bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) as a promising novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC)
Authors: Dogheim Gaidaa M. , Amralla Mohamed T.
Published: April 2023

Breast cancer (BC) is considered one of the most prevalent malignancies impacting women worldwide, constituting 15% of all new cancer cases. It is classified according to its molecular targets into three subtypes; HR+/ERBB2‐, ERBB2+/HR+, or HR‐ and triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is considered aggressive cancer with bad prognosis and poor clinical outcomes. It lacks estrogen, progesterone, and ERBB2 receptors rendering its treatment more challenging. Owing to its unresponsiveness to hormonal therapy, quick tumor growth, and the high probability to have spread at the time of discovery, it is more likely to recur following therapy. Proteolysis Targeting Chimeric molecules (PROTACs) are hetero‐bifunctional molecules that are able to hijack the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, a major physiological proteolytic mechanism. This leads to ubiquitination through endogenous E3 ligases and subsequent degradation through 26‐S proteasome. Since its discovery in 2001, PROTACs have been considered an important therapeutic modality due to their ability to target and degrade undruggable proteins. In vitro studies have been conducted to investigate the possibility of using PROTACs as a therapeutic modality in TNBC. Data available propose great potential of PROTACs technology as a major candidate in TNBC management. Further in vitro and in vivo clinical trials are required to establish a definitive decision. In this review, we aim to give a brief overview of TNBC and PROTACs and highlight the rationale behind using PROTACs as a therapeutic modality in patients with TNBC.
Radiation exposure to staff during fluoroscopic endoscopic procedures
Authors: Badawy Mohamed Khaldoun , Henely‐Smith Ellen , Hasmat Solaiman
Published: April 2023

Objectives

Fluoroscopically guided procedures utilize ionizing radiation to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient. The use of ionizing radiation is not without risk to the operator and other staff members present during endoscopic procedures. This study simulates radiation exposure during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures under different shielded conditions and provides practical radiation safety recommendations, through easy‐to‐use visual guides.

Methods

We obtained radiation exposure measurements at varying locations with different shielding setups surrounding a mobile C‐arm fluoroscopic unit while imaging a patient equivalent phantom at different heights. Heat maps were generated for the various conditions to provide visual guides for radiation protection.

Results

Different heat maps detailing various shielding methods have been generated to assist in determining the dose rate at varying locations surrounding the patient. The use of appropriate radiation protection could decrease the staff dose by up to 98%.

Conclusion

Although minor per procedure, the magnitude of radiation exposure will accumulate over the staff's working life. As such, it is recommended that precautions be taken during fluoroscopically guided endoscopy procedures to ensure radiation is kept as low as reasonably achievable.
Setting the stage: Biopsychosocial predictors of early childhood externalizing behaviors
Authors: Phillips Jennifer J. , Bruce Madeleine D. , Bell Martha Ann
Published: April 2023

Research has indicated that biological (self‐regulation), psychological (temperament), and social (maternal parenting behaviors) factors predict childhood externalizing behaviors. Few studies, however, have evaluated psychological, biological, and social factors in conjunction as predictors of childhood externalizing behaviors. Further, limited research has examined whether these biopsychosocial predictors during infancy and toddlerhood predict the onset of externalizing behaviors in early childhood. The present study aimed to examine the longitudinal relations between biopsychosocial predictors of child externalizing behaviors. Children and their mothers (n = 410) participated when children were 5, 24, and 36 months old. Child self‐regulation was assessed via baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) at age 5 months, and child psychology was measured via maternal report of effortful control at age 24 months. Additionally, maternal intrusiveness was assessed during a mother–child interaction at age 5 months. At 36 months, mothers reported on child externalizing behaviors. Longitudinal path modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect effects of maternal intrusiveness and child effortful control on child externalizing behavior, as well as whether these effects were conditional upon child baseline RSA. Results showed a significant indirect effect of maternal intrusiveness on externalizing behavior through effortful control, and this pathway was moderated by baseline RSA after controlling for orienting regulation at age 5 months. These results suggest that early childhood externalizing behaviors are jointly affected by biological, psychological, and social factors during toddlerhood.
A Bayesian model for quantifying errors in citizen science data: application to rainfall observations from Nepal
Authors: Eisma Jessica A , Schoups Gerrit , Davids Jeffrey , Giesen Nick Van de
Published: April 2023

High quality citizen science data can be instrumental in advancing
science toward new discoveries and a deeper understanding of
under-observed phenomena. However, the error structure of citizen
scientist (CS) data must be well-defined. Within a citizen science
program, the errors in submitted observations vary, and their occurrence
may depend on CS-specific characteristics. This study develops a
graphical Bayesian inference model of error types in CS data. The model
assumes that: (1) each CS observation is subject to a 5 specific error
type, each with its own bias and noise; and (2) an observation’s error
type depends on the error community of the CS, which in turn relates to
characteristics of the CS submitting the observation. Given a set of CS
observations and corresponding ground-truth values, the model can be
calibrated for a specific application, yielding (i) number of error
types and error communities, (ii) bias and noise for each error type,
(iii) error distribution of each error community, and (iv) the error
community to which each CS belongs. The model, applied to Nepal CS
rainfall observations, 10 identifies five error types and sorts CSs into
four model-inferred communities. In the case study, 73% of CSs
submitted data with errors in fewer than 5% of their observations. The
remaining CSs submitted data with unit, meniscus, unknown, and outlier
errors. A CS’s assigned community, coupled with model-inferred error
probabilities, can identify observations that require verification. With
such a system, the onus of validating CS data is partially transferred
from human effort to machine-learned algorithms.
Nutritional and microbiological effects of vermicompost tea in hydroponic cultivation of maple peas (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.)
Authors: Jiang Xinyi , Lu Ci , Hu Runmeng , Shi Wenyang , Zhou Libang , Wen Puzhao , Jiang Yizhou , Lo Yangming Martin
Published: April 2023

Hydroponics receives considerable attentions due to population expansion, soil pollution, and farmland scarcity. However, one significant problem is that its residual effluents are detrimental to the surrounding ecosystem. There is a dire need to find an organic, alternative, biodegradable substrate. Vermicompost tea (VCT) was investigated on its suitability as a hydroponic substrate to provide both nutritional and microbiological benefits. It was found VCT increased the biomass of maple peas (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.), increased stem length, raised the potassium ion content, and promoted the uptake of nitrogen by the roots. Meanwhile, the microorganisms associated with earthworm guts were detected in the maple peas root system, namely the inter‐rhizosphere of maple peas, including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Flavobacteriaceae. The presence of these microorganisms in large number indicated the ability for VCT to retain earthworm intestinal microbes via intestinal tract movement, excreting, and other vital activities. In addition, Rhizobia spp., such as Burkholderiaceae and Rhizobiaceae were also identified in VCT. They are critical for legumes as they can form root or stem nodule symbioses to produce growth hormone, vitamins, nitrogen fixation, and protection against plant stress. These findings are consistent with our chemical analysis that VCT‐treated maple peas had increased nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content relative to the control in roots, stems, and leaves, hence increasing maple peas' biomass. The abundance and species of the inter‐root bacterial population were found to change during the experimental period, indicating the importance of microbial balance to the growth and nutrient uptake of maple peas.
Powerful promotions: An investigation of the teen‐directed marketing power of outdoor food advertisements located near schools in Australia
Authors: Wells Gabriella , Trapp Gina , Wickens Nicole , Heritage Brody
Published: April 2023

Issue Addressed

Adolescents are heavily exposed to unhealthy outdoor food advertisements near schools, however, the marketing power of these advertisements among adolescents has not yet been explored. This study aimed to investigate the teen‐directed marketing features present and quantify the overall marketing power of outdoor food advertisements located near schools to explore any differences by content (ie, alcohol, discretionary, core and miscellaneous foods) school type (ie, primary, secondary, K‐12) and area‐level socio‐economic status (SES; ie, low vs high).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study audited every outdoor food advertisement (n = 1518) within 500m of 64 randomly selected schools in Perth, Western Australia, using a teen‐informed coding tool to score the marketing power of each advertisement.

Results

Outdoor alcohol advertisements around schools had the highest average marketing power score and number of advertising features present. Outdoor advertisements for alcohol and discretionary foods scored significantly higher in marketing power than core food advertisements (P < .001). Outdoor alcohol advertisements around secondary schools scored significantly higher in marketing power than around primary and K‐12 schools (P < .001); and outdoor advertisements for discretionary foods in low SES areas scored significantly higher in marketing power than those in high SES areas (P < .001).

Conclusions

This study found outdoor advertisements for unhealthy products, such as alcohol and discretionary foods, were more powerful than advertisements for core foods around schools.

So What?

These findings strengthen the need for policies which restrict outdoor advertisements for non‐core foods near schools, to reduce adolescents' exposure to powerful alcohol and discretionary food advertisements.
Recurrent urethral tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation in a female patient after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer
Authors: Murata Yasuaki , Shinojima Toshiaki , Nakahira Yoko , Hamada Mei , Sasaki Atsushi , Asakura Hirotaka
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy in female patients with bladder cancer is relatively uncommon. Recurrent bladder tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation are extremely rare.

Case presentation

A 71‐year‐old female patient who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer presented with vaginal bleeding 19 months postoperatively. She was diagnosed with bladder cancer urethral recurrence. Urethral tumor en‐bloc resection with the anterior vaginal wall was performed by combining abdominal and vaginal approaches. Pathological examination revealed a recurrent tumor of urothelial bladder cancer containing small‐cell carcinoma components.

Conclusion

This case is the first report of a recurrent tumor with small‐cell carcinoma in the female urethra after radical cystectomy for pure urothelial carcinoma.
3D bioprinted osteosarcoma model for experimental boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) applications: Preliminary assessment
Authors: Delgrosso Elena , Scocozza Franca , Cansolino Laura , Riva Federica , Conti Michele , Loi Giada , Auricchio Ferdinando , Postuma Ian , Bortolussi Silva , Cobianchi Lorenzo , Ferrari Cinzia
Published: April 2023

Osteosarcoma is the most frequently primary malignant bone tumor characterized by infiltrative growth responsible for relapses and metastases. Treatment options are limited, and a new therapeutic option is required. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an experimental alternative radiotherapy able to kill infiltrative tumor cells spearing surrounding healthy tissues. BNCT studies are performed on 2D in vitro models that are not able to reproduce pathological tumor tissue organization or on in vivo animal models that are expensive, time‐consuming and must follow the 3R's principles. A 3D in vitro model is a solution to better recapitulate the complexity of solid tumors meanwhile limiting the animal's use. Objective of this study is to optimize the technical assessment for developing a 3D in vitro osteosarcoma model as a platform for BNCT studies: printing protocol, biomaterial selection, cell density, and crosslinking process. The best parameters that allow a fully colonized 3D bioprinted construct by rat osteosarcoma cell line UMR‐106 are 6 × 106 cells/ml of hydrogel and 1% CaCl2 as a crosslinking agent. The proposed model could be an alternative or a parallel approach to 2D in vitro culture and in vivo animal models for BNCT experimental study.
Eriodictyol regulated ferroptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell viability via Nrf2/HO‐1/NQO1 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Wang Xiaokai , Chen Jun , Tie Hongyan , Tian Wei , Zhao Yanli , Qin Luying , Guo Siyan , Li Qiufang , Bao Chen
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of eriodictyol on ovarian cancer cells. CaoV3 and A2780 were exposed to eriodictyol at different concentrations of 0−800 μM. Cell apoptosis and viability were determined by TdT‐mediated dUTP Nick‐End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by flow cytometers with a JC‐1 detection kit. Fe2+ content was evaluated using an iron assay kit. The section of tumor tissues was observed using hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) staining and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Eriodictyol suppressed cell viability and induced cell apoptosis of CaoV3 and A2780 cells. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of CaoV3 at 24 and 48 h was (229.74 ± 5.13) μM and (38.44 ± 4.68) μM, and IC50 value of A2780 at 24 and 48 h was (248.32 ± 2.54) μM and (64.28 ± 3.19) μM. Fe2+ content and reactive oxygen species production were increased and protein levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were decreased by eriodictyol. Besides, eriodictyol reduced the ratio of JC‐1 fluorescence ratio, glutathione and malondialdehyde contents but elevated Cytochrome C level. Nrf2 phosphorylation were obviously downregulated by eriodictyol. Finally, eriodictyol suppressed tumor growth, aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction and downregulated Nrf2 expression in tumor tissue in mice. Eriodictyol regulated ferroptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell viability via Nrf2/HO‐1/NQO1 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer.
Analysis of background echotexture on automated breast ultrasound using BI‐RADS and modified classification: Association with clinical features and mammographic density
Authors: Choi Eun Jung , Choi Hyemi , Byon Jung Hee , Youk Ji Hyun
Published: April 2023

Purpose

To analyze BE on ABUS using BI‐RADS and a modified classification in association with mammographic density and clinical features.

Methods

Menopausal status, parity, and family history of breast cancer were collected for 496 women who underwent ABUS and mammography. Three radiologists independently reviewed all ABUS BE and mammographic density. Statistical analyses including kappa statistics (κ) for interobserver agreement, Fisher's exact test, and univariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression were performed.

Results

BE distribution between the two classifications and between each classification and mammographic density were associated (P < 0.001). BI‐RADS homogeneous‐fibroglandular (76.8%) and modified heterogeneous BE (71.3%, 75.7%, and 87.5% of mild, moderate, and marked heterogeneous background echotexture, respectively) tended to be dense. BE was correlated between BI‐RADS homogeneous‐fat and modified homogeneous background (95.1%) and between BI‐RADS homogeneous‐fibroglandular or heterogeneous (90.6%) and modified heterogeneous (86.9%) (P < 0.001). In multinomial logistic regression, age < 50 years was independently associated with heterogeneous BE (OR, 8.89, P = 0.003, in BI‐RADS; OR, 3.74; P = 0.020 in modified classification).

Conclusion

BI‐RADS homogeneous‐fat and modified homogeneous BE on ABUS was likely to be mammographically fatty. However, BI‐RADS homogeneous‐fibroglandular or heterogeneous BE might be classified as any modified BE. Younger age was independently associated with heterogeneous BE.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow and Brain Motion in Chiari I Malformation: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Bhadelia Rafeeque A. , Chang Yu‐Ming , Oshinski John N. , Loth Francis
Published: April 2023

Cranio‐spinal volume and pressure changes associated with the cardiac‐cycle and respiration are altered in Chiari I malformation (CMI) due to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow at the foramen magnum. With the introduction of motion‐sensitive MRI sequences, it was envisioned that these could provide noninvasive information about volume–pressure dynamics at the cranio‐cervical junction in CMI hitherto available only through invasive pressure measurements. Since the early 1990s, multiple studies have assessed CSF flow and brain motion in CMI. However, differences in design and varied approaches in the presentation of results and conclusions makes it difficult to fully comprehend the role of MR imaging of CSF flow and brain motion in CMI. In this review, a cohesive summary of the current status of MRI assessment of CSF flow and brain motion in CMI is presented. Simplified versions of the results and conclusions of previous studies are presented by dividing the studies in distinct topics: 1) comparing CSF flow and brain motion between healthy subjects (HS) and CMI patients (before and after surgery), 2) comparing CSF flow and brain motion to CMI severity and symptoms, and 3) comparing CSF flow and brain motion in CMI with and without syringomyelia. Finally, we will discuss our vision of the future directions of MR imaging in CMI patients.

Evidence Level

2.

Technical Efficacy

5.
The Consistence of Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced MRI and Filter‐Exchange Imaging in Measuring Water Exchange Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in High‐Grade Glioma
Authors: Wang Zejun , Wang Bao , Li Zhaoqing , Han Guangxu , Meng Cheng , Jiao Bingjie , Guo Kaiyue , Hsu Yi‐Cheng , Sun Yi , Liu Yingchao , Bai Ruiliang
Published: April 2023

Background

Water exchange across blood–brain barrier (BBB) (WEXBBB) is an emerging biomarker of BBB dysfunction with potential applications in many brain diseases. Several MRI methods have been proposed to measure WEXBBB, but evidence remains scarce whether different methods can produce comparable WEXBBB.

Purpose

To explore whether dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI and vascular water exchange imaging (VEXI) could produce comparable WEXBBB in high‐grade glioma (HGG) patients.

Study Type

Prospective cross‐sectional.

Subjects

13 HGG patients (58.4 ± 9.4 years, 9 females, 4 WHO III and 9 WHO IV).

Field Strength/Sequence

A 3 T, spoiled gradient‐recalled‐echo DCE‐MRI and VEXI containing two pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo blocks separated by a mixing block.

Assessments

The enhanced tumor and contralateral normal‐appearing white matter (cNAWM) volume‐of‐interests (VOIs) were drew by two neuroradiologists. And whole‐brain NAWM and normal‐appearing gray matter (NAGM) without tumor‐affected regions were segmented by automated segmentation algorithm in FSL.

Statistical Tests

Student's t‐test was used to evaluate parameters difference between cNAWM and tumor, NAGM and NAWM, respectively. The correlation between vascular water efflux rate constant (kbo) from DCE‐MRI and apparent exchange rate across BBB (AXRBBB) from VEXI was evaluated by Pearson correlation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Compared with cNAWM, both kbo and AXRBBB were significantly reduced in tumor (kbo = 3.50 ± 1.18 sec−1 vs. 1.03 ± 0.75 sec−1; AXRBBB = 3.54 ± 1.11 sec−1 vs. 1.94 ± 1.04 sec−1). Both kbo and AXRBBB showed significantly higher values in NAWM than NAGM (kbo = 3.50 ± 0.59 sec−1 vs. 2.10 ± 0.56 sec−1; AXRBBB = 3.35 ± 0.77 sec−1 vs. 2.07 ± 0.52 sec−1). The VOI‐averaged kbo and AXRBBB were also linearly correlated in tumor, NAWM, and NAGM (r = 0.59).

Data Conclusion

DCE‐MRI and VEXI showed comparable and correlated WEXBBB in HGG patients, suggesting that the consistence and reliability of these two MRI methods in measuring WEXBBB.

Evidence Level

2.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1.
Instrumental procedures to assess the extensibility of pounded yam and relationship with sensory stretchability and consumer preferences
Authors: Arufe Santiago , Ayetigbo Oluwatoyin , Domingo Romain , Adinsi Laurent , Djibril Moussa M. Imayath , Honfozo Laurenda , Akissoé Noël H. , Bouniol Alexandre , Mestres Christian
Published: April 2023

Background

Stretchability is the most important sensory textural attribute considered by consumers of pounded yam. It is important both for the processor during pounding and for the consumer during consumption to measure this attribute while screening large populations of yam genotypes intended for advanced breeding and eventual adoption. Texture determined by sensory evaluation and consumer perception is time consuming and expensive. It can be instrumentally mimicked by texture analyzer, thereby providing an efficient alternative screening tool.

Results

Two instrumental methods (uniaxial extensibility and lubricated squeezing flow) were applied to assess the extensional properties of pounded yam. In order to evaluate the accuracy, repeatability and discrimination of the methods, six yam genotypes with contrasting extensional properties, previously evaluated by 13 panellists in terms of stretchability and moldability and by 99 participants randomly selected in terms of overall liking, were used. Both methods allowed the discrimination of different genotypes as a function of extensional properties. Principal components showed that the genotypes were grouped within separate components associated with specific sensory attributes and their related instrumental texture parameters. Moreover, significant correlations were found between uniaxial extensibility textural attributes, bi‐extensional viscosity and consumer overall liking. However, the sensory attributes were not significantly correlated with instrumental data and consumer overall liking.

Conclusion

Bi‐extensional viscosity and uniaxial extensibility attributes can be used to discriminate and screen yam genotypes for their stretchability characteristics. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Fine‐scale accuracy assessment of the 2016 National Land Cover Dataset for stream‐based wildlife habitat
Authors: Shinskie Jamie L. , Delahunty Tina , Pitt Amber L.
Published: April 2023

Efficiently and effectively identifying and assessing potential wildlife habitat and important ecological resources is essential as rapid anthropogenic land use change alters and detrimentally affects terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Accuracy assessment of remotely sensed data supports ecological planning and management decisions, and is especially important when using freely available, coarse‐resolution spatial datasets, such as the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD). A popular dataset designed for application at larger regional to national spatial scales, the NLCD has been used in finer scale studies outside of its intended use, often without the imperative support of field‐based accuracy assessment. We ground‐truthed stratified random sampling points to assess the accuracy of the 2016 NLCD at a fine spatial scale relevant to stream‐based ecological research. Our results demonstrated an overall accuracy of <65%, less than the United States Geological Survey recommended accuracy of ≥85%. Results indicated that the NLCD may not be effective as a tool for stream‐level studies and could provide erroneous results for fine‐scale habitat assessment and planning when used as the only reference dataset. When conducting ecological research, it is important to consider the appropriate scale, resolution, and limitations of available datasets to achieve the most accurate results.
The effect of increasing temperature and pCO2 on experimental pelagic freshwater communities
Authors: Katkov Egor , Fussmann Gregor F.
Published: April 2023

As the global climate is changing, average water temperatures and the supply of CO2 to water bodies are increasing. To determine how the effects of these changes on freshwater communities interact, we ran a month‐long factorial mesocosm experiment, in which we manipulated water temperature (heated, ambient) and pCO2 (preindustrial, ambient, future). We found that the total phytoplankton biomass responded positively to the pCO2 and temperature treatments but no interactive effects were detected. Green algae were positively affected by temperature and, over the course of the experiment, responded to pCO2 first positively, then negatively. Heterokonts, on the other hand, were unaffected by temperature but responded positively to pCO2. pCO2 enrichment also led to increases in seston C : N stoichiometry, although the experiment ended before we could observe any effects of pCO2 on the zooplankton community composition. Warming caused shifts in zooplankton community composition, primarily through higher abundances of the cladoceran Bosmina longirostris and the rotifer Conochilus unicornis, and lower abundances of the rotifer Polyarthra vulgaris. We found that, in contrast to the effects of temperature, which can be explained by temperature‐dependent plankton growth curves, the responses of algal groups to pCO2 enrichment were difficult to anticipate, despite the availability of priors from previous pCO2 enrichment experiments in the same lake mesocosms. We conclude that climate change‐induced increases in aquatic pCO2 and temperatures are likely to affect pelagic ecosystems, though further research in freshwater systems is needed before generalized claims regarding the simple and interactive effects of pCO2 can be made.
Efficacy of pulsed dye laser combined with fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of pediatric burn scars
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Jia , Lei Ying , Gold Michael H. , Tan Jun
Published: April 2023

Objective

The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser (PDL) combined with fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of burn scars in pediatric patients.

Methods

The present retrospective study enrolled 60 pediatric patients with burn scars from July 2017 to June 2021. In the 4‐month treatment period, all patients received PDL treatment every 1 month and received fractional CO2 laser treatment every 3 months. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was used to evaluate the scar condition before the treatment as well as 6 months after the whole treatment. The satisfaction of the patient's parents was collected and recorded 6 months after the treatment. Complications were recorded during the treatment period and at follow‐up visits.

Results

Among all patients, 38 (63.33%) cases were scald‐induced scars and 22 (36.67%) cases were burn‐induced scars. The mean diameter of the scar area was 107.53 ± 2.92 cm2. For the measurement of the patient part of POSAS, all indices of pain, itching, color, stiffness, thickness, and irregularity, as well as the total scores were remarkably lower after 6 months of the treatment compared with the baseline (p < 0.05). For the observer part of POSAS, the indices of vascularization, pigmentation, thickness, relief, pliability, and surface area, as well as the total scores were markedly decreased after treatment (p < 0.05). The total satisfactory rate was 96.67% (58/60). No severe complications nor scar aggravation was observed.

Conclusion

The combination of PDL and fractional CO2 laser showed good efficacy in the treatment of pediatric patients with burn scars with no severe complications and can be recommended in clinical application.
Study on dielectric properties of electromagnetic wave oblique incidence on sandwich hole‐core structure wave‐transmitting materials
Authors: Qin Lin , Yu Cheng‐Yong , En Li , Tu Yi‐Hang , Long Jia‐Wei
Published: April 2023

The variation law of equivalent dielectric properties of sandwich hole‐core structure materials are investigated based on the analysis method, where the hole‐core structure can be three kinds of structures, such as square, hexagon, and circle. Considering the hole‐core structure is anisotropic, the calculation method of the electromagnetic parameters on the sandwich hole‐core structure wave‐transmitting materials are first derived. The accuracy of this method is validated by a numerical example of a plane wave incidence on a sandwich hole‐core structure materials in free space. In addition, an S‐parameter inversion method is proposed to calculate the equivalent dielectric and the results using phase‐compensated to solve the inaccurate calculation of the dielectric around the S‐parameter half‐wavelength resonance. Finally, according to this model, the equivalent dielectric constant increases with increasing the incident angle for transverse electric (TE) polarized wave incidence and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized wave incidence, while an opposite phenomenon occurs for TE polarized wave incidence and TM polarized wave incidence on equivalent loss tangent.
Links between psychopathological symptoms and cortical thickness in men with severe alcohol use disorder: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging study
Authors: Petit Géraldine , Leclercq Sophie , Quoilin Caroline , Poncin Marie , Starkel Peter , Maurage Pierre , Rolland Benjamin , Dricot Laurence , De Timary Philippe
Published: April 2023

Background

Anxiety and depression are psychopathological states frequently co‐occurring with severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD). These symptoms generally disappear with abstinence but may persist in some patients, increasing the relapse risk.

Methods

The cerebral cortex thickness of 94 male patients with SAUD was correlated with symptoms of depression and anxiety, both measured at the end (2–3 weeks) of the detoxification treatment. Cortical measures were obtained using surface‐based morphometry implemented with Freesurfer.

Results

Depressive symptoms were associated with reduced cortical thickness in the superior temporal gyrus of the right hemisphere. Anxiety level was correlated with lower cortical thickness in the rostral middle frontal region, inferior temporal region, and supramarginal, postcentral, superior temporal, and transverse temporal regions of the left hemisphere, as well as with a large cluster in the middle temporal region of the right hemisphere.

Conclusions

At the end of the detoxification stage, the intensity of depressive and anxiety symptoms is inversely associated with the cortical thickness of regions involved in emotions‐related processes, and the persistence of the symptoms could be explained by these brain deficits.
Lower Facial Nerve Nomenclature Clarification: Cervical Branch Controls Smile‐Associated Lower Lip Depression and Dental Display
Authors: Kaufman‐Goldberg Tal , Flynn John P. , Banks Caroline A. , Varvares Mark A. , Hadlock Tessa A.
Published: April 2023

Objective

In head and neck ablative surgery, traditional teaching is that the key facial nerve branch to preserve along the plane of the lower border of the mandible is the marginal mandibular branch (MMb), which is considered to control all lower lip musculature. The depressor labii inferioris (DLI) is the muscle responsible for pleasing lower lip displacement and lower dental display during natural emotive smiling.

Study Design

To understand the structure/function relationships of the distal lower facial nerve branches and lower lip musculature.

Setting

In vivo extensive facial nerve dissections under general anesthesia.

Methods

Intraoperative mapping was performed in 60 cases, using branch stimulation and simultaneous movement videography.

Results

In nearly all cases, the MMb innervated the depressor anguli oris, lower orbicularis oris, and mentalis muscles. The nerve branches controlling DLI function were identified 2 ± 0.5 cm below the angle of the mandible, originating from a cervical branch, separately and inferior to MMb. In half of the cases, we identified at least 2 independent branches activating the DLI, both within the cervical region.

Conclusion

An appreciation of this anatomical finding may help prevent lower lip weakness following neck surgery. Avoiding the functional and cosmetic consequences that accompany loss of DLI function would have a significant impact on the burden of potentially preventable sequelae that the head and neck surgical patient frequently carries.
Mechanical characterization of hybrid biocomposites reinforced with nonwoven hemp and unidirectional flax fibers
Authors: Baysal Ataberk , Yayla Paşa , Turkmen Halit Suleyman , Karaca Ugural Burcu
Published: April 2023

Fiber‐reinforced polymers are widely used in many applications where high specific strength and high specific stiffness are required. Biocomposites have replaced synthetic‐based fiber‐reinforced polymers as a preferred option due to their environmental friendliness, ease of supply, and affordability. Comparable strength synthetic‐fiber‐reinforced polymers and biocomposites both have lower specific weights. This study aims to characterize hybrid biocomposites produced from unidirectional prepregs made of flax/polypropylene fibers and nonwoven mats made of hemp/polypropylene fibers. Research has also been conducted on how the number of layers and the stacking sequence affect the mechanical performance of hybrid biocomposites. Three different designs of biocomposite plates have been produced using compression molding. They were then subjected to tensile, compressive, shear, bending, Charpy impact, and drop‐weight impact tests. According to the test results, it is found that each design has its own characteristics, and the characterized static and dynamic behaviors are very different from each other. Therefore, each biocomposite mentioned here may be a good candidate for engineering design based on the given engineering design criteria.
Potential‐free sodium‐induced degradation of silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Yang Yuhao , Jiang Kai , Huang Shenglei , Zhao Wenjie , Li Zhenfei , Wang Guangyuan , Han Anjun , Yu Jian , Li Dongdong , Meng Fanying , Zhang Liping , Liu Zhengxin , Liu Wenzhu
Published: April 2023

Silicon‐based photovoltaic (PV) modules suffer from potential‐induced degradation (PID) caused by sodium (Na) permeation, which is present in large quantities in soda‐lime glass. Here, we report that Na atoms can decrease the performance of amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells without the help of a voltage bias. The three degradation stages are investigated in this work. First, H2O molecules open channels for Na transport in the transparent conductive oxide (TCO), while the device performance remains almost unchanged. Next, when Na atoms reach the boron‐doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (p‐a‐Si:H), the field passivation is poisoned, leading to a great decline in the fill factor (FF), whereas the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) only slightly declines. Finally, Na atoms further diffuse into the intrinsic a‐Si:H layer and c‐Si surface, resulting in a substantial decrease in Voc. These findings have important implications for the installation of SHJ solar modules in Na‐abundant environments. As a feasible solution, we demonstrate that a compact SiO2 thin film can efficiently prevent H2O molecules from penetrating into the TCO layer and therefore guarantee a long‐term stable operation of SHJ solar cells.
Immunological impact of cytokines on the chikungunya virus pathophysiology: A literature narrative review
Authors: Nunes Juliana Abreu Lima , Sousa Jorge Rodrigues de , Smith Vanessa Cavaleiro , Quaresma Juarez Simões , Vasconcelos Pedro Fernando da Costa , Chiang Jannifer Oliveira
Published: April 2023

The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a member of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. CHIKV causes an acute systemic febrile condition, accompanied by severe polyarthralgia, intense muscle pain, and maculopapular exanthema, which may still occur in many patients. In rare cases, unusual symptoms may occur, eventually worsening the condition and resulting in a fatal outcome. It is a single‐stranded, non‐segmented RNA virus with a genome of approximately 11,805 nucleotides that organises a genetic and molecular chain that encodes non‐structural proteins (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, nsP4) and structural proteins (E3, E2, 6K, and E1). The fundamental role of immune response in the evolution of the disease is known. Understanding the role of immune response in the pathogenesis of CHIKV infection is challenging. In this context, innate and adaptive immune responses establish a connective interface that induces the production of various mediators that modulate the strategy of inhibiting viral replication. However, the immune escape articulated by the virus indicates that the action of pro‐and anti‐inflammatory cytokines contributes to the worsening of the disease and potentiates tissue damage with joint involvement. In this review, we discuss the role of the primary pro‐and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in the immunopathological processes of chikungunya fever.
Estimating true density in large, alpine herbivores using Google Earth imagery
Authors: Christianson David , Winnie John
Published: April 2023

Density is a fundamental ecological parameter that is often difficult to estimate in large herbivores due to the wide spatial extent of their populations and imperfect detectability of individuals. We searched Google Earth imagery using an independent double‐observer protocol to estimate elk Cervus elaphus density in Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA, on summer range that had never been systematically surveyed. Detectability of elk was high at 0.836 (95% CRI: 0.769, 0.909) producing high precision in our density estimates. Elk density estimates ranged from a minimum of 8.9 elk km−2 over a 214.8 km2 search area (95% CRI: 7.9, 10.9) to a maximum of 14.0 elk km−2 over 98.5 km2 of nonforested, alpine terrain (95% CRI: 13.5, 14.9). These estimates of elk density are comparable to the highest elk densities ever recorded in Yellowstone which primarily derive from winter, at low elevations, prior to wolf Canis lupus reintroduction. A log‐linear positive effect of open landcover on density suggested preference for open terrain. Multiple survey designs may be possible with satellite imagery that would allow further refinement of noninvasive abundance estimation over large scales.
Laser Structuring for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Buchberger Gerda , Muck Martina , Plamadeala Cristina , Heitz Johannes
Published: April 2023

Laser structuring enables modification of sample topography, surface chemistry, and/or physical properties of materials. Examples of these processes are ripple, nap or wall formation, surface oxidation, induction of polymerization reactions, or changes in crystallinity or contact angle. These – most of the time – interrelated modifications are exploited widely for biomedical applications. They range from cell-repellent surfaces for easy-to-replace cardiac pacemakers, control of cell proliferation required in regenerative medicine, to increased cell adhesion for cell arrays. Furthermore, ns-laser-induced nanoripples were used for formation of gold nanowires for future surface plasmon resonance sensors directly integrated into biotechnological devices. Additive nano- and microscale manufacturing by two-photon polymerization allows for considerable progress in cell scaffold formation, paving the path for in vitro–grown organs, bones, and cartilages. The very same fs-laser-based technique was also used for biomimetic microneedles with enhanced liquid spreading on their surface. Microneedles are promising candidates for low-cost, high-throughput drug delivery and vaccination applicable even by nonmedically trained personnel. Microfluidic systems fabricated by fs-lasers have enabled progress in 3D microscopy of single cells and in studies on thrombocyte activation with the help of nanoanchors. Explicating the abovementioned and further biomedical applications, the authors put special focus on the achieved limits pointing out what scientists have accomplished so far in their pursuit of extreme scales.
The Finnish Solution to Final Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel
Authors: Vehmas Jarmo , Rentto Aleksis , Luukkanen Jyrki , Auffermann Burkhard , Kaivo-oja Jari
Published: April 2023

Fortum Oyj and Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO), the two companies that own the operating units in Finnish nuclear power plants, in 1996 formed a joint company, Posiva Oy, to deal with their nuclear wastes. This includes both the low- and medium-level radioactive waste and the high-active used nuclear fuel. Several locations were considered before the choice of Olkiluoto in 1999 and its acceptance by the municipality of Eurajoki in 2000. In 2010, the Finnish Government granted a decision-in-principle required by the Finnish Nuclear Act to Posiva Oy regarding the construction of a final disposal site for nuclear wastes including the above-ground encapsulation plant and the final disposal facility called Onkalo. In 2015, the Government granted the construction licence for this entity to be built. The site already includes the operating nuclear power plants (OL-1 and OL-2) of TVO and the OL-3 unit which has been under construction since 2005 and shall be taken into use in 2022. After several delays this is the timetable according to the most recent information in early Spring 2021 provided by TVO. Thus, Finland is the first country in the world to enter the implementation phase of spent nuclear fuel. A future challenge is the nuclear waste of possible new nuclear power plants not included in the plans of Posiva Oy.
The Long Road Towards the Soft Nuclear Repository State: Nuclear Waste Governance in Germany
Authors: Di Nucci Maria Rosaria , Brunnengräber Achim
Published: April 2023

The decision-making processes in the field of radioactive waste in the Federal Republic Germany have been dominated for long time by the decide-announce-defend (DAD) strategy. In response, the movement against nuclear power and the transport and storage of nuclear waste grew strong and continues to be a key political actor in the current siting process. Following the decision in 2011 to phase out nuclear power by 2022 and with a view to the failures of the past, an ambitiousSite Selection Act(StandAG) was passed in 2013 and amended in 2017. This provided the frame for the establishment of new institutions and a far-reaching participation procedure. In this respect, the StandAG represents a key milestone for the new start of the site search for high-level waste (HLW) based on the principle of the blank map and has contributed to modify the nuclear waste governance system. In 2020, following the release of a preliminary report with an evaluation of regions with potentially suitable host rock formations for a geologic nuclear repository, the operator BGE designated around 90 potential areas. The search for a site that provides the greatest possible safety and security potential sites is being accompanied by a participative process involving various stakeholder groups. It was planned to find a suitable, accepted location by 2031. However, in November 2022 the operator BGE announced that the search for a site would last longer, possibly between 2046 and 2068. The process is thus confronted with significant challenges and Germany must work out a concept for a long-term temporary storage facility as in several European countries. This chapter analyses the long-term multi-level governance of HLW in Germany and the evolution of new institutions with a focus on the domains: politics & administration, legislation, science & technology and civil society and the interaction between them.

Procedural fairness and inclusiveness of the process remain important and necessary prerequisites for building public confidence and for the social acceptability of the political siting decisions. The chapter maintains that the legal framework and the StandAG leave many unresolved issues, but still permits extensive room for manoeuvre and represents an opportunity for new and expanded forms of participation to be pursued.
Introduction: Towards a Sociology of the Everyday in Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Fee Lian Kwen , Carnegie Paul J. , Hassan Noor Hasharina
Published: April 2023

To borrow Bourdieu’s (1990) terminology, the habitus of everyday life is a lifeworld simultaneously constrained by and resistant of more powerful social structures and institutions. It alerts us to the idea that everyday life and ‘ordinariness’ can serve to mask extraordinary levels of adaptability, fortitude and reciprocity. This introductory chapter details a sociology of the everyday and its utility for developing our understanding of the ways in which people and communities in Brunei Darussalam perceive and interpret their contemporary reality. It considers the new angles of vision and scale that such an approach may offer on this most discrete of countries.
Negotiating Assimilation and Hybridity: The Identity of Chinese-Malays in Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Hoon Chang-Yau , Sahrifulhafiz Nur Shawatriqah
Published: April 2023

This chapter explores the ways in which Bruneians who are born into a Chinese-Malay family define their identity. It details how the state classifies them in terms of ‘race’, how they negotiate their bicultural practices, and the day-to-day challenges they face while growing up in what we could term a liminal space of in-betweenness. Situated against the backdrop of state-level assimilation influence, the chapter discusses the ways in which Chinese-Malays negotiate between assimilation and hybridity. By articulating the everyday experiences of between and betwixt among these biracial subjects, the chapter reveals the various forces shaping the boundaries of exclusion and inclusion, belonging and non-belonging in Brunei Darussalam.
From Migrants to Citizens: The Iban of Melilas Longhouse, Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Hazimah Mahirah Nazatul , Fee Lian Kwen
Published: April 2023

There are an estimated 14,000 to 20,000 Iban living in Brunei Darussalam, most of them in the Belait and Temburong districts. They migrated to Brunei from Sarawak just before the Second World War in search of new land and an opportunity to improve their livelihoods. Not recognised as one of the seven indigenous ethnic groups (puak) by the state, the common narrative is that they face challenges of incorporation into the sultanate. In the Sukang subdistrict in Belait, there are eight Iban longhouses. This case study of the Iban of the Melilas longhouse documents how one particular community has successfully negotiated and managed their acceptance as full citizens of Brunei while retaining their Iban identity.