bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Mechanistic Study of Steroidal Oxime Ethers
Authors: Sharma Kamlesh , Mishra Shivani B. , Mishra Ajay K.
Published: December 2011

Reaction of 5α‐cholestan‐6‐one oxime (1), its 3β‐acetoxy and 3β‐chloro analogs, 2 and 3, respectiveley, with ClCH2CH2NH2⋅HCl in presence of MeONa afforded 6‐[(2‐aminoethoxy)imino]‐5α‐cholestane (4), 3β‐acetoxy‐6‐[(2‐aminoethoxy)imino]‐5α‐cholestane (5), and 6‐[(2‐aminoethoxy)imino]‐3β‐chloro‐5α‐cholestane (6), respectively. The structures of newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of physical, analytical, and spectral data. Theoretical calculations were assessed by using DFT at B3LYP/6‐31G* level to describe the mechanism of the reaction. The stability and feasibility of all the generated structures studied in this report were supported by their respective fundamental frequencies and energy minima.
Growth and endothelial differentiation of adipose stem cells on polycaprolactone
Authors: Marino Gerardo , Rosso Francesco , Ferdinando Papale , Grimaldi Anna , De Biasio Gilda , Cafiero Gennaro , Barbarisi Manlio , Barbarisi Alfonso
Published: December 2011

Adipose tissue is a readily available source of multipotent adult stem cells for use in tissue engineering/regenerative medicine. Various growth factors have been used to stimulate acquisition of endothelial characteristics by adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSC). Herein, we study the growth and endothelial differentiation potential of ADSC seeded onto a porous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that PCL is a good material to be used as a scaffold to support reconstruction of new endothelial tissue using adipose stem cells. We found that undifferentiated ADSC adhere and grow on PCL. We show that, after culture in endothelial differentiation medium, ADSC were positive to LDL uptake and expressed molecular markers characteristic of endothelial cells (CD31; eNOS and vWF). In addition, our study defines the time required for the differentiation of ADSC directly onto PCL. This study suggests that PCL can be used as a scaffold to generate endothelial tissue in vitro. PLC has excellent mechanical properties and a slow degradation rate. Moreover, based on our results, we propose that PCL could be used to graft scaffolds coated with endothelial cells derived from ADSC stem cells. Endothelial cells‐coated PCL could find several applications to replace damaged area of the body; for example, a possible use could be the generation of vascular grafts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer
Authors: Lu Tian , Chen Feiwu
Published: December 2011

Multiwfn is a multifunctional program for wavefunction analysis. Its main functions are: (1) Calculating and visualizing real space function, such as electrostatic potential and electron localization function at point, in a line, in a plane or in a spatial scope. (2) Population analysis. (3) Bond order analysis. (4) Orbital composition analysis. (5) Plot density‐of‐states and spectrum. (6) Topology analysis for electron density. Some other useful utilities involved in quantum chemistry studies are also provided. The built‐in graph module enables the results of wavefunction analysis to be plotted directly or exported to high‐quality graphic file. The program interface is very user‐friendly and suitable for both research and teaching purpose. The code of Multiwfn is substantially optimized and parallelized. Its efficiency is demonstrated to be significantly higher than related programs with the same functions. Five practical examples involving a wide variety of systems and analysis methods are given to illustrate the usefulness of Multiwfn. The program is free of charge and open‐source. Its precompiled file and source codes are available from http://multiwfn.codeplex.com. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects
Authors: Nel André , Prokop Jakub , Nel Patricia , Grandcolas Philippe , Huang Di‐Ying , Roques Patrick , Guilbert Eric , Dostál Ondřej , Szwedo Jacek
Published: December 2011

Two different patterns of wing venation are currently supposed to be present in each of the three orders of Paraneoptera. This is unlikely compared with the situation in other insects where only one pattern exists per order. We propose for all Paraneoptera a new and unique interpretation of wing venation pattern, assuming that the convex cubitus anterior gets fused with the common stem of median and radial veins at or very near to wing base, after separation from concave cubitus posterior, and re‐emerges more distally from R + M stem. Thereafter, the vein between concave cubitus posterior and CuA is a specialized crossvein called “cua‐cup,” proximally concave and distally convex. We show that despite some variations, that is, cua‐cup can vary from absent to hypertrophic; CuA can re‐emerge together with M or not, or even completely disappear, this new interpretation explains all situations among all fossil and recent paraneopteran lineages. We propose that the characters “CuA fused in a common stem with R and M”and “presence of specialized crossvein cua‐cup” are venation apomorphies that support the monophyly of the Paraneoptera. In the light of these characters, we reinterpret several Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic fossils that were ascribed to Paraneoptera, and confirm the attribution of several to this superorder as well as possible attribution of Zygopsocidae (Zygopsocus permianusTillyard, 1935) as oldest Psocodea. We discuss the situation in extinct Hypoperlida and Miomoptera, suggesting that both orders could well be polyphyletic, with taxa related to Archaeorthoptera, Paraneoptera, or even Holometabola. The Carboniferous Protoprosbolidae is resurrected and retransferred into the Paraneoptera. The genusLithoscytinais restored. The miomopteranEodelopterumpriscumSchmidt, 1962 is newly revised and considered as a fern pinnule. In addition, the new paraneopteranBruayaphis oudardigen. nov. et sp. nov. is described fromthe Upper Carboniferous of France (see Supporting Information). J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of conservation reserve program mid‐contract management and landscape composition on northern bobwhite in tall fescue monocultures
Authors: Osborne Douglas C. , Sparling Donald W. , Hopkins Robert L.
Published: December 2011

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) authorized mid‐contract management (MCM) in 2004 to restore and maintain plant species composition and structural diversity in aging Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields for the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and other grassland‐dependent wildlife. We implemented 3 USDA‐approved MCM regimes (i.e., strip disking, strip glyphosate spraying, and strip glyphosate spraying in combination with legume interseeding) in 60 tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) CRP monocultures in south‐central Illinois, USA, during 2005–2008. We hypothesized that adult bobwhite relative densities and brood presence would increase following MCM that effectively restored early successional plant communities in otherwise monotypic stands of tall fescue. We estimated annual adult bobwhite relative densities and brood presence‐absence in managed and unmanaged CRP. We modeled vegetation characteristics and landscape composition to identify factors influencing adult densities and brood presence. Adult relative densities were 2‐fold greater in managed fields than in unmanaged fields, and were negatively correlated with greater percentages of grass cover. Adult densities were positively correlated with greater plant species diversity, and greater percentages of bare ground and legume cover. Logistic regression and odds ratio estimates indicated that fields managed with glyphosate‐interseed and glyphosate treatments were 39.6% more likely to have broods than unmanaged CRP, whereas disked fields were 10.0% more likely than unmanaged CRP. These models indicated that the probability of brood presence was greater in fields with increased percentage of bare ground, greater plant species diversity, and decreased percentage of grass and litter cover. These findings suggest that a 3‐year rotation of glyphosate or glyphosate‐interseed treatments can enhance habitat conditions for adult bobwhites and broods in CRP tall fescue monocultures. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
A simple isotropic phantom for diffusional kurtosis imaging
Authors: Fieremans Els , Pires Antonio , Jensen Jens H.
Published: December 2011

Dairy cream is shown to be a simple, inexpensive, isotropic phantom useful for testing diffusional kurtosis imaging data acquisition and postprocessing. The MR‐visible protons of cream exhibit slow and fast diffusion components, attributed to the fat and water protons, respectively, which give rise to a diffusion coefficient of 1.1 μm2/ms and a diffusional kurtosis of 1.2. These parameter values are similar to those observed in vivo for human brain. Heating the cream is found to increase the T2‐relaxation time of the fat protons, which facilitates the evaluation of typical diffusional kurtosis imaging protocols used in clinical settings. The diffusion coefficient and diffusional kurtosis can both be measured directly and predicted based on the corresponding diffusion parameters of the individual water and fat components, which are independently measurable due to chemical shift misregistration, thus providing an important consistency check. This phantom is proposed as a convenient calibration standard for multicenter diffusional kurtosis imaging studies. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparisons of multi b‐value DWI signal analysis with pathological specimen of breast cancer
Authors: Tamura Takayuki , Usui Shuji , Murakami Shigeru , Arihiro Koji , Fujimoto Takashi , Yamada Tamaki , Naito Kumiko , Akiyama Mitoshi
Published: December 2011

Previous studies have reported that the signal attenuation of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging for tumor tissues displays a non‐monoexponential biexponential decay, and the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) can be divided into a fast and slow diffusion component by using a simple biexponential decay model. The purpose of this study is to examine the non‐monoexponential character of the diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging signal attenuations of breast cancers, estimate the fast and slow diffusion components, and compare them with the extra‐ and intracellular component information obtained from the pathological specimens. Twenty‐two subjects having breast cancers underwent diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging using six b‐values up to 3500 s/mm2 and the signal attenuations were analyzed using the biexponential function. The derived slow component fraction correlated with the cellular fraction and the ADCs converged to 0.2−0.3 × 10−3 mm2/s for the higher cellular fractions. The ADCs of the fast component ranged from 1.3 to 3.9 × 10−3 mm2/s and showed no correlation with the extracellular components. This result suggests that the main reason for the decreasing ADC of a breast tumor is the decreasing fraction of the fast component and the increasing fraction of the slow component having a low ADC rather than the decreasing ADC of the fast component by the restricted water diffusion in the reduced extracellular spaces. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced exciton binding energy in organic semiconductors: Tailoring the Coulomb interaction
Authors: Engel Miriam , Kunze Frederik , Lupascu Doru C. , Benson Niels , Schmechel Roland
Published: December 2011

For organic photovoltaics (OPV) the maximum in obtainable power conversion efficiency is limited by a low semiconductor permittivity and the resulting enhanced Coulomb interaction (CI). This, however, is an aspect rarely addressed in the OPV development. Here, a concept is introduced which allows a reduced CI in organic semiconductors. This is the result of a device structure, which upon exciton formation forces part of the electric field between complementary charges through a high‐kmaterial, resulting in partial field screening and as such a reduced CI. The feasibility of this concept is substantiated by an investigation on the exciton separation efficiency in pentacene devices. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PAST AND PREDICTED FUTURE CHANGES IN THE LAND COVER OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOODPLAIN, USA
Authors: De Jager N. R. , Rohweder J. J. , Nelson J. C.
Published: December 2011

This study provides one historical and two alternative future contexts for evaluating land cover modifications within the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) floodplain. Given previously documented changes in land use, river engineering, restoration efforts and hydro‐climatic changes within the UMR basin and floodplain, we wanted to know which of these changes are the most important determinants of current and projected future floodplain land cover. We used Geographic Information System data covering approximately 37% of the UMR floodplain (3232 km2) for ca 1890 (pre‐lock and dam) and three contemporary periods (1975, 1989 and 2000) across which river restoration actions have increased and hydro‐climatic changes have occurred. We further developed two 50‐year future scenarios from the spatially dependent land cover transitions that occurred from 1975 to 1989 (scenario A) and from 1989 to 2000 (scenario B) using Markov models.

Land cover composition of the UMR did not change significantly from 1975 to 2000, indicating that current land cover continues to reflect historical modifications that support agricultural production and commercial navigation despite some floodplain restoration efforts and variation in river discharge. Projected future land cover composition based on scenario A was not significantly different from the land cover for 1975, 1989 or 2000 but was different from the land cover of scenario B, which was also different from all other periods. Scenario B forecasts transition of some forest and marsh habitat to open water by the year 2050 for some portions of the northern river and projects that some agricultural lands will transition to open water in the southern portion of the river. Future floodplain management and restoration planning efforts in the UMR should consider the potential consequences of continued shifts in hydro‐climatic conditions that may occur as a result of climate change and the potential effects on floodplain land cover. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Just‐in‐time teaching
Authors: Novak Gregor M.
Published: December 2011

This chapter provides an overview and implementation guidelines of Just‐in‐Time Teaching, an interactive engagement pedagogy used across disciplines and across the academy, now in its fourteenth year. The pedagogy has proven effective in improving classroom climate, student motivation and fostering deeper learning.
Talking In Class: Remembering What Is Important About Classroom Talk
Authors: Johnston Peter H. , Ivey Gay , Faulkner Amy
Published: December 2011

The writers describe how apparently ordinary decisions about what to say when talking with children can have substantial effects on their learning and development. The language we use with children influences, among other things, who they think they are, what they think they're doing, the relationships they have with others, the strategic information available to them in the classroom, and the possibilities available to them for thinking about literacy and their own lives. The writers offer some principles for the kind of talk that helps build learning communities, engagement, a sense of agency, social relations, self‐regulation and even moral development.
When Bad Things Happen to Good Books
Authors: Serafini Frank
Published: December 2011

In this column, readers are asked to reconsider several traditional instructional strategies, in particular predicting and picture walks, and the role these practices play in the elementary reading curriculum. In addition, what happens after a book has been read must be reconsidered in light of the activities in which life long readers engage. To further this discussion, a set of criteria are offered for evaluating reading response activities.
Studies on the Chemistry of [Cd(NH3)4](MnO4)2. A Low Temperature Synthesis Route of the CdMn2O4+x Type NOx and CH3SH Sensor Precursors
Authors: Kótai László , Sajó István E. , Jakab Emma , Keresztury Gábor , Németh Csaba , Gács István , Menyhárd Alfréd , Kristóf János , Hajba László , Petrusevski Vladimir M. , Ivanovski Vladimir , Timpu Daniel , Sharma Pradeep K.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. [Tetraamminecadmium(II)] bis(permanganate) (1) was prepared and its crystal structure was elucidated with XRD‐Rietveld refinement and vibrational spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 has a cubic lattice consisting of a 3D hydrogen‐bonded network built as four by four distorted tetrahedral blocks of [Cd(NH3)4]2+ cations and MnO4– anions, respectively. The other four permanganate ions are located in a crystallographically different environment, placed in the cavities formed by the attachment of the building blocks. A low‐temperature (≈100 °C) solid phase quasi‐intramolecular redox reaction producing ammonium nitrate and amorphous CdMn2O4 could be established. Neither solid phase nor aqueous solution phase thermal deammoniation of compound 1 can be used to prepare Cd(MnO4)2 and [Cd(NH3)2(MnO4)2]. During deammoniation of compound 1 in aqueous solution a precipitate consisting of Cd(OH)2 forms. Additionally, solid MnO2 and ammonium permanganate (NH4MnO4) forms. The solid phase deammoniation reaction (toluene used as heat convecting medium) with subsequent aqueous leaching of the ammonium nitrate formed has proved to be an easy and convenient technique for the synthesis of amorphous CdMn2O4+x type NOx and MeSH sensor precursors. The 1‐D perdeuterated complex was also synthesized to distinguish the N–H(D) and O–H(D) fragment signals in the TG‐MS spectra and to elucidate the vibrational characteristics of the overlapping Mn–O and Cd–N frequencies.
Evaluating Acceptance of an Electronic Data Management System at a Tertiary Care Institution
Authors: Young Wendy , Klima George , Isaac Winston
Published: December 2011

This research reports on satisfaction with the introduction of an electronic document management system in a tertiary hospital environment. A buffet of training and familiarization options were offered: one-on-one training, open house, drop-in, e-learning, classroom training, and self-study. It was found that professions differ in their pattern of satisfaction with training and they also differ in their satisfaction with both the usefulness and the ease of use of the system. Satisfaction among administrators was highest and that among nurses lowest. There was an association between attendance at the open house event and satisfactionwith the system.
Crustal growth and intracrustal recycling in the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen, North China Craton: a case study of the Fuping Complex
Authors: HAN BAO-FU , XU ZHAO , REN RONG , LI LIN-LIN , YANG JIN-HUI , YANG YUE-HENG
Published: December 2011

The most important crustal growth on Earth occurred at ~2.7 Ga, but the North China Craton (NCC) is characterized by prevalent development of ~2.5 Ga juvenile crust, with relatively rare records of ~2.7 Ga crustal growth. The Fuping Complex in the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO) between the Eastern and Western blocks of the NCC is composed mainly of ~2.5 Ga Fuping tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic (TTG) gneisses and Longquanguan augen gneisses, ~2.1 Ga Nanying granitic gneisses and the Wanzi supracrustal rocks. Previous studies have suggested one major phase of crustal growth at ~2.5 Ga, possible intracrustal recycling at ~2.1 Ga and the presence of older rocks in the Fuping Complex, but there has been no record of ~2.7 Ga crustal growth. The Fuping TTG gneisses are dominated by stromatic migmatite, and new U–Pb dating of magmatic zircons from two stromatic migmatite samples yielded three different ages: (1) 2.75 Ga, which is the oldest age obtained from the Fuping TTG gneisses, (2) 2.54 Ga, which just falls in the published zircon U–Pb age range of 2.53 to 2.47 Ga for the Fuping TTG gneisses, and (3) 2.11 Ga, which is almost the same as the age of the Nanying granitic gneisses. Therefore, there are two generations of TTG gneisses in the Fuping Complex. Importantly, both of the 2.75 and 2.54 Ga zircons have the highest εHf(t) values, almost equal to the contemporaneous depleted mantle. This indicates high contributions of juvenile material to the two generations of TTG gneisses. In contrast, the 2.11 Ga zircons have apparently low εHf(t) values of −0.47 to +2.04, just falling in between 2.55 and 2.75 Ga continental crust values. This strongly suggests the reworking of the two generations of TTG gneisses at 2.1 Ga. Zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopes convincingly reveal two major phases of crustal growth in the Fuping Complex at ~2.7 and ~2.5 Ga, the same as in the northern and southern segments of the TNCO, and also confirm one major phase of intracrustal recycling at ~2.1 Ga, which may be responsible for the Nanying granitic gneisses.
Co-occurrence of small mammals in a tropical dry deciduous forest: comparisons of communities and individual species in Colima, Mexico
Authors: Poindexter Cassie J. , Schnell Gary D. , Sánchez-Hernández Cornelio , Romero-Almaraz María de Lourdes , Kennedy Michael L. , Best Troy L. , Wooten Michael C. , Owen Robert D.
Published: December 2011

Species co-occurrence is an important ecological research area. Mark-and-recapture studies of mammals allow identification of coexisting species, a necessary step in determining mechanisms enabling habitat sharing. Using data from five 1-ha grids in January 2004 in tropical dry deciduous forest of coastal Colima, Mexico, we detected significantly more interspecific overlap than expected between seven species pairs.Oryzomys couesishared more stations than expected withSigmodon mascotensis,Baiomys musculusandPeromyscus perfulvus.Baiomys musculuswas associated positively withS. mascotensisandReithrodontomys fulvescens.Heteromys pictusshared fewer stations than expected withO. couesiandS. mascotensis. For species collectively, there was non-random community structuring, with two grids displaying more species aggregation than expected. While two grids had non-random co-occurrence patterns, three grids did not differ from random, which differs from that reported for mammalian taxa on average. Other small-mammal studies have documented species segregation, while this study detected more positive than negative associations. Similarities in preference and habitat use (or diet) are likely explanations for interspecific overlap patterns at stations and co-occurrence patterns among grids. Simultaneously evaluating associations of species pairs and all species on a grid collectively is novel methodology as applied to mammals, adding to understanding of species co-occurrence.
Source attribution of human salmonellosis using a meta-analysis of case-control studies of sporadic infections
Authors: DOMINGUES A. R. , PIRES S. M. , HALASA T. , HALD T.
Published: December 2011

Salmonella is an important cause of human illness. Disease is frequently associated with foodborne transmission, but other routes of exposure are recognized. Identifying sources of disease is essential for prioritizing public health interventions. Numerous case-control studies of sporadic salmonellosis have been published, often using different methodologies and settings. Systematic reviews consist of a formal process for literature review focused on a research question. With the objective of identifying the most important risk factors for salmonellosis, we performed a systematic review of case-control studies and a meta-analysis of obtained results. Thirty-five Salmonella case-control studies were identified. In the meta-analysis, heterogeneity between studies and possible sources of bias were investigated, and pooled odds ratios estimated. Results suggested that travel, predisposing factors, eating raw eggs, and eating in restaurants were the most important risk factors for salmonellosis. Sub-analyses by serotype were performed when enough studies were available.
Seasonality ofClostridium difficileinfections in Southern Germany
Authors: REIL M. , HENSGENS M. P. M. , KUIJPER E. J. , JAKOBIAK T. , GRUBER H. , KIST M. , BORGMANN S.
Published: December 2011

Between 2000 and 2009, the total number of patients withClostridium difficileinfections increased considerably in Southeastern Germany. A clear seasonality was observed with a higher number of affected patients occurring in the winter months (January–March). Moxifloxacin and erythromycin-resistantC. difficilePCR ribotypes 001 (72%) and 027 (4·6%) were the most commonly isolated strains.
Dynamic invariance in the phonetic expression of syllable structure: a case study of Moroccan Arabic consonant clusters
Authors: Shaw Jason A. , Gafos Adamantios I. , Hoole Philip , Zeroual Chakir
Published: December 2011

We asked whether invariant phonetic indices for syllable structure can be identified in a language where word-initial consonant clusters, regardless of their sonority profile, are claimed to be parsed heterosyllabically. Four speakers of Moroccan Arabic were recorded, using Electromagnetic Articulography. Pursuing previous work, we employed temporal diagnostics for syllable structure, consisting of static correspondences between any given phonological organisation and its presumed phonetic indices. We show that such correspondences offer only a partial understanding of the relation between syllabic organisation and continuous indices of that organisation. We analyse the failure of the diagnostics and put forth a new approach in which different phonological organisations prescribe different ways in which phonetic indices change as phonetic parameters are scaled. The main finding is that invariance is found in these patterns of change, rather than in static correspondences between phonological constructs and fixed values for their phonetic indices.
A gestural account of a child-specific neutralisation in strong position
Authors: Byun Tara McAllister
Published: December 2011

The child-specific phenomenon of preferential neutralisation in initial position, which reverses a positional bias attested across adult grammars, represents a long-standing problem for formal models of developmental phonology. In a phonetically based model of phonology, child-specific phonological patterns may emerge as the consequence of physical differences between child and adult speech. This paper presents new case-study data suggesting that a child-specific pattern of fricative neutralisation in initial position has its roots in children's articulatory limitations. Coarticulated fricative and vowel gestures are shown to require independent control of the tongue and jaw, known to be problematic for developing speakers. Substitution errors affecting fricatives are analysed as a phonologised reflex of this phonetic pressure to avoid overlapping vowel and fricative gestures. The positional asymmetry emerges as the consequence of the differing degrees of gestural overlap permitted in syllable-initialvs. syllable-final position, as encoded in the framework of Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein 1986).
Theory and Practice in Marx and Marxism
Authors: Kilminster Richard
Published: December 2011

The identification of theory and practice is a critical act, through
which practice is demonstrated rational and necessary, and theory realistic
and rational (Antonio Gramsci).

In contemporary sociological and political theory the opposition of
theory and practice refers to a number of aspects of the relationship
between theories of various kinds and social life. It can refer, for
example, to the relationships between the various sciences (particularly the
social sciences) and their ‘objects’, between scientific knowledge and its
necessary practical applications and broadly between social science and
politics. Many Marxist writings since Lenin attempt to unite those three
levels in a theory of the total society with a practical intent. This theory
is intended to inform practical political activity in order radically to
change the complex of social institutions which make the theory itself
possible, in this way abolishing the theory in practice. That theory and
practice in this sense can inseparably inform each other in this way within
the politics of the labour movement, is one meaning in Soviet Marxism of the
phrase ‘the unity of theory and practice’.
Marxism, Morality and Justice
Authors: Lukes Steven
Published: December 2011

A paradox, according to the OED, is ‘a statement seemingly self-contradictory or absurd, though possibly well-founded or essentially true’. In this article I shall try to show that the classical orthodox Marxist view of morality is a paradox. I shall seek to resolve the paradox by trying to show that it is only seemingly self-contradictory or absurd. But I shall not claim the standard Marxist view of morality to be well-founded or essentially true. On the contrary, I shall suggest that, though coherent, it is ill-founded and illusory.
Marxian Metaphysics and Individual Freedom
Authors: Smith G. W.
Published: December 2011

The principles of historical materialism involve Marx in making two
crucial claims about freedom. The first is that the revolutionary
proletariat is, in an important sense, more free than its class antagonist
the bourgeoisie. The second is that the beneficiaries of a successful
proletarian revolution—the members of a solidly established communist
society—enjoy a greater freedom than even proletarians engaged in
revolutionary praxis. It is perhaps natural to
take Marx to be operating here with what might be called a logically
continuous notion of freedom, established communists enjoying to perfection
(or as near as maybe) what revolutionary proletarians merely imperfectly
experience and what the bourgeoisie entirely misses. But whatever one's
views might be about what Marx in fact says about freedom this cannot be
what he ought to say for his theory of freedom to work. The kind of line
Marx (and Marxists) need to take finds a significant precedent in his
economics where we find a theory implying two quite distinct logical
dimensions in that the principles and concepts designed to apply to the
transactions of capitalism (commodity, capital, wage-labour, surplus-value,
and so on) necessarily lack descriptive purchase on communist economic
reality. The existence of these two dimensions, and particularly Marx's
comparative silence as to the nature of the second, reflect his conviction
that the transition between the two systems must be marked by a profound
conceptual as well as material break. Consequently it is not unreasonable,
perhaps, to look for an analogous discontinuity in his metaphysics and to
expect to find two distinct varieties of freedom, the one reflecting the
nature of class society, the other of human community.
THE ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF OIL PRICE SHOCKS
Authors: Rahman Sajjadur , Serletis Apostolos
Published: December 2011

In this paper we investigate the effects of oil price uncertainty and its asymmetry on real economic activity in the United States, in the context of a bivariate vector autoregression with GARCH-in-mean errors. The model allows for the possibilities of spillovers and asymmetries in the variance–covariance structure for real output growth and the change in the real price of oil. Our measure of oil price uncertainty is the conditional variance of the oil price–change forecast error. We isolate the effects of volatility in the change in the price of oil and its asymmetry on output growth and employ simulation methods to calculate generalized impulse response functions and volatility impulse response functions to trace the effects of independent shocks on the conditional means and the conditional variances, respectively, of the variables. We find that oil price uncertainty has a negative effect on output, and that shocks to the price of oil and its uncertainty have asymmetric effects on output.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-28 Deletion Amplifies Inflammatory and Extracellular Matrix Responses to Cardiac Aging
Authors: Ma Yonggang , Chiao Ying Ann , Zhang Jianhua , Manicone Anne M. , Jin Yu-Fang , Lindsey Merry L.
Published: December 2011

To determine if matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-28 mediates cardiac aging, wild-type (WT) and MMP-28−/− young (7 ± 1 months, n = 9 each) and old (20 ± 2 months, n = 7 each) female mice were evaluated. MMP-28 expression in the left ventricle (LV) increased 42% in old WT mice compared to young controls (p < 0.05). By Doppler echocardiography, LV function declined at 20 ± 2 months of age for both groups. However, dobutamine stress responses were similar, indicating that cardiac reserve was maintained. Plasma proteomic profiling revealed that macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 α, MIP-1β and MMP-9 plasma levels did not change in WT old mice but were significantly elevated in MMP-28−/− old mice (all p < 0.05), suggestive of a higher inflammatory status when MMP-28 is deleted. RT2-PCR gene array and immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that MIP-1α and MMP-9 gene and protein levels in the LV were also higher in MMP-28−/− old mice (all p < 0.05). Macrophage numbers in the LV increased similarly in WT and MMP-28−/− old mice, compared to respective young controls (both p < 0.05). Collagen content was not different among the WT and MMP-28−/− young and old mice. In conclusion, LV inflammation increases with age, and MMP-28 deletion further elevates inflammation and extracellular matrix responses, without altering macrophage numbers or collagen content.
Report of a Session at the CALL/ACBD Conference, Calgary 2011: The Effects of Interdisciplinary Research on Law Libraries
Authors: Facey Martha
Published: December 2011

Martha Facey summarises the answers given by three panellists during the seminar “Thinking beyond the Law: Effects of Interdisciplinary Research on Law Libraries” delivered at the conference of the Canadian Association of Law Libraries/Association Canadienne des Bibliotheques de Droit (CALL/ACBD) which took place in May 2011 in Calgary, Alberta.
Ethnicity and the Politics of AIDS
Authors: Humphreys Macartan
Published: December 2011

Evan Lieberman's Boundaries of Contagion: How Ethnic Politics Have Shaped Government Responses to Aids proceeds from a simple question of great importance to millions of people: “Why have some governments responded to AIDS more quickly and more broadly than others?” In answering this question, Lieberman employs a range of methods and engages a range of scholarly literatures dealing with health policy, comparative public policy, and ethnic politics. Because the book addresses “big” issues and bridges conventional divides in political science, we have invited a number of colleagues working broadly in comparative politics to comment on it.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Serving Sex Workers and Promoting Democratic Engagement: Rethinking Nonprofits' Role in American Civic and Political Life
Authors: Majic Samantha
Published: December 2011

In debates about promoting civic and political engagement in America, political scientists are often skeptical about the role of nonprofit organizations offering health and social services in the US because they are constrained by the tax code and grant agreements. However, I argue that by focusing on what I term social movement-borne nonprofits, we can see how these organizations may engage (marginalized) communities and participate in political activities. To illustrate, I consider the California Prostitutes Education Project (CAL-PEP) and the St. James Infirmary (SJI), two San Francisco Bay-area nonprofits created by prostitute-rights activists that offer HIV/AIDS and other health services to sex workers. Drawing on multi-method qualitative research on CAL-PEP and the SJI, I argue that social movement-borne nonprofits engage in political activities through a process of radical institutionalization, whereby they incorporate and advance activist goals within their organizational practices. I theorize the properties of radical institutionalization as “oppositional implementation,” “community engagement,” and “claims-making activities.” My hope is that scholars will test for and further define these properties in order to broaden understandings of nonprofits' evolving role in civic and political life, and in processes of social change.
The metamorphism and exhumation of the Himalayan metamorphic core, eastern Garhwal region, India
Authors: Spencer Christopher J. , Harris Ron A. , Dorais Michael J.
Published: December 2011

Geothermobarometric together with micro‐ and macro‐structural data indicate ductile flow in the metamorphic core of the Himalaya in the Garhwal region of India. Peak metamorphic pressure and temperature increase dramatically across the Main Central Thrust (MCT) from ∼5 kbar and ∼550°C in the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (LHCS) to ∼14 kbar and ∼850°C at ∼3 km above the MCT in the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS). Pressures within the GHS then decrease upsection to ∼8 kbar while temperatures remain nearly constant at ∼850°C up to the structurally overlying South Tibetan Detachment (STD). The GHS exhibits sheath fold geometries are indicative of high degrees of ductile flow. Overprinting ductile structures are two populations of extensional conjugate fractures and normal faults oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the orogen. These fractures crosscut major tectonic boundaries in the region such as the MCT and STD, and are found throughout the LHCS, GHS, and Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence (TSS). The thermobarometric and metamorphic observations are consistent with a form of channel flow. However, channel flow does not account for exhumational structures that formed above the brittle‐ductile transition. To explain all of the features seen in the metamorphic core of the Garhwal region of the Himalaya, both the theories of channel flow and critical taper must be taken into account. Channel flow can explain the exhumation of the GHS from the middle crust to the brittle‐ductile transition. The most recent extensional deformation is consistent with a supercritical wedge.
Time of emergence of climate signals
Authors: Hawkins E. , Sutton R.
Published: December 2011

The time at which the signal of climate change emerges from the noise of natural climate variability (Time of Emergence, ToE) is a key variable for climate predictions and risk assessments. Here we present a methodology for estimating ToE for individual climate models, and use it to make maps of ToE for surface air temperature (SAT) based on the CMIP3 global climate models. Consistent with previous studies we show that the median ToE occurs several decades sooner in low latitudes, particularly in boreal summer, than in mid‐latitudes. We also show that the median ToE in the Arctic occurs sooner in boreal winter than in boreal summer. A key new aspect of our study is that we quantify the uncertainty in ToE that arises not only from inter‐model differences in the magnitude of the climate change signal, but also from large differences in the simulation of natural climate variability. The uncertainty in ToE is at least 30 years in the regions examined, and as much as 60 years in some regions. Alternative emissions scenarios lead to changes in both the median ToE (by a decade or more) and its uncertainty. The SRES B1 scenario is associated with a very large uncertainty in ToE in some regions. Our findings have important implications for climate modelling and climate policy which we discuss.
A comparison of ARTEMIS observations and particle‐in‐cell modeling of the lunar photoelectron sheath in the terrestrial magnetotail
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Halekas J. S. , Delory G. T. , Farrell W. M. , Angelopoulos V. , McFadden J. P. , Bonnell J. W. , Ergun R. E.
Published: December 2011

As an airless body in space with no global magnetic field, the Moon is exposed to both solar ultraviolet radiation and ambient plasmas. Photoemission from solar UV radiation and collection of ambient plasma are typically opposing charging currents and simple charging current balance predicts that the lunar dayside surface should charge positively; however, the two ARTEMIS probes have observed energy‐dependent loss cones and high‐energy, surface‐originating electron beams above the dayside lunar surface for extended periods in the magnetosphere, which are indicative of negative surface potentials. In this paper, we compare observations by the ARTEMIS P1 spacecraft with a one‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulation and show that the energy‐dependent loss cones and electron beams are due to the presence of stable, non‐monotonic, negative potentials above the lunar surface. The simulations also show that while the magnitude of the non‐monotonic potential is mainly driven by the incoming electron temperature, the incoming ion temperature can alter this magnitude, especially for periods in the plasma sheet when the ion temperature is more than twenty times the electron temperature. Finally, we note several other plasma phenomena associated with these non‐monotonic potentials, such as broadband electrostatic noise and electron cyclotron harmonic emissions, and offer possible generation mechanisms for these phenomena.
Dayside auroral emissions controlled by IMF: A survey for dayside auroral excitation at 557.7 and 630.0 nm in Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard
Authors: Hu Ze‐Jun , Yang Hui‐Gen , Han De‐Sheng , Huang De‐Hong , Zhang Bei‐Chen , Hu Hong‐Qiao , Liu Rui‐Yuan
Published: December 2011

A survey of dayside 557.7 and 630.0 nm auroral emission, acquired from the all‐sky imagers at the Yellow River Station in Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard, shows that the dayside auroral oval could be divided into five auroral active regions: the dawnside (Da, 06:00–07:30 MLT) and duskside (Du, 15:30–17:00 MLT) green aurora sectors, the prenoon (W, 07:30–10:00 MLT) and postnoon (H, 13:00–15:30 MLT) peaks for 557.7 and 630.0 nm auroral emissions, and the midday gap (M, 10:00–13:00 MLT) for green aurora. The 630.0 nm intensities in W, M, and H nearly increase linearly with the Kan‐Lee electric field. The 630.0 nm auroral emissions in W and H show a double‐peak feature associated with the change of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle: one peak at 90° and the other at 270°. The 630.0 nm emission in M, however, is dominantly excited during the clock angle of 90°–270°. It is considered that the 630.0 nm emissions in W/H and M are related to the prenoon/postnoon antiparallel reconnection at the high‐latitude magnetopause and the subsolar component reconnection, respectively. Moreover, the 630.0 nm intensity in the dayside oval shows the monotonic increase with the absolute value of the north‐south oriented electric field (Ez), but the increasing rate of the intensity in the postnoon (prenoon) oval is larger than that in the prenoon (postnoon) oval when IMF By is negative (positive). Only the 557.7 nm intensity in region M and H/Du increases gradually with the absolute value of negative Ez. These features should be associated with the change of interhemispheric currents produced by Ez.
Thermochemical evolution of the sub‐arc mantle due to back‐arc spreading
Authors: Hall Paul S. , Cooper Lauren B. , Plank Terry
Published: December 2011

We present the results of a series of numerical geodynamic experiments designed to characterize the thermal and compositional evolution of the sub‐arc mantle in response to spreading in the back‐arc. We find large changes in both the temperature and composition of the sub‐arc mantle with time as the BASC migrates away from the arc. In particular, the sub‐arc mantle becomes increasingly more depleted with time following the onset of spreading, as mantle that has experienced decompression melting and melt extraction beneath the BASC is gradually drawn beneath the arc plate by slab‐induced corner flow. The rate at which this depletion increases during the ∼2 Myr immediately following the onset of spreading is controlled by the spreading rate at the BASC, with faster spreading leading to a more rapid increase in depletion. Following this initial period, depletion within the sub‐arc mantle continues to increase at a somewhat slower pace. During this phase, the rate at which depletion increases is chiefly dictated by the subduction rate, with faster subduction leading to a more rapid increase in depletion beneath the arc. Depletion within the sub‐arc mantle is also found to increase with increasing mantle potential temperature, decreasing age of the overriding plate, and decreasing distance between the initial location of the BASC and the arc. Predicted changes in the depletion of the sub‐arc mantle with time are shown to be consistent with observations of systematic along‐strike geochemical variations within a portion of the Tonga Arc adjacent to the Eastern Lau Spreading Center.
Evidence of a robust resident bacteriophage population revealed through analysis of the human salivary virome
Authors: Pride David T , Salzman Julia , Haynes Matthew , Rohwer Forest , Davis-Long Clara , White Richard A , Loomer Peter , Armitage Gary C , Relman David A
Published: December 2011

Viruses are the most abundant known infectious agents on the planet and are significant drivers of diversity in a variety of ecosystems. Although there have been numerous studies of viral communities, few have focused on viruses within the indigenous human microbiota. We analyzed 2 267 695 virome reads from viral particles and compared them with 263 516 bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from the saliva of five healthy human subjects over a 2- to 3-month period, in order to improve our understanding of the role viruses have in the complex oral ecosystem. Our data reveal viral communities in human saliva dominated by bacteriophages whose constituents are temporally distinct. The preponderance of shared homologs between the salivary viral communities in two unrelated subjects in the same household suggests that environmental factors are determinants of community membership. When comparing salivary viromes to those from human stool and the respiratory tract, each group was distinct, further indicating that habitat is of substantial importance in shaping human viromes. Compared with coexisting bacteria, there was concordance among certain predicted host–virus pairings such as Veillonella and Streptococcus, whereas there was discordance among others such as Actinomyces. We identified 122 728 virulence factor homologs, suggesting that salivary viruses may serve as reservoirs for pathogenic gene function in the oral environment. That the vast majority of human oral viruses are bacteriophages whose putative gene function signifies some have a prominent role in lysogeny, suggests these viruses may have an important role in helping shape the microbial diversity in the human oral cavity.