bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Desorption of Linear Alkenes from Zeolite Molecular Sieve 5A
Authors: Jasra R.V. , Bhat S.G.T.
Published: January 2017

The desorption of linear alkenes with carbon numbers in the range from C6 to C14 from the molecular sieve adsorbent zeolite 5A has been studied by thermogravimetry. Such desorption exhibits three well-defined phases as observed for linear alkanes of a similar carbon number. The appearance of these desorption phases has been explained in terms of the interaction of alkene molecules with the zeolite cavities and the dependence of such interaction on the geometrical compatibility between the alkenes and the zeolite cavity.
Separation of Diethylbenzene Isomers on Silicalite in the Presence of High Pressure Carbon Dioxide and Propane
Authors: Tan Chung-Sang , Liao Chen-Lung , Chiang Shiaw-Tseh
Published: January 2017

An experimental study of the separation of m- and p-diethylbenzene (DEB) from a mixture containing the weight composition 66.7% m-DEB and 33.3% p-DEB on silicalite has been undertaken using high-pressure carbon dioxide and propane. The high-pressure gases functioned both as a carrier and a desorbent. The results show that the most appropriate operating combinations for obtaining 100% recovery of DEB isomer with a purity of over 99% and the smallest mean retention time for m-DEB was achieved by utilizing CO2 and propane at 34.0 atm, 363 K and 30 cm3/min, and at 6.8 atm, 443 K and 15 cm3/min, respectively. With these various combinations, the mean retention time of m-DEB was 149.7 min and 84.4 min using CO2 and propane, respectively. Accommodation to the operating temperature in the DEB production plant, and taking account of the compression costs and the operation time required, suggests the use of propane to achieve separation.
Response of the Surface Phase Transition to an Abrupt Pressure Change: Comparative Study of the 2D Gas–Liquid and 2D Fluid–Solid Phase Transitions
Authors: Kitayama Yosihito , Sakai Yosinobll , Asada Hiromu
Published: January 2017

The manner in which gaseous CH4 and N2 respond to an abrupt pressure change through adsorption and desorption on exfoliated graphite held at a temperature between 77 K and 90 K has been studied with particular emphasis on the role of the 2D (two-dimensional) Gas–Liquid phase transition of the second layer of adsorbed CH4 and of the 2D Fluid–Solid phase transition of adsorbed N2. The pressure relaxation was found to consist of two exponential decay components: a fast one and a slow one. For CH4, the 2D Gas–Liquid phase transition is involved in the fast decay component with a time constant of 2–3 s, while the slow decay component with a time constant of 7–40 s is minor and has been attributed to ripening or coalescence processes in the adsorbed phase. In contrast, the 2D Fluid–Solid phase transition of N2 involves both the fast decay component with a time constant of 2–3 s and the slow decay component with a time constant of 14–16 s, both having nearly equal magnitudes. The difference in the pressure response between the two phase transitions is discussed.
Effect of Al2O3 and MoO3 Doping of Co3O4 Solid on its Surface and Catalytic Properties
Authors: El-Shobaky Gamil A. , Turky Abd. El-Mohsen M.
Published: January 2017

Pure and doped Co3O4 samples were prepared by thermal decomposition at 500–1000°C of pure basic cobalt carbonate and of the basic carbonate treated with aluminium nitrate and ammonium molybdate. The amounts of dopants added were varied within the range 0.75–6 mol% Al2O3, and 0.025–6 mol% MoO3. The influence of this treatment on the specific surface areas and catalytic activities of the Co3O4 solids was investigated using nitrogen adsorption at −196°C and studies of the decomposition of H2O2 at 30–50°C.

The results obtained revealed that doping of cobaltic oxide solids with either Al2O3 or MoO3, followed by calcination at 500°C and 700°C, resulted in a progressive increase in the BET surface areas. This increase was, however, more pronounced in the case of MoO3 doping. Calcination of the doped solids at 900°C led to an increase in the BET surface areas of the Al2O3-treated solids and to a small decrease in the specific surface areas of the MoO3-doped samples.

Calcination of the variously doped solids at 500–900°C brought about a decrease in their catalytic activity to an extent proportional to the amount of dopant added. Thus, treatment of Co3O4 solids with 6 mol% Al2O3 followed by calcination at 500°C, 700°C and 900°C effected a decrease of 36.9, 42.8 and 67.5% in their activities (expressed as reaction rate constant per unit area) measured at 30°C. The decrease in the catalytic activity of Co3O4 solids due to MoO3 doping was greater than that effected by Al2O3 doping. The doping process did not change the mechanism of the catalytic reaction but effectively decreased the concentration of CO3+–CO2+ ion pairs acting as the active sites involved in the catalytic process.
Relationship between Shoulder Pain and Selected Variables in Patients with Hemiplegia
Authors: Bohannon Richard W
Published: January 2017

This investigation was performed to clarify the relationship between six independent variable categories and shoulder pain (SP) in hemiplegia. In this study, 30 hemiplegic patients served as subjects. The Ritchie articular index was used to measure SP. The independent variables were age, body weight, time since onset of stroke, shoulder subluxation, range of shoulder external rotation, and plegic shoulder muscle group strength. Subluxation was judged by palpation. Range of shoulder external rotation was measured goniometrically. Strength of the shoulder internal and external rotator, abductor and extensor muscles was measured with a hand-held dynamometer and normalized against body weight. A strength balance ratio of the shoulder was also determined (external rotators + abductors/internal rotators + extensors). Variables were measured on admission and prior to discharge. Spearman correlations or chi-squares were determined between the initial and final measurements of the independent variables and SP.

More than 80% of the patients had SP. Correlated significantly with SP at both assessments and across time were range of shoulder external rotation (−.574 to −.797), and strength of the shoulder external rotator (−.523 to −.583) and abductor (−.375 to −.519) muscles. Correlated significantly at one or more of the assessments were body weight, time since onset and the strength of the other muscle groups (including the strength ratio). Shoulder subluxation was not correlated with SP. Patients with greater weakness may be more prone to the development of pain because their muscles lack adequate strength to move the joint enough to prevent the development of adhesive capsulitis.
Native Indian Victims in Canada: Issues in Policy and Program Delivery
Authors: Griffiths Curt Taylor , Yerbury J. Colin
Published: January 2017

The plight of Native Indians in Canadian society has received increasing attention in recent years and the ongoing difficulties encountered by Native persons, bands, and communities have been extensively documented by social scientists. To date, however, little attention has been given to Native Indian victims of crime. The following discussion is designed as an exploratory consideration of the issues surrounding Native victimization in Canada and identifies several key issues that governmental agencies and ministries as well as Native Indian bands, organizations and communities will be required to address in any attempt to develop policies and programs to assist Native Indian victims. A major assertion of the discussion is that, to date, legislators, policy makers and program administrators have given little attention to the special needs of Native victims or to the factors that precipitate and perpetuate the high rates of Native victimization which exist in Canada.
An Assessment of Rape Reform: Victim and Case Treatment under Michigan's Model
Authors: Caringella-Macdonald Susan
Published: January 2017

This examination of Michigan's model rape reform law focuses on the comparability between the treatment of sexual and other violent assaults. Discriminate function and correlation analyses were conducted to discern similarities and/or differences in the handling of assaults in a jurisdiction operating under the model reform code. Research results indicated that implementation achieved reform desires to rid unique requirements and practices in sexual assault case prosecutions in some areas, but that continued differential treatment persisted in other areas. The successes as well as failures in accomplishing reform goals are discussed. Conclusions emphasize the continual need for victim services and advocacy.
Victim Assistance in Police Stations on the Move*
Authors: Hauber Albert R. , Zandbergen Anke
Published: January 2017

The increasing public as well as political concern for the plight of victims of crime prompted the police department of the city of The Hague, The Netherlands, to begin its own victim assistance scheme. In this way The Hague's police department illustrated its continuing awareness of the important tasks for the police in their dealings with victims, as has been shown in Dutch as well as in foreign research (Hogenhuis, 1988).

This article concerns the evaluation of an experiment in decentralized victim assistance. Emphasis is placed on how police, volunteers and victims reacted to the new organization. Suggestions are included for future experiments of this nature.
Compensation for Criminal Injury in Poland
Authors: Broniatowski Krzysztof
Published: January 2017

This paper reports the results of a survey conducted in Poland in 1984 concerning the degree to which persons injured as a result of offences committed under Articles 155 and 156 of the Polish Criminal Code obtained compensation.
Clinical Trial of the Hypotensive Combination : Dihydroergocristine, Clopamide and Reserpine. (A Multicentre Cooperative Double Blind Study)
Authors: Goto Y , Hagino K , Hara K
Published: January 2017

A multiclinical cooperative clinical trial at three university clinics in Tokyo is described. The three components of an anti-hypertensive combination have been compared with placebo in double blind fashion alone and in the possible combinations.

[Formula: see text]

The patients were treated with flexible doses during four weeks (max dose 3 caps/day). For statistical evaluation 159 patients were available. In mild to moderate hypertension the combination of the three components caused, in lower doses, a significantly greater blood pressure reduction than the components separately or combinations of two. No important side-effects were encountered.
A Controlled Multi-Centre Study of Hygroton® in the Treatment of Angina Pectoris
Authors: Bennion-Pedley J , Donald J F , Ingram D F , Million R , Seldrup J
Published: January 2017

Following the reports of Floyd (1966) and Floyd & Domenet (1972) a study was conducted on the effect of adding 50 mg of chlorthalidone ( Hygroton®) or a matching placebo to the usual antianginal regime of 25 patients. The study was a double blind comparison between chlorthalidone 50 mg tablets and a matching placebo; each patient received both treatments. Chlorthalidone was found to be significantly better than placebo in both reducing the incidence of attacks and the consumption of glyceryl trinitrate. Chlorthalidone reduced the day-time anginal attack rate by 38% as compared with the placebo attack rate. This improvement is of the same order as that achieved by beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents in similar types of trial. A marked variation in response was found between different types of patients. The earlier investigations with diuretics in angina are reviewed, and a possible explanation for the advantageous effect of chlorthalidone is offered.
Disopyramide in Cardiac Arrhythmias–An Initial Appraisal
Authors: Conway J F , Bottomley K , Wakeley E J , Duff R S
Published: January 2017

Two preliminary studies investigating disopyramide, a new anti-arrhythmic agent, demonstrated successful control of a variety of cardiac arrhythmias.
A Double Blind Pilot Study of Dicynene in the Control of Menorrhagia
Authors: Jaffé Gabriel , Wickham Anne
Published: January 2017

In a pilot study in general practice, using a double blind cross-over technique, twenty-six patients with menorrhagia were treated with Dicynene ( ethamsylate) or a placebo preparation during four menstrual periods, each preparation being given for two consecutive periods.

The number of tampons used and number of days of menstrual loss were recorded together with the patient's assessment of the severity of bleeding.

On statistical analysis the results demonstrated the superiority of Dicynene over placebo in reducing the amount and duration of bleeding in menorrhagia.

Twenty-five patients reported an absence of side-effects during the trial. Slight indigestion was recorded in one patient during Dicynene treatment.
Drug Profile: Tanderil Eye Ointment
Authors: Murphy J Eric
Published: January 2017

Tanderil® (oxyphenbutazone) is a pyrazole similar in structure to phenylbutazone of which it is a naturally occurring metabolite. It has been used for many years as an anti-inflammatory compound in rheumatic conditions and soft tissue inflammation. Its use in ophthalmology is well documented.

It is absorbed across the corneoscleral barrier in therapeutic amounts from an oily based oculent, and it does not produce the problems of cataract formation, rise in intra-ocular pressure and enhancement of viral replication, which may be associated with steroid therapy. Clinically Tanderil Eye Ointment is useful in the suppression of inflammatory response associated with endogenous disease, trauma and operative intervention. It is well tolerated by the majority of patients and presents a safe topical antiinflammatory preparation which may be used as an alternative to steroids.
A Multicentre General Practice Study of Cinnarizine in the Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: Donald J F
Published: January 2017

A multicentre, double-blind, crossover study monitoring walking distance and symptomatology was set up to compare the efficacy of cinnarizine with that of placebo in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication.

Walking distances were statistically significantly increased by cinnarizine treatment when it was given before placebo. This improvement was maintained without further significant deterioration when the patients were switched to placebo therapy.

A smaller but statistically significant increase in walking distance was observed after the first 12 weeks of the study for the patients treated with placebo first. During the final phase of cinnarizine treatment an additional increase in mean walking distance, comparable to that seen during the first half of the study, was observed in these subjects. This improvement failed to reach a level of statistical significance because of the variation in response between individual patients.
Recurrence of Otitis Media after Antibiotic Therapy: Comparison of Cephradine and Amoxycillin
Authors: McLinn Samuel E
Published: January 2017

The long-term effectiveness of cephradine and amoxycillin in the treatment of otitis media was evaluated in one hundred children ranging in age from 4 months to 14 years. The immediate clinical response was comparable in both treatment groups, but the recurrence rate during a 12-month follow-up period was considerably lower in the patients treated with cephradine. The incidence of side-effects was similar in the two groups.
Once Daily Beta-Blocker in Hypertension – Oxprenolol Slow-Release
Authors: Gordon R D , Ziesak M , Rowe W S , Strakosch C R , Row G
Published: January 2017

In a within-patient comparison of conventional oxprenolol administered twice daily with slow-release oxprenolol administered once daily in the treatment of hypertension, twenty patients previously responsive to beta-blockers took each formulation for 4 weeks, after wash-out periods off beta-blocker of 2 weeks' duration. The order of administration of the two forms was randomized, and sixteen patients continued medication with cyclopenthiazide 0.5 mg daily. Blood pressure levels at the end of the 4-week treatment periods were compared with levels at the end of the preceding 2-week wash-out periods.

Both formulations lowered blood pressure and pulse rate significantly. There was no difference in their effects on pulse rate or on blood pressure, whether measured by the doctors using standard sphygmomanometers or by the hypertension sister using a random-zero sphygmomanometer. In four patients who measured their own blood pressures at home each morning (before medications), afternoon and night, mean levels were similar with the two formulations. Both formulations were very well tolerated.
A New Skeletal Muscle Relaxant (DS 103-282*) Compared to Diazepam in the Treatment of Muscle Spasm of Local Origin
Authors: Hennies O L
Published: January 2017

The myotonolytic activity of a new muscle-relaxant, DS 103-282, was compared with that of diazepam in a randomized double-blind study on thirty patients suffering from acute muscular spasm due to disorders of the cervical and lumbar segments of the spine. Fifteen patients received 4 mg DS 103-282 and fifteen received 5 mg diazepam on a three times daily regime for 7 days.

DS 103-282 was found to alleviate symptoms and improve mobility to a significant degree (p ≥ 0.05) in all parameters evaluated and was also significantly superior to diazepam in 5 of these. Onset of action was particularly rapid for DS 103-282. Both medications were well tolerated and there was no significant difference between them.

On the basis of these data DS 103-282 may be considered a more powerful and faster-acting myotonolytic agent than diazepam with which it was compared in similar clinical indications.
Treatment of Essential Hypertension with Single Daily Doses of a Prazosin-Polythiazide Combination: A Multicentre Study with Minizide
Authors: Gordon A J , Woeltjen A E
Published: January 2017

In a multicentre study conducted by thirty-two investigators in ten European, Asian, and Latin-American countries the combination of prazosin 0.5 mg and polythiazide 0.25 mg per tablet was used as the only drug treatment for all grades of hypertension in 551 adult male and female out-patients. After a 2-week placebo period, patients received 1 tablet daily. The dosage was increased, as necessary, by 1 tablet every 2 weeks to a maximum of 4 tablets daily to provide an adequate blood pressure response. Duration of therapy averaged 7.8 weeks. Blood pressure was reduced by an average of 15% systolic and 17% diastolic and the degree of severity of blood pressure improved in 93% of patients. Two-thirds of the patients ended the study with a diastolic blood pressure equal to or less than 90 mm Hg. The dosage at the end of the therapy period averaged 2 tablets of Minizide as a single daily dose. Side-effects were mostly mild or moderate and were typical of those expected for antihypertensive medication. It is concluded that this combination drug is efficacious in the treatment of hypertension and, together with its good toleration profile and ease of administration, will enhance compliance with therapy.
Prestim in the Management of Mild to Moderate Essential Hypertension in General Practice
Authors: Peacock K , Hodge B
Published: January 2017

Fifty-three hypertensive patients from one practice, of whom forty-two were new patients, were treated with Prestim — a fixed dose combination of 10 mg timolol maleate and 2·5 mg bendrofluazide. After a 2-week placebo run-in period, dose titration took place at weekly intervals up to a maximum of 4 tablets daily. Stabilized patients were followed-up at 3 months and approximately 1 year. At the 3-month follow-up, forty-nine patients were evaluated. Forty-two patients (85%) were well controlled (diastolic blood pressure below 95 mm Hg) on Prestim at a mean daily dose of 1·4 tablets. Four patients stopped therapy due to side-effects and in three patients the blood pressure was uncontrolled on the maximum dose of 4 tablets daily. After 1 year, thirty-four patients (75%) were still well controlled on a mean dose of 1·3 tablets daily. A further two patients were lost to follow-up and six other patients stopped therapy during the last nine months of the study. There were no unexpected side-effects and the general biochemical profile remained unaltered.
Clinical Assessment of a Trimethoprim-Sulfamethopyrazine Combination (Kelfiprim) in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Harazim H , John M , Pandelitschka E , Bröll H , Jackwerth G
Published: January 2017

The new combination of trimethoprim 250 mg and sulfamethopyrazine 200 mg was used in fourteen out-patients and eighteen in-patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia or bronchopneumonia due to sensitive bacteria.

The drug was given for 1 to 2 weeks as one capsule daily (following a double loading dose on the first day), and ampicillin, 500 mg capsules q.i.d., was administered to another group of eleven in-patients for comparison.

Overall results, based on clinical, radiological and laboratory findings, were excellent or good in 85% and 67%, respectively, of out- and in-patients receiving the combination drug; definite failures were one out of fourteen and two out of eighteen cases, and the remainder were assessed as fair. In three out of thirty-two patients mild to moderate gastro-intestinal side-effects were observed during treatment. The drug compared favourably to ampicillin for both effectiveness and safety.
Analgesia following Oral Surgery: A Comparative Study of Solpadeine and a Soluble Form of Dextropropoxyphene Napsylate and Paracetamol
Authors: Edmondson H D , Bradshaw A J
Published: January 2017

A study is presented which was designed to compare Solpadeine (paracetamol 500 mg, codeine phosphate 8 mg and caffeine 30 mg) and soluble DNP (dextropropoxyphene napsylate, equivalent to 32·5 mg hydrochloride and paracetamol 325 mg) in the control of pain following wisdom teeth extraction. A higher percentage of patients found Solpadeine more effective and significantly more Solpadeine patients considered their treatment easier to take.
Efficacy of Mexiletine in the Medium-Term Treatment of Ventricular Arrhythmias. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial against Placebo in Ambulatory Patients
Authors: Masotti G , Morettini A , Casolo G C , Ieri A , Zipoli A , Serneri G G Neri
Published: January 2017

A double-blind, crossover study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of mexiletine with that of placebo in reducing premature ventricular complexes (PVC) in ambulatory patients and to find out the dose which gives a good therapeutic response with a minimal incidence of side-effects. Twenty-six patients, who had on average 427·9 PVCs/hour, were admitted to the study. The doses given were designed to reduce the frequency of PVCs by 50% or more from the baseline value.

Two out of the twenty-six patients stopped treatment because of major side-effects. In the remaining twenty-four patients the 3 weeks of treatment with mexiletine significantly reduced the rate of PVCs by comparison with placebo (-63·8% versus +7·5%). In the nineteen responders (per cent reduction of PVCs over 50%) the dose of mexiletine was 600 mg daily (200 mg every 8 hours). In the non-responders plasma levels of mexiletine proved to be in the therapeutic range, not in any way different from responders. The most frequent side-effects were digestive difficulties (fifteen patients taking mexiletine and six taking placebo).

These results show that mexiletine is an effective anti-arrhythmic drug in the management of ventricular arrhythmias occurring in ambulatory patients. In the majority of patients mexiletine was found to be effective even at the lowest dose studied of 600 mg/day.
Diclofenac Increases Beta-Endorphin Plasma Concentrations
Authors: Martini A , Bondiolotti G P , Sacerdote P , Pierro L , Picotti G B , Panerai A E , Restelli L , Zancaner F , Monza G
Published: January 2017

Plasma and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Beta-endorphin concentrations were evaluated after chromatographic separation in patients carrying a ventricular shunt before and after the administration of diclofenac orplacebo.

In the same subjects the ventricular CSF concentrations of the serotonin and the catecholamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and MOPEG were also evaluated. Plasma, but not ventricular, Beta-endorphin concentrations increased significantly after diclofenac, while placebo was ineffective. No significant changes in ventricular 5-HIAA, HVA or MOPEG levels were observed. These data suggest a role for Beta-endorphin in the analgesic effect of diclofenac.
A Double-Blind Controlled Evaluation of the Nasal Decongestant Effect of Day Nurse® in the Common Cold
Authors: Lea P
Published: January 2017

A rhinomanometric technique was used to evaluate the nasal decongestant effect of a single dose of Day Nurse® over a 4-hour post-dosing period in human volunteers suffering from nasal congestion due to a common cold.

A significant improvement in nasal congestion was obtained at the 1 hour, 2 hour, 3 Hour and 4 hour post-dosing interval, from initial values compared to a placebo group. The study therefore demonstrated by an objective technique that Day Nurse® provides relief of nasal congestion and related symptoms in cold sufferers.
The Anti-Inflammatory Action of Flurbiprofen Suppositories in Paediatric Urology in Comparison with Co-Trimoxazole
Authors: Bono A V , Roggia A
Published: January 2017

Fifty male children, aged between 3 and 10 years, were treated for a 12-day period with either trimethoprim (80–160 mg) plus sulphamethoxazole (400–800 mg) daily (co-trimoxazole) or 50–125 mglday flurbiprofen rectally. The patients had been treated surgically for criptorchidism. Flurbiprofen showed good effectivity in controlling post-operative inflammation in urology. It is concluded that antimicrobial agents such as co-trimoxazole, because of their potential risks of damage at the cell's level, should be used only in presence of a bacterial infection.
Analgesic Efficacy and Side-Effect Profile of Paracetamol/Codeine and Paracetamol/Dextropropoxyphene after Surgical Removal of a Lower Wisdom Tooth
Authors: Sagne S. , Henrikson P.-Å. , Kahnberg K.-E. , Thiiander H. , Bertilson S. O.
Published: January 2017

A double-blind randomized analgesic trial was carried out on 180 patients undergoing surgical removal of an impacted lower wisdom tooth. The patients took their first dose of either 1000 mg paracetamol plus 60 mg codeine or 650 mg paracetamol plus 65 mg dextropropoxyphene when pain appeared after the decline of the local anaesthesia. If needed, another two doses were available during the observation period (≤10 h). The analgesic efficacy of paracetamol/codeine was overall superior to paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene in all variables. Sufficient pain relief was obtained in most patients. The pain reduction after the first dose was 64% in the group receiving paracetamol/codeine compared with 53% in the group receiving paracetamol/dextropropoxyphene and the mean durations of effect of the first dose were 6.6 and 5.8 h, respectively. Side-effects appeared in all patient groups but were most frequent in women taking paracetamol/codeine.
Vitamin C Status of Elderly Patients on Admission into an Assessment Geriatric Ward
Authors: Mandal S. K. , Ray A. K.
Published: January 2017

A study of the plasma vitamin C concentration in patients in an assessment geriatric ward was carried out for 1 year. The incidence of vitamin C deficiency, as reflected by the plasma vitamin C level was 40.1%. There was almost no difference in its prevalence amongst the sexes or various age groups, but the incidence of vitamin C deficiency was highest in patients admitted from institutions. Furthermore, this study also revealed that patients with certain illnesses were more vulnerable to vitamin C deficiency than other patients and the standard hospital diet alone was not sufficient to improve the vitamin C status of these patients in the short-term.
Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Lader M.
Published: January 2017

Antipsychotic drugs are widely used to treat abnormal behaviour particularly that related to the functional psychoses such as schizophrenia. This review discusses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of antipsychotic drugs like chlorpromazine. Clinical use comprises the induction of tranquillization in disturbed psychiatric patients, the treatment of acute and chronic schizophrenic symptoms, and the postponement of relapse in such patients. Unwanted effects are multifarious, involving many systems of the body. Extrapyramidal signs and symptoms are particularly noticeable, and the chronic type, tardive dyskinesia, is a major problem.
Pharmacological Modulation of Cutaneous Reactivity to Histamine: A Double-Blind Acute Comparative Study between Cetirizine, Terfenadine and Astemizole
Authors: Ghys L. , Rihoux J.-P.
Published: January 2017

In a double-blind study performed in 81 healthy volunteers, 10 mg cetirizine and 60 mg terfenadine given orally in a single administration significantly inhibited skin reactivity to histamine. Astemizole (10 mg) was completely ineffective. The inhibitory effect of cetirizine was potent and regular whereas 6/28 (21%) volunteers did not respond to terfenadine. The difference observed beween cetirizine and terfenadine might be due to differences in the metabolism of the two drugs after administration: terfenadine is rapidly and extensively metabolized whereas cetirizine is directly active without the need for biotransformation and, indeed is poorly metabolized.
Azelastine in the Prophylactic Treatment of Bronchial Asthma: An Italian Multicentre Comparison with Ketotifen
Authors: Ambrosi L. , Bariffi F. , Carino M. , Catena E. , Ceccarelli G. , Ciampini M. , Condoluci M. , Crimi N. , Ferretti G. , Gambaro G. , Girbino G. , Marchioni F.G. , Marzo C. , Maselli R. , Mattiello A. , Mistretta A. , Muratori M. , Palermo B. , Panzera F. , Piacenza G. , Pinizzotto G. , Robuschi M. , Russo P. , Sanduzzi A. , Spagnotto S. , Valenti S. , Viggiani P. , Zanon P.
Published: January 2017

The prophylactic effectiveness of the phthalazinone derivative, azelastine was compared with ketotifen. A total of 111 patients, aged 18 – 65 years, from 10 centres was entered into this randomized, double-blind study. All patients had reversible asthma. After 1 week on placebo, patients were allocated to either 8 mg/day azelastine once or twice daily, or to 1 mg ketotifen, twice daily, for a further 12 weeks. Azelastine was more effective in improving respiratory function (forced expiratory flow in 1 s and peak expiratory flow rate) when given in the once daily regimen, whereas clinical measures (number of weekly asthma attacks) were most improved by twice daily dosing. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of azelastine and that of ketotifen. Treatments were equally well tolerated and a low incidence of side-effects was reported. In conclusion, 8 mg/day azelastine, in either a single or twice daily dosage regimen may be regarded as providing effective prophylaxis against bronchial asthma.
Long-Term Treatment with Slow-Release Frusemide Compared with Thiazide Treatment in Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Jørgensen H. , Anderssen N. , Silsand T. , Peterson L.-E.
Published: January 2017

The effect of 30 mg/day slow-release frusemide given orally for 12 months was studied in 64 patients previously treated with thiazides for mild to moderate essential hypertension. Frusemide had a significant antihypertensive effect ( P<0.001), and compared to thiazides significantly reduced fasting serum glucose ( P<0.015), haemoglobin A1c ( P<0.025), albumin ( P<0.025) and serum calcium ( P<0.025), and significantly increased serum sodium and chloride concentrations ( P<0.0001). There was also a non-significant trend for frusemide to reduce serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and urate, and to increase serum potassium. Frusemide was well tolerated in all but three patients. It is concluded that slow-release frusemide has a comparable antihypertensive effect to that of thiazide diuretics, but has fewer metabolic side-effects, and should be used in preference to thiazides for the treatment of arterial hypertension when a diuretic is indicated.
Modified Release Tizanidine: A Review
Authors: Hutchinson D.R.
Published: January 2017

The pharmacokinetic and clinical properties of a modified release formulation of the α2-adrenergic agonist tizanidine are reviewed. Therapy with conventional tizanidine tablets is effective in the relief of spasticity, but it has a short half-life, resulting in it having to be administered three or four times daily. The modified release capsules have retard characteristics which allow the drug to be given as a once-daily dosage. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers have shown that the relative bioavailability of the modified release formulation is similar to that of conventional tablets and is unaffected by food. Clinical studies have shown that modified release tizanidine improved spasticity and disability in approximately 94% and 79%, respectively, of spastic patients. Adverse effects were observed in about 33% of patients. Mild, transient muscular weakness was the most common effect, but it did not require termination of treatment. Body weight, blood pressure, heart rate and haematological or biochemical measures were not adversely affected. The initial recommended dose of modified release tizanidine is one capsule per day of 6 mg, which may be increased gradually to 24 mg. A daily dose of 12 mg modified release tizanidine was used in 50% of patients studied.
Ambulatory 24-H Blood Pressure Monitoring in Essential Hypertensives Treated with the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Ramipril
Authors: Spieker C. , Zidek W. , Vetter H. , Rahn K.-H.
Published: January 2017

A double-blind, crossover study was carried out on the antihypertensive effect of 5 mg ramipril. Continuous 24-h blood pressure monitoring was performed on 15 essential hypertensives [mean (± SD) blood pressure 155.2 ± 6.5/101.3 ± 4.8 mmHg], 24 h prior to treatment and 48 h after having received either antihypertensive therapy or placebo; the patients taking part in the study had not taken any antihypertensive treatment 4 weeks prior to the beginning of the trial. After receiving 5 mg ramipril the mean 24-h blood pressure was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced to 148.3 ± 5.8/91.5 ± 5.5 mmHg. After 48 h the blood pressure increased to 153.1 ± 4.8/96.0 ± 6.4 mmHg. In the placebo group there was only a slight, non-significant reduction in blood pressure on day 1 (154.3 ± 6.9/97.3 ± 5.7 mmHg) and during day 2 the blood pressure increased to 155.4 ± 5.3/99.5 ± 5.9 mmHg. The results showed that a once-daily administration of 5 mg ramipril produced a reduction in blood pressure, which lasted 24 h. This simple therapeutic regime offers the advantage of being easy for patients to follow and, therefore, promotes compliance with therapy.
Hyperinsulinaemia in Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus: A Chronobiological Approach
Authors: Guagnano M.T. , Basile S. , Capani F. , Sensi S.
Published: January 2017

Blood pressure was continuously recorded for 24 h in 31 non-insulin-dependent diabetic men with borderline, mild, or moderate systolic and/or diastolic hypertension. A 2-h oral glucose tolerance test was also performed with blood glucose, serum insulin and C-peptide determination at 30-min intervals. Significant correlations were found between fasting and post-glucose integrated area of blood glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations versus blood pressure measures. Total insulin area appeared to correlate significantly with diastolic measures [casual, daytime, night-time, mean computational (mesor), hyperbaric impact and percent time elevation], mean blood pressure, and mesor and hyperbaric impact systolic measures. It is concluded that the more accurate assessment of the circadian pattern of blood pressure by a chronobiological procedure allowed the existence of close correlations between metabolic and blood pressure measures to be established, confirming the importance of hyperinsulinaemia in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension.
Evaluation of Biocompatible Osteoconductive Polymer Activity and Biocompatibility for Minor Oral Surgery in Animals and Humans
Authors: Ortolani E. , Nazzicone M. , Fratto G.
Published: January 2017

The speed of recovery with and biocompatibility of biocompatible osteoconductive polymer used for minor oral surgery were investigated in animals and humans. Histological and radiological follow-up of graft sites and experimental mandibular bone loss was performed in 20 rabbits. Evaluation of X-rays showed no notable difference between the treated and control animals; however, biopsies 60 days after surgery showed that those animals treated with biocompatible osteoconductive polymer did not have any interposition of connective tissue between the polymer and the new bony tissue whereas the control samples did. Radiographic follow-up of the human patients at 30 and 60 days following molar extraction showed more bone regeneration in all patients treated with the polymer compared to the controls. The results showed that the use of biocompatible osteoconductive polymer to fill secondary surgical extraction cavities provided fast prosthetic rehabilitation for the patients.
Effects of Long-Term Administration of a Combined α- and β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agent on Glucose and Lipid Metabolisms in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Okada S , Ichiki K , Tanokuchi S , Ishii K , Hamada H , Ota Z
Published: January 2017

The effects of a combined α- and β-adrenoceptor blocking agent on glucose and lipid metabolism were examined in 27 out-patients with both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced ( P < 0.02), compared with the baseline value, after 1, 2, 3 and 12 months of treatment, and diastolic blood pressure was reduced after 6 and 12 months while the reductions in blood pressure at the other times were not statistically significant. Total cholesterol, and low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased or showed decreasing trends during treatment, while triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change in response to treatment. The glycosylated haemoglobin level, an indicator of glucose metabolism, did not change throughout treatment compared with its baseline value. The results suggest that a combined α- and β-adrenoceptor blocking agent is less harmful to lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity than a β-adrenoceptor blocker would be. Such combined agents may be useful for treating hypertension accompanying diabetes mellitus.
A Congenital Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lungs in a Calf
Authors: van den Ingh T. S. G. A. M. , van der Gaag Ingrid
Published: January 2017

A 7-month-old fetal calf had a diffuse, solid adenomatoid malformation of the left diaphragmatic lobe of the lungs. The malformation consisted of a large white mass with a lobular pattern. The lobules had a sponge-like structure without any cysts and contained dilated bronchioles, lined by a single layer of epithelial cells and a layer of elastic fibres. There were neither cartilaginous rings nor muscle fibres. The anomaly was associated with generalized fetal hydrops, oedema of the fetal membranes, and indications of hydramnion or hydrallantois.
The Etiology of Swine Dysentery
Authors: Meyer R. C. , Simon J. , Byerly C. S.
Published: January 2017

Germ-free swine varying in age from 5 to 20 days were inoculated orally with cultures of either a spirochete (B-78), Vibrio coli, or a combination of the two. Both agents readily colonized the intestinal tracts of the exposed pigs without producing clinical or pathologic signs of swine dysentery. Acute disease and deaths occurred only when piglets were exposed to whole, ground colonic material reportedly from animals with swine dysentery. Disease and deaths were associated with Salmonella infantis.
Lesions of Spontaneous Canine Viral Enteritis
Authors: Nelson D. T. , Eustis S. L. , McAdaragh J. P. , Stotz I.
Published: January 2017

Spontaneous enteric disease characterized by hemorrhagic diarrhea and high mortality occurred in puppies from commercial kennels in three midwestern states. Microscopic lesions resembling those of panleukopenia in cats were seen in the intestines. The predominant features were necrosis of crypt epithelium, collapse or dilation of crypt lumina and villous atrophy. Viral particles morphologically resembling parvovirus were found in the feces by direct electron microscopy. The canine virus reacted with antibody to feline panleukopenia virus by immunoelectron microscopy and fluorescent antibody technique. Fluorescent antibody was used to detect virus in the crypt epithelium of affected dogs. Feline kidney cells inoculated with fecal preparations had cytopathic effect and positive fluorescence by fluorescent antibody technique.
Ultrastructure of Canine Urinary Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: Alrov J.
Published: January 2017

Luminal and intraepithelial asymmetric unit membrane plaques were found in the urinary bladder urothelium of normal dogs. Tight junctions were found only at the apical poles of the luminal cells. In four dogs with spontaneous urinary bladder carcinomas the asymmetric unit membrane plaques were replaced by symmetric unit membrane. In the neoplastic luminal cells the tight junctions were partially attenuated. Invasive and metastatic neoplastic cells had some tight junction at the stromal interface. Some gap junctions were seen in the normal urothelium but not in the neoplastic cells. The amount of desmosomes in the neoplastic cells varied according to their direction of differentiation (transitional, squamous or glandular).
Mycotoxicosis Produced in Swine by Cultural Products of an Isolate of Aspergillus ochraceus
Authors: Zimmermann J. L. , Carlton W. W. , Tuite J.
Published: January 2017

Rice culture of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus ochraceus was fed at a concentration of 25% to weanling pigs for 10 days. The clinicopathological abnormalities reflected renal damage. Activities of lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were increased in the urine but not in the serum. Serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and creatinine were high. Cellular and granular casts, blood, protein, and glucose were in the urine of pigs fed toxic diet. Serum concentrations of K+, Na+ and Cl- were unchanged, but concentrations of these electrolytes were reduced in the urine.
Primary Cardiac Granular Cell Tumor in a Dog
Authors: Sanford S. E. , Hoover D. M. , Miller R. B.
Published: January 2017

The histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural features of a granular cell tumor in the wall of the right atrium of the heart in a nine-year-old dog are described. The histologic appearance of the mass varied from areas of spindle-shaped cells to sheets of globoid cells with foamy granular cytoplasm. The globoid neoplastic cells contained numerous cytoplasmic granules which were variably positive to periodic acid-Schiff staining, with and without disastase digestion. Ultrastructurally, the globoid cells had numerous various-sized, heterogeneous lysosomes with pleomorphic content. A granular cell tumor originating in the heart has not been reported previously in animals. The support for a neural origin of these tumors by the recent identification of several nervous tissue specific proteins in their granular cells is discussed.
Systemic Histiocytosis of Bernese Mountain Dogs
Authors: Moore P. F.
Published: January 2017

A histiocytic proliferative disorder was identified in six closely related Bernese mountain dogs. Clinical signs included anorexia, weight loss, stertorous respiration, and conjunctivitis with marked chemosis. Multiple cutaneous nodules were distributed over the entire body but were especially prevalent in the scrotum, nasal apex, nasal planum, and eyelids. Lesions consisted of perivascular infiltrates of large histiocytes as well as minor populations of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Histiocytes were further characterized by enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy. Necropsy examinations of four dogs revealed that the histiocytic infiltrates were widespread and involved skin, lung, liver, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys, testes, orbital tissues, and others. However, skin and peripheral lymph nodes were more consistently involved. The disease course was punctuated by remissions and relapses not clearly influenced by conventional therapeutic measures. Preliminary results of an experimental therapeutic regimen involving administration of bovine thymic extracts in two dogs are presented. The relationship of the disorder to other human and canine histiocytic proliferative disorders is discussed.
Distribution and Form of Uranium-Containing Deposits in Chickens Treated with Uranyl Nitrate
Authors: Mollenhauer H. H. , Harvey R. B. , Kubena L. F. , Droleskey R. E. , Davis R.
Published: January 2017

The kidneys of chicks treated with uranyl nitrate were examined by electron microscopy. Most deposits of electron-dense material containing uranium were found in the lumina of distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidneys collected 12–24 hours post-treatment. Some deposits were present in extracellular spaces between adjacent cells. Only occasionally were deposits found intracellularly where they were associated with localized cellular degeneration. A generalized cellular degeneration over the whole kidney was seen 72–96 hours post-treatment, but this was not directly associated with the deposits of electron-dense material.
Crooked Calf Disease: A Histological and Histochemical Examination of Eight Affected Calves
Authors: Abbott L. C. , Finnell R. H. , Chernoff G. F. , Parish S. M. , Gay C. C.
Published: January 2017

Macroscopic, histopathologic, and histochemical investigations were made on a group of eight neonatal Angus × Hereford calves, selected from an ongoing outbreak of crooked calf disease among calving heifers. Arthrogryposis of the forelimbs was seen to varying degrees in all eight animals, and torticollis was present in six calves. Histopathology, using hematoxylin and eosin stain, did not reveal any striking or consistent lesion in the affected animals; the majority of the tissues sampled were normal. Muscle samples were processed for adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-tr) histochemistry, and the data suggest that a primary myopathy is not responsible for the congenital anomalies in the affected calves.
Shaheed Bhagat Singh and his Revolutionary Inheritance
Authors: Habib S. Irfan
Published: January 2017

This article deals with the revolutionary legacy of Bhagat Singh. We commemorate him for his sacrifice every year but the centenary year should give us an opportunity to go beyond his martyrdom and delve into the ideology and programme he stood for. He was not an emotional nationalist who decided to die or kill for the independence of the country. He actually had a serious alternative agenda for governance. I have tried to show how most of the issues he raised in the 1920s are still valid and can guide us to resolve our national and international problems. He should also be remembered as one of the first rationalists in the galaxy of Indian freedom fighters.