bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“You have to do something”: Snoring, sleep interembodiment and the emergence of agency
Authors: Zarhin Dana
Published: July 2020

Although the sociology of sleep is a growing subfield, little is known about agency in the context of sleep. This article contributes to the sociological literature by showing how different types of agency emerge as a result of sleep interembodiment (i.e., experiencing sleep partners’ bodies as intertwined). The study draws on qualitative data generated through in‐depth interviews with 70 snorers and 20 sleep partners of snorers. Interviews were conducted in Israel and were analysed following constructivist grounded theory principles. Results indicate that two types of agency coexist and, in fact, co‐constitute one another: The first type, herein termedmaterial agency,reflects the post‐humanist tradition, which conceptualizes agents as entities (whether human or nonhuman) that alter a state of affairs by making a difference in another agent's action. This type of agency exists in both wakefulness and throughout periods of sleep, as the snorer’s body acts and interacts with a partner's body in ways that engender significant change in their lives, relationships, and actions. In contrast, the second type, herein termedreflexive agency, reflects the humanist tradition, which regards agency as individuals' creative and assertive capacities motivated by intentionality and reflexivity. This type of agency declines significantly during stages of deep sleep but re‐emerges in response to partners' actions. The article adds to the literature by refining the concept of agency and elucidating its relationship to both accountability and interembodiment. In addition, the article provides much‐needed empirical evidence showing how “personal responsibility” for health, as required by neoliberal discourses, is invoked within families, specifically with regard to sleep. This study therefore shows how certain macro‐level structures of neoliberalism are enacted and reinforced within micro‐level interactions.
Unravelling the relationship between aroma compounds and consumer acceptance: Coffee as an example
Authors: Mahmud M M Chayan , Shellie Robert A. , Keast Russell
Published: July 2020

Sensory analysis is a key method to assess flavor quality and to characterize consumer preference and acceptance, whereas instrumental analysis helps to identify flavor compounds. The combination of sensory analysis and instrumental analysis provides a platform for revealing key flavor compounds associated with consumer liking. This review discusses sensory evaluation, aroma analysis, and separation techniques using coffee as a central theme where possible to explore the aforementioned techniques. Emerging statistical methodologies are discussed along with their role in tying together discrete studies to reveal important flavor compounds that are either positively or negatively associated with consumer liking. Coffee is very widely studied, a fact that may be partially ascribed to its immense popularity in modern society. To this end, more than 100 sensory lexicons have been developed and implemented to describe specific coffee characteristics and around 1,000 volatile compounds have been identified in coffee. As a remarkably complex sample coffee has provided substantial impetus for adoption of new analytical approaches such as multidimensional separation technologies. This review describes common and emerging analytical techniques that have been employed for coffee analysis, with a particular emphasis placed on those associated with determination of volatile compounds. A comprehensive list of volatile compounds reported in coffee from 1959–2014 is included herein.
Understanding childhood injuries in rural areas: Using Rural Acute Hospital Data Register to address previous data deficiencies
Authors: Peck Blake , Terry Daniel R , Kloot Kate
Published: July 2020

Objective

The state of childhood injury in rural areas of Victoria is poorly understood. Currently only data on those children transferred from smaller hospital settings to larger settings appear in existing government datasets, significantly underestimating the characteristics of injury.

Methods

Detailed emergency presentation data (Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset [VEMD] and non‐VEMD) that makes up the Rural Acute Hospital Data Register database was collected and compared among children (aged 0–14 years) who have a principal diagnosis of injury.

Results

Of the 8647 episodes of care identified for injured children aged 0–14 years, 3257 children were managed initially at smaller hospitals that do not report episode data to existing datasets.

Conclusions

The Rural Acute Hospital Data Register database captures the presentations at low‐resource sites and highlights as much as a 35% deficit in the data that is currently available to inform injury prevention and safety initiatives in Victoria.
Safer coalmines, happier, healthier and more engaged canaries
Authors: Bonning John , Palmer Didier , Skinner Clare , MacDonald Andrew
Published: July 2020

Addressing and limiting burnout and its significant impacts on emergency physicians is an important and ongoing challenge, requiring much more than a focus on individual resilience. This is a key understanding which guides and informs the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine's holistic approach and advocacy efforts when it comes to the wellness of emergency physicians and the health systems in which they operate.
Clinical and ethical aspects of palliative sedation with propofol—A retrospective quantitative and qualitative study
Authors: Fredheim Olav M. , Skulberg Ingeborg M. , Magelssen Morten , Steine Siri
Published: July 2020

Background

The anesthetic propofol is often mentioned as a drug that can be used in palliative sedation. The existing literature of how to use propofol in palliative sedation is scarce, with lack of information about how propofol could be initiated for palliative sedation, doses and treatment outcomes.

Aim

To describe the patient population, previous and concomitant medication, and clinical outcome when propofol was used for palliative sedation.

Methods

A retrospective study with quantitative and qualitative data. All patients who during a 4.5‐year period received propofol for palliative sedation at the Department of palliative medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Norway were included.

Results

Fourteen patients were included. In six patients the main indication for palliative sedation was pain, in seven dyspnoea and in one delirium. In eight of these cases propofol was chosen because of the pharmacokinetic properties (rapid effect), and in the remaining cases propofol was chosen because midazolam in spite of dose titration failed to provide sufficient symptom relief. In all patients sedation and adequate symptom control was achieved during manual dose titration. During the maintenance phase three of 14 patients had spontaneous awakenings. At death, propofol doses ranged from 60 to 340 mg/hour.

Conclusions

Severe suffering at the end of life can be successfully treated with propofol for palliative sedation. This can be performed in palliative medicine wards, but skilled observation and dose titration throughout the period of palliative sedation is necessary. Successful initial sedation does not guarantee uninterrupted sedation until death.

Editorial Comment

In palliative care, some patients at the end of life can reach a stage where there have been maximal analgesic and or anxiolytic treatments though without achieving comfort in the awake state. This report describes and discusses use of propofol in these infrequent cases to relieve suffering as part of palliative care.
“Threatening Others”: National Identity and Group Threats Predict Immigration Policy
Authors: Molina Ludwin E. , Preddie Justin
Published: July 2020

The present research examines the relationship between national identity, perceived group threats, and immigration policy. Across two studies, we examine how patriotism (an arguably critical form of national identity) and nationalism (an ethnocentric and dominance‐oriented form of national identity) predict strong stances on immigration policy (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, does the inclusion of symbolic threat (Studies 1 and 2) and realistic threat (Study 2) decrease the relationship between different forms of national identity and immigration policy? One of the key findings across the two studies is that symbolic threat reduces the relationship between nationalism and immigration policy but not between patriotism and immigration policy. The findings extend previous research by providing evidence that symbolic threat (e.g., immigrants are changing what it means to be American) underpins the relationship between nationalism and immigration policy.
Neuropathological profile of long‐duration amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in military Veterans
Authors: Spencer Keith R. , Foster Zachariah W. , Rauf Nazifa Abdul , Guilderson Latease , Collins Derek , Averill James G. , Walker Sean E. , Robey Ian , Cherry Jonathan D. , Alvarez Victor E. , Huber Bertrand R. , McKee Ann C. , Kowall Neil W. , Brady Christopher B. , Stein Thor D.
Published: July 2020

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting both the upper and lower motor neurons. Although ALS typically leads to death within 3 to 5 years after initial symptom onset, approximately 10% of patients with ALS live more than 10 years after symptom onset. We set out to determine similarities and differences in clinical presentation and neuropathology in persons with ALS with long vs. those with standard duration. Participants were United States military Veterans with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of ALS (n = 179), dichotomized into standard duration (<10 years) and long‐duration (≥10 years). The ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised (ALSFRS‐R) was administered at study entry and semi‐annually thereafter until death. Microglial density was determined in a subset of participants. long‐duration ALS occurred in 76 participants (42%) with a mean disease duration of 16.3 years (min/max = 10.1/42.2). Participants with long‐duration ALS were younger at disease onset (P = 0.002), had a slower initial ALS symptom progression on the ALSFRS‐R (P < 0.001) and took longer to diagnose (P < 0.002) than standard duration ALS. Pathologically, long‐duration ALS was associated with less frequent TDP‐43 pathology (P < 0.001). Upper motor neuron degeneration was similar; however, long‐duration ALS participants had less severe lower motor neuron degeneration at death (P < 0.001). In addition, the density of microglia was decreased in the corticospinal tract (P = 0.017) and spinal cord anterior horn (P = 0.009) in long‐duration ALS. Notably, many neuropathological markers of ALS were similar between the standard and long‐duration groups and there was no difference in the frequency of known ALS genetic mutations. These findings suggest that the lower motor neuron system is relatively spared in long‐duration ALS and that pathological progression is likely slowed by as yet unknown genetic and environmental modifiers.
The effect of a 2‐mm inter‐implant distance on esthetic outcomes in immediately non‐occlusally loaded platform shifted implants in healed ridges: 12‐month results of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Rivara Federico , Macaluso Guido Maria , Toffoli Andrea , Calciolari Elena , Goldoni Matteo , Lumetti Simone
Published: July 2020

Background

Three millimeter is considered as the minimum distance to obtain soft and bone tissue stability in case of adjacent implants. The possibility to preserve peri‐implant bone level using a platform switching connection has questioned this concept.

Purpose

The study evaluates soft tissue maintenance and marginal bone stability around implants, placed at 2 or 3 mm of distance.

Materials and methods

Thirty patients received two immediately loaded implants either at 2‐mm (test) or at 3‐mm (control) of distance in the premolar area. Soft tissue esthetics (papilla height and fill, keratinized tissue, recession) and radiographic peri‐implant bone level changes were measured at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results

No significant differences between the two groups were detected neither for all soft tissue esthetic outcomes nor for bone level modifications up to 12 months.

Conclusion

The results suggested that up to 12 months post‐loading, both 2‐ and 3‐mm inter‐distance platform‐switched implants in healed site, supported adequate esthetic outcomes and peri‐implant bone stability.
TTF‐1, napsin A and CDX2 co‐expression in metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma to the lung
Authors: Li Wencheng , Cohen Michael B.
Published: July 2020

In this correspondence, the authors reported a metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma to the lung with aberrant immunohistochemistry profiles. The authors conclude that interpretation of immunohistochemical staining should be in conjunction with clinical history, morphology and molecular results.
Refugee livelihoods: a comparative analysis of Nairobi and Kakuma Camp in Kenya
Authors: Omata Naohiko
Published: July 2020

The quantity of literature on the livelihoods of refugees is increasing, yet there is a lack of comparative analysis of their strategies in this regard vis‐à‐vis their host communities and living locations. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in the city of Nairobi and Kakuma Camp in Kenya in 2016–17, this paper narrows the gap by presenting an examination of the economic activities in which refugees in different contexts engage, and highlighting some of the institutional factors that distinguish refugees' economic lives from those of members of the host community. The findings suggest that while some Kenyans are encumbered by challenges comparable to those faced by refugees, the myriad political, legal, and policy factors that characterise refugeehood are nonetheless particular in the ways that they influence livelihoods. By emphasising the multiple actors and aspects that shape refugees' economic strategies, this paper also reveals the political economy within which refugee livelihoods are embedded.
The Disaster Adaptation and Resilience Scale: development and validation of an individual‐level protection measure
Authors: First Jennifer M. , Yu Mansoo , Houston J. Brian
Published: July 2020

Given the increasing threat of disasters in the United States and elsewhere around the world, well‐tested assessment tools that operationalise specific protective factors associated with adaptation and resilience to such events are needed. Consequently, the authors proposed, developed, and validated the Disaster Adaptation and Resilience Scale (DARS) to measure five domains found to support adaptive responses in individuals exposed to disasters: physical resources; social resources; problem‐solving; distress regulation; and optimism. The development and validation processes of DARS occurred across two studies: the first comprised construct development, item generation, and expert review, whereas the second involved a full validation evaluation of the psychometric properties of the scale in a sample of adults exposed to a disaster in the US (N=625). The results revealed that DARS had psychometric properties that support its use among adults experiencing a disaster. A discussion is presented on how the scale can be employed in both research and practice.
Benefits of the fixed‐ratio combination of insulin glargine 100 units/mL and lixisenatide (iGlarLixi) in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup and time‐to‐control analysis of the LixiLan JP phase 3 trials
Authors: Terauchi Yasuo , Yabe Daisuke , Kaneto Hideaki , Amano Atsushi , Baxter Mike , Watanabe Daisuke , Watada Hirotaka , Inagaki Nobuya
Published: July 2020

Aims

To explore the impact of baseline characteristics on clinical outcomes in the phase 3 LixiLan JP trials which evaluated the efficacy and safety of iGlarLixi, a titratable fixed‐ratio combination of insulin glargine 100 units/mL (iGlar) and GLP‐1 RA lixisenatide (Lixi), vs Lixi (JP‐O1, NCT02749890) or iGlar (LixiLan JP‐O2, NCT02752828; JP‐L, NCT02752412) in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs; JP‐O1, JP‐O2) or OADs and basal insulin (JP‐L).

Materials and methods

Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change from baseline to week 26 was assessed within patient subgroups. Subgroups were defined by dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor use at screening (JP‐O1, JP‐O2 only), baseline HbA1c (<8%, ≥8%), baseline BMI (<25, ≥25 kg/m2) and age (<65, ≥65 years). Incidences of hypoglycaemia (baseline HbA1c, BMI and age subgroups) and gastrointestinal disorders (age subgroup) were evaluated over 52 (JP‐O1) or 26 weeks (JP‐O2, JP‐L). Time to control (first HbA1c <7% or fasting plasma glucose [FPG] ≤130 mg/dL; JP‐O2 only) was also assessed.

Results

HbA1c reductions were consistently greater with iGlarLixi vs iGlar or Lixi across all subgroups, and iGlarLixi was equally effective in all subgroups. Incidences of documented symptomatic hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose ≤3.9 mmol/L) were higher with iGlarLixi vs Lixi and generally comparable with iGlar. Across age subgroups, incidences of gastrointestinal disorders with iGlarLixi were higher vs iGlar, but lower vs Lixi. Median time to HbA1c or FPG control was shorter with iGlarLixi vs iGlar.

Conclusions

iGlarLixi was consistently effective across all baseline characteristic subgroups, with more patients achieving glycaemic control vs iGlar early in treatment.
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: The impact of self‐amplifying innate and adaptive immune responses and future prospects of targeted therapies
Authors: Fetter Tanja , Wenzel Joerg
Published: July 2020

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease encompassing a broad spectrum of skin conditions including localized plaques or widespread lesions, which may be accompanied by systemic involvement (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)). The disease is characterized by necroptotic keratinocytes and a cytotoxic immune cell infiltrate at the dermo‐epidermal junction (DEJ), orchestrated by interferon (IFN)‐regulated proinflammatory cytokines. Molecular analyses revealed a strong upregulation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in lesional skin including DNA‐recognition pathways, chemokine signalling, antigen presentation and B‐ and T‐cell activation, which are believed to interact in a complex self‐amplifying network. Concerning adaptive immune signalling, particularly B cells are currently being studied as there is growing evidence for additional abilities besides autoantibody expression in skin autoimmunity. These detailed insights have paved the way for the development of drugs targeting crucial molecules of pathogenic immune cells and pathways. Moreover, they forwarded the understanding of distinct molecular mechanisms within CLE subtypes, which might enable a more mechanism‐directed, stratified pharmacotherapy of LE skin lesions in the future.
If it’s not one thing, HIF’s another: immunoregulation by hypoxia inducible factors in disease
Authors: Hammond Ffion R. , Lewis Amy , Elks Philip M.
Published: July 2020

Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) have emerged in recent years as critical regulators of immunity. Localised, low oxygen tension is a hallmark of inflamed and infected tissues. Subsequent myeloid cell HIF stabilisation plays key roles in the innate immune response, alongside emerging oxygen‐independent roles. Manipulation of regulatory proteins of the HIF transcription factor family can profoundly influence inflammatory profiles, innate immune cell function and pathogen clearance and, as such, has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy against inflammatory diseases. The direction and mode of HIF manipulation as a therapy are dictated by the inflammatory properties of the disease in question, with innate immune cell HIF reduction being, in general, advantageous during chronic inflammatory conditions, while upregulation of HIF is beneficial during infections. The therapeutic potential of targeting myeloid HIFs, both genetically and pharmacologically, has been recently illuminated in vitro and in vivo, with an emerging range of inhibitory and activating strategies becoming available. This review focuses on cutting edge findings that uncover the roles of myeloid cell HIF signalling on immunoregulation in the contexts of inflammation and infection and explores future directions of potential therapeutic strategies.
Effect of heat treatment at the temperature above β‐transus on the microstructures and fatigue properties of pure Ti
Authors: Uematsu Yoshihiko , Huang Ching An , Kakiuchi Toshifumi , Mizutani Yoshiki , Nakajima Masaki
Published: July 2020

Commercially pure Ti (CP‐Ti) was heat treated at 1273 K (1000°C), which was higher than β‐transus temperature, followed by water quenching. The dwell time at 1000°C was changed from 1 to 240 h. The heat treatment at 1000°C resulted in α grain coarsening, whereas martensitic transformation occurred due to the rapid cooling from β phase. The hardness increased by the martensitic transformation, where higher hardness was achieved by longer dwell time at 1000°C. However, the fatigue strengths of the heat‐treated CP‐Ti were lower than that of the as‐received one. The fatigue strength of the specimen with the shortest dwell time of 1 h was the lowest among the heat‐treated samples with different dwell times. Untransformed coarse α grains were seen in the heat‐treated specimens, which resulted in the lower fatigue crack initiation resistance and fatigue strength than the as‐received specimen.
Navigating uncertainty, employment and women’s safety during COVID‐19: Reflections of sexual assault resistance educators
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Margaret , Smith Holly
Published: July 2020

COVID‐19 affects women in ways unique to the impacts of structural inequalities related to gender, sexuality, disability, race and socioeconomic status. In this article, we reflect on our own experiences of the pandemic, as feminist students, workers and sexual assault resistance educators located in a Canadian post‐secondary setting. Situating ourselves within feminist responses to sexual violence prevention, as facilitators of the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, and Act (EAAA) sexual assault resistance education programme for university women, we reflect on the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on our work as EAAA facilitators in our Canadian university. We explore the theoretical possibilities that critical disability theory and queer theory present to the EAAA programme, and argue that incorporating concepts from these frameworks will complement the goals of the EAAA programme and improve inclusivity of queer, trans and disabled participants. We conclude with a look into the future by anticipating the impacts of COVID‐19 on our future work.
Enabling ‘citizen voice’ in the English health and social care system: A national survey of the organizational structures, relationships and impacts of local Healthwatch in England
Authors: Zoccatelli Giulia , Desai Amit , Martin Graham , Brearley Sally , Murrels Trevor , Robert Glenn
Published: July 2020

Background

Local Healthwatch have been operating since 2013 as ‘consumer champions’ in health and social care in England. There is little evidence about how they operate and the daily practices through which they seek to represent citizen views and influence others.

Objective

To explore (a) the current organizational arrangements, relationships and impact of local Healthwatch in England, and (b) to what extent do these vary across local Healthwatch organizations.

Design

An online survey of all 150 local Healthwatch in England between December 2018 and January 2019. The survey comprised 47 questions and used a combination of closed‐ and open‐response questions.

Results

We received responses from 96 local Healthwatch (68% response rate). Most local Healthwatch reported that they are ‘independent’ organizations that only do Healthwatch‐related work (58.3%) and are funded through a contract (79.2%). Budget cuts have affected four‐fifths of local Healthwatch (79.3%) since 2013. Three‐quarters (74%) of local Healthwatch currently receive funding external to that provided by their local authority for their Healthwatch functions. Most Healthwatch engage with only one CCG (56.3%), one mental health trust (82.3%) and one community health trust (62.5%), though 59.4% engage with more than one hospital trust. Healthwatch respondents overwhelmingly reported impacts that were local in nature.

Conclusions

Geographical and historical factors, the quality and quantity of their relationships with stakeholders, and different funding arrangements all contribute to high variability in the structure and activities of local Healthwatch and to shaping the nature of their work and impact across England.
Inactivation efficacy of plasma‐activated water: influence of plasma treatment time, exposure time and bacterial species
Authors: Zhao Yi‐Ming , Ojha Shikha , Burgess Catherine M. , Sun Da‐Wen , Tiwari Brijesh K.
Published: July 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of plasma treatment time, bacterial exposure time to PAW and bacterial species on the inactivation efficacy of plasma‐activated water (PAW), with additional investigation of the inactivation mechanisms of PAW. Six bacterial species, including Listeria innocua, Staphyloccus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Shewanella putrefaciens and Aeromonas hydrophila were selected as the representative bacteria. The initial bacterial concentration was around 7 log CFU ml−1 after mixing with PAW, and the inactivation efficacy was measured after different exposure times during the 4 °C storage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the bacteria after PAW treatment were carried out to inspect the cell structure damage, and physicochemical properties of PAW, including pH, conductivity and long‐living reactive species of H2O2, , and , were examined. The results showed that the inactivation efficacy of PAW was positively correlated with plasma treatment time and bacterial exposure time, and for the species examined in this study, the Gram‐negative species were more sensitive to PAW than the Gram‐positive species. Cell structure damage, including shrinkage, distortion, or holes, was observed after PAW treatment. The pH of PAW was acidified to 2.5–2.9, and conductivity was significantly increased to 518.0 μs cm−1. and H2O2 were reduced during the 48 h storage, while an increased concentration was observed for . This study demonstrated that the processing parameters of plasma treatment time, exposure time and characteristics of bacteria can significantly affect the inactivation efficacy of PAW.
Comparison between coagulation factor VIII quantified with one‐stage activity assay and with mass spectrometry in haemophilia A patients: Proof of principle
Authors: Donners Anouk A. M. T. , van Maarseveen Erik M. , Weetink Yrea R. J. , El Amrani Mohsin , Fischer Kathelijn , Rademaker Carin M. A. , Egberts Toine C. G. , Huisman Albert , Musson Ruben E. A.
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Haemophilia A is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency. As biomarker, FVIII activity is used to classify disease severity and to monitor treatment. The one‐stage clotting assay (OSA) is performed to measure FVIII activity, but OSA's limitations may result in misclassification of disease severity or suboptimal monitoring of treatment. Measurement of FVIII plasma concentration with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) might overcome these challenges. The objective is to investigate the correlation between FVIII activity and concentration, and determinants for differences between the two methods.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, all haemophilia A patients receiving standard‐of‐care were eligible for inclusion. Within the activity categories of <1 IU/dL, 1‐5 IU/dL, >5‐40 IU/dL, >40‐150 IU/dL and >150‐600 IU/dL, we randomly selected 15‐20 plasma samples and compared FVIII concentration (LC‐MS/MS) to FVIII activity (OSA) with linear regression and Bland‐Altman analysis. Potential determinants for differences were analysed with linear regression.

Results

Inclusion was 87 samples. Bland‐Altman analysis demonstrated an overall mean difference of −1% with an SD of 64% between the two methods. Large differences were correlated with the presence of anti‐FVIII antibodies (133% [95% CI: 81, 185] n = 5) and use of exogenous FVIII products (−37% [95% CI: −65,‐9] n = 58), for example plasma‐derived and B‐domain–modified FVIII products.

Conclusions

Despite good overall correlation between the two methods, relative differences were large, especially for samples with anti‐FVIII antibodies or exogenous FVIII products. These differences may have clinical impact. More research is needed to determine the value of FVIII plasma concentration in comparison with FVIII activity.
Do ‘child‐friendly’ countries contribute to child satisfaction? A comparative study of OECD countries
Authors: Tarshish Noam
Published: July 2020

Child‐friendliness is a new concept in the research literature. Derived from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, it assesses different nations’ commitment to the aspects of children’s rights: both self‐determination and nurturance and care. Since the concept is still in its infancy, there is a need to study the associations between child‐friendliness and the subjective well‐being of children in a comparative perspective. Accordingly, the present study compares country rankings in the Child‐Friendliness Index (CFI) with country scores in the Global Domain Satisfaction Index (GDSI) in a sample of ten OECD countries. Results show that there is no association between the adapted GDSI score and the CFI. However, the self‐determination sub‐index and specifically participation in the personal domain are found correlated with GDSI domains. Moreover, countries can be grouped into different clusters: Nordic, Mediterranean, European, Asian.

Key Practitioner Message: • There was no apparent association between the adapted GDSI score and the Child‐Friendliness Index (CFI) rank; • The CFI self‐determination sub‐index and participation in the personal domain specifically were found to be correlated with GDSI domains; • Countries may be grouped into different clusters when looking at their GDSI score and CFI rank: Nordic, Mediterranean, European, Asian.
Two‐year follow‐up of a community based Prostate Cancer Assessment Clinic for BME men
Authors: McAllister B.J. , Sherwood B.T.
Published: July 2020

A 2‐year follow‐up of a community based prostate cancer assessment service was carried out to assess the overall prostate cancer detection rates, along with the compliance rates for annual PSA surveillance. Using data collected during the clinic, we were able to audit PSA surveillance patterns and referrals via GPs to assess the ongoing impact of the service. The majority of attendees had PSA testing at least once via their GP in the 2 years following clinic attendance. A proportion had rising PSA triggering referral to the Urology service for further investigation, resulting in further diagnoses of prostate cancer. While the ongoing surveillance levels were not as high as we would have liked, we have been able to demonstrate that attendance at the community based service has resulted in an overall increase of levels of PSA testing via GP surgeries. A limitation in GP software has been identified which may be a factor in reduced surveillance rates. This 2‐year audit has demonstrated that the service was successful in achieving its dual aims of accurately assessing the detection rate of prostate cancer among attendees, and compliance with surveillance PSA testing post clinic.
Fat grafting and platelet‐rich plasma for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A feasibility‐randomised controlled trial
Authors: Smith Oliver J. , Leigh Richard , Kanapathy Muholan , Macneal Peter , Jell Gavin , Hachach‐Haram Nadine , Mann Haroon , Mosahebi Ash
Published: July 2020

Chronic, nonhealing diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are increasing in prevalence and are often unresponsive to conventional therapy. Adipose tissue, containing adipose‐derived stem cells, and platelet rich plasma (PRP) are regenerative therapies rich in growth factors which may provide a solution to chronic wound healing. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of conducting a definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) to investigate the efficacy of these therapies for the treatment of DFU. This was a single centre, feasibility, three‐arm, parallel group RCT. Eligible DFU patients were randomised on a 1:1:1 basis to three intervention arms: control (podiatry); fat grafting; fat grafting with PRP. The intervention was delivered once and patients were followed‐up for 12 weeks. The primary objective was to assess measures of trial feasibility. Clinical outcomes and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) were also evaluated. Three hundred and thirty four patients were screened and 32 patients (9.6%) were deemed eligible with 18 enrolled in the trial (6 per arm) over 17 months. All participants completed the trial with no withdrawals or crossover. Participant engagement was high with most HRQoL questionnaires returned and only 4.8% follow‐up appointments missed. There were five adverse events (AEs) related to the trial with no serious AEs. Five (28%) of the wounds healed. There was no difference between any of the groups in terms of clinical outcomes. This feasibility study demonstrated that a multi‐centre RCT is safe and feasible with excellent patient engagement. We have highlighted crucial information regarding methodology and recruitment, which will guide future trial design. Registration number: NCT03085550 clinicaltrials.gov. Registered 01/03/2017.
The effect of transcutaneous application of gaseous CO2 on diabetic chronic wound healing—A double‐blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Macura Milos , Ban Frangez Helena , Cankar Ksenija , Finžgar Miha , Frangez Igor
Published: July 2020

Chronic wounds in diabetics are difficult to treat, therefore, adjuvant therapies have been investigated. Bathing in CO2‐rich water (spa therapy) has been known in Europe for decades for its positive effect on peripheral vascular disorders. Recently, much effort has been invested in developing optimal application methods of CO2. Uses include subcutaneous injections of CO2, bathing in CO2‐enriched water, and transcutaneous application of CO2. To verify the effect of transcutaneous application of gaseous CO2 on the healing of chronic diabetic wounds, a randomized double‐blind clinical research was designed. The research included 30 and 27 wounds in the study and control groups, respectively. In addition to standard treatment, patients in the study group received 20 therapies with medical‐grade CO2 gas and the control group received the same treatment with air. Results showed significantly faster healing in the study group: 20 of the 30 wounds in the study group were healed compared with none in the control group. Mean wound surface and volume in the study group was reduced significantly (surface: 96%, P = .001, volume: 99%, P = .003) compared with a small reduction in the control group (surface: 25%, P = .383, volume: 27%, P = .178). Considering our results, transcutaneous application of gaseous CO2 is an effective adjuvant therapy in diabetic chronic wound treatment.
Metastability, tetragonality and quadrupolar glass states in cubic stabilized zirconia
Authors: Sellar Jeffrey R. , Chen Chris Yu
Published: July 2020

For cubic lime‐stabilized and yttria‐stabilized zirconia ceramic alloys the temperatures at which the onset of metastability and a sharp reduction in ionic conductivity occur are observed to coincide, appearing at approximately 1000°C and 650°C respectively. This behavior is attributed to the development of quadrupolar (orientational) glass states in each alloy below its transition temperature. We suggest that several other unexplained phenomena including tetragonal distortion in these cubic phases may also be understood by reference to the alloys' crystalline structures, which differ slightly. At equilibrium, each possesses a random two‐component crystalline constitution, one component of which is a low‐symmetry quadrupole intergrown with the other and capable of switching its unique axis in a small number of different directions. The quadrupoles interact, thereby imparting a disordered stress on the other component in the lattice. Such a structure is identifiable as a quadrupolar glass, the elastic analog of a spin glass.
Spirulina platensis alleviates chronic inflammation with modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in rats fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Yu Ting , Wang Yan , Chen Xiaosu , Xiong Wenjie , Tang Yurong , Lin Lin
Published: July 2020

Recent research suggested that taking a high‐fat diet (HFD) may lead to a gut microbiota imbalance and colon tissue damage. This would lead to increased intestinal permeability and consequent constant circulation of low‐grade inflammatory cytokines. Spirulina platensis can protect against HFD‐induced metabolic inflammation and can stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in in vitro stool cultures. However, it is unknown whether this beneficial effect acts on intestinal tissues. In this study, rats were fed a high‐fat diet fed with 3% S platensis for 14 weeks. We analysed endotoxin, the composition of the microbiota, inflammation and gut permeability. We found that S platensis decreased the bodyweight and visceral fat pads weight of the HFD‐fed rats. In addition, it lowered the levels of lipopolysaccharide and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in serum. Our results showed that S platensis could largely reduce the relative amount of Proteobacteria and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in faecal samples from HFD‐fed rats. S platensis significantly reduced intestinal inflammation, as shown by decreased expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF‐κB (p65) and inflammatory cytokines. S platensis also ameliorated the increased permeability and decreased expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal mucosa, such as ZO‐1, Occludin and Claudin‐1. Therefore, in HFD‐induced gut dysbiosis rats, S platensis benefits health by inhibiting chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis, and modulating gut permeability.
Editorial Perspective: COVID‐19 pandemic‐related psychopathology in children and adolescents with mental illness
Authors: Jefsen Oskar Hougaard , Rohde Christopher , Nørremark Bettina , Østergaard Søren Dinesen
Published: July 2020

The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic is likely to have negative health consequences way beyond those caused by the virus per se – including significant psychological distress. Children and adolescents who already live with a mental illness may be particularly vulnerable to the distress associated with the pandemic – due to, for example, fear of the virus as well as the significant societal changes launched to minimize spread of the virus (social distancing and quarantine). In this editorial perspective, we (a) provide data on COVID‐19 pandemic‐related psychopathology in children and adolescents from a large psychiatric treatment setting in Denmark, (b) give advice on how the likely harmful effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents may be minimized, and (c) propose six lines of research into pandemic‐related psychopathology with emphasis on children and adolescents. Finally, we underline the necessity of politicians, health authorities, and funding bodies supporting these research initiatives here and now.
Metabolic syndrome coexists with adult Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis: A case report
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Pan Xin , Wang Xiaoli
Published: July 2020

Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) is usually caused by haploinsufficiency of the short stature homeobox‐containing gene (SHOX). The clinical manifestation of this disease is a classic triad, which are short stature, mesomelia and Madelung deformity. LWD also includes other features, such as high body mass index. Short stature and high body mass index are risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease; however, LWD combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome have not been described in the literature. In this article, we report a case of LWD caused by an M1T mutation of the start codon of the SHOX gene. The patient also had type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. It is suggested that patients with LWD should be identified promptly, and the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases and cardiovascular disease should be taken into consideration in patients with LWD.
In vitro assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles against major fish pathogens and their cytotoxicity to fish cell lines
Authors: Ahmed Fatma , Soliman Faiza M. , Adly Mohamed A. , Soliman Hamdy A.M. , El‐Matbouli Mansour , Saleh Mona
Published: July 2020

Nanotechnology is an emerging avenue employed in disease prevention and treatment. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) against major bacterial and oomycete fish pathogens in comparison with chitosan suspension. Initially, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC, MIC90) were determined and the per cent inhibition of bacterial growth was calculated. Subsequently, the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined. The time‐dependent disruptions of CSNP‐treated pathogens were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the effect of CSNPs on the viability of two fish cell lines was assessed. No antimicrobial effect was observed with chitosan, while CSNPs (105 nm) exhibited a dose‐dependent and species‐specific antimicrobial properties. They were bactericidal against seven bacterial isolates recording MBC values from 1 to 7 mg/ml, bacteriostatic against four further isolates recording MIC values from 0.125 to 5 mg/ml and fungistatic against oomycetes recording MIC90 values of 3 and 4 mg/ml. TEM micrographs showed the attachment of CSNPs to the pathogenic cell membranes disrupting their integrity. No significant cytotoxicity was observed using 1 mg/ml CSNPs, while low dose‐dependent cytotoxicity was elicited by the higher doses. Therefore, it is anticipated that CSNPs are able to compete and reduce using antibiotics in aquaculture.
Inactivation of Piscine orthoreovirus
Authors: Wessel Øystein , Hansen Elisabeth F. , Løvoll Marie , Inami Makoto , Husby Asbjørn , Kruse Gesa , Dahle Maria K. , Rimstad Espen
Published: July 2020

Piscine orthoreovirus infects various salmonid fish species, and the infection is associated with diseases such as heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). There are no vaccines available or genetically selected resistant hosts that can efficiently control piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infection. Currently, the only prophylactic measure against PRV is general biosecurity measures aiming to break the transmission cycle. Methods to eradicate infectious virus from contaminated facilities are desirable, but the knowledge on how to inactivate PRV is lacking. A major bottleneck for inactivation studies is the lack of ability to propagate PRV in cell culture. Therefore, in this study we developed an in vivo model for detection of infectious PRV particles after treatment of the virus with inactivation tools such as heat, pH, iodine, UV and commercially available disinfectants. The results show that standard iodine treatment is efficient in inactivation of the virus, and similarly are high and low pH extremes and treatment with Virocid, a commercially available disinfectant. A UV dose of at least 50 mJ/cm2 is required for inactivation, and the virus has high resistance against heat treatment.
Identification of Sarcopenia Components That Discriminate Slow Walking Speed: A Pooled Data Analysis
Authors: Manini Todd M. , Patel Sheena M. , Newman Anne B. , Travison Thomas G. , Kiel Douglas P. , Shardell Michelle D. , Pencina Karol M. , Wilson Kevin E. , Kelly Thomas L. , Massaro Joseph M. , Fielding Roger A. , Magaziner Jay , Correa‐de‐Araujo Rosaly , Kwok Timothy C.Y. , Hirani Vasant , Karlsson Magnus K. , DʼAgostino Ralph B. , Mellström Dan , Ohlsson Claes , Ribom Eva , Jordan Joanne M. , Bhasin Shalender , Cawthon Peggy M.
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

The Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) sought to identify cut points for muscle strength and body composition measures derived from dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) that discriminate older adults with slow walking speed. This article presents the core analyses used to guide the SDOC position statements.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional data analyses of pooled data.

SETTING

University‐based research assessment centers.

PARTICIPANTS

Community‐dwelling men (n = 13,652) and women: (n = 5,115) with information on lean mass by DXA, grip strength (GR), and walking speed.

MEASUREMENTS

Thirty‐five candidate sarcopenia variables were entered into sex‐stratified classification and regression tree (CART) models to agnostically choose variables and cut points that discriminate slow walkers (<0.80 m/s). Models with alternative walking speed outcomes were also evaluated (<0.60 and <1.0 m/s and walking speed treated continuously).

RESULTS

CART models identified GR/body mass index (GRBMI) and GR/total body fat (GRTBF) as the primary discriminating variables for slowness in men and women, respectively. Men with GRBMI of 1.05 kg/kg/m2 or less were approximately four times more likely to be slow walkers than those with GRBMI of greater than 1.05 kg/kg/m2. Women with GRTBF of less than 0.65 kg/kg were twice as likely to be slow walkers than women with GRTBF of 0.65 kg/kg or greater. Models with alternative walking speed outcomes selected only functions of GR as primary discriminators of slowness in both men and women. DXA‐derived lean mass measures did not consistently discriminate slow walkers.

CONCLUSION

GR with and without adjustments for body size and composition consistently discriminated older adults with slowness. CART models did not select DXA‐based lean mass as a primary discriminator of slowness. These results were presented to an SDOC Consensus Panel, who used them and other information to develop the SDOC Position Statements. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1419‐1428, 2020.