil Moisture Advanced Radiometric Testbed (CREST‐SMART) facility, which includes a mobile L‐band dual‐polarized radiometer with an in situ soil temperature and soil moisture observation network, located near Millbrook, NY. During the day‐long field campaign, intensive spatiotemporal measurements of L‐band brightness temperatures, surface temperature, soil moisture, and soil temperature at 3‐, 7‐, and 12‐cm depths were collected during three passes at 0830, 1130, and 1430 h. During the second and third passes, half of the field was irrigated. Soil roughness and water content of the short grass that remained after mowing the study area were measured. The Tau‐Omega radiative transfer model was used to assess the performance of the soil moisture retrieval using measured soil temperatures at different depths. In addition, the collected microwave observations at the three different times of the day were used to assess the impact of the diurnal variation of soil temperature on the performance of soil moisture retrieval. Obtained results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased throughout the day to reach 0.03 m3/m3 for the afternoon pass when 12‐cm soil temperature values were used in the radiative transfer model. In addition, during the three different passes, the lowest RMSE was consistently obtained when the 12‐cm soil temperature was used, which suggests that, for this investigated site, soil temperature at the 12‐cm depth can be a surrogate for soil effective temperature when L‐band microwave temperatures are used. In terms of diurnal variability, observations from the afternoon pass led to the highest agreement between observed and retrieved soil moisture values.
Evidence of Aqueous Iron Sulfide Clusters in the Vadose Zone
Authors: Hansen David J. , McGuire Jennifer T. , Mohanty Binayak P. , Ziegler Brady A.
Published: March 2014

Iron and sulfur cycling is an important control on contaminant fate and transport. We present the effects of soil structure, specifically the presence of a soil layer, on linked biogeochemical and hydrological processes involving Fe and S cycling in the vadose zone using repacked soil columns. Synthetic rainwater was applied to a homogenized medium‐grained sand column, a homogenized organic‐rich loam column, and a sand‐over‐loam layered column. Water samples were voltammetrically analyzed for total sulfide, Fe2+, and aqueous FeS clusters (FeSaq) using a mercury drop electrode. Aqueous FeS clusters were observed in the loam and layered columns, with the greatest concentrations of FeSaq occurring at the sand–loam interface in the layered column. Redox potential (Eh) measurements showed rapid cycling of redox conditions at the interface (hours to days) suggesting that FeSaq formation was favored under conditions of disequilibrium. However, the relative stability and aqueous nature of FeSaq allowed for it to be transported, which has broader implications for chemical fate and transport in the vadose zone. The co‐occurrence of FeSaq with iron‐rich soil aggregates near the sand‐loam interface in the layered column suggest that FeSaq may act as a precursor to the formation of aggregates that, in our column, subsequently caused an order of magnitude decrease in hydraulic conductivity. These findings suggest that FeSaq should be considered when predicting the transport of contaminants, particularly metals that may associate with FeSaq, in systems with prominent iron and sulfur cycling.
Molecular characterisation of hepatitis A virus strains from water sources in South Africa
Authors: Saïd R. , Wolfaardt M. , Taylor M. B.
Published: March 2014

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains found in selected South African (SA) surface waters were characterised to establish what HAV types are circulating in the environment, thus reflecting circulation in the surrounding communities. Surface water samples used for irrigation or domestic purposes, and water samples from the outflow of wastewater plants were collected from six provinces. Viruses were recovered from the samples using a glass wool adsorption-elution method and then further concentrated using polyethylene glycol/sodium chloride precipitation. After automated nucleic acid extraction, samples were analysed for HAV by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. HAV strains were genotyped by nucleotide sequence analysis of the capsid gene VP1 and the VP1/P2B junction. HAVs were detected in 76% (16/21) of the surface water samples and in 37% (19/51) of the samples from the wastewater plants. Strains were characterised from 32 of the 35 samples and classified within genotype IB. The presence of genotype IB in the water sources confirms human faecal contamination. Hence, these faecally-contaminated water sources may be a potential transmission route of HAV infection and a potential source of contamination of irrigated fresh produce in SA.
The use of microalgae and their culture medium for biogas production in an integrated cycle
Authors: Formagini E. L. , Marques F. R. , Serejo M. L. , Paulo P. L. , Boncz M. A.
Published: March 2014

Vinasse is a residue produced in large quantities as a sub-product of ethanol production. Anaerobic digestion of vinasse can yield large amounts of biogas, but often difficulties arise in maintaining stable operation, due to the acidity of the material (which has a pH between 3.5 and 5) and a strong tendency to further acidification. Anaerobically digested vinasse can be used as part of a culture medium for microalgae cultivation, for the production of biodiesel and other compounds, whilst the excess CO2 produced in the ethanol fermentation can be used to stimulate algal growth. During algae cultivation, the pH of the culture medium has a strong tendency to increase; therefore, recycling of the spent culture medium or the concentrated algae suspension to the anaerobic digester treating vinasse was considered an option for pH stabilization there. Batch tests, however, showed that alkalinity of the spent culture broth, in spite of its high pH, is too low (only 350 mgCaCO3L−1) to help stabilise the pH of vinasse digestion. Alkalinity of the algae suspension is higher and digestion of a mixture of vinasse and a suspension of algae results in efficient biogas production, but still the alkalinity is insufficient to stabilise the pH in a range suitable for methanogenic microorganisms; hence, the addition of additional alkalinity, for instance as sodium bicarbonate or urea, remains necessary.
Energy saving on wastewater treatment plants through improved online control: case study wastewater treatment plant Antwerp-South
Authors: De Gussem Kris , Fenu Alessio , Wambecq Tom , Weemaes Marjoleine
Published: March 2014

This work provides a case study on how activated sludge modelling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can help to optimize the energy consumption of a treatment plant that is already equipped with an advanced control based on online nutrient measurements. Currently, aeration basins on wastewater treatment plant Antwerp-South are operated sequentially while flow direction and point of inflow and outflow vary as a function of time. Activated sludge modelling shows that switching from the existing alternating flow based control to a simultaneous parallel feeding of all aeration tanks saves 1.3% energy. CFD calculations also illustrate that the water velocity is still sufficient if some impellers in the aeration basins are shutdown. The simulations of the Activated Sludge Model No. 2d indicate that the coupling of the aeration control with the impeller control, and automatically switching off some impellers when the aeration is inactive, can save 2.2 to 3.3% of energy without affecting the nutrient removal efficiency. On the other hand, all impellers are needed when the aeration is active to distribute the oxygen.
RFamide Peptides 43RFa and 26RFa Both Promote Survival of Pancreatic β-Cells and Human Pancreatic Islets but Exert Opposite Effects on Insulin Secretion
Authors: Granata Riccarda , Settanni Fabio , Trovato Letizia , Gallo Davide , Gesmundo Iacopo , Nano Rita , Gallo Maria Pia , Bergandi Loredana , Volante Marco , Alloatti Giuseppe , Piemonti Lorenzo , Leprince Jérôme , Papotti Mauro , Vaudry Hubert , Ong Huy , Ghigo Ezio
Published: March 2014

RFamide peptides 43RFa and 26RFa have been shown to promote food intake and to exert different peripheral actions through G-protein–coupled receptor 103 (GPR103) binding. Moreover, 26RFa was found to inhibit pancreatic insulin secretion, whereas the role of 43RFa on β-cell function is unknown, as well as the effects of both peptides on β-cell survival. Herein, we investigated the effects of 43RFa and 26RFa on survival and apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells and human pancreatic islets. In addition, we explored the role of these peptides on insulin secretion and the underlying signaling mechanisms. Our results show that in INS-1E β-cells and human pancreatic islets both 43RFa and 26RFa prevented cell death and apoptosis induced by serum starvation, cytokine synergism, and glucolipotoxicity, through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt- and extracellular signal–related kinase 1/2-mediated signaling. Moreover, 43RFa promoted, whereas 26RFa inhibited, glucose- and exendin-4–induced insulin secretion, through Gαs and Gαi/o proteins, respectively. Inhibition of GPR103 expression by small interfering RNA blocked 43RFa insulinotropic effect, but not the insulinostatic action of 26RFa. Finally, 43RFa, but not 26RFa, induced cAMP increase and glucose uptake. In conclusion, because of their survival effects along with the effects on insulin secretion, these findings suggest potential for 43RFa and 26RFa as therapeutic targets in the treatment of diabetes.
Home Urine C-Peptide Creatinine Ratio Can Be Used to Monitor Islet Transplant Function
Authors: Oram Richard A. , Brooks Augustin M. , Forbes Shareen , Eckoldt Stephanie , Smith Richard M. , Choudhary Pratik , Rosenthal Miranda J. , Johnson Paul , Rutter Martin K. , Burling Keith A. , McDonald Timothy J. , Shaw James A.M. , Hattersley Andrew T.
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE

Islet graft function is defined by serum C-peptide in a standardized challenge test. We assessed whether urine C-peptide creatinine ratio (UCPCR) sent from home could provide a viable alternative.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Seventeen islet recipients provided 90-min serum C-peptide (sCP90) and 120-min UCPCR (UCPCR120) samples during 68 interval posttransplant mixed-meal tolerance tests, also posting from home a 120-min postbreakfast UCPCR sample every 2 weeks. UCPCR was compared with a clinical score of islet function, derived from HbA1c and insulin dose.

RESULTS

UCPCR120 and mean home postmeal UCPCR were strongly correlated with sCP90 (rs = 0.73, P < 0.001; and rs = 0.73, P < 0.01, respectively). Mean home UCPCR increased with clinical score (rs = 0.75; P < 0.001) and with graft function defined both by sCP90 >200 pmol/L and insulin independence. UCPCR cutoffs to detect insulin independence and poor graft function were sensitive and specific.

CONCLUSIONS

Home UCPCR provides a valid measure of C-peptide production in islet transplant recipients.
Intensive Versus Intermediate Glucose Control in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Okabayashi Takehiro , Shima Yasuo , Sumiyoshi Tatsuaki , Kozuki Akihito , Tokumaru Teppei , Iiyama Tasuo , Sugimoto Takeki , Kobayashi Michiya , Yokoyama Masataka , Hanazaki Kazuhiro
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE

The optimal perioperative blood glucose range to improve surgical site infection (SSI) in surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients remains unclear. We sought to determine whether the incidence of SSI is reduced by perioperative intensive insulin therapy (IT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Patients were randomly assigned to receive perioperative intensive IT, with a target blood glucose range of 4.4–6.1 mmol/L, or intermediate IT, with a target blood glucose range of 7.7–10.0 mmol/L in the surgical ICU. We defined the primary end point as the incidence of SSI.

RESULTS

Study participants were randomly assigned to glucose control with one of two target ranges: for 225 patients in the intermediate IT group or for 222 patients in the intensive IT group, respectively. No patients in either group became hypoglycemic (<4.4 mmol/L) during their stay in the surgical ICU. In our series, the rate of SSI after hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery was 6.7%. Patients in the intensive IT group, compared with the intermediate IT group, had fewer postoperative SSIs (9.8% vs. 4.1%, P = 0.028) and a lower incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreatic resection (P = 0.040). The length of hospitalization required for patients in the intensive IT group was significantly shorter than that in the intermediate IT group (P = 0.017).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that intensive IT decreased the incidence of SSI among patients who underwent hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery: a blood glucose target of 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L resulted in lower rate of SSI than did a target of 7.7–10.0 mmol/L.
Histologic Differences in Placentas of Preeclamptic/Eclamptic Gestations by Birthweight, Placental Weight, and Time of Onset
Authors: Stark Matthew W. , Clark Latoya , Craver Randall D.
Published: March 2014

With preeclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E), infants more often are either large or small for gestational age. We explored whether the differences in infant birthweight (BW), placental weights (PW), or time of onset are associated with histologic features of maternal vascular underperfusion. A retrospective chart identified 243 PE/E gestations between 2007 and 2010. Gestational age only was known at slide review. Investigated features included increased syncytial knots, villous agglutination, increased intervillous fibrin, distal villous hypoplasia, acute atherosis, mural hypertrophy of membrane arterioles, muscularized basal plate arteries, increased placental site giant cells, increased immature intermediate trophoblasts, infarcts, and villitis. The results were correlated with BW, PW, and onset time PE/E. One hundred thirty-eight PE/E gestations were identified with adequate slides and history. Increased BW placentas had decreased syncytial knots and increased mural hypertrophy of membrane arterioles. Decreased BW had increased placenta site giant cells. Increased PW had decreased distal villous hypoplasia. Decreased PW had increased syncytial knots, increased intervillous fibrin, and increased acute atherosis. Early-onset disease had increased syncytial knots, distal villous hypoplasia, villous agglutination, and infarcts. This suggests PE/E is not a single process resulting in a uniform distribution of lesions but, rather, is composed of several different processes manifesting a single clinical presentation.
A new route of emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization for the preparation of polymer coated magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Nguyen Q. , Quyen D. , Hoang T.
Published: March 2014

A new route of emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization based on the homogenous mechanism was investigated to prepare magnetic nanoparticles coated by poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The experimental results confirm the formation of PMMA thin and unique layers covering magnetite cores. The polymer layer thickness, determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, increases from 4.3 nm to 6.8 nm with increasing mass ratio of MMA to magnetite from 3:1 to 11:1. The increase of the polymer thickness results in the decrease in magnetization saturation of polymeric coated magnetic particles. However, this reduction, no more than 13 emu g−1, is much lower compared to that in other studies with the presence of surfactants or emulsifiers. Besides, the dispersion stability of the prepared particles is significantly improved.