bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ventilation of multi-entranced rodent burrows by boundary layer eddies
Authors: Brickner-Braun Inbal , Zucker-Milwerger Daniel , Braun Avi , Turner J. Scott , Pinshow Berry , Berliner Pedro
Published: December 2014

Rodent burrows are often assumed to be environments wherein the air has a high concentration of CO2. Although high burrow [CO2] has been recorded, many studies report burrow [CO2] that differs only slightly from atmospheric concentrations. Here, we advocate that one of the reasons for these differences is the penetration into burrows of air gusts (eddies), which originate in the turbulent boundary layer and prevent build-up of CO2. We have characterized the means by which burrows of Sundevall's jird, which are representative of the burrows of many rodent species with more than one entrance, are ventilated. Our results demonstrate that, even at low wind speeds, the random penetration of eddies into a burrow through its openings is sufficient to keep the burrow [CO2] low enough to be physiologically inconsequential, even in its deep and remote parts.
Optimal Allocation with Costly Verification
Authors: Ben-Porath Elchanan , Dekel Eddie , Lipman Barton L.
Published: December 2014

A principal allocates an object to one of I agents. Each agent values receiving the object and has private information regarding the value to the principal of giving it to him. There are no monetary transfers, but the principal can check an agent’s information at a cost. A favored-agent mechanism specifies a value v* and an agent i*. If all agents other than i* report values below v*, then i* receives the good and no one is checked. Otherwise, whoever reports the highest value is checked and receives the good if and only if her report is confirmed. All optimal mechanisms are essentially randomizations over optimal favored-agent mechanisms. (JEL D82)
Hospital Choices, Hospital Prices, and Financial Incentives to Physicians
Authors: Ho Kate , Pakes Ariel
Published: December 2014

We estimate an insurer-specific preference function which rationalizes hospital referrals for privately insured births in California. The function is additively separable in: a hospital price paid by the insurer, the distance traveled, and plan- and severity-specific hospital fixed effects (capturing hospital quality). We use an inequality estimator that allows for errors in price and detailed hospital-severity interactions and obtain markedly different results than those from a logit. The estimates indicate that insurers with more capitated physicians are more responsive to price. Capitated plans send patients further to utilize similar quality, lower-priced hospitals; but the cost-quality trade-off does not vary with capitation rates. (JEL G22, H51, I11, I13, I18, J44)
To the question of philosophical-culturological basis of humanitarian study of socio-political processes
Authors: Кортунов Вадим , Kortunov Vadim , Шекелета Владислав , Shekeleta Vladislav
Published: December 2014

The article substantiates the possibility of´socio- humanitarian assessment of political processes in the context of philosophical and culturological discourse. The authors advance a conception of socio-humanitarian study which in its turn is constituted by the principles of humanitarian assessment based on the objective-ontological comprehension of morality. Moral evaluations, values and regulations are considered in the context of "archetype " concept and involving the theory of historical-cultural interpretation of the nature of social consciousness. According to this, it is the authors´ opinion that the most appropriate methodological approach to the humanitarian assessment is the approach that is based on the comprehension of the archetypal nature of all fundamental moral values that underlie the humanitarian assessment.

According to the opinion of the authors, the proposed conception of the socio-humanitarian study can serve as an alternative to the western liberal paradigm of assessment of sociocultural and political phenomena, based on the principles of the international law and unified panhuman values. The feature of the proposed conception is that it takes into account, on the one hand, the so-called "common human values" on which is based the existence of the civilization, on the other hand — the peculiarity of a certain sociocultural commonality expressed in spiritual, cultural and psychologicalphenomena of´nation´s, people´s andcountry´s life. At the same time, both are derived from archetypal cultural and psychological universals.

So, archetypes — transcultural and overindividual matrices, thinking, sense and meaning patterns, peculiar regulations of consciousness activity — serve as conceptual meaning of values which, according to the authors, underlie the socio-humanitarian assessment. The collective unconscious keeps cultural models, mythological and religious images. Acting in this manner in human consciousness, it represents a structure which is responsible for moral evaluation, as long as any evaluation as well as norms of behavior and activity are embedded at the pre- (or super-) reflective level of both individual and collective consciousness.
An Essay on the History and Hermeneutics of Naslhat al-Muluk by Ghazali, Abu HamidMuhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Tusi: semic analysis
Authors: Конурбаев Марклен , Konurbaev Marklen , Конурбаев Салават , Konurbaev Salavat
Published: December 2014

The series of articles entitled «An Essay on the History and Hermeneutics ofphilosophy ofFalsafa» is dedicated to the studies of Abu Hamid Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al- TusT´s work «NasihatAl-Muluk». The Persian philosopher of lth century Al-Ghazali went down in history as one of the brightest representatives of medieval Muslim apologetics. The study of his works allows turning to different aspects of life of the medieval Muslim East. One of´his mostfamousworks, «NasihatAl-Muluk», which is part of his fundamental theological study «The Elixir of Bliss», belongs to the genre of medieval Arabic-Muslim literature — so-called «Mirrors for princes» which are simplified retellings of fundamental philosophical views on state and politics of a certain thinker in plain language. These retellings help to comprehend in practice the essence of government by series of allegories and narratives. The conducted hermeneutical analysis of«Nasihat Al-Muluk» reveals the unique approach of a brilliant Persian philosopher to determination of complicated ethical questions that underlie the art of governing. The methodological approach of the French philosopher and literary critic Roland Barthes was taken as the analysis basis. The first and the second part of the essay contain the history of formation and evolution ofphilosophy ofFalsafa and the exposition of the fundamentals of the hermeneutical teaching of Roland Barthes which underlies the instrumental basis of the analysis.
Standardization in service audit
Authors: Вапнярская Ольга , Vapnyarskaya Olga
Published: December 2014

The authors of the article studied opportunities and prospects of development of the enterprise service standards complex and defined the components of this complex. It appears that the service standards complex is necessary also for service audit. In the article the service audit is considered as a part of internal audit system and as a part of voluntary external audit. Due to this, it is necessary to ensure the continuity of practice of these types of audit with reference to the developed methodology of service audit. It is expected that the service audit is directed at the assessment of completeness of the service provided by the company and its conformity with needs of consumers. The proposal of the service audit conception presupposes the necessity to define what objects are to be standardized, what set of standards are to be created in order to conduct service audit and achieve representative results. Therefore, the authors presented the results of comparative analysis of development of inner audit methodology with regard to its procedures and principles standardization. The article comprises the main principles of service audit standardization that includes analogue method. Particularly, it was proved that it was expedient to single out the service standards complex and the complex of principles (standards) of service audit conduction. According to the authors, the first group includes service standards of various stages of the proposed product lifespan. The complex of principles (standards) of service audit constitutes the standards that allow to define the object and the subject of service audit, auditor requirements, the procedure of preparation and implementation of a service audit program, requirements for service audit results report etc.
Geoecological risk assessment on tourist-recreational territories: methodological aspects
Authors: Сычев Михаил , Sychev Mikhail , Минаев Владимир , Minaev Vladimir , Фаддеев Александр , Faddeev Aleksandr
Published: December 2014

The article considers geoecological risks on tourist and recreational areas. The focus is on the relationship fields of bioactive range (electric, magnetic, thermal, radiation, vibration, sound, and infrasound) with the grid of tectonic fault displacements and their influence on the psyche and health of tourists, servicing staff as well as on the state of buildings and structures of tourist-recreational complexes. The conclusion is made about the constant and qualitative carrying out of geoecological monitoring of the territory on which is carried out or planned to implement the tourist product and recreational activities. Discusses problems of the evaluation of geoecological risks, and to develop new and optimize existing strategies manage this risk and geoecological safety in the tourist and recreational activities. We analyze the main factors of environmental influence on tourist-recreational objects and describe the complex of problems connected with geoecological safety of tourist-recreational territories. In the light of the mentioned problems of geoecological safety authors greatest attention ispaidto natural hazards of geological origin, i.e. exogenous geological processes. Classification of the main exogenous geological processes is given. Specific examples of their appearance on tourist and recreational areas are discussed. When considering exogenous processes from the point of view of their possible danger to the objects of recreation and tourism, emphasize their connection with modern earth´s surface — the main component of the environment. The concept and examples «slow» disasters are given. Questions of quantitative evaluation of geoecological risks are discussed.
The integration of distance learning courses as a solution for the objective of education quality improvement in the system of professional training in tourism
Authors: Афанасьева Александра , Afanaseva Aleksandra , Дручевская Лариса , Druchevskaya Larisa
Published: December 2014

Modern realities of tourism development and education in Russia are characterized by high demands for future professionals in the field of service and tourism. Therefore, the problem of integration of distance learning in the process of training in the field of tourism today is very relevant. In this paper we propose a technique for distance courses «Tourist Regional Studies», combining elements of distance and e (open) courses for the training of specialists in the field of tourism. In the paper the steps of creating the course are identified and characterized, the peculiarities of elective courses in distance learning are established, and a general scheme of the distant course «Tourist Regional Studies» is developed. Fulfilled the task of identification and description of the main structural elements and forms of presentation: online lectures and webinars, electronic lecture, test and professionally oriented online assignments, discussions on forums, etc. Analised are specific forms of work for the course «Tourist Regional Studies» such as video and 3D-guided tours which ensure the visibility and effectiveness of learning. An important feature of the course is the possibility of converting all materials created by the students during the study course «Tourist Regional Studies» (with retaining the copyright) in educational tools that can be used as illustrations of standard products or information sources. The authors highlight the importance of implementing distance learning forms of independent work, as well as motivational blocks, such as «A metaphor for the course», «I wonder», etc. Attention is paid to the experience of creating the course «Tourist Regional Studies», tested in the course of training students of «Recreational geography and tourism» and identified are the functions of this course in the training of specialists in the field of tourism. The authors describe a pedagogical experiment of engaging tourism specialists and practitioners in the process of training in the field of tourism distance learning. Revealed that the introduction of an optional distant course «Tourist Regional Studies» in the traditional training improves the quality of knowledge of future specialists in tourism, as well as provides them with the skills of independent research and creative initiatives.
Contemporary approaches to curriculum optimization for the educational programs of the academic bachelor in tourism
Authors: Штремберг Пер , Shtremberg Per , Илькевич Сергей , Ilkevich Sergey , Харитонова Татьяна , Kharitonova Tatyana , Сахарчук Елена , Sakharchuk Elena
Published: December 2014

In connection with the entry into force of the new law «On education» the reforms of the national higher education received an additional boost. Improved standards of the third generation «FGOS 3+» has opened up great opportunities for the development of professional education in various areas of training that allows to fully take into account industry-specific features and requirements of business communities. Therefore, the most important task of the present stage of the reform of higher education is the adaptation of modern educational trends in the development of main educational programs of undergraduate and graduate levels. The article is based on a study conducted with direct participation of the authors, the main result of which is the development of an academic main educational program for the undergraduate level in the field of study «Tourism». Directly this article deals with the optimization of curricula that are «core» of any educational program. The results obtained directly by the authors are based on a fairly extensive empirical basis, which consists of curricula and basic educational undergraduate programs developed by higher education institutions — the recognized leaders in the field of tourism education. For the undergraduate level in the field of study «Tourism» the authors formed a competence model for academic Bachelor in tourism, taking into account the possibility of academic mobility, and consisting of a modular curriculum that includes 27 academic disciplines (modules). It should be noted that both the curriculum and the exemplary educational program as a whole meet the requirements of the federal state educational standard of higher education and take into account the demands of the modern business community regarding the training of future bachelors in tourism.
The networkcentric management model in the tourism industry
Authors: Минаев Владимир , Minaev Vladimir
Published: December 2014

The article deals with the network-centric management model for tourist destinations. The model is based on the use of modern information technology and the network system of the organization of information exchange between destinations and consumers of tourism services as well as marketing organizations. Networks are considered as «clusters» or aggregation structures consisting mainly of small and medium tourism enterprises that are using web technologies and modern market interaction and thus help each other (the principle of «B2B»), giving customers a complete package of tourism products and services. We consider the principle of self-synchronization in the construction management of network-centric destinations, allowing the tourist and recreation structures to organize themselves «from below» and not to be reformed administratively. In the framework of the synergetic approach the concept of«attractor of tourism and recreation» is introduced. It is shown that the development of this idea is associated with the concepts of the fluctuations of chaos, bifurcation, dissipation, diffusion of innovations, i.e. anew conceptual apparatus, including those notions related to the theory of catastrophes. It is concluded that the initial methodological basis for solving network-centric management problems of large tourist and recreation system is the principle of graph-dynamics representing a promising direction in management theory. The strategy of «borrowing» is elaborated with regards to the application of the mechanisms of diffusion of innovations and advanced technologies in the tourism and recreational tourism industries in the regions of Russia. It is concluded that the process of diffusion of innovation and advanced technology implies a large number of small and medium enterprises, as well as innovative infrastructure that will allow these companies to create effective cooperation ties in the field of tourism industry. A multi-network scheme is proposed for innovative development of tourist and recreational areas which includes an educational segment.
Development of the cluster form of spatial organization for the territory in tourism
Authors: Czyi-Gwiazda Ewa , Czyi-Gwiazda Ewa , Швец Ирина , Shvets Irina , Demczuk Marek , Demczuk Marek
Published: December 2014

The economy of the tourist market is formed and functions on the basis of integrate d-interdependence of enterprises in the region, the activities of which are directly or indirectly linked with the economy of tourism; the preservation of the ecological balance of natural resources and historical and religious sites to recreational areas. The objective and desired result of regional economic development is to create, maintain competitive advantage and achieve a higher level of competitiveness as a whole sphere of tourism. Profiling of the region should be aimed at creating a highly tourist center of international level that will enable the long-term economic development. The actual content of the concept of tourism identified in the course of the collision of these positive trends and negative results, and will largely depend on the overall situation in the country, but on the other hand, will largely determine the economic situation in Russia.

Different types of tourism activities correspond to proportionate travel areasl, which are part of the social space combining a set of interconnected natural and socio-economic conditions that are used for the tourism industry. The size and composition of the internal organization of the tourist area has a hierarchical structure.

The author analyses the structure of the regional tourism market and its actors as well as main approaches to the formation of the concept of governance tourist complex in the tourist region. The article is aimed at discussion on approaches to spatial and regional clustering of tourist areas, the basic conditions for the creation of tourist clusters, for the establishment and management of the tourism cluster.
How nursing teams were engaged to help deliver clinical research
Authors: Mars Christine , Kemp Ian , Shahzad Adeel , Roome Claire , Wilson Keith , Stables Rod
Published: December 2014

Christine Mars et al provide an overview of the HEAT PPCI trial and how nurses in various departments helped support the study and facilitated its results
BACPR conference: new frontiers in cardiac prevention and rehabilitation
Authors: Olson Kate
Published: December 2014

Kate Olson reports on the British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation conference, held in Londonderry in October 2014
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)
Authors: Mendes Aysha
Published: December 2014

This section presents a brief, concise overview of the treatments and clinical procedures regularly carried out in the field of cardiovascular care. This ‘back to basics’ article aims to refresh nurses’ knowledge on correct practice, as well as introduce students and junior nurses to procedures
An unexpected start to motherhood
Authors: Stark Cathy
Published: December 2014

Cathy Stark was diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy soon after the birth of her son Matthew. More than 20 years later, she shares how the diagnosis has impacted on her and Matthew's lives
No decision about me, without me: informing patient choice
Authors: Griffith Richard
Published: December 2014

‘No decision about me, without me’ is the Department of Health's vision of patients, particularly those with long-term conditions, as active participants in their treatment decisions. Richard Griffith argues that for this to be a reality, cardiac nurses will have to obtain a truly informed consent from their patients
The effect of DVD training on the competence of occupational therapy students in manual handling: A pilot study
Authors: Gallagher Aideen Marie , Gilligan Robert , McGrath Margaret , Taylor Teri
Published: December 2014

Background/Aims

The rapid expansion of web-based video hosting platforms has resulted in DVD-assisted learning being increasingly used in higher education. This format is particularly attractive for teaching clinical skills as it provides a permanent resource that can be cost effective for the university, while providing a flexible learning tool for the learner. DVD-assisted learning has been found to be effective in teaching clinical skills when compared with other teaching modalities; however, the majority of this research has been conducted in the discipline of medicine to teach surgical skills. The aim of this research was to determine the efficacy of a DVD-based teaching approach (intervention) compared with the traditional face-to-face approach (control) to teach occupational therapy students to transfer a patient using a hoist.

Methods

A single-blind, randomised controlled pilot trial was carried out among final-year occupational therapy students (n=12) who were randomly assigned to DVD-assisted or face-to-face training. Each participant's performance in executing the transfer of a non-weight bearing client from bed to wheelchair was evaluated pre- and post-training using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment. Students' perceived confidence in completing the task and satisfaction with the training was evaluated post-training.

Results

Both groups of students demonstrated an improvement in performance of the hoist transfer following training. There was no significant difference in the level of improvement between groups; however, the small sample size meant the research could not reach definitive conclusions. Participants who attended face-to-face training had higher levels of perceived confidence in completing the task and were more satisfied with the training received than those who engaged in DVD-assisted training.

Conclusions

This study is inconclusive in determining whether DVD-assisted training is as effective as face-to-face training in the acquisition of hoist transfer skills among occupational therapists. With DVD-assisted learning expected to increase, this study offers a useful protocol by which to conduct research on this topic with a larger sample size.
Group-based memory rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: Subgroup analysis of the ReMiND trial
Authors: Martin Kristy-Jane , Lincoln Nadina , das Nair Roshan , Kneebone Ian
Published: December 2014

Background/Aim

Memory problems are frequently reported in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). These can be debilitating and affect individuals and their families. This subgroup analysis focused on the effectiveness of memory rehabilitation in patients with MS.

Methods

Data were extracted from a single-blind randomised controlled trial, the ReMiND trial, which also included participants with traumatic brain injury and stroke. Participants were randomly allocated to compensation or restitution treatment programmes, or a self-help control. The programmes were manual-based and comprised two individual sessions and ten group sessions. Outcome measures included assessments of memory, mood and activities of daily living. A total of 39 patients with MS participated in this study (ten males (26%), 29 females (74%); mean±SD age: 48.3±10.8 years).

Results

Comparison of groups showed no significant effect of treatment on memory, but there were significant differences between compensation and restitution on self-report symptoms of emotional distress at both five- (p=0.04) and seven-month (p=0.05) follow-up sessions. The compensation group showed less distress than the restitution group.

Conclusions

Individuals with MS who received compensation memory rehabilitation reported significantly less emotional distress than those who received restitution. Further research is needed to explore why self-reported memory problems did not differ between groups.
Lip lesions, in images
Authors: Watkins Jean
Published: December 2014

Lip lesions can occur for a number of different reasons. Jean Watkins describes the causes, symptoms and treatment for some common presentations.
Do you FIRE their imaginations?
Authors: Parker Phil
Published: December 2014

During your first term, how often have you looked beyond your subject? Phil Parker discusses how we can instil a love of learning in our students
Restructuring the self-sensing: Attention training in contact improvisation
Authors: Little Nita
Published: December 2014

In this article, I discuss how contact improvisation (CI) can be seen as a form of attentional training – training attention-to-attention while moving – and how this practice can change the sense of self that dancers have. It proposes that identity in CI is an action of giving: one that generates new potentials through relations that support complex actions. Identity in an active practice of relations is associated not with bound physicality, but rather with active sensing. This active practice opens up the possibility of another politics of attention. I draw upon my experience as a teacher to make clear the relation between practices of attentional skill and theoretical claims about what attention can do. Working through the relational concepts of performance theorists and contact improvisers, this article offers new language with which to understand the political significance that CI brings into the twenty-first century as it continues to grow.
Visibly Marked and Microchipped Lost Dogs Have a Higher Chance to Find Their Owners in Belgrade
Authors: Vučinić Marijana , Radisavljević Katarina , Hammond-Seaman Alexandra , Ilieski Vlatko
Published: December 2014

The aim of the study was to analyse the demographic characteristics of lost and found dogs in Belgrade, Serbia. The demographic data concerning the 246 lost and 81 found dogs in the period of 5 consecutive years (January, 2009 to January 2014) was sampled and analysed from the data bases of four organizations for animal protection in Belgrade. The recovery rate of lost dogs and the chance to be reunited again with their owners was 33%. The highest recovery rate was estimated in the category of lost dogs with visible marks such as tags or collars (30%).The chi-square test disclosed that besides dogs with special visible marks, significantly more females, light colour coated, friendly/sociable and neutered dogs were reunited with their owners (P<0.0001).
Expression of vascular endothelial factor-A, gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and TIMP-1 in uterine leiomyomas
Authors: Korompelis Porfyrios , Piperi Christina , Adamopoulos Christos , Dalagiorgou Georgia , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Sepsa Athanasia , Antsaklis Aris , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: December 2014

Leiomyomas growth involves cellular hypertrophy, modulation of mitotic activity and upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Vascular factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a coordinated role during neoplasia and tissue remodeling. The present study investigates the role of angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A with the activity of main gelatinases, MMP-2/MMP-9 and their tissue inhibitor TIMP-1 in patients with leiomyomas.

Peripheral blood of 46 women with uterine leiomyomas was obtained prior hysterectomy to assess VEGF-A, MMP-2, -9, TIMP-1 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared to 39 healthy controls. Protein expression levels of VEGF-A, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated by western immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in leiomyomas tissue specimens after hysterectomy. Furthermore, the activity of gelatinases in leiomyoma tissue extracts and control myometrium was evaluated by semi-quantitative zymography.

Circulating levels of VEGF-A, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 were significantly elevated in leiomyoma patients compared to controls (p<0.001, p=0.004, p=0.003, respectively). A positive correlation was found between VEGF-A and MMP-2 (p=0.021) as well as MMP-9 (p=0.001) peripheral levels in the patient’s group. Furthermore, increased VEGF-A protein levels were detected in leiomyoma tissue compared to control myometrium, followed by increased localization of both VEGF-A and MMP-2 in the ECM embedding bundles of smooth muscle cells of leiomyomas. The activity of MMP-2 was significantly higher in leiomyomas than normal myometrium in all investigated tissues.

This study demonstrates a possible coordinated role of VEGF-A and MMP-2 during uterine leiomyomas growth and angiogenesis with potential prognostic significance.
Prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking and their predictors among Iranian adolescents
Authors: Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi Sakineh , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Tavananezhad Nikta , Karkhaneh Mahsa
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Widespread tobacco use, along with its induced diseases and subsequent deaths, comprise one of the biggest threats to public health in the world. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking and their predictors among Iranian adolescents.

Materials and methods: A total of 1524 adolescent students aged 14–18 years (764 boys and 760 girls) were randomly selected. The participants attended governmental, semi-governmental, and non-governmental schools in the city of Sanandaj, Iran in 2013. Data were collected using the “Sherer General Self-efficacy” and demographic questionnaire. Multivariate Logistic binary regresion analysis was conducted to determine the predictors.

Results: The prevalence rates of cigarette and water pipe smoking were 9.5% and 10.4%, respectively. About 3.7% of the adolescents used both cigarette and water pipe and 16% used at least one of these. Compared with girls, prevalence of both cigarette (13.1% vs. 6.4%) and water pipe (13.7% vs. 7.1%) smoking was higher among the boys. Male sex, father’s education of secondary school, and use of water pipe were identified as cigarette smoking risk factors, while technical and commercial educational fields and attending non-governmental school were its protective factors. Risk factors of the use of water pipe were currently working, higher age and cigarette smoking, father’s education of high school, father’s occupation of employee and mother’s education of a diploma degree, while higher self-efficacy and attending non-governmental school were its protective factors.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of cigarette and water pipe smoking in adolescents continues to rise. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies on effective factors on the onset and continuation of tobacco use.
Sleep in university students across years of university education and gender influences
Authors: Manzar Md Dilshad , Zannat Wassilatul , Kaur Manpreet , Hussain M. Ejaz
Published: December 2014

Purpose: Assessment of the influence of gender and increasing years at university on sleep health of students.

Methods: Four hundred and eighteen students from different streams across years of undergraduate to postgraduate courses participated. Descriptive statistics, test of differences, and correlation were used. The sleep health data comprised of subjective evaluation using a questionnaire and personal interviews.

Results: Overall, 43.1% had sleep problems, females were more affected (51.67% vs. 48.33% in males) but were early bed goers. The prevalence of circadian rhythm sleep disorder (11.6% vs. 9.5%) and delayed sleep phase syndrome (4.5% vs. 2.7%) was slightly higher in males. The daytime dysfunction and hypnotic use significantly differed in students of the same class among gender. Bedtime got significantly delayed along years [H(2)=29.769, p<0.001], and hypnotic use [H(2)=8.807, p=0.012] differed significantly among them. The moderate-very strong correlational statistics among sleep health elements was very similar across gender and years of university education. However, more pronounced influence of years of university education than gender was seen in the significant differences for correlated correlation among sleep health parameters.

Conclusion: Gender and years of university education influence sleep among university students both separately and concomitantly.
Sémantique multidimensionnelle et fonctions des classes nominales: l’exemple du biali, langue gur Oti-Volta-orientale, Bénin
Authors: Sambiéni Coffi
Published: December 2014

Cet article aborde la question des dimensions sémantiques et de la fonction des classes nominales par l’exemple du biali. La thèse centrale défendue dans cette analyse stipule que d’une part, le système de classes nominales du biali, bien que difficile à appréhender, est fondé sur une sémantique sous-jacente multidimensionnelle et que d’autre part la fonction des classes nominales n’est pas que numérative mais aussi également multidimensionnelle. Pour soutenir cette thèse, il a fallu tenir compte des facteurs cruciaux de l’interaction entre les humains et la nature et les choses et de leur environnement. Ceci a permis de montrer que les tendances de regroupement sémantique du système classificatoire nominal du biali ne sont pas l’effet d’un hasard; mais sont basées sur des interactions complexes mettant en jeu des dimensions productive, culturelle, cognitive et sociale. Après avoir déterminé la sémantique de base de chaque genre, les dimensions culturelle et dérivationnelle ont servi à expliquer l’écartement sémantique qui embrouille la classification nominale. Par ailleurs, l’analyse a tenu compte de l’intégration des emprunts dans les classes nominales pour montrer que cette intégration, motivée par des analogies sémantiques, indique que les principes sémantiques motivant la classification nominale sont aussi productifs.
Strategically Positioned Inhibitory Synapses of Axo-axonic Cells Potently Control Principal Neuron Spiking in the Basolateral Amygdala
Authors: Veres Judit M. , Nagy Gergő Attila , Vereczki Viktória Krisztina , Andrási Tibor , Hájos Norbert
Published: December 2014

Axo-axonic cells (AACs) in cortical regions selectively innervate the axon initial segments (AISs) of principal cells (PCs), where the action potentials are generated. These GABAergic interneurons can alter the activity of PCs, but how the efficacy of spike control correlates with the number of output synapses remains unclear. Moreover, the relationship between the spatial distribution of GABAergic synapses and the action potential initiation site along the AISs is not well defined. Using paired recordings obtained in the mouse basolateral amygdala, we found that AACs powerfully inhibited or delayed the timing of PC spiking by 30 ms, if AAC output preceded PC spiking with no more than 80 ms. By correlating the number of synapses and the probability of spiking, we revealed that larger numbers of presynaptic AAC boutons giving rise to larger postsynaptic responses provided more effective inhibition of PC spiking. At least 10–12 AAC synapses, which could originate from 2–3 AACs on average, were necessary to veto the PC firing under our recording conditions. Furthermore, we determined that the threshold for the action potential generation along PC axons is the lowest between 20 and 40 μm from soma, which axonal segment received the highest density of GABAergic inputs. Single AACs preferentially innervated this narrow portion of the AIS where action potentials were generated with the highest likelihood, regardless of the number of synapses forming a given connection. Our results uncovered a fine organization of AAC innervation maximizing their inhibitory efficacy by strategically positioning synapses along the AISs.
Targeted GAS6 Delivery to the CNS Protects Axons from Damage during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Gruber Ross C. , Ray Alex K. , Johndrow Christopher T. , Guzik Hillary , Burek Dominika , de Frutos Pablo García , Shafit-Zagardo Bridget
Published: December 2014

Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6) is a soluble agonist of the TYRO3, AXL, MERTK (TAM) family of receptor tyrosine kinases identified to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and promyelinating properties. During experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), wild-type (WT) mice demonstrate a significant induction ofGas6,Axl, andMertkbut notPros1orTyro3mRNA. We tested the hypothesis that intracerebroventricular delivery of GAS6 directly into the CNS of WT mice during myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE would improve the clinical course of disease relative to artificial CSF (ACSF)-treated mice. GAS6 did not delay disease onset, but significantly reduced the clinical scores during peak and chronic EAE. Mice receiving GAS6 for 28 d had preserved SMI31+neurofilament immunoreactivity, significantly fewer SMI32+axonal swellings and spheroids and less demyelination relative to ACSF-treated mice. Alternate-day subcutaneous IFNβ injection did not enhance GAS6 treatment effectiveness.Gas6−/−mice sensitized with MOG35-55peptide exhibit higher clinical scores during late peak to early chronic disease, with significantly increased SMI32+axonal swellings and Iba1+microglia/macrophages, enhanced expression of several proinflammatory mRNA molecules, and decreased expression of early oligodendrocyte maturation markers relative to WT mouse spinal cords with scores for 8 consecutive days. During acute EAE, flow cytometry showed significantly more macrophages but not T-cell infiltrates inGas6−/−spinal cords than WT spinal cords. Our data are consistent with GAS6 being protective during EAE by dampening the inflammatory response, thereby preserving axonal integrity and myelination.
eEF2K—a new target in breast cancers with combined inactivation of p53 and PTEN
Authors: Russnes Hege G , Caldas Carlos
Published: December 2014

Extensive efforts have now characterized the somatic molecular alterations in human breast cancer (Cancer Genome Atlas Network, ; Stephens et al, ) and have led to a re‐definition of the disease as a constellation of 10 distinct driver‐based subtypes (IntClust subtypes) (Curtis et al, ). The pursuit of druggable targets for each of these subtypes is now pressing. This is elegantly illustrated by the work of Liu et al ().
Regulation of postnatal pancreatic Pdx1 and downstream target genes after gestational exposure to protein restriction in rats
Authors: Abuzgaia Awatif M , Hardy Daniel B , Arany Edith
Published: December 2014

The study carried out in our laboratory demonstrated that protein restriction (low protein, LP) during fetal and neonatal life alters pancreatic development and impairs glucose tolerance later in life. In this study, we examined the role of the transcription factorPdx1, a master regulator of β-cell differentiation and function along with its downstream target genes insulin,Glut2and glucokinase (GK). The role(s) of these genes and protein products on the pancreata of male offspring from mothers exposed to LP diets were assessed during gestation, weaning, and adult life. Pregnant rats were allocated to two dietary treatments: control (C) 20% protein diet or LP, 8% protein diet. At birth, offspring were divided into four groups: C received control diet all life, LP1 received LP diet all life, LP2 changed the LP diet to C at weaning, and LP3 switched to C after being exposed to LP during gestation only. Body weights (bw) were significantly (P<0.001) decreased in all LP groups at birth. At weaning, only the LP3 offspring had their body weight restored to control levels.Pdx1or any of thePdx1-target genes were similar in all diets at day 21. However, at d130Pdx1mRNA expression and protein abundance were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in all LP groups. In addition, insulin mRNA and protein were decreased in LP1 and LP3 groups compared with C,Glut2mRNA and GLUT2 protein levels were decreased in LP3 and GK did not change between groups. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test revealed impaired glucose tolerance in LP3 males, concomitant with decreased β-cell mass, islet area, and PDX1 nuclear protein localization. Collectively, this study suggests that restoring proteins in the diet after birth in LP offspring dramatically impairs glucose homeostasis in early adulthood, by alteringPdx1expression and downstream-target genes increasing the risk to develop type 2 diabetes.
Variation in Crossover Frequencies Perturb Crossover Assurance Without Affecting Meiotic Chromosome Segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Krishnaprasad Gurukripa N , Anand Mayakonda T , Lin Gen , Tekkedil Manu M , Steinmetz Lars M , Nishant Koodali T
Published: December 2014

The segregation of homologous chromosomes during the Meiosis I division requires an obligate crossover per homolog pair (crossover assurance). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals, Msh4 and Msh5 proteins stabilize Holliday junctions and its progenitors to facilitate crossing over. S. cerevisiae msh4/5 hypomorphs that reduce crossover levels up to twofold at specific loci on chromosomes VII, VIII, and XV without affecting homolog segregation were identified recently. We use the msh4–R676W hypomorph to ask if the obligate crossover is insulated from variation in crossover frequencies, using a S. cerevisiae S288c/YJM789 hybrid to map recombination genome-wide. The msh4–R676W hypomorph made on average 64 crossovers per meiosis compared to 94 made in wild type and 49 in the msh4Δ mutant confirming the defect seen at individual loci on a genome-wide scale. Crossover reductions in msh4–R676W and msh4Δ were significant across chromosomes regardless of size, unlike previous observations made at specific loci. The msh4–R676W hypomorph showed reduced crossover interference. Although crossover reduction in msh4–R676W is modest, 42% of the four viable spore tetrads showed nonexchange chromosomes. These results, along with modeling of crossover distribution, suggest the significant reduction in crossovers across chromosomes and the loss of interference compromises the obligate crossover in the msh4 hypomorph. The high spore viability of the msh4 hypomorph is maintained by efficient segregation of the natural nonexchange chromosomes. Our results suggest that variation in crossover frequencies can compromise the obligate crossover and also support a mechanistic role for interference in obligate crossover formation.
Fine-Tuning of Histone H3 Lys4 Methylation During Pseudohyphal Differentiation by the CDK Submodule of RNA Polymerase II
Authors: Law Michael J , Ciccaglione Kerri
Published: December 2014

Transcriptional regulation is dependent upon the interactions between the RNA pol II holoenzyme complex and chromatin. RNA pol II is part of a highly conserved multiprotein complex that includes the core mediator and CDK8 subcomplex. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the CDK8 subcomplex, composed of Ssn2p, Ssn3p, Ssn8p, and Srb8p, is thought to play important roles in mediating transcriptional control of stress-responsive genes. Also central to transcriptional control are histone post-translational modifications. Lysine methylation, dynamically balanced by lysine methyltransferases and demethylases, has been intensively studied, uncovering significant functions in transcriptional control. A key question remains in understanding how these enzymes are targeted during stress response. To determine the relationship between lysine methylation, the CDK8 complex, and transcriptional control, we performed phenotype analyses of yeast lacking known lysine methyltransferases or demethylases in isolation or in tandem with SSN8 deletions. We show that the RNA pol II CDK8 submodule components SSN8/SSN3 and the histone demethylase JHD2 are required to inhibit pseudohyphal growth—a differentiation pathway induced during nutrient limitation—under rich conditions. Yeast lacking both SSN8 and JHD2 constitutively express FLO11, a major regulator of pseudohyphal growth. Interestingly, deleting known FLO11 activators including FLO8, MSS11, MFG1, TEC1, SNF1, KSS1, and GCN4 results in a range of phenotypic suppression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that SSN8 inhibits H3 Lys4 trimethylation independently of JHD2 at the FLO11 locus, suggesting that H3 Lys4 hypermethylation is locking FLO11 into a transcriptionally active state. These studies implicate the CDK8 subcomplex in fine-tuning H3 Lys4 methylation levels during pseudohyphal differentiation.
Placer-Forming Cenozoic Mud-Volcano Genetic Type of Gold Mineralization in the Lena Area, Patom Highland, Russia
Authors: A.V. Tatarinov  , L.I. Yalovik
Published: December 2014

A genetic type of Cenozoic gold mineralization related to mud volcanoes is suggested to be recognized in the Lena area. This type of mineralization has never before been distinguished in the area and is genetically related to the development of depression mud-volcano structures on the northern continuation of the Baikal rift. Geological-geophysical data and results of lithological-petrographic and mineralogical studies of the mud-volcano lithological complex, naturally occurring microscorias, and ore minerals from the loose Quaternary rocks, as well as and comparison of the chemical composition of the latter with analogous minerals from the Sukhoi Log and Pervenets gold deposits, prove genetic links of economic placer deposits in the Lena area with mud volcanoes.
The Methodological Aspect of Development and Application Multivariate Classification G-Mode for Analyses Geochemical Trend
Authors: A.I. Gavrishin
Published: December 2014

This article is unique G-mode of multidimensional classification method and its application in the analysis of hydrogeochemistry Donetsk basin. He has the following main advantages over other methods of classification: does not require a priori information for classification of observations; earmarks homogeneous observing classes and subclasses; evaluates information weight of each indicator, determines the distance between the homogeneous taxon's; assessment of the descriptiveness of the sign of the classification and others. G-method is widely used to analyze geochemical, environmental, kosmochemical, distance and other types of information. The method successfully used in examining objects, phenomena and processes on Earth, Moon, Mars, Saturn, comets, asteroids and deep space. The results of the use of G-method in analysis of hydrogeological data for the Donetsk basin identified direct and inverse geochemical zonality. This shows that in the region can be discovered oil and gas accumulations.
On Special Strong Differential Superordinations Using Sălăgean and Ruscheweyh Operators
Authors: Alina Alb Lupaş
Published: December 2014

In the present paper we obtain strong differential superordinations for the differential operator  defined as a convex combination of the extended Sălăgean operator and the extended Ruscheweyh derivative,  and  is the class of normalized analytic functions,  the extended Ruscheweyh derivative,  the extended Sălăgean operator.