bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 in Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Transplantation
Authors: Mohammed Abdul , Paranji Neethi , Chen Po-Hung , Niu Bolin
Published: December 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought challenges to clinicians caring for patients with chronic liver disease. In the past 6 months, COVID-19 has led to over 150,000 deaths in the United States and over 660,000 deaths around the world. Mounting evidence suggests that chronic liver diseases can have an adverse effect on the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19. We present a comprehensive review of the latest literature on preexisting liver diseases and its interrelationship with COVID-19 infection in cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, and viral hepatitis B. As social distancing and telemedicine gain new footing, we synthesize recommendations from 3 major hepatology societies [American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), the European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL), and the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of Liver (APASL)] to present the best approaches for caring for patients with liver diseases as well as those requiring liver transplantation.
Contribution of Th17 cells to tissue injury in hypertension
Authors: Basile David P. , Abais-Battad Justine M. , Mattson David L.
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review

Hypertension has been demonstrated to be a chief contributor to morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Although the cause of hypertension is multifactorial, emerging evidence, obtained in experimental studies, as well as observational studies in humans, points to the role of inflammation and immunity. Many aspects of immune function have now been implicated in hypertension and end-organ injury; this review will focus upon the recently-described role of Th17 cells in this pathophysiological response.

Recent findings

Studies in animal models and human genetic studies point to a role in the adaptive immune system as playing a contributory role in hypertension and renal tissue damage. Th17 cells, which produce the cytokine IL17, are strongly pro-inflammatory cells, which may contribute to tissue damage if expressed in chronic disease conditions. The activity of these cells may be enhanced by physiological factors associated with hypertension such as dietary salt or Ang II. This activity may culminate in the increased sodium retaining activity and exacerbation of inflammation and renal fibrosis via multiple cellular mechanisms.

Th17 cells are a distinct component of the adaptive immune system that may strongly enhance pathways leading to increased sodium reabsorption, elevated vascular tone and end-organ damage. Moreover, this pathway may lend itself towards specific targeting for treatment of kidney disease and hypertension.
Bisphosphonates and management of kidney stones and bone disease
Authors: Prochaska Megan
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review

Kidney stones are strongly associated with low bone density and bone fracture. Clinical management focuses on prevention of kidney stones and bone fracture. We reviewed literature of kidney stones and bone disease with a special focus on updates in therapeutic strategies. We will review the literature regarding dietary management, supplements, and medications and emphasize the recent studies on bisphosphonates and kidney stone management.

Recent findings

Bisphosphonate medications are commonly used in management of low bone density. Previous studies showed that they reduce urinary calcium. A recent large prospective study found that bisphosphonates may reduce the risk of kidney stones in individuals who have low bone density. In addition to lowering urinary calcium, a recent study found that bisphosphonates may act as an inhibitor in the urinary space.

There are multiple dietary and pharmacologic strategies that can be considered for kidney stones and bone disease, such as low salt and normal calcium diet, as well as thiazides, alkali, and bisphosphonate medications. Bisphosphonates may have an important role in reducing bone resorption and reducing overall risk of kidney stone and bone disease.
Clonal hematopoiesis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Wilk C. Matthias , Manz Markus G. , Boettcher Steffen
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is characterized by the acquisition of somatic mutations and subsequent expansion of mutated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) clones without clinical evidence for a hematologic neoplasm. The prevalence of CH continuously increases with age reaching double-digit percentages in individuals >60 years. CH is associated with an increased risk for hematologic neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. We will review recent efforts to investigate how CH influences patient outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation – both autologous (ASCT) and allogeneic (allo-HSCT).

Recent findings

Donor-engrafted CH is common in allo-HSCT recipients. Apart from a higher incidence of chronic GvHD and the rare but devastating complication of donor-derived leukemia, CH does not appear to negatively impact outcomes in allo-HSCT recipients. In lymphoma patients undergoing ASCT, however, CH is associated with an excess mortality driven by therapy-related myeloid neoplasms and cardiovascular events. Interestingly, inferior overall survival in patients with CH undergoing ASCT for multiple myeloma (MM) is due to an increased rate of MM progression.

CH is highly prevalent in both allo-HSCT and ASCT patients suggesting a clinically relevant but context-dependent impact on adverse outcomes. Given the current lack of therapeutic interventions, systematic screening for CH in the transplant setting is currently not indicated outside of clinical studies.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pain Management for Women in Labor
Authors: Daniel Linda , Benson Jennifer , Hoover Stephen
Published: December 2020

Purpose:

To determine effectiveness of a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit to improve labor pain management and patient satisfaction with overall labor experience among women in labor at term.

Study Design:

Prospective, exploratory design using convenience sampling.

Methods:

Pregnant women at term, anticipating a vaginal birth at our tertiary care hospital, were invited to participate in the TENS study to help manage early labor pain. Pain level was assessed on entry into the study and 2 hours post-TENS application using the Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale. A TENS satisfaction survey was conducted during postpartum. Pain scores were analyzed using a matched Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results:

There were 272 women enrolled in the study; 255 completed the patient satisfaction survey and 263 had measured pain assessments pre- and post-TENS application. There was a significant reduction in pain scores after application of TENS, (7.09 vs. 6.74, p = 0.02). Most women 78% (199/255) agreed that TENS helped manage early labor pain, 80% (203/255) would recommend TENS for management of early labor pain, and 72% (183/255) would use TENS again.

Clinical Implications:

TENS therapy provides nurses with an opportunity to offer women a low-cost, low-intervention treatment for managing early labor. TENS provides a distraction from contractions and generates a sense of control to help women manage the discomforts of labor and possibly remain home longer.
Huge Free-Floating Thrombus in the Internal Carotid Artery Under Duplex Ultrasound Surveillance
Authors: Zhang Lin-Jie , Qin Jie , Zhang Li-Hua , Yu De-Lin
Published: December 2020

Introduction:

Carotid free-floating thrombus (FFT) is an unusual finding in acute ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis is the most common etiology of FFT formation.

Case Report:

Here we report a 42-year-old male patient admitted to our department with left temporal and parietal lobe ischemic stroke with normal magnetic resonance angiography. A huge FFT in the left internal carotid artery were found by duplex ultrasound. Acute thrombosis based on atherosclerotic plaque were considered as the reason of this embolization. The thrombus shrunk significantly under anticoagulation and antiplatelet treatment.

Conclusions:

Evaluation of the intracranial vessel in the emergency is not enough and early carotid duplex ultrasound can help find of the FFT in time, which help to choose the early intervene by neurosurgeon. Early antithrombotic treatment can be a safe treatment option for reducing huge thrombus based on the nature of thrombus formation. Computed tomography angiography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to certify the character of the plaque are recommended for plaque evaluation.
Comparative Evaluation of Stroke Awareness of Individuals Whose First-Degree Relatives had a Stroke and that of Individuals Whose First-Degree Relatives Did Not
Authors: Haki Cemile , Ali Asuman
Published: December 2020

Objective:

To assess the stroke awareness levels of individuals whose first-degree relatives had a stroke and to compare the results with those of individuals whose first-degree relatives did not have a stroke.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2019, with first-degree relatives of patients who had a stroke (group 1) and a comparable set of individuals whose first-degree relatives did not have a stroke (group 2). Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire asking about signs and symptoms, risk factors, treatment options, information sources, responses after the development of stroke, and early treatment of stroke.

Results:

In response to the questions about the signs and symptoms of stroke, group 1 mentioned dizziness and comprehension disorder as a symptom of stroke more frequently than the other group. Stress was the second most frequently mentioned risk factor (by 81% of group 1 and 80.5% in group 2). When the participants were asked about the sources of information about stroke, family circle and friends were the most frequently mentioned sources for both groups.

Conclusion:

The present study can serve as a guide in planning training to improve stroke awareness in the future, especially by including individuals whose first-degree relatives had a stroke.
Application of Shear Wave Elastography to Evaluate the Stiffness of Normal Testes and Inflammatory Epididymal Tail Masses
Authors: Chen Fei , Mao Lin , Zhou Xiaohua , Qiao Xueyan , Luo Yanhua , Zhu Zhimin , Chen Rui , Qiu Shaodong , Zeng Bidan
Published: December 2020

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the application value of shear wave elastography in examining normal testes and inflammatory epididymal tail masses.

Methods

We examined 110 healthy male volunteers (with a total of 220 testes) and 25 patients with epididymitis via conventional scrotal ultrasonography and shear wave elastography. The mean (E
mean), minimal (E
min), maximal (E
max), and standard deviation (E
SD) values of elasticity were acquired. The inflammatory masses were assessed at initial diagnosis, at weeks 1 and 2 of standard anti-inflammatory treatment, upon remission, and at 2 weeks after remission.

Results

The E
mean values of different regions in testes varied in the following order: center region (3.14 ± 0.35 kPa) < upper- or lower-pole capsule (upper, 3.94 ± 0.90 kPa; lower, 3.94 ± 0.97 kPa) < posterior capsule (5.96 ± 1.46 kPa) < anterior capsule (6.27 ± 1.58 kPa). The E
mean value of the center of the testicular parenchyma in the short axis was significantly larger than that in the long axis (3.47 ± 0.32 vs 3.14 ± 0.35 kPa; P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the E
mean value between inflammatory epididymal tail masses at initial diagnosis, at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment, upon remission, and at 2 weeks after remission (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Shear wave elastography can be used to reflect the relative hardness of normal testes and inflammatory epididymal tail masses.
Recognizing the Ultrasound Patterns of Mesenteric Panniculitis
Authors: Whittle Carolina , Schiappacasse Giancarlo , Maldonado Ignacio , Villacres Fabian , Hebel Esteban , González Felipe
Published: December 2020

Mesenteric panniculitis (MP) is a rare, benign, and nonspecific chronic fibrosing inflammation of the mesenteric adipose tissue. Abdominal pain is the most frequent presentation.

The objective was to recognize ultrasound (US) features in MP. A retrospective 9-year review of computed tomography– (CT) or US-diagnosed cases of MP recorded in the radiology department was performed. The inclusion criteria included an US recorded in PACS imaging data base within 10 days before CT, to compare and evaluate the correlation of MP diagnosis.

The prevalence of MP on CT was 2.8%. The 120 selected patients had an abdominal US 10 days before CT. Male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Fifty-three percent of MP was suggested by US. The US finding was increased volume with fatty mass in the mesentery root (98%). The fatty mesenteric mass had oval shape or convex anterior border in 94%, central abdominal location in 91%, and focal mesenteric increased echogenicity in 95%. Lateral bowel loop displacement was observed in 59%. Detection of lymph nodes was less frequent (55%).

In conclusion, MP is an entity to be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain. Knowledge and recognition of the US findings of MP and central abdominal compression may improve detection during the abdominal US examination.
Thoracoscopic Esophageal Atresia Repair: Outcomes Analysis Between Primary and Staged Procedures
Authors: Marinho Ana S. , Saxena Amulya K.
Published: December 2020

Purpose:

Thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia (EA) is analyzed in this systematic review that compares outcomes between primary and staged repairs.

Materials and Methods:

PubMed/Embase databases were reviewed for articles on thoracoscopic repair of EA, and articles were selected for primary and staged repairs. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the quantitative parts of the study.

Results:

Thirty-six articles identified between 1999 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria and offered 776 patients for this analysis. Primary repairs were performed in n=703 and staged repairs in n=73. Comparative analysis showed that esophageal anastomosis was performed using absorbable suture in 88% primary and 78% staged repairs. Anastomotic leak rates were comparable between primary n=65/696 (9%) and staged repairs n=8/73 (11%). The re-fistulation rate was 2% in primary and 1% in staged repairs. There was no difference between suture material and re-fistulation (P>0.05; NS). In primary repairs, nonabsorbable sutures were found to be associated with more leaks than absorbable sutures (P<0.05*). The conversion rate was similar between 2 approaches; primary n=49/680 (7%) and staged n=6/73 (8%); P>0.05. No significant differences were found in the rate of anastomosis strictures between primary n=135/703 (19%) and staged repair n=21/73 (29%); P>0.05. The overall mortality was n=20/703 (3%) in primary and n=1/73 (1%) in staged repairs; P>0.05.

Conclusions:

Successful thoracoscopic primary- and staged-EA repairs have been reported with low rate of complications. Outcomes between primary and staged repairs do not show significant differences with regards to re-fistulation, anastomotic leaks, conversion rates, and mortality.
Source Analysis of Triphasic Waves Using Quantitative Neuroimaging
Authors: Meira Alex Tiburtino , Alves Karen Fernanda , Rezende Thais O. P. , Schelp Arthur Oscar , Betting Luiz Eduardo
Published: December 2020

Purpose:

Triphasic waves (TWs), a common EEG pattern, are considered a subtype of generalized periodic discharges. Most patients with TWs present with an altered level of consciousness, and the TW pattern is believed to represent thalamocortical dysfunction. However, the exact meaning and mechanism of TWs remain unclear. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the source of TWs using EEG source imaging and computerized tomography.

Methods:

Twenty-eight patients with TWs were investigated. Source analysis was performed on the averaged TWs for each individual, and source maps were extracted. Normalization and automatic segmentation of gray matter were performed on computerized tomography scans before analysis. Finally, voxelwise correlation analyses were conducted between EEG source maps and gray matter volumes.

Results:

Source analyses showed that the anterior cingulate cortex was mainly involved in TWs (16/28 patients, 57%). Correlation analyses showed moderate positive and negative correlations between source location and gray matter volumes for the posterior cingulate (T = 2.85; volume = 6,533 mm3; r = 0.53; P = 0.002) and the superior frontal gyrus (T = 2.54; volume = 18,167 mm3; r = −0.48; P < 0.0001), respectively.

Conclusions:

The results suggest that the anterior cingulate is involved in the origin of TWs. Furthermore, the volumes of posterior brain regions were positively correlated with TWs, indicating a possible preservation of these structures. Conversely, the volumes of anterior regions were negatively correlated with TWs. These findings may indicate a structural pattern necessary for the generation of the abnormal network responsible for TWs.
Genetic sexing strains for the population suppression of the mosquito vector
Aedes aegypti
Authors: Koskinioti Panagiota , Augustinos Antonios A. , Carvalho Danilo O. , Misbah-ul-Haq Muhammad , Pillwax Gulizar , de la Fuente Lucia Duran , Salvador-Herranz Gustavo , Herrero Rafael Argilés , Bourtzis Kostas
Published: December 2020

Aedes aegypti
is the primary vector of arthropod-borne viruses including dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Vector population control methods are reviving to impede disease transmission. An efficient sex separation for male-only releases is crucial for area-wide mosquito population suppression strategies. Here, we report on the construction of two genetic sexing strains using red- and white-eye colour mutations as selectable markers. Quality control analysis showed that the Red-eye genetic sexing strains (GSS) is better and more genetically stable than the White-eye GSS. The introduction of an irradiation-induced inversion (Inv35) increases genetic stability and reduces the probability of female contamination of the male release batches. Bi-weekly releases of irradiated males of both the Red-eye GSS and the Red-eye GSS/Inv35 fully suppressed target laboratory cage populations within six and nine weeks, respectively. An image analysis algorithm allowing sex determination based on eye colour identification at the pupal stage was developed. The next step is to automate the Red-eye-based genetic sexing and validate it in pilot trials prior to its integration in large-scale population suppression programmes.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases’.
Veterinary endectocides for malaria control and elimination: prospects and challenges
Authors: Chaccour Carlos
Published: December 2020

Residual transmission is the persistence of malaria transmission after scale-up of appropriate vector control tools and is one of the key challenges for malaria elimination today. Although long associated with outdoor biting, other mosquito behaviours such as partly feeding upon animals contribute greatly to sustaining transmission. Peri-domestic livestock can be used as decoy to protect humans from blood-seeking vectors but this approach often leads to an increased malaria risk in a phenomenon known as zoopotentiation. Treating the said livestock with drugs capable of killing intestinal parasites as well as mosquitoes that feed upon them has the potential to tackle malaria through a previously unexplored mechanism. The advantages and challenges associated with this approach are briefly discussed here. Numerous references are purposely provided.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases’.
The role of human and mosquito behaviour in the efficacy of a house-based intervention
Authors: Barreaux Antoine M. G. , Oumbouke Welbeck A. , Brou N'Guessan , Tia Innocent Zran , Ahoua Alou Ludovic P. , Doudou Dimi Théodore , Koffi Alphonsine A. , N'Guessan Raphaël , Sternberg Eleanore D. , Thomas Matthew B.
Published: December 2020

Housing improvement such as blocking eaves and screening windows can help in reducing exposure to indoor biting mosquitoes. The impacts of physical barriers could potentially be boosted by the addition of a mechanism that kills mosquitoes as they attempt to enter the house. One example is to combine household screening with EaveTubes, which are insecticide-treated tubes inserted into closed eaves that attract and kill host-searching mosquitoes. The epidemiological impact of screening + EaveTubes is being evaluated in a large cluster randomized trial in Cote d'Ivoire. The study presented here is designed as a complement to this trial to help better understand the functional roles of screening and EaveTubes. We began by evaluating householder behaviour and household condition in the study villages. This work revealed that doors (and to some extent windows) were left open for large parts of the evening and morning, and that even houses modified to make them more ‘mosquito proof’ often had possible entry points for mosquitoes. We next built two realistic experimental houses in a village to enable us to explore how these aspects of behaviour and household quality affected the impact of screening and EaveTubes. We found that screening could have a substantial impact on indoor mosquito densities, even with realistic household condition and behaviour. By contrast, EaveTubes had no significant impact on indoor mosquito density, either as a stand-alone intervention or in combination with screening. However, there was evidence that mosquitoes recruited to the EaveTubes, and the resulting mortality could create a community benefit. These complementary modes of action of screening and EaveTubes support the rationale of combining the technologies to create a ‘Lethal House Lure’.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases’.
Māori and Pacific People in New Zealand have higher risk of hospitalisation for COVID-19
Authors: Steyn Nicholas , Binny Rachelle N. , Hannah Kate , Hendy Shaun C. , James Alex , Lustig Audrey , Ridings Kannan , Plank Michael J. , Sporle Andrew
Published: December 2020

Aims

We aim to quantify differences in clinical outcomes from COVID-19 infection in Aotearoa New Zealand by ethnicity with a focus on risk of hospitalisation.

Methods

We used data on age, ethnicity, deprivation index, pre-existing health conditions, and clinical outcomes on 1,829 COVID-19 cases reported in New Zealand. We used a logistic regression model to calculate odds ratios for the risk of hospitalisation by ethnicity. We also consider length of hospital stay and risk of fatality.

Results

Māori have 2.50 times greater odds of hospitalisation (95% CI 1.39 – 4.51) than non-Māori, non-Pacific people, after controlling for age and pre-existing conditions. Pacific people have 3 times greater odds (95% CI 1.75 – 5.33).

Conclusions

Structural inequities and systemic racism in the healthcare system mean that Māori and Pacific communities face a much greater health burden from COVID-19. Older people and those with pre-existing health conditions are also at greater risk. This should inform future policy decisions including prioritising groups for vaccination.
Functional dissection of neural circuitry using a genetic reporter for fMRI
Authors: Ghosh Souparno , Li Nan , Bartelle Benjamin B. , Xie Tianshu , Daher Jade I. , Singh Urvashi D. , Xie Katherine , DiNapoli Nicholas , Evans Nicholas B. , Chung Kwanghun , Jasanoff Alan
Published: December 2020

The complex connectivity of the mammalian brain underlies its function, but understanding how interconnected brain regions interact in neural processing remains a formidable challenge. Here we address this problem by introducing a genetic probe that permits selective functional imaging of neural circuit elements defined by their synaptic interrelationships throughout the brain. The probe is an engineered enzyme that transduces cytosolic calcium dynamics of probe-expressing cells into localized hemodynamic responses that can be selectively visualized by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using a viral vector that undergoes retrograde transport, we apply the probe to characterize a brain-wide network of monosynaptic inputs to the striatum activated in a deep brain stimulation paradigm in rats. The results reveal engagement of surprisingly diverse projection sources and inform an integrated model of striatal function relevant to reward behavior and therapeutic neurostimulation approaches. Our work thus establishes a potent strategy for mechanistic analysis of distributed neural systems.
Analysis of assembly defects in the cam curved groove mechanism
Authors: Lan Weibin , Fan Shouwen , Fan Shuai
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to propose an elementary approach toward the identification of assembly defects of a cam curved groove mechanism.

Design/methodology/approach

A numerical analysis method for identifying the assembly defects of the cam curved groove mechanism is proposed by resorting to Hertz contact theory. A general mathematical model is established to analyze the kinematic and dynamic characteristics with an interference fit between the main roller and cam curved groove, including the contact points of the external and internal ring.

Findings

The analysis method of the contact point characteristics of the cam curved groove mechanism is given in this paper, and the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the main roller can be analyzed. The numerical examples presented in this paper are implemented in MATLAB, feasibility and validity of the above algorithm are verified by the finite element method.

Originality/value

Regarding the defects of the interference fit, the findings of this paper can serve as a reference for researchers in reducing the defects in the design process of the cam mechanism.
Determinants of price and revenue for peer-to-peer hosts. The state of the art
Authors: Sainaghi Ruggero
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to explore two research questions. The first focuses on the main methodological characteristics of previous studies in the field of price and revenue research in terms of commercial peer-to-peer accommodation platforms (P2P APs). The second compares the 33 articles and identifies the convergent and divergent findings. The literature review outlines some future research avenues.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a literature review that explore the price and revenue determinants in the field of P2P APs (such as Airbnb). The methodology shows how the sample was defined and is based on three steps: selection of papers, sample selection, and coding. The research was carried out in March 2020 and generated an initial sample composed of roughly 3,000 articles. A two-stage inclusion/exclusion process was applied to select the final sample, which includes 33 articles.

Findings

The empirical findings report the main antecedents of price and revenue as well as the methodological domains of the analyzed papers. Focusing on determinants, six blocks of variables were identified. The listing variables (48%), host characteristics (18%), location (12%), guest review (11%), destination characteristics (11%) and external comparison (1%). For each block, convergent and divergent findings are illustrated.

Research limitations/implications

The main limitations of this study relate to the criteria used in selecting the sample and the manual coding activity. This last decision (manual coding activity) was based on the limited number of papers available and the wide spectrum of variables used.

Practical implications

The practical implications are many, and they include a greater awareness of the variables that influence price and revenue as well as the impact that these variables could have on rates. Furthermore, managers interested in analyzing specific topics or variables can find analytical support in the information reported in the appendices.

Originality/value

The evidence provided is useful both for scholars considering further research in this field and for practitioners seeking to define pricing policies. Some future research avenues have been outlined, including new topics for development and methodological advancements.
High-involvement HRM and positive WOM intentions: a mediation model
Authors: Obeidat Ahmad M.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This study proposes and tests a conceptual model hypothesizing that perceived high-involvement human resource practices (HIHRPs) influence organizational members’ positive word-of-mouth (PWOM) intentions, via the mediating mechanisms of perceived organizational support (POS) and positive affect (PA).

Design/methodology/approach

Questionnaire data were collected from 194 working individuals and were analyzed by using structural equation modeling and the SPSS PROCESS macro.

Findings

The findings of this study are as follows: perceived HIHRPs had a significant positive influence on organizational members’ POS and PA; POS and PA were each significantly and positively related to PWOM intentions; the relation between HIHRPs and PWOM intentions was significantly mediated by POS and significantly mediated by PA; when included in one model, POS and PA together fully mediated the relationship between HIHRPs and PWOM intentions.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first to develop and empirically test a model identifying the HR determinants of personnel’s PWOM intentions, an area overlooked within the human resource management and organizational behavior literature. The study is also the first to examine the mediating effects of POS and PA on the relationship between HIHRPs and PWOM intentions.
Rapid and highly efficient genomic engineering with a novel iEditing device for programming versatile extracellular electron transfer of electroactive bacteria
Authors: Fan Yang‐Yang , Tang Qiang , Li Yang , Li Feng‐He , Wu Jing‐Hang , Li Wen‐Wei , Yu Han‐Qing
Published: December 2020

The advances in synthetic biology bring exciting new opportunities to reprogram microorganisms with novel functionalities for environmental applications. For real‐world applications, a genetic tool that enables genetic engineering in a stably genomic inherited manner is greatly desired. In this work, we design a novel genetic device for rapid and efficient genome engineering based on the intron‐encoded homing‐endonuclease empowered genome editing (iEditing). The iEditing device enables rapid and efficient genome engineering in Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1, the representative strain of the electroactive bacteria group. Moreover, combining with the Red or RecET recombination system, the genome‐editing efficiency was greatly improved, up to approximately 100%. Significantly, the iEditing device itself is eliminated simultaneously when genome editing occurs, thereby requiring no follow‐up to remove the encoding system. Then, we develop a new extracellular electron transfer (EET) engineering strategy by programming the parallel EET systems to enhance versatile EET. The engineered strains exhibit sufficiently enhanced electron output and pollutant reduction ability. Furthermore, this device has demonstrated its great potential to be extended for genome editing in other important microbes. This work provides a useful and efficient tool for the rapid generation of synthetic microorganisms for various environmental applications.
Deceleration area and capacity during labour‐like umbilical cord occlusions identify evolving hypotension: a controlled study in fetal sheep
Authors: Georgieva A , Lear CA , Westgate JA , Kasai M , Miyagi E , Ikeda T , Gunn AJ , Bennet L
Published: December 2020

Objective

Cardiotocography is widely used to assess fetal well‐being during labour. The positive predictive value of current clinical algorithms to identify hypoxia‐ischaemia is poor. In experimental studies, fetal hypotension is the strongest predictor of hypoxic‐ischaemic injury. Cohort studies suggest that deceleration area and deceleration capacity of the fetal heart rate trace correlate with fetal acidaemia, but it is not known whether they are indices of fetal arterial hypotension.

Design

Prospective, controlled study.

Setting

Laboratory.

Sample

Near‐term fetal sheep.

Methods

One minute of complete umbilical cord occlusions (UCOs) every 5 minutes (1:5 min, n = 6) or every 2.5 minutes (1:2.5 min, n = 12) for 4 hours or until fetal mean arterial blood pressure fell <20 mmHg.

Main outcome measures

Deceleration area and capacity during the UCO series were related to evolving hypotension.

Results

The 1:5 min group developed only mild metabolic acidaemia, without hypotension. By contrast, 10/12 fetuses in the 1:2.5‐min group progressively developed severe metabolic acidaemia and hypotension, reaching 16.8 ± 0.9 mmHg after 71.2 ± 6.7 UCOs. Deceleration area and capacity remained unchanged throughout the UCO series in the 1:5‐min group, but progressively increased in the 1:2.5‐min group. The severity of hypotension was closely correlated with both deceleration area (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.66, n = 18) and capacity (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.67, n = 18). Deceleration area and capacity predicted development of hypotension at a median of 103 and 123 minutes before the final occlusion, respectively.

Conclusions

Both deceleration area and capacity were strongly associated with developing fetal hypotension, supporting their potential to improve identification of fetuses at risk of hypotension leading to hypoxic‐ischaemic injury during labour.

Tweetable abstract

Deceleration area and capacity of fetal heart rate identify developing hypotension during labour‐like hypoxia.
Unhealthy geopolitics? Bordering disease in the time of coronavirus
Authors: Cole Jennifer , Dodds Klaus
Published: December 2020

COVID‐19 is highlighting and exposing how public health and geopolitics intersect across spaces, scales, and settings. Existing literature focuses on the geopolitical determinants of health such as the allocation of foreign health‐related assistance in postcolonial spaces and the relationship between population health and the health impacts of exploiting resources for economic benefit. How populist nationalism shapes public reactions to disease has also been documented. There is a popular geopolitical dimension to how COVID‐19 is portrayed—with expertise questioned, conspiracies circulated, lockdowns contested, and mask‐wearing ridiculed. Calls to keep “foreign” pathogens and viruses out of national territory carry with them possibilities for exceptional measures, xenophobic politics, and heightened surveillance on the border and beyond. The place of the World Health Organization (WHO) within global health security remains complicated by the intersection of public health and geopolitical contexts. By using three themes, within and beyond the WHO, we explore how COVID‐19 has been productive of three geopolitical narratives: public health as emblematic of great power rivalries, the bordering of the virus, and the (surgical) facemask as power projection. Our paper concludes with an assessment of how important it is to track and trace the relationship between health and geopolitics.
Community mapping with a public participation geographic information system in informal settlements
Authors: Vergara‐Perucich Francisco , Arias‐Loyola Martin
Published: December 2020

This article shows how a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) may be used as an asset to foster the right to the city. It describes the implementation of one such public participatory process for registering the story of the macrocampamento Los Arenales in Antofagasta, Chile. Specifically, it stresses how a geographic information system can help build collective engagement regarding special policies and urban life. Los Arenales is the largest macrocampamento in Antofagasta, comprising 13 different campamentos and being organised into a political structure aimed to achieve people's right to the city. In the study, a PPGIS process facilitated better comprehension of the shared history and spatial evolution of built and relational environments in Los Arenales. The PPGIS also provided valuable input for planning and decision‐making processes in campamentos in terms of both how to build and organise inhabited spaces and how to conduct external political bargains to ensure the realisation of a collective urban form based on community engagement. In addition, the article considers the experience of applying a PPGIS in a context of extreme socio‐economic scarcity, in which it facilitated people's recognition of their shared urban life on a map. Such insights were fostered by co‐creating data in collaboration with different urban development practitioners.
To treat or not to treat: A rare case of response to pembrolizumab‐based immunotherapy‐chemotherapy in non‐small cell lung cancer with acute liver failure due to multiple bile duct metastases
Authors: Shaforostova Inna , Huss Sebastian , Gerwing Mirjam , Evers Georg , Bleckmann Annalen
Published: December 2020

About 40% of non‐small lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. However, metastatic NSCLC in the biliary duct system is extremely rare. A high proportion of patients with acute liver failure due to advanced NSCLC do not receive any treatment due to organ dysfunction or poor performance status. Here, we report a case of successful treatment with chemoimmunotherapy in a young woman with obstructive jaundice and acute hepatic failure due to multiple intrahepatic bile duct metastases.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

Chemotherapy in NSCLC patients with liver failure is a therapeutic challenge. Acute hepatic failure are often exclusion criteria for therapy of NSCLC. Some reports showed a benefit of ICIs plus chemotherapy for NSCLC with liver metastases.

What this study adds

Combination of ICIs and chemotherapy is effective and safe in critically ill patients with lung cancer and impaired liver function.
Comparison of intravenous ketorolac at three doses for treating renal colic in the emergency department: A noninferiority randomized controlled trial
Authors: Eidinejad Lily , Bahreini Maryam , Ahmadi Ayat , Yazdchi Mahtab , Thiruganasambandamoorthy Venkatesh , Mirfazaelian Hadi
Published: December 2020

Background

Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is extensively used for the management of renal colic in the emergency department (ED). It has been proposed that ketorolac is used at doses above its analgesic ceiling with no more advantages and increased risk of adverse effects. In this study, we compared the analgesic effects of three doses of intravenous ketorolac in patients with renal colic.

Methods

This noninferiority, randomized, double‐blind clinical trial evaluated the analgesic efficacy of three doses of intravenous ketorolac (10, 20, and 30 mg) in adult patients presenting to the ED with renal colic. Exclusion criteria consisted of age > 65 years, active peptic ulcer disease, acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, renal or hepatic insufficiency, NSAID hypersensitivity, pregnancy or breastfeeding, unstable vital signs, and patients who had received analgesics in the past 24 hours. Pain was recorded every 15 minutes from baseline up to 60 minutes, and the primary outcome was pain reduction at 30 minutes. If patients still required additional pain medications at 30 minutes, they would receive 0.1 mg/kg intravenous morphine sulfate as a rescue analgesic.

Results

A total of 165 subjects enrolled in this study, 55 in each group. The median visual analog scale score in 30 minutes was improved from 90 at baseline to 40 among subjects who were randomized to 30‐mg group. This improvement was 40 and 50 mm in 20‐ and 10‐mg ketorolac treatment arms, respectively, with no significant difference between the three doses (p < 0.05). Secondary outcomes showed similar rescue analgesic administration and adverse effects. There was no serious adverse event.

Conclusion

Ketorolac at 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐mg doses can produce similar analgesic efficacy in renal colic.
Tooth shell technique: A proof of concept with the use of autogenous dentin block grafts
Authors: Korsch M
Published: December 2020

Background

Autogenous bone block graft is considered the gold standard for lateral bony defects. Dentin has been identified to be a suitable autogenous bone graft material due to its structural and chemical similarities to the alveolar bone.

Methods

This proof of concept study describes the clinical application of the tooth shell technique in 24 sites with 27 implants of 22 patients. A tooth shell was fixed laterally to the defect with microscrews. Distance between the shell and the residual bone was filled with particulate remnants of the tooth root. Implant was inserted simultaneously. Cone beam computed tomography was done after implant insertion (T1) and 3 months later at time of implant exposure (T2). Target parameters were biological complications and the resorption of hard tissue graft.

Results

Even though a graft exposure occurred in one case (4.5% on patient‐level), all implants showed enough implant stability and were able to be loaded. At T2, the evaluation of the X‐rays showed no case with hard tissue loss at the mesial or distal implant shoulder. All implants were completely osseointegrated.

Conclusions

The tooth shell technique showed promising results for the reconstruction of lateral alveolar crest defects. It may be considered to serve as an alternative material to avoid bone harvesting procedures.
The accuracy of electronic apex locators for determining working length: An in vitro study with artificial teeth
Authors: Bernardo Raquel C. F. D. , Alves Louise S. , Bruno Adilia M. V. , Coutinho Thais M. C. , Gusman Heloisa
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to determine the accuracy of four electronic apex locators (EALs) (I‐Root, Propex Pixi, Novapex and Bassi iRoot Apex), using artificial mandibular and maxillary permanent molars. The root length (RL) from 40 artificial teeth was initially determined with Kerr hand files. Then, the electronic RL were obtained for the same root canals with each EAL, and the results were compared with those obtained using hand files. The accuracy of the EALs was determined through analysis of the divergences observed in relation to the lengths obtained with files. All EALs were effective for determining the RL in the artificial teeth, showing results similar to those obtained by hand. The Bassi iRoot Apex had higher accuracy (96.7%) than the Propex Pixi (89.1%) and Novapex (85.8%) (P < 0.05). Based on the results, all EALs tested had a similar performance, and artificial teeth may be used to determine the accuracy of these devices.
Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration for patients with a history of prior biliary surgery: a comparative study with an open approach
Authors: Zhu Jisheng , Du Peng , He Jianpeng , Tong Fengxiong , Xiao Weidong , Li Yong
Published: December 2020

Background

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is increasingly being used to treat choledocholithiasis. However, few studies have examined the treatment of recurrent common bile duct stones (CBDS) in patients with a history of prior biliary surgery. The current research aimed to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic versus open common bile duct exploration in patients with a history of prior biliary surgery.

Methods

Between March 2010 and August 2019, 162 patients with recurrent CBDS after prior biliary surgery who underwent surgical management in our institution were enrolled in this study. The demographic, intraoperative and postoperative data were retrospectively analysed.

Results

Among these 162 patients, 72 underwent laparoscopic approach (LCBDE group), and 90 underwent open surgery (open common bile duct exploration group). The LCBDE group was associated with significantly lower overall complication rate, incision infection rate and blood loss compared to open common bile duct exploration group (all P < 0.05). Moreover, the laparoscopic approach significantly reduced the length of postoperative hospital stay (P < 0.05). However, the operative time, stone clearance rate, and stone recurrence rate were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). The conversion rate of the laparoscopic approach was 6.9%.

Conclusions

LCBDE is superior to open procedure in terms of blood loss, hospital stay, overall complication and incision infection in patients with a history of prior biliary surgery, and it should be considered as a safe and effective treatment if it is performed by an experienced surgeon.
Is colorectal cancer associated with altered bowel habits in young patients?
Authors: Rajagopalan Ashray , Antoniou Ellathios , Morkos Marina , Rajagopalan Ellen , Arachchi Asiri , Chouhan Hanumant , Nguyen Thang Chien , Teoh William
Published: December 2020

Background

There is a rising incidence in young‐onset colorectal cancer, with these patients falling outside of routine screening programmes. The aim of the study is to characterize the nature of altered bowel habits in young patients who are diagnosed with colorectal cancer.

Methods

A retrospective audit was conducted of adult patients younger than 45 years admitted under a Colorectal Surgery unit (Dandenong Hospital, Victoria) from 2011 to 2019 for the resection of colorectal cancer. We compared the patients' self‐characterization of their bowel habits (from the medical record) with clinical and pathological data.

Results

A total of 75 patients were identified, aged between 18 and 45 years, who had surgical resection of colonic or rectal adenocarcinoma between 2011 and 2019. Forty‐two (56%) presented with altered bowel habit (irregular bowel habit n = 13, 17%; constipation n = 13, 17%; diarrhoea n = 23, 31%). Constipation approached significance in association with left‐sided colonic cancer. Fatigue approached significance in association with right‐sided colonic cancers, which were less likely to present with bleeding or constipation, and approached significance in being less likely to present with diarrhoea. Rectal cancers were more likely to present with bleeding.

Conclusion

Constipation was associated with left‐sided colonic cancers, while right‐sided colonic cancers were less likely to present with either constipation or diarrhoea. Our findings reinforce the need for clinicians to consider colorectal cancer as a differential diagnosis in young patients with altered bowel habits, or in patients with fatigue in the absence of specific bowel symptoms. Further prospective research is needed to further define bowel habits in this cohort.
Resilience to drought in semi‐desert sheep: Effects of water restriction during pregnancy on placental efficiency in the Awassi breed
Authors: Ocak Yetisgin Sezen , Şen Uğur
Published: December 2020

Assessing the resilience of Awassi sheep to water shortages during pregnancy, thereby investigating the effects of water scarcity on gestation efficiency in animals, could provide valuable and pertinent insight into future scenarios posed by climate change risks. In this study, 40 pregnant Awassi ewes randomly allocated to free watering group (C, n = 20) received water ad libitum and the water restricted group (WR) received 50% less water than the amount provided to group C. Water restriction decreased (p < .05) lambs’ birth weights, placental weights (PWs), and cotyledon numbers (CNs). Placental efficiency (PE) and cotyledon efficiency (CE) were significantly higher in the WR group (p < .05). A marked difference in cotyledon weight – an increase of 12.1% – was recorded in the C group. The body weights of the pregnant ewes in the WR group decreased significantly (p < .05) by 22% during pregnancy. Significant increases (p < .05) in plasma ADH, cholesterol, Cl−, and Na+ levels were observed in the WR group ewes, indicating intense dehydration. We conclude that the Awassi breed of sheep can endure 50% water restriction during pregnancy and maintain successful parturition, a key outcome for sustainability.