bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐migraine Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists Worsen Cerebral Ischemic Outcome in Mice
Authors: Mulder Inge A. , Li Mei , de Vries Tessa , Qin Tao , Yanagisawa Takeshi , Sugimoto Kazutaka , van den Bogaerdt Antoon , Danser A. H. Jan , Wermer Marieke J. H. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette , Ferrari Michel D. , Ayata Cenk
Published: June 2020

Objective

Calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) pathway inhibitors are emerging treatments for migraine. CGRP‐mediated vasodilation is, however, a critical rescue mechanism in ischemia. We, therefore, investigated whether gepants, small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists, worsen cerebral ischemia.

Methods

Middle cerebral artery was occluded for 12 to 60 minutes in mice. We compared infarct risk and volumes, collateral flow, and neurological deficits after pretreatment with olcegepant (single or 10 daily doses of 0.1–1mg/kg) or rimegepant (single doses of 10–100mg/kg) versus vehicle. We also determined their potency on CGRP‐induced relaxations in mouse and human vessels, in vitro.

Results

Olcegepant (1mg/kg, single dose) increased infarct risk after 12‐ to 20‐minute occlusions mimicking transient ischemic attacks (14/19 vs 6/18 with vehicle, relative risk = 2.21, p < 0.022), and doubled infarct volumes (p < 0.001) and worsened neurological deficits (median score = 9 vs 5 with vehicle, p = 0.008) after 60‐minute occlusion. Ten daily doses of 0.1 to 1mg/kg olcegepant yielded similar results. Rimegepant 10mg/kg increased infarct volumes by 60% after 20‐minute ischemia (p = 0.03); 100mg/kg caused 75% mortality after 60‐minute occlusion. In familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mice, olcegepant 1mg/kg increased infarct size after 30‐minute occlusion (1.6‐fold, p = 0.017). Both gepants consistently diminished collateral flow and reduced reperfusion success. Olcegepant was 10‐fold more potent than rimegepant on CGRP‐induced relaxations in mouse aorta.

Interpretation

Gepants worsened ischemic stroke in mice via collateral dysfunction. CGRP pathway blockers might thus aggravate coincidental cerebral ischemic events. The cerebrovascular safety of these agents must therefore be better delineated, especially in patients at increased risk of ischemic events or on prophylactic CGRP inhibition. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:771–784
Crosslinking of a Single Poly(ionic liquid) by Water into Porous Supramolecular Membranes
Authors: Shao Yue , Wang Yong‐Lei , Li Xiangshuai , Kheirabad Atefeh Khorsand , Zhao Qiang , Yuan Jiayin , Wang Hong
Published: June 2020

Reversible regulation of membrane microstructures via non‐covalent interactions is of considerable interest yet remains a challenge. Herein, we discover a general one‐step approach to fabricate supramolecular porous polyelectrolyte membranes (SPPMs) from a single poly(ionic liquid) (PIL). The experimental results and theoretical simulation suggested that SPPMs were formed by a hydrogen‐bond‐induced phase separation of a PIL between its polar and apolar domains, which were linked together by water molecules. This unique feature was capable of modulating microscopic porous architectures and thus the global mechanical property of SPPMs by a rational design of the molecular structure of PILs. Such SPPMs could switch porosity upon thermal stimuli, as exemplified by dynamically adaptive transparency to thermal fluctuation. This finding provides fascinating opportunities for creating multifunctional SPPMs.
Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Alkynylation with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Xia Hai‐Dong , Li Zhong‐Liang , Gu Qiang‐Shuai , Dong Xiao‐Yang , Fang Jia‐Heng , Du Xuan‐Yi , Wang Li‐Lei , Liu Xin‐Yuan
Published: June 2020

We describe a photoinduced copper‐catalyzed asymmetric radical decarboxylative alkynylation of bench‐stable N‐hydroxyphthalimide(NHP)‐type esters of racemic alkyl carboxylic acids with terminal alkynes, which provides a flexible platform for the construction of chiral C(sp3)−C(sp) bonds. Critical to the success of this process are not only the use of the copper catalyst as a dual photo‐ and cross‐coupling catalyst but also tuning of the NHP‐type esters to inhibit the facile homodimerization of the alkyl radical and terminal alkyne, respectively. Owing to the use of stable and easily available NHP‐type esters, the reaction features a broader substrate scope compared with reactions using the alkyl halide counterparts, covering (hetero)benzyl‐, allyl‐, and aminocarbonyl‐substituted carboxylic acid derivatives, and (hetero)aryl and alkyl as well as silyl alkynes, thus providing a vital complementary approach to the previously reported method.
Non‐Diazo C−H Insertion Approach to Cyclobutanones through Oxidative Gold Catalysis
Authors: Zheng Zhitong , Wang Youliang , Ma Xu , Li Yuxue , Zhang Liming
Published: June 2020

Cyclobutanones are synthetically versatile compounds that often require extensive effort to access. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of cyclobutanones based on the C(sp3)−H insertion chemistry of oxidatively generated gold carbenes. Various cyclobutanones were obtained in synthetically useful yields from substrates with minimal structural prefunctionalization. This discovery reveals new synthetic utilities of gold‐catalyzed oxidative transformations of alkynones.
Stimuli‐Responsive Cycloaurated “OFF‐ON” Switchable Anion Transporters
Authors: Fares Mohamed , Wu Xin , Ramesh Deepthi , Lewis William , Keller Paul A. , Howe Ethan N. W. , Pérez‐Tomás Ricardo , Gale Philip A.
Published: June 2020

Anion transporters have shown potential application as anti‐cancer agents that function by disrupting homeostasis and triggering cell death. In this research article we report switchable anion transport by gold complexes of anion transporters that are “switched on” in situ in the presence of the reducing agent GSH by decomplexation of gold. GSH is found in higher concentrations in tumors than in healthy tissue and hence this approach offers a strategy to target these systems to tumors.
Beeinflussbarkeit einer Staubentwicklung bei der maschinellen Rückholung tiefengelagerter Abfallgebinde
Authors: Gabor Nadine
Published: June 2020

Die weltweite Tiefenlagerung von radioaktiven Abfällen in der Tiefe war in der Vergangenheit nicht auf eine Rückholbarkeit der Abfälle ausgelegt, sondern auf eine Endlagerung dieser. Entsprechend wurden die nach der Einlagerung verbleibenden Hohlräume tw. mit Versatzmaterial verfüllt, welches u. a. der Stabilisierung des Grubengebäudes dient. Sollen die Abfälle trotzdem wieder rückgeholt werden – oder rückgeholt werden müssen – stellt ebendieses Versatzmaterial ein beachtenswertes Problem dar. Vorversuche am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) konnten bereits aufdecken, dass die Staubentwicklung bei der Bearbeitung des Versatzmaterials Salzbeton die Arbeiten nicht nur im Hinblick auf die Fernhantierbarkeit behindert. Auch besteht im evtl. kontaminierten Bereich unter Tage die Gefahr einer Kontaminationsverschleppung, sollte dieser Staub nicht direkt am Entstehungsort aufgefangen werden. Vor dem Hintergrund einer notwendigen Rückholung von Abfallgebinden aus einem Tiefenlager wurden kleinmaßstäbliche Versuche an nachgebildeten Versatzmaterialien durchgeführt, um Erkenntnisse über die Beeinflussbarkeit der Staubentwicklung bei der Bearbeitung von Salzbeton gewinnen zu können.
Circular RNA DOCK1 downregulates microRNA‐124 to induce the growth of human thyroid cancer cell lines
Authors: Cui Wei , Xue Jun
Published: June 2020

Background

Both circular RNA DOCK1 (circDOCK1) and microRNA‐124 (miR‐124) are implicated in carcinogenesis, but functional association between these two molecules remains uncharacterized. Here, we aimed to ascertain the role of circDOCK1‐miR‐124 node in thyroid cancer cells.

Methods

circDOCK1 in thyroid cancer specimens from 25 patients was quantified by qRT‐PCR. FTC‐133 and TPC‐1 cells were enforced to overproduce circDOCK1 and miR‐124 which were confirmed by qRT‐PCR. The alteration in viability, migration and invasion was monitored. Cellular lysis was subjected to Western blot for detecting cyclin D1, p53, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP‐9), and vimentin. The phosphorylation of JAK1, STAT3, and AMPK was determined by Western blot.

Results

Results from qRT‐PCR showed circDOCK1 was enriched in thyroid carcinoma tissues. circDOCK1 fortified the viability of FTC‐133 and TPC‐1 cells, as well as their activities to migrate and invade. circDOCK1 increased cyclin D1 and decreased p53, and meanwhile induced the accumulation of MMP‐9 and vimentin. miR‐124 conferred a reverse effect on the abovementioned alteration. Besides, miR‐124 blockaded the phosphorylation of JAK1, STAT3, and AMPK which was induced by circDOCK1.

Conclusion

circDOCK1 contributed to thyroid carcinogenesis through inhibition of miR‐124 in thyroid cancer cells with dampening signaling transduction of JAK/STAT/AMPK in virtue of miR‐124 downregulation.
Neuro‐Sjögren: Uncommon or underestimated problem?
Authors: Jaskólska Marta , Chylińska Magdalena , Masiak Anna , Siemiński Mariusz , Ziętkiewicz Marcin , Czuszyńska Zenobia , Smoleńska Żaneta , Zdrojewski Zbigniew
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with an autoimmune background with possible complications from peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and to describe the phenotype of peripheral neuropathies in patients with SS.

Materials & Methods

We studied fifty patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome for peripheral nervous system involvement. All patients underwent neurological and rheumatological examination followed by nerve conduction studies (NCS) of nine peripheral nerves.

Results

Thirty‐six patients (72%) fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of neuropathy. Carpal tunnel syndrome (54%) and axonal sensorimotor neuropathy (22%) were the most common. Neurological symptoms preceded the diagnosis of SS in eight patients.

Conclusions

Peripheral neuropathies are frequent in SS patients. Neurologists should be aware of possible autoimmune causes of neuropathies because clinical manifestations of neuropathy may precede the development of other symptoms of the autoimmune disease.
Prostate cancer cells modulate the differentiation of THP‐1 cells in response to etoposide and TLR agonists treatments
Authors: Malekghasemi Somaiyeh , Majidi Jafar , Baradaran Behzad , Aghebati‐Maleki Leili
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the effect of soluble factors secreted from these polarized macrophages on etoposide‐induced cancer cell apoptosis. We investigated the effect of soluble factors secreted from the supernatant of PC3 cells treated with TLR4 and TLR8 agonists, and etoposide on macrophage polarization at the protein level through flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. We further explored the cell cycle distribution and phagocytic activity of THP‐1 cells by flow cytometry. To imitate the relationship between cancer cells and tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs), we cocultured macrophages with etoposide‐treated PC3 cells. After the incubation, the apoptosis in cancer cells was assessed through FACS analysis and by annexin V and PI staining. Our results demonstrate that protein expression of M1 and M2 markers confirmed the upregulation of M1 markers upon etoposide treatment, and mixed M1/M2 phenotype upon treatment with TLR agonists‐treated PC3 supernatant. In coculture methods, our results demonstrate that the apoptosis of etoposide‐treated cancer cells increases in the presence of M0 macrophages and THP‐1 cells incubated with the supernatant of TLR4 agonists‐treated PC3 cells. These results indicate clear protective effects of M0 macrophages and THP‐1 cells incubated with the supernatant of PC3 cells treated with TLR4 agonists (THP‐1 + SUP +  TLR4a) on etoposide‐induced cancer cell apoptosis.
Antineoplastic drug‐loaded polymer‐modified magnetite nanoparticles: Comparative analysis of EPR‐mediated drug delivery
Authors: Javid Amaneh , Ghani Madiha Javeed , Shahzad Sughra , Rezaei‐Zarchi Saeed
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to design and evaluate enhanced permeation and retention (EPR)‐mediated anticancer effect of polymer‐modified and drug‐loaded magnetite nanocomposites. The preformulated bare (10 nm), chitosan‐superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO; 69 nm), heparin‐SPIO (42 nm), and (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane‐polyethylene glycol‐SPIO (17 nm) nanocomposites were utilized to evaluate the EPR‐mediated localized cancer targeting and retention of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) in human ovarian cancer cell lines, A2780 and OVCAR‐3 in vitro and in the tumor‐baring Balb/c mice in vivo. Fluorescence microscopy showed that DOX‐ and PTX‐loaded SPIO nanoparticles caused long‐term accumulation and cytoplasmic retention in A2780 and OVCAR‐3 cells, as compared to free drugs in vitro. In vivo antiproliferative effect of present formulations on immunodeficient female Balb/c mice showed a tremendous amount of ovarian tumor shrinkage within 6 weeks. The present nanocomposite systems of targeted drug delivery proved to be efficient drug carrier with sustained drug release and long‐term retention with enhanced cytotoxic properties in vitro and in vivo.
Microbial Fuel Cell Membrane Bioreactor in Wastewater Treatment, Electricity Generation and Fouling Mitigation
Authors: Ibrahim Rabialtu Sulihah Binti , Zainon Noor Zainura , Baharuddin Nurul Huda , Ahmad Mutamim Noor Sabrina , Yuniarto Adhi
Published: June 2020

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) have gained much attention due to their ability to achieve higher treatment efficiency. However, high external energy consumption in aeration for membrane fouling mitigation has been limiting their application. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) can ideally extract energy from wastewater in the form of electricity and reduce membrane fouling. Thus, the use of MFC‐MBR is rapidly expanding. However, the MFC‐MBR design and operation is not fully mature and further research is needed to optimize the process efficiency and enhance the applicability. This review gives an overview of recent studies on the performances of MFC‐MBR systems, regarding the design and configuration of the integrated system, irrespective of whether optimization was done or not in the operating system.
Challenges and Opportunities of Modeling Biomass Gasification in Aspen Plus: A Review
Authors: Mutlu Özge Çepelioğullar , Zeng Thomas
Published: June 2020

Aspen Plus has become one of the most common process simulation tools for both academia and industrial applications. In the last decade, the number of the papers on Aspen Plus modeling of biomass gasification has significantly increased. This review focuses on recent developments and studies on modeling biomass gasification in Aspen Plus including key aspects such as tar formation and model validation. Accordingly, challenges in modeling due to specific assumptions and limitations will be highlighted to provide a useful basis for researchers and end‐users for further process modeling of biomass gasification in Aspen Plus.
Synthesis, Structure, Reactivity and Catalytic Implications of a Cationic, Acetylide‐Bridged Trigold–JohnPhos Species
Authors: Grirrane Abdessamad , Álvarez Eleuterio , García Hermenegildo , Corma Avelino
Published: June 2020

The cationic complex [(JohnPhos–Au)3(acetylide)][SbF6] (JohnPhos=(2‐biphenyl)di‐tert‐butylphosphine, L1) has been characterised structurally and features an acetylide–trigold(I)–JohnPhos system; the trinuclear–acetylide unit, coordinated to the monodentate bulk phosphines, adopts an unprecedented μ,η1,η2,η1 coordination mode with an additional interaction between distal phenyl rings and gold centres. Other cationic σ,π‐[(gold(I)L1)2] complexes have also been isolated. The reaction of trimethylsilylacetylene with various alcohols (iPrOH, nBuOH, n‐HexOH) catalysed by cationic [AuIL1][SbF6] complexes in CH2Cl2 at 50 °C led to the formation of acetaldehyde acetals with a high degree of chemo‐ and regioselectivity. The reaction mechanism was studied, and several organic and inorganic intermediates have been characterised. A comparative study with the analogous cationic [CuIL1][PF6] complex revealed different behaviour; the copper metal is lost from the coordination sphere leading to the formation of cationic vinylphosphonium and copper nanoparticles. Additionally, a new catalytic approach for the formation of this high‐value cationic vinylphosphonium has been established.
Characterization of Locally Excited and Charge‐Transfer States of the Anticancer Drug Lapatinib by Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Computational Studies
Authors: Vayá Ignacio , Andreu Inmaculada , Lence Emilio , González‐Bello Concepción , Consuelo Cuquerella M. , Navarrete‐Miguel Miriam , Roca‐Sanjuán Daniel , Miranda Miguel A.
Published: June 2020

Lapatinib (LAP) is an anticancer drug, which is metabolized to the N‐ and O‐dealkylated products (N‐LAP and O‐LAP, respectively). In view of the photosensitizing potential of related drugs, a complete experimental and theoretical study has been performed on LAP, N‐LAP and O‐LAP, both in solution and upon complexation with human serum albumin (HSA). In organic solvents, coplanar locally excited (LE) emissive states are generated; they rapidly evolve towards twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) states. By contrast, within HSA only LE states are detected. Accordingly, femtosecond transient absorption reveals a very fast switching (ca. 2 ps) from LE (λmax=550 nm) to ICT states (λmax=480 nm) in solution, whereas within HSA the LE species become stabilized and live much longer (up to the ns scale). Interestingly, molecular dynamics simulation studies confirm that the coplanar orientation is preferred for LAP (or to a lesser extent N‐LAP) within HSA, explaining the experimental results.
Discrete π Stack of a Tweezer‐Shaped Naphthalenediimide–Anthracene Conjugate
Authors: Keshri Sudhir Kumar , Nakanishi Waka , Takai Atsuro , Ishizuka Tomoya , Kojima Takahiko , Takeuchi Masayuki
Published: June 2020

The design and synthesis of a tweezer‐shaped naphthalenediimide (NDI)–anthracene conjugate (2NDI) are reported. In the structure of the closed form (πNDI⋅⋅⋅πNDI stack) of 2NDI, which was elucidated by single‐crystal XRD, the existence of C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonding involving the nearest carbonyl oxygen atom of an NDI unit was suggested. The tunability of πNDI⋅⋅⋅πNDI interactions was studied by means of UV/Vis absorption, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. This revealed that the πNDI⋅⋅⋅πNDI interactions in 2NDI affect the absorption and emission properties depending on the temperature. Furthermore, in polar solvents, 2NDI prefers the stronger πNDI⋅⋅⋅πNDI stack, whereas the πNDI⋅⋅⋅πNDI interaction is diminished in nonpolar solvents. Importantly, the conformational variations of 2NDI can be reversibly switched by variation in temperature, and this suggests potential application for fluorogenic molecular switches upon temperature changes.
Aqueous Precursor Induced Morphological Change and Improved Water Stability of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals
Authors: Shankar Hari , Bansal Parul , Yu William W. , Kar Prasenjit
Published: June 2020

In the literature, lead halide perovskites are very notable for their degradation in the presence of polar solvents, such as water. In contrast, in this research, it is observed that adding a minor amount of water into the precursor solution can improve the stability and photoluminescence quantum yield of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals through a ligand‐assisted reprecipitation (LARP) method. In this way, the shape and phase transformation from CsPbBr3 nanoplates to CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 nanorods and Cs4PbBr6 nanowires can be controlled with increasing water content in the precursor solution. Upon adding water up to an ideal amount, CsPbBr3 maintains its phase and nanoplate morphology. The key role of water amount for tuning the crystallinity, stability, morphology, optical properties, and phase transformation of cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals will be beneficial in the future commercialization of optoelectronics.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cationic Intermediates for the Synthesis of Chiral N,O‐Acetals
Authors: Sun Yongjie , Zhao Qingyang , Wang Heng , Yang Tilong , Wen Jialin , Zhang Xumu
Published: June 2020

For over half a century, transition‐metal‐catalyzed homogeneous hydrogenation has been mainly focused on neutral and readily prepared unsaturated substrates. Although the addition of molecular hydrogen to C=C, C=N, and C=O bonds represents a well‐studied paradigm, the asymmetric hydrogenation of cationic species remains an underdeveloped area. In this study, we were seeking a breakthrough in asymmetric hydrogenation, with cationic intermediates as targets, and thereby anticipating applying this powerful tool to the construction of challenging chiral molecules. Under acidic conditions, both N‐ or O‐acetylsalicylamides underwent cyclization to generate cationic intermediates, which were subsequently reduced by an iridium or rhodium hydride complex. The resulting N,O‐acetals were synthesized with remarkably high enantioselectivity. This catalytic strategy exhibited high efficiency (turnover number of up to 4400) and high chemoselectivity. Mechanistic studies supported the hypothesis that a cationic intermediate was formed in situ and hydrogenated afterwards. A catalytic cycle has been proposed with hydride transfer from the iridium complex to the cationic sp2 carbon atom being the rate‐determining step. A steric map of the catalyst has been created to illustrate the chiral environment, and a quantitative structure–selectivity relationship analysis showed how enantiomeric induction was achieved in this chemical transformation.
Slicing and dicing small cell lung cancer to improve trial outcomes
Authors: AlAhmadi Asrar , Dowlati Afshin
Published: June 2020

Unraveling the biology of small cell lung cancer has led to the discovery of therapeutic vulnerabilities. Designing trials to optimally and efficiently test new drugs is of paramount importance.
Influence of Nod factors on the quantity and distribution in faba bean of symbiotically fixed nitrogen as determined by the 15N isotope dilution method
Authors: Siczek Anna , Kalembasa Stanisław , Kalembasa Dorota , Becher Marcin , Symanowicz Barbara
Published: June 2020

The influence of Nod factors (NFs) on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in 2014–2016 was investigated in a field experiment located on soil classified as a Haplic Luvisol. Nod factors were isolated from the Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain GR09. Faba bean was tested with NFs and without NFs, and the plants were harvested in two stages of growth: at the flowering and at full maturity. Plant parts were analyzed for biomass yield, N yield, and the amount of symbiotically fixed N. Based on the isotope dilution method (using N fertilizer in the form of ammonium sulfate [(15NH4)2SO4)], yields of N derived from the atmosphere, soil, and fertilizer were calculated. Nod factors did not have a significant influence on most of the investigated parameters, which were strongly differentiated by the amount of rainfall. However, NF application led to a significant increase in thousand‐seed weight (by 5.4%) and, importantly, NFs beneficially affected N yield in seeds (an increase of 16% compared with the control), the whole mature plant (by 17%), as well as in stripped pods (by 24%) in the dry year 2015. The results showed some possibility of using NFs as a biofertilizer for increasing faba bean productivity, especially under unfavorable conditions during seasons with water deficiency in the soil.
OMIP‐066: Identification of Novel Subpopulations of Human Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Peripheral Blood
Authors: Ohne Yoichiro
Published: June 2020

Purpose and Appropriate Sample Types

This 14‐color flow cytometry panel was designed to identify newly described subpopulations within human group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and other ILC subsets. This panel also allowed to identify recently reported subpopulations of peripheral blood CRTH2− c‐Kit+ ILCs. We validated this panel mostly in human peripheral blood but also confirmed that the same panel and gating strategy works well in human tonsillar cells. The panel contains a few markers indicating the activation status of ILCs. In addition, phycoerythrin (PE) channel is available for the markers of interest in each study. In the validation studies described here, PE channel was used to test the expression of some markers. These features make this panel applicable for immunophenotyping of ILCs in various disease states. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A passive user‐side solution for evil twin access point detection at public hotspots
Authors: Hsu Fu‐Hau , Wang Chuan‐Sheng , Ou Chih‐Wen , Hsu Yu‐Liang
Published: June 2020

This paper proposes a passive user‐side solution, called Wi‐Fi legal access point (AP) finder (LAF), to the notorious evil twin access point problem, which in turn can result in diverse security problems, such as fraud, identity theft, and man‐in‐the‐middle attacks. Due to the severe security threats created by evil twins, many promising solutions have been proposed. However, the majority of these solutions are designed for the administrators of wireless networks, not for Wi‐Fi users. Hence, they are either too expensive or need some data that are usually not accessible to normal users. LAF utilizes the TCP three‐way handshake‐related packets and packet forwarding property created by evil twins to find legal APs, called good twins, at public hotspots or unencrypted WLANs; thus, it does not need any data or assistance from wireless network administrators. LAF does not send exploring packets actively; hence, evil twins cannot sense its existence. No matter when and where a user needs to utilize an AP to connect to the Internet at a hotspot, he can just use LAF to find out a legal AP to connect to. Experimental results show that LAF can quickly and accurately find legal APs after observing only a few packets.
Prepare chairs ahead of time to prevent first‐day meltdown
Authors: Chu Don
Published: June 2020

Imagine new soldiers being prepared for battle. One group, fresh off the bus from the recruiting center, is given two days of training where commanders tell them what they'll need to do, and in that time they are asked to review important pages of manuals on the maintenance of equipment, rules of engagement, hygiene, and first aid. After each day's lectures, they're told that everything they'll need to know is in the books they've been given. They are then dispatched to the front.
Leadership matters in times of crisis
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: June 2020

The first time I flew into New York City, I was amazed. I'd never seen that many skyscrapers so tightly woven into the landscape. I thought it looked like a circuit board.
Understand the privileges, power of academic leadership
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: June 2020

It wasn't until Mari Koerner was 60 years old, after a lifetime spent in academia, that she found where she knew she'd always been meant to be: Arizona State University. Koerner, former Dean of the College of Education at Arizona State University and the author of the book The Successful Dean, was recruited to be the Dean of the College of Education for ASU's West Campus.
Catchment‐scale urbanization diminishes effects of habitat complexity on instream macroinvertebrate assemblages
Authors: White Julia Y. , Walsh Christopher J.
Published: June 2020

While provision of in‐stream habitat complexity remains common practice in efforts to restore streams, the evidence of positive effects on in‐stream communities is inconsistent. In streams of urban catchments, where both reach‐scale habitat manipulation and catchment‐scale actions to ameliorate the disturbance regime of urban stormwater runoff are common management responses, clearer understanding of the effects of habitat complexity under different degrees of urban impact are needed. We experimentally assessed the effect of increased surface complexity in wood, the dominant hard substrate in our 18 study reaches on 14 small streams, on in‐stream macroinvertebrate assemblages across a range of urban impact. Increased surface complexity increased abundance of most taxa, but this effect was less pronounced in urban streams, partly because of the reduced species pool tolerant of urban stormwater impacts, and partly because of a lesser response of some species to increased complexity in more urban streams. Collectively these taxon‐specific effects resulted in small, uncertain increases in taxon richness with increased complexity in rural streams, and no change in richness of the less diverse assemblages of urban streams. Increased abundances suggest increased availability of refugia or resources with increased surface complexity, while the reduced effect of complexity in urban streams suggests that any refuge or resource provided by greater surface complexity is less effective in more disturbed environments receiving urban stormwater runoff. The reduced abundance of sensitive taxa in more urban streams, and the resultant reduced richness, confirms that urban stormwater runoff acts as a strong environmental filter, limiting the species pool available for community assembly. Restoration of habitat complexity in streams without catchment‐scale drivers of degradation is likely to have positive benefits to in‐stream biotic assemblages, but the efficacy of such approaches in catchments subject to urban stormwater runoff will be greatly diminished. In such cases, restoration activities should first be aimed at controlling the larger‐scale problem.
Seasonal polyphenism of spotted‐wing Drosophila is affected by variation in local abiotic conditions within its invaded range, likely influencing survival and regional population dynamics
Authors: Stockton Dara G. , Wallingford Anna K. , Brind'amore Gabrielle , Diepenbrock Lauren , Burrack Hannah , Leach Heather , Isaacs Rufus , Iglesias Lindsy E. , Liburd Oscar , Drummond Francis , Ballman Elissa , Guedot Christelle , Van Zoeren Janet , Loeb Greg M.
Published: June 2020

Overwintering Drosophila often display adaptive phenotypic differences beneficial for survival at low temperatures. However, it is unclear which morphological traits are the best estimators of abiotic conditions, how those traits are correlated with functional outcomes in cold tolerance, and whether there are regional differences in trait expression.

We used a combination of controlled laboratory assays, and collaborative field collections of invasive Drosophila suzukii in different areas of the United States, to study the factors affecting phenotype variability of this temperate fruit pest now found globally.

Laboratory studies demonstrated that winter morph (WM) trait expression is continuous within the developmental temperature niche of this species (10–25°C) and that wing length and abdominal melanization are the best predictors of the larval abiotic environment.

However, the duration and timing of cold exposure also produced significant variation in development time, morphology, and survival at cold temperatures. During a stress test assay conducted at −5°C, although cold tolerance was greater among WM flies, long‐term exposure to cold temperatures as adults significantly improved summer morph (SM) survival, indicating that these traits are not controlled by a single mechanism.

Among wild D. suzukii populations, we found that regional variation in abiotic conditions differentially affects the expression of morphological traits, although further research is needed to determine whether these differences are genetic or environmental in origin and whether thermal susceptibility thresholds differ among populations within its invaded range.
Implications of acute temperature and salinity tolerance thresholds for the persistence of intertidal invertebrate populations experiencing climate change
Authors: Iwabuchi Brianna L. , Gosselin Louis A.
Published: June 2020

To predict whether populations of marine animals will persist in the face of changing climate conditions, it is informative to understand how past climate conditions have shaped present‐day tolerance thresholds. We examined 4 species of intertidal invertebrates (Nucella lamellosa, Littorina scutulata, Littorina sitkana, and Balanus glandula) inhabiting the coasts of Vancouver Island, Canada, where the east coast experiences historically warmer sea surface temperature (SST), warmer low tide (i.e., emersion) rock surface temperature (RST), and lower sea surface salinity (SSS) than the west coast. To determine if east coast populations have higher tolerance thresholds to acute stress than west coast populations, animals from 3 sites per coast were exposed to stressful temperatures and salinities in common garden experiments. Emersion temperature tolerance differed between populations only in N. lamellosa and B. glandula, tolerance thresholds being 1.4–1.5°C higher on the east coast. Water temperature tolerance differed between populations only in B. glandula and L. scutulata but was highest on the west coast. No differences in salinity tolerance were observed within any species. Thus, there is limited evidence of divergence among east and west coast populations in tolerance of acute stress despite the substantial historical differences in extreme temperature and salinity conditions between coasts. However, based on present‐day summertime SST and RST and known rates of change in these parameters, we predict present‐day tolerance thresholds would be sufficient to allow adults of these populations to tolerate extreme temperatures predicted for the next several hundred years, and that even a slow rate of change in acute tolerance thresholds might suffice to keep up with future temperature extremes.
Effects of combined renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor and beta‐blocker treatment on outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from BIOSTAT‐CHF and ASIAN‐HF registries
Authors: Ouwerkerk Wouter , Teng Tiew‐Hwa K. , Tromp Jasper , Tay Wan Ting , Cleland John G. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Dickstein Kenneth , Ng Leong L. , Lang Chim C. , Anker Stefan D. , Zannad Faiez , Hung Chung‐Lieh , Sawhney Jitendra P.S. , Naik Ajay , Shimizu Wataru , Hagiwara Nobuhisa , Wander Gurpreet Singh , Anand Inder , Richards A. Mark , Voors Adriaan A. , Lam Carolyn S.P.
Published: June 2020

Background

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and β‐blockers are guideline‐recommended first‐line therapies in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Previous studies showed that individual drug classes were under‐dosed in many parts of Europe and Asia. In this study, we investigated the association of combined up‐titration of ACEi/ARBs and β‐blockers with all‐cause mortality and its combination with hospitalization for HF.

Methods and results

A total of 6787 HFrEF patients (mean age 62.6 ± 13.2 years, 77.7% men, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 27.7 ± 7.2%) were enrolled in the prospective multinational European (BIOSTAT‐CHF; n = 2100) and Asian (ASIAN‐HF; n = 4687) studies. Outcomes were analysed according to achieved percentage of guideline‐recommended target doses (GRTD) of combination ACEi/ARB and β‐blocker therapy, adjusted for

indication bias. Only 14% (n = 981) patients achieved ≥50% GRTD for both ACEi/ARB and β‐blocker. The best outcomes were observed in patients who achieved 100% GRTD of both ACEi/ARB and β‐blocker [hazard ratio (HR) 0.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–0.39 vs. none]. Lower dose of combined therapy was associated with better outcomes than 100% GRTD of either monotherapy. Up‐titrating β‐blockers was associated with a consistent and greater reduction in hazards of all‐cause mortality (HR for 100% GRTD: 0.40, 95% CI 0.25–0.63) than corresponding ACEi/ARB up‐titration (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.53–1.07).

Conclusion

This study shows that best outcomes were observed in patients attaining GRTD for both ACEi/ARB and β‐blockers, unfortunately this was rarely achieved. Achieving >50% GRTD of both drug classes was associated with better outcome than target dose of monotherapy. Up‐titrating β‐blockers to target dose was associated with greater mortality reduction than up‐titrating ACEi/ARB.
Versatile Reaction Patterns of Phosphanylhydrosilylalkyne with B(C6F5)3: A Remarkable Group Substitution Effect
Authors: Huang Yanting , Jiang Wenjun , Xi Xin , Li Yan , Wang Xiaoping , Yang Ming‐Chung , Zhang Zheng‐Feng , Su Ming‐Der , Zhu Hongping
Published: June 2020

Phosphanylhydrosilylalkynes R2HSiCCPAr2 (R,Ar: Me,4‐tBuC6H4 1, Me,Mes 2, Mes,Ph 3; Mes = 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2) were prepared and the reactions with B(C6F5)3 were studied. Reaction of 1 and B(C6F5)3 produced E‐alkene {(E)‐(C6F5)3BCHC[P(4‐tBuC6H4)2]SiMe2}2 (4) and that of 2 and B(C6F5)3 yielded Z‐alkene (Z)‐(C6F5)2BCHC(PMes2)SiMe2(C6F5) (5). The former is proposed to go through a key [Me2HSi]+ for function while the latter via the phosphacyclopropene intermediate, both of which are a result by self‐hydrosilylation. Reaction of 3 and B(C6F5)3 generated at room temperature a P→B coordination compound Mes2HSiCCP(Ph2)B(C6F5)3 (6) and at 100 °C the 1,1‐carboboration E‐alkene (E)‐Mes2HSi(Ph2P)CC(C6F5)B(C6F5)2 (7). Kinetic study and DFT calculations were accomplished for reaction of 2 and B(C6F5)3 to 5. The mechanisms of these reactions have been discussed. The reactions of the P/Si+ LPs Me2Si(Ph2P)CCHB(C6F5)3}2 (3a) and 4 were also investigated. Compound 4 disassociated H2O into {(E)‐(C6F5)3BCHC[PH‐4‐tBuC6H4)2]Si(Me2)}2(µ‐O) (8) and (E)‐(C6F5)3BCHC[PH(4‐tBu‐C6H4)2]Si(Me2)O(HNC5H5) (9). Compound 3a reacted with tBuNCO by [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition to give a C2OPSi‐heterocycle [(C6F5)3BHC]CSi(Me2)P(Ph2)OC(NtBu) (10). Furthermore, 4 reacted with tBuNCO and then H2O to afford (E)‐(F5C6)3BHCC[P(4‐tBuC6H4)2C(O)NHtBu][Si(Me2)OH(NC5H5)] (11) through a C2OPSi‐heterocycle intermediate followed by the H2O‐disassociation under the C2OPSi‐ring opening.
Short‐Cut Bio‐Inspired Synthesis of Tricyclic Guanidinic Motifs of Crambescidins and Batzelladines Marine Alkaloids
Authors: El‐Demerdash Amr , Ermolenko Ludmila , Gros Emmanuelle , Retailleau Pascal , Thanh Binh Nguyen , Gauvin‐Bialecki Anne , Al‐Mourabit Ali
Published: June 2020

We report a convenient short synthesis of tricyclic guanidine‐containing natural products model featuring four‐component reaction between 2,5‐dimethoxytetrahydrofuran, 2‐aminopyrimidine and two acylacetic or benzoylacetic acids. A synthetic route combining the Robinson–Schöepf bioinspired strategy and biomechanistic analysis of the crambescidin and batzelladine alkaloids family. An application of this strategy to the synthesis of two unnatural stereoisomers of merobatzelladine B is described from the protected guanidine in the form of aminopyrimidine.
Development of a short‐form version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test for assessing theory of mind in older adults
Authors: Chander Russell J. , Grainger Sarah A. , Crawford John D. , Mather Karen A. , Numbers Katya , Cleary Rhiagh , Kochan Nicole A. , Brodaty Henry , Henry Julie D. , Sachdev Perminder S.
Published: June 2020

Background

The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET) is a 36‐item assessment for theory of mind (ToM) performance. While this measure has been shown to be sensitive to age‐related ToM difficulties, there are no established cutoffs or guidelines currently available that are specific to older adults. This article seeks to validate a short‐form version of the RMET appropriate for use in such populations.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data from 295 participants (mean age 86 years) from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study, a longitudinal community observational cohort. Participants underwent an assessment battery that included the RMET. Individuals who scored >1SD below the RMET scores of cognitively normal participants were deemed to have below average RMET scores. Various model‐building methods were used to generate short‐form solutions of the RMET, which were compared with previously validated versions in their predictive power for below average full RMET performance.

Results

Individuals with below average RMET performance tended to be older and have poorer global cognition. Of the eight short‐form solutions, the 21‐item version generated using genetic algorithm exhibited the best classification performance with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.98 and had 93.2% accuracy in classifying individuals with below average ToM. A shorter 10‐item solution derived by ant colony optimization also had acceptable performance.

Conclusion

We recommend the 21‐item version of the RMET for use in older adult populations for identifying individuals with impaired ToM. Where an even shorter version is needed with a trade‐off of slightly reduced performance, the 10‐item version is acceptable.
Impaired virus‐specific T cell responses in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms treated with ruxolitinib
Authors: Rumi Elisa , Sant'Antonio Emanuela , Cavalloni Chiara , Comolli Giuditta , Ferretti Virginia Valeria , Cassaniti Irene , Pietra Daniela , Trotti Chiara , Ciboddo Michele , Furione Milena , Vanni Daniele , Casetti Ilaria Carola , Favaron Cristina , Baldanti Fausto , Arcaini Luca , Cazzola Mario
Published: June 2020

Ruxolitinib is effective in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) but can cause reactivation of silent infections. We aimed at evaluating viral load and T‐cell responses to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in a cohort of 25 MPN patients treated with ruxolitinib. EBV‐DNA and HCMV‐DNA were quantified monthly using real‐time polimerase chain reaction (PCR) on peripheral blood samples, and T‐cell subsets were analyzed by flowcytometry. HCMV and EBV‐directed T‐cell responses were evaluated using the IFN‐γ ELISPOT assay. Most patients had CD4+ and/or CD8+ T‐cells below the normal range; these reductions were related to the duration of ruxolitinib treatment. In fact, reduced T‐lymphocytes' subsets were found in 93% of patients treated for ≥5 years and in 45% of those treated for <5 years (P = .021). The former also had lower median numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Subclinical reactivation of EBV and HCMV occurred in 76% and 8% of patients. We observed a trend to an inverse relationship between EBV and CMV‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell responses and viral load, and a trend to an inverse correlation with ruxolitinib dose. Therefore, our data suggest that the ruxolitinib treatment may interfere with immunosurveillance against EBV and HCMV.
Heat and mass transfer effect on an unsteady MHD radiative chemically reactive Casson fluid over a stretching sheet in porous medium
Authors: Das Mrutyunjay , Mahanta Ganeswar , Shaw Sachin
Published: June 2020

The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of the variable magnetic field, chemical reaction, thermal radiation, Soret effect, and variable heat absorption on the fluid flow and heat and mass transfer of an unsteady Casson fluid past a stretching surface in a saturated porous medium. Velocity slip near the plate and conjugate heating boundary conditions in heat and mass transfer have been considered in this study. Due to the complexities in boundary conditions, the analytic solution of the governing equations of the present model is not possible. Thus, to overcome these issues, the coupled partial differential equations of the model are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. These equations have then been solved numerically using the fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta technique via the shooting method. The effects of various pertinent flow parameters on the velocity, concentration, and temperature field have been studied graphically. For the field of engineering, to get an insight into the physical quantities, especially Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and skin friction, their numerical values have been estimated against various parameters and presented in tables. From the tabulated values, it has been perceived that the shear stress increases with an increase in magnetic parameter, unsteadiness parameter, Casson parameter, and heat source parameter, whereas the Biot number shows the reverse trend. The mixture of porous media has justified that the heat transport process over a stretching sheet results in averting heat loss and accelerating the process of cooling, which is a significant outcome of the study. Furthermore, it has also been revealed that with the increase in the Soret effect and magnetic field, there is a reduction in the fluid velocity and temperature near the plate, whereas there is an increase in the species concentration. It has also been mentioned that the effects of the variable magnetic field have been widely applied in various engineering applications like magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion forces, rate of cooling, MHD power generation, and so on.
A Multiarmed Bandit Approach to Adaptive Water Quality Management
Authors: Martin David M , Johnson Fred A
Published: June 2020

Nonpoint source water quality management is challenged with allocating uncertain management actions and monitoring their performance in the absence of state-dependent decision making. This adaptive management context can be expressed as a multiarmed bandit problem. Multiarmed bandit strategies attempt to balance the exploitation of actions that appear to maximize performance with the exploration of uncertain, but potentially better, actions. We performed a test of multiarmed bandit strategies to inform adaptive water quality management in Massachusetts, USA. Conservation and restoration practitioners were tasked with allocating household wastewater treatments to minimize N inputs to impaired waters. We obtained time series of N monitoring data from 3 wastewater treatment types and organized them chronologically and randomly. The chronological data set represented nonstationary performance based on recent monitoring data, whereas the random data set represented stationary performance. We tested 2 multiarmed bandit strategies in hypothetical experiments to sample from the treatment data through 20 sequential decisions. A deterministic probability-matching strategy allocated treatments with the highest probability of success regarding their performance at each decision. A randomized probability-matching strategy randomly allocated treatments according to their probability of success at each decision. The strategies were compared with a nonadaptive strategy that equally allocated treatments at each decision. Results indicated that equal allocation is useful for learning in nonstationary situations but tended to overexplore inferior treatments and thus did not maximize performance when compared with the other strategies. Deterministic probability matching maximized performance in many stationary situations, but the strategy did not adequately explore treatments and converged on inferior treatments in nonstationary situations. Randomized probability matching balanced performance and learning in stationary situations, but the strategy could converge on inferior treatments in nonstationary situations. These findings provide evidence that probability-matching strategies are useful for adaptive management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:841–852. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)