bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence of tendon microtears due to cyclical loading in an in vivo tendinopathy model
Authors: Nakama Leena H. , King Karen B. , Abrahamsson Sven , Rempel David M.
Published: April 2005

Tendon injuries at the epicondyle can occur in athletes and workers whose job functions involve repetitive, high force hand activities, but the early pathophysiologic changes of tendon are not well known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate early tendon structural changes, specifically the formation of microtears, caused by cyclical loading. The Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) muscle of nine New Zealand White rabbits was stimulated to contract repetitively for 80 h of cumulative loading over 14 weeks. The contralateral limb served as a control. The tendon at the medial epicondyle insertion site was harvested, sectioned, and stained. Microtears were quantified, using image analysis software, in four regions of the tendon, two regions along the enthesis and two distal to the enthesis. The tear density (loaded: 1329 ± 546 tears/mm2; unloaded: 932 ± 474 tears/mm2) and mean tear size (loaded: 18.3 ± 6.1 μm2; unloaded: 14.0 ± 4.8 μm2) were significantly greater in the loaded limb (p < 0.0001) across all regions compared to the unloaded contralateral limb. These early microstructural changes in a repetitively loaded tendon may initiate a degenerative process that leads to tendinosis. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Stephen Burrough at ‘Cola River’: a reconsideration
Authors: Hultgreen Tora , Nielsen Jens Petter
Published: April 2005

Stephen Burrough's voyage on board Serchethrift to northern Russia and Novaya Zemlya in 1556 is a standard reference point in general surveys of polar exploration. Unfortunately, for centuries its route in Russian waters has been garbled, due to a too literal reading of the term ‘Cola River,’ used by Burrough as the name of the first harbour he sought in Russia. Where was Burrough's Cola River? Determining its location is not at all as simple as it seems. More than a hundred years ago a Russian historian maintained most emphatically that this was not the Kola River (Reka Kola), which empties at Kola town, not far from present-day Murmansk, but Kuloy River (Reka Kuloy) in the Bay of Mezen, on the eastern coast of the White Sea. This article examines this question, which is significant because where Cola River is placed on the map clearly has repercussions for how the information contained in Burrough's travel account should be interpreted.
Mapping Terra Incognita
Authors: Murray Carl
Published: April 2005

The theorizing of a southern continent for more than two millennia before the discovery of Antarctica and its long representation in maps are phenomena unparalleled in the history of geography and are well known. However, the epistemological implications of the mapping of this non-existent place have received little consideration. After preliminary remarks about present-day remote imaging of Antarctica and limits to the completeness of all mapping and knowledge, the article discusses the representation of the southern Terra Incognita in examples of mediaeval and Renaissance maps. It is argued that filling in blank spaces both reflected a yearning for complete knowledge and provided an opportunity for non-geographical discourse that is missing in maps today.
Morphological correlates of incipient arboreality and ornithophagy in island pitvipers, and the phylogenetic position of Bothrops insularis
Authors: Wüster Wolfgang , Duarte Marcelo R. , Salomão Maria da Graça
Published: April 2005

Morphological differences between two semi‐arboreal, bird‐eating island pitvipers, Bothrops insularis and Gloydius shedaoensis, and their mainland relatives were investigated. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data for two genes show B. insularis to be rooted within B. jararaca. Bothrops insularis has a more anterior heart, a relatively longer tail, a longer head, and shorter fangs than B. jararaca. The greater head length is paralleled in the ecologically similar G. shedaoensis. Increased head size may represent an adaptation to the abundance of larger food items (migratory passerine birds), providing a selective advantage to snakes able to switch to larger prey at an earlier age. Furthermore, B. insularis and G. shedaoensis have converged on similar body sizes from opposite ancestral states. Other characters, including fang length, tail length and size of neonates do not show parallel variation in G. shedaoensis and B. insularis, suggesting that caution is required when interpreting character state shifts coinciding with ecological shifts in a single species only.
Survival of juvenile European eels (Anguilla anguilla), transferred among salinities, and developmental shifts in their salinity preference
Authors: Crean S. R. , Dick J. T. A. , Evans D. W. , Rosell R. S. , Elwood R. W.
Published: April 2005

After their oceanic migration, juvenile European eels Anguilla anguilla enter estuaries as glass eels, develop into pigmented elvers and migrate into fresh water. Fisheries often transfer such eels abruptly between salinities, principally glass eels and elvers from estuarine to fresh water. It is usually assumed that survival rates are high, but this required systematic investigation. Survival was found to be 100% over 21 days of glass eels and semi‐pigmented elvers transferred abruptly from estuary conditions into fresh water, 50% sea water and full sea water. Fully pigmented elvers, however, showed significantly reduced survival when transferred into sea water. Salinity preference experiments with juvenile eels have historically been inconclusive. Here, in a choice chamber design, a clear developmental shift in salinity preference was found, with glass eels preferring 100% sea water, semi‐pigmented elvers showing no clear preference and fully pigmented elvers preferring fresh water. We conclude that eel fisheries enhancement by abrupt transfer of juveniles among salinities is largely vindicated. In addition, developmental shifts in salinity preference have been clarified and this aids in the interpretation of eel migration patterns.
New phylogenetic perspectives among species of South‐east Asian wild pig (Sus sp.) based on mtDNA sequences and morphometric data
Authors: Lucchini Vittorio , Meijaard Erik , Diong Cheong H. , Groves Colin P. , Randi Ettore
Published: April 2005

There are more taxa of wild pig in South‐east Asia (SEA) than in any other comparable area in the world, but the number of species and subspecies is still uncertain. The taxonomy of some wild pig populations distributed in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, was investigated using molecular and morphometric techniques. Our results suggest the existence of two main evolutionary clades that are likely to have diverged during the Pliocene in SEA: one including wild pig populations distributed in the Philippines (Sus cebifrons) and Sulawesi (S. celebensis); the other including the Indonesian and Malaysian bearded pigs (S. barbatus), and the widespread Eurasian wild boar (S. scrofa). A possible scenario for pig speciation in SEA is developed, and the need for a taxonomic revision of bearded pigs suggested, particularly concerning the taxonomic status of S. b. ahoenobarbus from Palawan Island, and the existence a new species distributed in the Tawi Tawi Islands (Philippines). Unexpectedly, bearded pigs in the Malay Peninsula are closely related to the Bornean population, but distinct from Sumatran S. barbatus, and they should be considered as belonging to a different subspecies.
Carpal glands in feral pigs (Sus domesticus) in tropical lowland rainforest in north‐east Queensland, Australia
Authors: Heise‐Pavlov S. , Heise‐Pavlov P. , Bradley A.
Published: April 2005

Carpal glands (CG) of 105 feral pigs Sus domesticus, caught in the tropical lowland rainforest in north‐east Queensland, Australia, between 1999 and 2004, were investigated to examine their function in chemical communication between animals, and their histology. Female feral pigs show significantly larger CG on the right leg than on the left leg while there were no side‐specific differences in males. CG on both legs were significantly larger in reproductive than in non‐reproductive females, but they did not differ between pregnant and lactating females. The results suggest that CG are involved in the defensive behaviour of reproductive females but not in the identification of the mother by piglets. The area of the left CG was significantly bigger in males compared to females, but no significant difference could be shown for the CG on the right legs. CG of same‐aged boars did not change significantly in size throughout the year while females showed smaller CG on the left leg in January and February suggesting that CG may be involved in intra‐matriarchal group communication. Same sized and aged boars did not show any correlations between the size of the CG and the weight of their testes and the serum levels of testosterone. These results suggest that CG are not involved in advertising dominance in boars. The histological investigation of CG showed that they are active in feral pigs in the lowland rainforest, consist mainly of apocrine tissue and that their hairs may play a role in distributing secretion.
Reproductive output of female mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon×Ovissp.): a comparative analysis
Authors: Garel Mathieu , Cugnasse Jean‐Marc , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Loison Anne , Gibert Philippe , Douvre Philippe , Dubray Dominique
Published: April 2005

Although many mouflonOvis gmelini musimonpopulations have been introduced to continental southern and central Europe, little is known about their reproductive output. Based on post‐mortem analysis of 344 harvested females, the variation in reproductive performance was investigated in three wild populations: two located in the French Alps and one in the south of France. Examination of tracts indicated a high pregnancy rate (> 80%) for females ≥ years old. We found that a significant proportion of female lambs were pregnant in the Alps,c. 1 year earlier than generally reported for first reproduction in the mouflon, whereas female lambs did not conceive in the southern France population. Pregnant female lambs and yearling females always bore a single foetus. Among pregnant females ≥ years old, twinning occurred less often in southern France (2.5%) than in the Alps (10.8% and 20.7%). The data required to relate body mass and reproductive output of ewes at individual level were lacking, but female lamb–ewe body mass ratio was used to test that the population with high reproductive output should have the highest ratio. As expected, the index was higher in the Alps than in southern France, suggesting between‐population differences in the quality of the local environment. Differences in growth pattern and birth timing of lambs, or different tactics of maternal care could also have influenced the female lamb–ewe body mass ratio. Crossings between wild and domestic sheep during the recent history of these populations and differences in environmental conditions might have interplayed to shape age at first reproduction and twinning rates.
Density of spiders (Araneae: Ctenidae) in Ivory Coast rainforests
Authors: Jocqué Rudy , Samu Ferenc , Bird Tharina
Published: April 2005

To monitor the biodiversity quality of rainforest fragments in the eastern region of the Ivory Coast, the density of at least one important invertebrate group needs to be determined. This has been possible for nocturnal hunting spiders from the family Ctenidae using a novel combination of sampling and census techniques. The reflective characteristics of the eyes of these spiders meant that individuals were readily located using headlamps. Collections were made along transects (total length 5.5 km), adopting a distance sampling protocol. Density was estimated using distance sampling models. More than 2600 ctenids (15 species) were captured and identified. Seven of these species were present in sufficient numbers for density assessment. The combined density of these seven most common species in degraded forest fragments (0.124 m−2) was only half that in less disturbed forest (0.240 m−2). Ctenidae are a promising candidate for future monitoring of invertebrate groups in the rainforest.
Absorption and backscattering in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas
Authors: Wang Jian , Cota Glenn F. , Ruble David A.
Published: April 2005

Bio‐optical observations were made during August 2000 in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) ranged from 0.068 to 18.5 mg chl m−3. Both total particulate and phytoplankton absorption at 443 nm were closely correlated with chlorophyll concentration. Linear spectral relationships were observed for phytoplankton absorption. The chlorophyll‐specific absorption of phytoplankton at 443 nm was nearly constant at 0.013 m2 (mg chl)−1, but particulate absorption due to nonpigmented particulates at 443 nm was highly variable. There was no strong correlation between chlorophyll concentration and absorption by soluble materials or nonpigmented particulates. Absorption, scattering, and attenuation all show strong first‐order spectral relationships. Robust relationships between backscattering and chlorophyll and backscattering and remote sensing reflectance were evident. These relationships can be used to construct absorption‐based algorithms to retrieve various optical constituents.
Seismic precursory patterns before a cliff collapse and critical point phenomena
Authors: Amitrano D. , Grasso J. R , Senfaute G.
Published: April 2005

We analyse the statistical pattern of seismicity before a 1–2 103 m3 chalk cliff collapse on the Normandie ocean shore, Western France. We show that a power law acceleration of seismicity rate and energy in both 40 Hz–1.5 kHz and 2 Hz–10kHz frequency range, is defined on 3 orders of magnitude, within 2 hours from the collapse time. Simultaneously, the average size of the seismic events increases toward the time to failure. These in situ results are derived from the only station located within one rupture length distance from the rock fall rupture plane. They mimic the “critical point” like behavior recovered from physical and numerical experiments before brittle failures and tertiary creep failures. Our analysis of this first seismic monitoring data of a cliff collapse suggests that the thermodynamic phase transition models for failure may apply for cliff collapse.
Sequential observations of the local neutral wind field structure associated with E region plasma layers
Authors: Bishop R. L. , Earle G. D. , Larsen M. F. , Swenson C. M. , Carlson C. G. , Roddy P. A. , Fish C. , Bullett T. W.
Published: April 2005

The first sequential rocket experiment to study intermediate layers in over 30 years was launched from Wallops Island, Virginia on the night of 29–30 June 2003. Using an onsite digisonde to determine the presence of sporadic E and conditions indicating the possible presence of an intermediate layer, four rockets were launched over a 4‐hour period. Three of the rockets launched with at least an hour separation; they each contained chemical release experiments and plasma impedance probes. All four payloads encountered two plasma layers on both the ascent and descent of the flights. The lower‐altitude layer, located at approximately 100 km, is clearly a sporadic E layer. The higher‐altitude layer, located between 120 and 130 km, displays many characteristics of an intermediate layer, but it exhibits little downward motion over time. The neutral wind profiles resulting from the chemical tracer experiment are presented here along with the vertical drift velocities derived from the wind measurements. These are compared with the electron density profiles. They show a good agreement between the convergent regions in the velocity profiles and the location of the sporadic E layers. However, agreement between the center of the convergent vertical drift regions and the location of the higher‐altitude layer is poor. The inclusion in the drift calculation of electric field data from the instrumented rocket significantly improves the overall agreement between the convergent vertical drift region center and the intermediate layer center. The convergent region is within 4 km of the intermediate layer. Further, the density depletions surrounding the layers coincide with the regions of divergent drift. The relatively large discrepancy observed between the shear in the vertical drift and the location of the intermediate layer implies that other factors such as horizontal motion structure variations may be important. Thus intermediate layer formation theory and subsequent evolution is still not fully understood.
Learning, Frames, and Environmental Policy Integration: The Case of Swedish Energy Policy
Authors: Nilsson Måns
Published: April 2005

Environmental policy integration (EPI) has been advanced as a guiding policy principle in Europe to ensure that environmental concerns are considered across all areas of policymaking. EPI can be treated analytically as a process of policy learning. The author analyses EPI and other types of learning in Swedish energy policy from the late 1980s up to today. A systematic tracing of agendas, arguments, and policy change indicates that learning processes and partial EPI have occurred. Changing actor configurations and increasing resource dependencies have facilitated learning and EPI, driven in turn by the European deregulation processes, global policy agendas, and the development of the Nordic electricity market. However, learning and EPI has been slow, indirect, and partial—constrained by how policymaking is organised in central government. Further measures are needed to advance EPI in national sector policy, including the development of policy-level strategic assessments and stronger sector accountabilities.
A Case of Contested Ecological Modernisation: The Governance of Genetically Modified Crops in Brazil
Authors: Jepson Wendy E , Brannstrom Christian , de Souza Renato Stancato
Published: April 2005

Ecological modernisation is a normative theory that explains why society's institutions and practices change in response to environmental consequences of industrial economies. It is also a term used to describe broader processes of change in environmental governance. In this paper, we use the second concept to explore the development of Brazil's governance of genetically modified (GM) or transgenic crops. We discuss three major shifts in GM-crop governance and regulatory institutions during the past decade. We focus on how nongovernmental organisations, local governments, and farmers challenged the federal government's biotechnology regulatory institution. The analysis of Brazil's GM debate offers important insights into the process of ecological modernisation in the global South. The case represents a key example of how ecological modernisation may proceed in countries facing neoliberalism and export-oriented economic policies paralleled by increasing democratisation. In Brazil, these seemingly contradictory forces have led to innovative, market-based paths of institutional change in environmental governance. Our study also offers an instructive example of how ecological modernisation processes in the global South intersect with broader dynamics of globalisation to shape potentially diverse environmental policy outcomes.
Why are Local Authorities Reluctant to Externalise (and Do They Have Good Reason)?
Authors: Entwistle Tom
Published: April 2005

In vogue with the international currents of public management, the United Kingdom's New Labour government sees the outsourcing, or externalisation, of public service delivery as a key instrument of performance improvement. Evidence suggests, however, that a significant proportion of local authorities are reluctant to externalise. On the basis of fifty interviews in six case-study authorities, the author identifies five reasons for a reluctance to externalise. He further considers the degree of theoretical support for this reluctance, concluding that gaps in our knowledge—critical to ‘make or buy’ decisions—make it impossible to determine whether a reluctance to externalise is well founded or not.
Public Subsidies to Business R&D: Do They Stimulate Private Expenditures?
Authors: Callejón María , García-Quevedo José
Published: April 2005

The purpose of this paper is to obtain new evidence about a fundamental question of empirical studies on technology policy. Is public R&D a complement to or a substitute for private R&D? We examine, at an industry level, the relationship between private R&D expenditures and public subsidies in Spain, using panel data and controlling the interindustry differences in technological opportunities. The results suggest that public subsidies have complemented private R&D. This is an interesting result because technology policy was reoriented in the 1990s with a reduction of direct government subsidies for R&D and an increase in tax incentives.
Future Shapers: Children, Young People, and Planning in New Zealand Local Government
Authors: Freeman Claire , Aitken-Rose Elizabeth
Published: April 2005

Children and young people are increasingly being recognised by planners as legitimate participants in planning and local government as evidenced in the growth of participation initiatives being undertaken by local councils. In 2003 research was undertaken with planners working in local government in New Zealand to establish how widespread these initiatives were and the extent to which children and young people were considered by planners and actively involved in planning practice. The results were both encouraging and frustrating. Encouraging, in that planners are keen to involve children and young people in planning and there are a number of innovative and promising policies and projects. Frustrating, in that these initiatives are not representative of planning as a whole, where regulatory planning is still the prime concern and more socially oriented issues, such as those associated with children and young people, languish fairly low on the list of priorities for the vast majority of New Zealand local government planners.
Electrifying Rural Guatemala: Central Policy and Rural Reality
Authors: Taylor Matthew J
Published: April 2005

Towards the end of the 20th century Guatemala embarked on an ambitious rural electrification plan: central planners in the Ministry of Energy and Mines hope to connect 90% of homes to the national electricity grid by 2004. Energy for the increased demand comes from floating power plants anchored in Guatemala's Pacific port, a new coal-fired power plant, and numerous small-scale hydroelectric plants. So far, rural electrification, in terms of connected households, has proceeded to plan. However, the success of the rural electrification program belies energy realities and the development needs of rural Guatemala. Data from in-depth interviews and household surveys in Ixcán, Guatemala, show that rural residents prefer other forms of development—like the introduction of potable water, or improved schooling. Electricity, farmers state, only provides rural families with a few hours of light at night because they cannot afford to pay for appliances or for increased consumption of electricity. Fieldwork in rural areas also reveals that the introduction of electricity will not change patterns of firewood consumption; firewood is the basic survival fuel for most rural Guatemalans. Development funds may be better spent on locally run and organized forestry initiatives to ensure reliable sources of firewood for the future.
Towards a General Explanation for the Survival of the Private Asylum
Authors: Moon Graham , Joseph Alun E , Kearns Robin
Published: April 2005

Taken together, the ascendancy of community care and the dominant role of the state as a funder of services have meant that private sector residential care for people with mental health problems is now a rarity in most countries. Yet private asylums have persisted in some places. The authors propose an analytical framework for understanding such ‘institutional survivals’. This framework problematises the public—private and community—asylum boundaries that have hitherto been taken for granted. The framework is applied to case studies in Canada and New Zealand. Survival of these institutions is found to be centrally associated with accommodations with legislative environments, proactive innovation, and the availability of markets.
A Second Shell in the Fornax dSph Galaxy
Authors: Coleman M. G. , Da Costa G. S.
Published: April 2005

In the search for tidal structure in Galactic satellite systems, we have conducted a photometric survey over a 10 deg2 area centred on the Fornax dSph galaxy. The survey was made in two colours, and the resulting colour–magnitude data were used as a mask to select candidate Fornax RGB stars, thereby increasing the contrast of Fornax stars to background sources in the outer regions. Previously, we reported the presence of a shell (age 2 Gyr) located towards the centre of Fornax. In this contribution we reveal a second shell, significantly larger than the first, located 1.3° north-west from the centre of Fornax, outside the nominal tidal radius. Moreover, the distribution of Fornax RGB stars reveals two lobes extending to the spatial limit of our survey, and aligned with the minor axis and with the two shells. These results support the hypothesis of a merger between Fornax and a gas-rich companion approximately 2 Gyr ago.
A Concise Reference to (Projected) Sérsic R1/n Quantities, Including Concentration, Profile Slopes, Petrosian Indices, and Kron Magnitudes
Authors: Graham Alister W. , Driver Simon P.
Published: April 2005

Given the growing use of Sérsic's (1963, 1968) R1/n model for describing the stellar distributions in galaxies, and the lack of any single reference that provides the various associated mathematical expressions, we have endeavoured to compile such a resource here. We present the standard intensity profile, and its various guises such as the luminosity, surface-brightness, and aperture–magnitude profile. Expressions to transform the effective surface brightness into the mean effective and central surface brightness are also given, as is the expression to transform between effective radii and exponential scale-lengths. We additionally provide expressions for deriving the ‘concentration’ of an R1/n profile, and two useful equations for the logarithmic slope of the light-profile are given. Petrosian radii and fluxes are also derived for a range of Sérsic profiles and compared with the effective radii and total flux. Similarly, expressions to obtain Kron radii and fluxes are presented as a function of the Sérsic index n and the number of effective radii sampled. Illustrative figures are provided throughout. Finally, the core–Sérsic model, consisting of an inner power-law and an outer Sérsic function, is presented.
A gating mechanism proposed from a simulation of a human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Authors: Law Richard J. , Henchman Richard H. , McCammon J. Andrew
Published: April 2005

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a well characterized ligandgated ion channel, yet a proper description of the mechanisms involved in gating, opening, closing, ligand binding, and desensitization does not exist. Until recently, atomic-resolution structural information on the protein was limited, but with the production of the x-ray crystal structure of the
L
y
mnea stagnalis
acetylcholine binding protein and the EM image of the transmembrane domain of the
torpedo
electric ray nicotinic channel, we were provided with a window to examine the mechanism by which this channel operates. A 15-ns all-atom simulation of a homology model of the homomeric human α7 form of the receptor was conducted in a solvated palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-phosphatidylcholine bilayer and examined in detail. The receptor was unliganded. The structure undergoes a twist-to-close motion that correlates movements of the C loop in the ligand binding domain, via the β10-strand that connects the two, with the 10° rotation and inward movement of two nonadjacent subunits. The Cys loop appears to act as a stator around which the α-helical transmembrane domain can pivot and rotate relative to the rigid β-sheet binding domain. The M2–M3 loop may have a role in controlling the extent or kinetics of these relative movements. All of this motion, along with essential dynamics analysis, is suggestive of the direction of larger motions involved in gating of the channel.
Computer simulation of explicit proton translocation in cytochrome
c
oxidase: The D-pathway
Authors: Xu Jiancong , Voth Gregory A.
Published: April 2005

Proton translocation in the D-pathway of cytochrome
c
oxidase has been studied by a combination of classical molecular dynamics and the multistate empirical valence bond methodology. This approach allows for explicit Grotthuss proton hopping between water molecules. According to mutagenesis experiments, the role of proton donor/acceptor along the D-pathway is carried by the highly conserved residue Glu-242. The present multistate empirical valence bond simulations indicate that the protonation/deprotonation state of Glu-242 is strongly coupled to the distance of proton propagation in the D-pathway. The proton was seen to travel the full length of the D-pathway when Glu-242 was deprotonated; however, it was trapped halfway along the path when Glu-242 was protonated. Further investigation in terms of both proton dynamical properties and free energy calculations for the pathway of proton transport provides evidence for a two-step proton transport mechanism in the D-pathway.
Roles of Pdk1p, a Fission Yeast Protein Related to Phosphoinositide-dependent Protein Kinase, in the Regulation of Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Authors: Bimbó Andrea , Liu Jianhua , Balasubramanian Mohan K.
Published: April 2005

Proteins related to the phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase family have been identified in the majority of eukaryotes. Although much is known about upstream mechanisms that regulate the PDK1-family of kinases in metazoans, how these kinases regulate cell growth and division remains unclear. Here, we characterize a fission yeast protein related to members of this family, which we have termed Pdk1p. Pdk1p localizes to the spindle pole body and the actomyosin ring in early mitotic cells. Cells deleted for pdk1 display multiple defects in mitosis and cytokinesis, all of which are exacerbated when the function of fission yeast polo kinase, Plo1p, is partially compromised. We conclude that Pdk1p functions in concert with Plo1p to regulate multiple processes such as the establishment of a bipolar mitotic spindle, transition to anaphase, placement of the actomyosin ring and proper execution of cytokinesis. We also present evidence that the effects of Pdk1p on cytokinesis are likely mediated via the fission yeast anillin-related protein, Mid1p, and the septation initiation network.
Turing Memorial Lecture Facing Up to Faults
Authors: Randell Brian
Published: April 2005

As individuals, organizations and indeed the world at large have become more dependent on computer-based systems, so there has been an ever-growing amount of research into means for improving the dependability of these systems. In particular, there has been much work on trying to gain an increased understanding of the many and varied types of faults that need to be prevented or tolerated in order to reduce the probability and severity of system failures. In this talk I discuss the assumptions that are often made by computing system designers regarding faults, survey a number of continuing issues related to fault tolerance, and identify some of the latest challenges facing researchers in this arena.
Immunological and Psychological Benefits of Aromatherapy Massage
Authors: Kuriyama Hiroko , Watanabe Satoko , Nakaya Takaaki , Shigemori Ichiro , Kita Masakazu , Yoshida Noriko , Masaki Daiki , Tadai Toshiaki , Ozasa Kotaro , Fukui Kenji , Imanishi Jiro
Published: April 2005

This preliminary investigation compares peripheral blood cell counts including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), CD4+, CD8+ and CD16+ lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, hematocrit, humoral parameters including serum interferon‐γ and interleukin‐6, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA). Psychological measures including the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire and the Self‐rating Depression Scale (SDS) between recipients (n = 11) of carrier oil massage and aromatherapy massage, which includes sweet almond oil, lavender oil, cypress oil and sweet marjoram oil. Though both STAI and SDS showed a significant reduction (P < 0.01) after treatment with aromatherapy and carrier massage, no difference between the aromatherapy and control massage was observed for STAI and SD Aromatherapy, in contrast to control massage, did not significantly reduce RBC count or hematocrit. However, aromatherapy massage showed a significant (P > 0.05) increase in PBLs, possibly due to an increase in CD8+ and CD16+ lymphocytes, which had significantly increased post‐treatment (P < 0.01). Consequently, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The paucity of such differences after carrier oil massage suggests that aromatherapy massage could be beneficial in disease states that require augmentation of CD8+ lymphocytes. While this study identifies the immunological benefits of aromatherapy massage, there is a need to validate the findings prospectively in a larger cohort of patients.
An Ethical Argument for Integrated Palliative Care
Authors: Beider Shay
Published: April 2005

‘In the midst of life, we are in death’from The Book of Common PrayerThe Palliative Care, or comfort care, movement in the USA is on the rise.
Currently, palliative services are not integrated in an organized way throughout healthcare. If we accept the argument that palliative care is
ethically desirable and that all patients are entitled to palliative services regardless of a terminal diagnosis, it follows that it needs to be integrated across a wide range of healthcare services. Ethical questions regarding palliative care and well‐known ethical frameworks are discussed and an argument is made for integrating palliative healthcare services throughout the healthcare system and not simply at the end of life. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies are discussed as useful and necessary components of palliative care. If we as a society look beyond separating cures and palliation, we will come closer to incorporating compassionate care throughout the disease process.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approaches for Pediatric Pain: A Review of the State‐of‐the‐science
Authors: Tsao Jennie C. I. , Zeltzer Lonnie K.
Published: April 2005

In recent years, the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in pediatric populations has increased considerably, especially for chronic conditions such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and cystic fibrosis in which pain may be a significant problem. Despite the growing popularity of CAM approaches for pediatric pain, questions regarding the efficacy of these interventions remain. This review critically evaluates the existing empirical evidence for the efficacy of CAM interventions for pain symptoms in children. CAM modalities that possess a published literature, including controlled trials and/or multiple baseline studies, that focused on either chronic or acute, procedural pain were included in this review. The efficacy of the CAM interventions was evaluated according to the framework developed by the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12 Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. According to these criteria, only one CAM approach reviewed herein (self‐hypnosis/guided imagery/relaxation for recurrent pediatric headache) qualified as an empirically supported therapy (EST), although many may be considered possibly efficacious or promising treatments for pediatric pain. Several methodological limitations of the existing literature on CAM interventions for pain problems in children are highlighted and future avenues for research are outlined.
Nutritional Status in Adolescents and Young Adults with Screen‐Detected Celiac Disease
Authors: Haapalahti Mila , Kulmala Petri , Karttunen Tuomo J , Paajanen Laura , Laurila Kaija , Mäki Markku , Mykkänen Hannu , Kokkonen Jorma
Published: April 2005

Objective:

To describe the nutritional status in patients with screen‐detected celiac disease (CD).

Methods:

Nutritional status was assessed by serum tests and anthropometric measures in 26 subjects (16 to 25 years of age) with biopsy‐proven CD and 29 healthy control subjects (16 to 21 years of age) with negative tissue transglutaminase antibodies (16 to 22 years of age); all the subjects were selected from the cohort of 3654 schoolchildren.

Results:

Compared with control subjects, CD patients had lower median values of whole blood folic acid (91 versus 109 nmol/L; P = 0.01), serum ferritin (14 versus 27 μg/L; P = 0.028) and pre‐albumin (0.21 versus 0.28 g/L; P ≤ 0.001) and higher transferrin receptor (1.3 versus 1.1; P = 0.008) and serum transferrin receptor‐ferritin index (1.2 versus 0.7; P = 0.006). Folic acid concentration was subnormal in 31% of the CD subjects (versus 14% of the controls) and iron status (transferrin receptor‐ferritin index) was subnormal in 30% (versus 14%). Body mass index was not different in females of the CD and control groups (22 versus 22 kg/m2) or in the males of the respective groups (25 versus 24 kg/m2). Females with CD were shorter than the controls (mean 162 versus 167 cm; P = 0.018), but no difference was found in males. No association was found between the nutritional status and the markers of mucosal injury (villous‐crypt measures), but titer of transglutaminase was associated with whole blood folic acid (r = −0.5; P = 0.016) and with transferrin receptor‐ferritin index (r = 0.4, P = 0.05).

Conclusions:

One third of screen‐detected adolescent CD subjects have abnormalities in folate or iron status that call for early diagnosis and dietary treatment of the disease to prevent nutritional deficiencies.
Etiology, Outcome and Prognostic Indicators of Childhood Fulminant Hepatic Failure in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lee Way Seah , McKiernan Patrick , Kelly Deirdre Anne
Published: April 2005

Objective:

To study the etiology, outcome and prognostic indicators in children with fulminant hepatic failure in the United Kingdom.

Design:

Retrospective review of all patients <17 years with fulminant hepatic failure from 1991 to 2000. Fulminant hepatic failure was defined as presence of coagulopathy (prothrombin time >24 seconds or International Normalized Ratio >2.0) with or without hepatic encephalopathy within 8 weeks of the onset of symptoms.

Setting:

Liver Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, United Kingdom.

Results:

Ninety‐seven children (48 male, 49 female; median age, 27 months; range, 1 day‐192.0 months) were identified with fulminant hepatic failure. The etiologies were: 22 metabolic, 53 infectious, 19 drug‐induced, and 3 autoimmune hepatitis. The overall survival rate was 61%. 33% (32/97) recovered spontaneously with supportive management. Fifty‐five children were assessed for liver transplantation. Four were unstable and were not listed for liver transplantation; 11 died while awaiting liver transplantation. Liver transplantation was contraindicated in 10 children. Of the 40 children who underwent liver transplantation, 27 survived. Children with autoimmune hepatitis, paracetamol overdose or hepatitis A were more likely to survive without liver transplantation. Children who had a delay between the first symptom of liver disease and the onset of hepatic encephalopathy (median, 10.5 days versus 3.5 days), higher plasma bilirubin (299 μmol/L versus 80 μmol/L), higher prothrombin time (62 seconds versus 40 seconds) or lower alanine aminotransferase (1288 IU/L versus 2929 IU/L) levels on admission were more likely to die of fulminant hepatic failure or require liver transplantation (P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, the significant independent predictors for the eventual failure of conservative therapy were time to onset of hepatic encephalopathy >7 days, prothrombin time >55 seconds and alanine aminotransferase ≤2384 IU/L on admission.

Conclusions:

Children with fulminant hepatic failure with severe coagulopathy, lower alanine aminotransferase on admission and prolonged duration of illness before the onset of hepatic encephalopathy are more likely to require liver transplantation. Early referral to a specialized center for consideration of liver transplantation is vital.
The Language Sciences—The Challenges Ahead  A Farewell Address
Authors: Guiora Alexander Z.
Published: April 2005

I shall be separating from Language Learning, at the end of 2005, after 27 years on my watch as the general editor and executive director of the journal. For close to 40 years I have been a participant‐observer of the ever‐changing landscape of applied linguistics, or the language sciences, as I prefer to call it. In 1978 I was invited, quite unexpectedly, by the Board of Directors to the helm of what was then called Language Learning—A Journal of Applied Linguistics. Its name now is, as you know, Language Learning—A Journal of Research in Language Studies, and this is not just a semantic change. At this juncture I would like to, with your indulgence, share with you some of my thoughts and reflections as they have crystallized over the years.
Prevalence of Partner Violence Against 7,443 African American, White, and Hispanic Women Receiving Care at Urban Public Primary Care Clinics
Authors: McFarlane Judith M. , Groff Janet Y. , O'Brien and Kathy Watson Jennifer A.
Published: April 2005

Abstract Given inconclusive findings regarding racial/ethnic differences in risk for intimate partner violence (IPV), this study will estimate annual prevalence and severity of IPV and associated risk factors of homicide among a multiethnic population of English‐ and Spanish‐speaking African American, White, and Hispanic women receiving public primary health care. A personal interview survey was conducted using three measurement instruments including a brief two‐question screen. The sample consisted of 7,443 women, aged 18–44 years, receiving care at urban, primary health care clinics in southern Texas. White women disclosed abuse at a rate of 8.9%, followed by African American women at 6.0% and Hispanic women at 5.3%. More abuse was reported by White and African American women compared to Hispanic women. Use of a brief two‐question screen provides racial/ethnic specific surveillance data for patient care programming and can track progress toward decreasing violence against women.
Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Among Inmates: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Kim Seijeoung , Crittenden Kathleen S.
Published: April 2005

Abstract This paper examined risk factors associated with TB among inmates, over a 7‐year period, and the association of ethnicity and gender with these risk factors. We performed retrospective analysis of data on former inmates from a county jail. TB status at admission was explained with demographics, behavioral risk factors, and incarceration factors. We examined ethnicity and gender defenses on the risk factors. A total of 441 TB cases and 478 non‐TB cases were included. Inmates were more likely to have TB if they were whites, unmarried, homeless, alcohol abusers, and HIV positive. Inmates with TB had even lower socioeconomic status and more behavioral risk factors than other inmates. They had fewer incarcerations and less serious crimes, but longer jail stays. TB risk factors differed by ethnicity and gender. TB control in jails requires intervention in the communities where inmates live. Correctional health is a critical part of public health. Public health nurses are responsible for better understanding and improving health care for this high‐risk and difficult‐to‐reach population.
Gender Differences in Health‐Promoting Lifestyles of African Americans
Authors: Johnson Rolanda L.
Published: April 2005

Abstract  Despite progress in meeting Healthy People 2010 goals, African American (AA) men and women have higher mortality and morbidity rates as compared with Caucasian Americans. These may be attributed to lifestyle behaviors; however, this is a complex, multifactorial problem. The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences among AA lifestyle behaviors. A descriptive comparative design was used. The sample consisted of 223 AAs residing in southeastern United States. The health‐promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP) was used to measure health‐promoting behaviors. Independent t‐test analysis revealed no statistically significant gender differences for total HPLP scores, t(220) = −1.49, p = 0.14. When controlling for income, education, and marital status, no significant interactions were seen with gender on HPLP. Independent t‐test analyses revealed statistically significant differences for interpersonal relationship support, t(221) = −1.97, p = 0.05, health responsibility, t(214) = −2.46, p = 0.02, and nutrition t(219) = −3.27, p < 0.01, with women scoring higher than men. Although gender differences in AAs are evident for specific health‐promoting lifestyle behaviors, these differences become less dominant when education and marital status were used as covariates.
Modifications of Graduate Public/ Community Health Nursing Internships to Facilitate Compliance with Institutional Review Board and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Regulations
Authors: Foss Gwendolyn F.
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT  This paper describes the changes that were made to a two‐semester graduate internship course to facilitate student compliance with Institutional Review Board (IRB) and agency requirements for compliance with the Privacy Rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Students now spend the first semester of the internship developing collaborative relationships with the agency and conceptualizing, planning, and developing all aspects of the project, including preparing materials for an IRB review. A series of workshops about the IRB process, the Privacy Rule of HIPAA, and on‐line resources have been developed. A password‐protected web site and other resources were developed for preceptors. The result of the changes has been primarily positive. By having to conceptualize and develop the entire project at the beginning, students demonstrate a better understanding of program development and evaluation. Their writing has markedly improved. Preceptors like the course revisions, the convenience of on‐line resources, and the enhanced course focus on the protection of health care information and of potential participants in health education programs or program evaluation projects.
Chemical and Structural Widths of Interfaces and Grain Boundaries in Silicon Nitride–Silicon Carbide Whisker Composites
Authors: Chowdhury K. Das , Carpenter R. W , Braue W. , Liu J. , Ma H.
Published: April 2005

The extent of chemical distributions into crystals bounding whisker/matrix interfaces and matrix grain boundaries and the lateral continuity of the distributions was investigated by analytical electron microscopy methods and compared to their structural widths determined by high‐resolution TEM. The extent of the distributions into the bounding crystals, defined as chemical widths, was 10 to 120 times the structural widths; this ratio was larger for grain boundaries than for the interfaces. Further, the chemical distributions were laterally discontinuous at interfaces but continuous at grain boundaries. The elements from the sintering aids, Y2O3 and Al2O3, were the primary chemical distribution constituents. The distributions were examined by the new position‐resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy and Z‐contrast scanning TEM methods. Microstructural observations indicated that chemical widths resulted from solid‐state diffusion into the bounding crystals and that lateral discontinuities in the distributions resulted from preferential Gibbs–Thompson solution effects of the whisker surfaces at interfaces. These nonequilibrium distributions are process‐dependent, and are expected to affect composite properties.