bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Human and Natural Systems in Community Psychology: An Ecological Model of Stewardship Behavior
Authors: Moskell Christine , Allred Shorna Broussard
Published: June 2012

Community psychology (CP) research on the natural environment lacks a theoretical framework for analyzing the complex relationship between human systems and the natural world. We introduce other academic fields concerned with the interactions between humans and the natural environment, including environmental sociology and coupled human and natural systems. To demonstrate how the natural environment can be included within CP's ecological framework, we propose an ecological model of urban forest stewardship action. Although ecological models of behavior in CP have previously modeled health behaviors, we argue that these frameworks are also applicable to actions that positively influence the natural environment. We chose the environmental action of urban forest stewardship because cities across the United States are planting millions of trees and increased citizen participation in urban tree planting and stewardship will be needed to sustain the benefits provided by urban trees. We used the framework of an ecological model of behavior to illustrate multiple levels of factors that may promote or hinder involvement in urban forest stewardship actions. The implications of our model for the development of multi‐level ecological interventions to foster stewardship actions are discussed, as well as directions for future research to further test and refine the model.
The Eu and Its Democratic Deficit: Problems and (Possible) Solutions
Authors: Vesnic-Alujevic Lucia , Nacarino Rodrigo Castro
Published: June 2012

Despite the different approaches to the term ‘democratic deficit’, the majority of scholars today focus on political legitimacy and accountability. In this paper we assess the democratic deficit of EU institutions, more precisely the European Commission and the European Parliament. We suggest how this deficit could be overcome through the EU treaty changes, which would create more balanced powers in the EU. We evaluate briefly the attempt of European institutions to increase political participation among EU citizens, where the Internet is found to be a very helpful tool.
Geothermal Reservoirs – A Brief Review
Authors: Ganguly Sayantan , Kumar M. S. Mohan
Published: June 2012

A brief discussion and review of the geothermal reservoir systems, geothermal energy and modeling and simulation of the geothermal reservoirs has been presented here. Different types of geothermal reservoirs and their governing equations have been discussed first. The conceptual and numerical modeling along with the representation of flow though fractured media, some issues related to non isothermal flow through fractured media, the efficiency of the geothermal reservoir, structure of the numerical models, boundary conditions and calibration procedures have been illustrated. A brief picture of the Indian scenario and some barriers related with geothermal power are discussed and presented thereafter. Finally some gaps of the existing knowledge and recent focuses of research are discussed.
A Review of the Seismicity and Seismotectonics of Delhi and Adjoining Areas
Authors: Prakash Rajesh , Shrivastava J. P.
Published: June 2012

Understanding of seismicity and seismotectonics of Delhi and adjoining areas is essential as these areas lie in the seismic zone IV and are geologically confined to the Delhi Fold Belt (DFB), juxtaposed to the Himalayan Frontal Thrust Fold Belt. Owing to the set-up, seismicity in this area is ascribed to the Himalayan Thrust System and activation of DFB Fault Systems. Considerably improved instrumental seismic monitoring in this area and data analysis had resolved three regions of pronounced seismicity that lie close to Sonepat, Rohtak and western part of the NCT Delhi, attributed to activation of various portions of the fault systems of the DFB. Based on seismic telemetry network data, the seismicity pattern analysis revealed that the Mahendragarh Dehradun Sub-Surface Fault (MDSSF) and Delhi Sargodha Ridge (DSR) are the two major zones of structural importance for the nucleation of seismicity in this region. These revelations were corroborated with the fault plane solution of the earthquakes. The dominant mechanism in nucleation of seismicity in DFB is the thrust with minor strike slip. The seismicity and seismotectonics of Delhi and adjoining areas endemic to activation of DFB is reviewed and presented in this paper.
On Vertebraria Royle from Triassic of Nidpur, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Bhowmik Nupur , Parveen Shabnam
Published: June 2012

The present paper embodies a description of a new species of the vertebrarian axis Vertebraria Royle (1834) from the Triassic Nidpur beds, M.P., India. Structurally preserved axes of the new species Vertebraria nidpurensis occur as horizontal or longitudinal compressions exhibiting excellent features of secondary xylem tissue. The description is based on a single hand specimen, displaying four axes lying in different positions but all exposed in their lateral views. Total length of axes is unknown but the largest specimen is about 7.2 cm long. Width of axes ranges between 0.2 cm – 2.8 cm depending on the number of vertical series of elongated rectangular areas present in the axis. Each vertical file of rectangles is separated from adjacent series by a narrow longitudinal groove. The rectangular area of longitudinal file is separated from the rectangle above and below by a thick or thin transverse bar that extends from one longitudinal groove to the other. Three axes out of four exhibit well preserved secondary tissues that showed features which were quite different from species of Vertebraria reported upto date. The new species differs from all other previously described structurally preserved species in having tracheids that bear pits on both tangential and radial walls and in having wood rays that are 2-35 celled high. Vertebrarian axes of above type are being reported for the first time from Triassic of Nidpur, Madhya Pradesh.
RING finger palmitoylation of the endoplasmic reticulum Gp78 E3 ubiquitin ligase
Authors: Fairbank Maria , Huang Kun , El-Husseini Alaa , Nabi Ivan R.
Published: June 2012

Gp78 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase within the endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation pathway. We show that Flag‐tagged gp78 undergoes sulfhydryl cysteine palmitoylation (S‐palmitoylation) within the RING finger motif, responsible for its ubiquitin ligase activity. Screening of 19 palmitoyl acyl transferases (PATs) identified five that increased gp78 RING finger palmitoylation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐localized Myc‐DHHC6 overexpression promoted the peripheral ER distribution of Flag‐gp78 while RING finger mutation and the palmitoylation inhibitor 2‐bromopalmitate restricted gp78 to the central ER. Palmitoylation of RING finger cysteines therefore regulates gp78 distribution to the peripheral ER.
Aquaporins: Another piece in the osmotic puzzle
Authors: Alleva Karina , Chara Osvaldo , Amodeo Gabriela
Published: June 2012

Osmolarity not only plays a key role in cellular homeostasis but also challenges cell survival. The molecular understanding of osmosis has not yet been completely achieved, and the discovery of aquaporins as molecular entities involved in water transport has caused osmosis to again become a focus of research. The main questions that need to be answered are the mechanism underlying the osmotic permeability coefficients and the extent to which aquaporins change our understanding of osmosis. Here, attempts to answer these questions are discussed. Critical aspects of the state of the state of knowledge on osmosis, a topic that has been studied since 19th century, are reviewed and integrated with the available information provided by in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches.
Identification of paxilin domains interacting with β‐catenin
Authors: Dubrovskyi Oleksii , Tian Xinyong , Poroyko Valeriy , Yakubov Bakhtiyor , Birukova Anna A. , Birukov Konstantin G.
Published: June 2012

Paxillin
physically interacts with
Beta‐catenin
by pull down (View Interaction: 1, 2)
Persister‐promoting bacterial toxin TisB produces anion‐selective pores in planar lipid bilayers
Authors: Gurnev Philip A. , Ortenberg Ron , Dörr Tobias , Lewis Kim , Bezrukov Sergey M.
Published: June 2012

We studied membrane activity of the bacterial peptide TisB involved in persister cell formation. TisB and its analogs form multi‐state ion‐conductive pores in planar lipid bilayers with all states displaying similar anionic selectivity. TisB analogs differing by ±1 elementary charges show corresponding changes in selectivity. Probing TisB pores with poly‐(ethylene glycol)s reveals only restricted partitioning even for the smallest polymers, suggesting that the pores are characterized by a relatively small diameter. These findings allow us to suggest that TisB forms clusters of narrow pores that are essential for its mechanism of action.
Financial crisis and extreme market risks: Evidence from Europe
Authors: Orlowski Lucjan T.
Published: June 2012

This study draws attention to the proliferation of extreme risks in financial markets prior to and during the course of the recent global financial crisis. It examines the level of such “tail” risks in selected equity, interbank lending and foreign exchange markets in selected EU Member States in relation to the United States. The extent of tail risks is assessed by applying general error distribution (GED) parameterization in GARCH volatility tests of the examined variables. The empirical tests prove that extreme market risks were pronounced across all of the examined European financial markets throughout the crisis. They were also significant prior to the crisis outbreak. The analyzed interbank lending markets exhibited more extreme volatility outbursts than the equity and foreign exchange markets did.
Optimal commodity asset allocation with a coherent market risk modeling
Authors: Al Janabi Mazin A.M.
Published: June 2012

This paper fills a fundamental gap in commodity price risk management and optimal portfolio selection literatures by contributing a thorough reflection on trading risk modeling with a dynamic asset allocation process and under the supposition of illiquid and adverse market settings. This paper analyzes, from a portfolio managers' perspective, the performance of liquidity adjusted risk modeling in obtaining efficient and coherent investable commodity portfolios under normal and adverse market conditions. As such, the author argues that liquidity risk associated with the uncertainty of liquidating multiple commodity assets over given holding periods is a key factor in formalizing and measuring overall trading risk and is thus an important component to model, particularly in the wake of the repercussions of the recent 2008 financial crisis. To this end, this article proposes a practical technique for the quantification of liquidity trading risk for large portfolios that consist of multiple commodity assets and whereby the holding periods are adjusted according to the specific needs of each trading portfolio. Specifically, the paper proposes a robust technique to commodity optimal portfolio selection, in a liquidity‐adjusted value‐at‐risk (L‐VaR) framework, and particularly from the perspective of large portfolios that have both long and short positions or portfolios that consist of merely pure long trading positions. Moreover, in this paper, the author develops a portfolio selection model and an optimization‐algorithm which allocates commodity assets by minimizing the L‐VaR subject to applying credible operational and financial constraints based on fundamental asset management considerations. The empirical optimization results indicate that this alternate L‐VaR technique can be regarded as a robust portfolio management tool and can have many uses and applications in real‐world asset management practices and predominantly for fund managers with large commodity portfolios.
Comparison of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in Picea glauca tree rings and Sphagnum fuscum moss remains from subarctic Canada
Authors: Holzkämper Steffen , Tillman Päivi Kaislahti , Kuhry Peter , Esper Jan
Published: June 2012

Stable isotope ratios from tree rings and peatland mosses have become important proxies of past climate variations. We here compare recent stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in cellulose of tree rings from white spruce (Picea glauca), growing near the arctic tree line; and cellulose of Sphagnum fuscum stems, growing in a hummock of a subarctic peatland, in west-central Canada. Results show that carbon isotopes in S. fuscum correlate significantly with July temperatures over the past ~20 yr. The oxygen isotopes correlate with both summer temperature and precipitation. Analyses of the tree-ring isotopes revealed summer temperatures to be the main controlling factor for carbon isotope variations, whereas tree-ring oxygen isotope ratios are controlled by a combination of spring temperatures and precipitation totals. We also explore the potential of combining high-frequency (annual) climate signals derived from long tree-ring series with low-frequency (decadal to centennial) climate signals derived from the moss remains in peat deposits. This cross-archive comparison revealed no association between the oxygen isotopes, which likely results from the varying sensitivity of the archives to different seasons. For the carbon isotopes, common variance could be achieved through adjustments of the Sphagnum age model within dating error.
Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Auletta Gennaro , Fortunato Mauro , Parisi Giorgio
Published: June 2012

The important changes quantum mechanics has undergone in recent years are reflected in this approach for students. A strong narrative and over 300 worked problems lead the student from experiment, through general principles of the theory, to modern applications. Stepping through results allows students to gain a thorough understanding. Starting with basic quantum mechanics, the book moves on to more advanced theory, followed by applications, perturbation methods and special fields, and ending with developments in the field. Historical, mathematical and philosophical boxes guide the student through the theory. Unique to this textbook are chapters on measurement and quantum optics, both at the forefront of current research. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students will benefit from this perspective on the fundamental physical paradigm and its applications. Online resources including solutions to selected problems, and 200 figures, with colour versions of some figures, are available at www.cambridge.org/Auletta.
MAXIMINUS THRAX AND THE POLITICS OF RACE IN LATE ANTIQUITY
Authors: MORALEE JASON
Published: June 2012

The anonymous Epitome de Caesaribus (25.1) introduces the emperor C. Julius Verus Maximinus (235–8 CE) for the first time as ‘Maximinus Thrax’. This is now a generally acceptable name for the emperor, despite the fact that it appears only once, here in the fourth century. So iconic is this geographical label, however, that the curious treatment of his origins by the most detailed sources, Herodian and the Historia Augusta, can be obscured. While both state that his birthplace was Thrace, they also point out that his origins were racially mixed. Herodian, a contemporary historian, calls Maximinus the son of mixobarbaroi, ‘mixed-barbarians’; a century and a half later, the Historia Augusta, in a long, largely fanciful biography, calls him a semibarbarus, a ‘half-barbarian’. His brief rule was therefore remembered as inaugurating a precedent that would come to plague the empire for decades: an emperor of dubious, even mongrel origins, elected by the troops, would bring cruelty and chaos to the state. This article considers how the Historia Augusta in particular used racial terms to highlight the difference between the legitimate rule of the senate and the illegitimate subversion of its authority by a half-barbarian from the periphery of the empire. This racial profile was fully formed only in the fourth century and is reflected in a range of other sources, demonstrating that contemporary political concerns brought to the fore debates on the dangers of racial mixing.
II Old Comedy and Aristophanes
Authors: Lowe N.J.
Published: June 2012

Although the competition for comedies at the Athenian City Dionysia was made official in 486, the genre itself is certainly older, probably by generations. In this much-discussed passage from the Poetics, Aristotle complains that his research into the early history of Attic drama was hampered in the case of comedy by a shortage of documentation, making it impossible to construct the kind of developmental history that he was able to piece together for tragedy. Only with the generation of Crates, whose career began around 450, did a clear sequence of innovation start to become traceable, and for the earlier period Aristotle himself seems to have been driven back on what would have appeared to him a plausible inference: that comedy had evolved in the same way as tragedy, from a pre-dramatic mode of performance through the separation of chorus and soloist. He saw a credible ancestor in the phallic songs’ performed at Dionysiac festivals around Attica, such as the one staged in Acharnians (237 ff.), and suggested that the lead voice in such processional songs (taken by Dicaeopolis in the Acharnians scene) was the origin of the comic solo actor.
V Plautus
Authors: Lowe N.J.
Published: June 2012

If Plautus had a real name, it seems never to have been known or inquired after. ‘Titus Maccius Plautus’ means something like ‘Willy McBozo Greasepaint’, and the disquieting proliferation of variants in the manuscripts is the equivalent of indecision over whether ‘McBozo’ should be spelled with a ‘Mac-’ and a small B. Plautus is a variant form of planipes (‘flatfoot’), attested as a nickname for performers in the barefoot Latin mime; Maccius means ‘son of Maccus’, the buffoonish hero of the Oscan fabula Atellana; while even the innocuous-looking praenomen Titus was used as a pet name for the male organ of business. The strong theatrical connections are nevertheless suggestive in the light of the ancient biographical tradition on Plautus, which is a shaky-looking edifice, but on one striking central point, there seems never to have been any doubt in antiquity: unlike other early Roman dramatists, Plautus came to the writing of plays not as a poet but as a professional man of the theatre. In contrast to his contemporaries Naevius and Ennius, he specialized in a single dramatic genre, and it may be his indifference to epic and tragedy in particular that kept him out of the aristocratic patronage and politics in which the careers of others were enmeshed.
RHETORIC AND THE RING: HERODOTUS AND PLATO ON THE STORY OF GYGES AS A POLITICALLY EXPEDIENT TALE
Authors: DANZIG GABRIEL
Published: June 2012

The story of Gyges has come down to us in several versions. These include a summary of a version recorded by Nicholas of Damascus, which may descend ultimately from the Lydian historian Xanthos; a fragment of a dramatic version by an unknown Greek author; a brief description by Plutarch; Justin's summary of a version by Pompeius Trogus; and a version by Ptolemy Hephaestion of Alexandria, summarized by Photius. But the most famous and oldest fully extant versions of the story are those told by Herodotus and Plato.
The Ulster Revival of 1859: Causes, Controversies and Consequences
Authors: HOLMES ANDREW R.
Published: June 2012

The Protestant portion of the population of the north of Ireland experienced an extraordinary outburst of religious fervour in 1859. This article provides a critical overview of some of the interpretations of the revival offered by scholars and suggests a number of hitherto ignored themes under three headings: causes, controversies and consequences. The first section moves beyond questions of social and economic determinism to outline the sense of expectancy for revival that was created through the Evangelical reform movement amongst Presbyterians in the north of Ireland. The second considers the controversies of the revival, especially the various physical phenomena that accompanied some conversions, and the Evangelical critique of the revival offered by William McIlwaine and Isaac Nelson. The final section shows how the revival consolidated religious identities in Ulster and contributed to obscuring the dominance of conservative Evangelicalism within the Presbyterian Church.
The Reception of Turner's Newman: A Reply to Simon Skinner
Authors: DUFFY EAMON
Published: June 2012

In his article on the critical reception of the late Frank Turner's John Henry Newman: the challenge to Evangelical religion, Simon Skinner contends that Turner's study is ‘empirically exhaustive, contextually assured and critically rigorous’, and he cites with approval Andrew Wilson's judgement that it ‘revolutionizes Newman studies’.1 But this historical masterpiece, he thinks, has been unjustly howled down by a benighted posse of Roman Catholic reviewers, ‘almost none of [whom] are … tenured in a university history department’. Turner's Catholic reviewers, ‘which is to say nearly all reviewers’, are therefore ‘amateurs’, who ‘literally could not comprehend’ what Turner was up to.2 But history is not an arcane discipline, and Skinner's complaint about the ‘lack of disciplinary equipment’ of these hostile reviewers seems hardly to the point in relation to a book offered by a major publisher to a general readership. The ordinary rules of historical evidence are intelligible to anybody, and a de haut en bas restriction of the right to an opinion on Turner's book to the gild of professional historians runs the risk of seeming both arbitrary and condescending.
Alkoholprävention bei Studierenden
Authors: Laging Marion , Groß Sebastian , Ilse Ann Kareen , Löffler Thomas , Rauch Tanja , Heidenreich Thomas
Published: June 2012

Hintergrund und Ziel: Studierende weisen spezifische auf Alkohol bezogene Konsummuster auf, die sich durch eine besonders hohe Verbreitung missbräuchlicher Konsumformen und durch Spitzenkonsum zu einzelnen Gelegenheiten auszeichnen. Bislang wurden in Deutschland fast keine an diese Zielgruppe angepassten Präventionsmaßnahmen entwickelt und erprobt, so dass wenig Wissen darüber vorliegt, mit welchen Programmen Studierende gut anzusprechen sind. Die vorliegende Studie erforscht Präferenzen von Studierenden gegenüber möglichen Präventionsangeboten. Methodik: 575 Studierende einer Hochschule wurden schriftlich zu ihren Präferenzen hinsichtlich möglicher Präventionsangebote, deren Bewerbungsstrategien und Merkmalen befragt. Die Ergebnisse werden auf deskriptiver Ebene dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Studierende bevorzugen Präventionsangebote, die Anonymität und Flexibilität sicherstellen und keine Face-to-face-Kontakte implizieren. Die ermittelten Präferenzen gelten für Studierende unabhängig vom Geschlecht, Alter und Studienabschnitt. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie bestätigen die Ergebnisse einer vergleichbaren Arbeit aus Neuseeland. Computer-basierte Angebote könnten sich als ein Zugang zeigen, der den geäußerten Präferenzen von Studierenden entspräche. Darüber hinaus müssen bei der Entwicklung von möglichen Programmen der Alkoholprävention weitere Kriterien als die der Präferenz in die Konzepte einbezogen werden.
Sexism and Attitudes Toward Gender-Neutral Language
Authors: Sarrasin Oriane , Gabriel Ute , Gygax Pascal
Published: June 2012

We examined the relationships between three forms of sexism (modern, benevolent, and hostile) and two components of attitudes toward gender-neutral language (attitudes toward gender-related language reforms and recognition of sexist language) across different contexts. A questionnaire study (N = 446) was conducted among students in the United Kingdom and in two (French- and German-speaking) regions of Switzerland. While we expected to find that all forms of sexism are generally related to negative attitudes toward gender-neutral language, we expected attitudes to be more positive and less related to sexist beliefs in a context in which gender-neutral language is firmly established (the UK) compared to contexts in which the use of gender-neutral language was introduced only recently (the German-speaking part of Switzerland) or is still seldom (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). We found that, across all contexts, modern and hostile sexist beliefs were indeed related to negative attitudes toward gender-related language reforms, while, intriguingly, benevolent sexist beliefs were related to positive attitudes in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Recognition of sexist language was significantly related to modern sexism only. Finally, British students were found to express more positive attitudes toward gender-neutral language (both components) than Swiss students.
Life Satisfaction and Burnout Among Heart, Lung, Liver, and Kidney Transplant Patients and Their Spouses
Authors: Goetzmann Lutz , Scholz Urte , Dux Raphaela , Roellin Michaela , Boehler Annette , Muellhaupt Beat , Noll Georg , Wüthrich Rudolf P. , Klaghofer Richard
Published: June 2012

Objective: While a number of studies have dealt with the psychosocial consequences of transplantation for patients, we know comparatively little about the strains faced by their spouses. The present study investigates the psychosocial health of transplant patients and their spouses, as well as the link between these groups’ physical and psychosocial status, on the one hand, and their degree of burnout and level of life satisfaction on the other. Design: In a cross-sectional study, 121 patients and their spouses are surveyed by questionnaire following heart, lung, liver, or kidney transplant. Methods: The psychosocial parameters investigated in both patients and spouses are sense of coherence, quality of life, quality of the relationship, life satisfaction, and burnout. Results: Patients rate the quality of the relationship higher than their partners do, and they are more satisfied with the relationship than their spouses are (p < .001). Regression analyses show that patients’ life satisfaction is associated with quality of the relationship. Evidence of a full burnout syndrome can be found in three of the patients and two of the spouses. Burnout in the case of both patients and their partners is associated with limitations in one’s own sense of coherence and in one’s mental and physical health (multiple R2 = 0.79 for patients and 0.76 for spouses). Conclusion: Because of the importance of the couple’s relationship, psychosocial counseling should pay more attention to relationship satisfaction. Psychotherapeutic techniques should be used to improve the sense of coherence in both patient and spouse.
Appraisal of Musical Syntax Violations by Primary School Children
Authors: James Clara E. , Dupuis-Lozeron Elise , Hauert Claude-Alain
Published: June 2012

In Western tonal music, musical phrases end with an explicit, highly expected, harmonic consequent. Primary school children were exposed to musical stimuli at two levels of complexity: children’s songs and polyphonic piano pieces. The endings (cadences) of all stimuli were either congruous or contained subtle or marked syntax violations, resulting in three levels of syntactic congruity. The children rated the endings of musical stimuli with respect to goodness of fit by drawing a crossbar through a continuous line stretching between a happy and a sad icon. All children, independent of age, rated the three levels of syntactic congruity hierarchically, for both levels of complexity. Compared to younger children, older children gave more extreme positive and negative ratings to congruous and markedly incongruous endings, respectively, but no developmental trend was found for the intermediate ratings of subtly incongruous endings. We conclude that, as a consequence of mere exposure, implicit learning of musical syntax manifests already in 6-year-old children and develops progressively with age. Moreover, we found indications of modulation of this perceptual development by musical training, an effect reminiscent of the interaction between long-term spontaneous developmental processes and deliberate learning in general cognitive functioning.
Internet-Based Screening for Suicidal Ideation in Common Mental Disorders
Authors: Hemelrijk Esther , van Ballegooijen Wouter , Donker Tara , van Straten Annemieke , Kerkhof Ad
Published: June 2012

Background: Common mental disorders have been found to be related to suicidal ideation and behavior. Research in the field of web-based interventions for common mental disorders, however, usually excludes participants with a suicidal risk, although a large proportion of participants might suffer from suicidal ideation. Aims: To investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation in common mental disorders in an online sample. Method: In total, 502 participants completed nine web-based questionnaires on common mental disorders, of which 120 were also interviewed by telephone to obtain a diagnosis. Logistic regression analyses were applied to investigate associations between disorders and suicidal ideation. Results: Based on web-based self-report, 53% of participants had some form of suicidal ideation. Fewer participants reported suicidal ideation during the interview by telephone. Depression (multivariate odds ratio 7.1), generalized anxiety disorder (2.1), social phobia (2.1), and posttraumatic stress disorder (1.7) were significantly associated with suicidal ideation, while a higher number of comorbid common mental disorders increased the risk. Conclusion: Researchers and clinicians should be aware that one out of every two helpseekers on the internet with common mental disorders may have suicidal ideation. Comorbidity of two or more disorders greatly increase the risk of suicidal ideation.
Charge transfer to the ionosphere and to the ground during thunderstorms
Authors: Mallios Sotirios A. , Pasko Victor P.
Published: June 2012

This study examines the current that is driven to the ionosphere and to the ground before, during and after single negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) and intracloud (IC) lightning discharges. A numerical model has been developed, that calculates the quasi‐electrostatic field before the lightning, due to the slow accumulation of the charge in the thundercloud, and after the lightning by taking into account the Maxwellian relaxation of charges in conducting atmosphere and accounting for the dissipation stage of the thunderstorm development. From these results, the charges that are transferred to the ionosphere and to the ground are calculated. We demonstrate the significance of considering the pre‐lightning and the dissipation stages and accounting for realistic distribution of the conductivity inside of the thundercloud for the accurate calculation of the charge flow to the ionosphere and to the ground. We show that the charge transfer to the ionosphere depends mainly on the altitudes of the charges inside of the thundercloud and on their spatial separation. The amount of charge that is transferred to the ground, due to currents flowing in the vicinity of the thundercloud during a transient time period following a lightning discharge, is significantly affected by the conductivity distribution in the thundercloud and can be several times smaller than the amount of charge that is transferred to the ionosphere during the same time period.
A feasibility study of the radio occultation electron density retrieval aided by a global ionospheric data assimilation model
Authors: Yue Xinan , Schreiner William S. , Kuo Ying‐Hwa
Published: June 2012

Radio Occultation (RO) has been proven a powerful technique on profiling ionospheric electron density profile. The currently used Abel inversion in RO electron density profile retrieval has degraded performance in regions with large horizontal gradients because of an assumption of spherical symmetry as indicated by many studies. Due to the success of COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3, the Joint U.S.‐Taiwan Executive Steering Committee has decided to move forward with a follow‐on RO mission (called COSMIC‐2/FORMOSAT‐7), which implies that the number of RO observations will increase rapidly in the near future. It is thus worthwhile continuing retrieval method improvements. In this study, a global ionospheric data assimilation model is constructed. A series of simulation tasks are conducted to study the feasibility of RO electron density profile retrieval aided by a global ionospheric data assimilation model based on the planned COSMIC‐2/FORMOSAT‐7 orbits and existing GPS, GLONASS and ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations configuration. We find that the data assimilation aided retrieval can significantly improve upon the Abel inversion and offers an optimal electron density profile retrieval approach if sufficient RO and ground GNSS observations are available. The retrieval error is affected by the data quantity, ionospheric variability, and accuracy of the data assimilation background. It is found that ∼700 globally distributed occultations per hour are sufficient to get better performance than the Abel inversion with the resolution of 2.5° in latitude, 5° in longitude, and 20 km in altitude in the data assimilation model.
Hydrologic data assimilation with a hillslope‐scale‐resolving model and L band radar observations: Synthetic experiments with the ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Flores Alejandro N. , Bras Rafael L. , Entekhabi Dara
Published: June 2012

Soil moisture information is critical for applications like landslide susceptibility analysis and military trafficability assessment. Existing technologies cannot observe soil moisture at spatial scales of hillslopes (e.g., 100 to 102 m) and over large areas (e.g., 102 to 105 km2) with sufficiently high temporal coverage (e.g., days). Physics‐based hydrologic models can simulate soil moisture at the necessary spatial and temporal scales, albeit with error. We develop and test a data assimilation framework based on the ensemble Kalman filter for constraining uncertain simulated high‐resolution soil moisture fields to anticipated remote sensing products, specifically NASA's Soil Moisture Active‐Passive (SMAP) mission, which will provide global L band microwave observation approximately every 2–3 days. The framework directly assimilates SMAP synthetic 3 km radar backscatter observations to update hillslope‐scale bare soil moisture estimates from a physics‐based model. Downscaling from 3 km observations to hillslope scales is achieved through the data assimilation algorithm. Assimilation reduces bias in near‐surface soil moisture (e.g., top 10 cm) by approximately 0.05 m3/m3and expected root‐mean‐square errors by at least 60% in much of the watershed, relative to an open loop simulation. However, near‐surface moisture estimates in channel and valley bottoms do not improve, and estimates of profile‐integrated moisture throughout the watershed do not substantially improve. We discuss the implications of this work, focusing on ongoing efforts to improve soil moisture estimation in the entire soil profile through joint assimilation of other satellite (e.g., vegetation) and in situ soil moisture measurements.
Incisive centrale et individualisation du sourire par
l’orthodontie
Authors: Rozencweig Sophie , Muller Christine
Published: June 2012

Nos traitements d’orthodontie ont pour objectif le rétablissement d’une occlusion
fonctionnelle et d’une harmonie faciale, en tenant compte des données anatomiques
personnelles mais également du vieillissement des tissus. La position des incisives dans
le visage est d’abord analysée. Plusieurs questions sont ensuite posées : Conserver ou non
une biproalvéolie modérée ? Maintenir une supraclusion équilibrée ? Quand corriger un
sourire gingival ? Comment réduire les trous noirs ? Des voies de traitement sont proposées,
illustrées par des situations cliniques. L’article met en lumière le rôle phare joué par
l’incisive centrale dans le rétablissement d’un sourire spécifique à chaque individu en
intégrant les données du futur vieillissement.
Localisation de l’apex des canines incluses
palatines
Authors: Maire Claire-Hélène
Published: June 2012

Introduction : L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la localisation
de l’apex des canines incluses palatines à l’aide de la technologie cone
beam. Si la position de la couronne conditionne la voie d’abord chirurgicale et
la direction de traction, la situation de l’apex a également son importance sur les
mécaniques orthodontiques employées. Méthodes : L’échantillon comporte 27
cas de canines incluses palatines unilatérales. Des mesures sur cone beam
sont effectuées à l’aide du logiciel Osirix®, afin de
comparer la position de l’apex de la canine incluse à celui de la canine controlatérale
ayant réalisé son éruption spontanément sur l’arcade. Résultats : L’apex
de la canine incluse palatine serait le plus souvent bien placé, dans la ligne d’arcade.
Conclusion : Dans la majorité des cas, la mise en place orthodontique
de la canine incluse en dystopie palatine ne nécessiterait que peu ou pas de mouvement de
torque.
Statistical properties of the system of two falling balls
Authors: Bálint Péter , Borbély Gábor , Némedy Varga András
Published: June 2012

We consider the motion of two point masses along a vertical half-line that are subject to constant gravitational force and collide elastically with each other and the floor. This model was introduced by Wojtkowski who established hyperbolicity and ergodicity in case the lower ball is heavier. Here, we investigate the dynamics in discrete time and prove that, for an open set of the external parameter (the relative mass of the lower ball), the system mixes polynomially—modulo logarithmic factors, correlations decay as O(1/n2)—and satisfies the Central Limit Theorem.
Sub-Doppler infrared spectroscopy of CH2D radical in a slit supersonic jet: Isotopic symmetry breaking in the CH stretching manifold
Authors: Roberts Melanie A. , Savage Chandra , Dong Feng , Sharp-Williams Erin N. , McCoy Anne B. , Nesbitt David J.
Published: June 2012

First high-resolution infrared absorption spectra in the fundamental symmetric/asymmetric CH stretching region of isotopically substituted methyl radical, CH2D, are reported and analyzed. These studies become feasible in the difference frequency spectrometer due to (i) high density radical generation via dissociative electron attachment to CH2DI in a discharge, (ii) low rotational temperatures (23 K) from supersonic cooling in a slit expansion, (iii) long absorption path length (64 cm) along the slit axes, and (iv) near shot noise limited absorption sensitivity ($5\; \times \;10^{ - 7} /\sqrt{\rm Hz}$5×10−7/ Hz ). The spectra are fully rovibrationally resolved and fit to an asymmetric top rotational Hamiltonian to yield rotational/centrifugal constants and vibrational band origins. In addition, the slit expansion collisionally quenches the transverse velocity distribution along the laser probe direction, yielding sub-Doppler resolution of spin-rotation structure and even partial resolution of nuclear hyperfine structure for each rovibrational line. Global least-squares fits to the line shapes provide additional information on spin-rotation and nuclear hyperfine constants, which complement and clarify previous FTIR studies [K. Kawaguchi, Can. J. Phys. 79, 449 (2001)]10.1139/p00-093 of CH2D in the out-of-plane bending region. Finally, analysis of the spectral data from the full isotopomeric CHmD3–m series based on harmonically coupled Morse oscillators establishes a predictive framework for describing the manifold of planar stretching vibrations in this fundamental combustion radical.
Parametric noise squeezing and parametric resonance of microcantilevers in air and liquid environments
Authors: Prakash Gyan , Raman Arvind , Rhoads Jeffrey , Reifenberger Ronald G.
Published: June 2012

In this work, parametric noise squeezing and parametric resonance are realized through the use of an electronic feedback circuit to excite a microcantilever with a signal proportional to the product of the microcantilever's displacement and a harmonic signal. The cantilever's displacement is monitored using an optical lever technique. By adjusting the gain of an amplifier in the feedback circuit, regimes of parametric noise squeezing/amplification and the principal and secondary parametric resonances of fundamental and higher order eigenmodes can be easily accessed. The exceptionally symmetric amplitude response of the microcantilever in the narrow frequency bandwidth is traced to a nonlinear parametric excitation term that arises due to the cubic nonlinearity in the output of the position-sensitive photodiode. The feedback circuit, working in both the regimes of parametric resonance and noise squeezing, allows an enhancement of the microcantilever's effective quality-factor (Q-factor) by two orders of magnitude under ambient conditions, extending the mass sensing capabilities of a conventional microcantilever into the sub-picogram regime. Likewise, experiments designed to parametrically oscillate a microcantilever in water using electronic feedback also show an increase in the microcantilever's effective Q-factor by two orders of magnitude, opening the field to high-sensitivity mass sensing in liquid environments.
VUV Fourier-transform absorption study of the Lyman and Werner bands in D2
Authors: de Lange Arno , Dickenson Gareth D. , Salumbides Edcel J. , Ubachs Wim , Oliveira Nelson de , Joyeux Denis , Nahon Laurent
Published: June 2012

An extensive survey of the D2 absorption spectrum has been performed with the high-resolution VUV Fourier-transform spectrometer employing synchrotron radiation. The frequency range of 90 000–119 000 cm−1 covers the full depth of the potential wells of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$B\,\sideset{^1}{^{+}_{\mathrm{u}}}{\Sigma}$\end{document}BΣu+1, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$B^{\prime }\,\sideset{^1}{^{+}_{\mathrm{u}}}{\Sigma}$\end{document}B′Σu+1, and C 1Πu electronic states up to the D(1s) + D(2ℓ) dissociation limit. Improved level energies of rovibrational levels have been determined up to respectively v = 51, v = 13, and v = 20. Highest resolution is achieved by probing absorption in a molecular gas jet with slit geometry, as well as in a liquid helium cooled static gas cell, resulting in line widths of ≈0.35 cm−1. Extended calibration methods are employed to extract line positions of D2 lines at absolute accuracies of 0.03 cm−1. The D 1Πu and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$B^{\prime \prime }\,\sideset{^1}{^{+}_{\mathrm{u}}}{\Sigma}$\end{document}B′′Σu+1 electronic states correlate with the D(1s) + D(3ℓ) dissociation limit, but support a few vibrational levels below the second dissociation limit, respectively, v = 0–3 and v = 0–1, and are also included in the presented study. The complete set of resulting level energies is the most comprehensive and accurate data set for D2. The observations are compared with previous studies, both experimental and theoretical.
High resolution ion Doppler spectroscopy at Prairie View Rotamak
Authors: Houshmandyar Saeid , Yang Xiaokang , Magee Richard
Published: June 2012

A fast ion Doppler spectroscopy (IDS) diagnostic system is installed on the Prairie View Rotamak to measure ion temperature and plasma flow. The diagnostic employs a single channel photomultiplier tube and a Jarrell-Ash 50 monochromator with a diffraction grating line density of 1180 lines/mm, which allows for first order spectra of 200–600 nm. The motorized gear of the monochromator allows spectral resolution of 0.01 nm. Equal IDS measurements are observed for various impurity emission lines of which carbon lines exhibit stronger intensities. Furthermore, the diagnostics is examined in an experiment where plasma experiences sudden disruption and quick recovery. In this case, the IDS measurements show ∼130% increase in ion temperature. Flow measurements are shown to be consistent with plasma rotation.
Construction of invisibility cloaks of arbitrary shape and size using planar layers of metamaterials
Authors: Paul Oliver , Urzhumov Yaroslav , Elsen Christoffer , Smith David , Rahm Marco
Published: June 2012

Transformation optics (TO) is a powerful tool for the design of electromagnetic and optical devices with novel functionality derived from the unusual properties of the transformation media. In general, the fabrication of TO media is challenging, requiring spatially varying material properties with both anisotropic electric and magnetic responses. Though metamaterials have been proposed as a path for achieving such complex media, the required properties arising from the most general transformations remain elusive, and cannot implemented by state-of-the-art fabrication techniques. Here, we propose faceted approximations of TO media of arbitrary shape in which the volume of the TO device is divided into flat metamaterial layers. These layers can be readily implemented by standard fabrication and stacking techniques. We illustrate our approximation approach for the specific example of a two-dimensional, omnidirectional “invisibility cloak,” and quantify its performance using the total scattering cross section as a practical figure of merit.
Terahertz sources based on Čerenkov difference-frequency generation in quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Vijayraghavan Karun , Adams Robert W. , Vizbaras Augustinas , Jang Min , Grasse Christian , Boehm Gerhard , Amann Markus C. , Belkin Mikhail A.
Published: June 2012

We report room-temperature terahertz sources based on Čerenkov difference-frequency generation in dual-wavelength mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers with giant resonant optical nonlinearities originating from intersubband transitions. A Čerenkov difference-frequency generation scheme allows for extraction of THz radiation along the whole length of the laser waveguide and provides directional terahertz emission. Experimentally, our sources demonstrate a conversion efficiency of up to 70 μW/W2 approximately an order of magnitude improvement over the previous reports.
Role of low-temperature AlGaN interlayers in thick GaN on silicon by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Fritze S. , Drechsel P. , Stauss P. , Rode P. , Markurt T. , Schulz T. , Albrecht M. , Bläsing J. , Dadgar A. , Krost A.
Published: June 2012

Thin AlGaN interlayers have been grown into a thick GaN stack on Si substrates to compensate tensile thermal stress and significantly improve the structural perfection of the GaN. In particular, thicker interlayers reduce the density in a-type dislocations as concluded from x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Beyond an interlayer thickness of 28 nm plastic substrate deformation occurs. For a thick GaN stack, the first two interlayers serve as strain engineering layers to obtain a crack-free GaN structure, while a third strongly reduces the XRD ω-(0002)-FWHM. The vertical strain and quality profile determined by several XRD methods demonstrates the individual impact of each interlayer.