bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors and Mechanisms Involved in Acquired Developmental Defects of Enamel: A Scoping Review
Authors: Collignon Anne-Margaux , Vergnes Jean-Noël , Germa Alice , Azogui Sylvie , Breinig Sophie , Hollande Clémence , Bonnet Anne-Laure , Nabet Cathy
Published: February 2022

Background

Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) is a pathology of the teeth that can greatly alter the quality of life of patients (hypersensitivity, esthetic issues, loss of function, etc.). The acquired DDE may occur as a result of a wide range of acquired etiological factors and his prevalence of this pathology may reach up to 89.9%. The main objective of this research was to identify and analyze, in current literature, the factors related to acquired DDE, in order to propose a general theory about the mechanisms involved.

Methods

The search of the primary literature was conducted until [December 31, 2021]. Our search strategy uses the Pubmed/MEDLINE database and was structured around 3 terms [“Development,” “Defect,” and “Enamel”]. To be included, references had to be primary studies, written in English. Exclusion criteria were reviews, in vitro, animal, genetic or archeology studies, and studies focused on clinical management of DDE. One hundred and twenty three articles were included in this scoping review: 4 Randomized clinical trials, 1 letter, 5 cases reports, 2 fundamentals studies, and 111 observational studies (33 Cross-sectional studies, 68 Cohort study and 10 Case-control study). The quality of evidence was assessed using the PEDro scale for clinical trials, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies, and a published tool to assess the quality of case reports and case series.

Results

A scoping review of the literature identified 114 factors potentially involved in acquired DDE. The most frequently encountered pathologies are those causing a disorder of calcium homeostasis or a perturbation of the ARNT pathway in mother or child. The link between the ARNT pathway and metabolism deficiency in uncertain and needs to be defined. Also, the implication of this mechanism in tissue impairment is still unclear and needs to be explored.

Conclusions

By identifying and grouping the risk factors cited in the literature, this taxonomy and the hypotheses related to the mechanism allow health practitioners to adopt behaviors that limit the risk of developing aDDE and to set up a prevention of dental pathology. In addition, by reviewing the current literature, this work provides guidance for basic research, clinical studies, and literature searches.
Integrated UPLC-MS and Network Pharmacology Approach to Explore the Active Components and the Potential Mechanism of Yiqi Huoxue Decoction for Treating Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Feng Dan , Li Xiang-Ri , Wang Zhao-Yi , Gu Nian-Nian , Zhang Shuang-Xi , Li Chao-Feng , Chen Yang , Ma Zhi-Qiang , Lin Rui-Chao , Zhang Hong-Gui , Zhao Chongjun
Published: February 2022

Background: Yiqi Huoxue Decoction (YQHXD) is a traditional Chinese medicine that promotes blood circulation, removes blood stasis, facilitates diuresis, and alleviates edema. It is composed of 10 herbal medicines and has extensive application in treating nephrotic syndrome (NS). However, the active components and the potential mechanism of YQHXD for treating NS remain unclear.

Methods: We set up a sensitive and rapid method based on Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatograph-Mass (UPLC-MS) to identify the compounds in YQHXD and constituents absorbed into the blood. Disease genes were collected through GeneCards, DisGeNET, and OMIM database. Genes of compounds absorbed into blood were predicted by the TCMSP database. We constructed Disease-Drug-Ingredient-Gene (DDIG) network using Cytoscape, established a Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using String, Gene biological process (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was performed using DAVID. Cellular experiments were performed to validate the results of network pharmacology.

Result: A total of 233 compounds in YQHXD and 50 constituents absorbed into the blood of rats were identified. The 36 core targets in the PPI network were clustered in the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase (PI3K-AKT) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Luteolin, Wogonin, Formononetin, and Calycosin were top-ranking components as potentially active compounds.

Conclusion: The results of our studies show that YQHXD is able to enhance renal function, alleviate podocyte injury, and improve adriamycin nephrotic syndrome.
Phytochemical Delivery Through Transferosome (Phytosome): An Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery for Complementary Medicines
Authors: Chen Rong-Ping , Chavda Vivek P. , Patel Aayushi B. , Chen Zhe-Sheng
Published: February 2022

Transdermal drug delivery aims to create a safe and effective method of administering drugs through the skin that attracts a lot of attention and investment due to the constant progress in the field. Transferosomes are flexible or malleable vesicles (having almost the same structure as liposomes but with better skin penetration properties) discovered initially in the early 90s. The name transferosomes, which means “carrying bodies,” is coined from the Latin phrase “Transferee,” which means “to carry through,” and the Greek term “soma,” meaning “body.” In comparison to typical herbal extracts, phytosomes (Transferosomes) are created by attaching specific herbal extracts to phosphatidylcholine, resulting in a formulation with increased solubility and, hence, better absorption, resulting in improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of the entrapped drugs. We are using the word phytosomes and transferosomes interchangeably as we have consolidated vesicular delivery of herbal drugs through skin. In this mini-review, we have demonstrated the enormous potential of developing nanotechnology to deliver bioactive phytochemicals, with a special emphasis on phytosomes (Transferosomes) as a unique lipid-based nanocarrier for transdermal drug delivery.
Association of Glycative Stress With Motor and Muscle Function
Authors: Egawa Tatsuro , Hayashi Tatsuya
Published: February 2022

Glycative stress is a type of biological stress caused by non-enzymatic glycation reactions, which include advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, AGE accumulation, glycation-driven dysfunction of proteins and cellular signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and tissue damage. Increased glycative stress derived from hyperglycemia and lifestyle disorders is a risk factor in metabolic and age-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis, and dementia. Studies have shown that AGE accumulation is correlated with the age-related loss of muscle mass and power output, also called sarcopenia. Mechanistically, dysfunctions of contractile proteins, myogenic capacity, and protein turnover can cause glycative stress-induced skeletal muscle dysfunction. Because the skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic organ in the body, maintaining skeletal muscle health is essential for whole-body health. Increasing awareness and understanding of glycative stress in the skeletal muscle in this review will contribute to the maintenance of better skeletal muscle function.
RNA Interference-Based Genetic Engineering Maize Resistant to Apolygus lucorum Does Not Manifest Unpredictable Unintended Effects Relative to Conventional Breeding: Short Interfering RNA, Transcriptome, and Metabolome Analysis
Authors: Huang Chunmeng , Wang Zhi , Zhu Pengyu , Wang Chenguang , Wang Chaonan , Xu Wenjie , Li Zhihong , Fu Wei , Zhu Shuifang
Published: February 2022

The use of omics techniques to analyze the differences between genetic engineering organisms and their parents can identify unintended effects and explore whether such unintended effects will have negative consequences. In order to evaluate whether genetic engineering will cause changes in crops beyond the changes introduced by conventional plant breeding, we compared the extent of transcriptome and metabolome modification in the leaves of three lines developed by RNA interference (RNAi)-based genetic engineering and three lines developed by conventional breeding. The results showed that both types of plant breeding methods can manifest changes at the short interfering RNA (siRNA), transcriptomic, and metabolic levels. Relative expression analysis of potential off-target gene revealed that there was no broad gene decline in the three RNAi-based genetic engineering lines. We found that the number of DEGs and DAMs between RNAi-based genetic engineering lines and the parental line was less than that between conventional breeding lines. These unique DEGs and DAMs between RNAi-based genetic engineering lines and the parental lines were not enriched in detrimental metabolic pathways. The results suggest that RNAi-based genetic engineering do not cause unintended effects beyond those found in conventional breeding in maize.
The Nuclear 35S rDNA World in Plant Systematics and Evolution: A Primer of Cautions and Common Misconceptions in Cytogenetic Studies
Authors: Rosselló Josep A. , Maravilla Alexis J. , Rosato Marcela
Published: February 2022

The ubiquitous presence of rRNA genes in nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes has provided an opportunity to use genomic markers to infer patterns of molecular and organismic evolution as well as to assess systematic issues throughout the tree of life. The number, size, location, and activity of the 35S rDNA cistrons in plant karyotypes have been used as conventional cytogenetic landmarks. Their scrutiny has been useful to infer patterns of chromosomal evolution and the data have been used as a proxy for assessing species discrimination, population differentiation and evolutionary relationships. The correct interpretation of rDNA markers in plant taxonomy and evolution is not free of drawbacks given the complexities derived from the lability of the genetic architecture, the diverse patterns of molecular change, and the fate and evolutionary dynamics of the rDNA units in hybrids and polyploid species. In addition, the terminology used by independent authors is somewhat vague, which often complicates comparisons. To date, no efforts have been reported addressing the potential problems and limitations involved in generating, utilizing, and interpreting the data from the 35S rDNA in cytogenetics. This review discusses the main technical and conceptual limitations of these rDNA markers obtained by cytological and karyological experimental work, in order to clarify biological and evolutionary inferences postulated in a systematic and phylogenetic context. Also, we provide clarification for some ambiguity and misconceptions in terminology usually found in published work that may help to improve the usage of the 35S ribosomal world in plant evolution.
Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Fruit Flavor and Carotenoids Biosynthesis Differences Between Mature-Green and Tree-Ripe of cv. “Golden Phoenix” Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Peng Lei , Gao Wenke , Song Miaoyu , Li Minghai , He Dinan , Wang Ziran
Published: February 2022

The commodity value of fruits is directly affected by fruit flavor and color. Secondary metabolites, such as amino acids, organic acids, esters, and β-carotene, are important synthetic products, which are of great significance in the flavor formation of mango fruits. In this study, a total of 309 different metabolites, consisting of organic acids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and saccharides, and a further 84 types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified in differential levels in TR vs. MG mango fruit stages. The major volatile compounds found were ester [2(3H)-furanone, 5-ethyldihydro; N-(2,5-ditrifluoromethylbenzoyl)-D-alanine, pentyl ester; and Octanoic acid, ethyl ester], aldehyde (benzaldehyde, 3-ethyl, and nonanal), and phenol [2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(1-methylethyl) phenol]. The analysis of carotenoid contents identified 68 carotenoids and we report for the first-time significant contents of zeaxanthin palmitate and (E/Z)-phytoene in mango fruits. α-carotene was a further major contributor to carotene contents with lesser contributions from 5,6epoxy-lutein-caprate-palmitate, β-carotene, lutein oleate, and β-cryptoxanthin. What is more, lutein content was significantly decreased in TR vs. MG fruit. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that relative to the MG stage, the expression of carotenogenic genes GGPS, PSY, LCYB, and ZEP was downregulated in TR mango fruit, whereas the transcript levels of PSD, CHYB, and NCED were downregulated. Additionally, the transcription level of some transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, and NAC) was highly correlated with pigment content in the pulp and may be responsible for carotenoid accumulation. The results describe major differences in metabolic pathways during the transition from MG to the TR stage of fruit ripening that are likely to contribute alterations in fruit flavor and provide several associated genes to be further studied in mango fruit.
Fine Mapping of a Vigor QTL in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Reveals a Potential Role for Ca4_TIFY4B in Regulating Leaf and Seed Size
Authors: Nguyen Duong T. , Hayes Julie E. , Harris John , Sutton Tim
Published: February 2022

Plant vigor is a complex trait for which the underlying molecular control mechanisms remain unclear. Vigorous plants tend to derive from larger seeds and have greater early canopy cover, often with bigger leaves. In this study, we delimited the size of a major vigor quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chickpea chromosome 4–104.4 kb, using recombinant association analysis in 15 different heterogeneous inbred families, derived from a Rupali/Genesis836 recombinant inbred line population. The phenotypic and molecular genetic analysis provided evidence for a role of the gene Ca4_TIFY4B, in determining leaf and seed size in chickpea. A non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the high-vigor parent was located inside the core motif TIFYCG, resulting in a residue change T[I/S]FYCG. Complexes formed by orthologs of Ca4_TIFY4B (PEAPOD in Arabidopsis), Novel Interactor of JAZ (CaNINJA), and other protein partners are reported to act as repressors regulating the transcription of downstream genes that control plant organ size. When tested in a yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) assay, this residue change suppressed the interaction between Ca4_TIFY4B and CaNINJA. This is the first report of a naturally occurring variant of the TIFY family in plants. A robust gene-derived molecular marker is available for selection in chickpea for seed and plant organ size, i.e., key component traits of vigor.
Integrative Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Reveals the Absorption and Metabolism of Selenium in Tea Plants [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]
Authors: Ren Hengze , Li Xiaoman , Guo Lina , Wang Lu , Hao Xinyuan , Zeng Jianming
Published: February 2022

Certain tea plants (Camellia sinensis) have the ability to accumulate selenium. In plants, the predominant forms of bioavailable Se are selenite (SeO32–) and selenate (SeO42–). We applied transcriptomics and proteomics to hydroponically grown plants treated with selenite or selenate for 48 h in the attempt to elucidate the selenium absorption and assimilation mechanisms in tea. A total of 1,844 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 691 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained by comparing the Na2SeO3 and Na2SeO4 treatments against the control. A GO analysis showed that the genes related to amino acid and protein metabolism and redox reaction were strongly upregulated in the plants under the Na2SeO3 treatment. A KEGG pathway analysis revealed that numerous genes involved in amino acid and glutathione metabolism were upregulated, genes and proteins associated with glutathione metabolism and ubiquinone and terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis were highly expressed. Genes participating in DNA and RNA metabolism were identified and proteins related to glutathione metabolism were detected in tea plants supplemented with Na2SeO4. ABC, nitrate and sugar transporter genes were differentially expressed in response to selenite and selenate. Phosphate transporter (PHT3;1a, PHT1;3b, and PHT1;8) and aquaporin (NIP2;1) genes were upregulated in the presence of selenite. Sulfate transporter (SULTR1;1 and SULTR2;1) expression increased in response to selenate exposure. The results of the present study have clarified Se absorption and metabolism in tea plants, and play an important theoretical reference significance for the breeding and cultivation of selenium-enriched tea varieties.
Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 as New Strategies for Short Breeding to Drought Gene in Rice
Authors: Park Jae-Ryoung , Kim Eun-Gyeong , Jang Yoon-Hee , Jan Rahmatullah , Farooq Muhammad , Ubaidillah Mohammad , Kim Kyung-Min
Published: February 2022

Recent unpredictable climate change is the main reason for the decline in rice yield. In particular, drought stress is a major constraint in reducing yield and quality for rice at rainfed agriculture areas, such as Asia and South America. CRISPR/Cas9 provides an effective solution for gene function study and molecular breeding due to specific editing of targeted genome sequences. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 application can significantly reduce the time required to develop new cultivars with improved traits compared to conventional complex and time-consuming breeding. Here, drought-induced gene Oryza sativa Senescence-associated protein (OsSAP) was edited by CRISPR/Cas9. To investigate the possible role of OsSAP in drought stress, genome-editing plants were subjected to drought stress until the soil moisture content reached 20%, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging efficiency of genome-editing plants were decreased. When the genome-editing plants were subjected to drought stress, survival rate, shoot length, root length, content of chlorophyll number of tiller, and 1,000-grain weight decreased, and more H2O2 and O2− were detected in leaves. In addition, expression levels of several critical stress-related transcription factors were decreased in the OsSAP genome-editing plant. These results suggest that OsSAP function as a positive regulator during drought stress response in rice. We analyzed the expression of OsSAP and Cas9 in T0 and T1 plants as well as T2 seeds. As the course of generation advancement progressed, Cas9 expression remained stable or weakened but the OsSAP expression was continuously removed from the T0 plant. The coefficient of variation (CV) in both T1 plants and T2 seeds was lower than 5%. Overall, our results suggest that CRISPR/Cas9 could be a novel and important tool for efficiently generating specific and inheritable targeted genome editing in rice, with short breeding cycles.
Characterizing Emotion Recognition and Theory of Mind Performance Profiles in Unaffected Siblings of Autistic Children
Authors: Uljarević Mirko , Bott Nicholas T. , Libove Robin A. , Phillips Jennifer M. , Parker Karen J. , Hardan Antonio Y.
Published: February 2022

Emotion recognition skills and the ability to understand the mental states of others are crucial for normal social functioning. Conversely, delays and impairments in these processes can have a profound impact on capability to engage in, maintain, and effectively regulate social interactions. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the performance of 42 autistic children (Mage = 8.25 years, SD = 2.22), 45 unaffected siblings (Mage = 8.65 years, SD = 2.40), and 41 typically developing (TD) controls (Mage = 8.56 years, SD = 2.35) on the Affect Recognition (AR) and Theory of Mind (TOM) subtests of the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment Battery. There were no significant differences between siblings and TD controls. Autistic children showed significantly poorer performance on AR when compared to TD controls and on TOM when compared to both TD controls and unaffected siblings. An additional comparison of ASD, unaffected sibling and TD control subsamples, matched on full-scale IQ, revealed no group differences for either AR or TOM. AR and TOM processes have received less research attention in siblings of autistic children and remain less well characterized. Therefore, despite limitations, findings reported here contribute to our growing understanding of AR and TOM abilities in siblings of autistic children and highlight important future research directions.
Why Do We “Like” on WeChat Moments: The Effects of Personality Traits and Content Characteristics
Authors: Zheng Chun , Song Xingyu , Li Jieyun , Chen Yijiang , Dong Tingyue , Yang Sha
Published: February 2022

To probe the motivational roles of hedonic gratification and social gratification in giving “Like” feedback on social media, we developed a set of novel pictures to simulate WeChat Moments. We subsequently examined how the personality trait of extraversion and stimulus content characteristics (e.g., emotional valence, personal relevance) influenced “Liking” behavior. A 2 (extraversion: extrovert group vs. introvert group) × 3 (emotional valence: positive vs. neutral vs. negative) × 2 (personal relevance: personally relevant vs. personally irrelevant)-mixed experimental design was applied to data obtained from 56 WeChat Moments users. These participants included 28 individuals with the highest extraversion scale scores (the extrovert group), and 28 individuals with the lowest extraversion scale scores (the introvert group), according to the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Briefly, participants observed pictures on an interface similar to that of WeChat Moments and were given the option to “Like” each picture. “Like” rates and response time were then compared across groups and conditions by applying a mixed-design analysis of variance. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to explore relationships between the “Like” rates under each condition and the scores for each personality trait. Compared with the neutral pictures, the positive and negative pictures were “Liked” more and less frequently, respectively (F2, 108 = 46.22, p < 0.001). Compared with the poster-unrelated pictures, the personally related pictures were “Liked” more frequently (F1, 54 = 19.54, p < 0.001). In the extrovert group, the frequency of “Likes” given to unrelated negative content positively associated with neuroticism (r = 0.42, p = 0.025) and negatively associated with conscientiousness (r = −0.46, p = 0.014). No correlations were observed in the introvert group. Compared with not giving “Like” feedback, participants gave “Likes” to positive and negative pictures more quickly (p = 0.035) and slowly (p < 0.001), respectively.These results support the hypothesis that hedonic gratification and social gratification motivate “Like” feedback for positive content and personally related content, respectively. “Liking” behavior was not affected by extraversion, but was related to neuroticism and conscientiousness. Content-related differences in time intervals for giving “Like” feedback in this study suggest that people do not hesitate to give “Like” feedback to positive content on WeChat Moments, yet linger in deciding to give “Like” feedback to negative content.
Modeling Discontinuous Cultural Evolution: The Impact of Cross-Domain Transfer
Authors: Ganesh Kirthana , Gabora Liane
Published: February 2022

This paper uses autocatalytic networks to model discontinuous cultural transitions involving cross-domain transfer, using as an illustrative example, artworks inspired by the oldest-known uncontested example of figurative art: the carving of the Hohlenstein-Stadel Löwenmensch, or lion-human. Autocatalytic networks provide a general modeling setting in which nodes are not just passive transmitters of activation; they actively galvanize, or “catalyze” the synthesis of novel (“foodset-derived”) nodes from existing ones (the “foodset.”) This makes them uniquely suited to model how new structure grows out of earlier structure, i.e., cumulative, generative network growth. They have been used to model the origin and early evolution of biological life, and the emergence of cognitive structures capable of undergoing cultural evolution. We conducted a study in which six individual creators and one group generated music, prose, poetry, and visual art inspired by the Hohlenstein-Stadel Löwenmensch, and answered questions about the process. The data revealed four through-lines by which they expressed the Löwenmensch in an alternative art form: (1) lion-human hybrid, (2) subtracting from the whole to reveal the form within, (3) deterioration, and (4) waiting to be found with a story to tell. Autocatalytic networks were used to model how these four spontaneously derived through-lines form a cultural lineage from Löwenmensch to artist to audience. We used the resulting data from three creators to model the cross-domain transfer from inspirational source (sculpted figurine) to creative product (music, poetry, prose, visual art). These four spontaneously-generated threads of cultural continuity formed the backbone of this Löwenmensch-inspired cultural lineage, enabling culture to evolve even in the face of discontinuity at the level conventional categories or domains. We know of no other theory of cultural evolution that accommodates cross-domain transfer or other forms of discontinuity. The approach paves the way for a broad scientific framework for the origins of evolutionary processes.
Individual Differences in Personality Moderate the Effects of Perceived Group Deprivation on Violent Extremism: Evidence From a United Kingdom Nationally Representative Survey
Authors: Rottweiler Bettina , Gill Paul
Published: February 2022

Numerous studies argue that perceived group deprivation is a risk factor for radicalization and violent extremism. Yet, the vast majority of individuals, who experience such circumstances do not become radicalized. By utilizing models with several interacting risk and protective factors, the present analysis specifies this relationship more concretely. In a large United Kingdom nationally representative survey (n= 1,500), we examine the effects of group-based relative deprivation on violent extremist attitudes and violent extremist intentions, and we test whether this relationship is contingent upon several individual differences in personality. The results show that stronger group-based injustices lead to increased support for and intentions to engage in violent extremism. However, some of the effects are much stronger for individuals who exhibit a stronger need for uniqueness and for status and who demonstrate higher levels of trait entitlement. Conversely, several effects are lessened for those individuals high in trait forgiveness, demonstrating a strong capacity for self-control and for those who are exerting critical as well as open-minded thinking styles, thus constituting buffering protective factors, which dampen the adverse effects of perceived group injustice on violent extremism. The results highlight the importance of considering (a) the interaction between individual dispositions and perceptions of contextual factors (b) the conditional and cumulative effects of various risk and protective factors and (c) the functional role of protective factors when risk factors are present. Collectively, these findings bring us one step closer to understanding who might be more vulnerable to violent extremism as well as how. Overall, the study suggests that preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) programs must take account of the constellation of multiple factors that interact with (and sometimes enable or disable) one another and which can be targeted in preventions strategies.
A Questionnaire on Relative Deprivation of University Students and Its Application in Measuring Mental Health
Authors: Jia Liuzhan
Published: February 2022

Objective

Relative deprivation is associated with collective and individual variables in psychology. However, so far, there are few studies on measuring the relative deprivation of university students. Therefore, this study designs the University Students’ Relative Deprivation Questionnaire (USRDQ), verifies its validity and reliability, and then uses it to measure the mental health of students.

Methods

After reviewing the relevant studies and conducting a theoretical analysis and an open questionnaire survey, this article determined the structural dimension of USRDQ. A total of 103 university students were selected to take the open questionnaire survey, 200 were selected to engage in the item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and internal consistency reliability test, 257 were selected to engage in the confirmatory factor analysis, and 287 were selected to take the retest reliability.

Results

The USRDQ includes 19 items under the three dimensions, namely, social comparison, cognitive evaluation, and emotional experience. Factor loads range from 0.49 to 0.87, which accounted for 63.39% of the total variation. The questionnaire has good fitting indicators (χ2/df = 2.64, NFI = 0.89, CFI = 0.93, GFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.08). The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the questionnaire is 0.916, and the coefficients of the three factors range from 0.805 to 0.934. The results of the survey show that the relative deprivation of students is quite high with a mean of 76.78 and a standard deviation of 16.96.
It Can Be a “Very Fine Line”: Professional Footballers’ Perceptions of the Conceptual Divide Between Bullying and Banter
Authors: Newman James A. , Warburton Victoria E. , Russell Kate
Published: February 2022

This study explores professional footballers’ perceptions of where banter crosses the conceptual line into bullying. The study’s focus is of importance, given the impact that abusive behaviors have been found to have on the welfare and safeguarding of English professional footballers. A phenomenological approach was adopted, which focused on the essence of the participants’ perceptions and experiences. Guided by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), individual semi-structured interviews (MDuration = 44.10 min, SD = 10.81) were conducted with 18 male professional footballers (Mage = 19.83 years, SD = 2.96) from three Premier League and Championship football clubs. The findings from this study revealed several key superordinate themes in relation to the dividing line between bullying and banter. These themes included “perception,” “intentionality,” “detecting the line,” and “having a bit of banter.” The findings demonstrate how perceptions of bullying and banter are nuanced by individual differences among the players and the culture of the professional football context. Specifically, it was found that the professional football context can legitimize forms of humor blurring the lines between bullying and banter, challenging the typically positive view of the concept of banter in this environment. From an applied perspective, these findings highlight the need for coaches, players, and football clubs more broadly to address cultural expectations around banter in their environment, while educating individuals around their own perceptions of bullying and banter.
Childhood Maltreatment, Mental Well-Being, and Healthy Lifestyle in Patients With Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Lepsy Nicole , Dering Madelaine-Rachel , Fuge Jan , Meltendorf Tanja , Hoeper Marius M. , Heitland Ivo , Kamp Jan C. , Park Da-Hee , Richter Manuel J. , Gall Henning , Ghofrani Hossein A. , Ellermeier Dietmar , Kulla Hans-Dieter , Olsson Karen M. , Kahl Kai G.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a potentially life-threatening condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, advances in medical, surgical and interventional treatment have markedly improved the outcome of patients with CTEPH. Additional factors potentially influencing quality of life (QoL) and outcome in CTEPH are yet to be defined. Child maltreatment is a major risk factor for unfavorable behavioral, mental as well as physical health outcomes and has been associated with decreased QoL. To date, no study assessed the impact of childhood trauma in patients with CTEPH.

Methods

Patients with CTEPH were invited to complete the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Data were compared to prevalence data from the German population. Mental well-being was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and quality of life was measured using the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL). Furthermore, lifestyle factors and physical health parameters were studied.

Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate a possible impact of child maltreatment on markers of disease severity.

Results

One-hundred and seven patients with CTEPH completed the CTQ. These patients reported higher rates of emotional abuse and physical abuse and emotional neglect compared to the German population while rates of physical neglect and sexual abuse did not differ between patients and German population with prevalence of 20.6% for emotional abuse, 20% for physical abuse, 22% for emotional neglect, 46% for physical neglect, and 6% for sexual abuse in patients with CTEPH. Higher CTQ scores were associated with anxiety symptoms as well as negatively associated with QoL. No direct impact of childhood trauma on CTEPH severity was found.

Conclusion

We found a higher rate of child maltreatment in patients with CTEPH in comparison to the German population. Correlations suggest moderate associations between CTQ scores and mental health and QoL. Child maltreatment had no significant impact on disease severity. Further investigation on proper interventions to support affected patients is needed.
A Qualitative Assessment of Studies Evaluating the Classification Accuracy of Personnel Using START in Disaster Triage: A Scoping Review
Authors: Wisnesky Uirá Duarte , Kirkland Scott W. , Rowe Brian H. , Campbell Sandra , Franc Jeffrey Michael
Published: February 2022

Background

Mass casualty incidents (MCIs) can occur as a consequence of a wide variety of events and often require overwhelming prehospital and emergency support and coordinated emergency response. A variety of disaster triage systems have been developed to assist health care providers in making difficult choices with regards to prioritization of victim treatment. The simple triage and rapid treatment (START) triage system is one of the most widely used triage algorithms; however, the research literature addressing real-world or simulation studies documenting the classification accuracy of personnel using START is lacking.

Aims and Objectives

To explore the existing literature related to the current state of knowledge about studies assessing the classification accuracy of the START triage system.

Design

Scoping review based on Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework and narrative synthesis based on methods described by Popay and colleagues were performed.

Results

The literature search identified 1,820 citations, of which 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty were peer-reviewed articles and 28 published in the last 10 years (i.e., 2010 and onward). Primary research studies originated in 13 countries and included 3,706 participants conducting triaging assessments involving 2,950 victims. Included studies consisted of five randomized controlled trials, 17 non-randomized controlled studies, eight descriptive studies, and two mixed-method studies. Simulation techniques, mode of delivery, contextual features, and participants' required skills varied among studies. Overall, there was no consistent reporting of outcomes across studies and results were heterogeneous. Data were extracted from the included studies and categorized into two themes: (1) typology of simulations and (2) START system in MCIs simulations. Each theme contains sub-themes regarding the development of simulation employing START as a system for improving individuals' preparedness. These include types of simulation training, settings, and technologies. Other sub-themes include outcome measures and reference standards.

Conclusion

This review demonstrates a variety of factors impacting the development and implementation of simulation to assess characteristics of the START system. To further improve simulation-based assessment of triage systems, we recommend the use of reporting guidelines specifically designed for health care simulation research. In particular, reporting of reference standards and test characteristics need to improve in future studies.
An Assessment of Behavior Change Techniques in Two Versions of a Dietary Mobile Application: The Change4Life Food Scanner
Authors: Mahdi Sundus , Michalik-Denny Emily K. , Buckland Nicola J.
Published: February 2022

The Change4Life Food Scanner app is a UK Government dietary app designed to provide feedback on the nutritional content of packaged foods to parents and their children. To understand its intended mechanism of behavior change and how Behavior Change Technique (BCT) content evolves with app updates, this research aimed to map out the BCTs of two versions of the Change4Life Food Scanner app. Two coders undertook a descriptive comparative analysis of the use of BCTs in the Food Scanner app using the Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy [both the outdated (v1.6) and updated (v2.0) versions of the app were coded]. Results showed that both versions encompass the BCTs “goal setting (behavior)”, “feedback on behavior”, “social support (unspecified)”, “instruction on how to perform behavior”, “salience of consequences”, “prompts/cues” and “credible source”. The outdated version contained the BCT “behavior substitution” which had been dropped in the updated version. The updated version featured the additional BCTs “information about social and environmental consequences”, “information about emotional consequences”, “social reward” and “social incentive” and was comparatively more BCT intensive in terms of content and occurrence. The BCT content of the Food Scanner app resembles that of existing dietary apps and incorporates several BCTs which have previously been found to be effective. Future work to evaluate the effectiveness of the app is recommended. This will provide insight into whether the combination of BCTs used in the Change4Life Food Scanner app are effective in improving dietary choices.
Constructing the Quality Measurement Model of Street Space and Its Application in the Old Town in Wuhan
Authors: Wan Tianyue , Lu Wei , Sun Peijin
Published: February 2022

The quality of street space is the comprehensive suitability evaluation from the objective physical environments and the subjective pedestrian perception. Since the existing quality measurement models of street space do not consider both subjective and objective aspects, it is difficult for planners to accurately locate the low-quality streets that need to be regenerated. To solve this problem, this study proposes a new 5D+3S measurement model for street space quality evaluation. This model incorporates the widely acknowledged 5D dimensions of the physical environments (Design, Destination accessibility, Distance to transit, Density, and Diversity), and the 3S dimensions (Sociality, Safety, and Status) of walking perception derived from the keywords clustering on relevant literature. To test the validity of the proposed model, this study makes a comparative analysis on the results of the public assessment, expert scoring, and model measurement to verify whether the measurement results are objective and convincing. The results show that the quality grade obtained by the proposed measurement model is highly consistent with the subjective evaluation outcomes of the public and experts. Thus, the proposed measurement model is effective in quality measurement of the street space, which provides a new idea for future large-scale diagnosis of city public space quality.
Self-Reported Patient Compliance With Physician Advised Lifestyle Behavior Changes Among Adults With Musculoskeletal Conditions
Authors: Chen Jason N. , Dennis Jeff A. , St. John Julie A. , Shen Chwan-Li
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Approximately half of adult Americans suffer from musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Significant risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders include poor diet, obesity, and insufficient physical activity. Studies show that lifestyle change education and interventions reduce MSD risk factors. However, little is known about the relationship between physician advice for behavior change and reported behavior change by MSD patients. This study explored the association between physician advice for lifestyle change and reported change in MSD patients, as well as the effects that patient education levels have on compliance.

Methods

This study used data from the 2017 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of non-institutionalized US adults. The research team limited analysis to adults who reported a limitation due to musculoskeletal problems (n = 2,672). Outcomes included physician recommendations to increase physical activity, reduce fat/calories, or lose weight, and whether they enacted these behavioral changes. Adjusted logistic regression models examined whether compliance with doctor's instructions differed by education level.

Results

Adjusted models show patients advised to change physical activity, diet, and weight were more likely to report attempted behavior change. Education was positively associated with likelihood of complying with physician advice to increase physical activity. Among patients not advised to change behaviors by a physician, education was positively associated with current behavior change attempts.

Conclusion

This study suggests that physician recommendations are relevant predictors of reported behavior change in individuals with MSD. Although education plays an important role in this association, the relationship is complex and multifaceted. Future studies should explore how compliance may be impacted by other factors, such as physician message type.
Home-Based Tele-Exercise in Musculoskeletal Conditions and Chronic Disease: A Literature Review
Authors: Amorese Adam J. , Ryan Alice S.
Published: February 2022

Exercise training is an essential component in the treatment or rehabilitation of various diseases and conditions. However, barriers to exercise such as the burdens of travel or time may hinder individuals' ability to participate in such training programs. Advancements in technology have allowed for remote, home-based exercise training to be utilized as a supplement or replacement to conventional exercise training programs. Individuals in these home-based exercise programs are able to do so under varying levels of supervision from trained professionals, with some programs having direct supervision, and others having little to no supervision at all. The purpose of this review is to examine the use of home-based, tele-exercise training programs for the treatment of different disease states and conditions, and how these programs compare to conventional clinic-based exercise training programs.
Flying Into the Wind: Insects and Bio-Inspired Micro-Air-Vehicles With a Wing-Stroke Dihedral Steer Passively Into Wind-Gusts
Authors: Olejnik Diana A. , Muijres Florian T. , Karásek Matěj , Honfi Camilo Leonardo , De Wagter Christophe , de Croon Guido C.H.E.
Published: February 2022

Natural fliers utilize passive and active flight control strategies to cope with windy conditions. This capability makes them incredibly agile and resistant to wind gusts. Here, we study how insects achieve this, by combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses of flying fruit flies with freely-flying robotic experiments. The CFD analysis shows that flying flies are partly passively stable in side-wind conditions due to their dorsal-ventral wing-beat asymmetry defined as wing-stroke dihedral. Our robotic experiments confirm that this mechanism also stabilizes free-moving flapping robots with similar asymmetric dihedral wing-beats. This shows that both animals and robots with asymmetric wing-beats are dynamically stable in sideways wind gusts. Based on these results, we developed an improved model for the aerodynamic yaw and roll torques caused by the coupling between lateral motion and the stroke dihedral. The yaw coupling passively steers an asymmetric flapping flyer into the direction of a sideways wind gust; in contrast, roll torques are only stabilizing at high air gust velocities, due to non-linear coupling effects. The combined CFD simulations, robot experiments, and stability modeling help explain why the majority of flying insects exhibit wing-beats with positive stroke dihedral and can be used to develop more stable and robust flapping-wing Micro-Air-Vehicles.
The Important Roles of Urban Agriculture
Authors: Orsini Francesco , D’Ostuni Michele
Published: February 2022

The growing urban population, climate change, and the scarcity of natural resources are major world-wide challenges. In the coming years, we must ensure that more food is available to feed Earth’s growing population. We need to reduce the pressures that agriculture places on the Earth. Urban agriculture, which means growing food in cities, evolved throughout human history. Urban agriculture promotes local and sustainable food systems. Agriculture in cities is good for the environment, the ecosystem, and the climate. Urban farming brings communities together and it improves the health of citizens. There are many good reasons for farming in the city!
Surgical Techniques for Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Cancer: One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: Wilkins Simon , Yap Raymond , Mendis Shehara , Carne Peter , McMurrick Paul J.
Published: February 2022

Abdominoperineal resection (APR) of rectal cancer is associated with poorer oncological outcomes than anterior resection. This may be due to higher rates of intra-operative perforation (IOP) and circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement causing higher recurrence rates and surgical complications. To address these concerns, several centers advocated a change in technique from a standard APR to a more radical extra-levator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE). Initial reports showed that ELAPE reduced IOP rates and CRM involvement but increased wound complications and longer surgical duration. However, many of these studies had unacceptable rates of IOP and CRM before retraining in ELAPE. This may indicate that it was a sub-optimal surgical technique, which improved upon training, that had influenced the high CRM and IOP rates rather than the technique itself. Subsequent studies demonstrated that the CRM involvement rate for ELAPE was not always lower than for standard APR and, in some cases, significantly higher. The morbidity of ELAPE can be high, with studies reporting higher adverse events than APR, especially in terms of wound complications from the larger perineal incision required in ELAPE. Whether ELAPE improves short- or long-term oncological outcomes for patients has not been clearly demonstrated. The authors propose that all centers performing rectal cancer surgery audit surgical outcomes of patients undergoing APR or ELAPE and examine CRM involvement, IOP rates, and local recurrence rates, preferably through a national body. If rates of adverse technical or oncological outcomes exceed acceptable levels, then retraining in the appropriate surgical techniques may be indicated.