bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Footwear Recommendations and Patterns Among Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons
Authors: Farber Daniel C. , Knutsen Elisa J.
Published: July 2013

Background. Foot and ankle surgeons are in a unique position to educate patients about the importance of proper footwear. Neither their recommendations regarding shoe selection nor their own footwear patterns have previously been reported. Methods. A total of 866 members of the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) were asked to complete a survey via the Internet. Topics included specific shoe brands recommended to patients, how attributes of footwear are communicated, and respondents’ footwear habits. Results. In all, 276 (32%) surgeons responded, and 64% recommended New Balance athletic shoes to patients; 26% did not recommend specific brands. It was found that 50% wear New Balance athletic shoes; 25% wear Nike. Rockport (27%) and SAS (27%) were the most recommended dress shoes. In all, 76% are familiar with AOFAS guidelines for proper shoe fit, but only 56% educated their patients about the guidelines; 43% do not consider what patients might think of their shoes when selecting what to wear in the clinical setting. Conclusions. Despite the multitude of different brands, several were commonly recommended. Respondents seem to be aware of the impact of their own shoe selection on patients’ perspectives of footwear, but many do not consider themselves role models for proper footwear.

Level of Evidence: Internet survey
Lodging Executives’ Sentiment As a Leading Economic Indicator
Authors: Aliouche E. Hachemi , Barber Nelson A. , Goodman Raymond J.
Published: July 2013

The lodging industry is known to be closely linked to the general economy. Lodging executives and managers have a unique position in current and future economic events. This study examines whether lodging executives’ sentiment can be regarded as a leading indicator for the aggregate economy. It uses a new index (Lodging Executives’ Sentiment Index [LESI]) that has captured on a monthly basis lodging executives’ sentiment for over ten years. The LESI can be regarded as an additional tool in the toolbox of decision makers, researchers, and analysts to validate and potentially extend existing economic indicators’ forecasts. This study finds that lodging executives’ expectations can be regarded as leading indicators for retail sales, employment, interest rates, and stock prices. When used in conjunction with the LESI, the predictive power and the forecast horizon of well-established indicators, such as the Conference Board’s Index of Leading Economic Indicators, can be significantly improved. Given its respectable forecasting performance, its longer forecast horizon (twelve months ahead), its timeliness, the limited resources needed to produce its monthly outlook, and the lack of a generally recognized high-performing leading economic indicator, the LESI may be used as an additional indicator that may provide further insight into the future direction of the economy and increase decision makers’ confidence in their business-planning, decision-making, and risk-assessment processes. In addition, the LESI can give lodging managers an early glimpse of the direction of the overall lodging industry beyond their own properties and markets, thus helping them in operational and planning decisions.
Providing Breastfeeding Support in the Hospital Setting for Mothers Who Have Infants With Down Syndrome
Authors: White Melissa
Published: July 2013

Breastfeeding is the gold standard when it comes to infant feeding due to the significant health benefits it offers infants. The advantages of breast milk are even greater for infants with Down syndrome because of their increased risk for infections and gastrointestinal issues. However, because babies with Down syndrome often experience unique challenges that can compromise successful breastfeeding, the hospital uses special techniques in the nursery to ensure the mothers have the necessary education to initiate breastfeeding and to troubleshoot should problems arise. The techniques outlined are designed to address issues of hypotonia, sleepiness, and tongue thrusting, which are common in babies with Down syndrome.
Parent’s/Caregiver’s Relationship and the Impact on Nutrition
Authors: Cullinane Diane , Novak Patricia
Published: July 2013

The social–emotional interactions between parent and child are critical to an adaptive eating pattern. A complete assessment of feeding and nutrition requires inquiry into the caregiver/parent–child relationship during eating. This article details the 6 areas of social functioning derived from the six functional emotional milestones of the DIR/Floortime (DIR = Developmental, Individual Difference, Relationship) approach. When inquiry into these six areas is included in a comprehensive feeding assessment, there are direct implications for treatment planning and ultimately treatment effectiveness. These six areas are (1) the mood or emotional tone in the mealtime interaction; (2) pleasure in the introduction and exploration of new foods together with parents; (3) the parent’s ability to attune to child’s communicative attempts; (4) the parent’s ability to support the child’s drive to independence; (5) the parent’s ability to engage in play and conversation about feelings, imagination, and creative ideas; and (6) the parents’ ability to provide logical and accurate meanings to the child’s behavior and questions. By gaining a thorough assessment of the child’s interactions with their caregiver/parent, a clinician will be able to formulate intervention strategies that take advantage of the strengths in the relationship, and identify areas where they can support further developmental growth.
From traditional cognitive–behavioural therapy to acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: a mixed-methods study of staff experiences of change
Authors: Barker Estelle , McCracken Lance M
Published: July 2013

Health care organizations, both large and small, frequently undergo processes of change. In fact, if health care organizations are to improve over time, they must change; this includes pain services. The purpose of the present study was to examine a process of change in treatment model within a specialty interdisciplinary pain service in the UK. This change entailed a switch from traditional cognitive–behavioural therapy to a form of cognitive–behavioural therapy called acceptance and commitment therapy. An anonymous online survey, including qualitative and quantitative components, was carried out approximately 15 months after the initial introduction of the new treatment model and methods. Fourteen out of 16 current clinical staff responded to the survey. Three themes emerged in qualitative analyses: positive engagement in change; uncertainty and discomfort; and group cohesion versus discord. Quantitative results from closed questions showed a pattern of uncertainty about the superiority of one model over the other, combined with more positive views on progress reflected, and the experience of personal benefits, from adopting the new model. The psychological flexibility model, the model behind acceptance and commitment therapy, may clarify both processes in patient behaviour and processes of staff experience and skilful treatment delivery. This integration of processes on both sides of treatment delivery may be a strength of acceptance and commitment therapy.
“Notify Your Partners—It’s the Law”
Authors: Lichtenstein Bronwen , Whetten Kathryn , Rubenstein Casey
Published: July 2013

HIV care providers in the United States must counsel clients about disclosure to sexual partners and report anyone who is suspected of noncompliance. This study compared provider attitudes and practices in relation to counseling clients about mandatory disclosure in North Carolina and Alabama, the 2 states with similar HIV epidemiology but different laws for HIV control. Personal interviews were conducted with 20 providers in each state (n = 40). The results were analyzed in a qualitative, cross-comparison method to identify patterns of convergence or difference. Providers in both states believed that clients often failed to notify sexual partners and were secretive if questioned about disclosure. Differences in counseling styles and procedures for each state were noteworthy. Compared to Alabama, North Carolina had harsher penalties for nondisclosure, stricter and more standardized procedures for counseling, and providers expressed greater support for HIV criminalization. Although most North Carolina providers viewed the stricter standards as beneficial for HIV care and control, Alabama providers were likely to view such standards as a barrier to patient care. These results indicated a direct relation between state HIV law, provider attitudes, and counseling procedures for mandatory disclosure.
The Association of Cytopenias and Weight Loss with Hepatitis C Virus Virologic Response in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients Treated with PEG-IFN and RBV
Authors: Slim Jihad , Mildvan Donna , Han Jian , Korner Eli
Published: July 2013

Background:

Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)/ribavirin (RBV)-related cytopenias have been associated with improved virological outcomes among hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected patients. This analysis evaluated PEG-IFN/RBV-related cytopenias with virological responses among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.

Methods:

Pooled data from PARADIGM and AIDS Pegasys Ribavirin International CO-infection Trial (APRICOT) trials of HIV/HCV-infected patients treated with PEG-IFN/RBV. Virologic response was categorized as HCV RNA detectable (end of treatment nonresponders [ET-NR]) or nondetectable (end of treatment responders [ETR]). Declines in hemoglobin (Hgb), platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and weight between the groups were compared via analysis of covariance and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test.

Results:

A total of 474 patients, 291 ET-NR and 183 ETR (67 relapsers, 116 with sustained virologic response), 81% male, 52% Caucasian, 88% noncirrhotic, and 67% nondetectable HIV. The ETR experienced greater Hgb declines (≥3.0 g/dL) from baseline (73.8% versus 55.0%; P < .0001), neutrophils ≤1 and ≤ 0.5 × 109/L (66.1% versus 56.4%; P = .0334 and 42.6% versus 33.3%; P = .0312, respectively), and lymphocytes ≤1.5 and ≤0.5 × 109/L (99.5% versus 87.6%; P < .0001 and 24.6% versus 14.9%; P =.0079, respectively).

Conclusions:

The HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with ETR experienced greater declines in Hgb, neutrophils, and lymphocytes than the ET-NR patients.
Size, composition and shape dependent melting temperature for AuPt bimetallic nanoparticles
Authors: Jiang X B , Zhao M
Published: July 2013

According to the shape dependent melting temperature model for nanoparticles, an analytical model has been developed to describe the size, composition and shape dependent melting temperature. Results show that the size dependent melting temperature of bimetallic particles has a similar trend to that of the monometallic nanoparticles. The effect of composition on the melting temperature depends on the melting point of the component elements. The shape effect can be estimated by the surface/volume ratio of the bimetallic nanoparticles. The accuracy of our model is confirmed by recent molecule dynamic simulations.
Constitutive modelling and springback prediction for creep age forming of 2124 aluminium alloy
Authors: Xu X L , Zhan L H , Li Y G , Huang M H
Published: July 2013

In order to improve the mechanical properties and reduce fabrication cost of large sheet metal parts, creep age forming (CAF) technology was developed, which is a process combined creep forming and heat treatment together. Springback of the workpiece in CAF is directly related to process parameters, such as, aging time, experimental stress and temperature. The aim of this paper is to establish a set of creep constitutive model, which can accurately predict the springback of 2124 aluminium alloy in CAF. A series of creep tests were carried out under different stress levels as 200, 225 and 250 MPa, and different temperatures as 185, 190 and 195°C for the solid solution treated and quenched 2124 aluminium alloy. Based on creep test data, a set of classic creep constitutive equations were established. Some important conclusions were drawn: the fitting curves of the constitutive equations could describe the test data in a good way; the creep strain increases with the increasing aging time, temperature and experimental stress. Then the springback of 2124 aluminium alloy during CAF process were analyzed by the finite element software MSC.Marc. Comparisons between the experiment analyses and finite element models show good correlation, and approve the forecast capability of FEM simulation for springback after CAF. At the end, the influence of process parameters on springback is studied, which provides essential foundation for designer to evaluate scheme and to optimise tool system design.
Characterisation of multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy resin composites
Authors: Singh S , Srivastava V K , Prakash R
Published: July 2013

The main theme of this paper is to describe the mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/epoxy resin composites with the variation of MWCNT fillers. The work tried to achieve a uniform distribution of MWCNT filler in the epoxy matrix by modifying the hardener and mixing conditions. The MWCNT fillers were used to fabricate the MWCNT/epoxy resin composites with the variation of weight percentage of 0⋅5, 1, 2 and 3. The dispersion of MWCNT in epoxy resin was carried out with the help of three ball rolling mill process. A significant improvement in tensile strength, compressive strength and elastic modulus was observed due to the excellent dispersion of the MWCNT filler in the epoxy resin that give higher values of tensile strength, compressive strength and elastic modulus at 3 MWCNT.
The influence of zirconium carbide addition on oxidation behaviour of NiAl coatings prepared by cold spraying of ball-milled Ni–Al alloy powder
Authors: Xie R , Li D , Yang G , Li C
Published: July 2013

The microstructure and oxidation behaviour of NiAl and NiAl/ZrC coatings prepared by cold spraying of ball-milled Ni/Al alloy powders were investigated. The microstructure of the mechanically alloying Ni/Al powder and NiAl coating was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that the homogeneity of the microstructure of ball-milled Ni/Al composite powder was modified by the addition of fine ZrC particles. The microstructure of the cold sprayed NiAl/ZrC coatings was denser than that of the NiAl coatings without the addition of ZrC particles. α-Al2O3 oxide scales were formed on the surface of both NiAl coating and NiAl/ZrC coatings during oxidation at 1050°C. After NiAl with ZrC addition was oxidised at 1130°C for 50 h, the α-Al2O3 scale was less than 5 μm, which exhibited excellent oxidation resistance.
Transformation and precipitation behaviour of Ti–Mo bearing high strength medium-carbon steel
Authors: Deng X , Wang Z , Misra R D K , Li Y , Wang G
Published: July 2013

The authors describe here the transformation and precipitation behaviour of Ti–Mo bearing high-strength medium-carbon steel during continuous cooling, using a combination of thermo-simulation and microscopy approach. The study demonstrates that Ti and Mo carbides precipitate during austenite-to-ferrite, austenite-to-bainite and even during austenite-to-martensite transformations, contributing to precipitation strengthening. Four different types of precipitates in the size range of 3–200 nm were observed during the transformation. They are spherical (Ti,Mo)C and TiC, cuboidal (Ti,Mo)(C,N) and long thin strips of Fe xC. The size of the precipitates was large and the density was less during austenite transformation. However, the size decreased and density increased during the austenite-to-bainitic ferrite transformation. During the austenite-to-martensite transformation, a high density of fine and spherical-shaped precipitates comprising of Ti and Mo in the range of 3–10 nm were observed.
Effects of Si and Mg elements on the microstructure of aluminum–steel joints produced by pulsed DE-GMA welding–brazing
Authors: Shi Y , Shao L , Huang J , Gu Y
Published: July 2013

Pulsed double electrode-gas metal arc welding–brazing of aluminum alloy and galvanised steel had been conducted using Al–Si and Al–Mg filler wires, respectively. Good formation and little deformation for the lap joint design were obtained. The microstructure, composition and phase analysis of weld joints were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron probe microanalyser and X-ray diffraction. By comparing the microstructures of weld joints using different welding wires, it was found that intermetallic compound layers formed at the interface of aluminum and galvanised steel weld seam using Al–Si filler wire were composed of a needle-like shape FeAl3 layer at the weld seam side and a flat Fe2Al5 layer at the galvanised steel side, while a Fe2Al5 intermetallic compound layer was present when using Al–Mg filler wire and it was tongue-like oriented toward the galvanised steel side, and a FeAl3 zigzag-like intermetallic compound layer was also found at the aluminum side. After the weld samples were peeled down using Al–Si filler wire, the Fe0·7Al3Si0·3 phase was detected on the peeled surface of the weld joint. By comparing the intermetallic compounds formed in the weld seam using different welding wires, it indicated that Si had the effects to inhibit the formation of the Fe2Al5 intermetallic compound by reducing the diffusion rate of Fe by exhibiting the Al–Fe–Si intermetallic compound. Under the constant total current and the same bypass current, the strength of weld joints using Al–Si filler wire is larger than the strength of weld joints using Al–Mg filler wire by tension tests.
Micro-defect effect on gigacycle fatigue S-N property and very slow crack growth of high strength low alloy steel
Authors: Li W , Yuan H , Wang P , Sakai T
Published: July 2013

The gigacycle fatigue properties of two kinds of high strength low alloy steels were examined under axial loading, and the effect of micro-defect on their S-N properties and very slow crack growth behaviours was evaluated. Differing from the exhibited duplex S-N property for one of them under rotating bending, all data indicate the continuously descending S-N properties associated with surface and interior micro-defects induced failure under axial loading. The micro-defect causing interior failure corresponds to the microstructural inhomogeneity instead of the inclusion. Based on the evaluation of the severity of the stress distribution around the defect and crack tips, the surface or interior crack induced by the micro-defect can still propagate with a rate less than 10−10 m/cycle in the gigacycle fatigue regime. Good agreement between the predicted and experimental results shows that the duplex S-N property and fatigue strength of steel in the gigacycle regime is greatly dependent on the size of the micro-defect exposed from the relevant control volume of specimen under different loading conditions, especially the size of the interior micro-defect.
Microstructural characterisation and properties of quaternary Ni50Mn29Ga20Gd1 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy
Authors: Gao L , Wang H B , Sui J H , Cai W
Published: July 2013

A Heusler Ni50Mn29Ga20Gd1 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy is obtained by substituting 1 at-Gd for Ga in a ternary Ni50Mn29Ga21 alloy. The microstructure, phase transformation, magnetic and mechanical properties of Ni50Mn29Ga20Gd1 alloy are investigated. It is shown that the Ni50Mn29Ga20Gd1 alloy has the best overall mechanical properties among the Ni50Mn29Ga21-xGdx ( x = 0, 0·1, 0·5, 1, 2, 5) alloys. Compression tests show that a compressive strength of 1124·42 MPa with a compressive strain up to 16·25 can be achieved in this alloy. The mechanism of the improved mechanical properties is also discussed. The results demonstrate that the grains are refined obviously by the addition of 1 at- Gd. The microstructure of the Ni50Mn29Ga20Gd1 alloy consists of the matrix and the hexagonal Gd(Ni, Mn)4Ga phase distributing mainly along the grain boundaries. Martensitic structure changes from five-layered martensite with 0 at-Gd to seven-layered modulated martensite with 1 at-Gd. One-step thermoelastic martensitic transformation occurs in this quaternary alloy. The martensitic transformation temperatures of the Ni50Mn29Ga20Gd1 alloy increase and its Curie temperature keeps unchanged compared with that of ternary Ni50Mn29Ga21 alloy. Coupling of the magnetic and structural transitions is observed in the Ni50Mn29Ga20Gd1 alloy.
Novel members of the AGAMOUS LIKE 6 subfamily of MIKCC-type MADS-box genes in soybean
Authors: Wong Chui E , Singh Mohan B , Bhalla Prem L
Published: July 2013

Background

The classical (C) MIKC-type MADS-box transcription factors comprise one gene family that plays diverse roles in the flowering process ranging from floral initiation to the development of floral organs. Despite their importance in regulating developmental processes that impact crop yield, they remain largely unexplored in the major legume oilseed crop, soybean.

Results

We identified 57 MIKCc-type transcription factors from soybean and determined the in silico gene expression profiles of the soybean MIKCc-type genes across different tissues. Our study implicates three MIKCc-type transcription factors as novel members of the AGAMOUS LIKE 6 (AGL6) subfamily of the MIKCC-type MADS-box genes, and we named this sister clade PsMADS3. While similar genes were identified in other legume species, poplar and grape, no such gene is represented in Arabidopsis thaliana or rice. RT-PCR analysis on these three soybean PsMADS3 genes during early floral initiation processes revealed their temporal expression similar to that of APETALA1, a gene known to function as a floral meristem identity gene. However, RNA in situ hybridisation showed that their spatial expression patterns are markedly different from those of APETALA1.

Conclusion

Legume flower development system differs from that in the model plant, Arabidopsis. There is an overlap in the initiation of different floral whorls in soybean, and inflorescent meristems can revert to leaf production depending on the environmental conditions. MIKCC-type MADS-box genes have been shown to play key regulatory roles in different stages of flower development. We identified members of the PsMADS3 sub-clade in legumes that show differential spatial expression during floral initiation, indicating their potential novel roles in the floral initiation process. The results from this study will contribute to a better understanding of legume-specific floral developmental processes.
Argan oil prevents prothrombotic complications by lowering lipid levels and platelet aggregation, enhancing oxidative status in dyslipidemic patients from the area of Rabat (Morocco)
Authors: Haimeur Adil , Messaouri Hafida , Ulmann Lionel , Mimouni Virginie , Masrar Azelarab , Chraibi Abdelmjid , Tremblin Gérard , Meskini Nadia
Published: July 2013

Background

It is now established that patients with hyperlipidemia have a high risk of atherosclerosis and thrombotic complications, which are two important events responsible for the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease. In the context of managing dyslipidemia by means of dietary advice based on the consumption of argan oil, we wanted to investigate the effect of virgin argan oil on plasma lipids, and for the first time, on the platelet hyperactivation and oxidative status associated with dyslipidemia. This study concerns patients recruited in the area of Rabat in Morocco.

Methods

39 dyslipidemic (79% women) patients were recruited for our study in the area of Rabat in Morocco. They were randomly assigned to the two following groups: the argan group, in which the subjects consumed 25 mL/day of argan oil at breakfast for 3 weeks, and the control group in which argan oil was replaced by butter.

Results

After a 3-week consumption period, blood total cholesterol was significantly lower in the argan oil group, as was LDL cholesterol (23.8% and 25.6% lower, respectively). However, the HDL cholesterol level had increased by 26% at the end of the intervention period compared to baseline. Interestingly, in the argan oil group thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was lower, and oxidative status was enhanced as a result of lower platelet MDA and higher GPx activity, respectively.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our results, even if it is not representative of the Moroccan population, show that argan oil can prevent the prothrombotic complications associated with dyslipidemia, which are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Assessment of plaque evolution in coronary bifurcations located beyond everolimus eluting scaffolds: serial intravascular ultrasound virtual histology study
Authors: Lee Il Soo , Bourantas Christos V , Muramatsu Takashi , Gogas Bill D , Heo Jung Ho , Diletti Roberto , Farooq Vasim , Zhang Yaojun , Onuma Yoshinobu , Serruys Patrick W , Garcia-Garcia Hector M
Published: July 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the atherosclerotic evolution in coronary bifurcations located proximally and distally to a bioresorbable scaffold.

Methods

Thirty bifurcations located >5 mm beyond the scaffolded segment, being investigated with serial intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH) examinations, at baseline and 2-years, in patients enrolled in the ABSORB cohort B1 study were included in this analysis. In each bifurcation, the frames portraying the proximal rim, in-bifurcation, and distal rim of the ostium of the side branch were analyzed. The geometric parameters and plaque types were evaluated at baseline and 2-years follow-up.

Results

There were no significant differences in the geometrical parameters such as lumen, vessel and plaque areas as well as in the composition of the atheroma between baseline and 2-years follow-up.

When we separately examined the bifurcations located proximally and distally to the scaffolded segment, no changes were found at the distal bifurcations, while at the proximal bifurcations there was a statistical significant decrease in the plaque burden (36.67 ± 13.33% at baseline vs. 35.06 ± 13.20% at 2 years follow-up, p = 0.04).

Ten necrotic core rich plaques were found at baseline, of which 2 regressed to either fibrotic plaque or to intimal thickening at 2 years follow-up. The other 8 did not change. Disease progression was noted in 3 plaques (1 adaptive intimal thickening, 1 fibrotic and 1 fibrocalcific plaque) that evolved to necrotic rich plaques.

Conclusions

Plaque regression was noted at the bifurcations located proximally to the bioresorbable scaffold but not at these located distally. Additional studies are required to confirm this finding and examine further the effect of drug elution on atherosclerotic evolution.
Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for the preoperative evaluation of coronary artery disease in lung cancer patients
Authors: Watanabe Fumiaki , Hataji Osamu , Ito Kentaro , D’Alessandro-Gabazza Corina N. , Naito Masahiro , Morooka Hideo , Gabazza Esteban C. , Mizutani Yukio , Ohi Maki , Takao Motoshi , Shimpo Hideto , Yada Isao
Published: July 2013

Background

The number of elderly patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer is increasing. In this study, we assessed the usefulness of three-dimensional computed tomographicangiography (3D-CTA) for the detection of coronary disease in the elderly before surgical intervention for lung cancer.

Methods

One hundred twenty patients admitted to our institution for lung cancer resection were enrolled in the study. 3D-CTA was performed in all 120 patients.

Results

Seventy-one patients had normal findings, and forty-nine patients showed coronary stenosis on 3D-CTA examination. Among the latter 49 patients, 24 with slight stenosis underwent lung tumor resection, 23 had coronary angiography for severe stenosis before lung surgery and 2 were not eligible for lung resection because of very severe coronary stenosis. The diagnostic value of 3D-CTA was better than conventional CT.

Conclusions

This study suggests the usefulness of 3D-CTA for the preoperative diagnosis of coronary ischemic disease in elderly lung cancer patients.
Aberrant placental immune parameters in the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cat suggest virus-induced changes in T cell function
Authors: Chumbley Lyndon Bart , Boudreaux Crystal E , Coats Karen S
Published: July 2013

Background

Immune activity during pregnancy must be tightly regulated to ensure successful pregnancy. This regulation includes the suppression of inflammatory activity that could target the semi-allogeneic fetus. Tregs are immunosuppressive; Th17 cells are pro-inflammatory. A precise balance in the two cell populations is critical to pregnancy maintenance, while dysregulation in this balance accompanies compromised pregnancy in humans and mice. FIV is known to target Tregs preferentially in the infected cat. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that FIV infection alters the placental Treg/Th17 cell balance resulting in aberrant immunomodulator expression by these cells and consequent pregnancy perturbation.

Methods

RNA was purified from random sections of whole placental tissues collected from both uninfected and FIV-infected queens at early pregnancy, including tissues from viable and nonviable fetuses. Real time qPCR was performed to quantify expression of intranuclear markers of Tregs (FoxP3) and Th17 cells (RORγ); cytokine products of Tregs (IL-10 and TGF-β), Th17 cells (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17a), and macrophages (IL-1β); and the FIV gag gene. Pairwise comparisons were made to evaluate coexpression patterns between the cytokines and between the cytokines and the virus.

Results

Both FoxP3 and RORγ were reduced in placentas of infected animals. Neither infection status nor fetal viability affected placental expression of IL-1β. However, fetal nonviability was associated with reduced levels of all other cytokines. Infection and fetal nonviability impacted coexpression of various cytokine pairs. No obvious bias toward Treg or Th17 cells was observed.

Conclusions

FIV infection coupled with fetal nonviability alters expression patterns of T cell cytokines. These data suggest that functionally altered placental T cell leukocyte populations may occur in the infected queen and possibly contribute to fetal nonviability.
Engineering lentiviral vectors for modulation of dendritic cell apoptotic pathways
Authors: Wang James CM , Felizardo Tânia C , Au Bryan CY , Fowler Daniel H , Dekaban Gregory A , Medin Jeffrey A
Published: July 2013

Background

Dendritic cells (DCs) are promising mediators of anti-tumor immune responses due to their potent antigen-presentation capacity. Unfortunately, cancer cells can often disarm differentiated DCs by rendering them incapable of maturation or by promoting their apoptosis. DC vaccine regimens attempt to generate functional DCs and preload them with Tumor-Associated Antigens (TAAs) to target various malignancies. Despite these efforts, the efficacy of DC vaccines in clinical trials is still rather disappointing to date. In addition to undergoing cancer-induced apoptosis, it is well established that DCs are intrinsically short-lived cell types. It is likely that a significant portion of infused DCs undergo apoptosis prior to locating and activating naïve TAA-reactive T cells.

Methods

In our current study, we constructed and investigated novel bicistronic lentivectors (LVs) encoding the cDNA for the xeno-TAA,rat HER-2/neu (rHER-2), along with five candidate mouse DC survival factors (c-FLIPS, c-FLIPL, Bcl-XL, M11L, and AKT-1) that operate in both the extrinsic and intrinsic cycles of apoptosis. The murine DC cell line, DC2.4 was transduced separately with each novel LV construct. Infected cells were enriched via flow cytometric methods based on rHER-2 expression. Transduced DC2.4 cell lines were then exposed to Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) withdrawal and to specific pharmacological apoptosis-inducing agents. DC2.4 cell death was assayed based on Annexin V and PI double-positive staining via flow cytometry. The phenotype and function of transduced DC2.4 cells and primary bone marrow-derived DCs were then assessed via expression and secretion of DC markers and cytokines, respectively.

Results

DC2.4 cells transduced with LVs encoding cDNAs for c-FLIPS, c-FLIPL, Bcl-XL, and M11L were protected from apoptosis when exposed to low FCS-containing culture media. When treated with an anti-CD95 antibody, only DC2.4 cells transduced with LVs encoding c-FLIPSand c-FLIPLwere protected from apoptosis. In contrast, only DC2.4 cells transduced with LVs encoding Bcl-XLand M11L were protected from effects of staurosporine (STS) treatment. Also, LV-modified DCs maintained their original phenotype and function.

Conclusions

We present evidence that by employing novel recombinant bicistronic LVs we can simultaneously load DCs with a relevant TAA and block apoptosis; thereby confirming the usage of such LVs in the modulation of DC lifespan and function.
MicroRNA-145 regulates oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 for selective killing of human non-small cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Li Jhy-Ming , Kao Kuo-Chin , Li Li-Fu , Yang Tsung-Ming , Wu Chean-Ping , Horng Yan-Ming , Jia William WG , Yang Cheng-Ta
Published: July 2013

Background

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and novel treatment modalities to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced disease are highly desirable. Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising approach for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may be a factor in the regulation of tumor-specific viral replication. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether miRNA-145 regulated oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) can selectively kill NSCLC cells with reduced collateral damage to normal cells.

Methods

We incorporated 4 copies of miRNA-145 target sequences into the 3′-untranslated region of an HSV-1 essential viral gene, ICP27, to create AP27i145 amplicon viruses and tested their target specificity and toxicity on normal cells and lung cancer cells in vitro.

Results

miRNA-145 expression in normal cells was higher than that in NSCLC cells. AP27i145 replication was inversely correlated with the expression of miRNA-145 in infected cells. This oncolytic HSV-1 selectively reduced cell proliferation and prevented the colony formation of NSCLC cells. The combination of radiotherapy and AP27i145 infection was significantly more potent in killing cancer cells than each therapy alone.

Conclusions

miRNA-145-regulated oncolytic HSV-1 is a promising agent for the treatment of NSCLC.
Determination of five flavonoids in different parts of Fordia cauliflora by ultra performance liquid chromatography/triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry and chemical comparison with the root of Millettia pulchra var. laxior
Authors: Fan Lanlan , Zhang Yazhou , Huang Renbin , Qin Shanding , Yi Tao , Xu Feng , Tang Yina , Qu Xiaosheng , Chen Hubiao , Miao Jianhua
Published: July 2013

Background

The root of Fordia cauliflora Hemsl (FC) has long been used in southern China for the treatment of rheumatism, bruises, dementia in children, and valetudinarianism. However, sometimes it is mixed with other parts. And it has always been confused with the root of Millettia pulchra (Benth.) Kurz var. laxior (Dunn) Z. Wei (MP) by the local people. The chemical differences between the two ethnic drugs are not clear until now. The aim of this study is to develop a precise and accurate method to characterize and quantify multiple chemical components of FC, which is helpful for the quality evaluation and identification of FC.

Results

A method coupling ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS) was first developed for simultaneous determination of five flavonoids in different parts of FC and the root of MP, based on a UPLC-diode array detection (DAD) fingerprint method. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R2>0.99) within test ranges. The overall LOD and LOQ were lower than 2.5 ng/mL and 5.0 ng/mL, respectively. The RSDs for intra- and inter-day of five analytes were less than 2.83% and 3.04%, respectively. Recovery studies for the quantified compounds were found to be within the range 93.6-99.8% with RSD less than 5.73%. The results suggest that the root, traditionally used medicinal part, yields the highest flavanoid content in FC. Pachycarin A, 3′,4′-dimethoxy(2′′,3′′:7,8) furanoflavone, karanjachromene and isoderricin A can be used to differentiate between FC and MP samples.

Conclusions

The present method is specific, precise and reliable, and is suitable for characterizing and quantifying multiple chemical components of FC.
Influence of astaxanthin, emulsifier and organic phase concentration on physicochemical properties of astaxanthin nanodispersions
Authors: Anarjan Navideh , Nehdi Imededdine Arbi , Tan Chin Ping
Published: July 2013

Background

The emulsification-evaporation method was used to prepare astaxanthin nanodispersions using a three-component emulsifier system composed of Tween 20, sodium caseinate and gum Arabic. Using Response-surface methodology (RSM), we studied the main and interaction effects of the major emulsion components, namely, astaxanthin concentration (0.02–0.38 wt %, x1), emulsifier concentration (0.2–3.8 wt %, x2) and organic phase (dichloromethane) concentration (2–38 wt %, x3) on nanodispersion characteristics. The physicochemical properties considered as response variables were: average particle size (Y1), PDI (Y2) and astaxanthin loss (Y3).

Results

The results indicated that the response-surface models were significantly (p < 0.05) fitted for all studied response variables. The fitted polynomial regression models for the prediction of variations in the response variables showed high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.930) for all responses. The overall optimum region resulted in a desirable astaxanthin nanodispersions obtained with the concentrations of 0.08 wt % astaxanthin, 2.5 wt % emulsifier and 11.5 wt % organic phase.

Conclusion

No significant differences were found between the experimental and predicted values, thus certifying the adequacy of the Response-surface models developed for describing the changes in physicochemical properties as a function of main emulsion component concentrations.
Differences in PAR-2 activating potential by king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), salmon (Salmo salar), and bovine (Bos taurus) trypsin
Authors: Larsen Anett K , Kristiansen Kurt , Sylte Ingebrigt , Seternes Ole-Morten , Bang Berit E
Published: July 2013

Background

Salmon trypsin is shown to increase secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-8 from human airway epithelial cells through activation of PAR-2. Secretion of IL-8 induced by king crab trypsin is observed in a different concentration range compared to salmon trypsin, and seems to be only partially related to PAR-2 activation. This report aim to identify differences in the molecular structure of king crab trypsin (Paralithodes camtschaticus) compared to salmon (Salmo salar) and bovine trypsin (Bos taurus) that might influence the ability to activate protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2).

Results

During purification king crab trypsin displayed stronger binding capacity to the anionic column used in fast protein liquid chromatography compared to fish trypsins, and was identified as a slightly bigger molecule. Measurements of enzymatic activity yielded no obvious differences between the trypsins tested. Molecular modelling showed that king crab trypsin has a large area with strong negative electrostatic potential compared to the smaller negative areas in bovine and salmon trypsins. Bovine and salmon trypsins also displayed areas with strong positive electrostatic potential, a feature lacking in the king crab trypsin. Furthermore we have identified 3 divergent positions (Asp196, Arg244, and Tyr247) located near the substrate binding pocket of king crab trypsin that might affect the binding and cleavage of PAR-2.

Conclusion

These preliminary results indicate that electrostatic interactions could be of importance in binding, cleavage and subsequent activation of PAR-2.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Follicle stimulating hormone modulates ovarian stem cells through alternately spliced receptor variant FSH-R3
Authors: Patel Hiren , Bhartiya Deepa , Parte Seema , Gunjal Pranesh , Yedurkar Snehal , Bhatt Mithun
Published: July 2013

Background

We have earlier reported that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) modulates ovarian stem cells which include pluripotent, very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and their immediate descendants ‘progenitors’ termed ovarian germ stem cells (OGSCs), lodged in adult mammalian ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). FSH may exert pleiotropic actions through its alternatively spliced receptor isoforms. Four isoforms of FSH receptors (FSHR) are reported in literature of which FSH-R1 and FSH-R3 have biological activity. Present study was undertaken to identify FSHR isoforms mediating FSH action on ovarian stem cells, using sheep OSE cells culture as the study model.

Methods

Cultures of sheep OSE cells (a mix of epithelial cells, VSELs, OGSCs and few contaminating red blood cells) were established with and without FSH 5IU/ml treatment. Effect of FSH treatment on self-renewal of VSELs and their differentiation into OGSCs was studied after 15 hrs by qRT-PCR using markers specific for VSELs (Oct-4A, Sox-2) and OGSCs (Oct-4). FSH receptors and its specific transcripts (R1 and R3) were studied after 3 and 15 hrs of FSH treatment by immunolocalization, in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR. FSHR and OCT-4 were also immuno-localized on sheep ovarian sections, in vitro matured follicles and early embryos.

Results

FSH treatment resulted in increased stem cells self-renewal and clonal expansion evident by the appearance of stem cell clusters. FSH receptors were expressed on ovarian stem cells whereas the epithelial cells were distinctly negative. An increase in R3 mRNA transcripts was noted after 3 hrs of FSH treatment and was reduced to basal levels by 15 hrs, whereas R1 transcript expression remained unaffected. Both FSHR and OCT-4 were immuno-localized in nuclei of stem cells, showed nuclear or ooplasmic localization in oocytes of primordial follicles and in cytoplasm of granulosa cells in growing follicles.

Conclusions

FSH modulates ovarian stem cells via FSH-R3 to undergo potential self-renewal, clonal expansion as ‘cysts’ and differentiation into oocytes. OCT-4 and FSHR proteins (required initially to maintain pluripotent state of VSELs and for FSH action respectively) gradually shift from nuclei to cytoplasm of developing oocytes and are later possibly removed by surrounding granulosa cells as the oocyte prepares itself for fertilization.
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and vitamin E on glycemic control, body composition, and inflammatory markers in overweight type2 diabetics
Authors: Shadman Zhaleh , Taleban Forough Azam , Saadat Navid , Hedayati Mehdi
Published: July 2013

Background

The healthy properties of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) such as weight loss, reducing cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation have been reported. The trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer is related to increasing insulin resistance, but the effects of cis-9, trans-11 isomer is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CLA with and without Vitamin E on body weight, body composition, glycemic index, inflammatory and coagulation factors, lipid profile, serum leptin and adiponectin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and blood pressure in type2 diabetes.

Methods

56 patients with type2 diabetes were included in 8 week double-blind control trial that used metformin. They randomly divided into three groups: CLA + VitE, CLA + VitE placebo, CLA placebo + VitE placebo. All variables, anthropometric measurements, and body composition were evaluated at the beginning and the end of study. Statistical analysis and analysis of dietary data were performed using SPSS and nutritionist IV software, respectively.

Results

There were not any significant differences in variable changes among three groups. However, there was a trend to increase in MDA and decrease in apoB100 among CLA consumers.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that administration of CLA supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect any indicators of metabolic control in overweight type2 diabetic patients.
Molecular targeting of hepatocyte growth factor by an antagonist, NK4, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Tsunemi Sachi , Iwasaki Tsuyoshi , Kitano Sachie , Matsumoto Kunio , Takagi-Kimura Misato , Kubo Shuji , Tamaoki Tomoko , Sano Hajime
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent proangiogenic molecule that induces neovascularization. The HGF antagonist, NK4, competitively antagonizes HGF binding to its receptor. In the present study, we determined the inhibitory effect of NK4 in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model using SKG mice.

Methods

Arthritis was induced in SKG mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of β-glucan. Recombinant adenovirus containing NK4 cDNA (AdCMV.NK4) was also injected intravenously at the time of or 1 month after β-glucan injection. Ankle bone destruction was examined radiographically. The histopathologic features of joints were examined using hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the serum levels of HGF, interferon γ (IFN-γ, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-17 production by CD4+ T cells stimulated with allogeneic spleen cells.

Results

The intravenous injection of AdCMV.NK4 into SKG mice suppressed the progression of β-glucan-induced arthritis. Bone destruction was also inhibited by NK4 treatment. The histopathologic findings of the ankles revealed that angiogenesis, inflammatory cytokines and RANKL expression in synovial tissues were significantly inhibited by NK4 treatment. Recombinant NK4 (rNK4) proteins inhibited IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 production by CD4+ T cells stimulated with allogeneic spleen cells.

Conclusions

These results indicate that NK4 inhibits arthritis by inhibition of angiogenesis and inflammatory cytokine production by CD4+ T cells. Therefore, molecular targeting of angiogenic inducers by NK4 can potentially be used as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of RA.
Resolution of Fatty Liver and Risk of Incident Diabetes
Authors: Sung Ki-Chul , Wild Sarah H. , Byrne Christopher D.
Published: July 2013

Context:

Fatty liver is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but whether an increased risk remains in people in whom fatty liver resolves over time is not known.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to assess the risk of incident diabetes at a 5-year follow-up in people in whom: 1) new fatty liver developed; 2) existing fatty liver resolved, and 3) fatty liver severity worsened over 5 years.

Design and Methods:

A total of 13 218 people without diabetes at baseline from a Korean occupational cohort were examined at baseline and after 5 years, using a retrospective study design. Fatty liver status was assessed at baseline and follow-up as absent, mild, or moderate/severe using standard ultrasound criteria. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident diabetes at follow-up were estimated after controlling for multiple potential confounders.

Results:

Two hundred thirty-four people developed incident diabetes. Over 5 years, fatty liver resolved in 828, developed in 1640, and progressed from mild to moderate/severe in 324 people. Resolution of fatty liver was not associated with a risk of incident diabetes [aOR 0.95 (95% CIs 0.46, 1.96), P = .89]. Development of new fatty liver was associated with incident diabetes [aOR 2.49 (95% CI 1.49, 4.14), P < .001]. In individuals in whom severity of fatty liver worsened over 5 years (from mild to moderate/severe), there was a marked increase in the risk of incident diabetes [aOR 6.13 (2.56, 95% CI 14.68) P < .001 (compared with the risk in people with resolution of fatty liver)].

Conclusion:

Change in fatty liver status over time is associated with markedly variable risks of incident diabetes.