bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ketahanan Aksesi Plasma Nutfah Tembakau Cerutu terhadap Penyakit Lanas dan Busuk Batang Berlubang Resistance of Tobacco Germplasms Against Black Shank and Hollow Stalk
Authors: Yulianti Titiek
Published: October 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh aksesi tembakau cerutu yang tahan terhadap penyakit lanas dise-babkan oleh patogen Phytophthora nicotianae vßdH var. nicotianae Waterhouse dan busuk batang berlu-bang yang disebabkan oleh patogen Erwinia carotovora sebagai sumber genetik pada persilangan untuk me-rakit varietas unggul baru. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium dan rumah kasa dan semi lapangan pada polybag di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang, mulai bulan Maret sampai dengan De-sember 2008. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan tiga ulangan. Unit perlaku-an terdiri dari 10 tanaman tembakau cerutu. Parameter pengamatan adalah persentase tanaman sakit. Ino-kulasi Phytophthora nicotianae pada tanaman dilakukan pada 1 bulan setelah tanam dengan cara membuat luka/sayatan pada pangkal batang kemudian diolesi suspensi patogen dan ditutup dengan kapas steril yang dibasahi dengan air steril untuk menjaga kelembapan. Inokulasi E. carotovora dilakukan pada dua minggu setelah tanam (MST) yaitu pada akar yang disayat terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan pisau cutter seba-gai media masuknya inokulum pada bagian tanaman. Suspensi inokulum yang digunakan 10 ml dengan ke-rapatan 108/ml per polybag. Dari hasil pengujian diperoleh enam aksesi tembakau cerutu tahan terhadap P. nicotianae yaitu: S-2235, S-2272, S-2361, S-2399, S-2400, dan S-2403. Sedangkan aksesi yang tahan ter-hadap E. carotovora adalah: S-2234, S-2236, S-2271, S-2272, S-2298, S-2299, S-2361, S-2399, S-2400, dan S-2401.

This study aimed to examine the resistance level of 30 cigar tobacco accessions to Phytophthora nicotianae, the causal agent of black shank, and Erwinia carotovora, the causal agent of hollow stalk. The resistant lines will be used as resistant genetic source in breeding process to construct premium variety (ies). The screen-ing test was conducted in a glass house from March–December 2008 arranging in randomized block design with three replicates. Each unit of tobacco accessions consisted of 10 plants and percentage of wilt/diseased plant assessed to determine the resistant degree. P. nicotianae was inoculated on wounded bottom stem beneath the soil level 1 month after transplanting. Whilst E. carotovora was infested in sterilized soil 10 ml with concentration of 108 per polybag two weeks after tobacco seedlings were transplanted. The root sys-tems were wounded to facilitate the bacterium enter the cells. Results of the test show that 6 of 16 tested accessions were resistant, ie. S-2235, S-2272, S-2361, S-2399, S-2400, and S-2403 to P. nicotianae; and 10 accessions were resistant to E. carotovora ie. S-2234, S-2236, S-2271, S-2272, S-2298, S-2299, S-2361, S-2399, S-2400, and S-2401.
Evaluasi Ketahanan Plasma Nutfah Kenaf terhadap Cekaman Fe pada pH Masam Evaluation of Kenaf Germplasm to High Fe Concentration and Low pH Resistance
Authors: Purwati Rully Dyah , Marjani .
Published: October 2016

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi ketahanan plasma nutfah kenaf pada lingkungan konsentrasi Fe yang ekstrim dan pH masam telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium dan Rumah Kaca Pemuliaan Balittas, Malang, mulai bulan Januari–Desember 2008. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan ran-cangan acak kelompok yang diulang 3 kali. Bahan penelitian terdiri dari 100 aksesi kenaf yang diuji di labo-ratorium pada tingkat bibit. Pada setiap ulangan, masing-masing aksesi kenaf diuji sebanyak 20 bibit ber-umur 3–4 hari, yang ditanam pada stereo-foam berlapiskan kasa strimin. Bibit dipelihara pada larutan nu-trien ”Yoshida” dan diberi perlakuan konsentrasi unsur Fe 350 ppm dan pH 4. Sebagai pembanding diguna-kan nutrien yang sama dengan konsentrasi Fe = 0 ppm dan pH netral. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap pan-jang akar, panjang hipokotil, berat kering akar, dan berat kering hipokotil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketahanan 100 aksesi kenaf yang diuji terhadap kelebihan Fe pada pH masam bervariasi; tetapi ada 8 aksesi yang tergolong tahan, yaitu aksesi nomer 449, 461, 476, 782, 785, 833, 836, dan 839.

The objective of this experiment was to find out information of kenaf germplasm resistance to high Fe con-centration and low pH of media. The experiment was conducted in laboratory and green house of plant breeding division, IToFCRI, Malang from January to December 2008. The experiment was designed in ran-domized block design with three replications. One hundred accessions of kenaf seedlings were evaluated in laboratory. Each accession in each replicate consisted of 20 seedlings (3–4 days old) were planted in stereo-foam trays with plastic gauze layer. Seedlings were maintained in “Yoshida” nutrient solution and treated with 350 ppm Fe concentration and pH 4. The same media with 0 ppm Fe and neutral pH was used as a control. The parameters observed were root and hypocotyls length, root and hypocotyls dry weight. Results of this experiment showed that the resistance to excess Fe in low pH of 100 accessions evaluated were va-ried. Out of 100 accessions, eight accessions were categorised as resistant i.e. accession no. 449, 461, 476, 782, 785, 833, 836, and 839.
Permasalahan dalam Implementasi Sistem Perbenihan
Authors: Sudjindro .
Published: October 2016

Benih merupakan cikal bakal dari suatu kehidupan tanaman yang harus memiliki mutu genetik, fisiologis, dan fisik yang baik. Namun untuk memahami benih itu apa dan bagaimana memperoleh mutu benih yang baik tidaklah mudah. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi proses untuk memperoleh mutu benih yang baik, yaitu faktor internal (faktor yang ada di dalam benih) dan faktor eksternal (faktor di luar benih atau ling-kungan). Konsep perbenihan dan implementasi di lapangan pada beberapa komoditas di Indonesia belum berjalan dengan baik, sehingga masih perlu penyempurnaan. Dalam konsep perbenihan yang menjadi fokus utama meliputi beberapa aspek, yaitu produksi, pengolahan benih, penyimpanan benih, analisis mutu benih, penanganan benih, distribusi, dan pemasaran benih. Permasalahan dalam usaha perbenihan mencakup ma-salah teknis dan nonteknis. Permasalahan nonteknis antara lain kondisi lingkungan masyarakat dan kebijak-an perbenihan pemerintah yang kurang mendukung lebih besar perannya dibanding dengan masalah teknis. Di samping itu juga pengertian/pemahaman benih masih kurang, informasi tentang teknologi benih juga ma-sih sangat sedikit, sosialisasi tentang tata cara permohonan ijin pemasukan dan pengeluaran benih dari dan ke luar negeri jarang dilakukan, dan sosialisasi pentingnya sertifikasi mutu benih masih sangat kurang. De-ngan demikian implementasi sistem perbenihan di Indonesia perlu disempurnakan. Untuk itu disarankan ke-pada pemerintah untuk membentuk “sistem kelembagaan perbenihan” sebagai pegangan dalam setiap usa-ha pengembangan/perluasan komoditas.

 

Seeds are a set up of living plants, therefore it has to have a good genetic, physiology, and physic quality. However, to entirely understand what and how to get a good seed is not easy. Factors influencing to get a good quality of seed include internal and external factors. Seed production concept and implementation in Indonesia has not been well established. The concept comprises aspects, i.e. seed production, processing, storage, quality analysis, handling, distribution, and marketing. Problems involved in seed production include technical and non-technical problems. Non-technical problems are more troublesome than technical problem. These include society provision and less government-policy support for seed production system. Moreover, the people perception about seed are insufficient, information about seed technology is also limited, sociali-zation in seed import and export permit is rarely executed, and socialization about the importance of seed certification is inadequate. Therefore, implementation of seed production system needs to be improved. To do this, the government is suggested to put up a “seed institution system” as a guideline for crop develop-ment.
Pengaruh Waktu Inokulasi dan Jumlah Inokulum Terhadap Patogenisitas Phytophthora nicotianae pada Bibit Tembakau
Authors: Hidayah Nurul , Yulianti Titiek
Published: October 2016

Waktu inokulasi yang tepat serta jumlah inokulum yang digunakan merupakan salah satu faktor yang me-nentukan keberhasilan inokulasi buatan yang lazim dilakukan dalam pengujian ketahanan suatu varietas ter-hadap patogen tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu inokulasi dan jumlah inokulum Phytophthora nicotianae yang paling efektif untuk dapat menimbulkan gejala penyakit lanas pada bibit tembakau. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium dan rumah kasa Fitopatologi Balittas, Malang pada bulan Juli Oktober 2006. Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari dua faktor, yaitu umur bibit saat inokulasi (faktor I), terdiri dari tiga tingkat yaitu: 1) bibit berumur 5 minggu setelah se-mai (mss), 2) bibit berumur 6 mss dan 3) bibit berumur 7 mss dan jumlah inokulum (faktor II), terdiri dari 4 tingkat yaitu: 1) tanpa inokulum (kontrol), 2) 1.3502.400 zoospora/bibit, 2) 2.7004.800 zoospora/bibit, dan 4) 5.4009.600 zoospora/bibit. Masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Pengamatan dilaku-kan pada masa inkubasi dan kejadian penyakit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masa inkubasi penyakit dipengaruhi oleh umur bibit saat inokulasi. Bibit yang lebih muda mempunyai masa inkubasi lebih cepat yak-ni 4,5 hari dibandingkan dengan bibit yang lebih tua. Kejadian penyakit tertinggi yaitu sebesar 56,9% terjadi pada saat bibit diinokulasi berumur 5 mss dengan jumlah inokulum 1.3502.400 zoospora/bibit.

 

Suitable time of inoculation and inoculum density are factors to determine the success of artificial inoculation to evaluate of resistant level of plant variety to pathogen. The aim of this research was to study the appro-priate time of inoculation and inoculum density of Phytophthora nicotianae, the causal agent of black shank and damping off on tobacco seedling. The research was conducted in Phytopathology laboratory and screen house of IToFCRI Malang from July-October 2006. This research was arranged in complete randomized de-sign which consisted two factors and three replicates. The first factor was comprised of three times of ino-culation, and the second was the density of P. nicotianae inoculum. The parameters observed were incuba-tion period and disease incidence. The result showed that the incubation period was affected by the age of seedling when it was inoculated. The younger seedling was more susceptible than the older one. The high disease incidence (56.9%) was reached when the seedling five weeks old and inoculated by inoculum con-tained of 1,3502,400 zoospores/seedling.
Pengolahan Daun Tembakau dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan
Authors: Tirtosastro Samsuri , Murdiyati A.S.
Published: October 2016

Tembakau merupakan bahan baku utama industri hasil tembakau seperti rokok keretek, cerutu, tembakau iris, dan lain-lain. Sebelum digunakan, daun tembakau harus melalui proses pengolahan. Pengolahan tembakau pada dasarnya merupakan kegiatan pengeringan, dengan penerapan suhu bertahap atau disebut proses kiu-ring (curing). Dalam proses pengolahan tembakau diperlukan energi, yang selama ini berasal dari panas ma-tahari, udara panas buatan hasil pembakaran kayu, minyak tanah, batu bara, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), atau limbah pertanian. Penggunaan bahan bakar ini menyebabkan polusi udara, sehingga mencemari ling-kungan dan meracuni pekerja. Tembakau sendiri mengandung bahan berbahaya seperti, debu tembakau, ni-kotin, residu pestisida, TSNA (tobacco spesific nitrosamine), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene), dan lain-lain. Petunjuk pengendalian bahan berbahaya dan dampak lingkungan tersebut, selama ini sudah tersedia secara lengkap yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi tembakau dunia Coresta dan diimplementasikan oleh perusahaan-perusaha-an mitra petani. Petani yang sistem produksinya dalam bentuk kemitraan dengan perusahaan-perusahaan tembakau, telah melakukan pengendalian dengan baik. Dampak negatif penggunaan bahan bakar dapat di-tekan dengan sistem pemanasan tidak langsung (flue-curing), sedangkan penggunaan batu bara dilakukan dengan tungku pembakaran gasifikasi. Implementasi selanjutnya, selain diperlukan sistem inspeksi sesuai ketentuan juga perlu didorong terbentuknya kemitraan antara perusahaan tembakau dan petani.

 

Tobacco leaf is the main raw material of tobacco industries such as cigarette, cigar, slices tobacco, etc. Be-fore being used, tobacco leaves have to go through processing. Tobacco processing is basically a drying acti-vity, with the application of temperature or a gradual process called curing. In the processing of tobacco ener-gy needed, which is derived from the hot sun, hot air made by the burning wood, kerosene, coal, LPG (li-quefied petroleum gas), or agricultural waste. The use of these fuels causes air pollution, thus contaminating the environment and poisoning workers. Tobacco itself contain hazardous materials such as tobacco dust, ni-cotine, pesticide residue, TSNA (tobacco specific nitrosamines), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene) and others. In-structions on control of hazardous materials and environmental impact, as long as it is available completely de-termined by the organization of the world tobacco Coresta and implemented by partner company of farmers. Farmer production systems in the form of partnership with tobacco companies, has done well control. The ne-gative impact of fuel use could be reduced by an indirect heating system (flue-curing), while the use of coal gasification is done by burning stove. Subsequent implementation, in addition to the required inspection sys-tem according to the provisions, should also be encouraged such as partnerships between tobacco companies and farmers.
Evaluasi Kemampuan Merestorasi Sifat Mandul Jantan pada Beberapa Aksesi Kapas
Authors: Sulistyowati Emy , Sumartini Siwi , Mahfud Moch. , Abdurrakhman .
Published: October 2016

Pendekatan teknologi hibrida menawarkan perbaikan tingkat produktivitas, ketahanan terhadap hamadan kekeringan, serta mutu serat melalui pemanfaatan gen-gen dari kedua tetua potensial. Dalammemproduksi benih varietas kapas hibrida dapat ditempuh dengan dua cara, yaitu secara konvensionaldan dengan me-manfaatkan sifat jantan mandul. Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sumberdaya genetik kapas untuk karakter restorer atau kemampuan merestorasi fertilitas pada F1 dilaksanakan diMalang (untuk kegiatan persilangan), dan Bojonegoro (untuk pengujian F1 hasil persilangan) pada tahun2010 dan 2011. Persilangan dilakukan antara galur mandul jantan 06050 BC3/15 X K7 (BC4) sebagai tetuabetina, dengan masing-masing 60 aksesi kapas sebagai tetua jantan pada tahun 2010 dan 2011. F1 hasilpersilangan untuk mendapatkan restorer ditanam di Bojonegoro dalam rancangan acak kelompok diulang2 kali dengan luas masing-masing plot adalah 2 m x 5 m. Pengamatan meliputi persentase fertilitas dari F1,komponen hasil, dan hasil kapas berbiji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama dua tahun pengujiandiperoleh sebelas aksesi kapas yang mampu merestorasi karakter mandul jantan, yaitu 9442, SHR, KPX22, CTX 5, CTX 7, CTX 4, CTX 2, CTX 6, 9445, 9446, dan NFBL 3, namun hanya dua aksesi yang stabilmenunjukkan potensi merestorasi karakter mandul jantan, yaitu SHR dan KPX 22. Produktivitas tertinggidicapai oleh hasil persilangan dengan aksesi SHR, yaitu tetua jantan dengan potensi restorasi 100% yanggalurnya mampu menghasilkan 1.457,5 kg kapas berbiji/ha. Dengan demikian SHR merupakan aksesi yangcukup prospektif untuk digunakan sebagai salah satu tetua jantan dalam perakitan kapas hibrida nasional.
Pemanfaatan Endofit Sebagai Agensia Pengendali Hayati Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman
Authors: Yulianti Titiek
Published: October 2016

Endofit merupakan mikroorganisme (bakteri, jamur, atau aktinomisetes) yang hidup dan berkoloni di dalam jaringan inang tanpa menimbulkan efek negatif, bahkan banyak memberi keuntungan terhadap inangnya. Salah satu keuntungannya adalah sebagai agensia pengendali hayati baik untuk serangga hama maupun pa-togen penyebab penyakit tanaman. Sebagai agensia hayati, endofit dapat mengurangi kerusakan tanaman oleh serangga, nematoda, atau patogen penyebab penyakit melalui induksi ketahanan tanaman. Selain itu endofit juga dapat berfungsi sebagai agensia hayati melalui interaksi antagonis dan kompetisi. Dalam artikel ini akan dibahas kemampuan endofit sebagai agensia hayati serangga hama dan patogen; mekanisme yang berlang-sung; serta aplikasi endofit dalam dunia pertanian, khususnya tanaman perkebunan.

 

Endophytes are recognized as microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, or actinomycetes), living and colonizing within host tissues without causing any harm, but giving many benefits to their host. One of the advantages is their role as biocontrol agents for insect pest or plant pathogen. As biocontol agents, endophytes could re-duce plant damage by insects, nematodes, and pathogens through induction for plant resistant mechanisms. Endophytes can also act as biocontrol agents through antagonistic and competition interactions. This article reviews the ability of endophytes as biocontrol agents for insect pest and plant pathogen, the mechanism, and application of endophytes in agriculture, particularly in estate crops.
Pengaruh Cekaman Air Terhadap Karakter Fisiologis Tembakau Temanggung dan Kaitannya dengan Hasil dan Kadar Nikotin Rajangan Kering
Authors: Djumali . , Mulyaningsih Sri
Published: October 2016

Tembakau temanggung ditanam pada akhir musim penghujan sehingga sering mengalami cekaman air dan berakibat pada penurunan hasil dan kadar nikotin rajangan kering. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh cekaman air terhadap karakter fisiologis tembakau temanggung serta kaitannya dengan hasil dan kadar nikotin rajangan kering. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Balittas Malang pada Maret–Oktober 2010 dengan menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terbagi dan diulang 3 kali. Petak utama terdiri atas 3 jenis tanah yakni Komplek Eutrudepts-Hapludalfs, Komplek Dystrudepts-Hapludalfs, dan Vitraquands. Anak petak terdiri atas 5 tingkat kelembapan tanah (60, 70, 80, 90, dan 100% dari kapasitas lapangan). Hasil penelitian me-nunjukkan bahwa cekaman air pada tiga jenis tanah berpengaruh negatif terhadap konduktivitas stomata, laju fotosintesis, hasil dan kadar nikotin rajangan kering, serta berpengaruh positif terhadap bobot spesifik daun. Pengaruh cekaman air terhadap hasil rajangan kering terjadi melalui penurunan konduktivitas stomata dan laju fotosintesis selama fase setelah pemangkasan. Pengaruh cekaman air terhadap kadar nikotin terjadi me-lalui penurunan konduktivitas stomata sebelum pembungaan dan setelah pemangkasan, penurunan laju fotosintesis setelah pemangkasan, dan peningkatan bobot spesifik daun setelah pemangkasan.

 

Temanggung tobacco is grown at the end of wet season which so often experience water stress. Water stress can decrease dry slice yield and nicotine content. The study was aimed to determine the effect of water stress on physiological characteristics of temanggung tobacco and its relation to dry slice yield and nicotine content. Research was conducted in greenhouse of Indonesian Sweetener and Fibre Crops Research Institute, Malang from March to October 2010 using splitplot design and repeated three times. The main plot consisted of three types of soil (Complex Eutrudepts-Hapludalfs, Complex Dystrudepts-Hapludalfs, and Vitraquands). The Subplot consisted of five soil moisture levels (60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% of field capacity). The results showed that water stress on the third series of the soil negatively affect stomatal conductivity, the photosynthesis rate, dry slice yield and nicotine content, as well as the positive effect on specific leaf weight. Effect of water stress on dry slice yield occurred through the decrease of stomata conductivity and photosynthetic rate during the phase after topping. The effect of water stress on nicotine content occurred through a reduction in stomatal conductivity before flowering and after topping, decrease of photosynthetic rate after topping, and increase of specific leaf weight after topping.
Pengaruh PVP dan DIECA terhadap Regenerasi Meristem Tebu
Authors: Roostika Ika , Wati Rara Puspita Dewi Lima , Sukmadjaja Deden
Published: October 2016

Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.) merupakan tanaman yang diperbanyak secara vegetatif sehingga berisiko besar akan terjadinya akumulasi virus di dalam jaringan tanaman. Kultur meristem merupakan salah satu teknik eliminasi virus yang umum digunakan, namun seringkali meristem memiliki daya hidup dan daya re-generasi yang rendah. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah karena akumulasi senyawa fenol. Akumulasi senyawa tersebut dapat direduksi melalui penggunaan senyawa adsorben dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan un-tuk mengetahui pengaruh polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dan diethyldithiocarbamate sodium (DIECA) terhadap regenerasi meristem tebu. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah tebu PS864. Eksplan yang digunakan adalah meristem dengan 1–2 primordia daun yang diisolasi di bawah mikroskop. Perlakuan meliputi PVP (100 dan 300 mg/l) dan DIECA (0 dan 20 mg/l) serta kombinasi antara kedua zat tersebut, dengan 3 ulang-an (botol) dan setiap botol terdiri atas 3 meristem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kon-sentrasi PVP atau kombinasi perlakuan PVP dan DIECA dapat meningkatkan persentase eksplan hidup, daya regenerasi, dan jumlah tunas. Kombinasi perlakuan PVP 300 mg/l dan DIECA 20 mg/l merupakan perlakuan terbaik karena persentase hidup dan daya regenerasi eksplan yang paling tinggi (100%) dengan jumlah tu-nas 3,8 tunas/eksplan.

 

Being vegetatively propagated, sugar cane faces a high risk of virus accumulation. Meristem culture is one method that usually applied for virus elimination. However, it often has low survival and regeneration rate due to an accumulation of phenolic compounds. Accumulation of those compounds can be reduced by apply adsorbent antioxidant. This research aimed at evaluating the effect of PVP and DIECA on the regeneration capacity of meristem. The plant material was sugar cane PS864. Meristems with 1─2 primoridial leaves were used as the explants and isolated under microscope. The PVP (100−300 mg/l) and DIECA (0− 20 mg/l), or combined treatment of both antioxidants were used as treatments. Each treatment was replicated 3 times (bottles), and each bottle contained 3 meristems. The result showed that the higher concentration of PVP or combined treatment of PVP and DIECA could increase the percentage of survival, regeneration rate, and number of shoot. The combined treatment of 300 mg/l PVP, and 20 mg/l DIECA produced the highest level of survival rate (100%) which yielded 3.8 shoots/explants.
Investigation of Thermal Fingerprint in Accelerating-Rate Calorimetry for Air-Injection Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Processes
Authors: Bhattacharya S.. , Belgrave J. D. , Mallory D. G. , Moore R. G. , Ursenbach M. G. , Mehta S. A.
Published: October 2016

The accelerating-rate calorimeter (ARC) is unique for its exceptional adiabaticity, its sensitivity, and its sample universality. Accelerating Rate Calorimetry is one of the screening tests used to determine the suitability for air-injection enhanced oil recovery (EOR). These tests show oil reactivity and exothermicity over a broad range of temperatures: low-temperature range (LTR), negative-temperature-gradient region (NTGR), and high-temperature range (HTR). An experimental and simulation study was carried out to expand understanding and interpretation of the data derived from high-pressure closed-ARC tests.

Athabasca bitumen was used for the experimental study in a closed ARC at 13.89 MPag (2000 psig) to identify the temperature ranges over which the oil reacts with oxygen in the injected air. Self-heat rate from accelerating-rate calorimetry and mass-loss rates from the differential thermogravimetric analysis show the influence of mass transfer of oxygen within bitumen in the LTR and HTR. A numerical model was developed to integrate the concept of mass transfer with a reaction-kinetic model. The model incorporates solubility of oxygen with partition equilibrium coefficient (K-value) as a medium to introduce oxygen into the bitumen layer, which later transfers throughout oil layer by diffusion. This model considers both low- and high-temperature oxidation (LTO and HTO), and thermal-cracking reactions, as described in traditional reaction-kinetic models of in-situ-combustion (ISC) processes.

Results show that formation of an asphaltenes film in the LTR caused by oxidation of maltenes obstructs oxygen (mass-transfer restriction) penetration into the bitumen layer. The simulated result shows that, by integrating mass transfer with the kinetic model, it is possible to predict the NTGR. Viscosity and temperature dependence on the mass transfer of oxygen is linear. As time passes and chemical reaction becomes more important with increasing temperature, the relationship deviates from linearity. With increasing temperature, the influence of chemical interaction on the oxygen distribution becomes greater, and this results in a shorter initial stage of mass transfer of oxygen within the bitumen film at low temperatures. This implies that the ARC can be a useful tool for understanding the effect of mass transfer on the oxidation characteristic for predicting LTR, NTGR, and HTR.
Photon Multiplicity Distributions at Heavy Ion Au+Au, Pb+Au, Pb+Pb Interactions
Authors: Abu Shayeb Mohammad Kheare
Published: October 2016

The experimental distributions for Heavy ion interaction, Au+Au, Pb+Au, Pb+Pb have been fitted to polynomial fit of 4th order to look at minor differences in multiplicity distributions for different targets at heavy ion collisions experiment. The multiplicity distributions found similar; except for small differences which may be of statistical in nature.  This analysis supports the hypothesis that geometrical aspects play a dominant role in particle production in heavy ion interactions.
Relationship of cash conversion cycle and PRGap with firm performance: an empirical study of Taiwanese companies
Authors: Lin Wang-Tzu , Horng Min-Sun , Chou Jian-Hsin
Published: October 2016

The study investigates how working capital management (WCM) impacts the profitability and operating performance of publicly traded companies in Republic of China, Taiwan. The authors use the quarterly data of 539 stocks listed on the Stock Exchange of Taiwan from 2008 to 2015, containing 17,248 observations. The study examines whether two WCM variables, namely, the cash conversion cycle (CCC), as well as the gap between days of payables outstanding and days of sales outstanding (PRGap) have any significant effects on firm profitability and operating performance. The findings demonstrate that there are significantly negative relationships between the CCC and performance indicators, whereas there are consistent positive relationships between PRGap and performance indicators.
Keywords: working capital management, performance, cash conversion cycle, PRGap, Tobin’s Q. JEL Classification: G30, G31, G32, M10
Management information used by Spanish Airlines for the financial decision making process: an exploratory study
Authors: Campa-Planas Fernando , Kalemba Nicole , Banchieri Lucía-Clara , Magaz-Pérez Juan
Published: October 2016

The main objective of this research was to examine the degree of practical application of management accounting in Spanish airline companies as far as management accounting is a crucial tool for the financial decision making process. In particular, the goal was to get to know the degree of strategic planning, the utilized methods of budgeting, procedures used to present the comparison between planned and actual results, and the reported key performance indicators, as well as their frequency. Quantitative methodology has been used through the creation of an on-line questionnaire. The results showed that the level of implementation, and utility granted to the different techniques of management accounting in the analyzed companies that are corresponding to the six most important airlines in Spain, is pretty high, helping airline companies to make operations and financial decisions.
Keywords: strategic planning, airline companies, financial decision making, key performance indicators, management accounting. JEL Classification: M41, L93
South African generation-X online shopper satisfaction and their repurchase intentions
Authors: Dubihlela Jobo , Chauke Difference
Published: October 2016

The growth of online shopping channels gradually forces brick and mortar retailers to explore the importance of online shopping trends and online customer behavior. While maintaining customer satisfaction has been recognized as one of the essential factors for business survival and growth, this has not been sufficiently explored for online shopping platforms. Understanding what online constructs appeal to generation-X consumers is critical for organization that would want to pursue virtual business platforms. From a brief literature review in this study, it could be said that online customer satisfaction and its influences on online repurchase intentions in the South African retailing environment remain sparsely researched. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze the dimensions of online customer satisfaction and regress the online satisfaction dimensions on repurchase intentions of generation-X consumers. An attempt is made to apply the theory of planned behavior and social exchange in the adapted conceptual of the study. These theories are deemed to provide an appropriate theoretical grounding to this study. The target population was South African generation-X online consumers in Gauteng. A total of 377 questionnaires were received for data analysis. Implications of the research findings are discussed and limitations and future research directions are provided.
Keywords: online shoppers, online customer satisfaction, repurchase intentions, generation-X consumers, South Africa. JEL Classification: M1, M30, M31, L10
Challenges to the growth of African immigrant-owned businesses in selected craft markets in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Nambei Asoba Samson , K. Tengeh Robertson
Published: October 2016

This paper sought to ascertain the factors that impact on the growth of African immigrant-owned craft businesses in selected craft markets. The purposive and snowball non-probability sampling technique was deemed to be the best method to use in this study to select the respondents. The study utilized a mixed method approach to collect and analyze data. Questionnaires (quantitative) were administered to 122 African immigrant entrepreneurs, and in-depth interviews (qualitative) were conducted with the three municipality managers responsible for the four selected craft markets. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and face-to- face interviews were analysed by content analysis. Pushed by the need to survive and pulled by the many tourists in South Africa, African immigrant entrepreneurs turned to the craft business Seasonal and irregular nature of trade, competition, and xenophobia were noted to be the main growth challenges. Recommendations were made to the relevant stakeholders.
Keywords: African immigrant entrepreneur, business growth, survivalist businesses, craft markets, SMEs. JEL Classification: M10, M13
The Online Identification of Dominated Inter-area Oscillations Interface Based on the Incremental Energy Function in Power System
Authors: Liu Cheng , Cai Guowei , Yang Deyou , Sun Zhenglong , Zhang Mingna
Published: October 2016

The online identification of power system dominated inter-area oscillations interface based on the incremental energy function method is proposed in this paper. The dominant inter-area oscillations interface can be obtained by calculating branch oscillation potential energy, which is tie-line concentrated by oscillations energy. To get the oscillation energy caused by the different mechanism (free oscillation and forced oscillation), different fault position, different oscillation source. Power system dominated inter-area oscillations interface can be effectively obtained by proposed method, at the same time, dominated inter-area oscillations clusters also can be obtained. Finally, damping property of power system is effectively improved by configurating series damping controller in the dominant oscillation profile. The accuracy of the dominant oscillation interface identification is verified in this paper. At the same time, the proposed approach can also provides the basis for the configuration of damping control based on line.
Molecular Mapping Alzheimer's Disease: MALDI Imaging of Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Human Hippocampal Tissue
Authors: Kelley Andrea R. , Perry George , Bethea Chloe , Castellani Rudolph J. , Bach Stephan B.H.
Published: October 2016

A method for the molecular mapping of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human hippocampal tissue affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) is presented. This approach utilizes imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). The usefulness of this technique in comparing diseased versus nor mal tissue at the molecular level while continuing to maintain topological and morphological integrity is evident in the preliminary findings. The critical correlation of the deparaffination, washing, matrix deposition, and analysis steps in handling the tissue sections and how these steps impact the successful mapping of human hippocampal tissue is clearly demonstrated. By use of this technique we have been able to identify several differences between the hippocampal AD tissue and the control hippocampal tissue. From the observed peptide clip masses we present preliminary identifications of the amyloid-beta peptides known to be prominent in the brains of those with AD. We have obtained high-resolution mass spectra and mass images with 100μm spatial resolution. Future experiments will couple this work with MALDI LIFT experiments to enable top down proteomics of fresh frozen tissue, which is not possible with paraffin-embedded tissues.
Promotion of Nickel (Ni) Allergy by Anamnestic Sensitization with a Bacterial Component, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in Mice
Authors: Adachi Norimasa , Takayama Eiji , Adachi Makoto , Mizuno-Kamiya Masako , Kawaki Harumi , Takeuchi Hiroko , Kubo Shuri , Ishigami Hajime , Kurachi Masakazu , Kondoh Nobuo
Published: October 2016

Background/Objective:

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) promote allergic responses to nickel (Ni) both in the sensitization and elicitation steps. In this study, we examine the effect of pre-sensitization to LPS on the occurrence of Ni allergy using a mouse model.

Method:

A 100 mg of LPS was injected into C57BL/6J mice intraperitoneally (ip). Three weeks later, the mice were subsequently injected with 0.3 μ moles of nickel dichloride (NiCl2) and 100 μg of CpG-DNA, which acted as an adjuvant. The mice were repeatedly immunized with the 0.3 μg of nickel sulfate (NiSO4), along with 300 μl of the adjuvant, Inject Alum (Pierce, USA). Then we examined the producing capabilities of T helper type 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2) cytokines (interferon-gamma- (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10, respectively) from anti CD3 antibody-stimulated spleen cells.

Results:

Pre-treatment with LPS, followed by repeated challenges with Ni2+ and adjuvants significantly enhanced the IFN-γ-producing capability of spleen cells (n=5, p<0.01); however, that could not enhance the capability of spleen cells by a single challenge with Ni2+ and adjuvants (n=5). In contrast, without LPS treatment, single or even repeated challenges by Ni2+ could not enhance the IFN-γ-producing capability. On the other hand, the IL-10-producing capability of spleen cells was not enhanced even by LPS and repeated challenges with Ni2+ and adjuvants.

Conclusion:

The solitary pre-sensitization to LPS is essential for the onset of Ni allergy by shifting the Th1/Th2 immune balance toward a Th1 dominant.
Bilateral Choroidal Metastases from Endobronchial Carcinoid Treated with Somatostatin Analogues
Authors: De Bruyn Deborah , Lamont Jan , Vanderstraeten Erik , Van Belle Simon , Platteau Elise , De Zaeytijd Julie , Hoornaert Kristien P.
Published: October 2016

Objective:

To describe a patient with bilateral multifocal choroidal metastases from an endobronchial carcinoid treated with a somatostatin analogue.

Method:

A 60-year-old woman presenting with photopsia in the left eye underwent an extensive ophthalmic examination, including fluorescein angiography, OCT and ultrasound.

Results:

Fundoscopy revealed a small retinal tear in the left eye, for which she received laser treatment. In addition, choroidal masses were detected in both eyes. Her medical history of a pneumectomy for a bronchial carcinoid six years earlier together with recent elevated chromogranin A blood levels prompted a diagnosis of choroidal metastases. Subsequently, a Gallium-68 DOTANOC positron emitting tomography/computer tomography scan revealed a spinal cord metastasis and mediastinal as well as mesenterial lymph node invasion. Systemic treatment with Sandostatin®, a somatostatin analogue was started. Up until two years after the initial presentation and treatment, these choroidal lesions remained stable without any signs of growth.

Conclusion:

Endobronchial carcinoid tumors have an indolent nature and long-term follow-up is recommended for early detection of metastases. Although treatment with somatostatin analogues rarely induces complete tumor regression, tumor stabilization and prevention of symptoms related to hormone secretion is achieved. This well-tolerated systemic treatment provides a worthy alternative treatment for choroidal metastasis compared to classic radiotherapy without any risk of radiation or laser-related visual loss.
Binary Logistic Model for Estimation of Mode Shift into Delhi Metro
Authors: Chauhan Vineet , Suman Hemant K. , Bolia Nomesh B.
Published: October 2016

This paper aims to study the public transport mode choice behaviour of commuters in Delhi so that appropriate strategies to incentivize the use of public transport can be developed. We examine the efficacy of a multivariate statistical modelling approach to predict the probability of non-metro commuters to shift to the Delhi metro. We also analyse the reasons for this shift from private motor vehicles (PMVs) and buses. Data is collected through a survey of the metro commuters over various metro lines. A binomial logistic regression model is formulated to predict whether existing metro users have shifted from buses or are new additions to public transport shifting from PMVs. The model is validated well through several methods. The model analysis reveals that 57% of the metro users have shifted from buses and 28.8% from PMVs. The shift is more amongst females than males.
Lower Extremity Injuries in Young Floorball Players: A Prospective Study on Overuse Injuries
Authors: Beischer Susanne , Augustsson Sofia Ryman
Published: October 2016

Background:

Overuse injuries in sports seem to be 1.5 to 2.5 times more common than traumatic injuries in the lower extremity (LE) in children and adolescents. Floorball is the most popular indoor sport in Sweden and is associated with many potential risks of injuries. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the appearance of injury in young floorball players.

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of overuse injuries in LE in floorball players aged 15 or younger, with respect to frequency, location, and consequence of injury.

Method:

Fifty-seven players, from 9 different teams, participated (mean age 11±2 years). A modified version of Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire was submitted every fourth week during five months in order to record overuse injuries in LE. An online survey software was used to send out the questionnaires.

Results:

A of 42 overuse injuries in 42% (24/57) of the cohort were found. The average monthly prevalence for all players, in any anatomical area, was 28% (95% confidence total interval 18%-38%). The most common location of injuries was the knee (43%), followed by the foot (40%).

Conclusion:

The present study shows, in accordance with other recent studies on children and adolescents that overuse injuries seem to be a common problem for young floorball players. Knee and foot appear to be the most common location for overuse injuries in this population. Prospective analyses of different mechanisms for overuse injury in youth athletes and the relation to growth-related overuse disorders is desirable.
Avaliação da Modificação de Peso de Puérperas em Relação ao Tipo de Aleitamento Materno: Estudo de Serie de Casos/Evaluation of Modification of Postpartum Women Weight in Relation to the Type of Breastfeeding: a Study of Cases
Authors: Dias Daniela Vilas Boas , Ferreira Gislene
Published: October 2016

Introdução: A literatura ainda não é ampla sobre os benefícios trazidos pela lactação quando se destaca a saúde da puérpera e só recentemente começaram a aparecer evidências científicas que destacam que a mulher, mãe que amamenta, também é beneficiada em sua saúde física, psicológica e emocional. Objetivo: Avaliar um dos benefícios proporcionado pelo aleitamento materno exclusivo e sob livre demanda, que é a maior redução de peso da mãe após a gestação. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi realizada em uma Faculdade de Enfermagem de um município do sul de Minas Gerais, com um grupo de 16 lactantes. As mães foram divididas em 2 grupos (amamentação exclusiva e não exclusiva) e foram acompanhadas durante 6 meses, com aferição de altura e peso. Foi utilizado o teste t de Student para comparação entre os dois grupos. Resultados: Entre as mães que amamentaram exclusivamente seus filhos por seis meses, a média de perda de peso após esse período foi de 2,5kg e entre aquelas que forneceram aleitamento artificial, foi de 3,7Kg. No entanto, não foi identificada diferença significativa entre os grupos, com p > 0,1. Conclusão: No presente estudo, o aleitamento materno exclusivo não contribuiu para redução de peso das mães. No entanto, o número reduzido de mães estudadas pode ter influenciado na comparação entre os dois grupos.Evaluation of Modification of Postpartum Women Weight in Relation to the Type of Breastfeeding: a Study of CasesIntroduction: The literature is not yet wide enough on the benefits brought by lactation when we consider the health of postpartum women and only recently the scientific evidence started to appear, which highlights that the woman, nursing mother, is also benefited in their physical, psychological and emotional health. Objective: To evaluate one of the benefits provided by exclusive and on demand breastfeeding, which is the greatest reduction in mother's weight after pregnancy. Methodology: The survey was conducted in a College of Nursing of a city in southern Minas Gerais, with a group of 16 infants. The mothers were divided into 2 groups (non-exclusive and exclusive breastfeeding) and were followed for a6 month period, with measurement of height and weight. We used the Student t test for comparison between the two groups. Results: Among mothers who breastfed their children exclusively for six months, the average weight loss after this period was 2,5 kg and those that provide artificial feeding, was 3,7 kg However, no significant difference was found between groups, p> 0.1. Conclusion: In this study, exclusive breastfeeding did not contribute to the weight loss of the mothers. However, the small number of women who were studied may have influenced the comparison between the two groups.
Depressão pós-parto: correlações com suporte sócio-familiar e assistência no SUS/ Postpartum depression: correlations with socio-familial support and assistance in the SUS
Authors: Tostes Jorge Gelvane , Silva Fabiane Coura da , Barbosa Daniela Knopp , Freitas Denise Lemes de , Paula Elisa Carneiro de
Published: October 2016

Objetivos: Investigar possíveis relações entre DPP, condições da gravidez e parto e assistência prestada pelo sistema de saúde público e descrever as características sócio-demográficas de mulheres no período puerperal. Materiais e Métodos: Foram entrevistadas 198 puérperas atendidas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de uma cidade do Sul de Minas Gerais, com idades entre 14 e 46 anos. Após lerem e assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e esclarecido, elas responderam um questionário sócio-demográfico, a Edimburg Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) e questões sobre condições da gravidez, parto e assistência prestada pelo SUS. Resultados: A prevalência de DPP foi de 17,2%. As variáveis idade entre 36 e 40 anos (p=0,03, RP=2,4), estado civil separada (p=0,04, RP=2,5), presença de distúrbios psíquicos em gestações anteriores (p< 0,001, RP=3,92), distúrbios psíquicos prévios durante a vida (p< 0,001, RP= 4,25), apresentaram associação com a ocorrência de depressão. Conclusões: O presente estudo apresenta resultados de elevada prevalência de DPP e sugere que pode ocorrer associação com fatores ligados à situação sócio-demográfica da mulher, assim como eventos da sua história médica pregressa. Além disso, nossa pesquisa traz à luz a aparente dificuldade dos profissionais de saúde da rede pública, na abordagem e tratamento de patologia tão prevalente, que leva ao sofrimento significativo para a mãe e potenciais de riscos para a mesma e o seu filho, mas que tem sido pouco reconhecida por esses profissionais.Palavras-chave: Depressão pós-parto, assistência, SUS
Análise Qualitativa do Processo de Reparo em Cicatriz Cirúrgica de Ratos Tratados com Extrato de Musa Sapientum, Aloe Vera e Colagenase/ Qualitative Analysis of the Repair Process in Surgical Scar in Treated Rats with Musa Sapientum Extract, Aloe Vera an
Authors: Alves Helio , Machado Michele Teixeira , Noronha Anaci Maria Nogueira Wood
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: Analisar a qualidade da ferida de ratos tratados com Aloe vera, Musa sapientum e Colagenase, verificando a melhor resposta do ponto de vista macroscópico. Materiais e Métodos: Foram realizadas cirurgias para provocar feridas em 40 ratos, sendo divididos em 4 grupos de 10, submetidos a diferentes tratamentos: primeiro grupo, Aloe vera; segundo, Musa sapientum, terceiro, pomada Colagenase e quarto grupo, controle. Foram aplicados os extratos das respectivas substâncias nas feridas e analisado macroscopicamente o processo de cicatrização. Resultados: Os valores foram significantes para o uso da Musa sapientum com 100% de cicatrização. Para o grupo Aloe vera, a cicatrização parcial foi satisfatória em 90% dos ratos e total, em 10%. Não houve significância para o grupo placebo, que não apresentou início de cicatrização em 60% dos ratos e em 40%, houve cicatrização parcial. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram a eficácia do uso da Musa sapientum no leito das feridas, com grande poder de cicatrização quando comparado ao grupo controle.Palavras-chave: Cicatrização, Aloe vera, Musa sapientum, Colagenase, grupo controle.