bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Study and Multi‐Response Optimization of the Electrochemical Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater
Authors: Thakur Chandrakant , Srivastava Vimal C. , Mall Indra D. , Hiwarkar Ajay D.
Published: December 2017

Petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) is refractory in nature. Electrochemical (EC) treatment of PRW can remove toxic pollutants present in it. The present paper deals with the treatment of the PRW in a batch EC reactor using stainless steel electrodes. Parametric optimization is carried out using full factorial central composite design to maximize the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the total organic carbon (TOC). The mechanism of COD and TOC removal is elucidated by carrying out zeta potential measurement, UV–vis spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Under optimized operating conditions of initial pH:6, current density = 182 A m−2, electrode gap = 1.5 cm, and time = 145 min, the removal efficiency of COD and TOC is found to be 62 and 52%, respectively. The sludge generated during EC treatment is characterized by FTIR, elemental and thermo‐gravimetric analysis.
Treatment of landfill leachate using integrated continuous electrocoagulation and the anaerobic treatment technique
Authors: Tezcan Un Umran , Filik Iscen Cansu , Oduncu Emre , Akcal Comoglu Burcu , Ilhan Semra
Published: December 2017

In this study, an electrocoagulation method as a pretreatment step followed by an anaerobic treatment of landfill leachate are investigated. The electrocoagulation was performed at different operating conditions using a specially designed spiral iron electrode in continuous mode. Initial pH 5, current density 50 mA/cm2, and retention time of 54 min with no electrolyte addition was found to provide the maximum removal efficiency 69%. The effluent of the electrocoagulation was then treated anaerobically and the process was optimized using full factorial design method as two factors at three levels for wastewater concentrations of 50, 75, and 100% and cosubstrate concentrations of 2, 1.5, 0.5 g/L. The maximum COD removal for the anaerobic treatment was 74%. The combined system showed an overall COD removal efficiency of 92% by reducing the COD from 6400 mg/L to 516 mg/L. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1668–1676, 2018
Effect of silk fiber on the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of PVA/PVP composite films
Authors: Sheik Sareen , Nagaraja G.K. , Prashantha Kalappa
Published: December 2017

In the present study, short fiber‐reinforced hybrid composite films of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) with different weight percentages of silk fiber, were prepared by the solvent casting technique. The thermal, mechanical, morphological, and bio‐degradable characteristics of the prepared films were evaluated. Soil burial experiments were performed in order to study the bio‐degradation rate of the composite films. The composite films showed good mechanical strength with increasing fiber concentration along with good thermal and biodegradable properties. This could possibly be due to the chemical interaction of the fiber functional groups and the matrix, as implied from the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thus making them an exceptional material to be safely disposed without causing ecological damage. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1923–1930, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Roles of Starch Structures in the Pasting Properties of Wheat Starch with Different Degrees of Damage
Authors: Wu Fengfeng , Li Jing , Yang Na , Chen Yisheng , Jin Yamei , Xu Xueming
Published: December 2017

Wheat starches are ball milled to obtain various levels of damaged starch. The pasting properties, dissolution behavior, granule structures, crystal, and molecular structure of starch with different degrees of damage are investigated. The influence of the mechanical stirring speed on pasting properties of wheat starch is also evaluated. The results show that the pasting viscosity measured by RVA and the gelatinization enthalpy and gelatinization temperature measured by DSC decrease with the enhanced level of damage. With the increase in the degree of damage, the surface of the wheat starch granule is rougher, the shape is more irregular, and more pieces of small particles appeared. There is no change in the crystal type, while the relative crystallinity of the starch significantly negatively correlate with the degree of damage (p < 0.05). Within the extent of the degree of damage studied in this paper, the minor molecular degradation of amylopectin (AP) is probably induced by mechanical damage. Compared to amylose (AM), the dissolution rate of AP increase with the increased starch damage level. The solubility of wheat starch in cold and hot water and the swelling power in the cold water increase gradually. With the increase in the degree of damage, the differences in the pasting viscosity of the wheat starches with different damage levels could be corrected by altering the mechanical stirring speed.
The ”combined approach“ for the design of shear diaphragms made of trapezoidal profile sheeting
Authors: Misiek Thomas , Huck Gerhard , Käpplein Saskia
Published: December 2017

Dedicated to Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Helmut Saal on the occasion of his 75th birthday

Diaphragms made of trapezoidal profile sheeting are often used to stabilize members or work as bracing to transfer horizontal loads (wind or seismic loads) to the ground. In Europe there are currently two approaches for the design of these shear diaphragms, both often denoted by the names of their corresponding developers: Schardt and Strehl and Bryan and Davies. Although the mechanical background to calculating the diaphragm stiffness is more or less identical in both approaches, there are differences in the level of detailing, i.e. in the number of parameters regarded as significant for practical design. Generally, the Schardt/Strehl approach was reworked much more and is therefore easier to use in practical design. On the other hand, the Bryan/Davies approach is much more realistic regarding the failure modes (shear buckling, failure of fasteners) and loadbearing capacity. This paper discusses the differences and similarities in detail, makes an assessment and highlights the particular advantages.

Recently, a new approach was elaborated based on work previously carried out by Baehre and Wolfram and taking into account new developments and findings. This ”combined approach“ presented here combines the advantages of the Schardt/Strehl and Bryan/Davies approaches as given above. The paper includes a comparison with test results with regard to both diaphragm stiffness and loadbearing capacity.

Detailed information is given on how to elaborate the sheeting‐related parameters in tables, allowing for easy use in practical design. This is of special importance for implementation in practical design and in relation to the further development of the Eurocodes.
Juvenile Chinook Salmon Mortality in a Snake River Reservoir: Smallmouth Bass Predation Revisited
Authors: Erhardt John M. , Tiffan Kenneth F. , Connor William P.
Published: December 2017

Predation by nonnative fishes has been identified as a contributing factor in the decline of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River basin. We examined the diet composition of Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu and estimated the consumption and predation loss of juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Lower Granite Reservoir on the Snake River. We examined 4,852 Smallmouth Bass stomachs collected from shoreline habitats during April–September 2013–2015. Chinook Salmon were the second most commonly consumed fish by all size‐classes of Smallmouth Bass (≥150 mm TL) throughout the study. Over the 3 years studied, we estimated that a total of 300,373 Chinook Salmon were consumed by Smallmouth Bass in our 22‐km study area, of which 97% (291,884) were subyearlings (age 0) based on length frequency data. A majority of the loss (61%) occurred during June, which coincided with the timing of hatchery releases of subyearling fall Chinook Salmon. Compared to an earlier study, mean annual predation loss increased more than 15‐fold from 2,670 Chinook Salmon during 1996–1997 to 41,145 Chinook Salmon during 2013–2015 (in reaches that could be compared), despite lower contemporary Smallmouth Bass abundances. This increase can be explained in part by increases in Smallmouth Bass consumption rates, which paralleled increases in subyearling Chinook Salmon densities—an expected functional response by an opportunistic consumer. Smallmouth Bass are currently significant predators of subyearling Chinook Salmon in Lower Granite Reservoir and could potentially be a large source of unexplained mortality.
Entwicklung einer österreichischen Forschungsagenda für onkologische Pflege
Authors: Raphaelis Silvia , Köck-Hódi Sabine , Mayer Hanna
Published: December 2017

Hintergrund

Pflegeforschung ist eine wesentliche Komponente bei der Verbesserung der Versorgung onkologisch erkrankter Menschen. Da der Forschungsbedarf hoch ist und gleichzeitig die Forschungsmittel begrenzt sind, bietet eine Forschungsagenda eine grundlegende Orientierung, um vorrangige Themen zu bearbeiten.

Ziel

Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer österreichischen Agenda für onkologische Pflegeforschung, die sowohl an die internationale Diskussion um Forschungsprioritäten als auch an die nationale Pflegepraxis anschließt.

Methoden

Im ersten Schritt wurde eine Literaturstudie zu pflegerelevanten onkologischen Forschungsprioritäten durchgeführt. Die hierbei identifizierten Forschungsprioritäten wurden mittels einer Delphi-Befragung von ExpertInnen aus Österreich hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz hierzulande bewertet, und in weiterer Folge wurde eine Forschungsagenda mit entsprechender nationaler Schwerpunktsetzung erstellt.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt konnten 11 Artikel in die Literatursynthese eingeschlossen werden. In der ersten Befragungsrunde haben 18, in der zweiten 15 und in der dritten Befragungsrunde 13 ExpertInnen teilgenommen. Die finale Forschungsagenda ist aus 9 übergeordneten Forschungsbereichen (z. B. Entwicklung und Testung von Interventionen) und 43 zugehörigen Forschungsprioritäten (z. B. Interventionen zum Symptommanagement) zusammengesetzt.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Forschungsagenda bietet eine wesentliche Orientierung für die Entwicklung der onkologischen Pflegeforschung in Österreich. Sie ist ein erster wichtiger Schritt, auf dem weiter aufgebaut werden muss, um eine national gültige Forschungsagenda mit hoher Repräsentativität der Forschungsbedarfe in Österreich zur Verfügung stellen zu können.
Challenges, Dilemmas and Factors Involved in PGD Decision‐Making: Providers’ and Patients’ Views, Experiences and Decisions
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: December 2017

Providers and patients are considering and pursuing PGD for ever‐more conditions, but questions arise concerning how they make, view and experience these decisions, and what challenges they may face. Thirty‐seven in‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted (with 27 IVF providers and 10 patients). Patients and providers struggled with challenges and dilemmas about whether to pursue PGD in specific cases, and how to decide. Respondents varied in how they viewed, experienced and made these choices, and for which conditions to pursue PGD (from lethal, childhood‐onset conditions to milder, treatable, or adult‐onset disorders). Several factors were involved, including differences in gene penetrance, predictability, and phenotypic expression, and disease severity, age of onset, treatability, stigma and degree of disability. Providers and patients face questions regarding possibilities of screening for more than one condition in one set of embryos, and limitations of PGD (e.g., inaccurate results). Characteristics of providers (e.g., amount of PGD experience, understandings of genetics, and use of genetic counselors), and of patients (e.g., related to broader moral and social attitudes) can also affect these decisions. These data, the first to examine several key questions concerning PGD, suggest that providers and patients confront several dilemmas. These findings have critical implications for future practice, guidelines, education and research.
Genetic dissection of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate biosynthesis in plant mitochondria
Authors: Kruse Inga , Maclean Andrew E. , Hill Lionel , Balk Janneke
Published: December 2017

Mitochondria play a key role in the biosynthesis of two metal cofactors, iron–sulfur (FeS) clusters and molybdenum cofactor (Moco). The two pathways intersect at several points, but a scarcity of mutants has hindered studies to better understand these links. We screened a collection of sirtinol-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana mutants for lines with decreased activities of cytosolic FeS enzymes and Moco enzymes. We identified a new mutant allele of ATM3 (ABC transporter of the mitochondria 3), encoding the ATP-binding cassette transporter of the mitochondria 3 (systematic name ABCB25), confirming the previously reported role of ATM3 in both FeS cluster and Moco biosynthesis. We also identified a mutant allele in CNX2, cofactor of nitrate reductase and xanthine dehydrogenase 2, encoding GTP 3′,8-cyclase, the first step in Moco biosynthesis which is localized in the mitochondria. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in cnx2-2 leads to substitution of Arg88 with Gln in the N-terminal FeS cluster-binding motif. cnx2-2 plants are small and chlorotic, with severely decreased Moco enzyme activities, but they performed better than a cnx2-1 knockout mutant, which could only survive with ammonia as a nitrogen source. Measurement of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) levels by LC–MS/MS showed that this Moco intermediate was below the limit of detection in both cnx2-1 and cnx2-2, and accumulated more than 10-fold in seedlings mutated in the downstream gene CNX5. Interestingly, atm3-1 mutants had less cPMP than wild type, correlating with previous reports of a similar decrease in nitrate reductase activity. Taken together, our data functionally characterize CNX2 and suggest that ATM3 is indirectly required for cPMP synthesis.
Elasticity‐based matching by minimising the symmetric difference of shapes
Authors: Simon Konrad , Basri Ronen
Published: December 2017

The authors consider the problem of matching two shapes assuming these shapes are related by an elastic deformation. Using linearised elasticity theory and the finite‐element method, they seek an elastic deformation that is caused by simple external boundary forces and accounts for the difference between the two shapes. The main contribution is in proposing a cost function and an optimisation procedure to minimise the symmetric difference between the deformed and the target shapes as an alternative to point matches that guide the matching in other techniques. The authors show how to approximate the non‐linear optimisation problem by a sequence of convex problems. They demonstrate the utility of the proposed method in experiments and compare it to an iterative closest point like matching algorithm.
Wide regulated series hybrid excitation alternator
Authors: Mudhigollam Uday Kumar , Choudhury Umakanta , Hatua Kamalesh
Published: December 2017

Parallel hybrid excitation alternators (PHEAs) are large in size but offers wide flux regulation capability. Series hybrid excitation alternator has limited flux regulation capability but compact compared to PHEAs. A new rotor excitation topology has been proposed for a series hybrid rotor excitation alternator (SHREA). The proposed machine is not only small in size but also have wide flux regulation capability. The proposed machine can be classified as a series hybrid machine as permanent magnets and field windings are arranged in a single rotor ensuring series addition of permanent magnet flux and field winding flux. In this study, one more rotor configuration for quick maintenance SHREA is also proposed. As the name suggests, for any fault in excitation winding, they can be easily replaced. Two 1.3 kW prototypes with such designs have been validated with finite‐element method simulation and hardware testing.
Relationship between high voltage insulators incidents and climatic factors in AC Algerian electrical networks using ARDL approach
Authors: Guia Talal , Teguar Madjid
Published: December 2017

The climatic factors have a strong influence on the polluted high voltage (HV) insulators performance and affect the reliability of networks. Such factors can lead to insulation incidents and outages in the electrical network. Based on monthly 12 weather factors observations (the average temperature, the precipitation, the humidity, the solar radiation, the vapour pressure, the snow depth, the dew point, the air pressure, the visibility, the total cloud cover, the wind direction and the wind speed) obtained during the period 2010–2015 (72 months) at Algerian central region, the authors propose an optimal relationship between the number of HV insulators incidents and the climatic factors. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method was employed to explore the actual and/or delayed (lagged) effect of each climatic factor on HV insulators performance. According to the results, the ARDL approach revealed the existence of strong relationship between these climatic variables and HV insulators incident. Also, the used statistical tests in this study allow us to say whether the proposed model is real and not simply due to chance. The proposed model has been validated by comparing the number of HV insulators incidents predicted for 10 months to real data recorded in Algerian AC transmission networks.
ECL emission of non‐stoichiometric quaternary Zn–Cu–In–S QDs
Authors: Feng Jian , Xu Hong
Published: December 2017

Non‐stoichiometric colloidal quaternary Zn–Cu–In–S quantum dots (QDs) with different Cu content were prepared by a hot injection method and the enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) were presented. Zn–Cu–In–S QDs were characterised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV‐Vis, photoluminescence (PL) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS). XRD results revealed the compositional homogeneity of the Zn–Cu–In–S QDs. Average particle size of Zn–Cu–In–S QDs samples were 2.3–2.8 nm. The HRTEM analysis indicated the high crystallinity. The ICP‐MS measurements confirmed that the compositions of Zn–Cu–In–S QDs could be controlled precisely. Zn–Cu–In–S QDs were coated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6). The ECL of Zn–Cu–In–S QDs were observed, which possessed extremely increase with tripropyl amine added as the coreactant. The ECL of Zn–Cu–In–S QDs were attribute to the copper related surface state. The Zn–Cu–In–S QDs modified GCE exhibited excellent ECL properties, environmentally‐friendly and good stability, which implied further promising applications in bioanalysis.
Radio emission in ultracool dwarfs: The nearby substellar triple system VHS 1256–1257
Authors: Guirado J. C. , Azulay R. , Gauza B. , Pérez-Torres M. A. , Rebolo R. , Climent J. B. , Zapatero Osorio M. R.
Published: December 2017

Aim. With the purpose of investigating the radio emission of new ultracool objects, we carried out a targeted search in the recently discovered system VHS J125601.92–125723.9 (hereafter VHS 1256–1257); this system is composed by an equal-mass M7.5 binary and a L7 low-mass substellar object located at only 15.8 pc.

Methods. We observed in phase-reference mode the system VHS 1256–1257 with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array at X band and L band and with the European VLBI Network at L band in several epochs during 2015 and 2016.

Results. We discovered radio emission at X band spatially coincident with the equal-mass M7.5 binary with a flux density of 60 μJy. We determined a spectral index α = −1.1 ± 0.3 between 8 and 12 GHz, suggesting that non-thermal, optically thin, synchrotron, or gyrosynchrotron radiation is responsible for the observed radio emission. Interestingly, no signal is seen at L band where we set a 3σ upper limit of 20 μJy. This might be explained by strong variability of the binary or self-absorption at this frequency. By adopting the latter scenario and gyrosynchrotron radiation, we constrain the turnover frequency to be in the interval 5–8.5 GHz, from which we infer the presence of kG-intense magnetic fields in the M7.5 binary. Our data impose a 3σ upper bound to the radio flux density of the L7 object of 9 μJy at 10 GHz.
Use of Soil and Foliar Insecticides to Control Cucumber Beetles in Fall Cucumbers, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cucumbers were planted on 4 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft. row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row. Plots were planted on 5 ft. row spacing and replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Furadan 4F was applied in furrow immediately prior to planting using a single hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer. Foliar sprays were applied using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 45 gal water/acre at 40 psi. The Furadan plots were sprayed on 13 and 22 Sep after increased feeding was noticed and dead or dying beetles could no longer be found in the plots. The plots with foliar sprays only were sprayed on 30 Aug and 6, 13, and 22 Sep.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1993
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 16 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. The plots were not thinned prior to the experiment. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an unplanted bed. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Foliar treatments were applied on 7 and 12 Oct with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (2 TX-8 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi, delivering 20 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Dynamic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.5% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (> 2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on 25 randomly selected lettuce plants per replicate. Insect counts were conducted on 7, 12, and 17 Oct. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and a protected LSD.
Onion Thrips Control, 1992
Authors: Davis M. , Grafius E. , Bommarito M. , Tindall M. , Ferrari B. , Kolarik P.
Published: December 2017

Onions were direct seeded on 1 May at a site in Ingham County, MI. Plots were 20 ft long double rows with 16 inch spacing between double rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design (four replications per treatment) with one unsprayed buffer row between each treatment row. Foliar treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a single flat fan nozzle (TEEJET 8002VS) at 45 psi and 60 gal/acre. The NTN sidedress treatment was applied 9 Jul in a 1 inch furrow, 3 inches from the base of the plants, then covered with soil. The NTN foliar and the NTN foliar plus spreader treatments were first applied on 24 Jul; all foliar treatments (including NTN) were applied on 4, 11, and 18 Aug. Plots untreated as of 4 Aug (i.e. all but the NTN treatments) were sampled for thrips. Ten consecutive plants/replication were randomly selected and the thrips rinsed off the plants with approximately 250 ml of 75% ethanol. Thrips were filtered out of the ethanol and counted. On 6 and 20 Aug all treatments were sampled for thrips as described above.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides for Early Season Control of Thrips on Peanuts, 1993
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B. , Damicone J. , Jackson K.
Published: December 2017

‘Okrun’ peanuts were planted at approximately 5-6 seeds/ft on 19 May into a Larton loam fine sand soil at Gary Weger Farms in Bryan County, Oklahoma. Plots measured 4 rows by 25 ft, with rows spaced 36- inches apart and each plot was separated by 5 ft long buffers within rows. All treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Broadcast preplant incorporated (BC-PPI) treatments were applied on 18 May with a wheel barrel sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal/acre at 20 psi through 8003 flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the boom and incorporated into the soil approximately 2 ft deep with a rototiller. In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied into the seed furrow at planting using a 71 John Deere flexi-planter equipped with granular boxes. Sixinch band treatments were applied at planting with a Precision Granular Applicator® and lightly incorporated into the soil with a rake. Conventional cultural practices were used throughout the trial and irrigation was provided as needed with an overhead ride roll system. Peanut plants were rated for thrips damage on 18 Jun and 12 Jul by examining 5 plants from the middle 2 rows of each plot and estimating the percentage of leaf area affected by thrips damage. Thrips damage was rated on a scale of 1-5: 1 = none (0%); 2 = low, minimum damage to leaves with few leaves puckered (1-25%); 3 = moderate, majority of leaves puckered (26-50%); 4 = high, puckered leaves and slight stunting (51-76%); and 5 = severe, heavily puckered leaves and severe stunting (75-100%). Thrips populations were assessed on 12 Jul by sampling 5 trifoliate leaflets and 10 blooms per plot from the same 5 plants rated for thrips damage. Samples were immediately placed in 200 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol and later rinsed thoroughly and strained to dislodge and separate any thrips caught in plant tissue. Strained samples were poured through a porcelain Buchner funnel lined with filter paper and examined for thrips. Analyses of variance were used to analyze data and means were separated with Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple range test (P ≤ 0.10).
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Biorationals, 1993
Authors: Altre J. , Grafius E. , Sirota J. , Eliason E. , Scriber B.
Published: December 2017

Nine products were tested at the Michigan State University Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI. Plots were 20 ft long and 3 rows wide (34 inches between rows, 12 inches between plants in a row), and were separated by 6 ft of soil. The four plots per treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Potatoes were planted on 6 May and sprayed (backpack sprayer; 30 gal/acre, 30 psi, four nozzles) on 23 Jun, 1 and 7 Jul. Asana was applied to all plots on 23 Jul and 4 Aug to control adults. Two randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot were sampled for Colorado potato beetles on 28 Jun, 6 and 12 Jul; defoliation was rated on the latter two dates. Potatoes were harvested, sized, and weighed on 14 Sep.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in the Red River Valley, Grand Forks, Nd, 1993
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Suranyi Robert A. , Samuelson Matthew P. , DiFonzo Christina D. , Longtine Craig A. , Kleven Tanya L. , Flanders Kathy L. , Hansen Roger A.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted 3 May at the Research Farm of the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association, Grand Forks, ND. Plots were 4 rows wide, 60 ft (18.3 m) long, with 38 in (97 cm) spacing between rows and 12 in (30 cm) between plants. Plots were separated on all sides by 6.3 ft (1.9 m) of cultivated soil. The field was divided into three experiments each consisting of a complete randomized plot design with 5 replications. Few Colorado potato beetle adults were found in our field before mid-June. Egg masses were flagged 23 Jun and checked daily. Nine percent egg hatch was estimated to have occurred on 1 Jul, but heavy rains and wet field conditions prevented first application of insecticidal sprays until 7 Jul. Subsequent spray applications were made on 14, 21 Jul, 11 and 18 Aug. The July sprays were targeted against first generation larvae, the August applications against second generation larvae. All applications were made using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single Teejet nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 40 gal of water/acre (150 liters/ha) at 40 psi (275 kPa). Control evaluations were made on 16, 28 Jul, 13 and 27 Aug. Because Colorado potato beetle population pressure was very low and not uniformly distributed across plants, we did not count larvae directly. Instead, we scored 20 plants per plot for small larvae (1st and 2nd instar) and large larvae (3rd and 4th instar), for each using a \-4 scale: 1 = 0 insects, 2 = 1-5 insects, 3 = 5-9 insects, 4 = 10 or more insects. Adults were counted on a per plant basis. Data were also collected 9 Jul, but these data are not presented because population pressure was very low and not uniform across plots. Defoliation data were not recorded as treatment differences were not evident. For purposes of analysis of data on larvae, we used mean scores across sampling dates. Tuber yields were estimated by mechanical harvesting one row per plot on 9 Sep or 20 Sep.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Exp60434A (Fipronil), 1991
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was a randomized complete block design with six replicates and was planted on 16 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1990. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by three foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (80WP) (1.12 kg/ha on 18 and 26 Jul; 2 Aug) and Bravo 720 (840 g/ha on 9 and 23 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kliter/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using logH1(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Fisher’s LSD test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 3.7, 1.9, and 21.7 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.1, 19.0 and 19.3 °C.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1993
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiments were randomized complete block designs with six replicates each. The four experiments were planted between 17 and 21 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1992. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of a flowable maneb (4F) (2.3 to 3.5 liter/ha). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kliter/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. In CPB-D yield was taken in the middle two rows of each plot. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 14.0, 5.0, and 7.6 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 16.0, 18.5 and 19.0 °C.
Potato Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 5 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs ION: 1 OP: 1 OK/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb Al/acre on 24 Jun and 6 Jul. CPB densities on 15 Jun were 1.8 adults, 4.5 egg masses and 9.8 early instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. All samples were taken from the center plants in each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 whole stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. All treatments were first applied on 16 Jun, and again on 23 and 30 Jun, and 7 and 14 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Trigard, 1993
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 11 May and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Three Trigard treatments, Asana as a commercial standard, and an untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 2 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Twenty gal of finished spray/acre applied (30 psi, four, 10X hollow cone nozzles) to all plots. Pretreatment counts of all beetle stages were made on 1 Jul and the first application at 10% egg hatch was made on 2 Jul. The second application was made 19 Jul. On a weekly basis, egg masses, small larvae (1—2 instar), large larvae (3—1 instar) and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation estimates were made visually from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of both plot rows. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman- Keuls.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Admire (Imidacloprid), 1993
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 11 May and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Three treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Three application methods of the emulsifiable concentrate (2EC) were tested at a single rate of 0.25 pounds active ingredient per acre. The first method was an in-furrow spray application over the seed piece at planting. The second method was a six inch banded spray over the row at planting and prior to bedding. The third application method was a shank application approximately three inches on either side of and two to three inches below the seed piece. The first and second application methods were made at planting on 7 May. Due to weather constraints application method three was made on 11 May. On a weekly basis, egg masses, small larvae (1-2 instar), large larvae (3—4 instar) and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation estimates were made from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Weekly counts of green peach aphids were made beginning on 7 Jul by examining six leaves from each plot. Plots were harvested on 21 Sept for yield and grade by taking a single 25 foot row from each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls.
Pumpkins: SQUASH VINE BORER CONTROL, 1992:
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G.
Published: December 2017

SQUASH VINE BORER CONTROL, 1992: ‘Connecticut Field’ pumpkins were direct seeded 27 May 1992, in Storrs, Connecticut. Weed control consisted of the stale-seed-bed technique, using paraquat as a pre-plant spray, supplemented by hand and mechanical cultivation. Plots consisted of 12 plants in a single, 24 ft long row, with two ft between plants. Rows were spaced six ft apart. Six treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush, Asana, Methoxychlor, Rotenone, and Thiodan on 10, 17, 23 Jul, and 2 Aug. The basal portions of the plants were treated by either spraying rows from the top and sides with a CO, backpack sprayer at 30 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre or using a hand-cranked duster. On 4 Sep, fruits from five plants from each treatment were counted and weighed, the vines were dissected, and the numbers of SVB larvae were recorded.
Influence of Bacillus Thuring1Ensis Products on the Tomato Pinworm in the Laboratory, Summer 1992
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Neonate larvae of the tomato pinworm were exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis products by two methods in the laboratory. In the first (postinfestation treatment), excised leaflets of tomato seedlings grown in a greenhouse were placed individually in plastic cups on a filter paper disc moistened with water and each was infested with five larvae. After 24 h, leaflets were dipped in water or preparations of the products, air-dried and returned to the cups. In the second method (pre-infestation treatment), excised leaflets were dipped as above. When the leaflets were dry, they were placed into cups and infested as above. Mortality was observed after 24, 48 and 72 h for both methods. After 6 days, surviving larvae were transferred to new, untreated leaflets. Additional untreated leaflets were added as needed. Mortality was observed daily until pupation and adult emergence. There were 26 and 33 replicates, respectively, for the first and second methods for determining mortality up to 72 h. There were 10 replicates for each method for all other measurements.
Control of Adult Sweetpotato Whitefly (SPWF) and Tomato Mottle Geminivirus (TMOV) Transmission on Staked Tomato, Spring, 1992
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M.
Published: December 2017

Raised beds 3 ft wide on 6 ft centers were fertilized with a bottom mix of 508 lbs/acre of 5-16-8 NPK and a top mix of 952 lbs/acre 19-0-30, fumigated with Vapam (37% metham-sodium) at the rate of 40 gal/acre, and covered immediately with black polyethylene 3 weeks prior to setting transplants at 20 inch spacing on 23 Mar. Plots were inoculated with TMoV by transplanting 2 infected plants into the center of each middle row. Plants were staked, tied and pruned of suckers 3 times and weekly maintenance sprays of Manzate 200 (1.5 lb/acre), Tri-basic Copper (3 lb/acre), Bravo (2 pts/acre), and Dipel (1 lb/acre), were applied to control diseases and lepidopterous pests. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were 26 ft long, 3 rows wide, separated at either end by a 4 ft buffer, and oriented 6 across and 2 deep in blocks running across the field from north to south. No significant block effects were observed. Bay NTN-33893 was applied only once with planting water as a drench. Weekly foliar applications began 24 Apr using a 3-row tractor-drawn sprayer fitted with 4 drop nozzles per row (3 sprays), or 6 drop nozzles per row (4 sprays) delivering 63.7 or 95.5 gpa respectively. Nozzles were equipped with Albuz ATR Red ceramic tips having an average output of 0.61 gal/min each at the 200 psi operating pressure. Mixture concentrations were adjusted to deliver the same amount of AI for each treatment throughout the trial. All water used for applications came from the same source and alkalinity was adjusted by adding 0.18 ml of concentrated H2S04 per gallon prior to adding trial material. The surfactant Triton B1956 was added to the tank mix of Azatin at the rate of 20 oz/100 gal. Adult SPWF were sampled with yellow sticky cards measuring 4 × 4 cm stapled back-to-back on a garden stake and placed 20 cm above soil level with card faces perpendicular to the row in a vertical plane in the center of the center row in each subplot for 24 h beginning 24 h post-treatment. Additional adult counts were made 24 h after applications by striking 5 randomly selected plants per subplot over a 31 × 20 cm teflonlined bake pan coated with a thin layer of vegetable oil and dish detergent, 16:1. Plots were inspected for TMoV and flagged a different color by date on a weekly basis for the duration of the trial.
Late Season Insect Control in Canola, 1993B
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Harmon B. L.
Published: December 2017

A large block was seeded on 7 in centers at 7 lb/acre using a plot drill on 11 May at the University of Idaho Plant Science Farm in Moscow, ID. Individual 12 × 23 ft plots were later tilled-out of the block. Insecticide treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications each. Treatments were applied on 28 Jul when about 10% of the plants were still in bloom. Temperatures at the time of spray application were 80°F. Insecticides were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on a 6-ft boom that delivered 20 gal/acre at 20 psi. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts of DBM were made by dislodging larvae into a 5 gal plastic bucket with a beat of the hand at each end of the plot. The proportion of aphid-infested canola terminals was assessed by randomly selecting 50 terminals in each plot and recording the presence or absence of aphids. Plot yields were obtained by making one pass along the center of each plot with a smallplot combine (4.6 ft header). Seed was cleaned and weighed. All data were subjected to analysis of variance and protected LSD tests.
Postemergence Insecticide Applications to Control Corn Rootworm and First Generation European Corn Borer, 1993
Authors: Jarvi Keith J.
Published: December 2017

Corn was planted on 15 May with a John Deere MaxEmerge set at 30 inch row spacing in a silty clay loam soil with a pH of 6.5. A RCBD with 4 replications was used; individual treatments were 4 rows by 50 ft. Liquid treatments were applied with a 4 row backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 14.25 gal/acre at 25 lb psi. Banded treatments were applied in a 15 inch band with a single row wand. Granules were applied with a cone belt applicator attached to a bicycle wheel applicator. The 1 st application on 22 Jun was timed for rootworm egg hatch. The 2nd application on 7 Jul was timed for first generation ECB control. Incorporated treatments were hand raked immediately after application except for Counter 15G applied 6 Jul which was machine cultivated immediately after application. The corn rootworm infestation was natural. European corn borers were artificially infested by placing 3 blackheaded egg masses in the whorl of 10 consecutive plants within the 3rd row of the plot on 1 Jul. Because of a shortage of egg masses, only 3 replications were infested with corn borers. Rainfall conditions were ideal for incorporation and activation of insecticides. Plots were evaluated for damage from corn rootworm on 26 Jul by digging 5 randomly-selected plants from the 2nd row of each treatment, washing the roots and rating feeding damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale. Plots were evaluated for damage from first generation European corn borer by splitting the 10 artificially infested plants and counting cavities on 6 Aug.
Biological Control of the Western Corn Rootworm Using Steinernematid Nematodes, 1993
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of Steinernema riobravis and Steinernema carpocapsae, All strain, as biological control agents for WCR was evaluated on a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots, consisting of 36 plants in 3 rows of 12 (30-inch row spacing, planted 14 May) were infested on 11 Jun with 700 WCR eggs/row-ft. Most plants had reached the 2-leaf stage when infested. The experiment used a randomized complete block design, with 4 rates of S. carpocapsae (104, 105, 10", and 107 nematodes/row-ft), 4 rates of S. riobravis (103, 104, 10\ and 10" nematodes/row-ft) and an agar control, replicated 5 times. Nematodes (BioVector®) were applied when the rootworm population had reached its early 3rd instar (19 Jul). Twelve ml of 0.15% agar nematode suspension were applied around the base of each treated plant with a 35 ml syringe. Despite an extremely wet summer, dry weather in the week preceding nematode application resulted in insufficient near-surface soil moisture for nematode movement. The plots were watered before application until evenly moist to a depth of 10 cm. On 29 Jul, 4 emergence cages, each covering 2 plants, were installed per plot. Beetles were collected every 10 days until 1 Oct. Ten roots per plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 root injury scale on 14 Sep.
Rose Leafhopper Control, 1993
Authors: Lou Day Merry , Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 3 mini blocks, each Vi acre, of 15-yr-old trees on MM 111, which measured 14.6 ft. in height and 13.4 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of six single-tree replications per treatment, with two replications per mini-block in a randomized block design. Each replicate was surrounded by one unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jun with a Swanson DA500 airblast sprayer, traveling at 2.4 mph and delivering 100 gpa. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan and Topsin-M. Rose leafhopper control was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 randomly selected leaves per tree.
Control of European Corn Borer on Whorl Stage Corn in West Central Nebraska, 1992
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Various pesticides were applied to whorl stage (stage 2) field corn on 26 Jun. Treatments were applied over the whorl of the plant with insecticide boxes mounted on a tool bar. Each treatment was applied to 3 × 10 m plots and was replicated 4 times in a split plot design. Insecticide treatments were designated as whole plot treatments, infestation method (artificial and natural) was designated as the split plot treatments. A total of =40 first instar ECB larvae were applied to 4 randomly selected plants within each plot. These larvae were applied on corn cob grit to the whorl of the plant 1 day prior to pesticide application. To evaluate control of ECB larvae, 4 artificially ECB infested and 4 randomly selected corn plants were collected from each plot 4 wk post application. Each stalk was split from root to tassel and the number of ECB larval cavities were counted. In addition to this evaluation method, 25 consecutive plants within 1 row of each plot were evaluated for the presence of ECB feeding damage. Finally, 4 randomly selected plants were marked and evaluated at 10, 17, 24, 32 and 46 DAT for the presence of spider mites and arthropod predators.