bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children with Localized Crohn's Disease Benefit from Early Ileocecal Resection and Perioperative Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
Authors: Weigl Elena , Schwerd Tobias , Lurz Eberhard , Häberle Beate , Koletzko Sibylle , Hubertus Jochen
Published: March 2023

Introduction In pediatric Crohn's disease ileocecal resection is performed reluctantly as postoperative recurrence is frequent. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy reduces postoperative recurrence rates but increases the risk for infections.

Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed pediatric Crohn's disease patients who underwent ileocecal resection in our center. We compared disease activity and z-scores for height, weight, and body mass index of patients, who continuously received perioperative anti-TNF therapy (TNF + ), with those who did not (TNF–).

Results Of 29 patients (48% females), 13 and 16 were grouped to TNF+ and TNF–, respectively. Patients' characteristics did not differ between groups, except a longer follow-up time in TNF–. We saw significant postoperative improvement but no normalization in z-scores for weight (1.78 vs. 0.77, p < 0.001), body mass index (1.08 vs. 0.22, p < 0.001), and height (0.88 vs. 0.66, p < 0.001). Disease activity improved significantly more in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy (moderate improvement in 83% vs. 31%, p = 0.02). Endoscopic recurrence was more frequent in patients without anti-TNF therapy (80% vs. 20%; p = 0.023), but endoscopic follow-up was incomplete. There was no increase of infections under perioperative anti-TNF therapy (1 patient each; p = 1.000).

Conclusion In patients with localized Crohn's disease an ileocecal resection leads to short-term postoperative improvement of disease activity, body mass index, weight, and growth. For relevant catch-up growth an earlier intervention is necessary. Continuous perioperative anti-TNF therapy had no increased risk of perioperative infections.
Evidence-Based Medicine for Ballistic Maxillofacial Trauma
Authors: Wamkpah Nneoma S , Kimball Abby , Pipkorn Patrik
Published: March 2023

Ballistic trauma is a serious health issue with significant costs to physical, psychosocial, economic, and societal well-being. It may be caused from firearms, explosive devices, or any other projectile forces, and is characterized by severe tissue loss and evolving tissue devitalization. This review covers mechanism, diagnosis, and management of ballistic maxillofacial trauma, specifically. Initial evaluation includes stabilization of airway, bleeding, and circulation, followed by assessment of other injuries. The overall degree of tissue damage is determined by intrinsic patient factors and extrinsic projectile factors. Management of ballistic injuries has shifted toward advocation for early operative repair with the advent of antibiotics and advanced techniques in maxillofacial reconstruction. Appropriate timing and method of reconstruction should be carefully selected on a case-by-case basis. While ballistic trauma research is limited to studies biased by institutional practices, areas for further study identified from current literature include guidelines directing timing of reconstructive surgery; thresholds for free tissue transfer; handling of retained projectiles; incidence of surgical complications; and clinical outcomes for computer-aided surgical repair of these highly destructive injuries.
Under the veil: women’s economic and marriage rights in Palestine
Authors: Hattab Muayad , Abualrob Mohammad
Published: March 2023

This article considers the debate relating to the implementation of the CEDAW in Palestine, particularly the issues relating to underage marriage and equal inheritance. Both of these issues have caused considerable controversy and opened a wide debate in Palestine due to the patriarchal socio-culture in Palestine, where it is considered that such rights would undermine the interests of the male elite and conflict with the dominance of men over women. Accordingly, the article provides an in-depth analysis of how the interaction of religious teachings, socio-cultural systems, and patriarchal traditions shape the Arab and Palestinian view on gender equality and women’s rights in the modern day. Furthermore, the article examines the influence of religion on the patriarchal and socio-cultural system in determining the efforts that are being made to achieve equality and discusses how the Palestinian authorities, human rights activists, and liberal political parties have not been able to overcome the power of traditional religious scholars and clerics who have a much greater influence and are able to win over public opinion. Our findings reveal that more progressive interpretations of Islam are possible, which in turn allows a fuller embrace of women’s rights. The findings also highlight the role of the Palestinian Authority and feminist groups in changing the mindset of Palestinian society regarding women’s rights and equality, where gradual steps that include economic empowerment, education and public engagement with enlightened scholars must be taken to achieve this change.
Waveguide ECR thruster prototype could lead to significant changes in space propulsion
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: March 2023

Electrodeless thrusters poised to overcome challenges presented by traditional electric thrusters.
Singularity analysis and bilinear approach to some Bogoyavlensky equations
Authors: Carstea A. S.
Published: March 2023

We discuss singularity analysis and bilinear integrability of four Bogoyavlensky differential-difference equations. Three of them are completely integrable, and the fourth is, to our knowledge, a new one. Blending the singularity confinement with the Painlevé property reveals strictly confining and anticonfining (weakly confining) singularity patterns. Strictly confining patterns are extremely useful because they provide the nonlinear substitution needed for Hirota bilinear forms. For the new proposed equation, we also get the bilinear form and multisoliton solution, being a good candidate for a new integrable system. In addition, using the bilinear formalism, we recover integrable time-discretizations of the first three systems.
Combining generalized modeling and specific modeling in the analysis of ecological networks
Authors: Awender Stefan , Wackerbauer Renate , Breed Greg A.
Published: March 2023

The complexity of real food webs involves uncertainty in data and in underlying ecological processes, and modeling approaches deal with these challenges differently. Generalized modeling provides a linear stability analysis without narrow specification of all processes, and conventional dynamical systems models approximate functional forms to discuss trajectories in phase space. This study compares results and ecological interpretations from both methods in four-species ecological networks at steady state. We find that a specific (dynamical systems) model only provides a subset of stability data from the generalized model, which spans many plausible dynamic scenarios, allowing for conflicting results. Nevertheless, both approaches reveal that fixed points become stable when nutrient flows to predators are fettered and even more when the basal growth rate approaches a maximum. The specific model identifies a distinct ecosystem response to bottom-up forcing, the enrichment of lower trophic levels. Enrichment stabilizes a fixed point when basal species are in a resource-deprived environment but destabilizes it if resources become more abundant. The generalized model provides less specific information since infinitely many paths of enrichment are hypothetical. Nevertheless, generalized modeling of ecological systems is a powerful technique that enables a meta analysis of these uncertain complex systems.
Preliminary observation of tungsten-impurity suppression using on-axis ECRH by X-ray crystal spectroscopy in EAST
Authors: Lin Z. C. , Zhang H. M. , Wang F. D. , Bae C. , Fu J. , Shen Y. C. , Dai S. Y. , Lu D. A. , Jin Y. F. , He L. , Wang M. R. , Lin G. L. , Ye K. X. , Wang S. X. , Zhao H. L. , Lyu B.
Published: March 2023

Impurities degrade tokamak plasma confinement by causing energy loss, diluting fuel concentration, and even terminating discharge in some extreme cases. Previously, the suppression effects of impurity accumulation due to on-axis electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) have been studied on Experimental and Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy. However, it is difficult to quantify changes in the tungsten (W) impurity profile since W-line emission in the EUV range cannot be easily resolved. X-ray crystal spectroscopy (XCS) is widely used to measure the ion temperature and rotation velocity of plasmas by using line emission in the soft X-ray range. In addition, the XCS can also be used to study the behavior of impurities. An in situ absolute intensity calibration of tangential XCS was conducted by analyzing calculations and measurements of bremsstrahlung radiation. After obtaining the calibration coefficient, the W44+-ion-density profiles were evaluated using Abel inversion operations and the spectral line of W XLV (W44+, 3.9095 Å). Thus, a direct observation of the W44+-impurity concentration suppressed by ECRH was accomplished. Such W44+-density profiles can be used in the future to analyze W transport in combination with impurity transport codes.
Homogeneous nucleation rate of methane hydrate formation under experimental conditions from seeding simulations
Authors: Grabowska J. , Blazquez S. , Sanz E. , Noya E. G. , Zeron I. M. , Algaba J. , Miguez J. M. , Blas F. J. , Vega C.
Published: March 2023

In this work, we shall estimate via computer simulations the homogeneous nucleation rate for the methane hydrate at 400 bars for a supercooling of about 35 K. The TIP4P/ICE model and a Lennard-Jones center were used for water and methane, respectively. To estimate the nucleation rate, the seeding technique was employed. Clusters of the methane hydrate of different sizes were inserted into the aqueous phase of a two-phase gas–liquid equilibrium system at 260 K and 400 bars. Using these systems, we determined the size at which the cluster of the hydrate is critical (i.e., it has 50% probability of either growing or melting). Since nucleation rates estimated from the seeding technique are sensitive to the choice of the order parameter used to determine the size of the cluster of the solid, we considered several possibilities. We performed brute force simulations of an aqueous solution of methane in water in which the concentration of methane was several times higher than the equilibrium concentration (i.e., the solution was supersaturated). From brute force runs, we infer the value of the nucleation rate for this system rigorously. Subsequently, seeding runs were carried out for this system, and it was found that only two of the considered order parameters were able to reproduce the value of the nucleation rate obtained from brute force simulations. By using these two order parameters, we estimated the nucleation rate under experimental conditions (400 bars and 260 K) to be of the order of log10 (J/(m3 s)) = −7(5).
Disruption event characterization and forecasting in tokamaks
Authors: Sabbagh S. A. , Berkery J. W. , Park Y. S. , Butt J. , Riquezes J. D. , Bak J. G. , Bell R. E. , Delgado-Aparicio L. , Gerhardt S. P. , Ham C. J. , Hollocombe J. , Lee J. W. , Kim J. , Kirk A. , Ko J. , Ko W. H. , Kogan L. , LeBlanc B. P. , Lee J. H. , Thornton A. , Yoon S. W.
Published: March 2023

Disruption prediction and avoidance is a critical need for next-step tokamaks, such as ITER. Disruption Event Characterization and Forecasting (DECAF) research fully automates analysis of tokamak data to determine chains of events that lead to disruptions and to forecast their evolution allowing sufficient time for mitigation or complete avoidance of the disruption. Disruption event chains related to local rotating or global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes and vertical instability are examined with warnings issued for many off-normal physics events, including density limits, plasma dynamics, confinement transitions, and profile variations. Along with Greenwald density limit evaluation, a local radiative island power balance theory is evaluated and compared to the observation of island growth. Automated decomposition and analysis of rotating tearing modes produce physical event chains leading to disruptions. A total MHD state warning model comprised of 15 separate criteria produces a disruption forecast about 180 ms before a standard locked mode detector warning. Single DECAF event analyses have begun on KSTAR, MAST, and NSTX/-U databases with thousands of shot seconds of device operation using from 0.5 to 1 × 106 tested sample times per device. An initial multi-device database comparison illustrates a highly important result that plasma disruptivity does not need to increase as βN increases. Global MHD instabilities, such as resistive wall modes (RWMs), can give the briefest time period of warning before disruption compared to other physics events. In an NSTX database with unstable RWMs, the mode onset, loss of boundary and current control, and disruption event warnings are found in all cases and vertical displacement events are found in 91% of cases. An initial time-dependent reduced physics model of kinetic RWM stabilization created to forecast the disruption chain predicts instability 84% of the time for experimentally unstable cases with a relatively low false positive rate. Instances of the disruption event chain analysis illustrate dynamics including H–L back transitions for rotating MHD and global RWM triggering events. Disruption warnings are issued with sufficient time before the disruption (on transport timescales) to potentially allow active profile control for disruption avoidance, active mode control, or mitigation.
DEHP− extractant binding to trivalent lanthanide Er3+: Fast binding accompanied by concerted angular motions of hydration water
Authors: Liang Zhu , Vo Trung , Schweighofer Karl J. , Benjamin Ilan , Schlossman Mark L.
Published: March 2023

Solvent extraction of trivalent rare earth metal ions by organophosphorus extractants proceeds via binding of phosphoric acid headgroups to the metal ion. Water molecules in the tightly bound first hydration shell of the metal ions must be displaced by oxygen atoms from phosphoric acid headgroups. Here, we use classical molecular dynamics simulations to explore the event in which a fully hydrated Er3+ binds to its first phosphoric acid headgroup. Approach of the headgroup into the region between the first and second hydration shells leads to a fast ejection of a water molecule that is accompanied by reordering of the hydration water molecules, including discretization of their angular positions and collective rotation about the metal ion. The water molecule ejected from the first shell is located diametrically opposite from the binding oxygen. Headgroup binding places a headgroup oxygen closer to Er3+ than its first hydration shell and creates a loosely bound water that subsequently exchanges between the first shell and its environment. This second exchange of water also occurs at discrete angular positions. This geometrical aspect of binding may be of relevance to understanding the binding and transport of ion–extractant complexes that are expected to occur at the organic–aqueous liquid–liquid interface used in solvent extraction processes.
An opto-thermal approach for assembling yeast cells by laser heating of a trapped light absorbing particle
Authors: Zhang Bu , Zhang Xian-Feng , Shao Meng , Meng Chun , Ji Feng , Zhong Min-Cheng
Published: March 2023

Cell assembly has important applications in biomedical research, which can be achieved with laser-heating induced thermal convective flow. In this paper, an opto-thermal approach is developed to assemble the yeast cells dispersed in solution. At first, polystyrene (PS) microbeads are used instead of cells to explore the method of microparticle assembly. The PS microbeads and light absorbing particles (APs) are dispersed in solution and form a binary mixture system. Optical tweezers are used to trap an AP at the substrate glass of the sample cell. Due to the optothermal effect, the trapped AP is heated and a thermal gradient is generated, which induces a thermal convective flow. The convective flow drives the microbeads moving toward and assembling around the trapped AP. Then, the method is used to assemble the yeast cells. The results show that the initial concentration ratio of yeast cells to APs affects the eventual assembly pattern. The binary microparticles with different initial concentration ratios assemble into aggregates with different area ratios. The experiment and simulation results show that the dominant factor in the area ratio of yeast cells in the binary aggregate is the velocity ratio of the yeast cells to the APs. Our work provides an approach to assemble the cells, which has a potential application in the analysis of microbes.
Energetic laser-driven proton beams from near-critical-density double-layer targets under moderate relativistic intensities
Authors: Mei Zhusong , Pan Zhuo , Liu Zhipeng , Xu Shirui , Shou Yinren , Wang Pengjie , Cao Zhengxuan , Kong Defeng , Liang Yulan , Peng Ziyang , Song Tan , Chen Xun , Xu Tianqi , Gao Ying , Chen Shiyou , Zhao Jiarui , Zhao Yanying , Yan Xueqing , Ma Wenjun
Published: March 2023

Double-layer targets composed of near-critical-density carbon nanotube foams (CNFs) and solid foils have shown their advantages in laser-driven ion acceleration under high relativistic intensity. Here, we report the experimental and numerical results on the laser-accelerated proton beams from such targets under moderate relativistic intensities I∼5×1019W/cm2. 40-TW femtosecond laser pulses were used to irradiate CNF-based double-layer targets. Compared to single-layer targets, significant enhancements on the cutoff energy and numbers of ions were observed. It was found that the CNF layer also leads to a larger divergence angle and a more homogeneous spatial distribution profile of the proton beam. Particle-in-cell simulations reveal the reason for the enhanced proton acceleration. It is found that the lateral electric field and the strong magnetic field built by the directly accelerated electrons from the CNF layer contribute to the enlarged divergence angle.
Energy flow in light scattering by a small conducting sphere
Authors: Arnoldus Henk F.
Published: March 2023

Radiation energy scattered by a small particle can be expected to travel from the particle to a detector in the far field along the field lines of the Poynting vector. We consider the scattering off a small conducting sphere, for which only the induced electric and magnetic dipole moments contribute to the emitted radiation. Field lines of the energy flow due to interference between fields radiated by the electric and magnetic dipoles appear to form closed loops in the vicinity of the particle. Energy flows out of the particle at one side and then returns to the particle at the other side, and as such, this energy flow does not contribute to the radiated power. At larger distances, energy flows away from the particle at one side of the particle, but on the other side, radiation flows from infinity toward the particle. The energy for the scattered radiation is provided by the incident field. The energy flow is due to interference between the incident field and the scattered radiation, known as extinction. The flow pattern of this energy exhibits numerous singularities and vortices, and closed-loop flows near the particle. In the far field, energy flows along counter-oriented field line bundles, with only the net power flowing inward.
Time-dependent nuclear-electronic orbital Hartree–Fock theory in a strong uniform magnetic field
Authors: Culpitt Tanner , Peters Laurens D. M. , Tellgren Erik I. , Helgaker Trygve
Published: March 2023

In an ultrastrong magnetic field, with field strength B ≈ B0 = 2.35 × 105 T, molecular structure and dynamics differ strongly from that observed on the Earth. Within the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation, for example, frequent (near) crossings of electronic energy surfaces are induced by the field, suggesting that nonadiabatic phenomena and processes may play a more important role in this mixed-field regime than in the weak-field regime on Earth. To understand the chemistry in the mixed regime, it therefore becomes important to explore non-BO methods. In this work, the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method is employed to study protonic vibrational excitation energies in the presence of a strong magnetic field. The NEO generalized Hartree–Fock theory and time-dependent Hartree–Fock (TDHF) theory are derived and implemented, accounting for all terms that result as a consequence of the nonperturbative treatment of molecular systems in a magnetic field. The NEO results for HCN and FHF− with clamped heavy nuclei are compared against the quadratic eigenvalue problem. Each molecule has three semi-classical modes owing to the hydrogen—two precession modes that are degenerate in the absence of a field and one stretching mode. The NEO-TDHF model is found to perform well; in particular, it automatically captures the screening effects of the electrons on the nuclei, which are quantified through the difference in energy of the precession modes.
RNA foldings, oriented stuck knots, and state sum invariants
Authors: Ceniceros Jose , Elhamdadi Mohamed , Magill Brendan , Rosario Gabriana
Published: March 2023

We extend the quandle cocycle invariant to the context of stuck links. More precisely, we define an invariant of stuck links by assigning Boltzmann weights at both classical and stuck crossings. As an application, we define a single-variable and a two-variable polynomial invariant of stuck links. Furthermore, we define a single-variable and two-variable polynomial invariant of arc diagrams of RNA foldings. We provide explicit computations of the new invariants.
Thermal transport across flat and curved gold–water interfaces: Assessing the effects of the interfacial modeling parameters
Authors: Paniagua-Guerra Luis E. , Ramos-Alvarado Bladimir
Published: March 2023

The present investigation assesses a variety of parameters available in the literature to model gold–water interfaces using molecular dynamics simulations. The study elucidates the challenges of characterizing the solid–liquid affinity of highly hydrophilic gold–water interfaces via wettability. As an alternative, the local pairwise interaction energy was used to describe the solid–liquid affinity of flat and curved surfaces, where for the latter, the calculation of a contact angle becomes virtually impossible. Regarding the heat transfer properties of different interface models (flat and curved), partly conclusive trends were observed between the total pairwise interaction energy and the thermal boundary conductance. It was observed that the solid surface structure, interfacial force field type, and force field parameters created a characteristic bias in the interfacial water molecules (liquid structuring). Consequently, a study of the liquid depletion layer provided better insight into the interfacial heat transfer among different interfaces. By computing the density depletion length, which describes the deficit or surplus of energy carries (water molecules) near the interface, a proper characterization of the thermal boundary conductance was obtained for the different gold–water interfaces. It was observed that the interfacial heat transfer is favored when the water molecules organize in cluster-like structures near the interface, by a surplus of water molecules at the interface, i.e., lower density depletion length, and by the closeness of water to the solid atoms.
Lifting Stokes' paradox by accelerating flow past a circular cylinder and extension of the analysis to the sphere
Authors: Xu Hai-Long , Lei Jie-Chao , Chang Chien-Cheng , Wang Chang-Yi
Published: March 2023

It is known that Stokes' paradox exhibits in various flow conditions, most notably, in flow past a two-dimensional (2D) circular cylinder. In this study, we provide an example through detailed analytical solution that Stokes' paradox can be lifted by accelerating flow past a stationary cylinder. The analysis is also extended to the case of the accelerating flow past a stationary sphere although in this case, there is no Stokes' paradox. The effects of the acceleration parameter on the flow streamlines, the pressure, and the vorticity distributions, as well as on the drag coefficient, are investigated. The drag comprises the potential component and vorticity component, which are further due to form drag and frictional drag receiving a separate investigation. However, the drag decomposition is also examined the viewpoint of the force decomposition: the total drag = the potential component + surface vorticity component + volume vorticity component.
Cavity dynamics of the projectile passing through the ice hole
Authors: Hu Xinyu , Wei Yingjie , Wang Cong , Wang Guilin , Wang Yulin
Published: March 2023

It is of great significance to explore the ocean environment and strategic deployment under the polar ice layer. In this paper, the evolution laws of the water entry cavity of projectiles passing through ice holes with different shapes and sizes are studied, and the motion states of projectiles passing through holes are described. The case of zero-gap contact motion between a projectile and a hole is considered. The results show that the initial resistance drag of the projectile passing through the circular ice hole is the largest in the case of zero-gap contact, and the cavity collapse is serious, while almost no cavity appears at the shoulder of the projectile when passing through the square hole. The intersection of splash crowns is formed at the square and triangular ice holes as the hole size increases, a diffused cavity is formed at the bottom of the hole edge, and the formation of the jet appears multiple times at each stage. Some unique vortices appear near the hole when the projectile passes through the hole. The variations of force and velocity of the projectile passing through the triangular hole are stable, but the velocity drop is the largest.
Ion hole equilibrium and dynamics in one dimension
Authors: Hutchinson I. H.
Published: March 2023

Electrostatic solitary waves with negative potential (ion holes) are analyzed theoretically using a generalization of the treatment recently developed for slow electron holes. It is shown that an often-cited criterion for their existence is mistaken, and they can, in fact, exist for a wide range of ion to electron temperature ratios. Shifts of the hole velocity vh relative to the ion distributions systematically decrease the permitted hole depths, which become extremely small by vh/vti∼2. Ion holes are usually unstably accelerated by electron reflection forces which are calculated numerically and analytically for the resulting asymmetric potential structure. The timescale of this acceleration is proportional to the ion plasma period and generally longer than the ion bounce time in the potential well. Thus, ion holes behave like approximately rigid entities and even when unstable can survive much longer than the typical transit time of a satellite, so as to be observable.
Water adsorption on lead dioxide from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Kubota Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2023

The electrochemically active lead dioxide (β-PbO2) contains the hydrogen (H) species inside the bulk and on the surface. The loss of the surface H species is proposed to be one of the factors in lead-acid battery failure. In this study, water adsorption on β-PbO2 has been investigated using theoretical approaches to reveal the chemical forms of the surface H species and identify a probable cause of H loss mechanisms. For the single water–β-PbO2, density functional theory (DFT) calculations present intact water molecular adsorption on β-PbO2 (100) and dissociative water adsorption on β-PbO2 (110), (101), and (001) surfaces. The geometric distances and the number of hydrogen bonds contribute to the adsorption energy reduction of single water adsorption. For the liquid water–β-PbO2 slab models, DFT-based molecular dynamics simulations observe that the surface lead sites are fully occupied by a hydroxyl group or intact water molecule, and some of the surface oxygens are protonated at 300 K. On the β-PbO2 (110) termination, dissociative water adsorption and intact molecular water adsorption occur competitively, leading to about 50% dissociation of adsorbed water molecules. On the β-PbO2 (100), (101), and (001) terminations, the water molecules adsorb preferably in the dissociative form. The surface dependence of water dissociation is explored in terms of hydrogen bonding interactions relevant to adsorbed aqueous species. It is indicated through the Wulff crystal shape that the increase in the β-PbO2 crystallite size may be one of the H loss mechanisms associated with the electrochemically inactive β-PbO2.
Augmenting astrophysical scaling relations with machine learning: Application to reducing the Sunyaev–Zeldovich flux–mass scatter
Authors: Wadekar Digvijay , Thiele Leander , Villaescusa-Navarro Francisco , Hill J. Colin , Cranmer Miles , Spergel David N. , Battaglia Nicholas , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel , Hernquist Lars , Ho Shirley
Published: March 2023

Complex astrophysical systems often exhibit low-scatter relations between observable properties (e.g., luminosity, velocity dispersion, oscillation period). These scaling relations illuminate the underlying physics, and can provide observational tools for estimating masses and distances. Machine learning can provide a fast and systematic way to search for new scaling relations (or for simple extensions to existing relations) in abstract high-dimensional parameter spaces. We use a machine learning tool called symbolic regression (SR), which models patterns in a dataset in the form of analytic equations. We focus on the Sunyaev-Zeldovich flux−cluster mass relation (YSZ−M), the scatter in which affects inference of cosmological parameters from cluster abundance data. Using SR on the data from the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical simulation, we find a new proxy for cluster mass which combinesYSZand concentration of ionized gas (cgas):M∝Yconc3/5≡YSZ3/5(1 −Acgas).Yconcreduces the scatter in the predictedMby ∼20 − 30% for large clusters (M≳ 1014h−1M⊙), as compared to using justYSZ. We show that the dependence oncgasis linked to cores of clusters exhibiting larger scatter than their outskirts. Finally, we testYconcon clusters from CAMELS simulations and show thatYconcis robust against variations in cosmology, subgrid physics, and cosmic variance. Our results and methodology can be useful for accurate multiwavelength cluster mass estimation from upcoming CMB and X-ray surveys like ACT, SO, eROSITA and CMB-S4.
Delamination from an adhesive sphere: Curvature-induced dewetting versus buckling
Authors: Box Finn , Domino Lucie , Corvo Tiago Outerelo , Adda-Bedia Mokhtar , Démery Vincent , Vella Dominic , Davidovitch Benny
Published: March 2023

Everyday experience confirms the tendency of adhesive films to detach from spheroidal regions of rigid substrates—what is a petty frustration when placing a sticky band aid onto a knee is a more serious matter in the coating and painting industries. Irrespective of their resistance to bending, a key driver of such phenomena is Gauss’
Theorema Egregium
, which implies that naturally flat sheets cannot conform to doubly curved surfaces without developing a strain whose magnitude grows sharply with the curved area. Previous attempts to characterize the onset of curvature-induced delamination, and the complex patterns it gives rise to, assumed a dewetting-like mechanism in which the propensity of two materials to form contact through interfacial energy is modified by an elastic energy penalty. We show that this approach may characterize moderately bendable sheets but fails qualitatively to describe the curvature-induced delamination of ultrathin films, whose mechanics is governed by their propensity to buckle and delaminate partially, under minute levels of compression. Combining mechanical and geometrical considerations, we introduce a minimal model for curvature-induced delamination accounting for the two buckling motifs that underlie partial delamination: shallow “rucks” and localized “folds”. We predict nontrivial scaling rules for the onset of curvature-induced delamination and various features of the emerging patterns, which compare well with experiments. Beyond gaining control on the use of ultrathin adhesives in cutting-edge technologies such as stretchable electronics, our analysis is a significant step toward quantifying the multiscale morphology that emerges upon imposing geometrical and mechanical constraints on highly bendable solid objects.
How to obtain translation equivalence of culturally specific concepts in a target language
Authors: Hamamoto Hideki
Published: March 2023

As is often claimed, “the central problem of translation practice is that of finding target language translation equivalents” (Catford 1965, 21). Translation equivalence occurs when a source language (SL) and a target language (TL) text can be related to the same substance. Therefore, translation failure occurs when a concept in SL cannot be related to the equivalent in TL. Translation failures can be classified into two cases: those where it is impossible to find linguistic equivalence in TL, and those where it is impossible to secure cultural equivalence in TL. This study focuses on the latter, especially how to establish the equivalence of culturally specific concepts from SL to TL. Nobody can understand the meanings of words in a certain culturally specific domain if they do not understand some social institutions, and some history of social practices, in which these words are interpreted. Japanese words sontaku (roughly, surmise) and haragei, (literally, belly art) are examples of those culturally specific concepts. Translating these concepts into a TL text includes the identification of their semantic representation. For this purpose, using frame semantics paves the way. By defining frame elements and relations between them and also by identifying cultural practices, we can have a clear understanding of the concepts, which in turn can be related to the TL terms. It is also worth noting that culture-specific words have varying degrees of untranslatability, which can be defined by comparing synonymous words in terms of the frame semantic approach. This research sheds new light on the method of rendering culturally specific untranslatable concepts exemplified by sontaku and haragei more transparent by drawing on frame semantics.
Translation and EIL in accessible tourism
Authors: Gandin Stefania
Published: March 2023

This paper aims at exploring the potentials and limits of translation and English as International Language as tools of inclusion in accessible tourism. Accessible tourism can be defined as a form of tourism that enables people with access requirements, including mobility, vision, hearing and cognitive dimensions of access, to function independently and with equity and dignity through the delivery of universally designed tourism products, services and environments. This research will try to identify the main linguistic, translational and multimodal features characterising a series of accessible tourism texts in English and Italian, in order to show how translation and English as International Language may increase, or sometimes hinder, the actual level of accessibility and promotional aims of these texts, raise awareness on disability issues and, mostly, contribute effectively to the development of a more inclusive and egalitarian society.
Expanding the English as an International Language paradigm from different native language perspectives
Authors: Calabrese Rita
Published: March 2023

The present paper aims at expanding the English as an International Language (EIL) paradigm and providing new insights into the current status and role of EIL.1 The main focus of the study is on information structuring (IS) in dialogic speech events to show how IS affects the use of particular constructions, namely it-clefts, wh-cleft and topicalisation (left dislocation) which seem to show higher frequency in EIL than in standard English (Biber et al. 1998). For the purpose of this preliminary study, samples of spoken ELF data including private dialogues and academic discussions were selected from the VOICE (Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English) to investigate left-right asymmetries in EIL interactions, which is an area still lacking of attention with respect to lexical and other phrasal phenomena.
Tuberculosis Vaccines for Cattle
Authors: Blanco Federico , Sabio y García Julia , Bigi Fabiana
Published: March 2023

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by
Mycobacterium bovis
that mainly affects cattle. The traditional bTB control strategy is to slaughter animals positive for the official diagnostic test. This method, however, may not be economically feasible in developing countries and is less effective when cattle are in contact with wildlife reservoirs of infection. In these scenarios, cattle vaccination could be an important strategy to control bTB.

In this review, we describe the diversified vaccine development against bTB and identify gaps in current knowledge. We discuss progress made in live attenuated (including BCG), inactivated and subunit vaccines tested in preclinical models and field trials. We also provide an overview of existing knowledge in the correlates and biomarkers of protection after vaccination against bTB, as well as the most recent advances in the understanding of the protective immune response against tuberculosis.

The similarities between the mechanisms of the immune protection elicited by humans and cattle against TB and bTB, respectively, make any advance in human TB and bTB vaccines mutually beneficial. In accordance with the One Health concept, this mutual benefit is expected to progress in the future.
Liquation crack-free welding strategy for 247LC DS superalloy by control of pipeline diffusion via ultra-high-speed laser beam scanning
Authors: Chun Eun-Joon , Jeong Ye-Seon , Kim Kyeong-Min , Seo Seong-Moon , Kang Heeshin
Published: March 2023

Under completely suppressed constitutional liquation of MC carbide, unexplored 247LC superalloy single-mode fibre laser welds experience unexpected liquation cracking. These cracks continuously propagate from a solidification crack, particularly at highly misoriented and epitaxially grown solidification grain boundaries, and dominated by pipeline diffusion of impurities. Two novel metallurgical preconditions were identified which, if satisfied, ensure complete suppression of liquation cracking of 247LC superalloy welds. These preconditions are (i) the constitutional liquation of MC carbide at the heat-affected zone and (ii) pipeline diffusion of impurities at the fusion zone. It is also highly recommended that the welding is carried out in a single directionally solidified grain under scanning conditions, avoiding the formation of highly misoriented solidification grain boundaries.
ADAD2 interacts with RNF17 in P-bodies to repress the Ping-pong cycle in pachytene piRNA biogenesis
Authors: Xiong Mengneng , Yin Lisha , Gui Yiqian , Lv Chunyu , Ma Xixiang , Guo Shuangshuang , Wu Yanqing , Feng Shenglei , Fan Xv , Zhou Shumin , Wang Lingjuan , Wen Yujiao , Wang Xiaoli , Xie Qingzhen , Namekawa Satoshi H. , Yuan Shuiqiao
Published: March 2023

Pachytene piRNA biogenesis is a hallmark of the germline, distinct from another wave of pre-pachytene piRNA biogenesis with regard to the lack of a secondary amplification process known as the Ping-pong cycle. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and the venue for the suppression of the Ping-pong cycle remain elusive. Here, we showed that a testis-specific protein, ADAD2, interacts with a TDRD family member protein RNF17 and is associated with P-bodies. Importantly, ADAD2 directs RNF17 to repress Ping-pong activity in pachytene piRNA biogenesis. The P-body localization of RNF17 requires the intrinsically disordered domain of ADAD2. Deletion of Adad2 or Rnf17 causes the mislocalization of each other and subsequent Ping-pong activity derepression, secondary piRNAs overproduced, and disruption of P-body integrity at the meiotic stage, thereby leading to spermatogenesis arrested at the round spermatid stage. Collectively, by identifying the ADAD2-dependent mechanism, our study reveals a novel function of P-bodies in suppressing Ping-pong activity in pachytene piRNA biogenesis.
Fine-tune TMEM11 to unleash basal mitophagy
Authors: McWilliams Thomas G.
Published: March 2023

When mitochondrial damage threatens to disrupt cell and tissue homeostasis, selective autophagy (mitophagy) provides an important route to neutralize dysfunctional organelles. Whilst we understand much about stress-induced mitophagy, steady-state and spatial mechanisms remain elusive. In this issue, Gok et al. (2023. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202204021) reveal an unexpected role for TMEM11 in mitophagy regulation.
Coupled Ferroelectricity and Correlated States in a Twisted Quadrilayer MoS2 Moiré Superlattice
Authors: Wu Fanfan , Li Lu , Xu Qiaoling , Liu Le , Yuan Yalong , Zhao Jiaojiao , Huang Zhiheng , Zan Xiaozhou , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Shi Dongxia , Xian Lede , Yang Wei , Du Luojun , Zhang Guangyu
Published: March 2023

Moiré superlattices have emerged as a highly controllable quantum platform for exploration of various fascinating phenomena, such as Mott insulator states, ferroelectric order, unconventional superconductivity and orbital ferromagnetism. Although remarkable progress has been achieved, current research in moiré physics has mainly focused on the single species properties, while the coupling between distinct moiré quantum phenomena remains elusive. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the strong coupling between ferroelectricity and correlated states in a twisted quadrilayer MoS2 moiré superlattice, where the twist angles are controlled in sequence to be ∼ 57°, ∼ 0°, and ∼ –57°. Correlated insulator states are unambiguously established at moiré band filling factors v = 1, 2, 3 of twisted quadrilayer MoS2. Remarkably, ferroelectric order can occur at correlated insulator states and disappears quickly as the moiré band filling deviates from the integer fillings, providing smoking gun evidences of the coupling between ferroelectricity and correlated states. Our results demonstrate the coupling between different moiré quantum properties and will hold great promise for new moiré physics and applications.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of single nanosecond discharges in air with water droplets
Authors: Hamdan Ahmad , Dorval Audren
Published: March 2023

Discharges generated in water or water-containing media have great potential for various technological applications. However, a fundamental understanding of plasma–liquid interactions, particularly the ignition and propagation of a discharge in a gap containing liquid droplets, is lacking. This study investigates the electrical characteristics and the spatial-temporal dynamics of nanosecond discharges in air containing one or two millimetric droplets of deionized water. Analysis of the effects of voltage amplitude (V
a) and pulse width on the discharge mode shows that at low V
a, the discharges are run in streamer mode; however, at high V
a, a streamer-to-spark transition is observed. Although the droplet size (diameter between 2 and 4 mm) does not significantly influence the discharge dynamics, its position with respect to the gap (on- or off-axis) has a strong effect. Time-resolved imaging of three droplet configurations (one on-axis droplet, one off-axis droplet, and two on-axis droplets) was used to unveil the ignition and propagation dynamics of streamers and sparks at nanosecond time scale. The findings are of interest and contribute to a better understanding of` the plasma–droplet interactions, which is crucial for the development and optimization of plasma-based applications.
Signal accumulation in problems with constraints and its application to real-life magnetometry
Authors: Piatkin Danila , Shterenberg Roman
Published: March 2023

We consider the method of signal accumulation for problems with natural constraints. We focus on the case when the constraint has the implicit form of the type

∥

x

∥
=
C

with the unknown constant C to be determined as part of the problem solution. The construction and derivation are carried out based on application to the real-life magnetometry problems related to public security systems.
Vanadium MXenes materials for next-generation energy storage devices
Authors: Sijuade Ayomide Adeola , Eze Vincent Obiozo , Arnett Natalie Y , Okoli Okenwa I
Published: March 2023

Batteries and supercapacitors have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage technologies. The rapid development of new two-dimensional (2D) electrode materials indicates a new era in energy storage devices. MXenes are a new type of layered 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides that have drawn much attention because of their excellent electrical conductivity, electrochemical and hydrophilic properties, large surface area, and attractive topological structure. This review focuses on various synthesis methods to prepare vanadium carbide MXenes with and without etchants like hydrofluoric acid, lithium fluoride, and hydrochloric acid to remove the ‘A’ layers of the MAX phase. The goal is to demonstrate the utilization of a less toxic etching method to achieve MXenes of comparable properties to those prepared by traditional methods. The influence of intercalation on the effect of high interlayer spacing between the MXene layers and the performance of MXenes as supercapacitor and battery electrodes is also addressed in this review. Lastly, the gaps in the current knowledge for vanadium carbide MXenes in synthesis, scalability, and utilization in more energy storage devices were discussed.
Iron and nitrogen co-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen reduction
Authors: Sun Shanfu , Yin Zhiyuan , Li Songlin , Liu Ruiqi , Sun Guopan , Wang Yinglin , Hao Xidong , Cheng Pengfei
Published: March 2023

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with one-dimensional nanostructure are an ideal support for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts thanks to their intrinsic outstanding electrical conductivity and high specific surface area. Iron and nitrogen doping could alter the local electronic structure and therefore enhance the ORR activity of MWCNTs, but the preparation process always includes complicated growth conditions and post-treatment. Herein, an iron and nitrogen co-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe–N-MWCNTs) with hierarchical nanostructure is engineered and synthesized via a simple two-step pyrolysis approach. Large specific surface area, low resistivity, and intensified charge density near the Fermi level synergistically endow the Fe–N-MWCNTs with outstanding ORR activity. The optimal Fe–N-MWCNTs exhibit a higher onset potential value of 0.92 V (versus RHE) and half-wave potential (E
1/2) of 0.85 V (versus RHE) in 0.1 M KOH medium, which exceeds the benchmark Pt/C electrocatalyst (E
1/2 = 0.84 V). This strategy of modifying MWCNTs support by a simple calcination process provides a feasible method to prepare cost-efficient ORR electrocatalysts.