bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Staff Practice in Delivering Effective Correctional Treatment: A Meta-Analytic Review of Core Correctional Practice
Authors: Dowden Craig , Andrews D. A.
Published: May 2004

Several meta-analyses have rendered strong support for the clinically relevant and psychologically informed principles of human service, risk, need, and general responsivity. However, each of these reviews has focused on specific program components and not on the characteristics of the staff or the specific techniques used to deliver the program. This meta-analytic review examines the role of core correctional practices in reducing recidivism and provides strong preliminary evidence regarding their effectiveness. Staff characteristics and training in core skills must be addressed to ensure the maximum therapeutic impact of correctional treatment programs.
Anthropology’s Native ‘Conundrum’
Authors: Benavides O. Hugo
Published: May 2004

This article assesses the global implications and structural limitations inherent in the history/identity production of traditionally oppressed Indian communities in the Ecuadorian Andes. This particular engagement of history is closely linked with development, since this paradigm profoundly structures all interactions between North–South global communities and nation-states. In this regard it is impossible to research historical exigencies without understanding the limits of political power, subtle forms of domination and development constraints that are immediately invoked by and structure the historical enterprise (as well as the ethnographic one). To this effect I highlight the writing of James Baldwin, which offers an insightful means of assessing the ‘conundrums’ of native identity production in the face of history(ies)’s crushing political power.
Between Fear and Fantasy
Authors: Nuijten Monique
Published: May 2004

The question that guides this article is how to articulate, on the one hand, huge bureaucracies and bewildering governmental techniques, and, on the other, a regime of rule where power is to a large extent based on money, personal relationships and ultimately violence. An in-depth ethnography is presented of land conflicts between a peasant community and private landowners in Mexico. The article shows how, in their fight for agrarian justice, peasants get lost in a labyrinthine bureaucratic world, in which they create their own magic, fantasies and fetishes. Instead of implementing standardized procedures the bureaucracy applies governmental techniques in personalized ways and on an ad hoc basis. In this context, brokers thrive. This points to the need for new ways of conceptualizing the relation between governmentality and state power.
Relational Goods: Costs and Effectiveness
Authors: Verso Girolamo Lo , Prestano Claudia
Published: May 2004

Our society has undergone a great technological evolution but insufficient development about the psychic and relational maturity. In this article we affirm that group analysis and the clinical group can give a great contribution to the development of relational goods. These relational goods can become the great political objective for humanity in the third millennium. Furthermore, we believe that a therapeutic and systematic treatment can be useful in terms of costs and effectiveness.
Bearing Witness: Group Analysis as Witness Training in Action
Authors: Barwick Nick
Published: May 2004

This paper argues that productive and co-operative thinking best happens in the context of spatial, rather than linear relations. The latter is characterized by illusions of merger and polarity, the former by a capacity to tolerate similarity and difference. This capacity is manifested in the activity of ‘bearing witness’; an activity vital to the mature psychological development of the individual and the development and maintenance of a just society. The author seeks to develop Foulkes’s ‘model of three’ with insights gained from contemporary group-analytic and post-Kleinian thinking. The paper concludes that the witness, in bearing and being the bearer of difference, is key in the development of a mature, thinking group.
On the Distribution of Measurements in Units that are not Arbitrary
Authors: Andrich David
Published: May 2004

Measurement achieved in the physical sciences as some kind of mapping on a continuum partitioned into equal units from an origin is understood readily. However, measurement is also an advanced concept, the achievement of which has been integral to the remarkable progress of physical science. This article specializes the probabilistic Rasch model for a finite number of ordered response categories to a response structure which is analogous to measurement - the parameters are expressed in the multiplicative metric giving a natural origin of O, the thresholds partitioning the continuum are made equidistant to correspond to a unit of measurement, and the number of thresholds is made unlimited. The resultant model is the Poisson whose parameter is the ratio of the size of the object of measurement to the size of the unit of measurement of the instrument. It is shown that a number of features of measurement are characterized and unified by this distribution, suggesting that it is a candidate for an idealization of the distribution of replicated measurements. However, this unification arises only if a distinction is made between an arbitrary unit which partitions a continuum, and a non-arbitrary unit which is integral to an instrument. The unit integral to the instrument characterizes the distribution of potential locations on the continuum, and different instruments give different potential locations. As this unit becomes smaller, the variance of replicated measurements relative to the arbitrary unit becomes smaller, showing that, as expected, the precision of measurement increases. However, the variance of measurement in the unit integral to the instrument then becomes greater, showing that, perhaps unexpectedly, there is less consistency in measurements in a smaller unit that gives greater precision than in a larger unit that gives less precision.
Being Roman Now: The Time of Fashion
Authors: Benjamin Andrew
Published: May 2004

Walter Benjamin’s writings on fashion need to be read as engagements with the problem of historical time and a related politics of time. The aim of this article is to develop this position. Its point of orientation is Thesis XIV from the Theses on the Philosophy of History. What is argued is that close attention to the temporality of change and novelty within fashion may allow an insight into a conception of interruption and the ‘new’, however, it cannot yield a politics. Moreover, the link between fashion and utopianism allows for the development of a critique of the utopian dimension of Benjamin’s thought. The basis of that critique is the inherent politics of time in his own writings.
Downward Earnings Mobility after Voluntary Employer Exits
Authors: Dwyer Rachel E.
Published: May 2004

A tacit assumption in much sociological scholarship on mobility that upward earnings mobility is the primary goal of American workers obscures the full range of mobility events. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for 1983 to 1992, this research demonstrates that voluntary downward earnings mobility is an important alternative path to the ideal of upward mobility in the United States. A model is developed of the determinants of voluntary downward earning mobility: Individuals trade pay as they are pushed out of jobs and pulled to new jobs by nonpecuniary factors valued more than pay. The model is largely supported.
Effective Compressibility and Permeability of Multi-Layer Non-Crimp Fiberglass Reinforcements
Authors: Liu X. L. , Falzon P. J. , Sweeting R. , Paton R.
Published: May 2004

Liquid moulding processes, such as resin transfer moulding (RTM), utilize fiber reinforcements to produce composite parts. These reinforcements may comprise multiple layers of a particular fabric or an arrangement of different fabrics, depending on the structural and/or processability requirements. It is therefore important to study the effective compressibility and permeability of these multi-layer reinforcements. In the present work, compaction and radial flow tests were conducted on three different non-crimp fiberglass fabrics. The reinforcements used in the tests consisted of either multiple layers of the same non-crimp fabric or multiple layers of a combination of the fabrics (hybrids). The experimental results were processed to obtain the compressibility and in-plane permeability of the various reinforcements. It is shown that the effective compressibility of a hybrid reinforcement is predominantly determined by the compressibility and proportion of the constituent fabrics. However, the effective in-plane permeability of a multi-layer hybrid reinforcement is found to be dominated by the orientation and proportion of the fibers on the outer surface plies.
Educational and Occupational Aspirations of Latino Youth and Their Parents
Authors: Behnke Andrew O. , Piercy Kathleen W. , Diversi Marcelo
Published: May 2004

In-depth interviews of 10 rural Latino family triads (mother, father, and adolescent) investigated the educational and occupational aspirations of parents and youth, and factors affecting those aspirations. Using a content analysis of the interview scripts, several themes emerged that described these families’ experiences. In some instances, Latino parent aspirations were found to transfer to their youth. However, only one half of the parents were aware of their youth’s aspirations, and most had not discussed them with their youth. Youth and parents articulated several barriers to achieving higher educational or occupational aspirations. Implications for programmatic initiatives and research are delineated.
The Drinking God Factor
Authors: Dyson Anne Haas
Published: May 2004

This article offers a theoretical account of school literacy development that foregrounds the symbolic and social resources of childhood cultures. Drawing upon ethnographic data collected in an urban school site, this article illustrates how the playful childhood practices of a small group of young school children shaped their entry into school literacy. A child-named “drinking god” is used to capture the energizing force of the group’s developmental “remix” processes, through which they stretched, reorganized, and rearticulated their everyday cultural resources in their travels into school literacy. That god messes up any unitary pathway, renders visible the multiple communicative experiences that potentially intersect with literacy learning, and bequeaths to each child, in the company of others, the right to enter school literacy grounded in the familiar practices of their own childhood.
A Reexamination of Protoliteracy through an Analysis of Modern Chinese Character Use
Authors: Li Alan L.
Published: May 2004

Chinese characters are often viewed as a premodern or incomplete form of literacy. Authors with an autonomous view of literacy view Chinese as a concrete, homeostatic language inadequate for use in abstract thought and movement toward mass literacy. Even those with an ideological model framework propose that the intrinsic nature of Chinese characters identifies it as an elite language of gentry and political rulers. This study reexamines this view of Chinese characters as a protoliteracy by investigating recent national literacy rates, economic trends, and relevant literature for East Asian nations that use Chinese characters as an integral part of their written language. The author argues for caution in using the protoliteracy paradigm for Chinese language reform because modern Chinese is associated with high levels of mass literacy and economic prosperity. In addition, recent cognitive and historical literature suggests Chinese characters are used in languages because of their advantages for abstract thought.
A Beautiful Friendship? The Relationship of Research to Practice in Adult Education
Authors: St.Clair Ralf
Published: May 2004

This article examines the use of research by adult education practitioners both empirically and theoretically. It is suggested that arguments for making research more relevant to practice must be treated with caution and that the relationship between research and practice is inherently loose. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Patterns in Identity Change and Development in Relationships With Mothers and Friends
Authors: Reis Olaf , Youniss James
Published: May 2004

Traditional research about identity status has been followed by investigations of identity change that challenge the notion of a general increase in maturity during adolescence while also calling for a more contextualized view on identity processes. This study examines changes in identity measured by the Identity Scale of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. In a group of 294 high school students, four different trajectories were found between sophomore and senior years. The authors explored whether relationships with mothers and friends would be associated to identity trajectories. Our results show that a decremental change in identity was related to persistent problems with mothers and friends. For mothers, a lack of communication and for friends, persistent conflicts were related to decremental identity changes.
Work, Community, and Parenting Resources and Demands as Predictors of Adolescent Problems and Grades
Authors: Voydanoff Patricia
Published: May 2004

This article uses a resources and demands approach to examine the extent to which work, community, and parenting resources and demands are related to adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems and grades in school. The analysis is based on data from 489 married two-earner couples and adolescents aged 10 to 17 interviewed for the 1992-1994 National Survey of Families and Households. The results indicate that time in activities is not related strongly to adolescent problems and grades. Negative work spillover, peer-based school problems, and harsh parenting behaviors show the strongest and most consistent relationships with adolescent problems and grades. Friends’ planning college and nurturing parenting behaviors are positively related to grades. Thus, the findings support the resources and demands approach to varying degrees for the resources and demands included in the study.
Temperature-Independence of Circannual Variations in Circadian Rhythms of Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrels
Authors: Freeman David A. , Zucker Irving
Published: May 2004

In golden-mantled ground squirrels, phase angles of entrainment of circadian locomotor activity to a fixed light-dark cycle differ markedly between subjective summer and winter. Achange in ambient temperature affects entrainment only during subjective winter when it also produces pronounced effects on body temperature (Tb). It was previously proposed that variations in Tb are causally related to the circannual rhythm in circadian entrainment. To test this hypothesis, wheel-running activity and Tb were monitored for 12 to 14 months in castrated male ground squirrels housed in a 14:10 LD photocycle at 21 °C. Animals were treated with testosterone implants that eliminated hibernation and prevented the marked winter decline in Tb; these squirrels manifested circannual changes in circadian entrainment indistinguishable from those of untreated animals. Both groups exhibited pronounced changes in phase angle and alpha of circadian wheel-running and Tb rhythms. Seasonal variation in Tb is not necessary for circannual changes in circadian organization of golden-mantled ground squirrels.
Behavioral Rhythmicity, Age, Division of Labor and period Expression in the Honey Bee Brain
Authors: Bloch Guy , Toma Dan P. , Robinson Gene E.
Published: May 2004

Young adult honey bees work inside the beehive “nursing” brood around the clock with no circadian rhythms; older bees forage for nectar and pollen outside with strong circadian rhythms. Previous research has shown that the development of an endogenous rhythm of activity is also seen in the laboratory in a constant environment. Newly emerging bees maintained in isolation are typically arrhythmic during the first few days of adult life and develop strong circadian rhythms by about a few days of age. In addition, average daily levels of period ( per) mRNA in the brain are higher in foragers or forager-age bees (> 21 days of age) relative to young nest bees (~ 7 days of age). The authors used social manipulations to uncouple behavioral rhythmicity, age, and task to determine the relationship between these factors and per. There was no obligate link between average daily levels of per brain mRNA and either behavioral rhythmicity or age. There also were no differences in per brain mRNA levels between nurse bees and foragers in social environments that promote precocious or reversed behavioral development. Nurses and other hive-age bees can have high or low levels of per mRNAlevels in the brain, depending on the social environment, while foragers and foraging-age bees always have high levels. These findings suggest a link between honey bee foraging behavior and per up-regulation. Results also suggest task-related differences in the amplitude of per mRNA oscillation in the brain, with foragers having larger diurnal fluctuation in per than nurses, regardless of age. Taken together, these results suggest that social factors may exert potent influences on the regulation of clock genes.
Temperature Cycles Induce a Bimodal Activity Pattern in Ruin Lizards: Masking or Clock-Controlled Event? A Seasonal Problem
Authors: Foà Augusto , Bertolucci Cristiano
Published: May 2004

The daily locomotor activity pattern of Ruin lizards in the field is mainly unimodal, except for summer months when soil temperatures exceed 40 °C to 42 °C around midday. In such a situation, lizards reduce their locomotor activity around midday to avoid overheating, and thus their daily activity pattern becomes bimodal. The bimodal pattern expressed in the field is usually retained in the free-running rhythm under constant temperature and DD for a couple of weeks, after which the bimodal pattern changes into a unimodal pattern. In the present study, the authors examined whether 24-h temperature cycles (TCs) would change lizard activity from a unimodal to a bimodal pattern. Administration of TCs to unimodal lizards free-running in DD is able to entrain locomotor rhythms and to induce a bimodal pattern both in summer and autumn-winter. There are, however, striking seasonal differences in the effectiveness with which TCs achieve bimodality: (a) Numbers of lizards rendered bimodal are significantly higher in summer than in autumn-winter; (b) TCs require less time to achieve bimodality in summer than autumn-winter; (c) bimodality is retained as an aftereffect in the postentrainment free-run in summer, but not in autumnwinter; (d) TCs change activity duration in summer, but not in autumn-winter. All this demonstrates the existence of seasonal changes in responsiveness of the circadian oscillators controlling activity to the external factors inducing bimodality. Oscillators' responsiveness is high in summer, when bimodality is the survival strategy of Ruin lizards to avoid overheating around midday in open fields, and low in autumn-winter, when bimodality has no recognizable adaptive significance.
Analysis of Immunohistochemical Label of Fos Protein in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Comparison of Different Methods of Quantification
Authors: Rieux C. , Carney R. , Lupi D. , Dkhissi-Benyahya O. , Jansen K. , Chounlamountri N. , Foster R. G. , Cooper H. M.
Published: May 2004

The induction of the proto-oncogene c-fos, and its phosphoprotein product Fos, has been extensively used to study the effects of light on the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Experimental approaches to the quantification of Fos induction have mainly been based on immunohistochemistry and subsequent measure of Fos immunoreactivity (IR) in sections of the SCN. In this study, the authors compare several methods of quantification using optical density image analysis or counts of Fos-IR labeled cells. To assess whether optical density measures using image analysis reflect the amount of Fos in brain tissue, the authors developed standards of known concentrations of Fos protein in an agar matrix. The agar standards were sectioned and treated simultaneously with sections of the SCN from animals exposed to different levels of irradiance. Optical density was found to be proportional to the quantity of Fos in the sections, indicating that this measure accurately reflects relative levels of Fos protein induction. Quantification by optical density analysis allows an objective measure in which the various parameters, conditions of illumination, and threshold can be maintained constant throughout the analysis. Counting cells by visual observation is more subjective because threshold values cannot be precisely defined and can vary according to the observer, illumination, degree of label, and other factors. In addition, cell counts involving direct visual observation, automated cell counts, or stereological methods do not take into account the difference in the density of label between cells, thus giving equal weight to lightly or densely stained cells. These measures are more or less weakly correlated with measures of optical density and thus do not accurately reflect the amount of bound Fos protein in the tissue sections. In contrast, labeled surface area as measured by image analysis shows a linear relationship with optical density. The main outcome of this study is that computer-assisted image analysis provides an accurate and rapid method to determine the relative amount of Fos protein in the SCN and the effects of light on intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in the circadian clock.
Local Polynomial Regression Modeling of Human Plasma Melatonin Levels
Authors: Gamst Anthony , Wolfson Tanya , Parry Barbara
Published: May 2004

Accurate characterization of features of the melatonin production curve is important for research in chronobiology. Local polynomial regression is used to model the plasma melatonin concentration curve and obtain consistent and asymptotically normally distributed estimates of synthesis onset and offset times, duration, peak concentration, and area under the curve. A simple production-clearance model for melatonin kinetics provides the connection between plasma concentrations and the melatonin production curve. This model identifies onset and offset times with critical points of derivatives of the concentration curve. The method proposed has the advantage of flexibility and ease of implementation. Local polynomial regression can be shown to produce consistent estimates of the regression curve and parameters of interest. Furthermore, the method can be implemented in any software package with weighted least squares routines.
Feeding Schedule Controls Circadian Timing of Daily Torpor in SCN-Ablated Siberian Hamsters
Authors: Paul Matthew J. , Kauffman Alexander S. , Zucker Irving
Published: May 2004

Timing of daily torpor was assessed in suprachiasmatic nucleus-ablated (SCNx) and sham-ablated Siberian hamsters fed restricted amounts of food each day either in the light or dark phase of a 14:10 light-dark cycle. Eighty-five percent of sham-ablated and 45% of SCNx hamsters displayed a preferred hour for torpor onset. In each group, time of torpor onset was not random but occurred at a mean hour that differed significantly from chance. Time of food presentation almost completely accounted for the timing of torpor onset in SCNx animals and significantly affected timing of this behavior in intact hamsters. These results suggest that the circadian pacemaker in the SCN controls the time of torpor onset indirectly by affecting timing of food intake, rather than by, or in addition to, direct neural and humoral outputs to relevant target tissues.
Circadian Parameters as Individual Characteristics
Authors: Aschoff Jürgen
Published: May 2004

Human circadian rhythms that are free running in temporal isolation can show an extreme variability of the sleep-wake cycle without the subject being aware of it. This is due mainly to a systematic adjustment of certain circadian time structures to the varying length of the “day”: the perception of long time intervals in the range of 1 h and the intervals between meals have a strong positive correlation with the duration of wake time [.alpha], in contrast to the amount of hourly locomotor activity that is negatively correlated with [.alpha]. So far, the dependence of locomotor activity, of the “1-h” intervals, and of the intermeal intervals on [.alpha] is well documented for the data sets of single subjects. The present article demonstrates that the correlations found intraindividually also apply if data from several subjects are compared. If plotted as a function of the mean individual [.alpha], the individual means of “1-h” intervals and of the intermeal intervals show the same positive correlation and the means of locomotor activity show the same negative correlation with [.alpha] as known from single individuals. It is to be concluded that each individual has its characteristic place on the regression lines that describe the dependence of the three circadian parameters on the duration of wake time.
Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Four Orbiting Astronauts
Authors: Monk Timothy H. , Buysse Daniel J. , Billy Bart D. , Kennedy Kathy S. , Willrich Linda M.
Published: May 2004

This experiment measured the sleep and circadian rhythms of four male astronauts aboard a space shuttle (STS-78) orbiting the Earth for 17 days. The space mission was specially scheduled to minimize disruptions in circadian rhythms and sleep so that the effects of space flight and microgravity per se could be studied. Data were collected in 72-h measurement blocks: one block 7 days before launch, one early within the mission (3 days after launch), one late in the mission (12 days after launch), and one 18 days after landing. Within each measurement block, all sleep was recorded both polysomnographically and by sleep diary. Core body temperature was sampled every 6 mins. Actillumes© were worn continuously. All urine samples were collected separately. Performance was assessed by a computerized test battery (3/day) and by end-of-shift questionnaires (1/day); mood and alertness were measured by visual analogue scales (5/day). Circadian rhythms in orbit appeared to be very similar in phase and amplitude to those on the ground, and were appropriately aligned for the required work/rest schedule. There was no change from early flight to late flight. This was also reflected in mood, alertness, and performance scores, which were satisfactory at both in-flight time points. However, in-flight sleep showed a decreased amount of sleep obtained (mean = 6.1 h), and all four astronauts showed a decrease in delta sleep. No further degradation in sleep was seen when early flight was compared to late flight, and no other sleep parameters showed reliable trends.
The Significance of Circadian Organization for Longevity in the Golden Hamster
Authors: Hurd Mark W. , Ralph Martin R.
Published: May 2004

While functional roles for biological clocks have been demonstrated in organisms throughout phylogeny, the adaptive advantages of circadian organization per se are largely matters of conjecture. It is generally accepted, though without direct experimental evidence, that organisms derive primary benefits from the temporal organization of their physiology and behavior, as well as from the anticipation of daily changes in their environment and their own fluctuating physiological requirements. However, the consequences of circadian dysfunction that might demonstrate a primary adaptive advantage and explain the natural origins and apparent ubiquity of circadian systems have not been documented. The authors report that longevity in hamsters is decreased with a noninvasive disruption of rhythmicity and is increased in older animals given suprachiasmatic implants that restore higher amplitude rhythms. The results substantiate the importance of the temporal organization of physiology and behavior provided by the circadian clock to the health and longevity of an organism.
Social Cues Attenuate Photoresponsiveness of the Male Reproductive System in Siberian Hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Hegstrom Carol D. , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: May 2004

Transfer of adult Siberian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus) from long (16 h light and 8 h dark, 16L:8D) to short (8L:16D) daily photoperiods induces an involution of the gonads and a cessation of reproductive behavior 8 to 10 weeks later. However, when male and female long-day hamsters were paired on transfer to short photoperiods, the males' gonads did not undergo the typical short-day response. Similarly, when male long-day hamsters were paired with refractory females (i.e., females housed in short photoperiods for at least 28 weeks so that they became unresponsive to short photoperiods), the response of the males' reproductive system to short photoperiods also was attenuated. Thus, social cues can override or delay the effects of photoperiod on the testes of this species. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of long durations of melatonin secretion (in response to short photoperiods) on the male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may be attenuated by social cues such as contact with the opposite sex.
Interactions between Light and Melatonin on the Circadian Clock of Mice
Authors: Benloucif Susan , Masana Monica I. , Yun Ken , Dubocovich Margarita L.
Published: May 2004

Melatonin and light synchronize the biological clock and are used to treat sleep/wake disturbances in humans. However, the two treatments affect circadian rhythms differently when they are combined than when they are administered individually. To elucidate the nature of the interaction between melatonin and light, the present study assessed the effect of melatonin on circadian timing and immediate-early gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) when administered in the presence of light. Male C3H/HeN mice, housed in constant dark in cages equipped with running wheels, were treated with either melatonin (90 μg, sc) or vehicle (3% ethanol-saline) 5 min prior to exposure to light (15 min, 300 lux) at various times in the circadian cycle. Combined treatment resulted in lower magnitude phase delays of circadian activity rhythms than those obtained with light alone during the early subjective night and advances in phase when melatonin and light were administered during the subjective day ( p < .001). The reduction in phase delays with combined treatment at Circadian Time (CT) 14 was significant when light exposure measured 300 lux but not at lower light levels ( p < .05). When light preceded melatonin administration, the inhibition of phase delays attained significance only when the light exposure reached 1000 lux ( p < .05). Neither basal nor light-induced expression of c-fos mRNA in the SCN was modified by melatonin administration at CT 14 or CT 22. Together, these results suggest that combined administration of melatonin and light affect circadian timing in a manner not predicted by summing the two treatments given individually. Furthermore, the interaction is not likely to be due to inhibition of photic input to the clock by melatonin but might arise from a photically induced enhancement of melatonin's actions on circadian timing.
Nocturnal and Diurnal Rhythms in the Unstriped Nile Rat, Arvicanthis niloticus
Authors: Blanchong J. A. , McElhinny T. L. , Mahoney M. M. , Smale L.
Published: May 2004

In a laboratory population of unstriped Nile grass rats, Arvicanthis niloticus, individuals with two distinctly different patterns of wheel-running exist. One is diurnal and the other is relatively nocturnal. In the first experiment, the authors found that these patterns are strongly influenced by parentage and by sex. Specifically, offspring of two nocturnal parents were significantly more likely to express a nocturnal pattern of wheel-running than were offspring of diurnal parents, and more females than males were nocturnal. In the second experiment, the authors found that diurnal and nocturnal wheel-runners were indistinguishable with respect to the timing of postpartum mating, which always occurred in the hours before lights-on. Here they also found that both juvenile and adult A. niloticus exhibited diurnal patterns of general activity when housed without a wheel, even if they exhibited nocturnal activity when housed with a wheel. In the third experiment, the authors discovered that adult female A. niloticus with nocturnal patterns of wheel-running were also nocturnal with respect to general activity and core body temperature when a running wheel was available, but they were diurnal when the running wheel was removed. Finally, a field study revealed that all A. niloticus were almost exclusively diurnal in their natural habitat. Together these results suggest that individuals of this species are fundamentally diurnal but that access to a running wheel shifts some individuals to a nocturnal pattern.
Formal Properties of the Circadian and Photoperiodic Systems of Japanese Quail: Phase Response Curve and Effects of T-Cycles
Authors: Zivkovic Bora D. , Underwood Herbert , Steele Christopher T. , Edmonds Kent
Published: May 2004

A role for the circadian system in photoperiodic time measurement in Japanese quail is controversial. The authors undertook studies of the circadian and photoperiodic system of Japanese quail to try to identify a role for the circadian system in photoperiodic time measurement. The circadian studies showed that the circadian system acts like a low-amplitude oscillator: It is readily reset by light without significant transients, has a Type 0 phase response curve (PRC), and has a large range of entrainment. In fact, a cycle length that is often used in resonance protocols (LD 6:30) is within the range of entrainment. The authors employed T-cycle experiments; that is, LD cycles with 6-and 14-h photoperiods and period lengths ranging from 18 to 36 h to test for circadian involvement in photoperiodic time measurement. The results did not give evidence for circadian involvement in photoperiodic time measurement: T-cycles utilizing 6-h photoperiods were uniformly noninductive (that is, did not stimulate the reproductive system), whereas T-cycles utilizing 14-h photoperiods were inductive (stimulatory). A good match was observed between the phase-angles exhibited on the T-cycles employing 6-h photoperiods and the predicted phase-angles calculated from a PRC generated from 6-h light pulses.
Pancreatic Transplantation: Evaluation and Management
Authors: Zaman Fahim , Abreo Kenneth D. , Levine Steven , Maley Warren , Zibari Gazi B.
Published: May 2004

More than 2 million people in the United States have type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic transplantation has emerged as the single most effective means of achieving normal glucose homeostasis in this patient population. Newer immunosuppressive agents and surgical techniques continue to evolve, resulting in improved long-term graft and patient survival. Herein, an understanding of the evaluation, technical aspects, and perioperative management of pancreas transplantation is outlined.
Victimization and Perpetration among Perinatal Substance Abusers
Authors: Haller Deborah L. , Miles Donna R.
Published: May 2004

This study examined associations between demographic, psychiatric, substance abuse, and childhood abuse variables and past 30-day victimization and perpetration among 77 perinatal substance abusers. Victimization rates were 70% emotional, 34% physical, 29% sexual, and 42% personal freedom violations. For perpetration, incidence was 71% emotional, 25% physical, 5% sexual, and 9% personal freedom violations. Through univariate regression, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) psychiatric and drug composite scores, childhood physical abuse, borderline personality disorder (BPD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were found to significantly predict victimization. In contrast, ASI psychiatric and drug composite scores, BPD, PTSD, and aggressive-sadistic and antisocial personality disorders were found to significantly predict perpetration. In multiple regression models, ASI drug and psychiatric composite scores accounted for the majority of the variance for both victimization and perpetration, suggesting that women with high ASI scores should be queried about their involvement in abusive acts at time of admission to drug treatment.
Vicarious Trauma
Authors: Way Ineke , VanDeusen Karen M. , MartIn Gail , Applegate Brooks , Jandle Deborah
Published: May 2004

This study compared vicarious trauma in a random sample of male and female clinicians who treat survivors (n=95) and those who treat offenders (n=252).A national survey was conducted with members of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA) and the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC). These data were used to test the relative contribution of variables theorized to contribute to two vicarious trauma effects (avoidance and intrusions) using the Impact of Event Scale. The sample reported high levels of avoidance and intrusions. Variables associated with vicarious trauma differed based on client population served. Sequential regression analyses were used to examine theoretically derived variables. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
Sexual Deviance among Male College Students
Authors: Jackson Arrick , Veneziano Louis , Riggen Katherine
Published: May 2004

Much research on sexual deviance on university and college campuses is limited by its narrow focus on group affiliation and leads to much speculation and conjecture. This article suggests that an alternative explanation is more suitable for explaining such an important and complex problem on college campuses. It argues that prior deviance serves as a more robust predictor variable of sexual deviance. Logistic regression analyses indicate a direct relationship between prior deviance and sexual deviance. The results lend support to the argument that group affiliation is not a suitable explanation for such a complex societal problem—sexual deviance. Limitations of the study and directions for future research on sexual deviance are discussed.
A Path Model of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence among Couples in the United States
Authors: Schafer John , Caetano Raul , Cunradi Carol B.
Published: May 2004

The present study was designed to identify the impact of drinking problems, impulsivity, and a history of childhood physical abuse on both male-to-female (MFIPV) and female-to-male intimate partner violence (FMIPV). The data were collected in 1995 from a representative national sample of couples living in the contiguous 48 states. Using a multistage probability sampling design, face-to-face interviews were conducted in respondents’homes, privately with each member of 1, 635 couples. A complex path model building on earlier work was tested for African American, Hispanic, and White couples separately. Multiple-group path analysis demonstrated that impulsivity, alcohol problems, and childhood physical abuse were differentially associated with reports of MFIPV and FMIPV as a function of ethnicity. This study suggests that a history of being physically harmed by parental figures during childhood, impulsivity, and drinking problems are all risk factors for intimate partner violence in the general household population in the United States.
Do Trials of Perpetrators Retraumatize Crime Victims?
Authors: Orth Ulrich , Maercker Andreas
Published: May 2004

Attendance at trials of perpetrators could be retraumatizing for crime victims suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. To investigate this hypothesis, two studies were conducted in which retraumatization was defined as a significant increase in posttraumatic stress reactions. A cross-sectional study of 137 victims of rape and nonsexual assault revealed that trial variables do virtually not predict posttraumatic stress reactionsat a time several years after trial. A longitudinal study of 31victims of rape and nonsexual assault revealed intraindividual stability of posttraumatic stress reactions for the time interval from a few weeks before the trial to a few weeks after the trial; in addition, interindividual stability was high. The results of both studies do not support the retraumatization hypothesis, which should therefore be used with caution.
Attachment Styles and Psychological Profiles of Child Sex Offenders in Ireland
Authors: Marsa Fiona , O’Reilly Gary , Carr Alan , Murphy Paul , O’Sullivan Maura , Cotter Anthony , Hevey David
Published: May 2004

When 29 child sex offenders, 30 violent offenders, 30 nonviolent offenders, and 30 community controls were compared, a secure adult attachment style was 4 times less common in the child sex offender group than in any of the other three groups. Ninety-three percent of sex offenders had an insecure adult attachment style. Compared with community controls, the child sex offender group reported significantly lower levels of maternal and paternal care and significantly higher levels of maternal and paternal overprotection during their childhood. Compared with all three comparison groups, the child sexual offenders reported significantly more emotional loneliness and a more external locus of control. With respect to anger management, the child sexual offenders’ profile more closely approximated those of nonviolent offenders and community controls than that of violent offenders.
Informal Social Support Interventions and their Role in Violence Prevention
Authors: Budde Stephen , Schene Patricia
Published: May 2004

There is increasing interest among policymakers and practitioners in tapping the potential of family, friends, volunteers, peer support groups, and mutual aid organizations to help prevent violence. The popularity of these informal social support (ISS) interventions stems, in part, from their flexibility, responsiveness to individual needs, and perceived low cost. However, there is still limited understanding of whether and how ISS interventions can improve social support, reduce violence, or save money. Furthermore, mobilizing and sustaining ISS interventions appears to be difficult, particularly for families living in high-risk environments. Rigorous and creative evaluations of ISS interventions are needed to inform policy decisions and refine program development and implementation. Focusing on the field of child maltreatment, we describe different kinds of ISS interventions and outline an evaluation agenda that includes core research questions and evaluation challenges and strategies.
Attributions about Perpetrators and Victims of Interpersonal Abuse
Authors: Langhinrichsen-Rohling Jennifer , Shlien-Dellinger Rania K. , Huss Matthew T. , Kramer Vertrie L.
Published: May 2004

This analogue study (written vignettes and videotapes) examines the influence of victim-perpetrator relationship (spouse or acquaintance), sex of perceiver, and type of abuse (psychological vs. physical) on attributions about victims and perpetrators of domestic abuse. College student participants (73 men, 108 women) were randomly assigned to condition. As expected, type of relationship influenced observer perceptions. Specifically, participants rated the victim of marital violence as more psychologically damaged and disturbed by the abuse than the victim of acquaintance violence. Furthermore, interaction effects showed that men, more than women, rated the actions of the married perpetrator as more of a victim’s rights violation than the actions of the acquaintance perpetrator. Second, type of abuse was shown to influence perceptions of the perpetrator but not the victim. Sex-of-perceiver effects were also obtained. Women held the perpetrator more responsible and assigned less blame to the victim than did men. Legal and clinical implications are then discussed.
Predicting Presence of Offender’s Criminal Record From Antisocial Lifestyle Indicators of Homicide Victims
Authors: Santtila Pekka , Runtti Markus , Mokros Andreas
Published: May 2004

The aim of the present study is to explore the possibility of predicting the presence of a criminal record in the background of a homicide offender on the basis of victim characteristics. Eight victim characteristics, as well as the presence or absence of offender criminal record and offender violent criminal record, were coded for 502 Finnish homicides. A configural frequency analysis (CFA) showed that it was possible to predict the presence of a criminal record on the basis of the victim variables. The practical significance of the results for police investigations is discussed.
Prevalence of Trauma, PTSD, and Dissociation in Court-Referred Adolescents
Authors: Brosky Beverly A. , Lally Stephen J.
Published: May 2004

This study examines the prevalence of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and dissociative symptoms in adolescents. The sample consisted of 76 females and 76 males, between the ages of 12 and 18, referred to the Child Guidance Clinic of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia for a psychological evaluation. Two sets of analyses were conducted. One set included the entire sample; the second set excluded those individuals whose listed referral problem included only being a victim of abuse. Results of the study suggest a high prevalence of trauma in both genders; however, females had significantly higher rates than those reported in males. Similarly, female adolescents demonstrated significantly higher prevalence rates of PTSD symptoms compared with their male counterparts in the entire sample and showed a trend toward significance in the analysis of the sub sample. There was a low prevalence of dissociative symptoms across both genders.
Perceptions of Help Resources for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Krugman Scott D. , Witting Michael D. , Furuno Jon P. , Hirshon Jon Mark , Limcangco Rhona , Périssé André R. S. , Rasch Elizabeth K.
Published: May 2004

Intimate partner violence (IPV) constitutes a major public health problem in the United States. This cross-sectional survey of 108 emergency department (ED) care providers and 146 ED visitors at three metropolitan EDs compared the beliefs of ED health care providers with those of community members about the relative benefits of the helpfulness of resources for IPV victims using hypothetical case scenarios. Although providers generally indicated that help resources were helpful in all scenarios, visitors were more discriminating, showing less support for resources in the lower-risk scenario. Regarding differences between groups, visitors selected police and attorneys more frequently than providers as a helpful resource, whereas providers selected shelters and counselors more frequently than visitors. Adjustment for previous experience with IPV did not change these results. Understanding the differences between health care providers’ and community members’ perceptions of resources for victims of IPV may improve the effectiveness of referral to IPV resources.
Potential Demand for Substance Abuse Treatment in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Brownsberger William N. , Love Craig T. , Doherty Paula L. , Shaffer Howard J.
Published: May 2004

This article considers the challenges in evaluating the potential for partnership between the treatment and criminal justice systems, and suggests an agenda for further research. Deep conceptual ambiguities and limitations of survey methods make general population estimates of need for treatment highly questionable. In criminal justice populations, we must make use ofuniquely available data to improve need estimates. For the purposes of policy analysis, it is essential to move beyond binary classification of the population as in need or not in need andattempt to estimate treatment needs by level of care. It is also essential to consider actual demand for level-appropriate treatment, because even in the criminal justice system, where patients may be subject to coercion, demand may be radically less than need. Initial studies mustbuild better knowledge of criminal offenders’choices between incarceration and longer community regimes.