bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of the Netrin Receptor UNC-5 in Lamprey Brain: Modulation by Spinal Cord Transection
Authors: Shifman M.I. , Selzer M.E.
Published: March 2007

The sea lamprey recovers from spinal cord transection by a process that involves directionally specific regeneration of axons. The mechanisms underlying this speci ficity are not known, but they may involve molecular cues similar to those that guide the growth of spinal cord axons during development, such as netrins and semaphorins. To test the role of guidance cues in regeneration, we cloned netrin and its receptor UNC-5 from lamprey central nervous system (CNS) and studied their expression after spinal cord transection. In situ hybridization showed that (1) mRNA for netrin is ex pressed in the spinal cord, primarily in neurons of the lateral gray matter and in dor sal cells; (2) mRNA for UNC-5 is expressed in lamprey reticulospinal neurons; (3) fol lowing spinal cord transection, UNC-5 message was dramatically downregulated at two weeks, during the period of axon dieback; (4) UNC-5 message was upregulated at three weeks, when many axons are beginning to regenerate; and (5) axotomy-in duced expression of UNC-5 occurred primarily in neurons whose axons regenerate poorly. Because the UNC-5 receptor is thought to mediate the chemorepellent ef fects of netrins, netrin signaling may play a role in limiting or channeling the regen eration of certain neurons. These data strengthen the rationale for studying the role of developmental guidance molecules in CNS regeneration.
Motor Impairment as a Predictor of Functional Recovery and Guide to Rehabilitation Treatment After Stroke
Authors: Shelton Fatima de N. A. P. , Volpe Bruce T. , Reding Mike
Published: March 2007

Objective: This study tests three hypotheses relevant for the efficient use of re habilitation services after stroke: (a) the severity of initial motor impairment after stroke predicts discharge motor impairment and self-care mobility scores; (b) identi fication of those unlikely to show improvement in motor impairment can focus reha bilitation efforts on use of compensatory techniques and assist devices; and (c) im provement in self-care mobility scores without change in motor impairment, balance, or cognition is a quantitative estimate of the value of teaching compensatory tech niques and use of assist devices. Methods: We studied 171 sequential patients previ ously independent in the community who were admitted for inpatient rehabilitation within 17 ± 12 SD days of an initial, unilateral, hemispheric, ischemic stroke. Im pairment was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer upper limb motor (ULM), lower limb motor (LLM), and upper plus lower limb total motor (TM) subscores. Disability was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), FIM self-care (FIMS), FIM mobility (FIMM), and FIM self-care plus FIM mobility (FIMSM) subscores. Spear- man correlation coefficients tested strength of association between dependent and independent variables, stepwise linear regression tested the effects of clinically rele vant co-variables, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) assessed the clinical relevance of outcome-prediction models. Results: The highest correla tions observed were between admission TM scores and the following discharge scores: TM (R = 0.92; p < 0.01), ULM (R = 0.91; p < 0.01), LLM (R = 0.82; p < 0.01), FIMSM (R = 0.67; p < 0.01), FIMM (R = 0.67; p < 0.001), FIM (R = 0.58; p < 0.0001). An admission TM score in the lowest quartile had a PPV of 0.74 for a dis charge ULM score in the lowest quartile. An admission TM score in the highest quar tile had a PPV of 0.86 for a discharge ULM score in the highest quarttle. Similar but weaker PPVs were seen for admission TM scores and discharge LLM scores. Patients without significant change in TM scores (≤2 points) had a 17 ± 9 SD improvement in FIMSM scores. Conclusions: Admission motor impairment scores (a) predict dis charge impairment and activities of daily living mobility functional outcome; and (b) guide treatment toward improving motor impairment versus use of compensatory tech niques and assistive devices. The use of compensatory techniques and assistive devices, without change in motor impairment, is associated with a 17 ± 9 SD improvement in FIMSM score. Key Words: Stroke—Motor recovery—Rehabilitation—Outcome.
Perception of Body Esteem Following Stroke
Authors: Barak Yoram , Lampl Yair , Bodner Ehud. , Pinchas Ida Sarova
Published: March 2007

Psychopathologic disturbances have been reported as a sequela of ischemic stroke. We have exammed various body esteem dimensions in 101 patients following a stroke. The patients were examined 6 months after the stroke. They were scored with the Barthel Index (BI) as the disability score, the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS), and the Body Esteem Scale (BES). A significant lower body esteem (p < 0.0001) was found for both sexes and for all body esteem subscales in subjects suffering from a left corti cal lesion compared with other stroke locations. Physical attractiveness subscores among males were significantly lower in subjects with a right cortical lesion (p < 0.005). No correlation was found between time of disability and body esteem except on the upper body strength (V) subscale among males (p = 0.04). No correlation was found between the BI, size of lesion, or age and BES. These findings demonstrate that im pairment of body esteem following stroke is correlated with lesion location, not its size or associated disability score.
New Grades of Adhesive Copolymers for Flexible Packaging
Authors: Castello A.F.
Published: March 2007

New grades of high performance ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) copolymers have been produced for use as an adhesive or heat seal layer in specialty film applications. Comparison is made of film produced with this new resin and film made from ionomer resin and from linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer resins. Measurements included the properties required for a superior flexible packaging film: hot tack, heat seal optics and film strength (tear, im pact, and tensile).
Flexible Packaging of Ground Roasted Coffee
Authors: Reinke Dietmar
Published: March 2007

Flexible laminates are the primary means of packaging ground roasted coffee in most European countries while the metal can still predominates in the United States. Designs of various flexible packaging systems are described and data are provided on several films and laminate constructions. Single part and two part flexible packs each have some advantages; both are cheaper than metal cans. Several barrier systems in flexible packages are already suitable for institutional packs (shelf life of 5-6 months) while structures containing metalized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film or aluminum foil (ALU) provide shelf lives of over one year for general consumer use.
Plastic Bag Making Machinery—1980s and Beyond
Authors: Wainer Michael V.
Published: March 2007

Twelve years ago, the U.S. notion and millinery bag business began con verting from paper to plastic. Today, flexible plastic packaging accounts for approx imately 60% of all bag and liner shipments, and 90% of specialty bags and liners. In this growing market, there is a reed for bag making machinery which is reliable and able to maximize output This paper explores the market trends of plastic bags and describes the equipment for producing these products now and in the near future.
Characterization of Surface-Treated Polyethylene for Water-Based Ink Printability
Authors: Ealer George E. , Harris William C. , Samuels Sari B.
Published: March 2007

With increasingly stringent EPA guidelines for controlling emissions of volatile organic compounds on the horizon, the desirability to move to water-based printing inks is evident This paper examines the effects of corona discharge treat ments which are commonly used to improve ink adhesion to polvethylene. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used to determine the surface chemi cal changes induced by corona treatments in pure polyethylene extruded films and in formulated resin systems This data was correlated with surface tension and ink adhesion measurements to show the effects of treatment and additives on the final printability of the films with particular emphasis on water-based inks. In addition, the effects of stonng treated film prior to printing and of retreating these films were also examined The results of these tests have shown that formulated linear low den sity polyethylene (LLDPE) films treat and print at least as easily as high-pressure low-density polyethylene (HP-LDPE) counterparts.
Evaluation of Polyester and Metallized-Polyethylene Films for Chemical Protective Clothing Applications
Authors: Goydan Rosemary , Carroll Todd R. , Schwope Arthur D. , Gruenfeld Michael
Published: March 2007

The permeation resistance of thin polyester films and metallized, low- density polyethylene (LDPE) films was evaluated to assess then feasibility for use in chemical protective clothing applications. For a 0 002 cm polyester film, permeation tests were conducted with acetone, carbon disulfide, dichloromethane, and tetrahy drofuran In all cases no permeation was detected for a five hour duration at the sen sitivity of the permeation method. Concentrated sulfuric acid, however, severely degraded the polyester film Permeation tests were also conducted with a series of 0.0033 and 0.0071 cm LDPE, metallized-LDPE films, and then laminates to study the contribution of the metal layer to the barrier properties Tests with dichloro methane were performed on the films and laminates as is and also after flexing In all cases, the dichloromethane permeation rates were lower through the metallized- LDPE films than through the LDPE substrate alone when tested without flexing. The permeation rates through the metallized-LDPE films following flexing, however, were similar to those measured for the LDPE substrate
Development of Thermal Films for Greenhouse Applications Using Long Infrared Radiation Absorbers
Authors: Yilmazer Ülkü , Bakar Mohammed , Kioul Azeddine
Published: March 2007

Films for greenhouse applications were developed with kaolin or Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) that had the property of transmitting short infrared wavelengths while substantially blocking the transmission of long infrared wavelengths, thus creating a higher degree of "Greenhouse Effect". These films, and controls with other long infrared wavelength absorbers, were evaluated for their mechanical properties (i.e., tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength and impact strength) and optical properties (haze and total light transmittance) as well as aging resistance. Both kaolin and EVA were satisfac tory as long infrared radiation absorbers and did not significantly affect the mechanical properties or the aging behavior of the agricultural films. Kaolin increased the haze of the films significantly, whereas EVA increased the haze to a smaller extent.
Film Properties and Applications for Lldpe and High Pressure Ldpe Blends
Authors: Velisek F.J.
Published: March 2007

Many papers have been written presenting properties expected from different blends of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high pressure low density polyethylene (LDPE) [1-3]. This paper attempts to corre late the properties obtained from blends with specific end-use markets (i.e., gar ment bags, shrink wrap, ice bags, and general purpose bags). The effect on ex trusion rate, bubble stability and draw down are discussed for blends of butene and hexene LLDPE with fractional melt index (MI), 2 MI, and 6 MI LDPE homopolymers as well as 3% vinyl acetate (VA)-LDPE copolymers.
System, Lifeworld and Gender: Associational Versus Counterfactual Thinking
Authors: Sayer Andrew
Published: March 2007

The paper raises some problems caused by `associational thinking' in social science by reference to examples from the literature on economic organisation and gender. Associational thinking focuses on common associations between social phenomena, such as the gendering of organisations, without asking counterfactual questions about the status of these relationships, for example, whether organisations are unavoidably gendered or only contingently so. It is argued these questions have been inadequately resolved in the literature, as a consequence of a reluctance to engage in counterfactual reasoning and abstraction, and a neglect of the extent to which systems - as opposed to the lifeworld - are `identity-blind'. These questions are pursued through discussions of whether markets and bureaucracies are inherently gendered. It is argued further that associational thinking has also clouded the normative judgements implicit in the critiques of gendered organisations.
Democratisation and the Decline of Social Movements: The Effects of Regime Change on Collective Action in Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and Latin America
Authors: Pickvance Christopher G.
Published: March 2007

The paper explores how regime change affects social movements, drawing on studies of Latin America, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe. After discussing the concepts and method used, it is argued that social movements do exist in authoritarian regimes, and hence the question of the effect of regime change upon them can be posed. Contrary to the assumption that democratisation leads to the flourishing of social movements as repression is removed and new channels of participation are opened up, it is shown that in the immediate period between the end of an authoritarian regime and the initiation of a democratic one the opposite effect may occur. This is because liberalisation in authoritarian regimes can lead to a particularly high level of social movement activity which cannot be sustained once more `normal' conditions apply. The utility of the concept of regime change is questioned, and the desirability of breaking it down into its component parts which may be more or less present in different cases is stressed.
Cultural Incongruity and Social Status Ambiguity: The Experiences of Evangelical Christian Student Leaders at Two Midwestern Public Universities
Authors: Moran Christy D , Lang Dennis James , Oliver Jenea
Published: March 2007

This phenomenological investigation highlights the experiences of evangelical Christian student leaders at two Midwestern public universities. These students perceived their public university environments not only as incongruent with, but also as antagonistic and oppressive toward, their values, beliefs, and behaviors. Besides detailing how these students navigated their culturally incongruent environments, the authors introduce the concept of "social status ambiguity" to describe how differing perceptions of the religious identity of these students may result in the concurrent existence of the privileged and oppressed social statuses in that identity domain.
Job Literacy and Job Performance Among Nurses At Varying Employment Levels
Authors: Mikulecky Larry , Winchester Dorothy
Published: March 2007

This study examines the job performance and job literacy strategies employed by 27 nurses during 8 hours of observed job performance for each nurse. Analysis revealed differences among nurses in training, experienced nurses, and supervisory nurses. Other significant differences were found in the job literacy strategies employed by superior as compared to adequately performing nurses. Major differences tended to reside in higher level critical applications of information rather than in reading test scores, amount of time reading on the job, or observed strategies employed by nurses.
Predicting Dropout In Adult Basic Education Using Interaction Effects Among School and Nonschool Variables
Authors: Garrison D. R.
Published: March 2007

Against a background of theoretical considerations this research explored the effect of course relevancy and goal clarity, in concert with psychosocial variables, upon persistence/dropout. It was found that dropouts thought their courses were more relevant and were more certain of their goals. Due to this seemingly anomalous finding a second analysis was performed using interaction variables. The interaction of scholastic ability and course relevancy added to the discrimination of persisters and dropouts. A self-confidence and ideal self discrepancy variable was also shown to be a good discriminator of persistence and dropout. An explanation of the anomalous finding was that many ABE learners appear to set unrealistic occupational goals considering their scholastic ability and socioeconomic status.
Motivational Typology of Reentry Women
Authors: Clayton Diane E. , Smith Margaret M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine whether motives for returning to college among undergraduate reentry women could be grouped into patterns and whether these reentry women could be grouped by motive-types. In this replication of an earlier study by Maslin (1978), the 70-item Continuing Education Women Motives Questionnaire was administered to 100 undergraduate reentry women aged 25 and older enrolled in a degree or certificate program in higher education. Data were treated using a principal components factor analysis with Varimax rotation after Kaiser normalization, and typal analysis. Eight distinct motives and eight motive typologies resulted from the analyses.
Reference Group Theory and Adult Education
Authors: Gooderham Paul N.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to show how sociological theory, and in particular reference group theory, may be incorporated into theoretical developments within the field. It is argued that variations in participation in the various voluntary adult education programs may be understood in terms of each program's socio-cultural content and socio-economic effect. To illustrate this thesis an examination-oriented adult education program, Higher Secondary Education for Adults, is used. It is argued that participation is partially a result of an appropriate normative reference group orientation and partially the result of a comparative reference group orientation that creates a sense of relative deprivation.
Adult Learning and Theory Building: A Review
Authors: Merriam Sharan B.
Published: March 2007

The one factor that all adult education agencies, programs, and professionals have in common is that all deal with adults in learning situations. Perhaps that is why there has been more theory building in adult learning than in other areas of adult education. It is the adult learner, after all, which distinguishes this field from other areas of education. This article assesses the state-of-the-art of theory building efforts in adult learning. The theories have been divided into three categories: (a) those based on adult learner characteristics, (b) those emphasizing the adult's life situation, and (c) those focusing upon changes in consciousness. Components common to most of the theories are identified, and it is concluded that, taken as a whole, theory building efforts in adult learning contribute to our understanding of the phenomenon.
Attitudes Toward Adult Education: An Empirically-Based Conceptualization
Authors: Hayes Elisabeth R. , Darkenwald Gordon G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to explore the conceptual organization of attitudes toward adult education and to determine whether the conceptualization could be used to identify groups of adults based on these attitudes. The data base for the study consisted of information obtained from 275 individuals using the Adult Attitudes Toward Continuing Education Scale (AACES). Factor analysis of the data led to the identification of three dimensions of attitude toward adult education: Enjoyment of Learning, Importance of Adult Education, and Intrinsic Value of Adult Education. Through cluster analysis, five types of individuals were differentiated according to their relative scores on the three attitude factors. The typology provides evidence of the utility of the identified factors as a means to enhance understanding of the attitudes of different groups in the adult population.
Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale: Should it Continue to Be Used?
Authors: Field Lawrence
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the critical responses by Guglielmino (1989), Long (1989), and McCune (1989) to my earlier paper (Field, 1989) questioning the structure, validity, and reliability of the SDLRS. In this response, I review the evidence for the claims I proposed in my earlier criticism of the SDLRS, consider the evidence that Guglielmino, Long, and McCune present, and conclude that the SDLRS does not measure readiness for self-directed learning.
Should the Manufacturer Have the Right To Fix Selling Prices?
Authors: Montague Gilbert H.
Published: March 2007

If a categorical answer be required to this question, it will have to be, Yes—and No. For many different things may be meant by this question: some deserving indisputably the answer Yes; some receiving, by universal consent, the answer No; and many more presenting considerable difficulties in the way of any answer whatsoever.
Motor Carriage—The Long and Short of It
Authors: Pinkney James F.
Published: March 2007

Motor carriage consists of the use of the automobile, the truck, and the bus. It and the industrial effort back of it are substantially responsible for the growth of America during the past forty years. The private automobile has revolutionized travel in the United States as well as the customs of its people. The bus provides public transportation to thousands of communities having no other public transportation. The truck has revolutionized the transportation of goods. Trucks furnish common-carrier service to all of America's new industries and industrial sections—in many cases, all or the preponderance of this service. Trends in the United States economy—decentralization of industry, both areawise and into suburban areas—point to an ever increasing utilization of for-hire truck transportation, which has already climbed, revenuewise, to a par with rail transportation. The trucking industry still faces serious problems, but none appear insurmountable. It is comprehensively regulated by both the federal and state governments. The American transportation plant has the capability to continue to meet our needs.
By Barge—River Transportation's Confluence
Authors: Catlin Yates
Published: March 2007

The United States is drawing a new transportation map, abandoning routes and canceling out transport services. On this new map, there will be more miles of inland waterways but fewer miles of railroads. All freight carriers are curtailing common-carrier services. The navigable rivers and canals played a principal role in settling America, were a factor in the industrial revolution, and helped decentralize industry after World War II. River-rail and river-truck trans-shipping facilities have multiplied manyfold as thousands of mass-production industries and mass-distribution agencies have moved to the inland navigation channels. Common-carrier barge lines are losing business to the contract and private carriers and have organized their own association to make common cause with the railroads and the common-carrier truck lines. Divided into two camps, the barge and towing vessel industry seems to be losing the battle against federal tolls on the river freight traffic, a battle which divides the South and Middle West against the East and Far West. Many great corporations—oil, steel, coal, electric power, farm co-operatives, cement, chemicals, building materials, aluminum, paper —have a stake in this coming legislative debate in the nation's capital. River men see more traffic in the future but no more revolutionary changes.
The Case for Diversification
Authors: Lasher E.C.R.
Published: March 2007

In many cases in the transport sector of the economy, diversification—that is, horizontal integration—is proscribed explicitly by law and/or by the policies of the quasi-judicial bodies which regulate transportation in the United States. This state of affairs serves the best interest neither of those engaged in producing transportation nor of the nation as a whole. The transport entrepreneur is discouraged from striving for a both timeless and prosperous life for his enterprise, and the production of transportation over-all is carried out with less than maximum efficiency. In view of transport's key role in the functioning and development of the American economy, nothing can be tolerated which thwarts employment in an optimum manner of the resources devoted to transportation. Vigorous competition in the long run gives best assurance that least-cost methods of performing a given transportation task will be used. The competition that needs to exist is that between the modes as well as that between carriers within a given mode. Competing business organizations in the transport field, integrated both horizontally and vertically, constitute the best means of assuring the necessary intramodal competition. Their existence would also minimize the necessity for the application of external regulatory forces to accomplish reasonably satisfactory resource allocation in the transport sector of the economy.
The Appeal Abroad of American Medicine and Public Health
Authors: Terry Luther L.
Published: March 2007

Programs initiated or supported by the United States in relief of health problems abroad have increased stead ily from small beginnings at the midpoint of the nineteenth century. Federal departments carrying on international health programs in 1965 included State, Defense, Agriculture, Interior, Commerce, Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare. Other government agencies with such programs are the Atomic Energy Commission, the National Science Foundation, the Veterans Administration, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Export- Import Bank. The United States is prominent in the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), and contributes financially to nine ma jor regional organizations concerned with international health and sanitation. An expanding role for the United States in the area of international health was delineated in the President's message to Congress on February 2, 1966. The message called for attainment of five international objectives: (1) creation of an international career service in health; (2) help with health- manpower needs of developing nations; (3) augmented nutri tional programs; (4) widespread eradication of malaria, small- pox, and measles and control of many other diseases; and (5) co-operation in world-wide efforts to deal with population prob lems. Implementation of many of the projects would assign to the United States Public Health Service (PHS) a larger posi tion of leadership in our international health efforts.
Pluralism and Diversity in American Higher Education
Authors: Schwebel Milton
Published: March 2007

In a pluralistic society diversity in higher educa tion might be expected to serve the differing educational needs of various class, race, and ethnic groups. In fact, the variety among institutions is due in part to the labor market need for specialists and in part to the practice of accommodating new entrants to higher education without disturbing its traditional mission. The crisis in higher education today is partially at tributed to the tension between the traditional functions and those of mass education. New groups, like those whose de mands led to the land-grant colleges, are calling for changes to make the experience related to their lives. Some changes have come. The current demand for institutions suited to contemporary interests and needs had its counterpart in a period when the land-grant colleges were established. Devel opments and problems in the two-year and four-year colleges are discussed, and some guidelines are suggested for initiating changes within existing institutions.
Drug Abuse and the College Campus
Authors: Robinson Gerald L. , Miller Stephen T.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, American society has entrusted to its colleges and universities the authority to govern broad aspects of student life on campus; it has expected in return the mental, physical and moral well-being of the students in their charge. By the late 1960s, however, both the con cept and practice of in loco parentis by educational institutions had come under increasing attack, with chal lenges most frequently being directed to the right of colleges and universities to control nonacademic aspects of student life and conduct, including the use of psychoactive drugs. Despite the concern voiced by parents and educators over the escalating use of psychoactive drugs by young people and the waves of drug use reaching the college campus, college administrators, with virtually no experience in this area, generally found themselves unprepared to cope with the problem. The intent of this paper is to examine the responses of college and university administrators to student drug use, to explore the manner in which drug policies have been formulated and implemented in response to the perceived problem, and to reflect on the impact and effective ness of the policies which have emerged and which are currently in force at institutions of higher learning through out the country.
The Changing Shape of Urban Black Politics: 1960-1970
Authors: Smith Robert C.
Published: March 2007

The years between 1960 and 1970 constitute the critical period in the emergence of a mature urban black politics. Prior to this time, blacks in the American city were, through a variety of devices, excluded from full and equal participation in the urban political process. The developments of the 1960s represent the beginnings of the incorporation and institutionalization of blacks as constituent elements of the urban polity. This paper considers some of the changes of the last decade in city politics and black life that may account for this transformation. The historical roots of the transformation go back to the formation of the urban ghetto and beyond; however, herein our attention is limited to those factors that have come to the fore since the early 1960s.
Racial Change and Social Policy
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

Five major trends in contemporary American race relations are specified and discussed: (1) the discontinuities of social change, with uneven progress within and across institutions; (2) two contrasting processes, one benefitting the black middle class and the other restraining the black poor; (3) the altered nature of racial discrimination, from blatantly exclusionary practices to more subtle, procedural, ostensibly "non-racial" forms centered upon demographic trends, housing patterns, and spatial arrangements; (4) racial attitude changes, with greater rejection of racial injustice among whites combined with continued resistance to the measures needed to correct the injustice; and (5) the shifting demographic base of American race relations, from the national era of 1915-1945, through the metropolitan era of 1945-1970, to the present era of movement away from large cities, the Northeast, and the Midwest. Each of these trends are shown to intersect in important ways with the structural linchpin of modern race relations: the maldistribution of blacks and whites throughout metropolitan areas. Finally, six practical guidelines for future racial policies in urban areas are offered.
The Preservation of the Cosmopolitan Research University in the United States: The Prospect for the 1980s
Authors: Barber Elinor G. , Ilchman Warren
Published: March 2007

A major development in postwar American higher education has been the effort to make the humanities more cosmopolitan and the social sciences more universalistic, an effort referred to as International Studies and chiefly consisting of research and training in subjects that are non- North American and non-Western European in content. The stock of specialists having Ph.Ds doubled every nine years and is estimated to stand in 1979 at 17,500. A sample of twenty research universities is examined to show differential develop ment by type of institution, area, discipline, and degree of tenure. It is demonstrated that International Studies faculty represent a high percentage of non-science faculty with a high rate of tenure, making replacement a greater concern than whether young faculty receive tenure. Patterns of retire ment are calculated, leading to the conclusion that a dis proportionately high percentage of International Studies faculty will retire in the 1980s. Visits to fifteen research universities by NEH and Ford Foundation staff found an air of troubled optimism regarding the likelihood of re placement of departing faculty, an optimism that varied by area, administrative or teaching responsibility, and by disci pline. The student adaptations to the future are discussed, as are curricular and research strategies of faculty. Especially determinative of the health of International Studies at these universities is the existence of a National Defense Educa tion Act (NDEA) Title VI Center. Finally, the national research awards system is described and projections, using varying assumptions, are made of what supply and demand might entail. Areas and disciplines of disproportionate representa tion or absence are noted.
Foreign Languages, International Studies, and Business (A Dubious Savior
Authors: Hayden Samuel L.
Published: March 2007

The declining enrollments in foreign languages and international studies at U. S. institutions of higher learning continues with persistence. In an attempt to reverse this trend, analysts look to new clients to rejuvenate these fields of study. For a variety of reasons U.S. multinationals and other export ing firms are seen as potential clients. But they will not be large takers of foreign language and international studies specialists until some significant changes take place. From the corporate viewpoint, foreign languages and international studies expertise is a tool requiring a relationship to func tional business knowledge. That link needs to be made on the campuses, and the business schools are likely places to start. The burden of demonstrating the utility of interdis ciplinary programs is on the universities themselves. One key point is that these kinds of programs need to demon strate the value of interdisciplinary education to the com panies. The demand-pull from U.S. corporations for univer sity foreign language and international studies expertise will only come after the value of such is shown.
Indian Technology Exports and Technological Development
Authors: Lall Sanjaya
Published: March 2007

Exports of technology by developing countries can serve as an indicator of their technological development and its effect on changing their comparative advantage in international trade. This article concentrates on technology exports by India, a country that has built up a substantial industrial base but that has suffered from slow and erratic economic growth and has persisted in a policy of inward-looking industrialization. It argues that India is the leading exporter of industrial technology in the Third World, in terms of the range, diversity, and complexity of the technologies it sells, and traces this mainly to the strategy of the Indian government to foster technological "learning" in the capital goods sector of the economy. Thus, while its highly protectionist strategy has created various inefficiencies, it has also led to the creation of substantial technological capability in the country. Other developing countries have much to learn—both positive and negative— from the Indian experience.
American Values and Social Policy for Children
Authors: CONDRY SANDRA McCONNELL , LAZAR IRVING
Published: March 2007

Social science research that has affected social policy is discussed, focusing on the follow-up studies of the Consortium for Longitudinal Studies. It is argued that a study is likely to influence social policy if (1) it uses direct outcome measures so that the results are comprehensible to nonscientists, (2) it addresses the economic implications of the policy recommendations and so is congruent with contemporary political values, and (3) it is communicated directly to political professionals.
Terror, the Strategic Tool: Response and Control
Authors: KUPPERMAN ROBERT H. , Van Opstal Debra , Williamson David
Published: March 2007

The United States appears ill prepared to deal with an emerging form of interstate rivalry, that is, the use of terror as an unconventional weapon to achieve conventional political ends. The terror event represents a powerful form of leverage simply because of its media value. Using media coverage to amplify their impact, acts of terrorist violence have paralyzed Western governments and undermined their credibility. In a destabilized international environment, the vectored terrorist threat offers additional advantages to radical nations or superpowers in pursuit of foreign policy objectives. Under the guise of criminality, it can become a low-cost, low-risk, high-leverage tool of low-intensity warfare, difficult to combat because uncertainty about the origin of the threat limits the full range of diplomatic and military responses.
Terrorism and Political Assassinations: A Transnational Assessment, 1968-80
Authors: SNITCH THOMAS H.
Published: March 2007

The international system is experiencing a growing amount of terroristic violence. During the past five years there has been a marked increase in the yearly number of politically inspired assassinations of prominent public figures. This study presents the results of a seven-year, cross-national survey of political assassinations. An analysis of 721 events reported in 123 nations for the period concludes that there are definite trends and patterns of political assassinations that may provide important lessons for public policymakers. Certain nations, targets, and terrorist actors account for a large portion of all assassination activity. Statistical analysis suggests that the academic community may have to rethink its ideas about assassination behavior in general and its relationship to the issue of development in particular. No evidence could be generated by the study to link terrorist-inspired assassinations to the developing world nor was any international network of assassins discovered. The findings point to growing levels of separatist-inspired violence and a distinct shift in target selection toward the international business community and the diplomatic corps. Terrorists appear to be increasingly successful because they are targeting relatively unprotected public individuals.
Aspects of Terrorism in Iran
Authors: ZABIH SEPEHR
Published: March 2007

Even prior to the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11, acts of terrorism were a commonly accepted from of political and religious struggle in Iran. Since the 1978-79 turmoil, terrorism has been used frequently by governments in power and has attained a transnational dimension. Beginning in the early 1900s, the composition and ideological orientation of violent groups have changed dramatically from religious fundamentalist in the forties and fifties to Marxist and Marxist-Islamic since the mid-sixties. After the 1979 revolution began, there was a significant realignment of all political terrorist forces. In order to overthrow the Shah, these groups joined Khomeini and staged a successful insurrection. Two years later, the more secular groups deserted the Islamic Republic in order to wage an armed struggle for its overthrow. The transnational dimension of terrorism in Iran has also changed. Such states or entities as Libya, Lebanon, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), and Shia Lebanese Amal are no longer on the side of either Khomeini or his arch opponents. For the foreseeable future, political terrorism will continue to be a common feature of the Iranian scene.
The Crisis in Rental Housing: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: SMITH LAWRENCE B.
Published: March 2007

Concern has recently been raised in the United States and Canada about a growing crisis in rental housing. Since many of the issues raised in connection with the possibility of a U.S. crisis have surfaced earlier or in magnified form in Canada, this article examines the question of a rental housing crisis from the Canadian perspective. The article begins with a discussion of the background of the rental crisis and an examination of the pre-1972 tax preferences for rental housing. Evolution of the crisis is then analyzed, focusing on the 1972 restructuring of the tax system, expectations of accelerating inflation, government support for competing housing forms, and rent control. The impact of high interest rates on the decline in rental construction and changes in the socioeconomic composition of tenants and in the affordability of rental housing are also discussed. The article concludes with an analysis of the outlook for rental housing.
Housing the Poor in a Postshelter Society
Authors: STERNLIEB GEORGE , HUGHES JAMES W.
Published: March 2007

The United States has completed a vast three-decade-long sweep of unprecedented housing achievement. While a relatively small proportion of record production levels was targeted directly to America's poverty population, the latter's housing condition improved markedly as a result of the much-maligned filtering process. But this success will face very serious inhibitors in the future. The breakdown of the traditional political housing alliance, the stagnation of real median family incomes, the growing number of persons under the poverty level, and a housing finance system subject to full market forces and credit competition—for the first time since the New Deal—characterize the early 1980s. Within this context, housing for the middle class is an issue of much more political potency than the housing needs of the poor. But without the reformation of a broad-based housing constituency, one of the great achievements of the last generation—the improvement in the shelter provisions of the poor—must quickly abort.
Robotic Realities: Near-Term Prospects and Problems
Authors: AYRES ROBERT U. , MILLER STEVEN M.
Published: March 2007

Industrial robots are automation, but with a difference. Other machine tools are extensions of human capabilities, while robots are seen mainly as substitutes for human workers. Robots will find most of their industrial applications during the next decade or two in the metal-working sectors, where they will begin to displace semiskilled machine operatives in medium to large batch production operations. They cannot substitute for skilled machinists or other workers doing nonroutine jobs, or specialized, dedicated hard automation used in mass production. The current generation of robots, lacking sensory data processing and interpretation capabilities, can potentially replace up to 1.3 million manufacturing jobs. The next generation, with crude vision or tactile senses; will potentially displace about 3 million more. However, only relatively large firms can profitably utilize many robots at present; it may be 20 years or more before these usage rates are achieved in practice. A shift from stand-alone machine tools, to manufacturing cells consisting of several machine tools served by a robot and controlled by a computer, will accelerate the practical use of robots in the 1990s.
A Zoning Merit Model for Casino Gambling
Authors: SKOLNICK JEROME H.
Published: March 2007

Casino gambling is legal in Nevada and Atlantic City, New Jersey. Should other states follow their example? States seem to express slight moral concern about legalizing gambling, as witness the proliferation of lotteries and legal betting on horse races. Casino gambling is scarcely less moral than lotteries and horse racing, but it does have distinctive problems, notably a history of organized crime involvement and general shadiness. Neither Nevada nor Atlantic City offers a desirable model for other states considering legalization. Nevada's economy is thoroughly dependent upon the casino gambling industry, which dominates politics at every level. Atlantic City has enjoyed considerable prosperity as a result of casino legalization, but it has also experienced major problems, such as increased crime, higher housing costs, few jobs to local residents, and displacement of the elderly and poor. States considering legalization should not adopt Nevada's, New Jersey's, or England's qualification models. Instead, states should consider a resort-merit approach limiting number and location of casinos. Casino applicants would be selected on merit, after submitting proposals that include substantial information on corporate background and social and economic impact.
The Professional Gambler: Fame, Fortune, and Failure
Authors: HAYANO DAVID M.
Published: March 2007

In its lengthy history, gambling has attracted amateur gamesmen, cheaters, charlatans, and professional gamblers. But only within the last fifty years has the entire social organization of gambling changed radically, due to the growing availability of legal casinos and card rooms. One result has been the creation of an entirely new breed of professional gambler, with four distinct subtypes: the worker-professional, the outside-supported professional, the subsistence professional, and the career professional. The majority of these gamblers eventually succumb to the interminable pressures of full-time gambling and encounter some degree of devastating social and financial failure. Only a minority find relatively lasting fame and fortune. The legitimation of recreational gambling is currently in an era of florescence, aided by the promotion of casino gambling as a kind of leisurely activity, the attention of the national media and gambling publications, and the organization of high-stakes, international tournament play. All of these conditions have helped professional gamblers pursue their specialized art with much more publicity, safety, and potentially greater rewards than ever before.
Prison Overcrowding and the Law
Authors: ANGELOS CLAUDIA , JACOBS JAMES B.
Published: March 2007

This article traces and analyzes the history of prison- and jail-crowding litigation in the federal courts since the 1960s. While prisoners and pretrial detainees have won many victories, the doctrinal basis for a constitutional right to uncrowded incarceration facilities remains unclear and is still evolving. Despite several recent Supreme Court decisions unfavorable to inmates, there has been no rejection of the principles (1) that the totality of conditions in prison—including crowding—must not amount to cruel and unusual punishment and (2) that jail crowding cannot be permitted to impose genuine privations over an extended period of time. In order to enforce the decrees outlawing overcrowding, judges have had to search for creative enforcement techniques. Many of these techniques are controversial and their effectiveness is disputed. The courts have forced the other branches of government to face up to crowded prisons and jails, and they have helped to ameliorate the suffering and deprivations that the overcrowding crisis has caused.
Jesse Jackson and the Symbolic Politics of Black Christendom
Authors: WASHINGTON JAMES MELVIN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the significance of the Reverend Jesse Jackson's bid for the Democratic party's presidential nomination. Jackson's candidacy represents a new use of political revivalism, an old evangelical political praxis recast in the modalities of African American Christian culture. This praxis is an aspect of American political culture that has often been overlooked because of past misunderstandings of American folk religion in general, and black Christianity in particular, as captives of an otherworldly and privatized spirituality. This article contends that black Christianity has an identifiable and coherent political style with both passive and active moods. The dominant manifestations of these moods are, respectively, political cynicism and political revivalism, which are the consequence of the correct folk perception that it is impossible to reason with the purveyors of the absurdities of racial injustice. A critical assessment of black Christianity's political symbolic capital seems appropriate.