bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Trends in Physical Activity Using Wearable Devices: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Studies from 1995 to 2017
Authors: CONGER SCOTT A. , TOTH LINDSAY P. , CRETSINGER CHANNIE , RAUSTORP ANDERS , MITÁŠ JOSEF , INOUE SHIGERU , BASSETT DAVID R.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Conflicting evidence exists on whether physical activity (PA) levels of humans have changed over the last quarter-century. The main objective of this study was to determine if there is evidence of time trends in PA, from cross-sectional studies that assessed PA at different time points using wearable devices (e.g., pedometers and accelerometers). A secondary objective was to quantify the rate of change in PA.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted of English-language studies indexed in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science (1960–2020) using search terms (time OR temporal OR secular) AND trends AND (steps per day OR pedometer OR accelerometer OR MVPA). Subsequently, a meta-analytic approach was used to aggregate data from multiple studies and to examine specific factors (i.e., sex, age-group, sex and age-group, and PA metric).

Results

Based on 16 peer-reviewed scientific studies conducted between 1995 and 2017, levels of ambulatory PA are trending downward in developed countries. Significant declines were seen in both males and females (P < 0.001) as well as in children (P = 0.020), adolescents (P < 0.001), and adults (P = 0.004). The average study duration was 9.4 yr (accelerometer studies, 5.3 yr; pedometer studies, 10.8 yr). For studies that assessed steps, the average change in PA was −1118 steps per day over the course of the study (P < 0.001), and adolescents had the greatest change in PA at −2278 steps per day (P < 0.001). Adolescents also had the steepest rate of change over time, expressed in steps per day per decade.

Conclusions

Evidence from studies conducted in eight developed nations over a 22-yr period indicates that PA levels have declined overall, especially in adolescents. This study emphasizes the need for continued research tracking time trends in PA using wearable devices.
Clinical impact of ultra-high b-value (3000 s/mm2) diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer at 3T: comparison with b-value of 2000 s/mm2
Authors: Tamada Tsutomu , Kido Ayumu , Ueda Yu , Takeuchi Mitsuru , Fukunaga Takeshi , Sone Teruki , Yamamoto Akira
Published: September 2021

Objective:

High b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (hDWI) with a b-value of 2000 s/mm2 provides insufficient image contrast between benign and malignant tissues and an overlap of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) between Gleason grades (GG) in prostate cancer (PC). We compared image quality, PC detectability, and discrimination ability for PC aggressiveness between ultra-high b-value DWI (uhDWI) of 3000 s/mm2 and hDWI.

Methods:

The subjects were 49 patients with PC who underwent 3T multiparametric MRI. Single-shot echo-planar DWI was acquired with b-values of 0, 2000, and 3000 s/mm2. Anatomical distortion of prostate (AD), signal intensity of benign prostate (PSI), and lesion conspicuity score (LCS) were assessed using a 4-point scale; and signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, and mean ADC (×10–3 mm2/s) of lesion (lADC) and surrounding benign region (bADC) were measured.

Results:

PSI was significantly lower in uhDWI than in hDWI (p < 0.001). AD, LCS, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio were comparable between uhDWI and hDWI (all p > 0.05). In contrast, lADC was significantly lower than bADC in both uhDWI and hDWI (both p < 0.001). In comparison of lADC between tumors of ≤GG2 and those of ≥GG3, both uhDWI and hDWI showed significant difference (p = 0.007 and p = 0.021, respectively). AUC for separating tumors of ≤GG2 from those of ≥GG3 was 0.731 in hDWI and 0.699 in uhDWI (p = 0.161).

Conclusion:

uhDWI suppressed background signal better than hDWI, but did not contribute to increased diagnostic performance in PC.

Advances in knowledge:

Compared with hDWI, uhDWI could not contribute to increased diagnostic performance in PC.
Tumor stiffness measured by shear-wave elastography: association with disease-free survival in women with early-stage breast cancer
Authors: Kim Jin You , Kim Jin Joo , Hwangbo Lee , Suh Hie Bum , Lee Ji Won , Lee Nam Kyung , Choo Ki Seok , Kim Suk
Published: September 2021

Objective:

To determine whether shear-wave elastography (SWE)-measured tumor stiffness is associated with disease-free survival in females with early-stage invasive breast cancer.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 202 consecutive females (mean age, 52.9 years; range, 25–84 years) with newly diagnosed T1–two breast cancer who underwent preoperative SWE between April 2015 and January 2016. Tumor stiffness was assessed and quantitative SWE features of each breast lesion were obtained by a breast radiologist. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify associations between SWE features and disease-free survival after adjusting for clinicopathologic factors.

Results:

Fifteen (7.4%) patients exhibited recurrence after a median follow-up of 56 months. Mean (Emean), minimum, and maximum elasticity values were higher in females with recurrence than in those without recurrence (184.4, 138.3, and 210.5 kPa vs 134.9, 101.7, and 159.8 kPa, respectively; p = 0.005, p = 0.005, and p = 0.012, respectively). Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis for prediction of recurrence showed that Emean yielded the largest area under the curve (0.717) among the quantitative SWE parameters, and the optimal cut-off value was 121.7 kPa. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that higher Emean (>121.7 kPa) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 10.01; 95% CI: 1.31–76.33; p = 0.026] and lymphovascular invasion (adjusted HR, 7.72; 95% CI: 1.74–34.26; p = 0.007) were associated with worse disease-free survival outcomes.

Conclusion:

Higher SWE-measured Emean was associated with worse disease-free survival in females with early-stage invasive breast cancer.

Advances in knowledge:

Tumor stiffness assessed with shear-wave elastography might serve as a quantitative imaging biomarker of disease-free survival in females with T1–two breast cancer.
Proton therapy for prostate cancer: current state and future perspectives
Authors: Wu Yao-Yu , Fan Kang-Hsing
Published: September 2021

Objective:

Localized prostate cancer can be treated with several radiotherapeutic approaches. Proton therapy (PT) can precisely target tumors, thus sparing normal tissues and reducing side-effects without sacrificing cancer control. However, PT is a costly treatment compared with conventional photon radiotherapy, which may undermine its overall efficacy. In this review, we summarize current data on the dosimetric rationale, clinical benefits, and cost of PT for prostate cancer.

Methods:

An extensive literature review of PT for prostate cancer was performed with emphasis on studies investigating dosimetric advantage, clinical outcomes, cost-effective strategies, and novel technology trends.

Results:

PT is safe, and its efficacy is comparable to that of standard photon-based therapy or brachytherapy. Data on gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and sexual function toxicity profiles are conflicting; however, PT is associated with a low risk of second cancer and has no effects on testosterone levels. Regarding cost-effectiveness, PT is suboptimal, although evolving trends in radiation delivery and construction of PT centers may help reduce the cost.

Conclusion:

PT has several advantages over conventional photon radiotherapy, and novel approaches may increase its efficacy and safety. Large prospective randomized trials comparing photon therapy with proton-based treatments are ongoing and may provide data on the differences in efficacy, toxicity profile, and quality of life between proton- and photon-based treatments for prostate cancer in the modern era.

Advances in knowledge:

PT provides excellent physical advantages and has a superior dose profile compared with X-ray radiotherapy. Further evidence from clinical trials and research studies will clarify the role of PT in the treatment of prostate cancer, and facilitate the implementation of PT in a more accessible, affordable, efficient, and safe way.
General cognitive theory
Authors: Sychev Vasiliy
Published: September 2021

For its 125th anniversary, the famous magazine "Science" has published a list of the greatest mysteries that modern science has not yet solved. In the second place, the authors of the journal, the best scientists in the world, placed the question of the biological basis of consciousness. The general cognitive theory presented in this monograph provides an answer to this important question, as well as to many other equally important ones. Is it possible to create an artificial intelligence that can realize itself? How do we master the language? How has the culture been preserved for thousands of years?
For students and teachers, as well as anyone interested in the problems of the peculiarities of the functioning of the psyche and its formation.
Constitutional bases of the procedure for the formation and activity of representative bodies in the Russian Federation
Authors: Varlen Mariya , Mazurevskiy Konstantin
Published: September 2021

The textbook provides an in-depth comprehensive scientific analysis of the legal status of representative bodies at the federal, regional, and municipal levels, taking into account the results of the ongoing reform of constitutional legislation and law enforcement practice, various points of view on controversial issues. Special attention is paid to the problems of the implementation of the powers and the procedure for the formation of representative bodies; the legal status of a deputy of a representative body is studied in detail, the forms of activity of deputies are characterized.
For students of master's and postgraduate studies in the field of "Jurisprudence". It can be useful for undergraduate and specialist students, as well as for studying the problems of representative democracy and conducting relevant theoretical and applied scientific research.
Legal doctrine: problems of formation and implementation
Authors: Perevalov Viktor
Published: September 2021

The book is devoted to the issues of the emergence, formation and implementation of the legal doctrine as a kind of" prominence " in the field of legal science. Taking into account historical and comparative legal data, the corresponding legal phenomena and concepts are characterized, examples of their practical approbation are given. Variants of the author's solution are offered for a number of debatable problems of the topic.
For undergraduates, postgraduates, teachers of law schools and anyone interested in law.
Technology of repair works of buildings and their engineering systems
Authors: Lebedev Vladimir
Published: September 2021

The textbook describes the modern technology of repair and construction production, based on the use of technical means, effective materials, products and structures, scientific organization of labor; highlights the issues of improving efficiency and quality, safety and labor protection in the production of repair and construction works. The main stages of repair and construction work are analyzed in detail: disassembly of buildings and structures, repair and strengthening of foundations, foundations, walls and ceilings, technology for repairing floors, windows, doors, etc.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For master's students studying in the field of training "Construction", as well as for graduate students and university teachers.
Northern Turn
Authors: Dickson David
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the two communities, Kilkenny and Belfast, that had each been shaped by a great aristocratic dynasty. It narrates the power of both families and how it drastically diminished in the early eighteenth century. Kilkenny retained its status as an inland regional capital with an old urban fabric, a Catholic business community and a weak Protestant presence. Belfast, on the other hand, was much more of a colonial town (in every sense) than Kilkenny, an international trading hub dominated by a wholesale merchant community that was overwhelmingly Presbyterian. The chapter focuses more on eighteenth-century Belfast, its general merchants trading overseas and its physical transformation. Despite the ease of navigation in Belfast Lough, the town lay too far north to attract British or European vessels destined for southern Europe, nor was it optimally placed as a transatlantic stopover. The chapter also elaborates on the transatlantic partnership of Thomas Gregg and Waddell Cunningham, which principally involved the export of Irish linen and the importation of flaxseed, grain and flour. Finally, the chapter discusses the merchant community that benefited most from the growth of the passenger trade: Derry. It also explores how Drogheda became the largest grain market in Ireland, then follows the growth of Dublin's international trade.
Workshop, Warehouse and the Primacy of Dublin
Authors: Dickson David
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights Dublin's commercial primacy and its status as a great pre-industrial manufacturing city. The chapter explores how Dublin became the country's principal port of entry for fine cloth, metal goods, and emerged as the national warehouse for imports. It reviews Dublin's contribution to customs revenue between 1615 and 1619 and the city's success in cornering the wholesale market in high-value imports. Being the principal high-value warehouse in the country brought about Dublin's transition to being the national workshop for luxury and quality goods — not the only such location, but the dominant one for more than a century. The chapter also discusses the expansion of the guild membership in Dublin, noting that the renaissance of Dublin's guilds in the seventeenth century was an enabling factor in the city's rapid development as a manufacturing hub. Ultimately, the chapter elaborates the growth of the apparatus of government and the arrival in the city of large numbers of upper-class families.
Together and Apart
Authors: Dickson David
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the long history of the rival confessional communities in Ireland that cohabited in the cities, which provides a key to understanding urban culture. It underlines the contrast between the non-existent legal status of the Catholic Church and the exclusive constitutional position of the established Church of Ireland. The eighteenth-century Catholic Church continued to function both in Dublin and the southern cities. But deprived of the patronage of a sympathetic gentry, the Church as an organization was drastically weakened after the Jacobite defeat. The chapter then presents the Catholic Church's organizational recovery and the creation of a new Catholic politics, urban and lay in character. It details the growth of functioning parishes of the Church of Ireland built in Dublin between the 1660s and 1800s. The chapter then turns to discuss the Church of Ireland's visible challenge in artisan districts: the arrival of a string of Methodist preachers, and investigates its immediate impact in Dublin. Ultimately, the chapter unveils the political power of Presbyterians in Dublin, and it analyzes the significance of Dublin in the emergence of the reformist tendency in Presbyterianism.
Projects and Projections
Authors: Dickson David
Published: September 2021

This chapter emphasizes a major theme in Dublin's eighteenth-century history: the battle to control and develop urban space, to mitigate the effects of growth, and to adapt new concepts of urban form. The chapter begins with narrating the baroque urban planning led by the first Duke of Ormond that had profound consequences for the Irish capital. It then discusses the first development agency in any Irish city, the Ballast Office, which was given responsibility for 'cleansing' and deepening the channel into the harbour and up to the Custom House, and for providing better protection for shipping in the bay outside. The chapter introduces Luke Gardiner, the first secretary of the Ballast Office, and explores how he became the most formidable property developer in the eighteenth-century city. The chapter also traces the beginning of the physical evolution of the capital city and environment for urban investment. Next, the chapter highlights a great scheme of urban improvement and speculative development in Waterford, Cork, and Limerick. It also mentions John Beresford's single-minded energy and strategic grasp in most of the metropolitan improvements.
Partings
Authors: Dickson David
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the incremental improvements of Dublin in luminosity. The chapter notes that the Irish capital entered the age of gas lighting in the 1820s (although Dublin in 1825 was ahead of most big cities outside Britain), and gas installation was underway in Drogheda, Cork, Waterford and Limerick's Newtown Pery. But as high streets became brighter, many houses in older neighbourhoods, particularly in the southern cities, were darkened. The chapter examines its specific cause — the window tax, an old and unpopular levy in England, which had been introduced into Ireland in 1799 as a wartime measure. It then turns to analyze post-war complaints about taxation, and highlight the most tangible legacy of the post-war crisis in Dublin — the Mendicity Institution, which established to document, clothe, feed and employ able-bodied beggars on the capital's streets. The chapter illustrates the Irish manufacture of cotton, and the economic future of southern and western cities in terms of food processing and alcohol production.
Managing the Feudal Remnant
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

For three decades Alamán acted as the Mexican agent, with wide powers, for the Sicilian nobleman, the Duke of Terranova y Monteleone, in the administration of the many and valuable properties remaining in the Marquesado del Valle de Oaxaca, the vast personal estate left to his heirs by Fernando Cortés, of whom the Duke was a lineal descendant. The estates included mortgages held on urban properties, scores of buildings in the capital and other cities, and rural properties, of which the most important was the sugar hacienda of Atlacomulco near Cuernavaca. While this earned Alamán a substantial income over the years, it also exposed him to almost constant political attack from liberals for his association with the putatively “feudal” holdings of a foreign landlord, the heir of the abhorred conqueror of the Mexican native peoples.
Texas
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

This chapter is substantially devoted to the issue of Texas, beginning with a long passage on the overall problem of Texas. Minister Alamán pushed a law through Congress in 1830 aimed at choking off American immigration into Texas, but it proved to no avail as the colonists continued to come with their slaves, their Protestantism, and their very different political culture, setting up the conditions for their pulling away from Mexico, and eventually for the Mexican-American War a decade later. The latter section of the chapter deals with Alamán’s efforts to establish a permanent union of cooperation and mutual defense among most of the nations of Spanish America, which was ultimately unsuccessful because of political chaos in the countries and personal jealousies among the leaders.
Weaving Disaster
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

This chapter is entirely devoted to Alamán’s foundation, in partnership with two other men, of an enormous textile factory, Cocolapan, near Orizaba in the state of Veracruz. The enterprise flourished only for a short time in the late 1830s and went into bankruptcy in the early 1840s. It is the thesis of the chapter that like his involvement in silver mining and his purchase of an hacienda, this venture was spurred by his ambition to lift his family back into the ranks of the rich elite of the new republic. But for a variety of reasons it failed, throwing Alamán into tangled bankruptcy litigation leaving him with a large personal debt overhang that undermined his entire economic position to the end of his life. The truth was that he had had little financial capital of his own to invest and was essentially sued by other investors for fraud.
The Monarchist Plot and the US Invasion
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

Against the background of the disastrous war with the United States and his own earlier political stance as a conservative centralist republican, Alamán is seen founding two highly conservative Mexico City newspapers in which increasingly extreme political positions are argued in the late 1840s and early 1850s. He is involved with the Spanish ambassador in a pro-monarchical “conspiracy” to place a Bourbon prince back on the throne of Mexico, although in the end the plot did not flourish.
Harbingers
Authors: Howard Thomas Albert
Published: September 2021

This chapter offers a brief but comprehensive review of some of the premodern historical antecedents following the launch of Chicago's Parliament of Religions. It recounts the profile of the Mughal emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605), who on the cusp of the modern age represents an especially arresting case in his efforts to bring multiple religious voices from the Indian subcontinent, together with European Jesuit missionaries, into conversation with one another. The chapter seeks to spotlight several salient examples of harbingers of interreligious dialogue. It draws preponderantly from Western and, to a lesser extent, Islamic civilizations after the advent of Christianity — with the partial exception of the Mongol court and Akbar. The chapter also emphasizes that not only do the terms interreligious and interfaith not exist in the premodern world, but the same is true for our present-day usage of religion. Ultimately, the chapter discusses the instances of and ideas about conversation/debate/dialogue among various religious groups or individuals that, whether intentionally or not, resulted in mutual understanding or at least bear witness to “religious others” interacting and intellectually taking stock of one another.
Conclusion
Authors: Howard Thomas Albert
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the Catholic Church's pivot to interreligious dialogue at the Second Vatican Council. It argues that it can be seen as both symbol and catalyst for a broad range of similar developments. Since the council, the word dialogue has acquired an almost talismanic property in various religious circles and beyond. The chapter also offers the discourse of some scholars about the global “interfaith movement,” arguing that the movement is marked by highly scattered development and diffusive energies. Achingly idealistic and well intentioned in its aims, it is also a movement confronted by fundamental challenges and potent criticisms. The chapter then sketches the aspects of the contemporary scene before calling attention to several criticisms as well as highlighting various promising ideas and initiatives.
Environmental Uncertainty and Augural Contingency
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the omen-taking by which the Dayak ascertain if spirits are seeing them as wild pigs. The Dayak have a complex sign system based on the behavior of jungle birds, which warns them of potentially perilous collisions between their everyday reality and that of the spirits. The context for most Dayak bird augury is agriculture and its success or failure. The environmental variables that determine agricultural success are not empirically linked to any bird omen, nor is the character or heeding of any omen correlated with agricultural outcomes; the meaning of augural signs is thus completely arbitrary, like the roll of dice. The history of omen-taking is associated with rice cultivation, in particular its precarity: the uncertainty of rice cultivation is mimetically reflected in the uncertainty of omen-taking. This augural system falls into the ethnographic category of practices like the poison oracle of the Azande of northern Central Africa, a means of constructing contingency as a valuable cultural resource.
A Non-Western Panopticon
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses an ancient South Asian and Southeast Asian cosmology of rule, based on the “mandala.” According to this concept, earthly harmony is achieved by replicating the macrocosm of the universe in the microcosm of the earthly kingdom. Unexplored in the literature on mandala kingdoms, however, are the implications of this concept for state surveillance. This is illustrated by the Yogyakarta Sultanate in Central Java, which was historically structured along mandala lines. Lying at the foot of Merapi volcano, the lowland court is thought to have a spirit counterpart in the crater of the volcano. Perturbation in the sultanate — political misdeeds, for example — is thought to result in perturbation in the spirit world of the volcano. Belief in this linkage between mundane and spirit worlds is reflected in close surveillance of volcanic activity by the Yogyakarta court and also by the national government. This surveillance calls to mind the concept of the panopticon prison. The concept of the mandala and derivative ideas, like that of seeking insight from mountains and mirrors, are — like the panopticon itself — essentially perspectivist in character and give people a valuable perspective on living in a hazardous environment like Merapi volcano.
Intentions Pessimism
Authors: Rosato Sebastian
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines a theory called intentions pessimism. It begins by describing the information problems that confront states seeking to divine each other’s intentions. The first problem is that it is particularly difficult for a great power to access firsthand information about another state’s current intentions, that state’s actual ideas about how it intends to behave. The second problem is that although great powers can acquire information about each other’s declarations, interests, and actions, all of which are related to its intentions, this secondhand information is unreliable, which is to say that it is consistent with both benign and malign intent. The third problem is that states cannot access firsthand information about each other’s future intentions, while secondhand information on the matter is especially unreliable. The chapter then argues that given the inextricable link between information, on the one hand, and certainty and uncertainty on the other, these problems of access, reliability, and the future virtually preclude great powers from being confident that their peers have benign intentions, or more simply, from trusting them. Indeed, they typically cause states to be acutely uncertain about each other’s intentions. The chapter concludes by exploring the effects of uncertainty on great power politics.
The Bismarck Era
Authors: Rosato Sebastian
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines German-Russian relations during the Bismarck era (1871-90). The bulk of the chapter draws on the primary and secondary historical record to evaluate how key German and Russian decision makers thought about each other’s intentions in the periods before and after the formation of the First Dreikaiserbund, the Congress of Berlin, the creation of the Second Dreikaiserbund, and the making of the Reinsurance Treaty. Were they confident that their counterparts had benign intentions—that is, did they trust each other—as asserted by intentions optimists? Or were they uncertain about each other’s intentions, which is to say that they mistrusted each other, as suggested by intentions pessimism? Having shown that Berlin and St. Petersburg were far from confident that the other side had benign intentions throughout the Bismarck era, the chapter concludes by describing the shape of the resulting German-Russian security competition.
Conclusion
Authors: Quigley Jennifer A.
Published: September 2021

This concluding chapter returns to the Letter to the Philippians, considering the ways in which a framework of theo-economics helps one to better understand the letter. Theo-economics highlights the multiple transactional entanglements of human and divine beings in early Christ communities in Philippi. As comparing Paul's Letter to the Philippians and Polycarp's Letter to the Philippians helped to trace one of many afterlives of the theo-economic themes present in early Christianity, a broader study compiling evidence from several texts and contexts would begin to untangle the diverse ways in which gender, economy, and theology are intertwined in early Christianity. The chapter then looks at some of the broader implications of the book's approach for New Testament and early Christian studies, for Roman historians, and for the study of religion. By taking seriously the ways in which persons in antiquity understood themselves to be participating in transactions with the divine, one can begin to break down some of the scholarly categories that separate theology from economics.
The Allied Health Professions
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Borthwick Alan
Published: September 2021

The allied health professions have gained legitimacy through the pursuit of research evidence and the standardisation of practice. Yet there remains very little analysis or understanding of these professions. Adopting theory from the sociology of health professions, this book explores the sociological, economic, political and philosophical pressures that have shaped the professions. Drawing on case studies and examples from occupations including optometrists, occupational therapists and physiotherapists to emerging vocations, including pedorthists and allied health assistants, the book offers an innovative comparison of allied health professions in Australia and Britain. By telling the story of their past, the book prepares the allied health professions for a new and different future.
The support workforce within the allied health division of labour
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Borthwick Alan
Published: September 2021

This chapter draws on the examples of occupational therapy assistants (OTAs) and podiatry assistants to examine the development and growth of the support workforce in allied health, and the considerations for the allied health professions. Allied health professionals have successfully devolved several aspects of their work to a growing support workforce, such as allied health assistants. These roles are becoming increasingly standardised in terms of training, titles, recognition and regulation. These occupations are often seen as transitional roles rather than aspiring professions in their own right, and may occupy an interdisciplinary space; however, there is evidence of growth and extended scope within these disciplines, such as the expansion of OTA roles into assistant practitioners.
Conclusion
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Borthwick Alan
Published: September 2021

This concluding chapter considers the policy and practice implications of the preceding chapters. Despite the prolific use of the term 'allied health', the analysis brings the reader no closer to a unifying definition of the confederation of allied health professions. It is clear that allied health professionals are distinct from medicine and nursing; however, those professional boundaries are beginning to blur as allied health professions take on traditional medical roles, such as prescribing and point-of-care testing. Despite their largely successful professionalisation strategies, the allied health professions still face many challenges in influencing service delivery in a way that optimises the use of their services. Despite many common origins to both the Australian and UK health systems, the divergence of the two systems after the Second World War created some significantly different contexts for the evolution of allied health. A defining feature of the UK NHS is the provision of almost all personal care through the health and social care portfolios. These portfolios help to create a singular definition of 'health' and 'social care', and, with few exceptions, most allied health is provided within the 'health' portfolio. The Australian system, in contrast, is highly pluralistic and there is no legislatively endorsed central recognition of or endorsement for the collective allied health professions. It remains likely that the allied health professions must continue to assume that to be a professional means to act professionally, to observe and maintain standards of behaviour that fit the image of professionalism, to construe their actions as altruistic, and to promote a service ethic and orientation.
Youth policy challenges
Authors: Bynner John , Heinz Walter R.
Published: September 2021

Policy issues arising from digitalisation in neo-liberal economies are outlined in this final section and are directed at youth policy challenges, based on the findings of the preceding chapters. The themes of inequality, identity, the digital economy, lockdown and the pandemic are centrally addressed, together with such key topics as the future of vocational education and training in the digital society, job creation, family and community life and universal connectivity. The evidence makes the point that government should be under an obligation to ensure that every young person has access to the material, social, technical and educational resources needed to shape match their goals and to acquire the capability to participate fully in the digital society. Young people’s prospects must be promoted by policy innovations that address structural disadvantages and defeat the COVID-19 pandemic.
Big Brother is Watching and Controlling You
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how data-driven technologies are deployed as mass surveillance and social credit scoring in China and their threat to democracy. Over the last decade, China has put in place a state-sponsored system of mass automated surveillance. It has successfully managed to limit the Internet to state-approved websites, apps, and social media, corralling users into a monitored, non-anonymous environment and preventing access to overseas media and information. From December of 2019, all mobile phone users registering new SIM cards must agree to a facial recognition scan to prove their identity. The state has also facilitated the transition from anonymous cash to traceable digital transactions. Most significantly, the state has created a social credit scoring system that pulls together various forms of data into a historical archive and uses it to assign each citizen and company a set of scores that affects their lifestyles and ability to trade. On the one hand, this is about making the credit information publicly accessible, so that those who are deemed untrustworthy are publicly shamed and lose their reputation. On the other hand, it is about guilt-by-association and administering collective punishment. This sociality works to minimize protest and unrest and reinforce the logic of the system.
Security Theatre
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates the Kafkaesque procedures involved in data-driven airport security. It considers the experience of a passenger who keeps being selected for a special security check. While waiting in line for the security check, he has a conversation with another passenger who had been suffering the same drama for four years. The passenger recounts how he has been trying to find a way to get off the list, but the Transportation Security Administration officers do not seem to know why a passenger is on it. Moreover, there is no process to get off it. A man told the passenger once that not even the people that programmed the system know why a person is selected; they do not know what the critical data points are because the system self-learns.
Data for the People, by the People
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: September 2021

This chapter assesses how citizens can take a more active role in using data for the public good through civic hacking, citizen science, and data justice initiatives. The 'Myq.ie' project, and the other Code for Ireland projects, are an example of civic hacking: citizens linking together practices of civic innovation with computer hacking to address local issues. In the case of Code for Ireland, members of the local community created their own data-driven apps using accessible datasets, and in some cases produced their own data as well, for other citizens to use. The work is altruistic, performed for the good of the community rather than to create a paid service, and is often undertaken over a number of months or years. Closely related to civic hacking is the practice of citizen science. Here, members of the public generate data and undertake analysis on an ongoing basis to better understand a local phenomenon, or to contribute to a wider scientific study.
Ultra-compact dual-mode mode-size converter for silicon photonic few-mode fiber interfaces
Authors: Cheng Lirong , Mao Simei , Chen Zhenmin , Wang Yinghui , Zhao Caiyue , Fu H. Y.
Published: September 2021

Fiber couplers usually take a lot of space on photonic integrated circuits due to the large mode-size mismatch between the waveguide and fiber, especially when a fiber with larger core is utilized, such as a few-mode fiber. We demonstrate experimentally that such challenge can be overcome by an ultra-compact mode-size converter with a footprint of only 10 µm. Our device expands TE0 and TE1 waveguide modes simultaneously from a 1-µm wide strip waveguide to an 18-µm wide slab on a 220-nm thick silicon-on-insulator, with calculated losses of 0.75 dB and 0.68 dB, respectively. The fabricated device has a measured insertion loss of 1.02 dB for TE0 mode and 1.59 dB for TE1 mode. By connecting the ultra-compact converter with diffraction grating couplers, higher-order modes in a few-mode fiber can be generated with a compact footprint on-chip.
Ultra-sensitive amplitude engineering and sign reversal of circular dichroism in quasi-3D chiral nanostructures
Authors: Wei Wei , Chen Shanshan , Ji Chang-yin , Qiao Shuqi , Guo Honglian , Feng Shuai , Li Jiafang
Published: September 2021

Circular dichroism (CD), as one of the most representative chiroptical effects, provides a simple strategy for the detection and characterization of the molecular chirality. The enhancement and sign reversal of CD are of great importance for its practical applications in chiral bio-sensing, chirality switching and optical filtering, etc. Here, we realize considerable adjustments and the sign reversal of CD in quasi-three-dimensional (quasi-3D) combined Archimedean spiral nanostructures. With special local and lattice configurations, the nanostructures have both right-handed and left-handed geometric chirality, which are designed based on the proximity effect of stencil lithography. We find that the CD response of the nanostructures becomes obvious once its height exceeds 200 nm and can be adjusted by the further increase of the height or the change of the blade spacing of the nanostructures. The CD reversal is achieved by utilizing the competition of two chiral centers when the height or blade spacing exceeds a critical value. Further analysis of the scattering power of multipole moments reveals that the CD modulation is determined by both magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment. Benefiting from the highly sensitive CD response to the height, the extreme sign reversal of CD is achieved when a sub-10-nm ultrathin medium layer is anchored on the surface of the nanostructures, which provides a promising strategy for ultra-sensitive chiral bio-sensing.
Membrane-binding mechanism of the EEA1 FYVE domain revealed by multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Larsen Andreas Haahr , Tata Lilya , John Laura H. , Sansom Mark S. P.
Published: September 2021

Early Endosomal Antigen 1 (EEA1) is a key protein in endosomal trafficking and is implicated in both autoimmune and neurological diseases. The C-terminal FYVE domain of EEA1 binds endosomal membranes, which contain phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P). Although it is known that FYVE binds PI(3)P specifically, it has not previously been described of how FYVE attaches and binds to endosomal membranes. In this study, we employed both coarse-grained (CG) and atomistic (AT) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to determine how FYVE binds to PI(3)P-containing membranes. CG-MD showed that the dominant membrane binding mode resembles the crystal structure of EEA1 FYVE domain in complex with inositol-1,3-diphospate (PDB ID 1JOC). FYVE, which is a homodimer, binds the membrane via a hinge mechanism, where the C-terminus of one monomer first attaches to the membrane, followed by the C-terminus of the other monomer. The estimated total binding energy is ~70 kJ/mol, of which 50–60 kJ/mol stems from specific PI(3)P-interactions. By AT-MD, we could partition the binding mode into two types: (i) adhesion by electrostatic FYVE-PI(3)P interaction, and (ii) insertion of amphipathic loops. The AT simulations also demonstrated flexibility within the FYVE homodimer between the C-terminal heads and coiled-coil stem. This leads to a dynamic model whereby the 200 nm long coiled coil attached to the FYVE domain dimer can amplify local hinge-bending motions such that the Rab5-binding domain at the other end of the coiled coil can explore an area of 0.1 μm2 in the search for a second endosome with which to interact.
No increased circular inference in adults with high levels of autistic traits or autism
Authors: Angeletos Chrysaitis Nikitas , Jardri Renaud , Denève Sophie , Seriès Peggy
Published: September 2021

Autism spectrum disorders have been proposed to arise from impairments in the probabilistic integration of prior knowledge with sensory inputs. Circular inference is one such possible impairment, in which excitation-to-inhibition imbalances in the cerebral cortex cause the reverberation and amplification of prior beliefs and sensory information. Recent empirical work has associated circular inference with the clinical dimensions of schizophrenia. Inhibition impairments have also been observed in autism, suggesting that signal reverberation might be present in that condition as well. In this study, we collected data from 21 participants with self-reported diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders and 155 participants with a broad range of autistic traits in an online probabilistic decision-making task (the fisher task). We used previously established Bayesian models to investigate possible associations between autistic traits or autism and circular inference. There was no correlation between prior or likelihood reverberation and autistic traits across the whole sample. Similarly, no differences in any of the circular inference model parameters were found between autistic participants and those with no diagnosis. Furthermore, participants incorporated information from both priors and likelihoods in their decisions, with no relationship between their weights and psychiatric traits, contrary to what common theories for both autism and schizophrenia would suggest. These findings suggest that there is no increased signal reverberation in autism, despite the known presence of excitation-to-inhibition imbalances. They can be used to further contrast and refine the Bayesian theories of schizophrenia and autism, revealing a divergence in the computational mechanisms underlying the two conditions.
A unified mechanism for innate and learned visual landmark guidance in the insect central complex
Authors: Goulard Roman , Buehlmann Cornelia , Niven Jeremy E. , Graham Paul , Webb Barbara
Published: September 2021

Insects can navigate efficiently in both novel and familiar environments, and this requires flexiblity in how they are guided by sensory cues. A prominent landmark, for example, can elicit strong innate behaviours (attraction or menotaxis) but can also be used, after learning, as a specific directional cue as part of a navigation memory. However, the mechanisms that allow both pathways to co-exist, interact or override each other are largely unknown. Here we propose a model for the behavioural integration of innate and learned guidance based on the neuroanatomy of the central complex (CX), adapted to control landmark guided behaviours. We consider a reward signal provided either by an innate attraction to landmarks or a long-term visual memory in the mushroom bodies (MB) that modulates the formation of a local vector memory in the CX. Using an operant strategy for a simulated agent exploring a simple world containing a single visual cue, we show how the generated short-term memory can support both innate and learned steering behaviour. In addition, we show how this architecture is consistent with the observed effects of unilateral MB lesions in ants that cause a reversion to innate behaviour. We suggest the formation of a directional memory in the CX can be interpreted as transforming rewarding (positive or negative) sensory signals into a mapping of the environment that describes the geometrical attractiveness (or repulsion). We discuss how this scheme might represent an ideal way to combine multisensory information gathered during the exploration of an environment and support optimal cue integration.
Drug-induced resistance evolution necessitates less aggressive treatment
Authors: Kuosmanen Teemu , Cairns Johannes , Noble Robert , Beerenwinkel Niko , Mononen Tommi , Mustonen Ville
Published: September 2021

Increasing body of experimental evidence suggests that anticancer and antimicrobial therapies may themselves promote the acquisition of drug resistance by increasing mutability. The successful control of evolving populations requires that such biological costs of control are identified, quantified and included to the evolutionarily informed treatment protocol. Here we identify, characterise and exploit a trade-off between decreasing the target population size and generating a surplus of treatment-induced rescue mutations. We show that the probability of cure is maximized at an intermediate dosage, below the drug concentration yielding maximal population decay, suggesting that treatment outcomes may in some cases be substantially improved by less aggressive treatment strategies. We also provide a general analytical relationship that implicitly links growth rate, pharmacodynamics and dose-dependent mutation rate to an optimal control law. Our results highlight the important, but often neglected, role of fundamental eco-evolutionary costs of control. These costs can often lead to situations, where decreasing the cumulative drug dosage may be preferable even when the objective of the treatment is elimination, and not containment. Taken together, our results thus add to the ongoing criticism of the standard practice of administering aggressive, high-dose therapies and motivate further experimental and clinical investigation of the mutagenicity and other hidden collateral costs of therapies.