bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geography as a Conditioning Factor of the Demographic Regimes in Rural Navarre (Spain), 1786-1960. / La géographie en tant que facteur conditionnant les régimes démographiques en Navarre rurale (Espagne), 1786-1960
Authors: Sánchez Jesús J.
Published: December 2011

Throughout history people have had to adapt themselves to the geographical environment in which they have lived. Sometimes this environment was rich and offered many possibilities for development. Other times, the environment presented itself as hostile, and life in it was hard. Without a doubt, the physical environment conditioned the forms of organization of communities, the type of settlements, the different forms of economy that were established in them and, also, the demographic behaviours of the peoples that settled in them. The proper time to enter into matrimony, to give birth, as well as the emigration to new lands in search of new ways of life, were influenced by the possibilities that the geographical environment offered. In this article data are presented from 27 municipalities of the Spanish province of Navarra between the years 1786 and 1960. The detailed analysis of such data shows the strong relationships between marital and family systems (nuclear and stem) and the geographic environment. The strong influence of geography upon nuptiality puts the theory of culture as the only influence on nuptiality into doubt.
Le RMI favorise-t-il l'insertion? Le destin des premiers bénéficiaires en Gironde
Authors: Cordazzo Philippe
Published: December 2011

Le suivi jusqu'au 31.12.1995 de l'ensemble de la première cohorte (1989) d'entrants au RMI en Gironde (9 417 personnes) a permis de s'intéresser à deux événements du parcours des bénéficiaires du RMI : la sortie du dispositif et la contractualisation. Afin que ce travail soit le plus pertinent possible, les entrants ont été classés selon leurs caractéristiques : bénéficiaires du type 1 « proche de l'emploi », du type 2 « cumul de difficultés » et du type 3 « en attente ». Cette typologie permet de mettre en évidence des différences notables de type, de fréquence et de calendrier tant en matière de contractualisation que de sortie du dispositif. La contractualisation semble jouer le rôle de facteur déterminant dans le parcours d'insertion des bénéficiaires « proches de l'emploi ».
Les mises en scène des martyrs dans les cimetières de village au Liban Sud
Authors: Chaib Kinda
Published: December 2011

Résumé L’article étudie les usages politiques du groupe « martyrs » dans le Liban contemporain à partir d’une analyse sémiotique de cimetières du Sud chiite du pays. Lieux de mémoire en train de se faire, les cimetières se révèlent être un site d’observation privilégié pour décortiquer les processus de construction d’un groupe. L’article donne notamment à voir le travail d’homogénéisation orchestré par les structures partisanes en lien permanent avec des formes de résistance locales.
Can Fiscal Policy Stimulus Boost Economic Recovery?
Authors: Agnello Luca , Sousa Ricardo M.
Published: December 2011

Résumé Nous étudions le rôle de la politique budgétaire pour expliquer la dynamique des marchés d’actifs. À l’aide d’un modèle de données de panel couvrant une dizaine de pays industrialisés, nous montrons qu’un choc budgétaire positif a un effet négatif sur les prix des actifs boursiers et immobiliers. Les premiers réagissent instantanément au choc et l’effet du choc est temporaire. Les prix des actifs immobiliers réagissent progressivement et l’effet du choc est persistant. Par conséquent, toute tentative de stabilisation des marchés immobiliers à l’aide de la politique budgétaire (par exemple à travers les taxes sur les revenus du capital) peut avoir l’effet opposé à celui recherché en déstabilisant ces marchés. Nous trouvons également des effets multiplicateurs significatifs dans les cas d’éclatement des bulles immobilières, ce qui peut justifier le recours à des plans de stabilisation à partir de l’outil de la fiscalité. Nous mettons également évidence des effets d’éviction des déficits budgétaires sur la consommation et l’investissement (à cause de la pression à la hausse exercée sur les taux d’intérêt). JEL Code: E62, H30
The history of dipterology at the Canadian National Collection of Insects, with special reference to theManual of Nearctic Diptera
Authors: Cumming Jeffrey M. , Sinclair Bradley J. , Brooks Scott E. , O'Hara James E. , Skevington Jeffrey H.
Published: December 2011

The history of Diptera research at the Canadian National Collection of Insects is briefly outlined. Short biographic sketches of the coordinators of theManual of Nearctic Dipteraare given and the development of the Manual project is presented to provide background on their achievements. Lists of publications by each of the coordinators and of patronyms honouring them are provided. This Festschrift honours the remarkable contributions of the coordinators, J. Frank McAlpine, Bobbie V. Peterson, Guy E. Shewell, Herbert J. Teskey, J. Richard Vockeroth, and D. Monty Wood.
Notes onParerigonewith a description of a new species from Nepal (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Shima Hiroshi
Published: December 2011

Parerigone flavipes sp. nov.is described from Nepal. Morphological characteristics of the genus are discussed, especially with respect to the male and female terminalia. A key to the known species is provided.
Docosia adustasp. nov. (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from the Colombian Andes: a Holarctic element in northwestern South America
Authors: Oliveira Sarah Siqueira , de Souza Amorim Dalton
Published: December 2011

A third Neotropical species of the genusDocosiaWinnertz is described from the Colombian Andes. Three males and four females ofD. adusta sp. nov.from Cundinamarca, Colombia, collected at 3600m elevation were examined. Detailed illustrations of the male and female terminalia are presented and morphological differences in relation to those of other species of the genus are discussed. The relationships between Holarctic and Neotropical species withinDocosiaare discussed and overlap of circumantarctic, tropical, and Nearctic elements in the northern Andes is considered.
The genus Chrysopilus in New Caledonia (Diptera: Rhagionidae)
Authors: Webb Donald W.
Published: December 2011

Seventeen new species of Chrysopilus Macquart are described from New Caledonia with illustrations of the male head, wing, and genitalia. The new species are C. bicoloratus sp. nov., C. brunneabdominalis sp. nov., C. caliginosus sp. nov., C. chazeaui sp. nov., C. everti sp. nov., C. irwini sp. nov., C. frankmcalpinei sp. nov., C. mandjelia sp. nov., C. melinus sp. nov., C. noumea sp. nov., C. petersoni sp. nov., C. plautifrons sp. nov., C. sarramea sp. nov., C. shewelli sp. nov., C. teskeyi sp. nov., C. vockerothi sp. nov., and C. woodi sp. nov. Keys are provided to identify the species from New Caledonia.
Taxonomic status of Macrocerides species (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: Brown Brian V.
Published: December 2011

The taxonomic status of the nine species of the mostly Neotropical genus Macrocerides Borgmeier is reviewed after the holotypes of seven species are examined. Macrocerides anacleti Borgmeier, M. brevicornis Borgmeier, and M. luteus Borgmeier are transferred to Myriophora Brown (new combinations). Macrocerides neivai Borgmeier is transferred to Apocephalus (new combination), creating a homonym with Apocephalus neivai Borgmeier for which the replacement name A. elizaldae is proposed. The African Macrocerides leydheckeri Schmitz is placed in a new genus, Macrocerophora. Tauricornus, a new subgenus of Macrocerides, is proposed for a monophyletic group that includes M. (T.) abaristalis Borgmeier, M. (T). attophilus Disney, and two new species, M. (T.) taurocephalus from southern Texas, United States of America, and M. (T.) borkenti from Costa Rica to northern South America.
Influence of medium range transport of particles from nucleation burst on particle number concentration within the urban airshed
Authors: Cheung H. C. , Morawska L. , Ristovski Z. D. , Wainwright D.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Elevated particle number concentration (PNC) observed during nucleation events could make a significant contribution to the total particle load and thus air pollution in urban environments. Therefore, a field measurement study of PNC was conducted to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of PNC within the urban airshed of Brisbane, Australia. PNC was monitored at urban (QUT), roadside (WOO) and semi-urban (ROC) areas around the Brisbane region during 2009. The results showed that morning traffic exhaust emissions were the main contributor to high PNCs at QUT and WOO which contributed 5.5% and 5.1 5 during the week, respectively, with a less significant contribution on weekends. PNC peaks were observed around noon, which correlated with the highest solar radiation levels at all three stations, thus suggesting that high PNC levels were likely to be associated with new particle formation caused by photochemical reactions. Wind rose plots showed relatively higher PNC for the NE direction, which was associated with industrial pollution, accounting for 12%, 9% and 14% of overall PNC at QUT, WOO and ROC, respectively. Although there was no significant correlation between PNC at each station, the variation of PNC was well correlated among three stations during regional nucleation events. In addition, PNC at ROC was significantly influenced by upwind urban pollution during the nucleation burst events, with the average enrichment factor of 15.4. This study provides an insight into the influence of regional nucleation events on PNC in the Brisbane region and is the first study to quantify the effect of urban pollution on semi-urban PNC through the nucleation events.
Evaluation of the sectional aerosol microphysics module SALSA implementation in ECHAM5-HAM aerosol-climate model
Authors: Bergman T. , Kerminen V.-M. , Korhonen H. , Lehtinen K. J. , Makkonen R. , Arola A. , Mielonen T. , Romakkaniemi S. , Kulmala M. , Kokkola H.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. We present the implementation and evaluation of a sectional aerosol microphysics model SALSA within the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. This aerosol microphysics module has been designed to be flexible and computationally efficient so that it can be implemented in regional or global scale models. The computational efficiency has been achieved by keeping the number of variables needed to describe the size and composition distribution to the minimum. The aerosol size distribution is described using 20 size sections with 10 size sections in size space which cover diameters ranging from 3 nm to 10 μm divided to three subranges each having distinct optimised process and compound selection. The ability of the module to describe the global aerosol properties was evaluated by comparison against (1) measured continental and marine size distributions, (2) observed variability of continental modal number concentrations, (3) measured sulphate, organic carbon, black carbon and sea salt mass concentrations, (4) observations of AOD and other aerosol optical properties from satellites and AERONET network, (5) global aerosol budgets and concentrations from previous model studies, and (6) model results using M7 which is the default aerosol microphysics module in ECHAM5-HAM. The evaluation shows that the global aerosol properties can be reproduced reasonably well using the coarse resolution of 10 size sections in size space. The simulated global aerosol budgets are within the range of previous studies. Surface concentrations of sea salt, sulphate and carbonaceous species have an annual mean within a factor of five of the observations, while the simulated sea salt concentrations reproduce the observations less accurately and show high variability. Regionally, AOD is in relatively good agreement with the observations (within a factor of two). At mid-latitudes the observed AOD is captured well, while at high-latitudes as well as in some polluted and dust regions the modeled AOD is significantly lower than the observed. Regarding the most investigated aerosol properties, the performances of SALSA and the modal aerosol module M7 against observations are comparable. However, SALSA reproduces the observed number concentrations and the size distributions of CCN sized particles much more accurately than M7, and is therefore a good choice for aerosol-cloud interaction studies in global models. Our study also shows that when including activation type nucleation process in the boundary layer, the modeled concentrations of particles under 50 nm in diameter are reproduced much better compared to when only binary nucleation is assumed.
Soil erosion and sediment delivery in a mountain catchment under land use change: using point fallout 137Cs for calibrating a spatially distributed numerical model
Authors: Alatorre L. C. , Beguería S. , Lana-Renault N. , Navas A. , García-Ruiz J. M.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Soil erosion and sediment yield are strongly affected by land use/land cover (LULC). Spatially distributed erosion models are useful tools for comparing erosion resulting from current LULC with a number of alternative scenarios, being of great interest to assess the expected effect of LULC changes. In this study the soil erosion and sediment delivery model WATEM/SEDEM was applied to a small experimental catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Model calibration was carried out based on a dataset of soil redistribution rates derived from 137Cs inventories along three representative transects, allowing capture differences per land use in the main model parameters. Model calibration showed a good convergence to a global optimum in the parameter space. Validation of the model results against seven years of recorded sediment yield at the catchment outlet was satisfactory. Two LULC scenarios where then modeled to reproduce the land use at the beginning of the twentieth Century and a hypothetic future scenario, and to compare the simulation results to the current LULC situation. The results show a reduction of about one order of magnitude in gross erosion (3180 to 350 Mg yr−1) and sediment delivery (11.2 to 1.2 Mg yr−1 ha−1) during the last decades as a result of the abandonment of traditional land uses (mostly agriculture) and subsequent vegetation re-colonization. The simulation also allowed assessing differences in the sediment sources and sinks within the catchment.
How reliable are projections of future flood damage?
Authors: Bubeck P. , de Moel H. , Bouwer L. M. , Aerts J. C. J. H.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Flood damage modelling is an important component in flood risk management, and several studies have investigated the possible range of flood damage in the coming decades. Generally, flood damage assessments are still characterized by considerable uncertainties in stage-damage functions and methodological differences in estimating exposed asset values. The high variance that is commonly associated with absolute flood damage assessments is the reason for the present study that investigates the reliability of estimates of relative changes in the development of potential flood damage. While studies that estimate (relative) changes in flood damage over time usually address uncertainties resulting from different projections (e.g. land-use characteristics), the influence of different flood damage modelling approaches on estimates of relative changes in the development of flood damage is largely unknown. In this paper, we evaluate the reliability of estimates of relative changes in flood damage along the river Rhine between 1990 and 2030 in terms of different flood-damage modelling approaches. The results show that relative estimates of flood damage developments differ by a factor of 1.4. These variations, which result from the application of different modelling approaches, are considerably smaller than differences between the approaches in terms of absolute damage estimates (by a factor of 3.5 to 3.8), or than differences resulting from land-use projections (by a factor of 3). The differences that exist when estimating relative changes principally depend on the differences in damage functions. In order to improve the reliability of relative estimates of changes in the development of potential flood damage, future research should focus on reducing the uncertainties related to damage functions.
Relationship rational nutrition for the risk of cancer of the breast in the female population in Slovakia
Authors: Tirpáková Michaela , Lovayová Viera
Published: December 2011

Cancers are very specific cause of mortality in developed countries with multifactorial etiology and some cancer study data are showing the multi-play chain of hazard factors. The aim of this thesis is to point out to importance of prevention, of nutrition health and lifestyle to decrease of carcinoma of the breast generation risk. In the study was to transfer theoretical knowledge into clinical practice and to assess the of selected risk factors on the incidence and character of carcinoma of the breast in the Slovak population. Epidemiologic and clinical data demonstrated that environmental, demographic, lifestyle risk factors (nutrition health, alcohol, obesity) increase the risk of development of the disease. Used study methodology based on the „case – control“ study is the full harmonization with data collection from IARC (International Agency for Cancer Research). Using correlation analyses we found a significant linkage between selected risk factors and the development of carcinoma of the breast. Within the frame of case-control study 100 carcinoma of the breast and 100 controls have been analyzed. The test of robustness tested Chi-Square statistic. The robustness have been judged based on the p-values. On the base of received scientific outputs will be created the recommendation for preventive measures in the population so as to decrease cancer morbidity and mortality.
Characterization of gliadin and hmw glutenin protein composition in coloured wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties
Authors: Gregova Edita , Šliková Svetlana , Šudyová Valéria , Šramková Zuzana , Hauptvogel Pavol
Published: December 2011

Wheat is one of the most important grains in our daily diet. Coloured wheat contains natural anthocyanin compounds. Bioactive compounds in wheat have attracted increasingly more interest from breeders because of their benefits. It is important to fully understand protein properties of red, blue, purple, and yellow-coloured wheat in order to predict their potential uses for culturing new varieties. All 21 accessions originating from different geographical areas of world were evaluated for high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) and T1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation using SDS-PAGE and A-PAGE. The data indicated the prevalence of the allele 1 (36%), allele 0 (30%) and allele 2* (34%) at the Glu-1A and five alleles, namely 7+8 (36%), 7+9 (29%), 20 (21%), 7 (12%) and 17+18 (2%) represented the Glu-1B. Existence of 2 alleles at the locus Glu-1D was revealed, in fact 21% of them showed the subunit pairs Glu-1D 5+10 correlated with good bread making properties. Protein subunit Glu-1A1 and Glu-1A2* were correlated positively with improved dough strength as compared to subunit null. On the chromosome Glu-1B subunit 17+18 and 7+8 were associated with slightly stronger gluten type than 7+9, whereas subunit 20 and 7 were associated with weak gluten properties. On the basis of electrophoretic separation of gliadin fraction it was found that only one genotype contained T1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation. The Glu-1 quality score ranged from 4 to 10. Suitable accessions can be used for the crossing programs to improve colour and good technological quality of bread wheat.
Multivariate geographical characterisation of Slovak fruit distillates through mineral elements profile
Authors: Koreňovská Mária , Suhaj Milan
Published: December 2011

Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, K and Na were determined in some species of Slovakian fruit distillates by atomic absorption spectrometry with the aim to differentiate the spirit drinks according to geographical origin. Potassium, sodium and copper were found as markers with the highest concentrations and variability in the distillates, namely in the apricot and grape brandy. Using the multivariate statistics of principal component and canonical discriminant analysis enabled relative effective differentiation of samples according to their regional origin. Prediction ability of the model resulted in more than 80% of correctly classified samples of the fruit distillates into the relevant Slovakian regions.
Microstructure Characterization of Nanocrystalline Magnesium Ferrite Annealed at Elevated Temperatures by Rietveld Method
Authors: Pradhan Swapan Kumar , Sain Sumanta , Dutta Hema
Published: December 2011

Nanocrystalline magnesium ferrite is synthesized at room temperature by high energy ball milling the MgO and α-Fe2O3 (1 : 1 mol fraction) powders. The Rietveld structure and microstructure refinements of X-ray powder diffraction data of 9 h milled sample reveal the presence of mixed and nearly inverse spinel nanocrystalline Mg-ferrite phases. Postannealing of nanocrystalline powder within 873–1473 K reveals continuous change in cation distribution among the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of mixed spinel lattice leading to nearly inverse spinel structure with increasing temperature. Mixed spinel structure finally transformed into inverse spinel structure after 1 h of annealing at 1073 K. The ferrite phase becomes completely stoichiometric by solid-state diffusion of unreacted (∼0.3 mol fraction) α-Fe2O3 into spinel lattice after 1 h of annealing at 1273 K. Interestingly, particle sizes of ferrite phases do not increase considerably up to 1073 K and increase suddenly after transformation of mixed spinel into nearly inverse spinel structure.
Poetry and Language Writing
Authors: Arnold David
Published: December 2011

It has been variously labelled Language Poetry, Language Writing, L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E writing (after the magazine that ran from 1978 to 1981), and language-centred writing. It has been placed according to its geographical positions, on East or West coasts; its venues in small magazines, independent presses and performance spaces, and its descent from historical precursors, be they the Objectivists, the composers-by-field of the Black Mountain School, the Russian Constructivists or American modernism à la William Carlos Williams and Gertrude Stein. Indeed, one of the few statements that can be made about it with little qualification is that it has both fostered and endured a crisis in representation more or less since it first became visible in the 1970s. In Poetry & Language Writing David Arnold grasps the nettle of Language poetry, reassessing its relationship with surrealism and providing a scholarly, intelligent way of understanding the movement. Poets discussed include Charles Bernstein, Susan Howe, Michael Palmer and Barrett Watten.
Cinematic Fictions
Authors: Seed David
Published: December 2011

The phrase cinematic fiction has now been generally accepted into critical discourse, but is usually applied to post-war novels. This book asks a simple question: given their fascination with the new medium of film, did American novelists attempt to apply cinematic methods in their own writings? From its very beginnings the cinema has played a special role in defining American culture. Covering the period from the 1910s up to the Second World War, Cinematic Fictions offers new insights into classics like The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath discussing major writers critical writings on film and active participation in film-making. Cinematic Fictions is also careful not to portray cinema as a single or stable entity. Some novelists drew on silent film; others looked to the Russian theorists for inspiration; and yet others turned to continental film-makers rather than to Hollywood. Film itself was constantly evolving during the first decades of the twentieth century and the writers discussed here engaged in a kind of dialogue with the new medium, selectively pursuing strategies of montage, limited point of view and scenic composition towards their different ends. Contrasting a diverse range of cinematic and literary movements, this will be compulsory reading for scholars of American literature and film.
The Sociology of Architecture
Authors: Jones Paul
Published: December 2011

A central objective of The Sociology of Architecture is to position architecture as a research agenda for sociologists and others interested in the relationship between power, culture and collective identities. Adopting a critical approach to such questions, this book frames architecture as a field of symbolic and material conflict over collective identities. These arguments are developed with reference to some notable architectural projects past and present in the European and North American contexts. The powerful have historically sought to give material, built form to their power. Viewed from the vantage point of sociology, architecture is thus one aspect of the cultural sphere that contributes to the construction and maintenance of collective identities, and a way in which those with power both legitimate and mark their position in the world. Because of this backdrop, architecture is far from an autonomous or apolitical endeavour. Drawing on sociological theories to assist an understanding of how political power operates in the cultural sphere, The Sociology of Architecture suggests that major architectural projects can act as tangible, concrete expressions of the ultimately contested nature of collective identities, and that as such provide a focus for questioning the processes through which identities are constructed and maintained by politically powerful actors through the cultural sphere.
Haiti Unbound
Authors: Glover Kaiama L.
Published: December 2011

Historically and contemporarily, politically and literarily, Haiti has long been relegated to the margins of the so-called 'New World.' Marked by exceptionalism, the voices of some of its most important writers have consequently been muted by the geopolitical realities of the nation's fraught history. In Haiti Unbound, Kaiama L. Glover offers a close look at the works of three such writers: the Haitian Spiralists Frankétienne, Jean-Claude Fignolé, and René Philoctète. While Spiralism has been acknowledged by scholars and regional writer-intellectuals alike as a crucial contribution to the French-speaking Caribbean literary tradition, the Spiralist ethic-aesthetic not yet been given the sustained attention of a full-length study. Glover's book represents the first effort in any language to consider the works of the three Spiralist authors both individually and collectively, and so fills an astonishingly empty place in the assessment of postcolonial Caribbean aesthetics. Touching on the role and destiny of Haiti in the Americas, Haiti Unbound engages with long-standing issues of imperialism and resistance culture in the transatlantic world. Glover's timely project emphatically articulates Haiti's regional and global centrality, combining vital 'big picture' reflections on the field of postcolonial studies with elegant close-reading-based analyses of the philosophical perspective and creative practice of a distinctively Haitian literary phenomenon. Most importantly perhaps, the book advocates for the inclusion of three largely unrecognized voices in the disturbingly fixed roster of writer-intellectuals that have thus far interested theorists of postcolonial (Francophone) literature. Providing insightful and sophisticated blueprints for the reading and teaching of the Spiralists' prose fiction, Haiti Unbound will serve as a point of reference for the works of these authors and for the singular socio-political space out of and within which they write.
Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid‐Catalyzed Tandem Semi‐Pinacol Rearrangement/Alkyne‐Aldehyde Metathesis Reaction of Arylpropagylsulfonamide‐Tethered 2,3‐Epoxycyclohexan‐1‐ols to Spiropiperidines
Authors: Lin Ming‐Nan , Wu Shih‐Hui , Yeh Ming‐Chang P.
Published: December 2011

A simple and efficient trifluoromethanesulfonic acid‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of arylpropagylsulfonamide‐tethered 2,3‐epoxycyclohexan‐1‐ols is described. The cyclization proceeds via tandem semi‐pinacol rearrangement/alkyne‐aldehyde metathesis to afford spiropiperidines under mild reaction conditions.
Preparation of highly filled wood flour/recycled high density polyethylene composites byin situreactive extrusion
Authors: Li Zewen , Gao Hua , Wang Qingwen
Published: December 2011

Highly filled wood flour/recycled high density polyethylene (WF/RHDPE) composites were directly prepared byin situreactive extrusion using a twin‐screw/single‐screw extruder system. The effects of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) content on extrusion pressure, rheological behavior, mechanical properties, fractured surface morphology of the composites, and melting temperature of RHDPE in the composites were investigated. The extrusion pressure and torque of WF/RHDPE composite melt increased with DCP content. Mechanical property tests and scanning electron microscopy analysis results confirmed that the interfacial interaction of the composites was improved byin situreaction. The composites show lower melting peak temperature (Tm) than RHDPE. The cooling in profile extrusion shortened the crystallization time, resulting in decrease of crystalline order of RHDPE in the composites. There are no noticeable changes ofTmvalues with increasing DCP content. Comparative study on composites with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene as compatibilizer demonstrated that mechanochemical treatment with DCP and maleic anhydride was an effective method to improve interfacial adhesion for WF/RHDPE composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Combining information from benthic community analysis and social studies to establish no‐take zones within a multiple uses marine protected area
Authors: Rojas‐Nazar Úrsula , Gaymer Carlos F. , Squeo Francisco A. , Garay‐Flühmann Rosa , López David
Published: December 2011

A decision support tool was used to determine priority sites for marine conservation within the Isla Grande de Atacama multiple uses marine protected area (MUMPA) in northern Chile, based on both biological and social information. Scuba diving, and an unweighted paired‐group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) analyses were used to determine the main benthic communities found in the shallow rocky and soft‐sediment subtidal.

To establish the costs of conservation, a social survey was undertaken to identify major users, uses and localities within the MUMPA. A multi‐layer database with biological, physical, and social information was generated and further defined 28 approximately 70 ha analysis units. Explicit conservation criteria were then determined and four conservation goals defined (protection of 10, 20, 50, and 70% of each of the communities).

Seven rocky reef and three soft‐sediment communities were identified in the shallow subtidal. Four of the 28 units had high costs of conservation owing to high frequency of use by fishermen, divers, and algae harvesters (main users). These areas represented the highest risks for potential conflicts with the main users.

Under the conservation goals of 10% and 20%, 36.8 and 44.4% of the whole marine area were selected as priority areas for protection respectively. The units selected presented low and medium costs of conservation, thus they had low risks of potential conflicts with users.

This is the first study that uses a decision support tool to identify priority sites (i.e. units) in the shallow subtidal based on benthic communities and also incorporates social aspects to assess conservation costs. The use of social aspects enables the establishment of management strategies that agree both with biodiversity conservation and socio‐economic development of fishing communities. This approach can be replicated for the planning of other coastal MPAs where artisanal fisheries and tourist activities co‐occur and interact with conservation efforts.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life in the Slow Lane: The Effect of Reduced Mobility on Tadpole Limb Development
Authors: Abdala Virginia , Ponssa María Laura
Published: December 2011

Movement is thought to be a primary agent eliciting basic responses in the vertebrate body, such as the proper development of the musculoskeletal system. Embryos do not passively await hatching or birth but rather begin active movement very early on in their development. Most studies dealing with embryonic responses to changes in mobility have been performed in chickens or mammals. Herein, we investigate for the first time whether the embryos of organisms that are free‐living during development demonstrate the same morphological responses to reduced mobility as embryos that undergo development in controlled environments such as in utero or in a shelled egg. We changed the viscosity of the environment in which free‐living anuran tadpoles grow by rearing them in an agar medium. We thus increased the viscosity of the growth medium resulting in a decrease in larval movement. We predicted that a substantial increase in viscosity of the medium in which the larvae were reared would have at least two consequences: (1) a reduction of tadpole mobility and (2) a delayed onset of skeletogenesis thus producing shorter long bones. Our predictions were upheld and tadpoles reared in an agar medium remain immobile longer and showed a delayed onset of skeletogenesis compared with controls. We propose that the developmental responses to the same stimulus are similar throughout tetrapods, regardless of their developmental context (i.e., intrauterine, within an egg, or free‐living). Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new proposal for a principal component‐based test for high‐dimensional data applied to the analysis of PhyloChip data
Authors: Ding Guo‐Chun , Smalla Kornelia , Heuer Holger , Kropf Siegfried
Published: December 2011

A modification of the principal component test is presented. It uses a weighted combination of the sums of squares for different principal components and is thus more powerful in high‐dimensional settings with small sample sizes. Under usual normality assumptions, a rotation test is proposed which enables an exact conditional parametric test. The procedure is demonstrated with microarray data for the bacterial composition in the rhizosphere of different potato cultivars. In simulation studies, the power of the proposed statistic is compared with the competing multivariate parametric tests.
Quantifying the tensile strength of microbial mats grown over noncohesive sediments
Authors: Vignaga E. , Haynes H. , Sloan W.T.
Published: December 2011

Biofilms in marine and fluvial environments can comprise strong bacterial and diatom mats covering large areas of the bed and act to bind sediments. In this case the bed material becomes highly resistant to shear stresses applied by the overlying fluid motion and detachment, when it does occur, is manifest in patches of biofilm of the order cm2 being entrained into the flow. This article is the first to report tensile test data specific to the centimeter scale using moist biofilm/sediment composite materials; the strain (ε)–stress (σ) relationships permit quantification of the elasticity (Young's modulus, E) and cohesive strength of each specimen. Specifically, we compare the mechanical strength of cyanobacterial biofilm‐only samples to that of biofilm cultured over sediment samples (glass beads or natural sands of d ∼ 1 mm) for up to 8 weeks. The range of tensile strength (1,288–3,283 Pa) for composite materials was up to three times higher than previous tensile tests conducted at smaller scale on mixed culture biofilm [Ohashi et al. (1999) Water Sci Technol 39:261–268], yet of similar range to cohesive strength values recorded on return activated sludge flocs [RAS; Poppele and Hozalski (2003) J Microbiol Methods 55:607‐615]. Composite materials were 3–6 times weaker than biofilm‐only samples, indicating that adhesion to sediment grains is weaker than cohesion within the biofilm. Furthermore, in order to relate the tensile test results to the more common in‐situ failure of bio‐mats due to shear flow, controlled erosion experiments were conducted in a hydraulic flume with live fluid flow. Here, the fluid shear stress causing erosion was 3 orders of magnitude lower than tensile stress; this highlights both the problem of interpreting material properties measured ex‐situ and the need for a better mechanistic model of bio‐mat detachment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1155–1164. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering of an anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor antibody to single chain format and labeling by sortase A‐mediated protein ligation
Authors: Madej Mariusz P. , Coia Gregory , Williams Charlotte C. , Caine Joanne M. , Pearce Lesley A. , Attwood Rebecca , Bartone Nick A. , Dolezal Olan , Nisbet Rebecca M. , Nuttall Stewart D. , Adams Timothy E.
Published: December 2011

Sortase‐mediated protein ligation is a biological covalent conjugation system developed from the enzymatic cell wall display mechanism found in Staphylococcus aureus. This three‐component system requires: (i) purified Sortase A (SrtA) enzyme; (ii) a substrate containing the LPXTG peptide recognition sequence; and (iii) an oligo‐glycine acceptor molecule. We describe cloning of the single‐chain antibody sc528, which binds to the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), from the parental monoclonal antibody and incorporation of a LPETGG tag sequence. Utilizing recombinant SrtA, we demonstrate successful incorporation of biotin from GGG‐biotin onto sc528. EGFR is an important cancer target and is over‐expressed in human tumor tissues and cancer lines, such as the A431 epithelial carcinoma cells. SrtA‐biotinylated sc528 specifically bound EGFR expressed on A431 cells, but not negative control lines. Similarly, when sc528 was labeled with fluorescein we observed antigen‐specific labeling. The ability to introduce functionality into recombinant antibodies in a controlled, site‐specific manner has applications in experimental, diagnostic, and potentially clinical settings. For example, we demonstrate addition of all three reaction components in situ within a biosensor flow cell, resulting in oriented covalent capture and presentation of sc528, and determination of precise affinities for the antibody–receptor interaction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1461–1470. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined Muta‐ and Semisynthesis: A Powerful Synthetic Hybrid Approach to Access Target Specific Antitumor Agents Based on Ansamitocin P3
Authors: Taft Florian , Harmrolfs Kirsten , Nickeleit Irinia , Heutling Anja , Kiene Miriam , Malek Nisar , Sasse Florenz , Kirschning Andreas
Published: December 2011

Access of four new tumor specific folic acid/ansamitocin conjugates is reported that relies on a synthetic strategy based on the combination of mutasynthesis and semisynthesis. Two bromo‐ansamitocin derivatives were prepared by mutasynthesis or by a modified fermentation protocol, respectively, that served as starting point for the semisynthetic introduction of an allyl amine linker under Stille conditions. A sequence of standard coupling steps introduced the pteroic acid/glutamic acid/cysteine unit to the modified ansamitocins. All new derivatives, including those that are expected to be generated after internalization of the folic acid/ansamitocin conjugates into the cancer cell and reductive cleavage of the disulfide linkage showed good to strong antiproliferative activity (IC50 <10 nM) for different cancer cell lines. Finally, the four conjugates were exposed to two cancer cell lines [cervix carcinoma, KB‐3‐1 (FR+) and lung carcinoma, A‐459 (FR−)], the latter devoid of the membrane‐bound folic acid receptor (FR−). All four conjugates showed strong antiproliferative activity for the FR+ cancer cell line but were inactive against the FR− cell line. The synthetic strategy pursued is based on the combination of mutasynthesis and semisynthesis and proved to be powerful for accessing new ansamitocin derivatives that are difficult to prepare by total synthesis.
One‐step synthesis of ordered Sn‐substituted SBA‐16 mesoporous materials using prepared silica source of rice husk and their selectively catalytic activity
Authors: Ho Sy‐Thang , Dinh Quang‐Khieu , Tran Thai‐Hoa , Nguyen Huu‐Phu , Nguyen Thanh‐Dinh
Published: December 2011

Highly ordered SBA‐16 silica mesoporous materials were synthesised hydro‐solvothermally under the acidic medium using SiO2/F127/BuOH/HCl/H2O gel. Pure SiO2 powders were prepared from inexpensive and environmentally friendly silica source of rice husk. The pore size of the materials could be optimised by using a blend of P123 and F127 templates. Sn‐substituted SBA‐16 mesoporous materials were yielded via the direct injection of stannic chloride into the fixed gel in acidic medium. X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, scanning electron microscope/transmission electron microscope results suggest that tin ions were incorporated into the Si‐SBA‐16 framework by isomorphous substitution between Sn and Si ions. Elemental analysis indicates that tin can be substituted in the range of Si/Sn = 21.4–10.5. UV–vis, XPS, TPR‐H2, TPD‐NH3 results reveal that tin atoms are highly dispersed in 4+ oxidation state and mostly occupy in the silica framework. The degree of tin incorporation into silica framework can easily be controlled by a simply adjustment of the H2O and HCl molar ratios. The mesoporous Sn‐SBA‐16 materials were an active benzylation catalyst with almost 100% selectivity to monoalkylated product in alkylation of aromatics with benzyl chloride. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Screening CO2/N2 selectivity in metal‐organic frameworks using Monte Carlo simulations and ideal adsorbed solution theory
Authors: Dickey Allison N. , Yazaydın A. Özgür , Willis Richard R. , Snurr Randall Q.
Published: December 2011

Selective adsorption of CO2 over N2 is important in the design and selection of adsorbents such as metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) for CO2 capture and sequestration. In this work, single‐component and mixture adsorption isotherms were calculated in MOFs using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations at conditions relevant for CO2 capture from flue gas. Mixture results predicted from single‐component isotherms plus ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) agree well with those calculated from full GCMC mixture simulations. This suggests that IAST can be used for preliminary screening of MOFs for CO2 capture as an alternative to more time‐consuming mixture simulations or experiments. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies on the Reactions of the Reduced Vitamin B12 Complex Cob(I)alamin with Nitrite and Nitrate
Authors: Plymale Noah T. , Dassanayake Rohan S. , Hassanin Hanaa A. , Brasch Nicola E.
Published: December 2011

The kinetics of the reactions between cob(I)alamin [Cbl(I)] and nitrite and nitrate have been studied by UV/Vis and stopped‐flow spectroscopy. Enzyme‐bound Cbl(I) is an important transient species in several B12‐catalyzed enzyme reactions. Levels of nitrite and nitrate are elevated during oxidative stress, as a consequence of elevated nitric oxide levels. Although nitrite and nitrate are generally considered to be benign species, our studies show that nitrate and especially nitrite react rapidly with Cbl(I) at neutral pH conditions (kapp = 6.5 × 10–3 and 1.7 × 103 M–1 s–1, respectively, at pH 7, 25.0 °C). A reaction pathway is postulated for the reaction between Cbl(I) and (H)NO2 involving a 2e– rate‐determining step to form Cbl(III) and HNO. The latter species reacts further with Cbl(I), ultimately resulting in the oxidation of 4Cbl(I) by HNO2 to yield 4Cbl(II) and NH2OH. The reaction between Cbl(I) and (H)NO3 results in the oxidation of 8Cbl(I) by (H)NO3 to give 8Cbl(II) and NH4+ (pH 5–7).
Synthesis of Silyl–Molybdenum Complexes Connected by a 1,1′‐Metallocenylene Unit and Their Electrochemical Properties (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 36/2011)
Authors: Itazaki Masumi , Ichimura Akio , Nakazawa Hiroshi
Published: December 2011

The cover picture shows the results of the electrochemical investigation (cyclic voltammetry) of various silylferrocene derivatives and the crystal structure of [{Cp*(CO)3MoSiMe2C5H4}2Fe]. These results reveal that the HSiMe2 and Cp*Mo(CO)3(SiMe2) groups have electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating properties, respectively. Details of the synthesis, the electrochemical properties and the first structurally characterized silyl–molybdenum complexes connected by a 1,1′‐metallocenylene unit are discussed in the article by H. Nakazawa et al. on page 5496 ff.

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The challenge to quantify proteins with charge trains due to isoforms or conformers
Authors: Deng Xi , Hahne Thomas , Schröder Simone , Redweik Sabine , Nebija Dashnor , Schmidt Hendrik , Janssen Ottmar , Lachmann Bodo , Wätzig Hermann
Published: December 2011

Single proteins separated by 2‐DE often show multiple spots spreading along the first dimension. In many cases, such charge trains are explained by isoform differences or by putative post‐translational modifications including phosphorylation, glycosylation and others. We now report that individual spots of such charge trains on 2‐D gels in fact often represent the same protein, but, apparently due to conformational changes, segregate to different isoelectric points. If MS analysis reveals protein identity, we therefore suggest integrating all individual spots within a charge train for quantification. Especially in quality control of pharmaceutical proteins, the integration of the spot groups of all active contents is preferable in order to obtain reproducible and reasonable quantitative results. However, most commercial software packages for gel analysis integrate the signals spot‐wise. We provide an improved quantification tool for proteins with charge train groups. This calculation can be implemented using the MATLAB software and the self‐developed “Correct Integration Software System” or the commercial software package Delta2D.
Internal evaluation a quarter‐century later: A conversation with Arnold J. Love
Authors: Volkov Boris B.
Published: December 2011

This chapter features a recent conversation with Dr. Arnold J. Love, a long‐time proponent of internal evaluation and one of the most cited internal evaluation authors. In 1983, Love edited the first issue of New Directions for Program Evaluation on the topic of internal evaluation. He is the author of the book Internal Evaluation: Building Organizations from Within (1991), editor of a special issue of the Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation about internal evaluation, and the author of a chapter on internal evaluation in Encyclopedia of Evaluation (2005). Currently working as an independent evaluation consultant, Love has more than 25 years of experience in evaluation. Based in Toronto, Canada, but also a founding member of the American Evaluation Association, he also brings an important international perspective to our discussion of the status of internal evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Faunal Change in the Turkana Basin during the Late Oligocene and Miocene
Authors: Leakey Meave , Grossman Ari , Gutiérrez Mercedes , Fleagle John G.
Published: December 2011

Faunal evolution over the last 65 million years of earth's history was dominated by mammalian radiations, but much of this era is poorly represented in Africa. Mammals first appeared early in the Mesozoic, living alongside dinosaurs for millions of years, but it was not until the extinction of dinosaurs 65 myr ago that the first major explosion of mammalian taxa took place. The Cenozoic (65 Ma to Recent) witnessed repeated and dynamic events involving the radiation, evolution, and extinction of mammalian faunas. Two of these events, each marking the extinction of one diverse fauna and subsequent establishment of another equally diverse fauna, both involving advanced catarrhine primates, are recorded in sites in the Turkana Basin, despite the poorly represented record of Cenozoic faunas elsewhere in sub‐Saharan Africa. The first of these events occurred at the Oligocene‐Miocene transition and the other at the Miocene‐Pliocene transition. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.