bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing resistance to repeating a wiki activity: What can teachers do?
Authors: Fraj‐Andrés Elena , Lucia‐Palacios Laura , Pérez‐López Raúl
Published: February 2020

Wiki activities are among the most common online learning activities examined by previous research due to the collaborative learning properties wikis offer; however, students are not always satisfied with such activities. Due to this dissatisfaction, learners may finish the wiki activities but not repeat them. While wikis are primarily used to collate content, the wiki activity proposed in this study is used foremost as a discussion forum. Drawing on the value‐based adoption model, this study examines the influence of perceived benefits, enjoyment, peer interaction, ease of use, and time and effort costs to explain students' reluctance to repeat the wiki activity. Furthermore, it assesses the moderating effect of peer interaction on the other variables. A survey was conducted, and 110 valid responses obtained. The findings reveal that the need to invest a lot of time and effort into the activity is the main reason for not repeating the activity proposed, while peer interaction and enjoyment help to reduce these perceived costs. Therefore, teachers should emphasize the benefits of in‐group wiki activities with regard to not only the final learning performance but also the activities' hedonic and social value. Furthermore, teachers should offer a training session and a user's guide for each specific activity, as well as courses about the team management.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

Students are often unsatisfied with wiki activities, which may reduce their intention to repeat them.

Continuation or repetition of a learning activity depends on its value in terms of the cost–benefit trade off.

Most previous research has focused on the benefits of content creation within wikis, paying little attention to the use of such platforms as a discussion forum.

What this paper adds

According to the value‐based adoption model, the main reason for not repeating the proposed wiki activity is the high perceived time and effort that must be invested in the activity.

Peer interaction not only has a direct effect on reducing resistance to repeating the wiki activity, but also has an indirect effect on reducing resistance through enjoyment.

Usefulness, enjoyment and peer interaction can act as moderators and reduce the perceived time and effort that must be invested in the wiki activity.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Time and effort costs are the main barriers to repeating the wiki activity, so teachers should offer courses on how to work effectively as a team.

Teachers should emphasize the usefulness of the activity, as well as the benefits of peer interaction in the discussion forum.

Before creating the wiki activity, teachers should think about how to generate enjoyment for students.
From an experimental paper to a playful screen: How the essence of materiality modulates the process of creation
Authors: Sintonen Sara
Published: February 2020

The article seeks to develop a better understanding of the contribution of materiality in a discourse between a creator (content producer) and an interface, dealing with analogue and digital artefacts. Focus is in the materiality of the two different art‐creation learning processes, acrylic painting and digital painting. The objective of this paper is to consider especially the affect and meaning of these two different content creation modalities and intra‐action within that. Through reflective autoethnographic consideration, the purpose is to consider the essences of materials manifesting and modulating the processes of content creation as a posthumanist phenomenon. It will be shown that the creation processes with paper are more experimental whereas the processes with digital screen are more playful. There is a growing need to deeper understand the cultural change of material cultures and the people’s intra‐action with the materials also enabling arts creation. This paper will widen our limited understanding and deepen our theoretical perspectives of the essence of materials which then avails confronting analogue and digital when developing teaching and learning in the posthuman era especially in early education.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

There is a growing interest in the new materialism and posthuman thinking amongst educational technology research and development.

Reading analogue versus digital is well‐documented.

What this paper adds

New materialist thinking offers a useful perspective in education for looking at the essence of analogue and digital materiality modulating content creation.

Characterising the nuances in analogue and digital production can help in evaluating their educational potential.

Implications for practice and/or policy

As practitioners we should critically question the political vision of education digitalisation especially concerning early childhood education.

There is a need to move beyond debates about analogue versus digital to look at more specific examples of their advantages (and disadvantages) in developing posthumanist education and intra‐active pedagogy especially for young children.
Efficacy of R‐BAC in relapsed, refractory mantle cell lymphoma post BTK inhibitor therapy
Authors: McCulloch Rory , Visco Carlo , Eyre Toby A. , Frewin Rebecca , Phillips Neil , Tucker David L. , Quaglia Francesca M. , McMillan Annabel , Lambert Jonathan , Crosbie Nicola , Rule Simon
Published: February 2020

Patients with mantle cell lymphoma progressing on Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) have very poor prognosis and there is currently no standard of care. In this retrospective cohort study, patients progressing on BTKi received R‐BAC (rituximab, bendamustine, cytarabine). Overall response rate was 83% (complete response 60%) and 31% were bridged to allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT). Median progression‐free survival was 10.1 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 6·9–13·3) and median overall survival was 12·5 months (95% CI 11·0–14·0). In those consolidated with alloSCT only one patient relapsed. R‐BAC demonstrates a high response rate in the post‐BTKi setting and in transplant eligible patients is an effective bridge to alloSCT.
Tamsulosin and placebo vs tamsulosin and tadalafil in male lower urinary tract symptoms: a double‐blinded, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Nagasubramanian Santhosh , John Nirmal Thampi , Antonisamy Belavendra , Mukha Rajiv Paul , Jeyachandra Berry Chandra Singh , Kumar Santosh , Devasia Antony , Kekre Nitin Sudhakar
Published: February 2020

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of tamsulosin vs the combination of tamsulosin and tadalafil in male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Patients and Methods

This was a double‐blinded, parallel‐arm randomised controlled trial. Men aged >45 years with moderate LUTS and a maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) of 5–15 mL/s were included. One arm received 0.4 mg tamsulosin only (Group‐A), while the second received 5 mg tadalafil with tamsulosin (Group‐B). The primary outcome was the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Secondary outcomes were IPSS quality of life (QoL) score, five‐item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) score, Qmax, and post‐void residual urine (PVR). Block randomisation was used. Placebo was used for blinding and allocation concealment. Intention‐to‐treat analysis was used for outcome measures.

Results

Of the 183 men screened, 140 were randomised (71 in Group‐A, 69 in Group‐B); 116 (82.85%) (61 in Group‐A, 55 in Group‐B) completed the study. Baseline characteristics were comparable. The improvements in the IPSS, IPSS QoL score, IIEF score and Qmax were −1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.4 to −2.0), −0.70 (95% CI −0.60 to −0.80), 3.8 (95% CI 3.4–4.2) and 1.8 mL/s (95% CI 1.1–2.4) respectively, in favour of the combination group. The difference in PVR was not significant. There were no serious adverse events (AEs). The dropout rate due to AEs was 2.85%. Myalgia (five patients) was the commonest AE in the combination group.

Conclusion

The combination of tamsulosin and tadalafil produced significantly better improvements in LUTS, QoL, erectile function and Qmax compared to monotherapy with tamsulosin, without an increase in AEs.
Is piracy sustainable?
Authors: Chan Kenneth S. , Laffargue Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2020

We develop a model of international trade between three countries, one of which hosts pirates. When the number of pirate ships increases, the probability for one of the pirate ships (for one commercial ship) encountering a commercial (pirate) ship decreases (increases). Then, the commercial ships have an incentive to spend more on defence and pirate ships to invest less on attack. If pirates operate under free entry, they do not internalize the entry externality. Then, their number rises until it reaches a level such that their attack power has become negligible and the defence of the commercial ships has reached a high level. The economy settles in a full deterrence equilibrium. However, if the number of pirate ships is controlled by an authority, which maximizes piracy's profit, the economy settles in an equilibrium where piracy is active and commercial ships spend less on defence.

Piracy is a substitute for trade. Piracy depends on the terms of trade of the pirate country and on the relative efficiency of the attack versus the defence.
Impact of food challenge on local oesophageal immunophenotype in eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Philpott Hamish , Lee Shawn Zhenhui , Arrington Ashley , McGee Sarah J. , Dellon Evan S.
Published: February 2020

Background

Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is caused by the ingestion of food antigens. Dietary avoidance can result in clinical and histological remission, while food reintroduction can cause recurrence. It is uncertain if food antigen processing and immune activation occurs locally, in the oesophagus. Therefore, we performed a comparative study of the density of cell surface proteins (known to be involved with antigen presentation) on oesophageal tissue prior to, and following food antigen induced disease recurrence. A secondary aim was to consider novel biomarkers.

Method

Adult patients with a diagnosis of EoE, who had achieved histological remission with an elimination diet (<15 eosinophils per high power field at oesophageal biopsy), and who underwent food challenge with proven recurrence were included. Immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence for CD1a, CD3, CD28, CD40, CD69, CD80, CD138, CXCR3 and HLA‐DR was performed. Staining intensity of each biomarker (pixels/mm2) was quantified by semi‐automated analysis (Studio‐FL software).

Results

Fourteen cases of EoE (pre and post food challenge), 6 GORD and 5 healthy controls were included. HLA‐DR, CD3, CD28, CD40 and CD 138 significantly increased with food reintroduction (P = <0.05). CD1a, CD 69, CD 80 and CXCR3 did not measurably change.

Conclusion

The presence of cell surface proteins typically associated with antigen presentation (following food antigen induced recurrence) suggests immune activation occurs in the oesophagus, and the relative lack of langerhans cells (CD1a) may indicate this cell type is unimportant. The cell surface protein CD 138 increases with disease recurrence, is not elevated in GORD or healthy controls, and has promise as a biomarker.
Convergent spaces: Intersectional analysis of ethnic minority status and childhood disability in Irish safeguarding work
Authors: Flynn Susan
Published: February 2020

The core argument of this paper is that intersectionality provides a constructive conceptual lens for the convergence of ethnic minority status and childhood disability in Irish child protection and welfare. The utility of intersectionality in this paper lies in broadening the scope of reflection on the complex intersections of ethnic minority status and childhood disability. Within this, intersectionality is implicitly situated within an overarching critical disability studies perspective. Theoretically informed commentary on the literature attends to three aspects of practice. These are respectively novel intersections of ethnic minority status and childhood disability, as a consequence of intensifying globalization; compounded levels of risk; and the importance of nonconflation of potential sites of oppression, such as race and disability. Overall, the intention of the paper is to be illustrative. Specifically, analysis is presented as an aid to students and practitioners, moving forward, in negotiating a complex and dynamic field of practice.
Endoscopic pressure study integrated system reflects gastroesophageal junction competence in patients with erosive esophagitis and Barrett´s esophagus
Authors: Iwaya Yugo , Inoue Haruhiro , Rodríguez de Santiago Enrique , Abad Mary Raina Angeli , Fujiyoshi Yusuke , Ueno Akiko , Tanabe Mayo , Sumi Kazuya , Tomida Hideomi , Ominami Masaki , Ikeda Haruo , Onimaru Manabu , Shimamura Yuto
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The endoscopic pressure study integrated system (EPSIS) is a novel diagnostic tool for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by monitoring intragastric pressure (IGP). Evaluation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function may be achieved endoscopically by utilizing this newly developed diagnostic tool. This study aimed to evaluate the association between EPSIS results and gastroesophageal reflux‐related diseases, e.g., erosive esophagitis (EE) and Barrett’s esophagus (BE).

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center study. All patients who underwent EPSIS between November 2016 and July 2018 were included. EPSIS was performed during esophagogastroduodenoscopy with a dedicated electronic device and a through‐the‐scope catheter. The maximum IGP (IGP‐max) and IGP waveform pattern (flat or uphill) were recorded with this system. Evaluation of an EE and BE was based on the Los Angeles classification and Prague classification, respectively.

Results

A total of 104 patients were enrolled; 29 (28%) had EE and 42 (40%) had BE. Patients with EE had lower IGP‐max values (16.0 vs 18.8 mmHg, P = 0.01) and an EPSIS flat pattern was seen more frequently (82.8% vs 37.3%, P < 0.001). Similarly, patients with BE displayed a lower IGP‐max (15.7 vs 19.6 mmHg, P < 0.001) and presented with an EPSIS flat pattern in a higher proportion (69% vs 37.1%, P < 0.001). These differences remained significant on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

The EPSIS, as a novel diagnostic tool, was shown to exhibit a relation with EE and BE, implying that EPSIS is a promising modality to evaluate gastroesophageal reflux‐related diseases and LES function endoscopically.
Metformin and cardiorenal outcomes in diabetes: A reappraisal
Authors: Petrie John R. , Rossing Peter R. , Campbell Ian W.
Published: February 2020

The guidance issued to the pharmaceutical industry by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2008 has led to the publication of a series of randomized, controlled cardiovascular outcomes trials with newer therapeutic classes of glucose‐lowering medications. Several of these trials, which evaluated the newer therapeutic classes of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, have reported a reduced incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and/or renal outcomes, usually relative to placebo and standard of care. Metformin was the first glucose‐lowering agent reported to improve cardiovascular outcomes in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and thus became the foundation of standard care. However, as this clinical trial reported more than 20 years ago, differences from current standards of trial design and evaluation complicate comparison of the cardiovascular profiles of older and newer agents. Our article revisits the evidence for cardiovascular protection with metformin and reviews its effects on the kidney.
Time trends, frequency, characteristics and prognosis of short‐duration transient global amnesia
Authors: Romoli M. , Tuna M. A. , Li L. , Paciaroni M. , Giannandrea D. , Tordo Caprioli F. , Lotti A. , Eusebi P. , Mosconi M. G. , Pellizzaro Venti M. , Salvadori N. , Gili A. , Ricci S. , Stracci F. , Sarchielli P. , Parnetti L. , Rothwell P. M. , Calabresi P.
Published: February 2020

Background and purpose

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia lasting up to 24 h. One major differential for TGA is transient epileptic amnesia, which typically lasts < 1 h. However, TGA can also be short in duration and little is known about the time trends, characteristics and prognosis of TGA cases lasting < 1 h.

Methods

We compared the clinical features of TGA ascertained in two independent cohort studies in Oxfordshire, UK [Oxford cohort 1977–1987 versus Oxford Vascular Study (OXVASC) 2002–2018] to determine the time trends of clinical features of TGA. Results were validated in another independent contemporary TGA cohort in Italy [Northern Umbria TGA registry (NU) 2002–2018]. We compared the risk factors, clinical features and long‐term prognosis (major cardiovascular events, recurrent TGA and seizure/epilepsy) of patients presenting with episodes lasting < 1 h versus those lasting ≥ 1 h.

Results

Overall, 639 patients with TGA were included (114 Oxford cohort, 100 OXVASC, 425 NU). Compared with the original Oxford cohort, there were more cases with TGA lasting < 1 h in OXVASC [32 (32.0%) vs. 9 (8.8%)] and NU (11.8% vs. 8.8% in Oxford cohort). In both OXVASC and NU, patient age, vascular risk factors and clinical features were largely similar between those with TGA lasting < 1 h versus those lasting ≥ 1 h. Moreover, there was no difference in the long‐term risk of seizure/epilepsy or major cardiovascular events between TGA lasting < 1 h versus TGA lasting ≥ 1 h.

Conclusions

Short‐duration TGA episodes (<1 h) were not uncommon and were more frequent than in earlier studies. The clinical features and long‐term prognosis of short‐duration TGA did not differ from more typical episodes lasting ≥ 1 h.
Interception of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at import during phytosanitary inspections in South Korea from 1996 to 2018
Authors: Suh Soo‐Jung
Published: February 2020

A total of 48 species of mealybugs from 47 different countries were intercepted by plant health inspectors in consignments of plants and plant products at ports of entry in South Korea from 1996 to 2018. A list of all the species identified, along with a dichotomous taxonomic key to the 48 intercepted species of mealybugs, is provided to help in the detection and identification of species of this important group of plant pests.
Natural and human‐induced environmental changes and their effects on adaptive potential of wild animal populations
Authors: Garant Dany
Published: February 2020

A major challenge of evolutionary ecology over the next decades is to understand and predict the consequences of the current rapid and important environmental changes on wild populations. Extinction risk of species is linked to populations’ evolutionary potential and to their ability to express adaptive phenotypic plasticity. There is thus a vital need to quantify how selective pressures, quantitative genetics parameters, and phenotypic plasticity, for multiple traits in wild animal populations, may vary with changes in the environment. Here I review our previous research that integrated ecological and evolutionary theories with molecular ecology, quantitative genetics, and long‐term monitoring of individually marked wild animals. Our results showed that assessing evolutionary and plastic changes over time and space, using multi‐trait approaches, under a realistic range of environmental conditions are crucial steps toward improving our understanding of the evolution and adaptation of natural populations. Our current and future work focusses on assessing the limits of adaptive potential by determining the factors constraining the evolvability of plasticity, those generating covariation among genetic variance and selection, as well as indirect genetic effects, which can affect population's capacity to adjust to environmental changes. In doing so, we aim to provide an improved assessment of the spatial and temporal scale of evolutionary processes in wild animal populations.
Differential interactions of the β‐lactam cloxacillin with human renal organic anion transporters (OATs)
Authors: Lalanne Sébastien , Le Vée Marc , Lemaitre Florian , Le Corre Pascal , Verdier Marie‐Clémence , Fardel Olivier
Published: February 2020

The β‐lactam penicillin antibiotic cloxacillin (CLX) presents wide inter‐individual pharmacokinetics variability. To better understand its molecular basis, the precise identification of the detoxifying actors involved in CLX disposition and elimination would be useful, notably with respect to renal secretion known to play a notable role in CLX elimination. The present study was consequently designed to analyze the interactions of CLX with the solute carrier transporters organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3, implicated in tubular secretion through mediating drug entry at the basolateral pole of renal proximal cells. CLX was first shown to block OAT1 and OAT3 activity in cultured OAT‐overexpressing HEK293 cells. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for OAT3 (13 µm) was however much lower than that for OAT1 (560 µm); clinical inhibition of OAT activity and drug–drug interactions may consequently be predicted for OAT3, but not OAT1. OAT3, unlike OAT1, was next shown to mediate CLX uptake in OAT‐overexpressing HEK293 cells. Kinetic parameters for this OAT3‐mediated transport of CLX (Km = 10.7 µm) were consistent with a possible in vivo saturation of this process for high CLX plasma concentrations. OAT3 is consequently likely to play a pivotal role in renal CLX secretion and consequently in total renal CLX elimination, owing to the low plasma unbound fraction of the antibiotic. OAT3 genetic polymorphisms as well as co‐administered drugs inhibiting in vivo OAT3 activity may therefore be considered as potential sources of CLX pharmacokinetics variability.
Rainfall manipulation experiments as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: Where do we stand?
Authors: Paschalis Athanasios , Fatichi Simone , Zscheischler Jakob , Ciais Philippe , Bahn Michael , Boysen Lena , Chang Jinfeng , De Kauwe Martin , Estiarte Marc , Goll Daniel , Hanson Paul J. , Harper Anna B. , Hou Enqing , Kigel Jaime , Knapp Alan K. , Larsen Klaus S. , Li Wei , Lienert Sebastian , Luo Yiqi , Meir Patrick , Nabel Julia E. M. S. , Ogaya Romà , Parolari Anthony J. , Peng Changhui , Peñuelas Josep , Pongratz Julia , Rambal Serge , Schmidt Inger K. , Shi Hao , Sternberg Marcelo , Tian Hanqin , Tschumi Elisabeth , Ukkola Anna , Vicca Sara , Viovy Nicolas , Wang Ying‐Ping , Wang Zhuonan , Williams Karina , Wu Donghai , Zhu Qiuan
Published: February 2020

Changes in rainfall amounts and patterns have been observed and are expected to continue in the near future with potentially significant ecological and societal consequences. Modelling vegetation responses to changes in rainfall is thus crucial to project water and carbon cycles in the future. In this study, we present the results of a new model‐data intercomparison project, where we tested the ability of 10 terrestrial biosphere models to reproduce the observed sensitivity of ecosystem productivity to rainfall changes at 10 sites across the globe, in nine of which, rainfall exclusion and/or irrigation experiments had been performed. The key results are as follows: (a) Inter‐model variation is generally large and model agreement varies with timescales. In severely water‐limited sites, models only agree on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration and to a smaller extent on gross primary productivity. In more mesic sites, model agreement for both water and carbon fluxes is typically higher on fine (daily–monthly) timescales and reduces on longer (seasonal–annual) scales. (b) Models on average overestimate the relationship between ecosystem productivity and mean rainfall amounts across sites (in space) and have a low capacity in reproducing the temporal (interannual) sensitivity of vegetation productivity to annual rainfall at a given site, even though observation uncertainty is comparable to inter‐model variability. (c) Most models reproduced the sign of the observed patterns in productivity changes in rainfall manipulation experiments but had a low capacity in reproducing the observed magnitude of productivity changes. Models better reproduced the observed productivity responses due to rainfall exclusion than addition. (d) All models attribute ecosystem productivity changes to the intensity of vegetation stress and peak leaf area, whereas the impact of the change in growing season length is negligible. The relative contribution of the peak leaf area and vegetation stress intensity was highly variable among models.
Acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity of cultured hepatocytes depends on timing of isolation from light‐cycle controlled mice
Authors: Moriya Koji , Tamai Miho , Koga Takumi , Tanaka Toshiaki , Tagawa Yoh‐ichi
Published: February 2020

Most physiological changes follow a daily cycle in animals because their circadian rhythm is adjusted to and synchronized with sunlight. In particular, the circadian rhythm affects liver functions, including pharmacokinetics and metabolism. The influence of circadian rhythm has not been included in hepatotoxicity assays used in drug discovery and development. In this study, the contribution of circadian rhythm was investigated in acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice and primary cultured hepatocytes. Hepatotoxicity was induced via the intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen to a greater extent at night than during the day in mice. The sensitivity of acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity was consistent with the expression levels of acetaminophen‐metabolizing enzyme and circadian genes. The host‐derived circadian rhythm was still evident in the primary cultured hepatocytes within a day after their isolation from the liver. Primary cultured hepatocytes isolated at night were significantly more sensitive to acetaminophen than those isolated during the day. The sensitivity toward acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity depended on the circadian rhythm of the expression of acetaminophen‐metabolizing genes and intracellular glutathione levels in primary cultured hepatocytes. These results obtained from cultured cells correspond to those in mice, suggesting that the timing of hepatocyte isolation is important when investigating drug metabolism and toxicity tests in culture.
Prognostic index consisting of early post‐transplant variables <2 weeks in adult living‐donor liver transplantation
Authors: Kusakabe Jiro , Hata Koichiro , Tanaka Shiro , Omae Katsuhiro , Okamura Yusuke , Tajima Tetsuya , Tamaki Ichiro , Miyauchi Hidetaka , Kubota Toyonari , Tanaka Hirokazu , Uemoto Shinji
Published: February 2020

Aim

Six‐month recipient mortality after adult‐to‐adult living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) remains high. Early and accurate prediction of recipient outcome and continuous monitoring of recipient severity after surgery are both essential for guiding appropriate care. This study was designed to identify early post‐transplant parameters associated with 6‐month mortality, and thereby to construct a discriminatory prognostic index (PI).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 400 consecutive primary adult‐to‐adult LDLTs in our center (2006–2017). Perioperative variables were comprehensively analyzed for their accuracy in predicting recipient mortality by comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of each factor.

Results

The AUROCs of preoperative predictive factors, for example, Model for End‐stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and donor age, were 0.56 and 0.64, respectively, whereas those of post‐transplant platelet count (PLT), total bilirubin (T‐BIL), and prothrombin time – international normalized ratio (INR) on postoperative day (POD)‐7−14 were 0.71/0.84, 0.68/0.82, and 0.71/0.78, respectively. Logistic regression analysis provided a formula: PIPOD‐14 = 3.39 + 0.12 × PLTPOD‐14 − 0.09 × T‐BILPOD‐14 − 1.23 × INRPOD‐14, indicating a high AUROC of 0.87. Recipient 6‐month survival with PIPOD‐14 < 2.38 (n = 173) was 71.7%, whereas that with PIPOD‐14 ≥ 2.38 (n = 222) was 97.7% (P < 0.001). The AUROCs of PIPOD‐7 were as high as 0.8 in the subgroups with younger donors (<50 years of age), right lobe grafts, ABO‐identical/compatible combinations, or low MELD score (<20), indicating usefulness of PI to identify unexpectedly complicated cases within the first week.

Conclusions

A novel, post‐transplant survival estimator, PI, accurately predicts recipient 6‐month mortality within 1–2 weeks after adult LDLT. Daily monitoring of PI could facilitate early interventions including retransplantation in critically ill patients.
Bio‐based Algae Oil: an oxidation and structural analysis
Authors: Birjandi Nejad H. , Blasco L. , Moran B. , Cebrian J. , Woodger J. , Gonzalez E. , Pritts C. , Milligan J.
Published: February 2020

Objective

In search of natural components, vegetal oils are increasingly becoming more popular in cosmetics. However, high oxidation instability, presence of potential allergens and synthetic anti‐oxidants have limited their applications so far. Therefore, a need exists for a natural emollient with high oxidation stability. In this work, we report on a novel sustainably produced triglyceride containing primarily three monounsaturated oleic acid chains, dubbed ‘Bio‐Based Algae Oil’ hereafter, as a natural emollient for cosmetic formulations. To produce Bio‐Based Algae Oil, simple sugars are converted into triglyceride oils using microalgae fermentation with minimal environmental impact.

Methods

Bio‐Based Algae Oil was compared to other commonly used triglyceride‐based emollients in the skincare industry in terms of thermal/oxidation stability, composition and moisturizing properties. Oxidation stability of emollients was compared using Rancimat and pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) techniques. Fatty acid composition of each oil was analysed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) techniques to correlate unsaturation level of each oil to its oxidation stability. We also conducted an in vivo moisturizing study in which skin hydration level of human subjects was compared before and after application of emollient up to 24 h.

Results

Results showed that Bio‐Based Algae Oil was the most stable emollient in thermal and oxidation stability studies given its low unsaturation and high anti‐oxidant content determined by 1H‐NMR and GC techniques. It also provided the highest skin hydration level when applied on skin demonstrating its efficacy as a moisturizing emollient in cosmetic formulations.

Conclusions

Compositional analysis of Bio‐Based Algae revealed that it is a triglyceride containing primarily three monounsaturated oleic acid chains with very low polyunsaturated fatty acid content resulting in high oxidation stability and consequently prolonged shelf‐life. Given its sustainability, high oxidation stability and skin health benefits such as moisturization demonstrated during an in vivo study, we envision to utilize Bio‐Based Algae Oil in many cosmetic formulations across skincare, suncare and bath and shower markets.
Musculoskeletal disorders among dental hygienist and students of dental hygiene
Authors: Netanely Shifra , Luria Shai , Langer Danit
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to present an up‐to‐date report on the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in dental hygienists and dental hygiene students in Israel. It examined the areas of the body that were most frequently affected and the intensity of pain in both groups. The possible differences between groups and the likelihood that musculoskeletal symptoms in students can be attributed to their workload.

Method

A modified version of The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to assess reports of Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in general and in different body areas. A numerical pain scale was administered to evaluate pain intensity.

Results

Two hundred and five women participated in the study: 85 experienced dental hygienists, 17 dental hygiene students and 103 students in a non‐clinical track (control group). MSD reports were the most common in the neck (60%), upper back (52%) and lower back (61%). This tendency was seen across all three groups. Hygiene students differed significantly from the control group in terms of number of body areas with MSD and for pain intensity. By contrast, no significant differences were found between dental hygienists and hygiene students,

Conclusions

The findings suggest that dental hygienists and students are at high risk of developing MSD. The high prevalence of MSD among hygiene students underscores the need to commence intervention prior to the initiation of fieldwork.
DNA methylation of GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 in a human cementoblast cell line induced by lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Kobayashi F. , Uehara O. , Ito C. , Furusawa M. , Abiko Y. , Muramatsu T.
Published: February 2020

Aim

To examine DNA methylation of GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 in human cementoblasts (HCEM) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Methodology

HCEM were cultured in osteoinduction medium. After 24 h, Escherichia coli LPS (1 μg/mL) was added to the medium, which was changed every 2–3 days. Untreated samples were used as controls. Messenger RNA was extracted after 4 weeks, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) for GJA1, BMP2, BMP4 and DNMT1 was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted after 4 weeks, and quantitative methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction was carried out for GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4. To detect mineralization, alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase staining were performed. The cells were also treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5‐Aza‐2'‐deoxycytidine (5Aza) and examined. The significance of differences amongst groups was assessed using a two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test with P < 0.05 being significant.

Results

Decreased expression of mRNA was seen in GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 after 4 weeks (P < 0.05). DNA hypermethylation was detected in GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 (P < 0.05). Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase staining revealed decreased mineralization levels in HCEM stimulated with LPS. 5Aza abolished the effects of DNA methylation in HCEM stimulated with LPS.

Conclusions

These results suggest that long‐term LPS stimulation induces DNA methylation of GJA1, BMP2 and BMP4 in HCEM.
Liquid‐liquid phase transitions in glass‐forming systems and their implications for memory technology
Authors: Lucas Pierre , Wei Shuai , Angell C. Austen
Published: February 2020

While it is broadly known that solid compounds may exist in distinct crystalline arrangements (polymorphs), the notion that some liquids may also adopt distinct phases with dissimilar structures and densities is much less widespread. One of the reasons is that these liquid‐liquid (L‐L) transitions often occur in the supercooled equilibrium regime below the melting line and can be challenging to observe experimentally. Glass‐forming liquids that supercool over significant temperature ranges can therefore constitute useful systems for investigating these transitions. In this paper we review experimental evidence for L‐L transitions in chalcogenide systems. In that respect, L‐L transitions are found to be associated with transitions from fragile to strong viscous behavior in these glass‐forming liquids. Moreover, they are signaled by extrema in multiple thermodynamic functions and sharp change in physical properties such as electrical conductivity. Finally, while the physical principles underlying these transitions are still unclear, they have been shown to play a critical role in the function of PCMs that are poised to transform fast computing technologies.
Moderating effects of consumer empowerment on the relationship between involvement in eco‐friendly food and eco‐friendly food behaviour
Authors: Nam Su‐Jung
Published: February 2020

This study investigates the moderating effect of consumer empowerment on the relationship between involvement in and purchase behaviour towards eco‐friendly food. It uses the generalized linear model, with data from the 2017 Research on Food Consumption. The results showed that gender is related only to involvement in eco‐friendly food and this involvement is higher for women than for men. Moreover, involvement in eco‐friendly food, purchase empowerment, engagement empowerment and frequency of buying eco‐friendly food increase as age increases, with the highest increases observed at ages 40–49 and 50–59; the score for those older than these age groups was much lower, resembling an inverted U shape. Groups with high education and income levels presented high scores for involvement in eco‐friendly food, purchase empowerment, engagement empowerment and frequency of buying eco‐friendly food. Regarding the effects of involvement in eco‐friendly food, purchase empowerment and engagement empowerment on the frequency of buying eco‐friendly food, the main effects of involvement in eco‐friendly food and purchase empowerment as well as the interactive effects between involvement in eco‐friendly food and engagement empowerment were statistically significant.
Current therapies for actinic keratosis
Authors: Dianzani Caterina , Conforti Claudio , Giuffrida Roberta , Corneli Paola , di Meo Nicola , Farinazzo Eleonora , Moret Anna , Magaton Rizzi Giovanni , Zalaudek Iris
Published: February 2020

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a very common skin disease caused by chronic sun damage, which in 75% of cases arises on chronically sun‐exposed areas, such as face, scalp, neck, hands, and forearms. AKs must be considered an early squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) for their probable progression into invasive SCC. For this reason, all AK should be treated, and clinical follow‐up is recommended. The aims of treatment are: (i) to clinically eradicate evident and subclinical lesions, (ii) to prevent their evolution into SCC, and (iii) to reduce the number of relapses. Among available treatments, it is possible to distinguish lesion‐directed therapies and field‐directed therapies. Lesion‐directed treatments include: (i) cryotherapy; (ii) laser therapy; (iii) surgery; and (iv) curettage. Whereas, field‐directed treatments are: (i) 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU); (ii) diclofenac 3% gel; (iii) chemical peeling; (iv) imiquimod; and (v) photodynamic therapy (PDT). Prevention plays an important role in the treatment of AKs, and it is based on the continuous use of sunscreen and protective clothing. This review shows different types of available treatments and describes the characteristics and benefits of each medication, underlining the best choice.
Effect of pretreatments and retort process on characteristics and sensory quality of edible bird’s nest beverage
Authors: Chantakun Kasidate , Benjakul Soottawat
Published: February 2020

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) flakes were pretreated using sodium alginate (AG) in the presence of different divalent cross‐linking agents before retorting at different temperatures (118 and 121 °C). Protein was the dominant component (58.61 g 100 g−1, wet weight basis), followed by carbohydrate (24.38 g 100 g−1, wet weight basis). Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) showed the interaction between 1.0 g 100 mL−1 AG with protein as induced by cross‐linking agents including 0.5 g 100 mL−1 calcium chloride, 1.0 g 100 mL−1 calcium lactate or 1.0 g 100 mL−1 magnesium chloride. Those alginate gels formed in beverage (EBNB) could withstand retorting at both temperatures. All pretreated EBN yielded EBNB with higher hedonic liking scores than control and non‐retort process. Pretreatment of ENB using 1.0 g 100 mL−1 AG and 1.0 g 100 mL−1 calcium lactate before retorting at 121 °C rendered safe ready‐to‐drink EBNB with high hedonic liking score of all attributes.
Parental perspectives on early childhood caries: A qualitative study
Authors: Lotto Matheus , Strieder Anna Paola , Ayala Aguirre Patricia Estefania , Andrade Moreira Machado Maria Aparecida , Rios Daniela , Cruvinel Agnes , Cruvinel Thiago
Published: February 2020

Background

Early childhood caries (ECC) affects about 621 million children worldwide, causing chronic pain, infections, sleeping disorders, and tooth extraction.

Aim

To determine perspectives of parents and caregivers of preschoolers regarding ECC.

Design

Three focus groups were conducted with attendees of the Clinics of Paediatric Dentistry from the Bauru School of Dentistry. The meetings were video‐ and audio‐recorded, and the contents were transcribed verbatim. Then, textual passages were examined and coded using the software NVivo 12 Plus.

Results

The participants associated the presence of dental caries lesions with negative consequences for children, such as problems for permanent dentition, discrimination, and psychological damages. Although regular oral hygiene and healthy diet were recognized as important factors for the prevention of ECC, specific doubts about feeding, toothpaste usage, oral hygiene, and dental eruption were detected among parents. Additionally, they declared that their children brush teeth alone, intake fermentable carbohydrates frequently, and sleep during breastfeeding without dental plaque removal, because uncooperativeness, permissiveness, and convenience.

Conclusions

Based on these results, parents and caregivers understand the unfavourable effects of ECC on children's quality of life; however, their attitudes against the disease seemed to be inaccurate, influenced by their daily routines, doubts, and beliefs.
Parental acceptance of silver diammine fluoride in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Hu Shijia , Meyer Beau , Lai Bien Wen Pui , Chay Pui Ling , Tong Huei Jinn
Published: February 2020

Background

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have concerns with fluoride/silver content in silver diammine fluoride (SDF).

Aim

To compare parental acceptance of SDF and dental fear between children with and without ASD.

Design

Three hundred parents were enrolled. Demographics, dental history, and dental fear were recorded. Subjects viewed an educational video and completed survey about SDF acceptance including the following: (a) overall acceptance, (b) aesthetic concerns by tooth location, (c) fluoride/silver concerns, and (d) its use as a general anaesthesia (GA) alternative. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were used.

Results

Significantly, more children with ASD had dental fear (ASD: 56% vs neurotypical: 26%). No differences in acceptance existed between the two groups overall or with respect to aesthetics, fluoride/silver content, or as an alternative to GA. Overall acceptance is >60%. Regardless of group, parents of older children were less likely to accept SDF as an alternative to GA (OR = 0.67 [95% CI: 0.50‐0.90]).

Conclusion

Parents of children with ASD had similar acceptance of SDF use compared to parents of neurotypical children. Children with ASD had higher levels of dental fear. Parents of younger children are more likely to accept SDF as an alternative to GA in both groups.
Predictors of family focused practice among health visitors: A mixed methods study
Authors: Leonard Rachel , Linden Mark , Grant Anne
Published: February 2020

Aims

To determine what predicts health visitors’ family‐focused practice with mothers who have mental illness. To explore health visitors’ experiences of family‐focused practice and what factors, if any, enable and/or hinder it.

Design

A sequential mixed‐methods design was employed.

Methods

In Phase 1, a total of 230 health visitors, in five Health and Social Care Trusts in the UK were recruited using convenience sampling and completed the Family Focused Mental Health Practice Questionnaire. Three multiple regression models were developed to test whether workload (Model I), professional knowledge (Model II) and health visitors’ professional and personal experience (Model III) predicted their family‐focused practice. In Phase 2, 10 health visitors, who completed the questionnaire, participated in semi‐structured interviews to describe their experiences of family‐focused practice. The data collection of the two phases was conducted from September 2017 ‐ September 2018.

Results

Model III was significant. While personal experience of parenting was positively associated with family‐focused practice, length registered as a health visitor and personal experience of mental illness was negatively associated. Qualitative findings suggested that increasing years of professional experience and personal experience of mental illness enabled health visitors to support mothers and their children, but not other adult family members, including partners. Limited skills and knowledge to support mothers with severe mental illness (i.e. schizophrenia) hindered family‐focused practice.

Conclusion

This study advances understanding of how health visitors’ professional and personal experiences can influence their family‐focused practice and highlights the importance of organizations promoting their capacity to support mothers with severe mental illness and to include mothers’ partners.

Impact

A clear understanding of factors affecting health visitors’ capacity to engage in family‐focused practice will help to inform policy, education and practice in health visiting; with potential to improve outcomes for the whole family.
How important is it to consider lineage diversification heterogeneity in macroevolutionary studies? Lessons from the lizard family Liolaemidae
Authors: Olave Melisa , Avila Luciano J. , Sites Jack W. , Morando Mariana
Published: February 2020

Macroevolutionary and biogeographical studies commonly apply multiple models to test state‐dependent diversification. These models track the association between states of interest along a phylogeny, although many of them do not consider whether different clades might be evolving under different evolutionary drivers. Yet, they are still commonly applied to empirical studies without careful consideration of possible lineage diversification heterogeneity along the phylogenetic tree. A recent biogeographic study has suggested that orogenic uplift of the southern Andes has acted as a species pump, driving diversification of the lizard family Liolaemidae (307 described species), native to temperate southern South America. Here, we argue against the Andean uplift as main driver of evolution in this group. We show that there is a clear pattern of heterogeneous diversification in the Liolaemidae, which biases state‐ and environment‐dependent analyses in, respectively, the GeoSSE and RPANDA programs. We show here that there are two shifts to accelerated speciation rates involving two clades that have both been classified as having “Andean” distributions. We incorporated the Geographic Hidden‐State Speciation and Extinction model (GeoHiSSE) to accommodate unrelated diversification shifts, and also re‐analyzed the data in RPANDA program after splitting biologically distinct clades for separate analyses, as well as including a more appropriate set of models. We demonstrate that the “Andean uplift” hypothesis is not supported when the heterogeneous diversification histories among these lizards is considered. We use the Liolaemidae as an ideal system to demonstrate potential risks of ignoring clade‐specific differences in diversification patterns in macroevolutionary studies. We also implemented simulations to show that, in agreement with previous findings, the HiSSE approach can effectively and substantially reduce the level of distribution‐dependent models receiving the highest AIC weights in such scenarios. However, we still find a relatively high rate (15%) of distribution‐dependent models receiving the highest AIC weights, and provide recommendations related to the set of models included in the analyses that reduce these rates by half. Finally, we demonstrate that trees including clades following different dependent‐drivers affect RPANDA analyses by producing different outcomes, ranging from partially correct models to completely misleading results. We provide recommendations for the implementation of both programs.