bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Understanding of Pictorial Spatial Relationships by Nigerian Secondary School Students
Authors: Nicholson John R. , Seddon G. Malcolm
Published: March 2007

A specially-designed test was used in three related investigations concerned with the ability of Nigerian secondary-school students to understand depth relationships in pictures. The first investigation demonstrated that the percentage of students unable to achieve the criterion performance decreased significantly from 61.7% for second-year students to 22.5% for fifth-year students. Both groups were significantly poorer in performance than a sample of English third-year students. In the second investigation the understanding of these spatial relationships in diagrams was found to require a prior understanding of the same relationships in the corresponding three-dimensional object. In the third investigation a factor analysis showed that there were factors associated with the understanding of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal displacements, respectively.
Marginality, Modernity, and Anxiety in Indochinese Refugees
Authors: Smither Robert , Rodriguez-Giegling Marta
Published: March 2007

Indochinese refugees to the United States face major psychological adjustments to a modern, industrialized society. This exploratory study measures marginality, modernity, and anxiety in a group of Vietnamese and Laotian refugees. As predicted, the refugees score higher in marginality and anxiety and lower in modernity than a random sample of Americans. A negative relationship is found for marginality and anxiety for the Laotians, and no significant relationship between these two variables is found for the Vietnamese. On the other hand, a positive relationship between anxiety and marginality was found for the American sample. These findings question the relevance of the concept of marginality when studying the psychological states of refugees.
Machiavellianism in Japan
Authors: Dien Dora Shu-Fang , Fujisawa Hitoshi
Published: March 2007

Middle-class Japanese children whose willingness to cheat in a game had been observed at approximately four years of age were administered a version of a scale of Machiavellianism seven years later. Their parents filled out the same measure on both occasions. The relationship between parental Machiavellianism and the responses of the children differed markedly on the two occasions. At the earlier age, birth order and maternal Machiavellianism were crucial; specifically, maternal Machiavellianism was inversely related to the cheating behavior of the first-born and only children of both sexes but not to that of later-born children. At the later age a sex difference emerged; boys' Mach scores were unrelated to parental Machiavellianism while the scores of girls—first-born and later-born alike—were positively correlated with the scores of both parents. Interestingly, among both sexes, the sixth-graders' Mach scores were uncorrelated with their earlier cheating behavior. Developmental changes in Machiavellianism, sex differences, and belief-behavior congruency were discussed in light of the Japanese cultural context.
Recognition and Imitation of Facial Expressions
Authors: Kilbride Janet E. , Yarczower Matthew
Published: March 2007

Six- to seven-year olds, nine- to ten-year olds, and college students from the United States and Zambia imitated happy, angry, afraid, and sad facial expressions depicted in photographs used extensively by Izard. Imitative efforts were less accurate when someone was present than when no one was present (social inhibition). The degree of social inhibition was the same at each age level for the Zambians but was significant only for the nine- to ten-year olds in the United States. Less accurate recognition by Zambians of the facial expressions shown in the photographs may have accounted for their less accurate imitative efforts. Other cross-cultural similarities and differences were reported and discussed.
Cross-Cultural Studies of Person Perception
Authors: Boski Pawel
Published: March 2007

Two approaches to the study of intergroup/interpersonal relations, in/outgroup categorization (motivational) and schema-confirmation (cognitive), are introduced. These two concepts are integrated into a two-dimensional taxonomy, so that a stimulus person can appear as a schema-consistent or -inconsistent member of an in- or outgroup. It is hypothesized that the phenomena of ingroup favoritism/outgroup discrimination should be limited to schema-consistent actors. As the model includes a nonfamiliar outgroup level of analysis, it allows questions to be addressed pertaining to universality versus cultural specificity of person-perception phenomena. Two studies were conducted with Nigerian (Hausa and Ibo) and Canadian undergraduates participating as observers of videotaped Hausa and Ibo actors, cast in their ethnic schema-consistent (typical) roles and in schema-inconsistent (atypical) roles. Results from the Nigerian study gave modest support for the proposed model. As predicted, schema-consistent ingroup actors were liked more, but that effect did not generalize to the domain of perception variables. There, the ingroup individuals were generally rated higher on Personally Close and the outgroups scored higher on Competent/Motivated, an impersonal dimension. Other comparisons between the two studies demonstrated a positivity effect in perception of Nigerian actors by Canadian observers and differences in perceptual predictors for liking and achievement outcome.
The Structure of Holland's Typology
Authors: Khan Sar B. , Alvi Sabir A.
Published: March 2007

Confirmatory factor analyses were performed separately for males (n = 243), for females (n = 133), and for the combined group on Self-Directed Search data collected in Pakistan. Holland's model of six types- Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional - fitted the data for the combined sample. When analyzed separately, the data for the males did fit the model, but the fit for the females was somewhat poor. Overall, the results suggest that Holland's model has validity in a non-Western culture.
Determinants of Occupational Preferences in Portuguese and French High School Students
Authors: Mullet Etienne , Neto Felix , Henry Sylviane
Published: March 2007

The effect of nationality (Portuguese and French) on the impact of certain determinants of occupational preferences was studied in a population of high school students. Te comparison of the impacts was conducted holding the value of two differential variables, sex and parental socioeconomic status, constant. The methodology used was based on Social Judgment Theory. Forty-two pairs of professions were successively presented to 789 Portuguese students and 489 French students, who were asked to state which of the two they would least like to exercise in the future. The same 42 pairs were then shown to the subjects again with the instruction to indicate which of the two had the greatest prestige, the highest salary, or was the most feminine.... Preference judgments and judgments on prestige, salary, femininity, and so forth, were assessed for point-to-point correspondence. Results revealed that the effect of nationality was significant in four of the nine determinants investigated for impact salary, promotion prestige, and intellectual manual. Portuguese students, more than French students, tend to prefer jobs that they judge to offer the highest income, the highest possibilities of promotion, those that are judged to be the most prestigious and the most manual. Regardless of population, female subjects, more than male subjects, show a tendency to prefer professions judged to be most feminine and to offer more chances for contacts. Male subjects prefer those jobs that they believe to be the best paid. Overall, high socioeconomic status (SES) subjects prefer occupations that they judge to have more prestige and to be more difficult to enter in the nature and the duration of studies.
Parental Images in Two Cultures
Authors: Luthar Suniya S. , Quinlan Donald M.
Published: March 2007

Relationships between reported parental behavior and depressive tendencies, self-esteem, and ego development were studied in young women in India (N = 53) and America (N = 50). It was expected that the more family-centered Indian culture would yield different results from the more centripetal American culture both in the characteristics ascribed to parents and the inter correlations among the measures. Compared to American, Indian women described both parents as more caring and less protective. Across both cultures, the Maternal Weak Bonding and Optimal Bonding groups differed on self-critical depressive tendencies and ego development. Maternal Affectionless Control was accompained by less dependency among Indians, and by higher dependency among Americans. Somewhat unexpectedly, high Maternal Caring accompanied lower levels of ego development. The results are discussed in terms of differing patterns of transmitting expectations to daughters in the two cultures.
The Problem of Metaphorical Nonequivalence in Cross-Cultural Survey Research
Authors: Dunnigan Timothy , McNall Miles , Mortimer Jeylan T.
Published: March 2007

The use of questionnaire data to compare the mental health of Hmong refugee and general population high school students demonstrates the difficulty of translating between investigator and subject lexicons and, consequently, of equating the conceptual systems they signify. Whether particular psychosocial variables that are standardized for a general population can be used to study the adjustment of linguistically unassimilated ethnic minorities depends on the nature of the semantic discontinuities that exist between the source and target languages. Metaphorical nonequivalence significantly affected the responses of a subset of Hmong subjects to English survey items.
Appraising Social Dilemmas
Authors: Di Martino Emily Comstock
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between age, sex, and culture, and the interpretation of social conflicts involving moral and conventional breaches. The similarities and differences among the patterns of social rule discriminations of children and adults, males and females, and Sicilians, Sicilian-Americans, and Americans were assessed for common and differing factors. Aunique feature of this study was that it investigated the impact of moving from one culture to another on patterns of understanding and resolving social conflicts.
Initial Adjustment of Taiwanese Students to the United States
Authors: Yjng Yu-Wen , Liese Lawrence H.
Published: March 2007

Few studies of international student adjustment to the United States are longitudinal in nature. As part of a broader investigation of 172 Taiwanese students over time, the current report examines the adjustment of these students during their first months in the United States. A multidimensional model postulated adjustment to be mediated by demographics, personality, number and severity of problems experienced, extent of decline in level of control from pre- to postarrival, adequacy of prearrival preparation, size of the Chinese community surrounding the student, social support, language competence, and financial resources. This model accounted for 39% of the variance in adjustment. Implications of the findings are discussed.
School Adaptation of Greek Children after Remigration
Authors: Hatzichristou Chryse , Hopf Diether
Published: March 2007

The aim of the study is to explore the patterns of adjustment of Greek remigrant children (coming from the former Federal Republic of Germany) as compared to their peers in the Greek public schools. Teacher, peer, and self-ratings were used and achievement data were obtained. The sample consisted of two age groups, elementary and secondary school students of public schools in Greece. The remigrant students were divided into two groups ("early return" and "late return") based on the year of return to Greece, and the control group consisted of all the classmates of the students. Return students were found to experience problems mainly in school performance. Contrary to the authors' hypotheses, remigrant students do not seem to experience any severe interpersonal or intrapersonal problems as compared to their local peers, indicating a rather smooth psychosocial adjustment. The authors' findings underscore the importance of the right time for remigration.
The Relationship of Family Bonds to Family Structure and Function Across Cultures
Authors: Georgas James , Christakopoulou Sophia , Poortinga Ype H. , Angleitner Alois , Goodwin Robin , Charalambous Neophytos
Published: March 2007

This study, using a contextual approach, explores the relationship of family bonds to family structure and function across five cultures: Greece, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Britain, and Germany. Its long-term goal is the construction of measures of family structure and functioning that are useful in cross-cultural research. Differences in emotional closeness, geographic proximity to relatives, and frequency of telephone contacts and meetings were not found among the five cultures with respect to members of the nuclear family. Differences between Greece and Cyprus, selected as relatively collectivist cultures, and Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, individualist cultures, on these variables were found with respect to members of the extended family. By showing a pattern of cross-cultural similarity and differences, although moderate, among extended family members, this study shows that family structure and function are context variables that can explain variability between psychological variables and thus add to the explanatory power of cross-cultural psychology.
Migrant Ethnic Identity and Psychological Distress
Authors: Nesdale Drew , Rooney Rosanna , Smith Leigh
Published: March 2007

Although a considerable amount of research has addressed aspects of refugee and migrant adjustment to their new country of residence, little attention has been given to the causal impact of migrant ethnic identity on the adjustment process. To assess this issue, a model of migrant psychological distress was developed in which ethnic identity was predicted to influence personal coping resources (i.e., self-esteem, self-mastery, interpersonal trust) and external coping resources (i.e., tangible, appraisal, esteem, and sense of belonging social support) that, in turn, were predicted to influence migrants' psychological well-being. The model was tested on a sample of 270 male and female Vietnamese migrants. The results revealed that ethnic identity was a significant but not a strong predictor of migrant distress, via self-esteem. The implications of the findings for theories of identity and migrant adaptation are discussed.
Values and Proenvironmental Behavior
Authors: Schultz P. Wesley , Zelezny Lynnette C.
Published: March 2007

This multinational study examined the relationship between values, awareness of the consequences for environmental damage, ascribed responsibility, and proenvironmental behaviors. Survey data were collected from college students in Mexico (n = 187), Nicaragua (n = 78), Peru ( n = 160), Spain ( n = 187), and the United States ( n = 345). Measures included items from Schwartz's values instrument, self-reported proenvironmental behaviors, ascribed responsibility, the New Environmental Paradigm, and demographics. Regression analyses revealed a positive relationship between items within self-transcendence (especially the environment-oriented items) and proenvironmental behavior in Mexico, Nicaragua, Spain, and the United States. Additional analyses provided partial support for the extension of Schwartz's model of norm-activation to proenvironmental behavior.
The Development of a Series of Photographs of Chinese Facial Expressions of Emotion
Authors: Wang Lei , Markham Roslyn
Published: March 2007

To create a set of Chinese faces expressing emotions, Chinese adults in Beijing were asked to think about a situation and then to pose the facial expression appropriate to that emotional state. The emotions posed were happiness, surprise, disgust, sadness, fear, and anger. The expressions were photographed and a number of the best examples of each expression were selected. In Experiment 1, raters were given six labels and were required to select the one that best fit each emotional expression. In Experiment 2, another group of raters assessed the photographs on the six labels, using a 7-point scale. Sixty-two photographs fulfilled the criteria of 70% agreement in ratings in Experiment 1 and a rank rating of at least 4 in Experiment 2. This resulted in 9 to 12 reliable examples of each emotional expression, a good set of photographs of expressions, useful to those wishing to study emotion in China and cross-cultural settings.
Organizational Culture and Human Resource Management Practices
Authors: Aycan Zeynep , Kanungo Rabindra N. , Sinha Jai B. P.
Published: March 2007

The Model of Culture Fit postulates that the sociocultural environment affects the internal work culture, which in turn influences human resource management practices. This model was tested by two independent cross-cultural studies comparing Indian and Canadian managers and employees. In assessing sociocultural environment and internal work culture, the “participant” technique was used in Study 1 (the respondents indicated their own beliefs and assumptions), and the “observant” technique was used in Study 2 (the respondents indicated beliefs and assumptions of the majority of individuals in society). In both studies, India scored higher than Canada on paternalism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, loyalty toward community, reactivity, and futuristic orientation. Indian employees reported having less enriched jobs than did Canadian employees. Mediated multiple regression analyses supported the Model of Culture Fit. Results suggest that the paternalism, self-reliance, and employee participation constructs merit further exploration, as does participant methodology.
How Using the Dsm Causes Damage: A Client’s Report
Authors: Honos-Webb Lara , Leitner Larry M.
Published: March 2007

This case study illustrates the potential for the application of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM) diagnoses to exacerbate clients’ symptoms and inhibit the healing process in psychotherapy. Passages are excerpted from therapy sessions to demonstrate that the multiple diagnoses imposed on “Steve” coalesced into his core construct of himself as “crazy.” When his diagnoses became internalized as a construct, his world became viewed through a lens that believed itself to be defective. The use of diagnoses may also have negative consequences for the process of psychotherapy. Alternatives to traditional DSM diagnoses are reviewed. It is proposed that diagnoses should be tentative and rejected if they reify negative self-concepts and do not promote change in clients.
Identity Formation Within Groups
Authors: Beisser Arnold R.
Published: March 2007

Individual identity formation within groups is a central issue in contemporary society. In order to find self in relationship to a group, an individual moves between polar positions of being like and unlike others, through the processes of dedifferentation and differentiation. A true identity is achieved when there is a fusion of the two processes into a single sense of being. Spurious identities result from an arresting of this development with an imbalance in favor of either differentiation or dedifferentiation.
The Kabbalah: Its Implications for Humanistic Psychology
Authors: Hoffman Edward
Published: March 2007

In recent years, humanistic psychologists have begun to exert a powerful transforming effect on our culture through the study and application of various psycho-spiritual traditions, such as Yoga, Taoism, and Native American shamanism. Such traditions have been found to be veritable store- houses of knowledge about areas including the mind-body relationship, altered states of consciousness, and individual mental health.
Holistic Listening
Authors: Rowan John
Published: March 2007

This theoretical study outlines four levels of listening (intellect, feelings, body, and soul/spirit) and four types of listening (empathy, awareness, countertransference, and resonance) forming a matrix of sixteen cells, because each type can be carried out at each level. Eight possible combinations are described in detail. Any of these ways of listening may be conducted purely in a conscious manner, or bringing in the unconscious as well. Examples are given of working in these various modes, and it is suggested that most of us do most of these things already. Some considerations about the pre/trans fallacy are offered, and some of the implications for the training of counselors and psychotherapists, for research in this area, and for the selection of therapists by clients are also drawn out.
Soviet and American Perspectives on Hidden Reserves and Human Potentials
Authors: Krippner Stanley
Published: March 2007

The biological, psychological, and social capacities that enable individuals to engage in personally and culturally valuable behavior are referred to as "hidden human reserves" in the U.S.S.R. and as "human potentials" in the United States. There is a tradition of interest and research in both countries despite the fact that this area has been ignored by many scientists. The topics studied include imagery, self-regulation, hypnosis, accelerated learning, and imagination. The individual's biological predisposition, cultural background, and life experience combine to produce a capacity for development that needs to be more intensively investigated. Practical applications have been implemented in such fields as healing, sports, language learning, creative problem solving, and psychotherapy.

A method to tap the "forgotten assets" of... human potentialities is rapidly emerging as a discrete field of scientific inquiry.... Commitment is not restricted to the United States. Scientists in the U.S.S.R. and other countries are also at work.... As early as 1964 the following appeared in Soviet Life Today...: "The latest findings in anthropology, psychology, logic, and physiology show that the potential of the human mind is very great indeed." (Otto, 1969)
What Sustains Us: the Role of Connections
Authors: Rubenfeld Frank
Published: March 2007

This article reflects important aspects of my odyssey as a peace activist. During the more than four years that I have been fostering the flowering of the psychotherapeutic branch of the peace movement, my consciousness has been transformed. Acknowledging and living out the connections I detail in the article have been a major source of this transformation. The connections I focus on are those with our own selves; between each other; between our need for community and our need for individuality; and connecting our visions of peace with how we live our lives day by day.

When we accept ourselves compassionately; encourage mutual, reciprocal support and stimulation from others; honor both our individuality and the needs of the larger community; and attempt to align our way of being with our higher ideals-then we provide ourselves with the means, the magic nourishment, that can sustain us in our living a life of service to the planet.
The Evolution of Research Methods for the Study of Human Experience
Authors: Allender Jerome S.
Published: March 2007

Mainstream and not-so-mainstream shifts in human science methodology are reviewed, and new bases for standards for doing research are proposed. Implications based on Polanyi and Kuhn are used as starting points. With them in mind, recent developments in the evolution of research methods are traced, and the characteristics of new paradigm research are explored. The key is to recognize that the study of human experience is primarily a personal and a social process that is (a) only complete when it involves personal growth and (b) only acceptable if it improves human relationships. Objectivity is important, but not primary. Investigators do not exercise unilateral control over their research; rather, everyone who participates in the process is viewed as a collaborator.
Holocaust Survivors and Internal Strengths
Authors: Lee Barbara Schwartz
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on what happened to the survivors of one of the most unbelievable horrors of the modern age, the Holocaust. My interest in this topic was motivated by the fact that I am one such survivor. This study presents evidence that survivors endured their ordeal and fared better in their subsequent lives than has been indicated by much of the psychoanalytic and psychological literature previously published. It suggests that the survivors were supported during the horror of their incarceration by inner resources cultivated during earlier childhood experiences in their family environment. Remarkably, many then-young adults were not only able to endure the horror of the Holocaust, but also subsequently to function adequately in a world that was very different from the one they knew when they were young. Furthermore, my study indicates that those who survived the Holocaust had the capacity to consider the world around them as positive and nurturing in spite of the suffering they had experienced. Finally, this analysis also sheds light on some factors enabling survivors to undergo a significant transformation of their identity by having at their disposal a reservoir of inner psychic strength. Techniques of accommodating included the creative use of fantasy, recollecting experiences of warmth and love, and identifying the self with a group. Perhaps a study of such creative adversity will assist victims of other kinds of trauma.
Lessons Clients Teach Therapists
Authors: Bugental James F.T.
Published: March 2007

More than 45 years of practicing, teaching, and writing about human beings have given me much rich experience but also a sobering recognition of how little I really know about this phenomenon of human life. Nevertheless I want to try to make explicit at least some of the teachings those patient patients, my clients, have taught me over and again. I will not elaborate on these here; I have done that to some extent in other settings (1976, 1978, 1981, 1987) and have recently summarized them again (1990). This article offers a brief introduction and a simple listing of the lessons clients have taught this therapist.
Tribute to Laura Perls
Authors: Serlin Ilene A.
Published: March 2007

This article is a narrative about Laura Perls's life and death. Because women's narratives are often not heard, and because Laura wrote very little, it is important to tell her story. Laura studied with Martin Buber and Paul Tillich, was a dancer and concert pianist, and wanted to name the emerging Gestalt therapy "existential therapy." Because her version of Gestalt therapy is closer to philosophy and the arts and emphasizes a more "feminine" support than Fritz Perls's emphasis on action and confrontation, her version of Gestalt should be told for historical accuracy.
The Eclipse of Meaning in Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Malm Lynda
Published: March 2007

Humanistic psychology and cognitive psychology both originated in the 1950s, but whereas cognitive psychology has wielded great influence in mainstream psychology, humanistic psychology has not. Cognitive psychology is coming under question, such as in Jerome Bruner's Acts of Meaning, which represents a challenge to cognitive psychology by one of the founders of the discipline. Bruner's argument centers around the failure of cognitive science to carry out its original intent: namely, the elucidation of human meaning. This article enlarges on Bruner's ideas and their implications for humanistic psychology. It is in four sections. In the first section, the history and philosophical foundations of cognitive psychology are explored. In the second, cognitive psychology is examined from a substantive standpoint, and a historicist critique is introduced. In the third, the reasons for cognitive psychology's eclipse of meaning are elucidated. This argument centers around the concept of the self, which cognitive psychology fails to address. The relationship between the self and human meaning is explored. Additionally, a comparison is made between positivist and historicist science. The final section contains directions for a theory of the self that would both recapture the aspects of meaning lost in cognitive psychology and constitute a true paradigm shift. Humanistic psychology, concerned as it is with human meaning and consciousness, must work toward a paradigm shift that will do justice to its subject matter. It is argued that such a shift is the only way humanistic psychology can ensure that its subject matter will be preserved in research.
Toward A person-Centered Theory of Community
Authors: Barreit-Lennard Godfrey T. (Goff)
Published: March 2007

The idea of community has pivoted on the twin aspects of (a) felt experience of relationship and belonging, and (b) human collectivity organized around living needs or tasks. After examining the meaning of community, generically, ways of studying the phenomenon are considered-with particular attention to the blending of "inside/ outside" (empathic and objective) modes of inquiry and knowing vividly depicted by Robert Redfield. Accounts of the kibbutzim also help to lay the ground for the two further main parts of this article. One part is a descriptive-empirical study of a large-group workshop on community formation and process in which the author took part. (Data were gathered via questionnaire at the end of the workshop from about 100 participants.) The other main part advances an initial person-centered theory of community, summed up in seven core propositions. In ending, the article highlights ethical implications of the conception advanced, and calls for a recentered focus on community.
Psychothe Rapy and Spirituality: Toward a Theory of the Soul
Authors: Elkins David N.
Published: March 2007

This is a theoretical article that emphasizes the importance of the spiritual dimension and focuses on the soul as the central, organizing construct for psychotherapy. The article calls for psychology to return to its roots as "the study of the soul" and provides a beginning map for a theory of psychotherapy from the perspective of soul. The author wishes to acknowledge his debt to the Jungian scholar James Hillman, whose writings helped inspire and inform this article.
The Religious Dimension of Rogers's Work
Authors: van Kalmthout Martin A.
Published: March 2007

Carl Rogers can be considered one of the best examples of a proponent of a universal psychopathology and psychotherapy. His concept of the universal has a wider scope when he considers the actualizing tendency, which is operative in individual persons, to be part of a universal force that is operative not only in human beings but in all organic life all over the cosmos. This development of Rogers's thinking has been labeled "mystical universalism" and criticized as in-compatible with his earlier emphasis on the unique individual person. In this article, the central questionis whether Rogers's thinking in terms of the universal is indeed an aberration from his earlier philosophy or a logical and enriching newer development of the person-centered approach that deserves more attention. The author critically scrutinizes Rogers's concept of the universal and its relation to his view on the unique individual and discusses the implications and consequences of the results and conclusions thus obtained.
Flesh-and-blood Buddha or Stained-Glass Saint? a Response to Gopal
Authors: Wren-Lewis John
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this response is to point out that Gopal (1995), in his reflections on my article, has (a) uncritically accepted the word of Krishnamurti's devotees as "more reliable" than the testimony of someone who could have known him much more closely, (b) misrepresented my article as an attack on Krishnamurti when it was plainly a defense, (c) attributed views to me that are the opposite of those I stated, and (d) proposed an assessment of spiritual progress that is clearly at variance with the very teaching by Krishnamurti that he quotes in support of it. A more sympathetic reading of Krishnamurti's life and work than mine would be hard to find.
What Should We Think about Wilber's Method?
Authors: Crittenden Jack
Published: March 2007

Ken Wilber's book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality is a work of enormous scope, which seriously attempts to integrate the major fields of human knowledge. This article focuses on Wilber's methodology, which consists of (a) a phenomenology of all human knowledge conducted at the level of orienting generalizations, (b) selection of the coherent system that incorporates the greatest number of orienting generalizations, and (c) critique of less encompassing systems.
Client-Centered Therapy in Japan: Fujio Tomoda and Taoism
Authors: Hayashi Sachiko , Kuno Toru , Morotomi Yoshihiko , Osawa Mieko , Shimizu Mikio , Suetake Yasuhiro
Published: March 2007

Fujio Tbmoda played a major role in introducing client-centered therapy (CCT) into Japan. This article discusses the reception, transformation, and cultural implications of CCT, focusing on the work of Tomoda, which was deeply influenced by Chinese and Japanese classics. Section 1 introduces Tbmoda and his activities. Section 2 (Hayashi) features how Tomoda has come to equate the nondirective aspect of CCT with the not-doing-and-being-natural paradigm of Taoism. Section 3 (Suetake) analyzes Tbmoda's self-theory based on ancient Chinese philosophy. Section 4 (Morotomi) calls attention to the word "vacuum," uttered by Rogers' client. Section 5 (Osawa) compares Tomoda's theory on personality change with the Focusing approach by Gendlin. Section 6 (Shimizu) features Ibmoda's application of the CCT approach to his group programs. Section 7 (Kuno) highlights Tbmoda's finding in renku (Japanese linked poetry) a means of facilitating human development. Section 8 critically examines Tbmoda's work.

I believe it expresses well the observations which for me have crystallized into two important themes: my confidence in the human organism, when it is functioning freely; and the existential quality of satisfying living, a theme presented by some of our most modem philosophers, which was however beautifully expressed more than twentyfive centuries ago by Lao-tzu when, he said, 'The way to do is to be."

(Rogers, 1961, p. 163).
Descendants of the Holocaust Meet Descendants of the Third Reich: The One by One Dialogue Concept
Authors: Busse Wilma J. , Emme Martina , Gerut Rosalie , Lapidus Jacqueline G.
Published: March 2007

Some 50 years after the Nazi Holocaust, a group of descendants from the two sides—the survivors and the Third Reich perpetrators—established One by One, Inc. and developed the Dialogue Group, a facilitated group process model for participants to disclose Holocaust related family histories in one another’s presence. These participants were willing to listen to each other despite preconceived ideas about the other side that have echoed through the generations of their families. Descendants of victims spoke emotionally about terrible losses, humiliation, and displacement. Descendants of perpetrators struggled to integrate their family members’ past behaviors with the experiences of them as beloved relatives and to acknowledge their own shame or guilt as Germans. In the group, members confronted and challenged stereotypes about “the other” as they heard real stories. Many have since spoken publicly about their experiences or worked together against prejudice and injustice.
Industry Unions—Policy or Pipe Dream?
Authors: Gill David
Published: March 2007

It is often argued that the Australian industrial relations system would benefit, in various ways, by a reduction in the number of trade unions and that this can best be achieved by a process of union amalgamations. This paper discusses the relative merits of amalgamations which would lead to the creation of industry unions as opposed to amalgamations which would not. It is argued that only the former have the capacity to attract all the supposed benefits of union amal gamations. There is an examination of the nature of industry unionism and the need for a classification of Australian industry; some of the implications of industry unionism are discussed in an Australian context. The conclusion is that the formation of industry unions is important not only to Australian unions but also to Australian society; hence, the Federal Government may well be the only body capable of giving the necessary leadership for national union structural change.
Australian Trade Unions and Postwar Immigration: Attitudes and Responses
Authors: Quinlan Michael
Published: March 2007

The reaction of the Australian trade union movement to the new phases of immigration in the post-World War II period is examined. The responses were by no means uniform in reflecting political, industrial and craft divisions amongst unions and changes in employment conditions. Attention will focus on central trade union bodies, principally the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the Labor Council of New South Wales. Some mention will also be made of the situation in particular unions and attempts by migrant workers to organise and act independently of established unions. The con clusion is that the trade unions' attitude to migrants should be related to the concurrent industrial problems, trade union tradition and the constraints of the compulsory arbitration system.
Unfair Dismissal and the Remedy of Re-employment
Authors: Sherman Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Australia's three most active unfair dismissal jurisdictions during the first half of this decade—New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia—all possessed highly developed systems that exhibited many enlightening parallels with dismissal dispute mechanisms in Britain and the United States. One is particularly evident in the disparate rates of re-employment between those systems that limited eligibility to union-sponsored claimants, and those that did not. Against the backdrop of a continuing debate both here and abroad concerning the most appropriate remedy for unfairly dismissed workers, the author argues that it is unrealistic to expect high rates of re-employment in jurisdictions where eligibility is not contingent upon union support. He concludes that this is not so much due to the operational shortcomings of systems based on universal eligibility as it is to the intrinsic differences in dispute-resolution processes; differences brought about by the collective strengths and the organizational services of trade unions.
Industrial Relations before Unions: New South Wales Seamen 1810-1852
Authors: Quinlan Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper examines employment relations in the maritime industry of New South Wales in the first half of the nineteenth century. It is argued that even prior to the emergence of trade unions and any formalized type of collective negotiation, a systemic and widespread contest for control of the employment relationship is to be found. The courts and the legislature constituted key institutional forums for this struggle, with the colony developing its own maritime labour laws-laws that differed significantly from those of Britain. While much of the dissent on the part of seamen and court-based contests was individualized, there is also considerable evidence of collective action. Maritime employers, too, combined to better pursue their interests. Finally, the paper indicates a flaw in both sides of the new labour history/old labour history debate of the 1980s by demonstrating that, even in the absence of unions, institutions-notably the legislature and the courts-continue to play a central role in the life of workers.
Who Mediates? the Political Economy of International Conflict Management
Authors: Bercovitch Jacob , Schneider Gerald
Published: March 2007

Studies on international mediation have traditionally focused on the effectiveness of international efforts to settle or resolve militarized conflicts. In this article, we start from a different perspective and examine the identity of mediators and the factors determining the choice of mediators. We build an integrative theoretical framework to explain the number of mediation mandates an international actor receives. The hypotheses we derive are subsequently tested in a multivariate event count model using an original dataset on international mediation from 1950 to 1990. The results obtained from Poisson and negative binomial regressions disconfirm the assertion that the effectiveness of a mediator influences the number of mandates it receives. The most important structural force on the international mediation market seems to be the hegemonic status of the USA. The analysis further demonstrates that international conflict management is largely, but not exclusively, restricted to the permanent members of the Security Council of the UN. As the theoretical framework suggests, ideological factors, such as the neutrality of the mediator, play a less significant role on the market for mediation. Democracies equally are not significantly more active than autocracies in the management of international conflicts.
The Multilateral Arab-Israeli Negotiations: Genesis, Institutionalization, Pause, Future
Authors: Solingen Etel
Published: March 2007

Why do national leaders choose to create a multilateral mechanism for international cooperation? This analysis of the multilateral Arab-Israeli peace negotiations (1993-95) takes stock of the original motivations in launching a multilateral process and of the subsequent development of institutional `focal points' in five issue areas: Arms Control and Regional Security, Economic Development, Refugees, Water, and the Environment. The multilaterals were designed to provide a supportive framework for the bilateral negotiations, to lubricate the participants' common domestic political and economic agenda, to weaken domestic rivals opposed to the peace process, to enhance the support of the international community, and to provide inducements for inclusion and signal opportunity costs to rejectionists in the region. The multilaterals' preliminary, incipient achievements came about despite continued concerns with `relative gains', raised mostly by opponents of the peace process. The collapse of bilateral Palestinian-Israeli negotiations (1996-99) doomed this very brief episode of institution-building. Although it is too early to project the direction of the peace process under the new Israeli coalition government led by Ehud Barak, a dedicated effort to resolve outstanding bilateral Palestinian-Israeli and Syrian-Israeli issues bodes well for a subsequent resumption of multilateral negotiations.
Genocide: A Case for the Responsibility of the Bystander
Authors: Vetlesen Arne Johan
Published: March 2007

In this article, the case of Bosnia is used to raise important theoretical and practical questions concerning the role of third parties in preventing and punishing genocide. After the massacre at Srebrenica, a UN-declared `safe area', the debate over complicity in genocide on the part of UN personnel has gained particular urgency, and much of the discussion here is related to that debate. The article also draws attention to the role of intellectuals in preparing for genocide by way of ideological hate speech, a role of crucial importance in top-down orchestrated genocidal campaigns such as those seen in Rwanda and Bosnia. On the basis of the empirical material presented, it is argued that considerable responsibility resides with knowledgeable third-party bystanders to unfolding acts of genocide. The article also tries to distinguish between different kinds of bystanders, and it attempts to define and discuss what it means - and what it should imply - to be a contemporary bystander to genocidal warfare.
Armed Conflict, 1989-99
Authors: Wallensteen Peter , Sollenberg Margareta
Published: March 2007

A total of 110 armed conflicts have been recorded for the years 1989-99. Of these, 37 were active in 1999. This is the same number as in 1998 but an increase from 1997, after an overall decline in the number of conflicts per year since 1992. Seven interstate armed conflicts were recorded for the whole period, of which two were still active in 1999. Contrary to a common assumption that conflicts normally escalate gradually from minor armed conflicts, no such clear pattern is found. Peace agreement is the least common type of conflict termination in 1989-99.
Democracies and Intervention: Is there a Danger Zone in the Democratic Peace?
Authors: HERMANN MARGARET G. , KEGLEY CHARLES W.
Published: March 2007

By overlooking the full range of studies of democracy and intervention that we have undertaken, Tures misrepresents our intentions and our evidence. To clarify the definable patterns within democracies' use of interventions, we broaden his picture of our results to demonstrate where his critique of our general findings is misleading. By focusing exclusively on the methodological implications of only one part of our program of research, Tures fails to recognize that how democracy and intervention are conceptualized and operationalized can make a difference. Moreover, his critique misses entirely our evidence showing that democracies use interventions for a variety of purposes and with varying consequences, including strengthening their own security and promoting the spread of liberal democratic institutions consistent with the underlying logic of the democratic peace.
Regulating Conventional Weapons in the Future — Humanitarian Law or Arms Control?
Authors: Bring Ove
Published: March 2007

Weapon regulations are difficult to achieve, but when they exist they seem to be respected in the practice of States. The prohibitions against the use of expanding bullets and biological weapons have always been effective. So has the prohibition against the use of chemical weapons, until the fourth year of the Iran-Iraq conflict. The customary rules on recording of emplaced land-mines for postwar publication functioned during the Falklands conflict. All in all, international humanitarian law in this field has demonstrated a potential that should be used in the future. The article analyzes the historical evolution of the concept of 'superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering' and suggests some areas where new restrictions or prohibitions should be striven for The article throughout indicates the existence of a fruitful relationship between international humanitarian law and disarmament. The author feels that this relationship should be explored more vigorously in the future.
International Co-operation and Neutrality
Authors: Karsh Efraim
Published: March 2007

Contrary to widely held beliefs and expectations during both the 'twenty years' crisis' and the postwar era, the gulf between international co-operation and neutrality has proved to be significantly narrower in practice than in theory. Neutrality has evolved into a dynamic, enterprising policy emphasising participation and activism in international life. Broadly speaking, participation in universal organisations, particularly in the United Nations, has been a major asset for the neutral states, enabling them to institutionalise their neutrality in the international consciousness as a 'universal' policy divorced from inter-bloc rivalries. Participation in regional co-operation has led to the diminution, in varying degrees, of the credibility of neutrality. From the early 1970s onwards the small states have skillfully capitalised on the evolution of detente to play an important role in the European arena through the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). Thus they have proved that if neutrality and collective security are indeed mutually exclusive concepts, then there is definitely much more of neutrality and less of collective security in international political life.