bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Future of Plant Breeding
Authors: Gepts Paul , Hancock Jim
Published: May 2006

A symposium was hosted 10 to 11 Mar. 2005 at Michigan State University to discuss the future of plant breeding education at public institutions. Plant breeding remains a vibrant, multidisciplinary science characterized by its ability to reinvent itself by absorbing and utilizing novel scientific findings and technical approaches. A contemporary breeding curriculum should include hands‐on experience with the inheritance and selection of complex traits in actual plant populations, basic biology of plants (reproductive biology, Mendelian genetics), principles of quantitative genetics and selection theory, principles and practice of plant breeding and related sciences such as genomics, applied statistics, experimental design, and pest sciences. Plant breeding education should also comprise several professional skills, including knowledge of other languages, business management, and intellectual property rights. The private sector should play an increased role in the plant breeding. There is also a need for alternative types of training in plant breeding geared toward working breeders and farmers. Additional support for plant breeding education programs may come from the private sector and the federal government. With regard to specialty crops, increased support for research and education may result from a focus on the unique features of these crops. Finally, it is important to cultivate public awareness of the accomplishments of plant breeding.
Sucrose Synthase Activity as a Potential Indicator of High Rice Grain Yield
Authors: Counce Paul A. , Gravois Kenneth A.
Published: May 2006

The Chinese rice cultivar Guichao2 is a potentially valuable resource for breeding rice (Oryza sativa L.) with many valuable characteristics including upright leaves, prolific tillering ability, and high yields. The objectives of this study were to compare grain yields and yield components between Guichao2 and U.S. rice lines and to determine if the enzyme sucrose synthase was associated with the observed differences in grain yield and yield components. Grain yield, grain dry matter accumulation, yield components, and endosperm sucrose synthase activity were measured in field and greenhouse experiments with Guichao2 and ‘Lemont’ rice, as a U.S. standard, and various other lines. In three of four field tests, Guichao2 had higher grain yields than Lemont and other U.S. rice cultivars. Guichao2 also usually had higher sucrose synthase activity per grain and per unit of protein, in three of four field tests. The cultivar Qiguizao, derived from a cross of Guichao2 and Qiyouzhan, also had higher sucrose synthase activity on a protein basis. Since the grains of Qiguizao weigh less by approximately one half of the other cultivars, the sucrose synthase activity per grain was somewhat lower. Greenhouse tests supported these findings. In one test, the F1 hybrids of Guichao and Lemont had higher sucrose synthase activity than either Guichao2 or IR36. From this research, we conclude that sucrose synthase activity, and perhaps the genes coding for sucrose synthase, will be a valuable resource in transferring the yield characteristics of Guichao2 and Qiguizao into U.S. rice cultivars.
4×–2× Potato Clones with Resistance or Susceptibility to Internal Heat Necrosis Differ in Tuber Mineral Status
Authors: Sterrett S. B. , Haynes K. G. , Yencho G. C. , Henninger M. R. , Vinyard B. T.
Published: May 2006

Internal heat necrosis (IHN) is a physiological disorder resulting in necrotic tissue in the pith of potato (Solanum spp.) tubers. Susceptibility is associated with localized Ca deficiency within the tuber, but Ca availability may be influenced by other nutrients. Studies in Virginia, North Carolina, and New Jersey in 2001 and 2002 determined the influence of soil‐applied Ca on tuber yield, specific gravity (SG), IHN, and nutrient concentration. Furrow‐applied Ca sulfate (448 kg ha−1 Ca) was applied to IHN resistant or susceptible interspecific 4×–2× S. tuberosum L. (tbr) × S. phureja Juz. & Bukasov–S. stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov hybrids. Tuber yield, SG, incidence and severity of IHN, and pith concentrations of P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Na, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe were determined. Clones differed significantly for yield, SG, and IHN expression. Resistant clones were lower in IHN incidence than susceptible clones, but the clone × Ca interaction was not consistently significant within location–years. Incidence was fit with a classification and regression tree (CART) model with the 10 nutrients as regressors, which revealed that IHN‐resistant clones had higher tuber concentrations of Mn and S, but lower P. These results suggest that resistance or susceptibility to IHN is a complex function of tuber tissue mineral status. Mn, S, and P may make a more important contribution to clonal IHN resistance than Ca. Additional work is needed to verify the potential for minimizing IHN by either nutrient management or genetic enhancement.
Bermudagrass Putting Green Growth, Color, and Nutrient Partitioning Influenced by Nitrogen and Trinexapac‐Ethyl
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , Liu Haibo , McCarty Lambert B. , Whitwell Ted , Toler Joe E.
Published: May 2006

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) improve turf color by inhibiting leaf growth and may reduce fertilization requirements of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] golf greens by reducing nutrients removed through clipping collection. To test this hypothesis, growth, color, and nutrient allocation of ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass maintained at 3.2 mm were investigated in field experiments conducted in Clemson, SC, from April to August in 2003 and 2004. Ammonium nitrate was applied at 6, 12, 18, or 24 kg N ha−1 wk−1 with a PGR, trinexapac‐ethyl {[4‐(cyclopropyl‐[α]‐hydroxymethylene)‐3,5‐dioxo‐cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester]} (TE), at 0 or 0.05 kg a.i. ha−1 3 wk−1 Turf required 18 to 24 kg N ha−1 wk−1 from May to June and ≤12 kg N ha−1 wk−1 from July to August to maintain acceptable color (≥7, 1–9 scale). Trinexapac‐ethyl initially caused discoloration but bermudagrass recovered and had color enhanced 10 to 25% from nontreated. Trinexapac‐ethyl reduced clippings 67% from nontreated while clippings, percentage of lateral regrowth, and aerification recovery increased with N rate. Bermudagrass treated with TE had similar root mass to nontreated but 5% greater stolon and rhizome mass, 18% higher chlorophyll concentration, up to 67% reduced lateral regrowth, and up to 38% reduced aerification recovery. Trinexapac‐ethyl reduced leaf N, P, K, Mg, S, and Fe concentrations 10 to 25% and increased rhizome concentrations 8 to 36%. Nutrients recovered through clippings were reduced ≈70% from TE applications while TE‐treated turf had increased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Fe retention in stolons and rhizomes. Overall, TE enhanced color while reducing nutrient translocation from rhizomes to leaves, thus increasing bermudagrass nutrient retention.
Corn Seed Germination and Vigor Following Freezing during Seed Development
Authors: Woltz James , TeKrony Dennis M. , Egli Dennis B.
Published: May 2006

The potential for an early autumn frost to reduce corn (Zea mays L.) seed quality is a concern for seed producers. This study evaluated the effect of freezing rate, freezing temperature (−6, −11°C) and duration (4, 6 h), ear attachment, and endosperm composition on seed germination and vigor (accelerated aging [AA] and cold test) during seed development and maturation of six corn hybrids in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Severe reductions in seed germination and vigor occurred for the most immature seeds frozen at >400 g kg−1 seed moisture content (SMC). The effect was reduced as seed developed for all hybrids resulting in a linear increase in germination and vigor to maximum levels at ≤300 g kg−1 seed moisture, which was slightly after physiological maturity (PM, maximum dry seed weight). The effect of freezing on seed germination and vigor was the same when (i) ears were frozen attached or detached from the plant; (ii) ears were exposed to different freezing rates; or (iii) seeds with sugary and starchy endosperm were frozen. The degree of freezing injury at a given temperature and duration of freezing was similar across four F1 hybrids, but seed from one F2 hybrid was injured slightly less at a given moisture content. Thus, the stage of seed development must be considered by seed companies before making harvesting decisions when facing a potential predicted freezing event. Our results suggest that a seed producer will have higher germination and vigor if they harvest immature seeds (≤400 g kg−1 SMC) before the freezing event instead of after they are exposed to freezing temperatures.
Study of the Evolution of Cultivated Peanut through Crossability Studies among Arachis ipaënsis, A. duranensis, and A. hypogaea
Authors: Fávero Alessandra P. , Simpson Charles E. , Valls José F. M. , Vello Natal A.
Published: May 2006

Genus Arachis L. includes 80 described species, of which 31 belong to section Arachis, including the two diploid species A. ipaënsis Krapov. and W.C. Gregory and A. duranensis Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, considered the putative B and A genome parents of the cultivated peanut. This work contributes to the study of evolution of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), based on the successful hybridization between A. ipaënsis and A. duranensis, chromosome doubling of the hybrid, and crosses between the synthetic amphidiploid and representatives of the diversity of the crop. Diploid hybrids between A. ipaënsis and A. duranensis, confirmed by molecular markers, had pollen stains of 0.98%. Colchicine‐induced tetraploids were confirmed by mitotic chromosome counts. Progeny from these amphidiploid plants had a 97.74% pollen stain and significant differences among structure sizes measured in diploid and tetraploid flowers. Hybrid individuals [A. hypogaea × (A. ipaënsis × A. duranensis)4x] were produced from crosses involving all six botanical varieties of A. hypogaea. These hybrids indicate the evolutionary similarity between the wild species and the cultigen. The successful hybridization between diploid species A. ipaënsis and A. duranensis and between A. hypogaea and the synthetic amphidiploid support the theory that these two diploids are the parents of the cultivated peanut. Resulting materials are of great importance to peanut breeding.
Relationships between Root‐Knot Nematode Resistance and Plant Growth in Upland Cotton: Galling Index as a Criterion
Authors: Zhang Jinfa , Waddell C. , Sengupta‐Gopalan C. , Potenza C. , Cantrell R. G.
Published: May 2006

The southern root‐knot nematode (RKN) [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood] is one of the most destructive pests in the Cotton Belt of the USA. The lack of an economical evaluation method for RKN resistance has hindered the development of resistant cultivars. This investigation was conducted to develop an improved RKN evaluation technique. Twelve genotypes including seven susceptible (S) lines, one moderately resistant (MR) line, three highly resistant (R) lines derived from ‘Auburn 623 RNR,’ and one F1 between DP 33B (S) and ‘Auburn 634 RNR’ (R) were evaluated in the greenhouse for plant growth, RKN egg reproduction, and root galling in Experiment 1. RKN egg reproduction was highly and positively correlated with galling index and both were highly and negatively correlated with plant growth characteristics including plant height, number of leaves, plant and root weight. Galling index was confirmed to be highly significantly and negatively correlated with plant height and fresh weight in Experiment 2 with 9 parents and their 36 F1 hybrids. Galling index had highest genotypic F value and comparable coefficient of variance (CV) to the plant characteristics, while CV for egg counts was very high. Correlation between the two greenhouse tests in the 9 parental lines as measured by galling index was highly significant. Comparison between F1 and their parents in egg reproduction and galling revealed that the RKN resistance is partially dominant. Using a common check and double inoculation in each pot, galling index is an easy, quick and reliable method for screening large numbers of cotton plants.
Allelic Frequency at the Rf3 and Rf4 Loci and the Genetics of A3 Cytoplasmic Fertility Restoration in Converted Sorghum Lines
Authors: Kuhlman Les C. , Pring Daryl R. , Rooney William L. , Tang Hoang V.
Published: May 2006

Cytoplasmic‐nuclear male sterility (CMS) in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is integral to hybrid seed production. One such CMS, A3, is controlled by a two gene gametophytic fertility restoration system involving two restoration alleles, Rf3 and Rf4, which are required for individual male gamete viability. A survey of the allelic frequencies of Rf3 and Rf4 in the sorghum germplasm collection was undertaken using 140 lines from the Sorghum Conversion Program. These lines were hybridized to two testers, A3FL3 (Rf3Rf3rf4rf4) and A3FL4 (rf3rf3Rf4Rf4). The resulting hybrids were evaluated for I2–KI pollen stainability and seed set to determine their fertility restoration reaction. Transcript analyses were performed on lines that contained restoration alleles to determine whether they fit the expected genetic model of fertility restoration. Three lines (SC306, SC512, and SC215) were found to restore fertility with both testers and thus contain both restoration alleles. The surveyed allelic frequency of Rf3 and Rf4 was 5.1 and 4.8%, respectively. Using transcript analyses, two exceptional lines were identified (SC306 and SC215) that carried Rf3 but did not confer enhanced transcript processing activity (TPA) of mitochondrial orf107 Enhanced TPA was thought to be tightly linked to or represent gene action of Rf3, but identification of these lines demonstrates that enhanced TPA is not required for fertility restoration and does not represent gene action of Rf3.
Implementation of Hyperspectral Radiometry in Irrigation Management of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens
Authors: Hutto K. C. , King R. L. , Byrd J. D. , Shaw D. R.
Published: May 2006

Field research conducted in 2003 and 2004 evaluated hyperspectral radiometry as a tool to detect localized dry spots on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting greens. Discriminant analysis identified 14 wavebands between 861 and 887 nm that distinguished drought severity. An overall accuracy of 85% was achieved using these wavebands with low‐stressed greens correctly classified 91%. High‐stressed greens were correctly classified 100% of the time with individual wavebands between 905 and 992 nm using 2003 data as a training model to cross‐validate 2004 data. These results suggest these individual wavebands are highly sensitive to early season drought‐stress in creeping bentgrass greens and could be considered a more stable portion of the spectrum over time concerning high‐stressed creeping bentgrass putting greens. A significant relationship (p = 0.034) was established between average reflectance values of wavebands between 1480 and 1530 nm and volumetric soil water content (VWC). Although not highly correlated, this relationship demonstrated that as VWC increased, reflectance decreased. Data collected in late spring/early summer may be the optimal time to detect areas of putting greens most susceptible to drought stress before unfavorable growth conditions occur.
Soybean Aphid Resistance in Soybean Jackson Is Controlled by a Single Dominant Gene
Authors: Hill Curtis B. , Li Yan , Hartman Glen L.
Published: May 2006

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has become established as a serious pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., since it was first found in North America in 2000 and has caused millions of dollars in economic losses. While the application of chemical insecticides is the only means to control the soybean aphid at present, genetic resistance to the aphid was recently discovered in soybean. A single dominant gene named Rag1 that controls resistance to the soybean aphid was found in the cultivar Dowling. Another cultivar found to have strong antibiosis‐type resistance to the soybean aphid was Jackson. The primary objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of resistance to the soybean aphid in Jackson. Segregation of resistance was analyzed in F2 and among F2–derived F3 (F2:3) families produced from crosses between Jackson and the susceptible soybean cultivar Loda. Segregation of F2 plants was 247 resistant to 97 susceptible and fit a 3:1 genetic ratio (P = 0.17). Segregation among F2:3 families was not clear because a number of susceptible F2 plants did not produce a sufficient amount of seed for progeny testing. Ignoring the susceptible class, the segregation of F2:3 families fit a 1:2 (all resistant/segregating) ratio. These results indicated that a single dominant gene controlled resistance in Jackson. There is no known genetic relationship between Jackson and Dowling. The genetic relationship between Rag1 in Dowling and the gene in Jackson is unknown.
QTL Analysis of Adventitious Root Formation in Common Bean under Contrasting Phosphorus Availability
Authors: Ochoa Ivan E. , Blair Matthew W. , Lynch Jonathan P.
Published: May 2006

Low phosphorus availability is a primary constraint to crop production in developing countries. Adventitious roots play an important role in phosphorus acquisition, as they are localized near the soil surface where phosphorus is relatively abundant. A population of recombinant inbred lines ofPhaseolus vulgarisL. (G2333/G19839) was screened under high‐ and low‐phosphorus conditions in the greenhouse and field. We observed phenotypic variation and transgressive segregation for adventitious root traits in both environments. Allometric analysis revealed that although the taproot and basal roots are closely linked to shoot growth, recombinant inbred line (RILs) differ substantially in biomass allocation for adventitious roots. A linkage map with 149 genetic markers and a total cumulative map length of 1175 cM was used to identify a total of 19 QTL across 8 of the 11 linkage groups. Together these quantitative trait loci (QTL) accounted for 19 to 61% of the total phenotypic variation for adventitious root traits in the field and 18 to 39% under greenhouse conditions. Two major QTL for adventitious rooting under low phosphorus conditions in the field were observed on linkage groups B2 and B9 that together accounted for 61% of the observed phenotypic variation. We conclude that adventitious rooting under low phosphorus is a feasible target for bean breeding.
Are Direct to Consumer Advertisments of Prescription Drugs Educational?: Comparing 1992 to 2002
Authors: Curry Timothy Jon , Jarosch Jeff , Pacholok Shelley
Published: May 2006

We investigate the educational value of direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertisements from 58 popular magazines published in 1992 and 2002. We find that the number of DTC prescription drug ads increased nine-fold from 1992 to 2002, while the advertisements for other health care products increased only slightly. We examine changes in 1992–2002 DTC prescription drug ads both quantitatively and qualitatively. We find that the educational value as it relates to serious medical conditions decreases over time based on the media logic that the primary purpose of advertisements is to promote consumption, rather than education. We enumerate and describe the media logic tactics employed, and find a statistically significant increase in the number of such tactics per ad in 2002.
Tracing W. E. B. DuBois' “Color Line” in Government Regulations
Authors: Williams Miriam F.
Published: May 2006

In this article, I present findings from a discourse analysis of an often-overlooked genre of technical communication, regulatory writing. The study focuses on post-bellum regulations that disproportionately affected African Americans and the historical contexts in which the regulations were written. Historically, African Americans of all socioeconomic backgrounds have maintained an implicit mistrust of government regulations and the government officials who write them. The justification for this mistrust is deeply rooted in the fact that for decades regulations were not written to protect the rights of African Americans nor was their input considered in regulatory writing. In Communicating Across Cultures, Stella Ting-Toomey argues, “if conflict parties do not trust each other, they tend to move away (cognitively, affectively and physically) from each other rather than struggle side by side in negotiation” [1, p. 222]. This study reveals rhetorical strategies used in historical regulatory writing that may still impact the ethos of regulatory writers.
Charles Morris's Semiotic Model and Analytical Studies of Visual and Verbal Representations in Technical Communication
Authors: Fan Jiang-Ping
Published: May 2006

In this article, the author demonstrates that the semiotic model proposed by Charles Morris enables us to optimize our understanding of technical communication practices and provides a good point of inquiry. To illustrate this point, the author exemplifies the semiotic approaches by scholars in technical communication and elaborates Morris's model through analyzing visual and verbal elements of technical communication brochures from semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic levels. The discussion of semiotic approach reinforced by various examples illustrates that the semiotic model can be a tangible theoretical and practical tool to help students and practitioners study and analyze the use of visual and verbal elements in technical communication.
Long-Term Impact of a District-Wide School/Community-Based Substance Abuse Prevention Initiative on Gateway Drug Use
Authors: Lohrmann David K. , Alter Randi J. , Greene Robert , Younoszai Tina M.
Published: May 2006

This study examined long-term effects of a school/family/community substance abuse prevention partnership intervention lead by a Midwestern school district. Previous findings suggested that the program contributed to decreased tobacco and marijuana, but not alcohol, use prior to and after implementation between 1987 and 1991. The current study examined 8th-12th grade student drug use prevalence data from 1991 and 2003 to determine whether previous program effects were sustained. With one exception, reported lifetime and monthly cigarette use decreased below 1991 levels for all grades. Lifetime and monthly alcohol use decreased below 1991 levels for most grades, a result not previously detected. While still below national rates, reported lifetime use of marijuana increased for all grades over time. The intervention was effective in reducing cigarette and alcohol use over time and in suppressing marijuana use levels below national rates; however, these gains tended to erode in later high school grades.
BODY INVOLVEMENT AMONG SCHIZOPHRENICS, NORMALS AND PARAPLEGICS
Authors: Dimond Richard E. , Hirt Michael
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the extent of body involvement in 25 schizophrenic, 25 paraplegic, and 25 normal subjects by means of the Secord Homonym Test (SHT). The results indicated that, although paraplegics are indeed more body involved, schizophrenics are not. These findings cast doubt
upon the assumed isomorphism between ego and body boundary and upon the assumption of disturbed body imagery in schizophrenics.
CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN CHILDREN'S EASTER DRAWINGS AS A FUNCTION OF A NATURALLY-MOTIVATED EXPECTANCY
Authors: Roodin Paul A. , Vaught Glen M. , Simpson William E.
Published: May 2006

Twenty-eight kindergarten (15 boys and 13 girls) and 20 first-grade children (12 boys and 8 girls) drew four pictures of either the Easter bunny or the Easter basket prior to Easter and two pictures of the same symbol after Easter. Height and width measures were obtained for each drawing
and correlation matrices were constructed individually for age, sex, ordinal position, and symbol — bunny v. basket. Patterns of change in the drawings as a function of these variables were examined and the correlations in drawing measures were assessed. The results supported the naturally-motivated
expectancy hypothesis and suggested some neglected sources of variability in children's drawings of Easter symbols.
DO CONSERVATIVE PARENTS NURTURE CONSERVATIVE CHILDREN?
Authors: Boshier Roger , Thom Elizabeth
Published: May 2006

To test the notion (derived from early studies with the F-scale and the TFI scale) that conservative parents nurture conservative offspring (and that liberal parents nurture liberal offspring) the modified Conservatism scale was administered to a sample of New Zealand• schoolchildren
and their parents. Conservatism/liberalism in parents is associated with the presence of similar attitudes in their children. The greatest attitudinal similarities were between fathers and their sons and mothers and their daughters. It is suggested that children identify with and introject
the attitudes of the same sex-parent.
THE PRICE OF PRIVILEGE: THE EFFECTS OF THE AMERICAN CASTE SYSTEM ON THE DEEP SOUTH WHITE
Authors: Karon Bertram P.
Published: May 2006

It is usually assumed that the white man benefits from the American “caste” system. A Gallup sample of Northern, Border South, and Deep South whites was compared on the basis of the Tomkins-Horn Picture Arrangement Test, administered in 1954. Differences between the North
and Border South did not replicate. More frequent among Deep South whites (compared with Northern whites) after cross-validating and correcting for age, sex, education, vocabulary IQ, rural-urban residence, population density, and degree of industrialization were: Low work and Low work endurance
(i.e., the “horse-driver phenomenon,” a sapping of achievement and motivation by feelings of being unable to compete on equal terms as a consequence of ascribed upper status)∼ Submissive authoritarianism, and Compulsive negativism. So-called upper “caste”
status thus is psychologically destructive.
ADULT DEFENSIVE ORGANIZATION AS RELATED TO ADAPTIVE REGULATION OF SPIRAL AFTEREFFECT DURATION
Authors: Andersson Alf L. , Weikert Clemens
Published: May 2006

Microgenetic defense indices of introjection (identification with female or childish roles), projected introjection, repression, projection, reaction formation, introaggression and isolation were found in a group of 63 male conscripts, aged 20 to 31 years. These indices were closely
related to dimensions of regulation in the duration of perceived spiral aftereffect, the respective dimensions being those of change (decrease-increase) in duration over ten consecutive trials and the magnitude of duration at the end of these trials. The results agreed with the predictions
made and supported the developmental-adaptive frame of reference adopted.
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY SMOKERS AND ABSTAINERS AS A FUNCTION OF PERCEIVED PREDISPOSITIONS TOWARDS MARIJUANA USE
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: May 2006

Inaccurate stereotyping by non-users was explanatory of the prevailing lack of agreement concerning the personality characteristics of heavy marijuana smokers.
EXTRAVERSION, NEUROTICISM, PSYCHOTICISM AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN SCHOOLGIRLS
Authors: Allsopp John F. , Feldman M. Philip
Published: May 2006

Four groups of Ss, ranging from 11 and 12 year-olds to 14 and 15 year-olds, were tested on the Junior P.O., a new measure of E, N and P in children, and on an anonymous self-report questionnaire of antisocial behavior (ASB). An objective measure of school naughtiness (Na) was
also available. The results followed similar trends in each group and showed that ASB is positively related to E, N and P. and Na to E and P. It is concluded that Eysenck's theory of antisocial behavior is capable of predictions concerning the range of misbehavior engaged in by secondary
school girls.
THE RELATIVE EFFICACIES OF ESCALATION AND DEESCALATION FOR COMPLIANCE-GAINING IN TWO-PARTY CONFLICTS
Authors: Bonoma Thomas V. , Tedeschi James T.
Published: May 2006

Two independent experiments were conducted to investigate the determinants of target compliance to escalatory and deescalatory influence strategies during a two-person, mixed-motive conflict simulation. Both experiments involved the intermittent transmission of contingent threats of
punishment with varying magnitudes from a robot to target subjects. In the first experiment, an escalatory (increasing) pattern of threats and punishments was employed and in the second, a deescalatory (decreasing) pattern was used. Escalation and deescalation were implemented either suddenly
and noncontingently by robot, or gradually and contingent on target's response to previous influence exertion. Complementary cells of the two designs were nonparametrically compared to determine the relative compliance-gaining efficacies of escalation vs deescalation. Escalation of punishments
was far more effective in eliciting compliance overall than was deescalation (p < 0.0005); these differences persisted within both the sudden (p < 0.0252) and gradual (p < 0.0054) conditions separately. Consistent with a utility analysis, however, sudden deescalation
was not significantly less efficient in gaining compliance than gradual deescalation (p > 0.30). These results were discussed as contradictory of simple expected value models of compliance, and deescalation was seen as presenting a significant but limited alternative to escalation
for cooperative conflict resolution.
SITUATIONAL PRESSURE, ATTITUDES TOWARD BLACKS, AND LABORATORY AGGRESSION
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Colen Leonard , Von Flue Doug , Zimmerman Paul
Published: May 2006

The importance of the situational context in producing discriminatory behavior cannot he overlooked. This experiment on laboratory aggression investigated the effect of racial attitudes on the willingness to shock a black victim. A second purpose was to compare two groups in the shock
levels administered to a black or a white victim. The results showed that attitudes toward blacks are not related to the level of shock administered to blacks. A black victim is shocked less than a white victim. This discriminatory behavior can be understood as a function of the social pressures
of the university community as influenced, for example, by the affirmative action programs.
DICHOTOMOUS CHOICES ON LIFE-DILEMMA PROBLEMS, SUBJECTIVE EXPECTED UTILITY, AND THE GROUP SHIFT EFFECT
Authors: Jacobson Marsha B.
Published: May 2006

Subjects responded to risk and caution life-dilemma problems in either a group discussion or a control procedure. Before and after experimental treatment, subjects filled in a questionnaire involving whether or not the character in the dilemma should take the risk, the lowest probability
they would accept before recommending to the character that he take the risk, and utilities and subjective probabilities of the various outcomes within the dilemmas. It was found that, while the discussion condition yielded shifts on the “lowest probability” question, only very
meager shifts were found on the dichotomous “yes-or-no” question, suggesting that it may be difficult to generalize the results of group shift research to real-life groups who must make decisions on a yes-or-no basis. In addition, it was found that the behavioral decision theory
concept of subjective expected utility was very accurate in predicting the subjects' dichotomous choices on the dilemmas.
EFFECTS OF TYPE OF INFORMATION UPON INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION
Authors: Duck Steven W. , Craig Gordon
Published: May 2006

Evaluation of strangers can be based on assessments of either available cues or inferred characteristics. Many studies of interpersonal attraction present subjects with information on Others' psychological characteristics (personality, traits, attitudes), but it is argued that
additional, “external” information about Others is normally available to interacting individuals and provides a basis for evaluative inferences while constituting a context in which the impact of any available psychological information would be assessed. Two experiments are reported:
one in which presentation of external information about a stranger evoked significantly (p < 0.025) higher attraction ratings than available psychological information; and a second where similarity of Subject and Other on external characteristics had greater effects upon attraction
scores than did similarity of psychological characteristics. Results are consistent with the view that external information provides a modifying context in which the attractiveness of psychological information is assessed and suggest two distinct stages in attraction responses.
PARENTAL DISCIPLINE AND DELAYED GRATIFICATION
Authors: Weller Leonard , Berkowitz Edith
Published: May 2006

It was hypothesized that children brought up under coercive power (exemplified by direct commands, arbitrary power, no explanation and not keeping promises) would be more likely to exhibit immediate gratification, whereas children brought up under noncoercive power would be more likely
to delay gratification. 107 junior-high students completed a questionnaire measuring delayed gratification and a questionnaire measuring attitudes towards parental discipline. The hypothesis was confirmed.
CHILDREN COPING WITH CRISIS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA: A CROSS-CULTURAL APPLICATION OF AN ANALOGUE
Authors: Viney Linda L. , Clarke Alex M.
Published: May 2006

The extinction period of an instrumental learning paradigm was employed,. as by Viney and Clarke (1974), as an experimental analogue of Caplan's concept of crisis. Data from Papua New Guinea and Australian preschool children indicated that: (1) Papua New Guinea children made more
fixed responses, as predicted, but showed fewer “giving up” reactions than Australian children; (2) no differences were found between children from two Papua New Guinea subcultures; and (3) in terms of replication of earlier results (a) the negative effect of the loss of social
rather than non-social sources of need satisfaction in the “crisis” on “giving up” only was fully 78confirmed, and (b) the positive effects of the availability of so cial rather than non-social stimuli during the ”crisis” on fixed responses, frustration,
and the more adaptive seeking of new, alternative responses were noted for the children of both cultures but were especially salient within the Papua New Guinea sample.
SATISFACTION IN STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE, LEVELS OF GENERAL HAPPINESS AND FREQUENCY OF PEAK EXPERIENCE
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: May 2006

This study focuses on reported (a) satisfaction in stages of the life cycle; (b) levels of general happiness; and (c) frequency of peak experiences. Subjects were 48 undergraduate students (17 males. 31 females) at Laurentian University, Canada.(a)They were asked to indicate past,
present and future satisfaction with the stages in their own life cycle. The following order of satisfaction emerged, starting with the most satisfying stage: (1) middle adulthood; (2) early childhood; (3) later adulthood; (4) middle childhood; (5) old age; (6) later childhood; (7) early adulthood;
and (8) adolescence.(b)In an overall rating, 66% described their lives as “very or somewhat satisfying, 24% as “so-so” and 10% as “somewhat or very unsatisfying”. On a 10-point elation-depression scale, the mean rating for the subjects
was 6 (feeling pretty good, OK).Also investigated was the reported frequency of the peak experience as described by Maslow. Only 11% indicated that they had not had such an experience.Results from all three areas in this study accord closely with other relevant published work.
IS PERSONALITY RELATED TO SOCIAL ATTITUDES? AN ATTEMPT AT REPLICATION
Authors: Pearson Paul R. , Sheffield Brian F.
Published: May 2006

An attempt was made to replicate previous work relating Eysenck's personality dimensions to social attitudes. Sixty-one female student nurses from a district general hospital completed the P.E.N. inventory and the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale. No significant correlation
was obtained between psychoticism, neuroticism, extraversion, Lie Scale, and any of the six social attitude variables. One hundred eleven female psychiatric patients completed the E.P.I. Form A, and the Conservatism Scale. No significant relationship was found between neuroticism, extra-version,
and any of the six social attitude variables. The Lie Scale correlated positively with the Conservatism vs Liberalism Scale (p < 0.01) and the Ethnocentrism- Intolerance Scale (p < 0.05). Sixty-eight boys and 65 girls, aged 13 and 14, completed children's versions
of the P.E.N. inventory and the Conservatism Scale. Only one significant correlation, the Lie Scale and Sex (negative), was consistent for both sexes.
CONCEPTUAL RELATEDNESS AND THE COMPREHENSION OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS
Authors: Cochran L. R.
Published: May 2006

The effect of set (to integrate or differentiate), characterization (evaluatively distinct or indistinct groups), and conceptual structure (strong or weak relations among concepts) on comprehension of a social situation was studied. Eighty-three students judged groups similar to those
in the story on 12 dimensions, read set instructions, read story, judged actual groups in the story, and completed a comprehension test of the story. When characters were evaluatively indistinct, judges with strong conceptual relations comprehended more when set to differentiate than integrate
while judges with weak relations comprehended more when set to integrate rather than differentiate. When characters were evaluatively distinct, there were no significant effects. Also, judges with strong relations comprehended more when relatedness was maintained in their impressions of groups
in the story. Judges with weak relations tended to comprehend more when conceptual differentiation was maintained, but the effect did not reach significance.
SOCIAL IMAGES OF DISADVANTAGED GROUPS
Authors: Butt Dorcas Susan , Signori Edro I.
Published: May 2006

Four hundred and thirty subjects rated the social images of eight groups on 67 variables which previous study has shown to be important in employment hiring situations. The groups rated were: Average Adults, Women, Mental Retardates, Ex-Mental Patients, Ex-Criminals, Hippies, Blacks
and North American Indians. A factor analysis yielded six major dimensions in the social images: Appearance, Sincerity, Ability, Outspokenness, Fortitude and Security. The variations in the factor scores of the eight groups were examined to clarify the disadvantages of each group in hiring
situations.
BLACK JURORS' PERSONALITY TRAIT ATTRIBUTION TO A RAPE CASE DEFENDANT
Authors: Ugwuegbu Denis Chimaeze E.
Published: May 2006

The present study examined the effect of racial dissimilarity on the evaluative attitude of black subjects. One hundred and eighty-six male and female subjects participated in a simulated jury experiment in which the race of the victim, the race of the defendant, and the amount of evidence
against the defendant were varied. The subjects read transcripts of either an inter-racial or an intra-racial forcible rape case against the defendant and then evaluated the defendant on certain trait dimensions. The results indicated that the racial similarity of the defendant and/or
the victim to the subject jurors influenced the level of negative traits attributed to the defendant. The results strongly indicated that prejudicial social evaluation of the outgroup is a two-sided phenomenon. The interaction effects observed in the study seemed to indicate that factors such
as the context under which the evaluative behavior took place, sex affiliation, the victim's race and the level of evidence tended to influence trait attribution to a dissimilar other. These results were discussed in the context of prejudicial trait attribution to a dissimilar defendant
and the possible effects of such attitude on jury decision-making.
EFFECT OF DIRECT EXPOSURE TO FOREIGN TARGET GROUPS ON DESCRIPTIVE STEREOTYPES HELD BY AMERICAN STUDENT
Authors: McCrady Richard E. , McCrady Jean B.
Published: May 2006

Seventy-seven American college students enrolled in a semester-at-sea program rated four target groups before and after exposure in their own national settings (in the case of English, French, and Italians), on a rating instrument (Peabody, 1968) designed to discriminate between descriptive
and evaluative judgments in stereotyping. The primary purpose was to assess the effects of in vivo exposure on descriptive stereotypes. The greatest change was in the stereotypic profile of the English, with statistically significant shifts on 9 of 14 behavioral traits, mostly toward
“loser” impulse expression. Descriptive stereotypes of the French, Italians, and Americans, and evaluative stereotypes of all four groups, received few statistically significant changes. For all groups, the trend reflected in pre-post evaluative judgments was in the favorable direction.
REPRESSION OF SEXUAL ASSOCIATIONS: COGNITIVE INHIBITION, FAMILIARITY, OR SOCIAL INHIBITION?
Authors: Dickman Howard , Elman Donald , Hirt Michael
Published: May 2006

Previous research on the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale found that repressors gave fewer sexual associations than sensitizers on a double entendre word association task. That difference, however, may have been due either to differential familiarity, or external, social inhibition,
rather than to internal, cognitive defense processes. In the present experiment, male sensitizers, neutrals, and repressors performed an identification task and an association task with word lists containing double entendres. They received one of three instruction sets, designed either to
facilitate, inhibit, or disregard the possible sexual associations. The identification task results failed to support the familiarity hypothesis. The association task results suggested that repressors are more responsive to external, social inhibition cues than are either sensitizers or neutrals.
PERCEIVED INTELLIGENCE IN MARRIED PARTNERS
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Mettetal Gwynn W.
Published: May 2006

Twenty married couples were administered the Self-rating Scale of Intelligence and the Otis intelligence test. The SRSI provided subjects with the opportunity to make intelligent attributions for self, spouse, ideal spouse as well as to provide the expected rating of self by
the spouse. For husbands, two important within-person relationships were identified: perceived intelligence similarity between self and spouse and support for one's self-concept from the spouse. For wives, the most significant comparison was found between spouse-ideal spouse perceptions.
Positive correlations were generally found between self-other intelligence estimates and actual intelligence for both husbands and wives.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF WITKIN'S DIMENSION IN RELATION TO SOCIAL CLASS, PERSONALITY FACTORS AND PIAGETIAN TESTS
Authors: Ghuman P. A. S.
Published: May 2006

The research explores the relationships between the cognitive variables, as measured by Piagetian tests and standard Raven Matrices, and Witkin's Field-dependence/independence dimension (FD-FID). The association between sex, social class, and the personality variables, as assessed
by the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ) devised by Porter and Cattell, with the Witkin's dimension is also investigated. The sample consisted of sixty children of 11 to 12 years of age from two primary schools in Wales. The results show that there are significant correlations
between Witkin's dimension and the cognitive variables including factor B of CPQ. However, no significant correlations were found between the personality traits and Witkin's dimension. There was a significant difference (p < 0.1) between the two social classes; middle-class
children performed better than working-class children; but no significant difference was found between the boys and girls.
CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF SIXTH-GRADERS' NEW YEAR'S RESOLUTIONS: MIDDLE-CLASS VERSUS MENNONITE AND AMISH YOUTH
Authors: Bernstein Barbara E.
Published: May 2006

The New Year's resolutions of middle-class sixth-graders were compared with those of Mennonite and Amish sixth-graders. The Mennonite and Amish youngsters generally resolved to try harder at various things, whereas middle-class youngsters focused on the outcome of their efforts,
resolving to do better. The resolutions of middle-class youth were also notably more dynamic and imaginative than those of the Amish and Mennonites. In addition, certain sex differences were found in both cultures. Girls consistently wrote longer resolutions and more of them. Girls also wrote
more about home responsibilities and personal health habits, whereas boys wrote more about religious responsibilities and sports and hobbies. All of these sex differences, however, were more pronounced among the Amish and Mennonite youth.
REACTIONS TO INVASIONS OF MARKED SEATS AT A RACETRACK
Authors: Arenson Sidney J.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of defensive behavior by neighbors and returning occupants against the invasion of marked seats at a racetrack. On 39 occasions, four female undergraduates took empty seats that were marked with a newspaper, handkerchief, clothing,
etc., in the unreserved sections of the grandstand. In the 32 cases in which there was a neighbor present, 20 of them defended the marked seat. There were no sex or age differences between defenders and non-defenders. Compared with one neighbor, presence of two did not increase defenses. The
proportion of defenses in this study was greater than in previous studies in other settings, and this difference was discussed with respect to the respective costs in different settings for permitting successful invasions.
REFERENCE GROUPS AND LOCAL-COSMOPOLITANISM
Authors: Rotondi Thomas
Published: May 2006

This article reports the results of an empirical study to investigate the reference group orientations of industrially employed professionals. Sample personnel included 128 engineers and 51 scientists, who were divided into four personnel types: locals, cosmopolitans, local/cosmopolitans,
and uncommitted. Through a questionnaire survey, sample respondents provided data reflecting their level of commitment to a variety of groups in which they held membership. Primary findings of the study include the following: (a) among engineers, both cosmopolitans and local/cosmopolitans
exhibit stronger orientations toward their internal work groups and external professional engineering groups than locals, and (b) among scientists, locals possess a stronger orientation toward their internal departments than cosmopolitans.
COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY IN THE PERCEPTION OF NEIGHBORS
Authors: Zalot G. , Adams-Webber J.
Published: May 2006

This study compared 22 women and 21 men living in single-family dwellings with 21 men and 23 women living in high-rise apartment buildings in terms of frequency of interaction with neighbors and degree of cognitive complexity shown in characterizing them. The results indicated that
(a)frequency of interaction with one's neighbors correlates (r = 0.46) with cognitive complexity in construing their behavior, (b) people living in single-family houses both interact more frequently with their neighbors and describe them more complexly than do people living in
apartment buildings, and (c) across both housing conditions, women interact more with neighbors and describe them more complexly than do men.