bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THEORETICAL BASIS OF TAXATION FORMATION
Authors: Hüseynov Soltan
Published: December 2023

The article mainly deals with the theoretical foundations of taxation. Based on these, the historical development of taxes, the essence of taxes, the functions of taxes, etc. belongs to. History of taxes the stage of the historical formation of taxes, the tax systems and types of the first stage have been
discussed.

Purpose: The main purpose of this article is to examine the stages of the historical development of taxation and make comparisons between these stages, determine the essence of taxes and compare the functions of taxation.
Methodology: Induction, deduction and analysis methods were used in the research work.
The result of the research: It was determined that the changes in the tax system are more separate in different stages, and the tax burden is higher due to the unsystematic formation of taxes in the previous stages. Irregularities in the tax system are mainly caused by the fact that what some people
do instinctively is sometimes wrong. In order to prevent this, it is necessary for people to know their tax rights, to inform them of the wrong activities that took place in the past, and to show them the way out of this irregularity.
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECURITIES MARKET IN AZERBAIJAN
Authors: Саттаров Фахри
Published: December 2023

The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of the securities market of Azerbaijan.
The methodology of the study consists in providing information on the general state of the securities market by comparing statistical data for the specified periods of time.

The significance of the study is that international experience proves that the developed securities sector is the key to the transparency of the country’s financial system and contributes to the expansion of economic opportunities.

The result of the study is the proposals and recommendations necessary to stimulate the growth and development of the securities market in Azerbaijan.

Originality and scientific novelty of the study – on the basis of statistical data, the general picture of the trends in the local market was shown, as well as possible ways to expand interest in securities in Azerbaijan.
Local Perceptions about Robust Protection of Civilians in UNMISS and AMISOM
Authors: Gelot Linnéa , Khadka Prabin B.
Published: December 2023

IN THIS BRIEF, we investigate what forms of protection of civilians (PoC) provided by peacekeepers that enjoy more support than others. We compare peacekeepers’ perceived level of proactive engagement, with the expectations and demands from local populations. We find that civilians who are at risk prefer peacekeepers who show resolve in protecting civilians, and their support is based on assessments of robustness.
Sense of efficacy in the workplace and teachers’ sense of life
Authors: Muchacka-Cymerman Agnieszka
Published: December 2023

Wprowadzenie. Poczucie własnej skuteczności jest ważnym elementem pracy nauczyciela. Obniżone poczucie skuteczności może mieć negatywny wpływ na efektywność nauczy�ciela w miejscu pracy oraz oddziaływać na jego funkcjonowanie poznawczo-emocjonalne
czy społeczne poza pracą. Wiąże się to z wieloma negatywnymi konsekwencjami, w tym obniżeniem poczucia sensu życia czy wypaleniem zawodowym. Cel. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie różnic między płcią i stażem pracy w zakresie predyktorów poczucia własnej skuteczności a sensu życia nauczycieli. Materiały i metody. Badania były prowadzone za pośrednictwem Internetu przy użyciu
Sensu Życia (MLQ), Testu Poczucia Skuteczności (TPS) oraz ankiety. Grupa osób badanych składała się z 283 nauczycieli (90% kobiet), wśród których średnia wieku wynosiła M = 48,92, SD = 9,66. Wyniki. Dane, jakie uzyskano, wskazują, że jedynie w grupie kobiet-nauczycieli większy poziom ogólnego sensu życia warunkowany jest przez zmienne poczucia skuteczności. Potwierdzono istotne statystycznie dodatnie związki między sensem życia a poczuciem skuteczności. Poczucie sensu pozytywnie korelowało z poczuciem skuteczności nauczycieli. W podsumowującym modelu regresji zawierającym staż pracy jako moderator istotnie przewiduje poziom poczucia sensu w życiu, wyjaśniając 18% wariancji tej zmiennej. Wnioski. Sens życia i poczucie własnej skuteczności oddziałują na siebie. Mają ponadto większą moc predykcyjną w grupie kobiet.
Outdoor education w dobie popandemicznej – doświadczenia i potrzeby animatorów-praktyków w pracy z dziećmi i młodzieżą na przykładzie polskich organizacji pozarządowych
Authors: Janik Agnieszka
Published: December 2023

Wprowadzenie. Punktem wyjścia dla rozważań podjętych w artykule stały się doświadczenia dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce związane z popandemiczną rzeczywistością, takie jak osłabienie więzi społecznych czy zmniejszenie czasu spędzanego na świeżym powietrzu.
W tym kontekście – wartościowe poznawczo zjawisko – stanowi edukacja outdoorowa, o czym świadczy także rosnące nią zainteresowanie wśród edukatorów, animatorów i nauczycieli. W pierwszej części opracowania autorka prezentuje ramy definicyjne pojęć związanych z outdoor education, istotnych dla dalszych rozważań, umiejscawiając je w kontekście przeciwdziałania skutkom pandemii. Cel. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wyników badań własnych dotyczących rozpoznania doświadczeń, możliwości i potrzeb w zakresie implementacji edukacji outdoorowej w środowiskach organizacji pozarządowych z perspektywy animatorów-praktyków. Główny problem badawczy był następujący: Jakie są możliwości i potrzeby w zakresie implementacji edukacji outdoorowej z perspektywy badanych animatorów? Materiały i metody. Badanie miało charakter jakościowy, a paradygmat badań stanowiły teorie interpretatywne (Denzin, Lincoln, 2005). Metodą badawczą były częściowo ustrukturalizowane jakościowe wywiady badawcze, przeprowadzone w oparciu o przygotowany przewodnik do wywiadu. Grupę osób badanych stanowiło pięciu animatorów (dwóch mężczyzn i trzy kobiety), pracujących w organizacjach pozarządowych o średniej wielkości w Polsce. Dobór osób badanych był celowy i uwzględniał specyfikę środowiska pracy
oraz uprzednie doświadczenie w zakresie edukacji outdoorowej. Analiza miała charakter formalny i jakościowy. Wyniki. Wyniki badań ukazały pogłębione i złożone doświadczenia animatorów-praktyków w zakresie edukacji outdoorowej oraz ich potrzeby i możliwości w nawiązaniu do implementacji tej edukacji w pracy z dziećmi i młodzieżą w środowisku pozaformalnym. Model outdoor education, wyłaniający się z wypowiedzi osób badanych, ukazał bogate doświadczenie poparte refleksją nad specyfiką prowadzonych działań, szczególnie w kontekście: pracy w naturze, znaczenia indywidulanych przeżyć, stwarzania sytuacji umożliwiających budowanie samodzielności i doświadczania ryzyka oraz budowania relacji interpersonalnych w grupie. Artykuł powstał jako część projektu badawczego, koordynowanego przez Stowarzyszenie Edukacji Krytycznej w ramach “Programu Funduszu Pomocowego dla Organizacji Pozarządowych oraz Inicjatyw Obywatelskich 2022-2023”, finansowanego przez Polsko-Ame�ykańską Fundacja Wolności, a realizowanego przez Fundację Edukacja dla Demokracji.
Effects of Lower Extremity Functional Training (LIFT) on Gross Motor Function and Gait in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Mannan Abdul , Ur Rehman Cheema Rameel , Ahmad Noman , Jabeen Javeria , Bazeela  , Rehan Amjad Muhammad
Published: December 2023

Background: Children with spastic cerebral palsy face challenges in mobility due to impairments in gross motor function and gait. Lower Extremity Functional Training (LIFT) is posited as a potential intervention to ameliorate these difficulties.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of LIFT on enhancing gross motor function and gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy.
Methods: Employing a Randomized Controlled Trial design, the study recruited 22 participants and allocated them into intervention and control groups. Over six weeks, the intervention group received LIFT along with baseline treatment, while the control group received only baseline treatment. Outcomes were measured using the 2-minute Walk Test, Single Leg Stance Test, and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM).
Results: Post-intervention, the intervention group exhibited a statistically significant improvement in the Single Leg Stance Test (p=0.032). However, no significant differences were observed in the 2 Minute Walk Test (p=0.448) and GMFM (p=0.289) between the intervention and control groups. Within-group comparisons showed significant improvements from pre- to post-intervention in both the Single Leg Stance Test (p=0.006) and the 2 Minute Walk Test (p=0.012) for the intervention group, and in the 2 Minute Walk Test (p=0.003) and GMFM (p=0.004) for the control group.
Conclusion: While LIFT resulted in significant within-group improvements in single-leg balance, it did not demonstrate a significant advantage over baseline treatment alone in improving overall gait and gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer intervention durations may be necessary to ascertain the full impact of LIFT in this population.
Comparison of Traditional Articulation Therapy and Picture Articulation Test in Children with Articulation Disorders
Authors: Naz Adeela , Shabnum Noor Hafiza , Hussain Ali , Adil Bukhari Sana , Pervaiz Nouman , Inam Iqra
Published: December 2023

Background: Articulation disorders in children can impede communication and social interaction. Traditional Articulation Therapy (TAT) and the Picture Articulation Test (PAT) are two contrasting approaches employed to address these disorders. While TAT is a conventional method focusing on sensory-perceptual training and sound stabilization, PAT uses visual aids to assess and encourage correct speech sound production.
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of TAT and PAT in treating substitution errors in children with articulation disorders.
Methods: Employing a randomized sampling technique, the study included 10 children with functional articulation disorders, aged 8 to 18 years, from both genders. Exclusion criteria included organic articulation disorders. Participants were divided into two groups at REX Medical Center, Lahore, and treated over a six-month period, with two sessions per week lasting 30-40 minutes. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted using the Articulation Assessment Test and the Articulation Severity Rating Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24, with paired and independent sample t-tests.
Results: TAT showed a significant reduction in substitution error scores from pre- to post-intervention across all error types (initial, middle, and final), with significant p-values indicating improvement (p ≤ 0.05). PAT did not demonstrate a significant reduction in error scores, with p-values exceeding the threshold of significance.
Conclusion: TAT was found to be more effective than PAT in decreasing substitution errors in children with articulation disorders. The findings advocate for the application of TAT in clinical settings, while recognizing the potential for integrating traditional methods with newer technologies to optimize treatment outcomes.
Comparison of Static Stretching on Whole Body Vibration and Strength Training for Improving and Maintaining Hamstring Range of Motion
Authors: Ali Seyyada Tahniyat , Aziz Khalid , Arif Abida , Abid Ali , Fahim Muhammad Faisal , Mannan Abdul
Published: December 2023

Background: Hamstring strains are prevalent among individuals engaged in sports and recreational activities. Addressing this, static stretching, whole-body vibrations (WBV), and strength training are recognized for enhancing range of motion (ROM) and reducing muscle injury risks. However, the comparative effectiveness of these modalities on hamstring flexibility and ROM requires further exploration.
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of static stretching combined with whole-body vibrations and strength training on improving and maintaining hamstring range of motion.
Methods: This crossover randomized control trial in Karachi involved 44 participants aged 18-25 years, actively participating in various recreational activities. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: one underwent static stretching on whole-body vibration, and the other received strength training. The interventions lasted four weeks, with pre- and post-intervention assessments of active and passive range of motion (AROM and PROM). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0.
Results: The static stretching with whole-body vibration group showed an increase in AROM from a pre-intervention mean of 131.05° to a post-intervention mean of 136.55°, and in PROM from 131.67° to 137.41°. The strength training group exhibited an increase in AROM from a pre-intervention mean of 135.21° to 142.42°, and in PROM from 135.98° to 144.81°. Both interventions demonstrated statistically significant improvements in hamstring ROM.
Conclusion: The study demonstrates that both static stretching on whole-body vibration and strength training are effective in enhancing the flexibility and range of motion of hamstrings. These findings suggest their beneficial incorporation in rehabilitation and athletic training programs.
Application of Palladium Single Atoms in C−C Coupling Reactions of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Yujun , Teng Hui , Chen Junpeng , Xia Rui , Zhou Yujun , Xie Kunlin , Chen Zhiyong
Published: December 2023

Designing highly active and structurally well-defined catalysts while reducing the amount of catalyst has become a key issue in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. In this study, palladium single-atom catalysts were prepared for efficient catalysis in the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of iodobenzene and phenylboronic acid, which was prepared by one-step high-temperature pyrolysis. The palladium single-atom catalysts have high activity as well as stability in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions and have great potential in catalyzing organic reactions.
Study on longitudinal dynamics of 5000t heavy haul train on mountain railway
Authors: Chen Chunjun , Guan Junping
Published: December 2023

In order to analyze the feasibility of running 5000t heavy-haul trains on a railway in a mountainous area, a longitudinal dynamic model of heavy-haul trains is established, taking full account of the actual horizontal profile of the railway line in the mountainous area. The results of the model are compared and analyzed with those of China Academy of Railway Sciences through a numerical example, and the results are in good agreement, which verifies the accuracy of the model. Based on this model, the longitudinal dynamic performance of planned running marshalling under the conditions of ramp traction, restricted ramp braking, emergency braking and resistance speed control braking is analyzed. The results show that the longitudinal impulse of the marshalling under each condition has a large margin compared with the safety standard. The study demonstrates the feasibility of 5000t heavy-haul train operation in the mountainous area from the perspective of simulation, and provides a theoretical basis for the safe operation of 5000t railway in the mountainous area.
Prediksi Jumlah Sampel Tes PCR Covid-19 Menggunakan Metode Single Moving Average
Authors: Fadhilah Nilam , Arief Rachman
Published: December 2023

Covid-19 has spread all over the world. This virus was first discovered in the city of Wuhan, China. To avoid this virus, the community has implemented several strategies such as wearing masks, washing hands and conducting swab tests to determine whether the results are contaminated with the Covid-19 virus or not. In Indonesia, swab tests have been provided, such as the Antigen swab test and the PCR swab test. However, WHO recommends a PCR swab test because the results are more accurate. Until now, Indonesia has not been able to meet the minimum number of PCR test samples according to the WHO (World Health Organization) version, which is 1 per 1,000 people every week. Therefore, the purpose of this researcher is to create a system to predict the rise and fall of the number of daily PCR test samples at laboratories in West Java in the future. This research was conducted in West Java because the capacity of the number of PCR test samples was not optimal, only relying on manuals with limited human resources. Therefore, the authors are able to predict the number of PCR test samples in the future using the Single Moving Average method. This method takes a group of observations and looks for the average value of the daily development of the number of PCR test samples in West Java, as a forecast in the future. The number of Covid-19 PCR test samples from the MSE (Mean Square Error) calculation is 689,873. With the SMA method, it makes it easier for admins to see predictions for the number of PCR samples for the future.
A Decade of Communal Land Titling in Cambodia: Achievements and Ways Forward
Authors: Dina THOL , Il OEUR
Published: December 2023

It is widely acknowledged that there are 24 indigenous groups (IPs) in Cambodia. These groups are concentrated in north eastern provinces of Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Stung Treng, Kratie and Preah Vihear, where they have lived for many generations. They are also present elsewhere in the country. IPs’ rights in Cambodia, particularly rights to land resources have been legally recognized in the Land Law 2001 (Article 23 to 28). Further, Sub-decree No. 83 (2009) on the ‘Procedure of Communal Land Title Registration’, aligned with the Forestry Law (2002), and the Protected Area Law (2009) provides detailed guidelines on how Indigenous Peoples may register communal land. During the early 2010s, a communal land titling project was piloted in two Indigenous communities in Ratanakiri and another in Mondulkiri province, with the assistance of the German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ) and Danish International Development Agency (Danida). These communities obtained communal land titles (CLTs) over a period between 2011 and 2013. Since 2013, the Royal Government of Cambodia has financially supported the CLTs through the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning, and Construction (MLMUPC). By December 2019, the MLMUPC had received 68 applications for the registration of communal land titles by different Indigenous communities. Of these applicants, 30 had received CLTs. After almost a decade of implementing CLTs registration project, Cambodia has performed relatively well within the Southeast Asian context in terms of recognizing the rights of Indigenous people to land resources. However, the land titling process needs to be simplified, if the time taken to issue CLTs is to be reduced. Technical challenges related to the preliminary mapping process often delay decisions about the allocation of land within protected areas to Indigenous communities.
Seasonal poverty in Zimbabwe and Cambodia: A comparative analysis of the developing world
Authors: Gweshengwe BLESSING
Published: December 2023

It has been claimed that the nature of seasonal poverty is context- specific, but this claim is rarely substantiated. This study therefore ascertains whether the nature of seasonal poverty varies according to context. It examines this supposition by comparing the nature of seasonal poverty in both Zimbabwe and Cambodia. The study employed an exploratory methodology. It predominantly made use of secondary data, along with limited primary data. The results show that: (1) Both Zimbabwe and Cambodia experience climatic and non-climatic seasonal realities, however, some of these are peculiar to Cambodia. (2) The complexity of seasonal poverty in Zimbabwe and Cambodia is similar. (3) In both countries, seasonal poverty is more pronounced in the wet season. Thus, despite the remarkable contextual disparities between Zimbabwe and Cambodia, the nature of seasonal poverty in each country is, by and large, similar. Thus, the claim that seasonal poverty is context-specific is considered to be inaccurate. Since seasonal poverty is inevitable, the study recommends that Zimbabwe, Cambodia and other developing countries should factor the impact of this seasonal dimension into poverty reduction policies. The focus should be on minimizing the effects of seasonal poverty on the livelihoods of the poor and enhancing their resilience to seasonality.
Sources of income in rural households at Kdol Tahaen Commune, Bavel District, Battambang
Authors: Rido THATH , Sethik RATH
Published: December 2023

Poverty in Cambodia is largely a rural phenomenon. Thus, creating sources of rural income to address rural poverty is required to reduce national poverty. This study used a structured questionnaire to explore the sources of income and the factors affecting income generation of a rural commune in Battambang Province, in the northwest of Cambodia. It was found that 68% of total household income in the commune was from agricultural sources, while there were very few sources of non- agricultural income. Villagers who sourced non-agricultural income, generally worked informally conducting activities such petty trade or manual labor for construction projects. Very few villagers engaged in formal employment, and those who did were in occupations such as doctors, teachers, or soldiers. These results suggest that efforts to improve rural livelihoods should focus on adding value to agricultural production via food processing or other industrial activities. Additionally, it is important to create diversified sources of alternative, non-agricultural income via low- or semi-skilled employment.
Urban development in the margins of a world heritage site: In the shadows of Angkor. By Adèle Esposito. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. 337 pp. Price: €105 (Hardcover) and €104.99 (eBook PDF).
Authors: Try THUON
Published: December 2023

In this monograph review, I examine how Esposito contextualizes, conceptualizes, problematizes, and operationalizes her work and present herkey arguments, as well asmy reflections. Thisbook walks us through the emergence of the ‘heritage and non-heritage space’conceptsthat havebeen promoted inmany cities in Southeast Asia and internationally. The dominant trend in Cambodia is for urban studies scholarship to focus on the capital city of Phnom Penh;including key issues such asland conflicts (Springer, 2015), real estate development(Fauveaud, 2014), and the eviction of the urban poor (McGinn, 2013)to makeway for the development of modern high-rise buildingsand satellite cities (Tom, 2016; Nam, 2017;and Yamada, 2018). However, in this book the authorproblematizes rapid urban transformation in Siem Reap. She shifts our attention towards thesecond largest city inCambodia,whichattractsmore than two million foreign tourists eachyear (Esposito 2018:48).
The impact of climate change on food security among farmers in a coastal Area of Cambodia: a case study in Banteay Meas District, Kampot Province.
Authors: Sreyleak KORN
Published: December 2023

Climate change-related disasters, such as floods, droughts, windstorms, and heat waves have emerged as a severe threat in the 21st century. Different countries experience different scales of both physical and perceived damage. This paper examines farmer perceptions of climate change impacts on rice production and introduces an appropriate mechanism to build adaptive capacity at the local level. This research is based on a survey of 215 respondents from two communes in Banteay Meas District, Kampot Province. The results demonstrate that food insecurity has been a frequently perceived impact among farmers over the past decade. Farmers in Tnoat Chong Srang have faced transitory food insecurity after natural calamities such as floods, storm surges, droughts, and seawater intrusion. Farmers in Banteay Meas Khang Kaeut have encountered chronic food insecurity and poverty caused by reduced rice production caused by floods, windstorms, and increasing seawater intrusion. The research found that local adaptation strategies for climatic hazards can increase food security. In addition, all key stakeholders, both at the national and local levels, should take more action to ensure the resilience of rural communities. These actions should apply sustainable agricultural development focused on irrigation infrastructure, drought-tolerant rice varieties, social safety nets, and community-based projects selected by villagers. To successfully implement these actions policymakers and planners need to be able to clearly distinguish between chronic and transitory food insecurity.
The Factors Improving Skill Development and Skill Formation Systems in Industries: Firm-Level Analysis of Cambodia's Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Kvanthai ING
Published: December 2023

To understand the factors for improving skill development in the manufacturing industry, the study utilized mixed-method research combining surveys and in-depth interviews to collect data from 101 firms. 36 in-depth interviews with the firms' human resources and production departments were carried out. A binary logistic regression model was used to explore the relationships between in-employment skill development and eight influencing factors such as FDI, change in products, technology usage, work organization, sales performance, year of operation, export, and require more skilled workers. Qualitative comparative analysis was applied to outline the industry skill formation systems, specifically for medium and high-skilled employees. The results indicate that in-employment skill development is highly likely to be influenced by years in operation, export-oriented production, and the requirement for more skilled workers in individual firms. Furthermore, the skill development in firms is aligned with firm governance, management objectives, recognition, and worker participation. It is acknowledged that in-employment skill development caters to only specific employees, such as medium and high-skill workers. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing worker participation in in-employment training with firms that run long-term operations, produce exports, and require more skilled workers; and the study concludes that incentive systems are essential to improving in-employment skill development.
Splendid Angkor civilization from the Jayavarman II to Jayavarman VII: peace, independence, reconciliation, religion, and prosperity
Authors: Thel HEM
Published: December 2023

The Khmer Empire maintained power and peace from Jayavarman II in the 9th century to Jayavarman VII in the 13th century. The country covered the present Cambodia, and parts of Laos, Thailand, and southern Vietnam. Their outstanding leadership resulted in the splendid Angkor civilization across the Southeast Asian mainland. They were the architects of peace, culture, religious harmony, economic growth, and sovereignty. Jayavarman II was the founding king as he established the Khmer Empire. The power was passed from the founder Jayavarman II to Jayavarman VII, the king of devotees. For the most part, power was transferred among the royals peacefully during the Khmer empire, although some inscriptions also mention conflicts over the throne. Regardless of whether the king came to the throne legally or illegally, most of them devoted their lives to building a country with development and prosperity. In addition, the Khmer Empire gained in power from one generation to another. Those kings led the Khmers to achieving a substantial empire.
Rapid Herpetofauna Assessment at Tumring REDD+Community Forests in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia
Authors: Sothearen THI , Sovannary SAN , Masphal KRY , Chaly Y , Seanghun MEAS , Seiha HUN
Published: December 2023

Many community forests are located in the area surrounding the Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary, which is currently managed by the local communities. Among those, eight community forests in Kampong Thom province have been included in the pilot project of Tumring REDD+. While these areas are likely to support a high diversity of wildlife, a limited amount of wildlife research and monitoring has been conducted for them, especially herpetofauna studies. To support Tumring REDD+-related work, research was conducted to collect information of herpetofauna species in the targeted eight community forests. Opportunistic searches for amphibians and reptiles and pitfall traps, were applied to collect data. Captured species were photographed and released back unharmed. A total of 36 herpetofauna species (16 amphibian and 20 reptile species) were recorded across all survey sites. Most of the recorded species from this survey are listed as of the Least Concern by the IUCN Red List. The most detected amphibian species were Microhyla fissipes and Eutropis macularia reptile species. In terms of diversity scores, the O’Kranhak community forest was identified as the site with the highest diversity for herpetofauna species, and this area was observed to contain more flowing streams and puddles than other studied sites. This good habitat condition supports more species and organisms’ ability to keep active even in the dry season. The lowest diversity score was at Prey Ang Taen Forest. This area was observed to be more degraded and isolated from other forest fragments. Illegal logging and wildlife hunting were observed as the main threats to these community forests. Our findings provide a species list of the herpetofauna in these studied community forests useful for supporting the development of long-term biodiversity monitoring and conservation. We recommend conducting further study and restoration of these community forests, preservation of swamps and streams, and tackling illegal logging and wildlife hunting in these areas.
Screening And Education For Prevention Of Cervical Cancer At Kupu Health Center, Tegal District
Authors: Anggraeni Natasha , Destra Edwin , Jamaludin Jamaludin , Ulinuha Ulinuha
Published: December 2023

Cervical cancer, or what is often referred to as cervical cancer, is one of the most common types of cancer in the gynecological cancer category throughout the world. Education about cervical cancer and the implementation of VIA examinations have a very important role in increasing public awareness of the importance of maintaining cervical health and encouraging early detection of cervical cancer disorders. This outreach activity provides accurate information about cervical cancer, how important it is to maintain cervical health, as well as factors that can influence the risk of developing cervical cancer. In addition, examination using the IVA method makes it possible to carry out an objective evaluation of the condition of each individual's cervix. By increasing public knowledge and understanding of the importance of cervical health, it can encourage the implementation of appropriate preventive measures, such as undergoing regular VIA examinations, avoiding risk factors that can increase the risk of cervical cancer, and supporting early detection efforts. Early detection of cervical cancer through IVA examination allows early identification of cervical disease, so that treatment can be started early to control and slow the progression of the disease. VIA counseling and examination in the context of cervical cancer prevention is a long-term investment in improving people's quality of life and reducing the burden of cervical cancer in society as a whole.
DEATH PENALTY FOR PERPETRATORS OF CHILD SEXUAL VIOLENCE (CASE STUDY OF DECISION NUMBER 5642 K/PID.SUS/2022)
Authors: Nida Hana Vina Salmaniqa  , Usman Abdul Kadir
Published: December 2023

The increasing number of cases of sexual violence against minors has made the government required to make new regulations regarding child protection in order to deter the perpetrators. This study aims to explain the application of the death penalty against perpetrators of sexual violence against children in the perspective of law and legal experts as well as the judge's consideration in deciding the criminal case. The object used in this research is Judge Decision Number 5642 K/PID.SUS/2022 and the law regarding the application of the death penalty against child sex offenders. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from legal literature sources regarding child protection and sexual violence. The method used to analyze this research is normative qualitative research method. The application of the death penalty according to the law does not violate the existing rules but is a punishment that has been regulated in it. Another case with one of the legal experts in the field of human rights who stated that the application of the penalty does not reflect the protection of human rights and overrides the interests of protecting the rights of victims.
Aspects of Bundo Kanduang Minangkabau Cultural Studies
Authors: Dermanto Alin
Published: December 2023

The study of the Bundo Kanduang Minangkabau culture demonstrates the crucial role that these elderly women or mothers play in the matrilineal society of West Sumatra, Indonesia. The role and meaning of Bundo Kanduang are very deep and cover various cultural, social, and spiritual aspects. Bundo Kanduang cultural studies help in understanding how strong the role of women is in Minangkabau culture and maintaining the uniqueness of this matrilineal society. They are protectors of cultural heritage, guardians of cultural values, and respected spiritual leaders. Through their roles and functions, the Bundo Kanduang maintain the continuity of the rich and valuable Minangkabau culture, playing a central role in maintaining harmony and wisdom in this society.
Classification and Procedure of Business Product Innovation
Authors: Primadhani Pipit , Dwi Susilawati
Published: December 2023

Product innovation encompasses the generation of novel concepts, modifications, and enhancements to current offerings with the aim of more effectively satisfying client demands and potentially forging new market opportunities. The range of product innovation in a business environment is highly varied and can serve as the primary catalyst for enhancing a company's competitiveness in this dynamic period. Every category of innovation plays a distinct role and has a specific impact on addressing company challenges and possibilities. Companies that integrate many forms of innovation in alignment with their strategy and business objectives will enhance their ability to sustain competitiveness and effectively navigate market fluctuations. Through the implementation of appropriate product innovations, organizations can enhance their market presence, augment client contentment, and attain sustainable expansion.
Investigation of Optimal Pedagogical Approaches for Generation Z to Develop a High-Caliber Generation
Authors: Atmaja Surya , Ibnu Khalid
Published: December 2023

Generation Z is a generation that was raised with the convenient availability of technology devices, including smartphones, tablets, and computers. They are familiar with digital settings and strongly enjoy using technology in the teaching and learning process. Hence, conventional educational approaches that were successful in the past may not adequately meet the needs of Generation Z, who is enthusiastic about embracing a more interconnected and technologically advanced society. The literature search was conducted across multiple databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) to identify the most efficacious educational approaches for generation Z, with the aim of fostering the development of individuals of high caliber. Granting students autonomy in both subject matter and instructional methods enhances their motivation and involvement. The differentiation learning paradigm enables students to access content that aligns with their individual interests and aptitudes. Engaging in the resolution of practical issues fosters the development of problem-solving and critical thinking abilities. Utilizing cooperation and interaction in both in-person and virtual learning environments aids in the cultivation of social and collaborative abilities for generation Z. Aside from academic content, it is crucial to impart soft skills, such as proficient communication, creativity, problem-solving, and critical thinking abilities, to equip individuals to confront practical obstacles. An effective education for generation Z necessitates the integration of these components to establish a learning atmosphere that is pertinent, inspiring, and equips them for triumph in a constantly evolving world. Thus, generation Z can cultivate the essential aptitudes and evolve into individuals who are well-equipped to confront forthcoming obstacles.
Analysis of the Application of Agrarian and Spatial Planning Laws in Land Disputes for the Development of Public Facilities
Authors: Ukasyah Muhammad , Karina Putri
Published: December 2023

The Agrarian and Spatial Planning Law (UUATR) is used to settle land disputes so that public facilities can be built. It is a legal process that tries to find a balance between land owners' rights and the needs of the community and the government's desire to build infrastructure that helps the economy grow. UUATR is an important legal framework for regulating land rights, ownership, and procedures that must be followed in resolving land disputes. In land disputes for the construction of public facilities, the application of the agrarian law plays an important role in maintaining a balance between public interests in infrastructure development and the rights of land owners. The application of the agrarian law in land disputes for the construction of public facilities ensures that important infrastructure development can proceed in line with the public interest while safeguarding the rights and welfare of land owners. This creates a fair and sustainable framework for resolving land disputes in Indonesia.
Konferencë shkencore “Poliedriku Ernest Koliqi në 120-vjetorin e lindjes”
Authors: Paci Evalda
Published: December 2023

Më datën 15 maj 2023, në sallën “Europa” të Fakultetit të Gjuhëve të Huaja të Universitetit të Tiranës u zhvillua konferenca shkencore “Poliedriku Ernest Koliqi në 120-vjetorin e lindjes”, e organizuar nga Qendra e Studimeve dhe e Publikimeve për arbëreshët dhe Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë (Akademia e Studimeve Albanologjike), në bashkëpunim me Fakultetin Histori-Filologji (Universiteti i Tiranës) dhe Qendrën e Studimeve Albanologjike (Universiteti i Shkodrës “Luigj Gurakuqi”). Në këtë veprimtari shkencore u sollën kontribute me vlerë që ceknin aspekte të personalitetit të Ernest Koliqit si shkrimtar e studiues, me theks si në aspekte të veçanta e të shkrimtarisë së tij, ashtu dhe në pikëpamje të përvijimit të revistave shkencore të rëndësishme për nga prurjet dhe tradita në lidhje me gjurmimet albanologjike. Interesimi për trashëgiminë kulturore të botës shqiptare dhe lidhjet e vazhdueshme me botën arbëreshe qenë dy prej linjave kryesore që u theksuan që në kumtimet e para të kësaj veprimtarie.
Lektorium: Morfologjia e sistemit rasor në gjuhën shqipe (Rikonceptualizim i kundërvënieve sinkronike) – nga Dr. Leonard Dauti
Authors: Omari Anila
Published: December 2023

Në datën 23 maj 2023 dr. Leonard Dauti, punonjës shkencor i Departamentit të gramatikës dhe të historisë së gjuhës pranë Institutit të Gjuhësisë e të Letërsisë të ASA-s, mbajti ligjëratën “Morfologjia e sistemit rasor në gjuhën shqipe (rikonceptualizim i kundërvënieve sinkronike)”. Kjo ligjëratë vjen në vijim të studimeve të thelluara të autorit në morfologjinë e shqipes, të kryera në bazë të qasjeve bashkëkohore të gjuhësisë konjitive. Në këtë studim kemi të bëjmë me një këndvështrim të ri të sistemit të rasave të gjuhës shqipe, nga pikëpamja e gramatikës së konstrukteve si pjesë e gjuhësisë konjitive. Autorin e ka shqetësuar problemi i debatuar i rasave të shqipes, një problem që nuk mund të quhet i zgjidhur kënaqshëm, me gjithë studimet e shumta, përderisa gjuhëtarët përsëri reflektojnë e përpiqen të gjejnë zgjidhje nëpërmjet drejtimeve e teorive të reja gramatikore, të cilat edhe ato dalin nga nevoja për t’u dhënë një shpjegim më të saktë dukurive gjuhësore, qoftë atyre ekzistuese që nuk kanë gjetur një shpjegim të kënaqshëm, qoftë dukurive të reja që lindin për shkak të zhvillimit të vazhdueshëm të gjuhës. Një studim i tillë me qasje të reja për rasat e shqipes, veçanërisht për rasën gjinore dhe nyjën e saj është ai i Aristotel Spiros, i cili duket t’i ketë shërbyer Leonard Dautit si shtysë për thellim të mëtejshëm në këto çështje.
Studimet Albanistike në ish-Jugosllavi
Authors: Ismajli Rexhep
Published: December 2023

Në datën 20 tetor Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, ASA, pati të ftuar nderi profesor Rexhep Ismajlin, anëtar i Akademisë së Shkencave dhe të Arteve të Kosovës, i cili mbajti ligjëratën Studimet albanistike në ish-Jugosllavi. Në këtë veprimtari ishin të pranishëm kërkues shkencorë nga Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, pedagogë të Departamentit të Gjuhësisë të Fakultetit të Historisë dhe të Filologjisë, UT, profesorë në pension të Institutit të Gjuhësisë dhe të Letërsisë etj., si dhe kolegë të tjerë që e ndoqën ligjëratën përmes internetit.
Leksikografí
Authors: Shehu Hajri
Published: December 2023

Ka togfjalësha (në metagjuhën leksikografike: thënie) – emër + emër ose emër + mbiemër me bashkëlidhje: kuptim i drejtpërdrejtë + kuptim i drejtpërdrejtë (boshti i qerres) ose kuptim i drejtpërdrejtë + kuptim i prejardhur (boshti i Tokës). Tek togfjalëshi i dytë, bosht është rikuptimësuar (në astronomi është “vijë e përfytyruar që bashkon dy polet e Tokës, duke kaluar përmes qendrës së saj”).

Në të dyja rastet, kuptimet e togfjalëshave dalin nga shuma e kuptimeve të fjalëve përkatëse. Në të dyja rastet, shkalla e bashkëlidhjes është thuajse njëlloj. Njëfarë dallimi është te numri i bashkëlidhjeve: Emri me kuptim të prejardhur (boshti / i Tokës) është zakonisht i kufizuar në bashkëlidhje me emra të tjerë të një fare (ndoshta + vetëm planet: boshti i planetit). Leksikisht, të dy togfjalëshat janë të ndashëm1, por kuptimisht janë të përbashkuar (sepse shënojnë – secili në të veten sendin a dukurinë e caktuar).
“Santori – poet dhe dramaturg”, studim monografik nga Klara Kodra
Authors: Çiraku Ymer
Published: December 2023

Serisë së botimeve mbi letërsinë e kulturën arbëreshe, krahas disa botimeve të tjera nga QSPA, iu shtua kohët e fundit edhe studimi i gjerë monografik “Santori, poet dhe dramaturg”, me autore studiuesen e njohur të letërsisë arbëreshe, Klara Kodra.

Bota arbëreshe mbetet një thesar i çmuar, prej së cilës historia dhe kultura shqiptare, është ushqyer e pasuruar përgjatë shekujve e në vazhdim. Tërë ky kontribut i shtrirë në fusha të ndryshme, duhet thënë se në pjesën më të madhe të tij, mbetet ende i panjohur nëpër fondet e seminareve arbëreshe, të kishave, në shumë arkiva familjare e në biblioteka të qyteteve të Italisë e të vendeve të tjera. Sado që jo pak prej tyre, tashmë janë bërë objekt studimesh të thelluara nga studiues shqiptarë e albanologë të huaj, e sidomos nga studiuesit arbëreshë, mbetet gjithsesi një pjesë e madhe e tyre, thesar ende i pazbuluar e i pastudiuar sa duhet.
Rreth disa çështjeve të kundrinës ne gjuhën shqipe
Authors: Përnaska Remzi
Published: December 2023

Kundrina, e parë qoftë në kuadrin e gjymtyrëve të dyta, qoftë në vetvete, paraqet një sërë çështjesh problemore. Në këtë kumtesë do të

trajtojmë, pèrsa na lejon vendi, vetëm disa prej tyre, që lidhen sidomos me kufijtë e kundrinës me rrethanorët. .Në gjuhën shqipe, kundrina është gjymtyrë e dytë e fjalisë. Ndryshe nga tradita gramatikore e disa gjuhëve, ku kundrina është gjymtyrë kryesore e fjalisë, sepse ka treguesit e vet gramatikorë në përbërje ne kallëzuesit, në traditën tonë gramatikore. veç K.Cipos, me të drejtë, kundrina është trajtuar si gjymtyrë e dytë e fjalisë. Dhe me të vërtetë, gjymtyrët kryesore të fjalisë dallohen nga gjymtyrë te dyta jo aq nga pesha kuptimore. se sa nga roli i ndryshëm gramatikor.
Gjergj Zheji: ANDON ZAKO ÇAJUPI, Tiranë, 1966, 95 f,.
Authors: Haxhiaj Floresha
Published: December 2023

Për veprën letrare dhe aktivitetin politik të A. Zako Çajupit, që kur ishte gjallë janë botuar shënime dhe artikuj, por figura e tij, si patriot e demokrat i shquar dhe si një ndër shkrimtarët kryesorë të Rilindjes kombëtai'e, u bë e njohur plotë- sisht dhe drejt vetëm pas çlirimit, kur trashëgimi kultural përparimtar i së ka- luarës u bë pronë e popullit. Në sajë të punës së studjuesve tanë u flakën tej pohimet e shkencës së paraçlirimit për Çajupin, si shkrimtar i lehtë dhe jo se- rioz, doli në dritë qartë fizionomia e tij prej demokrati konsekuent, kundër- shtar i betuar i bejlerëve, përkrahës i flakët i zhvillimit të Shqipërisë në rrugën e demokracisë dhe të përparimit shoqëror. Me gjithë distancën e madhe në ko- hë, që ndan epokën tonë nga epoka historike kur jetoi dhe punoi Çajupi, vepra e tij, që sjell me vete jehonën e aspiratave të vegjëlisë për çlirim kombëtar e shoqëror dhe të temperamentit të tij buçitës, është bërë e dashur dhe e afërt për masat tona punonjëse, për të cilat ai ushqente një dashuri të thellë dhe të sinqertë. Në studimet dhe artikujt 1, botuar pas çlirimit, u ndriçuan gjithashtu aspekte të reja, që lidhen me krijimtarinë letrare të poetit, me jetën dhe ve- primtarinë e tij patriotike, u zbuluan vepra të panjohura poetike.
Mothers’/caregivers’ knowledge on aetiology, prevention and management of acute diarrhoea among children under 5 years in Engela District, Namibia
Authors: Bauleth M F , Mitonga H K , Pinehas L N
Published: December 2023

Background. Childhood diarrhoea remains a public health problem and is among the leading killers globally of children under 5 years. Even though most childhood diarrhoea episodes are mild, episodes can result in severe loss of fluids and dehydration, leading to severe health-related consequences and death. Most diarrhoea episodes in children under 5 are treated at home by parents/caregivers; therefore, their knowledge about the nutrition and management of diarrhoea in children is critically important.

Objective. To assess mothers’/caregivers’ knowledge of the aetiology, prevention and management of acute diarrhoea among children aged under 5 years with diarrhoea, in Ohangwena Region, Namibia.Method. A cross-sectional, non-interventional study was carried out from 17 January 2019 to 9 March 2019. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. T-tests and logistic regression were applied to determine the factors associated with knowledge.

Results. A total of 530 mothers/caregivers of children under 5 years responded to the study questionnaire. Of these, 29.4% were aged between 18 and 30 years, 79.8% were from rural areas, 46.4% had primary education and 16% were illiterate, 59.9% were single, 68.9% had access to information (owned a radio), and 93.2% had a low income of ~NAD200 - 2 000 per month. The majority, 64%, were categorised as having inadequate knowledge on the prevention and management of diarrhoea. In addition, significant associations were observed between knowledge and gender of mothers/caregivers, residential area, marital status, access to information and prevalence of diarrhoea (p<0.05).

Conclusion. This study identified the need to develop and intensify strategies that may improve mothers’/caregivers’ knowledge, such as health education, improved literacy and women’s empowerment for them to be able to prevent and manage diarrhoea among children under 5 years old.