bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forced convection heat transfer of Williamson fluid flow in porous media over horizontal plate with constant heat flux
Authors: Quran Omar , Maaitah Hussein , Awad Ahmad S. , Elayyan Mutaz , Duwairi Hamzeh M.
Published: March 2022

Forced convection of Williamson fluid flow in porous media under constant surface heat flux conditions is investigated numerically. A model of Darcy–Forchheimer–Brinkman is used and the corresponding governing equations are expressed in dimensionless forms and solved numerically using bvp4c with MATLAB package. Boundary layer velocity, shear stress, and temperature profiles, in addition to the local Nusselt number parameter over a horizontal plate, are found. The effects of the Forchheimer parameter, Nusselt number, Darcy parameter, porous inertia, and Williamson parameter on the velocity profiles, temperature profiles, coefficient of friction, and coefficient of heat transfer are investigated. The results showed that as the Darcy parameter increases, boundary layer velocity and shear stress increase, while the temperature and Nusselt number decrease. In addition, as Williamson's parameter increases, velocity within the boundary layer, shear stress, and Nusselt number decrease while the temperature profile increases. Also, with larger values of the Forchheimer parameter, the velocity of the boundary layer, shear stress, temperature, and Nusselt number increase. Furthermore, the Nusselt number and the coefficient of friction are obtained on the surface of the horizontal plate.
Second stage cesarean section and the risk of preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies
Authors: Offringa Yvonne , Paret Louise , Vayssiere Christophe , Parant Olivier , Loussert Lola , Guerby Paul
Published: March 2022

Objective

To evaluate the risk of spontaneous preterm birth on subsequent pregnancies after second stage cesarean section.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study. Women were included if they had their two consecutive births in Toulouse University Hospital in the study period. The first birth was a singleton livebirth at term (≥37 weeks of gestation), divided in three categories according to the mode of delivery: vaginal delivery (group A), cesarean section before the second stage of labor (group B), cesarean section during the second stage of labor (group C). The subsequent pregnancy was the first subsequent pregnancy, conducted after 16 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was spontaneous preterm birth in the subsequent pregnancy, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation. Secondary endpoints included preterm rupture of membranes in the subsequent pregnancy.

Results

Between 2003 and 2018, 7776 women (84.7%) in group A, 1263 (13.8%) in group B and 143 (1.5%) in group C were included. The adjusted odds ratio of spontaneous preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation after second stage cesarean section was 2.4 (group C vs group A + B, 95% confidence interval: 1.2–4.8), P = 0.01). The rate of preterm rupture of membranes was also significantly higher in group C (6% vs 2% in group A, P = 0.009, 6% vs 3% in group B, P= 0.05) with OR = 3.0 (group C vs group A + B, 95% CI: 1.55–6.16, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

History of term second stage of labor cesarean section is an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth and for preterm rupture of membrane in the subsequent pregnancy.
Vegetative growth, yield, and water productivity of an early maturing peach cultivar under deficit irrigation strategies in a warm and arid area
Authors: Toumi Ines , Ghrab Mohamed , Nagaz Kamel
Published: March 2022

Deficit irrigation strategies are considered as promising irrigation management for water saving. In the arid areas of southern Tunisia, agriculture relies heavily on irrigation. With rainfall scarcity, valuable management of water requires efficient approaches. In this context, the effects of deficit irrigation (CDI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) on the vegetative and fruiting behaviour of an early maturing peach (Prunus persica cv. Flordastar) were investigated. Shoot and trunk growth, yield, and fruit size were evaluated during three successive years (2013–2015). In reference to full irrigation (FI) treatment, a 50% water restriction was applied using CDI and PRD. The results obtained showed that both strategies at 50% crop evapotranspiration induced a similar significant reduction of tree vigour mediated by shoot length, trunk cross‐sectional area, and pruning wood weight. Consequently, there was a significant yield loss of 25% following the continuous water restriction of 50% observed throughout the experimental period. However, these yield losses were offset by substantial water savings in the range of 48%–52% and a significant increase of agricultural water productivity. Hence, these techniques lead to significant water savings and vegetative and yield losses offset by a significant increase in water productivity.
Coping and its association with psychological adjustment: Differences between first‐, second‐, and third‐plus generation adolescents
Authors: Tardif‐Grenier Kristel , Olivier Elizabeth , Marks Amy K. , Archambault Isabelle , Dupéré Véronique , Gervais Christine , Hébert Corinne
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Adolescents with an immigrant background, whether first‐generation (born abroad) or second‐generation (at least one parent born abroad), face challenges that could compromise their psychological adjustment compared to their third‐plus generation peers. Yet, many are developing positively despite the presence of adversity. To understand what contributes to these adolescents' resilience, it can be useful to study the coping strategies they use.

Methods

A total of 1036 Canadian secondary school students participated in this quantitative cross‐sectional study (Mage = 12.9; 56% females; 26% first‐generation; 34% second generation; 39% third‐plus generation). Coping strategies (coping orientation to problems experienced inventory) were assessed and their differentiated associations with self‐esteem, anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders), and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) were analyzed through path analysis and invariance testing.

Results

First‐generation adolescents reported more acceptance/reinterpretation and substance use than second‐ and third‐plus generation adolescents. First‐ and second‐generation adolescents reported using religion more than third‐plus generation adolescents. First‐generation adolescents used self‐distraction more often than second‐generation adolescents, who used it more often than third‐plus generation. The use of humor was more prevalent in second‐generation adolescents compared with their third‐plus generation peers. In addition, some associations between coping strategies and psychological adjustment differed across generations. In first‐generation adolescents, behavioral disengagement was significantly associated with fewer anxiety symptoms. The same trend was observed in second‐generation adolescents who used self‐distraction. These avoidant strategies are generally associated with poor psychological adjustment.

Conclusions

This study adds new knowledge about differences across generations in the coping strategies used by adolescents to deal with stress. Further practical implications are discussed.
LINC01140 inhibits nonsmall cell lung cancer progression and cisplatin resistance through the miR‐4742‐5p/TACC1 axis
Authors: Wang Yanyun , Li Man , Zhang Lin , Chen Yitong , Ha Minwen
Published: March 2022

Recent studies show that lncRNAs participate in drug resistance and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. This study aimed to study the roles and mechanisms of long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 01140 (LINC01140) in regulating NSCLC progression and drug resistance. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect LINC01140, miR‐4742‐5p, and transforming acidic coiled‐coil 1 (TACC1) expression in NSCLC cells. The interaction between two molecules was examined by luciferase reporter and/or RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Cell invasion, apoptosis, and cisplatin cytotoxicity were assessed by transwell invasion assay, flow cytometry analysis, and CCK‐8 assay, respectively. LINC01140 was downregulated and miR‐4742‐5p was upregulated in NSCLC. LINC01140 inhibited miR‐4742‐5p expression by competitively binding to miR‐4742‐5p, while miR‐4742‐5p targeted TACC1 to inhibit TACC1 expression in NSCLC cells. LINC01140 enrichment repressed the invasive potential and cisplatin resistance and triggered apoptosis, which was reversed by miR‐4742‐5p overexpression. miR‐4742‐5p inhibition suppressed cell invasion and cisplatin resistance and accelerated apoptosis in NSCLC cells, while TACC1 silencing abolished these effects. Mechanistically, LINC01140 positively regulated TACC1 expression by sponging miR‐4742‐5p. In conclusion, LINC01140 inhibited NSCLC progression and cisplatin resistance via functioning as a ceRNA for miR‐4742‐5p to modulate TACC1.
Corilagin attenuates osteoclastic osteolysis by enhancing HO‐1 and inhibiting ROS
Authors: Tan Shaolin , Su Yuangang , Huang Linke , Deng Siyu , Yan Guohua , Yang Xue , Chen Runfeng , Xian Yansi , Liang Jiamin , Liu Qian , Cheng Jianwen
Published: March 2022

Chinese herbal medicine has well‐established therapeutic effects in various diseases. Corilagin (Cor), a gallic acid tannin in Phyllanthus niruri L., has anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects in many diseases. However, its role in osteoclast‐related bone diseases has not been determined. In vitro, bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were extracted and isolated to differentiate into osteoclasts. The effects of Cor on osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were performed. In addition, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to evaluate the effect of Cor on oxidative stress‐related pathways, which are nuclear factors‐κB ligand‐receptor activator (RANKL) stimulates important downstream pathways. Furthermore, microcomputed tomography and bone histomorphometry were performed to analyze the therapeutic effect of Cor in mouse models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐mediated bone defects in vivo. Cor influenced the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) signaling pathway and reduced ROS in RANKL‐treated osteoclasts, thereby inhibiting osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Moreover, Cor protected against LPS‐mediated skull defects in vivo. In sum, our results confirm that Cor can inhibit osteoclastogenesis and intracellular oxidative stress. In addition, the inflammatory bone defect induced by LPS was also attenuated by Cor. Accordingly, Cor is a new candidate therapeutic agent for osteoclast‐mediated osteolytic diseases.
Prognostic value of inflammation‐immunity‐nutrition score in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with anti‐PD‐1 therapy
Authors: Zhang Zilong , Liang Yuxin , Zhong Deyuan , Dai Zonglin , Shang Jin , Lai Chunyou , Zou Haibo , Yao Yutong , Feng Tianhang , Huang Xiaolun
Published: March 2022

Background

There are no validated biomarkers that can predict the clinical benefit of immune checkpoint blockers against the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of inflammation‐immunity‐nutrition score (IINS) in patients with HCC treated with anti‐PD‐1 therapy.

Methods

A consecutive series of 101 HCC patients treated with PD‐1 inhibitors in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between January 2018 and August 2020 were enrolled in the retrospective study. IINS (0–6) was constructed based on pretreatment high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), lymphocyte (LYM), and albumin (ALB). The patients were divided into high and low IINS groups according to IINS values. Prognostic values of each variable were evaluated with univariate and multivariate time‐dependent Cox regression analyses. Survival curves were calculated and compared using the Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test. The prognostic performance of IINS was further compared with that of other traditional prognostic indicators by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the areas under the ROC curve.

Results

Patients with low IINS had longer overall survival (OS) (HR: 4.711, 95% CI: 1.80–12.37,p = .001) and progression‐free survival (HR: 3.411, 95% CI: 1.79–6.51,p < .0001) than those with high IINS. The multivariate analysis identified IINS (HR: 3.746, 95% CI: 1.05–13.38,p = .042) and tumor number (HR: 5.111, 95% CI: 1.075–24.299,p = .04) as independent prognostic factors. According to ROC analysis, IINS (AUC =0.729, 95% CI: 0.597–0.861,p = .002) presented better prognostic performance than other traditional prognostic indicators. The area of the IINS‐CA19‐9 under the ROC curve (AUC) was higher than that of the IINS or CA19‐9 levels for the prediction of OS.

Conclusion

The results suggest that IINS may be an independent prognostic indicator for HCC patients treated with anti‐PD‐1 therapy. IINS‐CA19‐9 classification may be more effective in predicting clinical benefit of anti‐PD‐1 therapy in HCC patients.
Gut microbiome: New biomarkers in early screening of colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhou Peng , Yang Dongxue , Sun Desen , Zhou Yuping
Published: March 2022

Background

Certain “star intestinal bacteria” have been found to act as a contributor to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Besides, given that the gut microbiome can be detected in a diverse range of samples (stool, tissue, blood, etc), it is categorized into fecal microbiome, blood microbiome, and tissue microbiome.

Methods

To provide an overview of the recent research progress, this review summarizes the characteristics of the gut microbiome in different samples at each stage of CRC and their screening efficiency.

Results

The screening models constructed from different sample microbiomes (healthy/colorectal adenoma, healthy/CRC, and colorectal adenoma/CRC) have both strengths and constraints in terms of biomarker reproducibility and area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the screening models. Many bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria, Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. n), Geotrichum candidum, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus, Anaerostipes caccae, Enhydrobacter, Lachnoclostridiumsp. m3, Bacteroides clarus, Clostridium hathewayi, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Culinariside, and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), show favorable diagnostic efficacy in early screening of colorectal cancer.

Conclusions

This review highlights stool, blood, tissue, and bowel fluid are the main sample sources for biomarkers, each with its own advantages and limitations. Moreover, other samples such as extracellular vesicles and biofilms also should been deserved further attention.
Arcuate NPY is involved in salt‐induced hypertension via modulation of paraventricular vasopressin and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor
Authors: Zhang Chen‐Liang , Lin Yi‐Zhang , Wu Qi , Yan Chenxu , Wong Matthew Wai‐Kin , Zeng Fan , Zhu Ping , Bowes Kelsey , Lee Kailun , Zhang Xuan , Song Zhi‐Yuan , Lin Shu , Shi Yan‐Chuan
Published: March 2022

Chronic high salt intake is one of the leading causes of hypertension. Salt activates the release of the key neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus such as vasopressin to increase blood pressure, and neuropepetide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the modulation of vasopressin levels. NPY in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is best known for its control in appetite and energy homeostasis, but it is unclear whether it is also involved in the development of salt‐induced hypertension. Here, we demonstrate that wild‐type mice given 2% NaCl salt water for 8 weeks developed hypertension which was associated with marked downregulation of NPY expression in the hypothalamic Arc as demonstrated in NPY‐GFP reporter mice as well as by in situ hybridization analysis. Furthermore, salt intake activates neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) where mRNA expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vasopressin was found to be upregulated, leading to elevated serum vasopressin levels. This finding suggests an inverse correlation between the Arc NPY level and expression of vasopressin and BDNF in the PVN. Specific restoration of NPY by injecting AAV‐Cre recombinase into the Arc only of the NPY‐targeted mutant mice carrying a loxP‐flanked STOP cassette reversed effects of salt intake on vasopressin and BDNF expression, leading to a normalization of salt‐dependent blood pressure. In summary, our study uncovers an important Arc NPY‐originated neuronal circuitry that could sense and respond to peripheral electrolyte signals and thereby regulate hypertension via vasopressin and BDNF in the PVN.
Impact of biologics and small molecules for inflammatory bowel disease on COVID‐19‐related hospitalization and mortality: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Alrashed Fatema , Alasfour Hajer , Shehab Mohammad
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim

The use of biologics and small molecules has been a concern for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We aimed to assess the association between the risk of COVID‐19‐related hospitalization and these agents.

Methods

We made a systematic review and meta‐analysis of all published studies from December 2019 to September 2021 to identify studies that reported COVID‐19‐related hospitalization in IBD patients receiving biologic therapies or tofacitinib. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) to compare the relative risk of COVID‐19‐related hospitalization in patients receiving these medications to those who were not, at the time of the study.

Results

Eighteen studies were included. The relative risk of hospitalization was significantly lower in patients with IBD and COVID‐19 who were receiving biologic therapy (RR = 0.47 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.42–0.52, P < 0.00001]) compared to patients not receiving biologics. The RR was lower in patients receiving anti‐tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) compared to those who were not (RR = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.41–0.55, P < 0.00001]). A similar finding was observed in patients taking ustekinumab (RR = 0.55 [95% CI: 0.43–0.72, P < 0.00001]). Combination therapy involving anti‐TNF and an immunomodulator did not lower the risk of COVID‐19‐related hospitalization (RR = 0.98 [95% CI: 0.82–1.18, P = 0.84]). The use of vedolizumab (RR = 1.13 [95% CI: 0.75–1.73, P = 0.56]) or tofacitinib (RR = 0.81 [95% CI: 0.49–1.33, P = 0.40]) was not associated with a lower risk of COVID‐19‐related hospitalization.

Conclusion

Regarding COVID‐19‐related hospitalization in IBD, anti‐TNFs and ustekinumab were associated with decreased risk of hospitalization. In addition, vedolizumab and tofacitinib were not associated with COVID‐19‐related hospitalization.
On the relationships between resolution, dimensionless stability, pseudopotential well depth, acceptance, and transmission in mass filters
Authors: Huntley Adam P. , Reilly Peter T. A.
Published: March 2022

The relationships between resolution, stability, pseudopotential well depth, acceptance aperture, and transmission for sinusoidal quadrupole mass filters are examined graphically and mathematically. Simple linear or power relationships are revealed. Comparison of these quantities plotted against resolving power show that the pseudopotential well depth correlates well with the mass filter transmission. Pseudopotential well depth is directly proportional to the product of dimensionless stability well depth and the AC voltage. This relationship extends to all quadrupoles regardless of operational zone because it is rooted in stability. Ion transmission and sensitivity scale directly with the pseudopotential well depth. Resolving power and pseudopotential well depth increase when operating in higher stability zones for all types of mass filters. Unfortunately, for fixed frequency sine wave mass filters, the increased resolving power and pseudopotential well depth are accompanied by a significant reduction of the mass range and increased in fringe field effects. For these reasons, sine mass filter operation in higher stability zones has been reported but not commercially produced. In contrast, for rectangular wave mass filter operation, there is no mass range limitation in any stability zone. The fringe field does not increase because the AC voltage is constant and does not change within a single stability zone or between them. A DC voltage is also unnecessary to access any zone. The high resolution and sensitivity of rectangular wave mass filters that can be gained by operation in higher stability zones without mass limit and limited fringe field restrictions suggest a bright and expansive future for this technology.
Low‐frequency variants in mildly symptomatic vaccine breakthrough infections presents a doubled‐edged sword
Authors: Magalis Brittany R. , Mavian Carla , Tagliamonte Massimiliano , Rich Shannan N. , Cash Melanie , Riva Alberto , Loeb Julia C. , Norris Michael , Amador David M. , Zhang Yanping , Shapiro Jerne , Starostik Petr , Marini Simone , Myers Paul , Ostrov David A. , Lednicky John A. , Glenn Morris J. , Lauzardo Michael , Salemi Marco
Published: March 2022

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variants of concern (VOC) has raised questions regarding vaccine protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, transmission, and ongoing virus evolution. Twenty‐three mildly symptomatic “vaccination breakthrough” infections were identified as early as January 2021 in Alachua County, Florida, among individuals fully vaccinated with either the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) or the Ad26 (Janssen/J&J) vaccines. SARS‐CoV‐2 genomes were successfully generated for 11 of the vaccine breakthroughs, and 878 individuals in the surrounding area and were included for reference‐based phylogenetic investigation. These 11 individuals were characterized by infection with VOCs, but also low‐frequency variants present within the surrounding population. Low‐frequency mutations were observed, which have been more recently identified as mutations of interest owing to their location within targeted immune epitopes (P812L) and association with increased replicative capacity (L18F). We present these results to posit the nature of the efficacy of vaccines in reducing symptoms as both a blessing and a curse—as vaccination becomes more widespread and self‐motivated testing reduced owing to the absence of severe symptoms, we face the challenge of early recognition of novel mutations of potential concern. This case study highlights the critical need for continued testing and monitoring of infection and transmission among individuals regardless of vaccination status.
Summer dynamics drive the microbial response to carbon and nutrient additions in a high‐altitude lake
Authors: Dory Flavia , Cavalli Laurent , Franquet Evelyne , Claeys‐Bruno Magalie , Misson Benjamin , Tatoni Thierry , Bertrand Céline
Published: March 2022

The predicted increase in allochthonous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in high‐altitude lakes is expected to alter the phytoplankton–bacterioplankton relationship. However, few studies address the influence of summer phytoplankton dynamics on microbial responses to DOC additions. We sampled natural plankton assemblages during two contrasting periods of summer in a high‐altitude lake in the French Alps and subjected them to glucose and nutrient enrichments under two light conditions (dark or light) and two temperature conditions (10°C or 18°C). Our results indicate that glucose use by bacteria differs over the summer, depending on the availability of autochthonous DOC and the nutrient limitation. Glucose was consumed by bacteria more in early summer; however, biomass increased with glucose addition more in late summer than in early summer. This pattern arose from the greater availability of phytoplankton‐derived DOC in late summer, reducing the need for alternative carbon sources in late summer, when phytoplankton biomass was high. Mixotrophic taxa were stimulated after glucose additions both in early summer and in late summer. We found greater competition between bacteria and phytoplankton in late summer after glucose addition, linked to the summer nutrient limitation pattern. Our study thus highlights a differential response depending on the timing of summer DOC inputs. The global changes forecast for the French Alps should increase heterotrophic and mixotrophic processes in planktonic communities of shallow high‐altitude lakes with vegetated catchments. This experimental study provides insights that will be useful in predicting ecological trajectories and in refining predictions of sentinel lakes' responses to global changes.
ADCP‐based estimates of lateral turbulent Reynolds stresses in wavy coastal environments
Authors: Amador Andre , Giddings Sarah N. , Pawlak Geno
Published: March 2022

We assess the use of a four‐beam, Janus‐type ADCP for the measurement of lateral Reynolds stress () in wavy coastal environments. The calculation of derives either from the fluctuating beam velocity equations or directly from the fluctuating part of the Cartesian velocities (), with each requiring different assumptions. We adapt existing wave‐turbulence decomposition strategies to isolate the lateral turbulent motions at frequencies below those of surface gravity waves. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated via comparisons with independent ADV‐based stress estimates at two sites. Comparisons show good quantitative agreement over the tidal cycle, and indicate that ADCPs can effectively resolve lateral turbulent fluxes via ensemble‐averaging. Assessment of ensemble‐averaged turbulence cospectra indicates that the proposed approach is effective in isolating the low‐frequency (below the waveband) turbulent stresses from wave‐induced errors. Furthermore, the vertical structure of the turbulent Reynolds stresses is examined as a function of tidal phase in an unstratified, tidally‐driven flow over a rough coral reef seabed in weak swell conditions. Observations and analysis indicate that lateral fluxes are tied to the cross‐shore (lateral) gradient of the mean alongshore flow, though vertical and lateral stresses are primarily driven by bottom‐generated turbulence. Scaling considerations indicate that cross‐shore transport by lateral turbulent mixing could be relevant to coral reef shelves with steep cross‐reef slopes and rough bottoms.
Lineability, algebrability, and sequences of random variables
Authors: Fernández‐Sánchez Juan , Seoane‐Sepúlveda Juan B. , Trutschnig Wolfgang
Published: March 2022

We show that, when omitting one condition in several well‐known convergence results from probability and measure theory (such as the Dominated Convergence Theorem, Fatou's Lemma, or the Strong Law of Large Numbers), we can construct “very large” (in terms of the cardinality of their systems of generators) spaces and algebras of counterexamples. Moreover, we show that on the probability space the families of sequences of random variables converging in probability but (i) not converging outside a set of measure 0 or (ii) not converging in arithmetic mean are also “very large”.
A Critical Investigation of Cerebellar Associative Learning in Isolated Dystonia
Authors: Sadnicka Anna , Rocchi Lorenzo , Latorre Anna , Antelmi Elena , Teo James , Pareés Isabel , Hoffland Britt S. , Brock Kristian , Kornysheva Katja , Edwards Mark J. , Bhatia Kailash P. , Rothwell John C.
Published: March 2022

Background

Impaired eyeblink conditioning is often cited as evidence for cerebellar dysfunction in isolated dystonia yet the results from individual studies are conflicting and underpowered.

Objective

To systematically examine the influence of dystonia, dystonia subtype, and clinical features over eyeblink conditioning within a statistical model which controlled for the covariates age and sex.

Methods

Original neurophysiological data from all published studies (until 2019) were shared and compared to an age‐ and sex‐matched control group. Two raters blinded to participant identity rescored all recordings (6732 trials). After higher inter‐rater agreement was confirmed, mean conditioning per block across raters was entered into a mixed repetitive measures model.

Results

Isolated dystonia (P = 0.517) and the subtypes of isolated dystonia (cervical dystonia, DYT‐TOR1A, DYT‐THAP1, and focal hand dystonia) had similar levels of eyeblink conditioning relative to controls. The presence of tremor did not significantly influence levels of eyeblink conditioning. A large range of eyeblink conditioning behavior was seen in both health and dystonia and sample size estimates are provided for future studies.

Conclusions

The similarity of eyeblink conditioning behavior in dystonia and controls is against a global cerebellar learning deficit in isolated dystonia. Precise mechanisms for how the cerebellum interplays mechanistically with other key neuroanatomical nodes within the dystonic network remains an open research question. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.
A Legendre‐based approach of the optimized decomposition method for solving nonlinear Caputo‐type fractional differential equations
Authors: Laoubi Marwa , Odibat Zaid , Maayah Banan
Published: March 2022

In this article, a powerful modification of the optimized decomposition method is presented for dealing with nonlinear fractional differential equations, where the fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. The new modification, the Legendre‐based approach of the optimized decomposition method, is suggested by employing the Legendre orthogonal polynomials to construct an optimal decomposition of the series solutions. An illustrative comparison between the Legendre‐based approaches of the Adomian decomposition method and the optimized decomposition method is performed to highlight the features and the computational efficiency of the suggested approach. The resulting numerical approximations demonstrate that the approximate solutions of the proposed approach have better accuracy and convergence.
Passively Q‐switched operation of Yb,Ho:LuVO4 laser with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors
Authors: Yang Xining , Wang Guangyu , Zeng Zhaowen , Guo Chunjing
Published: March 2022

A continuous‐wave (CW) and passively Q‐switched (PQS) Yb,Ho:LuVO4 laser pumped by a 978.6‐nm laser diode (LD) is demonstrated. The maximum output power of 131 mW at 2059.78 nm in CW regime is achieved with a pump power of 3.01 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 10.74%. Under PQS mode operation, an average output power of 45 mW and a shortest pulse width of 100 ns were acquired by a semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors, and for all we know, this is the first report about the PQS Yb,Ho:LuVO4 laser. In addition, a maximum energy per pulse of 12.6 nJ with a pulse repetition frequency of 7.692 MHz was obtained, corresponding to a peak power of 58.5 mW. The beam quality factor was measured to be  = 1.10 and  = 1.10 from the PQS Yb,Ho:LuVO4 laser.
Theoretical investigations on the defect structures and g factors for V4+ in 30PbO‐5Bi2O3‐(65‐x)SiO2 glasses at different concentrations
Authors: Hu Jian‐Guo , Wu Shao‐Yi , Yan Li , Wei Zhang‐Ting , Yang Yi , Wu Hao , Zhu Qin‐Sheng
Published: March 2022

For 3d1 (V4+) impurity in 30PbO‐5Bi2O3‐(65‐x)SiO2 glass systems with different concentrations x of V2O5, the defect structures and gyromagnetic factors are theoretically investigated by using the perturbation formulas of g factors for a tetragonally compressed octahedral 3d1 group. The concentration dependences of d‐d transition band and g factors are suitably explained from the Fourier type concentration functions of the cubic crystal field parameter Dq, covalency factor N and relative tetragonal compression ratio ρ. The above concentration dependences of these quantities are suitably illustrated by the modifications of the local crystal field strength and electron cloud distribution with increasing x. The concentration variations of the electrical conductivity and dielectric relaxation are further analyzed from the stability of the systems in view of two competitive factors (increasing network polymerization and bulk stability at low concentrations and decreasing former SiO2 and stability at high concentrations).
Correcting inter‐scan motion artifacts in quantitative R1 mapping at 7T
Authors: Balbastre Yaël , Aghaeifar Ali , Corbin Nadège , Brudfors Mikael , Ashburner John , Callaghan Martina F.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Inter‐scan motion is a substantial source of error in estimation methods based on multiple volumes, for example, variable flip angle (VFA), and can be expected to increase at 7T where fields are more inhomogeneous. The established correction scheme does not translate to 7T since it requires a body coil reference. Here we introduce two alternatives that outperform the established method. Since they compute relative sensitivities they do not require body coil images.

Theory

The proposed methods use coil‐combined magnitude images to obtain the relative coil sensitivities. The first method efficiently computes the relative sensitivities via a simple ratio; the second by fitting a more sophisticated generative model.

Methods

maps were computed using the VFA approach. Multiple datasets were acquired at 3T and 7T, with and without motion between the acquisition of the VFA volumes. maps were constructed without correction, with the proposed corrections, and (at 3T) with the previously established correction scheme. The effect of the greater inhomogeneity in the transmit field at 7T was also explored by acquiring maps at each position.

Results

At 3T, the proposed methods outperform the baseline method. Inter‐scan motion artifacts were also reduced at 7T. However, at 7T reproducibility only converged on that of the no motion condition if position‐specific transmit field effects were also incorporated.

Conclusion

The proposed methods simplify inter‐scan motion correction of maps and are applicable at both 3T and 7T, where a body coil is typically not available. The open‐source code for all methods is made publicly available.
Time to diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy remains unchanged: Findings from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network, 2000‐2015
Authors: Thomas Shiny , Conway Kristin M. , Fapo Olushola , Street Natalie , Mathews Katherine D. , Mann Joshua R. , Romitti Paul A. , Soim Aida , Westfield Christina , Fox Deborah J. , Ciafaloni Emma ,   for the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet)
Published: March 2022

Introduction/Aims

With current and anticipated disease‐modifying treatments, including gene therapy, an early diagnosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is crucial to assure maximum benefit. In 2009, a study from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet) showed an average diagnosis age of 5 years among males with DMD born from January 1, 1982 to December 31, 2000. Initiatives were implemented by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and patient organizations to reduce time to diagnosis. We conducted a follow‐up study in a surveillance cohort born after January 1, 2000 to determine whether there has been an improvement in time to diagnosis.

Methods

We assessed the age of diagnosis among males with DMD born from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2015 using data collected by six US MD STARnet surveillance sites (Colorado, Iowa, western New York State, the Piedmont region of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Utah). The analytic cohort included 221 males with definite or probable DMD diagnosis without a documented family history. We computed frequency count and percentage for categorical variables, and mean, median, and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables.

Results

The mean [median] ages in years of diagnostic milestones were: first signs, 2.7 [2.0]; first creatine kinase (CK), 4.6 [4.6]; DNA/muscle biopsy testing, 4.9 [4.8]; and time from first signs to diagnostic confirmation, 2.2 [1.4].

Discussion

The time interval between first signs of DMD and diagnosis remains unchanged at 2.2 years. This results in lost opportunities for timely genetic counseling, implementation of standards of care, initiation of glucocorticoids, and participation in clinical trials.
Creatine kinase‐MM concentration in dried blood spots from newborns and implications for newborn screening for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Park Sunju , Maloney Breanne , Caggana Michele , Tavakoli Norma P.
Published: March 2022

Introduction/Aims

Creatine kinase‐MM (CK‐MM) is a marker of skeletal muscle damage. Detection of elevated levels of CK‐MM in newborns can enable an early suspicion of the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) before symptom onset. Our aim was to investigate CK‐MM levels in DMD‐affected and unaffected newborns using an immunoassay that measures CK‐MM concentration in dried blood spots collected for routine newborn screening.

Methods

To validate the assay in our laboratory, CK‐MM measurements and newborn demographic information were collected for 8584 de‐identified specimens and 15 confirmed DMD patients. After analyzing validation data, CK‐MM normal ranges were determined based on age of newborn at specimen collection. Subsequently, the assay was used to measure CK‐MM concentration in 26 135 newborns as part of a consented pilot study to screen for DMD in New York State. Mean and median levels of CK‐MM based on age of collection, in addition to the 2.5th, 50th, 97.5th, and 99.5th percentiles, were recalculated using the validation and screening data sets.

Results

Median CK‐MM within 1 hour of birth was 109 ng/mL, rose to a high of 499 ng/mL at 25 hours of age, and then declined to 200 ng/mL at 2 days of life. The median continued to decline more slowly and then stabilized at approximately 40 ng/mL at 1 week of life.

Discussion

Because of the marked variability and elevated CK‐MM levels observed within the first days of life, it is important to set multiple CK‐MM age‐related cut‐offs when screening for DMD in newborns.
Improving the thermal properties of olive/bamboo fiber‐based epoxy hybrid composites
Authors: Rashid Bushra , Jawaid Mohammad , Fouad Hassan , Saba Naheed , Awad Sameer , Khalaf Eman , Sain Mohini
Published: March 2022

In this work, thermal analysis of olive/bamboo fiber‐based epoxy hybrid composites was carried out. Three types of olive fibers, which are olive tree small branch (OTS), olive tree big branch (OTB), and olive tree leaves (OTL), along with bamboo fibers (B), were used to fabricate the composites. Thermal properties of hybrid composites were examined by the thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA). It was found that the thermal stability improved with the incorporation of hybrid fibers in epoxy composites compared to pure fiber composites. Hybrid composite (OTS‐B) exhibited a lower residue (15.82%) whereas hybrid composites (OTB‐B and OTS‐B) show 54.65% and 54.53% weight loss at the maximum decomposition temperature. DMA results showed that the storage modulus and loss modulus reduced with hybrid fiber composites while the damping factor (tan delta) was increased. The storage modulus values of the pure composite sample (B) exhibited a higher increased (3150 MPa). In contrast, the pure composite sample (B) exhibited the highest loss modulus (337 MPa). From TMA analysis, OTL‐B hybrid composite presented a higher Tg and lower coefficient of thermal expansion. We concluded that finding from this work will strengthen attracting interpretation of utilization of two different fibers to fabricate hybrid composites for various lightweight purposes in a wide‐ranging choice of industrial applications such as biomedical tools, automobile, and construction fields. Additionally, a novel method can be used to develop hybrid biocomposites materials, which have potential applications in biomaterials and engineering areas.
Design and demonstration of a low‐field magnetic resonance imaging rhizotron for in‐field imaging of energy sorghum roots
Authors: Bagnall G. Cody , Altobelli Stephen A. , Conradi Mark S. , Fabich Hilary T. , Fukushima Eiichi , Koonjoo Neha , Kuethe Dean O. , Rooney William L. , Stupic Karl F. , Sveinsson Bragi , Weers Brock , Rajan Nithya , Rosen Matthew S. , Morgan Cristine L. S.
Published: March 2022

Root phenotyping provides critical information to plant breeders for developing varieties with improved drought tolerance, greater root biomass, and greater nutrient use efficiency. Phenotyping roots in the natural environment is important for understanding the effect of the soil environment on root genotypic expressions. The goal of this work was to design and test a field‐scale mobile low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (LF‐MRI) Rhizotron that produces actionable root phenotyping data. We demonstrated this novel technology for root visualization and quantification using a LF‐MRI Rhizotron operating at 47 mT with two soil types. The LF‐MRI Rhizotron weights 453 kg, with a height of 90 cm, a diameter of 28 cm and an imaging field of view of 28 cm × 28 cm. The unit was operated in a Belk clay (Entic Hapluderts) and Weswood silt loam (Udifluventic Halustepts) generating 2‐D and 3‐D image data sets. The 2‐D image data had a collection time of 16.5 min per image at an image resolution of 2.2 mm per pixel. The 3‐D data had a collection time of 13 h per image with a 2.2 × 2.2 × 2.2 mm voxel resolution. Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging worked well for visualizing roots in moderate to high clay soils, demonstrating the potential for this technology; however, the broad application of this platform is hampered due to the prohibitively long scanning time to obtain 3‐D images. By increasing the field strength, and therefore the signal‐to‐noise ratio, faster scan times can enable a more useful system for root phenotyping.
Respiratory management of spinal muscular atrophy type 1 patients treated with Nusinersen
Authors: Menard Joris , Seferian Andreea M , Fleurence Emmanuelle , Barzic Audrey , Binoche Alexandra , Labouret Géraldine , Coutier Laurianne , Vuillerot Carole , Bieleu Blaise M , Gomez Garcia de la Banda Marta , Corvol Harriet , Servais Laurent , Taytard Jessica
Published: March 2022

Introduction

The recent development of disease‐modifying treatments in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 1 shifted these patients' management from palliative to proactive. The aim of this study was to assess patients' nocturnal gas exchanges before noninvasive ventilation (NIV) initiation and their clinical evolution to determine if capnia is a good criterion to decide when to introduce respiratory support.

Patients and Methods

This multicentric retrospective study reports the respiratory management and evolution of 17 SMA type 1 children (10 females) for whom treatment with Nusinersen was initiated between 2016 and 2018.

Results

Median [interquartile range—IQR] age at diagnosis and at first Nusinersen injection was of 4 [3;8] and 4 [3;9] months, respectively. Patients were followed during 38 [24;44] months. Thirteen (76%) patients were started on NIV at a median [IQR] age of 12 [9;18] months. Repeated hospitalizations and intensive care unit admissions were needed for 11 of them. Blood gas and nocturnal gas exchange recordings performed before NIV initiation were always normal. 9/13 X‐ray performed before NIV showed atelectasis and/or acute lower respiratory tract infections. There was a significant decrease in the total number of hospital admissions between the first and second year of treatment (p = 0.04).

Conclusion

This study shows that patients do not present with nocturnal hypoventilation before respiratory decompensations and NIV initiation, and suggests that a delay in NIV initiation might result in respiratory complications. There is a need for disease‐centered guidelines for the respiratory management of these patients, including NIV indications.
Gelsemium elegans cyclic peptide induces human cervical carcinoma cells apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
Authors: Liu Jia , Liu Fangting , Liu Pingping , Xu Hai , Tang Longguo , Han Xiuxia , Zheng Man , Ren Yuebing
Published: March 2022

Four novel Gelsemium elegans cyclic peptides (GEPs) were isolated in an antihuman cervical carcinoma activity tracking method, and their amino acid sequences were identified. The GEP‐1 cyclic‐(Trp‐Leu‐His‐Val)‐peptide inhibited HeLa cell proliferation in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. GEP‐1 induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and induced HeLa cells apoptosis in a caspase‐dependent manner. GEP‐1 also induced collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c (cyt c), apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF), and endonuclease G (Endo G) in HeLa cells. Furthermore, GEP‐1 triggered the extrinsic death receptor‐dependent pathway, which was characterized by activating Fas and FADD. Notably, GEP‐1 is a potential antihuman cervical carcinoma peptide.
Impact of climate change on water availability in Marsyangdi river basin, Nepal
Authors: Mudbhari Dipak , Kansal Mitthan Lal , Kalura Praveen
Published: March 2022

The Hindu Kush Himalaya region in Nepal is considered hydrologically vulnerable and fragile, and is likely to face adverse impacts due to climate change. Many rivers originate in this region, which are the lifeline for the millions of riparian people. The Marsyangdi river basin is the hub of hydroelectric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of climate change in water availability by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Future climate projections were derived from three regional climate models (RCMs), namely ACCESS1‐CCAM (ACCESS) CNRM‐CM5‐CCAM (CNRM), and MPI‐ESM‐LR‐CSIRO‐CCAM under two representative concentration pathways, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. These projections were bias‐corrected against the observed historical data, and simulation of impact was assessed using the SWAT model. This study reveals an increase in maximum temperature by 1.4°C by the 2040s (2031–50) and 2.6°C by the 2070s (2061–80) and in minimum temperature by 1.8 and 2.9°C by the 2040s and 2070s, respectively. The future projected rainfall shows a declining trend in all the models. The maximum increase in annual rainfall in the CNRM model is about 31.1% for RCP 8.5 during the 2040s and the MPI RCP 8.5 model show a minimum reduction of about 19.6% in the 2070s. In all three models the average annual rainfall is expected to increase by 10.2 and 10.7% by the 2040s and 2070s respectively. The reduction in streamflow in 2031–2050 is maximally about 19% in the CNRM RCP 8.5 and minimally about 6.3% in the MPI RCP 8.5. For the period 2061–2080, the CNRM RCP 8.5 shows a maximum decrease in streamflow of about 18.9% and the MPI RCP 8.5 shows a minimum reduction in streamflow of about 2.6%. This study will give significant insight to the planners for sustainable and integrated management of water resources and for the operation and design of hydropower projects in the basin.