bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Amorphous Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Günther C. , Becker A. , Wolf G. , Epple M.
Published: October 2005

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) was prepared in vitro by different methods. The preparation from carbon dioxide and aqueous calcium hydroxide gave a fully X‐ray amorphous phase without any additive. The precipitation from calcium chloride and sodium carbonate in the presence of either magnesium or ethylene‐diamine‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis‐methylene‐phosphonic acid (EDTMP) also gave fully amorphous solids. All ACC phases contained about 7 wt% of residual water and transformed into crystalline phases upon contact with gaseous or liquid water. These materials are model compounds for biogenic ACC which is of importance in biomineralisation either as functional material or as a transient phase on the way to calcite or aragonite. If ACC is prepared in vitro without any additive, a clear short‐range order around calcium can be determined by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS). Additive‐free ACC converts exclusively to crystalline calcite upon heating or in contact with water and may therefore act as a model compound for biologically found transient precursor phases.
Influence of the Steric Demand of the 2,4,6‐Trialkylphenyl Substituents on the Structures and Reactivity of Diarylzinc
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Oßberger Manfred W. , Alexander Jacob S. , Ruhlandt‐Senge Karin
Published: October 2005

The Grignard reaction of 2,4,6‐tri(tert‐butyl)phenylmagnesium bromide with zinc dichloride in THF yields monomeric bis[2,4,6‐tri(tert‐butyl)phenyl]zinc (1). Due to the steric demand of the tert‐butyl groups 1 has a bent CZnC moiety and the boat‐shaped aryl groups are in a staggered conformation. After the transmetallation of 1 with cesium in a solvent mixture of 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME) and toluene (1,2‐dimethoxyethane‐O,O′)cesium [2,4,6‐tri(tert‐butyl)phenolate] (2) is isolated. A polymeric structure is formed in the crystalline state by linkage of these molecules via a Cs‐O bond of the phenolate oxygen atoms and a η6‐coordination of the aryl moiety of another molecule to the cesium cations. Furthermore, in the solid state the cesium cation completes his coordination sphere by bonds to a bidentate ether molecule and by close contacts to a tert‐butyl group of a neighboring molecule.
5‐Chloro‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐aryl‐4‐alkyl(aryl)‐isothiazolidines and their Dehydrochlorination Reactions
Authors: Solov'ev Alexander V. , Chernega Alexander N. , van Almsick Andreas , Hoffmann Michael G. , Shermolovich Yuriy G.
Published: October 2005

N‐Alkyl(aryl)‐C‐trifluoromethyl‐C‐chlorosulfinimides and styrenes react to give the 3+2 cycloaddition products, 5‐chloro‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐aryl‐4‐alkyl(aryl)‐isothiazolidines 9a‐h. The structure of the dehydrochlorination products derived from the compounds 9a‐h is determined by the nature of the substituent near the nitrogen atom. The compounds having bulky tertiary‐butyl group (9c,h) are transformed into the isothiazolines derivatives 10a,b, but compounds 9a,b,d‐g form β‐aminovinyl trifluoromethylthioketones 11a‐f.
Producing Hazardous Reagents In Situ Using Single‐Site Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Raja Robert , Meurig Thomas John
Published: October 2005

The in situ production and containment of aggressive and hazardous reagents (as well as the avoidance of the use of ecologically harmful ones) has been much assisted by the design of appropriate open‐structure single‐site heterogeneous catalysts, such as those consisting of metal‐ion‐framework‐substituted aluminophosphates, MAlPOs. A range of nanoporous solids, that meet most of the stringent demands of sustainable development and responsible (clean) technology is described. Specific examples that are highlighted include: (a) the in situ production of peracetic acid from a solid oxidant, acetylperoxyborate (APB), employing MnAlPO‐5 or FeAlPO‐5 as the catalysts, for the catalytic oxidation of styrene to styrene oxide, and for the oxidation reactions of α‐pinene and (+)‐limonene to produce the corresponding epoxides in high yields and high selectivities; (b) the in situ generation of peracids using a sacrificial aldehyde and air for the catalytic epoxidation of alkenes and Baeyer‐Villiger oxidations of cyclic ketones to lactones using MnIII (or CoIII)‐framework‐substituted MAlPO‐catalysts and (c) the in situ catalytic generation of hydroxylamine using a mixture of air and ammonia for the production of oximes and ϵ‐caprolactam employing carefully designed bifunctional nanoporous catalysts.
Lanthanide Nitrate Complexes of the Unsymmetrical Bidentate Ligand Ph2PCH2CH2P(O)PPh2
Authors: Amenta Donna S. , Sparks S. Nikki , Gilje John W. , Edelmann Frank T. , Fischer Axel , Blaurock Steffen
Published: October 2005

The reaction of Ln(NO3)3 (Ln = Ce, Tb, or Yb) with Ph2PCH2CH2P(O)Ph2 in various molar ratios produces Ln(NO3)3(OPPh2CH2CH2PPh2)3. X‐ray powder diffraction demonstrates that the three compounds are isostructural. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction structures were obtained for Ln = Ce and Tb. The compound are isomorphous and crystallize in the trigonal R3c space group. The lanthanide ions are nine‐coordinate with three bidentate nitrate ions and three (OPPh2CH2CH2PPh2) ligands coordinated through oxygen. If the coordination sphere is defined by the three lanthanide‐nitrogen vectors and the three lanthanide‐O(P) bonds, the complexes can be described as facial octahedral. The chemistry of the Ph2P‐CH2CH2‐P(O)Ph2 ‐ Ln(NO3)3 system appears to be simpler than ones involving simple phosphine oxide ligands.
[1]Borametallocenophanes as Catalysts for Ethene Polymerization
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Kraft Mario , Radacki Krzysztof , Stellwag Sascha
Published: October 2005

In the present paper we report the Ziegler‐Natta ethene polymerization behavior of a series of [1]borazirconocenophanes in comparison with industrially employed catalysts. The influence of the substitution pattern on steric and electronic parameters was estimated by X‐ray diffraction analyses and by 91Zr NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Incorporation of a boranediyl‐moiety increases the catalytic activity by up to 3.25 times compared to the parent, non‐bridged zirconocenedichloride. The stability of the species after activation was studied, by aging and by interrupting the polymerization for several hours. [1]Borazirconocenophanes proved to form a stable species after activation with MAO, which is even after 20 h still highly active.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Mono‐, Di‐, and Trinuclear Copper(II) Triethanolamine‐Carboxylate Complexes
Authors: Escovar Raphael M. , Thurston John H. , Ould‐Ely Teyeb , Kumar Arvind , Whitmire Kenton H.
Published: October 2005

A series of triethanolamine copper(II) carboxylate complexes have been synthesized and characterized both structurally and spectroscopically. The structures of the compounds and the nuclearity of the resulting coordination complexes are influenced both by the stoichiometry of the reagents and the steric and electronic influences of the anionic ligands present in the copper coordination spheres. The complexes can be prepared in high yields and purity as highly crystalline solids. Herein we report the spectroscopic and structural data for [NaCu(CF3COO)3(TEAH3)] (1), [Cu(C6H5COO)(TEAH2)]2·2H2O (2), [Cu3(CH3COO)4(TEAH2)2] (3), [Cu3(HCOO)4(TEAH2)2] (4) and [Cu3(CF3OO)2(TEAH2)2(CH3OH)2][CF3CO2]2 (5) (TEAH3 = triethanolamine (N(CH2CH2OH)3); [TEAH2]‐ = mono‐deprotonated ion; [TEAH]2‐ = doubly deprotonated ion). Two approaches to these compounds were employed: direct reaction of copper(II) carboxylates with TEAH3 and reaction of the tetrameric compound [{Cu(TEAH)}4] (6) with copper(II) carboxylates. Compound 1 is polymeric in the solid state, being a double salt of sodium trifluoroacetate and (triethanolamine)copper(II) trifluoroacetate, while 2 exists as a simple dimer. Compounds 3, 4 and 5 are trinuclear complexes with Cu3 chains connected by bridging carboxylate and triethanolamine ligands. 3 was characterized as three crystal modifications: an unsolvated form and as a methanol solvate 3·2MeOH that was found to exist in both monoclinic and orthorhombic forms. 4 was also found to exist as a methanol solvate, 4·1.70 MeOH. 5 shows coordination isomerism compared to compounds 3 and 4 in that two of the carboxylate ligands in the metal coordination spheres on the end copper atoms have been replaced by solvent methanol. The magnetic behavior of the di‐ and trinuclear species has been probed and reveals that at low temperatures the metal centers exhibit strong ferromagnetic coupling, which, on warming, switches to simple paramagnetic behavior.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of 1,4‐Diazadiene Imido Tungsten Complexes
Authors: Merkoulov Alexei , Harms Klaus , Sundermeyer Jörg
Published: October 2005

The reaction of [W(NR)Cl4(L)] (R = Ph, Cy; L = thf) and Li2DAD (DAD = 1,4‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐diazabuta‐1,3‐diene) leads to the formation of [(DAD)W(NR)Cl2], R = Ph (1), R = Cy (2). Both complexes are examples of a growing class of complexes displaying an uncommon combination of two highly charged sterically demanding 6‐electron donors, NR2‐ and DAD2‐, at one coordination site. Surprisingly both complexes show weak Lewis acidity and don't react with σ‐donors such as PMe3 and THF. The crystal structure determination of 1 reveals a mononuclear molecular structure with folded DAD2‐ moiety. In accord with spectroscopic data and the W‐N, C‐N and C‐C bond lengths of the DAD ligand, the obtained compounds should be described as WVI imido ene‐diamido species.
Hexafluorodiberyllat, [Be2F6]2−. Synthese und Kristallstruktur von (Ph4P)4[Be2F6][SiF6]·6CH3CN
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: October 2005

Hexafluorodiberyllate, [Be2F6]2−. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (Ph4P)4[Be2F6][SiF6]·6CH3CN

The chlorodiberyllate (Ph4P)2[Be2Cl6] reacts with excess silver(I)fluoride in acetonitrile suspension, assisted by side reaction of AgF with the glass surface to give the hexafluorodiberyllate (Ph4P)4[Be2F6][SiF6]·6CH3CN (1). According to the single crystal X‐ray determination the unique centrosymmetric [Be2F6]2− ion forms a double tetrahedron (symmetry Ci). 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with four formula units per unit cell. Lattice dimensions at 193 K: a = 2438.8(3), b = 1336.9(1), c = 3012.5(3) pm, β = 96.16(1)°, R1 = 0.0478.
Three Piperazine Complexes of Divalent Mercury: Hg(CF3)2(Pip), Hg(SCN)2(Pip), and (Hg(SCN)2)2(Pip)
Authors: Nolte Matthias , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: October 2005

Colourless single crystals of three piperazine (Pip) complexes of divalent mercury with ‐CF3 and SCN‐ as the ligands have been obtained from aqueous and ethanolic solution of the respective components Hg(CF3)2, Hg(SCN)2, and piperazine. The crystal structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction: Hg(CF3)2(Pip) (1) [monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 891.2(1), b = 1649.8(2), c = 777.7(1) pm, β = 101.27(2)°, R1(all) = 0.0413], Hg(SCN)2(Pip) (2) tetragonal, P42/ncm, Z = 4, a = 840.8(1), c = 1511.0(1) pm, R1(all) = 0.0479], (Hg(SCN)2)2(Pip) (3) [triclinic, ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$, Z = 1, a = 590.6(1), b = 738.6(2), c = 919.5(2) pm, α = 88.96(2)°, β = 82.80(2)°, γ = 78.21(2)°, R1(all) = 0.0582]. In 1 and 2 zig‐zag chains are observed with the piperazine molecule only weakly attached to the Hg(CF3)2 molecule. The Hg(SCN)2(Pip) chains in 2 condense to double chains in 3 where half of the piperazine molecules are missing. In both, 2 and 3, Hg2+ is coordinated in a distorted tetragonal fashion by two N and two S ligator atoms from piperazine and SCN‐ ligands, respectively.
Supported Organometallic Complexes. XLI [1] Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Ruthenium Interphase Catalysts Produced by a Surfactant‐Templated Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Wu Da‐Yong , Marzini Michael , Lindner Ekkehard , Mayer Hermann A.
Published: October 2005

Recyclable mesoporous ruthenium interphase catalysts have been synthesized by a surfactant‐templated sol–gel process. Their activity and selectivity in the direct hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones are remarkably improved compared to their counterparts that were sol–gel processed without template molecules.
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil developmental stages on herbaceous plants growing in the early stage of primary succession on Mount Fuji
Authors: Fujiyoshi Masaaki , Kagawa Atsushi , Nakatsubo Takayuki , Masuzawa Takehiro
Published: October 2005

A pot culture experiment was conducted to examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and soil developmental stages on the growth and nutrient absorption of pioneer plants growing in the early stage of primary succession on Mt. Fuji. Four herbaceous plants, Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae), Miscanthus oligostachyus (Gramineae), Aster ageratoides var. ovatus (Compositae), and Hedysarum vicioides (Leguminosae), were grown from seed in soils collected from two different successional stages, bare ground and an herbaceous plant community. Spores of indigenous AM fungi collected from the herbaceous plant community were used as inoculum. The initial colonizer P. cuspidatum showed very low levels of AM colonization (<0.4%), whereas the average AM colonization levels of M. oligostachyus, A. ageratoides var. ovatus, and H. vicioides were within the range of 13–49%. AM fungi had positive effects on the growth and N acquisition of the leguminous species (H. vicioides) irrespective of soil developmental stages. In contrast, AM colonization did not increase the plant dry weight and N content of the non‐leguminous species (P. cuspidatum, M. oligostachyus, and A. ageratoides var. ovatus) in both soil developmental stages. A positive effect of AM colonization on P content was observed in M. oligostachyus, A. ageratoides var. ovatus, and H. vicioides only in soil collected from the herbaceous plant community. P. cuspidatum showed no or a negative response to AM colonization in all cases. These results suggest that the effect of AM fungi on plant growth depends more on the plant species than soil developmental stages in the early stage of primary succession in this volcanic area.
Sensitivity of the Drosophila para sodium channel to DDT is not lowered by the super‐kdr mutation M918T on the IIS4–S5 linker that profoundly reduces sensitivity to permethrin and deltamethrin
Authors: Usherwood P.N.R. , Vais H. , Khambay B.P.S. , Davies T.G.E. , Williamson M.S.
Published: October 2005

DDT inhibits Na channel inactivation and deactivation, promotes Na channel activation and reduces the resting potential of Xenopus oocytes expressing the Drosophila para Na channel. These changes are only marginally influenced by the single mutation M918T (super‐kdr) but are reduced ∼10‐fold by either the single mutation L1014F (kdr) or the double mutation L1014F + M918T, both of which confer resistance to the pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin. We conclude that DDT binds either to or in the region of L1014 on IIS6 but only weakly to M918 on the IIS4–S5 linker, which is part of a high‐affinity binding site for permethrin and deltamethrin.
The PDZ/coiled‐coil domain containing protein PIST modulates insulin secretion in MIN6 insulinoma cells by interacting with somatostatin receptor subtype 5
Authors: Wente Wolf , Efanov Alexander M. , Treinies Iris , Zitzer Heike , Gromada Jesper , Richter Dietmar , Kreienkamp Hans-Jürgen
Published: October 2005

The multi‐domain protein PIST (protein interacting specifically with Tc10) interacts with the SSTR5 (somatostatin receptor 5) and is responsible for its intracellular localization. Here, we show that PIST is expressed in pancreatic β‐cells and interacts with SSTR5 in these cells. PIST expression in MIN6 insulinoma cells is reduced by somatostatin (SST). After stimulation with SST, SSTR5 undergoes internalization together with PIST. MIN6 cells over‐expressing PIST display enhanced glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and a decreased sensitivity to SST‐induced inhibition of insulin secretion. These data suggest that PIST plays an important role in insulin secretion by regulating SSTR5 availability at the plasma membrane.
Perspectives on Molecular Diagnostics Automation
Authors: Merel Patrick
Published: October 2005

After a lively discussion at LabAutomation2005 in San Jose, we asked three major diagnostic companies to share their vision for the molecular diagnostics “rapid-growing-and-more-than-ever” market. Happily, all of them complied and we are pleased to present insight from Bayer Healthcare, Beckman Coulter, and Roche Molecular Systems. To complement these perspectives, we invited a heavy user of molecular diagnostic assays to comment on today's situation and share his hopes for the future of molecular medicine. It is with pleasure that we feature insight from Philippe Halfon of Alphabio Laboratoire.
A Simple Automated DNA Extraction Method for Dried Blood Specimens Collected on Filter Paper
Authors: Lin Zhili , Suzow Joseph G. , Fontaine Jamie M. , Naylor Edwin W.
Published: October 2005

We developed a simple, inexpensive, and automated procedure for the extraction of genomic DNA from dried blood specimens (DBS) collected on filter paper. This DNA extraction method involves two simple steps. First, the DBS is treated with methanol. Genomic DNA is then extracted with Tris buffer in a heat incubation step. The use of common inexpensive chemicals such as methanol and Tris buffer makes this method very cost efficient. The isolated DNA samples can then be used for high-throughput genotyping assays. Both DNA extraction and PCR setup steps have been adapted for use with a Beckman Coulter core robotic system.
An Inexpensive Method for the Automation of Biomass Measurements in Lab-Scale Bioreactors
Authors: Hamilton Ryan , Casasús-Zambrana Anna , Svoronos Spyros A. , Koopman Ben
Published: October 2005

An automated online sampling and measurement system that can be assembled for less than $5000 in components (including spectrophotometer, pump, computer, valves, and relays) is described. The public domain Visual Basic source code that we developed is posted at http://www.ees.ufl.edu/homepp/koopman/hamilton_etal/ . This system has proven to be very successful for measuring biomass in long-duration (36 h) experiments. In addition to providing a measurement record, this system could also be part of an automatic process control system.
Paleoecological and Climatic Changes of the Upper Lerma Basin, Central Mexico during the Holocene
Authors: Ludlow-Wiechers Beatriz , Almeida-Leñero Lucia , Islebe Gerald
Published: October 2005

The record of Almoloya Lake in the Upper Lerma basin starts with the deposition of the late Pleistocene Upper Toluca Pumice layer. The data from this interval indicate a period of climatic instability that lasted until 8500 cal yr B.P., when temperature conditions stabilized, although moisture fluctuations continued until 8000 cal yr B.P. Between 8500 and 5000 cal yr B.P. a temperate climate is indicated by dominance of Pinus. From 5000 to 3000 cal yr B.P. Quercus forest expanded, suggesting a warm temperate climate: a first indication of drier environmental conditions is an increase in grassland between 4200 and 3500 cal yr B.P. During the Late Holocene (3300 to 500 cal yr B.P.) the increase of Pinus and grassland indicates temperate dry conditions, with a considerable increase of Pinus between 1100 and 950 cal yr B.P. At the end of this period, humidity increased. The main tendency during the Holocene was a change from humid to dry conditions. During the Early Holocene, Almoloya Lake was larger and deeper; the changing humidity regime resulted in a fragmented marshland, with the presence of aquatic and subaquatic vegetation types.
Contrast or Continuity in Hebrews 1.1–2?
Authors: SMILLIE GENE R.
Published: October 2005

Interpretation of the opening of Hebrews is vital to understanding the rest of the author's argument predicated upon his principal declaration. Commentators disagree about whether the introductory proposition of 1.1–2a contrasts revelation through the son with an assumed inferiority of earlier means of revelation, or merely compares them. The complete absence, however, of comparison language here makes sustaining either of those models difficult. A more natural reading is that the earlier stages of revelation referred to in 1.1 lead directly into the revelation in the son (1.2). In Hebrews, both of these forms of divine communication are affirmed.
Staging the Nazi Assault on Reason: Hanns Johst's Schlageter and the ‘Theatre of Inner Experience’
Authors: Strobl Gerwin
Published: October 2005

Hanns Johst's play Schlageter is generally regarded as the most successful piece of Nazi theatre. Following its first performance in the early months of the Third Reich, it dominated German theatrical life throughout 1933 and 1934. This has traditionally been regarded as evidence of the essential conformity of the Third Reich's stage; yet since no other play achieved a similar prominence in the period, Gerwin Strobl finds that line of argument unconvincing, arguing that the success of Schlageter was due to its clever manipulation of its audience's emotions. The play was perfectly suited to the mood of many German theatregoers in 1933, betraying in its plot and characterization considerable psychological insight and a ruthless determination to exploit that insight for Nazi purposes. As such, Schlageter was the prime example of the Third Reich's ‘theatre of inner experience’, the ultimate aim of whose practitioners was to get German audiences to abandon reason and accept the irrational vision of history underlying the Nazis' ideological project. Gerwin Strobl is Lecturer in Modern German History at Cardiff University, specializing in popular perceptions and propaganda. He is the author of Germanic Isle: Nazi Perceptions of Britain (Cambridge University Press, 2000), has published on Shakespeare in the Third Reich in History Today (May 1997) and the Journal of Contemporary History (July 1999), and is currently writing a study of Nazi theatre.
‘And So This Is What Happened’: War Stories in New Plays for Children
Authors: Scullion Adrienne
Published: October 2005

In this essay Adrienne Scullion explores the representation of war – and in particular of the Second World War – in contemporary theatre for children, considering how the narrative and performative conventions of drama communicate ideas about the conflict to young audiences. She argues that a taxonomy identified in relation to juvenile war literature – discourses of testimony and documentary, propaganda and escapism, myth and metaphor – resonates just as significantly in drama. This proposition is investigated in readings of three recent plays – Stephen Greenhorn's King Matt (TAG, 2001), David Greig's Dr Korczak's Example (TAG, 2001), and Nicola McCartney's Lifeboat (Catherine Wheels, 2002). She proposes that all three plays make different use of the conventions of telling war stories and those of theatrical performance to represent and describe war and, thereby, to explore contemporary values and expressions of citizenship – a declared goal of public policy-making in the UK. Adrienne Scullion teaches in the Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies at the University of Glasgow.
Lessons for Theatre of the Oppressed from a Romanian Orphanage
Authors: Szeman Ioana
Published: October 2005

In this article, Ioana Szeman makes a case for combining micro- and macro-analyses of power relations in Theatre of the Oppressed and other community theatre work, and for borrowing methods from anthropology and performance studies – including fieldwork – in both the planning and implementation stages. It focuses on Alternative, a project carried out in a Romanian orphanage in 1997, which illustrated the dangers of treating Theatre of the Oppressed as a technique to be passed down to the marginalized. Contrary to Augusto Boal's belief that, in Theatre of the Oppressed, ‘it is more important to achieve a good debate than a good solution’, in Alternative the organizers emphasized the end-product to the detriment of the process, envisioning ‘oppression’ as a static concept and the ‘oppressed’ as lacking agency. Ioana Szeman offers a sobering reminder that community theatre work sometimes may be more about the organizers' needs to find solutions than about the concerns of people in the community. In order to avoid that, she suggests that the oppressed need to be envisioned as people with agency, and local perspectives have to go hand in hand with concerns about larger power networks in a culturally sensitive application of the methods. The binary of the oppressed and oppressor becomes especially irrelevant, she argues, where totalitarianism, as in Romania, has left a legacy of nested hierarchies of power, and where a wider critique of systemic power is therefore necessary. Having gained her PhD in Performance Studies at Northwestern University with a dissertation on performance, marginality, ethnicity, and nationalism in Romania, Ioana Szeman has recently taken up a lecturing post at Roehampton University. She has also published in Theatre Research International.
The Theatrical Memory of Space: from Piscator and Brecht to Belgrade
Authors: Jestrovic Silvija
Published: October 2005

In this article, Silvija Jestrovic introduces the notion of spatial inter-performativity to discuss theatre's relationship to actual political and cultural spaces. Focusing on the Berlin of the 1920s in performances of Brecht and Piscator, then on a street procession of the Générik Vapeur troupe that took place in Belgrade in 1994, she examines how theatrical and political spaces refer to and transform one another. Silvija Jestrovic was a SSHRC postdoctoral fellow at York University in Toronto, and has recently taken up an appointment in the School of Theatre Studies at the University of Warwick. She is currently working on a book-length project entitled Avant-Garde and the City.
Lorca on the London Stage: Problems of Translation and Adaptation
Authors: Edwards Gwynne
Published: October 2005

In this article, Gwynne Edwards examines recent London productions of Lorca's Blood Wedding and The House of Bernarda Alba, two great Spanish plays which, in comparison with the works of Ibsen and Chekhov, are performed relatively rarely in the United Kingdom. He argues that, because these plays are among Lorca's rural tragedies and are deeply rooted in the soil and traditions of southern Spain, their performance and translation require a sound knowledge both of that background and of Lorca's dramatic style. In this context, the two productions at the Almeida and the National Theatre are seen to be a useful guide to the pitfalls of staging Lorca's plays in a cultural environment which is very different from his own. Gwynne Edwards is Professor of Spanish at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, and a specialist in Spanish theatre. Ten of his translations of Lorca's plays have been published by Methuen, and most of these have had professional productions. A number of his translations of Golden Age and South American plays have also been published and performed.
Host specialization and species richness of root-feeding chrysomelid larvae (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera) in a New Guinea rain forest
Authors: Pokon Rapo , Novotny Vojtech , Samuelson G. A.
Published: October 2005

The assemblages of root-feeding chrysomelid larvae from 21 locally common tree species were studied in a secondary tropical forest in New Guinea and compared with confamilial larvae and adults feeding on the foliage. Larval host plants were inferred from adults emerging from the soil containing the roots of known tree species. In total, 2495 chrysomelids from 100 species were reared from the roots. Almost 90% of adults in the forest canopy recruited from the species with root-feeding larvae, while species with leaf-feeding larvae represented 1% of individuals (the feeding guild for the remaining 9% was unknown). The root-feeding larvae were thus more important in tropical than temperate forests, possibly because of predation pressure by ants on tropical vegetation. The number of chrysomelids emerging annually from the soil in 1 ha of the forest was approximately 0.2 million. Root-feeding larvae were polyphagous as their modal host range included three or four from the six plant families studied. The lack of correlation between the phylogenetic distance of tree species and the similarity of their chrysomelid assemblages indicated that host choice was not constrained by plant phylogeny. The host range of larvae feeding on roots was as wide as that of the conspecific adults feeding on the foliage. The density and species composition of larval and adult assemblages on the studied trees were not correlated. These results suggest that even studies restricted to adult assemblages, which represent a majority of chrysomelid studies, can be informative, as the composition of adult assemblages is not necessarily constrained by larval host-plant selection.
Oligarchic dominance in western Amazonian plant communities
Authors: Macía Manuel J. , Svenning Jens-Christian
Published: October 2005

The oligarchy hypothesis proposes that large areas of Amazonian plant communities are dominated by limited sets of species. We tested this hypothesis by (1) quantifying dominance of the 10 most common species, genera and families in each region; and (2) assessing the consistency of relative abundance ranks between areas and across scales in dominance patterns for trees and lianas in two distant Amazonian regions (∼1900 km), the Yasuní and Madidi National Parks in Ecuador and Bolivia, respectively. The analyses were based on sixty-nine 0.1-ha plots in which all woody plants with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥2.5 cm were inventoried (19 775 individuals and 1729 species in total). The plots were located at two Yasuní and five Madidi sites, with an average of 10 plots per site. Overall, oligarchic dominance was pronounced at all the spatial scales investigated, although decreasing with increasing scale. Cross-scale relative abundance ranks were more consistent in Yasuní than in Madidi, while no such difference was apparent within single sites. Quantitative dominance and consistency of relative abundance ranks increased with taxonomic rank, being stronger at the family level than at genus and species levels. Species-level dominance was somewhat stronger within the 10 most common families in either region, than in other families. Dominance was similarly strong for canopy (dbh ≥10 cm) and understorey trees (dbh <10 cm), and less pronounced among lianas. In conclusion, our results provide strong evidence that western Amazonian forests can be dominated by limited oligarchies of species, genera and families over large expanses.
Impacts of fruit production cycles on Malayan sun bears and bearded pigs in lowland tropical forest of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Te Wong Siew , Servheen Christopher , Ambu Laurentius , Norhayati Ahmad
Published: October 2005

We observed a period of famine in the lowland tropical rain forest of Sabah, Malaysia from August 1999 to September 2000. All six Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) that were captured and radio-collared were in poor physical condition, and two were later found dead. The physical condition of bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) that were captured, observed or photographed by camera traps also revealed that the pigs were in various stages of emaciation and starvation. We surmise that the famine resulted from prolonged scarcity of fruit during an intermast interval in the study area. These phenomena of emaciated animals and fruit scarcity have also been reported from other areas of Borneo. Lowland tropical rain-forest trees of Borneo display supra-annual synchronized general fruiting. We believe that the starvation we observed and the generally low density of large animals in Borneo forests is a consequence of a history of prolonged food scarcity during non-general-fruiting years, but may be accentuated by anthropogenic factors such as forest fragmentation, selective logging, and reduced density of fig trees in logged forests.
Spatial ecology of slatey-grey snakes (Stegonotus cucullatus, Colubridae) on a tropical Australian floodplain
Authors: Brown Gregory P. , Shine Richard , Madsen Thomas
Published: October 2005

The extent, sequence, synchrony and correlates of diel displacements by animals can provide powerful insights into the ecological and social factors that shape an organism's day-to-day activities, but detailed data on spatial ecology are available for very few tropical taxa. Radiotelemetric monitoring of 25 slatey-grey snakes (Stegonotus cucullatus) on a floodplain in the Australian wet-dry tropics for periods of 40 to 355 d (mean=195 d, 136 locations per snake) provided extensive information on habitat use, movement patterns and home range size of these large slender-bodied colubrids. All radio-tracked animals were nocturnal, sheltering by day in soil cracks and beneath tree roots and debris. Snakes did not appear to move between 61% of successive locations and timing of movements was not synchronized among snakes. Most displacements were small (<50m), with males moving further and more often than did females. However, nesting females made occasional long-distance movements, travelling 100–400m to forested areas to oviposit but then returning to their usual home ranges. Snakes of both sexes moved further and more often during the wet-season than the dry-season. Snakes typically moved on a few successive nights then remained sedentary for the next few days, apparently reflecting cessation of activity as soon as a meal was obtained. Home ranges were small (2.9–7.4 ha) and most snakes remained in the same area throughout the year, providing a strong contrast in this respect to the large and seasonally dynamic home ranges of sympatric acrochordid and pythonid snakes.
Host preferences of low-trunk vascular epiphytes in a cloud forest of Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Mehltreter Klaus , Flores-Palacios Alejandro , García-Franco José G.
Published: October 2005

The diversity, abundance and frequency of vascular epiphytes on the lower trunk were compared between two host groups of a Mexican cloud forest: angiosperm trees (n = 72) and tree ferns (n = 28). The bark of the five most frequent host trees and the root mantle of the two tree ferns were analysed for their thickness, water content, water retention capacity and pH. A total of 55 epiphyte species and 910 individuals were found on the 27 host species. On hosts with a dbh range of 5–10 cm, epiphytes were significantly more diverse (4.3±0.9 species per host) and more abundant (12.5±2.2 individuals per host) on tree ferns than on angiosperm trees (1.9±0.2 species per host and 3.9±0.6 individuals per host). However, these differences were not significant for the dbh class of 10–20 cm, because epiphyte numbers increased on angiosperm trees with larger host size, but not in tree ferns. Most epiphyte species had no preference for any host group, but four species were significantly more frequent on tree ferns and two species on angiosperm trees. The higher epiphyte diversity and abundance on tree fern trunks of the smallest dbh class is attributed to their presumably greater age and to two stem characteristics, which differed significantly between host groups, the thicker root mantle and higher water retention capacity of tree ferns. These bark characteristics may favour germination and establishment of epiphytes.
Resource partitioning within a browsing guild in a key habitat, the Chobe Riverfront, Botswana
Authors: Makhabu Shimane W.
Published: October 2005

Resource partitioning between elephant, giraffe, kudu and impala was assessed. This was to address concerns that elephant population increase adversely affects other species through depleting their food in key areas close to permanent water. Resources considered were woody species browsed, height browsed and plant parts browsed. Animals were observed as they browsed and the plant species, browsing heights and plant parts browsed were recorded. Observations were made over 1 y and the data were divided between wet and dry season. Schoener's index of resource use overlap was calculated for plant species, browsing heights and plant parts eaten and differences in overlap between wet and dry season were tested. Levin's measure of niche breadth in plant species utilized by the different browsers was calculated. Woody species identity was the main separator between food resources that elephant used and those giraffe, impala and kudu used. Giraffe, kudu and impala mainly browsed the same species and plant parts but browsed at different heights. There was no difference in resource use overlap between seasons with different resource availability. Since elephant browsed different woody species from those browsed by the others, it is unlikely that the increasing elephant population will deplete food resources for the other browsers.
Leaf-litter decomposition in Amazonian forest fragments
Authors: Rubinstein Adriana , Vasconcelos Heraldo L.
Published: October 2005

Most of the forests of the Amazon basin grow on nutrient-poor soils (Jordan 1982). Despite this, these forests remain productive through a variety of nutrient conservation mechanisms and a very effective system of organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling (Jordan 1982). When an area of forest is fragmented however, the remaining patches experience modified microclimatic conditions (Camargo & Kapos 1995, Didham & Lawton 1999), and changes in floristic composition (Laurance et al. 1998), which can affect the decomposer community (Didham et al. 1996, Souza & Brown 1994) and consequently the decomposition process.
Jordanna Bailkin, The Culture of Property: The Crisis of
Liberalism in Modern Britain. Pp. xii, 320. $35.00. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. 2004.
Authors: Sax Joseph L.
Published: October 2005

The abundance of literature dealing with the Parthenon Marbles, the
Benin Bronzes, and NAGPRA has made it seem that conflict over the fate of
patrimonial property is always a story about contemporary society's
encounter with its colonial past. Professor Bailkin's recent book
reveals a considerably more varied, complex, and multi-layered history of
cultural property controversies.
Gone Digital: Aboriginal Remix and the Cultural Commons
Authors: Christen Kimberly
Published: October 2005

Recently thecommonshas become a predominant metaphor for the types of social relationships between people, ideas, and new digital technologies. In IP debates, the commons signifies openness, the exclusion of intermediaries, and remix culture that is creative, innovative, and politically disobedient. This article examines the material and social implications of these debates (and the legal copyright regimes they interact with) in the translation andremixof Warumungu culture onto a set of locally produced DVDs. Although DVD technology can account for concerns such as monitoring access, preserving cultural knowledge, and reinforcing existing kinship networks, it also brings with it the possibility of multiple reproductions, knowledge sampling, and unintended mobilizations. Tracking the shifting mandates and emergent protocols in this digital interface redirects the lines of the debate to include multiple structures of accountability, ongoing systems of inequity, and overlapping access regimes involved in the always tense processes of cultural innovation.
Subjectivity and Material Culture in Thessaly, Greece: the Case of Neolithic Anthropomorphc Imagery
Authors: Nanoglou Stratos
Published: October 2005

This article considers the role of anthropomorphic imagery in the constitution of subjects in Neolithic Thessaly, Greece. To accomplish that, material culture is seen as discourse, i.e. an articulating practice, which through its reiteration empowers certain positions rather than others. The objective of the study is to identify some aspects of the forms that specific anthropomorphic figures encourage or oblige those positions to take. These aspects pertain mainly to the human body. One conclusion is that there is a shift from an emphasis on the image of movement to an emphasis on the static image of the body and a concomitant interest in the head.
Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt
Authors: Bárta Miroslav
Published: October 2005

The principal factors influencing the location of the Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt are reconsidered. The decisive factors influencing their distribution over an area of c. eighty kilometres were essentially of economic, geomorphologic, socio-political and unavoidably also of religious nature. Primary importance is to be attributed to the existence of the Old Kingdom capital of Egypt, Memphis, which was a central place with regard to the Old Kingdom pyramid fields. Its economic potential and primacy in the largely redistribution-driven state economy sustained construction of the vast majority of the pyramid complexes in its vicinity. The location of the remaining number of the Old Kingdom pyramids, including many of the largest ever built, is explained using primarily archaeological evidence. It is claimed that the major factors influencing their location lie in the sphere of general trends governing ancient Egyptian society of the period.
Placing the Centre, Centring the Place: the Influence of Formative Sacbeob in Classic Site Design at Yaxuná, Yucatán
Authors: Stanton Travis W , Freidel David A
Published: October 2005

A series of Formative Period causeways (sacbeob) at the Maya site of Yaxuná, Yucatán, Mexico, constituted elements of an early geomantic plan that was renegotiated by the inhabitants of this centre for 1500–2000 years. This plan embodied a series of sacred metaphors including the World Tree and Milky Way. After its initial construction, this widely recognized sacred landscape was reinterpreted using the language of causeways and buildings by people with competing interests. A consideration of how the geomantic plan was differentially modified sheds light on important social transitions throughout the history of the site, as well as the role of landscape and shared memory among the ancient Yucatec Maya of Yaxuná.
Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations, by Norman Yoffee. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-81837-0 hardback £45 & US$75; ISBN 0-521-52156-4 paperback £19.99 & US$34.99, 291 pp.
Authors: Yoffee Norman , Matthews Roger , Trigger Bruce G, , Kohl Philip L. , Webster David , Schreiber Katharina
Published: October 2005

For more than a century, archaeologists have frequently been drawn to understand the human past in broadly evolutionary terms, applying Darwinian thinking to the development of human societies. The unilinear models of human development that often result typically regard the state as the culmination of human progress, the end-point of a journey through intervening stages of bands, tribes and chiefdoms. Neo-evolutionary thinking was especially prevalent from the 1940s onwards, in the work of Julian Steward and others writing on the origins of the state. In the volume reviewed, Norman Yoffee challenges the former dominance of the neo-evolutionary approach, arguing that over the past half century it has stifled rather than stimulated our understanding of early state development.

Yoffee contests the idea that states develop through a series of programmatic stages from less complex kinds of society. Instead, he stresses the diversity of the archaic state, drawing heavily on his specialist knowledge (drawn from texts as well as archaeology) of early Mesopotamia. Here we see city-state societies in which heterarchies play a role alongside hierarchies, and in which the varieties of lived experience varied considerably from place to place, even though all may at some level be considered to have been part of a shared Mesopotamian civilization.

Yoffee's book is not, however, concerned solely with Mesopotamia; far from it, he draws comparative evidence from Egypt, South and East Asia and Central and South America to demonstrate the diversity and fluidity of the entities he is describing. Few of them conform to models that might be drawn from ethnography, and each state may in many ways be considered unique. Yet in a broader perspective, all states arise through a widespread pattern of change that has taken place in human society since the end of the Pleistocene in which individuals and groups have competed for control of resources.

Yoffee concludes that ‘The central myth about the study of the earliest states ... is that there was something that could be called the archaic state, and that all of the earliest states were simply variations on this model’. The methodological alternative is to consider each society (of whatever type) as individual and unique, and constantly in a state of flux. In this review feature we invite a series of archaeologists specializing in the study of early states to address this and other issues raised by this important book. We begin, however, with an opening statement from the author himself.
A spectral search for the inner core wobble in Earth's polar motion
Authors: Guo J. Y. , Greiner‐Mai H. , Ballani L.
Published: October 2005

The inner core wobble (ICW) is a normal mode of rotation of the inner core relative to the mantle predicted theoretically. While many papers have been devoted to its theoretical formulation, no attempt of its detection has been published in the literature. In this work, we first give a preliminary formulation for the variations of gravity and geopotential coefficients associated with the ICW that complements the formulation for the polar motion. The results show that the ICW is most likely detectable using polar motion data. Then we attempt to detect the ICW by comparing the spectrum of an Earth orientation parameter time series with that of the sum of an oceanic angular momentum time series and an atmospheric angular momentum time series. We found no firm evidence of the ICW using our approach to a resolvability of a few milliarc seconds. At such a low amplitude in polar motion, the ICW is far below the current detectability of the variations of gravity measured by absolute and superconducting gravimeters and of the variations of the geopotential coefficients obtained from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE).
Oceanic distributions and air‐sea fluxes of biogenic halocarbons in the open ocean
Authors: Chuck Adele L. , Turner Suzanne M. , Liss Peter S.
Published: October 2005

Surface seawater and atmospheric concentrations of methyl iodide, chloroiodomethane, bromoform, dichlorobromomethane, and chlorodibromethane were measured during three open ocean cruises in the Atlantic and Southern oceans. The measurements spanned a longitudinal range of 115°, between 50°N and 65°S. The saturation anomalies and the instantaneous air‐sea fluxes of the gases during one of these cruises (ANT XVIII/1) are presented and discussed. Methyl iodide and chloroiodomethane were highly supersaturated (>1000%) throughout the temperate and tropical regions, with calculated mean fluxes of 15 and 5.5 nmol m−2 d−1, respectively. The oceanic emissions of the brominated compounds were less substantial, and a significant area of the temperate Atlantic Ocean was found to be a sink for bromoform. Correlation analyses have been used to investigate possible controls on the concentrations of these gases. In particular, the relationship of CH3I with sea surface temperature and light is discussed, with the tentative conclusion that this compound may be formed abiotically.