bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional goat meat nuggets fortified with novel bioactive Carica papaya L. and Origanum vulgare extracts and storage stability thereof
Authors: Jagtap Niraj S. , Wagh Rajesh V. , Chatli Manish Kumar , Malav Om Prakash , Kumar Pavan , Mehta Nitin
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to highlight the candidature of papaya/Carica papaya L. extracts (PLE) and oregano/Origanum vulgare leaves extract (OLE) as novel natural antioxidants, which was further fortified into goat meat nuggets to evaluate quality changes and storage stability at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1ºC) for 20 days.

Design/methodology/approach

Three different products, namely, control (without phyto-extracts), T−1: PLE (0.5 per cent) and T-2: OLE (1.0 per cent) fortified goat meat nuggets, were prepared and subjected for various quality attributes with relation to storage stability.

Findings

It was observed that pH significantly (p = 0.14) decreased till 10th day of storage i.e. from 6.49 to 6.32 (control), 6.37 to 6.28 (T−1) and 6.45 to 6.43 (T-2) afterword showed increasing trend till further storage of 20 days in control, as well as treated products. Water activity was non-significant (p = 0.01) on first day of storage and decreased up to 20th day. PLE treated product showed good margin of microbiological protection followed by OLE and least was found in control. L* value showed increasing trend (p = 0.03) throughout storage and ranged from 50.15 to 54.27, while a* values were decreased significantly from 10.36 to 9.06, 10.86 to 9.49 in PLE (p = 0.02) and OLE (p = 0.03), respectively. Sensory panel awarded the highest score for fortified goat meat nuggets, justifying the best quality attributes in term of texture attributes of the treated products. Thus, papaya and oregano leave extracts proved in the extension of shelf life and can be further harvested to develop functional goat meat nuggets.

Research limitations/implications

In search of novel bioactive phyto-extract, meat industry focussed most of the research towards natural anti-oxidants. In the view of same, the present research strategy was planned to examine candidature of Carica papaya L. and OLEs as novel natural antioxidant into meat system during aerobic packaging storage. Goat meat nuggets are amongst the most convenient and famous snack, as well as nutritious meat products, but lacks functional properties. Therefore, with implication of present research at practical level, meat industry can develop function goat meat nuggets by incorporating Carica papaya L. and Origanum vulgare extracts as natural and novel bioactive antioxidants with improved functionality.

Originality/value

This is the first attempt to develop functional goat meat nuggets incorporated with papaya/Carica papaya L. and oregano/OLE. This research can lead to be a pioneer work in meat science.
When will European Muslim population be majority and in which country?
Authors: Rostan Pierre , Rostan Alexandra
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the years the European Muslim population will be majority among 30 European countries.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology/approach is to forecast the population of 30 European countries with wavelet analysis combined with the Burg model which fits a pth order autoregressive model to the input signal by minimizing (least squares) the forward and backward prediction errors while constraining the autoregressive parameters to satisfy the Levinson–Durbin recursion, then relies on an infinite impulse response prediction error filter. Three scenarios are considered: the zero-migration scenario where the authors assume that the Muslim population has a higher fertility (one child more per woman, on average) than other Europeans, mirroring a global pattern; a 2017 migration scenario: to the Muslim population obtained in the zero-migration scenario, the authors add a continuous flow of migrants every year based on year 2017; the mid-point migration scenario is obtained by averaging the data of the two previous scenarios.

Findings

Among three scenarios, the most likely mid-point migration scenario identifies 13 countries where the Muslim population will be majority between years 2085 and 2215: Cyprus (in year 2085), Sweden (2125), France (2135), Greece (2135), Belgium (2140), Bulgaria (2140), Italy (2175), Luxembourg (2175), the UK (2180), Slovenia (2190), Switzerland (2195), Ireland (2200) and Lithuania (2215). The 17 remaining countries will never reach majority in the next 200 years.

Originality/value

The growing Muslim population will change the face of Europe socially, politically and economically. This paper will provide a better insight and understanding of Muslim population dynamics to European governments, policymakers, as well as social and economic planners.
Diversification strategies and equity market performances
Authors: Yavas Burhan F. , Grave Kathleen , Vardiabasis Demosthenes
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the linkages among foreign direct investment (FDI – greenfield and mergers and acquisitions [M&A]) decisions and equity market returns and volatilities. The main premise is that FDI decisions by multinational enterprises (MNE) are influenced by risk and uncertainty indicated by equity market returns and volatilities in the destination (host) countries. This is so because the events on the stock markets in general and their volatilities in particular signal the vitality of the investment climate of the target market. Understanding volatility in capital markets is important for determining the cost of capital and for evaluating direct investment and asset allocation decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

Surveys and structured interviews were conducted with senior managers of 11 MNEs based in the USA to collect the data used in this study from November 2017 to October 2018. The paper investigates if FDI decisions of the MNE managers are influenced by risk and uncertainty indicated by equity market returns and volatilities. The paper endeavors to make a contribution to the IB literature in highlighting the role played by equity returns and volatilities in FDI decisions and therewith attempts to integrate finance (capital markets) with international business/strategic decision-making.

Findings

Capital market performances (returns and volatilities) were found to influence the country choice for location of production facilities (FDI – both greenfield and M&A decisions) as well as timing of the FDI by a MNE. In other words, the share of production capacity optimally located abroad and M&A activities are affected by capital market returns and volatilities.
Subsidiary survival: a case study from the Portuguese electronics industry
Authors: Silva Pedro , Moreira António Carrizo
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The existing literature suggests that multinational corporations (MNCs) divest subsidiary units whenever they cease to enjoy the advantages of ownership, location or internalization. However, not all MNCs divest under these conditions. This paper aims to explore the factors that contributed to the survival of a particular subsidiary and prevented it from being divested.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis focuses on an individual subsidiary of a large foreign MNC in the electronics industry, which divested other subsidiaries from Portugal. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews.

Findings

The subsidiary’s diverse customer base, specificity and high level of efficiency, the local advantages, the existing governmental agreements and the parent MNC’s previous unsuccessful relocation experiences seem to have contributed to the survival of the subsidiary.

Research limitations/implications

Although the results of the case study are not generalizable to the entire population of firms, the featured case study is a rare survival success story in the Portuguese electronics industry.

Practical implications

The proposed framework may offer public authorities measures to create conditions to encourage firms to retain their investment in a particular site. For corporate strategists, new perspectives on subsidiary survival are provided.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the few qualitative studies in the field of subsidiary survival. The results offer an integrative framework on which factors contribute to the survival of a subsidiary located on a comparatively unfavorable labor cost location and support the role of the organizational learning and of previous failed relocation experiences and relocation barriers when a parent MNC decides whether to retain a unit.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a feedstock for material extrusion additive manufacturing
Authors: Momenzadeh Niknam , Miyanaji Hadi , Porter Daniel Allen , Berfield Thomas Austin
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) deposition parameters for creating viable 3-D printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) structures with a balanced mix of mechanical and electrical properties.

Design/methodology/approach

Different combinations of deposition conditions are tested, and the influence of these parameters on the final dimensional accuracy, semi-crystalline phase microstructure and effective mechanical strength of MEAM homopolymer PVDF printed parts is experimentally assessed. Considering printed part integrity, appearance, print time and dimensional accuracy, MEAM parameters for PVDF are suggested.

Findings

A range of viable printing parameters for MEAM fabricated PVDF Kynar 740 objects of different heights and in-plane length dimensions was determined. For PVDF structures printed under the suggested conditions, the mechanical response and the microstructure development related to Piezoelectric response are reported.

Originality/value

This research first reports on a range of parameters that have been confirmed to facilitate effective MEAM printing of 3-D PVDF objects, presents effects of the individual parameters and gives the mechanical and microstructure properties of PVDF structures fabricated under the suggested deposition conditions.
Social value orientation and work group outcomes
Authors: Jones Gary D. , Cumberland Denise M. , Alagaraja Meera
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose and predict an improved model for antecedents to work group productivity.

Design/methodology/approach

The Campion work group effectiveness model (CWGEM) provides a wide variety of variables or constructs to predict and measure the effectiveness of a team, but suffers from limitations. This paper introduces social value orientation (SVO) and suggests its potential utility as an alternative conceptualization of certain portions of CWGEM, which, based on the literature reviewed, has the potential to explain differences in social support, workload sharing and communication and cooperation within groups, resulting in one measure more efficiently replacing three.

Findings

A series of testable propositions offering revisions to CWGEM is presented, along with special consideration for the inclusion of SVO as a predictor of work group outcomes. This paper expands on a theoretically developed empirical model that can predict differences in work group production.

Research limitations/implications

The revision to CWGEM presented here requires empirical validation, but work group conflict could benefit from an additional factor that explains interpersonal conflict, as SVO does.

Originality/value

The authors’ primary contribution is offering a revision to CWGEM that could provide an improved explanation for differences in work group productivity using SVO and a model that could result in a more efficient and better measure.
Interception loss, throughfall and stemflow by Larrea divaricata: The role of rainfall characteristics and plant morphological attributes
Authors: Magliano Patricio N. , Whitworth‐Hulse Juan I. , Florio Eva L. , Aguirre Esteban C. , Blanco Lisandro J.
Published: August 2019

Rainfall partitioning into interception loss, throughfall and stemflow affects the amount and the spatial heterogeneity of water entering into the soil at the patch scale, strongly controlling net primary productivity of drylands. In this paper, we explored rainfall partitioning and its biophysical controls in Larrea divaricata (jarilla), one of the most abundant shrubs in the Dry Chaco rangelands (Argentina). On average, interception loss, throughfall and stemflow accounted for 9.4, 78.6 and 12.0% of total rainfall, respectively. Interception loss proportion decreased with the increment of rainfall event size and intensity, whereas throughfall proportion showed the opposite pattern. Stemflow proportion increased with the increment of rainfall event size but presented different relations with rainfall event intensity. The increment of rainfall event intensity increased the stemflow in small events (<20 mm), but decreased it in large events (>20 mm). Stemflow increased in plants with higher angles of insertion of stems (measured at 50 and 100 cm from soil surface; p < .05 and p < .01, respectively), but decreased in plants with larger canopy areas (p = .01). Spatial distribution of throughfall (coefficient of variation) decreased with the increment of rainfall event size and intensity. L. divaricata presented more stemflow generation and fewer interception losses than other similar woody species. Our findings help to understand the key role of vegetation canopy affecting the amount of water entering into the soil in drylands.
Does Productivity in the Formal Food Sector Drive Human Ebola Virus Infections in Sub‐Saharan Africa?
Authors: Price Gregory N.
Published: August 2019

As the hunting, butchering, processing, and consumption of bushmeat is a potential source of human Ebola virus (EV) infections, the extent to which bushmeat is a substitute for food produced and sold in the formal sector suggests that the relative price of food could matter for the incidence of human EV infections. This paper considers if productivity in the food sector is a driver of human EV infections in sub‐Saharan Africa. We estimate count data specifications of country level human EV infections as a function of food sector productivity in sub‐Saharan Africa over the 1976–2013 time period. Our parameter estimates suggest that if productivity in the food sector was on average 1 per cent higher over the 1976–2013 time period, the incidence of human EV infection would have been 42.5 per cent lower. This is consistent with bushmeat being a substitute for food produced in the formal sector, as food productivity increases lower the price of formal food relative to bushmeat. Our findings suggest that as productivity in the formal food sector is a driver of human EV infections in sub‐Saharan Africa, policy interventions that increase food productivity would enable Millennium Development Goal outcomes related to hunger, disease mitigation, and sustainability of wildlife.
Female Access and Rights to Land, and Rural Non‐farm Entrepreneurship in Four African Countries
Authors: Efobi Uchenna R. , Beecroft Ibukun , Atata Scholastica N.
Published: August 2019

This paper examines the relationship between female access to land, rights to such land, and engagement in non‐farm entrepreneurship in rural Africa. We used data from the four countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania and Malawi) that were featured in the Living Standards Measurement Study—Integrated Surveys in Agriculture dataset for the period 2013–15. To estimate the relationship, we compute the marginal effect from the logistic regression, while controlling for other important covariates that explain non‐farm activities at the individual/household level. We find that overall, women's access to land and rights to such land significantly explain their likelihood to engage in non‐farm enterprises. However, this relationship is not seen across the sampled countries. In Nigeria, for instance, we find that though the relationship is positive, it was not significant. While for Ethiopia, Tanzania and Malawi, we find a positive and significant relationship. We explain our result based on two important perspectives. The policy implications of our result are included in the paper.
Revisiting the Exchange Rate Pass‐Through to Inflation in Africa’s Two Largest Economies: Nigeria and South Africa
Authors: Balcilar Mehmet , Usman Ojonugwa , Agbede Esther Abdul
Published: August 2019

This paper revisits the exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) to inflation in Nigeria and South Africa by incorporating structural breaks and using time series variables, namely the consumer price index, nominal effective exchange rate, gross domestic product, and crude oil price. Based on the Maki cointegration test and a flexible estimation approach of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, our empirical evidence suggests that the long‐ and short‐run ERPT to inflation is complete for Nigeria, while for South Africa it is incomplete both in the long run and short run. This result indicates that prices are stickier in South Africa compared to Nigeria. The comparison between Nigeria and South Africa confirms the role of inflation targeting and central bank credibility on the ERPT. The results divulge further that output growth in Nigeria increases inflation in the long run while it is anti‐inflationary in the short run. For South Africa, the effect of output growth is negatively insignificant. In addition, the long‐run effect of oil price is negative and significant for Nigeria, while for South Africa the short‐run effect of oil price is positive and significant. Therefore, the findings of this paper will assist the monetary authorities to achieve monetary policy objectives.
The Recall of MPs Act 2015: Petitions, Polls and Problems
Authors: Tonge Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Under the terms of the Recall of MPs Act 2015, there have been three recall petitions brought against MPs who have committed misconduct. The outcomes have been variable. The first petition failed to attract enough signatures to trigger a by‐election. The second led to the unseating of the MP, who declined the opportunity to stand in the subsequent by‐election. The third led to the removal of the MP and an unsuccessful candidature to regain his seat at the by‐election. Variation has not been confined to outcomes. There have been differences in how the legislation has been implemented—in terms of the ease of access of constituents to the recall petition. This article suggests that in the interests of fairness and transparency, there is a strong case for adjusting the legislation to ensure national standardisation of local implementation.
COACHRED: A protocol for the safe and timely incorporation of focused echocardiography into the rhythm check during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Finn Thomas E , Ward Jacqueline L , Wu Chu Te , Giles Alan , Manivel Vijay
Published: August 2019

Focused echocardiography may be a useful tool in cardiopulmonary resuscitation for prognostication, to identify certain reversible causes of cardiac arrest, and to guide further management and procedures. Nonetheless, many clinicians have reservations regarding its widespread adoption due to evidence that it leads to prolonged interruption of cardiac compressions. Furthermore, the lack of a clear protocol for the inclusion of focused echocardiography into the rhythm check can lead to confusion in teams not familiar with incorporating the modality, as well as safety concerns for the echosonographer during delivery of a shock. We propose the protocol COACHRED to guide the use of focused echocardiography during rhythm check in a safe and timely manner. This approach incorporates the best strategies identified to date that minimise interruptions to chest compressions. We demonstrate that, in a simulation environment, it is achievable to incorporate focused echocardiography into the rhythm check while keeping the interruption to chest compressions within the timeframe prescribed by international guidelines.
Successful treatment of thymic carcinoma with dermatomyositis and interstitial pneumonia: A case report
Authors: Yang Xingguo , Yu Lei , Li Fei , Yu Tao , Zhang Yunfeng , Liu Honggang
Published: August 2019

Here, we report a rare case of thymic carcinoma (TC) associated with dermatomyositis (DM) and interstitial pneumonia (IP) in a 68‐year‐old man. The patient presented with the characteristic features of a skin rash with Gottron's papules and increased serum levels of muscle‐associated enzymes. Computed tomography (CT) showed the presence of an anterior mediastinal soft tissue mass with IP, which was diagnosed as TC by CT‐guided tumor biopsy. The patients DM and IP disappeared completely after radical resection of the tumor. After a 20‐month follow‐up period, the patient was in good clinical condition without disease recidivism.
Effect of nitrogen fertiliser and cultivation method on root systems of rice subjected to alternate wetting and drying irrigation
Authors: Santiago‐Arenas Raquel , Hadi Sholih N. , Fanshuri Buyung A. , Ullah Hayat , Datta Avishek
Published: August 2019

Better management of water and fertiliser is of critical importance for root systems development of rice, which is its first line of defence against water deficit and plays a key role in water and nutrient acquisition from soil. Two pot experiments were conducted to investigate the morphological response of root systems of rice under different doses and timings of N fertiliser application as well as cultivation methods subjected to alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation. The treatments for the first pot experiment included two lowland Thai rice varieties (Pathumthani 1 and RD57), five N application doses (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1) and three cultivation methods (dry direct seeding [DDS], wet direct seeding [WDS] and transplanting [TP]). In the second pot experiment, root systems response of the same rice varieties was evaluated under four timings of N application (one‐split: 100% at basal; two‐split: 75% at basal and 25% at active tillering; three‐split: 50% at basal, 25% at active tillering and 25% at panicle initiation; and four‐split: 25% at basal, 25% at active tillering, 25% at panicle initiation and 25% at early flowering or before heading) applied at 60 kg ha−1 using the same cultivation methods. In both experiments, plants were subjected to AWD irrigation in which soil water potential was fluctuated between saturated condition (but not flooding) and −5 kPa. Pathumthani 1 developed better root systems (longer roots and higher root length density [RLD]) than RD57 regardless of N doses and cultivation methods. DDS resulted in higher root number, root dry matter (RDM) and root to shoot ratio at 120 kg N ha−1, whereas the same root traits were better at 90 kg N ha−1 under WDS. TP had better root systems development at 60 kg N ha−1. N application in four splits maximised root growth with more in number and longer roots as well as higher RLD, RDM and root to shoot ratio regardless of varieties and cultivation methods. Both rice varieties were equally suitable for growing when established under DDS, WDS and TP subjected to AWD irrigation with better root systems development at 120, 90 and 60 kg N ha−1, respectively. N application in four splits at 60 kg ha−1 enhanced root systems development. This study revealed that N fertiliser dose and application schedule may need to be adjusted depending on cultivation method when water‐saving irrigation technique is to be used in rice production system.
Evidence for direct effects of fire‐cues on germination of some perennial forbs common in grassy ecosystems
Authors: Hodges Joshua A. , Price Jodi N. , Nimmo Dale G. , Guja Lydia K.
Published: August 2019

In grassy ecosystems of south‐eastern Australia, fire maintains richness of native forbs. It is commonly thought that fire promotes regeneration indirectly by reducing competition for light and providing gaps for recruitment, rather than directly stimulating germination. However, physiological dormancy and morphophysiological dormancy are common, and few studies have explored responses to fire‐cues among dormant or hard‐to‐germinate forbs. Recent studies from other fire‐prone ecosystems suggest that in some cases, fire‐cues may not alleviate physiological or morphophysiological dormancy, but instead promote germination in combination with treatments which alleviate dormancy. We experimentally tested the prevailing hypothesis that perennial forbs common in south‐eastern Australian grassy ecosystems do not germinate in direct response to fire. Responses to fire‐cues both inherently and in combination with treatments which alleviate dormancy were investigated for seven species. Two fire‐cues (smoke and heat) plus a treatment of both heat + smoke were applied to fresh seed at three temperatures (35/25°C, 30/20°C and 25/15°C). Following this, the effect of fire‐cues on seed that had undergone warm stratification, cold stratification and dry‐after‐ripening was investigated. Three species — Arthropodium strictum, Cheiranthera cyanea and Dianella revoluta — responded to fire‐cues inherently, although germination in C. cyanea was low. High germination of D. revoluta was found when fire‐cues were combined with warm stratification. Fire‐cues had no effect on germination of Brunonia australis, Burchardia umbellata and Eryngium ovinum. Germination of Stypandra glauca was zero following all treatment combinations. Our finding that fire‐cues promote germination of three of the seven study species did not provide sufficient evidence to reject the current hypothesis that germination of perennial forbs is not typically promoted by fire‐cues. However, this study highlights the important direct role fire‐cues can play in promoting germination of some perennial forbs both inherently and in combination with treatments used to alleviate physiological dormancy.
Letter: previous exposure to corticosteroids increases the risk of post‐discharge venous thromboembolic events in patients with inflammatory bowel disease—author's reply
Authors: McCurdy Jeffrey D
Published: August 2019

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to McCurdy et al and Zeng and Gan papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15286 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15411.
Editorial: evaluating cirrhosis progression‐lessons from the heart. Authors' reply
Authors: Mookerjee Rajeshwar Prosad , Thomsen Karen Louise
Published: August 2019

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Jansen et al and Solà and Ginès papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15365 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15442.
An application of temperature mapping of horse's back for leisure horse‐rider‐matching
Authors: Masko Malgorzata , Krajewska Anna , Zdrojkowski Lukasz , Domino Malgorzata , Gajewski Zdzislaw
Published: August 2019

Leisure riding is a popular way of using horses however, unlike sport or racing horses, those are mostly not associated with one rider with high skills. Constant overload of equine musculoskeletal system causes pathologies, which are affecting horse mobility and decreases the horse‐rider communication. The aim was to propose the new scoring system of thermograph analysis as an aspect of differences in heat distributions on horseback before and after leisure ridings. The study was conducted on sixteen Polish warmblood horses, scanned with a non‐contact thermographic camera. Heat pattern of the thoracolumbar area was evaluated on thermograms taken before and after exercise. The criteria with point values for horse‐rider‐matching were created: heat points on the dorsal midline of saddle‐back contact area and degree of muscle unit overload. The results of thermograph analysis were compared with the results of a questionnaire on horse‐rider communication during riding in order to estimate the relevance of matching. The maximum score was obtained in 38.3% and 39.8% of combinations based on the thermograph analysis and questionnaire, respectively. Results of both scoring systems were strongly positive correlated (r = .937), demonstrating high sensitivity (61.72%) and specificity (90.23%) of the matching. The horse‐rider matching may improve horse comfort during leisure type of work.
Dock5 is a new regulator of microtubule dynamic instability in osteoclasts
Authors: Guimbal Sarah , Morel Anne , Guérit David , Chardon Manon , Blangy Anne , Vives Virginie
Published: August 2019

Background Information

Osteoclast resorption is dependent on a podosome‐rich structure called sealing zone. It tightly attaches the osteoclast to the bone creating a favourable acidic microenvironment for bone degradation. This adhesion structure needs to be stabilised by microtubules whose acetylation is maintained by down‐regulation of deacetylase HDAC6 and/or of microtubule destabilising kinase GSK3β activities. We already established that Dock5 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1. As a consequence, Dock5 inhibition results in a decrease of the GTPase activity associated with impaired podosome assembly into sealing zones and resorbing activity in osteoclasts. More, administration of C21, a chemical compound that directly inhibits the exchange activity of Dock5, disrupts osteoclast podosome organisation and protects mice against bone degradation in models recapitulating major osteolytic diseases.

Results

In this report, we show that Dock5 knockout osteoclasts also present a reduced acetylated tubulin level leading to a decreased length and duration of microtubule growth phases, whereas their growth speed remains unaffected. Dock5 does not act by direct interaction with the polymerised tubulin. Using specific Rac inhibitors, we showed that Dock5 regulates microtubule dynamic instability through Rac‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. The latter involves GSK3β inhibitory serine 9 phosphorylation downstream of Akt activation but not HDAC6 activity.

Conclusion

We showed that Dock5 is a new regulator of microtubule dynamic instability in osteoclast.

Significance

Dock5 dual role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and microtubule, which both need to be intact for bone resorption, reinforces the fact that it is an interesting therapeutic target for osteolytic pathologies.
The supply of non‐renewable resources
Authors: Daubanes Julien , Lasserre Pierre
Published: August 2019

There exists no formal treatment of non‐renewable resource (NRR) supply, systematically deriving quantity as function of price. We establish instantaneous restricted (fixed reserves) and unrestricted NRR supply functions. The supply of a NRR at any date and location depends not only on the local contemporary price of the resource but also on prices at all other dates and locations. Besides the usual law of supply, which characterizes the own‐price effect, cross‐price effects have their own law. They can be decomposed into a substitution effect and a stock compensation effect. We show that the substitution effect always dominates: a price increase at some point in space and time causes NRR supply to decrease at all other points. Our new—although orthodox—setting takes into account not only NRR supply limitations but also the heterogeneity of NRR deposits, and the endogeneity of their development and opening. Our analysis extends to NRRs the partial‐equilibrium analysis of demand and supply policies. Thereby, it provides a generalization of results about policy‐induced changes on NRR markets.
Does high labour mobility always promote trade liberalization?
Authors: Kishishita Daiki
Published: August 2019

Labour immobility (high adjustment cost) has been regarded as a major obstacle to trade liberalization and it has been argued that higher labour mobility promotes trade liberalization. However, this is not the case when we take into account conflicts of interest between politicians and voters that are inevitable in representative democracy. I construct a simple two‐period model including both elections and sectoral adjustment. Then I show that the non‐monotonic relationship between labour mobility and the equilibrium degree of trade liberalization exists due to the principal–agent relationship. In representative democracy, higher labour mobility prevents trade liberalization in some cases.
Federal tax policies, congressional voting and natural resources
Authors: Perez‐Sebastian Fidel , Raveh Ohad
Published: August 2019

Can abundance of natural resources affect legislators' voting behaviour over federal tax policies? We construct a political economy model of a federalized economy with district heterogeneity in natural resource abundance. The model shows that representatives of natural resource‐rich districts are more (less) willing to vote in favour of federal tax increases (decreases). This occurs because resource‐rich districts are less responsive to federal tax changes due to the immobile nature of their natural resources. We test the model's predictions using data on roll‐call votes in the US House of Representatives over the major federal tax bills initiated during the period of 1945–2003, in conjunction with the presence of active giant oil fields in US congressional districts. Our identification strategy rests on plausibly exogenous giant oil field discoveries and exploitation and narrative‐based aggregate federal tax shocks that are exogenous to individual congressional districts and legislators. We find that: (i) resource‐rich congressional districts are less responsive to changes in federal taxes and (ii) representatives of resource‐rich congressional districts are more (less) supportive of federal tax increases (decreases), controlling for legislator, congressional district and state indicators. Our results indicate that resource richness is approximately half as dominant as the main determinant, namely party affiliation, in driving legislators' voting behaviour over federal tax policies.
A one‐year prospective study on alveolar ridge preservation using collagen‐enriched deproteinized bovine bone mineral and saddle connective tissue graft: A cone beam computed tomography analysis
Authors: Seyssens Lorenz , Eghbali Aryan , Christiaens Véronique , De Bruyckere Thomas , Doornewaard Ron , Cosyn Jan
Published: August 2019

Background

Although there is ample research on alveolar ridge preservation (ARP), changes of the soft tissue profile are seldom reported. In addition, the use of a saddle connective tissue graft (S‐CTG) has only been described in one study.

Purpose

To evaluate changes in bone and external soft tissue profile following ARP of intact and nonintact sockets using collagen‐enriched deproteinized bovine bone mineral (C‐DBBM) and a S‐CTG (a); to assess the need for additional hard and soft tissue grafting after ARP (b).

Materials and Methods

Patients in need of a single or multiple unit fixed reconstruction in the premaxilla were included in this prospective case series. After tooth extraction, sockets were grafted with C‐DBBM and sealed with a S‐CTG. Cone beam computed tomography slides taken before tooth extraction and 4 to 6 months after ARP were superimposed to measure changes in bone dimensions and external soft tissue profile. The need for additional hard and soft tissue grafting was registered. Implants were evaluated at 1 year. Patient‐reported outcomes were registered on a 100 mm visual analogue scale at suture removal and 1 year following ARP.

Results

Nineteen teeth (10 with intact sockets, 9 with nonintact sockets) in 14 patients (11 females; mean age 34) were extracted and treated with the abovementioned protocol. Volume loss could not be prevented and mainly occurred at the buccal aspect. Maximum horizontal bone resorption was 1.27 mm and maximum horizontal shrinkage of the soft tissue profile amounted to 0.87 mm, both at the most cervical aspect. Additional GBR was necessary in two sites with a nonintact buccal bone wall. The need for additional soft tissue grafting was moderate in sites with intact (3/10) and high in nonintact sockets (6/9). Implants demonstrated favorable clinical and esthetic outcomes. Pain intensity and patient satisfaction were 17 and 94, respectively.

Conclusion

Alveolar ridge preservation was not able to prevent relevant tissue changes. However, implants could be installed as planned. Although the application of a S‐CTG partly compensated for the buccal bone loss, the need for additional soft tissue grafting was still moderate in intact sockets and high in nonintact sockets.
A complete physical mapping of the vitamin D receptor gene for dental implant loss: A pilot study
Authors: Munhoz Pereira Thaís , Alvim‐Pereira Fabiano , Kaiser Alvim‐Pereira Claudia Cristina , Ignácio Sérgio Aparecido , Machado de Souza Cleber , Trevilatto Paula Cristina
Published: August 2019

Objectives

The aim of this pilot case–control study was to investigate the association of clinical variables and genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) with dental implant loss.

Material and Methods

This study was carried out with 244 individuals with mean age 51.90 ± 11.28 (81 cases and 163 controls matched by age, sex, and smoking habit). Also, the clusterization phenomenon was investigated stratifying the sample into two groups: (a) 34 patients with multiple losses (presenting two or more lost implants) and (b) 210 without multiple losses (up to one implant loss). Sociodemographic, clinical, and periodontal parameters were analyzed. The tagSNPs in the VDR gene were analyzed by real‐time PCR. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed (p < .05).

Results

Edentulism, number of implants installed, and Gingival, Plaque, and Calculus Indexes were associated with implant loss in the univariate analysis. After the multivariate analysis, the allele G of rs3782905 in the recessive model, together with number of installed implants and Gingival Index, was associated with implant failure.

Conclusion

It is suggested that the allele G of rs3782905 in the recessive model may be a new genetic risk marker for dental implant loss in patients who lost two or more dental implants. In addition, number of implants installed and Gingival Index were also associated. Replication is mandatory to confirm these findings, due to the modest sample size of this work.
Impact of adenotonsillectomy on the evolution of inflammatory markers
Authors: Marcano‐Acuña Martín E. , Carrasco‐Llatas Marina , Tortajada‐Girbés Miguel , Dalmau‐Galofre José , Codoñer‐Franch Pilar
Published: August 2019

Background

Tonsils are first‐line host defence organs against pathogenic agents and participate in local and systemic immunity. Persistent increases in systemic inflammatory responses may contribute to associated morbidity. The aim of this study was to verify the short‐ and long‐term impact of adenotonsillectomy on the evolution of inflammatory markers in 3‐ to 9‐year‐old children.

Methods

A prospective and longitudinal study was conducted over 1 year in 29 children who underwent tonsillectomy due to either chronic tonsillitis or adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Measurements of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) levels were taken. Levels of Th1‐type cytokines [interleukin‐1, interferon‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor‐Î± (TNF‐α)] and anti‐inflammatory Th2‐type cytokines [interleukin‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐10 and ‐13] were measured. Levels of transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) were also determined. The results were compared to those of 29 control children.

Results

At baseline, children with surgery indications presented with higher levels of hs‐CRP, interleukin‐1 and ‐10, interferon‐γ, TNF‐α and ICAM‐1, whereas values of interleukin‐4 were significantly lower than in control children. Children with severe tonsillar obstruction had higher values of interleukin‐1, ‐4, and ‐5 and lower values of interleukin‐10 compared with children with recurrent tonsillitis. One year after surgery, the levels except IL‐4 did not show a significant difference from those obtained in the control group. The levels of hs‐CRP and TNF‐α decreased significantly in the first month.

Conclusion

Children with chronic tonsillitis and/or adenotonsillar hypertrophy have significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Adenotonsillectomy restores the normal values of these parameters 1 year after surgery.
Integrating intraseasonal grassland dynamics in cross‐scale distribution modeling to support waterbird recovery plans
Authors: Regos Adrián , Vidal María , Lorenzo Miguel , Domínguez Jesús
Published: August 2019

Despite much discussion about the utility of remote sensing for effective conservation, the inclusion of these technologies in species recovery plans remains largely anecdotal. We developed a modeling approach for the integration of local, spatially measured ecosystem functional dynamics into a species distribution modeling (SDM) framework in which other ecologically relevant factors are modeled separately at broad scales. To illustrate the approach, we incorporated intraseasonal water‐vegetation dynamics into a cross‐scale SDM for the Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago), which is highly dependent on water and vegetation dynamics. The Common Snipe is an Iberian grassland waterbird characteristic of European agricultural meadows and a member of one of the most threatened bird guilds. The intraseasonal dynamics of water content of vegetation were measured using the standard deviation of the normalized difference water index time series computed from bimonthly images of the Sentinel‐2 satellite. The recovery plan for the Common Snipe in Galicia (northwestern Iberian Peninsula) provided an opportunity to apply our modeling framework. Model accuracy in predicting the species’ distribution at a regional scale (resulting from integration of downscaled climate projections with regional habitat–topographic suitability models) was very high (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.981 and Boyce's index of 0.971). Local water‐vegetation dynamic models, based exclusively on Sentinel‐2 imagery, were good predictors (AUC of 0.849 and Boyce's index of 0.976). The predictive power improved (AUC of 0.92 and Boyce's index of 0.98) when local model predictions were restricted to areas identified by the continental and regional models as priorities for conservation. Our models also performed well (AUC of 0.90 and Boyce's index of 0.93) when projected to updated water‐vegetation conditions. Our modeling framework enabled incorporation of key ecosystem processes closely related to water and carbon cycles while accounting for other factors ecologically relevant to endangered grassland waterbirds across different scales, allowed identification of priority areas for conservation, and provided an opportunity for cost‐effective recovery planning by monitoring management effectiveness from space.
Cytology and cell‐block immunohistochemistry of circulating tumour cells
Authors: Mayall Frederick George , Pepperell Justin , Bodger Ian , Higbee Daniel , Stevanato Lara , Hustler Arianna , Mumford Kyra Mhairi
Published: August 2019

Objective

The study set out to assess the feasibility of using ParsortixTM circulating tumour cell (CTC) extraction and CytoFoam Disc cell‐block immunohistochemistry to diagnose metastatic carcinoma from blood samples in a National Health Service district general hospital.

Methods

Blood samples were taken from 50 patients with metastatic carcinoma and 50 healthy volunteers and processed, using a previously published method, to extract CTCs and collect them in a cell‐block for routine formalin‐fixed paraffin sectioning and immunohistochemistry. The extracted cells were compared with the patients’ routine diagnostic samples.

Results

The samples from the 50 carcinoma patients showed cytokeratin‐positive cells in 19 cases. In eight of these, the cytokeratin‐positive cells had a similar immunoprofile to the carcinoma in the conventional biopsy or cytology specimen. Some carcinoma patients also had circulating cytokeratin‐positive cells that were probably benign epithelial cells and circulating megakaryocytes. Both of these types of cells were also found in healthy volunteers. Processing and initial examination could be completed in 2 days. The full processing cost was approximately £316 per case.

Conclusions

CTCs could be extracted from the blood of some patients with metastatic carcinoma and formed into a formalin‐fixed cell‐block for routine paraffin processing and immunohistochemistry. The specificity of this approach is constrained by the observation that some patients with metastatic carcinoma had circulating cytokeratin‐positive cells that were probably benign, and these were also found in healthy volunteers. Circulating megakaryocytes were present in carcinoma patients and healthy volunteers.
Sourcing Strategy of Original Equipment Manufacturer with Quality Competition
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Jing , Chen Bintong
Published: August 2019

We develop game‐theoretic models to study the sourcing strategy of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in the presence of a competing contract manufacturer (CCM). The OEM sells the product in a high‐quality brand and has three strategy options: producing the product in house or outsourcing production to either a CCM or a noncompeting contract manufacturer (NCM). At the same time, the CCM provides its own product in a low‐quality brand. We show that when the product qualities are exogenous, the OEM's sourcing strategy decision depends on the OEM brand's efficiency in producing and selling the product (the difference between quality and production cost), relative to that of the CCM brand. Interestingly, the OEM may prefer outsourcing to a CCM to soften price competition, even though this will mean a higher wholesale price; the CCM also prefers to produce for the OEM, even though its total demand may decrease. When the product qualities are endogenous, however, with quality competition, the OEM prefers either insourcing or outsourcing to an NCM to increase quality differentiation, depending on its cost disadvantage in producing the high‐quality product.
Stress overload‐induced periodontal remodelling coupled with changes in high mobility group protein B1 during tooth movement: an in‐vivo study
Authors: Zou Yuchun , Xu Linyu , Lin Hanyu
Published: August 2019

High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a bone‐active cytokine and an osteocyte alarmin, might have dual functions in bone metabolism that could benefit bone formation and accelerate osteoclastogenic activity. High mobility group protein B1 was recently shown to be involved in tooth movement. Here, we investigated the expression of HMGB1, which remains poorly elucidated, under stress overload‐induced periodontal remodelling conditions in vivo. Thirty‐six Sprague‐Dawley rats (male, 180–200 g) were randomly divided into three groups: two experimental groups, in which 50 or 100 g of force was applied to the first molars for 7 d to induce movement; and one control group, in which no force was applied. These stresses induced tooth movement over significantly different distances, and marked morphological changes were consistently observed in the periodontal tissues of the experimental rats, as demonstrated by histological staining. A real‐time PCR analysis showed upregulation of the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappaB ligand‐to‐osteoprotegerin ratio and downregulation of the Hmgb1 gene. Changes in both location and expression of the HMGB1 were observed through immunofluorescence analysis. Our data suggest that HMGB1 expression during orthodontic tooth movement might be regulated in a time‐ and force‐dependent manner that is substantially more complex than anticipated.