bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN TEMA DAN AMANAT CERITA PENDEK DENGAN METODE PEMBERIAN TUGAS RUMAH SISWA SD
Authors: Suprapti Suprapti
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini berjudul “Peningkatan Pemahaman Tema dan Amanat Cerita Pendek Dengan Pemberian Tugas Rumah Siswa SD”. Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah apakah penerapan metode pemberian tugas rumah dapat meningkatkan pemahaman tema dan amanat cerita pendek siswa sekolah dasar? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah peningkatan pemahaman tema dan amanat cerita pendek siswa SD, dengan menggunakan metode pemberian tugas rumah. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat secara teoritis dan praktis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap yaitu tahap siklus I dan siklus II. Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah pemahaman tema dan amanat cerita pendek siswa sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua variabel yaitu penggunaan metode pemberian tugas rumah dan peningkatan pemahaman tema dan amanat cerita pendek. Pengumpulan data pada tahap siklus I dan siklus II menggunakan teknik tes dan non tes. Teknik yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dan jurnal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman tema dan amanat cerita pendek dengan metode pemberian tugas rumah, pada tes sebelum tindakan/ kondisi awal menunjukkan bahwa skor rata-rata yang dicapai 5,68. Setelah dilakukan tindakan siklus I meningkat menjadi 6,74. Hasil siklus I ternyata sudah memenuhi target pencapaian skor hasil belajar atau Ketuntasan Minimum (KKM) yaitu 6,4 artinya ada peningkatan setelah digunakan metode pemberian tugas rumah. Pada siklus II skor rata-rata mengalami peningkatan kembali setelah digunakan metode pemberian tugas rumah yaitu menjadi 7,26. Dengan menggunakan metode pemberian tugas rumah siswa yang sebelumnya merasa bosan dengan pembelajaran pemahaman cerita pendek menjadi lebih tertarik dan bersemangat. Simpulan yang diperoleh adalah bahwa metode pemberian tugas rumah ternyata sangat efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memahami tema dan amanat cerita pendek bagi siswa sekolah dasar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar metode pemberian tugas rumah dapat dijadikan alternatif dalam upaya meningkatkan pemahaman cerita pendek siswa SD.
Excesso e alta velocidade das informações científicas
Authors: Massarani Luisa , Neves Luiz Felipe Fernandes , Da Silva Carla Maria
Published: October 2021

Neste artigo, analisamos a percepção de jornalistas brasileiros que cobrem ciência sobre como a pandemia de COVID-19 impactou seu trabalho. O estudo foi realizado por meio de um questionário on-line com 26 profissionais: 14 mulheres e 12 homens, a maioria com mais de 40 anos, com experiências variadas no jornalismo científico e que trabalham em veículos de comunicação ou de forma autônoma nos estados do PR, RJ e SP. Entre as principais mudanças desse período estão o aumento na produção de matérias e a necessidade de adotar estratégias na busca por informações científicas confiáveis, muitas delas divulgadas rapidamente ou na forma de pré-print (sem revisão por pares).
To the 150th anniversary of the birth of a prominent TB doctor, the first head of the department of tuberculosis Kyiv Medical Institute, doctor of medical sciences, professor David Yakovlevich Epstein
Authors: V.I. Petrenko Prepared by
Published: October 2021

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Exploring the Attitudes of Students to Distance Learning during Covid-19 in Morocco: The Case of Students of English Studies at Faculty of Letters in Beni-Mellal
Authors: Elmouhtarim Said
Published: October 2021

The second semester of the academic year 2019-2020 witnessed an unprecedented practice in education worldwide due to Covid-19 pandemic. This was resorting to distance learning (DL). Morocco is no exception. Having continued our teaching practice through this new orientation during this semester, we thought that this experience is worth reflecting about. So, we decided to conduct this study which aims at exploring the attitudes of the students, to distance learning. To give orientation to this study, three research questions were put forward. The first question is about students’ attitudes towards distance learning. The second question is related to the first one and it is about the challenges facing the implementation of DL. Related to these two questions, one more question was considered and it is about the extent to which distance learning is efficient as a new practice to manage the crisis in education that started with the outbreak of Covid-19 and the accompanying pandemic. The findings we obtained from a questionnaire addressed to 160 students at the Faculty of Letters in Beni-Mellal revealed that the attitudes of students towards distance learning are generally speaking positive. Still it must be admitted that these findings also showed that there are some challenges facing a sound implementation of this new orientation in teaching, which necessitates some requirements both in terms of digital resources and digital pedagogy to reach efficiency in the future.
Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in the course of haemophilia; a different clinical and radiological course compared to typical Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (twenty years of follow-up) – case report
Authors:   Department of Children’s Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublinu, Poland, Kandzierski Grzegorz , Matuszewski Łukasz , Stec Szymon
Published: October 2021

The authors analyse the course of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in a 7-year-old boy with haemophilia A (factor VIII level - 0%) caused by massive haemarthrosis into the hip joint (joint tamponade). The patient’s clinical and radiological symptoms differed from those in classic LCP disease, and now, after 20 years, the consequences of necrosis do not confirm typical Perthes disease (LCP). Significant shortening (about 5 cm) of the limb and the X-ray image of the proximal end of the femur resemble the consequences of severe necrosis of the femoral head in the treatment of an infant with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The study presents necrosis of the femoral head in the course of haemophilia due to its extremely rare occurrence as opposed to haemophilic arthropathy typical for this disease. This description may also contribute to considerations on the etiopathology of LCP disease.
التباين في سرع الرياح الجنوبية الغربية والغربية بين فصلي الربيع والخريف في العراق.
Authors: حنين كمال جابر الباحثة
Published: October 2021

تعد الرياح الجنوبية الغربية والرياح الغربية من انواع الرياح المهمة في الدائرة الاتجاهية  كونها ذات تأثيراً  واضحاً على العراق, وعلى الخصائص المُناخية  فيه لاسيما خلال فصلي الربيع والخريف.

   إذ تم الاعتماد في بيان اختلاف سرعة هذه الرياح خلال الفصلين على المعدلات الشهرية الخاصة بكل من النوعين, ولكل المحطات المُناخية المشمولة بالدراسة خلال مدة بلغت (30) سنة.

    وأظهرت الدراسة أنّ هناك تفاوت واضح بين فصلي الاعتدال عند المقارنة بينهما في سرعة الرياح الجنوبية الغربية والرياح الغربية نتيجة تأثرها بعدة عوامل, فقد اوضحت أنّ فصل الربيع أعلى من فصل الخريف في سرعة هذان النوعين على الرغم من تقارب بعض المحطات المُناخية في المعدلات العامة.
مدى مشروعية التهديد بالأسلحة النووية أو إستخدامها وفقاً للرأي الإفتائي الصادر عن محكمة العدل الدولية
Authors: أحمد حميد عجم البدري م. د.
Published: October 2021

الملخص

اعتمدت الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة في دورتها التاسعة والأربعين قراراً تطلب فيه من محكمة العدل الدولية إصدار فتوها بشأن التساؤل الذي نصه (هل التهديد بالأسلحة النووية أو إستخدامها في أي ظرف من الظروف يكون مسموحاً به بموجب القانون الدولي؟), وأثارت إجابة المحكمة على هذه الفتوى عدة إشكاليات, أهمها قرار المحكمة بأنها لا تستطيع الوصول إلى إستنتاج حاسم فيما يتعلق بمشروعية أو عدم مشروعية إستخدام دولة ما للأسلحة النووية في ظرف أقصى من ظروف الدفاع عن النفس, حيث يكون بقاؤها معرضاً للخطر, كما ستحاول هذه الدراسة البحث في ولاية المحكمة في الإجابة على الطلب الإفتائي المقدم إليها من الجمعية العامة, وتحليل نصوص القانون الواجب التطبيق على المسألة المستفتى بها, فضلاً عن التطرق لآراء الفقه والآراء الملحقة بالفتوى لقضاة المحكمة.
النمذجة المكانية للمخاطر الجيومورفولوجية وانعكاساتها على طرق النقل (جبل ميركه سور في محافظة اربيل انموذجاً)
Authors: نادية حاتم طعمة العتابي م.د. نادية حاتم طعمة العتابي
Published: October 2021

تهدف الدراسة الى دراسة المخاطر الجيومورفولوجية كالتساقط الصخري والانهيارات الارضي والجريان السيلي واثرها على طرق النقل في جبل ميركه سور في محافظة اربيل.

شملت الدراسة عدة محاور جاء في مقدمتها استعراض لابرز الخصائص الطبيعية ذات العلاقة بحدوث المخاطر في المنطقة, في حين تلاه المحور الثاني ليوضح آلية بناء نموذج للمخاطر الجيومورفولوجية في المنطقة, إذ تم اجراء مطابقة للخرائط وتحليلها وفق خاصية (Maps Overly) في برنامج (Arc Maps) التي تعمل على ربط طبقتين او اكثر وتم استخراج خريطة حددت خمسة مستويات من المخاطر الجيومورفولوجية المحتملة حسب درجات الخطورة, واخيراً فقد تناولت الدراسة  اثر المخاطر الجيومورفولوجية على طرق النقل في منطقة الدراسة وقد تم تحديد ثلاث مستويات وهي عديمة الخطورة ومتوسطة الخطورة وعالية الخطورة.
المغامرة السيرية في روايات حنا مينه
Authors: سمير ذياب سلمان البديري الباحث
Published: October 2021

ابتدع الروائي ما يخصه في كتابة النصوص الروائية، فتشكلت النصوص السيرية في الروايات، لتكون من المغامرات التجديدية الناجحة التي تفرد بها الروائي. إن هذه التقنية الروائية جعلت من روايات الكاتب تحمل سمة مختلفة تمثل امتداد سيرة الكاتب في الروايات التي هي في أصل موضوعها لا تمثل الكاتب ولا تمثل سيرته الذاتية، إلا أنه عن طريق تضمينه النصوص السيرية التي تحمل المطابقة لواقع حياته وأحداثها، والتي صاغها بواقعية فنية، حمل القارئ إلى الاعتقاد بأن مجمل هذه الروايات وما يدور فيها من أحداث هي تمثيل واقعي لحياة الكاتب. وبهذا تكون النصوص السيرية قد نجحت في مغامرتها بإيهام القارئ بواقعية الأحداث في روايات متعددة.
تحديث تجربة مقترحة لعمل مجالس الآباء والمعلمين في جمهورية العراق "التعليم عن بعد انموذجاً"
Authors: صباح مهدي رميض العامري أ. د.
Published: October 2021

هدفت الدراسة التعرف على أهمية دور مجالس الآباء والمعلمين في ضوء التعليم عن بعد ، وتحقيقاً لهذا الهدف وفرضياته  إعٌدت أداة مكونة من (35) فقرة موزعة على خمسة مجالات هي( الحوكمة وجودة التواصل التربوي والأسري ، والتعليم عن بعد محور مرتكزي ، وخدمة المجتمع المحلي، والإعلام التربوي ، والتحديث والتطوير ) وتم التحقق من صدق الأداة وثباتها عن طريق عرضها على مجموعة من المحكمين المختصين بالشأن التربوي ، وطبقت الأداة على عينة مكونة من (104) مديراً ومديرة ضمن الرقعة الجغرافية للحدود الإدارية لتربية بغداد الرصافة الأولى, جمهورية العراق ، وتم تحليل البيانات باستخراج المتوسطات الحسابية والانحرافات المعيارية ، وأظهرت النتائج إن إدارات المدارس الإعدادية غير مدركين لأهمية توظيف الوسائط الألكترونية وتناغمها مع مهام مجلس أولياء الأمور لا سيما في ظل وجود جائحة كورونا (covid19) والتوجه نحو التعليم عن بعد، فضلا عن انشغالهم بالأعمال الإدارية الروتينية على الرغم من التطورات الحاصلة والتحديات في قطاعي التربية والتعليم ،كذلك أظهرت النتائج وجود فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية بين المتوسط الفرضي للأداة وبين المتوسط الحسابي وان الفرق لصالح المتوسط الفرضي، وبذلك أوصت الدراسة وزارة التربية العراقية شعبة مجالس الآباء والمعلمين بتوفير قدر الإمكان وسائل الاتصال الحديثة (الفاكس والبريد الالكتروني ووسائل الاتصال الاجتماعي) بالمدارس الإعدادية لتشجيع أولياء الأمور (مجلس الآباء والمعلمين) على الاتصال المباشر بإدارة المدرسة لمتابعة سلوك أبنائهم عن طريق الوسائل الحديثة في ضوء التعليم عن بعد ، كذلك ضرورة متابعة نتائج اجتماعات إدارات المدارس مع مجالس الآباء والمعلمين والعمل على تذليل الصعوبات ووضع الحلول للمشكلات المشخصة في اجتماعات الطرفين .
Known unknowns and unknown unknowns – An introduction to research on harms
Authors: Qureshi Riaz , Mayo-Wilson Evan , Li Tianjing
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveMost systematic reviews of interventions focus on potential benefits. Common methods and assumptions that are appropriate for assessing benefits can be inappropriate for harms. This paper provides a primer on researching harms, particularly in systematic reviews. Study Design and SettingNarrative review to describe challenges with assessing harm.ResultsSystematic reviewers and investigators for primary studies should be familiar with various terminologies used to describe and classify harms across settings and study reports. Some classification systems facilitate grouping harms for analysis, which has both advantages and limitations for causal inference. Published reports of clinical trials include limited information about harms, so systematic reviewers should not depend on these studies and journal articles to reach conclusions about harms. Visualizations might improve communication of multiple dimensions of harms such as severity, relatedness, and timing.ConclusionThe terminology, classification, detection, collection, and reporting of harms create unique challenges that take time, expertise, and resources to navigate in both primary studies and evidence syntheses. Systematic reviewers might reach incorrect conclusions if they focus on evidence about harms found in published reports of randomized trials of a particular health problem. Systematic reviews could be improved through better identification and reporting of harms in primary studies and through better training and uptake of appropriate methods for synthesizing evidence about harms.
PERILAKU KONSUMEN (TINJAUAN KONSEPTUAL & PRAKTIS)
Authors: Purboyo Purboyo , Hastutik Sri , Kusuma Gusti Putu Eka , Sudirman Acai , Sangadji Suwandi S. , Wardhana Aditya , Kartika Riana Dewi , Erwin  , Hilal Nur , Syamsuri Syamsuri , Siahainenia Silfiena , Marlena Novi
Published: October 2021

Buku ini berjudul “Perilaku Konsumen (TinjauanKosenptual dan Praktis)” merupakan perpaduan antarapendekatan teoritis dan praktis dengan sistematikapenulisan terdiri dari dua belas yang membahas mengenaiproses pembentukan perilaku konsumen, pentingnyamemahami perilaku konsumen, pengambilan keputusandalam pembelian, konsep persepsi dan sikap konsumen,loyalitas dan kepuasan konsumen pada produk, (merek,desain produk, dan kualitas produk), afeksi dan kognisidalam penentuan strategi pemasaran, kepribadian dalampraktik pemasaran, analisis gaya hidup dan psikografis,bauran permasaran dan lintas budaya, pengetahuanproduk dan keterlibatan konsumen, dan (karakteristikdemografi, ekonomi, sosial konsumen).
Spacing and Strain During Multiphase Boudinage in 3D
Authors: Bamberg Bob , von Hagke Christoph , Virgo Simon , Urai Janos
Published: October 2021

Most models of brittle boudinage predict a dependency of fracture spacing on thickness of the boudinaged layer. This basic relationship can be distorted in the case of multiphase boudinage, where structural inheritance, possibly combined with time evolution of rheology affects boudin geometries, but is not recognized in 2D outcrops. Here we present analyses from a metre-scale, serially sectioned sample of marble from Naxos, Greece, containing a layer of amphibolite, which is known to have experienced two phases of ductile drawn boudinage followed by five generations of brittle boudinage. We show that brittle boudinage depends on the ratio of grain size and layer thickness of the amphibolite. In very thin layers (few grains across), strain is diffuse throughout the entire layer, leading to macroscopically homogeneous stretching. Strain localisation starts when layer thickness exceeds 5 grains: narrow tensile necks and shear zones (35–45° dip) develop where the layer is <10–20 grains thick. Thicker layers (<30–40 grains) show extensional (mode 1) fractures while shear fractures form in even thicker layers. The absence of shear fractures in thinner layers may be explained by a geometry-related compressive stress decrease in the pinches. This results in localised shear evolving only in thicker layers. Complete delocalisation where layer thickness approaches the grain scale is expected as the typical shear band width in granular media (10–20 grains) exceeds layer thickness. Successive fracture reactivation causes geometrical complexity in the form of splays and branches, and in addition the thickness-dependence of strain localisation governs fracture distribution in the layer. A second, temporal trend is recorded in the progressive embrittlement of the rocks as they cooled during exhumation, evidenced by increasing fracture density and a switch from shear to extensional fracturing. In the final stages, the marble was brittle enough to allow fracture propagation from the amphibolite across the material interface into the marble and, finally, the formation of brittle fractures affecting both the amphibolite and marble.
Tracking Barrier Island Response to Early Holocene Sea-level Rise: High Resolution Study of Estuarine Sediments in the Trinity River Paleovalley
Authors: Burstein Jacob , Goff John , Gulick Sean , Lowery Christopher , Standring Patricia , Swartz John
Published: October 2021

Understanding how barrier islands respond to factors such as variations in sediment supply, relative sea-level rise, and accommodation is valuable for preparing coastal communities for future impacts of climate change. Increasingly, the underlying antecedent topography has been observed to have a significant control on the evolution of the barrier island system by providing increased elevation, decreased accommodation, and sediment supply for the barrier to rework and anchor upon. However, less attention has been focused on how back barrier sediments respond to this decreased accommodation, and how this may affect barrier island evolution. Additionally, the control in which the geometry of the underlying valley itself has on the initiation of barrier islands is poorly understood. Here we examine the stratigraphic framework of the Trinity River incised valley, offshore Galveston, Texas in order to investigate the role of antecedent topography in the evolution of an ancient barrier island system. We present high-resolution imaging of the Trinity incised valley fill using over 1200 km2 of 3D seismic, <700 km of 2D envelope and full waveform chirp data, along with 2 piston cores, 4 gravity cores, 1 platform boring, with associated grain size, foraminiferal, and radiocarbon data. We find that the geometry and elevation of the underlying antecedent topography plays a central role in the evolution of the barrier island system, promoting both initiation and stabilization. This study provides a methodology to investigate the evolution of a relict barrier island system where little to none of the barrier is preserved. With this methodology, we revise the established Holocene paleoshoreline model for the Trinity incised valley.
Reading skill correlates in frontal cortex during semantic and phonological processing
Authors: Brozdowski Chris , Booth James R.
Published: October 2021

Previous studies have generally shown that reading skill is related to a left hemisphere network involving temporal, parietal, or frontal components. A limitation of many of these studies, however, is the neuroimaging of a single reading task, so we know less about how skill modulates the engagement of reading network during various reading tasks. Within the connectionist model, reading engages both phonological and semantic processing regardless of whether it is for pronunciation or meaning. Both target [i.e., ortho-phonological (OP) or ortho-semantic (OS) ] and non-target [i.e., ortho-phono-semantic (OPS) or ortho-sem-phonological (OSP)] paths are likely simultaneously involved in reading. However, readers may vary in their division of labor across target and non-target paths as a function of task and reading skill. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine how skill modulates the neural mechanism of reading depending on the task. Children (aged 8 to 15) were given two reading tasks, namely, a rhyming judgment task tapping into orthographic-to-phonological mapping and a meaning judgment task tapping into orthographic-to-semantic mapping. Brain activation during these two reading tasks was then correlated with reading skill. Consistent with previous research showing functional separation of the dorsal versus ventral left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), we found that better readers showed greater engagement of the opercularis for the rhyming task, whereas they showed a trend for greater engagement of the triangularis for the meaning task. A novel component of the study was to determine whether these skill related regions identified during the reading tasks were also correlated with activation during parallel rhyming and meaning tasks in the auditory modality. We found that better readers only reliably showed greater engagement of opercularis during auditory phonological processing, but there were trends for overall greater engagement of frontal regions with increasing skill. We did not find evidence for compensatory mechanisms for lower skill readers, either in the left or right hemisphere. Taken together, our study suggests some specificity of the frontal cortex for phonological versus semantic processing during reading, but that more effective access to posterior representations by the frontal cortex seems to be a general characteristic of better readers
Getting Trapped in a Dead End? Trait Self-Control and Boredom Are Linked to Goal Adjustment
Authors: Bieleke Maik , Keller Lucas , Wolff Wanja
Published: October 2021

Disengaging from unattainable goals and reengaging in alternative goals is essential for effective goal pursuit; yet, surprisingly little is known about associated personality factors. Here, we focused on individual differences in self-control (domain-general self-control, if-then planning) and boredom (boredom proneness, boredom avoidance and escape tendencies). Concerning goal adjustment in everyday life (Study 1; N = 323 crowdworkers), if-then planning was associated with worse disengagement and better reengagement. While boredom proneness was associated with poorer reengagement, boredom avoidance and escape tendencies were associated with better reengagement. When goal striving was thwarted during the COVID-19 pandemic (Study 2; N = 97 students), similar associations emerged along with links to anxiety and depression. However, disengagement was no longer associated with if-then planning but instead with better self-control and higher boredom proneness. These results show differential relationships of goal disengagement and reengagement with self-control and boredom, paving the way to a better understanding of who struggles or shines when effective goal adjustment is required.
Generalized Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (G-SLAM) as unification framework for natural and artificial intelligences: towards reverse engineering the hippocampal/entorhinal system and principles of high-level cognition
Authors: Safron Adam , Çatal Ozan , Verbelen Tim
Published: October 2021

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) represents a fundamental problem for autonomous embodied systems, for which the hippocampal/entorhinal system (H/E-S) has been optimized over the course of evolution. We have developed a biologically-inspired SLAM architecture based on latent variable generative modeling within the Free Energy Principle and Active Inference (FEP-AI) framework, which affords flexible navigation and planning in mobile robots. We have primarily focused on attempting to reverse engineer H/E-S ‘design’ properties, but here we consider ways in which SLAM principles from robotics may help us better understand nervous systems and emergent minds. After reviewing LatentSLAM and notable features of this control architecture, we consider how the H/E-S may realize these functional properties not only for physical navigation, but also with respect to high-level cognition understood as generalized simultaneous localization and mapping (G-SLAM). We focus on loop-closure, graph-relaxation, and node duplication as particularly impactful architectural features, suggesting these computational phenomena may contribute to understanding cognitive insight (as proto-causal-inference), accommodation (as integration into existing schemas), and assimilation (as category formation). All these operations can similarly be describable in terms of structure/category learning on multiple levels of abstraction. However, here we adopt an ecological rationality perspective, framing H/E-S functions as orchestrating SLAM processes within both concrete and abstract hypothesis spaces. In this navigation/search process, adaptive cognitive equilibration between assimilation and accommodation involves balancing tradeoffs between exploration and exploitation; this dynamic equilibrium may be near optimally realized in FEP-AI, wherein control systems governed by expected free energy objective functions naturally balance model simplicity and accuracy. With respect to structure learning, such a balance would involve constructing models and categories that are neither too inclusive nor exclusive. We propose these (generalized) SLAM phenomena may represent some of the most impactful sources of variation in cognition both within and between individuals, suggesting that modulators of H/E-S functioning may potentially illuminate their adaptive significances as fundamental cybernetic control parameters. Finally, we discuss how understanding H/E-S contributions to G-SLAM may provide a unifying framework for high-level cognition and its potential realization in artificial intelligences.
Different reference frames on different axes: Space and language in indigenous Amazonians
Authors: Pitt Benjamin , Carstensen Alexandra , Boni Isabelle , Piantadosi Steven T. , Gibson Edward
Published: October 2021

Spatial cognition is central to human behavior, but the way people conceptualize space varies within and across groups for unknown reasons. Here we found that adults from an indigenous Bolivian group used systematically different spatial reference frames on different axes, according to known differences in their discriminability: In both verbal and nonverbal tests, participants preferred allocentric (i.e., environment-based) space on the left-right axis, where spatial discriminations (like “b” vs. “d”) are notoriously difficult, but the same participants preferred egocentric (i.e. body-based) space on the front-back axis, where spatial discrimination is relatively easy. The results (i) establish a relationship between spontaneous spatial language and memory across axes within a single culture, (ii) challenge the claim that each language group has a predominant spatial reference frame at a given scale, and (iii) suggest that spatial thinking and language may both be shaped by spatial discrimination abilities, as they vary across cultures and contexts.
Anti-diabetic effect of combined treatment with Aloe vera gel and Metformin on alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Authors:   Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria, Atanu F.O. , Avwioroko O.J. ,   Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria, Momoh S. ,   Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
Published: October 2021

Aim: The present study investigated the effects of intensive glucose regulation with combined treatment of Aloe vera gel (a herbal agent) and Metformin in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. Methods: Forty rats were assigned to the following groups and treated for 21 days: Group 1 (normal untreated control), Group 2 (untreated diabetic rats, DR), Group 3 (DR + 300 mg/kg PE of Aloe vera ), Group 4 (DR + 2 mg/kg Metformin) and Group 5 (DR + 300 mg/kg PE of Aloe vera + 2 mg/kg Metformin). The effect of the treatments on fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, lipid profile, renal function, atherogenic index, pancreas and kidney histopathologies were assessed. Results: FBG level in Group 5 rats decreased by 28.4, 38.0 and 69.0% at Day 7, 14 and 21, respectively. Hyperlipidaemia, high atherogenic index, increased plasma creatinine and urea levels observed in the diabetic rats were ameliorated by the single and combined treatments with Aloe vera and Metformin. Reduced level of HDL-cholesterol in the untreated diabetic rats significantly improved by 160.0, 89.8 and 178.7% respectively in Group 3, 4 and 5 animals. The pancreas and kidney histopathologies indicated signs of recovery in Group 5 rats unlike those of Group 2 that had evidence of necrotic cells in both the acini and islet in pancreas and total glomeruli erosion in kidney. Conclusion: Aloe vera in combination with Metformin for treatment of diabetic patients could avert diabetes-associated dyslipidaemia, improve cellular integrity and increase, thereby preventing patients from risk of cardiovascular diseases and kidney failure.
Understanding of various Colitis in terms of Ayurveda
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Departemnt of Roga Nidana & Vikruti Vijnana, I.P.G.T. & R.A., G.A.U., Jamnagar, Gujarat361008, India, Pandya D H , Baghel M S ,   Ex. Director, I.P.G.T. & R.A., G.A.U., Jamnagar, Gujarat-361008, India
Published: October 2021

With gradual progress of medical science and its implementation, many infectious diseases are controlled, but at the same time with gradual switch over to modern life style and diet pattern human being is gifted with so many life style oriented and psycho somatic disorders. Ulcerative Colitis is one among those diseases, here no specific etiopathological factors of the disease has been established still the role of psyche is accepted for manifestation or aggravation of the disease. On the basis of the presentation and pathogenesis; the disease can be correlated with disease Atisaara/Pravaahika narrated in Ayurveda. Gastro intestinal tract involvement is always there, in IBS, but role of psychological factor is also considered equally since ever. In Ayurveda for the disease Atisara/Pravaahika equal importance of Agni and Mana is elaborated. In this paper detail Classical concept of Pravaahika, role of Mana as etiological factor and the whole Samprapti formation is elaborated.
Antidiabetic Potency of Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants
Authors:   Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore-7408, Bangladesh, Hasan Towhid , Sultana Marjia ,   Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali3814, Bangladesh
Published: October 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease being responsible for about 1.5 million deaths globally. In Bangladesh, the stress of diabetes is on rising and resulting in serious health implications along with significant economic crisis. Due to undesirable and inherent side effects, researchers are now shifting from the conventional therapy and trying to prevent and manage diabetes through traditional medicine. World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends the practice of customary herbal medicine for diabetes management, and support and encourage the augmentation of research to evaluate the hypoglycemic properties of the diverse medicinal plant species. Consequently, in the current review, the antihyperglycemic potency of some Bangladeshi medicinal plants has been evaluated and verified utilizing human as well as experimental animals. The results elucidate the glucose-lowering effects of the plants via different cellular mechanisms, including restoration of pancreatic β-cell, controlling the action of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, enhancing peripheral glucose utilization, increase in muscle glycogen store as well as activation of the insulin signaling cascade. In summary, this work may invigorate the researchers for more specific and focused research to provide a better and broad understanding of the antihyperglycemic mechanism and can act as an effective tool for choosing the plants with robust potential for unbolting of novel antidiabetic agents.
Efficacy of a combined therapy in Shaqiqa (Migraine without aura) - A Case Report
Authors:   Research Officer (Unani), Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, under CCRUM, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Srinagar, J & K, India, Ansari Athar Parvez , Islam Naquibul ,   Research Officer (Unani)/ Professor, Dept. of Moalejat, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, under CCRUM, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Srinagar, J & K, India, Wadud Abdul ,   Professor, Dept. of Ilmul Advia, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, Arif Mohammad ,   Lecturer, Dept. of Amraz-e-Ain, Uzn, Anf va Halaq, Hakeem Syed Ziaul Hasan Govt. Unani Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published: October 2021

Migraine is a type of headache characterized by episodic throbbing or pulsating pain usually occurring in one side of the head. According to the prevalence report, it is the third most prevalent disorder worldwide. In Unani Medicine, it is called shaqiqa derived from an Arabic word ‘shaq’ meaning ‘half part’. The condition is difficult to treat by medication only. Unani system of medicine has a theory of imala (diversion of morbid matters) and tanqia-e-mawad (evacuation of morbid matters) by using different modes of ilaj bit tadbeer (regimenal therapy) and pharmacotherapy. A therapy including regimenal therapy and pharmacotherapy has been used in this case for 23 days. Nutool (irrigation therapy) and Dalak (massage therapy) by Rogan-e-Kaddu (medicated oil) were given as regimenal mode and Itrifal Ustukhuddus, Itrifal Kishnizi and Jawarish Shahi were given orally as pharmacotherapy. Signs and symptoms were assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and result was assessed as per grading system, such as complete relief, relief, partial relief and no relief. After completion of the treatment and post treatment follow up, complete relief from the sign and symptoms was observed. The study suggested the authenticity of principles of treatment of Unani Medicine.
A conceptual review of Warme Rehm in Unani Medicine with specific reference to pelvic inflammatory disease
Authors:   Lecturer, Dept. of Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraze Niswan, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore-560091 Karnataka, India., Shameem Dr. Ismath , Sayed Dr. Atiya ,   MS (Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraze Niswan,) National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore-560091 Karnataka, India
Published: October 2021

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the most common infections of female reproductive organs, which can occur in sexually active women during the reproductive age & remains an important public health problem. PID is diagnosed in more than one million women each year in United States. It is a polymicrobial infection with the most commonly implicated pathogens being C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoea and many other aerobic and anaerobic bacteria like Gardenella vaginalis, E. coli, Streptoccoccus species etc. PID is a clinical diagnosis implying that the patient has upper genital tract infection and inflammation which ascends from the vagina and cervix. It is associated with long-term sequelae like tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain. In classical Unani text, warme rehm (PID) is further subdivided into warme rehm har & warme rehm saudavi, warme rehm har manifests specific as well as associated symptoms due to anatomical proximity of uterus, which aid in diagnosis and if it is not treated adequately, it becomes warme rehm sulb which is difficult to treat. Various compound formulations are mentioned in Unani classical text for warme rehm possessing the properties of musaffi-e- khoon, muhallil warm, dafia’h taffun, dafia’h huma etc. This review article gives a detailed description of warme rehm including its causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, principle of treatment in Unani system of medicine.
The Effect of Anapanasati Meditation on Depression: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors:   Research Scholar, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Sivaramappa B , Deshpande Sudheer ,   Joint Director, VYASA, Eknath Bhavan, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, Kumar P Venkata Giri ,   Research Scholar, S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, Nagendra H.R. ,   Chancellor, S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Published: October 2021

Aim: To study the effect of Anpanasati Meditation on individuals with moderate depression. Methods: A total of 115 participants who were willing to participate in the study were recruited for the study. Anapanasati meditation was used as an intervention. The participants were divided into two groups experiment and control groups. Experiment group had 59 persons performing Anapanasati meditation and Control group had 56 persons not performing any type of meditation. The experiment group practiced one hour of Anapanasati meditation daily under the supervision of experts for six months and continued their daily routine and control group was not given any intervention, but they continued their daily routine. Beck Depression Inventory II is used to assess the depression level. Results: The BDI score before and after Anapanasati meditation was analysed for both experiment and control groups using Paired Samples T test. The experiment group has shown significant reduction in the BDI (P < 0.05) score after the intervention whereas in the control group the reduction in BDI score was not significant. Conclusion: This study has shown that after six months of intervention, the subjects with moderate depression who practiced Anapanasati meditation had a significant decrease in their Depression score and the control group has not shown significant change in the depression score.
Study of Traditional Uses of Medicinal Shrubs in Begnas-Rupa Lake Area
Authors: Dwa Om Prasad
Published: October 2021

The present paper is based on the work done about traditional uses of medicinal shrubs in Begnas-Rupa lake area from Oct 2018 to Apr 2019. This result was based on survey carried out consulting participatory techniques to collect information about collection and utilization of such plants on that area. Important information and other details about the respective plants were collected by discussion with native inhalers and traditional medicine practitioners. The result revealed that 20 Species of medicinal shrubs belonging to 17 families have been locally used Included families are Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepidaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Capparidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Loganiaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Oleaceae, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, Rhamnaceae and Rutaceae.
The Impact of Norwegian Government Funding Policies Through the Lens of an Entrepreneur.
Authors: Ali Murshid M.
Published: October 2021

Norway, like many other industrialized countries, has a long tradition of implementing funding policies to shape and develop national innovation systems. These policies are often targeted at industries in which there is a sectoral competitive advantage, so leading to path dependency. Policymaking in Norway can be explained as a duality; policies implemented to correct market failures, targeted at small firms, and policies aimed at supporting national champions and upgrading existing technological capacities of selected industries. Existing studies on innovation systems and government funding policies often focus on top-down variables, and therefore fail to provide deeper insights on the effect of policymaking on company creation, regardless of path dependency. The aim of this study was to provide the perspective of an entrepreneur on the impact of government funding policies throughout a company lifecycle. This provided a hands-on contribution to the field, through active participation in and following five case companies and creating three companies. These case companies fell within the categories of path dependency, path renewal and path creation. Three of the companies belonged to the oil and gas industry. We therefore assumed they were part of a sectoral innovation system, and path dependent. One was a financial technology company, representing path creation. The last company was a renewable energy company, which represented path renewal, government funding policies being mapped through interactions with both public and private actors. Findings suggest that the Norwegian government funding policies are strong in the first phases of a company lifecycle, but weak during growth and scaling. Policies are furthermore more likely to help entrepreneurs with existing networks, and therefore with the capability to leverage private funding. This study aimed to demystify the creation of a technology company, to help academics and policy makers understand the drivers behind creating and improving innovation in their region.
Język konstytucji. Semiotyczne typy wypowiedzi w tekście ustawy zasadniczej
Authors: Dąbrowski Marcin
Published: October 2021

The subject of the analysis is the language of fundamental laws, types of semiotic statements (directive, evaluative, formative, descriptive) and their occurrence in the texts of Polish constitutions with particular emphasis on the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997. Directive statements are characteristic of normative acts, they contain rules of conduct and tell what reality is supposed to look like. Evaluative statements express approval or disapproval of certain phenomena and facts. Formative statements make changes to reality, while descriptive statements show what the world around the narrator looks like. All the indicated types of statements appear in the fundamental laws. The paper discusses their meaning and functions.
Niezależność Narodowego Banku Polskiego a relacje z Parlamentem RP
Authors: Sura Rafał
Published: October 2021

The position of the NBP at the time of the common market and progressive Europeanisation of the economy and all areas of community life was particularly important. Currently, in the time of the global crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, encompassing both the supply and demand side of the world economy, the role of the central bank is increasing. Without its involvement, there would be no effective protective measures, aimed at mitigating the decline in GDP growth in Poland and protecting jobs. The central bank, together with the Polish Government and Parliament, is of key importance for Poland’s economic development, while the independence of the NBP is of major significance for its credibility in financial markets. That is why it is so important to try to answer the questions what the independence of the NBP is and whether constitutional and statutory regulations of the relations between the Parliament of the Republic of Poland and the central bank do not breach this independence.
Ustanowienie fundacji w testamencie – czynność prawna mortis causa czy inter vivos?
Authors: Trzewik Jacek
Published: October 2021

An unambiguous settlement of the legal nature of the act of establishing a foundation in a will is in fact a problematic issue. It seems obvious that it constitutes a legal act in the event of death. It seems that the view presented in the doctrine regarding the possibility of establishing a foundation in a will requires a certain correction. In casu it may transpire that such an act may be classified as a legal act between the living. This results from the possibility of making a distinction between the act of establishing a foundation in a will and the fact of establishing it as the beneficiary of the inheritance. This undoubtedly affects the legal situation of the established foundation, as well as the sphere of inheritance from the bequeather-testator. In any case, however, only the assessment of a specific actual state, and in particular the actual content of dispositions made by the testator, may allow for a proper classification of individual actions.
Divided by the Ballot Box: The Montreal Council of Women and the 1917 Election
Authors: Brookfield Tarah
Published: October 2021

Prime Minister Robert Borden created the Wartime Elections Act in September 1917 – a move that granted temporary voting rights to women who had close relatives serving in the military. Their votes were positioned as key to winning the war because it was assumed that newly enfranchised wives and mothers would support Borden’s controversial conscription plans to reinforce their husbands and sons at the front. Suffragists across the country were divided by the act’s limited enfranchisement and its connection to conscription. This turmoil reached its pinnacle in Montreal, a city that was at the centre of nationalistic and ethnic strife caused by the war, and triggered rifts within the city’s largest Anglophone women’s organization, the Montreal Council of Women. One result of this tension was the impeachment trial of the council’s long-time president, Dr Grace Ritchie-England, for her criticism of the Wartime Elections Act and conscription during the 1917 federal election. Calling attention to the resistance of and conflicts between middle-class club women who were normally viewed as hegemonically supportive of the war effort widens our understanding of women’s disparate opinions and activism during the First World War and the fragile nature of suffragists” political unity.
Human Rights Activists and the Question of Sex Discrimination in Postwar Ontario
Authors: Frager Ruth A. , Patrias Carmela
Published: October 2021

This article examines the varied understandings of human rights in Ontario in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. The article compares the social origins and implementation of Ontario’s Fair Employment Practices Act – which combatted racist and religious discrimination – with Ontario’s Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act – which mandated equal pay for women who did the same work as men. Although a few feminists called for the Fair Employment Practices Act to prohibit sex discrimination as well, their pleas fell mainly on deaf ears in this period. Men and women who fought against racist injustice were frequently unaware of gender injustice, for they, like so many others, subscribed to the deeply embedded ideology of the family wage. Conversely, some of the most outspoken advocates of women’s rights were unconscious of – or chose to ignore – racism. At the same time, some of the most committed advocates of equal pay for equal work actually reinforced certain conventional assumptions about men’s gender privilege at work and at home. Moreover, while the enforcement of both acts was constrained by the conciliatory framework embedded within them, the government ofﬁcials who were charged with applying both acts interpreted the equal pay act quite narrowly and were signiﬁcantly more diligent in tackling racist and religious employment discrimination.
Forty Years of Women’s History in the Canadian Historical Review
Authors: Sangster Joan
Published: October 2021

This chr Presents is a consideration of the historiographical evolution of Canadian women’s history, with a focus upon articles from the back catalogue of the Canadian Historical Review.
Family planning in the U.S. military: The gendered experiences of servicewomen
Authors: Erwin Stephanie K.
Published: October 2021

LAY SUMMARY

Balancing family and work is always challenging for working women; however, military service presents especially nuanced and unique challenges to women serving in the U.S. military. Family planning, and in particular marriage and children, have distinct impacts on servicewomen’s professional careers. Their chosen professions often intersect and detract from their family planning choices. Within a larger study of gendered experiences, women from all four branches of the U.S. military, representing a variety of familial statuses and occupations, noted the complex and challenging intersections of family and work they encountered over the course of their military careers. As in other professions, military women bear disproportionate familial burdens compared with their male counterparts, and challenges pertaining to marriage and children regularly affect their professional careers. However, the military presents heightened professional demands on family planning, including marital status, marital partners’ professions, pregnancy, maternity, and parenthood. These additional challenges women in the military face regarding family planning often run counter to organizational efforts to encourage women’s participation, promotion, and retention in the military.
Variations on Exposure Therapy: Best Practices for Managing Public Speaking Anxiety in the Online Communication Classroom
Authors:   Metropolitan State University of Denver, Chorley Sarah
Published: October 2021

Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy techniques offer unique opportunities for comprehensive management of public speaking anxiety in the online public speaking classroom beyond exposure to only the speech-giving act itself. This best practices article outlines nontraditional strategies for incorporating ERP practices in a distance-learning setting.