bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High dose rate brachytherapy for early stage oral tongue cancer
Authors: Leung To‐Wai , Wong Victy Yee‐Wa , Kwan Kin‐Hung , Ng Ting‐Ying , Wong Chow‐Ming , Tung Stewart Yuk , Leung Lap‐Chi , O Sai‐Ki
Published: August 2002

Background

High dose rate (HDR) interstitial brachytherapy of the oral tongue is a new treatment modality. Our study evaluates the outcomes of patients with early stage oral tongue cancer as treated by HDR interstitial implant.

Methods

We reviewed the records of 19 patients who were seen between 1994 and 2000 with carcinoma of the oral tongue and whose primary tumors were treated solely with interstitial implant using HDR remote afterloading technique. Ten patients had T1 N0 disease, and the remaining 9 had T2 N0 disease. Elective neck treatment was withheld for 12 patients. The remaining seven patients had ipsilateral elective neck dissection. The male–female ratio was 1:0.9, and the median age was 60 years (range, 32–81 years). The median follow‐up time was 43 months (range, 6–78 months). The afterloading catheters were positioned by the submandibular approach with the assistance of a template set. Fifteen patients had single planar implants, and the remaining four had double planar implants. The median number of catheters inserted was 5 (range, 4–9). The median dose given was 55 Gy in 10 fractions over 6 days. The minimal interfraction interval was 7 hours for the first 7 patients and was extended to 8 hours for the other 12. Mandibular shields were inserted before treatment.

Results

The mucositis lasted for 6 to 20 weeks (median, 9 weeks). One patient had local failure, and the 4‐year local failure‐free survival rate was 94.7%. Three of the 12 patients without elective neck treatment had ipsilateral regional failure develop. They were salvaged by neck node dissection and regionally remained in control. One patient with multiple nodal metastases and extracapsular spread had biopsy‐proven liver metastases and died 6 months after implant. One of the seven patients who were treated with elective neck dissection had multiple nodal metastases and extracapsular spread. She was treated with postoperative radiotherapy to the neck. She died 30 months after implant with evidence of regional and distant failure. One patient treated with double planar implant had grade II necrosis of the soft tissue and bone develop. The necrosis resolved with conservative treatment. Another four patients had small area of soft tissue deficit of the tongue attributed to aggressive debulking or biopsy before brachytherapy.

Conclusions

Our experience in treating early stage tongue cancer with HDR remote afterloading technique is encouraging, because it gives a local control rate of 94.7% at 4 years with acceptable morbidity. Further studies are eagerly awaited to delineate the optimum schedule for this new treatment modality. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 274–281, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10021
Effect of basin physical characteristics on solute fluxes in nine alpine/subalpine basins, Colorado, USA
Authors: Sueker Julie K. , Clow David W. , Ryan Joseph N. , Jarrett Robert D.
Published: August 2002

Alpine/subalpine basins may exhibit substantial variability in solute fluxes despite many apparent similarities in basin characteristics. An evaluation of controls on spatial patterns in solute fluxes may allow development of predictive tools for assessing basin sensitivity to outside perturbations such as climate change or deposition of atmospheric pollutants. Relationships between basin physical characteristics, determined from geographical information system (GIS) tools, and solute fluxes and mineral weathering rates were explored for nine alpine/subalpine basins in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, using correlation analyses for 1993 and 1994 data. Stream‐water nitrate fluxes were correlated positively with basin characteristics associated with the talus environment; i.e., the fractional amounts of steep slopes (≥ 30°), unvegetated terrain and young debris (primarily Holocene till) in the basins, and were correlated negatively with fractional amounts of subalpine meadow terrain. Correlations with nitrate indicate the importance of the talus environment in promoting nitrate flux and the mitigating effect of areas with established vegetation, such as subalpine meadows. Total mineral weathering rates for the basins ranged from about 300 to 600 mol ha−1 year−1. Oligoclase weathering accounted for 30 to 73% of the total mineral weathering flux, and was positively correlated with the amount of old debris (primarily Pleistocene glacial till) in the basins. Although calcite is found in trace amounts in bedrock, calcite weathering accounted for up to 44% of the total mineral weathering flux. Calcite was strongly correlated with steep slope, unvegetated terrain, and young debris—probably because physical weathering in steep‐gradient areas exposes fresh mineral surfaces that contain calcite for chemical weathering. Oligoclase and calcite weathering are the dominant sources of alkalinity in the basins. However, atmospherically deposited acids consume much of the alkalinity generated by weathering of calcite and other minerals in the talus environment. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogeochemistry of seepage water collected within the Youngcheon diversion tunnel, Korea: source and evolution of SO4‐rich groundwater in sedimentary terrain
Authors: Chae Gi‐Tak , Yun Seong‐Taek , Kim Sang‐Ryul , Hahn Chan
Published: August 2002

In the Youngcheon Diversion Tunnel area, South Korea, 46 samples of tunnel seepage water (TSW) and borehole groundwater were collected from areas with sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstone and shale) and were examined for hydrogeochemical characteristics. The measured SO4 concentrations range widely from 7·7 to 942·0 mg/l, and exceed the Korean Drinking Water Standard (200 mg/l) in about half the samples. The TDS (total dissolved solid) content generally is high (171–1461 mg/l) from more shale‐rich formations and also reflects varying degrees of water–rock interaction. The water is classified into three groups: Ca SO4 type (61% of the samples collected), Ca SO4 HCO3 type (15%) and Ca HCO3 type (24%). The Ca HCO3 type water (mean concentrations=369 mg/l Ca, 148 mg/l HCO3 and 23 mg/l SO4) reflected the simple reaction between CO2‐recharged water and calcite, whereas the more SO4‐rich nature of Ca SO4 type water (mean concentrations=153 mg/l Ca, 66 mg/l HCO3 and 416 mg/l SO4) reflected the oxidation of pyrite in sedimentary rocks and fracture zones. Pyrite oxidation resulted in precipitation of amorphous iron hydroxide locally within the tunnel as well as in high concentrations of Ca (mean 153 mg/l) and Na (mean 49 mg/l) for TSW, and is associated with calcite dissolution resulting in pH buffering. The pyrite oxidation required for the formation of Ca SO4 type water was enhanced by the diffusion of oxygenated air through the fractures related to the tunnel's construction. The subsequent outgassing of CO2 into the tunnel resulted in precipitation of iron‐bearing carbonate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variability of hillslope water balance, wolf creek basin, subarctic yukon
Authors: Carey Sean K. , Woo Ming‐ko
Published: August 2002

A hydrological study was conducted between 1997 and 1999 in the subalpine open woodland of the Wolf Creek Basin, Yukon, to assess the interslope water balance variability. The water balance during the snowmelt and summer periods on four hillslopes revealed strong contrasts in process magnitudes and highlighted important factors including frost, vegetation, soils and microclimate that controlled vertical and lateral fluxes of water. Snow accounted for approximately half the annual water input, while differences in accumulation among hillslopes were related to interception properties of vegetation. Available energy at the snow surface controlled the melt sequence and the snow on some slopes disappeared up to two months earlier than others. Snowmelt runoff was confined to slopes with ice‐rich substrates that inhibited deep percolation, with the runoff magnitude governed by the snow storage and the antecedent moisture of the desiccated organic soils prior to melt. During summer, evapotranspiration exceeded rainfall, largely sustained by water from the soil moisture reservoir recharged during the melt period. Differences in net radiation on slopes controlled the potential evapotranspiration, with the actual rates limited by the phenology of the deciduous forests and shrubs. Evapotranspiration was further suppressed on slopes where the organic soils became dry in late summer. Summer runoff was confined to slopes with porous organic layers overlying mineral soils to form a two‐layer flow system: (1) quickflow in the surface organic layer and (2) slowflow in the mineral soil. Differences in the rates of flow were related to the position of the water table which may rise into the organic layer to activate quickflow. The presence of ice‐rich frost and permafrost impeded vertical drainage and indirectly regulated the position of the water table. The location of the hillslope within a basin influenced recharge and discharge dynamics. Slope segments with large inflows sustained discharge throughout the summer to enhance basin runoff. In this way, the present study provides insight into basin hydrology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Winter habitat assessment strategies and incorporation of winter habitat in the Norwegian habitat assessment tools
Authors: Alfredsen Knut , Tesaker Einar
Published: August 2002

Applications of computer programs in the assessment of how a change in discharge, temperature and other physical conditions affects the available fish habitat are increasing around the world. The programs are typically used as tools for setting minimum flow regimes in regulated rivers and in habitat remedial actions. So far most of these applications have been concerned with warm water and summer conditions, and few applications incorporate winter temperatures and ice conditions. This is a flaw in the current procedure since winter may be the limiting period for fish production in a river and the introduction of ice may completely alter the available fish habitat compared to summer conditions. It is particularly important to be aware of this when carrying out habitat remedial actions, since short periods with adverse winter conditions may be the limiting factor for the fish population. A winter habitat assessment procedure will include a study of fish behaviour in winter conditions, the effects of various ice types on habitat selection and the dynamics of ice breakup on the microscale. This paper outlines how fish respond to winter conditions and how hydraulic, hydrologic and biological modelling can be applied to describe winter conditions and their impact on physical fish habitat. Some of these processes are currently being incorporated into the Norwegian habitat modelling system. This paper also points out several areas where more research is needed to describe the physical processes and the biological responses to a changing environment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different pattern of loss of heterozygosity among endocervical‐type adenocarcinoma, endometrioid‐type adenocarcinoma and adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix
Authors: Tsuda Hitoshi , Takarabe Teruko , Okada Satoshi , Uchida Hiroshi , Kasamatsu Takahiro , Yamada Takuro , Tsunematsu Ryuichiro , Ohmi Kazuo , Hirohashi Setsuo
Published: August 2002

It is unclear which chromosome arms frequently show loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. To identify such chromosomal arms, LOH on 52 different chromosome loci was examined using laser capture microdissection and PCR‐LOH analysis in 25 common‐type adenocarcinomas, comprising 13 cases of endocervical type, 12 cases of endometrioid type and 7 cases of adenoma malignum without the component of conventional endocervical‐type adenocarcinoma (designated as “pure” form). In adenocarcinomas of endocervical type and endometrioid type, LOH was commonly detected on chromosome arms 17p (62% and 50%, respectively), 1p (33% and 67%) and 22q (40% and 33%). In addition, endocervical‐type adenocarcinoma frequently (≥30%) showed LOH on 18p (71%), 19q (50%), 19p (38%) and 16q (38%), whereas endometrioid‐type adenocarcinoma frequently showed LOH on 10q (43%) and 5q (40%). LOH was only sporadically detected on 9q, 18q, or 21q in 3 of 7 cases of “pure” adenoma malignum. In a case of coexistence of “pure” adenoma malignum and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), LOH on 1q, 5p, 11p, 17p, 18p and 18q was detected only in AIS. LOH was accumulated on a number of chromosome arms in the adenocarcinoma at the early developmental stage before stromal invasion. Chromosomal arms that are prone to show LOH appeared to differ between the 2 types of cervical adenocarcinoma. We could suggest that “pure” adenoma malignum is of clonal and neoplastic nature in view of the detection of LOH. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of transforming growth factor‐β1 and tumour necrosis factor‐α on cultured fibroblasts from skin fibroma as modulated by toremifene
Authors: Lilli Cinzia , Marinucci Lorella , Bellocchio Silvia , Ribatti Domenico , Balducci Chiara , Baroni Tiziano , Cagini Lucio , Giustozzi Giammario , Locci Paola
Published: August 2002

To determine how toremifene, an anti‐oestrogen triphenylethylene derivate, reduces tumour mass, we investigated its modulation of TGF‐β1 and TNF‐α in fibroma fibroblasts. Normal and fibroma fibroblasts, isolated from patients affected by Gardner's syndrome without or with fibroma manifestation, were cultured in vitro. Secretion of GAG, collagen and TGF‐β1 was increased in fibroma fibroblasts compared to healthy cells. The increase in TGF‐β1 secretion into the medium was associated with a parallel increase in TGF‐β1 gene expression and receptor number. Receptor cross‐linking studies using radiolabelled TGF‐β1 revealed more receptors, particularly types I and II, in fibroma fibroblasts than in normal cells. Normal and fibroma fibroblasts did not synthesise TNF‐α, but they had TNF‐α membrane receptors, as shown by TNF‐α assay. TNF‐α secreted by human monocytes, which may be present in the peritumoral area, increased cell proliferation and GAG accumulation and was, in turn, enhanced by TGF‐β1 treatment. Both growth factors increased angiogenesis, as shown by the CAM assay. Toremifene reduced TGF‐β1 secretion by fibroma fibroblasts and TNF‐α secretion by monocytes, thus downregulating cell proliferation, ECM macromolecule accumulation and angiogenic progression. We hypothesise that increased TGF‐β1 gene expression and TGF‐β1 secretion in fibroma fibroblasts as well as the subsequent rise in TNF‐α production by monocytes may facilitate fibroma growth and that toremifene inhibits autocrine and paracrine growth factor production. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic oxidation products of spermine induce greater cytotoxic effects on human multidrug‐resistant colon carcinoma cells (LoVo) than on their wild‐type counterparts
Authors: Calcabrini Annarica , Arancia Giuseppe , Marra Manuela , Crateri Pasqualina , Befani Olivia , Martone Alessandro , Agostinelli Enzo
Published: August 2002

The occurrence of resistance to cytotoxic agents in tumor cells, associated with several phenotypic alterations, is one of the major obstacles to successful anticancer chemotherapy. A new strategy to overcome MDR of human cancer cells was studied, using BSAO, which generates cytotoxic products from spermine, H2O2 and aldehyde(s). The involvement of these products in causing cytotoxicity was investigated in both drug‐sensitive (LoVo WT) and drug‐resistant (LoVo DX) colon adenocarcinoma cells. Evaluation of clonogenic cell survival showed that LoVo DX cells are more sensitive than LoVo WT cells. Fluorometric assay and treatments performed in the presence of catalase demonstrated that the cytotoxicity was due mainly to the presence of H2O2. Cytotoxicity was eliminated in the presence of both catalase and ALDH. Transmission electron microscopic observations showed more pronounced mitochondrial modifications in drug‐resistant than in drug‐sensitive cells. Mitochondrial functionality studies performed by flow cytometry after JC‐1 labeling revealed basal hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane in LoVo DX cells. After treatment with BSAO and spermine, earlier and higher mitochondrial membrane depolarization was found in LoVo DX cells than in drug‐sensitive cells. In addition, higher basal ROS production in LoVo DX cells than in drug‐sensitive cells was detected by flow‐cytometric analysis, suggesting increased mitochondrial activity in drug‐resistant cells. Our results support the hypothesis that mitochondrial functionality affects the sensitivity of cells to the cytotoxic enzymatic oxidation products of spermine, which might be promising anticancer agents, mainly against drug‐resistant tumor cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High expression of tumor‐associated antigen RCAS1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an unfavorable prognostic marker
Authors: Hiraoka Kei , Hida Yasuhiro , Miyamoto Masaki , Oshikiri Taro , Suzuoki Masato , Nakakubo Yoshihiro , Shinohara Toshiya , Itoh Tomoo , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Kondo Satoshi , Kasahara Noriyuki , Katoh Hiroyuki
Published: August 2002

RCAS1 (receptor‐binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells) is a recently identified human tumor‐associated antigen expressed on various cancer cells. It is thought that tumor cells evade immune surveillance by expression of RCAS1, which induces apoptotic cell death in receptor‐positive immune cells. The purpose of our study was to investigate the relation between RCAS1 expression and the clinicopathological variables and clinical outcome in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis for RCAS1 was performed on paraffin‐embedded specimens of 80 patients (mean age, 62 years) who underwent surgical resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Of the 80 specimens, 77 (96%) were positive for RCAS1. No significant correlation was found between RCAS1 expression and age, gender, depth of invasion, tumor diameter, surgical margin, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion or histopathological grading. Borderline correlations between RCAS1 expression were noted for lymph node metastasis and stage (p = 0.0608 and 0.0934, respectively). RCAS1 expression was very frequently observed and the survival of patients with high RCAS1 expression was significantly shorter than that of those with low expression (p = 0.0012). Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model indicated that high RCAS1 expression was an independent prognostic factor (risk ratio, 3.090; p = 0.0090). These results suggested that RCAS1 might be a significant tumor marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma and an unfavorable predictor for prognosis of patients who have undergone surgical resection. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of c‐fos and c‐jun protooncogenes expression by formaldehyde‐releasing and epoxy resin‐based root‐canal sealers in human osteoblastic cells
Authors: Huang Fu‐Mei , Hsieh Yih‐Shou , Tai Kuo‐Wei , Chou Ming‐Yung , Chang Yu‐Chao
Published: August 2002

An important requirement for a root‐canal sealer is biologic compatibility; most evaluations have focused on general toxicological and local tissue irritating properties. There is only scant information about mutagenicity or carcinogenicity testing for root‐canal sealer. It has been shown that c‐fos and c‐jun are induced rapidly by a variety of chemical and physical stimuli. Numerous works have extensively investigated the induction mechanisms of c‐fos and c‐jun protooncogenes by these agents; however, little is known about the induction of cellular signaling events and specific gene expression after cell exposure to root‐canal sealers. Therefore, we used osteoblastic cell line U2‐OS to examine the effect of zinc‐oxide eugenol‐based (N2 and Endomethasome), epoxy resin‐based (AH Plus), and calcium hydroxide‐based (Sealapex) root‐canal sealers on the expression of c‐fos and c‐jun protooncogenes to understand in more detail the molecular mechanisms of root‐canal sealer‐induced genotoxicity. The cytotoxicity decreased in an order of N2 > Endomethasome > AH Plus > Sealapex. In addition, N2, Endomethasome, and AH Plus rapidly induced c‐jun and c‐fos mRNA levels in cells. However, Sealapex did not induce c‐jun and c‐fos mRNA expression at detectable levels all time points. Taken together, persistent induction of c‐jun and c‐fos protooncogenes by formaldehyde‐releasing and epoxy resin‐based root‐canal sealers may be distributed systemically via apex to cause some unexpected adverse effects on human beings. These data should be taken into consideration when choosing a root‐canal sealer. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 460–465, 2002
Reactivity of plasma‐sprayed wollastonite coating in simulated body fluid
Authors: Liu Xuanyong , Ding Chuanxian
Published: August 2002

We incubated wollastonite coatings prepared with plasma spraying in simulated body fluids for different periods to investigate the reactivity. The surface structures of wollastonite coatings immersed in simulated body fluids were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed a carbonate‐containing hydroxyapatite layer formed on the surface of a plasma‐sprayed wollastonite coating soaked in simulated body fluids, and a silica‐rich layer appeared on the surface of the coating before the formation of the carbonate‐containing hydroxyapatite layer. The formation mechanism of apatite on the coating surface could be explained in terms of the ionic exchange between H+ within simulated body fluids and Ca2+ in the coating, which resulted in an increase in the ionic activity product of the apatite in simulated body fluids and provided a specific surface with a lower interface energy to the formation of apatite nuclei. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 259–264, 2002
Mapping of an origin of DNA replication near the transcriptional promoter of the human HPRT gene
Authors: Cohen Stephanie M. , Brylawski Bruna P. , Cordeiro‐Stone Marila , Kaufman David G.
Published: August 2002

A quantitative PCR method was used to map a functional origin of DNA replication in the hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene in normal human fibroblasts. This PCR method measures the abundance of specific sequences in short fragments of newly replicated DNA from logarithmically growing cells. Quantitative measurements rely on synthetic molecules (competitors) that amplify with the same primer sets as the target molecules, but generate products of different sizes. This method was first utilized to determine the position of the replication origin near the lamin B2 gene (Giacca et al. [1994] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 91:7119–7123). In the present study, primer sets were tested along a 16‐kb region near exon 1 of the HPRT gene. The most abundant fragment was found to be located in the first intron of HPRT, just downstream of the promoter and exon 1 of the gene, and approximately 3.5 kb upstream of a previously reported autonomously replicating sequence (Sykes et al. [1988] Mol. Gen. Genet. 212:301–309). J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 346–356, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intruder state avoidance multireference Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
Authors: Witek Henryk A. , Choe Yoong‐Kee , Finley James P. , Hirao Kimihiko
Published: August 2002

A new perturbation approach is proposed that enhances the low‐order, perturbative convergence by modifying the zeroth‐order Hamiltonian in a manner that enlarges any small‐energy denominators that may otherwise appear in the perturbative expansion. This intruder state avoidance (ISA) method can be used in conjunction with any perturbative approach, but is most applicable to cases where small energy denominators arise from orthogonal‐space states—so‐called intruder states—that should, under normal circumstances, make a negligible contribution to the target state of interests. This ISA method is used with multireference Møller–Plesset (MRMP) perturbation theory on potential energy curves that are otherwise plagued by singularities when treated with (conventional) MRMP; calculation are performed on the 13Σ state of O2; and the 21Δ, 31Δ, 23Δ, and 33Δ states of AgH. This approach is also applied to other calculations where MRMP is influenced by intruder states; calculations are performed on the 3Πu state of N2, the 3Π state of CO, and the 21A′ state of formamide. A number of calculations are also performed to illustrate that this approach has little or no effect on MRMP when intruder states are not present in perturbative calculations; vertical excitation energies are computed for the low‐lying states of N2, C2, CO, formamide, and benzene; the adiabatic 1A1–3B1 energy separation in CH2, and the spectroscopic parameters of O2 are also calculated. Vertical excitation energies are also performed on the Q and B bands states of free‐base, chlorin, and zinc–chlorin porphyrin, where somewhat larger couplings exists, and—as anticipated—a larger deviation is found between MRMP and ISA‐MRMP. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 10: 957–965, 2002
One‐factorizations of complete graphs with vertex‐regular automorphism groups
Authors: Bonisoli Arrigo , Labbate Domenico
Published: August 2002

We consider one‐factorizations of K2n possessing an automorphism group acting regularly (sharply transitively) on vertices. We present some upper bounds on the number of one‐factors which are fixed by the group; further information is obtained when equality holds in these bounds. The case where the group is dihedral is studied in some detail, with some non‐existence statements in case the number of fixed one‐factors is as large as possible. Constructions both for dihedral groups and for some classes of abelian groups are given. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 10: 1–16, 2002
Cripto: A tumor growth factor and more
Authors: Adamson Eileen D. , Minchiotti Gabriella , Salomon David S.
Published: August 2002

Cripto, a growth factor with an EGF‐like domain, and the first member of the EGF‐CFC family of genes to be sequenced and characterized, contributes to deregulated growth of cancer cells. A role for Cripto in tumor development has been described in the human and the mouse. Members of the EGF‐CFC family are found only in vertebrates: CFC proteins in zebrafish, Xenopus, chick, mouse and human have been characterized and indicate some common general functions in development. Cripto expression was first found in human and mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and male teratocarcinomas, and was demonstrated to be over‐expressed in breast, cervical, ovarian, gastric, lung, colon, and pancreatic carcinomas in contrast to normal tissues where Cripto expression was invariably low or absent. Cripto may play a role in mammary tumorigenesis, since in vitro, Cripto induces mammary cell proliferation, reduces apoptosis, increases cell migration, and inhibits milk protein expression. This prediction is strengthened by observations of Cripto expression in 80% of human and mouse mammary tumors. At least three important roles for Cripto in development have created considerable interest, and each activity may be distinct in its mechanism of receptor signaling. One role is in the patterning of the anterior–posterior axis of the early embryo, a second is a crucial role in the development of the heart, and a third is in potentiating branching morphogenesis and modulating differentiation in the developing mammary gland. Whether these properties are functions of different forms of Cripto, different Cripto receptors or the distinct domains within this 15–38 kDa glycoprotein are examined here, but much remains to be revealed about this evolutionarily conserved gene product. Since all Cripto receptors have not yet been determined with certainty, future possible uses as therapeutic targets remain to be developed. Cripto is released or shed from expressing cells and may serve as an accessible marker gene in the early to mid‐progressive stages of breast and other cancers. Meanwhile some speculations on possible receptor complexes for Cripto signaling in mammary cells are offered here as a spur to further discoveries. J. Cell. Physiol. 190: 267–278, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence that the death receptor DR4 is a DNA damage‐inducible, p53‐regulated gene
Authors: Guan Baoxiang , Yue Ping , Clayman Gary L. , Sun Shi‐Yong
Published: August 2002

DR4 (TRAIL‐R1), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is a cell surface receptor that triggers the apoptotic machinery upon binding to its ligand tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL). Although three other TRAIL receptors DR5, DcR1, and DcR2 are induced by DNA damage and are regulated by the wild‐type p53 tumor suppressor, it was not known whether these factors also affect DR4 expression. In this study, we found that DR4 expression is also enhanced by DNA damage whether induced by ionizing radiation or by chemotherapeutic agents. The induction was observed predominantly in cells containing wild‐type p53 and was similar to the regulation patterns of DR5 and Fas, two other members of the family which are known to be regulated by p53. Transfection of HPV 16 E6 gene into cells with wild‐type p53, which decreased the level of p53 protein, resulted in suppression of DR4 induction by DNA‐damaging agents. Conversely, introduction of exogenous wild‐type p53 through adenovirus infection has led to upregulation of endogenous DR4 in cells with mutant p53. Moreover, the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D abolished DNA‐damaging agent‐induced DR4 expression. Thus, DR4 appears to be a DNA damage‐inducible, p53‐regulated gene. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in fatty acid composition and fluidity of cell membranes affect the accumulation of PCB congener 2,2′,5,5′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl by Ralstonia eutropha H850
Authors: Kim In Seon , Beaudette Lee A , Cassidy Michael B , Lee Hung , Trevors Jack T
Published: August 2002

The effect of alterations in fatty acid composition and fluidity of cell membranes on the accumulation of PCB congener 2,2′,5,5′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl (TeCB) by Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus) H850 was studied. Cells of R eutropha H850 grown on either biphenyl or fructose were used. Significant increases in saturated fatty acid composition and decreases in membrane fluidity of bacteria grown on biphenyl at 28 °C were observed compared with those grown on fructose at 17 or 28 °C. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids and membrane fluidity of R eutropha H850 grown on biphenyl at 28 °C resembled those of cells grown on fructose at 37 °C. No inhibition effect of the uncoupler 2,4‐dinitrophenol (2,4‐DNP) on TeCB accumulation was observed, suggesting an energy‐independent mechanism for TeCB accumulation in cells of R eutropha H850. The amount of TeCB accumulated was considerably higher in R eutropha H850 grown on fructose at 17 and 28 °C than when grown on biphenyl at 28 °C. Similar amounts of TeCB accumulated in bacteria grown on biphenyl at 28 °C as compared with those grown on fructose at 37 °C. These results suggest the alterations in fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity of R eutropha H850 may affect the accumulation of TeCB.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Decomposition of formic acid in a photocatalytic reactor with a parallel array of four light sources
Authors: Wang Shinpon , Shiraishi Fumihide , Nakano Katsuyuki
Published: August 2002

The performance of a photocatalytic reactor system with a parallel array of four 6 W blacklight blue fluorescent lamps (wavelength: 300–400 nm) was investigated, based on the decomposition of formic acid in an aqueous solution. An aqueous solution of formic acid (7.8–22.0 gm−3) was recirculated between the photocatalytic reactor and perfectly‐mixed flow container. The results show that the UV‐light that penetrated through the wall of a glass tube and then passed through the flowing liquid solution accelerated the photocatalytic reaction occurring on the neighboring glass tubes, which greatly contributed to an increase in the reactor activity. This confirms that the arrangement of several light sources in parallel which uses effectively a three‐dimensional space can lead to increased reactor activity and an increase in decomposition rates. A significant reduction in the reaction rate due to a film‐diffusional resistance in the vicinity of the titanium dioxide film was observed.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic appearance of lipoma of the inferior vena cava
Authors: Chou Yi‐Hong , Chiou Hong‐Jen , Tiu Chui‐Mei , Chiang Jen‐Huey , Chang Cheng‐Yen , Yu Chun
Published: August 2002

Lipomas of the major central veins are rare, and their sonographic features have rarely been reported. We report a case in which a lipoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) was incidentally identified during liver sonography in a 68‐year‐old man. Sonography of the upper abdomen revealed coarsening of the liver echotexture, with a relatively small liver and atrophy of the right hepatic lobe. A 2‐cm hypoechoic hepatic nodule was visualized in segment IV. Sonography also showed a 2.2‐ × 1.8‐cm, highly echogenic, homogeneous nodule in the hepatic segment of the IVC at its junction with the right atrium. The lumen of the IVC was partially occluded. The CT and MRI appearances of the IVC lesion were consistent with a lipoma, which was not treated because there was no clinical evidence of obstruction. Histopathologic analysis following a sonographically guided biopsy of the liver nodule revealed hepatocellular carcinoma, which was treated by percutaneous ethanol injection. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:359–362, 2001.
Lymphatic function, lymphangiogenesis, and cancer metastasis
Authors: Swartz Melody A. , Skobe Mihaela
Published: August 2002

The lymphatic system serves as the primary route for the metastasis of many cancers and the extent of lymph node involvement is the most important indicator of tumor aggressiveness. Despite the apparent importance of the lymphatic vessels for tumor dissemination, it has remained unclear whether activation of lymphatic endothelial cells may affect tumor progression and metastasis and the molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis are just beginning to be elucidated. This overview describes the unique structural and functional characteristics of the lymphatic vessels that render them particularly suitable for invasion by tumor cells and for their efficient transport to lymph nodes. Recent evidence indicates occurrence of tumor lymphangiogenesis and its correlation with metastasis. Molecular regulation of tumor lymphangiogenesis, its significance for tumor metastasis, and implications for cancer therapy are discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:92–99, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microscopic overview of crinoid regeneration
Authors: Candia Carnevali M. Daniela , Bonasoro Francesco
Published: August 2002

Crinoids are well known for their striking regenerative potential and can rapidly and completely regenerate arms lost following self‐induced or traumatic amputation. Thus they provide a valuable experimental model for investigation of the regenerative process from the macroscopic to the molecular level. In these last years we have studied in detail the overall process of arm regeneration in the comatulid Antedon mediterranea. This phenomenon can be described on the whole as a typical blastemal regeneration in which new structures develop from migratory pluripotential, actively proliferating cells in the presence of presumptive regulatory factors. The overall process can be subdivided into three main phases: a repair phase, an early regenerative phase, and an advanced regenerative phase, whose crucial aspects are related to common fundamental mechanisms such as cell migration and proliferation, intervention of stem cells and/or dedifferentiated cells, contribution of putative growth factors, particularly in terms of specific neurally derived factors, and mechanisms of pattern formation. This article focuses on the main aspects of the phenomenon and gives a brief account of the most recent and relevant results. Our approach employs classical methods of light (LM) and electron (TEM and SEM) microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and histofluorescence on experimentally induced arm regenerations of standard or abnormal type obtained in significantly different experimental conditions, including extreme mutilations (explants) or exposure to pseudo‐estrogenic environmental contamination. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:403–426, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic analysis of Hox clusters in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus
Authors: Irvine Steven Q. , Carr Janet L. , Bailey Wendy J. , Kawasaki Kazuhiko , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Amemiya Chris T. , Ruddle Frank H.
Published: August 2002

The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is among the most primitive of extant vertebrates. We are interested in the organization of its Hox gene clusters, because, as a close relative of the gnathostomes, this information would help to infer Hox cluster organization at the base of the gnathostome radiation. We have partially mapped the P. marinus Hox clusters using phage, cosmid, and P1 artificial chromosome libraries. Complete homeobox sequences were obtained for the 22 Hox genes recovered in the genomic library screens and analyzed for cognate group identity. We estimate that the clusters are somewhat larger than those of mammals (roughly 140 kbp vs. 105 kbp) but much smaller than the single Hox cluster of the cephalochordate amphioxus (at more than 260 kb). We never obtained more than three genes from any single cognate group from the genomic library screens, although it is unlikely that our screen was exhaustive, and therefore conclude that P. marinus has a total of either three or four Hox clusters. We also identify four highly conserved non‐coding sequence motifs shared with higher vertebrates in a genomic comparison of Hox 10 genes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:47–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hox cluster organization in the jawless vertebrate Petromyzon marinus
Authors: Force Allan , Amores Angel , Postlethwait John H.
Published: August 2002

Large‐scale gene amplifications may have facilitated the evolution of morphological innovations that accompanied the origin of vertebrates. This hypothesis predicts that the genomes of extant jawless fish, scions of deeply branching vertebrate lineages, should bear a record of these events. Previous work suggests that nonvertebrate chordates have a single Hox cluster, but that gnathostome vertebrates have four or more Hox clusters. Did the duplication events that produced multiple vertebrate Hox clusters occur before or after the divergence of agnathan and gnathostome lineages? Can investigation of lamprey Hox clusters illuminate the origins of the four gnathostome Hox clusters? To approach these questions, we cloned and sequenced 13 Hox cluster genes from cDNA and genomic libraries in the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. The results suggest that the lamprey has at least four Hox clusters and support the model that gnathostome Hox clusters arose by a two‐round‐no‐cluster‐loss mechanism, with tree topology [(AB)(CD)]. A three‐round model, however, is not rigorously excluded by the data and, for this model, the tree topologies [(D(C(AB))] and [(C(D(AB))] are most parsimonious. Gene phylogenies suggest that at least one Hox cluster duplication occurred in the lamprey lineage after it diverged from the gnathostome lineage. The results argue against two or more rounds of duplication before the divergence of agnathan and gnathostome vertebrates. If Hox clusters were duplicated in whole‐genome duplication events, then these data suggest that, at most, one whole genome duplication occurred before the evolution of vertebrate developmental innovations. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:30–46, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inbreeding in Littledale's whistling rat Parotomys littledalei
Authors: Pillay Neville
Published: August 2002

Despite its rarity in nature, inbreeding is sometimes evident in species occupying ephemeral, unpredictable habitats, and which occur at low densities. One such species is Littledale's whistling rat, Parotomys littledalei, a murid rodent endemic to the south‐west arid region of South Africa. Using a captive population of P. littledalei, I studied mate choice for kin and nonkin, and the reproductive performance of inbred and outbred pairs. In choice tests, estrous females presented with either odors or actual males showed a preference for siblings or half‐siblings to unrelated males. Males did not discriminate between the odor of estrous kin and nonkin. In breeding studies, inbred (mother‐son; brother‐sister) and outbred (proven female and an unrelated young male and nonsiblings) pairs had a similar reproductive output, although the sex ratio favored males in inbred litters. The development of inbred young was indistinguishable from outbred young. The results indicate that female P. littledalei prefer to inbreed, but there are no apparent advantages to inbreeding over outbreeding. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of muscle‐specific myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain 1 in the electric tissue of Electrophorus electricus (L.) in comparison with other vertebrate species
Authors: Ayres Sá Lilian , Menezes Meiga Aurea , dos Santos Mermelstein Claudia
Published: August 2002

Myosin light and heavy chains from skeletal and cardiac muscles and from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus (L.) were characterised using biochemical and immunological methods, and compared with myosin extracted from avian, reptilian, and mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscles. The results indicate that the electric tissue has a myosin light chain 1 (LC1) and a muscle‐specific myosin heavy chain. We also show that monoclonal antibody F109‐12A8 (against LC1 and LC2) recognizes LC1 of myosin from human skeletal and cardiac muscles as well as those of rabbit, lizard, chick, and electric eel. However, only cardiac muscles from humans and rabbits have LC2, which is recognized by antibody F109‐16F4. The data presented confirm the muscle origin of the electric tissue of E. electricus. This electric tissue has a profile of LC1 protein expression that resembles the myosin from cardiac muscle of the eel more than that from eel skeletal muscle. This work raises an interesting question about the ontogenesis and differentiation of the electric tissue of E. electricus. J. Exp. Zool. 290:227–233, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On chromatic‐choosable graphs
Authors: Ohba Kyoji
Published: August 2002

A graph is chromatic‐choosable if its choice number coincides with its chromatic number. It is shown in this article that, for any graph G, if we join a sufficiently large complete graph to G, then we obtain a chromatic‐choosable graph. As a consequence, if the chromatic number of a graph G is close enough to the number of vertices in G, then G is chromatic‐choosable. We also propose a conjecture related to this fact. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 130–135, 2002
Sperm storage in the oviduct of the internal fertilizing frog Ascaphus truei
Authors: Sever David M. , Moriarty Emily C. , Rania Lisa C. , Hamlett William C.
Published: August 2002

This study provides the first descriptions of sperm storage at the tissue and cellular levels in a female frog or toad. Oviducal anatomy was studied by light and electron microscopy in Ascaphus truei from north coastal California. Ascaphus truei is one of the few species of anurans in which fertilization is internal. Unlike other anurans with internal fertilization, however, mating in A. truei consists of a unique combination of amplectic and copulatory mechanisms that we term “copulexus.” Posterior to a short, aglandular infundibular region, the oviduct possesses: 1) a proximal, convoluted ampullary region where intrinsic tubular glands secrete gelatinous envelopes around eggs; 2) a middle ovisac region where fertilization occurs; and 3) a distal oviducal sinus formed by medial junction of the ovisacs. Sperm storage tubules (SSTs) occur in the anterior portions of the ovisacs and consist of simple tubular glands. SSTs and the rest of the oviducal lining stain positively with the periodic acid‐Schiff's procedure for neutral carbohydrates and this reaction is especially intense in reproductively active females. Sperm were found in the SSTs of gravid females as well as some nonvitellogenic females. The sperm are in orderly bundles in the SSTs, and although occasionally sperm nuclei were embedded in the epithelium, no evidence for spermiophagy was found. Oviducal sperm storage in A. truei is homoplastic, with closest structural similarities to squamate reptiles. Oviduct/sperm design constraints appear to limit the options for expression of features associated with oviducal sperm storage. J. Morphol. 248:1–21, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy and histology of the brain and sense organs of the Antarctic eel cod Muraenolepis microps (Gadiformes; Muraenolepididae)
Authors: Eastman Joseph T. , Lannoo Michael J.
Published: August 2002

Brain regions, cranial nerves, and sense organs in Muraenolepis microps, an Antarctic gadiform fish, were examined to determine which features could be attributed to a gadiform ancestry and which to habitation of Antarctic waters. We found that the central nervous system and sense organs are well developed, showing neither substantial regression nor hypertrophy. A detailed drawing of the brain and cranial nerves is provided. The rostral position of the olfactory bulbs and telencephalic size and lobation are common for the order. The optic tectum and corpus cerebelli are smaller than in most other gadiforms. The shape of the corpus cerebelli is not distinctive among gadiforms. The lateral line region is moderately well‐developed, but not hypertrophied to the extent seen in deep‐sea gadiforms. As is the case in gadids possessing barbels and elongated pelvic rays, Muraenolepis has well‐developed facial lobes, although these are smaller and more laterally positioned. The vagal lobes are deeply placed in the rhombencephalon and project into the fourth ventricle. The brain of Muraenolepis resembles that of a phyletically derived gadoid, especially a phycid, more than it resembles the brain of a phyletically basal macrourid. Two histological features of the diencephalon of Muraenolepis appear to be unique among gadiforms: a well‐organized thalamic central medial nucleus and subependymal expansions. Muraenolepis has a pure rod retina like many deep‐sea species but lacks the superimposed layers of rod outer segments. The histology of the nonvisual sense organs, especially the olfactory and external taste systems, are well‐developed in Muraenolepis but not hypertrophied. We relate our findings to what is known about neural morphology in other gadiforms and in phyletically distant notothenioids and liparids that are sympatric with Muraenolepis on the Antarctic shelf. The only feature that reflects an Antarctic existence is the diencephalic subependymal expansions, which within notothenioids mirror the habitation of cold waters and have been found in every Antarctic species examined to date. Although the waters of the Antarctic shelf are cold, dark, and deep, brain and sense organ morphology in Muraenolepis are remarkably free of extreme specialization. J. Morphol. 250:34–50, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.