bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Det grønne uddannelsesimperativ
Authors: Hooge Niels Henrik
Published: December 2015

The paper defines the green education imperative as a normative proposition that expresses a fundamental norm – sustainable development. The proposition combines directions for action, i.e. the right to receive environmental training and education and the duty to provide it, with a specific situation, resulting in an individual norm-based assessment. The imperative has two main interpretations: The strong version, which in its strongest form consists of binding norms that guarantee definitive subjective rights to ecological and sustainable training and education services and an obligation to provide them. The weak version signifies that students have a moral or non-mandatory right to receive environmental training and education, which is not related to any particular institution in any particular professional context at any particular point in time.
 
Rousseau vivant: en aktualisering af Émile med fokus på det lidenskabelige fænomenfelt
Authors: Thøgersen Ulla
Published: December 2015

The paper focuses on Rousseau’s understanding of passionate life and especially his interpretation of erotic desire in Émile. The main argument presented is that Rousseau by his studies of erotic desire gives us at present day the possibility of radicalizing our understanding of human being in pedagogy. Firstly, by allowing us to rethink passions as important phenomena in human life and secondly, by understanding pedagogical practice as an arena which is part of forming passions, including erotic desire.
Rousseaus Émile: En tidlös provokation
Authors: Wolff Lili-Ann
Published: December 2015

One of the most legendary educational books ever written is Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “Émile ou de l’Education”. Most obviously Rousseau wrote this book guided by diverse more or less conscious purposes and one of the main problems it presents is paradoxical: Does education have to promote freedom by force? In this article I will, firstly, present several aims that might have triggered Rousseau to write “Émile”. Secondly, I will discuss Rousseau’s view of the so called “educational paradox”. Since this quandary touches the topic of many other of his books, I will discuss “Émile” along with Rousseau’s other works and thus place his educational story in his “great narrative”.
Om realisme og konstruktivisme i Piagets læringsteori og genetiske epistemologi
Authors: Kauffmann Oliver
Published: December 2015

This paper deals with the epistemological foundations of Jean Piaget’s theory of learning and genetic epistemology. The purpose is to estimate the form of Piaget’s constructivism. I take advantage of Ernst von Glasersfeld’s ‘radical constructivist’ interpretation of Piaget. Contrary to von Glasersfeld, it is argued that Piaget at the same time is a realist with respect to the existence of the external world, and a ‘genetic-transcendental constructivist’ in relation to the development of knowledge. I interpret this paradox as Piaget’s acknowledgement of the co-existence of a 3. person and a 1. person epistemological perspective in the scientific investigation of cognition
Krop og viden i skolen
Authors: Bengtsson Jan
Published: December 2015

The relationship between body and mind is a classical ontological problem in the history of philosophy. To this problem can be added an epistemological question about the relationship between body and knowledge. In this article, I will discuss these questions delimited to one central area of education, that is, school. My point of view will be life-world phenomenology and in particular the theory of the lived body
Erfaring og sprog
Authors: Løwenstein Casper
Published: December 2015

The article examines the relation between experience and language. By drawing on the work of Heidegger and others, its objective is to defend the idea that experience is protolinguistic: language begins and works within experience itself. Through a study of different traits in experience – e.g. movement, negativity, trying, being marked, changing –, the investigation challenges scientific, metaphysical, and everyday conceptions of experience as well as the idea of language as system and communication, and it suggests a widening of the concept of experience in order to help understanding how experience, thought, language, and use of language are intertwined.
Strygerspillets fænomenologi
Authors: Lyngseth Øyvind
Published: December 2015

What characterizes the relationship between the reﬂexive/derivative/analytic and the unthematized/prior/immersed interpretative engagement with a string instrument (violin, viola, cello and double-bass) in praxis?
In this article, the phenomenological investigation of this relationship brings into light some unclear aspects of Heidegger’s discrimination between the ‘ready-to-hand’ and the ‘present-at-hand’ distinction in Being and Time. Furthermore, this analysis provides the background for some fundamental and extremely important nomenological instrumental-pedagogical reﬂections, which have not been adequately addressed in previous or current instrumental-pedagogical literature. Hence, this article examines some basic phenomenological insights and illustrates the importance and usefulness of these insights in future instrumental-pedagogical research.
On Making, Sustainability and the Importance of Small Steps : A Conversation
Authors: Gauntlett David , Holroyd Amy Twigger
Published: December 2015

This article is a conversation between David Gauntlett and Amy Twigger Holroyd, who have shared interests in craft, making, sustainability and social change. Our discussion starts with the importance of small steps towards creativity: the personal satisfaction of making something yourself and of gaining recognition from others. These ‘micro’ steps, combined together at the macro level, become significant in contributing to social change. In particular, we explore the ways in which amateur making is important for sustainability – through offering an alternative to the mass consumption model and building a sense of engagement with the world. We then explore the idea of design as a process of action, change and creativity, which can be used to address social and environmental problems – whether by designing systems to support activity and reflection, or by creatively intervening in the complex systems within which we live.
Co-creating with the homeless? Postmodern administration and participatory citizenship
Authors: Hansen Brian Benjamin , Gemal Carsten Høy
Published: December 2015

The article is based on the case of a group of homeless people who in the fall of 2013 occupied a central site in the Danish town of Aarhus. The authors argue that this specific case is an ideal object of investigation for casting light on a new situation in the field of public administration. Public administration has recently moved from the paradigm of New Public Management to a new and still undetermined paradigm, which focuses on activating and engaging citizens, treating them as equal partners in the process of co-creating welfare services and the community itself as a brand. Using the case of the homeless, the authors argue that participatory citizenship should not only be viewed as “added value” to the field of public administration, but rather as emerging within a dynamic and conflict-ridden field between citizens and administration where new types of value are potentially created
Stories on the go Mobile, digital cultural heritage and participation on 1001 stories of Denmark
Authors: Madsen Karen Hvidtfeldt
Published: December 2015

The article focuses on 1001 Stories of Denmark: an internet site and a mobile app that collects and displays stories and visual material connected to places all over Denmark. This site offers a “social media-like” communication frame with various levels of participation. But in reality, 1001 stories of Denmark is mainly a one-to-many dissemination of expert knowledge, and actual user participation is limited. However, the site does host user-generated material, e.g. a number of amateurish videos and stories that often do not follow the guidelines, but in some cases construct willful and affective narratives. I argue that these videos and stories demonstrate the potential of mobile and digital cultural heritage sites; however, it requires strategic initiatives and long-term engagement from museums and cultural institutions to create and maintain the level of the dialogue and participation.
Ethical Economic and Ecological Engagements in Real(ity) Time: Experiments with Living Differently in the Anthropocene
Authors: Gibson-Graham J.K.
Published: December 2015

The Anthropocene offers us an opportunity to be affected by different temporalities and participate in a newly constituted collective. This paper examines select examples of actual and fictional reality TV programs in which ordinary people wrestle with concerns that are explicitly not those of the neoliberal capitalist imaginary, but are attuned to the task of changing everyday embodied practices of surviving well, distributing wealth, encountering, connecting, and sharing with others. I am concerned with how to take these sparks of an emerging and different common sense and fan them into widespread collective action that reshapes the way we live on this planet. I draw on four inspirational threads of thinking to consider what a politics of participation might be in the Anthropocene: Michael Hardt’s conception of a militant biopolitics, the ideas of Michel Callon and John Law about qualculation, William Connolly’s insights into affective registers that resonate with the ‘sweetness of life’, and J.K. Gibson-Graham’s diverse economy (re)framing. I argue for the need to support experiments with living in new ways by differentiating our economic world and opening up the economy as a site of ethical practice that acknowledges being-in-common with human and earth others.
The Construction of a New Sociality through Social Media: The Case of the Gezi Uprising in Turkey
Authors: Arda Balca
Published: December 2015

During Turkey’s Gezi Park Protests in the summer of 2013, millions of people became connected as fellow protesters. In the early days of the Gezi movement, the increase in participatory activism through social media made visible the police brutality exercised in the last days of May 2013 against a small group of environmentalists who were protecting Gezi Park from being demolished in order to build a shopping mall. Throughout Turkey’s political history, there has been no other example of this kind of spontaneous mass movement resisting the state apparatus with the large participation of diverse groups and self-convened protesters, without any dominant ideological appeal or leader affiliation. In this article, I will analyze the ways in which these patterns of contradictory interactions formed, evaluated, or triggered various types of social relationships, by critically examining the content of viral images, memes, and widely shared posts by Gezi protesters on social media. In the absence of internal cohesion or an ideological and organizational agenda, I argue that widely shared viral images, memes, and text messages provided the content to collaboratively construct and publicly frame the autonomous logic of the “Gezi spirit” by the Gezi protesters. I aim to analyze this new understanding of collective identity in autonomous logic processed through social media as a being-with (mit-sein), rather than a fusion of the individual to an enigmatic we-ness in order to represent “I”. I claim that this autonomous collectivity is driven by fluidarity as a public experience of the self in relation to the other without intermediary apparatuses and hence can be conceptualized as having built a new sociality.
Networks, Affects and Distributed Agency of Media Assemblage
Authors: Salovaara Inka
Published: December 2015

This paper analyses the Je suis Charlie movement as an affective assemblage. It looks at digital network activism around the Charlie Hebdo shootings in the perspective of the Deleuzian concepts of assemblage and event. The essay argues that new participatory activism can be understood in two ways: as a (territorialised) ‘assemblage’ (after Delanda, 2006) and as a constellation of ‘things’ into what Thrift (2007) calls a ‘transient structure’ (Salovaara 2014). Drawing from assemblage theory (Deleuze & Guattari 1996; DeLanda 2006), the essay explores concrete and virtual sides of a media assemblage as event spaces. Empirically, the analysis explores the assemblage, as well as related memes, hashtags and narratives around #Je suis Charlie activism.
“Violence. Enough already”: findings from a global participatory survey among women living with HIV
Authors: Orza Luisa , Bewley Susan , Chung Cecilia , Crone E Tyler , Nagadya Hajjarah , Vazquez Marijo , Welbourn Alice
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Women living with HIV are vulnerable to gender‐based violence (GBV) before and after diagnosis, in multiple settings. This study's aim was to explore how GBV is experienced by women living with HIV, how this affects women's sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and human rights (HR), and the implications for policymakers.

Methods

A community‐based, participatory, user‐led, mixed‐methods study was conducted, with women living with HIV from key affected populations. Simple descriptive frequencies were used for quantitative data. Thematic coding of open qualitative responses was performed and validated with key respondents.

Results

In total, 945 women living with HIV from 94 countries participated in the study. Eighty‐nine percent of 480 respondents to an optional section on GBV reported having experienced or feared violence, either before, since and/or because of their HIV diagnosis. GBV reporting was higher after HIV diagnosis (intimate partner, family/neighbours, community and health settings). Women described a complex and iterative relationship between GBV and HIV occurring throughout their lives, including breaches of confidentiality and lack of SRH choice in healthcare settings, forced/coerced treatments, HR abuses, moralistic and judgemental attitudes (including towards women from key populations), and fear of losing child custody. Respondents recommended healthcare practitioners and policymakers address stigma and discrimination, training, awareness‐raising, and HR abuses in healthcare settings.

Conclusions

Respondents reported increased GBV with partners and in families, communities and healthcare settings after their HIV diagnosis and across the life‐cycle. Measures of GBV must be sought and monitored, particularly within healthcare settings that should be safe. Respondents offered policymakers a comprehensive range of recommendations to achieve their SRH and HR goals. Global guidance documents and policies are more likely to succeed for the end‐users if lived experiences are used.
How does living with HIV impact on women's mental health? Voices from a global survey
Authors: Orza Luisa , Bewley Susan , Logie Carmen H , Crone Elizabeth Tyler , Moroz Svetlana , Strachan Sophie , Vazquez Marijo , Welbourn Alice
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Women living with HIV experience a disproportionate burden of mental health issues. To date, global guidelines contain insufficient guidance on mental health support, particularly regarding perinatal care. The aim of this article is to describe the extent and impact of mental health issues as experienced by women living with HIV on their sexual and reproductive health and human rights (SRH&HR).

Methods

A global, mixed‐methods, user‐led and designed survey on SRH&HR of women living with HIV was conducted using snowball sampling, containing an optional section exploring mental health issues. Statistical quantitative data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression analysis for the mental health responses. Thematic analysis of open free‐text responses was performed for qualitative data.

Results

A total of 832 respondents from 94 countries participated in the online survey with 489 responses to the optional mental health section. Of the respondents, 82% reported depression symptoms and 78% rejection. One‐fifth reported mental health issues before HIV diagnosis. Respondents reported experiencing a 3.5‐fold higher number of mental health issues after diagnosis (8.71 vs 2.48, t[488]=23.00, p<0.001). Nearly half (n=224; 45.8%) had multiple socially disadvantaged identities (SDIs). The number of SDIs was positively correlated with experiencing mental health issues (p<0.05). Women described how mental health issues affected their ability to enjoy their right to sexual and reproductive health and to access services. These included depression, rejection and social exclusion, sleep problems, intersectional stigma, challenges with sexual and intimate relationships, substance use and sexual risk, reproductive health barriers and human rights (HR) violations. Respondents recommended that policymakers and clinicians provide psychological support and counselling, funding for peer support and interventions to challenge gender‐based violence and to promote HR.

Conclusions

Interventions addressing intersecting stigmas and any especial impacts of diagnosis during pregnancy are required to ensure women's SRH&HR. Global policy guidelines regarding women living with HIV must incorporate mental health considerations.
A pressing need to respond to the needs and sexual and reproductive health problems of adolescent girls living with HIV in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Chandra‐Mouli Venkatraman , Armstrong Alice , Amin Avni , Ferguson Jane
Published: December 2015

Introduction

This commentary provides the rationale and makes a call for greater investment and effort to meet the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) problems of adolescent girls living with HIV in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC).

Discussion

Adolescent girls in LMIC are at a greater risk of acquiring HIV infection than their male peers. They also face a number of other serious SRH problems – early pregnancy, pregnancy‐ and childbirth‐related complications, unsafe abortions, sexual abuse and intimate partner violence and sexually transmitted infections. While many LMIC have made notable progress in preventing HIV in children and adults and in improving the access of these population groups to HIV treatment and care, adolescents in general and adolescent girls in particular have not received the same effort and investment.

Conclusions

Much more needs to be done to implement proven approaches to prevent new HIV infections in adolescent girls in LMIC and to meet the needs of those living with HIV.
Addressing gender inequalities to improve the sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing of women living with HIV
Authors: Amin Avni
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Globally, women constitute 50% of all persons living with HIV. Gender inequalities are a key driver of women's vulnerabilities to HIV. This paper looks at how these structural factors shape specific behaviours and outcomes related to the sexual and reproductive health of women living with HIV.

Discussion

There are several pathways by which gender inequalities shape the sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing of women living with HIV. First, gender norms that privilege men's control over women and violence against women inhibit women's ability to practice safer sex, make reproductive decisions based on their own fertility preferences and disclose their HIV status. Second, women's lack of property and inheritance rights and limited access to formal employment makes them disproportionately vulnerable to food insecurity and its consequences. This includes compromising their adherence to antiretroviral therapy and increasing their vulnerability to transactional sex. Third, with respect to stigma and discrimination, women are more likely to be blamed for bringing HIV into the family, as they are often tested before men. In several settings, healthcare providers violate the reproductive rights of women living with HIV in relation to family planning and in denying them care. Lastly, a number of countries have laws that criminalize HIV transmission, which specifically impact women living with HIV who may be reluctant to disclose because of fears of violence and other negative consequences.

Conclusions

Addressing gender inequalities is central to improving the sexual and reproductive health outcomes and more broadly the wellbeing of women living with HIV. Programmes that go beyond a narrow biomedical/clinical approach and address the social and structural context of women's lives can also maximize the benefits of HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.
Advancing the sexual and reproductive health and human rights of women living with HIV
Authors: Loutfy Mona , Khosla Rajat , Narasimhan Manjulaa
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Many women living with HIV can have safe, healthy and satisfying sexual and reproductive health, but there is still a long way to go for this to be a reality, especially for the most vulnerable amongst them who face repeated violations of their rights.

Discussion

The contributions in this Supplement from researchers, clinicians, programme managers, policy makers, and women living with HIV demands an important appreciation that the field of sexual and reproductive health and human rights for women living with HIV is complex on many levels, and women living with HIV form a very diverse community.

Conclusions

The manuscripts emphasize that attention must be paid to the following critical dimensions: 1) Placing human rights and gender equality at the centre of a comprehensive approach to health programming, in particular in relation to sexuality and sexual health; 2) Ensuring health systems responsiveness to minimizing inequalities in access to health care and quality of care that often do not meet the needs of women living with HIV; 3) Engaging and empowering women living with HIV in the development of policies and programmes that affect them; and 4) Strengthening monitoring, evaluation and accountability procedures to provide good quality data and ensuring remedies for violations of health and human rights of women living with HIV.
The last and first frontier – emerging challenges for HIV treatment and prevention in the first week of life with emphasis on premature and low birth weight infants
Authors: Cotton Mark F , Holgate Sandi , Nelson Aurelie , Rabie Helena , Wedderburn Catherine , Mirochnick Mark
Published: December 2015

Introduction

There is new emphasis on identifying and treating HIV in the first days of life and also an appreciation that low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery (PTD) frequently accompany HIV‐related pregnancy. Even in the absence of HIV, PTD and LBW contribute substantially to neonatal and infant mortality. HIV‐exposed and ‐infected infants with these characteristics have received little attention thus far. As HIV programs expand to meet the 90‐90‐90 target for ending the HIV pandemic, attention should focus on newborn infants, including those delivered preterm or of LBW.

Discussion

In high prevalence settings, infant diagnosis of HIV is usually undertaken after the neonatal period. However, as in utero infection may be diagnosed at birth, earlier initiation of therapy may limit viral replication and prevent early damage. Globally, there is growing awareness that preterm and LBW infants constitute a substantial proportion of births each year. Preterm infants are at high risk for vertical transmission. Feeding difficulties, apnoea of prematurity and vulnerability to sepsis occur commonly. Feeding intolerance, a frequent occurrence, may compromise oral administration of medications. Although there is growing experience with post‐exposure prophylaxis for HIV‐exposed term newborn infants, there is less experience with preterm and LBW infants. For treatment, there are even fewer options for preterm infants. Only zidovudine has adequate dosing recommendations for treating term and preterm infants and has an intravenous formulation, essential if feeding intolerance occurs. Nevirapine dosing for prevention, but not treatment, is well established for both term and preterm infants.

HIV diagnosis at birth is likely to be extremely stressful for new parents, more so if caring for preterm or LBW infants. Programs need to adapt to support the medical and emotional needs of young infants and their parents, where interventions may be lifesaving.

Conclusions

New focus is required for the newborn baby, including those born preterm, with LBW or small for gestational age to consolidate gains already made in early diagnosis and treatment of young children.
Cortex commands the performance of skilled movement
Authors: Guo Jian-Zhong , Graves Austin R , Guo Wendy W , Zheng Jihong , Lee Allen , Rodríguez-González Juan , Li Nuo , Macklin John J , Phillips James W , Mensh Brett D , Branson Kristin , Hantman Adam W
Published: December 2015

Mammalian cerebral cortex is accepted as being critical for voluntary motor control, but what functions depend on cortex is still unclear. Here we used rapid, reversible optogenetic inhibition to test the role of cortex during a head-fixed task in which mice reach, grab, and eat a food pellet. Sudden cortical inhibition blocked initiation or froze execution of this skilled prehension behavior, but left untrained forelimb movements unaffected. Unexpectedly, kinematically normal prehension occurred immediately after cortical inhibition, even during rest periods lacking cue and pellet. This ‘rebound’ prehension was only evoked in trained and food-deprived animals, suggesting that a motivation-gated motor engram sufficient to evoke prehension is activated at inhibition’s end. These results demonstrate the necessity and sufficiency of cortical activity for enacting a learned skill.
Hardness of Cr(N,O) thin films on (001)-, (011)-, and (111)-oriented MgO substrates
Authors: Ikeyama Suguru , Suzuki Kazuma , Suzuki Tsuneo , Nakayama Tadachika , Suematsu Hisayuki , Niihara Koichi
Published: December 2015

The epitaxial growth of Cr(N,O) thin films on (001)- and (011)-oriented MgO substrates as well as a (200)-oriented polycrystalline Cr(N,O) thin film on MgO(111) were performed using pulsed laser deposition. Data obtained from Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy indicated that Cr(N,O) on (001)-, (011)-, and (111)-oriented MgO substrates contained chromium, nitrogen and oxygen. Nano-indentation showed negligible differences in the hardness values of Cr(N,O) films on (001)-, (011)-, and (111)-oriented MgO substrates, the two former having values of approximately 36 GPa. These results indicate that the hardness of Cr(N,O) is independent of both the growth morphology brought about by the substrate orientation and grain boundary effects. Finally, Cr(N,O) films on all substrates exhibited greater hardness than a comparison specimen consisting of epitaxial CrN on MgO(001).
Scintillation properties of undoped CdS for ionizing radiation detectors
Authors: Yanagida Takayuki , Koshimizu Masanori , Okada Go
Published: December 2015

In the present study, nondoped CdS crystal with a size of 5 × 5 × 0.5 mm3 was investigated on the optical and scintillation properties. The optical transmittance was 70% at wavelength longer than 500 nm, and the absorption edge was around 490 nm. The photoluminescence emission peak appeared around 490 nm under 340 nm excitation with 6.6 ns fast decay time. In X-ray induced radioluminescence spectrum over the temperature range of 7–300 K, it showed four emission bands around 490, 500–540 with several peaks, 600, and 750 nm. Temperature dependences of each emission band were different. The scintillation decay time was reproduced by two exponential decay components of 8 and 67 ns, and that for X-ray induced afterglow was approximately 0.1% at 20 ms after switching of the X-ray irradiation.
Arenas de formulação de políticas regionais: uma proposição metodológica
Authors: Randolph Rainer
Published: December 2015

Ao analisar a experiência da formulação mais recente de políticas regionais no país, pode-se chegar à conclusão de que nem haja política de desenvolvimento regional no Brasil. É o propósito do presente ensaio travar uma discussão crítica a respeito da suposição da existência, ou não, dessa política. Será mostrado como o julgamento relativo a uma aparente existência, ou não, dessa política precisa ser “desnaturalizada”, à medida que a possível ausência precisa ser compreendida enquanto “não-acontecimento”. Ou seja, ao invés de ficar analisando os elementos de uma proposta que não se reconhece como política regional, é preciso desvendar os mecanismos – as “seletividades” – que impediram seu “acontecimento”. Para essa investigação utilizam-se os conceitos de Claus Offe sobre Estado capitalista, seletividade e arenas politicas que permitirão uma primeira comparação entre diferentes “démarches” na formulação de políticas voltadas ao desenvolvimento regional, realizadas nos últimos 10 a 20 anos, no Brasil. Com isso, visa-se identificar alguns determinantes dessa formulação de políticas regionais que podem contribuir para compreender os seus eventuais “não acontecimentos”.

Código JEL | O18; O20; R58.
Pioneiros brasileiros nas pesquisas geográficas de desenvolvimento regional: Orlando Valverde e Hilgard O’Reilly Sternberg
Authors: Kohlhepp Gerd
Published: December 2015

No final dos anos 1930, a primeira geração de geógrafos estudou no Brasil, tendo, no entanto, que cursar pós-graduação nos Estados Unidos ou na Europa até o final dos anos 1960. Entre os pioneiros encontravam-se Orlando Valverde, o primeiro geógrafo contratado pelo CNG, em 1940, lá trabalhando sobre colonização e geografia agrária com Leo Waibel, de 1946 a 1950; e Hilgard O’Reilly Sternberg, que assumiu a Cátedra de Geografia do Brasil na Universidade do Brasil, no Rio de Janeiro e, mais tarde, o cargo de Vice-Presidente da UGI, impulsionando a ligação internacional da geografia brasileira. Os dois cientistas são representantes excepcionais da pesquisa sobre as disparidades regionais do Brasil, sobretudo, na análise das condições naturais e humanas das regiões das florestas tropicais da Amazônia. Ambos reconheceram que somente através do método holístico seria possível pesquisar os conflitos homem-meio ambiente existentes no Brasil. Eles criaram a base para a pesquisa fundamental sobre as possibilidades de um desenvolvimento regional sustentável no Brasil com a inclusão do conhecimento tradicional, garantindo a identidade regional perante as influências do planejamento regional estatal mal orientado e da globalização, empregando métodos da ecologia política. Orlando e Hilgard – este, a partir de 1964, desde Berkeley – contribuíram para o conhecimento e a divulgação dos problemas de desenvolvimento regional no Brasil com conhecimento altamente especializado, ética científica e consciência crítica.

Código JEL | N90; O18; Q18.
Articulações interinstitucionais na realização de feiras agroecológicas na Microrregião de Campina Grande-PB
Authors: Gomes Ramonildes Alves , Matias Thiago Lima , Paulino Jonatta Sousa
Published: December 2015

Dentre as estratégias do Estado para promover a agricultura familiar, a prática da agroecologia abre possibilidades para uma maior dinamização produtiva e econômica, aliando processos naturais a estruturas sociais e valorizando atributos peculiares dos territórios locais. Destacaremos, nesse artigo, a prática da agricultura de base ecológica que vem apresentando uma crescente visibilidade na Microrregião de Campina Grande-PB, onde existem sete feiras agroecológicas. Pretendemos discutir como se articulam agricultores, setores sindicais, ONGs e órgãos públicos para a realização das feiras mencionadas, utilizando como perspectiva de análise a teoria do Ator-Rede (TAR), de Bruno Latour. Para tanto, utilizou-se como técnicas de investigação a observação não participante, pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com os feirantes e as distintas representações que apoiam as feiras. Conclui-se que a heterogeneidade com que as redes se apresentam demonstra diferenças quanto ao apoio efetivo à agricultura familiar e às práticas agroecológicas na área da pesquisa em questão.

Código JEL | O13; Q18; Q58.
Viabilidade econômica da cultivar de feijão-comum BRS Estilo
Authors: Da Silva Osmira Fatima , Wander Alcido Elenor
Published: December 2015

O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar economicamente a cultivar BRS Estilo, uma variedade de feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), do grupo carioca, desenvolvida pela Embrapa Arroz e Feijão e parceiros, estimando o benefício econômico regional a partir do conhecimento dos custos de geração e transferência da tecnologia e do sistema de produção. A cultivar BRS Estilo foi avaliada em quatro safras sucessivas: 2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013 e 2013/2014. A contribuição da tecnologia BRS Estilo para o agronegócio do feijão no Brasil foi de R$ 239.431.760,83, cerca de US$ 106 milhões no período analisado. O processo de transferência da cultivar BRS Estilo ao setor produtivo representa 7,5% do custo total destinado ao desenvolvimento da tecnologia, que se iniciou no ano de 2000. Além do benefício econômico proporcionado pela adoção dessa tecnologia, também houve geração de mais empregos em sua cadeia produtiva e aumento da oferta do produto no mercado.

Código JEL | O13; Q16; R32.
Ocular Manifestations following Snakebite
Authors: Omparkash Tushya , Channabasappa Seema , Balasubramanyam Aluri , Nayak Vittal
Published: December 2015

A 42 year old male presented with bilateral hemorrhagic retinopathy following snakebite. Bilateral retinal hemorrhages are rare ocular complications of snake envenomation. The clinical features are described with fundus photographs. Patients with retinal hemorrhages are more likely to have central nervous system manifestations and an unfavorable outcome. Fundus photographs of such patients are rare in literature.
Snow cover on Arctic sea ice in observations and an Earth System Model
Authors: Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth E. , Farrell S. L. , Newman T. , Bitz C. M.
Published: December 2015

Spring snow depth on Arctic sea ice is assessed in observations and an Earth System Model. In both, snow depth is mainly driven by the ice type on which the snow lies. Snow depths on multiyear ice are approximately double snow depths on first‐year ice. In the model spring snow depths are greater on multiyear ice compared to first‐year ice primarily because multiyear ice begins to accumulate snow earlier in the fall but also due to snow cover survival through the summer on multiyear ice. The model simulates a decline in spring snow depth driven mainly by a transition from a multiyear to first‐year ice regime throughout the Arctic. Agreement in the loss of multiyear ice in the model with estimates from observations suggests that declining snow depths in observations mainly result from the loss of multiyear sea ice.
Effect of air‐sea coupling on the frequency distribution of intense tropical cyclones over the northwestern Pacific
Authors: Ogata Tomomichi , Mizuta Ryo , Adachi Yukimasa , Murakami Hiroyuki , Ose Tomoaki
Published: December 2015

Effect of air‐sea coupling on the frequency distribution of intense tropical cyclones (TCs) over the northwestern Pacific (NWP) region is investigated using an atmosphere and ocean coupled general circulation model (AOGCM). Monthly varying flux adjustment enables AOGCM to simulate both subseasonal air‐sea interaction and realistic seasonal to interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variability. The maximum of intense TC distribution around 20–30°N in the AGCM shifts equatorward in the AOGCM due to the air‐sea coupling. Hence, AOGCM reduces northward intense TC distribution bias seen in AGCM. Over the NWP, AOGCM‐simulated SST variability is large around 20–30°N where the warm mixed layer becomes shallower rapidly. Active entrainment from subsurface water over this region causes stronger SST cooling, and hence, TC intensity decreases. These results suggest that air‐sea coupling characterized by subsurface oceanic condition causes more realistic distribution of intense TCs over the NWP.
Head‐of‐tide bottleneck of particulate material transport from watersheds to estuaries
Authors: Ensign Scott H. , Noe Gregory B. , Hupp Cliff R. , Skalak Katherine J.
Published: December 2015

We measured rates of sediment, C, N, and P accumulation at four floodplain sites spanning the nontidal through oligohaline Choptank and Pocomoke Rivers, Maryland, USA. Ceramic tiles were used to collect sediment for a year and sediment cores were collected to derive decadal sedimentation rates using 137Cs. The results showed highest rates of short‐ and long‐term sediment, C, N, and P accumulation occurred in tidal freshwater forests at the head of tide on the Choptank and the oligohaline marsh of the Pocomoke River, and lowest rates occurred in the downstream tidal freshwater forests in both rivers. Presumably, watershed material was mostly trapped at the head of tide, and estuarine material was trapped in oligohaline marshes. This hydrologic transport bottleneck at the head of tide stores most available watershed sediment, C, N, and P creating a sediment shadow in lower tidal freshwater forests potentially limiting their resilience to sea level rise.
Higher surface Bowen ratios ineffective at increasing updraft intensity
Authors: Hansen Zachary R. , Back Larissa E.
Published: December 2015

The sensitivity of various metrics of convective intensity to changes in boundary layer depth via changes in the surface Bowen ratio is explored with radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) and initial condition simulations in the System for Atmospheric Modeling, a cloud‐resolving model. In the RCE simulations, high‐percentile updrafts showed little change in response to changes in the surface Bowen ratio. Initial condition simulations showed low surface Bowen ratios having stronger updrafts than high surface Bowen ratios. A parcel model was used to explore whether RCE results could be explained with an entrainment parameter independent of boundary layer depth. It was found that for every set of simulations in RCE, entrainment rates independent of boundary layer depth could explain the lack of change in updraft velocities with boundary layer depth. Given the indifference of high‐percentile updraft velocities in our simulations to changes in the surface Bowen ratio, we conclude that convective intensity as measured by this quantity in the cloud‐resolving model is not sensitive to this forcing.
Subseasonal prediction of Australian summer monsoon anomalies
Authors: Marshall Andrew G. , Hendon Harry H.
Published: December 2015

Subseasonal prediction of Australian summer monsoon anomalies is assessed using 30 years of retrospective forecasts from version 2 of the Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia. Active and break monsoon rainfall episodes are associated with large‐scale cyclonic westerly and anticyclonic easterly winds, respectively, for which the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) makes a dominant contribution and thus is a source of predictability. Although the forecast model can predict the local large‐scale zonal wind anomalies for lead times beyond 4 weeks, predictive skill of the monsoon rainfall anomalies is limited to about 2 weeks. We show that improving the prediction of the MJO and its local expression in the summer monsoon leads to improved monsoon rainfall predictions at multiweek timescales.
Corking Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotube Cups with Gold Nanoparticles for Biodegradable Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Burkert Seth C. , Star Alexander
Published: December 2015

Carbon nanomaterials have been proposed as effective drug delivery devices; however their perceived biopersistence and toxicological profile may hinder their applications in medical therapeutics. Nitrogen doping of carbon nanotubes results in a unique “stacked‐cup” structure, with cups held together through van der Waals forces. Disrupting these weak interactions yields individual and short‐stacked nanocups that can subsequently be corked with gold nanoparticles, resulting in sealed containers for delivery of cargo. Peroxidase‐catalyzed reactions can effectively uncork these containers, followed by complete degradation of the graphitic capsule, resulting in effective release of therapeutic cargo while minimizing harmful side effects. The protocols reported herein describe the synthesis of stacked nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotube cups followed by effective separation into individual cups and gold nanoparticle cork formation resulting in loaded and sealed containers. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chemical Synthesis of Ubiquitin Chains
Authors: Hemantha Hosahalli P. , Bondalapati Somasekhar , Singh Sumeet K. , Brik Ashraf
Published: December 2015

Chemical synthesis of complex biomolecules such as proteins is a challenging adventure, yet rewarding in driving various biochemical and biophysical research activities. Over the years, the refinement of peptide synthesis and invention of ligation methodologies have led to the successful synthesis of several complex protein targets. Ubiquitin bioconjugates, which are being studied intensively by many groups due to their involvement in numerous biological processes, represent a fine example where chemistry is greatly aiding these studies. In this article, we describe the synthetic routes and strategies to prepare different ubiquitin analogs with desired modifications, as well as di‐ubiquitin chains. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Social Penetration Theory
Authors: Carpenter Amanda , Greene Kathryn
Published: December 2015

Social penetration theory describes the role of disclosure in relationship development, focusing specifically on how self‐disclosure functions in developing relationships. The onion model serves as a framework for describing the process of social penetration. In developing relationships, people use self‐disclosure to increase intimacy including through breadth, depth, and the norm of reciprocity. Social penetration progresses through several stages to develop relationships. The theory also incorporates rewards and costs in relation to social penetration and has influenced the development of a number of theories in relationship development and information management.
Online Disclosure
Authors: Bazarova Natalya N.
Published: December 2015

Online disclosure refers to revealing personal information to others in an online context. While it is common to share online disclosure in dyadic interactions, social media technologies have facilitated online disclosure to social networks consisting of large and diverse audiences. To advance understanding of online disclosure, it is important to account for the dynamic interplay of people's individual characteristics, media affordances, and social network characteristics, as well as the interpersonal dynamics that governs social interactions. Understanding the interplay among these forces will help address key questions about online disclosure production, online disclosure perceptions, and its effects on personal relationships and well‐being, as these questions re‐emerge with each new technology offering novel ways to share self with the world.
Graphene Quantum Sheet Catalyzed Silicon Photocathode for Selective CO2 Conversion to CO
Authors: Yang Ki Dong , Ha Yoonhoo , Sim Uk , An Junghyun , Lee Chan Woo , Jin Kyoungsuk , Kim Younghye , Park Jimin , Hong Jung Sug , Lee Jun Ho , Lee Hye‐Eun , Jeong Hui‐Yun , Kim Hyungjun , Nam Ki Tae
Published: December 2015

The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into chemical feedstock is drawing increasing attention as a prominent method of recycling atmospheric CO2. Although many studies have been devoted in designing an efficient catalyst for CO2 conversion with noble metals, low selectivity and high energy input still remain major hurdles. One possible solution is to use the combination of an earth‐abundant electrocatalyst with a photoelectrode powered by solar energy. Herein, for the first time, a p‐type silicon nanowire with nitrogen‐doped graphene quantum sheets (N‐GQSs) as heterogeneous electrocatalyst for selective CO production is demonstrated. The photoreduction of CO2 into CO is achieved at a potential of −1.53 V versus Ag/Ag+, providing 0.15 mA cm−2 of current density, which is 130 mV higher than that of a p‐type Si nanowire decorated with well‐known Cu catalyst. The faradaic efficiency for CO is 95%, demonstrating significantly improved selectivity compared with that of bare planar Si. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed, which suggest that pyridinic N acts as the active site and band alignment can be achieved for N‐GQSs larger than 3 nm. The demonstrated high efficiency of the catalytic system provides new insights for the development of nonprecious, environmentally benign CO2 utilization.
High Color Rendering Index Hybrid III‐Nitride/Nanocrystals White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhuang Zhe , Guo Xu , Liu Bin , Hu Fengrui , Li Yi , Tao Tao , Dai Jiangping , Zhi Ting , Xie Zili , Chen Peng , Chen Dunjun , Ge Haixiong , Wang Xiaoyong , Xiao Min , Shi Yi , Zheng Youdou , Zhang Rong
Published: December 2015

An excellent hybrid III‐nitride/nanocrystal nanohole light‐emitting diode (h‐LED) has been developed utilizing nonradiative resonant energy transfer (NRET) between violet/blue emitting InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) and various wavelength emitting nanocrystals (NCs) as color‐conversion mediums. InGaN/GaN MQWs are fabricated into nanoholes by soft nanoimprint lithography to minimize the separation between MQWs and NCs. A significant reduction in the decay lifetime of excitons in the MQWs of the hybrid structure has been observed as a result of the NRET from the nitride emitter to NCs. The NRET efficiency of the hybrid structures is obtained from the decay curves, as high as 80%. Moreover, a modified Förster formulation has exhibited that the exciton coupling distance in the hybrid structures is less than the Förster's radius, demonstrating a strong coupling between MQWs and NCs. Finally, based on a systemic optimization for white emission indexes, a series of hybrid ternary complementary color h‐LEDs have been demonstrated with a high color rendering index, up to 82, covering the white light emission at different correlated color temperatures ranging from 2629 to 6636 K, corresponding to warm white, natural white, and cold white.
High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tong Xin , Lin Feng , Wu Jiang , Wang Zhiming M.
Published: December 2015

Perovskite solar cells fabricated from organometal halide light harvesters have captured significant attention due to their tremendously low device costs as well as unprecedented rapid progress on power conversion efficiency (PCE). A certified PCE of 20.1% was achieved in late 2014 following the first study of long‐term stable all‐solid‐state perovskite solar cell with a PCE of 9.7% in 2012, showing their promising potential towards future cost‐effective and high performance solar cells. Here, notable achievements of primary device configuration involving perovskite layer, hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) and electron‐transporting materials (ETMs) are reviewed. Numerous strategies for enhancing photovoltaic parameters of perovskite solar cells, including morphology and crystallization control of perovskite layer, HTMs design and ETMs modifications are discussed in detail. In addition, perovskite solar cells outside of HTMs and ETMs are mentioned as well, providing guidelines for further simplification of device processing and hence cost reduction.