bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Light Source, Illuminance, and Hue on Visual Contrast
Authors: Hegde Asha L. , Woodson Harrell
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of the spectral composition of two artificial light sources, illuminance level, and hue on measures of visual contrast. Saturation‐based color combinations were created within the four hues of red, yellow, green, and purple‐blue. In a repeated measures experimental study, 47 volunteers rated the four hue combinations along several dimensions of visual contrast. The results suggested that saturation contrasts involving yellow hue were evaluated more negatively on visual contrast than any other hue, whereas contrasts in the green hue were evaluated more positively than any other hue. Furthermore, significant interaction effects between hue and light source on all measures of visual contrast were found. This finding supports the notion that depending on the hue range involved, spectral composition of the light source can have an impact on visual contrast. The findings are discussed in terms of future research and implications for design in interior environments.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 1998
Authors: Kennemer Cathy G. , Ownbey Shiretta F.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the 734 titles of theses and dissertations completed in family and consumer sciences in colleges and universities throughout the United States in 1998. The tables present information by institution and by subject matter.
Notes on the Nature and Development of General Theories
Authors: Strauss Anselm
Published: March 2007

There is a remarkable absence of discussion in sociology about the nature of (grounded) theories, how to generate them, and go about verifying them (witness the recent Handbook of Qualitative Research). Most theories are substantive. Differences among types of theories along various dimensions are discussed. A stand is taken against the usual oversimplified hierarchization of them by "levels," using an analysis of how theories appear in Science articles. For social scientists, this use constitutes models to be learned from, but not slavishly followed. Extended illustration is given from the author's research on the control of information, including guarding secrets, giving misleading information, engaging in suspicion searches, and the like. From this research, several innovative procedures are discussed relative to developing, checking, and linking general theories, both with each other and with substantive theories.
Being, Doing, and Becoming: Textual Interpretations of Social Identity and a Case Study
Authors: Carspecken Phil Francis , Cordeiro Paula A.
Published: March 2007

The study of social identity can unlock many features of local culture. This article presents a theoretical model of social identity as a pragmatic text iterated within routine social interaction. Identities are repeatedly claimed during social life as part of the pragmatic infrastructures through which humans interact. Qualitative researchers can study social identity through direct observations of social life and through encouraging participants to talk, in interviews, about a variety of activities in which they routinely take part. In the later stages of qualitative interview, paraphrasing and active listening responses may be appropriately used to discuss the self directly, but in terms still tied to contexts of daily activity. Subsequent analysis of identity claims must be theory guided, because of their tacit and textual properties. A case study of 20 high-achieving Hispanic students is used to illustrate our theory, and methodological implications are summa rized at the end of the article.
On the Road to Catharsis: A Theoretical Framework for Change
Authors: Mienczakowski Jim , Smith Richard , Sinclair Mark
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of confrontational theater and critical ethno-drama as a potential route toward examining and illuminating the construction of performance catharsis. Staged catharsis is discussed as a means of sharing and mapping the collectiv ized understandings produced by audiences and participants. Theoretically, such a process may result in a better comprehension of a collectivized emotional position as the underpinning of a new understanding of collective action.
The Fatal Flaw: A Narrative of the Fragile Body-Self
Authors: Sparkes Andrew C.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the way in which specific narrative forms can be utilized to explore the reflexive relationships between the body and self over time in ways that fuse the personal and the societal. It does so by providing moments from my own narrative of self that focus upon an interrupted body project and its impact upon my relationship to past, present, and future selves. In the telling, Iattempt to engage the reader by communicating the subjectivity of such moments in a provocative, disruptive, fragmented, and emotionally charged manner. My own narrative, its performative element, and its gendered nature are then considered in relation to the inevitable fragility of self-narratives in contemporary society. Finally, I discuss issues of access to specific narratives within a political economy of developmental opportunities, and the implications of this differential resourcing for who, and what, people can become.
Date and Acquaintance Rape
Authors: WALSH JOAN F. , DeVELLIS BRENDA M. , DeVELLIS ROBERT F.
Published: March 2007

At least 85% of rapes and attempted rapes of college women are perpetrated by nonstrangers, and more than 50% occur on dates. This study developed a set of scales measuring college women's susceptibility to date and acquaintance rape (DAR). Preliminary DAR scales and three convergent/discriminant validity scales were included in a questionnaire completed by 374 dormitory residents. Three reliable DAR scales emerged: Perceived Vulnerability, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Determination, as well as one marginally reliable scale: Victim-Blaming. Five of six predicted correlations between pairs of DAR scales were supported. Three of five hypothesized correlations between DAR scales and convergent/discriminant validity scales were supported. The DAR scales show promise as measures of women's susceptibility to DAR and as useful tools in rape prevention education.
A “Brutal Case” or “Only A Family Jar”?
Authors: PARKER LINDA S.
Published: March 2007

Violence against women in San Diego County during the late 19th century occurred less often than today. It took a variety of forms including spousal abuse, robbery, prostitution-related assaults, and property disputes. Caught within the web of Victorian views of women, the criminal justice system—dominated by White male prosecutors, judges, juries, and police—tended to respond with bipolar extremes: harshness or leniency. In cases where state evidence was overwhelming, justice was severe. But more often, district attorneys were unwilling to prosecute White males accused of abusing their wives and had even less interest in prosecuting men for abusing prostitutes. The study suggests that gender, ethnicity, and social class of the disputants were the most important factors in the disposition of cases involving women as victims.
Group Disorders in Urban Schools
Authors: Lieske Joel A.
Published: March 2007

This paper formulates and tests a causal model of racial violence in the public schools using data from a sample of 119 American cities. The results tend to support three conclu sions regarding the outbreak of school disorders during the latter 1960s. First, the data suggest that the causes of school disorders are rooted in the community-at-large as well as in the schools. Second, the results show that the most direct and immediate school factor is the extent to which urban school systems are racially desegregated. Finally, the data do not support riot theories based on the assumption of social marginality. Rather, the results appear most consistent with interpretations which stress their parapolitical character.
Size, Growth, and Urban Life
Authors: Appelbaum Richard P. , Follett Ross
Published: March 2007

"Growth" is a key issue facing many American communities today. Although numerous cities have imposed growth-control measures in an effort to contain the perceived ill- effects of excessive growth, relatively little is actually known about the effects of size and growth on urban life. Using 18 indicators of various aspects of urban life, this study analyzes 115 geographically self-contained American cities, between 50,000 and 400,000 population in 1970, along with their surrounding urbanized areas. Employing Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) methods, the effects of size and growth on these indicators are examined-both directly and taking into account the conjoint effects of nine addi tional test factors which conceivably might mediate the size and growth effects.
Networks, Neighborhoods, and Communities
Authors: Wellman Barry , Leighton Barry
Published: March 2007

We propose a network analytic approach to the community question in order to separate the study of communities from the study of neighborhoods. Three arguments about the community question-that "community" has been "lost," "saved," or "liberated"-are reviewed for their development, network depictions, imagery, policy implications, and current status. The lost argument contends that communal ties have become attenuated in industrial bureaucratic societies; the saved argument contends that neighborhood communities remain as important sources of sociability, support and mediation with formal institutions; the liberated argument maintains that while communal ties still flourish, they have dispersed beyond the neighborhood and are no longer clustered in solidary communities. Our review finds that both the saved and liberated arguments proposed viable network patterns under appropriate conditions, for social systems as well as individuals.
Social Class Segregation in Southern Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Elgie Robert A. , Clark Alex Rees
Published: March 2007

Although racial segregation within Southern urban areas has been much studied, little attention has been devoted to Southern communities' socioeconomic segregation prop erties. This article employs a residential differentiation index to examine this phenom enon. Findings suggest that socioeconomic segregation within the South approximates levels observed in national samples and is not attributable to racial segregation of blacks and whites of dissimilar attainment. Moreover, blacks and whites display equal levels of socioeconomic segregation. Finally, community socioeconomic segregation levels are related to selected attributes of Southern communities, including the configuration of ethnic and socioeconomic status groups present.
Housing Search Barriers for Low-Income Renters
Authors: Weisbrod Glen , Vidal Avis
Published: March 2007

The success of rent or income subsidy programs in helping low-income households obtain better housing depends on the ability of such households to move. For some households, the desire to move is frustrated by problems that constrain their search or housing choice. This article examines the incidence of various search problems, and the effect of these problems and household characteristics on the moving rate of those who have searched. While evidence is found that searchers in certain demographic groups faced barriers to mobility, those reporting search problems and those less likely to move were often not the same. Receipt of housing allowance payments was found to have no net effect on increasing their residential mobility.
The Resolution Trust Corporation's Affordable-Housing Mandate
Authors: MacDonald Heather
Published: March 2007

The Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC), the agency in charge of the thrift bailout, is directed to expand the supply of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income households by reserving less valuable residential real estate for sale through the Affordable Housing Disposition Plan (AHDP). The author examines the evolution of the AHDP and the disappointing performance of both the single-family and multifamily portions of the program. Two principal explanations for the RTC's poor performance are assessed: The agency is subject to competing mandates that undermine a focus on housing, and the AHDP has not resolved the institutional and credit constraints that undermine affordable-housing efforts in general.
Factors Important in Local Governments' Privatization Decisions
Authors: Hirsch Werner Z.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author builds a model of local governments' decisions to contract out residential solid waste disposal services and empirically tests this model by using a new dependent variable—proportion of expenditures on a service that goes to expenses other than payroll. The important factors affecting the contracting-out decision are scale economies, nonproperty taxes, difference in private- and public-sector unionization rates, and income and bond rating, in that order. Political and ideological factors appear to be less determinative than economic considerations.
Historic Preservation and Progrowth Politics in U.S. Cities
Authors: Reichl Alexander J.
Published: March 2007

The author considers the proposition that a historic preservation strategy helps unify progrowth coalitions. Preservation was facilitated by restructuring development policies in response to the breakdown of urban renewal coalitions. In New York City, the preservation of historic theaters mobilized support for office development by redefining the 42nd Street Development Project as an effort to restore the theater district known as the Great White Way in an area symbolizing urban decline. Although this case illustrates the importance of preservation to political discourse in urban development, cases in Atlanta and New Orleans reveal different results from preservation strategies and demonstrate the need for case-specific political analysis.
Textbook Municipal Reform
Authors: Bridges Amy
Published: March 2007

Most political scientists and historians find the home of reform government in the suburbs. The author shows that there was another style of reform government, big-city reform, in the big cities of the Southwest. The political system of big-city reform was distinguished by nonpartisan, city-manager government with citywide elections to the city council, low turnout and participation, and an electorate more Anglo and middle class than the metropolitan area as a whole. Big-city reform governments joined developer-dominated governing coalitions with Anglo middle—and upper-class communities in a growth community benefiting from good government.
Expanding Civic Opportunity
Authors: Gittell Marilyn , Newman Kathe , Bockmeyer Janice , Lindsay Robert
Published: March 2007

The authors report on the first year of the 1993 federal Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Communities Program (EZ) and its ability to expand community capacity in the six urban EZ areas. They hypothesize that expanded community capacity depends on the strength of participation and the development of networks. They find variation in capacity levels among sites and limited expansion of community capacity because mayors control the process, community organization roles are limited, and existing networks are reused. They conclude, however, that it is too early to assess the full EZ impact.
Redeeming the City
Authors: Ramsay Meredith
Published: March 2007

The author calls attention to a neglected force in urban political life by highlighting how positivism undermined scholarly interest in cultural forces, particularly religion. She shows that although community organizing was formerly led by Left radicals, today it is led by the church. Five factors contribute to the leading role of congregations in grassroots organizing and urban revitalization. Analysis and interpretation of these factors lead the author to conclude that secularization and urban restructuring have left only the church with a sufficient moral and institutional presence in distressed urban neighborhoods to spearhead a return to more direct, participatory forms of democracy.
Metaphors and Misrepresentation
Authors: Gidengil Elisabeth , Everitt Joanna
Published: March 2007

The concept of gendered mediation represents a new phase in the study of women, politics, and the media. It focuses on the stereotypically masculine narrative used in political reporting. Metaphors of warfare and confrontation dominate media coverage of politics, reinforcing traditional conceptions of politics as a male preserve. In this article, we examine the implications of this narrative for the coverage of female leaders. We argue that women who adopt “masculine” styles in order to compete are portrayed by the media as being more aggressive than their male counterparts because they are contravening deeply rooted conventions concerning appropriate female behavior. By comparing metaphoric reconstructions of the 1993 Canadian leaders' debates with the actual behavior of the participants, we show that television news coverage of the two female leaders focused disproportionately on the behavior that was counter to gender-based stereotypes. Ironically, even when the women adopted a less confrontational approach, they were still portrayed as being more aggressive than the male participants. The result of this gendered mediation, we conclude, was to misrepresent the behavior of both of the female leaders.
All Scandal Politics is Local
Authors: Shea Daniel M.
Published: March 2007

To understand contemporary elections, scholars must come to grips with the effects of scandal. Susan Welch and John Hibbing have suggested that charges of corruption can be damaging to House incumbents and that the effects have remained constant over the last twenty years (1997). Yet a number of discrepancies remain. Why are roughly 75 percent of incumbents who are caught in a scandal returned to office—especially in today's political environment, in which we would expect voters to punish corrupt politicians? How do some weather the scandal storm while others with similar infractions are sent packing? Using the 1992 congressional check-kiting scandal as a case study, this research finds that much of the variance in the effects of charges of corruption can be explained by local media coverage. The local media's account of the incumbent's involvement in the affair appears to be a better predictor of election outcome than the number of stories written or the actual degree of infraction (the number of checks bounced). As such, I argue that local press coverage is an important element toward a better understanding of the potency of scandal and, indeed, the direction of American politics.
A Study of a Hamiltonian Model for Martensitic Phase fransformations Including Microkinetic Energy
Authors: Theil Florian , Levitas Valery I.
Published: March 2007

How can a system in a macroscopically stable state explore energetically more favorable states, which are far away from the current equilibrium state? Based on continuum mechanical considerations, the authors derive a Boussinesq-type equation [ILLEGIBLE] which models the dynamics of martensitic phase transformations. Here p > 0 is the mass density, 3O2fu is a regularization term that models the inertial forces of oscillations within a representative volume of length /, and of is a nonmonotone stress-strain relation. The solutions of the system, which the authors refer to as the micrmkinetically regularized wave equation, exhibit strong oscillations after times of order / and relaxation of spatial averages can be confirmed. This means that macroscopic fluctuations of the solutions decay, to the benefit of microscopic fluctuations. From the macroscopic point of view, this can be interpreted as a transformation of macroscopic kinetic energy into heat, i.e., as energy dissipation (despite the fact the authors consider a conservative system). The mathematical analysis for the microkinetically regularized wave equation consists of two parts. First, the authors present some analytical and numerical results on the propagation of phase boundaries and relaxation effects. Despite the fact that the model is conservative, it exhibits hysteretic behavior. Such behavior is usually interpreted in macroscopic models in terms of a dissipative threshold, which the driving force must overcome to ensure that the phase transformation proceeds. The threshold value depends on the volume of the transformed phase as observed in known experiments. Second, the authors investigate the dynamics of oscillatory solutions. Their mathematical tools are Young measures, which describe the one-point statistics of the fluctuations. They present a formalism that allows them to describe the effective dynamics of rapidly fluctuating solutions. The extended system has nontrivial equilibria that are only visible when oscillatory solutions are considered. The new method enables them to derive a numerical scheme for oscillatory solutions based on particle methods.
Progressive Wave Propagation in the Meridian Plane of a 6 mm-Type Piezoelectric Crystal Subject to Initial Fields
Authors: Simionescu-Panait O.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to derive the conditions of the propagation of progressive waves in the meridian plane of 6 mm-type piezoelectric crystal subject to mechanical and electrical initial fields. The author obtains the velocities of propagation as closed-form solutions and analyzes the polarization of the respective waves. The influence of the initial fields on the shape of slowness surfaces is shown.
A Summary of Asymptotic Finite Deformation Results for a Point Load on a Hyperelastic Half-Space
Authors: Warne Debra Polignone , Warne Paul G. , Lee Mary R.
Published: March 2007

The nonlinearly elastic Boussinesq problem uses the exact equations of finite elasticity to mathematically model the deformation produced in a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic half-space by a point force normal to the undeformed boundary. For this core problem of elasticity and engineering, the 1885 linear elasticity solution of Boussinesq is still used in a variety of applications despite the fact that the linear solution predicts physically unrealistic behavior in the primary region of interest beneath the load. In this paper, we aim to summarize two recent SIAM Journal of Applied Mathematics papers (D. A. Polignone Warne and P. G. Warne SIAM J. Appl. Math.62 107-128 (2001) and SIAM J. Appl. Math. at press (2002)). These two papers develop asymptotic analyses for the nonlinearly elastic tensile point load problem for a half-space composed of either a general incompressible or compressible material, respectively. We also wish to present several new closed-form asymptotic solutions in the case of a tensile point load acting on an incompressible half-space. Finally, we comment on our approach to treating the complementary problem involving a compressive point load. Here we summarize the governing equations, conservation laws, hypotheses, and asymptotic tests needed to determine whether an isotropic hyperelastic material can support a finite deflection under a tensile point load. A variety of particular constitutive models in nonlinear elasticity are tested, and it is found that a material must be sufficiently stiff in order to support the load. Thus, it follows that many of the well-known strain-energy models for compressible hyperelastic materials proposed in the literature are unable to do so. For models which may sustain a tensile point load, we determine either the full asymptotic solution or the remaining equations and conditions for this solution. For classes of material models motivated by studies of Beatty and Jiang, we solve the resulting boundary value problem numerically in a compressible hyperelasticity setting, and we derive some new results including several closed-form explicit asymptotic solutions for a family of incompressible material models.
The Use of Strain Energy to Quantify the Effect of Residual Stress on Mechanical Behavior
Authors: Johnson B. E. , Hoger A.
Published: March 2007

Residual stresses are common in engineering and biological materials, and their effect on the mechanical behavior of a body can be significant. In this article, the authors use the change in strain energy density for deformations out of the residually stressed configuration to quantify the contribution of a residual stress to the mechanical behavior of an elastic body and to examine the relation between the form of the residual stress field and the mechanical response. The change in strain energy density at a point is a measure of the extent to which the material at that point is loaded or unloaded by a deformation. The authors show that the strain energy density can be used in conjunction with the stress and strain fields to develop a clear physical interpretation of the global mechanical behavior of a residually stressed body. These ideas are illustrated in two simple examples in which the presence of the residual stress field has the effect of making the body more compliant than an equivalent stress-free body under some deformations and less compliant under other deformations.
An Exact Elastoplastic Solution for the Plane Wedge Problem of an Elastic Linear-Hardening Material
Authors: Gao Xin-Lin
Published: March 2007

A closed-form elastoplastic solution is presented for a plane wedge of elastic linear-hardening material subjected to an arbitrary concentrated force at its vertex. Hencky's deformation theory and von Mises's yield criterion are used to describe the constitutive relations. Solutions are derived for both plane stress (thin) and (incompressible) plane strain (thick) wedges, and they are given for both the elastic and plastic zones. The solution is general in the sense that it contains three adjustable parameters. Solutions of two typical half-plane problems are obtained by applying the general solution directly
Massage: An Ancient Healing Therapy Rediscovered in the 1990s
Authors: Mallios Jill Boyer
Published: March 2007

As we approach the turn of the century, the field of medicine also approaches a turning point. Health care expense has soared, and often patients are not feeling better. It is time to reevaluate the therapies and their use. Massage is over 2000 years old, yet some are just discovering it as a healthful therapy. Many have not considered the numerous ways massage and similar adjunct therapies can benefit those who receive home health care.
Clinical Lessons in Psychiatric Home Health Care: A Case Study Approach
Authors: Patusky Kathleen L. , Rodning Carla , Martinez-Kratz Marina
Published: March 2007

Important considerations for the growth of psychiatric home health care as a treatment modality include program design, incorporation of medical and psychiatric nursing care, definition of the service population relative to age, and rigorous research into all components of psychiatric home care. Using a case study approach, three client examples are presented that incorporate these considerations and highlight lessons relevant to understanding psychiatric home care parameters. Practitioners are encouraged to use research as a tool in scrutinizing intermediary guidelines critically, demonstrating alternatives that offer better outcomes, and forming proactive plans for ensuring that optimal and effective care is the yardstick of treatment.
Home Management of the Child with Asthma
Authors: Green Patricia H.
Published: March 2007

Asthma is a common chronic disease of childhood. Despite advances in treatment, the morbidity and mortality from childhood asthma continue to increase. Asthma is a frequent cause for school absences and visits to health care providers. The home health care nurse can play a vital role in helping children and parents learn to manage asthma, rather than allowing the asthma to manage them. Assessment and education are the keys to prevention of acute exacerbations of asthma.
Innovations in the Management of Heart Failure in the Home Health Care Environment
Authors: Foote Mary
Published: March 2007

As home health care providers are confronted with a capitated care environment, the challenge for survival is to provide patients chronically ill with heart failure, the least costliest care in a time constrained and cost contained environment without compromise to quality while ensuring decreased use of emergency department visits and rehospitalizations. Specific to home care, innovation to meet this challenge can be operationalized by network communication incorporating an integrated pathway of service delivery; an interactive patient education manual that can be computer generated; utilization of cardiac mentors in the delivery of care as service office resources; incorporation of a telemanagement and telemonitoring system to enhance patient compliance; and a systematic approach to outcome measurement. Since incorporation of these new frontiers, Advocate Home Health Services has realized a hospital readmission rate of only 4.8% in 30 days or less from last rehospitalization when compared to the national average of 23%.
Home Health Care in Mexico: An Overview
Authors: Squires Allison P.
Published: March 2007

In Mexico, an old branch of the health care system is getting a new face. Home health care services, also known as community health nursing or public health nursing in Mexico, are emerging as a possible answer for addressing the treatment of chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension and for improving the management of cancer treatments. Both physicians and nurses will participate in this pilot program to take place in Mexico City. This article reviews the Mexican health care system, the current role of home health care within it, and the potential of home health care to emerge. It also illustrates the possibilities for home health care services in rural areas.
Employment Screening: Risk Management Tool and Essential Compliance Utility
Authors: Lentz Jody
Published: March 2007

Home health care companies are under pressure to quickly hire the best people to care for a growing and aging US population. However, the litigation and regulatory environments have made hiring the right employees a mission-critical function. Employment screening, including background checks, aids risk management with proactive efforts to hire only those with suitable backgrounds to work in patients' homes. Background checks also address federal compliance mandates by ensuring that employees are properly licensed, as well as not excluded or sanctioned by any agency.
Understanding industrial accidents associated with new technologies: a human resources management approach
Authors: Zimmerman Rae
Published: March 2007

The introduction of new technology into existing industries makes unusual demands upon human resources. If these demands are not met, these indus tries can become more accident-prone than they were prior to the introduction of the new technology. In order to identify the human resource needs related to accidents, a diagnostic framework for screening the events preceding accidents is developed. When applied to an accident, the framework generates a subset of events directly related to the accident and expresses these events in terms of human resource activity, in contrast to other approaches which have focused on more conventional equipment or system failure. The framework is illus trated with three commonly known accidents that occurred in the context of new technology. Once the subset of events is obtained by applying the frame work, human resource problems are identified for those events, and some so lutions to the problems are suggested. The human resource problems and so lutions particularly emphasized pertain to training and design of the work routine to avoid vulnerable periods in the work cycle.
Tactical ingenuity: new techniques for surviving corporate crises
Authors: Lukaszewski James E.
Published: March 2007

Business organizations are perceived to handle crises badly, and that is often true. Although corporations in crisis are in a stronger position than anyone else to shape the outcome, impact and ultimate perception of events, their actions do not achieve improvement in perception. Instead, businesses seem to allow themselves to be overwhelmed by surprise. Yet crises, while differing in nature, scope and effect, share common elements and patterns. By developing strate gies and process, corporate managers can counteract the effect of surprise.

This article focuses on the threat to organizational credibility and reputa tion, internally and externally, during crises and proposes that, while corpora tions are often co-creators of their own crises, the predictability of both the conditions created by a crisis and the responses to it allow the tactically savvy corporation to take control, manage its exposure and limit the damage to its reputation and credibility.

The article presents goals, structures and strategies managers can use, no matter what the crisis. Patterns of crisis and organizational response are de scribed. It suggests a multi-dimensional thinking process both to explain how successful crisis management strategies are created and to help managers de velop and use tactical ingenuity during crisis incidents. The observations, com ments and ideas are based on the author's practical, day-to-day field experience as a "hands-on" crisis consultant and manager.
Modeling Cities
Authors: Heiken Grant , Valentine Greg A. , Brown Michael , Rasmussen Steen , George Denise C. , Greene Robert K. , Jones Eric , Olsen Kim , Andersson Claes
Published: March 2007

The vulnerability of urban populations to crises, poor urban decision making, or terrorism means that city stability is a national security issue. And as cities continue to grow, their components are becoming increasingly intertwined, forcing public works officials to treat urban systems as a “system of systems.” The Urban Security Initiative is an integrated, science-based approach that will link computer models of a range of urban processes so that managers can better understand urban interdependencies, make realistic predictions of city vulnerability and sustainability, and improve planning and management. Several pilot studies are also focusing on urban issues where environment, infrastructure, and society are linked, including (a) transportation and toxic plumes crises; (b) earthquake damage to infrastructure and city regrowth after such disasters; (c) pollution’s effects on airborne transport of particulates and their eventual fate in surface water and groundwater; and (d) a novel, computer-based technique for obtaining consensus on difficult urban issues with large numbers of stakeholders.
Classification of Airport Pavements
Authors: Loizos Andreas , Charonitis George , Chasiotou Ioanna
Published: March 2007

Because of the tremendous current increase in aircraft loads and movements, airport authorities need to classify and check continuously the structural condition of their pavement to avoid both overstressing and underutilizing it. This article presents and analyzes a simple procedure for classifying airport pavements in terms of the Aircraft Classification Number–Pavement Classification Number method of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The proposed methodology can help airport managers, airline operators, and aircraft manufacturing companies to reduce the operational cost of flights and the maintenance cost of pavements.
The Growing Pains of the Pipe-Bound City
Authors: Hallström Jonas
Published: March 2007

This article concerns the extension of water supply andsewerage in the Swedish industrial city Norrköping in the late 19th century. These technological sanitary systems were originally built for the city itself, but as the city grew the question of expanding them to the suburbs became crucial. It was the suburbs that asked for these urban services, but the city was often unwilling to help. From an ideological point of view, the border of the city’s planned area became a dividing line between the public and private domains of the city. The middle-class southern suburb was connectedto the water andsewer systems fairly easily, which was due to its attractive topography andinhabitants. The working-class northern suburb, on the other hand, was seen as a dirty area that was to be held at arm’s length.
The Florida Motor Vehicle Inspection Program
Authors: Bavon Aloysius , Amankwaa Adansi A.
Published: March 2007

In 1991, Florida implemented the Motor Vehicle Inspection Program (MVIP) mandated by the Florida Clean Outdoor Air Law, which was passed in response to federal requirements for meeting ambient air quality standards. Has the implementation of this law resulted in decreased pollution levels as predicted by proponents of this program? The authors present a quasi-experimental evaluation of this question. Using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) intervention model, they show that the implementation of the MVIP has led to a significant decline in ozone (03) levels in some counties but no significant reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) levels in the counties where the program was implemented.
Benchmarking Florida’s Electric Power Enterprises
Authors: Stumm Theodore J. , Thomas Henry B.
Published: March 2007

Cities continue to struggle to provide the level of goods and services demanded by their residents while federal and state support dwindles. One proposal for resolving this dilemma is privatization because it is assumed that the private sector is more efficient, at least partly as a result of more readily adopting efficiency enhancing techniques such as TQM. The electric power industry provides an excellent comparison between the public and private sectors because its units of input and output are easily quantifiable in standard terms, and meaningful measures of efficiency can be developed. This study uses data from a comprehensive survey of Florida’s electric power enterprises to determine the extent of TQM implementation; whether TQM has enhanced productivity; and whether there are measurable differences in efficiency between the state’s private and public sector power producers. The results provide a benchmark of current practice and productivity standards for Florida’s electric power industry.
Debunking the Stereotype
Authors: PETEE THOMAS A. , PADGETT KATHY G. , YORK THOMAS S.
Published: March 2007

Much attention has been devoted in the past several years to public incidents of mass murder. Events such as the shooting on a Long Island commuter train in 1993, the massacre in Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas, in 1991, or the seemingly numerous workplace homicides have received intensive media coverage and public interest. As a consequence, a stereotype of mass murder has emerged that may or may not be very accurate. This study examines incidents of mass murder that occurred in public settings in the United States between 1965 and 1995 to more closely scrutinize both the events and the offenders involved.
Suicide Following Homicide in Canada
Authors: GILLESPIE MICHAEL , HEARN VALERIE , SILVERMAN ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

Sucide following homicide is fairly rare. Even more rare are studies of this event that use national data. In Canada, where national data are available, homicide offenders commit suicide in about 10% of the cases. Following Henry and Short, we hypothesize that the probability of suicide following homicide increases when the offender has close social ties to the victim and/or to society. We use data on all homicides committed in Canada by male offenders between 1961 and 1983 to explore this issue. Our results show that the closer the tie between the offender and the victim, the higher the probability that the offender will commit suicide. Furthermore, the probability of suicide increases with the offender's age and education, is higher when the offender uses a gun, and is higher when the victim is female.
Partner Homicide in Context
Authors: SMITH PAIGE HALL , MORACCO KATHRYN E. , BUTTS JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

The authors used a combination of medical examiner data and police interviews to develop profiles of all partner homicides that occurred in North Carolina in a single year. This methodology allowed us to investigate gender differences that might shape the context for male and female homicide perpetration and victimization. Five themes emerged: (a) The context for partner homicides is often chronic women battering, (b) leaving an abusive partner and remaining are both dangerous options, (c) protective measures for battered women are inadequate, (d) domestic violence is not necessarily private violence, and (e) alcohol and firearms often accompany homicide. These themes suggested: Partner homicides emanated almost uniformly from a history of male-perpetrated aggression; analysis of partner homicide should not be detached from the daily life created and sustained by battering; and a gender analysis of partner homicide focuses on the context of gender-based power imbalances rather than on frequency or severity of injury.
Long-Run Growth of Nondefense Government Expenditures in the United States
Authors: Tussing A. Dale , Henning John A.
Published: March 2007

To test a number of hypotheses regarding determinants of long-run trends Abstract in nondefense government expenditures, regression equations were estimated by the method of least squares using the following dependent variables: government purchases of goods and services (i.e., resource-using public expenditures) excluding defense; government transfer payments; and nondefense public expenditures, the sum of the first two. All were deflated for price level change and population growth. Three periods were used: 1900-1928, 1929-1969, and 1900-1969. The research tends to validate the influence of "Baumol's Disease, " which implies exponential growth of public expenditures on account of price effects due to a systematic public-private productivity-growth differential. The results cast doubt on the Peacock-Wiseman "displacement effect," which holds that public expenditures grow more rapidly than normally, immediately following wars or other "social upheavals, " because these events shift taxpayers' notions of maximum tolerable levels of taxation.
Public Budgeting and Public Administration: Enter the Legislature
Authors: Silverman Eli B.
Published: March 2007

Although public administration has contributed to the study and reform of public budgeting systems, little attention has been devoted to the role of the legislature in the budgetary process. Neglect and criticism of the legislature is attributable to public administration's intellectual content and value preferences. Virtually all reforms which have attempted to increase public administrative values in legislative budgetary formulation have been abandoned. Alternative strategies for enhanced legislative budgetary power are based on different value preferences: division of labor rather than centralization; selective retrospective evaluation and oversight rather than comprehensive policy formulation; and economic and political costs and benefits instead of pure economic analysis .
Restrictive Versus Permissive Money: Two Is-Lm Views of Pure Fiscal Action
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Van Cott T.Norman
Published: March 2007

Analyzing pure fiscal actions in an IS-LM setting is a common exercise in current macromonetary textbook literature. As far as the role these analyses Abstract assign to the monetary sector is concerned, this literature offers two contradictory portrayals. One describes thefiscal action's initial impact on aggregate demand as independent of monetary adjustments. The monetary sector in this view is relegated to a secondary restrictive role. The other view depicts the initial impact of the fiscal action as being grounded in a simultaneous and supportive monetary disequilibrium. This disequilibrium, moreover, is seen as persisting throughout the multiplier process. Little attention has been directed to this contradiction, even though fundamentally different perspectives on the role played by monetary adjustments are involved. This paper contains an outline of the nature of the contradiction and a discussion ofthefactors important in its resolution.
The Spatial Aspects of Local Public Goods: a Note
Authors: Harford Jon D.
Published: March 2007

This note explores two very basic models of efficient provision of a public good with imperfections stemming from purely spatial costs. The costs are treated as costs of transmission or benefit reduction effects which are a positive function of distance from a public good facility. The conditions for the efficient level of public goods supply and the efficient number of facilities are derived and discussed.
Short-Run Monetary-Fiscal Influences in a Federal State: with Application to the Canadian Economy, 1947 to 1973
Authors: Winer Stanley L.
Published: March 2007

Whether nonfederal governments in a federal system act so as to stabilize or to destabilize the macroeconomy has been extensively explored. However, the analytically distinct question of what overall importance various jurisdictions have had in determining macroeconomic events has been neglected. In response to this gap, a simple approach to the investigation of monetary- fiscal influences in a federation is developed and applied.
An Intersectoral Examination of Tax Equity: Farm and Nonfarm Burdens
Authors: Sisson Charles A.
Published: March 2007

The American federal tax system is different from most national tax plans in that it, unlike many tax systems, generally treats farmers as it does other citizens. Still, there are some distinctions in the tax treatment of farm income. All taxable income is taxed uniformly regardless of its source, but farm income is allowed certain tax preferences which reduce the amount of farm income that is considered taxable. Advocates of tax uniformity have long argued that these preferences give farmers an undue tax advantage; farm supporters have just as steadfastly maintained that they are necessary to maintain an equitable tax system for the agricultural sector. This article presents an exhaustive study of this controversy and examines both federal and state and local tax burdens for evidence of tax differentials between the farm and nonfarm sectors.
Inflation as a Tax On Money: Integfration Into Is-Lm Analysis
Authors: Van Cott T. Norman
Published: March 2007

Inflation acts as a tax on private monetary wealth, thereby enabling the government to command real resources via inflationary monetary issue. Curiously, the inflation tax on money concept has never been integrated into the IS-LM tradition of macroeconomic analysis. This article illustrates how inflation as a tax on money can be dealt with in IS-LM terms. By remedying this long-standing gap in macroeconomics literature, the IS-LM tradition in macroeconomics is more open to discussion of issues related to the inflation tax.
Tax Elasticity and the Growth of Local Public Expenditure
Authors: D Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the hypothesis that more income-elastic tax structures lead to higher levels and rates of growth of public expenditure because of a fiscal illusion effect. Although support for this hypothesis has been garnered at the state and federal level, the effects of tax elasticity on local public expenditures become clouded in light of Tiebout mobility. More elastic tax structures that lead to increased tax burdens over time may result in outmigration and, consequently, lower rates of expenditure growth. Empirical tests of the tax elasticity hypothesis show a negative relation between tax elasticity and local public expenditure levels and growth rates. These results do not deny the validity of the fiscal illusion hypothesis. It may be that the effects of Tiebout mobility outweigh the fiscal illusion effect.
Public Goods and Optimal Income Taxation
Authors: Moreland Kemper
Published: March 2007

Previous optimal income tax studies have generally ignored government expenditures as a policy tool for affecting distribution. Using simulations, this article analyzes the properties of the optimal linear income tax where both public and private consumption enter individuals' utility functions.