bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF TIME‐AGGREGATED HYDROLOGIC DATA1
Authors: Rao A. Ramachandra , Rao Srinivasa G. , Kashyap R. L.
Published: June 2007

Stochastic models fitted to hydrologic data of different time scales are interrelated because the higher time scale data (aggregated data) are derived from those of lower time scale. Relationships between the statistical properties and parameters of models of aggregated data and of original data are examined in this paper. It is also shown that the aggregated data can be more accurately predicted by using a valid model of the original data than by using a valid model of the aggregated data. This property is particularly important in forecasting annual values because only a few annual values are usually available and the resulting forecasts are relatively inaccurate if models based only on annual data are used. The relationships and forecasting equations are developed for general aggregation time and can be used for hourly and daily, daily and monthly or monthly and yearly data. The method is illustrated by using monthly and yearly streamflow data. The results indicate that various statistical characteristics and parameters of the model of annual data can be accurately estimated by using the monthly data and forecasts of annual data by using monthly models have smaller one step ahead mean square error than those obtained by using annual data models.
KALMAN FILTER ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION OF DAILY STREAM FLOWS: II. APPLICATION TO THE POTOMAC RIVER1
Authors: Bergman M. J. , Delleur J. W.
Published: June 2007

Results are reported from an application of the state space formulation and the Kalman filter to real‐time forecasting of daily river flows. It is shown that the application of filtering techniques improves the overall forecasting performance of the model. As is true for most hydrologic systems, the model is not completely known. Therefore, the procedures pertaining to on‐line parameter and noise statistics estimation, as presented in the first paper, are implemented. The example in this paper shows that these techniques also perform satisfactorily when applied to a real‐world situation.
DERIVATION OF THE GAMMA DISTRIBUTION BY USING THE PRINCIPLE OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY (POME)1
Authors: Singh Vijay P. , Singh Kulwant
Published: June 2007

The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was used to derive the two‐parameter gamma distribution used frequently in synthesis of instantaneous or finite‐period unit hydrographs. The POME yielded the minimally prejudiced gamma distribution by maximizing the entropy subject to two appropriate constraints which were the mean of real values and the mean of the logarithms of real values of the variable. It provided a unique method for parameter estimation. Experimental data were used to compare this method with the methods of moments, cumulants, maximum likelihood estimation, and least squares.
LONG‐TERM PATTERNS OF WATER QUALITY IN A MANAGED WATERSHED IN OREGON: 1. SUSPENDED SEDIMENT1
Authors: Sullivan Kathleen
Published: June 2007

The cumulative effects of forest management activities on water quality at a downstream point were monitored from 1972‐1980 during development of a watershed for timber resources. Suspended sediment concentration and turbidity were measured at two hydrologic stations which bracketed a 10‐km reach of the Middle Santiam River in the Western Cascades of Oregon as it flowed through an 8000‐ha block of intensively managed forest land. Slope failures often accompany road building and harvesting in steep forested watersheds and pose the most serious threat to water quality. Although 180 km of road were constructed and 3400 ha of old‐growth forests were harvested from slopes averaging over 60 percent, long‐term changes in sediment yields remained undetectable during the period of measurement. The geologic characteristics of the basin and the road construction and maintenance techniques as prescribed by Oregon's forest practice regulations helped to minimize the occurrence of slope failures so that long‐term changes in suspended sediment export rates did not occur. Throughout the nine‐year measurement period, seven slope failures which added sediment directly to streams produced measurable short‐term responses at the downstream sampling location, but these erosion events were too small and too infrequent to produce long‐term changes in sediment yield from the watershed.
COMPARATIVE BASES OF INDUSTRY POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND COMMERCIAL INNOVATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Rickson Roy E. , Ramsey Charles E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Adoption, maintenance, and operation of pollution control technology by manufacturing firms is essential to effective water resource management. In this study of 102 industries, we find that company adoption of pollution control technology and practices is primarily associated with two factors: (1) the overall company capacity for innovation in its production technology; and (2) company relationships with state and federal pollution control agencies, local government officials and professionals. Managerial attitudes about pollution and government regulation are not associated with either pollution control or commercial innovation, but are seen as basic to industry‐government relationships. The data suggest an important regulatory dilemma, the problem of regulating a large number of small companies with a low capacity for innovation, but which when taken together account for large volumes of toxic effluent.
PREDICTING IMPACTS FROM WATER CONSERVATION AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON THE SALTON SEA, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Kratzer Charles R. , Dritschilo William , Hannah Lee J. , Broutman Marlene A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An input‐output model was developed to predict changes in Salton Sea salinity and water level until the year 2000 due to proposed water conservation efforts and geothermal and solar pond energy developments. The model SALINP provided good agreement with the observed salinities for 1960–80. While SALINP was not overly sensitive to one‐year changes in any of the major inputs, a change in the historical means of the Imperial Valley runoff and evaporative loss inputs produced a significant effect on future predictions. The proposed water conservation measures caused the predicted Salton Sea salinity for 2000 to greatly exceed 40,000 ppm, the level at which adverse effects to wildlife are believed to occur. The possible geothermal development also produced predicted salinities considerably above 40,000 ppm. The salinity predictions for solar ponds by themselves and in conjunction with geothermal development were below 45,000 ppm for 2000. The solar pond and geothermal combination also resulted in a predicted lowering of the “natural” water level by 5 to 7 feet by 2000.
EARLY STAGE OF HYDROGEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES, 1776 TO 19121
Authors: Parker Garald G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Hydrogeology is concerned largely with ground water and, as ground water occurs in a geologic environment, an understanding of the geologic fabric and framework is essential to its development and use. But ground‐water flow, discharge, recharge, response to pumping and other related matters, including salt‐water encroachment, are described by mathematical formulas and tested by engineering techniques. Until both the sciences of geology and engineering hydrology were far enough advanced to be of practical help, in the late 1800's, hydrogeologic progress was stymied. Additionally, an economic need for hydrogeologists was required before a demand developed for such scientists. With the opening of the West in the late 1860's the demand came. Hydrogeologists were needed to find irrigation water for the arid lands. Concomitantly, in the South, ground water was needed for growing rice, corn, and cotton. The rapid growth of cities, especially in the North, required hydrogeologists to find safe supplies of clean, pure water to replace polluted surface‐water sources. By the early 1900's engineering techniques and equipment needed to drill and pump the deep wells and to evaluate the aquifer pumping tests were available, satisfactory for the times, but clumsy and awkward by modern standards. By 1912, the beginning of the “Meinzer Era,” the U.S. Geological Survey had developed into the foremost governmental scientific organization in the world and its small cadre of hydrogeologists were world leaders in their science. A wealth of information concerning the history and development of the science was summarized by Meinzer (1934). Oscar E. Meinzer, regarded as the Father of Hydrogeology in America, was the third Chief of the Ground‐Water Branch (1912–1946) (Figure 1).
EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDE USE IN A PINE SEED ORCHARD ON PESTICIDE LEVELS IN FISH1
Authors: Bush P. B. , Neary D. G. , Taylor J. W. , Nutter W. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A hydroelectric lake on the Oconee River in central Georgia was sampled on a quarterly basis for four years to determine the impact of three insecticides on the pesticide loading of fish. The insecticides carbofuran (2,3,‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl methyl‐carbamate), fenvalerate [cyano(3‐phenoxyphenyl)methyl 4‐chloro alpha (1‐methylethyl)benzeneacetate], and azinphosmethyl [0,0‐Dimethyl S‐(4‐oxo‐1,2,3‐benzotriazin‐3‐(4H)‐ylmethyl phosphorodithioate] were used to control cone and seed insects on a pine seed orchard that is adjacent to Lake Oconee. Fish populations in areas of the lake that receive runoff from treated and untreated portions of the seed orchard were sampled using gill nets. Water and fish samples were collected monthly in 1981–1983 and quarterly in 1984. Species collected included carp (Cyprinus carpio), sucker (Catostomus spp., Erimyzon spp., Moxostoma spp., Minytrema spp.), bass (Micropterus spp.), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), spotted gar (Lepisosteus spp.), and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Few carbofuran residues (< 7 percent of fish samples contained detectable residues) and no azinphosmethyl or fenvalerate residues were detected despite measured inputs into the lake after insecticide application. Persistent agricultural insecticides including dieldrin, lindane, DDT, and toxaphene were detected in 32, 36, 58, and 83 percent of sampled fish, respectively. Screening for 20 other insecticides resulted in no detection of residues at a detection limit of 30–100 μg kg‐1.
ISOLATION AND DETECTION OF GIARDIA CYSTS FROM WATER USING DIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE1
Authors: Sorenson Stephen K. , Riggs John L. , Dileanis Peter D. , Suk Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A water‐sampling apparatus used for the isolation and detection of Giardia cysts in water has been designed and tested. The sampling apparatus uses one of a variety of pumps or waterline pressure to move water through a filter. Two of the optional pumps are lightweight enough to make the apparatus portable and thus suitable for sampling in remote areas. This technique of sample processing produces good cyst recovery in much less time than is required with previously established methods. Giardia cysts are identified using direct immunofluorescence.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER AND HUMAN HEALTH1
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: June 2007

The following paper was presented by Dr. Abel Wolman at the Plenary Session of the 22nd Annual Conference of the American Water Resources Association in Atlanta, Georgia, November 10, 1986.

Dr. Wolman is Professor Emeritus of Sanitary Engineering at The Johns Hopkins University. He was educated at Johns Hopkins and has received an Honorary Doctor of Engineering (1937) and Honorary Doctor of Laws (1969) from his alma mater.

Dr. Wolman held a number of positions before joing the faculty of The Johns Hopkins University as Professor and Chairman of the Department of Sanitary Engineering (1937–1959). He has served as consultant for many studies and projects, in the United States and overseas, and has a long‐term record of service to communities, states and governments. A long list of awards and honors include the Sedgwick Memorial Award, APHA; Arthur Sidney Bedell Award, WPCF; Hemisphere Award, inter‐American Association of Sanitary Engineers; U.S. Award of the National Medal of Science; Tyler Award, Ecological Society of America; Ben Gurion Award from the State of israel; and the Gordon Maskew Fair Award, WPCA. He is author, co‐author or editor of four books and over 3000 technical publications, most in refereed journals.
NETWORK MODEL FOR DECISIONSUPPORT IN MUNICIPAL RAW WATER SUPPLY1
Authors: Labadie John W. , Bode Dennis A. , Pineda Andrew M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A water supply network optimization model called MODSIM3 is presented as a decision‐support tool for aiding city staff in determining how best to utilize and exchange existing and potential water supplies with other users in a river basin. The model is applied to the City of Fort Collins, Colorado, water supply system as a means of determining optimum ways the City can utilize direct flow rights, storage rights, and exchangeable waters from various sources. Results clearly confirm both the benefits of the use of exchanges and the value of MODSIM3 as a water supply planning and management tool.
RUNOFF PREDICTION USING REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY1
Authors: Draper Stephen E. , Rao Srinivas G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Percent imperviousness is an important parameter in modeling the urban rainfall‐runoff process and is usually determined using manual methods such as random sampling or conventional accounting methods. In this study two computerized methods are used for estimating the percent imperviousness of urban watersheds using high altitude remote sensing imagery. These methods include the Laser Image Processing Scanner and the Video‐Tape Camera system. Imperviousness is directly estimated in the former method while in the latter it is estimated as a function of the statistics of the responses on emulsions of the imagery. The percent imperviousness computed by utilizing remote sensing imagery was used with the conceptual models of rainfall‐runoff models. The models were applied to four urban watersheds and the runoff prediction results indicate that imperviousness determined by using remote sensing imagery was as accurate as that obtained by the manual methods, and that the use of remote sensing imagery requires significantly less time and money.
LACTOSE NEGATIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM RANGELAND STREAMS: SOURCE, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE, AND COLICINOGENICITY1
Authors: Rychert Robert C. , Stephenson Gordon R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Lactose‐negative Escherichia coil from cattle feces appeared as yellow, atypical colonies on m‐FC medium plates with water samples from rangeland streams. The lactose‐negative E. coil may impact stream water quality analyses if infrequent samples are collected; are less antibiotic resistant than the lactose‐positive E. coili isolated from rangeland streams; and are colicinogenic toward all the laboratory strains of E. coil examined and toward 61 percent of the lactose‐positive E. coil rangeland‐stream isolates that were tested. This latter result could explain the potentially low degree of antibiotic resistance transfer from lactose‐positive to lactose‐negative E. coil. In addition, the colicinogenicity of the lactose‐negative E. coil may interfere with microbiological water quality analyses that depend upon lactose fernientations with mixed populations of coliforms.
A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF FLOOD INDUCED CHANGES IN URBAN LAND VALUES1
Authors: Tobin Graham A. , Newton Thomas G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: By integrating literature from flood hazard research and urban economics a theoretical structure is developed to explain changes in residential land values following flood events. The negative aspects of the flood hazard are shown to be capitalized in the value of the property. It is further suggested that land values (i.e., capitalization) will vary both spatially across the floodplain and temporally depending on the frequency, severity and spatial characteristics of the flood event. Previous work in this area has not addressed the capitalization process explicitly and has not specifically examined the ability of the land market to recover. This may account for the contradictory findings in the published literature.
EFFECTS OF PLACER GOLD MINING ON PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN SUBARCTIC STREAMS OF ALASKA1
Authors: Van Nieuwenhuyse Erwin E. , LaPerriere Jacqueline D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Turbidity, total residues, settleable solids, vertical light extinction, and primary production were measured in mined and unmined streams located in the interior highlands of Alaska. Undisturbed streams had low turbidities (< 1 NTU), total residue concentrations averaging 120 mg 1−1, and undetectable settleable solids. During active mining, turbidity, total residues, and settleable solids levels in a moderately mined stream averaged 170 NTU, 201 mg 1−1, and < 0.1 ml 1−1, respectively. In a heavily mined stream, turbidity and total residues were two orders of magnitude higher than in unmined streams and settleable solids nearly always exceeded 0.2 ml 1−1. Vertical extinction coefficients and turbidity were positively correlated. In undisturbed streams gross primary productivity (g‐O2m−2d−1) ranged from 0.20 shortly after spring breakup to a maximum of 1.20 in early fall. Productivity in the moderately mined stream was reduced by 50 percent while photosynthetic efficiency doubled. Primary production was undetectable in a heavily mined stream. Maximum standing crops of periphyton measured as chlorophyll a occurred in fall in an undisturbed stream after 13 weeks of exposure and ranged from 4.5 to 11.8 mg‐chl a m−2. The highest chlorophyll a densities recorded in the moderately mined stream was 3.8 mg m−2, and no chlorophyl a was detected in the heavily mined stream.
POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND COSTS OF INGROUND STORAGE OF IMPORTED WATER1
Authors: Agthe Donald E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In the near future, groundwater storage of imported water may become increasingly important as sites for surface storage are less available. This article explores the potential economic costs and benefits of groundwater storage. The costs include capital outlays, maintenance costs, land costs, legal costs, energy costs, and opportunity costs. The benefits include land cost savings, prevention of subsidence, aquifer protection, and higher economic use of surface lands that might be covered by a reservoir.
EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON PREFERRED AND LETHAL TEMPERATURES OF THE MOZAMBIQUE TILAPIA, OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS (PETERS)1
Authors: Stauffer Jay R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The final preferred temperature of Oreochromis mossambicus acclimated to freshwater was 32.2 C, which was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower than final preferred temperatures of fish acclimated at 15 o/oo and 30 o/oo salinity. The thermal tolerance zone of Oreochromis mossambicug ranged between 15–37 C and was not affected by acclimation to different salinity levels.
VARIABILITY IN THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN A RESERVOIR1
Authors: Owens Emmet M. , Effler Steven W. , Trama Francesco
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The thermal stratification characteristics of a flow‐augmentation reservoir, Round Valley Reservoir, New Jersey, and attendant driving conditions were documented and analyzed for portions of three years. Substantial differences in the thermal stratification regime of the reservoir occurred in response to the documented changes in meteorological, operating, and light penetration conditions. The features of stratification that were affected included: the depth of the upper mixed layer, the average temperature of the epilimnion, the temperature gradient in the metalimnion, and the average temperature in the hypolimnion.
POLICY RELEVANT INFORMATION AND PUBLIC ATTITUDES: IS PUBLIC IGNORANCE A BARRIER TO NONPOINT POLLUTION MANAGEMENT?1
Authors: Lovrich Nicholas P. , Pierce John C. , Tsurutani Taketsugu , Abe Takematsu
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study examines the extent to which knowledge deficits pose a significant barrier to public support for nonpoint pollution management strategies. Such barriers would obtain if all of the following conditions are present: (1) many in the public lack knowledge relevant to those strategies; (2) variations in knowledge are linked only to relatively unchanging personal attributes; and (3) individuals with more knowledge are more likely to support the implementation of management strategies. Each of these conditions is subjected to empirical analysis in this study. The findings reported here derive from a survey of citizens in Spokane, Washington, the site of a major 208 Water Quality Management Program study. The results of the survey indicate that: portions of the public have enough knowledge to evaluate technically based management strategies; sources of public knowledge are sufficiently elastic that both policy area concern and policy relevant knowledge can be elevated in the short run; and both knowledge levels and general attitudes are related to the public's specific water policy preferences. The study concludes that the apparent lack of knowledge among the public is not necessarily a significant barrier to policy implementation, and that support for implementation may be generated through both knowledge enhancement and the tapping of existing political orientations through the placement of emphasis upon the seriousness of water resource problems.
ESTIMATING PEAK RUNOFF FROM FIELD‐SIZE WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Hjeimfelt Alien T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A simple nonlinear runoff model was developed and tested for use on field‐size agricultural watersheds. A Wooding idealization of the watershed topography was used. Kinematic wave equations were used with an assumed, instead of computed, overland flow, watersurface profile in order to simplify the numerical computations. The approach was used to synthesize runoff hydrographs for an agricultural watershed in Iowa. The accuracy of the synthesized hydro‐graphs was judged by comparing the estimated and observed peak discharges and by comparing estimated and observed stages at the measuring weir. The mean errors were 0.01 in/hr and 0.05 ft, respectively. A qualitative comparison was also made with a detailed kinematic wave study. The largest variability occurred during the seedbed period for both models, which was attributed to changes in surface roughness. The roughness was more constant and the results more consistent for the canopy and ground residue periods.
ANALYSIS OF HYDRILLA‐INHIBITING FRACTIONS IN NATURAL WATERS: THE CONCEPT OF “FINGERPRINTING” THROUGH LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY1
Authors: Martin Dean F. , Dooris Patricia M. , Dooris George M. , Bova Robert J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to identify a fraction of aqueous sediment extract from Lake Starvation, Hillsborough County, Florida, that is responsible for inhibition of hydrilla growth. The fraction was separated on a Zorbax™ C18 preparative‐scale column. The present study examines various lake sediment extracts and river water samples to determine the presence or absence of the inhibitor peak. The biologically active component is absent in certain rivers where hydrilla is prominent, but it is present in extracts of Lake Starvation and White Trout Lake sediments that are known to have hydrilla growth inhibiting properties. The implications of “fingerprinting” natural waters for hydrilla inhibitor through liquid chromatography are considered.
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY PEATLANDS IN A NORTHERN CLIMATE: A WATER QUALITY STUDY1
Authors: Dubuc Y. , Janneteau P. , Labonté R. , Roy C. , Brière F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The use of peatlands as the main form of wastewater treatment in a northern climate was studied for the James Bay Energy Society. The Fontanges campsite (70° 17′ 30″ W; 54° 34′ 00″ N) was chosen as the study site. In less than 1.5 km from the point of discharge BOD5, COD, total hardness, inorganic carbon, orthophosphates, total phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen were reduced by at least 90 percent. The peatland treatment system studied is divided into four components, each having a specific function. The first part combines the action of microorganisms and adsorption on peat, thus reducing the organic content while increasing the inorganic constituents. The second part uses peat to adsorb the inorganic elements already present in the wastewater and those produced in the first part of the system. The third component acts as an aerator, increasing the dissolved oxygen and decreasing the BOD5 levels of the water. The fourth part removes most of the remaining nutrients, thus acting like a tertiary treatment. Overall, peatlands seemed to be effective in treating domestic settled wastewater in a cold climate.
REVISION OF THE CHURCHILL RESERVOIR TRAP EFFICIENCY CURVES USING SMOOTHING SPLINES1
Authors: Bube Kenneth P. , Trimble Stanley W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The trap efficiency of a reservoir is the percentage of incoming sediment which is trapped by the reservoir. The standard predictor of trap efficiency is the Brune curve, expressing trap efficiency as a function of the capacity‐inflow ratio of the reservoir. If in addition the average velocity of water in the reservoir is known, then the sedimentation index of the reservoir can be calculated, and the less well known but more descriptive Churchill curves can be used to predict trap efficiency. Churchill's curves have not been revised since their introduction in 1948, even though more data are available than were used originally. We revise Churchill's curves using the method of smoothing splines to obtain a best fit to these data and Churchill's original data.
DESIGNING FOR DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM IN STREAMS1
Authors: Heede Burchard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Streams are dynamic systems, so steady state does not exist for any appreciable period of time. Streams in dynamic equilibrium respond quickly to change, regaining a new equilibrium. From the response system it follows that there is a causative reason why a stream meanders or degrades or aggrades its bed. These actions represent adjustment processes. If humans interfere with them, other adjustment processes will be initiated. In contrast, if humans work with the ongoing processes, success will be attainable with less efforts and at a lower cost. Local base level change represents one of the most influential channel changes, especially the lowering of this level. Loss of base level may cause degradation throughout a stream network, because the main stem is the base level for all its tributaries. Often, degradation causes bank instability and lowering of streamside water tables that, in turn, endanger the riparian ecosystem. Judging from check dam systems, a rise of the local base level does not raise the bed throughout a stream or network; instead, aggradation stops at a given distance. Preventing local base level changes of a stream network, therefore, is a cost‐effective measure. Examples are presented of treatments causing new critical situations and measures to correct them.
STREAM IMPROVEMENTS AND FISH RESPONSE: A BIO‐ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Orsborn John F. , Anderson John W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Human modifications of natural streams in the name of habitat improvement take various forms, and the impacts of those improvements, both positive and negative, vary by orders of magnitude from stream to stream. The positive impacts are achieved through careful and timely planning, design, installation and monitoring of projects. Negative impacts are the results of rush jobs dictated by available money, a lack of consideration for limiting factors, untrained and inexperienced personnel, force‐fitting structures instead of bending the flow, lack of a watershed plan, poor communication and cooperation among disciplines, not using the team approach, and single habitat solutions which neglect diversity and artificial constraints.

These problems are discussed from various perspectives, but emphasis on an integrated, bioengineering approach is threaded throughout the discussion of the problems and benefits associated with stream improvements and fish response. A general systems approach is presented which uses common language as a focal point for interdisciplinary communication, which is one of the major problems in resource management. Various conceptual models are discussed to describe system complexities, and factors which constrain project evaluation in terms of biological, physical, economic and other components. Conclusions about why some projects are successful, while others are not, are followed by recommendations for concerted and diversified efforts to improve our success in stream stewardship.
TENMILE CREEK: A STUDY OF STREAM RELOCATION1
Authors: Babcock William H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: After input from various interested agencies, three miles of creek were relocated to facilitate the construction of Interstate 70 through Tenmile Canyon west of Denver. The 0.5.million dollar project was designed to provide fish habitat of equal value to that present before construction or, if possible, to improve this habitat.

Construction techniques were designed to minimize damage to flora and fauna. After the channels were excavated, rock and log fish habitat structures were constructed.

Two years after construction, a 4 percent chance flood occurred at the project area which made almost 75 percent of the habitat structures ineffective. Pool‐riffle ratios and quantity and quality of spawning areas remained essentially unchanged throughout the period. Population estimates indicated an increase in the number of fish in the postconstruction period compared to preconstruction numbers. Fish biomass estimates for the project area were comparable for the two periods. Aquatic invertebrate populations were unchanged as indicated by comparison of three pre‐ and postconstruction indices.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISMS CONTROLLING GROUNDWATER GRADIENTS IN HYPER‐ARID REGIONAL SEDIMENTARY BASINS1
Authors: Lloyd John W. , Miles John C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Although evidence of modern recharge in the North African and Arabian sedimentary basin aquifers exists, it is difficult to determine the volume of recharge. Also, from the evidence of regional groundwater gradients, the flow within the aquifers seems to be appreciably greater than one would intuitively expect. A hypotehtical model embodying the characteristics of the aquifers has been used to investigate the likely significance of various possible flow mechanisms. It is shown that while dewatering in the unconfined area can possibly contribute to flows for a considerable period of time, the maintenance of water levels in the unconfined zone must be the result of modern recharge. It is also shown that recharge depths of less than 10 mm per annum are sufficient given suitable aquifer parameters. Results for various combinations of aquifer parameters and configurations are given, including layered aquifers and the effects of restricted oufflows. Comparisons are made using a “bench mark” example.

The work indicates that there is little point in carrying out conventional hydrological balance studies in hyper‐arid areas and that, instead, more emphasis should be placed upon good groundwater hydrographic data and modeling.
GENERALIZATION AND APPLICATIONS OF TRACER DISPERSION DATA1
Authors: Kilpatrick Frederick A. , Taylor Kenneth K
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey has performed hundreds of time‐of‐travel and tracer dispersion studies in streams and estuaries nationwide. This paper presents an approach to unitizing this type of data to make it more universally usable in predicting the behavior of soluble contaminants entering waterways. Practical application of the superposition principle and of the scalene triangle as an approximation of the response curve from a slug injection of a solute are demonstrated to be a means of simulating the downstream effects of any form of soluble contaminant release.
ANOMALOUS NATURAL SULFATE IN WATER WELLS OF THE GREENBRIER GROUP, WEST VIRGINIA1
Authors: Heller Sara A. , Rauch Henry W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Many water wells developed in the Middle Mississippian Greenbrier Group of central Greenbrier County, West Virginia, are very productive because of the abundant solution conduits in this karst aquifer. Water from these wells, all of which (with one exception) are clustered in a small area about eight kilometers northwest of Lewisburg, West Virginia, is typically very hard (calcium‐magnesium‐bicarbonate type). Of 74 wells sampled, eight showed sulfate concentrations ranging from 600 to 1700 mg/l. These wells also showed a much higher than average concentration of calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium, and, in a few cases, iron. The water from several of these wells was not potable. Previously unpublished work has suggested that dolomite and gypsum dissolution have contributed magnesium and sulfate ions to the ground water. It is also likely that, where sodium, chloride, and iron concentrations are above background, halite dissolution and pyrite oxidation are contributing to the problem. All of these minerals are often associated with the basal waterbearing strata of the Greenbrier Group. In addition, it is possible that the wells are receiving deeply circulating ground waters, via fracture zones, which feed many other well‐known sulfur and/or thermal springs in the central Appalachians.
MODELING NORTH CASCADES ANNUAL RUNOFF DISTRIBUTION USING DRAINAGE BASIN ELEVATION DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: Irvin Philip
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The annual distribution of flow in a drainage basin within a given region is a function of many factors. These may include annual distribution of rainfall, basin orientation, ground cover, or presence of glaciers. Since the North Cascades region of northern Washington State has little variation in precipitation distribution by month, and the region has significant snowpack, one would predict that in an unregulated basin, basin elevation would be one of the most important factors impacting an annual hydrograph distribution. Such a prediction can be made since the higher a drainage basin is, the larger the portion of runoff that would occur as late spring snowmelt. Given that there is a relationship between elevation distribution and annual hydrograph, the problem becomes one of how to use this relationship to model an ungaged basin's hydrograph. This study concludes that, within the North Cascades region and perhaps within other regions, an effective method of determining annual flow distribution is to model ungaged flows in the same manner as flows from a gaged basin with an elevation distribution similar to that of the subject basin.
USE OF CLIMATE PREDICTIONS TO DECIDE A WATER MANAGEMENT PROBLEM1
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. , Vonnhame Donald R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Seasonal precipitation predictions were utilized in a water management decision with major economic, societal, and political ramifications. A summer (1984) drought had created a situation calling for possible fall season use of state waters from two major multipurpose reservoirs with an ensuing effect on water price negotiations. Choices facing management and use of water from the reservoirs were to invoke expensive water restrictions with a 33 percent chance of being right, do nothing (66 percent chance of wrong outcome), or use the precipitation predictors (for above normal fall rain) having a 50 percent chance of error. Hydrologists chose to follow the precipitation predictions, which proved to be accurate for the fall of 1984, helping to reveal the long‐term value of using well understood climate predictions in water management.
THE CHUBB/BAUMAN METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE RECREATION POTENTIAL OF RIVERS: A CRITICAL REVIEW1
Authors: Hamill L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Chubb/Bauman (Ch/B) method for making quantitative estimates of recreation potential for rivers is based on the 1968/ 69 Leopold method for quantitative assessment of the scenic beauty of rivers. Both use classifications of environmental variables as the database. Unlike the Leopold method, the classifications used in the Ch/B method consistently reflect human preferences. The Ch/B method collects information on 67 variables, and uses a computer program to produce estimates of potential for 16 common recreation activities. This critique evaluates selected concepts and procedures of the Ch/B method partly by comparison with other available methods of recreation resource inventory. It considers the validity and utility of numerical weighting of variables, the use of numbers derived from place in a classification, and the transformation process. The quantitative techniques of the method exhibit serious flaws. Much of the data produced by the method appears to be quantitative but in fact is not, and it does not produce truly quantitative estimates of recreation potential. Classifications of generalized geographic or environmental variables are shown to have serious defects as a basis for evaluation of recreational potential.
AN EFFICIENT METHOD OF APPLYING ALUMINUM SALTS FOR SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTIVATION IN LAKES1
Authors: Connor Jody N. , Smith Gerald N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Alum and sodium aluminate were injected into the hypolimnion of eutrophic Kezar Lake, New Hampshire, with a specially designed applicator mechanism. This new method of applying aluminum salts to achieve phosphorus inactivation included two separate chemical distribution systems mounted on a hydraulic weed harvester. The design of the applicator system is described, and its cost‐effectiveness is compared with other aluminum salt injections.
AN ANTIDEGRADATION POLICY FOR PRESERVING SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN FLORIDA1
Authors: Swihart Thomas , Walton O. Eugene , Pennington Marina Gonzalez
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As part of its overall system for protecting aquatic systems from unnecessary degradation, the State of Florida provides special protection for water bodies of unusual importance. Such water bodies are designated as “Outstanding Florida Waters” (OFW5). New discharges to OFWs are possible only if certain stringent criteria are met. A new point source direct discharge to an OFW is usually not allowed if it would cause any lowering of ambient water quality. A new indirect discharge (upstream from an OFW boundary) may be allowed only if it would not significantly degrade the OFW.

To date, the advantages of the OFW system have clearly outweighed the disadvantages, and OFW designations are helping to protect Florida's most valuable waters from additional degradation. Florida's system could be a useful model for other jurisdictions wanting to provide special protection to special water bodies.
CLIMATIC VARIATION AND SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN THE GREAT BASIN REGION1
Authors: Flaschka Irmgard , Stockton C. W. , Boggess W. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: There is mounting evidence that increasing amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide may lead to significant changes in global climate during the next century. The possible effects of such climatic changes on surface runoff in the Great Basin Region of the western United States has been investigated by applying water balance models to four watersheds in Nevada and Utah. The most probable change, a 2°C increase in average annual temperature coupled with a 10 percent decrease in precipitation, would reduce runoff from 17 to 28 percent of the present mean, with drier basins showing the greatest change. Decreasing precipitation by 25 percent causes runoff reductions of 33 to 51 percent. Equivalent changes to a cooler and wetter climate show corresponding increases in runoff of approximately the same magnitude, but such a shift is not considered likely. Based on projected water requirements for the year 2000, a change to a warmer and drier climate would cause severe water shortages in many parts of the Great Basin.
CALCIUM CARBONATE PRECIPITATION AND TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS IN OTISCO LAKE, NEW YORK1
Authors: Effler Steven W. , Johnson David L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Calcium carbonate precipitate, known as “whiting,” forms in a large number of hard water lakes and reservoirs, and thus contributes to turbidity measurements in these systems. Here we document the occurrence of “whitings,” and the associated impact on turbidity, in Otisco Lake, New York. A simple, potentially broadly applicable, technique, measurement of turbidity before and after acidification, successfully quantified this component of turbidity in the lake. Calcium carbonate represented 32 percent of the turbidity in the upper waters of Otisco Lake for a three‐month period, and at times was as much as 70 percent. Routine monitoring of this component of turbidity in raw water sources, where it is significant, should provide insight into water quality management and treatment plant operations.
SOME TECHNIQUES FOR USING FREQUENCY ANALYSIS AND REALTIME DATA TO INTERPRET FLOOD POTENTIAL DATA1
Authors: Potyondy John P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Flood potential data can be effectively interpreted if simple frequency analysis concepts are used to explain the significance of flood potential. Instead of simply presenting data as a quantitative amount or as a percentage of the average condition, predictions can be discussed in terms of their probabilities of exceedance, or return periods. Criteria are presented for evaluating the significance of various return periods. Frequency interpretations are applied to snow course data, peak flow forecasts, and streamflow volume forecasts in northern Utah to illustrate these concepts. In addition, access to realtime data allows tracking of snowmelt progression and identification of any deviations from the forecast flood potential situation. Several data elements, including snowpack, streamfiow volume and peak, and realtime data are jointly evaluated to assess potential hazard and probable risk.
THERMAL AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUTH CAROLINA COOLING RESERVOIR1
Authors: Oliver James L. , Hudson Patrick L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured monthly from January 1971 to December 1982 at 1‐m depth intervals at 13 stations in Keowee Reservoir in order to characterize spatial and temporal changes associated with operation of the Oconee Nuclear Station. The reservoir water column was i to 4°C warmer in operational than in non‐operational years. The thermo‐dine was at depths of 5 to 15 m before the operation of Oconee Nuclear Station, but was always below the upper level of the intake (20 m) after the station was in full operation; this suggests that pumping by the Oconee Nuclear Station had depleted all available cool hypolimnetic water to this depth. As a result summer water temperatures at depths greater than 10 m were usually 10°C higher after plant operation began than before. By fall the reservoir was nearly homothemious to a depth of 27 m, where a thermocine developed. Seasonal temperature profiles varied with distance from the plant; a cool water plume was evident in spring and a warm water plume was present in the summer, fall, and winter. A cold water plume also developed in the northern section of the reservoir due to the operation of Jocassee Pumped Storage Station. Increases in the mean water temperature of the reservoir during operational periods were correlated with the generating output of the power plant. The annual heat load to the reservoir increased by one‐third after plant operations began. The alteration of the thermal stratification of the receiving water during the summer also caused the dissolved oxygen to mix to greater depths.
ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE BY FLOODING DURING GRAPEVINE DORMANCY1
Authors: Dokoozlian N. K. , Petrucci V. E. , Ayars J. E. , Clary C. D. , Schoneman R. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The potential for artificial ground water recharge by continuous flooding of dormant grapevines was evaluated in the San Joaquin Valley of California using the cultivar Thompson Seedless. The study was started in 1982 and was completed in 1985 after three complete flooding cycles during dormancy. An average daily rate of recharge of 80 mm/thy for a 32‐day period each year was achieved through a clay loam soil. There were no adverse effects on the grapevines and yields in the flooded plots in any of the growing seasons following recharge periods. Yields were higher in the recharge plots than in the control plots in the last year of the study. We conclude that artificial ground water recharge by continuous flooding during grapevine dormancy is a viable recharge method.
EMERGING STATE ROLES IN URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Kaiser Edward J. , Burby Raymond J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The technology of urban stormwater management has far outpaced its actual application in new urban development. This article documents that implementation gap, but shows that state and local governmental measures, particularly storm drainage regulations, can lead to improved performance in the private sector. Although state stormwater management programs are in their infancy, they are already having a measurable effect in stimulating the adoption of local governmental programs to manage urban storm water. Pioneering state programs in Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, described in this article, provide models for states contemplating the formulation of stormwater management programs.
CALCULATION OF NONLINEAR CONFIDENCE AND PREDICTION INTERVALS FOR GROUND‐WATER FLOW MODELS1
Authors: Cooley Richard L. , Vecchia Aldo V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method is derived to efficiently compute nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals on any function of parameters derived as output from a mathematical model of a physical system. The method is applied to the problem of obtaining confidence and prediction intervals for manually‐calibrated ground‐water flow models. To obtain confidence and prediction intervals resulting from uncertainties in parameters, the calibrated model and information on extreme ranges and ordering of the model parameters within one or more independent groups are required. If random errors in the dependent variable are present in addition to uncertainties in parameters, then calculation of prediction intervals also requires information on the extreme range of error expected. A simple Monte Carlo method is used to compute the quantiles necessary to establish probability levels for the confidence and prediction intervals. Application of the method to a hypothetical example showed that includsion of random errors in the dependent variable in addition to uncertainties in parameters can considerably widen the prediction intervals.
IN SITU MEASUREMENT OF ADSORPTION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION AT A HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE1
Authors: Borden Robert C. , Bedient Philip B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A three well injection‐production test was performed at the United Creosoting Company (UCC) site in Conroe, Texas, to estimate the effective in situ retardation factors for adsorption and to evaluate the significance of biotransformation in limiting the transport of polycydic aromatics present in the shallow aquifer. The field test was also used as a model to determine if this type of testing would be feasible at other hazardous waste sites. During the test, chloride, a non‐reactive tracer and two organic compounds, naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene (pDCB), were injected into a center well for 24 hours followed by clean ground water for six days. Ground water was continuously produced from two adjoining wells and monitored to observe the breakthrough of these compounds. Data from the test were analyzed by comparing the statistical moments of the chloride and organics distributions. Retardation factors for naphthalene and pDCB were estimated to be 1.03 and 0.97 by comparison of the statistical moments. A significant loss of naphthalene and pDCB was also observed during the three well test, apparently due to biotransformation. These results suggest that biotransformation is the major process limiting the transport of naphthalene and similar compounds at the UCC site.