bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Thinking in Algerian Secondary School EFL Classes: Expectations and Reality
Authors: Baghoussi Meriem
Published: September 2021

The Algerian educational system is competency-based; therefore, it focuses on developing learners’ competencies and skills through a learner-centered methodology that fosters autonomy. To help teachers apply such methodology, the English syllabus designers recommend using Project-Based Learning, active learning, and problem-solving strategies to help learners develop 21st-century skills and communicate effectively, collaborate, and think critically and creatively. However, those methods and strategies are absent in classrooms, and therefore critical thinking is not promoted. In this context, two questions are raised to affirm this hypothesis. (1) To what extent do teachers respect the syllabus designers’ recommendations? (2) Why do teachers avoid using the recommended methods and strategies? To investigate those questions and achieve the aim of this research, the researcher carried out an in-depth quantitative analysis of 30 anonymous classroom observation reports written by a certified English teacher trainer. To address the qualitative aspect of the research, the researcher held a semi-structured interview with the same teacher trainer. The reports that were examined contained 150 comments on teachers’ classroom practices and assessment methodologies. The results showed that English teachers partially respect the syllabus designers’ recommendations. Besides, the teachers’ methods, classroom practices, and assessment approaches are mainly based on direct instruction and language content acquisition rather than on reflective and problem-solving learning; therefore, they are not conducive to implementing and developing learners’ critical thinking. The conclusion drawn from the data analysis of the current research is that teachers’ hesitance to use the recommended pedagogical approach and methods is due to some hindrances faced by teachers, namely classrooms overcrowdedness, the content-based baccalaureate exam and lack of time due to the lengthy English programs.
Family’s Role in Achieving Language Affiliation among Children: A Comparative Study Applied to Some Families
Authors: Fahad Al Saud Aljohara
Published: September 2021

Identifying language affiliation among children for family immigrants is crucial for one’s language identity. This study aimed to determine the role played by Arab families in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Austria, and Britain to attain language affiliation among their children. It also aims to identify the challenges facing families living in these countries in achieving language affiliation among their children. The study population consisted of all the families that live in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in addition to all the Arab families that live in Austria and Britain and the study sample included (120) parents. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and used the questionnaire as the study tool. The study reached several results; first, the role played by families in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Austria, and United Kingdom to attain language affiliation among their children got a high degree of response. Second, the challenges facing activating the family’s role in attaining language affiliation of their children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Austria have got a high degree of response, while in Britain, they obtained a very high degree of response. The study recommended involving all family members in accessing different and creative ways of practicing their native language and activating the role of social media in developing the language affiliation of children.
Using Advance Organizer Model to Influence the Meaningful Learning of New Concepts for ESL Learners in a Collaborative Classroom
Authors: Sunasuan Piyawan , Songserm Ubonwan
Published: September 2021

This research attempted to study how using an advance organizer model can influence meaningful learning of new concepts for ESL learners in collaborative classrooms. The objectives were 1) to study the effects of using the advance organizer model, and 2) to study the student achievement after using the advance organizer model to compare to the 80 percent criterion. The study sample is purposively limited to 20 students in a class of the Introduction to Skills for Leadership and Management at Mahidol University International Demonstration School, Thailand. Post-test and observation forms were used as research tools. The data were analyzed by content analysis, mean and standard deviation. The findings revealed that 1) The effects occurred in both instructional and nurturant effects. The students engaged effectively in learning and acquiring information. Students discussed and exchanged information using existing knowledge and experiences to connect and explain the ideas to others. The instructional design also meets the steps of the advance organizer model. The teacher designed the tasks of learning follows the three phases of the advance organizer format. 2) The student achievement after using the model to meet the criteria of 80. This study reflects that the model can influence meaningful learning of new concepts and improve academic achievements for ESL learners in collaborative classrooms. However, few researchers have addressed the problem of collaborative learning in large courses. Hence, further study should focus on implementing the model with higher numbers of students to confirm its effectiveness.
Complex structure of place name has minority language origin in Tuyen Quang Province, Viet Nam
Authors: Ngu Duong Thi
Published: September 2021

A place with an ethnic minority language origin in Tuyen Quang is a place where a part of the words is the language of the ethnic minorities in the area. The word "element" here is understood as the basic elements, the basis of the place name, which can be a common element or an individual element. Usually, the element with the origin of the ethnic minority language is often located in the individual element, but sometimes in the common element. Thus, in the place names, there must be an element that can easily recognize the ethnic minorities in them. In this work, we learn about the characteristics of place names based on survey documents of place names with elements of ethnic minority languages written in National language and places in the original form fieldwork surveying and descriptive methods as well as interdisciplinary approach and some other methods have been utilized in the research.
State tools for the development of entrepreneurial activity in the agrarian sphere
Authors: Nesterchuk Yuliia , Bechko Petro , Mudrak Ruslan P. , Sokoliuk Serhii , Melnyk Liudmyla
Published: September 2021

The aim of the work is to establish effective state instruments of development of entrepreneurial activity in the agrarian sector of Ukraine. For the realization of the purpose was used a number of economic-mathematical methods of analysis by panel data of EU and OECD countries for the period 1986-2020: regression modeling of relationships between the total value of agrarian production and total support, rendered to agrarian sector, types and structural volumes of such support; regression dependence statistics, methods of comparative analysis and graphics analysis. The results allowed us to establish that the change in the total production value of the agrarian sector by 96,79% is determined by the types and structural volumes of state support provided to the agrarian sector. For the development of entrepreneurial activity in the agrarian sector of Ukraine it is advisable to activate state support of knowledge and innovation system, infrastructure of agrarian sphere and optimize measures of inspection and control, significantly prevail among the tools of domestic regulation of the agrarian sphere.
Preparing students for professional philological activities in the context of distance education
Authors: Nevmerzhytska Olena , Bilostotska Olha , Gavrysh Iryna , Khltobina Oleksandra , Lopatenko Yulia
Published: September 2021

The main goal is to study the features of preparing students for professional philological activity in the context of distance education. The conditions of the present indicate the need of mankind for specialists with a wide volume and content-rich knowledge, skills, who are comprehensively competent in professional activity and social life, capable of self-education. An innovation in the organization of educational activities in higher education institutions was the introduction of distance learning. Distance education, in contrast to correspondence education, makes it possible to study from any distance from the educational institution. In the context of this issue, the importance of training students in dynamic changes that can increase their potential during self-educational activities is gaining importance, determines the relevance of the formation of professional competence in future masters. The result of the research is to determine the main aspects of preparing students for philological activity in the context of distance education.
The Synthesis of the Arts: from romanticism to postmodernism
Authors: Lisunova Lyudmila , Prokopchuk Inna , Tanko Tetiana , Tararak Nataliia , Tararak Oleksandr
Published: September 2021

The article devoted to the genesis of the synthesis of the arts. The main research method is the cultural-historical approach, which allows considering this phenomenon in a historical perspective. Four stages were identified in the development of the arts: the primary syncretism of arts in primitive cultures; the separation of certain types of art and their acquisition of independence; the synthesis of the arts; the postmodern synesthesia of arts. The main ways of interaction of arts are determined: dominance, fusion, inclusion and juxtaposition. The authors of the article concluded that globalization, the development of technology, new types of communication contribute to the further complication and transformation of the synthesis of the arts, and such concepts close to it as “pluralism”, “interaction of arts”, “synesthesia” and “intermediality”. Broad prospects are opening up for the study of intermediality and multimedia as new heterogeneous semiotic systems.
TBMM Zabıt Ceridelerine Göre II. Dünya Savaşı Sürecinde Türk Dış Politikası
Authors: GÖK Hacı Veli
Published: September 2021

Türkiye İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda tarafsız bir dış politika izlememiştir. Onun dış politikasını en iyi tanımlayan ifade savaş dışı kalmasıdır. Savaş sürecinde İngiltere, Fransa ve Almanya ile çeşitli antlaşmalar imzalanmıştır. Bu durum Türkiye'yi taraflı bir ülke konumuna getirmesine rağmen Türkiye savaşan ülkeler arasında yer almamıştır. Cumhurbaşkanı İsmet İnönü savaş süresince korumacı ve tedbirli bir politika izlemiştir. Milli Mücadele Dönemi'nde önemli görevler üstlenmiş ve Türk milletinin sıkıntılı zamanlarına tanıklık etmiş olan İnönü, Türkiye'yi böyle bir savaşa sokmanın olası neticelerini öngörmüştür. İnönü'nün liderliğinde, TBMM'de savaş döneminde önemli kararlar alınarak hayata geçirilmiştir. Kararların önemli bir kısmının oy birliği ile alınmış olması, Türkiye'nin savaş yıllarındaki birlik ve beraberliğini göstermesi açısından önem arz etmektedir.
Lived Solidarity in the Austrian Healthcare System. Healthcare Workers’ Solidaristic Practices with Refugees
Authors:   ", Spahl Wanda ,   PhD Candidate, University of Vienna, Austria,   E-mail: wanda.spahl@univie.ac.at ", Prainsack Barbara ,   University of Vienna, Austria
Published: September 2021

"Disadvantaged groups, such as migrant patients facing language and cultural barriers, often have a harder time getting medically necessary services. Drawing upon data from interviews with, and observations of, healthcare workers in Vienna, Austria, we suggest that they play an important role closing structural gaps within a solidarity-based healthcare system. In our analysis of the lived solidarity of healthcare workers we found three different types of practices: First, by practices that we call concretising solidarity, healthcare workers act as the mouth, ear, and arm of a solidarity-based healthcare system. They shape solidaristic institutions through their everyday practice. Second, they fill gaps left open by institutionalised solidarity in the healthcare system. Such practices of compensating solidarity become an inherent corrective to the system. A third form of lived solidarity, creating solidarity, goes one step further by trying to create new rules that change the existing norms and instruments (new laws, but also new criteria for the allocation of resources, etc.). We argue that paying systematic attention to these practices of lived solidarity can help us to improve healthcare services and to ensure that they do not leave disadvantaged and marginalised people behind. "
The Challenges of Multiculturalism on Informed Consent in Clinical Research
Authors:   PhD, School of Bioethics, Regina Apostolorum, Rome, Italy, Tham Joseph ,   E-mail: jtham@legionaries.org
Published: September 2021

"The UNESCO Chair in Bioethics and Human Rights held its 6th international workshop to discuss the issues of Informed Consent and Clinical Research. Being part of the i-Consent consortium, a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, the workshop focused on the multicultural and interdisciplinary dimension of ethical requirements of informed consent applied to translational/clinical research. Bioethical experts from Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism discussed the key challenges and the requirements of informed consent in clinical research. Some of the ethical gaps, barriers and challenges present in obtaining informed consent from patients/ subjects in different, challenging cultural contexts were identified, as they represent minority groups and vulnerable populations. One of the findings is that many religious traditions do not accept the Western idealization of the autonomous self and prefer a more relational or communitarian understanding of doctor-patient/ researcher-subject relationship. Western medicine and its current gold standard of informed consent that is practiced globally may not adequately address the theoretical skepticism towards the underlying principle of autonomy by different religions and cultures. This tension is becoming more pronounced with migrant and minority groups when they are asked to participate in clinical research as well as doing research in different parts of the world. A swift from individual to relational autonomy may offer a more nuanced improvement of the readability, design and obtaining process of consent forms. This shift will take into consideration the conscious and unconscious cultural biases of the investigators; multicultural and religious variables of the subjects’ understanding; cross-cultural vision of vulnerability, knowledge, communication and empathy; the need for individualized approaches to promote health protective behaviors; and framing questions for a multi-layered informed consent which includes East/West – North/South perspectives. "
Best Interests Decisions in Clinical Practice: Reviewing the Current Evidence
Authors:   Senior Research Associate in Healthcare Ethics, Centre for Ethics in Medicine university of Bristol, United Kingdom, Valenti Emanuele ,   E-mail: emanuele.valenti@bristol.ac.uk
Published: September 2021

"‘Best interests’ decisions are often needed when patients lack capacity to make their own healthcare decisions. Despite the ubiquity of ‘best interests’, there remains considerable ambiguity about what best interests are and how the standard should be applied, alongside a lack of understanding about how best interests decisions are actually made in clinical practice. Balancing Best Interests in Healthcare Ethics and Law (BABEL) is an interdisciplinary project, funded by a Wellcome Trust Collaborative Award, which aims to explore best interests decision-making in healthcare, both empirically and normatively. In this paper, we outline initial findings from a narrative review that asked, ‘what evidence do we have about how best interests decisions are made in clinical practice in England and Wales?’. Data were extracted from included papers using a standardised form, and then subjected to thematic analysis, focussing on what the papers told us about the process of decision-making, the stakeholders involved, the barriers and facilitators. Early results suggest we have some limited evidence about how best interests decisions are made in clinical settings, and the majority of this evidence concerns mental health and end-of-life care. Common factors taken into account in these decisions include: the patient’s clinical circumstances; risk assessment; the patient’s wishes; cost-effectiveness; avoiding harm; the patient’s well-being; autonomy; capacity assessment; and family’s wishes. "
A Research of Medical Ethics and Bioethics Topics and Keywords in Major Databases in Two Period Time: 1918-1919 Spanish Flu Pandemic and 2020 Novel Coronavirus Pandemic – Main Values and Social Needs
Authors:   Professor, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania, Curca George Cristian ,   E-mail: cgcurca@yahoo.com, Țurlea Ruxadra Ioana ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania, Udriștioiu Larisa ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania
Published: September 2021

"The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. But in the last 130 years mankind overpassed 5 major pandemic times. We noticed that bioethics has been born at the twilight of the Tuskagee experiment in 1972-1979 the period, needed for the federal research and Belmont report issue. Therefore, Spanish flu pandemic did not benefit from bioethics insights but medical ethics and Hippocrates Oath however influenced doctor’s professional ethics. We compare 1918-1919 topics of medical ethics for Spanish flu with 2020 for Coronavirus. We found out that PubMed (nih.gov) recognize some 8 issues for “medical ethics” and “Spanish flu” v. 792 for “medical ethics” and “coronavirus”, this is 100 times more. Most frequent key words are researched. Also, there are researched major moral values and bioethical principles that are at stack in pandemic time in order to improve our reactivity and adaptability to such global health problems. The question is that in Spanish flu pandemic when bioethics was not yet an important approach for diversity of values as it is now in 2020 coronavirus pandemic, society and medical system during the First World War was less prepared for ethical solutions of treatment and prevention of a pandemics disease than today. Responsibility, equity and justice must prevail for the treatment and for prevention. Ethics of scarce resources allocation brings the most complicate questions and require for a holistic approach and equity. "
Ending Malaria with Gene Drive Technologies? A Normative Analysis of the Role of Humans in Nature
Authors: de Graeff Nienke , Jongsma Karin , Bredenoord Annelien
Published: September 2021

"Gene drive technologies (GDT) promote the rapid, progressive spread of gene alterations within a population or a species of wild organisms. If GDT are successfully developed and implemented, they could help to resolve intractable problems in the realm of vector-borne disease, invasive species and pest control, but these technologies have also raised concerns regarding the moral permissibility of interfering in nature in this way. In particular, it has been argued that perspectives on humans’ relationship to nature and their impact on and manipulation of ecosystems play a crucial role in determining the moral permissibility of GDT. Nonetheless, these perspectives have thus far remained underexplored in the emerging ethical debate on GDT. In this presentation, I identify these perspectives and concerns and analyse them normatively. Four issues are demonstrated to be of central importance in deciding whether (a particular) use of GDT is in accordance with the relationship humans should have to nature: (1) the moral status of and direct duties towards different organisms; (2) the prioritisation of duties towards different organisms in case of conflicting claims; (3) the moral (ir)relevance of ‘wildness’; and (4) the moral status of holistic entities such as species and ecosystems. The normative positions that can be taken on these issues are presented and critically assessed to determine the moral permissibility of particular applications of GDT. Doing so elucidates the central trade-offs and points of contention in the ethical debate on interfering in nature in this way. "
Ethics Support for the Distribution of Hospital Beds: Co-Creating a Map of Values and Norms for the Allocation Meetings
Authors:   MA MSc, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdem, the Netherlands, de Snoo-Trimp Janine ,   E-mail: j.desnoo@amsterdamumc.nl, Hartman Laura ,   Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Molewijk Bert ,   Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Published: September 2021

"Background: Allocating admitted patients to their wards is increasingly put under pressure due to high bed occupancy rates. Consequently, allocation becomes morally challenging as it is confronted with potentially conflicting values like protecting teams’ workload, solidarity between wards and quality of care. Furthermore, there is a continuous uncertainty regarding expected intake, discharge, available beds and personnel. An integrative ethics support project was started to help to better deal with these challenges. After identifying core moral challenges, the aim of the current project was to co-create a map of values and norms for the daily allocation meetings. Methods: This qualitative study included observations of allocation meetings and 13 interviews. Subsequently, in five working group sessions a map of relevant values and norms was co-created with a selection of involved professionals. Results: Findings revealed moral challenges in three so-called ‘moral circles’: 1) one’s own team; 2) the hospital and 3) the hospital’s region. A map was developed including important and agreed upon values with 14 norms for the daily allocation meetings. Additionally, formal policies were updated and a conversation method was introduced to guide discussions when there are moral challenges. Conclusion: The joint development of the map led to a shared and practical product for both discussions and decisions regarding bed allocation. Its development already contributed to increased awareness of and openness about moral challenges. Using the map in daily allocation meetings may further stimulate moral reflection on these challenges to support these healthcare professionals in making well-considered and value-based decisions. "
Ethical Values Reassessed: Rethinking the Covid19 Pandemic First Triage Guidelines
Authors:   Doctoral Student, Medical Ethic Unit, Inselspital Bern, Insel Gruppe University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, Hauser Sabine ,   E-mail: sabine.hauser@students.unibe.ch, Porz Rouven ,   Professor, Medical Ethic Unit, Inselspital Bern, Insel Gruppe University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, Aluaș Maria ,   Associate Professor, Department of Oral Health, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Published: September 2021

"In March 2020, many countries in commissions and medical societies moved very quickly to draft fair and transparent triage guidelines; this in order to plan ahead for possible resource bottlenecks in the treatment of COVID-19 patients in intensive care units. There are a lot of consciously chosen (but also less reflected) ethical values in these guidelines. Our presentation compares the values of eight of such guidelines, but first shows how to read such values in the first place. Many health professionals are hardly aware of the explicit presentation of ethical-philosophical values. From a methodological point of view, this presentation is based on a hermeneutic-ethical approach. The guidelines are interpreted, an interpretation aid is developed, and the values of the guidelines are reconsidered in comparison. On a meta-level, we could identify different types of values, besides medical and ethical values, the guidelines were also filled with procedural, structural and legal-political values. On a content level, the unreflective handling of the value of autonomy, which often competes with the value of public health, is particularly evident. This competition is little reflected. Another point of divergence between the guidelines is the degree of precision or the difference between long-term and short-term medical prognosis. We believe that with our analysis we can contribute to making value discussions in health care more open and explicit. We would like to present these conclusions for discussion at this year’s EACME conference in Cluj. "
Sharing Whilst Caring: Solidarity and Public Trust in a Data-Driven Healthcare System
Authors:   ", Horn Ruth ,   PhD, Ethox Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom,   E-mail: ruth.horn@ethox.ox.ac.uk ", Kerasidou Angeliki ,   Ethox Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
Published: September 2021

"In the UK, the solidaristic character of the NHS makes it one of the most trusted public institutions. In recent years, the introduction of data-driven technologies in healthcare has opened up the space for collaborations with private digital companies seeking access to patient data. However, these collaborations appear to challenge the public’s trust in the healthcare system. In this paper we explore how the opening of the healthcare sector to private digital companies challenges the existing social contract and the NHS’s solidaristic character, and impacts on public trust. We start by critically discussing different examples of partnerships between the NHS and private companies that collect and use data. We then analyse the relationship between trust and solidarity, and investigate how this relationship changes in the context of digital companies entering the healthcare system. Finally, we show ways for the NHS to maintain public trust by putting in place a solidarity grounded partnership model with companies seeking to access patient data. Such a model would need to serve collective interests through, for example, securing preferential access to goods and services, providing health benefits, and monitoring data access. A solidarity grounded partnership model will help establish a social contract or licence that responds to the public’s expectations and to principles of a solidaristic healthcare system. "
Attitudes and Opinions of Medical Students and Health Care Professionals about the Covid-19 Vaccine (A Quantitative Study from a Medical School and Its Affiliated Hospitals)
Authors:   Prof. Dr., Acibadem University School of Medicine, Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Istanbul, Turkey, Ulman Yesim Isil , Abbaszadeh Arshiya ,   Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Year II Students, Istanbul, Turkey, Ay Beril ,   Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Year II Students, Istanbul, Turkey, Dogrucam Diyar ,   Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Year II Students, Istanbul, Turkey, Dikec Mirkan ,   Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Year II Students, Istanbul, Turkey, Al-Amoudi Shahad ,   Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Year II Students, Istanbul, Turkey, Nur Demir Yaren ,   Acibadem University, School of Medicine, Year II Students, Istanbul, Turkey, Senay Sahin ,   Prof. Dr., Acibadem University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
Published: September 2021

"Objectives: Vaccination is one of the most effective scientific inventions to prevent infectious diseases worldwide. Despite the evidence on the efficacy of vaccinations, vaccine refusal still poses a threat for human health. This study aims, firstly, to detect the underlying reasons of vaccine hesitancy concerning the COVID-19 among medical students and healthcare professionals; and, secondly, to compare the results between the two groups. Methods: This is an online, ongoing cross-sectional quantitative study based on a scale validated in the socio-cultural context in Turkey. The sample consists of students of medicine at six years of education including preparatory class at a foundation university in Istanbul, as well as the healthcare professionals at the affiliated hospitals of the same university. Data will mainly be collected through the Scale of Vaccine Hesitancy (1) annexed with demographic and open-ended questions detecting opinions about vaccination. T-test and chi-square tests will be used for the analysis of scale scores and demographic questions respectively. The open-ended questions will provide deeper findings on the issue. Discussion and Conclusion: While COVID-19 pandemic remains a global challenge, vaccine roll-out seems to be the best response to combat the disease. However, reluctance in acceptance of vaccines among diverse populations creates a risk for herd immunity. Comparatively investigating the motives of vaccine hesitancy among health-related populations may help proposing social, ethical guidance for medical education and health policies. Source: Kilincarslan, M. et al (2020). Development of Valid and Reliable Scale of Vaccine Hesitancy in Turkish Language. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 12(3), 420-429 . "
Developing Organisational Diversity Statements through Dialogical Clinical Ethics Support: The Role of the Clinical Ethicist
Authors:   ", Kröger Charlotte ,   Junior Researcher and PhD candidate, MSc, MA, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands,   E-mail: c.kroger@amsterdamumc.nl ", Metselaar Suzanne ,   Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands, Molewijk Bert ,   Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
Published: September 2021

"In increasingly pluralist societies, stakeholders in healthcare do not always share a common moral perspective on health, wellbeing or good care. Growing cultural, religious, and sexual diversity among both patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) require healthcare organizations to address these differences and to engage in inclusive and equitable practices. Addressing diversity, however, comes with inherent moral challenges. For example, regarding how to deal with healthcare disparities between minoritized and majoritized patients. Additionally, increasing diversity in the workforce means that HCPs moral perspectives on ‘good care’ are diversifying. Developing diversity statements is an important strategy for healthcare organizations to define their normative ideas, values, and approaches to both care and diversity. To tackle concerns of exclusion and power differences, and to ensure that these statements reflect a common ground among HCPs, healthcare organizations ought to develop diversity statements in an inclusive and participatory way. Clinical ethics support (CES) services and interventions such as Socratic Dialogues can be employed to help healthcare organizations to do so. In this presentation, we (1) argue for taking a participatory approach when supporting healthcare organisations in developing diversity statements, (2) report both on the content and the process of developing a diversity statement through CES and Socratic Dialogues, and (3) maintain that CES that supports processes of joint reflection and learning among stakeholders can be used in such an approach. We will use a case example from practice to illustrate our point. We conclude with several recommendations regarding a participatory CES approach for developing diversity statements. "
The ‘Diversity-Compass’: Developing an Instrument for Health Care Professionals to Deal with Moral Issues Concerning Cultural, Religious and Sexual Diversity in Long-Term Care Organizations
Authors:   ", Kröger Charlotte ,   Junior Researcher and PhD candidate, MSc, MA, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands,   E-mail: c.kroger@amsterdamumc.nl ", Metselaar Suzanne ,   Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
Published: September 2021

"Culture, religion, gender identity and sexual orientation play an important role in patients’ and professionals’ care preferences and communication. Population diversity leads to differing moral perspectives regarding health, wellbeing and care practices. This can generate value conflicts between patients and professionals concerning what good care is. Accordingly, increasing societal pluralism creates novel challenges for professionals regarding how they ought to deliver equitable and diversity-responsive care to minority populations. To support professionals in dealing with moral issues related to cultural, religious and sexual diversity in long-term-care organizations, we developed an ethics support instrument called the Diversity-Compass. The Diversity-Compass is a low-threshold instrument designed to help professionals in addressing and dealing with situations in which moral conflicts pertaining to diversity occur. We employed a participatory design and conducted seven focus groups (n=55), five expert interviews (n=5) and facilitated four meetings with a working group of various care professionals (n=18) who developed and tested preliminary versions of the instrument through iterative co-creation. Resulting from this process the Diversity-Compass emerged. Next to offering a question-based, reflection-invoking conversation method, the instrument includes seven specific tips to support professionals when engaging in conversations about diversity-related moral issues with patients or other professionals. Our study is an example of how bioethicists can provide clinical ethics support by using a participatory design and co-creatively developing an instrument to aid professionals in dealing with moral issues related to cultural, religious and sexual diversity in long-term care. The Diversity-Compass can be used by organizations and professionals to promote good, diversity-responsive care. "
Biocolonialism and Informed Consent. The Havasupai Case
Authors:   PhD Student, MA in Law, BA in Philosophy, University of Warsaw, Poland, Krzyżewska Barbara ,   E-mail: b.krzyzewska@uw.edu.pl
Published: September 2021

"A core value in research ethics is respect for individual’s autonomy. For the researcher the way to respect this value is to guarantee informed consent to the participants. Nowadays more and more research is conducted on biological material of human origin rather than on humans. But apart from that, informed consent must be guaranteed. The case I would like to present and comment is the Havasupai case. Havasupai are an indigenous tribe lived in Grand Canyon. Due to the high percentage of diabetes type 2 among members of the tribe, the tribe decided to take part in the research conducted by the researchers from Arizona State University. In this case were a few vague aspects, which I will present during the speech, but one thing I especially notice. In the scientific community there was a great interest in obtaining Havasupai blood samples. It was caused by the fact that Havasupai are an indigenous people and they do not start a family with people out of them tribe. Because of that their DNA is scientifically more interesting than the DNA of people out of the tribe. That approach is called biocolonialism. In the past indigenous people were used because of the sources that they had on their lands. Now their DNA is a scientifically valuable source of information. Moreover, in literature it is said that researchers – the new (bio)colonizers – are conducting a “helicopter research”. They came up, took what they want and disappear. In my speech I would like to analyze problems raised in Havasupai case and present what the biocolonialism means in and for research. "
The Ethics of e-Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: A Global Challenge
Authors:   ", Meghea Cristian I. ,   Associate Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA E-mail: meghea@msu.edu ", Blaga Oana ,   "Assistant Professor, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; E-mail: oana.blaga@publichealth.ro ", Dascal Marina ,   Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Fratila Teodora ,   Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Sandu Petru ,   Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Colosi Horatiu ,   Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Published: September 2021

"Tobacco smoking is especially harmful for women because, in addition to its effects on mortality and morbidity, it negatively impacts pregnancy, reproductive, and health of the offspring. Data from our work in Romania revealed that pregnant tobacco smokers are seeking information and clinical advice related to e-cigarette use as a tobacco cessation approach. E-cigarette use increased rapidly in the recent years in the US and in other countries, including LMICs. The tobacco control field is deeply divided on how to respond to the increase in e-cigarette use. Additional evidence on the ethical issues related to e-cigarette use and tobacco cessation will inform our mHealth and other pregnancy tobacco cessation interventions and will guide future tobacco control policy direction. The objective of this study is to identify ethical concerns and associated attitudes and perceptions related to e-cigarette use for tobacco cessation during pregnancy among pregnant smokers, their life partners, medical professionals, and other stakeholders. We will interview (N=20) and conduct two focus groups with women who smoke (one focus group, N=10) and women who quit during pregnancy (one focus group, N=10); interview life partners (N=10) of such women; interview ObGyn physicians (N=10) and nurses (N=10); and interview (N=10) and conduct one focus group (N=10) with perinatal educators. Other relevant stakeholders will be also interviewed including the leadership of 2035 Tobacco Free Romania, the national Stop Smoking program, the Pure Air consortium, the Romanian Pneumology Society, the SAMAS NGO focused on maternal and child health and rights, and others. With respect to expected outcomes, the proposed application is anticipated to advance understanding of the smokers’ and other stakeholders’ ethical concerns and associated attitudes and perceptions related to e-cigarettes use for tobacco smoking cessation. The in-depth new knowledge will have a positive impact on the cessation of prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoking and will inform future tobacco control policy directions. Results will be available and will be presented at the time of the conference. This work is based on research partly funded through six NIH-funded projects (grant no. K01TW009654, R21TW010896, 5R21TW010896-02S1, 5R21TW010896-02S2, 1R21HD103039-0, 1R25TW010518-01A1). "
Compromising Confidentiality: Where to Strike the Balance?
Authors:   ", Morgan James ,   North Bristol Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom,   E-mail: morganjad@gmail.com ", Mackay Kirsty ,   North Bristol Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom, Thomas Ian ,   North Bristol Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
Published: September 2021

"Patient confidentiality is a central tenet of medical practice, fundamental to ensuring the maintenance of trust in medical professionals. Yet are there any circumstances where a duty of care to others overrides patient confidentiality and allows disclosure of medical information without consent from the index patient? We present the case of a patient with CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) a progressive, neurodegenerative condition that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Admitted to ICU with a severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), the patient ultimately had withdrawal of life sustaining therapy following discussion with family. The patient never regained capacity following admission and had never disclosed the diagnosis of CADASIL to his daughters. The question of whether to disclose the diagnosis to adult children and alert them to their potential risk of inheriting CADASIL (the knowledge of which could fundamentally affect their life choices) raises tensions around confidentiality and any duty of care to the patient’s daughters. Previously, for inheritable risks, the prevailing discourse gave prominence to patient confidentiality. However, a recent UK court case and professional guidance is challenging this notion. ICU clinicians faced the choice of disclosing the CADASIL diagnosis to the adult children, breaking patient confidentiality or remaining silent so allowing potential harm to befall them and even future generations. We examine the ethical issues this raises and suggest how clinicians, if faced with a similar situation in future, might proceed. "
Blind Spots Reconsidered – Epistemic Injustice in Clinical Ethics Support
Authors:   ", Muff Aurora ,   Doctoral Student, Medical Ethics Unit, Inselspital Bern, Insel Gruppe University Hospital Bern, Switzerland E-mail: aurora.muff@students.unibe.ch ", Le Thu  Hang ,   Medical Ethics Unit, Inselspital Bern, Insel Gruppe University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, Buzzi Michael ,   Medical Ethics Unit, Inselspital Bern, Insel Gruppe University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, Porz Rouven ,   Medical Ethics Unit, Inselspital Bern, Insel Gruppe University Hospital Bern, Switzerland
Published: September 2021

"Conducting ethical case discussions is a core aspect of any clinical ethics support service or work as an ethical consultant in a hospital. Numerous case discussion methods can be used to do this, many of which are based on Beauchamp and Childress’ four biomedical principles. Other commonly used types are the ‘moral case deliberations’ by prominent authors such as Widdershoven, Molewijk et al. However, based on our practical work as clinical ethicists, and doctoral students in the field of clinical ethics, we would like to hypothesize that most of the methods seem to be in need of philosophical supplementation, especially on the blind spots regarding the is-ought fallacy, i.e. how to relate empirical data to normative conclusions. A further weakness may be found in the inadequate handling of power structures, which may lead to an unjust handling of opinions. In our talk, we will therefore present Miranda Fricker’s conceptual idea of ‘epistemic injustice’ and we will apply these insights to clinical cases of our everyday practice. Epistemic injustice is injustice related to knowledge. The concept focuses on exclusion and silencing people in public discourse. This silencing leads to a systematic distortion or misrepresentation of one’s meanings or contributions and/or to an undervaluing of someone’s status in communicative practices. We think that this concept has not been considered in clinical ethics thus far, and we would like to discuss whether ethical case discussions should not help to avoid epistemic injustice. If so, then the case discussion methods of our discipline should be adapted accordingly. "
Artificial Intelligence, Social Media and Depression. ‘Patient’ Autonomy Revisited
Authors:   ", Mueller Regina ,   M.A., Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medicine Greisfwald, Germany,   E-mail: regina.mueller@med.uni-greifswald.de ", Laacke Sebastian ,   "M.A., Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; E-mail: Sebastian.Laacke@med.uni-greifswald.de ", Schomerus Georg ,   Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig, Germany, Salloch Sabine ,   Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
Published: September 2021

"Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly being developed and various applications are already used in medical practice. This development promises improvements in prediction, diagnostics and treatment decisions. As one example, in the field of psychiatry, AI systems can already successfully detect markers of mental disorders such as depression. By using data from social media (e.g. Instagram or Twitter), users who are at risk of mental disorders can be identified. This potential of AI-based depression detectors (AIDD) opens chances, such as quick and inexpensive diagnoses, but also leads to ethical challenges especially regarding users’ autonomy. The focus of the presentation is on autonomy-related ethical implications of AI systems using social media data to identify users with a high risk of suffering from depression. First, technical examples and potential usage scenarios of AIDD are introduced. Second, it is demonstrated that the traditional concept of patient autonomy according to Beauchamp and Childress does not fully account for the ethical implications associated with AIDD. Third, an extended concept of “Health-Related Digital Autonomy” (HRDA) is presented. Conceptual aspects and normative criteria of HRDA are discussed. As a result, HRDA covers the elusive area between social media users and patients. "
ASPEK HUKUM TERHADAP TRANSAKSI PINJAMAN ONLINE
Authors: Wahyuni Wahyuni
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Online loans are currently being discussed a lot, especially regarding the legality underlying. Where there is no clarity regarding the transaction mechanism and the legal consequences of the achievements made by both parties, and also not a few who end it through criminal law. In this regard, the authors would like to emphasize several legal aspects of this online loan transaction by conducting a normative-empirical legal analysis, using several approaches, including the approach to related laws and regulations, a case study approach related to online loan cases and a comparative approach or comparison to compare loan transactions made online and loan transactions made offline. Because the transaction mechanism is carried out online, this agreement cannot be separated from the principles adopted in civil law as well as the conditions for the validity of an agreement, so that even though online loan transactions are carried out online, they must be subject to applicable laws and regulations. and carry out the process of validating data and information for each party so that in the event of a default by one of the parties it can be resolved without harming one of the parties in the transaction.

Abstrak

Pinjaman Online saat ini sedang banyak diperbincangan terutama mengenai payung hukum yang mendasarinya. Dimana belum ada kejelasan terkait bagaimana mekanisme transaksinya serta bagaimana akibat hukum dari prestasi yang dilakukan oleh kedua belah pihak, dan pula tidak sedikit yang mengakhirinya melalui jalur hukum pidana. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka penulis ingin menegaskan beberapa aspek hukum terhadap transaksi pinjaman online ini dengan melakukan analisis secara hukum normatif-empiris, dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan, antara lain pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan terkait, pendekatan studi kasus yang berkaitan dengan kasus pinjaman online dan pendekatan komparasi atau perbandingan untuk membandingkan transaksi pinjaman yang dilakukan secara online dan transaksi pinjaman yang dilakukan secara offline. Oleh karena mekanisme transaksi yang dijalankan secara online, maka perjanjian ini tidak terlepas dari prinsip-prinsip yang dianut dalam hukum keperdataan serta yang menjadi syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian, sehingga transaksi pinjaman online tersebut sekalipun dilakukan secara online, namun harus tunduk pada perundang-undangan yang berlaku serta melakukan proses validasi data dan informasi masing-masing pihak sehingga ketika terjadi wanprestasi oleh salah satu pihak dapat diselesaikan tanpa merugikan salah satu pihak dalam transaksi tersebut.