bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of sub-technique and skiing velocity on air drag in skating style cross-country skiing
Authors: Elfmark Ola , Docter Heleen , Sandbakk Øyvind , Kocbach Jan
Published: August 2023

In cross-country skiing, velocities range from 2 m $${\textrm{s}}^{-1}$$

s

-
1

up to more than 20 m $${\textrm{s}}^{-1}$$

s

-
1

across undulating terrain, and aerodynamics can, therefore, make a large impact on performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of skiing velocity on air drag for skating sub-techniques and downhill postures (tuck). Dynamic and static drag measurements for two athletes were performed in a wind tunnel in relevant velocity ranges for each sub-technique. The drag area decreased with velocity from 2 m $${\textrm{s}}^{-1}$$

s

-
1

to around 10–12 m $${\textrm{s}}^{-1}$$

s

-
1

, where it plateaued. No difference in air drag was found between the sub-techniques performed in upright postures (G2–G4) and thereby relatively similar frontal areas. In the G5 sub-technique performed without poling action in a lower posture, the reduced air drag was approximately 28% lower than for G2–G4 at similar velocities, and could even be reduced by an additional 21.7% by keeping the arms tucked in front of the body. In the downhill tucked postures, athletes could reduce air drag by 23% by keeping a low tuck, compared to a high tuck with straight legs. The sub-techniques were tested both dynamically and by averaging the static positions throughout the movements. The air drag was on average 6.1% lower for dynamic movements, indicating that dynamical movements like in cross-country skiing should be tested dynamically when evaluating air drag. Finally, the chosen cycle rate had minimal influence on air drag.
Mindfulness in Persons with Mild Dementia and Their Caregivers: Exploring Trait Rumination as a Clinical Outcome Measure
Authors: Keune Philipp M. , Bernard Franziska , Meister Regina , Keune Jana , Springer Romy , Arlt Rüdiger , Holmerová Iva , Auer Stefanie , Oschmann Patrick , Hansen Sascha
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been successfully applied to persons with dementia (PwD) and their caregivers and may yield beneficial effects on depression and quality of life. However, due to inconsistent results, it may be beneficial to re-examine mindfulness in PwD cross-sectionally to identify further potential therapeutic target variables. Rumination, the maladaptive disposition to excessively think about causes and consequences of symptoms and negative mood, may represent such a target. The current study sought to confirm the validity of trait rumination and the antagonistic relationship between mindfulness, rumination, and depression in PwD and their caregivers, as this may qualify rumination as a potential process and outcome variable in future MBIs.

Method

Forty patients with mild dementia completed a neuropsychological examination and provided self-report data on trait mindfulness, depression, and rumination. Self-report measures were also obtained from 30 caregivers. Regression analyses were used to examine the relation between mindfulness, depression, and rumination. We used clinical cutoffs for depression and rumination to estimate the practical implications of the opposing relationships between these variables.

Results

For PwD, mindfulness was significantly negatively correlated with depression and rumination, explaining 37% and 25% of variance, respectively. In PwD with low mindfulness scores, clinical depression and rumination syndromes occurred more frequently than in those with high mindfulness. Caregiver results were compatible.

Conclusion

Mindfulness shows an antagonistic relationship with clinically relevant rumination in PwD. Rumination may represent a relevant clinical outcome variable for future MBIs that can be reliably measured in PwD through validated self-report measures.

Preregistration

This study is not preregistered.
Attention as a patchwork concept
Authors: Taylor Henry
Published: August 2023

This paper examines attention as a scientific concept, and argues that it has a patchwork structure. On this view, the concept of attention takes on different meanings, depending on the scientific context. I argue that these different meanings vary systematically along four dimensions, as a result of the epistemic goals of the scientific programme in question and the constraints imposed by the scientific context. Based on this, I argue that attention is a general reasoning strategy concept: it provides general, non-specific guidance that aids scientific work. As well as shedding light on attention as a scientific concept, this theory has two wider consequences. First, it demonstrates that the patchwork approach is a fruitful way to think about psychological concepts. Second, it provides novel resources to resist eliminativism about attention.
Plant-derived nanomaterials (PDNM): a review on pharmacological potentials against pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and some metabolic diseases
Authors: Okeke Emmanuel Sunday , Nweze Ekene John , Anaduaka Emeka Godwin , Okoye Charles Obinwanne , Anosike Chioma Assumpta , Joshua Parker Elijah , Ezeorba Timothy Prince Chidike
Published: August 2023

Plant-derived nanomaterials (PDNM) have gained significant attention recently due to their potential pharmacological applications against pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and certain metabolic diseases. This review introduces the concept of PDNMs and their unique properties, including their small size, high surface area, and ability to penetrate biological barriers. Besides various methods for synthesizing PDNMs, such as green synthesis techniques that utilize plant extracts and natural compounds, the advantages of using plant-derived materials, such as their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity, were elucidated. In addition, it examines the recent and emerging trends in nanomaterials derived from plant approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance and metabolic diseases. The sizes of nanomaterials and their surface areas are vital as they play essential roles in the interactions and relationships between these materials and the biological components or organization. We critically analyze the biomedical applications of nanoparticles which include antibacterial composites for implantable devices and nanosystems to combat antimicrobial resistance, enhance antibiotic delivery, and improve microbial diagnostic/detection systemsIn addition, plant extracts can potentially interfere with metabolic syndrome pathways; hence most nano-formulations can reduce chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, lipid profile, and antimicrobial resistance. As a result, these innovative plant-based nanosystems may be a promising contender for various pharmacological applications.
Predictors of Clostridium difficile infection after stoma reversal following TaTME surgery
Authors: Tirelli Flavio , Lorenzon Laura , Biondi Alberto , Langellotti Lodovica , Santoro Gloria , Agnes Annamaria , Pezzuto Roberto , Persiani Roberto , D’Ugo Domenico
Published: August 2023

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of Clostridium Difficile infection (CDI) after stoma reversal in patients who underwent transanal Total Mesorectal Excision (TaTME) and to evaluate variables correlated with this post-operative infection. Methods: Patients who underwent stoma reversal surgery following TaTME for rectal cancer between 2015 and 2023 at a high-volume Institution, were retrospectively reviewed for the post-operative occurrence of diarrhea and in-hospital CDI (positive toxin in the stools). Patients were divided into the following subgroups according to the post-operative course: Group A-no clinical symptoms; Group B-mild diarrhea (< 10 evacuations/day); Group C-severe watery diarrhea (> 10 evacuations/day) with CDI negative; and Group D-severe watery diarrhea (> 10 evacuations/day) CDI positive. Clinical and laboratory data were analyzed for their correlation with CDI. A machine learning approach was used to determine predictors of diarrhea following stoma reversal. Results: A total of 126 patients were selected, of whom 79 were assessed as Group A, 16 Group B, 25 Group C and 6 (4.8%) Group D. Univariable analysis documented that delayed stoma reversal correlated with CDI (Group A mean interval 44.6 weeks vs. Group D 68.4 weeks, p 0.01). The machine learning analysis confirmed the delay in stoma closure as a probability factor of presenting diarrhea; also, diarrhea probability was 80.5% in males, 77.8% in patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy, and 63.9% in patients who underwent adjuvant therapy. Conclusions: Stoma reversal surgery can result in moderate rate of in-hospital CDI. Time-to stoma reversal is a crucial variable significantly related with this adverse outcome.
Walsh’s Conformal Map Onto Lemniscatic Domains for Polynomial Pre-images II
Authors: Schiefermayr Klaus , Sète Olivier
Published: August 2023

We consider Walsh’s conformal map from the exterior of a set $$E=\bigcup _{j=1}^{\ell }E_j$$

E
=

⋃

j
=
1

ℓ

E
j

consisting of $$\ell $$
ℓ
 compact disjoint components onto a lemniscatic domain. In particular, we are interested in the case when E is a polynomial preimage of $$[-1,1]$$

[
-
1
,
1
]

, i.e., when $$E=P^{-1}([-1,1])$$

E
=

P

-
1

(

[
-
1
,
1
]

)

, where P is an algebraic polynomial of degree n. Of special interest are the exponents and the centers of the lemniscatic domain. In the first part of this series of papers, a very simple formula for the exponents has been derived. In this paper, based on general results of the first part, we give an iterative method for computing the centers when E is the union of $$\ell $$
ℓ
intervals. Once the centers are known, the corresponding Walsh map can be computed numerically. In addition, if E consists of $$\ell =2$$

ℓ
=
2

or $$\ell =3$$

ℓ
=
3

components satisfying certain symmetry relations then the centers and the corresponding Walsh map are given by explicit formulas. All our theorems are illustrated with analytical or numerical examples.
Wie kommen Tierlaute in einen Text?
Authors: Böhm Felix , Böhnert Martin
Published: August 2023

In der empirischen Tierforschung spielen Tierlaute eine entscheidende Rolle für die Zuschreibung geistiger Fähigkeiten. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die flüchtigen und einmaligen Lautereignisse tierlicher Vokalisation in wiederholt rezipierbare textuelle Zeichen transformiert und fixiert. Am Beispiel der Forschungen von Anne Marijke Schel et al. (2013a) zur Intentionalität von Schimpansen zeigt der Beitrag, wie die Sichtbarmachung von Lauten mit der Zuschreibung dieser geistigen Fähigkeiten einhergeht. Um dieses Zusammenspiel zu analysieren, greifen wir auf den Begriff der Inskription (Latour) und die Theorie der Transkriptivität (Jäger) zurück. Die Verbindung dieser Zugänge ermöglicht es, die epistemische Dimension von transkriptiven Prozessen und die intermedial-transkriptive Dimension von epistemischen Prozessen als wechselseitig verwobenes Geschehen zu begreifen. Auf diese Verwobenheit verweisen wir mit dem Begriff der epistemischen Transkription, der die einzelnen transkriptiven Handlungen und die dazu verwendeten Inskriptionsmittel in ihrer bedeutungsgenerierenden Funktion berücksichtigt.
Förderung von motorischen Basiskompetenzen über das Können, Wissen und Wollen der Schulkinder. Effekte einer 8-wöchigen Unterrichtsreihe in der zweiten und vierten Schulstufe.
Authors: Niederkofler Benjamin , Amesberger Günter
Published: August 2023

Sobald Kinder an der Bewegungs- und Sportkultur teilhaben möchten, benötigen sie motorische Basiskompetenzen (MB). Der Erwerb von MB wird auch deshalb in vielen Grundschulcurricula als wichtiges Mindestziel genannt. Doch ein beachtlicher Teil europäischer Schulkinder baut im Verlauf der Grundschulzeit keine hinreichenden MB auf. Es benötigt daher Interventionsstudien, die Rückschlüsse auf die Ausgestaltung von Sportunterricht zur Förderung von MB zulassen. Ziel der Studie war es, die unmittelbaren und langfristigen Effekte einer 8‑wöchigen kompetenzorientierten Unterrichtsreihe auf die MB von Schulkindern der zweiten und vierten Schulstufe zu untersuchen. Es wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass sich eine Unterrichtsreihe mit kompetenzorientierten Maßnahmen zur motorisch-aktiven (Können), kognitiv-reflexiven (Wissen) und selbstregulierten (Wollen) Auseinandersetzung mit den eigenen MB positiv auf den Erwerb der MB auswirkt. Im quasi-experimentellen, randomisierten und kontrollierten Design wurden die Kinder der zweiten (NIG = 71, NKG = 56) sowie vierten Schulstufe (NIG = 65, NKG = 51) prä, post und follow-up in ihren MB getestet. Ko-Varianzanalysen mit den Faktoren Gruppe und Zeit und den Kovariaten BMI und Geschlecht ergaben mittlere Gruppeneffekte, starke Zeiteffekte und schwache bis mittlere ZeitxGruppen-Interaktionseffekte für die Gesamtkompetenz sowie die Teilkompetenzen Etwas-Bewegen und Sich-Bewegen. Für Etwas-Bewegen wurde in der vierten Schulstufe lediglich ein Zeiteffekt beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass kompetenzorientierte Unterrichtsmaßnahmen die MB im Sportunterricht der Grundschule gezielt fördern können. Dass diese Effekte nicht generell sind, zeigt der ausgebliebene Interaktionseffekt zu Etwas-Bewegen in der vierten Schulstufe. Demnach sind weitere Studien notwendig, um die Effekte von kompetenzorientierten Unterrichtsmaßnamen auf die Kompetenzentwicklung der Schulkinder zu untersuchen.
Experimental Analysis of Macrocontingencies and Metacontingencies Between Group Competition
Authors: Couto Kalliu Carvalho , Bahari Mohsen , Stokken Anne-Lise , de Carvalho Lucas Couto , Sandaker Ingunn
Published: August 2023

Metacontingencies describe a functional relationship between interlocking behavioral contingencies that produce an aggregate product and a selecting environment. Various metacontingency procedures employ operant contingencies and metacontingencies concurrently to investigate participant’s choices to engage in a behavior as a function of either the magnitude or frequency of consequences. However, little research attention has been given to evaluate macrocontingencies to metacontingencies in the context of between-group competition. The present study compared the results of three experimental groups. In experimental group 1, participants responded to the task together and were allowed to use vocal communication. In experimental group 2, participants responded to the task individually. In experimental group 3, participants responded to the task together but were not allowed to use vocal communication. The results showed that some participants in group 2 reached a high percentage of correct responses, but the sum of their performance (macrocontingency) was not significantly better than chance. The performance of participants who cooperated (groups 1 and 3) was significantly better than chance. We discuss the role of between-group selection, within-group variability and social contingencies in the adaptive value of cooperation.
Thermal DLTS study of the defect states of PELLE polymer
Authors: Rusnák Jaroslav , Pecz Michal , Škoviera Ján , Klbik Ivan
Published: August 2023

The thermal deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) technique was applied to study the defect states and their activation energies of a polyurethane-based polymer network (PELLE) insulator. It was demonstrated that decomposition analysis of exponential transients allows a more accurate determination of the activation energy of the defective states. Two groups of activation energies for the PELLE polymer were observed, ranging from 0.49 eV to 1.9 eV and − 7.84 eV to − 2.53 eV, which were assigned to changes in the bond properties in the hard and soft segments of the studied polymer, respectively. The applicability of the DLTS method for the characterization of polymers was demonstrated. It was shown that the DLTS technique could contribute to a more comprehensive picture of the properties of polymers.
Comparative performance investigation of a dual evaporator cycle using an ejector with the conventional cycle using a pressure reducing valve
Authors: Sachdeva Gulshan , Jaiswar Ajay , Anuradha Parinam , Jain Vaibhav
Published: August 2023

The performance of a dual evaporator cycle using ejector is compared with a conventional cycle employing pressure reducing valve. In both the systems, high temperature evaporator is considered as a flooded evaporator, thus a separator is employed after the high temperature evaporator. However, low temperature evaporator is a kind of conventional dry evaporator. The comparison of both systems, i.e., conventional and ejector assisted, is done for the same cooling capacities and same dryness fraction at the exit of high temperature evaporator with R134a, R152a, and R1234yf refrigerants. The effects of varying the states of refrigerant at the exit of flooded evaporator, and temperatures of both the evaporators and the condenser are analyzed using Engineering Equation Solver. It is found that the compressor work is reduced in both the cycles with the rise in low temperature evaporator temperature; however, a little variation is observed in the total cooling effect. The cooling effect in high temperature evaporator is increased with the increase in dryness fraction at the exit of the high temperature flooded evaporator, but it is decreased in low temperature evaporator.
A combined rapid clinical and lung ultrasound score for predicting bronchiolitis severity
Authors: Camporesi Anna , Morello Rosa , Guzzardella Amedeo , Pierucci Ugo Maria , Izzo Francesca , De Rose Cristina , Buonsenso Danilo
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Lung ultrasound (LUS) has demonstrated a good correlation with clinical severity scores in bronchiolitis but should be combined with clinical data to achieve the best results. The aim of the study is to create a quick and reliable clinical-ultrasound score to predict the risk of paediatric intensive care (Picu) admission as soon as the patient enters the emergency department (ED).

Methods

A retrospective study conducted at two paediatric EDs. The lung was divided into six zones and scanned with ultrasound; every zone received a score. Clinical data were obtained. For the outcomes “PICU admission” and “CPAP support”, a multivariate analysis was conducted and the significant factors resulting were used to create a 3-item score to predict PICU admission. Area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC) for specificity and sensibility of the score was obtained.

Results

Seventy-four patients were enrolled; 34% were admitted to PICU. Thirty-one percent were treated with CPAP. For the outcome “PICU admission”, multivariate analysis demonstrated the presence of wheezing and reduced oral intake to be significant together with ultrasound involvement of the right posterior upper zone and left posterior basal zone. For the outcome “CPAP support”, same clinical factors plus involvement of the right posterior upper zone were significant. A 3-item score (1: presence of wheezing; 2: reduced oral intake; 3: LUS involvement of right posterior upper zone) for prediction of PICU admission was created which presents an AUC of 0.8249.

Conclusions

We were able to create a simple and quick score to predict the need for PICU admission in bronchiolitis.
Developing a diagnosis calculator to estimate the probability of bacterial pneumonia
Authors: Baghdadi Jonathan D. , Tripathi Ravi , Pineles Lisa , Harris Anthony D. , Palacio Danica , Charles Drew , Claeys Kimberly C. , Heil Emily , Bork Jackie , Morgan Daniel J.
Published: August 2023

Misdiagnosis of bacterial pneumonia increases risk of exposure to inappropriate antibiotics and adverse events. We developed a diagnosis calculator (https://calculator.testingwisely.com) to inform clinical diagnosis of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia using objective indicators, including incidence of disease, risk factors, and sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests, that were identified through literature review.
Ex Ante Costs Versus Ex Post Costs of the Large Municipal Waste Combustor Rule
Authors: Morgan Cynthia , Pasurka Carl A.
Published: August 2023

This article compares the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ex ante cost analysis of its 1995 Large Municipal Waste Combustor (MWC): New Source Performance Standards and Emissions Guidelines rule to an ex post assessment of its cost. Unlike many retrospective cost analyses, where ex post assessments are limited due to lack of data on compliance costs, this case study is unique because we located and used plant-level survey data from the U.S. Department of Energy and Governmental Advisory Associates in a comparison of ex ante and ex post costs of individual MWCs. We find the ex post capital expenditures for nitrogen oxide control systems are typically lower than the EPA ex ante estimates, while the ex post capital expenditures for mercury control systems tend to be higher than the EPA ex ante estimates. Finally, while we find a few outliers, the average ratio of ex post to ex ante capital expenditures for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions control is near unity.
Can Welfare Economics Justify Corporate Philanthropy? Proposing the Philanthropy Multiplier as a Metric for Evaluating Corporate Philanthropic Expenditures
Authors: English William
Published: August 2023

Much business ethics and corporate social responsibility literature suggests, implicitly or explicitly, that firms ought to engage in activities that can be characterized as philanthropy, namely, expending resources beyond what is required by law and market norms to promote others’ welfare at the expense of firm profits. However, this literature has struggled to provide a normative framework for evaluating corporate philanthropy, although scholars have noted that such expenditures can potentially remedy market failures and provide public goods more efficiently. I articulate two specific rationales that can justify corporate philanthropy based on considerations of welfare economics: 1) firms making strategic but high-risk investments in activities that are likely to generate positive externalities even if they prove unprofitable and 2) firms possessing a strong comparative advantage in their ability to address a social problem at lower social cost. Moreover, these rationales can be evaluated by a concept I develop called the philanthropy multiplier, indicating the ratio of net positive externalities to net costs. I suggest that firms consider publicizing their philanthropy multipliers, and I discuss theoretical and practical implications.
Chaos in the Sporting World over Russia’s War of Aggression: Political Neutrality in Light of Human Rights Protection
Authors: Wiater Patricia
Published: August 2023

There is currently disagreement in the international sports world about whether Russian and Belarusian athletes should be admitted to international competitions. While initially proposing to ban these athletes, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is now recommending that sports federations readmit Russian and Belarusian athletes under certain conditions. The IOC believes that this is unavoidable in order to respect human rights. Sports federations are invoking their autonomy on this issue, with some following the IOC’s advice, some maintaining a ban, and others allowing unconditional participation. This piece seeks to correct the IOC’s interpretation of the applicable human rights standard. It asserts that sporting bodies must respect human rights, and that the principles of autonomy and neutrality of sport must be considered in light of internationally recognised human rights standards. If these are used as a yardstick, it becomes clear that collective exclusion can be justified in the extreme case of a war of aggression.
The RIC Recruitment & Retention Materials Toolkit – a resource for developing community-informed study materials
Authors: Mayers Stephanie A. , Cook Sarah K. , Rantala Caitlin , Israel Tiffany , Helmer Tara , Schorr Matt , Campos Guadalupe , Hahn David , Pimentel Pamela , Wynn Mysha , Edwards Terri L. , Stroud Mary , Harris Paul A. , Wilkins Consuelo H.
Published: August 2023

Clinical trials face many challenges with meeting projected enrollment and retention goals. A study’s recruitment materials and messaging convey necessary key information and therefore serve as a critical first impression with potential participants. Yet study teams often lack the resources and skills needed to develop engaging, culturally tailored, and professional-looking recruitment materials. To address this gap, the Recruitment Innovation Center recently developed a Recruitment & Retention Materials Content and Design Toolkit, which offers research teams guidance, actionable tips, resources, and customizable templates for creating trial-specific study materials. This paper seeks to describe the creation and contents of this new toolkit.
Evaluation of prostate cancer tissue metabolomics: would clinics utilise it for diagnosis?
Authors: Bansal Navneeta , Kumar Manoj , Sankhwar Satya N. , Gupta Ashish
Published: August 2023

The difficulty of diagnosing prostate cancer (PC) with the available biomarkers frequently leads to over-diagnosis and overtreatment of PC, underscoring the need for novel molecular signatures. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the currently available cellular metabolomics for PC molecular signatures. A comprehensive search on PubMed was conducted to find studies published between January 2004 and August 2022 that reported biomarkers for PC detection, development, aggressiveness, recurrence and treatment response. Although potential studies have reported the presence of distinguishing molecules that can distinguish between benign and cancerous prostate tissue. However, there are few studies looking into signature molecules linked to disease development, therapy response or tumour recurrence. The majority of these studies use high-dimensional datasets, and the number of potential metabolites investigated frequently exceeds the size of the available samples. In light of this, pre-analytical, statistical, methodological and confounding factors such as antiandrogen therapy (NAT) may also be linked to the identified chemometric multivariate differences between PC and relevant control samples in the datasets. Despite the methodological and procedural challenges, a range of methodological groups and processes have consistently identified a number of signature metabolites and pathways that appear to imply a substantial involvement in the cellular metabolomics of PC for tumour formation and recurrence.
The same content in two different languages? Hegel's conception of religion and philosophy and its critique by D.F. Strauss
Authors: Mooren Nadine
Published: August 2023

The aim of this paper is to contribute to debate on Hegel's conception of the relationship between religion and philosophy by proposing that it can be a read as a division of labour between Christian religion and speculative philosophy. This reading allows us to understand better Hegel's idea that religion and philosophy have the same content in two different forms. I distinguish between the institutional and the intrapersonal dimensions of Hegel's claim of a division of labour between religion and philosophy. I then turn to a critique of Hegel's philosophy of religion by showing how David Friedrich Strauss's concluding dissertation from The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined can call our attention to some internal tensions within Hegel's conception. Although Strauss's interpretation does not present an insurmountable objection against Hegel's conception of a division of labour, it can help to illuminate to what extent Hegel oversimplified the practical implications that his conception might have for the priest's attempt to continue his instruction to the members of his community.
Chase–escape in dynamic device-to-device networks
Authors: Cali Elie , Hinsen Alexander , Jahnel Benedikt , Wary Jean-Philippe
Published: August 2023

We feature results on global survival and extinction of an infection in a multi-layer network of mobile agents. Expanding on a model first presented in Cali et al. (2022), we consider an urban environment, represented by line segments in the plane, in which agents move according to a random waypoint model based on a Poisson point process. Whenever two agents are at sufficiently close proximity for a sufficiently long time the infection can be transmitted and then propagates into the system according to the same rule starting from a typical device. Inspired by wireless network architectures, the network is additionally equipped with a second class of agents able to transmit a patch to neighboring infected agents that in turn can further distribute the patch, leading to chase–escape dynamics. We give conditions for parameter configurations that guarantee existence and absence of global survival as well as an in-and-out of the survival regime, depending on the speed of the devices. We also provide complementary results for the setting in which the chase–escape dynamics is defined as an independent process on the connectivity graph. The proofs mainly rest on percolation arguments via discretization and multiscale analysis.
The genesis of metamorphosed Paleoproterozoic massive sulphide occurrences in central Colorado: geological, mineralogical and sulphur isotope constraints
Authors: Berke Edward H. , Spry Paul G. , Heimann Adriana , Teale Graham S. , Johnson Benjamin , von der Handt Anette , Alers Brian , Shallow John M.
Published: August 2023

Paleoproterozoic massive Cu-Zn±Pb±Au±Ag sulphide deposits metamorphosed to the middle-upper amphibolite facies in central-south Colorado formed in a volcanic arc setting on the edge of the Yavapai crustal province. Previously published U-Pb ages on spatially related granitoids range from ∼1.9 to ∼1.1 Ga, while Pb isotope studies on galena from massive sulphides suggest mineralization formed at around 1.8–1.7 Ga. Some deposits in the Dawson-Green Mountain trend (DGMT) and the Gunnison belt are composed of Cu-Zn-Au-(Pb-Ag) mineralization that were overprinted by later Au-(Ag-Cu-Bi-Se-Te) mineralization. Sulphide mineralization is spatially related to amphibolite and bimodal, mafic-felsic volcanic rocks (gabbro, amphibolite, rhyolite and dacite) and granitoids, but it occurs mostly in biotite-garnet-quartz±sillimanite±cordierite schists and gneisses, spatially related to nodular sillimanite rocks, and in some locations, exhalative rocks (iron formations, gahnite-rich rocks and quartz-garnetite). The major metallic minerals of the massive sulphides include chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and magnetite, with minor galena and gahnite. Altered rocks intimately associated with mineralization primarily consist of various amphiboles (gedrite, tremolite and hornblende), gahnite, biotite, garnet, cordierite, carbonate and rare högbomite. The Zn/Cd ratios of sphalerite (44 to 307) in deposits in the DGMT fall within the range of global volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits but overlap with sphalerite from sedimentary exhalative (Sedex) deposits. Sulphur isotope values of sulphides (δ34S = −3.3 to +6.5) suggest sulphur was largely derived from magmatic sources, and that variations in isotopic values resulting from thermochemical sulphate reduction are due to small differences in physicochemical conditions. The preferred genetic model is for the deposits to be bimodal-mafic (Gunnison) to mafic-siliciclastic VMS deposits (Cotopaxi, Cinderella-Bon Ton, DGMT).
Metamorphic and intrusive history of the Hindu Raj region, northern Pakistan
Authors: Larson Kyle P. , Dyck Brendan , Faisal Shah , Cottle John M. , Searle Mike
Published: August 2023

The Hindu Raj region of northern Pakistan is situated between the Karakoram to the east and the Hindu Kush to the west. Both the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush are better studied and have well-documented, distinct geological histories. Investigation of the Hindu Raj region has been mainly limited to reconnaissance exploration and as such little is known about its tectonometamorphic history and whether that history is similar to its neighbouring areas. Analysis of new specimens collected along the Yasin Valley within the Hindu Raj region outline mid-to-Late Cretaceous pluton emplacement (ca. 105 and 95 Ma). Some of those plutonic rocks were metamorphosed to ∼750 ± 30 °C and 0.65 ± 0.05 GPa during the ca. 80–75 Ma docking of the Kohistan arc. A record of this collisional event is well-preserved to the west in the Hindu Kush and variably so to the east in the Hunza Karakoram. A subsequent, ca. 61 Ma, thermal event is partially preserved in Rb–Sr geochronology from the Hindu Raj, which overlaps with sillimanite-grade metamorphism in the Hunza portion of the Karakoram region to the east. Finally, apatite U–Pb and in situ Rb–Sr both record a late Eocene thermal/fluid event likely related to the India-Asia collision. These new data outline a complex geological history within the Hindu Raj, one that shares similarities with both adjacent regions. The information about the tectonometamorphic development of the Hindu Raj is important to gaining a detailed view of the geological characteristics of the southern Asian margin prior to the India-Asia collision.
Entertainment, Chinese Culture, and Late Colonialism in Hong Kong
Authors: Pang Allan T. F.
Published: August 2023

This article argues that the late colonial government of Hong Kong shaped and reconstructed Chinese performances and festivities to secure public support, creating Chinese culture that was sui generis and historically produced. The disturbances of the 1960s prompted local officials to improve state–society communication and legitimize their rule. They utilized Hong Kong people's identification with Chinese culture to formulate their policies. Focusing on the Festival of Hong Kong, carnivals, Chinese opera shows, and the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, this article shows that colonial administrators adopted policies that targeted people across generations and communities. They sought to cultivate a sense of belonging to Hong Kong by engaging both the older and younger generations in these cultural activities. Late colonialism became intertwined with notions of Chineseness in Hong Kong. Unlike colonial officials in other former British territories, those in Hong Kong went beyond British culture and focused on cultural elements that the people preferred. This cultural perspective, which has been underexplored, shows that late colonialism in Hong Kong not only made the colony's decolonization differ from other cases but also created diversified Chinese culture that was independent of the mainland China's and Taiwan's political discourses.
Archival Intimacies: Empathy and Historical Practice in 2023
Authors: Fox Sarah
Published: August 2023

This article explores the use of empathy in historical research. Using evidence collected from a number of academic historians working in UK higher education institutions in 2022, this article uses empathy as a window into historians’ attitudes towards the professional self, the appearance of objectivity and their relationship to the historical subject. It explores the role of empathy in learning history, teaching history, in historical research including the selection of sources, and in the communication of historical research to different audiences. It discusses empathetic historical approaches, suggesting that these can be categorised into three distinct taxonomies: historical empathy, where the researcher engages with the historical subject using professional detachment to manage their affective response; historicised empathy, where the researcher employs deep knowledge of historical context to understand and appreciate the worldview of their historical subject; and empathy as historical approach, so person-centred (rather than system-centred) accounts of history. Finally, this article tests its hypotheses by exploring histories in which empathy is absent.
Statues, Spatial Syntax and Surrealism: ‘History’ and Heritagescapes in Public Space
Authors: Catterall Pippa
Published: August 2023

The purpose of statues in public spaces has recently become a matter of controversy. Using a 1937 quotation from the artist Paul Nash and the surrealist leader André Breton, this paper explores the circumstances in which a statue is read as appropriately – ‘in its right mind’ in their terms – situated in public space. In doing so, it draws primarily on examples from Britain, Europe and North America during the rapid expansion in the number of statues in public space from the eighteenth century onwards. The rightmindedness of a statue is shown as primarily determined not by the subject of the statue itself, or by its reception among the public, but by ways in which public authorities and local elites authorise the use of public space. Yet these authorities’ understanding of the fit between a statue and public space can vary over time. Shifts in the political context often prompt changes to where statues are seen as appropriately located. However, picking up on Nash/Breton's phrase, to place a statue in ‘a state of surrealism’ involves more than mere relocation. This is shown to require additional disruption to a statue's artistic language and/or spatial syntax.
In someone else’s words: Judicial borrowing and the semantic authority of the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Christensen Martin Lolle
Published: August 2023

Since its first judgment on the merits in 2013, the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights (the African Court or ACtHPR) jurisprudence has bourgeoned. In building this jurisprudence, the African Court has borrowed significantly from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. This article empirically maps judicial borrowing in the jurisprudence of the African Court and connects this practice to the theoretical framing of the semantic authority of interpretive actors in international law. The article argues that judicial borrowing allows the African Court to borrow the semantic authority of these more established actors in the field of international human rights law. The practice has allowed the Court to boost its interpretive claims. The article posits that the Court is simultaneously internalizing external references: it transforms them into an internal part of its jurisprudence. Therefore, the African Court is transforming what was initially the semantic authority of its homologues in Strasbourg and San José, into assertions of its own semantic authority. This transformation allows the Court to assert itself as the central authority for the interpretation of human rights in Africa. These findings shed new light onto wider scholarly debates on the characteristics of African human rights jurisprudence in the field of international human rights law.
Robustness, Scott continuity, and computability
Authors: Farjudian Amin , Moggi Eugenio
Published: August 2023

Robustness is a property of system analyses, namely monotonic maps from the complete lattice of subsets of a (system’s state) space to the two-point lattice. The definition of robustness requires the space to be a metric space. Robust analyses cannot discriminate between a subset of the metric space and its closure; therefore, one can restrict to the complete lattice of closed subsets. When the metric space is compact, the complete lattice of closed subsets ordered by reverse inclusion is
$\omega$
-continuous, and robust analyses are exactly the Scott-continuous maps. Thus, one can also ask whether a robust analysis is computable (with respect to a countable base). The main result of this paper establishes a relation between robustness and Scott continuity when the metric space is not compact. The key idea is to replace the metric space with a compact Hausdorff space, and relate robustness and Scott continuity by an adjunction between the complete lattice of closed subsets of the metric space and the
$\omega$
-continuous lattice of closed subsets of the compact Hausdorff space. We demonstrate the applicability of this result with several examples involving Banach spaces.
Reviewing the Health Care Impacts of Attacks on Critical Infrastructure
Authors: Taubman Cara , Hart Alexander , Hertelendy Attila , Tin Derrick , Hata Ryan , Ciottone Gregory R.
Published: August 2023

Introduction:

Health care provision depends on reliable critical infrastructure (CI) to power equipment and to provide water for medication and sanitation. Attacks on CI limiting such functions can have a profound and prolonged influence on delivery of care.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was performed of all attacks occurring from 1970-2020. Data were filtered using the internal database search function for all events where the primary target was “Utilities,” “Food or Water Supply,” and “Telecommunications.” For the purposes of this study, the subtype “Food Supply” was excluded. Events were collated based on year, country, region, and numbers killed and wounded.

Results:

The GTD listed 7,813 attacks on CI, with 6,280 of those attacks targeting utilities, leading to 1,917 persons directly killed and 1,377 persons wounded. In total, there were 1,265 attacks targeting telecommunications causing 205 direct deaths and 510 wounded. Lastly, 268 attacks targeted the water supply with 318 directly killed and 261 wounded. Regionally, South America had the most attacks with 2,236, followed by Central America and the Caribbean with 1,390. Based on infrastructure type, the most attacks on utilities occurred in El Salvador (1,061), and the most attacks on telecommunications were in India (140). Peru (46) had the most attacks on its water supply.

Conclusion:

The regions with the highest number of total attacks targeting CI have historically been in South America, with more attacks against power and utilities than other infrastructure. Although the numbers of persons directly killed and wounded in these attacks were lower than with other target types, the true impacts on lack of health care delivery are not accounted for in these numbers. By understanding the pattern and scope of these attacks, Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) initiatives can be created to target-harden health care-related infrastructure.
For Francis Robinson
Authors: Hasan Masuma
Published: August 2023

Francis Robinson's academic romance with the subcontinent began when he was doing research for his doctoral thesis at Trinity College Cambridge. He has often reminded me that we were contemporaries—or near contemporaries—at Cambridge, but I do not remember having met him then. I do recall that his supervisor was my friend, the historian Anil Seal, who was a fellow of Trinity College.
Food insecurity is inversely associated with positive childhood experiences among a nationally representative sample of children aged 0–17 years in the USA
Authors: Zhang Xing , Bruening Meg , Ojinnaka Chinedum O
Published: August 2023

Objective:

We examined the association between food insecurity and positive childhood experiences (PCE).

Design:

Outcome measure was number of PCE and seven PCE constructs. Food insecurity was assessed with a three-category measure that ascertained whether the respondent could afford and choose to eat nutritious food. We then used bivariate and multivariable Poisson and logistic regressions to analyse the relationship between food insecurity and the outcome measures. The analyses were further stratified by age (≤ 5, 6–11 and 12–17 years).

Setting:

The National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) from 2017 to 2020, a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in the USA.

Participants:

Parents/caregivers who reported on their children’s experiences of PCE and food insecurity from the 2017–2020 NSCH (n 114 709).

Results:

Descriptively, 22·13 % of respondents reported mild food insecurity, while 3·45 % of respondents reported moderate to severe food insecurity. On multivariable Poisson regression analyses, there was a lower rate of PCE among children who experienced mild (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0·93; 95 % CI 0·92, 0·94) or moderate/severe food insecurity (IRR = 0·84; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·86) compared with those who were food secure. We found an inverse relationship between food insecurity and rate of PCE across all age categories.

Conclusions:

Our study finding lends evidence to support that interventions, public health programmes, as well as public health policies that reduce food insecurity among children and adolescents may be associated with an increase in PCE. Longitudinal and intervention research are needed to examine the mechanistic relationship between food insecurity and PCE across the life course.
Child-directed marketing on packaged breakfast cereals in South Africa
Authors: Khan Alice S , Frank Tamryn , Swart Rina Elizabeth
Published: August 2023

Objective:

Childhood obesity is on the rise in South Africa (SA), and child-directed marketing (CDM) is one of the contributing factors to children’s unhealthy food choices. This study assessed CDM on packaged breakfast cereals available in SA supermarkets and their nutritional quality.

Design:

Photographic images were examined in a descriptive quantitative study. A codebook of definitions of CDM was developed for this purpose. REDCap, an online research database, was used for data capturing, and SPSS was used for data analyses including cross-tabulations and one-way ANOVA.

Setting:

The current study was set in the Western Cape province of SA.

Subjects:

Photographic images of all packaged breakfast cereals sold in major retailers in the Western Cape province of SA in 2019 were studied.

Results:

CDM strategies were classified as direct (to the child) or indirect (through the parent). A total of 222 breakfast cereals were studied, of which 96·9 % had a nutritional or health claim, 95·0 % had illustrations, 75·2 % had product and consumption appeals, 10·8 % had characters, 10·8 % consisted of different appeals, 8·6 % alluded to fantasy and 7·7 % had role models. In breakfast cereals with direct CDM, the protein and fibre content was significantly lower than in breakfast cereals without direct CDM. This study found a significantly higher total carbohydrate and total sugar content in breakfast cereals with direct CDM than those without direct CDM.

Conclusion:

CDM was highly prevalent in breakfast cereals sold in SA. Regulations to curb the marketing of packaged foods high in nutrients of concern is recommended.