bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic evolution of photogenerated carriers at complex oxide heterointerfaces
Authors: Yan H. , Wang S. H. , Zhang Z. T. , Zhang H. R. , Chen C. L. , Jin K. X.
Published: July 2018

Heterointerfaces between two insulators play a central role in the study of oxide electronics owing to a spectrum of emergent properties. Manipulating transport of the interface by light can result in significant modulation of the ground state and excite localized states. However, their dynamics and mechanisms of photogenerated carries remain unclear. Here, this study presents the dynamics of carrier density and mobility under and after light illumination by Hall effect over time. It is discovered that the density and mobility after light illumination obey a stretched exponential expression, further indicating that the variation of mobility caused by the electron-electron scattering plays an important role in the recovery process in addition to the reduction of carrier density. Meanwhile, a non-linear Hall resistance at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface under the illumination of a 360 nm laser at low temperature is observed. Furthermore, the gating effect can tune the recovery process after light illumination and induce a disappearance of non-linear Hall resistance. The results provide the experimental support for detailed mechanisms of the nonequilibrium process and developing of all-oxide electronic devices based on heterointerfaces.
Study of temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties on Fe/Al joint in laser-assisted friction stir welding
Authors: Fei Xinjiang , Li Jun , Yao Weifeng , Jin Liangliang
Published: July 2018

Laser-assisted friction stir welding between Q235 steel and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy was studied by numerical and experimental methods in this paper. The mathematical model of heat source, which is from the laser beam, the tool shoulder and the tool pin, is developed respectively. The temperature field is measured by infrared thermography and it is compared with the simulated result under the same condition. The measured result is in good with the calculated result. Besides, the temperature field of wok-piece was calculated at different laser powers and the corresponding tensile strength of the joints were tested and compared. It indicates that laser power is one of the key factors that affect the tensile strength of the joints significantly. Proper laser power can obtain a sound joint. What is more, SEM, hardness test and an optical microscope are used to analyze the fractography of tensile fracture surfaces, hardness profile and the metallographic structure of the joints, respectively. Results show that the welding temperature has a significant effect on the microstructures and the mechanical properties of the joint.
Modulation of cylindrical (spherical) waves in a plasma with vortex electron distribution
Authors: Demiray Hilmi
Published: July 2018

In the present work, employing cylindrically (spherically) symmetric field equations of a plasma consisting of a cold electron fluid, hot electrons obeying a trapped/vortex-like distribution and stationary ions, we studied the amplitude modulation of electron-acoustic waves. Due to the physical nature of the problem under investigation, the nonlinearity of the field equations is of order (3/2), which causes considerable difficulty in the analysis of modulation problems. To solve this difficulty, we expanded this nonlinear term into the Fourier cosine series of the phase function and obtained the modified cylindrical (spherical) nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. A consistent analysis for the modulational instability is presented and a criterion between the time parameter τ and the wave number K is established. In addition, motivated with the solitonic solution of modified NLS equation for planar case and utilizing the “weighted residual method,” we proposed a harmonic wave of variable frequency with progressive wave amplitude to the evolution equation. It is found that the modified cylindrical (spherical) NLS equation assumes an envelope type of progressive wave solution in the sense weighted residual. The numerical results reveal that the amplitude of spherical wave is much larger than that of the cylindrical wave and that both amplitudes decrease with increasing time parameter τ. It is further observed that the wave profiles get distorted with progressing time.
Multinational genetic connectivity identified in western Pacific hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata
Authors: Bell Ian , Jensen Michael P.
Published: July 2018

Context
An understanding of the genetic stock structure of wide-ranging marine species is necessary for sound conservation management. Eretmochelys imbricata is Critically Endangered globally, but is among the least studied marine turtles. Reduced population sizes, its long-distance migratory nature between feeding and nesting habitats and poor understanding of its stock structure, biology and anthropogenic impact(s) pose challenges to developing effective conservation strategies for regional conspecifics.

Aims
Quantification of the population connectivity between specific feeding areas and regional nesting populations is needed for threat assessment and development of mitigation actions.

Methods
Here, we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 91 immature and adult foraging E. imbricata individuals captured at the Howick Group of islands in the far-northern section of the Great Barrier Reef (nGBR), Queensland, Australia. We used a Bayesian mixed-stock analysis (MSA) approach to determine the contribution of nine regional genetically characterised breeding populations to this feeding aggregation.

Key results
The MSA estimated that a majority (83%; 95% CI = 70–92%) of feeding E. imbricata had originated from nesting beaches in the Bismarck–Solomon Sea region, whereas only 15% (95% CI = 6–25%) had originated from nGBR rookeries. International reproductive migrations were also corroborated by the return of 18 uniquely numbered titanium flipper tags that had been applied to E. imbricata found foraging in the Howick Group and had swum to rookeries within the Bismarck–Solomon Sea region. These 18 turtles represent 86% of all migration tag–recaptures from the Howick Group.

Conclusions
We postulate that recent increases in nesting populations within the Solomon Islands may be due to the high level of protection afforded to foraging turtles within the Great Barrier Reef.

Implications
An understanding of the connectivity between specific feeding areas and nesting populations is necessary to determine threats to animals over their entire life history and, therefore, allow the development of sound conservation management actions.
Impacts of translocation on a large urban-adapted venomous snake
Authors: Wolfe Ashleigh K. , Fleming Patricia A. , Bateman Philip W.
Published: July 2018

Context
Translocation as a tool for management of nuisance or ‘problem’ snakes near urban areas is currently used worldwide with limited success. Translocated snakes experience modified behaviours, spatial use and survivorship, and few studies have investigated the impacts of translocation within a metropolitan area.

Aims
In the present study, we investigated the impacts of translocation on the most commonly encountered snake in Perth Western Australia, the dugite (Pseudonaja affinis, Elapidae), by comparing the space use of resident and translocated snakes.

Methods
We captured 10 dugites and attached telemetry packages, composed of a radio-telemetry transmitter and global positioning system (GPS) data-logger, externally to their tails. Snakes were either released within 200 m of their initial capture sites (residents, n = 6) or moved to new unconnected habitat at least 3 km away (translocated, n = 4). Spatial-use data were analysed using general linear models to identify differences between resident and translocated dugites.

Key results
Translocation influenced space use of dugites and detrimentally affected their survivorship. Translocated snakes had larger activity ranges than did residents, and there was a trend towards travelling greater distances over time. Mortality for all snakes was high: 100% for translocated snakes, and 50% for residents.

Conclusions
Urban dugites face many threats, and snakes were negatively affected by translocation. The GPS technology we used did not improve the quality of the data over traditional radio-telemetry methods, owing to the cryptic nature of the snakes that spent much of their time under cover or underground.

Implications
These findings support the growing body of evidence that translocating ‘problem’ snakes is a not a humane method of animal management, and alternatives such as public education, may be more appropriate.
New molecular switch architectures
Authors: Harris Jared D. , Moran Mark J. , Aprahamian Ivan
Published: July 2018

In this paper we elaborate on recently developed molecular switch architectures and how these new systems can help with the realization of new functions and advancement of artificial molecular machines. Progress in chemically and photoinduced switches and motors is summarized and contextualized such that the reader may gain an appreciation for the novel tools that have come about in the past decade. Many of these systems offer distinct advantages over commonly employed switches, including improved fidelity, addressability, and robustness. Thus, this paper serves as a jumping-off point for researchers seeking new switching motifs for specific applications, or ones that address the limitations of presently available systems.
Suppression of
Staphylococcus aureus
virulence by a small-molecule compound
Authors: Gao Peng , Ho Pak Leung , Yan Bingpeng , Sze Kong Hung , Davies Julian , Kao Richard Yi Tsun
Published: July 2018

Significance

The dissemination of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is remarkable, and antivirulence agents with novel mechanisms of action could lead to innovative therapeutic concepts. The simultaneous suppression of multiple virulence factors or pathways using small-molecule compounds is an attractive approach to reducing the virulence of
Staphylococcus aureus
and may offer promising therapeutic potential in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
. Here we describe a conceptual breakthrough in applying chemical genetics to probe for small-molecule compounds that will suppress the expression of multiple virulence factors in
S. aureus
simultaneously. Compound M21 has the ability to reverse virulent
S. aureus
to a nonvirulent state, as demonstrated in a mouse model of infection.
Multidecadal, county-level analysis of the effects of land use, Bt cotton, and weather on cotton pests in China
Authors: Zhang Wei , Lu Yanhui , van der Werf Wopke , Huang Jikun , Wu Feng , Zhou Ke , Deng Xiangzheng , Jiang Yuying , Wu Kongming , Rosegrant Mark W.
Published: July 2018

Significance

Changes in land use, climate, and agricultural technologies affect pest severity and management. We analyzed long-term longitudinal data (1991–2015) on three major cotton pests for 51 Chinese counties.Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) insect-resistant cotton had pervasive effects on the whole pest complex and its management. Adoption resulted in major reductions in insecticide use against bollworm. The resulting restoration of aphid biocontrol decreased aphid severity. Mirid bug severity increased, aided by higher May temperatures and reduced insecticide sprays against bollworm. Landscape effects on pest severity varied between species. Farmers sprayed at nondamaging infestation levels. Findings support Bt-based plant resistance as a component of integrated pest management (IPM) but highlight the potential for unintended outcomes for the whole pest complex and the importance of climate change.
Linear response of east Greenland’s tidewater glaciers to ocean/atmosphere warming
Authors: Cowton T. R. , Sole A. J. , Nienow P. W. , Slater D. A. , Christoffersen P.
Published: July 2018

Significance

Mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet is expected to be a major contributor to 21st Century sea-level rise, but projections retain substantial uncertainty due to the challenges of modeling the retreat of the tidewater outlet glaciers that drain from the ice sheet into the ocean. Despite the complexity of these glacier–fjord systems, we find that over a 20-y period much of the observed tidewater glacier retreat can be explained as a predictable response to combined atmospheric and oceanic warming, bringing us closer to incorporating these effects into the ice sheet models used to predict sea-level rise.
Deep mutational analysis reveals functional trade-offs in the sequences of EGFR autophosphorylation sites
Authors: Cantor Aaron J. , Shah Neel H. , Kuriyan John
Published: July 2018

Significance

Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by its kinase domain propagates a rich variety of information downstream of growth factor binding. The amino acid sequences surrounding each phosphorylation site encode the extent of phosphorylation as well as the extent of binding by multiple effector proteins. By profiling the kinase activity of EGFR alongside the binding specificities of an SH2 domain and a PTB domain for thousands of defined phosphorylation site sequences, we discovered that the sequences surrounding the phosphorylation sites in EGFR are not optimal and that discrimination against phosphorylation by cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases such as c-Src and c-Abl is likely to have shaped the evolution of these sequences.
Pupil mimicry promotes trust through the theory-of-mind network
Authors: Prochazkova Eliska , Prochazkova Luisa , Giffin Michael Rojek , Scholte H. Steven , De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Kret Mariska E.
Published: July 2018

Significance

Trusting others is central for cooperative endeavors to succeed. To decide whether to trust or not, people generally make eye contact. As pupils of interaction partners align, mimicking pupil size helps them to make well-informed trust decisions. How the brain integrates information from the partner and from their own bodily feedback to make such decisions was unknown because previous research investigated these processes separately. Herein, we take a multimethod approach and demonstrate that pupil mimicry is regulated by the theory-of-mind network, and informs decisions of trust by activating the precuneus. This evolutionary ancient neurophysiological mechanism that is active in human adults, infants, and chimpanzees promotes affiliation, bonding, and trust through mimicry.
A quantitative perspective on modality and future tense in French and German
Authors: Hütsch Annalena
Published: July 2018

This chapter looks at modal nuances conveyed by future tenses in French (futur simple, futur antérieur) and German (Futur I, Futur II) via a corpus-based study, using comparable newspaper corpora (Le Monde, Süddeutsche Zeitung). In addition to a qualitative analysis based on an enunciative approach to modal forms (Rossari 2016), we will adopt a quantitative perspective in order to elicit statistical evidence on the nature and degree of modality expressed by the future tense in daily newspapers. Besides the fact that modal use of future tenses is rather rare in both languages compared to their temporal use, the quantitative analysis shows that French appears to have a more modal use of future tense than German in the text type sampled.
Non-finiteness, complementation and evidentiality
Authors: Usonienė Aurelija , Vincent Nigel
Published: July 2018

The relatedness of non-finite constructions and evidentiality has been observed in various European languages. Passive matrix verbs plus infinitive in English, the corresponding though less productive pattern in Dutch, reportive passives in Danish, and evidential participial constructions in Lithuanian have all received attention in the literature. We continue this line of investigation, focussing on the Accusativus cum Participio, found in contemporary Lithuanian only with verbs of communication, cognition and perception. Our quantitative and qualitative corpus-based analysis investigates its distribution in different types of discourse and provides evidence to support the claim that the use of the non-agreeing ‘be’-participle is obligatory because it marks a proposition. We compare our account with similar uses of non-finite verb in other languages.
Phraseological usage patterns of past tenses
Authors: Wicher Oliver
Published: July 2018

This chapter presents a corpus-driven investigation into usage patterns of the French past tenses passé composé and imparfait. Using a new reference corpus of French, the Corpus de référence du français contemporain, and adopting a construction grammar perspective, we analyze past-tense occurrences of two highly frequent polysemous verbs, vouloir ‘want’ and voir ‘see’. Assuming that the two tenses are an alternation phenomenon, collostructions can be identified that differ in terms of their attracted complements. These highly distinctive collexemes indicate phraseological uses of past-tensed verbs whose tense choice is constrained. The results provide further evidence for the inseparability of lexis and grammar and the semantic-pragmatic shifts that are prevalent in past-tense constructions of highly frequent polysemous verbs.
Affordances and challenges of digital reading for individuals with different learning profiles
Authors: Ben-Yehudah Gal , Hautala Jarkko , Padeliadu Susana , Antoniou Faye , Petrová Zuzana , Leppänen Paavo H.T. , Barzillai Mirit
Published: July 2018

The ability to successfully learn using digital media is becoming one of the most important skills for students of the 21st century and requires a range of cognitive and metacognitive skills. Children with learning disabilities, however, often have weaknesses with these skills, and may experience difficulties reading and understanding texts presented digitally. On the other hand, digital texts allow for different supports that may be beneficial for children with learning disabilities. Thus, it is important to examine the influence of digital environments on the reading abilities of individuals with specific learning difficulties. In this chapter, we review both the challenges and affordances of digital environments for individuals with reading difficulties and attention deficits. We then examine the contribution of digital interventions and electronic books to the promotion of literacy skills in these populations. We conclude with a call for more rigorous research to understand the challenges that children with different learning profiles face when learning with digital materials.
Effects of task supported language teaching on learners’ use and knowledge of email request mitigators
Authors: Alcón-Soler Eva
Published: July 2018

The present study examines whether task supported language teaching (TSLT) has an impact on L2 English learners’ use and knowledge of request mitigators, assessing the impact of student-students vs. teacher-students interactions on students’ attention to pragmatics during task-based interaction. Forty-eight students of English at a Spanish university participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the student-students interaction group (N = 16), the teacher-students interaction group (N = 16), and the control group (N = 16). Data were collected in pre-test, post-test and delayed post-test email tasks and analysed for frequency of use of request mitigators. Participants’ self-evaluations of email appropriateness were also used to examine whether TSLT facilitated knowledge of request mitigators during student-students and teacher-students tasks performance. In addition, interactions during the TSLT treatment were recorded and analysed for pragmatic related episodes (Taguchi & Kim, 2014) on request-making expressions. Findings from the study showed positive effects of TSLT on learners’ use of request mitigators. In addition, differences were found in the impact of the participatory structure on students’ level of interactional engagement during task performance, which seems to have an impact on pragmatic learning outcomes. More specifically, in teacher-students interaction students hardly ever paid attention towards pragmatics, but if they did, it had an impact on the students’ knowledge of request mitigators. On the contrary, metapragmatic discussion in student-students interaction seemed to trigger attention towards pragmatics and enhanced students’ awareness of how to mitigate email requests.
Assessing functional adequacy of L2 performance in a task-based approach
Authors: Kuiken Folkert , Vedder Ineke
Published: July 2018

When assessing L2 performance in task-based research, dimensions of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) have typically been evaluated. Less attention has, however, been devoted to the functional dimension. This paper argues that it is critical to consider the functional dimension of L2 performance in addition to complexity, accuracy, and fluency. Functional adequacy as a task-related construct is viewed in the present study as a component of L2 pragmatics, referring to the appropriateness and felicity of the utterances of the speaker/writer within a particular context, and evaluated by the listener/reader. The study investigates the applicability of a rating scale developed for the assessment of functional adequacy in the L2, considered from the perspective of task-based language teaching (TBLT) and task-based language assessment (TBLA), as successful task completion. In the rating scale, four components of functional adequacy are distinguished: content, task requirements, comprehensibility, and coherence and cohesion. A group of non-expert raters judged the oral and written samples of two groups of university students of Dutch L2 and Italian L2. The results show that the scale appears to be a reliable and efficient tool for assessing the functional adequacy of written and spoken L2 production.
Transplanting the Soul-Tree: An Analytical Perspective on how the Sesame Approach and Movement with Touch and Sound Became the Fertile Soil for the Psychological Support and Therapy for Refugee Women
Authors: Portokaloglou Thaleia
Published: July 2018

This case study explores how the Sesame approach and specifically Marian Lindkvist's ‘Movement with Touch and Sound’ (MTS) became the fertile soil for the psychological support and healing of refugee women in an innovative community centre in Athens. Expression through movement, ritual, imagination and play created the fine line of working obliquely yet deeply with severely traumatised women, most of whom were survivors of gender-based violence (GBV). The archetypal image of the tree, which develops new roots after the so called ‘transplant shock’, is a guiding metaphor that emerged through the therapeutic process and held an enormous significance as a representative unconscious image of the women's inner and outer journey of transformation.
Meeting through Touch
Authors: Russo Samuele
Published: July 2018

This case study celebrates the contribution of Marian ‘Billy’ Lindkvist's Movement with Touch and Sound (MTS) to the field of dramatherapy. This unique way of working is explored through the story of Nora – an elderly lady living at the end of life with dementia in a palliative care setting. When words are no longer a way of communication, but rather an obstacle leading to misunderstanding, new ways must be found. Can the ‘preferred language’, suggested by The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), be interpreted as a non-verbal way of communication?
The TMEM16A channel mediates the fast polyspermy block in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Wozniak Katherine L. , Phelps Wesley A. , Tembo Maiwase , Lee Miler T. , Carlson Anne E.
Published: July 2018

In externally fertilizing animals, such as sea urchins and frogs, prolonged depolarization of the egg immediately after fertilization inhibits the entry of additional sperm—a phenomenon known as the fast block to polyspermy. In the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, this depolarization is driven by Ca2+-activated Cl− efflux. Although the prominent Ca2+-activated Cl− currents generated in immature X. laevis oocytes are mediated by X. laevis transmembrane protein 16a (xTMEM16A) channels, little is known about the channels that contribute to the fast block in mature eggs. Moreover, the gamete undergoes a gross transformation as it develops from an immature oocyte into a fertilization-competent egg. Here, we report the results of our approach to identify the Ca2+-activated Cl− channel that triggers the fast block. By querying published proteomic and RNA-sequencing data, we identify two Ca2+-activated Cl− channels expressed in fertilization-competent X. laevis eggs: xTMEM16A and X. laevis bestrophin 2A (xBEST2A). By exogenously expressing xTMEM16A and xBEST2A in axolotl cells lacking endogenous Ca2+-activated currents, we characterize the effect of inhibitors on currents mediated by these channels. None of the inhibitors tested block xBEST2A currents specifically. However, 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methylideneamino]-acetamide (Ani9) and N-((4-methoxy)-2-naphthyl)-5-nitroanthranilic acid (MONNA) each reduce xTMEM16A currents by more than 70% while only nominally inhibiting those generated by xBEST2A. Using whole-cell recordings during fertilization, we find that Ani9 and MONNA effectively diminish fertilization-evoked depolarizations. Additionally, these inhibitors lead to increased polyspermy in X. laevis embryos. These results indicate that fertilization activates TMEM16A channels in X. laevis eggs and induces the earliest known event triggered by fertilization: the fast block to polyspermy.
Historic preservation as a community development tool in legacy city neighbourhoods
Authors: Kinahan Kelly L
Published: July 2018

For legacy cities, population decline and economic restructuring contributed to the challenges facing their built environments including low demand, oversupply, and high rates of vacancy and abandonment. Amidst this backdrop, there is intense pressure for demolition, yet legacy cities also possess rich stocks of historic resources that can potentially serve as physical assets for community development. Market-based historic preservation incentives such as historic rehabilitation tax credit (RTC) programs are important tools for facilitating reinvestment in legacy cities. These tools are also criticized for primarily benefiting the real estate developers spearheading these projects or creating inequitable neighbourhood change. This research analyzes federal historic RTC projects in two St. Louis, Missouri neighbourhoods – Lafayette Square and Midtown Alley – between 1997 and 2010 and asks: in what ways do investments supported by historic tax credit programs function as a tool for legacy city community development? Through interviews and document analysis, I find that historic tax credit projects support neighbourhood stabilization by minimizing vacancies and shifting redevelopment approaches away from demolition and towards preservation. These projects help build capacity among real estate developers to take on historic preservation redevelopments in other neighbourhoods. However, residents and community-based organizations are often disconnected from these projects, limiting their usefulness as a community development tool.
Advances in Evidence-Based Assessment: Using Assessment to Improve Clinical Interventions and Outcomes
Authors: Youngstrom Eric A. , Van Meter Anna
Published: July 2018

Abstract: “Assessment” is the application of a measurement method to support a particular goal. This chapter presents a model of evidence-based assessment (EBA) that integrates assessment with treatment and provides a framework for the assessment of mental disorders in youth and adults. The model includes an initial preparation phase in which clinicians review their practices to determine their most common assessment needs and the available EBA options to address these needs. With this in place, the chapter outlines the next phases of the model focusing on client prediction (including possible diagnoses), prescription (assessing constructs most relevant to client functioning and treatment decisions), and process (treatment monitoring and outcome evaluation).
Child and Adolescent Conduct Problems
Authors: Frick Paul J. , McMahon Robert J.
Published: July 2018

Abstract: Conduct problems (CP) in youth are one of the most common reasons that children and adolescents are referred to mental health clinics. This chapter focuses on the assessment of conduct problems in children and adolescents (including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). It begins with a review of the nature of these disorders, which is followed by a review of clinical assessment instruments designed for the assessment purposes of (a) diagnosis, (b) case conceptualization and treatment planning, and (c) treatment monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations are included for instruments with the greatest scientific support and for assessing CP in a clinically sensitive manner.
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Byrne Simon P. , Lebowitz Eli R. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: July 2018

Abstract: Anxiety disorders are among the most common forms of emotional disturbance in children and adolescents. Although mild anxiety is typically transient, clinically severe anxiety is often chronic and can interfere substantially with adaptive functioning. Clinically severe anxiety often has its onset during childhood or adolescence. This chapter focuses on the assessment of anxiety disorders (e.g., separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder) in children and adolescents. It begins with a review of the nature of the disorders, which is followed by a review of clinical assessment instruments designed for the purposes of (a) diagnosis, (b) case conceptualization and treatment planning, and (c) treatment monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations are included for instruments with the greatest scientific support and for assessing anxiety and anxiety-related disorders in a clinically sensitive manner.
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Authors: Sewart Amy R. , Craske Michelle G.
Published: July 2018

Abstract: Panic disorder refers to recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, followed by at least 1 month of persistent concern about their recurrence and their consequences or a significant maladaptive change in behavior consequent to the attacks. Highly comorbid with panic disorder, agoraphobia refers to marked fear or avoidance of specific situations from which escape is perceived to be difficult or in which help may be unavailable in the event of panic-like or other incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms. This chapter focuses on the assessment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in adults. It begins with a review of the nature of the disorders, which is followed by a review of clinical assessment instruments designed for the assessment purposes of (a) diagnosis, (b) case conceptualization and treatment planning, and (c) treatment monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations are included for instruments with the greatest scientific support and for assessing these anxiety disorders in a clinically sensitive manner.
Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Rohsenow Damaris J.
Published: July 2018

Abstract: Whether called addiction, abuse, or dependence, patients with substance use disorders generally show a combination of physical indicators, a variety of serious or ongoing negative consequences of drug use that affect significant areas of their lives, and an apparent compulsion to seek and use drugs despite ongoing negative consequences. This chapter focuses on the assessment of substance use disorders in adults. It begins with a review of the nature of the disorders, which is followed by a review of clinical assessment instruments designed for the assessment purposes of (a) diagnosis, (b) case conceptualization and treatment planning, and (c) treatment monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations are included for instruments with the greatest scientific support and for assessing substance use disorders in a clinically useful manner.
Gambling Disorders
Authors: Hodgins David C. , Swan Jennifer L. , Stinchfield Randy
Published: July 2018

Gambling is defined as wagering money or something else of value on an outcome that is partially or primarily determined by chance. This broad definition comprises a wide range of activities, including informal, commercial, and illegal gambling. This chapter focuses on the assessment of gambling disorders in adults. It begins with a review of the nature of the disorders, which is followed by a review of clinical assessment instruments designed for the assessment purposes of (a) diagnosis, (b) case conceptualization and treatment planning, and (c) treatment monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations are included for instruments with the greatest scientific support and for assessing gambling use disorders in a clinically sensitive manner.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Rojas Stephanie L. , Widiger Thomas A.
Published: July 2018

Abstract: The 10 personality disorders are the paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal; the histrionic, antisocial, borderline, and narcissistic; and the avoidant, dependent, and obsessive–compulsive. By definition, personality disorders must be evident since adolescence or young adulthood and have been relatively chronic and stable throughout adult life. As such, they often predate the occurrence of other mental disorders, such as a mood, anxiety, or substance use disorder. This chapter focuses on the assessment of personality disorders in adults. It begins with a review of the nature of the disorders, which is followed by a review of clinical assessment instruments designed for the assessment purposes of (a) diagnosis, (b) case conceptualization and treatment planning, and (c) treatment monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations are included for instruments with the greatest scientific support and for assessing personality disorders in a clinically sensitive manner.
Session 4: Introducing Parent Tips
Authors: Dietz Laura J.
Published: July 2018

Chapter 8 of Family-based Interpersonal Psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for Depressed Preadolescents presents the fourth session of family-based interpersonal therapy (FB-IPT), in which the therapist completes the interpersonal inventory with the preadolescent. This information, along with the background information obtained in previous sessions from both the preadolescent and the parent, helps formulate the problem area (grief, role transitions, role disputes, or interpersonal deficits) and set the focus for the next phase of treatment. Working with the parents, the therapist introduces the Parent Tips, a set of strategies for helping parents interact and support their depressed preadolescent and explains how some of these tips may decrease the specific challenges the parent has identified in their interactions with their depressed preteen. With the information accumulated to date, the therapist then prepares the problem area formulation to present to the preadolescent and parent in the next session.
Session 12: Planning for the End of FB-IPT
Authors: Dietz Laura J.
Published: July 2018

Chapter 15 of Family-based Interpersonal Psychotherapy (FB-IPT) for Depressed Preadolescents introduces the termination phase of treatment, in which the therapist prepares the preadolescent and parent for the completion of family-based interpersonal psychotherapy (FB-IPT). In Session 12, the therapist continues to support the preadolescent’s practice of interpersonal skills and begins to review with the preadolescent and the parent the progress the preadolescent has made in treatment. There is continued emphasis on the link between improvement in the preadolescent’s depressive symptoms and the preadolescent’s use of communication and problem-solving skills. With both the preadolescent and the parent, the therapist begins to talk about the process of terminating this course of FB-IPT and next steps for the preadolescent, which may be ending outpatient therapy, referral to a maintenance group or individual maintenance therapy, or more intensive treatment, depending on the preadolescent’s degree of improvement and severity of residual depressive symptoms.
The Treatment of Severe Congenital Scoliosis Associated With Type I Split Cord Malformation: Is a Preliminary Bony Septum Resection Always Necessary?
Authors: Huang Zifang , Li Xueshi , Deng Yaolong , Sui Wenyuan , Fan Hengwei , Yang Jingfan , Yang Junlin
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Single-stage spine-shortening osteotomy without treating spinal cord malformations may have potential advantages for the treatment of severe congenital scoliosis (CS) with type I split spinal cord malformation (SSCM); however, the study of this technique was limited.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single-stage spine-shortening osteotomy in the treatment of severe CS associated with type I SSCM.

METHODS

A retrospective study was designed to compare 2 case series including 12 severe CS patients with type I SSCM and 26 patients with type A cord function (without spinal cord malformations, evoked potential abnormalities, and neurological dysfunctions preoperatively) treated with a single-stage spine-shortening posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR). Patient demographic, clinical, operative, and radiographic data were obtained and compared between groups.

RESULTS

The surgical procedure was successfully performed in both groups, and the patients were observed for an average of 44.9 mo (range 25-78 mo) after the initial surgery. The radiographic parameters, intraoperative data, and new neurological deficits showed no difference, while deformity angular ratio (SSCM group: control group = 16.6 ± 3.6: 20.1 ± 3.9, P = .01) and corrective rate (SSCM group: control group = 50%: 58%, P = .046) of the main curve were statistically different between groups. All of the new neurological deficits were recovered within 1 yr.

CONCLUSION

The single-stage spine-shortening PVCR with moderate correction could be applied to the treatment of CS associated with type I SSCM. This strategy can achieve safe spinal deformity correction while obviate the neurological complications brought by the detethering procedures, which merits further clinical investigation.
Segregation of dopamine and glutamate release sites in dopamine neuron axons: regulation by striatal target cells
Authors: Fortin Guillaume M. , Ducrot Charles , Giguère Nicolas , Kouwenhoven Willemieke M. , Bourque Marie-Josée , Pacelli Consiglia , Varaschin Rafael Koerich , Brill Marion , Singh Sherdeep , Wiseman Paul W. , Trudeau Louis-Éric
Published: July 2018

Dopamine (DA) is a key regulator of circuits controlling movement and motivation. A. subset of midbrain DA neurons has been shown to express the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT)2, underlying their capacity for glutamate release. Glutamate release is found mainly by DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and can be detected at terminals contacting ventral, but not dorsal, striatal neurons, suggesting the possibility that target‐derived signals regulate the neurotransmitter phenotype of DA neurons. Whether glutamate can be released from the same terminals that release DA or from a special subset of axon terminals is unclear. Here, we provide in vitro and in vivo data supporting the hypothesis that DA and glutamate‐releasing terminals in mice are mostly segregated and that striatal neurons regulate the cophenotype of midbrain DA neurons and the segregation of release sites. Our work unveils a fundamental feature of dual neurotransmission and plasticity of the DA system.—Fortin, G. M., Ducrot, C., Giguère, N., Kouwenhoven, W. M., Bourque, M.‐J., Pacelli, C., Varaschin, R. K., Brill, M., Singh, S., Wiseman, P. W., Trudeau, L.‐E. Segregation of dopamine and glutamate release sites in dopamine neuron axons: regulation by striatal target cells. FASEB J. 33, 400–417 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Ocular allergy as a risk factor for dry eye in adults and children
Authors: Villani Edoardo , Rabbiolo Giovanni , Nucci Paolo
Published: July 2018

Purpose of review

To provide an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the correlation between ocular allergy and dry eye disease (DED), highlighting how the first condition may be a risk factor for the second one.

Recent findings

Recent advances in our comprehension of the pathogenesis of ocular allergy and DED allow identifying several pathways of interaction between these two conditions. A growing body of evidence supports the role of ocular allergy as a risk factor for DED. Ocular allergy, particularly the severe forms of keratoconjunctivitis, can impact on different key mechanisms of the DED vicious cycle, including tear film instability, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities.

Ocular allergy and DED are two common, relevant, symptomatic, not mutually exclusive conditions affecting the ocular surface. They share some clinical and biochemical features. To better understand the complex interactions between these two conditions, it's essential to consider the very wide spectrum of clinical conditions included in the term ocular allergy and the still largely unexplored peculiarities of the pediatric ocular surface physio-pathology and DED.
Effect of Cetuximab on the Development of Epidural Fibrosis Based on CD105 and Osteopontin Immunohistochemical Staining
Authors: Tanriverdi Osman , Yilmaz İlhan , Adilay Huseyin Utku , Gunaldi Omur , Erdogan Uzay , Gungor Abuzer , Kilic Mustafa , Tanik Canan
Published: July 2018

Study Design.

The effect of cetuximab on the development of epidural fibrosis (EF) was assessed using immunohistochemical methods as well as antibodies for CD105 and osteopontin (OPN).

Objective.

The goal of this study was to assess of EGFR inhibition for the postoperative treatment of fibrosis.

Summary of Background Data.

EF is one of most common causes of failed back surgery syndrome, which occurs after laminectomy. Numerous causes and mechanisms have been proposed to explain its development after laminectomy. Many agents have been tested to prevent the development of EF. EGFR, a multi-functional transmembrane glycoprotein, causes cell growth, proliferation, and EF by interacting with epidermal growth factor and TGF-β1. The inhibition of postoperative fibrosis using cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor blocker, is theoretically possible. However, this has not been tested to date.

Methods.

Sixteen Wistar-Albino rats were divided into two groups, namely, control and cetuximab groups. L1-2 laminectomy alone was performed in both groups, and topical cetuximab was applied to the treatment group. After 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed and examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically; EF tissue was also graded. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05.

Results.

Fibroblast counts and fibrosis density, determined by histopathologic examination, and EF, according to immunohistochemical assessment based on CD105, were found to be higher in the treatment group than in the control group, and this was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Based on OPN staining, the results were consistent with classical methods, and no significant difference was detected among the groups (P = 0.358).

Conclusion.

Our study revealed that cetuximab inhibits the development of EF and that CD105, and not OPN, is a reliable marker for grading EF. In addition, cetuximab did not result in toxic, systemic side effects in surrounding tissues.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Can C2-6 Cobb Angle Replace C2-7 Cobb Angle?
Authors: Zhang Jiandang , Buser Zorica , Abedi Aidin , Dong Xiangyu , Wang Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2018

Study Design.

Retrospective study of consecutive 113 cervical kinetic magnetic resonance images (kMRIs) and 57 radiographs.

Objective.

To elucidate the relationship between C2-6 or C2-7 Cobb angle and cervical sagittal alignment parameters using kMRI, and evaluate the visibility of C6 and C7 inferior endplates on cervical radiographs.

Summary of Background Data.

Several studies have used C2-6 Cobb angle instead of C2-7 Cobb angle as C7 inferior endplate is not always visible because of overlying shadows. However, the relationship between C2-6 or C2-7 Cobb angle and cervical sagittal alignment parameters remains unclear. Moreover, visibility of C6 inferior endplate remains unknown.

Methods.

C2-6 Cobb angle, C2-7 Cobb angle, occiput-C2 angle, Atlas-dens interval (ADI), narrowest oropharyngeal airway space (nPAS), cervical sagittal vertical axis (cSVA), cervical tilt, cranial tilt, neck tilt, thoracic inlet angle (TIA), and T1 slope were measured using kMRI, and analyzed for their relationship with C2-6 or C2-7 Cobb angle. Visibility rates of C6 or C7 inferior endplates were evaluated using cervical radiographs.

Results.

Linear regression analysis showed high association between C2-6 and C2-7 Cobb angle (R2 = 0.696, P < 0.01). C2-6 Cobb angle was significantly correlated with occiput-C2 angle, TIA, T1 slope, neck tilt, cSVA, and cervical tilt; but not with nPAS, ADI, and cranial tilt. C2-7 Cobb angle resembled C2-6 Cobb angle regarding the relationships with other parameters. In our study, 94.7% C6 and 50.9% C7 inferior endplate were clearly visible; 1.8% C6 and 24.6% C7 inferior endplate were invisible. Chi-square test and residual analysis showed significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01).

Conclusion.

C2-6 Cobb angle highly resembled C2-7 Cobb angle regarding its relationships with parameters of craniovertebral, cervical and thoracic inlet alignment. C2-6 Cobb angle could be an alternative to C2-7 Cobb angle because of its significantly higher visibility rate.

Level of Evidence: 3
Acral melanoma: a retrospective cohort from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA)
Authors: Nunes Luiz F. , Quintella Mendes Gélcio L. , Koifman Rosalina J.
Published: July 2018

Acral melanoma (AM) is a rare subtype of melanoma arising on the palms, soles and subungual areas. In the Brazilian and Latin American populations, the sociodemographic and clinical-pathologic features of AM are unclear. AM tends to be more advanced at presentation because of delayed diagnoses, with poor survival. This study reports on a retrospective AM cohort from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. We reviewed a database of 529 patients presenting with AM from 1997 to 2014 and analysed the sociodemographic and clinical-pathologic features of AM associated with overall survival and relapse-free survival. All patients were Brazilian, ranging in age from 19 to 101 years (mean 65.4; median 67.0). Two hundred and ninety-four (55.8%) patients were women. The Breslow primary lesion thicknesses ranged from 0.0 to 65.0 mm (mean 8.3 mm; median 5.0 mm). Of these patients, 43.3% had the acral lentiginous histologic subtype. Plantar was the most frequently involved site (68.5%), and ulcers and mitosis were present in 79.0 and 86.4% of these cases, respectively. Multivariate analysis results found that Breslow thickness of 1.03 (95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.05; P=0.01) and ulceration of 2.70 (95% confidence interval: 1.00–7.06; P=0.05) were poor prognostic indicators of overall survival. AM tumours were thick on diagnostic tests and were associated with poorer survival outcomes. Unfavourable prognosis likely derives from the delayed diagnosis compared with other melanoma subtypes.