bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“How” and “what” matters: Sampling method affects biodiversity estimates of reef fishes
Authors: Bosch Néstor E. , Gonçalves Jorge M. S. , Erzini Karim , Tuya Fernando
Published: May 2017

Understanding changes in biodiversity requires the implementation of monitoring programs encompassing different dimensions of biodiversity through varying sampling techniques. In this work, fish assemblages associated with the “outer” and “inner” sides of four marinas, two at the Canary Islands and two at southern Portugal, were investigated using three complementary sampling techniques: underwater visual censuses (UVCs), baited cameras (BCs), and fish traps (FTs). We firstly investigated the complementarity of these sampling methods to describe species composition. Then, we investigated differences in taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD) and functional diversity (FD) between sides of the marinas according to each sampling method. Finally, we explored the applicability/reproducibility of each sampling technique to characterize fish assemblages according to these metrics of diversity. UVCs and BCs provided complementary information, in terms of the number and abundances of species, while FTs sampled a particular assemblage. Patterns of TD, PD, and FD between sides of the marinas varied depending on the sampling method. UVC was the most cost‐efficient technique, in terms of personnel hours, and it is recommended for local studies. However, for large‐scale studies, BCs are recommended, as it covers greater spatio‐temporal scales by a lower cost. Our study highlights the need to implement complementary sampling techniques to monitor ecological change, at various dimensions of biodiversity. The results presented here will be useful for optimizing future monitoring programs.
Molecular genetic analysis of two native desert palm genera,WashingtoniaandBrahea, from the Baja California Peninsula and Guadalupe Island
Authors: Klimova Anastasia , Hoffman Joseph I. , Gutierrez‐Rivera Jesus N. , Leon de la Luz Jose , Ortega‐Rubio Alfredo
Published: May 2017

The complex geological and ecological processes that have generated high levels of biodiversity and endemism in the Baja California Peninsula have been the subject of intensive study. However, relatively little is known about phylogeography of the iconic endemic palm species of this region. We therefore analyzed a total of 2,294 bp of chloroplast and 738 bp of nuclear sequence data in 169 samples of five native palm species from Baja California, Sonora and Guadalupe Island. We found thatWashingtoniaandBraheapalms had low levels of genetic diversity and were highly structured, with the majority of species and major geographic regions being characterized by distinct haplotypes. We also found strong support for currently recognized species inWashingtonia, but our results were less clear cut forBraheadue to haplotype sharing. Furthermore, patterns of population structure were broadly consistent with historical vicariant events such as the inundation of the Isthmus of La Paz, the formation of the Sea of Cortez, and the more recent colonization and isolation of Guadalupe Island's palms. Our findings contribute toward a growing appreciation of the complexity of plant responses to past geological changes and also provide valuable baseline genetic data on relict American palm species.
Consequences of population topology for studying gene flow using link‐based landscape genetic methods
Authors: van Strien Maarten J.
Published: June 2017

Many landscape genetic studies aim to determine the effect of landscape on gene flow between populations. These studies frequently employ link‐based methods that relate pairwise measures of historical gene flow to measures of the landscape and the geographical distance between populations. However, apart from landscape and distance, there is a third important factor that can influence historical gene flow, that is, population topology (i.e., the arrangement of populations throughout a landscape). As the population topology is determined in part by the landscape configuration, I argue that it should play a more prominent role in landscape genetics. Making use of existing literature and theoretical examples, I discuss how population topology can influence results in landscape genetic studies and how it can be taken into account to improve the accuracy of these results. In support of my arguments, I have performed a literature review of landscape genetic studies published during the first half of 2015 as well as several computer simulations of gene flow between populations. First, I argue why one should carefully consider which population pairs should be included in link‐based analyses. Second, I discuss several ways in which the population topology can be incorporated in response and explanatory variables. Third, I outline why it is important to sample populations in such a way that a good representation of the population topology is obtained. Fourth, I discuss how statistical testing for link‐based approaches could be influenced by the population topology. I conclude the article with six recommendations geared toward better incorporating population topology in link‐based landscape genetic studies.
Short‐range phenotypic divergence among genetically distinct parapatric populations of an Australian funnel‐web spider
Authors: Wong Mark K. L. , Woodman James D. , Rowell David M.
Published: June 2017

Speciation involves divergence at genetic and phenotypic levels. Where substantial genetic differentiation exists among populations, examining variation in multiple phenotypic characters may elucidate the mechanisms by which divergence and speciation unfold. Previous work on the Australian funnel‐web spider Atrax sutherlandi Gray (2010; Records of the Australian Museum 62, 285–392; Mygalomorphae: Hexathelidae: Atracinae) has revealed a marked genetic structure along a 110‐kilometer transect, with six genetically distinct, parapatric populations attributable to past glacial cycles. In the present study, we explore variation in three classes of phenotypic characters (metabolic rate, water loss, and morphological traits) within the context of this phylogeographic structuring. Variation in metabolic and water loss rates shows no detectable association with genetic structure; the little variation observed in these rates may be due to the spiders’ behavioral adaptations (i.e., burrowing), which buffer the effects of climatic gradients across the landscape. However, of 17 morphological traits measured, 10 show significant variation among genetic populations, in a disjunct manner that is clearly not latitudinal. Moreover, patterns of variation observed for morphological traits serving different organismic functions (e.g., prey capture, burrowing, and locomotion) are dissimilar. In contrast, a previous study of an ecologically similar sympatric spider with little genetic structure indicated a strong latitudinal response in 10 traits over the same range. The congruence of morphological variation with deep phylogeographic structure in Tallaganda's A. sutherlandi populations, as well as the inconsistent patterns of variation across separate functional traits, suggest that the spiders are likely in early stages of speciation, with parapatric populations independently responding to local selective forces.
Temperature variability and its influence on macroinvertebrate assemblages of alpine springs
Authors: von Fumetti Stefanie , Bieri‐Wigger Fabian , Nagel Peter
Published: June 2017

Constant water temperature is thought to be a key factor for macroinvertebrates inhabiting springs. Springs in low mountain ranges are usually fed by deep groundwater. At high altitudes, they are, to a certain degree, fed by near‐surface aquifers and are influenced by snow and permafrost meltwater. This may alter temperature constancy. In this study, we examined 13 springs in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland during 1 year. The aim was to investigate the variability of water temperature and its influence on macroinvertebrate assemblages of alpine springs at different altitudes. Water temperature and solar radiation were continuously monitored; electrical conductivity, pH, and oxygen were measured; and a quantitative sampling of the macroinvertebrates was conducted 3 times from June 2010 to July 2011. Using linear correlation analysis, we detected a significant decrease of the variability of water temperature along the altitudinal gradient. Electrical conductivity was significantly lower in springs at high altitude. This might indicate an influence of snow and permafrost meltwater. The percentage of alpine species significantly increased with altitude. Taxon richness and the percentage of crenobiontic species were not significantly correlated with any physicochemical parameter. Monthly temperature amplitude and snow cover had a significant influence on the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages, distinguishing high alpine springs from those at lower altitude. Harsh environmental conditions with low but constant water temperatures fostered alpine rhithrobiontic species, also directly at the outflow, that is, in springs. A loss of such highly adapted species is predicted due to climate change.
Prey‐driven control of predator assemblages: zooplankton abundance drives aquatic beetle colonization
Authors: Pintar Matthew R. , Resetarits William J.
Published: June 2017

Trophic interactions are critical determinants of community structure and ecosystem function. In freshwater habitats, top predators are traditionally viewed as drivers of ecosystem structure, shaping populations of consumers and primary producers. The temporary nature of small water bodies makes them dependent on colonization by many organisms, particularly insects that form highly diverse predator assemblages. We conducted mesocosm experiments with naturally colonizing populations of aquatic beetles to assess how prey (zooplankton) abundances influenced colonization and assemblages of natural populations of aquatic beetles. We experimentally demonstrate that zooplankton populations can be proximate regulators of predator populations and assemblages via prey‐density‐dependent predator recruitment. Our results provide support for the importance of prey populations in structuring predator populations and the role of habitat selection in structuring communities. We indicate that traditional views of predators as drivers of ecosystem structure in many systems may not provide a comprehensive picture, particularly in the context of highly disturbed or ephemeral habitats.
Assessment of deep dynamic mechanical sensitivity in individuals with tension‐type headache: The dynamic pressure algometry
Authors: Palacios‐Ceña M. , Wang K. , Castaldo M. , Guerrero‐Peral Á. , Caminero A.B. , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas C. , Arendt‐Nielsen L.
Published: June 2017

Background

To explore the validity of dynamic pressure algometry for evaluating deep dynamic mechanical sensitivity by assessing its association with headache features and widespread pressure sensitivity in tension‐type headache (TTH).

Methods

One hundred and eighty‐eight subjects with TTH (70% women) participated. Deep dynamic sensitivity was assessed with a dynamic pressure algometry set (Aalborg University, Denmark©) consisting of 11 different rollers including fixed levels from 500 g to 5300 g. Each roller was moved at a speed of 0.5 cm/s over a 60‐mm horizontal line covering the temporalis muscle. Dynamic pain threshold (DPT‐level of the first painful roller) was determined and pain intensity during DPT was rated on a numerical pain rate scale (NPRS, 0–10). Headache clinical features were collected on a headache diary. As gold standard, static pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were assessed over temporalis, C5/C6 joint, second metacarpal, and tibialis anterior muscle.

Results

Side‐to‐side consistency between DPT (r = 0.843, p < 0.001) and pain evoked (r = 0.712; p < 0.001) by dynamic algometer was observed. DPT was moderately associated with widespread PPTs (0.526 > r > 0.656, all p < 0.001). Furthermore, pain during DPT was negatively associated with widespread PPTs (−0.370 < r < −0.162, all p < 0.05).

Discussion

Dynamic pressure algometry was a valid tool for assessing deep dynamic mechanical sensitivity in TTH. DPT was associated with widespread pressure sensitivity independently of the frequency of headaches supporting that deep dynamic pressure sensitivity within the trigeminal area is consistent with widespread pressure sensitivity. Assessing deep static and dynamic somatic tissue pain sensitivity may provide new opportunities for differentiated diagnostics and possibly a new tool for assessing treatment effects.

Significance

The current study found that dynamic pressure algometry in the temporalis muscle was associated with widespread pressure pain sensitivity in individuals with tension‐type headache. The association was independent of the frequency of headaches. Assessing deep static and dynamic somatic tissue pain sensitivity may provide new opportunities for differentiated diagnostics and possibly a tool for assessing treatment effects.
Facile Synthesis of Ultra‐wide Two Dimensional Bi2S3 Nanosheets: Characterizations, Properties and Applications in Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing and Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Arabzadeh Abbas , Salimi Abdollah
Published: May 2017

The ultra‐wide two dimensional Bi2S3 nanosheets (2D Bi2S3 Ns) as non‐toxic graphene‐like nanomaterials have been prepared through solvothermal decomposition of a single‐source precursor, Bi(S2CNEt2)3, in ethylenediamine media for 2 h in 180 °C. The morphology, structure, properties and catalytic activity of prepared 2D Bi2S3 Ns were characterized with XRD, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV‐Visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), amperometry, electrochemical charge/discharge technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SEM image showed the 2D Bi2S3 Ns with a thickness of 15±4 nm and lengths of several micrometers is synthesized. The UV−Vis spectrum of 2D Bi2S3 Ns showed high sensitivity to visible‐near infrared light with its direct energy band gap of ≈1.22 eV. These Bi2S3 Ns showed high electron transfer ability and good electrochemical behavior and also exhibited electro‐catalytic activity toward the reduction‐oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. It is found that Bi2S3 Ns could detect H2O2 at wide linear concentration range (50.0 μM–8.0 mM) with detection limit 8 μM, using amperometry as measuring technique. Also the synthesized Bi2S3 Ns exhibited excellent electrochemical H2 storage properties. As a result, based on above properties, the Bi2S3 Ns can be used as a valuable and useful nanomaterial for H2 storage, high‐energy batteries, electrocatalytic fields and electrochemical sensing.
Ablative Pyrolysis of Wood Chips: Effect of Operating Conditions
Authors: Luo Guanqun , Eng Ryan J. , Jia Pei , Resende Fernando L. P.
Published: May 2017

We pyrolyzed entire wood chips (5×15 mm) in a new ablative reactor with the goal to evaluate the possibility to minimize grinding costs before pyrolysis. The effects of the operating parameters on the product yields and composition were investigated. Our results revealed that the bio‐oil yield in the ablative reactor was favored at a moderate pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, low initial thickness of the wood chips layer (≤5 mm), low applied pressure on the wood chips (≤0.5 bar), and with the rotation of the bowl (≥100 rpm). The temperature profile of the wood chips indicated that the ablative pyrolysis of thick layers is limited strongly by heat transfer rates. The maximum bio‐oil yield obtained was approximately 60 wt %. The bio‐oil elemental composition was determined mostly by its water content and that of char was affected primarily by the temperature. The knowledge of how operating conditions affect the ablative process can be used in the design of continuous mobile pyrolysis units in the future.
Evidence for Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Young People with Anorexia Nervosa: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of the Literature
Authors: Tchanturia Kate , Giombini Lucia , Leppanen Jenni , Kinnaird Emma
Published: June 2017

Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for eating disorders has demonstrated promising findings in adult age groups, with randomised treatment trials and systematic reviews demonstrating medium to large effect sizes in improved cognitive performance. In recent years, several case series have been conducted for young people with anorexia nervosa, but these findings have not been synthesised in the form of a systematic review. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the evidence for the efficacy of CRT in child and adolescent age groups. Nine studies were identified, with a subsequent meta‐analysis suggesting improvements in cognitive performance with small effect sizes. Patient feedback was positive, with low dropout rates. These findings suggest that CRT has potential as a supplementary treatment for young people with anorexia nervosa, warranting further investigation using randomised treatment trials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A new convergent synthesis of (±)‐methyl jasmonate based on a C4 + C6 synthon approach
Authors: Jaunky Piotr , Buirey Julien , Mahaim Cyril
Published: May 2017

A new, convergent synthesis of (±)‐methyl jasmonate is presented. The strategy is based on a C4+C6 synthon approach. The C4 fragment N,4,4‐trimethoxy‐N‐methyl‐butanamide (5) was prepared in 4 steps starting from chloroacetyl chloride via the previously unreported N,4,4‐trimethoxy‐N‐methylbut‐2‐enamide (4). The coupling of 5 with the C6 synthon, cis‐3‐hexenyl magnesium chloride (6), provided easy access to (Z)‐4‐oxodec‐7‐enal (8). The latter was converted to the key intermediate (Z)‐2‐(pent‐2‐en‐1‐yl)cyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐one (9) from which (±)‐methyl jasmonate can be obtained in high yield using well‐established procedures.
Retraction: ‘Effect of blonanserin on cognitive function in antipsychotic‐naïve first‐episode schizophrenia’
Authors: Tenjin Tomomi , Miyamoto Seiya , Miyake Nobumi , Ogino Shin , Kitajima Rei , Ojima Kazuaki , Arai Jun , Teramoto Haruki , Tsukahara Sachiko , Ito Yukie , Tadokoro Masanori , Anai Kiriko , Funamoto Yasuyuki , Kaneda Yasuhiro , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Yamaguchi Noboru
Published: June 2017

The above article from Human Psychopharmacology, first published on 25 January 2012 in Wiley OnlineLibrary (onlinelibrary.wiley.com), and in Volume 90, pp. 90‐100, has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, David Baldwin, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation by the St Marianna University Ethics Committee which determined that the paper was not as originally designed and approved.

REFERENCES

Tenjin, T., Miyamoto, S., Miyake, N., Ogino, S., Kitajima, R., Ojima, K., … Yamaguchi, N. (2012). Effect of blonanserin on cognitive function in antipsychotic‐naïve first‐episode schizophrenia. Hum. Psychopharmacol Clin Exp, 27, 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1276.
Removable partial denture alloys processed by laser‐sintering technique
Authors: Alageel Omar , Abdallah Mohamed‐Nur , Alsheghri Ammar , Song Jun , Caron Eric , Tamimi Faleh
Published: May 2017

Removable partial dentures (RPDs) are traditionally made using a casting technique. New additive manufacturing processes based on laser sintering has been developed for quick fabrication of RPDs metal frameworks at low cost. The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanical, physical, and biocompatibility properties of RPD cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys produced by two laser‐sintering systems and compare them to those prepared using traditional casting methods. The laser‐sintered Co–Cr alloys were processed by the selective laser‐sintering method (SLS) and the direct metal laser‐sintering (DMLS) method using the Phenix system (L‐1) and EOS system (L‐2), respectively. L‐1 and L‐2 techniques were 8 and 3.5 times more precise than the casting (CC) technique (p < 0.05). Co–Cr alloys processed by L‐1 and L‐2 showed higher (p < 0.05) hardness (14–19%), yield strength (10–13%), and fatigue resistance (71–72%) compared to CC alloys. This was probably due to their smaller grain size and higher microstructural homogeneity. All Co–Cr alloys exhibited low porosity (2.1–3.3%); however, pore distribution was more homogenous in L‐1 and L‐2 alloys when compared to CC alloys. Both laser‐sintered and cast alloys were biocompatible. In conclusion, laser‐sintered alloys are more precise and present better mechanical and fatigue properties than cast alloys for RPDs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1174–1185, 2018.
Targeting the tumor microenvironment as a potential therapeutic approach in colorectal cancer: Rational and progress
Authors: Bahrami Afsane , Khazaei Majid , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi , ShahidSales Soodabeh , Joudi‐Mashhad Mona , Maftouh Mina , Jazayeri Mir Hadi , Parizade Mohammad Reza , Ferns Gordon A. , Avan Amir
Published: June 2017

Colorectal cancer (CC) is often diagnosed at a late stage when tumor metastasis may have already occurred. Current treatments are often ineffective in metastatic disease, and consequently late diagnosis is often associated with poor outcomes in CC. Alternative strategies are therefore urgently required. An interaction between epithelial cancer cells and their tissue microenvironment is a contributor to metastasis, and therefore recent studies are beginning to focus on the properties of the tumor microenvironment and the mechanism by which the metastatic cells exploit the tumor microenvironment for survival, immune evasion, and growth. We have reviewed the development of the combined therapeutic approaches that have focused on targeting the microenvironment of CC.
Microwave‐Assisted, One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Some New Cyanopyridines
Authors: Amer Amer A. , Abdelhamid Antar A.
Published: June 2017

An efficient and facile synthesis of cyanopyridines via a one‐pot four‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, acetophenones, malononitrile, or 2‐aminoprop‐1‐ene‐1,1,3‐tricarbonitrile in presence of sodium alkoxide or ammonium acetate under both microwave and thermal reaction conditions was introduced.
Preparation of a novel radiotracer targeting the EphB4 receptor via radiofluorination using spiro azetidinium salts as precursor
Authors: Wiemer Jens , Steinbach Jörg , Pietzsch Jens , Mamat Constantin
Published: May 2017

The visualization of Eph receptors, which are overexpressed in various tumor entities, using selective small molecule Eph inhibitors by means of positron emission tomography is a promising approach for tumor imaging. N‐(Pyrimidinyl)indazolamines represent a class of compounds, which are known to have high affinity especially for the EphB4 receptor. Radiofluorination of these compounds could provide a highly specific imaging agent and was investigated using a classical nucleophilic introduction of [18F]fluoride as well as a less common nucleophilic ring‐opening reaction of azetidinium salts. In the past, radiofluorinations using azetidinium precursors were demonstrated to result in high radiochemical yields in short periods. For this purpose, an azetidinium precursor based on the N‐(pyrimidinyl)indazolamine lead compound was developed, and radiofluorination was successfully accomplished. The respective [18F]radiotracer was quickly prepared with high radiochemical purity >97% and in a radiochemical yield of 34%.
Patterns of morphological integration between parietal and temporal areas in the human skull
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Pereira‐Pedro Ana Sofia , Bastir Markus
Published: June 2017

Modern humans have evolved bulging parietal areas and large, projecting temporal lobes. Both changes, largely due to a longitudinal expansion of these cranial and cerebral elements, were hypothesized to be the result of brain evolution and cognitive variations. Nonetheless, the independence of these two morphological characters has not been evaluated. Because of structural and functional integration among cranial elements, changes in the position of the temporal poles can be a secondary consequence of parietal bulging and reorientation of the head axis. In this study, we use geometric morphometrics to test the correlation between parietal shape and the morphology of the endocranial base in a sample of adult modern humans. Our results suggest that parietal proportions show no correlation with the relative position of the temporal poles within the spatial organization of the endocranial base. The vault and endocranial base are likely to be involved in distinct morphogenetic processes, with scarce or no integration between these two districts. Therefore, the current evidence rejects the hypothesis of reciprocal morphological influences between parietal and temporal morphology, suggesting that evolutionary spatial changes in these two areas may have been independent. However, parietal bulging exerts a visible effect on the rotation of the cranial base, influencing head position and orientation. This change can have had a major relevance in the reorganization of the head functional axis.
Biexponential T2 relaxation estimation of human knee cartilage in vivo at 3T
Authors: Sharafi Azadeh , Chang Gregory , Regatte Ravinder R.
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To evaluate biexponential T2 relaxation mapping of human knee cartilage in vivo in clinically feasible scan times.

Materials and Methods

T2‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired from eight healthy volunteers using a standard 3T clinical scanner. A 3D Turbo‐Flash sequence was modified to enable T2‐weighted imaging with different echo times. Series of T2‐weighted images were fitted using mono‐ and biexponential models with two‐ and four‐parametric nonlinear approaches, respectively.

Results

Biexponential relaxation of T2 was detected in the knee cartilage in five regions of interest in all eight healthy volunteers. Short/long relaxation components of T2 were estimated to be 8.27 ± 0.68 / 45.35 ± 3.79 msec with corresponding fractions of 41.3 ± 1.1% / 58.6 ± 4.6%, respectively. The monoexponential relaxation of T2 was measured to be 26.9 ± 2.27 msec. The experiments showed good repeatability with coefficient of variation root mean square (CVrms) < 18% in all regions. The only difference in gender was observed in medial tibial cartilage, where the biexponential T2 in female volunteers was significantly higher compared to male volunteers (P = 0.014). Significant differences were observed in T2 relaxation between different regions on interest.

Conclusion

Biexponential relaxation of T2 was observed in the human knee cartilage in vivo. The short and long components are thought to be related to the tightly bound and loosely bound macromolecular water compartments. These preliminary results of biexponential T2 analysis could potentially be used to increase the specificity for detection of early osteoarthritis by measuring different water compartments and their fractions.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:809–819.
Assessment of porosity index of the femoral neck and tibia by 3D ultra‐short echo‐time MRI
Authors: Chen Min , Yuan Huishu
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To measure the porosity index (PI) by ultrashort echo‐time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE MRI) of the femoral neck and tibia; assess its correlations with age, gender, and body mass index (BMI); and analyze the PI correlations between both sites to assess whether tibial PI can reflect changes of femoral neck PI.

Materials and Methods

In all, 68 healthy men and women (mean age, 45.7 ± 15.9 years) underwent 3D UTE MRI (3.0T) of the hip and mid‐shaft tibia. PI of the inferior femoral neck cortex and the whole cortex of the tibia were analyzed. Associations between parameters and differences of PIs between men and women, pre‐ and postmenopausal women were tested.

Results

Femoral neck PI was negatively correlated with age (r = –0.385, P = 0.043) and curvilinearly correlated with BMI (R2 = 0.225, P = 0.041) in men. Tibial PI was correlated with BMI (r = –0.477, P = 0.002) in women and age (r = 0.469, P = 0.043) in postmenopausal women, although P = 0.097 (r = 0.403) after adjustment for BMI. Femoral PI was significantly higher in men than in women (P < 0.001). No significant difference in femoral and tibial PI was observed between pre‐ and postmenopausal women. The femoral neck and tibial PIs were not significantly correlated in any group.

Conclusion

PIs had some correlations with age, gender, and BMI. Since femoral neck PI was not correlated with tibial PI, the tibia cannot substitute the femoral neck for estimating bone quality. Direct assessment of the femoral neck cortex is needed.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy Stage: 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:820–828.
Country‐wide seroprevalence studies on Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus infections in general population of Bulgaria
Authors: Christova Iva , Panayotova Elitsa , Trifonova Iva , Taseva Evgenia , Hristova Teodora , Ivanova Vladislava
Published: May 2017

Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and hantavirus infections are the two viral hemorrhagic fevers spread in Europe. To test actual circulation of CCHF virus (CCHFV) and hantaviruses in Bulgaria, we conducted country‐wide seroepidemiological studies. Serum samples were collected prospectively from 1500 residents of all 28 districts in Bulgaria. CCHFV seroprevalence of 3.7% was revealed. Anamnesis for tick bites, contact with livestock, age over 40 years and residency in Haskovo district were found as risk factors. The highest CCHFV seroprevalence was observed in the known endemic districts in southeastern Bulgaria: Haskovo (28%) and Yambol (12%). Reactive samples were found in residents of 20 of the 28 districts in Bulgaria. In comparison with the previous studies, the data presented indicate that CCHFV increased substantially its circulation in the endemic regions and was introduced in many new areas. Hantavirus seroprevalence was based on results of the immunoblot and estimated as 3.1%. Surprisingly, contrary to all available data, Puumala virus seroprevalence rate was 2.3% versus 0.8% of Dobrava‐Belgrade virus. Evidence for hantavirus IgG seropositivity was found in residents of 23 of the 28 districts in the country. The first hantavirus seroprevalence study in Bulgaria showed that Puumala virus is probably more wide‐spread in the country than Dobrava‐Belgrade virus.
Modelling of composite right/left‐handed active multiconductor transmission lines (AMCTL) in time domain
Authors: Ghadimi Amirrreza , Asadi Shahrooz
Published: May 2017

An explicit finite difference time domain method is proposed for modelling of composite right‐/left‐handed active multiconductor transmission lines in time domain. For the first time, the concept of active composite right‐/left‐handed transmission lines is considered in field effect transistor (FET) modelling. In this work, based on the distributed model, the FET is considered as an active multiconductor transmission line in the mm/wave frequency range. In this modelling technique, the FET is divided into 2 different parts, the active part, represents the intrinsic equivalent circuit of the transistor, while the passive part symbolizes the device electrodes. The finite‐difference time‐domain scheme is proposed for the analysis, and the results of this technique are compared with the ones obtained from simulations. Furthermore, the stability issue is investigated and the sufficient condition for stability is derived.
Overexpression of α‐synuclein in an astrocyte cell line promotes autophagy inhibition and apoptosis
Authors: Erustes Adolfo Garcia , Stefani Fernanda Yakel , Terashima Juliana Yoshie , Stilhano Roberta Sessa , Monteforte Priscila Totarelli , da Silva Pereira Gustavo José , Han Sang Won , Calgarotto Andrana Karla , Hsu Yi‐Te , Ureshino Rodrigo Portes , Bincoletto Cláudia , Smaili Soraya Soubhi
Published: June 2017

α‐Synuclein is the major component of neuronal cytoplasmic aggregates called Lewy bodies, the main pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease. Although neurons are the predominant cells expressing α‐synuclein in the brain, recent studies have demonstrated that primary astrocytes in culture also express α‐synuclein and regulate α‐synuclein trafficking. Astrocytes have a neuroprotective role in several detrimental brain conditions; we therefore analyzed the effects of the overexpression of wild‐type α‐synuclein and its A30P and A53T mutants on autophagy and apoptosis. We observed that in immortalized astrocyte cell lines, overexpression of α‐synuclein proteins promotes the decrease of LC3‐II and the increase of p62 protein levels, suggesting the inhibition of autophagy. When these cells were treated with rotenone, there was a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, especially in cells expressing mutant α‐synuclein. The level of this decrease was related to the toxicity of the mutants because they show a more intense and sustained effect. The decrease in autophagy and the mitochondrial changes in conjunction with parkin expression levels may sensitize astrocytes to apoptosis.
Characterizing the relationship between systemic inflammatory response syndrome and early cardiac dysfunction in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Chaikittisilpa Nophanan , Krishnamoorthy Vijay , Lele Abhijit V. , Qiu Qian , Vavilala Monica S.
Published: June 2017

Systolic dysfunction was recently described following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and systemic inflammation may be a contributing mechanism. Our aims were to 1) examine the association between the early systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and systolic cardiac dysfunction following TBI, and 2) describe the longitudinal change in SIRS criteria, cardiac function, and hemodynamic parameters during the first week of hospitalization. We used a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study examining cardiac function (with transthoracic echocardiography on the first day and serially over the first week of hospitalization) in 32 moderate‐severe isolated TBI patients, and quantified the admission and daily SIRS response to injury. We determined the association of admission SIRS and systolic dysfunction following TBI. Admission SIRS was present in 7 (21%) patients and was associated with systolic dysfunction on multivariable analysis (relative risk 4.01; 95% 1.16–13.79, p = .028). Both SIRS criteria and systolic cardiac function improved over the first week of hospitalization. In conclusion, early SIRS is common among patients with moderate‐severe TBI, and the presence of SIRS criteria on admission is associated with systolic cardiac dysfunction following TBI.
Inter‐decadal change of the inter‐annual relationship between the frequency of intense tropical cyclone over the western North Pacific and ENSO
Authors: Tao Li , Lan Yufeng
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

The inter‐decadal change of the inter‐annual relationship between the frequency of intense tropical cyclone (TC) over the western North Pacific (WNP) and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is studied based on the TC best track and global reanalysis data. The results show that during 1983–2014 (the recent period), the frequency of intense TC and the November–January (NDJ) Niño3.4 are closely correlated, whereas during 1950–1971 (the prior period), their correlation is not statistically significant.

The westward shift of positive sea‐surface temperature anomaly SSTA over the tropical Pacific in the recent El Niño developing years is a key factor that enhanced the relationship between the Niño3.4 index and annual frequency of intense TC. The enhancement of positive (negative) MPI, positive (negative) relative humidity and negative (positive) vertical wind shear anomalies in the southeastern quadrant of the tropical WNP in the El Niño (La Niña) developing years during the recent period are favourable (unfavourable) to TC genesis in the southeastern quadrant of the tropical WNP and enhanced the inter‐annual relationship between the frequency of intense TC and ENSO in the recent period. This is because the TCs forming in the southeastern quadrant are more likely to move over the warm tropical ocean and intensify into intense TCs. In the recent period, more intense TCs formed in the southeastern quadrant in the El Niño developing years, moreover, the difference of the genesis location and lifespan of intense TCs between the El Niño developing years and La Niña developing years has been significantly enlarged in the recent period, compared to that in the prior period.
The late spring Caribbean rain‐belt: climatology and dynamics
Authors: Allen Theodore L. , Mapes Brian E.
Published: June 2017

This study examines the dynamics of late spring rainfall (the Early Rainy Season, ERS) in the Caribbean region, in hopes of identifying mechanistic‐based predictors for low‐frequency climate modulations of the system. The subtropical Caribbean rain‐belt develops in May as seasonal warming proceeds. By July, the rain‐belt retreats north apparently following the westerlies and their vigorous synoptic disturbances. Daily climatology data suggest a physical definition of the Caribbean ERS as mid‐May to mid‐late June. Based on an examination of daily loops for several seasons, we hypothesize that rainfall occurs quasi‐randomly throughout tongues of air with sufficiently high (above 45–50 mm) precipitable water (PW). These moist airmasses are brought north from the deep tropics by low‐level southerlies, and typically bent over into SW‐NE bands by latitudinal shear of the westerlies. The low‐level flow that transports PW tongues is partly induced by upper‐level synoptic disturbances in the westerlies, but also involves the gentle persistent flow around a geographically anchored Panama Low. While forced ascent is sometimes active ahead of these upper‐level troughs, convective and mesoscale processes can produce rain wherever PW is sufficient. In summary, we hypothesize that rainfall hinges largely on the Lagrangian statistics of moist air tongues. Comparison is drawn between the Caribbean rain‐belt and its East Asian counterpart (Meiyu‐Baiu), and other mechanisms and diagnostics from that literature are discussed. Statistical prediction exercises, based on mechanistically chosen predictors, could both test hypotheses and aid local agricultural interests in the region.
A new method of multi‐model ensemble to improve the simulation of the geographic distribution of the Köppen–Geiger climatic types
Authors: Wang Leibin , Rohli Robert V. , Yan Xiaodong , Li Yafei
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Multi‐model ensembles (MMEs) have been demonstrated to be useful for improving the results of models. Furthermore, previous research suggests that weighted MMEs outperform unweighted multi‐model results in climatological simulations, with the degree of difference in model performance dependent on the suitability of the weighting scheme. The goal of this research is to improve the results of MMEs by optimizing the weighting for each model for predicting the distribution of Köppen–Geiger climatic types. Results suggest that the correspondence between general circulation model‐ (GCM‐) based and Climate Research Unit‐ (CRU‐) based output of the geographic distribution of the Köppen–Geiger climatic types is inadequate for nine GCMs simulations, with only 40–52% of the total land area having agreement for the Köppen climatic type. An unweighted ensemble average GCM‐based simulation produced only marginally improved model performance. However, the terrestrial area with disagreement between the MMEs and CRU was reduced to about 35% by using the nonlinear‐weighted ensemble average. Inconsistent regions between the MMEs and CRU are concentrated along the climatic boundaries, confirming that ecotones are simulated poorly by these models. Because, the Köppen classification is designed so that climatic regions correspond to biomes, this research may have implications for improving simulation of agricultural, forestry, and other biotic realms under past and future climatic conditions.
Trends in temperature and wind speed from 40 years of observations at a 200‐m high meteorological tower in Southwest Germany
Authors: Kohler Martin , Metzger Jutta , Kalthoff Norbert
Published: May 2017

Forty years of temperature and wind measurements at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology's 200‐m high meteorological tower in the Upper Rhine Valley in Southwest Germany are used to calculate trends in the mixed and residual layer respectively, which can be compared to trends in the surface layer. For trend analysis, the Mann–Kendall test is used. Data are analysed on an annual, seasonal, and daily scale. For the variable temperature, a significant positive annual trend is found. Seasonally, the strongest temperature increases are observed in spring and summer. This is also reflected by significant positive trends for meteorological indices such as summer days, tropical days, and growing season length. On a daily scale, the strongest temperature increase is found in the mixed layer during nighttime. This results in a stronger stable stratification and in a higher number of surface inversions. Wind speed measurements reveal a significant negative annual trend in the mixed layer at a height of 200 m. Seasonally, weakly negative trends are found for spring and summer. It can be shown that the trends for wind speed are only partly be related to modifications of surface roughness in the vicinity of the site.
Estrogen‐dependent efficacy of limb ischemic preconditioning in female rats
Authors: Pócs Levente , Janovszky Ágnes , Garab Dénes , Terhes Gabriella , Ocsovszki Imre , Kaszaki József , Boros Mihály , Piffkó József , Szabó Andrea
Published: May 2017

Our aim was to examine the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on the local periosteal and systemic inflammatory consequences of hindlimb ischemia‐reperfusion (IR) in Sprague–Dawley rats with chronic estrogen deficiency (13 weeks after ovariectomy, OVX) in the presence and absence of chronic 17beta‐estradiol supplementation (E2, 20 µg kg−1, 5 days/week for 5 weeks); sham‐operated (non‐OVX) animals served as controls. As assessed by intravital fluorescence microscopy, rolling and the firm adhesion of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMNs) gave similar results in the Sham + IR and OVX + IR groups in the tibial periosteal microcirculation during the 3‐h reperfusion period after a 60‐min tourniquet ischemia. Postischemic increases in periosteal PMN adhesion and PMN‐derived adhesion molecule CD11b expressions, however, were significantly reduced by IPC (two cycles of 10′/10′) in Sham animals, but not in OVX animals; neither plasma free radical levels (as measured by chemiluminescence), nor TNF‐alpha release was affected by IPC. E2 supplementation in OVX animals restored the IPC‐related microcirculatory integrity and PMN‐derived CD11b levels, and TNF‐alpha and free radical levels were reduced by IPC only with E2. An enhanced estrogen receptor beta expression could also be demonstrated after E2 in the periosteum. Overall, the beneficial periosteal microcirculatory effects of limb IPC are lost in chronic estrogen deficiency, but they can be restored by E2 supplementation. This suggests that the presence of endogenous estrogen is a necessary facilitating factor of the anti‐inflammatory protection provided by limb IPC in females. The IPC‐independent effects of E2 on inflammatory reactions should also be taken into account in this model. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:97–105, 2018.
Pretreatment albumin level predicts survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lim Won Sub , Roh Jong‐Lyel , Kim Sung‐Bae , Choi Seung‐Ho , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon
Published: May 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Poor nutritional status in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with tumor progression and survival. This study examined the prognostic value of nutritional and hematological markers in patients with HNSCC who received definitive treatments.

Study Design

A prospective observational cohort study.

Methods

This study included 338 consecutive patients who underwent surgery and/or radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for treatment‐naïve HNSCC. Body weight and nutritional and hematological parameters were regularly measured before and after treatment. Univariate and multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazards models were performed to identify factors associated with disease‐free survival (DFS), cancer‐specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS).

Results

Body weight, serum total protein and albumin levels, and hematological variables significantly decreased after treatment. Univariate analyses illustrated that age, tumor site, T and N classifications, overall stage, pretreatment serum albumin (<3.5 g/dL) and hemoglobin (<12 g/dL) levels, and neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio were significantly associated with DFS, CSS, and OS (all P < .05). Multivariate analyses identified age, tumor site, N classification, and pretreatment albumin levels as independent predictors of DFS, CSS, and OS (all P < .05). Patients with low serum albumin levels prior to treatment experienced approximately sixfold increases in the risks of tumor progression and cancer‐specific and overall mortality compared to the findings in their counterparts.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that pretreatment serum albumin levels predict DFS, CSS, and OS in patients who received definitive treatment for HNSCC. These findings might help to predict treatment outcome and guide nutritional intervention in patients with HNSCC.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 127:E437–E442, 2017
Fasciocutaneous free flaps for reconstruction of hypopharyngeal defects
Authors: Piazza Cesare , Bon Francesca Del , Paderno Alberto , Grammatica Alberto , Montalto Nausica , Taglietti Valentina , Nicolai Piero
Published: June 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Different reconstructive options are available for defects following total laryngectomy (TL) and circumferential (CH) or partial hypopharyngectomy (PH). We evaluated the flap success, pharyngocutaneous fistula, and pharyngoesophageal stenosis rates in two groups of patients treated by different policies.

Study Design

Comparison between two cohorts of patients treated by TL with PH/CH ± cervical esophagectomy and reconstructed according to different strategies.

Methods

Group A (historical) was composed of 89 patients reconstructed by pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC), radial forearm (RF), and anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps. A salivary bypass stent (SBPS) was not routinely applied and left in place for a maximum of 14 days. Forty‐four (49%) patients received preoperative radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy (RT/CRT). Group B (prospective) included 105 patients reconstructed by RF or ALT with long‐lasting SBPS left in place for a maximum of 45 days. Sixty‐one (59%) received preoperative RT/CRT.

Results

In group A, flap failure occurred in four (4%) cases, and all were managed by PMMC. We encountered 22 (26%) fistulas and 14 (16%) stenoses. In group B, flap failure occurred in six (6%) cases and was managed by PMMC. We encountered seven (7%) fistulas and three (3%) stenoses. Comparing complications among the two groups, we encountered a statistically significant difference in favor of group B for both fistula (P < .001) and stenosis (P = .001). We did not evidence any significant difference in terms of flap success rate.

Conclusions

First‐line application of RF and ALT free flaps with long‐lasting SBPS in reconstruction after PH/CH allows obtaining reduced incidences of both fistula and stenosis.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:2731–2737, 2017