bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Living in the Midst of Death
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: September 2023

In this chapter, Michael Mawson explores how Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Austrian-born philosopher Jean Améry might help us better to understand and to attend to the ambiguities and complexities of our experiences of aging. Mawson firstly engages Bonhoeffer’s theological account of the human being as situated between life and death. In his 1933 Creation and Fall, Bonhoeffer presents human beings as existing between the two conflicting promises of the opening chapters of Genesis: God’s promise to Adam in the garden (‘if you eat from this tree you will surely die’) and the Serpent’s promise to Eve (‘you will not die at all’). These two promises together encapsulate and disclose the situation of humanity: ‘After the fall, all human beings are suspended between these two conflicting statements—living towards death, living as those already dead.’ In the second part, Mawson turns to Améry’s phenomenological reflections in On Aging: Revolt and Resignation (1968), wherein he provides an account of aging as ‘death in the midst of life.’ Améry’s rich descriptions thus draw attention to ambiguities and tensions that are present in all experiences of aging. Mawson concludes by demonstrating how Bonhoeffer and Améry can assist with contesting the kinds of utopianism and idealism prevalent in many standard approaches to aging. In particular, Bonhoeffer and Amery help us to recognize the limitations of medical and technological responses to aging.
The Executive Approval Database
Authors: Carlin Ryan E. , Hartlyn Jonathan , Hellwig Timothy , Love Gregory J. , Martínez-Gallardo Cecilia , Singer Matthew
Published: September 2023

Understanding the dynamics of the public’s response to the economy requires time-series measures. Collecting data over sufficient time periods and across varied national contexts, however, presents several conceptual and practical challenges. This chapter discusses how the Executive Approval Database addresses these challenges. The authors compare approval ratings to other commonly used indicators of popular support for leaders, such as trust, vote intentions, and past vote shares. They then describe how the Executive Approval Project generates estimates of approval ratings for presidents, prime ministers, and governments. They identify and address conceptual, methodological, and measurement problems and explain how these address issues of reliability and validity. The chapter closes by discussing the properties of the dataset and the specific countries examined in this volume.
Economic Crisis, Polarization, and Prime Ministerial Approval in Greece
Authors: Koliastasis Panos , Yfantopoulos John
Published: September 2023

This chapter has two goals. The first is to investigate and analyse, for the first time, the driving factors of prime ministerial approval in Greece. Second, to explore whether and to what extent these drivers change over time. To address these questions, a unique quarterly time series on Greek prime ministerial popularity, covering the period first quarter 1998 until second quarter 2019, is used. Economic conditions together with political factors are employed as independent variables. The findings suggest that subjective economic factors had little effect on prime ministerial approval, while party polarization on economic issues, like the bailout agreement, registered a strong negative effect. Moreover, it appears that economic polarization weakens the strength of economic evaluations effect. The findings also suggest that future research on popularity functions should emphasize more the role of political factors by further investigating the interaction between the political and economic cycles. Greece represents a good example for analysing the dynamic aspects of the above interactions using different statistical models based on both subjective and objective sets of variables.
Appeals by the Regulator
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on issues relating to appeals by the regulator. In the healthcare professions, the Professional Standards Authority (PSA) has a right of appeal to the High Court, or in Scotland to the Court of Session, under section 29 of the National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002. The right of the General Medical Council (GMC) to appeal the decision of the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service under section 40A of the Medical Act 1983 is expected to be repealed following the Williams review—Gross negligence manslaughter in healthcare (June 2018). A statutory appeal to the court may be brought by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) in respect of the judgment of the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal and the Bar Standards Board may appeal the decision of the Bar Tribunal and Adjudication Service. In the absence of a statutory right of appeal, or a claim for judicial review, the regulator may have a right of appeal to an appeal panel under the bye-laws of the institution. However, the appeal may be limited by the rules of the body.
Bad Character
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter assesses the issues and cases relating to bad character. Evidence of a registrant’s previous disciplinary history or prior conduct is usually adduced at the sanction stage and is relevant only to sanction, such as in the cases of Ziderman v. General Dental Council [1976] and McLennan v. General Medical Council [2020]. A complainant or witness called by the regulator may be cross-examined as to bad character if their evidence is relevant. However, if the registrant attacks the character of the complaint or a witness called by the regulator, it may be appropriate in such circumstances to permit the regulator to adduce the registrant’s previous bad character in the same way that the Crown may adduce the bad character of a defendant who attacks the character of a prosecution witness. The evidence of bad character of a registrant may become known to a committee in other circumstances, for example the charge or allegation is based on a conviction or caution, or the registrant was a party in earlier civil proceedings and the judgment is relevant background evidence.
Contractual and Statutory Regulation
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates the contractual and statutory regulations on professional conduct in the healthcare professions. In addition to the healthcare regulators, there are numerous other professional regulatory bodies that operate through legislation. Meanwhile, non-statutory or contractual regulators operate under royal charter, bye-laws, and regulations, or as a company limited by guarantee. The charter and bye-laws of these bodies give rise to a contractual relationship between the regulator and the members of the profession in question. Liability to disciplinary action will usually rest on whether the member has committed misconduct or has otherwise committed a breach of the bye-laws or regulations and thereby has brought the profession into disrepute. Maintaining High Professional Standards in the Modern NHS is an important framework for National Health Service (NHS) Trusts and employers when dealing with issues of conduct and capability at a local level. A practitioner may face an investigation by an employer as well as professional conduct proceedings brought by their regulator.
Drafting of Charges
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews several cases wherein the charges make clear the nature of the case that the regulator seeks to make for the practitioner to be able to defend themselves. In the Thaker v. SRA case, the reader should not have to burrow through hundreds of pages of annexes in an attempt to piece together what acts are being alleged. It emphasizes the duty of the drafter to plead to analyse the supporting evidence and to distil the relevant facts. The chapter explores the connection between the allegations capable of constituting misconduct that is alleged to involve distinct instances. It stresses how a tribunal should not make findings of fact outside the allegations contained in the charge and should not rely on material that does not form part of an allegation against the practitioner.
Human Rights
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter talks about regulatory bodies and disciplinary tribunals, who are the public authorities for the purposes of the Human Rights Act 1998. The Act of 1998 renders it unlawful for the public authorities to act in a way that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). A substantial body of Strasbourg and domestic case law has been built up to identify the types of case and the precise point at which the ECHR is or is not engaged. This chapter sets out the legal framework under the Act of 1998 and the rights guaranteed by the Convention and seeks to draw attention to cases relating to professional conduct matters. It mentions the intervention in solicitor’s practice that is necessary for the protection of public interest.
Legitimate Expectation
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the principle of legitimate expectation applying to professional conduct cases. It expounds on the decision in Brabazon-Drenning v. UKCC and the Court of Appeal in Patel v. GMC that feature legitimate expectations. During the Brabazon-Drenning v. UKCC case, the court held that an unambiguous and unequivocal assurance given to a registrant that no further action would be taken in respect of an allegation meant that the charge could not be resurrected and pursued at a later stage against the registrant. The legitimate expectation was applied in the Court of Appeal in Patel v. GMC as the claimant received a clear, unequivocal, and unqualified assurance from the Registration and Education Directorate of the GMC. The chapter also tackles the case of Wood v. Secretary of State for Education, which triggered a legitimate public interest in protecting children from the risk of sexual abuse.
Notification Requirements
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on notification requirements. In the legal profession, notice is required to be given to other approved persons. Healthcare regulators are normally required to notify third parties as soon as reasonably practicable after an allegation is received or referred to an investigating committee relating to a practitioner’s fitness to practise. The third party typically involves the Secretary of State, the Department of Health, and any person in the UK by whom the practitioner is employed to provide services or with whom the practitioner has the arrangement to do so. The chapter notes various disciplinary cases that featured notifications involving European regulators, the Financial Conduct Authority, and third-party rights.
Privilege
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains how legal professional privilege is a fundamental condition of the administration of justice. It notes that legal professional privilege is also a good answer to a request or requisition for documents or information unless expressly or impliedly excluded by statute. Proceedings brought against the members of a tribunal sitting in a quasi-judicial capacity attract absolute privilege. On the other hand, proceedings against the regulator itself or its employees concerning the investigation of a complaint will at least have the qualified privilege. The chapter mentions how Rose LJ indicated that legal professional privilege can be modified or abrogated by statute.
Proportionality
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses how proportionality is part of the legal framework of all regulators, citing the stages of interim orders and sanctions after a case. It explains that the committee or tribunal must take account of the sanctions guidance, which itself states that the panel must apply the principle of proportionality. The penalty must be proportionate to the breach and all of the circumstances under the terms of deciding an interim order or sanction. The chapter explicates that any panel should commence its consideration of sanctions with the least restrictive and move up the scale of sanctions available. It elaborates on the disciplinary cases involving the legal test of proportionality.
Restoration to the Register
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles the application for restoration to the register. It then references the healthcare restoration cases and legal profession restoration cases to elaborate on the test for restoration to the register in relation to whether the applicant is fit to practise. The tribunal is essentially not bound by any published guidance of the regulator. However, tribunals are expected to have regard to any published guidance, which will often list factors the committee or tribunal should take into account when considering an application for restoration. The chapter explains the Professional Conduct Committee’s consideration regarding the application for restoration, which includes the level of remorse and circumstances that led to erasure.
Sanction (General Principles)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers the regulatory bodies’ power to impose sanctions. Power to make a direction on sanction against a practitioner is usually contained in primary legislation or the charter or bye-laws of the body concerned. Moreover, the sanctions guidance of most regulators outlines the purpose of sanctions and the factors to be considered, which should be proportionate between the public interest and the practitioner. The chapter explains how sanctions take effect when a tribunal or committee has found that a registrant’s fitness to practise is impaired or they have been found guilty of misconduct or unacceptable professional conduct. It also highlights that an appellate court must approach a challenge to the sanction imposed by a professional disciplinary committee with diffidence.
Service
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the rules revolving around service. It explains how courts have consistently ensured that there is no basis for setting aside the proceedings on the ground of procedural irregularity. Moreover, the registrant is responsible for notifying the regulator of any change of address. The notice of hearing will invariably require the date, time, and venue of the hearing, inform the practitioner of their right to attend the hearing and to be represented at it and adduce evidence, and the right of the tribunal to proceed in the practitioner’s absence and its powers of disposal. Moreover, the chapter explains that rules contain a provision on the method of service of the notice of hearing.
Undertakings
Authors: Hamer Kenneth
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on the undertakings in healthcare cases. It notes that undertakings are also available under the rules of some non-healthcare regulators or after disciplinary proceedings. Moreover, undertakings are usually agreed upon at the early stage of an investigation as a way to resolve concerns about the conduct and behaviour of a practitioner. The General Medical Council publishes a bank of undertakings that aims to set the wording decision-makers should use when agreeing on undertakings. The chapter cites the appropriate cases of undertakings, which typically involve the doctor’s health, performance, shortcomings, and lack of knowledge of the necessary English to practise medicine without direct supervision.
Institutional Design to Combat Poverty
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel
Published: September 2023

At the beginning of his administration, Juan Manuel Santos fulfilled his commitment to the victims of the internal armed conflict, and he sponsored and approved the Victims and Land Restitution Law. This law resulted in the restructuring of the Office of the President and social sector entities as well as the establishment of the social inclusion and reconciliation sector. This sector is led by the Administrative Department for Social Prosperity (DPS in Spanish), which originally had five affiliated entities: the Colombian Family Welfare Institute (ICBF in Spanish), the National Agency for Overcoming Extreme Poverty (ANSPE in Spanish), the Unit for Comprehensive Care and Reparation for Victims, the National Center for Historical Memory, and the Unit for Territorial Consolidation. To do this, President Santos had support from international advisors, including the work team of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, whose Prime Minister’s Delivery Unit (PMDU) served as a model. A cross-cutting vision of the fight against poverty was implemented so that every ministry and administrative department had to contribute to this work from the perspective of its sector. Legislative reforms were also successfully pushed forward due to strategic political alliances, which gave the Santos administration the ability to govern. The chapter concludes with a lesson that highlights the need to ensure that all State bodies work in the same direction to achieve priority goals.
The Sustainable Development Goals and the Multidimensional Nature of Poverty
Authors: Santos Juan Manuel
Published: September 2023

Colombia played a leading role in the initiative to create the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which it proposed at the Rio+20 summit in 2012. A few years later, the SDGs were adopted by the United Nations on September 25, 2015, and they became the global agenda for 2030. The persistent work of two Colombian public officials—Paula Caballero and Patti Londoño—with support from President Santos and Foreign Minister María Ángela Holguín, was central to this achievement. The SDGs recognized, for the first time in the global agenda, that poverty is multidimensional. Taking this into account, Colombia is using the Colombian Multidimensional Poverty Index to measure progress on the SDGs. Apart from that, as the most biodiverse country per square kilometer in the world, Colombia is particularly exposed to the effects of climate change, and it has been especially active in supporting initiatives to curb climate change and reduce its effects. Unprecedented floods and droughts, exacerbated by this phenomenon, show the correlation between climate change and poverty and the need to work with a sense of urgency to tackle this existential challenge. Finally, the chapter tells how President Santos committed to defending Mother Earth in a meeting with the mamos, Indigenous leaders.
The Playwright at His Desk
Authors: Zwicker Jonathan
Published: September 2023

When scholars began to write the history of kabuki in the early twentieth century, the early modern practices of corporate authorship posed a problem to a literary historical tendency to focus on creative genius. “The Playwright at His Desk” examines the ways in which the history of authorship in nineteenth-century Japan imagined the place of the playwright in relation to images that both imagined the author as a solitary figure dreaming up his work and depicted the author as a figure ensconced in the milieu of the commercial stage and subjected to the demands of actors, theater managers, and the playgoing public.
Authoritarian Journalism
Authors: Moon Ruth
Published: September 2023

What happens to journalism when its credibility has been decimated and journalists no longer believe in themselves? Can the journalism field reinvigorate itself from within or with assistance from global journalism culture? This book examines journalism practice in Rwanda to draw conclusions applicable to journalism fields everywhere. Drawing on seven months of fieldwork, the book argues that this field of journalism is weak in part because of powerful but murky political boundaries but also because journalists themselves do not trust their profession. Compounding these forces are a powerful field orientation that emphasizes cooperation and positive development as news values and economic pressures that reward these values and render precarious any other behavior. Moreover, while global professional influences might provide an animating force, they in fact serve to reinforce the limitations of the local field—highlighting the limitations of globalization to effect change.
Founding Myths
Authors: Moon Ruth
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles the question of why the Rwandan journalism field is weak. What motivations and processes reinforce a journalistic position of marginal autonomy? The chapter argues that a major factor underlying this characteristic is the ongoing presence of powerful myths—stories that help make sense of reality—related to journalistic behavior and responsibility during the genocide. Rwandans share a pervasive belief that journalists used the tools of their profession to foment and intensify the violence of the genocide. Even though this belief is grounded in flimsy evidence, it nonetheless constitutes the foundation of two important myths. One says that journalists do not deserve to hold high levels of autonomy or social power. The second says that the genocide’s causes were unpredictable and mysterious. These myths in turn inform the field’s doxa, which defines the normative terms by which journalists can act.
Money Matters
Authors: Moon Ruth
Published: September 2023

Rwandan reporters and editors develop routines and news values in the context of financial pressure that leads them to integrate professional values like creativity and enterprise in storytelling about low-power figures, while adopting standardized frames and approaches to news stories that involve figures wielding financial power over the organization. Journalists around the world face pressure to produce flattering news from powerful actors in government and business sectors. In Rwanda, though, business and government pressures often overlap; many of the biggest advertisers and thus, the biggest sources of revenue, are government agencies, so news organizations must keep politicians happy to keep their funding intact. As a result, journalists tend to avoid highlighting conflict or criticism of political or financial leaders. In short, in the face of uncertainty, journalists prioritize producing news in a way that will get them paid, and they learn what kind of news this is through the spoken and nonverbal routine interactions of newsroom norms.
A Community Apart
Authors: Anil Pratinav
Published: September 2023

The birth of a new homeland for South Asian Muslims in 1947 broached novel anxieties among citizens of the old one. So how, then, did the world’s largest religious minority carve out a space for itself in independent India? Presenting an overview of the historiography on Muslims in the mid-century, this introduction outlines a new agenda centering on the recovery of Muslim political agency. In particular, a threefold purpose is laid out. First, to bring the unity of the Muslim experience of postcolonial India under a single focus. Second, to bridge the material and the ideational to show that Muslim politics was shaped as much by political ideas as by political realities. Third, to uncover Muslim voices by looking at Muslim actors themselves.
Loyal Opposition
Authors: Anil Pratinav
Published: September 2023

This chapter follows the fate of Muslim parties in postcolonial India. More agentive at first blush, but operating under considerable constraints all the same, these “communalists” resorted to a wide range of strategies and tactics to steer between the Scylla of Islamophobia and the Charybdis of capitulation to advance Muslim interests. Figures such as Ismail, Owaisi, Koya, Majid, Ebrahim, and Hafizka were, by turns, assertive and accommodative. Their actions, though, did not always produce the desired effect, impacting, as they so often did, the Muslim condition singularly through the inadvertent agency of the Congress. The major achievement of the clutch of Muslim parties that lined up against the Congress, then, lay not in their electoral record but in their ability to alter the balance of opinion in Delhi. Much like the Red Scare that occasioned welfarism in the West, the Green Scare sparked off a serious conversation about India’s Muslim question. What is more, with it came pork-barrel funds, patronage, and representation in Parliament. The bugbear of a largely imaginary communalism produced a veritable affirmative action programme.
‘Close to Me as My Very Own Brother’
Authors: Gupta Diya
Published: September 2023

Chapter Three studies the creation of male communities of feeling beyond political and military divides. Along with colonial photographs, it considers two Indian prisoner-of-war memoirs written in English, contrasted against a revolutionary Bengali novel of war service. In the first memoir, Eaten by the Japanese (written post-war, published 1997) by Indian soldier John Crasta, it examines unexpected moments of male connection which illuminate Crasta’s prisoner-of-war years with the emotional sustenance he needs to keep living. In the second, Whom Enemies Sheltered (1983) by Indian officer R.G. Salvi, it explores Salvi’s friendship with a lapsed enemy, the Italian soldier Romano. The chapter highlights how male connections in these prisoner-of-war memoirs draw upon established Indian traditions of martial comradeship and fellow-feeling, as well as reveal long-standing anxieties regarding the nature of colonial masculinity. These memoirs are read alongside the politicized Bengali novel, Baren Basu’s Rangrut (The Recruit, 1950), to reveal the pressures that war places on the history of Indian masculinity and male relationships. The chapter argues that unpermitted acts of male bonding during the war become a means of subverting established political structures, even across enemy lines, and that the novel form lends itself to fantasies of anticolonial resistance being played out.
Diplomatic Disaster
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William
Published: September 2023

This chapter surveys the milestones of post–2000 US diplomacy in Afghanistan, including the three major paradigm shifts with respect to peace, which involved progressively diminished ambitions for maintaining Afghanistan’s constitutional democracy and supporting human rights. The chapter also explores how the negotiation and implementation of the US–Taliban deal changed the domestic, regional, and international fundamentals for the Afghan Republic. The chapter analyzes the text of the deal and outlines the ways in which it undermined the Afghan Republic in the realms of diplomacy, security cooperation, and development assistance. The chapter also addresses the question of whether the Afghan government took American presence in Afghanistan for granted. The chapter examines how the deal, which had no provisions for a ceasefire and left the issue of terrorist sanctuaries in Pakistan untouched, became the trigger that set into motion the cascade of events that resulted in the fall of the Republic.
Mussolini’s Power as Leader
Authors: Williamson Peter J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the basis of Mussolini’s power and authority, beginning with the evidence that for a significant section of the Italian population (although the true extent is unknown) Mussolini was a leader in which they had considerable faith and who enjoyed a wide consensus of popular support for his rule. The reality of such popular support has to be balanced by widespread promotion of his leadership qualities through various media and events that rested principally upon an institutionalized creation of him as a leader that owed much to celebrity and lacked a deep political content, while extensive censorship and propaganda made it difficult for Italians to make an objective assessment of his leadership. From the late 1920s until Mussolini’s fall there were no organized opposition movements able to operate but there were many Italians deeply opposed to Mussolini and the Fascists (again not readily quantifiable) who had to accommodate their public behavior to the political and social codes of Fascism which further qualifies notions of Mussolini’s popularity. Crucially, Mussolini and the Fascists did not principally hold on to power because of Mussolini’s popularity but by the existence of a police state and pervasive methods of social control.
Mussolini and Reshaping the State
Authors: Williamson Peter J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines economic intervention under Fascism which stresses that, apart from state control over trade unions through a corporatist system that was never extended to wider regulation of the economy, during the first decade of Mussolini’s rule he largely adhered to the principles of liberal economics and financial stability along with an overvalued and deflationary level for the currency (“battle of the lira”). In response to the world economic depression, intervention into the banks and industry was significantly extended behind an increasingly insulated economy, but once economic conditions improved there remained a high level of intervention as part of a build-up of military capacity. Despite the early “battle” to make Italy self-sufficient in grain (1925), Mussolini’s government gave less priority to agricultural intervention even although the sector suffered badly from weak international commodity prices in the 1930s. During Mussolini’s rule Italy’s GDP grew broadly in line with its major European rivals but generally produced poorer outcomes in relation to unemployment, productivity growth, income equality, poverty, and regional equalities. The size of the state in the economy did grow in the 1930s, largely because of increased militarization, but Italy was not a noticeable outlier in this regard.
Mussolini and Reshaping the State
Authors: Williamson Peter J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers Mussolini’s aims to raise Italy to the first rank of great nations, and in particular the part international expansion and colonialism played in this. Despite his antipathy to the international order created out of the Versailles Treaty, for the first thirteen years after he came to power, he effectively had to rely upon diplomatic activity to raise Italy’s status, and it was not until October 1935 that Mussolini deployed the military to take a new territory with the invasion of Ethiopia, which was followed by participation on the nationalist side in the Spanish civil war in July 1936. Notwithstanding important reservations about Hitler, thereafter Mussolini became increasingly drawn to an offensive alliance with Germany cemented by the Pact of Steel in May 1939 that led to Italy entering the World War in June 1940 in what became a parallel war aligned to Germany. Italy failed to realize any of its territorial ambitions, lost all of its colonies and saw the country surrender in May 1943 by which time Mussolini had been dismissed. Italy never had the economic capacity for Mussolini’s military ambitions but his failings as a military strategist and commander notably amplified this.
Russia’s New Power Projection Tactics in Africa
Authors: Ramani Samuel
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores Russia’s contemporary hybrid warfare and political influence tactics in Africa. Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin, the financier of the Wagner Group private military company, spearheaded the Kremlin’s autocracy promotion, information warfare and counter-insurgency campaigns. The chapter spotlights six case studies: Guinea, CAR, Libya, Sudan, Madagascar, and Mozambique. Prigozhin has been active in each of these countries to varying degrees. In Guinea and CAR, Russia successfully secured preferential access to strategically valuable mineral deposits and propped up friendly authoritarian regimes. In Libya and Sudan, Russia’s preferred political actors, Khalifa Haftar and Omar al-Bashir, did not achieve their goals but Moscow’s economic interests were not eviscerated. Russia’s election interference efforts in Madagascar and the 2019 counterterrorism campaign in Mozambique ended disastrously.
New Frontiers of Russian Security Policy in Africa
Authors: Ramani Samuel
Published: September 2023

This chapter delves into the transformations in Russian security policy towards Africa, which followed the Sochi Summit and coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. Khalifa Haftar’s failed Tripoli offensive caused Russia to pivot towards a “multiple bets” approach in Libya and establish cordial relations with the Government of National Unity. Russia also expanded its counter-insurgency operations in Central African Republic and negotiated a Red Sea basing agreement in Port Sudan. Perhaps the most striking transformation was the expansion of Russia’s influence in Sahel. Russia’s assertiveness reflected rising discontent with France’s Operation Barkhane counter-terrorism operations and the success of Moscow’s anti-neocolonialism rhetoric. Two coup d’états in Mali paved the way for Wagner Group involvement in late 2021. Russia’s influence in Guinea survived President Alpha Condé’s overthrow but in Chad, the Kremlin cast its lot with Wagner-aligned FACT rebels.
Postscript
Authors: Ramani Samuel
Published: September 2023

This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s primary conclusions and provides a forward-looking perspective on how the Ukraine War might impact Russian influence in Africa. It examines the long-term impact of secondary sanctions, the growing risks associated with purchases of Russian arms, and US, EU, and Ukrainian efforts to counter Russian influence in Africa. It also explores how Russian experts and commentators view the future trajectory of Russia’s influence in Africa. Due to the international community’s growing scrutiny of Russia’s exacerbation of food insecurity in Africa and the Wagner Group’s war crimes, Russia will no longer be able to project influence in its customary under-the-radar fashion. The chasm between Russia’s appearance of grandeur and material weaknesses, which underpin its “virtual great power” status, could be set to further expand.
Language and Culture
Authors: Hansbury Paul
Published: September 2023

This short chapter describes the evolution of the Belarusian language and literary tradition. It points to efforts to awaken a national consciousness in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a key moment for “Belarusianisation.” The literary tradition in that era was closely bound with the Polish literary language, whereas later Soviet orthographic reforms sought to eliminate elements of Polish influence. It assesses the language situation in Belarus since the country attained its independence in 1991, arguing that the dominance of Russian language is not entirely a consequence of Alyaksandr Lukashenka’s policies. It concludes with some notes of Belarus’s first Nobel laureate, Svetlana Alexievich.
The West Reacts
Authors: Hansbury Paul
Published: September 2023

This chapter evaluates the response of Western states to the situation in Belarus after the 2020 election. It argues that, if the primary goal was to rid Belarus of Alyaksandr Lukashenka, then Western states in 2020 could have pursued an agreement with Russia whose leaders appeared ambivalent about the incumbent in Minsk. Instead, the European Union and the United States responded to repressions of civil society and human rights abuses in Belarus with several rounds of sanctions on the country. The chapter argues that sanctions have generally been an unsuccessful tool in changing regime behavior, pointing to the unwillingness of sanctioning states to bring economic harm on themselves. The chapter also discusses the 2021 migrant crisis on the Belarus–EU border, and Western states’ endorsement of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya as a leader-in-exile of Belarus.
Conclusion
Authors: MacDonald Nathan
Published: September 2023

The stunning illustrations that accompany the earliest complete exemplar of the Latin Vulgate, Codex Amiatinus, show that the relationship between the tabernacle and priestly influence was well understood in the early medieval period. In accordance with this medieval insight, this final chapter summarizes how power is represented in the tabernacle account and ordination ritual texts. A more complicated account of priestly hierarchy and community egalitarianism is articulated than has been found in recent scholarship. The tabernacle accounts generate domains for power to be exercised and distribute it amongst the community, but in such a way that the status of the priests and high priest is enhanced. The significance of this nuanced understanding of the priestly hierarchy for understanding the development of the high priesthood in the Persian and early Hellenistic periods is explored.
The Penal Laws
Authors: McGrath Charles Ivar
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the enactment, enforcement, and impact of anti-Catholic legislation in the Protestant kingdoms of England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Contextualized in relation to the different confessional demographics of those kingdoms, it details the various penal laws and highlights similarities and differences across the three kingdoms. It also assesses the motivations for such laws and the nature of the State apparatus for enforcement. In particular, matters concerning land ownership, State security, and the foreign jurisdiction of the papacy are examined as motivators for penal legislation, while consideration is also given to questions of conversion, religious faith and practice. The relevance of certain socio-economic, cultural, and political factors in ameliorating aspects of the laws is also considered.
Catholic Music
Authors: Cichy Andrew
Published: September 2023

The essential contingency of British Catholic music on the vagaries of contemporary government and politics remained a key feature of its development into the eighteenth century. This chapter explores the protected musical culture of music in the chapels of Henrietta Maria and Catherine of Braganza in England (the products of marriage treaties), as well as those of the short-lived and later exiled Jacobite Chapel Royal. Developments among English Catholic institutions on the Continent are also considered for this later period, for which convent chronicles identify and name a significant number of nun musicians. The evidence for domestic music is also considered, alongside the interactions between British Catholic households and Continental Europe. In a field and group of repertoires that remain on the whole underexplored, a number of avenues for future research are suggested. Comparative neglect of Catholic liturgical repertoires of this period (including the absence of scholarly editions) is considered in terms of early-twentieth-century liturgical-aesthetic concerns, and the musical reforms of Pius X, with their emphasis on ‘Classical polyphony’ of the Palestrina style.
Jacobitism and Catholic Loyalists
Authors: Ciardha Éamonn Ó
Published: September 2023

Although radically different in form, structure, and intensity across the three kingdoms, Jacobitism nevertheless enjoyed a deep, active support base that produced one war, four rebellions, innumerable plots, invasion scares, and intrigues, as well as a rich, vibrant history, culture, and folk memory in seven languages that can only be fully understood in a pan-European context. That it has languished on the periphery of British and Irish history speaks to the way the phenomenon defies simple categorization and challenges Anglocentric conceptualizations of the history of the three kingdoms. However, in the last thirty years, research on Jacobite history and literature has uncovered a rich alternative, multifaceted view of British and Irish history and restored it to the mainstream of contemporary politics and letters. This chapter explores interdisciplinary, multilingual, transcontinental aspects of Jacobitism in the three kingdoms, focusing on the shared themes of confessionalism, diaspora, diplomacy, dynasticism, economics and mercantalism, patriotism and politics.
Introduction
Authors: Chambers Liam
Published: September 2023

The Introduction provides a brief summary of the main events and themes considered in the volume. It also addresses the historiography of the subject and the challenges involved in compiling a history of British and Irish Catholicism during this pivotal period. The Introduction then offers an overview of the chapters. The Introduction points out that the volume does not attempt to tell the story of a straightforward ‘age of emancipation’. While the Catholic question is at the heart of the history presented here, the chapters seek to chart the manifold continuities, transformations—indeed ‘radical transformations’—and ruptures of a crucial period in the development of British and Irish Catholicism.
Catholic Written Cultures
Authors: Monta Susannah Brietz , Ryan Salvador
Published: September 2023

This chapter surveys Catholic written cultures in early modern Britain and Ireland, c.1530–1640. While this area has enjoyed increased scholarly attention in recent years, the writings of English, Irish, Welsh, and Scottish Catholics have seldom been studied alongside each other. This survey examines these works under three broad categories: devotional prose and pastoral care; devotional poetry; and hagiography and biography (including martyrology). The chapter highlights the vibrancy of early modern Catholic writing in its efforts to align Catholic tradition with Counter-Reformation thought, respond to polemical tracts, and engage with Protestant literary culture more broadly. It underlines how dependent Catholic writers were on Continental presses and extensive smuggling networks in order to get their works into the hands of intended readers; emphasizes how genre interacted with and shaped content; and explores how this literature flourished both in Latin and the various vernaculars, crossing linguistic boundaries with relative ease.
Ireland Before and After the Second Vatican Council
Authors: Daly Mary E.
Published: September 2023

Despite major political changes resulting in the formation of two Irish States—the Irish Free State where over 90 per cent of the population was Catholic and Northern Ireland with a Catholic minority—there was considerable continuity in the history of the Irish Church. The expansion in the number of male and female religious, and the prominent role achieved in health education and welfare before 1918 continued until the 1970s, though the Church in Northern Ireland had to secure this in a much less favourable climate. The laity remained largely devout and passive. The 1960s and 1970s marked a turning point with economic and urban expansion, a better educated young population (less likely to emigrate), and the outbreak of violence in Northern Ireland—changes that coincided with the Council and Humanae Vitae. However formal religious practice remained high, and the Church retained a dominant role in social and educational services until the end of the century.
The Architecture and Art of British and Irish Catholicism
Authors: Proctor Robert
Published: September 2023

Catholic architecture and art were subject to important transformations in the twentieth century, corresponding to changing ideas about the Church’s role in the world, the changing relationships and social interactions of its members, and new developments in wider society, from transnational migrations to international artistic movements. The built forms of churches and the wider landscapes of parish buildings, schools, colleges, and monasteries, as well as the layers of symbolic and liturgical artworks and furnishings that complemented them shaped and enabled desired institutional forms and processes at the moments of their completion. This chapter, in considering the broad field of this built infrastructure of the Church throughout the century and across Britain and Ireland, highlights key points of transformation and their social and intellectual causes. It also hints at significant emerging themes that, at the time of publication, have yet to be satisfactorily explored in scholarly literature.
British and Irish Novels and the Catholic Imagination
Authors: Johnson Bonnie Lander , Meszaros Julia
Published: September 2023

The Catholic Literary Revival’s finest achievements are the novels through which the movement has come to be defined. However, in both popular and scholarly opinion, two perceptions of the Catholic novel remain largely unchallenged: that few Irish writers contributed to the genre and that it died after Vatican II. This chapter revises both positions by considering the many overlooked novels by Catholic women. When female writers are returned to the historical frame, we see that Irish Catholic writers—and, indeed, those in Scotland and Wales—were in fact very active in the Revival. It also becomes clear that the Catholic novel can be traced as a consistent presence in British and Irish literary production throughout the years following the Second Vatican Council and up to the present day. Rather than losing its significant place in the broader British and Irish literary tradition, the Catholic novel can instead be seen as developing alongside, and often in direct relationship with, each decade of the twentieth century.
Analysing Non-hierarchical Structures, Processes, and Outcomes
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo
Published: September 2023

This chapter sets out the analytical framework used in the book. It offers a critique of major contemporary literatures in regulatory governance that study non-hierarchical architectures, processes, and outcomes. It argues that while they offer valuable elements, they pay too much attention to (experimentalist) institutional architectures and underestimate the potential for agency. They either see political factors as necessarily antithetical to functional pressures or neglect them altogether. They put forward rival but largely untested claims about the self-reinforcing or else self-limiting trajectory of non-hierarchical governance. And they conceptually overstretch mechanisms supporting non-hierarchical governance, thus foreclosing falsification of the associated arguments. Instead, the chapter offers an analytical approach that pays attention to actors’ choices on whether and how to use non-hierarchical, experimentalist structures. It defines and discusses three factors that are examined in the study: (distributions of) legal power, functional pressures (in this case, strategic uncertainty), and political factors (opposition). It then discusses two possible mechanisms aiding non-hierarchical processes to deliver policy outcomes effectively: the shadow of hierarchy and penalty defaults.
‘By Virtue of our Hermetick Physick, the Head, Heart, and Hands of Hierophants might be Purified’
Authors: Elmer Peter
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the attempt in 1665 to overthrow the authority of the College of Physicians in London and to replace it with a new body, the Society of Chymical Physicians. The Restoration of the monarchy and Anglican Church after 1660 did not witness a return to the medical status quo. On the contrary, support for medical change, in particular the promotion of the ideas of the Dutch physician and chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont, was widespread in England. This was especially acute among the upper echelons of government in church and state with the court of Charles II providing patronage and support for the aims of the chemists. While the Society of Chymical Physicians, whose members were drawn from across the religious and political spectrum, ultimately failed to dislodge the London College from its pre-eminent role in English medicine, medical chemistry itself remained a vital force in England for the next forty years.
The Value of Trust
Authors: Simpson Thomas W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter poses the central question of the book, namely, why should I trust? Towards answering this, it starts by exploring two commonsensical but divergent ways in which trust matters to us: both in terms of what it enables us to do, and the kinds of relationships that it sustains. This divergence explains why the central philosophical debate about trust has been divided between accounts of it as a cognitive or a non-cognitive attitude. But attempts to define what trust is have failed so far, and this is not accidental. This supports a methodological claim, that trust takes plural forms, and thus that attempts to understand trust should start from its value. This is termed an ‘axiology-first’ approach, and is the approach adopted in the book.