bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compelled Interviews
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

This chapter looks at the relationship between legal professional privilege and the main powers available to investigators to compel a person to attend an interview to answer questions or otherwise provide information in connection with a criminal investigation, including under the Criminal Justice Act 1987 (CJA 1987) (‘section 2 interview’), the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (SOCPA 2005), and the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA 2000). It provides practical guidance to lawyers representing clients interviewed under these powers and the steps that should be taken to protect privileged information. The chapter includes a discussion about compelled interviews with lawyers, for example in-house lawyers at a company under investigation by the Serious Fraud Office, and the particular care that is needed in these interviews.
Prosecution Privilege
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the availability of legal professional privilege for the police, other criminal investigation authorities, and prosecutors in respect of their own communications and documents and how this operates alongside a prosecutor’s statutory disclosure obligations. It explains how the law of privilege applies to investigators and prosecutors and provides examples of the types of communications and documents that are covered by privilege in this context. The chapter goes on to explore whether a prosecutor can ever withhold material that meets the disclosure test purely on the basis of privilege or whether the obligations under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (CPIA 1996) defeat any privilege to which the prosecution might otherwise be entitled. The chapter also explains how these principles apply to private prosecutions.
Evidence Gathering and Preparing for Court
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

The charge, summons, or postal requisition marks the end of the investigation stage and begins the process of litigation in the form of a prosecution. This may mean preparation for a trial, a Newton hearing, or sentencing, with various administrative hearings in between. This chapter look at how legal professional privilege applies during this stage of proceedings. Much of the focus is on third party communications and the application of litigation privilege, including engaging with defence witnesses, communications regarding funding, approaching prosecution witnesses, and instructing experts. The chapter explores the danger areas where there is a risk of privilege being waived, including experts referring to privileged material in their reports, defence witnesses and experts disclosing privileged information without the consent of the defendant, and deploying privileged material in support of the defence case. There is also a discussion about seeking disclosure of privileged material held by the prosecution, including where the privilege belongs to a third party or is the prosecution’s own privilege, building on the legal analysis in Chapter 8.
Learning your place
Authors: Tight Malcolm
Published: June 2024

This chapter takes the “learning as premodifier” strategy of the book literally, seeing the underlying purpose of learning—whether intentionally or otherwise—as being about modifying and training the learner so that they better fit their designated place in society and the economy. In this reading, learning is fundamentally about learning your place. This learning will start from the moment you are conscious, continue throughout your formal education, and be reemphasized and returned to repeatedly during your working and social life. The chapter critically assesses the roles of both formal education and factors and experiences beyond formal learning in “forming” the individual for their place in society and the economy. In so doing, it also critiques, implicitly and explicitly, many of the core ideas that underlie beliefs in the potential for individual social and economic progress, supported by and through the educational system, as expressed in so many policy statements and academic articles.
The meanings of “learning organization” from the perspective of usage
Authors: van Rooy Bertus , Rentier Roosmarijn
Published: June 2024

The definition of what (a) learning organization is, has been contested throughout the several decades since the term came into use. This chapter investigates the use of the term in context, by analysing a corpus of 1,458 abstracts containing the term “learning organization” and/or the control term “knowledge organization,” used as a foil for the investigation, by means of interpreting a collocation analysis. The results indicate that learning organization (unlike knowledge organization) is frequently construed as a desirable attribute that an organization aspires to attain, and at other times as a multidimensional construct with characteristics that an authentic learning organization displays. The term knowledge organization reveals its multidimensional nature in techniques for organizing knowledge—the how-to of knowledge organization. Both terms are used in metalevel reflection, where learning organization is seen as a concept or idea, tied to its aspirational attribute, whereas knowledge organization is seen as a scholarly field.
Comparing two similar terms in which learning is the premodifier
Authors: Örtenblad Anders
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents a study of seven term couples, each containing two terms that both have learning as the premodifier, and that at first glance seem to have a similar or identical meaning, such as “learning company” and “learning organization,” or “learning country” and “learning nation.” Based on careful readings of a few texts on each term, and also on the basis of lexical definitions and print media indicator studies, all fourteen multiword terms are examined in some depth, leading to the finding that the two terms in more or less all of the term couples do have a similar or identical meaning. It is therefore suggested that, from a rational-instrumental perspective, it makes little sense for both of the terms in the term couples to exist, something which the chapter takes as evidence that there is at least some use of the learning premodifier that could be understood as symbolic, rather than techno-rational.
Basic Equality and the Contexts of Opacity Respect
Authors: Carter Ian
Published: June 2024

In this chapter I aim to clarify and defend my account of basic equality as depending on the moral appropriateness of the interpersonal attitude of opacity respect. In particular, I respond to the challenge to the effect that opacity respect is not always an appropriate attitude to take towards persons and that the idea of opacity respect is therefore not basic enough to explain basic equality. I argue that opacity respect is appropriate in some contexts of reasoning and not in others. Moreover, those contexts in which opacity respect is appropriate are those in which we tend to favour treating others as equals. Where one reasoning context leads us to treat persons as opaque and another leads us not to do so, the two kinds of treatment can be seen as compatible, and so too can the treatment of people as in one respect equal, and in another respect unequal.
Tasso and the Diplomatic Persona
Authors: Chiaruzzi Michele
Published: June 2024

The chapter casts light on Torquato Tasso’s Messaggiero (The Messenger) (1582), focusing on its political subject as discussed through an imaginary dialogue: the figure of the ambassador, the framework of his office, and its relation to power. Tasso’s dialogue features the nature of the ambassador as a figure incarnating his own ‘self’, while simultaneously representing his prince and acting on his own behalf in the specific political context of the ‘international’. Tasso rejects the concept of the ambassador as a mere executor of policy, which is a striking departure from the previous general conception of the ambassador. The paradoxical conclusion that emerges is that the messenger as ambassador is not a simple messenger. An analysis of Tasso’s text and its context is the chapter’s epicentre. However, the chapter concerns the possible links between certain ideas and discourses regarding the ambassador’s persona, the growth of diplomatic thought, and the rise of diplomacy as a feature in the rise of the ‘international’.
Empire without Imperialism, Imperialism without Universal Norms
Authors: Hunter Ian
Published: June 2024

Recent discussions of the relation between international law and imperialism have viewed this in a philosophical-historical light. It has thus been regarded in terms of the degree to which aspirant universalist European norms of justice latent in international law might overcome their particularist imperialist determination and achieve global reach and cosmopolitan openness. In the case of East Asia, this philosophical historiography has claimed that an eclipsing of early modern ‘naturalist’ international law by its eighteenth-century ‘positivist’ successor led to the loss of a universalist legal framework. This supposedly paved the way for the imperialist subjugation of East Asian polities by excluding them from a potentially cosmopolitan international juridical community to which their own political cultures were open. In responding to this historiography through a discussion of German imperial public law and the reception of European international law in East Asia, this chapter shows that the history of the European ‘law of nature and nations’ cannot be understood in terms of a naturalist universalism eclipsed by a positivist particularism. All forms of this sprawling discipline were instruments and effects of specifically European cultural programmes and religious and political conflicts. When East Asian scholar-officials encountered European international law, they thus did not regard it as a universal ethic whose positivist distortion had temporarily excluded them from a cosmopolitan community of nations. Rather, they saw it as a specifically European means of ordering political conflict and projecting national power that Western imperialism required them to master and use for their own political purposes.
Morality as Both Objective and Subjective
Authors: Bacin Stefano
Published: June 2024

This chapter first analyzes §37 of Baumgarten’s Elements of First Practical Philosophy, where he qualifies the controversial notion of “objective morality” at the center of the dispute between realists like Wolff and his adversaries. Baumgarten contends that one can agree that atheists can also cognize objective morality without committing one to a whole series of further claims. Then it will clarify how Baumgarten’s claims relate to Wolff’s understanding of “objective morality,” to the views of other Wolffians, and to the attacks made by their adversaries. From a more comprehensive perspective, Baumgarten’s view is compared with eighteenth-century attempts at mediating realism and voluntarism. Finally, the chapter considers the impact of Baumgarten’s view on Kant, arguing that it could have provided Kant with an example of a rationalist view that was able to overcome the weaknesses that, according to Kant’s own lights, affected previous rationalist views.
Can you Deny The Pnc? (Metaphysics Γ
. 3, 1005b11–34)
Authors: Campbell Ian J. , Shapiro Gabriel
Published: June 2024

In Metaphysics  Γ. 3, Aristotle argues that it is impossible to deny the Principle of Non-Contradiction (PNC). However, as several commentators—including Code, Barnes, Priest, Kirwan, and Dancy—have objected, Aristotle’s argument appears to rely on the invalid inference from 1 to 2 as follows: 1. For all p, it is impossible to believe that p and not-p. 2. Therefore, it is impossible to believe that it is possible that there is a p such that p and not-p. We argue that this objection turns on a misunderstanding of Aristotle’s text and that Aristotle’s argument is valid and quite strong.
Japanese Capitalism and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

This book explores the development of capitalism in Japan from the Edo period to the present. Highlighting some of the latest academic research in business, socio-economic, and cultural history, it offers novel perspectives on the development of modern Japan, particularly since the twentieth century. Accessible to a broad audience, this work provides insights into the evolution of Japanese capitalism over time as well as some of the individuals who played a role in its development. This is the first publication of its kind specifically using the history of capitalism as the focal point for discussing the formation of modern Japanese business. Unlike most histories of the economic development of Japan, this book does not examine institutions solely through macroeconomic data. Instead, the formation and transformation of capitalism are interpreted as the outcome of the actions of individuals, namely entrepreneurs and social groups within a changing political and cultural context. In addition, the transnational and global dimensions of the history of Japanese capitalism investigated in this book offer a fresh and original look at contemporary Japan.
Introduction
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

introduction to Japanese Capitalism and Entrepreneurship discusses the value of The studying Japanese business history. It begins by outlining the long-standing interest of Western scholars in the country as a means of understanding the sources of its economic power. It also explains the need to go beyond cultural explanations in order to properly understand the dynamics of the rise of Japanese companies. Finally, it shows the relevance of using an approach inspired by work in the history of capitalism and entrepreneurship to offer a fresh and contemporary look at the history of companies and entrepreneurs in Japan.
Victorian Ethical Optics
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

Victorian Ethical Optics asks how artists and authors in the Victorian period answer the ethical question of how one should live with others by turning to a more specific one: how should one look at others? Looking would seem to necessarily lead to interpretation and judgment, but this book shows how Victorian artists and authors imagined other ethical and optical relations. In an era in which aberrant, deformed, and disabled bodies proliferated—particularly those bodies ravaged by industrial labor and poverty—the ideological and economic stakes of looking at such bodies peaked; moreover, as work became a gospel and the question of deservingness became central, looking at aberrant bodies was always a matter of ethics and politics. The aesthetic thinking of John Ruskin animates the ethical optics at the center of this book, as he advocates for “innocence of the eye,” which calls for a return to infantile sight of a kind that precedes judgment or classification. Although Ruskin understands such innocence to be an asymptote, optical innocence remains an ethical demand, and it is to this demand that this book attends. Encounters between normative and aberrant characters or figures within the texts and objects under discussion shape the encounter that the external reader or viewer has with those same aberrant bodies. Among the authors and artists included are Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Wilkie Collins, Henry Mayhew, Ford Madox Brown, John Everett Millais, other members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and English genre painters.
Stunners
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

The final chapter focuses on the aesthetic relations that come to the fore as one encounters extranormative stunners (to borrow a term from the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood), particularly in John Everett Millais’s The Blind Girl (1856). The chapter articulates an aesthetics of stillness; this painting simultaneously represents stillness and imposes it on its viewers, and this stillness becomes a condition for articulating ideas about what constitutes the aesthetic. The chapter discusses how to recognize stunning by way of paragone arguments regarding the relative value of painting and sculpture. It compares a series of texts and art objects, most notably Randolph Rogers’s sculpture Nydia, the Blind Girl of Pompeii, with The Blind Girl. The potentiality of optical innocence allows for ethical defense of the focus on beautiful surfaces, usually associated with women, that characterizes the move from Pre-Raphaelitism to Aestheticism.
The evolution of the syntax of the subject in French and factors of variation
Authors: Prévost Sophie
Published: June 2024

This chapter investigates two main changes that took place in French between the twelfth and the seventeenth centuries: the increase in overt subjects and their growing anteposition to the verb. Although these two changes are partly related from a linguistic point of view, a close examination of the data shows that they display very different trajectories and are not equally sensitive to the following criteria of variation: time, dialect, domain, form, enunciative situation (direct speech/narrative), and verbal person. The study aims to account for both changes while attempting to highlight the specific influence of each of these different factors and to explain this contrasted situation, especially the reasons why most of these factors had little influence on the evolution of the position of subjects.
The evolution of ‘background’ from Middle to pre-Classical French
Authors: Combettes Bernard
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the evolution of the distinction between foreground and background in narrative texts during the French pre-Classical period. In the course of a move towards broader textual cohesion, the chapter explores how descriptive text emerges as an autonomous text type and how ‘explicative’ background, already attested in argumentative texts in Middle French, develops in narrative texts. The following linguistic factors are considered: the change of discourse function of the ‘direct’ order (SVX); the role played by secondary predications; the creation of connectors and subordinators; the emergence of ‘inverse’ subordination; and the gradual implementation of tense agreement.
The French language and eighteenth-century Italian women
Authors: Sanson Helena
Published: June 2024

Against the background of the ever-expanding influence of French language and culture across Europe, this chapter explores the roles that knowledge of French played for Italian women in the eighteenth century. Some Italian theorists deplored women’s interest in, and study of, French as an expression of female vanity that was responsible for the perceived decadence of Italian and Italy’s culture more broadly. Nevertheless, French allowed women access to the latest intellectual developments that were taking place in France and in Europe more broadly. Some women also acted as cultural mediators and engaged in literary or scientific debates by means of their own translations from French into Italian: for them, knowledge of French was an important tool of scholarship and a means to acquire and transmit knowledge.
The construction of authority and community in French official correspondence from Spanish Louisiana
Authors: Thomas Jenelle
Published: June 2024

This chapter investigates the French used in official communication from eighteenth-century Louisiana, focusing on the ways that writers use the formulae involved in report and request strategies in conjunction with descriptive sections of text to orient their identities towards interlocutors above them in the governmental hierarchy, and towards their role in the colonial ecosystem more broadly. Specifically, this chapter examines the construction of authority and community in letters composed by officials, citizens, and foreigners during a period when the Louisiana territory was part of the Spanish colonial empire. It begins with a discussion of the choice of French instead of Spanish, then explores variation in the use of requests, information-sharing formulae, and the discourse surrounding national identity. While the genre of official correspondence is often characterized as formal and highly conventionalized, it will be shown that these formalized elements can also be adjusted as part of identity construction and thus are an important source for historical sociolinguistic investigation in French.
Attitudes towards the French language
Authors: Walsh Olivia
Published: June 2024

Chroniques de langage, or language columns, are articles discussing questions related to language which are produced by a single author and published regularly in the periodical press (Remysen 2005: 270–1). While the content of the columns can vary, all deal with questions of language, most frequently focusing on advising readers on the supposedly correct and incorrect use of the French language. Using a sample of language columns from newspapers published in France during the twentieth century, this chapter examines the metalanguage used to describe and make judgements about particular language usages to determine, first, the attitudes towards the French language that are (re-)produced in these columns during the twentieth century and, second, whether these attitudes change over time. The role played by the standard language ideology in forming these judgements is then considered.
Minoritized languages in France and Ireland
Authors: Carruthers Janice , Ó Mainnín Mícheál B.
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores policy, practice, and vitality in relation to minoritized languages in France and Ireland, with a focus on the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Setting the discussion of this period in theoretical and historical contexts, the chapter investigates the impact of policy and practice on linguistic vitality. While there are certain parallels between the two settings in the nineteenth century, the situation in the twentieth- and twenty-first centuries demonstrates inverse policy positions in France and the Republic of Ireland, with particular complexities in the case of Northern Ireland. Nonetheless, despite high status in the case of the Republic of Ireland, alongside widespread visibility and high numbers of L2 speakers, minoritized languages in both the French and Irish contexts confront similar problematic issues as far as future vitality is concerned, notably in relation to questions around authenticity, legitimacy, the role of ‘new speakers’, and support for communities of speakers.
Recovery from Schizophrenia
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

This book tells the amazing story of significant improvement and recovery of 538 people once severely and chronically disabled with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. They were “hopeless cases” in state hospitals in Vermont and Maine. As part of two studies three decades-long funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Vermonters received a pioneering rehabilitation program and the Mainers did not. Against all expectations, 68% of Vermont patients were able to reclaim their lives, while the Maine patients achieved improvement at 49%. Nine other very long-term studies from across the world also revealed similar findings on improvement and recovery in schizophrenia. These data provide impetus for a paradigm shift in psychiatry as well as significant implications for the redesign of public policy and programs. Most clinicians believe they are already doing recovery work, but old treatment models abound. The primary biomedical model uses maintenance, stabilization, medications, and entitlements, in an inpatient model that maintains chronicity for outpatients. This book is written for a wide audience, using mostly nonacademic language and many stories. Current and past patients, family members, medical students, residents, professors, and clinical researchers, as well as program administrators and public policymakers, should find this book helpful. The author has been working with clinicians all system components for 40 years and knows their concerns. They are hardworking but tired and often disheartened. They need new ideas and methods, and patients need new avenues to get their lives back.
Shocking Treatment in Colonial Vermont and Elsewhere
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents a very brief history of how god-awful supposed care was, not just in the early days of our nation but in Vermont in particular. A quick historical review is important because most people have lost sight of the barbarous treatment given to people with mental illness in the past. The chapter presents a brief overview on the state of “treatment” from colonial times until the 1950s, featuring asylums, state hospitals, hospitals for the insane, shock treatments, and more. The remaining chapters of the book reflect how far treatment methods have progressed today. On the whole, the book discusses how, despite progress, treatment has not come nearly far enough to help those with mental illness resume productive lives.
Learning About Research, the Generosity of the Field, and Politics in Science
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

Much to the author’s great surprise, the project was declared of interest by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Review Committee. Despite being initiated by a bachelor-level student, the proposal was funded through the support of Professor John Strauss of Rochester; Malcolm Bowers, Vice Chair at Yale; Loren Mosher, then Chief of the NIMH Schizophrenia Center; and Jack Maser, his assistant. The author describes the NIMH team’s site visit. They were impressed with Brooks’s knowledge of his patients and the availability of excellent records. The author describes the rewrite of her grant application and the course that her own studies took as she became both a member of the University of Vermont faculty and one of its graduate students.
A Whole Bunch of People Got Better
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

The author describes her initial visit Yale University to show John Strauss, who had moved there, the study’s findings. The research data were clear: recovery in schizophrenia was possible. Improvements in levels of functioning, reduced hospital time and symptoms, and improvements in meeting basic needs, working, relating well to others, and fullness of life challenged more than a century’s worth of pessimistic thinking about the long-term outcome of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. This despite the fact that ideas of marginal levels of functioning and a downward course, espoused by Emil Kraepelin more than 125 years ago, was still stalwartly defended by the psychiatric community. With this scenario of hopelessness presented to family and patients, it is no wonder they become discouraged.
Vermont Data Supported the DSM-5 Deletion of Subtypes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

This chapter was written by a collaboration between Malcolm Bowers, MD, vice chair of psychiatry at Yale, and a bunch of us at UVM. It focuses on how the Vermont data challenged the existing notion of schizophrenia subtypes and backed up decisions to delete them in the DSM-5. An astonishing table reveals how the group of 52 originally diagnosed with the catatonia subtype by the DSM-I spread out to only 46 people by the DSM-II and to 14 by the DSM-III. These patients crossed other subtypes and other diagnostic categories. Alan Breier then looked at patients with paranoid subtypes against people with nonparanoid schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and affective disorder. Social functioning turned out to be the strongest predictor of outcome, whereas work and community function washed out. Paranoid people had more affectivity than fully appreciated, and schizoaffective disorder seemed to move closer to affective disorders. These studies were funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Eating Humble Pie
Authors: Harding Courtenay M.
Published: June 2024

Recovery is possible for schizophrenia. Significant improvement is possible for schizophrenia. The author’s visit with the grandfather of European psychiatry and fellow long-term study researchers, Manfred Bleuler and Luc Ciompi with Joe Zubin, Bonnie Spring, and John Strauss, is described. Information from peer groups about recovery and struggles to overcome many of the obstacles that systems of care put in their way is delineated. Information for systems of care and the obstacles which they face are also discussed. Staff behaviors which impede recovery are defined. Last, as the Vermont and Maine Longitudinal Studies were completed, the author reminisces about issues associated with conducting longitudinal research such as how outcome is a research artifact, that two cross-sectionals do not a longitudinal make, assessing a moving target, determining current status, and the impact of raters’ worldviews.
Arlen and Yip Harburg
Authors: Frisch Walter
Published: June 2024

Arlen’s collaboration with E.Y. (“Yip”) Harburg, which began in 1932 and extended into the 1970s, was his longest, yielding some one hundred fifty songs. The team worked on four Broadway shows, including Life Begins at 8:40 (lyrics co-written by Ira Gershwin), Bloomer Girl, and Jamaica, and on many films, among them The Wizard of Oz and Cabin in the Sky. Harburg’s rich poetic imagination complemented Arlen’s inventiveness in songs ranging from the child-like “Over the Rainbow,” to the poignant “Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe,” to the composer’s own favorite, the complex, sophisticated “Last Night When We Were Young.”
Accountable to Semilingualism
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the ways that the remedial framing of the BEA produced a dichotomous framing of bilingual students into those deemed limited enough to justify remediation and those deemed proficient enough in English not to require these services. This provided an incentive for bilingual education activists to define limited as broadly as possible to ensure that the maximum number of bilingual students were deemed eligible for these programs. This incentive, coupled with increasing reliance on standardized assessments in determining program placement, led bilingual education activists to refer to many bilingual students as semilingual because of supposed lack of proficiency in any language. The chapter traces the specter of this ideology up to the present through an examination of the raciolinguistic category of long-term English language learner. It also makes connections between this raciolinguistic category and the ways that Black and Native American students are also framed in schools.
Demanding Bilingual Choices, Receiving Bilingual Scraps
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the relationship between bilingual education and school choice in the post–Civil Rights era. It uses two California case studies to examine the ways that initial efforts by bilingual education advocates to engage with the politics of school choice in the 1970s failed. In addition to political realities that prevented the enactment of educational vouchers for private schools, notions of the public that is ostensibly served by public schools continued to be overrepresented as white in ways that constrained the possibilities available to alternative public schools. The chapter then examines the ways that the bipartisan consensus that emerged related to charter schools in the 1990s offered a new pathway for bilingual education advocates. It uses a case study in Philadelphia to illustrate the limits of these efforts as Latinx community activists are pitted against one another in the fight for scarce resources.
Selling Bilingual Education, Inheriting Racial Inequality
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the recent proliferation of dual-language education as an alternative to transitional bilingual education in response to assaults on bilingual education documented previously in the book. It pays particular attention to the ways that proponents of dual-language education have appropriated neoliberal multicultural discourses to justify expanding these programs by emphasizing the importance of parental choice and preparing students for the global economy. This is reflected in the discourse of Proposition 58 in California that rescinded the state’s ban on bilingual education. Yet, simply selling bilingual education as both a choice for white professional parents and as a solution to the challenges confronting “English language learners” does little to address the structural barriers confronting Latinxs and other racialized communities. This is illustrated through a case study of attempts to expand dual-language education in the School District of Philadelphia, which suggests the need to situate struggles for bilingual education within broader efforts to address racial inequities.
The Limits and Potential of Dialogue to Counter Polarization in Educative Settings
Authors: de Haan Mariëtte
Published: June 2024

This chapter investigates the potential of dialogical interaction in educational contexts that are characterized by opposition and conflict related to, for instance, social class, ethnicity, religion, or otherwise defined diversity. It discusses the various theoretical viewpoints on the potential as well as the limitations of dialogue for reconciliation, creating mutual understanding, or defining common action in polarized settings. The chapter takes insights from political philosophy, language philosophy, the politics of difference, and dialogism—in particular, Ragnar Rommetveit’s theory of communication—to ask the question of how a priori-opposing and incommensurable perspectives can or not be bridged in dialogue. Finally, these insights are translated into seven design principles that can form the basis for designing dialogical models for interventions in educational settings that are characterized by polarized relationships.
Engaging in Dialogic Activities in an Online Community
Authors: Silseth Kenneth , Erstad Ola , Christian Arnseth Hans
Published: June 2024

Digitalization connects people from different parts of the world to form communities based on common interests and pursuits. In these communities, people build meaning together and engage in dialogues about each other’s social and cultural worlds. Even though the founding scholars of dialogism, such as Rommetveit, were primarily interested in face-to-face dialogues, we believe that many of the ideas about meaning making and interaction put forward in this field are still relevant and important for exploring the dialogues that emerge in these online communities. Drawing on a case study of intercultural education mediated through a designed social medium called Space2Cre8 (S28), where young people from different parts of the world came together to form a community and learn about each other’s everyday lives, we discuss how digital technologies offer opportunities for dialogues across time and space.
Not Just Change: Dialogue in Times of Crisis
Authors: Jornet Alfredo
Published: June 2024

The present volume takes up the longstanding, foundational problem of the role of language and dialogue in the development of human subjectivity and culture. The book’s introduction frames this issue as relating to a changing world. Societies are indeed changing, and the three overall themes that organize this book, along with the chapters that actualize them, do describe central dimensions involved in this change. However, the notion change may not capture the essence of what is ongoing in the current times as aptly as the notion crisis does. In this commentary, I re-frame the chapters’ contributions and relevance to a world that is not just changing, but which is in deep social and ecological crisis.
Anti-Black Skin, White Sheets
Authors: Chen Xiqiao , Kelleher Jeremy , Boiardo Anthony , Ealey Dashawn , Gaztambide Daniel
Published: June 2024

Sexual desire and attraction are often construed as personal, idiosyncratic, and private. Critical examinations of sexual desire and the “science of attraction,” however, reveal that these apolitical constructions uphold white supremacy and perpetuate sexual racism. Thus, the idea of “sexual color-blindness”—intentionally or unintentionally ignoring racialized desires—detaches desire from larger societal forces, limits reflection, and maintains a racialized sexual hierarchy. Drawing on critical race theory and psychoanalysis, this chapter analyzes public discourse (including via social media) to explore how sexual color-blindness cloaks the desire for whiteness under consumer preference within neoliberal political economies. This analysis reveals how the psychological science of attraction is itself textured by sexual color-blindness, normalizing sexual racism under the rubric of science. “Sexual humility” is proposed as an alternative to encourage discourse confronting sexual racism and to explore our desires without shame or moralization, working toward decolonizing desire in the streets and under the sheets.
Undesiring Whiteness and Undoing the White Gaze in HIV Prevention Marketing
Authors: Bujan Ivan
Published: June 2024

For more than four decades, public health campaigns in countries like the United States have included erotic imagery to promote HIV prevention. Often featuring or suggesting nude male bodies, the use of such imagery has been rationalized as facilitating educational messages about safer sex while normalizing same-gender sexualities. Applying the “white gaze” as a framework of analysis, this chapter unpacks how bodies of color have been depicted in HIV prevention materials since the 1980s. Such depictions have commodified men of color in ways that reproduce racialized notions of sexuality, risk, and health. More recent HIV prevention campaigns have shifted from eroticized engagements to focus on community dynamics among men of color, which may represent one way of undoing sexual racism in HIV prevention. Ultimately, however, truly undoing sexual racism in HIV will require a challenge to the foundational role of white supremacy in bioessentialist models of health consumerism.
The II–7 | V7 | I∆7 (Part 1)
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 12 is the first of two to deal with the common II–7 V7 IΔ7 chord progression. It begins with learning to hear 7 to 3 voice leading on the II–7 V7 IΔ7 progression, as well as ways in which to ornament the 7th and 3rd. It also covers improvising melodies on the II–7 V7 and V7 IΔ7 progressions that utilize 7 to 3 voice leading, as well as using 7 to 3 voice leading to improvise on the II–7 V7 IΔ7 chord progression. The teacher’s notes consider singing backgrounds while the rhythm section notes cover the use of stepwise motion for piano and guitar.
Writing a Thesis Part 2
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Chapter 7 is concerned with style in academic writing. The first part of the chapter explores seven key elements of the academic style: (1) defining terms; (2) the notion of argument; (3) evidence and the analytical process; (4) objectivity; (5) unity and cohesion; (6) quoting sources; and (7) the avoidance of plagiarism. The second part of the chapter discusses language usage in the academic style, with a particular focus upon nine elements: (1) precision and concision; (2) which person to use; (3) which tense to use; (4) which voice to use; (5) avoidance of contractions, colloquialisms, and clichés; (6) use of acronyms; (7) gender-neutral language; (8) italics for emphasis; and (9) matters of punctuation. There is one exercise in chapter 7. It builds upon exercise 1 in chapter 6, which involves the critical evaluation of the content and organization of an existing thesis. In chapter 7, the same thesis is subjected to a stylistic evaluation.
Regulating Genetics
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: June 2024

Chapter 5 considers three regulations, or lack thereof, regarding genetics in elite sport: testing for athletic talent, testing for illness or injury, and testing for gene doping. The concerns around testing relate to the (mis)use of genetic information, the possibilities of genetic discrimination, questions of autonomy and consent, an athlete’s right to privacy, and how and whether to enforce anti-gene doping policies. The chapter then presents the argument that genes are not the only factor in determining athletic success, but they play an undeniable role in elite sports performance.
Introduction
Authors: Pettit Michael
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the tensions between history and psychology. Existing histories of psychology with the periodization and focus on certain specialties fail to explain the current reach of this field. The chapter establishes the problem of how the discipline of psychology came to furnish a seemingly inexhaustible array of tools and concepts for making individuals healthier, wealthier, and happier. To explain how psychologists acquired their contested expertise in these realms, the introduction outlines three core transformations experienced within the discipline of psychology in the period following World War I: (1) a shifting disciplinary identity toward a health science; (2) a greater commitment to public policy and the cultivation of public interest in the field; and (3) a shift at the level of meta-theory from deliberative, computational cognition to unconscious, biased affect.
How Faces Became Special
Authors: Pettit Michael
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines psychology’s recent interest in face perception. The act of looking at human faces shows the extent to which the most rudimentary forms of cognition become affect-laden social judgments. Around the year 2000, facial recognition suddenly became a prominent, widely heralded mental ability, whereas mid-twenty-first-century psychologists had declared face perception an uninteresting problem. At the heart of this reversal are two computerized technologies of visual display and rapid recording of responses: functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in neuroscience and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) in social psychology. The new psychology of discriminating different faces anticipated and helped constitute the infrastructure for a new digital landscape.
The Coming Crisis of Affective Science
Authors: Pettit Michael
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the moral crises engulfing psychology as a science and profession. Psychology acquired an unprecedented status in mass culture and public policy following the 2008 financial crisis by offering tools for explaining and governing irrational behavior. Psychology in the form of unconscious behavioral nudges entered the halls of government and corporations as never before. This newfound influence proved something of a false victory, as the new affective science found itself mired in a pair of crises that threatened its legitimacy. The publication of two widely anticipated reports—the H and the Science report—called into question psychology’s status as both an ethical helping profession and a reliable science.
Moscow’s Urban Form and Spatial Politics in War and Peace
Authors: Buckler Julie A.
Published: June 2024

This chapter treats Tolstoy’s depiction of the urban environment as a place of conflict and contention, tracing his thinking about the city and social justice, from his work on War and Peace (1860s) to his work on his treatise “What Then Shall We Do?” (mid-1880s). Across the long Moscow evacuation and occupation sequence in volume 3 of War and Peace, Tolstoy devotes time and attention to the world of the urban underclass. These Moscow scenes depict chaos and rioting among underprivileged social groups, a population otherwise given scant attention in the novel. Some thirteen years after completing War and Peace, Tolstoy considered the plight of the urban poor in Moscow more fully in his diaries and letters, and most notably in the long, nonfictional essay based on his personal experiences, in which he described the disastrous effects of city living on humankind.
Serpent in Eden
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

Serpent in Eden traces early America’s troubled history of foreign meddling and political conflict through the career of James Madison. Spanning the period from the American Revolution to the War of 1812, it reveals a nation ensnared by partisanship and foreign hostility. Foreign governments exploited party distrust and interfered in US elections to advance their own agendas and weaken the United States. As political animosity mounted, Americans confused dissent with disloyalty, imperiling the United States. As a leading delegate at the Constitutional Convention, Republican congressional leader, secretary of state, and president, Madison grappled with foreign meddling over three decades. At the same time, he emerged as a party leader, feeding the very partisanship that bred foreign intrigues. His career embodies the calamitous barrage of accusations and counteraccusations of foreign collusion that culminated in the War of 1812. Madison left a complicated legacy as a fierce adversary of foreign meddling and determined champion of political debate—but also as a partisan operative who facilitated the first by inflaming the second. Forged in partisan conflict, the United States remains vulnerable to foreign powers that aggravate political discord. Americans continue to test whether the constitutional system Madison was so central in implementing can withstand foreign interference while accommodating intense political strife. That question remained inconclusive during his lifetime, but his successes and failures, along with his original vision of the Constitution and party politics, may help Americans chart a path away from political hysteria and polarization.
“Jefferson’s Election as President”
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

In 1796, French spy Georges-Henri-Victor Collot traveled the Mississippi Valley to gauge what kind of empire France could build in the West and to convince westerners to vote for Thomas Jefferson in the 1796 presidential election. The French minister in Philadelphia, Pierre-Auguste Adet, had recruited Collot. To him and his superiors, the treaty terminated France’s alliance with the United States, and France would have to intervene to ensure that Britain did not reclaim control of the continent. By 1798, many Federalists called for war with France. Rather than go to war, Adams sent negotiators to Paris, but they returned in failure. During the last half of the 1790s, partisanship and foreign meddling reinforced each other until they became mainstays of US politics. As the two-party system solidified, majority and minority parties pegged political opponents as sinister foreign operatives or dimwitted lackeys of foreign governments.
The Mission of Bureaucrats, and of This Book
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces readers to the concept of Mission Driven Bureaucrats (MDBs), who work in a bureaucracy and intrinsically want to serve their organization’s mission. It presents two typified approaches to public sector management—managing for empowerment and managing for compliance—arguing that the latter wrongfully dominates public sector management. It introduces this book’s thesis that managing for empowerment may often boost public sector performance and allow MDBs to thrive. It briefly frames the arguments to be presented in later chapters and the profiles of MDBs to be introduced. It summarizes the empirical research utilized in this book, ranging from original empirics to external literature, randomized controlled trials, and ethnographies. Finally, it explains why this book focuses on the public sector rather than private sector.