bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Challenge of Leadership in Comprehensive High Schools: School Vision and Departmental Divisions
Authors: Siskin Leslie Santee
Published: September 2009

A persistent dilemma of leadership in high schools is the contrast between reformers' push toward shared school visions and reality's pull from deeply entrenched department divisions. Drawing on data from a 5-year, federally funded study of high schools, this article focuses on the perspectives of administrators in three “typical” public comprehensive high schools, each who sees his or her site as what one principal vividly described as a “36-ring circus.” The multiple rings, ringleaders, and distinctly different microclimates operating within each school are similar, but each school 's strategy is distinctive. One attempted to break departments down, restructuring the school and staff into “learning houses.” The second tried breaching barriers with an administrator actively involved in departmental meetings and decisions. The third has started building bridges, supporting strong leadership within departments, while at the same time creating committees, task forces, and exchange programs to span them.
School Responsiveness in a Competitive Climate: The Public Market in England
Authors: Woods Philip A. , Bagley Carl , Glatter Ron
Published: September 2009

During the 1980s and 1990s, market theories and the idea of giving choice to users of services have come to have a powerful influence on public sector policy. his has profoundly influenced educational policy in Britain and many other countries, including the United States, where there are persistent policy trends favoring the enhancement of choice, diversity, and competition in school systems. In this article, some of the findings from a major study investigating the impact of market-oriented reforms in England are reported and discussed. Aspects of the substantive (as opposed to self-promotional) responses of secondary schools to the new, market-like environment are outlined and considered in relation to criteria important to parents when considering choice of school
Harness Sizing and Strap Length Configurations
Authors: Hsiao Hongwei , Whitestone Jennifer , Taylor Stacie , Godby Mary , Guan Jinhua
Published: September 2009

Objective: This article describes the derivation of strap lengths and adjustments to fall-arrest harnesses and the development of harness size configurations. Background: Updated harness sizing configurations are needed to accommodate diverse populations in the current workforce. Method: Three-dimensional torso anthropometric data from 243 women and 258 men were incorporated into eight validated equations to develop a cost-effective harness sizing plan and to define strap lengths. Results: To met strap adjustable range goals and to accommodate 95% to 98% of the estimated population, two sizing options were identified. Conclusion: Study outcomes suggest system improvement with three to four sizes for women and three to four sizes for men, on which the adjustment ranges of the torso straps were within 15 to 17 cm and within 20 to 23 cm on thigh and hip straps. Application: This research provided harness sizing and cut-length information for harness design to reduce the risk of worker injury that results from poor fit or improper size selection.
Criteria for choosing MENC candidates
Authors: Dillon Donald W.
Published: September 2009

The selection process begins more than a year before each MENC election. This is how the decisions are made.
Layered Intelligence for Agent-based Crowd Simulation
Authors: Banerjee Bikramjit , Abukmail Ahmed , Kraemer Landon
Published: September 2009

We adapt a scalable layered intelligence technique from the game industry, for agent-based crowd simulation. We extend this approach for planned movements, pursuance of assignable goals, and avoidance of dynamically introduced obstacles/threats as well as congestions, while keeping the system scalable with the number of agents. We demonstrate the various behaviors in hall-evacuation scenarios, and experimentally establish the scalability of the frame rates with increasing numbers of agents.
Defining a Public: The Management of Privately Owned Public Space
Authors: Németh Jeremy
Published: September 2009

This paper empirically explores the management of privately owned public space. It examines 163 spaces produced through New York City’s incentive zoning programme, whereby developers provide and manage a public space in exchange for floor area ratio (FAR) bonuses. Developers of these bonus spaces employ a variety of management approaches, each correlating with common theories of spatial control in publicly owned spaces. However, as developer priorities are often fiscally driven, most approaches severely limit political, social and democratic functions of public space and produce a constricted definition of the public. As such, privately owned public spaces have deleterious effects on concepts of citizenship and representation, even as they become the new models for urban space provision and management.
The role of feedback in building design
Authors: Croome Derek J.
Published: September 2009

The causes of failure in building design are various—an inadequate brief, lack of data, poor communication, inadequate analysis or synthesis, quirks of human behaviour—all may contribute. Systematic appraisal of buildings in use may help us to understand why theory and practice do not always agree and also gives evidence for improved building economics. We have to involve users more in the design of buildings, and we need a much broader based education of building designers.
A basis for the revision of scales for sanitary accommodation in schools
Authors: Davidson P. J. , Courtney R. G.
Published: September 2009

Observations have been made of the use of cloakroom accommodation in a number of schools and the data collected incorporated in a computer simulation model. Revised scales of provision for sanitary accommodation in primary and secondary schools are proposed, which take account of both the number of users and the number of cloakrooms. These would offer an adequate and consistent standard of service and in some cases would reduce both the number of appliances provided and consequently the floor space required.
An assessment of the calculation methods to determine the thermal performance of slotted building blocks
Authors: Garrett K. W.
Published: September 2009

There is an increasing number of slotted building blocks offered by manufacturers for use in the insulating inner leaf of dwellings. There is, however, a certain amount of controversy surrounding the assessment of their thermal properties. This paper is an attempt to classify the model predictions for different types of slotted blocks. The model predictions are also compared with a value obtained by BRE (East Kilbride) during a theoretical study of the thermal resistance of slotted blocks. The method employed by BRE is a computer calculation based on a finite element analysis of the block.
Analytical methods for thermostatic on-off controls
Authors: Letherman K. M.
Published: September 2009

Traditionally, automatic control theory has mainly been concerned with the behaviour of linear controllers, where the controller output is some continuous function of the error signal. These use combinations of Proportional, Integral and Derivative actions. In practice, however, the cheapest and most commonly used type of controller is on-off, which is non-linear. In an ordinary room thermostat the control is produced by switching the heat on or off: the control is discontinuous. Methods for the analysis of non-linear systems are rather less well-known than those suitable for linear systems, and it would be worthwhile reviewing and illustrating some of the methods available. Three methods are described and each of them is applied to a range of simple transfer functions. The results are compared and conclusions are drawn as to the relative accuracy and ease of application of the methods.
Effect of radiation on thermostatic radiator valves
Authors: Weker P. , Mineur J. M.
Published: September 2009

The effects of the various modes of heating of the sensing element of a thermostatic radiator valve (TRV) are considered, and an attempt made to quantify them. In addition, the effects of solar energy suddenly becoming available to the sensing element surface are also discussed and possible temperature changes at the element surface postulated. The problem has been confined to a study of equilibrium effects. No attempt has been made to solve the transient problems imposed by system changes.
The experimental verification of a computerised thermal model for buildings
Authors: Waters J. R.
Published: September 2009

The predictions of a computerised thermal model based on the implicit finite difference technique have been compared with experimental measurements on two buildings. The results show that the model is capable of the accurate prediction of the temperatures and the heat flows in a building for a range of different conditions. It has been found that in certain circumstances the predictions of the model are strongly influenced by the value chosen for the convection coefficient at internal surfaces.
Solar radiation through windows—theory and equations
Authors: Jones Richard H.L.
Published: September 2009

This paper is concerned with the heating effect on buildings of solar radiation through windows. The theory and equations which lead to an hour-by-hour prediction of the solar gains and cooling loads are documented. These provide the algorithms for computer programs which derive solar cooling loads directly from basic data and for programs which produce solar gain factors used for manual calculations.
Radiant wall panel heating with mechanical ventilation
Authors: Fordham Max , Ryding Helene
Published: September 2009

This paper outlines the search for a design method for radiant wall panel heating using steel pipe coils embedded in concrete cross walls, in a local authority housing scheme (500 dwellings). Using an electrical analogue method, it provides details of heat outputs to be expected for variable pipe spacings and temperatures, for a fixed wall thickness or pipe depth. Anticipated room conditions and control problems are investigated. The radiant heating is linked with a mechanical ventilation system in each dwelling to aid control and minimise the risk of condensation. A cost comparison with radiators is given (1970 prices) and some details of site tests.
The assessment of U-values for insulated roofs
Authors: Anderson B. R.
Published: September 2009

This paper reports the results of a series of thermal conductivity and thermal transmittance tests which were designed to investigate the discrepancy between U-values calculated i sing CIBS guidelines and some results obtained by the Agrément Board in their “hot box” apparatus. The most significant factor was that for permeable insulation the measured conductance (from which the U-value is derived) was very dependent on the air speed at the upper surface of the insulation in Agrément's test rig. The air speeds applied during these tests were higher than those subsequently measured by BRE in three loft spaces. The applied speeds were also higher than those normally associated with the surface resistances measured by Agrément. Indeed in several tests the measured values of surface resistance were higher than theory would predict is possible even if still air conditions are assumed. Because of these questions about the air movement conditions used in the Agrément tests, the results do not justify changes to the presently accepted methods of assessing the U-values of insulated roofs.
A study of the effects of thermal capacity on domestic heating energy requirements
Authors: Uglow Christine E.
Published: September 2009

This paper presents the results of a simplified analytical method of assessing the effects of variation in building thermal capacity on heating energy requirements. The calculation method, which can be applied manually, introduces approximations but gives a broad insight into the effects of thermal capacity. This is in contrast to detailed computer models which provide more accurate results but usually relate to particular situations. The analytical method adopted is based on the admittance procedure developed at the Building Research Station and recommended by the CIBS. The method does not take account of diurnal variations in external temperature or of the response times of different heating systems. The effects of such approximations are not considered to be significant in this study. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of the present housing stock rather than to make recommendations about houses as passive solar collectors. In situations where heating is provided on an intermittent basis and there are no incidental heat gains, application of the admittance procedure indicates that structures of higher thermal capacity require a greater amount of energy for heating than those of lower thermal capacity. In addition to this must be considered the effects of utilisation of incidental gains, in particular solar gains, and the imposition of a minimum acceptable internal temperature. These two factors are discussed in detail with particular reference to different heating schedules. It is concluded that in certain intermittent heating situations where thermal insulation standards are high, increasing thermal capacity does not lead to a significant increase in energy consumption.
The estimation of environmental temperature following a step change in heat input or ambient temperature
Authors: Davies M. G.
Published: September 2009

The paper discusses the early and later response of a slab, insulated on one surface and exposed to a fluid at its other surface, initially at a uniform temperature throughout and subjected at zero time to a step change in the fluid temperature. The situation is first generalised to include a radiant heat input at the slab surface and a convective heat input to the adjacent fluid. The situation is then generalised to analyse the response of a simple enclosure to step excitation and an example of computation of surface, environmental and air temperatures is given.
The transformations of the environmental temperature procedure
Authors: Davies M. G.
Published: September 2009

Four classes of conductances are needed to describe thermal conditions in an enclosure: (1) conductances describing the physical surface-surface and surface-air heat exchanges, (2) the (approximate) conductances resulting from the delta to star transformations of (1), (3) the conductances associated with an internal heat source, and (4) the conductances associated with a passive measuring element. An index temperature describing the air and surfaces can be expressed in terms of (2). If the conductances (3) bear a special relation to those of (2) this index and the temperature of a hot body source can be combined to form a further index which is environmental temperature. This transformation is possible generally in a very simple (two temperature) enclosure, in unique circumstances in a three temperature enclosure and only approximately if more enclosure detail is specified. Environmental temperature is the temperature of the enclosure at which heat is effectively input, the temperature which drives the heat loss and the temperature which typifies heat exchange between the enclosure and its contents. This index is a development of an earlier index based on air and inside surface temperatures only.
Temperature requirements in old age
Authors: Collins K. J. , Hoinville Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

Investigations on 16 elderly and 16 young adult volunteers wearing standardised clothing in controlled ambient temperatures of 12°C to 24°C have been made in order to establish preferred temperature conditions and thermal comfort limits. When correction is made for the mean clothing insulation values of the subjects, the optimum temperature for thermal comfort in both age groups, sitting wearing 1 clo of insulation, is estimated to be 21.1°C. Differences in thermal responses and the relationship between impaired temperature perception and thermal comfort were examined. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of improving the thermal efficiency of existing dwellings and providing temperature specifications for old people's housing.
A rig for measuring the thermal transmittance (U-value) and the thermal conductance of walls
Authors: Spooner D. C. , Read A. E.
Published: September 2009

A rig has been designed and constructed to measure the thermal transmittance (U-value) and conductance of test walls 2 m by 2 m in area. The rig is of the guarded hot-box type and is based in principle on details given in the ASTM C 236–66 standard. Special measures have been taken in the design and operation of the rig to improve the accuracy of measurement. The guard system is automatic and controlled from the output of a thermopile on the metering box walls. Fans are used to circulate the air in the metering box and the heat contribution from the fan blades is taken into account in the measurement. Validation tests have been made using a glass fibre panel and the results agree very closely with the calculated thermal transmittance and conductance.
Sequential heating and cooling responses of a controlled environmental space
Authors: Pfafflin James R.
Published: September 2009

Verification of models previously advanced through results of tests conducted under rigidly controlled conditions is presented. It is shown that thermal responses of the test space follow closely a series of first order curves. The sequences of heating responses are demonstrated to be functions of the means of energy input.
Predicted energy consumption for air conditioning systems related to the building envelope and form
Authors: Oughton D. R.
Published: September 2009

This paper deals with the development of a modular approach to the calculation of energy consumption for air conditioning systems, based on computer prediction techniques. Annual consumption figures are established for perimeter and internal zones of commercial buildings air conditioned on the variable air volume principle and results are given for three different building envelope types; two based on current Building Regulations, Part FF and one on the current recommendations of the CIBS Energy Code, Part 1. The sensitivity of annual energy consumption to building shape and orientation is analysed for buildings conditioned by variable air volume systems. The effectiveness of the current Building Regulations in respect of limiting energy consumption in air conditioned buildings is discussed and proposals are made for their improvement. A comparison is made between the energy consumption of variable air volume systems and induction unit systems related to the heating, cooling and distribution components of the total energy consumption.
The development of a technique for determining the oil content of medical compressed air
Authors: Dyment J. , Ludbrook G. D.
Published: September 2009

The maximum permissible concentration of oil droplet contamination in medical compressed air is 0.5 mg/m3. Because of the increasing use of compressed air in hospitals, a rapid and straightforward test is required which will enable a hospital engineer to establish whether the air supply is free from oil. A jet of air is impacted onto the surface of a porous membrane held in a device designed to ensure an impaction efficiency of at least 50 per cent for droplets greater than 1 micrometre in diameter. The collected oil spreads uniformly from the centre of the membrane and causes a visible change in its opacity which may be measured under green light using a transmission densitometer. This change in opacity, defined as the logarithm of the ratio of the incident-light intensity, was found to be a function of the mass of oil deposited on the membrane and was independent of the type of oil used. From the point of view of the hospital engineer it is necessary only to sample 3 m3 of free compressed air with the instrument and see whether a visible grease spot is obtained. If a stain is apparent then the concentration of oil in the compressed air exceeds 0.5 mg/m3, indicating that servicing of the appropriate filters is necessary.
Building environmental engineering higher education
Authors: Croome Derek J. , Shields R. , Wild P.
Published: September 2009

During the last fifteen years undergraduate courses in building environmental engineering have been established at a few universities and polytechnics. New professional disciplines take time to be accepted by industry, to be recognised by the public, and to receive academic status within the education establishments themselves, but against this difficult background graduates have emerged who are making a valuable contribution towards progressing building design. The engineer's aesthetic involves working with the architect to evolve a built form compatible with the climate and the human requirements at an economic total cost. Education and training are necessary investments to ensure this can happen in the future but this needs whole-hearted participation by practitioners, professional bodies as well as educationalists.
Modelling convective currents in rooms by means of wall jets
Authors: Nevrala D. J. , Probert S. D.
Published: September 2009

Most assessments of air movements in proposed rooms are made on the bases of manufacturers' information, simple design predictions and experience. However with respect to those designs for which the performance has to be guaranteed (e.g. hospital operating theatres), experimental investigations are usually necessary using either relatively large mock-ups or small-scale models. The former are expensive, but doubts exist concerning the credibility of predictions obtained via measurements made with models. The present theoretical study has shown that the representation of convective currents in rooms (e.g. as generated by windows and domestic ‘radiators’) by plane jets in models is feasible, and numerical recommendations that will enable a designer to achieve this replacement are proposed. This investigation required a detailed analysis of what happens in the initial region of the plane jet to be undertaken in order to be able to match the air flows in the model to those in the full-size room.
Degree-days in Britain
Authors: Hitchin E. R.
Published: September 2009

Temperature records at several sites have been analysed in terms of monthly and annual degree-day values to base temperatures in the range 5 to 20°C. Results for London (Heathrow) are presented in some detail and compared with estimates made with various published procedures. The consistency across Britain of year-to-year variations is examined. The new results have been combined with previously published figures to explore geographical variations of base-temperature corrections. A new procedure is proposed for base-temperature correction of mean annual degree-day totals. This can be applied to all parts of Britain and extends to base temperatures outside the range of the existing CIBS Guide table. It can also be used to adjust figures for the effects of altitude.
Room thermal response and control stability
Authors: Bloomfield D. P. , Fisk D. J.
Published: September 2009

The importance of stability as a limit to good control is emphasised. A new first order model of the thermal response of a room is developed suitable for stability calculations. It emphasises the importance of separating radiant and convective paths in the block diagram of the heating system.
Living room and bedroom temperatures in homes: recorded values, occupant preference and energy conservation potential
Authors: Nevrala D. J. , Pimbert S. L.
Published: September 2009

The effect of additional thermal insulation as an energy conservation measure in buildings has been the subject of extensive theoretical research, mainly by use of computer simulation techniques. However, the results of field studies show that not all of the predicted savings are being realised and savings in individual cases vary considerably. It has also been suggested that substantial energy savings would accrue if temperatures in homes were lowered, but there is a dearth of information about the range of temperatures that occupants prefer, or consider tolerable, and what motivates their choice.

In order to learn how living room and bedroom temperatures are influenced by variations in insulation levels and occupier preference (which may be dependent on the expenditure on fuel and hence also on insulation) and also to provide a guide to a rational choice of design temperatures, temperature records obtained in the course of two field studies have been analysed. The first field study (33 houses) was carried out in an approximately equal sample of existing uninsulated (original condition) and ‘retrofit-insulated’ homes; the second in 7 new, well-insulated houses. All houses had individual central heating controlled by the occupants.

The results of the analysis reported in this paper concentrate on the variation, with external temperature and with retrofit insulation, of living room and bedroom temperatures. In conclusion, the energy conservation potential of retrofit insulation and of additional individual bedroom temperature controls as well as the relationship between satisfaction levels and design temperature are discussed.
Measurements of ventilation efficiency by using the tracer gas technique
Authors: Sandberg M. , Svensson A.
Published: September 2009

The local ventilation efficiency of a mechanical ventilation system may in general terms be defined as ‘providing air in those parts of a room where it is required’. In this paper different definitions of the local efficiency and methods for measuring it are discussed. Finally, results from measurements of the ventilation efficiency are presented. These indicate that, in some cases, only a minor proportion of the ventilation air flow is utilised in the occupied zone. Furthermore it is demonstrated that it is normally not advisable to use the slope of the tracer gas curves in a linear logarithmic plot as a measure of the ‘local ventilation rate’. The slopes will normally, after a certain period of time has elapsed, become equal. Then they reflect only the overall ventilation rate and not local differences.
Mean square error as a criterion for temperature control
Authors: Fisk D. J.
Published: September 2009

Existing thermal comfort criteria for temperature fluctuations about neutral are reviewed and compared with the requirements for control system design and building energy management. It is argued that the mean square error about the preferred temperature is both one of the easiest measures of error to compute in control design and relates to both the mean value of the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) and to the probability of occupants taking unprompted action to change their thermal environment. It is argued that the development of criteria suitable for design with optimal control theory also has implications for predicting the energy saving that can be associated with conventional thermal controls. An example is given to show how the mean square error criterion would predict a sinusoidally varying temperature about neutral of amplitude 2°C as equivalent to a sinusoidally varying temperature of amplitude 1°C whose mean was systematically 1.22°C below neutral. It is also shown that this criterion unlike simpler criteria predicts that this depression may not be much easier to realise in practice than a comparable depression under conditions of accurate temperature control.
Performance tests on an air-to-air thermal wheel in a swimming pool hall
Authors: Howarth A. T. , Letherman K. M.
Published: September 2009

The temperatures, humidities and air flow rates in the plant serving a public swimming pool hall were monitored for a period of about one year. The swimming pool hall was heated by an all fresh air system using LPHW heater batteries supplied by gas boilers. The plant included a thermal wheel heat recovery unit to transfer some of the sensible waste heat from the exhaust air to the supply air. The observed and calculated temperatures and energy savings are tabulated and conclusions are drawn as to the effectiveness of the thermal wheel and the energy savings predicted and observed.
Experimental investigations into the performance of current forms of roofs in northern Sudan
Authors: Mukhtar Y. A.
Published: September 2009

An experimental model building was constructed in Khartoum to examine the thermal performance of traditional and current forms of roof construction. Thermistor sensors and chart recorders were used to record the hourly surface temperatures of the roofs and the internal air temperatures of the individual rooms of the model. During the experiment the effect of the roof surface finished and the ventilation of the rooms and the roof/ceiling air space were also examined. According to the results and the capital cost, suitable forms of roof construction and methods for their improvements were recommended.
The performance of an air-water heat pump installed in an experimental house
Authors: Mountford D. , Freund P.
Published: September 2009

An air-water heat pump has been used to heat a well insulated experimental house since 1978. This paper describes the monitored performance of the heat pump and examines in detail its behaviour under part load operation and in frosting conditions. The seasonal coefficient of performance for space and water heating was 2.3 with minimal use of supplementary heat.
Using the admittance method to calculate energy consumption during intermittent plant operation
Authors: Waters J. R.
Published: September 2009

This paper shows how previously published work on the application of admittance theory to intermittent heating can be modified to be consistent with Section A5 of the CIBS Guide.
Multivariable linear models for peak cooling loads in the UK
Authors: Ullah M. Barkat
Published: September 2009

A collective system approach to the analysis of design cooling loads under the variable influences of climatic parameters resulted in obtaining simple multivariable linear models. It has been found that the peak cooling load bears linear correlations against four building parameters: height, length-width ratio, percentage of glazed area and roof area.
Capacity index and velocity pressure factors
Authors: Evans F.
Published: September 2009

A simple equation is derived for conversion of capacity index values to velocity pressure factors based on the main pipe size. The equations for the use of capacity index in Imperial and SI form are presented together with the conversion factors.
Decision making with uncertain energy costs
Authors: Fisk D. J.
Published: September 2009

In undertaking a full economic analysis of possible energy conserving measures for buildings, the estimation of the future cost of energy presents an apparent difficulty. It is argued that when the full conditions for an economic optimum are identified, this difficulty disappears for an important class of measures. For the class of remaining measures the optimality conditions enable the formulation of simple decision rules based on the relative costs of action now and remedial action later. These decision rules are found to highlight the importance of incorporating in the initial design the option of later easy remedial treatment.
Energy saving in buildings by control of ventilation as a function of indoor carbon dioxide concentration
Authors: Warren B. F.
Published: September 2009

Many mechanically ventilated and air conditioned buildings are over-ventilated since ventilation rates are usually based on a fixed number of people which is often considerably in excess of the average occupancy. Over-ventilation also occurs because no allowance can usually be made for infiltration. If ventilation rates could be modulated so as never to exceed the requirements of the actual number of occupants considerable savings in energy would be made. The CO2 concentration in the ventilated space can be related to the ventilation rate per person, and by modulating the fresh air flow to maintain a constant CO2 concentration a constant ventilation rate per person would be obtained. This action would reduce total ventilation rates whenever the occupation level is less than the design figure. Reductions in the total air supplied may also be made by ‘holding off’ the mechanical ventilation at certain times until the CO2 concentration reaches a predetermined value. The potential savings in energy due to these actions are discussed and two case studies relating to CO2 concentration measurements carried out in a theatre and clothing store are analysed. In the case of the clothing store the estimated cost saving results in an equipment cost pay-back period of about 2 years.
Theoretical Consideration for the Effect of Rainfall in the Mathematical Models for Simulation of Thermal Behaviour in Houses
Authors: Vahid F.
Published: September 2009

Mathematical models for simulations of the thermal behaviour of houses have been, so far, based solely on the heat transfer due to radiation, conduction and convection. To the author's knowledge, no model has attempted to take account of the effect of rain and the consequent surface evaporation. This study shows the effect of rain to be quite considerable and as a result the inside temperature drop can be as high as a few degrees C, if the loss of heat is not compensated by heaters. Moreover, the temperature drop as a result of surface evaporation does not vanish when the rain stops, it continues to be present as long as the surface is wet, although the value gradually decreases with time. The effect of the increase in the thermal conductivity of the roof and the outermost layer of the external walls as a result of the penetration of moisture has also been considered. The effect, however, proved not to be of serious significance for the internal room temperatures.
Fire Precautions at the National Westminster Tower
Authors: Wallace A. S.
Published: September 2009

This paper describes the aspects of the design of the National Westminster Tower in London with respect to fire precautions. In particular the effect on the building services is considered.
Case study of a Middle Eastern building
Authors: Tully R. E.
Published: September 2009

The case study takes Sharjah International Airport, located in one of the Emirates in the Middle East, and covers the broad field of mechanical, electrical engineering (building services) and acoustic design aspects. The paper includes a number of pre-design studies. It then sets out the design criteria adopted and the description of each of the engineering and acoustic elements. Reference is made to the testing and hand-over and the form of contract adopted.
How to calculate heat losses through open doors
Authors: Fitzgerald D.
Published: September 2009

When an outside door is opened the wind blows into a building, the rate at which air enters is limited by the fact that it has to leave again as part of the exfiltration. This simple truth is the basis of a method of calculating the rate at which air enters the building, and how long it takes to reach a steady state, given the area of the door, the volume of the building, and the air change rate caused by infiltration, when the door is shut. Resulting heat losses are unacceptably high, but not as high as claimed by door manufacturers.
Heat loss measurements through an insulated domestic ground floor
Authors: Spooner D. C.
Published: September 2009

Measurements have been made continuously over a period of two years, of heat loss through the solid ground floor slab of a small test house at the Cement and Concrete Association. The heat loss was found to be about one half of that determined using accepted calculation procedures. In addition, contrary to general belief, it was not found that heat losses from the floor perimeter predominate over those from the central area. It is suggested that it may be necessary to make changes to the current procedures for calculating the heat loss through solid concrete ground floor slabs.
Climate, design and user parameters for building heat needs
Authors: Davies M. G.
Published: September 2009

The paper briefly reviews the expected heat need, supplied by casual gains and auxiliary heating, when solar gains through a window may contribute significantly to the total need. The variation of heat need is presented as a function of glazed area, and parameters are month of the year, type of glazing and window insulation, choice of comfort temperature and ventilation rate. Annual needs are similarly indicated and comparable results for a glazed wall presented. Two possible ways of obtaining such results from meteorological statistics are outlined.
Effective ‘U’ value
Authors: Owens P. G.T.
Published: September 2009

The paper explains the philosophy of combining losses with solar gains through the modification of the conventional ‘U’ value used for windows. The definition of the modified value, called the “Effective ‘U’ value” is given in the form of an equation and a simple proof is given. The underlying research using detailed computer analysis of the energy requirements of buildings is discussed. Such computer analysis leads to the establishment of a methodology to determine effective ‘U‘ values for real situations. The methodology based on standard meteorological data and the thermal characteristics of glazing is explained and a program listing provided which enables the calculation to be made for any location and window design.
Warm air heating—thermostat differential and the setting of thermostats
Authors: Pimbert S. L. , Brayshaw C.
Published: September 2009

The paper gives the results of a field investigation to determine how the differential of a thermostat influences the setting of the thermostat by the occupants of warm air heated houses. It shows that the setting is dependent on the minimum cycle temperature and not the mean. Thus, by reducing differentials energy savings are possible by reducing the setting of the thermostat. The survey was carried out by BSRIA under contract to Watson House.
Ergonomic aspects of heating controls
Authors: Dale H. C.A. , Crawshaw C. M.
Published: September 2009

The ergonomics of heating controls can contribute substantially to overall system performance. The present state of the art is illustrated by this review of controllers available in the market place. It reveals that there is room for considerable improvement.
Does warm air heating use less energy than radiant heating? A clear answer
Authors: Fitzgerald D.
Published: September 2009

The paper shows that the two temperature ratios F1 and F2, introduced in section A9(1979) of the C.I.B.S. Guide to calculate steady state heat loss coefficients as function of the proportion of radiant heat to be supplied, are not independent, in that 3F1 + F2 = 4. From this it follows that if for a building or room ≥ AU < NV, the heat loss coefficient for any method of heating containing a significant proportion of radiation is smaller than that for warm air heating, for the same dry resultant temperature. This is confirmed by examples. The result is applied to factories built to satisfy part FF of the Building Regulations, and it is shown that only for small factories with little ventilation will the heat loss coefficient for warm air heating be less than for heating including radiation.
Room response according to CIBS Guide procedures
Authors: Danter E.
Published: September 2009

This paper starts by amplifying the discussion of the procedures for determining the steady-cyclic thermal response of rooms presented in Section A5 of the CIBS Guide 1979. Section A5 presents the basic considerations underlying this approach to the problem but their implications are worked out only for a few specific applications. It lacks a method for determining heating plant requirements net of gains and ventilation is assumed constant except for the case of unconditioned buildings. In addition some formulae presented are justified only by cross-reference to earlier published analyses based on rather different assumptions. The second part of this paper takes the basic discussion of Section A5 as a starting point and develops a general algorithm for determining the room response for an arbitrary type of heating or cooling system (radiation, convection), arbitrary gains and arbitrary variations of ventilation rate. This can provide the basis for a general-purpose computer program implementing the Section A5 model or for deriving formulae appropriate to specific applications. The final section presents such formulae for intermittent heating requirements net of gains, including consideration of excess gain conditions. Variable ventilation is allowed for on the basis of constant ‘day’ and ‘night’ rates coinciding with the heating cycle. Substantiation of the Section A5 formula for intermittent operation of cooling plant and a more manageable version of its formula for summertime temperatures are also provided.
An investigation into the potential of microwave radiant energy as a source of heating for human comfort
Authors: Sales David C.
Published: September 2009

A comprehensive investigation into the real potential of microwave radiant energy as a low energy alternative to conventional thermal comfort systems, has been conducted over the past three years. During periods of research no detailed references were discovered. The fundamental questions discussed are: (1) Microwaves, what they are? (2) What is the truth about the associated health risks? (3) How can microwaves be used to heat buildings? (4) What are the potential advantages and benefits? Information assimilated and collated in compiling this composite reference reveals positively that microwaves' have the potential to be applied in the fashion portrayed. Though there remains still further experimental development to be pursued in advancing the new concept, this paper is presented to stimulate industry regarding the viability of such an idea to enhance man and his ever-changing environment. Existing conventional systems have been with us for decades or even centuries, and are essentially refinements of original schemes. The profession may well need to review its schools of thought relating to conservation and economics of engineered space heating systems. Enlightenment on a totally different method of approach is provided with unbiased explanations.
Improved data correlations for buoyancy-driven convection in rooms
Authors: Alamdari F. , Hammond G. P.
Published: September 2009

Improved data correlations have been derived for buoyancy-driven convective heat transfer from the internal surfaces of naturally-ventilated buildings. They cover the full range of laminar, transitional and turbulent airflows, and are based on the mathematical model of Churchill & Usagi (1972). The new correlating equations are presented in a convenient form for incorporating into modern computer programs which simulate the dynamic thermal performance of buildings. They compare favourably with the available exerimental data for isolated surfaces, and are shown to be an improvement on the ‘standard’ correlations recommended in the CIBS Guide. The factors which affect the accuracy of such data correlations, when used for the energy-conscious design of ‘real’ buildings, are briefly discussed.
The CIBS example weather year
Authors: Hitchin E. R. , Holmes M. J. , Hutt B. C. , Irving S. , Nevrala D.
Published: September 2009

The CIBS Example Weather Year for Kew (1964/65) has been established1, and some reduced data published2, 3. The thinking behind the concept of an example weather year was presented by Holmes and Hitchin in 19744, since that time the process of selection has been formalised by a CIBS task group under the auspices of the Computer Applications Panel. Two more example years have been selected for areas represented by the Aldergrove and Eskdalemuir Meteorological stations. This paper presents these new years' describing how they were selected, how the data is to be interpreted and gives some general advice on obtaining suitable data from the meteorological office.

The Example Weather Years' selected to date are:

Kew Oct. 1964–Sept. 1965

Aldergrove Oct. 1977–Sept. 1978

Eskdalemuir Oct. 1970–Sept. 1971
The performance of retrofit energy conservation measures in two semi-detached houses
Authors: Freund P.
Published: September 2009

Two 1930s semi-detached houses were retrofitted with an extensive range of energy conservation measures including loft and solid wall insulation, draught stripping, double glazing, heating controls and heat pumps. The performance of the houses and their heating systems has been monitored and the results compared with expectations. The houses were unoccupied but heat gains equivalent to a family of four were simulated; the heating systems were in continuous operation to maintain nominally constant temperatures of 21 °C in the living rooms and 18°C in the bedrooms. The heat losses were slightly lower than predicted. Air leakage was also low. The heat pumps showed some fall-off in performance at high outdoor temperatures but generally performance was predictable from laboratory data. It is shown there may be two types of heat pump in so far as defrosting behaviour is concerned. Temperature controls on individual radiators provided little overall advantage compared with control by a single room thermostat—the difference between them is discussed.
Estimating monthly degree-days
Authors: Hitchin E. R.
Published: September 2009

A new method is proposed for the estimation of monthly degree-day values from monthly mean temperatures. This can be used to calculate figures for sites which are distant from the 17 sites in the UK for which published data are available, and to modify published figures to non-standard base temperatures. The new method is simpler than existing procedures and is shown to be more accurate at five sites in the United Kingdom. It is shown to be compatible with existing methods and therefore also usable outside the United Kingdom.
The disposal of aqueous condensate from high efficiency gas boilers
Authors: Hardwick G. J. , Pattison J. R.
Published: September 2009

The development of gas-fired heating appliances, in which the water in the products of combustion is condensed and the latent heat used, allow high efficiencies to be realised. It also poses a problem in that the condensate, a mild acid, has to be drained away. This problem has been analysed and it was concluded that the disposal of the condensate into the nearest drains would not affect the normal operation of municipal systems for effluent disposal. However, it appeared that the spasmodic wetting of household drains with a mild acid, that could be concentrated by drying, put an extra duty on the pipework. A life test was therefore carried out on typical drain materials and this has indicated that boiler condensate is unlikely to have a harmful effect. This conclusion is supported by tests made in Holland and the USA.
Appraisal of available basic design data for building services for the developing world
Authors: Wood D. W.
Published: September 2009

Various sources of basic design data for building services in the developing world are compared. This exercise is repeated for meteorological data, solar data, internal design data, air purity, water supplies, sanitation, rain water and treatment of effluent.