bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organisms isolated in induced sputum samples in acute exacerbation of severe and very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Shrestha S K , Adhikari S , Karki M , Mohsin U R , Khunjeli R , Srivastava B , Chaudhary R , Bhatta S
Published: February 2017

Acute exacerbations pose a very high economic burden on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients and are commonly infective in nature. Gram’s staining and bacterial cultures are baseline investigations for sputum examination for COPD. This study evaluated these techniques for characterization and identification of various organism involved in acute infective exacerbations of COPD. Sodium Chloride (3%) induced sputum samples from 122 severe and very severe COPD subjects presenting in acute exacerbation who had history of frequent exacerbations and frequent antibiotics use were evaluated. The sputum samples were evaluated by Gram’s staining and bacterial culture from January 2013 to March 2014. Induction technique was able to obtain adequate samples from 86 (70.48% of 122) subjects. Gram’s stain showed 30 samples of Gram positive cocci (34.88%), 23 samples (26.74%) of Gram Negative Cocci and 50 samples (58.13%) of Gram Negative Bacilli. Bacterial culture showed predominant growth of Gram negative organisms including Pseudomonas sp, Acinetobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter Freundii. Gram negative bacilli are the most common isolated pathogens responsible for the acute exacerbation in severe and very severe COPDs with history of frequent exacerbations and hospital visits.
Prevalence of pterygium in a tertiary hospital in North-Western Nigeria
Authors: Fasasi M K , Azonobi I R , Olatunji F O , Saka E S
Published: February 2017

Pterygium is a wing shaped conjunctival growth that encroaches onto the cornea. It was initially believed to be a conjunctival degeneration arising from pinquecula. However, it is now believed to be an active invasive inflammatory process leading to fibrovascular proliferation. The ocular symptoms of pterygium includes: tearing, redness, foreign body sensation and blurring of vision. Treatment option includes use of steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and various surgical options. A retrospective study was conducted from 1st January 2014- 31st December 2014. Folders of patients seen over this period were retrieved and reviewed. The following information were extracted; socio-demographics (age, gender, occupation, tribe), complaints, visual acuity at presentation, grade of pterygium, treatment offered, history of pterygium surgery, laterality and use of antimetabolities during surgery. The data was recorded and analysed using SPPS version 18. Out of 2760 patients, 98 patients presented with pterygium with a prevalence of 3.6%. Among these, 60.2% were males and 39.8% were females with a range of 22years-73 years (mean 40.28 ± 11.78years). Majority of the patients (31.6%) were between 30years to 39years. Most of the patients were house wives (31.6%) and Hausa (79.6%) by tribe. Most of them had bi-lateral pterygium (66.5%). Majority of the pterygium (46.9%) were of grade 1 followed by 39.8% grade 2. Only 9.2% had surgical procedure and intraoperative application of 5 Fulourouracil (5FU). Three out of 9 cases operated had recurrent pterygium. The prevalence of pterygium is low in this population, majority of cases affecting young and middle age population.
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: A rare case report
Authors: Shrestha R , Gauchan S , Jha A K
Published: February 2017

Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RTs) is rare, highly malignant embryonal tumor of central nervous system that predominantly occurs in infancy and young children. The majority of tumors arise (approximately two-third) in the posterior fossa. The diagnosis of AT/RTs relies predominantly on morphologic and immunohistochemical criteria. The most common differential diagnosis are Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor and malignant glioma. Herein we present a case of 5 year old child who initially presented with headache and vomiting.
An experience of management of cluster endophthalmitis in western hilly rural region of Nepal: A descriptive, interventional study
Authors: Bastola P
Published: February 2017

Infectious endophthalmitis is among the most serious complications of cataract surgery. Cluster endophthalmitis is defined as five or more cases of endophthalmitis occurring on a particular day in a single operating room in one centre. The study aimed to find out causative organisms, ocular status and visual outcome after an outbreak of cluster endophthalmitis in a high volume cataract surgery in a camp. A descriptive, interventional study was carried out in 18 suspected cases of acute endophthalmitis after manual small incision cataract surgery in a single day. All clinically suspected cases underwent vitreous tap and received intravitreal injections. Vitreous samples were sent for staining and KOH mount, culture, sub-culture and sensitivity test was carried out in all vitreous specimens. Standard treatment protocol was followed. Patients were followed up till six weeks. Of the 89 eyes operated, 18 (20.2%) eyes underwent vitreous tap and intravitreal injections. Mean duration of presentation was 36 hours (24 – 48 hours). Commonest presenting symptom was redness 18 (100%), pain 83.3% (15) followed by decreased vision 77.8% (14). 10 (55.6%) eyes were culture negatives while, 8 (44.4%) were culture positive for pseudomonas aeruginosa. Six (33.3%) eyes needed core vitrectomy and repeat intravitreal injections, whereas 2 (11.1%) eyes needed repeat intravitreal injections only. Eight eyes (44.4%) got a normal visual acuity; two eyes (11.1%) fair and 8 eyes (44.4%) had poor visual acuity according to World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Four eyes (22.2%) needed evisceration, while three (16.7%) eyes progressed to phthisis bulbi. Acute post operative endophthalmitis is a serious complication following cataract surgery. Prognosis of cluster endophthalmitis with proven culture positivity to pseudomonas infection is poor even with prompt standard management.
Self-assessment of hearing quality of traffic policemen working in Dharan-Biratnagar corridor
Authors: Ghimire A , Niraula S R , Shrestha A , Jha N
Published: February 2017

The automobiles are an important source of not only air pollution but also of a significant proportion of noise pollution. The traffic police engaged in controlling traffic, particularly at heavy traffic junctions, belong to the high risk group to be affected by the health hazards of noise and air pollution. To assess the hearing quality of traffic policeman towards the health effects caused by noise pollution and their practices on the use of protective measures. The present cross-sectional study was carried out among 78 traffic policemen working in Dharan-Biratnagar corridor. The questionnaire included questions regarding the self- assessment of the traffic policeman about their hearing ability, past and present exposure to loud sound produce by automobiles and the use of personal protective devices. Ethical clearance was obtained from ethical board of BPKIHS, Verbal consent was taken from all the study subjects. Finding of this study shows that most of the respondents were between the ages of 25 to 29 years (33.3%), similarly 26% were under noise exposure since more than 10 to 14 years and 34.6% had exposure of noise 10 to 15 hours per day. Their self-assessment of hearing ability shows that 6.4% traffic policemen usually missed a lot when conversing with someone on phone, while 9% reported similar condition while talking to someone in a crowd and 23.1% reported that while watching television or while listening radio they usually kept the sound louder to hear properly. The study also revealed that the traffic police, in general do not use any personal protective equipment (92.3 %) and the non-availability of the PPEs is the common reasons for it. The self-assessment of hearing by traffic policemen sug­gests that most of the traffic policemen have normal hearing. However, a systematic study with audiometry of these subjects is recommended.
Assessment of nurses’ knowledge on rotahaler device in a teaching hospital of central Nepal
Authors: Piryani R M , Poudel R S , Shrestha S , Prajapati A
Published: February 2017

Nurses are among the key personnel for educating patients on use of inhalers. This study aimed to assess the baseline knowledge of practitioner nurses on rotahaler technique and management. A descriptive study was conducted among the practitioner nurses (n=31) in a teaching hospital of Central Nepal. Knowledge on rotahaler technique and management were assessed using questionnaire by giving ‘1’ for correct response and ‘0’ for incorrect response. Descriptive statistics was calculated for statistical analysis using IBM-SPSS 20.0. The mean knowledge score of the participants was 4.74±1.56. Majority of the participants (76.7%) were unable to respond that dry powder inhalers (DPIs) allow maximum deposition of drugs in lung than pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) and only 2 (6.5%) of them was aware of instructions to clean the rotahaler. About 50% of participants were unaware that patient with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should hold their breath for around 10 seconds after taking inhaled medication. Similarly, two third participants knew that a quick, forceful and deep inspiration is necessary while using rotahaler. The participating nurses had inadequate knowledge on the technique of rotahaler and its management. Nurses in hospital setting need continued education and training on inhalation technique and the management of inhalation devices.
Involvement of male in birth preparedness in Tulsipur municipality of Dang district, Nepal
Authors: Bhusal C K , Bhattarai S
Published: February 2017

Male in patriarchal societies of developing countries are identified as decision makers in all aspects of life. Every pregnant woman faces risk of life-threatening obstetric complications. A birth-preparedness package promotes active preparation and assists in decision-making for healthcare seeking in case of such complications. The present study attempted to assess the involvement of male in birth preparedness in Tulsipur Municipality of Dang District. A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study was conducted among 125 male including husbands of pregnant women and fathers of under one children in 2011, to assess the involvement of male in birth preparedness. Purposively record was reviewed from the Rapti Zonal Hospital as well as Municipality office, and respondent were identified using snowball sampling from community. More than half 52.8% of the respondents heard about Birth Preparedness. Nearly half 44.36% of the respondents plan for preparedness of birth, more than half 56.8% had thought to plan if emergency situation or complication arises during pregnancy and childbirth. Most 69.6% of the respondent has planned the place for giving birth to their child. Nearly half 51.8 % of respondent have plan for visiting their wives to Skill Birth Attendants. Only few 12.5% of the husbands had planned for transportation facility and identified Blood Donors if required’. About half 48% of the husbands are accompanying their wife for Antenatal Care. Most 88% of the husbands help their wives in household activities during pregnancy and childbirth. It shows that about half of the male were involved in Birth Preparedness.
Comparative study on knowledge and practice of family planning methods among married Chepang and Brahmin/Chhetri men in Korak VDC of Chitwan district
Authors: Lama L D , Bharati M , Bharati L
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare knowledge and practice of family planning methods among Chepang and Brahmin/ Chhetri men. Chepang are more disadvantage ethnicity of Nepal therefore by examine the knowledge and practice of family planning in these two groups it will be helpful to find out whether or not family planning program has been reach to un-reach group. Data were collected from the 1st Jestha 2070 to 31 Jestha 2070 (15.5.2013 to 14.6.2013) through interview methods. The average age group of both the respondents was between 26-35yrs. Majority of respondents had knowledge about both temporary and permanent (56.8 percent Chepang and 50.9 percent Brahmin/Chhetri). While most of the family planning information was obtained through a health worker (88.2 percent Chepang and 79.4 percent Brahmin/Chhetri). Family planning using was 42.1 percent in Chepang and 40.2 percent in Brahmin/Chhetri. Temporary family planning method was found to be commonly used (74.4 percent Chepang and 73.1 percent Brahmin/Chhetri). Spousal communication seemed to exist by two third portions in both the groups and the most common topic for discussion was about family and family size.
The expression of PI3K/AKT signal pathway in breast tissue and it’s clinical significance
Authors: Gang Z , Xiao-meng L , Jun-hua Z , Yong C , Xing Z
Published: February 2017

This work aimed to investigate the expression of p-AKT in breast tissue and its clinical significance. Methods: Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of p-AKT in 100 cases of breast cancer and 30 cases of normal breast tissue. The expression levels of p-AKT in breast cancer were significant higher than that in normal breast tissue. The expressions of p-AKT had correlation with Clinical grade(P<0.05), but it was irrelevant to the age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and histological differentiating degree. PI3K/AKT Signal Pathway may take a part in the development and progression of breast cancer.
Physical activity counseling in primary care: Insights from public health and behavioral economics
Authors: Shuval Kerem , Leonard Tammy , Drope Jeffrey , Katz David L. , Patel Alpa V. , Maitin‐Shepard Melissa , Amir On , Grinstein Amir
Published: February 2017

Physical inactivity has reached epidemic proportions in modern society. Abundant evidence points to a causal link between physical inactivity and increased risk for numerous noncommunicable diseases, such as some types of cancer and heart disease, as well as premature mortality. Yet, despite this overwhelming evidence, many individuals do not meet the recommended amount of physical activity required to achieve maximum health benefits. Because primary care physicians’ advice is highly regarded, clinicians have the unique opportunity to play an important role in enabling patients to modify their behavior at the point of care with the goal of guiding patients to adopt and maintain an active lifestyle. In the current study, the authors evaluate pertinent literature from the fields of medicine/public health and economics/psychology to suggest a comprehensive approach to physical activity counseling at the primary care level. They first examine the public health approach to physical activity counseling, and then proceed to offer insights from behavioral economics, an emerging field that combines principles from psychology and economics. The application of key behavioral economics tools (eg, precommitment contracts, framing) to physical activity counseling in primary care is elaborated. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:233–244. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Mitigating Global Warming Potential and Greenhouse Gas Intensities by Applying Composted Manure in Cornfield: A 3-Year Field Study in an Andosol Soil
Authors: Mukumbuta Ikabongo , Shimizu Mariko , Hatano Ryusuke
Published: February 2017

A 3-year study was conducted in cornfield to evaluate how composted cattle manure application affects net global warming potential (GWP; the sum of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) minus net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB)) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI; net GWP per unit of plant biomass yield). In the first experiment, conducted from 2010 to 2012, five fertilization strategies that included an unfertilized control plot, inorganic fertilizer-only plot, two plots with inorganic fertilizer plus composted cattle manure, and composted cattle manure-only plot were established. In the second experiment composted cattle manure was applied in autumn 2012 and the field was subdivided into three plots in spring 2013, with one plot receiving additional composted cattle manure, the second plot received additional inorganic fertilizer and the third plot did not receive any additional fertilization. Fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 were measured using the static closed chamber method. NECB was calculated as carbon (C) inputs minus C output (where a negative value indicates net C loss). In experiment 1, manure application significantly increased NECB and reduced net GWP by more than 30% in each of the three years of the study. GHGI in the manure-amended plots was lower than in other plots, except in 2012 when the manure-only plot had higher GHGI than fertilizer-only plot. Application of inorganic fertilizer alone increased GWP by 5% and 20% in 2010 and 2011, but showed a 30% reduction in 2012 relative to the unfertilized control plot. However, due to higher net primary production (NPP), fertilizer-only plot had lower GHGI compared to the control. Application of inorganic fertilizer together with manure showed the greatest potential to reduce GWP and GHGI, while increasing NPP and NECB. In experiment 2, additional manure or inorganic fertilizer application in spring increased NPP by a similar amount, but additional manure application also increased NECB, and decreased GWP and GHGI. Manure application, as a partial substitute or supplemental fertilizer, shows potential to mitigate GWP and GHGI.
A Review on Natural Ventilation-enabling Façade Noise Control Devices for Congested High-Rise Cities
Authors: Tang Shiu-Keung
Published: February 2017

This review summarizes the current status of the research and development of natural ventilation-enabling noise control devices for use on the façades of high-rise residential buildings in congested cities. These devices are important for a sustainable urbanized city, as they are supposed to offer good acoustical protection to citizens, allowing for an acceptable level of natural ventilation inside residential units; energy for mechanical ventilation can then be saved. From the information presented in the existing literature, it is concluded that protrusive devices, such as lintels and balconies, are not effective noise screening devices, even if they are installed with sound absorbers and/or reflectors, under the effect of city reverberation. On the contrary, plenum windows and similar structures, which are plenum structures with a staggered air inlet and outlet, are interesting alternatives that are worth rigorous considerations.
Development of Probabilistic Reliability Models of Photovoltaic System Topologies for System Adequacy Evaluation
Authors: Alferidi Ahmad , Karki Rajesh
Published: February 2017

The contribution of solar power in electric power systems has been increasing rapidly due to its environmentally friendly nature. Photovoltaic (PV) systems contain solar cell panels, power electronic converters, high power switching and often transformers. These components collectively play an important role in shaping the reliability of PV systems. Moreover, the power output of PV systems is variable, so it cannot be controlled as easily as conventional generation due to the unpredictable nature of weather conditions. Therefore, solar power has a different influence on generating system reliability compared to conventional power sources. Recently, different PV system designs have been constructed to maximize the output power of PV systems. These different designs are commonly adopted based on the scale of a PV system. Large-scale grid-connected PV systems are generally connected in a centralized or a string structure. Central and string PV schemes are different in terms of connecting the inverter to PV arrays. Micro-inverter systems are recognized as a third PV system topology. It is therefore important to evaluate the reliability contribution of PV systems under these topologies. This work utilizes a probabilistic technique to develop a power output model for a PV generation system. A reliability model is then developed for a PV integrated power system in order to assess the reliability and energy contribution of the solar system to meet overall system demand. The developed model is applied to a small isolated power unit to evaluate system adequacy and capacity level of a PV system considering the three topologies.
Design and Cooling Performances of an Air Conditioning System with Two Parallel Refrigeration Cycles for a Special Purpose Vehicle
Authors: Moo-Yeon
Published: February 2017

The objective of this study is to design and briefly investigate the cooling performances of an air conditioning system for a special purpose vehicle under various experimental conditions. An air conditioning system with two parallel refrigeration cycles consisting of two compressors and two condensers for satisfying the required cooling performance of the special purpose vehicle was tested under extremely hot weather conditions and high thermal load conditions and then optimized by varying the refrigerant charge amount. The optimum refrigerant charge amount of the tested air conditioning system was 1200 g with the consideration of the cooling speed and cooling capacity. The indoor temperatures of the suggested air conditioning system at the refrigerant charge amounts of 1200 g, 1400 g, and 1600 g were 24.7 °C, 25.2 °C, and 26.4 °C, respectively, at the elapsed time of 300 s. The cooling time required to reach a 15.0°C inner temperature in the suggested air conditioning system increased by 13.3% with the decrease of the refrigerant charge amount from 1600 g to 1200 g. The cooling capacity and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the suggested air conditioning system increased by 37.9% and 10.9%, respectively, due to a decrease of the refrigerant charge amount from 1600 g to 1200 g. The observed cooling performance characteristics of the air conditioning system with two parallel refrigeration cycles means it could be suitable for cabin cooling of special purpose vehicles. In addition, the designed special air conditioning system with two parallel refrigeration cycles for a special purpose vehicle was built to ensure a sufficient cooling performance for equipped passengers.
Indoor Light Enhanced Photocatalytic Ultra-Thin Films on Flexible Non-Heat Resistant Substrates Reducing Bacterial Infection Risks
Authors: Rtimi Sami
Published: February 2017

Photocatalytic antibacterial sol-gel coated substrates have been reported to kill bacteria under light or in the dark. These coatings showed non-uniform distribution, poor adhesion to the substrate and short effective lifetime as antibacterial surfaces. These serious limitations to the performance/stability retard the potential application of antibacterial films on a wide range of surfaces in hospital facilities and public places. Here, the preparation, testing and performance of flexible ultra-thin films prepared by direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) at different energies are reviewed. This review reports the recent advancements in the preparation of highly adhesive photocatalytic coatings prepared by up to date sputtering technology: High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HIPIMS). These latter films demonstrated an accelerated antibacterial capability compared to thicker films prepared by DCMS leading to materials saving. Nanoparticulates of Ti and Cu have been shown during the last decades to possess high oxidative redox potentials leading to bacterial inactivation kinetics in the minute range. In the case of TiO2CuOx films, the kinetics of abatement of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were enhanced under indoor visible light and were perceived to occur within few minutes. Oligodynamic effect was seen to be responsible for bacterial inactivation by the small amount of released material in the dark and/or under light as detected by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The spectral absorbance (detected by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS)) was also seen to slightly shift to the visible region based on the preparation method.
Interior Lamellar Assembly and Optical Birefringence in Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) Spherulites: Mechanisms from Past to Present
Authors: Lugito Graecia , Woo Eamor , Chuang Wei-Tsung
Published: February 2017

Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) with its unique spherulitic morphologies, highly birefringent features, and crystal stability serves as a good candidate to study polymer crystallization and assembly. This review compiles the main findings on crystallization in PTT, including birefringence and morphology, thermal behavior, as well as the interior structure of PTT banded spherulites, in order to elucidate the origin and formation mechanism of banded spherulites. Interior observation through the inner anatomy of crystal assembly in banded spherulites hidden under the top surface is necessary to provide a complete picture for the unsettled arguments about formation mechanism. Careful attention should be taken when selecting the etching agent for exposing the lamellar structure of polymer spherulite, otherwise, misinterpretation could result
Energy-Extended CES Aggregate Production: Current Aspects of Their Specification and Econometric Estimation
Authors: Brockway Paul , Heun Matthew , Santos João , Barrett John
Published: February 2017

Capital–labour–energy Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production functions and their estimated parameters now form a key part of energy–economy models which inform energy and emissions policy. However, the collation and guidance as to the specification and estimation choices involved with such energy-extended CES functions is disparate. This risks poorly specified and estimated CES functions, with knock-on implications for downstream energy–economic models and climate policy. In response, as a first step, this paper assembles in one place the major considerations involved in the empirical estimation of these CES functions. Discussions of the choices and their implications lead to recommendations for CES empiricists. The extensive bibliography allows those interested to dig deeper into any aspect of the CES parameter estimation process.
A Cell-to-Cell Equalizer Based on Three-Resonant-State Switched-Capacitor Converters for Series-Connected Battery Strings
Authors: Shang Yunlong , Zhang Qi , Cui Naxin , Zhang Chenghui
Published: February 2017

Due to the low cost, small size, and ease of control, the switched-capacitor (SC) battery equalizers are promising among active balancing methods. However, it is difficult to achieve the full cell equalization for the SC equalizers due to the inevitable voltage drops across Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) switches. Moreover, when the voltage gap among cells is larger, the balancing efficiency is lower, while the balancing speed becomes slower as the voltage gap gets smaller. In order to soften these downsides, this paper proposes a cell-to-cell battery equalization topology with zero-current switching (ZCS) and zero-voltage gap (ZVG) among cells based on three-resonant-state SC converters. Based on the conventional inductor-capacitor (LC) converter, an additional resonant path is built to release the charge of the capacitor into the inductor in each switching cycle, which lays the foundations for obtaining ZVG among cells, improves the balancing efficiency at a large voltage gap, and increases the balancing speed at a small voltage gap. A four-lithium-ion-cell prototype is applied to validate the theoretical analysis. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed topology has good equalization performances with fast equalization, ZCS, and ZVG among cells.
Linear Formulation for Short-Term Operational Scheduling of Energy Storage Systems in Power Grids
Authors: Park Yong-Gi , Park Jong-Bae , Kim Namsu , Lee Kwang
Published: February 2017

This paper presents linear programming (LP) formulations for short-term energy time-shift operational scheduling with energy storage systems (ESSs) in power grids. In particular, it is shown that the conventional nonlinear formulations for electric bill minimization, peak shaving, and load leveling can be formulated in the LP framework. New variables for the peak and off-peak values are introduced in peak shaving and load leveling model, and the historical peak value for demand charge are considered in the electric bill minimization model. The LP formulations simplify computation while maintaining the accuracy for including linear technical constraints of ESSs, such as the state-of-charge, charging/discharging efficiency, output power range, and energy limit considering the life cycle of ESS. Proposed LP formulations have been implemented and verified in practical power systems and a large-scale industrial customer using historical data.
Effect of Doubly Fed Induction GeneratorTidal Current Turbines on Stability of a Distribution Grid under Unbalanced Voltage Conditions
Authors: Zhang Dahai , Ma Xiandong , Si Yulin , Huang Can , Huang Bin , Li Wei
Published: February 2017

This paper analyses the effects of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) tidal current turbines on a distribution grid under unbalanced voltage conditions of the grid. A dynamic model of an electrical power system under the unbalanced network is described in the paper, aiming to compare the system performance when connected with and without DFIG at the same location in a distribution grid. Extensive simulations of investigating the effect of DFIG tidal current turbine on stability of the distribution grid are performed, taking into account factors such as the power rating, the connection distance of the turbine and the grid voltage dip. The dynamic responses of the distribution system are examined, especially its ability to ride through fault events under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The research has shown that DFIG tidal current turbines can provide a good damping performance and that modern DFIG tidal current power plants, equipped with power electronics and low-voltage ride-through capability, can stay connected to weak electrical grids even under the unbalanced voltage conditions, whilst not reducing system stability.
Stochastic Optimal Control of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Qin Feiyan , Xu Guoqing , Hu Yue , Xu Kun , Li Weimin
Published: February 2017

Energy management strategies (EMSs) in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are highly related to the fuel economy and emission performances. However, EMS constitutes a challenging problem due to the complex structure of a HEV and the unknown or partially known driving cycles. To meet this problem, this paper adopts a stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) method for the EMS of a specially designed vehicle, a pre-transmission single-shaft torque-coupling parallel HEV. In this parallel HEV, the auto clutch output is connected to the transmission input through an electric motor, which benefits an efficient motor assist operation. In this EMS, demanded torque of driver is modeled as a one-state Markov process to represent the uncertainty of future driving situations. The obtained EMS has been evaluated with ADVISOR2002 over two standard government drive cycles and a self-defined one, and compared with a dynamic programming (DP) one and a rule-based one. Simulation results have shown the real-time performance of the proposed approach, and potential vehicle performance improvement relative to the rule-based one.
Exploring the Environment/Energy Pareto Optimal Front of an Office Room Using Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Interactive Optimization Method
Authors: Li Kangji , Xue Wenping , Liu Guohai
Published: February 2017

This paper is concerned with the development of a high-resolution and control-friendly optimization framework in enclosed environments that helps improve thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), and energy costs of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system simultaneously. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based optimization method which couples algorithms implemented in Matlab with CFD simulation is proposed. The key part of this method is a data interactive mechanism which efficiently passes parameters between CFD simulations and optimization functions. A two-person office room is modeled for the numerical optimization. The multi-objective evolutionary algorithm—non-dominated-and-crowding Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II)—is realized to explore the environment/energy Pareto front of the enclosed space. Performance analysis will demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented optimization method.
Radioactive Seepage through Groundwater Flow from the Uranium Mines, Namibia
Authors: Abiye Tamiru , Shaduka Ignatius
Published: February 2017

The study focused on the seepage of uranium from unlined tailing dams into the alluvial aquifer in the Gawib River floodplain in Namibia where the region solely relies on groundwater for its economic activities as a result of arid climatic condition. The study reviewed previous works besides water sample collection and analyses for major ions, metals and environmental isotopes in addition to field tests on physico-chemical parameters (pH, Electrical Conductivity, Redox and T). Estimation of seepage velocity (true velocity of groundwater flow) has been conducted in order to understand the extent of radioactive plume transport. The hydrochemistry, stable isotopes and tritium results show that there is uranium contamination from the unlined uranium tailings in the Gawib shallow aquifer system which suggests high permeability of the alluvial aquifer facilitating groundwater flow in the arid region. The radioactive contaminants could spread into the deeper aquifer system through the major structures such as joints and faults. The contamination plume could also spread downstream into the Swakop River unless serious interventions are employed. There is also a very high risk of the plume to reach the Atlantic Ocean through seasonal flash floods that occurs in the area.
Molecular Characterization of Mycolactone Producing Mycobacteria from Aquatic Environments in Buruli Ulcer Non-Endemic Areas in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Tano Marcellin , Dassi Christelle , Mosi Lydia , Koussémon Marina , Bonfoh Bassirou
Published: February 2017

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), particularly mycolactone producing mycobacteria (MPM), are bacteria found in aquatic environments causing skin diseases in humans like Buruli ulcer (BU). Although the causative agent for BU, Mycobacterium ulcerans has been identified and associated with slow-moving water bodies, the real transmission route is still unknown. This study aimed to characterize MPMs from environmental aquatic samples collected in a BU non-endemic community, Adiopodoumé, in Côte d’Ivoire. Sixty samples were collected in four types of matrices (plant biofilms, water filtrate residues, plant detritus and soils) from three water bodies frequently used by the population. Using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), MPMs were screened for the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) mycobacterial gene, the IS2404 insertion sequence, and MPM enoyl reductase (ER) gene. Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) typing with loci 6, 19, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit 1 (MIRU1) and sequence type 1(ST1) was performed to discriminate between different MPMs. Our findings showed 66.7%, 57.5% and 43.5% of positivity respectively for 16S rRNA, IS2404 and ER. MPM discrimination using VNTR typing did not show any positivity and therefore did not allow precise MPM distinction. Nevertheless, the observed contamination of some water bodies in a BU non-endemic community by MPMs suggests the possibility of pathogen dissemination and transmission to humans. These aquatic environments could also serve as reservoirs that should be considered during control and prevention strategies.
Effects of Sleep Quality on the Association between Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Chinese College Students
Authors: Tao Shuman , Wu Xiaoyan , Zhang Yukun , Zhang Shichen , Tong Shilu , Tao Fangbiao
Published: February 2017

Problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) is a risk factor for both adolescents’ sleep quality and mental health. It is important to examine the potential negative health effects of PMPU exposure. This study aims to evaluate PMPU and its association with mental health in Chinese college students. Furthermore, we investigated how sleep quality influences this association. In 2013, we collected data regarding participants’ PMPU, sleep quality, and mental health (psychopathological symptoms, anxiety, and depressive symptoms) by standardized questionnaires in 4747 college students. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to assess independent effects and interactions of PMPU and sleep quality with mental health. PMPU and poor sleep quality were observed in 28.2% and 9.8% of participants, respectively. Adjusted logistic regression models suggested independent associations of PMPU and sleep quality with mental health (p < 0.001). Further regression analyses suggested a significant interaction between these measures (p < 0.001). The study highlights that poor sleep quality may play a more significant role in increasing the risk of mental health problems in students with PMPU than in those without PMPU.
Volatile Profiles of Emissions from Different Activities Analyzed Using Canister Samplers and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis: A Case Study
Authors: Orecchio Santino , Fiore Michele , Barreca Salvatore , Vara Gabriele
Published: February 2017

The objective of present study was to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from several sources (fuels, traffic, landfills, coffee roasting, a street-food laboratory, building work, indoor use of incense and candles, a dental laboratory, etc.) located in Palermo (Italy) by using canister autosamplers and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. In this study, 181 VOCs were monitored. In the atmosphere of Palermo city, propane, butane, isopentane, methyl pentane, hexane, benzene, toluene, meta- and para-xylene, 1,2,4 trimethyl benzene, 1,3,5 trimethyl benzene, ethylbenzene, 4 ethyl toluene and heptane were identified and quantified in all sampling sites.
Inhibition of Autophagy by Deguelin Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin
Authors: Xu Xiao , Zhao Yan , Zhang Min , He Rui , Shi Xiu , Guo Xing , Shi Cheng , Peng Feng , Wang Min , Shen Min , Wang Xin , Li Xu , Qin Ren
Published: February 2017

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Furthermore, patients with pancreatic cancer experience limited benefit from current chemotherapeutic approaches because of drug resistance. Therefore, an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with pancreatic cancer is urgently required. Deguelin is a natural chemopreventive drug that exerts potent antiproliferative activity in solid tumors by inducing cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity have not been fully elucidated. Here we show that deguelin blocks autophagy and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Autophagy induced by doxorubicin plays a protective role in pancreatic cancer cells, and suppressing autophagy by chloroquine or silencing autophagy protein 5 enhanced doxorubicin-induced cell death. Similarly, inhibition of autophagy by deguelin also chemosensitized pancreatic cancer cell lines to doxorubicin. These findings suggest that deguelin has potent anticancer effects against pancreatic cancer and potentiates the anti-cancer effects of doxorubicin. These findings provide evidence that combined treatment with deguelin and doxorubicin represents an effective strategy for treating pancreatic cancer.
Effects of the Activin A–Follistatin System on Myocardial Cell Apoptosis through the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in Heart Failure
Authors: Liu Miao , Mao Cuiying , Li Jiayu , Han Fanglei , Yang Ping
Published: February 2017

Background: A previous study suggested that activin A inhibited myocardial cell apoptosis. This study thus aimed to explore the effects of the activin A–follistatin system on myocardial cell apoptosis in heart failure (HF) rats in order to determine whether or not the mechanism operates through the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway. Methods: Myocardial infarction (MI) by vascular deprivation was used to induce HF. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect activin A, follistatin and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) contents in serum. Immunohistochemical staining for activin A, follistatin, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-3 was performed on the myocardial tissue. The activin A-stimulated apoptosis of H9c2 cells was tested by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of activin A, follistatin and ERS-related proteins. Results: It was found that the high expression of activin A could cause activin A–follistatin system imbalance, inducing myocardial cell apoptosis via ERS in vivo. When HF developed to a certain stage, the expression of follistatin was upregulated to antagonize the expression of activin A. Activin A inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis with a low concentration and promoted apoptosis with a high concentration in vitro, also via ERS. Conclusion: Activin A–follistatin system participated in ERS-mediated myocardial cell apoptosis in HF.
Shp2 Plays a Critical Role in IL-6-Induced EMT in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Sun Xuan , Zhang Jie , Wang Zhiyong , Ji Wei , Tian Ran , Zhang Fei , Niu Ruifang
Published: February 2017

Accumulative evidence demonstrates that the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 functions as a powerful tumor promoter in many types of cancers. Abnormal expression of Shp2 has been implicated in many human malignancies. Overexpression of Shp2 in cancer tissues is correlated with cancer metastasis, resistance to targeted therapy, and poor prognosis. The well-known function of Shp2 is its positive role in regulating cellular signaling initiated by growth factors and cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6). Several recent studies have shown that Shp2 is required for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), triggered by growth factors. However, whether Shp2 is involved in IL-6-signaling-promoted breast cancer EMT and progression, remains undefined. In this study, we showed that exogenous and endogenous IL-6 can enhance breast cancer invasion and migration, through the promotion of EMT. IL-6 also induces the activation of Erk1/2 and the phosphorylation of Shp2. Knockdown of Shp2 attenuated the IL-6-induced downregulation of E-cadherin, as well as IL-6-promoted cell migration and invasion. Moreover, by using Shp2 phosphatase mutants, phosphor-tyrosine mimicking, and deficiency mutants, we provided evidence that the phosphatase activity of Shp2 and its tyrosine phosphorylation, are necessary for the IL-6-induced downregulation of E-cadherin and the phosphorylation of Erk1/2. Our findings uncover an important function that links Shp2 to IL-6-promoted breast cancer progression.
A Plant Proteinase Inhibitor from Enterolobium contortisiliquum Attenuates Pulmonary Mechanics, Inflammation and Remodeling Induced by Elastase in Mice
Authors: Theodoro-Júnior Osmar , Righetti Renato , Almeida-Reis Rafael , Martins-Oliveira Bruno , Oliva Leandro , Prado Carla , Saraiva-Romanholo Beatriz , Leick Edna , Pinheiro Nathalia , Lobo Yara , Martins Mílton , Oliva Maria , Tibério Iolanda
Published: February 2017

Proteinase inhibitors have been associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and may represent a potential therapeutic treatment for emphysema. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a plant Kunitz proteinase inhibitor, Enterolobium contortisiliquum trypsin inhibitor (EcTI), on several aspects of experimental elastase-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice. C57/Bl6 mice were intratracheally administered elastase (ELA) or saline (SAL) and were treated intraperitoneally with EcTI (ELA-EcTI, SAL-EcTI) on days 1, 14 and 21. On day 28, pulmonary mechanics, exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and number leucocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated. Subsequently, lung immunohistochemical staining was submitted to morphometry. EcTI treatment reduced responses of the mechanical respiratory system, number of cells in the BALF, and reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive cells and volume proportion of isoprostane, collagen and elastic fibers in the airways and alveolar walls compared with the ELA group. EcTI treatment reduced elastase induced pulmonary inflammation, remodeling, oxidative stress and mechanical alterations, suggesting that this inhibitor may be a potential therapeutic tool for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management.
Promising Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy: TLRs, RLRs, and STING-Mediated Innate Immune Pathways
Authors: Li Kai , Qu Shuai , Chen Xi , Wu Qiong , Shi Ming
Published: February 2017

Malignant cancers employ diverse and intricate immune evasion strategies, which lead to inadequately effective responses of many clinical cancer therapies. However, emerging data suggest that activation of the tolerant innate immune system in cancer patients is able, at least partially, to counteract tumor-induced immunosuppression, which indicates triggering of the innate immune response as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients. The promising innate immune targets include Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs), and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). This review discusses the antitumor properties of TLRs, RLRs, and STING-mediated innate immune pathways, as well as the promising innate immune targets for potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
The Search for Dietary Supplements to Elevate or Activate Circulating Paraoxonases
Authors: Lou-Bonafonte José , Gabás-Rivera Clara , Navarro María , Osada Jesús
Published: February 2017

Low levels of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) have been associated with the development of several pathological conditions, whereas high levels have been shown to be anti-atherosclerotic in mouse models. These findings suggest that PON1 could be a good surrogate biomarker. The other members of the family, namely PON2 and PON3, the role of which has been much less studied, deserve more attention. This paper provides a systematic review of current evidence concerning dietary supplements in that regard. Preliminary studies indicate that the response to dietary supplements may have a nutrigenetic aspect that will need to be considered in large population studies or in clinical trials. A wide range of plant preparations have been found to have a positive action, with pomegranate and some of its components being the best characterized and Aronia melanocarpa one of the most active. Flavonoids are found in the composition of all active extracts, with catechins and genistein being the most promising agents for increasing PON1 activity. However, some caveats regarding the dose, length of treatment, bioavailability, and stability of these compounds in formulations still need to be addressed. Once these issues have been resolved, these compounds could be included as nutraceuticals and functional foods capable of increasing PON1 activity, thereby helping with the long-term prevention of atherosclerosis and other chronic ailments.