bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lambek and His Teachers
Authors: James Wendy
Published: March 2007

This paper offers an appreciation of Michael Lambek's (1993) book Knowledge and Practice in Mayotte. It discusses, in particular, the way in which Islamic knowledge on this remote island of the Indian Ocean is framed and contextualized by knowledge stemming from other sources, in particular astrology and spirit possession. This analysis privileges human agency and practical wisdom over formal religious or cultural systems of belief as a focus of anthropological study, and thus represents an important counter to some contemporary work which over-emphasizes a holistic concept of 'culture'. It is suggested that Lambek's analysis could be further developed along historical lines to reveal subtle aspects of the spread of Islam in this region over time.
Theoretical Currents in Late Modern Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Knauft Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

—ABSTRACT—

Over the last decade, new ways of critically exploring culture and representation have energized and fragmented cultural anthropology. Can the range of perspectives influenced by these developments have a productive relationship with objectivist traditions of anthropological scholarship and ethnography? The present paper suggests how and why this question should be affirmatively answered.
Theory in Anthropology in the Nineties
Authors: Reyna Stephen P.
Published: March 2007

Current theory in sociocultural anthropology is dismal. This article has two goals. The first is to show why one project, that of Geertzian conjecturalists, is so dismal. The second is to present an agnoiological methodology that might lift the discipline out of such doldrums. Agnoiology proceeds by revealing ignorance. It provides information of what is unknown that needs to be known to strengthen theory. The methodology is applied to certain aspects of Bourdieu's, the Comaroffs' and Sahlins's work. It reveals that these scholars belong to an old, established, Hegel/Sartre theoretical order disturbed by a gaping hole. The hole, in Sartre's terms, is an apparently 'insurmountable dualism' between the social and subjective. Repair of this hole is suggested to be a worthy project for keeping sociocultural anthropologists off the mean streets of dismal theory.
Review Article : Muslim Politics
Authors: Karam Azza M.
Published: March 2007

Despite the controversial choice of title, and its accompanying risk of homogenizing a complex phenomenon, this article argues that, in their book, Muslim Politics, Eickelman and Piscatori have managed to present the complexity and diversity of the issues involved in a lucid and elaborate manner. Each chapter of the book is reviewed in terms of the strengths of its main arguments and the main indicators used—such as family, religious actors and the state. This article also argues that, by avoiding the usual dichotomies of social analysis, the authors have clearly captured various moments of interaction. By combining the complex web of local and international actors, Muslim Politics has illuminated in a comprehensive and eloquent manner many of the specificities of the various situations inherent in politics in general, and in Muslim politics in particular.
Back to the Present
Authors: Madhava Prasad M.
Published: March 2007

Thinking about culture in the humanities is dominated by a historicist approach derived from a nationalist, 'postcolonial' consciousness marked by a disavowal of modernity. The study of contemporary culture, in particular the cultural context overdetermined by capitalist processes, shows up the limitations of this paradigm and foregrounds the need for a concept of the contemporary. As a first step towards this goal, the article takes up for analysis certain key ideologemes of modern Indian life which hinge on the sense of a recovery of identity, and tries to demonstrate their inadequacy for a rigorous sense of the present.
Valorizing the Present
Authors: Dhareshwar Vivek
Published: March 2007

There are many cultures. But only one culture has offered descriptions of other cultures. What are the implications of this fact for the human sciences? Until the appearance of Edward Said's Orientalism, the human sciences did not find it necessary to interrogate either the status of these descriptions or the culture that offered them. The western descriptions of other cultures have recently been contested by postcolonial theory/discourse which has not, however, looked into the culture that produced the descriptions. Valorizing the present in India (and other postcolonial cultures), this paper argues, requires us to take a road that neither Said nor postcolonial discourse has taken: namely, reconceptualizing the human sciences by theorizing the experience of the non-western cultures and, as a prerequisite to it, theorizing the West.
The Aesthetics of Thorstein Veblen Revisited
Authors: Tilman Rick , Griffin Robert
Published: March 2007

The aesthetics of Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929) have been evaluated by aestheticians and social scientists of various ideological persuasions. Because of Veblen's stature as an American critical theorist and the debate which has ensued over the nature of his aesthetics, further efforts to both clarify and extrapolate from them are self-justificatory. The focus here is on (1) Veblen's view of aesthetic experience, (2) the nature of the non-invidiously beautiful in his aesthetics, (3) his distinction between pure and applied art forms and its importance to the common person and (4) the social basis and artistic consequences of the non-invidious as exemplified in the painting of the American artist Winslow Homer (1836-1910). Problematic areas in Veblen's social theory and aesthetics are addressed and a non-invidious aesthetic of countervailence articulated using Homer's work.
Surface Modification of Polyimide Composites by RF Plasma and UV/Ozone Treatments
Authors: Ndalama Tchinga , Vasquez Dominic L. , Hirschfeld Deidre A. , Sutter James K.
Published: March 2007

Graphite-reinforced polyimide composites are being considered for advanced turbine engine applications, which require that the composite be coated with a wear- and oxidation-resistant coating. For this study, the surface properties of PMR-15 and PMR-II-50 composites were examined and modification techniques investigated to improve coating adhesion. RF plasma and UV/ozone treatments were used to modify the surface chemistry of the polyimide composites, and were optimized to increase the surface energy of the polyimide composites, by etching and deposition of SiO x films. Chemical and physical changes of the composite surface were characterized by contact angle analysis and Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). Both RF plasma and UV/ozone treatments effectively removed surface contaminants and modified surface chemistry as indicated by increased surface energy. PMR-II-50 and PMR-15 composites responded differently to argon plasma etching and UV/ozone etching because of their structures. Films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), using tetramethoxysilane, were stoichiometrically closer to SiO2 than the films deposited by PECVD using tetraethoxysilane.
He did it his way
Authors: Cole John
Published: March 2007

The Hon. David Astor, CH, who edited The Observer from 1948 till 1975, died on December 6 last year aged 89. He was one of Fleet Street's remarkable editors; a man of exceptional integrity in his journalism and his personal conduct. The Astor family then owned the paper and David was handed control of it by his father. In those 27 years David Astor carved out a memorable monument to outstanding, unorthodox, journalism—and himself. John Cole, who worked with him, reflects below on that Astor monument.
Book Reviews : A dynasty launched on a ha'penny
Authors: Cudlipp Hugh
Published: March 2007

The Northcliffe inheritance remains the most remarkable phenomenon in the history of the British Press this century. For all their power and influence by comparison the modern moguls - the Murdochs and Maxwells - are apprentices following in the footprints of the past. The British Journalism Review makes no apologies, therefore, in publishing two separate views on an important new book about:
Radio Five Live- fast and fizzy
Authors: Reynolds Gillian
Published: March 2007

The arrival of Radio Five Live has pushed television out of the headlines in the last few months. The following three articles examine the promise, and the limitations, of news radio.
The reporter at Guernica
Authors: Holme Christopher
Published: March 2007

Memorable stories are one thing - memorable journalists another. Some outstanding journalists have often gone unmentioned, indeed scarcely known to the world outside. Hugh Christopher Holme was one of them, as a contemporary namesake reveals...
Orwell, evacuees and unexploded bombs
Authors: Hill Peter
Published: March 2007

With his keen eye for detail — whether for the health of the turnipr on his allotment or the state of the Bitish Expeditionary Force after Dunkirk—the author of "1984" was a sociologist before his time.
The duality of the brain and the multiplicity of minds: can you have it both ways?
Authors: Rieber Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), now known as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), has been of great interest to the public for over a century. Case histories of MPD can be found in the literature as far back as the eighteenth century; nevertheless, publications from the latter part of the nineteenth century best describe this disorder as we know it today. This paper traces the case history literature of DID (MPD) from the earliest period to the present. This is done in such a way as to illuminate the basic theoretical and epistemological issues that are necessary to understand the process of dissociation (both normal and abnormal aspects) and the role of hypnosis and its relationship to organic and 'hysterical epilepsy.' The theories of Janet, Prince and Sidis are the major authorities discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the danger inherent in fostering a deterministic or reductionistic theory of consciousness.
Two registers of madness in Enlightenment Britain. Part 1
Authors: Laffey Paul
Published: March 2007

Part 1 of this essay argues that in Augustan and Georgian England it was widely understood that madness could have two more-or-less distinct meanings. 'Moral' madness was the subject's own fault, and he/she remained accountable for actions commissioned under its effects. The delusional ideas arose in the mind, and by definition remained within the moral province of the individual. By contrast, in 'real' madness, the sufferer was the passive recipient of body- based sickness, and he/she was understood to be innocent, but paid for this exculpation of moral accountability by surrendering full personhood. Part 2 of the essay examines how Georgian churchmen viewed madness, and then returns to psychiatry proper for a closer look at how certain theories of madness were inflected by the problematics of insanity's conflicting meanings. Finally, a previously unrecognized Georgian psychiatric therapy, 'classical moral treatment', is described and put in the context of the better-known Tukean 'moral treatment'.
The Measurement of Poverty in Portugal
Authors: da Costa Alfredo Bruto
Published: March 2007

This article measures poverty in Mainland Portugal in 1980 and 1989, and assesses the changes that occurred during the 1980s. The study adopts an objective approach to measuring poverty and establishes the poverty line using a mix of 'normative' and 'behav ioural' methodologies. It is suggested that the poverty line should be considered as a sym bolic representation of a range, rather than a precise value. The pros and cons of choosing the various monetary indicators are discussed and the poverty line is expressed in terms of total consumption, as a proxy of a living con ditions index.
Inequality in Income: a Comparison of East and West Germans Before Reunification and During Transition
Authors: Hauser Richard , Frick Joachim , Mueller Klaus , Wagner Gert G.
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the income distribution of East Germany at the time of reunification with West Germany, the pertod 1990 to 1993. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP), we compare the situ ation in East Germany on the eve of the union to that in West Germany. We then analyse the change of relative income positions of certain social groups — such as lone-parent households and the aged - in the three years following reunification. The article also provides a dis cussion of the measurement problems that arise when comparing income distributions across nations and across time. The data proves that the general income distribution in East Germany — starting from a very low level of inequality — is slowly approaching West German standards. It appears that persons in similar socio-demographic groups are in com parable relative income positions in both regions. In East Germany unemployment is of increasing importance as a source of decline in economic well-being .
Poverty and Social Disqualification: a Comparative Analysis of Cumulative Social Disadvantage in Europe
Authors: Paugam Serge
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to extend the classical monetary approach to poverty by the use of non-monetary indicators. Poverty will be looked at as a cumulative process of social dis advantage and a comparison made of the dif ferent forms this takes across Europe. This study is based on the results of a research pro ject commissioned by Eurostat to define and correlate several indicators in seven west European countries (Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy and the Netherlands). There is a convergence in some respects, but also notable examples of diver gence from one country to another. With regard to convergent factors, some are unsur prising. Precariousness on the labour market, defined as lack of job security or short and long term unemployment, is correlated with low incomes and poor housing conditions. The likelihood of living as a single person, or of experiencing marital breakdown or divorce, is also much greater for people whose status on the labour market is insecure. Precari ousness and unemployment also lead to an in creased dependence on state welfare benefits, and an increased risk of health problems. The most obvious divergences are in those areas which reflect the strength of an individ ual's social connections. Precariousness is not correlated with weak family connections or the non-availability of a private support net work in all of the countries studied. In Spain and the Netherlands, those who are without employment do not have a poorer quality of relationships with their family than those who are working. In Italy, this quality is, indeed, stronger. In these countries, along with Denmark, the general situation is one of a high level of support for individuals from family and friends, and this is equally true of those people facing social problems. By contrast, in France, Germany and Great Britain, it appears that job insecurity and unemployment are as sociated with impoverished social relation ships.
The Role of Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Twelve Member States of the European Union in the Diversity of State Support for Families
Authors: Ray J.C.
Published: March 2007

This study is based upon an international dataset comparing state support for families in fifteen countries (of which twelve are member states of the European Union). The data, which deal with 84 model families, are for the year 1992 and were originally presented in an article in this journal in 1993 (Bradshaw et al. 1993a).

Using multiple regression analysis, the levels of state support are explained by the principal parameters used for setting the levels of ben efit, and by the demographic and economic characteristics of the countries concerned. Similar regression analyses are then under taken for each country separately, limited to the benefit parameters.

From a comparison of these various regres sions it seems that each of the two sets of fac tors plays an important role. This suggests that the economic convergence of the member states is likely to promote greater similarity in their systems of state welfare support for fam ilies. Nevertheless, the differences which emerge can be interpreted as reflecting differ ing priorities. A definite effort of political will would be necessary for the convergence of national family welfare policies to become a reality.
Welfare States Under Pressure: Cash Benefits in European Welfare States Over the Last Ten Years
Authors: Daly Mary
Published: March 2007

This article devotes itself to an examination of the substance of reform in European welfare states over the course of the last 10 years. Its objective is mainly empirical, to compare how cash transfers in the 15 member states of the European Union as well as Norway have fared over the decade. While the article is not theory-focused, consideration of some of the wider implications of the change process which is underway is a priority. It is especially important to examine not only how the pro cedures and principles governing benefits have altered but whether and how change is sys tematically patterned across welfare states. We shall observe that pensions, unemployment benefits, parental leave and payments for the care of ill, elderly and incapacitated people have been the main focus of policy activity. As a story of both cut-backs and expansion sug gests, simplistic notions of convergence or di vergence are not adequate to capture what is happening. The last part of the article consid ers how we might make our analytical frame works equal to the richness of the reform process which is under way.
Women, Work and Care: Women's Dual Role and Double Burden in Ec Sex Equality Law
Authors: Hervey Tamara , Shaw Jo
Published: March 2007

This article reviews EC sex equality law, es pecially recent case law of the European Court of Justice, using a frame of analysis based on the double burden of women's dual role in 'work' and 'care', and the difficulty of encap sulating that double burden into conventional 'formal' equality analyses. An argument for a model of 'substantive' equality is developed, drawing on American and Canadian feminist scholarship, and this is set against the Court of justice case law under review. In general terms, a mixed message can be seen, especially in relation to recent cases. Even in areas such as pregnancy and maternity, the substantive equality approach of the earlier case law has gradually lost ground once more to a more formalist approach especially zn relation to the interaction of pregnancy, maternity and equal pay. A detailed analysis is given of financial consequences of women's work in the field of caring, as these have been dealt with by the Court of Justice. It is apparent that women are frequently losing out (financially) in the search for a concept of equality which often seems to benefit men more than women. Finally, the limited scope for positive action to alleviate past disadvantage under EC law is considered. The conclusion to be drawn is that so long as the Court of Justice remains unwilling to make use of the interpretative space which it has carved out for itself, EC sex equality law will remain strictly limited in its utility.
Retrenchment, Reproduction, Modernization: Pension Politics and the Decline of the German Breadwinner Model
Authors: Meyer Traute
Published: March 2007

The German welfare state in gendered welfare state analyses is widely recognized as a strong male breadwinner model: its institutions sup port the traditional division of labour and low female labour force participation. This article seeks to show that due to diminishing political support this model is eroding.

The article starts from the assumption that the welfare state is a mediator between dy namic social and economic requirements. Therefore social policy regulations need to be adjusted continuously. This need has intensi fied over the last decade because of growing global economic competition and the collapse of the East German economy. The way social policymakers reacted to this pressure for reform shows no active support for the poli cies that help to maintain women's economic dependency on 'breadwinners'. This will be demonstrated by an analysis of the positions of the political actors involved in two major pension reforms, one in 1989 and one in 1997. According to their public statements these actors were motivated by three factors: firstly, they agreed that retrenchment measures were necessary; secondly, the intention to secure generational reproduction by improving carers' independent rights was dominant; thirdly, reforms were motivated by the inten tion to make the pension system more just. The direction of the reforms is to reduce the economic attractiveness of marriage and to create stronger incentives to be employed.
The 'Interpreter Effect': Rendering Interpreters Visible in Cross-Cultural Research and Methodology
Authors: Jentsch Birgit
Published: March 2007

Social science literature dealing with cross-cul tural research tends to discuss 'language' as a methodological problem. One focus is hereby on testing the equivalence of concepts in dif ferent languages, usually in relation to one survey carried out in various countries. However, what hardly seems to feature are ex periences and thoughts on the social process of conducting interviews with a party of a differ ent linguistic background from that of the in terviewer, and the possible role of interpreters. It is in clinical interviewing in the mental health services where such issues have received considerable attention.

This article is based mainly on two sources of knowledge and experience: first, on litera ture about the methodological issues gener ated by mainly clinical interviews conducted with interpreters; second, on experiences re lated to my thesis fieldwork in Budapest, which comprised 26 interviews with labour and management representatives, carried out with the assistance of interpreters. On this basis, the following issues are addressed: the possible interview bias arising due to the inter preter's background characteristics; the poten tial difficulties which are likely to occur, in particular when lay interpreters are involved; the possible lack of control over the interview process. Finally, the role of the interpreter as providing the non-native interviewer with a cultural context is explored.
In Search of Foundations: the Oeuvre of Donald L. Gelpi, Sj, and Its Significance for Pentecostal Theology and Philosophy
Authors: Yong Amos
Published: March 2007

Donald L. Gelpi, SJ, has been one of the few individuals who has developed a systematic philosophical theology and spirituality that are imbued with intuitions derived from the (in his case, Catholic) charismatic experience. His insights remain to be appreciated as such by Pentecostal and charis matic scholars working in these areas. This essay seeks to introduce the work of Gelpi to Pentecostal and charismatic philosophers and theologians by providing broad overviews of the central themes of Gelpi's project begun in the early 1970s and more explicitly developed in his most recent books. I will focus on three motifs in Gelpi's oeuvre—his foundational pneumatol ogy, his theological anthropology, and his theological method—and explore how they intersect with, complement, and perhaps even chart fresh avenues for Pentecostal-charismatic scholarship.
Charismata: Gifts, Enablements, or Ministries?
Authors: Aker Benny
Published: March 2007

In the midst of a growing awareness of spiritual gifts in contemporary church culture and in the academy, much confusion exists. The use of the term 'charismata' promotes this confusion and is not an appropriate label for the biblical evidence of such activity. The problem lies in a deficient linguistic and exegetical handling of this term—a problem identified by James Barr long ago and brought to the fore by Kenneth Berding. Proper exegesis overcomes this prevalent exegetical and linguistic fallacy and suggests another term, diakonia. However, a more foundational conception of both the church and ministry is lacking. By analyzing Pauline anthropol ogy in Romans, an enduring and foundational model for gifts and ministries emerges. This model is the Pauline conception of the church as God's tem ple. People who are delivered from sin's power through identifying with Jesus' death, burial, and resurrection and who have the Spirit are free to give themselves both as sacrifice and temple servants in spiritual ministries. One other caution is raised and discussed. One must avoid the charge in practice and theology of Spirit-monism. Basic structures of the New Testament always place Jesus as the One through whom the Spirit comes. Conse quently, all Spirit activity must in some way be christological and sote riological in nature. Some contemporary applications are derived from this biblical theology of Church and ministry.
Spirit Christology: Seeing in Stereo
Authors: Habets Myk
Published: March 2007

In light of recent discussions in this journal and the wider debate over pneumatology, Habets presents a proposal for a Trinitarian Spirit Christology that may satisfy the concerns of contemporary Roman Catholicism, Evangelicalism and Pentecostalism alike. Habets holds that a Trinitarian Spirit Christology satisfies the requirements for a biblical Christology when it is seen not as a replacement for but a complement to the existing Logos Christology. By building on the work of contemporary Roman Catholic, Pentecostal and Reformed theologians, a Spirit Christology holds out significant promise for the future of Spirit talk. A comprehensive Spirit Christology must fulfil certain christological criteria and will necessitate a revised trinitarian model, both of which Habets outlines in this essay.
The Pentecostal-Moltmann Dialogue: Implications for Mission
Authors: Lord Andrew
Published: March 2007

A lively dialogue on pneumatology took place in JPT 4 (April 1994) be tween Jürgen Moltmann and Pentecostal scholars. I want to return to this dialogue and examine two of the key differences in understanding, suggest ing that Pentecostals focus on the 'particular' and the 'transcendent' whereas Moltmann emphasizes the 'universal' and the 'immanent'. These differences are of significant importance in the theology and practice of mission. Although both Moltmann and Pentecostals share a desire for mission to be holistic and experiential, they differ over the means of mission and charac teristics of mission. In some ways this difference reflects the wider differ ence between ecumenical and evangelical theologies of mission. Building on the dialogue, I want to suggest the outline of a way beyond these differences by suggesting a pneumatological framework for mission. This framework grounds mission in movements of the Holy Spirit and is suggestive of a new way forward in the theology of mission.
Discerning the Spirit in Life: a Review of God the Spirit By Michael Welker
Authors: Macchia Frank
Published: March 2007

In contrast to all so-called natural pneumatologies, it has... become clear that the Spirit does not 'somehow or other' enlist the services of 'everything'. Instead, the Spirit who acts in the fullness of time 'rests' decisively on the selfless, suffering, and despised Messiah... But in contrast to all 'pneumatologies of the "beyond"', it has become clear that God's Spirit acts in, on, and through fleshly, perishable, earthly life, and precisely in this way wills to attest to God's glory and to reveal the forces of eternal life.1
Leisure Policy in the New Europe
Authors: Ravenscroft Neil
Published: March 2007

Leisure is in the vanguard of a social and cultural revolution which is replacing the former east/west political bipolarity with a globalized economic system in which the new Europe has a central role. Within this revolution, leisure, including recreation, culture and tourism, is constructed as the epitome of success ful capitalist development, the very legitimation of the global transmogrification from a production to a con sumption orientation. While acting as a direct en couragement to the political transformation in many eastern European states, it is uncertain how the issue of leisure policy is being handled, given its centrality to the new economic order. This article therefore examines the experience of western Europe, con sidering in particular the degree to which the newly created Department of National Heritage in the UK provides a potential model for leisure development and policy integration in the new Europe. Despite an official rhetoric of support and promotion of leisure activities, reflecting the growing economic significance of tourism and the positive relationship between leisure provision and regional economic development, the article establishes that in the place of the tra ditional role of the state in promoting leisure interests, the introduction of the department has sig nified a shift to the use of leisure to promote the government's interests, particularly in regenerating citizen rights claims towards the market. While an institution such as the Department of National Heri tage may have relevance to emerging states as an element in the maintenance of political hegemony, therefore, it is questionable how far it can be viewed as a promoter or protector of leisure as a signifier of a newly won political, economic and cultural freedom throughout Europe.
Metropolitan Polarization, the North-South Divide and Socio-Spatial Inequality in Britain
Authors: Dunford Mick
Published: March 2007

Spatial inequalities have been a constant feature of capitalist development in Britain. Today there are two major macro-geographical divides. The first is between the Greater London metropolitan area and the rest of Britain. The second is a related division between North and South which assumed particular prominence after the inter-war depression when the industries of the old industrial heartland went into decline. Attention is paid first to a variety of social, economic and political indicators of these persistent divisions and of the more complex mosaic of in equality that underlies them. An attempt will be made to explain the evolution of these divisions via refer ence to some of the underlying structures specific to British capitalism, the deep-seated process of relative economic decline that dates from the late nineteenth century, the dynamics of the post-war boom and the impact of the neo-liberal, two-nations accumulation strategy of the Thatcher era which saw a regionally differentiated process of de-industrialization in 1979- 83 followed by a speculative, service industry-led boom and a service-led recession after 1989. To con clude I shall try to identify the relationships between inequality and economic dynamism, focusing in par ticular on the contradictory character of inequality.
The Resurgence of Regional Economies, Ten Years Later
Authors: Storper Michael
Published: March 2007

Since the early 1980s, social scientists have increas ingly focused upon the significance of the region to the organization of economic life. This article considers three main lines of analysis which have emerged. These concentrate respectively on insti tutions, industrial organization and transactions, and technological change and learning. Each has made strong claims about the role of the region. I argue here, however, that none has yet developed a wholly convincing explanation for the resurgence of regional economies. To do this it is necessary to understand the region as a locus of untraded interdependencies. This has implications for how we think about regional and industrial policies. I illustrate these points with some remarks on regional policies in contemporary Europe.
Teaching Psychology in a Third World Setting
Authors: Gopal Madan
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to illustrate some of the peculiarities of and the possibilities opened up by tbe introduction of psychology in certain Third World settings. For this purpose it draws upon the experience of teaching psychology to students at the University of the South Pacific. The article brings together three apparently disparate phenomena as manifestations of a more fundamental learning problem faced by many students. Viewed from the stand point of the learner, this problem isconceptualised as stemming from an excessive subjective distance between the life-world of the learner and the learning situation. Ultimately, the solution lies in imaginative pedagogy. Using evidence from student participation, the author tries to show the possibilities offered by a humanistic approach for achieving a reduction, if not a closure, of this gap.
A Framework for International Marketing Ethics: Preliminary Considerations and Emerging Perspectives
Authors: Enderle Georges
Published: March 2007

Globalization is a major challenge not only for marketing, but also for marketing ethics. Is it possible to delineate a conceptual framework that helps identify some major issues in this unchartered field? This paper assumes that the development of such a framework needs both serious reflection on the very concept of marketing and a thorough exploration of universal ethical values. Among a number of competing concepts of marketing, those concepts seem preferable which go beyond a merely 'instru mental' or 'value free' understanding of marketing and are open to ethical questions. As for universal ethical values, it is proposed to start from four broad areas marketing is involved in: communication, people, culture and nature; and to explore major global reports and declarations (which reflect a certain global consensus) for ethical guidance. Four guidelines are identified. Furthermore, an attempt is made to combine the insights from the conceptual discussion of marketing with the ethical guidelines in order to develop 'mid-level principles' for international marketing ethics, which are illustrated by a few examples.
International Portfolio Diversification: A Comparison of ADRs and Closed-End Country Funds
Authors: Coe Thomas S.
Published: March 2007

Individual investors in the United States may globally diversify their portfolios through the purchase of shares of individual corporations, by investing in American Depository Receipts (ADRs) or the pooling of funds in investment companies, particularly closed-end country funds. This article summarises the performance of both of these types of investments over the period from January 1990 through December 1999. For the period studied, a greater proportion of naively traded, country-specificADR portfolios show better risk-adjusted returns than do the corresponding professionally man aged country funds.
Cooperation for Advancement, Rehabilitation and Education (Care): Empowerment Through Education
Authors: Bari Faisal , Rehman Maha
Published: March 2007

In June 1998, while assessing a decade's progress, Seema Aziz, Chairperson of Cooperation for Advancement, Rehabilitation and Education (CARE), felt that her organization had come a long way since its inception. Set up in 1988 and registered as a welfare trust in 1989, CARE had successfully set up two schools for underprivileged children in district Sheikhupura, Pakistan. In June 1998, the Punjab Government had asked if CARE could 'adopt' and rehabilitate ten schools of the Metropolitan Corporation, Lahore (MCL) on a ten-year contractual basis. Aziz had to decide if CARE should concentrate on setting up and consolidating its own network of schools, or whether it should rehabilitate and improve the standard of MCL schools, or do both. She also had to keep in mind that this experiment with ten schools could be the start of a much larger and more extensive partnership across Pakistan.
Value Categories for Australian Sport
Authors: Murray Louis
Published: March 2007

It is a frequently vaunted thesis that Australia, per head of population, is the most sports conscious nation on earth. Intensive participation in sport is believed to reflect elements of a national ethos which emphasizes achievement, competitive and status seeking endeavour in a framework of egalitarianism or fraternal concern. Earlier research indicates that attitudes towards sport are directly related to the degree of primary and secondary involvement. 130 respondents defined as having a primary involvement in sport were asked to rank 23 value categories. Analysis of variance yielded no statistically significant differences between categories. It was concluded that the major value - orientation of the sample was towards achievement competitive forms of endeavour in sport. This was seconded by collective social experience orientations. These results were taken to be indicative of 1) a pervasive cultural definition of such themes, 2) the perceived instrumental value with which activities are regarded.
Involvement in Sport and Watching of Sport Events of Workers at a Large Enterprise in Budapest
Authors: Tamásné Földesi
Published: March 2007

In her study, the author investigates the relationship of workers in Hungary, today, with the sport-club, sport performance and mass sport of their "own" enterprise.

She examines, by questionnaire-method in a so-called representative sample, selected by mathematical-statistcial methods from about 30,000 workers of a large municipal enterprise:

— which place does participation in competitions, contests at the factory, talks about sport-organizations, competitions, competitors, and actual sport activi ty, occupy on the scale of values of workers?

— what kind of differences are there in this respect between various social strata and groups?

— which are the most important sociological characteristics of those involved in sport?

Results obtained in the course of investigations are suitable for orienting further work of the enterprise concerned, and that of its sport club.
An Attempt Defining the Influence of Selected Factors Exerted on Results in Sport and Gymnastics
Authors: Szot Zbigniew , Jurkiewicz Bogdan
Published: March 2007

The authors set themselves the goal to examine the interaction between five selected variables and to establish the hierarchy of significance of the influence of some of them on results in sport and gymnastics. (Social origin, age, practice as competitor, marital state and the age of starting to practice gymnastics).

Forty-four top-class competitors, 40 competitors of the national champion category (NC) and 22 of the international champion category (IC) were subjected to an analysis. The method used was an analysis of multiple regressicn, based en the structure of mathematical models. The results obtained indicate a remarkable influence of the social origin, practice as competitor and marital state on results in sport and gymnastics. Competitors of working class origin at the beginning of their career (first class and national champion category) obtain worse results than competitors from intellectual circles. This thesis did not find confirmation as regards the category of international champions, where competitors of working class origin obtain better results than their peers from families of intellectuals. The practice as competitor exerts a positive influence, i.e. one year more of practice improves the results on an average by 1.102 points. The analysis also reveals that competitors who are single obtain better results than those who are married.
Sport as a Show
Authors: Ponomariev N.I.
Published: March 2007

A sport show exerts a complex and manifold influence on the Spectators, beginning with social and psychological to aesthetic and biological ones. Spectator sport contributes to the talking shape of group moods and solidarity. It is an important factor influencing group psychology. Victory of athletes is the principal factor creating the ideological and educational effect of the show.

Sport as a show appears in its direct form, such as competitions, sport festivals or parades as well as sport shows or in its indirect form (television reportages, film). The speetator, sport fan and public are the "consumers" of the show. Perception of the sport show is for the sport fans of a direct nature, mutual influence develops in a psychological manner, by means of imitation. The spectator identifies with the athletes' activity. Differences in the behaviour of the spectators, making their appearance during the sport event reflect the level of their interest in sport. Thus, the attitudes of spectators are social behaviour and the sport show itself is an element of culture.

The socio-economic conditions in which sport shows function exert a decisive influence on the content and form of the social phenomenon, brought forth by them.
Social Status of Indian Elite Sportsmen in Perspective of Social Stratification and Mobility
Authors: Sohi A.S.
Published: March 2007

Sooial stratification as a socio-cultural perspective has been shown related to life chances, consequences and life style in general. An individual in a social stra tum is so circumstanced that he is destined to develop a particular behavioral dispo sition in general. In line with this context, a few studies have been conducted revealing that participation in sports both as recreational and competitive, is significantly related to the various social classes or strata. Incidentally, such studies have been conducted in developed countries. The studies in socialist countries have revealed that sports participation is open to every one. India's position is quite interesting in this respect as it is a fast developing country and gradually the tradi tional social stratification is also loosing its old but strong hold.

The present study has been undertaken with two major hypotheses. First, the participation in sports at higher competition level requires a certain reinforcement induced through social stratification both the traditional and newly emerging one. Second, achievement in sports provides some leaverage for social mobiblity among the sportsmen.

Sportsmen from seven sports numbering 180 who came to attend coaching camps to prepare for major international encounters, were included in the sample. The data were collected with the help of standard instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The caste and class status of these respondents were established in a very objective manner and various social indices were considered for this purpose.

The findings of the study revealed that:

I. In terms of traditional caste system, most of the sportsmen came from higher castes.

II. In view of the emerging class system, most of them belong to the middle class.

III. Mobility in a certain aspect can be observed.

IV. Religion has been seen as influencing sports participation.

V. Further, in short, there has been seen a relationship between the type of sport and strata. Some of the stratification indices were highly related to the type of social stratification, i.e. caste and class. There is sufficient evidence that there is a social hierarchy of sports which follows the status hierarchy in stratification.
Sociological Research on the Physical Culture of the Polish Working Class
Authors: Wanat Stanislaw
Published: March 2007

This report deals with Polish sociological research on working class physical culture. Its development after the last World War is compared with the period between the two World Wars, information about the latter being available mainly from memoirs. Modern findings in the sociology of sport are often a by-product of research in cultural or industrial sociology. The significance of physical culture and sport for the working class subculture, in consideration of its relative disinterest in other cultural opportunities, is discussed, as well as the interest and participation of today's Polish labor force in sports acitivities.
Some Evidence on The Existence of a Sexual Double Standard in Mobility to Leadership Positions in Sport
Authors: Theberge Nancy
Published: March 2007

This is an analysis of a survey of executive boards in five amateur sport organizations in Ontario, Canada, concerning a possible sexual double standard in requirements for mobility to leadership positions. Variables examined include prior experiences in sport and other voluntary organizations, orientations toward the sport volunteer role, and family and social status. Results provide little evidence of a sexual double standard. However, social status is higher in the case of men. Organizational structure and history greatly influence patterns of recruitment and mobility to leadership positions. Possibly the underrepresentation of, and sexual discrimination against women increase with the level of the position.
Subcultural Production, Reproduction and Transformation in Climbing
Authors: Williams Trevor , Donnelly Peter
Published: March 2007

In the first part, the paper examines the constitution of climbing as a play-like activity with respect to the physical environment, hazard and jeopardy, and the social construction of a standard of jeopardy sufficient for different environments. Second, the social production of the activity prior to 1865 is considered in terms of completing an ascent, and the production of the activity as a sport after 1865 in terms of completing an ascent the hard way. Third, the social reality of climbing is discussed as being reproduced with a shared framework of concepts and experience. Fourth, social transformation within the subculture of climbing is considered in terms of raising doubt, negotiating the standard of jeopardy, and the practice of individualism as limited by social constraints.
State and Sport in Developing Societies
Authors: Riordan Jim
Published: March 2007

Ironically, at a time when some in the Western metropoles are casting doubt on Western sports in their competitive and commodified form, including in the Olympic Games-which are often said to have become too big, too nationalistic, too political and too commercialised - some governments of developing societies are among the strongest defenders of the colonial faith, of the Western sports and the Olympics. This article sets out to examine some of the reasons for this and the dilemmas Western sports pose. The paper suggests that the major state priorities that many developing nations assign sport include nation-building, integration, defence, hygiene and health, social policies such as the emancipation of women, and international recogniton.
Athletic activities in the life of students and graduates in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Pietsch Klaus , Gras Fred
Published: March 2007

Athletic activities of students and post-graduates are studies from sociological-pedagogical points of view. Starting from theoretical points, the methodological procedures are characterized on 2.483 subjects. Results are presented and discussed concerning recreational athletic activities prior to, during, and after the time of studies, on organizational forms in which postgraduates are engaged in sports, as well as on their motives to go in for sports in the inter-relation between physical fitness and cardio-vascular regulatory capacity. Future tasks are sketched.
The Status of Sports Activity in the Structure of Social Attitudes
Authors: Momirovic Konstantin , Hosek Ankica , Poduska Sanja
Published: March 2007

The relationship between involvement in sports and athletic achievements, and results in attitude scales partaining to self-management, clericalism-nationalism, as well as in scales for the estimation of authoritarianism, conformism and social hostility was analyzed under the standard and a robust model of regression analysis, on a sample of 720 healthy men between 19 and 27 years of age. Both models yielded a significant, but very low multiple correlation which could be attributed to a higher degree of self-management orientation and a lower degree of social hostility of those involved in sports and achieving better results.