bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Investigation and Numerical Modeling for the Seismic Assessment of the Castle of Lanjarón, Spain
Authors: Luger Hayden , Ramirez Rafael , Pineda Paloma , Lourenço Paulo B.
Published: February 2025

The Castle of Lanjarón is a 16th century stronghold located in Andalucía, Spain. After losing its military function, the castle was abandoned, leading to significant decay. Designated a national heritage site in 1985, recent efforts have sought to preserve its historical and cultural value. This study outlines an inspection and diagnosis campaign carried out on the castle. Non-destructive tests (NDTs) were employed to characterize the properties of the masonry, using both mechanical and wave-based methods. Dynamic identification was performed to determine dynamic and modal properties of the structure, which were used to develop and calibrate a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) of the west wall, based on homogenized masonry material. Limit analysis and non-linear static (pushover) analysis under various boundary conditions were conducted to determine the maximum relative load factor in the out-of-plane direction. The results were compared to the expected peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the area, showing that the maximum load capacity of the wall exceeds local seismic demands with a safety factor of 1.39. The study highlights the efficacy of pairing a homogenized macro-modeling approach with wave-based and dynamic identification methods, particularly for resource efficiency. Finally, recommendations for future conservation efforts have been provided.
Framework for Asset Digitalization: IoT Platforms and Asset Health Index in Maintenance Applications
Authors: Candón Fernández Eduardo , Crespo Márquez Adolfo , López Antonio J. Guillén , Fort Eduardo Hidalgo
Published: February 2025

This study proposes a comprehensive framework for digitalizing and managing assets with low initial digital maturity, focusing on their operation and maintenance (O&M) lifecycle. The framework integrates Internet of Things (IoT) networks with Asset Health Index (AHI) models through four interconnected components. The Asset Definition Model ensures standardized data representation based on IEC 81346-1:2022 and ISO 14224:2016, while the Asset Criticality Model prioritizes maintenance actions using risk-informed analysis. The Asset Monitoring Model enables real-time data acquisition through IoT sensors, facilitating condition-based monitoring and dynamic decision-making. Finally, the Intelligent Asset Management Models support long-term planning by simplifying data complexity and aligning with advanced maintenance strategies. A case study on bridge maintenance demonstrates the practical value of the framework, showcasing its ability to integrate real-time monitoring with predictive decision-making tools. By bridging asset monitoring and lifecycle planning, the framework enhances operational efficiency, reduces maintenance costs, and addresses the challenges posed by limited digital maturity in critical infrastructure. This approach represents a significant advancement in the digital transformation of maintenance management.
An Investigation of Parameter Dimension Reduction Optimization of PMA-Synrm
Authors: Liu Zhongqi , Zhang Guiyuan , Du Guanghui
Published: February 2025

The rotor of a permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance (PMA-Synrm) motor mostly adopts the structure of a multi-layer magnetic barrier and multi-layer ferrite, which leads to the design parameters of this kind of motor increase with the increase in the number of magnetic barrier layers. A large number of design parameters are coupled with each other, which makes the optimization design of a permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor particularly difficult. In this paper, a 7.5 kW, 1500 rpm permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor is taken as the research object, and the optimization design of parameter dimension reduction is studied. The rotor structure of the motor is a combination of five layers of magnetic barrier and five layers of ferrite. By using the parameter dimension reduction method proposed in this paper, the number of parameters involved in the optimization is reduced from 26 to 7, which greatly improves the optimization efficiency of this kind of motor and realizes the comprehensive global optimization design of a permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor. This paper provides a reference for the optimization of a permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor.
A Refined Approach to Segmenting and Quantifying Inter-Fracture Spaces in Facial Bone CT Imaging
Authors: Lee Doohee , Lee Kanghee , Park Dae-Hyun , Moon Gwiseong , Park Inseo , Jeong Yeonjin , Sung Kun-Yong , Choi Hyun-Soo , Kim Yoon
Published: February 2025

The human facial bone is made up of many complex structures, which makes it challenging to accurately analyze fractures. To address this, we developed advanced image analysis software which segments and quantifies spaces between fractured bones in facial CT images at the pixel level. This study used 3D CT scans from 1766 patients who had facial bone fractures at a university hospital between 2014 and 2020. Our solution included a segmentation model which focuses on identifying the gaps created by facial bone fractures. However, training this model required costly pixel-level annotations. To overcome this, we used a stepwise annotation approach. First, clinical specialists marked the bounding boxes of fracture areas. Next, trained specialists created the initial pixel-level unrefined ground truth by referencing the bounding boxes. Finally, we created a refined ground truth to correct human errors, which helped improve the segmentation accuracy. Radiomics feature analysis confirmed that the refined dataset had more consistent patterns compared with the unrefined dataset, showing improved reliability. The segmentation model showed significant improvement in the Dice similarity coefficient, increasing from 0.33 with the unrefined ground truth to 0.67 with the refined ground truth. This research introduced a new method for segmenting spaces between fractured bones, allowing for precise pixel-level identification of fracture regions. The model also helped with quantitative severity assessment and enabled the creation of 3D volume renderings, which can be used in clinical settings to develop more accurate treatment plans and improve outcomes for patients with facial bone fractures.
Longitudinal Variations of Body Characteristics in Italian Elite Adolescent Football Players: An Observational Study
Authors: Toselli Stefania , Latini Davide , Grigoletto Alessia , Mauro Mario
Published: February 2025

(1) Background: Body characteristics and physical skills affect field performance, and longitudinal improvements of these features allow one to join elite teams. This pilot study aims to investigate longitudinal changes (30 months) in 24 adolescent football players of an elite Italian club. (2) Methods: Participants were clustered according to their age (U10 = 8, U11 = 11, U12 = 5). Anthropometry and body composition assessments were performed following standardized methods. Countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal speed (15 m), and change of direction (RSA) were tested. The repeated-measures ANOVA was assessed for the interaction effect between time and category. The Pearson correlation product–moment was used to correlate the changes (∆) in physical performance and body characteristics. Also, each delta of performance skill was used as the dependent variable in a multiple linear regression model. (3) Results: Stature, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), total upper area (TUA), total calf area (TCA), and CMJ improved in all categories (p < 0.05). The lower limb power variability was better explained by humeral diameter and the supraspinal skinfold thickness variation (adj-R2 = 0.621 p < 0.001), while both maximal speed and RSA were negatively affected by the calf fat index (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: To face the complexity of human physiology and ameliorate the monitoring process in youth, football technicians need deeper insight into how body shapes and performance can vary over growth.
Between Modesty and Modernity: The Transformations of the Architecture of the Franciscan Church in Zagan Between the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century and the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Legendziewicz Andrzej , Grodzka Elżbieta , Marcinów Aleksandra , Błaszczyk Karol
Published: February 2025

The aim of this article is to present the main phases of transformation of the Franciscan church in Zagan. This church is one of the best-preserved mendicant order churches in Central Europe and Silesia. Until now, it has not been the subject of detailed research. Based on the findings, it was possible to identify the oldest church as a model example of the principles described in the Narbonne Constitutions. The late Gothic vaulting introduced during the reconstruction represents avant-garde solutions from the late 15th century. The evolution of the church interior’s forms in Zagan is presented against the backdrop of other churches in Central Europe and Poland. Special attention is given to the uniqueness of the church, which stands out among other conventual churches with its use of diamond and net vaults in the chancel and nave.
Coupling Indoor and Outdoor Heat Stress During the Hot Summer of 2022: A Case Study of Freiburg, Germany
Authors: Shevchenko Olga , Sulzer Markus , Christen Andreas , Matzarakis Andreas
Published: February 2025

Indoor and outdoor heat stress, which can appear during warm periods of the year, often has a negative impact on health and reduces productivity at work and study. Intense heat waves (HWs) are causing increasing rates of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyze the coupling and delay of indoor and outdoor heat stress during HW events, using the example of ten workplaces (WPs) situated in different offices and buildings in the medium-sized city of Freiburg, Germany. The relationships between air temperature, humidity, and thermal stress intensity in the WPs were explored during HW periods. It was found that the level of thermal load in the investigated WPs was very different compared to that outdoors (during HWs and the entire summer). The mean physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) for the summer of 2022 inside the investigated offices was 2 °C higher than outside. All classes of thermo-physiological stress were observed outdoors at a meteorological station during the study period. While at eight of the ten workplaces, the most frequent physiological stress was slight heat stress (ranging between 62.4% and 97.4% of the time), the other two WPs were dominated by moderate heat stress (53.7% and 60.6% of the time). The daily amplitudes as well as diurnal courses of air temperature, humidity, and PET during the summer differed significantly at the ten different WPs. It is suggested to use vapor pressure instead of relative humidity to characterize and compare different HWs both outside and inside. It is proposed for future work research to analyze not only room and building characteristics but also the characteristics of the surroundings of the building for a better understanding of the key factors that influence human thermal comfort in different workplaces. A framework of the drivers affecting the coupling of outdoor and indoor heat stress is proposed.
Effects of Leaf Trait Variability on PM Retention: A Systematic Review
Authors: Xue Wenkai , Lin Yongjun , Sun Zhengqi , Long Yuchong , Chen Dele , Yin Shan
Published: February 2025

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is one of the most urgent urban environment problems in the world today. The urban ecosystem has been identified as a potentially promising solution to reduce the airborne PM based on the ability of plants to retain PM. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the process and mechanism of atmospheric PM retention by plant leaves in the past. In this study, in order to better summarize previous research, particularly the impact of leaf traits on PM retention, and to provide guidance for the selection of tree species for nature-based urban PM solutions, a systematic review was carried out using the method recommended in the PRISMA, and a total of 49 articles were selected. It was found that: 1. Asian countries contribute the majority of the proportion (32, 65%). Following behind are European countries (13, 26.5%). The American countries contribute two cases. 2. Among all the tree species, Ginkgo biloba (16), Euonymus japonicus (11), Magnolia denudate (9), Styphnolobium japonicum (9), Magnolia grandiflora (8), and Prunus cerasifera (8) emerged as hot species in research. 3. Leaf area and shape emerged as the two most frequently discussed macro-indicators, while roughness, hairiness, and stomatal characteristics were the top three micro-indicators explored. 4. Roughness and stomata, respectively, play crucial roles in capturing larger PM particles and retaining fine and ultrafine PM through their recessed structures. Trichomes decrease the likelihood of particle resuspension and boosts the efficiency of PM retention. 5. Leaves with high rigidity and complex multi-faceted leaf shapes are typically presumed to exhibit higher PM retention efficiency for higher edge effects and increased interleaf turbulence. Furthermore, with rigidity and edge effects ensured, a larger leaf area is beneficial for retaining PM.
Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Inhibits Cell Motility and p-ERK1/2 Signaling in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines
Authors: Porreca Veronica , Corbella Eleonora , Palmisano Biagio , Peres Marco , Angelone Pietro , Barbagallo Cristina , Stella Michele , Mignogna Giuseppina , Mennini Gianluca , Melandro Fabio , Rossi Massimo , Ragusa Marco , Corsi Alessandro , Riminucci Mara , Maras Bruno , Mancone Carmine
Published: February 2025

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional soluble glycoprotein, primarily known for its potent anti-angiogenic properties. In recent years, its ability to counteract cell proliferation and motility has generated interest in PEDF as a potential tumor suppressor. In the intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), PEDF, Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), and Thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) are expressed and released into the tumor microenvironment (TME), where they promote lymphangiogenesis at the expense of the neoangiogenic program, aiding the dissemination of cancer cells via lymphatic vessels. Recently, we demonstrated that THBS1 and THBS2 directly affect iCCA cells, exacerbating their malignant behavior, while the direct role of PEDF remains to be elucidated. In this study, through a cell-based assay and molecular analysis, we investigate the direct function of PEDF on two well-established iCCA cell lines. Our results show that PEDF affects cancer cell motility in a paracrine manner, reducing their migratory and invasive capabilities. Notably, our data suggest that the PEDF-induced inhibition of motility in iCCA cells occurs through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, as indicated by the reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of PEDF acting as a tumor suppressor in iCCA.
Unraveling the Engagement of Kinases to CRBN Through a Shared Structural Motif to Optimize PROTACs Efficacy
Authors: Rosignoli Serena , Giordani Sara , Pacelli Maddalena , Guarguaglini Giulia , Paiardini Alessandro
Published: February 2025

PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) offer a therapeutic modality for protein target engagement, exploiting the ubiquitin–proteasome system to achieve precise degradation of a protein of interest. Recent advancements in understanding the structural biology of the CRL4A E3 ligase complex, particularly its recruitment of neo-substrates through the G-loop motif, have provided valuable insights into the optimization of PROTAC efficacy. This perspective delves into the molecular determinants governing PROTAC selectivity and degradation efficiency, with a specific focus on kinases showing distinct G-loop conformations. By employing computational approaches to predict ternary complexes, along with the identification of binding patterns, it is possible to address limitations posed by structural data scarcity, thereby enhancing rational design strategies.
Pro-Opiomelanocortin and Melanocortin Receptor 3 and 4 Mutations in Genetic Obesity
Authors: Yanik Tulin , Durhan Seyda Tugce
Published: February 2025

Genetic obesity results from loss-of-function mutations, including those affecting the leptin–melanocortin system, which regulates body weight. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neurohormones act as ligands for melanocortin receptors (MCRs), regulating the leptin–melanocortin pathway through protein–protein interactions. Loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding POMC, MC3R, and MC4R can lead to the dysregulation of energy expenditure and feeding balance, early-onset obesity, and developmental dysregulation. Recent studies have identified new genetic regulatory mechanisms and potential biomarker regions for the POMC gene and MC4R secondary messenger pathway associated with obesity. Recent advances in crystal structure studies have enhanced our understanding of the protein interactions in this pathway. This narrative review focuses on recent developments in two key areas related to POMC regulation and the leptin–melanocortin pathway: (1) genetic variations in and functions of POMC, and (2) MC3R and MC4R variants that lead to genetic obesity in humans. Understanding these novel mutations in POMC and MC4R/MC3R, as well as their structural and intracellular mechanisms, may help identify strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of obesity, particularly childhood obesity.
Students’, Teachers’, and Parents’ Knowledge About and Perceptions of Learning Strategies
Authors: Witherby Amber E. , Babineau Addison L. , Tauber Sarah K.
Published: February 2025

Previous research has demonstrated that students have imperfect knowledge about learning strategies. Moreover, very little is known about teachers’ and parents’ knowledge about learning strategies, which is important as these groups can help to model and teach students effective strategies. The goal of the present research was to add to this literature by measuring students’, teachers’, and parents’ beliefs about several learning strategies that have received empirical scrutiny, using methodology that builds upon prior work. To do so, participants were presented with a series of learning scenarios exemplifying a different learning strategy and rated each individually on effectiveness, familiarity, and their likelihood of using (or recommending) it in the future. Participants had accurate knowledge about effective strategies, rating retrieval practice and distributed study as the most effective learning strategies. There were variations within groups on their levels of familiarity with each strategy, which may have informed their ratings of effectiveness. For instance, participants rated interleaving as less effective compared to blocking but were also less familiar with the former. On a positive note, these outcomes suggest that people generally have good knowledge about learning strategies and underscore the importance of a broad dissemination of educational research.
Transforming Urban Façade Condition Assessments with Semantic Data Visualizations and 3D Spatial Layouts from BIMs
Authors: Shi Zhuoya , Ergan Semiha
Published: February 2025

Safety inspection of building façades in urban settings is critical for public safety, as many incidents/accidents frequently occur due to falls from façades. This inspection is required for condition assessment of current states and their comparison to assessments conducted in a previous inspection cycle. The current practice of façade condition assessment relies on static, scattered, and textual depictions, which prevents inspectors from having a comprehensive view of façade condition and comparing it to the previous inspection cycle’s findings. Integrated visualization of spatial and semantic data and providing this data based on the preferences of the decision makers are proven to be effective in various decision domains. This study builds on previous research efforts on integrated visualization techniques to identify façade inspectors’ preferences in comprehending inspection findings. Through the design of low-fidelity visualization prototypes, this study first identifies highly frequently preferred visualization techniques by inspectors. Based on these, this study then quantifies the impact of these identified visualization preferences on accuracy and efficiency of decisions in relation to condition assessment of building façades though a set of high-fidelity prototypes and user studies. The results show that integrated visualization of façade conditions has the potential to bring the efficiency of capturing a holistic view of the façade conditions up to 65% and increase the accuracy of decisions up to 41%. The findings of this study directly benefit inspection companies and city agencies who can deploy visualization techniques that are impactful for façade condition assessment in order to holistically assess building façades.
The Influence of Vertical Greening Systems on Building Energy Consumption and Comprehensive Carbon Emission
Authors: Mi Hongtu , Wang Shidong , Wang Tingting , Li Tao
Published: February 2025

Vertical greening systems, in addition to enhancing the aesthetic design of building facades, contribute to energy saving and carbon reduction. This study proposes a simplified calculation method for the annual comprehensive carbon reduction potential of vertical greening systems, considering both indirect carbon reduction and direct carbon sequestration. The annual energy-saving potential of vertical greening systems was numerically simulated using EnergyPlus 9.2.0 for a typical three-story office building in four cities in different climate zones: Xi’an, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Kunming. The potential of indirect carbon reduction and that of direct carbon sequestration of the building for a full year as a result of the vertical greening system in these areas were calculated. The results show that vertical greening systems using Virginia creeper reduced annual building energy consumption by 1.2%, 3.1%, 8.7%, and 4.0% in Xi’an, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Kunming, respectively. The impact was most significant in Guangzhou, where the air condition period was the longest. When the leaf area index is 3, the indirect carbon reduction in Guangzhou can reach 1105.45 kgCO2/a. In regions with higher summer air conditioning energy consumption, the vertical greening system exhibits better indirect carbon reduction potential. In Kunming and Guangzhou, where the growing season for creeper is longer, the system shows higher total annual carbon sequestration. In Guangzhou, the vertical greening system has the highest overall carbon reduction potential. The vertical greening system provides significant carbon reduction benefits across all climate zones and can strongly support the building industry’s efforts to achieve carbon neutrality.
Cone-Beam CT Segmentation for Intraoperative Electron Radiotherapy Based on U-Net Variants with Transformer and Extended LSTM Approaches
Authors: Vockner Sara , Mattke Matthias , Messner Ivan M. , Gaisberger Christoph , Zehentmayr Franz , Ellmauer Klarissa , Ruznic Elvis , Karner Josef , Fastner Gerd , Reitsamer Roland , Roeder Falk , Stana Markus
Published: February 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications are increasingly prevalent in radiotherapy, including commercial software solutions for automatic segmentation of anatomical structures for 3D Computed Tomography (CT). However, their use in intraoperative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) remains limited. In particular, no AI solution is available for contouring cone beam CT (CBCT) images acquired with a mobile CBCT device. The U-Net convolutional neural network architecture has gained huge success for medical image segmentation but still has difficulties capturing the global context. To increase the accuracy in CBCT segmentation for IOERT, three different AI architectures were trained and evaluated. The features of the natural language processing models Transformer and xLSTM were added to the popular U-Net architecture and compared with the standard U-Net and manual segmentation performance. These networks were trained and tested using 55 CBCT scans obtained from breast cancer patients undergoing IOERT in the department of radiotherapy and radiation oncology in Salzburg, and each architecture’s segmentation performance was assessed using the dice coefficient (DSC) as a similarity measure. The average DSC values were 0.83 for the standard U-Net, 0.88 for the U-Net with transformer features, and 0.66 for the U-Net with xLSTM. The hybrid U-Net architecture, including Transformer features, achieved the best segmentation accuracy, demonstrating an improvement of 5% on average over the standard U-Net, while the U-Net with xLSTM showed inferior performance compared to the standard U-Net. With the help of automatic contouring, synthetic CT images can be generated, and IOERT challenges related to the time-consuming nature of 3D image-based treatment planning can be addressed.
Regulation of Ni3S2@NiS Heterostructure Grown on Industrial Nickel Net for Improved Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Su Zihan , Liu Dinghan , Li Yuhang , Li Xiaoyi , Chu Dewei , Cao Liyun , Huang Jianfeng , Feng Liangliang
Published: February 2025

A novel all-in-one catalytic electrode containing a Ni3S2@NiS heterostructure (Ni3S2@NiS/Ni-Net) was in situ synthesized on an industrial nickel net (Ni-Net) using a one-step solvothermal method, in which ethanol was the solvent and thioacetamide was the sulfur source, respectively. The effects of the addition amount of the sulfur source on the composition, morphology, and electronic structure of the Ni3S2@NiS heterostructures and their electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities were investigated. When 2 mmol of sulfur source was introduced, the prepared Ni3S2@NiS/Ni-Net electrode with a nanorod-like structure required overpotentials of 207 and 322 mV to drive the current densities of 100 and 500 mA/cm2, respectively, in 1 M KOH solution, and only needed the overpotential of 429 mV to deliver 1000 mA/cm2. Meanwhile, the Ni3S2@NiS/Ni-Net electrode can operate stably at a high current density of 90 mA/cm2 under harsh alkaline conditions for at least 100 h. The results show that the Ni3S2@NiS/Ni-Net electrode has high activity and stable HER performance at a high current density, which provides a new idea for the development of high-efficiency electrodes for industrial alkaline hydrogen production.
Substrate Engineering of Single Atom Catalysts Enabled Next-Generation Electrocatalysis to Power a More Sustainable Future
Authors: Ajmal Saira , Huang Junfeng , Guo Jianwen , Tabish Mohammad , Mushtaq Muhammad Asim , Alam Mohammed Mujahid , Yasin Ghulam
Published: February 2025

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are presently recognized as cutting-edge heterogeneous catalysts for electrochemical applications because of their nearly 100% utilization of active metal atoms and having well-defined active sites. In this regard, SACs are considered renowned electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic O2 reduction reaction (ORR), O2 evolution reaction (OER), H2 evolution reaction (HER), water splitting, CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), N2 reduction reaction (NRR), and NO3 reduction reaction (NO3RR). Extensive research has been carried out to strategically design and produce affordable, efficient, and durable SACs for electrocatalysis. Meanwhile, persistent efforts have been conducted to acquire insights into the structural and electronic properties of SACs when stabilized on an adequate matrix for electrocatalytic reactions. We present a thorough and evaluative review that begins with a comprehensive analysis of the various substrates, such as carbon substrate, metal oxide substrate, alloy-based substrate, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD)-based substrate, MXenes substrate, and MOF substrate, along with their metal-support interaction (MSI), stabilization, and coordination environment (CE), highlighting the notable contribution of support, which influences their electrocatalytic performance. We discuss a variety of synthetic methods, including bottom-up strategies like impregnation, pyrolysis, ion exchange, atomic layer deposition (ALD), and electrochemical deposition, as well as top-down strategies like host-guest, atom trapping, ball milling, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and abrasion. We also discuss how diverse regulatory strategies, including morphology and vacancy engineering, heteroatom doping, facet engineering, and crystallinity management, affect various electrocatalytic reactions in these supports. Lastly, the pivotal obstacles and opportunities in using SACs for electrocatalytic processes, along with fundamental principles for developing fascinating SACs with outstanding reactivity, selectivity, and stability, have been highlighted.
Boar-to-Boar Variations in Quality Characteristics of Sperm from Different Ejaculates Following Freezing–Thawing
Authors: Fraser Leyland , Zasiadczyk Łukasz , Mogielnicka-Brzozowska Marzena
Published: February 2025

The main objective of this study was to investigate boar-to-boar variations in the quality characteristics of sperm from the sperm-rich fractions (SRFs) and whole ejaculates (WEs) following freezing–thawing. Several sperm attributes, such as motility patterns analyzed by the computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system, mitochondrial function, membrane integrity, and DNA fragmentation were used to compare the cryo-survival of sperm from SRFs and WEs from boars with good and poor semen freezability (GSF and PSF, respectively). In this study, boars with post-thaw total motility (TMOT) more than 30% (>30%) were classified as having GSF, while those with post-thaw TMOT less than 30% (<30%) were classified as having PSF. Principal component analysis 1 (PCA1), which is the main component of the sample variation, explained approximately 75% of the variance between the GSF and PSF groups, reaffirming the reliability of post-thaw TMOT as a reliable criterion used to classify the animals. Most of the post-thaw sperm parameters of the SRFs and WEs were positively correlated. Furthermore, scatter plot analyses show stronger relationships between the analyzed post-thaw parameters of the frozen–thawed (FT) sperm of SRFs than those of WEs. Individual boar variations or the sperm source had marked effects on the quality characteristics of FT sperm. The higher TMOT, velocity straight line (VSL), and velocity average path (VAP) of FT sperm were more enhanced in the SRFs compared with the WEs of the PSF group. Furthermore, the mitochondrial function, membrane integrity, and DNA fragmentation of FT sperm were markedly higher in the SRFs than in the WEs, particularly for the poor freezability boars. We suggest that the freezability potential of sperm of the GSF group does not differ significantly between the SRFs and WEs, reaffirming that boar variability is an important factor that affects the cryo-survival of sperm.
Ligand-Independent Spontaneous Activation of Purinergic P2Y6 Receptor Under Cell Culture Soft Substrate
Authors: Nishimura Akiyuki , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Ito Tomoya , Mi Xinya , Kato Yuri , Inoue Asuka , Aoki Junken , Nishida Motohiro
Published: February 2025

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exist in the conformational equilibrium between inactive state and active state, where the proportion of active state in the absence of a ligand determines the basal activity of GPCRs. Although many GPCRs have different basal activity, it is still unclear whether physiological stresses such as substrate stiffness affect the basal activity of GPCRs. In this study, we identified that purinergic P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) induced spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation without a nucleotide ligand when cells were cultured in a silicon chamber. This P2Y6R-dependent Ca2+ oscillation was absent in cells cultured in glass dishes. Coating substrates, including collagen, laminin, and fibronectin, did not affect the P2Y6R spontaneous activity. Mutation of the extracellular Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif of P2Y6R inhibited spontaneous activity. Additionally, extracellular Ca2+ was required for P2Y6R-dependent spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation. The GPCR screening assay identified cells expressing 10 GPCRs, including purinergic P2Y1R, P2Y2R, and P2Y6R, that exhibited spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation under cell culture soft substrate. Our results suggest that stiffness of the cell adhesion surface modulates spontaneous activities of several GPCRs, including P2Y6R, through a ligand-independent mechanism.
The Biodegradability of Plastic Products for Agricultural Application: European Regulations and Technical Criteria
Authors: Domínguez-Solera Elena , Gadaleta Giovanni , Ferrero-Aguar Pablo , Navarro-Calderón Ángela , Escrig-Rondán Chelo
Published: February 2025

Plastic products are used in agriculture to increase crop yield and improve crop quality to face a double challenge: a growing world population and a depletion and scarcity of natural resources. In this framework, the European Commission is working on establishing biodegradation criteria under natural conditions for certain plastic products. Such criteria are particularly important for products where biodegradation is key once reaching the end of their shelf life, considering an end-of-life scenario where their waste management is either unfeasible or highly complex. Under this scope, this work aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current status of European regulations in terms of plasticulture product biodegradability, highlighting the specific tests and standards regarding the biodegradability assessment. Biodegradation of plasticulture products in soil and water has been considered for biodegradability criteria, establishing a threshold of at least 90% of the organic carbon converted into CO2. These regulations have followed a tool-based study of a mathematical prediction model for the main existing families of biodegradable polymers in soil. These regulations will help the fertilizer industry to develop new formulations that are more sustainable and effective in the agriculture field.
Addressing Rotator Cuff-Related Shoulder Pain: Findings from a Greek Regional Observational Study Utilizing a Clinical Case Scenario
Authors: Paraskevopoulos Eleftherios , Christakou Anna , Smythe Andrew , Kapreli Eleni , Papandreou Maria , Papacharalambous Charalambos , Pavlou Kyriakos , Pamboris George M.
Published: February 2025

Background: Rotator cuff-related shoulder pain (RCRSP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal issue, encompassing various shoulder conditions. While exercise typically forms the foundation of conservative treatment, there exists ongoing discourse regarding the effectiveness and role of passive treatments. International guidelines recommend initial conservative management, with surgery considered only after failed conservative treatment. However, recent studies reveal discrepancies between recommended practices and actual clinical management. The aim of the study was to assess current practices in managing RCRSP among Greek physiotherapists, with a focus on understanding the alignment of these practices with international guidelines for conservative treatment. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Greek physiotherapists to assess current practices in managing RCRSP. The survey, adapted from previous studies, collected demographic data and assessed clinical reasoning through a vignette-based approach. Responses were analyzed for alignment with guideline-recommended care. Results: Out of over 9000 contacted physiotherapists, 163 responded. A majority expressed a specific interest in shoulder pain (85%). Patient education (100%) and exercise (100%) were widely endorsed, with limited support for imaging (44%), injection (40%), and surgery (26%). Younger respondents were less inclined towards surgical referral (p = 0.001). Additionally, adjunctive interventions like mobilization (66%) and massage therapy (58%) were commonly employed alongside exercise and education. Treatment duration typically ranged from 6 to 8 weeks, with exercises reviewed weekly. Conclusions: The study highlights a consistent preference for conservative management among Greek physiotherapists, aligning with international guidelines. However, there are variations in practice, particularly regarding adjunctive interventions and exercise prescription parameters. Notably, there is a disparity between recommended and actual use of certain modalities.
Training of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residents in Virtual Surgical Planning: A Feasibility Study Comparing Open-Source Freeware and Commercially Available Software for Mandibular Reconstruction with Fibula Free Flap
Authors: Rombaut Bert , Ureel Matthias , Van der Smissen Benjamin , Dhooghe Nicolas , Coopman Renaat
Published: February 2025

Study Design: This is an experimental feasibility study. Objective: The objective was to analyze the potential of open-source freeware (OSF) to train residents in virtual surgical planning (VSP) and compare this workflow with commercially available software (CAS). Methods: A workflow for mandibular reconstruction with a fibular free flap (FFF) was developed in 3D-Slicer® and Blender® and compared to our clinical workflow in Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite version 25 (Materialise InPrint®, ProPlan CMF® and 3-Matic®). Five CMF residents, inexperienced in VSP, were trained to use both the OSF and CAS workflows and then performed four planning sessions on OSF and CAS. The duration (minutes) and the amount of mouse clicks (MCs) of every step in the workflow were recorded. Afterwards, the experience with VSP was investigated with the System Usability Scale (SUS) and a self-developed questionnaire. Results: The total VSP time with CAS took 91 ± 15 min and needed 2325 ± 86 MCs compared to 111 ± 26 min and 1876 ± 632 MCs for OSF, respectively. The questionnaire had an 80% response rate. The SUS for CAS was 67.5 compared to 50 for OSF. The participants believe it is extremely valuable to learn VSP during their training and to be able to perform VSP as a surgeon. Conclusion: We believe OSF can be a cost-effective alternative compared to CAS for the training of surgical residents to gain insight in complex surgeries and to better understand CAD limitations and possibilities.
Phase Field Simulation and Experimental Study of Carbide Precipitation Process in Submerged Arc Welding on Descaling Roll
Authors: Han Xing , Li Chang , Lv Guohua , Wang Xinggang , Zhan Hao , Kong Fanhong , Feng Lei , Sun Han , Luo Fenghua
Published: February 2025

The mechanical properties of surfacing layers are significantly affected by the precipitation and evolution of carbides in nickel-based alloys. At present, the study of carbide precipitation in a Ni-Cr-B-Si surfacing layer is described by using the phase field method. In this paper, the true Gibbs free energy of the M23C6 carbide phase in Ni-Cr-C ternary alloy was established by the CALPHAD method and thermodynamic database. The growth and coarsening process of M23C6 carbide was simulated based on phase field method. The microstructure of M23C6 carbide of Ni-Cr-C alloy at 1373 °C isothermal aging time was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the growth and coarsening of the precipitated M23C6 carbide phase are undergone through multiple processes during isothermal aging. First, a single precipitate core is formed, and then the single precipitate continues to coarsen and grow, forming a lamellar structure. Two precipitates contact to form a single rod-like structure, and multiple precipitates form slender rod-like structures. Finally, the contacting elongated rod-like structures grow, forming a typical layered eutectic carbide. The precipitation behavior, growth, and coarsening process of M23C6-type carbides in Ni-Cr-B-Si series alloys are explored through phase field simulation and experimental research in this paper. A theoretical basis is provided for the rational control and distribution of carbides in surfacing layers. A reference is also offered for optimizing the nickel-based superalloy materials used for surfacing the surface of descaling rolls.
Mechanism of Free Silver Formation While Preparing Silver-Coated Copper Powder by Chemical Plating and Its Control
Authors: Chen Junquan , Zhu Xiaoyun , Yang Nan , Li Xiang , Yang Bingzhe
Published: February 2025

When silver-coated copper powder is produced through chemical plating, free silver is often formed, which not only lowers coating quality but also increases the consumption of silver salt. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of free silver formation during the chemical plating process is essential for improving this process and enhancing the quality of silver-coated copper powder. This paper investigates the contents of free silver as well as the morphology and properties of the powder under different conditions by varying reaction parameters during the preparation of silver-coated copper powder. The morphology, phase, and properties of the powder samples are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a resistance tester. In addition, the cathodic polarization behavior of the plating solution is analyzed using an electrochemical workstation. The results show that the complexing agent, reaction temperature, main salt drop acceleration rate, and dispersant concentration all affect the generation of free silver, and the complexing agent has the greatest impact.
Combining Subtractive Genomics with Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Techniques to Effectively Target S. sputigena in Periodontitis
Authors: Praveen Mallari , Sree Chendruru Geya , Brogi Simone , Calderone Vincenzo , Dalei Kamakshya Prasad Kanchan Prava
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to provide an inclusive in silico investigation for the identification of novel drug targets that can be exploited to develop drug candidates for treating oral infections caused by S. sputigena. By coupling subtractive genomics with an in silico drug discovery approach, we identified dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose 3,5-epimerase (UniProt ID: C9LUR0), UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (UniProt ID: C9LRH1), and imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase (UniProt ID: C9LTU7) as three unique proteins crucial for the S. sputigena life cycle with no substantial similarity to human proteins. These potential drug targets served as the starting point for screening bioactive phytochemicals (1090 compounds) from the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics (IMPPAT) database. Among the screened natural products, cubebin (IMPHY001912) showed a higher affinity for two of the three selected targets, as evidenced by molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies. Given its favorable drug-like profile and possible multitargeting behavior, cubebin could be further exploited as an antibacterial agent for treating S. sputigena-mediated oral infections. It is worth nothing that cubebin could be the active ingredient of appropriate formulations such as mouthwash and/or toothpaste to treat S. sputigena-induced periodontitis, with the advantage of limiting the adverse effects that could affect the use of current drugs.
Non-Destructive Estimation of Moisture Percentage in Fired Red Brick Using Digital Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Pech-Pérez Andrés , Ricárdez-Montiel Aida Alejandra , Pech-Ricárdez Aida Andrea
Published: February 2025

In this study, we present a novel methodology for reducing uncertainties in detecting high-permeability regions in bricks by integrating brick imagery, color theory, unsupervised learning, and petrophysical concepts. Leveraging smartphone technology, our methodology identifies and analyzes moisture regions in red bricks, demonstrating its potential as a cost-effective tool for moisture characterization. This approach complements specialized moisture detection devices, highlighting the versatility of existing technology. Applied within the context of traditional red brick manufacturing in San Agustín Yatareni, Oaxaca, México, our results show that this methodology effectively identifies moisture-related anomalies, with water absorption values verified according to the NMX-C-404-ONNCCE-2012 and NMX-C-037-ONNCCE-2013 Mexican standards. We observed a significant inverse correlation between luminosity and moisture content, and a direct correlation between hue and moisture content. These findings suggest a reliable, non-invasive indicator of moisture levels, potentially improving the longevity of construction materials. The broader applicability of this approach in construction material analysis, particularly for bricks incorporating organic fibers, underscores its value as a tool for quality control. Furthermore, the integration of smartphone technology and interdisciplinary techniques contributes to advancing sustainable construction practices and improving material durability.
Enhancing Perovskite Solar Cell Stability by TCO Layer Presence Beneath MACl-Doped Perovskites
Authors: Song Minkyu , Kim Jinyoung , Kim Gyu Min
Published: February 2025

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology, yet their stability under environmental stressors remains a critical challenge. This study examines the substrate-dependent degradation mechanisms of perovskite films and evaluates the role of methylammonium chloride (MACl) incorporation. Devices fabricated on ITO and glass substrates exhibited markedly different stability behaviors under high-humidity conditions. ITO substrates delayed the phase transition from the black α-phase to the yellow δ-phase due to stronger substrate–film interactions and reduced defect densities, while glass substrates facilitated rapid degradation through moisture infiltration and grain boundary instability. MACl incorporation enhanced the initial crystallinity and optoelectronic properties of the perovskite films, as evidenced by superior power conversion efficiency and photon absorption. However, residual MACl under humid conditions introduced structural instability, particularly on glass substrates. To address these challenges, a fully coated ITO structure, referred to as the Island Type design, was proposed. This structure eliminates exposed glass regions, leveraging the stabilizing properties of ITO to suppress moisture infiltration and prolong device durability. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between substrate properties and material composition in PSC stability and highlight the potential of structural optimizations to balance efficiency and durability for commercial applications.
Copper-Substituted Calcium Orthophosphate (CaxCu1-x)HPO4.nH2O for Humidity Detection
Authors: Milovanov Yurii , Dadkhah Mehran , Afify Ahmed Sabry , Tulliani Jean-Marc
Published: February 2025

Calcium orthophosphate material (Ca1-xCux)HPO4.nH2O (0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1) with the gradual replacement of Ca2+ with Cu2+ ions were synthesized by a chemical precipitation technique. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, the prepared powders were deposited onto an alumina substrate with interdigitated Pt electrodes by the spin coating method and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder. Successively, the sensors were investigated from 0% to 90% at room temperature under various conditions, including humidity, nitrogenous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia. The results evidenced that at 90% RH, the sensitivity of sensors significantly increased with the increase in the Cu content. Moreover, the sensors exhibited good repeatability and, after 1 year of aging, the sensor response was equal to 34% that of the freshly prepared sensor. Finally, there was no interference in the presence of other gases (nitrogenous oxide 2.5 ppm, methane 10 ppm, carbon dioxide 500 ppm and ammonia 4 ppm).