bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pre-launch characterization of SIMBIO-SYS/VIHI imaging spectrometer for the BepiColombo mission to Mercury. I. Linearity, radiometry, and geometry calibrations
Authors: Filacchione Gianrico , Capaccioni Fabrizio , Altieri Francesca , Carli Cristian , Ficai Veltroni Iacopo , Dami Michele , Tommasi Leonardo , Aroldi Gianluca , Borrelli Donato , Barbis Alessandra , Baroni Marco , Pastorini Guia , Mugnuolo Raffaele
Published: September 2017

Before integration aboard European Space Agency BepiColombo mission to Mercury, the visible and near infrared hyperspectral imager underwent an intensive calibration campaign. We report in Paper I about the radiometric and linearity responses of the instrument including the optical setups used to perform them. Paper II [F. Altieri et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88, 094503 (2017)] will describe complementary spectral response calibration. The responsivity is used to calculate the expected instrumental signal-to-noise ratio for typical observation scenarios of the BepiColombo mission around Mercury. A description is provided of the internal calibration unit that will be used to verify the relative response during the instrument’s lifetime. The instrumental spatial response functions as measured along and across the spectrometer’s slit direction were determined by means of spatial scans performed with illuminated test slits placed at the focus of a collimator. The dedicated optical setup used for these measurements is described together with the methods used to derive the instrumental spatial responses at different positions within the 3.5° field of view and at different wavelengths in the 0.4–2.0 μm spectral range. Finally, instrument imaging capabilities and Modulated Transfer Function are tested by using a standard mask as a target.
Hybrid reflections from multiple x-ray scattering in epitaxial oxide films
Authors: Smith Eva H. , King Phil D. C. , Soukiassian Arsen , Ast Dieter G. , Schlom Darrell G.
Published: September 2017

In numerous symmetric θ-2θ scans of phase-pure epitaxial complex oxide thin films grown on single-crystal substrates, we observe x-ray diffraction peaks that correspond to neither the film nor the substrate crystal structure. These peaks are the result of multiple, sequential diffraction events that occur from both the film and the substrate. The occurrence of so-called “hybrid” reflections, while described in the literature, is not widely reported within the complex oxide thin-film community. We describe a simple method to predict and identify peaks resulting from hybrid reflections and show examples from epitaxial complex oxide films belonging to three distinct structural types.
Identification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma from photoluminescence spectra of 3C-SiC nanocrystals
Authors: Wang Li-Fen , Guo Jun-Hong , Huang Zhi-Chun , Gu Jian-Sen , Feng Li-Ren , Liu Li-Zhe
Published: September 2017

The identification of intracellular pH (pHi) during carcinogenesis progression plays a crucial role in the studies of biochemistry, cytology, and clinical medicine. In this work, 3C-SiC nanocrystals (NCs), which can effectively monitor the pH environment by using the linear relation between photoluminescence intensity and surface OH– and H+ concentration, are adapted as fluorescent probes for monitoring carcinogenesis progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Our results demonstrated that 3C-SiC NCs are compatible with living cells and have low cytotoxicity. The pHi measurements in different carcinogenesis environments indicate the validity and sensitivity of this technology in identifying nasopharyngeal carcinoma in application.
Cryogenic STM in 3D vector magnetic fields realized through a rotatable insert
Authors: Trainer C. , Yim C. M. , McLaren M. , Wahl P.
Published: September 2017

Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM) performed in vector magnetic fields promises atomic scale imaging of magnetic structure, providing complete information on the local spin texture of a sample in three dimensions. Here, we have designed and constructed a turntable system for a low temperature STM which in combination with a 2D vector magnet provides magnetic fields of up to 5 T in any direction relative to the tip-sample geometry. This enables STM imaging and spectroscopy to be performed at the same atomic-scale location and field-of-view on the sample, and most importantly, without experiencing any change on the tip apex before and after field switching. Combined with a ferromagnetic tip, this enables us to study the magnetization of complex magnetic orders in all three spatial directions.
IR + VUV double resonance spectroscopy and extended density functional theory studies of ketone solvation by alcohol: 2-butanone·(methanol)n, n = 1–4 clusters
Authors: Shin Joong-Won , Bernstein Elliot R.
Published: September 2017

Infrared plus vacuum ultraviolet (IR + VUV) photoionization vibrational spectroscopy of 2-butanone/methanol clusters [MEK·(MeOH)n, n = 1–4] is performed to explore structures associated with hydrogen bonding of MeOH molecules to the carbonyl functional group of the ketone. IR spectra and X3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) calculations show that multiple isomers of MEK·(MeOH)n are generated in the molecular beam as a result of several hydrogen bonding sites available to the clusters throughout the size range investigated. Isomer interconversion involving solvating MeOH rearrangement should probably occur for n = 1 and 2. The mode energy for a hydrogen bonded OH stretching transition gradually redshifts as the cluster size increases. Calculations suggest that the n = 3 cluster isomers adopt structures in which the MEK molecule is inserted into the cyclic MeOH hydrogen bond network. In larger structures, the cyclic network may be preserved.
The pre-launch characterization of SIMBIO-SYS/VIHI imaging spectrometer for the BepiColombo mission to Mercury. II. Spectral calibrations
Authors: Altieri F. , Filacchione G. , Capaccioni F. , Carli C. , Dami M. , Tommasi L. , Aroldi G. , Borrelli D. , Barbis A. , Baroni M. , Pastorini G. , Ficai Veltroni I. , Mugnuolo R.
Published: September 2017

The Visible and near Infrared Hyperspectral Imager (VIHI) is the VIS-IR spectrometer with imaging capabilities aboard the ESA BepiColombo mission to Mercury. In this second paper, we report the instrument spectral characterization derived by the calibration campaign carried out before spacecraft integration. Complementary measurements concerning radiometric and linearity responses, as well as geometric performances, are described in Paper I [G. Filacchione et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88, 094502 (2017)]. We have verified the VIHI spectral range, spectral dispersion, spectral response function, and spectral uniformity along the whole slit. Instrumental defects and optical aberrations due to smiling and keystone effects have been evaluated, and they are lower than the design requirement (<1/3 pixel). The instrumental response is uniform along the whole slit, while spectral dispersion is well represented by a second order curve, rather than to be constant along the spectral dimension.
Nonlocal adiabatic theory. II. Nonlinear frequency shift on an electron plasma wave in a multidimensional inhomogeneous plasma
Authors: Bénisti Didier
Published: September 2017

In this article, we provide a general derivation of the nonlinear frequency shift, δω, for a sinusoidal electron plasma wave (EPW) that varies slowly enough for the results derived in Paper I, on the action distribution function, to apply. We first consider the situation when the EPW monotonously grows and then monotonously decays in a homogeneous plasma. In this situation, we show a hysteresis in the wave frequency, which does not converge back to its linear value as the wave decays to small amplitudes. We then address the derivation of δω for an EPW that keeps growing in a one-dimensional (1-D) inhomogeneous plasma. We show that, usually, the frequency shift does not depend only on the local EPW amplitude and wavenumber but also on the whole history of the density variations, as experienced by the wave. In a multidimensional inhomogeneous plasma, the values assumed by δω are usually different from those derived in 1-D because, due to the transverse electron motion, one must account for the hysteresis in δω in addition to plasma inhomogeneity. Hence, unless the EPW keeps growing in a homogeneous one-dimensional plasma, one cannot derive δω a priori as a function of the local wave amplitude and wavenumber. Due to the nonlocality in the action distribution function, δω depends on the whole history of the variations of the EPW amplitude and plasma density.
Communication: Hot-atom abstraction dynamics of hydrogen from tungsten surfaces: The role of surface structure
Authors: Galparsoro Oihana , Busnengo Heriberto Fabio , Juaristi Joseba Iñaki , Crespos Cédric , Alducin Maite , Larregaray Pascal
Published: September 2017

Adiabatic and non-adiabatic quasiclassical molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the role of the crystal face on hot-atom abstraction of H adsorbates by H scattering from covered W(100) and W(110). On both cases, hyperthermal diffusion is strongly affected by the energy dissipated into electron-hole pair excitations. As a result, the hot-atom abstraction is highly reduced in favor of adsorption at low incidence energy and low coverages, i.e., when the mean free path of the hyperthermal H is typically larger. Qualitatively, this reduction is rather similar on both surfaces, despite at such initial conditions, the abstraction process involves more subsurface penetration on W(100) than on W(110).
Communication: Truncated non-bonded potentials can yield unphysical behavior in molecular dynamics simulations of interfaces
Authors: Fitzner Martin , Joly Laurent , Ma Ming , Sosso Gabriele C. , Zen Andrea , Michaelides Angelos
Published: September 2017

Non-bonded potentials are included in most force fields and therefore widely used in classical molecular dynamics simulations of materials and interfacial phenomena. It is commonplace to truncate these potentials for computational efficiency based on the assumption that errors are negligible for reasonable cutoffs or compensated for by adjusting other interaction parameters. Arising from a metadynamics study of the wetting transition of water on a solid substrate, we find that the influence of the cutoff is unexpectedly strong and can change the character of the wetting transition from continuous to first order by creating artificial metastable wetting states. Common cutoff corrections such as the use of a force switching function, a shifted potential, or a shifted force do not avoid this. Such a qualitative difference urges caution and suggests that using truncated non-bonded potentials can induce unphysical behavior that cannot be fully accounted for by adjusting other interaction parameters.
A computational framework for testing arrhythmia marker sensitivities to model parameters in functionally calibrated populations of atrial cells
Authors: Vagos Márcia R. , Arevalo Hermenegild , de Oliveira Bernardo Lino , Sundnes Joakim , Maleckar Mary M.
Published: September 2017

Models of cardiac cell electrophysiology are complex non-linear systems which can be used to gain insight into mechanisms of cardiac dynamics in both healthy and pathological conditions. However, the complexity of cardiac models can make mechanistic insight difficult. Moreover, these are typically fitted to averaged experimental data which do not incorporate the variability in observations. Recently, building populations of models to incorporate inter- and intra-subject variability in simulations has been combined with sensitivity analysis (SA) to uncover novel ionic mechanisms and potentially clarify arrhythmogenic behaviors. We used the Koivumäki human atrial cell model to create two populations, representing normal Sinus Rhythm (nSR) and chronic Atrial Fibrillation (cAF), by varying 22 key model parameters. In each population, 14 biomarkers related to the action potential and dynamic restitution were extracted. Populations were calibrated based on distributions of biomarkers to obtain reasonable physiological behavior, and subjected to SA to quantify correlations between model parameters and pro-arrhythmia markers. The two populations showed distinct behaviors under steady state and dynamic pacing. The nSR population revealed greater variability, and more unstable dynamic restitution, as compared to the cAF population, suggesting that simulated cAF remodeling rendered cells more stable to parameter variation and rate adaptation. SA revealed that the biomarkers depended mainly on five ionic currents, with noted differences in sensitivities to these between nSR and cAF. Also, parameters could be selected to produce a model variant with no alternans and unaltered action potential morphology, highlighting that unstable dynamical behavior may be driven by specific cell parameter settings. These results ultimately suggest that arrhythmia maintenance in cAF may not be due to instability in cell membrane excitability, but rather due to tissue-level effects which promote initiation and maintenance of reentrant arrhythmia.
Quantum ergodicity for the Anderson model on regular graphs
Authors: Anantharaman Nalini , Sabri Mostafa
Published: September 2017

We prove a result of delocalization for the Anderson model on the regular tree (Bethe lattice). When the disorder is weak, it is known that large parts of the spectrum are a.s. purely absolutely continuous (AC) and that the dynamical transport is ballistic. In this work, we prove that in such an AC regime, the eigenfunctions are also delocalized in space, in the sense that if we consider a sequence of regular graphs converging to the regular tree, then the eigenfunctions become asymptotically uniformly distributed. The precise result is a quantum ergodicity theorem.
What makes the free surface waves over topographies convex or concave? A study with Fourier analysis and particle tracking
Authors: Dauth Markus , Schörner Mario , Aksel Nuri
Published: September 2017

This article contributes to a better understanding of traveling waves over periodically undulated inclines. Therefore we used various measurement techniques to combine multiple information: (a) linear stability measurements, (b) measurement of the evolution of traveling free surface waves, and (c) single particle tracking. Thereby, we revealed two distinct wave shapes for different substrates, namely, convex and concave. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of the excitation amplitude and frequency on the flow’s linear stability and the evolution of nonlinear traveling waves. By varying the substrate shape and the wavelength to amplitude ratio, the dependence on the underlying flow field and the geometric constraints is examined. We report (a) an energy transfer from the excitation frequency to its higher harmonics, (b) a strongly varying strength of beat frequencies of the traveling wave and the substrate wave for different substrates, (c) similarities of the traveling wave for different substrate shapes but the same wavelength to amplitude ratio, and (d) a strong interaction between the traveling waves and the steady-state flow with even an eddy breakup for some substrates.
Surface band bending and interface alignment of plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposited SiO2 on AlxGa1-xN
Authors: Eller Brianna S. , Nemanich Robert J.
Published: September 2017

AlxGa1-xN is characterized by a significant spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization, which increases with the aluminum content. As a result, a surface bound charge is present, which favors compensation by surface states and influences the reliability of AlGaN/GaN devices. This work, therefore, focused on the effects of the polarization charge for GaN and AlGaN with three different aluminum concentrations 15%, 25%, and 35%. The band bending of AlxGa1-xN surfaces was measured after a N2/H2 plasma pretreatment, which reduced the carbon and oxygen contamination below the detection limit of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface band bending was then related to surface states, where the band bending of oxygen-free surfaces—as obtained with a high-temperature, immersed hydrogen/nitrogen plasma clean—scales with the aluminum content. In addition, the band offsets at the plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposited SiO2/AlxGa1-xN interface were measured, giving 3.4 eV, 3.3 eV, 3.3 eV, and 3.0 eV for respective 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% aluminum concentrations. These values are in accordance with the charge neutrality level model, which implies that SiO2 will confine carriers over nearly the full range of the aluminum content.
Nanoscale heterogeneity as remnant hexagonal-type local structures in shocked Cu-Pb and Zr
Authors: Tayal Akhil , Conradson Steven D. , Batuk Olga N. , Fensin Saryu , Cerreta Ellen , Gray George T. , Saxena Avadh
Published: September 2017

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy was used to determine the local structure in: (1) Zr that had undergone quasistatic elongation; (2) Zr that had undergone plastic deformation by shock at pressures above and below the ω-phase transformation; and (3) shocked Cu that contained a few percent of insoluble Pb. Below the transition pressure, Zr samples showed only general disorder as increases in the widths of the Zr-Zr pair distributions. Above this pressure, Zr that was a mixture of the original hcp and the high pressure ω-phase when measured by diffraction showed two sets of peaks in its distribution corresponding to these two phases. Some of the ones from the ω-phase were at distances substantially different from those calculated from the diffraction pattern, although they are still consistent with small domains exhibiting stacking faults associated with hexagonal-type structural components exhibiting variability in the [0001] basal plane spacing. A similar result, new pairs at just over 3 and 4 Å consistent with hexagonal-type stacking faults in addition to the original fcc structure, is found in shocked Cu despite the absence of a second diffraction pattern and peak pressures being far below those expected to induce an fcc to hcp transition. This result, therefore, demonstrates that the correlation between high strain rates and reduced stacking fault energy continues down to the length scale of atom pairs. These findings are significant as: (1) a microscopic description of the behavior of systems far from equilibrium; (2) a demonstration of the importance of strain rate at short length scales; and (3) a bridge between the abruptness of macroscopic pressure-induced phase transitions and the continuity of martensitic ones over their fluctuation region in terms of the inverse relationship between the length scale of the martensitic texture, manifested here as ordered lattice distortions and the lower pressure at which such texture first appears relative to the bulk transition pressure.
Probing molecular potentials with an optical centrifuge
Authors: Milner A. A. , Korobenko A. , Hepburn J. W. , Milner V.
Published: September 2017

We use an optical centrifuge to excite coherent rotational wave packets in N2O, OCS, and CS2 molecules with rotational quantum numbers reaching up to J≈465, 690, and 1186, respectively. Time-resolved rotational spectroscopy at such ultra-high levels of rotational excitation can be used as a sensitive tool to probe the molecular potential energy surface at internuclear distances far from their equilibrium values. Significant bond stretching in the centrifuged molecules results in the growing period of the rotational revivals, which are experimentally detected using coherent Raman scattering. We measure the revival period as a function of the centrifuge-induced rotational frequency and compare it with the numerical calculations based on the known Morse-cosine potentials.
Optimized n-type amorphous silicon window layers via hydrogen dilution for silicon heterojunction solar cells by catalytic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Chen Renfang , Zhang Liping , Liu Wenzhu , Wu Zhuopeng , Meng Fanying , Liu Zhengxin
Published: September 2017

A comprehensive study of the microstructures and properties of n-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (n-a-Si:H) films, deposited by catalytic chemical vapor deposition, for the window layers of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells is presented. With increasing hydrogen-to-silane dilution ratio (RH), the deposited films first become dense, after which they loosen. With further increases in RH, the films tend to crystallize with native post-oxidization. The doping efficiencies of phosphorus in the various n-a-Si:H films are similar, but the upper surface doping levels of the films are affected by RH. The post-oxidized n-a-Si:H film is more transparent at short wavelengths than a dense film deposited at low RH, exhibiting an external quantum efficiency gain of 20% at 300 nm. Finally, a higher efficiency and short-circuit current density (Jsc) are obtained with the post-oxidized n-type a-Si:H window layer; a Jsc gain of 0.25 mA/cm2 and an efficiency increase of 0.36% were achieved for the optimized SHJ solar cell. At the device level, a dense intrinsic a-Si-H passivated layer is beneficial for suppressing fill-factor (FF) deterioration. The natively post-oxidized n-a-Si:H window layer is a potential choice for improving Jsc by apparently enhancing light absorption in crystalline silicon at short wavelengths.
Small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans associated with mature insoluble elastin serve as binding sites for galectins
Authors: Itoh Aiko , Nonaka Yasuhiro , Ogawa Takashi , Nakamura Takanori , Nishi Nozomu
Published: September 2017

We previously reported that galectin-9 (Gal-9), an immunomodulatory animal lectin, could bind to insoluble collagen preparations and exerted direct cytocidal effects on immune cells. In the present study, we found that mature insoluble elastin is capable of binding Gal-9 and other members of the human galectin family. Lectin blot analysis of a series of commercial water-soluble elastin preparations, PES-(A) ~ PES-(E), revealed that only PES-(E) contained substances recognized by Gal-9. Gal-9-interacting substances in PES-(E) were affinity-purified, digested with trypsin and then analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. Peptide fragments derived from five members of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan family, versican, lumican, osteoglycin/mimecan, prolargin, and fibromodulin, were identified by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The results indicate that Gal-9 and possibly other galectins recognize glycans attached to small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans associated with insoluble elastin and also indicate the possibility that mature insoluble elastin serves as an extracellular reservoir for galectins.
Gender differences associated with rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running
Authors: Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki , Nakamura Masatoshi , Nakamura Emi , Inai Takuma , Kubo Masayoshi
Published: September 2017

Females, as compared with males, have a higher proportion of injuries in the foot region. However, the reason for this gender difference regarding foot injuries remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate gender differences associated with rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running. Twelve healthy males and 12 females ran on a treadmill. The running speed was set to speed which changes from walking to running. Three‐dimensional kinematics of rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot were collected and compared between males and females. Furthermore, spatiotemporal parameters (speed, cadence, and step length) were measured. In the rearfoot angle, females showed a significantly greater peak value of plantarflexion and range of motion in the sagittal plane as compared with males (effect size (ES) = 1.55 and ES = 1.12, respectively). In the midfoot angle, females showed a significantly greater peak value of dorsiflexion and range of motion in the sagittal plane as compared with males (ES = 1.49 and ES = 1.71, respectively). The forefoot peak angles and ranges of motion were not significantly different between the genders in all three planes. A previous study suggested that a gender‐related difference in excessive motions of the lower extremities during running has been suggested as a contributing factor to running injuries. Therefore, the present investigation may provide insight into the reason for the high incidence of foot injuries in females.
Energetics of Humans and Nature
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter teaches the theory of Yin and Yang, including its definition, examples of Yin and Yang in life and nature, and clinical application of the Yin and Yang theory. It also elaborates on the theory of Wu Xing (Five Elements), its concepts, examples of five elements in all aspects in life and nature, and their dynamic relationships and clinical applications. The human body maintains homeostasis inside itself and with nature through a generating (Shen) and inhibiting (Ke) relationship among the five elements described in Wu Xing theory. The theories of both Yin and Yang and Wu Xing support that the energetic human being is part of nature and the universe and that the relation between the two needs to be cultivated. The modern medical equivalents of Yin/Yang and Wu Xing are described in all regulatory mechanism of hormones, neurotransmitters, immune factors, autonomic nerve systems, metabolism, and biological homeostasis.
Physiology of the Internal Organs
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a detailed description of the concepts of internal human organs from a Chinese medicine perspective, including two additional organs: Pericardium and San Jiao (cavities of chest, abdomen, and pelvic). It describes in detail the manifestation (Xiang) of physiological functions of solid organs (Zang) such as the Heart, Liver, Lungs, Spleen, Kidneys, and Pericardium, and hollow organs (Fu) such as Small Intestine, Larger Intestine, Gallbladder, Bladder, Stomach, and San Jiao. It teaches the functions that overlap largely with modern medical physiology as well as the additional functions due to the energetic connections of each internal organ with the rest of the body, including their specific impacts on sensory faculties, connective tissues, body gestures and movements, and body fluids. This chapter emphasizes that the internal organs in acupuncture and Chinese medicine should be perceived not only as structural and biochemical centers but also as energetic centers.
Psychology of the Internal Organs
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter helps readers to realize that, at the energetic level, mental and physical functions are two sides of the same energetic balance of the internal organs. Every internal organ has a specific impact on certain mental functions and emotions via its energetic connection with a part of the brain. One can hardly treat physical dysfunction without affecting certain mental functions and vice versa. What has caused the physical dysfunction may also cause the mental illness. This chapter describes how anger, joy, grief, worry, and fear affect internal organs like the Liver, Heart, Lungs, Spleen, and Kidney, and how the dysfunction of these internal organs causes disturbance to a patient’s consciousness, unconsciousness, thinking, judgment, and willpower.
Trematodes (flukes)
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize human trematode (‘fluke’) infections, starting with a classification of relevant organisms. The chapter is then divided into four sections comprising liver flukes, gut flukes, tissue (lung) flukes. and blood flukes (Schistosoma). For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Introduction
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the shape of the book and describes how it works and how to use it.
Introduction to the research process
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 gives an overview of the research process. It describes the steps involved in defining a research
Writing a research protocol
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 describes how to write a research protocol, including the background, study design, sample size calculations, and statistical analysis plan. It outlines the ethics/IRB approvals needed for research.
Comparing two groups
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7 discusses comparing two groups, and covers graphical presentation of continuous unpaired data, the two-sample t test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. It describes the use of data transformations and how results are interpreted. It shows how to compare two proportions using the chi-squared test and how to report results as differences in proportions, relative risks, and odds ratios. It includes how to calculate 95% confidence intervals for estimates. Finally, the chapter discusses the reasons for and consequences of dichotomization of continuous data and a method for dichotomization without losing statistical power. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.
Presenting a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 12 covers all aspects of reporting a randomized controlled trial, and illustrates the use of the CONSORT statement and its checklist to report a trial. It discusses what is meant by intention-to-treat analysis. It considers the presentation of trials with other designs, particularly cluster randomized trials.
Anaesthetics and pain management
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

Emergency medicine trainees are required to complete an anaesthetic placement and obtain basic anaesthetic competencies. This chapter is not intended to provide the practical skills for delivering an anaesthetic. Instead, this chapter focuses on the theory of managing and predicting a difficult airway in the emergency department, which is more likely to appear in the short-answer (SAQ) paper. It also focuses on procedural sedation which also may appear in the SAQ paper due to its growing use in the emergency department (ED). This chapter also covers pain management, for which the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) have introduced clinical standards. In addition, this chapter covers the use of peripheral nerve blocks such as a fascia iliaca block for neck of femur fractures. Due to the growing use of peripheral nerve blocks in the ED, such detailed knowledge is required.
Psychiatric emergencies
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

Psychiatry frequently appears in the Intermediate FRCEM short-answer question (SAQ) paper, reflecting the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum. In-depth knowledge of different mental health problems is not required but this chapter includes the pertinent points to risk assessment and self-harm, as well as the management of a violent patient. In addition, this chapter summarizes the types of mental health disorder and differentiation between functional and organic disorders; for example, the differential diagnosis of an acutely confused adult. NICE guidance on the management of self-harm and suicide risk has recently changed and this chapter reflects recent guidance. This chapter also summarizes the associated complications of psychiatric medications including serotonin syndrome and the potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Levels of care
Authors: Metzner Jeffrey L. , Appelbaum Kenneth L.
Published: September 2017

Just as in community settings, there is a continuum of care for mentally ill inmates in correctional settings. This continuum progresses from ambulatory care through supported residential housing to inpatient or infirmary care. The continuum of care for inmates with mental illness includes outpatient care, emergency services, day treatment, supported residential housing, infirmary care, and inpatient psychiatric hospitalization services. Outpatient treatment is the least intensive level of care. In some systems this may include a day treatment program, which provides enhanced mental health services similar to a residential program as described below. In the case of outpatient treatment, participating inmates live in a general population housing unit with other inmates, many of whom are not in need of mental health services. A residential program (i.e., housing unit) within the correctional setting is provided for inmates with chronic mental illness who do not require inpatient treatment but do require enhanced mental health services. Such a designated housing unit can provide a safe and therapeutic environment for those unable to function adequately within the general inmate population. Crisis intervention services include both brief counseling and supervised stabilization. The latter, often provided in an infirmary setting, serve short-term stabilization and/or diagnostic purposes. A psychiatric inpatient program is the most intensive level of care and is often provided by the state psychiatric hospital system. This chapter describes each level and how they may be adapted successfully to function in correctional settings to meet the needs of individuals with mental illness.
Psychotic disorders
Authors: Brink Johann , Tomita Todd
Published: September 2017

The presentation of psychotic disorders in jails and prisons can be quite complex and diverse. In addition to the schizophrenia spectrum disorders, there are the many disorders of unclear etiology or secondary to the neurotoxic effects of substance abuse. In parallel, the provision of empirically informed care for incarcerated offenders with psychotic disorders presents significant clinical, security, and administrative challenges. However, strong scientific evidence exists that a configuration of interventions offers substantial benefit in the treatment of incarcerated individuals with psychotic disorders. Such a configuration incorporates both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. Specifically, cognitive behavioral therapy, designed and presented within a risk-needs-recovery (R-N-R) framework, when combined with appropriate pharmacological interventions, has strong empirical support as best practice in the treatment of severe mental illness in the correctional population. Further, specific issues related to care coordination, treatment engagement and adherence, implementation of best practice, and treatment fidelity each contribute to resulting symptom reduction and functional improvement. Careful attention to reducing the risks of inappropriate polypharmacy through clinician feedback and practice monitoring is another critical element. This chapter discusses the evidence basis for appropriate treatment of the psychotic disorders and the range of opportunities for both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology in correctional settings.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender inmates
Authors: Kaufman Randi , Kapila Kevin , Appelbaum Kenneth L.
Published: September 2017

The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population has been, and remains, disenfranchised in many ways. Despite increasing acceptance of sexual orientation, evidenced by recent strides in legalizing gay marriage in several states, LGBT people continue to have a higher prevalence of mental illness due to minority stress than heterosexuals. Factors such as stigma, prejudice, and discrimination lead to increased incidence of mental suffering as a result of stressful, hostile, and often unsafe environments. Prejudice within the LGBT community around race, gender, disability, or mental illness also exists. Transgender individuals have a high risk of being targeted for violence and hate crimes, harassment and discrimination, unemployment and underemployment, poverty, homelessness, substance abuse, suicide, and self-harm. The stressors that LGBT individuals face likely contribute to their disproportionate risk of contact with the criminal justice system beginning in adolescence and extending into adulthood. Transgender individuals in particular have a risk for incarceration, for reasons ranging from imprisonment based on gender identity expression alone to the need to earn money through the underground economy due to difficulty finding employment. In addition to homophobia and transphobia, LGBT individuals with mental illness experience further stigmatization. Clinicians need to understand the multiple stigmas that may affect an individual’s willingness to seek mental health care. The unique needs of incarcerated LGBT individuals with mental illness are often invisible, and generally misunderstood and underserved. This chapter seeks to add to the clinical knowledge of practitioners working with this population, to clarify legal precedent, and to establish best practices.
Pituitary tumours
Authors: Laws Edward R. , Woodmansee Whitney W. , Loeffler Jay S.
Published: September 2017

Pituitary tumours are common, usually benign, lesions ordinarily well controlled by multidisciplinary management. The several subtypes of pituitary tumours reflect the hormones produced by the pituitary gland, and each may require a complex sequential programme of treatment. Modern laboratory evaluation and imaging is capable of extensively characterizing the tumours, and is the basis for the recommended therapies. The tumours that produce excess active levels of pituitary hormones may be amenable to very satisfactory medical therapy, which reduces hormone levels towards normal, and often causes shrinkage of the tumour. Surgical management is appropriate for tumours that are not producing excess hormones but by nature of their bulk can compress the optic nerves and cause visual loss. These tumours respond well to surgical management, which is usually done using the transnasal, transsphenoidal route of access. Patients with persistent or recurrent tumours and persistent hormonal excess can be effectively treated with modern techniques of radiation therapy. A multidisciplinary approach with specialists from different fields concentrating on the patient and the problem offers a comprehensive and effective solution for most patients with pituitary disorders.
History and examination
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses taking a history and examination of a patient. It includes symptoms, systemic enquiry, physical examination, signs, cardiovascular system, pulses, jugular venous pressure, heart sounds, cardiac murmurs, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, abdomen, neurological system, cranial nerves, musculoskeletal examination, peripheral vascular system, genitourinary system, breast, thyroid, speech and higher mental function, movement disorders, psychiatric assessment, and method and order for a routine examination.
Neurology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores neurology, including lesion location, drugs and the nervous system, cerebral blood supply, testing peripheral nerves, dermatomes and peripheral nerves, headache, migraine, blackouts, vertigo and dizziness, hearing loss and tinnitus, acute bilateral leg weakness, abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia), stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), intracranial venous thrombosis (IVT), subdural haematoma, extradural (epidural) haematoma, delirium (acute confusional state), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, Parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis (MS), space-occupying lesions (SOL), idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Bell’s palsy, mononeuropathies, polyneuropathies, autonomic neuropathy, motor neuron disease (MND), bulbar palsy, cervical spondylosis, myopathy, myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), neurofibromatosis, syingomyelia, and retroviruses and neurology.
The Role of Neuropsychological Examination
Authors: Steinberg Martin , Puente Antonio N. , Munro Cynthia A.
Published: September 2017

Changes in mood and/or cognition are common complaints in the elderly population. This chapter uses case studies to illustrate insights to make clinical assessment more efficient. These include assessing for cognitive impairment when depression is present and vice versa, being mindful of assuming that patients reporting cognitive difficulties are “worried well,” avoiding overreaction to very mild symptoms, assessing the four key cortical cognitive domains (amnesia, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia), assessing for subcortical dysfunction, assessing Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), and understanding that depression in the elderly often presents with atypical symptoms. Brief cognitive instruments which can improve assessment include the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and the Mini Cog. Brief depression instruments include the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDSS), and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD).
Driving Considerations in Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Older Patients
Authors: Marano Christopher M.
Published: September 2017

Cognitive impairment can impair driving skills and safety, and given the fact that persons with MCI can develop cognitive deficits in several cognitive domains it is important to address driving safety. The goal of the clinician is to identify potentially unsafe drivers without unnecessarily restricting safe drivers, and this chapter focuses on evaluating patients in this gray area. The office exam can be be broadened to address cognitive and functional assessments that may reflect on driving safety, and the clinician may advise the patient and family to have a comprehensive driving assessment by a driving rehabilitation specialist. Clinicians need to be well informed about state law regarding the evaluation of driving safety in order to maintain privacy while adhering to highest standards of public safety.
Characterization of Leaf Rust and Stripe Rust Resistance in Spring Wheat ‘Chilero’
Authors: Ponce-Molina L. J. , Huerta-Espino J. , Singh R. P. , Basnet B. R. , Alvarado G. , Randhawa M. S. , Lan C. X. , Aguilar-Rincón V. H. , Lobato-Ortiz R. , García-Zavala J.J.
Published: September 2017

Since 1984, the ‘Chilero’ spring wheat line developed by CIMMYT has proven to be highly resistant to leaf rust and stripe rust. Amid efforts to understand the basis of resistance of this line, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Avocet and Chilero was studied. The parents and RILs were characterized in field trials for leaf rust and stripe rust in three locations in Mexico between 2012 and 2015 and genotyped with DArT-array, DArT-GBS, and SSR markers. A total of 6,168 polymorphic markers were used to construct genetic linkage maps. Inclusive composite interval mapping detected four colocated resistance loci to both rust diseases and two stripe rust resistant loci in the Avocet × Chilero population. Among these, the quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 1BL was identified as a pleotropic adult plant resistance gene Lr46/Yr29, whereas QLr.cim-5DS/QYr.cim-5DS was a newly discovered colocated resistance locus to both rust diseases in Chilero. Additionally, one new stripe rust resistance locus on chromosome 7BL was mapped in the current population. Avocet also contributed two minor colocated resistance QTLs situated on chromosomes 1DL and 4BS. The flanking SNP markers can be converted to breeder friendly Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers for wheat breeding programs.
INDUCIBLE TRANSIENT CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY VASOSPASM: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Mishulin Aleksey , Gandhi Sachin , Apple Daniel , Lin Xihui , Hu Jonathan , Abrams Gary W.
Published: September 2017

Purpose:

To report a case of inducible transient central retinal artery vasospasm with associated imaging.

Methods:

Observational case report.

Results:

A 51-year-old man presented for outpatient follow-up for recurrent inducible transient vision loss in his right eye. He experienced an episode during examination and was found to have central retinal artery vasospasm. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography obtained during his vasospastic attack confirmed retinal arterial vasospasm. Treatment with a calcium-channel blocker (nifedipine) has been effective in preventing recurrent attacks.

Conclusion:

Idiopathic primary vasospasm is a rare cause of transient vision loss that is difficult to confirm because of the transient nature. We obtained imaging showing the initiation and resolution of the vasospastic event. The patient was then successfully treated with a calcium-channel blocker.
Comparing Smoking Cessation Outcomes in Nurse-Led and Physician-Led Primary Care Visits
Authors: Byers Marcia A. , Wright Patricia , Tilford John Mick , Nemeth Lynne S. , Matthews Ellyn , Mitchell Anita
Published: September 2017

Smoking is a significant public health concern in the United States, yet 50% of patients do not receive recommended tobacco use screening and counseling. This project compared smoking cessation rates in newly reimbursable nurse-led wellness visits with rates in physician-led visits. Although the findings were not statistically significant, they suggested that smoking cessation is at least equivalent in patients who attend nurse-led visits compared with physician-led visits and may be higher.
Enhanced Influence Through Advancing Scope of Practice Policy Research
Authors: Adams Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2017

This department highlights emerging nursing leaders who have demonstrated leadership in advancing innovation and patient care in practice policy, research, education, and theory. This interview profiles Alex Hoyt, assistant professor at Massachusetts Institute for Health Professions
Development, Validation, and Implementation of a Clinic Nurse Staffing Guideline
Authors: Deeken Debra Jean , Wakefield Douglas , Kite Cora , Linebaugh Jeanette , Mitchell Blair , Parkinson Deidre , Misra Madhukar
Published: September 2017

Ensuring that the level of nurse staffing used to care for patients is appropriate to the setting and service intensity is essential for high-quality and cost-effective care. This article describes the development, validation, and implementation of the clinic technical skills permission list developed specifically to guide nurse staffing decisions in physician clinics of an academic medical center. Results and lessons learned in using this staffing guideline are presented.
Meet ANCC's New Executive Leaders
Authors: Cole Loressa , Doucette Jeffrey N.
Published: September 2017

In October 2016, the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) announced the appointment of Loressa Cole, DNP, MBA, RN, FACHE, NEA-BC, as its new executive director and executive vice president and Jeffrey Doucette, DNP, RN, CENP, FACHE, NEA-BC, LNHA, as its new vice president of the Magnet Recognition® and Pathway to Excellence® Programs. In this Magnet® Perspectives column, we learn more about these 2 dynamic leaders at the helm of ANCC.