bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropical cyclone Vayu under climate change scenario RCP 8.5
Authors: Mukherjee Pubali , Ramakrishnan Balaji
Published: February 2023

 The Northern Indian Ocean has witnessed the genesis of several devastating cyclones over the years due to the typical warm climate. The effect of climate change on these cyclones is an essential topic of research owing to the socio-economic impacts of these cyclones on the coastlines. Climate change is expected to influence the various synoptic parameters of these storms, like translational speed, intensification, frequency, etc. Most of the studies about the impact of climate change on cyclones have been done related to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; very few have explored the storms of the Indian Ocean in this context. Considering this context, the present study attempts to understand the track, intensity, and synoptic parameters of Tropical cyclone Vayu-June 2019 under the climate change scenario of RCP 8.5 with the Community Earth Systems Model, CESM data simulated with GPU-based WRF-ARW model. The model is simulated at a 9km single domain with a selected set of physical settings based on the previous studies on the cyclones of the Northern Indian Ocean. The track and intensity of the simulated storm are compared with the present-day hurricane Vayu from the IMD best track estimates.Interestingly under RCP 8.5, unlike the present-day cyclone Vayu, under RCP 8.5, Vayu would have made landfall along the west coast of India with a sustained wind speed of ~ 15 m/s w. At the same time, he presents a scenario in Vayu weakened over the ocean due to several interactions with the mid-latitude westerlies. The results indicate a considerable change in the future thermodynamics under which Vayu sustained the intensity till landfall. Under RCP 8.5 simulations, the initial posting error is high; other than that, the coming cyclone Vayu seemed to follow a similar track as the present-day storm except for the landfall.Regarding wind speed intensity, Vayu under RCP 8.5 shows equal wind intensity as that of the present day, with similar underestimation at the mature stage of the storm. The initial results of this study indicate that changes in large-scale thermodynamics in future warming scenarios can influence the modulations in track and intensity of a very severe cyclonic storm like Vayu. Such results highlight the importance of closely monitoring Arabian Sea cyclones to understand the impending disaster mitigations under probable warming scenarios.  
De-Leakaging and De-Aliasing of GRACE-based Surface Mass Distributions by Regularized Basis Functions and Additional Geometric Information
Authors: Graf Matthias , Schlaak Marius , Pail Roland
Published: February 2023

In this study, a method is developed which allows to reduce the leakage effect in GRACE gravity fields The leakage effect means that mass changes are falsely assigned to nearby regions due to the limited resolution of the gravity field. These assignments are partly physically unreasonable.In our method, we separate the entire Earth’s surface according to their surface type as e.g. sea and land surface. Across these regions, individual basis functions (e.g. Slepian functions) are applied. In a constrained least squares adjustment, a priori surface mass trends are rearranged to the respective regions while the basis functions’ coefficients are constrained differently according to their surface type. Therefore, we assume different variabilities of possible mass change. With the inclusion of a filter matrix, the resulting field of surface mass changes is linked to the a priori distribution which results directly from the input gravity field.The procedure is tested for unfiltered and DDK-filtered GRACE gravity fields as well as SLR-based gravity fields.  Furthermore, geometric information on the changing sea level is introduced in order to improve the de-leakaging and de-aliasing of the input GRACE distributions of surface mass change. For this purpose, products of ESA’s marine service are applied. In our study, we want to show benefits and applications concerning ice mass estimation.
Sediment provenance and paleoenvironmental evolution in southeastern shelf of Hainan Island since Holocene
Authors: zhang yongwei
Published: February 2023

AMS14C dating, particle size and clay mineral analysis were carried out on the QZ4 core from the southeastern shelf of Hainan Island in this study. The material source and sedimentary environment evolution of the southeastern shelf of Hainan Island were discussed. Analysis of clay minerals shows that the terrigenous clasts of the southeastern shelf of Hainan Island are mainly from Hainan Island. The particle size endmember simulation identifies two endmembers. The EM1 endmember corresponds to the mixed deposition of near-source and far-source fine materials transported by Marine current systems, while EM2 mainly corresponds to coarse-grained materials imported from the near-source rivers of Hainan Island. The two endmembers represent two different transport mechanisms. The sedimentary environment in the study area can be roughly divided into three stages: 11.2-9.2 ka BP, 9.2-6.6 ka BP and 6.6 ka BP to date correspond to foreshore, near-shore and shallow Marine shelf sedimentary environments respectively. During 11.2-6.6 ka BP period, the sedimentary environment was mainly controlled by sea level changes, but extreme cold events such as "9.4 ka BP cold event" and "8.2 ka BP cold event" still had an important impact on the southeastern shelf of Hainan Island. Up to 6.6 ka BP, the sedimentary record is mainly controlled by climate change, and the increase of fluvial contribution and chemical weathering may be due to the intensification or number of typhoons. It is urgent to carry out follow-up research on high-resolution typhoons and storms in sediments in the eastern shelf area and adjacent areas of Hainan Island.
Global scale numerical geodynamic modelling with a free surface using a volume of fluid method
Authors: Gray Timothy , Tackley Paul , Gerya Taras
Published: February 2023

The study of coupled Earth systems, and in particular the coupled interactions between the lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, have received greater attention in recent years (Gerya et al. 2020). Interactions between these systems occur primarily at the surface, and are driven on the large scale by topographic and bathymetric evolution controlled by deep mantle processes. However, due to the large difference in length scales between the mantle and the surface, it is difficult to capture topographic evolution to a high degree of accuracy in existing global mantle convection models including a free surface boundary condition.Global mantle convection models incorporating a free surface often employ a marker-in-cell technique with a layer of “sticky air” (i.e. material with the density of the air and sufficiently low viscosity, which is still much higher than that of real air) to characterise the surface. However, accurate topographic evolution using this method requires a high density of markers near the surface. This need for additional computational resources motivates alternative methods of tracking the interface between the air and rock layers, as is done frequently in existing multiphase fluid flow codes. A volume of fluid method with piecewise-linear interface reconstruction provides a suitable method for tracking a surface in a performant way with the sub-grid level topographic resolution that is necessary for coupling global scale geodynamic models to models of other Earth systems.We demonstrate benchmarks of an implementation of a volume of fluid method within the existing advanced mantle convection code StagYY (Tackley, 2008). Our method is applicable to both 2D and 3D geometries, and on both Cartesian and non-Cartesian grids. Models of global scale topography and evolution produced using StagYY may later be used as a tool for further studies on the coupling of mantle dynamics with modelling of the landscape, and the evolution of the atmosphere and biosphere.
Dynamic Downscaling the South Asian Summer Monsoon From a Global Reanalysis Using a Regional Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model
Authors: Misra Vasubandhu , Jayasankar Chempampadam Balasubramann
Published: February 2023

In this study, we present the results of a regional model (regional spectral model-regional ocean model [(RSM-ROMS]) simulation of the South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM). The RSM-ROMS integration is carried out at 20 km grid spacing over a period of 25 years (1986–2010). The simulation is forced by global atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis. The RSM-ROMS simulation shows a realistic alignment of the simulated rainfall along the orographic features of the domain. Furthermore, the RSM-ROMS simulates the observed feature of convection over continental SASM region being more vigorous with dominance of mixed warm and cold phase hydrometeors in contrast to the dominance of the warm rain process in the neighboring tropical oceans. Similarly, the upper ocean features of contrasting mixed layer and thermocline depths between the northern and equatorial Indian Ocean are also simulated in the RSM-ROMS. Intra-Seasonal Oscillation (ISO) of the SASM at 10–20 and 20–70 days are also simulated in the RSM-ROMS with many of its features verifying with observations. For example, the 20–70 days ISO are of higher amplitude and its meridional propagation is slower in Bay of Bengal compared to that over Arabian Sea. Additionally, RSM-ROMS shows 12.3 Monsoon Low Pressure Systems (LPSs) per season that is comparable to 14.6 per season from observations. Furthermore, the observed intraseasonal contrasts of LPS between the wet and dry spells of ISO is also reproduced in the RSM-ROMS.
State Dependence of CO2 Forcing and Its Implications for Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Soden Brian , He Haohe , Kramer Ryan , Jeevanjee Nadir
Published: February 2023

Instantaneous radiative forcing (IRF) is a fundamental metric for measuring the extent to which anthropogenic activities and natural events perturb the Earth's energy balance. This perturbation initiates all other forced climate responses. Among all the anthropogenic forcing agents, CO2 is the dominant driver of warming over the past century and the defining forcing variable for quantifying climate sensitivity. When evaluating the effect of CO2 changes on the earth’s climate, it is universally assumed that the IRF from a doubling of a given CO2 concentration (IRF2×CO2) is constant and that variances in climate sensitivity arise from differences in radiative feedbacks, or a dependence of these feedbacks on the climatological base-state. In this paper, we show that the IRF2×CO2 is not constant, but also depends on the climatological base-state, increasing by ~25% for every doubling of CO2, and has increased by ~10% since the pre-industrial era, implying a proportionate increase in climate sensitivity. This base-state dependence also explains about half of the intermodel spread in IRF2×CO2, a problem that has persisted among climate models for nearly three decades. It may also have important implications for elucidating the causes and consequences of deep-time paleoclimates, where changes in the climatological base-state can strongly modulate the magnitude of the CO2 IRF.
Effects of rheological variations, erosion, and geotherm characteristics on tectonic setting and seismic activity in the Val d’Agri (Southern Italy)
Authors: Lavecchia Alessio , Tallarico Andrea , Serlenga Vincenzo , Stabile Tony Alfredo , Prosser Giacomo , Filippucci Marilena , Clark Stuart
Published: February 2023

Over the last decades, many studies highlighted the close relationship between thermal structure, surface processes, and tectonic forces in controlling the deformation of the lithosphere. The contribution of these key factors, however, is not constant in time and may result in a complex deformation history, as already observed in many regions around the globe. In this view, the rheology of the crust is pivotal to leading regional tectonic evolution.Among the factors that may cause remarkable strength and rheological variations in the crust, the presence of fluid phases is undoubtedly one of the most prominent. The mechanisms of rock-fluid interaction are still a debated field of research. However, it has been suggested in many studies that a major effect of fluids is enhanced seismicity of regions where they are present.In this framework, the Val d’Agri represents a perfect example of how crustal evolution can be influenced by several factors interacting with one another. In this region, we analyze the relationships between different mechanisms in the final structural setting of the region, with implications on the natural and induced seismicity. To this aim, we built up a numerical model that integrates the combined effects of rheological stratification of the crust, inherited zones of weakness, variations in the tectonic regime, surface erosion, and fluid presence. Our results show that variation in the strength of the evaporite layer between the carbonate platform and the basement has a profound impact on the tectonic style of the Val d’Agri. The uplifting and subsidence pattern in the region follows stages of slow vertical movements to stages of very fast uplifting and denudation, due to the activation of new tectonic structures where movement is enhanced. This reflects on pressure and temperature variations in time, that follow typical yo-yo patterns observed in several tectonically active regions. The present-day configuration of the VA is also influenced by the erosion rate. More in detail, a comparison between the observed structures in the area and our model’s results with varying erosion rates suggests that the VA has been subjected to medium to fast erosion during its evolutionary history. In addition, our model predicts the presence and orientation of faults where fluid percolation or injection at high pressure can generate clusters of microseismicity.
Inferring Causal Structures to Model and Predict ENSO and Its Effect on Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: He Shan , Yang Song , Chen Dake
Published: February 2023

Large-scale climate variability is analysed, modelled, and predicted mainly based on general circulation models and low-dimensional association analysis. The models’ equational basis makes it difficult to produce mathematical analysis results and clear interpretations, whereas the association analysis cannot establish causation sufficiently to make invariant predictions. However, the macroscale causal structures of the climate system may accomplish the tasks of analysis, modelling, and prediction according to the concepts of causal emergence and causal prediction’s invariance.Under the assumptions of no unobserved confounders and linear Gaussian models, we examine whether the macroscale causal structures of the climate system can be inferred not only to model but also to predict the large-scale climate variability. Specifically, first, we obtain the causal structures of the macroscale air-sea interactions of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which are interpretable in terms of physics. The structural causal models constructed accordingly can model the ENSO diversity realistically and predict the ENSO variability. Second, this study identifies the joint effect of ENSO and three other winter climate phenomena on the interannual variability in the East Asian summer monsoon. Using regression, these causal precursors can predict the monsoon one season ahead, outperforming association-based empirical models and several climate models. Third, we introduce a framework that infers ENSO’s air-sea interactions from high-dimensional data sets. The framework is based on aggregating the causal discovery results of bootstrap samples to improve high-dimensional variable selection. It is also based on spatial-dimension reduction to allow of clear interpretations at the macroscale.While further integration with nonlinear non-Gaussian models will be necessary to establish the full benefits of inferring causal structures as a standard practice in research and operational predictions, our study may offer a route to providing concise explanations of the climate system and reaching accurate invariant predictions.
Nonlinear El Niño impact on global economy in a warming climate
Authors: Liu Yi , Cai Wenju , Lin Xiaopei , Li Ziguang , Zhang Ying
Published: February 2023

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most consequential climate phenomenon affecting global extreme weathers often with devastating socioeconomic impact. However, quantifying the impact on global economy has been a challenge and has so far focused on tangible loss such as reduced agriculture outputs and infrastructure damage. Elusive are issues to what extent the impact affects the macroeconomy, how long the impact lasts, and how the impact may change in a warming climate. Using a smooth nonlinear climate-economy model fitted with historical data, here we find a damaging impact from El Niño in which acceleration of impact lasts for three years after an initial shock, with a total effect an order of magnitude greater than previous estimates; impact from La Niña is not symmetric and far weaker. We attribute a loss of US$2.1T and US$4.0T in global economy to the 1997-98 and 2015-16 El Niño events, but a gain of only US$0.08T from the 1998-99 La Niña event. In a warming climate, economic loss grows exponentially with increased ENSO variability. Under a high-emission scenario, changes in ENSO variability cause an additional median loss of US$33T to global economy at a 3% discount rate aggregated over the last 80 years of the 21st century, but possibly as large as US$375T, highlighting an exacerbated economic damage from future ENSO under global warming. Further, the additional loss lessens with lower emissions and achieving the Paris Agreement reduces the additional loss by half, pointing to a strong incentive for mitigation.
Characteristics of Jurassic Strike-slip Faults in Block 4 in Junggar Basin and Their Relationship with Hydrocarbon Distribution
Authors: xiulin lu , youlu jiang
Published: February 2023

Junggar Basin, located in the northern Xinjiang, is one of the most important oil and gas bearing sedimentary basins in China. Zhong-4 Block, located in Fukang Sag at the southern edge of the basin, is rich in oil and gas resources but low in exploration. Strike slip faults in the study area play an important role in controlling the distribution of oil and gas. Based on seismic and logging data, the static characteristics of strike slip faults are determined, the formation mechanism of strike slip faults is clarified, and the relationship between strike slip faults and oil and gas distribution is clarified. The results show that: (1) North east trending R-type shear fault, northwest trending P-type shear fault and north-south trending T-type extension fracture fault are developed in Zhong-4 block. The cross section of the strike slip fault is steep, with flower like structure, and obvious dolphin effect and ribbon effect can be seen; On the plane, it is characterized by segmented development, consisting of oblique overlapping segment, linear segment and braided structure segment; (2) The faults in Zhong4 Block are generally strike slip faults formed under the single shear mechanism consisting of NWW, NE and NS directions. According to the comprehensive geometric and kinematic characteristics, the fault zone in the work area mainly follows the rightward Riedel single shear mode. The included angle between R shear fault, P shear fault and main fault is mostly 15 °~25 °, which is widely developed in the work area. There are two stages of strike slip activities in the study area. The first stage is left strike slip in the west of Dong 6 well area in the early Jurassic, and the second stage is right strike slip in the whole study area in the late Jurassic; (3) The fault block traps developed in the strike slip fault oblique overlap zone are the main places for oil and gas enrichment in the study area, while the vertical sealing of the fault controls the oil and gas enrichment horizon. When the normal stress of the section is large and the vertical sealing of the fault is strong, oil and gas are enriched in the deep Sangonghe Formation; When the vertical sealing of the fault is poor, oil and gas are distributed in deep Sangonghe Formation and shallow Toutunhe Formation.
Effects of soil Cd, Ni, and Cu concentrations on sunflower: Mass of metal uptake, Bioaccumulation factor, and Transfer factor
Authors: Zhao Xin
Published: February 2023

Excessive heavy metal concentration in soils pose significant hazard to human, to animal and plant health, and to the environment in general. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology using selected and engineered metal-accumulating plants for environmental clean-up. An appropriate plant for phytoremediation should ideally have high and fast biomass production. Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) are representative species for phytoremediation which is an eco-friendly and economic technology to clean up polluted sites. Heavy metals are effectively removed from soil is dependent on an adequate yield of plants and on the efficient transfer of metals from the roots of the plants into shoots. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Cd, Ni, and Cu concentrations in soil on their bioaccumulation in sunflower in order to assess the plant’s phytoextraction potentials.

The experiments were carried out in greenhouse for 90 days. Sunflower seeds were planted in a flowerpot with 11kg of contaminated soils. The plants exposed to natural day and night temperatures with no fertilization so as to assess the feasibility of the remediation process. After 90 days, the sunflowers were harvested and the sunflower biomass was measured. Cd, Ni, and Cu were analyzed in the plant and soil samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), with the analyses being done in triplicate. In order to determine the degree of heavy metal accumulation in the sunflowers grown at the contaminated soils the bioaccumulation factor (BF) and the translocation factor (TF) were calculated.

According to the results of experiments, the concentrations of Cd, Ni, and Cu were higher in their roots as compared to in their shoots. The heavy metal concentrations did not affect the BF and TF of sunflower. For sunflower the BF values of Cd were found to be greater than 1, which means that sunflowers have good phytoextraction potentials, hence can be used for the phytoremediation of soils contaminates with cadmium.

Keywords: Sunflower, Bioaccumulation factor, Translocation factor, Phytoextraction

 

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2022R1I1A1A01055443) and the Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering at Seoul National University.
Energetic Constraints on Baroclinic Eddy Heat Transport in a Rotating Annulus
Authors: Qian Cheng , Read Peter , Marshall David
Published: February 2023

We measure baroclinic eddy heat transport in a differentially heated rotating annulus laboratory experiment to test mesoscale ocean eddy parameterization frameworks. The differentially heated rotating annulus comprises a fluid placed between two upright coaxial cylinders which are maintained at different temperatures, usually with a cooled inner cylinder and a heated outer.  The annular tank is placed on a rotating table which provides conditions for baroclinic eddies to develop and equilibrate in different flow regimes, depending upon the imposed conditions. As the rotation speed is increased, the equilibrated flow changes from a steady or periodically varying low wavenumber pattern to a more complex, time-varying flow dominated by higher wavenumbers. With a topographic beta effect produced by conically sloping upper boundary, more complex flow regimes are observed combining zonal jets and eddies forming one or more parallel storm tracks. With this possibility to explore varied flow regimes, our experimental approach combines laboratory calorimetry and visualization measurements along with numerical simulations to derive the eddy heat transport properties. In the following, we focus on the visualisation measurement to test related assumptions and parametric dependencies for eddy transport. We first test the assumptions of a down-gradient temperature flux-gradient relationship, determining coefficients of the eddy transport tensor, and exploring scaling relations for the eddy coefficients. A clear statistical scaling is found between eddy heat fluxes and physical variables such as eddy energy, the beta effect, and the temperature contrast.
Residential heating and cooling with Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) on city scale
Authors: Stemmle Ruben , Lee Haegyeong , Blume Philipp , Menberg Kathrin
Published: February 2023

Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) is a promising technology for sustainable and climate-friendly space heating and cooling which can contribute to the energy transition, as it causes significantly less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than conventional space heating and cooling technologies. Using 3D thermo-hydraulic numerical models, this study quantifies the technical potential of shallow low-temperature ATES in the city of Freiburg, Germany. The numerical models consider various ATES configurations and different hydrogeological subsurface characteristics relevant for the study area. Based on the modeling results, spatially resolved ATES power densities for heating and cooling are determined and compared to the space heating and cooling energy demand. High ambient groundwater flow velocities of up to 13 m d-1 cause relatively high storage energy losses resulting in maximum ATES power densities of 3.2 W m-2. Yet, these still reveal substantial heating and cooling energy supply rates achievable by ATES systems. While heating energy supply rates of larger than 60 % are determined for about 50 % of all residential buildings in the study area, the cooling energy demand could be supplied entirely by ATES systems for 92 % of the buildings. Also, ATES heating alone could allow for greenhouse gas emission savings of up to about 70,000 tCO2eq a‑1, equivalent to 40 % of the current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from space and water heating in the study areas’ residential building stock. The proposed modeling approach in this study can also be applied in other regions with similar hydrogeological conditions to obtain estimations of local ATES supply rates and support city-scale energy planning.
Spatial and temporal patterns and influencing factors of carbon and water cycles in different permafrost types on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Wang Xiang , Chen Guo , Wu Qi , Cao Longxi , Awange Joseph , Wu Mingquan
Published: February 2023

Understanding changes in water use efficiency (WUE) and its drivers in terrestrial ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is important to reveal the response of carbon and water cycle to climate change in the area sensitive to the environment. However, the patterns of carbon and water cycles in different frozen soil zones in this area are not well understood to our knowledge. This study explores the spatial and temporal patterns of WUE, gross primary production (GPP), and evapotranspiration (ET) from 2001 to 2020 at six frozen soil zones (short-time frozen ground; thin seasonally frozen ground; middle-thick seasonally frozen ground; mountain permafrost; predominantly continuous and island permafrost; predominantly continuous permafrost) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with different degrees of freezing based on remote sensing data. The climatic, edaphic, and botanic parameters influencing these patterns were then investigated. The results show that: (1) the WUE, GPP, and ET all generally increased from 2001-2020 for each type of frozen soil ecosystem although the significance and the slope of the trends differed, (2) the WUE and GPP gradually decreased as the degree of freezing increased, while ET first increased and then decreased with the freezing gradient, and (3) enhanced vegetation index was the first important variable influencing WUE for all types of frozen soil regions except for the area of short-time frozen ground. Our results highlight that the freezing degree of soil could influence the evaluation of the water-carbon cycle on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Is the stress relaxation relevant for long term forecasting?
Authors: Petrillo Giuseppe , Zhuang Jiancang , Lippiello Eugenio
Published: February 2023

The seismic gap hypothesis states that fault regions, where no large earthquake has recently occurred, are more prone than others to host the next large earthquake. This could allow an estmate of the occurrence probability of the next big shock on the basis of the time delay from the last earthquakes. Recent results, both numerical and instrumental, have shown that aftershock occurrence can provide important insights about the validty and range of applicability of the GAP hypothes. Here we discuss how to include the information of these new results in Self Exciting Point Process SEPP models, oiginally developed to describe only aftershock spatio-temporal patterns. In particular, using as testing laboratory a numerical model which reproduces all relevant statistical features of earthquake occurrence, we show as the introduction of stress release in SEPP models can improve long term earthquake prediction.
Rock Glacier Surface Change Detection Based on UAV- and Tristereo Pléiades Data (Agua Negra, Argentina)
Authors: Stammler Melanie A. , Bell Rainer , Bodin Xavier , Blöthe Jan , Schrott Lothar
Published: February 2023

Glacial and periglacial landforms in the semi-arid Andes represent an essential water storage and feed regional river runoff. Glacial and periglacial systems are undergoing change; with signs of permafrost degradation such as thermokarst being visible in the study area of the Agua Negra catchment in the Desert Andes of Argentina. Surface changes are often indicators of thawing and freezing processes and/or permafrost degradation. The analysis of surficial changes provides local patterns and indicates potential meltwater contribution to runoff. It is important to understand such changing processes to assess their future input to the hydrological system. Analyses that exceed landform scale are, however, rare due to limited accessibility and high demand on fieldwork and resources.Glaciers and permafrost in the Agua Negra catchment exist within close proximity, suggesting (de)coupling effects. Glaciers and permafrost features can act as thermal and mechanical entity with water functioning as agent of transient glacier-permafrost interaction. Investigating (de)coupling is essential to better understand landscape (in)stability and changing water storages within the system. We hypothesize that periglacial systems directly interacting with glacial landscapes display diverging surface processes compared to non-glacially impacted periglacial systems. They differ in terms of magnitude and pattern, e.g. due to meltwater (re)routing.We derive high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) for one talus-derived and one glacially impacted rock glacier and assess surface change based on repeated UAV flights in 2017, 2018, 2022 and 2023 for the talus-derived, and 2022 and 2023 for the glacially impacted rock glacier; both georeferenced by DGPS measurements. We increase the spatial scale of the analysis and use tristereo Pléiades data for Pléiades-based surface change detection of two glacially impacted rock glaciers between 2014 and 2022. Here, we use the UAV-based DEMs as validation datasets. We envision that combining the two data sources allows us to investigate change signals over larger spatial areas which might provide new insight in our process-response understanding of the high Andean (peri)glacial landscape and its hydrological significance.First results from UAV based DEM comparison indicate net negative surface changes of the talus-derived rock glacier. Preliminary analysis of the Pléiades data shows a net negative mass balance of Agua Negra glacier and highlights the need for improved co-registering of the Pléiades data for rock glacier surface change detection.
A data-driven classification of meander bends based on their energy spectrum.
Authors: Lopez Dubon Sergio , Sgarabotto Alessandro , Lanzoni Stefano
Published: February 2023

Meandering planforms are commonly observed in fluvial systems. A meander consists of a series of two alternate bends connected at the points of inflexion by relatively short, almost straight crossings. The presence of single-thread meandering rivers exhibiting a continuous sequence of such curves is widespread in alluvial floodplains. The study of river meanders has thus fascinated the scientific community, which, for a long time, has tried not only to classify them but also to quantify the complexity of meandering planforms and model their morphodynamic evolution.The idea of classifying meandering rivers has a long history. It has produced a series of non-dimensional parameters to identify a meander (i.e., half-meander amplitude, asymmetry index, half-meander sinuosity). Nevertheless, two main problems arise from the existing methodologies. They are too complicated to encompass as many shapes as possible or lack physical insight into hydraulic and sedimentological parameters.We propose a data-driven approach to address this classification issue, mixing physics-based information and machine-learning algorithms. In our approach, we consider the spatial distribution of meander curvatures and analyse it using different continuous wavelet transforms, getting the energy spectrum for each meander. This physics-based information is then firstly processed as an unsupervised visual classification problem using a neural-network autoencoder mix with cluster algorithms. The output of this first step analysis consists of two pre-trained algorithms that can classify the energy spectrum of pictures of planform curvatures and, therefore, the meander planform shape.The algorithms will be trained with a series of dimensionless, synthetically generated meanders and t subsequently tested with both natural and simulated meanders. The final aim is to identify automatically which type of meanders characterise a given river reach at a certain time. This methodology also has the potential to be extended to Spatiotemporal distributions of channel-axis curvature, thus unravelling key aspects of meandering dynamics, as well as identifying similarities between reaches of different rivers or between observed and synthetically generated river planforms.
Seismogenic event beds in perched basins during the last 20 kyr: Examples from offshore SW Taiwan
Authors: Pillutla Radha Krishna , Lin Andrew Tien-Shun , Su Chih-Chieh , Hsu Shu-Kun , Babonneau Nathalie , Ratzov Gueorgui , Lallemand Serge
Published: February 2023

The tectonic features of offshore SW Taiwan are dominantly controlled by the subduction and collision processes between the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea plates. Marine sediments may serve as archives of extreme events, including earthquakes, typhoons, submarine landslides, etc. The most common event bed is turbidite, while homogenites are relatively less well known. The distinction between various deposits like muddy turbidites, homogenites and hemipelagites has long been a matter of intricate controversy. Homogenites are one of the many event beds and are likely to develop in enclosed basins where suspended sediment clouds are trapped and deposited. They are very fine-grained sediments, initiated from re-suspended fine-grained sediments or from sediment gravity flows, and are transported and deposited from suspension fall-out. Two giant piston cores, MD18-3547 (35.27 m) and MD18-3548 (20.07 m), were collected in the perched/isolated basins of the Taiwan accretionary wedge, at a water depth of 1806m and 1752m respectively. A total of 29 event beds (homogenites and turbidites) are identified from the piston cores. Detailed grain-size analysis (1 cm resolution), 14C AMS dating and CT-scan of the above-mentioned cores were performed. CT scans reveal homogenites as thick structureless mud totally devoid of bioturbation while hemipelagites show bioturbation. The average thickness of homogenites and turbidites are ~250 cm and 5 cm, respectively, while the thickest homogenite layer is ~420 cm and the thickest turbidite layer is ~15 cm. All homogenite layers are floored by a thin (usually less than 10 cm thick) and fining-upward sandy unit. Grain size parameters like mean, mode, and median are highly constant for homogenites, excluding the basal sandy unit, between 6 and 8 µm. Both hemipelagite and homogenite are poorly sorted with homogenites displaying a uniform sorting throughout the unit. A total of 17 14C AMS dating of foraminifera were carried out from the two marine cores. The youngest homogenite is of ~2,375 BP cal yrs and the oldest one is ~ 17,926 BP cal yrs, while the youngest turbidite corresponds to ~2,375 BP cal yrs and the oldest one is ~18,871 BP cal yrs.Keywords: perched basins; homogenites; turbidites; ct-scan; 14C dating; grain size
Extracellular polymeric substances from soil-grown bacteria delay evaporative drying
Authors: Benard Pascal , Bickel Samuel , Kaestner Anders , Lehmann Peter , Carminati Andrea
Published: February 2023

When soils dry, water flow and nutrient diffusion cease as the liquid phase vital for soil life becomes fragmented. To delay soil drying locally and related adverse effects, bacteria and plants modify their surroundings by releasing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). As a result, the physical properties of hotspots like biological soil crusts or the rhizosphere differ from those of the surrounding bulk soil. Specifically, EPS-induced modifications delay evaporative soil drying. Despite the evidence of reduced evaporation from EPS-amended soils, the mechanisms controlling soil water content dynamics remain elusive. Thus, our study aimed to elucidate the potential of bacteria to modify their environment when exposed to oscillations in soil water content. We incubated sand microcosms with two contrasting strains of Bacillus subtilis for one week in a flow cabinet. At the end of the incubation period, local water loss was quantified and spatially resolved using time-series neutron radiography. Strain NCIB 3610, a complex biofilm producer steadily modified soil evaporation dynamics during the incubation period resulting in substantially delayed soil drying due to hydraulic decoupling of the evaporation front from the soil surface. Evaporation dynamics remained largely unaltered in the microcosms inoculated with the domesticated EPS-deficient strain 168 trp+ compared to the control treatment. The mechanism of hydraulic decoupling induced by NCIB 3610 was verified by estimates of diffusive fluxes and the position of the evaporation plane in the microcosm. Additionally, the role of polymeric substances in hydraulic decoupling was confirmed by an evaporation experiment using xanthan as an EPS analogue.
Assessment of Soil Contamination by Gas Cloud Generated from Chemical Fire Using Metabolic Profiling and Associated Bacterial Communities
Authors: Choi Jaeyoung
Published: February 2023

Chemical accidents have frequently occurred in South Korea as a result of the huge amount of chemicals being used in various industries. Even though fire accidents accounted for 71.9% of chemical accidents during 2008–2018 in South Korea, most ecological research and investigationhas focused on leakage accidents since most fire or explosion gases are diffused out and disappear into the atmosphere. In this study, the possibility of soil contamination by toluene combustion is proposed. A fire simulation batch test was performed and identified the combustion by-productssuch as methylbenzene, ethylbenzene, ethynylbenzene, benzaldehyde, 1-phenyl-1-propyne, naphthalene, 2-methylindene using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Naphthyl-2-methyl-succinic acid, a metabolic intermediate of naphthalene metabolism derived fromthe combustion product of toluene, was also discovered in field soil and the secondary metabolites such as streptomycin 6-phosphate, 3-Nitroacrylate, oxaloacetate using LC–MS. Moreover, Streptomyces scabiei, participating in naphthalene metabolism, was also discovered in filed soil (contaminatedsoil) using 16s rRNA sequencing. As a result, bacterial stress responses in field soil (contaminated soil) affected by gas cloud were identified by discovering metabolites relating to bacterial self-defense action such as fatty biosynthesis. This study draws a conclusion that soil can be polluted enough to affect bacteria by gas cloud and soil bacteria and can encounter stress for a long term even though toluene and its combustion products had already decomposed in soil. 
Removing hydrogen sulfide from a feed stream using suitable mine raw materials
Authors: Choi Jaeyoung
Published: February 2023

A series of materials, including sand (S) silica blue (SB), iron-exchanged sand (IES), zeolite 13X (Z), ironexchanged zeolites (IEZ), and the waste material acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS), were used as adsorbents for the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from a feed stream in a pilot (bench)-scale study. Artificially polluted H2S gas streams were created using a gas cylinder with 10,000 ppmv of H2S in nitrogen (N2), which was used for further dilution. The adsorption performance of each sorbent material was assessed by dynamic breakthrough analysis. The sorbents were analyzed via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The efficiency of H2S removal was observed and compared between adsorbents under various operating conditions, such as different contact times and initial concentrations. The AMDS was discovered to have highest adsorption efficiency for H2S, of all adsorbents studied here. The Yoon-Nelson, Thomas and Adam-Bohart models were applied to study the effects of H2S concentration and flowrate on adsorption of H2S on AMDS, and the maximum adsorption capacity of 312.73 g g1 was attainedat 1000 ppmv and 0.5 L min1 of H2S concentration and flow rate, respectively. This study found that all tested adsorbent materials have appreciable H2S adsorption capacity and AMDS in particular is an appropriate adsorbent for treatment of H2S-contaminated steam. Moreover, AMDS is a waste material and is available in abundance; hence, AMDS could be a practical choice for the adsorption of H2S from biogas.
Automated ice ablation readings reveal the significance of summer heat waves for glacier melt
Authors: Cremona Aaron , Huss Matthias , Landmann Johannes Marian , Borner Joël , Farinotti Daniel
Published: February 2023

Summer heat waves have a substantial impact on glacier melt as emphasized by the extreme summer of 2022 that caused unprecedented mass losses to the Swiss glaciers. Despite the dramatic impact on glaciers, the summer of 2022 offered a unique opportunity to analyze the implications that such extraordinary events have on glacier melt and related runoff release.This study presents a novel approach based on computer-vision techniques for automatically determining daily mass balance variations at the local scale. The approach is based on the automated recognition of color-taped ablation stakes from camera images acquired at six sites on three Alpine glaciers in the period 2019-2022. The validation of the method revealed an uncertainty of the automated readings of ±0.81 cm d-1. By comparing the automatically retrieved mass balances at the six sites with the average mass balance of the last decade derived from seasonal in situ observations, we detect extreme melt events in the summer seasons of 2019-2022.The in-depth analysis of summer 2022 allows us to assess the impact that the summer heat waves have on glacier melt. With our approach we detect 23 days with extreme melt over the summer, emphasizing the strong correspondence between heat waves and extreme melt events. The Swiss-wide glacier mass loss during the 25 days of heat waves in 2022 is estimated as 1.27 ± 0.10 Gt, corresponding to 35% of the overall glacier mass loss in the summer of 2022. As compared to the 2010-2020 average glacier mass change, days with extreme melt in 2022 correspond to 56% of the mass change during the summer period, thus demonstrating the significance of heat waves for seasonal melt.
The role of land-surface interactions for the surface energy fluxes in the EC-Earth earth system model
Authors: May Wilhelm
Published: February 2023

The EC-Earth earth system model is characterized by biases in various aspects of the simulated climate. Biases in precipitation result in biases in soil moisture, while biases in temperature and precipitation contribute to biases in vegetation. In this study, the extent to which the biases in soil moisture and vegetation contribute to the biases in the surface energy fluxes (which, in turn, lead to near-surface climate biases) in EC-Earth through interactions with the atmosphere is investigated.The study is based on two simulations for the recent period 19719-2017: an offline simulation with the land-surface component of EC-Earth, combining the HTESSEL land surface model and the LPJ-GUESS dynamical vegetation model forced, by the meteorological conditions from the ERA5 re-analyses, and a simulation with the atmospheric version of EC-Earth, where the land-surface conditions, i.e., soil moisture and vegetation, are prescribed from the offline simulation.The purpose of the study is twofold: By comparing the offline simulation with the land-surface component of EC-Earth with observational estimates of the surface energy fluxes, it is investigated to which extent the land-surface component, combing HTESSEL and LPJ-GUESS, is capable to simulate the surface energy fluxes under “perfect” climate conditions. And by comparing the simulation with the atmospheric component of EC-Earth with the offline simulation, the effects of the land-surface atmosphere interactions on the biases of the surface energy fluxes in EC-Earth are assessed. These effects are, to a large extent, related to climate biases in the atmospheric component of EC-Earth, e.g., the radiative fluxes, precipitation or the near-surface climate conditions.
Numerical thermo-mechanical modelling of lava dome growth during the 2007-2009 dome-building eruption at Volcán de Colima
Authors: Zeinalova Natalya , Ismail-Zadeh Alik , Tsepelev Igor , Melnik Oleg , Schilling Frank
Published: February 2023

Lava domes form during effusive eruptions due to an extrusion of highly viscous magmas from volcanic vents. We present here a study of the lava dome growth at Volcán de Colima, Mexico during 2007-2009 using numerical modelling. The mathematical model treats the lava dome extrusion dynamics as a thermo-mechanical problem. The equations of motion, continuity, and heat transfer are solved with the relevant boundary and initial conditions in the assumption that the viscosity depends on the volume fraction of crystals and temperature. Numerical experiments have been performed to analyse the internal structure of the lava dome (i.e., the distributions of the temperature, crystal content, viscosity, and velocity) depending on various heat sources and thermal boundary conditions. It was demonstrated earlier that the lava dome dynamics at Volcán de Colima during short (for a couple of months) dome-building episodes can be modelled by an isothermal lava extrusion with the viscosity depending on the volume fraction of crystals. We show here that cooling plays a significant role during long (up to several years) dome-building episodes. A carapace develops as a response to a convective cooling at the lava dome interface with the air. The carapace becomes thicker if the radiative heat loss at the interface is also considered. The thick carapace influences the lava dome dynamics constraining its lateral advancement. The latent heat of crystallization leads to higher temperatures inside the lava dome and to a relative flattening of the dome. The developed thermo-mechanical model of lava dome dynamics at Volcán de Colima can be used elsewhere to analyze effusive eruptions, dome carapace evolution and its failure potentially leading to pyroclastic flow hazards. 