bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The spatial ordering of care: public and private in bathing support at home
Authors: Twigg Julia
Published: March 2003

Domiciliary care takes place in a special social space: that of the home. Focusing on the provision of bathing in the community, the article explores the spatial ordering of care at home, unpacking a series of interlocking contrasts between the public and the private, and their consequences for the power dynamics of care. These are explored in terms of the ideology of home; the spatial ordering of privacy within the home; and the treatment of thebody. Carework trespasses on and re‐orders these divisions. The article also explores the contrasting site of the day centre. Baths at day centres are private acts in public places, and in reversing the symbolism of home, they reveal some of the wider meanings of bathing.
Doing the right thing: genetic risk and responsibility
Authors: Hallowell Nina
Published: March 2003

This paper reports the findings of an interview study of women (n = 40) attending genetic counselling for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC). The analysis indicates that women who attend genetics clinics perceive themselves as having a responsibility to their kin (past, present and future generations) to establish the magnitude of their risk and the risks to other family members, and to act upon this information by engaging in some form of risk management. It is observed that in acknowledging their genetic responsibility for their kin these women not only relinquished their right not to know about their risks, but also committed themselves to undertaking risk management practices which may have iatrogenic consequences. It is argued that the construction of genetic risk as a moral issue can be seen as limiting the choices which are available to women who attend genetic counselling.
‘Everybody’s got a dad...’. Issues for lesbian families in the management of donor insemination
Authors: Haimes Erica , Weiner Kate
Published: March 2003

This article explores the experiences of lesbians who have become mothers using donated semen. During the 1980s lesbian access to clinic‐based donor insemination was limited because it was seen to threaten both the traditional family and the medical definition of ‘infertility’. However, the spread of self‐insemination networks has enabled more lesbians to become mothers. This article analyses how lesbians negotiate and manage the role that donated semen, and donors, play in their, and their children’s, lives. In the discussion, it is suggested that lesbian donor insemination has now gained some acceptance, but only within a medicalised framework. Self‐insemination is still seen as a threat to medicine since it is a de‐professionalised, de‐medicalised practice that privileges the lay knowledge and concerns of the women themselves.
Pumping iron: compliance with chelation therapy among young people who have thalassaemia major
Authors: Atkin Karl , Ahmad Waqar
Published: March 2003

Compliance with medical regimens is not simply a technical or practical task but part of the everyday experience of living with a chronic illness. Any discussion of compliance must, therefore, begin from the individual’s personal and social context. This paper explores how young people who have thalassaemia major respond to their daily chelation therapy. It suggests that compliance dominates the young person’s narratives and represents the most disruptive aspect of their illness. More specifically, compliance evokes both practical and emotional difficulties as the young person tries to make sense of the relationship between body, self and illness. Within this dynamic process the young person has to reconcile the consequences of non‐compliance within the broader experience and responsibilities of ‘growing‐up’ and maintaining a positive self‐identity.
Psychiatric diagnosis under conditions of uncertainty: personality disorder, science and professional legitimacy
Authors: Manning Nick
Published: March 2003

Why has there been a very rapid elaboration of the category of personality disorder within psychiatric classifications over the last 20 years? Personality disorder is the site of considerable psychiatric controversy. Its classification, diagnosis, and treatment are disputed not only within psychiatry, but also in closely related fields of forensic and psychological work. For severe cases, the Home Secretary in Britain has recently suggested that pre‐emptive incarceration is justified, and many psychiatrists feel that personality disorder is not amenable to treatment. This paper seeks to make a contribution to the sociology of psychiatric knowledge, drawing both on recent work on the sociology of science and technology, and on the relationship between psychiatric practice and government in the late 20th century.
The limitations of a negotiation model for perimenopausal women
Authors: Massé Raymond , Légaré France , Côté Luc , Dodin Sylvie
Published: March 2003

The clinical negotiation model proposed by Katon and Kleinman (1981) puts culture at the very heart of the patient‐doctor relationship. As opposed to the asymmetric model that stresses an unequal power relationship between a dominant physician and a powerless patient, this transactional model suggests that we view the clinical encounter as the locus of a negotiation that takes place between two kinds of knowledge (lay and professional), and between two agendas: the doctor’s and the patient’s. According to such a model, the doctor is taught to listen to the patient’s own explanatory model of disease. Using an in‐depth analysis of clinical encounters between perimenopausal women and female physicians, and of separate interviews with individual doctors and patients concerning their respective explanatory models, this pilot study puts emphasis on both the limitations of a transactional model and on the strategies deployed by doctors for enhancing the credibility of hormonal replacement therapy.
Older people in the field of medication
Authors: Lumme‐Sandt Kirsi , Virtanen Pekka
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on how older people construct themselves as users of medical drugs, and on what factors are important in medication from the user’s point of view. The data of the study consist of focus group discussions about medication with people aged over 65 years. The analysis was based upon Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of social ﬁeld and habitus. The main actors appearing in the discussions were users and doctors. Pharmacists had only a marginal role as suppliers of medical drugs. It was clearly important for the participants to express their appreciation towards doctors, the dominant actors in the ﬁeld of medication. The most important theme in the discussions, however, was the independence of the users themselves. By assuming responsibility for the use of their medication and by applying their own initiative, these older people were able to gain a meaningful position in the ﬁeld of medication. The habitus of a patient in the health care setting is a compliant patient. The habitus outside health care, on the other hand, requires that people are active and reasonable users. In individual practices it is possible to detect logics of both sides of habitus.
Contingency in everyday surgical work
Authors: Pope Catherine
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper concerns a qualitative study exploring the nature of surgical work with a group of 34 surgeons involved in treating urinary incontinence. Sources of surgical variation are identified from surgeons’ own accounts of their work as well as observation of the selection of patients and operative procedures, and the operative process itself. A typology of contingency, consisting of three categories of contingency (case, surgeon and external), was found in this area of everyday surgical work. In developing this typology, theoretical and philosophical ideas about habitus and disposition, and practical and technical knowledge, are considered and extended to help to understand the nature of surgical practice. These ideas may also be useful in explaining some of the apparent tensions between evidence‐based surgery and everyday surgical work.
Representing childhood cancer: accounts from newspapers and parents
Authors: Dixon‐Woods Mary , Seale Clive , Young Bridget , Findlay Michelle , Heney David
Published: March 2003

We present an analysis of newspaper accounts and parents’ accounts of childhood cancer. Newspaper accounts construct cancer as a threat to the entitlements and category‐bound activities of childhood. Newspaper discourses around children with cancer are predominantly eulogising, constructing children as courageous, stoical and inspirational. Parents are characterised as confederates in the ‘battle’ against cancer; as fund‐raisers; and as guardians of their children's identities. Little attention is given to parents’ own needs. Parents’ in‐depth interview accounts suggest that newspapers are selective and privilege certain types of representations. Parents’ accounts, like those in newspapers, construct childhood cancer as an assault on the rights of childhood. Parents also characterise themselves as having a range of obligations founded on dominant discourses about parenting. However, parents’ descriptions bear little resemblance to newspaper accounts. Rather than the cheerful, uncomplaining and ‘brave’ newspaper representations of children, parents report that children can be distressed, anguished and difficult to manage, especially when being encouraged to submit to painful and frightening medical interventions. Parents themselves experience a range of quality of life impairments, including severe role strain, but find it difficult to voice these because they have to negotiate prevailing discourses about the duties of parenthood. Parents’ accounts do not allow unproblematic access to some external reality; these accounts are just as constructed as newspaper accounts. Both newspapers and parents may draw on common discourses about parenting, childhood and illness, but newspapers are more likely to represent children in idealised ways and to marginalise parents as resources solely for their child's benefit.
Asymptotically optimal estimation of smooth functionals for interval censoring, part 2
Authors: Geskus R. B. , Groeneboom P.
Published: March 2003

Estimation in the interval censoring model is considered. A class of smooth functionals is introduced, of which the mean is an example. We consider case 2, with two observation times for each unobservable event time, in the situation that the observation times cannot become arbitrarily close to each other. It is proved that the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of the functional asymptotically reaches the information lower bound.
Recent advances in multiple‐objective design strategies
Authors: Kee Wong Weng
Published: March 2003

Many experiments have several goals and it is important to incorporate these goals at the onset of the study. Design strategies for accomplishing this task are reviewed with examples from the biological sciences.
Nonparametric estimation of a discontinuity in regression
Authors: Dempfle Astrid , Stute Winfried
Published: March 2003

We propose and study a new method to nonparametrically estimate a discontinuity of a regression function. The optimal rate of convergence n−1 is obtained under minimal assumptions. No smoothing is required.
Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials
Authors: Geelhoed B. , Glass H. J.
Published: March 2003

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch‐to‐sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round‐off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.
The Deictic Structure Hypothesis: An Overview
Authors: Beck Jean
Published: March 2003

The Deictic Structure hypothesis is a proposal for a generative grammar based on predication and deictic reference. It can be applied to a variety of linguistic data from typologically different languages. A Deictic Structure (DS) is the deep structure of a clause. It consists of a predicate together with referentially indicated ‘Deictics’ that can be developed into a Surface Structure (SS) by universal grammatical processes. Language‐specific linear ordering rules apply to the Verb and Deictics of the DS. A lexically explicit, syntactically complex phrase or clause can be substituted in Surface Structure for a Deictic from the DS. The Deictic or a phonetically null PRO may appear in SS. Phrase structure is a Surface Structure phenomenon.
Cross‐linguistic influence on morphology in the bilingual mental lexicon
Authors: Lowie Wander
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the question if and, if so, how the acquisition and use of morphology in the second language is affected by L1 morphology. This issue is discussed in relation to a recent interdisciplinary model of the bilingual mental lexicon (Lowie 1998), in which affixes may have independent representations, conditioned by transparency, productivity and frequency. L1 influence, operationalised as the amount of semantic overlap between an L1 affix and an L2 affix and developmental factors (the productivity of L2 affixes) were included in an experiment involving Dutch learners of English. The results show a strong effect of cross‐linguistic influence at all levels of proficiency and an effect of productivity only at the highest level of proficiency.
The configuration of ECM structures
Authors: Castillo Concha
Published: March 2003

In this paper we offer an analysis of both verbal and non‐verbal exceptional Case‐marking structures, discussing their temporal interpretation and the presence vs. absence of a T(ense)P(hrase) projection. A major issue is the parametric variation between English and Spanish, which renders Spanish ECM verbal structures impossible with predicates other than verbs of perception. It is argued that DP subjects (of verbal predicates) have a tense feature to check against a feature in TP and that Spanish TPs lack this feature, which therefore prevents the subject from being temporally interpreted. The exceptional case of perception predicates correlates with the meaning of simultaneity associated with them. Also, the possibility is explored that ECM structures where no TP is instantiated are instances of Asp(ectual)P projections.
Intrusive Gravity Currents
Authors: D'Alessio S. J. D. , Moodie T. B. , Pascal J. P. , Swaters G. E.
Published: March 2003

Intrusive gravity currents arise when a fluid of intermediate density intrudes into an ambient fluid. These intrusions may occur in both natural and human‐made settings and may be the result of a sudden release of a fixed volume of fluid or the steady or time‐dependent injection of such a fluid. In this article we analytically and numerically analyze intrusive gravity currents arising both from the sudden release of a fixed volume and the steady injection of fluid having a density that is intermediate between the densities of an upper layer bounded by a free surface and a heavier lower layer resting on a flat bottom. For the physical problems of interest we assume that the dynamics of the flow are dominated by a balance between inertial and buoyancy forces with viscous forces being negligible. The three‐layer shallow‐water equations used to model the two‐dimensional flow regime include the effects of the surrounding fluid on the intrusive gravity current. These effects become more pronounced as the fraction of the total depth occupied by the intrusive current increases. To obtain some analytical information concerning the factors effecting bore formation we further reduce the complexity of our three‐layer model by assuming small density differences among the different layers. This reduces the model equations from a 6×6 to a 4×4 system. The limit of applicability of this weakly stratified model for various ranges of density differences is examined numerically. Numerical results, in most instances, are obtained using MacCormack's method. It is found that the intrusive gravity current displays a wide range of flow behavior and that this behavior is a strong function of the fractional depth occupied by the release volume and any asymmetries in the density differences among the various layers. For example, in the initially symmetric sudden release problem it is found that an interior bore does not form when the fractional depth of the release volume is equal to or less than 50% of the total depth. The numerical simulations of fixed‐volume releases of the intermediate layer for various density and initial depth ratios demonstrate that the intermediate layer quickly slumps from any isostatically uncompensated state to its Archimedean level thereby creating a wave of opposite sign ahead of the intrusion on the interface between the upper and lower layers. Similarity solutions are obtained for several cases that include both steady injection and sudden releases and these are in agreement with the numerical solutions of the shallow‐water equations. The 4×4 weak stratification system is also subjected to a wavefront analysis to determine conditions for the initiation of leading‐edge bores. These results also appear to be in agreement with numerical solutions of the shallow‐water equations.
Sediment Transport and Deposition from a Two‐layer Fluid Model of Gravity Currents on Sloping Bottoms
Authors: Moodie T. B. , Pascal J. P. , Swaters G. E.
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a theoretical and numerical study of noneroding turbulent gravity currents moving down mildly inclined surfaces while depositing sediment. These flows are modeled by means of two‐layer fluid systems appropriately modified to account for the presence of a sloping bottom and suspended sediment in the lower layer. A detailed scaling argument shows that when the density of the interstitial fluid is slightly greater than that of the ambient and the suspension is such that its volume fraction is of the order of the aspect ratio squared, for low aspect ratio flows a two‐layer shallow‐water theory is applicable. In this theory there is a decoupling of particle and flow dynamics. In contrast, however, when the densities of interstitial and ambient fluids are equal, so that it is the presence of the particles alone that drives the flow, we find that a consistent shallow‐water theory is impossible no matter how small the aspect ratio or the initial volume fraction occupied by the particles. Our two‐layer shallow‐water formulation is employed to investigate the downstream evolution of flow and depositional characteristics for sloping bottoms. This investigation uncovers a new phenomenon in the formation of a rear compressive zone giving rise to shock formation in the post‐end‐wall‐separation phase of the particle‐bearing gravity flow. This separation of flow from the end wall in these fixed volume releases differs from what has been observed on horizontal surfaces where the flow always remains in contact with the end wall.
Exponential Asymptotics, the Viscid Burgers ' Equation, and Standing Wave Solutions for a Reaction‐Advection‐Diffusion Model
Authors: Laforgue Jacques G. L. , O'Malley, Jr. Robert E.
Published: March 2003

This paper studies various boundary value problems for nonlinear singularly perturbed evolutionary equations in a bounded spatial interval for all times t≥0. Under appropriate hypotheses, an O(ε)‐thin monotonic profile forms that separates intervals where the solution is asymptotically constant and then moves with an exponentially slow speed toward a steady state that has an interior or endpoint layer, depending on the boundary conditions.
Multivariate Compactly Supported Fundamental Refinable Functions, Duals, and Biorthogonal Wavelets
Authors: Ji Hui , Riemenschneider Sherman D. , Shen Zuowei
Published: March 2003

In areas of geometric modeling and wavelets, one often needs to construct a compactly supported refinable function φ which has sufficient regularity and which is fundamental for interpolation [that means, φ(0)=1 and φ(α)=0 for all α∈Zs∖{0}].

Low regularity examples of such functions have been obtained numerically by several authors, and a more general numerical scheme was given in [1]. This article presents several schemes to construct compactly supported fundamental refinable functions, which have higher regularity, directly from a given, continuous, compactly supported, refinable fundamental function φ. Asymptotic regularity analyses of the functions generated by the constructions are given.The constructions provide the basis for multivariate interpolatory subdivision algorithms that generate highly smooth surfaces.

A very important consequence of the constructions is a natural formation of pairs of dual refinable functions, a necessary element in constructing biorthogonal wavelets. Combined with the biorthogonal wavelet construction algorithm for a pair of dual refinable functions given in [2], we are able to obtain symmetrical compactly supported multivariate biorthogonal wavelets which have arbitrarily high regularity. Several examples are computed.
Chazy Classes IX–XI Of Third‐Order Differential Equations
Authors: Cosgrove Christopher M.
Published: March 2003

In this article, we study Classes IX–XI of the 13 classes introduced by Chazy (1911) in his classification of third‐order differential equations in the polynomial class having the Painlevé property. Classes IX and X are the only Chazy classes that have remained unsolved to this day, and they have been at the top of our “most wanted” list for some time. (There is an incorrect claim in the literature that these classes are unstable.) Here we construct their solutions in terms of hyperelliptic functions of genus 2, which are globally meromorphic. (We also add a parameter to Chazy Class X, overlooked in Chazy's original paper.) The method involves transforming to a more tractable class of fourth‐ and fifth‐order differential equations, which is the subject of an accompanying paper (paper I). Most of the latter equations involve hyperelliptic functions and/or higher‐order Painlevé transcendents. In the case of Chazy Class XI, the solution is elementary and well known, but there are interesting open problems associated with its coefficient functions, including the appearance of one of the aforementioned transcendents. In an appendix, we present the full list of Chazy equations (in the third‐order polynomial class) and the solutions of those that are not dealt with in the body of this article.
Weakly Nonlinear Analysis of a Localized Disturbance in Poiseuille Flow
Authors: Ponziani D. , Casciola C. M. , Zirilli F. , Piva R.
Published: March 2003

In this article, we investigate, via a perturbation analysis, some important nonlinear features related to the process of transition to turbulence in a wall‐bounded flow subject to a spatially localized disturbance that is harmonic in time. We show that the perturbation expansion, truncated at second order, is able to capture the generation of streamwise vorticity as a weakly nonlinear effect. The results of the perturbation approach are discussed in comparison with direct numerical simulation data for a sample case by extracting the contribution of the different orders. The main aim is to provide a tool to select the most effective nonlinear interactions to enlighten the essential features of the transitional process.
Dynamics of Strongly Nonlinear Internal Solitary Waves in Shallow Water
Authors: Jo Tae‐Chang , Choi Wooyoung
Published: March 2003

We study the dynamics of large amplitude internal solitary waves in shallow water by using a strongly nonlinear long‐wave model. We investigate higher order nonlinear effects on the evolution of solitary waves by comparing our numerical solutions of the model with weakly nonlinear solutions. We carry out the local stability analysis of solitary wave solution of the model and identify an instability mechanism of the Kelvin–Helmholtz type. With parameters in the stable range, we simulate the interaction of two solitary waves: both head‐on and overtaking collisions. We also study the deformation of a solitary wave propagating over non‐uniform topography and describe the process of disintegration in detail. Our numerical solutions unveil new dynamical behaviors of large amplitude internal solitary waves, to which any weakly nonlinear model is inapplicable.
Generalization of a Relaxation Scheme for Systems of Forced Nonlinear Hyperbolic Conservation Laws with Spatially Dependent Flux Functions
Authors: Montgomery Patrick J. , Moodie T. Bryant
Published: March 2003

A generalization of a finite difference method for calculating numerical solutions to systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws in one spatial variable is investigated. A previously developed numerical technique called the relaxation method is modified from its initial application to solve initial value problems for systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. The relaxation method is generalized in three ways herein to include problems involving any combination of the following factors: systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws with spatially dependent flux functions, nonzero forcing terms, and correctly posed boundary values. An initial value problem for the forced inviscid Burgers' equation is used as an example to show excellent agreement between theoretical solutions and numerical calculations. An initial boundary value problem consisting of a system of four partial differential equations based on the two‐layer shallow‐water equations is solved numerically to display a more general applicability of the method than was previously known.
On the Ackerberg–O'Malley Resonance
Authors: Wong R. , Yang Heping
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we continue our study of the boundary value problem
image

where A, B are prescribed constants and 0 < ɛ≪ 1 is a small positive parameter. We assume that the coefficients a(x) and b(x) are sufficiently smooth functions with the behavior given by a(x) ∼αx and b(x) ∼β as x→ 0. In our previous work, the problem has been studied for both α > 0 and α < 0 except for the cases β/α= 1,2,3,… when α > 0 and β/α= 0,−1,−2,… when α < 0. In the present paper, we study these exceptional cases and obtain, by rigorous analysis, uniformly valid asymptotic solutions of the problem. From these solutions, we also show that the conditions in these exceptional cases are exactly the ones which are necessary and sufficient for the Ackerberg–O'Malley resonance.
The Role of Early Reading Skills and Behaviours in the Prevention Of, and Intervention In, Reading Difficulties
Authors: Yeomans Jane
Published: March 2003

Jane Yeomans carefully reviews the importance of early reading skills, focusing on sequences of development. A useful figure summarising skills and behaviours is provided. The implications for pupils with special educational needs is given some prominence and she concludes with observations on the context within which support should be given. This article can be usefully read in relation to the previous one by Greg Brooks.
School Exclusion of Black pupils:An LEA Response
Authors: Grant Denny , Brooks Karl
Published: March 2003

Denny Grant and Karl Brooks provide a welcome analysis of the additional factors compounding the problem of exclusion for Black pupils. Their detailed description of Enfield Education Authority's approach to this problem focuses on the development and implementation of policy, through ethnic monitoring and the publication of school exclusion data. Preventative measures such as mentoring and mediation are also described. Enfield can now report a reduction in the overall exclusion rate. Grant and Brooks conclude that the initiatives they describe, coupled with commitment and the setting of very specific targets, can maintain this trend and bring about further reductions.
The Use of Social Skills Groups to Support Girls with Emotional Difficulties in Secondary Schools
Authors: Tierney Theresa , Dowd Rose
Published: March 2003

Following Dwivedi and Gupta's study of group work with teenage boys in the previous article, Theresa Tierney and Rose Dowd describe their use of group work to help girls with emotional difficulties. As educational psychologists, they were keen to develop group work as an intervention schools could continue themselves and which would also be a good use of resources and provide an opportunity for staff professional development. The groups ran in three secondary schools and involved a total of 20 girls, identified by their teachers as unhappy and/or friendless. They conclude that while social skills group can be effective in providing support for young people, schools need continued support to develop the confidence to run them successfully.
Special needs education as the way to equity: an alternative approach?
Authors: Dyson Alan
Published: March 2003

For Alan Dyson, the special needs system is flawed as a means of delivering equity. Here he proposes a move away from the individualisation of current approaches towards the development of systemic interventions embedded in mainstream schools and classrooms.
Attentional and activity difficulties: findings from a national study
Authors: Norwich Brahm , Cooper Paul , Maras Pam
Published: March 2003

The within–child/environmental causes of emotional and behavioural difficulties continue as a matter of debate and concern among teachers, parents and researchers. The contribution made here by Brahm Norwich, Paul Cooper and Pam Maras is much welcomed on this account. Their recent research indicates the extent of unidentified problems and the need for systematic assessment procedures and for the multidisciplinary involvement of education, health and social services.
Nominative Subjects and Pro‐Drop INFL
Authors: Torrego Esther
Published: March 2003

In this article I discuss pro and its licensing strategies. I argue that the D‐feature postulated by Chomsky (1995) for Tense and v can be realized in a separate head, namely, on a D, which then licenses pro (along the lines of Torrego (1998)). Focusing on nominative subjects in certain infinitival clauses of Catalan, Italian, and Spanish, I propose that their nominative subjects are licensed by a D with “weak” agreement features in association with Tense. Expletive pro and argumental pro are discussed and it is proposed that the D that licenses the former has no agreement features, whereas the D that licenses the latter has “rich” agreement. A parallel is established between the licensing strategy of “clitic‐doubling” and the licensing of argumental pro in infinitival clauses.
The Relation between Gender and Number Agreement Processing
Authors: Antón‐Méndez Inés , Nicol Janet L. , Garrett Merrill F.
Published: March 2003

We report an experiment in which we test the relationship between gender and number in subject‐predicate agreement. We also test the link between two different number‐agreement relations–subject‐verb and subject–predicative adjective. Participants saw first an unmarked adjective and then a sentence fragment consisting of a complex subject with a head noun and a modifier containing a second noun and were asked to make a whole sentence using the adjective with the proper gender and number markings. The gender of the subject head and the gender and number of the attractor noun were manipulated. Number errors in the verb and number and gender errors in the predicative adjective were measured. The results suggest gender agreement is computed independently of number agreement. In contrast, subject‐verb number agreement and subject–predicative adjective number agreement are a unitary process. The implications for psycholinguistic and linguistic theories of gender and number are discussed.
The Lexical Semantics of Parenthical‐as and Appositive‐which
Authors: Potts Christopher
Published: March 2003

Despite their superficial similarities, nonrestrictive relatives and as‐parentheticals show contrasting behavior in a range of apparently disparate domains, including (i) equative constructions (section 4); (ii) selective island contexts (section 5); and (iii) clause‐internal “niching” (section 7). Additionally, as‐parentheticals allow a wider range of interpretations relative to their antecedents than do appositive relatives (section 6). This paper offers a unified account of these differences and others based largely on the respective semantic types of the gaps these clauses define: as‐clause traces are propositional; nonrestrictive relative traces are individual denoting (i.e., nominalized propositions). The type distinction follows from the lexical denotations of these morphemes (section 2) and combines with independently motivated principles to predict the clauses’ divergent behavior. The analysis also unifies the various kinds of appositive‐relatives and similarly informs our understanding of predicate‐type as‐clauses (e.g., Sue hates parties, as does Ali); see section 8.
Storks Deliver Babies (p= 0.008)
Authors: Matthews Robert
Published: March 2003

This article shows that a highly statistically significant correlation exists between stork populations and human birth rates across Europe.While storks may not deliver babies, unthinking interpretation of correlation and p‐values can certainly deliver unreliable conclusions.
Quartiles for Discrete Data
Authors: Joarder A.H. , Firozzaman M.
Published: March 2003

Different methods for finding quartiles for discrete data that are available in the literature are examined in the light of a desirable property that quartiles divide the ordered sample observations into four segments having the same number of observations in each segment. A set of formulae that satisfy this property is proposed and illustrated with examples.
Probability With Less Pain
Authors: Pfannkuch Maxine , Seber George A. F. , Wild Chris J.
Published: March 2003

The teaching of probability theory has been steadily declining in introductory statistics courses as students have difficulty with handling the rules of probability. In this article, we give a data‐driven approach, based on two‐way tables, which helps students to become familiar with using the usual rules but without the formal structure.
Using Consulting for Teaching Elementary Statistics
Authors: Truran John , Arnold Anne
Published: March 2003

Consulting in statistics is usually deferred until at least near the end of a first degree, but this article shows how some aspects can be effectively taught to students in upper secondary or early tertiary courses in a way which reinforces their learning of standard basic concepts. We suggest that the existence of a real client adds a degree of realism not available in other ways, and emphasizes to students the importance of blending statistical calculations with meaningful communication.
The Gourmet Guide to Statistics: For an Instructional Strategy That Makes Teaching and Learning Statistics a Piece of Cake
Authors: Edirisooriya Gunapala
Published: March 2003

This article draws analogies between the activities of statisticians and of chefs. It suggests how these analogies can be used in teaching, both to help understanding of what statistics is about and to increase motivation to learn the subject.
Theology and Religious Studies at the Turn of the Millenium: Reconceiving the Field
Authors: Ford David F.
Published: March 2003

This article originated as a lecture at the celebration of 150 years of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies in King's College of the University of London. Professor Ford argues that our good practice as teachers has outstripped any available paradigm of the field, so it is necessary to reconceive it. He proposes four dimensions that unite theological and religious studies: how to study the phenomena of religions; how to establish norms and responsibilities; how to cope with radical, self‐involving particularity; and how to involve the divine in academic studies.
Getting Out of the Way: A Strategy for Engaging Students in Collaborative Learning
Authors: Berling Judith A.
Published: March 2003

The author describes what has been entailed in a shift from a teacher‐centered approach — one which relied on her expertise in Chinese studies — to a more student‐centered approach in which the teacher creates a learning environment and seeks to “get out of the way” of student learning. She describes concrete strategies for de‐centering herself and empowering students, and discusses the roles and responsibilities of the teacher in this alternative model.
Integrating Asian Christianity into History of Christianity Courses
Authors: Keck David
Published: March 2003

This essay begins with diverse arguments for modifying history of Christianity courses to include the experiences of Asian Christianity. After discussing fundamental assumptions, several problems are articulated. The major portion of the essay describes three different strategies for integrating new materials into current curricular offerings. By conceptualizing the relationships between Asian Christianity and the history of Christianity in terms of (1) parallels, (2) supplements, and (3) challenges, material from theformer can be more readily incorporated into the teaching of the latter. Such strategies can be utilized in different teaching contexts, depending on the needs of students and instructors.
Doing It Together Changing Pedagogies
Authors: Kollar Nathan R.
Published: March 2003

Changing pedagogies is an ongoing process consequent upon personal and social change. Those of us who teach in religious studies or theology departments risk failure in changing pedagogies if we attempt such change alone. This essay, cast as a personal journey, reviews the changing student body, the reasons why we must adapt our pedagogies to this change, and the processes and consequences of adapting these new pedagogies. The goal of changing pedagogies is to allow the plurality of voices and pedagogies to speak and be used to sustain a community of love and concern in the midst of diversity.
“What ‘Great Cloud of Witnesses’? Isn’t My Own Religious Experience Enough?”
Authors: Sherman Robert J.
Published: March 2003

The author notes that current seminary students show great variation in their academic skills, in their familiarity with the basics of Christianity, and in their sense of, and skill in, theological method. This condition is both caused and exacerbated by the students' acculturation in American religious privatism, which makes them resist a critical and constructive examination of their views and hinders their understanding of theology as an undertaking of and for the Church. The author describes a number of pedagogical strategies, teaching techniques, and classroom exercises that have shown some effectiveness in overcoming these problems.
Meditation and Masks, Drums and Dramas Experiential and Participatory Exercises in the Comparative Religions Classroom
Authors: Barnard G. William
Published: March 2003

In an effort to create a context in which my students might have the opportunity to touch, and to be touched by, the richness, texture, and power of different religious worlds, I have experimented throughout the years with a wide variety of experiential and participatory exercises in the classroom. For example, the students and I (at times with the assistance of an invited expert practitioner) have drummed, danced, gone on shamanic journeys, made masks, done tai chi and hatha yoga, performed dhikr, engaged in mythic psychodramas, practiced different styles of meditation, and so on. In this paper, I examine some of the difficulties and rewards of utilizing these techniques within a university setting. I also explore some of the ways in which a willingness to incorporate these types of exercises into the classroom challenges several current academic pedagogical assumptions.
Educating Through Meeting: Reflections on a Dialogic Pedagogy for Teaching Religious Studies
Authors: Kramer Kenneth
Published: March 2003

This article originated as a brief reflection on pedagogical issues intended to catalyze collegial discussions at a meeting of the Comparative Religious Studies faculty at San Jose State University. The author distinguishes four interrelated elements that motivate his own teaching: human meaning, dialogic inter‐activity, responsible response, and multi‐methodologic study. Dialogic pedagogy is illustrated with concrete examples of how theory fits in the classroom. To further clarify the discussion, Martin Buber's theory of educating is applied to the teaching process, especially his understanding of “one‐sided inclusion.”
Ethnography as Pedagogy: Learning and Teaching in a Religion Department Internship Class
Authors: Patterson Barbara A. B.
Published: March 2003

Internships and other experiential education courses in Religious Studies departments particularly benefit from careful pedagogical preparation. In addition to the usual components of conceptual content and skills, these courses require knowledge about and understanding of human communication and interaction and organizational function. To be successfully collaborative in the classroom and with Community Partners for learning and service, students and teachers need tools for participant observation, integration of data and response, and reflection. This article proposes and discusses using 10 strategies of ethnography as a pedagogical frame. Developed in an internship class, these ten tools are demonstrated through teacher discussion and reflection and students’ written work. Specific connections to the field of Religious Studies are highlighted. The article is written in the hopes of stimulating additional conversations on how experiential learning and teaching, specifically the use of ethnography, can be effectively and appropriately used in Religious Studies courses.
Work as cultural production: labour and self–identity among southwest French wine–growers
Authors: Ulin Robert C.
Published: March 2003

I criticize insufficiencies in the Marxist conceptualization of labour as instrumental action as a departure–point to evaluate the relation between work and self–identity among southwest French wine–growers who are members of co–operatives. The symbolic distinction between two wine–growing regions, and the tension between wine–growing as an artisanal practice and wine–growing as science, are used historically and ethnographically to argue for a cultural view of work and self–identity that is differentiated and thus acknowledges the potentials and constraints of power. The article also makes use of French ethnographic materials to address broader issues of the anthropology of work, the critique of science, and the cultural means through which subaltern subjects challenge hegemonic culture and the political economy of exploitation.
Changed Household Livelihood Strategies in the Cordillera of Luzon
Authors: Preston David
Published: March 2003

This paper identifies and discusses changes in land use and livelihood strategies in two communities on different sides of the Cordillera of Luzon, the Philippines. These include the abandonment of shifting cultivation on many hillsides, the growing of vegetables in pondfields previously used for rice cultivation and the deterioration of pondfield terraces as a result of water and labour shortages. It seeks some explanation of these changes by examining the complex web of activities in which Cordillera households are now involved.
Differential urbanisation and primate city growth in soviet and post‐soviet Estonia
Authors: Tammaru Tiit
Published: March 2003

Although big city growth was not officially favoured in the former socialist countries, big cities did grow fast. The existence and continuing growth of primate and large cities is typically attributed to urbanisation economies, diverging sectoral and spatial interests, and difficulties in managing such a complex process as migration. However, whether such developments are systemic to socialism or reflect universal urbanisation processes is an issue of continuing debate. This paper aims to add to this discussion, and it does so by subjecting it to an empirical test, namely that of Estonia. For this purpose the concept of differential urbanisation is employed, as this model explicitly attempts to bridge the gap between various types of economies and urban settlement networks in both developed and developing countries.
Comparative study of hub airports in Europe: Ticket prices, travel time and rescheduling costs
Authors: Bruinsma Frank , Rietveld Piet , Brons Martijn
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the strategic position of four European airports in the aviation network by means of a generalised cost function. We compare the performance of the hub airports London, Paris, Frankfurt, and Amsterdam. Our analysis entails flights from smaller European airports via these hubs to intercontinental destinations and vice versa. The comparative positions of the cities in the airport network is determined by a generalised cost function in which travel cost, travel time and rescheduling time (as a function of the frequency of the service) are included.

An important feature of the comparative study is that various market segments are identified (business, tourists). We find that the positions of the hub airports for the business class passengers differ from those for economy class passengers. Using high‐speed rail as an alternative for the European part of the trip is only attractive for a rather restricted segment of the market.
Why Madam has so many bathrobes?: demand for migrant workers in the EU
Authors: Anderson Bridget
Published: March 2003

There has been a substantial increase in demand for private domestic services throughout the European Union, and a significant proportion of these workers are non‐citizens, many of them without documents. This paper addresses two questions: why is there an increase in demand for domestic workers in private households? and why is this demand being met by migrant women? While there are demographic and economic reasons for the former, the reproduction of lifestyle and status, and the avoidance of gender and generational conflict over domestic work are also important factors. Migrant labour is flexible, women are removed from family demands and can devote themselves to their employing family, moreover their ‘race’ and citizenship status differentiates them from their female employer.
The changing state of gentrification
Authors: Hackworth Jason , Smith Neil
Published: March 2003

Gentrification has changed in ways that are related to larger economic and political restructuring. Among these changes is the return of heavy state intervention in the process. This paper explores heightened state involvement in gentrification by examining the process in three New York City neighbourhoods: Clinton, Long Island City, and DUMBO (Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass). We argue that state intervention has returned for three key reasons. First, continued devolution of federal states has placed even more pressure on local states to actively pursue redevelopment and gentrification as ways of generating tax revenue. Second, the diffusion of gentrification into more remote portions of the urban landscape poses profit risks that are beyond the capacity of individual capitalists to manage. Third, the larger shift towards post–Keynesian governance has unhinged the state from the project of social reproduction and as such, measures to protect the working class are more easily contested.