bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Antibody Response in Human Beings Inoculated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine, Chick Embryo Type
Authors: Warren Joel , Smadel Joseph E. , Rasmussen A. F.
Published: January 2023

Japanese encephalitis vaccines which were prepared from infected mouse-brain or chick-embryo tissue, and were of adequate potency as measured by the standard mouse-protective test, were found to be equally effective in immunizing human beings when the vaccines were administered to soldiers in two doses of 2.0 ml each given four days apart. Approximately 30 per cent of the men developed neutralizing antibodies following immunizations with either vaccine. Human beings immunized with 3.0 ml of chick embryo vaccine given subcutaneously in doses of 1.0 ml on the first, seventh, and thirtieth day developed neutralizing antibody with twice the frequency obtained with the first schedule. Similar results were obtained in a small group of persons who received three intracutaneous injections of 0.1 ml each of vaccine over a period of a month. A recall dose of vaccine administered subcutaneously to eight persons one year after vaccination elicited a significant rise in neutralizing antibody in five cases. A recall dose of 0.1 ml injected intradermally into another group of eight previously vaccinated persons resulted in a marked rise in the serum neutralization index of all eight. Neutralizing antibodies which appeared following primary vaccination persisted for a year in six of fourteen individuals. Only one of the human volunteers receiving either vaccine by either schedule developed specific complement-fixing antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus following primary vaccination. However, an appreciable number of soldiers had antibodies which reacted with antigen prepared from normal chick embryo. Complement-fixing antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus appeared in low titer in the sera of about one third of the persons who were repeatedly vaccinated.
The Application of the Falling Drop Technic
Authors: Lipton Murray M.
Published: January 2023

A method has been presented for the quantitative analysis of pneumococcal polysaccharide based on the falling drop time of NaOH solutions of antigen-antibody precipitates. Falling drop time data were converted to density difference values by calculation. When the density difference of precipitates formed by the interaction of known quantities of polysaccharide with an antiserum was plotted as the ordinate and milligrams of polysaccharide as the abscissa, a standard curve was obtained. For the estimation of unknown quantities of polysaccharide, the density difference was found. The amount of polysaccharide was found by projection on the standard curve.

The results indicate that the method just presented is simple, rapid and accurate. The average variation in the amount of polysaccharide determined by this technic when compared to the amount actually present was 7 per cent for a total of 145 determinations.
Antibacterial Activity of Hexenolactone in Vitro
Authors: Bartholomew James W. , Hervey Francis L.
Published: January 2023

Hexenolactone exerted an antibacterial action against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Hexenolactone was bactericidal in concentrations of 1:100 to 1:400; bacteriostatic in concentrations of 1:200 to 1:1000; inhibitory in concentrations of 1:1000 to over 1:3200; depending on the test organism. In some instances, increased concentrations of hexenolactone resulted in decreased antibacterial activity.
Immunological Experiments with Denatured and Insoluble Proteins
Authors: Schmidt Carl L. A.
Published: January 2023

To study the influence of denaturation, coagulation and insolubility on the production of fixation antibodies, rabbits were immunized respectively against the following antigens: Egg albumin heated (dry) to 110°C., egg albumin heated in solution, to 100°C. without coagulation, egg albumin coagulated by heat. The sera of these animals reacted equally with the native (unheated) and with the denatured antigen. Using sodium caseinate as antigen, fixation antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of rabbits which had been immunized by injecting a suspension of washed casein. The theoretical considerations are discussed.
Prolonged Protection of Guinea Pigs against Histamine by Means of Pellets of Pyribenzamine in Beeswax Implanted Subcutaneously in Beeswax
Authors: Kellner Aaron , Correll James W. , Ladd Anthony T. , Alvord Ellsworth C.
Published: January 2023

Subcutaneous pellets containing 500 mg of Pyribenzamine in 2.0 g of beeswax protected 13 of 14 guinea pigs against a lethal dose of histamine for 7 days and occasionally for as long as 16 days.
Salmonella Atlanta, a New Member of the Salmonella G Group
Authors: Saphra Ivan , Seligmann Erich
Published: January 2023

Salmonella atlanta, a new type recovered from the stool of a sick child, has been described. It belongs to the G group and has the formula XIII·XXIII·XXXVI b —; abbreviated XIII·XXIII; b—. It initiated a single factor study of the other members of this group, which now may be differentiated not only by their flagellar antigens but also by the distribution of six partial antigens.
Chloromycetin in Experimental Rickettsial Infections
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Cruise Anita B.
Published: January 2023

Experimental data were presented which indicated that chloromycetin has a rickettsiostatic effect in embryonated eggs infected with R. tsutsugamushi, R. mooseri, R. rickettsi, R. akari, R. prowazeki and R. burneti. Chemotherapeutic tests in mice or guinea pigs infected with any one of the first four agents listed also gave evidence of a beneficial effect of the drug, although the effect on guinea pigs infected with R. rickettsi was much less striking. Treatment was of value in both infected eggs and animals when therapy was delayed for appreciable periods of time after infection.

Chloromycetin had only a suppressive effect on the growth of R. tsutsugamushi in mice since the infectious agent could be recovered from tissues of apparently healthy mice which were treated for 100 days after infection. Preliminary observations suggested that the drug may under certain circumstances sterilize the tissues or cause complete suppression of growth of organisms in mice inoculated with R. akari or guinea pigs injected with R. rickettsi. Chloromycetin had no direct rickettsiocidal action on R. tsutsugamushi in vitro. Furthermore, mice under treatment could not be shown to differ consistently from normal animals in their response to rickettsial toxins.

Values for the blood and urine levels of chloromycetin encountered in mice given the antibiotic followed the general pattern observed in man but guinea pigs showed low levels after corresponding doses.
Some Fundamental Notions in Estimation of Complement Fixation
Authors: Thompson William R. , Rice Christine E. , Maltaner Elizabeth , Maltaner Frank
Published: January 2023

A foundation is laid for discussion of the various features of complement-fixation reactions in terms of clearly defined concepts and a uniform notation.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Eisen Herman N.
Published: January 2023

An attempt has been made to saturate the anti-kidney antibody-binding sites in the mouse kidney. The administration of even 15 mg of a globulin fraction of anti-mouse-kidney rabbit serum (G-anti-MK) did not saturate these sites, since this quantity of unlabeled anti-kidney antibody had no appreciable effect on the renal accumulation of radioactivity in animals that simultaneously were given radioiodinated G-anti-MK. A minimum value for the amount of antibody which can localize in the kidney was calculated, and was found to correspond to about 3 per cent of the weight of a mouse's glomeruli. When large amounts (about 15 mg) of either G-anti-MK or globulin fraction of anti-mouse-spleen rabbit serum (G-anti-MS) were given along with radioiodinated G-anti-MK there occurred an unusually rapid decline in the blood levels of radioactivity, indicating a physiological effect of these sera.
Biophysical Studies of Blood Plasma Proteins. XIII
Authors: Cohn Melvin , Deutsch H. F. , Wetter L. R.
Published: January 2023

Four γ-globulin fractions of human serum which differ slightly in average electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 have been investigated by physical and immunochemical methods. Each preparation consists of several antigens, and the quantitative immunological behavior of each fraction is determined by the relative proportions of the various components present. The difficulties involved in using immunological methods for assay of γ-globulin in body fluids are discussed. The various fractions differ from one another most strikingly in the region of antigen excess.
Studies on the Antigens of Human Red Cells
Authors: Moskowitz Merwin , Dandliker Walter B. , Calvin Melvin , Evans Robert S.
Published: January 2023

A water soluble fraction, elinin, was separated from human red cells. It contained the Rh, A and B factors when prepared from red cells of the respective type. Another fraction, S protein, was also separated from red cells and was devoid of the above-mentioned factors. The serological properties of these fractions and the stability of the Rh and A factors under various conditions are described.
Purification of the Bovine γ-Globulin Factor Which Suppresses Variation in Brucella Abortus
Authors: Cole Leonard J.
Published: January 2023

A method is described for the chemical purification of the bovine γ-globulin factor which suppresses variation of Brucella abortus. The procedure involves heat treatment at 63 C, precipitation with 0.5 saturated (NH4)2SO4, fractional precipitation with 0.58 saturated NaCl at low pH, and treatment with chloroform. The purified factor exhibits typical protein reactions, and has a sedimentation pattern characteristic for a single protein.

When blood sera from Brucella-vaccinated cows are fractionated by the above procedure, no fractions with selective activity can be isolated, whereas normal serum yields active subfractions.

Bovine fraction II appears to be non-homogeneous with respect to selective activity.
The Immunochemistry of Toxins and Toxoids
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Bentoff Judith
Published: January 2023

The solubility of tetanal toxoid prepared from toxin produced on the medium of Mueller and Miller has been determined in methanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration and temperature.

On the basis of these studies, a three step method is presented for the preparation of purified tetanal toxoid containing over 1500 Lf/mg protein nitrogen.
Treatment with Chloramphenicol, Aureomycin, and Terramycin of the Pneumonia of Mice Caused by Feline Pneumonitis Virus
Authors: Kneeland Yale , Price Katherine Mills
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this communication is to report in some detail the effect of three of the newer antibiotics on experimental infection with the virus of feline pneumonitis. The antibiotics studied are chloramphenicol, aureomycin and terramycin, and the condition under scrutiny is the pneumonitis of mice resulting from intranasal inoculation of feline pneumonitis virus.

This agent was isolated in 1942 by Baker (1) from lungs of cats showing catarrhal symptoms and pneumonia. He demonstrated that it could be readily established in mice with the production of transmissible pneumonitis, and cultivated in embryonated eggs. He also discovered elementary bodies in affected tissues. Subsequently Thomas and Kolb (2) showed by complement fixation studies that Baker's virus was closely related to psittacosis virus and the Nigg pneumonitis virus of mice, thereby placing it in the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of large filterable viruses.
In Vivo Antibiotic Production by Escherichia Coli
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Swick Lois S.
Published: January 2023

It has been demonstrated that antibiotic-producing strains of Escherichia coli will secrete antibiotics while growing in the peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous tissues of mice. Significant levels of antibiotic appear in the serum, as well as in the local exudates, of such infected animals. Injection of non-antibiotic-producing E. coli strains yielded exudates and sera devoid of inhibitory activity. The antibiotic produced by one of these organisms in vivo seems to be identical with that produced in vitro.
Effect of X-Rays on Immunity: A Review
Authors: Taliaferro William H. , Taliaferro Lucy Graves
Published: January 2023

Unequivocal evidence of effects of X-irradiation on immunity is found in animals irradiated shortly prior to immunization with nonliving antigens. Irradiation before immunization eliminates direct ionizing effects on the antigen, and nonliving antigens eliminate such factors as invasiveness and continuing immunization from antigen multiplication. Nevertheless, work of great importance has been done on infections. This work, however, has to be interpreted with due regard to the fact that immunity of the host and virulence of the parasite, as the terms are used in this review, are measured to a large extent in terms of each other and are more or less reciprocal: In terms of this relationship, a faster recovery from infection by a host or a smaller parasite population in an irradiated host, as compared to untreated controls, may be the result of (1) an increased immunity of the host or (2) injury to the parasite so that its virulence is lowered.
Improved Methods for Determining Antistreptolysin S
Authors: Robinson John J.
Published: January 2023

A 50 per cent hemolytic inhibition end point, spectrophotometric method for determining antistreptolysin S afforded increased accuracy, economy and efficiency. Certain simplifications were employed in Todd's 100 per cent inhibition end point method for antistreptolysin S titration, and in the preparation of serum streptolysin S.
Serological Epidemiology: Antibody Patterns in North Alaskan Eskimos
Authors: Paul John R. , Riordan John T. , Kraft Lisbeth M.
Published: January 2023

A series of antibody determinations has been carried out for epidemiological purposes on 242 blood samples covering a wide age distribution, and collected from a semi-remote Eskimo colony on the north coast of Alaska.

This population was chosen in the belief that its relative isolation had kept the members relatively free from frequent exposure to some of our common acute infectious diseases.

The so-called specific antibody tests employed have included: the neutralization test for Lansing poliomyelitis virus and for some of the Coxsackie viruses; complement fixing antibodies to the mumps virus; antistreptococcal enzyme tests; complement fixing antibodies to Trichinella spiralis, and tests for syphilis. “Non-specific” tests have included the measurement of gamma globulin by chemical means, and sheep cell agglutinin titrations.

In a few of the tests herein reported, significant deviations from expected patterns appear. These deviations were usually manifested by a delay in the age at which a given antibody appears, and the speed with which it builds up to what we have arbitrarily termed “usual adult levels.”.

Implications as to a more general use of the methods used are discussed.
Antibody in Lymphocytes from Hyperimmunized Rabbits
Authors: Erslev Allan
Published: January 2023

Rabbits hyperimmunized with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine were bled before and during immunization.

The blood from each bleeding day was pooled and the white blood cells from approximately 100 ml of blood were isolated and extracted.

Extracts corresponding to between 0.040 and 0.100 ml of lymphocytes were analyzed for antibody protein employing a quantitative immunochemical technique.

No significant amount of antibody protein was found in these volumes in spite of significant amounts of antibody in the same volume of plasma.
Analysis of Immunity in Experimental Tsutsugamushi Disease
Authors: Kuwata Tsuguo
Published: January 2023

Mice, initially immunized with active rickettsiae and resistant to subsequent inoculation, could not withstand invasion of reinoculated rickettsiae into tissues: that is to say, superinfection is possible in experimental Tsutsugamushi disease. Superinfection occurs whether doses of rickettsiae as large as 105 LD50 or as small as 10 LD50 are used. Reinoculated rickettsiae invade immunized tissues, and persist longer than 180 days.
The Effect of Thorotrast on the Removal of Bacteria in the Splanchnic Area of the Intact Animal
Authors: Martin Samuel P. , Kerby Grace P. , Holland B. C.
Published: January 2023

By a method of continuous intravenous infusion of bacteria combined with hepatic venous catheterization, the removal of bacteria from the blood circulating into the splanchnic area of the intact rabbit has been quantitated. The interference of thorotrast with the subsequent removal of Micrococcus aureus from the blood stream of the rabbit is maximal 19 to 24 hours after the administration of thorotrast. The mechanism by which thorotrast produces its blocking effect remains obscure.
A Study of Infections Caused by Mumps and Newcastle Disease Viruses. II. Some Properties of Specific and Non-Specific Serum Hemagglutination Inhibitor Components
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Monley Anne , Jenson Marian H.
Published: January 2023

A component present in serums obtained from apparently healthy human beings and rhesus monkeys inhibits hemagglutination of chicken erythrocytes by mumps and Newcastle disease (ND) viruses. A similar non-specific component, which undergoes fluctuation, occurs in serums of human beings convalescent from mumps parotitis and of monkeys infected with mumps or ND viruses. Specific serum-inhibitor substance, also present following infections from these viruses, is stable. Non-specific inhibitor is partially inactivated at 62 C for thirty minutes. It may be inactivated or destroyed by acetone, chloroform, trypsin, papain, and sodium periodate. These data, among others, provide further evidence that the cross-reactions observed in hemagglutination-inhibition reactions with mumps and ND viruses and serums obtained from human beings convalescent from mumps parotitis cannot be due to corresponding antigens shared in common by these viruses.
Quantitative Aspects of Influenza Virus Multiplication
Authors: Cairns H. J. F. , Edney Margaret
Published: January 2023

Inoculation of large quantities of influenza virus into the allantoic cavity of embryonated hens' eggs has been shown to result in the production of “incomplete” haemagglutinating virus, which is incapable of further multiplication (1, 2) and which is smaller than the normal infective particle (3, 4). The work reported in this paper was undertaken to find out how many virus particles have to be taken up by a cell to result in the liberation of “incomplete” virus.

Theoretical. The provisional hypothesis was adopted that the average yield of virus per cell is not related to the number of infective particles taken up by that cell until a critical number is reached beyond which there is complete suppression of yield. Since the production of “incomplete” virus occurs with large inocula, the critical number of infecting particles which suppresses haemagglutinin production must be greater than the number which suppresses the production of infective virus.
Interaction of Protein Antigens and Antibodies
Authors: Kleinschmidt W. J. , Boyer P. D.
Published: January 2023

Studies on the inhibition of the egg albumin-anti-egg albumin reaction have been conducted with 20 amino acids and acetylated amino acids and 40 related compounds to determine the extent and possible specificity of any inhibitory effects. Relatively high concentrations of the amino acids and acetylated amino acids were required to produce inhibition and no specificity of their effects was apparent. Variable inhibitory effects were noted with compounds having different chemical properties. The inhibition produced by substances with similar functional groups appeared to increase with increase in the molecular weight of the compound tested.

The inhibition of precipitate formation by KF, KCl, KBr, KI, and KCNS decreased in the same order as the familiar lyotropic series, CNS− τ; I− τ; Br− τ; Cl− τ; F−. With these inorganic anions increase in degree of hydration is accompanied by decreased inhibitory power.

The effect of pH on the egg albumin-anti-egg albumin reaction has been measured and interpreted in terms of the groups of the interacting proteins which undergo change in the pH ranges where onset of inhibition is noted.
Studies on the Immunization of White Mice Against Infections with Bacterium Tularense
Authors: Frederick Bell J. , Larson Carl L. , Wicht W. C. , Ritter Sara S.
Published: January 2023

The successful immunization of white mice against challenge with Bacterium tularense is described. The immunization procedure consisted of a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 ml of an ether-extracted vaccine. Four strains of B. tularense differing markedly in virulence were of equal potency when used as vaccines. The mice should be at least 40 days old when vaccinated.

Considerable immunity was apparent when the mice were subsequently challenged subcutaneously with serial 10-fold dilutions of a strain of B. tularense which possessed full virulence for mice but diminished virulence for rabbits. The protection conferred upon immunized mice was measured by the differences in LD50 titers of the control and vaccinated groups of mice.
Inhibition of the Shwartzman Reaction by Pyrogenic Substances
Authors: Bennett Ivan L. , Cluff Leighton E.
Published: January 2023

Pyrogenic bacterial materials in doses too small to produce the Shwartzman phenomenon will induce in rabbits a state of nonreactivity to materials which are ordinarily potent in eliciting the phenomenon. The mechanism of this type of resistance is probably similar to that which is responsible for tolerance to the effect of bacterial products on body temperature but other possibilities need to be ruled out.
The Relation Between the Infectivity and the Hemagglutinin of Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (GDVII)
Authors: Morris Marion C.
Published: January 2023

The usefulness of the hemagglutination test as a measure of viral concentration depends upon the constancy of the quantitative relationship between infectious virus and hemagglutinin. As additional viruses are found capable of inducing agglutination of red cells, it becomes necessary to determine whether the reaction is due wholly or in part to the virus itself, and to ascertain how inhibitory influences may affect the virus-hemagglutinin ratio.

Observations reported to date on the GDVII strain of murine encephalomyelitis (1, 2) indicate that the agglutination of human red cells which occurs at 4 C, HA(4), with infected mouse-brain preparations is due to the virus per se. In the course of experiments already reported (3), however, it became clear that this problem needed further investigation.

When infected mouse brain was treated with trypsin, agglutination of human cells occurred at 20 C, HA(20), although the untreated virus failed to cause hemagglutination at this temperature.
Hemagglutinins Among Higher Fungi
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Farkas Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2023

Examination of saline extracts of 70 species of fleshy fungi, chiefly Basidiomycetes, revealed the presence of hemagglutinins in 15 and hemolysins in 6 species. The agglutinins were nonspecific in that they did not permit differentiation of the ABO blood groups.
Complement Fixing Antibodies against Coxsackie Viruses in Mice
Authors: Contreras Guillermo , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

The temporal development of complement fixing antibodies against Conn-5 and Easton-2 Coxsackie (C) viruses in the mouse has been studied. These antibodies reach their peak about one month after vaccination and then fall more rapidly than neutralizing antibodies. The adjuvants Arlacel A and Bayol F, when mixed with vaccine, resulted in the maintenance of high complement fixing antibody titers for longer periods (up to 6 months).

No anamnestic complement fixing antibody response occurred in immune mice revaccinated with heterotypic strains, in contrast to previous findings in man and chimpanzees.

Following vaccination of adult mice with infected torsos of infant mice, an antibody developed which fixed complement with antigen prepared from torsos (chiefly muscle and bone) of normal infant mice. The antibody was stable at 56 C for 30 minutes, but was inactivated at 60 C for 20 minutes. The normal tissue antigen could be removed from suspensions by precipitation with protamine.
Bovine Erythrocyte Antigens
Authors: Cohen Carl , Ferguson L. C.
Published: January 2023

The reactivity of selected serum reagents used in identifying certain bovine erythrocytic antigens was studied quantitatively by varying the concentrations of antibody and complement independently. The serum reagents examined in this way ranged from those which act rapidly to those which failed to produce complete lysis even after extended incubation. The presence of an inhibitor, possibly a nonhemolytic antibody, is postulated to explain the more slowly acting serum reagents. A comparison of rabbit and guinea pig serums as sources of complement suggests that compatibility is a matter of unit specificities rather than of species specificity.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Bashe Winslow J. , Gotlieb Tamar , Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

Vaccination procedures for the prevention of mumps have been evaluated in the light of results obtained with neutralization tests in chick embryos.

Only 25% of individuals judged susceptible responded with neutralizing antibodies following the subcutaneous inoculation of inactivated mumps virus in contrast to the development of complement-fixing antibodies to the V antigen in 70 to 100% of the vaccinees. Production of neutralizing antibodies appeared to be closely related to immunity to mumps in an epidemic which occurred 8–11 months after vaccination while many cases were recorded in those who failed to reveal a measurable response. These data indicate that the vaccine or the method of vaccination requires improvement. The oral spraying of active attenuated virus failed to yield better responses in neutralizing antibodies as compared to subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated virus.

The neutralization test did not appear superior to the complement-fixation reaction or the skin test as a method of determining susceptibility when related to the history of past mumps or subsequent incidence of mumps. On behalf of greater simplicity and speed the complement-fixation reaction and the skin test will remain useful tools in evaluating the state of immunity.

A correlation of the titers in all types of sera obtained by the neutralization test, the complement fixation with the virus antigen and the hemagglutination inhibition, indicated that these three technics measured different antibodies.
Micromethods for the Study of Proteins and Antibodies
Authors: Stavitsky Abram B. , Jarchow C. C.
Published: January 2023

The procedures for carrying out the hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition reactions with tannic acid-protein treated cells have been described. The advantages, limitations and general applications of these methods have been illustrated experimentally and discussed.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin: Neutralization by Rabbit Antiserum
Authors: Surgalla M. J. , Bergdoll M. S. , Dack G. M.
Published: January 2023

The gel-diffusion precipitin technic has been used for enumeration of precipitating antigens present in a partially purified enterotoxin sample, and for determination of approximate equivalence ratios for these antigens. These ratios were used to calculate the amount of serum necessary for precipitation of all antigens in neutralization tests. Neutralization of enterotoxin was accomplished.
Tissue Cultures in the Study of Immunity: Retrospection and Anticipation
Authors: Enders John F.
Published: January 2023

To construct a presidential address around a technique might perhaps be taken as indicative of infertility of mind and limited imagination. While freely acknowledging these defects, I have, nevertheless, chosen this theme after a consideration of many others, because of my conviction that in companies of this kind the old dictum “Die Methode ist alles,” although admittedly an overstatement as well as a platitude, cannot be too frequently emphasized.

I have always been struck by the example the progress of our own discipline affords of the rich harvest both of purely scientific as well as practical results that may be obtained essentially through the intelligent application of a very few basic procedures. One has only to think of the extensive array of contributions deriving from the test for precipitin, illuminating not only immunology but other realms as diverse as taxonomic relationships and the metamorphosis of insects, to be impressed by the endless fecundity of a simple technique.
The Influence of X-Irradiation on the Passive Transfer of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Cummings Martin M. , Hudgins Paul C. , Patnode Robert A. , Bersack Solomon R.
Published: January 2023

Total body X-irradiation (130 r) diminishes the tuberculin skin reaction in guinea pigs sensitized by the injection of Freund adjuvant either 31 days prior to or 3 days subsequent to irradiation and impairs the ability of the leukocytes to transfer passively tuberculin hypersensitivity to normal recipient animals. Comparable X-irradiation of recipient animals 4 days before cell transfer from irradiated (prior to sensitization) or non-irradiated sensitized donor animals also produces a diminution in the tuberculin reactivity of the recipient animals. When both recipient and sensitized donor animals are exposed to 130 r of X-ray 4 days prior to cell transfer passive transfer of tuberculin skin hypersensitivity was not demonstrable.
Experimental Observations on a Skin-Test Antigen for Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Shinefield Henry R. , Lennette Edwin H. , Longshore W. Allen , Wiener Anna
Published: January 2023

Allantoic and amniotic fluids infected with WEE virus were treated with formalin and examined for possible usefulness as skin-test antigens to detect immunity to this virus.

Rabbits immunized to the WEE virus reacted to intracutaneous inoculation of the antigen with the production of erythema and induration at the site of injection. The reaction reached its maximum at 24 to 36 hours. Non-virus-containing material did not elicit a comparable reaction.

Nonimmune rabbits showed little dermal reaction to the specific viral antigen. Intracutaneous injection of the material (0.1 ml), however, resulted in the appearance of neutralizing antibodies.

Application of the antigen to epidemiologic studies is suggested by the experimental data presented but its usefulness for this purpose has yet to be determined.
Micro-Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis and Herpes-B Infections
Authors: Black Francis L. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

The micro-epidemiology of poliomyelitis and of herpes-B in tissue culture, the mechanisms by which the viruses pass from one cell to another, have been studied. Poliomyelitis virus is not capable of spreading to new cells at an appreciable rate after immune serum has been added to the system.

B virus is disseminated most rapidly by passage directly from infected to neighboring cells and thus forms plaques even when bathed in a fluid medium. After a latent period of 16 to 20 hours virus also passes through the culture medium to cause infection some distance from the original host cells. The addition of immune serum blocks the second method of dispersion, but not the first, and infection proceeds in the presence of antibody by means of steadily expanding foci.

The results of these studies are taken as evidence that poliomyelitis virus chiefly passes through a free extracellular phase before infecting new cells, while B virus may make use of an alternative route in which it is not exposed to the action of immune serum. Even when no immune serum is present, this second route is the one by which most dissemination of B virus occurs.
Comparative Effects of Infection and of Immunization on Serum Glycoprotein Concentrations
Authors: Weimer Henry E. , Redlich-Moshin Jean , Nelson Eric L.
Published: January 2023

The effects of infection and of immunization on the serum concentrations of total glycoprotein, seromucoid, γ-globulin polysaccharide, total protein, and γ-globulin protein have been investigated. Statistically significant increases occurred in the serum components in Brucella-infected and in Brucella-immunized groups with the single exception of the total protein values of the immunized guinea pigs. The conclusion was drawn that the increased concentrations of serum glycoproteins observed in infection are due in part to the antibody response.
Studies on Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Jawetz E. , Coleman V. R. , Merrill E. R.
Published: January 2023

Eight strains of herpes simplex virus, recently isolated from a variety of human sources, were compared to three well-established reference strains. Both egg-adapted and mouse-adapted lines of these viruses were studied in cross-neutralization and cross-protection tests.

While there was considerable uniformity in the immunological reactions of all strains, some could be differentiated from the rest. When compared to the reference strain HF, at least two strains showed antigenic differences in excess of 50% by the constant virus-serum dilution technique of neutralization tests in mice. These “atypical” herpes viruses did not resemble one recently isolated strain of B virus. It is concluded that in spite of the relative antigenic uniformity of herpes viruses, differences in immunological behavior can be demonstrated with occasional strains. The nature of these differences is discussed.
Inhibition of Blood-Group Agglutinins by Substances Occurring in Plants
Authors: Springer Georg F. , Feeny Kathryn
Published: January 2023

Nondialyzable substances capable of inhibiting anti-A, anti-B and anti-H(O) specific blood-group agglutinins have been found in higher and lower plants. In higher plants, they were encountered almost regularly and nearly exclusively in the Gymnospermae. Partial purification showed the active principle to be in the carbohydrate fraction and practically free of nitrogen.

Bacteria grown on completely synthetic media usually contained the most potent material in their somatic carbohydrate antigens but often were found to be active as such.

Specific action was exhibited by Taxus twig extracts, the purest fraction of which was considerably more active against eel anti-H(O) serum than any known mammalian blood-group mucoid. Escherichia coli 086 exhibited high and E. coli 026 moderate B activity exclusively and Salmonella poona and S. atlanta neutralized eel anti-H(O) serum only while a strain of Escherichia freundii inhibited anti-A sera only. Many other preparations were less specific and neutralized antibodies against blood group A, B and H(O). The exact mode of action of these latter substances will have to be established individually.

Several of these serologic blood-group active materials, some of them essentially physicochemically homogeneous, possess other biologic activities as well. There is indication that at least those substances from plants which are disproportional in their action bear an immunologic relationship to mammalian blood-groups mucoids. The possible significance of these findings especially for the problem of “natural iso-antibodies” has been mentioned.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

Saline extracts prepared from the thyroid glands of rabbits injected into the footpads with rabbit thyroid extract plus Freund adjuvants contain considerably smaller amounts of thyroid antigen than do identically prepared extracts from thyroid glands of normal rabbits. There seems to be some correlation between the titer of circulating antibodies and the decrease in antigen content. The reduction in specific thyroid antigen content can be demonstrated best by complement fixation tests but it can be confirmed by precipitation tests using in both instances a rabbit antiserum containing a potent rabbit thyroid antibody as a reagent. It is possible to coat erythrocytes modified by diluted tannic acid with rabbit thyroid extract. Extracts of the thyroid glands of immunized rabbits inhibit the agglutination of tanned cells coated with thyroid extract to a lesser degree than do normal thyroid extracts. Results obtained with this hemagglutination-inhibition test run parallel to those obtained by direct complement fixation and precipitiation tests. Immersion of the crude thyroid extracts in a boiling water bath for 2 min considerably increases the extent of agglutination of tanned red blood cells coated with thyroid extract by rabbit thyroid antiserum. Histologic examination of thyroid glands from rabbits treated with rabbit thyroid extract injected together with Freund adjuvants, in the manner described, revealed considerable changes. There was partial replacement of the thyroid tissue by cellular elements. The extent of the changes seen histologically again exhibits a certain relationship to the titer of circulating antibody against rabbit thyroid extract. The maximum changes observed were seen in rabbits with the highest antibody titer in contrast to less marked changes with rabbits of low antibody titer.
Comparative Measurements of Antigenic Differences among Human and Swine Influenza Viruses
Authors: Jensen Keith E. , Peterson Ward D.
Published: January 2023

Antigenic variations among strains of three families of type A influenza virus have been quantitated and compared by computing reaction indices based on the number of cross reactions obtained with multiple hemagglutination-inhibition (H-I) tests. Antigenic heterogeneity among earlier type A strains was of the same magnitude found among A′ strains isolated during an equal number of years. In contrast, swine influenza viruses were demonstrated to be generally more closely related antigenically. Data developed during these studies emphasized a randomicity of variation within each group rather than a directed mutation in specific chronologic order.
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Combined Prophylactics: Effect of Poliomyelitis Vaccine on Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: Levine Leo , Wyman Louise
Published: January 2023

A study of the effect upon the primary and secondary immunizing efficiency of diphtheria toxoid for guinea pigs, after admixing varying concentrations of poliomyelitis vaccine, was presented. No significant effect on the response of the animals to the toxoid, due to the vaccine, could be demonstrated.
Human Cells in Continuous Culture
Authors: McLaren Leroy C. , Syverton Jerome T.
Published: January 2023

Human epithelial cells of established and clonal strains in continuous culture, and cynomolgus monkey kidney cells, were studied for comparative susceptibility to Types 1–3 poliovirus, herpes simplex and vaccinia virus. For practical purposes comparative susceptibility was defined as the relative efficiency of cell cultures as instruments for virus assay. This property was evaluated by tube-dilution titers (TCID50) or plaque counts (relative plating efficiencies) obtained with several cell types for a single virus. All cells tested were grown and maintained in yeast-extract medium (YEM) by standardized methods. No titer differences as great as one log were found when: a) two independently prepared pools of each of the five viruses were titrated with parental or clonal strains of HeLa, Maben, conjunctiva, liver, and esophageal epithelium; b) the five viruses were each titrated with four clonal sublines of liver epithelium derived from successive passages of the parental line; c) the five viruses each were passed in liver cells and independently in esophageal epithelial cells to a cumulative log dilution of at least -18, then were titrated with cells of the passage strain, HeLa and monkey kidney cells; or d) all cells were used for assay of Types 1–3 polioviruses by plaque count. Plating efficiency of Maben strains for polioviruses appeared somewhat greater than that of other cells tested. Growth behavior of parental and clonal lines of the newly derived strain of esophageal epithelium resembled that of HeLa cells. The viral spectrum of esophageal epithelial cells included Types 1–3 polioviruses, herpes simplex and vaccinia virus.
Relation of Primary Antigen Injection to Time of Irradiation on Antibody Production in Mice
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Makinodan Takashi
Published: January 2023

Normal (C3H × 101)F1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 ml of 1% sheep red blood cell antigens (RBC) at intervals of from 10 days before to 45 days after exposure to 710 r of x-rays. Antibody response was measured in terms of 1) induction period, 2) rate of appearance of circulating antibody, 3) mean peak titer, 4) time of peak titer, and 5) mean total titer. The immune mechanism was depressed in both the pre- and postirradiation antigen-injection groups. The degree of this inhibition varied for the different criteria of antibody response and was also dependent on the temporal relation of x-irradiation and antigen injection. Maximum immunologic depression occurred in mice receiving antigen 5 min to 1 day after x-irradiation. Although there was a progressive increase in the response to antigen as the interval between x-irradiation and antigen injection was increased, the immune mechanism of irradiated mice never returned to a completely normal status. Converse to the general inhibitory effect of radiation, mice receiving 710 r of x-rays 5 days after antigen injection showed above normal mean peak and mean total agglutinin titers. Irrespective of the temporal relation of x-irradiation and antigen injection, analysis of the data indicates that x-irradiation does not affect the different indices of antibody formation to the same extent.
In VitroUptake by Rat-Tissue Homogenates of Radionated, Purified Antirat-Organ Serum
Authors: Moore Richard
Published: January 2023

Rat-lymph node or rat-kidney homogenates were injected into rabbits to stimulate production of antibodies against the tissue used. The giobulin first obtained from the immunized rabbits was radioiodinated and “purified ” by adsorption on and elution from rat-lymph node homogenate or rat-kidney homogenate respectively. The resulting solution was tested in t~tro by adsorption tests against various organ homogenates. There was more radioactivity in the precipitates formed with rat-lymph node homogenate or with rat-kidney homogenate, respectively, than in the precipitates formed with other organ homogenates.

The solution derived from rabbit antiratlymph node serum contained a labeled component which appeared to be specifically adsorbed by rat-lymph node homogenate. The solution derived from rabbit antirat-kidney serum contained a labeled component which appeared to be specifically adsorbed by rat-kidney homogenate.There were several cross-reactions.
Concerning the Cytopathogenic Effect of Poliovirus; Evidence for an Extraviral Toxin
Authors: Ackermann W. Wilbur , Payne Francis E. , Kurtz Hilda
Published: January 2023

A toxic effect of fluids obtained from tissue cultures infected with type 1 poliovirus was observed when the fluids were introduced into fresh cultures. The destructive activity is distinct from the usual virus-induced cytopathogenic effect in that it occurs rapidly, without a prolonged latent period and without virus production. The infectious activity can be selectively neutralized by antiserum with full retention of the toxicity. However, certain antisera will also neutralize the toxin. Further, the two activities possess differential heat stability. The ability to destroy cells and give rise to detectable amounts of toxin is a characteristic of only certain lines of the poliovirus.
Studies of Rickettsial Toxins
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. , Wisseman Charles L.
Published: January 2023

Intravenous administration of lethal quantities of murine typhus toxin to white rats is followed by a characteristic and reproducible pattern of changes in the meso-appendiceal vascular bed. After a latent period of about ½ hr, the large and small arterioles and precapillaries undergo a constriction that gradually increases in intensity until the animal dies. At the same time, capillary blood flow diminishes progressively finally leaving the capillary bed markedly ischemic. Epinephrine sensitivity of the terminal arterioles and precapillaries does not change throughout the course of the toxemia. Hemoconcentration is generally present terminally. Despite this, systemic arterial blood pressure in the unanesthetized animal remains essentially unchanged until near death. These observations suggest: a) capillary vascular permeability is increased in a remarkably specific manner that leaves unaltered the capacity of terminal arterioles and precapillaries to react to epinephrine or to participate in certain reflex compensatory mechanisms and b) the humoral vasoexcitor mechanism (VEM) usually operative in acute blood loss does not function. The systemic arterial blood pressure in the anesthetized rat falls sharply at about the same time that the visible peripheral arteriolar constriction and slowing of blood flow commence. Unaltered hematocrit values at the time of rapid fall in arterial blood pressure stand as evidence against the occurrence of hemoconcentration at this early stage. These observations strongly suggest that cardiac output, at least in the anesthetized animal, is appreciably diminished early in the course of the toxemia prior to, and initially independent of, a reduction in total blood volume from the loss of plasma into the tissues through excessively permeable vessels. The distinctive pattern of peripheral vascular changes caused by lethal doses of murine typhus toxin in white rats differs in important details from the effects of lethal amounts of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin and from acute blood loss by hemorrhage.
Antigenicity of the Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Strain A/Asia/57
Authors: Zhdanov V. M. , Hamburg V. P. , Svet-Moldavsky G. J.
Published: January 2023

The inhibitor of influenza virus strain A/Asia/57 possesses antigenic activity. By immunizing chickens, antisera can be obtained which specifically neutralize the inhibitor. The titer of the inhibitor neutralizing antibodies in the anti-inhibitory chicken serum shows no correlation with the titer of the antihorse antibodies in that serum. Within the range of dilutions in which the anti-inhibitory activity of hen serum is manifest, the intrinsic inhibitor of the chicken serum does not exhibit itself.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Banovitz Jay , Singer S. J. , Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

Soluble antigen-antibody complexes containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its specific chicken antibody have been examined electrophoretically and ultracentrifugally. In electrophoresis at pH 8.6, there appeared two well-defined antigen-antibody complex peaks, in contrast to the BSA-rabbit anti-BSA system, Where only one peak appeared under similar conditions. By differential antigen-antibody precipitations in 1% and 8% NaC1, it was possible to partially fractionate these two peaks. Furthermore, the precipitin reaction of chicken antiserum in 8% NaCl solution was shown to be specific. Our tentative conclusion is that two electrophoretically distinguishable types of antibody exist in this chicken antibody system. Quantitative analyses of these electrophoresis patterns lead us to suggest that the binding of BSA by chicken antibody is relatively weak compared to rabbit antibody.