bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rice crops research according to remote sensing data (overview)
Authors: Skazhennik Michael , Chizhikov Vitaly , Shevchenko Anna , Migachev Andrey
Published: July 2021

The introduction of precision farming technologies using hightech equipment will increase the productivity of rice, reduce its cost, and improve the environment. The use of digital technologies in agriculture is especially relevant in the face of rising prices for seeds, fertilizers and fuel, as it helps to significantly reduce costs and increase the profitability of agribusiness. The paper reviews the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in rice cultivation and describes methods for assessing the state of rice crops. Drones are a more versatile and efficient tool for obtaining data on the state of crops of crops compared to information obtained from satellite images. They allow real-time monitoring of the most important indicators of the state of crops, which allows agricultural producers to make timely decisions. The UAV was used to determine the boundaries of the rice system, terrain, microreliefs of checks, moisture of the surface soil layer and the state of rice crops. The studies were carried out on a test site of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Rice Centre” with an area of 327 hectares. The main cultivated crop is rice variety Flagman. The survey was performed by a quadcopter with a Mica Sense Red Edge-M multispectral camera mounted on a fixed suspension. The shooting period using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was limited to early June and additionally used the Sentinel-2A satellite data covering the entire analyzed period (06.05.2019 – 08.29.2019). To assess the state of rice crops, the normalized relative vegetative index NDVI was used. Based on the NDVI distribution and yield information from the combine TUCANO 580 (CLAAS), a statistical analysis was carried out in fields 7 and 9. Testing of the experimental methodology for monitoring crops in 2019 on the basis of remote sensing of test plots and geoinformation modeling and the statistical apparatus should be considered satisfactory.
Features of heterosis manifestation in interlinear hybrids of sweet pepper in unheated film greenhouses
Authors: Koroleva Svetlana , Polyakova Nelly , Pistun Olga
Published: July 2021

The dynamics of changes in an important economic trait of sweet pepper “average fruit weight” and the manifestation of heterosis have been studied on the example of 10 hybrids and their parental lines with multiple harvests in an unheated film greenhouse. It was found that the average weight, regardless of its value, was maximum and relatively stable during the first 5 harvests, which corresponds to the return of an early yield in the first month of fruiting. At the last collection, there was a decrease in the average weight of the fruit by 1.3-2.5 times. It has been established that a decrease in fruit weight with late harvests in hybrids occurs at a later date and is less pronounced than in parental lines, which indicates their higher adaptive ability. With an early harvest in 3 combinations, the level of true heterosis was 5.4-19.7%, a hypothetical heterosis at the level of 5.4-24.4% was found in 7 hybrids. At an early harvest and a late harvest in 50% of sweet pepper hybrids, the value of heterosis varied, but had the same character; in 50% of hybrids, a change in the sign of heterosis to the opposite was noted.2 hybrid combinations with a more stable average fruit weight were identified with multiple harvests - (Bs1xF46Kt22706) and (San1xF46Kt2181) with varying traits within 77-99 g and 81-123 g. the effect in 80% of large-fruited (17.6-27.3%) and medium-fruited hybrids (8.5-49.3%) was noted after the early harvest on July 21.The maximum effect of heterosis does not correspond to the maximum value of fruit weight in the experiment and is associated with a more pronounced reaction of the parental lines compared to hybrids to extreme temperatures during the period of fruit formation.
Efficiency of applying urea and UTEC carbamide on rice crops
Authors: Sheudzhen Askhad , Bondareva Tatyana , Gutorova Oksana , Khachmamuk Pshimaf
Published: July 2021

The high efficiency of UTEC carbamide (modified NBPT – N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide carbamide) is experimentally proven basing on analysis of the dynamics of the ammonium nitrogen content in the meadow soil of rice irrigation systems of Krasnodar region and the urease activity, the nitrogen consumption by rice plants, yield, nitrogen yield removal and its utilization from fertilizer. Different schemes of applying nitrogen fertilizer are assessed. It is shown that when applying nitrogen fertilizer at a full rate in one step, it is necessary to give preference to UTEC carbamide; with fractional UTEC application, it is advisable to apply before sowing and as top dressing in germination phase, the second UTEC carbamide fertilization is less effective than that with urea; with a 20% reduction in the UTEC carbamide application rate, a yield comparable to that under the traditional scheme and rate of urea application is formed; the greatest ecological and agrochemical effect is achieved with the following fertilization system: before sowing – ammophos 100 kg/ha (N12P52) + UTEC carbamide 120 kg/ha (N55); 1st top dressing (germination) – UTEC carbamide 100 kg/ha (N46); 2nd top dressing (tillering) – urea 80 kg/ha (N37).
Variability Russian Rice Varieties in Essential Amino Acids Composition
Authors: Goncharova Yulia , Verechagina Svetlana , Ochkas Nikolay , Goncharov Sergey
Published: July 2021

Rice contains antioxidants, minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins that make it a functional food. A dozen times higher content of antioxidants was noted in black-grain and red-grain rice varieties as compared to white-grain ones. In terms of protein content, color and white-grain varieties do not differ significantly. The protein composition largely determines the nutritional value and functional properties, as well as the texture and taste of rice. Although rice contains less protein than many cereals, its biological value is highest due to balanced composition of amino acids. Nutritional value of different rice varieties varies greatly due to different amino acid composition. Determination of amino acid composition was carried out on devices Kapel 105 - M. In the work used 50 collection samples of rice. The variability was studied and the sources were identified among domestic rice varieties. To create a new generation varieties with more balanced amino acid composition, it is necessary both to isolate sources with a high content of individual amino acids, and varieties with high characteristics in terms of content complex of amino acids, especially essential ones.
Illumina-based identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from Karachay-Cherkessia soils for development of bio-fertilizers
Authors: Yurkov Andrey , Kryukov Alexey , Mikhaylova Yulia , Zhurbenko Peter
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study was to investigate the species diversity of AM fungi in different parts of the North Caucasus, biodiversity hotspot, the center of the world’s biological diversity. Samples were taken from 5 locations (stationary trial plots, STPs) in different ecosystems and at various altitudes. Identification was performed using sequencing for ITS1 and ITS2 regions, amplified with universal primers, Illumina MiSeq was employed. 19 genera of AM fungi were found on all STPs. The work did not reveal a correlation between the altitude and the species composition of AM fungi. At the same time, it should be assumed that a correlation could be found between the biodiversity of AM fungi and the type of ecosystem, which should be done in the future. The study shows it is necessary to use an analysis for both ITS regions, since the data obtained for each ITS region differ and complement each other. Analysis for the ITS2 region revealed 1.3 times more virtual taxa than for the ITS1, while the number of OTUs identified per species was similar for both regions. The highest biodiversity of AM fungi was found in STP #3 (with meadow flora). Only 4 species (Rhizophagus irregularis, R. intraradices, Paraglomus laccatum, and Claroideoglomus claroideum) were found on all five analyzed STPs. We found unexpectedly that with such a high biodiversity among the identified fungi, no different species were found in the Paraglomus genus, all the sequences of Paraglomus belonged to Paraglomus laccatum, whereas at least 9 species are distinguished in the genus by morphology. Further research will allow us to identify new strains of AM fungi, the efficiency of which may be higher than already studied ones. In the future this will make it possible to create more effective microbial biofertilizers for agriculture.
Entomopathogenic activity of bacterial and viral strains from the bioresource collection “State Collection of Entomoacariphages and Microorganisms”
Authors: Bondarchuk Elena Yu. , Tsygichko Alexandra A. , Tomashevich Natalia S. , Asaturova Anzhela M.
Published: July 2021

As a result of a series of experiments to study the entomopathogenic activity of bacteria and viruses from the “State Collection of Entomoacariphages and Microorganisms”, it was revealed that the large wax moth Galleria mellonella L. it is sensitive to new strains of bacteria and viruses. In the future, the strains can be used in the subsequent stages of screening of microorganisms that are promising as agents of biological pest control. The maximum biological efficacy on the fifth day against the tested insect was observed when using bacterial strains Bacillus spp. BZR 1159 (94.6%) and BZR 936 (95.0%) and a granulovirus strain of the codling moth (CpGV) BZR L-5 (100%). Larvae of G. mellonella L were susceptible to melanization in the process of infection with new bacterial and viral agents.
Breeding the predatory bug Podisus maculiventris Say to protect potatoes from Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say
Authors: Nefedova Mariya
Published: July 2021

The predator Podisus maculiventris Say is a representative of the order Hemiptera, family Pentatomidae. This insect is promising in the battle against the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. For the successful use of P. maculiventris in the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation and other countries where this predator isn’t found, it is necessary to develop methods of its artificial reproduction. The paper provides information on the selection of food based on the use of phytophagous insects and pests. Among the subjects Galleria mellonella L. caterpillars, Tenebrio molitor L. larvae and pupae, Ephestia kuehniella Zll. caterpillars, as well as Zophobas morio Fabr larvae were used. As a result of the experiment, T. molitor was recognized as the most effective insect prey in terms of biological and economic indicators. When using Tenebrio molitor, the imago yield of P. maculiventris amounted to 81.0-90.5%, which was the best indicator in comparison with other options.
Study of the influence of the feeding type of calves during the milk fattening period on the subsequent growth and development of bulls up to 12 months of age
Authors: Golovan Valentin , Osepchuk Denis , Yurin Denis , Kucheryavenko Aleksey
Published: July 2021

Research has been carried out on the intensive production of beef when raising dairy bulls up to 12 months of age drinking mainly dairy feed in the first 5 months of life (in group 1) and with the inclusion of a starter compound feed in the diet (in group 2). Different types of bull calves rearing in the first 5 months of life led to significant differences in the growth and development of the whole organism and all its individual organs and tissues, mainly in favour of bull calves raised with replacing part of the milk with vegetable feed, and subsequently had a decisive influence in the period from 6 up to 12 months of their life with the same type of feeding and maintenance. It has been established that the rearing system with a decrease in the drinking of whole milk and abstinence of the supply of roughage for the first 2 months of life, promotes the the growth of animals for a twelve-month period of life, leads to an increase in the yield of veal and beef meat, a decrease in feed consumption per unit of weight gain, and increasing the profitability of production by 8-9%, therefore it is recommended for production.
Clinical and metabolic effects of the original iodine metabolic composition in the experiment on calves
Authors: Evglevskiy A. A. , Shvets O.M. , Mikhaleva T.I.
Published: July 2021

The article provides a theoretical justification for the development of a complex iodine metabolic composition based on an iodinepolymer complex (iodinol) and succinic acid. The research on the effectiveness of the proposed composition for the correction of energymetabolic disorders in calves with severe iodine deficiency was carried out. The objects of research were calves with clinical signs of iodine deficiency and pronounced energy metabolic disorders. During the experiment, it was found that the test calves showed a marked improvement in the clinical condition. The thyroid status normalized, the total protein and glucose indicators approached the physiological norm, and the reserve alkalinity of the blood increased. The energetic metabolic effect was due to the combined action of iodinol and succinic acid. The obtained results indicate the opening prospect of an injection method for the use of an iodine polymer complex based on iodine-iodide with polyvinyl alcohol (iodinol) in combination with sodium succinate, not only as an effective approach to cupping and eliminating the iodine deficiency symptoms, but also as an active energy-metabolic drug with a potentially high anti-infective activity.
Study of the effect of active coal feed additive on the productivity of meat geese
Authors: Ovsepyan Vagan , Yurina Natalya , Tsipinova Bella , Ustjuzhaninova Taisia , Khorin Boris
Published: July 2021

The study of new effective fodder additives produced from byproducts of various industries, including the timber processing industry, is a very relevant issue. Research has been carried out on the study of active coal fodder phytoaddition in feedstuffs for geese fed to meat. According to the results of the scientific experiment, it was established that when introducing the tested active coal fodder additive in the diets of young geese of the Lindov breed, a positive tendency to increase the live weight of poultry, gross and average daily increases was noted, feed costs per 1 kg of increase in live weight were reduced, slaughter yield increased, and the level of profitability of growing geese per meat increased. Reliable increase of mass of muscular tissue of geese in case of slaughter in the second group by 3.3% has been established.
Cycles and Intervals in Hen Egg Laying
Authors: Shcherbatov Vyacheslav I. , Shkuro Artem G.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the cyclicity of hen’s egg-laying, which determines the egg production of poultry during the established period. The characteristic features of the alternation of egg-laying cycles and the intervals between them on the example of egg’s cross Lohmann Brown are analyzed. The necessity to reduce the periodicity and time of the intervals between the cycles was identified. A negative correlation between egglaying intensity and egg weight was revealed. At the same time, there is a high correlation relationship between the intensity of egg production and the duration of cycles. In this article, the tendency of decreasing egg weight with increasing duration of laying cycles was established.
Microflora of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) from natural population of the Russian Arctic
Authors: Denisenko Tatyana , Boltunov Andrey , Belikov Stanislav
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of studying the microflora of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) organism. Samples from 22 individuals were collected during three comprehensive scientific expeditions arranged in 2014 and 2015 at the request of PJSC Rosneft Oil Company. Based on the results of laboratory processing of the samples obtained, for the first time in the Russian history of studying the species, the species and quantitative composition of microorganisms in the oral cavity and conjunctiva of the polar bear’s eye was assessed. From the mucous membrane materials of the studied polar bear individuals, 91 isolates of microorganisms were obtained and identified up to 23 genera and species. These microorganisms were represented by both bacteria and microscopic fungi. Pathogenicity factors of the isolated microflora were determined: hemolytic properties, presence of plasma coagulase and lecithinase enzymes, virulence. The antibiotic resistance of the isolated microflora was assessed. The data obtained in the course of microbiological studies will not only help to determine the health status of the studied animals but can also be used in the future as one of the components of a comprehensive monitoring of the state of Arctic marine ecosystems.
Meat chicken productivity when vitamin-selenium-containing preparations in combination with enzymes use in diets
Authors: Zlepkin V. A. , Ryadnov A. A. , Salomatin V. V. , Zlepkina N. A.
Published: July 2021

The article presents the research results on the vitaminselenium-containing preparation (1.0 l / t) using effectiveness in the broiler chickens diet in combination with enzyme preparations “CelloLux-F” (100 g/t, experimental group I), “Protosubtilin G3x” (60 g/t, experimental group II) and “Amylosubtilin G3x” (200 g/t, experimental group III). It was found that the broilers of the experimental groups exceeded the average live weight by 2.74-4.95%; dry matter digestibility - by 0.89-1.58%, protein - by 1.41-2.71%, fat - by 1.16-2.03%, fiber - by 0.82-1.69 and nitrogen-free extractive substances - 0.74-1.43%, nitrogen use - by 1.35-2.99%; drawn bird weight - by 2.93-5.89%, edible carcass parts - by 3.33-6.47%, pectoral muscles - by 3.53-7.83%. In the experimental groups broiler chickens, the meat quality indicators are improved: dry matter content in the pectoral muscles - by 0.30; 0.12 and 0.07%, protein - by 0.41 (P <0.001); 0.16 (P <0.01) and 0.13% (P <0.05). The experimental broilers groups slightly exceeded the control group in terms of the biological value and the pectoral muscles meat culinary and technological properties. Redox and metabolic processes were more intensive in young animals of the experimental groups than in the control one. Among the experimental groups, the meat productivity and quality highest indicators were noted in broiler chickens of the I-st experimental group, they received the preparation “Carcesel” in combination with the enzyme preparation “CelloLux-F”.
Digital phenotyping technologies: an emerging tool in genomic selection and animal welfare science?
Authors: Solodneva Eugenia V. , Piskunov Aleksei K. , Stolpovsky Yury , Kuznetsov Sergey
Published: July 2021

Farm animals provide about 30% of humanity’s food requirements [1]. The world’s population’s demand for animal products is expected to keep growing. New technologies in animal husbandry can make it possible to meet this demand and to reduce its impact on the environment. Genomic selection plays a key role in this process as a promising and safe method for improving genetic qualities of farm animals. Before the widespread of genomic selection, high cost of genotyping was the main factor holding back an improvement of animal farming. However, today, the bottleneck in genomic selection is a limited amount of high-quality phenotypic data, which is still either difficult or too costly to obtain [2]. New technologies in animal phenotyping become of special attention. The current paper reviews the next-generation technologies in animal phenotyping and revels the main challenges limiting its widespread in the example of dairy cattle.
Effect of enzyme preparations used for oak wood biocatalysis on the set of highly volatile components of aged brandy distillates
Authors: Reznichenko Kristina , Aleynikova Galina
Published: July 2021

The individual peculiarities of aged alcohol beverages are formed at the cost of technological factors, which is why it is so important to develop approaches aimed at improvement of the product quality and reduction of production costs. This can be achieved by more efficient and rational use of the natural potential of oak wood with the help of activation techniques based on biocatalysis. As far as the process of biochemical activation of oak wood used for brandy production has been understudied, investigations of the effect of enzyme preparations used for enzymatic catalysis of oak wood upon the quality of brandy distillates is of high interest at this time. We have studied the effects of the place of origin of oak wood, enzyme preparations, and treatment time upon the composition and accumulation dynamics of highly volatile components in brandy distillates. Every oak stave sample was separately treated by complex enzyme preparations with subsequent thermal exposure. Then the treated oak staves were poured up with young brandy distillate and stored for six months in tightly closed containers. As a result, data proving the effect of the place of origin of oak wood, enzyme preparations, and treatment time upon the qualitative and quantitative composition of highly volatile components of aged distillates were obtained.
Study of the nutritional value of fermented milk drinks from goat’s milk
Authors: Shunekeyeva Alma , Alimardanova Mariam , Majorov Alexander
Published: July 2021

The primary aim of this paper is to explore the nutritional value of fermented milk drinks from a goat. A vegetable component was used as fillers, including amaranth flour, flour from kumarshik, fruit and berry filler: irga, black chokeberry, and black currant. This study’s specific objectives were to determine organoleptic and safety indicators and study the shelf life of finished fermented milk drinks from goat milk with various fillers. A detailed technological scheme for the production of fermented milk drinks was drawn up. In the study, the rational formulation of fermented milk drinks was determined using the “Search for solutions” program MS Excel.
Development of the recipe and technology of dessert butter with black currant
Authors: Zachesova Inessa , Gorbacheva Maria , Merkylova Anna , Shagaeva Natalia
Published: July 2021

Butter is in constant demand among consumers, as it has a high nutritional and energy value. However, the range of butter sold in the retail chain is represented by such names as Traditional, Amateur, Peasant, Chocolate. In this connection, there is a need to create new types of butter with high consumer properties. The technology and recipes of dessert butter with black currant have been developed. The analysis of organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators of the quality of the developed butter with black currant is carried out. The optimal amount of black currant is determined when creating dessert butter.
Influence of oil combinations on the structural properties of oleogels
Authors: Frolova Yuliya , Sobolev Roman , Kochetkova Alla
Published: July 2021

Studies of the effect of combinations of vegetable oils on the properties of oleogels will provide useful information from a technological viewpoint for the optimal choice of the composition of the oleogel used, as well as regulate the fatty acid composition of food products based on oleogels. This work aimed to study the effect of combinations of sunflower and linseed oils on the properties of oleogels structured with beeswax. As a result of the studies carried out, data were obtained on the change in the structure of oleogels depending on the ratio of oils, which, from a practical viewpoint, in the future, will make it possible to expand the range of food products containing oleogels.
Frying composition based on ostrich fat and a natural antioxidant additive
Authors: Gorbacheva Mariya V. , Tarasov Vasilij E. , Kalmanovich Svetlana A. , Esepenok Konstantin V.
Published: July 2021

The work is devoted to the influence of component composition on the quality of fat frying composition to improve the method of its production. Experimental versions of fat frying composition based on liquid and solid fractions of ostrich fat, as well as stabilizing additive CO2-extract of marjoram served as objects of research. The method of preparation of the fat frying composition included reception of a fat component by wet melting of raw ostrich fat, with the subsequent division of fat into liquid and solid fractions; mixing of the liquid fraction with a stabilizing additive and combination of the received mass with the solid fraction. Moreover, during storage of the frying composition, the liquid fraction is at the top, and before its use the fractions are mixed. It was shown that the introduction of CO2-extract of marjoram into the liquid fraction and increasing its concentration to 0.2 % reduces the degree of thermal oxidation of the product and slows down oxidative processes in the fat.
SO2 binding complex of grapes and factors of its formation
Authors: Zaitseva Olga , Ostroukhova Elena , Peskova Irina , Vyugina Maria
Published: July 2021

The studies of the factors of formation SO2-binding complex of white and red grape cultivars from different soil and climatic regions of the Crimea were carried out. The formation of the SO2-binding complex of grapes is associated with a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors. It was found that the most significant factors (α&0.05) in the formation of SO2-binding complex are the cultivar, soil-climatic region of growth, harvest year, and concentration of sugar. Revealed that in the case of white grape cultivars – the cultivar (α = 0.0002) and the soil-climatic region of growth (α = 0.0003) had a significant effect on the accumulation of aldehydes. In red grape cultivars the accumulation of SO2-binding components (ketoacids and aldehydes) was determined by the grape cultivar (α&0.045); α-ketoglutaric acid – soil-climatic region of growth (α = 0.014). The relationship between the mass concentrations of aldehydes and sugars in red grape cultivars has been established.
The feasibility of using soil runoff in calculating the water balance of ameliorated soil
Authors: Levshunov Ivan , Mazhayskiy Yuri , Chernikova Olga
Published: July 2021

The water regime on the reclaimed lands changes significantly during the year, and its possible change must be established or predicted in advance at the project stage. From the main characteristics of the water regime of soil, it is possible to reliably predict changes in moisture reserves and, worse, the dynamics of groundwater levels. Prediction of changes in moisture reserves in soil is carried out using “water balance calculations”. The results of long-term field research have shown that the main factors causing surface runoff are: the amount and intensity of precipitation, the initial moisture content of the upper soil layers, the slope and condition (agricultural use) of the site surface. The feasibility of using a variable runoff boundary in calculating the water balance of ameliorated soil is shown. The results of field experiments on the study of surface runoff in conditions of loamy soil are presented. Two-factor dependences of the daily runoff from precipitation and soil moisture have been obtained in case of its various agricultural uses.
The results of the study of uneven seed dispersion by the centrifugal distribution system of a pneumatic grain seeder
Authors: Bogus Azamat E. , Zubrilina Elena , Vysochkina Lyubov
Published: July 2021

There were determined the parameters and operating modes of the centrifugal dispersion system of a grain pneumatic seeder, which ensured the minimum unevenness of the seed dispersion between the seed lines.
Estimation of energy consumption for rolling a mobile vehicle equipped with ultra-low-pressure tires
Authors: Pryadkin Vladimir , Artyomov Artyom , Kolyadin Pavel , Bakach Nikolay
Published: July 2021

The article deals with the problem of reducing energy consumption when moving mobile power sources on deformable support bases. On basis of experimental studies using test-bench equipment, the main output parameters of 1020x420-18 tire of Bel-79 model were determined. Analysis of the results obtained made it possible to determine an optimal range of intra-tire pressure, when the realized propulsive efficiency takes maximum values, and energy consumption for selfpropulsion is minimal.
To calculate heat losses with flue gases of coal-fired boilers
Authors: Gordin Sergey , Zaychenko Ilya , Sokolova Vera , Bazheryanu Victoria
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to solving the problem of increasing the efficiency of solid fuel boilers ’ blast control systems. Existing algorithms for calculating losses with outgoing gases, the value of which determines the efficiency of the boiler blow control system, have significant disadvantages due to either high complexity of calculations or insufficient accuracy of the Siegert formula. The authors of the article experimentally confirmed the limitations of practical application of the Siegert formula in the logic of solid fuel boiler blow control systems. To eliminate the identified shortcomings, a new formula for calculating losses with outgoing gases is proposed, which can be used in solid-fuel boiler blast control systems, which has a sufficiently high accuracy and, at the same time, low computational complexity.
Research of high-speed HFC-boriding kinetics
Authors: Malikov Vladimir , Shegolev Alexander , Ishkov Alexey
Published: July 2021

The paper presents studies boride coatings, which were created using high-frequency treatment with currents. Chemical reactions characterized the boriding procedure at various temperatures are show. The choice of the main element, of the reaction-boriding scheme is characterize, their role is revealed, and the probable processes leading to the realization of topochemical boriding initiated by HFC-heating are established. The kinetic curves received during the test at different temperatures are showed. Anamorphoses of the kinetic curves are showed, and the values of activation energy and parameters of the boriding process using HFC-heating are calculated on the basis of linearization of the Arrhenius equation.
Assessment of agricultural ecosystem benzo(a)pyrene pollution on a wheat field model
Authors: Ovcharenko Alla , Kucherenko Svetlana , Gazgireev Khamzat
Published: July 2021

The represented research aims to assess the pollution of agricultural ecosystems with benzo(a)pyrene. The study considers the exhaust gases of heavy farming machinery as a primary source of pollution. This dangerous carcinogen entering air with internal combustion engines exhausts goes to the water and soil, and then, through the trophic chains, in a human body. Alongside the obvious negative impacts on human health, the benzo(a)pyrene exposure manifests through the decline in the agricultural ecosystems’ productivity, soil fertility, etc. The assessment was implemented on a wheat field model during harvest using the direct combining method. The model doesn’t consider the ambient pollution sources. The performed simulations allow disclosing the correlations between the harvesting machine’s velocity and pollutant’s emission mass on the model field, identifying the most environmentally dangerous engine’s operation mode, and pointing out the possible ways to decrease the benzo(a)pyrene impacts on agricultural ecosystems.
Effect of Monoethanolamine Concentration on CO2 Removal using Continuous High Frequency Ultrasonic Reactor
Authors: Yusof Siti Munirah Mhd , Sharif Azmi Mohd , Horng Tay Wee , Mustafa Farhana Ajua , Keong Lau Kok
Published: July 2021

Chemical absorption is the most common technology used for the process of CO2 removal from natural gas due to its ability to reduce the level of the acid gas to a very low level as well as higher mass transfer performance due to the chemical kinetic reaction. Higher solvent concentration resulted in higher capacity to remove CO2, however reduces the diffusivity as well as its ability to spread on the packing due to its high solvent viscosity. This has hindered the used of high viscosity solvent in the operation of conventional packed column. However, recent technology of using high frequency ultrasonic irradiation for absorption process has shown possibility to operate high viscosity solvent due to the absence of packing in the reactor. From this work, it is shown that high viscosity solvent does not affect the mass transfer performance under ultrasonic irradiation due to the presence of acoustic streaming, fountain and atomization that reduced the film resistance thus increases the diffusivity. This work has demonstrated that this technology has high flexibility of solvent selection for the absorption process.
Viscosity and Ionic Conductivity of Imidazolium based Ionic Liquids bearing Triiodide Anion
Authors: Abu Talip Ruwaida Asyikin , Yahya Wan Zaireen Nisa , Bustam Mohamad Azmi
Published: July 2021

In the electrolyte application for dye sensitized solar cells, utilization of ionic liquids is getting the highlights to replace volatile organic solvent thanks to their low volatility, thermal and electrochemical stability. The iodide/triiodide redox electrolyte is the preferred choice for this application, hence numerous iodide-based ionic liquids have been explored and reported. On the contrary, the transport properties of triiodide based ionic liquid is often lack of reporting despite of having an equal influence on the overall viscosity and ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. In this study, three alkylimidazolium triiodide ionic liquids were synthesized from the respective alkylimidazolium iodide ionic liquids precursors and their physicochemical and conductivity properties are reported. 1H NMR analysis showed a slight shifting of position of the resonances of triiodide based alkylimidazolium ionic liquids as compared to their precursors due to less electronegativity nature of triiodide anion. The formation of triiodide-based imidazolium ILs have dramatically altered the transport properties in which the ionic liquids obtained are of low viscosity and high ionic conductivity.
pH and electrical conductivity measurements of aqueous solutions of amino acid-based ionic
Authors: Talib Nur Khairunnisa , Nashed Omar , Lal Bhajan , Ben Ghanem Ouahid
Published: July 2021

Ionic liquids are promising materials for several applications. Amino acid based ionic liquids (AAILs) as a sort of a new generation of ionic liquids are recently proposed taking advantage of hydrogen bonding group and low toxicity. Three types of AAILs are examined in this work; namely 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Glycine [OMIM][Gly], 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Alanine [OMIM][Ala] and 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Proline [OMIM][Pro]. The pH and molar conductivity are measured at ambient conditions for AAILs aqueous solutions at different concentrations; specifically 1, 10, 20, and 30 wt.%. The experimental results show that all AAILs solutions are alkaline (pH>7) where [OMIM][Pro] has the highest pH compared to its counterparts. The trend is reversed for molar conductivity as [OMIM][Gly] showed the highest molar conductivity. These results are attributed to the smaller size of [Gly] compared to [Pro] and [Ala]. However, adding AAILs increases the molar conductivity of the water.
Crude Oil Fouling in Heat Exchangers: A Study on Effects of Influencing Forces
Authors: Emani Sampath , Ramasamy M. , Ku Shaari Ku Zilati
Published: July 2021

One of the major concerns in petroleum refinery preheat trains is identified as fouling. Fouling impacts the refinery economics and environment heavily. Various approaches to mitigate fouling have not yielded the desired results. This is due to lack of understanding on the effect of influencing forces on crude oil fouling in heat exchangers. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the effects of various forces such as gravity, Saffman Lift, drag and thermophoretic on crude oil fouling in heat exchangers through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. From the simulations, it is observed that the higher particle size and particle concentration resulted in higher deposition of particles. Deposition velocities increase for larger sized particles and decrease for small and medium sized particles. The Increased flow velocities and surface roughness increases wall shear and mitigate fouling. Lower temperature gradients at the heat exchanger surface decreases deposition rates due to high thermophoretic forces. The mass deposition rate is reduced by 10.3 and 16.9% with 0.03 and 0.05 Pa, respectively, for 0.14 m/s flow velocity. Also, the mass deposition rate is reduced by 15.6 and 25.1% with 0.03 and 0.05 Pa, respectively, for 0.47 m/s flow velocity. With increased surface roughness from 0.03 to 0.05 mm, the mass deposition rate is reduced by 11.48 and 19.18%, respectively, for 0.14 m/s flow velocity. Also, for 0.47 m/s flow velocity, the mass deposition rate is reduced by 18.84 and 32.92% for 0.03- and 0.05-mm surface roughness, respectively.
Simulation Comparison Between Equilibrium and Rate-Based Approach for CO2 Removal Via Promoted K2CO3 with Glycine
Authors: Isa Faezah , Zabiri Haslinda , Harun Noorlisa , Muhammad Shariff Azmi , Kamarul Syaabah Ng Nur , Afif Asyraf Afian Muhammad
Published: July 2021

The main limitation of rate-based approach in Aspen Plus is the unavailability of the method under dynamic analysis. Hence, to support the development of the integrated process of natural gas treatment at a higher scale, a comprehensive equilibrium and rate-based simulations of CO2 removal via potassium carbonate promoted with glycine (PCGly) is conducted. The purpose of this study is to observe the efficiency of the equilibrium-based model to represent the CO2 removal system before the dynamic simulation can be developed. The validation is conducted based on published experimental data and the result shows that at steady state, the equilibrium-based method is able to predict the CO2 removal as satisfactorily as the rate-based approach. The error deviation between both methods is 2.11 % and through this study, it is shown that the equilibrium-based method is able to simulate the CO2-PGly system efficiently. Thus, this would enable further investigation of the CO2-PGly system under dynamic simulation using the equilibrium-based method.
Bayesian Network for Probability Risk Analysis of Biomass Boiler in Renewable Energy Plant
Authors: Mohammad Khorri Nurul Ain Syhadah , Sa’aadah Sulaiman Nurul
Published: July 2021

The empty fruit bunches have remarkable potential for utilisation as solid fuel boilers in the production of energy. A well operated boiler with higher efficiency is vital for a good power generation plant. However, there are numerous safety and technical issues that may lead to a lower energy production rate. A simple yet complete probabilistic risk analysis is needed to predict those issues to ensure the biomass boiler operates at its maximum efficiency. In this work, a probabilistic risk assessment model for empty fruit bunch boiler using Bayesian network approach was developed. Bayesian network provides a clear probabilistic model of cause-effect relationships of the biomass boiler system. The conditional probability values were elicitated from experts’ opinion to identify the most influential factors for efficient biomass boiler operation. A case study from Renewable Energy Plant in Pahang was applied. Prediction analysis and diagnostic analysis were performed and the results show that the most important biomass boiler failure factors are corrosion and overheating. These findings are in agreement with existing literature and expert judgement. Thus, the proposed model is useful in maintaining and helping the decision maker for biomass boiler operation as well as increasing its reliability.
Optimization of MDEA-PZ Ratio and Concentration for CO2 Removal in Semi-Lean Membrane Contactor Process
Authors: Saleh Syafiqa , Razali Armansyah , Hanafiah Rashid , Tamidi Athirah , Chan Zhe Phak
Published: July 2021

Membrane contactor has garnered interest in the recent decade due to its advantages. This study looks at optimisation of the amine concentration, comprising of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) with piperazine (PZ) in membrane contactor to remove CO2 from 25mol% down to 6.5mol%. 37 experiments were carried out and the results were analysed through response surface analysis. Model is found to be significant with R2 of 0.9854. Based on contour plot produced, there exists a trade-off between amine concentration and viscosity that greatly impacts the performance. For better overall evaluation, the amine regeneration side is considered by running process simulation through gPROMS to obtain data on expected hydrocarbon co-absorption and amine regeneration energy required. The optimum amine is found to be at 45wt% concentration and MDEA-to-PZ ratio of 0.047 where the process would meet outlet spec whilst minimising amine regeneration duty and the amine rich loading.
Optimal Sizing of a Trigeneration Plant Integrated with Total Site System Considering Multi-period and Energy Losses
Authors: Jamaluddin Khairulnadzmi , Wan Alwi Sharifah Rafidah , Abd Manan Zainuddin , Hamzah Khaidzir , Klemeš Jiri Jaromir
Published: July 2021

Rising awareness for the environment as well as concerns over the sustainability of fossil fuels has encouraged developed and developing countries to find alternative ways to enhance the thermal efficiency of current power systems. The thermal efficiency of power plants can be increased from 30 – 40 % up to 80 – 90 % through the implementation of a trigeneration system by recovering dissipated waste heat for other purposes. The trigeneration system can be defined as a technology that can produce simultaneous power, heating, and cooling energy from the same fuel source. Trigeneration System Cascade Analysis (TriGenSCA) methodology is an optimisation approach based on Pinch Analysis that has been used to establish the guidelines or the proper size of the trigeneration system. This paper proposes a modification of TriGenSCA by considering a multi-period of energy consumption to optimise the size of the utility in the centralised trigeneration system by considering the transmission and storage of energy losses in the Total Site system. There are six steps involved including data extraction, identification of time slices, Problem Table Algorithm (PTA), Multiple Utility Problem Table Algorithm (MU PTA), Total Site Problem Table Algorithm (TS PTA), and modified TriGenSCA. The methodology has been tested on the centralised nuclear trigeneration system in a Total Site System as a case study and results shown that thermal energy needed by the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) trigeneration system with transmission losses is 2,427 MW whereas thermal energy needed by the PWR trigeneration system without transmission losses is 2,424 MW. The TriGenSCA with consideration of transmission and storage energy losses is useful for engineers and designers to determine the exact value of energy for trigeneration plant.
Identification of high surge pressure in LNG loading lines system and mitigation strategy
Authors: Talip Noor Arnida Abdul , Shaari Siti Farhana M , Ali Fadzrul Izwan Muhd
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the criticality of surge simulation and analysis to establish if surge (pressure exceeding pipe design limit) is present upon ESD activation case during loading of LNG from loading lines to carrier.
Development of Dynamic Simulation of Gas and Condensate Pipeline Network
Authors: Adi Putra Zulfan , Harun Zalina , Zainal Abidin Shahrul Azman
Published: July 2021

Developing a steady operation of gas and condensate value chain is an important task to maintain stable productions of oil & gas industries. In this regard, PETRONAS continues to improve its production facilities by utilizing process modelling and simulation via Symmetry iCON® as one of its main engineering tools. In this work, Symmetry iCON® pipe network solver was used to build a dynamic simulation model for gas and condensate pipeline network in Malaysian Peninsular region. One-month data of December 2018 has been used to validate the model. Then it was utilized to predict the data in January 2019 to further evaluate the applicability of the model. Some valuable observations included the significance of properties estimation of a pseudo component of C6+ in terms of thermodynamic and transport properties. Due to lack of data monitoring of the condensate in some terminals, this property estimation became very crucial while at the same time difficult to validate. Nonetheless, the model can predict the data within the range of error of 4-6%. In the future, when more data is available, the properties can be easily tuned to better represent the reality.
A review on sustainability and quality of biochar production from oil palm biomass in Malaysia using thermal conversion technology
Authors: Mohamed Mustakimah , Yusup Suzana
Published: July 2021

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), mesocarp fiber (MF), palm kernel shell (PKS), oil palm trunk (OPT) and oil palm frond (OPF) are the common solid lignocellulosic biomass generated from oil palm industries. A palm oil plantation was estimated to generate 36.5 ton of dry biomass in each hectare every year which suggesting the abundancy of these wastes. Feedstock feasibility and common properties as a carbon-rich material, have initiated an interest to utilize these biomass for biochar production. This paper provides a review on the developed thermal conversion technologies to synthesize biochar from oil palm biomass and includes the respective product quality such as carbon contents, yield and other physicochemical properties. The sustainability of oil palm biomass as the feedstock for biochar production in Malaysia were also described by providing the overview on biomass availability, biomass industry value chain and respective characteristics. Determining appropriate type of biomass and applying effective type of thermal conversion technologies produce biochar with good physicochemical qualities. This review observed that lignin in biomass contributes significantly to biochar production and slow pyrolysis technique is a promising technology to yield a good quality of biochar.
Functional feeding groups of Protist Ciliates (Protist: Ciliophora) on a neotropical flood plain
Authors: Meira Bianca Ramos , Progênio Melissa , Corrêa Leite Edilaine , Lansac-Tôha Fernando Miranda , Guimarães Durán Carolina Leite , Jati Susicley , Rodrigues Luzia Cleide , Lansac-Tôha Fábio Amodêo , Velho Luiz Felipe Machado
Published: July 2021

Functional diversity approaches have been an efficient tool in gaining a better understanding of how environmental conditions selected species in a given environment and how they share resources, linking ecological processes to biodiversity patterns. Although most of the protist ciliates are not highly specialized, functional feeding groups with species which ingest similar food can be identified. Thus, this study aimed to compare the abundance of different Functional Feeding Groups (FFG) of ciliates in environments with different hydrodynamic conditions (lotic and lentic) in different hydrological periods (high and low water) in a neotropical flood plain. The samples for analysis of the community of ciliates were taken in March and September of 2010 and 2011, at the subsurface of 12 different hydrodynamic environments. The results of an RDA showed a spatial and temporal segregation of the sampling units, based on the abundance and occurrence of the FFG. In addition, a clear influence of food resources on the structuring of functional ciliate guilds was evidenced. Thus, there were both temporal (hydrological periods) and spatial (different hydrodynamic environments) differences in the distribution of the FFG, with a clear separation of the FFGs between the years studied. In summary, the results of the categorization of species of ciliates in FFG responded satisfactorily suggesting fluctuations in different food resources, which reinforces the idea that the grouping of species by functional characteristics can be a good indicator of the responses of organisms to environmental fluctuations.