bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama
Authors: Boina Dhana Raj , Rogers Michael E , Wang Nian , Stelinski Lukasz L
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is a vector of bacteria presumably responsible for huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus. In this laboratory study, an investigation was made of the activity of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on ACP eggs, nymphs and adults to evaluate its potential as a biorational insecticide for inclusion in an integrated pest management (IPM) program for ACP.

RESULTS: Irrespective of egg age, timing or method of treatment, a significantly lower percentage of eggs (5–29%) hatched after exposure to 64 and 128 µg mL−1 of pyriproxyfen. Only 0–36% of early instars (first, second and third) and 25–74% of late instars (fourth and fifth) survived to adults following exposure to 16, 32 and 64 µg mL−1 of pyriproxyfen. However, 15–20% of adults that emerged following treatment as late instars exhibited morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, pyriproxyfen adversely affected reproduction (fecundity and fertility) of adults that emerged from treated fifth instars or that were treated topically with 0.04 µg as adults.

CONCLUSIONS: Application of pyriproxyfen at 64 µg mL−1 resulted in greater inhibition of egg hatch and suppression of adult emergence compared with lower rates. Pyriproxyfen also markedly reduced female fecundity and egg viability for adults that were exposed either as fifth instars or as newly emerged adults. The ovicidal, larvicidal and reproductive effects against ACP suggest that pyriproxyfen is suitable for integration into an IPM program for ACP. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterisation of abamectin resistance in a field‐evolved multiresistant population of Plutella xylostella
Authors: Pu Xin , Yang Yihua , Wu Shuwen , Wu Yidong
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Plutella xylostella (L.) has evolved resistance to various kinds of insecticide in the field. Reversion and selection, cross‐resistance, inheritance and mechanisms of abamectin resistance were characterised in a field‐derived multiresistant population of P. xylostella from China.

RESULTS: Compared with a susceptible Roth strain, the field‐derived TH population showed ∼5000‐fold resistance to abamectin. Rapid reversion of abamectin resistance was observed in the TH population when kept without insecticide selection. The TH‐Abm strain, selected from the TH population with abamectin, developed 23 670‐fold resistance to abamectin, a high level of cross‐resistance to emamectin benzoate and low levels of cross‐resistance to spinosad and fipronil. Genetic analyses indicated that abamectin resistance in the TH‐Abm strain was autosomal, incompletely dominant and polygenic. P450 monooxygenase activities in the TH‐Abm strain were significantly elevated compared with the TH strain. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) inhibited a small part of abamectin resistance in the TH‐Abm strain.

CONCLUSION: Field‐evolved high‐level resistance to abamectin in the TH population was not stable. Selection of the TH population with abamectin resulted in an extremely high level of cross‐resistance to emamectin benzoate and low levels of cross‐resistance to spinosad and fipronil. Enhanced oxidative metabolism was involved in, but may not be the major mechanism of, polygenic abamectin resistance in the TH‐Abm strain. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance of InSnZrO as transparent conductive oxides
Authors: Zhang B. , Yu B. , Jin J. , Ge B. , Yin R.
Published: November 2009

InSnZrO thin films were deposited on glass substrates by magnetron sputtering with an indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) target and a zirconium target. X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that InSnZrO thin films had better crystalline structure, larger grain size, and lower surface roughness than ITO thin films. Zr doping markedly improved the optical–electrical characteristics. In comparison with ITO thin films, the resistivity of InSnZrO thin films deposited at room temperature decreased from 6.24 × 10−3 to 2.20 × 10−3 Ω cm, and the maximum optical transmittance in the visible range was enhanced from 53.7 to 66.1%. The thin films showed an obvious Burstein–Moss effect with substrate temperature. Moreover, the direct transition model showed a wider optical bandgap of InSnZrO thin films than that of ITO thin films. As a result, InSnZrO thin films prepared by cosputtering revealed better overall properties than traditional ITO thin films.
Silicon/organic semiconductor heterojunctions for solar cells
Authors: Niesar Sabrina , Dietmueller Roland , Nesswetter Helmut , Wiggers Hartmut , Stutzmann Martin
Published: November 2009

Using current–voltage measurements, photocurrent spectroscopy, and light‐induced electron spin resonance (LESR), we have investigated hybrid solar cells consisting of composites of silicon nanocrystals (Si‐ncs) and poly‐3(hexylthiophene) (P3HT). For a more detailed understanding of the inorganic/organic interface, we have also studied the properties of crystalline silicon (c‐Si)/P3HT heterostructures. Current–voltage characteristics of Si‐ncs/P3HT blends show an open‐circuit voltage of up to 0.76 V. Photocurrent spectroscopy measurements give a strong indication that both, the Si‐ncs and P3HT, contribute to the photo‐induced current. Further, we directly demonstrate a light‐induced charge transfer between the Si‐ncs and P3HT via LESR. Current–voltage measurements of c‐Si/P3HT heterojunctions were performed under illumination with high power light emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wavelengths, which allow a selective excitation of charge carriers in P3HT, silicon, or both materials. We have observed a disadvantageous energy band alignment of the valence band of silicon and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of P3HT which favors the use of small particles with a larger band gap due to quantum confinement.
Self‐assembled InGaAs tandem nanostructures consisting of a hole and pyramid on GaAs (311)A by droplet epitaxy
Authors: Lee J. H. , Wang Zh. M. , Kim E. S. , Kim N. Y. , Park S. H. , Salamo G. J.
Published: November 2009

We report on the fabrication self‐assembled tandem (pyramidal‐ holed) InGaAs nanostructures on GaAs (311)A in comparison with the nanostructures on (100) surface. Under an identical growth condition, the fabricated nanostructures are characteristically dissimilar; ring‐shaped nanostructures on GaAs (100) and pyramidal‐holed nanostructures on (311)A. The underlying formation mechanism of these interesting nanostructures can be understood in terms of intermixing, dissolution of GaAs substrate and surface diffusion driven by a surface reconstruction. The size and density of nanostructures can be controlled by modifying the droplet size, density, and thermal energy applied during the fabrication of droplets and nanostructures. These unique InGaAs nanostructures can offer promising applications in optoelectronics.
Theory of ferroelectricity in Bi‐based multiferroics
Authors: Konsin Peet , Sorkin Boris
Published: November 2009

An electron‐phonon (vibronic) theory of the Bi‐based multiferroics is developed. It is shown that the electron‐lattice covalency hybridization between the Bi 6s2 lone electron pair and empty oxygen 2p states causes instability of R25 and R15 polar vibrations in the reference cubic phase. The cubic perovskite structure is distorted by displacements of oxygen ions corresponding to the condensation of the R25 mode at the boundary point R = π /a (1, 1, 1) of the Brillouin zone (a is the cell constant of the cubic phase). These oxygen displacements correspond to the rotation of the FeO6 octahedron in BiFeO3 about the cube space diagonal. The triply degenerate mode Γ1u participates in the s‐p mixing of Bi lone electron pair states and 2p oxygen states. The ferroelectric instability holds in the R $ \bar 3 $c phase and the observed ferroelectric transition R $ \bar 3 $c → R 3c is connected with the softening of the A2u mode. The Γ1u mode in the R $ \bar 3 $c phase splits in Eu and A2u modes. We have calculated the spontaneous polarization Ps = 30–40 μC/cm2 (Ps = 1.5 μC/cm2 is also possible), Tc = 1105 K and dielectric constants. It is shown that the phase transition of the first order is in agreement with the experiment. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of truly bulk GaN monocrystals grown by ammonothermal method
Authors: Dwiliński Robert , Doradziński Roman , Garczyński Jerzy , Sierzputowski Leszek , Kucharski Robert , Rudziński Mariusz , Zając Marcin , Kudrawiec Robert
Published: November 2009

We are presenting some physical and chemical basis of ammonothermal method of bulk gallium nitride synthesis in ammonobasic route. Excellent structural and wide spectrum of electrical parameters of truly bulk GaN crystals obtained in this way are revealed. In considered crystals a low dislocation density (5 × 103 cm–2) is attainable. At the same time the crystal lattice is extremely flat and the (0002) rocking curve is very narrow (FWHM=16 arcsec). Both polar and nonpolar ammonothermal GaN substrates enabled to grow high optical quality, strain‐free homoepitaxial layers. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chemical composition of GaAs‐nitride nanolayers formed by implantation
Authors: Mikoushkin V. M. , Gordeev Yu. S. , Nikonov S. Yu. , Solonitsina A. P. , Zhuravleva A. A. , Brzhezinskaya M. M.
Published: November 2009

Nitration of n‐type GaAs (100) by N2+ ions with the energy Ei = 1.5 keV has been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy with using synchrotron radiation. Phase of GaAs1‐xNx (x ∼ 0.10) alloy was revealed in the nitrated nanolayer besides GaN and nitrogen N1s core‐level binding energies in GaAs1‐xNx (Eb = 397.5 eV) and GaN (Eb = 396.7 eV) were measured in one experiment. It was shown that the nitrated nanolayer consists of the narrow band gap clusters of GaAs1‐xNx alloy in the GaN wide band gap matrix, which can be considered as a system with quantum dots. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characteristics of He+‐irradiated Ni Schottky diodes based on 4H‐SiC epilayer grown by sublimation
Authors: Strel'chuk A. M. , Davydov A. V. , Tringe J. , Felter T. , Lebedev A. A. , Zelenin V. V. , Kuznetsov A. N. , Stevens C. G.
Published: November 2009

Forward and reverse current‐voltage (I‐V) and capacitance‐voltage (C‐V) characteristics of the of He+ – irradiated Ni‐SiC(4H) Schottky diodes (SDs) are presented prior and after irradiation. The effect of irradiation was weakly observed in the region of small forward and reverse current, but series resistance of SD demonstrated tendency to rise with increasing irradiation dose. The most interesting effect was the big scatter of the series resistances after exposure to high irradiation dose 2×1012 cm‐2. By contrast, uncompensated donor concentration had just minor changes (from 3.3×1017 cm‐3 prior irradiation to 1.8×1017 cm‐3 at highest irradiation dose) with no connection with SDs resistance. Hypothesis that localized defect‐induced current paths could explain this behaviour is discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrophoretic deposition of reverse micelle metal nanoparticles
Authors: Zdansky Karel , Zavadil Jiri , Kacerovsky Pavel , Kostka Frantisek , Fojtik Anton
Published: November 2009

Colloids of reverse micelles with Pd or Ag nanoparticles in isooctane were prepared. Layers of the reverse micelles were deposited by electrophoresis on InP and glass substrates, placed either on the positive or on the negative electrode. The layers were studied with the goal to determine the charge polarity of reverse micelles in the colloid in the context with making sensors to hydrogen on Schottky barriers on n‐type InP. It was found that the charge of Ag nanoparticles in the colloid was positive and the charge of Pd nanoparticles was negative. Only Schottky barriers with Pd particles were found sensitive to hydrogen. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarization of SrBi2Ta2O9 ceramics at infra‐low frequencies
Authors: Bormanis K. , Burkhanov A. I. , Kochergin Yu.V. , Kalvane A.
Published: November 2009

Dielectric response in the SrBi2Ta2O9 ceramics is studied over a wide range of temperatures at fields up to Emax ≈ 18 kV/cm. Dependence of dielectric permittivity on field intensity is analyzed at different temperatures. A series of polarization loops are obtained at frequencies 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz. The hysteresis at switching polarization is displayed by the shape of polarization loops changing with the field amplitude from bi‐angles to quasi‐saturated loop patterns of a high degree of rectangularity. The ratio of remnant polarization to maximum polarization as function of field amplitude is presented. Thermal behaviour of the coercive field and the half‐width of polarization loops is analysed. (© WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of Nonfragmented, Completely Amorphous, Pregelatinized Maize Starches and Determination of the Effects of Fragmentation on the Adhesiveness of Their Pastes
Authors: Amelia Irma , BeMiller James N.
Published: November 2009

The objective of this research was to prepare pregelatinized maize starches that were both completely amorphous (no crystalline structure) and unfragmented, and to apply the same method to partially depolymerized maize starches to determine the effect of fragmentation on the degree of stickiness (tackiness, adhesiveness). Amorphous pregelatinized normal maize starch could be prepared by precipitation of a paste with acetone. Precipitation with a polar organic solvent was not applicable for the preparation of amorphous, pregelatinized waxy maize starch, because a sticky, cohesive and adhesive mass was produced. Therefore, freeze drying was used to prepare amorphous pregelatinized waxy maize starch. Limited acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of normal maize starch before pregelatinization increased stickiness up to a maximum, after which the degree of stickiness decreased. In all aspects of this research, it was clear that the behavior of waxy maize starch was rather different than that of normal maize starch.
Chain‐length Distribution Profiles of Amylopectin Isolated from Endosperm Starch of Waxy and Low‐amylose Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines with Common Genetic Background
Authors: Yasui Takeshi , Ashida Kanae , Sasaki Tomoko
Published: November 2009

Large A‐type endosperm starch granules were isolated from near‐isogenic waxy and non‐waxy lines and low‐amylose mutant lines of bread wheat with a common genetic background. The amylose contents of A‐type starch ranged from 2.6% to 23.6%. Amylopectin was isolated by concanavalin A (Con A) precipitation from the isolated starch. The λmax (range: 532‐538 nm) and blue values at 680 nm (range: 0.026‐0.037) of the iodine‐amylopectin complex were not significantly different among the isolated amylopectins, indicating that amylopectins from non‐waxy and low‐amylose lines did not contain such long chains as amylose or extra‐long chains of amylopectin affecting iodine complex properties. Chain‐length distribution profiles measured by both high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography (HPAEC) showed that the amylopectin structures of these lines were indistinguishable from each other. Extra‐long chains were not detected in the amylopectins by HPSEC measurement. The side‐chains measured by HPAEC were classified into four groups according to their degree of polymerization (DP), and the proportion of each group were in the following ranges: DP 6‐12, 26.5‐27.5%; DP 13‐24, 43.6‐44.1%; DP 25‐36, 13.6‐14.2%, and DP 37‐60, 11.0‐11.7%. The alleles on the Wx‐D1 locus, i.e., Wx‐D1a, Wx‐D1d, Wx‐D1f, and Wx‐D1g, responsible for granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS I) biosynthesis had no influence on the properties of iodine‐amylopectin complex and the chain‐length distribution profiles of amylopectin.
Training to insert intrauterine devices
Authors: Lee Deborah J.
Published: November 2009

To increase the uptake of long‐acting reversible contraceptive methods, there is an urgent need for more health professionals to be trained to insert intrauterine devices. The author provides an up‐to‐date explanation of the training routes available, for both doctors and nurses. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Management of erectile dysfunction
Authors: Steggall Martin J.
Published: November 2009

Erectile dysfunction is a common sexual problem in men that can result in poor self‐image and depression. There is growing evidence linking erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. The author discusses the risk factors, diagnosis and the treatment options available, and describes the preferred approach at his own clinic. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Paradoxical Results and Item Bundles
Authors: Hooker Giles , Finkelman Matthew
Published: November 2009

Hooker, Finkelman, and Schwartzman (Psychometrika, 2009, in press) defined a paradoxical result as the attainment of a higher test score by changing answers from correct to incorrect and demonstrated that such results are unavoidable for maximum likelihood estimates in multidimensional item response theory. The potential for these results to occur leads to the undesirable possibility of a subject’s best answer being detrimental to them. This paper considers the existence of paradoxical results in tests composed of item bundles when compensatory models are used. We demonstrate that paradoxical results can occur when bundle effects are modeled as nuisance parameters for each subject. However, when these nuisance parameters are modeled as random effects, or used in a Bayesian analysis, it is possible to design tests comprised of many short bundles that avoid paradoxical results and we provide an algorithm for doing so. We also examine alternative models for handling dependence between item bundles and show that using fixed dependency effects is always guaranteed to avoid paradoxical results.
The legal effects of fetal monitoring guidelines
Authors: Dickens Bernard M. , Cook Rebecca J.
Published: November 2009

The new American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ (ACOG) monitoring guidelines introduce a new category of interpretation of fetal heart rate tracings between reassuring and nonreassuring, namely intermediate. The purpose is to reduce unnecessary cesarean deliveries. The legal role of medical guidelines is ambivalent. Providers are expected to be familiar with such guidelines, but also to exercise clinical judgment in their patients’ interests. Practice departing from guidelines requires justification, but simple compliance without regard to patients’ circumstances may constitute negligence. Some courts defer to medical professional guidelines, but others hold that professional standards are set as a matter of law, not by the profession itself. Unlike conclusions in medical science, which are open to continuing review, courts determine facts in a case only once, at trial. Litigation to compel patients’ compliance with medical advice based on guidelines may fail, as may prosecutions, more common in the US, of patients who defy such advice.
Up‐regulated Proteins in the Fluid Bathing the Tumour Cell Microenvironment as Potential Serological Markers for Early Detection of Cancer of the Breast
Authors: Gromov Pavel , Gromova Irina , Bunkenborg Jakob , Cabezon Teresa , Moreira José M.A. , Timmermans-Wielenga Vera , Roepstorff Peter , Rank Fritz , Celis Julio E.
Published: November 2009

Breast cancer is by far the most common diagnosed form of cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women today. Clinically useful biomarkers for early detection of breast cancer could lead to a significant reduction in mortality. Here we describe a detailed analysis using gel‐based proteomics in combination with mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the tumour interstitial fluids (TIF) and normal interstitial fluids (NIF) collected from 69 prospective breast cancer patients. The goal of this study was to identify abundant cancer up‐regulated proteins that are externalised by cells in the tumour microenvironment of most if not all these lesions. To this end, we applied a phased biomarker discovery research strategy to the analysis of these samples rather than comparing all samples among each other, with inherent inter and intra‐sample variability problems. To this end, we chose to use samples derived from a single tumour/benign tissue pair (patient 46, triple negative tumour), for which we had well‐matched samples in terms of epithelial cell numbers, to generate the initial dataset. In this first phase we found 110 proteins that were up‐regulated by a factor of 2 or more in the TIF, some of which were confirmed by IHC. In the second phase, we carried out a systematic computer assisted analysis of the 2D gels of the remaining 68 TIF samples in order to identify TIF 46 up‐regulated proteins that were deregulated in 90% or more of all the available TIFs, thus representing common breast cancer markers. This second phase singled out a set of 26 breast cancer markers, most of which were also identified by a complementary analysis using LC‐MS/MS. The expression of calreticulin, cellular retinoic acid‐binding protein II, chloride intracellular channel protein 1, EF‐1‐beta, galectin 1, peroxiredoxin‐2, platelet‐derived endothelial cell growth factor, protein disulfide isomerase and ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase 5 were further validated using a tissue microarray containing 70 malignant breast carcinomas of various grades of atypia. A significant number of these proteins have already been detected in the blood/plasma/secretome by others. The next steps, which include biomarker prioritization based on the hierarchal evaluation of these markers, antibody and antigen development, assay development, analytical validation, and preliminary testing in the blood of healthy and breast cancer patients, are discussed.
Selective Versus Comprehensive Neck Dissection after Chemoradiation for Advanced Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hillel Alexander T. , Fakhry Carole , Pai Sara I. , Williams Mark F. , Blanco Ray G. F. , Zinreich Eva S. , Levine Marshall A. , Westra William H. , Saunders John R. , Ha Patrick K.
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether a comprehensive neck dissection (CND) or a selective neck dissection (SND) is indicated as planned post–primary chemoradiation treatment (CRT) for patients with advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with chart review.

SETTING

A community teaching hospital.

SUBJECTS

Patients with advanced OPSCC who received a uniform CRT protocol at Greater Baltimore Medical Center (GBMC).

METHODS

Medical records of patients treated with primary CRT for locoregionally advanced OPSCC at GBMC between 2001 and 2007 were reviewed. All patients received 7000 to 7500, 6000, and 5000 cGy to primary disease sites, involved cervical lymphatics, and uninvolved cervical and supraclavicular lymphatics, respectively, with concomitant cisplatin (12 mg/m2/1 h) and 5‐fluorouracil (600 mg/m2/20 h) given on days one through five and 29 through 33.

RESULTS

Seventy‐six patients received CRT, and 41 met the criteria for neck dissection. Forty‐eight neck dissections were performed (34 unilateral and 7 bilateral), of which 23 (48%) were CNDs and 25 (52%) were SNDs. Residual carcinoma was found in six (26%) of the CND and five (20%) of the SND heminecks. The CND group had six (26%) complications, whereas the SND group had two (8%).

CONCLUSION

The high rate of residual disease demonstrated in this study supports the need for post‐CRT neck dissection. Although complication rates were not significantly different between the two groups, the trend in this study indicates that SND results in less morbidity. The presumed reduced morbidity and equivalent regional control rate suggest that SND is an appropriate surgical option for OPSCC patients after primary CRT.
Hypertonic Challenge to Porcine Vocal Folds: Effects on Epithelial Barrier Function
Authors: Sivasankar Mahalakshmi , Erickson Elizabeth , Rosenblatt Mark , Branski Ryan C.
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE

Dehydration challenges can increase the chemical composition of surface fluid overlying vocal fold epithelia (hypertonic surface fluid). The vocal fold epithelium is posited to act as a barrier, shielding the lamina propria from perturbations in the airway lumen. However, the effects of hypertonic surface fluid on the barrier functions of vocal fold epithelia have not been quantified. We, therefore, sought to investigate whether hypertonic surface fluid compromises epithelial barrier function. We examined the effects of hypertonic surface fluid on vocal fold epithelial resistance, paracellular pathway morphology, and tight junction protein integrity.

STUDY DESIGN

Ex vivo, between group design.

SETTING

Laboratory.

METHODS

Porcine vocal folds (n = 24) were exposed to hypertonic or isotonic challenge and examined by electrophysiology, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot analyses.

RESULTS

Hypertonic, but not isotonic, challenge significantly reduced transepithelial resistance. This decrease in resistance was observed immediately after the challenge and was consistent with the appearance of dilated paracellular pathway morphology. However, hypertonic challenge did not alter protein levels of occludin, zona occludens‐1, E‐cadherin, or β‐catenin.

CONCLUSION

Hypertonic surface fluid alters epithelial barrier function in the vocal folds. Specifically, exposure to hypertonic challenges increases epithelial permeability. Given the important role of the vocal fold epithelium in shielding the underlying mucosa from inhaled pathogens and pollutants, our data provide the impetus for future studies on pharmacological treatments aimed at restoring the hydration level and chemical composition of vocal fold surface fluid.
Baselines representing blood glucose clearance improvein vitroprediction of the glycaemic impact of customarily consumed food quantities
Authors: Monro John A. , Mishra Suman , Venn Bernard
Published: November 2009

Glycaemic responses to foods reflect the balance between glucose loading into, and its clearance from, the blood. Currentin vitromethods for glycaemic analysis do not take into account the key role of glucose disposal. The present study aimed to develop a food intake-sensitive method for measuring the glycaemic impact of food quantities usually consumed, as the difference between release of glucose equivalents (GGE) from food duringin vitrodigestion and a corresponding estimate of clearance of them from the blood. Five foods – white bread, fruit bread, muesli bar, mashed potato and chickpeas – were consumed on three occasions by twenty volunteers to provide blood glucose response (BGR) curves. GGE release duringin vitrodigestion of the foods was also plotted. Glucose disposal rates estimated from downward slopes of the BGR curves allowed GGE dose-dependent cumulative glucose disposal to be calculated. By subtracting cumulative glucose disposal from cumulativein vitroGGE release, accuracy in predicting thein vivoglycaemic effect fromin vitroGGE values was greatly improved. GGEin vivo = 0·99GGEin vitro+0·75 (R20·88). Furthermore, the difference between the curves of cumulative GGE release and disposal closely mimickedin vivoincremental BGR curves. We conclude that valid measurement of the glycaemic impact of foods may be obtainedin vitro, and expressed as grams of glucose equivalents per food quantity, by taking account not only of GGE release from food duringin vitrodigestion, but also of blood glucose clearance in response to the food quantity.
Effects of a short-term overfeeding with fructose or glucose in healthy young males
Authors: Ngo Sock Emilienne Tudor , Lê Kim-Anne , Ith Michael , Kreis Roland , Boesch Chris , Tappy Luc
Published: November 2009

Consumption of simple carbohydrates has markedly increased over the past decades, and may be involved in the increased prevalence in metabolic diseases. Whether an increased intake of fructose is specifically related to a dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism remains controversial. We therefore compared the effects of hypercaloric diets enriched with fructose (HFrD) or glucose (HGlcD) in healthy men. Eleven subjects were studied in a randomised order after 7 d of the following diets: (1) weight maintenance, control diet; (2) HFrD (3·5 g fructose/kg fat-free mass (ffm) per d, +35 % energy intake); (3) HGlcD (3·5 g glucose/kg ffm per d, +35 % energy intake). Fasting hepatic glucose output (HGO) was measured with 6,6-2H2-glucose. Intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCL) and intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) were measured by1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both fructose and glucose increased fasting VLDL-TAG (HFrD: +59 %,P < 0·05; HGlcD: +31 %,P = 0·11) and IHCL (HFrD: +52 %,P < 0·05; HGlcD: +58 %,P = 0·06). HGO increased after both diets (HFrD: +5 %,P < 0·05; HGlcD: +5 %,P = 0·05). No change was observed in fasting glycaemia, insulin and alanine aminotransferase concentrations. IMCL increased significantly only after the HGlcD (HFrD: +24 %, NS; HGlcD: +59 %,P < 0·05). IHCL and VLDL-TAG were not different between hypercaloric HFrD and HGlcD, but were increased compared to values observed with a weight maintenance diet. However, glucose led to a higher increase in IMCL than fructose.
Postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to GM-resistant starch-enriched rice and the production of fermentation-related H2in healthy Chinese adults
Authors: Li Min , Piao Jian-Hua , Tian Yuan , Li Wei-Dong , Li Ke-Ji , Yang Xiao-Guang
Published: November 2009

Consumption of resistant starch (RS)-enriched foods is associated with decrease in the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, accompanied by the production of fermentation-related gases in the large bowel. The present study aimed to determine the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the GM RS-enriched rice and the fermentation-related production of H2in young and healthy Chinese adults. A total of sixteen young adults (nine men and seven women) were recruited and divided into three groups. Their postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to 40 g glucose, carbohydrates of RS or wild-type (WT) rice were tested by a crossover model with a washout period of 7 d. The concentrations of blood glucose and insulin as well as breath H2were measured before and after food intake. Although the mean concentrations of fasting blood glucose, insulin and breath H2were similar, consumption of the RS rice significantly decreased the values of glycaemic index (GI) and insulin index (II), as compared with the intake of WT rice (48·4 (sem21·8)v.77·4 (sem34·9) for GI, 34·2 (sem18·9)v.54·4 (sem22·4) for II,P < 0·05), respectively. Conversely, intake of the RS rice meal significantly elevated the concentrations of breath H2, as compared with WT rice (38·9 (sem17·6)v.10·5 (sem3·7) parts per million for peak levels of breath H2,P < 0·05) through a period of 16-h tests. Consumption of the GM RS-enriched rice meal decreased the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses and promoted RS fermentation-related production of H2in the large bowel of young and healthy Chinese adults.
Oat β-glucan supplementation does not enhance the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet in overweight women
Authors: Beck Eleanor J. , Tapsell Linda C. , Batterham Marijka J. , Tosh Susan M. , Huang Xu-Feng
Published: November 2009

Epidemiological evidence shows an inverse relationship between dietary fibre intake and body weight gain. Oat β-glucan, a soluble fibre alters appetite hormones and subjective satiety in acute meal test studies, but its effects have not been demonstrated with chronic consumption. The present study aimed to test the effects in women of two different doses of oat β-glucan on weight loss and hormones associated with appetite regulation. In a 3-month parallel trial, sixty-six overweight females were randomised into one of three 2 MJ energy-deficit diets: a control and two interventions including 5–6 g or 8–9 g β-glucan. Anthropometric and metabolic variables (blood glucose level, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), LDL, HDL, TAG and leptin), together with markers of appetite regulation (cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and PYY3-36) were measured at baseline and at 3 months. After 3 months, all groups lost weight (P < 0·001) and showed a reduced waist circumference (P < 0·001). The study sample also showed reductions in TC, LDL, HDL, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 values (all P < 0·001) and an increase in CCK levels (P < 0·001). No significant differences were noted between the groups for all outcome values except PYY levels (P = 0·018). In broad terms, the addition of oat β-glucan did not enhance the effect of energy restriction on weight loss in mildly overweight women, although wide variations in observed results suggests that individual responsiveness may be an issue.
Berries modify the postprandial plasma glucose response to sucrose in healthy subjects
Authors: Törrönen Riitta , Sarkkinen Essi , Tapola Niina , Hautaniemi Elina , Kilpi Kyllikki , Niskanen Leo
Published: November 2009

Sucrose increases postprandial blood glucose concentrations, and diets with a high glycaemic response may be associated with increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and CVD. Previous studies have suggested that polyphenols may influence carbohydrate digestion and absorption and thereby postprandial glycaemia. Berries are rich sources of various polyphenols and berry products are typically consumed with sucrose. We investigated the glycaemic effect of a berry purée made of bilberries, blackcurrants, cranberries and strawberries, and sweetened with sucrose, in comparison to sucrose with adjustment of available carbohydrates. A total of twelve healthy subjects (eleven women and one man, aged 25–69 years) with normal fasting plasma glucose ingested 150 g of the berry purée with 35 g sucrose or a control sucrose load in a randomised, controlled cross-over design. After consumption of the berry meal, the plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower at 15 and 30 min (P < 0·05, P < 0·01, respectively) and significantly higher at 150 min (P < 0·05) compared with the control meal. The peak glucose concentration was reached at 45 min after the berry meal and at 30 min after the control meal. The peak increase from the baseline was 1·0 mmol/l smaller (P = 0·002) after ingestion of the berry meal. There was no statistically significant difference in the 3 h area under the glucose response curve. These results show that berries rich in polyphenols decrease the postprandial glucose response of sucrose in healthy subjects. The delayed and attenuated glycaemic response indicates reduced digestion and/or absorption of sucrose from the berry meal.
Diet quality and obesity in women: the Framingham Nutrition Studies
Authors: Wolongevicz Dolores M. , Zhu Lei , Pencina Michael J. , Kimokoti Ruth W. , Newby P. K. , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Millen Barbara E.
Published: November 2009

Obesity affects one in three American adult women and is associated with overall mortality and major morbidities. A composite diet index to evaluate total diet quality may better assess the complex relationship between diet and obesity, providing insights for nutrition interventions. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether diet quality, defined according to the previously validated Framingham nutritional risk score (FNRS), was associated with the development of overweight or obesity in women. Over 16 years, we followed 590 normal-weight women (BMI < 25 kg/m2), aged 25 to 71 years, of the Framingham Offspring and Spouse Study who presented without CVD, cancer or diabetes at baseline. The nineteen-nutrient FNRS derived from mean ranks of nutrient intakes from 3 d dietary records was used to assess nutritional risk. The outcome was development of overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) during follow-up. In a stepwise multiple logistic regression model adjusted for age, physical activity and smoking status, the FNRS was directly related to overweight or obesity (Pfor trend = 0·009). Women with lower diet quality (i.e. higher nutritional risk scores) were significantly more likely to become overweight or obese (OR 1·76; 95 % CI 1·16, 2·69) compared with those with higher diet quality. Diet quality, assessed using a comprehensive composite nutritional risk score, predicted development of overweight or obesity. This finding suggests that overall diet quality be considered a key component in planning and implementing programmes for obesity risk reduction and treatment recommendations.
Anthropometric, metabolic, psychosocial and dietary factors associated with dropout in overweight and obese postmenopausal women engaged in a 6-month weight loss programme: a MONET study
Authors: Messier Virginie , Hayek Jessy , Karelis Antony D. , Messier Lyne , Doucet Éric , Prud'homme Denis , Rabasa-Lhoret Rémi , Strychar Irene
Published: November 2009

The objective of the present study was to examine anthropometric, metabolic, psychosocial and dietary factors associated with dropout in a 6-month weight loss intervention aimed at reducing body weight by 10 %. The study sample included 137 sedentary, overweight and obese postmenopausal women, participating in a weight loss intervention that consisted of either energy restriction (ER) or ER with resistance training (ER+RT). Anthropometric (BMI, percent lean body mass, percent fat mass, visceral adipose tissue and waist circumference), metabolic (total energy expenditure, RMR, insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma levels of leptin and ghrelin), psychosocial (body esteem, self-esteem, stress, dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger, quality of life, self-efficacy, perceived benefits for controlling weight and perceived risk) and dietary (3-d food record) variables were measured. Thirty subjects out of 137 dropped out of the weight loss programme (22 %), with no significant differences in dropout rates between those in the ER and the ER+RT groups. Overall, amount of weight loss was significantly lower in dropouts than in completers ( − 1·7 (sd3·5)v.− 5·6 (sd4·3) kg,P < 0·05); weekly weight loss during the first 4 weeks was also significantly lower. Dropouts consumed fewer fruit servings than completers (1·7 (sd1·1)v.2·7 (sd1·53),P < 0·05) and had higher insulin sensitivity levels (12·6 (sd3·8)v.11·1 (sd2·8) mg glucose/min per kg fat-free mass,P < 0·05). The present results suggest that the rate of weight loss during the first weeks of an intervention plays an important role in the completion of the programme. Thus, participants with low rates of initial weight loss should be monitored intensely to undertake corrective measures to increase the likelihood of completion.
Rhabdias filicaudalisn. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the snakeSpilotes pullatus(Serpentes: Colubridae) in Brazil
Authors: Barrella T.H. , dos Santos K.R. , da Silva R.J.
Published: November 2009

Rhabdias filicaudalisn. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the lung ofSpilotes pullatus(Serpentes: Colubridae) is described. The host snake was captured in the municipality of Avaré, São Paulo State, Brazil.Rhabdias filicaudalisn. sp. differs from all other species by the combination of the following characters: straight body, truncated anterior end, six weakly developed lips arranged in two opposite groups of three, pre-equatorial vulva, oesophagus length/body length ratio (%) 4.9–7.5 (5.8 ± 0.6), nerve ring distance from anterior end/oesophagus length ratio (%) 36.9–61.1 (49.8 ± 6.4), tail length/body length ratio (%) 3.0–5.5 (4.0 ± 0.5), vulva distance from anterior end/body length ratio (%) 39.9–51.7 (45.9 ± 3.5), and a cuticular filiform tail tip.
Quasisymmetric conjugacy between quadratic dynamics and iterated function systems
Authors: EROĞLU KEMAL ILGAR , ROHDE STEFFEN , SOLOMYAK BORIS
Published: November 2009

We consider linear iterated function systems (IFS) with a constant contraction ratio in the plane for which the ‘overlap set’ 𝒪 is finite, and which are ‘invertible’ on the attractor A, in the sense that there is a continuous surjection q:A→A whose inverse branches are the contractions of the IFS. The overlap set is the critical set in the sense that q is not a local homeomorphism precisely at 𝒪. We suppose also that there is a rational function p with the Julia set J such that (A,q) and (J,p) are conjugate. We prove that if A has bounded turning and p has no parabolic cycles, then the conjugacy is quasisymmetric. This result is applied to some specific examples including an uncountable family. Our main focus is on the family of IFS {λz,λz+1} where λ is a complex parameter in the unit disk, such that its attractor Aλ is a dendrite, which happens whenever 𝒪 is a singleton. C. Bandt observed that a simple modification of such an IFS (without changing the attractor) is invertible and gives rise to a quadratic-like map qλ on Aλ. If the IFS is post-critically finite, then a result of A. Kameyama shows that there is a quadratic map pc (z)=z2 +c, with the Julia set Jc such that (Aλ,qλ) and (Jc,pc) are conjugate. We prove that this conjugacy is quasisymmetric and obtain partial results in the general (not post-critically finite) case.
Existence of periodic orbits for geodesible vector fields on closed 3-manifolds
Authors: RECHTMAN ANA
Published: November 2009

In this paper we deal with the existence of periodic orbits of geodesible vector fields on closed 3-manifolds. A vector field is geodesible if there exists a Riemannian metric on the ambient manifold making its orbits geodesics. In particular, Reeb vector fields and vector fields that admit a global section are geodesible. We will classify the closed 3-manifolds that admit aperiodic volume-preservingCωgeodesible vector fields, and prove the existence of periodic orbits forCωgeodesible vector fields (not volume preserving), when the 3-manifold is not a torus bundle over the circle. We will also prove the existence of periodic orbits ofC2geodesible vector fields on some closed 3-manifolds.
Nil–Bohr sets of integers
Authors: HOST BERNARD , KRA BRYNA
Published: November 2009

We study relations between subsets of integers that are large, where large can be interpreted in terms of size (such as a set of positive upper density or a set with bounded gaps) or in terms of additive structure (such as a Bohr set). Bohr sets are fundamentally abelian in nature and are linked to Fourier analysis. Recently it has become apparent that a higher order, non-abelian, Fourier analysis plays a role both in additive combinatorics and in ergodic theory. Here we introduce a higher-order version of Bohr sets and give various properties of these objects, generalizing results of Bergelson, Furstenberg, and Weiss.
Marrying out of the lower classes in nineteenth-century Belgium
Authors: VAN DE PUTTE BART , ORIS MICHEL , MATTHIJS KOEN
Published: November 2009

In this article we address one of the most prominent questions in historical sociology: did economic modernization in the nineteenth century lead to societal openness? In an attempt to answer the question we examine the chances for lower-class grooms of marrying upwardly in five Belgian cities (Aalst, Leuven, Ghent, Verviers, and Liège). Our findings show that there is no support for a meritocracy hypothesis. The chances of marrying out of the lower classes did not increase, in either absolute or relative terms. Social closure strategies were efficient in that they apparently prevented upward marital mobility for lower-class grooms. As these findings were measured in a highly advanced economic context, this study casts strong doubts on the relationship between economic modernization, meritocracy, and marital mobility, at least for the nineteenth century.
Record of Late Miocene glacial deposits on Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Marenssi Sergio A. , Casadío Silvio , Santillana Sergio N.
Published: November 2009

We report and describe two new small diamictite outcrops on Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctic Peninsula. These rocks rest on an erosional unconformity on top of the Eocene La Meseta Formation and are unconformably covered by glaciomarine rocks of the ?Pliocene–Pleistocene Weddell Sea Formation. The lithology, fossil content and isotopic ages obtained strongly suggest that the rocks belong to the Hobbs Glacier Formation and support a Late Miocene age for this unit. Additionally, the dated basalt clast provides the oldest age (12.4 Ma) for the James Ross Island Volcanic Group recorded up to now. The here described diamictite cannot be confidently correlated with a glaciomarine unit previously assigned to the Late Eocene–Lower Oligocene taken as proof that initial expansion of ice on Antarctica encompassed the entire continent synchronously in the earliest Oligocene. However, it is now evident that there are likely to be more, short but important, stratigraphic sequences of key regional and Antarctic wide interest preserved on the plateau of Isla Marambio.
The biology and ecology of the liverwortCephaloziella variansin Antarctica
Authors: Newsham K.K.
Published: November 2009

The biology and ecology ofCephaloziella varians, the most widespread and abundant liverwort in Antarctica, are reviewed. A description of the species is given, together with information on its geographical distribution, reproduction, habitats, associated organisms and responses to environmental stresses. Characteristics of its photosynthetic physiology are also presented, including data on oxygen evolution rates and chlorophyllafluorescence parameters. Substratum and tissue chemistry, water relations and pigments are discussed, along with recent data demonstrating that the dark pigment in the apical leaves ofC. variansis the anthocyanidin riccionidin A. Recent studies showing that the ericoid mycorrhizal symbiontRhizoscyphus ericaeis present in the tissues of the plant at a wide range of locations in the maritime and sub-Antarctic are also described. It is evident, from the literature reviewed, thatC. varianshas several adaptations that enable it to survive in the Antarctic biome, explaining its survival at higher latitudes than any other hepatic. The species’ major adaptations include the synthesis of riccionidin A in apical leaves, enabling efficient heat absorption and protection from photoinhibition, and the presence in stems and rhizoids of fungal hyphae, which are potentially beneficial to the hepatic’s nutrition and possibly also synthesize cryoprotectants.
Vouvoiementandtutoiement:sociolinguistic reflections
Authors: COVENEY AIDAN
Published: November 2009

This article offers a critical review of research on the T/V (tu/vous) choice in French, and an analysis of this alternation in terms of markedness, variation and change. While there is unique public interest in T/V as a sociolinguistic phenomenon, it is a subject that has paradoxically been under-represented in linguistics and sociolinguistics publications produced in France. Much of the research conducted on the topic has been carried out by scholars based in other countries, and this is characterised by a rich variety of disciplinary approaches. T/V in contemporary French is a non-probabilistic phenomenon and is therefore not a sociolinguistic variable, in the Labovian sense. Considering the various senses of ‘markedness’, discussed by Haspelmath (2006), there is a good case for considering T as the unmarked option, rather than V, as has often been suggested. The long-term historical tendency for French to lose many of its inflections suggests that, at some time in the future, it is quite possible thatvouvoiementwill all but disappear. Yet there is no sign in France at present of a massive and decisive shift away from V.