bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tormenta romana. Análisis morfológico y funcional de la artillería romana tardorepublicana en el nordeste peninsular
Authors: Ble Gimeno Eduard
Published: January 2013

Este trabajo pretende estudiar el uso de la artillería romana en el nordeste de la Península Ibérica durante el período tardorepublicano (218 - 45 a.C.). Para ello se analizan las evidencias arqueológicas más abundantes y a la vez las menos estudiadas: sus proyectiles. Se propone una clasificación tipológica de los proyectiles en función de su calibre. Al mismo tiempo se plantea una caracterización funcional para cada uno de los hallazgos en función de su contexto arqueológico y su datación.
Examen metalográfico de la espada no. 438 en el marco de un estudio sistemático de las espadas de la fortaleza bajomedieval de Mikulčice, República Checa
Authors: Hošek Jiří , Košta Jiří , Bárta Patrick
Published: January 2013

El artículo trata de un examen metalográfico de una espada de la tumba número 438, que fue descubierta en el yacimiento de Mikulčice (Hodonín Condado), antiguo bastión bajomedieval en Moravia (República Checa). Mikulčice fue uno de los centros de poder principales del Gran Moravia - la primera agrupación estatal de los eslavos del norte del río Danubio - que se creó en el primer tercio del siglo IX y fue abolido al comienzo del siglo X. La espada, que cuenta con un pomo aplanado hemiesféri-co (Petersen tipo X), tiene una hoja con una inscripción que ya no es legible. De acuerdo con los resulta-dos del examen metalográfico, la hoja fue endurecida y se compone de filos de corte de acero, soldados a un núcleo. Éste está compuesto de placas laterales de acero y una franja central de hierro o de acero dulce. Era una espada excelente, sin duda, una de las mejores espadas jamás excavadas en Mikulčice.
El asta de la lanza: los mecanismos de financiación de la guerra durante el reinado de Alfonso XI (1312-1350)
Authors: Agrait Nicolás
Published: January 2013

Para entender cómo fue posible el triunfo militar de Alfonso XI sobre sus enemigos hay que mirar más allá de su valor, liderazgo y estrategias y tácticas bélicas, y estudiar a fondo los mecanismos que utilizó para sufragar los elevados costes de sus múltiples campañas y los gastos de defensa ordinarios. Además de utilizar los recursos fiscales de la Corona y los tributos tradicionales relacionados a la guerra, Alfonso dependió, cada vez más, de impuestos extraordinarios, como monedas foreras, servicios, alcabalas, la suspensión temporal de exenciones fiscales a nivel local, recursos monetarios eclesiásticos, empréstitos, y ventas de patrimonio real. Estos mecanismos financieros abrieron nuevas fuentes de ingreso para financiar sus ambiciones militares y realmente constituyeron una de las razones fundamentales del éxito de Alfonso como monarca y comandante militar.
Un estudio técnico sobre las armaduras y el equipo para la justa
Authors: Williams Alan , Edge David , Capwell Tobias , Tschegg Stefanie
Published: January 2013

Este artículo analiza la metalurgia de algunos arneses de justa, y otros aspectos del equipo empleado. Las armaduras para la justa con lanzas afiladas (scharfrennen) han resultado ser en ocasiones más delgadas que las empleados para la ‘justa de paz’ (gestech), pero en este caso estaban realizadas con un metal mejor. Los apéndices analizan los acolchados textiles que eran parte integral de la protección que proporcionaba la armadura de justa, y también algunas de las lanzas empleadas.
Id2 Influences Differentiation of Killer Cell Lectin-like Receptor G1hi Short-Lived CD8+ Effector T Cells
Authors: Knell Jamie , Best J. Adam , Lind Nicholas A. , Yang Edward , D’Cruz Louise M. , Goldrath Ananda W.
Published: January 2013

CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in the clearance of intracellular pathogens through the generation of cytotoxic effector cells that eliminate infected cells and long-lived memory cells that provide enhanced protection against reinfection. We have previously shown that the inhibitor of E protein transcription factors, Id2, is necessary for accumulation of effector and memory CD8+ T cells during infection. In this study, we show that CD8+ T cells lacking Id2 did not generate a robust terminally differentiated killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1)hi effector population, but displayed a cell-surface phenotype and cytokine profile consistent with memory precursors, raising the question as to whether loss of Id2 impairs the differentiation and/or survival of effector memory cells. We found that deletion of Bim rescued Id2-deficient CD8+ cell survival during infection. However, the dramatic reduction in KLRG1hi cells caused by loss of Id2 remained in the absence of Bim, such that Id2/Bim double-deficient cells form an exclusively KLRG1loCD127hi memory precursor population. Thus, we describe a role for Id2 in both the survival and differentiation of normal CD8+ effector and memory populations.
Pathogen-Triggered Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Induces IL-10–Producing B Cells in Response to Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Parcina Marijo , Miranda-Garcia María Auxiliadora , Durlanik Sibel , Ziegler Saskia , Over Benjamin , Georg Philipp , Foermer Sandra , Ammann Sandra , Hilmi Dina , Weber Klaus-Josef , Schiller Martin , Heeg Klaus , Schneider-Brachert Wulf , Götz Friedrich , Bekeredjian-Ding Isabelle
Published: January 2013

Induction of polyclonal B cell activation is a phenomenon observed in many types of infection, but its immunological relevance is unclear. In this study we show that staphylococcal protein A induces T cell–independent human B cell proliferation by enabling uptake of TLR-stimulating nucleic acids via the VH3+ BCR. We further demonstrate that Staphylococcus aureus strains with high surface protein A expression concomitantly trigger activation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Sensitivity to chloroquine, cathepsin B inhibition, and a G-rich inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide supports the involvement of TLR9 in this context. We then identify pDC as essential cellular mediators of B cell proliferation and Ig production in response to surface protein A–bearing S. aureus. The in vivo relevancy of these findings is confirmed in a human PBMC Nod/scidPrkdc/γc−/− mouse model. Finally, we demonstrate that co-operation of pDC and B cells enhances B cell–derived IL-10 production, a cytokine associated with immunosuppression and induction of IgG4, an isotype frequently dominating the IgG response to S. aureus. IL-10 release is partially dependent on TLR2-active lipoproteins, a hallmark of the Staphylococcus species. Collectively, our data suggest that S. aureus exploits pDC and TLR to establish B cell–mediated immune tolerance.
Leukotriene B4 Enhances Innate Immune Defense against the Puerperal Sepsis Agent Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Soares Elyara M. , Mason Katie L. , Rogers Lisa M. , Serezani Carlos H. , Faccioli Lucia H. , Aronoff David M.
Published: January 2013

Puerperal sepsis is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Streptococcus pyogenes [group A Streptococcus; (GAS)] is a major etiologic agent of severe postpartum sepsis, yet little is known regarding the pathogenesis of these infections. Tissue macrophages provide innate defense against GAS, and their actions are highly regulated. The intracellular second messenger cAMP can negatively regulate macrophage actions against GAS. Because leukotriene (LT) B4 has been shown to suppress intracellular cAMP in macrophages, we hypothesized that it could enhance innate defenses against GAS. We assessed the capacity of LTB4 to modulate antistreptococcal actions of human macrophages, including placental and decidual macrophages and used a novel intrauterine infection model of GAS in mice lacking the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme to determine the role of endogenous LTs in host defense against this pathogen. Animals lacking 5-lipoxygenase were significantly more vulnerable to intrauterine GAS infection than were wild-type mice and showed enhanced dissemination of bacteria out of the uterus and a more robust inflammatory response than did wild-type mice. In addition, LTB4 reduced intracellular cAMP levels via the BLT1 receptor and was a potent stimulant of macrophage phagocytosis and NADPH oxidase–dependent intracellular killing of GAS. Importantly, interference was observed between the macrophage immunomodulatory actions of LTB4 and the cAMP-inducing lipid PGE2, suggesting that interplay between pro- and anti-inflammatory compounds may be important in vivo. This work underscores the potential for pharmacological targeting of lipid mediator signaling cascades in the treatment of invasive GAS infections.
Acute and Potentially Life-Threatening Tropical Diseases in Western Travelers—A GeoSentinel Multicenter Study, 1996–2011
Authors: Jensenius Mogens , Han Pauline V. , Schlagenhauf Patricia , Schwartz Eli , Parola Philippe , Castelli Francesco , von Sonnenburg Frank , Loutan Louis , Leder Karin , Freedman David O.
Published: January 2013

We performed a descriptive analysis of acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases among 82,825 ill western travelers reported to GeoSentinel from June of 1996 to August of 2011. We identified 3,655 patients (4.4%) with a total of 3,666 diagnoses representing 13 diseases, including falciparum malaria (76.9%), enteric fever (18.1%), and leptospirosis (2.4%). Ninety-one percent of the patients had fever; the median time from travel to presentation was 16 days. Thirteen (0.4%) patients died: 10 with falciparum malaria, 2 with melioidosis, and 1 with severe dengue. Falciparum malaria was mainly acquired in West Africa, and enteric fever was largely contracted on the Indian subcontinent; leptospirosis, scrub typhus, and murine typhus were principally acquired in Southeast Asia. Western physicians seeing febrile and recently returned travelers from the tropics need to consider a wide profile of potentially life-threatening tropical illnesses, with a specific focus on the most likely diseases described in our large case series.
Impact of Horizontal Approach in Vertical Program: Continuous Quality Improvement of Malaria and Tuberculosis Diagnostic Services at Primary-Level Medical Laboratories in the Context of HIV Care and Treatment Program in Ethiopia
Authors: Marinucci Francesco , Manyazewal Tsegahun , Paterniti Antonio D. , Medina-Moreno Sandra , Wattleworth Matthew , Hagembe Juliana , Redfield Robert R.
Published: January 2013

The use of standardized tools for continuous quality improvement of laboratory services is crucial to identify service gaps, plan targeted interventions, and prove successes. Laboratory quality improvement tools (LQITs) were developed and applied for 18 months at five health centers and one faith-based hospital laboratories in Southwest Showa Zone in Ethiopia to assess and monitor the quality of malaria and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) microscopy total testing processes. For the six laboratories, baseline malaria microscopy scores were 55%, 42%, 52%, 55%, 54%, and 61%. Similarly, baseline AFB microscopy scores were 49%, 41%, 46%, 58%, 44%, and 70%. On the sixth quarter for the first four laboratories and the fourth quarter for the last two laboratories, malaria microscopy scores were 89%, 88%, 88%, 90%, 88%, and 89%, whereas AFB microscopy scores were 90%, 88%, 89%, 95%, 88%, and 90%. All laboratories scored above 85% for both services at the end of interventions.
Modeling the meteorological and chemical effects of secondary organic aerosols during an EUCAARI campaign
Authors: Athanasopoulou E. , Vogel H. , Vogel B. , Tsimpidi A. P. , Pandis S. N. , Knote C. , Fountoukis C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A volatility basis set (VBS) approach for the simulation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is incorporated in the online coupled atmospheric model system COSMO-ART and applied over Europe during the EUCAARI May 2008 campaign. Organic aerosol performance is improved when compared to the default SOA module of COSMO-ART (SORGAM) against high temporal resolution aerosol mass spectrometer ground measurements. The impact of SOA on the overall radiative budget was investigated. The mean direct surface radiative cooling averaged over Europe is −1.2 W m−2, representing approximately 20% of the total effect of aerosols on the radiative budget. However, responses are not spatially correlated with the radiative forcing, due to the nonlinear interactions among changes in particle chemical composition, water content, size distribution and cloud cover. These interactions initiated~by the effect of SOA on radiation are found to result even in a positive forcing in specific areas. Further model experiments showed that the availability of nitrogen oxides slightly affects SOA production, but that the aging rate constant used in the VBS approximation and boundary concentrations assumed in the model should be carefully selected. The aging of SOA is found to reduce hourly nitrate levels by up to 30%, while the condensation of inorganic species upon pre-existing, SOA-rich particles results in a monthly average increase of 5% in sulfate and ammonium formation in the accumulation mode.
The effect of precipitation seasonality on Eemian ice core isotope records from Greenland
Authors: van de Berg W. J. , van den Broeke M. R. , van Meijgaard E. , Kaspar F.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The previous interglacial (Eemian, 130–114 kyr BP) had a mean sea level highstand 4 to 7 m above the current level, and, according to climate proxies, a 2 to 6 K warmer Arctic summer climate. Greenland ice cores extending back into the Eemian show a reduced depletion in δ18O of about 3‰ for this period, which suggests a significant warming of several degrees over the Greenland ice sheet. Since the depletion in δ18O depends, among other factors, on the condensation temperature of the precipitation, we analyze climatological processes other than mean temperature changes that influence condensation temperature, using output of the regional climate model RACMO2. This model is driven by ERA-40 reanalysis and ECHO-G GCM boundaries for present-day, preindustrial and Eemian climate. The processes that affect the condensation temperature of the precipitation are analyzed using 6-hourly model output. Our results show that changes in precipitation seasonality can cause significant changes of up to 2 K in the condensation temperature that are unrelated to changes in mean temperature.
Streamflow droughts in the Iberian Peninsula between 1945 and 2005: spatial and temporal patterns
Authors: Lorenzo-Lacruz J. , Morán-Tejeda E. , Vicente-Serrano S. M. , López-Moreno J. I.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In this study we analyzed the spatiotemporal variability of streamflow droughts in the Iberian Peninsula from 1945 to 2005. Streamflow series belonging to 187 homogeneously distributed gauging stations across the study area were used to develop a standardized streamflow index (SSI), which facilitated comparison among regimes and basins, regardless of streamflow magnitudes. A principal component analysis was performed to identify homogeneous hydrological regions having common features based on the temporal evolution of streamflows. Identification of drought events was carried out using a threshold level approach. We assessed the duration and magnitude of drought episodes and the changes that occurred between two contrasting periods for each hydrological region. The results showed a trend toward increased drought severity in the majority of regions. Drought duration, magnitude and spatial coverage were found to depend mainly on climatic conditions and the water storage strategies in each basin. In some basins these strategies have altered river regimes, and in others created a high level of dependence on storage and water transfer rates.
An approach to identify time consistent model parameters: sub-period calibration
Authors: Gharari S. , Hrachowitz M. , Fenicia F. , Savenije H. H. G.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Conceptual hydrological models rely on calibration for the identification of their parameters. As these models are typically designed to reflect real catchment processes, a key objective of an appropriate calibration strategy is the determination of parameter sets that reflect a "realistic" model behavior. Previous studies have shown that parameter estimates for different calibration periods can be significantly different. This questions model transposability in time, which is one of the key conditions for the set-up of a "realistic" model. This paper presents a new approach that selects parameter sets that provide a consistent model performance in time. The approach consists of testing model performance in different periods, and selecting parameter sets that are as close as possible to the optimum of each individual sub-period. While aiding model calibration, the approach is also useful as a diagnostic tool, illustrating tradeoffs in the identification of time-consistent parameter sets. The approach is applied to a case study in Luxembourg using the HyMod hydrological model as an example.
Evaluation of global monitoring and forecasting systems at Mercator Océan
Authors: Lellouche J.-M. , Le Galloudec O. , Drévillon M. , Régnier C. , Greiner E. , Garric G. , Ferry N. , Desportes C. , Testut C.-E. , Bricaud C. , Bourdallé-Badie R. , Tranchant B. , Benkiran M. , Drillet Y. , Daudin A. , De Nicola C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Since December 2010, the MyOcean global analysis and forecasting system has consisted of the Mercator Océan NEMO global 1/4° configuration with a 1/12° nested model over the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The open boundary data for the nested configuration come from the global 1/4° configuration at 20° S and 80° N. The data are assimilated by means of a reduced-order Kalman filter with a 3-D multivariate modal decomposition of the forecast error. It includes an adaptive-error estimate and a localization algorithm. A 3-D-Var scheme provides a correction for the slowly evolving large-scale biases in temperature and salinity. Altimeter data, satellite sea surface temperature and in situ temperature and salinity vertical profiles are jointly assimilated to estimate the initial conditions for numerical ocean forecasting. In addition to the quality control performed by data producers, the system carries out a proper quality control on temperature and salinity vertical profiles in order to minimise the risk of erroneous observed profiles being assimilated in the model. This paper describes the recent systems used by Mercator Océan and the validation procedure applied to current MyOcean systems as well as systems under development. The paper shows how refinements or adjustments to the system during the validation procedure affect its quality. Additionally, we show that quality checks (in situ, drifters) and data sources (satellite sea surface temperature) have as great an impact as the system design (model physics and assimilation parameters). The results of the scientific assessment are illustrated with diagnostics over the year 2010 mainly, assorted with time series over the 2007–2011 period. The validation procedure demonstrates the accuracy of MyOcean global products, whose quality is stable over time. All monitoring systems are close to altimetric observations with a forecast RMS difference of 7 cm. The update of the mean dynamic topography corrects local biases in the Indonesian Throughflow and in the western tropical Pacific. This improves also the subsurface currents at the Equator. The global systems give an accurate description of water masses almost everywhere. Between 0 and 500 m, departures from in situ observations rarely exceed 1 °C and 0.2 psu. The assimilation of an improved sea surface temperature product aims to better represent the sea ice concentration and the sea ice edge. The systems under development are still suffering from a drift which can only be detected by means of a 5-yr hindcast, preventing us from upgrading them in real time. This emphasizes the need to pursue research while building future systems for MyOcean2 forecasting.
Shunting Between the CVC and Both the Azygos Vein and Thoracic Duct in a Dog with CTDS
Authors: Bernardin Fanny , Freulon Anne-Laure , Rigaud Romain , Ribas Thibault , Jaillardon Laetitia , Chervier Cindy , Chuzel Thomas , Viguier Eric , Pariaut Romain , Bublot Isabelle
Published: January 2013

A 5 mo old female rottweiler was referred for evaluation of a suspected congenital heart disease. Clinical signs included anorexia, exercise intolerance, and severe loss of body condition. Clinical examination revealed dyspnea, pale mucous membranes, and weak femoral pulses. Pleural and abdominal effusions and iron deficiency anemia were identified. A distended intrathoracic caudal vena cava (CVC) visible on thoracic radiographs suggested that the modified transudate abdominal effusion was the result of improper venous return to the right side of the heart. Cor triatriatum dexter (CTD) was diagnosed via echocardiography but did not explain all the anomalies detected during a contrast echocardiography. Abnormal communications between the CVC and azygos vein and the CVC and thoracic duct were subsequently identified by abdominal ultrasonography and angiography. Medical management with diuretics, iron supplements, and surgical treatment of CTD resulted in normalization of the respiratory rate, the exercise intolerance, and the anemia. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of CTD associated with shunts between the CTV and both the azygos vein and thoracic duct in dogs. This report emphasizes the importance of presurgical assessment of concurrent thoracic and abdominal congenital vascular abnormalities.
Avaliação da permeabilidade de meios porosos constituídos por carbonato de cálcio utilizado como agente obturante em processos de perfuração de poços de petróleo
Authors: Moreira Bruno Arantes , Arouca Fábio De Oliveira , Damasceno João Jorge Ribeiro
Published: January 2013

A adição de carbonato de cálcio nos fluidos de perfuração é uma prática comum durante a etapa de perfuração de poços de petróleo. Estes aditivos usualmente chamados de agentes obturantes auxiliam na formação de uma camada fina e de baixa permeabilidade denominada reboco. A formação do reboco ocorre na superfície das paredes do poço, auxiliando na redução do influxo de fluido de perfuração para o interior do reservatório. Para a descrição do escoamento de fluidos em meios porosos deformáveis, a determinação da equação constitutiva para permeabilidade do meio poroso é imprescindível, tornando possível a simulação da operação. Nesse contexto, este trabalho determinou as relações existentes entre porosidade e permeabilidade de meios porosos constituídos por carbonatos de cálcio 2-44 µm. A distribuição porosidade no sedimento foi determinada com a técnica de atenuação de radiação gama. Os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas, quando comparados com os valores estimados pela correlação proposta por Kozeny-Carman.
Desenvolvimento de um software para análise estrutural de sistemas reticulados espaciais usando o método dos deslocamentos
Authors: Silva Amilton Rodrigues , Drumond Fabiana Paula
Published: January 2013

A análise estrutural consiste na determinação dos esforços e deslocamentos gerados pelas ações atuantes na estrutura. Métodos manuais de análise estrutural geralmente demandam um tempo excessivo de análises tornando-os inviáveis para a maioria dos problemas práticos e motivando o emprego de métodos computacionais. Neste trabalho, realiza-se o desenvolvimento de um software para análise de esforços e deslocamentos de estruturas planas ou espaciais formadas por elementos de barras. Com o objetivo de melhorar a interação entre o usuário e o programa, o software desenvolvido conta com uma interface gráfica que otimiza a entrada de dados e permite a alteração ou ampliação de uma estrutura previamente analisada com maior agilidade e controle. Na implementação computacional, é utilizado o método dos deslocamentos para a determinação dos esforços e deslocamentos devido aos carregamentos externos atuantes na estrutura. O software comercial SAP2000v15 é usado para comparação de resultados.
Desenvolvimento de um software de análise  de imagens para caracterização microestrutural de materiais
Authors: Fernandes Stela M. de Carvalho , Duarte André Gutierrez , Soares Thiago José , Da Silva Edilson Pereira , Araújo Sidnei Alves de
Published: January 2013

Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo desenvolver um software de análise de imagens para a área de engenharia de materiais, especificamente para análise de corrosão em ligas de alumínio 1050 e 6061. Para tanto, foram utilizadas técnicas de processamento de imagens. Os experimentos realizados mostraram que os métodos empregados podem ser utilizados para a aplicação investigada neste estudo, uma vez que os resultados foram satisfatórios. Não obstante, testes realizados com o software desenvolvido mostraram sua facilidade de utilização que era uma importante premissa a ser atendida.
Towards a Robust Solution of the Non-Linear Kinematics for the General Stewart Platform with Estimation of Distribution Algorithms
Authors: Martinez Eusebio Eduardo Hernández , Peña Sergio Ivvan Valdez , Soto Eduardo Sánchez
Published: January 2013

In robotics, solving the direct kinematics problem (DKP) for parallel robots is very often more difficult and time consuming than for their serial counterparts. The problem is stated as follows: given the joint variables, the Cartesian variables should be computed, namely the pose of the mobile platform. Most of the time, the DKP requires solving a non-linear system of equations. In addition, given that the system could be non-convex, Newton or Quasi-Newton (Dogleg) based solvers get trapped on local minima. The capacity of such kinds of solvers to find an adequate solution strongly depends on the starting point. A well-known problem is the selection of such a starting point, which requires a priori information about the neighbouring region of the solution. In order to circumvent this issue, this article proposes an efficient method to select and to generate the starting point based on probabilistic learning. Experiments and discussion are presented to show the method performance. The method successfully avoids getting trapped on local minima without the need for human intervention, which increases its robustness when compared with a single Dogleg approach. This proposal can be extended to other structures, to any non-linear system of equations, and of course, to non-linear optimization problems.
Development of a Lobster-Inspired Underwater Microrobot
Authors: Shi Liwei , Guo Shuxiang , Mao Shilian , Li Maoxun , Asaka Kinji
Published: January 2013

Biomimetic underwater microrobots are of great interest for underwater monitoring operations, such as pollution detection and video mapping in restricted underwater environments. Generally speaking, compact structure, multi-functionality, flexibility and precise positioning are considered incompatible characteristics for underwater microrobots. Nevertheless, we have designed several novel types of bio-inspired locomotion, using ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) and shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. We reviewed a number of previously developed underwater microrobot prototypes that were constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of these types of biomimetic locomotion. Based on these prototypes, we summarized the implemented techniques and available results for efficient and precise underwater locomotion. In order to combine compact structure, multi-functionality, flexibility and precise positioning, we constructed a prototype of a new lobster-like microrobot and carried out a series of experiments to evaluate its walking, rotating, floating and grasping motions. Diving/surfacing experiments were performed by electrolyzing the water around the surfaces of the actuators. Three proximity sensors were installed on the microrobot to detect an object or avoid an obstacle while walking.
Dynamic Fuzzy Logic Parameter Tuning for ACO and Its Application in the Fuzzy Logic Control of an Autonomous Mobile Robot
Authors: Castillo Oscar , Neyoy Héctor , Soria José , García Mario , Valdez Fevrier
Published: January 2013

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a population-based constructive meta-heuristic that exploits a form of past performance memory inspired by the foraging behaviour of real ants. The behaviour of the ACO algorithm is highly dependent on the values defined for its parameters.

Adaptation and parameter control are recurring themes in the field of bio-inspired algorithms. The present paper explores a new approach to diversity control in ACO. The central idea is to avoid or slow down full convergence through the dynamic variation of certain parameters.

The performance of different variants of the ACO algorithm was observed to choose one as the basis for the proposed approach.

A convergence fuzzy logic controller with the objective of maintaining diversity at some level to avoid premature convergence was created. Encouraging results have been obtained on its application to the design of fuzzy controllers. In particular, the optimization of membership functions for a unicycle mobile robot trajectory control is presented with the proposed method.
Bonjour d’Ozu, le régime médiatique de la télévision et les limites du cinéma
Authors: Beth Suzanne
Published: January 2013

Sous ses airs de comédie de voisinage,Bonjour(1959),remakedeGosses de Tokyo(1932), film également réalisé par Ozu, se présente comme une réflexion médiatique opérée à la surface des images. Le médium télévisuel s’y comprend comme un régime possible du cinéma, dont Ozu s’efforce de dissocier sa pratique cinématographique. Organisé par une tension entre ordre et disparité, le film s’attache à rendre tangible, cinématographiquement, la différence entre un ordre prédéterminé, pouvant être imposé soit par des images conçues sur le mode de la communication, soit par une autorité surplombante, et un cinéma auprès de son propre désordre. Sa question fondamentale est de savoir quelle est la mise en ordre possible pour le cinéma. Elle implique une distance prise avec le pouvoir explicatif du récit, particulièrement manifeste dans la résolution du film. La pratique cinématographique d’Ozu se caractérise ainsi par son caractère paradoxal, sa proximité avec les limites propres au cinéma, seuil où s’énoncent à la fois sa puissance et son impuissance, pour reprendre les termes éclairants de Giorgio Agamben.
L’interprétation du film
Authors: Esquenazi Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2013

L’auteur s’intéresse à l’activité interprétative quand elle s’applique aux films. Son point de départ est un constat : les interprétations des publics sont diverses, retenant du film des aspects souvent différents. Pourtant chaque membre du public est toujours persuadé que les significations qu’il trouve au film appartiennent à celui-ci et ne sont pas dépendantes de son jugement. Pour résoudre ce paradoxe, l’auteur prend l’exemple de plusieurs interprétations deVertigo, film célèbre par la diversité des interprétations de sa narration. Il cherche à comprendre comment se développent des interprétations variées et cohérentes du film. Empruntant la notion de cadre d’interprétation (Fish, Goffman) pour mesurer les rencontres entre un film et des spectateurs, il montre que chaque critique définit les critères de son jugement en fonction du contexte culturel, politique, etc. (du cadre d’interprétation) où il se trouve. Partant d’un même cadre, plusieurs interprétations peuvent cependant être différentes. Il faut alors recourir à la théorie énonciative de Käte Hamburger pour comprendre comment se différencient de façon fine des interprétations proches par les critères de jugement employés mais éloignées par le point de vue.
Fatigue and Factors Related to Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nikolaus Stephanie , Bode Christina , Taal Erik , van de Laar Mart A. F. J.
Published: January 2013

Objective

Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience fatigue, little is known about its causes and consequences, and a fully developed theoretical model explaining the experience of fatigue in RA is lacking. Our goal was to systematically review studies in RA that examined factors related to fatigue to gain more insight into its possible causes and consequences.

Methods

Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO were searched for relevant studies. All studies with RA samples about the relationship between fatigue and other variables that defined dependent and independent variables and used multivariate statistical methods were preliminarily included. After reviewing 129 full texts, we identified 25 studies on possible causes of fatigue and 17 studies on possible consequences of fatigue.

Results

The studies found possible causes of fatigue in illness‐related aspects, physical functioning, cognitive/emotional functioning, and social aspects. Additionally, being a woman was related to higher levels of fatigue. Inflammatory activity showed an unclear relationship with fatigue in RA. Possible consequences of fatigue were also found among illness‐related aspects, physical functioning, cognitive/emotional functioning, and social aspects. The strongest evidence for a relationship between fatigue and other variables was found regarding pain, physical functioning, and depression.

Conclusion

This review summarizes the current knowledge in the field in order to inform future research on causes and consequences of fatigue in RA. However, the results are based on cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies with different designs and different fatigue scales. For a better identification of causal associations between fatigue in RA and related factors, longitudinal prospective designs with adequate fatigue measurements are suggested.
Pain Severity and Neuropathic Pain Symptoms in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Comparison Study of Seropositive and Seronegative Sjögren's Syndrome Patients
Authors: Segal Barbara M. , Pogatchnik Brian , Henn Lisa , Rudser Kyle , Sivils Kathy Moser
Published: January 2013

Objective

To compare clinical characteristics and patient‐reported outcomes in seropositive versus seronegative primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients and to investigate the effect of serologic status on the prevalence of chronic pain, comorbidity, and health quality.

Methods

Pain severity and neuropathic pain symptoms, comorbidity, and health status were assessed in 108 primary SS patients. Differences between patient groups were assessed by t‐test and chi‐square test, as well as adjusted pain–affect associations. The effect of predictor variables on pain severity was examined with multivariate regression.

Results

Pain severity was greater (P = 0.003) and physical function (P = 0.023) was reduced in the seronegative patients. Prevalence of neuropathic pain, depression, anxiety, and disability was similar between groups. Chronic pain, defined as daily pain for >3 months, was reported by 65% of seropositive (n = 65) and 75% of seronegative (n = 40) patients. After adjustment for age, sleep quality, and psychological distress, the difference in pain severity between seropositive and seronegative patients remained significant.

Conclusion

Chronic pain is pervasive in both seropositive and seronegative primary SS patients, while pain severity and functional impairment are greater in seronegative patients. Neuropathic pain is equally prevalent and is the predominant pain phenotype in patients with moderate to severe pain. Accurate assessment of pain phenotypes is needed for more effective management of chronic pain in primary SS. The focus of future research should be to standardize assessment of pain and to identify the factors contributing to more severe pain in seronegative patients.
Sternoclavicular Joint Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical and Ultrasound Findings of a Neglected Joint
Authors: Rodríguez‐Henríquez Pedro , Solano Carla , Peña Angélica , León‐Hernández Saúl , Hernández‐Díaz Cristina , Gutiérrez Marwin , Pineda Carlos
Published: January 2013

Objective

To describe the prevalence of sternoclavicular (SC) joint involvement and the relationship between clinical and ultrasound (US) findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

One hundred three consecutive patients with RA and 103 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals were enrolled. Clinical evaluation and blinded US examinations of the SC joint were performed bilaterally in both groups. The presence of gray‐scale synovitis, osteophytes, erosions, and intraarticular power Doppler (PD) was recorded. Interobserver agreement was calculated.

Results

A total of 412 SC joints were evaluated: 206 from patients with RA and 206 from healthy controls. In the RA group, 39 joints (19%) were found to be clinically involved (pain/swelling), in contrast to only 4 (1.9%) in the control group (P = 0.0001). In the RA group, US abnormalities were recorded in 89 SC joints (43%) compared with 36 (17%) in the healthy control group (P = 0.0001), comprising osteophytes in 59 (29%) versus 25 (12%; P = 0.0001), synovitis in 31 (15%) versus 5 (2%; P = 0.0001), erosions in 23 (11%) versus none (P = 0.0001), and intraarticular PD in 5 (2%) versus none (P = 0.03). Furthermore, a correlation between the presence of US synovitis (P < 0.001) and intraarticular PD (P < 0.0001) with a higher Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) was found.

Conclusion

In patients with RA, US detected a higher number of involved SC joints than with clinical assessment. Our results indicate that both gray‐scale and PD US findings were more prevalent in patients with RA than in healthy controls. US synovitis and synovial hyperperfusion correlated with the DAS28, suggesting that SC joints actively participate in the systemic inflammatory process of RA.
Self‐Assembly of π‐Conjugated Amphiphiles: Free Standing, Ordered Sheets with Enhanced Mobility
Authors: Narayan Bhawani , Senanayak Satyaprasad P. , Jain Ankit , Narayan K. S. , George Subi J.
Published: January 2013

Oligo(p‐phenylenevinylenes) (OPVs) with amphiphilic character are synthesized and their self‐assembly characteristics studied. Careful studies point at two morphologically different states of assemblies, with one being two dimensional sheets and the other as rolled tubes. This is also the first time that self‐assembled sheets are achieved for OPVs. Morphological and photo‐physical studies reveal a unique aggregate to aggregate transition between rolled tubes and two dimensional sheets, which is outlined as a more thermodynamic aggregate. The thermodynamic aggregate (2D sheet) is better ordered and consists of chromophores that are better excitonically coupled. The mobilities of these aggregates are also studied for a field effect transistor device and as expected sheets supersede rolled tubes by a couple of orders. More interestingly, the mobility values obtained for the well ordered chromophores in sheets is three orders higher than any other self‐assembled OPV previously reported. It is hypothesized that the better π interactions enforced by the amphiphilic design and the resultant supramolecular organization is a prime factor for such a remarkable rise in mobilities.
Location, Location, Location ‐ Strategic Positioning of 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole Units within Trigonal Quaterfluorene‐Truxene Star‐Shaped Structures
Authors: Belton Colin R. , Kanibolotsky Alexander L. , Kirkpatrick James , Orofino Clara , Elmasly Saadeldin E. T. , Stavrinou Paul N. , Skabara Peter J. , Bradley Donal D. C.
Published: January 2013

The fused, bicyclic molecule, 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole (BT), has become a key ingredient in the design of new organic semiconductors for light emission and energy harvesting applications. Here, the synthesis is reported of a series of trigonal, star‐shaped compounds comprising a truxene core and three quater‐dialkylfluorene arms into each of which a BT unit is inserted sequentially at each possible position (T4BT‐A to T4BT‐E). Analysis of the resulting electronic properties shows that as a consequence of conjugative coupling to the core and the resulting symmetry there are three distinct locations for the BT unit and the influence that these locations have on light emission and other spectroscopic characteristics is discussed. The systematic variation in photophysical properties for the different structural isomers helps to clarify the influence of BT unit addition to 9,9‐dialkylfluorene chains. It also helps to establish a design template for the construction of donor‐acceptor conjugated materials with targeted properties. For T4BT‐E with a BT unit at the terminal position of each arm, the photoluminescence quantum efficiency is significantly reduced and no amplified spontaneous emission is observed under typical pumping conditions. Theoretical calculations assist in understanding the variation in behaviors among the T4BT‐X family of compounds, especially in relation to their photoluminescence decay times and the Raman scattering intensities of their dominant BT‐unit‐centred molecular vibrations.
Combining molecular imprinted nanoparticles with surface plasmon resonance nanosensor for chloramphenicol detection in honey
Authors: Kara Meryem , Uzun Lokman , Kolayli Sevgi , Denizli Adil
Published: January 2013

The focus of this article is to develop a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) nanosensor to determine chloramphenicol (CAP) using the molecularly imprinted nanoparticles. The CAP imprinted nanoparticles were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization method. Then, the nanoparticles were attached onto the SPR nanosensor surface via temperature‐controlled evaporation. Surface characterization studies were performed with atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Kinetic studies were performed with CAP solutions in the concentration range of 0.155–6.192 nM. Florphenicol (FLP) and thiamphenicol (TAP) having similar chemical structures to the template (i.e., CAP) were chosen as competitors to determine selectivity of the nanoparticles. Selectivity constants were observed as 8.86 for CAP/TAP and 8.36 for CAP/FLP. The detection limit was calculated as 40 ng/kg honey sample. In the light of these results, it was emphasized that the SPR nanosensor is able to recognize CAP selectively and has a potential for real‐time CAP detection in honey sample. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and characterization of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone‐co‐p‐dioxanone)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ϵ‐caprolactone‐co‐p‐dioxanone)/bioactive inorganic particle nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Rui , Hao Jianyuan
Published: January 2013

With an aim to develop injectable hydrogel with improved solution stability and enhanced bone repair function, thermogelling poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐p‐dioxanone)‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone–co‐p‐dioxanone) (PECP)/bioactive inorganic particle nanocomposites were successfully prepared by blending the triblock copolymer (PECP) with nano‐hydroxyapatite (n‐HA) or nano‐calcium carbonate (n‐CaCO3). The hydrogel nanocomposites underwent clear sol–gel transitions with increasing temperature from 0 to 50°C. The obtained hydrogel nanocomposites were investigated by 1H NMR, FT‐IR, TEM, and DSC. It was found that the incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles into PECP matrix would lead to the critical gelation temperature (CGT) shifting to lower values compared with the pure PECP hydrogel. The CGT of the hydrogel nanocomposites could be effectively controlled by adjusting PECP concentration or the content of inorganic nanoparticles. The SEM results showed that the interconnected porous structures of hydrogel nanocomposites were potentially useful as injectable scaffolds. In addition, due to the relatively low crystallinity of PECP triblock copolymer, the aqueous solutions of the nanocomposites could be stored at low temperature (5°C) without crystallization for several days, which would facilitate the practical applications. The PECP/bioactive inorganic particle hydrogel nanocomposites are expected to be promising injectable tissue engineering materials for bone repair applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fibro‐porous polycaprolactone membrane containing extracts of Biophytum sensitivum: A prospective antibacterial wound dressing
Authors: Namboodiri Arjun Govindan , Parameswaran Ramesh
Published: January 2013

A fibro‐porous wound dressing with antibacterial activity was fabricated from polycaprolactone (PCL) solution containing crude extract of biophytum sensitivum (BS) a potential antibacterial herbal drug. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the smooth fibrous morphology of the PCL membrane, whereas the drug‐loaded PCL formed fibers with more interconnective junctions with an average fiber diameter between 1 and 3 μm. Physical characterization of the membrane revealed that it has excellent mechanical stability, water vapor transmission rate and that it promotes water uptake. The release characteristics by total immersion method in phosphate buffer and acetate buffer displayed an increase in drug release with time. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the membrane was tested against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. PCL membranes loaded with the drug extracts were able to inhibit the growth of bacterial strains which indicated that this fibro‐porous membrane could act as a potential wound‐dressing material to treat various wounds. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Transport properties of sulfonated poly (styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) membranes with counter‐ion substitution
Authors: Avilés‐Barreto Sonia L. , Suleiman David
Published: January 2013

In this study, the transport properties of poly(styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) (SIBS) were determined as a function of sulfonation level (0–94.9%) and counter‐ion substitution (Ba+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Cu+2, K+1) for fuel cell applications. Increasing the sulfonation level improved the ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the membranes up a maximum (1.71 mequiv/g), suggesting a complex three‐dimensional network at high sulfonation levels. Results show that proton conductivity increases with IEC and is very sensitive to hydration levels. Methanol permeability, although also sensitive to IEC, shows a different behavior than proton conductivity, suggesting fundamental differences in their transport mechanism. The incorporation of counter‐ion substitution decreases both methanol and proton transport. Methanol permeability seems to be related to the size of the counter‐ion studied, while proton conductivity is more sensitive to water content, which is also reduced upon the incorporation of counter‐ions. To complement the studies, selectivity (i.e., proton conductivity/methanol permeability) of the studied membranes was determined and compared to Nafion® 117. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
DIFFERENT PATTERN OF Galleria mellonella jhbp GENE EXPRESSION IN HIGH FIVE AND Sf9 CELLS
Authors: Andruszewska Grażyna , Ożyhar Andrzej , Kochman Marian , Schmidt Marcin
Published: January 2013

Juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) is the key element of the system that transmits hormone signals to target tissues. Recently, we found that the core promoter of the jhbp gene is strongly under the control of the TATA box and the transcription start site. In this report, we have shown that the jhbp promoter contains distal regulatory elements whose functionality clearly depends on the particular cell environment and that the scope of research from one cell line is insufficient to generalize the conclusions of the analysis. Cf1/Usp (where Usp is ultraspiracle protein previously known as Cf1, chorion factor 1) elements suppressed transcription of the reporter gene in the High Five cell line but not in the Sf9 cell line. However, upstream from all three Cf1/Usp elements there is a DNA sequence, containing the Zeste element, which activates jhbp in both systems. We found that juvenile hormone strongly inhibited the activity of the jhbp promoter in the Sf9 cell line, whereas it did not have an effect in the High Five cell line. A second key hormone that controls insect development—20‐hydroxyecdysone, was also found to suppress the transcription of jhbp. This is the first report describing how these two hormones affect jhbp gene expression in different cell lines.