bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring golden shower foliage fermentable sugars untapped potential and promise for sustainable bioethanol development
Authors: Numchok Manmai  , Jiraporn Pakketanang  , Achudhan David
Published: September 2023

This study investigates the potential of golden shower foliage (GSF) fermentable sugars for sustainable bioethanol production. Utilizing chemical and biological pretreatments involving agents such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium oxide (CaO), and Trichoderma reesei. The research analyzed various aspects including reducing sugar coefficient, total sugar, degree of polymerization (DP), and derived energy. Results underscored the efficacy of a 3% NaOH solution over 72 hours in maximizing sugar and energy concentration, facilitating efficient lignocellulosic biomass conversion into sugar. However, the economic viability for large-scale deployment poses a challenge, directing attention to the cost-benefit of incorporating CaO due to its affordability compared to NaOH without notably diminishing output efficiency. The role of T. reesei, a notable entity in biomass decomposition and a staple in biofuel production, was also highlighted. The research further delved into the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the significant role of the degree of polymerization, influencing the classification of carbohydrates based on their monomer count. Therefore, this approach is the cost and competitiveness of the pretreatment on the hydrolysis phase of large-scale fermentable sugar is a hurdle.
Pemdampingan Untuk Mempermudah Belajar Arti Al-Qur’an Melalui Qur’any 2 Di TPQ Al – Firdaus Bareng Jombang
Authors: Mustofa Ali , Indana Nurul , Hasro Afta Zita , Setyaningsih Alifah Ayu , Ulfa Baiq Elistiana , Nurmalasari Ita , Rohmah Nazilatur , Mochsen Siti Saira , Kurniawati Susi , Ahmad Wilanti
Published: September 2023

In education, the learning process and the use of methods are very influential for children's learning outcomes. Learning the Qur'an is not only learning to read and write it, but also in understanding the meanings of the words in the Qur'an. The methods that can be used in learning the Qur'an are very diverse. One method that is easy and fast is the method with the Qur'any system. The method with the Qur'any system is a method of learning the Koran easily and quickly with the teaching principle of 2 x 3. In this service the method used is the PAR (Participatory Action Research) research approach. PAR is a participatory research and development method that recognizes the social connections and values ??of the reality of our experiences, thoughts and feelings. The initial step taken was to provide teaching assistance while observing and analyzing conditions. The second step is to start implementing assistance in learning the meaning of the Qur'an through Qur'any 2. The next third step is to carry out an evaluation.
Pelatihan dan pendampingan tentang strategi Kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kompetensi Guru bidang profesional Di SMA Primaganda Jombang
Authors: Solechan Solechan , Afif Zahrotun Ni’mah , Sunardi Sunardi , Masrufa Binti
Published: September 2023

This community dedication describes an effort to improve the quality of education at Primaganda Jombang High School by focusing on the development of teacher competence in the professional field. Approaches used include intensive training, sustained support, and a change in the leadership strategy of the head of school. The program aims to improve learning skills, teaching skills, effective classroom management, and the motivation of teachers and students. The results of community dedication show a significant improvement in teacher competence. They have a better understanding of the subject matter and are able to apply more innovative teaching methods. More effective classroom management creates a more dynamic learning environment, which is reflected in improved student learning outcomes and reduced absences. Moreover, a more inclusive and teacher-development-oriented head of school leadership strategy has created a positive school climate. Teachers feel supported in their professional development and are more motivated. This program not only provides direct benefits to Jombang Primaganda High School but also has the potential to be adopted as a model for other schools. Investing in teacher competence development and changing leadership strategies is an important step in improving the quality of education. Continuous evaluation and sustained commitment are needed to ensure the sustainability of these positive impacts and disseminate best practices throughout the educational community. This community commitment reflects a commitment to improved education and sustainable growth at the high school level.
A 6-Year Review of the Electronic Drug Prescription System in the Republic of Türkiye
Authors: Birinci Şuayıp , Ülgü Mustafa Mahir
Published: September 2023

Pharmacoepidemiological studies are important for the development of health systems. The aim of this study is to examine the seasonal and branch changes of prescriptions written in the light of national data. Drug and prescription information between 01.01.2016 and 31.12.2022 analyzed retrospectively from electronic data. In addition to gender and age distribution, the specialty and hospital level at which the prescription was written were examined in temporal terms. Prescribed drugs have been classified according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes previously created by the World Health Organization. It was determined that 1,452,128,177 prescriptions were written during the study period. These included a total of 4,602,556,489 drugs with the ATC code. The most written ATC code group was A (alimentary tract and metabolism), followed by M (musculo-skeletal system), and R (respiratory system) group drugs. In terms of specialization, the group that wrote the most prescriptions was family physicians, followed by emergency physicians, and internal medicine specialists. Examining prescription software trends is important when creating healthcare policies. Developing strategies to reduce prescription costs will contribute to the efficient use of resources and improving the quality and sustainability of health services delivery.
Gereja Mula-Mula Menyikapi Perbedaan dan Konflik Berdasarkan Kisah Para Rasul 15:1-34: Sebuah Refleksi bagi Gereja Toraja Mamasa
Authors: Toding Yulianus
Published: September 2023

The background of this article is the conflict and differences in the Toraja Mamasa Church after the Bikker-Geleijnse. Acts 15:1-34 tells about how the early church resolved conflicts due to differences. This similarity of experience prompted the authors to examine the text of Acts 15:1-34 as reflective material in dealing with differences in the Toraja Mamasa Church after Bikker-Geleijnse. The research method used is narrative criticism. The research question that the author poses is how did the early church respond to conflict and differences as a reflective material for the Toraja Mamasa Church? The author carries out this research by describing the traces of Bikker and Geleijnse's mission in Mamasa, the background of the conflict in the early church, interpreting the text of Acts 15:1-34, and constructing a reflection to resolve conflicts and differences in the Toraja Mamasa Church.The research method used is narrative criticism.  The author finds that the early church faced conflicts and differences with a middle-ground perspective. The church gives freedom to the context of carrying out its own ethnic laws and rules while at the same time emphasizing Christian ethics as a standard of God's holiness. This action then spurred the Toraja Mamasa Church to have a contextual perspective while at the same time respecting the holiness of God. AbstrakLatar belakang artikel ini adalah konflik dan perbedaan di Gereja Toraja Mamasa pasca Bikker-Geleijnse. Kisah Para Rasul 15:1-34 menceritakan tentang bagaimana gereja mula-mula menyelesaikan konflik akibat perbedaan. Kesamaan pengalaman ini mendorong penulis untuk mengkaji teks Kisah Para Rasul 15:1-34 sebagai bahan reflektif menghadapi perbedaan di Gereja Toraja Mamasa pasca Bikker-Geleijnse. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kritik naratif. Pertanyaan penelitian yang penulis ajukan adalah bagaimana gereja mula-mula menyikapi konflik dan perbedaan, sebagai bahan reflektif bagi Gereja Toraja Mamasa? Penulis melaksanakan penelitian ini dengan mendeskripsikan jejak misi Bikker dan Geleijnse di Mamasa, latar belakang konflik dalam gereja mula-mula, menginterpretasi teks Kisah Para Rasul 15:1-34, dan mengonstruksikan sebuah refleksi untuk menyelesaikan konflik dan perbedaan di Gereja Toraja Mamasa. Penulis menemukan bahwa gereja mula-mula menghadapi konflik dan perbedaan dengan perspektif jalan tengah. Gereja memberi kebebasan kepada konteks menyelenggarakan hukum dan aturan etnisnya masing-masing, sekaligus menekankan etika Kristen sebagai standar kekudusan Allah. Tindakan ini kemudian memacu Gereja Toraja Mamasa untuk berwawasan kontekstual, sekaligus menghormati kekudusan Allah. Kata Kunci: konflik gereja, gereja mula-mula, Gereja Toraja Mamasa, sidang di Yerusalem
PROFIL ANTROPOMETRIK, VITAMIN D, B12, FOLAT, DAN FERITIN PASIEN OBES PRABEDAH BARIATRIK DI POLIKLINIK GIZI RUMAH SAKIT SUMBER WARAS
Authors: Hayuningtyas Anastasia , Lady Dhita Alfara  , Tjandraningrum  , Tambunan Victor , Halim Lukman , Kumala Meilani , Titus Johana
Published: September 2023

Obese patients, especially patients with severe obesity and requiring bariatric surgery, have a high prevalence of nutrient deficiencies. This study aims to determine some of the basic characteristics of patients undergoing bariatric surgery so that they can be used as supporting data for post-bariatric surgery nutrition medical therapy, particularly in the provision of food sources and micronutrient supplementation which can be deficient due to anatomic and physiological alterations after the surgery. The study was conducted on 55 preoperative bariatric patients by assessing age, gender, and degree of obesity based on body mass index (BMI), serum vitamin D and B12 levels, erythrocyte folic acid, and serum ferritin of subjects. The study is descriptive with a cross-sectional design. Subjects were taken by consecutive sampling. The results showed that the mean age of preoperative bariatric patients was 36 ± 7.1 years; most (85.5%) were women. Most subjects (34.5%) had BMI of 35­–39.9 kg/m2. Vitamin D deficiency was present in most (75.6%) of the study subjects, but most had serum vitamin B12 levels, erythrocyte folic acid levels, and serum ferritin levels within normal limits. This study shows that the basic profile of patients undergoing bariatric surgery is primarily late adults, classified as severe obese and having vitamin D deficiency.

Keywords: Obesity, Prebariatric, Serum Vitamin D, Serum Vitamin B12, Erythrocyte Folic Acid, and Serum Ferritin.
الذكاء الإصطناعي التوليدي: تداعيات وتساؤلات قانونية
Authors: زين مروه , Elguindy Mohamed
Published: September 2023

تعد تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي الأكثر شهرة الآن وبعد أن قامت شركة Open AI  بطرح الإصدارات المختلفة لCHAT GPT  أثار هذا العديد من التساؤلات القانونية والتقنية أيضًا وأثار ذلك فضول المستخدمين حول العالم. مما دفع كثير منهم إلى تجربة هذه التقنيات، ولكن استخدمت العديد من الشركات أيضًا هذه التقنيات في أغراض الأعمال وقد أدت المطلوب بفاعلية عالية وفي القريب سوف تصبح تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي وخاصة الذكاء الاصطناعي التوليدي مثل  ChatGPT - -  محل استخدام وبشكل يومي حيث تخطط أكبر الشركات التي تعمل في مجال تكنولوجيا المعلومات ومثل جوحل و مايكروسوفت بدمج تلك التقنيات في تطبيقاتها التي نستخدمها بشكل يومي. يثير ذلك عددًا من التساؤلات القانونية المتعلقة بالمليكة الفكرية وحقوق العمال إلى جاني تطبيقات مثل هذه التقنيات في التعليم وآثارها على جودة التعليم واستخدام الطلاب لها بأشكال منافية للتعاليم والتقاليد الجامعية. يحب التحرك بشكل سريع لوضع أطر قانونية تنظم مثل هذه التقنيات بدلًا من نهج المنع التي اتخذته بعض التشريعات للتعامل مع التقنيات الحديثة ولم تقدر الاستفادة المادية والاقتصادية المتوقعة من مثل هذه التقنيات.
أصبح التطور التكنولوجي واقع متسارع يجب التعامل معه بالشكل والألية التي تتناسب معه، وليست الطرق والأطر التنظيمية العادية، وحيث أن هذه التقنية لم تنضج بعد ولم يطهر كامل تطبيقاتها وعواقبها تباعًا، نحاول في هذا المقال شرح هذه التقنية ولفت الانتباه للمشكلات القانونية التي تثيرها باستقراء الوضع الحالي لما ظهر من تطبيقات في محاولة لتسليط الضوء على ضرورة دراسة أطر تنظيمية مستحدثة لتحقيق أهداف القانون والعدالة.
A Comparative Study on the Stress Levels of Work from Home Employees During Covid and Post Covid Period and Its Impact on Employees Performance
Authors: R R Dr. Rajeshwari
Published: September 2023

This study aimed to explore the stress levels experienced by work-from-home employees during the covid period and compare them to the stress levels in the post- covid period, examining the potential impact on employees' performance. The type of research combines both qualitative and quantitative research methods to investigate the stress levels of work-from-home employees. The sampling unit, on the other hand, would be the individual employees themselves and already have investigation for both male and female employees. the data collected from primary and secondary data, 200 participants were picked as the study's sample size the statistical tools were used in this study percentage analysis, Chi square, ANOVA, Correlation, which SPSS software is used for this study. Keywords: Work from home, Stress level, Employees performance.
Fire Extinguisher Robot: A Smart and Autonomous System for Fire Hazard Mitigation
Authors: Gaware Ms.Utkarsha
Published: September 2023

The rapid growth of the human population and technological advancements have led to an increased occurrence of fire accidents and hazards in various settings. The challenging and demanding nature of fire extinguishing tasks, coupled with the physical limitations of human responders, necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate these risks effectively. One such solution is the development of fire extinguishing robots, which offer the potential to safeguard both human lives and the surrounding environment. This research introduces a hardware model of a fire extinguishing robot designed to address the complexities associated with fire suppression tasks. The robot's primary objective is to detect and extinguish fires swiftly, ideally before they can escalate and cause significant damage. By assuming the role of fire suppression, these robots can significantly reduce errors and overcome the limitations faced by human responders. Our designed fire extinguishing robot possesses several key functionalities. It autonomously explores the area, identifies the location of the fire, and efficiently extinguishes the flames, preventing uncontrolled fire outbreaks. Moreover, this robot demonstrates versatility by effectively handling various types of fires across diverse geographical locations. It navigates through structures while actively scanning for signs of fire, ensuring comprehensive coverage. Additionally, the robot is equipped with an array of sensors capable of monitoring critical parameters such as temperature, humidity, obstacles, and distances. These parameters are displayed in real-time on an LCD interface, providing essential data to operators. The robot's operation is streamlined through a user-friendly Bluetooth Terminal App, allowing remote control and providing users with real-time updates on fire status. In practical applications, our fire extinguishing robot shines in scenarios where the risk to human servicemen entering fire-prone areas is exceptionally high. Compared to existing robotic solutions, our system distinguishes itself by its ability to provide real-time data feedback, making it an invaluable tool for fire mitigation and prevention. Key Words: Fire Extinguishing Robot, Robotics, Fire Safety, Autonomous Systems, Fire Detection, Hazard Mitigation, Sensor Technology, Fire Prevention.
A Deep Learning Model for Multiple Disease Prediction using VGG-16
Authors: JOURNAL IJSREM
Published: September 2023

All health-related problems must be precisely and professionally examined if it is to be prohibited and examined. In the case of a captious illness, the common technique of diagnosis might not be adequate. Early diagnosis of any health issue is crucial, as earlier disease discovery may result in more successful treatments or longer survival times. We may have serious illness, and if we do not address these symptoms right away, it may be too late to reverse the condition. The establishment of a Deep Learning (DL)-based medical analysis systems for disease forecast can lead to a prognosis that is more accurate than one made using historical techniques. Currently, the suggested approach can forecast Covid-19, Brain tumor, Breast Cancer, Alzheimer, Diabetes, Pneumonia. We can employ, a NN (Neural Network) known as CNN (Convolution Neural Network), which VGG 16 architectures for deep learning (visual geometry group) and random forest. For the early detection of a sickness, our diagnostic model can serve as a doctor, enabling timely treatment and the possibility of saving lives. Keywords- CNN (Convolutional neural networks), VGG-16, Deep Learning, Machine Learning and Random Forest.
INVESTIGATION ANALYSIS ON E-HEALTHCARE MONITORING SYSTEM WITH IOT AND BIG DATA BY TSLR-CHSC MODEL
Authors: Deepa V
Published: September 2023

Internet of Things (IoT) technology helped the development of E-Health care Monitoring System from direct visit to virtual Monitoring (Telemedicine). Smart health care system in IoT environment monitored the basic health signs such as heartbeat rate, body temperature and blood pressure in real-time applications. IoT and big data is a prominent challenge in smart healthcare system. In this health monitoring system big data is employed to analyze the large volume of data and to determine the Normal and Abnormal patient condition. Numerous issues like accuracy, time and error have yet to be conveyed to generate a ductile system for health care monitoring. To address these issues, I proposed a method called Theil Sen Linear Regression and Canopy Hopkins Statistics Clustering (TSLR-CHSC) for IoT based Health monitoring system is proposed. This method splits into three sections such as Data collection, Feature Selection and Clustering. First, Cardiovascular disease dataset is acquired from sensors are collected. Second, appropriate features can be selected by using Theil Sen regression feature. Third, clustering is performed based on the cluster tendency by using canopy algorithms. Through this way I deployed an efficient E-Health Monitoring System with minimum time consumption. For evaluation, a cardiovascular disease dataset is obtained from various medical sensor devices are analyzed to identify the disease severity. Keyword: IoT, Big Data, Theil Sen Linear Regression, Canopy Hopkins Statistic Clustering, Health Care Monitoring.
Comprehending the Tactics of Strategic Digital Disinformation Operations (SDIOs)
Authors:   Deakin University Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Yilmaz Ihsan , Akbarzadeh Shahram , Bashirov Galib
Published: September 2023

In this paper, we introduce the concept of “Strategic Digital Information Operations” (SDIOs), discuss the tactics and practices of the SDIOs, explain the main political goals of state and non-state actors in engaging with SDIOs at home and abroad, and suggest avenues for new research. We argue that the concept of the SDIOs presents a useful framework to discuss all forms of digital manipulation at both domestic and international levels organized by either state or non-state actors. While the literature has examined the military-political impacts of the SDIOs, we still don’t know much about societal issues that the SDIOs influence such as emotive political mobilization, intergroup relations, social cohesion, trust, and emotional resonance among target audiences.
Myxopapillary ependymoma: a short compilation with a case report
Authors: Ergen S
Published: September 2023

Myxopapillary ependymomas (MPEs) are a variant of the spinal ependymomas, which are common in the conus medullaris and filum terminale in the sacrococcygeal region. Approximately 13 % of the spinal ependymomas are myxopapillary ependymomas. These tumors are usually a gradual development. It is mostly localized in the intradural space and may cause local pressure on the paravertebral soft tissue and neighboring bone. MPEs may be found in extraspinal, extradural, subcutaneous tissues, in the cervical and thoracic vertebras and in the brain. The prognosis of the small lesions are usually good and a complete resection is usually curative. A local extension to the soft tissue and a dissemination to the subarachnoidal space may be encountered as a result of the incomplete resection. Our objective was to remind this rare tumor with the occasion of an adult patient.
Bronchogenic cyst of the tongue in an infant: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Lawal A.O , Ogunmuyiwa S.A , Adisa A.O , Ogundeyi M.m , Dedeke I.O , Adeyemi B.F
Published: September 2023

Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital lesions and represent the most common primary cysts of the media stinum. However, extra thoracic bronchogenic cysts are uncommon occurrences and very few bronchogenic cysts in intraoral sites have been reported. Lingual bronchogenic cysts are rare and are considered by many authors to be choristomas. Although the aethiopathogenesis is not known with certainty, it has been suggested that the cysts may arise from undifferentiated embryonic rests of primitive foregut that are misplaced or entrapped between parts of the developing tongue. This case report discussed the case of a large lingual bronchogenic cyst of the tongue in 31 day old infant that enucleation of cyst done without recurrence 12 months after treatment.
Peritoneal tuberculosis mimicking peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Martynov A , Saleeb M.S , Assad Y.M , Kerolos M.M , Zaki M.M
Published: September 2023

Tuberculosis is a serious infection that can appear in many forms and presentations. Here, we highlight a case of a 13 year old patient with a three-month history of nonspecific abdominal pain whose symptoms persisted after treating Typhoid and H. pylori infections. She had subsequent computedtomography imaging notable for nodular thickening of the omentum and ascites concerning for possible carcinomatosis. Diagnostic laparoscopy with peritoneal biopsy revealed abdominal tuberculosis, and she had resolution of symptoms following appropriate medical therapy. We discuss the risk factors, clinical features, and work-up in the diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis.
Characteristics that influence the acceptance of pregnant women to participate in observational studies
Authors: Montiel Juan Carlos Díaz , Zerón Hugo Mendieta
Published: September 2023

This work aims to investigate whether there are reports in the literature about the role of the recruiter's characteristics on participation in research projects focused on gestational women.

A bibliographic search was performed in SCIELO, Redalyc, Latindex, MEDLINE (through PubMed), SCOPUS and Web of Knowledge of articles published in English or Spanish with the search terms: Participation in research, informed consent, motivation and influence, reasons to participate in clinical research, recruitment characteristics.

We conclude that sociodemographic characteristics and perception of risk are important in the decisionmaking process of pregnant women to decide a positive answer when being asked to participate in a clinical trial.
Cerebrospinal fluid ascites: a patient case report and literature review
Authors: Musa G. , Gots A. , Lungu M. C. , Mutumwa M.
Published: September 2023

Cerebrospinal fluid ascites following ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus is a very rare complication. We present the first case at our hospital. A 3year old female with communicating hydrocephalus presented with massive ascites. It recurred with 2-3weeks of ascitic tap to dryness. Other possible causes of ascites were excluded by normal renal and liver function tests and clinically normal cardiac function. Tests done on the ascitic fluid showed that it was consistent with cerebrospinal fluid with no signs of infection. CT abdomen excluded abdominal masses and CSF pseudo-cyst. A ventriculo-Atrial shunt was done and the ascites slowly regressed over the next 2-3 weeks with no recurrence. The reason why the peritoneum failed to absorb the CSF was not established.
High cervical meningioma: a patient case report and literature review
Authors: Musa Gerald , Gots Alexander
Published: September 2023

Cervical spine meningiomas are uncommon. They present with motor, sensory and other nonspecific symptoms like pain. We present a first case at our hospital. A 33yr old female presented with 5months history of spastic quadriparesis, gait ataxia and pain and forceful contractions of the left upper limb. She had been seen in different health centres and diagnosed as conversion disorder. Brain CT was normal, C-spine CT showed a 2*3cm homogenous lesion at C2-C3.Simpsons 2 resection was done with no complications. Post-operative physical rehabilitation with physiotherapy was instituted with good recovery. By 6 weeks' post-operative, she was ambulating without support.
Correlation, Genetic Variability, Heritability And Genetic Advance For Some Morphological Traits In Red Cabbage Lines (Brassica oleracea L.var. capitata subvar. rubra)
Authors: ÖZBAKIR ÖZER Mehtap , KAR Hayati , KOBAL BEKAR Nur , MURAT DOĞRU Senay , BEŞİRLİ Gülay , SÖNMEZ İbrahim
Published: September 2023

Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic gain and correlation for seven different traits were studied in 22 genotypes of red cabbage. The genotypes were evaluated for seven quantitative characters such as head weight, head diameter, head length, core length, head volume, head density and head shape index. Analysis of variance showed significant variation among the genotypes for all the studied yield and yield contributing characters. Head weight of the lines was highly significant positively correlated with head length, head diameter, core length and head volume. The phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed to be higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters studied, indicated that the traits were influenced by environment. The high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient (PCV and GCV) was observed for head density (30.61 and 20.06) followed by head volume (24.72 and 20.49), core length (15.68 and 14.99) and head weight (10.66 and 9.65). Heritability was high for majority of the traits. High heritability (broad sense) values were recorded for traits such as for head length (91.56%), core length (91.38%) and head diameter (82.24%). The highest genetic advance as percent of mean was shown by head volume (35.0 %) followed by core length (29.52%) and head density (27.09%). As a result, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed head length, head diameter, head volume and head density which are governed by additive gene and could be effectively used as selection criteria in the breeding programme of red cabbage varieties with high yield.
An Assessment of Translating Rhetorical Devices in King Abdullah II’s Political Speeches into English: Metonymic Expressions as a Case Study
Authors: Ahmed Abdulkareem Hassan , Shihab Omar Ahmed
Published: September 2023

Rhetorical devices are certain means of aesthetic and considerable values added to texts in general, and to both expressive and vocative in particular. The general concept and purpose of rhetorical devices are commonly shared between English and Arabic; yet, the subclassifications and branches of rhetoric as a unique discipline are not equal. Their mismatch makes the assessment of rendering those concerned devices in the text thorny and not quite an easy task. In addition, the study sheds light on the act of translating such texts taking into account how the aesthetic value and equivalent effect are maintained in the TLTs. The study hypothesizes that translating rhetorical devices is a thorny task to translators, due to their different types. Also, translators are not consistent with certain methods of translation as far as rendering such rhetorical devices is concerned. The model adopted to make the translation quality assessment is that of Reiss (1971/2000) who submits a thorough method of assessment and considers text type a focal point in conducting a specific approach to translation. As for procedure and data collection concerning this study, (5) texts compising metonymic expressions have been selected to be analyzed and discussed in accordance with criteria of the model adopted. The study comes up with certain concluded points which almost verify the relevent hypotheses of the study.
Translating and Analyzing Hedging in Tikriti Dialect from Arabic into English
Authors: Abdullah Ghaneya Jasim , Hussein Shafaa Hady
Published: September 2023

Hedging is a linguistic phenomenon used in spoken engagement to communicate interpersonal messages. It is a communicative strategy that allows speakers to soften or regulate the assertiveness of their words. It stems from various characteristics such as uncertainty, doubt, tentativeness. ambiguity, neutrality, mitigation, and subjectivity. Hedging is routinely used in most talks to make statements acceptable to listeners.

The current study aims at comparing and analyzing the frequency, types, and purposes of hedges in Tikrit dialect. The study tries to solve the main problem is that there is no research that links the use of hedges with the dialect as a social characteristic. This study is an attempt to fill that gap.

The accurate study tries to hypothesize that hedging devices in Tikrit dialect are difficult to be translated into English. And the translators keep the grammatical structure of the hedging devices in the SLTS when translating them into their equivalent TLTs. And hedging devices in Tikrit dialect have the same functions in English.

The data selected for the study consists of twenty-three samples taken randomly from 200 typed Tikrit dialect conversations which contain hedging devices. These conversations are of different contexts. Some of them are family conversations, others are street conversations and some others are café conversations. They all share the common feature of being informal.

The method of translation (whether covert or overt) used by the translators is going to be figured out. At last, a table for each device is given to summarize the analysis and a proposed translation is offered. Then findings are drawn statistically.

The study also draws some key conclusions, the most important of which are that both Arabic and English use hedging devices to show the meaning of hedging devices, and interpreters struggle to render Arabic hedging devices into English. The fundamental cause of these devices' poor representation is their similarity in use. Because they have no experience with this form of translation, the translators do not look for viable counterparts for these devices. As a result, they attempt to avoid utilizing hedging devices whenever possible. and as a result, interpreters are generally weak at applying hedging devices.
A Quasi Experimental Study of Helicobacter Pylori Eradication in Afghanistan: Comparison of Treatment Preferences for Helicobacter Pylori Eradications, Sequential Therapy Versus Hybrid Therapy
Authors: Jan Rauf , Alam Sher , Najeebullah  , Zadran Mohammad Ashraf
Published: September 2023

Colonization by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) of the gastric epithelial lining epitomizes a pervasive and clinically consequential infectious etiology. Therapeutic strategies aimed at bacterial eradication inherently hinge on a confluence of determinants-regional antimicrobial resistance spectra, localized clinical algorithms, and pharmaceutical attainability. Best practices in the medical milieu underscore sagacious antibiotic stewardship, predicated on a patient-centric antibiotic historiography prior to therapeutic commencement.

The overarching objective of this study-executed in a quasi-experimental comparative framework at Sheikh Zayed University Teaching Hospital, Khost, Afghanistan-was to discerningly evaluate and contrast two paradigms of treatment: Sequential Therapy and Hybrid Therapy. The subject pool encapsulated a demographically diverse set of individuals, aged 16 to 80, manifesting symptoms of peptic ulcer diseases or gastritis. Those ineligible for inclusion included follow-up patients, immunocompromised subjects, and individuals undergoing oncological interventions.

Employing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 for data stratification, the Hybrid Therapy arm was subjected to an initial seven-day treatment window with amoxicillin (1g, BID) and omeprazole (20mg, BID), succeeded by a seven-day regimen involving clarithromycin (500mg, BID) and metronidazole (400mg, TID). Conversely, the Sequential Therapy cohort received a bifurcated, five-day course of omeprazole and amoxicillin, followed by an additional five-day regimen of omeprazole, metronidazole, and clarithromycin. Outcome variables, inclusive of treatment efficaciousness, regimen completion, and patient adherence, were rigorously evaluated via Chi-Square statistical testing.

Encompassing 145 patients, the study observed a gender dispersion of 156 males (41.1%) to 224 females (58.9%). Per-protocol analysis unveiled a statistically significant eradication rate-86.8% vs 83.0% (P=0.021)-tilted in favor of Hybrid Therapy. Both Modified Intention-to-Treat and Intention-to-Treat analyses corroborated this proclivity, registering significant eradication rates of 92.1% versus 67% (P=0.031) for Hybrid Therapy.

Conclusively, Hybrid Therapy demonstrated a superior safety and efficacy profile vis-à-vis Sequential Therapy in extirpating H. pylori, intimating its plausible preferability for the clinical management of associated peptic ulcer diseases and gastritis.
Evaluation and Treatment of Cadmium Present in the Industrial Wastewater of the North Refineries Company by Using Attapulgite-NiCoFe2O4
Authors: Saleh Muafaq Anhab
Published: September 2023

In this study, a nanomaterial is synthesized from attapulgite clay to act as a new adsorption material. The synthesis of (Attapulgite-NiCoFe2O4) is demonstrated within nanoscale measurements using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) Analysis, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Batch operations are carried out to study the effect of acidity, contact time, adsorbent dose, and ion concentration. The prepared material (altapnlgite-NiCoFe2O4) has achieved high efficiency in removing cadmium metal at the optimum pH (7), at its optimal dose (250 mg/L) and the concentration of the adsorbent (the prepared ion solution) (0.023 mg/L) with the contact time (30 min). The removal rate of cadmium is 92% under the influence of these conditions.
Preparation of Copper Nanoparticles Using Different Media by Pulsed Laser Ablation and Study of Their Physical Properties
Authors: Jasim Awatif Sabir , Mahmood Awrad Subhi
Published: September 2023

In this study, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were prepared using the pulsed laser ablation method, and the study was conducted under the effect of changing the liquid medium (ethanol, deionized water, distilled water) with a number of pulses (700p/s) and using a (Q-switched Nd-YAG) laser. At a wavelength of 532nm and an energy of 100mJ, the results of the samples prepared in a medium (ethanol, distilled water, deionized water) showed the average radii of CuNPs (58.3, 61.6, 46.1 nm, respectively) with a spherical shape. The spectrum of copper at (3250 to 3550 ) is mainly due to the expansion of (O-H) the clear hydroxyl group and under the conditions of the three solvents (ethanol, deionized water, distilled water). The XRD results showed that the CuO nanoparticles are free of impurities and crystallized High and the crystallite size was calculated at 2theta (20.094, 19.949, 38.045) nm for the samples in (deionized water, distilled water, and ethanol), respectively.
Manufacture of Some Ferrite Compounds with Hexagonal Crystalline Structure and Study of their Structural Properties
Authors: Najm Raed Aidan , Abdel Aziz Abdel Samie Fawzi
Published: September 2023

PbFe12O19 from this mixture and BaFe12O19 And (Pb (BaFe12O19), as the samples were examined using an X-ray diffraction device, and it was found that the patterns of diffraction rays X-ray (XRD) for the three samples, respectively. I showed Results that All samples are polycrystalline, as shown tops X-ray diffraction of hexa- A with Miller coefficients (Miller indices) (103) and (110) and (107) and (114) and (206) when Bragg diffraction angles 2 θ are equal to 20.90 °, 30.39 °, 32.41 °, 34.30 °, and 42.58 °, respectively.
$n$-harmonicity, minimality, conformality and cohomology
Authors: Chen Bang-Yen , Wei Shihshu Walter
Published: September 2023

By studying cohomology classes that are related with n-harmonic morphisms and F-harmonic maps, we augment and extend several results on F-harmonic maps, harmonic maps in [1, 3, 14], p-harmonic morphisms in [17], and also revisit our previous results in [9, 10, 21] on Riemannian submersions and n-harmonic morphisms which are submersions. The results, for example Theorem 3.2 obtaine by utilizing the n-conservation law (2.6), are sharp.
Advances in Research on Language Teacher Cognition: An Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors:   Kharazmi University, Karimi Mohammad N. , Behzadpoor Seyyed-Foad ,   Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Mansouri Behzad
Published: September 2023

An oft-cited conceptualization of teacher cognition couches it as “the unobservable cognitive dimension of teaching—what teachers know, believe and think” (Borg, 2003, p. 81). While the term “unobservable” in Borg’s definition implies, or even emphatically states, that a hidden body of knowledge, beliefs, and thoughts informs teacher behavior, this hidden dimension was “un-observable” in early conceptualizations of teaching (Borg, 2019; Burns, et al., 2015). Dominated for long by the process-product interpretation (Dunkin & Biddle, 1974), teaching was primarily viewed in terms of observable instructional behaviors (e.g., wait time practices, patterns of questioning) that were judged with regard to how effectively they influenced student achievement outcomes (Verloop, et al., 2001). Language teacher education also followed suit and as posited by Gatbonton (1999), formerly a major share of the theoretical base for language teacher education came from studies of overt classroom behaviors. However, teaching was subsequently recognized as cognition-backed and knowledge-informed performance. As best reflected in Borg’s (2019, p. 2) words, although teaching involves observable behaviors, it “is not a purely behavioral enterprise; in the same way that icebergs have an exposed surface beneath which lies a significant hidden mass, teachers’ behaviors are also powerfully shaped by a complex range of unseen influences”. [First Paragraph]
Cognition-in-interaction: A Discursive Psychological Perspective of Novice Language Teacher Cognition
Authors:   University of Exeter, Li Li
Published: September 2023

Teacher cognition has been an important agenda of language teacher education in recent decades, and it has advanced the field’s understanding of L2 teachers’ work. Thus far, language teacher cognition has been understood from different epistemological perspectives and researched with different methodological approaches. Given that teacher cognition is social and situational, more research is needed from an emic perspective to understand how teachers develop and renew their cognitions in their professional context. This paper adopts a discursive psychological perspective on teacher cognition, investigating novice teacher cognition using applied conversation analysis. As part of a more extensive study, the study offers an in-depth analysis of novice Chinese EFL teachers’ thinking, knowing, understanding, conceptualising, and stance-taking regarding language teaching. The teachers were recruited through a combination of convenience and snowball sampling strategies. The dataset includes 330 minutes of classroom teaching, 217 minutes of interviews, and 605 minutes of video-based guided reflection on teaching. The data revealed the key theme in teachers’ understanding of 1) focusing on linguistic knowledge, 2) establishing teacher authority, and 3) developing practical pedagogical knowledge. The findings reveal teachers’ moment-by-moment cognition-in-interaction and multiple roles in facilitating learning. Substantial implications are put forward for teacher learning and teacher education.
“Indulge in a Little Chaos”: Assistant Language Teachers’ Cognition and Pedagogical Knowledge Development Through the Lens of Complex Dynamic System Theory
Authors:   Miyagi University, Japan, Nall Matthew , Hiratsuka Takaaki ,   Ryukoku University, Japan
Published: September 2023

Teacher cognition has been a major topic of interest in applied linguistics as researchers have worked toward “better understanding the fullness of the work of teaching, a fullness that has proved complex and problematic” (Burns et al., 2015, p. 585). This qualitative study draws upon participant interview data in order to analyze and understand language teacher cognition and pedagogical knowledge development of an under-represented cohort—foreign assistant language teachers (ALTs) in Japan. Participants (n=35) were current or former ALTs with 1 to 19 years of experience working as team teachers in Japan. Interview data was transcribed and coded according to six common features of complex dynamic systems: initial condition, unpredictability, nested structure, non-hierarchic networks, feedback loops, and self-organization (Kiss, 2012). Findings show that ALTs’ ability to acquire and operationalize pedagogical knowledge is highly dependent on the maneuver that they must undergo in working within the local Japanese contexts—as opposed to those in their home countries—and in relation to their colleagues who have a variety of individual traits, pedagogical beliefs, and team-teaching practices. This article serves as evidence that language teacher cognition regarding pedagogical knowledge development can be aptly understood through the lens of complex systems theory.
English Language Teachers’ Maxims in Evaluating Materials: A Case Study from Iran
Authors:   Kharazmi University, Iran, Nazari Mostafa , Karimpour Sedigheh ,   Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Xodabande Ismail ,   Kharazmi University, Iran
Published: September 2023

While research on second language teacher cognition (SLTC) has significantly developed over the past three decades, this line of inquiry has not paid adequate attention to material development/evaluation as compared to the key role that materials play in teachers’ daily practice. In response to this gap, in this study we adopted the theoretical stance of teacher maxims as part of SLTC, and explored eight Iranian English language teachers’ maxims in relation to material evaluation. Data were collected from a researcher-adapted questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, and analyzed based on content analysis. Data analyses revealed that the teachers evaluated their implemented material in light of both positive and negative aspects, with the positive sides being more pedagogical and the negative dimensions being more institutional and sociocultural. Additionally, the teachers’ maxims indicated that materials should not only serve pedagogical issues, but they should also embrace emotions and sociocultural particularities so that educational stakeholders, especially students, develop socio-educational capitals. Based on the findings, we provide implications for teacher educators to run professional development courses that embrace personal, interpersonal, and sociocultural particularities in the courses to enhance teachers’ awareness of the role materials play in their SLTC growth
Evolution of Approaches to Teacher Cognition and Teacher Identity: A Conceptual Conversation
Authors:   The University of Texas at San Antonio, Yazan Bedrettin , Lindahl Kristen ,   The University of Texas at San Antonio
Published: September 2023

In this paper, as two TESOL practitioners, our purpose is to capture our reflections on how conceptual approaches to teacher learning have evolved over the years to highlight the interplay between teacher cognition and teacher identity. We also seek to decrease the distance between ourselves and our academic writing, essentially emerging from behind the conventions of academic writing to discuss concepts in a conversational tone, hopefully making them more accessible to a larger audience of practitioners and scholars. In discussing our ongoing negotiation of theoretical orientations, we have been able to reflect on the influence of the language teacher cognition research base on the wider field of language teacher identity research. The main take-away is that we can better illustrate the complexity involved in the practice of language teaching and the process of becoming language teachers if we combine the two in complementary ways: teachers’ individual cognitive and metacognitive processes involved in their professional learning and their situatedness in social, cultural, political, and economic discourses.
Unpacking Novice English Language Teachers’ Cognitions about Global Englishes Pedagogy: An Activity-Theoretic Analysis
Authors:   Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Behzadpoor Seyyed-Foad , Mansouri Behzad ,   Lakeshore Foundation, USA
Published: September 2023

Within the last two decades, theorizing and research on language teaching and teachers have witnessed a fundamental shift of attention and orientation towards socio-cognitive aspects of teaching. This epistemic shift has been paralleled by the global reach of the English language, inspiring scholars to call for a paradigm shift in Applied Linguistics to drift away from Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) to Global Englishes (GE) Language Teaching (GELT). While the expanding body of the literature on GE pedagogy has focused on different aspects of this fundamental transformation, teachers’ voices and cognitions have been often neglected in such discussions, despite their being an important element involved in the process. Against this backdrop, and guided by an activity-theoretic perspective as its analytical framework, the present qualitative study explored two Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ cognitions about GE and GELT using semi-structured interview, stimulated recall protocol, and non-participant classroom observation. Despite differences in the cognitions of our participants regarding GELT, the results generally indicated that both teachers tended to prioritize the use of standard American or British English in their teaching practice, bearing testimony to the fact that there is still a theory-practice schism between disciplinary reality and folk reality when it comes to GE-related issues in the English language teaching (ELT) enterprise. Our analysis offers a depiction of the challenges related to introducing GELT into the curriculum. The results are deliberated in relation to the feasibility of GE-oriented pedagogy, questioning whether it is achievable or is merely an idealistic notion. Implications of the findings for second language teacher education are discussed in the end.