bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial signal transduction network in a genomic perspective†
Authors: Galperin Michael Y.
Published: May 2004

Bacterial signalling network includes an array of numerous interacting components that monitor environmental and intracellular parameters and effect cellular response to changes in these parameters. The complexity of bacterial signalling systems makes comparative genome analysis a particularly valuable tool for their studies. Comparative studies revealed certain general trends in the organization of diverse signalling systems. These include (i) modular structure of signalling proteins; (ii) common organization of signalling components with the flow of information from N‐terminal sensory domains to the C‐terminal transmitter or signal output domains (N‐to‐C flow); (iii) use of common conserved sensory domains by different membrane receptors; (iv) ability of some organisms to respond to one environmental signal by activating several regulatory circuits; (v) abundance of intracellular signalling proteins, typically consisting of a PAS or GAF sensor domains and various  output  domains;  (vi)  importance  of secondary messengers, cAMP and cyclic diguanylate; and (vii) crosstalk between components of different signalling pathways. Experimental characterization of the novel domains and domain combinations would be needed for achieving a better understanding of the mechanisms of signalling response and the intracellular hierarchy of different signalling pathways.
Effects of Recasts on the Acquisition of the Aspectual Form ‐te i‐(ru) by Learners of Japanese as a Foreign Language
Authors: Ishida Midori
Published: May 2004

The present study investigated the effects of intensive recasting on second language learners’ use of the Japanese aspectual form ‐te i‐(ru) using a time‐series design. Four college classroom learners participated in 8 conversational sessions, with the researcher providing recasts during the middle 4 sessions, and 2 of the learners also participated in a delayed‐posttest session after 7 weeks. Overall accuracy increased significantly in correlation with the number of recasts provided during the treatment period, and the accuracy rate was retained. However, in contrast to the prediction based on the aspect hypothesis, the progressive use of ‐te i‐(ru) was less accurate than the resultative use, which showed constant increase in every learner's performance. Possible accounts for the results include the role of input in classroom instruction, learners’ developmental readiness, and complexity of form‐function mapping.
Genetic doping algorithm (GenD): theory and applications
Authors: Buscema Massimo
Published: May 2004

Abstract:This paper describes an evolutionary algorithm,GenD, conceived by Buscema in 1998 at the Centro Ricerche di Scienze della Comunicazione – Semeion in Rome, where it is still successfully used and has been further developed. Unlike classic genetic algorithms, the GenD system maintains an inner instability during evolution, presenting a continuous evolution of the evolution and a natural increase in biodiversity during the progress of the algorithm. The theory which leads to defining the GenD system is outlined. Specific characteristics of GenD, such as the definition of aspecies‐health aware evolutionary law, the use ofgenetic operatorsand the adoption of astructured organization of individuals(tribes), are described. In order to measure GenD capabilities, we investigated also different problems, such as that known as the travelling sales person problem, which belongs to the class of full NP problems.
The analysis and performance evaluation of the pheromone‐Q‐learning algorithm
Authors: Monekosso N. , Remagnino P.
Published: May 2004

Abstract: The paper presents the pheromone‐Q‐learning (Phe‐Q) algorithm, a variation of Q‐learning. The technique was developed to allow agents to communicate and jointly learn to solve a problem. Phe‐Q learning combines the standard Q‐learning technique with a synthetic pheromone that acts as a communication medium speeding up the learning process of cooperating agents. The Phe‐Q update equation includes a belief factor that reflects the confidence an agent has in the pheromone (the communication medium) deposited in the environment by other agents. With the Phe‐Q update equation, the speed of convergence towards an optimal solution depends on a number of parameters including the number of agents solving a problem, the amount of pheromone deposit, the diffusion into neighbouring cells and the evaporation rate. The main objective of this paper is to describe and evaluate the performance of the Phe‐Q algorithm. The paper demonstrates the improved performance of cooperating Phe‐Q agents over non‐cooperating agents. The paper also shows how Phe‐Q learning can be improved by optimizing all the parameters that control the use of the synthetic pheromone.
Putting value of information theory into practice: a methodology for building sequential decision support systems
Authors: Mussi Silvano
Published: May 2004

Abstract: The paper presents a methodology for building sequential decision support systems based on decision theory using value of information (for short, DT‐VOI based SDSSs). DT‐VOI based SDSSs support decision‐makers in difficult problems of sequential decision‐making. In particular we consider the problem of building DT‐VOI based SDSSs which are capable of supporting decisions in critical situations where (1) making a decision entails knowing the states of some critical hypotheses, and such knowledge is acquired by performing suitable tests; (2) test outcomes are uncertain; (3) performing a test entails, in general, some drawbacks, so that a trade‐off exists between such drawbacks and the value of the information provided by the test; (4) performing a test has the side‐effect that it changes the expected benefit from performing other tests; (5) exceptional situations alter probability and utility default values.
The impact of problem size on decision processes: an experimental investigation on very large choice problems with support of decision support systems
Authors: Wang H. , Chu P.‐C.
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Choice problems as a class of decision problems have attracted great attention for the last couple of decades. Among the frameworks and supporting theories used in their study, two have had the greatest impact: bounded rationality and cost–benefit. Both theories could find support from past empirical studies under different conditions or problem environments. In the past studies, problem size has been shown to play an important role in decision‐making. As problem size increases, a decision process may be detoured and the decision outcome may be different. In this paper we investigate the impact of problem size on three important aspects of the computer‐aided decision process – strategy selection, decision time/effort, and decision quality – through very large choice problems.
Core and periphery of the ‘collective’: labour segmentation in the Russian industrial enterprise
Authors: Schwartz Gregory
Published: May 2004

The present paper tries to fill an important gap in our understanding of the specific nature of wage and employment differentiation in Russia during the period of transition. By presenting evidence from case studies at Russian industrial enterprises the account examines the role played by hierarchies in production, specifically the dynamics of core/periphery workforce segmentation, in helping to explain how the present economic conditions have acted to re‐entrench specific forms of inequality. Exploring the processes of decision‐making regarding employment, work and pay allocation, and promotion the paper will conclude with some central inferences as to why workforce segmentation is seen as an important means of obtaining control over labour.
Presidential Address 2003: The Challenge of Diversity
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: May 2004

New immigration and global communication have greatly increased the cultural presence of non‐Western religions in the United States. More Americans currently practice Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism than ever before, and many more Americans are exposed to these religions through television, travel, higher education, and contacts in school or at work. I examine the implications of this increasing religious diversity for the study of American religion. I begin by distinguishing diversity as a descriptive concept from pluralism as a normative one. I then consider the importance of understanding such practical concerns as religious intolerance and adaptation to diversity, after which I discuss the intellectual and normative challenges posed for a scholarship historically indebted to Christianity that must now seek to understand the relationships among major religious traditions in broader terms.
Explaining Schism in American Protestant Denominations, 1890–1990
Authors: Sutton John R. , Chaves Mark
Published: May 2004

The remarkable degree of religious diversity in the United States is produced more through schisms and mergers occurring to preexisting denominations than through foundings of new religious groups. In this article we analyze schisms, focusing on mainstream Protestant denominations over the period 1890–1990. We treat schism as an organizational process rather than an expression of purely doctrinal disputes; more specifically, we argue that schisms arise from within denominations in response to attempts by denominational elites to achieve organizational consolidation. Event‐history techniques are used to test hypotheses concerning resource environments, effects of denominational reorganization, resource mobilization capacity, network linkages, and denominational centralization. Results show that rates of schism are influenced by prior structural changes, size, and linkage to a liberal federation; we find no effects of resource or institutional environments.
Never on Sunny Days: Lessons from Weekly Attendance Counts
Authors: Iannaccone Laurence R. , Everton Sean F.
Published: May 2004

Congregational attendance data are abundant, accessible, and relevant for religious research. Weekly attendance histories provide information about worshippers, congregations, and denominations that surveys cannot capture. The histories yield novel measures of commitment, testable implications of rational choice theory, and compelling evidence that attendance responds strongly to changes in the opportunity cost of time.
Don't Call Me Ishmael: Religious Naming Among Protestants and Catholics in the United States
Authors: Perl Paul , Wiggins Jonathon L.
Published: May 2004

We explore whether first names of religious origin continue to have religious connotations for Protestants and Catholics in a U.S. culture where naming is largely secularized. We use 1994 General Social Survey data to examine several questions: (1) whether there are Protestant‐Catholic differences in broad categories of names (Old Testament, New Testament, saints, etc.); (2) whether worship attendance predicts the likelihood that Protestant and Catholic parents select categories of names corresponding to their respective traditions; and (3) whether worship attendance predicts selection of specific names that are disproportionately common within Protestantism and Catholicism (without regard to the broader categories). Results show some expected Protestant‐Catholic differences in the frequency of name categories. However, there is no relationship between parental worship attendance and the likelihood of choosing these categories, suggesting that differences cannot be explained by religious motivations. In contrast, worship attendance does increase Catholics' likelihood of choosing specific names that are disproportionately common within their tradition. This suggests that committed Catholics perceive certain names as “Catholic” and represents one instance in which names do retain religious connotations for believers. We are aware of no previous research that has established such a link between parental religious commitment and naming.
Religion and the Paradox of Racial Inequality Attitudes
Authors: Hinojosa Victor J. , Park Jerry Z.
Published: May 2004

There appears to be an interesting paradox in American attitudes toward racial inequality: while Americans almost universally see inequality as a social evil, they also consistently oppose government programs to remedy it. This discrepancy appears to result from accounts for the causes of inequality: if inequality is caused by individual failures, rather than structural conditions, then government solutions to racial inequality are unlikely. We examine the role of religion in the formation of attitudes concerning racial inequality for both blacks and whites. Using logistic regression on data from the 1996 General Social Survey, we find that the inclusion of African Americans and multiple religious traditions further complicates the story behind contemporary debates over attitudes pertaining to racial inequality.
Explaining Religious Effects on Distress Among African Americans
Authors: Jang Sung Joon , Johnson Byron R.
Published: May 2004

This study applies Smith's (2003a) theory of religious effects to account for the link between religiosity and distress. Using a latent‐variable structural equation modeling approach, we analyze survey data from a nationally representative sample of African‐American adults and find empirical support for our hypotheses. In terms of anger, depression, and anxiety, religiously committed African Americans exhibit lower levels of distress than their less religious or nonreligious counterparts. Highly religious African Americans report higher levels of sense of control and social support, which consequently reduces distress. We also find that the indirect and salutary effects of religiosity via social support are due to support from family and friends as well as from other religious people.
Clergy‐Congregation Mismatches and Clergy Job Satisfaction
Authors: Mueller Charles W. , McDuff Elaine
Published: May 2004

Clergy are sometimes matched with congregations that are not as liberal or conservative as they are. We develop two arguments that predict different effects of clergy‐congregation mismatches in theological conservatism/liberalism on clergy job satisfaction. One argument predicts no effect of a mismatch on job satisfaction because clergy have been socialized to expect challenges and frustrations in their ministry. The other argument predicts a reduction in clergy job satisfaction because of the clergy‐congregation conflict produced by the theology mismatch. National data (N= 2,467) from two Protestant denominations are used to test these two hypotheses. We find support for the conflict argument: theology mismatches do produce clergy job dissatisfaction, net of numerous other factors. However, this happens only when the minister is more liberal (not more conservative) than the congregation. Additional analysis also showed that these mismatched clergy are more likely to intend to leave their current churches.
Give Me that Ol' Time Hormonal Religion
Authors: Carroll Michael P.
Published: May 2004

Rodney Stark (2002) has sought to explain the greater religiosity of women, something that he asserts to be a cultural and historical universal, by suggesting that male physiology makes males more impulsive and so less likely to submit to religious prohibitions. Although he presents evidence suggesting that greater female religiosity is true today cross‐culturally, he presents no real evidence establishing that this generalization was true prior to the 19th century. In fact, Stark's article completely overlooks a highly visible and well‐established body of scholarly literature suggesting that the “feminization of piety,” in both the Protestant and Catholic traditions, is a relatively recent historical phenomenon.
Single‐copy gene markers isolated from the Caribbean coral, Montastraea annularis
Authors: Severance E. G. , Szmant A. M. , Karl S. A.
Published: May 2004

We report the isolation of seven single‐copy nuclear DNA loci from the Caribbean reef‐building coral, Montastraea annularis. All loci are polymorphic at the nucleotide level, and three loci have readily screened restriction enzyme site polymorphisms that can help to rapidly assess population genetic structure. Use of these markers can provide baseline genetic information concerning the population dynamics of dominant stony corals and fuel the implementation and management of appropriate conservation strategies.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the new world screw‐worm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Torres T. T. , Brondani R. P. V. , Garcia J. E. , Azeredo‐Espin A. M. L.
Published: May 2004

The new world screw‐worm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, is one of the most important parasitic insect pests. This species causes myiasis and, consequently, significant losses to livestock industries in neotropical regions. As part of an investigation into the genetic variability and population structure of the new world screw‐worm, a set of 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers was isolated from an AC‐enriched genomic library. Amplification of the reported loci in 30 screw‐worms revealed an average of 6.9 alleles per locus with expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.3831 to 0.8022. Cross‐species amplifications suggested that these loci may be useful in other Calliphoridae species.
Optimization of novel polymorphic microsatellites in the endangered Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
Authors: Scott C. , Foose T. , Morales J. C. , Fernando P. , Melnick D. J. , Boag P. T. , Davila J. A. , Van Coeverden De Groot P.J.
Published: May 2004

Loss of habitat and poaching have led to a drastic reduction in numbers of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). To aid in the conservation management of this species, we isolated and optimized 10 polymorphic Sumatran rhinoceros microsatellite loci. A survey of six individuals yielded a mean number of alleles of 3.7, mean expected heterozygosity of 0.551 and probability of identity of 3.46 × 10−8. Although this estimate is similar to estimates of microsatellite variability in the Black, Indian and White rhinoceroses, such a conclusion is premature as locus purity, sample size and number of loci surveyed vary significantly among studies.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci in Eurytoma brunniventris, a generalist parasitoid in oak cynipid galls
Authors: Hale M. L. , Acs Z. , Stone G. N.
Published: May 2004

Eurytoma brunniventris is a parasitic wasp with a wide range of host species. We have developed primers for nine polymorphic microsatellite loci to allow examination of intraspecific population subdivision associated with two aspects of the biology of their hosts: host species (oak gallwasps) and the tree on which the gallwasp develops (different oak species). All nine loci amplified well across individuals collected from a range of gallwasp species and across two oak taxa. These microsatellite loci are potentially of value in the study of closely related economic pests such as seed predators of almonds (E. amygdali) and pistachios (E. plotnikovi).
Primers for identification and polymorphism assessment of Vespertilionid bats in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Zinck J. M. , Duffield D. A. , Ormsbee P. C.
Published: May 2004

Species‐specific primers for portions of the mitochondrial DNA 16S ribosomal subunit gene were designed to identify bats of the family Vespertilionidae (Mammalia). Two fragments, each of 190 base pairs, were found to contain sufficient genetic variability to consistently resolve 10 of the 14 Pacific Northwest species included in this study. The remaining four species could be resolved into two sets of paired species that were unique from the other 10 species. These primers are demonstrably useful for purposes of surveys designed for species identification of bats, including using DNA extracted from guano collected from roost sites when bats are absent.
Characterization of microsatellite markers in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.)
Authors: Pandey M. , Gailing O. , Fischer D. , Hattemer H. H. , Finkeldey R.
Published: May 2004

Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) is a tetraploid European hardwood tree species. The reproduction system of the insect‐pollinated trees and patterns of genetic variation are largely unknown. We isolated and characterized eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for Acer pseudoplatanus L. The high degree of polymorphism observed at these markers makes them useful to observe genetic variation patterns at various spatial scales and to analyse gene flow and the mating system. Primers developed for the amplification of microsatellites in A. pseudoplatanus were tested for 21 different species of genus Acer. Amplification products of the expected size were obtained in most cases.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for assessment of genetic variation of hops (Humulus lupulus L.)
Authors: Hadonou A. M. , Walden R. , Darby P.
Published: May 2004

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cultivars are vegetatively propagated and it is difficult to differentiate them during the process of propagation. Fingerprinting with molecular markers based on DNA could be a useful means of identifying different cultivars. Simple sequence repeats, or microsatellite markers, are the most suitable marker for genetic fingerprinting because they are multi‐allelic and co‐dominant. For this purpose, we have developed primers for 10 new polymorphic microsatellite loci that are suitable for genetic fingerprinting in hop.
Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite loci in Podarcis bocagei (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Authors: Pinho C. , Sequeira F. , Godinho R. , Harris D. J. , Ferrand N.
Published: May 2004

Nine dinucleotide microsatellite loci were developed through an enrichment protocol for Bocage's wall lizard, Podarcis bocagei Seoane 1884, a lacertid endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Nineteen primer pairs were designed and tested. From these, nine loci yielded satisfactory results and were screened on 15–19 individuals. These loci revealed a high level of polymorphism (8–15 alleles) and heterozygosity (0.611–0.947) and will certainly be useful in the study of population structure and evolutionary history of this species.
Microsatellite markers for the driver ant Dorylus (Anomma) molestus
Authors: Kronauer Daniel J. C. , Boomsma Jacobus J. , Gadau Jürgen
Published: May 2004

We report primer sequences for five novel polymorphic microsatellite loci that were developed for the African driver ant Dorylus (Anomma) molestus. The number of alleles in the studied population ranged from three to 10 with observed heterozygosities between 0.458 and 0.806. These microsatellite markers will be useful for the study of mating system evolution and the genetic structure of colonies and populations of army ants.
Frovatriptan Use in Migraineurs With or at High Risk of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Elkind Arthur H. , Satin Lawrence Z. , Nila Alice , Keywood Charlotte
Published: May 2004

Objective.—To investigate the cardiovascular effects of frovatriptan 2.5 mg during a migraine attack in patients with, or at high risk of, coronary artery disease.

Background.—Rare occurrences of myocardial ischemia and coronary and peripheral vasospasm associated with the use of sumatriptan have triggered concern over the vasoconstrictor properties of the triptan class of drugs.

Methods.—This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study was conducted in 14 US private headache referral centers or clinics. Seventy‐five patients, aged 18 years and older, with a history of migraine who were at high risk (Framingham score ≥14) of or who had previously documented coronary artery disease were evaluated.

Results.—Incidence of clinically significant electrocardiogram changes was higher at all time points postdose with placebo than with frovatriptan, reaching statistical significance at 4 hours (40% versus 19%, P= .026). Similar proportions of patients had ischemia documented on Holter monitoring in the placebo (13%) and frovatriptan (11%) groups, and the incidence of arrhythmias was higher in the placebo group (11% versus 3%). There were no clinically significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure in either group. Adverse event profiles were similar for placebo and frovatriptan.

Conclusions.—In this exploratory study of migraineurs with, or at high risk of, coronary artery disease, frovatriptan 2.5 mg was well tolerated and not associated with an increase in cardiovascular monitoring abnormalities.
Consensus Statement: Cardiovascular Safety Profile of Triptans (5‐HT1B/1D Agonists) in the Acute Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Dodick David , Lipton Richard B. , Martin Vincent , Papademetriou Vasilios , Rosamond Wayne , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette , Loutfi Hassan , Welch K.Michael , Goadsby Peter J. , Hahn Steven , Hutchinson Susan , Matchar David , Silberstein Stephen , Smith Timothy R. , Purdy R. Allan , Saiers Jane ,   The Triptan Cardiovascular Safety Expert Panel
Published: May 2004

Background.—Health care providers frequently cite concerns about cardiovascular safety of the triptans as a barrier to their use. In 2002, the American Headache Society convened the Triptan Cardiovascular Safety Expert Panel to evaluate the evidence on triptan‐associated cardiovascular risk and to formulate consensus recommendations for making informed decisions for their use in patients with migraine.

Objective.—To summarize the evidence reviewed by the Triptan Cardiovascular Safety Expert Panel and their recommendations for the use of triptans in clinical practice.

Participants.—The Triptan Cardiovascular Safety Expert Panel was composed of a multidisciplinary group of experts in neurology, primary care, cardiology, pharmacology, women's health, and epidemiology.

Evidence and Consensus Process.—An exhaustive search of the relevant published literature was reviewed by each panel member in preparation for an open roundtable meeting. Pertinent issues (eg, cardiovascular pharmacology of triptans, epidemiology of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk assessment, migraine) were presented as a prelude to group discussion and formulation of consensus conclusions and recommendations. Follow‐up meetings were held by telephone.

Conclusions.—(1) Most of the data on triptans are derived from patients without known coronary artery disease. (2) Chest symptoms occurring during use of triptans are generally nonserious and are not explained by ischemia. (3) The incidence of serious cardiovascular events with triptans in both clinical trials and clinical practice appears to be extremely low. (4) The cardiovascular risk‐benefit profile of triptans favors their use in the absence of contraindications.
An Unusual Case of an Airplane Headache
Authors: Atkinson Victoria , Lee Liesly
Published: May 2004

A 28‐year‐old man developed severe headache associated with changes in altitude during ascent and descent while flying in an airplane. Jabbing pain over the forehead and between the eyes began within minutes of ascent. It resolved once a cruising altitude was reached, but then returned at the start of descent.
Tools for Diagnosing Migraine and Measuring Its Severity
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Bigal Marcelo E. , Amatniek Joan C. , Stewart Walter F.
Published: May 2004

Migraine remains substantially underdiagnosed and undertreated in the United States. Tools to screen for migraine and to measure headache‐related disability can help address barriers to effective diagnosis and treatment. In this article, public health criteria for screening programs for any medical condition are first reviewed. Modifications of these criteria for migraine and other chronic/episodic disorders are then proposed. Migraine is assessed to determine how well it meets criteria for screening and the steps that are necessary before firm public policy recommendations for screening for migraine are possible.
A Thromboembolic Predisposition and the Effect of Anticoagulants on Migraine
Authors: Wammes‐van der Heijden Elisabeth A. , Tijssen Cees C. , Van't Hoff Annelies R. , Egberts Antoine C. G.
Published: May 2004

Objective.—To investigate the presence of thromboembolic risk factors and the effect of low‐dose acenocoumarol therapy on migraine in patients who spontaneously reported a reduction of their migraine attacks during previous therapeutic use of anticoagulants.

Background.—The positive effect of anticoagulants on migraine has been described in case reports and observational studies. It remains unclear whether this concerns only a select group of migraineurs with certain common characteristics.

Methods.—In 4 migraineurs with a self‐reported reduction of attack frequency during previous use of anticoagulants (international normalization ratio [INR], 2.5:4.0), the presence of thromboembolic risk factors and the effect of low‐dose acenocoumarol therapy (INR, 1.5:2.0) on migraine attacks were prospectively investigated in an open study.

Results.—All patients had one or more thromboembolic risk factors. Two patients, both with factor V Leiden heterozygosity, experienced a clear improvement of migraine during low‐dose acenocoumarol therapy.

Conclusions.—Our findings support the hypothesis that migraine, as a phenotype, has different underlying mechanisms, amongst which a thromboembolic tendency. In this group of patients, oral anticoagulants may be a suitable form of migraine prophylaxis, but this needs further clinical investigation.
Ponytail Headache: A Pure Extracranial Headache
Authors: Blau J. N.
Published: May 2004

Fifty of 93 females experienced headache from wearing a ponytail. Pain was experienced only at the site of the hair tie in 10 subjects, extending in others, forwards to the vertex (n = 5) or forehead (n = 7), laterally to the parietal region (n = 8) or temples (n = 3), downwards to the neck (n = 5), or to other areas (n = 12). Loosening the hair relieved pain immediately in 4 subjects, within half an hour in 32, and within an hour in 5 subjects; the remaining 9 subjects were uncertain of pain duration. This headache was preventable by wearing the ponytail more loosely tied.

Ponytail headache, well known to females, is not described in the medical literature because the remedy is obvious, therefore those affected do not seek medical advice. This seemingly common headache provides an example of a pure extracranial headache arising from pericranial muscle fascia and tendon traction. Males almost certainly have similar experiences, but were not questioned in this study.

Distinguishing intracranial from extracranial headache is essential in diagnosis and treatment. Further research on ponytail and other extracranial headaches could shed light on the mechanism of tension‐type headache.
Understanding the Patient With Migraine: The Evolution From Episodic Headache to Chronic Neurologic Disease. A Proposed Classification of Patients With Headache
Authors: Cady Roger K. , Schreiber Curtis P. , Farmer Kathleen U.
Published: May 2004

Traditionally, episodic primary headache disorders are characterized by a return of preheadache (normal) neurologic function between episodes of headache. In contrast, patients with chronic headache often do not return to normal neurologic function between headache attacks. This article proposes that the evolution from episodic migraine to chronic headache may parallel the neurologic disruption observed during the progression of an acute migraine attack and that changes in baseline neurologic function between episodes of headache may be a more sensitive indicator of headache transformation than headache frequency alone. Early recognition of nonheadache changes in nervous system function may offer a more sensitive and specific approach to migraine prevention.
Topiramate‐Responsive Headache Due to Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Behçet Syndrome
Authors: Palacio Enrique , Rodero Lucia , Pascual Julio
Published: May 2004

A 14‐year‐old adolescent was seen with an 8‐month history of almost daily incapacitating headaches due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Behçet syndrome. All his clinical signs and symptoms, including headache, resolved 2 to 4 weeks after topiramate was initiated. An effect on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes II and IV, reducing cerebrospinal fluid production, could potentially explain the beneficial effect of topiramate in intracranial hypertension. Further studies are necessary, however, to confirm the significance of topiramate in this indication.
Venous Angioma Associated With Atypical Ophthalmoplegic Migraine
Authors: Berbel‐Garcia Angel , Martinez‐Salio Antonio , Porta‐Etessam Jesus , Saiz‐Diaz Rosana , Gonzalez‐León Pedro , Ramos Ana , Campollo Jorge
Published: May 2004

Background.—Ophthalmoplegic migraine is a rare syndrome in which episodic headaches are associated with ophthalmoplegia. Several recent reports emphasize the possibility, especially in atypical cases, of a heterogeneous type of ophthalmoplegic migraine.

Methods.—We describe the case of an 18‐year‐old woman with recurrent episodic headache accompanied by binocular diplopia due to left third cranial nerve palsy. The symptoms resolve in hours. A diagnosis of atypical ophthalmoplegic migraine was established.

Results.—Digital angiography revealed a venous angioma draining into the left cavernous sinus.

Conclusions.—This case reveals the importance of differential diagnosis in atypical migraine in which the symptomatology could be secondary to intracranial lesions. We propose venous stasis as a cause of symptoms.
Are Migraine and Coronary Heart Disease Associated? An Epidemiologic Review
Authors: Rosamond Wayne
Published: May 2004

In evaluating the cardiovascular risks of triptans (5‐HT1B/1D agonists) for the treatment of migraine, the possible relationship between migraine and cardiovascular disease warrants careful assessment. The vascular nature of migraine is compatible with the possibility that migraine is a manifestation of cardiovascular disease or is linked to cardiovascular disease via a common mechanism. If so, then migraine itself—independent of the use of triptans—may be associated with an increased risk of cardiac events.

This article considers the epidemiologic literature pertinent to evaluating the association of migraine with coronary heart disease. The research reviewed herein fails to support an association between migraine and coronary heart disease. First, data from several large cohort studies show that the presence of migraine does not increase risk of coronary heart disease. Furthermore, although migraineurs are generally more likely than nonmigraineurs to report chest pain, the presence of chest pain in most studies did not predict serious cardiac events such as myocardial infarction. That the gender‐ and age‐specific prevalence of migraine does not overlap with that of coronary heart disease is also consistent with a lack of association between migraine and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. While migraine appears not to be associated with coronary heart disease, preliminary evidence suggests a possible link of migraine with vasospastic disorders such as variant angina and Raynaud's phenomenon. These results warrant further investigation in large prospective studies.
Coronary Vasoconstrictor Potential of Triptans: A Review of In Vitro Pharmacologic Data
Authors: MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette , Saxena Pramod R.
Published: May 2004

This article reviews the in vitro pharmacology of the triptans in human isolated coronary arteries. As expected, based on their similar pharmacologic profiles, the triptans cannot be easily differentiated with respect to effects at human isolated coronary arteries. Furthermore, the data show that at therapeutically relevant concentrations, triptans have little potential to cause clinically significant constriction of nondiseased coronary arteries. These data, considered in the context of clinical findings reviewed elsewhere in this supplement, support the conclusion that, while all triptans have the potential to produce small contractions of human isolated coronary arteries, their craniovascular selectivity, when used at therapeutic doses, renders them unlikely to cause serious adverse coronary events in patients with healthy coronary arteries.
Cardiovascular Tolerability and Safety of Triptans: A Review of Clinical Data
Authors: Dodick David W. , Martin Vincent T. , Smith Timothy , Silberstein Stephen
Published: May 2004

Triptans are not widely used in clinical practice despite their well‐established efficacy, endorsement by the US Headache Consortium, and the demonstrable need to employ effective intervention to reduce migraine‐associated disability. Although the relatively restricted use of triptans may be attributed to several factors, research suggests that prescribers' concerns about cardiovascular safety prominently figure in limiting their use.

This article reviews clinical data—including results of clinical trials, postmarketing studies and surveillance, and pharmacodynamic studies—relevant to assessing the cardiovascular safety profile of the triptans.

These data demonstrate that triptans are generally well tolerated. Chest symptoms occurring during use of triptans are usually nonserious and usually not attributed to ischemia. Incidence of triptan‐associated serious cardiovascular adverse events in both clinical trials and clinical practice appears to be extremely low. When they do occur, serious cardiovascular events have most often been reported in patients at significant cardiovascular risk or in those with overt cardiovascular disease. Adverse cardiovascular events also have occurred, however, in patients without evidence of cardiovascular disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that nonischemic mechanisms are responsible for sumatriptan‐associated chest symptoms, although the mechanism of chest symptoms has not been determined to date. Importantly, most of the clinical trials and clinical practice data on triptans are derived from patients without known cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the conclusions of this review cannot be extended to patients with cardiovascular disease. The cardiovascular safety profile of triptans favors their use in the absence of contraindications.
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Triptans
Authors: Papademetriou Vasilios
Published: May 2004

Identifying the patient for whom triptans are contraindicated because of recognized, diagnosed cardiovascular disease is relatively straightforward. Determining whether a patient with potential unrecognized cardiovascular disease is an appropriate candidate for triptan therapy, however, constitutes a difficult challenge, especially in the absence of a framework for workup of patients.

This article discusses the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease and issues involved in assessing cardiovascular risk, and it attempts to provide a framework for cardiovascular risk assessment that can be applied to decisions for prescribing triptans. Current guidelines for cardiovascular risk assessment allow stratification of patients to low, intermediate, or high risk of coronary heart disease events. This framework for risk assessment can be applied to decisions for prescribing triptans. Cardiovascular risk‐assessment algorithms discussed elsewhere in this supplement suggest that patients at low risk (1 or no risk factors) of coronary heart disease can be prescribed triptans without the need for a more intensive cardiovascular evaluation. Conversely, patients with established coronary heart disease or coronary heart disease risk equivalents should not be prescribed triptans according to the current prescribing recommendations. Patients at intermediate risk (2 or more risk factors) of coronary heart disease require cardiovascular evaluation before triptans can be prescribed. Current understanding suggests that the risk of future acute coronary events is a function of the absolute number of vulnerable plaques present, a variable that cannot be accurately determined using available technology or risk‐prediction models. Cardiovascular risk‐assessment guidelines should be evaluated in the context of this limitation.
Violence in the Transition to Adulthood: Adolescent Victimization, Education, and Socioeconomic Attainment in Later Life
Authors: Macmillan Ross , Hagan John
Published: May 2004

There is increasing speculation about links between violent victimization in childhood and adolescence and socioeconomic disadvantage in later adulthood, yet little work, either theoretical or empirical, has examined this issue. This paper integrates research on social and psychological consequences of victimization with theory and research on socioeconomic attainment to propose a theoretical model that situates adolescent victimization in the socioeconomic life course. Examination of data from a national sample of American adolescents (ages 11–17 in 1976) indicates a chain‐like sequence in which victimization diminishes educational self‐efficacy, which subsequently undermines educational performance and attainment. Through diminished educational attainment, adolescent victimization has substantial and wide‐ranging effects on socioeconomic attainment in early adulthood. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
The Postsecondary Educational Progress of Youth From Immigrant Families
Authors: Fuligni Andrew J. , Witkow Melissa
Published: May 2004

Approximately 650 youth from a variety of ethnic and generational backgrounds participated in a longitudinal study of the postsecondary educational experiences of youth from immigrant families. Youth completed questionnaires and provided official school records in the 12th grade and participated in a phone interview 3 years later. Youth from immigrant families demonstrated the same level of postsecondary educational progress as their peers from American‐born families across a broad array of indicators. In addition, youth from immigrant families were more likely to support their families financially, and some were more likely to live with their parents as compared with those from American‐born families. Variability among those from immigrant families suggested that youth from families with higher incomes, higher levels of parental education, and East Asian backgrounds were more likely to enroll and persist in postsecondary schooling as compared with their peers.
Mixed‐Gender Groups, Dating, and Romantic Relationships in Early Adolescence
Authors: Connolly Jennifer , Craig Wendy , Goldberg Adele , Pepler Debra
Published: May 2004

This study examined dating‐stage and developmental‐contextual models of romantic relationships during early adolescence. Same‐gender friendships, affiliation with mixed‐gender groups, dating, and romantic relationships were investigated in a sample of 1,284 young adolescents of diverse ethnocultural backgrounds. Data were collected cross‐sectionally in Grades 5 through 8, as well as longitudinally in the fall and spring of an academic year. Consistent with a stage model, affiliation with mixed‐gender groups and dating were qualitatively distinct activities that were sequentially organized and facilitated the progression from same‐gender friendships to dyadic romantic relationships. The results also provide insights on how the developmental context may alter stage pathways: Dating activities were incorporated with mixed‐gender affiliations, group‐based romantic stages showed more stability than other stages, and the ethnocultural context influenced romantic timing. Finally, results indicated that participation in romantic activities heightened adolescents' future interest in having a romantic relationship.
Examining the Moderating Role of Perceived School Climate in Early Adolescent Adjustment
Authors: Loukas Alexandra , Robinson Sheri
Published: May 2004

The current study examined the unique and interactive relations of 4 aspects of student‐perceived school climate (cohesion, friction, and competition among students, and overall satisfaction with classes) and adolescent effortful control in the conduct problems and depressive symptoms of 868 ten‐ to fourteen‐year‐old adolescents. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that each of the school climate variables was uniquely associated with at least 1 outcome beyond effortful control. Two‐way interactions between effortful control and school climate variables showed that among boys low in effortful control, those perceiving high levels of cohesion among students, low levels of friction among students, or high levels of satisfaction with classes reported fewer depressive symptoms. Among females, 2‐way interactions indicated that girls low in effortful control reported fewer conduct problems when their perceptions of friction or competition among students were low. Implications for perceptions of good quality school climates are discussed.
Negative Mood Regulation Expectancies and Conflict Behaviors in Late Adolescent College Student Romantic Relationships: The Moderating Role of Generalized Attachment Representations
Authors: Creasey Gary , Ladd Aimee
Published: May 2004

The goal of this investigation was to specify associations among negative mood regulation expectancies, generalized attachment representations, and conflict tactics in a sample of college students involved in a romantic relationship. It was predicted that attachment representations would moderate associations between negative mood regulation expectancies and conflict management tactics. Participants were 130 college students involved in a steady romantic relationship. They were administered the Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1996), questionnaires that assessed negative mood regulation expectancies, and were observed for 15 min resolving conflict with their romantic partner. The results confirmed the hypotheses. For example, secure youth with high negative mood regulation expectancies displayed good conflict management behavior, whereas dismissing youth who reported high confidence displayed more undesirable behavior. Implications for future research are discussed.
Bourdieu Off‐Broadway: Managing Distinction on a Shopping Block in the East Village
Authors: Zukin Sharon , Kosta Ervin
Published: May 2004

The economic and social vitality of East Ninth Street, in the East Village of Lower Manhattan, testifies to the area's long‐standing reputation for cutting‐edge culture and the street's astounding high density of unusual stores. Like a regional industrial district, the block between First and Second Avenues works as a specialized agglomeration of small producers, who are dependent on both supportive local suppliers and populations and customers from abroad, and who are linked in networks of mutually beneficial relations. This concentration succeeds not only because of the aesthetic distinction managed by store and building owners, but also because of the cultural diversity sought by a local yet cosmopolitan clientele, the material diversity of the old buildings, and the sociability of old and new residents. Far from destroying a community by commercial gentrification, East Ninth Street suggests that a retail concentration of designer stores may be a territory of innovation in the urban economy, producing both a marketable and a sociable neighborhood node.
Superstores and the Politics of Retail Development
Authors: Halebsky Stephen
Published: May 2004

This article investigates retail development as a social problem, a political phenomenon, and an increasingly important form of urban development. I focus on mass retail, as exemplified by superstores. The data come from six case studies, carried out onsite, of local controversies over the siting of Wal‐Mart superstores. I analyze retail development and the conflicts that it may provoke in terms of six key categories: economic context, actors, dynamic, interests, ideology, and consumption. Throughout the analysis I critically engage the growth machine perspective and suggest how it may be modified to better account for the peculiarities of retail development. I argue that retail development does not necessarily lead to growth and that mass retail is driven by the pursuit of market share and profit, not growth. I also introduce several new concepts: the global development machine, which has taken over certain functions of the growth machine; the shoppers, a local group that appears to value shopping over broader community interests; and the ideology of shopping, which serves to promote retail development.