bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SELECTION FOR PROTEIN ON LENGTHS OF GROWTH STAGES IN Glycine max × Glycine soja CROSSES
Authors: ERICKSON L. R. , BEVERSDORF W. D.
Published: March 2010

The effect of selection for high seed protein content on plant development in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was investigated by comparing the lengths of growth stages of four selected populations with those of a nonselected control. Each population, grown at two locations in one season, was a composite of four crosses between G. max and its putative wild ancestor, Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc. The growth stages were planting to emergence, emergence to flowering and flowering to maturity. The length of each growth stage was measured in soybean development units (SDU) and in days. On average, populations selected for protein alone required more SDUs from planting to emergence and from emergence to flowering and fewer SDUs from flowering to maturity than did the control. The mean temperature in the stage from flowering to maturity was negatively correlated with protein content in all populations. The correlations ranged from −0.22* to −0.34**.
MOISTURE RELATIONS OF STORED TRITICALE AND ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFESTATION BY MITES AND INFECTION BY MICROFLORA
Authors: SINHA R. N. , WHITE N. D. G.
Published: March 2010

Moisture content-relative humidity (MC-RH) adsorption and desorption curves were determined for triticale (× - Triticosecale Wittmack), cv. Welsh, at 22 °C and 35–100% RH. The effects of various seed moisture contents on free fatty acid level, microfloral growth and germination loss were determined after 5 wk of storage at various RH and 22 °C. Infection of seeds by Penicillium and Aspergillus glaucus group occurred above 80–85% RH and seed germination correspondingly began to decrease. Five common stored-product mites which infested triticale stored at 20 °C and 85% RH were: Acarus siro, A. farris, Aëroglyphus robustus, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. A. farris and L. destructor also multiplied on wheat cv. Neepawa which was an inferior substrate to triticale for A. farris.
NECTAR PRODUCTION AND FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS IN BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (Lotus corniculatus L.)
Authors: MURRELL DOROTHY C. , SHUEL R. W. , TOMES D. T.
Published: March 2010

Nectar production was studied in several varieties of birdsfoot trefoil in relation to flower color, aroma, and some anatomical features in order to identify characteristics which might be of use in a program of selection for attractiveness to honeybee pollinators. Color did not appear to be an important variable; no major varietal differences in light reflectance were noted at any wavelength. There was a twofold varietal range in nectar yield per umbel and a larger difference in potential yield per plant. Selection within varieties increased the difference between high- and low-nectar plants by several times. Large varietal differences in aroma strength were also noted. While nectar and aroma production were not closely correlated in all varieties, those with weak aroma were generally low nectar yielders. Nectar yield per umbel was directly related to the cross-sectional area of functional phloem in the peduncle, and the amount of functional phloem and peduncle diameter were closely correlated. The ratio of nectar yield to phloem supply was much larger in high-nectar than in low-nectar plants, indicating an important effect of an unidentified factor. Preliminary screening in selection for high nectar lines could be facilitated by discarding plants whose flowers have small peduncles and weak aroma.
EFFECTS OF SELECTED HERBICIDES ON ASCOSPORE DISCHARGE OF Venturia inaequalis
Authors: YODER K. S. , KLOS E. J.
Published: March 2010

Glyphosate, amitrole-T, paraquat and 2,4-D significantly reduced the total ascospore discharge of Venturia inaequalis when applied in the laboratory to apple leaf disks bearing perithecia with immature ascospores. Simazine, diuron, and terbacil were ineffective. No treatment affected viability of discharged ascospores.
BLOMIDON LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: HALL I. V. , AALDERS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Blomidon is a vigorous and high yielding lowbush blueberry cultivar with attractive fruit from the Kentville Research Station. It is the first named lowbush blueberry cultivar from controlled breeding.
COLUMBIA JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE
Authors: CHUBEY B. B. , DORRELL D. G.
Published: March 2010

Columbia is a high-yielding cultivar of Helianthus tuberosum L. bearing tan-colored, white-fleshed tubers. It was selected at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SDS-SEDIMENTATION TEST FOR THE PREDICTION OF CANADIAN BREAD WHEAT QUALITY
Authors: PRESTON K. R. , MARCH P. R. , TIPPLES K. H.
Published: March 2010

The ability of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation test of Axford et al. (1978) to predict quality characteristics of Canadian bread wheats has been assessed. With appropriate modifications, the test had sufficient "inherent" sensitivity to differentiate Canadian bread wheat lines, obtained from three years of Co-op tests, on the basis of baking quality and physical dough strength. However, the correlation coefficients between SDS-sedimentation volume and the quality parameters tested were highly dependent on environment. Correlation coefficients between SDS-sedimentation volume and Remix loaf volume were strongly affected by protein content with sample sets from the same environment. Sample sets with the lowest average protein contents gave the highest correlations. With combined samples from different environments with protein contents of less than 13.0%, a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.78**) was obtained between SDS-sedimentation volume and Remix loaf volume, whereas with samples of over 14.0% protein the correlation coefficient was insignificant. With sample sets from the same environment, SDS-sedimentation volume was generally highly correlated to farinograph dough development time and extensigraph area.
PREHARVEST DESICCATION OF GREEN-SEEDED FIELD PEAS WITH DIQUAT
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

Diquat treatments were applied to green-seeded field peas (Pisum sativum L.) over a 5-yr period to determine the effect of applications at various stages of maturity on some agronomic and quality characteristics. The spray application effectively hastened drying of the plants, eliminating the need for windrowing. The rate of 0.28 kg a.i./ha was adequate. The earlier harvesting permitted by the treatments reduced loss of green color and germinability associated with weathering and reduced yield loss from shattering. Applications made as early as the 50% brown pod stage did not markedly affect yield, protein content, seed size, cooking quality or germinability. However, a later stage of spraying may be advisable under conditions of slow maturation.
EXCISED-LEAF WATER RETENTION CAPABILITY AS AN INDICATOR OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF Triticum GENOTYPES
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M. , McCAIG THOMAS N.
Published: March 2010

Excised-leaf water retention was studied in 25 Triticum aestivum and 16 T. turgidum var. durum genotypes, as well as in 52 lines from a cross of high- and low-retention durums. A system of tared dishes, carrier trays and a data entry device interfaced with an electronic balance was used to facilitate handling large numbers of samples. At each sampling, four of the newest fully expanded leaves were taken from each plot, weighed, and then re weighed at intervals after standing in a control led-environment room and after oven drying. Weighing of leaves 24 h after excision resulted in poor separation of genotypes, particularly late in the season. A 6- to 10-h interval improved differentiation between genotypes. Initial leaf water content tended to decline over the growing season, while the amount of water lost in 24 h tended to remain relatively constant. In the hexaploid cultivars Columbus lost water slowest, while NB112 lost water fastest; in the durums, Pelissier was slowest, Hercules was fastest. Fifty-two lines from a Hercules × Pelissier cross exhibited a range of retention capabilites between the parental values. There was a low-order, but significant, positive correlation between yield and flag-leaf water retention in this material.
VARIATION IN VICINE AND CONVICINE CONCENTRATION OF FABA BEAN GENOTYPES
Authors: GARDINER E. E. , MARQUARDT R. R. , KEMP G.
Published: March 2010

Seventy-eight widely diverse genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were grown on irrigated land at Lethbridge, Alberta in 1979, harvested at maturity and analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography for vicine and convicine. The vicine content ranged from 0.45 to 0.90% with a mean of 0.59 ± 0.08. Although the concentration of convicine was lower than vicine within cultivars (except one), the coefficient of variation was greater for convicine (range = 0.15–0.54%, mean = 0.26 ± 0.07). The total glucoside concentration among genotypes varied from 0.69 to 1.26%. The negative correlation coefficient (r = − 0.025) between contents of vicine and convicine within cultivars was not significant, supporting the conclusion that the content of the two glucosides is under independent genetic control.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE EXPRESSION OF STEM SOLIDNESS IN CANUCK WHEAT AT FOUR LOCATIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: PAUW R. M. DE , READ D. W. L.
Published: March 2010

Canuck wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was given three fertilizer treatments (0–0, 10–40, and 100–20 kg/ha of nitrogen and phosphorus) at the time of seeding at each of four locations in southwestern Saskatchewan. Culms were split longitudinally and the length of each internode lumen filled with pith was both calculated as a percentage and rated on a scale from 1 to 5. The mean squares for locations, internodes, location × treatment, and location × internode were significant for both methods of determining stem solidness. The fertilizer treatments had no significant effect on the expression of stem solidness. Weather at a location had a greater effect on the development of pith in an internode than did the fertilizer treatments. The relative fluctuations of stem solidness were similar among internodes even though the absolute percentage of stem solidness differed significantly among internodes. Internode length increased progressively from the base of the culm to the peduncle without evidence of a relationship to the expression of solidness.
EFFECT OF WATER GRADIENT ON SORGHUM GROWTH, WATER RELATIONS AND YIELD
Authors: CHAUDHURI U. N. , KANEMASU E. T.
Published: March 2010

A field study was conducted during the 1980 growing season to determine the effects of soil moisture gradient on sorghum water relationships, growth, and yield of four hybrids: Sorghum bicolor L. ’G-623 GBR,’ ’RS 626,’ ’RS 671’ and ’A 28+’. June to September was warmer than normal (2.3–4.8 °C), with precipitation of only 16.2 cm during the cropping season. Sprinklers provided a continuously decreasing moisture gradient away from the water source. Plant height, dry matter, and leaf area index (LAI) decreased as watering level decreased. Higher leaf diffusive resistance and lower water potentials were associated with decreasing plant height and decreasing LAI. Canopy temperature (Tc) of the water-stressed sorghum was generally 3.2–3.7 °C warmer than canopy temperatures of well-watered plants. Canopy temperature also correlated well with water use by all hybrids. The average canopy minus air temperature [Formula: see text] was positive for all hybrids receiving less than 25 cm of irrigation and precipitation during the growing season, which corresponds to soil moisture values of 0.32 maximum available. Increasing the watering levels increased the water use efficiency (WUE) for total dry matter and grain yield.
AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF TIMOTHY, CORN AND WESTERWOLDS RYEGRASS AS CONSERVED FORAGES FOR DAIRY COWS
Authors: McISAAC J. A. , LOVERING JAMES
Published: March 2010

A forage-livestock computer model was used to compare the cost and returns associated with each of corn (Zea mays L.) silage, timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay, and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage as the principal forage in a dairy farm. The model used simulates the growth, harvest, and storage of the forage and the feeding, milking, and manure-handling for the dairy herd. The costs and returns associated with timothy, corn, and ryegrass on a dairy farm were estimated. Timothy hay was found to be more profitable than corn silage, and corn silage more profitable than wilted ryegrass silage on dairy farms of 40–120 cows fed conserved forage 365 days per year. The timothy, corn and ryegrass growth models and harvesting were based on Charlottetown growing conditions and weather.
SHOOT TISSUE CULTURE OF APPLE: COMPARATIVE RESPONSE OF FIVE CULTIVARS TO CYTOKININ AND AUXIN
Authors: LANE W. D. , McDOUGALD J. M.
Published: March 2010

Shoot cultures of five apple cultivars, M.27, M.9, M.26, MM.111 and Macspur, a strain of McIntosh, were established in vitro and their response to different concentrations of cytokinin (benzyladenine, BA) and auxin (naphtheleneacetic acid, NAA) were measured. At the three BA concentrations tested (1.0, 5.0 and 10 μM) cultivars differed in the number of shoots produced and in their requirements for BA for optimum shoot production. M.27 produced the most shoots followed by Macspur, M.9 and M.26. The best concentration of BA for shoot production was 5.0 μM for Macspur and M.26 but slightly higher for M.27 and M.9. Rooting response was tested at NAA concentrations of 0.1, 0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10 and 33 μM. The range of concentrations in which rootstock cultivars rooted was broader than for the scion cultivar Macspur and the percent rooting of rootstocks (about 85%) was higher than Macspur (58%). The most rooting occurred at 1.0 or 3.3 μM NAA. M.9 produced callus, which prevented rooting, when chronically exposed to NAA so a procedure of acute treatment was used. This allowed root initials to form but avoided callogenesis. Possible reasons for the different responses of the cultivars to cytokinin and auxin are discussed.
SEED GERMINATION OF AMERICAN BASSWOOD IN RELATION TO SEED MATURITY
Authors: VANSTONE D. E. , RONALD W. G.
Published: March 2010

Seed germination of American basswood collected and sown at weekly intervals during late summer 1977 increased until the 9 Sept. collection at which germination was 52%; thereafter, germination decreased. The color of the pericarp and the moisture content of the seed proved reliable indices of maturity in relation to germination. All pericarps turned greyish-brown by 9 Sept. and moisture content of the seed decreased to 16%. Germination of excised embryos occurred without delay at all stages of seed maturity. Examination of the structure of the testa by means of differential staining and light microscopy showed a high degree of cell orientation, compaction and lignification at the advanced stages of maturity.
THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION AND THREE ROTATIONS ON WEED COMMUNITIES IN WHEAT (AFTER 21–22 YEARS AT INDIAN HEAD, SASKATCHEWAN)
Authors: HUME LARRY
Published: March 2010

The effect of fertilizer application and three rotations (continuous cropping, fallow-wheat, and fallow-wheat-wheat rotations) on the species composition of the weed community was examined using rotations that had been running for 21–22 yr at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Before spring seeding, stinkweed and lamb’s-quarters were more abundant on wheat after fallow than they were on either wheat following wheat after fallow or on continuous cropping. After seeding, continuous cropping produced the largest weed densities of green foxtail, thyme-leaved spurge, and vetch. In most instances, Canada thistle was most abundant on continuously cropped and nonfertilized plots. After spring seeding, green foxtail was the only species with a larger density on fertilized plots. Interactions between fertilizer application and rotation, and among species, influenced species composition in the weed community. Fertilizer application tended to reduce community differences between continuous cropping and short-term wheat-fallow rotations. Allelopathic effects of Canada thistle may have reduced green foxtail and redroot pigweed densities. With the use of 2-or 3-yr wheat-fallow rotations and herbicide application, weed problems can be minimized in southeastern Saskatchewan.
INFLUENCE DE LA TEMPERATURE DU SUBSTRAT SUR LA CROISSANCE, LE DEVELOPPEMENT ET LE CONTENU EN ELEMENTS MINERAUX DE PLANTS DE TOMATE (CV. VENDOR)
Authors: GOSSELIN ANDRÉ , TRUDEL MARC J.
Published: March 2010

The influence of root level temperature on the growth and development of tomato was determined under greenhouse conditions using five substrate temperatures for a period of 3 mo. Heaviest production of root tissue was obtained at lower temperatures (13.8 and 18.6 °C), while best shoot production was obtained with the 23.9 °C treatment. The top/root ratio increased with increased substrate temperature, reaching a maximum at 29.3 °C. Highest yields were produced at 23.9 °C, but more because of larger fruit size than increased fruit set. Higher root level temperatures decreased N and increased K and P content of shoots. Magnesium content was highest at 23.9 °C, while Na was lowest. Shoot Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations were higher at higher substrate temperatures (29.3 and 33.8 °C).
MILTON SPRING WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G. , GRANT E. A. , SMELTZER G. G. , LANGILLE J. E. , BUBAR J. S.
Published: March 2010

Milton is a new cultivar of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Atlantic Advisory Committee on Cereals and Protein Crops. It is higher yielding than recommended cultivars in the Atlantic Provinces and is resistant to Erysiphe graminis in that area.
FAVOR SOFT WHITE WINTER WHEAT
Authors: HO L. C.
Published: March 2010

Favor is a new soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with excellent milling and pastry quality. It gives high yields in Test Area II of Ontario. Favor was licensed in May 1981. Breeder seed is maintained by CIBA-GEIGY SEEDS LTD., Ailsa Craig, Ontario, Canada.
EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON COLD HARDINESS OF ORCHARDGRASS
Authors: FREYMAN S. , MOYER J. R. , SCHAALJE G. B.
Published: March 2010

Under controlled environment conditions, six herbicides (2,4-D ester and amine, dicamba, picloram, propyzamide, and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) significantly reduced the cold hardiness of orchardgrass seedlings. Reduction in cold hardiness was greater at the higher rates of application than at the lower rates. Picloram at the higher rate caused the greatest reduction in cold hardiness and also damaged the seedlings. Similarly, 2,4-D ester and amine, picloram, propyzamide, dicamba + 2,4-D reduced the cold hardiness of field-grown orchardgrass. The plants sprayed with picloram were the least hardy and also suffered severe winterkill.
LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY PRODUCTION IN EASTERN CANADA AS RELATED TO CERTAIN WEATHER DATA
Authors: HALL I. V. , AALDERS L. E. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Production of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. and V. myrtilloides Michx.) was found to be significantly correlated with June rain in Newfoundland and with June sunshine and temperature in Nova Scotia. When the data were combined for five provinces over 27 yr, no variables were of consistent value in predicting lowbush blueberry production.
EFFECT OF METHOD AND DATE OF PRUNING ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND LEAF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: HANSON ERIC J. , ISMAIL AMR. A. , STRUCHTEMEYER ROLAND A.
Published: March 2010

Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) plants were pruned mechanically by flail mowing, or thermally by oil burning in the spring or fall. The pruning treatments had no effect on soil organic matter or pH. Leaf tissue samples taken from burned plants the first growing season after pruning were higher in N and P, but lower in Ca than leaf samples from mowed plants. Leaf tissue samples taken the second growing season following pruning were not influenced by treatments.
THE INFLUENCE OF WATER AVAILABILITY ON WINTER WHEAT YIELDS
Authors: JOHNSON R. C. , KANEMASU E. T.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted comparing yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under different soil water conditions. Soil water was controlled by excluding precipitation from a 150-m2 plot area with an automatic rain shelter. Treatment regimes were described according to their relative preanthesis/postanthesis soil water content as high/high (H/H), high/low (H/L), and low/high (L/H) in 1978–1979; an additional treatment, low/low (L/L) was added in 1979–1980. A neutron probe was used to periodically monitor soil water to the 150-cm depth in each regime. Plot yields ranged from 559 g/m2 in regime H/H (1978–1979) to 267 g/m2 in L/L (1979–1980) and were positively correlated with head number per square metre (r = 0.70) and kernel number per head (r = 0.79). Low preanthesis soil water reduced head number per square metre in both years. Regimes L/H and L/L in 1979–1980, which averaged the lowest preanthesis soil water of all regimes both years, had reduced kernels per spikelet compared to regimes with high preanthesis soil water. Increased kernel weight. associated with postanthesis irrigations, generally was not enough to compensate fully for fewer kernels per square metre associated with low preanthesis soil water. The results indicate that, if drought develops before grain filling in the spring, improved tiller survival and/or floret fertility could increase yields, even if some stress continued through grain filling. Under nonstress conditions, yield appears limited most by the amount of assimilate required to fill a high number of kernels per square metre.
EFFECT OF KERNEL MOISTURE CONTENT AT HARVEST AND WINDROW VS. ARTIFICIAL DRYING ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF OATS
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M. , RIEMER GREG E. , CHRISTENSEN JOHN V. , LEGGE WILLIAM G.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments with the oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars Random Harmon and Kelsey were conducted for 3 yrs at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, for 2 yr at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and for 3 yr with cultivars Random, Cascade and Athabasca at Beaverlodge, Alberta. Plots were harvested at kernel moisture contents (KMC) in the range of 15–45%. At Swift Current and Beaverlodge, material was dried in the field (windrowed) or artificially dried in a forced-air oven at 50 °C after threshing; all Saskatoon material was field-dried. Test weight, 1000-kernel weight, grain protein-N and commercial grade were determined. Grain protein-N was not affected by cutting time or drying method. Test weight of both windrowed and artificially dried material tended to increase as harvest was delayed until lower KMC values were reached. One-thousand-kernel weight was less affected by harvest KMC, but did increase as harvest was delayed until 35% KMC in some situations. Material cut at high KMC at Swift Current and Saskatoon was downgraded due to high proportions of green kernels, and in some instances, due to low test weight. The proportion of green kernels tended to be greater in the artificially dried than in the windrowed material at high harvest KMC values. The no.1 CW grade was not reached unless harvest was delayed until KMC was less than 20%, provided that there was no secondary tillering. Mildew and staining were major grading factors at Beaverlodge during 2 yr. particularly in the windrowed treatments. Grades tended to be higher in artificially dried material when rain occurred during the harvest period. Intrapanicle differences in maturation, which produce the varying proportions of green and mature kernels, were demonstrated in excised panicles using eosin dye and 14C-sucrose.
THE INHERITANCE OF OZONE INSENSITIVITY IN SELECTED Phaseolus vulgaris L. POPULATIONS
Authors: HUCL P. , BEVERSDORF W. D.
Published: March 2010

Broad sense heritability estimates (H) for ozone (O3) insensitivity in four P. vulgaris F2 populations were high (0.66–0.88) under artifical fumigation conditions. In the F3, under field conditions, broad sense H in two populations had declined to 0.16 and 0.21, probably as a result of the interaction of maturity and injury. The results suggest that selection for O3 insensitivity in early generations should be conducted under controlled fumigation conditions followed by field evaluations as lines approach homozygosity.
COOKING QUALITY, YIELD AND SEED WEIGHT OF FIELD PEAS AS AFFECTED BY IRRIGATION, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND HARVEST DATE
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , ALI-KHAN S. T. , CHUBEY B. B. , STAUVERS M.
Published: March 2010

The yellow-seeded field pea (Pisum sativum L. ’Century’) was grown at two levels of soil moisture, two levels of N and P and harvested at four dates in a 3-yr field study to determine the effects of these factors on cooking quality as indicated by the color, weight and viscosity of the puree of cooked samples. Nitrogen lowered cooking quality where yields were not improved but maintained quality when yield was increased. Phosphorus applications improved yield and cooking quality, with highest improvements in yield coinciding with greatest improvements in quality. Harvesting too early or too late resulted in lower cooking quality.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FIVE NORTH AMERICAN AMBER DURUM WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: DEXTER J. E. , MATSUO R. R. , CROWLE W. L. , KOSMOLAK F. G.
Published: March 2010

Five North American amber durum wheat cultivars were grown at three levels of soil fertility by applying N fertilizer (ammonium nitrate 34–0–0) at 0, 56 and 224 kg/ha. Application of 56 kg/ha of N did not increase grain yields overall, but at 224 kg/ha of N the five cultivars exhibited an average yield advantage of 7.8%. Test weight and kernel weight decreased with increasing N fertilizer, but semolina milling yield was not affected. Protein levels increased for all cultivars at each level of N fertilizer, but kernel hardness, as measured by semolina granulation, was not affected. Gluten strength and gluten protein solubility in lactic acid were not influenced by level of N fertilizer. Spaghetti pigment decreased with increased N fertilizer level due to the combined effects of decreased semolina pigment and increased pigment loss during spaghetti processing. Pasta dough farinographs exhibited decreased mixing times, increased maximum consistency and increased tolerance index with increasing N fertilizer due to increasing protein content. As N fertilizer levels increased spaghetti cooked weight decreased, solids lost to cooking water decreased, and cooked spaghetti resilience and firmness improved at both optimum cooking time and after overcooking for 10 min. All the cooking quality effects could be attributed to increased levels of protein at high N fertilization levels.
THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENT COMPOSITION ON THE VOLUNTARY INTAKE AND APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF FIRST- AND SECOND-CUT GRASS HAYS PREPARED IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: NARASIMHALU P. , WINTER K. A. , KUNELIUS H. T. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Hays prepared in Prince Edward Island from the primary growths of Rise reed canarygrass, Tardus orchardgrass, Saratoga bromegrass, Itasca timothy, and Trader meadow fescue cut in mid- to late June, and from their regrowths cut 7–8 wk later, were studied for the interrelationships among cell wall components, in vitro dry matter disappearance values, and in vivo determined values of voluntary intake of digestible energy (DEI) and apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD). The in vivo values for each hay were measured on four wether lambs during a 24-day feeding trial. Simple correlation coefficients were calculated among neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fibers (ADF), lignification (= log10 (lignin/ADF)), two-stage in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), acid-pepsin solubility (APDMD), DEI, and DMD. The content of NDF was not correlated with either DEI or DMD value for the first-cut and second-cut hays (P > 0.10). First-cut hays showed correlations between lignification and DMD (r = −0.88, P < 0.05) and between APDMD and DEI (r = 0.87, P < 0.10). Second-cut hays indicated the following correlations: ADF with DMD (r = −0.98, P < 0.01), and IVDMD with both DMD (r = 0.97, P < 0.01) and DEI (r = 0.95, P < 0.05). Lignification showed promise as a predictor of DMD and APDMD could predict DEI for the first-cut hays prepared in this region. In the case of second-cut hays, the ADF or IVDMD could predict DMD, whereas APDMD or IVDMD may prove useful in predicting the DEI value of local hays.
PERFORMANCE OF Rhizobium meliloti STRAINS SELECTED FOR LOW-pH TOLERANCE
Authors: RICE W. A.
Published: March 2010

Twelve strains of Rhizobium meliloti were examined for their ability to nodulate alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and fix nitrogen under acid soil conditions. The strains were separated into a low-pH-sensitive group and a low-pH-tolerant group on the basis of plant dry matter yields in greenhouse experiments. The dry matter yields of alfalfa inoculated with the low-pH-tolerant strains were 5.9, 10.0 and 1.3 times greater than the yields with the low-pH-sensitive strains at soil pH 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0, respectively. Yields of alfalfa at soil pH 6.7 were the same for both groups. Four strains were selected from the low-pH-tolerant group for further evaluation. Plant yield, nitrogen fixation, specific nitrogenase activity, nodule number and nodule weight were measured for each strain in relation to soil pH, inoculum level and alfalfa cultivar. Soil pH, inoculum level and cultivar had significant effects on most of the characteristics measured. There were no significant differences in yield and nitrogen fixation within the four strains, and only minor differences in nodule number, nodule weight and specific nitrogenase activity. The low-pH-tolerant strains were competitive with indigenous strains and effective on a range of alfalfa cultivars. Inoculation rates at 105 rhizobia per seed were required to obtain maximum effect from the applied inoculum. R. meliloti strains selected for low-pH tolerance provide the potential for substantially increasing alfalfa yields on moderately acid soils.
VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND NUTRIENT LEVELS OF LINGONBERRIES GROWN IN FOUR ALASKAN SUBSTRATES
Authors: HOLLOWAY PATRICIA S. , VAN VELDHUIZEN ROBERT M. , STUSHNOFF CECIL , WILDUNG DAVID K.
Published: March 2010

Vegetative growth of lingonberries was observed on plants growing in four unsterilized, native-Alaskan substrates: coarsely-ground Lemeta peat, Fairbanks silt loam soil, a mixture of peat and silt loam soil and washed Chena very fine sandy loam soil. Following three growing seasons, plants in the peat treatment showed the greatest increase in vegetative growth as revealed by the number of new stems produced, stem length and dry weight per plant. Leaf size did not differ among substrate treatments. The leaves on plants grown in the peat substrate remained green throughout the entire experiment. The leaves of plants in all other treatments showed varying degrees of chlorosis followed by reddening and necrosis. Differences in concentration of N, P, K, Mn, Fe, Zn and Al in whole-plant tissue samples were recorded. The results indicate lingonberries should be grown in a peat substrate for maximum growth and dry matter accumulation.
INFLUENCE OF MOWING ON LEAF AND TILLER ORIENTATION OF TURFGRASSES
Authors: EGGENS J. L.
Published: March 2010

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a major grass weed on athletic fields. Since mowing modifies interspecies competitive ability, a program was initiated to determine if any morphological adaptations to mowing occur which might enable Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) to compete more successfully with annual bluegrass. Changes in leaf and tiller orientation of 11 Kentucky bluegrass cultivars and annual bluegrass in response to mowing or not mowing were measured. The mowing treatment consisted of clipping the grasses at 2, 3, 4 or 5 cm. For the 12 grasses there was a significant increase in leaf angle at the 2- and 3-cm mowing height. The increase was not consistent for all grasses and mowing treatments. Leaf angle was not related to the ability of the cultivars to compete with annual bluegrass. The grasses became more prostrate when mowed. While Kentucky bluegrass cultivars with the most prostrate growth habit have been shown to be more competitive with annual bluegrass, growth habit does not appear to be sufficiently important to be the main criterion for choosing Kentucky bluegrass cultivars for use in regularly irrigated, close clipped athletic fields.
EFFECTS OF SEED SPACING ON YIELD OF GREEN PEAS
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

Effects of seed spacing on green pea yields were investigated at nine locations during three successive cropping seasons. Dark Skin Perfection (freezer) and Medalist (canner) were seeded with and without applied N-P-K fertilizer in rows spaced 8.9, 13.3 and 17.8 cm apart with various in-row spacings of 3.8–10.2 cm. Yields of shelled peas harvested at the proper stage for processing and adjusted to tenderometer 100 were not substantially affected by the spacing or fertilizer treatments. The addition of 15-15-15 fertilizer at 392 kg/ha tended to increase vine length and delay maturity but the effects were slight and generally not significant. The spacings employed had no effect on vine length, pea/vine ratio or maturity.
PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF CELL-FREE CULTURAL FILTRATES OF Fusarium solani ISOLATES ON VIRULENCE, HOST SPECIFICITY AND RESISTANCE
Authors: MARCINKOWSKA JOANNA , KRAFT J. M. , MARQUIS L. Y.
Published: March 2010

No relationship was found between degrees of virulence and the phytotoxic properties of cell-free cultural filtrates of 21 isolates of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. Two media (Czapek-Dox, Kern’s) were compared for production of phytotoxins and the specific naphthazarin compounds fusarubin, isomarticin and javanicin. Incubation of cultures in Czapek-Dox resulted in more phytotoxic activity than incubation in Kern’s medium. In addition, isomarticin (previously reported to be more phytotoxic than fusarubin or javanicin) was produced in larger amounts in Czapek-Dox than Kern’s medium. Virulence of F. solani f. sp. pisi was not correlated with production of isomarticin. However, the two isolates of F. solani, not pathogenic to peas (S-1, S-2), did not produce any detectable isomarticin in either medium. Plant introduction accessions with resistance to F. solani f. sp. pisi were as severely affected by toxin activity as the susceptible cultivar Dark Skin Perfection. Phytotoxic activity was not confined to peas because toxin injection into seedling roots of several other leguminous and nonleguminous hosts resulted in lesion formation.
OUTLOOK FABA BEAN
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , BHATTY R. S. , MORRALL R. A. A.
Published: March 2010

Outlook is the second Canadian-bred cultivar of faba beans (Vicia faba) to be licensed. It is small-seeded like Ackerperle, but is intermediate in maturity compared to available cultivars. Outlook is adapted to western Canada and is slightly lower yielding than Aladin on dryland but is the highest yielding cultivar under irrigation testing.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF SEED GERMINATION POTENTIAL TO MEASURE QUALITY LOSS IN STORED WHEAT
Authors: WHITE N. D. G. , SINHA R. N. , MUIR W. E.
Published: March 2010

A rapid method of determining wheat seed germination after 1 day (G1) of incubation was found. Germination of wheat seed stored at [Formula: see text] moisture content is estimated by adding 12% to G1; at <17% moisture content germination is not consistently predicted by G1.
PERSISTENCE OF SAINFOIN (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) IN THE SEMIARID PRAIRIE REGION OF SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: KILCHER M. R.
Published: March 2010

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) did not persist well beyond 2 yr when seeded in mixture with Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.) at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. It persisted better in alternate row stands but not sufficiently beyond 3 or 4 yr. Heavy utilization of the grass enhanced sainfoin retention and its contribution to yield. Under more moist conditions, observations indicated that heavy grazing reduced the strong competition of the grass component and this apparently enabled the sainfoin to persist.
SOIL LIMITATIONS TO CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN CANADA
Authors: MILLER M. H.
Published: March 2010

The highest crop yields obtained in a region are usually much lower than the potential yields estimated from light interception. The roles of soil characteristics and soil-root interrelations as causes of the failure to achieve the potential yields are discussed. It is concluded that, on our best soils, it is possible to overcome all limitations with the exception of soil temperature and possibly some mechanical impedance to root growth. It is suggested that some physiological factor other than light interception is responsible for the failure to obtain the potential yields. Many soils possess characteristics which do restrict yields. Occurrences of acidity, poor aeration, nutrient deficiency, and water stress due to poor soil structure in various regions of Canada are discussed. It is concluded that the most difficult limitations to overcome are those associated with fine-textured soils with compact, poorly structured subsoils. These soils are frequently wet in the spring delaying planting operations, and/or causing crop losses due to poor aeration. In the summer, crops on these soils may suffer from water stress because of low available water holding capacity and restricted root growth. Although management practices can overcome many limitations, improper management may also lead to loss in productivity. Increases in salinity and soil erosion are serious problems in Canada.Key words: Root-soil interactions, root growth, nutrient absorption, soil acidity, soil aeration, soil-plant water relations.
RELATIONSHIP OF PLANT WATER CONTENT AND WINTERHARDINESS OF WINTER WHEAT AND FALL RYE GROWN IN ATLANTIC CANADA
Authors: NASS H. G.
Published: March 2010

The percent plant water was determined over a 6-yr period on plants of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and fall rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars of a number of yield tests grown on Prince Edward Island. There were year-to-year variations in plant water content within cultivars. A negative correlation was obtained between percent plant water and winterhardiness. Generally, correlations of percent plant water with winterhardiness rating were better than with annual field survival. In some years percent plant water did not correlate with either field survival or winterhardiness rating. Plant water content was correlated with long-term winterhardiness rating during years when little or no winterkilling occurred.Key words: Winter wheat, fall rye, plant water
FIRST 12 YEARS OF A LONG-TERM CROP ROTATION STUDY IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN — YIELDS AND QUALITY OF GRAIN
Authors: READ D. W. L. , ZENTNER R. P. , FERGUSON W. S. , LEYSHON A. J. , CAMPBELL C. A.
Published: March 2010

Yield and quality of spring wheat in particular, and of flax, fall rye, and oat hay, in general, in 12 rotations deemed feasible for southwestern Saskatchewan, were summarized and discussed after the first 12 yr of a long-term rotation study. The study was conducted on a Brown Chernozemic loam. The factors examined were the effect of rotation length, fallow-substitute crops, and N and P fertilizer. On a crop-year basis, continuous wheat yields averaged 75% of fallow yields when recommended rates of N and P fertilizers were applied. Yield variability was lower for rotations that included high proportions of fallow than for continuous-type rotations. Fertilizer N applied at recommended rates increased yields of wheat grown on fallow by an average 5% (from 1780 to 1860 kg∙ha−1) and wheat grown on stubble by an average 7% (from 1350 to 1455 kg∙ha−1). Application of P fertilizer at recommended rates increased yields of wheat grown on fallow and stubble by an average 12%. Total wheat production (kg∙ha−1∙yr−1) was inversely related to the frequency of fallow in the rotation. Thus, continuous wheat (N and P applied) outproduced wheat grown on fallow in the 2-yr rotation by 53% over the 12-yr period. Wheat yields were directly related to growing season rainfall. Flax yields were generally poor because of their low drought tolerance and poor ability to compete with weeds. Fall rye yields were generally higher than provincial averages because the soil used in this study was more fertile than those in which rye is normally grown. Protein concentrations of wheat grown on fallow were high (average 15.9%) and generally greater than that of wheat grown on stubble (except for wheat grown on flax stubble). Failure to apply N fertilizer to continuous wheat resulted in the lowest grain protein (average 13.5%). P concentrations of wheat grown on stubble were greater than that for wheat grown on fallow due to P dilution by yield. The P concentration in wheat was directly related to rainfall. The volume weight of wheat was not greatly influenced by treatment and was above the base criterion of 74.5 kg∙hL−1 in all years.Key words: Crop rotations, grain yields, protein, yield-rainfall interaction, grain quality, fertilizer effects
INFLUENCE OF DATE OF SEEDING ON YIELD AND OTHER AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE GROWN IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Four wheat and two rye cultivars were seeded at 2-wk intervals between 1 Aug. and 15 Oct. in five summer-fallow and two stubble-seeded trials at three locations in the north-central part of the agricultural area of Saskatchewan. Averaged over 3 yr, the optimum dates for planting both winter wheat and rye were between 15 Aug. and 1 Sept. Seeding earlier than this usually resulted in reduced yield and lower 1000-kernel weight. Later seeding usually resulted in a yield reduction, delayed heading, later maturity and reduced hectoliter weight. Reduced height in rye and reduced 1000-kernel weight in wheat were also associated with delayed seeding dates. However, exceptions to these generalizations did occur with the result that a significant trial by date of seeding interaction was recorded for all characters measured. For the optimum period for seeding, rye cultivars were higher yielding, earlier heading and maturing, taller and had lower 1000-kernel and hectoliter weight than winter wheat cultivars.Key words: Winter wheat, winter rye, yield, seeding date, maturity
DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF Sorghum bicolor. 5. GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF FREE AND CONJUGATED ABSCISIC, PHASEIC AND INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACIDS IN LEAVES OF FIELD-GROWN DROUGHT-STRESSED PLANTS.
Authors: DURLEY R. C. , KANNANGARA T. , SIMPSON G. M. , SEETHARAMA N.
Published: March 2010

Concentrations of free and conjugated abscisic acid (AbA), phaseic acid (PA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were measured in leaves of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes grown in the field. Hormone levels were compared and related to grain yield stability under drought, expressed as the percentage reduction in grain yield (percent RGY) of drought-stressed compared to irrigated plants. Although hormone concentrations were similar in irrigated plants, there was considerable genotypic variation in drought-stressed plants. In a four genotype comparison during the panicle initiation stage, mean leaf AbA concentrations in drought-stressed plants were positively related to percent RGY. Furthermore, the slopes of regression lines of AbA on leaf water potential in stressed genotypes were also positively related to percent RGY. In contrast, PA and total AbA metabolite concentrations were negatively related to percent RGY, implying a higher efficiency of conversion of AbA to its metabolites in drought resistant than in drought-susceptible genotypes. There was genotypic variation in free and conjugated IAA concentration in leaves of stressed plants, but these concentrations were not directly related to percent RGY. Nevertheless, high levels of free and conjugated IAA were found at some periods in leaves of drought-susceptible genotypes. The positive relationship between free AbA concentration and percent RGY was confirmed in a nine genotype comparison. Mean leaf AbA concentrations during flowering and early grain filling in drought-stressed plants were found to be a significantly correlated (r = 0.86**) with percent RGY. It is concluded that it is possible to evaluate genotype drought resistance to a given stress treatment in sorghum by examination of AbA, PA and IAA concentations in leaves. The potential of the method as a tool for plant breeders is discussed.Key words: Sorghum bicolor, drought stress, abscisic acid, phaseic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, yield
DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF Sorghum bicolor. 6. CHANGES IN ENDOGENOUS GROWTH REGULATORS OF PLANTS GROWN ACROSS AN IRRIGATION GRADIENT
Authors: KANNANGARA T. , DURLEY R. C. , SIMPSON G. M. , SEETHARAMA N.
Published: March 2010

A gradient of water stress was created among sorghum plants with a line-source sprinkler irrigation system. Changes in endogenous growth regulators, leaf water potential (ψw), solute potential (ψs), leaf conductance, leaf temperature, leaf senescence, leaf area and plant height were monitored. Abscisic acid (AbA) levels were increased and phaseic acid (PA) levels were reduced under stress. IAA levels could not be related to stress. Leaf ψw, leaf ψs and leaf conductance were reduced and leaf temperature was increased by water stress. Leaf area development was more sensitive to stress than stem elongation. Linear correlations between irrigation, AbA, leaf ψw, leaf ψs and plant height were high (r > 0.9). The correlation between AbA and grain yield (r = − 0.65) was similar to that between irrigation and grain yield (r = 0.68), but opposite in sign. Leaf AbA content measured during early growth could thus be used to predict grain yield under a given irrigation regime.Key words: Abscisic acid, phaseic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, water stress, grain yield, sorghum.
AVAILABILITY OF RESIDUAL FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS AS MEASURED BY BROMEGRASS-ALFALFA DRY MATTER AND PHOSPHORUS YIELD AND BY EXTRACTABLE SOIL PHOSPHORUS
Authors: HOLT N. W. , WINKLEMAN G. E.
Published: March 2010

The magnitude and duration of response of bromegrass-alfalfa to a one-time application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer was studied at rates of P to 144 kg/ha which were applied in 1970 to a clay soil containing 5 μg/g sodium-bicarbonate-extractable P. All treatments produced residual effects which were reflected by increased forage yields, forage P content and forage uptake of P by bromegrass-alfalfa during the years 1972–1976. Forage yield response to applied P was curvilinear in 3 out of 5 yr while forage P and uptake of P increased in a linear relationship with applied P in all years. An annual application of 18, 10 and 16 kg/ha N, P and S, respectively, resulted in dry matter yields of 4110 kg∙ha−1∙yr−1 and when combined with the 1970 applications had no further significant effect on forage yields but the combinations did increase forage P and uptake of P. Soil sodium-bicarbonate-extractable P as determined each year 1972–1976 and in 1980 was proportional to applied P but the amount of available P decreased over this period. On average, the portion of alfalfa in the dry matter increased during the 1972–1976 period but the alfalfa content was not related to applied P. When amounts of nitrogen applied as part of the P fertilizer were over 36 kg/ha, the percentage of alfalfa in the stand was reduced until 1974.Key words: Phosphorus, bromegrass-alfalfa
IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF OTTAWA 3 APPLE ROOTSTOCK
Authors: PUA E.-C. , CHONG CALVIN , ROUSSELLE G. L.
Published: March 2010

Methods were developed for obtaining normal shoot cultures and for rapid in vitro proliferation and rooting of Ottawa 3 apple rootstock from meristem tips. The presence of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA), both at concentrations of either 0.5 or 1.0 mg/L in the culture medium, was most effective for in vitro shoot proliferation, but growth was abnormal. Normal growth was achieved when shoots were cultured with a combination of 0.5 mg/L NAA, 0.5 mg/L BA and 5.0 mg/L gibberellic acid. One hundred percent rooting was achieved after 2 wk on agar medium supplemented with 6.25 mg/L indole butyric acid.Key words: Tissue culture, Malus, meristem cloning, growth regulators