bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approach to the Geriatric Patient
Authors: Kostas Tia , Simone Mark , Rudolph James L
Published: January 2021

As of 2012, over one in eight Americans is over the age of 65, and this number is rising, particularly in the 85+ age group. This segment of the population has a rate of hospitalization three times higher than that for persons of all ages. General internists and family medicine physicians provide a large portion of care for this age group and should therefore be comfortable using a comprehensive approach to geriatric assessment. This review describes general considerations regarding geriatric care, including the process of taking a functional history and clinical implications of geriatric care. The geriatric assessment process is discussed in terms of physical, cognitive, social, and medical domains. The benefits of geriatric assessment in primary care, specialty care, and hospitalized patients are described. Tables outline activities of daily living, sensory changes with aging, major causes of visual impairment in the geriatric population, major neurocognitive disorder diagnostic criteria, medications to avoid or use with caution based on Beers criteria and Screening Tool of Older individuals’ Potentially inappropriate Prescriptions criteria, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force–recommended services relevant to older adults, and vaccinations in older adults. Figures illustrate the key vulnerabilities of older adults; outcomes linked to functional dependence; common disorders associated with cognitive concerns; domains of cognition and examples of impairment in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition; the social and medical domains of geriatric assessment; barriers to medication adherence in older patients; and resources for medication appropriateness in older adults.
This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 110 references, and 5 MCQs.
Exercise
Authors: Nabel Elizabeth G
Published: January 2021

Numerous observational studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between physical activity and risk of many chronic illnesses. The protective effect of exercise is strongest against coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, anxiety, depression, osteoporosis, and cancers of the colon and breast. Despite these proven benefits, only 25% of adults in the United States exercise at recommended levels. Globally, physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for death, followed by overweight and obesity. This module describes exercise physiology, including cardiovascular response to dynamic exercise, pulmonary response, musculoskeletal response, metabolic effects, effects on blood lipid levels, hematologic effects, effects on vascular inflammation, effects on body fluids, and psychological effects. Exercise and the elderly and the relationship between exercise and longevity are reviewed. Prescribing exercise and complications of exercise are also discussed. Tables describe the categories of patients screened for possible coronary artery disease, exercise time required to consume 2,000 kcal, and exercise advice for patients. Figures include a graph showing the number of adults who met the federal physical activity guidelines criteria, the top 10 global risk factors for death in 2004, the process of providing energy for the muscle, and trends in physician prescriptions for exercise.
This module contains 4 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, 35 references, and 5 MCQs.
Diet
Authors: Nabel Elizabeth G
Published: January 2021

An unhealthy diet is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and conditions related to obesity. In the 20th century, the average American diet shifted from one based on fresh, minimally processed vegetable foods to one based on animal products and highly refined, processed foods, leading to an increased consumption of calories, fat, cholesterol, refined sugar, animal protein, sodium, and alcohol and far less fiber and starch than was healthful. As a result, more than one third of US adults are obese, with an estimated medical cost of $147 billion. Physicians have an important role in educating patients about healthful nutrition and in providing dietary guidelines. This module discusses the role of energy in weight loss; the structure of fat and cholesterol, their effects on blood lipid levels and cardiovascular risk, and related dietary recommendations; carbohydrates; dietary fiber; proteins; vitamin and mineral consumption; water and food consumption; and the relationship between diet and health. Tables review the principles of a healthy diet; recommended daily intake of fat and other nutrients; types of dietary fiber and representative food sources; types of vitamins; essential minerals and trace elements; and dietary guidelines for healthy people. Figures include a graph showing the percentage of adults who are healthy weight, overweight, and obese and the structure of fat and cholesterol.
This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 37 references.
Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease
Authors: Greer Julia B. , Regueiro Miguel D.
Published: January 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease, and is characterized by recurrent bouts of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD affects approximately 4 million people worldwide, and rates are gradually increasing. This review covers the etiology, epidemiology, definition and pathophysiology, extraintestinal manifestations, and other disease-related complications of IBD. Figures show the distribution of ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease by location, several colonoscopic photographs of patients with ulcerative colitis as well as those with Crohn disease, computed tomography images of patients with Crohn disease, small bowel follow-through and fluoroscopic spot images of a patient with chronic structuring Crohn disease, and a computed tomographic scan showing extraenteric manifestations of Crohn disease. Tables list the differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, types of infectious colitis, complications of IBD, diagnostic criteria of toxic colitis, physical signs of Crohn disease, differences between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, and common extraintestinal manifestations of IBD.
This review contains 11 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, and 63 references.
Advance Care Planning
Authors: Van Scoy Lauren Jodi , Green Michael , Levi Benjamin
Published: January 2021

Advance care planning (ACP) is defined by the Institute of Medicine as an iterative process that involves discussing end-of-life issues, clarifying relevant values and goals of care, and embodying preferences through written documents and medical orders. ACP is predicated on the principle of respect for autonomy, which recognizes an individual’s right to accept or decline medical therapies. With the development of medical technologies that can sustain life (including mere physiologic existence), effective ACP has become a critical yet underused process for patients, their families, and clinicians. This review discusses the emergence of ACP, promises and pitfalls of advance directives, and promising approaches, including ACP interventions and research, as well as a focus on public engagement and future directions. Figures show a timeline of important advances in ACP since 1990, key features of the comprehensive ACP process, the three core aspects or pillars for implementation of ACP, stages of change for ACP behaviors, and two commercially available end-of-life games. Tables list theoretical pros and cons of advance directives, ACP resources, examples of recent research studies on ACP interventions, types and examples of ACP resources, and public engagement campaigns.
 
This review contains 5 figures, 12 tables, and 101 references
Keywords: Advance care planning, advance directive, end-of-life
Deep Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Weiss Boaz  Zadok , Alpert Evan Avraham
Published: January 2021

In a patient with DVT, a clot forms in the large veins of the extremities, typically the leg, which can lead to a pulmonary embolus, a potentially life-threatening medical problem. Risk factors include provoking factors such as recent surgery, acquired factors such as obesity or cardiovascular disease, and genetic factors such as protein C or S deficiency. The Wells DVT score is a clinical scoring system that allows the assessment of the pretest probability of DVT. However, clinical gestalt has been found to be equally accurate. This can then guide the clinical work-up of the patient, with low and moderate pretest probabilities, allowing one to start with D-dimer testing, versus high probability, requiring one to begin with lower extremity US. The current trend in treatment of DVT is the novel oral anticoagulants as they can be given at fixed doses, do not require laboratory monitoring, and have a better safety profile than warfarin. Pregnant patients, those with cancer, as well as many with recurrent DVT are treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. Most patients with DVT may be treated as an outpatient. A small percentage of patients with severe DVT may benefit from catheter-directed thrombolysis. 

This review contains 1 figures, 2 tables, and 48 references.
Key Words: anticoagulants, D-dimer, diagnostic ultrasonography, DVT, low molecular weight heparin, postthrombotic syndrome, unfractionated heparin, warfarin
An Approach to the Patient with Abnormal Liver Tests and Jaundice
Authors: Reuben Adrian
Published: January 2021

Patients who present with abnormal liver test results and jaundice are generally suffering from an affliction of the liver and/or biliary tree; however, extrahepatic disorders can affect hepatobiliary function and even microscopic structure when there is no intrinsic primary liver or biliary abnormality. Extrahepatic disease may impinge directly on the liver and/or biliary system, and remote extrahepatic conditions, such as sepsis, systemic and localized inflammatory processes, and malignancy, can interfere with liver function without direct contact. This review covers history of the patient with abnormal liver tests and jaundice, physical findings in the patient with abnormal liver tests and jaundice, abnormal liver tests and elevated bilirubin, and recommended approaches to the patient with abnormal liver tests and jaundice. Figures show a case of renal cell cancer (hypernephroma) in a 69-year-old man, potential sites of interference with hepatobiliary metabolism and transport of bilirubin from hepatocyte to duodenum (with examples), a decision tree to evaluate suspected idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, physical signs in liver disease, a decision tree for investigation of the patient with aminotransferase-predominant abnormal liver tests and jaundice, and a decision tree for investigation of the patient with alkaline phosphatase elevation with or without abnormal liver tests with or without jaundice. Tables list symptom and risk factor evaluation in patients with abnormal liver tests and jaundice, comparison of features scored in two causality assessment methods, physical signs in liver disease, and disease-specific laboratory investigations, imaging, and tissue analysis.
This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 18 references
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
Authors: Lindsey J William
Published: January 2021

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a relatively common cause of neurologic symptoms and disability in young adults. The distinguishing pathologic features of MS are loss of myelin and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin sheath is essential for rapid conduction of nerve signals along large-diameter axons. Oligodendrocytes produce and maintain myelin in the CNS, and Schwann cells produce and maintain myelin in the peripheral nerves. In addition to MS, there are a number of related disorders causing demyelination, inflammation, or both in the CNS. This chapter discusses MS and related disorders, including neuromyelitis optica, optic neuritis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, Behçet syndrome, neurosarcoidosis, inherited demyelinating diseases (leukodystrophies, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy [CADASIL]), and virus-induced demyelination (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis). The section on MS covers epidemiology, etiology/genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, and prognosis. Figures include organization of the microenvironment of larger-diameter axons, typical magnetic resonance imaging findings in MS and neuromyelitis optica, postgadolinium images of the cervical spine in MS, and an approach to treatment of relapsing-remitting MS. Tables list MS and related disorders, distribution of neurologic deficits at the onset of MS, differential diagnosis of MS, disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting MS, and selected leukodystrophies, as well as diagnostic criteria and selected symptomatic therapies for MS.
This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, and 82 references.
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Chokroverty Sudhansu
Published: January 2021

Recent research has generated an enormous fund of knowledge about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Sleeping and waking brain circuits can now be studied by sophisticated neuroimaging techniques that map different areas of the brain during different sleep states and stages. Although the exact biologic functions of sleep are not known, sleep is essential, and sleep deprivation leads to impaired attention and decreased performance. Sleep is also believed to have restorative, conservative, adaptive, thermoregulatory, and consolidative functions. This review discusses the physiology of sleep, including its two independent states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, as well as functional neuroanatomy, physiologic changes during sleep, and circadian rhythms. The classification and diagnosis of sleep disorders are discussed generally. The diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders are described: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy sydrome, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, insomnias, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and parasomnias. Sleep-related movement disorders and the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders are also discussed. Tables describe behavioral and physiologic characteristics of states of awareness, the international classification of sleep disorders, common sleep complaints, comorbid insomnia disorders, causes of excessive daytime somnolence, laboratory tests to assess sleep disorders, essential diagnostic criteria for RLS and Willis-Ekbom disease, and drug therapy for insomnia. Figures include polysomnographic recording showing wakefulness in an adult; stage 1, 2, and 3 NREM sleep in an adult; REM sleep in an adult; a patient with sleep apnea syndrome; a patient with Cheyne-Stokes breathing; a patient with RLS; and a patient with dream-enacting behavior; schematic sagittal section of the brainstem of the cat; schematic diagram of the McCarley-Hobson model of REM sleep mechanism; the Lu-Saper “flip-flop” model; the Luppi model to explain REM sleep mechanism; and a wrist actigraph from a man with bipolar disorder.
This review contains 14 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 115 references, and 5 MCQs.
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Authors: Amato Anthony A , Salajegheh Mohammad Kian
Published: January 2021

The three main components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) include the presynaptic region, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic region. The NMJ acts as an interface between the motor nerve and muscle by converting the motor nerve electric currents into chemical signals and then back into electric currents in the muscle. This chapter reviews electrodiagnostic testing in NMJ disorders, including repetitive nerve stimulation and single-fiber electromyography. Myasthenia gravis, congenital myasthenic syndromes, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, botulism, and organophosphate poisoning and other toxins are discussed, including epidemiology, etiology/genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis. Tables include an overview of neuromuscular disorders, drugs with adverse effects on the NMJ, common immunomodulatory agents used for treatment of myasthenia gravis, congenital myasthenic syndromes, and toxins and venoms. Figures illustrate the NMJ structure and function, structure of the presynaptic and postsynaptic regions, electrodiagnostic studies in NMJ disorders, and dysfunction of the NMJ in acetylcholine receptor myasthenia gravis.
This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 65 references.
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Roos Karen L.
Published: January 2021

Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. By definition, meningitis is an infection of the meninges and the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is associated with an inflammatory response that involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space, the brain parenchyma, and the cerebral arteries and veins. As such, bacterial meningoencephalitis is the more accurate descriptive term. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the disease. The discussion of diagnosis covers clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The discussion of treatment covers empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial therapy, and dexamethasone therapy. Graphs compare causative organisms and clinical manifestations of community-acquired meningitis. Illustrations depict proper patient positioning for detecting nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, and lumbar puncture, as well as a sagittal view of a lumbar puncture needle as it is advanced into the subarachnoid space. An algorithm delineates the approach to the patient with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis. Tables outline bacterial pathogens based on predisposing and associated conditions, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies for meningitis, the appearance of the organism on a Gram stain, empirical antimicrobial therapy based on predisposing and associated conditions, recommendations for specific antibiotic therapy in bacterial meningitis, and recommended doses for antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.
 
This chapter contains 8 figures, 13 tables, 78 references
Keywords: Bacterial meningitis, antibiotics, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, nuchal rigidity, headache
The Evolution of Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: Rationale and Supporting Evidence
Authors: Redondo Maria J. , Libman Ingrid , Maahs David M. , Lyons Sarah K. , Saraco Mindy , Reusch Jane , Rodriguez Henry , DiMeglio Linda A.
Published: January 2021

The American Diabetes Association 2020 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes (Standards of Care) recommends a hemoglobin A1c (A1C) of <7% (53 mmol/mol) for many children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), with an emphasis on target personalization. A higher A1C target of <7.5% may be more suitable for youth who cannot articulate symptoms of hypoglycemia or have hypoglycemia unawareness and for those who do not have access to analog insulins or advanced diabetes technologies or who cannot monitor blood glucose regularly. Even less stringent A1C targets (e.g., <8%) may be warranted for children with a history of severe hypoglycemia, severe morbidities, or short life expectancy. During the “honeymoon” period and in situations where lower mean glycemia is achievable without excessive hypoglycemia or reduced quality of life, an A1C <6.5% may be safe and effective. Here, we provide a historical perspective of A1C targets in pediatrics and highlight evidence demonstrating detrimental effects of hyperglycemia in children and adolescents, including increased likelihood of brain structure and neurocognitive abnormalities, microvascular and macrovascular complications, long-term effects, and increased mortality. We also review data supporting a decrease over time in overall severe hypoglycemia risk for youth with T1D, partly associated with the use of newer insulins and devices, and weakened association between lower A1C and severe hypoglycemia risk. We present common barriers to achieving glycemic targets in pediatric diabetes and discuss some strategies to address them. We aim to raise awareness within the community on Standards of Care updates that impact this crucial goal in pediatric diabetes management.
Antologiens sentrale begreper og perspektiver
Authors: Kassah Bente Lilljan Lind , Nordahl-Pedersen Hilde
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an overview of key concepts and theoretical perspectives used in the anthology and points out fundamental challenges in the practice of professional welfare. ‘Competence’ and ‘knowledge’ often have different meanings, and there is a need for increased awareness of the understanding of these concepts. This chapter highlights how the managerial discretion, learning, system blindness, power executing and paradoxes may cause tensions and how these in turn may inhibit the realization of required changes. Internal or external job recruitment may have an impact on managers’ freedom to act. To raise the quality and competence within the professional welfare services, it is necessary to be aware of the unique and multi-faceted challenges in the field.
O ENSINO RELIGIOSO NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL A PARTIR DO “REFERENCIAL CURRICULAR DO PARANÁ” (PARANÁ – 2018)
Authors: Cordeiro André Rocha
Published: January 2021

Presente legalmente nos currículos escolares brasileiros, desde a Constituição Federal de 1934, o Ensino Religioso assumiu diferentes configurações ao longo dos períodos históricos e suas respectivas legislações. Atualmente, prevista na Constituição Federal de 1988 e na Lei de Diretrizes Bases da Educação (1996), o componente curricular de Ensino Religioso assumiu a característica de área do conhecimento com a aprovação da Base Nacional Comum Curricular – BNCC, em 20 de dezembro de 2017. Com a aprovação, coube aos estados da federação, por meio das Secretarias Estaduais de Educação (SEED), coordenar os trabalhos para a construção de documentos curriculares das disciplinas escolares para cada território estadual. Destarte, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os conteúdos programáticos propostos no “Referencial Curricular do Paraná” (2018) para o componente curricular do Ensino Religioso. Para tanto buscamos realizar uma breve revisão bibliográfica acerca do Ensino Religioso no Brasil, com destaque aos marcos legais; discutir acerca da inserção da disciplina na Base Nacional Comum Curricular – BNCC; e, por fim, analisar os conteúdos programáticos, do Ensino Fundamental, estabelecidos para o Ensino Religioso no estado do Paraná.
TEMPO DA DECISÃO E CHAMADO À DECISÃO NA PREGAÇÃO ÉTICO-ESCATOLÓGICA DE JESUS CRISTO: DA PROCLAMAÇÃO DO REINO DE DEUS NA TEOLOGIA ESCATOLÓGICO-EXISTENCIAL DE BULTMANN
Authors: Mariano Da Rosa Luiz Carlos
Published: January 2021

Se a pregação de Jesus consiste no pressuposto da teologia neotestamentária, segundo o pensamento de Bultmann, a análise do seu conteúdo emerge como fundamental para a compreensão do querigma cristão e da construção literário-teológica da comunidade primitiva. Dessa forma, o artigo se detém na pregação ético-escatológica de Jesus, que anuncia o reino de Deus e o tempo da decisão e o chamado à decisão, que converge para a radicalidade e exige a obediência escatológica enquanto realização da vontade de Deus. Assim, escapando à condição de um dever que converge para a formação do caráter e ao princípio de determinação da comunhão humana, o artigo assinala que é a exigência do amor que se impõe à pregação escatológica de Jesus e a sua pregação ética e ao conhecimento da vontade de Deus, que implica o dever-ser e o poder-fazer envolvendo o bem incondicional em uma construção teórico-conceitual e subjetivo-existencial que envolve a consciência da situação-limite da existência e a necessidade de uma decisão existencial.
IDENTIFIKASI MARKA GEN KETAHANAN HAWAR DAUN BAKTERI PADA GALUR PADI INTRODUKSI DAN GALUR DIHAPLOID
Authors: Winandari Ovi Prasetya , . Aris Tjahjoleksono , Utami Dwinita Wikan
Published: January 2021

Identification marker of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) gene resistance on introducted and dihaploid rice germplasm. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating diseases in rice. The use of BLB-resistant rice varieties is one of the most efficient ways to protect rice from this disease. BLB-resistant varieties can be produced through the breeding program by using the diverse  rice germplasm. The objective of this research was to identify BLB resistance gene on 37 introducted and dihaploid rice lines derived from wide genetic background double crossing from local rice : IR54/Parekaligolara and Bio110/Markuti, by using the molekular markers. As control plant  used 23 differential varieties (monogenic lines/IRBB) and TN1 (susceptible).  All plants tested were inoculated by 3 selected dominant BLB races (Race III, IV dan VIII). The selected of 19 polymorphism molecular markers used to identify the BLB resistance genes on rice lines tested. The result of this research showed that 4 rice lines were resistance to all BLB races tested. Three molecular markers were specific associated with resistant gene to Race III (Xa7-STS40, Xa1-STS14 and Xa4-STS50); Race IV (Xa1-STS5, Xa4-STS50 and Xa26-STS1), and Race VIII (Xa21-STS6, Xa7-RM20590 and Xa7-STS40). These markers could be utilized for the selection process the developmen of BLB resistance rice lines breeding program.
KEMAMPUAN BAKTERI ENDOFIT TANAMAN SEMANGKA DALAM MENEKAN PERKEMBANGAN PENYAKIT BERCAK DAUN YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH JAMUR COLLETOTRICHUM SP.
Authors: Rangkuti Eryna Elfasari , Suryanto Dwi , Nurtjahja Kiki , Munir Erman
Published: January 2021

Ability of watermelon endophytic bacteria to suppress development of leaf spot disease caused by Colletotrichum sp.  A studi on assay of endophytic bacteria to control Colletotrichum sp., causal agent of leaf spot disease on watermelon, was conducted. Colletotrichum sp. was isolated from infected leaf of leaf spot disease, while endophytic bacteria were isolated from stem, leaf, and root of watermelon healthy plant. Antagonistic assay was conducted by dual culture method. Hyphal abnormalities as a result of antagonistic assay was observed using light microscope. To determine the ability of endophytic bacterial isolates to control leaf spot disease, watermelon seeds were treated by dipping the seed in endophytic bacterial suspension. Seven endophytic bacterial isolates showed to inhibit Colletotrichum sp. to some extent. Two isolates DS 01 and BS 01 showed relatively high inhibition zone compared to others, therefore were choosen for further study. Abnormal hyphae such as broken, lysis, twisted, curled, and swollen hyphae were recorded as the result of antagonistic assay. Watermelon seed treatment revealed that dipping the seed in endophytic bacterial suspension of DS 01 and BS 01 reduced leaf spot disease to 12 and 24%, but inhibited seed growth by 12% and 44%, respectively. It seemed that all treatments showed to reduce seedling performance i.e seedling height, leaf number, and dry weight, compared to that of (-) control. DS 01 however seemed to increase dry weight of watermelon plants.
Perhitungan Burn Up pada Reaktor HCLWR Model Geometri Heksagonal Dua Dimensi BahanBakar Uranium menggunakan SRAC COREBN
Authors:   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141, Ardanti Wahyuning Ramadhanta , Yulianti Yanti ,   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141, Riyanto Agus ,   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141, Syafriadi Syafriadi ,   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141
Published: January 2021

This study about burn up calculations on the HCLWR reactor with two dimensional hexagonal geometric models of uranium using SRAC COREBN has been carried. This study used uranium-235 and uranium-238 as the fuels, light water as coolant and moderator. The calculation was done with computational simulation of COREBN. The calculation aims to produce a conversion ratio more than 1 and a critical multiplication factor (keff). The research used fuels enrichment, burn up period, burn up step, linier power and volume fraction parameters. The percentage of enrichment from U1 and U3 were 3% and U2 was 2,5%. The volume fraction of each material was 52% fuels, 12% cladding, and 36% coolant, the reactor operating period for 548 days with 6 step of burn up then the reactorpower is 2400 MW and the linear poweris 1,792722 MW/cm. The calculation of conversion ratio was 1,01233 and keff was 0,901.
The Shift in The Tradition of Islamic Education in Indonesia from The 19th Century to The Early 21st Century
Authors: Saefudin Saefudin
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the Indonesian Islamic education tradition from the 19th Century to the early 21st Century. The data in this paper were obtained from written sources as well as several previous studies. The results reveal that the Islamic education tradition begins with religious recitation, which is taught individually (not collectively or in a classical system) in a teacherâ€™s house, langgar, or surau. The relationship pattern between Islamic (pesantren-madrasah) and the regular education system is associated with Indonesiaâ€™s Islamic education system development. This pattern occurred in the 19th to the beginning of the 21st Century and is divided into two episodes. During the first two centuries (19th and 20th centuries), the Islamic education system (religious sciences organized by individuals, organizations, or government institutions) was still differentiated (convergence or synthesis) from the ordinary school education system (general sciences). At the beginning of the 21st Century, the relationship between the two education systems has indicated knowledge integration, although it is still minimal. So far, it has been rigidly divided between â€œreligious sciencesâ€ on the one hand and â€œgeneral sciencesâ€ on the other, leading to an integrated knowledge discourse. If this pattern is desired, an Islamic boarding school for higher education will be created. In which â€œgeneral knowledgeâ€ is given during the day, and â€œreligious knowledgeâ€ (Al-Qurâ€™an and Kitab) is taught in the evening. This tradition has become a model for curriculum synthesis between the religious sciences and the general sciences to form the Islamic higher education institution.
Электромагнетизм и гравитация - порождение структуры частицы
Authors: Чеснаков Михаил
Published: January 2021

Концепция, согласно которой все частицы находятся в непрерывной связи между собой, в статье дополнена концепцией развития структуры связанного состояния от простого к сложному.

Показано, как в рамках модели последовательное усложнение структуры связанного состояния гипотетических мнимых частиц приводит к появлению материальных частиц, созданного частицами сложного пространства и всевозможных форм взаимодействия. При этом оказалось возможным объединить электрические, магнитные и силы гравитации. Масса не является формой потенциальной энергии, а является одним из двух компонентов импульса. По способу и месту образования существуют спиновая, оболочечная, релятивистская и зарядовая массы. Вектор электрической составляющей фотона на самом деле оказался вектором магнитной составляющей. Из модели также следует, что взаимодействие между частицами отвечает принципу квантовой нелокальности (информация о локализации частицы проходит со скоростью выше скорости света, следовательно, свойства частиц не определенны до взаимодействия), и, так называемая, «квантованная запутанность» есть следствие этого принципа.
The Stendhal Syndrome and the Management of Cultural Heritage
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts, Sharapova E.S. , Rastimeshina T.V. ,   National Research University of Electronic Technology
Published: January 2021

The author aims to link the component of the psychosomatic comfort of the art consumer with the dominance of his emotions and argues that visiting a museum or concert is not an existential or physiological need, but only a desire to experience this experience. The hypothesis is put forward, according to which the effectiveness of management of an object of cultural heritage is related to the extent to which this object (museum) satisfies the emotional request of the subject of perception. Outlining the difference between utilitarian consumption and experience-based consumption, the author focuses on the role of the atmosphere of the exhibition space, the so-called service landscape.
Bioeconomics-the driver of the modern economy
Authors:   Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (K.I. Scriabin MVA), Skrynnikova T.I. , Kuznetsova M.I. ,   Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (K.I. Scriabin MVA), Spiridonova G.V. ,   Moscow University for the Humanities
Published: January 2021

The authors analyze the global and Russian biotechnology market. A comparison is given of the classification of the bioeconomy from a sectoral perspective, where three industry leaders are highlighted that are most attractive to venture capital and individual investors today: the bionics, space, and military industries. The demand for the practical application of bioeconomics is proved by a number of statistical data of the international color classification. The leading countries of modern bioindustries are identified, which have become favorable investment territories and have significantly improved their competitive international economic positioning. The authors conclude that bioeconomics provides security and quality of life for modern society, accelerates the processes of industrial rehabilitation and recovery of modern society after industrial and technical revolutions.
Problems of «digitalization» in criminology
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Komarov I.M.
Published: January 2021

The modern problems of criminalistic education in Russian higher school are considered, attention is paid to the study of special issues of ≪computer forensics≫, since without this discipline the implementation of practical law enforcement in modern conditions is no longer effective. The author touches on the problems of conceptual and categorical apparatus, the correlation of the language of traditional and digital criminalistics and proposes ways to solve them.
Vital Geometry by P. Sloterdijk: Spherological Approach to Humans Understanding
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Kudryavtseva Valentina Ivanovna , Pertsev Aleksandr Vladimirovich ,   Ural Federal University
Published: January 2021

The study represents the author’s interpretation of the concept by P. Sloterdijk. The spherological approach allows us to expand the boundaries of human understanding through the convergence of psychology, phenomenology and philosophical anthropology. The origins of spherology as an element of vital geometry could be found in Antique Philosophy and is further represented in culture reflecting the fundamental aspects of human existence. P. Sloterdijk’s spherological concept allows us to explore the dimension of internal spatiality of a person reconstructing the concept of intimacy. Microspherology and macrospherology are becoming modes of human existence, and spherological topology takes place as a space of intimacy solely. The phenomenon of sphere-formation is considered by P. Sloterdijk through the prism of extrapolation of the natural to the artificial. In fact, the need to recreate a comfortable protective space is a way of self-preservation, which is immanently inherent in a person. The process of sphere-formation is a reconstruction of the first spherological defense obtained from pre-personal dyadic experience. Since spherological spaces are constituted by subjects, the philosophical question about man within the framework of spherology is the decentralization of the individual and the recultivation of implicit dyadic connections. The spherological approach allows us to re-evaluate the formation of society history, the development of art and the morphology of human thinking.
“Dear My and Great Pyotr Ilyich!” (about the Correspondence of Alexander Ilyich Ziloti with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky)
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State Institute of Culture, Gorobets Svetlana Vladimirovnа
Published: January 2021

The present study is based on the materials of correspondence between the pianist and conductor A.I. Ziloti and his teacher P.I. Tchaikovsky in the period from 1886 till 1893. The last letter was sent by the great composer a month before his death. Throughout his life, Ziloti was a propagandist of Pyotr Ilyich’s works and one of the best editors and proofreaders of his works. The study reveals little-known facts about the life and creative activities of outstanding musicians Alexander Ilyich Ziloti and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The letters trace the features of the relationship between two talented individuals who were congenial souls. The epistolary legacy was a testament to their fruitful friendship, which left a noticeable mark in the history of Russian musical culture at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. The correspondence between A.I. Ziloti and P.I. Tchaikovsky can be called a document of the epoch, reflecting in detail the specifics of its musical life and creative process. The study is dedicated to two memorable dates – the 180th anniversary of Tchaikovsky’s birth and the 75th anniversary of Ziloti’s death.
The Concept of a Romantic Hero in the Sculpture of Argentina in the 20–40s of the 20th Century
Authors:   All-Russian Public Organization  “Association of Art Critics”, Rozenberg Nataliya Abramovna
Published: January 2021

The interest in the history and culture of Argentina in the Russian Federation today has a special character. It is believed that the presence of a huge number of immigrants from Europe, including from Russia, distinguishes Argentina culturally from other countries of the New World, makes its culture more understandable. There is a perception that this is the most Europeanized country in South America. To a large extent, this ideologeme is the result of foreign policy pursued by Argentina itself. At the same time, the process of the formation of national identity in here was complicated and did not end until the 40s of the 20th century. The relevance of the study is to reveal the inconsistency of this process on the material of sculpture as a document of the era, to show the rejection by masters from a remote region of the country, the province of Chaco, the prevailing ideas about the barbarity and savagery of the Indians and Gauchos, the original population of this province and part of other territories of the state. The novelty lies in the comparative comparison of the positions of the academic art history of Argentina and academic art in the understanding of Indian themes and in how it was interpreted by regional masters – K. Dominguez (died in 1969), C. Schenone (1907–1963), J. de la Mena (1897–1954), as well as in the art history analysis of significant works of the considered problematic and the romantic tendencies manifested in them. It is advisable to correlate the process of “Europeanization” of Indians, bloody and long-term hostilities in order to expel the gaucho and Indians from their ancestral lands with the understanding of who was the true hero of history in the creations of their descendants. The works of the sculptors Chaco, romantic in spirit, are related to the great J. Hernandez’s poem “Martin Fierro”. Today they are kept not only in the capital of Chaco, Resistencia, but also in museums in Buenos Aires and foreign collections
Russian Spiritual Experience of M.P. Mussorgsky
Authors:   Omsk State University, Chupakhina Tatyana Ivanovna
Published: January 2021

The paper emphasizes that the processes of globalization, including in the field of culture, require close attention and analysis of the philosophical basis of national culture. Russian musical art of the second half of the 19th to early 20th century is a carrier of the axiological content of the cultural system. Music as a model of the Universe, as an important component of the spiritual world of the Russian people, is a specific way of seeing the world, through which they know themselves and the world as a whole. The author not only carries out a philosophical and cultural analysis of ideas of M.P. Mussorgsky as a representative of the Russian musical philosophical thought of the 19th century, but also shows the manifestations of these ideas in his works. It is concluded that the composer’s worldview clearly indicates his kinship with Russian socio-philosophical thought.
Philosophical and Cultural Analysis of Conscience in Ethnocultural Space
Authors:   Chechen State University, Taramova Madina Sultanovna
Published: January 2021

Ethnoculture as an integral system that combines the traditional with the innovative can preserve its identity, provided that it is based on universal moral ideals. For the Chechens, ethical values are not just a set of systematic rules, but spiritual customs of social interaction, through which society has maintained stability. The moral code of the Chechen people is based on honor, conscience, and nobility and reflects all aspects of moral existence. Despite a number of studies of the traditions, ethnoculture and customs of the Vainakh people, many problems of the spiritual and moral component of culture are not fully understood. Disregard for moral norms and the priority of material values is a modern reality, and for the effectiveness of the spiritual and moral development of the young generation, it is necessary to combine the moral experience of ethnic culture with universal religious and ethical ideals. The fate of an ethnic group depends on its moral stability in the face of challenges of social transformations, which, in turn, determines the relevance of this work. Since conscience is a spiritual mechanism that demonstrates the extent to which a person remains committed to their moral principles, it plays a crucial role in the process of forming the moral principles of a person.
Institutional Framework for Forming All-Russian Identity in the North Caucasian Region: Difficulties and Achievements
Authors:   Southern Scientific Center  of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Avksentev Viktor Anatolyevich , Aksiumov Boris Vladimirovich ,   Center  of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Gritsenko Galina Dmitrievna ,   Southern Scientific Center  of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanova Svetlana Yuryevna ,   Southern Scientific Centre  of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Shulga Marina Mikhailovna ,   Southern Scientific Center  of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2021

Based on the content analysis of regional regulatory documents of the subjects of the Russian Federa-tion located in the North Caucasus Federal District, the paper examines the institutional framework for the formation of socio-cultural identities in order to strengthen the all-Russian (“Rossiyan”) identity in the region. The legal and institutional base data for making the analysis were: constitutions (charters), regional documents on languages, education, cul-ture, youth and ethnic politics, etc. Since the for-mation of identity is a process of socialization and education, the key research categories were defined as “language policy”, “educational policy”, “patriot-ic education”, “cultural policy”, and “youth policy”. On the basis of the analysis it was concluded that, from an institutional point of view, the integration of the federal subjects into the Russian political space is sufficient, while in the cultural sphere maintaining and reproducing of ethno-cultural specificity is ac-centuated and institutionally supported. Additional efforts on the part of federal and regional authorities are required in order to strengthenthe all-Russian civil and civilizational identity in the North Cauca-sus.
Municipal Management of Ethnocultural Development in the Arctic (Case of Yakutia)
Authors:   Institute for Humanities Research  and Indigenous Studies of the North  of the Siberian branch, Russian Academy of Scienc-es, Maklashova Elena Gavrilovna
Published: January 2021

The study presents the results of researching man-agement in the unique multi-ethnic environment of Yakut Arctic territories. The author attempted to show the features of the activities to implement the tasks of the Russian state national policy in terms of supporting ethnocultural diversity at the municipal level and specifics of the formation of young peo-ple's attitude to ethnicity and traditional culture. The main research methods were the methods of socio-logical science: questionnaires and standardized interviewing. The significance and correlation of public and administrative space in the organization of the ethnocultural process is presented in the study. In view of the opinions of different groups of young people living in the Yakut Arctic, the founda-tions of ethnicity and the institutions that support them and require special attention of local govern-ment in order to increase the effectiveness of activi-ties to preserve the traditional culture and languages have been established.
Method of Calculating the Integral Indicator for Assessing Threats to the Economic Security of the Russian Federation
Authors: Prokopyev Alexander Vladimirovich
Published: January 2021

The paper analyzes and systematizes the basic catego-ries related with threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, and establishes the relationship of their components in accordance with Federal regulatory legal documents. It provides an overview of the ap-proaches contained in the works of different authors in relation to the formation of the composition of threats to the economic security of the state and the assess-ment of their relevance. As a result, it is concluded that it is necessary to improve existing methods for as-sessing economic security threats for the national economy. The author’s method of calculating an inte-gral indicator for assessing threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, based on a system of indicators grouped into clusters, is proposed. The initial approbation of the methodology was carried out on the basis of the author’s estimates of threshold val-ues and significance levels of indicators of economic security threats.
Development of a Scientific and Methodological Approach towards Increasing the Level of Innovative Activity of Enterprises of the Timber Industry Complex
Authors: Shanin Igor Igorevich
Published: January 2021

The paper is devoted to the problems of developing scientific and methodological approaches to as-sessing the level of innovative activity of enterprises of the timber industry complex. The author uses materials that characterize the innovative potential and innovative development of woodworking enter-prises, pulp and paper industry enterprises, furniture enterprises, and enterprises for growing forest crops. The study highlights the features of the de-velopment of innovative processes, consisting in the priority of the use of technological and environ-mental innovations in production, as one of the conditions for ensuring competitiveness. The basis of the research methodology is the formation of an integral indicator of the degree of influence of fac-tors on the innovative development of enterprises. The developed methodological approach is based on the study of the innovative potential of forestry enterprises, as a combination of four components (scientific and innovative, technical and production, environmental, information and communication), and on the assessment of five groups of factors (financial and economic, material and technical, in-formation, environmental natural, digital).