bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructing climate knowledge with computer models
Authors: Müller Peter
Published: July 2010

Computer models are powerful tools that allow us to analyze problems in unprecedented detail and to conduct experiments impossible with the real system. Reliance on computer models in science and policy decisions has been challenged by philosophers of science on methodological and epistemological grounds. This challenge is examined for the case of climate models by reviewing what they are and what climate scientists do with them, followed by an analysis of how they can be used to construct new trustworthy knowledge. A climate model is an executable computer code that solves a set of mathematical equations assumed to represent the climate system. Climate modelers use these models to simulate present and past climates and forecast likely and plausible future evolutions. Model uncertainties and model calibration are identified as the two major concerns. Climate models of different complexity address different question. Their interplay helps to weed out model errors, identify robust features, understand the climate system, and build confidence in the models, but is no guard against flaws in the underlying physics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Adaptive concentric chains protocol for energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Lin Yih‐Chuan , Jiang Kai‐Wei
Published: July 2010

This paper addresses the energy efficiency of data collection based on a concentric chain clustering topology for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To conserve the energy dissipation of nodes spent in data routing, the paper attempts to take advantage of the two opportunities: (a) the impact of the relative positions of wireless nodes to the base station on the energy efficiency of the routing chain within each cluster; (b) the effect of the varying‐sized chains on the selection rule of cluster heads (CHs). To establish an energy‐efficient chain to connect all the nodes in a cluster, the paper proposes aprincipal vector projectionapproach, which takes into account both the position of each node and that of the base station, to determine the order to which a node can be linked into the chain in order to reduce the energy requirement of the chain. Since the CH selection rules in the concentric chains are mutually independent, solely based on their self‐cluster sizes, the multi‐hop path passing through all the CHs will consist of longer links and thus consume a significant fraction of the total energy. Thus, in order to suppress the effect of the unequal cluster sizes on decreasing the energy efficiency of the multi‐hop path of CHs, the paper offers anaverage‐cluster‐size‐based rule(ACSB) for each cluster in order to adapt the CH selection with both the number of active nodes in the current cluster and the average value of all cluster sizes. With these two proposed schemes, an adaptive concentric chain‐based routing algorithm is proposed which enables nodes to collaboratively reduce the energy dissipation incurred in gathering sensory data. By computer simulation, the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs better than other similar protocols in terms of energy saved and lifetime increased capabilities for WSNs which deploy random sensor nodes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of digital forensics practice and research in Japan
Authors: Liu Jigang , Uehara Tetsutaroh , Sasaki Ryoichi
Published: July 2010

As a new frontier for fighting against cyber crime and cyber terrorism, digital forensics has experienced a rapid development in the last decade. Many countries have created new laws and legal procedures, developed new technologies, and enhanced education and research in this emerging field. Japan is no exception. In this paper, we first provide a nutshell of the Japanese political structures, legal systems, and law enforcement practice, and then present an overview of updated and new laws, awareness programs, and the research activities in digital forensics. Our views on the current issues and future work are also discussed. We believe that the result of our study will provide an opportunity for the world to see what has been done and what we are doing in this field in Japan. Meanwhile, it also provides a foundation to advance the digital forensics research and development in Japan as well as in the world. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
M‐DART: multi‐path dynamic address routing
Authors: Caleffi Marcello , Paura Luigi
Published: July 2010

The paper proposes a Distributed Hash Table (DHT)‐based multi‐path routing protocol for scalablead hocnetworks. Specifically, we propose a multipath‐based improvement to a recently proposed DHT‐based shortest‐path routing protocol, namely the Dynamic Address RouTing (DART). The resulting protocol, referred to as multi‐path DART (M‐DART), guarantees multi‐path forwarding without introducing any additional communication or coordination overhead with respect to DART. The performances of M‐DART have been evaluated by means of numerical simulations across a wide range of environments and workloads. The results show that M‐DART performs the best or at least comparable with respect to widely adopted routing protocols in all the considered scenarios. Moreover, unlike these protocols, it is able to assure satisfactory performances for large networks by reducing the packet loss by up to 75%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiuser detectors for large CDMA random access systems over Rayleigh fading channels
Authors: Yu Kai , Fan Pingzhi , Hao Li , Lei Xianfu
Published: July 2010

In this paper, large code division multiple access (CDMA) random access systems employing the decorrelator and minimum mean square error (MMSE) detectors are investigated over Rayleigh fading channels under the assumption that both the number of users and the spreading gain tend to infinity, but their ratio converges to a constant. The signal to interference ratio (SIR) is shown to converge almost surely to a constant and the bit‐error rate (BER) is expressed as a function of the traffic load, transmission probability, channel coefficient, and distribution of transmission power. Furthermore, the throughput, the spectrum efficiency, and the stability region are analyzed and simulated. For dominating systems, it is shown that the MMSE detector achieves much higher throughput and spectral efficiency than decorrelator detector. Besides, it is also disclosed that, when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is larger than an optimum value, the spectrum efficiency increases as the ratio of bit energy to noise power spectrum density (Eb/N0) increases; however, when SNR is smaller than the optimum value, the spectrum efficiency decreases as Eb/N0 increases. For ordinary stable systems, it is demonstrated that their stability region gets narrower as the traffic load increases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QoS‐aware routing and power control algorithm for multimedia service over multi‐hop mobilead hocnetwork
Authors: Lee Zae‐Kwun , Lee GyeongCheol , Oh Hyung Rai , Song Hwangjun
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a QoS (quality of service) aware routing and power control algorithm consuming low transmission power for multimedia service over mobilead hocnetwork. Generally, multimedia services need stringent QoS over the network. However, it is not easy to guarantee the QoS over mobilead hocnetwork since its network resources are very limited and time‐varying. Furthermore, only a limited amount of power is available at mobile nodes, which makes the problem more challenging. We propose an effective routing and power control algorithm for multimedia services that satisfies end‐to‐end delay constraint with low transmission power consumption. The proposed algorithm supports the required bandwidth by controlling each link channel quality over route in a tolerable range. In addition, a simple but effective route maintenance mechanism is implemented to avoid link failures that may significantly degrade streaming video quality. Finally, performance comparison with existing algorithms is presented in respect to traditional routing performance metrics, and an achievable video quality comparison is provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm for multimedia services over mobilead hocnetwork. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principal component analysis
Authors: Abdi Hervé , Williams Lynne J.
Published: July 2010

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate technique that analyzes a data table in which observations are described by several inter‐correlated quantitative dependent variables. Its goal is to extract the important information from the table, to represent it as a set of new orthogonal variables called principal components, and to display the pattern of similarity of the observations and of the variables as points in maps. The quality of the PCA model can be evaluated using cross‐validation techniques such as the bootstrap and the jackknife. PCA can be generalized ascorrespondence analysis(CA) in order to handle qualitative variables and asmultiple factor analysis(MFA) in order to handle heterogeneous sets of variables. Mathematically, PCA depends upon the eigen‐decomposition of positive semi‐definite matrices and upon the singular value decomposition (SVD) of rectangular matrices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Dimension Reduction
Crossover experiments
Authors: Johnson Dallas E.
Published: July 2010

Crossover designs and within‐subject designs are designs where each experimental unit receives a series of treatments over time. Because treatments are assigned at different time points, one must worry about whether there is carryover or residual effects from a treatment given in a previous period to a subsequent period. This article introduces crossover designs and discusses the statistical analysis of crossover designs. When one has more than two periods and/or more than three treatments, then special designs can be obtained where one can measure a direct comparison between the treatments even if carryover effects exist. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Linear Models
Workplace practices for engineered nanomaterial manufacturers
Authors: Woskie Susan
Published: July 2010

The growth in nanotechnology has prompted a focus on the development of occupational health and safety recommendations for those working with engineered nanomaterials (ENM) at both the laboratory and the manufacturing levels. Although the nascent field of nanotoxicology has shown that some nanoparticles may present a health hazard to humans, risk assessments for all types of ENM are not possible. Hence, a precautionary approach to handling of these materials is recommended along with the development of a comprehensive health and safety program for the workplace. The traditional hierarchy of exposure controls emphasizes reducing the hazard as close to the source as possible by using elimination or substitution. Alternative control methods include engineering controls, administrative or work practice controls, and finally personal protective equipment, in order of decreasing priority. There is now ample evidence that some degree of exposure control can be achieved with each of these control methods, so that a comprehensive program will incorporate each, depending on the circumstances of the engineered nanomaterial use. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 685–692

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
A novel Hansenula polymorpha transcriptional factor HpHAP4‐B, able to functionally replace the S. cerevisiae HAP4 gene, contains an additional bZip motif
Authors: Sybirna K. , Petryk N. , Zhou Y.‐F. , Sibirny A. , Bolotin‐Fukuhara M.
Published: July 2010

The transcriptional regulator HAP4, whose expression is induced on respiratory substrates, has been shown to be involved in the balance between fermentation and respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have previously identified a HAP4 orthologue in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha, called HpHAP4‐A, which, despite its very limited sequence conservation (a 16 amino acid N‐terminal motif), is fully functional in S. cerevisiae. Based on the same N‐terminal motif, a second gene has now been identified in the same organism. It was shown to contain an additional cis‐binding motif of the bZip type. We report on the cloning, heterologous expression and analysis in S. cerevisiae of this novel ScHAP4 orthologue. From these experiments we could conclude that, as with HpHAP4‐A, the novel orthologue, designated HpHAP4‐B, could functionally replace the S. cerevisiae gene but to a lesser extent. The relationship between the presence of the additional cis‐binding motif and the weaker potential as a HAP4 functional homologue is discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knr4 N‐terminal domain controls its localization and function during sexual differentiation and vegetative growth
Authors: Dagkessamanskaia Adilia , Azzouzi Karim El , Kikuchi Yo , Timmers Ton , Ohya Yoshikazu , François Jean‐Marie , Martin‐Yken Hélène
Published: July 2010

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Knr4 is composed of a globular central core flanked by two natively disordered regions. Although the central part of the protein holds most of its biological function, the N‐terminal domain (amino acids 1–80) is essential in the absence of a functional CWI pathway. We show that this specific protein domain is required for the proper cellular localization of Knr4 at sites of polarized growth during vegetative growth and sexual differentiation (bud tip and ‘shmoo’ tip). Moreover, Knr4 N‐terminal domain is also necessary for cell cycle arrest and shmoo formation in response to pheromone to occur at the correct speed. Thus, the presence of Knr4 at the incipient mating projection site seems important for the establishment of the following polarized growth. Cell wall integrity (CWI) and calcineurin pathways are known to share a common essential function, for which they can substitute for one another. Searching for Knr4 partners responsible for survival in a CWI‐defective background, we found that the catalytic subunit of calcineurin Cna1 physically interacts with Knr4 in the yeast two‐hybrid assay, in a manner dependent on the presence of the Knr4 N‐terminal domain. In addition, we present evidence that Knr4 protein participates in the morphogenesis checkpoint, a safety mechanism that holds the cell cycle in response to bud formation defects or insults in cytoskeleton organization, and in which both the CWI pathway and calcineurin are involved. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxorhenium(V) Complexes with 2,3‐Dihydroxynaphthalene
Authors: de Souza Elizeu J. , Fernandes André G. de A. , Maia Pedro Ivo da S. , Lemos Sebastião S. , Ellena Javier , Abram Ulrich , Deflon Victor M.
Published: July 2010

2,3‐Dihydroxynaphthalene (H2dhn) reacts with [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] or [ReOBr3(PPh3)2] in a 1:1 molar ratio with formation of the isostructural complexes [ReOCl2(PPh3)2(Hdhn)] (4) and [ReOBr2(PPh3)2(Hdhn)] (5). They have distorted octahedral coordination spheres with the halide and the triphenylphosphine ligands arranged in equatorial trans positions to each other. The Hdhn– ligand coordinates monodentately in trans position to the oxo ligand. Intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the Hdhn– and the halogeno ligands stabilize this coordination mode. The products represent the first examples of oxorhenium(V) complexes with monodentate catecholate‐type ligands.
Repair of Acute and Chronic Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures Using the Endobutton
Authors: Dillon Mark T. , Bollier Matthew J. , King Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2010

There are many ways to repair distal biceps tendon ruptures with no outcome studies demonstrating superiority of a specific technique. There are few studies reporting on the repair of acute and chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures using the EndoButton via an anterior single-incision approach. We report on 27 patients who underwent distal biceps tendon repair with an EndoButton. The average age was 50.1 years (range, 36–78). There were 17 acute repairs (within 4 weeks of injury), nine chronic repairs (greater than 4 weeks), and one revision of a previous acute repair. All chronic repairs were repaired without the need for graft augmentation. Patients were assessed postoperatively using the ASES elbow outcome instrument and isokinetic flexion and supination strength and endurance testing. Eight control subjects were also tested for comparison. At an average follow-up of 30.9 months, 26 of 27 patients returned to their previous employment and activity level. The average ASES elbow score was 98.2 (range, 81–100). Compared with the contralateral extremity, there was no loss of motion. Average flexion strength recovery was 101% and mean supination strength recovery was 99%. There was no significant difference in function or strength with repair of acute versus chronic ruptures. Using the EndoButton technique, acute and chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures can be repaired safely with excellent clinical results.
Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England
Authors: Questier Michael C.
Published: July 2010

This is a study of the political, religious, social and mental worlds of the Catholic aristocracy from 1550 to 1640. Michael Questier examines the familial and patronage networks of the English Catholic community and their relationship to the later Tudors and Stuarts. He shows how the local history of the Reformation can be used to rewrite mainstream accounts of national politics and religious conflict in this period. The book takes in the various crises of mid- and late Elizabeth politics, the accession of James VI, the Gunpowder Plot, religious toleration and the start of the Thirty Years War and finally the rise of Laudianism, leading up to the civil war. It challenges recent historical notions of Catholicism as fundamentally sectarian and demonstrates the extent to which sections of the Catholic community had come to an understanding with both the local and national State by the later 1620s and 1630s.
Aristotle
Authors: Aristotle
Published: July 2010

Dr Lloyd writes for those who want to discover and explore Aristotle's work for themselves. He acts as mediator between Aristotle and the modern reader. The book is divided into two parts. The first tells the story of Aristotle's intellectual development as far as it can be reconstructed; the second presents the fundamentals of his thought in the main fields of inquiry which interested him: logic and metaphysics, physics, psychology, ethics, politics, and literary criticism. The final chapter considers the unity and coherence of Aristotle's philosophy, and records briefly his later influence on European thought. This is a concise and lucid account of the work of a difficult and profound thinker. Dr Lloyd's business is only with the essentials; but he does not shirk the difficulties which arise in their interpretation, nor does he invest Aristotle with a spurious modernity.
The Management of Common Metabolic Bone Disorders
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Compston Juliet , Crisp Adrian
Published: July 2010

This concise practical guide deals with the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of all the common metabolic bone diseases and disorders of calcium metabolism. All the most common diseases are covered including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia, and the volume concludes with a brief look at some of the rarer conditions which might occasionally be encountered. The book summarises briefly the most recent advances in the understanding of the aetiology of these diseases and provides useful and practical guidance on new and established treatment regimes. The volume will be a valuable source of guidance for the many physicians, based in hospitals and general practice, who encounter patients with these diseases. The volume will appeal broadly to consultants and senior registrars in general medicine, geriatric medicine, rheumatology and endocrinology, and to general practitioners.
Machiavelli and Mystery of State
Authors: Donaldson Peter S.
Published: July 2010

Machiavelli and Mystery of State, first published in 1989, studies the intersection of sacred and secular conceptions of kingship in the Renaissance by documenting in detail six instances of the attempt to connect Machiavelli's thought to an ancient and secret tradition of political counsel, the arcana imperii or mysteries of state. This book illuminates an important and neglected dimension of Machiavelli's powerful influence on Renaissance political discourse.
European Union and the Deconstruction of the Rhineland Frontier
Authors: Loriaux Michael
Published: July 2010

The Rhineland region includes the core regional economy of western Europe, encompassing Belgium, Luxemburg and parts of the Netherlands, France, Switzerland and Germany. Throughout history there have been tensions between this region's roles as a frontier and as western Europe's economic core. Michael Loriaux argues that the European Union arose from efforts to deconstruct this frontier. He traces Rhineland geopolitics back to its first emergence, restoring frontier deconstruction to the forefront of discussion about the EU. He recounts how place names were manipulated to legitimate political power and shows how this manipulation generated the geopolitics that the EU now tries to undo. Loriaux also argues that the importance of this issue has significantly affected the nature of the EU's development and helps condition a festering legitimation crisis.
Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction
Authors: Ichimiya Ayahiko , Cohen Philip I.
Published: July 2010

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is the analytical tool of choice for characterizing thin films during growth by molecular beam epitaxy, since it is very sensitive to surface structure and morphology. This 2004 book serves as an introduction to RHEED for beginners and describes detailed experimental and theoretical treatments for experts, explaining how to analyze RHEED patterns. For beginners the principles of electron diffraction are explained and many examples of the interpretation of RHEED patterns are described. The second part of the book contains detailed descriptions of RHEED theory. The third part applies RHEED to the determination of surface structures, gives detailed descriptions of the effects of disorder, and critically reviews the mechanisms contributing to RHEED intensity oscillations. This unified and coherent account will appeal to both graduate students and researchers in the study of molecular beam epitaxial growth.
Shakespeare and the Modern Poet
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: July 2010

Shakespeare is a major influence on poets writing in English, but the dynamics of that influence in the twentieth century have never been as closely analysed as they are in this important study. More than an account of the ways in which Shakespeare is figured in both the poetry and the critical prose of modern poets, this book presents a provocative new view of poetic interrelationship. Focusing on W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath, Neil Corcoran uncovers the relationships - combative as well as sympathetic - between these poets themselves as they are intertwined in their engagements with Shakespeare. Corcoran offers many enlightening close readings, fully alert to contemporary theoretical debates. This original study of influence and reception beautifully displays the nature of poetic influence - both of Shakespeare on the twentieth century, and among modern poets as they respond to Shakespeare.
Sustainable Fossil Fuels
Authors: Jaccard Mark
Published: July 2010

More and more people believe we must quickly wean ourselves from fossil fuels - oil, natural gas and coal - to save the planet from environmental catastrophe, wars and economic collapse. In this 2006 book, Professor Jaccard argues that this view is misguided. We have the technological capability to use fossil fuels without emitting climate-threatening greenhouse gases or other pollutants. The transition from conventional oil and gas to their unconventional sources including coal for producing electricity, hydrogen and cleaner-burning fuels will decrease energy dependence on politically unstable regions. In addition, our vast fossil fuel resources will be the cheapest source of clean energy for the next century and perhaps longer, which is critical for the economic and social development of the world's poorer countries. By buying time for increasing energy efficiency, developing renewable energy technologies and making nuclear power more attractive, fossil fuels will play a key role in humanity's quest for a sustainable energy system.
Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters
Authors: Tattersall James J.
Published: July 2010

This book is intended to serve as a one-semester introductory course in number theory. Throughout the book a historical perspective has been adopted and emphasis is given to some of the subject's applied aspects; in particular the field of cryptography is highlighted. At the heart of the book are the major number theoretic accomplishments of Euclid, Fermat, Gauss, Legendre, and Euler, and to fully illustrate the properties of numbers and concepts developed in the text, a wealth of exercises have been included. It is assumed that the reader will have 'pencil in hand' and ready access to a calculator or computer. For students new to number theory, whatever their background, this is a stimulating and entertaining introduction to the subject.
Sacred and Secular
Authors: Norris Pippa , Inglehart Ronald
Published: July 2010

Seminal thinkers of the nineteenth century - Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud - all predicted that religion would gradually fade in importance and cease to be significant with the emergence of industrial society. The belief that religion was dying became the conventional wisdom in the social sciences during most of the twentieth century. During the last decade, however, the secularization thesis has experienced the most sustained challenge in its long history. The traditional secularization thesis needs updating. Religion has not disappeared and is unlikely to do so. Nevertheless, the concept of secularization captures an important part of what is going on. This book develops a theory of secularization and existential security. Sacred and Secular is essential reading for anyone interested in comparative religion, sociology, public opinion, political behavior, political development, social psychology, international relations, and cultural change.
Pragmatics and Grammar
Authors: Ariel Mira
Published: July 2010

When using language, many aspects of our messages are left implicit in what we say. While grammar is responsible for what we express explicitly, pragmatics explains how we infer additional meanings. The problem is that it is not always a trivial matter to decide which of the meanings conveyed is explicit (grammatical) and which implicit (pragmatic). Pragmatics and Grammar lays out a methodology for students and scholars to distinguish between the two. It explains how and why grammar and pragmatics combine together in natural discourse, and how pragmatic uses become grammatical in time.
Removal of frontal sinus keratoma solely via endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Lai J-C , Liu C-K , Chen M-L , Chen M-K
Published: July 2010

Objectives:

To present a patient with a frontal sinus keratoma removed solely via endoscopic sinus surgery, including presentation of characteristic computed tomography and magnetic resonance images; to discuss the differential diagnosis of this condition; and to report the current knowledge on and treatment of frontal sinus keratoma.

Case report:

A 53-year-old man presented to our department with a 10-month history of rhinorrhoea and postnasal drip. After computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies, the patient underwent surgery utilising a modified Lothrop procedure. An extensive soft tissue lesion was removed from the frontal sinus. Histological examination revealed a lamellated cluster of keratinous material. The pathological diagnosis was keratoma of the frontal sinus. There was no recurrence of keratoma over a two-year follow-up period.

Conclusions:

Following review of the English language literature, we believe this case report to represent the first successful application of a modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure for resection of an extensive frontal sinus keratoma. Thus, the applications of endoscopic sinus surgery may be expanded to include frontal sinus keratoma removal.
A new species of Centropages (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the neritic waters of Sharm El-Sheikh, the Red Sea
Authors: El-Sherbiny Mohsen M.
Published: July 2010

A new species of calanoid copepod, Centropages uedai sp. nov., is described from the neritic waters of the northern Red Sea. This species is characterized by: (1) symmetry of a globular female genital double-somite that is ornamented with an anterior irregular group of spinules as well as transverse and dorsolateral rows of spinules on each side; (2) second exopodal segment of female leg 5 bearing a strong trough medial process serrated along the distal 4/5 of its posterior margin; (3) second exopodal segment of male right leg 5 serrated laterally along distal 1/5 of its medial process; (4) third exopodal segment of male right leg 5 with medial seta bifurcated at its tip and with hyaline ridge on both sides; and (5) second exopodal segment of male right leg 4 asymmetrical with undulating, thicker and longer lateral spine than left leg. The new species does not belong to any known species groups of the genus.
Variation in fecundity in the lesser sandeel: implications for regional management
Authors: Boulcott Philip , Wright Peter J.
Published: July 2010

The number of eggs produced by a parental stock is central to fisheries advice on recruitment potential. However, stock based estimates of egg production may give a misleading index of recruitment potential in stocks containing several reproductively isolated populations. This paper examines the ability of length, condition and oocyte developmental stage to predict levels of potential fecundity in the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus, in three important fished areas in the North Sea. Our results indicate that regional variation in this relationship exists, with fecundity in central areas of the North Sea being higher than those found just off the north-east UK. Oocyte diameter was also found to have a significant effect on potential fecundity, suggesting a down-regulation of oocyte numbers arising from pre-ovulatory atresia, however, this effect was not apparent in every model tested. Our findings have relevance to the local sustainability of spawning components and thus the regional management of the North Sea sandeel stock.
The structure of the perineuronal sheath of satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia
Authors: Pannese Ennio
Published: July 2010

In sensory ganglia each nerve cell body is usually enveloped by a satellite glial cell (SGC) sheath, sharply separated from sheaths encircling adjacent neurons by connective tissue. However, following axon injury SGCs may form bridges connecting previously separate perineuronal sheaths. Each sheath consists of one or several layers of cells that overlap in a more or less complex fashion; sometimes SGCs form a perineuronal myelin sheath. SGCs are flattened mononucleate cells containing the usual cell organelles. Several ion channels, receptors and adhesion molecules have been identified in these cells. SGCs of the same sheath are usually linked by adherent and gap junctions, and are functionally coupled. Following axon injury, both the number of gap junctions and the coupling of SGCs increase markedly. The apposed plasma membranes of adjacent cells are separated by 15–20 nm gaps, which form a potential pathway, usually long and tortuous, between connective tissue and neuronal surface. The boundary between neuron and SGC sheath is usually complicated, mainly by many projections arising from the neuron. The outer surface of the SGC sheath is covered by a basal lamina. The number of SGCs enveloping a nerve cell body is proportional to the cell body volume; the volume of the SGC sheath is proportional to the volume and surface area of the nerve cell body. In old animals, both the number of SGCs and the mean volume of the SGC sheaths are significantly lower than in young adults. Furthermore, extensive portions of the neuronal surface are not covered by SGCs, exposing neurons of aged animals to damage by harmful substances.
Where and how long ago was water in the western North Atlantic ventilated? Maximum entropy inversions of bottle data from WOCE line A20
Authors: Holzer Mark , Primeau François W. , Smethie William M. , Khatiwala Samar
Published: July 2010

A maximum entropy (ME) method is used to deconvolve tracer data for the joint distribution of locations and times since last ventilation. The deconvolutions utilize World Ocean Circulation Experiment line A20 repeat hydrography for CFC‐11, potential temperature, salinity, oxygen, and phosphate, as well as Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) radiocarbon data, combined with surface boundary conditions derived from the atmospheric history of CFC‐11 and the World Ocean Atlas 2005 and GLODAP databases. Because of the limited number of available tracers the deconvolutions are highly underdetermined, leading to large entropic uncertainties, which are quantified using the information entropy of relative to a prior distribution. Additional uncertainties resulting from data sparsity are estimated using a Monte Carlo approach and found to be of secondary importance. The ME deconvolutions objectively identify key water mass formation regions and quantify the local fraction of water of age τ or older last ventilated in each region. Ideal mean age and radiocarbon age are also estimated but found to have large entropic uncertainties that can be attributed to uncertainties in the partitioning of a given water parcel according to where it was last ventilated. Labrador/Irminger seawater (L water) is determined to be mostly less than ∼40 a old in the vicinity of the deep western boundary current (DWBC) at the northern end of A20 but several decades older where the DWBC recrosses the section further south, pointing to the importance of mixing via a multitude of eddy‐diffusive paths. Overflow water lies primarily below L water with young waters (τ ≲ 40 a) at middepth in the northern part of A20 and waters as old as ∼600 a below ∼3500 m.
Global assessment of AMSR‐E and MODIS cloud liquid water path retrievals in warm oceanic clouds
Authors: Seethala C. , Horváth Ákos
Published: July 2010

We compared 1 year of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐EOS (AMSR‐E) Wentz and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud liquid water path estimates in warm marine clouds. In broken scenes AMSR‐E increasingly overestimated MODIS, and retrievals became uncorrelated as cloud fraction decreased, while in overcast scenes the techniques showed generally better agreement, but with a MODIS overestimation. We found microwave and visible near‐infrared retrievals being most consistent in extensive marine Sc clouds with correlations up to 0.95 and typical RMS differences of 15 g m−2. The overall MODIS high bias in overcast domains could be removed, in a global mean sense, by adiabatic correction; however, large regional differences remained. Most notably, MODIS showed strong overestimations at high latitudes, which we traced to 3‐D effects in plane‐parallel visible‐near‐infrared retrievals over heterogeneous clouds at low Sun. In the tropics or subtropics, AMSR‐E‐MODIS differences also depended on cloud type, with MODIS overestimating in stratiform clouds and underestimating in cumuliform clouds, resulting in large‐scale coherent bias patterns where marine Sc transitioned into trade wind Cu. We noted similar geographic variations in Wentz cloud temperature errors and MODIS 1.6–3.7 μm droplet effective radius differences, suggesting that microwave retrieval errors due to cloud absorption uncertainties, and visible near‐infrared retrieval errors due to cloud vertical stratification might have contributed to the observed liquid water path bias patterns. Finally, cloud‐rain partitioning was found to introduce a systematic low bias in Wentz retrievals above 180 g m−2 as the microwave algorithm erroneously assigned an increasing portion of the liquid water content of thicker nonprecipitating clouds to rain.
Thermal conductivity measurements of particulate materials: 4. Effect of bulk density for granular particles
Authors: Presley Marsha A. , Christensen Philip R.
Published: July 2010

Thermal conductivities were measured with a line‐heat source for three granular particulates of different particle sizes under low pressures of a carbon dioxide atmosphere and various bulk densities. A 25–30 μm size fraction of crushed quartz exhibited a small, linear increase in thermal conductivity with increasing bulk density. For the range of atmospheric pressures appropriate for Mars, doubling the bulk density increased the thermal conductivity by 20–35%. In contrast, the thermal conductivities of 150–180 μm crushed olivine exhibited an average slight decrease (−3%) for a 5% increase in bulk density. Less than 11 μm silica glass beads exhibited a small, nonlinear increase in the thermal conductivity of 9% with a factor of 2 increase in bulk density. Two minima occurred in the data from the glass beads. One minimum occurred at a porosity of 76%, where the decrease in thermal conductivity averaged ∼7%; the second minimum occurred at a porosity of 63%, with an average decrease of ∼2%. The second minimum corresponds to the same porosity as a minimum reported by previous investigators, but is below the level of significance. An increase in the bulk density will decrease the “heat transfer average distance,” and therefore decrease the thermal conductivity. Counteracting this effect is the increased mass within the same volume, which will increase the solid conduction. The latter effect appears to have an advantage, but the competition of these effects minimizes the influence of bulk density on the thermal conductivity under Martian atmospheric pressures.
Thermal conductivity measurements of particulate materials: 5. Effect of bulk density and particle shape
Authors: Presley Marsha A. , Christensen Philip R.
Published: July 2010

Thermal conductivities were measured with a line‐heat source for three particulate materials with different particle shapes under low pressures of a carbon dioxide atmosphere and various bulk densities. Less than 2 μm kaolinite exhibited a general decrease in thermal conductivity with increasing bulk density. For the range of atmospheric pressures appropriate for Mars, a reduction in porosity of 24% decreased the thermal conductivity by 24%. Kaolinite manifests considerable anisotropy with respect to thermal conductivity. As the particles align the bulk thermal conductivity measured increasingly reflects the thermal conductivity of the short axis. When kyanite is crushed, it forms blady particles that will also tend to align with increasing bulk density. Without any intrinsic anisotropy, however, kyanite particles, like other particulates exhibit an increase in thermal conductivity with increasing bulk density. Under Martian atmospheric pressures, a reduction in porosity of 30% produces a 30% increase in thermal conductivity. Diatomaceous earth maintains a very low bulk density due to the highly irregular shape of the individual particles. A decrease in porosity of 17% produces an increase in thermal conductivity of 27%. The trends in thermal conductivity with bulk density, whether increasing or decreasing, are often not smooth. Whether oscillations in the trends presented in this paper and elsewhere have any physical significance or whether they are merely artifacts of the precision error is unclear. Clarification of this question may not be possible without higher‐precision measurements from future laboratories and further development of theoretical modeling.
Magnetostatic interaction of glass-coated magnetic microwires
Authors: Rodionova V. , Ipatov M. , Ilyn M. , Zhukova V. , Perov N. , Panina L. , Gonzalez J. , Zhukov A.
Published: July 2010

We report on tailoring the hysteresis loops of arrays containing Fe- and Co-rich microwires utilizing effects of magnetostatic coupling. The interacting wires of both types may produce a complex magnetic response and highly specific spectral characteristics. For Fe-rich microwires we observed step-wise hysteresis loops with a number of Barkhausen jumps equal to a number of Fe-rich microwires. For arrays of Co-based microwires the change in the hysteresis loop shape is less pronounced and is characterized by an increase in the magnetic anisotropy due to interwire interactions. The most interesting multistage magnetization behavior is obtained for arrays containing both types of wires and is characterized by field intervals with both gradual and abrupt magnetization changes. We also investigated the spectral properties associated with each type of magnetization process. The field plots for higher harmonics are highly specific and can be used to discriminate the types of wires in the array.
Advanced analytical model for the effective recombination velocity of locally contacted surfaces
Authors: Saint-Cast Pierre , Rüdiger Marc , Wolf Andreas , Hofmann Marc , Rentsch Jochen , Preu Ralf
Published: July 2010

In this paper an analytical model of the effective recombination (Seff) on the back surface of locally contacted solar cell is developed. We justify this approach by first showing that the three-dimensional (3D) problem can be reduced to a one-dimensional (1D) problem by calculating Seff. The values of Seff calculated with our model and two existing models are compared to finite element simulations. A large range of cases from high to low scale structures, including variation in the surface recombination velocity at the passivated area are investigated. The model presented in this paper is in good agreement with finite element simulations. Existing models from literature are also compared to finite element simulations, showing some of their limitations. In addition, we propose a method, not restricted to dark conditions, that simulates the 3D locally contacted structures by means of two 1D simulations.
Direct observation of giant Barkhausen jumps in magnetic microwires
Authors: Chizhik A. , Stupakiewicz A. , Maziewski A. , Zhukov A. , Gonzalez J. , Blanco J. M.
Published: July 2010

Magnetization reversal induced by a circular magnetic field has been studied using the magneto-optical Kerr effect in magnetic microwires. The visualization of the classical effect of a giant Barkhausen jump is reported in a magnetic microwire. It was directly confirmed that the surface giant Barkhausen jump consists of the nucleation of a single circular domain followed by the long distance quick motion of the solitary circular domain walls.
Critical role of the disintegrin metalloprotease ADAM17 for intestinal inflammation and regeneration in mice
Authors: Chalaris Athena , Adam Nina , Sina Christian , Rosenstiel Philip , Lehmann-Koch Judith , Schirmacher Peter , Hartmann Dieter , Cichy Joanna , Gavrilova Olga , Schreiber Stefan , Jostock Thomas , Matthews Vance , Häsler Robert , Becker Christoph , Neurath Markus F. , Reiß Karina , Saftig Paul , Scheller Jürgen , Rose-John Stefan
Published: July 2010

The protease a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17 cleaves tumor necrosis factor (TNF), L-selectin, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) ligands from the plasma membrane. ADAM17 is expressed in most tissues and is up-regulated during inflammation and cancer. ADAM17-deficient mice are not viable. Conditional ADAM17 knockout models demonstrated proinflammatory activities of ADAM17 in septic shock via shedding of TNF. We used a novel gene targeting strategy to generate mice with dramatically reduced ADAM17 levels in all tissues. The resulting mice called ADAM17ex/ex were viable, showed compromised shedding of ADAM17 substrates from the cell surface, and developed eye, heart, and skin defects as a consequence of impaired EGF-R signaling caused by failure of shedding of EGF-R ligands. Unexpectedly, although the intestine of unchallenged homozygous ADAM17ex/ex mice was normal, ADAM17ex/ex mice showed substantially increased susceptibility to inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium colitis. This was a result of impaired shedding of EGF-R ligands resulting in failure to phosphorylate STAT3 via the EGF-R and, consequently, in defective regeneration of epithelial cells and breakdown of the intestinal barrier. Besides regulating the systemic availability of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF, our results demonstrate that ADAM17 is needed for vital regenerative activities during the immune response. Thus, our mouse model will help investigate ADAM17 as a potential drug target.
Connectedness of the Arnold tongues for double standard maps
Authors: Dezotti Alexandre
Published: July 2010

We show that Arnold tongues for the family of double standard maps
\[

f

a
,
b

(
x
)
=
2
x
+
a
−
(
b

/

π
)
s
i
n
(
2
π
x
)

f_{a,b}(x)=2x+a-(b/\pi )sin(2 \pi x)

\]
are connected. This proof is accomplished in the complex domain by means of quasiconformal techniques and depends partly upon the fact that the complexification of

f

a
,
b

f_{a,b}

, has only one critical orbit taking symmetry into account.
Doubling measures with doubling continuous part
Authors: Lou Man-Li , Wu Min
Published: July 2010

We prove that every compact subset of

R

d

\mathbb R^d

of positive Lebesgue measure carries a doubling measure which is not purely atomic. Also, we prove that for every compact and nowhere dense subset

E
E

of 

R

d

\mathbb R^d

without isolated points and for every doubling measure

μ
\mu

on

E
E

there is a countable set

F
F

with

E
∩
F
=
∅

E\cap F=\emptyset

and a doubling measure

ν
\nu

on

E
∪
F

E\cup F

such that

ν

|

E

=
μ

\nu |_E=\mu

. This shows that there are many doubling measures whose continuous part is doubling.
Sharp quantitative isoperimetric inequalities in the 𝐿¹ Minkowski plane
Authors: Kloeckner Benoît
Published: July 2010

An isoperimetric inequality bounds from below the perimeter of a domain in terms of its area. A quantitative isoperimetric inequality is a stability result: it bounds from above the distance to an isoperimetric minimizer in terms of the isoperimetric deficit. In other words, it measures how close to a minimizer an almost optimal set must be.

The euclidean quantitative isoperimetric inequality has been thoroughly studied, in particular by Hall and by Fusco, Maggi and Pratelli, but the

L
1

L^1

case has drawn much less attention.

In this note we prove two quantitative isoperimetric inequalities in the

L
1

L^1

Minkowski plane with sharp constants and determine the extremal domains for one of them. It is usually (but not here) difficult to determine the extremal domains for a quantitative isoperimetric inequality: the only such known result is for the euclidean plane, due to Alvino, Ferone and Nitsch.
Regularity of geodesic rays and Monge-Ampère equations
Authors: Phong D. H. , Sturm Jacob
Published: July 2010

It is shown that the geodesic rays constructed as limits of Bergman geodesics from a test configuration are always of class

C

1
,
α

C^{1,\alpha }

,

0
>
α
>
1

0>\alpha >1

. An essential step is to establish that the rays can be extended as solutions of a Dirichlet problem for a Monge-Ampère equation on a Kähler manifold which is compact.