bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pinning synchronization of nonlinear hybrid‐coupled complex networks with double time delays via aperiodically intermittent adaptive control
Authors: Guo Wanli , Luo Wenqiang , He Wennuo
Published: September 2020

In this article, the synchronization problem for nonlinear hybrid‐coupled complex networks with both coupling and internal self‐feedback delays is studied. An aperiodically intermittent adaptive control is employed for a fraction of nodes to pin the whole network to the synchronization state. Some sufficient conditions for realizing global synchronization are derived based on Halanay inequality and Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, a simulation example verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Adaptive fuzzy finite‐time consensus tracking for multiple Euler‐Lagrange systems with unknown control directions
Authors: Liu Guoqing , Zhao Lin
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the problem of adaptive fuzzy finite‐time consensus tracking control for multiple Euler‐Lagrange systems (ELSs) with uncertain dynamics and unknown control directions (UCDs) is investigated. The computational complexity problem in conventional backstepping is avoided by using finite‐time command filter (FTCF), and the error in the filtering process is eliminated through error compensation signals. The fuzzy logic system combined with the adaptive control technique is applied to approximate and estimate the unknown nonlinear dynamics of ELS. The Nussbaum function‐based continuous and nonsmooth input control torque is established to eliminate the influence of UCDs, and the proposed control scheme can guarantee the consensus tracking errors converge to the desired neighborhood of the origin within a finite time. Numerical simulation is used to test the effectiveness of the given algorithm.
Synergistic Antimicrobial Titanium Carbide (MXene) Conjugated with Gold Nanoclusters
Authors: Zheng Kaiyuan , Li Shuo , Jing Lin , Chen Po‐Yen , Xie Jianping
Published: September 2020

Bacterial resistance toward antibiotics is a world‐wide problem, and one potential solution to fight against the resistance is to develop multi‐mechanism antimicrobial agents to achieve synergistic performance. Titanium carbide (MXene) is an emerging 2D nanomaterial with antimicrobial ability to physically damage bacterial membrane and chemically induce oxidative stress, and it can be further conjugated with nanomaterials to improve its antibacterial performance. Herein, a synergistic antimicrobial agent is developed through conjugation of the ultra‐small gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) on MXene nanosheets. The conjugated AuNCs are effectively delivered into bacteria after bacterial membrane damage caused by MXene, generating localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) of high concentration to effectively oxidize bacterial membrane lipid for enhanced membrane broken, as well as bacterial DNA for violent fragmentation. Thus, the synergistic physical (via MXene) and chemical (via MXene and AuNCs) antimicrobial mechanisms lead to eventual bacterial death of both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, with low IC50 values of 11.7 µg mL−1 of MXene and 0.04 µm of AuNCs. Moreover, the crumpled MXene‐AuNCs structure is constructed to inhibit biofilm formation, which hold synergistic antibacterial ability of MXene‐AuNCs conjugation, hydrophobic surface to prevent bacterial attachment, and large surface area containing higher density of bactericides.
Solid Materials with Near‐Infrared‐Induced Fluorescence Modulation
Authors: Otaegui Jaume Ramon , Rubirola Pau , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel , Hernando Jordi , Roscini Claudio
Published: September 2020

Solid molecular materials modulating their luminescent properties upon irradiation are typically based on photochromic dyes. Despite these are potentially interesting for applications such as anticounterfeiting, bioimaging, optical data storage, and writable/erasable devices, key features are preventing their use in marketable products: the lack of straightforward strategies to obtain near infrared (NIR) radiation‐responding photochromic dyes and the dramatic response modification these molecules suffer in solids. Herein a photochrome‐free approach is reported to achieve solid materials whose luminescence modulation is induced by NIR radiation. This strategy is based on the capacity of phase change materials (PCMs) to modify the emission properties of fluorescent dyes upon photothermally induced interconversion between their solid and liquid states. The preparation of several NIR‐responsive thermofluorochromic materials of high fatigue resistance and nondestructive readout is illustrated and this approach is extended to different commercially available dyes, taking advantage of distinct fluorescence modulation mechanisms, providing, thus, color tunability. The modulation response is straightforwardly tuned by simply varying the irradiation power density, the gold nanoshell concentration, and/or the PCM type. This tunability allows to accomplish NIR‐activated multistate thermofluorochromic materials and fast/slow/irreversible responses in NIR‐writings/drawings of good spatial resolution, which can be of interest for barcodings, anticounterfeiting technologies and (re)writable devices.
Electro‐Stimulation, a Promising Therapeutic Treatment Modality for Tissue Repair: Emerging Roles of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Electro‐Regulatory Mediators of Intrinsic Repair Processes
Authors: Hayes Anthony J. , Melrose James
Published: September 2020

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of diverse biomolecules that decorate proteoglycans in the glycocalyx and extracellular matrix of all cells. They exist as linear polysaccharide chains consisting of repeating disaccharide units that can be variably sulfated and carboxylated along their GAG chain length. These ionizable carboxyl and sulfate groups on GAGs create charged interactive motifs that convey cell regulatory properties important in tissue homeostasis and the maintenance of optimal tissue function. GAGs participate in a number of essential physiological processes including coagulation‐fibrinolysis, matrix assembly and stabilization, immune regulation, and the complement system. The high fixed charge density and the counter‐ions of GAGs is central to their role in the hydration of various connective tissues within the body. Charge transfer properties of GAGs make them amenable to electro‐stimulation and offers a potential mechanism for promoting or enhancing cellular tissue repair processes. This review is undertaken to illustrate these properties and to gain a better understanding of how these processes might be manipulated through electro‐stimulation to help improve tissue repair and the recovery of normal function in traumatized tissues. Weight‐bearing and tension‐bearing, collagen‐rich, avascular tissues have intrinsically poor repair properties and represent difficult clinical challenges. Electro‐stimulation represents a novel approach with significant potential in the stimulation of repair in these most intransigent of tissues.
Checklist for infection control in the emergency department
Authors: Sasaki Junichi , Shiino Yasukazu , Kato Yasuyuki , Kudo Daisuke , Fujita Masahisa , Miyairi Isao , Mochizuki Toru , Okuda Hiroshi , Nagato Tadashi , Nabetani Yoshiko , Takahashi Takeshi ,   The Committee for Infection Control in the Emergency Department,   The Joint Working Group
Published: September 2020

The risk of encountering human‐to‐human infections, including emerging infectious diseases, should be adequately and appropriately addressed in the emergency department. However, guidelines based on sufficient evidence on infection control in the emergency department have not been developed anywhere in the world. Each facility examines and implements its own countermeasures. The Japanese Association for Acute Medicine has established the “Committee for Infection Control in the Emergency Department” in cooperation with the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases, Japanese Society for Infection Prevention and Control, Japanese Society for Emergency Medicine, and Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology. A joint working group has been established to consider appropriate measures. This group undertook a comprehensive and multifaceted review of infection control measures for emergency outpatients and related matters, and released a checklist for infection control in emergency departments. This checklist has been prepared such that even small emergency departments with few or no emergency physicians can control infection by following the checklist, without committing any major errors. The checklist includes a control system for infection control, education, screening, and vaccination, prompt response to suspected infections, and management of the risk of infection in facilities. In addition, the timing of the check and interval at which the check is carried out are specified as categories. We hope that this checklist will contribute to improving infection control in the emergency department.
Association of Plasma Neurofilament Light with Postoperative Delirium
Authors: Fong Tamara G. , Vasunilashorn Sarinnapha M. , Ngo Long , Libermann Towia A. , Dillon Simon T. , Schmitt Eva M. , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Arnold Steven E. , Jones Richard N. , Marcantonio Edward R. , Inouye Sharon K. ,   for the SAGES Study Group
Published: September 2020

Objective

To examine the association of the plasma neuroaxonal injury markers neurofilament light (NfL), total tau, glial fibrillary acid protein, and ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase L1 with delirium, delirium severity, and cognitive performance.

Methods

Delirium case–no delirium control (n = 108) pairs were matched by age, sex, surgery type, cognition, and vascular comorbidities. Biomarkers were measured in plasma collected preoperatively (PREOP), and 2 days (POD2) and 30 days postoperatively (PO1MO) using Simoa technology (Quanterix, Lexington, MA). The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and CAM‐S (Severity) were used to measure delirium and delirium severity, respectively. Cognitive function was measured with General Cognitive Performance (GCP) scores.

Results

Delirium cases had higher NfL on POD2 and PO1MO (median matched pair difference = 16.2pg/ml and 13.6pg/ml, respectively; p < 0.05). Patients with PREOP and POD2 NfL in the highest quartile (Q4) had increased risk for incident delirium (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–12.6] and 4.6 [95% CI = 1.2–18.2], respectively) and experienced more severe delirium, with sum CAM‐S scores 7.8 points (95% CI = 1.6–14.0) and 9.3 points higher (95% CI = 3.2–15.5). At PO1MO, delirium cases had continued high NfL (adjusted OR = 9.7, 95% CI = 2.3–41.4), and those with Q4 NfL values showed a −2.3 point decline in GCP score (−2.3 points, 95% CI = −4.7 to −0.9).

Interpretation

Patients with the highest PREOP or POD2 NfL levels were more likely to develop delirium. Elevated NfL at PO1MO was associated with delirium and greater cognitive decline. These findings suggest NfL may be useful as a predictive biomarker for delirium risk and long‐term cognitive decline, and once confirmed would provide pathophysiological evidence for neuroaxonal injury following delirium. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:984–994
Expression profile analysis of circular RNAs in BmN cells (Bombyx mori) upon BmNPV infection
Authors: Zhang Shaolun , Shen Manman , Yin Haotong , Huang Haoling , Li Tao , Zhao Weiguo , Guo Xijie , Wu Ping
Published: September 2020

The disease caused by Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) has always been difficult to control, resulting in tremendous economic losses in the sericulture industry. Although much has been learned about the impact of noncoding RNAs on pathogenesis, the role of circular RNA (circRNA) in insect immunity remains unclear. To explore circRNA regulation involved in BmNPV infection, we used transcriptome analysis of BmN cells with or without BmNPV infection to generate circRNA data set. A total of 444 novel circRNAs were identified in BmN cells, with 198 pervasively distributed both in the control group and BmNPV‐infection group. The host genes were enriched inMAPK signaling pathway, dorso–ventral axis formation, and ECM–receptor interaction, which were required for the normal larval growth. A total of 75 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) on BmNPV infection. Six downregulated circRNAs were validated by Sanger sequencing and qRT‐PCR. DEcircRNA–miRNA–DEmRNA network was constructed based on the six validated circRNAs. Pathway analysis indicated that the predicted target genes were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathway and immune‐related signaling pathway. Our results may provide a basis for further studies on circRNA function in BmN cells challenged by BmNPV infection and offer an insight into the molecular mechanism on silkworm–virus interaction.
Data‐based design of robust fault detection and isolation residuals via LASSO optimization and Bayesian filtering
Authors: Cascianelli Silvia , Costante Gabriele , Crocetti Francesco , Ricci Elisa , Valigi Paolo , Luca Fravolini Mario
Published: September 2020

In this paper, a data‐based approach for the design of structured residual subsets for the robust isolation of sensor faults is proposed. Linear regression models are employed to estimate faulty signals and to build a set of primary residuals. L1‐regularized least squares estimation is used to identify model parameters and to enforce sparsity of the solutions by increasing the regularization weight. In this way, it is possible to generate a set of residuals generators with different fault sensitivity. Then, a residual selection procedure based on fault sensitivity maximization is proposed to extract a minimum size subset of structured residuals that allows for isolation of the faulty sensor. To overcome modelling uncertainty, a robust recursive Bayesian Filter has been employed to process, online, the distance of the residuals from nominal fault directions, providing a fault probability for each sensor. The proposed method has been validated by designing and testing a fault isolation scheme for six aircraft sensors using multi‐flight experimental data of a P92 Tecnam aircraft.
Analysis of linear proportional delay systems via hybrid functions method
Authors: Hoseini Sayyed Mohammad
Published: September 2020

In this paper, an approximate method for solving delayed differential equations involving pantograph‐type delay is proposed. The method is based upon hybrid function approximations. The properties of hybrid functions of block‐pulse functions and the well‐known Legendre polynomials are provided. The operational matrix of pantograph‐type delay corresponding to the method is presented. The associated operational matrices of delay, derivative, and product are utilized to reduce the original problem into a system of algebraic equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method.
Secondary metabolite contents and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts reveal genetic variability of Vernonia amygdalina and Vernonia calvoana morphotypes
Authors: Dumas Nguimkeng Gaintse Eric , Anderson Ngandjui Tchangoue Yvan , Godswill Ntsomboh‐Ntsefong , Thiruvengadam Muthu , Ana‐Maria Gheldiu , Ramona Paltinean , Crisan Gianina Cristina , Laurian Vlase , Shariati Mohammad Ali , Tokhtarov Zhaiyk , Emmanuel Youmbi
Published: September 2020

Vernonia species (Asteraceae) are indigenous medicinal and food leaf vegetables commonly consumed in some African countries like Cameroon where they constitute a staple dish called “ndolé.” Previous studies have demonstrated the nutritional importance of Vernonia, but there is little knowledge of their agronomic value and genetic potentials. Wide genetic variability in the genus has been established earlier through the study of its pollen. However, to the best of our understanding, no such study has been undertaken on the genetic variability of Vernonia with respect to its secondary metabolites. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the genetic variability of Vernonia amygdalina (VAA and VALF) and V. calvoana (VCAB, VCAV, VCSB, and VCSV) morphotypes in 2016 based on secondary metabolite content and antimicrobial properties. This involved phytochemical analysis by HPLC/MS for the detection of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in leaves from each of the six genotypes. Results showed that all tested genotypes are rich in phenols (18 analyzed), flavonoids, and tannins with, VAA richer in phenols (206.1 ± 3.12 µg/g of dry extract), followed by VCAV (197.9 ± 18.03 µg/g). The lowest level of flavonoid was found in VCSV (81.6 ± 7.21 µg/g), while the highest was from VCAB (132.8 ± 31.5 µg/g). VCSV (56.3 ± 4.08 µg/g) had the lowest level of tannins, while VCAB (97.8 ± 23.8 µg/g) had the highest levels. Assessment of antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from the six genotypes was done by culture on Mueller Hinton (MH) agar and MH broth agar for bacteria and in Sabouraud dextrose agar and Sabouraud dextrose broth media for fungi, respectively. All morphotypes exhibited inhibitory activity on bacteria except VAA, with isoquercetin characteristic of VCSV. Chemotaxonomic analyses of Vernonia morphotypes highlighted the genetic diversity within species and variability of antimicrobial properties of ethanolic leaf extracts among morphotypes. These results provide baseline data in the valuation of genetic resources and the establishment of improvement programs.
Improved Cell Selectivity of Symmetric α‐Helical Peptides Derived From Trp‐Rich Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Lee Hyunhee , Yang Sungtae , Shin Song Yub
Published: September 2020

Although Trp‐rich antimicrobial peptides (TRAMPs) such as tritrpticin and indolicidin exert potent antimicrobial activity, they have several drawbacks in therapeutic application, such as low cell selectivity and strong hemolytic activity. Here, we designed α‐helical TRAMPs with symmetric amino acid sequences based on pseudo‐symmetric tritrpticin and indolicidin. Compared with the parental pseudo‐symmetric TRAMPs, the symmetric α‐helical TRAMPs were highly effective against Gram‐positive bacteria, including clinically isolated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium. The symmetric α‐helical TRAMPs exhibited negligible or very low toxicity against mammalian cells, including human erythrocytes. The symmetric peptides caused a rapid collapse of bacterial membrane potential and destabilized negatively charged lipid membranes, indicating that they act on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane as a primary mode of action. Taken together, these findings imply that symmetric TRAMPs with an α‐helical structure offer significant potential for development as novel therapeutics to overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance in Gram‐positive pathogens.
A validated LC–MS/MS method for the determination of RAF inhibitor LXH254: Application to pharmacokinetic study in rat
Authors: Li Rong , Ren Meiping , Lu Wei , Yuan Yunhua , Li Jian , Zhong Wu
Published: September 2020

In this study, a simple and sensitive UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS method was established for the determination of LXH254 in rat plasma. The developed method was validated according to the Food and Drug administration guidelines. After extraction using ethyl acetate, the sample was separated on an ACQUITY BEH C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of 2 mM ammonium acetate containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase with gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. A TSQ triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in positive‐ion mode was used for mass detection, with multiple reaction monitoring transitions of m/z 503.3 > 459.1 and m/z 435.3 > 367.1 for LXH254 and olaparib (internal standard), respectively. An excellent linearity was achieved in the concentration range of 0.1–1000 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient >0.998. The mean recovery was more than 78.55%. Inter‐ and intra‐day precision (percentage of relative standard deviation) did not exceed 12.87%, and accuracy was in the range of −2.50 to 13.50%. LXH254 was demonstrated to be stable under the tested storage conditions. The validated UHPLC–MS/MS method was further applied to the pharmacokinetic study of LXH254 in rat plasma after oral (2, 5, and 15 mg/kg) and intravenous (2 mg/kg) administrations. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that LXH254 showed low clearance, moderate bioavailability (~30%), and linear pharmacokinetic profile over the oral dose range of 2–15 mg/kg. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the method development and validation of the determination of LXH254 and its application to pharmacokinetic study.
Embedding 3D models in offline physical environments
Authors: Ertugrul Egemen , Zhang Han , Zhu Fang , Lu Ping , Li Ping , Sheng Bin , Wu Enhua
Published: September 2020

This article introduces a novel approach for embedding 3D models in offline physical environments using quick response (QR) codes. Unlike conventional methods, we consider settings where 3D models cannot be retrieved from a remote server. Our method involves generating octree models from voxelized 3D models and storing them in QR codes using a space‐efficient data structure. This allows storing 3D models that are both intelligible and purposeful on standard QR codes while addressing the major storage constraint that is present in offline situations. Furthermore, we explore 3D convolutional neural networks (CNN) and autoencoders (AE) to compress 3D models with high resolutions where using octrees alone does not suffice. To the best of our knowledge, our AE network is the first to employ octrees to further compress its encoded data. Through user‐friendly desktop and mobile applications, we allow users to encode, decode and visualize 3D models in augmented reality (AR) using QR codes, thus experiment with our methods. The proposed approach enables unique applications and future research in ubiquitous computing, 3D data compression and transmission, 3D AEs, AR and Virtual Reality, low‐cost autonomous robots, and 3D printing.
Stable Organic Titanium Catalysts and Reactive Distillation Used for the Transesterification of Dimethyl Carbonate with Phenol
Authors: Shen Weihua , Ge Qing , Gu Kaijie , Nie Yingying , Jiao Linyu , Zhu Zhiqing , Fang Yunjin
Published: September 2020

The transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with phenol to methyl phenyl carbonate (MPC) was investigated on novel catalysts such as titanium diisopropoxide bis(ethyl acetoacetate) and titanium dibutoxide bis(ethyl acetoacetate) in a closed batch reactor at 185–206 °C under high pressure. The produced methanol could be removed efficiently by reactive distillation in order to overcome the equilibrium. The prepared catalysts have higher resistance to water than titanium alkoxides. Phenol conversion as high as 86.4 % with an MPC selectivity of 99.4 % was achieved under optimal reaction conditions within 9 h. Most of the catalytic activity was retained after repeated use for ten times.
Tackling brain metastases from lung cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Mummudi Naveen , Tibdewal Anil , Gupta Tejpal , Patil Vijay , Prabhash Kumar , Agarwal Jai Prakash
Published: September 2020

Given the enormous strain the COVID‐19 pandemic has put on healthcare worldwide, appropriate allocation of resources according to priority is of immense importance. As brain metastases are a common presentation in lung cancer, during the pandemic, it potentially can pose a major management challenge to clinicians. In this article, we outline a pragmatic approach that oncologists should consider while managing these patients. The overarching principle is to deliver best, evidence‐based treatment without compromising patient care while ensuring the safety of healthcare workers.
Paired tumor sequencing and germline testing in breast cancer management: An experience of a single academic center
Authors: Elliott Elizabeth , Speare Virginia , Coggan James , Espenschied Carin , LaDuca Holly , Yussuf Amal F. , Burgess Kelly , Gray Phillip , Cobleigh Melody , Rao Ruta , Patel Jeremy , Kuzel Timothy , Buckingham Lela E. , Usha Lydia
Published: September 2020

Background

Genetic testing for cancer predisposition is recommended to women with breast cancer who meet the criteria for such testing. After the FDA approvals of the poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, olaparib and talazoparib, for treatment of metastatic breast cancer, carrying germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, the genetic testing result has become critical in their care. With the recent FDA approval of alpelisib for the treatment of PIK3CA‐mutated hormone‐receptor positive metastatic breast cancer, tumor molecular profiling to identify somatic mutations and potential molecularly targeted agents is increasingly utilized in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.

Aim

Combining germline and somatic sequencing (paired testing) offers an advantage over a single technique approach. Our study evaluates the role of paired testing on the management of breast cancer patients.

Methods and Results

Forty‐three breast cancer patients treated at Rush University Medical Center underwent paired germline and somatic variant testing in 2015 to 2017. A retrospective chart review was conducted with the analysis of demographic, clinical, and genomic data. Three actionable germline variants were found in the CHEK2 (2) and ATM (1) genes. 95% of tumors had somatic mutations. Seventy‐seven percent of tumors had genomic alterations targetable with agents approved for breast cancer and 88% had molecular targets for agents approved for other cancers. Clinical examples of such use are described and potential future directions of tumor and paired testing are discussed.

Conclusions

Germline variants were present in a relatively small patient group not routinely tested for inherited alterations. Potentially targetable somatic alterations were identified in the majority of breast cancers. Paired testing is a feasible and efficient approach that delivers valuable information for the care of breast cancer patients and eliminates serial testing.
ISAC Probe Tag Dictionary: Standardized Nomenclature for Detection and Visualization Labels Used in Cytometry and Microscopy Imaging
Authors: Blenman Kim R. M. , Spidlen Josef , Parks David R. , Moore Wayne , Treister Adam , Leif Robert , Bray Chris , Goldberg Michael ,   ISAC Data Standards Task Force, Brinkman Ryan
Published: September 2020

Since the advent of microscopy imaging and flow cytometry, there has been an explosion in the number of probes, consisting of a component binding to an analyte and a detectable tag, to mark areas of interest in or on cells and tissue. Probe tags have been created to detect and/or visualize probes. Over time, these probe tags have increased in number. The expansion has resulted in arbitrarily created synonyms of probe tags used in publications and software. The synonyms are problematic for readability of publications, accuracy of text/data mining, and bridging data from multiple platforms, protocols, and databases for Big Data analysis. Development and implementation of a universal language for probe tags will ensure equivalent quality and level of data being reported or extracted for clinical/scientific evaluation as well as help connect data from many platforms. The International Society for Advancement of Cytometry Data Standards Task Force composed of academic scientists and industry hardware/software/reagent manufactures have developed recommendations for a standardized nomenclature for probe tags used in cytometry and microscopy imaging. These recommendations are shared in this technical note in the form of a Probe Tag Dictionary. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Recovery of a large herbivore changes regulation of seagrass productivity in a naturally grazed Caribbean ecosystem
Authors: Gulick Alexandra G. , Johnson Robert A. , Pollock Clayton G. , Hillis‐Starr Zandy , Bolten Alan B. , Bjorndal Karen A.
Published: September 2020

What happens in meadows after populations of natural grazers rebound following centuries of low abundance? Many seagrass ecosystems are now experiencing this phenomenon with the recovery of green turtles (Chelonia mydas), large‐bodied marine herbivores that feed on seagrasses. These seagrass ecosystems provide a rare opportunity to study ecosystem‐wide shifts that result from a recovery of herbivores. We evaluate changes in regulation of seagrass productivity in a naturally grazed tropical ecosystem by (1) comparing Thalassia testudinum productivity in grazed and ungrazed areas and (2) evaluating potential regulating mechanisms of T. testudinum productivity. We established 129 green turtle exclusion cages in grazed and ungrazed areas to quantify T. testudinum growth (linear, area, mass, productivity : biomass [P:B]). In each exclosure, we recorded temperature, irradiance, water depth, nitrogen : phosphorus ratio (N:P) of blade tissue, grazing intensity before cage placement, and T. testudinum structural and nutrient characteristics. Thalassia testudinum exhibited compensatory growth in grazed areas via stimulated blade linear growth, blade area growth, and P:B across seasonal high and low growth periods and in shallow (3–4 m) and deep (9–10 m) seagrass meadows. Irradiance, depth, and N:P ratios had significant roles in regulating mass growth and P:B of T. testudinum in ungrazed areas. Depth was a significant regulating factor of mass growth and P:B in grazed areas; rates were higher and more variable in shallow meadows than in deep meadows. Grazing intensity was also a significant regulating factor for P:B, stimulating tissue turnover with increasing grazing pressure. This study provides important insights into how recovery of a large marine herbivore can result in dramatic, sustainable changes in the regulation of seagrass productivity. We also highlight the need for a historical perspective and use of appropriate indicators, including P:B and grazing intensity, when evaluating seagrass response to green turtle grazing as meadows are returned to a natural grazed state. In an age of green turtle recovery and global seagrass decline due to anthropogenic threats, a thorough understanding of green turtle–seagrass interactions at the ecosystem level is critical to ensure the restoration of seagrass ecosystems and continued recovery of green turtle populations.
Platycodin D suppresses cisplatin‐induced cytotoxicity by suppressing ROS‐mediated oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation in HEK‐293 cells
Authors: Hu Jun‐nan , Leng Jing , Shen Qiong , Liu Ying , Li Xin‐dian , Wang Shi‐han , Li Hui‐ping , Wang Zi , Wang Ying‐ping , Li Wei
Published: September 2020

Cisplatin, a proven effective chemotherapeutic agent, has been used clinically to treat malignant solid tumors, whereas its clinical use is limited by serious side effect including nephrotoxicity. Platycodin D (PD), the major and marked saponin isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum, possesses many pharmacological effects. In this study, we evaluated its protective effect against cisplatin‐induced human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK‐293) cells injury and elucidated the related mechanisms. Our results showed that PD (0.25, 0.5, and 1 μM) can dose‐dependently alleviate oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, while increasing the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Moreover, the elevation of apoptosis including Bax, Bad, cleaved caspase‐3,‐9, and decreased protein levels of Bcl‐2, Bcl‐XL induced by cisplatin were reversed after PD treatment. Importantly, PD pretreatment can also regulate PI3K/Akt and ERK/JNK/p38 signaling pathways. Furthermore, PD was found to reduce NF‐κB‐mediated inflammatory relative proteins. Our finding indicated that PD exerted significant effects on cisplatin induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammatory, which will provide evidence for the development of PD to attenuate cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity.
4‐Methyl morpholinium bis‐(thio)barbiturates: Synthesis, structure, anticancer evaluation, and CoMFA study
Authors: Noroozi Pesyan Nader , Rashidnejad Hamid , Esmaeili Mohammad Ali , Safari Elnaz , Tunç Tuncay , Alilou Mostafa , Safavi‐Sohi Reihaneh , Şahin Ertan
Published: September 2020

The reaction of symmetrical (thio)barbituric acids with aldehydes in the presence of 4‐methyl morpholine yielded a new form of 4‐methyl morpholinium bis‐(thio)barbiturate containing charge‐separated intermolecular and eight‐membered intramolecular H‐bonds. X‐ray Crystallography, FT‐IR, and 1H and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy techniques were used for structure characterizations. Some of these compounds showed potent anticancer activities. Cytotoxicity of the synthetic compounds against HeLa and MCF‐7 cell lines were performed by MTT assay. In addition, a comparative molecular field analysis was carried out, and the effects of substituents on the biological activities of these compounds were explained.
A Nanoparticle Adsorption‐Based Salt‐Resistant Foam for Gas Well Deliquification
Authors: Wang Yang , Yang Jiang
Published: September 2020

With the continuous development of gas fields, water production problems are seriously affecting production rates. Aiming at the problem of the high production rates of mineralized formation water in China's gas fields, we investigate the feasibility of a foam for gas well deliquification process using a combination of nanoparticles and surfactants. Through the combination of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants, a system with better foam stability is optimized by the hand‐shock method. Based on the formation of hydrogen bonds between the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and SiO2 nanoparticles, the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether created hydrophobicity after silica was added. Adsorbed on the gas–liquid interface, the dilatational modulus of the gas–liquid interface increased, the shift time extended, and the diameter of the generated foam is smaller, that is, a unit volume of gas can carry more liquid. Foam stability can be adjusted by altering the pH value of the foam for gas well deliquification. Last, the oil resistance of the system was improved by adding fatty alcohols. Here, a foam for gas well deliquification was established by the combination of surfactant, nanoparticles, and fatty alcohols, which has good foaming performance, stability, and oil resistance.
Self‐assembled supramolecular dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction for concentration and determination of anthraquinone compounds in Rhubarb
Authors: Chen Xuan , Tie Dan , Li An‐ni , Hu Shuang , Bi Xiao‐ping , Bai Xiao‐hong
Published: September 2020

Self‐assembled supramolecular dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed and introduced for simultaneous extraction and determination of the trace level rhein, chrysophanol, and physcion in Rhubarb. Compared with conventional dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction, the proposed method used a self‐assembled ternary supramolecular consisting of the mixed extraction solvent (heptanol and nonanol) and dispersant (acetone) to achieve high enrichment factors of target analytes. Several factors affecting performance were investigated and optimized, including the mixed extraction solvent, type and volume of the dispersant, the pH of sample phase, salt concentration, shaking time, volume of sample phase, centrifugation time, and rate. Meanwhile, the method mechanism of self‐assembled supramolecular dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction was analyzed and described. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the enrichment factors of rhein, chrysophanol, and physcion were 116.5, 325.9, and 356.1, respectively. Good linearities (r ≥ 0.9952) for all analytes, low limits of detection (less than 0.04 ng/mL), satisfactory precisions (0.1–8.9%), and accuracies (recoveries, 88.2–104.1%) were achieved. The experimental results showed that the approach was simple, fast, with short extraction time, high enrichment factors, good linearities, and low limits of detection.
Adsorption of Linear and Cyclic Multiblock Copolymers from Selective Solvent. A Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Rolińska Karolina , Sikorski Andrzej
Published: September 2020

A systematic study of the adsorption of linear and cyclic chains on a planar surface is carried out through extensive computer simulations. 3D homopolymer and multiblock copolymer chains are studied. No atomic details are taken into consideration and polymer chains are modeled as sequences of statistical segments on a cubic lattice. Adsorption of macromolecules on a homogenous flat surface is studied at different solvent conditions. Homopolymers are built of solvophobic segments while copolymers are formed of solvophilic and solvophobic blocks. A Monte Carlo simulation employing the Replica Exchange technique is used. The main question is how the chain sequence, the internal architecture, the strength of adsorption, and the solvent quality influence the macromolecular structure. It is also shown that the differences in size and in parameters of adsorption between cyclic and linear chains are relatively small. The increase in the number of solvophobic blocks has a significant impact on a chain size and coil‐to‐globule transition while the critical adsorption temperature is less sensitive in the sequence.
Resilient group consensus in heterogeneously robust networks with hybrid dynamics
Authors: Shang Yilun
Published: September 2020

This paper studies resilient coordinated control over networks with hybrid dynamics and malicious agents. In a hybrid multi‐agent system, continuous‐time and discrete‐time agents concurrently exist and communicate through local interaction. We introduce the notion of heterogeneous robustness to capture the topological structure and facilitate convergence analysis of hybrid agents over multiple subnetworks, where the exact number and identities of malicious agents are not known. A hybrid resilient strategy is first designed to ensure group consensus of the heterogeneously robust network admitting completely distributed implementation. We then develop a scaled consensus protocol which allows different clusters within each subnetwork, providing further flexibility over the resilient control tasks. Finally, some numerical examples are worked out to illustrate the effectiveness of theoretical results.
Structures and Properties of trans‐1,3,3,3‐Tetrafluoro‐ propene (HFO‐1234ze) and 2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluoropropene (HFO‐1234yf) Refrigerants
Authors: Schwabedissen Jan , Glodde Timo , Vishnevskiy Yury V. , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Flierl Lukas , Kornath Andreas J. , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: September 2020

The refrigerant trans‐1,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene (HFO‐1234ze) is used as a replacement for former cooling agents that have been phased‐out due to their global warming potential or ozone depleting potential. Although it is used on a large scale, only a few vibrational data and no structural data of HFO‐1234ze are known. We report structure determinations based on low‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data as well as gas‐phase diffraction data of HFO‐1234ze and HFO‐1234yf (2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene). Furthermore, vibrational spectra of HFO‐1234ze in all phases are described. The results are discussed together with quantum‐chemical calculations on the PBE0/cc‐pVTZ level of theory. Combustion experiments of HFO‐1234ze show carbonyl difluoride, carbon dioxide and hydrogen fluoride to be the main combustion products.
Remote Technologies Enhance Condition Assessment
Authors: Sherwood Bill
Published: September 2020

Remotely operated vehicles and related technologies have blazed a trail for safer, more accurate, and more reliable inspection and repair of water/wastewater utility assets.
Take an Asset Management Approach to Concrete Tank Coatings
Authors: Rewa Joe , Wunner John , Gore Bertram
Published: September 2020

A utility district changed its approach to concrete water storage tank maintenance by establishing an asset management program for improved tank coating and maintenance.
Waste to Energy Realized at Long Island Wastewater Treatment Facility
Authors: Capano Daniel
Published: September 2020

New York's Great Neck Water Pollution Control District operates a 5‐mgd wastewater treatment facility that is turning waste products into electricity and heat as well as saving money for the utility district and ratepayers.
An ultrafast and clean method to manufacture poly(vinyl alcohol) bead foam products
Authors: Xu Dawei , Liu Pengju , Wang Qi
Published: September 2020

Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) foam is a promising environment‐friendly packaging material due to the good biodegradability and excellent mechanical properties. Besides, PVA can be produced on a large scale viathe non‐petroleum routes. However, the preparation of complex‐shaped PVA foam products has not been realized, because PVA is a water‐soluble and semi‐crystalline polymer with a high melting temperature (226°C), which cannot be welded through the conventional bead foaming technology. In this article, a clean and efficient strategy based on microwave foaming and sintering was innovatively developed to manufacture the PVA bead foam products. First, the expandable PVA beads were prepared through polar solvent‐plasticization, followed by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2)‐impregnation in solid‐state. The impregnated beads were then surface plasticized with polar solvent by simple coating. Thus, the incorporated polar solvent in the internal and superficial regions of PVA beads was rapidly heated upon exposure to the microwave irradiation, which simultaneously induced the CO2 foaming and interfacial melting, respectively. In this way, the expansion and welding of PVA beads were completed in a one‐step procedure. Meanwhile, the complex‐shaped PVA bead foam products with excellent elasticity and intra‐bead adhesive strength were prepared within a short period of 30 seconds. Therefore, the microwave heating can be considered as an efficient strategy for preparing the high‐performance polymer bead foam products, especially for these high‐melting temperature or glass‐transition temperature polymers.
Impact of respiratory viral panel testing on length of stay in pediatric cancer patients admitted with fever and neutropenia
Authors: Shinn Kaitlin , Wetzel Martha , DeGroote Nicholas P. , Keller Frank , Briones Michael , Felker James , Castellino Sharon , Miller Tamara P.
Published: September 2020

Background

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) respiratory viral panel (RVP) testing is often used in evaluation of pediatric cancer patients with febrile neutropenia (FN), but correlation with adverse outcomes has not been well characterized.

Procedure

A retrospective cohort of all children ages 0‐21 years with cancer admitted to Children's Healthcare of Atlanta for FN from January 2013 to June 2016 was identified. Patient demographic and clinical variables such as age, RVP results, length of stay (LOS), and deaths were abstracted. Relationship between RVP testing and positivity and LOS, highest temperature (Tmax), hypotension and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were compared using Wilcoxon rank sums, chi‐square, or Fisher's exact tests adjusting for age, sex, bacteremia, and diagnosis.

Results

The 404 patients identified had 787 total FN admissions. RVPs were sent in 38% of admissions and were positive in 59%. Patients with RVPs sent were younger (median 5.5 vs 8.0 years, P < .0001) with higher Tmax (39.2° vs 39.1°, P = .016). The most common virus identified was rhinovirus/Enterovirus (61%). There were no significant differences in highest temperature or lowest blood pressure based on RVP positivity. Patients admitted to the ICU were more likely to have RVPs sent (odds ratio [OR] = 3.19, P < .002); however, neither having RVP testing nor RVP positivity were significantly associated with increased LOS or death. Coinfection with bacteremia and a respiratory virus was identified in 9.1% of patients.

Conclusions

These data raise the question of the utility of sending potentially costly RVP testing as RVP positivity during febrile neutropenia does not impact LOS, degree of hypotension, or ICU admission.
Development, validation, and application of capillary zone electrophoresis method for determination of pyrimidine glucosides in seeds of Vicia faba L. var. minor
Authors: Kowalczyk Mariusz , Krzyżanowska‐Kowalczyk Justyna , Stochmal Anna
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Consumption of fava beans seeds can be harmful to both humans and animals due to the presence of pyrimidine glucosides: vicine and convicine. Therefore, seeds, feed supplements, and protein extracts derived from fava beans should be monitored for the contents of pyrimidine derivatives.

Objectives

The main objective of this work was the development and validation of an inexpensive, uncomplicated, quick, and robust method for the quantitation of vicine and convicine in seeds of fava beans.

Methodology

Plant material was extracted using a dual‐phase extraction system to remove lipophilic contaminants and deactivate residual enzymes. Pyrimidine glucosides together with the internal standard: 5‐bromouridine were separated using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) on an uncoated fused‐silica capillary with alkaline, tetraborate‐based electrolyte. Linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, precision, accuracy, recovery, and robustness of the method were investigated. The method was applied for quantitation of pyrimidine glucosides in seeds.

Results

Validation results suggest that the method is suitable for quantitation of pyrimidine glucosides, although it may not be sensitive enough for low‐concentrated samples. Application of the method showed that seeds of the investigated variety of fava beans contain both vicine at 10–15 mg/g of dry weight and convicine at 3–5 mg/g of dry weight.

Conclusion

Developed and validated CZE‐ultraviolet (UV) method is suitable for analysis of pyrimidine glucosides in seeds of Vicia faba L. var. minor. It can be used as an inexpensive, greener alternative to more advanced methods while providing equally reliable and accurate results.
Drug interactions with apixaban: A systematic review of the literature and an analysis of VigiBase, the World Health Organization database of spontaneous safety reports
Authors: Fernandez Silvia , Lenoir Camille , Samer Caroline , Rollason Victoria
Published: September 2020

Apixaban, a direct oral anticoagulant, has emerged over the past few years because it is considered to have a low risk of drug‐drug interactions compared to vitamin K antagonists. To better characterize these interactions, we systematically reviewed studies evaluating the drug‐drug interactions involving apixaban and analyzed the drug‐drug interactions resulting in an adverse drug reaction reported in case reports and VigiBase. We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar up to 20 August 2018 for articles that investigated the occurrence of an adverse drug reaction due to a potential drug interacting with apixaban. Data from VigiBase came from case reports retrieved up to the 2 January 2018, where identification of potential interactions is performed in terms of two drugs, one adverse drug reaction triplet and potential signal detection using Omega, a three‐way measure of disproportionality. We identified 15 studies and 10 case reports. Studies showed significant variations in the area under the curve for apixaban and case reports highlighted an increased risk of hemorrhage or thromboembolic events due to a drug‐drug interaction. From VigiBase, a total of 1617 two drugs and one adverse drug reaction triplet were analyzed. The most reported triplet were apixaban—aspirin—gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Sixty‐seven percent of the drug‐drug interactions reported in VigiBase were not described or understood. In the remaining 34%, the majority were pharmacodynamic drug‐drug interactions. These data suggest that apixaban has significant potential for drug‐drug interactions, either with CYP3A/P‐gp modulators or with drugs that may impair hemostasis. The most described adverse drug reactions were adverse drug reactions related to hemorrhage or thrombosis, mostly through pharmacodynamic interactions. Pharmacokinetic drug‐drug interactions seem to be poorly detected.