Tree Species Diversity Mapping—Success Stories and Possible Ways Forward
Authors: Immitzer Markus , Atzberger Clement 
Published: June 2023

The special issue “Tree species diversity mapping” presents research focused on the remote assessment of tree species diversity, using different sensor modalities and platforms. The special issue thereby recognizes that the continued loss of biodiversity poses a great challenge to humanity. Precise and regularly updated baseline information is urgently needed, which is difficult, using field inventories, especially on a large scale. On such scales, remote sensing methods excel. The work presented in the special issue demonstrates the great potential of Earth Observation (EO) for addressing knowledge gaps, as EO provides rich (spectral) information at high revisit frequencies and spatial resolutions. Many tree species can be distinguished well using optical data, in particular, when simultaneously leveraging both the spectral and temporal dimensions. A combination with other sensor modalities can further improve performance. EO approaches are, however, limited by the availability of high-quality reference information. This complicates the task as the collection of field data is labor and time-consuming. To mitigate this limiting factor, resources should be better shared amongst the community. The reliance on in situ data also highlights the need to focus research on the extraction of more permanent (i.e., species-inherent) properties. In this respect, we identify and discuss some inherent limitations of current approaches regarding tree species discrimination. To this end, we offer a more fundamental view on tree species classification based on physical principles. To provide both a summary of the special issue and some stimulating thoughts about possible future research directions, we structured the present communication into four parts. We first introduce the need for biodiversity information, followed by a summary of all 19 articles published within the special issue. The articles are ordered by the number of species investigated. Next, we provide a short summary of the main outputs. To stimulate further research and discussion within the scientific community, we conclude this communication by offering a more fundamental view on tree species classification based on EO data and its biophysical foundations. In particular, we purport that species can possibly be more robustly identified if we classify/identify them in the biophysical feature space and not in the spectral-temporal feature space. This involves the creation and inversion of so-called physically-based radiative transfer models (RTM), which take hyper/multispectral observations together with their observation geometry (as well as other priors), and project these into biophysical variables such as chlorophyll content and LAI etc. The perceived advantage of such an approach is that the generalizability (and scalability) of EO based classifications will increase, as the temporal trajectory of species in the biophysical parameter space is probably more robust compared to the sole analysis of spectral data, which—amongst other perturbing factors—also depend on site/time specific illumination geometry.