bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical Oxygen Pressure Sensing Based on Triplet–Triplet Quenching of Fullerene–Polystyrene Film Using Laser Flash Photolysis: Soccerballene C60 Versus Rugbyballene C70
Authors: Amao Yutaka , Asai Keisuke , Okura Ichiro
Published: April 2005

An optical oxygen-sensing system based on the triplet lifetimes of fullerenes C60 and C70 in polystyrene (PS) under different oxygen pressures was developed using laser flash photolysis. The lifetime of the photoexcited triplet state of fullerene–PS film decreases with increasing oxygen pressure. The photoexcited triplet state of fullerene–PS film was effectively quenched by oxygen. The quenching rate constant of the photoexcited triplet state of C60 and C70 in PS film by oxygen, kq, were estimated to be 6.6 × 102 and 1.4 × 103 Torr−1 s−1, respectively (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa). The linearity of a Stern–Volmer plot of C60–PS film (r2 = 0.999) is superior to that of C70–PS film (r2 = 0.992). These results show that C60– and C70–PS films are highly sensitive for oxygen in the total oxygen pressure region and in the low oxygen pressure region, respectively.
Valence Delocalization and Crystal Structure of [Fe3O(pazo)6(py)3]·3py: An Example of the Mixed Valence Delocalization between Two Iron Atoms
Authors: Manago Masaaki , Hayami Shinya , Yano Yayoi , Inoue Katuya , Nakata Risa , Ishida Akiko , Maeda Yonezo
Published: April 2005

The oxo-centered, trinuclear, mixed-valence complex [Fe3O(pazo)6(py)3]·3py, where pazo is 4-phenylazobenzoic acid, has been prepared, and the intramolecular electron transfer properties in the solid state have been studied. There are two doublets in the area ratio of two (Fe3+) and one (Fe2+) at 78 K. Increasing the sample temperature above 120 K turns these to two doublets in the area ratio of two (Fe2.5+) and one (Fe3+); the average valence state between an iron(II) and one of two irons(III) is observed. The complex crystallizes in the C-centered monoclinic space group C2/c with 4 molecules in a unit cell which has dimensions: a = 15.856(4), b = 28.649(2), c = 25.739(2) Å, V = 11317(3) Å3, β = 104.54(1) at 150 K, and a = 15.867(3), b = 28.555(3), c = 25.747(5) Å, V = 11288(3) Å3, β = 104.60(2) at 85 K. The metal sites of the average valence state and Fe3+ state are seen in its single-crystal X-ray structure at both temperatures. The X-ray structure work shows that the dimensions of the Fe3O triangle become larger and the length of b-axis becomes longer with increasing of temperature. There is a C2 axis in the molecule, and a pyridine coordinating to the being located on the axis. The plane of the pyridine is almost perpendicular to that of the Fe3O triangle and those of other two pyridines coordinating to Fe2.5+ (Fe2+ + ) are parallel to that of the Fe3O triangle.
Reactivities of Stable Rotamers. XLII. Generation and Fates of Rotameric [1-(9-Fluorenyl)-2-naphthyl]methyl Radicals
Authors: Oki Michinori , Hirose Takanori , Kaneko Kei , Hidaka Tsutomu , Ozaki Hirotaka , Asakura Mitsuhiro , Toyota Shinji , Ishiguro (née Yamada) Tomoyo , Nakamura Nobuo
Published: April 2005

The title radical rotamers were generated by thermolyses of the corresponding t-butyl peroxycarboxylates or photolyses of the corresponding 2(1H)-thioxo-1-pyridyl carboxylates. Products from the t-butyl peroxyesters were t-butoxy compounds, dimers, and colligation products with a benzyl radical, when the reactions were carried out in toluene. In carbon tetrachloride, chlorine-abstraction products and colligation products with a trichloromethyl radical were obtained in addition to the dimers. Photolyses of the 2(1H)-thioxo-1-pyridyl esters afforded expected products, the dimers and 2-pyridylthio derivatives. Generally, the differences from one rotamer to another cause minor differences in the distribution of the products. The small differences are attributed to the steric effects which operate at the site where the radical is produced.
Advances in Iron Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Martin Rubén
Published: March 2005

This account summarizes recent developments in the use of cheap, benign, and non-toxic iron salts as precatalysts for various cross coupling reactions. Although not yet nearly as mature as their palladium- or nickel-catalyzed counterparts, these transformations provide efficient and scalable solutions for many types of C–C-bond formations. Selected applications to the total synthesis of bioactive natural products illustrate the present state of the art.
Synthesis and Ultraviolet-ray-shielding Property of Organic UV-absorbent Intercalated Layered Zinc Hydroxide
Authors: Aisawa Sumio , Ishida Eri , Takahashi Satoshi , Hirahara Hidetoshi , Narita Eiichi
Published: March 2005

The hybridization between organic ultraviolet (UV)-absorbent and layered zinc hydroxide (LZH) by the coprecipitation reaction has been investigated. Various organic UV-absorbents were intercalated into the LZH interlayer space, and the resulting UV-absorbent/LZH was found to have high transparency in the visible region and superior shielding ability in the UV region.
Preparation and Characterization of a Transparent Thin Film of the Layered Perovskite, K2La2Ti3O10, Intercalated with an Ionic Porphyrin
Authors: Tong Zhiwei , Zhang Guozhen , Takagi Shinsuke , Shimada Tetsuya , Tachibana Hiroshi , Inoue Haruo
Published: March 2005

An intercalation compound of the layered perovskite, K2La2Ti3O10, with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphin (TMPyP4+), as the first example of a large molecule intercalation into this perovskite, was successfully prepared by a guest-exchange method using the n-PrNH3+–HxLa2Ti3O10 intercalation compound as an intermediate. Its structural characterization was carried out by means of X-ray diffraction, UV, and polarized spectroscopic investigations. The porphyrin molecules were revealed to be situated with their molecular planes inclined to the (La2Ti3O10)2− layers at an angle of 58° because of the high charge density of the host layers.
Concerted Contribution of Cu–O Coordination and Hydrogen Bonds in N,N-Bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)alkylamine–Copper–Solvent System
Authors: Phongtamrug Suttinun , Miyata Mikiji , Chirachanchai Suwabun
Published: March 2005

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)methylamine shows a dimeric molecular assembly to accept copper ions and neutral molecule guests, i.e., water, methanol, and ethanol. The present work declares a representative supramolecular structure of which the host–guest interactions are based on the simultaneous coordination and hydrogen bonds.
Synthesis of Magnetite Nanorods through Reduction of β-FeOOH
Authors: Peng Zhenmeng , Wu Mingzai , Xiong Ying , Wang Jun , Chen Qianwang
Published: March 2005

Magnetite nanorods were fabricated by hydrothermal reduction of β-FeOOH nanorods at 160 °C for 20 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and TEM were used to characterize structures and morphologies of the samples. On the basis of these methods, the growth mechanism was discussed. Also, the magnetic properties of the samples were characterized on a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
Preparation of tert-Alkyl Aryl Sulfides from tert-Alcohols via Quinone-mediated Oxidation–Reduction Condensation between tert-Alkyl Diphenylphosphinites and 2-Sulfanyl-1,3-benzothiazole
Authors: Ikegai Kazuhiro , Pluempanupat Wanchai , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2005

A convenient two-step procedure for the construction of sulfur-containing quaternary centers from tert-alcohols involving chiral ones is established. tert-Alkyl diphenylphosphinites 1 were easily prepared in excellent yields from tert-alcohols and ClPPh2 by the combined use of Et3N and a catalytic amount of DMAP. Subsequent condensation of 1 with thiol 3 smoothly proceeded in the presence of quinone 2d to afford the corresponding tert-alkyl sulfides 4 in good to high yields via SN2 displacement. Removal of benzothiazol-2-yl group of (R)-4j was achieved with LiAlH4 to afford the desired chiral thiol (R)-5 in high yield.
Morphological Dependence of Fluorescence Emitted from PbS/PAMAM Dendrimer Nanocomposite
Authors: Wang Dongjun , Imae Toyoko
Published: March 2005

Strong fluorescence from G4 PAMAM dendrimer was observed in PbS/PAMAM dendrimer nanocomposite, which significantly depended on its morphology.
Pd/WO3–ZrO2 as an Efficient Catalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Ethylene to Acetic Acid in the Vapor Phase
Authors: Chu Wenling , Ooka Yasunobu , Kamiya Yuichi , Okuhara Toshio , Hattori Hideshi
Published: March 2005

Pd supported on WO3–ZrO2 calcined at temperatures of 973–1073 K exhibits a high activity and selectivity for the oxidation of ethylene to acetic acid in the vapor phase. The space time yield (STY) per unit volume of catalyst is higher for Pd/WO3–ZrO2 than for Pd/H4SiW12O40–SiO2, the best catalyst reported to date.
Complexation of Cm(III) with aqueous silicic acid
Authors: Panak Petra J. , Kim M. A. , Klenze R. , Kim Jae-Il , Fanghänel Thomas
Published: April 2005

The complexation of248Cm(III) with aqueous silicic acid is investigated in the pH range of 1.5–9.0 in 0.03 M NaCl with varying the silicate concentration under and over saturation in reference to the solubility of amorphous silica in order to characterize the reaction with monosilicic and polysilicic acid. Speciation is made by time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) in combination with radiometric quantification. Three different complexation products are observed: Cm-silicate(I), Cm-silicate(II) and Cm-silicate(III). The first and second species are formed in under-saturation of silicic acid, whereas all three species are produced in over-saturation of silicic acid. The formation of Cm-silicate(I) following the reaction of Cm3+with H3SiO4−appears in both under and over-saturation of silicic acid only as a minor fraction at pH=4–7. Cm-silicate(II) and Cm-silicate(III) are found to be colloidal. Cm-silicate(II) shows its spectroscopic characteristics varying with the experimental condition, whereas Cm-silicate(III) formed exclusively with polysilicic acid remains consistent and stable. The experimental results indicate that a species conversion takes place as Cm-silicate(I) → Cm-silicate(II) → Cm-silicate(III) with increasing pH and silicon concentration. Only the reaction leading to the formation of Cm-silicate(I) can be quantified for its stability constant as logβ°=7.74±0.08.
Making reversible synthesis stick: competition and cooperation between intermolecular interactions
Authors: Aakeröy Christer B. , Desper John , Elisabeth Eric , Helfrich Brian A. , Levin Brock , Urbina Joaquin F.
Published: April 2005

The ability to predict and control the assembly of molecular and ionic species into ordered networks is becoming an important target area in chemistry, biochemistry and materials science. In this context, the selectivity and directionality of the hydrogen bond have been instrumental in the preparation of distinctive structural aggregates, and the use of hydrogen bonding as a steering force is now emerging as the most important strategy in crystal engineering. A reliable supramolecular synthetic protocol also requires access to a wide range of reactions that are versatile, selective and give rise to high supramolecular yields. Through a systematic structural study we have examined three issues that are relevant to the development of transferable supramolecular synthesis; (a) structural invariance to molecular isomerism; (b) hierarchy of synthons based upon competition between intermolecular forces and (c) changes in supramolecular yield as a function of molecular substitution.
Hydrogen bond competition between chemical groups: new methodology and the Cambridge Structural Database
Authors: Infantes Lourdes , Motherwell W. D. Sam
Published: April 2005

The probabilities of formation of intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions between chemical groups have been studied using new methodology to extract information from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Data for 41052 crystal structures containing at least one strong hydrogen bond donor have been analysed using the RPluto program, assigning 108 chemical group codes to atoms, and creating tables of hydrogen contacts for subsequent analysis using the Access relational database software. This has enabled the study of competition effects where there are specified limited numbers of chemical groups in a structure, which is often difficult with the standard CSD search program, ConQuest. There are sufficiently high numbers of certain combinations of groups to make significant observations of the preference of a given donor for choices of acceptor atoms. For example, COOH…COOH contacts are frequently disrupted by groups such as keto carbonyl, whereas CONH…CONH is very robust and is seldom disrupted. There are a surprising number of structures that do not present any intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions, often due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding taking preference. There is a tendency to use as many groups as possible to build intermolecular hydrogen bond networks. An estimate is made of the relative strengths of self-association interactions which are, in decreasing order, CONH, COOH, alcoholic OH and phenolic OH. The frequency of preferred contacts in some cases allows one to predict the most probable contacts for a given molecule with a specific combination and ratio of chemical groups.
Introduction to “Ethnographic Emergences”
Authors: MAURER BILL
Published: March 2005

This introduction situates the articles in this “In Focus” in terms of the history of anthropological theory. I argue that the objects under ethnographic scrutiny here compel a rethinking of ethnography as a method and a retooling of the theoretical apparatus of the discipline. Such fields as medicine, science, media, law, and environment pose challenges to modernist analytical toolkits because they are always already complex hybrids of nature and culture. They do not stay put inside their own analytical frames. They are also autodocumentary and make use of the shift in perspective between general and particular to generate knowledge—much as anthropology does. This introduction is an argument for an anthropology of emergence that is not content to settle for mere descriptive adequacy but that uses its objects to unsettle anthropological claims to knowledge.
Articulated Knowledges: Environmental Forms after Universality's Demise
Authors: CHOY TIMOTHY K.
Published: March 2005

Critiques of universalism require rethinking when confronted with environmental political arenas, in which the very concepts of “universality” and “particularity” are in a constant process of self‐conscious deployment. In this article, I attend to the analytic and political implications of such deployments in a recent incinerator controversy in Hong Kong. I suggest that an aesthetic of local appropriateness and its formal requirement of simultaneous universal and particular truth value normalize the politics of environmental expertise such that the only legible form for counterknowledge is one of articulated knowledges. To understand how the knowledges emergent in an NGO–village collaboration were scaled, linked, and mobilized, I analyze a translation of expert knowledge and the event's metapragmatic effects. A subsequent account of unarticulated knowledges emphasizes the political‐economic conditions that limit whose knowledges can count as particular in articulations of counterexpertise.
Subjects of Speculation: Emergent Life Sciences and Market Logics in the United States and India
Authors: RAJAN KAUSHIK SUNDER
Published: March 2005

This article traces systems of exchange concerning the life sciences and capital and how they configure subjectivity in the United States and India. This is done through case studies concerning the emergence of personalized medicine in the two locales. In the U.S. case, I argue for the configuration of the subjects of personalized medicine as sovereign consumers; in the Indian case, I argue for their configuration as experimental subjects. I situate these arguments in the context of epistemologies of genomics and the consolidation of systems of speculative capitalism.
Civet Cats, Fried Grasshoppers, and David Beckham's Pajamas: Unruly Bodies after SARS
Authors: ZHAN MEI
Published: March 2005

This article discusses the viscerality of consumption; in particular, consumption‐as‐eating and consumption‐as‐spending as a set of heterogeneous, contestatory discourses and practices of identity production and subject formation. To do so, I bring together two intersecting events: the Chinese government's ban on wild animal markets during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, and Chinese and European media frenzy over the visit to China by the Spanish football club Real Madrid in the wake of the epidemic. In discussing these events, I pay specific attention to unruly bodies—both human and nonhuman—as consumables and those who consume them. In examining translocal encounters of these unruly bodies, I suggest that, in post‐SARS China, discourses and practices of consumption produce emergent socialities that at once refigure racialized Orientalist tropes and conjure up discrepant neoliberal imaginaries of lifestyle and consumer choice.
Scientific Imaginaries and Ethical Plateaus in Contemporary U.S. Toxicology
Authors: FORTUN KIM , FORTUN MIKE
Published: March 2005

This article contributes to a growing literature in the anthropology of science, focusing on contemporary U.S. toxicology and the development of “toxicogenomics.” Toxicogenomics research aims to understand impacts of environmental stressors at the genetic level and to create a “systems toxicology” that combines different kinds of biological data for holistic understanding. Toxicologists are challenged to deal with greater and greater complexity while fulfilling their historic mission of producing results relevant to regulatory, legal, and clinical decision making. Although there is now a robust body of anthropological work on the sciences—in practice, as sites of cultural production, and as cultural and political‐economic forces in a variety of domains—a relatively underdeveloped theme is subject formation within the sciences. This article directs ethnographic attention toward understanding how scientific imaginaries take shape and interpolate technical, biomaterial, political‐economic, social, cultural, and ethical elements. We map such efforts in contemporary toxicogenomics as an instance of “civic science.”
Technoscientific Infrastructures and Emergent Forms of Life: A Commentary
Authors: FISCHER MICHAEL M. J.
Published: March 2005

New forms of life, ethical plateaus, and civic political contests arise through the creation of new technoscientific infrastructures in which market, law, code, and norms compete for hegemonic control over the rules of play. A review of a panel of four articles interrogates agendas for ethnographies of the locally diverse peopling of such new infrastructures, including the continuing renegotiation of historical and emergent modalities of ethical and political reason.
Introduction to “Landscapes over Time”
Authors: FISHER CHRISTOPHER T. , FEINMAN GARY M.
Published: March 2005

There is a growing recognition that modern environmental problems bear striking resemblance to those faced by past societies and that to understand the environmental present we must consider the total sweep of anthropogenic environmental change on specific landscapes. This “In Focus” assembles five articles encompassing diverse time periods and different global regions to make the case that long‐term perspectives on the relationship between people and their environmental contexts are critical for understanding and evaluating contemporary environmental debates, interpretations, and even policies.
Resilience Theory in Archaeology
Authors: REDMAN CHARLES L.
Published: March 2005

The past can be characterized by periods of changing and stable relationships between human groups and their environment. In this article, I argue that use of “resilience theory” as a conceptual framework will assist archaeologists in interpreting the past in ways that are interesting and potentially relevant to contemporary issues. Many of the authors in this “In Focus” section primarily concentrate on the relationships associated with patterns of human extraction of resources and the impacts of those human activities on the continuing condition of the ecosystem. These processes are, of course, embedded in a complex web of relationships that are based on multiple interactions of underlying patterns and processes of both the ecological and social domains. In this article, I introduce a resilience theory perspective to argue that these transformations were characterized by very different reorganizations of the socioecological landscape and were the product of a variety of factors that operated at different scales of geography, time, and social organization.
Reflections on Conservation, Sustainability, and Environmentalism in Indigenous North America
Authors: KRECH SHEPARD
Published: March 2005

Building on a range of issues presented initially in The Ecological Indian: Myth and History, and debated subsequently in reviews and various papers, this article ranges widely in time to address traditional environmental knowledge, oral history, conservation and sustainability, and environmentalism in Indian Country. I also offer thoughts on the involvement of Native people in large‐scale development, as well as comanagement schemes today and in the future.
Demographic and Landscape Change in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin, Mexico: Abandoning the Garden
Authors: FISHER CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: March 2005

Land degradation is frequently cited as a factor in the collapse of ancient complex societies. Implicit in these tales of ecological suicide is the assumption that land degradation is an ecological rather than a social problem. Here, I discuss how land degradation can be reconceptualized as a social–environmental dialectic. I then discuss the implications of this perspective using evidence from a recent landscape project exploring diachronic relationships between environmental and social transformations in the development of the Precolumbian Tarascan (Purépecha) empire, centered in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin, Mexico. Project findings challenge common conceptions regarding the impact of agriculture, urbanism, and state collapse on ancient landscapes, as well as the dating of the most serious episodes of degradation.
Modeling Historical Ecology, Thinking about Contemporary Systems
Authors: JOHNSON C. DAVID , KOHLER TIMOTHY A. , COWAN JASON
Published: March 2005

One way to make archaeological trajectories compelling to contemporary audiences is through detailed computer simulation with graphical interfaces that allow students or researchers to explore historical sequences and ask “what if” questions of them. We discuss progress on modeling coupled human systems and ecosystems over long periods in the Mesa Verde region of the U.S. Southwest, a project developed with both research and educational products in mind. The project has many foci, but here we concentrate on fuel‐wood availability and its pre‐Hispanic use in the pygmy forests of this region. Our preliminary results tend to indicate that wood for fuels became sufficiently limited in this sequence to become a factor of considerable importance in decisions about where to live, how to build, and even whether to remain in the region. The same logic of modeling can be used to study problems of contemporary forest use in other parts of the world.
Dans le bain avec Rouch: A Reminiscence
Authors: GINSBURG FAYE
Published: March 2005

This issue's Visual Anthropology Section is a tribute to anthropologist and ethnographic filmmaker Jean Rouch (1917–2004). In nine brief articles, authors discuss the impact of Rouch's pathbreaking career on ethnographic and documentary filmmaking and his contributions to our knowledge of postcolonial Africa. The authors demonstrate the significance of his work for the larger discipline of anthropology, and commemorate Rouch with personal reflections of their time working with and learning from him.
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Alaska Native Ways of Knowing
Authors: BARNHARDT RAY , OSCAR KAWAGLEY ANGAYUQAQ
Published: March 2005

Drawing on experiences across Fourth World contexts, with an emphasis on the Alaska context, this article seeks to extend our understandings of the learning processes within and at the intersection of diverse worldviews and knowledge systems. We outline the rationale for a comprehensive program of educational initiatives closely articulated with the emergence of a new generation of Indigenous scholars who seek to move the role of Indigenous knowledge and learning from the margins to the center of educational research, thereby confronting some of the most intractable and salient educational issues of our times.
Indigenous Studies in the Elementary Curriculum: A Cautionary Hawaiian Example
Authors: KAOMEA JULIE
Published: March 2005

This article uses a Native Hawaiian example to raise difficult questions about the role and responsibility of non‐Indigenous educators in teaching and supporting Indigenous studies. It challenges educators and educational researchers to think closely about how they might serve as allies in Indigenous struggles for self‐determination.
“Ma'iingan Is Just a Misspelling of the Word Wolf”: A Case for Teaching Culture through Language
Authors: HERMES MARY
Published: March 2005

Framed by the English language and positioned as a distinct subject, Ojibwe culture and language are often appreciated by students rather than taught for a deeper understanding or fluency, or used as the language of instruction in tribal schools. Ojibwe culture and language have been “added on” to existing school curriculum, an approach that changes the meaning of culture. In this article I critique the add‐on approach and propose that teaching through the Indigenous language (immersion) supports cultural and language revitalization in a more fundamental way.
The Development of an Indigenous Knowledge Program in a New Zealand Maori‐Language Immersion School
Authors: HARRISON BARBARA
Published: March 2005

In 1985, Te Wharekura o Rakaumangamanga initiated a Maori‐language immersion program for children ages 5 through 18. In recent years, a program based on Waikato‐Tainui tribal epistemology has been incorporated into the language immersion program. This article describes the community context and the language immersion and tribal knowledge programs. We consider the relationship of these programs to individual and tribal self‐determination and to theories of minority achievement, particularly the work of John Ogbu.
The Role of Education in American Indian Self‐Determination: Lessons from the Ramah Navajo Community School
Authors: MANUELITO KATHRYN
Published: March 2005

Since 1975 the Indian Self‐Determination and Educational Assistance Act has enabled American Indian communities to enact self‐determination through community‐based schooling. In this study conducted by a Navajo researcher, the Ramah Navajo community defined self‐determination and how it was operationalized within the community and school. The study demonstrates how education based on Navajo epistemology has been integral to self‐determination at Ramah, underscoring the importance of incorporating Native American epistemologies in schooling for Indigenous students.
Struggles for Indigenous Education and Self‐Determination: Culture, Context, and Collaboration
Authors: ISMAIL S. MASTURAH , CAZDEN COURTNEY B.
Published: March 2005

These comments—by a Singaporean and an American—‐focus on four themes: roles of anthropologists; the pedagogy of culture; challenges in combining Indigenous and mainstream epistemologies; and reciprocal influences between social and political contexts, and struggles for Indigenous education and self‐determination.
Building a Research Agenda for Indigenous Epistemologies and Education
Authors: SMITH LINDA TUHIWAI
Published: March 2005

One emergent issue in relation to research on Indigenous epistemologies and education concerns the extent to which Indigenous epistemologies lead to new kinds of educational experiences and outcomes and pose new research questions. This commentary responds to the sense of limits and possibilities for Indigenous education that are raised by the research in this theme issue, and suggests that there are indeed new questions to be asked and answered through research.
Redefining the Ojibwe Classroom: Indigenous Language Programs within Large Research Universities
Authors: MORGAN MINDY J.
Published: March 2005

Indigenous languages are powerful symbols of self‐determination and sovereignty for tribal communities in the United States, and many community‐based programs have been developed to support and maintain them. The successes of these programs, however, have been difficult to replicate at large research institutions. This article examines the issues of incorporating Indigenous languages into the university system by focusing on a series of language events developed as part of the Ojibwe language program at Michigan State University. These language events demonstrate a way for communities to participate in and maintain control of Indigenous language programs despite their location in nontribal educational institutions.
Tribal Languages and the Challenges of Revitalization
Authors: SIMS CHRISTINE P.
Published: March 2005

Although school‐ and university‐based language programs can help strengthen threatened Indigenous languages, language revitalization at its heart involves reestablishing traditional functions of language use in the context of everyday speaker interactions. The inherent dynamics of Native oral language traditions suggest the limitations of institutions in supporting critical language learning activities that are the key to successful language renewal efforts.
Qaneryaramta Egmiucia: Continuing Our Language
Authors: CHARLES WALKIE
Published: March 2005

Orchestrating an Indigenous language program for Indigenous peoples within any academic environment is no easy task. In most cases, Indigenous languages are taught by a recognized community expert, in the community; teaching that same language in a university environment is much more challenging. This article responds to Mindy J. Morgan's description of a university‐based Ojibwe language program by exploring the efforts of students and facilitators of the Yup'ik Eskimo language as they attempt to gain ownership of the language and grammar they are teaching or learning to use in their own communities.
Monster Pains: Masochism, Menstruation, and Identification in the Horror Film
Authors: Briefel Aviva
Published: March 2005

Abstract Aviva Briefel examines the ways in which the horror film's gendering of the monster's pain affects audience identification. Male monsters in these films are associated with acts of masochism that allow for a comfortable spectatorial distance. In contrast, female monsters precede their sadistic rampages with moments of menstruation, which claustrophobically draw their audiences to them.
Exploring the New West: An Interview with James Benning
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: March 2005

Abstract Since the late 1980s, veteran independent filmmaker James Benning has been exploring the American West in a series of visually stunning and conceptually sophisticated feature films, largely ignored by American programmers and the American critical establishment. In “Exploring the New West,” Benning and Scott MacDonald discuss these films, revealing their often intricate design and the wide variety of ways in which they engage such issues as the environment and racial politics.
Rhetoric and Ideology in the Nuclear Test Documentary
Authors: Mielke Bob
Published: March 2005

Abstract In this article Bob Mielke offers the first sustained scholarship on the bizarre cold war films made by the obscure Lookout Mountain Air Force Station studio. These films have only recently become available to the general public. Mielke explores their common structure, freighted ideological perspective, and reception over time.
The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)
Authors: Neupert Richard
Published: March 2005

Abstract The Triplets of Belleville (Sylvain Chomet, 2003) is an important example of French animation today. This tale of a grandmother raising, then rescuing, her young ward moves at a delirious pace. Its rich characterizations, visuals, and soundtrack produce a surreal and nostalgic world, far from Disney.
Kinsey
Authors: Williams Linda
Published: March 2005

Abstract Bio-pics can be tediously middle-brow affairs that simplify lives rather than probe complexity and contradiction, but Bill Condon's Kinsey is a great exception. Structured around the taking of a sex history—Kinsey's own—this film explores the convergence of teaching, research, and a life all driven by sex. Condon's film navigates shrewdly between Kinsey as the brave crusader and Kinsey as the man with his own sexual demons.
The Barbarian Invasions (Les Invasions barbares)
Authors: Imboden Roberta
Published: March 2005

Abstract The Barbarian Invasions presents a gigantic virtual playground in the real world of a dying man: a ring of former lovers, gay friends, a heroin-addicted young woman, an alienated son, all brought together by an ex-wife—this is the scene of Denys Arcand's film. Then there occurs the miracle of transformation that moves beyond a truth no one can understand. The only alternative is to embrace the mystery.
21 Grams
Authors: Hahn Robert
Published: March 2005

Abstract Although sometimes dismissed as an arty melodrama, 21 Grams is an important, original film, distinguished by its application of modernist techniques to the materials of classical tragedy. Its fragmented method and non-linear form are not artificial but eloquently expressive of its themes: subjective time, uncertain identity, and unknowable fate.
Crossover Interference on Nucleolus Organizing Region-Bearing Chromosomes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lam Sandy Y , Horn Sarah R , Radford Sarah J , Housworth Elizabeth A , Stahl Franklin W , Copenhaver Gregory P
Published: April 2005

In most eukaryotes, crossovers are not independently distributed along the length of a chromosome. Instead, they appear to avoid close proximity to one another—a phenomenon known as crossover interference. Previously, for three of the five Arabidopsis chromosomes, we measured the strength of interference and suggested a model wherein some crossovers experience interference while others do not. Here we show, using the same model, that the fraction of interference-insensitive crossovers is significantly smaller on the remaining two chromosomes. Since these two chromosomes bear the Arabidopsis NOR domains, the possibility that these chromosomal regions influence interference is discussed.
Improved Survival Rates With Increased Neurodevelopmental Disability for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the 1990s
Authors: Wilson-Costello Deanne , Friedman Harriet , Minich Nori , Fanaroff Avroy A. , Hack Maureen
Published: April 2005

Background. Advances in perinatal care have resulted in increased survival rates for extremely low birth weight children. We sought to examine the relative changes in rates of survival and neurodevelopmental impairment at 20 months of corrected age among 500- to 999-g birth weight infants born at our perinatal center during 2 periods, before and after the introduction of surfactant therapy in 1990.

Methods. Four hundred ninety-six infants with birth weights of 500 to 999 g were born at our perinatal center during period I (1982–1989) (mean body weight: 762 g; mean gestational age: 25.8 weeks) and 682 during period II (1990–1998) (mean body weight: 756 g; mean gestational age: 25.5 weeks). Rates of death and survival with and without neurodevelopmental impairment at 20 months of corrected age for the 2 periods were compared with logistic regression analyses, with adjustment for gestational age.

Results. Survival rates increased from 49% during period I to 67% during period II. Neonatal morbidity rates also increased during period II, including rates of sepsis (from 37% to 51%), periventricular leukomalacia (from 2% to 7%), and chronic lung disease, defined as oxygen dependence at 36 weeks of corrected age (from 32% to 43%). Rates of severe cranial ultrasound abnormalities were similar (22% vs 22%). Among children monitored, the rate of neurologic abnormalities, including cerebral palsy, increased from 16% during period I to 25% during period II and the rate of deafness increased from 3% to 7%. The overall rate of neurodevelopmental impairment (major neurosensory abnormality and/or Bayley Mental Developmental Index score of <70) increased from 26% to 36%. Compared with period I, in period II there were decreased rates of death (odds ratio [OR]: 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2–0.4) and increased rates of survival with impairment (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.7–3.3) but also increased rates of survival without impairment (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3–2.2). Compared with period I, for every 100 infants with birth weights of 500 to 999 g born in period II, 18 additional infants survived, of whom 7 were unimpaired and 11 were impaired.

Conclusions. The improved survival rates in the 1990s occurred with an increased risk of significant neurodevelopmental impairment. Prospective parents of extremely low birth weight infants should be advised of this substantial risk, to facilitate decision-making in the delivery room.
Helping Parents Cope With the Trauma of Premature Birth: An Evaluation of a Trauma-Preventive Psychological Intervention
Authors: Jotzo Martina , Poets Christian F.
Published: April 2005

Objective. To ascertain whether a trauma-preventive psychological intervention program for parents of premature infants during hospitalization in a level III NICU may reduce the severity of symptomatic response to the traumatic impact of premature birth.

Methods. Mothers of premature infants were enrolled consecutively in a sequential control group design. Intervention group mothers received a structured psychological intervention in the first days after birth. Each mother could make use of additional psychological support if required and was actively approached at critical times during her infant's NICU stay. Control group mothers did not receive psychological intervention but could ask for counseling by the hospital minister. At discharge, mothers of both groups answered a questionnaire covering key outcome variables (symptoms of traumatization, emotions at discharge, and sample and control variables).

Results. At discharge, intervention group mothers (N = 25) showed significantly lower levels of symptomatic response to the traumatic stressor “premature birth” than those in the control group (N = 25; mean overall symptom level 25.2 [SD: 13.9] vs 37.5 [SD: 19.2]).

Conclusions. This intervention program for parents after premature birth, combining early crisis intervention, psychological aid throughout the infant's hospitalization, and intense support at critical times, reduced the symptoms of traumatization relating to premature birth.
Increasing the Screening and Counseling of Adolescents for Risky Health Behaviors: A Primary Care Intervention
Authors: Ozer Elizabeth M. , Adams Sally H. , Lustig Julie L. , Gee Scott , Garber Andrea K. , Gardner Linda Rieder , Rehbein Michael , Addison Louise , Irwin Charles E.
Published: April 2005

Objective. To determine whether a systems intervention for primary care providers resulted in increased preventive screening and counseling of adolescent patients, compared with the usual standard of care.

Methods. The intervention was conducted in 2 outpatient pediatric clinics; 2 other pediatric clinics in the same health maintenance organization served as comparison sites. The intervention was implemented in 2 phases: first, pediatric primary care providers attended a training workshop (N = 37) to increase screening and counseling of adolescents in the areas of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, sexual behavior, and safety (seatbelt and helmet use). Second, screening and charting tools were integrated into the intervention clinics. Providers in the comparison sites (N = 39) continued to provide the usual standard of care to their adolescent patients. Adolescent reports were used to assess changes in provider behavior. After a well visit, 13- to 17-year olds (N = 2628) completed surveys reporting on whether their provider screened and counseled them for risky behavior.

Results. Screening and counseling rates increased significantly in each of the 6 areas in the intervention sites, compared with rates of delivery using the usual standard of care. Across the 6 areas combined, the average screening rate increased from 58% to 83%; counseling rates increased from 52% to 78%. There were no significant increases in the comparison sites during the same period. The training component seems to account for most of this increase, with the tools sustaining the effects of the training.

Conclusions. The study offers strong support for an intervention to increase clinicians' delivery of preventive services to a wide age range of adolescent patients.
Rapid, Needle-Free Delivery of Lidocaine for Reducing the Pain of Venipuncture Among Pediatric Subjects
Authors: Migdal Marek , Chudzynska-Pomianowska Elzbieta , Vause Elizabeth , Henry Eugenia , Lazar Jeffrey
Published: April 2005

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal configuration of an investigational, single-use, needle-free, drug system (ALGRX 3268) that delivers powdered lidocaine into the epidermis for the rapid production of local anesthesia among pediatric subjects undergoing venipuncture.

Methods. Children 3 to 18 years of age were randomly allocated to receive 1 of 3 treatments, ie, (1) placebo, (2) a system configured to deliver 0.25 mg of lidocaine, or (3) a system configured to deliver 0.5 mg of lidocaine, at the antecubital fossa 2 to 3 minutes before venipuncture. Three age groups were included, ie, 3 to 7 years, 8 to 12 years, and 13 to 18 years. Two sets of pain rating scales were used, the Faces Pain Scale-Revised for the youngest age stratum and a visual analog scale for the oldest age stratum. Children in the middle age stratum used both scales.

Results. One-hundred forty-four subjects completed the study. For all ages combined, there was a statistically significant and clinically meaningful reduction in pain scores for subjects who received 0.5 mg of lidocaine, compared with placebo. The reduction in pain after 0.25 mg of lidocaine did not achieve statistical significance.

Conclusions. Both active configurations were safe and well tolerated by pediatric subjects undergoing venipuncture at the antecubital fossa. ALGRX 3268 at 0.5 mg, administered 2 to 3 minutes before venipuncture, produced significantly lower pain scores, compared with placebo.
Illness Transmission in the Home: A Possible Role for Alcohol-Based Hand Gels
Authors: Lee Grace M. , Salomon Joshua A. , Friedman Jennifer F. , Hibberd Patricia L. , Ross-Degnan Dennis , Zasloff Eva , Bediako Sitso , Goldmann Donald A.
Published: April 2005

Objectives. The widespread use of child care has altered the epidemiology of respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) infection in the community. Our primary objective was to measure transmission of respiratory and GI illnesses among families with children enrolled in child care. We also sought to examine potential predictors of reduced illness transmission in the home in a secondary analysis.

Methods. We performed an observational, prospective cohort study to determine transmission rates for respiratory and GI illnesses within families with at least 1 child between 6 months and 5 years of age enrolled in child care. A survey about family beliefs and practices was mailed at the beginning of the study. Symptom diaries were provided for families to record the timing and duration of respiratory and GI illnesses. To ensure the accuracy of symptom diaries, biweekly telephone calls were performed to review illnesses recorded by participants. Families with ≥4 weeks of data recorded were included in the analysis. Families were recruited from 5 pediatric practices in the metropolitan Boston area. Of 261 families who agreed to participate in the study, 208 were available for analysis. Secondary transmission rates for respiratory and GI illnesses were measured as illnesses per susceptible person-month.

Results. We observed 1545 respiratory and 360 GI illnesses in 208 families from November 2000 to May 2001. Of these, 1099 (71%) respiratory and 297 (83%) GI illnesses were considered primary illnesses introduced into the home. The secondary transmission rates for respiratory and GI illnesses were 0.63 and 0.35 illnesses per susceptible person-month, respectively. Only two thirds of respondents correctly believed that contact transmission was important in the spread of colds, and fewer than half believed that it was important in the spread of stomach flus. Twenty-two percent of respondents reported use of alcohol-based hand gels all, most, or some of the time; 33% reported always washing their hands after blowing or wiping a nose. In multivariate models, use of alcohol-based hand gels had a protective effect against respiratory illness transmission in the home.

Conclusions. In homes with young children enrolled in child care, illness transmission to family members occurs frequently. Alcohol-based hand gel use was associated with reduced respiratory illness transmission in the home.
Importance of Catch-up Vaccination: Experience From a Varicella Outbreak, Maine, 2002–2003
Authors: Marin Mona , Nguyen Huong Q. , Keen Julie , Jumaan Aisha O. , Mellen Patricia M. , Hayes Edward B. , Gensheimer Kathleen F. , Gunderman-King Jennifer , Seward Jane F.
Published: April 2005

Objective. During December 2002 to January 2003, a varicella outbreak occurred in an elementary school in Maine. Just 1 month before detecting the outbreak, Maine implemented varicella vaccine requirements for child care but did not require vaccination for school entry. We investigated this outbreak to examine reasons for its occurrence, including vaccine failure.

Methods. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to all students' parents to determine student disease status, medical conditions, and vaccination status, which was further confirmed by review of medical records. Parental reporting of chickenpox/varicella that occurred since September 1, 2002, in a student who attended the school was used to define a case. Parents of cases were interviewed by telephone about disease characteristics. Disease severity was classified on the basis of the number of skin lesions and the occurrence of complications. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated by comparing varicella attack rates for any disease, for moderate to severe disease, and for severe disease among vaccinated and unvaccinated students.

Results. We obtained complete information for 296 (81%) of 364 students. Varicella vaccine coverage was 74% overall and decreased by grade, from 90% in kindergarten to 60% in third grade. Attack rates increased significantly from 14% in kindergarten to 37% in third grade. Of the 53 varicella cases, 36 (68%) were unvaccinated, 12 (22%) were vaccinated, and 5 (10%) had previous disease history. Vaccine effectiveness was 89% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 79–94%) against disease of any severity, 96% (95% CI: 88–99%) against moderate to severe disease, and 100% (95% CI: undefined) against severe disease. Twenty-two percent of unvaccinated students had severe disease and 1 was hospitalized for a skin infection, whereas none of the vaccinated cases reported severe disease.

Conclusion. This outbreak was attributable primarily to failure to vaccinate, especially among children in grades 1 through 3. Catch-up vaccination of susceptible older children and adolescents is especially important to prevent accumulation of susceptibility in these groups, in which the natural disease is more severe. School entry requirements will contribute to a more rapid implementation of the existing recommendations for vaccination.