bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Don't forget the group! The importance of social norms and empathy for shaping donation behaviour
Authors: Lay Siugmin , Zagefka Hanna , González Roberto , Álvarez Belén , Valdenegro Daniel
Published: October 2019

Feelings of empathy and the influence of social descriptive norms are related to intentions to donate. People are more likely to help and donate to others when they empathise with them, and when they perceive descriptive norms to encourage such behaviour. However, previous work has not considered the potential interplay between empathy and descriptive norms. Across two surveys in two different national settings (Ns = 1300 and 144), we assessed the interplay between empathy and social descriptive norms on frequency of donation (Study 1) and on willingness to donate (Study 2). Consistent with our main hypotheses, in Studies 1 and 2, norms and empathy were positive predictors of frequency of donation and willingness to donate. Importantly, a consistent interaction between norms and empathy was found in both studies. Empathy was a stronger predictor of donation behaviour and disposition when norms were low. Theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed.
In vitro and in vivo assessment of glucose cross‐linked gelatin/zein nanofibrous scaffolds for cranial bone defects regeneration
Authors: Deng Lingli , Li Yang , Zhang Hui
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the glucose cross‐linked gelatin/zein scaffolds for bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. The nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited fast mineralization in the concentrated simulated body fluid with the deposited octacalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. The nanofibrous scaffolds exhibited no cytotoxic effect on MC3T3e1 cells in a CCK‐8 test. Additionally, scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that all the scaffolds were biocompatible and showed excellent support for MC3T3e1 cells. In the osteogenesis characterizations, Alizarin Red staining experiments indicated the improved calcium deposits on the cross‐linked scaffolds, while the alkaline phosphatase activity showed no difference. Furthermore, the in vivo cranial bone regeneration results suggested that the cross‐linked gelatin/zein scaffolds presented a strong positive effect on the cranial bone regeneration with the increased new bone volume and connective tissue formation, but the incorporation of zein in the gelatin scaffolds did not favor the bone regeneration. Moreover, the cross‐linked gelatin scaffold retarded the bone resorption as indicated by the higher levels of IFN‐γ and lower levels of IL‐6, which restricted the differentiation of osteoclasts.
Investigation on the structural, mechanical and in vitro biocompatibility features of CaZr4(PO4)6 influenced by Zn2+ substitutions
Authors: Kumar Manish , Vasanthavel Subramaniyan , K. Khan Mohd. Imran , Dhayalan Arunkumar , Kannan Sanjeevi
Published: October 2019

The present study explores the possibility of Zn2+ substituted calcium zirconium phosphate [CaZr4(PO4)6] as a potential replacement for the existing materials in load bearing orthopedic applications. Pure CaZr4(PO4)6) and wide range of Zn2+ substitutions in CaZr4(PO4)6 have been synthesized through citrate assisted sol–gel technique. The characterization results confirmed the extraordinary structural stability displayed by CaZr4(PO4)6 until 1,550°C. Further, the flexibility of CaZr4(PO4)6 lattice to accommodate 40 mol% of Zn2+ has been determined. The microstructures of CaZr4(PO4)6 and Zn2+ substituted CaZr4(PO4)6 demonstrated irregular sized grains and cracks alongside the negligence to obtain definite grain boundaries. This has been reflected in the moderate mechanical properties of the investigated specimen; nevertheless, Zn2+ substituted CaZr4(PO4)6 displayed enhanced mechanical stability. Further, in vitro tests signified the remarkable biocompatibility and alkaline phosphatase activity of Zn2+ substituted CaZr4(PO4)6.
Association of Mineral Bone Disorder With Decline in Residual Kidney Function in Incident Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Lee Yu-Ji , Okuda Yusuke , Sy John , Obi Yoshitsugu , Kang Duk-Hee , Nguyen Steven , Hsiung Jui Ting , Park Christina , Rhee Connie M , Kovesdy Csaba P , Streja Elani , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar
Published: October 2019

Abnormalities of mineral bone disorder (MBD) parameters have been suggested to be associated with poor renal outcome in predialysis patients. However, the impact of those parameters on decline in residual kidney function (RKF) is uncertain among incident hemodialysis (HD) patients. We performed a retrospective cohort study in 13,772 patients who initiated conventional HD during 2007 to 2011 and survived 6 months of dialysis. We examined the association of baseline serum phosphorus, calcium, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) with a decline in RKF. Decline in RKF was assessed by estimated slope of renal urea clearance (KRU) over 6 months from HD initiation. Our cohort had a mean ± SD age of 62 ± 15 years; 64% were men, 57% were white, 65% had diabetes, and 51% had hypertension. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) baseline KRU level was 3.4 (2.0, 5.2) mL/min/1.73 m2. The median (IQR) estimated 6-month KRU slope was −1.47 (−2.24, −0.63) mL/min/1.73 m2 per 6 months. In linear regression models, higher phosphorus categories were associated with a steeper 6-month KRU slope compared with the reference category (phosphorus 4.0 to <4.5 mg/dL). Lower calcium and higher intact PTH and ALP categories were also associated with a steeper 6-month KRU slope compared with their respective reference groups (calcium 9.2 to <9.5 mg/dL; intact PTH 150 to <250 pg/mL; ALP <60 U/L). The increased number of parameter abnormalities had an additive effect on decline in RKF. Abnormalities of MBD parameters including higher phosphorus, intact PTH, ALP and lower calcium levels were independently associated with decline in RKF in incident HD patients. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
miR‐152/LIN28B axis modulates high‐glucose‐induced angiogenesis in human retinal endothelial cells via VEGF signaling
Authors: Fu Xiaolin , Ou Bo
Published: October 2019

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes contributing to blindness in patients. Inhibiting retinal neovascularization is a potent strategy for diabetic retinopathy treatment. Reportedly, the stable expression of lin‐28 homolog B (LIN28B), a member of the highly conserved RNA‐binding protein LIN28 family, could promote vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression; herein, we investigated the role and mechanism of LIN28B in diabetic retinopathy progression from the perspective of microRNA (miRNA) regulation. We identified miR‐152 as a miRNA that may target the LIN28B 3′‐untranslated region and can be significantly downregulated under high‐glucose (HG) condition. The expression of miR‐152 was remarkably suppressed, whereas the expression of LIN28B was significantly increased under HG condition within both human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) and retinal microvascular endothelial cell line (hRMECs). miR‐152 overexpression significantly suppressed, while LIN28B overexpression promoted the angiogenesis and the protein levels of proangiogenesis factors in both hRECs and hRMECs. More importantly, LIN28B overexpression could remarkably attenuate the effect of miR‐152 overexpression. In summary, miR‐152 overexpression could inhibit HG‐induced angiogenesis in both hRECs and hRMECs via targeting LIN28B and suppressing VEGF signaling. Further, in vivo experiments are needed for the application of miR‐152/LIN28B axis in the treatment for diabetic retinopathy.
Psychological and political liberation: Strategies to promote power, wellness, and liberation among anti‐racist activists
Authors: Collins Charles R. , Kohfeldt Danielle , Kornbluh Mariah
Published: October 2019

In recent years, there has been a robust racial justice movement in the United States, which has pursued power with the goal of promoting wellness and liberating people from racially and historically oppressed communities. Organizations such as Black Lives Matter and Showing Up for Racial Justice continue building power and promoting psychological and political liberation. The purpose of our study is to investigate the developmental processes by which anti‐racist activists resist psychological and political oppression to approach wellness and liberation. We conducted 24 interviews from self‐identified anti‐racist activists in the United States and utilized thematic analysis to construct qualitative codes to identify the psychological and political strategies activists implemented in their racial justice work. We found that activists adopted four psychological strategies, two political strategies, and two bridging strategies to resist oppression. Psychologically, activists tended to examine political and historical contexts to understand the root causes of oppression and how their own oppressed and privileged identities fit within those larger systems. Politically, activists sought opportunities to enhance their capacity as activists and engage in critical actions to build power and seek liberation. Bridging these psychological and political domains, activists also formulated a theory of liberation and engaged in critical self‐reflection, which guided their political actions.
SP1‐mediated upregulation of lncRNA SNHG4 functions as a ceRNA for miR‐377 to facilitate prostate cancer progression through regulation of ZIC5
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Yong , Duan Yu , Wang Peng
Published: October 2019

Background/Aims

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to serve distinct roles in human tumorigenesis. Previous studies have found that lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 4 (SNHG4) was dysregulated in several tumors. However, the expression, clinical significances, and action mechanisms of SNHG4 in prostate cancer (PCa) are still unclear.

Methods

Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was utilized to detect SNHG4 expression in tissue samples and PCa cells. Cell counting kit‐8, 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine, clonogenic formation, wound‐healing, and transwell invasion assays were, respectively, used to evaluate cell proliferation, colony formation ability, migration, and invasion. Flow cytometric analysis was applied to assess cell apoptosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to determine the binding between SP1 and SNHG4 promoter. Luciferase reporter assay, qRT‐PCR, and western blot analysis were carried out to explore and confirm the interaction among SNHG4, miR‐377, and ZIC5.

Results

SNHG4 was highly expressed in PCa and its upregulation was induced by transcription factor SP1. The high levels of SNHG4 were distinctly associated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and reduced overall survival of patients with PCa. SNHG4 knockdown inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion of PCa cells. In addition, miR‐377 was a target of SNHG4 and ZIC5 was a target gene of miR‐377 in PCa. SNHG4 promoted ZIC5‐mediated growth and metastasis through modulating miR‐377.

Conclusion

Our findings illuminate how SNHG4 formed a regulatory network to display a tumor‐promotive effect in PCa and revealed that SNHG4 may be a novel therapeutic target and prognostic marker for patients with PCa.
LINC01559 accelerates pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration through YAP‐mediated pathway
Authors: Lou Changjie , Zhao Juan , Gu Yuanlong , Li Qingwei , Tang Shuli , Wu Yangjiazi , Tang Jiebing , Zhang Chunhui , Li Zhiwei , Zhang Yanqiao
Published: October 2019

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the top two most fatal cancers, with the poorest survival rate among all human malignancies. Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the initiation and progression of various cancers. Herein, we investigated the role of lncRNA LINC01559 in PC. Several online databases indicated that LINC01559 was at a low expression in normal pancreatic tissues but was obviously upregulated in PAAD tissues. Further, our results showed that LINC01559 was stimulated in PC cell lines relative to normal controls. Furthermore, we validated that LINC01559 facilitated PC cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Also, silencing LINC01559 obstructed PC cell growth in vivo. Besides, LINC01559 was revealed to be mainly in the cytoplasm of PC cells and therefore served as a ceRNA of Yes‐associated protein (YAP) in PC cells via sponging miR‐607. Surprisingly, we also proved that LINC01559 could interact with YAP protein, which might hinder YAP phosphorylation and enhance YAP transcriptional activity in PC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that YAP was the downstream effector in LINC01559‐regulated PC development. Collectively, our findings unmasked that LINC01559 accelerates PC progression through relying on YAP, providing a new potential target for clinical treatment of patients with PC.
Polycomb repressive complex 1: Regulators of neurogenesis from embryonic to adult stage
Authors: Desai Divya , Pethe Prasad
Published: October 2019

Development of vertebrate nervous system is a complex process which involves differential gene expression and disruptions in this process or in the mature brain, may lead to neurological disorders and diseases. Extensive work that spanned several decades using rodent models and recent work on stem cells have helped uncover the intricate process of neuronal differentiation and maturation. There are various morphological changes, genetic and epigenetic modifications which occur during normal mammalian neural development, one of the chromatin modifications that controls vital gene expression are the posttranslational modifications on histone proteins, that controls accessibility of translational machinery. Among the histone modifiers, polycomb group proteins (PcGs), such as Ezh2, Eed and Suz12 form large protein complexes—polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2); while Ring1b and Bmi1 proteins form core of PRC1 along with accessory proteins such as Cbx, Hph, Rybp and Pcgfs catalyse histone modifications such as H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub1. PRC1 proteins are known to play critical role in X chromosome inactivation in females but they also repress the expression of key developmental genes and tightly regulate the mammalian neuronal development. In this review we have discussed the signalling pathways, morphogens and nuclear factors that initiate, regulate and maintain cells of the nervous system. Further, we have extensively reviewed the recent literature on the role of Ring1b and Bmi1 in mammalian neuronal development and differentiation; as well as highlighted questions that are still unanswered.
Biomarker expression analysis in different age groups revealed age was a risk factor for breast cancer
Authors: Ma Xiaoran , Liu Cun , Xu Xiaowei , Liu Lijuan , Gao Chundi , Zhuang Jing , Li Huayao , Feng Fubin , Zhou Chao , Liu Zhen , Li Jie , Wei Junyu , Wang Lu , Sun Changgang
Published: October 2019

The relationship between age and breast cancer is ambiguous. Here, we analyzed the differential expression pattern of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in different age groups to provide an effective association between age and breast cancer risk at the molecular level. We integrated the microarray information from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data sets. The patients were divided into young ( < 50 years) and old ( ≥ 50 years) age groups and evaluated by differential gene expression, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), functional enrichment analyses, and coexpression analysis. To determine their potential clinical significance, univariate Cox regression analysis and survival assessment were conducted. We identified two lncRNAs (AL139280.1 and AP000851.1) and three mRNAs (MT1M, HBB, and TFPI2) as the risk markers, and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) focusing on a single gene revealed that "pyrimidine metabolism," "cell cycle," and "P53 signaling pathway" were coenriched. These data demonstrated that age may be a risk factor for breast carcinogenesis and prognosis and provide an in‐depth molecular characterization based on the expression patterns of lncRNAs and mRNAs.
Molecular and clinical characterization of Galectin‐9 in glioma through 1,027 samples
Authors: Yuan Feng , Ming Haolang , Wang Yingshuai , Yang Yihan , Yi Li , Li Tao , Ma Haiwen , Tong Luqing , Zhang Liang , Liu Peidong , Li Jiabo , Lin Yu , Yu Shengping , Ren Bingcheng , Yang Xuejun
Published: October 2019

In recent years, research on glioma immunotherapy have grown rapidly. However, the autoimmune‐like side effects that are caused by blocking immunological checkpoints hinder their clinical application in gliomas currently. Galectin‐9, a ligand for T‐cell immunoglobulin mucin 3, has shed a new light on the treatment of malignant glioma. However, the potential mechanism of Galectin‐9 is still under discussion. In this study, first, we methodically gathered 1,027 glioma patients with RNA‐seq and 986 patients with survival data to explore the role and mechanism of Galectin‐9 in gliomas. Second, we analyzed glioma samples from 50 patients in the Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. Finally, we found that Galectin‐9 was strongly upregulated in glioblastoma multiforme compared with normal brain tissues and lower‐grade glioma. Patients with Galectin‐9 overexpression had a significantly shorter overall survival. Moreover, the tissue microarray data displayed that the expression of Galectin‐9 in the core of tumor is higher than that in the border and was correlated with the shorter survival in glioma patients. Galectin‐9 is more highly expressed in the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma multiforme than in the other subtypes. Simultaneously, Galectin‐9 was closely associated with the immune response and lymphocyte activation, especially T‐cell activation. To further determine the underlying role of Galectin‐9 in the immune response, we selected seven immune metagenes. Through cluster analysis and correlation analysis, we discovered that Galectin‐9 was highly correlated with immune checkpoint molecules and M2 tumor‐associated macrophages. In summary, Galectin‐9 serves as a potential therapeutic target to treat glioblastoma multiforme.
Thermodynamics for curcumin (Curcuma longa L.) partitioning in the alcohol–salt aqueous two‐phase system
Authors: de Carvalho Batista Izabella , Gandolfi Olga Reinert Ramos , Sampaio Vanessa Santos , dos Santos Karine Amaral , da Costa Ilhéu Fontan Rafael , Veloso Cristiane Martins , Bonomo Renata Cristina Ferreira
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Curcumin is a polyphenol used as a natural colorant or spice with pharmacological properties including analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant. In this work the partition of curcumin was carried out in an aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) under different conditions.

RESULTS

Liquid–liquid equilibrium data for the ATPS composed of 2‐propanol + sodium phosphate + water were determined experimentally by the turbidimetric method at temperatures T = 288.15, 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K and pH values 4.0 and 5.0. The phase‐forming and salting‐out capability of the mentioned salt were discussed by determination of the exclusion volume effect (EEV) and salting‐out coefficient. The partition of curcumin was carried out. In order to investigate the driving forces that govern the curcumin partition we conducted a thermodynamic study by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The Gibbs free energy transfer (ΔtrG), transfer enthalpy variation (ΔtrH) and transfer entropy variation (TΔtrS) were measured during the dye partition for the systems at 298.15 K.

CONCLUSION

The increase in the pH value promoted an increase in the salting‐out effect as well as in the exclusion volume value. It was observed that the dye had a strong tendency to transfer to the alcohol‐rich top phase, showing Kp high values (13.725–112.764). Thermodynamic analysis indicated that curcumin partition in the ATPS at 298.15 K was entropically driven to the top phase. The high values of theoretical recovery, selectivity and partition coefficient obtained in this study show that the investigated systems may be a promising alternative for curcumin pre‐concentration and purification. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound features of mediastinal lymphomas and thymic epithelial tumors
Authors: Kong Jing , Fu Jing‐Jing , Yang Wei , Sun Yu , Wang Song , Bai Jing , Wang Hong , Yan Kun
Published: October 2019

Objectives

To summarize the contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features of mediastinal lymphomas and thymic epithelial tumors (including thymomas and thymic carcinomas) and to explore the value of CEUS in the differential diagnosis of lymphomas and thymic epithelial tumors.

Methods

Sixty‐nine patients with 69 mediastinal lesions who underwent CEUS and had disease confirmed by histopathology were enrolled in the study. There were 33 cases of lymphoma, 19 cases of thymic carcinoma, and 17 cases of thymoma. CEUS features, including the enhancement pattern, enhancement distribution, enhancement time, inner necrosis status, wash out pattern, and vascular morphology, were evaluated in each group.

Results

Thymomas often presented with homogeneous (88.2%, 15/17) and late (88.2%, 15/17) enhancement and a low rate of inner necrosis (17.6%, 3/17). Late (73.7%, 14/19), heterogeneous (68.4%, 13/19), and centripetal (63.2%, 12/19) enhancement were more often observed in thymic carcinoma, as was a high rate of inner necrosis (78.9%, 15/19). Lymphomas showed a homogeneous enhancement rate of 57.6% (19/33) and a late enhancement rate of 54.5% (18/33). The rate of inner necrosis for lymphomas was 45.5% (15/33). The diagnostic accuracy of this finding for distinguishing thymic epithelial tumors from lymphomas was 63.8%, the sensitivity was 80.6%, and the specificity was 45.5%. Enlarged blood vessels were a feature specific to lymphomas, while small vessels arranged in a comb shape was a feature specific to thymic epithelial tumors.

Conclusion

This study describes the CEUS features of common mediastinal tumors and may stimulate further studies in this field.
Homogentisic acid is not only eliminated by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion but also produced in the kidney in alkaptonuria
Authors: Ranganath Lakshminarayan R. , Milan Anna M. , Hughes Andrew T. , Khedr Milad , Davison Andrew S. , Shweihdi Ella , Norman Brendan P. , Hughes Juliette H. , Bygott Helen , Luangrath Emily , Fitzgerald Richard , Psarelli Eftychia E. , van Kan Christa , Laan Dinny , Olsson Birgitta , Rudebeck Mattias , Mankowitz Louise , Sireau Nicolas , Arnoux Jean‐Baptiste , Le Quan Sang Kim‐Hanh , Jarvis Jonathan C. , Genovese Federica , Braconi Daniela , Santucci Annalisa , Zatkova Andrea , Glasova Helena , Stančík Roman , Imrich Richard , Rhodes Nicholas P. , Gallagher James A.
Published: October 2019

The clinical effects of alkaptonuria (AKU) are delayed and ageing influences disease progression. Morbidity of AKU is secondary to high circulating homogentisic acid (HGA) and ochronosis. It is not known whether HGA is produced by or processed in the kidney in AKU. Data from AKU patients from four studies were merged to form a single AKU group. A control group of non‐AKU subjects was generated by merging data from two non‐AKU studies. Data were used to derive renal clearance and fractional excretion (FE) ratios for creatinine, HGA, phenylalanine (PHE) and tyrosine (TYR) using standard calculations, for comparison between the AKU and the control groups. There were 225 AKU patients in the AKU group and 52 in the non‐AKU control group. Circulating HGA increased with age (P < 0.001), and was significantly associated with decreased HGA clearance (CLHGA) (P < 0.001) and FEHGA (P < 0.001). CLHGA and FEHGA were increased beyond the theoretical maximum renal plasma flow, confirming renal production and emphasising the greater contribution of net tubular secretion than glomerular filtration to renal elimination of HGA. The kidneys are crucial to elimination of HGA. Elimination of HGA is impaired with age resulting in worsening disease over time. The kidney is an important site for production of HGA. Tubular secretion of HGA contributes more to elimination of HGA in AKU than glomerular filtration.
Low Tregs: A targetable risk factor for life-threatening cardiovascular complications after major noncardiac surgery
Authors: Kyaw Tin , Bobik Alex
Published: October 2019

Discussion on Tregs that have anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties as an ideal therapeutic target to reduce fatal cardiovascular deaths following major noncardiac surgery.
Development and evaluation of a conventional RT‐PCR for differentiating emerging influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses with hemagglutinin amino acid deletion from B/Yamagata lineage viruses
Authors: Chan Wan‐Mui , Wong Lok‐Hin , So Chun‐Fung , Chen Lin‐Lei , Wu Wai‐Lan , Ip Jonathan D. , Lam Athene Hoi‐Ying , Yip Cyril C. Y. , Yuen Kwok‐Yung , To Kelvin K. W.
Published: October 2019

Background

Recent influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses contain amino acid deletions at positions 162 to 164 of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. These amino acid deletions have affected the detection of B/Victoria lineage viruses by the lineage‐specific conventional reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) that was recommended by World Health Organization (WHO).

Objectives

We aimed to develop and evaluate a novel lineage‐specific RT‐PCR for rapid differentiation of the contemporary B/Victoria lineage from B/Yamagata lineage viruses.

Study Design

Primers of our in‐house RT‐PCR were designed to avoid amino acid positions 162 to 164 and to target conserved regions of the HA gene that are specific for B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage viruses. Our in‐house RT‐PCR and WHO RT‐PCR were evaluated using influenza B positive clinical specimens or virus culture isolates. Influenza B virus lineage was confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

Results

A total of 105 clinical specimens or virus culture isolates were retrieved, including 83 with B/Victoria lineage and 22 with B/Yamagata lineage viruses. Our in‐house RT‐PCR correctly identified B/Victoria lineage viruses in all 83 samples, including 82 samples with double or triple amino acid deletion in the HA protein. Conversely, the WHO lineage‐specific conventional RT‐PCR failed to detect any of the 82 samples with HA amino acid deletions. For the 22 samples with B/Yamagata lineage viruses, both RT‐PCR assays have correctly identified B/Yamagata lineage in all samples.

Conclusions

Our novel lineage‐specific RT‐PCR has successfully detected all contemporary B/Victoria lineage viruses with amino acid deletions in HA. This protocol is especially useful for laboratories without the equipment for real‐time PCR.
Evolution of tropical interannual sea surface temperature variability and its connection with boreal summer atmospheric circulations
Authors: Zhao Yuheng , Feng Guolin , Zheng Zhihai , Zhang Daquan , Jia Zikang
Published: October 2019

Sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), including their spatial patterns and temporal evolution, are an important source of potential predictability for climate anomalies, especially on seasonal to interannual timescales. In this study, the spatial patterns and temporal evolution of tropical SSTAs are identified by applying an extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis of observed data from autumn to the following spring. The positive phase of first EEOF mode (EEOF1) displays an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase‐locking evolution pattern in the tropical Pacific, with accompanying warming in the Indian and Atlantic oceans. EEOF2 is characterized by the development of ENSO in the eastern tropical Pacific and a phase transition in the Indian Ocean and the tropical North Atlantic. The most noticeable feature of EEOF3 is the development of the central Pacific ENSO. The first three EEOF modes account for 44.7% of the total variance of tropical SSTAs over the course of the three seasons. EEOF1 is closely related to the tropical atmospheric circulation, especially over the western Pacific region, reflecting the strengthening effect of the three tropical oceans on the anomalous anticyclone over the tropical Northwest Pacific during the decaying phases of El Niño. EEOF2 significantly impacts the circulation anomalies over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific. A linear regression model is established using the time series of first four EEOF modes to forecast the June to August 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies. The forecasts show higher skill than a similar linear regression model using seasonal mean regional SST anomaly indices. The results reveal that EEOF modes could be used as a good indicator in the monitoring of tropical SSTA evolution patterns.
Design, Fabrication, and Modulation of THz Bandpass Metamaterials
Authors: Wang Qinghua , Gao Bingtao , Raglione Michaella , Wang Huixin , Li Baojia , Toor Fatima , Arnold Mark A. , Ding Hongtao
Published: October 2019

Development of terahertz (THz) sources, detectors, and optical components has been an active area of research across the globe. The interest in THz optoelectronics is driven by the various applications they have enabled, such as ultrawide‐band communication systems, air‐ and space‐borne astronomy, atmospheric monitoring, small‐scale radar, airport security scanners, ultrafast nanodevices, and biomedical imaging and sensing. Here, the aim is to provide a comprehensive review of THz bandpass metamaterials focusing on several areas. First, the design fundamentals and geometrical patterns of THz bandpass metamaterials are summarized. Second, fabrication methods of THz bandpass metamaterials are reviewed, including typical micro‐ and nanofabrication techniques and laser micromachining techniques. More importantly, different engineering methods are reviewed for tuning and modulation of the THz transmission resonance for these metamaterials. Both passive and active modulation methods are included in this discussion; the passive method involves changes in the geometrical pattern of the filter material, and the active method performs in situ modulation of properties by applying an external physical field. Finally, the potential applications and prospects for future research of THz bandpass metamaterials are discussed.
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Cotter Thomas G. , Charlton Michael
Published: October 2019

Currently, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the second leading indication for liver transplantation (LT), behind alcohol‐related liver disease. After transplant, both recurrent and de novo nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are common; however, recurrence rates of NASH and advanced fibrosis are low. Identification of high‐risk groups and optimizing treatment of metabolic comorbidities both before and after LT is paramount to maintaining a healthy allograft, especially with the additional consequences of longterm immunosuppression. In addition, NASH LT recipients are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events and malignancy, and their condition warrants a tailored approach to management. The optimal approach to NASH LT recipients including metabolic comorbidities management, tailored immunosuppression, the role of bariatric surgery, and nutritional and pharmacotherapy of NASH are discussed in this review. Overall, aggressive management of metabolic syndrome after LT via medical and surgical modalities and a minimalist approach to immunosuppression is advised.
The Janus Face of Cereals: Wheat‐Derived Prebiotics Counteract the Detrimental Effect of Gluten on Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High‐Fat/High‐Sucrose Diet
Authors: Olivares Marta , Rodriguez Julie , Pötgens Sarah A. , Neyrinck Audrey M. , Cani Patrice D. , Bindels Laure B. , Delzenne Nathalie M.
Published: October 2019

Scope

Cereals are important sources of carbohydrates, but also contain nutrients that could impact adiposity. The contribution of gluten to obesity and the effects of prebiotics—arabinoxylo‐oligosaccharides (AXOS) and fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS)—that can be extracted from gluten‐containing cereals are analyzed.

Methods and results

Mice are fed a control diet, Western diet (WD, consisting of high fat/high sucrose), or WD with 5% gluten. Prebiotics are tested in the WD with gluten. Gluten does not increase body weight and has a minor effect on ileal inflammation. Gluten decreases the expression of browning markers in the fat and increases the triglycerides synthesis in the muscle. AXOS decreases body weight and adiposity in fat pads muscle and liver. AXOS promotes gluten cleavage by the induction of prolyl endopeptidase that is translated into a reduction of gluten immunogenic peptides. Gluten has minor effects on cecal microbiota composition, whereas prebiotics increased Bifidobacterium, Butyricicoccus, Prevotella, and Parasutterella, which are all negatively correlated to the cecal content of gluten peptides.

Conclusion

While gluten may affect metabolic homeostasis, these effects are lessened when gluten is consumed along with cereal‐derived fibers. If confirmed in humans, the authors bring new arguments to eat fiber‐rich cereals to promote a healthy diet.
A high‐efficiency design for 2.0‐2.9 GHz 5‐W GaN HEMT Class‐E power amplifier using passive Q‐constant non‐Foster network
Authors: Nguyen Dang‐An , Seo Chulhun , Park Kwang S.
Published: October 2019

A novel load network for designing a high‐efficiency broadband Class‐E power amplifier, ranging from 2.0 to 2.9 GHz (37% at the central frequency of 2.45 GHz), is proposed using a non‐Foster cell that behaves as a negative capacitor with constant quality factor (Q) for optimal fundamental matching over the overall bandwidth. As mathematical analysis, the realization of this element is based on a passive architecture, which exhibits a negative group delay response without constraint of the reference impedance. To improve efficiency in a practical circuit, a close approximation using distributed sections is implemented. The in‐band efficiency observed is around 69.0‐78.3% with an average of 74% making it the highest for this frequency band today. The output power is maintained in the range of 5‐8 W with 12‐dB to 14‐dB power gain over the band while the two first harmonics are suppressed below −49 dBc.
Initial report on distribution of β3‐adrenoceptor in the human female urethra
Authors: Kummeling Maxime T. , Buijs Jeroen T. , Wisse Lambertus J. , van Uhm Janneke I. , Elzevier Henk W. , de Ruiter Marco C. , Groenendijk Pieter M.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Past research has demonstrated that the urethral tonus is mainly under sympathetic control. Since 5 years, a beta 3‐adrenoceptor (ADRB3) agonist is available in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. The presence of ADRB3 within the human urethra has not been demonstrated to date. Presence of ADRB3 in the urethra could influence urethral tonus. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of ADRB3 in the human female urethra.

Material and Methods

We performed anatomical studies in five female specimens. Three specimens were obtained from the body donation program, two from female patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer, where radical resection of bladder and urethra was performed. The urethra up till the bladder neck was separated from the rest of the bladder and freshly obtained for this study. For demonstrating ADRB3 expression, we used rabbit polyclonal anti‐human ADRB3 LS‐A4198.

Results

Expression of ADBR3 was demonstrated in the epithelial layer of all urethral parts, except at the level of the meatus. The level of ADRB3 expression was highest in the mid urethra. There was no direct contact between ADRB3 and nerve tissue. ADRB3 expression was also demonstrated in the stratified muscle layer at the level of the external urethral sphincter.

Conclusions

This is the first study to demonstrate the expression of ADRB3 in the human female urethra. There is an absence of a direct connection between ADRB3 and nerve tissue.
Fusobacterium nucleatum facilitates ulcerative colitis through activating IL‐17F signaling to NF‐κB via the upregulation of CARD3 expression
Authors: Chen Yongyu , Chen Yan , Cao Pan , Su Wenhao , Zhan Na , Dong Weiguo
Published: October 2019

Accumulating evidence links Fusobacterium nucleatum with ulcerative colitis (UC). The mechanism by which F. nucleatum promotes intestinal inflammation in UC remains poorly defined. Here, we first examined the abundance and impact of F. nucleatum on disease activity in UC tissues. Next, we isolated a strain of F. nucleatum from UC tissues and explored whether F. nucleatum aggravates the intestinal inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. We also examined whether F. nucleatum infection involves the NF‐κB or IL‐17F signaling pathways. Our data showed that F. nucleatum was enriched in 51.78% of UC tissues and was correlated with the clinical course, clinical activity and refractory behavior of UC (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we demonstrated that F. nucleatum promoted intestinal epithelial damage and the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, Il‐6, IL‐17F and TNF‐α. Mechanistically, F. nucleatum targeted caspase activation and recruitment domain 3 (CARD3) through NOD2 to activate the IL‐17F/NF‐κB pathway in vivo and in vitro. Thus, F. nucleatum orchestrates a molecular network involving CARD3 and IL‐17F to control the UC process. Measuring and targeting F. nucleatum and its associated pathways will yield valuable insight into the prevention and treatment of UC. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of pure blue emissive poly(2,7‐carbazole)s anchored by electron donor pendant
Authors: Inada Takashi , Shinnai Toshinobu , Kijima Masashi
Published: October 2019

Three novel poly(2,7‐carbazole)s having hole injection and transporting pendent moieties of carbazole and triphenylamine at the N‐position were synthesized for achieving pure blue electroluminescence. The N‐pendants in the polymers correspond to N‐phenylcarbazol‐2‐yl (P1), N,N‐diphenylamino‐N‐phenylcarabazol‐2‐yl (P2), and 4‐phenyl having a hydrocarbon chain with a triphenylamine terminal (P3), respectively. Electronic, optical, and electroluminescence properties of these polymers were compared with those of a poly(2,7‐carbazole) directly connected with triphenylamine at the N‐position (P0) having an aggregation‐induced emissive property. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra suggested that they could emit in the region of blue light in the film state. Especially, P2 that has the fixed and large diphenylaminocarbazolyl pendant showed a deep‐blue fluorescence with CIE(x, y) = (0.15, 0.07). The P0, P2, and P3 based light emitting diode devices showed maximum electroluminescence wavelengths in the range of 430–450 nm. The P2 device showed pure blue emission (CIE[x, y] = [0.18, 0.16]), high luminance (1130 cd/m2) and current density (628 mA/cm2) at 8 V, whereas low‐energy emissions around 500–600 nm were emerged at higher than 9 V. The P0 and P3 devices also showed a blue electroluminescence in the range of 8–11 V, but their luminance and efficiency were low. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2526–2534
Expressibility and Entangling Capability of Parameterized Quantum Circuits for Hybrid Quantum‐Classical Algorithms
Authors: Sim Sukin , Johnson Peter D. , Aspuru‐Guzik Alán
Published: October 2019

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) play an essential role in the performance of many variational quantum algorithms. One challenge in implementing such algorithms is choosing an effective circuit that well represents the solution space while maintaining a low circuit depth and parameter count. To characterize and identify expressible, yet compact, circuits, several descriptors are proposed, including expressibility and entangling capability, that are statistically estimated from classical simulations. These descriptors are computed for different circuit structures, varying the qubit connectivity and selection of gates. From these simulations, circuit fragments that perform well with respect to the descriptors are identified. In particular, a substantial improvement in performance of two‐qubit gates in a ring or all‐to‐all connected arrangement, compared to that of those on a line, is observed. Furthermore, improvement in both descriptors is achieved by sequences of controlled X‐rotation gates compared to sequences of controlled Z‐rotation gates. In addition, it is investigated how expressibility “saturates” with increased circuit depth, finding that the rate and saturated value appear to be distinguishing features of a PQC. While the correlation between each descriptor and algorithm performance remains to be investigated, methods and results from this study can be useful for algorithm development and design of experiments.
MOF‐Derived CuS@Cu‐BTC Composites as High‐Performance Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Ping , Shen Mengqi , Zhou Hu , Meng Chunfeng , Yuan Aihua
Published: October 2019

The CuS(x wt%)@Cu‐BTC (BTC = 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate; x = 3, 10, 33, 58, 70, 99.9) materials are synthesized by a facile sulfidation reaction. The composites are composed of octahedral Cu3(BTC)2·(H2O)3 (Cu‐BTC) with a large specific surface area and CuS with a high conductivity. The as‐prepared CuS@Cu‐BTC products are first applied as the anodes of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The synergistic effect between Cu‐BTC and CuS components can not only accommodate the volume change and stress relaxation of electrodes but also facilitate the fast transport of Li ions. Thus, it can greatly suppress the transformation process from Li2S to polysulfides by improving the reversibility of the conversion reaction. Benefiting from the unique structural features, the optimal CuS(70 wt%)@Cu‐BTC sample exhibits a remarkably improved electrochemical performance, showing an over‐theoretical capacity up to 1609 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles (100 mA g−1) with an excellent rate‐capability of ≈490 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1. The outstanding LIB properties indicate that the CuS(70 wt%)@Cu‐BTC sample is a highly desirable electrode material candidate for high‐performance LIBs.
Flexible Zinc‐Ion Hybrid Fiber Capacitors with Ultrahigh Energy Density and Long Cycling Life for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Zhang Xinshi , Pei Zengxia , Wang Chaojun , Yuan Ziwen , Wei Li , Pan Yuqi , Mahmood Asif , Shao Qian , Chen Yuan
Published: October 2019

Emerging wearable electronics require flexible energy storage devices with high volumetric energy and power densities. Fiber‐shaped capacitors (FCs) offer high power densities and excellent flexibility but low energy densities. Zn‐ion capacitors have high energy density and other advantages, such as low cost, nontoxicity, reversible Faradaic reaction, and broad operating voltage windows. However, Zn‐ion capacitors have not been applied in wearable electronics due to the use of liquid electrolytes. Here, the first quasisolid‐state Zn‐ion hybrid FC (ZnFC) based on three rationally designed components is demonstrated. First, hydrothermally assembled high surface area and conductive reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube composite fibers serve as capacitor‐type positive electrodes. Second, graphite fibers coated with a uniform Zn layer work as battery‐type negative electrodes. Third, a new neutral ZnSO4‐filled polyacrylic acid hydrogel act as the quasisolid‐state electrolyte, which offers high ionic conductivity and excellent stretchability. The assembled ZnFC delivers a high energy density of 48.5 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 179.9 mW cm−3. Further, Zn dendrite formation that commonly happens under high current density is efficiently suppressed on the fiber electrode, leading to superior cycling stability. Multiple ZnFCs are integrated as flexible energy storage units to power wearable devices under different deformation conditions.
Defect Promoted Capacity and Durability of N‐MnO2–x Branch Arrays via Low‐Temperature NH3 Treatment for Advanced Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yan , Deng Shengjue , Luo Mi , Pan Guoxiang , Zeng Yinxiang , Lu Xihong , Ai Changzhi , Liu Qi , Xiong Qinqin , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Tu Jiangping
Published: October 2019

Defect engineering (doping and vacancy) has emerged as a positive strategy to boost the intrinsic electrochemical reactivity and structural stability of MnO2‐based cathodes of rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries (RAZIBs). Currently, there is no report on the nonmetal element doped MnO2 cathode with concomitant oxygen vacancies, because of its low thermal stability with easy phase transformation from MnO2 to Mn3O4 (≥300 °C). Herein, for the first time, novel N‐doped MnO2–x (N‐MnO2–x) branch arrays with abundant oxygen vacancies fabricated by a facile low‐temperature (200 °C) NH3 treatment technology are reported. Meanwhile, to further enhance the high‐rate capability, highly conductive TiC/C nanorods are used as the core support for a N‐MnO2–x branch, forming high‐quality N‐MnO2–x@TiC/C core/branch arrays. The introduced N dopants and oxygen vacancies in MnO2 are demonstrated by synchrotron radiation technology. By virtue of an integrated conductive framework, enhanced electron density, and increased surface capacitive contribution, the designed N‐MnO2–x@TiC/C arrays are endowed with faster reaction kinetics, higher capacity (285 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) and better long‐term cycles (85.7% retention after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1) than other MnO2‐based counterparts (55.6%). The low‐temperature defect engineering sheds light on construction of advanced cathodes for aqueous RAZIBs.
Transformations of Modified Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Adducts from Isatins Catalyzed by Lewis Bases
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Chao , Chen Zhi , Du Wei , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: October 2019

The development of synthetic protocols to access architectures with broad structural and functional diversity from readily available starting materials is very attractive in both organic and medicinal chemistry fields. Toward this objective, the multifunctional isatin‐derived Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) adducts provide opportunities to construct a variety of complex scaffolds containing a “privileged” oxindole motif through several catalytic pathways. By forming the ammonium or phosphonium salts with Lewis bases, isatin‐derived MBH adducts can undergo allylic substitutions with a range of nucleophiles, usually in a SN2′‐SN2′ pattern. Besides, assisted by Brønsted bases, the corresponding onium salts can be converted into the allylic ylide intermediates, which can undergo various annulation reactions or even 1,3‐difunctionalizations. Moreover, recent cooperative catalysis of Lewis bases and transition metal complexes further puts forward the application of isatin‐derived MBH adducts. This tutorial review covers the significant transformations of isatin‐derived MBH adducts, mostly in an asymmetric version, catalyzed by various Lewis bases over the past decade.