bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The exclusive interpretation of plural nominals in quantificational environments
Authors: Anand Pranav , Andrews Caroline , Farkas Donka , Wagers Matthew
Published: August 2015

In some contexts, plural nominals have inclusive interpretation, allowing atoms in their reference domain; in others, they are exclusive, allowing only sums. Selecting between the two interpretations has been shown to be sensitive to both world-knowledge pressures (Farkas & de Swart 2010) and contextual relevance (Grimm 2010). The principal semantic factor claimed to be involved is monotonicity direction (Sauerland, Anderssen & Yatsushiro 2005; Spector 2007; Zweig 2009; Farkas & de Swart 2010): upward monotone environments tend to select exclusive readings; downward monotone ones, inclusive readings. In four image verification experiments, we tested this claim and found support for the generalization. The effect of monotonicity direction, however, is small. Moreover we find that varying whether a plural is in the scope of a quantified description has a much larger effect on the prevalence of the exclusive interpretation. This suggests that monotonicity, though involved, is not a decisive factor in plural interpretation.
Avoiding predicate whiplash: social choice theory and linguistic vagueness
Authors: Grinsell Timothy Wood
Published: August 2015

Vagueness effects predictably occur in predicates that aggregate judgments along a number of different criteria. With these types of aggregations, small changes along one of the criteria can lead to big changes in the outcome of the aggregation procedure. Vagueness results from avoiding this ‘whiplash’ effect.
Cross-categorial modification of properties in Hebrew and English
Authors: McNabb Yaron
Published: August 2015

Abstract Work in the past decade has greatly improved our understanding of the meaning of gradable predicates and degree modification. The discussion of these expressions has charted the way to an examination of additional types of modifiers that do not operate on degrees but rather on context candidates. In this study, I analyze the Hebrew modifier _mamaš_ and its English equivalent _really_ as modifiers of properties of individuals, situations, or propositions. The flexible semantics accounts for these modifiers’ wide distribution and types of semantic contribution.
Epistemic particles and perfomativity
Authors: Kaufmann Magdalena , Kaufmann Stefan
Published: August 2015

The German discourse particles ‘ja’ and ‘doch’ both mark the information expressed by their host sentence as somehow given, obvious, or uncontroversial (McCready & Zimmermann 2011 call them ‘epistemic particles’). Two things are puzzling: (i) despite its ‘epistemic’ nature, ‘doch’ can appear in imperatives and with performative modals; (ii) despite their similarity, ‘ja’ is unacceptable in imperatives and forces a descriptive reading of modal verbs. We explain (i) by assuming that the performativity of modalized propositions depends on certain contextual constellations which may conflict with constraints imposed by the particles. To account for (ii), we offer an analysis for ‘ja’ and ‘doch’ that explains the inviolable ban against ‘ja’ (but not ‘doch’) from performative modal contexts in terms of defeasible inferences about the context.
Diagnosing truth, interactive sincerity, and depictive sincerity
Authors: Coppock Elizabeth , Brochhagen Thomas
Published: August 2015

This paper presents two experimental findings pertaining to the semantics and pragmatics of superlative modifiers ("at least", "at most"). First, in a scenario with N objects of a given type, speakers consistently judge it true that there are ‘at least N’ and ‘at most N’ objects of that type. This supports the debated position that the ignorance conveyed by superlative modifiers is an implicature, not an entailment, and contrasts with results obtained using an inference-judgment paradigm, suggesting that truth-value judgment tasks are impervious to certain pragmatic infelicities that inference-judgment tasks are sensitive to. The second finding is not predicted by any previous theory: In a scenario with N objects, it is not consistently judged true that there are ‘at most N + 1’ objects, even though it is consistently judged true that there are ‘at least N − 1’ objects. To explain this, we propose a novel pragmatic principle requiring that the scenario depicted by a sentence must be considered possible by the speaker (the Maxim of Depictive Sincerity). Put together, the two findings show that truth-value judgment tasks are impervious to some aspects of pragmatics, but not all.
Modal Determiners and Alternatives: Quantity and Ignorance Effects
Authors: Alonso-Ovalle Luis , Menendez-Benito Paula
Published: August 2015

The literature on epistemic indefinites has explored the possibility that different pragmatic competitors give rise to different epistemic effects (Alonso-Ovalle & Menéndez-Benito (2010), Fa ̆la ̆us ̧ (2009)). Like epistemic indefinites, ‘class B modified numerals’ (Nouwen (2010)), such as English at least n, signal speaker ignorance. This paper examines the modal component of the Spanish complex determiner algún que otro, which, like at least n, conveys that the speaker does not know how many individuals satisfy the existential claim. We show that the modal component of at least n and algún que otro differ. Unlike at least n, algún que otro does not determine the minimum number of individuals that, according to the speaker, might satisfy the existential claim. We argue that the epistemic component of algún que otro is an implicature, and, building on the discussion in Nouwen (forthcoming), we contend that the contrast between at least n and algún que otro can also be traced back to the different pragmatic competitors that these items invoke.
Presuppositions and the Alternative Tier
Authors: Sauerland Uli
Published: August 2015

In at least three environments – de se binding, distributive binding, and focus quantification – some presuppositions exhibit unexpectedly weak projection behavior. This holds for the presuppositions of bound pronouns, but also several other cases of presupposition. In this paper, I first describe a general approach to capture the interaction of presuppositions with quantificational operators within a multi-tiered evaluation procedure. Secondly I discuss data from Condition A, in particular non-bound occurrences of reflexives, that motivate a presuppositional account of Condition A and confirm the general approach.
Response particles as propositional anaphors
Authors: Krifka Manfred
Published: August 2015

The paper explains response particles like yes and no as anaphoric elements that pick up propositional discourse referents that are introduced by preceding sentences. It is argued that negated antecedent clauses introduce two propositional discourse referents, which results in ambiguities of answers that is partly resolved by pragmatic optimization. The paper also discusses response particles like okay, right and uh-huh and uh-uh, and German ja, nein and doch.
The dynamics of subjectivity
Authors: Fleisher Nicholas
Published: August 2015

I adapt the dynamic framework for vagueness of Barker 2002 to the analysis of subjective taste predicates. I argue, following Kennedy 2013, that there are two qualitatively distinct types of subjectivity in natural language, which I call mapping subjectivity and (vague) standards subjectivity, and that the matrix predicate *find* is sensitive to the distinction between them. Novel to the present analysis is the proposal that *find* requires not just a complement that supports mapping subjectivity, but also a context that supports nonvacuous entailments about those scalar mappings. I part ways from Kennedy and from Barker 2013 in treating mapping subjectivity as a fact of the world, unassimilable to the metalinguistic variety of subjectivity associated with vague standards.
'Have', 'with' and 'without'
Authors: Le Bruyn Bert , De Swart Henriëtte , Zwarts Joost
Published: August 2015

The research reported in this paper is part of our attempt to get to a deeper understanding of why 'with' and 'without' are special prepositions in taking singular bare nouns more easily than other prepositions. The paper focuses on the semantics of existential and incorporation 'have', which we take to be the same and to constitute the verbal counterpart of 'with' and 'without'. We propose existential/incorporation 'have' builds relations: it selects one-place predicates and turns them into two-place predicates.
Front matter
Authors: Simons Mandy , Galloway Teresa
Published: August 2015

Proceedings of the 5th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference, held February 24-26, 1995 at the University of Texas at Austin, edited by Mandy Simons and Teresa Galloway.
The Pragmatics of Word Meaning
Authors: Lascarides Alex , Copestake Ann
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we explore the interaction between lexical semantics and pragmat­ics. Linguistic processing is nformationally encapsulated and utilises relatively simple 'taxonomic' lexical semantic knowledge. On this basis, defeasible lexical generalisations deliver defeasible parts of logical form. In contrast, pragmatics is open-ended and involves arbitrary knowledge. Two axioms specify when pragmatic defaults override lexical ones. We demonstrate that modelling this interaction al­lows us to achieve a more refined interpretation of words in a discourse context than either the lexicon or pragmatics could do on their own.
Functional Dependencies and Indirect Binding
Authors: Sharvit Yael
Published: August 2015

The functional analysis of wh-expressions (Engdahl (1986), Groenendijk & Stokhof (1984), Chierchia (1991, 1993)) provides a basis for explaining cases of Indirect Binding, where a quantified expression inside a relative clause triggers a bound interpretation of a variable which is outside its s-structure scope. I show that in these cases the variable is not bound by the quantified expression itself, and argue that Indirect Binding in copular vs. non-copular sentences mirrors the distinction between functional vs. pair-list questions.
The Locality of Interpretation: The Case of Binding and Coordination
Authors: Jacobson Pauline
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Front matter
Authors: Lawson Aaron
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Antecedent Contained Deletion and Pied-Piping: Evidence for a Variable-Free Semantics
Authors: Jacobson Pauline
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Front matter
Authors: Strolovitch Devon , Lawson Aaron
Published: August 2015

Proceedings of the 8th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference, held May 8-10, 1998 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, edited by Devon Strolovitch and Aaron Lawson.
Individual Concepts and Attitude Reports
Authors: Sharvit Yael
Published: August 2015

This paper argues that de dicto reports of the form 'x believes [that ....[DetP the [NP...]] . . . . . ]' are de re reports where the res is the individual concept which corresponds to '[DetP the [NP . . . ]'. This claim is based on the observation that definite descriptions project existence from complement clauses of attitude reports, even in those cases where the reporter and the bearer of the attitude do not have the same description "in mind."
NP Dependent Readings of 'different'
Authors: Beck Sigrid
Published: August 2015

No abstract.
Three new species of Trigonospila Pokorny (Diptera: Tachinidae), from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with a key for their identification
Authors: Fleming AJ , Wood D. Monty , Janzen Daniel , Hallwachs Winnie , Smith M. Alex
Published: August 2015

We describe three new species of Trigonospila Pokorny (Tachinidae: Blondeliini) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. All were reared from ­various species of ACG caterpillars during an ongoing inventory of caterpillars, their food plants and their parasitoids in dry forest, rain forest and cloud forest. By coupling morphology, photographic documentation, life history and molecular data, we provide a clear and concise description of each species. All species published as new, are known to be previously undescribed as a result of careful study of the genus by DMW. This study builds on the current knowledge of the genus by adding three new species to the current 7 described in the New World. Trigonospila edwinbermudezi sp. n., Trigonospila uniformis sp. n., and Trigonospila josemariamoragai sp. n. are all authored and described as new by Fleming and Wood, with a key to their identification. The authors also offer a new record and description of the previously unknown male of Trigonospila panamensis (Townsend), reared from ACG caterpillars.
New distribution records for the critically endangered frog Indirana gundia (Dubois, 1986) from Kerala part of Western Ghats, India
Authors: Jesmina Abdulrasheed , George Sanil
Published: August 2015

Indirana gundia is one of the critically endangered frog species of Western Ghats, India, and known only from the type locality (Gundya in Karnataka State, India) at an elevation of 200 m Mean Sea Level. We provide data on the geographical distribution of this species using molecular tools.

Our results expand the geographical distribution range of this species about 111 km south up to the northern part of Kerala State and recorded at an elevation ranging from 115 m to 200 m asl.
Dissolved organic carbon lability and stable isotope shifts during microbial decomposition in a tropical river system
Authors: Geeraert N. , Omengo F. O. , Govers G. , Bouillon S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A significant amount of carbon is transported to the ocean as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rivers. During transport, it can be transformed through microbial consumption and photochemical oxidation. In dark incubation experiments with water from the Tana River, Kenya, we examined the consumption of DOC through microbial decomposition and the associated change in its carbon stable isotope composition (δ13C). In 15 of the 18 incubations, DOC concentrations decreased significantly by 10 to 60 %, with most of the decomposition taking place within the first 24–48 h. After 8 days, the remaining DOC was up to 3 ‰ more depleted in 13C compared with the initial pool, and the change in δ13C correlated strongly with the fraction of DOC remaining. We propose that the shift in δ13C is consistent with greater microbial lability of DOC originating from herbaceous C4 vegetation than DOC derived from woody C3 vegetation in the semi-arid lower Tana. The findings complement earlier data that riverine C sources do not necessarily reflect their proportion in the catchment: besides spatial distribution, also processing within the river can further influence the riverine δ13C.
An analysis of the particulate flow in cold spray nozzles
Authors: Meyer M. , Lupoi R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Cold Spray is a novel technology for the application of coatings onto a variety of substrate materials. In this method, melting temperatures are not crossed and the bonding is realized by the acceleration of powder particles through a carrier gas in a converging-diverging nozzle and their high energy impact over a substrate material. The critical aspect of this technology is the acceleration process and the multiphase nature of it. Three different nozzle designs were experimented under constant conditions and their performance simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics tools. The Deposition Efficiency was measured using titanium as feedstock material and it was shown that it decreases with the cross-sectional throat area of the nozzle. Computational results based on a one-way coupled multiphase approach did not agree with this observation, while more sophisticated modelling techniques with two-way couplings can partially provide high-quality outcomes, in agreement with experimental data.
Staphylococcus aureus contamination of environmental surfaces and efficacy of alcohol wiping once daily in a hospital with a long-term care facility
Authors: Maeda Kumiko , Oie Shigeharu , Furukawa Hiroyuki
Published: August 2015

We evaluated Staphylococcus aureus contamination of door and wheelchair handles in a hospital with a care facility. In the hospital, 11 (27.5%) of 40 door handle sites and 7 (28.0%) of 25 wheelchair handle sites were contaminated. The S. aureus contamination density (mean ± SD) was 9.8 ± 14.0 colony-forming units (cfu) for door handles and 285.0 ± 731.6 cfu for wheelchair handles. In the long-term care facility, 18 (51.4%) of 35 door handle sites and 9 (36.0%) of 25 wheelchair handle sites were contaminated. The S. aureus contamination density was 215.3 ± 657.5 cfu for door handles and 295.7 ± 702.0 cfu for wheelchair handles. Because S. aureus contamination was frequently observed not only in the hospital but also in the care facility, we performed an evaluation to determine whether disinfection by wiping with alcohol once daily was effective for maintaining the cleanliness of door handles. S. aureus contamination was compared between door handles 24 hours after disinfection by wiping with 80% (v/v) ethanol once daily for 5 consecutive days (disinfection group) and door handles not disinfected for 5 days following a single disinfection with 80% (v/v) ethanol (nondisinfection group). The S. aureus level did not differ significantly between the disinfection and nondisinfection groups. Disinfection by wiping with alcohol at 24-hour intervals was not always effective in maintaining the cleanliness of door handles.
Paulo Emilio: crítica de cinema no Brasil, Urgente (1963)
Authors: Pinto Pedro Plaza
Published: August 2015

Estudo do conjunto de textos da crítica de cinema de Paulo Emilio Salles Gomes no jornal Brasil, Urgente, ligado aos religiosos dominicanos do Convento de Perdizes, em São Paulo. No período de grande agitação que antecede o Golpe de 1964, o reconhecido crítico e conservador da Cinemateca Brasileira elabora um modo de intervenção que questiona preconceitos e visões rígidas sobre cinema e vida cultural. A tática da escrita é dirigir um convite ao diálogo e surpreender os leitores com construções formais que revelam novos ângulos sobre si, na abordagem de temas e problemas relacionados com o cinema brasileiro e com o papel do espectador de filmes.
A tessitura dos fios de Ariadne: arquivo e censura cinematográfica no Brasil
Authors: Lucas Meize Regina de Lucena
Published: August 2015

O artigo aborda a censura cinematográfica exercida no Brasil durante o período da ditadura civilmilitar (1964-1985) a partir do estudo de um documento oficial encontrado no processo de censura do filme Toda nudez será castigada (Brasil, 1973), do diretor Arnaldo Jabor. O documento é a Portaria 3/3, de 20 de junho de 1973, que avocava para reexame e decisão esta e mais oito películas - Sopro no coração (França, 1971), A classe operária vai ao paraíso (Itália, 1971), Mimi, o metalúrgico (Itália,1972), Sacco e Vanzetti (Itália, 1971), A aventura é uma aventura (França, 1972), Cama com música (Dinamarca, 1972), Queimada (Inglaterra, 1969) e Os garotos virgens de Ipanema (Brasil, 1973). Os processos são estudados em relação a outros processos que compõem o arquivo da Divisão de Censura e Diversões Públicas (DCDP) em que constam mais de trinta mil processos, além de documentos administrativos, para compreender as chaves de leitura postas em ação pelos censores e as negociações em torno das interdições e liberações feitas pela DCDP.
Outros lugares do “fazer e ensinar História”: uma leitura sobre os impressos do MST na transição democrática
Authors: Perli Fernando
Published: August 2015

Ao longo das décadas de 1980 e 1990, materiais impressos foram produzidos e difundidos na organização do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) com o objetivo de contribuir na organização da militância. Publicados com o apoio de entidades solidárias ao movimento social, os impressos fizeram parte de um período de intenso debate sobre a importância da educação para o avanço da luta pela reforma agrária no Brasil, o que contribuiu para a elaboração de propostas pedagógicas de História pelo movimento social. Dentre inúmeros assuntos que compuseram os impressos, chama atenção os que tratam do lugar ocupado pelo conhecimento histórico na formação política, o que sugere, a partir do presente texto, uma análise das leituras e representações de passado que delinearam práticas para se “fazer e ensinar” História na organização dos sem-terra.
A reconstrução histórica das instituições escolares étnicas no Paraná
Authors: Martiniak Vera Lucia
Published: August 2015

Este texto apresenta os resultados de pesquisa que buscou compreender a institucionalização das primeiras escolas étnicas no Paraná, a sua forma de organização curricular e como se articulavam ao processo histórico do país no início da Primeira República. As escolas étnicas ensinavam a língua materna e a preservação da sua cultura. Por outro lado, o processo imigratório acelerou o movimento de colonização no Paraná, com ocupação dos espaços vazios propícios ao desenvolvimento da agricultura, o comércio e indústria e a substituição do trabalho escravo pelo trabalho assalariado. Assim, houve o incentivo ao desenvolvimento das cidades, que estimulou o comércio e fomentou a criação de serviços de infra?estrutura. Neste contexto histórico procura?se compreender a importância da atuação e a influência das escolas étnicas para a organização educacional no Paraná, até a sua extinção com a política de nacionalização que provocou mudanças na organização didática e pedagógica destas instituições. O eixo teórico-metodológico permite reconstruir uma história totalitária, analisando os determinantes econômicos, políticos e sociais. Para compreender a institucionalização das escolas étnicas no Paraná, partiu?se da análise dessa conjuntura, bem como o levantamento e catalogação das fontes primárias e secundárias, selecionadas em instituições públicas, museus e acervos particulares.
A elevação do funk carioca a “patrimônio cultural”: cotidiano e embates sociais e políticos em torno da Lei 5543/2009
Authors: Coutinho Reginaldo Aparecido
Published: August 2015

Em 2000 foi criada a Lei nº 3410/2000 que delimitou as condições em que poderiam ser realizados os bailes funk na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Em 2008, a Lei Álvaro Lins enrijeceu a Lei de 2000, impondo uma série de restrições às realizações de bailes funk e festas raves. Porém, em 1º de setembro de 2009, foi promulgada a lei que alçou o Funk Carioca a “patrimônio cultural” do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e, no mesmo dia, revogou-se a Lei Álvaro Lins. O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma análise do texto da Lei 5543/2009 colocando-a em diálogo com a experiência vivida no cotidiano por aqueles sobre quem ela incide. Por meio destas discussões pretendemos apreender os embates sóciopolíticos que emergiram com a implementação da referida lei, bem como entender as possíveis mudanças por ela operadas.
Sylvio Back nas tensões entre cinema e estado: anos 1960-70
Authors: Kaminski Rosane
Published: August 2015

O texto situa o posicionamento do cineasta Sylvio Back frente às movimentações que marcaram a relação entre cinema e Estado nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Naquele contexto era visível o desdobramento de um cinema brasileiro politizado e esteticamente “violento”, cujos filmes de baixo orçamento e linguagem renovadora se impunham como forma de oposição ao cinema clássico e mais plenamente industrial. Ao mesmo tempo, ampliava-se o interesse do Estado pela produção cinematográfica em termos empresariais. Durante o regime militar, foram criados órgãos de premiação e fomento ao cinema defendendo a produção de filmes que reforçassem o estatuto industrial do cinema nacional, buscando o aumento de arrecadação nas bilheterias. Em meio a essa situação paradoxal, Sylvio Back estreou na direção de longas-metragens prometendo realizar filmes “sérios” e que se propusessem à comunicação com o público. Para avaliar a inserção desse cineasta nas tensões entre cinema e Estado, são confrontados os depoimentos e entrevistas publicados na imprensa da época e que atestaram publicamente as intenções do cineasta; algumas críticas sobre seus filmes; bem como os filmes de ficção produzidos por Back durante o regime militar, que consistem numa forma de posicionamento do autor perante as questões estéticas e políticas do seu tempo.
Da casa à praça pública: a espetacularização das festas juninas no espaço urbano
Authors: Roque Barros de Castro Janio
Published: August 2015

Fruto de uma pesquisa de doutorado defendida na Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), esta publicação apresenta o viés mercadológico das festas privadas, de “camisa”, que, por vezes, é contrabalançado pelo espaço festivo – ainda que residual – dos terreiros frontais das casas ou das trilhas rurais, ao tempo que as festas nos espaços públicos, como em praças, são também espaços de expressão para manifestações culturais de caráter local e regional.
Boyling over: a commentary on the preceding papers
Authors: CANTOR GEOFFREY
Published: July 2002

When Michael Hunter first publicized the idea of ‘Psychoanalysing Robert Boyle’ I
understood that his main aim was to test three competing psychoanalytical theories against
the historical evidence provided by the life and work of Robert Boyle. Although this would
have been a valuable exercise, and one that the British Society for the History of Science
meeting partly engaged, the papers by Brett Kahr, John Clay and Karl Figlio published here
raise some far more compelling issues which I shall explore in the ensuing discussion.
Before turning to this discussion I offer a few introductory remarks.
The “disguised” Vertical Direct Effect of Directives?
Authors: Dougan Michael
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses one aspect of the European Court of Justice’s troubled case-law on the direct effect of Community directives: the so-called “incidental effect” of unimplemented directives against private parties, and its uncomfortable relationship to the basic framework of legal principles so forcefully affirmed by the Court in Faccini Dori [1994] E.C.R. I-3325. It is argued that the judgments in question can perhaps best be understood as some form of “disguised” vertical direct effect, but that any such solution merely reinforces the unsatisfactory policy quandary which besets this area of Community law.
COMMON LAW INVALIDITY OF CONDITIONAL FEE AGREEMENTS FOR LITIGATION: “U TURN” IN THE COURT OF APPEAL
Authors: Andrews Neil
Published: July 2002

THE Court of Appeal in Awwad v. Geraghty & Co. (a firm) [2000] 1 All E.R. 608 has confirmed that conditional fee agreements are invalid at common law. The court rejected the contrary decision in Thai Trading Co. (a firm) v. Taylor [1998] Q.B. 781, C.A. (noted [1998] C.L.J. 469).
THE SPY LEFT OUT IN THE COLD: FREEZING THE PROCEEDS OF CRIME
Authors: O'SULLIVAN JANET
Published: July 2002

In all good spy stories, the double agent is ultimately thwarted by a powerful new weapon. The Court of Appeal is evidently familiar with the genre, for in Attorney-General v. Blake [1998] 1 All E.R. 833 it fashioned and deployed one new legal device against the Russian spy George Blake and plotted the re-commissioning of another, generally regarded as defunct.
SUR LA STABILITÉ POUR L’ÉQUATION MONODIMENSIONNELLE D’UN GAZ VISQUEUX ET CALORIFÈRE AVEC LA FRONTIÈRE VARIABLE
Authors: Benabidallah Rachid
Published: July 2002

We consider the equation of a one-dimensional viscous heat-conducting compressible gas in the variable domain with the appropriate boundary conditions. We study the large-time behaviour of the solution in the particular case where the displacement of the variable boundary is given by $L(t)=L_0(1+at)^\alpha$ with $0lt\alphalt1$, where $a$ is a positive constant and $L_0$ is the initial amplitude of our domain.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35B40; 76N15
RADIATION ABSORPTION, GROWTH AND YIELD OF PIGEONPEA CULTIVARS AS INFLUENCED BY SOWING DATES
Authors: PATEL N. R. , MEHTA A. N. , SHEKH A. M.
Published: July 2002

Two pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) cultivars GT-100 (determinate type) and BDN-2 (indeterminate type) were planted on three sowing dates (30 June, 20 July and 9 August) in 1993 and 1994. Pigeonpea sown on the earliest date attained the highest leaf area index (LAI), absorbed the largest amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and produced the highest total dry matter (DM). The differences in biomass and seed yield among sowing dates were largely ascribed to totals of PAR absorbed and dry matter produced, especially in the reproductive phase. The high LAI persistence and PAR interception, coinciding with the podding phase, appeared to be mainly responsible for the increased yield in early sowings. Radiation use efficiency decreased as sowing was delayed, but did not have much effect on DM accumulation in various phases nor on final yields. Although the extinction coefficient was not influenced by sowing dates, it was inversely related to leaf area index in both cultivars. Between the cultivars, the differences in biomass reflected the differences in PAR absorbed and DM accumulation, depending upon leaf area development and growth duration. The cultivar GT-100 had a higher seed yield and harvest index than BDN-2 due to more of the DM produced being partitioned into pods during the reproductive phase on account of its determinate growth habit. Early sowings of determinate cultivars could maximize both vegetative and reproductive growth, capture more light and produce more seed yields under rainfed conditions.
Evidence for clonal structure of natural populations of

free-living amoebae of the genus Naegleria
Authors: PERNIN PIERRE , CARIOU MARIE LOUISE
Published: July 2002

Genetic diversity of natural populations of the two species Naegleria

gruberi and N. australiensis

collected at the same time in the same area was studied using

multilocus enzyme electrophoresis

(MLEE analysis). Reference strains and related species were also analysed

for comparison. Five

loci were found to be polymorphic and allowed identification of

19 different multilocus genotypes

among 67 isolates – eight for N. gruberi and 11 for

N. australiensis – none being common to the

two species. Large departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium

were found at all the loci, with

significant heterozygote deficiencies in most cases. The two species

exhibited strong linkage

disequilibrium and the predominance of a few multilocus genotypes within

each species was

observed. These lines of evidence strongly suggest non-random association

of alleles, leading to the

conclusion that N. gruberi and N. australiensis

have predominantly clonal genetic structures in the

wild. Populations consist of a few major clones with some closely related

ones – a structure found

for several parasitic protozoans and bacteria. This contrasts with

the panmictic structure found for

N. lovaniensis, another species of this genus, and suggests

that closely related species within the

genus have evolved to have different reproductive strategies.
Information in molecular profile components
evaluated by a Genetic Classifier System: a case study
in Picea abies Karst.
Authors: STEFANINI FEDERICO MATTIA , CAMUSSI ALESSANDRO
Published: July 2002

Individual records from the coding of molecular
polymorphism (molecular profiles) are particularly
useful for the identification of clones or cultivars,
in pedigree analysis, in the estimation of genetic
distances and relatedness, and as a tool in genome mapping
and population genetics. A parametric
statistical analysis of molecular profile components
can be infeasible because of the huge number
of observed markers, the presence of missing values and
the high number of parameters required
to evaluate the importance of interactions among markers.
Moreover, new powerful molecular
techniques make possible the analysis of numerous markers
at one time; therefore parametric
statistical methods could result in troublesome models with
more parameters than data. The field
of computer-based techniques offers new strategies to cope
with the complexity of molecular
profiles. We suggest the use of a Genetic Classifier
System to evaluate the importance of profile
components. The procedure is based on a Genetic Algorithm
approach, a numerical technique that
simulates some features of the natural selection process
to solve problems. A set of isozyme data
from a Norway spruce population is analysed in order to
assess their ability to predict the
individual plant response to the presence of abiotic
stresses. The results, obtained by three different
computer simulations, show that this computer-based approach
is particularly effective for ranking
profile components according to their relevance. Genetic
Classifier Systems could also be used as a
preliminary step to reduce the complexity of molecular data sets.
Mapping quantitative trait loci affecting sternopleural bristle
number in Drosophila melanogaster using changes of marker
allele frequencies in divergently selected lines
Authors: NUZHDIN SERGEY V. , KEIGHTLEY PETER D. , PASYUKOVA ELENA G. , MOROZOVA ELENA A.
Published: July 2002

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for variation in sternopleural
bristle number in crosses
between the laboratory lines of Drosophila melanogaster OregonR
and CantonS were mapped using
information from allele frequency changes of two families of retrotransposon
markers in
divergently selected populations. QTL effects and positions were inferred
by likelihood, using
transition matrix iteration and Monte Carlo interval mapping. Individuals
from the selected
populations were genotyped for markers spaced at an average distance 4.4
cM. Four QTLs of
moderate effect ranging from 0·6 to 1·32 bristles accounted
for most of the selection response. A
permutation test of the correspondence between the mapped QTLs and the
positions of bristle
number candidate genes suggested that alleles at these candidate genes
were no more strongly
associated with selected changes in marker allele frequency than were randomly
chosen positions in
the genome.
Induction of specific-locus and dominant lethal mutations in
male mice by ifosfamide (Holoxan)
Authors: EHLING U. H. , FAVOR J. , NEUHÄUSER-KLAUS A. , ADLER I.-D.
Published: July 2002

Ifosfamide induced dominant lethal mutations in spermatozoa of
mice at doses of 200 and
300 mg/kg and in spermatids and spermatocytes at 600 mg/kg. The
highest dose also induced
specific-locus mutations in post-spermatogonial germ-cell stages of mice
but not in spermatogonial
stem cells. The nature of the induced mutations suggests they are intergenic.
The spermatogenic
specificity of ifosfamide in mouse germ cells is similar to that of the
structurally related cytostatic
drugs cyclophosphamide and trofosfamide. Due to the post-spermatogonial
germ cell specificity of
ifosfamide, the genetic risk is limited to a few weeks after exposure.
DIALOGUE AND DISCRETION: THOMAS SACKVILLE, CATHERINE

DE MEDICI AND THE ANJOU MARRIAGE PROPOSAL 1571
Authors: ZIM RIVKAH
Published: July 2002

Letters are a literary resource often under-estimated by scholars.

Sackville's letters from

France, to Thomas Heneage and Elizabeth I, demonstrate how the application

of literary means,

guided by a partial viewpoint, creates the circumstances in which

the political management of actuality

can occur. These letters are generally known only from extracts and

digests in calendars, which give

no hint of their literary forms and styles. No one has yet commented

on the significance of their

rhetorical tactics. The full context of the correspondence shows

Sackville exploiting existing

relationships with Heneage and the queen to build up good will

and credibility for himself as a lively

and judicious personality. In particular, the previously

unpublished representation of his secret

interview with Catherine de Medici exploits the actuality of

dramatic dialogue far beyond the normal

use of so-called verbatim report in diplomatic correspondence.

This representation raises questions of

how far Sackville interpreted what he heard and why. The

opportunity to compare Catherine's account

of their meeting with Sackville's shows him selecting and

emphasizing certain details, while

suppressing others, in anticipation of his reader's response.
THE BRITISH UNION OF FASCISTS AND THE OLYMPIA DEBATE
Authors: PUGH MARTIN
Published: July 2002

The object of this article is to reassess received views about

the significance of the 1934
rally at Olympia for the fortunes of the British Union of Fascists.
It begins by analysing the debate
in the House of Commons which is traditionally seen as reflecting
a reaction against BUF methods,
and shows the extent to which it actually revealed sympathy amongst
National Government members.
Then follows a discussion of reactions in the press. The article
suggests that far from being purely
negative, the effect of Olympia in some parts of the press was to
attract more attention, and not
necessarily of a hostile nature. Finally it examines the reasons
for hesitation on the part of the
government in using the law and the police to curtail BUF methods
in the aftermath of Olympia. It
shows how far Mosley continued to conduct large indoor meetings,
partly because he was able to make
use of the existing law. The article concludes that the British
defence of free speech after 1934 was
less firm than is usually supposed and that resistance to fascism
by the authorities was of marginal significance.
BRITAIN, SOUTH AFRICA, AND THE HIGH COMMISSION TERRITORIES:
AN OLD CONTROVERSY REVISITED
Authors: TORRANCE DAVID E.
Published: July 2002

This article revisits the controversy surrounding the protection
that Britain accorded
the high commission territories on the advent of South African unification
in 1910. Instead of
incorporating these regions into the new Union from the start, the imperial
government retained
responsibility for them and further issued a schedule
stipulating the terms on which transfer could take
place later. The historiographical controversy centres around the respective
roles of the high
commissioner, the Liberal government, and the African
inhabitants of these regions in formulating
Britain's policy on this question. The present author
agrees with Ronald Hyam that London made the
decision to withhold the areas from the Union and that
this decision has proved of critical importance
to the welfare of the people concerned. This article,
however, emphasizes that in the context of 1909
the question of transfer did not appear to possess the
importance that it later took on, for all statesmen
assumed that, sooner or later, the Territories would be
transferred. What seemed more important at
the time was the schedule governing transfer. This was
primarily the work of the high commissioner
– Lord Selborne. Though not without a trace of old-fashioned
paternalism, his proposals display a
modern enthusiasm for bureaucratic state building.
POLITICAL STYLES AND SITES OF POWER IN
ANCIEN RÉGIME FRANCE
Authors: JONES COLIN
Published: July 2002

Power and politics in old régime France, 1720–1745.

By Peter R. Campbell. London:
Routledge, 1996. Pp. xii+420. ISBN 0-415-06333-7. £50.

Antoine Lavoisier: science, administration, revolution. By
A. Donovan. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi+351.
ISBN 0-521-56218-x. £40. 0-521-56672-x. £14.95 (pb).

Officers, nobles and revolutionaries: essays on eighteenth-century

France. By W. Doyle. London:
Hambledon Press, 1995. Pp. xii+238. ISBN 1-85285-121-x. £35.

Venality: the sale of offices in eighteenth-century France.

By W. Doyle. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1996. Pp. xviii+343. ISBN 0-19-820536-8. £45.

The bakers of Paris and the bread question, 1700–1775.

By S. L. Kaplan. Durham, NC, and
London: Duke University Press, 1996. Pp. xviii+261. ISBN 08223-1706-0.
£47.50.

Montesquieu and the Parlement of Bordeaux. By R. Kingston.

Geneva: Droz, 1996. Pp. 329.
ISBN 2-600-00161-1. £30.

Class and state in ancien régime France: the road to modernity?

By David Parker. London:
Routledge, 1996. Pp. xvii+349. ISBN 0-415-13647-4. £40.

The books analysed in this review bear witness in different ways to
a revival of
historians' interest in the political history of ancien
régime France which was highlighted
by Peter Campbell in a recent review article in this journal. Campbell
speculated that
what Fernand Braudel all-so-dismissively called
‘event history’ (l'histoire événementielle)

was making a comeback at the expense of Annaliste
geo-historical analysis in the longue
durée mode or mid-term conjunctural history rooted in social
and economic change. A
complementary way of looking at the phenomenon, which strikes the reader
on
engaging with the present crop of works, is to see current historiographical
interests in
political history as the revenge of Alfred Cobban, progenitor in the 1950s
and 1960s of
famous revisionist attacks on the socio-economic analyses of the Jacobino–Marxist

school of French Revolutionary historiography adorned by Mathiez, Lefebvre,
and
Soboul. Cobban's broadsides were aimed not simply at some of the conceptual

apparatus of the ‘Marxists’, but also sought to highlight empirical
research as a
corrosive solvent of what he viewed as the deterministic hyperbole of politically-influenced left-wing history.
STRUCTURING AND INTERPRETING THE EXPERIENCE OF EARLY MODERN EUROPEANS
Authors: MENTZER RAYMOND A.
Published: July 2002

Archives of the scientific revolution: the formation and exchange of ideas in seventeenth-century
Europe. Edited by Michael Hunter. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1998. Pp. xii + 216.
ISBN 0–8511–553–7. £45.00.

The peasantries of Europe from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Edited by Tom Scott.
London: Longman, 1998. Pp. xi + 416. ISBN 0–582–10131-X. £19.99.

Civil society and fanaticism: conjoined histories. By Dominique Colas. Translated by
Amy Jacobs. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. Pp. xxx + 480. ISBN
0–8047–2736–8. £14.95.

The quest for compromise: peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna. By Howard Louthan.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xvi + 185. ISBN 0–531–58082-X.
£35.00.

Each of the four volumes at hand examines a different yet vital aspect of European
society between the late middle ages and the beginnings of industrialization. The field
is far too diverse and the approaches too complex to expect a commonality among these
works, excepting a shared temporal and geographic concentration. Still, the themes and
subjects reveal some of the issues that have captured recent attention and show how
scholars propose to go about exploring them. They suggest the interests of historians of
early modern Europe, their distinctive perspectives, and varying methodologies. The
collective reach extends from deciphering the papers and manuscripts left by
participants in the scientific revolution to an exploration of the immense yet largely
reticent peasant world, an attempt to establish the origins and trace the development of
today's ongoing discussion over civil society and fanaticism, and finally a study of four
peacemakers who urged religious moderation at the imperial court of Counter-Reformation Vienna. Put slightly differently, these studies raise fundamental questions
about the sources upon which scholars depend, the nature and utility of historical
models, and the relationship between contemporary concerns and our collective past,
whether they be issues of civil society or irenic accommodation.
AZADEH KIAN-THIEBAUT, Secularization of Iran: A Doomed Failure? The New Middle Class and the Making of Modern Iran (Paris: Institut d'etudes iraniennes and Diffusion Peeters, 1998). Pp. 296.
Authors: Taati Poopak
Published: July 2002

Secularization of Iran: A Doomed Failure? is an extremely readable, insightful, and detailed contribution by Azadeh Kian-Thiebaut to the literature on Iranian society and politics in the 20th century. When I first started reading the book, I expected the pedantic descriptions that often characterize doctoral dissertations turned into books. Fortunately, however, I found the book much more than a dispassionate treatment of facts and theories. The author has perspectives and points of views that are not just hidden in the various descriptions of events and ideas. Yet her work is not an ideological treatment of Iranian politics and society, either. Events and historical facts are treated with a level of sociological objectivity and sound judgment that are not too common among Iran's observers.
JEFFREY A. NEDOROSCIK, The City of the Dead: A History of Cairo's Cemetery Communities (Westport, Conn.: Bergin and Garvey, 1997). Pp. 140.
Authors: Gibb Camilla
Published: July 2002

Jeffrey Nedoroscik's book is a sensitive sociological survey of life in Cairo's City of the Dead, where more than 500,000 people are now enlisted to reside. In an attempt to both demystify and account for this phenomenon, Nedoroscik argues that life in the City of the Dead is as old, and as rich, as life in Cairo itself. Today, residence in and among the family tombs stretching across some five square miles at the base of the muqattam Hills, constitutes an informal housing sector that has developed as a response to Cairo's severe housing crisis. Historically, though, the cemetery also teemed with life as a religious center housing some of the Muslim world's most important monuments, and a site of temporary and permanent shelter to relatives to the deceased, guardians of tombs, itinerants, the poor, the sick, Sufis, and other religious leaders.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RISE OF POLITICAL COMPLEXITY IN WESTERN UGANDA
Authors: ROBERTSHAW PETER , TAYLOR DAVID
Published: July 2002

The histories of pre-colonial states in the Great Lakes region of Central
Africa have engaged scholars for more than a century. First encountered by
Europeans in the 1860s during the search for the source of the Nile, these
states and their rulers inspired both admiration and frustration in their
visitors. On the one hand, explorers were impressed by the power of the
rulers and the complexities of their bureaucracies, but on the other, they
were annoyed by the apparent vacillation of the monarchs in responding to
their demands. From the historian's perspective, these initial encounters
soon led to questions about the origins and longevity of these states. Stories
of origins were encapsulated in myths and legends that missionaries began to
record around the turn of the twentieth century, while efforts to elicit lists
of kings who had ruled each state introduced African leaders to European-style historiography.
Genetic diversity in four cabbage populations based on UPOV and IPGRI description forms and allozyme variation
Authors: KOUTSOS T. V. , KOUTSIKA-SOTIRIOU M.
Published: July 2002

Morphophysiological characters, designated as descriptors by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), and allozyme variation were used to study genetic diversity among four cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) open pollinated (OP) populations. The morphological and physiological characters, and gene frequencies among OP populations were analysed by using cluster (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Both methods gave the same clustering of OP populations. The relationships found among OP populations by analysing UPOV descriptors (30 characters) and IPGRI descriptors (30+14 characters) were similar. The relationships among OP populations obtained from gene frequencies were not similar to those obtained from morphophysiological characters, but two of the four OP populations were clustered together by both categories of data. The biggest correlation between the relationships among OP populations obtained from morphophysiological characters and those obtained from gene frequencies was r = −0·44 and r =−0·38 given by PCA and CA respectively. The importance of each character or allele with respect to the relationships among OP populations were also detected by PCA.