bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROYECCIÓN SUBJETIVA DE TRAYECTOS TEMPORALES Y ESPACIALES CON ‘HASTA’
Authors: Colin Salazar Leticia del Carmen , De la Mora Gutiérrez Juliana , Belloro Valeria
Published: February 2019

Las preposiciones en español han sido tema de discusión de numerosos investigadores (Trujillo, 1971; Fernández, 1991; Galán Rodríguez, 1992; Jolly, 1993; Bosque, 1996; Horno Chéliz, 2002; Cuadros, 2005; Rodrígues, 2009). Este trabajo se centra en la preposición direccional hasta que  se asocia con la función de trayectoria (Jackendoff, 1983; Zwarts, 2005; Demonte, 2011)  por ello,  está íntimamente relacionada con el espacio. Suele tener como primer significado el de meta espacial, además del significado de meta temporal. (Caravedo, 2011; Gutiérrez Ordoñez, 1997; Lope Blanch, 2008; Moliner, 1998; RAE, 2001; Seco, 1998). En ambos casos, hasta marca el límite de una trayectoria ya sea en el tiempo o en el espacio. Sin embargo, existen casos en los que se puede obtener otro significado. Por un lado, el llamado uso anómalo (Lope Blanch, 2008) de algunos dialectos como el mexicano, en el que hasta aparece con un verbo puntual en oración afirmativa y un complemento temporal (‘llegó hasta las 11’). O los ejemplos en los que aparece con un verbo de estado con complementos espaciales (‘vivo hasta el sexto piso’). Con datos extraídos de un corpus de habla oral en México, se llevó a cabo el análisis en el que se propone una explicación para ambos fenómenos en términos de subjetividad.
DE OBSERVACIONES A ESTUDIOS. TÍTULOS DE LOS ARTÍCULOS CIENTÍFICOS ESPAÑOLES ENTRE 1799 Y 1920
Authors: Kotwica Dorota
Published: February 2019

En el presente artículo, se analizan algunas características de los artículos publicados por las instituciones científicas españolas entre 1799 y 1920. En concreto, se analizan las palabras descriptivas del tipo de texto presentes en los títulos, por ejemplo, estudio, memoria, análisis, ensayo, etc. La presencia de este tipo de «etiquetas» en los títulos es un rasgo común de muchos de los artículos publicados entre las fechas señaladas. Creemos que, por una parte, estas etiquetas reflejan la conciencia de los miembros de la comunidad científica sobre las convenciones de escritura científica. Por otra parte, ofrecen pistas sobre la evolución de las prácticas científicas a lo largo de este periodo.
REVISIÓN DE LA ATENUACIÓN COMO EXPRESIÓN DE LA COMPETENCIA PRAGMÁTICA
Authors: Magraner Mifsud Àngela
Published: February 2019

En este trabajo se evalúa la competencia pragmática de estudiantes adolescentes (15-18 años) a partir del análisis de un corpus de muestras escritas que recogen diversas situaciones comunicativas propuestas a los jóvenes. Para llevar a cabo dicha evaluación se ha diseñado un sistema basado en el mayor o menor uso de la estrategia pragmática de la atenuación en el que se establecen tres niveles de adecuación pragmática: adecuado, inadecuado por defecto e inadecuado por exceso. Este sistema nos ha permitido juzgar la competencia pragmática, y, por tanto, también comunicativa de los estudiantes. Los resultados del estudio dan cuenta, por un lado, de la idoneidad de la atenuación como herramienta indicadora de la competencia pragmática en los estudiantes, y por otro lado, muestra las carencias y puntos débiles de los estudiantes de secundaria en el desarrollo de este fenómeno  pragmático. A partir de estos resultado, se ha diseñado una propuesta didáctica para el desarrollo de las estrategias de atenuación y su uso adecuado en estudiantes de este nivel de estudios. En concreto, se pretende promover  su competencia pragmática en cuanto a la producción e interpretación de enunciados en contextos específicos.
SELF-PRESENTATION PROCESSES IN PERSONAL PROFILES IN A PRO-ANOREXIA GROUP
Authors: Figueras Bates Carolina
Published: February 2019

This paper presents the results of a content analysis of 1000 personal profiles posted on a pro-anorexia (pro-ana) group from the social networking site Xanga. Applying methods of computer-mediated communication discourse analysis, the visual and verbal strategies of self-presentation in pro-ana members’ profiles were examined. Competence, ingratiation, exemplification and supplication emerged as the main self-presentation strategies identified in the text-based profiles. In contrast to other online self-presentations (such as personal home pages and weblogs), new contents and meanings related to a pro-ana social identity were assigned to these strategies in the group. The analysis of the profile pictures revealed that pro-ana users of the site tended to remain visually anonymous, resorting to images of models and celebrities, and reproducing the thin ideal. Based on these findings, this study advances some conclusions about how the pro-ana identity is constructed in social networking sites.
LA ESTRUCTURA INFORMATIVA EN ESPAÑOL HABLADO: APROXIMACIÓN PRELIMINAR
Authors: Robles Sabater Ferran , Bertomeu Pi Pau
Published: February 2019

El dosier temático que aquí prologamos está dedicado al estudio de la estructura informativa en el español hablado. Desde perspectivas diversas, estos cinco trabajos abordan el análisis de fenómenos relacionados con los diferentes modos en que se segmentan y distribuyen en el enunciado los diferentes tipos de referentes y contenidos, tanto de naturaleza proposicional como instruccional, que forman el discurso. Es conveniente, pues, que delimitemos en qué consiste esta parte fundamental de la lengua y a qué líneas de investigación ha dado lugar en la discusión gramatical reciente.
ДУБРОВАЧКО ПИСМО ВОЈВОДИ РАДИЧУ САНКОВИЋУ
Authors: Смиљанић Аранђел
Published: February 2019

Дубровчани су у овом писму војводи Радичу одговорили навише питања и захтјева које им је он прије тога поставио. Најприје су одбилида изруче Радоњу (вјероватно Куделиновића), правдајући се правом азила уњиховом граду. Затим су обавијестили војводу да су за замјену земље писаликраљу Остоји, да ће му и убудуће писати и о томе говорити. Још су му јављалида су до њих стигли гласови како се Турци организују у Србији с циљем нападана Зету. Међутим, нису били сигурни у те вијести, те су молили војводу Радичада им јави нешто више о томе, наравно под условом да о томе нешто више знаили ако у међувремену сазна.
РАЗРЕШНИЦА КРАЉА ОСТОЈЕ ДУБРОВНИКУ О РАЧУНУ ПАЛКА ВУЧЕВИЋА ЗА ЦАРИНУ У ДЕЖЕВИЦАМА
Authors: Фостиков Александра
Published: February 2019

Босански краљ Остоја обавештава Дубровачку општину даје са њеним подаником Палком Вучевићем сравнио рачун поводом дохоткаод царине, као и да је до кашњења издавања документа дошло услед његовогодласка код угарског краља.
ПИСМО ДУБРОВАЧКЕ ОПШТИНЕ КНЕЗУ ГРГУРУ ВУКОСАЛИЋУ ПРОТИВ ЦАРИНЕ ПРЕД СТОНОМ
Authors: Крстић Александар
Published: February 2019

Дубровачки кнез и властела писали су кнезу Гргуру Вукосалићуда укине царину коју је поставио пред Стоном на Заблатку у Попову,позивајући се на то да „пред вратима“ њиховог града никада није постојалацарина. Кнез Гргур је на ово несачувано дубровачко писмо одговориообразложењем да се царина наплаћује само од његових људи. Зато су муДубровчани 17. јануара 1416. упутили ново писмо, у којем га поново моледа укине поменуту царину, позивајући се на раније стање и обичаје, његовопријатељство и споразум које је имао с Дубровником. Спор око царине наЗаблатку је потрајао све до јула 1418. године, када је Гргур Вукосалић биоприморан да укине ову царину, о чему је издао повељу Дубровчанима.
ПРИЛОГ ПОЗНАВАЊУ ФЛОРЕ НА СЕРПЕНТИНИТИМА У ДОЛИНИ РИЈЕКЕ ЈОШАВКЕ
Authors: Лубaрдa Биљaнa , Џoмбић Дивнa
Published: February 2019

Теренска истраживања na серпентинитима у долини Јошавке у близини Бање Луке спроведена су током вегетацијске сезоне 2013. i 2014. године. Укупно је констатовано присуство 127 врста и подврста васкуларних биљака. Међу најзаступљенијим фамилијама посебно се истичу Compositae (14,7%), Poaceae (11,8%) и Leguminosae (Fabaceae) (8,7%). У биолошком спектру флоре у долини Јошавке утврђена је процентуална доминација хемикриптофита (52%) и терофита (15%). Биљногеографска анализа потврдила је доминацију евроазијског (19,7%), средњоевропског (17,3%) и субевроазијског (15%) флорног елемента. Констатовано је присуство шест таксона који припадају адвентивним биљакама. На подручју истраживања потврђено је присуство четири ендемичнa таксона: Gypsophila spergulaefolia, Euphorbia serpentini, Stachys recta subsp. baldaccii и Polygonum albanicum. Осим ендемичних, на анализираном подручју забиљежено је присуство неких ријетких биљака као што су: Paragymnopteris marantae, Dianthus giganteus subsp. croaticus, Sclerantus perennis, Thymus praecox subsp. jankae и Noccaea kovatsii.
КАРАКТЕРИЗАЦИЈА АНТИОКСИДАТИВНОГ МЕТАБОЛИЗМА СРИЈЕМУША
Authors: Давидовић Плавшић Биљана , Милетић Николина , Кукрић Зоран , Чолић Свјетлана , Кукавица Биљана
Published: February 2019

Поред тога што још увијек нема значајне комерцијалне употребе Allium ursinum L(сријемуша), ова занимљива биљка доста се користи у народној медицини као и у исхрани. Важноје истаћи да иако је сријемуш у свјежем облику доступан кратак период, његова љековита својствадоступна су током цијеле године у облику екстракта. Циљ нашег рада био је да се урадикарактеризација ензимског антиоксидативног метаболизма свјежих листова биљке сријемуш инеензимског антиоксидативног метаболизма свјежих и сувих листова у етанолном и метанолномекстракту. Наши резултати показали су да различита припрема екстракта сријемуша утиче наквантитативни састав фенолних једињења. Урађена је карактеризација ензимских профиласупероксид дисмутазе (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), каталазе (CAT, 1.11.1.6) и пероксидазе (POX,EC1.11.1.7) који су показали присуство три CAT и три POX изоформе, док су детектоване двије SODизоформе. Према нашим сазнањима, по први пут су показани изоензимски профилиантиоксидативних ензима листа сријемуша. Моћан антиоксидативни капацитет листова сријемушадобра је предиспозиција за преживљавање биљке у условима различитих врста стреса.
MOРФOЛOШКA ВAРИJAБИЛНOСT И ПOЛНИ ДИMOРФИЗAM ШAРEНOГ ДAЖДEВЊAКA (SALAMANDRA SALAMANDRA) СА ПЛАНИНЕ ОЗРЕН
Authors: Нешковић Катарина , Шукало Горан , Голуб Драгојла
Published: February 2019

У рaду су прeзeнтoвaни пoдaци o мoрфoлoшкoj вaриjaбилнoсти и пoлнoм димoрфизму шaрeнoг дaждeвњaкa (Salamandra salamandra) сa плaнинe Oзрeн (Рeпубликa Српскa, БиХ). Teрeнскa истрaживaњa прoвeдeнa су тoкoм 2015. и 2016. гoдинe у прoљeће и jeсeн. Укупнo je узоркoвaнo и прeмjeрeнo 56 aдултних jeдинки – 33 мужjaкa и 23 жeнкe. Aнaлизирaнo je 14 мoрфoмeтриjских кaрaктeрa, мaсa тиjeлa и jeднa мeристичкa кaрaктeристикa. Примjeнoм t-тeстa устaнoвљeнa je стaтистички знaчajнa рaзликa измeђу пoлoвa зa мaсу тиjeлa, дужину шaкe, дужину стoпaлa и дужину клoaкe. Нa oснoву aнaлизe брoja нaбoрa сa лиjeвe и дeснe стрaнe тиjeлa устaнoвљeнo je дa тaj брoj вaрирa oд oсaм дo 12, при чeму су нajзaступљeниje билe jeдинкe сa 10 и 11 нaбoрa. Eвидeнтнa je и aсимeтриja у брojу нaбoрa измeђу лиjeвe и дeснe стрaнe тиjeлa – 45% jeдинки имaлo је нejeднaк брoj нaбoрa. У вези са oбojeнoсти дoрзaлнe стрaнe тиjeлaнajзaступљeниje су билe jeдинкe сa дифузнo рaсутим жутим мрљaмa (46%), дoк je у пoглeду oбojeнoсти вeнтрaлнe стрaнe тиjeлa примиjeћeнa нajвeћa зaступљeнoст jeдинки сa жутим мрљaмa (56%). Штo сe тичe oбojeнoсти мaндибулe, дoминирaлe су jeдинкe сa испрeкидaнoм жутoм шaрoм нa oбoду вилицe (63%). Статистички значајне разлике између полова кoнстaтoвaнe су за обојеност вентралне стране тијела и обојеност доње вилице.
МОРФОМЕТРИЈСКЕ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ ЕРИТРОЦИТА КРКУШЕ (GOBIO OBTUSIROSTRIS)
Authors: Паспаљ Јована , Пљеваљчић Тања , Декић Радослав
Published: February 2019

Животна средина врши константан утицај на низ физиолошких и биохемијских процеса у организму, изазивајући одређене промјене тих процеса и функција. Хематолошки параметри, као што су број еритроцита, њихова величина, концентрација хемоглобина, број леукоцита и диференцијална крвна слика, могу дати кључне податке у разумијевању стања организма. Број еритроцита у крви риба сталан је и тијело рибе одржава овај број у оквиру одређених физиолошких граница, захваљујућу активности физиолошких хомеостатских механизама који одржавају равнотежу између процеса стварања и разградње еритроцита. У овој студији извршено је одређивање морфометријских карактеристика еритроцита код врсте Gobio obtusirostris сациљем добијања основних физиолошких карактеристика врсте, као и одређивања степена осјетљивости врсте на промјене у животној средини. У истраживању су кориштене јединке врсте Gobio obtusirostris које су уловљене на ријеци Врбањи на подручју прије самог ушћа у ријеку Врбас. Узорци крви уловљених риба кориштени су за прављење крвних размаза. Укупно је анализирано 11 јединки врсте Gobio obtusirostris, а анализа је обухватала 100 зрелих еритроцита на сваком препарату. Поред зрелих форми еритроцита, анализа је обухватала и младе форме. На основу компарације свих добијених вриједности морфометријских параметара еритроцита врсте Gobio obtusirostris са резултатима студија других аутора може се закључити да су добијене вриједности ниже у односу на поменуте карактеристике код већине других врста фамилије Cyprinidae. Поређењем вриједности морфометријских карактеристика незрелих и зрелих форми еритроцита кркуше утврђене су значајне разлике.
AНАЛИЗА ОТИЦАЈА У СЛИВУ РИЈЕКЕ ТОПЛИЦЕ
Authors: Гњато Слободан
Published: February 2019

У раду су анализирани отицаји у сливу ријеке Топлице. Извршена је анализа климатских игеолошко-морфолошких фактора отицаја. На основу података o протицају са четири хидролошкапрофила на Топлици, израчунати су специфични отицаји, висине отицаја и коефицијенти отицајау периоду 1961–1990. године. Циљ рада јесте приказати на који начин атмосферске падавине укорелацији са литолошким и геоморфолошким карактеристикама детерминишу отицаје упосматраном сливу, односно, приказати однос падавина и отицаја.
Emergence of trait variability through the lens of nitrogen assimilation in Prochlorococcus
Authors: Berube Paul M , Rasmussen Anna , Braakman Rogier , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Chisholm Sallie W
Published: February 2019

Intraspecific trait variability has important consequences for the function and stability of marine ecosystems. Here we examine variation in the ability to use nitrate across hundreds of Prochlorococcus genomes to better understand the modes of evolution influencing intraspecific allocation of ecologically important functions. Nitrate assimilation genes are absent in basal lineages but occur at an intermediate frequency that is randomly distributed within recently emerged clades. The distribution of nitrate assimilation genes within clades appears largely governed by vertical inheritance, gene loss, and homologous recombination. By mapping this process onto a model of Prochlorococcus’ macroevolution, we propose that niche-constructing adaptive radiations and subsequent niche partitioning set the stage for loss of nitrate assimilation genes from basal lineages as they specialized to lower light levels. Retention of these genes in recently emerged lineages has likely been facilitated by selection as they sequentially partitioned into niches where nitrate assimilation conferred a fitness benefit.
Pasienttilfredshet i en avrusningsinstitusjon for pasienter med rusmiddelproblemer - en kvantitativ deskriptiv studie
Authors: Ask Cathrine , Hanche-Olsen Marte , Svindseth Marit Følsvik
Published: February 2019

Patient satisfaction in inpatient detoxification for substance use disorders - a quantitative descriptive studyThe primary purpose of the study is to discover important factors for patients at inpatient detoxification by studying patient satisfaction. Data were collected from a patient experience survey carried out from 2013-2015 at a detoxification unit in Norway. The study includes 185 responses (response rate 62 %). Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Significant associations were found between patients’ satisfaction and all the factors of the therapeutic relationship except respect and courtesy, support and motivation, which were non-significant in this study. Conversations with therapist showed the largest effect on patient satisfaction (effect size (ES) = 1.27), followed by conversations with doctor (ES = 0.78) and compassionate staff (ES = 0.52). The results suggest that the therapeutic relationship is associated with patient satisfaction in inpatient detoxification.
Genes of the pig, Sus scrofa, reconstructed with EvidentialGene
Authors: Gilbert Donald G.
Published: February 2019

The pig is a well-studied model animal of biomedical and agricultural importance. Genes of this species, Sus scrofa, are known from experiments and predictions, and collected at the NCBI reference sequence database section. Gene reconstruction from transcribed gene evidence of RNA-seq now can accurately and completely reproduce the biological gene sets of animals and plants. Such a gene set for the pig is reported here, including human orthologs missing from current NCBI and Ensembl reference pig gene sets, additional alternate transcripts, and other improvements. Methodology for accurate and complete gene set reconstruction from RNA is used: the automated SRA2Genes pipeline of EvidentialGene project.
Membership doubles, and NAATP plans more on ethics and outcomes for 2019
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2019

The National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP) has culled its membership, removing members who don't comply with its ethics guidelines — mainly for marketing purposes. But rather than reducing its total numbers, this move has doubled membership, from 450 in the fall of 2015 to more than 900, NAATP Executive Director Marvin Ventrell told ADAW last week.
NbF5: A Novel α‐Phase Stabilizer for FA‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency
Authors: Yuan Shihao , Qian Fang , Yang Shaomin , Cai Yuan , Wang Qiang , Sun Jie , Liu Zhike , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: February 2019

The HC(NH2)2+(FA+) is a well‐known substitute to CH3NH3+(MA+) for its capability to extend light utilization for improved power conversion efficiency for perovskite solar cells; unfortunately, the dark cubic phase (α‐phase) can easily transition to the yellow orthorhombic phase (δ‐phase) at room temperature, an issue that prevents its commercial application. In this report, an inorganic material (NbF5) is developed to stabilize the desired α‐phase perovskite material by incorporating NbF5 additive into the perovskite films. It is found that the NbF5 additive effectively suppresses the formation of the yellow δ‐phase in the perovskite synthesis and aging process, thus enhancing the humidity and light‐soaking stability of the perovskite film. As a result, the perovskite solar cells with the NbF5 additive exhibit improved air stability by tenfold, retaining nearly 80% of their initial efficiency after aging in air for 50 d. In addition, under full‐sun AM 1.5 G illumination of a xenon lamp without any UV‐reduction, the perovskite solar cells with the NbF5 additive also show fivefold improved illumination stability than the control devices without NbF5.
Multifunctional Optoelectronic Device Based on an Asymmetric Active Layer Structure
Authors: Ren Beitao , Yuen Gancheong , Deng Sunbin , Jiang Le , Zhou Dingjian , Gu Leilei , Xu Ping , Zhang Meng , Fan Zhiyong , Yueng Fion Sze Yan , Chen Rongsheng , Kwok Hoi‐Sing , Li Guijun
Published: February 2019

A single device with a variety of capabilities is highly attractive for the increasing demands of complex and multifunctional optoelectronics. A hybrid heterojunction formed between CsPbBr3 halide perovskite and chalcogenide quantum dots is demonstrated. The heterojunction served as an asymmetric active layer allows not only charge separation/exciton dissociation in a benign process, but also carrier injection/recombination with the suppression of bulk and interfacial nonradiative recombination. An individual device incorporating such a heterojunction is therefore implemented with an integration of proof‐of‐concept functions, including a voltage controllable multicolor light‐emitting diode, an exceptionally high photovoltage energy‐harvesting device, and an ultrafast photosensitive detector. The figures of merit of the light‐emitting diode remarkably surpass those of the corresponding single‐active‐layer device, particularly in terms of its bright electroluminescence and superior long‐term stability. The asymmetric active layer concept provides a feasible route to design efficient multifunctional and monofunctional devices in the future.
Recent Developments in Controlled Vapor‐Phase Growth of 2D Group 6 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Kim Se‐Yang , Kwak Jinsung , Ciobanu Cristian V. , Kwon Soon‐Yong
Published: February 2019

An overview of recent developments in controlled vapor‐phase growth of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (2D TMD) films is presented. Investigations of thin‐film formation mechanisms and strategies for realizing 2D TMD films with less‐defective large domains are of central importance because single‐crystal‐like 2D TMDs exhibit the most beneficial electronic and optoelectronic properties. The focus is on the role of the various growth parameters, including strategies for efficiently delivering the precursors, the selection and preparation of the substrate surface as a growth assistant, and the introduction of growth promoters (e.g., organic molecules and alkali metal halides) to facilitate the layered growth of (Mo, W)(S, Se, Te)2 atomic crystals on inert substrates. Critical factors governing the thermodynamic and kinetic factors related to chemical reaction pathways and the growth mechanism are reviewed. With modification of classical nucleation theory, strategies for designing and growing various vertical/lateral TMD‐based heterostructures are discussed. Then, several pioneering techniques for facile observation of structural defects in TMDs, which substantially degrade the properties of macroscale TMDs, are introduced. Technical challenges to be overcome and future research directions in the vapor‐phase growth of 2D TMDs for heterojunction devices are discussed in light of recent advances in the field.
Determining particle‐size distributions from chord length measurements for different particle morphologies
Authors: Schoell Jochen , Irizarry Roberto , Sirota Eric , Mengel Cameron , Codan Lorenzo , Cote Aaron
Published: February 2019

A recently proposed model to determine particle‐size distributions (PSDs) from chord length measurements has been applied to different particle morphologies, namely compact, platelet‐ and rod‐shaped particles. To study these systems, chord length distributions (CLDs) were measured at varying particle size and solids concentration for each compound and were subsequently utilized to determine the system‐specific parameters. Each model was successfully applied to its respective compound such that the experimental PSDs and model predictions were in good agreement. Moreover, the effect of other variables such as agitation rate and solvent composition was investigated and found to be negligible for the specific systems tested. Finally, potential model optimizations of the general model construct have been studied. Two variants of the CLD compression step, namely principal component analysis and a geometric model have been considered as surrogate models. However, neither of these approaches yielded superior results than the previously proposed approach.
Caesarean birth and adiposity parameters in 6‐ to 8‐year‐old urban Maya children from two cities of Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Azcorra Hugo , Rodríguez Luis , Banik Sudip Datta , Bogin Barry , Varela‐Silva Maria Ines , Dickinson Federico
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between birth mode and fat mass index (FMI = fat mass [kg]/height [m]2), and z‐score values of waist circumference (WCZ) and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (SumSkfZ) in a sample of 256 6‐ to 8‐year‐old urban Maya children from the cities of Merida and Motul in Yucatan, Mexico.

Methods

From September 2011 to January 2014, we measured height, weight, waist circumference and skinfolds in children, and height and weight in their mothers. Body composition was estimated in both generations through bioelectrical impedance analysis. Data on children's birth mode and birth weight were obtained from birth certificates. A pre‐validated questionnaire for mothers was used regarding household living conditions. Multiple regression models were used to analyze the association between birth mode and adiposity parameters, adjusting for the effect of place of residence, household crowding index, children's birth weight, and maternal fat mass. Separate regression models were run for boys and girls.

Results

Caesarean‐born children comprised 43% of the entire sample. Caesarean section (CS) was found to be associated with higher values of body adiposity in girls, but not in boys. Specifically, our models predicted that girls born by CS had an increased value of 0.817 kg/m2 in FMI and showed higher SDs values for WCZ and SumskfZ (0.29 and 0.32 SD, respectively) than girls who were delivered vaginally.

Discussion

Our results support the hypothesis that CS is associated with increased levels of adiposity in childhood, but only in girls.
Henry Schein and the Importance Of a Properly Drafted Arbitration Clause
Authors: Rosenberg Charles B.
Published: February 2019

Much ink has been spilled over the years by dispute resolution attorneys to provide guidance to contract drafters on how to properly draft arbitration clauses. Arbitral institutions also have chimed in. Indeed, the CPR Institute alone provides model arbitration clauses for administered, non‐administered, and “fast track” arbitration. [Alternatives is published by the International Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution with John Wiley.]
Thin film composite membranes with desirable support layer for MeOH/MTBE pervaporation
Authors: Alibakhshian Farzaneh , Pourafshari Chenar Mahdi , Asghari Morteza
Published: February 2019

A comprehensive study was performed on a new application of thin film composite membranes and selecting a stable sublayer for them as pervaporation membranes in organic solvent separation. For this purpose, four different polymeric sublayers of polyethersulfone (PES), cellulose acetate, polyacrylonitrile, and polyetherimide were prepared, and the interaction of methanol (MeOH) and methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE) with them was investigated. The contact angle results, scanning electron microscopy images, and swelling and mechanical strength measurements obviously displayed the effect of immersion in organic solvents on the sublayers. Finally, a polyamide active layer was subsequently deposited on the PES membrane surface as the stable sublayer via interfacial polymerization based on a multistep statistical optimization strategy involving fractional factorial design and a response surface method. The prepared TFC membranes were tested in the pervaporation of a MeOH/MTBE mixture and exhibited excellent performance compared with the current membranes in this context. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47519.
Coordination Chemistry of Organoruthenium Compounds with Benzoylthiourea Ligands and their Biological Properties
Authors: Parveen Shahida , Tong Kelvin K. H. , Khawar Rauf Muhammad , Kubanik Mario , Shaheen Muhammad Ashraf , Söhnel Tilo , Jamieson Stephen M. F. , Hanif Muhammad , Hartinger Christian G.
Published: February 2019

Benzoylthiourea derivatives feature several donor atoms capable of coordinating to metal centers. We report here a series of Ru(η6‐p‐cymene) complexes employing benzoylthiourea derivatives as ligands. Such ligands often coordinate to metal centers through their S and O donor atoms. We isolated complexes where the ligands were mono‐ or bidentately coordinated to Ru involving the S donor atom and surprisingly in bidentate coordination mode a deprotonated thiourea nitrogen resulting in a 4‐membered ring structure around the metal center. DFT calculations were used to explain the differences in coordination behavior. These were complemented by stability studies and biological investigations of the compounds as anticancer agents. Several of the synthesized derivatives exhibited significant cell growth inhibitory activity, with the complexes featuring bidentate ligands being more potent than their monodentate counterparts. This can be explained by the higher stability of the former under the conditions employed in cell culture assays.
A review of screening tools for the identification of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in infants and young children: recommendations for use in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Marlow Marguerite , Servili Chiara , Tomlinson Mark
Published: February 2019

Without intervention, developmental delay (DD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) severely restrict children from reaching their developmental potential. Monitoring child development through the use of screening tools can help identify children who need further assessment or intervention. Screening has been widely encouraged to identify children with ASD or DD, and a large variety of screening instruments are suggested in the literature. There is a lack of consensus around which screening tools are most effective, especially where tools are used in cultures other than those in which they were created. We conducted a review of the literature for screening tools for DD and autism to make recommendations for tool selection and use in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). We included 99 screening tools in the review and created profiles for each tool to evaluate their properties and determine which tools could be effectively used in various LMIC. Our review identified a substantial number (35 for DD and 6 for ASD) of screening tools from LMIC. We identified 10 tools which show promise for use across settings; these tools are brief, low‐cost and can be implemented by paraprofessionals or lay community health workers. Routine screening is an important first step toward addressing the need for services in LMIC, but high‐quality tools take time to be conceptualized, developed, piloted, and validated, before implementation can happen. A focus on improving the scientific rigor of early detection approaches and on enhancing the reach to underserved populations should be prioritized. Autism Res 2019, 12: 176–199 © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Screening tools are short questionnaires or brief assessments used to identify children at risk of a developmental disability such as autism. Many screening tools exist, but there is uncertainty about which tools work best in non‐Western cultures or low‐resource settings. We reviewed over 90 screening tools to identify which tools can be easily used in these settings. Selecting tools that are affordable and easy to use will make it easier to identify and support children with developmental difficulties.
Zum Kriechen von Beton mit Superabsorbierenden Polymeren unter Druckbeanspruchung
Authors: Reinhardt Hans‐Wolf , Mielich Oliver , Müller Burkhard
Published: February 2019

Superabsorbierende Polymere (SAP) speichern im Beton Wasser und geben es während der Hydratation des Zements ab, was eine innere Nachbehandlung darstellt, oder stellen es zur Aktivierung von nicht hydratisiertem Zement in Mikrorissen zur Verfügung, was einer Selbstheilung gleichkommt. Der zweite Effekt liegt den Untersuchungen zugrunde, da Kriechen von Beton, neben viskosen Verformungen des Zementsteins, auch durch Mikrorisse verursacht wird. In einer Versuchsreihe wurden fünf Betonzusammensetzungen einer Druckspannung unterworfen und die dabei auftretenden Verformungen gemessen. Es zeigte sich, dass geringe Mengen von SAP das Kriechen signifikant vermindern.
Dynamisches Verhalten von Stahlbetonplatten
Authors: Hering Marcus , Kühn Tino , Häntzschel Thomas , Neumann Frank , Häußler‐Combe Ulrich , Curbach Manfred
Published: February 2019

Nur eine einzige Chance gab es, im Rahmen einer Kooperation mit der Bundeswehr dem Interesse der Wissenschaft beim Ansprengen von Betonplatten nachzugehen. Neben vielen durchgeführten Fall‐ und Beschussversuchen im Otto‐Mohr‐Laboratorium in Dresden nutzten die Autoren die Gelegenheit eines Feldversuchs unter ähnlichen Bedingungen wie im Labor. Hierzu wurden der Probekörper sowie die gesamte Mess‐ und Versuchstechnik kurzerhand auf einen Übungsplatz der Bundeswehr transportiert. Die Bedienung des ansonsten autarken Messsystems erfolgte aus einem sicheren Bunker in 300 m Entfernung, was eine zusätzliche Herausforderung darstellte. Es wurden Lagerkräfte, Beschleunigungen und Verschiebungen gemessen. Außerdem wurden High‐Speed‐Aufnahmen aufgezeichnet. Die Beanspruchung erfolgte mit 0,75 kg PETN mit einem TNT‐Äquivalent (TNTe) von ca. 1 kg. Im Beitrag wird die experimentelle Vorgehensweise detailliert dargelegt. Im Bewusstsein, mit dieser Beanspruchungsart Neuland zu betreten, werden Fehler offen benannt und die Methodik kritisch hinterfragt. In einem nachfolgenden Artikel wird auf die numerische Betrachtung des hier rein experimentell beschriebenen Versuchs eingegangen.
Pervaporation Dehydration of Azeotropic Water/Acetonitrile Mixture Using High Water Affinity PVA–PVAm Blended Membrane
Authors: Chaudhari Shivshankar , Kwon Yongsung , Shon MinYoung
Published: February 2019

Acetonitrile and water forms an azeotropic mixture having a boiling point of 76.5 °C and containing approximately 82.2 wt % acetonitrile under atmospheric pressure. Accordingly for their separation, heterogeneous distillation, extractive distillation, and solvent extraction have been used. The recovery of solvent and solute from the extract phase can usually be done by additional distillation processes, which ultimately lead to a less economical and energy intensive pathway. The hydrophilic polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl amine) were used to prepared blended membrane and crosslinked them using glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent. The FTIR, XRD, DSC, SEM, and swelling studies techniques were used to characterize all the blended membranes and applied for pervaporation separation of water/acetonitrile feed mixtures. Comparison of pervaporation data with water–acetonitrile vapor–liquid equilibrium data confirmed that the membrane acted as a third phase to effectively break azeotropes.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of C=C and C=O Bonds with Alkanols
Authors: Jiang Biao‐Lin , Ma Shuang‐Shuang , Wang Meng‐Liang , Liu Dian‐Sheng , Xu Bao‐Hua , Zhang Suo‐Jiang
Published: February 2019

An environmentally benign protocol of chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of C=C and C=O bonds with alkanols under base‐free conditions is developed by this study, wherein the cobalt‐ bidentate phosphine catalyst precursor is commercially available and the active low‐valent Co species could be generated in‐situ. For the conjugation enones, the vinyl group is selectively reduced, whereas with nonconjugated alkenones, the selectivity is changed to the carbonyl group. Besides, ortho‐alkenyl‐benzaldehydes/imines are well tolerated, and the reduction solely occurs at the C=O/C=N site with this protocol.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Co‐reactants for Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Tian Libing , Zhao Panpan , Wei Jingjing , Chi Yuwu , Zhou Shu‐Feng , Chen Lichan
Published: February 2019

The search for a biocompatible co‐reactant for tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted broad attention towards extending its application in the biomedical field. This work investigates the co‐reactant effect of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNSs) on Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. CNNSs enhance the anodic ECL of Ru(bpy)32+ through the ECL interaction between Ru(bpy)33+ and the reductive intermediate of CNNSs, which are generated by either the direct electroreduction of CNNSs or the chemical/electrochemical oxidation of the amine groups on the CNNSs surface by Ru(bpy)33+. The finding may provide a new avenue for the development of self‐enhanced ECL probes and offer a new insight into revealing the surface feature of CNNSs.
A Stepwise Annulation for the Transformation of Cyclic Ketones to Fused 6 and 7‐Membered Cyclic Enimines and Enones
Authors: Wu Dong‐Ping , He Qian , Chen Dong‐Huang , Ye Jian‐Liang , Huang Pei‐Qiang
Published: February 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The efficient construction of functionalized polycyclic structures is an important objective in organic synthesis. Herein, we disclose a three‐step “[2 + n]” annulation method for the transformation of cyclic ketones to fused enimines and enones. The method relies on the Suzuki coupling reaction and the amide reductive alkenylation reaction. A series of fused bicyclic (6/6, 6/7, 8/7) and tricyclic (6/6/6; 6/6/7, 6/5/7) ring systems bearing an α,β‐enimine or an α,β‐enone functionality have been synthetized in good overall yields.
Discovery of Small‐Molecule Antibiotics against a Unique tRNA‐Mediated Regulation of Transcription in Gram‐Positive Bacteria
Authors: Frohlich Kyla M. , Weintraub Spencer F. , Bell Janeen T. , Todd Gabrielle C. , Väre Ville Y. P. , Schneider Ryan , Kloos Zachary A. , Tabe Ebot S. , Cantara William A. , Stark Caren J. , Onwuanaibe Urenna J. , Duffy Bryan C. , Basanta‐Sanchez Maria , Kitchen Douglas B. , McDonough Kathleen A. , Agris Paul F.
Published: February 2019

The emergence of multidrug‐resistant bacteria necessitates the identification of unique targets of intervention and compounds that inhibit their function. Gram‐positive bacteria use a well‐conserved tRNA‐responsive transcriptional regulatory element in mRNAs, known as the T‐box, to regulate the transcription of multiple operons that control amino acid metabolism. T‐box regulatory elements are found only in the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs of Gram‐positive bacteria, not Gram‐negative bacteria or the human host. Using the structure of the 5′UTR sequence of the Bacillus subtilis tyrosyl‐tRNA synthetase mRNA T‐box as a model, in silico docking of 305 000 small compounds initially yielded 700 as potential binders that could inhibit the binding of the tRNA ligand. A single family of compounds inhibited the growth of Gram‐positive bacteria, but not Gram‐negative bacteria, including drug‐resistant clinical isolates at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC 16–64 μg mL−1). Resistance developed at an extremely low mutational frequency (1.21×10−10). At 4 μg mL−1, the parent compound PKZ18 significantly inhibited in vivo transcription of glycyl‐tRNA synthetase mRNA. PKZ18 also inhibited in vivo translation of the S. aureus threonyl‐tRNA synthetase protein. PKZ18 bound to the Specifier Loop in vitro (Kd≈24 μm). Its core chemistry necessary for antibacterial activity has been identified. These findings support the T‐box regulatory mechanism as a new target for antibiotic discovery that may impede the emergence of resistance.
Lasting effects of cancer and its treatment on employment and finances in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors
Authors: Ketterl Tyler G. , Syrjala Karen L. , Casillas Jacqueline , Jacobs Linda A. , Palmer Steven C. , McCabe Mary S. , Ganz Patricia A. , Overholser Linda , Partridge Ann , Rajotte Emily Jo , Rosenberg Abby R. , Risendal Betsy , Rosenstein Donald L. , Baker Kevin Scott
Published: February 2019

Background

The impact of cancer and its treatment on employment and financial burden in adolescents/young adults (AYAs) is not fully known.

Methods

Eligibility for this cross‐sectional study of AYA cancer survivors included the diagnosis of a malignancy between ages 18 and 39 years and survey completion within 1 to 5 years from diagnosis and ≥1 year after therapy completion. Participants were selected randomly from the tumor registries of 7 participating sites and completed an online patient‐reported outcomes survey to assess employment and financial concerns. Treatment data were abstracted from medical records. Data were analyzed across diagnoses and by tumor site using logistic regression and Wald‐based 95% confidence intervals adjusting for age (categorized), sex, insurance status, education (categorized), and treatment exposures.

Results

Participants included 872 survivors (breast cancer, n = 241; thyroid cancer, n = 126; leukemia/lymphoma, n = 163; other malignancies, n = 342). Exposure to chemotherapy in breast cancer survivors was associated with an increase in self‐reported mental impairment in work tasks (odds ratio [OR], 2.66) and taking unpaid time off (OR, 2.62); survivors of “other” malignancies reported an increase in mental impairment of work tasks (OR, 3.67) and borrowing >$10,000 (OR, 3.43). Radiation exposure was associated with an increase of mental impairment in work tasks (OR, 2.05) in breast cancer survivors, taking extended paid time off work in thyroid cancer survivors (OR, 5.05), and physical impairment in work tasks in survivors of “other” malignancies (OR, 3.11). Finally, in survivors of “other” malignancies, having undergone surgery was associated with an increase in physical (OR, 3.11) and mental impairment (OR, 2.31) of work tasks.

Conclusions

Cancer treatment has a significant impact on AYA survivors’ physical and mental work capacity and time off from work.
Impact of patient choice and hospital competition on patient outcomes after prostate cancer surgery: A national population‐based study
Authors: Aggarwal Ajay K. , Sujenthiran Arunan , Lewis Daniel , Walker Kate , Cathcart Paul , Clarke Noel , Sullivan Richard , van der Meulen Jan H.
Published: February 2019

Background

Policies that encourage patient choice and hospital competition have been introduced across several countries with the purpose of improving the quality of health care services. The objective of the current national cohort study was to analyze the correlation between choice and competition on outcomes after cancer surgery using prostate cancer as a case study.

Methods

The analyses included all men who underwent prostate cancer surgery in the United Kingdom between 2008 and 2011 (n = 12,925). Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the effect of a radical prostatectomy center being located in a competitive environment (based on the number of centers within a threshold distance) and being a successful competitor (based on the ability to attract patients from other hospitals) on 3 patient‐level outcomes: postoperative length of hospital stay >3 days, 30‐day emergency readmissions, and 2‐year urinary complications.

Results

With adjustment for patient characteristics, men who underwent surgery in centers located in a stronger competitive environment were less likely to have a 30‐day emergency readmission, irrespective of the type or volume of procedures performed at each center (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.36‐0.60; P = .005). Men who received treatment at centers that were successful competitors were less likely to have a length of hospital stay >3 days (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.25‐0.94; P = .02).

Conclusions

The current results suggest for the first time that hospital competition improves short‐term outcomes after prostate cancer surgery. Further evaluation of the potential role of patient choice and hospital competition is required to inform health service design in contrast to the role of top‐down–driven approaches, which have focused on centralization of services.
Spinal cord injury transiently alters Meissner's corpuscle density in the digit pads of macaque monkeys
Authors: Crowley Matthew , Lilak Alayna , Ahloy‐Dallaire Jamie , Darian‐Smith Corinna
Published: February 2019

Meissner's corpuscles (MCs) are cutaneous mechanoreceptors found in glabrous skin and are exquisitely sensitive to light touch. Along with other receptors, they provide continuous sensory feedback that informs the execution of fine manual behaviors. Following cervical spinal deafferentation injuries, hand use can be initially severely impaired, but substantial recovery occurs over many weeks, even when ~95% of the original input is permanently lost. While most SCI research focuses on central neural pathway responses, little is known about the role of peripheral receptors in facilitating recovery. We begin to address this by asking the following: (1) What is the normal pattern of MCs in the distal pads of all five digits in the macaque monkey (with hands similar to humans)? (2) What happens to these receptors 4–5 months following either a dorsal column lesion (DCL) or a combined dorsal root/dorsal column lesion (DRL/DCL), when functional recovery is largely complete? (3) What happens chronically, 12–14 months later? Our findings show that in normal monkeys, MCs are densest in the distal pads of the opposing thumb and index finger, with the greatest concentration on the thumb. This reflects a close functional relationship between receptor density and precision grip. At 4–5 months post‐injury, there was a (~30%) loss of MCs on the deafferented digits of the injured hand compared with the contralateral side. However, 12–14 months after a DRL/DCL, receptor densities had returned to normal levels. Our findings indicate a complex peripheral response and highlight the importance of the periphery in shaping central changes.
Occlusal traits of 4–5‐year‐old Estonians. Parents' perception of orthodontic treatment need and satisfaction with dental appearance
Authors: Sepp Hettel , Saag Mare , Vinkka‐Puhakka Heli , Svedström‐Oristo Anna‐Liisa , Peltomäki Timo
Published: February 2019

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of occlusal traits and to assess parents'/caregivers' satisfaction with child's dental appearance and perception of orthodontic treatment need in 4–5‐year‐old Estonians. Clinical records and plaster casts of 390 children (190 girls and 200 boys, mean age 4.7 years, range 4 ̶ 5 years) were analyzed. Assessed occlusal traits included deciduous canine and second molar sagittal relationship, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, crossbite, and scissor bite. Parents'/caregivers' opinions regarding their child's teeth were determined with a questionnaire. The most prevalent occlusal traits were symmetrical sagittal relationship in deciduous canines (78.2%) and molars (75.1%), Class I sagittal relationship in deciduous canines (69.7%) and midline diastema (67.7%). Asymmetrical sagittal canine relationship was registered in 21.8% deciduous canines and in 24.9% second deciduous molars. Parents'/caregivers' perceived orthodontic treatment need was related to Class III sagittal relationship in canines, increased overjet and overbite, negative overbite, and crossbite. Prevalence of most occlusal traits in Estonian children were in line with those reported in neighboring countries. Parents/caregivers were well able to observe occlusal traits that deviated from acceptable occlusion.
Patterns of rangeland productivity and land ownership: Implications for conservation and management
Authors: Robinson Nathaniel P. , Allred Brady W. , Naugle David E. , Jones Matthew O.
Published: February 2019

Rangelands cover 40–50% of the Earth's terrestrial surface. While often characterized by limited, yet variable resource availability, rangelands are vital for humans, providing numerous ecosystem goods and services. In the conterminous United States (CONUS), the dominant component of rangeland conservation is a network of public rangelands, concentrated in the west. Public rangelands are interspersed with private and tribal rangelands resulting in a complex mosaic of land tenure and management priorities. We quantify ownership patterns of rangeland production at multiple scales across CONUS and find that both total production and average productivity of private rangelands is more than twice that of public and tribal rangelands. At finer scales, private rangelands are consistently more productive than their public counterparts. We also demonstrate an inverse relationship between public rangeland acreage and productivity. While conserving acreage is crucial to rangeland conservation, just as critical are broad‐scale ecological patterns and processes that sustain ecosystem services. Across CONUS, ownership regimes capture distinct elements of these patterns and services, demonstrated through disparate production dynamics. As ownership determines the range of feasible conservation actions, and the technical and financial resources available to implement them, understanding ownership‐production dynamics is critical for effective and sustained conservation of rangeland ecosystem services.