bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wax Ester Production by the Marine CryptomonadChroomonas salinaGrown Photoheterotrophically on Glycerol
Authors: ANTIA NAVAL J. , LEE RICHARD F. , NEVENZEL JUDD C. , CHENG JOSEPH Y.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.An age‐autolyzed culture ofChroomonas salina, grown under cool‐white light with glycerol, produced waxy lipid constituting about 44% of total matter harvested. This lipid was composed of 87% wax ester, 9% triglyceride, 3% polar lipid and 1% hydrocarbon. The major wax ester species were identified by total carbon number as C26(28%), C28(35%), C30(15%). The main fatty acid components of the wax esters were 12:0 (39%), 14:0 (30%), 16:0 (14%), while the main alcohols were 14:0 (53%) and 16:0 (40%). The hydrocarbon fraction showed saturated paraffins ranging from C17to C33, with odd‐numbered chain components predominating. No polyunsaturated components were detected in the wax ester or hydrocarbon fractions. This is the first record of wax ester production by a cryptomonad or a marine phytoplankter.
Beta‐Oxidation in Glyoxysomes from Euglena*
Authors: GRAVES LYNN B. , BECKER WAYNE M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. We demonstrated previously the presence of glyoxysomes containing the glyoxylate cycle enzymes in Euglena gracilis grown in the dark on ethanol. We have now established that the glyoxysomes of Euglena grown on hexanoate also contain the following enzymes of the pathway for β‐oxidation of fatty acids: hexanoyl‐CoA synthetase, 3‐β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and thiolase. Estimations of specific activities indicate that these enzymes are over 20 times as active in glyoxysomes as they are in mitochondria, suggesting that the β‐oxidation of fatty acids occurs almost entirely in Euglena glyoxysomes under these conditions. Thus, the entire portion of the gluconeogenic pathway from fatty acid to succinate is localized in the glyoxysome of Euglena.
Structure of Trichosphaerium micrum sp. n.
Authors: ANGELL ROBERT W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Trichosphaerium micrum

sp. n., a marine testate rhizopod, is described. It is ∼ 36 μ in diameter, covered with acicular, hollow, blunt‐ended calcite spicules, 1–3 μm in length, that lie flat in a fibrous sheath. The test is penetrated by circular semipermanent apertures through which extend short dactylopodia. Locomotion is by lobopodia which the organism uses to adhere to the substrate. It is multinucleate with an average of 9 nuclei/individual. The type locality is the shallow littoral of Big Pine Key, Florida.

Spicules of other species are described and it is suggested that until more is known about the biology of the group, species classification in the order Trichosida be based on spicule structure and orientation, as well as the size of the organism.
Effect of Algal Exudates on Substratum Selection by Motile Telotrochs of the Marine Peritrich CiliateVorticella marina
Authors: LANGLOIS GAYTHA A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Several species of marine peritrichs are found as epiphytes on small strands of filamentous green and red algae affixed to the substratum of marine intertidal rock pools. In pools located along the coast of Narragansett Bay, the motile vorticellid telotrochs appear to show a substratum selection for specific algae. Exudation products by marine algae have distinct differences; some Phaeophyta have particularly high values for dissolved organic matter (DOM), and for phenolic compounds. Algal exudates appear to influence population growth of vorticellids. The mean survival percentage of vorticellid populations increased with exposure to exudates fromCladophora gracilis, Polysiphonia harveyiandPolysiphonia lanosa; and decreased with exposure to those ofAscophyllum nodosum, Fucus spiralisandScytosiphon lomentaria.Telotroch settlement ofVorticella marinawas enhanced by exudates ofCladophora gracilis, Polysiphonia harveyiandPolysiphonia lanosa, but was reduced by exudates ofAscophyllum nodosum, and was prevented by exudates ofFucus spiralisandScytosiphon lomentaria.

Algal exudates were obtained by allowing photosynthetic activity of the experimental algae for 6 hr. The exudates were filtered and the concentration of DOM, total phenols and carbohydrates determined. The filtered seawater containing the exudate was placed in a box‐type plastic dish on which the vorticellids had colonized. Survival percentages and the percentage of population due to telotroch settlement were calculated. This investigation indicates that algal exudates may exert a significant influence on the selection of substrata by vorticellid telotrochs and suggests that the ecologic stability of a given rock pool may be considerably lessened by a high level of Phaeophtya and the consequent reduction of Aufwuchs species.
Natural Variants of the Cellular Slime Mold Acrasis rosea
Authors: REINHARDT DONALD J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Twenty different isolates of the cellular slime mold Acrasis rosea, obtained from diverse sources and geographic regions, were studied to determine similarities and differences in their development and structure in culture and their sensitivity or resistance to selected chemicals incorporated into the culture media. Six different classes of fruiting were defined based on the size, distribution, and type of sorocarps formed on the yeast, Rhodotorula, streaked on agar. In the course of these studies a significant mutant, NC‐18V (variant), developed spontaneously from the wild type, normal parent strain NC‐18N. The mutant differed considerably from all other Acrasis isolates, appeared several times in purified parental cultures, and represents the first laboratory derived variant of A. rosea to be described. Purified strains of the variant (V) and normal (N) cultures were obtained by single‐spore isolation. Normal and variant amebae were mixed in ratios of 10:1 and 100:1 (N:V) and spore and stalk cells were selected from different sorocarps in various regions of the culture plate for analysis. The results of these selection experiments clearly indicate that the individual variant amebae have increased migratory ability and that they develop smaller, morphologically different, and more numerous sorocarps that form at distances further from the food source than NC‐18N. Some isolates of Acrasis no longer were able to fruit and were classified as “non‐fruiters” and a few other isolates formed only a few, small sorocarps on rare occasions. These isolates were mixed together in various combinations of 2 and 3 to screen for cell interaction, but no synergism contributing to fruiting was found. Although fruiting of many A. rosea isolates was inhibited by exposure to continuous light or constant darkness, some “escape”fruiting was noted in certain isolates even when small inocula were used. Single spore isolates of these escape fruiters still fruited in continuous light or dark, but fruiting was always greatly enhanced by a routine 12 hr light : 12 hr dark incubation cycle. It was shown by biochemical studies that actidione, crystal violet, malachite green, ethyl violet, and 5‐fluorodeoxyuridine selectively killed some isolates and permitted a classification of isolates as either sensitive or resistant. In a further study of cell interaction between 2 different sets of Acrasis isolates with contrasting biochemical and morphologic markers the formation of neotypes or recombinants could not be demonstrated.

The results of this study clearly indicate the existence of significant variation in A. rosea and the potential for application of these differences to developmental studies.
Light and Electron Microscope Study of Dunaliella primolecta Butcher (Volvocida)*
Authors: EYDEN BRIAN P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Light and electron microscope observations on Dunaliella primolecta Butcher from logarithmic and stationary phases of batch cultures are correlated. Except for the lack of a cell wall the fine structure has typical volvocid features. The transition from logarithmic to stationary phase is marked by changes in content and size of cytoplasmic vacuoles, accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid, accumulation of starch in the plastid matrix, and by the formation of autophagosome‐like bodies. The organelles in stationary‐phase flagellates are closely packed together because of the cytoplasmic lipid and starch‐distended chloroplast. Organisms from logarithmic phase have an abundant ribosome‐packed groundplasm supporting the organelles. In the cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity, Golgi cisternae and smooth and coated Golgi vesicles contain Gomori reaction product. The possible roles of the Golgi apparatus in this flagellate are discussed.
Ultrastructure of Cysts of Naegleria spp: A Comparative Study*
Authors: SCHUSTER FREDERICK L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ultrastructure of cysts of Naegleria gruberi, Naegleria fowleri, and Naegleria jadini was compared by transmission electron microscopy. Pores in the cyst wall were observed in all 3 species. In N. gruberi they were surrounded by a collar and sealed with a relatively large mucoid plug; no such collar was seen around the pores in the other 2 species, in which the plug was smaller than that in N. gruberi. An electron‐dense plaque serving as an additional pore closure was present in all 3 species. In N. gruberi, the cyst wall consisted of an inner thick and an outer thin layer; however, only the inner component was present in cysts of N. fowleri and N. jadini, which had a smooth appearance. At the ultrastructural level, excystment of N. fowleri involved digestion of the mucoid plug and emergence of the trophozoite through the pore. Some digestion of the cyst wall also appeared to take place during excystment.
A Simplified Overlay Plaque Technic for Evaluating Responses of Small Free‐Living Amebae in Grassland Soils*
Authors: MENAPACE DIANA , KLEIN D. A. , MCCLELLAN J. F. , MAYEUX J. V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The responses of amebae and bacteria in a grassland soil were investigated by an overlay plaque technic developed in this laboratory. This procedure, using Aerobacter aerogenes as the food source, allowed convenient assay of significant changes in ameba populations which resulted from additions of nutrient and water. In comparison with controls, when water was added an initial increase occurred in bacterial counts followed by an increase in the numbers of amebae. Upon addition of glucose, ameba populations increased initially and then decreased with time, while populations of bacteria remained constant. The addition of hay resulted in significant increases in populations of bacteria and amebae. Plaque appearance on enumeration plates was most rapid with inocula from nutrient‐treated soils.

Predominant amebae recovered by this technic were species of Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella. They were estimated to be present in untreated soils at 3.2 × 103/gram. Ameba feeding experiments were used to evaluate the possible suitability of other bacteria as food. The results indicated that nonpigmented laboratory strains of bacteria were preferred, while pigmented grassland isolates were more rapidly utilized.

Small soil amebae appear to be sensitive to minor soil perturbations, and the enumeration procedure developed in this study should aid in following their responses to environmental stresses.
Experimental Isospora canis and Isospora felis Infection in Mice, Cats, and Dogs*
Authors: DUBEY J. P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two 6‐month‐old gnotobiotic dogs and 4 five‐day‐old dogs became infected but did not shed oocysts within 15 days after ingesting the feline coccidian, Isospora felis. Infection of the dogs was evidenced by the shedding of I. felis oocysts by cats consuming extra‐intestinal organs of dogs fed I. felis. Likewise, cats became infected with the canine coccidian, Isospora canis, without producing oocysts. Dogs also became infected after ingesting mice previously fed I. canis oocysts. The prcpatent period for I. canis was slightly shorter in dogs fed infected mice (8–9 days) than in those fed oocysts (9–11 days).
Fine Structure of the Oocyst Walls of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria and Excystation of Isospora serini From the Canary, Serinus canarius L.
Authors: SPEER CLARENCE A. , DUSZYNSKI DONALD W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Isospora serini and Isospora canaria, from the canary Serinus canarius, were broken, added to a cell suspension, fixed in Karnovsky's fluid, and studied in the electron microscope. The oocyst wall of each species had an electronlucent inner layer, a more osmiophilic middle layer and an outer layer of electron‐lucent (I. serini) or electron‐dense material interspersed with some electron‐lucent material (I. canaria). A few, relatively large lipid‐like bodies were present in the outer or middle layer of the oocyst wall of I. canaria. As many as 9 membranes were present in the oocyst wall of I. canaria and 3 in that of I. serini. When exposed to a trypsin‐sodium taurocholate fluid, sporozoites of I. serini excysted from 5‐month‐old sporocysts in vitro, but not from sporocysts stored for more than 6 months. No excystation occurred in 15‐month‐old I. canaria sporocysts. Similarities and differences in excystation between I. serini and other Isospora, Eimeria, and Sarcocystis species are discussed.
Phototactic Orientation by the Marine Dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum Kofoid.
Authors: HAND WILLIAM G. , SCHMIDT JEFFREY A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The phototactic orientation of the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum was examined using photomicrographic, cinematographic, and closed‐circuit television technics. Particular emphasis was placed on examining the movements and possible roles of the flagella during orientation. The data suggest that the longitudinal flagellum is primarily responsible for phototactic orientation, while the lateral flagellum is involved in forward propulsion and cell rotation. A possible receptor mechanism is proposed by which light direction sensing is accomplished.
Reduced Growth of Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti Freed of Intracellular Symbiotes by Chloramphenicol*
Authors: CHANG K.‐P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

The intracellular symbiotes of Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti can be eliminated from cultures of the flagellates by a single chloramphenicol (CAP) treatment. Effective dosages were determined to be 0.01–0.08% (w/v) CAP after a treatment for 2 weeks or more for B. culicis and 0.08% (w/v) after 1 month for C. oncopelti in most cases. Ineffective dosages only lowered the numbers of symbiote‐bearing flagellates. Growth of both species of flagellates in the presence of CAP was reduced in proportion to the drug concentration. Repeated subcultures at effective dosages yielded symbiote‐free flagellates, which maintained a low level of growth rate. After repeated subcultures at ineffective dosages, the growth rate rose and the symbiote‐bearing cells, initially very few, increased in number. The lowest effective dosages proved to be marginal, often producing symbiote‐free cultures, but occasionally cultures with a few symbiote‐bearing cells. After repeated subcultures at these drug concentrations, symbiote‐containing cultures grew faster than the symbiote‐free cultures. Hence, the symbiotic bacteria benefit the growth of their hosts, perhaps by supplying essential factors that are inadequate even in a rich blood medium.
A Mathematical Model of Pattern Formation by Swimming Microorganisms*
Authors: LEVANDOWSKY M. , CHILDRESS W. S. , SPIEGEL E. A. , HUTNER S. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Bioconvection in suspensions of Tetrahymena pyriformis and Crypthecodinium cohnii is described and 2 new patterns, the toroid and the cat's‐eye, which appear in shallow suspensions of C. cohnii, are reported. Except in very dense cultures, bioconvection does not arise unless the depth of the suspensions or the mean concentration exceed certain critical values, other things being equal. A mathematical model describing the hydrodynamics of suspension of negatively geotactic microorganisms is described which predicts the existence of critical depths and concentrations. The equations presented admit solutions describing the “polka‐dot” patterns seen at low organism concentration in suspensions slightly deeper than the critical value. The discussion here is limited to the case of fairly dilute suspensions, but the basic approach can be applied also to richer cultures.
Ultrastructure of Intraerythrocytic Babesia microti with Emphasis on the Feeding Mechanism*
Authors: RUDZINSKA MARIA A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Babesia microti is a highly polymorphic organism. To unravel its fine structure and the function of organelles it was necessary to resort often to serial sections. A single plasma membrane covers the organism. In trophozoites approaching reproduction, segments of double membranes can be found below the plasma membrane. In electron micrographs of poor resolution these segments of double membranes look like pieces of thick membranes and they were often thought to be a thick 2nd membrane. Before the segments of double membranes appear 2 other organelles are formed in older trophozoites: micronemes and rhoptries. There are indications that these structures originate from vesicles of the Golgi apparatus. Large dense bodies of the same structure as the host cytoplasm are not food vacuoles but merely invaginations of host cytoplasm, as found in serial sections and in organisms removed from the host cell. Feeding in Babesia seems to take place by a special organelle composed of tightly coiled double membranes located partly inside and partly outside the parasite. It is assumed that extracellular digestion of host cytoplasm take place through this organelle. The nucleus remains undifferentiated throughout the whole intraerythrocytic stage. It becomes irregular, loboid, but does not divide and remains a single body until the late stage of reproduction when only a small portion, a bud, extends into the forming merozoite.
Demonstration that Leptomonas pessoai Galvão, Oliveira, Carvalho & Veiga, 1970, is a Herpetomonas*
Authors: ROITMAN ISAAC , BRENER ZIGMAN , ROITMAN CELINA , KITAJIMA ELLIOT W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas pessoai from the reduviid hemipteron Zelus leucogrammus, was cloned. The original strain (ATCC 30252) and clones can differentiate from promastigote to opisthomastigote. Differentiation is faster at high temperature (37 C) and in a defined medium as compared with a complex medium. It is suggested that Leptomonas pessoai be designated Herpetomonas samuelpessoai.
The Biology of Haemogregarina bigemina Laveran & Mesnil, a Parasite of the Marine Fish Blennius pholis Linnaeus
Authors: DAVIES ANGELA J. , JOHNSTON M. R. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina bigemina was found in all Blennius pholis which exceeded 5.0 cm in length, but in none measuring less than 3.5 cm. No exoerythrocytic development was recorded. The first B. pholis eggs hatched in May while the first patent infections of H. bigemina occurred from September onward in metamorphosed fish. Consequently, if the life cycle of H. bigemina includes a vector, that organism is active between May and September at least. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the hematophagous isopod, Gnathia maxillaris and not leeches, could be a vector of H. bigemina. Developmental stages of sporozoa were found in a small number of the isopods which had fed on infected B. pholis but the parasites could not be identified as H. bigemina with certainty. Subcellular organization, typical of sporozoa, was recorded by electron microscopy of H. bigemina.
Demonstration of Concanavalin A Receptors on Leptomonas pessoai Cell Membrane*§
Authors: DE SOUZA WANDERLEY , BUNN MARLENE M. , ANGLUSTER JAYME
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas pessoai promastigotes cultivated in a synthetic medium were agglutinated with concanavalin A (Con A). Agglutination was predominantly of the flagellar‐flagellar type, and was inhibited with sucrose or α‐methyl‐D‐mannoside.

Cell surface polysaccharides and/or glycoproteins were demonstrated by several cytochemical methods at the fine‐structural level. A Con A‐horseradish peroxidase‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) technic was used to detect Con A receptors in the pellicular membrane of the flagellar pocket region and in the flagellar membrane proper. Somewhat less of the Con A‐DAB reaction product was observed in the pellicular membrane enclosing the rest of the cell.
Inhibition by Theophylline of Phagocytosis in Acanthamoeba castellanii*
Authors: LEWIS M. B. , WEISMAN R. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Theophylline inhibited the phagocytosis of latex beads by Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff). The cells recovered the ability to engulf beads after 1–2 hr of exposure to theophylline. Cells which have been exposed to 25 mM theophylline for a period of inhibition and recovery were not inhibited further by incubation with a fresh medium containing the same concentration of theophylline. However, the medium in which the cells recovered was as effective as a fresh medium in inhibiting phagocytosis in a fresh batch of cells, suggesting that the development of insensitivity to theophylline inhibition resides with the cells themselves. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP also inhibited bead uptake.
Pentamidine Transport and Sensitivity in brucei‐Group Trypanosomes*
Authors: DAMPER DIANNE , PATTON CURTIS L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sensitivity to pentamidine of bloodstream forms and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, strains of this subspecies, and strains of T. brucei rhodesiense characteristically differs in vitro. Analyses of transport parameters for pentamidine uptake in these organisms show differences that correspond with drug sensitivity. Long slender bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei have a high affinity for the drug and high rates of uptake as indicated by Km and Vmax values for [3H]pentamidine transport. Although pentamidine and stilbamidine resistance is associated with dyskinetoplasty. this condition does not itself confer resistance to pentamidine nor does it affect pentamidine transport. However, drug‐resistant strains show lower rates for pentamidine transport as does T. b. rhodesiense, which is characteristically less sensitive to the drug. Of all the forms and strains studied, procyclic trypomastigotes were least sensitive to pentamidine and had a remarkable ability to exclude the drug.
Isospora vulpina Nieschulz and Bos, 1933: Description, and Transmission from the Fox (Vulpes vulpes) to the Dog*†
Authors: BLEDSOE BOB
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Isospora vulpina were found in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on a fox farm in Wisconsin. They were 29.7 (25‐38) × 24.3 (21‐32) μm. The sporocysts were 17.7 (15–23) × 13 (11–16) μm. Five coccidia‐free puppies were inoculated with 22,000–42,000 oocysts each of I. vulpina from the fox: a patent infection resulted after 6‐7 days. The infection was then transferred from 1 of these dogs to another coccidia‐free puppy. After a 7‐day prepatent period the puppy passed oocysts for 7 days.
Behavior of the Contractile Vacuole of Tetrahymena pyriformis W: A Redescription with Comments on the Terminology
Authors: PATTERSON DAVID J. , SLEIGH MICHAEL A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The behavior of the contractile vacuole of Tetrahymena pyriformis W has been recorded and analyzed quantitatively by cinephotography. The vacuole fills in a stepwise fashion by the confluence of ampullae which appear regularly at the beginning of systole and whose membranes are continuous with that of the contractile vacuole throughout the cycle. The vacuole may subsequently fill slowly by a means not discernible by light microscopy. The vacuole rounds up at the beginning of systole and shortly thereafter the ampullae reappear around the perimeter of the vacuole. They are expanded by fluid forced into them from the vacuole. Round‐up and the mode of growth of the ampullae indicate that the contractile vacuole is truly contractile. Expulsion occurs soon after the appearance of the ampullae and terminates the cycle. Contraction is initiated at regular intervals by a timing mechanism which is independent of the size of the vacuole. Suitable terminology to describe the structure and behavior of the contractile vacuole is discussed.
Loss of Stages after Continuous Passage of Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni*
Authors: FRENKEL J. K. , DUBEY J. P. , HOFF R. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Toxoplasma gondii, passed from mouse to mouse in the tachyzoite stage for 30–35 generations, developed cysts, which, when fed to cats, failed to produce oocysts. Besnoitia jellisoni, passed similarly for 20 generations, lost the capacity to form cysts. These phenomena are explained by a loss of genomes or gene products during the rapid passage selecting for tachyzoites.
Activities of Glucose‐6‐phosphate, 6‐phosphogluconate, and Isocitrate Dehydrogenases from Leishmania donovani Cultivated at 25 and 37 C*
Authors: GHOSH DILIP K. , HONIGBERG B. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) (EC No. 1.1.1.49), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) (EC No. 1.1.1.44), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) (EC No. 1.1.1.42) from promastigotes of Leishmania donovani strain 3S grown at 25 C in modified Tobie's (mT) medium and from promastigotes of the 37 C‐adapted substrain of this strain cultivated in the mT at 37 C were assayed at 25 and 37 C. At 25 C ICD from both the strain and the substrain had the highest, and PGD, the lowest activity; the activity of G‐6‐PD was intermediate, but much closer to that of ICD. Irrespective of the temperature of the assay, the activities of G‐6‐PD and ICD from the 37 C substrain were significantly higher than those of these enzymes from the parental strain; however, the activity of PGD from the 25 C strain was slightly higher than that of this dehydrogenase from the 37 C‐adapted stock. No significant activity losses of G‐6‐PD and ICD from either the strain or the substrain were noted after incubation of the extracts in the presence of 0.25 M sucrose at 37 C for 2 hr. PGD was unstable in such extracts, but it could be rendered stable by the addition of 4 mM 6‐phosphogluconate. G‐6‐PD was the least and ICD the most dependent on Mg2+ ions. In the 15–25 C range, the Q10 values of the enzymes from the 25 C strain were 2.83, 2.5, and 2.63 for G‐6‐PD, PGD, and ICD, respectively. These values for the respective enzymes in the 25–35 C range were 2.06, 1.67, and 1.62. The Q10 values of the enzymes from the 37 C substrain in the 15–25 C range were 2.06 for G‐6‐PD, 3.25 for PGD, and 2.77 for ICD; in the 25–35 C range, the corresponding values were 1.67, 1.46, and 1.83. Cultivation of the 37 C substrain at 25 C was accompanied by a drop in G‐6‐PD and ICD activities.
Eimeria tenggilingi sp. n. from the Scaly Anteater Manis javanica Desmarest in Malaysia*
Authors: ELSE JAMES G. , COLLEY FREDRICK C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria tenggilingi is described from the pangolin or scaly anteater, Manis javanica, in Malaysia. The spheroid to subspheroid oocysts average 18.9 × 17.8 μm. The oocyst wall is composed of 3 layers, each ∼ 0.6 μm thick. The 2 outer layers are striated and yellowish green. The inner layer is dark brown. One or 2 polar granules are present, but an oocyst residuum is absent. Ellipsoid sporocysts average 12.4 × 6.2 μm. A sporocyst residuum is present. This is the first Eimeria species reported from a host in the order Pholidota.
La Réorganisation Infraciliaire au Cours de la Conjugaison et l'Origine du Primordium Buccal dans le Genre Euplotes
Authors: TUFFRAU MICHEL , TUFFRAU HELENE , GENERMONT JEAN
Published: May 2007

RESUME

L'infraciliature ventrale est presque entièrement détruite lors de la conjugaison: la totalité des structures buccales, tous les cirres fronto‐ventraux et transversaux, certains cirres caudaux. Le retour à l'état végétatif s'effectue en 2 étapes.

Première Etape.–Différenciation d'un nouvel ensemble de cirres, dépourvu du cirre 1/I (selon la nomenclature de Wallengren); néoformation, à partir d'une ébauche située sur le territoire présomptif du cirre manquant, d'une partie des structures buccales (la moitié antérieure de la frange adorale de membranelles).

Deuxième Etape.–Remplacement de tous les cirres par un nouvel ensemble comportant le cirre 1/I; différenciation des structures buccales manquantes (moitié postérieure de la frange adorale, ciliature parorale)

Les rapports morphogénétiques entre le cirre 1/I et la ciliature parorale suggèrent que le territoire de ce “cirre paroral” est homologue des territoires stomatogènes d'autres Hypotriches tels que Kahliella et Stylonychia.

SYNOPSIS. During conjugation of Euplotes, the ventral ciliature, including the entire oral apparatus, all the fronto‐ventral and transverse cirri, and some of the caudal cirri, is nearly completely lost. As followed in silver‐stained preparations, the redifferentiation of the ciliature proceeds in 2 steps. The first step entails differentiation of a new complement of cirri, except for cirrus 1/I (according to the nomenclature of Wallengren), and neoformation of the anterior part of the adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) from a primordium located in an area that would be expected to give rise to the missing 1/I cirrus. The 2nd step involves replacement of all the cirri, including 1/I, and completion of the oral apparatus by redifferentiation of the posterior half of the AZM and of the paroral ciliature. The spatial morphogenetic relationships between cirrus 1/I and the paroral ciliature suggest that the area of this “paroral cirrus” is homologous with the stomatogenic areas of other Hypotrichida, such as Kahliella and Stylonychia.
Comparative In Vitro Development of Precocious and Normal Strains of Eimeria tenella (Coccidia)
Authors: McDOUGALD L. R. , JEFFERS T. K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria tenella strain Wis‐F is known to develop in chickens with a significantly shortened prepatent period and its pathogenicity is virtually completely attenuated. In vitro development of this strain paralleled development of the control (Wisconsin) strain through the first asexual generation. Instead of entering 2nd generation schizogony, however, most of the Wis‐F merozoites developed into microgamonts or macrogamonts. Wall‐forming bodies were prominent in developing macrogametes at 80–88 hr and began coalescing into the oocyst wall by 88 hr. Microgamete development paralleled that of macrogametes, with the appearance of multinucleate, immature forms at 72–80 hr and with recognizable, spermlike microgametes being prominent at 88–96 hr. Pathogenicity attenuation and reduction of the length of the prepatent period clearly resulted from omission of a portion of the life cycle (2nd generation schizogony).
Motor Responses to Polarized Light and Gravity Sensing in Euglena gracilis*†
Authors: CREUTZ C. , DIEHN BODO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis strain Z has a motor response which results in orientation with respect to the polarization of a light stimulus. Cells swim preferentially in a direction perpendicular to the plane of polarization of the stimulus. If 2 polarized stimuli are given from opposite directions, the preferred direction is, under certain circumstances, at right angles to the directions of both stimuli. Euglena also preferentially assumes an orientation that is at right angles to the force of gravity. The relationships between these responses and phototactic movements oriented with respect to the direction of the stimulus are discussed.
RNA Synthesis in Division SynchronizedTetrahymena:Macronuclear and Cytoplasmic RNA*
Authors: HERMOLIN JOSEPH , ZIMMERMAN ARTHUR M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Synthesis of RNA in the macronucleus and appearance of RNA in the cytoplasm were studied in heat synchronizedTetrahymena pyriformisGL and compared to those found under conditions of logarithmic growth (28 C) and during heat shocks (34 C).

In macronuclei of logarithmically growing cells precursors were processed to 2 rRNA species (25S and 17S). In addition, another RNA (15S), more homogeneous than the RNA (8‐15S) in the cytoplasm, was observed in the macronucleus. Both 17S and 25S rRNA species were found in the cytoplasm, 17S rRNA appearing more rapidly than 25S rRNA. Synthesis of rRNA was suppressed at 34 C in cells subjected to heat synchronization; 8‐15S RNA synthesis appeared to be inhibited to a lesser extent.

During the time preceding the first synchronized division, the synthesis of rRNAs in the macronucleus slowly recovered. Early in the cycle, almost no newly synthesized rRNAs were extracted. By 30 min after the last heat shock (EH), most of the RNA synthesized was not identified as rRNA. By 60 min after EH, the pattern of RNA synthesis had not returned to that observed in logarithmically growing cells.
Dinoflagellate Evolution: Speculation and Evidence*†
Authors: LOEBLICH ALFRED R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Nuclear features of dinoflagellates that were used originally to support the Mesocaryota concept are reviewed. The fibrillar diameter of dinoflagellate chromatin, low level of chromosomal basic proteins, membrane attachment of chromosomes and swirl pattern observed in sectioned chromosomes are features that support a prokaryotic affinity. The presence of repeated and highly complex DNA, a S‐phase of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle, presence of basic proteins, and the reinterpretation of extranuclear microtubules as a spindle support the contention that dinoflagellates are eukaryotes. This combination of prokaryotic and eukaryotic features suggests that dinoflagellates are a geologically old group and that perhaps they diverged from the higher eukaryotic lineage before evolution of eukaryotic chromatin but after the evolution of repeated DNA. The 2 patterns of carotenoid composition exemplified by the presence of peridinin or fucoxanthin suggest separate origins of dinoflagellate plastids, perhaps by prokaryotic and eukaryotic capture. It is suggested that the species possessing fucoxanthin obtained their plastids by capture of photosynthetic eukaryotes.

A new class and order, Syndiniophyceae and Syndiniales, are proposed for the dinoflagellates with low chromosome numbers, V‐shaped chromosomes, chromosomes containing a sufficient quantity of basic proteins detectable histochemically, possession of centrioles associated with mitosis, intracellular parasitism as a mode of nutrition, and lack of a cellular covering containing plates.

Ultrastructural and paleontologic evidence indicates that the thecate is more primitive than the nonthecate condition.

The Prorocentrales are considered to be primitive and their thecal construction is reinterpreted as having epithecal and hypothecal regions surrounding a flagellar pore region containing 7 plates. Acritarchs resemble cysts of modern dinoflagellates in size, structure, and chemical composition except for the absence of a polygonal excystment aperture and lack of any indication of transverse and longitudinal flagellar grooves on the acritarchs. The suggestion that some acritarchs may have dinoflagellate affinities is supported by the occurrence of modern dinoflagellates (Prorocentrales) which lack a theca of numerous polygonal plates and lack transverse and longitudinal flagellar arrangement. The Prorocentrales, as opposed to the more typical Dinophyceae, perhaps represent the type of organism that produced some acritarchs.
Flagellate Phylogeny: A Study in Conflicts*
Authors: TAYLOR F. J. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Information relating to the ultrastructure of 4 organellar systems of flagellates—nuclei (including mitosis), flagella, mitochondria and chloroplasts—is examined for bearing on the probable phylogeny of the principal flagellate groups, first considered singly and then in combination. The mitotic mechanism has not proved to be as conservative a character as might be hoped, but still remains characteristic for the average condition in many of the groups. Flagellar features are useful if allowance is made for the reduction or multiplication of the basic pair, and the loss of lateral and terminal hairs seems to have occurred independently several times. The presence of paraxial rods within flagella may be a useful indication of affinity. Rootlet systems are not dealt with in detail here, although the possible similarity between axial microtubular sheets in axostylar flagellates and some members of the green algae containing “manchettes” is noted. The basic patterns of chloroplast internal structure are summarized and their general agreement with other characters is affirmed, noting however that cryptomonads may be closer to the green flagellates (including euglenoids) than is generally accepted. Attention is drawn to the potential value of internal mitochondrial morphology as an indicator of large assemblages. Finally, a “tree” based on multiple cell organizational features is presented and discussed.
Eimeria tenella: Host Specificity in Gallinaceous Birds
Authors: VETTERLING J. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eight species representing 8 genera of gallinaceous birds were used: Alectoris graeca; Colinus virginianus; Coturnix coturnix; Gallus gallus; Meleagris gallopavo; Numidia meleagris; Pavo cristatus; Phasianus colchicus. Three‐week‐old birds were dosed with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella Beltsville strain. At 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hr after inoculation, 1‐3 infected birds and uninoculated controls of each species were killed by cardiac exsanguination. Pieces of intestines were fixed and examined for stages of E. tenella as stained paraffin sections or indirect fluorescent antibody preparations. Oocyst counts were made in droppings collected for the first 6 days of the patent period. Sporozoites were found in the lamina propria of some birds of 5 species at 4 hr postinoculation, but no stages were found thereafter except in the breeds of G. gallus and A. graeca. At 144 and 168 hr postinoculation, a few macrogametes were found in the ceca of 2 A. graeca, but no oocysts were found in the feces. No statistical difference was found between the number of oocysts produced/bird in the breeds of G. gallus examined. It is evident from these observations that E. tenella did not complete its life cycle in several close phylogenetic relatives of G. gallus, even though in other studies this parasite was found to complete its life cycle in cell cultures derived from the same birds.
Laboratory and Field Studies on Glugea stephani (Hagenmuller), a Microsporidan Parasite of Pleuronectid Flatfishes*
Authors: OLSON ROBERT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The microsporidan Glugea stephani is a common parasite of juvenile English sole (Parophrys vetulus) in Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Field observations indicated that fish became infected only in the upper estuary where summer temperatures were above 15 C and the incidence of infection reached 79.8% in the late fall.

Laboratory infections developed and parasite growth occurred only at or above 15 C. The parasite was successfully transmitted to juvenile English sole by brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and amphipod (Corophium spinicorne) vectors as well as by direct ingestion of spores by the host. Infections that resulted from ingestion of spore‐carrying vectors were much heavier than those resulting from the direct ingestion of spores. The speckled sanddab (Citharichthys stigmaeus), a nonpleuronectid flatfish, and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were refractory to G. stephani infection in the laboratory.

Results of this study suggest that G. stephani is potentially lethal to young pleuronectid flatfishes when heavy infections involve the entire intestine and reduce the capacity to absorb nutrients. Under these circumstances, starvation is probably the direct or indirect cause of death. The restriction of infection to fish that reach the upper estuary very likely mitigates the impact of G. stephani caused mortality on the entire English sole population on the Yaquina Bay nursery ground.
Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeridae) of the Herbivorous Mole‐Rat,Spalax leucodonNordmann
Authors: SAYIN FAHRI , DINCER SUKRAN , MERIC ISMAIL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.A survey of 96 herbivorous mole‐rats,Spalax leucodonNordmann, in Lalahan district of Ankara, Turkey, revealed the presence of 6 new species of coccidia. The species found, the shape and average length‐width dimensions (in micrometers) of their oocysts, and the numbers of animals from which they were isolated were as follow:Eimeria lalahanensissp. n., subspherical to ellipsoidal (20.3 × 12.5), from 10;Eimeria tuzdilisp. n., spherical to subspherical with radially striated oocyst wall, (20.5 × 16.5), from 3;Eimeria spalacissp. n., ellipsoidal to cylindrical (16.3 × 9.8), from 90;Eimeria ellipticasp. n., ellipsoidal (14.3 × 10.1), from 8;Eimeria turkmenicasp. n., ellipsoidal (11.3 × 8.9), from 1;Isospora anatolicumsp. n., spherical (7.6 × 5.1), from 1 animal. The overall infection rate for 96 examined herbivorous mole‐rats was 100%.
Cytochemical Nature and Fine Structure of the Gregarine Zeylanocystis burti Dissanaike, with Special Reference to Microfilaments, Microtubules and Movement
Authors: SATHANANTHAN A. HENRY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The mature trophozoite of the acephaline gregarine Zeylanocystis burti Dissanaike, parasitic in the seminal vesicles of the Sri Lankan earthworm Pheretima peguana Rosa, was studied by cytochemical methods and by electron microscopy. Some observations were also made on gametocysts and oocysts.

The trophozoite has a peculiar saucer shape, unlike other monocystid gregarines, and has marginal papillae with cytoplasmic hairs. Its fine structure conforms broadly to that of other gregarines, but differs with respect to its fibrillar organization and in some details of cytoplasmic organelle structure. The pellicle is composed of 2 parallel unit membranes elevated into a number of stumpy epicytary folds, more or less evenly distributed on both surfaces of the gregarine. Some of these are associated with adjacent accessory cells and may have a nutritive role. Bundles of fine microfilaments (5–6 nm) were detected both in the ectoplasm and deep in the endoplasm; these are possibly the main contractile elements (“myonemes”) involved in movement. Microtubules are larger (22–24 nm) and are found predominantly in papillae and cytoplasmic hairs, but extend also in small bundles beneath the pellicle—they appear to be more skeletal in nature. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of recent work on the roles of microfilaments and microtubules in nonmuscle cells. Mitochondria are located superficially and have a complex organization. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, but ribosomes are abundant. Golgi lamellae‐like membranes and vesicles akin to lysosomes were observed. Typical paraglycogen granules were found together with blobs of lipid and glycogen. The nucleus had a wrinkled envelope, a homogeneous matrix, and a spherical nucleolus.

A variety of staining reactions and cytochemical tests were carried out. The distribution of lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, calcium, and melanin were studied. Succinate dehydrogenase was detected in mitochondria, thiamine pyrophosphatase in Golgi bodies, and acid phosphatase in lysosomes. Golgi structures were found to be chemically very complex.

Gametocysts and oocysts were associated with extraneous cells which probably contribute to the formation of their walls. The gametocyst wall is thin and consists of 2 membranes of the unit type. The oocyst wall is thicker and composed of 2 chemically different layers. Telolysosomes were seen in the disorganized residual cytoplasm within gametocysts.
Extra Nutritional Requirements of Artificially Aposymbiotic Crithidia deanei*
Authors: MUNDIM MARIA HERMELINDA , ROITMAN ISAAC
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Chloramphenicol cured Crithidia deanei of its endosymbiote. The derived aposymbiotic strain had additional growth requirements: purin (as adenine), heme, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and pantothenate and liver infusion (replaceable by high nicotinamide).
Leptomonas seymouri sp. n. from the cotton stainer Dysdercus suturellus*
Authors: WALLACE FRANKLIN G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas seymouri sp. n., isolated from Dysdercus suturellus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) from Florida, is described and distinguished from other species of Leptomonas from closely related hosts.
Euglena: The Photoreceptor System for Phototaxis*
Authors: WOLKEN JEROME J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The photoreceptor structures (eyespot‐paraflagellar body‐flagellum) for Euglena phototaxis were investigated by electron microscopy. The paraflagellar body—the photoreceptor—is a highly ordered crystalline lamellar structure. Optical diffraction of the electron micrographs and resulting filtered images of the paraflagellar body suggest that it is formed of rods in a helical arrangement. The action spectra for phototaxis, the in situ spectrum by microspectrophotometry of the paraflagellar body, and flavin analysis of the organism indicate that the photoreceptor molecule is a flavoprotein. The phototaxis action spectrum is similar to the spectrum for O2 evolution and implies that similar molecules participate in the photo‐processes. As a result, a photochemical scheme is suggested in which a photo‐excited flavin and a cytochrome participate in the photoprocess. The photochemistry and photoreceptor structures for Euglena phototaxis are likened to a photoneuro sensory cell.
Sexual Isolation and Genetic Diversification Among Some Strains ofCrypthecodinium cohnii‐likeDinoflagellates Evidence of Speciation
Authors: BEAM CARL A. , HIMES MARION
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Nine new isolates ofCrypthecodinium‐likedinoflagellates from diverse geographic locations, together with 3 established strains from Woods Hole and Puerto Rico, were analyzed for sexual compatibility by means of a complementation test using motility mutants. The results indicate that 5 of the 12 are mutually compatible and thereby represent one species. Five others are clearly reproductively isolated from this group and from each other and therefore may belong to separate species. The position of 2 other isolates remains uncertain. Only one, MC‐5, is markedly distinct morphologically from all the others. It is also sympatric with one of the others, strain G, and its separation fromCrypthecodinium cohniiseems therefore more fully justified than that of the other sexually isolated strains. G and MC‐5 would be considered “good” species by an evolutionary biologist. The others are from widely separate geographic origins and. though still poorly characterized, all superficially resembleC. cohnii. Comparison of many characters (DNA profile, radiation response, drug sensitivity, macroalgal association, etc.) of the incompatible strains show significant disparities which are discussed in considering speciation.
Antigens of the Subcellular Fractions of Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Flagellar and Membrane Fraction*
Authors: SEGURA E. L. , VAZQUEZ C. , BRONZINA A. , CAMPOS J. M. , CERISOLA J. A. , CAPPA S. M. GONZALEZ
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A method for isolation of membrane and flagellar fractions from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, and descriptions of their ultrastructural characteristics and antigenic activity are presented. Electron‐microscopic observations revealed that the membrane fraction resembled vesicles, as occurs frequently when the pressure‐depressure method is used for cell disruption. The flagellar fraction revealed flagella and some membranes, both related and unrelated to the flagellar structure. Flagellar and membrane fractions had 5 and 3 precipitin lines respectively against anti‐whole homogenate of T. cruzi. in double diffusion tests. One of the precipitin bands common to both fractions gave a reaction of identity with one precipitin line of the microsomal fractions, that was not present in the mitochondrial, nuclear and cell sap fractions. Data from tests of protective activity obtained during a period of 3 years with whole homogenate and F and M fractions are also presented. Protective activity against lethal challenge doses of trypomastigotes is strongly associated with the flagellar fraction.