bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF 3H‐MITOMYCIN C IN MOUSE P‐388 CELL CULTURES
Authors: ørstavik Jon
Published: August 2010

Mouse P‐388 cells were grown in suspension culture and exposed to 3H‐labelled mitomycin C for 1 hour. With concentrations from 0.5 to 50 μg of 3H‐mitomycin C per ml cell culture, about 0.01 per cent of the radioactivity added was found in washed cells. Most of the intracellular antibiotic was present as cold acid soluble material, but significant amounts of tritium were found in the nucleic acid‐ and protein fractions. The ratio of 3H per weight unit was of the same order of magnitude for DNA and RNA, but substantially lower for cell protein. Double labelling experiments using 14C‐thymidine and 3H‐mitomycin C were carried out to study the specific loss of antibiotic from the cells during post‐treatment incubation. Cold TCA soluble 3H‐mitomycin C was rapidly released from the cells during the first hours after they had been transferred to non‐radioactive growth medium. Loss of 3H‐radioactivity from the RNA‐ and protein fractions roughly paralleled the loss of 14C radioactivity from the DNA fraction over a period of 3 days. The content of 3H‐radioactivity in the DNA containing cell fraction increased during the first day of post‐treatment incubation, followed by a substantial drop during the second day. This drop was far more extensive than the corresponding loss of 14C radioactivity. During the third day after exposure to mitomycin C the drops in 3H and 14C in the DNA fraction were not significantly different.
IN VITRO TRANSFORMATION OF MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS BY CASEIN, PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND ALLOGENEIC CELLS IN CASEIN‐INDUCED AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: Moesner J. , Birkeland S. A. , Ebbesen P.
Published: August 2010

Spleen cells from casein‐treated mice developing amyloid were tested for in vitro reaction to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), allogeneic lymphocytes (MLC) and casein, using uptake of 14C‐thymidin as a measure of the transformation. The response to PHA and casein was found to be unaffected by amyloid development, whereas the MLC was depressed in amyloid mice. Our results indicate 1) that amyloid development may be accompanied by elective depression of a certain part of the function of immune cells, 2) that tolerance to the applied casein is not a pre‐requisite for amyloid development.
ISOLATION OF PENICILLIN AND STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANT STRAINS OF MORAXELLA OSLOENSIS
Authors: Hansen W. , Butzler J. P. , Fuglesang J. E. , Henriksen S. D.
Published: August 2010

Two penicillin and streptomycin resistant Moraxella strains have been isolated from clinical specimens in Belgium. These strains were identified as Moraxella osloensis by comparison with known strains of this species in conventional, cultural and biochemical tests and in genetic transformation. Clinical details, bacteriological investigations, antibiotic sensitivity and genetic compatibilites with reference strains are reported. Penicillin sensitivity, which so far has been used as an important criterion in the classification of Moraxella species, should not be taken to be an absolute requirement.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THREE CELL WALL POLYSACCHARIDES FROM ANIMAL COAGULASE‐POSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Endresen C. , Grov A. , Oeding P.
Published: August 2010

Purified polysaccharides were isolated from coagulase‐positive staphylococci of pigeon, dog and swine origin. In agreement with previous serologic findings in whole bacteria, three types of cell wall polysaccharides were demonstrated according to their serologic and chemical characteristics. Each polysaccharide produced one specific precipitation line in agar gel. Poly H (pigeon) seemed to be a glycerol teichoic acid containing β‐glucosamine as the antigenic determinant. Poly P (dog) and poly V (swine) apparently had rather complex and unusual structures. Both were polyglycerophosphates and two, respectively four, sugars were detected.
DEMONSTRATION OF CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGENS (CEA), NONSPECIFIC CROSS‐REACTING ANTIGENS (NCA) AND AN ASSOCIATED ALPHA PROTEIN IN NORMAL HUMAN TISSUES AND FLUIDS BY IMMUNODIFFUSION TECHNIQUES
Authors: ørjasæter Harald
Published: August 2010

Perchloric acid extracts (PCA) of cancer tissues, normal and inflammatory tissues, normal sera, urines and salivas were studied to detect carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) and cross‐reacting antigens. The extracts were tested in high concentration by immunodiffusion methods in agarose gel. Substances which showed complete identity with CEA were found in apparently normal tissue, saliva and urine and in inflammatory tissue as well as in primary lung cancer. In addition, material which cross‐reacted with CEA was found in all the samples tested in adequate concentrations, including serum, saliva and urine. Both CEA and the non‐specific cross‐reacting antigens (NCA) were found in samples of purified blood group substance A and B and in saliva from secretor and non‐secretor. An α‐protein was found in PCA extracts of normal and cancer tissue, normal serum and some urines. Some preliminary observations are reported on the α‐protein which seems to share antigenic determinants with the βE‐protein possessing NCA determinants.
ACQUIRED DEFECT IN THE BACTERICIDAL FUNCTION OF NEUTROPHIL GRANULOCYTES DURING BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Koch Christian
Published: August 2010

The ingestion and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by peripheral blood leucocytes from 130 patients with infectious and non‐infectious diseases have been determined, using an improved technique for the evaluation of neutrophil granulocyte function in vitro. A reversible defect in intraleucocytic killing could be demonstrated in granulocytes from patients with severe bacterial infections whereas granulocytes from patients with viral infections and non‐infectious diseases showed only minor deviations from normal function by this technique. This defect could furthermore be attributed to malfunction of myeloperoxidase‐mediated bactericidal systems and was found to be positively related to the degree of “shift to the left” of circulating myeloid cells. A similar defect could also be demonstrated in some patients with non‐infectious granulocytosis. It is suggested that this defect may be caused by malfunction of a subpopulation of immature myeloid cells and/or by altered granulocyte function caused by in vivo activation of the cells due to immune reactions.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION.
Authors: Olsen Finn
Published: August 2010

By means of the leucocyte migration technique it is demonstrated that the migration indices from 9 patients suffering from essential hypertension are separated significantly from 14 patients suffering from secondary hypertension, diabetic angiopathy, periarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis, endarteritis obliterans and from 11 normal persons. This means that a simple secondary degenerative damage of the vascular bed is not sufficient to produce measurable cellular antibodies against the vascular wall; accordingly the positive finding in patients with essential hypertension seems to be specific and possibly an important pathogenetic factor in at least some cases of essential hypertension.
STUDIES ONSTACHYBOTRYS ALTERNANS
Authors: Korpinen Eeva‐Liisa
Published: August 2010

Low doses of stachybotrys toxin were administered per os to groups of mice in early pregnancy. The toxic material was given either in the form of infected grain, liquid growth medium or partly purified toxin preparation. The administration took place mostly either as a single dose on the 3rd or 5th day of pregnancy or during a five‐day period in the feed. The toxin amounts administered varied from 3 to 4000 tissue culture units (TCU), measured by the mouse fibroblast tissue culture test. The proportion of pregnant mice in all toxin treated groups was 70.7 per cent and that in the control group was 90.5 per cent. The difference is statistically significant. Statistically significant differences were also demonstrated in the frequency of dead, resorbed and stunted foetuses and in the average litter size of live normal foetuses between the control group and the groups administered 100–4000 TCU of the stachybotrys toxin. The results thus provide experimental evidence that stachybotrys toxin can affect detrimentally foetuses in doses low enough not to cause any definite clinical signs of illness in pregnant females. The histopathological study revealed uteroplacental haemorrhages in toxin treated animals. This finding may be indicative of the mechanism of action by toxin.
QUANTITATION OF THE UPTAKE OF HUMAN IgG BY SOME STREPTOCOCCI GROUPS A, B, C AND G
Authors: Christensen Poul , Oxelius Vivi‐Anne
Published: August 2010

The uptake of IgG by streptococci irrespective of the antibody combining sites was studied with a method using 125I labelled pooled human IgG and human IgG myeloma proteins. When 1 μg IgG was added it proved possible to quantitate the uptake of IgG within a standard deviation of 3 per cent. The results expressed relative to the 1.0 μg IgG added were: group A, type M 56: 20.4±1.4 per cent, group B, strain 123 B: 40.8±1.6 per cent, group C, strain 81 C: 44.9±1.9 per cent and group G, strain 113 G: 47.0±2.8 per cent. When IgG was added in excess, two of the streptococcal strains, group A, type M 1 and group G, strain 113 G were able to take up about one third of that bound by a similar number of the S. aureus, Cowan I. Only minor differences were seen between the uptake by the streptococci of a given amount of four randomly selected purified myeloma proteins of IgG subclasses 1, 2, 3 and 4 and pooled human IgG with the exception of a group G strain which took up a smaller amount of IgG 3 myeloma protein. Trypsin treatment and heating of the streptococci at 100° C for 15 min reduced the uptake of IgG by streptococci to a certain extent while heating of the streptococci at 56° C for 30 min did not alter the uptake of IgG. Lancefield extract of group A, type M 56 streptococcus inhibited such uptake of IgG.
INFLUENCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE ON TRANSFORMABLE AND NON TRANSFORMABLE VARIANTS OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
Authors: Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

The reactions of competent (cp+) and incompetent (cp‐) variants of the Neisseria meningitidis Strain M1 to variations in the osmotic pressure have been compared by observing survival and absorbancy changes. Pronounced differences were observed. Both competence variants were very sensitive to osmotic pressures outside a range between approximately 4 and 7 atmospheres, but the cp+ cells had a much higher survival when exposed both to increased tonicity and to hypotonic conditions. With the assumptions valid for similar systems, the undamaged N. meningitidis cells from both competence variants behaved as osmometers at least between osmotic pressures from around 1.5 atmospheres to above 24 atmospheres. Exposure of the cells to distilled water as well as to high osmolality, however, interfered strongly with the capacity of the cells to maintain an osmotic barrier, suggesting membrane damage. This impairment was far more pronounced in cp‐ cells than in cp+ ones, indicating that the cytoplasmic membrane of the cp+ cell is relatively protected against deleterious effects of osmotic stress. Some implications of these findings have been discussed.
PURINE METABOLISM IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Jyssum Sidsel
Published: August 2010

Whole cells of Neisseria meningitidis are found to utilize exogenous radioactive adenine with labelling of the adenosine 5′‐monophosphate, adenosine 5′‐diphosphate and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate pools. Radioactive hypoxanthine or adenosine were not found in ethanolic extracts from whole cells. Crude extracts from N. meningitidis were found to have activities corresponding to adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7). The adenosine 5′‐monophosphate formed was phosphorylated to adenosine 5′‐triphosphate. No activity corresponding to purine‐nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) or to adenine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.2) could be demonstrated in crude extracts from N. meningitidis.
HYALURONIDASE AND AMINOPEPTIDASE ACTIVITY IN CULTURES OF STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS, ATCC 903
Authors: Linder L. , Holme T. , Frostell G.
Published: August 2010

The formation and release of hyaluronidase and aminopeptidase in cultures of Streptococcus mitis, strain ATCC 903, was studied by anaerobic cultivation in a stirred fermentor at constant pH. The nutrient medium was a glucose‐proteose‐peptone broth, glucose being the growth limiting factor. More than 95 per cent of the hyaluronidase and more than 85 per cent of the aminopeptidase was liberated during a period of rapid autolysis following the exhaustion of glucose. A good correlation could be demonstrated between the degree of autolysis and the release of hyaluronidase, indicating the cell‐bound character of the enzyme. The results also indicate the possible use of aminopeptidase as a marker for intracellular products.
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS.
Authors: Høiby Niels , Mathiesen Lars
Published: August 2010

The influence of chronic Ps. aeruginosa infection on the occurrence of bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes (B cells) and thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) in peripheral blood have been studied in 2 groups of patients with cystic fibrosis. One group (9 patients) suffered from chronic Ps. aeruginosa infection in the respiratory tract and produced multiple Ps. aeruginosa precipitins which were demonstrated by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The other group (9 patients) had never harboured Ps. aeruginosa in the respiratory tract and presented no demonstrable precipitins against this bacteria. The lymphocytes were examined for the presence of 2 surface markers for B cells: receptor for C3 complement component (EAC rosette‐formation) and surface immunoglobulins (immunofluorescent staining), and for the presence of 1 surface marker for T cells: spontaneous binding of sheep red blood cells (E rosette‐formation). The B:T cell ratio was nearly identical in the 2 groups of patients whereas the total numbers of B and T cells were significant higher in patients with chronic Ps. aeruginosa infection. The number of Ps. aeruginosa precipitins per serum was significant positively correlated to the total number of T cells, wheras the correlation with the total number of B cells was insignificant.
HAPTEN‐CARRIER RELATIONSHIPS IN IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS.
Authors: Seppälä I. J. T.
Published: August 2010

Mice were rendered tolerant to a haptenic determinant NIP by cyclophosphamide treatment and subsequent multiple intraperitoneal injections of NIP coupled to mouse serum albumin. Control mice received no antigen. The mice were challenged with immunogenic NIP‐conjugates 20 days after stopping the tolerance inducing treatment. The response to the hapten was reduced, while the response to the carrier was normal. A second challenge showed absence of memory cell development towards the hapten. To study antibody affinity in tolerance rats were rendered tolerant to NNP‐human serum albumin and challenged later with the tolerogen. The rats developed very little anti‐NNP antibodies until 3 months after the tolerance inducing treatment. Then the affinity of antibodies was low in the tolerant group. A partial tolerance lasted one year, which is remarkably long when compared to other works on the length of B cell tolerance. Tolerant animals had only weakly specific antibody to the tolerogen in contrast to the controls. Maturation of antibody affinity was paralleled by increase in specificity in the control rats.
HAEMOPHILUS APHROPHILUS SEPTICAEMIA
Authors: Eng Jan , Levy Finn E. S.
Published: August 2010

Haemophilus aphrophilus was recovered from blood cultures from a 52‐year‐old woman with septicaemic disease, including joint swelling and suspected endocarditis. The typical late and slight growth of the organism on bacteriological media is pointed out.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF BACTERIAL WHOLE CELL METHANOLYSATES.
Authors: Jantzen Erik , Bryn Klaus , Bøvre Kjell
Published: August 2010

A procedure for determination of the fatty acid and monosaccharide composition of bacterial whole cell preparations has been developed. Specific elution profiles of total fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids and monosaccharides from 1–10 mg dry cells are obtained. The method is based on the following five steps: 1. Selective depolymerization of washed, lyophilized whole cells by treatment with HCl in anhydrous methanol. 2. Trifluoroacetylation of released and solubilized monomeric compounds. 3. Fractionation of the trifluoroacetylated methanolysate by an acetonitrile/hexane two phase solvent system. 4. Analyses of the fractions by gas‐liquid chromatography. 5. Peak identification by retention characteristics, selective extraction, reduction, and by mass spectrometry.
PROTEIN A PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS UNDER VARIED GROWTH CONDITIONS
Authors: Lind Inga
Published: August 2010

The protein A content of extracts of staphylococcal cells was estimated by the single radial immunodiffusion technique (Mancini technique) and by a haemagglutination test. The grouping of S. aureus strains according to protein A production using these methods was essentially similar to that based on their different affinity to FITC‐labelled immunoglobulins. High yields of protein A were obtained from staphylococcal cells which were harvested after growth on solid medium and extracted in 0.07 M phosphate buffer at pH 5.9 for 10 days at room temperature. The presence of sodium chloride (7.5 per cent) in the medium suppressed the formation of protein A. The immunogenic properties of both protein A producing strains and protein A were dependent on the presence or absence of serum (IgG) in the medium. Due to the complex formation between protein A and IgG, even highly purified protein A induced antibodies which reacted specifically with immunoglobulins when serum or blood had been present in the medium.
ISOELECTRIC ANALYSIS OF HAEMOLYSINS AND ENZYMES FROM STREPTOCOCCI OF GROUPS A, C AND G
Authors: Smyth C. J. , Fehrenbach F. J.
Published: August 2010

Crude lyophilised or concentrated culture supernatant fluids from streptococci of Groups A and C were examined in detail by density gradient isoelectric focusing. Two streptolysin O components were consistently detected which had pI values of 6.0/6.1 (major form) and 7.5/7.6 (minor form) respectively. Similar components were observed in Group G material. Two NADases were also revealed with pI values of 8.4 and 8.9 (Group A) and 8.6 and 9.3 (Group C). Esterase activity, pI 5.8, was detected in Group C preparations, but not in Group A. Four DNases were resolved with pIs of 4.4, 5.8, 7.9 and 9.0, the latter two possessing RNase activity. Only the two acidic components were present in the Group C preparations examined. These DNases have been provisionally as C, A, D and B respectively. Streptokinase, pI 5.8 (Group A) and 5.4 (Group C), and hyaluronate lyase, pI 4.4 (Group A) and 4.3 (Group C) were also assayed for. Electrofocusing is suitable for quantitative preparation NADase from Group C streptococcal material.
Terminology of Developmental Abnormalities in Common Laboratory Mammals (Version 1)
Authors: WISE L. David , BECK Sidney L. , BELTRAME Diana , BEYER Bruce K. , CHAHOUD Ibrahim , CLARK Robert L. , CLARK Ruth , DRUGA Alice M. , FEUSTON Maureen H. , GUITTIN Pierre , HENWOOD Susan M. , KIMMEL Carole A. , LINDSTROM Pia , PALMER Anthony K. , PETRERE Judith A. , SOLOMON Howard M. , YASUDA Mineo , YORK Raymond G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: This paper presents the first version of an internationally‐developed glossary of terms for structural developmental abnormalities in common laboratory animals. The glossary is put forward by the International Federation of Teratology Societies (IFTS) Committee on International Harmonization of Nomenclature in Developmental Toxicology, and represents considerable progress toward harmonization of terminology in this area. The purpose of this effort is to provide a common vocabulary that will reduce confusion and ambiguity in the description of developmental effects, particularly in submissions to regulatory agencies world‐wide, The glossary contains a primary term or phrase, a definition of the abnormality, and notes, where appropriate. Selected synonyms or related terms, which reflect a similar or closely related concept, are noted. Nonpreferred terms are indicated where their usage may be incorrect. Modifying terms used repeatedly in the glossary (e.g., absent, branched) are listed and defined separately, instead of repeating their definitions for each observation. Syndrome names are generally excluded from the glossary, but are listed separately in an appendix. The glossary is organized into broad sections for external, visceral, and skeletal observations, then subdivided into regions, structures, or organs in a general overall head to tail sequence. Numbering is sequential, and not in any regional or hierarchical order. Uses and misuses of the glossary are discussed. Comments, questions, suggestions, and additions from practitioners in the field of developmental toxicology are welcomed on the organization of the glossary as well on as the specific terms and definitions. Updates of the glossary are planned based on the comments received.
Acoustic Startle Response in the Study of Developmental Toxicity
Authors: HIRONAKA Naoyuki
Published: August 2010

Acoustic startle response (ASR) is a defensive reflex that occurs shortly after presentation of a brief intense acoustic stimulus. It consists of a sudden contraction of facial and skeletal muscle. ASR in rodents is a gross vibration‐like movement of the body that is easy to elicit, record, and analyze quantitatively. It can also be used as a reliable and sensitive measure of physiological mechanism of developmental toxicity. The basic neural mechanisms of ASR have been elucidated. The cochlear nucleus and the reticular nucleus of pons are essential to the induction and regulation of ASR amplitude. Fear or anxiety augments ASR (fear potentiation) and functionally involves amygdala. A brief presentation of a weak acoustic stimulus shortly before the presentation of a startling stimulus suppresses ASR (prepulse inhibition). Prepulse inhibition is thought to be regulated by the dopaminergic mesolimbic system. Taken together, these phenomena suggest the use of ASR as a means of modeling anxiety/fear and the sensorymotor abnormalities that may present themselves in a condition such as schizophrenia. In this review, the fundamental behavioral and neural features of ASR are described and major findings in connection with the toxicology of ASR are reviewed. Finally, the significance of ASR in the study of developmental toxicology including behavioral teratology is discussed. Key words: acoustic startle response, fear potentiation, prepulse inhibition, developmental toxicology, behavioral teratology
3‐Chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MX) as a Direct‐Acting Teratogen in Micromass in vitro Tests
Authors: TERAMOTO Shoji , TAKAHASHI Ken L. , KIKUTA Masayuki , KOBAYASHI Hiroko
Published: August 2010

3‐Chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MX) causes complete inhibition of rat embryonic midbrain (CNS) cell differentiation in the micromass in vitro test when applied at a concentration of 5 μg/ml under conditions where MX is rapidly degraded in culture medium with a half‐life of 56 min. This study investigated whether or not degradation products of MX have inhibitory effects on CNS cell differentiation following pre‐incubation of MX in culture medium for 0.5, 1 or 2 hr. When MX was pre‐incubated for 0.5 hr, the mean number of differentiated foci was 0.2 against 62.5 for the control. However, the number increased to 44.7 when pre‐incubation time was extended to 2 hr. These results suggest that MX, but not its degradation products, is a teratogen in vitro. MX manifested almost complete inhibitory effects on CNS cell differentiation by 0.5 hr of exposure.
Alopecia Universalis, Cleft Palate and Lip, Hypohydrosis, Hypodontia, Nail Dysplasia and Syndactyly: New Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndrome?
Authors: ABDEL‐SALAM Ghada M.E. , BUCSEK M. , CZEIZEL A.E.
Published: August 2010

The 3 year old girl has hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip and palate, striking alopecia with total absence of eye brows and body hair (alopecia universalis), epicanthic folds, strabismus, malpositioned small square‐shaped teeth with absent one in the upper jaw, small fingers with dysplastic nails and toes, pilonidal sinus, partial syndactyly between the 2nd and 3rd toes, and slight developmental delay.
Inherited Skin Diseases: DNA‐Based Diagnoses and Prenatal Diagnoses
Authors: SHIMIZU Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

Among a range of inherited skin disorders, some of markedly severe phenotypes have been widely considered as indications for prenatal diagnoses. Recent studies have achieved significant progress in understanding the molecular basis of these heritable skin diseases. These include epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a group of mechanobullous genodermatoses, ichthyosis, a heterogeneous condition of generalized hyperkeratosis, and oculocutaneous albinism, in which an abnormal melanin synthesis in the skin and eyes is a hallmark. The responsible gene for the dystrophic forms of EB has been identified as a gene encoding type VII collagen, for lethal Herlitz EB the genes encoding the α3, β3, or γ2 chain of laminin 5, for pyloric‐atresia junctional EB syndrome the genes encoding the α6 or β4 integrins, and for tyrosinase negative oculocutaneous albinism the tyrosinase gene. Specific mutations in the responsible gene or genes have implications for understanding the structure‐function relationship and phenotype/genotype correlation of each disorder, and also provide the basis for DNA‐based diagnoses as well as prenatal diagnoses for families at risk of a recurrence of the disease. Furthermore, understanding the genetic basis of each inherited skin disease sets the stage for gene therapy approaches for the treatment of the respective condition.
Radio‐Frequency Radiation and Birth Defects: Is There a Risk to Human Health?
Authors: BARNETT Stanley B.
Published: August 2010

This paper reviews studies in the radiofrequency spectrum which includes radiation from cellular telephones and other wireless networks. Modern mobile communications technology uses pulsed digital systems operating at frequencies of 900–1, 800 MHz. Although there are some reports that pulsed exposures may be more likely to produce biological effects than an equivalent energy deposition from continuous wave, there are relatively few data relevant to the frequency or the pulsing conditions used in telecommunications. Most of the literature on teratological studies on animals reports results of continuous wave transmission, 2,450 MHz (microwave oven frequency), at substantial levels of exposure; exceeding internationally prescribed safety levels for radio‐frequency radiation (RFR). Gross developmental anomalies were associated with significant increases above normal in embryonic or fetal temperature. The issue of possible athermal effects has not been properly resolved. Although it is now largely accepted that some biological responses to RFR occur at levels below which thermal mechanisms may be implicated, the absence of relevant directed research programs prevents sensible scientific conclusions on the consistency of data and their relevance to human health. Considering these limitations, there is no convincing independently verified evidence that exposures to RFR from current mobile telecommunications technology presents a serious health risk to human prenatal development.
Evaluation of an Evidence‐Based Practice Initiative: Outcomes, Strengths and Limitations of a Retrospective, Conceptually‐Based Approach
Authors: Stetler Cheryl B. , Caramanica Laura
Published: August 2010

Background and Purpose: Making evidence‐based practice (EBP) a sustained reality is a difficult endeavor. This relates, among other factors, to lack of sufficient research upon which to base implementation efforts. Alternative sources of evidence therefore need to be considered, particularly where organizational level EBP is the goal. In this article a brief evaluation of a service‐based initiative with the aim of obtaining insights regarding multiple types and levels of EBP‐related outcomes is described.

Methods: A structured, retrospective improvement evaluation was conducted. Semi‐structured interviews and available documents were chosen to obtain information regarding outcomes, perceived spread of reported individual changes, and factors related to the degree of progress. Underlying the method is an evaluation model that shows a progressive set of EBP outcomes at both individual and group levels.

Findings: Evaluative results, although limited by several factors, provided credible and sufficient internal evidence for this organization's leadership team to build upon past efforts and refine their approach to integrating research utilization (RU) throughout the department of nursing. For example, the evaluation indicated a set of RU outcomes at the individual nurse level not previously considered and also indicated limitations and challenges to full achievement of initial project‐related goals.

Discussion and Implications: The evaluation provided suggestive internal evidence regarding potential benefits of one component of a long‐term, valued EBP initiative. However, the evaluation also raised questions regarding structural aspects of this initiative; identified barriers to progress; provided information for dialogue and planning; and highlighted future needs for a proactive, systematic evaluation and a documented trail of data related to all EBP program goals. For those in settings with similar characteristics and aims that have not built in such a prospective evaluation for EBP initiatives, this evaluative project can be assessed for its applicability.
THE EFFECTS OF β‐METHYLGLUCOSE, 3‐0‐METHYLGLUCOSE and THIOGLUCOSE ON AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS PARASTICUS
Authors: BUCHANAN ROBERT L. , WISEMAN DANA W. , OCKER LORI A. , STAHL HEIDI G. , KUNSCH CHARLES A. , PURCELL CLEMENT J.
Published: August 2010

Earlier work characterizing the effects of glucose analogs on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus was expanded by assessing the effects of β‐methylglucose (βMG), 3‐0‐methylglucose (3MG) and thioglucose (TG). As sole carbon source of conidia‐initiated cultures, βMG and 3MG, but not TG, supported growth, but none supported toxin production. In glucose‐containing replacement cultures, MG appeared to stimulate toxin production, while TG was inhibitory and 3MG had no effect. Preliminary assessment of the effects of βMG, 3MG, TG, 2‐deoxyglucose and α‐methylglucose on glucose uptake and utilization by glucose‐containing replacement cultures indicated that under conditions that favor aflatoxin production, none of the analogs inhibited the uptake of 14C‐labelled glucose. It appears that the glucose transport system(s) of A. parasiticus may be unusual in that it is insensitive to a variety of glucose analogs.
PREDICTION OF GROWTH OF BACILLUS PUMILUS AS AFFECTED BY SPORE LOAD AND CHLORHEXIDINE ACETATE CONCENTRATION
Authors: SALIH FADHIL M. , AL‐DEEN IHSAN H. S. , HINDI LAMYA H.
Published: August 2010

The influence of the microbial contamination load (xl) and preservative concentration (x2), as predictor variables, on the percentage of vials with growth of B. pumilus spores (y) was studied. The effect of a wide range of spore loads (1‐500,000 spores of B. pumilus per sample) and preservative (chlorhexidine acetate) concentrations (0.03–40 μg/ml) on the percentage of contaminated samples was determined. Each contamination load was studied by adding the specified number of spores to vials containing various concentrations of chlorhexidine dissolved in 2 ml of nutrient broth. Every level of spore and chlorhexidine concentration was represented by 50 or 100 vials. Curves representing the number of contaminated vials against the concentration of chlorhexidine were sigmoidal in shape and the data showed an indirect relationship. Data were analyzed by the regression analysis which revealed a significant correlation (R=0.83) with the regression equation:
HEAT SENSITIZATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS SPORES BY SELECTED SPICES
Authors: BLANK GREG , AKOMAS GEORGE , HENDERSON MICHAEL , ZAWISTOWSKI JERZY
Published: August 2010

Commercially sterile garlic, sage, black pepper, cinnamon and clove were investigated as heat sensitizing agents towards Bacillus subtilis spores. Heat treatment at 80°C for 10 min of all spice‐spore mixtures (0.9 g spice/0.1 g spores) in distilled water (9 mL) reduced initial counts (106/mL) by approximately 0.5–1.0 logarithms, with the exception of garlic which showed no effect. The clove‐spore mixture exhibited the greatest reduction in survivor counts. Dry spice‐spore mixtures conditioned for 24‐96 h in relative humidities (RH) from 64 to 98% and at temperatures from 25 to 35°C, prior to heat treatment, exhibited additional reduction in survivors. The clove‐spore mixture exhibited the greatest decrease in heat‐treated survivors (approximately 4 logarithms) after conditioning at 96% RH and 35°C for 96 h. Relative humidity conditioning of cinnamon‐spore mixtures, regardless of treatment regime, did not reduce the number of heat‐treated survivors. Increasing the temperature and/or RH of conditioning for the remaining spice‐spore mixtures generally increased heat sensitization. Aw‐equilibrated spice‐spore mixtures which were not heat‐treated (controls) showed no reductions in viability. Moisture sorption by the spices during conditioning only partially influenced their heat sensitizing effects.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMON (CITRUS LEMON L.), MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA L.), GRAPEFRUIT (CITRUS PARADISI L.) AND ORANGE (CITRUS SINENSIS L.) ESSENTIAL OILS
Authors: VIUDA‐MARTOS M. , RUIZ‐NAVAJAS Y. , FERNÁNDEZ‐LÓPEZ J. , PEREZ‐ÁLVAREZ J.
Published: August 2010

Many complex processes are involved in food deterioration, and despite modern techniques of preservation, excessive amounts of foods are still lost, mainly through the action of microorganisms. The growing preference for natural foods has led to a tendency to diminish the use of chemical additives and for the food industry to search for alternative antimicrobial agents within natural systems. The aim of this work was to determine the effectiveness of the essential oils (EOs) of lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (C. reticulata L.), grapefruit (C. paradisi L.) and orange (C. sinensis L.) to inhibit the growth of some bacteria commonly used in the food industry, (Lactobacillus curvatus, L. sakei, Staphylococcus carnosus and S. xylosus) or related to food spoilage (Enterobacter gergoviae and E. amnigenus). The agar disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activities of the oils. All EO studied had some inhibitory effect on the six bacteria tested. Lemon EO showed the highest inhibition effect upon S. carnosus, E. gergoviae and E. amnigenus while grapefruit EO showed the highest inhibition effect upon S. xylosus, L. curvatus and L. sakei. Orange and mandarin EOs had the lowest inhibition effect upon the six bacteria tested.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of essential oils (EOs) from lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (C. reticulata L.), grapefruit (C. paradisi L.) and orange (C. sinensis L.) as antibacterial agents will be suitable for applications on the food industry. They can be used as growth inhibitors upon some bacteria commonly used in the food industry (Lactobacillus curvatus, L. sakei, Staphylococcus carnosus and S. xylosus) or related to food spoilage (Enterobacter gergoviae and E. amnigenus). Citrus EOs could be used as natural antimicrobials and represent a useful alternative for the food industry to reduce the quantity of synthetic additives used in their attempt to satisfy the demands of consumers, as long as the same consumers accept their effect on the organoleptic properties of the foods in question.
APPLICATION OF CANDIDA VALIDA AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT
Authors: KUFORIJI O.O. , ABOABA O.O.
Published: August 2010

An investigation was carried out on the carbon and nitrogen sources needed for the growth of a yeast, Candida valida (syn. Candida mycoderma), isolated from Ogi, a fermented edible corn product given to babies at weaning. The suitability of this organism as a protein supplement in foods was also determined. The yeast was grown in different carbon sources: glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, starch, dextrin, mannitol and ethanol, and in different nitrogen sources like urea, amino acids, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, as part of the synthetic basal medium for 7 days and the growth measured using the dry weight method. A significantly high increase in yield was observed when 1% fructose was used and maximum yield was obtained with 3.5 and 0.2% (w/v) of fructose and urea as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Growing the fungus in 0.3% cane molasses, a natural substrate gave a significantly higher increase in yield than in a synthetic medium. As a food supplement, other nutrient contents of this organism such as ash, crude fiber, lipids and carbohydrates were also analyzed in addition to the protein, free amino acids and energy values.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Candida tropicalis
is already in use for protein enrichment of major food materials like corn and cassava which have very low protein content (about 1–3%). In addition, the yeast is known to have high lysine and tryptophan levels, thus, further increasing the nutritional values of these African staple food. The organism Candida valida can be incorporated when producing snacks, giving a balanced diet for human consumption. Thus, C. valida also has high potential when used in these forms as it is indigenous to the already established edible food products “ogi” which has wide acceptance in the African continent.
CONSUMER EVALUATION OF MILK AUTHENTICITY EXPLAINED BOTH BY CONSUMER BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS AND BY PRODUCT SENSORY DESCRIPTORS
Authors: FRANDSEN L.W. , DIJKSTERHUIS G.B. , MARTENS H. , MARTENS M.
Published: August 2010

Consumer authenticity tests were used to elicit consumer response to the influence of fodder and storage time on the flavor of cow milk. A panel of professional tasters was used to provide a descriptive profile of the sensory characteristics of the milk. Consumer background characteristics were collected through a questionnaire concerning demographic and consumption pattern variables as well as assessments using two attitude scales: a modified food neophobia questions and a set of milk xenophobia questions. A multivariate data analytical method (L‐shaped partial least squares regression) was used to model the variation in the authenticity evaluation simultaneously from two different sources: the storage/feed effects as described by the sensory panel and the consumer background variables. Results showed that milk samples with storage/feed characteristics were evaluated as “foreign” (not Danish) by some segments of the consumers.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Very small differences in a food product, here milk, sometimes cannot be discerned by standard sensory methods. The test in this article – authenticity test – is able to assess such differences. In this article, it is studied whether there are influences of the consumer on the results of the authenticity test, to see if this test is broadly applicable.

With respect to milk, a number of effects appear that have an effect on the acceptance of milk as a result of fodder and storage time. These factors can be of use for milk producers, and the differences in the acceptance of the products between the consumers may help milk producers to aim products to consumer segments.
WINNING IN HOUSE‐SENATE CONFERENCES: THE “REVISED THEORY” AND THE PROBLEM OF COUNTERTRENDING CONFERENCES
Authors: Carter John J. , Baker John R.
Published: August 2010

This study employs data on chamber dominance of legislative conferences involving two House‐Senate committee pairs to study the phenomenon of first acting chamber victories. Previous research has concluded that the second acting chamber tends to win in conference, because the committee of the first acting chamber dominates the pre‐conference shaping of the legislation, leaving its conferees a powerful incentive to compromise differences with the conferees of the second acting chamber in order to ensure that a conference version of the legislation in question can be agreed on. However, previous research has also shown that the first acting chamber inexplicably wins 25 percent of all conferences for which a winner can be determined.

This study finds that the critical common factor in these countertrending conferences was the successful attachment of non‐committee amendments on the floor of the second acting chamber. Such successful floor amendments seem to substantially mitigate the strategic advantage of the second acting chamber in conference.
ADMINISTRATIVE THOUGHT IN COLONIAL AMERICA
Authors: Argyle Nolan J.
Published: August 2010

These are what are called Revolution principles. They are the principles of Aristotle and Plato; of Livy and Cicero, and Sidney, Harrington and Locke; the principles of nature and eternal reason; the principles on which the whole government over us now stands.

John Adams
MOTIVATIONS FOR NEGATIVE VOTING IN THE 1992 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Authors: Richardson Lilliard E. , Gant Michael M.
Published: August 2010

In this paper we explore the factors leading to negative voting in presidential elections, using a national survey of the United States during the 1992 presidential campaign. Negative voting is voting against the opponent, rather than for one's preferred candidate. Based on past research, we explore three propositions: Negative voting is a function of dissatisfaction with the incumbent president's job performance; negative voting is a function of cross‐pressures among voting cues experienced by the voter; and negative voting is a function of disaffection with the political system. Substantial support is found for the first and third propositions, while only moderate support, at best, is found for the second. While we find that negative voting is influenced by individual‐level factors, it is also clear that negative voting flows from dissatisfaction with the larger political system. A multivariate analysis confirms that these systemic factors hold up in the face of controls for the other hypothesized determinants.
POLICY TYPOLOGIES AND U.S. ASYLUM POLICY: JOINING STATIST AND GROUP THEORIES
Authors: McFarl Andrew S. , Yarnold Barbara M.
Published: August 2010

The discipline tends to devise competing theories as opposed to integrated ones. The inquiry is whether there are issue areas in which interest groups and state structures interact with each other to affect the policy making process, and with external political phenomena, such as social movements.

This analysis reviews pluralist and statist literature, and examines U.S. asylum policy in terms of interest group activity and state interests. It suggests asylum policy is a “citizenship policy,” or a special category of policies in which four different sets of actors wield their influence: a lead state agency, the appeals agency of the state, citizen groups, and a social movement.

The interaction of these factors presents a useful model for understanding policy processes in issue areas concerned with citizenship issues. Citizenship includes the norms that set the relationships between individuals and the state: their rights and duties toward each other. Citizenship issues include immigration and asylum policy. Other citizenship issues are also identified.
MACROPARTY BEHAVIOR IN CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS
Authors: Mouw Calvin J.
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the relative importance of national forces, local forces, and candidate‐related factors on the contribution patterns of national party organizations to congressional candidates. I test two macro‐level models: a Party Resources Allocation model and a Candidate Selection model. The results provide evidence for an indirect as opposed to a direct mechanism—party organizations provide financing based on the candidate‐related factors, whereas local forces strongly affect candidate selection. As a result, while evidence exists that party actors may be employing national maximization strategies, the strategies used serve only to reemphasize local as opposed to national concerns.
EXPLAINING COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN THE 1989 GREEKFEST INCIDENT IN VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA: AN APPLICATION OF SYSTEMIC POWER THEORY
Authors: Banks Manley Elliott , Jones Charles E.
Published: August 2010

In 1989, the City of Virginia Beach sought to discourage thousands of young African‐American college students from holding their annual festival in the city. The policy failed and a major civil disorder occurred. This study explores the city's decision‐making process on this issue. The alternative explanations provided by elite, pluralism, and systemic power theories are examined, It is determined that the systemic power theory provides the most appropriate explanation. According to this theory, government officials are favorably biased toward the interests of the upper strata of their community unless they are effectively checked by popular constraints. In this instance, an unelected official, the city manager, made the policy. Consequently, the policy reflected the interests of the city's largest tourist‐related businesses. The significance of this study is that its findings strongly challenge the appropriateness of the council‐manager form of government for cities with populations as large and as heterogeneous as that of Virginia Beach. Indeed, the strong‐mayor form of government is recommended for these cities.
BREACHING THE BARRIERS: MIGRATING ETHNIC GROUPS AND IMMIGRATION POLICY
Authors: Dale Suzanne McGrath , LeMay Michael C. , Mariam AIG.
Published: August 2010

“Coping With Immigration Barriers” examines the dichotomy of international law: the right to leave versus the right of a specific nation‐state to exclude. Immigration receiving nations around the world have been raising barriers. This article looks at the newest such barriers contained in recent United States immigration laws. The dichotomy poses a dilemma for persons and groups—such as refugee groups—who are seeking to migrate but have few options for coping with increased barriers to their entrance. Potential immigrant groups may simply ignore the laws and enter illegally. They may seek to amend the laws by special exemptions for themselves. Finally, they may seek redress from the harsher policy via the courts. This article exemplifies each of those strategies for coping with immigration barriers by high‐lighting the cases of Mexicans, Irish, and Haitians.
NORTH CAROLINA'S 1992 APPELLATE DIVISION ELECTIONS: MIXED SIGNALS FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Moog Robert
Published: August 2010

During the course of the last several decades a national trend of more contested, costly, and acrimonious judicial campaigns has emerged. In this regard, these contests have begun to take on the characteristics of races for high profile offices. During the 1980s North Carolina's elections for its court of appeals and supreme court followed these trends. The Republican Party in the state, prior to the 1980s, had generally not contested these races. However, over the course of the last decade Republicans suddenly began to challenge the Democrats for seats on the two appellate division courts, and to do so quite competitively. Just as suddenly, in 1992 there was a reversal of Republican strategy as they contested only four out of ten seats in the appellate division. This article analyzes the 1992 election cycle and its significance in relation to the aforementioned statewide and national trends.