bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to second language accent prompts recalibration of phonemic categories
Authors: McLaughlin Drew Jordan , Samuel Arthur G.
Published: January 2024

We examine how first language (L1) Spanish listeners with varying levels of experience with English recalibrate their phonemic category boundaries following exposure to second language (L2), American English-accented Spanish. Specifically, we examine changes to voice onset time (VOT) boundaries, which are often positively-shifted when produced by American English-accented Spanish speakers (as compared to L1 Spanish speakers). Our results demonstrate that listeners make adjustments to their phonemic category boundaries following exposure to accented words with the critical sounds in onset position (e.g., “bailar” and “parir”, meaning “to dance” and “to give birth”, for the /b/ and /p/ phonemic categories). In many cases generalization of phonemic learning was also observed, such that boundaries for categories that were not presented in training were also adjusted. Surprisingly, however, there were cases in which boundaries for trained categories did not show adjustments; for example, listeners trained with items for all places of articulation (POAs) showed recalibration of their bilabial and alveolar boundaries but not their velar boundary. Also notable was the role of the Spanish listeners' experience with English: More experienced listeners showed more positively-shifted (English-like) boundaries in the pre-test session. This suggests that more experienced listeners may have rapidly identified the American English-accented Spanish and applied their English category boundaries accordingly. We conclude that listener accommodation of L2 accent is supported by a phonemic recalibration mechanism, and that experience with the L1 of an L2-accented speaker facilitates rapid recalibration of phonemic categories.
Trends in Views of Democracy and Society and Support for Political Violence in the United States: Findings from a 2023 Nationally Representative Survey
Authors: Wintemute Garen J. , Robinson Sonia , Crawford Andrew , Tomsich Elizabeth A. , Reeping Paul M , Shev Aaron , Velasquez Bradley , Tancredi Daniel Joseph
Published: January 2024

Background: A 2022 survey in the USA found concerningly high prevalences of support for and personal willingness to engage in political violence, of beliefs associated with such violence, and of belief that civil war was likely in the near future. It is important to determine the durability of those findings. Methods: Wave 2 of a nationally representative cohort survey was conducted May 18-June 8, 2023; the sample comprised all respondents to 2022’s Wave 1. Outcomes are expressed as weighted proportions; changes from 2022 to 2023 are for respondents who participated in both surveys, based on aggregated individual change scores. Results: The completion rate was 84.2%; there were 9385 respondents. After weighting, 50.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 49.4%, 52.1%) were female; weighted mean (± standard deviation) age was 48.5 (±25.9) years. One in 6 (16.1%, 95% CI 15.0%, 17.1%) agreed strongly/very strongly in 2023 that “having a strong leader for America is more important than having a democracy,” a 2.3% decrease from 2022. About 1 in 20 (5.7%, 95% CI 5.1%, 6.4%) agreed strongly/very strongly that “in the next few years, there will be civil war in the United States,” a 7.7% decrease. Of these respondents, 38.4% (95% CI 32.3%, 44.5%) strongly/very strongly agreed that “the United States needs a civil war to set things right.”In 2023, fewer respondents considered violence to be usually/always justified to advance at least 1 of 17 specific political objectives [25.3% (95% CI 24.7%, 26.5%), a 6.8% decrease]. However, more respondents thought it very/extremely likely that within the next few years, in a situation where they consider political violence justified, “I will be armed with a gun” [9.0% (95% CI 8.3%, 9.8%), a 2.2% increase] and “I will shoot someone with a gun” [1.8% (95% CI 1.4%, 2.2%), a 0.6% increase]. Among respondents who considered violence usually/always justified to advance at least 1 political objective, about 1 in 20 also thought it very/extremely likely that they would threaten someone with a gun (5.4%, 95% CI 4.0%, 7.0%) or shoot someone (5.7%, 95% CI 4.3%, 7.1%) to advance such an objective.Conclusions: In this cohort, support for political violence declined from 2022 to 2023, but predictions of firearm use in political violence increased. These findings can help guide prevention efforts, which are urgently needed.
Tugas Matematika B01 Kelas 5C
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: January 2024

Tugas Matematika B01 Kelas 5C
Tugas Matematika B02 Kelas 5A
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: January 2024

Tugas Matematika B02 Kelas 5A
Tugas Matematika B02 Kelas 5B
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: January 2024

Tugas Matematika B02 Kelas 5B
Tugas Matematika B02 Kelas 5C
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: January 2024

Tugas Matematika B02 Kelas 5C
Tugas Matematika B02 Kelas 4D
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: January 2024

Tugas Matematika B02 Kelas 4D
aini zhafara
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: January 2024

aini zhafara cahaya asia
Menumbuhkan Kesadaran Warga Mengurangi Limbah Plastik dengan Ecobrick
Authors: Joleha Joleha , Yenie Elvi , Elianora Elianora , Suprayogi Imam , Lilis Handayani Yohanna
Published: January 2024

Kegiatan pengurangan sampah plastik menjadi ecobrick ini merupakan bagian dari kegiatan tim Pengabdian Masyarakat Terintegrasi dengan mahasiswa Kukerta Universitas Riau tahun 2021. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kesadaran warga perumahan Putri Tujuh II Pekanbaru untuk mengurangi sampah plastik. Volume sampah plastik merupakan yang terbesar setelah sampah organik yang dihasilkan oleh kegiatan rumah tangga, yang keberadaannya perlu dimanfaatkan untuk mengurangi volume sampah rumah tangga baik di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPS) maupun Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA). Untuk itu perlu dibangun/meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat melalui penyuluhan, pelatihan dan penerapan pentingnya mengurangi sampah rumah tangga dengan memanfaatkan sampah plastik menjadi ecobrick. Setelah kegiatan ini, warga dapat mengetahui cara membuat ecobrick dan warga mengetahui bahwa ecobrick dapat mengurangi timbulan sampah. Dari pengamatan lapangan dapat disimpulkan bahwa diperlukan pendampingan yang berkesinambungan agar warga tetap semangat dalam menjalankan aktivitasnya hingga menjadi terbiasa. Dukungan pemerintah juga diperlukan agar keberlanjutan dapat terjaga.
Pra-Contruction Risk Assesmant Pada Renovasi Lahan Parkir Roda Dua Rs. Pekanbaru Medical Center Kota Pekanbaru Tahun 2023
Authors: Bella Julyanty Astrina , Edigan Firman , Tustina Situmeang Farrah
Published: January 2024

Rumah sakit sebagai instansi pelayanan kesehatan yang berhubungan langsung dengan pasien harus mengutamakan pelayanan kesehatan yang aman, bermutu, antidiskriminasi dan efektif dengan mengutamakan kepentingan pasien sesuai dengan pelayanan rumah sakit. Rumah sakit merupakan pusat kegiatan yang menimbulkan bangkitan dan tarikan cukup banyak. Sarana dan prasarana merupakan hal penting pada sebuah rumah sakit terutama lahan parkir yang aman bagi pasien, pengunjung dan juga pekerja rumah sakit. Untuk menyediakan sarana dan prasana tersebut maka diperlukan perencanaan konstruksi pembangunan yang benar-benar matang dan terkontrol agar tercapainya pembangunan. Dalam pembangunan suatu proyek konstruksi, seperti halnya renovasi lahan parkir di RS Pekanbaru Medical Center. Diperlukan pengendalian dan pengawasan untuk proyek tersebut, karena pengendalian proyek merupakan hal penting  dalam  proses  pengelolaan  suatu proyek terutama pada mereka yang berada di lingkungan rumah sakit seperti pasien, petugas kesehatan, pengunjung, dan juga pada tenaga kerja bagian kontruksi dirumah sakit. Dengan adanya pelaksanaan Assesment Risiko Pra-Contruction (PCRA) merupakan salah satu bentuk upaya untuk menciptakan tempat kerja yang aman, sehat, bebas dari pencemaran lingkungan sehingga dapat mengurangi dan atau bebas dari kecelakaan kerja dan penyakit akibat kerja yang pada akhirnya dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktifitas kerja. Hasil yang dicapai setelah proses pelaksanaan tersebut ialah pemasangan beberapa safety sign dan poster yang berada di area yang rawan dengan kecelakan.
Analysis of Wave Characteristic in Fuel Terminal Serui
Authors: Mas'ud M Ahmad Azwar , Suntoyo Suntoyo , Pratikto Widi A.
Published: January 2024

The Serui Fuel Terminal is a vital state-owned facility distributing fuel oil throughout Yapen Island, Papua Province. However, this facility has a problem: waves or overtopping, which can even cause damage to existing facilities. This research aims to determine the hydrodynamic process and wave characteristics through theoretical analysis and numerical modeling using Mike21 with Hydrodynamic (HD) and Spectral Wave (SW) Modules. Bathymetry, current and tidal data collected in the field and wave data collected from ECMWF, calibration is carried out by comparing modeling output (currents & tides) with the results of observations and wave propagation and transformation study theoretically and compared with the results of wave modeling, so the accuracy of the modeling results can be reviewed. The validation results of tidal modeling with a MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value of 0.3%, current modeling with a MAPE value of 30%, and waves from each orthogonal with an average MAPE of 15%. Generally, wave height on the shoreline is 0.3-0.4 m (calm waves), and the cause of the overtopping that occurs is due to the geometry and type of existing coastal buildings with smooth sloping sides and impermeable, which makes the wave height double with a run-up height 0.6-0.8 m
The Development Strategy Tourism in Mapur Island Marine Conservation Area Bintan Regency
Authors: Winanda Treza Desri , Amrivo Viktor , Zulkarnain Zulkarnain
Published: January 2024

The coastal area of Mapur village is a conservation area that is a tourist attraction because of its uniqueness and natural beauty. This aims to increase people's income, utilize seagrapes without exploiting them, and make tourism while still paying attention to preserving the aquatic environment sustainably. This research was carried out in February 2022 in the Bintan Waters, Mapur Island, Bintan Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province. The method used in this study is mixed, including qualitative and quantitative methods. In this study, researchers explored data and information on topics or issues related to strategies for tourism development by describing qualitative and quantitative data using SWOT analysis. In selecting informants, the researchers used a purposive sampling technique with 30 respondents: a village leader, a PKK leader, the LPM, a youth organization leader, an Ecology Foundation Team, three fishermen, and 22 tourists. Results show that Mapur Village can be categorized as a water conservation area, which has now been designated as  TWP (Tourism Water Park) in Bintan Timur. This village has excellent potential and is very promising as a tourism destination based on its natural resources, such as abundant sea grapes with high economic value ecological conditions. Waters and social support, beautiful beaches, and coral reefs in good condition all support the development of tourism on Mapur Island. The best strategy is to implement an aggressive approach by maximizing existing strengths and opportunities, which can be done with 4 SO strategies: cultivating sea grapes with eco-farming techniques, utilizing sea grapes and beautiful beaches to bring in tourists, and opening business opportunities for rural communities. They are building cooperation between village communities and the government, universities, and LPM and expanding promotions.
Gastropod Community Structure in the Mangrove Area, Kuala Batee District, Southwest Aceh District
Authors: Rahmi Mira Mauliza , Farija Nurul , Lisdayanti Eka
Published: January 2024

This research was conducted to determine the types of gastropods and the structure of the gastropod community in the Mangrove area of Kuala Batee District, Southwest Aceh Regency. The quantitative descriptive method is used to determine research stations using purposive sampling techniques. Gastropod sampling was carried out at three station locations, each station consisting of three sub-stations with a size of 10 x 10 m. In the substations, 15 transects measured 1 x 1 m, namely, two points at the corner of each transect and one point in the middle. The results of the research showed that the gastropods found were 11 species from 4 ordo, ordo Archaeogastropoda consists of Neritina turita, N.semiconica, N.variegate, Neritodryas dubia, and Clithon corona, ordo Ceanogastropoda consists of Faunus ater and Bitium munitum, ordo Mesogastropoda consists of Cerithidea optusa, Stenomelania plicaria, and Thiara scabra, ordo Ellobiida consist of Cassidula angulifera. The structure of the gastropod community in the mangrove area of Kuala Batee District, Southwest Aceh Regency, has a diversity index ranging from 0.65-1.32, including the medium category, uniformity index values ranging from 0.36-0.63 including the medium category, and dominance values ranging from between 0.33-0.63 is included in the medium category. Environmental parameters in the mangrove area show an average temperature value of 28.20C, a salinity value of 5.6 ppt, and a pH value of 8.3
Correlation between Coral Reef Cover Condition and the Abundance of Megabenthos on Setan Island, West Sumatra
Authors: Siringoringo Frido S. , Mulyadi Aras , Thamrin Thamrin
Published: January 2024

In the coral reef ecosystem, there is a food source for small fish, which are prey for various kinds of associated biota; one of the biota that lives in the coral reef ecosystem is megabenthos. Megabenthos is influenced by the quality of the coral reef ecosystem, where if conditions are good, the coral will have a greater chance of high megabenthos diversity. This research was carried out in March 2023 in Setan Island, West Sumatra. This research analyzes the relationship between coral reef conditions and megabenthos abundance. The method used in this research is a survey method. Observations of coral reef cover were carried out using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method, and megabenthos abundance was measured using the Bhentos Belt Transect (BBT) method. Observations were carried out at four stations (3 and 6 m deep) with a transect length of 50 m. Based on the average value of the percentage of coral reef cover, it is still categorized as being in poor condition, namely 18.87%. There is a relationship between the percentage of live coral reef cover and the abundance of megabenthos with a percentage of 55.27%, with the types of megabenthos clams (Tridacna sp), sea cucumbers (Holothuria sp), snails (Trochus sp), lobsters (Panulirus sp), fur pigs (Diadema sp), snails (Drupella sp), and starfish (Acanthasper sp).
Determinants Influencing Banking Practices among Municipal Residents
Authors: Rana Bikash
Published: January 2024

Sustaining financial stability and managing family finances require the application of sound banking practices. Finding the important variables that affect city dwellers’ banking preferences is the main goal of this study. The research was conducted in the Rupandehi District of Nepal, specifically located in the Lumbini Zone within the Western Development Region, specifically within the Tilottama Municipality. A diverse range of individuals, encompassing various age groups, genders, occupations, and educational backgrounds, actively participated in the study by diligently completing comprehensive questionnaire. Using a mix of descriptive and causal research frameworks, the study found that factors like convenience, and security have a positive influence on banking behaviors. Conversely, no meaningful relationship was found between the urban population’s banking practices and awareness, availability and motivational factors. The similarity of bank services and the greater levels of financial awareness and literacy that are common in cities may be the cause of this lack of correlation. Therefore, the results of this study may be helpful to banking institutions in creating and putting into practice plans to boost banking participation.
Job Satisfaction and Workplace Harassment: An Investigation in the Nepalese Development Banking Sector
Authors: Neupane Nisha
Published: January 2024

In today’s context, workplace harassment has become a widespread issue, and its repercussions extend to an employee’s personal life, family, and career. The principal objective of this research endeavor was to examine the occurrence of workplace harassment and the resultant consequences for job satisfaction in the banking sector of Nepal. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that various forms of harassment including verbal, physical, and psychological have a substantial and statistically significant effect on the job satisfaction of employees. Furthermore, this study establishes that these forms of harassment-verbal, physical, and mental – are positively and significantly correlated with one another. Sadly, it is evident that these types of harassment disproportionately affect assistant and junior-level officers, leading to a notable reduction in job satisfaction within their workplace.
Factors affecting Consumer’s Preference of Fast-Food Product in Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City
Authors: Pun Ranjana
Published: January 2024

The objective of this study is to examine and assess the determinants that impact the decision-making process of consumers in the Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City with regards to fast food products. The dependent variable in this study is consumer preference, while taste, cost, quality, and service are considered as independent variables. A descriptive and causal research design was employed in this study, with a sample size of 384 participants, primarily comprising students from Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City universities. Primary data is obtained through the utilization of a structured questionnaire. Statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis conducted through the use of SPSS software are commonly employed to ascertain the relationships between the dependent variable, consumer preference, and the independent variables, namely taste, cost, quality, and service. The correlation analysis reveals noteworthy associations among taste, cost, quality, service, and consumer preference. The findings of the regression analysis indicate a statistically significant and positive relationship between consumers preferences for fast food items and factors such as taste, quality, and service. This suggests that consumers prioritize these factors when making decisions regarding fast food options. Conversely, the study suggests that consumer preference is minimally influenced or unaffected by cost, as observed among the participants.
Association of Mother's Education with Maternity and Newborn Care Practices in Nepal
Authors: Thasineku Om Chandra
Published: January 2024

Mother’s education plays a crucial role for enhancing maternal and child health. This paper aims to examine the association of mother's education with maternity and newborn care practices in Nepal. It builds primarily on secondary data obtained the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. In this study, it was found that 22.4 percent of mothers with no education made four or more antenatal care visits, which increased to 31.2 percent among those who had completed SLC or higher levels of education. In terms of place of delivery, more than 30 percent of the mothers who completed SLC or higher education chose to had their babies in health facilities. Likewise, over 30 percent of mothers who having SLC or higher education ensured their own and their newborns' health was assessed by healthcare professionals after delivery. Mother's education plays a significant (p<0.05) role in increasing antenatal visits, motivating women to have deliveries with health facilities, giving preference to health checkups of mothers and newborns before and after delivery, and preferring health checkups of the mothers and the newborns by health personnel, which eventually improved maternal and newborn health. The main finding of this study is that increasing levels of mother's education have a significant positive association with maternity and newborn care practices in Nepal. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the nation invest in women's education up to a higher level to improve the health status of both mothers and children.
Establishing Philosophy for the Development of School Curriculum
Authors: Dhungana Jiwan
Published: January 2024

This paper is an attempt to explore the guidelines for establishing philosophy for school curriculum development. It is a theoretical article that consulted several philosophies, theories, books, and research articles to understand multiple realities and issues of philosophy concerning curriculum development. The data collection and analysis were organized with global themes that emerged through the review of different literature. The paper has analyzed that the curriculum development process required a particular process rather than employing an established philosophy. The curriculum depends upon what society has understood about education and should be designed upon building such society which the society aspires to transform into. The legal and political system, educational philosophies, global and local philosophical perspectives of curriculum development, curriculum conceptions, and contemporary educational issues are the major influencing factors to ponder upon for developing a philosophy of school curriculum.
Use of Stimulus Variation Skill in Teaching Health Education
Authors: Subedi Kusum Raj , Aryal Bhagwan , Maharjan Ram Krishna
Published: January 2024

This study has assessed the state of knowledge about stimulus variation skills and practical classroom use among college-level health education teachers. Using a qualitative phenomenological study design, the researchers collected data from health education teachers teaching master's health education in Dolakha, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Chitwan districts. Eighteen health education teachers participated in in-depth qualitative interviews, nineteen teachers' classes were observed, and 4 focus group discussions including 26 teachers were conducted. The qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The results found out from this study demonstrated that there was confusion among teachers whether stimulus variation was a motivational skill or it was a matter of pedagogy. It showed that the participants had a little knowledge of purposeful movement inside the class, effective and appropriate use of gestures, change in speech pattern, interaction style, sense channels, postures and many more stimulus variation skills. Some teachers used intentional movement, and a smaller number of teachers used sensory channel changes and postural changes. In this regard, education college teachers need re-orientations on using all six stimulus variation skills.
Adapting English Teacher Professional Development to Shifting Educational Situations in Higher Education: Trends and Prospects
Authors: Gyawali Yadu Prasad
Published: January 2024

This study explores the need for transforming professional development for English teachers. Similarly, it focuses on the overview of traditional professional development methods and proposes alternative approaches, such as personalized learning and collaborative communities of practice. In addition, the article highlights the importance of aligning professional development with the evolving demands of the English language curriculum and the challenges posed by digital technologies. The study explores the necessity of adapting English teacher professional development programs to changing educational conditions through thematic-based content analysis of the research found in Google Scholar and Eric databases. Furthermore, related papers and litmaps were used to analyze the authorship and coverage of the study. Recent research from the ERIC and Google Scholar databases strengthens the need for ongoing, workplace-based, and personalized professional development programs that are connected with the evolving demands of the English language curriculum and digital technology. The findings of this study, thus, reinforce the need for transformative professional development programs that are aligned with the changing demands of the English curriculum and digital technology and prioritize the individualized learning needs of instructors. The research underlines the necessity for English teachers to adjust their professional development practices to meet the ever-evolving requirements imposed by the English curriculum. The results suggest that professional development strategies should be adapted to meet the changing educational circumstances. Overall, the study offers guidelines for the design and implementation of transformative professional development programs that improve teacher learning and student outcomes.
The Victim of Derogatory Treatment in the Second War: An Analysis of Billy Pilgrim in Kurt Vonnegut’s novel ‘Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade.’
Authors: Humagain Sumargi , Gautam Shreedhar
Published: January 2024

The novel, ‘Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children’s Crusade’ by Kurt Vonnegut, is deemed as an anti-war book, primarily concerned with avoidance of the war and deliberate desire to escape from the recollection of the horrible devastation of the world war. This research aims to focus on Billy Pilgrim’s bitter experiences of the brutality of war and horrific experiences imposed upon him by his fellow and the German soldiers in the Second World War. The purpose of this study is to identify the abuse of the power on victimizing the submissive character. The research is based on the qualitative research to explore the contexts and dialogues revolving around the major characters relevant to their exploitative and derogatory natures dictated on Billy Pilgrimage. The research gathers sources of information primarily from this novel and secondarily from the concerned journals, theses and books. This research enables the learners to seek out series of predicaments, challenges and hardships during the world war notably relevant to Billy’s derogated experiences and instill feeling of the anti-war.
वात्सायनको कामसूत्रमा साहित्य विश्लेषणको सैद्धान्तिक आधार (The Theoretical Basis of Literature Analysis in Vatsayan's Kamasutra)
Authors: Ghimire Ghanshyam , Baral Khil Prasad , Sharma Nira , Gautam Jayram
Published: January 2024

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमूलक लेखमा वात्सायनको कामसूत्रको अध्ययन गरी यसबाट साहित्य  विश्लेषणको आधार खोजी गरिएको छ । वात्सायनको कामसूत्र विश्व साहित्यमा नै प्राचीनतम एवम् व्यवस्थित यौनविषयसँग सम्बन्धित पुस्तक हो । तर यसलाई कामविज्ञानका रुपमा मात्र अध्ययन भइरहेको पृष्ठभूमिमा यस लेखमा साहित्यिक मूल्यको खाजी गरिएको छ । सम्भोकलासँग सम्बन्धित कामसूत्रमा शृङ्गार रस र यसका सामग्रीहरु (विभाव, अनुभनव, व्यभिचारीभाव र स्थायीभाव) का बारेमा व्यापक र व्यवस्थित चर्चा भएको छ । त्यसैगरी त्रिवर्ग (धर्म, अर्थ र काम) अन्तर्गत कामका बारे विस्तृत रुपमा विश्लेषण गर्दै काम र मनका बीचको नजिकको सम्बन्ध अनि मनको आनन्दको प्रमुख स्रोत काम वा सम्भोगसुख विषय कामसूत्रमा उल्लेख भएको छ । यस लेखमा कामसूत्रमा रहेको शृङ्गारिकता एवम् काम र मनको सम्बन्धलाई साहित्य विश्लेषणको सैद्धान्तिक आधारका रुपमा पहिचान गरिएको छ ।

[In the presented research article, Vatsayana's Kamasutra has been studied and the basis of literary analysis has been sought from it. Vatsayana's Kamasutra is the oldest and systematic book related to sex in world literature. But in the background that it is being studied only as a work science, the literary value has been checked in this article. In the Kamasutra related to Sambhogkala, there has been a comprehensive and systematic discussion about Sringara Rasa and its ingredients (vibhava, anubhanava, vyabhicharibhava and permanentbhava). In the same way, the close relationship between work and the mind and the main source of happiness of the mind is mentioned in the Kamasutra by analyzing work in detail under the three categories (religion, artha and sex). In this article, the beauty and the relationship between work and mind in the Kamasutra have been identified as the theoretical basis of literary analysis.]
The Extended Access Created by the Capitalist Economy
Authors: Budhathoki Drona , Sharma Binod , Bhattarai Teknath , Nyaupane Ramji Prasad , Shrestha Suresh
Published: January 2024

Capitalism is an economic and political system in which trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Its core principles are: accumulation, ownership, and profiting from the capital. The study field was Dhankuta District, Mahalaxmi Municipality Ward no. 2. The principal objective of this article is to explore the extended access of the capitalist economy in the settlement of local communities. This study is based on a period of 10 years from January 2013 to September 30, 2023. In this study, primary data have been collected based on 42 households by census method. Interview schedule and observation method were used to carry out the process. The views of Chaitanya Mishra, Immanual Wallstein, Ian Carlos Fitzpatrick and Jagannath Adhikari have been included in the study. People here have spread to new places to worship like local market, Terai's Dharan, Itahari, Damak, Belbari, and Basbari Goldhap. This article contributes to a deeper understanding of economic systems, their impact on individuals and societies, and the potential for reform or transformation.
Enhancing Rural Enterprise Services: A Case of Small Enterprises in Khalanga Bazaar
Authors: Parajuli Suraksha , Bhattarai Bhishma , Raut Bin Bahadur , Bidari Sandesh , Aryal Uttam
Published: January 2024

Concerns about policymakers and academics regarding the role of entrepreneurship in the socio-economic development is increasing around the world. People should be encouraged to pursue their careers in creating enterprises through practicable schemes for any societies to grow economically and sustain in the long run. Despite different components of socio-economic factors, this article is focused on ways of enhancing rural enterprise services. The method adopted was the observation and the interview and the design was descriptive. Data were collected in 2022. The findings show that education and training, access to finance, marketing and use of technology played a prominent in making an individual motivate towards entrepreneurship in rural hilly areas of Nepal. This research contributes to the academic discourse on rural enterprise development while offering actionable insights for policymakers, local communities, and entrepreneurs. By addressing the specific challenges faced by small enterprises in Khalanga Bazaar, the study aspires to inform strategies that can be extrapolated to similar rural contexts, ultimately fostering sustainable economic growth and community resilience.
Study of Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Effluent from the Wastewater Treatment Plant Hetauda and Karra River Water
Authors: Pahadi Prakash , Adhikari Solar , Chaubey Srijesh
Published: January 2024

The outcome of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on its usual operation was evaluated in the month of December with the help of its comparison with the running water of Karra River and with the influent from the industries located at Hetauda Industrial District (HID) area. The comparative study of water quality on the basis of their Physico-chemical parameters were carried out for final industrial waste water (S1) before entering the treatment process, waste water after the final treatment procedure (S2) and water sample from the downward stream of Karra river after the mixing of the effluent from the treatment process (S3). The sampling and other experimental processes were carried out. The parameters like temperature of the sample, turbidity, colour, odour and PH values were calculated at the respective sites while the remaining ones were carried out in the chemistry laboratory of Makawanpur multiple campus, Hetauda. The parameters like conductivity, total suspended solids, Hardness and chemical oxygen demand were calculated following standard procedures.
Epidemiological profile of Kala-azar in a tertiary care center of Mid Western Nepal
Authors: Mandal Rajesh Kumar , Pande Rajan , Karki Jiwan , Bajracharya Sandeep Raj , Malla Vivek , Subedi Prashant
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND Kala-azar has been endemic in the central and eastern Terai region of Nepal neighbouring North Bihar, India. Data of Kala-azar in Mid and Far Western Nepal is scarce. We conducted this study to highlight the burden of Kala-azar in this region.

METHODS This study was a cross sectional study conducted from July 2019 to May 2023 in the Department of Internal Medicine of Bheri Hospital. A total of 112 patients diagnosed with Kala-azar were enrolled in study. Data about socio-demographic profile and outcome were entered in MS EXCEL and analyzed by SPSS 20.

RESULTS A total of 112 patients were enrolled in study with female predominance 86 (76.79%). Majority of the patients 37(33.03%) were of less than 15 years of age. Kala-azar cases were distributed not only to Terai districts but also in hilly and mountainous districts of Karnali and Sudur paschim provinces. 95(84.82%) cases were new and 17 cases were relapsed cases. 98(87.50%) cases improved with treatment, 5(4.46%) cases expired while one case was referred.

CONCLUSIONS Kala-azar is a neglected tropical disease in Nepal. Once confined to the tropical Terai region, it has now been moving towards hills and mountains of Mid and Far Western Nepal. Public awareness campaign and strengthening the Kala-azar treatment centers would help to attain the goal of Kala-azar elimination program of Nepal.
Pattern of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Western Nepal - an Echocardiographic study: a single centre experience
Authors: KC Bishal , Gautam Samir , Dhungel Sachi , Hirachan Anish , Khan Mazhar , Shakya Abhishesh , Panjiyaar Rajesh
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a preventable but chronic debilitating sequela to the acute rheumatic fever. It takes several years for manifestations, however can present early in places with high prevalence. Most common valve involved are mitral and aortic. Echocardiography is simple tool to diagnose the presence as well as quantify the valvular lesion. This study aims at identifying the pattern of valvular involvement in RHD in community heart center in western Nepal.

METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of the patients presenting with Rheumatic heart disease over the period of two years from July 2020 to July 2022.

RESULTS Altogether 563 echocardiograms with diagnosis of RHD were recorded over the period of two years. The mean age was 33.59±12 years. The commonest age group involved was 21-40years (56.66%). Overall, there was female preponderance over male, 77.4% vs 22.6%. Isolated MR was the commonest among the isolated lesion (64.44%). Multivalvular lesion was more common than isolated lesions 76.03% vs 23.97%. Isolated mitral stenosis (MS) and isolated mitral regurgitation (MR) was more common in female 82.1% and 758% respectively whereas isolated aortic regurgitation (AR) was more common in male (55%). Involvement was in the order of MS+MR>AR+MR>MS+AR>AS+AR>MS+AS>AS+MR in the cases of multivalvular lesion. Mean mitral valve area was .2±0.39 cm2. Among the MS, 65(19.69%) had mild, 145(43.93%) had moderate and 120(36.36%) had severe lesion and all were common in female and the age group 21-40years. Mild, moderate and severe MR was more common in female while severe AR was found only in male. Overall, 271(48.13%) had pulmonary hypertension and was more common in severe MS.

CONCLUSION Valvular heart disease is common and the most common lesion is RHD in developing country like ours. This study shows that RHD is more common in female and middle age group. Multivalvular lesion is more common than the isolated lesions.
Fahr's Disease a Rare calcific Neurodegenerative Disorder: A case report
Authors: Agrahari Mahendra Kumar , Shrestha Joon Kumar , Poudel Gun Raj , Singh Ranjita
Published: January 2024

Fahr's disease, also known as Fahr's syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disorder mentioned by abnormal deposition of calcium in the bilateral basal ganglia and other regions of the brain. We report a case presented to us with detailed description diagnosed as Fahr's disease, the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and treatment options.
Effectiveness of iron-based phosphate binders in reduction of hyperphosphataemia in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Pokhrel Anil , Chand Hema , K.C. Prabal , Shrestha Nilasma , Ghimire Pradeep , Ghimire Pravesh , Adhikary Laxman Prasad
Published: January 2024

Background: Ferric citrate is novel iron-based phosphate-binding drug for management of hyperphosphataemia and iron-deficiency anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.
Objectives: To evaluate impact of ferric citrate therapy on reduction of phosphate levels and improvement in haematological parameters in CKD stages 3-5.
Methods: This analytical, observational study was conducted at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital from 2020 July-December after ethical clearance using convenience sampling method. Non-dialysis dependent patients at CKD stages 3-5, having hyperphosphataemia (serum phosphate >=4.6mg/dL) and anaemia (serum haemoglobin <12 gm%, transferrin saturation <=30%, ferritin <=300ng/mL) were administered with 2gm twice daily dose of ferric citrate for 12 weeks and evaluated on outcomes in terms of reduction in serum phosphate levels and improvement in haematological parameters as study endpoints. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed in SPSS v.25. Significance level was set at p <0.05.
Results: Of 84 study participants, majority had CKD stage 4 (46, 54.76%). A significant reduction (p <0.001) in mean serum phosphate levels of 6.21 ± 1.062 mg/dL from baseline to 4.89 ± 1.100 mg/dL in 12-weeks was observed. Patients with CKD stages 3, 4, and 5 had mean reduction of 1.67 (p = 0.005), 1.40 (p <0.001), and 1.04 mg/dL (p = 0.002) of serum Phosphate level respectively. Significant (p <0.001) improvements in hemoglobin level, serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation were reported.
Conclusion: Ferric citrate is effective and well-tolerated phosphate-binder to improve hyperphosphataemia and iron deficiency anaemia in non-dialysis CKD stage 3, 4, and 5.
Knowledge of scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery amongst medical students at a tertiary hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Panthee Anuja , Pokhrel Prenit , Panthee Asmita , Khapung Anju
Published: January 2024

Background: Diagnosis and surgical treatment of varieties of traumatic, pathologic, functional, and aesthetic disorders of stomatognathic system are included in the scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). Although this speciality plays a significant part in dentistry and medicine; dental and medical professionals still do not fully comprehend the exact depth.
Objectives: To understand the level of knowledge amongst medical students of different levels, to promote the scope of OMFS among health care communities, and establish a fair understanding of the speciality’s contribution.
Methods: This questionnaire based descriptive, cross-sectional survey was done on purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from 2022 October to 2022 December among medical students and interns of Nepal Medical College via questionnaire after receiving institutional ethical clearance. Data were entered, coded, and edited using Microsoft Excel 2010 and analysed using SPSS v.20. Descriptive statistics are presented in frequency, percentage, and mean.
Results: A total of 254 study participants were included of which 149 (58.66%) were male and 105 (41.34%) were female. Of all, 99 (38.98%) were first year medical students, 80 (31.50%) were second year students, and 75 (29.53%) were interns. Mean knowledge score in preclinical students was 6.27 ± 1.73 and 7.12 ± 1.85 in interns. The result shows adequate knowledge for both groups.
Conclusion: Findings of this study assesses the level of knowledge of medical students at a tertiary hospital which will help to highlight the need for awareness and education regarding OMFS, promoting its development, contribution, and impact among the health care professionals.
Comparison of stroop colour-word test among male and female students in a medical college of Nepal
Authors: Gautam Yubina
Published: January 2024

Background: The Stroop Colour-Word Test is a widely used neuropsychological test. This test is designed to assess impaired concentration and the struggle to stay focused despite of distractions. There are conflicting data on the gender difference in Stroop test.
Objectives: To make a gender comparison of the reaction time by Stroop Colour-Word Test in young healthy medical students.
Methods: This was a cross -sectional analytical study conducted at the Department of Physiology, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences from 2022 August to 2022 October. Stroop Color Word test was done in healthy medical students with three different cards, a control card (colour word written in black color), congruent card (colour word written in same color as written word) and incongruent card (colour word written in different colour then word written). The number of errors made and reaction time was noted. Paired t-test was applied. Gender comparison was made and independent sample t-test was done.
Results: Out of total 130 participants, 68 were females and 62 were males. The number of errors made was 0,0 and 12.8 ± 2 and the reaction time was 38.3 ± 2.3, 37.2 ± 2.8 ,72.5 ± 5.6 seconds for control, congruent and incongruent card respectively which was statistically significant for incongruent card. There was no significant difference between males and females.
Conclusion: Reaction time by Stroop Colour-Word Test is longer for incongruent words. There is no gender difference in errors made or reaction time in Stroop Colour-Word Test.
Assessment of inconclusive biopsies at a tertiary care dental hospital
Authors: Manandhar Dhan Kumari , Bajracharya Dipshikha , Badhu Akanksha , Koju Sushmit , Ojha Bidhata , Bhandari Pradeep
Published: January 2024

Background: Biopsy has crucial role in definitive diagnosis of lesions followed by appropriate treatment of the same. There are situations to clinicians when the report from the oral pathologists comes as “inconclusive biopsy”, instead of a definitive diagnosis.
Objectives: To determine the frequency and reasons for inconclusive biopsy as the final diagnosis, in biopsy samples obtained for histopathological evaluation.
Methods: This retrospective chart review was conducted in a total of 982 biopsy reports from the archive of the Department of Oral Pathology of Kantipur Dental College. Reports from 2016 to 2021 A.D were assessed after institutional ethical approval utilising convenience sampling. Clinical details were assessed from the patient's biopsy requisition form. Inconclusive diagnosis as the final sign-outs were evaluated, to analyse the reasons for such reports according to the standard criteria. For analysis, SPSS v.20 software was used.
Results: Out of 982 biopsy reports, 140 (14.2%) inconclusive biopsy reports were recovered. The reasons for inconclusive biopsy in descending order was 129 (92.1%) poor quality of sample, five (3.6%) insufficient biopsy, three (2.1%) inappropriate fixative, two (1.4%) both insufficient and poor-quality sample and one (0.7%) lack of clinical or radiographic details. Comparison between central and peripheral inconclusive reports was not statistically significant (p >0.05).
Conclusion: This study indicates that careful surgical approach is a must along with proper transportation of the biopsy sample and a detailed clinical and radiographic information to avoid inconclusive biopsy reports.
Sonological grading of non-alcoholic fatty liver and comparison with liver enzymes
Authors: Chaudhary Arbind , Kafle Pankaj , Karki Lalit , Thapa Narayan Bikram
Published: January 2024

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming more well acknowledged as a significant contributor to liver-related morbidity and mortality.
Objectives: To assess the sonological grading of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and comparison with liver enzymes.
Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from 2022 August to 2023 January among the patients referred to radiology unit for liver sonography with diagnosis of non-alcoholic liver disease. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review committee of Kathmandu Medical College (Ref. 12082022/06). A convenience sampling method was used. The sample size calculated was 107. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, and standard deviations) was used to describe the variables of interest. One-way analysis of variance was applied for comparison of serum liver enzymes in between various grades of NAFLD at 5% significance level.
Results: Mean age of the patients was 37.9 ± 17.8 years, with 60% females. Most patients had grade I NAFLD (82, 76.6%), whereas 23 (21.5%) were of grade II. Levels of liver enzyme: Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) with p-value 0.02 and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) with p-value 0.03 were associated with fatty liver grade.
Conclusion: Ultrasound-based grading of the severity of NAFLD was associated with abnormalities in the liver enzyme profile of patients. The SGPT and SGOT levels correlated with increasing severity of NAFLD based on ultrasound.
Toxicity evaluation of essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Aryal Sunil , Poudel Asmita , Bajracharya Ajaya Shree Ratna , Aryal Lok Nath , Kafle Kapil
Published: January 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, toxicity, and effectiveness of clove bud oils against Sitophilus zeamais in the stored maize variety Manakamana-4. The toxicity evaluation of the oil on maize weevils were conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with eight treatments including seven different oil concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.625%, 0.3125% and 0.15625%) and control replicated four times at laboratory conditions in National Entomology Research Center, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal during 2020/2021. The results exhibited higher toxicity of clove oil to weevils after 72 h of oil exposure. Higher concentrations and longer exposure periods resulted in an increased mortality rate. Lower concentrations required a longer time for 50% of the weevil population to kill, whereas higher concentrations required a shorter time. Moreover, the essential oil was effective in causing the mortality of the weevil population at all three time intervals of 6, 10, and 16 days with varying mortality rate as lower concentrations required extended exposure time. In the same way, repellency assays of clove oil by applying four different concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1.25%) on Whatman filter paper showed significant pest repellant activity. Repellent action was also highly dependent upon oil concentration and exposure time showing highest repellent activity (98.75%) at 10% concentration at 24 h interval. Additionally, it indicated higher the concentrations of clove oil higher the seed germination and fewer the weevil progeny emergence, and vice-versa. Since clove oil is considered to have low mammalian toxicity and a minimum risk pesticide, it can be incorporated into integrated pest management system in storage against maize weevils.