bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiopoietin-Like 2, a Circadian Gene, Improves Type 2 Diabetes Through Potentiation of Insulin Sensitivity in Mice Adipocytes
Authors: Kitazawa Masashi , Nagano Mamoru , Masumoto Koh-hei , Shigeyoshi Yasufumi , Natsume Tohru , Hashimoto Seiichi
Published: May 2011

Angiopoietin-like (Angptl)2, a member of the Angptl protein family, is predominantly secreted from adipose tissue and the heart. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of Angptl2 in epididymal adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice shows pulsatility and circadian rhythmicity and that the rhythmicity was disrupted in high-fat-fed and leptin receptor-deficient diabetic db/db mice with insulin resistance. To investigate whether the reduction in Angptl2 expression was related to the progression of diabetes, we treated db/db mice with recombinant Angptl2 for 4 wk during the peak period of Angptl2 expression in C57BL/6J mice. Angptl2-treated mice showed decreases in plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and fatty acid levels and an increase in plasma adiponectin, a therapeutic regulator of insulin resistance, leading to improvements in glucose tolerance. In cultured adipocytes, recombinant Angptl2 increased adiponectin expression and stimulated insulin sensitivity partially by reducing the levels of tribbles homolog 3, a specific Akt kinase inhibitory protein. Conversely, Angptl2 small interfering RNA reduced adiponectin expression, resulting in insulin resistance. In preadipocytes, treatment with Angptl2 small interfering RNA inhibited differentiation to adipocytes and reduced adiponectin expression. Taken together, our results suggest that replenishment of Angptl2 stimulates insulin sensitivity and improves the type 2 diabetic state.
An Interview with SEIU President Emeritus Andy Stern
Authors: Fink Leon , Luff Jennifer
Published: May 2011

Labor editors Leon Fink and Jennifer Luff interviewed Andy Stern—for fifteen years the most influential labor leader in the United States—two months after he stepped down from the presidency of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) in May 2010. Here Stern ranges widely, recalling his days as a young social worker and organizer, then as the national organizing director, his involvement in the Beverly Enterprises and Justice for Janitors campaigns, and his emergence in the mid-1990s, in a cadre of other advancing organizing directors, into the leadership of his international union. Despite Stern's intense strategic planning and high hopes for change within SEIU, the AFL-CIO, and, after 2005, Change to Win, he unabashedly faces the limits of what his union was able to accomplish. While generally defending his own actions in internal controversies that swirled around his leadership, he delivers a surprising critique of ruling-class power in America as the chief source of labor's current predicament.
Variations of the aortic arch – a study on the most common branching patterns
Authors: Müller Marguerite , Schmitz Bernd L , Pauls Sandra , Schick Melanie , Röhrer Stefan , Kapapa Thomas , Schlötzer Wiebke
Published: May 2011

Background

Anatomical variants of the aortic arch and its branching patterns often appear as an incidental finding during routine computed tomography (CT) scanning. These variations can be of relevance when performing angiography or endovascular interventions and may cause symptoms such as dysphagia.

Purpose

To analyze common anatomical variations found within the arteries originating from the aortic arch in patients using contrast CT imaging techniques.

Material and Methods

A total of 2033 contrast CT scans were analyzed. To obtain a truly representative sample, cases were chosen from different hospital departments without previous knowledge of the patient history.

Results

The total percentage of variations within the analyzed patients was 13.3%. In 8.0% a truncus bicaroticus was found. 4.2% of the patients showed a left vertebral artery originating directly from the aortic arch, mostly proximal, and in 1 case distal to the left subclavian artery. In 1.0% we found an aberrant right subclavian artery. We also found a single case of a right descending aortic arch.

Conclusion

Variations of the aortic arch and its branching are frequently found, mostly as an incidental finding during routine diagnostic scanning. A contrast-enhanced CT scan is a good method with which to study the aortic arch and its associated branching pattern.
Ultrasound evaluation of abdominal masses in Ethiopian child patients
Authors: Kebede Assefa Getachew , Nigussie Yared
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of abdominal masses and evaluate the value of ultrasound in paediatric abdominal masses. We used a cross-sectional study of abdominal masses in children attending a university teaching hospital. The common abdominal masses were: Wilms' tumour, 12 (14.8%); lymphoma, 11 (13.6%); appendiceal mass/abscess, 11 (13.6%); neuroblastoma, 7 (8.6%); TB, 6 (7.4%); hydronephrosis, 5 (6.2%); abdominal wall abscess, 6 (7.4%); hydatidcyst, 4 (4.9%); mesenteric cyst, 3 (3.7%); and intussusceptions, 3 (3.7%). Identification of a purely cystic mass was suggestive of benign lesion (odds ratio [OR] = 118, P = 0.0001) and masses found in the <5 years age group tend to be malignant (OR = 2.77). The most common sites of origin were kidneys, retroperitoneal extra renal and gastrointestinal tract. The overall diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound was 88.9%.
Beyond the “Mirroring” Hypothesis: Product Modularity and Interorganizational Relations in the Air Conditioning Industry
Authors: Cabigiosu Anna , Camuffo Arnaldo
Published: May 2011

This study explores whether, to what extent, and under which conditions modular products are associated with modular organizations (the “mirroring” hypothesis). We analyze the product and organizational architectures of three firms in the air conditioning industry through an original data set of 100 components and supply relationships. Applying a variety of regression methods, we show that, under the condition of product architecture stability at the component level, supplier relations for loosely coupled components are characterized by less information sharing, which implies that the degree of coupling of product components varies directly with the degree of coupling of organizations (the “mirroring” hypothesis). Also, the performance of supply relationships depends on the amount of buyer–supplier information sharing but not on the degree of component modularity, which supports the relational view and confirms that product modularity does not have unambiguous effects on organizational performance. Moreover, the degree of component modularity negatively moderates the impact of buyer–supplier information sharing on supplier-relationship performance, which confirms that component modularity works as an ex ante, embedded substitute for high-powered interorganizational integration mechanisms. Finally, contingent on firms' strategies, organizational structures, and capabilities, we argue that at the firm level, higher product modularity may be associated either with less information sharing with suppliers, which implies that the mirroring effect might hold also at the firm level, or with more information sharing with suppliers, which implies that there may be increasing returns to modularity in design efforts because of interorganizational integration (the “complementarity” hypothesis).
Governance in Multilateral R&D Alliances
Authors: Li Dan , Eden Lorraine , Hitt Michael A. , Ireland R. Duane , Garrett Robert P.
Published: May 2011

In research and development (R&D) alliances, the partner firms must balance the tension between knowledge sharing and knowledge leakages because knowledge sharing, designed to support the alliance's technology development goals, can often lead to unintended and potentially damaging knowledge leakages. Governance structure is a well-understood knowledge protection strategy designed to reduce knowledge leakage concerns and thereby encourage desired knowledge transfers in two-party R&D alliances. Whether governance structure can be an important balancing mechanism for R&D alliances with multiple partner firms, or multilateral R&D alliances, however, requires further study. Because increasing the number of alliance partners introduces additional complexities to managing an alliance, the appropriate governance mechanism for a multilateral R&D alliance is likely to differ from that for a bilateral alliance. Drawing insights from social exchange theory, we explore governance decisions in multilateral R&D alliances. First, we examine the potential for variance between multilateral and bilateral R&D alliances in governance decisions as a means of knowledge sharing and knowledge protection. Results based on our analysis of 2,423 R&D alliances, 1,690 bilateral and 733 multilateral, are consistent with predictions drawn from social exchange theory. We next focus on three-partner R&D alliances, or trilateral R&D alliances, and compare governance mechanisms between two types of trilateral R&D alliances: chain and net. We find that equity governance structures are more likely to be used in net-based than in chain-based trilateral R&D alliances; we also find that alliance scope moderates the relationship between the type of alliance and governance structure. Finally, we find that multilateral R&D alliances with predicted (aligned) governance structures perform better, in terms of alliance longevity, than those with misaligned structures.
The Love-Hate Relationship with Experts in the Early Modern Atlantic
Authors: Kupperman Karen Ordahl
Published: May 2011

As England belatedly moved into Atlantic enterprises, novel expertise was required. England’s first ventures across the ocean were in the fishing trade in Newfoundland, and this was a field they knew well. More southern regions beckoned, however, because these were expected to yield rich commodities. As they were drawn to these new areas, English undertakers found that a range of new skills was required, and they had to turn to foreigners or English people with foreign experience to get the expertise they needed. Everything from navigating in unfamiliar waters to building fortifications to growing novel crops meant reliance on experts. Colonists and their backers in England recognized the need but they hated such reliance, particularly because they often suspected that the so-called experts were bogus. Colonists believed that the experts—even when their skills were genuine—distorted life in the settlements by their demands and their focus. Part of the reason experts were distrusted was that their experiences gave them a cosmopolitan outlook, including sometimes a capacity to understand outsiders’ viewpoints. One goal of all early colonies was to achieve sufficient competence that they could eliminate the experts and manage their own enterprises.
Anglo-Dutch Connections and Overseas Enterprises: A Global Perspective on Lion Gardiner’s World
Authors: Games Alison
Published: May 2011

This article offers a global perspective on the intertwined histories of English and Dutch overseas enterprises in the early seventeenth century. The English and the Dutch were close allies in Europe when they embarked on commercial and colonial ventures. This history of alliance provided crucial military training for Englishmen who served in English colonies in Virginia, New England, and the Caribbean. The English and the Dutch were also rivals, especially in the commercial competition for spices in the East Indies. Competition and cooperation in Japan and the Spice Islands culminated in the “massacre” at Amboyna in 1623. This history of enmity and amity shaped later English and Dutch interactions in North and South America (including New England and New Netherland), affected European diplomacy, and helped spark three Anglo-Dutch wars.
Murder on the Saltwater Frontier: The Death of John Oldham
Authors: Lipman Andrew C.
Published: May 2011

This article considers the larger material and political contexts of the 1636 murder of John Oldham aboard his boat by Narragansett-allied Indians, an event that was one of the causes of the 1636–38 Pequot War. Oldham’s slaying illustrates how the contested region between New England and New Netherland was a “saltwater frontier” where the primary arena of cross-cultural exchange was the coastline and its nearshore waters, not the land. Natives and colonists relied on each other’s maritime technologies and knowledge. At the same time the tricky logistics of their encounters made this zone uniquely perilous. Oldham’s Indian killers were also motivated by an intense trade rivalry between Native powers. A series of events caused them to harbor suspicions of Oldham and inspired them to commit small-scale piracy during his murder. The article concludes that the ensuing Pequot War should be seen as a naval war that turned into terrestrial war, reflecting the English desire to shift the frontier off the water and onto dry land.
The Dutch Connection: New Netherland, the Pequots, and the Puritans in Southern New England, 1620–1638
Authors: Meuwese Mark
Published: May 2011

Although most historical studies of the Pequot War acknowledge the existence of a trade alliance between the Pequots and the Dutch preceding the outbreak of the English-Pequot conflict, scholars have neglected to examine Dutch-Pequot relations in detail. Following a decade of material exchange between private traders and the Pequots, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) established a mutually beneficial trade alliance with the Pequots in 1626. When the relationship broke down in the early 1630s, WIC officials in New Netherland, distracted by personal and political feuds in the Dutch colony, were remarkably slow to repair the alliance. The inability of the WIC to restore stable relations with the Pequots drew the attention of the neighboring Puritan colonies, who coveted the fertile lands of the Connecticut Valley. By highlighting the complex role of the Dutch, this essay complicates our view of the Pequot War as an inevitable conflict between Puritans and Pequots.
“They Have Invaded the Whole River”: Boundary Negotiations in Anglo-Dutch Colonial Discourse
Authors: Klein Sabine
Published: May 2011

This article argues that boundary contestations between competing colonial powers in seventeenth-century North America need to be understood within a global context. Focusing on Dutch and English colonial and metropolitan writings of the mid-seventeenth century, the article outlines a shift in the way territory was understood by the two competing nations. Colonial powers had originally relied on fixed national traditions to justify their acquisition of colonial territory across the globe; yet, by the mid-seventeenth century colonial powers relied increasingly on an emerging legally codified system to describe territory. By situating Dutch and English colonial and metropolitan writings about intercolonial boundary disputes in North America within the context of both national traditional and emerging international legal systems of territory, the article links seemingly local colonial issues to a global network spanning multiple metropolitan centers and colonial peripheries.
Trading between New Netherland and New England, 1624–1664
Authors: Todt Kim
Published: May 2011

Despite political disputes between the governments of New Netherland and the English colonies of New England, little interfered with trade and the commercial networks that developed between merchants in New Netherland and New England. Demonstrating a richer and more internationally diversified economic environment than has been previously portrayed, this article examines the sophisticated trading world New England merchants entered when they chose to conduct business with merchants from New Netherland, with its commercial and legal infrastructures that accommodated foreign merchants. As well, New England’s nascent economies needed to facilitate commerce and they too encouraged and accommodated trade with the Dutch. For seventeenth-century merchants in New Netherland and New England, intercolonial trade supplied necessary sustenance, expanded merchant networks, and presented opportunities for profit.
The Long Wake of the Pequot War
Authors: Grandjean Katherine A.
Published: May 2011

This article explores the aftermath of the Pequot War of 1636–38. The Pequot War has sometimes been characterized as so staggering a blow to New England Indians that it, in effect, secured several decades of peace. But by following the soldiers and survivors of the war, and by surveying the psychological climate in postwar New England, this article argues that the period following the Pequot War was anything but calm; it was instead marked by fear, suspicion, and violence. Following ripple effects of the war beyond New England and even into New Netherland, this article also makes connections between the violence of the Pequot War and Kieft’s War, the devastating Indian war that convulsed the Dutch colonies in the 1640s. Most broadly, this study suggests the lingering costs of war and conquest—not only for the “losers,” but for the conquerors, as well.
American Mordecai: Scriptural Allusion and the Work of Remembering in Lion Gardiner’s “Relation of the Pequot Warres”
Authors: Householder Michael
Published: May 2011

Lion Gardiner’s “Relation of the Pequot Warres” is a written account of the Pequot War of 1636–38 and its aftermath, up to the date of the text’s composition in 1660. In it Gardiner makes several scriptural allusions, the most extensive of which is his comparison of the Montauk sachem Wyandanch (Waiandance) to Mordecai, the Jewish hero from the book of Esther. Although there are many early modern Protestant references to Mordecai and the Purim story, as well as New English Puritan descriptions of admirable Native American figures, Gardiner’s typological portrait of Wyandanch is remarkable for its enthusiastic embrace of indigenous alliance, as well as its open criticism of a New English political leadership that failed to recognize Wyandanch’s strategic value. Through the figure of Mordecai, who is both loyal servant and national hero, Gardiner could simultaneously pay tribute to Wyandanch and remind readers of his own role in ensuring the colonies’ survival.
Political Parenting in Colonial Lebanon
Authors: Long Taylor
Published: May 2011

This article presents an analysis of the literature that situated childhood, politically, on the agenda of colonialists and anti-colonial nationalists in French Mandate Lebanon (1920-1943). By tracing certain debates, first, on what "the child" was conceptually in this highly heterogeneous social environment and, second, on the perceived urgency of shaping Lebanon's children and youth into citizens or into otherwise idealized adults, I elaborate on how childhood became a primary site through which power negotiations between the colonizer and the colonized took place. I conclude by demonstrating how parenting became a powerful political act for some Lebanese in the aftermath of the First World War, which not only reflected critical transformations in French-Lebanese relations but also contributed significantly to the process of state formation.
The Social Significance of Street Soccer in Greater Cairo: Game Structure and Social Functions
Authors: Hussein Nashaat
Published: May 2011

This article presents an ethnographic research conducted to study street soccer in three popular districts in Cairo. Through in-depth interviews with a non-random purposeful sample of street soccer players and observation of several street soccer matches in the three communities, the study aims to elucidate the social significance of street soccer in Cairo by examining both the effect of the social-historical development of the game on the emergence of a distinctive street soccer 'structure' that differentiates it from formal soccer, and the social functions performed by street soccer, particularly those related to its effect on social relations among community members. The article argues that although street soccer can be perceived as a form of 'un-structured play', or simply a replication of official soccer, street soccer players have developed a basic 'structure' of the game relative to the social and physical environment of the locales where street soccer is mostly practiced. Distinct ball types and diameters, techniques of team recruitment, rules and regulations of how street soccer is to be played and the associated social construct developed on the basis of children's interaction and experience with the game are all manifestations of such a distinctive disposition of street soccer in Cairo.
Rewriting The Token of Love : Sentimentalists, Sophisticates, and the Transformation of American Girlhood, 1862–1940
Authors: Cohen Daniel A.
Published: May 2011

In 1862, a young woman from Oneida County, New York, was given a "friendship album" (an ornately-bound blank book designed to be filled with autographs, verses, and affectionate notes from relatives and friends) entitled The Token of Love. Over the next two years, dozens of the teenager's acquaintances, especially fellow students at the Utica Female Seminary, duly inscribed their signatures and sentiments onto the album's pages. After that initial flurry, however, no further entries were made until about 1936, when the volume somehow fell into the hands of the original owner's great-grandniece. Showing no reverence for the old artifact, the youngster and her friends defaced many of the original inscriptions and filled previously vacant pages with a hodge-podge of writings and drawings relating to personal health, fashion, and popular culture. Thus, a single volume came to juxtapose entries by two cohorts of girls from the same rural county in upstate New York, separated by more than seventy years. Those two groups—"sentimentalists" and "sophisticates," respectively—expressed dramatically different cultural experiences, attitudes, and values, inadvertently illuminating what historian Joan Jacobs Brumberg has described as a gradual, multi-generational transition from "good works" to "good looks" as the central priority in the lives of American girls.
"Perpetual Capital": Roderick Hudson , Aestheticism, and the Problem of Inheritance
Authors: Lawson Andrew
Published: May 2011

This article reassesses James's class location, arguing that, as a non-productive rentier , Henry James Senior instilled in his son the primal fear of consuming the family's hoard of capital. I argue that this fear decisively shaped the aesthetic theory of the "impression" which James borrows from Walter Pater and develops in Roderick Hudson (1875). In the novel, James explores the economic and aesthetic dilemmas of hoarding versus expenditure: the need to save up impressions so as to produce a tangible return, as well as covertly expressing his fears that this investment might ultimately prove sterile and profitless.
Possibly Queer Time: Paranoia, Subjectivity, and "The Beast in the Jungle"
Authors: Helmers Matthew
Published: May 2011

Critical analysis of Henry James's novella "The Beast in the Jungle" tends to offer imperatives for the main characters that endorse new productive ways of existing within the world, ways that typically reject or pathologize the protagonist John Marcher's characterized inactivity. This article critiques these predominant readings of Marcher, James, and "The Beast in the Jungle," suggesting that through attenuating to the specific modes of time and knowledge that cluster around Marcher, a new structure for understanding Jamesian modes of queer subjectivity and sexuality arises: one that neither rejects nor transcends imperatives but instead exists without them.
"Conductors and Revealers": Henry James's Electric Messengers in The Ambassadors
Authors: Wayland-Smith Ellen
Published: May 2011

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, human perception was increasingly modeled on the latest developments in electric communication technology, in particular the telegraph and telephone. This paper argues that Henry James's narrative technique of telling a story through the medium of a particular "receiving" or "recording" consciousness reflects the techno-physiological framework by which his contemporaries theorized human sense perception. This paper first documents the linked fin-de-siecle "discourse networks" of electric communication, on the one hand, and medical investigations into perceptual functioning, on the other. Drawing on James's late novel The Ambassadors , the paper argues that we can only fully appreciate James's modernist innovations in narrative perspective once we ground his work in the larger historical shift to analogical models of communication.
"Surprises that struck the hour": The Tragic Muse and the Modernizing of the Jamesian Serial
Authors: Lowenstein Adam Seth
Published: May 2011

This essay reexamines Henry James's The Tragic Muse in terms of both its serialization in the Atlantic Monthly (January 1889-May 1890) and its complex mediation of an emergent aesthetic of seriality. Concentrating on its reevaluation of the aesthetic possibilities of the mass cultural magazine novel in terms of a nascent "serial attitude"—an engagement with the concept of series variously undertaken by the aesthetic-intellectual avant-garde at the turn of the century—this essay reinterprets Muse 's oft-noted structural idiosyncrasies as part of its prescient conceptualization of the narrative techniques that would eventually come to be defined as "Jamesian."
"Poor Isabel, who had never been able to understand Unitarianism!": Denominational Identity and Moral Character in Henry James's The Portrait of a Lady
Authors: Bollinger Laurel
Published: May 2011

The Portrait of a Lady 's chapter 42 vigil scene features Isabel Archer remembering Gilbert Osmond objecting to her moral sensibility by comparing her to a Unitarian minister. This article examines James's treatment of pre- and post-Civil War Unitarianism in book reviews and novels such as The American, The Bostonians , and The Europeans to evaluate James's reference and discovers that, far from being a minor part of James's characterization technique, his references to Unitarianism shed light onto the fundamental qualities that define Isabel Archer and thus shape the novel that centers so fully on her status as a moral being.
A Note from Bosnia and Herzegovina: Leading a Displaced Life
Authors: Selimović Inela
Published: May 2011

Upon revisiting 11 July 1995 in Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), this piece reflects on a group of the Srebrenica genocide survivors as they continue through, as well as, struggle with their healing processes as internally displaced persons in a small village near Sarajevo. Largely left on their own since 1995, these families' existence has significantly depended on the humane and humanitarian assistance from a small, nonreligious, and US-based charity for food, shelter, and educational pursuits. The charity's commitment to BiH has led to a series of remarkable outcomes, but has also exposed numerous issues that merit additional attention from both the Bosnian government as well as the international community regarding the group in question.
On the Indivisibility and Interdependence of Basic Rights in Developing Countries
Authors: Minkler Lanse , Sweeney Shawna
Published: May 2011

The concept of the indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights has gained widespread acceptance among advocates and scholars alike. First, this article empirically looks at the degree to which two fundamental basic rights, subsistence and security, are simultaneously respected in developing countries. A modest but significant correlation coefficient of .15 was found. The authors then construct a new composite Basic Rights index to find the determinants behind simultaneous fulfillment of basic rights. The country rankings reveal a high correlation over a five year period, though some ascend significantly (e.g., Chile, Guatemala, Brazil), while others fall (e.g., Botswana, Thailand, China). Regression analysis suggests that a country's income, degree of trade openness, democratic political institutions, population size, and degree of internal conflict are all important factors in Basic Rights attainment. In contrast, a country's legal origins and whether it has endorsed international covenants are modest factors, while the degree of foreign direct investment and whether it is involved in an international conflict do not seem to matter much.
Human Rights Education: Ideology, Location, and Approaches
Authors: Bajaj Monisha
Published: May 2011

As human rights education (HRE) becomes a more common feature of international policy discussions, national textbook reform, and post-conflict educational strategies, greater clarity about what HRE is, does, and means is needed. This article reviews existing definitions and models of HRE, and argues that ideology—as much as location or other variables—offers a means of schematizing varying approaches to HRE. This article reviews models organized around principles of global citizenship, coexistence, and transformative action in the context of one nation-state (India), and suggests that the mutability and adaptability of human rights education are its strength.
The Right of Everyone to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and the Right to Food: From Conflict to Complementarity
Authors: De Schutter Olivier
Published: May 2011

In the area of seed policies, the dominant paradigm of agricultural development favors the strengthening of intellectual property rights in order to promote and reward innovation by the private sector, combined with the provision of improved seed varieties to farmers in order to help them produce higher yields. But this model may leave out precisely those who need most to be supported, because they are the most vulnerable, living in the most difficult environments. In contrast to dominant approach, this article argues that the poorest farmers would be the primary beneficiaries of an alternative policy, that would favor the maintenance and enhancement of agrobiodiversity by rewarding the farmers for their own innovations, and by treating genetic resources as a public good that should be made accessible to all, as has been the case traditionally in farmers' seed systems. There are other ways of putting science at the service of farmers that may be more effective in reducing rural poverty. This article assesses in this light the complex relationship between the right to adequate food and the right of everyone to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications. Both rights are recognized by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. They need to be made more mutually supportive in the future, if research in agriculture is to truly serve the needs of the poor.
Bearing Witness: Poetry, Prison Discourse, and Communal Struggles in Human Rights Education
Authors: Ilesanmi Simeon O.
Published: May 2011

This article examines two genres of the humanities literature—poetry of witness and prison memoirs—to articulate the distinctive or unique contributions that the humanities can make in understanding and possibly preventing human rights atrocities. Drawing upon the work of Carolyn Forché and the late Ken Saro-Wiwa, it argues that both genres are typically inspired by a liberatory and edifying view of literature in the way they shed moral light on social and historical tragedies, and in that respect they contribute to the goal of human rights education by making us better humans, heightening our awareness, increasing our sensibility, and thus indirectly guiding our actions toward the establishment of a better world. Books and all forms of writing have always been objects of terror to those who seek to suppress truth.
Minority Rights: A Major Misconception?
Authors: Fortman Bas de Gaay
Published: May 2011

This article explores the difficulties inherent in the conceptualization, legal definition, and use of the term "minorities," framing these issues in the context of global efforts toward human rights realization. It argues that the critical concern is not majority or minority status as such, but rather the construction of dominant positions based upon collectively exclusive elements and the actual abuse of such positions. After delineating the limited role that law can and does play in the actual protection of non-dominant collectivities on the global and national planes, this article urges laying aside the term "minority" as both a label and a concept and reconceptualizing the mission in terms of collective human dignity protection, with this concept's deep roots in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This might well be linked to the urgently needed operationalization of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P).
Finding Shame in Truth: The Importance of Public Engagement in Truth Commissions
Authors: Mazzei Julie M.
Published: May 2011

Truth commissions are increasingly used as a transitional justice device in an attempt to move conflict-ridden societies to rights-based periods of stability. Using the case of El Salvador, this article finds that in cases where a truth commission does not directly engage public discourse, it cannot challenge the scripts that dominated the conflict period and therefore defined political actors, for instance as "insurgent" or "national security guarantor." In such cases, the truth commission may publicize "the facts" of the conflict period, but cannot facilitate transition to a new discourse that allows for true reconciliation and participatory governance.
The Way Home: Peaceful Return of Victims of Ethnic Cleansing
Authors: Stefanovic Djordje , Loizides Neophytos
Published: May 2011

This article examines how the right of return is negotiated and implemented in post-conflict societies. It focuses on cases of voluntary yet difficult returns and identifies the conditions under which victims of ethnic cleansing choose to return despite opposition from new occupants and hostile local authorities. The article provides a theoretical framework for the study of return and examines the importance of security provisions, material incentives, contact, and ideology. Drawing on the experiences of Bosnian (Drvar) and Cypriot (Maronite) returnees, it emphasizes the role of social capital as manifested through refugee organizations and demonstrates how community effort resolves coordination and commitment problems, thereby facilitating a voluntary peaceful return.
Creating Positive Culture in a New Urban High School
Authors: Rhodes Virginia , Stevens Douglas , Hemmings Annette
Published: May 2011

In August 2009, a new urban public high school featuring project-based science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education opened with a population of African-American, low-income, and special needs students. A planning team comprised of lead teachers and the school principal sought to create a positive school culture with a clear vision and core values that would engender relational trust, a strong sense of community, and principal and teacher co-leadership. The culture was to be supported by social structures instituted through teams, professional development, student orientations, venues for instructional innovation, and informal gathering places. This account, written by the principal, a teacher, and a university researcher, presents a first-hand narrative of how the school culture was created.
The Secondary School Pipeline: Longitudinal Indicators of Resilience and Resistance in Urban Schools Under Reform
Authors: Samel Arthur N. , Sondergeld Toni A. , Fischer John M. , Patterson Nancy C.
Published: May 2011

Students in the secondary education pipeline, the 6-year period between 7 th and 12 th grades, deal with external and internal conditions that facilitate or hinder progress to graduation and beyond—these conditions offer resilience or resistance and influence student movement through public schools. This study follows an urban middle school cohort from 7 th grade through the senior year of high school. Key events, structures, and relationships supported the development of resilience and resistance during this time and revealed multiple paths to graduation. Examining this longitudinal data set helps to identify and understand urban student issues that, in some cases, were present from the beginning of the secondary experience. This work also helps us draw inferences about the complex context of urban high school communities that promote and inhibit student success. Data in this study indicate that students started on a trajectory toward dropping out long before 12 th grade. Students made choices and exhibited characteristics in 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th grade that played out as they exited the educational pipeline prior to graduation. The study documents that negative student choices can be overcome through strong interventions that deal with attendance, discipline referrals, teacher expectations, and multiple options for "catching up" when a student lags in the credit requirement for graduation.
Georgia's Grow-Your-Own Teacher Programs Attract the Right Stuff
Authors: Swanson Peter B.
Published: May 2011

There is a shortage of educators and there are various factors that account for the lack of teachers. Millions of new teachers will be needed in the near future and the present study juxtaposes the vocational personality profiles of adolescents ( N = 262) participating in Future Educators of America programs in Georgia to in-service teachers' profiles as determined by Holland's Self-Directed Search inventory. Using Holland's theoretical framework for congruence between one's personality and the workplace as a lens, the results indicated that adolescents in the future educator programs shared the same Holland code as in-service teachers. Noting that teachers tend to return to the area in which they were raised, findings from this research have serious implications for the identification and recruitment of tomorrow's teaching force.
I. M. Lewis and Somali Clanship: A Critique
Authors: Kapteijns Lidwien
Published: May 2011

In this article, Kapteijns offers a critique of the clanship paradigm of I. M. Lewis, a leading scholar in the field of Somali studies from the early 1960s until today. Kapteijns situates Lewis's paradigm on Somali clanship at a particular historical moment, namely, at the end of the colonial period, and proposes that we see it as representative of a "colonial synthesis" or "colonial consensus" that was worked out between the colonial state (especially the British colonial state) and its Somali subjects over a period of about 80 years. She argues that, rather than seeing the episodes of "clan cleansing" and other forms of clan-based communal violence that marked the Somali civil war (1978 to the present) as evidence that the Lewisian paradigm of clan is correct, we should ask how this way of thinking, which has its roots in colonial state formation, has—in limited, namely, discursive ways—contributed to the Somali self-views that have made such large-scale violence in the name of clan possible. This article had been accepted for publication by the editors of Lewis's festschrift, but when Lewis expressed objections to its inclusion, the editors pressured the author to withdraw it. However, the major objective of this article is not to question Lewis's pivotal significance and enormous accomplishments in Somali studies, but to put his work into historical perspective and to bring to bear on it new insights from other areas of study.
The Legacy of Merid Wolde Aregay
Authors: Asfaw Semeneh Ayalew
Published: May 2011

This short commentary on Merid Wolde Aregay, late emeritus professor of history at Addis Ababa University, reviews some of his major works and makes a humble attempt to discuss what the present writer believes are the major contributions of this great scholar to the understanding of Ethiopian history and society. But this attempt has some limitations. I have concentrated on what I consider his major works and left out some others; also, I was not able to get hold of his PhD dissertation, as it is not available in the libraries of Addis Ababa University and individuals are not willing to provide it. This gap can be bridged at least in part by his other works, which raise some of the major issues that are raised in the dissertation. This short article has two sections. The first is a general commentary on Merid's contributions. The second part summarizes some of his major works and provides a brief commentary on them, grouping them according to the issues they discuss.
Sources of Intelligence: A Bibliography of the Monthly Sudan Intelligence Reports
Authors: Johnson Douglas H.
Published: May 2011

An overlooked source in Northeast African history is the series of printed monthly intelligence reports issued first by the Egyptian, and then the Sudan intelligence department between 1892 and 1929. Initially prepared by F. W. Wingate, these reports at first contained reports on Egypt's former territories in the Sudan, as well as in neighbouring countries. The reports reprinted substantial reports in its appendices, and these reports contained substantial military, political and economic information on the Mahdist state and adjacent territories. The first 59 such reports chronicle Egypt's preparations for the reconquest of the Sudan, which was achieved with the defeat of the main Mahdist armies in 1898. For the next 28 years the reports reproduced in the appendices of the Sudan Intelligence Reports contained a variety of information about the peoples and government of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The following bibliography is a complete list of appendices published between 1892 and 1926, after which publication of appendices ended.
Muslim Historical Spaces in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa: A Reassessment
Authors: Fauvelle-Aymar François-Xavier , Hirsch Bertrand
Published: May 2011

Based on the evidence related to funerary inscriptions and archaeological remains, this article provides a tentative reconstruction of the penetration routes of Islam and the zones of Muslim presence in pre-sixteenth-century Ethiopia and the Horn. Two routes and two areas appear, respectively, along the Eastern escarpment of the central plateau and the Čärčär massif. Adding this information to the sources written in Arabic, particularly al-'Umarī's description of Ethiopian Muslim polities of the fourteenth century, the article discusses the chronological sequence of Muslim penetration. A discussion of the process of Islamization, compared to such processes at work elsewhere in Africa, ends the article.
The "Liszt Year" 2011: Recent, Emerging, and Future Liszt Research
Authors: Saffle Michael
Published: May 2011

Liszt scholarship as an academic specialty has evolved steadily since 1911, when the first "Liszt year" was celebrated in Europe. Although the composer's reputation declined during the decades following World War I, it began to rise again during the 1950s and 1960s. Today the field boasts a number of specialized periodicals and a wealth of miscellaneous publications, including important books, monographs, musical editions, and sound recordings issued during the years since author Michael Saffle's Franz Liszt: A Research and Information Guide (New York: Routledge, 2009) was prepared for publication. The present article cites and very briefly describes many, although by no means all, of the Liszt studies issued between 2008 and early 2011. Among the most important publications mentioned are Jonathan Kregor's Liszt as Transcriber (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and Kenneth Hamilton's After the Golden Age (Oxford University Press, 2008); two first-ever editions of orchestral and keyboard works underwritten by the Istituto Liszt (Bologna); and new or revised monographs by Ernst Burger, Serge Gut, Klára Hamburger, Laurence Le Diagon-Jacquin, Bruno Moysan, and Alexander Rehding. It also presents an introduction to Liszt-year activities, including celebrations and scholarly conferences held or—as of January 2011—scheduled to take place in Athens (Georgia), Budapest, Heidelberg, Lucca, New York, Ottawa, Utrecht, Weimar, and three French cities (Dijon, Rennes, and Strasbourg). Finally, it comments on the most important lacunae in contemporary Liszt literature, and it speculates on future directions in Liszt research, especially those associated with ongoing Internet and YouTube projects.
Survey of Music-Library Personnel Characteristics, 2009
Authors: Cleveland Susannah , Puente Mark A.
Published: May 2011

Results from the 2009 MLA Survey of Personnel Characteristics are presented and analyzed. Areas covered include education and training, status and salaries, professional activities, and demographics of MLA members. In each area, comparisons are made to results from the study of the same name conducted in 1997.
Cathepsins S, B and L with aminopeptidases display β-secretase activity associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Schechter Israel , Ziv Etty
Published: May 2011

β-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE1) cleaves the wild type (WT) β-site very slowly (kcat/Km: 46.6 m-1s-1). Therefore we searched for additional β-secretases and identified three cathepsins that split the WT β-site much faster. Human cathepsin S cleaves the WT β-site (kcat/Km: 54 700 m-1s-1) 1170-fold faster than BACE1 and cathepsins B and L are 440- and 74-fold faster than BACE1, respectively. These cathepsins split two bonds flanking the WT β-site (K-MD-A), where the K-M bond (85%) is cleaved more efficiently than the D-A bond (15%). Cleavage at the major K-M bond yields Aβ (amyloid β-peptide) extended by N-terminal Met that should be removed to generate Aβ initiated by Asp1. The activity of cytosol and microsomal aminopeptidases on relevant peptides revealed rapid removal of N-terminal Met but not N-terminal Asp. Brain aminopeptidases showed similar specificity. Thus, aminopeptidases would convert Aβ extended by Met into regular Aβ (Asp1) found in amyloid plaques. Earlier studies indicate that Aβ is likely produced in the endosome and lysosome system where cathepsins S, B and L are localized and cysteine cathepsin inhibitors reduce the level of Aβ in cells and animals. Taken together, cathepsins S, B and L deserve further evaluation as therapeutic targets to develop disease modifying drugs to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
Quantitative and qualitative approaches in the study of poverty and adolescent development: separation or integration?
Authors: Leung Janet T.Y. , Shek Daniel T.L.
Published: May 2011

This paper examines the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches to study the impact of economic disadvantage on family processes and adolescent development. Quantitative research has the merits of objectivity, good predictive and explanatory power, parsimony, precision and sophistication of analysis. Qualitative research, in contrast, provides a detailed, holistic, in-depth understanding of social reality and allows illumination of new insights. With the pragmatic considerations of methodological appropriateness, design flexibility, and situational responsiveness in responding to the research inquiry, a mixed methods approach could be a possibility of integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches and offers an alternative strategy to study the impact of economic disadvantage on family processes and adolescent development.