bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creative Organizational Vision Building Through Collaborative, Visual‐Metaphorical Thought
Authors: AMBROSE DON
Published: December 2011

An organization needs a strong, compelling vision of its future in today's complex, unpredictable socioeconomic environment. A college faculty recently used collaborative metaphorical discussions, mind mapping, and imaginative visual thinking to produce an unusual, idealistic vision of the college's future. This vision took the form of a fanciful metaphorical drawing, which was surrounded by an elaborate mind map and accompanied by a story that connects the symbolism in the drawing with the processes and products of the college. This unique initiative clarified connections between the everyday work of college personnel and their vision of an attainable, optimistic future.
The Dissolution of the Self in Unsettled Times: Postmodernism and the Creative Process
Authors: GEMIN JOSEPH
Published: December 2011

How does culture affect creative behavior? This question forms the background for this essay, which investigates commonalities between creative processes and features of an impending “postmodern” age. Specifically, recurring themes in discussions of the creative process — the combining, ordering, and integration of disintegrated elements — appear also to be standard features of postmodern consciousness. This essay draws from contemporary fiction‐writing; popular culture; and postmodern psychology, which views the self as a work‐in‐progress, to demonstrate these affinities. Postmodern consciousness, it is argued, heralds an era of renewed creativity partly because the fractured view of the self it promotes, with its emphasis on paradox and irony, appears well equipped to encourage creative expression.
Evaluating Community Creativity and Innovation: Methodological Proposal and Reflexions
Authors: BONNEAU GILLES A. , AMÉGAN SAMUEL
Published: December 2011

Creative persons, creative products, as well as creative processes are always emerging within certain contexts which could be investigated at different levels (individual/organizational/or global levels). This paper suggests the importance of evaluating creativity and innovation at the level of society, and proposes a methodological design to do so. Moreover, some of the difficulties of such an approach are indentified, and conditions of its feasability are outlined.
Understanding How Creative Thinking Skills, Attitudes and Behaviors Work Together: A Causal Process Model
Authors: BASADUR MIN , RUNCO MARK A. , VEGAxy LUIS A.
Published: December 2011

Managers (N = 112) from a large international consumer goods manufacturer participated in a field experiment in which they learned and applied the Simplex process of creative thinking to solve real management problems. The interrelationships among six attitudinal and behavioral skill variables learned during the training were measured to improve understanding of how these variables contribute to the process. Predicted relationships were tested and a best‐fit causal model was developed. Behavioral skill in generating quantity of options was the most important variable overall: it was directly associated with behavioral skill in both generating quality options and evaluating options. The key attitudinal skill and the second most important variable overall was the preference for avoiding premature evaluation of options (deferral of judgment). The other attitude measured, the preference for active divergence, played only an indirect role in the process.
Perceptions of Genius: Einstein, Lesser Mortals and Shooting Stars
Authors: SMITH CHRIS D. , WRIGHT LINDSAY
Published: December 2011

This paper elucidates the conceptual nature of the term ‘genius’. Two studies are reported. In the first, a total of 349 undergraduates were asked in 1984, 1991, 1993, 1994 and 1997 to nominate three geniuses. The main findings were: that Einstein is regarded as a stereotypical genius: that a small number of other individuals are also frequently nominated: that a large number receive occasional nominations: that the membership of this large group is often very transitory and that the ratings of an established genius such as Mozart can be boosted considerably, but temporarily, by a major anniversary. The second study used 61 subjects and 94 nominated geniuses. It was found that the nominated geniuses had been heard of on 76.7% of possible occasions, but were agreed to be geniuses on only 26.2% of possible occasions. Wide variations were found between the figures as a function of the field in which nominated geniuses worked, with artists and sports players achieving the highest and lowest ‘agreed’ figures respectively. The subjectivity and transience of the concept of genius was apparent in both studies.
Examining Creative Performance in the Workplace through a Person‐Environment Fit Model
Authors: PUCCIO GERARD J. , TALBOT REGINALD J. , JONIAK ANDREW J.
Published: December 2011

Puccio, Treffinger, and Talbot's 1995 paper examined relationships between creativity style and characteristics of employees' products. Using the same data, the present investigation tested a quite different question. Specifically, this investigation explicitly tested a person‐environment fit model for predicting employees' level of creative productivity. A modified version of Kirton's Adaptor‐Innovator Inventory was used to operationalize the personenvironment fit model and a self‐report measure, based on Bese‐mer's work, was used to assess creative productivity. Multiple regression analysis yielded main effects across all three subtraits associated with Kirton's creativity style measure. Significant interaction effects were found for the efficiency subtrait and two of the subscales from the product measure. The interaction effects indicated that style match between the individual and the environment was associated with higher levels of product novelty and resolution. Greater negative effects of a style mismatch were found for those with an innovative preference. The implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
An Analysis of Early vs. Later Responses on a Divergent Production Task Across Three Time Press Conditions
Authors: JOHNS GREGG A. , MORSE LINDA W. , MORSE DAVID T.
Published: December 2011

Traditional assessments of divergent production have employed standard time press conditions of three minutes for measures of fluency, flexibility, and originality. Recent studies have provided evidence that the traditional time press condition may impede both fluency and quality of responses and that differences in divergent production responses have been found under a variety of creative prompting conditions. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of three time press and three creative prompt conditions on early vs. later trial originality scores for three divergent production stimuli. The participants were 91 undergraduate students enrolled in Educational Psychology courses who were randomly assigned to one of six experimental groups. The six groups were counterbalanced across the three vignette tasks in time press requirements and creative prompting. Aggregate differences were found in which there was a higher frequency of originality scores for the latter portions of trials as compared with the early portion of trials for all time press and prompting conditions.
Structured Imagination and the Writing of Creative Stories
Authors: PAVLIK LISA
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between structured imagination and creativity in story writing. Subjects produced phrases or paragraphs (image descriptions) that were meaningful/original, meaningful/nonoriginal, or nonmeaningful/nonoriginal. Then they wrote stories incorporating these phrases and paragraphs. Results showed that subjects in groups 1 and 2 wrote psychologically meaningful stories significantly more than subjects in group 3, and that subjects in group 2 wrote original stories significantly more than subjects in group 3. Also, these differences were moderately related to the qualities of meaning and originality of early ideas. In addition, the perceived emotional importance of story phrases was moderately related to psychological meaning. This suggests that the reader's perception of meaningful portrayal of characters may be necessary to produce emotionally important ideas.
Changing the Rules: Education for Creative Thinking
Authors: STROM ROBERT D. , STROM PARIS S.
Published: December 2011

Many countries are increasing the priority schools assign to creative thinking. This departure from expectations of the past is considered a way to enhance productivity and improve mental health. But, efforts to replace customary education practices are often met with resistance, a loss of harmony, and challenges which are unforeseen. This presentation describes ways schools and families could provide greater support for creative behavior. The rules guiding instruction at all levels of education should be revised. Some recommended changes implicate teacher training, methods for the evaluation of learning, use of technology tools, expectations of students, and adult willingness to take into account student impressions about how to improve schools.
Creativity in Learning Environments: The Case of Two Sixth Grade Art‐Rooms
Authors: HASIRCI DENIZ , DEMIRKAN HALIME
Published: December 2011

The four elements of creativity — the person, process, product, and environment — that come together for the purpose of clearly and completely defining creativity, form the structure of the research. Two sixth grade art‐rooms have been chosen as the setting, as a likely place to observe creativity and sixth graders as the sample group. Observations of each child in an art‐room, her/his creative process, product, and the assessment of a 1/20 model of the art‐room made by each student, were analyzed to form a complete picture of creativity. Results showed that the three elements of creativity (person, process, and product) were significantly different from each other. In addition, process and product occurring within the same environment were highly correlated with each other.
Camp Invention®: A Creative, Inquiry‐Based Summer Enrichment Program for Elementary Students
Authors: SAXON JEFFREY A. , TREFFINGER DONALD J. , YOUNG GROVER C. , WITTIG CAROL V.
Published: December 2011

Camp Invention® is a hands‐on creativity and science day camp run in partnership with more than 400 schools nationwide. The curriculum integrates science, history, mathematics, the arts, and fun — promoting creative learning and teamwork through interactive activities. In 2001, the Center for Creative Learning conducted an extensive nationwide evaluation of the camp's effectiveness and impact, surveying 17,526 participants, including campers, parents, and staff. The results strongly supported the positive impact of Camp Invention, for both girls and boys in urban and suburban settings, on attitudes towards creativity, active learning, and exploration. Camp Invention's innovative curriculum blends many important aspects of science and invention with the challenge of stimulating children's creativity and imagination.
Need for Uniqueness, Need for Cognition, and Creativity
Authors: DOLLINGER STEPHEN J.
Published: December 2011

This study examined two neglected dispositional contributions to creativity, namely needs for uniqueness and cognition. Multiple measures of creativity were used including an inventory of creative accomplishments, preference for complex visual figures (a measure similar to the Barron‐Welsh Art Scale), unconventional rather than popular word associations, and consensually‐assessed creative products. The latter included creative drawing, creative writing (a TAT story), richness of a photo essay about the self and the vividness of a recent dream. The predictors independently made significant contributions to creativity.
Serendipity in the Theater: Maude Adams as James M. Barrie's American Muse
Authors: DE CHUMACEIRO CORA L. DÍAZ
Published: December 2011

A special niche in theatre history is addressed to begin to fill a void in the contemporary creativity literature. The present essay focuses on Maude Adams and James M. Barrie in an attempt to demonstrate that, serendipitously, Adams initially impacted Barrie's creative process, and thereafter became his platonic source of inspiration for the plays he created for her, meriting the belated title of muse. Set change theory is underscored as a plausible cognitive explanation for Barrie's illumination. The psychoanalytic theory of transference is proposed as an underlying mechanism for facilitating the change of mental set during the incubation stage. A brief discussion on a selective theoretical integration from the fields of cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, and neuroscience is followed by conclusions.
Exploring the Role of Risk in Employee Creativity
Authors: DEWETT TODD
Published: December 2011

This paper argues that creative behavior requires an employee to be willing to engage risk. Aside from the discussion of risk propensity as an individual difference, a new situational variable will be developed and tested: willingness to take risks (WTR). WTR captures the employee's willingness to engage risks in their work and is positioned as an important influence on creative behavior. The results of a field study indicate that WTR is a significant predictor of employee creativity and, in addition, mediates the relationship between encouragement and creativity. The results are discussed in light of the current literature on employee creativity.
Behavior Analytic Contributions to the Study of Creativity
Authors: KUBINA RICHARD M. , MORRISON REBECCA S. , LEE DAVID L.
Published: December 2011

As researchers continue to study creativity, a behavior analytic perspective may provide new vistas by offering an additional perspective. Contemporary behavior analysis began with B. F. Skinner and offers a selectionist approach to the scientific investigation of creativity. Behavior analysis contributes to the study of creativity by investigating the controlling variables for novel behavior that people often times designate as creative. Specific environment‐behavior relations producing novelty include imitation, instructions, variability, interconnection of repertoires and contingency adduction.
An investigation into the psychosocial functioning of creative children: The impact of ADHD symptomatology
Authors: HEALEY DIONE , RUCKLIDGE JULIA J.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship among creativity, ADHD symptomatology, temperament, and psychosocial functioning by comparing four groups of children aged 10–12 years: (1) 29 ADHD children without creativity, (2) 16 highly creative children displaying ADHD symptomatology, (3) 18 highly creative children without ADHD symptomatology, and (4) 30 normal controls. Children completed the TTCT, Child Depression Inventory, Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale. Parents completed the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory, Family Environment Scale, and the parent version of the Kastan Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire. Parents completed the Conner's Rating Scales and Child Behavior Checklist, and teachers completed the Child Behaviour Checklist. Results showed that the presence of ADHD symptomatology in creative children was related to their temperamental characteristics, and parent reports of children's levels of anxiety and depression. However, family environment and mother's attributions did not appear to be related to the presence of ADHD symptomatology in creative children. These findings have implications for the development and management of creative children.
Choreography Styles in Figure Skating
Authors: MOORMANN PETER PAUL
Published: December 2011

Fifty‐eight figure skating trainers from fifteen different countries acted as volunteers in this study on choreography styles. The styles were based on reports of artistic‐creative strategies in composing music, drawing, writing poems or novels, and in making dances. The prevalence of the Mozartian (at the onset the choreographer already has a more or less complete plan in mind), Beethovenian (the choreographer does not start with a complete plan, but instead focuses on a succession of single and detailed elements) and Avant‐garde Style (instead of starting from the music, as the impulse for creating movements, trainers choreograph straight from movement ideas) is 77.2%, 56.4%, and 16.1% respectively. The results from a CATPCA reveal that the features, associated with the three choreography styles have loadings on two dimensions, one representing features predominantly belonging to primary process thinking (Mozartian), the other representing features predominantly related to secondary process thinking (Beethovenian and Avant‐Garde). In the discussion attention is paid to 1) why the Mozartian and Beethovenian are more popular than the AvantGarde Style, to 2) the universal quality of artistic‐creative styles in a wide range of artistic endeavors, and to 3) the differences between elite, runner‐up, and novice trainers on experience, on using the assistance of a professional choreographer, and on using the Avant‐Garde Style.
Artistic and Everyday Creativity: An Act‐Frequency Approach
Authors: IVCEVIC ZORANA
Published: December 2011

Scholars often distinguish everyday creativity and creativity in more formal domains, such as the arts. However, everyday creativity has been rather neglected in research. This paper compares artistic and everyday creativity. Three studies examine the content of behavior in artistic and everyday creativity, as well as similarities and differences in their relationships with personality traits, psychological well‐being, and psychopathology. Typical artistic creativity acts referred to time investment in the arts, generation of art works, and achievement in the arts, whereas typical everyday creativity acts concerned humor and self‐expression in daily activities. Both kinds of creativity were related to openness to experience, a personality trait described as the disposition towards creativity. However, artistic creativity was related to higher rates of psychopathology, while everyday creativity was related to extraversion, conscientiousness, and personal growth.
Idea evaluation: Error in evaluating highly original ideas
Authors: LICUANAN BRIAN F. , DAILEY LESLEY R. , MUMFORD MICHAEL D.
Published: December 2011

Idea evaluation is a critical aspect of creative thought. However, a number of errors might occur in the evaluation of new ideas. One error commonly observed is the tendency to underestimate the originality of truly novel ideas. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess whether analysis of the process leading to the idea generation and analysis of product originality would act to offset underestimation error in the evaluation of highly original new ideas. Accordingly, 181 undergraduates were asked to evaluate the originality of marketing campaigns being developed by six different teams where the level of idea originality was varied. Manipulations were induced to encourage active analysis of interactional processes and the originality of team products. It was found that active analysis of product originality and appraisal of interactional processes reduced errors in evaluating the originality of highly novel ideas. The implications of these findings for the evaluation of new ideas are discussed.
Which Chinese Creators are Famous and why: Views from Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese Students
Authors: CHEUNG CHAU‐KIU , YUE XIAO DONG
Published: December 2011

The list of recognized creators is constantly changing with the passage of time. An up‐to‐date list of recognized Chinese creators emerges from a survey of a large sample of Chinese students in various places in China. To understand the sustain‐ability of the creators' fame, this study examines how the creators' personal characteristics affect their fame, creativity, social contribution, and esteem, based on the students' viewpoints. Results show that scientists, compared with other professionals, consistently maintained higher fame, creativity, and social contribution. This finding is consistent with the emphasis on science, rationality, and objectivity in modern education as well as the meritorious evaluation bias in perceiving the utility of creativity in Chinese society. The creator's creativity showed an inverted‐U shaped relationship to fame. Hence, a moderate level of creativity was associated with the highest fame in the creator. There were some differences between Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese students' perceptions of the sustainability of fame, which is largely attributable to the influence of commercialism in Hong Kong.
Exceptional Creators to the World of Children: Investigating Children's Authors
Authors: DIEZMANN CARMEL M
Published: December 2011

Exceptional creators develop existing domains or create new domains through their contribution of products that are highly valued by society in a particular domain. Typically, adults make these value judgments. This study explored whether Gardner's (1997) model of an Exceptional Creator [EC], which was developed from a cross‐domain analysis and adult judgments of quality, would also hold true in a domain in which children made value judgments. The analyses confirmed that outstanding children's authors also demonstrated the key traits of an EC, namely, their use of childhood experiences and their tendencies to question assumptions and strike out on their own, and to explore their domains exhaustively. Additionally, four unique traits of outstanding children's authors were identified. These were extended links to childhood; the creation of “new worlds” for children that differed from their everyday world; a reliance on pictures and conversation; and demonstrations of strong visual‐spatial intelligence through illustrations and descriptions.
The Relationship between Creative Personality Composition, Innovative Team Climate, and Team Innovativeness: An Input — Process — Output Perspective
Authors: MATHISEN GRO ELLEN , MARTINSEN ØYVIND , EINARSEN STÅLE
Published: December 2011

This study investigates the relationship between creative personality composition, innovative team climate, and team innovation based on an input‐process‐output model. We measured personality with the Creative Person Profile, team climate with the Team Climate Inventory, and team innovation through team‐member and supervisor reports of team innovativeness. The personality composition in each of 29 teams in a television production company was operationalized by mean scores for each creative personality variable, as well as the combination of different creative personality variables within a team. The team climate variable “vision” mediated the relationship between the mean level of associative orientation in teams and team innovation. The team climate variable “support of innovation” mediated the relationship between the joint variables of mean level of ambition x mean level of motivation and team innovation. The results indicated that when there are relationships between creative personality composition and team innovativeness, they are mediated by an innovative team climate.
Age‐related Changes in Creative Thinking
Authors: ROSKOS‐EWOLDSEN BEVERLY , BLACK SHEILA R. , MCCOWN STEVEN M.
Published: December 2011

Age‐related differences in cognitive processes were used to understand age‐related declines in creativity. According to the Geneplore model (Finke, Ward, & Smith, 1992), there are two phases of creativity — generating an idea and exploring the implications of the idea — each with different underlying cognitive processes. These two phases are measured in the Creative Invention Task (CIT; Finke, 1990). Younger adults (n = 41) and older adults (n = 41) completed the CIT, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), and a measure of working memory capacity (Paper Folding test). In addition, the CIT was scored by both younger and older adults. There were age‐related declines on both phases of the CIT, but not on the TTCT. These declines were noted by both the younger and older raters. After adjusting for working memory capacity, however, age‐related differences on the CIT were nonsignificant.
Gender Differences in Creativity
Authors: BAER JOHN , KAUFMAN JAMES C.
Published: December 2011

Research on gender differences in creativity, including creativity test scores, creative achievements, and self‐reported creativity is reviewed, as are theories that have been offered to explain such differences and available evidence that supports or refutes such theories. This is a difficult arena in which to conduct research, but there is a consistent lack of gender differences both in creativity test scores and in the creative accomplishments of boys and girls (which if anything tend to favor girls). As a result, it is difficult to show how innate gender differences in creativity could possibly explain later differences in creative accomplishment. At the same time, the large difference in the creative achievement of men and women in many fields make blanket environmental explanations inadequate, and the explanations that have been proposed thus far are at best incomplete. A new theoretical framework (the APT model of creativity) is proposed to allow better understanding of what is known about gender differences in creativity.
Creativity from Constraints: What can we learn from Motherwell? from Modrian? from Klee?
Authors: STOKES PATRICIA D.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a problem‐solving model of variability and creativity built on the classic Reitman and Simon analyses of musical composition and architectural design. The model focuses on paired constraints: one precluding (or limiting search among) reliable, existing solutions, the other promoting (or directing search to) novel, often opposite, ones. The primary constraint pair precludes an existing goal criterion and promotes a novel one. Other constraints — source (elements for recombination), task (how materials are used) and subject (motif, theme) — are then strategically selected to realize the goal. A brief discussion of Abstract Expressionism introduces the model, which is then applied to the painting careers of Piet Modrian and Paul Klee.
The Personality Composition of Teams and Creativity: The Moderating Role of Team Creative Confidence
Authors: BAER MARKUS , OLDHAM GREG R. , JACOBSOHN GWENDOLYN COSTA , HOLLINGSHEAD ANDREA B.
Published: December 2011

We examined the possibility that teams composed primarily of individuals with personality characteristics conducive to team creativity (e.g., high extraversion, high openness to experience, low conscientiousness, high neuroticism, low agree‐ableness) would show synergistic increases in creativity when they experienced high levels of “team creative confidence”, a shared understanding that the team is more creative than each team member individually. We tested these hypotheses using a sample of 145 three‐student teams that worked on a set of idea generation tasks at Time 1 (T1) and a second set two weeks later at Time 2 (T2). As expected, results of cross‐lagged regression analysis indicated that when team creative confidence at T1 was high, team creativity at T2 increased quadratically as the number of team members who scored high on extraversion, high on openness, or low on conscientiousness increased. However, the number of individuals composing a team who scored high on neuroticism or low on agree‐ableness had no relation to team creativity under conditions of high or low team creative confidence. Implications of these results for the design of creative teams are discussed.
The Construct of Creativity: Structural Model for Self‐Reported Creativity Ratings
Authors: KAUFMAN JAMES C. , COLE JASON C. , BAER JOHN
Published: December 2011

Several thousand subjects completed self‐report questionnaires about their own creativity in 56 discrete domains. This sample was then randomly divided into three subsamples that were subject to factor analyses that compared an oblique model (with a set of correlated factors) and a hierarchical model (with a single second‐order, or hierarchical, factor subsuming all of the first order factors). After model refinement, both models were then tested on a confirmation sample. The hierarchical model had a better fit with the data than the oblique model, providing support for theories that have proposed a hierarchical structure to creativity, such as the Amusement Park Theoretical Model. The analysis provided evidence of both an over‐arching general factor and seven more specific General Thematic Areas of creative performance (Artistic‐Verbal, Artistic‐Visual, Entrepreneur, Interpersonal, Math/Science, Performance, and Problem‐Solving).
Trust, Connectivity, and Thriving: Implications for Innovative Behaviors at Work
Authors: CARMELI ABRAHAM , SPREITZER GRETCHEN M.
Published: December 2011

This study examines how trust, connectivity and thriving drive employees' innovative behaviors in the workplace. Using a sample of one hundred and seventy two employees across a variety of jobs and industries, we investigated the relationship between trust, connectivity (both measured at Time 1), thriving and innovative work behaviors (both measured at Time 2). Trust and connectivity were hypothesized to create a nurturing environment that enables people to thrive and be innovative in their work. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicate a sequential mediation model in which connectivity mediates the relationship between trust and thriving, and thriving mediates the relationship between connectivity and innovative behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications for employee thriving and innovative behaviors at work are discussed.
Students' Divergent Thinking and Teachers' Ratings of Creativity: Does Gender Play a Role?
Authors: KOUSOULAS FOTIS , MEGA GEORGIA
Published: December 2011

The differences between genders regarding the properties of divergent thinking and teachers' ratings of students' creativity are the issue of the present research. Data gathered from three previous experimental studies in Greek primary school students (N total = 228) was used for this purpose. In these studies, divergent thinking tasks were assigned to students and teachers' ratings were collected. The results showed that there were indeed differences in performance — except in the subscale of originality — in favor of girls who were more likely to perform better when they had a male teacher. Teachers' ratings of creativity were not related to students' gender but to teachers' gender.
Expertise, Domains, and the Consensual Assessment Technique
Authors: KAUFMAN JAMES C. , BAER JOHN , COLE JASON C.
Published: December 2011

The Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT) argues that the most valid judgments of the creativity are those of the combined opinions of experts in the field. Yet who exactly qualifies as an expert to evaluate a creative product such as a short story? This study examines both novice and expert judgments of student short fiction. Results indicate a need for caution in using non‐expert raters. Although there was only a small (but statistically significant) difference between experts' and novices' mean ratings, the correlation between the two sets of ratings was just .71. Experts were also far more consistent in their ratings compared to novices, whose level of inter‐rater reliability was potentially problematic.
Embeddedness and New Idea Discussion in Professional Networks: The Mediating Role of Affect‐Based Trust
Authors: CHUA ROY Y. J. , MORRIS MICHAEL W. , INGRAM PAUL
Published: December 2011

This article examines how managers' tendency to discuss new ideas with others in their professional networks depends on the density of shared ties surrounding a given relationship. Consistent with prior research which found that embeddedness enhances information flow, an egocentric network survey of mid‐level executives shows that managers tend to discuss new ideas with those who are densely embedded in their professional networks. More specifically, embeddedness increases the likelihood to discuss new ideas by engendering affect‐based trust, as opposed to cognition‐based trust. Implications for network and creativity research are discussed.
Unfolding the Measurement of the Creative Personality
Authors: ZAMPETAKIS LEONIDAS A.
Published: December 2011

Gough's Creative Personality Scale (CPS) is a self‐report personality inventory for creativity assessment. We investigated the undimensionality and the response process on the CPS from an ideal point (unfolding) perspective. The Graded Unfolding Model (GUM) was used to model binary responses and participants were 228 engineering students who completed a Greek version of the CPS. Results support the undimensionality of the CPS construct and suggest that unfolding measurement models may provide new insights to the assessment of creativity.
Is Originality in the Eye of the Beholder? Comparison of Scoring Techniques in the Assessment of Divergent Thinking
Authors: PLUCKER JONATHAN A. , QIAN MEIHUA , WANG SHUJUAN
Published: December 2011

Divergent thinking (DT) tests are among the most popular techniques for measuring creativity. However, the validity evidence for DT tests, as applied in educational settings, is inconsistent partly due to different scoring methods. This study explored the reliability and validity issues of various techniques for administering and scoring two DT tests. Results show distinct differences among several methods for scoring these DT tests and suggest that the percentage scoring method (i.e., dividing originality scores by fluency scores) may be the most appropriate scoring strategy. The potential impact on educational research and practice is discussed in detail.
The Influence of Different Pictorial Representations During Idea Generation
Authors: CARDOSO CARLOS , BADKE‐SCHAUB PETRA
Published: December 2011

During creative problem‐solving, designers frequently come across a variety of rich visual displays. While browsing for different sources of information, pictorial representations of existing concepts take prominence. However, once designers start generating new solution ideas to design problems, they often become too attached to some of the examples they encounter. Inadequate and excessive repetition of key attributes (e.g. object features, principles) from existing solutions has been termed design fixation. The study presented here investigates the influence that different pictorial representations of a particular solution had upon industrial design students during an ideation exercise. The findings demonstrate high levels of repetition of particular key attributes in the outcome generated by the treatment groups, when compared to a control condition. The results also show that such attribute repetition led to the occurrence of design fixation, with a visible detrimental impact for particular aspects of the ideas generated. Reasons for the occurrence of design fixation are discussed in light of its implications to design quality; and ultimately, to the use of different types of pictorial stimuli in design practice.
Creative Climate: A Leadership Lever for Innovation
Authors: ISAKSEN SCOTT G. , AKKERMANS HANS J.
Published: December 2011

The working atmosphere within an organization has an important influence on its level of innovative productivity. Organizational leaders influence innovative productivity as well as the climate for creativity and innovation. This exploratory study included 140 respondents from 103 different organizations, 31 industries, and 10 countries, all of whom completed an online survey focused on examining the intervening nature of the climate for creativity and innovation. First, those who perceived more leadership support for innovation had significantly better creative climate scores. Second, those who perceived higher levels of innovative productivity also had better climate scores. Finally, organizational climate as an intervening variable between leadership behavior and innovation was confirmed through partial correlation and mediation analysis. The findings of this study support the pivotal role that creative climate plays between leadership behavior and innovative productivity.
The cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine inhibits kinase activity, cell proliferation, multicellular development, and Cdk5 nuclear translocation in Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Huber Robert J. , O'Day Danton H.
Published: December 2011

Roscovitine, a cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor, inhibited kinase activity and the axenic growth of Dictyostelium discoideum at micromolar concentrations. Growth was almost fully rescued in 50 µM and ∼50% rescued in 100 µM roscovitine‐treated cultures by the over‐expression of Cdk5‐GFP. This supports the importance of Cdk5 function during cell proliferation in Dictyostelium and indicates that Cdk5 is a primary target of the drug. Roscovitine did not affect the expression of Cdk5 protein during axenic growth but did inhibit its nuclear translocation. This novel result suggests that the effects of roscovitine could be due in part to altering Cdk5 translocation in other systems as well. Kinase activity was inhibited by roscovitine in assays using AX3 whole cell lysates, but not in assays using lysates from Cdk5‐GFP over‐expressing cells. At higher concentrations, roscovitine impaired slug and fruiting body formation. Fruiting bodies that did form were small and produced relatively fewer spores many of which were round. However, roscovitine did not affect stalk cell differentiation. Together with previous findings, these data reveal that roscovitine inhibits Cdk5 during growth and as yet undefined Cdks during mid‐late development. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 868–876, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nondestructive evaluation of high‐temperature elastic modulus of 3C‐SiC using Raman scattering
Authors: Zhao X. , Yang F. , Zhang H. , Xiao P.
Published: December 2011

A nondestructive method is reported to measure the high‐temperature modulus of 3C‐SiC coating and bulk samples using Raman scattering. Within the temperature range from 20 °C to 900 °C, both the longitudinal optical and transverse optical phonon frequencies decrease linearly as the temperature increases. The elastic moduli derived from the longitudinal optical phonon agree with previous results measured using other techniques. It is further shown that the grain size and impurity only have a negligible effect on the elastic modulus of 3C‐SiC. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
α1‐Antitrypsin in Fibromyalgia: Results of a Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled, Double‐Blind and Crossover Pilot Trial
Authors: Alegre Cayetano , Barceló Mireia , Jardí Rosendo , Rodríguez‐Frias Francisco , Camprubí Sandra
Published: December 2011

Objective

To assess clinical effect of a human plasma‐derived alpha‐1 antitrypsin (AAT) concentrate in reducing pain severity of patients with fibromyalgia (FM).

Methods

Thirteen subjects with FM completed a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study which consisted of 9 weeks trial of AAT or placebo with a washout period of 6 weeks. Primary efficacy endpoint was change on pain severity score, assessed by a daily visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. Other outcome measures included a tender point score, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, (FIQ), the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF‐36), the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ‐DI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and tiredness score evaluated by VAS.

Results

No statistically significant differences were observed in either pain severity or other secondary outcome measures in either of the treatment groups, or between treatment groups in either of the treatment periods. No carryover or order of intervention effect was observed from one treatment to the other. Both investigational interventions were generally well tolerated, and vital signs during the drug infusions were within the respective normal ranges.

Conclusion

Treatment with a human plasma‐derived AAT concentrate did not demonstrate significant improvement over placebo on reducing pain severity and other symptoms of FM. Further research should examine other FM subpopulations and drug doses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of motion compensation strategies and repeatability for abdominal 1H MR spectroscopy measurements in volunteer studies and clinical trials
Authors: Germuska M. , Tunariu N. , Leach M. O. , Xu Jian , Payne G. S.
Published: December 2011

Increased expression of choline kinase has frequently been shown in tumours and is thought to be associated with disease progression. Studies using magnetic resonance spectroscopy have shown an increase in total choline‐containing metabolites (tCho) in tumour compared with healthy tissue. Subsequent reductions in tCho following successful treatment support the use of tCho as a biomarker of disease and response. However, accurate measurement of tCho using MRS in abdominal tumours is complicated by respiratory motion, blurring the acquisition volume and degrading the lineshape and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of metabolites.

Motion compensation using prospectively gated acquisitions or offline correction of phase and frequency distortions can help restore the SNR and linewidth of metabolites. Prospectively gated acquisitions have the advantage of confining the volume of acquisition to the prescribed volume but are constrained by the repetition time (TR) of the respiratory motion. In contrast, data acquired for offline correction may use a shorter repetition time and therefore yield an increased SNR per unit time. In this study abdominal spectra acquired from single‐voxel ‘free‐breathing’ measurements in liver of healthy volunteers and in abdominal tumours of cancer patients were compared with those of prospective gating and with an implementation of offline correction. The two motion compensation methodologies were assessed in terms of SNR, linewidth and repeatability.

Our experiments show that prospective gating and offline correction result in a 12–22% reduction in median tCho linewidth, while offline correction also provides a significant increase in SNR. The repeatability coefficient (the expected interval for 95% of repeat measurements) for tCho/water ratio was reduced by 37% (prospective gating) and 41% (offline correction).

Both methods of motion compensation substantially improved the reproducibility of the tCho/water measurement and the tCho linewidth. While offline correction also leads to a significant improvement in SNR, it may suffer more from out‐of‐voxel contamination. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dielectric relaxation and thermodynamic properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone using time domain reflectometry
Authors: Sarode Arvind V. , Kumbharkhane Ashok C.
Published: December 2011

Temperature‐dependent values of dielectric permittivity ε′ and dielectric loss ε″ of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, commercialized as PVP K‐60) solution of average molecular weight 160 000 g mol−1were measured. The measurements were carried out in the frequency range 10 MHz to 20 GHz using time domain reflectometry at temperatures from 25 to 0 °C. The dielectric spectra can be described by the Davidson‐Cole model. Dielectric parameters such as the static dielectric constant ε0, the high frequency limiting dielectric constant ε∞, the relaxation time τ0and the distribution parameter β and thermodynamic parameters such as the free energy of activation ΔFτ, the enthalpy of activation ΔHτand the entropy of activation ΔSτwere determined. The average free energy of activation was found to be in the range 12.55–14.65 KJ mol−1and the enthalpy of activation was found to be 6.86 KJ mol−1. Entropies of activation were found to be positive at all the measured temperature values and these large positive values of entropies reveal a less ordered structure of the PVP solution. The Kirkwood correlation factorgand the dipole moment µ were also determined for PVP solution. The results were compared with the results of the PVP‐water system studied previously. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of new sulfone‐derivatized phenylenevinylene‐based conjugated copolymers with evolving energy levels and gaps
Authors: Nguyen Thuong H. , Zhang Cheng , Li Rui , Sun Sam‐Shajing
Published: December 2011

A new series of stable, processable, and chain end functionalizable sulfone‐derivatized phenylenevinylene‐based conjugated polymers (SFPVs) containing different donor type comonomers have been synthesized and characterized. The polymer main chains are consisted of a sulfone‐phenylene electron accepting unit coupled with an electron donating unit which is derived from one of the dialdehyde comonomers based on benzene, thiophene, and pyrrole (with or without alkoxy side chains). The optical energy gaps (Eg) of the new polymers (in solvent) are in a range of 1.9–2.3 eV, with the lowest energy gap obtained from the polymer containing pyrrole as the donor unit. By using a combination of strong donor unit (such as pyrrole) and a relatively weak but stable acceptor unit (sulfone‐substituted benzene), Eg of the conjugated polymers can be tailored to below 2 eV, while the vinylene bonds on the polymer main chain are still chemically stable to survive strong basic conditions as compared with the S,S‐dioxo‐thiophene‐based PTV polymers developed earlier for potential supra‐molecular block copolymer systems. The lowest energy gap P(Pyrrole‐SFPV) exhibited 10 times better photoelectric power conversion efficiency than P(TV‐SFPV). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Dynamics alignment: Comparison of protein dynamics in the scop database
Authors: Tobi Dror
Published: December 2011

A novel methodology for comparison of protein dynamics is presented. Protein dynamics is calculated using the Gaussian network model and the modes of motion are globally aligned using the dynamic programming algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, commonly used for sequence alignment. The alignment is fast and can be used to analyze large sets of proteins. The methodology is applied to the four major classes of the SCOP database: “all alpha proteins,” “all beta proteins,” “alpha and beta proteins,” and “alpha/beta proteins”. We show that different domains may have similar global dynamics. In addition, we report that the dynamics of “all alpha proteins” domains are less specific to structural variations within a given fold or superfamily compared with the other classes. We report that domain pairs with the most similar and the least similar global dynamics tend to be of similar length. The significance of the methodology is that it suggests a new and efficient way of mapping between the global structural features of protein families/subfamilies and their encoded dynamics. Proteins 2012; © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.