bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The disclosure of climate-related risks and opportunities in financial statements: the UK’s FTSE 100
Authors: Borghei Zahra , Linnenluecke Martina , Bui Binh
Published: December 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to explore current trends in how companies disclose climate-related risks and opportunities in their financial statements. As part of the authors’ analysis, they examine: whether forward-looking assumptions and judgements are typically considered in reporting climate-related risks/opportunities; whether there are differences in the reporting practices of firms in carbon-intensive industries versus non-carbon-intensive industries; and whether negative media reports have an influence on the levels of disclosure a firm makes.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors chose content analysis as their methodology and examined the financial statements published by firms listed on the UK’s FTSE 100 between 2016 and 2020. This analysis is framed by Suchman’s three dimensions of legitimacy, being pragmatic, cognitive and moral.

Findings

Climate-related disclosures in the notes and financial accounts of these firms did increase over the period. Yet, overall, the level the disclosures was inadequate and the quality was inconsistent. From this, the authors conclude that pragmatic legitimacy is not a particularly strong driving factor in compelling organisations to disclose climate-related information. The firms in carbon-intensive industries do provide greater levels of disclosure, including both qualitative and quantitative (monetary) content, which is consistent with cognitive legitimacy. However, from a moral legitimacy perspective, this study finds that firms did not adapt responsively to negative media coverage as a way of reflecting their accountability to broader public norms and values. Overall, this analysis suggests that regulatory enforcement and a systematic reporting framework with adequate guidance is going to be critical to developing transparent climate-related reporting in future.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to existing studies on climate-related disclosures, which have mainly examined the ‘front-half’ of annual reports. Conversely, this study aims to shed light on these practices in the “back-half” of these reports, exploring the underlying reasons for reporting climate-related risks and opportunities in financial accounts. The authors’ insights into the current disclosure practices make a theoretical contribution to the literature. Practitioners can also draw on these insights to improve how they report on climate-related risks and opportunities in their financial statements.
Dialogic carbon accounting: toward agonistic discourses and democratic governance in China
Authors: Li Shuwen , Zakaria Zarina , Abas Azmi Khairul Saidah
Published: December 2023

Purpose

This study aims to explore the conflicting issues of carbon accounting and trading practices in China through the lens of agonistic democracy.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a framework of three interrelated levels, this study explores emitting entity carbon accounting debates and discussions in mitigating climate change. Interview data were collected from 20 emitting entity participants and external auditors.

Findings

This study identifies irreconcilable conflicts between emitting entities and the government in carbon accounting and trading activities. Under the strong influence of government power, emitting entities portray themselves as “responsible” and “legitimate” state-owned enterprises. This study further identifies possible democratic spaces and reveals the potential for agonistic discourse and a fallacy of “consensus” and monologues in institutional space. If the emitting entity and government can overcome their participation challenges, this would significantly facilitate vibrant and agonistic discourse in carbon activities and pave the way for democratic spaces.

Originality/value

This study demonstrates the potential and limitations of applying agonistic democracy and the significance of participation in institutional spaces in government-led carbon accounting and trading issues. It enriches prior research on promoting democratic participation in carbon accounting from the agonistic democracy perspective.
Effect of forming angle on the microstructure and properties of GH3536 nickel-based superalloy formed by SLM
Authors: Chen Jibing , Huang Shisen , Chen Nan , Yu Chengze , Yu Shanji , Liu Bowen , Hu Maohui , Li Ruidi
Published: December 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to identify the optimal forming angle for the selective laser melting (SLM) process and evaluate the mechanical properties of the SLM-formed GH3536 alloy in the aero-engine field.

Design/methodology/approach

Forming the samples with optimized parameters and analyzing the microstructure and properties of the block samples in different forming angles with scanning electron microscope, XRD, etc. so as to analyze and reveal the laws and mechanism of the block samples in different forming angles by SLM.

Findings

There are few cracks on the construction surface of SLM formed samples, and the microstructure shows columnar subgrains and cellular subgrains. The segregation of metal elements was not observed in the microstructure. The pattern shows strong texture strength on the (111) crystal plane. In the sample, the tensile strength of 60° sample is the highest, the plasticity of 90° forming sample is the best, the comprehensive property of 45° sample is the best and the fracture mode is plastic fracture. The comprehensive performance of the part is the best under the forming angle of 45°. To ensure the part size, performance and support structure processing, additional dimensions are added to the part structure.

Originality/value

In this paper, how to make samples with different forming angles is described. Combined with the standard of forged GH3536 alloy, the microstructure and properties of the samples are analyzed, and the optimal forming angle is obtained.
Antecedents of consumers' brand switching behavior in mobile service provider
Authors: Patel Naresh K.
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Switching behavior is predominantly seen in the consumer buying behavior of the mobile industry. This research aims to identify the factors influencing consumers to switch from their present mobile service provider. The consumer of the mobile industry operates in a dynamic and ever-changing environment that is difficult to predict, so this paper aims to focus on these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The selection of factors was made with the help of qualitative study and quantitative research methods for further findings; with the help of a structured questionnaire, a total of 514 valuable responses were collected to get the results. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data.

Findings

The finding shows that technology and edge-on-competition (TEC) and pricing have a negative influence on customer switching behavior. The switching cost (SC) is the most significant factor and has a positive impact, while service encounter failure (SEF) also positively impacts switching behavior.

Research limitations/implications

The findings provide important implications for consumers switching brands if they are finding alternative offers that are cost-effective and SEF from service providers

Practical implications

The study of one of the largest mobile markets is learning lessons for other markets around the world. This study will be helpful for mobile service provider companies in their branding and marketing strategies. This study will also be helpful to practitioners, educators and researchers in understanding the consumer behavior of mobile users.

Social implications

The learning of the largest mobile market will be a great learning lesson for other mobile markets around the world. Consumer behavior will help marketers follow ethical practices and make their strategy so a consumer does not switch brands and remain satisfied with the existing brand.

Originality/value

The study provides unique learning for practitioners, educators and researchers to understand the consumer behavior of mobile users. This will help marketers create factors that stop consumers from switching brands and develop strategies to retain customers.
The effect of income distribution on diet‐related environmental footprints: Evidence from urban China
Authors: Chen Jiao , Ren Yanjun , Glauben Thomas , Li Lei
Published: December 2023

Given that income disparity is expanding and diet‐related environmental footprints are increasing in urban China, this study aims to investigate the heterogeneity in these footprints across various income classes and examine the effect of income distribution on the total environmental footprints. Based on the quadratic almost ideal demand system model and taking into consideration the problems of endogeneity of food expenditure and zero expenditure, we estimate the income elasticities for 10 food categories across seven income classes and project the diet‐related environmental footprints under seven scenarios for various strategies of the income distribution. The results show that per capita diet‐related environmental footprints are greater for higher income classes than for lower income classes, as the former consume more animal‐based food. Compared with high‐income classes, income growth favouring low‐income classes results in a rather significant increase in diet‐related environmental footprints. With further economic growth, the lowest income group makes the greatest contribution to the increase in diet‐related environmental footprints. Thus, policymakers should promote a more sustainable diet on the road to alleviating income inequality to ensure sustainable environmental development.
Technocrat or partisan cabinet ministers: Does it make a difference? Evidence from an endorsement experiment with the bureaucracy
Authors: BATISTA MARIANA
Published: December 2023

This article analyses how high‐level bureaucrats evaluate the leadership of technocrat and partisan cabinet ministers in different roles of policymaking. The argument is that bureaucrats perceive ministers with policy expertise to have a central role in policymaking, especially in policy‐directing tasks. Despite their essential contribution to coalition formation, ministers with political experience are negatively evaluated in all policymaking roles. The article presents evidence based on an endorsement experiment conducted with the high‐level bureaucracy in Brazil. The results show that ministers with policy experience receive positive evaluations from the bureaucracy in policy formulation and implementation roles but not to carry out political coordination activities with the presidency or the legislature. Ministers with a partisan profile receive negative evaluations in all tasks of the policy process. Exploring the mechanism, we show that the negative assessment of ministers with a partisan profile is maintained even when the profile of the bureaucrat is considered. These results show the negative attitudes of high‐level bureaucrats towards partisan ministers in contexts of substantial patronage and corruption and contribute to the debate on ministerial appointments and their implications for policymaking.
Rheumatoid arthritis knowledge gap and intervention in Nigeria study
Authors: Hakeem Olaosebikan B. , Abubakar Yerima , Courage Uhunmwangho , Joshua Odunlami Gbenga , Olujimi Shodipo , Abdulaziz Umar , Uyi Ima‐Edomwonyi , Ojo Osaze , Adelowo Olufemi , Olusegun Oguntona A. , Nwankwo Henry , Ibukunoluwa Dedeke , Ibrahim Daiyabu , Ahmed Hamidu , Ajibade Adenitan , Ehi Aigbokhan , Dungwom Pam Stephen , Okwara Chibuzor , Harriet Ezike , Osuagwu Njideka , Uchechukwu Tralagba , Egbe Tamara , Ako Itam , Idowu Alabi , Akpabio Akpabio A. , Tito Asekhame , Abdulhakeem Awesu , Ochiagha Olisa , Janetta Ikoro
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Family physicians are often the first healthcare providers to encounter patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Nigeria, given the paucity of rheumatology services nationwide. This study aimed to assess and address the knowledge gap regarding RA among family physicians in Nigeria.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey involving 609 family physicians from all six geopolitical zones of Nigeria was conducted in October 2022. Pre‐intervention questionnaires were administered to assess the participants' knowledge of RA. An investigator‐led PowerPoint presentation on RA was then delivered as an intervention, followed by the same participants completing post‐intervention questionnaires to evaluate knowledge improvement. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science, version 25.

Results

The mean age of participants was 42 ± 15 years, predominantly male (63.9%). The median pre‐intervention knowledge score was 3.2 (IQR: 2.0–4.5), with 77.0% scoring <5. After the intervention, the median score significantly improved to 7.1 (IQR: 4.3–8.6) (p = .001), with 62.6% scoring >7. Significant improvements were observed in several knowledge areas where gaps existed pre‐intervention, including the understanding that NSAIDs are not the mainstay of management (p < .001), the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (p < .001), confidence in diagnosing RA (p = .016), the recognition of joint deformities as a characteristic feature (p < .001), and the understanding that rheumatoid factor is not definitive for diagnosis (p < .001).

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of interventions in closing the knowledge gap about RA diagnosis and management. We recommend the implementation of a comprehensive approach to rheumatology education and services by policymakers.
Metabolic pathways in immune senescence and inflammaging: Novel therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory lung diseases. An EAACI position paper from the Task Force for Immunopharmacology
Authors: Roth‐Walter F. , Adcock I. M. , Benito‐Villalvilla C. , Bianchini R. , Bjermer L. , Caramori G. , Cari L. , Chung K. F. , Diamant Z. , Eguiluz‐Gracia I. , Knol E. F. , Jesenak M. , Levi‐Schaffer F. , Nocentini G. , O'Mahony L. , Palomares O. , Redegeld F. , Sokolowska M. , Van Esch B. C. A. M. , Stellato C.
Published: December 2023

The accumulation of senescent cells drives inflammaging and increases morbidity of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Immune responses are built upon dynamic changes in cell metabolism that supply energy and substrates for cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation. Metabolic changes imposed by environmental stress and inflammation on immune cells and tissue microenvironment are thus chiefly involved in the pathophysiology of allergic and other immune‐driven diseases. Altered cell metabolism is also a hallmark of cell senescence, a condition characterized by loss of proliferative activity in cells that remain metabolically active. Accelerated senescence can be triggered by acute or chronic stress and inflammatory responses. In contrast, replicative senescence occurs as part of the physiological aging process and has protective roles in cancer surveillance and wound healing. Importantly, cell senescence can also change or hamper response to diverse therapeutic treatments. Understanding the metabolic pathways of senescence in immune and structural cells is therefore critical to detect, prevent, or revert detrimental aspects of senescence‐related immunopathology, by developing specific diagnostics and targeted therapies. In this paper, we review the main changes and metabolic alterations occurring in senescent immune cells (macrophages, B cells, T cells). Subsequently, we present the metabolic footprints described in translational studies in patients with chronic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and review the ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials of therapeutic approaches aiming at targeting metabolic pathways to antagonize pathological senescence. Because this is a recently emerging field in allergy and clinical immunology, a better understanding of the metabolic profile of the complex landscape of cell senescence is needed. The progress achieved so far is already providing opportunities for new therapies, as well as for strategies aimed at disease prevention and supporting healthy aging.
Antibiotic use during pregnancy in Sweden: A nationwide utilization study covering 2007–2019
Authors: Nakitanda Aya Olivia , Odsbu Ingvild , Pasternak Björn , Karlsson Pär , Pazzagli Laura
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Antibiotics are often prescribed during pregnancy. Assessing the current state of prenatal antibiotic use is therefore imperative for optimizing prescribing and identifying emerging research priorities. The study aimed to describe recent trends and patterns in antibiotic use during pregnancy among women who gave birth in Sweden, including user characteristics.

Material and methods

Population‐based descriptive study using linked nationwide registers. All pregnancies delivered in Sweden from 2007 to 2019 were included. Prevalence of use was defined as the percentage of pregnancies during which at least one prescription forantibiotics was filled. Temporal trends in the prevalence of antibiotic use by calendar year, trimester and weeks of gestation were assessed from time series graphs.

Results

Prescriptions for systemic antibiotics were filled in 20.7% of 1 434 431 pregnancies overall, decreasing from 24.7% in 2007 to 18.0% in 2019. Phenoxymethylpenicillin (8.5%), pivmecillinam (6.5%), nitrofurantoin (4.7%), amoxicillin (1.6%) and cefadroxil (1.5%) use were the most prevalent. Their use decreased over the 13‐year period, except for pivmecillinam, which increased from 4.0% to 7.4%. Prevalence of use was highest in the second trimester (9.5%), with weekly trends peaking at 13 and 34 weeks of gestation. Compared with non‐users, antibiotic users more often belonged to the youngest and oldest age strata, carried multipleton pregnancies, had delivered before, had attained a lower education level and smoked in early pregnancy. A higher body mass index, asthma, chronic renal disease and diabetes mellitus were more prevalent among antibiotic users than among non‐users.

Conclusions

Although outpatient antibiotic use during pregnancy in Sweden has been declining, one in five pregnancies was exposed to systemic antibiotics.
Improving primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding by adapting therapy to the clinical stage of cirrhosis. A competing‐risk meta‐analysis of individual participant data
Authors: Villanueva Càndid , Sapena Victor , Lo Gin‐Ho , Seo Yeon Seok , Shah Hasnain Ali , Singh Virendra , Tripathi Dhiraj , Schepke Michael , Gheorghe Cristian , Bonilha Daniell Q. , Jutabha Rome , Wang Huay‐Min , Rodrigues Susana G. , Brujats Anna , Lee Han Ah. , Azam Zahid , Kumar Pramod , Hayes Peter C. , Sauerbruch Tilman , Chen Wen‐Chi , Iacob Speranta , Libera Ermelindo D. , Jensen Dennis M. , Alvarado Edilmar , Torres Ferran , Bosch Jaume ,   the Baveno Cooperation‐a EASL Consortium
Published: December 2023

Background & Aims

Non‐selective β‐blockers (NSBBs) and endoscopic variceal‐ligation (EVL) have similar efficacy preventing first variceal bleeding. Compensated and decompensated cirrhosis are markedly different stages, which may impact treatment outcomes. We aimed to assess the efficacy of NSBBs vs EVL on survival in patients with high‐risk varices without previous bleeding, stratifying risk according to compensated/decompensated stage of cirrhosis.

Methods

By systematic review, we identified RCTs comparing NSBBs vs EVL, in monotherapy or combined, for primary bleeding prevention. We performed a competing‐risk, time‐to‐event meta‐analysis, using individual patient data (IPD) obtained from principal investigators of RCTs. Analyses were stratified according to previous decompensation of cirrhosis.

Results

Of 25 RCTs eligible, 14 failed to provide IPD and 11 were included, comprising 1400 patients (656 compensated, 744 decompensated), treated with NSBBs (N = 625), EVL (N = 546) or NSBB+EVL (N = 229). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Overall, mortality risk was similar with EVL vs. NSBBs (subdistribution hazard‐ratio (sHR) = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.75–1.49) and with EVL + NSBBs vs either monotherapy, with low heterogeneity (I2 = 28.7%). In compensated patients, mortality risk was higher with EVL vs NSBBs (sHR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.11–2.77) and not significantly lower with NSBBs+EVL vs NSBBs, without heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). In decompensated patients, mortality risk was similar with EVL vs. NSBBs and with NSBBs+EVL vs. either monotherapy.

Conclusions

In patients with compensated cirrhosis and high‐risk varices on primary prophylaxis, NSBBs significantly improved survival vs EVL, with no additional benefit noted adding EVL to NSBBs. In decompensated patients, survival was similar with both therapies. The study suggests that NSBBs are preferable when advising preventive therapy in compensated patients.
Developing a living lab in ethics: Initial issues and observations
Authors: Racine Eric , D'Anjou Bénédicte , Dallaire Clara , Dumez Vincent , Favron‐Godbout Caroline , Hudon Anne , Montreuil Marjorie , Olivier Catherine , Quintal Ariane , Chenel Vanessa
Published: December 2023

Living labs are interdisciplinary and participatory initiatives aimed at bringing research closer to practice by involving stakeholders in all stages of research. Living labs align with the principles of participatory research methods as well as recent insights about how participatory ways of generating knowledge help to change practices in concrete settings with respect to specific problems. The participatory, open, and discussion‐oriented nature of living labs could be ideally suited to accompany ethical reflection and changes ensuing from reflection. To our knowledge, living labs have not been explicitly trialed and reported in ethics literature. In this discussion paper, we report and discuss four initial issues that marked the process of setting up a living lab in ethics: (1) determining the goals and expected outcomes of an ethics living lab; (2) establishing operational procedures; (3) selecting communities and defining pilot projects; and (4) adopting a lens to tackle emerging questions and challenges. We explain these four issues and present the paths taken based on the novel and specific orientation, that is, living ethics, at the basis of this project. In alignment with living ethics and É‐LABO, we approach challenges as learning opportunities to ask not only “how” questions but also “why” questions. We hope that this discussion paper informed by our experience helps to clarify the theoretical, methodological, and practical approaches necessary to successfully adopt and employ living labs in ethics.
Whose (germ) line is it anyway? Reproductive technologies and kinship
Authors: Kendal Evie
Published: December 2023

Reproductive biotechnologies can separate concepts of parenthood into genetic, gestational and social dimensions, often leading to a fragmentation of heteronormative kinship models and posing a challenge to historical methods of establishing legal and/or moral parenthood. Using fictional cases, this article will demonstrate that the issues surrounding the intersection of current and emerging reproductive biotechnologies with definitions of parenthood are already leading to confusion regarding social and legal family ties for offspring, which is only expected to increase as new technologies develop. Rather than opposing these new technologies to reassert traditional concepts of the family, however, this article will explore the opportunities that these technologies represent for re‐imagining various culturally cherished values of family‐making in a way that is inclusive of diverse genders, sexualities and cultures. It will consider IVF, gametogenesis, mitochondrial donation, surrogacy, artificial gestation, CRISPR‐Cas9 gene editing, foster care and adoption as some of many possible pathways to parenthood, including for members of the LGBTIAUQ+ community.
Gross motor development in children with epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Gorrie Andrew , Saad Rebecca , Garside Lydia , Bailie Claire , Wargon Orli
Published: December 2023

Background

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare, congenital skin disorders, characterized by skin fragility and formation of blisters. The gross motor outcomes of children with EB are not known.

Objectives

The primary objective of the study was to measure the proportion of gross motor delay in children with EB. The secondary objectives were to measure the difference in gross motor outcomes between EB sub‐types and change in gross motor outcomes over time.

Methods

Children with EB, aged between one month and five and a half years of age, attending the Sydney Children's Hospital, Epidermolysis Bullosa Clinic, were eligible. Carers completed Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition, on behalf of their children. Questionnaires were scored, and outcomes were compared to age‐expected norms.

Results

There were 24 participants to complete a questionnaire. Eleven participants completed additional questionnaires over the 24 month study duration. The proportion of children with EB with gross motor delay was greater than age‐expected norms (29.17% vs. 2.5%). The delay occurred in children with recessive dystrophic (80%) and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (33.33%) sub‐types, but not dominant dystrophic (0%). No children with Junctional EB or Kindler EB joined this study.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a difference in gross motor outcomes in children with EB. Children with recessive dystrophic and epidermolysis bullosa simplex should be prioritized for monitoring of, and intervention for, gross motor outcomes through multidisciplinary care. Further research investigating long‐term outcomes for children with EB and the effectiveness of interventions would be beneficial.
Adherence to 24‐h movement behaviour guidelines in families with multiple children
Authors: Tooth Leigh R. , Mielke Gregore I. , Moss Katrina M.
Published: December 2023

Background

In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the first global movement guidelines for children that combined sleep, physical activity and screen time. Our previous research showed that adherence to age‐specific guidelines for screen time was challenging for families with children in different age groups. We aimed to determine whether families with children in different age‐based movement guideline categories have poorer adherence to the broader 24‐h movement guidelines than those with all children in the same age category.

Methods

Data were from the 1973–1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (seventh survey, 2015) and the women's three youngest children (aged ≤12) (Mothers and their Children's Health sub‐study, 2016/2017). The sample was 1787 women (families) with 4064 children (mean age 7.2 [SD 2.9]). Whether children in the family were in the same or different age‐based category was determined by matching children's ages in a family against age‐based guideline categories for the 24‐h movement behaviours. The association between children in the family being in the same or different age‐based guideline category on adherence to 24‐h movement guidelines, both collectively and individually, was analysed by adjusted logistic regression (binary and multinomial).

Results

Families with children in the same age guideline categories had double the odds of having all children meet 24‐h movement guidelines (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.95 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.32, 2.86]). Families with children in the same age categories on the screen guideline had higher odds of all children meeting (2.25 [1.73, 2.93]) and lower odds of some meeting/some failing the screen guideline (0.18 [0.14, 0.25]), than families with all children in different age categories. Families with children in the same age categories on the physical activity guideline had lower odds of all children meeting (0.57 [0.43, 0.75]) or some meeting/some failing the physical activity guideline (0.08 [0.06, 0.12]). No associations were found for sleep guidelines.

Conclusions

Families with multiple children may need practical advice and strategies on how to adhere to guidelines when children span age categories. This could form part of public health strategies that raise awareness of the guidelines and may improve guideline adherence.
Epiretinal membrane in uveitis: Rate, visual prognosis, complications and surgical outcomes
Authors: Yap Aaron , Lu Lucy M. , Sims Joanne L. , Welch Sarah , Niederer Rachael L.
Published: December 2023

Background

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a common finding in patients with uveitis that contributes to visual impairment. We describe the long‐term visual acuity (VA) and morphometric progression in patients with uveitis and epiretinal membrane (ERM).

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of patients with uveitic ERM from a tertiary centre database. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for ERM progression was calculated using a marginal Cox regression model to estimate hazard ratios (HR).

Results

Two hundred and sixteen eyes (4%) of a total 5450 eyes with uveitis were identified to have an ERM. The most common diagnosis was idiopathic uveitis in 45 patients (28.7%), followed by sarcoidosis in 21 (13.4%), HLAB27‐related uveitis in 15 (9.6%) and toxoplasmosis in 15 (9.6%). Risk factors for ERM development include age (HR 1.03), intermediate uveitis (HR 2.33), posterior uveitis (HR 1.53) and ERM fellow eye (HR 18.28). Anterior uveitis (HR 0.53) and alternating disease (HR 0.53) were protective. Median VA was 20/40 at diagnosis of ERM and 20/40 at final follow up. Progression of ERM grade occurred in 17 eyes (7.9%) during the study period. ERM peel was performed in 44 eyes (20.4%). Median VA was 20/60 and 20/40 at baseline and 12 months after surgery, respectively. Improvement in visual acuity occurred in 23 eyes (60.5%) following surgery.

Conclusions

In addition to intermediate and posterior uveitis, fellow eye involvement is a strong risk factor for ERM development. In treated uveitis, the majority maintain their long‐term vision and rates of ERM progression are low.
Local factors and bionomic characteristics determining the occurrence of semiaquatic bugs in streams of Central Amazonia
Authors: Godoy Bruno Spacek , Cunha Erlane José , Hamada Neusa
Published: December 2023

Individual responses to changes in the environment by different species drive a better understanding of the dynamics of diversity and habitat filtering. Hypotheses based on functional and morphometric characteristics of the species are especially useful for accounting for different interpretations of biological responses.

This study aimed to determine the responses of semiaquatic species of insects to habitat changes from the elaboration of hypotheses based on the importance of species traits facing environmental variations. We tested these hypotheses with maximum likelihood models to explain the occurrence of the species in streams of the central Amazon region.

In a total of 17 collected Gerromorpha species, we used 14 to develop five predictive models of occurrence considering the bionomic characteristics of each species and their possible relationships with habitat changes in 33 streams in the central Amazon region. We used maximum likelihood models to assess the fit of the models to the observed occurrence, with environmental characteristics as covariates affecting the occurrence probability, and sampling effort affecting the detection probability.

A total of five species exhibited changes in the probability of occurrence in streams related to an environmental condition (riparian forest disturbance, flow heterogeneity, and surface habitat heterogeneity). The probability of occurrence tended to reduce for four of the five species and increase for one with increase of environmental impacts. Furthermore, the sampling effort covariate did not affect the probability of detection in most species, indicating that the group showed a high detection.

The use of functional characteristics of Gerromorpha species to develop ecological hypotheses proved relevant and indicated unexpected relationships, expanding our knowledge of this community of aquatic insects. Therefore, including the individual responses of organisms to environmental variations helps in studies on aquatic biodiversity, both for basic ecology and for conservation and bioassessment.
A diagnostic challenge—First case of chronic lymphatic leukemia‐associated necrotizing sweet syndrome
Authors: Neumann Marie Anne‐Catherine , Nieper Pascal , Simon Florian , Shimabukuro‐Vornhagen Alexander , Hallek Michael , Garcia Borrega Jorge
Published: December 2023

Sweet syndrome, also known as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a rare disorder typically characterized by the clinical triad including a sudden onset of fever, painful skin lesions, and neutrophilia. The histopathological findings are a dense neutrophilic infiltrate and oedema of the dermis and epidermis without evidence of a vasculitis. Besides treatment of the underlying cause, sweet syndrome is typically treated with high‐dose corticosteroids leading to a relapse‐free response in 70% of patients. However, if left unrecognized or untreated, the condition may lead to serious complications. Here, we report on the case of a 38‐year‐old patient in whom, under the assumption of the presence of necrotizing fasciitis, exarticulation of the right arm was performed. In the absence of pathogen detection and insufficient response to anti‐infective therapies, the diagnosis of a sweet syndrome was assumed and, later, confirmed by an excellent response to high‐dose administration of systematic glucocorticoids. The case emphasizes the need to be aware of this rare syndrome, which can be easily misdiagnosed due to its close resemblance to infection and stresses the need of further research to define distinct diagnostic tools.
When does CSR payoff?
Authors: Doukas John A. , Zhang Rongyao
Published: December 2023

We investigate whether firms engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR) can preserve firm value during normal and unprecedented exogenous adverse events. Our evidence shows, in regular times, a negative relation between CSR engagement and firm value, but under adverse economic conditions, CSR protects firm value by decreasing firm risks. We also find that firms with high managerial attributes engage in greater CSR activities that benefit shareholders in both normal and aberrant financial times. Despite the controversy surrounding CSR, our evidence points out that CSR can be viewed as a set of intangible assets that can improve firm value across good and bad economic states when firms are run by high‐attribute managers.
Characteristics of vitiligo patients with versus without associated autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: Ma Ze , Cao Peng , Cai Menghan , Lin Qiuping , Long Xiaoyan , Ge Man , Yu Jipeng , He Sijia , Yu Jibin , Zhang Junling
Published: December 2023

Background

Clinical data are limited in patients with vitiligo with or without autoimmune thyroid disease.

Objectives

The objective of the study was to investigate the clinical features and basic data of patients with vitiligo, especially those with autoimmune thyroid disease.

Methods

The study was a single‐center retrospective study. A total of 1305 patients with vitiligo from June 2018 to May 2023 were included, and the clinical characteristics and basic information of the patients were recorded in detail.

Results

We identified an association between sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.380; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.772–1.198), vitiligo duration (OR: 1.449; 95% CI: 1.076–1.952), skin involvement exceeding 5% of the body surface area (OR: 3.764; 95% CI: 2.134–6.640), negative emotions (OR: 3.076; 95% CI: 2.292–4.127), vitiligo type (OR: 1.974; 95% CI: 1.096–3.555), family history of AITD (OR: 4.979; 95% CI: 2.687–9.225), and family history of AD (OR: 2.418; 95% CI: 1.410–4.146) and patients with vitiligo.

Conclusions

For patients with statistically significant associated risk factors, differential diagnosis and early intervention should be performed.
Racial, ethnic, and biologic sex disparities in outpatient laboratory monitoring of isotretinoin use: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Manoharan Divya , Nkansah‐Mahaney Nancy , Chien Anna
Published: December 2023

Background

Isotretinoin is commonly used for the treatment of acne. Despite high efficacy, isotretinoin has a side effect profile that prompts regular outpatient laboratory monitoring. Emerging evidence suggests clinically significant lab abnormalities are rare. Racial, ethnic, and biologic sex disparities in laboratory monitoring of isotretinoin have yet to be characterized.

Methods

This study explores disparities in laboratory monitoring of patients prescribed isotretinoin, factoring in the COVID‐19 pandemic given its impacts on laboratory monitoring. Two populations were evaluated: all patients taking isotretinoin, and patients taking isotretinoin with no metabolic, cardiovascular, hematologic, hepatic, or renal comorbidities. The latter population was included to screen out patients who might receive increased laboratory testing for conditions besides isotretinoin use.

Results

Our data reveal that African‐American, Asian, and Hispanic patients prescribed isotretinoin were more likely than Caucasian patients to receive orders for outpatient laboratory monitoring. These disparities persisted independent of comorbidities that may prompt additional testing, suggesting that non‐Caucasian patients bear an additional testing burden even when their comorbidities were matched to their peers. Disparities persisted in the setting of reduced laboratory monitoring due to the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Conclusions

These data reveal that patients of color are more likely to receive outpatient laboratory monitoring for isotretinoin prescriptions. There is an opportunity for testing standardization to improve medication access, decrease burden and costs for patients and the healthcare system, and decrease racial disparities in prescribing and monitoring of isotretinoin. Dermatology clinics may benefit from standard operating procedures outlining for whom regular monitoring is needed.
Attachment security and problematic media use in infancy: A longitudinal study in the United States
Authors: Shawcroft Jane , Coyne Sarah M. , Linder Lisa , Clifford Brandon N. , McDaniel Brandon T.
Published: December 2023

Media use during childhood has quickly become a norm across the United States and in other countries. One area still not well understood is the development of problematic (or maladaptive and disruptive) media use in children. This research examines the role of attachment security as a central component in the development of problematic media use over time in a sample of 248 parent‐child dyads (9.50% African American, 20.66% Hispanic, 62.81% White, 2.07% Asian, 4.96% other ethnicities). We examined the relationship between attachment security and problematic media use one and 2 years later. We then constructed a mediation model examining parent responsiveness while jointly engaging in media use and during play as mediators between infant attachment security and problematic media use over time. Results suggest that while infant attachment security may be protective against developing problematic media use patterns, this relationship does not seem to be mediated by parent‐child interactions while engaging in media or during play.
Quantification of surface grinding during the sample preparation of cementitious materials by optical profilometry
Authors: Holthuizen Patrick , Çopuroğlu Oğuzhan
Published: December 2023

Sample preparation is of utmost importance for any microscopy and microstructural analysis. Correct preparation will allow accurate interpretation of microstructural features. A well‐polished section is essential when scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used in backscattering electron (BSE) mode and characteristic X‐rays are to be quantified using an energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) detector. However, obtaining a well‐polished section, especially for cementitious materials containing aggregates, is considered to be challenging and requires experience. A sample preparation procedure consists of cutting, grinding and polishing. Undercutting of soft and brittle paste between harder aggregates can be overcome by vacuum epoxy impregnation offering mechanical support in the matrix. Furthermore, most of the attention during the sample preparation is given to the polishing of the sample. There is a wide range of suggestions on polishing steps, ranging from grain sizes, time and applied force; however, the final assessment of a polish surface is often subjective and qualitative. Therefore, a quantitative, reproducible guidance on the grinding steps, effect of experimental parameters and the influence of different grinding steps on the surface quality are required. In this paper, the influence of grinding was quantitatively evaluated by a digital microscope equipped with optical profilometry tools, through a step‐wise procedure, including sample orientation, grinding time and the difference between cement paste and concrete. Throughout the grinding procedure, the surface profiles were determined after each grinding step. This showed the step‐wise change in surface roughness and quality during the grinding procedure. Finally, the surface qualities were evaluated using optical and electron microscopy, which show the importance of the grinding/prepolishing steps during sample preparation.
The Decline of Secured Debt
Authors: BENMELECH EFRAIM , KUMAR NITISH , RAJAN RAGHURAM
Published: December 2023

The share of secured debt issued (as a fraction of total corporate debt) declined steadily in the United States over the twentieth century. This stems partly from financial development giving creditors greater confidence that high‐quality borrowers will respect their claims even if creditors do not obtain security upfront. Consequently, such borrowers prefer retaining financial flexibility by not giving security up front. Instead, security is given contingently—when a firm approaches distress. This also explains why, superimposed on the secular decline, the share of secured debt issued is countercyclical.
Evaluation of bidirectional gut‐brain axis and anorectal function in Parkinson's disease with constipation
Authors: Yan Yun , Tennekoon Karunaratne , Eubanks Audrey , Herekar Anam , Shimoga Dhanush , Ayyala Deepak , McLeod Colin , Kurek Julie A. , Morgan John C. , Rao Satish S. C. , Sharma Amol
Published: December 2023

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder with prodromal and highly prevalent gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, especially constipation. Although PD models suggest gut‐brain axis dysfunction, the mechanistic underpinnings and their correlation with GI symptoms are poorly understood.

Aim

To examine the bidirectional gut‐brain axis function in PD and correlate it with constipation severity, PD duration, and severity.

Methods

Rectal sensory thresholds and afferent cortical evoked potentials (CEP) were assessed using a 4‐ring EMG electrode probe. Efferent anal and rectal motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained following transcranial and lumbosacral magnetic stimulation. Bowel symptoms were assessed by prospective stool diary. The CEP and MEP latencies, rectal sensory thresholds, and anorectal sensorimotor data were compared between PD subjects and age‐adjusted healthy subjects.

Key Results

Twenty‐five PD subjects with constipation (F/M = 6/19) and 20 healthy subjects (F/M = 14/6) were enrolled. The first and pain sensation thresholds were higher in PD subjects than healthy subjects (p < 0.002) but lost significance after adjustment for age. Age‐adjusted rectal CEP and right‐sided cortico‐anal MEP latencies were prolonged in PD subjects compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.04). Also, half (4 of 8) age‐adjusted spino‐anal and rectal MEP latencies in PD subjects were significantly longer. In multivariate linear analysis, first rectal sensation and right‐sided MEP latencies showed moderate correlation with constipation severity.

Conclusions & Inferences

Parkinson's disease is associated with significant bidirectional gut‐brain axis dysfunction as evidenced by prolonged afferent and efferent neuronal signaling. Constipation severity in PD is correlated to abnormal rectal sensation and lateralized disturbance of efferent brain‐gut signaling.
Effectiveness of pre‐alveolar bone graft orthodontics for patients with non‐syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Thiruvenkatachari Badri , Chakkaravarthi Subhiksha , Prathap Manoj , Naveed Niha , Bhuvaraghan Aarthi
Published: December 2023

The aim of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of pre‐alveolar bonegraft (ABG) orthodontics with no orthodontic treatment for patients with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate. All relevant studies from 1946 to October 30, 2022, were identified using several sources including The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), LILACS, Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE (Ovid) and EPUB ahead of publications and non‐indexed citations. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) and Controlled Clinical Trials (CCT) were included. Population: Non‐syndromic complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate patients who have had ABG surgery. Intervention: Orthodontics prior to ABG. Comparison: No orthodontic treatment prior to ABG. Primary outcome: Successful eruption of permanent canines. All articles were screened for the title, abstract and full text independently and in duplicate by 2 reviewers. The quality assessment of RCT was performed using Cochrane's risk of bias tool and the CCT was assessed using ROBINS‐I tool. Of the 904 studies retrieved in the search, one RCT and one CCT were included. Both studies were judged as high risk of bias. The results from one study showed a statistically significant increase in bone volume and decreased bone defect post‐ABG in the orthodontic treatment group. However, there was no difference with respect to other variables. Both included studies were of low quality. There is not enough evidence to recommend orthodontic treatment pre‐ABG for patients with complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate. Future high‐quality studies are required to inform patients and clinicians about the effectiveness of pre‐graft orthodontic treatment.