bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Report of Iris yellow spot virus on Onion in Canada
Authors: Hoepting C. A. , Allen J. K. , Vanderkooi K. D. , Hovius M. Y. , Fuchs M. F. , Pappu H. R. , McDonald M. R.
Published: January 2008

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus) is an economically important viral pathogen of onion vectored by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman). Rapid spread of IYSV has occurred in the western United States and Georgia, with recent reports of IYSV from New York in the northeastern United States (1). In June and mid-July of 2007, symptomatic plants were found in Ontario, Canada in onions grown from sets in a home garden in Grey County (44°27′N, 80°53′W) and on a small commercial farm in Ottawa-Carleton County (45°14′N, 75°28′W), respectively. In the home garden, bleached, elongated lesions with tapered ends occurred on middle-aged leaves of 30% of 100 plants. By August 2007, 91% of these plants were symptomatic. In Ottawa-Carleton, two lesions with green centers and yellow borders occurred on a single leaf of a single plant in a field of 1,120 plants. Symptomatic leaf tissue tested positive for IYSV by IYSV-specific antiserum from Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN) in a double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. These two isolated and remote finds of IYSV in Ontario prompted a survey in early August of 2007 of the Holland Marsh (44°5′N, 79°35′W), the largest onion-producing region in Ontario. Nine onion fields separated geographically across the Holland Marsh Region were scouted and one to three samples of symptomatic tissue per field were analyzed by DAS-ELISA. IYSV was confirmed in seven of nine (78%) fields surveyed and in 13 of 16 (81%) of the individual samples. A reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was used to verify the presence of IYSV in one new symptomatic tissue sample per field collected from three of the fields where IYSV was confirmed by ELISA. Primers specific to the small (S) RNA of IYSV (5′-TAA AAC AAA CAT TCA AAC AA-3′ and 5′-CTC TTA AAC ACA TTT AAC AAG CAC-3′) were used (2). The resulting 1.2-kb amplicon, which included the 772-bp nucleocapsid (N) gene was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the N gene of the Ontario isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU287943) shared 92 to 98% nucleotide sequence identity with known IYSV N gene sequences. The highest nucleotide sequence identity (98%) was with Genbank Accession Nos. DQ233475 and DQ233472. To our knowledge, this is the first report of IYSV infection of onion in Ontario and Canada. This finding confirms further spread of the virus within North America and the need for research to develop more effective management options to reduce the impact of IYSV on onion production. The finding of IYSV in remote and isolated locations where onions were grown from sets implies that the spread of IYSV via infected bulbs warrants further investigation as a potentially important route of distribution of the virus.

References: (1) D. H. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 88:446, 2004. (2) H. R. Pappu et al. Arch. Virol. 151:1015, 2006.
Inverse Laplace transforms of products of Whittaker functions
Authors: Beals Richard , Kannai Yakar
Published: January 2008

Identities of the form

are proved. Here
W
1
is either of the Whittaker functions
W

κ
,
μ

or
M

κ
,
μ

and
W
2
is either of

or

. The function
g
has, piecewise, a form that involves a hypergeometric function of a rational function of
z
and
ζ
. These identities make possible the calculation of explicit global propagators for certain singular hyperbolic equations and degenerate hyperbolic equations in two variables of the form
The origin of deep ocean microseisms in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Kedar Sharon , Longuet-Higgins Michael , Webb Frank , Graham Nicholas , Clayton Robert , Jones Cathleen
Published: January 2008

Oceanic microseisms are small oscillations of the ground, in the frequency range of 0.05–0.3 Hz, associated with the occurrence of energetic ocean waves of half the corresponding frequency. In 1950, Longuet-Higgins suggested in a landmark theoretical paper that (i) microseisms originate from surface pressure oscillations caused by the interaction between oppositely travelling components with the same frequency in the ocean wave spectrum, (ii) these pressure oscillations generate seismic Stoneley waves on the ocean bottom, and (iii) when the ocean depth is comparable with the acoustic wavelength in water, compressibility must be considered. The efficiency of microseism generation thus depends on both the wave frequency and the depth of water. While the theory provided an estimate of the magnitude of the corresponding microseisms in a compressible ocean, its predictions of microseism amplitude heretofore have never been tested quantitatively. In this paper, we show a strong agreement between observed microseism and calculated amplitudes obtained by applying Longuet-Higgins' theory to hindcast ocean wave spectra from the North Atlantic Ocean. The calculated vertical displacements are compared with seismic data collected at stations in North America, Greenland, Iceland and Europe. This modelling identifies a particularly energetic source area stretching from the Labrador Sea to south of Iceland, where wind patterns are especially conducive to generating oppositely travelling waves of same period, and the ocean depth is favourable for efficient microseism generation through the ‘organ pipe’ resonance of the compression waves, as predicted by the theory. This correspondence between observations and the model predictions demonstrates that deep ocean nonlinear wave–wave interactions are sufficiently energetic to account for much of the observed seismic amplitudes in North America, Greenland and Iceland.
Instability of thread-annular flow with small characteristic length to three-dimensional disturbances
Authors: Webber Mark
Published: January 2008

We present a linear stability analysis of viscous, pressure-driven flow in an annular pipe with a moving core. The core moves with constant speed along its axis and rotates with constant angular frequency. At both boundaries the fluid obeys slip boundary conditions.

Our numerical results highlight the important role of asymmetric perturbations in the instability of the system. Boundary slip is seen to be stabilizing, as has been observed for other types of parallel flows. We show that motion of the solid core with respect to the outer cylinder causes the neutral curve to split into two distinct curves. In particular, we show that rotation has a surprising destabilizing effect.
How populations persist when asexuality requires sex: the spatial dynamics of coping with sperm parasites
Authors: Kokko Hanna , Heubel Katja U , Rankin Daniel J
Published: January 2008

The twofold cost of sex implies that sexual and asexual reproduction do not coexist easily. Asexual forms tend to outcompete sexuals but may eventually suffer higher extinction rates, creating tension between short- and long-term advantages of different reproductive modes. The ‘short-sightedness’ of asexual reproduction takes a particularly intriguing form in gynogenetic species complexes, in which an asexual species requires sperm from a related sexual host species to trigger embryogenesis. Asexuals are then predicted to outcompete their host, after which neither species can persist. We examine whether spatial structure can explain continued coexistence of the species complex, and assess the evidence based on data on the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa). A modification of the Levins metapopulation model creates two regions of good prospects for coexistence, connected by a region of poorer patch occupancy levels. In the first case, mate discrimination and/or niche differentiation keep local extinction rates low, and most patches contain both species; the other possibility resembles host–parasite dynamics where parasites frequently drive the host locally extinct. Several dynamical features are counterintuitive and relate to the parasitic nature of interactions in the species complex: for example, high local extinction rates of the asexual species can be beneficial for its own persistence. This creates a link from the evolution of sexual reproduction to that of prudent predation.
A unique cross section through the skin of the dinosaurPsittacosaurusfrom China showing a complex fibre architecture
Authors: Lingham-Soliar Theagarten
Published: January 2008

This paper reports on a unique preservation of soft tissues in the ventrolateral region of the plant-eating dinosaurPsittacosaurusfrom the Jehol biota of China. The preservation is of a deep cross section through the dermis, which includes multiple layers of collagenous fibres in excess of 25, among the highest recorded in vertebrates, with a further 15 more layers (poorly preserved) estimated for the entire height of the section. Also, for the first time in a dinosaur two fibre layers parallel to the skin surface are preserved deep within the dermis at the base of the cross section. These fibre layers comprise regularly disposed fibres arranged in left- and right-handed geodesic helices, matching the pattern at the surface and reasonably inferred for the entire section. As noted from the studies on modern-day animals, this fibre structure plays a critical part in the stresses and strains the skin may be subjected to and is ideally suited to providing support and protection.Psittacosaurusgives a remarkable, unprecedented understanding of the dinosaur skin.
Effect of dispersal and nutrient availability on the competitive ability of toxin-producing yeast
Authors: Wloch-Salamon Dominika M , Gerla Daan , Hoekstra Rolf F , de Visser J. Arjan G.M
Published: January 2008

The ecological role of interference competition through toxin production is not well understood. In particular, it is unclear under what conditions the benefits of toxic killing outweigh the metabolic costs involved. A killer advantage has been suggested to rely on local competitive interactions where the benefits of killing accrue to the toxin producer preferentially, but this notion has little empirical support. In addition, contrasting predictions exist about the effect of resource abundance on the benefits of toxin production; this benefit should either be highest when resources are abundant and metabolic costs are relatively low or when resources are scarce and toxic killing is a ‘last resort strategy’ to obtain nutrients. Here, we test these predictions for one aspect of competitive ability, that is, the ability of toxin producers to invade a population of sensitive non-producers from a low initial frequency. We use competition experiments between isogenic K1 toxin-producing and non-producing strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae, where we manipulate dispersal under two extreme nutrient conditions: one environment with and the other without replenishment of nutrients. We find that toxin production is beneficial when dispersal is limited under both nutrient conditions, but only when resources are abundant these outweigh its cost and allow invasion of the producer.
LABOUR RELATIONS LAW AND POLICY IN ONTARIO
Authors: Woods H. D.
Published: January 2008

Collective bargaining in Canada faces a period of rapid change because of the unusual rate of economic growth, technological change, industrial locational shifts, and evolving occupational patterns. This dynamic process requires that the institutional relationship of unions and employers shall be maintained on as fluid a basis as possible. Public law in Ontario has been based on a differentiation of industrial dispute areas. Special provision has been made to resolve the problems of jurisdiction, recognition, negotiation and application. In each of these probably there are reasons for legal amendment and procedural change, but this article has been confined to negotiation issues only.

The provisions for state intervention in negotiation disputes are believed to require considerable alteration. The proposals presented in this submission have certain objectives. These might be listed as follows:

 To remove the deterrents to effective collective bargaining by narrowing the range of application of compulsory conciliation.

 To increase the effectiveness of the conciliation officer by eliminating conciliation boards except in special circumstances.

 To enhance the prestige of conciliation boards by reducing their application to situations (a) of consent where both parties request them, or (b) of vital public concern where the civil authorities decide that such boards are needed in the public interest.

 To extricate the conciliation process as far as possible from the tactics of collective bargaining, in which it has become enmeshed by the continued influence of compulsory conciliation and compulsory delays on direct economic action, as well as by the existence of two stages in the compulsion.

 To re‐impose responsibility in collective bargaining on the parties to disputes by removing compulsory scapegoats.14

 To create an environment which will encourage the parties out of sheer necessity to experiment with private arrangements for negotiating.

 To recognize more clearly that the public interest in some cases is sufficiently great to justify special procedures; that the degree of public interest covers a wide range justifying compulsory conciliation in some cases and compulsory arbitration in others; that the responsibility for deciding rests with public authority.
HUNTING AND ANGLING: THE PUBLIC INTEREST
Authors: Clarke C. H. D.
Published: January 2008

While at first glance hunting and angling in North America would appear to be interesting chiefly as popular participant sports, together they are an important area of administration for every state and provincial government in the United States and Canada.
IN MEMORIAM
Authors: FitzRandolph Robert S.
Published: January 2008

On August 19, 1958, Robert S. FitzRandolph, Comptroller General of the Province of New Brunswick and National Vice‐president of the Institute of Public Administration of Canada, died suddenly at his home in Fredericton.
CHESTER SAMUEL WALTERS 1878–1958
Authors: Gathercole George
Published: January 2008

Chester Samuel Walters died suddenly but peacefully on Wednesday, December 10, 1958. He had fulfilled a hope, long cherished, of leading an active life to the last. On the afternoon preceding the day of his death he had been in his office. That night he suffered a heart attack. By morning, life had slipped away.
COUNCIL‐MANAGER GOVERNMENT IN HALIFAX
Authors: De Bard August A.
Published: January 2008

The directory of City Managers in the 1959 Municipal Year Book, published by the International City Managers' Association, lists West‐mount as the first Canadian municipality to adopt Council‐Manager government (1913). If there was a date prior to this one the municipality did not operate under that form at the time of listing.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF THE BOARD OF TRANSPORT COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA AS A REGULATORY TRIBUNAL*
Authors: Wright Arthur R.
Published: January 2008

In order to comprehend fully the working of an administrative board or tribunal, it is first necessary to establish the principles which form the basis of its operations. The concept of justice and equanimity between parties has come down to us in the form or theory of “a rule of law.” In attempting to examine the role of the Board of Transport Commissioners insofar as it affects railways in Canada, the concepts of natural justice and impartiality form the test pattern in the light of which the history, development, and operation of transportation is examined and the procedure, practice and problems of the Board are discussed.

An examination of the historical development, character, functions and practices of the Board, bearing in mind the evolution of the transport industry and the requirements of a “rule of law” even in administrative or quasi‐judicial bodies, leads to the conclusion that it cannot be described accurately by either “administrative” or “judicial” designation. It is, nevertheless, possible to devise a “rule of law” in the administrative sense. It is the central thesis of this paper that the Board of Transport Commissioners for Canada is a judicial body possessing those apects of administrative tribunals which are conducive to flexibility and informality in the discharge of its supervisory and regulatory functions.
THE PROJECT METHOD: NATIONAL HEALTH GRAKTS
Authors: Inflow E. Burke
Published: January 2008

The project method of administration is not clearly defined. Administrative procedures are set forth in The National Health Grants Reference Menthol, but it is generally recognized that a great deal of “informal” procedure is involved in the project method of administration.

At the provincial level, project administration varies greatly between the large provinces which normally have an administrative section devoted to the Health Grants program and the smaller ones which look to the deputy minister and his assistant as the chief administrators of the program.

The procedure of applications is, by now, pretty well defined, within the methods of project administration, both federal and provincial.

Fiscal control is maintained by the Health Grants Administration in close conjunction with the chief treasury officer and the audit staff of the comptroller of the Treasury.

The auditing and accounting procedures as they relate to the Health Grants program are diffuse and involve a duplication of effort. The possibility of consolidating the entire Health Grants project administration is reviewed.
Book Reviews
Authors: CARTWRIGHT TIMOTHY J.
Published: January 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

The System: The Misgovernment of Modern Britain. By Max Nicholson

Emerging Pattern in Health. Care. By Robert Kohn.
Public management problems in the Soviet economy
Authors: Herron H. G. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The economy of the Soviet Union has moved from that of a backward, agricultural nation to one of the world's most advanced industrial states within half a century. It has accomplished this through a system of highly centralized state planning of all aspects of the economic life of the country. Recently, however, serious problems have arisen in the system. The right goods are not being produced; consumers are dissatisfied and unhappy.

To try and resolve this problem before it results in uncontrollable dissatisfaction (as had begun to appear in other East European countries such as Poland) the Soviet Union embarked on a series of economic reforms, loosely termed ‘Libermanism’ after its prime originator, which aimed at giving enterprises more autonomy and incentive in managing their businesses. Generally, this meant giving the enterprise more control over its resources and using ‘profit’ as a prime indicator of success rather than merely ‘plan fulfillment.’

The experiments have been hotly ‐ and publicly ‐ debated in the Soviet Union with strong opposition from the central planning advocates. There have been accusations that the reforms are anti‐Marxist‐Leninism. Nonetheless, the experiments have continued, though cautiously, and the recent Five Year Plan reaffirmed the commitment of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union to economic reform.

The results of the reforms are still inconclusive but it appears certain that the pressures to gain efficiency in the economy and at the same time satisfy growing consumer demands are forcing change in the administration of the Soviet economy.

Sommaire. En l'espace d'un demi‐siècle, l'Union soviétique qui avait une économic agricole primitive est devenue l'un des états les plus industrialisés dumonde. Cette transformation a été réalisée par la planification extrêmement centralisée de tous les aspects de la vie économique du pays. Mais récemment, de sérieux problèmes se sont manifestés: non‐production des merchandises voulues, mécontentement des consommateurs.

Pour essayer de remédier à ces difficultés pendant que ce mécontentement était encore contrôlable (et il commençait à ne plus l'être dans d'autres pays de l'Europe de l'Est, comme la Pologne), l'Union soviétique s'est lancée dans une série de réformes économiques qualifiées de façon assez vague de ←Libermanistes→, d'après le nom de leurs principal auteur. Ces réformes visaient à donner aux entreprises plus d'autonomie et plus d'encouragement dans la gestion de leurs affaires. D'une façon générale, cela revenait à donner aux entreprises plus de contrôle sur leurs ressources et à utiliser le ←profit→ comme indicateur principal de succès au lieu d'en juger simplement d'après l'exécution du plan.
The changing role of the Privy Council Office†
Authors: Robertson Gordon
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Since the establishment of the office of Secretary to the Cabinet thirty years ago, there have been a number of changes in the way the cabinet operates, one being in the cabinet committee system which has passed through three distinct phases and is now in a fourth. Nine standing committees exist, with significant changes in procedure, permitting ministers to participate more fully in discussion and to share responsibility better. The Cabinet Committee on Priorities and Planning, established in 1968, deals with broad objectives, main questions of policy with long‐term implications and with priorities for broad financial allocation.

With the complexity of government and the scale of die elements of complexity increasing, the demands on ministerial time have become overwhelming.

The Operations, Plans and Federal‐Provincial Affairs Divisions of the Privy Council Office, with a small and discreet staff constantly changing to avoid the formation of a ruling elite, assist the prime minister, cabinet and cabinet committees in the total process of decision‐making and in assuring a coherence of policy. Attempts are made to provide the central executive with full information and optimum freedom in taking the decisions for which parliament and the people of Canada have given them responsibility.

Sommaire. Depuis la création du poste de secrétaire du Cabinet, il y a une trentaine d'années, il s'est produit un certain nombre de changements dans le fonctionnement même du cabinet. Citons, entre autres, le système des comités du cabinet qui est passé par trois phases distinctes et se trouve maintenant dans une quatrième phase. Il existe neuf comités permanents dont la procédure a subi d'importantes modifications pour permettre aux ministres de prendre une part plus active aux discussions, et de mieux partager les responsabilités. Le comité du cabinet chargé de l'établissement des priorités et de la planification, établi en 1968, s'occupe des objectifs généraux, des lignes de conduit A long terme et des priorités pour l'allocation générale des fonds.

A cause de la complexité du gouvernement et de l'ampleur croissante de ses responsabilités, l'emploi du temps des ministres est devenu incroyablement chargé.

Les sections des Opérations, des Plans et celle des Affaires fédérales‐provinciales du Conseil privé, avec un personnel peu nombreux et discret, constamment renouvelé pour éviter la formation d'une élite trop influente, aident le premier ministre, le cabinet et les comités du cabinet à prendre les decisions qui s'imposent et à assurer la cohérence de la politique du gouvernementale. Elles s'efforcent de fournir à l'exécutif central toute information utile et de lui assurer le maximum de liberté pour prendre les décisions dmt l'ont chargé le parlement et le peuple canadien.
Review of administrative decisions under the Federal Court Act (1970)
Authors: Fern Norman
Published: January 2008

Abstract. It does not appear, at this time, that the average citizen's position vis‐á‐vis federal administrative agencies has been improved under the Federal Court Act (1970).

For one thing, as might be expected, the Act does not require boards, beyond the rules of natural justice, to conduct their hearings according to certain minimum standards of procedure. In addition, it attempts to prohibit a role Canaidan courts have claimed to review the decisions of boards and commissions that are administrative in nature.

Of course, in non‐discretionary matters the prerogative writs are still available, although original jurisdiction in their issuance has been given exclusively to the itinerant Trial Division of the Federal Court.

Under the Act, the Federal Court of Appeal is given original jurisdiction to review and set aside judicial or quasi‐judicial decisions on certain grounds. But two of the grounds are substantially similar to those on which the prerogative remedies are issued.

The final ground must await judicial interpretation for clarification. Its loose wording permits numerous possibilities for construction. If given a broad interpretation, certain expert and impartial boards will be, in effect, superseded in much of their decision‐making power by the Court of Appeal.

Sommaire. A l'heure actuelle, il ne semble pas que la position du citoyen moyen face aux agences administratives fédérates ait été améliorée par la Loi sur les tribunaux fédéraux (1970).

Tout d'abord, comme on pourrait s'y attendre, la Loi n'oblige pas les conseils à observer des normes minimales de procédure dans la tenue des audiences en dehors du respect des règies de la justice humaine. Par ailleurs, elle cherch à priver les tribunaux canadiens d'un rôle qu'ils avaient assumé: la révision des décisions des conseils et commissions de caractère administratif.

Bien sûr, dans les questions non‐discrétionnaires, les recours à l'ordonnance émise en vertu de la prérogative royale existent toujours mais c'est uniquement à la section itinérante du tribunal fédéral que revient la juridiction originale pour leur émission.

En vertu de cette Loi, la Cour d'appel fédérale détient la juridiction originale pour réviser et casser les décisions judiciaires ou quasi‐judiciaires pour certains motifs. Deux des motifs ressemblent beaucoup à ceux qui permettent les recours en vertu de la prérogative royale.

Le motif d'appel en dernier ressort ne pourra être éclairci qu'après interprétation judiciaire. Le texte est rédigé de façon si vague qu'il se prête à de nombreuses interprétations. S'il est pris dans un sens général, certains tribunaux experts et impartiaux verront en effect leurs décisions dépendre en grande partie de la Cour d'appel.
Personnel induced frustration: an instrument for the selection of senior executives
Authors: Swan H. F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The information in the paper is directed toward those concerned with the selection of senior executives. The paper explores the personnel induced frustration (PIF) method of executive selection pioneered by the federal government but rapidly spreading to the business and academic worlds. It discusses the psychological basis for the technique and its inherent adherence to the ‘merit principle’ of selection.

The paper provides a full explanation of the application of the technique and illustrates its application by means of a case study. Charts developed for use in the federal government are included and will be of assistance to those wishing to adapt the technique to other organizations.

The paper examines some of the innovative approaches devised by devotees of the method and answers critics who have charged that PIF tends to debase the individual.

Sommaire. Cet exposé s'adresse plus particulièrement aux personnes chargées du choix des cadres supérieurs. L'auteur étudie la méthode de sélection des cadres par la provocation de la frustration chez le personnel (PFP) méthode mise au point par le gouvernement fédéral mais que le monde des affaires et de l'enseignement est en train d'adopter rapidement. Il considère le fondement psychologique de la technique et l'adhésion qu'elle implique au principe de la sélection par le mérite.

Il explique en détail l'emploi de la technique et illustre son application par l'étude d'un cas particulier. Il reproduit des tables établis pour le gouvernement fédéral, qui faciliteront l'adaptation de la technique aux exigences d'autres organisations.

Il examine certaines innovations mises au point par les adeptes de la méthode et répond aux critiques qui prétendent que la méthode de sélection des cadres par la provocation de la frustration chez le personnel avilit l'individu.
Urban policy‐making: shortcomings in political technology
Authors: Lithwick N. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The urban crisis has typically been explained as a conjuncture of severe problems in large urban areas. As such, these problems ought to be amenable to solutions by public authorities, yet the record has been unimpressive. If part of the reason is the intrinsic complexity of the issues, another factor appears to be the available political technology.

This paper suggests that there are two types of shortcoming in that technology which play key roles. The first is the direction‐setting mechanisms of government, which are essentially partial, static, and reactive, whereas the policy requirements of an urban society are holistic, dynamic and innovative. The former views efficiency as the objective of policy, yet the pursuit of efficiency within such a framework can lead to growing ineffectiveness or irrelevance.

The second type of shortcoming is found in the evolving structure of the public sector. The growing importance of senior level governments, in part a logical consequence of the efficiency bias, has led to yet greater irrelevance. This is due to the growing distance from local preferences, and to the introverted process of goal setting within senior levels of government.

Institutional reform is thus an essential precondition for the development of relevant urban policy.

Sommaire. De façon typique, la crise urbaine a été expliquée comme étant la convergence de problèmes graves, dans les grandes régions urbaines. Si tel est le cas, les autorités publiques devraient pouvoir leur apporter des solutions et pourtant les résultats obtenus n'ont rien de spectaculaires. Cela est dû en partie à la complexité intrinsèque des problèmes, mais il semble que l'autre raison responsable de cet échec soit la technologie politique actuelle.

L'auteur de cette communication pense qu'il y a deux types de faiblesses dus à cette technologie. Le premier concerne les mécanismes d'orientation gouvernementaux, qui sont essentiellement limités, statiques et réactifs alors que les impératifs des politiques gouvernant les sociétés urbaines sont globaux, dynamitiques et innovateurs. Avec le premier système, l'efficacité est l'objectif des politiques, mais la poursuite de l'efficacité dans un tel contexte peut entraîner une inefficacité croissante ou un manque de pertinence.

Le second type de faiblesse se trouve dans l'évolution de la structure du secteur public. L'importance croissante des niveaux supérieurs du gouverne‐ment, en partie conséquence logique de l'importance accordée à l'efficacité, a fait perdre encore de la pertinence. Cela vient de la manifestation de plus en plus lointaine des préférences locales et du processus inversé pour fixation des objectifs am niveaux supérieurs du gouvemement.
La fonction publique canadienne et québécoise‡
Authors: Dussault René , Bernatchez Roger
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The growing responsibilities of the state as provider call for ever more numerous and capable personnel. What were the main legislative stages in the evolution of the public service in Canada and in Quebec? Is our public service based on the British or French traditions or some other concept? These must be the preliminary questions concerning its legal status and framework. Is this legal status, that is to say its relationship to or that which binds it with the government, of a statutory nature in the realm of public law, or the opposite, contractual and belonging to the area of private law? The answer to this question determines. to a large extent, the responsibilities of the government towards the public service (remuneration, tenure, social and legal security), as well as the subservience of the public service to the government and to those administered (continuing and exclusive service, hierarchic obedience, discretion, integrity, loyalty). Furthermore, the rules governing the public service must state specifically the general conditions under which the civil service operates. This is what we call the legal regime of the public service. The next issue of the JOURNAL will deal with this regime.

Sommaire.

Les responsabilités croissantes de l'éltat‐providence appellent un personnel toujours plus nombreux et compétent. Quelles ont été les principales étapes législatives de l'évolution de la fonction publique canadienne et québécoise ? Notre fonction publique est‐elle de conception britannique, franqaise ou autre ? Voilà autant de question préalables à l'étude de son statut et de son régime juridiques. Ce statut juridique, c'est‐à‐dire la relation ou le lien qui l'unit à l'administration, est‐il de nature statutaire et de droit public, ou au contraire, contractuel et de droit privé? La réponse à cette question conditionne pour me bonne part les obligations de l'administration à l'égard de la fonction publique (rémunération, stabilité d'emploi, sécurité sociale et juridique) de même que les sujétions de la fonction publique face à l'administration et aux administrés (service continu et exclusif, obéissance hiérarchique, discrétion, intégrité, loyauté). Le droit de la fonction publique se doit, en outre, de préciser les conditions générales de service des fonctionnaires. C'est ce qu'on appelle le régime juridique de la fonction publique. La prochaine livraison de cette REVUE en fera éat.
Recent developments in public administration The International Institute of Administrative Sciences, 1971
Authors: Duclos G. G. , Fletcher A. K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract: Delegates representing more than 100 nations gathered in Rome, September 6 to 11, 1971 to attend the 15th Congress of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS). G. G. Duclos, a senior official of the Canadian Government and a member of the Executive Committee of the Institute of Public Administration of Canada, was an official delegate at the Congress. In the following report, he summarizes the objective of IIAS and gives general impressions of the triennial Congress.
Bilingualism in the public service
Authors: Carson John J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Progress has been made toward fulfilling the objective of creating a functionally bilingual federal public service by the year 1975. Many areas of the bilingualism program have produced successful results; in others, data indicate the need for increased efforts in the future.

Sommaire.

Il y a progrès dans la poursuite de l'objectif dune fonction publique bilingue d'ici 1975. Les derniers résultats obtenus indiquent le succès du programme de bilinguisme dans de nombreux domaines; dans certains autres, on constate le besoin d'accroître les efforts à l'avenir.
Emergency powers and civil Iiberties
Authors: Tarnopolsky W. S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The United States and the counties of the Commonwealth illustrate different constitutional bases for the exercise of emergency powers, but the validity of these powers has been upheld in all of them.

The United Kingdom constitution is largely unwritten, and there are no express emergency provisions. Judicial review is restricted, and drastic emergency powers, based upon the royal prerogative and parliamentary sovereignty, have been upheld.

The United States constitution has few express provisions to deal with wartime situations. However, the Supreme Court has upheld the exercise of extraordinary powers by the president and by congress during times of war. In addition, wartime conditions have justified a greater degree of central control of the economy than during normal periods.

India illustrates a third approach, i.e., express constitutional provisions for the exercise of emergency powers. Although, as in the United States, the courts will exercise some judicial review, they have exhibited great self‐restraint.

The Canadian situation is similar in some respects to that of the United States in that there are some written provisions upon which emergency powers are based, and wartime conditions result in a highly centralized federation. On the other hand, judicial review is almost as restricted as in the United Kingdom.

Sommaire.

Les Etats‐Unis et les pays du Commonwealth ont des justifications constitutionnelles différentes quant à l'exercise des pouvoirs extraordinaires, mais tous en reconnaissent la validité.

La constitution du Royaume‐Uni est surtout orale et l'exercice de pouvoirs extraordinaires n'a pas été prévu expressement. Le droit de regard des tribunaux est restreint et on y accepte des pouvoirs extraordinaires très étendus en les basant sur les prérogatives de la couronne et sur la souveraineté. du parlement.

La constitution des Etats‐Unis ne contient que quelques clauses sur les mesures de guerre, mais la cour suprême a reconnu l'exercice de pouvoirs extraordinaires en temps de guerre par le président et les Congrès. De plus, les conditions ont justifiéà ce moment‐là un contrôle de l'économie par le pouvoir central plus grand qu'en temps normal.

L'Inde est encore dam une situation différente, c'est‐à‐dire que sa constitution traite expressément de l'exercice des pouvoirs extraordinaires. Bien que les tribunaw y aient un certain droit de regard, come am Etats‐Unis, ils ne l'ont exercé jusqu'ici qu'avec beaucoup de modération.
La fonction publique canadienne et québécoise: suite‡
Authors: Dussault René , Bernatchez Roger
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In the previous issue, we attempted to determine the legal nature of the relationship between the government and the civil service, as well as the scope of this relationship. Here e examine the legal framework of the public service by considering the legal rules governing appointments, dismissals, and promotions. In the context of a modem civil service, the legislative branch has to specify, within the legal framework, the guarantees and constraints of a public service career. As far as guarantees are concerned, emphasis is placed on the political and organizational freedom of the civil servant as well as on the internal (right of appeal, grievances) and external (judicial and parliamentary) recourses available to the civil servants in Canada and Quebec. These guarantees, intended to eliminate as much as possible the dangers of unfair and arbitrary decisions in the relationship between the government and the civil service must, however, be combined with special constraints for the good of the service and efficiency of the administration. What, then, is the system of civil, penal and disciplinary responsibility to be applied to the civil servant?

Smmaire.

Dans le numéro précédent, nous avons tenté de déterminer la nature juridique de la relation administration‐fonction publique ainsi que la portée de cette relation. Ici now étudions le régime juridique de la fonction publique en nous attardant sur les règles juridiques régissant l'ouverture, la cessation et la progression d'une carrière au sein de YAdministration. Dans le con‐texte d'une fonction publique moderne, le législateur se devait de préciser, a l'intérieur de ce régime juridique, les garanties et contraintes de la carrière dans la fonction publique. Aux chapitres des garanties de la carrière dans la fonction publique, l'accent est mis sur les libertés syndicales et politique du fonctionnaire ainsi que sur les recours contentieux internes (droit d'appel, grief) et externes (judiciaires et parlementaires) qui s'offrent au fonctionnaire canadien et québécois. Ces garanties, destinées à bannir, le plus possible, les risques d'ar‐bitraire et dinjustice dans les rapports administration‐fonction publique doivent cependant, dans l'intérêt du service et de l'efficacité administrative, être doublées de contraintes particulières. Quel est alors le régime de responsabilité civile, pénale et disciplinaire applicable au fonctionnaire?
Task allocation in a multifunctional organization: an examination of demand, organizational growth and reserve capability †
Authors: Stannard Burke
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This research note suggests that organizational performance may be better understood through initial analysis of the types of demand which lead to organization and organizational growth. Certain organizational methods of meeting emergency demand are discussed and the disadvantages of strict budgetary control are explored.

Sommaire.

L'auteur de ce bref commentaire indique que les performances des organisations pourraient êthe mieux comprises par l'analyse initiale des types de demandes qui ont eu pour conséquence les organisations et leur essor. Il expose certaines méthodes des organisations pour répondre à une demande durgence et il étudie les inconvénients d'un budget strict.
Structural change and the policy process in the Department of National Defence: military perceptions
Authors: Byers R. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. During the middle and late 1960s the Department of National Defence underwent substantial structural changes as a result of the reorganization of the Canadian armed forces. It can be hypothesized that members of the armed forces will resist change if vested interest or service identity are threatened, but will accept increased rationalization of the policy process. To test the hypotheses perceptions of senior officers who retired during reorganization have been employed as a data base. Wile the majority of the respondents objected to the loss of service identity, structural change per se was not resisted. Furthermore, it was perceived that the new organizational structure would result in more effective policy decisions within the Department, but a significant majority of the senior military objected to the manner in which the Defence Minister utilized the reorganized structure, and thus there were considerable civil‐military tensions during this period.

Sommaire. Vers la mi et fin de 1960, le Département de la Défense a subi des changements structuraux substantiels provenant de la réorganisation du Service militaire canadien. Il est hypothétique que les membres des établissements militaires résisteront au changement si les droits acquis ou service d'identité sont menacés, mais ils accepteront les plus grands principes raisonnables de méthode politique. Pour mettre à l'essai cette hypothèse, les perceptions des officiers de grade supérieur qui ont pris leur retraite durant la réorganisation ont été employées comme données de base. Pendant que la majorité des répon‐dants s'objectait à la perte du service d'identité, un changement structural par lui‐même n'a pas été résisté. De plus, on a pu percevoir que la réorganisation résulterait des décisions politiques Plus efficaces dans le Département, mais une majorité siMcative du militaire de grade supérieur s'est objectéà la manière dont le ministre de la Défense a utilisé la structure réorganisée, de sorte qu'une considérable tension civile‐militaire existait durant cette période.
La conception d'un mini‐système intégréd'information pour la gestion†
Authors: Hurtubise Rolland A.
Published: January 2008

Sommaire. Cet article comprend une introduction am management information systems, ainsi que la description de la conception et du développement d'un mini‐système intégré d'information pour la gestion à Ecole nationale d'adminis‐tration publique de l'Université du Québec. Le lan de programmation utilisé est l'APL. L'utilisation du système est très simple, les opérations sur les fichiers s'effectuant en mode conversationnel. On y fait état de la somme légère de travail requise pour monter un tel système d'information.

Abstract. This article provides an introduction to management information systems, followed by the description of the desin and development of the integrated mini‐mmaement information system of the Ecule nationale d'adminis‐tration publique of the Université du Québec. The system, programmed in APL, is very easy to use because the file operations are conducted in a cunversational mode. One highlight is the minimum amount of effort required to produce this information system.
Province‐state trans‐border relations: a preliminary assessment
Authors: Leach Richard H. , Walker Donald E. , Levy Thomas Allen
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This article attempts to explore the relationships between Canadian provinces and American states in a systematic, empirical fashion. The constitutional context within which provinces and states may legitimately interact is far from definitive, particularly on the Canadian side. However, the relative lack of precise constitutional guidance has not prevented the development of a complex mélange of official relations between provinces and states.

These trans‐border relationships may be classified according to their degree of formality and their function. Oddly enough, there appears to be a larger number of formal as opposed to informal relations. Functionally, province‐state contacts may be categorized as regulatory, third‐party, protective‐environmental, public works, and public service. In addition, the impact of geography and time are considered as conditioning factors. A number of illustrative examples are given, particularly province‐state co‐operation in pollution control and in the suppression of forest fires.

In conclusion, the article finds that province‐state trans‐border co‐operation is natural and involves no challenge to the primacy of the respective federal governments in their conduct of foreign relations. However, the broader significance of these subnational official ties remains to be assessed.

Sommaire. Cet article tente d'examiner, dune façon empirique et systématique, les relations entre les provinces canadiennes et les Etats américains. Le contexte constitutionnel à l'intérieur duquel les provinces et les Etats peuvent entretenir des relations officielles est loin d'être définitif, surtout au Canada. Néamoins, ce manque relatif d'un régime juridique précis n'a pas empêché les Etats et les provinces de développer un mélange complexe de liens officiels. On peut classifier ces relations province‐état selon leur degré de formalité et selon leur fonction. Singulièrement, il semble y avoir un nombre plus grand de relations formelles que de relations informelles. D'un point de vue fonctionnel, on peut catégoriser les liens province‐état comme étant régulatoires, de tiers parti, reliés à l'environnement, aux travaux publics et à la fonction publique. De plus, l'auteur constate le rôle important que jouent la géographie et le temps dam les contacts province‐état. Quelques exemples illustratifs sont donnés, particulièrement touchant la coopération province‐état dam les domaines de la protection de l'environnement et de la suppression des feux, de forêts.

Pour conclure, l'article constate que les relations province‐état sont naturelles et qu'elles n'impliquent aucun déft à la primauté du gouvernement fédéral de chaque pays concernant les relations étrangères. Cependant il faut attendre les événements pour analyser les contacts province‐état dans une plus grande perspective.
Interest aggregation and Canadian politics: The case of the Central Bank
Authors: Grayson L. M. , Grayson J. Paul
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The following article focuses on the processes whereby an initial demand for the formation of a central bank in Canada was eventually transformed into policy. In the analysis, the groups for and against the formation of the bank are identified, the environmental factors which made demands for a central bank credible are examined, and the role of the political parties in translating demand into policy is looked at in some detail. This analysis sheds light not only on the formation of the central bank, but also on the nature of the Canadian political process in general.

Sommaire. L'article suivant traite les processus par lesquels une demande préliminaire pour la formation d'une banque centrale au Canada devint enfin la politique. Dans l'analyse on identifie les group pour et contre l'établissement de la banque, on analyse les facteurs dam le milieu qui ont rendu les demandes pour une banque centrale rentables, et on met en relief le rôle des partis politiques dans la transfonnation d'une proposition en une politique. L'analyse éclaire non seulement la formation d'une banque centrale mais aussi la nature du processus politique canadien en général.