bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
لتنمية مهارة القراءة لدى طلبة مدرسة كديري الثانوية الإسلامية الحكومية الأولى في الصف الحادي عشر PQ4R فعالية استخدام طريقة
Authors: Munjiyat Munjiyat , Fuadiyah Rizka A’yuna
Published: February 2020

Teacher creativity and innovation are extremely needed in teaching Arabic material which is difficult for millennial learners to be understood, especially the competence in reading classical Arabic texts and tending to be stuck up in the understanding of qawaid. Therefore, this study aims to determine the process of using the PQ4R method and measure its level of effectiveness in improving students' reading skills in Arabic subject of class XI MAN 1 Kota Kediri. The method applied in this research is quantitative approach with experimental research model. The researcher used documentation, tests, and interview to collect the data in MAN 1 Kota Kediri in class XI. The data analysis used t-test with paired sample t-test. The result shows that PQ4R method is effective in improving reading skills, with the calculation result of pre-test score in the experimental class 66.08 and the control class 65.08 with a difference of 1.00. The results of post-test of experimental class 86.52 and 63.04 control class with a difference of 23.48, so the experimental class using the PQ4R method is higher than the control class. The data analysis used is t-test with the calculation of sig (2-tiled), with the result of sig (2-tiled) = 0.00, because the result of sig (2-tiled) 0.00> 0.05. So it can be concluded that the PQ4R method provides an easier way to comprehend Arabic reading texts.
اختبارات اللغة العربية في مهارة الكلام (تصميم اختبار مهارة الكلام بالمقابلة)
Authors: Ilmiyah Rikhlah
Published: February 2020

Test is considered as something important in teaching-learning process for its use to limit teaching-learning process through its result. Basically, test is designed as an instrument which is useful to support learning process and to motivate students gaining a significant progress. In addition, test can be used as an instrument to evaluate students’ performance in learning a language. In some condition, a high correlation between language learning and language test may be lost. Speaking skill is known as one of language skill giving more attention on communicative competence. However, in fact, it is found that what is said by the speaker cannot be understood but by using sign language or other communication tools which is not discovered as language. Language test is useful to know students’ ability to communicate, and a discussion on language test especially speaking will be discussed in this writing. Since interview giving more highlight on the fluency and accuracy of speech, also the appropriateness of delivering ideas, it is chosen, in this research, to measure students’ oral language performance
فعالية استخدام كتاب مدارج الدروس العربية في تنمية مهارة الاستماع لدى طلاب معهد أمانة الأمة الإسلامي فاجت موجوكرطا
Authors: Hafidz Muhammad
Published: February 2020

This study stems from the problems experienced by the Arabic language teacher in the Amanatul Ummah Pacet Islamic Boarding School. Listening skill is one of the most important  language skills, because this skill is the basic skill in communication. Through istening skills, students will get a lot of vocabularies, learns patterns of sentences and structures, receives ideas and concepts, and  acquires other skills of language, speaking, reading and writing. Therefore, the researcher wanted to know the effectiveness of the Madarij durus Arabiyah book of Sheikh Mohammed Basri Alawi on students’ listening skill. The methodology of this researchis experimental with pre-test and post-test in one group. And the result of this research indicate that Madarij Durus Arabiyah book is effective inimproving students’ listening abilities, students’ score before using Madarij Durus Arabiyah is 63and after using this book, students’ grade have increased to 96, then this increase is very good level.
METODE TA’BIR ASH-SHUWAR AL-‘ASYWAI: INOVASI PEMBELAJARAN MAHARAH KALAM MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN BAHASA ARAB IAIN MADURA
Authors: Bariyah Khoirul , Muassomah Muassomah
Published: February 2020

Maharah kalam (Keterampilan berbicara) adalah kemampuan mengungkapkan bunyi-bunyi artikulasi atau kata-kata untuk mengekspresikan pikiran berupa ide, pendapat, keinginan, atau perasaan secara lisan kepada mitra pembicara. Maharah kalam dalam konteks Bahasa arab merupakan salah satu keterampilan yang menjadi dasar utama dalam Bahasa Arab, sehingga mahasiswa wajib menguasainya. Namun, sebagian besar mahasiswa mengalami kesulitan dalam berbicara Bahasa Arab yang mayoritas disebabkan oleh faktor ketidak percayaan diri mereka dalam berbicara Bahasa arab, kurangnya penguasaan mufrodat, dan lain sebagainya. Oleh karena itu, sebagai pengajar harus menguasai berbagai metode dan menggunakan beberapa metode agar pembelajaran menjadi efektif, salah satunya menggunakan metode Ta’bir Ash-Shuwar Al-‘Asywai atau dikenal dengan metode story telling menggunakan media gambar seri. Yang mana metode tersebut yaitu metode yang mendiskripsikan atau menceritakan gambar yang telah di susun dari gambar yang di acak. dan sesuai dengan observasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti, bahwa dengan metode dan media ynag diterapkan oleh peneliti terhadap mahasiswa semester III  Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Aarab di IAIN Madura dapat meningkatkan ketrampilan berbicara dan meningkatkan minat mereka dalam pembelajaran maharaha kalam.
لترقية مهارة الكلام بمدرسة هاشم أشعري المتوسطة النهضية سداتي سيدوارجو Fishbowl طريقة
Authors: Latifah Siti Qonita , Wafa Ali
Published: February 2020

The process of teaching Arabic in MTs Hasyim Ash'ari Ash-Nahdiyyah Sedati Sidoarjo is a traditional learning process, where the teacher uses the lecture method to teach speaking skills. The background of this research is the teacher does not have the appropriate innovation and model, while in the learning process requires the use of appropriate learning theories so that students do not feel difficulties and can obtain material more effectively and efficiently. This research uses quantitative methods. The data collection methods are: observation method, test method and document. As for the research sample, it was 22 students in seventh grade. From this study it can be seen an increase in kalam skills in students after applying the Fishbowl method. with the analysis obtained with the t-test: t_0 results are 9,088 and tt is 1,720 because t_0 is greater than tt then the hypothesis zero (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is acceptable.
Media Puzzle untuk Mengenal Bentuk Geometri
Authors: Pangastuti Ratna
Published: February 2020

Learning media are all things that can be used to channel learning materials so that they can stimulate the attention, interests, thoughts and feelings of students (students) in learning activities to achieve certain learning goals. Learning media is a tool or other material that provides a complete form of information and can support the teaching and learning process. Learning in the introduction of geometric shapes in early childhood really requires appropriate learning strategies and media, so to maximize the child's ability to introduce geometric shapes can use puzzle media. Compiling geometric shapes puzzles can improve cognitive for children. Cognitive skills (cognitive skills) associated with the ability to learn and solve problems in children. Moreover, it can improve social skills for children. By using the content analysis method and the study documentation, this research tries to describe the puzzle media to introduce geometric shapes to early childhood
Russian-Speaking Groups in Germany: Motivation for Migration
Authors: Popkov Viacheslav , Popkova Ekaterina
Published: February 2020

Introduction. The article considers motivation for migration of Russian-speaking groups who came to Germany from the territory of the former USSR countries. The article focuses on the analysis of ethnically privileged migrant groups – late migrants (Russian Germans) and quota refugees (Russian Jews) who came to Germany in the period of the late 1980s to mid-2000s. The aim of the research is to reveal the main reasons for and motives of the Russian-speaking group migration from the post-Soviet republics. The authors focus on the migration motives which have not been fully described, shown or analyzed in foreign research works, thus, enabling the readers to broaden their view on the migration of Russian-speaking groups to Germany.

Methods. The research is based on qualitative methodology using the method of thematically-centered interview. The selection was done by the “snowball” method.

Analysis. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of several research works with the results of the project conducted with Russian-speaking groups in Munich in 2005–2006 and 2011. The analyzed basis makes 43 interviews. The paper discusses the most questionable aspects regarding the ascertainment of the motivations of Russian Germans and Russian Jews for moving to Germany; it also compares the groups and reveals common features of migratory background characteristics to both of them. The paper gives special attention to ethnic motivations of migration which turn to be both pushing and pulling factors for both Russian-speaking groups. It also compares interpretations of significance of ethnicity and ethnic discrimination being the reasons for migration of Russian Germans and Russian Jews in the research works analyzed here.

Results. The hypothesis is that after the USSR split ethnic discrimination of both groups may be considered on the basis of “wrong” ethnicity in the countries of exodus. The conclusion is drawn that discrimination on ethnic basis cannot be the main reason for migration of Russian Germans and Russian Jews to Germany. It is more probable that in the case of Russian-speaking groups we deal with “drifting” ethnicity which may be suggested to or imposed on individuals. The data presented in the article may be of great interest for improving the state policy of this country towards compatriots from abroad and working out migratory regulations.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE INTEGRATED INFORMATIONAL SYSTEM OF TRACKING TIMBER– SUMAL IN THE ACTUAL CONTEXT
Authors: Benţa Anca Elena
Published: February 2020

In order to fight the illegal deforestation, as well as to reduce the criminal facts in the forestry field and the inappropriate forestry, it was constituted and implemented the integrated informational system of tracking timber in real time, called SUMAL. This system can provide information regarding the complete tracking of timber, from the moment of harvesting it to the final processing or export.
THE TESTAMENT UNDER ROMANIAN CIVIL LAW PROVISIONS
Authors: Tudoraşcu Miruna Mihaela
Published: February 2020

The normative dispositions that we will refer to in this paper, are found in The Romanian Civil Code, in the 4th Book, called “About Inheritances and Liberalities”, 3rd Title, called “Liberalities”, 3rd Chapter “The Testament”, articles 1034-1099. It is a very important civil institution, usually used, when a person wants to prefer somebody to collect the inheritance, a part of the inheritance, or a specific good from his estate. By article 1034 from RCC[1] “the Testament is the unilateral, personal and revocable legal act, through which a person, named testator, will decide, using a legal form, about his estate and other wills, for the time he will not be alive anymore”. In the doctrine we find different opinions in connection with the content of the will (testament), in connection with the juridical nature of it, or in connection with the form vices or with the fundamental vices impact over the validity of the testament. The discussions are very extensive, so this is one of the reasons that we took in consideration for realizing this scientific paper. We will present also different types of testaments that we have provisioned in Rom
BRIEF CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EUROPEAN LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PASSERELLE CLAUSES
Authors: Pătrăuș Mihaela , Pătrăuș Darius-Dennis
Published: February 2020

The Lisbon Treaty in order to strengthen the EU's capacity to decide, to act and to ensure the legitimacy of decisions taken at the same time, reformed the decision-making process of the EU, particularly by changing the legislative procedures in force.Among the novelties of the Lisbon Treaty, we must mention the passerelle clauses, which according to the ordinary legislative procedure will be generalized, under certain conditions, in areas which were initially outside its scope.The treaty nominates two types of passerelle clauses: the general passerelle clause which applies to all European policies and the enabling of this clause will be authorized by a decision of the European Council, acting unanimously; the passerelle clauses specific to certain European policies (MFF, Common Security and Defence Policy, judicial cooperation regarding the family rights- this specific clause is the only one explaining which national parliaments keep their right to oppose; cooperation is strengthened in the areas governed by unanimity or by a special legislative procedure, social affairs, environmental ).The flexibility introduced through a significant number of passerelle clauses in the Lisbon Treaty allows adjustment of the EU quickly and efficiently, depending on punctual developments, without neglecting the guarantees on the sovereignty of member states.
COMPARATISM AND ORGANICISM IN THE CRUCIBLE OF THE EUROPEAN JURISPRUDENCES. A JUSNATURALIST UROBOROS ON AN ENDLESS COLIMASON
Authors: Ciucă Valerius M.
Published: February 2020

MOTTO:1. Le comparatisme est véritablement analytique seulement sur le terrain fondamental des sources sapientogenes de tous les systèmes de droit (Valerius M.C.)2. Ignea quin etiam superum pater arma recondit, / Et Ganimedeae repetens convivia mensae / Pocula sumit ea qua gessit fulmina dextra. In memoriam Prof.dr.doc. Marțian Cotrău, son of Bihor County, an outstanding personality of Iași
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE SPECIFICS OF THE TRANSACTION CONTRACT
Authors: Nicolae Ioana
Published: February 2020

Transaction contract was and continues to be widely applied in legal life. The present study discusses the matters which particularize this contract in legal life, by analyzing its definition, its legal characters, by emphasizing the specifics of the validity conditions and the effects it generates.
SHORT LEGAL FORAY ON THE EUROPEAN CERTIFICATE OF SUCCESSION
Authors: STOICA Veronica , DUMITRACHE Gabriela
Published: February 2020

The structure and content of the article describe the considerations relating to the premises of the European Heir Certificate, the juridical concept, character, purpose and not only the probative value and effects of this European document in the light of Romanian and international specialized literature, but also from the point of view of notarial practice.
BEYOND THE LAW. THE CPD MODEL FOR THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE TEACHERS.
Authors: Refrigeri Luca
Published: February 2020

The paper aims to describe the experimental project of the adjustment pathway to school that was developed at the Primary Education Degree of the University of Molise. The project started from the model of the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) typical of the Anglo-Saxon professional culture that does not find a specific application in schools system of teacher training, expecially in Italy, and developed from the scholar prof. Stefano Bonometti. The project aims to develop the students’ culture of lifelong learning education, starting from universities education by developing a personal plan of professional development through typical methods of the CPD. Particularly, students of the fifth year, the final year of the degree course, will start a process of reflection of acquired skills, while those of the second year, the first year of traineeship, will start the process of training and monitoring of their acquisition skills during the course. The project after a period of stop is starting again in this year.
THE ISSUE OF TESTIMONY OF BAD FAITH IN THE CRIMINAL TRIAL
Authors: MICLE Ioan
Published: February 2020

The quality of the witness takes precedence over the status of expert or lawyer, mediator or representative of one of the parties or of a main procedural subject, regarding the facts and factual circumstances that the person knew before acquiring this quality. Persons who are in a situation that reasonably doubts their ability to witness are only heard when the judiciary finds that the person is capable of consciously telling facts and factual circumstances in line with reality. In order to decide on a person's ability to be a witness, the judicial body shall, upon request or ex officio, have any necessary examination, by the means provided by law. The witness is heard on facts or factual circumstances that are the subject of the probation in the case in which he was quoted. Witness hearing can be extended to all circumstances necessary to verify its credibility
Merger and division nullity in the Romanian legal system
Authors: Felicia Bejan
Published: February 2020

As a consequence of the transposition of european Directives regarding the merger, division, and cross-border mergers, the Romanian legal system established a special legal framework with regard to the sanction of nullity for such juridical acts. The peculiarities of internal and cross-border reorganisation operations, and the imperative of protecting the interests of third parties, associates, and the companies involved led to the creation of a derogatory legal system on the matter. An analysis of both theoretical and practical perspectives of the subject matter may result in a useful instrument for the application of incidental legal norms, or every time restructuring juridical acts contravene the legal norms.
COMPLIANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF ENFORCEMENT FROM OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ACT ACCORDING TO THE DISPOSITIONS OF THE FUTURE CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE
Authors: Popescu Agata Mihaela
Published: February 2020

Lately, the national juridical order of every country has been influenced by thesupranational juridical systems due to the globalization phenomena, without it being possibleto deny the interdependence of internal legislations, since the state, as contracting party ofvarious international conventions, has several obligations to comply with, includingobligations to adopt various laws subsequent to the agreements it signed.Due to the transformations that occurred in all areas of activity of human society, wecan note that we are assisting a process of convergence between the administrative law of EUMember States and the European administrative law, process that is in a continuousdevelopment.As Romania assumed the EU acquis, it has the obligation to implement in its nationallegislation the general administrative procedure principles shaped at this level, principlesamong which one can also find the principle of enforcement from office of the administrativeact.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTERVENTION OF NATO IN KOSOVO
Authors: Cristian Jura Cristian Jura
Published: February 2020

On the date of June 12th 1998, the North-Atlantic Council, gathered on the level of theministers of defense, required the evaluation of the possible additional measures which NATOcould take under the conditions of aggravation of the crisis from Kosovo. Consequently, onthe date of October 13th 1998, pursuant to the aggravation of the situation, the North-AtlanticCouncil authorized orders of activation for the air attacks. This measure is meant to supportthe diplomatic efforts in order to determine the regime of Miloşevici to withdraw the forcesfrom Kosovo, to cooperate for the end of violence and to facilitate the return of refugees totheir homes. However, in the last moment, pursuant to other diplomatic initiatives of theofficials of NATO and United States, the president Miloşevici accepted to collaborate, and theair attacks were cancelled
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE EMPLOYEES’ RIGHT TO UNPAID LEAVE
Authors: Stancea Isabela
Published: February 2020

The right to unpaid leave is a benefit for the employee, a time during which he/she cansolve certain personal problems, during an established period of time, without losing theposition of employee, but also as a disadvantage for the employer, as he/she is obliged topursue the same activity, for a certain period of time, with fewer employee.
THE EUROPEAN ORDER FOR PAYMENT PROCEDURE
Authors: Gheorghe Cristina-Marilena
Published: February 2020

In the spirit of the Treaty of institution of the European Community and consideringthe need to maintain and develop a space of freedom, security and justice in the purpose ofthe free circulation of individuals, of goods, services and commodities, the Communityconsidered as opportune the adoption of certain measures in the field of judicial cooperationin civil and commercial field, which to have a cross-border incidence, therefore instituting, onEuropean level, a new freedom, the one of free circulation of the legal decisions. Therefore, itwas adopted the (EC) Regulation no. 1896/2006 of the European Parliament and Council asof 12.12.2006 regarding the institution of an European procedure of payment order, of whichpurpose is the one to simplify, to accelerate and reduce the procedure costs in the crossbordercauses regarding non-challenged pecuniary receivables, also ensuring the freecirculation of the European orders for payment within all the member states by establishingsome minimum standards of which compliance removes any other intermediary procedure inthe member state of execution before acknowledging the execution1.
ENVIRONMENT CRIMINAL LAW IN TODAY EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Flămînzeanu Ion
Published: February 2020

AbstractEnvironment crime is among the European Union’s central concerns. The TampereEuropean Council of 15 and 16 October 1999 at which a first work program for theEuropean Union action in the field of Justice and Home Affairs was adopted asked thatefforts be made to adopt common definitions of offences and penalties focusing on a numberof especially important sectors, amongst them environment crime. But despite this agreementabout the importance of joint the European Union action, environmental criminal law hasbecome the centre of a serious institutional fight between the European Commission,supported by the European Parliament on the one hand and the Council, supported by thegreat majority of the European Union member states on the other hand. At stake is nothingless than the distribution of powers between the first and the third pillars, and therefore alsobetween the Commission and the European Union’s member states. The effect of this fight iscurrently a legal vacuum on general environmental criminal law that was closed with theDirective 2008/99/CE, taking into consideration the cross-border dimension of environmentalcrime and the existing significant differences in the national legislation of the EuropeanUnion member states.
THE EVOLUTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION WITHIN THE EU LEGAL ORDER
Authors: Konstantinos Margaritis Konstantinos Margaritis
Published: February 2020

The issue of fundamental rights protection in the European Union is of highestimportance. The discussion on the topic has been started as early as the beginning of 1970s,although the founding Treaties did not include any catalogue of fundamental rights. After along evolutionary process with many actors involved, the final result is shown in the Treaty ofLisbon.
THE NEW PENAL CODE. EUROPEAN UNION REQUIREMENT OR NECESSITY FOR ROMANIA?
Authors: Brînză William-Gabriel
Published: February 2020

Preparation and adoption of a new Penal Code represent a crucial moment in thelegislative evolution of any state. The decision to proceed in preparing a new Penal Code isnot a simple manifestation of political will, but is, in equal measure, a corollary of theeconomic and social evolution and of doctrine and case law as well.
THE ROMANIAN CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT IN TIME IN THE LIGHT OF THE CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE NEW ROMANIAN CRIMINAL CODE
Authors: Lascu Liviu-Alexandru
Published: February 2020

The article aims to analyze the changes introduced by the new Criminal Code inrelation to the criminal law enforcement in time, mainly in order to harmonize the criminalprovisions with some constitutional principles and also, for the reason of their easilyapplication in practice.From this perspective we can observe that the new Criminal Code has taken over thegreatest part of the provisions nowadays into force and also, has eliminated those provisionsin contradiction with the constitutional principles. Among the latter we can mention thoseprovisions which provide the retroactivity of the additional punishment, education and safetymeasures for reasons of public interest or the provisions relating to the optional applicationof the most favorable criminal law in the closed cases. We may see, also, the introduction ofthe laws declared unconstitutional and the Ordinances of the Government among the lawswhich are subjects for the application of the principle of the most favorable criminal law.
THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN PREVENTING CRIME IN RISK SOCIETY SPECIFIC TO GLOBALIZATION
Authors: Paraschiv Ramona-Gabriela
Published: February 2020

In the current context of increasing transnational organized crime, in a risk societyfavored by certain phenomena of individualism and globalization, it is necessary toinvestigate what role the Church may have in preventing deeds dangerous to human values.In this respect, the Romanian Orthodox Church, which has a well-defined place in thenew European construction, aims to substantially contribute to educating people in the spiritof Christian morality, so that they cannot commit antisocial acts injurious to others and forother values of humanity.
APPRAISAL OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL, POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF PRIVATIZATION: A REFLECTION ON THE NIGERIA EXPERIENCE
Authors: Ogwezzy Michael C. , Bello Shittu A.
Published: February 2020

The concept of privatization is not a new phenomenon but the practice continues toelicit novel ideas that attract comments from academics and other practitioners around theglobe. It is an idea that have transcended over the decades to ensure that public enterprises arebetter managed by private individuals and organizations in order to achieve efficiency in theirproductivity. Our primary goal in this article to examine the philosophical, political andideological basis of the concept of privatization and how this idea has found its relevance inNigerian Political landscape via a reflecting on the Nigerian experience. This paper will startby examining the universal ideas behind concept of privatization, the meaning and origin ofprivatization, its influence on Nigeria and references will be drawn from other countriesaround the world that have made some giant strides in the field of privatisation of their Stateowned enterprises. There will be an overview of the methods of privatization, the nature andpattern of privatization in Nigeria and why the government opted for privatization of publicutilities. This paper will end with the authors’ conclusion on how Nigeria can benefit fromprivatisation policy.
PLEA BARGAINING – A NEW CRIMINAL PROCEDURE INSTITUTION
Authors: Uzlău Andreea
Published: February 2020

This work deals with the plea bargaining (plea agreement) as an institution which isintended to be entered by means of the new Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure, adoptedby Law no. 135/2010, in the light of the conditions, of the conclusion procedure, of itscontents and consequences. Similar negotiated justice proceedings are found both in theadversarial and in the inquisitive systems (USA, England, as well as in Germany, France,Belgium, Greece, Republic of Moldova, Czech Republic, Croatia.
STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Paraschiv Ramona-Gabriela
Published: February 2020

Promoting human rights at an international level implies state cooperation forestablishing agreements concerning the improvement of measures which are imposed in thisfield, as well as adopting certain conventions related to the new dimensions of rights or evenwith the new human rights.Human rights represent an extraordinarily complex branch of law, which embodiesboth internal order as well as international order, defining and adding up a set of rights,liberties and obligations of people- some against the other, of the states to defend andpromote these rights, of the entire international community to survey the observance of thoserights and liberties in each country – which permits the intervention by means of publicinternational law in those situations in which these right would have normally been breachedin a certain state. Thus, the principle of state sovereignty may not be opposed to the necessityof protecting human rights, in order to justify to the international community the infringementof these rights inside states
THE MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION: “RESCISSION BY OPERATION OF LAW”
Authors: Gavrilescu Luiza Cristina
Published: February 2020

The non-compliance of the debtor's obligations doesn't lead automatically to thetermination of the contract, even if a legal or a contractual resolutory clause is incident.Rescission by operation of law makes that the court's intervention to be limited, compared tothe case of unilateral and judicial rescission.
THE NECESSITY OF TERRORISM INCLUSION IN THE CATEGORY OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES STRICTO SENSU
Authors: Paraschiv Gavril
Published: February 2020

Terrorism is a process of inducing fear on the population, by means of repeatedviolent actions, used by the individuals, groups or state actors, for criminal motives orpolitical claims, whose aims, unlike assassinations, do not represent the main targets. Theunmediated victims of violence, are generally chosen randomly or selectively (representativeor symbolic targets), from a certain population. Terrorist acts generate messages and thethreat and violence, as a communication process between the terrorist (organization),immediate victims and main targets, are used in order to terrify and manipulate thepopulation, which is transformed in a target of terror, a target of demands or a target ofattention, depending on the target pursued: intimidation, coercion or propaganda
THE REGULATION OF THE OFFENCES AGAINST THE CORPORAL INTEGRITY AND HEALTH IN THE NEW CRIMINAL CODE
Authors: Morăreanu Camelia Şerban , Creţu Daniel
Published: February 2020

The incriminations made by Section II of Chapter 1 of Title II of the actual Code(section titled “Hitting and damage to corporal integrity or to health”)”are found in theSpecial Part of the New Criminal Code1, in Chapter II of Title 1, chapter titled “Offencesagainst life, corporal integrity or health”. This chapter maintains the offences of “Hitting orother violence” and “Bodily harm”. These two offences include the consequences of theserious bodily harm – offence which disappears from the new regulation. Beside the twooffences, are maintained in the new structure: “Hitting or injury causing death” and “Bodilyharm by negligence”. Are added within this chapter “Ill treatment applied to minors” (in theactual regulation this offence is stated by Art 306) and “Scuffle” (in the actual regulation thisoffence is stated by Art 322).The new Criminal Code incriminates in the same conditions hitting or injuries causingdeath2. The only difference is given by the limits of the punishments, which are smaller, inaccordance with a new logic of the punishments residing from the entire economy of the newCode. But even regarding these offences must be given the necessary procedural warrantiesregulated by the new Code of Criminal Procedure3 or by different international documents, towhich Romania is part4.
EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE ON ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY FOR INJURY
Authors: Vlad Mihai Dorel
Published: February 2020

As is known, pollution (in all its forms) is most often a latent threat, particularlyserious. It is not, as a rule, a sudden event, but is the result of slow accumulation of negative effects, which, unchecked and unrepaired timely touch time limits that exceed natural levels of balance, causing extremely dangerous consequences for the existence and functioning naturally.
COORDINATES OF THE CREDIT INSTITUTION ACTIVITY
Authors: Ţîrlea Mariana Rodica
Published: February 2020

The Emergency Ordinance no. 99 of 6 December 2006, on credit institutions andcapital adequacy, presents the credit institution as "an entity whose business is to attractdeposits or other repayable funds from the public and to grant credits in its own account". The2006/48/EC Directive of the European Parliament and the European Council, presents thecredit institution as "an undertaking whose business is to receive deposits and other repayablefunds from the public and to grant credits for its own account" definition that seemsappropriate, justified by the fact that, in our opinion, the concept of undertaking is assigned tothose innovative and imaginative companies that produce goods. Since money is a commodityand economic agents that we call credit institutions produce money by reinventing themselvesevery day to keep up with technology, we consider that the idea of “undertaking” formulatedby the 2006/48/EC Directive of the European Parliament and of the European Council isappropriate and that these credit institutions be hereinafter referred to as undertakings andtherefore enterprises. We believe that the enterprise, in our case, the credit institutions, is amatter that produces, consumes and trades services in order to achieve positive economiceffects therefore saving and lending are their direct support. Moreover, credit is the source forfinancing growth and welfare, therefore the engine of the capitalist economy
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE FIGHT AGAINST AND PREVENTION OF TAX EVASION BY WAYS OF LEGISLATIVE DELEGATION. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS
Authors: Popescu Agata Mihaela , Cochinţu Ioniţa
Published: February 2020

Citizens have an obligation to contribute, through taxes and fees, to publicexpenditure, as regulated by law, but there are situations where payers of fees, taxes or othercontributions avoid paying them, which leads to tax evasion1.Over time, the lawmaker was concerned with adopting rules meant to establish specificmeasures for fighting against and preventing tax evasion, especially in the context ofRomania's integration in the European Union. In the present wok, in addition to presentingthe implementation at infraconstitutional level of the rules of the Basic Law and the legislativedynamics of the rules that have governed this area, we are trying to answer the naturalquestion of whether the criminalization of tax evasion acts can be achieved by way oflegislative delegation, namely by simple or emergency ordinances of the Government or it canonly be done by “law” as an act of Parliament.
PROHIBITION OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN SOME INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Authors: Ivănuș Cătălina Adriana
Published: February 2020

Non-discrimination it is considered a basic and general principle relating to theprotection of human rights. International human rights system aims to protect against genderdiscrimination in two ways: through the principles of non-discrimination and equality intreaties that do not focus specifically on the enjoyment of women rights and through awomen-specific human rights treaty.
INFLUENCE OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE LAW SYSTEMS
Authors: Ciongaru Emilian
Published: February 2020

The legal issues compared by litigants to the phenomenon of globalization include thepenetration of global juridical values into the national law systems to which they do nottraditionally belong and thus, we may speak of the globalization of law. Globalization, aphenomenon that practically extends the communication bridges among states also results inthe fact that the internal legal order expands towards a new legal order, namely a globallegal order. In this context, the modernization and compatibility of the legal systems throughthe transfer of law is inevitable, a fact that might mean the total or partial replacement of alaw system which proves to be out of date or obsolete by a system or parts of it assumed to besomehow superior and healthier and aiming at enriching or treating such system so as toensure the compatibility of an internal legal system to the regional and inevitably theinternational one. In these conditions, the science of law exceeds the borders and the internalorganization rules of a certain state may be useful in other state and vice-versa.
INCAPACITY OF PARTIES AND INVALIDITY OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENT AS GROUNDS FOR REFUSING RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT IN KUWAIT
Authors: Badah Saad
Published: February 2020

Arbitration agreement is one of the widely discussed laws of contract in law. Each and every country has specific rules and regulation which government had rules which govern the arbitration contract between the citizens and between the nation and other nations.  Kuwait is one of such countries and it has faces a lot of challenges what it comes to arbitration law and sharia law until the time when New York Convention was incorporated and ratified in the process of administering justice in the Kuwait. The enforcement of the awards specifically has brought challenges until the NYC provided the grounds under which the enforcement of the awards may be rejected. The main objective of this paper is to discuss whether Incapacity of Parties and Invalidity of Arbitration Agreement as sufficient Grounds for Refusing Recognition and Enforcement in Kuwait. The paper is divided into five sections with first section giving introduction and definition of what is arbitration, the second part discusses the finality of the awards, thirdly it discuses the finality of the awards, fourthly the paper discuses the rejection of enforcement due to invalidity and incapacity and lastly the paper discusses the position of NYC position on the sufficiency of invalidity and incapacity as enough proof for non-enforcement and recognition of arbitration agreement as a result of invalidity and incapacity be for concludes with conclusion.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROSSECUTION FROM AD-HOC TO PERMANENT CRIMINAL JURISDICTIONS
Authors: Floroiu Mihai
Published: February 2020

Crimes against humanity committed by dictators obsessed with power have been constant throughout history. The front impunity for the most heinous crimes is something that causes immense social unrest and brings the message that the law does not reach those who are in power. States, begun striving to find mechanisms to punish those guilty of crimes against humanity and establish a permanent international criminal jurisdiction.
CURRENT TENDENCIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION DEVELOPMENTCONSEQUENCES OF THIS DEVELOPMENT ON SHORT AND MEDIUM TERM
Authors: Herchi Ştefan
Published: February 2020

The institutional development of the European Union requires not only a consolidation of European union bodies but also common and coordinated policies, that inevitably imply the obligation of the Member States to give up to a part of their own powers, in other words to give in of their national sovereignty. The matter in question, at least from our point of view, is whether Romania is or not prepared for this kind of constitutional development.
“STATUS CIVITATIS” IN THE ROMANIAN SIBIU ASSEMBLY OF 1864
Authors: Murzea Cristinel - Ioan
Published: February 2020

Status civitatis configured by the laws of the first Romanian Assembly held in Sibiu between 1863 and 1864 reflects a change of essence of the constitutional regime of Transylvania, by enacting, for the very first time in Romania, a principle of liberal democracy, that of representing the citizen in the chosen institutions of the state.
THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW APPLICABLE IN THE NEW TYPES OF ARMED CONFLICTS
Authors: Ungureanu Nicolae David
Published: February 2020

The international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts has evolved continuously since antiquity until today, its doctrinal writings pointing out during the modern period the influence that the progress of the concepts and the practices of war has had on the development of the normative conventions, especially the first and second world war, resulting in texts that are applicable even today.
GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SECURITY SYSTEMS FOR OBJECTIVES, GOODS, VALUABLES AND PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Mateaş Florian
Published: February 2020

The local police operate as a public institution with legal personality for the interest of citizens, which provides services for the security of goods, participates in the defence of public order and peace, of the life and integrity of individuals, and other rights and legitimate interests of the community.The organization and carrying out of the guarding of the goods and valuables of any kind owned, their transportation and other security services, and participation in the defence of public order and peace are done on the basis of contracts concluded between the local Police and mayors, public or private economic operators, institutions, associations of any kind, natural or legal persons as appropriate.The security provided by local police officers is carried out according to the security plan drawn up by local police commanders and beneficiaries, approved by the local committee and with the expert’s approval from the local police. In their work for performing the service at the objectives entrusted to them, the local police officers have a number of obligations including cooperation with the police bodies and the notification thereof when finding crimes committed which might damage public and private property, acts directed against individuals, fire occurrence, calamities.
CAUSES OF UNPUNISHING THE ATTEMPT
Authors: Vidican Roxana Denisa
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Laboratory study of interactions between copper and microorganisms in oxic groundwater
Authors: Huttunen-Saarivirta Elina , Rajala Pauliina , Bomberg Malin , Carpén Leena
Published: February 2020

The interactions between copper, the canister material in the nuclear waste disposal concept in Finland and Sweden, and micro-organisms in groundwater in their expected near-field environment are the core interest of this paper. Copper specimens were incubated with ammonia-oxidising bacteria for different time periods and then subjected to electrochemical measurements and surface characterisation to provide data on biofilm formation and its effects on copper corrosion. The biofilms on the surface of copper specimens were heterogeneous, due to the morphology of corrosion products that developed during the biofilm growth phase, but they also contributed to the nature and amount of corrosion product layers on the copper surfaces. Nitrogen was systematically detected in the biofilm specimens, due to the presence of ammonia-oxidising bacteria. The electrochemical response of the specimens was so heavily linked with the detected corrosion products, often rich in chlorine from the groundwater, that the influence of ammonia-oxidising bacteria was masked. The results demonstrate that the role that biofilm formation plays in the corrosion of copper in groundwater environment is very difficult to predict even under controlled laboratory conditions.
Formulation of eco-friendly sol–gel coatings to flame-retard flexible polyurethane foam
Authors: Bellayer Séverine , Jimenez Maude , Barrau Sophie , Marin Adeline , Sarrazin Johan , Bourbigot Serge
Published: February 2020

Sol–gel coatings containing diethylphosphite can efficiently protect polyurethane (PU) foam from fire. However, diethylphosphite can cause an allergic skin reaction and produce toxic fumes during combustion. The purpose of this study was to screen alternative additives to replace diethylphosphite. The screened flame-retardant molecules were phosphorus donors of low toxicity compared with halogenated compounds, such as resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate), and bio-based additives with potential flame-retardant functional groups such as chitosan, adenosine triphosphate, cysteine and tyrosine. UL 94 and mass-loss calorimetry tests were used to examine the reaction to fire of the different formulations, and the most promising formulations were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, strain–stress tests and thermogravimetric analyses coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. It was observed that RDP is as effective as diethylphosphite in producing flame-retardant coatings. Chitosan and cysteine can also be used, but they need to be mixed with RDP to provide acceptable flame-retardant properties. Mechanical tests showed that the addition of chitosan and cysteine in the coatings increased the Young’s modulus of the PU foam and decreased the tensile strength.
ESTIMASI DOSIS Tc-99m GLUTATION UNTUK DIAGNOSA KANKER KEPALA DAN LEHER BERDASARKAN UJI BIODISTRIBUSI HEWAN MODEL MENCIT
Authors: Intokiyah Durotul , Wibawa Teguh Hafiz Ambar , Iswahyudi Iswahyudi , Hidayati Nur Rahmah , Daruwati Isti , Perkasa Yudha Satya
Published: March 2020

99mTc-GSH merupakan radiofarmaka untuk mendeteksi kanker leher dan kepala. Kanker kepala dan leher terbentuk pada jaringan atau organ yang terdapat di area kepala dan leher seperti kanker hipofaring, kanker telinga, kanker kelenjar saliva, kanker mata, kanker laring, dan kanker kelenjar tiroid. Glutataion(GSH) memiliki molekul yang kecil sehingga dapat berpenetrasi dengan baik didalam saluran kapiler yang mengalami inflamasi, kanker payudara serta kanker kepala dan tumor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui estimasi dosis organ radiofarmaka 99mTc-GSH pada manusia berbasis uji biodistribusi hewan model mencit. Uji kemurnian 99mTc-GSH dilakukan dengan menggunakan kertas kromatografi lapis tipis TLC-SG dengan fase gerak aseton kering dan larutan NaCl 0.9%. Dari hasil uji didapatkan kemurnian radiokimia sebesar 99.60 ± 0.07 %. Penelitian dilakukan pada 4 kelompok mencit dengan tiap kelompok sebanyak 3 ekor mencit. Setelah dilakukan injeksi secara intravena sebanyak 3 μCi/mL dilakukan uji biodistribusi dengan 2, 4, 6 dan 24 jam pasca injeksi dengan organ yang diteliti adalah kulit, otot, tulang, darah, usus, hati, limpa, jantung, ginjal, lambung, paru-paru, kantung kemih, dan otak. Hasil uji bidodistribusi yang diperoleh berbentuk persentase dosis injeksi per gram organ hewan, kemudian dikonversi ke persentase dosis injeksi per gram organ manusia. Hasil konversi digunakan sebagai input pada software OLINDA/EXM, menghasilkan residence time  yang dapat digunakan sebagai basis perhitungan estimasi dosis 99mTc-GSH. Hasil estimasi dosis yang diperoleh adalah dosis efektif  total 1,14x10-3 mSv/MBq untuk pria dan 1.34 x10-3 mSv/MBq untuk wanita. Distribusi dosis organ pada manusia yang terbesar untuk pria adalah dan ginjal 3.05 x10-4  mSv/MBq sedangkan untuk wanita adalah ginjal 3.32 x10-4 mSv/MBq. Hasil estimasi dosis ini dapat digunakan sebagai panduan dosis injeksi, namun perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut agar didapatkan estimasi dosis yang tepat.
Pooled Library Amplification v1
Authors: The Nonprofit Plasmid Repository Addgene
Published: February 2020

This protocol describes pooled library amplification. To see the full abstract and additional resources, visit https://www.addgene.org/protocols/pooled-library-amplification/.
Protein extraction form Aurantiochytrium limacinum (ATCC MYA-1381) v1
Authors: Karthikaichamy Anbarasu
Published: March 2020

Protein extraction protocol for Aurantiochytrium limacinum (ATCC MYA-1381; Stramenopile/ Heterokont, Thraustochytrid).
COMPETITIVENESS OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY: THE INNOVATION DIMENSION
Authors: Filipenko A.S. , Rylach N.M. , Kramarenko A.V.
Published: February 2020

The purpose of research is to analyze the level and innovation potential of Ukraine’s economics. In the current world economy, the innovation dimension is becoming essential for boosting the country’s competitiveness. Development of competitive high-tech industries and manufacturing facilities; a strong national innovation system; availability of effective internal and institutional mechanisms, as well as external tools for involving countries into ‘the knowledge society’: all these factors contribute most to the nation’s economic success in the global environment.