bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elementos de motivação e barreiras na utilização de recursos educacionais abertos: um estudo entre uma instituição de ensino superior brasileira e uma alemã
Authors: Da Silva Carolina Truzzi , Rodello Ildeberto Aparecido
Published: November 2020

Os Recursos Educacionais Abertos têm sido apontados como uma oportunidade de melhoria na qualidade da educação e de compartilhamento de conhecimento e capacitação. Entretanto, existem elementos de motivação para sua utilização e barreiras que dificultam seu acesso. A fim de realizar um estudo comparativo, foram aplicados questionários em duas Instituições de Ensino Superior: uma alemã e outra brasileira, totalizando 76 respondentes. Em relação aos elementos de motivação, identificou-se que as respostas se mantiveram similares em ambas as amostragens, sendo o mais importante “diminuir os custos para os alunos”. Em relação às barreiras, no Brasil o fator mais importante foi “falta de acesso à internet”, uma barreira da categoria tecnológica, e, na Alemanha, “falta de tempo”, uma barreira da categoria social. Assim, conclui-se que as barreiras, por serem externas ao indivíduo, são mais propensas a diferirem em amostragens de características socioeconômicas distintas.
Limites e possibilidades encontrados por professores ao trabalharem com atividades investigativas nas aulas de ciências: o que as pesquisas apontam?
Authors: Meneses Moura Antonio Reynaldo , De Souza Caroline Batista Silva , Cunha Aline Oliveira , Sedano Luciana
Published: November 2020

Neste texto trazemos o resultado de uma pesquisa que analisou artigos de referência na área em busca das discussões sobre os limites e possibilidades que professores descrevem ao trabalharem com atividades investigativas nas aulas de Ciências. Para isso, realizamos um levantamento em periódicos nacionais com Qualis/Capes A1, A2 e B1 na área de Ensino no período de 2013 a 2018. Encontramos 76 artigos relacionados com o Ensino de Ciências por Investigação e a partir do nosso objetivo, destacamos 6 que abordassem a temática para análise. As pesquisas destacam o interesse, curiosidade e interação dos alunos como pontos positivos da abordagem. A falta de organização da sala de aula e de auxílio durante o desenvolvimento, e falhas na formação foram os limites que apareceram com maior frequência.  Identificamos também a reflexão dos professores sobre a prática pedagógica e a possibilidade de trabalhar com essa abordagem em todos os níveis de ensino.
Posicionamentos discursivos e argumentativos de alunos de direito em um evento de letramento acadêmico referente a questões abertas do ENADE
Authors: Gomes Fernanda Santana , Brito Robson Fiueiredo
Published: November 2020

O artigo em questão é um recorte de uma pesquisa realizada com 15 alunos do curso de Direito, de três unidades de uma instituição de ensino superior da rede particular, em Belo Horizonte, a respeito das respostas dadas a itens discursivos da parte de formação geral do Exame Nacional de Desempenho de Estudantes (ENADE) de 2016. O objetivo central da pesquisa consiste em examinar os posicionamentos discursivos e argumentativos assumidos por esses alunos em suas respostas aos itens. Visto isso, foram escolhidos dois itens discursivos da formação geral do ENADE-2016, os quais versavam a respeito dos movimentos migratórios para o continente europeu e do impacto da Lei Maria da Penha no cenário da violência contra mulher no Brasil. Ao realizarmos a análise linguístico-discursiva dos itens, percebemos certos obstáculos referentes aos processos de leitura e escrita dos alunos pesquisados. Verificamos, na maioria das respostas dadas aos itens (90%), aspectos expressivos em relação a dificuldades de interpretabilidade e elaboração textual. Os dados da pesquisa nos revelam o quanto é preciso trabalhar o significado da leitura e da escrita, o quando é importante saber seu papel e sua representatividade na e para a sociedade, em especial no âmbito acadêmico.
Considerações sobre o gótico e seus reflexos na sociedade: uma leitura de Drácula, de Bram Stoker
Authors: Lima Maiane Paranhos de , Pereira Rita De Cassia Mendes
Published: November 2020

O presente artigo se insere entre os estudos que utilizam como base conceitual o campo de Representação. O problema que direciona o estudo tem por foco as imagens e discursos utilizados para representar o feminino e a sexualidade no texto Dracula de Bram Stoker, publicado em fins do século XIX. Para respondê-lo, definiu-se por um percurso metodológico que dê conta de contextualizar o texto, social e historicamente; de situar o autor e seu texto na Inglaterra vitoriana e refletir sobre as suas relações com a sociedade; e de definir os condicionantes do gênero literário denominado gótico.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Dracula; Gótico e Feminino.
O poema curto de Oswald de Andrade: surgimento de uma tendência da literatura brasileira contemporânea
Authors: Freitas Anderson De Moura
Published: November 2020

Diante das várias tendências inovadoras da literatura brasileira do século XX e XXI, desencadeadas pelo Modernismo de 22 e intensificadas pelo experimentalismo difundido a partir da década de 50, este artigo objetiva analisar o surgimento de uma em particular: a tendência à brevidade, mais exatamente ao poema curto. Partindo da proposição de que Oswald de Andrade tenha sido o primeiro notório poeta dedicado ao poema curto, procura-se evidenciar como seus poemas-minuto surgem e quais características e implicações estéticas e contextuais que se destacam no aparecimento dessa tendência. Desse modo, o caminho metodológico se consistiu na leitura e análise de suas obras e de críticos de sua literatura, assim como no levantamento de dados bibliográficos e históricos. Constatou-se que Oswald de fato se situa como precursor de vários escritores que também se dedicariam às formas breves de literatura, especialmente na poesia, ao longo do século XX, até isso se consolidar numa expressiva tendência da literatura brasileira contemporânea, principalmente a partir dos anos 70, período em que a produção de poemas curtos até então não havia sido tão volumosa. Evidenciou-se também que os poemas oswaldianos, em busca da síntese textual, se caracterizam sobremaneira pela relação intertextual, aliada à ironia e ao humor.
Revision of Chinese Phorocardius species (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Cardiophorinae)
Authors: Ruan Yongying , Douglas Hume B. , Qiu Lu , Chen Xiaoqin , Jiang Shihong
Published: November 2020

The Chinese species of Phorocardius Fleutiaux, 1931 have been studied and six species are described as new: P. alterlineatus Ruan & Douglas, sp. nov.; P. flavistriolatus Ruan & Douglas, sp. nov.; P. minutus Ruan & Douglas, sp. nov.; P. rufiposterus Ruan & Douglas, sp. nov.; P. yunnanensis Ruan & Douglas, sp. nov.; and P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas & Qiu, sp. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Cardiophorus comptus Candèze, 1860, Cardiophorus contemptus Candèze, 1860, Phorocardius magnus Fleutiaux, 1931, and Cardiophorus manuleatus Candèze, 1888. The holotype is identified for Cardiophorus yanagiharae Miwa, 1927. Phorocardius florentini (Fleutiaux, 1895) and P. manuleatus (Candèze, 1888) are newly reported from China; P. comptus (Candèze, 1860) is excluded from the Chinese fauna. A key to the 11 Phorocardius species known from China is given. Phorocardius is newly recorded from deep within the Palearctic Region. The procoxal cavities of P. rufiposterus Ruan & Douglas, sp. nov. are closed, which is different from all other species of Phorocardius. An annotated checklist of the 21 Phorocardius species of the world is provided. Additionally, Phorocardius contemptus (Candèze, 1860), comb. nov. is transferred from Cardiophorus to Phorocardius; four species are transferred from Phorocardius to Displatynychus: Displatynychus bombycinus (Candèze, 1895), comb. nov., Displatynychus pakistanicus (Platia & Ahmed, 2016), comb. nov., Displatynychus sobrinus (Laporte, 1840), comb. nov., and Displatynychus tibialis (Platia & Ahmed, 2016), comb. nov.
Cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium infantis and Anaerostipes caccae on lactose and human milk oligosaccharides
Authors: Chia L.W. , Mank M. , Blijenberg B. , Bongers R.S. , van Limpt K. , Wopereis H. , Tims S. , Stahl B. , Belzer C. , Knol J.
Published: November 2020

The establishment of the gut microbiota immediately after birth is a dynamic process that may impact lifelong health. At this important developmental stage in early life, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) serve as specific substrates to shape the gut microbiota of the nursling. The well-orchestrated transition is important as an aberrant microbial composition and bacterial-derived metabolites are associated with colicky symptoms and atopic diseases in infants. Here, we study the trophic interactions between an HMO-degrader, Bifidobacterium infantis and the butyrogenic Anaerostipes caccae using carbohydrate substrates that are relevant in the early life period including lactose and total human milk carbohydrates. Mono- and co-cultures of these bacterial species were grown at pH 6.5 in anaerobic bioreactors supplemented with lactose or total human milk carbohydrates. A. caccae was not able to grow on these substrates except when grown in co-culture with B. infantis, leading to growth and concomitant butyrate production. Two levels of cross-feeding were observed, in which A. caccae utilised the liberated monosaccharides as well as lactate and acetate produced by B. infantis. This microbial cross-feeding points towards the key ecological role of bifidobacteria in providing substrates for other important species that will colonise the infant gut. The progressive shift of the gut microbiota composition that contributes to the gradual production of butyrate could be important for host-microbial crosstalk and gut maturation.
Beneficial effects resulting from oral administration of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on a chronic colitis model
Authors: Souza E.L.S. , Campos C.L.V. , Reis D.C. , Cassali G.D. , Generoso S.V. , Cardoso V.N. , Azevedo V. , Medeiros J.D. , Fernandes G.R. , Nicoli J.R. , Martins F.S.
Published: November 2020

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic processes involving a deregulated immune response against intestinal microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an IBD restricted to colonic mucosa and its chronicity is a predisposing factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Probiotics have been investigated as an adjuvant treatment for UC, and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was the focus of our investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of the EcN probiotic in an experimental model of chronic colitis in germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) mice. CV female mice were used for clinical, immunological and permeability experiments. GF mice were used for a faecal microbiota transplantation assay. To induce colitis, three cycles of 3.0% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) were administered to the animals. For probiotic treatment, the mice received a daily intragastric gavage of 9.0 log10 cfu of EcN, beginning 10 days before colitis induction and continuing until the end of the experiment. EcN presented beneficial effects when administered preventively. Daily Disease Activity Index (DAI) evolution demonstrated significant difference in remission periods after the first two DSS cycles and during the third one. Reduction in bacterial translocation after probiotic treatment indicated protection of the intestinal barrier. Associated with mucosal preservation, restoration of secretory immunoglobulin A levels and reduction of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, tumour necrosis factor and interferon-γ levels were observed in EcN treatment. Finally, when microbiota modification was verified, 16S rRNA-based compositional analysis showed variation of intestinal microbiota between the control and colitis groups. After faecal transplantation using GF mice, it was observed that EcN treatment in CV mice might result in modulated intestinal microbiota. This was observed indirectly in the reduced daily DAI, when colitis was compared with treated group. In conclusion, EcN presented beneficial effects in this model, suggesting its usefulness for treating UC.
The mitochondrial genome of Qinghuang_1, the first modern improved strain of Chinese oak silkworm,Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Authors: Li X.-Y. , Liu Y.-C. , Zhang R.-S. , Chen D.-B. , Chen M.-M. , Li Y.-P. , Liu Y.-Q , Qin L.
Published: November 2020

Chinese oak silkworm,Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Méneville 1855 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), is a traditional edible insect in China and is considered the edible insect with the highest potential. Information on the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the first modern improved strain of this silkworm, Qinghuang_1, is currently unavailable. Here, we determine the mitogenome of Qinghuang_1 by long PCR amplification followed by Illumina sequencing and then compare the resulting mitogenome with the five available mitogenomes of this species. The mitogenome of Qinghuang_1 is 15,573 bp in length and exhibits an identical gene organisation to knownA. pernyi mitogenomes. The base A content of this mitogenome is higher than those of the other four strains but lower than that of the wild type. Sequence comparisons identified 200 single-nucleotide variants (1.28%) and 32 amino acid changes among the five inbred strains, indicating a considerable degree of nucleotide diversity in the mitogenomes ofA. pernyi germplasm resources. The 3’ end ofND1 was identified as a hotspot in theA. pernyi mitogenome. Ka/Ks analysis indicated that all protein-coding genes evolved under negative selection except forND5, which presented values larger than 1, suggesting that positive selection may act on this gene. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the basal position of Qinghuang_1 among the inbred strains ofA. pernyi. Our results indicated that the mitogenome is helpful for understanding the intraspecific phylogenetic relationships ofA. pernyi and for its genetic improvement.
Application of laccases for mycotoxin decontamination
Authors: Silva A.C. Cabral , Venâncio A.
Published: November 2020

Several food commodities can be infected by filamentous fungi, both in the field and during storage. Some of these fungi, under appropriate conditions, are capable of producing a wide range of secondary metabolites, including mycotoxins, which may resist food processing and arise in the final feed and food products. Contamination of these products with mycotoxins still occurs very often and that is why research in this area is valuable and still evolving. The best way to avoid contamination is prevention; however, when it is not possible, remediation is the solution. Enzymatic biodegradation of mycotoxins is a green solution for removal of these compounds that has attracted growing interest over recent years. Due to their ability to detoxify a wide variety of recalcitrant pollutants, laccases have received a lot of attention. Laccases are multi-copper proteins that use molecular oxygen to oxidise various aromatic and non-aromatic compounds, by a radical-catalysed reaction mechanism. Being non-specific, they are capable of degrading a wide range of compounds and the radical species formed can evolve towards both synthetic and degradative processes. The present review provides an overview of structural features, biological functions and catalytic mechanisms of laccases. The utilisation of laccases for mycotoxin degradation is reviewed, as well as shortcomings and future needs related with the use of laccases for mycotoxin decontamination from food and feed.
Students Satisfaction with Online Learning Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Almusharraf Norah , Khahro Shabir
Published: November 2020

This research aims to evaluate the level of postsecondary student satisfaction with online learning platforms and learning experiences during the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This paper is based on the premise of transformative learning theories [1], which describe the learners’ authority and investment over their learning. Quantitative research was carried out using a survey that was sent out to 283 students enrolled at one higher education institution in KSA. These data were analyzed using SPSS. Average Mean Score (AMS) was used for data analysis, where the results are validated using the Standard Deviation (SD), Skewness and Kurtosis test, and Cronbach Alpha test. The research findings revealed that the students are satisfied with the university staff and faculty members who agreed on specific online platforms to use, grading system, assessment options, training workshops, online technical support, and more. The research findings also showed that participants were highly satisfied with Google Hangouts the most for lecture delivery, followed by Google Classroom and LMS (Moodle) for course management and assessments. With only respect to the students’ online learning experiences, the COVID-19 situation within this study context was handled adequately. This study calls for further research into the integration of professional development workshops and practical training courses for online learning and teaching to endorse innovative teaching techniques and alternative assessment plans for instructors, learners, administrators, and policymakers.
Students’ Perceptions of a Learning Support Initiative for b-MOOCs
Authors: Zhao Shurong , Song Junxia
Published: November 2020

Blended learning based on MOOCs (b-MOOC) has become a new and wide-spread approach to combining internet technologies with face-to-face instruction in higher education. In the implementation of b-MOOCs, learning support or scaffolding proves to be essential and determines to some extent the success of blended learning, while available literature shows lack of re-search on it. Aiming at exploring a feasible learning support approach for b-MOOCs in practice, this study constructed a support framework with four key elements of resources (R), interaction (I), strategy (S) and evaluation (E) support, briefed as RISE, and implemented it in the Business English course in a Chinese university. A survey and semi-structured interview were conducted to make clear its effects, the perceptions and expectations of students. It shows that the RISE support initiative got wide recognition and resulted in various improvements, promoting learning autonomy, improving learning strategy, increasing interaction and time devoted. As to suggestions, more targeted and higher degree of support is expected by learners and they show preference for face-to-face instruction and suggestion is raised that the proportion of face-to-face section should be no less than the online part. The results of this study may offer practical reference in b-MOOC design about how to support learning process of students and what components and methods are effective.
Knowledge Society, Globalization, and Impacts on Knowledge Management
Authors: Rocha Daiana Garibaldi
Published: November 2020

Continuing knowledge, skills, and practice update through continuing education, which then becomes the lever of society and the recipe for a successful future. This chapter aims to initiate a discussion about the concepts of knowledge societies, globalization, and their perceptions and impact on knowledge management in relation to the Brazilian educational reality. From a theoretical-methodological perspective, continuing education is considered as a key element that can sustain knowledge management and foster knowledge societies. This question is the reason why this intensity of the offer of continuing education nowadays becomes pertinent, as well as to look at how the knowledge societies have seduced people to consume more and more knowledge. The conclusions raise the question of how societies of knowledge have become a contemporary imperative, justified by the acceleration of time in different spaces and driven by globalization. As knowledge management has contributed to this movement, it is necessary for professionals to be more flexible and resourceful, as well as about what can happen to the individuals who cannot keep up with the demands of the market and become disposable in society.
Worthy
Authors: Tabatabai Ahoo
Published: November 2020

In the chapter, the author outlines how cultural and individual immigrant narratives are shaped by neoliberalism. The author shows that in “doing gratitude,” the continuous effort of appearing grateful, immigrant narratives create a space where native-born individuals can construct themselves into narratives of salvation. The performance of gratitude has several key components that render it compatible with neoliberal ideology. The chapter proposes that narratives play a role in, first, establishing worthiness as defined by neoliberalism (sometimes at the expense of dignity), and second, promising future worthiness (sometimes at the expense of remembering old identities). The author uses Dina Nayeri's The Ungrateful Refugee as an example of a cultural and individual narrative that both challenges and reinforces gendered neoliberal ideals.
A Phenomenological Study of Female and Feminist Identities Among Iranian Muslim Immigrant Women
Authors: Malekan Mozhgan
Published: November 2020

Little is known about Iranian Muslim immigrant women in the US with respect to their female and feminist identities and the interconnections with Islam and immigration. The aim in the current study was to provide detailed answers to the research questions using diagrammatic elicitation, semi-structured individual interviews, and observation as the primary tools for collecting data. Two themes—immigration and experiencing more freedom and autonomy and immigration and different conditions—emerged through diagrammatic elicitation. Five themes emerged during the interviews. These themes included experiencing social change and a new definition of the situation, experiencing different values, empowerment and emancipation, fulfillment of needs, and self-image. Three themes appeared from observation of the participants in the group meetings: gender identity versus national and religious identities, America the land of opportunities, and to be or not be is the question. The current study suggests that the participants are experiencing a sort of gender consciousness and agency.
Introducing a Black African Immigrant Womanist Approach to Examine the Experiences of African Immigrant Women in International Migration
Authors: Nyemba Florence
Published: November 2020

According to the International Organization of Migration, women constituted 47.9% of the world's 272 million international migrants in 2019. These three regions North America (51.8%), Europe (51.8%) and Oceania (50.4%) accommodated a large female migrant population compared to men (UN DESA, 2019). Black African immigrant women contribute significantly to this surge of female migration. Given the increasing population of women in international migration process, the main focus of this chapter is to argue that although women from different nations have become visible in the migration literature, there are no theories or concepts to explore their experiences in the migration process. To encourage the development of gendered international migration theories, this chapter introduces a Black African immigrant womanist approach to guide future research studies to explore the unique experiences of African immigrant women at all stages of the migration process. Four case studies were used to highlight the authenticity of this new concept.
South African Destination Among African Women Immigrants
Authors: Popoola Ayobami Abayomi , Akogun Olawale , Adegbenjo Oluwapelumi Temitope , Rampaul Kiara , Adeleye Bamiji Michael , Medayese Samuel , Chipungu Lovemore , Magidimisha-Chipungu Hangwelani Hope
Published: November 2020

The role of migration in the development of cities cannot be downplayed. Migration across the globe helps break space and place isolation. In these migrant dynamics, women and most especially foreign migrants play a vital role. Various factors account for the migration of women within Africa. This chapter identifies the dichotomy in-country experiences by African immigrant women to South Africa and therefore attempts to examine the African women migration trend into South Africa. The questions that guide the study include, What is the migration trend and the push and pull factors for women immigrant into South Africa? The questions asked are to bring about a better understanding of the state of Africa women's immigrants into South Africa.
Fostering Successful Communities of Collaboration Through Educational Partnerships
Authors: Almaguer Isela
Published: November 2020

There is an undisputable need to form collaborative partnerships between schools, families, homes, and communities across the nation. Collaborative educational partnerships are the cornerstone for student success. With increasingly diverse student populations, schools must communicate and collaborate with families and communities to bridge the wide gap that exists between home and school. With a dominant Spanish-speaking population of Mexican descent, as that of children living in the Southern tip of the Texas-Mexican border, known as The Rio Grande Valley, barriers such as low social economic status and limited English proficiency may impede much-needed communication between schools, homes, and communities. These barriers that negatively impede student success must be replaced with strong bridges that support student achievement. Recommendations are anchored in opportunities to increase academic and social partnerships among schools, families, homes, and communities. The premise for establishing educational partnerships is ultimately student achievement and success.
A Qualitative Study of Home-School Literacy Connections Between Korean ELL Families and Their Children's Early Childhood Teachers
Authors: Shin Jeeyoung , Viruru Radhika
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this research was to provide some opportunities to four Korean families of English-language learners (ELLs) and their children's teachers to share their literacy practices and resources in support of children's literacy development. Their shared support was constructed at three abstract levels: home-school relations, cultural bridges, and literacy resources. A constructivist grounded theory-based approach to data generation was employed, using a wide variety of data collection methods, such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, photography, and video recording. Grounded analysis, content analysis, and narrative analysis were performed on the data. The study found that the families and teachers did their best to support their ELL children within their own experiences and beliefs. In addition, the activity of reading a classroom storybook at home could bridge the isolation and separation between their own practices, improving synergy. Lastly, based on the findings, a home-school connections model was proposed.
Kindergarten Writing
Authors: Hood Claire
Published: November 2020

The author examined how the utilization of technology could impact students' narrative writing. A common issue that arises in the teaching of writing is students' ability to conceptualize a topic to write about. Often, students' writing is focused on school events and activities rather than reflecting their cultural wealth that take place outside of school. Drawing inspiration from Moll, Amanti, Neff, and Gonzalez's seminal study on how home visits can incorporate students' funds of knowledge into the curriculum, the author suggests student and family-provided photographs into the writing workshop could create a more reciprocal relationship with students' families.
Blurred Borders Between Good and Evil in Today's “Lesser Evil World”
Authors: Sepetci Tülin
Published: November 2020

The series of The Witcher discussed in this study stems from book series written by Andrzej Sapkowski. It started as a set of short stories in the 1980s. As short stories became very popular, full-length books were published in 1993. The most heard of The Witcher series was the digital game adaptations that was released since 2007 and lastly as TV series on Netflix in 2019. The story of The Witcher series is about a witcher named Geralt of Rivia. Geralt on the journey of evil hunting is narrated to the audience in a fantastic way. Although Geralt is an anti-hero fighting evil in the series, he himself stands on a very fine line between good and evil. This situation is noticeable not only in the main character of the series, but also in other prominent characters and reflects “the lesser evil” phenomenon throughout the series. From this point of view, The Witcher series, which conveys how the boundary between good and evil, can be transitive and relative and has been discussed through the concept of lesser evil.
Institutions and Economic Transformation in Africa
Authors: Beecroft Ibukun , Osabuohien Evans S. , Olurinola Isaiah O. , Efobi Uchenna R. , Oluwatobi Stephen
Published: November 2020

Economic transformation suggests sustainable and inclusive economic development. It includes the changes in the structures of the economy in favour of more productive sectors to ensure consistent economic progress. This has been the earnest desire of most African countries. However, achieving economic transformation will require strong institutions, among others. The channels through which institutions can influence the process of economic development using specific country analyses are still under-researched. Thus, this study examines the importance of institutions in the development and sustenance of some important sectors: finance, education, technology, industry, and trade, believed to drive economic transformation. Drawing evidence from Nigeria, the study submits that institutions have varying influence on all the selected sectors. Thus, the role of specific sectoral planning based on a strong institutional framework cannot be overemphasised in a country's quest for economic transformation.
Cycle of Poverty in Developing Countries
Authors: Aluko Opeyemi Idowu
Published: November 2020

Poverty is no longer fashionable even in the less developed countries of the world. The world has deemed poverty-ridden regions of the world as ‘anathema', forbidden, and ignoble. At the same time ways to get out of the menace are regularly strategised over a period of time. The developed countries of the world had been able to nip poverty to the bud significantly, but the developing countries still have a lot to do so as to overcome the menace. Poverty in the developing countries operates in a cycle of repetitions. This makes it difficult to curtail. How can poverty be reduced in the developing countries? This study reveals the reason while poverty has become a domestic phenomenon in developing countries and the way forward. The theory on poverty is evaluated alongside the present economic situation in Africa. The cycle of poverty, which includes the social cycle of poverty (SCP), political cycle of poverty (PCP), and the economic cycle of poverty (ECP), are examined. This study analyses the strategies to break the cycle of poverty in Africa and other developing countries.
Design of a Food Waste Management Program in Reducing Urban Food Waste
Authors: Ajayi Olubunmi Racheal , Baum Scott R. , Chu Cordia
Published: November 2020

Sustainable food systems can contribute to addressing food security, poverty alleviation, and economic growth. With 870 million people around the world being undernourished, and food shortages exacerbated by climate change, the United Nations, in 2013, made food security a priority. This study aimed to develop a food waste reduction program model to assist with designing and delivering effective responses in relevant institutions. This study conducted desktop review of literature, detailing proven practices in food waste management systems and synthesised key success factors. Three cases, from San Francisco, Taiwan, and South Korea, were chosen for further analysis because they have a proven track record of success. The study also proposes a program for designing, implementing, and evaluating future food waste management programs. The findings have identified significant policy opportunities for food waste management strategies and have provided an opportunity to develop food waste guidelines as many work towards the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal of halving global food waste.
Thematic Review of Trends in Inclusive Urban Development Studies (2000- 2020)
Authors: Medayese Samuel , Magidimisha-Chipungu Hangwelani Hope , Popoola Ayobami Abayomi , Chipungu Lovemore , Adeleye Bamiji Michael
Published: November 2020

This study followed a chronological review of literature over the past 20 years. This was able to show relationship between inclusivity and physical development. A variety of discussions were looked into including dimension of inclusivity, definition of inclusivity, scales for measurement of inclusivity, methodology for appraising inclusivity, protagonists of inclusivity, and antagonists of inclusivity. The intricacy of the correlations between inclusive physical development and life expectations of residents are improved upon so as to show the similarities of these parameters. The analysis of the relevant literature indicated the process of enhancing the urban space and ensuring that all interest and strata of groups in the human composition are adequately cared for by employing the best parameters from the conceptualization of the city development, all the indicators of inclusiveness are well thought out.
Transition of Ecosystem Services Based on Urban Agroecology
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G.
Published: November 2020

This chapter has the aim to analyze the implications of the transition of ecosystem services based on urban agro ecology. It advances on the debate over the negative effects of the traditional and industrial oriented agricultural production on the ecosystem services, food systems, climate change, etc., and analyses the principles, methods and some practices that supports the transition to urban agro ecology. The method employed is the analytical of the theoretical and empirical literature review. It concludes that a transition from traditional and industrial oriented agriculture towards more urban agro ecology is inevitable to improve the ecological and environmental services, the economic efficiency, the social equity and justice, and the environmental sustainability of cities.
Rewriting the Future Through Rhetorical Technology
Authors: Hancı-Azizoglu Eda Başak , Kavaklı Nurdan
Published: November 2020

The failure to advance our understanding of intellectual rhetoric prevents opening up new avenues for rewriting the future through rhetorical technology. Rhetorical technology is the intellectual ability to use the power of empathy for human evolution through imagination and rhetorical data analysis. It draws attention to the fact that human beings can avoid repeating the same catastrophic events that their ancestors experienced with rhetorical data analysis. Within the context of this study, rhetorical technology has indeed a magical and intellectual power, and teaching empathy through writing and world languages can offer more sophisticated worldviews for humanity to evolve. For this purpose, it is quite futuristic and technological to treat writing as a resource for guiding the next generation to rewrite the future through empathy and technology.
Digital Storytelling
Authors: Kavaklı Nurdan , Hancı-Azizoglu Eda Başak
Published: November 2020

Storytelling has been widely used as a strategy to develop language-related skills. Storytelling and learning are interwoven since composing a story is an inseparable component of the meaning-making process. Serving as a link between the act of imagination and perceiving the world, storytelling has been applied to promote effective language learning outcomes. Storytelling offers a language-based approach in literature by means of its activity-based, student-centered, and process-oriented nature, and storytelling supports students' negotiation of meaning by engaging and motivating them within the creative learning process. By this definition, the purpose of this research study is to initiate a scholarly discussion on innovative techniques in digital storytelling to support second language writing instruction along with significant strategies that employ 21st century learning skills.
Academic Knowledge Formation Through Blogs
Authors: Kaçar Işıl Günseli
Published: November 2020

Blogs are an integral component of blended learning environments in English as a second language (ESL)/English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts. Although they are used in higher education to promote language learning, their impact on EFL preservice teachers' writer identity development in academic writing is underexplored. Utilizing Hyland's metadiscourse model, this qualitative case study in the Turkish higher education context investigated EFL preservice teachers' writer identity development on blogs. The data were collected via reflective journals, semi-structured interviews and reflective essays. Triangulation and corpus-based analysis of Hyland's metadiscourse markers were used in the data analysis. The findings revealed the EFL preservice teachers' multifaceted and even contradictory academic writer identities on blogs and numerous challenges they encountered regarding their identity displays. This study highlighted a blended and corpus-based futuristic perspective on the exploration of EFL writer identities.
A Transformative Second-Language-Literacy Program for Migrant Students
Authors: Bingöl A. Selcen
Published: November 2020

Migration, as old as the history of mankind, brings together many challenges for both the migrants and the receiving country. Certainly, among the most affected ones are the children of migrants, who have to continue their educational lives in their new land. Language learning is the first challenge for these children as it is the key to integration; however, not all the countries that receive migration are experienced in handling the adaptation process of immigrants. What's more, migrant children are expected to write in a linguistically and culturally different writing system to be considered literate in their new educational settings. Since monolingual curricula fall short in today's global world, multilingual flexible curricula should be adopted and implemented to meet various needs of diverse migrant groups. This chapter will provide critical insights and suggestions for Syrian migrant children in the Turkish context by taking into account a successful educational second language literacy program called KOALA.
Strategies to Suppress Tumor Angiogenesis and Metastasis, Overcome Multi-Drug Resistance in Cancer, Target Telomerase and Apoptosis Pathways
Authors: Aleem Mohd , Sharma Deepti , Sharma Deepshikha , Dan Siddhartha , Gupta Pooja , Fakhri Khalid Umar , Rizvi M. Moshahid Alam
Published: November 2020

Cancer has been a worldwide topic in the medical field for a very long time. As angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis, controlling tumor-associated angiogenesis is a promising tactic in limiting cancer progression. In cancer patients, multidrug resistance (MDR) is most widely used phenomenon by which cancer acquired resistance to chemotherapy. This resistance to chemotherapy occurs due to the formation of insulated tumor microenvironment which remains a major hurdle in the cure of various types of cancer. The mechanisms that cause malignant growth of cells include cell cycle control, signal transduction pathways, apoptosis, telomere stability, and interaction with the extracellular matrix. This chapter focuses on current strategies to suppress tumor angiogenesis for cancer therapy, various mechanisms involved in the development of MDR in cancer cells, which in turn will help us to identify possible strategies to overcome these MDR mechanisms and a variety of procedures that involves targeting apoptotic and telomerase pathways to suppress tumor progression.
Advancements in Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Bicak Bilge , Kecel Gunduz Serda , E. Ozel Aysen
Published: November 2020

Targeted drug delivery in cancer treatment is a very convenient method for increasing the effectiveness of drugs and reducing their toxic side effects. Nano drug delivery systems have unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties. Nanoparticles, which have large surface areas and functional groups for the binding of therapeutic agents, benefit the drug distribution with nanoparticle formulations and can provide new features. They also enable personal oncology for diagnosis and treatment, which is appropriate for the personal molecular profile structures of cancer patients. The tumor-targeted active substances are attached to nanoparticles and the active substance loaded nanoparticles are targeted to the tumor area; these nanoparticles can be used with a high tendency to bind and specificity, to target tumor antigens or vessels. This chapter, besides traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy methods in the field of cancer treatment, is aimed to give information about targeted drug delivery systems for cancer cell targeting without damaging normal tissues.
Role of Stem Cells in Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Rani Madhu , Kumar Sumit , Rizvi M. Moshahid Alam
Published: November 2020

Stem cells are pluripotent cells having capacity of self-renewal and produce various types of mature cells. Cancer stem cells are known to be responsible for drug resistance and tumor relapse, yet stem cells offer multiple avenues to treat same. Stem cells have been employed for treating of blood and immune systems damaged during chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Stem cell transplantation is emerged as critical therapy in cancer treatment, yet other potential applications of stem cells in cancer treatment are largely unexplored or underutilized. Recently, stem cells reengineered express different cytotoxic agents. It has shown to cause tumor regression and enhance the animal survival in preclinical studies. Stem cell therapy can be also employed for targeted drug delivery, gene delivery, and even used as virus to target cancer cell. In recent years, research is devoted on stem cells worldwide for new and newer application. Although the field of stem cells is nascent and raises many ethical concerns, scientific responsibilities, and future challenges, scientific community are still hopeful and filled with optimism. Currently, stem cell therapy represents the beginning of the new era in cancer treatment and giving a ray of hope to clinicians and also patients who are suffering from untreatable diseases and desperately looking for new therapies. In the present chapter, the authors mainly shed light on potential applications of stem cells to treat cancer. At the end, they also discussed the factor influencing stem cell therapies and current challenges in stem cell therapy.
Cancer Stem Cells and Advanced Novel Technologies in Oncotherapy
Authors: Sakthivel Shalini , Srivastava Manjita , Barman Muneesh Kumar , Ravichandiran Nerethika , Martins Salonee , Singh Meenakshi , Chand Kailash , Sonkar Subash C. , Bhukya Prudhvilal
Published: November 2020

Self-renewal is the most important property of stem cells. Parallel to this, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have an indefinite proliferative ability that drives tumorigenesis. The conventional treatment of cancer includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, which decreases the tumour size. Contrary, targeted therapy against CSCs initially does not shrink the tumour but ultimately causes tumour degeneration. Nanobiotechnology, RNA interference, microRNA are emerging fields with a vital role in targeted therapy against CSCs. The non-protein encoding microRNAs has a major role in cancer treatment since they regulate gene expression during post-transcription. RNAi technology can silence the gene of interest with potency and specificity inhibiting tumour growth. In nanoparticles-based RNA interference, nanocarriers protect RNAi molecules from immune recognition and enzymatic degradation. The cancer cell gene expression profiling using next-generation sequencing helps in understanding the underlying cancer cell mechanisms. The current chapter deals with novel concepts in the treatment of cancer.
Phytopharmaceuticals in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Fakhri Khalid Umar , Alotaibi Bader Saud , Kumar Sumit , Kumar Umesh , Sonkar Subash C. , Mathur Ankit , Kazim Zakia , Perwez Ahmad , Yasin Durdana , Zeya Bushra , Ahmad Farhan Jalees , Rizvi M. Moshahid Alam
Published: November 2020

Several modern treatment procedures have been received to battle malignancy with the point of limiting lethality. Phytopharmaceuticals are auxiliary metabolites of plant origin which exclusively contain one or more substances as active ingredients or might be a blend of them. Analysts have excitedly attempted to diminish the lethality of current chemotherapeutic agents either by consolidating them with herbals or in utilizing herbals alone. Synergy is a procedure where a few substances participate to reach a consolidated impact that is more prominent than the entirety of their different impacts. It may be viewed as a characteristic straight technique that has developed ordinarily by nature to acquire more efficacies at a low cost. This chapter aims to present the fundamental mechanism of the activity of phytochemicals in combination therapy. This chapter additionally features the remarkable synergistic impacts of plant-drug cooperation with an emphasis on anticancer strategies.
Obstructions in Nanoparticles Conveyance, Nano-Drug Retention, and EPR Effect in Cancer Therapies
Authors: Fakhri Khalid Umar , Sultan Armiya , Mushtaque Md , Hasan Mohammad Raghibul , Nafees Sana , Hafeez Zubair Bin , Zafaryab Md , Rizwanullah Md , Sharma Deepti , Bano Farhad , AlMalki Waleed Hassan , Ahmad Farhan Jalees , Rizvi M. Moshahid Alam
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, the authors first review nano-devices that are mixtures of biologic molecules and synthetic polymers like nano-shells and nano-particles for the most encouraging applications for different cancer therapies. Nano-sized medications additionally spill especially into tumor tissue through penetrable tumor vessels and are then held in the tumor bed because of diminished lymphatic drainage. This procedure is known as the enhanced penetrability and retention (EPR) impact. Nonetheless, while the EPR impact is generally held to improve conveyance of nano-medications to tumors, it in certainty offers not exactly a 2-overlay increment in nano-drug conveyance contrasted with basic ordinary organs, bringing about medication concentration that is not adequate for restoring most malignant growths. In this chapter, the authors likewise review different obstructions for nano-sized medication conveyance and to make the conveyance of nano-sized medications to tumors progressively successful by expanding on the EPR impact..
Evolution of the Health Record as a Communication Tool to Support Patient Safety
Authors: Kemp Trixie Elizabeth , Butler-Henderson Kerryn , Allen Penny , Ayton Jennifer
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides a brief history of health records development through the ages, from ancient Mesopotamian clay tablets through to today's electronic health record. An understanding of where we have come from informs future direction and enhances knowledge. While the content and method has evolved, the need to document health information has been consistent for over 4000 years. The central premise has always been to support quality health care through quality information. This chapter will explore the link between health records and patient safety.