bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extending the gleaner–opportunist trade‐off
Authors: Yamamichi Masato , Letten Andrew D.
Published: September 2022

Species exhibit various trade‐offs that can result in stable coexistence of competitors. The gleaner–opportunist trade‐off to fluctuations in resource abundance is one of the most intuitive, yet also misunderstood, coexistence‐promoting trade‐offs. Here, we review its history as an ecological concept, discuss extensions to the classical theory and outline opportunities to advance its understanding.

The mechanism of coexistence between species that grow relatively faster than their competitors in a low‐resource environment (i.e. a gleaner) versus a high‐resource environment (i.e. an opportunist) was first proposed in the 1970s. Stable coexistence could emerge between gleaners and opportunists if the opportunist species (dominant in unstable environments) dampens resource fluctuations via relatively convex functional responses, while the gleaner species (dominant in stable environments) promotes fluctuations, or diminishes them less than the opportunist does, via relatively saturating functional responses.

This fluctuation‐dependent coexistence mechanism has since been referred to by various names, including the Armstrong–McGehee mechanism and relative nonlinearity of competition. Several researchers have argued this mechanism likely plays a relatively minor role in species coexistence owing in part to the restricted range of conditions that allow it to operate. More recent theoretical research, however, suggests that relative nonlinearity can operate over wider conditions than previously thought.

Here, we identify several novel, or little explored, extensions to the gleaner–opportunist trade‐off that can yield species coexistence under phenomena as diverse as fluctuations in predation/pathogen pressure, multiple resources, phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution, amongst other phenomena.

While the original definition of the gleaner–opportunist trade‐off may be imperfect as a collective for these extensions, we argue that a subtle reframing of the trade‐off focusing on species' performance in equilibrium versus fluctuating conditions (irrespective of preferences for high or low resources, predation pressure or other competitive factors) reveals their fundamental commonality in stable coexistence via relative nonlinearity. An extended framing shines a light on the potential ubiquity of this canonical trade‐off in nature and on the breadth of theoretical and empirical terrain that remains to be trodden.
The experience and role of mentorship for paediatric occupational therapists
Authors: Jackson Olivia , Villeneuve Michelle , Millington Michael
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Within Australia, the introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme has led to a growth in paediatric occupational therapists working in community settings. This growth has increased the demand for support from more senior paediatric occupational therapists to novice clinicians. Mentoring has long been valued by occupational therapists as a means to provide this support. Despite its apparent benefit, there is limited research on the contribution of mentoring as distinct from supervision, and its impact on mentees' skills and confidence in providing care. This study examined the contribution of mentorship to the development of professional capability in paediatric occupational therapy practice from the perspective of mentors and mentees.

Methods

Interpretive description methodology was used. In‐depth interviews were conducted with nine mentors and eight mentees from three Australian states. Data were analysed inductively and thematically.

Findings

All participants reflected on the challenges presented by the complexity of practice, requiring a knowledge base that mentees perceived they did not possess. The essential nature of non‐judgemental, emotional support allowed mentees to feel safe to discuss their concerns when they were often overwhelmed by practice. Mentorship was viewed as capacity building, building competence by scaffolding clinical reasoning and supporting theory to practice translation while developing resilience to cope with complexity.

Conclusion

Study participants reported that successful mentorship assisted novice practitioners to integrate knowledge and skills required for complex clinical and professional reasoning. The emotional support provided through the relationship supported novice therapists to build their confidence and resilience while promoting professional identity and socialisation into the profession. The study raised questions related to how the profession best supports novice paediatric therapists in the current employment contexts, and the need to review how bodies of knowledge relevant to paediatrics are brought together to be used by both novice clinicians and senior therapists, who support them, for translation to effective practice.
Review: Vegetation history of Cryptomeria japonica in Japan since the last interglacial period
Authors: Takahara Hikaru , Ikeda Shigeto , Sasaki Naoko , Hayashi Ryoma
Published: September 2022

The natural distribution of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) has been disturbed by human activities, owing mainly to its value as timber; thus, its position in the vegetation zone of Japan is not clear. Therefore, it is important to determine the history of C. japonica forests before human influence. We reviewed the transitions in distribution and abundance of C. japonica in the Japanese Archipelago since the last interglacial period by using published pollen data. During the last interglacial, temperate deciduous broadleaf forests developed on northeastern Honshu Island, whereas on southwestern Honshu Island C. japonica populations increased, accompanied by warm‐temperate evergreen broadleaf trees. During the first half of the last glacial period, C. japonica forests developed throughout the Japanese Archipelago except on Hokkaido. Thereafter, 60,000–30,000 years ago, C. japonica covered the area around Lake Biwa and the Izu Peninsula. During the Last Glacial Maximum, C. japonica was most abundant on the Izu Peninsula, and small refugial populations were located along the coast of the Sea of Japan from southwestern to northeastern Honshu, and along the Pacific coast of Shikoku Island. During the Middle Holocene, C. japonica populations increased rapidly in southwestern Honshu. Two thousand years ago, before the intensification of human activities, C. japonica was widespread in warm‐ to cool‐temperate zones on the Sea of Japan side of Honshu, the Izu Peninsula, the Pacific coast of Shikoku Island, and Yakushima Island. This evidence indicates that C. japonica is one of the major tree species in the Japanese vegetation zone.
Nowcasting the Australian Labour Market at Disaggregated Levels
Authors: Shamiri Samuel , Ngai Leanne , Lake Peter , Shan Yin , McMillan Amee , Smith Therese , Sharma Kishor
Published: September 2022

Detailed labour market and economic data are often released infrequently and with considerable time lags between collection and release, making it difficult for policy‐makers to accurately assess current conditions. Nowcasting is an emerging technique in the field of economics that seeks to address this gap by ‘predicting the present’. While nowcasting has primarily been used to derive timely estimates of economy‐wide indicators such as GDP and unemployment, this article extends this literature to show how big data and machine‐learning techniques can be utilised to produce nowcasting estimates at detailed disaggregated levels. A range of traditional and real‐time data sources were used to produce, for the first time, a useful and timely indicator—or nowcast—of employment by region and occupation. The resulting Nowcast of Employment by Region and Occupation (NERO) will complement existing sources of labour market information and improve Australia's capacity to understand labour market trends in a more timely and detailed manner.
Monitoring cell loss through repetitive deposition
Authors: Petcharoen Piyamas , Kirkbride Kenneth Paul , Linacre Adrian
Published: September 2022

Touch DNA deposited on items can be visualised by using fluorescent nucleic acid staining dyes. It might be expected that if a person contacts items multiple times, then at each contact fewer cells should be transferred and deposited. Here we report on the use of Diamond Dye (DD) to monitor any reduction in cellular deposition during multiple contacts. A volunteer, who was assigned as a heavy shedder, was asked to deposit a thumbprint using both left and right thumbs for 15 s onto separate clean glass slides. Thumbprints were collected in triplicate with each mark made for 15 s. Immediately after deposition, a second and then third mark was made in the same way. The three consecutive depositions were repeated 30 times to create 90 tested thumbprints. The number of cells within each entire thumbprint was scored using a cell‐counting program, developed in‐house. The number of cells deposited by the second and third depositions showed a decrease in the cell number compared to the first deposition, by ~70% and ~85% respectively. There was no difference between the percentage of cell persistence from whole thumbprints (16 frames) compared to only scoring part of thumbprints (4 frames). The data obtained provide insight into how cells are deposited by touch and how many cells remain on the thumb for subsequent contact events. Such information may account for cell deposition when performing actions (e.g. loading a firearm or repetitively opening a closing zip‐lock bag).
Knockdown of Na,K‐ATPaseβ‐subunits inOncopeltus fasciatusinduces molting problems and alterations in tracheal morphology
Authors: Herbertz Marlena , Lohr Jennifer , Lohr Christian , Dobler Susanne
Published: September 2022

The ubiquitously expressed transmembrane enzyme Na,K‐ATPase (NKA) is vital in maintaining functionality of cells. The association ofα‐ andβ‐subunits is believed to be essential for forming a functional enzyme. In the large milkweed bugOncopeltus fasciatusfourα1‐paralogs and fourβ‐subunits exist that can associate into NKA complexes. This diversity raises the question of possible tissue‐specific distribution and function. While theα1‐subunits are known to modulate cardenolide‐resistance and ion‐transport efficiency, the functional importance of theβ‐subunits needed further investigation. We here characterize all four differentβ‐subunits at the cellular, tissue, and whole organismal scales. A knockdown of differentβ‐subunits heavily interferes with molting success resulting in strongly hampered phenotypes. The failure of ecdysis might be related to disrupted septate junction (SJ) formation, also reflected inβ2‐suppression‐induced alteration in tracheal morphology. Our data further suggest the existence of isolatedβ‐subunits forming homomeric orβ‐heteromeric complexes. This possible standalone and structure‐specific distribution of theβ‐subunits predicts further, yet unknown pump‐independent functions. The different effects caused byβknockdowns highlight the importance of the variousβ‐subunits to fulfill tissue‐specific requirements.
Deodorization of sunflower oil by high voltage electric field as a nonthermal method sunflower oil refining by electric field
Authors: Tavakoli Atefeh , Sahari Mohammad Ali , Barzegar Mohsen , Ahmadi Gavlighi Hassan , Marzocchi Silvia , Marziali Sara , Caboni Maria
Published: September 2022

In this study, the high voltage electric field (HVEF) method was used for deodorization of sunflower oil to omit drawbacks of an established industrial method including long time, high energy, chemicals and water consumption, loss of bioactive compounds, and formation of some contaminants due to exposure to heat. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to find the optimal values of processing parameters. The effects of voltage (5–15 kV), clay (0–1%), electrolyte concentration (0–50 mM), the number of electrodes (1–5 pairs), and electrodes distance (1–3 cm) on the volatile compounds and tocopherols content were investigated by HS–SPME‐GC/MS and HPLC, respectively. The optimal processing conditions were determined to be a voltage of 5 kV, a distance of 1 cm between the electrodes and a number of five pairs of electrodes. The amount of bleaching clay and electrolyte concentration were zero under optimal conditions. The refining process by HVEF removed 32.33% of the volatile compounds from crude sunflower oil, while the industrial refining process reduced the volatile compounds by only 17.78%. Results indicated no change was observed in the tocopherols content of refined sunflower oil by HVEF method. Based on PCA results, HVEF‐treated sample not only contained the lowest concentration of volatile compounds but also was the most similar to crude sample in terms of volatile compounds composition.

Practical Application

The oil refining process consists of four main stages, the last of which is deodorization. This step involves injecting steam at a temperature of about 240°C, under vacuum for about 50 min. High voltage electric field (HVEF) was able to reduce the number of volatile compounds, while no change was made in the tocopherol content of sunflower oil samples. It also does not form contaminant such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol fatty acid esters and glycidyl fatty acid esters. There is no need to apply the vacuum in HVEF refining, which reduces the production cost and makes the process flow straightforward as well as rapid. This research helps to propagate green refining procedures of vegetable oils in food plants.
miR‐92a‐3p promotes breast cancer proliferation by regulating the KLF2/BIRC5 axis
Authors: Yu Zhi‐Hao , Chen Zhao‐Hui , Zhou Guang‐Lei , Zhou Xue‐Jie , Ma Hai‐Yan , Yu Yue , Wang Xin , Cao Xu‐Chen
Published: September 2022

Background

Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy in females around the world. Recently, a growing number of studies have focused on gene dysregulation. In our previous study, Krüppel‐like factors (KLFs) were found to play essential roles in breast cancer development, among which KLF2 could function as a tumor suppressor. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear.

Methods

miR‐92a‐3p was identified as the upstream regulator of KLF2 by starBase v.3.0. The regulation of KLF2 by miR‐92a‐3p was verified by a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. Further exploration revealed that Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 5 (BIRC5) was the target of KLF2. ChIP assay, dual‐luciferase reporter analysis, quantitative real‐time PCR, and western blot were performed for verification.

Results

miR‐92a‐3p functioned as a tumor promoter by inhibiting KLF2 by binding to its 3'‐untranslated region (3'‐UTR). In addition, KLF2 could transcriptionally suppress the expression of BIRC5.

Conclusion

Collectively, our results uncovered the miR‐92a‐3p/KLF2/BIRC5 axis in breast cancer and provided a potential mechanism for breast cancer development, which may serve as promising strategies for breast cancer therapy.
Increased identification of cannabis use among drivers involved in motor vehicle collisions using an expanded cannabis inventory
Authors: Choo Esther , Trent Stacy A. , Nishijima Daniel K. , Audett Ariane , Hendrickson Robert G. , Eichelberger Angela , Brasel Karen J. , Ye Yu , Cherpitel Cheryl J.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to implement and examine the potential capture rate of a novel instrument, the Expanded Cannabis Inventory, in a population of emergency department (ED) patients presenting after motor vehicle collisions (MVC).

Methods

Study participants who presented to the ED after MVC were recruited from three hospitals in cannabis‐legal states (Denver, CO; Portland, OR; and Sacramento, CA). Research assistants (RAs) administered the Expanded Cannabis Inventory, which includes a wide variety of products that have become readily available in states where cannabis is legal, in addition to assessments related to patient demographic characteristics, general health, cannabis attitudes, and dependency measures. RAs also obtained blood samples for delta‐9‐THC and metabolites.

Results

Among 692 participants who provided responses to questions about cannabis use, 292 (42%) reported past‐year use. Seventy‐eight (27%) of those identified as using cannabis were only captured due to items in the expanded instrument. These patients were more likely to be White and were more likely to perceive daily use to be of high risk. Fewer had Cannabis Use Disorder Inventory Test (CUDIT) scores consistent with hazardous cannabis use. However, more of the patients only captured by the expanded instrument had high measured blood levels of delta‐9‐THC on samples obtained in the ED.

Conclusions

Changing cannabis use patterns must be reflected in our measurements for clinical practice, research, and surveillance. Instruments that are the current standard in clinical practice capture limited data and may no longer perform well enough to identify a complete cohort or to provide insight into the health behaviors of patients.
Ophthalmic imaging in diabetic retinopathy: A review
Authors: Nanegrungsunk Onnisa , Patikulsila Direk , Sadda Srinivas R.
Published: September 2022

Retinal imaging has been a key tool in the diagnosis, evaluation, management and documentation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular oedema (DMO) for many decades. Imaging technologies have rapidly evolved over the last few decades, yielding images with higher resolution and contrast with less time, effort and invasiveness. While many retinal imaging technologies provide detailed insight into retinal structure such as colour reflectance photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), others such as fluorescein or OCT angiography and oximetry provide dynamic and functional information. Many other novel imaging technologies are in development and are poised to further enhance our evaluation of patients with DR.
Clinical performance of implant supported mandibular overdentures with cantilever bar and stud attachments: A retrospective study
Authors: Nejatidanesh Farahnaz , Bonakdarchian Hamidreza , Savabi Ghazal , Bonakdarchian Morteza , Atash Ramin , Savabi Omid
Published: September 2022

Background

Treatment of edentulous patients with implant‐supported over‐dentures improves denture's retention and stability. Published data concerning implant‐supported overdenture with cantilever bars that claimed that can affect the survival and bone loss of implants are scarce.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate 5‐year clinical performance of mandibular implant‐supported over‐dentures with different attachment systems.

Materials and methods

In this retrospective study, 103 patients who had received mandibular over‐dentures supported by two implants were evaluated in a 5‐year follow up. Studied groups were patients with Spherblock ball attachment (58 patients), Dolder bar with cantilever (36 patients), and Locator attachment (9 patients). Marginal bone‐loss around implants, prosthetic complications, soft tissue status of the implants (gingival index, plaque index, pocket depth, and bleeding on probing) were used to compare studied groups. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) criteria was used to assay patient's satisfaction. One‐way ANOVA, Scheffe, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, and Fisher's exact tests, were used for the data analysis (α = 0.05).

Results

One hundred and three patients (46 male, 57 female, mean age 64.7 ± 8.6) with 206 implants (Strauman) were studied. The implant survival rate was 100% with mean bone loss of 0.22 mm around implants in 5 years. Prosthetic complications including attachment wear and denture fracture occurred more often with ball attachments. The number of attachment replacement, and post insertion appointments were significantly less in patients with bar attachments (p < 0.05). Pocket depth and gingival index were less in the ball attachment (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Mandibular overdenture supported by two implants can be considered a successful treatment in edentulous patients. The frequency of prosthetic complication is higher in unsplinted than splinted superstructures.
Best practices for collaborative conservation philanthropy
Authors: Sanderson John , Alper Richard , Barrack Jordana , Byrd Caroline , Glenn Erik , Jespersen Kristen , Kimple Aaron , Knight Heather , Konrad Peter , Kowalski Ted , Nezzie Dave , Ortez Kristina , Robles Chas , Ruth Toni , Smith David , Steele Nancy , Stevens Tim , Wagner Gerald , Archibald Jessica
Published: September 2022

Collaborative conservation brings diverse stakeholders together to sustain healthy landscapes and strengthen communities. Organizations fostering collaborative conservation depend on philanthropy to advance collaborative conservation, while philanthropic organizations depend on these organizations to advance their missions. Both face challenges engaging with each other as they work toward shared goals, yet open dialogue about how funders and practitioners work together is rare. The authors of this paper represent equal numbers of funders and practitioners who, together, identified eight best practices that are practical, effective actions funders and practitioners can take to better achieve shared conservation goals. These eight best practices are: (1) collaborate, (2) nurture relationships, (3) invest in capacity, (4) plan well, implement well, (5) engage diversity, (6) support entrepreneurial spirit, (7) reduce burdens, and (8) tell our story. By centering around collaboration, relationships, and diversity, these best practices exemplify several growing and valuable trends in philanthropy that support collaborative conservation.
Bottom‐up advocacy strategies to abortion access during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Lessons learned towards reproductive justice in Brazil
Authors: Paro Helena Borges Martins da Silva , Catani Renata Rodrigues , Cordeiro Freire Rafaela , Rondon Gabriela
Published: September 2022

In Brazil, abortion is only allowed in cases of rape, serious risk to a woman's life or fetal anecephaly. Legal abortion services cover less than 4% of the Brazilian territory and only 1,800 procedures are performed, in average, per year. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, almost half of the already few Brazilian abortion clinics shut down and women had to travel even longer distances, reaching abortion services at later gestational ages. In this paper, we describe three bottom‐up advocacy strategies that emerged from difficulties deepened during the COVID‐19 pandemic at a single abortion service in Brazil, amidst anti‐gender policies from the federal government. Telemedicine abortion, outpatient surgical abortion and the provision of abortion after 20 weeks' gestation are important strategies that may reduce inequalities that impact the most vulnerable populations, such as black and indigenous women, children, adolescents and women experiencing domestic violence.
Using photographic records to quantify accuracy of bird identifications in citizen science data
Authors: Gorleri Fabricio C. , Jordan Emilio A. , Roesler Ignacio , Monteleone Diego , Areta Juan I.
Published: September 2022

Citizen science data are increasingly used for biodiversity monitoring. However, concerns are often raised over the accuracy of species identifications in citizen science databases, as data are collected mostly by non‐professionals. Misidentifications can simultaneously generate two error types: false positives (erroneous reports of a species) and false negatives (lack of reports of the misidentified species). Large‐scale assessments of identification errors should provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of citizen science data. Here we show that citizen science photographic data for birds are trustworthy overall, although problems arise in hard‐to‐identify bird groups. We reviewed over 104 000 images of 377 passerine species from the southern Neotropics (Argentina) stored in eBird – a large citizen science platform – and quantified erroneous reports to calculate precision and recall metrics as measures for data accuracy. Precision increases with fewer false positives and recall increases with fewer false negatives; hence, high values of precision and recall will mirror a higher data accuracy. We found that 97% of the photos of all species were correctly identified. Most species (77%; n = 291) showed high accuracy in their identifications (precision and recall > 95%), with 122 species showing no errors. A few hard‐to‐identify species (10%; n = 40) showed low levels of data quality (63–90% precision or recall). Similarly, few species (12%; n = 46) exhibited intermediate precision or recall scores (90–95%). Further, we uncovered the existence of a complex network of cross‐identifications composed of 272 species, with a predominance of tyrant flycatchers and ovenbirds, reflecting the strong traffic of errors that occurs within these families. To our knowledge, our study provides the first large‐scale quantification of identification errors in photos submitted by citizen science contributors. We underscore the relevance of performing such assessments to understand how identification errors are distributed across a database before analysing data, and provide tools for citizen science stakeholders to direct more specific efforts toward species that need an improvement in data quality.
Strategic default, multiple installments, and the role of informal moneylender in microcredit contract
Authors: Islam Khan Jahirul
Published: September 2022

I model the role of strategic defaults and informal moneylenders on multiple‐installment loan contracts offered by microfinance institutions (MFIs). The results show that a single‐installment loan is not viable due to MFIs' vulnerability to strategic defaults and borrowers' lack of collateral. In contrast, a multiple‐installment contract requires borrowers to borrow from the moneylender, who is immune to strategic default, in order to repay the MFI's early installments that are due before the project yields a return. Consequently, both default costs and borrowing costs increase and incentives to commit strategic default decline, making the multiple‐installment contract profitable for MFIs.
Preselection in the digital age: A comparison of perceptions of asynchronous video interviews with online tests and online application documents in a simulation context
Authors: Basch Johannes M. , Melchers Klaus G. , Büttner Julia C.
Published: September 2022

Asynchronous video interviews (AVIs) are increasingly used to preselect applicants. Previous research found that interviewees are more skeptical of these interviews compared to other forms of interviews. However, comparing AVIs to other interviews is not completely appropriate because of their lack of interactivity and their use during earlier stages of the selection process. Therefore, we compared perceptions of AVIs with perceptions of other preselection tools (online cognitive ability tests and online application documents). Compared to other preselection instruments, potential applicants do not have more skeptical fairness perceptions of AVIs. However, we found differences for perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, privacy concerns, and perceptions of organizational attractiveness. Organizations can take this into account when choosing how to preselect their applicants.
Identification of neoantigens in oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Nicholas Ben , Bailey Alistair , McCann Katy J. , Wood Oliver , Walker Robert C. , Parker Robert , Ternette Nicola , Elliott Tim , Underwood Tim J. , Johnson Peter , Skipp Paul
Published: September 2022

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) has a relatively poor long‐term survival and limited treatment options. Promising targets for immunotherapy are short peptide neoantigens containing tumour mutations, presented to cytotoxic T‐cells by human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. Despite an association between putative neoantigen abundance and therapeutic response across cancers, immunogenic neoantigens are challenging to identify. Here we characterized the mutational and immunopeptidomic landscapes of tumours from a cohort of seven patients with OAC. We directly identified one HLA‐I presented neoantigen from one patient, and report functional T‐cell responses from a predicted HLA‐II neoantigen in a second patient. The predicted class II neoantigen contains both HLA I and II binding motifs. Our exploratory observations are consistent with previous neoantigen studies in finding that neoantigens are rarely directly observed, and an identification success rate following prediction in the order of 10%. However, our identified putative neoantigen is capable of eliciting strong T‐cell responses, emphasizing the need for improved strategies for neoantigen identification.
Antiviral strategies: What can we learn from natural reservoirs?
Authors: Pan Wenbo , Li Weiwei , Liu Lijing , Zhang Huawei
Published: September 2022

Viruses cause many severe diseases in both plants and animals, urging us to explore new antiviral strategies. In their natural reservoirs, viruses live and replicate while causing mild or no symptoms. Some animals, such as bats, are the predicted natural reservoir of multiple viruses, indicating that they possess broad‐spectrum antiviral capabilities. Mechanisms of host defenses against viruses are generally studied independently in plants and animals. In this article, we speculate that some antiviral strategies of natural reservoirs are conserved between kingdoms. To verify this hypothesis, we created null mutants of 10‐formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (AtTHFS), an Arabidopsis thaliana homologue of methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, cyclohydrolase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 1 (MTHFD1), which encodes a positive regulator of viral replication in bats. We found that disruption of AtTHFS enhanced plant resistance to three different types of plant viruses, including the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and the beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV). These results demonstrate a novel antiviral strategy for plant breeding. We further discuss the approaches used to identify and study natural reservoirs of plant viruses, especially those hosting many viruses, and highlight the possibility of discovering new antiviral strategies from them for plant molecular breeding and antiviral therapy.
Shedding Some (More) Light in Bourdieu's Habitus and Doxa: A Socio‐Phenomenological Approach
Authors: Vakalopoulos Konstantinos
Published: September 2022

In this paper, I attempt to shed more light in Bourdieu's habitus and doxa, by drawing on phenomenological and Bourdieusian‐based literature, social theory and some findings from sociological research. Despite the fact that there is a vast work concerning the examination of these two concepts, there are still some misunderstandings about them. For that reason, I have tried to draw a clearer picture of habitus, by linking it with phenomenological “being‐in‐the‐world” and describing its elements. As for doxa, I discuss its conceptual relation with habitus and phenomenology's natural attitude. Also, attention is given to some aspects of both habitus and doxa, which have not addressed in detailed fashion yet, but they are nevertheless theoretically useful for empirical qualitative research.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in malignancies after liver transplantation: A systematic review and pooled analysis
Authors: Kayali Stefano , Pasta Andrea , Plaz Torres Maria Corina , Jaffe Ariel , Strazzabosco Mario , Marenco Simona , Giannini Edoardo G.
Published: September 2022

Background and aims

Treatment of de novo malignancies and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in liver transplant recipients (LT) is an attractive strategy that is infrequently pursued because of the lack of strong evidence regarding their safety and efficacy. In this systematic review with pooled analysis, we aimed to assess safety and efficacy of ICI therapy following LT.

Methods

We performed a systematic search of case reports and series published until January 2022. We included 31 publications reporting a total of 52 patients treated with ICIs after LT and assessed in a pooled analysis the risk of graft rejection and the outcome of ICI therapy.

Results

Acute graft rejection occurred in 15 patients (28.8%) and 7 patients (13.4% of the total cohort) died because of graft loss. Rejection was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (17.2 months, confidence interval [CI] 12.1–22.2 vs. 3.5 months, CI 1.6–5.4, p < 0.001). Disease control rate was 44.2% (n = 23), and in these patients, OS was longer than in non‐responders (26.4 months, CI 20.8–32.0 vs. 3.4 months, CI 2.1–4.7, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Observational, off‐label experience suggests that treatment with ICI for advanced malignancies in LT recipients might not be discarded a priori. This notwithstanding, ICI treatment in these patients is associated with a substantial risk of graft rejection and mortality. Prospective studies are needed to provide adequate safety and efficacy figures of ICI treatment in this fragile population.
Clinical significance of small bowel manometry patterns suggestive of intestinal obstruction
Authors: Alcalá‐González Luis G. , Malagelada Carolina , Monrroy Hugo , Mego Marianela , Accarino Anna , Malagelada Juan‐Ramon , Azpiroz Fernando
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Minute rhythm and prolonged simultaneous contractions are patterns of postprandial small bowel contractile activity that historically have been considered as suggestive of mechanical intestinal obstruction; however, these patterns have been also encountered in patients with motility‐like symptoms in the absence of bowel obstruction. The objective of this study was to determine the current diagnostic outcome of patients with these intestinal manometry patterns.

Methods

Retrospective study of patients with chronic digestive symptoms evaluated by intestinal manometry at our center between 2010 and 2018.

Results

The minute rhythm (MRP) or prolonged simultaneous contractions (PSC) postprandial patterns were detected in 61 of 488 patients (55 MRP and 6 PSC). Clinical work‐up detected a previously non‐diagnosed partial mechanical obstruction of the distal intestine in 10 (16%) and a systemic disorder causing intestinal neuropathy in 32 (53%). In the remaining 19 patients (31%, all with MRP), the origin of the contractile pattern was undetermined, but in 16, substantial fecal retention was detected within 7 days of the manometric procedure by abdominal imaging, and in 6 of them colonic cleansing completely normalized intestinal motility on a second manometry performed within 39 ± 30 days.

Conclusion and Inference

Currently, the most frequent origin of MRP and PSC encountered on small bowel manometry is intestinal neuropathy, while a previously undetected mechanical obstruction is rare. Still, in a substantial proportion of patients, no underlying disease can be identified, and in them, colonic fecal retention might play a role, because in a subgroup of these patients, manometry normalized after colonic cleansing. Hence, colonic preparation may be considered prior to intestinal manometry.
Grounding and defining identity
Authors: Litland Jon Erling
Published: September 2022

I systematically defend a novel account of the grounds for identity and distinctness facts: they are all uniquely zero‐grounded. First, this Null Account is shown to avoid a range of problems facing other accounts: a relation satisfying the Null Account would be an excellent candidate for being the identity relation. Second, a plenitudinist view of relations suggests that there is such a relation. To flesh out this plenitudinist view I sketch a novel framework for expressing real definitions, use this framework to give a definition of identity, and show how the central features of the identity relation can be deduced from this definition.
Reliability and Validity Analysis of Pelvic Sagittal Inclination Calculated by Inverse Cosine Function Method on Pelvic Anteroposterior Radiographs
Authors: Huang Hao‐han , Chen Yan , Chen Zhao‐xun , Zhao Chang‐qing
Published: September 2022

Objective

Evaluation of sagittal pelvic tilt is significant for hip surgeons. However, the accurate measurement of pelvic sagittal inclination (PSI) is still a challenge. The objective of this study is to propose a new method for measurement of PSI from pelvic anteroposterior radiograph based on the inverse cosine function obtained from individualized pelvic model.

Methods

Collecting the imaging data of 30 patients with both pelvic CT and full‐length spine radiographs. Establishing pelvic model by customized 3D reconstruction software. The length of three groups of longitudinal and transverse line segments (A′p and B′) were measured from full‐length spine anteroposterior radiographs. The corresponding anatomical parameters, including A, B, b, ∠α, ∠γ, were measured and calculated on the same patient's pelvic model. The estimated PSI (ePSI) based on three groups of anatomical landmarks, including ePSI‐1, ePSI‐2, and ePSI‐3, were calculated by equation, , and compared with the actual PSI (aPSI) measured by Surgamap software. For the reliability and validation evaluation, three observers measured these parameters in two rounds. Intra‐class correlation and inter‐class correlation were both calculated. Bland–Altman method was used to evaluate the consistency between the estimated PSI (ePSI) and the actual PSI (aPSI).

Results

ePSI‐1 and ePSI‐2 showed excellent intra‐observer reliability (0.921–0.997, p < 0.001) and inter‐observer reliability (0.801–0.977, p < 0.001). ePSI‐3 had a fair inter‐observer reliability (0.239–0.823, p < 0.001). ePSI‐1 showed the strongest correlation with aPSI (r = 0.917, p < 0.001). Mean (maximum) absolute difference of ePSI‐1, ePSI‐2, and ePSI‐3 is 2.62° (7.42°), 4.23° (13.78°), and 7.74° (31.47°), respectively. The proportion of cases with absolute difference less than 5° in three groups were 86.7% (ePSI‐1), 66.7% (ePSI‐2), 56.7% (ePSI‐3).

Conclusion

This new method based on inverse cosine function has good reliability and validity when used in the evaluation of PSI on pelvic anteroposterior radiographs.
Grammar and analyticity: Wittgenstein and the logical positivists on logical and conceptual truth
Authors: Büttner Kai Michael
Published: September 2022

Wittgenstein's conception of logical and conceptual truth is often thought to rival that of the logical positivists. This paper argues that there are important respects in which these conceptions complement each other. Analyticity, in the positivists' sense, coincides, not with Wittgenstein's notion of a grammatical proposition, but rather with his notion of a tautology. Grammatical propositions can usually be construed as analyticity postulates in Carnap's sense of the term. This account of grammatical and analytic propositions will be illustrated by appeal to logical, conceptual and arithmetic truths. Its consequences for an analysis of corresponding modal notions will be indicated.
Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas of the sinonasal tract: A histopathological analysis of 50 patients
Authors: Goto Masamichi , Nishimoto Kengo , Jougasaki Yasuyo , Matsuzaki Tsutomu , Nomoto Mitsuharu
Published: September 2022

Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH) is a benign lesion of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Here, we report the clinicopathological characteristics of REAH identified in 2065 cases with nasal/paranasal polypoid lesions treated with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) at our hospital from 2008 to 2021. Cases including the olfactory area were reviewed and 50 patients of REAH were identified pathologically (50/2065, 2.4%). The average age was 58.9 years old and the male/female ratio was 45/5. Grossly, REAH showed a whitish surface and elastic firm consistency. The histopathological characteristics included proliferation of small to medium‐sized glands composed of ciliated respiratory epithelium containing goblet cells; thickening of the basement membrane compared to that for inverted papilloma (9.6 ± 2.4 vs. 1.3 ± 1.6 µm, p < 0.001); and no intra‐epithelial neutrophilic infiltration. Among the REAH cases, 81% were associated with sinonasal inflammatory polyps. Many olfactory cleft polyps were REAH (38/98, 39%). The rate of REAH found in ESS in the last 7 years was higher than that in the first 7 years (3.17% vs. 1.62%, p = 0.032). Our results in Japanese patients are similar to those found in other countries, including male predominance. REAH is relatively common and that 39% of polyps taken from olfactory clefts are REAH.
Transformation of international migrants in head wind: Evidence from Tajikistan in the 2010s
Authors: Shimizutani Satoshi , Yamada Eiji
Published: September 2022

Tajikistan has relied on remittances by international migrants that have exceeded a quarter of annual GDP to date, despite a series of exogenous adverse events in the mid‐2010s. We use a nationally representative panel dataset collected in 2013 and 2018 to explore the socio‐economic characteristics of households with international migrants and migrants themselves. We provide several new findings. First, the prevalence of households with international migrants is 40%, with a substantial transition in migrant status during the research period. Second, households with international migrants are not poor, have Russian‐speaking members, and are supported by an intense migration network. Third, younger, single, and more educated males comprise most of Tajikistan's international migrants. Fourth, households without Russian‐speaking members or migration networks in 2013 had begun to send international migrants by 2018, while households in the richest group had exited from migration, suggesting s transition of the socio‐economic composition of migrant‐sending households during the mid‐2010s.
Can reconstruction programmes improve political perceptions in conflict contexts? Evidence from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: De Juan Alexander , Koos Carlo , Pellicer Miquel , Wegner Eva
Published: September 2022

Postconflict reconstruction programmes often aim to improve state–society relations but fail to spell out the underlying process. We specify a mechanism that links aid programmes through (1) short‐term and (2) medium‐term improvements in basic services and (3) subjective progress to (4) perceptions of the state and spell four conditions (quality, sustainability, magnitude and attribution to the state) that must be met for this process to occur. We use this framework to evaluate a large‐scale reconstruction programme in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We find that the programme improved basic services in the short term and midterm and positively affected beneficiaries' subjective well‐being. However, we do not find evidence that aid benefits have translated into political trust towards state institutions—on the contrary, project villages display slightly more negative attitudes than control villages. We suggest that this is due to lack of attribution of the improvements to the state that which was included in the selection phase but largely absent in the implementation. This implies that improved services can erode state legitimacy when citizens interpret the provision by nonstate actors as a signal of the state's inability or unwillingness to provide these services.
Early and out‐of‐hospital use of COVID‐19 convalescent plasma: An international assessment of utilization and feasibility
Authors: Al‐Riyami Arwa Z. , Estcourt Lise , Rahimi‐Levene Naomi , Bloch Evan M. , Goel Ruchika , Tiberghien Pierre , Thibert Jean‐Baptiste , Bruun Mie Topholm , Devine Dana V. , Gammon Richard R. , Wendel Silvano , Toungouz Nevessignsky Michel , Grubovic Rastvorceva Rada M. , Oreh Adaeze , Romon Iñigo , van den Berg Karin , Kitazawa Junichi , Patidar Gopal , So‐Osman Cynthia , Wood Erica M. ,   the ISBT COVID‐19 Convalescent Plasma Working Group
Published: September 2022

Background and Objectives

The use of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) convalescent plasma (CCP) in the treatment of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome‐2 infection has been controversial. Early administration of CCP before hospital admission offers a potential advantage. This manuscript summarizes current trials of early use of CCP and explores the feasibility of this approach in different countries.

Materials and Methods

A questionnaire was distributed to the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) CCP working group. We recorded respondents' input on existing trials on early/outpatient CCP and out‐of‐hospital (OOH)/home transfusion (HT) practices in their countries and feedback on challenges in initiating home CCP infusion programmes. In addition, details of existing trials registered on clinicaltrials.gov were summarized.

Results

A total of 31 country representatives participated. Early/OOH CCP transfusion studies were reported in the United States, the Netherlands, Spain and Brazil. There were a total of six published and five ongoing trials on the prophylactic and therapeutic early use of CCP. HT was practised in Australia, the UK, Belgium, France, Japan, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Norway, the United States and some provinces in Canada. Thirty‐four representatives indicated a lack of OOH CCP or HT in their institutions and countries. Barriers to implementation of OOH/HT included existing legislation, lack of policies pertaining to outpatient transfusion, and associated logistical challenges, including lack of staffing and resources.

Conclusion

Early administration of CCP remains a potential option in COVID‐19 management in countries with existing OOH/HT programmes. Legislation and regulatory bodies should consider OOH/HT practice for transfusion in future pandemics.
HLA Class II regulation of immune response in sickle cell disease patients: Susceptibility to red blood cell alloimmunization (systematic review and meta‐analysis)
Authors: Wong Karmen , Lai Wing Kit , Jackson Denise E.
Published: September 2022

Background and Objectives

Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients are commonly treated with red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Pretransfusion tests commonly involve limited serological antibody testing. RBC alloimmunization to RBC antigens is a frequently encountered complication seen in chronically transfused patients. Genetic factors such as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are known to influence and regulate immune responses. HLAs are highly polymorphic and play an essential role in regulating immune responses, including RBC alloimmunization. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the association between HLA Class II allelic polymorphisms with the possible risk of developing RBC alloantibodies.

Materials and Methods

Four databases were systematically searched for relevant studies between the years 2000 and 2021 following the PRISMA guidelines. Four articles met the eligibility and quality criterion, and three alleles, HLA‐DRB1*04, HLA‐DRB1*15 and HLA‐DQB1*03, that were found to be potentially associated with an increased risk in alloantibody formation were included.

Results

The primary outcome measure was alloimmunization by RBC antigen exposure in multiply transfused SCD patients. The total estimate of alloimmunization of the SCD patients was 2.33 (95% CI, 1.58–3.44), demonstrating susceptibility to RBC alloantibody formation. Heterogeneity between the studies was insignificant, suggesting the differences associated with random sampling errors. The results showed that SCD patients carry an increased risk of producing RBC alloantibodies.

Conclusion

A strategy to prevent RBC alloimmunization is genotyping for genetically susceptible SCD patients receiving multiple transfusions. Early identification of genetic variants that can potentially increase the risk of RBC alloimmunization could aid in the screening process and selection of phenotypically matched RBC units.