bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The wheat and barley vernalization gene
VRN3
is an orthologue of
FT
Authors: Yan L. , Fu D. , Li C. , Blechl A. , Tranquilli G. , Bonafede M. , Sanchez A. , Valarik M. , Yasuda S. , Dubcovsky J.
Published: December 2006

Winter wheat and barley varieties require an extended exposure to low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization), whereas spring varieties do not have this requirement. In this study, we show that in these species, the vernalization gene
VRN3
is linked completely to a gene similar to
Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T
(
FT
).
FT
induction in the leaves results in a transmissible signal that promotes flowering. Transcript levels of the barley and wheat orthologues, designated as
HvFT
and
TaFT
, respectively, are significantly higher in plants homozygous for the dominant
Vrn3
alleles (early flowering) than in plants homozygous for the recessive
vrn3
alleles (late flowering). In wheat, the dominant
Vrn3
allele is associated with the insertion of a retroelement in the
TaFT
promoter, whereas in barley, mutations in the
HvFT
first intron differentiate plants with dominant and recessive
VRN3
alleles. Winter wheat plants transformed with the
TaFT
allele carrying the promoter retroelement insertion flowered significantly earlier than nontransgenic plants, supporting the identity between
TaFT
and
VRN-B3
. Statistical analyses of flowering times confirmed the presence of significant interactions between vernalization and
FT
allelic classes in both wheat and barley (
P
< 0.0001). These interactions were supported further by the observed up-regulation of
HvFT
transcript levels by vernalization in barley winter plants (
P
= 0.002). These results confirmed that the wheat and barley
FT
genes are responsible for natural allelic variation in vernalization requirement, providing additional sources of adaptive diversity to these economically important crops.
Two overrepresented B cell populations in HIV-infected individuals undergo apoptosis by different mechanisms
Authors: Ho Jason , Moir Susan , Malaspina Angela , Howell Melissa L. , Wang Wei , DiPoto Angela C. , O'Shea Marie A. , Roby Gregg A. , Kwan Richard , Mican JoAnn M. , Chun Tae-Wook , Fauci Anthony S.
Published: December 2006

Perturbations of B cells in HIV-infected individuals are associated with the overrepresentation of distinct B cell populations. Here we describe high extrinsic CD95 ligand (CD95L)-mediated apoptosis in CD10−/CD21lomature/activated B cells that likely arise from HIV-induced immune activation. In addition, high intrinsic apoptosis was observed in CD10+immature/transitional B cells that likely arise as a result of HIV-induced lymphopenia. CD10+B cells expressed low levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, consistent with their high susceptibility to intrinsic apoptosis. Higher levels of activated Bax and Bak were induced in CD10+B cells compared with CD95L-treated CD10−B cells, consistent with the greater involvement of mitochondria in intrinsic vs. extrinsic apoptosis. Of interest, both extrinsic apoptosis in CD95L-treated CD10−B cells and intrinsic apoptosis in CD10+B cells were associated with caspase-8 activation. Our data suggest that two distinct mechanisms of apoptosis are associated with B cells of HIV-infected individuals, and both may contribute to the depletion and dysfunction of B cells in these individuals.
Integrated model shows that atmospheric brown clouds and greenhouse gases have reduced rice harvests in India
Authors: Auffhammer Maximilian , Ramanathan V. , Vincent Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2006

Previous studies have found that atmospheric brown clouds partially offset the warming effects of greenhouse gases. This finding suggests a tradeoff between the impacts of reducing emissions of aerosols and greenhouse gases. Results from a statistical model of historical rice harvests in India, coupled with regional climate scenarios from a parallel climate model, indicate that joint reductions in brown clouds and greenhouse gases would in fact have complementary, positive impacts on harvests. The results also imply that adverse climate changes due to brown clouds and greenhouse gases contributed to the slowdown in harvest growth that occurred during the past two decades.
The Research, Policy, and Practice Context for Delivery of Evidence-Based Mental Health Treatments for Adolescents: A Systems Perspective
Authors: Hoagwood Kimberly
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this chapter is to outline these challenges to improving delivery of effective treatments for adolescents and their families and to define a set of research and policy directions that may help improve delivery. In particular, a number of major multisite studies supported by several foundations and federal agencies are currently under way to examine contextual influences on delivery of youth mental health services. These studies will very likely lead to new ways of thinking about implementation and dissemination of effective practices.
A Call to Action on Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Romer Daniel
Published: December 2006

In this final chapter, we summarize important policy implications of the commission reports and highlight steps they suggest to advance the healthy development of America's youth. The reports provide a hopeful assessment of our ability to treat the most prevalent adolescent disorders. At the same time, enormous hurdles remain in our ability to deliver these treatments, and our knowledge base of effective treatments still has important gaps. These considerations suggest that we face formidable challenges if we wish to ensure the healthy development of our youth. Nevertheless, our ever-growing understanding of environments that encourage healthy development bodes well for our future ability to both treat and prevent adolescent mental disorder.
Quantitative performance metrics for robustness in circadian rhythms
Authors: Bagheri Neda , Stelling Jörg , Doyle Francis J.
Published: December 2006

Motivation: Sensitivity analysis provides key measures that aid in unraveling the design principles responsible for the robust performance of biological networks. Such metrics allow researchers to investigate comprehensively model performance, to develop more realistic models, and to design informative experiments. However, sensitivity analysis of oscillatory systems focuses on period and amplitude characteristics, while biologically relevant effects on phase are neglected.

Results: Here, we introduce a novel set of phase-based sensitivity metrics for performance: period, phase, corrected phase and relative phase. Both state- and phase-based tools are applied to free-running Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus circadian models. Each metric produces unique sensitivity values used to rank parameters from least to most sensitive. Similarities among the resulting rank distributions strongly suggest a conservation of sensitivity with respect to parameter function and type. A consistent result, for instance, is that model performance of biological oscillators is more sensitive to global parameters than local (i.e. circadian specific) parameters. Discrepancies among these distributions highlight the individual metrics' definition of performance as specific parametric sensitivity values depend on the defined metric, or output.

Availability: An implementation of the algorithm in MATLAB (Mathworks, Inc.) is available from the authors.

Contact:  frank.doyle@icb.ucsb.edu

Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
GGtools: analysis of genetics of gene expression in bioconductor
Authors: Carey Vincent J. , Morgan Martin , Falcon Seth , Lazarus Ross , Gentleman Robert
Published: December 2006

Summary: This paper reviews the central concepts and implementation of data structures and methods for studying genetics of gene expression with the GGtools package of Bioconductor. Illustration with a HapMap+expression dataset is provided.

Availability: Package GGtools is part of Bioconductor 1.9 (). Open source with Artistic License.

Contact:  stvjc@channing.harvard.edu
Adaptogenic Potential of a Polyherbal Natural Health Product: Report on a Longitudinal Clinical Trial
Authors: Seely Dugald , Singh Rana
Published: December 2006

Stress is a risk factor for a number of diseases and is an important predictor of health in general. Herbal medicines have been used as adaptogens to regulate and improve the stress response and there is evidence to support the use of herbal medicines for this purpose. We conducted an open‐label longitudinal study on the natural health product, OCTA©, a compound mixture of eight herbs, to determine its effects on perceptions of stress. Eighteen participants were enrolled in the study and were followed over a period of 3 months. Primary endpoints included scores from four validated questionnaires (SF‐36v2, PSS, STAI and BDI‐II), serum DHEA, ALT, AST and creatinine all measured at 12 weeks. Seventeen patients completed the study. Except for the physical summary score of the SF36 questionnaire, all the subjective scores indicated a highly significant (P < 0.0001) improvement in the participants′ ability to cope with stress. No adverse effects were reported and there was no evidence of damage to the liver or kidney based on serum markers. Initial evidence for this polyherbal compound supports its potential as an effective ‘adaptogenic’ aid in dealing with stress. Further research using a randomized controlled design is necessary to confirm the findings from this pilot study.
Friedrich Adolf Paneth, 1887-1958
Authors: Emeleus Harry Julius
Published: December 2006

Friedrich Adolf Paneth was born in Vienna on 31 August 1887. His father, Dr Joseph Paneth, was a well-known physiologist and the discoverer of certain histological cells which still bear his name. His mother Sophie (
née
Schwab) was the daughter of an industrialist who was, for a time, a representative in the Austrian parliament. She had been given a classical education, which was rare at that time for a girl, and had a keen interest in the natural sciences and philosophy. Fritz had two brothers, one older and one younger, and, though both parents were of Jewish descent, the three children were brought up in the Protestant faith. He was first taught at home, but later attended Vienna’s renowned Schotten Gymnasium. He was conscientious in his school work and was also endowed throughout his life with an unusual delicacy of touch, so that it was a pleasure to watch his manipulations of familiar as well as of scientific objects. At school he was a good gymnast and later developed more than average skill as a skier, as well as becoming a keen climber. Another major interest was photography. He took up colour photography in 1908, when it was still in the experimental stage; his early achievements in this field would have been impossible without his extraordinary inborn patience. The results compare favourably in selectivity of the view and beauty of tone with many more recent efforts, and form a valuable record of one side of a full life.
Geoffrey Jefferson, 1886-1961
Authors: Walshe Francis Martin Rouse
Published: December 2006

Geoffrey Jefferson was born in County Durham on 10 April 1886, the son of Dr A. J. Jefferson, a well-known surgeon and general practitioner in Rochdale, Lancashire. His great-grandfather had served in the Royal Navy, being entered as midshipman to Captain Bligh, later of Bounty. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, and thereafter in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Manchester. He graduated M.B., B.S. (London) in 1909, proceeding to the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1911 and to the M.S.(London) with gold medal in 1913. For a time he was demonstrator of anatomy to Professor Elliott Smith. While in the last-named post, Jefferson made some contributions to the study of the cerebral sulci, and it was this introduction to the nervous system that stimulated his lifelong interest in this system, as anatomist, physiologist and surgeon. In 1914, Jefferson, having married a former fellow-student, Dr Gertrude Flumerfelt, herself to become a psychiatric physician of parts, decided to move to Vancouver, British Columbia, his wife’s childhood home, in the hope of opportunities of a surgical career. The pathway to opportunity, then, and still largely today, for an able and ambitious young physician or surgeon was appointment to the staff of an undergraduate teaching hospital. Denied it by lack of vacancies at the relevant time, young medical graduates, now as then, migrate across the Atlantic and promising men are lost to us. But the first world war broke out shortly after the Jeffersons’ departure, and they speedily returned, Jefferson to join the staff of the Anglo-Russian Hospital organized by Sir Herbert Waterhouse. After some service in Russia, Jefferson went to France and with the 14th General Hospital began, under the hard conditions of the war, to gain his immense experience of the results of injury and infection of the brain, and of the narrow limits within which they could then be treated, at a time when the sulphonamides, the antibiotics and blood transfusions could not be called in aid and bacterial infection dominated the surgical scene.
Charles Edward Kenneth Mees, 1882-1960
Authors: Clark Walter
Published: December 2006

Photography was about sixty years old at the end of the last century. Although it was intended to be used for recording portraits and scenes, the possibility of using it as a recording medium for science was also realized from the start, and through the years it became more and more relied upon as a way of making records for observation and measurement. It was not until towards the end of the century, however, that studies were started on what is now known as ‘the theory of the photographic process,’ which embraces the relationship between the photograph and the thing photographed. Until then the scientific world had shown little interest in the science of photography as distinguished from its practice. The science of photography deals with the physics and chemistry of lightsensitive substances, especially of silver compounds. It is concerned with the nature of the light-sensitive material, the changes occurring when it is exposed to light, the chemical actions involved when a developer is applied to bring out the image, the structure of the developed image, the faithfulness of reproduction of the brightness scale of the original subject, and so on. The first worth-while study of the sensitivity of photographic materials, and the formulation of the rules by which the developed image is related to the original subject, were published by Ferdinand Hurter and V. G. Driffield in 1890. Their investigations, described in the
Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
, rested in oblivion for some time. At the end of the century, however, two young students became interested in the subject, eventually found the Hurter and Driffield paper, realized its significance, and very substantially broadened its subject matter.
Sydney Chapman, 1888-1970
Authors: Cowling T. G.
Published: December 2006

Sydney Chapman was born in Eccles, near Manchester, on 29 January 1888. He came of a nonconformist family of strict principles. His father, who was chief cashier for Rylands, a textiles manufacturing firm, did his best to give his son every available opportunity. Chapman’s early upbringing strongly influenced both his personal character and his attitude to his fellow-men. His education prior to the age of 14 was in the Green Lane higher grade school, Patricroft. In those days, prior to the institution of the county secondary school system in 1902, such schools were set up by progressive local authorities in order to extend public elementary education some way into the secondary field. Chapman’s school was a very good school of its type, even though most of the boys and girls left by the age of 14. He was not only taught a few scraps of Latin (which was quite exceptional for such a school) but he was also introduced to a number of branches of science, including chemistry and physiology, by a very science-minded headmaster.
Thomas Henry Havelock, 1877 - 1968
Authors: Binnie Alfred Maurice , Roberts Paul Harry
Published: December 2006

Thomas Henry Havelock was born in Newcastle upon Tyne on 24 June 1877, the son of Michael and Elizabeth Burn Havelock Bell). In addition to two who died in infancy there were four children, two boys and two girls. The father Michael was a staunch Church of England man and a Conservative. His wife Eliza was a Presbyterian, and the family became members of John Knox Church in the west end of Newcastle, although Michael sometimes strayed to the parish church on his own. She seems to have introduced a gentle left-wing strain with her presbyterianism for the family were all Liberals before 1914. It was a fairly intellectual family, well read and musicloving, but there was a ‘no nonsense’ trait which made them regard such things as genealogy with suspicion. Thomas’s elder sister M ary Elizabeth married William Marchbank, a coal exporter, who collected first editions and paintings; and the Marchbank family tree, which starts in 1490, was regarded with ironic amusement by the Havelocks. Apart from Thomas’s scientific travels, the family rarely ventured abroad and were deeply rooted in the north-east, where another branch long resided at Riding Mill. The men were either farmers or engaged in commerce in Newcastle, except for Michael who was a marine engineer; the women rarely married. Most lived to a ripe old age. Thomas remained a bachelor, but his outstanding talents seemed to have been passed on to his great-nephew, A. M. Carrick, a Wykehamist, who before his death at the age of seventeen in a holiday accident in Switzerland had already been elected to a major history scholarship at King’s College, Cambridge.
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett, of Chelsea, 18 November 1897 - 13 July 1974
Authors: Lovell Alfred Charles Bernard
Published: December 2006

Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett was born in Kensington, London, on 18 November 1897. His father, Arthur Stuart Blackett, was a stockbroker, although apparently not by inclination since his great interests were in literature and nature. Patrick was the only boy but had an elder and younger sister; one trained and practised as an architect in the 1920s, until she married, and the other became an industrial psychologist and then a psychoanalyst. For the previous two generations the family had been associated with the Church of England. Patrick’s grandfather had been Vicar of the church in Woburn Square (now demolished), and was the Vicar of St Andrew’s, Croydon, at the time of his death. He had twice married and Arthur Stuart was one of a large family, two of whom went into the Church, whilst another became a missionary in India. Patrick’s great-grandfather came from Hamsterley in Co. Durham of a farming family. He moved to London and his children were baptised in St Saviour’s Church, Southwark (now Southwark Cathedral). The future career and interests of Patrick seem to have more association with his maternal descent. His mother, Caroline Frances Maynard, was the daughter of Major Charles Maynard, R.A., who served in India at the time of the Indian Mutiny. William Maynard, a brother of Charles, was also associated with India as a tea planter. The source of Patrick’s deep interest in Indian affairs has this association; so does his early naval career and his continued absorption in military affairs—in addition to the army career of his grandfather there was an earlier tradition of naval service in the Maynard family.
Julian Sorell Huxley, 22 June 1887 - 14 February 1975
Authors: Baker John Randal
Published: December 2006

To the general public of many countries, Julian Huxley was among the best-known people of his day. John Hunter, the famous anatomist and surgeon of the eighteenth century, made a remark that is relevant here. ‘There never was a man’, he said, ‘that wanted to be a great man ever was a great man.’ Julian Huxley certainly achieved distinction in many different fields. Did he achieve greatness ? And if so, did his career disprove Hunter’s dictum, so characteristic alike of his down-to-earth directness and his disregard for the niceties of the English language ? These questions will not be answered in the pages that follow, but the attempt will be made to paint a realistic portrait, that may perhaps help some readers to form their own judgements. First of all, then, what kind of a person was he ? A stimulating person, certainly—one who made things seem important, largely because he could throw himself, and could enjoy throwing himself, into whatever was being discussed. He participated readily in the give-and-take of conversations between scientific colleagues, and it must be admitted that he may sometimes have failed to acknowledge his debt to others in this respect; but some of those who have called attention to this matter may not have realized fully how much they and others have owed to him. Anyone who feels strongly on this subject should refer to two of his papers on dines (60, 66), or to that on ‘Morphism and evolution’ (88), or to the Preface to his book on
Evolution, the modern synthesis
(73), in all of which he makes full acknowledgement of information supplied to him in the course of conversations.
Eric Keightley Rideal, 11 April 1890 - 25 September 1974
Authors: Eley Daniel Douglas
Published: December 2006

Eric Keightley Rideal was born on 11 April 1890 at Sydenham, the son of Samuel Rideal, D.Sc., F.I.C., and Elizabeth (Lilia) nee Keightley, the daughter of Samuel Keightley, J.P., of Bangor, Co. Down.
James Frederic Danielli, 13 November 1911 - 22 April 1984
Authors: Stein W. D.
Published: December 2006

James Frederic Danielli was born on 13 November 1911 in London. His great-grandfather, Joseph James Danielli, had come to England in the 19th century from his native Italy as an expert woodcarver. Joseph’s eldest son, Arthur, was an artist in stained glass, who spent much of his working life in the Catholic churches and great cathedrals of mainland Europe and in Ireland, living with the priests in the monasteries of the day. (I like to think of that earlier Danielli’s genes remaining in his descendant and giving our Jim Danielli that light and sparkle with which we always associated him.) The second of Arthur’s five children, James Frederic, was the father of our James Frederic, and grew up in London in a strict Catholic enclave, with the children being educated in convents. He was an outstandingly gifted man, endowed with good looks and charm, who went on to a distinguished career in the civil service, being eventually awarded the Imperial Service Order. At the age of 18 he had married Helena Mary Hollins, across religious boundaries. The young couple lived in the Hollins parents’ home in the country village of Alperton, near the then small town of Wembley, where James Frederic was born, followed two years later by his sister Bertha. The two grew up in a comfortable, easy and extremely happy atmosphere as ‘country’ children. They were always well occupied and encouraged to do whatever they were doing to the best of their ability, their father telling them that if they knew they were good at something, they should not be afraid of acknowledging this, an attitude that built confidence.
Hermann Lehmann, 8 July 1910 - 13 July 1985
Authors: Dacie John Vivian
Published: December 2006

Hermann Lehmann was born in Halle, Saxony, in Germany on 8 July 1910 of Jewish parents and died on 13 July 1985 aged 75 after a short illness. He qualified in medicine with the degree of M.D. Basel in 1934 and died with the title of Emeritus Professor of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, know n throughout the world as a most distinguished chemical pathologist and as a leading figure in the burgeoning study of abnormal haemoglobins.
Michael James Steuart Dewar. 24 September 1918–11 October 1997
Authors: Murrell John. N.
Published: December 2006

Geoffrey Dawes spent almost his entire research career as Director of the Nuffield Institute for Medical Research, which he transformed into the best–known and respected centre for research in foetal physiology. Carrying on where Sir Joseph Barcroft left off with the outbreak of the First World War, Dawes became the doyen in the field. Although his experiments were made on animals, his eye was always on human applications. His work laid the basis of many important advances in the care of the human foetus and newborn.
Norman Wingate Pirie. 1 July 1907 — 29 March 1997
Authors: Pierpoint W.S.
Published: December 2006

Norman Wingate (Bill) Pirie was the third and youngest child of George (later Sir George) Pirie, and his wife Jean. His brother, George Harvey, was five years older than he was and his sister, Jean, was two years older. He spent most of his early, formative years in their company in a spacious family house at Wardend, near Torrance in Stirlingshire. From this industrious and closely knit family and the rather isolated rural background he derived many of his characteristics: his robust independence and self-reliance, his frugality and unacquisitiveness and his critical curiosity about the natural world. He was, however, born in Midhurst, Sussex,during a visit south in July 1907.
Frederick Sydney Dainton. 11 November 1914 — 5 December 1997
Authors: Gray P. , Ivin K.J.
Published: December 2006

Frederick Sydney Dainton, Baron Dainton of Hallam Moors, was a physical chemist of international renown specializing in the fields of chain reactions, polymerization and radiation chemistry. Both formidable and friendly, and enormously industrious, his contributions to public life in this country spanned more than thirty years. When in his eighties, he commenced and very nearly completed a fascinating and attractive autobiography (to be published in 2000 by Sheffield Academic Press), which Lady Dainton has generously made available to us and on which we have drawn heavily, especially for his childhood years and for his illuminating description of the inception and development of The British Library. Among his papers, now lodged at the University of Sheffield, were found ‘some notes for the assistance of the unfortunate person charged with the task of writing my Biographical Memoir for The Royal Society’. These too we have found extremely useful, especially for the section on scientific publications. In his time Fred, as he became universally known, had written or co-written the memoirs of R.G.W. Norrish (1981), G.B. Kistiakowsky (1985) and N.N. Semenov (1990) and knew what a difficult task it could be without the assistance of any such notes. It was part of his nature to be as practically helpful as he could to other people and we are grateful for that.
The zeros of the Riemann zeta-function
Authors: Titchmarsh Edward Charles
Published: December 2006

1―It is well known that the distribution of the zeroes of the Riemann zeta-function ζ(
s
) =
∞
Σ
n=1
1/
n
8 (
s
= σ +
it
) plays a fundamental part in the theory of prime numbers. It was conjectured by Riemann that all the complex zeroes of ζ(
s
) lie on the line σ = 1/2, but this hypothesis has never been proved or disproved. It is therefore natural to enquiry how far the hypothesis is supported by numerical calculations. The most extensive calculations of this kind have been undertaken by Gram, Backlund, and Hutchinson. The final result obtained by Hutchinson is that ζ(
s
) has 138 zeroes on σ = 1/2 between
t
= 0 and
t
= 300, and no other zeroes between these values of
t
.
Identification and measurement of helium formed in beryllium by
γ
-rays
Authors: Glückauf E. , Paneth Friedrich Adolf
Published: December 2006

For reasons explained elsewhere (Paneth 1937) helium is at present the only product of artificial disintegration which can be separated in bulk by chemical methods. Some time ago helium artificially produced by bombard­ment of boron with slow neutrons was spectroscopically identified and measured by a manometric device (Paneth, Glückauf and Loleit 1936). This reaction
10
5
B +
1
0
n
→
7
3
Li +
4
2
He (1) had been investigated before by physical methods (Chadwick and Goldhaber 1935
a
,
b
; Taylor and Goldhaber 1935; Amaldi and others 1935). The fact of the production of helium was already known and chemistry could merely contribute to its quantitative study. There are, however, other processes of artificial disintegration where at present only microchemical methods seem capable of deciding between different possibilities. Since the discovery of the “nuclear photo-effect” by Chadwick and Goldhaber, it is known that
γ
-rays produce neutrons from deuterium and beryllium (Chadwick and Goldhaber 1934, 1935
c
; Szilard and Chalmers 1934); in this case the formation either of
8
Be or of
4
He is to be expected according to the equation
9
4
Be +
hv
→
8
4
Be +
1
0
n
(2) or
9
4
Be +
hv
→ 2
4
2
He +
1
0
n
(3) Each reaction is equally possible, although Chadwick and Goldhaber give reasons why reaction (2) is probably the main one. Now if reaction (3) occurs to any considerable extent, then it should be possible to detect the helium by gas-analytical methods, while in the case of formation of a stable, or slowly disintegrating,
8
Be, no helium should be found.
Hyperfine structure, Zeeman effect and isotope shift in the resonance lines of potassium.
Authors: Jackson Derek Ainslie , Kuhn H.
Published: December 2006

In an earlier work (Jackson and Kuhn 1935, 1936) the hyperfine structure in the resonance lines of the abundant isotope 39 of potassium was observed by the method of absorption in an atomic beam; but no intensity measurements were made. Qualitatively, the short wave-length component appeared to be the stronger, which led to the assumption of a negative magnetic moment. Magnetic deflexion experiments (Millman 1935; Fox and Rabi 1935), though in accurate agreement as regards the width of splitting, gave a positive magnetic moment. The absorption experiments were therefore repeated under conditions which excluded overlapping of neighbouring orders of the interferometer spectrum and thus permitted a quantitative determination of the intensities. This was achieved by using an etalon of 5 cm. length only (instead of 10 cm. in the old experiment) and by running the light source at low pressure of potassium. The measurements, the main results of which were published in a preliminary note (Jackson and Kuhn 1937
a
), gave an intensity ratio 1·45 of the hyperfine structure components, the long wave-length one being the stronger. The nuclear spin of 3/2 which follows from the magnetic deflexion experiments would require an intensity ratio of 1·66, which is definitely outside the limits of error of the intensity measurements. It was also observed that at high density of the atomic beam the component of shorter wave-length appeared wider than the other component. Both these facts were explained quantitatively by assuming that the lines of the 14 times rarer isotope K 41 overlapped the weaker component of K 39. This assumption is in agreement with the comparatively small splitting of the ground-level of K 41 found by the magnetic deflexion method (Manley 1936), and also explains why in the earlier photograms the component of shorter wave-length appeared stronger.
Morphological instability in freezing colloidal suspensions
Authors: Peppin Stephen S.L , Worster M. Grae , Wettlaufer J.S
Published: December 2006

We present a linear stability analysis of a planar ice interface during unidirectional solidification of a hard-sphere colloidal suspension. We find that the interface can become unstable due to constitutional supercooling, yielding a new mechanism for pattern formation in colloidal systems. The interfacial stability is shown to depend strongly on the size and concentration of the particles. Increasing the particle radius tends to stabilize the interface, while increasing the concentration has a destabilizing effect. Additional effects that may influence the stability and morphology of such a system are described.
Compelling evidence that a single nucleotide substitution inTYRP1is responsible for coat-colour polymorphism in a free-living population of Soay sheep
Authors: Gratten J , Beraldi D , Lowder B.V , McRae A.F , Visscher P.M , Pemberton J.M , Slate J
Published: December 2006

Identifying the genes that underlie phenotypic variation in natural populations is a central objective of evolutionary genetics. Here, we report the identification of the gene and causal mutation underlying coat colour variation in a free-living population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries). We targeted tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), a positional candidate gene based on previous work that mapped theCoat colourlocus to an approximately 15 cM window on chromosome 2. We identified a non-synonymous substitution in exon IV that was perfectly associated with coat colour. This polymorphism is predicted to cause the loss of a cysteine residue that is highly evolutionarily conserved and likely to be of functional significance. We eliminated the possibility that this association is due to the presence of strong linkage disequilibrium with an unknown regulatory mutation by demonstrating that there is no difference in relativeTYRP1expression between colour morphs. Analysis of this putative causal mutation in a complex pedigree of more than 500 sheep revealed almost perfect co-segregation with coat colour (Χ2-test,p<0.0001, LOD=110.20), and very tight linkage betweenCoat colourandTYRP1(LOD=29.50).
On the temperature of steam, and its corresponding pressure
Authors: Curr John , Russell John Scott
Published: December 2006

In this paper, which is a continuation of a former paper bearing the same title, the author states that the law given in that paper, in reference to steam when superincumbent on the water in the boiler, may be rendered applicable to the determination of its pressure when insulated therefrom, as in the case of the expansive engine, of which the cylinder being in part filled with steam of the same temperature as that in the boiler, the communication is suddenly cut off, and the stroke is completed by the pressure on the piston of the steam whilst expanding within the cylinder. He considers that the power of expansive engines has been greatly overrated, instancing those of the Great Britain, which were of the estimated power of 1200 horses, but which he states he can prove did not exceed in actual power that of 300 horses. This he attributes to the inapplicability of Mariotte’s law without a particular limitation. Having premised that “it is assumed that, by nature’s law in the generation of steam, of the temperature 100° and of a pressure of 15 lbs. on a square inch, the density of the Matter of Heat, is to that of atmospheric air of the same temperature and pressure exactly as 1 to 2,” he then gives general laws, by means of which, he considers, the pressure of steam when cut oft from its generating source may be correctly estimated.
Researches in stellar photography. 1. In its relation to the photometry of the stars; 2. Its applicability to astronomical measurements of great precision
Authors: Pritchard Charles
Published: December 2006

Several attempts have already been made to connect the photographic images of stars with their photometric magnitudes, and consequently with their relative brightness; but hitherto, so far as I know, this relation has been sought by comparing the
impressions
made on the eye rather than as resulting from rigorous measures. With a view to the removal of this indefiniteness, unscientific unless it be unavoidable, I have undertaken a series of instrumental measures of the diameters of the photographic images impressed on sensitised films, which has led to the establishment of a remarkable physical relation (mathematically expressed) between the diameters of the stellar images and their photometric magnitudes, as determined by instrumental means : a method which seems to me to be free from systematic error and personal bias. With this end chiefly in view, though accompanied also with the hope of obtaining still further, and perhaps even more valuable application of the photographic method to astronomical observations, I procured a number of gelatine dry plates, each being about 2 inches square. The comparative smallness of these plates was determined or suggested by my desire to obtain pictures of such small parts only of the sky as would fall within the ascertained limits of astronomical accuracy of the telescopic field of view,
i. e
., a field possessing no measurable distortion, and consequently restricted to about a square degree. These plates were exposed in the focus of the well-known De La Rue reflecting telescope, of 13 inches aperture, erected in the University Observatory, at Oxford.
Observations upon the acquirement of secondary sexual characters, indicating the formation of an internal secretion by the testicle.
Authors: Shattock Samuel George , Seligman Charles Gabriel , Bradford John Rose
Published: December 2006

The question taken up in the present communication may be concisely stated as follows :— The most prominent and obvious function of the testicle is the formation of the sperm. Under normal circumstances this is discharged; it constitutes, that is to say, an external secretion. In spermatogenesis the male attributes culminate. There is, however, another element in maleness, of a different kind, less essential, yet in many cases well pronounced, viz., the acquirement of certain external characters which distinguish the male from the female in many groups of living forms.
The ‘Islets of Langerhans’ of the pancreas.
Authors: Dale Henry Hallett , Starling Ernest Henry
Published: December 2006

These structures were first described by Langerhans in 1869. They have since been found by many observers in the pancreas of every species of mammal, bird, reptile, and amphibian in which they have been looked for. Kühne and Lea first recognised the peculiarly rich plexus of wide blood-capillaries in the islets. As regards their function, they have been regarded as connected with the nervous system, as lymphatic structures, as embryonic remnants, as patches of exhausted or degenerate pancreatic tissue, as furnishing a particular constituent of the pancreatic juice, and as internally secreting ductless glandular tissue, furnishing a substance necessary for normal carbohydrate metabolism, and quite unconnected with the externally secreting function of the pancreas. This last view has received support from many observations of the degeneration or absence of the islets in diabetes, and from the statement of several observers that, after occlusion of the pancreatic duct, the islets remain intact when the ordinary secretory tissue has disappeared.
The longitudinal stability of aerial gliders.
Authors: Bryan George Hartley , Williams W. Ewart
Published: December 2006

The main difficulty connected with the attempt to fly by means of a machine heavier than air is that of longitudinal stability. It is not difficult to construct an aeroplane system which shall be
transversely
stable. But for this difficulty the problem of artificial flight would probably have been solved already. Experiments in gliding under gravity have been always made with machines not too large to be kept balanced by the skill of the experimenter, and the glides, though undoubtedly successful, have been of short duration. Experiments have invariably stopped short of the performance of continuous flight by a mechanically propelled machine.
The spectra of Antarian stars in relation to the fluted spectrum of titanium.
Authors: Fowler Alfred , Callendar Hugh Longbourne
Published: December 2006

The distinguishing feature of the spectra of the Antarian Stars* is the system of apparently dark flutings, sharp towards the violet and fading off towards the red end of the spectrum. The principal flutings are well seen in Antares, but they are more strongly developed in the spectra of α Herculis and
o
Ceti, in which stars additional details are also seen.
Croonian lecture. — The chemical regulation of the secretory process.
Authors: Bayliss William Maddock , Starling Ernest Henry
Published: December 2006

In the complex reactions which make up the life of an individual and the evolution of which has been the determining factor in the individual’s existence, we may distinguish two main types; though as in all attempts at classification of biological processes, the line of division between the two types must be more or less indistinct.
Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films.
Authors: Garnett J. C. Maxwell , Larmor Joseph
Published: December 2006

The first part of the paper is devoted to coloured glasses. The phenomena which it seeks to explain were observed by Siedentopf and Zsigmondy.
The behaviour of the short-period atmospheric pressure variation over the Earth's surface.
Authors: Lockyer Joseph Norman , Lockyer William J. S.
Published: December 2006

In a paper which we communicated to the Society in June, 1902, we drew attention to the fact that in our investigation dealing with the percentage frequency of prominences and changes in atmospheric pressures, we found that the pressures in India and Cordoba behaved in an opposite manner, the short period variations of one being the inverse of those of the other; both, however, were closely associated with the prominence frequency. In a subsequent paper we showed that these two regions, in which these inverse pressure-variation conditions were clearly distinguishable, were, as far as had then been investigated, of considerable extent, the Indian region extending to Ceylon, Java, Mauritius and Australia, and that of Cordoba to the southern part of the United States.
Structural health monitoring using piezoelectric impedance measurements
Authors: Park Gyuhae , Inman Daniel J
Published: December 2006

This paper presents an overview and recent advances in impedance-based structural health monitoring. The basic principle behind this technique is to apply high-frequency structural excitations (typically greater than 30 kHz) through surface-bonded piezoelectric transducers, and measure the impedance of structures by monitoring the current and voltage applied to the piezoelectric transducers. Changes in impedance indicate changes in the structure, which in turn can indicate that damage has occurred. An experimental study is presented to demonstrate how this technique can be used to detect structural damage in real time. Signal processing methods that address damage classifications and data compression issues associated with the use of the impedance methods are also summarized. Finally, a modified frequency-domain autoregressive model with exogenous inputs (ARX) is described. The frequency-domain ARX model, constructed by measured impedance data, is used to diagnose structural damage with levels of statistical confidence.
A description of Pen-Park-Holes in Glocestershire
Authors: Southwell Robert
Published: December 2006

There is a place in Glocestershire called Pen Park, about three Miles from Bristol, and above three from Severn, where some Miners for Lead Discovering a large Hole in the Earth:
A discourse concerning gravity, and its properties, wherein the descent of heavy bodies, and the motion of projects is briefly, but fully handled: together with the solution of a problem of great use in gunnery
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

Nature amidst the great variety of problems where with she exercises the wits of philosophical men, scarce affords any one wherein the effect is more viable, an the cause more concealed than in those of the phenomena of gravity.
Occultatio Jovis anno 1686, die 10 April. st. n. vesperi, observata Gedani a Joh. Hevelio
Authors: Hevelius Johannes
Published: December 2006

Ad hanc observationem summa alacritate accessi, non obstante invaletudine mea, cum cœlum sere undeq
A description of an invention, whereby the divisions of the barometer may be enlarged in any given proportions; produced before the Royal Society
Authors: Hooke Robert
Published: December 2006

Since the discovery of the alterations, that are in these parts of the world, in the weight of the atmosphere, by the means of the Torricellian Tulce, there has been several contrivances thought on, to make the more minute variations in the airs pressure sensible.
An account of some observation lately made at Nurenburg by Mr. P. Wurtzelbaur, shewing that the latitude of that place has continued without sensible alteration for 200 Years last past; as likewise the obliquity of the ecliptick; by comparing them with what was observed by Bernard Walther in the Year 1487 being a discourse read before the Royal Society in one of late meetings
Authors: Halley Edmond , Walther Bernard
Published: December 2006

Whether the Poles and Axis of the Earth be really fixt in the Globe, or subject to be transferred from place to place is an old Enquiry, though now lately revived by Mr.
Hook
in his ingenious essays upon the great mutations and
Catastrophics
which in all appearence have happened to the Earth's Surface.
De visibili conjunctione inferiorum planetarum cum sole, dissertatio astronomica
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

Mercurii Venerisq; sidera Solis discum subintrare, acinstar Macularum nigricantium in lucido ejus Orebe aliquando conspici, tam ex verioris astronomiae principiis, quam ex indubitata Observantium side, dudum compertum est.
II. A letter from Mon
r
Buissiere, a French anatomist and surgeon, concerning an egg found in the tuba fallopiana of a woman lately dissected; with several remarks touching generation
Authors: Buissiere
Published: December 2006

Monsieur, Je vous envoye la description que vous avés souhaité, de la maniere dont i’ay trouvé les trompes de la matrice dans le corps de la femme que ie dissequay dernierment, & dont vous avéz esté en partie temoin oculaire.
I. Part of a letter from Mr Anthony van Leuwenhoek, concerning worms observ'd in sheeps livers and pasture grounds
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

This serves to communicate to you my slender observations concerning the
Animalcula
that are almost always found in waters, and also sometimes up­on Land.
III. A letter from Dr W. Musgrave, F. R. S. to Dr Hans Sloane, S. R, S, concerning hydatides voided by stool
Authors: Musgrave William
Published: December 2006

Tho the particulars, discharg’d preternaturally by stool, have been of very different sorts; and tho
Hydatides
have been found in several parts of the body, and (as appears from a late transaction) in the urine; I do not find they are, from any good authority, affirm’d, to come off
per anum
, or to be found in the
Ductus alimentaris
: An instance whereof, falling of late in my way, is here presented to you.
V. A relation of an extraordinary sleepy person, at Tinsbury, near Bath
Authors: Oliver William
Published: December 2006

May
the 13th,
Anno
1694, one
Samuel Chilton
, of
Tinsbury
near
Bath
, a Labourer, about 25 years of age, of a robust habit of Body, not fat, but fleshy, and a dark brown Hair, happen'd, without any visible cause, or evident sign, to fall into a very profound Sleep, out of which no Art used by those that were near him, cou'd rouze him, till after a months time; then rose of himself, put on his Cloaths, and went about his business of Husbandry as usual; slept, cou’d eat and drink as before, but spake not one word till about a month after.
IV. A letter from the Reverend Mr Morton, A. M. and S. R. S. to Dr Hans Sloane, S. R. Secr. containing a relation of river and other shells digg’d up, together with various vegetable bodies, in a bituminous marshy earth, near Mearsashby in Northamptonshire: with some reflections thereupon: As also an account of the progress he has made in the natural history of Northamptonshire
Authors: Morton John
Published: December 2006

In obedience to your Commands, I send you the account of the Land, and River Shells lately discover’d by the Worthy and Inquisitive Mr
Coxe
of
Mears-Ashby
in Northamptonshire, in a Moorish Pasture in Mears-Ashby Field.