Microphysical properties of the stratiform precipitation in Kyiv city based on OTT Parsivel2 and pluviograph data&#160;
Authors: Krakovska Svitlana , Palamarchuk Liudmyla , Chyhareva Anastasiia 
Published: March 2024

Precipitation detailed characteristics, namely spectrum of particles by their sizes, phase and precipitation intensity with high-resolution timestep, still need to be investigated due to the complexity of their direct instrumental measurements but necessity for improving forecast for different applications including hydrological and emergency service. Our study is focused on the stratiform precipitation associated with cloud system (Ns-As) of warm front during prolonged and intense precipitation event on the 25th October 2023 in Kyiv, Ukraine. This warm front cloud system was connected with an occluded low over Poland which developed on the East periphery of a huge depression (970 hPa) over the Northern Atlantic. We analyzed the OTT Parsivel&#178; - Laser Weather Sensor measurement data with 10sec time steps. Parsivel&#178; was installed nearby regular meteorological station, which is a part of the WMO network, and its measurements were used for verification. Precipitation intensity and raindrop distributions had wavy character, where we can distinguish a few waves of precipitation enhancement. The average intensity of the minimum wave was 0.02mm/min that corresponds to 30 raindrops with size varying from 0.5 to 1.5mm and maximum falling speed 4m/s for the largest raindrops. The average intensity of maximum precipitation enhancement wave was 0.15mm/min with around 100 raindrops per 10sec with sizes mainly from 0.5 to 2.5mm (with some raindrop sizes up to 3.5mm) and average falling speed 5-6m/s. Total amount of 26-hour precipitation event was 24.2mm according to OTT Parsivel&#178; measurements and 26mm according to SYNOP data from Kyiv WMO station (ID 33345). We should note that in modern climate condition in Kyiv such prolonged frontal precipitation even in autumn is rather rare event in respect to previous decades. &#160;Gained results were compared with previous studies based on 20-year measurement by pluviograph at the same Kyiv WMO station. For stratiform precipitation, average maximum precipitation intensity within precipitation enhancement waves was around 0.11mm/min. Duration of main precipitation enhancement waves was around 21 minutes. Characteristics of precipitation enhancements waves are key for assessment of surface runoff value. The significant fraction of water on the ground that forms surface runoff goes mainly from such precipitation enhancement waves, when around 60 up to 90% of the maximum surface runoff can be formed. In conclusion, OTT Parsivel&#178; Laser Weather Sensor was used in Ukraine for the first time and demonstrated good performance versus the city station accumulation measurements and historical pluviograph data at the station. At the moment this instrument is under way to the Ukrainian Antarctic station Akademik Vernadsky where further exploitation will allow to test and obtain measurement data for different phase of precipitation, mostly mixed and solid and compare with data from Micro Rain Radar Pro. Obtained and future results will extend our understanding of precipitation formation, their microphysics and dynamics, interconnections between precipitation intensity and size/fall speed of raindrops and solid particles. Future studies could help to evaluate the transformation of cloud and precipitation formation processes under the climate change for better parameterization in numerical models, to study the microphysical structure and composition of precipitation.