bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marie de Gournay's Revision of Ronsard's “Harangue du Duc de Guise”
Authors: Ilsley Marjorie H.
Published: January 2021

It was in Marie de Gournay's salon, rue de l'Arbre Sec., and later rue St-Honoré, that took place (prior to the founding of the Académie, in which many of her contemporaries say that she played an important rôle) frequent discussions that were to determine the future of the French language. Her opinions were listened to with respect—though not always followed—by such men as Boisrobert, Ménage, Sorel, Voiture, Malherbe, Racan, and others. Among her staunch friends, besides Montaigne, were La Mothe le Vayer, Claude de l'Estoile, Colletet, St François de Sales, and Michel de l'Hospital. She was also highly esteemed abroad by Juste Lipse, Hensius, Baudius and, in Italy, by Capaccio. She was, at the time of the incident we are about to relate, a vivacious, enthusiastic woman in her fifties, with an extraordinary fund of knowledge, a sharp tongue tempered by a keen sense of humor and a sparkle of wit that earned her the respect of the learned and pensions from the mighty. Charles Sorel insisted on her gentler qualities: “Au-dessus de son savoir je voudrois mettre encore sa générosité, sa bonté et ses autres vertues qui n'avoient point ses pareilles,” and he said that Bouhours “l'a mise au rang des plus illustres filles d'esprit.” The Abbé Michel de Marolles, who was a frequent visitor at her home, was impressed by her kindness : “Elle avoit l'âme candide et généreuse.”
Dietrich von Bern as a Literary Symbol
Authors: Jones George Fenwick
Published: January 2021

During the wedding feast in Heinrich Wittenwiler's Ring* one of the peasants notices how quickly the food is disappearing; so

Er wolt eim fresser legen abUnd sprach: “Her Guggoch ist ein man,Der selber lieder tichten chanVon Dietreichen dem Perner.“

Tricked by the flattery, Guggoch sings a popular song about the great Gothic emperor while the others greedily devour the food. The purpose of this essay is to explain why Wittenwiler chose this particular song for his peasant bard.
Honors and Prizes in the Mla Field
Authors: Johnson S. F.
Published: January 2021

Two Centuries Ago another Dr. Johnson, commenting on the griefs and dangers that beset the scholar, advised him to pause a while from letters to be wise:

Deign on the passing world to turn thine eyes …There mark what ills the scholar's life assail,Toil, envy, want, the garret, and the gaol.See nations slowly wise, and meanly just,To buried merit raise the tardy bust.

A few years later he indicated that patrons are even greater ills than garrets in the life of the scholar. The corporate patronage of our time represents some advance over the system of individual patronage that was dying in the eighteenth century, and, in the field of modern scholarship, living merit is generally acknowledged–if not always in due proportion or in the crude but useful form of hire and salary. In two centuries there has been apparent progress, though it would be difficult to say how much. It is not the purpose of this essay to refute the universality of Dr. Johnson's sobering generalization but, for our own time and place, to qualify and perhaps to document it by surveying the honors reserved for living scholars, specifically those honors awarded by groups or institutions in the United States and Canada that have been or might conceivably be given to MLA members in recognition of unusual achievement.
Sherwood Anderson and Eduardo Mallea
Authors: Chapman Arnold
Published: January 2021

Bringing together the names of Sherwood Anderson and Eduardo Mallea at first only emphasizes differences between the writers—differences that appear in common beliefs about them and their respective countries. Place, time, and critical tradition set them apart. In the first instance, geographical separation would appear still important despite easy modern communications; and cultural variance is, of course, even more to be considered than spatial distance. Such matters as the quite different colonial impulses creating the present-day United States and Argentina, the “Anglic” tradition as opposed to the Hispanic, Protestantism to Catholicism, and pragmatism to idealism lead one to expect that if Anderson and Mallea conform to the general patterns of their native areas they will have little in common.
George Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature: The New England Background
Authors: Hart Thomas R.
Published: January 2021

The idea that Spanish literature is essentially national and popular is no longer so kindly received as it used to be. Dámaso Alonso has repeatedly attacked this interpretation, and in recent years several distinguished scholars, among them Ernst Robert Curtius, have joined him in demanding a complete re-evaluation of the Spanish literary tradition. The force of their attacks is itself the best indication of how deeply-rooted the older view had become.
The Dual Aspects of Evil in “Rappaccini's Daughter”
Authors: Male Roy R.
Published: January 2021

If we assume that recurrent images, structure, tone, and literary allusions contribute to the meaning of “Rappaccini's Daughter”— and students of Hawthorne will agree, I think, that such an assumption is valid—the traditional interpretation of the story as a warning against intellectual pride appears inadequate. Such an interpretation, as I hope to make clear in this paper, overlooks the basic paradox of Giovanni's position as he wavers between the two aspects of evil represented by Rappaccini and Baglioni. Achievement of a fully satisfactory reading is difficult, however, because this is Hawthorne's most complex story, one which presents what he elsewhere describes as “a more perplexing amalgamation of vice and virtue than we witness in the outward world” (II, 377).
Thoreau's Feminine Foe
Authors: Harding Walter
Published: January 2021

As Henry Seidel Canby pointed out in his life of Thoreau fifteen years ago, there is a strange gap in the biography of Thoreau that has never been filled. In Sanborn's edition of the Familiar Letters of Thoreau (Boston, 1894), there is a letter of 14 November 1847 to Emerson, traveling in England at the time, stating in part:

I have had a tragic correspondence, for the most part all on one side, with Miss _____ She did really wish to—I hesitate to write—marry me—that is the way they spell it. Of course I did not write a deliberate answer—how could I deliberate upon it? I sent back a distinct No, as I have learned to pronounce after considerable practice, and I trust that this No has succeeded. Indeed I wished that it might burst like hollow shot after it had struck and buried itself, and make itself felt there. There was no other way. I really had anticipated no such foe as this in my career. (p. 166)
Diderot's Supposed Contribution to D'holbach's Works
Authors: Topazio Virgil W.
Published: January 2021

We are confronted today with a persistent tradition, whose veracity has been less questioned with the passing years, that Diderot not only contributed extensively to the thought and style, but also wrote many of the pages, of D'Holbach's works.
Acts of the Executive Council
Authors: Brown Carleton
Published: January 2021

For the record of business transacted at the business meeting of the Executive Council at Washington, December 31, 1930, see the Proceedings as printed in the Supplement to PMLAxlv, page lxiii.
Addendum: A New Landorian Manuscript
Authors: Metzdorf Robert F.
Published: January 2021

A new manuscript of Walter Savage Landor's pamphlet, Mr. Landor's Remarks on a Suit Preferred against Him (London [George Jacob Holyoake], 1859), has recently been found in the Charles A. Brown Collection of Autographs and Manuscripts in the University of Rochester Library. A study of this new material led to the writing of Dr. Super's article, and a description of the document is included here in order to give details which were not strictly germane to the broader treatment. The manuscript, which bears the title, “Mr. Landor's Remarks on his Trial for Libel,” is of importance in that it is revised by Landor and contains unprinted passages of his private defence.
Postscript
Authors: Brennecke Ernest
Published: January 2021

Shakespeare's intimate acquaintance with the music of his time and his enthusiasm for the art are well known, and there can be little question that he consorted to some extent with the London musicians of 1600. Certain of them may have been actively associated with the production, and possibly with the composition, of his plays. Precisely what form such association took, however, is a matter upon which investigation has hitherto yielded only meagre and confusing results. Speculation links Shakespeare's name with many composers and performers of the period, some of whom must indeed have supplied both the incidental music so abundantly required for his stage productions and the earliest settings of his lyrics.
The Camp Economy in the USSR: on Historiography of Forced Labor Efficiency
Authors: Fedotova Irina
Published: January 2021

The article intends to review the scientific literature, devoted to economic activity of GULAG in the late 1920s and in the early 1940s. Comparative analysis of the existing approaches to the issue of the camp economy efficiency is presented in the paper. The efficiency of the camp economy is usually based on the use of forced labor. Some researchers suppose that GULAG existence allowed the ruling top to achieve their political goals while bearing significant economic losses. Other scholars emphasize the special importance of GULAG for the state administration, which included its ability to concentrate the labor force in the necessary production sites and fulfill the plan in the shortest possible time, achieving the needed results. As for the correlation between the expenses and the outcomes, it was of lower priority. In other words, the state government made more emphasis on attaining production effect rather than on increased economic efficiency. This point of view was found in most publications made by Russian and foreign researchers of GULAG. The author of the present article supposes this approach to be reasonable and most optimal, as it considers the camp economy in reliance to the conditions and functions, created specifically for its needs, but not as an isolated phenomenon. The paper also provides some ideas concerning to the present problem and its potential for future research.
Use of Prisoners of War Labor in Karelia During the First World War
Authors: Krivonozhenko Alexander
Published: January 2021

The article describes the study of using prisoners' labor in Karelia during the First World War. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time the angle of approach to this problem was beyond the traditional context of the issue, that usually covers the details of the Murmansk railway construction and prisoners labor service. The author analyzed the proposals which were put forward by the Zemstvos and by the governing bodies of the Olonets and Arkhangelsk provinces. They proposed to use the labor of prisoners in the implementation of several infrastructure projects, which were aimed at achieving major strategic defense objectives, as well as at solving local economic problems. The text has a special focus on the problem of using prisoners of war in the field work in Karelia. The study concluded that the labor of war prisoners was hardly used in Karelia. The only major construction project, which included prisoners labor, was the construction of the Murmansk railway. Several reasons for that were defined and presented in the article. Firstly, it was due to the reluctance of the Central authorities to spend money on major projects duplicating the railway to Murmansk, which was under construction. Secondly, it was caused by the position of the Olonets provincial administration, which resisted the additional inflow of prisoners of war to Karelia. Thirdly, it was dependent on the specificities of local peasant population and its regional economic structure.
Specific Features of Redistribution of Property in Russia's Electric Power Industry
Authors: Sheveleva Galina
Published: January 2021

The privatization of the generating assets of the Russian electric power industry during its reform did not solve one of the main tasks related to attracting private investment. In the post-reform period, there was a constant redistribution of property, primarily in domestic wholesale and territorial generating companies. The specifics of such redistribution, leading to additional significant risks of lost profits for investors, were not considered. They were revealed through a comparative analysis of the composition of the main shareholders of these companies in the post-reform period, mainly based on the results of 2009 and 2019. The following main features of the redistribution of property have been determined: its permanent redistribution; the growing presence of the state in the competitive segment of energy production; increased concentration of ownership; growth in the number of offshore foreign companies; insignificant share in the share capital of institutional investors and individuals.
Role of Modern Scientific and Technological Solutions in the Criminological Policy: Legal Frameworks and International Experience
Authors: Atabekov Kairat , Kostenko Gavriil
Published: January 2021

The article provides an overview of certain technical solutions, used in different countries for crime prevention along with the basic legal framework. The authors mentioned various approaches to the criminological policy; summarized certain basic theoretical concepts developed within the last centuries, such as neo-biological, critical criminological and everyday theory. Discussing modern criminological situation at the international level, the authors stressed the importance of the international cooperation in the field of crime prediction, crime prevention, and crime investigation. Referring to the topic of governmental institutions responsible for the criminological policies, the authors examined the situation in different countries to compare different legislative systems.
Gamification: Its Pedagogical Innovations Benefit Internship Seekers
Authors:   Life and Career Center, Campus de Monterrey, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico, Santos - Guevara Brenda N. , Rincon - Flores Elvira G. ,   School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico
Published: January 2021

Results in higher education and literature have shown that gamification favors intrinsic motivation, cognitive process, and the social aspects of learning by engaging students with their courses. We present the use of a Leaderboard, integrating the used award system, in which students gained badges, built with eleven nicknames, six avatars and seven types of badges. The course Growth-related Competencies aims to prepare students for the search of their internships through tools that allow them to develop professional competencies. This Research was conducted to search for a way to enhance students' performance and quality of done assignments while considering that content seems to be boring and exhaustive for students who review the complete recruitment process (built their resume, have a mock interview, and get familiarized with job boards). We found, through exploratory qualitative research, that students chose an avatar or nickname (optional for students) according to something meaningful for them such as a role model they have or a character with whom they share characteristics according to their self-image. We also learned they found their motivation to participate in gamification as an opportunity to get recognition from teachers and classmates, as well as a reaffirmation of their performance while developing their professional competencies and get prepared to search for their internships. Personal satisfaction, extra points and rewarding were also reasons for them to participate as members of the Leaderboard of the course. Results showed that enhanced gamified design improve student’s participation, delivered assignments and quality of hiring products, reflected on final grades. Keywords: Gamification, Leaderboard, Professional Competencies, Internship, Educational Innovation, Higher Education.
S.O.F protocol for nuclei isolation from fresh and frozen tissues using OptiPrep® discontinuous gradient v1
Authors: G Martelotto Luciano
Published: January 2021

This protocol is the result of the combination of various nuclei isolation protocols for single cell RNA-seq experiments using droplet-based methods, and is an extension of the Frankenstein (S.O.F means Son Of Frankenstein). Developed to prepare nuclei isolates from fresh and frozen material of small-to-large sizes. The good thing is that it does not uses FACS but OptiPrep® discontinuous gradient to remove debris. It is the alternative protocol when FACS is not available.
Tris Buffered Saline (TNT) v3
Authors: Institute for Brain Science Allen
Published: January 2021

This protocol is used to prepare Tris Buffered Saline (TNT). 10X TNT is the stock solution used to prepare 1X TNT, which equilibrates tissue and maintains pH in physiological range. Note: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute Of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U19MH114830. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
The histomorphological pattern of various tonsillar lesions. A 3-year study in the tertiary care center.
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, T.S. Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sharma Dr. Ritu , Bansal Dr. Megha ,   Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, T.S. Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, Kumar Dr. (Brig.) Nikhilesh ,   Professor and Head of Department, Department of Pathology, T.S. Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, Kumar Dr. Gaurav ,   Associate professor in Department of E.N.T, T.S. Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Palatine tonsils are paired masses of lymphoid tissue, which act as an immunologicbarrier against the entry of pathogenic agents into the respiratory and digestive tracts. Tonsillitis is acommon disease, especially among children. Chronic tonsillitis is a disease with repeated attacks ofacute tonsillitis or a sub-clinic form of a resistant or poorly treated infection. Aim: To determine theclinicopathological findings in various lesions of tonsillectomy in the palatine tonsil. Materials andmethods: This is a retrospective study where 105 (Unilateral-20, Bilateral) cases ofhistopathologically identified tonsillectomy specimens as well as 4 tonsillar biopsies were included.The available data for all the patients as regards age, sex, and clinical symptoms were collected.Sections were taken from tonsillectomy specimens from representative areas while tonsillar biopsieswere processed completely. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining was done along with this specialstain- PAS (periodic acid- Schiff) for actinomycosis and ZN stain for AFB. Results: Amongst thecases, 78 cases showed chronic tonsillitis. 11 cases were chronic tonsillitis with actinomycosis, acutechronic tonsillitis in 07 cases, granulomatous tonsillitis in 03 cases, acute ulcerative tonsillitis withmicroabscesses in 01 case, and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 02 cases. Three malignancies wereobserved – Two cases of squamous cell carcinoma and one case of undifferentiatedcarcinoma/lymphoma. Conclusion: Chronic tonsillitis is a common problem facing in all age groups,Histopathology plays a significant role in diagnosing both benign and malignant lesions of the tonsil.
A Different Insight into Neuromuscular Performance Evaluation: The Influence of Fatigue in Hamstrings:Quadriceps Ratio
Authors: UMUTLU Gökhan , ERDOĞAN Ayhan Taner
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the differences among fatigue index and hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H/Q) peak moment ratios subsequent to an exhaustive running (TLimvVO2max) trial performed at maximum individual fatigue intolerance point using an alternative H/QFatigue approach rather than other conventional (H/QCR) methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio under non-fatigued conditions. Thirty-seven male athletes from different sports participated to determine if there are differences due to the influences of fatigue and sports modality. VO2max, vVO2max, and TLimvVO2max were measured to determine maximum individual fatigue intolerance point with two preliminary test sessions. H/Q data analyzed were for angular velocities of 180°/s. H/QFatigue calculated using the moment developed in repetitions 48-50 was significantly greater than other conventional methods (p<0.001). Significant differences were apparent among new and conventional methods (H/QRight48,49,50:1.20–1.24 vs. H/QCR: 0.57–0.62; p<0.05) and (H/QLeft48,49,50:1.17–1.34 vs. H/QCR: 0.53–0.55; p<0.001), respectively. H/QFatigue ratios following an exhaustive exercise offer different information compared to conventional methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio under non-fatigued conditions.
Urbanização de assentamentos precarizados e direito à cidade
Authors: Oliveira Lucas Amaral de , Manzi Maya
Published: January 2021

Este texto abre o dossiê “Assentamentos precarizados: urbanização desigual e (re)apropriação do território”. A apresentação está dividida em três tópicos. Inicialmente, revisamos a literatura que informa, de modo transversal, os históricos de ocupação territorial em algumas grandes cidades brasileiras, com atenção especial aos assentamentos precários. Em seguida, examinamos esses assentamentos como campo de disputas ligadas a demandas por direito à cidade e à moradia – tema que atravessa as contribuições deste dossiê. Por fim, introduzimos os artigos que integram esta primeira edição da Revista Territorialidades, apresentando os resumos articulados dos textos em relação à proposta epistemológica do dossiê.
Assessment of risk of loss of the implant in two-stage breast reconstruction
Authors: Shivilov E. V. , Kvetenadze G. E. , Arslanov Kh. S. , Tseplina O. E.
Published: January 2021

Surgical treatment remains one of the leading methods in the treatment of breast cancer. Every year, the number of breast reconstruction operations is steadily increasing. But the number of possible complications associated with performing such operations also increases. Breast reconstruction using an expander may be one of the acceptable options for patients who are planning radiation therapy. The article analyzes the results of two-stage reconstructive plastic surgery on the breast in the complex treatment of patients diagnosed with breast cancer. In 90.5 % of cases, a good cosmetic result was obtained. The risk of losing the implant after chemotherapy was 4.8 % and 13.9 % for chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy, respectively. Two-stage breast reconstruction can be used with careful selection of patients.
Role of positron emission tomography in predicting early tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: Chanchikova N. G. , Karlova E. A. , Savelyeva A. S. , Silkina O. A. , Chernov V. I. , Zelchan R. V. , Bragina O. D. , Medvedeva A. A.
Published: January 2021

Background. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an important stage in the treatment of patients with breast cancer. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/СT) with fluorodeoxyglucose labeled with 18F (18F-FDG) is widely used as an effective method of metabolic tumor imaging at the stages of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using PET/CT with 18F-FDG to determine the early tumor response to NACT.

Materials and methods. The results of PET/CT with 18F-FDG in 27 patients with breast cancer were retrospectively analyzed. The study was performed before the start of NACT, after the 2nd cycle of chemotherapy and after completion of all courses, the maximum accumulation of 18F-FDG in the tumor tissue (SUVmax), as well as the dynamics of changes in SUVmax after NACT (SUV(%)) were assessed. According to the results of postoperative morphological examination, the patients were divided into two groups: with complete tumor regression (pCR) and with no complete tumor regression (non-pCR).

Results. The results of the study showed that the SUV(%) between the primary and interim examination, as well as between the intermediate and preoperative PET/CT scans, was 66.6 ± 13.3 % and 31.6 ± 17.5 %, respectively. The dynamics of SUV(%) between the primary and intermediate scans in the pCR and non-pCR groups was 79.04 ± 4.1 % and 63.8 ± 13.1 %, respectively (p = 0.02). The SUVmax value in the pCR and non-pCR groups during the primary PET/CT scan was 8.5 ± 0.78 and 8.2 ± 0.78, respectively (p = 0.5), while the intermediate scan was 1.8 ± 0.35 and 3.0 ± 0.14 (p = 0.03). Based on the research results, an ROC analysis was carried out, which showed that the optimal value of SUV(%) is 73.55 %, which showed the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Discussion. Given that the change in SUVmax between primary and intermediate PET/CT was more pronounced than between intermediate and preoperative scans, it can be assumed that metabolic changes in the background of NACT are observed already in the early stages of treatment and persist until the end of therapy, thus, the ineffectiveness of the chemotherapy regimen can be determined using an intermediate PET/CT scan and a timely change in the treatment plan.

Conclusions. We consider 73.55 % to be the optimal value of SUV(%) for intermediate PET/CT scanning; for this indicator and above, it is expected to expect a complete morphological response of the tumor to NACT. We believe that PET/CT with 18F-FDG at an intermediate stage of observation during NACT is a valuable method for predicting early tumor response to therapy.
Successful treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease in a patient with intolerance to standard chemotherapy (clinical case)
Authors: Teletaeva G. M. , Ulrikh E. A. , Latipova D. Kh. , Semenova A. I. , Levchenko E. V. , Ulrikh D. G. , Berlev I. V. , Semiglazova T. Yu. , Protsenko S. A. , Urmancheeva A. F.
Published: January 2021

Gestational trophoblastic disease is a rare tumor highly sensitive to systemic drug therapy. The standard regimens of chemotherapy of I and II lines for patients in the high-risk group for gestational trophoblastic disease are the EMA-CO, EMA-EP and TP/TE regimens, which have been demonstrated to be effective and require adherence to drug doses and intervals of administration. If these criteria are not met, the risk of developing resistance with an unfavorable outcome for patients is extremely high. The situation is extremely difficult when a patient has an absolute allergic intolerance to one of the components of standard regimens, which is presented in a clinical case.
The prospect of using liquid biopsy in diagnosis and treatment strategy in patients with carcinomas of unknown primary
Authors: Kononenko I. B. , Filippova M. G. , Snegovoy A. V. , Gutorov S. L.
Published: January 2021

Background. The search and use of new molecular prognostic and predictive markers of efficacy detected by liquid biopsy are aimed at understanding the biology of Carcinomas of Unknown Primary (CUP) and improving results of patient treatment. The review is devoted to advances in scientific and clinical research on this issue.

Materials and methods. In order to assess the current state of the problem, a search and analysis of relevant data of the scientific databases PubMed, Medline, RISC was carried out.

Results. The scientific rationale for the use of liquid biopsy in clinical practice to improve the treatment of cancer patients with CUP is presented. The results of the use of modern approaches to the analysis of fluid biopsy samples in CUP are presented. In particular, the features of using circulating free DNA, circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells in the analysis are considered. The modern possibilities of determining tissue specificity using liquid biopsy in CUP are discussed. The prospects for the development of liquid biopsy for improving diagnostics, determining the prognosis of the disease, and choosing a strategy for treating CUP and the treatment monitoring have been determined.

Conclusion. A review of the literature confirms that modern methods of molecular profiling of tumor cells obtained both as a result of liquid biopsy and tissue biopsies will make a significant contribution to the determination of tissue specificity, molecular characteristics of CUP for a personalized approach in order to improve strategies and treatment outcomes for patients with CUP.
Effect of CRABP1 expression on the proliferation and the sensitivity to retionoic acid of breast cancer cells of different origin
Authors: Enikeev A. D. , Komelkov A. V. , Axelrod M. E. , Galetsky S. A. , Tchevkina E. M.
Published: January 2021

Background.Retinoic acid (RA), by modulation of the transcription of a number of retinoid-responsive genes, is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation. The mechanisms by which the RA-binding proteins, molecular chaperones CRABP1 and CRABP2 (Cellular Retinoic Acid Proteins-1 and -2), participate in the realization of RA activity, as well as their precise role in tumor progression are still not fully understood. Recent data indicate that functional differences of CRABP proteins with respect to malignization of breast cancer cells could be determined by different sensitivity of tumor cells to RA and with the receptor status of the tumor.

Materials and methods.The CRABP1 coding sequence was overexpressed in breast cancer cells without endogenous expression of this protein, with different levels of RA sensitivity and receptor status – SKBR3 (RA-sensitive, ER(–) / HER2(+) cells) and MDA-MB-231 (RA-resistant, triple negative status). The growth of CRABP1(+) derivatives and control cells was evaluated under standard culture conditions and in the presence of various concentrations of RA.

Results.The effect of CRABP1 expression in RA-sensitive and RA-resistant breast cancer cells with different receptor status on the growth rate and sensitivity of cells to RA was studied. The expression of CRABP1 in RA-sensitive SKBR3 cells enhances proliferation in the absence of RA and decreases the antiproliferative effect of RA, while in RA-resistant triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, the expression of CRABP1 does not affect the studied characteristics.

Conclusion.CRABP1 stimulates growth and suppresses the RA-sensitivity of HER2(+) RA-sensitive cells, but does not have a similar effect on highly aggressive triple-negative RA-resistant cells.
The pelvic membrane of the eye, as a place of sensitive nerve endings
Authors: Smirnov A. E.
Published: January 2021

Studies by F. Helfreich, W. Waldeyer. and L. Knigstein, it was proved that the calca of the eye of vertebrates, including humans, except for nerve trunks of various sizes passing through it, also has its own nerves. The named authors do not give any indications regarding the end of these last ones.
A.F. De Mezer Posthumous changes in nerve cells, detected by staining according to Nissl. —University Izvestiya. 1900, August, No.8
Authors: Vorotynsky B.
Published: January 2021

The work was carried out in the laboratory of the pathological anatomical institute of the University of St. Vladimira. First, the author describes the structure of the nerve cell, which is detected by staining by the Nissl method, and he separately stops at describing the structure of the processes, nucleus and nucleolus.
P. Ladame and С. von Monakow. Left vertebral artery aneurysm (Autopsy). New Iconography of the Salpêtrière, № 1, 1900
Authors: Troshin G.
Published: January 2021

The observation refers to a subject of 68 years old who had syphilis at the age of 30; two years before his death (in 1893), an illness began with severe dizziness and attacks of angina pectoris; two years later, the dizziness intensified, there was (due to a probable apoplectiform stroke) a disorder of gait in the form of "titubation crbelleuse"; a little later, the patient could observe dysarthria and slight shortness of breath; muscular strength is preserved.
Jean Baudrillard ve Yeni Dünyanın İnşası: Göstergebilimsel Analiz Örneği
Authors: AKBAYIR Aslıhan
Published: January 2021

Postmodernizm, literatürde modernizmden sonra tartışmalı bir konu olarak yerini almıştır. Bu dönemde yapılmış pek çok çalışma içerisinde Jean Baudrillard’ın fikirleri dikkat çekmektedir. Baudrillard özellikle hipergerçek anlayışıyla postmodern döneme yeni bir kapı aralamıştır. Geliştirdiği simülasyon ve simülakr kavramları hipergerçek anlayışını pekiştirirken, gerçeğin değiştirilebilir yanına vurgu yapmaktadır. Dolayısıyla günümüz koşullarında gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte hipergerçeğin derinlik kazanmaya başlaması önemli görülmektedir. Çalışmada postmodernizm çerçevesinde Baudrillard’ın görüşlerine yer verilmiştir. Özellikle konu bağlamında açığa çıkarılmak istenen temel sorunsal, hipergerçeğin teknolojiyle birlikte daha karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olması olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu yüzden konunun işlerlik kazanması için Başlat: Ready Player One filmi amaçlı örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Örneklem olarak seçilmiş olan filme Roland Barthes’ın fikirleri doğrultusunda göstergebilimsel analiz uygulanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda hipergerçeğin, teknoloji dünyasıyla ilişkilendirilebilir çoklu sistem düzeninde giderek karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca gelişen sanal gerçeklik/VR teknolojisiyle hipergerçeğin de ötesinde yeni bir dünyanın izleri okunmuştur. Gerçek yerini hipergerçeğe bırakırken, hipergerçek yerini hipergerçek ötesi yeni bir boyuta bırakmaya başladığının yorumlanması yapılmıştır.
Tüketicilerin YouTube Reklamlarına Yönelik Tutumlarının Satın Alma Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisi
Authors: DİKER Ersin
Published: January 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyal medya platformu olan YouTube’ta yayınlanan reklamlara ilişkin tüketici tutumlarını etkileyen faktörlerin satın alma davranışı üzerine olan etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmada, sosyal medya ve Youtube reklamcılığının önemi ve tüketicilerin reklamlara yönelik tutumları kavramsal olarak açıklandıktan sonra literatürdeki benzer çalışmalar irdelenmiştir. Türkiye’deki YouTube kullanan 18 yaş ve üstündeki tüketiciler araştırmanın evrenini oluşturmaktadır. YouTube reklamlarına yönelik tüketici tutumlarının satın alma davranışına olan etkisini tespit etmek için ise anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bunun için Türkiye genelinde kolayda örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn ve WhatsApp gibi sosyal platformları yoluyla, YouTube kullanıcılarından verilerin toplandığı çevrimiçi bir anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre; tüketicilerin YouTube reklamlarına yönelik tutumlarını etkileyen faktörlerin (Eğlence, bilgi vericilik, güvenilirlik ve rahatsız edicilik) satın alma davranışını doğrudan ve anlamlı bir şekilde etkilediği görülmektedir. Tüketicilerin satın alma davranışı üzerinde en çok etkiyi sağlayan faktör ise eğlence faktörüdür. Rahatsız edicilik ile tüketicilerin satın alma davranışı arasında negatif bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Reklamlardaki rahatsız edicilik azaldıkça satın alma davranışa yönelik olumlu tutum artacaktır.
Rainfall and water yield in Macizo del Caroig, Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Event runoff at plot scale during a rare flash flood at the Barranco de Benacancil
Authors: Cerdà Artemi , Novara Agata , Dlapa Pavel , López-Vicente Manuel , Úbeda Xavier , Popović Zorica , Mekonnen Mulatie , Terol Enric , Janizadeh Saeid , Mbarki Sonia , Saldanha-Vogelmann Eduardo , Hazrati Sajjad , Sannigrahi Srikanta , Parhizkar Misagh , Giménez-Morera Antonio
Published: January 2021

Floods are a consequence of extreme rainfall events. Although surface runoff generation is the origin of discharge, flood research usually focuses on lowlands where the impact is higher. Runoff and sediment delivery at slope and pedon scale receiving much less attention in the effort to understand flood behaviour in time and space. This is especially relevant in areas where, due to climatic and hydrogeological conditions, streams are ephemeral, so-called dry rivers (“wadis”, "ramblas" or “barrancos”) that are widespread throughout the Mediterranean. This paper researches the relationship between water delivery at pedon and slope scale with dry river floods in Macizo del Caroig, Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Plots of 1x1, 1x2, 1x4, and 2x8 m located in the “El Teularet” Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Station were monitored from 2004 to 2014 to measure soil and water delivery. Rainfall and flow at the dry river Barranco de Benacancil were also monitored. Results show that runoff and sediment discharge were concentrated in few events during the 11 years of research. A single flood event was registered in the channel on September 28, 2009, however, the runoff was registered 160 times at the plots. Runoff discharge was dependent on the size of the plots, with larger plots yielding lower runoff discharge per unit area, suggesting short runoff-travel distance and duration. Three rainfall events contributed with 26% of the whole runoff discharge, and five achieved 56% of the runoff. We conclude that the runoff generated at the plot scale is disconnected from the main channel. From a spatial point of view, there is a decrease in runoff coefficient along the slope. From a temporal point of view, the runoff is concentrated in a few rainfall events. These results show that the runoff generated at plot and slope scale does not contribute to the floods except for rainfall events with more than 100 mm day-1. The disconnection of the runoff and sediment delivery is confirmed by the reduction in the runoff delivery at plot scale due to the control of the length of the plot (slope) on the runoff and sediment delivery.
Assessment of knowledge, perception and attitude towards antibiotic resistance among medical interns in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Albarrag Ahmed , Almeshari Nawaf Zaid , Alfraih Abdullah Ameen , Alshathry Abdullah Hassan , Alzaydan Abdulaziz Mohammed , Benaskar Abdulrahman Mansour , Aleidy Abdullah Mohammed , Alzahrani Khaloud
Published: January 2021

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a well-established medical fact that affects the clinical course of many infections. There are many risk factors that can contribute to antibiotic resistance clinically. Therefore, it is important to understand the attitude and practice of medical practitioners from their early life career.Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive online study that was done between February and March 2018 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The included participants were medical interns only excluding all other medical students. The questionnaire is made up of four dimensions: Socio-demographic characteristics, antibiotics knowledge, attitude, and perception towards prescribing antibiotics. The questionnaire utilized from a previously validated questionnaire regarding antibiotic use, and the data was analyzed using SPSS, version 21. Results: A total of 292 medical interns completed the questionnaire. Majority of Interns reported that too many antibiotic prescriptions were important contributor to antibiotic resistance. Surprisingly, 55.6% felt that hand hygiene had low importance or was not important at all in compacting antibiotic resistance. Only half of respondents (51%) were sure that their hospitals had antibiotic guidelines, and only 21% of them had acknowledged reading the guidelines or been shown where the hospital’s antibiotic guidelines were kept. The majority of the interns (90.6%) believed that antibiotic resistance is a national problem in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions: There is a noticeable gap between the theoretical part of students’ curricula and clinical practice; students require more education regarding antibiotic prescription, especially about choosing the correct antibiotics, doses, and intervals.
Acellular dermal matrices in immediate breast reconstruction: a literature review
Authors: Alharbi Mohammed Attallah , Aljindan Fahad K. , Reshan Reshan Mane Al , Almutairi Khalid Dakhelallah , Almosabh Fatimah Mofeed , Zarbh Moayad Abdullah , Bahadi Renad Adel , Abutaleb Abdullah Mohammed , AlNufaie Majid Ghazi , Alhrthialsharif Asma Abdulrahman , Bukhary Ghadh Abdulmuhaymin , Al-hamdi Asmaa Mahfouz
Published: January 2021

There has been an increase in invasive breast carcinoma which many times end up with a mastectomy. The psychological effects of mastectomy can be overwhelming, urging the need for optimum breast reconstruction procedures. Acellular dermal matrices are widely used nowadays due to their favorable outcomes with a few complications. In this study, we review the literature to explore the different types used, cons, and pros of this procedure. Databases like PubMed, Medline, Web of science, Embase, Google scholar, and Scopus were used and searched for following terms “implant-based reconstruction” or “breast reconstruction” or “acellular dermal matrix”. All studies that discuss the use of acellular dermal matrices for breast reconstructive surgery were included. Acellular dermal matrices may allow a relatively easy, affordable and time-efficient breast reconstructive surgery. They are associated with less incidence of infection and capsular contracture making them an excellent fit for most procedures. However, m ore studies are needed to help understand possible risk factors, and complications and how to avoid them.
Growth Hormone Signaling Pathway Leading to the Induction of DNA Synthesis and Proliferation in Primary Cultured Hepatocytes of Adult Rats
Authors: Kimura Mitsutoshi , Kurihara Kazuki , Moteki Hajime , Ogihara Masahiko
Published: January 2021

Background: We investigated the signal transduction pathway associated with growth hormone (GH)-stimulated DNA synthesis and proliferation in primary cultured hepatocytes. Methods: Adult rat hepatocytes were isolated from normal livers by two-step in situ collagenase perfusion to facilitate disaggregation of the adult rat liver. Then hepatocytes were cultured in serum-free Williams’ medium E supplemented with GH (1-100 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of test reagents. GH-induced hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation were determined, and the phosphorylation activities of Janus kinase (JAK) 2 (JAK2) (p125 kDa), p95-kDa RTK, and ERK1/2 were measured by western blotting. Results: Hepatocytes grown in serum-free defined medium proliferated within 5 h of culture in the presence of GH (100 ng/ml) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (EC50 75 ng/ml). These proliferative effects of GH were almost completely blocked by an anti-GH receptor monoclonal antibody (85 ng/ml) and an anti-insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor monoclonal antibody. In addition, the proliferative effects of GH were significantly blocked by a JAK2 inhibitor (TG101209, 10−6 M), as well as specific signal-transducing inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC; U-73122, 10−6 M), RTK (AG538, 10−6 M), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K; LY294002, 10−6 M), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK; PD98059, 10−6 M), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; rapamycin, 10 ng/ml). GH significantly induced the phosphorylations of JAK2 (p125 kDa), p95-kDa IGF-I receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), and ERK2 in this order according to western blotting analysis. Conclusions: The proliferative action of GH is mediated by two main signaling pathways. One includes activation of the GH receptor/JAK2/PLC/Ca2+ pathway, and the other involves activation of the p95-kDa IGF-I RTK/PI3K/ERK2/mTOR pathway in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.
Concomitant Liver Disease: Echinococcosis and Aspergillosis
Authors: Usmonov Umid Donakuzievich , Nishonov Fozil Nishonovich , Otakuziev Akhmadillo Zokirovich , Stepanova Yulia Alexandrovna , Vishnevsky Vladimir Aleksandrovich , Botiraliev Aziz Shukurzhonovich , Abdulkhaeva Barnokhon Khabibilo Kizi
Published: January 2021

Aspergillosis covers a wide range of diseases caused by the genus Aspergillus fungi. Aspergillus saprophytic mold is widespread in the environment; its spores are easily inhaled. However, despite the fact that most people inhale aspergillus spores daily, aspergillosis develops mainly in immunocompromised individuals (due to illness or during immunosuppressive therapy).the lungs are affected most often, being the portal for the fungus penetration, but the naso-orbital sinus is also involved in the process. There are few reports on extrapulmonary aspergillosis. Even rarer in the literature are publications about the co-infection of a saprophytic fungus and a hydatid cyst. Only single clinical observations of the coexistence of aspergillosis and echinococcosis in the lungs have been described. No literature data are available on the coexistence of these two pathogens in the liver. The authors present a clinical case of a 54-year-old woman with two echinococcal cysts in the liver and Aspergillus revealed in their structure. The co-infection of liver echinococcosis and aspergillosis is extremely rare. Preoperative verification of the presence of local aspergillosis in this case is practically impossible. However, early diagnosis and treatment are vital, preventing possible complications from becoming infected with these two pathogens. Treatment is based on an early morphological diagnosis and the detection of both pathogens.
Abdominal Wall Endoscopic Extraperitoneal Reconstruction Technique
in Patients with Primary Midline Hernias and Diastasis
of the Rectus Abdominis Muscles
Authors: Rakintsev Vladislav Sergeevich , Yurasov Anatolii Vladimirovich
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The paper focuses on technical features of endoscopic extraperitoneal reconstruction (EER) of the anterior abdominal wall in patients with primary median hernias combined with diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles, the nuances of the operating room equipment and preparation of patients for intervention.The aim of the study was to analyze the stages and features of the technique for performing endoscopic extraperitoneal reconstruction of the anterior abdominal wall to ensure safe and qualified implementation of the operation in clinical practice.Materials and methods. This research was a prospective study including 45 clinical cases of patients with primary median hernias of the anterior abdominal wall combined with diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles, who were exposed to endoscopic extraperitoneal reconstruction. The study was performed in the surgical department of the private healthcare facility "Central Clinical Hospital Russian Railways-Medicine" in 2019-2020. The median follow-up was 14 months (8 - 18 months), there were no complications estimated higher than type I according to the Clavien-Dindo classification and relapses.Results and discussion. Successful EER requires thorough preoperative preparation: to connect a second monitor; to distance anesthetic equipment; to ensure the patient is in an extension position in the lumbar segment of the spinal column; to identify principle anatomical landmarks under ultrasound control. The main two stages of EER - mobilization and reconstruction - are performed extraperitoneally in a confined space, and therefore the localization of the ports must be anatomically validated. The major point at the stage of mobilization is to maintain the integrity of the parietal peritoneum, this solves visualization problems and helps to work in the required layer of the anterior abdominal wall. Adherence to the principles of open surgery, namely, orientation of the needle holder at an angle close to 0 to the suture line (white line), and the needles at a right angle; maintaining working angles between the instruments 30-60, - allows effectively performing the reconstructive stage.Conclusion. Thus, a topographic-anatomically based approach to each stage of the operation and adherence to a set of features of the surgical technique allows safely and effectively applying EER for the treatment of patients with primary midline hernias and diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles.