bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on the effect of pressure decline rate on foamy oil flow characteristics in a heavy oil–CO2‐C3H8 system
Authors: Shen Chen , Zhou Xiang , Zou Binyang , Wang Bo , Zhang Kewei , Zeng Fanhua
Published: May 2022

CO2‐based cyclic solvent injection (CSI) processes have gained great interest and have been piloted to enhance heavy oil recovery sustainably. Although the performance of pure CO2 injection is encouraging, it is still not commercially feasible. In order to improve the performance of the CSI process, CO2 (72%) and C3H8 (28%) were chosen to be mixed with a heavy oil sample, and then four pressure depletion tests were conducted to investigate the effects of decline rates on the enhanced oil recovery performance and foamy oil flow behaviour. The production behaviour can be divided into three phases: volume expansion production phase (7% contribution), foamy oil flow production phase (73% contribution), and solution‐gas drive phase (20% contribution). The experimental results showed that depletion rates positively correlated with oil recovery factors in the last two phases. Additionally, the foamy oil flow phase was further divided into two zones: Zone‐1 (bubble nucleation and growth dominant zone) and Zone‐2 (bubble coalescence and disengagement dominant zone). The results showed that higher pressure depletion rates lead to larger pressure differences which in turn resulted in an increasing bubble nucleation rate in Zone‐1. While coalesced bubbles in Zone‐2 lead to a stronger discontinuous gas flow and the relative permeability of the oil phase decreased sharply. Compared with relatively lower heavy oil recovery factors (19.4%) in pure heavy oil–CO2 system, the heavy oil–CO2‐C3H8 system took advantage of a higher oil recovery factor (23.44%). Furthermore, the relatively lower average gas recovery factor and cumulative gas–oil ratio (cGOR) indicated that CO2 can be sequested in heavy oil reservoirs more efficiently.
Targeted projection pursuit similarity based attribute selection for academic performance prediction
Authors: Ramanathan Kaviyarasi , Thangavel Balasubramanian
Published: May 2022

The performance of student in the academic field reveals the consideration over researchers to enhance student's weakness. With the consumption of high potential factors from the dataset, accurate student performance prediction is carried out. Targeted projection pursuit similarity based attribute selection (TPPS‐AS) technique is designed to improve the student academic performance prediction. TPPS is a machine learning technique that observes the given input. The relevant attributes from the multidimensional space is determined by TPPS. Several research works were recognized recently to conclude the high potential factors for observing student academic performances. A novel technique is designed in this research work to improve the student academic performance prediction in a taken dataset by choosing more relevant attributes. To detect the student academic performance with better accuracy and lesser time, proposed TPPS‐AS technique is employed. The performance of student academic performance prediction is improved by TPPS‐AS technique through the attribute selection with higher accuracy. With this proposed technique, prediction accuracy of the student academic performance is increased after the relevant attributes selection process.
Voltage control to maximize the transmission efficiency of a multi‐input and multi‐output wireless power transfer system
Authors: Zhao Yu , Yang Shiyou
Published: May 2022

In multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, the destructive interference between multiple transmitters and receivers brings a serious impact on power transmission efficiency. This paper proposes a voltage control strategy to maximize the transmission efficiency of a MIMO WPT system by controlling the amplitude and phase of the transmitter voltages. However, the complexity of the realistic WPT circuit topology and the uncertainty in the related parameters obstruct the establishment of an accurate closed‐form description of the WPT model to optimize the transmission efficiency of the system. In this paper, a simple multi‐port network model is introduced to simulate a MIMO system to avoid the complex circuit topology and a large number of circuit elements. To determine the parameters of the proposed model, a simple yet efficient methodology, by sequentially changing the excitations of the input ports and sampling the responses at the out ports, is proposed. A voltage control methodology to optimize the transmission efficiency of a MIMO wireless power transfer system is finally developed. To validate the proposed model and voltage control methodology, a three‐input and three‐output WPT prototype is designed and fabricated and used as the experimental platform. The performances of the proposed voltage control methodology are compared to both the experimental ones and those without the proposed voltage control methodology.
Integral sliding mode based direct power control of isolated DC‐DC converter for improved voltage regulation
Authors: Tiwary Nishit , Naik N Venkata Ramana , Panda Anup Kumar , Lenka Rajesh Kumar , Narendra Ankireddy
Published: May 2022

This article presents an isolated bidirectional DC‐DC dual active bridge (DAB) converter with an integral sliding mode‐based direct power control (SM‐DPC). Maintaining the dc‐link stability and obtaining a robust control for the converter during sudden load change is a significant challenge. The sliding mode control is well known for its robustness, stability, and tracking performance. The sliding surface based on output voltage error is selected, while the proposed method utilizes the equivalent control approach to generate the power reference for the DAB converter. The direct power control provides an easy control method for the DAB converter as the output voltage depends on the transmitted power, governed by the phase shift angle of two H‐bridges of the converter. The proposed method enhances the steady‐state performance and renders a fast transient response under load change and input voltage variation. Moreover, the method avoids complicated converter modeling and utilizes the voltage dynamic equation and power transfer equation for the controller design. The controller performance and effectiveness are validated with experimental results for a 2‐kW DAB converter.
Modified metacognitive therapy for anorexia nervosa: An open trial in an outpatient setting
Authors: Lawson Rachel , Carter Janet D. , Britt Eileen , Knowles Karen , Then Rebecca , Vallance Joanna , Jenkins Louise , Tauamiti Rachel
Published: May 2022

Objective

Current evidence indicates treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) requires improvement given recovery rates are low to moderate, and relapse rates are high. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is an effective treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders. This study evaluates if MCT can be successfully modified to treat AN in a naturalistic clinical setting.

Method

Twenty‐four patients with AN participated in an open trial of modified metacognitive therapy (MCT‐AN). Twelve of the 24 patients (50%) completed treatment. MCT was modified to include components specific to eating disorders. The MCT‐AN was delivered by clinical psychologists who had undertaken training in MCT in a specialist outpatient service. Group and single participant data analyses were undertaken on those who completed treatment.

Results

As well as statistically significant differences from pre‐ to posttreatment in the group data there were also clinically significant improvements at the individual patient level for eating disorder and depressive symptoms, as well as weight. The mean number of therapy sessions was 18.

Discussion

These findings indicate that MCT‐AN may be a promising intervention in the treatment of AN, warranting further investigation.

Public Significance

Treatment for anorexia nervosa in adults requires improvement. Research indicates that Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is an effective treatment for anxiety and depression and may be applicable to the eating disorders. This small open trial suggests that MCT can be modified successfully to treat patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). The results are preliminary and require further research to provide more evidence on the effectiveness of this treatment for AN.
Beta diversity as a driver of forest biomass across spatial scales
Authors: Reu Jacqueline C. , Catano Christopher P. , Spasojevic Marko J. , Myers Jonathan A.
Published: May 2022

Despite the importance of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships in ecology and conservation, relatively little is known about how BEF relationships change across spatial scales. Theory predicts that change in BEF relationships with increasing spatial scale will depend on variation in species composition across space (β‐diversity), but empirical evidence for this is limited. Moreover, studies have not quantified the direct and indirect role the environment plays in costructuring ecosystem functioning across spatial scales. We used 14 temperate‐forest plots 1.4 ha in size containing 18,323 trees to quantify scale‐dependence between aboveground tree biomass and three components of tree‐species diversity—α‐diversity (average local diversity), γ‐diversity (total diversity), and β‐diversity. Using structural‐equation models, we quantified the direct effects of each diversity component and the environment (soil nutrients and topography), as well as indirect effects of the environment, on tree biomass across 11 spatial extents ranging from 400 to 14,400 m2. Our results show that the relationship between β‐diversity and tree biomass strengthened with increasing spatial extent. Moreover, β‐diversity appeared to be a stronger predictor of biomass than α‐diversity and γ‐diversity at intermediate to large spatial extents. The environment had strong direct and indirect effects on biomass, but, in contrast to diversity, these effects did not strengthen with increasing spatial extent. This study provides some of the first empirical evidence that β‐diversity underpins the scaling of BEF relationships in naturally complex ecosystems.
Evaluation of lake sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding to assess fungal biodiversity in Arctic paleoecosystems
Authors: Seeber Peter Andreas , von Hippel Barbara , Kauserud Hårvard , Löber Ulrike , Stoof‐Leichsenring Kathleen Rosmarie , Herzschuh Ulrike , Epp Laura S.
Published: May 2022

Fungi are crucial organisms in most ecosystems as they exert ecological key functions and are closely associated with land plants. Fungal community changes may, therefore, help reveal biodiversity changes in past ecosystems. Lake sediments contain the DNA of organisms in the catchment area, which allows reconstructing past biodiversity by using metabarcoding of ancient sedimentary DNA. We re‐evaluated various commonly used metabarcoding primers, and we developed a novel PCR primer combination for fungal metabarcoding to produce a short amplicon, thus accounting for amplification bias due to the degradation of ancient DNA. In silico PCRs showed higher diversity using this new primer combination, compared with previously established fungal metabarcoding primers. We analyzed data from sediment cores from four artic and one boreal lake in Siberia. These cores had been stored for 2–22 years after coring; we, therefore, examined the degradation effects of ancient DNA and storage time‐related bias affecting fungal communities. Amplicon lengths showed considerable variation within and between the major divisions of fungi, for example, amplicons of Basidiomycota were significantly longer than those of Mucoromycota; however, we observed no significant effect of sample age on amplicon length and GC content, suggesting the robustness of our results. We also found no indication of post‐coring fungal growth during storage regarding the proportions of common mold taxa, which would otherwise distort conclusions on past fungal communities. Terrestrial soil fungi, including mycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs, were predominant in all lakes, whereas typical aquatic taxa were only represented to a negligible extent, which supports the use of lake sedimentary ancient DNA for reconstructing terrestrial communities.
Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in pain and opioid consumption after spine surgery
Authors: Hamed Rasha , Khedr Eman M. , Haridy Nourelhoda A. , Mohamed Khaled O. , Elsawy Saeid
Published: May 2022

Background

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown promising results in alleviating different types of pain. The present study compares the efficacy of three sessions of anodal tDCS applied over primary motor area (M1) or the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or sham on reducing pain and the total opioid consumption in postoperative spine surgery patients.

Materials

Sixty‐seven out of 75 eligible patients for postoperative spine surgery were randomly allocated into one of the three experimental groups. Group A received anodal tDCS applied over M1 cortex, group B over left DLPF cortex (2 mA, 20 min) and group C received sham tDCS, all for 3 consecutive postoperative days. Patients were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and adynamic visual analogue scale (DVAS) at baseline, and on each of the treatment days. The total morphine consumption over the 3 postoperative days was assessed.

Results

Two‐way repeated measures ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference in resting VAS between the three groups. However, there was significant pain improvement (P < 0.001) in DVAS in both active groups (group A and B) compared to the sham group (group C) in the postoperative period, with no significant difference between the active groups. Morphine consumption was significantly reduced in both active groups compared with the sham group, but there was no difference in consumption between the active groups.

Conclusion

There was a significant postoperative reduction in morphine consumption and DVAS scores after three sessions of active tDCS.

Significance

tDCS is a promising tool for alleviating pain in the field of postoperative spine surgery.
Evaluating the NewTOEFL ITP® Speaking Test: Insights From Field Test Takers
Authors: Lee Shinhye
Published: May 2022

In response to the calls for making key stakeholders' perspectives relevant in the test validation process, the study discussed in this report sought test‐taker feedback as part of collecting validity evidence and supporting the ongoing field testing efforts of the newTOEFL ITP® Speaking section. Specifically, I aimed to investigate the extent to which test takers' perceptions of the newly proposed ITP test tasks are in agreement with the intended characteristics and qualities of the tasks. In addition, I opted to gather insights into whether the speaking tasks are perceived as acceptable by its prospective test takers and also to identify any unwarranted challenges posed for them in completing the tasks. A two‐part questionnaire was thus administered during field testing of the new speaking section, and resulting data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Findings emerging from the questionnaire data suggest that test‐taker perceptions can be used to provide support to corroborate the intended (or hypothesized) properties of the tasks, while pointing to several areas for further monitoring and improvement.
Analysis of parent‐of‐origin effects for secondary phenotypes using case–control mother–child pair data
Authors: Chen Shuyue , Zhang Hong
Published: May 2022

The detection of parent‐of‐origin effects (POEs) has become a research focus in genetic association studies since POEs play an important role in explaining the heritability of many complex human disorders. Genetic association studies are commonly conducted based on case–control designs. Case–control genetic association studies often collect additional information on secondary phenotypes other than the case–control status. Various statistical methods have been proposed to analyze the secondary phenotypes, but no methods are specifically tailored for identifying POEs of offspring genes on the secondary phenotypes. The parental origin information may not be determined unambiguously using the genotypes of the test locus for some families, and ignoring such families would lose considerable information. In this article, we focus on case–control mother–child pair design that has been widely used for studying human early life growth and development, and propose a robust and efficient retrospective likelihood method to detect POEs for the secondary phenotypes using multilocus genotypes. The proposed method fully utilizes the information from multilocus genotypes, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), Mendelian inheritance law, and conditional independence between child genotype and maternal covariate given maternal genotype. Large sample properties, including consistency and asymptotic normality, are established for our proposed statistical method. The finite sample performance of our method are demonstrated through extensive simulation studies and application to the Danish National Birth Cohort data.
Petrogenesis of the early Jurassic Ora batholith in south‐western Cambodia
Authors: Zeng Xiang‐ting , Cong Feng , Zhu Hua‐Ping , Shi Mei‐Feng
Published: May 2022

The Ora batholith in south‐western Cambodia is situated in the western part of Indochina and east of the Inthanon–Bentong–Raub Palaeo‐Tethys suture and thus bears significant constraints for the equivocal crustal generation of the Palaeo‐Tethys orogenic belt in Mainland South‐east Asia. The Ora batholith consists of monzonitic granite (Group 1), alkali‐feldspar granite (Group 2), and biotite granite (Group 3), and they yield similar Early Jurassic ages of 186.0–199.7 Ma. Group 2 are high‐silica (SiO2 > 75 wt%) rocks with lower TiO2, Al2O3, FeOtot, MgO, CaO, P2O5, Eu, Ba, Sr, P, and Ti contents compared to those of the other two groups. Group 2 and 3 are classified as fractionated‐type granitoids, whereas Group 1 is unfractionated granite as the complementary residual of the fractionated rocks. All groups have positive εHf(t) values from +2.29 to +8.83, suggesting they were cogenetic and derived from partial melting of the lower crust with the addition of asthenospheric mantle material. Integrating with other granitoids in this region, we suggest the Ora granitoids belong to I‐type granitoids. Our petrogenetic and zircon U–Pb age data suggest the Ora granitoids were related to the Early Jurassic post‐collisional magmatism that resulted from crustal thickening and mantle lithospheric delamination due to a denser crustal root than the underlying mantle lithosphere after the Palaeo‐Tethys Ocean closure and collision between the Sibumasu and Indochina terranes. Then the following upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle not only heated and caused partial melting of the lower crust and mantle wedge, but also supplied asthenospheric material to generate the high‐εHf(t) magma.
Discovery of a Mesoproterozoic granite in the northern Alxa Block and its tectonic implication
Authors: Yu Wei , Shao Zhaogang , Niu Manlan , Su He
Published: May 2022

A Mesoproterozoic granite covering about 5 km2 is firstly recognized in the Zhusileng area, which is located between the northern Alxa Block and the South Gobi microcontinent. New geochronological data from this area provide new insight for understanding the Precambrian crustal evolution of the middle segment of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Based on the crystal shapes, internal textures, and high Th/U ratios, the zircons from this Mesoproterozoic granite are interpreted as magmatic origin. Meanwhile, LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating shows that it was emplaced at 1458 ± 7.5 Ma. Published geochronological data and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of igneous rocks from the Zhusileng area and its vicinity are also compiled in this study. The Late Palaeozoic granitoids from the Zhusileng area have strongly negative εNd(t) values (−0.1 to −10.8), high (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.69657–0.73423) and old Nd model ages (0.9–1.8 Ga), suggesting the existence of Precambrian microcontinent in the Zhusileng area. Furthermore, the statistical analysis (or isotopic mapping) of Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of Palaeozoic granitoids from the middle segment of the southern CAOB also displays similar εNd(t) values and relatively old Nd model ages along the Hanshan Block, Zhusileng, Tsaggan Uul terrane, and Hutag Uul terrane. Therefore, we propose that those units may share a common basement during Mesoproterozoic to Early Neoproterozoic.
Health Promotion Workforce in South Africa: Direction from the Australian Health Promotion Association
Authors: Boboko Ishmael , Bester Petra , Kruger Iolanthe , Marais Samantha , Marais Frederick
Published: May 2022

Background

South Africa's progress towards forming a health promotion workforce lags behind the health promotion career opportunities and professional standards guided by the Australian Health Promotion Association (AHPA), from which South Africa can learn valuable lessons.

Problem statement

Despite the existence of a national health promotion strategy, inconsistencies in health promotion workforce standards are a national reality. In one of the 10 National Health Insurance pilot districts in South Africa, researchers investigated health care workers' experiences of the barriers and enablers for the health promotion workforce.

Methodology

A qualitative explorative descriptive design was used. Health care workers (health promoters, n = 8; operational managers, n = 6; senior managers, n = 3) in Dr Kenneth Kaunda District's public health sector were sampled using purposive proportional quota sampling. Data were gathered through semi‐structured individual interviews until data saturation was reached (N = 17). Transcribed interviews were thematically analysed, supported by ATLAS.ti 8.

Results

Five themes and thirteen sub‐themes emerged, and barriers to the health promotion workforce exceeded enablers. Health promotion workforce structure and policies were deficient. Managerial supervision and monitoring were lacking. The health promotion workforce received insufficient resources with limited implementation of health promotion programs. Formal and informal health promotion training was necessary.

Recommendations

The AHPA's proposed Health Promotion Workforce model is considered, focusing on a clear workforce structure, strengthened by managerial buy‐in and efficient monitoring and evaluation. Formal and informal health promotion training and advocacy of the health promotion workforce industry are highlighted. Countries with emerging economies and similar health systems to South Africa might find this article useful.
Interaction between wind speed and net radiation controls reference evapotranspiration variance in the inland river basin of Northwest China
Authors: Ning Tingting , Feng Qi , Li Ruolin , Yang Linshan
Published: May 2022

Exploring the variance in reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and its dominant influencing factors is important for climate change, hydrological cycles and water management. Temperature (T), wind speed (U2), net radiation (Rn) and actual vapour pressure (ea) are the major climatic input variables in Penman–Monteith equation. Previous studies have successfully applied the total differential method to determine the relative contributions of changes in these variables to variation in ET0 on different timescales. However, the interaction of climatic variables has not been incorporated into this method. Taking the inland river basin of Northwest China as the study area, we extended the total differential method to decompose the ET0 variance into temporal variance and covariance of T, U2, Rn and ea on intra‐annual and annual scales during 1960–2017. The results indicated that the variance in ET0 on the intra‐annual scale was larger than that on the annual scale. Among the four single climatic variables, U2 variance made larger contributions to intra‐annual and annual ET0 variance with relative contributions of 6.8% and 1.1%, respectively. However, the interaction of climatic variables played a dominant role in the variation in ET0. Specifically, on intra‐annual scale, coupled U2 and Rn primarily controlled the ET0 variance (76.1%), followed by coupled Rn and ea (9.6%); but their positive effects were weakened by the negative effects of coupled T and ea (−2.3%). On annual scale, coupled U2 and Rn still governed the variance in ET0 (97.3%), but the effects were also weakened by other groups of interaction effects. Furthermore, ET0 was highly related to NDVI on an intra‐annual scale (R2 = 0.68, p = 0.00), indicating the strong effect of seasonal vegetation dynamics on ET0 variance. This study provides new insights to quantitatively assess the interaction effects of environmental factors on key hydrometeorological variables.
Basel accords and banking inefficiency: Evidence from the Italian local market
Authors: Barra Cristian , Papaccio Anna , Ruggiero Nazzareno
Published: May 2022

Using data for Italy from 1994 to 2015, we appraise the nexus between Basel II and III accords and both the cost and the profit inefficiency of profit‐oriented and mutual cooperative banks. Our analysis further deals with the effects of the regulation in different market structures. To assess the efficiency of the two types of banks under scrutiny, a stochastic frontier approach has been proposed. The evidence reported in this paper indicates that the regulatory framework of the Basel accords had heterogeneous effects on the efficiency of Italian banking institutions. Specifically, Basel II is associated with a contraction in the profit inefficiency and an increase in the cost inefficiency for mutual cooperative banks. On the other hand, Basel III worsened the profit inefficiency, though it is found to reduce the profit inefficiency of mutual cooperative banks, with no significant impact on cost inefficiency. Furthermore, once we control for the degree of market competition, the effects of the regulation are shown to be statistically insignificant. The advent of the 2008 recession and the application of the revenue inefficiency do not alter the main findings. There is also some evidence of spatial effects of the Basel II regulation at the LMA level.
Influence of governance bundles and directors' social capital on cash holding in foreign cross‐listed firms
Authors: Lodh Suman , Nandy Monomita , Kaur Jaskaran
Published: May 2022

This paper provides new evidence on how both governance bundles and directors' social capital together can help to determine cash holdings for foreign cross‐listed firms. Using a large cross‐country sample of 1677 publicly listed firms from 32 countries during the period of 2004–2015, we find a positive relationship between governance bundles and cash holdings for foreign cross‐listed firms with higher directors' social capital. We address potential issue of endogeneity. Therefore, our findings are robust to alternative model specifications and instrumentations and alternative measure of social capital. The findings of our study contribute to the inconclusive decision in the academic literature related to cash holdings, governance bundles, and directors' social capital, especially related to the foreign cross‐listed firms. In addition, the findings can assist the stakeholders of foreign cross‐listed firms to understand the intention of the firms' cash holdings and allow policy makers to identify the need of modification for governance structure by controlling the opportunistic behaviour of the firm manager.
Quantifying the effectiveness of rehabilitation for post‐radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence: Novel pelvic floor function assessment using M‐mode ultrasonography
Authors: Ide Yukimasa , Kikuchi Nobuki , Fukumoto Tetsuya , Takeda Hajime , Okura Takafumi
Published: May 2022

Introduction

This study aimed to develop a method for evaluating pelvic floor function using M‐mode ultrasound imaging and quantify the effectiveness of urinary incontinence rehabilitation.

Case presentation

Eight participants aged 66–76 years, with urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy, underwent pelvic floor muscle training. Using M‐mode ultrasound, we compared bladder base elevation time, length, and speed during pelvic floor muscle contraction. The results showed that four patients recovered urinary continence. Four patients displayed a 38.4%–80.1% reduction in urinary incontinence volume. Bladder elevation time was significantly reduced in all patients. Moreover, elevation speed increased significantly. Bladder base elevation time was 0.1 s in all patients in the acquired urinary continence group.

Conclusions

Reducing bladder base elevation time to <0.2 s might be essential to achieve urinary continence. An elevation time of ≥0.3 s indicated significant pelvic floor muscle dysfunction.
Adolescents' attachment, quality of relationships with residential caregivers, and emotion regulation
Authors: Costa Mónica , Tagliabue Semira , Melim Beatriz , Mota Catarina P. , Matos Paula M.
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Adolescents in residential care are more likely to report insecure and especially disorganized attachments, which lead to difficulties in emotion regulation and compromise the quality of their interpersonal relationships. In residential care, it is expected that sensitive and responsive caregivers are able to help adolescents regulate their feelings of distress, enabling them to experience a sense of emotional security. The present study sought to analyze the effects of the quality of attachment on emotion regulation and to test the moderating effect of quality of relationship (from adolescents' and caregivers' perspectives) on this association.

Methods

The sample involved 306 adolescents, 12–18 years of age, living in residential care and 70 caregivers.

Results

The findings underscored the importance of the quality of the relationship with residential caregivers on adolescents' emotion regulation competencies over time. The results also showed that the quality of relationship (emotional closeness) as perceived by the caregivers moderated the association between adolescents' attachment avoidance levels and their emotion regulation strategies.

Conclusions

The results are discussed according to attachment theory, and underscore the role the relationship with caregivers plays in the affective reorganization of adolescents living in residential care.
ERα Signaling in a Subset of CXCL12‐Abundant Reticular Cells Regulates Trabecular Bone in Mice
Authors: Scheffler Julia M , Gustafsson Karin L , Barrett Aidan , Corciulo Carmen , Drevinge Christina , Del Carpio Pons Alicia M , Humeniuk Piotr , Engdahl Cecilia , Gustafsson Jan‐Åke , Ohlsson Claes , Carlsten Hans , Lagerquist Marie K. , Islander Ulrika
Published: May 2022

Estrogen has pronounced effects on the immune system, which also influences bone homeostasis. In recent years, stromal cells in lymphoid organs have gained increasing attention as they not only support the regulation of immune responses but also affect bone remodeling. A conditional knockout mouse model where estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is deleted in CCL19‐expressing stromal cells (Ccl19‐Cre ERαfl/fl mice) was generated and bone densitometry was performed to analyze the importance of stromal cell–specific ERα signaling on the skeleton. Results showed that female Ccl19‐Cre ERαfl/fl mice display reduced total bone mineral density and detailed X‐ray analyses revealed that ERα expression in CCL19‐expressing stromal cells is important for trabecular but not cortical bone homeostasis. Further analysis showed that the trabecular bone loss is caused by increased osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, the bone formation rate was reduced; however, the expression of osteoprogenitor genes was not altered. Analysis of the bone marrow stromal cell compartment revealed a deletion of ERα in a subgroup of CXCL12‐abundant reticular (CAR) cells resulting in increased secretion of the pro‐osteoclastogenic chemokine CXCL12. In conclusion, this study reveals the importance of ERα signaling in CAR cells for bone health. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Is there a loophole in Dollo's law? A DevoEvo perspective on irreversibility (of felid dentition)
Authors: Lynch Vincent J.
Published: May 2022

There is a longstanding interest in whether the loss of complex characters is reversible (so‐called “Dollo's law”). Reevolution has been suggested for numerous traits but among the first was Kurtén, who proposed that the presence of the second lower molar (M2) of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) was a violation of Dollo's law because all other Felids lack M2. While an early and often cited example for the reevolution of a complex trait, Kurtén and Werdelin used an ad hoc parsimony argument to support their. Here I revisit the evidence that M2 reevolved lynx using explicit parsimony and maximum likelihood models of character evolution and find strong evidence that Kurtén and Werdelin were correct—M2 reevolved in E. lynx. Next, I explore the developmental mechanisms which may explain this violation of Dollo's law and suggest that the reevolution of lost complex traits may arise from the reevolution of cis‐regulatory elements and protein−protein interactions, which have a longer half‐life after silencing that protein coding genes. Finally, I present a developmental model to explain the reevolution M2 in E. lynx, which suggest that the developmental programs required for the establishment of serially homologous characters may never really be lost so long as a single instance of the character remains—thus the gain and loss and regain of serially homologous characters, such mammalian molars, may be developmentally and evolutionarily “simple.”
Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the Global Pain Scale
Authors: Ortega‐Avila Ana Belen , Gijon‐Nogueron Gabriel , Cervera‐Garvi Pablo , Guerra‐Marmolejo Cristina , Chicharro‐Luna Esther , Reinoso‐Cobo Andres , Marchena‐Rodriguez Ana
Published: May 2022

The aim of this study was to perform a cross‐cultural adaption and validation of the Global Pain Scale (GPS) to produce a Spanish‐language version (GPS‐Sp) and to determine the psychometric properties of this instrument. The GPS was cross‐culturally translated into Spanish following the guidelines of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. The initial study population was composed of 384 patients recruited from February to May 2021. All participants were aged at least 18 years and were currently experiencing pain. All gave signed informed consent to take part and completed the Brief Inventory‐Sp and GPS‐Spain questionnaires. Cronbach's ɑ and test/retest reliability values were calculated and floor/ceiling effects analyzed. Construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The 370 patients included in the final analysis presented the following characteristics: 36.2% were male and 63.8% were female; mean age 42.6 (19–88) years; mean body mass index 24.99. Internal consistency was good. The Cronbach's ɑ for GPS‐Sp was 0.86 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.94 (95% CI; 0.87–0.97). Five main explanatory factors were identified by CFA, which produced the following values: RMSEA = 0.057; CFI = 0.807; GFI = 0.809; NFI = 0.763. No floor/ceiling effect was observed. The GPS‐Sp is a valid, reliable and sensitive instrument for assessing pain in a Spanish‐speaking population and could facilitate pain relief in this population.
The presence of 3D printing in orthopedics: A clinical and material review
Authors: Rodriguez Colon Ricardo , Nayak Vasudev Vivekanand , Parente Paulo E. L. , Leucht Philipp , Tovar Nick , Lin Charles C. , Rezzadeh Kevin , Hacquebord Jacques H. , Coelho Paulo G. , Witek Lukasz
Published: May 2022

The field of additive manufacturing, 3D printing (3DP), has experienced an exponential growth over the past four decades, in part due to increased accessibility. Developments including computer‐aided design and manufacturing, incorporation of more versatile materials, and improved printing techniques/equipment have stimulated growth of 3DP technologies within various industries, but most specifically the medical field. Alternatives to metals including ceramics and polymers have been garnering popularity due to their resorbable properties and physiologic similarity to extracellular matrix. 3DP has the capacity to utilize an assortment of materials and printing techniques for a multitude of indications, each with their own associated benefits. Within the field of medicine, advances in medical imaging have facilitated the integration of 3DP. In particular, the field of orthopedics has been one of the earliest medical specialties to implement 3DP. Current indications include education for patients, providers, and trainees, in addition to surgical planning. Moreover, further possibilities within orthopedic surgery continue to be explored, including the development of patient‐specific implants. This review aims to highlight the use of current 3DP technology and materials by the orthopedic community, and includes comments on current trends and future direction(s) within the field.
Corrosion mechanisms of AZ31 magnesium alloy: Importance of starting pH and its evolution
Authors: Prince Loic , Noirfalise Xavier , Paint Yoann , Olivier Marjorie
Published: May 2022

This article aims at improving the understanding of the corrosion mechanism of AZ31 magnesium alloys during a long period of immersion in an aqueous electrolyte. In particular, the influence of the starting pH of the electrolyte on the oxidation of AZ31 alloy and its evolution due to corrosion phenomena were investigated. Several electrolytes with different pH values containing or not chlorides were used. The electrochemical properties of the metal substrate in these electrolytes were studied as a function of immersion time by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The kinetics of the reactions were determined by potentiodynamic polarization as well as dihydrogen evolution measurements by eudiometry. All these tests were carried out while the sample surface and electrolyte volume remained constant. The corrosion products generated on the alloy surface were analyzed by X‐ray photoelectrons spectrometry. This study has shown that the evolution of the corrosion rate and the corrosion products depends greatly on the initial pH and the nature of the used electrolyte. Alkaline electrolyte leads to a passive protective layer that can be locally destroyed by chloride ions. For a neutral chloride electrolyte, the strong increase of the pH due to the magnesium corrosion is not able to form a protective layer by precipitation of corrosion products. The kinetic and the corrosion extent are affected by the pH changes.
Advances in data‐independent acquisition mass spectrometry towards comprehensive digital proteome landscape
Authors: Kitata Reta Birhanu , Yang Jhih‐Ci , Chen Yu‐Ju
Published: May 2022

The data‐independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA‐MS) has rapidly evolved as a powerful alternative for highly reproducible proteome profiling with a unique strength of generating permanent digital maps for retrospective analysis of biological systems. Recent advancements in data analysis software tools for the complex DIA‐MS/MS spectra coupled to fast MS scanning speed and high mass accuracy have greatly expanded the sensitivity and coverage of DIA‐based proteomics profiling. Here, we review the evolution of the DIA‐MS techniques, from earlier proof‐of‐principle of parallel fragmentation of all‐ions or ions in selected m/z range, the sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH‐MS) to latest innovations, recent development in computation algorithms for data informatics, and auxiliary tools and advanced instrumentation to enhance the performance of DIA‐MS. We further summarize recent applications of DIA‐MS and experimentally‐derived as well as in silico spectra library resources for large‐scale profiling to facilitate biomarker discovery and drug development in human diseases with emphasis on the proteomic profiling coverage. Toward next‐generation DIA‐MS for clinical proteomics, we outline the challenges in processing multi‐dimensional DIA data set and large‐scale clinical proteomics, and continuing need in higher profiling coverage and sensitivity.
An ultrahigh‐sensitivity microwave angular displacement sensor with a wide dynamic range
Authors: Lin Fu‐Kang , Wang Da‐Wei , Zhao Wen‐Sheng , Yu Yufeng , Qian Cheng
Published: May 2022

A microwave angular displacement sensor with dynamic range up to 180° and ultrahigh sensitivity is designed and fabricated. In the proposed sensor, a stator is designed for reference and a rotatable rotor is attached to it to implement real‐time measurement of the rotation angle. As the rotor is attached to the stator, a CSRR‐like resonant structure would be formed, with the resonant frequency linearly changing with the angular displacement. The measurement results show that the resonant frequency of the designed angular displacement sensor increases from 2.398 to 6.348 GHz linearly as the angle varies from 0° to 180°, with an excellent sensitivity of 21.94 MHz/° achieved.
Microfluidic device with a carbonate‐rich hydroxyapatite micro‐coating
Authors: Lui Florence H. Y. , Xu Liangcheng , Michaux Pierrette , Biazik Joanna , Harm Gregory F. S. , Oliver Rema A. , Koshy Pramod , Walsh William R. , Mobbs Ralph J. , Brennan‐Speranza Tara C. , Wang Yu , You Lidan , Sorrell Charles C.
Published: May 2022

A contiguous carbonate‐rich hydroxyapatite microcoating in a microfluidic device represents a substrate that has chemical and structural similarity to bone mineral. The present work describes a low‐temperature method to deposit a carbonate‐rich hydroxyapatite microcoating on a glass slide and its incorporation within the microchannels of a microfluidic device. A glass slide is covered/masked with polypropylene‐based tape and CaCO3 nanoparticles are deposited on exposed areas by convective self assembly. The precursor CaCO3 is converted to carbonate‐rich hydroxyapatite by dissolution‐recrystallization in phosphate‐buffered saline. The microcoating is aligned/incorporated within a microchannel when the underlying glass is bonded to a polydimethylsiloxane structure with the device layout. X‐ray diffraction, laser Raman microspectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that the microcoating was comprised of carbonate‐rich hydroxyapatite. Scanning electron microscopy and 3D laser confocal microscopy showed that was comprised of nanocrystalline rod‐like clusters that collectively exhibit a thickness of ∼20 µm. Monocultures/cocultures of osteoblast‐lineage (MC3T3‐E1, MG63) and preosteoclast‐lineage (RAW 264.7) cells were performed. Osteoblast‐lineage cells adhered to the microcoating and deposited an extracellular matrix of collagen fibrils and mineral accretions. Mineralization was detected in/near the inlet wells. The microcoating is analogous to bone mineral and could be applied to various layouts and mineral systems.
Third‐line therapy for overactive bladder in the elderly: Nuances and considerations
Authors: Zillioux Jacqueline , Slopnick Emily A. , Vasavada Sandip P.
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Overactive bladder (OAB) disproportionally affects older adults in both incidence and severity. OAB pharmacotherapy is often problematic in the elderly due to polypharmacy, adverse side effect profiles and contraindications in the setting of multiple comorbidities, and concerns regarding the risk of incident dementia with anticholinergic use. The burden of OAB in older patients coupled with concerns surrounding pharmacotherapy options should motivate optimization of nonpharmacologic therapies in this population. At the same time, several aspects of aging may impact treatment efficacy and decision‐making. This narrative review critically summarizes current evidence regarding third‐line OAB therapy use in the elderly and discusses nuances and treatment considerations specific to the population.

Methods

We performed an extensive, nonsystematic evidence assessment of available literature via PubMed on onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A), sacral neuromodulation, and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for OAB, with a focus on study in elderly and frail populations.

Results

While limited, available studies show all three third‐line therapies are efficacious in older populations and there is no data to support one option over another. BTX‐A likely has a higher risk of urinary tract infection and retention in older compared to younger populations, especially in the frail elderly. PTNS incurs the lowest risk, although adherence is poor, largely due to logistical burdens.

Conclusion

Advanced age and frailty should not preclude third‐line therapy for refractory OAB, as available data support their efficacy and safety in these populations. Ultimately, treatment choices should be individualized and involve shared decision‐making.
Different dimensions of decentralization and rural–urban poverty in Pakistan
Authors: Shahid Muhammad , Ahmad Khalil , Kalim Rukhsana
Published: May 2022

The process of decentralization plays a vital role to enhance the welfare of society through the provision of public goods and services. This study investigates the impact of different dimensions of decentralization on rural–urban poverty and total poverty for Pakistan. For empirical analysis, this study uses time‐series data covering the period from 1980 to 2018. The auto‐regressive distributive lag model bounds testing cointegration method is used for long‐run estimation and error correction dynamic for short‐run movements of variables. The results show that fiscal and administrative decentralization are more beneficial for overall and rural–urban poverty reduction. The surprising results of political decentralization increases poverty overall in the case of Pakistan. For poverty reduction, the government should try to reduce the political concentration of elite groups in Pakistan. Moreover, to curtail poverty, government policy should be focused on effective strategies to address inflation and development of GDP per capita growth.
Opportunities and challenges in phenotyping row crops using drone‐based RGB imaging
Authors: Sweet Dorothy D. , Tirado Sara B. , Springer Nathan M. , Hirsch Candice N. , Hirsch Cory D.
Published: May 2022

Developing the resilient crops of the future will require access to a broad set of tools. While advances in sequencing and marker technologies have facilitated marker‐trait associations and the ability to predict the phenotype of an individual from its genotypic information, other tools such as high‐throughput phenotyping are still in their infancy. Advances in sensors, aeronautics, and computing have enabled progress. Here, we review current platforms and sensors available for top‐down field phenotyping with a focus on unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) and red, green, blue sensors. We also review the ability and effectiveness of extracting traits from images captured using combinations of these platforms and sensors. Improvements in trait standardization and extraction software are expected to increase the use of high‐throughput phenotyping in the coming years and further facilitate crop improvement.