bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of serum sex‐steroid hormones and prostate volume in African American men
Authors: Joseph Michael A. , Wei John T. , Harlow Sioban D. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Dunn Rodney L. , Jaffe Craig A. , Montie James E. , Schottenfeld David
Published: November 2002

BACKGROUND

Previous epidemiologic investigations of the associations of sex‐steroid hormones and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have focused on predominately white populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential associations of body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, and endogenous sex‐steroid hormones with prostate volume in a population‐based sample of African American (AA) men, ages 40–79 yr.

METHODS

A total of 369 AA men without clinical evidence of prostate cancer were identified in the Flint Men's Health Study by using a population‐based sampling procedure. All subjects underwent a complete urologic evaluation that included prostate volume determination by transrectal ultrasonography and serum assays for androgens and estrogens.

RESULTS

After age adjustment, BMI (weight (kg)/height (m)2) was positively correlated with increasing levels of androstanediol glucuronide (AG), estradiol (E2), estrone sulfate (E1S), and the ratios of E2:total testosterone (TT) and E2:free testosterone (FT); however, increasing BMI was negatively correlated with androstenedione (AD), FT, TT, and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG). Multivariable regression models demonstrated that prostate volume increased with age (P < 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.02) and decreased with increasing levels of SHBG (P = 0.01). Larger prostatic volumes were also marginally associated with increasing levels of TT (P = 0.058).

CONCLUSION

Circulating serum levels of SHBG and endogenous sex‐steroid hormones are correlated with prostate volume and potentially impact the natural history of BPH. However, longitudinal studies are needed to demonstrate the temporal relationships of hormones and growth factors in the pathogenesis of BPH in AA men. Prostate 53: 322–329, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen receptor expression induces FGF2, FGF‐binding protein production, and FGF2 release in prostate carcinoma cells: Role of FGF2 in growth, survival, and androgen receptor down‐modulation
Authors: Rosini Paolo , Bonaccorsi Lorella , Baldi Elisabetta , Chiasserini Chiara , Forti Gianni , De Chiara Giovanna , Lucibello Maria , Mongiat Maurizio , Iozzo Renato V. , Garaci Enrico , Cozzolino Federico , Torcia Maria G.
Published: November 2002

BACKGROUND

Alterations in fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) production and/or FGF receptors expression have been described to play key roles in prostate tumor progression, particularly in androgen‐independent tumors. However, the role of androgen receptor (AR) in altering FGF‐mediated growth and survival of prostatic neoplastic cells has not been completely defined. In this study, we investigated the alterations in FGF2 production and utilization by the PC3 cell line, after transfection with a full‐length AR.

METHODS

FGF1,2,7, FGF‐binding protein (FGF‐BP) production and FGF receptor (FGFR) 1–4 expression were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

De novo AR expression by PC3 cells restores FGFR2 IIIb isoform expression and sensitivity to FGF7 and FGF2. Androgen stimulation induces AR+ PC3 clones to secrete FGF‐BP, likely responsible for activation and mobilization from the extracellular matrix of the high amounts of FGF2 produced by the same cells. In addition to the effects on cell proliferation, FGF2 maintains the survival of AR+ PC3 clones through a positive modulation of the Bcl‐2 protein and down‐modulates AR protein expression, allowing the escape of selected clones from androgen regulation.

CONCLUSION

In the presence of an active AR, the combined production of FGF2 and FGF‐BP may play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer through the selection of AR− clones expressing high levels of Bcl‐2. Prostate 53: 310–321, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust performance optimization based on stochastic model errors: the stable case
Authors: Goodwin Graham C. , Miller Daniel E.
Published: November 2002

Robust control aims to account for model uncertainty in design. Traditional methods for robust control typically assume knowledge of hard bounds on the system frequency response. However, this does not match well with system identification procedures which typically yield statistical confidence bounds on the estimated model. This paper explores a new procedure for obtaining a better match between robust control and system identification by using stochastic confidence bounds for robust control design. Given a nominal design, we set up an optimization problem which is aimed at reducing the statistical variability, measured in a mean square sense, from the nominal sensitivity. The proposed procedure is straightforward and leads to an easily computable solution for the final robust controller in the case of a stable plant and modest plant uncertainty. An illustrative example is provided which shows the advantages of the method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new absolute stability test for systems with state‐dependent perturbations
Authors: de Oliveira M. C. , Geromel J. C. , Hsu Liu
Published: November 2002

In this paper, a new test for the absolute stability of nonlinear systems with state‐dependent nonlinearities is developed. Scalar nonlinearities are assumed to lie in sectors. Using a Lur'e function as a Lyapunov function, a linear matrix inequalities (LMI) stability condition is derived. The new condition lets one go from a pure integral (Persidskii) to a pure quadratic Lyapunov function in an unified framework. Several results available in the literature are generated as particular cases of the new test. An example shows that the proposed condition can be much less conservative than available diagonal stability and passivity based methods, as the circle and Popov criteria. Tests for infinite as well as finite nonlinearity sectors can be easily generated, since the parameters of the nonlinearity sectors appear in the LMI condition in a very convenient way. This feature can also provide optimization of the absolute stability sector through convex programming techniques. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comprehensive Look at the Brain and (Some)
Emotions
Authors: Fein Deborah
Published: November 2002

The aims of this book are grand indeed. Rolls addresses
such questions as, What are emotions? Why do we have emotions?
What are the rules by which emotion operates? What are the brain
mechanisms of emotion, and how can disorders of emotion be
understood? Why does it feel like something to have an emotion?
Why is the brain built to have reward, and punishment, systems?
How does the brain produce behavior by using reward, and
punishment, mechanisms? And in fact he does succeed remarkably
well in presenting a synthesis of experimental data to elucidate
many of these questions.
Topography of somatosensory processing: Cerebral lateralization
and focused attention
Authors: MEADOR K.J. , ALLISON J.D. , LORING D.W. , LAVIN T.B. , PILLAI J.J.
Published: November 2002

Healthy dextrals underwent fMRI during a task of graphesthesia
requiring detection of any number written consecutively from
an otherwise random number sequence. Test conditions included
(1) focus on unilateral right hand stimuli, (2) focus on unilateral
left hand stimuli, (3) focus on right hand only during bilateral
hand stimulation, (4) focus on left hand only during bilateral
hand stimulation, and (5) rest. Attention to unilateral hand
stimulation produced bihemispheric activation with minimal or
no activation of ipsilateral primary sensorimotor region. Attention
to unilateral left hand stimuli resulted in more activation
than attention to unilateral right hand stimuli. Stimulation
of the nonattended hand activated the contralateral somatosensory
area, but to a lesser spatial extent than attended stimuli.
Comparing focused attention to the left versus right
side during identical sensory inputs (i.e., bilateral hand
stimulation), focused attention to the right hand increased
activation in the left somatosensory region, but focused attention
to the left hand increased activation in both cerebral hemispheres.
Thus, focused attention to unilateral somatosensory stimuli
produces bilateral cerebral activation, but the increase in
blood flow is greater in the contralateral hemisphere. Unattended
stimuli activate the contralateral primary somatosensory area.
Left/right asymmetries were demonstrated consistent with cerebral
lateralization. (JINS, 2002, 8, 349–359.)
What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application
of the reserve concept
Authors: STERN YAAKOV
Published: November 2002

The idea of reserve against brain damage stems from the repeated
observation that there does not appear to be a direct relationship
between the degree of brain pathology or brain damage and the
clinical manifestation of that damage. This paper attempts to
develop a coherent theoretical account of reserve. One convenient
subdivision of reserve models revolves around whether they envision
reserve as a passive process, such as in brain reserve or
threshold, or see the brain as actively attempting to cope with
or compensate for pathology, as in cognitive reserve. Cognitive
reserve may be based on more efficient utilization of brain
networks or of enhanced ability to recruit alternate brain networks
as needed. A distinction is suggested between reserve, the ability
to optimize or maximize normal performance, and compensation,
an attempt to maximize performance in the face of brain damage
by using brain structures or networks not engaged when the brain
is not damaged. Epidemiologic and imaging data that help to
develop and support the concept of reserve are presented.
(JINS, 2002, 8, 448–460.)
Neuropsychological functioning in a cohort of HIV infected
women: Importance of antiretroviral therapy
Authors: RICHARDSON JEAN L. , MARTIN EILEEN M. , JIMENEZ NORA , DANLEY KATHLEEN , COHEN MARDGE , CARSON VALORIE L. , SINCLAIR BARBARA , RACENSTEIN J. MEG , REED ROBYN A. , LEVINE ALEXANDRA M.
Published: November 2002

We evaluated neurocognitive function in 149 HIV-seropositive
and 82 seronegative women enrolled in the Women's Interagency
HIV Study (WIHS), a large multi-center study of disease progression
in women living with HIV/AIDS. We evaluated the prevalence of
abnormal neuropsychological (NP) test findings in HIV-seropositive
and seronegative women and factors associated with increased
risk of abnormal NP test performance. Risk of NP impairment
was no higher for HIV positive women receiving antiretroviral
therapy at testing than for HIV-negative women (OR
= 1.00). However, the risk of abnormal NP performance increased
significantly for seropositive women not receiving antiretroviral
therapy (OR = 2.43). Further, treatment status was
a significant predictor of NP impairment in a multivariate analysis
that included viral load (OR = 1.48) and CD4 count
(OR = 1.08) which were not significant. The multivariate
analyses controlled for substance use, age, education, head
injury, ethnicity, estimated IQ, and psychological distress.
This study emphasizes the critical association of antiretroviral
therapy with the risk of neurocognitive impairment in women
living with HIV/AIDS. (JINS, 2002, 8,
781–793.)
Stroop effect in Spanish–English bilinguals
Authors: ROSSELLI MÓNICA , ARDILA ALFREDO , SANTISI MIRTHA N. , ARECCO MARÍA DEL ROSARIO , SALVATIERRA JUDY , CONDE ALEJANDRA , LENIS and BONIE
Published: November 2002

The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of
Spanish–English bilinguals on the Golden Stroop Test.
The effects of bilingualism, participants' age, age of
acquisition of the second language, and proficiency in each
language were analyzed. Participants consisted of 71
Spanish–English bilinguals, 40 English monolinguals, and
11 Spanish monolinguals from South Florida. Proficiency in Spanish
and English was established using a self-report questionnaire
and the English and Spanish versions of the Boston Naming Test.
In bilinguals, the Golden Stroop Test was administered in English
and in Spanish. Overall, performance was slower in bilinguals
than in monolinguals. No significant differences were observed
in color reading but bilinguals performed worse in the naming
color condition. Even though bilinguals were 5% to 10% slower
in the color–word condition, one-way ANOVAs revealed no
statistically significant differences between groups. Within
the bilingual group, the Stroop Test scores were similar in
both English and Spanish. Age of acquisition of the second language
did not predict the Stroop Test performance. Repeated measures
ANOVA demonstrated a significant interaction between Language
Proficiency × Language (in which the test was administered)
in some of the ST conditions. In balanced bilinguals, the language
used in the ST did not matter, but in unbalanced subjects, the
best-spoken language showed better results. In addition, our
results support the presence of both between- and within-language
interference in Spanish–English bilinguals. Different
conceptualization models of the structure of bilingual memory
are disclosed. (JINS, 2002, 8, 819–827.)
Genetic and brain imaging contributions to neuropsychological
functioning in preclinical dementia
Authors: BONDI MARK W.
Published: November 2002

A veritable explosion of research in neuropsychology has occurred
over the past decade in the search for cognitive and brain changes
during a so-called “preclinical” phase of dementia
that precedes its overt clinical manifestations. Fueling this
explosion, in part, has been the revolution in the genetic bases
of disease formulated from the international work of decoding
the human genome (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium,
2001; see also Patenaude et al., 2002, for discussion). The
discovery of preclinical cognitive, brain, and genetic markers
of dementia is helping to push back the point at which diseases
can be reliably identified. Very early detection of dementia
is extremely important now that a variety of investigational
treatments that might prevent or delay disease progression (e.g.,
amyloid vaccine, anti-oxidants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
agents, cholinesterase inhibitors, estrogens, and others in
the case of Alzheimer's disease) are on the horizon.
Introduction: A Symposium in Honor of Professor Sir John
Meurig Thomas
Authors: Gai P.L. , Saka H. , Tomokiyo Y. , Boyes E.D.
Published: November 2002

This issue is dedicated to Professor Sir John Meurig
Thomas for his renowned contributions to electron microscopy
in the chemical sciences. It is a collection of peer-reviewed
leading articles in electron microscopy, based on the presentations
at the Microscopy and Microanalysis (M&M) 2000 symposium,
which was held to honor Professor Thomas's exceptional
scientific leadership and wide-ranging fundamental contributions
in the chemical applications of electron microscopy.
FULLPAT: a full-pattern quantitative analysis program for X-ray powder diffraction using measured and calculated patterns
Authors: Chipera Steve J. , Bish David L.
Published: November 2002

FULLPATis a quantitative X-ray diffraction methodology that merges the advantages of existing full-pattern fitting methods with the traditional reference intensity ratio (RIR) method. Like the Rietveld quantitative analysis method, it uses complete diffraction patterns, including the background. However,FULLPATcan explicitly analyze all phases in a sample, including partially ordered or amorphous phases such as glasses, clay minerals, or polymers. Addition of an internal standard to both library standards and unknown samples eliminates instrumental and matrix effects and allows unconstrained analyses to be conducted by direct fitting of library standard patterns to each phase in the sample. Standard patterns may include data for any solid material including glasses, and calculated patterns may also be used. A combination of standard patterns is fitted to observed patterns using least-squares minimization, thereby reducing user intervention and bias.FULLPAThas been coded into MicrosoftEXCELusing standard spreadsheet functions.
The case for fire safe cigarettes made through industry documents
Authors: Gunja M , Wayne G Ferris , Landman A , Connolly G , McGuire A
Published: November 2002

Objectives:To examine the extensive research undertaken by the tobacco industry over the past 25 years toward development of a fire safe cigarette.

Methods:Research was conducted through a web based search of internal tobacco industry documents made publicly available through the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement.

Results:The documents reveal that the tobacco industry produced a fire safe cigarette years ago, but failed to put it on the market. These findings contradict public industry claims that denied the technical feasibility and commercial acceptability of fire safe cigarettes. Internal documents also reveal a decades long, coordinated political strategy used to block proposed legislation and obfuscate the fire safe issue.

Conclusions:Federal legislation mandating fire safe cigarettes is needed.
Comparison of probability density functions for total specific humidity and saturation deficit humidity, and consequences for cloud parametrization
Authors: Price Jeremy D. , Wood Robert
Published: November 2002

Various models which predict cloud variables use probability density functions of either specific humidity or saturation deficit humidity to represent subgrid‐scale variations. Using the former is considered to be an approximation since it does not allow variation of dew‐point across the grid. In this paper the validity of that approximation is investigated and typical errors incurred are stated. Aircraft data from subtropical regions and tethered‐balloon data from midlatitudes are examined to compare differences between the two types of distribution. The average relative error in cloud fraction introduced by assuming a constant value of saturation across a grid is found to be approximately half an okta. However, results suggest that there is a fixed relation between the widths of both distributions allowing easy conversion between the two. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2002. J. D. Price's contribution is Crown copyright.
Effects of pre‐ and postnatal stimulation on developmental, emotional, and cognitive aspects in rodents: A review
Authors: Chapillon P. , Patin V. , Roy V. , Vincent A. , Caston J.
Published: November 2002

Interactions between the organism and its environment, during pregnancy as well as during the postnatal period, can lead to important neurobehavioral changes. We briefly review the literature, and successively present the main results from our laboratory concerning the behavioral effects of prenatal stress, differential rearing conditions, and postnatal handling. We show that submitting primiparous DA/HAN rats to an acute emotional stress (exposure to a cat) at gestational day10, 14, or 19 leads to greatly increased mortality of pups and to decreased body weight of surviving animals. The effects of such a stressor on emotional reactivity are less obvious. Cognitive processes are impaired depending on the learning task. Enriched environments restore abnormal behaviors (emotional reactivity, motor skills, motor and spatial learning) due to brain trauma or genetic deficiencies. In any case, environmental enrichment does prevent or slow down aging effects. The effects of postnatal handling noted when using classical tests of emotional reactivity also are clear when defensive reaction paradigms are used. Furthermore, pregnant females that are early handled are less anxious than nonhandled females. We hypothesize that, when subjected to a stressor, the offspring of early‐handled females would be protected from the deleterious effects of this stress compared to pups of nonhandled females. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 373–387, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10066
Sparse pseudo‐random graphs are Hamiltonian
Authors: Krivelevich Michael , Sudakov Benny
Published: November 2002

In this article we study Hamilton cycles in sparse pseudo‐random graphs. We prove that if the second largest absolute value λ of an eigenvalue of a d‐regular graph G on n vertices satisfies

and n is large enough, then G is Hamiltonian. We also show how our main result can be used to prove that for every c >0 and large enough n a Cayley graph X (G,S), formed by choosing a set S of c log5 n random generators in a group G of order n, is almost surely Hamiltonian. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 42: 17–33, 2003
Classification of certain subgraphs of the 3‐dimensional grid
Authors: Haugland Jan Kristian
Published: November 2002

We prove by “trial‐ and‐error” that up to isometry, there are exactly four different non‐empty cubic induced subgraphs of the 3‐dimensional grid with girth ≥ 10. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 42: 34–60, 2003
An inspector calls: farm accommodation providers' attitudes to quality assurance schemes in the county of Devon
Authors: Hill Rachel , Busby Graham
Published: November 2002

Estimates suggest that 10 000 farms in the UK offer bed and breakfast (B and B) serviced accommodation. A thorough review of the existing literature indicates over 50% of Devon and Cornwall's farmhouse B and B sector operate without participating in any form of quality assurance inspection scheme. This research executes a stratified postal survey to gain a comprehensive understanding of Devon's farmhouse B and B product, with particular interest in extracting providers' attitudes towards quality assurance inspection schemes. The very representative results suggest a divergence of attitudes towards the notion of quality inspections for all farmhouse B and B providers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the motivations of ecotourists: the case of trekkers in Annapurna, Nepal
Authors: Holden Andrew , Sparrowhawk John
Published: November 2002

Despite the growth in eco‐ and nature‐based tourism, relatively little is understood about the intrinsic motivations of ecotourists. In addition to furthering our knowledge of the market, such an understanding may also provide a basis for the improved management of tourists for environmental goals. This paper is based upon empirical research of the intrinsic motivations of ecotourists visiting Annapurna in Nepal. Conclusions are reached that the medium of nature is central to the fulfilment of trekkers needs and that environmental education is essential for improved management. It also is suggested that the success of tourism in Annapurna should not be judged primarily on increasing the number of visitor arrivals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of 810 nm laser irradiation on in vitro growth of bacteria: Comparison of continuous wave and frequency modulated light
Authors: Nussbaum Ethne L. , Lilge Lothar , Mazzulli Tony
Published: November 2002

Background and Objectives

Low intensity laser therapy may modify growth of wound bacteria, which could affect wound healing. This study compares the effects on bacteria of 810 nm laser using various delivery modes (continuous wave or frequency modulated light at 26, 292, 1,000, or 3,800 Hz).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Escherichia (E.) coli, and Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa were plated on agar and then irradiated (0.015 W/cm2; 1–50 J/cm2) or used as controls (sham irradiated); growth was examined after 20 hours of incubation post exposure.

Results

There were interactions of species and modulation frequency in the overall effects of irradiation (P = 0.0001), and in the radiant exposure mediated effects (P = 0.0001); thus individual frequencies and each bacterium were analysed separately. Bacteria increased following 3,800 Hz (P = 0.0001) and 1,000 Hz (P = 0.0001) pulsed irradiation; at particular radiant exposures P. aeruginosa proliferated significantly more than other bacteria. Pulsed laser at 292 and 26 Hz also produced species‐dependent effects (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0005); however, the effects for different radiant exposures were not significant. Bacterial growth increased overall, independent of species, using continuous mode laser, significantly so at 1 J/cm2 (P = 0.02). Analysis of individual species demonstrated that laser‐mediated growth of S. aureus and E. coli was dependent on pulse frequency; for S. aureus, however, there was no effect for different radiant exposures. Further tests to examine the radiant exposure effects on E. coli showed that growth increased at a frequency of 1,000 Hz (2 J/cm2; P = 0.03). P. aeruginosa growth increased up to 192% using pulsed irradiation at 1,000–3,800 Hz; whereas 26–292 Hz laser produced only a growth trend.

Conclusions

The findings of this study point to the need for wound cultures prior to laser irradiation of infected wounds. Similar investigations using other common therapeutic wavelengths are recommended. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:343–351, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue welding with biodegradable polymer films–demonstration of acute strength reinforcement in vivo
Authors: Sorg Brian S. , Welch Ashley J.
Published: November 2002

Background and Objectives

To demonstrate, in vivo, acute strength reinforcement benefits of polymer film patches.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Full thickness incisions created in a dorsal skin flap of Sprague–Dawley rats were closed by laser‐tissue welding: albumin solder was topically applied to the incision on the dermal surface, and a poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer film placed on the solder as a patch (controls had no film). Breaking strength was tested acutely (15–20 minutes after sacrifice).

Results

The patched incisions were statistically stronger than the controls (ANOVA, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Polymer film patches may be a viable method to increase acute breaking strengths of welds using topically applied solder. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:339–342, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Languages and the Brain
Authors: Artiola i Fortuny Lidia
Published: November 2002

In this very unique book Franco Fabbro acquaints us with basic
concepts on the cerebral organization of language and takes
us into the wonderful if sometimes confusing world of the
neurolinguistics of bilingualism. It is a monograph with a wealth
of information gleaned chiefly from behavioral neurology and
neurolinguistics.
Social support, neuropsychological performance, and depression
in HIV infection
Authors: HONN VANESSA J. , BORNSTEIN ROBERT A.
Published: November 2002

The present study was designed to examine the impact of
neuropsychological performance on the relationships between
stress, social support, and depression in 217 HIV-infected men.
Using path analysis, the contributions of four domains of cognitive
functioning (memory, attention, executive function, and psychomotor
speed), IQ, and relevant psychosocial variables to depression
were evaluated. In the model which best fit the data, cognitive
domains did not contribute directly to depression, but contributed
significantly to psychosocial variables which affected levels
of depression. Attention and executive function contributed
to reduced illness-related disability; while higher IQ was
associated with fewer stressful life events. Number of stressful
life events and level of illness-related disability were associated
with depressive symptoms. Higher IQ led to greater numbers of
social contacts, which was associated with fewer reported symptoms
of depression. These findings suggest that better
neuropsychological performance may lead to reduced stress and
perceived disability, and more available social contacts. By
these multiple paths, different domains of cognitive ability
contribute indirectly to ameliorating depression in HIV-infected
men. (JINS, 2002, 8, 436–447.)
Sex difference in geographical knowledge: Driving experience
is not essential
Authors: BEATTY WILLIAM W.
Published: November 2002

When required to locate places on outline maps, males consistently
perform more accurately than females. This sex difference in
geographical knowledge has been observed in samples throughout
the United States, in all age ranges examined from the second
to the 9th decade of life and in samples differing in average
education level from high school to postgraduate degrees. Both
males and females appear to acquire geographical knowledge during
surface travel through the environment. The information acquired
during everyday travel is apparently integrated into topographic
representations that comprise a cognitive map. This process
is less efficient in females probably because they attend to
and remember more about landmarks and less about distance and
directional cues than do males. To examine the importance of
driving experience on the ability to locate places on an outline
map of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, adolescents who
were too young to drive and older persons with varying amounts
of experience traveling in the metropolitan area were studied.
In the present study the magnitude of the sex difference in
accuracy, though not the absolute level of performance, was
similar in groups of people too young to drive and in younger
and older drivers. Hence, the sex difference in geographical
knowledge cannot be the product of differences in driving that
may exist between males and females. (JINS, 2002,
8, 804–810.)
1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cognitive
function, and apolipoprotein E genotype in normal aging, mild
cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: KANTARCI KEJAL , SMITH GLENN E. , IVNIK ROBERT J. , PETERSEN RONALD C. , BOEVE BRADLEY F. , KNOPMAN DAVID S. , TANGALOS ERIC G. , JACK CLIFFORD R.
Published: November 2002

The aim of this study was to examine the associations of
apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, metabolic changes in the
posterior cingulate detected by 1H magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (MRS), and neuropsychologic measures of memory and
cognition both in normally aging elderly, and in patients with
mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. We studied 67 controls,
18 MCI and 33 AD patients. We used the Dementia Rating Scale total
score (DRSTOT) as a measure of general cognitive function and the
total learning from the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVTOT) as a
measure of memory performance. No differences were noted on
1H-MRS metabolite ratios or cognitive measures across
APOE genotype within control and patient groups. In controls, age
was a significant predictor of both cognitive test scores, and NAA/Cr
was a univariate associate of DRSTOT. All 3 1H-MRS
metabolite ratios, N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr),
myoinositol (MI)/Cr, and NAA/MI, were univariate associates
of AVTOT and DRSTOT scores in the combined MCI and AD group.
In stepwise regression analyses in the combined patient group
only NAA/MI entered the models. These data suggest NAA/Cr could
be a modest predictor of general cognitive function in both
healthy elderly and impaired patients, while MI/Cr is a more
specific marker for neuropsychologic dysfunction associated
with neurodegenerative disease. Among 1H-MRS
measurements, the NAA/MI ratio maybe the most efficient predictor
of memory and cognitive function in patients with MCI and AD.
(JINS, 2002, 8, 934–942.)
Priming deficits in amnesia: Now you see them, now you don't
Authors: OSTERGAARD ARNE L.
Published: November 2002

The rate with which perceptual information becomes
available was manipulated in 2 word naming experiments.
Word priming effects, in terms of reduced naming latencies
for repeated items, and recognition memory measures were
obtained with matched groups of amnesic patients and control
participants. In both experiments, the amnesic patients
evidenced significantly reduced priming effects compared
to control participants under difficult task conditions.
Under easy task conditions the baseline naming latencies
of the amnesics were significantly longer than those of
controls, but the difference in priming effects failed
to reach significance. The findings are consistent with
the Information Availability model of priming positing
that both priming and explicit memory are mediated by episodic
information from a study or information processing episode.
It is argued that word priming does not represent a memory
function that is spared in amnesia. (JINS, 1999,
5, 175–190.)
Neurobehavioral deficits in Persian Gulf veterans: Evidence
from a population-based study
Authors: ANGER W. KENT , STORZBACH DANIEL , BINDER LAURENCE M. , CAMPBELL KEITH A. , ROHLMAN DIANE S. , McCAULEY LINDA , KOVERA CRAIG A. , DAVIS KELLY L. ,   THE PORTLAND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS RESEARCH CENTER
Published: November 2002

Reports of low-concentration nerve gas exposures
during the Persian Gulf War have spurred concern about
possible health consequences and refocused interest on
the symptoms reported by many returning military veterans.
The Portland Environmental Hazards Research Center is studying
veterans from the Northwest USA who report persistent,
unexplained “Persian Gulf” symptoms (cases)
or who do not report those symptoms (controls).
Of the first 101 veterans studied, cases differed substantially
from controls on a broad range of psychological tests indicative
of increased distress. A subgroup of cases was identified
with objective deficits on neurobehavioral tests of memory,
attention, and response speed. (JINS, 1999, 5,
203–212.)
Neuropsychological performance of adults with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Diagnostic classification
estimates for measures of frontal lobe/executive functioning
Authors: LOVEJOY DAVID W. , BALL J.D. , KEATS MATTHEW , STUTTS MICHAEL L. , SPAIN EDWARD H. , JANDA LOUIS , JANUSZ JENNIFER
Published: November 2002

ADHD adults (N = 26) were compared to normal controls
(N = 26) on 6 neuropsychological measures believed sensitive
to frontal lobe–executive functioning. MANOVA analyses
and subsequent univariate tests indicated that most of
the neuropsychological measures discriminated between the
two groups. To address clinical significance, diagnostic
classification rates were also generated for each measure
individually, and for the battery as a whole. Levels of
positive predictive power (PPP) for each of the 6 measures
(83–100%) indicated that abnormal scores on these
tests were good predictors of ADHD. However, estimates
of negative predictive power (NPP) suggested that normal
scores poorly predicted the absence of ADHD. When classification
rates were calculated for the overall battery classification
accuracy improved substantially. Thus, neuropsychological
tests can differentiate adults suffering from ADHD from
adults without ADHD, while also providing good classification
accuracy. Finally, the pattern of neurobehavioral impairments
exemplified through the Summary Index scores was interpreted
as consistent with conceptualizations of ADHD depicting
mild neurologic dysfunction in networks associated with
the frontal lobes. (JINS, 1999, 5, 222–233.)
Electron Microscopy Study of Novel Pt Nanowires Synthesized
in the Spaces of Silica Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Terasaki Osamu , Liu Zheng , Ohsuna Tetsu , Shin Hyun June , Ryoo Ryong
Published: November 2002

Structures of Pt-nanowires, synthesized in channels of silica
mesoporous materials MCM-41, SBA-15 and MCM-48, were investigated
by transmission electron microscopy. One dimensional (1D)
Pt-nanowires were formed inside the channels of the MCM-41,
and were single crystals with a length of several tens to several
hundreds nanometers and a diameter of ca. 3 nm Pt-nanowires
synthesized in SBA-15 formed a new 3D-network following 3D-pore
geometry of SBA-15; that is, the main 1D-channels are
interconnected to each other through randomly distributed tunnels.
These Pt-nanowires showed a well single crystalline. MCM-48
has two non-intersecting chiral channels, and Pt-networks were
mostly formed in one of the two channels. Therefore the networks
were also chiral; however, the chirality of Pt-networks remained
to be determined. It was shown that all Pt-nanowires were formed
following the channel geometries of silica mesoporous materials
used.
Synthesis and Characterization of Quantum Dot Superlattices
Authors: José-Yacamán M. , Gutiérrez-Wing C. , Santiago P. , Ascencio J.A. , Camacho A.
Published: November 2002

Gold nanoparticles have been synthesized using n-alkylthiol
molecules as a passivating agent. By fixing the length of the
thiol chain, it is possible to produce nanocrystal arrays, such
as 1D chains, 2D arrays of chains, and 3D crystals.
Identification of New Herpesvirus Gene Homologs in the Human Genome
Authors: Holzerlandt Ria , Orengo Christine , Kellam Paul , Albà M. Mar
Published: November 2002

Viruses are intracellular parasites that use many cellular pathways during their replication. Large DNA viruses, such as herpesviruses, have captured a repertoire of cellular genes to block or mimic host immune responses, apoptosis regulation, and cell-cycle control mechanisms. We have conducted a systematic search for all homologs of herpesvirus proteins in the human genome using position-specific scoring matrices representing herpesvirus protein sequence domains, and pair-wise sequence comparisons. The analysis shows that ∼13% of the herpesvirus proteins have clear sequence similarity to products of the human genome. Different human herpesviruses vary in their numbers of human homologs, indicating distinct rates of gene acquisition in different lineages. Our analysis has identified new families of herpesvirus/human homologs from viruses including human herpesvirus 5 (human cytomegalovirus; HCMV) and human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus; KSHV), which may play important roles in host-virus interactions.
Draft Sequencing and Comparative Genomics of Xylella fastidiosa Strains Reveal Novel Biological Insights
Authors: Bhattacharyya Anamitra , Stilwagen Stephanie , Reznik Gary , Feil Helene , Feil William S. , Anderson Iain , Bernal Axel , D'Souza Mark , Ivanova Natalia , Kapatral Vinayak , Larsen Niels , Los Tamara , Lykidis Athanasios , Selkov Eugene , Walunas Theresa L. , Purcell Alexander , Edwards Rob A. , Hawkins Trevor , Haselkorn Robert , Overbeek Ross , Kyrpides Nikos C. , Predki Paul F.
Published: November 2002

Draft sequencing is a rapid and efficient method for determining the near-complete sequence of microbial genomes. Here we report a comparative analysis of one complete and two draft genome sequences of the phytopathogenic bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, which causes serious disease in plants, including citrus, almond, and oleander. We present highlights of an in silico analysis based on a comparison of reconstructions of core biological subsystems. Cellular pathway reconstructions have been used to identify a small number of genes, which are likely to reside within the draft genomes but are not captured in the draft assembly. These represented only a small fraction of all genes and were predominantly large and small ribosomal subunit protein components. By using this approach, some of the inherent limitations of draft sequence can be significantly reduced. Despite the incomplete nature of the draft genomes, it is possible to identify several phage-related genes, which appear to be absent from the draft genomes and not the result of insufficient sequence sampling. This region may therefore identify potential host-specific functions. Based on this first functional reconstruction of a phytopathogenic microbe, we spotlight an unusual respiration machinery as a potential target for biological control. We also predicted and developed a new defined growth medium forXylella.

[The sequence data from this study have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. NC_002723 (X. fastidiosa Almond [Dixon]) and NC_002722 (X. fastidiosaOleander [Ann-1]).
Identification of the Single Base Change Causing the Callipyge Muscle Hypertrophy Phenotype, the Only Known Example of Polar Overdominance in Mammals
Authors: Freking Brad A. , Murphy Susan K. , Wylie Andrew A. , Rhodes Simon J. , Keele John W. , Leymaster Kreg A. , Jirtle Randy L. , Smith Timothy P.L.
Published: November 2002

A small genetic region near the telomere of ovine chromosome 18 was previously shown to carry the mutation causing the callipyge muscle hypertrophy phenotype in sheep. Expression of this phenotype is the only known case in mammals of paternal polar overdominance gene action. A region surrounding two positional candidate genes was sequenced in animals of known genotype. Mutation detection focused on an inbred ram of callipyge phenotype postulated to have inherited chromosome segments identical-by-descent with exception of the mutated position. In support of this hypothesis, this inbred ram was homozygous over 210 Kb of sequence, except for a single heterozygous base position. This single polymorphism was genotyped in multiple families segregating the callipyge locus (CLPG), providing 100% concordance with animals of known CLPG genotype, and was unique to descendants of the founder animal. The mutation lies in a region of high homology among mouse, sheep, cattle, and humans, but not in any previously identified expressed transcript. A substantial open reading frame exists in the sheep sequence surrounding the mutation, although this frame is not conserved among species. Initial functional analysis indicates sequence encompassing the mutation is part of a novel transcript expressed in sheep fetal muscle we have namedCLPG1.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under the following accession numbers:G74891-G75331 for all STS generated; AF401294 for the amplicon identifying the specific callipyge mutation; AF533009 for the partial expressed transcript.]
Generic representation and evaluation of properties as a function of position in reciprocal space
Authors: Cowtan Kevin
Published: November 2002

A generalized approach is described for evaluating arbitrary functions of position in reciprocal space. This is a generalization which subsumes a whole range of calculations that form a part of almost every crystallographic software application. Examples include scaling of structure factors, the calculation of structure-factor statistics, and some simple likelihood calculations for a single parameter. The generalized approach has a number of advantages: all these calculations may now be performed by a single software routine which need only be debugged and optimized once; the existing approach of dividing reciprocal space into resolution shells with discontinuities at the boundaries is no longer necessary; the implementation provided makes employing the new functionality extremely simple and concise. The calculation is split into three standard components, for which a number of implementations are provided for different tasks. A `basis function' describes some function of position in reciprocal space, the shape of which is determined by a small number of parameters. A `target function' describes the property for which a functional representation is required, for example \langle |F|^2\rangle. An `evaluator' takes a basis and target function and optimizes the parameters of the basis function to fit the target function. Ideally the components should be usable in any combination.
Theory of two-dimensional focusing of a spherical X-ray wave by Bragg diffraction by two bent crystals
Authors: Tchen T.
Published: November 2002

The dynamical theory of the diffractional Bragg focusing in a system of cylindrically bent crystals is developed. Two-dimensional focusing `point-to-point' is shown to be possible under certain conditions. The influence of geometrical aberrations (astigmatism, spherical aberration) on the focusing is discussed. The influence of X-ray source sizes and temperature on the focusing is treated theoretically. A double-crystal focusing spectrometer is analysed. Focusing of X radiation by crystals with thin epitaxic films is investigated theoretically. Sensitivity of this focusing to the film thickness (∼1 µm) is demonstrated.
The ID effect on youth access to cigarettes
Authors: Levinson A H , Hendershott S , Byers T E
Published: November 2002

Objective:To estimate the effect on cigarette sales rates when minors present identification (ID).

Design:Controlled experiment in which minors attempting to purchase cigarettes either carried a valid photo ID (documenting they were minors) or carried no ID, and were instructed to show the ID or admit having no ID if the clerk requested proof of age.

Setting:Census of retail stores in six urban and suburban Colorado counties.

Subjects:Retail cigarette clerks, uninformed of the study.

Main outcome measures:Relative risk (RR) of cigarette sale to a minor when ID was requested and presented versus requested but not presented.

Results:When clerks requested ID, sales were more than six times as frequent if minors presented ID than if they did not (12.2%v2.0%, RR 6.2, p < 0.0001). The relative risk remained substantially unchanged under adjustment for demographic and circumstantial covariates.

Conclusions:Presentation of photo ID in compliance checks increases illegal cigarette sales to minors. The impact may vary among states or locales and depends strongly on how often clerks request proof of age. Clerk training and responsible cigarette sales practices should include age calculations from photo ID. Programmes relying on investigative purchase attempts to estimate actual rates of cigarette sales to minors should ascertain and replicate local ID presenting behaviours that minors typically use during genuine attempts to buy cigarettes.
Socially cued smoking in bars, nightclubs, and gaming venues: a case for introducing smoke-free policies
Authors: Trotter L , Wakefield M , Borland R
Published: November 2002

Objective:To assess smokers’ perceived effects of smoking bans in bars, nightclubs, and gaming venues on their smoking behaviour.

Design:Cross sectional structured interview telephone survey of a random sample of smokers.

Setting:Population survey in Victoria, Australia.

Participants:The sample comprised 597 smokers and analyses were conducted on 409 smokers who reported patronising bars, nightclubs or gaming venues at least monthly.

Outcome measures:Two outcomes studied were socially cued smoking and readiness to quit as a result of restrictions on smoking in social venues. Respondents were identified as socially cued smokers if they reported attending bars, nightclubs or gaming venues at least monthly and said that they smoke more in these venues. The potential influence of bans in social venues on readiness to quit was measured by asking respondents if they would be more or less likely to quit smoking if smoking were banned in hotels, licensed bars, gaming venues, and nightclubs.

Results:Of all adult smokers, 69% attended bars, nightclubs or gaming venues at least monthly. Of these smokers, 70% reported smoking more in these settings (socially cued smokers) and 25% indicated they would be likely to quit if smoking were banned in social venues. Compared to smokers not likely to quit if there were bans, smokers likely to quit were more likely to be socially cued (odds ratio (OR) 2.64), to be contemplating or preparing to quit (OR 2.22), to approve of bans in social venues (OR 2.44), and to be aged under 30 years (OR 1.73). Compared with smokers not socially cued, socially cued smokers were more likely to be under the age of 30 years (OR 6.15), more likely to believe that there is a safe level of cigarette consumption (OR 2.25), and more likely to have previously made a quit attempt (OR 2.60).

Conclusions:These findings suggest that bans on smoking in bars, nightclubs, and gaming venues could reduce cigarette consumption and increase quitting among smokers who frequently patronise these settings. These beneficial effects are likely to be strongest among younger smokers.