bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culture and Customs of Liberia
Authors: Olukoju Ayodeji
Published: May 2024

Liberia has a strong connection to the United States in that it was founded by former slaves in 1822. Although Liberia had existed as an independent African nation and a symbol of hope to the African peoples under the rule of various colonial powers, its recent history has been bedeviled by a prolonged upheaval following a military coup d'etat in 1980. In this context, the narrative highlights the distinctiveness of Liberians in their negotiation of traditional indigenous and modern practices, and the changes wrought by Christianity and Western influences.
Culture and Customs of Nicaragua
Authors: White Steven F. , Calderon Esthela
Published: May 2024

Throughout its history Nicaragua has been plagued by corruption, social and racial inequality, civil unrest, and foreign interference. Yet despite being the second poorest nation in South America, Nicaragua maintains a rich and vibrant culture that reflects its strong Catholic devotion, diverse indigenous roots, and overwhelming zest for life.Culture and Customs of Nicaraguaintroduces students and general readers to Nicaragua's unique blend of religious and traditional holidays, so numerous that the country is said to be in a constant state of celebration; its growing film industry; its many styles of dance, the popular street theatre open to all bystanders; important contributions to Spanish literature, local cuisines, architecture, social norms, and more. Readers learn what it is like to live in one of Latin America's most disillusioned countries but also discover the passionate culture that defines and sustains the Nicaraguan people.
Culture and Customs of Nigeria
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: May 2024

Nigeria, one of the largest and most important countries in Africa, is rich in traditions and customs, both indigenous and modern.Culture and Customs of Nigeriais the only concise, authoritative, and up-to-date discussion of Nigerian culture that introduces to a Western audience the complexity of its society and the emerging lifestyles among its various peoples. Students and other interested readers will learn about all major aspects of Nigerian culture and customs, including the land, peoples, and brief historical overview; religion and worldview; literature and media; art and architecture/housing; cuisine and traditional dress; gender, marriage, and family; social customs and lifestyles; and music and dance.

Nigerians are proud of their diverse culture comprising more than 250 ethnic groups. Important changes in their economy and political system are helping them cope with challenges in the modern world.Culture and Customs of Nigeriailluminates a dynamic society—how Nigerians today live, work, worship, interact, relax, and express themselves. Numerous photos, a chronology, and a glossary complement the text.
Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics
Authors: Abazov Rafis
Published: May 2024

The Central Asian Republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan won their independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Now they are emerging from the shadow of dominance and are subjects of intense interest from the West. The modern culture and customs of the various peoples in these geopolitical hotspots, straddling the far reaches of Europe into Asia, are revealed to a general audience for the first time. This will be the must-have volume for a broad, authoritative overview of these traditional civilizations as they cope with globalization.
Culture and Customs of the Congo
Authors: Mukenge Tshilemalema
Published: May 2024

The Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly Zaire, continues to struggle with socioeconomic and political development.Culture and Customs of the Congoprovides the full context of traditional culture and modern practices against a backdrop of a turbulent history. The volume opens up a land and peoples little known in the United States. Written expressly to meet the needs of students and the general audience, the work will inform about the geography, economy, political history, and history from the slave trade to dictatorship; ancestral religions and inroads of western faiths; ancestral literary heritage and communication; art, architecture, and housing; diet and dress; marriage, family, and women; lifestyles and life events, and traditional and modern music and dance.

Congolese society comprises hundreds of ethnic groups, such as the Luba, the Kongo, and the Kuba. The countryside is largely based on the hunting and gathering, herding, and farming lifestyles. The city is marked by lifestyles reflecting the prevalence of small business activities and increasing cultural sycretism of customs from different parts of the Congo and Western imports. Mukenge's narrative gives the diverse perspectives of their cultures with their fascinating juxtapositions to our familiar western ways. Examples of this are found in the Religion and Worldview chapter, which discusses ancestral religions, the spirits of the land, and supernatural power practitioners. The Literature chapter covers verbal competition and game songs. Congolese cuisine is based on starches such as the cassava root, the corn, and the plantain; green vegetables, insects, fish and, to a lesser extent, meat. Other chapters cover topics from the distinct Congolese dress and symbolic adornments, all-important family lines, to ceremonial music and dance. A chronology and glossary are added value.
Culture and Customs of the Palestinians
Authors: Farsoun Samih K.
Published: May 2024

The Palestinians have been at the center of Middle Eastern and world history for nearly a century. The core issues of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict are still the ones that emerged in 1948, after what Palestinians termal-Nakba, the destruction of historical Palestine and the dispossession and expulsion of its people. At the center of this vortex of politics, diplomacy, oppression, resistance, and struggle are the Palestinians. The Palestinians are an ancient Arab people, with both Islamic and Christian adherents, and their traditional culture and present way of life under difficult conditions are greatly illuminated for students and general readers.

A clear historical overview of Palestine, the diaspora, and the conflict is provided, and the history colors the rest of the narrative, addressing crucial aspects of Palestinian society. Palestinians struggle to retain their traditions. Their modern social structure, values, social customs, and life, including education, in villages, refugee camps, and cities are covered. The importance of extended family and women's roles in a continuing patriarchy are also addressed. The famed Palestinian embroidery and typical food dishes are celebrated. Chapters on modern literature and the arts and cinema stress the artistic focus on the conflict with Israel. A helpful timeline, copious bibliography, and glossary round out the coverage.
Daily Life in the Hellenistic Age
Authors: Evans James Allan
Published: May 2024

The Hellenistic world, ushered into existance by Alexander the Great, took in a vast region, stretching from Iraq in the east to Sicily in the west. Within this area, society was multicultural but the dominant culture was Greek, developed from the culture of classical Greece, and carrying on the legacy of classical Greece in the visual arts, literature, science, technology, and daily life.

Narrative chapters guide the reader though the vast conquered lands of Hellenistic Greece, exploring marriage customs; festivals, sports, and spectacles; symposia (drinking parties); the agricultural and urban components of the polis (city-state); food; drink; education; science; technology; and the legacy of the Hellenistic age in the modern world.
Daily Life in the New Testament
Authors: Ermatinger James W.
Published: May 2024

Explore the social and material culture of ancient Palestine during the era of the biblical New Testament. Who was the messiah prophesied by the Jews? What were the rites of passage in pre-messianic Judiasm? How did the rituals, parables, holidays, and labor practices mentioned in the New Testament relate to the daily life of the average citizen of the day? This lively volume explores the social history of ancient Palestine at the crossroads of the Eastern Mediterranean world, and the emergence of major monotheistic faiths during the time of Christ and the early centuries of the Common era.

Narrative chapter topics include pre-Messianic Judaism; political and religious groups ; peasant life and agriculture; Roman occupation; work and labor; and Greek, Latin, and Persian influences.
Daily Life in Traditional China
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: May 2024

This thorough exploration of the aspects of everyday life in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907) provides fascinating insight into a culture and time that is often misunderstood, especially by those from western cultures. Here students will find the details of what life was really like for these people. How was their society structured? How did they entertain themselves? What sorts of food did they eat? The answers to these and other questions are provided in full detail to bring this golden age of Chinese culture alive for the modern reader.

Based mainly on classical translations from the Chinese themselves, each chapter addresses a specific aspect of daily living in the voices of those who lived during the time. A myriad of interesting details are provided to help readers discover, among other things, what life was like in the city, what homes and gardens were like, how the role's of men and women differed, and the many rituals in which people participated. Detailed descriptions of the clothes and materials people wore, the games they played and the cooking methods they used for specific foods provide readers with the ability to experiment on their own to recreate the time and place, so they can have a better understanding of this intriguing culture.
Daily Life of Native Americans in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Fixico Donald L.
Published: May 2024

Donald Fixico, one of the foremost scholars on Native Americans, details the day-to-day lives of these indigenous people in the 20th century. As they moved from living among tribes in the early 1900s to the cities of mainstream America after WWI and WWII, many Native Americans grappled with being both Indian and American. Through the decades they have learned to embrace a bi-cultural existence that continues today. In fourteen chapters, Fixico highlights the similarities and differences that have affected the generations growing up in 20th-century America. Chapters include details of daily life such as education; leisure activities & sports; reservation life; spirituality, rituals & customs; health, medicine & cures; urban life; women's roles & family; bingos, casinos & gaming.

Greenwood'sDaily Life through Historyseries looks at the everyday lives of common people. This book explores the lives of Native Americans and provides a basis for further research. Black and white photographs, maps and charts are interspersed throughout the text to assist readers. Reference features include a timeline of historic events, sources for further reading, glossary of terms, bibliography and index.
Dead Wrong
Authors: Stack Richard A.
Published: May 2024

Attitudes toward the death penalty have changed dramatically throughout the course of history, evolving from times when public executions were occasions of solemn and pious ritual to excuses for raucous entertainment, and finally to the modern era of private, bureaucratized, mechanized, and sanitized executions that are out of sight and out of mind. Conforming thus to modern sensibilities, state-sanctioned killing is somehow more acceptable to us than public hangings would have been, because we can imagine that the inmate's death is relatively painless, and not in violation of the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. This may or may not be true; Stack presents compelling arguments to the contrary. What is certain is thatDead Wrongdemonstrates beyond a doubt that death row is itself a form of psychological torture and of slow, painful dehumanization.

Polls indicate that 75 percent of Americans favor the death penalty—but they also show that minds change when individuals are confronted with the facts. This book was written to offer those facts-and to change those minds.

The United States is alone among Western democracies in its support for capital punishment, which was only briefly abolished throughout this country between 1972 and 1976. Today, 38 states have some form of capital punishment. Yet studies show that the death penalty is not a deterrent to crime, that racial disparities in the implementation of capital punishment are rampant, and that all kinds of procedural errors, incompetent defense lawyers, and mistaken eyewitness identifications lead to an alarming number of wrongful convictions.

Attitudes toward the death penalty have changed dramatically throughout the course of history, evolving from times when public executions were occasions of solemn and pious ritual to those when it was an excuse for raucous entertainment, and finally to the modern era of private, bureaucratized, mechanized, and sanitized executions conducted out of sight and out of mind. Conforming thus to modern sensibilities, state-sanctioned killing is somehow more acceptable to us than public hangings, because we can imagine that the inmate's death is relatively painless, and not in violation of the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. This may or may not be true; Stack presents compelling arguments to the contrary. What is certain is thatDead Wrongdemonstrates beyond a doubt that death row is itself a form of psychological torture and of slow, painful dehumanization.
Depression to Cold War
Authors: Siracusa Joseph M. , Coleman David G.
Published: May 2024

Organized around the office of the president, this study focuses on American behavior at home and abroad from the Great Depression to the onset of the end of the Cold War, two key points during which America sought a re-definition of its proper relationship to the world. Domestically, American society continued the process of industrialization and urbanization that had begun in the 19th century. Urban growth accompanied industrialism, and more and more Americans lived in cities. Because of industrial growth and the consequent interest in foreign markets, the United States became a major world power. American actions as a nation, whether as positive attempts to mold events abroad or as negative efforts to enjoy material abundance in relative political isolation, could not help but affect the course of world history.

Under President Hoover, the federal government was still a comparatively small enterprise; challenges of the next six decades would transform it almost beyond belief, touching in one way or another almost every facet of American life. Before the New Deal, few Americans expected the government to do anything for them. By the end of the Second World War and in the aftermath of the Great Depression, however, Americans had turned to Washington for help. Even the popular Reagan presidency of the 1980s, the most conservative since Hoover, would fail to undo the basic New Deal commitment to assist struggling Americans. There would be no turning back the clock, at home or abroad.
Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: May 2024

A fascinating and accessible guide to the gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, magical weapons, fabulous beasts, and otherworld entities of Celtic Mythology.

Predated only by Greek and Roman legend by virtue of the fact that the Celtic languages were not written until the early Christian era, Celtic mythology developed from a far earlier oral tradition, which preserves voices from the dawn of European civilization. The peoples of these Celtic cultures survive today on the western seaboard of Europe: the Irish, Manx, and Scots who make up the Goidelic (Gaelic) speaking branch of Celts, and the Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons, who represent the Byrthonic-speaking branch.

In his introduction, Ellis discusses the roles of these six cultures, the evolution (or demise) of the languages, and the relationship between the legends, especially the Irish and Welsh, the two major Celtic cultures. TheDictionary of Celtic Mythologyis an easy to read handbook, and presents a fascinating window to centuries of rich oral and written tradition from the mists of Europe's origins.
Digital Diplomacy
Authors: Dizard   Jr. Wilson
Published: May 2024

Digital Diplomacyprovides a comprehensive overview of the major milestones in United States international communications and information policy, from the early days of the Morse telegraph to the current Internet explosion. The book underlines the growing importance of the communications issues, particularly as they affect American leadership in a rapidly changing information environment.

Dizard, a former foreign service officer, rejects the idea of a computer-based telediplomacy, arguing instead that the new technologies should be used primarily to strengthen the capabilities of American diplomats in dealing with information-age issues. A must read for those interested in the future of United States foreign policy, and a stimulating overview for scholars, researchers, and students involved in the subject.
The Early Swing Era, 1930 to 1941
Authors: Oliphant Dave
Published: May 2024

The early swing era of jazz, from 1930 to 1941, represents both an extension of developments of the previous decade and an introduction of new tendencies that influenced subsequent periods of jazz history. Major big bands and individual artists established important styles that brought wide popularity to the music, while small groups created innovative approaches that determined the directions jazz would take in the years to come. This was a time marked by colorful band leaders, flashy instrumental soloists, showy orchestras, and engaging singers, and Oliphant's reference guide to this period is an invaluable source of information on its artists, methods, innovations, and recordings.

Directing readers to outstanding performances available on compact disc, it serves not only as a scholarly historical and cultural overview, but also as a helpful guide for the layman. Organized in a biographical format, the volume discusses many individuals and groups that have not been considered so fully before, and provides a critical assessment of a major period in American music.
The eBook Revolution
Authors: Sheehan Kate
Published: May 2024

The book ecosystem is radically changing, and libraries must change with it. This book tackles the controversial discussion about eBooks and explores librarian-driven solutions and visions for the future of libraries in the 21st century.

The eBook Revolution: A Primer for Librarians on the Front Linesis exactly what its title promises: an essential resource for librarians facing the formidable task of coordinating the library-wide transition to eBooks and fielding questions from patrons about eBooks on a daily basis.

After an introduction that covers the basics of eBooks and current eBook technology, the author puts things into perspective, documenting the changes that have occurred over the past decade. She also delves into important eBook issues, identifying librarian-driven solutions and providing glimpses of what libraries in the near future will likely be like. The book examines perennially critical issues such as accessibility, resource sharing, and the digital divide within the context of eBook technology and provides a clear framework for discussing eBooks, thereby enabling readers to make informed decisions regarding their own organizations.
Eleanor Roosevelt
Authors: Harris Cynthia M.
Published: May 2024

An astute politician, dedicated feminist, and champion of the rights of minorities, Eleanor Roosevelt was one of the most powerful women in 20th-century America. In an age when proper ladies were expected to supervise the household, dine with the right people, and entertain elegantly, she established careers as a teacher, social worker, and reformer, started a furniture factory, and became a successful journalist. Forming a unique political alliance with her husband, she played a key role in the Democratic party and shaped many of the programs of the New Deal. She later became an official delegate to the United Nations, where she served as chair of the Commission on Human Rights.

Written expressly for high school students, this biography clearly and concisely relates the life of Eleanor Roosevelt to the times in which she lived. A timeline presents the events of her life in summary form. This is followed by chapters on her youth, her marriage to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, her early work as a social activist, the rise of her power and influence, and her activities during and after World War II. The volume closes with a bibliographical essay.
The End of Internationalism
Authors: Møller J.
Published: May 2024

Since 1945, the world has moved, haltingly but relentlessly, toward internationalism. And with the end of the Cold War and the apparent dominance of the West and its democratic and free-market systems, that march toward internationalism has proceeded apace, seemingly unstoppable. Or is it? With the Asian financial contagion spreading worldwide, the Russian democratic experiment coming undone, and cultural-ethnic violence flaring up around the world, one wonders.

Ambassador M^D/oller examines some of the major trends in the world system as we approach the new millennium: the stresses of globalization, the future role of the nation-state, the free-market system versus state-managed capitalism, and democratic pluralism versus Asian/Islamic/African/and other values. And he brings to this examination his background as a futurist, as a trade and economic affairs negotiator in the European Union, and as Ambassador to Singapore, one country where all these dynamics are at work. The larger question raised by Ambassador M^D/oller is: Are we poised on the brink of a new and truly internationalism millennium, or is this a sort of neo-Wilsonian phase destined for an abject and abrupt end? This book will be of interest to concerned citizens, futurists, and scholars and students of international relations around the world.
Export Credit Agencies
Authors: Gianturco Delio E.
Published: May 2024

Gianturco examines the roles played by export credit agencies (ECAs) which are specialized financial institutions that cover some $1 trillion of exports each year. In terms of their financial impact on international trade, these agencies are unsurpassed, but rarely do they receive attention in the financial press or broader recognition.

In this book Gianturco uncovers the ECAs--revealing and explaining their history, role, functions, and controversies regarding their missions. There are currently some 90 countries with official ECAs; two-thirds of these countries can be classified as developing or transitional nations; the remainder include the major developed countries. ECAs provide loans, guarantees, insurance, and other financial services to their particular nation's exporters and foreign direct investors. Their contribution to national growth and development both in the United States and abroad is significant, and the special nature of their operations makes them essential to the welfare of countless businesses worldwide. Essential reading for business professionals, scholars, researchers, and students involved with international business and economic development.
Family and Peers
Authors: Kerns Kathryn A. , Contreras Josefina M. , Neal-Barnett Angela M.
Published: May 2024

Why is it that relationships with family members predict the quality of children's relationships outside the family? A wealth of research has documented that various aspects of family relationships are predictably related to the quality of children's interactions and relationships with peers. Understanding what account for these effects is important both for theories of children's relationships and intervention efforts to ameliorate children's peer relationship difficulties. This volume advances the field by discussing several mechanisms that may account for continuities across family and peer relationships.

A variety of theoretical perspectives are represented in the book. For example, both learning and biological explanations are considered. Authors also note two key considerations in investigating family and peer relationships. First, it is necessary to consider the cultural context. The function and meaning of family and peer relationships may differ depending on what roles are played by these relationships in different cultural contexts. Second, it is necessary to consider the child's age. Developmental issues, such as concerns with establishing greater independence at the entrance to adolescence, will impact both family and peer relationships.
Flying for Her Country
Authors: Strebe Amy Goodpaster
Published: May 2024

During the Second World War, women pilots were given the opportunity to fly military aircraft for the first time. In the United States, famed aviatrix Jacqueline Cochran formed the Women Airforce Service Pilots program, where over one thousand women flyers ferried aircraft from factories to airbases throughout the United States and Canada from 1942 to 1944. The WASP operated from 110 facilities and flew more than 60 million miles in 78 different types of aircraft, from the smallest trainers to the fastest fighters and the largest bombers. The WASP performed every duty inside the cockpit as their male counterparts, except combat, and 38 women pilots gave their lives in the service of their country. Notwithstanding their outward appearance as official members of the U.S. Army Air Forces, the WASP were considered civil servants during the war. Despite a highly publicized attempt to militarize in 1944, the women pilots would not be granted veteran status until 1977. In the Soviet Union, Marina Raskova, Russia's Amelia Earhart, famous for her historic Far East flight in 1938, formed the USSR's first all-female aviation regiments that flew combat missions along the Eastern Front.

A little over one thousand women flew a combined total of more than 30 thousand combat sorties, producing at least 30 Heroes of the Soviet Union. Included in their ranks were at least two fighter aces. More than 50 women pilots were killed in action. Sharing both patriotism and a mutual love of aviation, these pioneering women flyers faced similar obstacles while challenging assumptions of male supremacy in wartime culture. Despite experiencing discrimination from male aircrews during the war, these intrepid airwomen ultimately earned their respect. The pilots' exploits and their courageous story, told so convincingly here, continue to inspire future generations of women in aviation.
Food
Authors: Palmatier Robert
Published: May 2024

Each of the more than seven hundred entries in the dictionary contains a description of the historical background of each of the two types of language, literal and nonliteral, and provides an explanation for the relationship between them. Wherever possible, dates of first record in English are provided, along with the bibliographical sources of these dates; and all of the works that record those terms and expressions are given in coded form as listed in the Key to Works Cited.

A Guide to Reading the Entries illustrates the typical form of an entry by analyzing an example from the dictionary that introduces five nonliteral expressions, cites thirteen bibliographical sources, and refers the reader to three other relevant entries by means of cross-references. Following the dictionary proper is a Classification of Terms According to Source, in which nearly three hundred nonliteral terms and expressions are listed under the more than four hundred literal categories from which they derive.
Four Great Rivers to Cross
Authors: Strange Owl Nico , Mendoza Patrick M. , Strange Owl-Raben Ann
Published: May 2024

Presenting a distinct historical perspective, these intriguing stories chronicle the history and culture of a people we call the Cheyenne (the Tse Tse Stus)-from creation accounts and the introduction of horses to the present. The stories are told as seen through the eyes of Old Nam Shim (which means grandfather) and a little girl named Shadow. Written to present the true story of the Tse Tse Stus, these accounts are accompanied by discussion questions, extension activities, a vocabulary list, and a glossary of Cheyenne terms. They are ideal as a reading supplement for anyone studying Western history, Cheyenne Indian wars, or the anthropology of the Cheyenne people, this book is a valuable resource for multicultural units.
Gabriel García Márquez
Authors: Pelayo Rubén
Published: May 2024

Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982 for his masterpieceOne Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel Garc^D'ia M^D'arquez had already earned tremendous respect and popularity in the years leading up to that honor, and remains, to date, an active and prolific writer. Readers are introduced to Garc^D'ia M^D'arquez with a vivid account of his fascinating life; from his friendships with poets and presidents, to his distinguished career as a journalist, novelist, and chronicler of the quintessential Latin American experience. This companion also helps students situate Garc^D'ia M^D'arquez within the canon of Western literature, exploring his contributions to the modern novel in general, and his forging of literary techniques, particularly magic realism, that have come to distinguish Latin American fiction.

Full literary analysis is given forOne Hundred Years of Solitude, as well asChronicle of a Death Foretold(1981),Love in the Time of Cholera(1985), two additional novels, and five of Garc^D'ia M^D'arquez's best short stories. Students are given guidance in understanding the historical contexts, as well as the characters and themes that recur in these interrelated works. Narrative technique and alternative critical perspectives are also explored for each work, helping readers fully appreciate the literary accomplishments of Gabriel Garc^D'ia M^D'arquez.
Gatekeepers of Knowledge
Authors: McGinty Stephen
Published: May 2024

Publication is the coin of the realm in the academy. Careers depend upon a strong publication record, and journal editors occupy powerful positions in the publishing process. This study examines the careers of thirty-five scholarly journal editors through in-depth interviews that cover their rise to positions of influence, their views of the work of journal publishing, their assessment of the electronic revolution, and the role played by personal networks in the conduct of their duties. Along the way some controversial issues arise including journal proliferation, the padding of curriculum vitae, and the state of craftsmanship in the academy today.

The interviews are analyzed against the backdrop of paradigms pioneered by two social scientists, Kurt Lewin and Lewis Coser. Their models of gatekeeping and social connections inform the analysis throughout the text. This book provides a revealing look at a crucial part of academic life.
Gay and Lesbian Americans and Political Participation
Authors: Haider-Markel Donald , Smith Raymond A.
Published: May 2024

A groundbreaking volume surveying the contributions that gay and lesbian Americans have made to the democratic process.

In 1969, when lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people first participated as a group in the political process, they faced an imposing array of obstacles. Everything from personal rejection and violence; state anti-sodomy laws; exclusion from the armed forces; and legal discrimination in employment, housing, credit, consumer service, and public accommodations.

Nevertheless, by the end of the millennium, LGBT people had transformed themselves into a well-organized and begrudgingly respected political force. In the process, they dramatically changed laws and attitudes across the nation. This new volume tells the story of the rapid growth and remarkable successes of the LGBT movement—a record that makes it one of the most successful social movements in U.S. history and, ironically, the least studied.
The Global Warming Desk Reference
Authors: Johansen Bruce E.
Published: May 2024

With global temperatures rising rapidly during the past quarter century, infrared forcing, popularly known as the greenhouse effect, has attracted worldwide concern. This book is a concise, college-level compendium of the research on global warming. It surveys the scientific consensus on the issue, describes recent findings, and also considers the arguments of skeptics who doubt that global warming is a threat. Suggesting that the effects of global warming can be seen in the melting of glaciers and the dying of coral reefs, the work summarizes the potential impact on human health and on plants and animals worldwide. Concluding with possible solutions, the book contains one of the most comprehensive bibliographies on the subject.

A growing field of study with a rapidly expanding literature, global warming should be of interest to everyone on Earth. Evidence of the greenhouse effect, due to emissions of carbon dioxide and other trace gases, has been accumulating for a quarter century. This book covers both research from scientific journals and newspaper and magazine reports of present-day evidence. The book will be a valuable resource for individuals concerned with the environment as well as for students of environmental sciences, meteorology, and earth sciences.
Guide to British Cinema
Authors: Mayer Geoff
Published: May 2024

Scholarly and popular interest in British cinema has never been stronger, with films ranging from the Merchant/Ivory pictures throughNotting Hillfinding both critical and commercial success in America. As such,The Guide to British Cinemarepresents an invaluable guide to the nation's cinematic output, including entries on major British actors, directors, and films from 1929 through the present day. The volume also highlights both major cycles such as the Gainsborough melodrama, the Ealing comedy, and the British new wave; as well as less well-defined cycles including the vein of dark melodramas that characterized the British cinema from 1945 to 1950.

Such figures as Alfred Hitchcock, David Lean, and Dirk Bogarde are covered in detail, as well as Christopher Lee, Roy Ward Baker, Ray Winstone, and other long-serving but less well-known artists. TheGuidepays close attention to films includingThe Third ManandBrief Encounteras well as genre pieces such asBrighton Rock. In all, the volume represents the first full-length examination of its subject, providing an irreplaceable resource for both film scholars and historians of British culture.
Guide to the Gods
Authors: Leach Marjorie
Published: May 2024

This unique and fascinating volume features every type of deity from every culture in all regions of the world, from prehistory to the present.

Guide to the Godsfeatures the familiar gods and goddesses of the ancient Near East, as well as those of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas: deities associated with creation, with the heavens, with the earth, with the weather, and with nearly every aspect of human life-from love, sex, marriage, and economic endeavors to prophecy, ritual, magic, and healing. The deities are categorized by function and attribute, and entries are alphabetized within each category. Every entry includes at least one citation to a printed primary or secondary source.

Guide to the Godsrepresents a major contribution to the fields of anthropology, religious studies, and folklore. Students, scholars, researchers, and writers will find it an invaluable research tool. This work is an entertaining and important reference source that will be a necessary addition to public, academic, and school library collections.
Handbook of Polynesian Mythology
Authors: Craig Robert D.
Published: May 2024

An accessible, concise reference source on Polynesia's complex mythology, product of a culture little known outside its home.

Encounters with the West introduced Polynesian mythology to the world—and sealed its fate as a casualty of colonialism. But for centuries before the Europeans came, that mythology was as vast as the triangle of ocean in which it flourished, as diverse as the people it served, and as complex as the mythologies of Greece and Rome.

Students, researchers, and enthusiasts can follow vivid retellings of stories of creation, death, and great voyages, tracking variations from island to island. They can use the book's reference section for information on major deities, heroes, elves, fairies, and recurring themes, as well as the mythic implications of everything from dogs and volcanoes to the hula, Easter Island, and tattooing (invented in the South Pacific and popularized by returning sailors).
Handbook on Ethical Issues in Aging
Authors: Johnson Tanya F.
Published: May 2024

Johnson addresses ethical issues in aging in a variety of contexts—the social cultural environment, physical health care, mental health care, social health care, legal care, and spiritual care. Because long-term aging has created a new generation of older adults, some new issues are emerging which need to be addressed from an ethical perspective—elder abuse, physician assisted suicide, dementia, intergenerational equity, guardianship, and living wills. A wide range of experts including physicians, philosophers, lawyers, social workers, nurses, sociologists, public health persons, theologians, historians, and ethicists share their insights on the ethical issues and dilemmas older adults in American society are facing or are likely to face over the life course. Of interest to undergraduate and graduate faculty and students in sociology, social work and social services practitioners, policymakers, and academic and professional libraries.
A Henry Fielding Companion
Authors: Battestin Martin C.
Published: May 2024

Best remembered as the author ofJoseph Andrews(1742),Tom Jones(1749) andAmelia(1751), Henry Fielding was one of the most important pioneering English novelists of the eighteenth century, and his works continue to occupy a central place in the literary canon. During the 1730s he was the most dominant playwright in London since John Dryden; and in his official capacity as a magistrate, he addressed serious social problems and invented the modern metropolitan police. This reference book makes essential information available to readers interested in Fielding, his life, and his works.

The volume is organized in sections devoted to such topics as Fielding's residences; his family members and household; historical persons, including authors who influenced him; his works; themes and topics important to his writings; and characters in his plays and prose fiction. Each section contains numerous entries on particular items, and many entries provide brief bibliographical information. While the sectional organization of the volume invites the reader to explore broad areas of interest, a thorough index provides convenient alphabetical access to the entries. A brief introductory essay and chronology begin the volume, and the book concludes with an extensive bibliography.
Hijacking and Hostages
Authors: Taillon J.  Paul D.
Published: May 2024

Terrorism and its manifestations continue to evolve, becoming deadlier and more menacing. This study considers the evolution of terrorism since 1968 and how airlines and governments have attempted to deal with this form of violence through a series of nonforce strategies. Using historical examples, we see how governments, particularly the United States, attempted to counter politically motivated aerial hijacking with metal detectors, legal means, and, finally, in frustration, counterviolence operations to subdue terrorists. As nations witnessed aerial hijacking and sieges, the requirement for paramilitary and military counterterrorist forces became a necessity.

Through use of examples from Israel (Entebbe 1976), West Germany (Mogadishu 1977), and Egypt (Malta 1985), Taillon concludes that cooperation—ranging from shared intelligence to forward base access and observers—can provide significant advantages in dealing with low-intensity operations. He hopes to highlight those key aspects of cooperation at an international level which have, at least in part, been vital to successful counterterrorist operations in the past and, as we witnessed again in the campaign in Afghanistan, are destined to remain so in the future.
The History of Australia
Authors: Clarke Frank G.
Published: May 2024

Australian history has been written for over two centuries beginning with European explorers and colonists attempting to convey something of the complexity of the strange upside-down world they encountered in the southern hemisphere. Of course, aboriginal peoples had lived in Australia for millennia before the arrival of the whites. Modern Australia has its foundations in these two cultural strands. Intertwined with these are the impact of colonialism and federation, indentured servitude and convict transportation, the effects of El Niño on European-style farming techniques, gold rushes, and longstanding issues of ethnicity, immigration, and religious tolerance. Covering these topics and more, this most recent and up-to date narrative history of Australia includes a timeline of major events, a biographic sketches of noteworthy historical figures, and a bibliographic essay.

Noted historian of Australia, Francis Clarke, provides a complete, comprehensive, and contemporary account of the political, economic, and cultural forces of each period of Australian history and gives readers a clear understanding of the many factors that have shaped the country. Written for a general audience,The History of Australiais the perfect introduction to Land Down Under.
Illicit Trafficking
Authors: Kelly Robert J. , Serio Joseph D. , Maghan Jesse L.
Published: May 2024

A detailed survey of a growing scourge of the global economy—the smuggling of people, materials, and money.

Smuggling used to be a family business. Today it is big business.Illicit Trafficking: A Reference Handbookoffers a thorough introduction to the problems of illegal trafficking that have emerged from and been intensified by globalization. This title provides an examination of how criminal enterprises have exploited opportunities to enrich themselves and broadened their involvement in many areas of illegal trafficking while compromising or evading legal authorities.

The coverage includes a brief history of illicit trafficking, analyzes current problems, and examines local and global containment policies such as Presidential Decision Directive 42. It also explores key international agreements on money laundering, bank secrecy laws, extradition treaties, and technologies that have exploited legitimate business opportunities to enrich their profits while compromising or evading legal authorities.
Immaculate Warfare
Authors: Wrage Stephen D.
Published: May 2024

This volume of essays-written by military officers who analyzed the intelligence, planned the missions, and flew the planes over Iraq, Kosovo, and Afghanistan-offers the most penetrating look to date at the realities of American precision air power.

When the gun-camera footage from air strikes during the Gulf War reached America's television screens, people awoke to the astonishing accuracy and power of smart weapons. Yet ten years' experience has taught what these remarkable weapons can and cannot do, and now, as American policy makers look to them to win the global war on terrorism, it is essential to understand the promise and the limits of immaculate warfare. This volume of essays-written by military officers who analyzed the intelligence, planned the missions, and flew the planes over Iraq, Kosovo, and Afghanistan-offers the most penetrating look to date at the realities of American precision air power.

Topics include: • The political context of using force from the air • The theoretical considerations involved in the use of air power to coerce an enemy • An insider's view from General Clark's headquarters as he commanded the Kosovo war effort • The tensions between civilian and military leaderships during the Kosovo war • Precision weapons and the paradoxes their use involves • The debate surrounding when precision weapons ought to be employed
In Bitterness and in Tears
Authors: O'Brien Sean
Published: May 2024

The seldom-recalled Creek War of 1813-1814 and its extension, the First Seminole War of 1818, had significant consequences for the growth of the United States. Beginning as a civil war between Muscogee factions, the struggle escalated into a war between the Moscogees and the United States after insurgent Red Sticks massacred over 250 whites and mixed-bloods at Fort Mims on the Alabama River on August 30, 1813—the worst frontier massacre in U.S. history. After seven months of bloody fighting, U.S. forces inflicted a devastating defeat on the Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend on the Tallapoosa River on March 27, 1814—the most disastrous defeat ever suffered by Native Americans.

The defeat of the Muscogees (Creeks), the only serious impediments to U.S. westward expansion, opened millions of acres of land to the white settlers and firmly established the Cotton Kingdom and slavery in the Deep South. For southeastern Native Americans, the war resulted in the destruction of their civilization and forced removal west of the Mississippi: The Trail of Tears. O'Brien presents both the American and Native American perspectives of this important chapter of U.S. history. He also examines the roles of the neighboring tribes and African Americans who lived in the Muscogee nation.
In the Footsteps of the Masters
Authors: Mungazi [Deceased] Dickson
Published: May 2024

The height of colonial rule on the African continent saw two prominent religious leaders step to the fore: Desmond Tutu in South Africa, and Abel Muzorewa in Zimbabwe. Both Tutu and Muzorewa believed that Africans could govern their own nations responsibly and effectively if only they were given the opportunity. In expressing their religious views about the need for social justice each man borrowed from national traditions that had shaped policy of earlier church leaders. Tutu and Muzorewa argued that the political development of Africans was essential to the security of the white settlers and that whites should seek the promotion of political development of Africans as a condition of that future security.

Desmond Tutu and Abel Muzorewa were both motivated by strong religious principles. They disregarded the possible personal repercussions that they might suffer as a result of their efforts to alter the fundamental bases of their colonial governments. Each man hoped to create a new national climate in which blacks and whites could cooperate to build a new nation. Each played a part in eventual independence for Zimbabwe in 1980 and for South Africa in 1994. Mungazi's examination of their efforts reveals how individuals with strong convictions can make a difference in shaping the future of their nations.
The Incas
Authors: McEwan Gordon Francis
Published: May 2024

Defying many of the supposed rules of civilization building, and lacking the advantages of a written language, hard metals, the wheel, or draft animals, the Incas forged one of the greatest imperial states in history.

The Incas: New Perspectivesoffers a revealing portrait of the ancient Andean empire from the earliest stages of its development to its final capitulation to Pizzarro in the mid-16th century.

In recent years researchers have employed new tools to get to the heart of the mysterious Inca culture. Drawing on recent work in archaeology, anthropology, ethnohistory, and other sources,The Incasprovides the most up-to-date interpretations of Inca culture, religion, politics, economics, and daily life available. Readers will discover how the Incas discovered medicines still in use and kept records using knotted cords; how Inca builders created masterful highways and stone bridges; and how the inhabitants of seemingly unfarmable lands came to give the world potatoes, beans, corn, squashes, tomatoes, avocados, peanuts, and peppers.