bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commercial Navigation Systems for Long-range Subsonic Transports in the 1970's
Authors: Waldman R. H.
Published: January 2010

The economic requirement for reductions in horizontal separation standards on high density oceanic routes such as the North Atlantic has motivated the search for a navigation and guidance system combining compatibility with foreseeable separation criteria while at the same time remaining cost effective. In this paper, by the Executive Vice-Chairman of the International Air Navigators' Council, an attempt is made from that point of view, to suggest various systems which are envisaged as meeting the most stringent requirements foreseen. Consideration is given to accuracy requirements, avionic hardware, and optimization of crew responsibilities based on airline experience derived over the past decade. Mr. Waldman is a navigator with Air Canada, but the views expressed are not necessarily those of the Air Canada Management.

1. Introduction. In the spring of 1965, an I.C.A.O. Special North Atlantic Regional Air Navigation Meeting (NAT/ RAN) approved by a margin often to two a reduction in nominal lateral separation from 120 n.m. to 90 n.m. in the ‘principal area’. (The ‘principal area’ of the NAT Region is the area delineated by Gander Oceanic, Lisboa Oceanic, New York Oceanic, Reykjavik, Shanwick Oceanic, and Sondrestrom, South of 700 North.)
The Accuracy Contours of a Running Fix
Authors: Black A. N.
Published: January 2010

The diagrams in the paper by Y. Namikawa and Y. Yamazaki with the above title (thisJournal,22, 169) are based on a fallacious argument. Since the distance run between bearings is one of the parameters a navigator must choose, it is useless to express the error as a multiple of it. Consequently their final recommendations are also invalid.

Instead, the error should be expressed as a multiple of the shortest distance off, a distance which is not affected by the pattern of observation chosen. The navigator must then choose the angles off the bow, or more correctly off the course made good, to obtain the best fix.
‘The Schuler Pendulum and Inertial Navigation’
Authors: Bell Frank Coffman
Published: January 2010

MR. J. A. Lee by his commentary (Journal,22, 267) rightly suggests that instead of saying in my par. 1 (Journal,21, 504), as I did after quoting Mr. Carr and Sq. Leader Scott, R.A.F. (Journal,20, 406, sec. 2, par. 1) my words ‘—and from this deducing velocity and position of the vehicle,’ I could better have simply continued their words, ‘From this acceleration we can then, by successive mathematical integrations, deduce first velocity and secondly the displacement of the vehicle.’ Furthermore, it was superfluous and careless of me to add my quite worthless opinion as to soundness and virtue of expression on their part, but I comfort myself, and I hope also Mr. Lee, with the knowledge that there is no evidence that my opinions have ever previously had any effect whether for good or ill. To the extent, if any, that I can understand Mr. Lee's learned commentary, I believe I quite agree with him and am especially grateful for the clear definition given in his final sentence. If, however, an answer has been given to the question I raised as to the connection of Schuler's 1923 paper with inertial navigation, I am not presently aware of this.
Collisions in Western European Rivers
Authors: Wepster A.
Published: January 2010

In the following paper, which was presented to a meeting of the Institute held in London on 30 March 1966 Captain Wepster describes the results of an investigation undertaken by the Holland-America Line into collisions on the main navigable rivers and inland waterways of north-west Europe, including the United Kingdom. On the basis of a previously published paper by Beattie, it was estimated that the main rivers worth investigating were the Schelde, the Thames, the Elbe, the New Waterway and the Weser. A speed analysis and plot of casualties of these rivers is presented.
The Admiralty Chart—III
Authors:   Hydrographic Department, Ministry of Defence
Published: January 2010

In December 1958 and in February 1961 meetings of the Institute were held at the suggestion of the Hydrographer of the Navy, so that the Admiralty chart could be discussed with sea-going chart users. This forum produced a number of valuable suggestions for the improvement of the charts including those affecting an improvement in chart coverage; and a request for routing charts, since published for the North and South Atlantic and the North Pacific Ocean, with those covering the remaining ocean areas in preparation.
Notes on a Passage to the Azores
Authors: Richey M. W.
Published: January 2010

During the summer 1966 the Executive Secretary sailed his bout Jester single-handed to the Azores and back. The passage from Gosport to Horta (Faial) took 17 days, and 13 days back from Graciosa light to Newhaven, having passed 20 miles south of the Lizard 11 days out. Jester, it will be recalled, was owned by H. G. Hasler, her designer, who completed four transatlantic passages in her. The boat is 19 ft. 9 in. on the waterline, with a consequent maximum theoretical speed of about 6·2 kt. Her average speed on the return voyage was just under 4¾ kt. The following notes refer mainly to the navigation.
Meteorological Factors in Supersonic Transport Operations
Authors: Duvergé P.
Published: January 2010

It seems possible at this stage to judge which meteorological factors would be of most importance in commercial supersonic transport operations. The argument would be based on the possible data for the Concorde, which, as is well-known, will fly at mach 2·2 and for which the cruising altitude will be between 18 and 20,000 m. The mach 3 flight would have similar characteristics for which the cruising altitude would be 25,000 m. or more.
Beatification and Canonization with Special Reference to Historic Proof and the Proof of Miracles
Authors: Severance Allen Dudley
Published: January 2010

A firm grasp of the principles of evidence is essential to the success of the historian. When an alleged miracle is to be verified the questions at once arise, “Are miracles differently proved from other facts?” “Do they demand the same amount of testimony?” or “Are more witnesses required than for an ordinary event?” In 1883, the Jesuit De Smedt wrote in his Critique Historique as follows: “The possibility of a miracle never troubles seriously the judgment of Catholic critics …, they know that they must demand a superabundance of proofs, which they do not ask for when the facts are entirely in accord with physical laws.” For an illustration of the application of this rule, he refers his readers to the process of canonization as practised by “the tribunal, the most respectable in the eyes of Catholics.” Of course he refers to the Congregation of Rites and Ceremonies.
EVERY SHIFT AUTOMORPHISM VARIETY HAS AN INFINITE SUBDIRECTLY IRREDUCIBLE MEMBER
Authors: OWENS KATE S.
Published: January 2010

A shift automorphism algebra is one satisfying the conditions of the shift automorphism theorem, and a shift automorphism variety is a variety generated by a shift automorphism algebra. In this paper, we show that every shift automorphism variety contains a countably infinite subdirectly irreducible algebra.
Implementation of electrothermal system-level model for RF power amplifiers in Scilab/Scicos environment
Authors: Besombes Florent , Sommet Raphaël , Mazeau Julie , Ngoya Edouard , Martinaud Jean-Paul
Published: January 2010

This paper presents a behavioral electrothermal model implementation for high RF power amplifiers dedicated to the simulation of radar application in the Scilab/Scicos environment. This model, based on the direct coupling between a behavioral electrical model and a physics-based reduced thermal model, allows to predict nonlinear effects, high-frequency memory effects, and thermal effects due to the amplifier self-heating. System model implementation in Scilab/Scicos platform allows fast time domain simulation with very good convergence properties.
Diagnostik, Therapie und Prognose der idiopathischen pulmonal-arteriellen Hypertonie
Authors: Akin  , Ince  , Kische  , Schneider  , Ortak  , Rehders  , Nienaber  , Chatterjee
Published: January 2010

Die idiopathische pulmonal-arterielle Hypertonie ist gekennzeichnet durch einen progressiven chronisch-proliferativen Umbau der peripheren Lungengefässe mit resultierendem Anstieg des pulmonal-arteriellen Widerstandes. Als Folge dessen kommt es im weiteren Verlauf zu einer Rechtsherzinsuffizienz mit erhöhter Mortalität. Mit der Zunahme des pathophysiologischen Verständnisses und der Entwicklung moderner Therapieverfahren konnte die Prognose, die bis zur Einführung spezifischer Therapien im Jahr 1995 im Mittel bei 2.8 Jahren lag, verbessert werden. Dieser Artikel soll eine Übersicht über die Ätiologie, Diagnostik sowie die Therapie der idiopathischen pulmonal-arteriellen Hypertonie geben.
An assessment of climate feedback processes using satellite observations of clear‐sky OLR
Authors: Chung Eui‐Seok , Yeomans David , Soden Brian J.
Published: January 2010

Clear‐sky longwave radiative feedback processes depicted in climate models prepared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) are investigated using satellite observations of the clear‐sky outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). Estimates of clear‐sky longwave radiative damping are derived from regional, seasonal, and interannual sources of variability. In spite of well‐known biases of tropospheric temperature and humidity in climate models, comparisons indicate that the intermodel range in the rate of clear‐sky radiative damping are small despite large intermodel variability in the mean clear‐sky OLR. Moreover, the model‐simulated rates of radiative damping are consistent with those obtained from satellite observations and are indicative of a strong positive correlation between temperature and water vapor variations over a broad range of spatiotemporal scales.
Particle pressure, inertial force, and ring current density profiles in the magnetosphere of Saturn, based on Cassini measurements
Authors: Sergis N. , Krimigis S. M. , Roelof E. C. , Arridge C. S. , Rymer A. M. , Mitchell D. G. , Hamilton D. C. , Krupp N. , Thomsen M. F. , Dougherty M. K. , Coates A. J. , Young D. T.
Published: January 2010

We report initial results on the particle pressure distribution and its contribution to ring current density in the equatorial magnetosphere of Saturn, as measured by the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) and the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft. Data were obtained from September 2005 to May 2006, within ±0.5 RS from the nominal magnetic equator in the range 6 to 15 RS. The analysis of particle and magnetic field measurements, the latter provided by the Cassini magnetometer (MAG), allows the calculation of average radial profiles for various pressure components in Saturn's magnetosphere. The radial gradient of the total particle pressure is compared to the inertial body force to determine their relative contribution to the Saturnian ring current, and an average radial profile of the azimuthal current intensity is deduced. The results show that: (1) Thermal pressure dominates from 6 to 9 RS, while thermal and suprathermal pressures are comparable outside 9 RS with the latter becoming larger outside 12 RS. (2) The plasma β (particle/magnetic pressure) remains ≥1 outside 8 RS, maximizing (∼3 to ∼10) between 11 and 14 RS. (3) The inertial body force and the pressure gradient are similar at 9–10 RS, but the gradient becomes larger ≥11 RS. (4) The azimuthal ring current intensity develops a maximum between approximately 8 and 12 RS, reaching values of 100–150 pA/m2. Outside this region, it drops with radial distance faster than the 1/r rate assumed by typical disk current models even though the total current is not much different to the model results.
Reliability of the CMIP3 ensemble
Authors: Annan J. D. , Hargreaves J. C.
Published: January 2010

We consider paradigms for interpretation and analysis of the CMIP3 ensemble of climate model simulations. The dominant paradigm in climate science, of an ensemble sampled from a distribution centred on the truth, is contrasted with the paradigm of a statistically indistinguishable ensemble, which has been more commonly adopted in other fields. This latter interpretation (which gives rise to a natural probabilistic interpretation of ensemble output) leads to new insights about the evaluation of ensemble performance. Using the well‐known rank histogram method of analysis, we find that the CMIP3 ensemble generally provides a rather good sample under the statistically indistinguishable paradigm, although it appears marginally over‐dispersive and exhibits some modest biases. These results contrast strongly with the incompatibility of the ensemble with the truth‐centred paradigm. Thus, our analysis provides for the first time a sound theoretical foundation, with empirical support, for the probabilistic use of multi‐model ensembles in climate research.
Filling holes in regional carbon budgets: Predicting peat depth in a north temperate lake district
Authors: Buffam Ishi , Carpenter Stephen R. , Yeck William , Hanson Paul C. , Turner Monica G.
Published: January 2010

Peat deposits contain on the order of 1/6 of the Earth's terrestrial fixed carbon (C), but uncertainty in peat depth precludes precise estimates of peat C storage. To assess peat C in the Northern Highlands Lake District (NHLD), a ∼7000 km2 region in northern Wisconsin, United States, with 20% peatland by area, we sampled 21 peatlands. In each peatland, peat depth (including basal organic lake sediment, where present) was measured on a grid and interpolated to calculate mean depth. Our study addressed three questions: (1) How spatially variable is peat depth? (2) To what degree can mean peat depth be predicted from other field measurements (water chemistry, water table depth, vegetation cover, slope) and/or remotely sensed spatial data? (3) How much C is stored in NHLD peatlands? Site mean peat depth ranged from 0.1 to 5.1 m. Most of the peatlands had been formed by the in‐filling of small lake basins (terrestrialization), and depths up to 15 m were observed. Mean peat depth for small peat basins could be best predicted from basin edge slope at the peatland/upland interface, either measured in the field or calculated from digital elevation (DEM) data (Adj. R2 = 0.70). Upscaling using the DEM‐based regression gave a regional mean peat depth of 2.1 ± 0.2 m (including ∼0.1–0.4 m of organic lake sediment) and 144 ± 21 Tg‐C in total. As DEM data are widely available, this technique has the potential to improve C storage estimates in regions with peatlands formed primarily by terrestrialization.
A side effect resource to capture phenotypic effects of drugs
Authors: Kuhn Michael , Campillos Monica , Letunic Ivica , Jensen Lars Juhl , Bork Peer
Published: January 2010

The molecular understanding of phenotypes caused by drugs in humans is essential for elucidating mechanisms of action and for developing personalized medicines. Side effects of drugs (also known as adverse drug reactions) are an important source of human phenotypic information, but so far research on this topic has been hampered by insufficient accessibility of data. Consequently, we have developed a public, computer‐readable side effect resource (SIDER) that connects 888 drugs to 1450 side effect terms. It contains information on frequency in patients for one‐third of the drug–side effect pairs. For 199 drugs, the side effect frequency of placebo administration could also be extracted. We illustrate the potential of SIDER with a number of analyses. The resource is freely available for academic research at http://sideeffects.embl.de.
Proton transfer reactions in nanoscopic polar domains: 3-hydroxyflavone in AOT reverse micelles
Authors: Basu Saswati , Mondal Samiran , Mandal Debabrata
Published: January 2010

A dramatic reduction in the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) rate is observed for 3-hydroxyflavone (3-HF) within the nanoscopic polar domains of Aerosol-OT (AOT)/n-heptane reverse micelle solutions. It is attributed to the formation of intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded 3-HF:AOT complexes, which cause a significant disruption of intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the complex-bound 3-HF molecules, thereby limiting the overall rate of the ESIPT process. Introduction of strong hydrogen-bonding polar solvents like water or methanol into the reverse micelles causes extensive solvation of the AOT head groups, leading to the collapse of the 3-HF:AOT complex and eventual release of intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded 3-HF molecules which are then able to undergo ultrafast ESIPT. With increasing W-value (W=[polar solvent]:[AOT]), a larger number of 3-HF:AOT complexes are decimated, thus accelerating the overall ESIPT process. In contrast, in presence of solvents like acetonitrile, whose hydrogen-bonding power is inherently weak, the AOT head groups are poorly solvated, so that the 3-HF:AOT complexes are hardly affected at any W-value. Consequently the ESIPT dynamics of 3-HF in acetonitrile-containing AOT reverse micelles is nearly independent of the W-value, and always slower compared to that in water- or methanol-containing AOT reverse micelles. The results highlight the importance of hydrogen-bonding property of the polar solvent on the ESIPT of 3-HF within a nanoscopic domain.
Plasmonic resonances and hot spots in Ag octopods
Authors: Naumov Ivan I. , Li Zhiyong , Bratkovsky Alexander M.
Published: January 2010

Silver octopod plasmonic nanoparticles have been recently synthesized with a variety of shapes. In the present letter, we demonstrate their versatile optical response using the discrete dipole approximation. There are three major resonances that can be tuned up to a large extent making them especially attractive to use in, e.g., high-performance surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detectors. The excited resonant modes strongly depend on the geometrical parameters of the stars. The field “hot spots” are mostly localized at the surface between the arms and may be both “electric” (important for SERS applications) and “magnetic” in character (potentially identifiable by trapping magnetic nanoparticles in their vicinity). The results are in very good agreement with the data where available and may be used for a “shape spectroscopy” for the nanoparticles.
Polariton effects in the dielectric function of ZnO excitons obtained by ellipsometry
Authors: Cobet Munise , Cobet Christoph , Wagner Markus R. , Esser Norbert , Thomsen Christian , Hoffmann Axel
Published: January 2010

The complex dielectric tensor of ZnO in the regime of the excitonic transitions is determined with ellipsometry and analyzed concerning the quantization of the electromagnetic field in terms of coupled polariton-eigenmodes. Negative sections in the real part indicate the significant formation of polaritons for the dipole-allowed excitons of the three upper valence-bands Γ7,Γ9,Γ7. The transverse-longitudinal splittings which separate the upper polariton branch from the lower branch, corresponding to the k-vector of the used light, are deduced precisely for each subband. Mainly for E∥c, additional absorption peaks are observed at the longitudinal B-exciton and closely above. One is considered to be a mixed-mode and the other is seen as a consequence of interference effects in an exciton free surface layer which is also visible in reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy.
Angle resolved surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on two-dimensional metallic arrays with different hole sizes
Authors: Chan C. Y. , Xu J. B. , Waye M. Y. , Ong H. C.
Published: January 2010

The angle resolved surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on two-dimensional Ag hole arrays has been studied as a function of hole size. The Raman enhancement factor has been found to increase with increasing hole size. In particular, by correlating the Raman mappings with the dispersion relations, the enhancement has been attributed to fast surface plasmon polariton radiative decay rate and strong coupling efficiency. Our results indicate that it is possible to optimize the geometry of the arrays to obtain desirable SERS.
Enhancement of plastic deformability in Fe–Ni–Nb–B bulk glassy alloys by controlling the Ni-to-Fe concentration ratio
Authors: Park J. M. , Wang G. , Li R. , Mattern N. , Eckert J. , Kim D. H.
Published: January 2010

The influence of partial replacement of Fe by Ni in (Fe1−xNix)71Nb6B23 (0≤x≤0.5) bulk glassy alloys on the enhancement of the plasticity has been investigated. The increase of the Ni-to-Fe concentration ratio effectively improves the compressive plasticity. The (Fe0.5Ni0.5)71Nb6B23 alloy exhibits an enhanced plastic strain of ∼4.2%, together with high strength and distinct strain hardeninglike characteristics, when compared with the Ni-free Fe71Nb6B23 glass. The improved mechanical properties are ascribed to the control of the intrinsic elastic properties, followed by favorably tuning the interatomic interaction.
On the origin of suppression of free exciton no-phonon emission in ZnO tetrapods
Authors: Chen S. L. , Lee S. K. , Chen W. M. , Dong H. X. , Sun L. , Chen Z. H. , Buyanova I. A.
Published: January 2010

Temperature dependent photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopies are employed to investigate free exciton (FX) emissions in ZnO tetrapods. The intensity of the no-phonon line is found to be largely suppressed as compared with longitudinal optical phonon assisted transitions, in sharp contrast to bulk ZnO. From spatially resolved CL studies, this suppression is shown to strongly depend on structural morphology of the ZnO tetrapods and becomes most significant within areas with faceted surfaces. A model based on reabsorption due to multiple internal reflections in the vicinity of the FX resonance is suggested to account for the observed effect.
Initial experiments using radial foils on the Cornell Beam Research Accelerator pulsed power generator
Authors: Gourdain P.-A. , Blesener I. C. , Greenly J. B. , Hammer D. A. , Knapp P. F. , Kusse B. R. , Schrafel P. C.
Published: January 2010

A novel technique involving radial foil explosions can produce high energy density plasmas. A current flows radially inward in a 5 μm thin aluminum foil from a circular anode, which contacts the foil on its outer rim, to the cathode, which connects to the foil at its geometrical center. When using small “pin” cathodes (∼1 mm in diameter) on a medium size pulsed-current generator such as the Cornell Beam Research Accelerator, the central magnetic field approaches 400 T, yielding magnetic pressures larger than 0.5 Mbar. While the dynamics is similar to radial wire arrays, radial foil discharges have very distinct characteristics. First a plasma jet forms, with densities near 5×1018 cm−3. J×B forces lift the foil upward with velocities of ∼200 km/s. A plasma bubble with electron densities superior to 5×1019 cm−3 then develops, surrounding a central plasma column, carrying most of the cathode current. X-ray bursts coming from the center of this column were recorded at 1 keV photon energy. As the magnetic bubble explodes, ballistic plasma projectiles form and escape with velocities exceeding 300 km/s. Laser shadowgraphy and interferometry, gated extreme ultraviolet imaging and miniature Bdot probes are used to investigate the magnetohydrodynamics properties of such configurations.
Investigation of magnetically self-insulated effect in an ion diode with an explosive emission potential electrode
Authors: Pushkarev A. I. , Isakova J. I. , Saltimakov M. S. , Sazonov R. V.
Published: January 2010

The results of an experimental investigation of a magnetically self-insulated effect in an ion diode in bipolar-pulse mode are presented. The investigations were accomplished at the TEMP-4M accelerator by formation of a first negative pulse (100 ns, 150–200 kV) and a second positive pulse (80 ns, 200–300 kV) [G. E. Remnev et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. 114, 206 (1999)]. Plasma behavior in the anode-cathode gap was analyzed according to the current-voltage characteristics of the diode with a time resolution of 0.5 ns. It is shown that during the discrete emissive surface mode, the magnetic field influence on plasma dynamics is slight. During the space charge limitation mode, the current-voltage characteristics of the diode are well-described by the Child–Langmuir ratio. The drift speed of electrons in the diode exceeds 80 mm/ns and the effect of magnetic insulation is insignificant. It was discovered, when plasma formation at the potential electrode is complete and up until the second positive pulse that the plasma speed is constant and equals to 1.3±0.2 cm/μs. After the voltage polarity at the potential electrode changes (second pulse), plasma breakup at the anode-cathode gap takes place. The impedance of the diode begins to increase and, when the total current is more than 30 kA, the diode impedance exceeds the calculated values by more than three times. The energy efficiency and limiting characteristics of the magnetically self-insulated diode are determined.
The effect of viscoelasticity on the stability of a pulmonary airway liquid layer
Authors: Halpern David , Fujioka Hideki , Grotberg James B.
Published: January 2010

The lungs consist of a network of bifurcating airways that are lined with a thin liquid film. This film is a bilayer consisting of a mucus layer on top of a periciliary fluid layer. Mucus is a non-Newtonian fluid possessing viscoelastic characteristics. Surface tension induces flows within the layer, which may cause the lung’s airways to close due to liquid plug formation if the liquid film is sufficiently thick. The stability of the liquid layer is also influenced by the viscoelastic nature of the liquid, which is modeled using the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation or as a Jeffreys fluid. To examine the role of mucus alone, a single layer of a viscoelastic fluid is considered. A system of nonlinear evolution equations is derived using lubrication theory for the film thickness and the film flow rate. A uniform film is initially perturbed and a normal mode analysis is carried out that shows that the growth rate g for a viscoelastic layer is larger than for a Newtonian fluid with the same viscosity. Closure occurs if the minimum core radius, Rmin(t), reaches zero within one breath. Solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations reveal that Rmin normally decreases to zero faster with increasing relaxation time parameter, the Weissenberg number We. For small values of the dimensionless film thickness parameter ε, the closure time, tc, increases slightly with We, while for moderate values of ε, ranging from 14% to 18% of the tube radius, tc decreases rapidly with We provided the solvent viscosity is sufficiently small. Viscoelasticity was found to have little effect for ε>0.18, indicating the strong influence of surface tension. The film thickness parameter ε and the Weissenberg number We also have a significant effect on the maximum shear stress on tube wall, max(τw), and thus, potentially, an impact on cell damage. Max(τw) increases with ε for fixed We, and it decreases with increasing We for small We provided the solvent viscosity parameter is sufficiently small. For large ε≈0.2, there is no significant difference between the Newtonian flow case and the large We cases.
Searching for partially reactive sites: Analytical results for spherical targets
Authors: Grebenkov Denis S.
Published: January 2010

How do single or multiple (sub)diffusing particles search for a target with a partially reactive boundary? A finite reaction rate which is typical for many chemical or biochemical reactions is introduced as the possibility for a particle to find a target but not to “recognize” it. The search is not finished until the target is found and recognized. For a single searching particle, the short- and long-time regimes are investigated, with a special focus on comparison between perfectly and partially reactive boundaries. For multiple searching particles, explicit formulas for the probability density of the search time are given for subdiffusion in one and three dimensions. The dependence of the mean search time on the density of particles and the reaction rate is analyzed. Unexpectedly, in the high density limit, the particles undergoing slower subdiffusive motion find a target faster.
Forcing Free Fusion of Stereograms
Authors: Cecchetto Stefano , Kramer Peter
Published: January 2010

In order to read articles that either are on stereopsis, or use stereopsis as a tool, it is virtually inescapable to learn to fuse stereograms without the help of a stereoscope or special glasses ( free fusion). For a few, this is easy. For many, it is frustratingly difficult, leading some to turn their backs on stereopsis altogether. Here, we show how presenting a stereogram on a transparency—rather than on paper—with a fixation cross behind it (for uncrossed fusion), or presenting a fixation cross on a transparency with a paper stereogram behind it (for crossed fusion), can force free fusion towards greater success.
Jean's instability in a drifting dusty plasma in the presence of secondary electron emission
Authors: Sarkar Susmita , Maity Saumyen , Roy B , Khan Manoranjan
Published: January 2010

In this paper, we have studied the effect of dust drift on Jean's instability in a complex plasma in the presence of secondary electron emission from dust grains. The drift motion of dust grains is shown to be responsible for the excitation of dust-ion-acoustic Jean's mode (DIAJ), which grows with oscillation at a frequency depending exclusively on the dust drift. This oscillation of the growing DIAJ mode develops due to energy loss of the wave to the dust grains and the ions when the drift velocity is nearly equal to the phase velocity of the wave.
Magnetoresistance and magnetocaloric properties of the Pr0.1Gd0.9Mn2Ge2 compound
Authors: Dincer I , Elerman Y
Published: January 2010

The magnetoresistance and magnetocaloric properties of the Pr0.1Gd0.9Mn2Ge2 compound have been investigated by resistance and magnetization measurements. This compound shows ferrimagnetism, antiferromagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism and paramagnetism with increasing temperature. The metamagnetic transition occurs from antiferromagnetism to ferrimagnetism and ferromagnetism at around T
C
R and T

N

inter, respectively. Magnetoresistance is observed at magnetic transition temperature, as expected. Normal and inverse magnetocaloric effects are observed at magnetic transition temperatures. Magnetic entropy changes are calculated from isothermal magnetization curves using Maxwell's relation and Landau theory. Both the calculated magnetic entropy changes are in good agreement.
8 Henry Cowell’s “Throbbing Masses of Sounds”
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

Henry Cowell (1897-1965) gained fame for his musical innovations during the 1910s and 1920s—especially for his use of clusters (which he defined as “chords built from major and minor seconds”), his conceptualization of the string piano (a technique of plucking and otherwise manipulating the piano strings rather than striking the keys), and his forays into complex rhythms. And as with Carl Ruggles, Cowell's connection to the innovative theories of Charles Seeger deeply affected his own work. Cowell made a debut at Carnegie Hall in New York City in 1924 and took several European concert tours during the 1920s. Cowell also felt the impact of spirituality on his evolving theories of new music. In the early stages of his exploration he had significant contact with Dane Rudhyar. In writings about spirituality and dissonance, Rudhyar repeatedly conjured up Cowell's clusters as exemplifying his ideals. By late in the decade, the language Rudhyar used for describing Cowell's music began to travel beyond spiritual circles, becoming enmeshed in the rhetoric surrounding these novel pitch constructions.
10 A Forgotten Vanguard: The Legacy of Marion Bauer, Frederick Jacobi, Emerson Whithorne, and Louis Gruenberg
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

American composers not only explored new compositional byways during the 1920s but also sought ways to bring their work before the public. They were good at it, often finding others willing to invest time and money in devising opportunities for performance and publication. As a result, a string of new music organizations appeared in New York City, including the International Composers' Guild, the League of Composers, the Pan American Association of Composers, and the Copland-Sessions Concerts. These followed parallel ventures in the visual arts. During the first two decades of the century, Alfred Stieglitz's Gallery 291 exhibited new European and American art, while selected dealers such as Stephan Bourgeois began featuring modernist painting. This chapter looks at the legacy of composers Marion Bauer, Frederick Jacobi, Emerson Whithorne, and Louis Gruenberg in the field of modernist music in New York.
14 The Transatlantic Gaze of Aaron Copland
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

More than any other composer in the generation born around 1900, Aaron Copland (1900-1990) has come to be seen as championing an idiom that was identifiably American. Copland began pursuing a nationalist voice during the 1920s, while keeping pace with the latest developments abroad. During this period, Copland grasped the importance of having both an international purview and a national one. His transatlantic gaze was deeply intertwined with his personal response to neoclassicism. Copland's European connections were reinforced by Paul Rosenfeld, as well as by the modernist climate in New York City, with the high value it placed on new music from abroad. Over the course of the 1920s, Copland kept his transatlantic ties strong by visiting Europe frequently, and played a public role in encouraging Euro-American communication by publishing essays and reviews commenting on his experiences. Through these trips and articles, Copland's relationship to neoclassicism emerged with clarity.
19 Modernism and the “Jazz Age”
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

Jazz was the single most discussed musical genre of the United States during the 1920s, coming to represent the decade as a whole. The “Jazz Age” evoked rapid mechanization and the giddy good life of America's more high-rolling citizens, as much as it did a particular genre of music. For American modernist composers, increased pluralism expanded the repertory of available sound sources, and their “eclectic breeding” became a vital component in shaping modernism in the New World. Jazz was the non-European music with the greatest impact on composers of modernist music. Aside from contributing materials to new music, it provided a much-desired musical link to cultures thought to be “primitive”, whether those of the African continent or the American South. It also appeared to be one of the most effective ways in which American composers might gain long-desired acceptance in Western Europe. The vogue for jazz among American concert composers reached its peak between 1924 and 1926, yet it had ongoing implications profoundly affecting the musical language of Americans for decades to come.
Questioning the Nation
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2010

This chapter addresses the process of denationalization, which went further than the much-discussed denazification effort, and eventually produced a country that considered itself post-national.
Fearing Foreignness
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2010

This chapter reflects on the difficulties of immigration, both of ethnic Germans and of foreigners, that, be it in the form of guest-workers or asylum seekers, are creating a multiethnic society in the Federal Republic.
Black and White Manhattan
Authors: Foote Thelma Wills
Published: January 2010

Race first emerged as an important ingredient of New York City's melting pot when it was known as New Amsterdam and was a fledgling colonial outpost on the North American frontier. This book details the arrival of the first immigrants, including African slaves, and traces encounters between the town's inhabitants of African, European, and Native American descent, showing how racial domination became key to the building of the settler colony at the tip of Manhattan Island. During the colonial era, the art of governing the city's diverse and factious population, the book reveals, involved the subordination of confessional, linguistic, and social antagonisms to binary racial difference. Everyday formations of race are investigated — in slave owning households, on the colonial city's streets, at its docks, taverns, and marketplaces, and in the adjacent farming districts. Even though the northern colonial port town afforded a space for black resistance, that setting did not, this book argues, effectively undermine the city's institution of black slavery. This history of New York City demonstrates that the process of racial formation and the mechanisms of racial domination were central to the northern colonial experience and to the founding of the United States.
“One and the Same Interest”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that the disciplinary mechanism of antiblack racism became a key instrument of governance in colonial New York City. It notes that New York City's Slave Revolt of 1712 was the act of unculturated native Africans and other slaves, who from their own distinctive worldviews, regarded colonial New York's institution of slavery as an unjust social relation. It demonstrates the specter of interracial sexual desire, especially in households where slave owners and their families lived under the same roof with black Africans.
A Different Sense of Time
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Newspaper reports on the monks of Santo Domingo de Silos have called their best-selling CD “an album of 1,000-year-old Gregorian chant” or even “1,500-year-old chant”. But both estimates erroneously assume that the chants on the CD are unaltered relics from the Middle Ages. If anything in music can be shown clearly, it is that the chanting of modern monks bears only a general resemblance to what was sung a thousand years ago. It can be argued that today’s historical-performance movement began with plainchant. Marcel Pérès has devoted his career to exploring such chant traditions as the Old Roman, the Beneventan, and the Mozarabic. Pérès has also explored Ambrosian chant, which escaped suppression and was sung in Milan—though not necessarily in its original form—until our own time, and various Gregorian “dialects”, such as the 17th- and 18th-century plainsong repertoires of Auxerre, Paris, and the Italian Franciscans. This chapter presents an interview with Peres, who discusses plainchant, Gregorian chant, ancient chant, musicology, and the use of microtones in early chants.
Emotional Logic
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Conventional wisdom holds that during the Renaissance period, instrumental music was a sideshow. Vocal music, such as that discussed by Peter Phillips and Paul Hillier, had such prestige that only after 1600 did instrumental repertory come into its own. But according to the harpist-keyboardist Andrew Lawrence-King, conventional wisdom is wrong. It became the conventional view anyway, he argues, partly because of the modern preoccupation with written scores. In Renaissance instrumental music, much of what was important was not written down but was improvised. This raises, he points out, a paradox at the heart of the early music movement: to be faithful to the spirit of the past often means being unfaithful to the written notes that survive from the past. This chapter presents an interview with Lawrence-King on improvisation in Renaissance instrumental music and perfect instruments.
You Can Never Be Right for All Time
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

George Frideric Handel was the first composer in history whose works never fell out of the concert repertory. But despite the reverence for him, only a little of his music was actually performed in the 19th century. Messiah was one of them, of course, sung with increasingly gargantuan choruses and orchestras, and so were Samson, Israel in Egypt, and Judas Maccabeus. But such masterpieces as Theodora, Giulio Cesare, Jephtha, Orlando, and L’Allegro, il Penseroso, ed il Moderato occupied few beyond the occasional scholar. The coincidence of the Handel revival with the historical-performance movement has raised a number of issues. A more basic issue is the works themselves. When certain works by a widely revered composer are almost never played, one might be forgiven for suspecting that these works are of lesser quality. Such suspicions have faded in recent decades, but doubts about the stageworthiness of the operas persist. This chapter presents an interview with Nicholas McGegan on Handel, use of countertenors for the operatic roles written by Handel for castrati, early music singing in Handel, improvisation with Baroque orchestras, ornamentation in Handel’s works, harmony, rubato, Handel’s rhythmic notation, technical perfection, period pronunciation in English-language oratorios, and overdotting.
Reinventing Wheels
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Joshua Rifkin’s career as conductor, harpsichordist and pianist has taken him from Antoine Busnoys to Johann Sebastian Bach, and Igor Stravinsky to Scott Joplin—with, along the way, the spoof The Baroque Beatles Book and some lovely instrumental arrangements for Judy Collins. The Bach Ensemble, which he founded in 1978, has recorded a number of Bach works and has toured throughout the United States and Europe; he has also appeared as guest conductor and keyboard soloist with many modern orchestras. Rifkin is also a scholar who has specialized in Renaissance and Baroque music, with particular emphasis on Josquin des Prez and Bach. This chapter presents an interview with Joshua Rifkin on more basic issues of historical performance, interpretation and inflection, technical perfection, and the concept of musical rhetoric.
Economic Life
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows how the Jewish population pursued a very limited range of often marginal occupations within the relatively underdeveloped preindustrial economy of Germany in the 18th century. Subject to many legal restrictions, they rarely had a fixed place of business and often lived on the edge of subsistence. Although there were always some wealthy Jews, the vast majority were in difficult economic straits. Political emancipation and the Industrial Revolution helped large numbers of Jews find new economic opportunities and improve their positions substantially. Although not all Jews benefited from the rapid changes, many were able to enter the German middle class.
Career and Employment
Authors: Maurer Trude
Published: January 2010

The two major economic crises of the Weimar Republic — the inflation at the beginning and the Depression at the end — accelerated the stagnation and economic decline that had already begun before World War I. As early as 1933, a social worker predicted that German Jews would experience such grave restrictions in their “economic sphere” that their standard of living would be reduced to the point of ending their “middle-class existence”. This chapter shows how this prediction came true, with the onslaught of discrimination, boycotts, and ultimately “Aryanization” — a euphemism for the Nazi expropriation of Jews.
A Question Of Definition
Authors: Sweers Britta
Published: January 2010

A hybrid revival genre like electric folk illustrates the difficulty of a strict separation of art, folk, and popular music. This is also corroborated by a deeper analysis of the relationship between electric folk and traditional English music. This chapter starts out with a picture of traditional music as depicted by the collectors of the First Revival, Cecil Sharp in particular, whose definition was also adapted by the International Folk Music Council in 1954. Issues discussed here include: the ideal of a “pure” English folk music tradition, the separation of traditional music from popular/commercial music, the disappearance of the tradition, exclusiveness of oral transmission, the ideal of unaccompanied singing, editorial changes and notational aspects. Discussing several modern controversial perspectives on the relationship of traditional and popular music, including Dave Harker, Karl Dallas, Alan Lomax, and Simon Frith, the chapter argues for more a flexible application of the various concepts.
Modern Revival And Fusion Processes
Authors: Sweers Britta
Published: January 2010

In order to discuss modern revival and fusion processes from a broader perspective, this chapter presents the case study of the New St. George, an American English electric folk band. The interview with band leader Jennifer Cutting adds a relativizing angle to the specific situation of a hybrid music band, such as the musical selection process, the performance situation, and the business side. As the specifically marginal situation of American English bands reveals, hybrid bands often have to work with compromises much stronger than the dominant “Celtic” scenes, which can fall back on a much broader local and global network. While thus appearing as a highly specific genre, English electric folk is nevertheless also being revealed as a highly influential genre — be it with regard to the more successful “Celtic” branch — yet also with regard to folk rock approaches in neighboring countries like Scandinavia.
Brown and Backlash
Authors: Badger Tony
Published: January 2010

This chapter asserts that conservative resistance to racial change was already entrenched before 1954. It claims that moderate southern politicians were too fearful of an electoral backlash to formulate a strategy to promote gradual racial reform once the Supreme Court had issued its ruling. It implies that massive resistance only became inevitable because of the timidity and fatalism of liberal leaders.
White South, Red Nation: Massive Resistance and the Cold War
Authors: Lewis George
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines how segregationists also attempted to manipulate Cold War tensions to their own political advantage. It discusses that the parochial self-interest of segregationists seemed to their political opponents “un-American,” since it destabilized the United States at a time when the country was already faced with unprecedented foreign threat. It notes that segregationists attempted to reclaim their political legitimacy by arguing that civil rights activism was a communist conspiracy to destroy the social fabric of the nation. It adds that this exploitation of Cold War rhetoric transformed the struggle to preserve Jim Crow into a patriotic crusade. It explains that the irony lost on segregationists was their supposed protection of American traditions and ideals made it permissible for them to disobey their own democratically elected government.
Disunity and Religious Institutions in the White South
Authors: Chappell David L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that the southern states did not withstand the tide of political reform in part because white religious leaders failed to commit complete ideological and institutional support for segregation. It notes that the equivocation of white southern clergymen denied segregationists the cultural legitimacy they needed to sustain their cause. It explains that this was in pronounced contrast to the pivotal role of the black church in promoting civil rights reform. It adds that the church not only served as an organizational base and important source of income but also, through its leaders, instilled activists with a sense of divine purpose. It states that white churches, in contrast, did not care deeply enough about segregation to make its defense the most important thing in their lives.