bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetics and the Literary Imagination
Authors: Hanson Clare
Published: June 2020

This book explores the impact of genetic and postgenomic science on British literary fiction over the last four decades, focusing on the challenge posed to novelists by gene-centric neo-Darwinism and examining the recent rapprochement between postgenomic perspectives and literary understandings of human nature. It assesses the rise to cultural prominence of neo-Darwinism in the form of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, thought styles which were predicated on scientific reductionism and genetic determinism. It explores the ways in which the fiction of Doris Lessing, A.S. Byatt, and Ian McEwan critiques neo-Darwinism but also registers the extent to which these writers are persuaded by the neo-Darwinian view of human behaviour as driven by genetic self-interest. It goes on to consider the ‘new biology’ that emerged around the turn of the millennium, as gene-centrism was displaced by a more dynamic and holistic view of the development and function of living organisms. It reads the work of Eva Hoffman, Kazuo Ishiguro, Margaret Drabble, and Jackie Kay as converging with this shift in which the organism is reconfigured as agentic and self-organizing but caught up in complex co-dependencies with other organisms. The archetypal postgenomic science of epigenetics is crucial in facilitating this change, disclosing the ways in which the genome is constantly modified in response to environmental cues and sponsoring a view of identity in terms of plasticity and mutability, a view more congenial to many writers than the concept of genetic predetermination.
Ian McEwan
Authors: Hanson Clare
Published: June 2020

Chapter 3 considers Ian McEwan’s engagement with neo-Darwinism in its manifestation as evolutionary psychology. From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, human behaviour is driven by genetic self-interest and society is structured around competition, while our tendency to self-deception disguises our motives from ourselves and others. This bleak view of human nature, which was promoted in the 1990s by influential figures such as Daniel Dennett and Steven Pinker, informs the characterization and plot of McEwan’s major novels (Enduring Love, Atonement, and Saturday). It also inflects the movement known as literary Darwinism, with which McEwan was closely associated. Having charted McEwan’s tight connections with neo-Darwinism, the chapter concludes with a reading of his recent novel Nutshell (2016) as a witty subversion of the neo-Darwinian orthodoxies which shaped his earlier work
Surveillance and the Purge
Authors: Mahoney Ewing
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the so-called civil service ‘purge procedure’ announced in 1948. The purge procedure is important because it both empowered and potentially contained MI5. It empowered MI5 not only in the sense that it required the collection and use of information about Communist Party members and sympathizers, but also in the sense that it enabled MI5 to make the assessments about who was to work and who was not, and to work where and in what circumstances. However, it potentially constrained MI5 in the sense that these assessments would now be the subject of scrutiny, albeit to a body of officials appointed by the government who would not pass any judicial test of independence. Nevertheless, by the appointment of the Three Advisers to scrutinize its operation, the Attlee government introduced what was to be MI5’s only direct accountability until 1985.
The Crusader States and their Neighbours
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: June 2020

The Crusader States and their Neighbours explores the military history of the medieval Near East, piecing together the fault-lines of conflict which entangled this much-contested region. This was an area where ethnic, religious, dynastic, and commercial interests collided and the causes of war could be numerous. Conflicts persisted for decades and were fought out between many groups including Kurds, Turks, Armenians, Arabs, and the Crusaders themselves. This book recreates this world exploring how each faction sought to advance its own interests by any means possible, adapting its war craft to better respond to the threats posed by their rivals. Strategies and tactics employed by the pastoral societies of the Central Asian Steppe were pitted against the armies of the agricultural societies of Western Christendom, Byzantium, and the Islamic World, galvanizing commanders to adapt their practices in response to their foes. Today, we are generally encouraged to think of this era as a time of religious conflict and yet this vastly over-simplifies a complex region where violence could take place for many reasons and peoples of different faiths could easily find themselves fighting side-by-side.
Friends and Foes (1099–1129)
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: June 2020

Chapter 2 Friends and Foes discusses the Crusader States’ closest neighbours in the early years of the twelfth century. On their southern borders the Franks confronted the Egyptian Fatimid Empire and it will be shown here how the the Franks managed to overcome the many attacks launched against them by Fatimid commanders. On their eastern borders, the Franks faced the Turkish city-states of Damascus and Aleppo. This chapter shows how the Turks were never able to unite against the Franks due both to their continued infighting and to the many other threats to their rule. This was an era where the complete collapse of Turkish authority across Syria was a very real possibility, driven by Frankish attacks as well as by many local rebellions. In this environment, mere survival was often the goal steering these Turkish leaders’ policies and it was frequently in their interests to manage the threat posed by the Crusader States by diplomatic means rather than seeking to drive them out of the Near East altogether. Further North, in the wake of the First Crusade, the Armenian lords of Cilicia and Southern Anatolia seized the opportunity to drive back Turkish authority, but they then had to negotiate new relationships for themselves with the Crusader States. These included moments of both conflict and rivalry as well as and friendship and accord. The early history of their interactions is examined in detail.
Aleppo and Damascus (1117–29)
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: June 2020

Chapter 3 Aleppo and Damascus discusses the military high point in the Crusader States’ territorial expansion, a period when they aspired to conquer the major cities of Aleppo and Damascus. On several occasions they came close to achieving this goal but success continually eluded them. This chapter recreates the conflicts fought over these major cities and seeks to provide an explanation for the Franks’ continued failure, particularly given their successes in previous years. Attention is drawn to the sheer scale of the challenge involved in seizing either of these large, fortified metropolises and particular emphasis is placed on the perspective of the local populations towards the enemies who advanced upon their gates.
Saladin and the Battle of Hattin
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: June 2020

Chapter 6 Saladin and the Battle of Hattin focuses on the years preceding the collapse of the kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187. It begins by discussing the rising power of the Kurdish ruler Saladin within the Turkish ruled lands of his former master Nur al-Din and in particular the nature of Kurdish/Turkish relations in previous decades. Close attention is then given to the period 1174–87 when the kingdom of Jerusalem frequently came into conflict with Saladin’s armies. Within this discussion, revisions are suggested for several key scholarly orthodoxies. The military abilities of the Frankish commander—later king—Guy of Lusignan are re-evaluated. To date he has often been considered an incompetent fool, but this conviction is reassessed. Likewise, the crucial battle of Hattin—and the decisions taken by Guy in this vital encounter—are reconsidered in the light of new evidence. Thematic discussion is offered here on Frankish and Turkish approaches to fighting major battles; so too is the role of castles in their strategies. There is also a broad discussion on the causes of war in the Near East throughout this period.
Innovation and Cross-cultural Exchange in the Evolution of Near Eastern Warfare
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: June 2020

Chapter 7 Innovation and Cross-cultural Exchange in the Evolution of Near Eastern Warfare considers the armies raised by the Near East’s Frankish and Turkish commanders. It examines the troops under their command—their strengths and weaknesses—as well as the tactics employed by both groups. Particular attention is given to some of the most common features of Turkish and Frankish battlefield stratagems, in particular: the Frankish cavalry charge and ‘fighting marches’ as well as the Turks’ use of feigned flight tactics. A key theme considered throughout this chapter is the question of ‘innovation’ and ‘adaptation’—how far were generals in this period willing (or able) to amend their warcraft so as to better combat their foes?
Murder in Mesopotamia
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: June 2020

Chapter 6 examines the diffusion of ancient Near Eastern history and its archaeological discovery to popular culture. It focuses on the archaeological murder mysteries of Agatha Christie, one of Britain’s top-selling writers and a popular modernist. An amateur archaeologist, Christie took an active part in excavations in Iraq and Syria for nearly three decades, working with her husband, archaeologist Max Edgar Lucien Mallowan. The chapter considers her domestication of the remote past and role as a mediator between archaeology and Mesopotamian antiquity, and a broad and mainly middle-class readership of her “whodunnits”. It draws on her seven imperial archaeological novels set in the Near East, especially in mandate territories, particularly Murder in Mesopotamia, An Appointment with Death, espionage thriller They Came to Baghdad, and archaeological autobiography Come Tell Me How You Live, as well as on other autobiographical and archival material. The chapter demonstrates Christie’s comparison between archaeology and detective work, the archaeologist and the sleuth, and between deciphering a murder and the interpretation of clues to the past. The chapter considers the impact of archaeological imagery and practices on the classical detective story whose heyday coincided with that of the new culture of antiquity, examining Christie’s adaptation of the overarching image of the Tell, or man-made mound, built of layers of human habitation and destruction, as the unifying image in her writing. At the same time as domesticating antiquity, Christie related it to modern technologies of transport and industrialization.
“Nefertiti Lived Here”
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: June 2020

Chapter 9 anchors the history of the rediscovery of ancient Egypt in the archaeological site of Tell el-Amarna (Tall al-ʿAmarnah), Pharaonic Akhetaten, the city of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), abandoned after his death, together with his religion and cult of the Sun Disc. Excavated before the First World War by German Egyptologists, Amarna was reclaimed by British Egyptological institutions after it. It had a special hold on the archaeological imagination, on visual culture, as well as on the contemporary political imagination. Amarna and its ruler were associated with modernity in discussions on topics ranging from urban and suburban planning and living, through the modern family, to anti-war politics. Amarna’s ephemeral existence was interpreted as a failure of a utopia and as an imperial crisis at the heyday of Egypt’s 18th Dynasty, analogous to the imperial crisis of the 1930s and to issues of Britain’s imperial defence. The chapter, which focuses on the excavations under the directorship of J. D. L. Pendlebury, follows representations of Amarna in popular and professional publications, as well as the material history of the findings and their circulation which reflected the economics of Egyptology. The chapter traces the exchange of Amarna objects for financial support, by museums in the USA (mainly the Brooklyn Museum) and in Belgium. The materiality and mobility of Amarna objects are connected to their value and uses, and their emotional value for collectors and archaeologists. The chapter also offers a history of the feelings towards ancient Egypt, demonstrated in the writing of archaeological workers like Mary Chubb.
The Besieger Alone
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

During the immediate years after the defeat at the battle of Ipsus, Demetrius continued to rebuild his fortunes by raiding Lysimachus’ territories in the Thracian Chersonese, making use of his powerful navy, which proved to be a considerable advantage. A series of political marriage alliances among the other Successors and their families prompted a quick shuffling of relationships and loyalties. The marriage of Seleucus and Demetrius’ daughter Stratonice gave Demetrius the leverage and power he needed in order to embark upon even more ambitious projects. This marriage was extremely unusual in that Stratonice was later divorced and remarried to her stepson Antiochus I, a famous arrangement brokered by Seleucus himself.
Demetrius the Living God
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses Demetrius Poliorcetes’ activities in the years after he had taken the throne of Macedonia, and offers insight into his ambitions and plans. One unusual event that was of critical importance was a visit to Athens during this period. On this occasion, Demetrius was hailed as a living god by the people of Athens, and he was awarded religious honours, and divine status with the ithyphallic hymn, including the attribution of divine parentage by naming Demetrius the son of Poseidon and Aphrodite. The hymn also encouraged Demetrius to take action against the Aetolians, and this in turn offers some insight into the political relationship between Demetrius and Athens during these years.
A New Anabasis?
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

Demetrius Poliorcetes returned from Athens to Macedonia, where at last he prepared a campaign that aimed at recovering the former Macedonian Empire. It is clear from the evidence that Demetrius was preparing for an ambitious campaign on a grand scale. However, during these preparations he was also forced to deal with his tenuous hold over his current possessions, especially the attitudes of the dissatisfied Macedonian citizens who were not entirely supportive of Demetrius’ grandiose plans. This chapter contains a discussion of the numismatic evidence, which illuminates both the extensive nature of these plans and changes in political strategy during these years.
The Final Campaign
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

During what was to be Demetrius’ final campaign, he initially enjoyed some success with his attacks on Lysimachus’ territories. This chapter follows Demetrius’ progress, and also offers insight into the politics and manoeuvring of the other Successors. Another important event occurred during this time as Demetrius also married the daughter Ptolemais, the daughter of Ptolemy (and his own niece). She became the mother of one of Demetrius’ children, Demetrius the Fair. Matters began to unravel as Agathocles moved to counteract Demetrius’ grab for territory. Lack of supplies, disease, and famine had an enormous impact on the army and caused morale and loyalty to plummet. Demetrius faced multiple desertions and found himself in an increasingly dire position.
Conclusion
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

The book concludes with reflections on the legacy of Demetrius the Besieger and the unique nature of Hellenistic kingship that he established and exemplified. A summary is provided of the final events of the so-called Diadoch era leading up to the deaths of Lysimachus in the battle of Corupedium in 281 BC, and Seleucus shortly after at the hands of Ptolemy Ceraunus. Demetrius’ standing among his rival Successors and his status as a fitting heir to the ambitions of Alexander the Great are examined. His reputation bestrode the first forty years of the Hellenistic age, and his deeds were pivotal in its formation. Whether he should be remembered in a negative, or in a positive light, his impact cannot be denied.
Sidewalk Plants as a Model for Studying Adaptation to Urban Environments
Authors: Cheptou Pierre Olivier , Lambrecht Susan C.
Published: June 2020

As a widespread, human-altered habitat, the urban environment represents a potentially interesting model for evolutionary ecologists to study contemporary adaptation to global change. In cities, plants are often relegated to small, isolated patches of soil among a concrete matrix, which establishes a highly fragmented habitat. Small patches around planted trees on pavements (sidewalks) are colonized by wild plants and exemplify a typical, fragmented urban habitat. These patches also represent a geometrical and regular habitat for studying plant adaptation to fragmentation. Based on a 10-year research programme in Mediterranean France (Montpellier), the chapter discusses how an annual weed, Crepis sancta (hawksbeard, Asteraceae), has adapted to urban patches. While the most obvious traits expected to respond to fragmentation are seed dispersal traits, the authors present results showing how urban patches have actually selected for a battery of life-history and ecophysiological traits. The striking result is that adaptation is rapid in urban environments and can be detected in fewer than fifteen generations. The authors’ studies reveal that, beyond the focal sidewalk patchy populations, adaptations to urban environments may be diverse as a result of the variety of habitats within cities. They discuss how adaptation to urban fragmentation can be characterized and how the comparison between rural and urban populations provides a powerful method to study how plants adapt to various facets of global change. Overall, urban environments have proved to be an opportune and relevant ecological model for studying contemporary adaptation.
Introduction
Authors: Allon Niv
Published: June 2020

The introduction sets up the historical background and the methodological foundations of the book. It first describes the Eighteenth Dynasty in broad strokes and locates Haremhab, the main figure in this book, within this timeframe. Following the historical discussion, the introduction touches upon three main issues at the heart of the book’s methodology: literacy, self-representation, and group formation. Engaging with issues raised by scholars of New Literacy Studies, the book focuses on the social contexts in which literacy practices are used. Building on the works of Stephen Greenblatt and Bruno Latour, the chapter then begins to ask questions regarding the relationships between art, patron, and society.
Epilogue
Authors: Allon Niv
Published: June 2020

The epilogue returns to some of the main themes discussed in this book through the analysis of a passage found on a stela from Haremhab’s tomb. In the inscription, Haremhab shows exceptional interest in languages when he praises the god Thoth as the creator of all languages. Haremhab’s interest is rare but not unique, and this example is used to reflect upon one of the main issues raised throughout the book—whether we can ascribe agency and exceptionality to past figures when our knowledge is fragmentary at best. Through this rare reference, the epilogue touches upon the relationships between patrons, objects, concepts—and our modern perceptions of them.
Bridging Disconnected Seas
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter is a review of how the challenges to the interchange between the Mediterranean and Red Seas were met during Antiquity. Over the centuries, the need to overcome the logistical problems posed by navigating the Red Sea, crossing the desert, and sailing the Nile in order to link the Mediterranean and Red Seas resulted in a series of different strategies for each stage of the journey. The fact that each combination could be deemed more suitable to a particular kind of business explains why, over time, one was chosen over another or why several were practised simultaneously. When the texts of the Muziris papyrus were written, Roman trade in the Indian Ocean was evolving from its Early Imperial forms to those of Late Antiquity. As in all transitional periods, there was a mix of old and new, of past and future. The past forms are attested by the Muziris papyrus itself, which still envisages a commercial enterprise involving a direct sea route to Muziris and a connection to the Mediterranean that comprises a limited Red Sea sailing, a desert crossing to Coptos, and a voyage down the Nile to Alexandria. The future forms were heralded by the opening of Trajan’s Canal.
Supporting Sources
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies literary sources that are critical for understanding the extant parts of the Muziris papyrus texts and for reconstructing those parts that are lost. Written several generations before the Muziris papyrus, some passages from Strabo, Pliny, and Periplus give precious information on what were probably consistent features of the South India trade during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire. These features include the items traded, the size of the vessels, the sailing timetables, and the structure of the customs duties. The chapter also considers Ptolemy’s Geography, which was written at a time close to that of the papyrus. Despite the poor placement of South India on its world map, its relevant paragraphs are important, as they provide a more or less contemporaneous perspective of the region’s political landscape.
Loan and Logistics
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the loans that were carried across the sea, but not at the creditor’s risk, and the loans that were carried only in part or not carried at all across the sea. The loan of the Muziris papyrus was not used to buy commodities either in Egypt or in India. It was secured to pay transport costs in Egypt—across the Eastern Desert, and along the Nile—on both the outward and the return journeys. Therefore, it was only in part exposed to the dangers of the sea. In other words, it was only in part a maritime loan. Most of the money was delivered on shore, when the Indian commodities were safe. Moreover, the transfer of a pepper carrier cargo from the Red Sea to Alexandria required special resources and infrastructures, which the imperial administration guaranteed at a certain cost.
Contrasts
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines three pertinent comparisons arising from the reconstruction of the Hermapollon’s cargo. The first concerns the size of the ships involved in the pepper trade and its relationship to both the region from which the spice was exported and the sea route by which it was transported. The pepper trade can take different forms, and the pattern detailed by the Muziris papyrus proves to be unique in the long history of the South Indian pepper trade. The second comparison concerns the Periplus’ list of the commodities available in the Limyrike emporia and the Hermapollon’s cargo as itemized in the verso of the Muziris papyrus. Finally, the third comparison concerns the size of the elephant tusks. When compared with the average weight of some sixteenth-century East African cargoes, the average weight of the tusks carried by the Hermapollon reveals the overall fine quality of the batch and, ultimately, the distinctiveness of the human–elephant relationship in India compared to East Africa.
Maris Rubri Vectigal
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the Red Sea tax. The double (import to and export from Egypt) customs duties on Indian commodities referred to by Strabo and the ‘Red Sea tax’ (maris Rubri vectigal) mentioned by Pliny were one and the same. The Muziris papyrus texts provide crucial details regarding how and when these customs duties were assessed and paid. Theoretically, the customs duties on Indian commodities could be paid either in money or in kind, as the taxpayer wished. However, while some evidence suggests that payments in kind were sometimes chosen in Late Antiquity, the texts of the Muziris papyrus show that the merchant of the Hermapollon paid his dues in money, and that in the mid-second century AD, payment in money was the preferred option.
Introduction
Authors: Wolfe Sam , Woods Rebecca
Published: June 2020

This introductory chapter sets the scene for the volume by outlining classic accounts of the Verb Second (V2) property and its correlates, focusing in particular on the seminal studies of the 1970s and 1980s which were centered on modern Germanic data. It then moves on to consider new avenues for research and empirical, theoretical, and methodological challenges to V2-related theorizing. The discussion focuses in particular on the advent of cartography, the status of the initial phrase in V2 clauses and the interaction of V2 with semantics and pragmatics. In the final section the chapters of the volume are introduced and set in their broader theoretical context.
On the bottleneck hypothesis of Verb Second in Swedish
Authors: Holmberg Anders
Published: June 2020

According to the bottleneck hypothesis V2 order is the effect of (a) a feature which attracts the finite verb or auxiliary to Fin, and (b) an EPP-feature which requires a maximal constituent to merge with FinP. There is a strong and a weak version of the bottleneck hypothesis. According to the strong version, the EPP of Fin can only be checked by movement, i.e. internal merge of a constituent with FinP. According to the weak version external merge of a constituent with FinP will do. The strong version cannot be strictly upheld: it can be violated by as-for phrases and adjunct clauses, but the weak version can be. All adverbs and particles in the C-domain that check V2 can alternatively be realized within IP, while no adverbs and particles in the C-domain that do not check V2 can be, which is consistent with the strong bottleneck hypothesis, if the V2-checking adverbs and particles all move initially to spec of Fin. The analysis of the pronoun in copy-dislocation and the particle så as heads in the high C-domain, following Eide (2011), is an important component of the theory articulated.
Varieties of dependent Verb Second and verbal mood
Authors: Gärtner Hans-Martin , Eyþórsson Þórhallur
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies varieties of “dependent V2” with “broad” (bDV2) and “narrow” (nDV2) distribution—that is, “generalized” and “limited embedded V2”— arising within Icelandic. This pattern is taken to correlate with construals of verbal mood as “dominant” in the former case and “non-dominant” in the latter case, where dominance of verbal mood allows the disregarding of the illocutionary impact of V2. It further shows that the variation fits into a model of historical stages with earlier variants “recruiting” verbal mood for clause combining and drift in later stages towards “autonomous” mood, that is, towards a mood system with enhanced semantico-pragmatic transparency.
Object pronoun fronting and the nature of Verb Second in early English
Authors: Haeberli Eric , Pintzuk Susan , Taylor Ann
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the nature of the V2 syntax of early English, with an empirical focus on Object Pronoun Fronting. It is claimed that early English, which exhibits both V2 and V3 orders, is similar to a true V2 language like German with respect to XP-fronting: both require one EPP-feature in the CP-domain; and if the presence of an EPP-feature is not motivated by an active interpretive feature, an EPP-feature is inserted and gives rise to Formal Movement (FM). What distinguishes early English from true V2 languages is that in the latter, there cannot be more than one EPP-feature, while in early English, there can be more than one. This difference in the number of EPP-features is related to a difference in verb placement within the CP-domain. Finally, some consequences of this analysis for the diachronic developments in the Middle English period are explored.
Verb Second and the Left Edge Filling Trigger
Authors: Jouitteau Mélanie
Published: June 2020

This chapter is an inquiry into the subcomponent of the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) that is relevant for second position phenomena: the Left Edge Filling Trigger (LEFT). LEFT basically amounts to a classical morphological obligatory exponence effect, except that it is instantiated at the sentence level. It cross-linguistically operates in a post-syntactic realizational morphological module. It is shown that LEFT is an active rule of Universal Grammar, providing empirical arguments from Breton, a Celtic VSO language showing an extra conspicuous V2 requirement. A radical reanalysis of language word order typology is proposed. Classic V2 languages are conspicuously V2. SVO is a subtype. So-called V1 languages are either predicate-fronting languages (Tense second), or inconspicuously V2. A cross-linguistic typology of LEFT effects is presented, with great attention paid to inconspicuous satisfiers, among them null expletives, for which evidence is presented. The chapter argues accordingly for a drastic extension of the typology of expletives.
Embedded Verb Second in the history of German
Authors: Petrova Svetlana
Published: June 2020

This chapter is a corpus study investigating the presence and the distribution of asyndetic (complementizerless) V2 complement clauses in Old High German. In modern German, such clauses represent well-known semantically restricted variants of canonical that-complements, but their existence in the earliest attestation is disputed. The present investigation argues that there is evidence for verb movement to C in asyndetic complement clauses in Old High German, and that the typology of V2-embedding predicates is stable over time. At the same time, it is shown that some additional conditions that limit the availability of V2 in the complements of individual classes of matrix predicates obviously emerge only after the Old High German period.
Verb Second and Verb Third in Modern Eastern Armenian
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Haroutyunian Sona
Published: June 2020

Modern Eastern Armenian is a SOV language. In some sentences, the inflected verb can also occupy the second position, according to the well-known V2 typology. In these cases, the interpretation of the phrase preceding the verb is obligatorily a focused one. The V2 word order is found both with corrective/contrastive focus and information focus, for instance in question-answering contexts. V3, V4, etc. orders are also possible, provided that the phrases preceding the focused one are base-generated in the left periphery of the clause. This chapter also briefly discusses the properties of long-distance focus and the interaction of focus with indefinites.
The scope of embedded Verb Second in modern Yiddish
Authors: Diesing Molly , Santorini Beatrice
Published: June 2020

Embedded Verb Second (V2) clauses have been analysed as embedded main clauses or in terms of selection. This chapter presents data from both corpora and native speaker judgements showing that Verb Second order in embedded clauses in Yiddish goes well beyond what can be explained by either of the above approaches, with V2 possible and attested in interrogatives as well as declaratives. Adjunction of adverbials to V2 clauses is possible as well, yielding orders with the finite verb in third position (V3). But V3 resulting from lack of verb movement, as is seen in Mainland Scandinavian and (optionally) in Icelandic, is not found.
Verb Second in Wymysorys
Authors: Andrason Alexander
Published: June 2020

Wymysorys is a minority language spoken in the town of Wilamowice in southern Poland. Even though Wymysorys is classified as a West-Germanic language, its phonetics, lexicon, and core grammar—morphology or syntax—exhibit various Slavonic characteristics. This chapter discusses phenomena related to V2 word order in Wymysorys. It is argued that Wymysorys enables its speakers to operate between two word order systems that represent two forces driving the grammar of this language: Germanic and Slavonic. The Germanic system is relatively rigid and allows for the V2 order to exist in its canonical form. The Slavonic system, in contrast, is relatively free, albeit less so than in canonical free-word-order languages. In that system, which has probably emerged due to contact with Polish, the V2 rule does not operate. Wymysorys speakers may draw on the Germanic and Slavonic systems, mixing them by increasing or decreasing the features that are characteristic of one of the two.
EU Financial Crisis Management and Containment
Authors: Singh Dalvinder
Published: June 2020

This concluding chapter explores the decentralized and centralized mechanisms to support financial crisis management. The decentralized mechanisms reside at the national level. Meanwhile, the centralized mechanisms reside at the Eurozone level for participating and Eurozone Member States. The chapter first addresses the role of national powers to provide assistance through recapitalization initiatives and/or liquidity assistance. It then examines the formal centralized mechanisms to fund resolution as well as the proposal for the European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS). The EDIS is critical to the success of the Banking Union, especially if liquidation is the option of first resort. Indeed, the EDIS and the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) are considered as principal measures to address home and host dilemmas. The funding of these initiatives through private means is an important contributing factor. It is an important step to minimize moral hazard risks through levies calibrated according to bank risk.
The Margin of Appreciation
Authors: Zglinski Jan
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the application of the margin of appreciation in free movement cases. It identifies the doctrine’s legal scope and investigates the scenarios in which the European Court of Justice defers to national authorities. A statistical analysis suggests that there is a significant gap between theory and practice, with only a small number of factors influencing the way in which the margin of appreciation is used. The results show how much regulatory autonomy Member States retain in free movement law. They also expose which concerns the Court prioritizes in its jurisprudence and which decisions it feels safe, or forced, to delegate to domestic institutions.
Conclusion
Authors: Zglinski Jan
Published: June 2020

This chapter summarizes the findings of the book and concludes. It explains the implications of deference for free movement law, the internal market, and Member State autonomy as well as for our understanding of judicial behaviour in the EU. The Court of Justice’s growing restraint in parts of its case law will set free capacities for greater activity in others, which may lead to a change of priorities within free movement law but also prompt a shift in attention towards other fields. Although the book identifies long-term developments in free movement adjudication, it, ultimately, remains a snapshot: the internal market is a dynamic process which will continue to evolve.
Brexit and the Challenges of a ‘Post-Sovereign’ Legal Landscape
Authors: Scott Sionaidh Douglas
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores issues of law and governance at state level, and at levels above and below the state. It focuses on the European Union as a striking example of supranational law, as well as on the issue of sovereignty in a post-Brexit world. It argues that neither a retreat into a nostalgic Brexiter vision of sovereignty, nor the EU’s ‘new legal order’ can provide conclusive sovereignty and constitutional arrangements, because both systems are ‘unsettled’ (Neil Walker’s term). Neither law, constitutional theory, nor legal theory has settled the issue of sovereignty. EU law overlaps and intermingles with national law. The United Kingdom will lack constitutional stability, whether it remains in the European Union or not.
The Rational Mind
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: June 2020

The book develops a unified approach to the rationality and metaphysics of belief and of confidence. As such it lies at the intersection of epistemology and the philosophy of mind. The primary aim of the work is to develop a graceful unified picture of the rational mind. The secondary aim is to show how formal and informal work on rational belief and confidence have a lot to learn from one another. The book explains everything used in its picture of the rational mind from scratch. It should thus be of use to everyone from advanced undergraduate to advanced researcher.
The Bayesian Transition Theory
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: June 2020

Chapter 4 discusses the Bayesian transition theory. The distinction is drawn between dynamics and kinematics, and it’s argued that the theory of rational inference belongs to the former rather than the latter. It’s shown that Jeffrey’s rule is thus not a rule of rational inference. Credence lent to a conditional is explained and compared to conditional credence. Two problems for Bayesian kinematics then come into focus: conditional credence is never changing in the model, nor is it ever the contact-point of rational shift-in-view. A natural conception of conditional commitment is then put forward and used to solve both these problems. Along the way it’s argued that modus-ponens-style arguments do not function in thought as logical syllogisms, since modus-ponens-style arguments specify obligatory paths forward in thought.
Puzzling about Epistemic Attitudes
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: June 2020

Chapter 8 discusses the relation between coarse- and fine-grained attitudes. It begins with two questions: how do elements in a given attitudinal space relate to one another? and how do elements across attitudinal spaces do so? The chapter argues that coarse- and fine-grained attitudes are sui generis operators within their own spheres of influence. A familiar contradiction is generated by placing natural-looking norms for belief and credence together with a plausible story about how the attitudes fit together. A space of reactions is laid out and its eliminativist elements are rejected. Two options are then discussed: belief-first epistemology says that belief is fundamental, and confidence-first epistemology says that confidence is fundamental. Matching psychologies for these pictures are discussed.
The Swinging Pendulum of Cultural Heritage Crimes in International Criminal Law
Authors: Carstens Anne-Marie
Published: June 2020

Contemporary prosecutions in international criminal tribunals have exposed a long-standing debate over the role of cultural heritage-based crimes in international criminal law. This chapter presents an historical analysis that reveals that the pendulum has swung back and forth with regard to support for including offenses that expressly refer to the destruction or seizure of artistic, historic, and scientific property and of ‘historic monuments’. While cultural heritage destruction was proposed as an offense after the First World War, a pervasive reluctance to include it largely prevailed from the postwar Nuremberg trials until the late 1980s. This chapter attributes this reluctance in part to coinciding developments in cultural property protection that were occurring outside international criminal law, such as the 1954 Hague Convention and the early drafts of the 1948 Genocide Convention. Before the end of the century, though, the pendulum swung back in favor of including the deliberate and unnecessary destruction of certain cultural heritage as a discrete and separate war crime. Both ad hoc international criminal codes and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court reflect lasting recognition of the role that cultural heritage destruction can play in the larger narrative of oppressing, persecuting, and even eradicating targeted collective groups.
The International Court of Justice and Cultural HeritageInternational Cultural Heritage Law Through the Lens of World Court Jurisprudence?
Authors: Gagliani Gabriele
Published: June 2020

The International Court of Justice, and its predecessor court, the Permanent Court of International Justice, have dealt with cultural heritage issues in a number of cases extending back over a century. Scholars’ attention to this case law appears fragmentary. This chapter intends to fill this gap and analyze the ICJ jurisprudence involving cultural heritage. Through the analysis of ICJ case law on cultural heritage and cultural heritage-related arguments resorted to by States in ICJ disputes, this chapter wishes to prove the relevance of cultural heritage issues for public international law and the key, often-underestimated role of the ICJ for international law on cultural heritage.
The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and Its Principles Relating to the Recovery and Disposition of Material from Shipwrecks
Authors: Dromgoole Sarah
Published: June 2020

The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is designed to regulate activities directed at heritage assets located in the marine environment. Basic principles and objectives are enunciated in the main text of the treaty and ‘Rules’ setting out internationally accepted archaeological standards are enshrined in the treaty’s Annex. Section I of this chapter summarizes the background to the Convention and its material scope of application before going on to outline its provisions with respect to the recovery and disposition of heritage assets that fall within its scope. Section II draws attention to certain problems that may arise when these provisions are applied to the most prevalent form of underwater cultural heritage: shipwrecks. In the concluding section, some explanation is given for why these issues are not properly catered for by the Convention and some consideration given to their potential impact in the future.
The Non-existence of Ontological Foundations
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2020

If both the external and the internal world turn out to be less solid than we initially thought, one thing we can still hold on to is the certainty that something is real, even if the external world is not, and even if we and our internal world are not. This, of course, is the belief in the existence of an ultimate foundation that grounds all existence. This chapter considers a series of challenges to this idea. It begins by evaluating possible arguments for the existence of such a foundation, and then describes attempts to establish its opposite, a non-foundational view of reality, also considering what role this non-foundational view plays in particular sciences, such as mathematics, physics, and cognitive science.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Ausloos Jef
Published: June 2020

The last chapter of this book summarises the main points of all individual chapters. As such, it tries to frame a more comprehensive answer to the central question throughout the book: i.e. does the right to erasure meaningfully contribute to safeguarding the fundamental right to data protection in the face of online power asymmetries? In traditional lawyer-fashion, the answer is 'yes... but', with the 'but' referring to several potential hurdles that might obstruct an effective exercise of the right to erasure. Importantly, data subject rights can be powerful tools not just to safeguard the fundamental right to data protection, but many other Charter provisions as well. The chapter concludes that the right to data protection not only implies the freedom to proactively control one's personal data, but also safeguards that freedom from being effectively usurped (e.g. by commercial, technological or bureaucratic forces). The GDPR contributes to this aim both by concrete empowerment tools, as well as by turning the processing of personal data into a liability.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Tom
Published: June 2020

Introducing the main concerns of the book, this chapter begins with a discussion of the critical language that can be employed to capture Apollonius’ concern with the status of objects, characters, and language in time. A series of case studies follow: the first demonstrates that descriptions of performances within the world of the poem are a means of generating a sense of ‘folded’ time, while the second describes the demands that the Argonautica’s poetics make on readers’ ethical commitments. The chapter concludes with a synopsis of the different temporal registers through which the poem’s world is experienced.
Exemplarity, Ethics, Narrative
Authors: Phillips Tom
Published: June 2020

Apollonius’ contribution to ancient discourses of exemplarity is the subject of Chapter 4. The first part of the chapter discusses the ecphrasis of Jason’s cloak, the second Jason’s conversation with Medea at the temple of Hecate. The former invites readers to measure paradigmatic frameworks against subsequent events, and encourages attention to the relationship between frameworks of understanding and the sensuous realities through which they are experienced. The latter, by showing an exemplum subject to dispute in a specific situation, explores the affective responses through which exempla become meaningful for characters and readers alike. Both passages invite readers to question exemplarity’s practical workings and conceptual underpinnings.
Embodied Reading and Apocalyptic Books: Why Manuscripts Matter
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: June 2020

Introducing the book, this chapter explores the place of manuscripts within New Testament scholarship, arguing that manuscripts are valuable for more than textual criticism because they reveal significant reception historical information. As concrete objects, they offer a view into the ways that works like the book of Revelation were read and transmitted in a given context. When we read manuscripts, we partake in a reading of the New Testament that is embodied and historically oriented towards previous generations of tradents and readers. Concretely, this chapter introduces the manuscripts of the book of Revelation, its textual traditions, and sets a course for the studies that follow, arguing for the end of the division between higher and lower criticism.
The Titles of the Apocalypse as Paratexts
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: June 2020

This chapter comprehensively catalogues every form of the inscription and subscription title in every one of Revelation’s Greek manuscripts. The data reveals a surprising variety texts and designs for the titles, highlighting and emphasizing different aspects of Revelation’s text. The chapter engages and builds upon Gérard Genette’s theory on paratexts in modern French print culture and examines the relevance of his work for manuscript cultures. Titles have traditionally been viewed in scholarship as ‘misinformation’ because they conflict with the conclusions of modern scholarship, but this chapter argues that they help us to understand the ways that readers in specific contexts read the book of Revelation.
The Sociology of the Book of Revelation in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Books and Canon
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the other literary works to which Revelation is juxtaposed in the codices that preserve it, focusing both on the macro-structural composition of these artefacts and the way that the different sub-corpora are treated in terms of their consistency, discontinuity, and paratextual emphasis. It analyses the larger bibliographic composition of the manuscripts that preserve copies of the book of Revelation, identifying two concurrent streams of Revelation’s transmission—the canonical and the eclectic. The internal variety within each of these streams is a reality that undermines conceptions of Revelation’s place as the ‘last book of the New Testament canon’ supported by the famous fourth and fifth century pandect manuscripts. Revelation’s transmission is defined in large part by the many non-biblical works transmitted alongside it.