bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The History of Psychological Psychotherapy in Germany: The Rise of Psychology in Mental Health Care and the Emergence of Clinical Psychology During the 20th Century
Authors: Malich Lisa
Published: June 2020

Two different but related developments played an important role in the history of psychologists in the fields of mental health care in Germany during the 20th century. The first development took place in the field of applied psychology, which saw psychological professionals perform mental testing, engage in counseling and increasingly, in psychotherapy in practical contexts. This process slowly began in the first decades of the 20th century and included approaches from different schools of psychotherapy. The second relevant development was the emergence of clinical psychology as an academic sub-discipline of psychology. Having become institutionalized in psychology departments at German universities during the 1960s and 1970s, clinical psychology often defines itself as a natural science and almost exclusively focuses on cognitive-behavioral approaches. There are four phases of the growing relationship between psychology and psychotherapy in Germany in which the two developments were increasingly linked: first, the entry of psychology into psychiatric and psychotherapeutic fields from approximately 1900 until 1945; second, the rise of psychological psychotherapy and the emergence of clinical psychology after World War II until 1972, when the diploma-regulations in West Germany were revised; third, a phase of consolidation and diversification from 1973 until the pivotal psychotherapy law of 1999; and fourth, the shifting equilibrium as established profession and discipline up to the reform of the psychotherapy law in 2019. Overall, the emergence of psychological psychotherapy has not one single trajectory but rather multiple origins in the different and competing academic and professional fields of mental health care.
Hunger
Authors: Rowland Neil E.
Published: June 2020

Hunger is a specific and compelling sensation, sometimes arising from internal signals of nutrient depletion but more often modulated by numerous environmental variables including taste or palatability and ease or cost of procurement. Hunger motivates appetitive or foraging behaviors to find food followed by appropriate proximate or consummatory behaviors to eat it. A critical concept underlying food intake is the flux of chemical energy through an organism. This starts with inputs of food with particular energy content, storage of excess energy as adipose tissue or glycogen, and finally energy expenditure as resting metabolic rate (RMR) or as metabolic rate is modified by physical activity. These concepts are relevant within the context of adequate theoretical accounts based in energy homeostasis; historically, these are mainly static models, although it is now clear that these do not address practical issues such as weight gain through life. Eating is essentially an episodic behavior, often clustered as meals, and this has led to the idea that the meal is a central theoretical concept, but demonstrations that meal patterns are greatly influenced by the environment present a challenge to this tenet. Patterns of eating acquired during infancy and early life may also play a role in establishing adult norms. Direct controls of feeding are those that emphasize food itself as generating internal signals to modify or terminate an ongoing bout of eating, and include a variety of enteroendocrine hormones and brainstem mechanisms. Additionally, many studies point to the essential rewarding or hedonic aspects of food intake, including palatability, and this may involve integrative mechanisms in the forebrain and cerebral cortex.
Women, Gender, and Sexuality in East Africa
Authors: Prazak Miroslava
Published: June 2020

The sty of women in East Africa did not begin until the 1970s and 1980s. Knowledge of times past comes from colonial records, filtered through the lenses of late Victorian-era men and from casting back the structures of early colonial years to create imaginaries of preexisting realities. Living in age-grade social systems that featured gendered lines of authority, men occupied societal institutions of power while women were informal political actors. Women were highly subordinated to their menfolk in some societies but held positions as chiefs in others. A gendered division of labor confined females to the domestic sphere, including subsistence production. We know little about intergender relationships, less about sexuality—studied in those eras almost exclusively in terms of the physical desires and behaviors that were morally right, appropriate, and “natural” and how those ideas were used to create unequal access to status, power, privileges, and resources.

The extractive focus of the colonial era transformed women’s lives and relationships as taxation and wage labor incrementally located and oriented males outside family and community spheres. Colonists dealt mainly with men, rendering women mostly silent. Missionaries taught a new morality and way of life that framed the concepts of marriage, family, and sexuality, and provided openings into unknown spaces as well as new possibilities. The trajectory of women’s lives, gender, and sexuality in East Africa is shaped by the continuation of policies and forces set in motion during the colonial period. Some, particularly the educated, have been able to pursue careers and become producers and consumers. Immersed increasingly in the social values of individuality and personal satisfaction, women are expanding their horizons to control their own lives. Their sexuality is increasingly considered as a dimension of personhood, rather than as a domain of externally imposed social control.
The History of Guinea
Authors: Saliou Camara Mohamed
Published: June 2020

Like most of post-colonial African nation-states, Guinea is the product of Europe’s colonial partition of the continent at the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. France followed up on the Berlin arrangements with military campaigns against West African rulers and treaties with other European colonial powers (Britain and Portugal) vying for territories in the region and the Republic of Liberia. However, the ancient communities whose descendants inhabit the Republic of Guinea were part and parcel of some of the greatest kingdoms and empires that marked West Africa’s history between the 6th and 19th centuries (Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Batè, Wassolon, and Futa-Jallon). Islam, which was introduced into the region through trans-Saharan trade, scholarship, and wars involving Muslim North Africa and Islamized elites of the Bilad as-Sudan, gained prominence and ultimately became the dominant religion in Guinea. The Atlantic Slave Trade spearheaded by the Portuguese, and the succeeding legitimate trade opened West Africa to colonial conquest and occupation in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Under French occupation, Guinea underwent major political, cultural, social, and economic mutations brought about by events and processes such as its integration into the French West Africa Federation and its multifaceted participation in the World Wars, as well as in France’s colonial wars in Indochina and Algeria. In the process, a nationalist anti-colonial consciousness evolved and crystallized, leading to the country’s advent to independence in 1958. As the sole French colony to reject Charles de Gaulle’s Franco-African Community, its modern history is in many ways unique. Since independence, Guinea has gone through a pro-Soviet single-party regime, military rule, and a shaky transition to the current civilian leadership, whose record of democratic governance has been checkered at best. Economic development has also been largely elusive, despite the abundance of arable land and mineral resources. This notable uniqueness notwithstanding, the history of Guinea does epitomize in some respects that of the African continent.
Scribal Culture, Indigenous Modes, and Nahuatl-Language Sources from the 16th to 18th Centuries
Authors: Mendoza Celso
Published: June 2020

While several indigenous languages from the Americas have been alphabetized and written, no Native American language has such an extensive corpus of historical texts as Nahuatl, the language of the Nahuas or Aztecs of central Mexico. Writing in Nahuatl but using Latin letters, colonial Nahua scribes or tlahcuilohqueh produced an unparalleled outpouring of texts throughout the colonial period. Prior to the Conquest, the Nahuas recorded information in codices, which consisted of pictographic glyphs painted on sheets of bark paper, analogous to European books. They thus readily perceived the parallels between their pictographic codices and European alphabetic texts and quickly saw the utility and potential of the new technology. All that was needed was an introduction to European writing techniques. For the most part, this came in the form of friars, some of whom established schools for elite Nahuas, such as the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in the latter part of the 1530s. Some Nahuas likely also learned writing from professional Spanish scribes as well. These students of the friars and lay Spaniards would soon teach other Nahuas to write, such that only a few years after the opening of the Colegio, Nahua scribes, working entirely on their own, were producing written texts. These scribes then taught others, and by the 1550s Nahuatl alphabetic writing became a self-sustaining, independent tradition that touched nearly every corner of the Nahua world. Alphabetic writing overtook indigenous glyphs, and by the 17th century most Nahuatl texts were entirely alphabetic. Last wills and testaments made up the bulk of scribal output, along with other “mundane” Nahuatl documents of financial, legal, or governmental matters, which have proven highly illuminating to historians. There were also annals; local histories stretching back to preconquest times; and plays, songs, and speeches (huehuehtlahtolli). Nahua scribal culture thrived until the 19th century, when opposition to it from both the Spanish Crown and, later, the independent Mexican nation made Nahuatl texts obsolete and superfluous.
Dutch-Indigenous Relations in the Atlantic World
Authors: Meuwese Mark
Published: June 2020

Relations between the Dutch and the Indigenous peoples of North and South America can be divided into two periods. From 1621 to 1674, Dutch-Indigenous relations were shaped by the attempt of the West India Company to build a transatlantic empire. In Brazil, the Dutch established military alliances with multiple Indian groups. In Guiana (or Guyana), Suriname, the Caribbean, and New Netherland in North America, relations were also shaped by war and trade. From 1675 until 1815, the Dutch presence in the Americas was limited to Guiana (Essequibo, Berbice), Suriname, and a few small Caribbean islands. During this period, Dutch-Indigenous relations were largely shaped by the plantation-slavery system. Indigenous peoples were frequently employed by the Dutch as slave catchers. Christian missions played a limited role in the Dutch Atlantic, with the exception of the Calvinist mission in Dutch Brazil and the Moravian missions in 18th-century Suriname.
Digital Resources: Multepal, Mesoamerican Studies, and the Popol Wuj
Authors: Bigelow Allison Margaret , Alvarado Rafael C.
Published: June 2020

The Multepal project is an online thematic research collection devoted to the aggregation, integration, and presentation of primary and secondary sources to support the teaching and research of Mesoamerican culture. The current focus of the project is to create a digital critical edition of the Popol Wuj, or Popol Vuh, as it appears in colonial orthography, a genre-defying work from the Maya K’iche’ world that is considered one of the most important indigenous texts to survive the Spanish conquest. The Multepal edition of the Popol Wuj consists of page facsimiles, marked-up textual transcriptions (using TEI), scholarly annotations, and a linked network of characters, places, technologies, and other topics referenced in the story. These tools allow readers to understand the text in its full historical, cultural, and cosmological complexity. The project was originally developed in a graduate seminar in the Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese at the University of Virginia. It is currently supported by the School of Data Science and the DH@UVa initiative at the University of Virginia. The project title derives from the Yukatekan word Multepal, which refers to a pre-Columbian model of collaborative political organization that the project seeks to emulate through interdisciplinarity and collaboration with early-career and established scholars in the United States and, eventually, through substantial and sustainable exchanges with colleagues in Guatemala.
Attenuated lymphocyte activation leads to the development of immunotolerance in bovine fetuses persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus†
Authors: Georges Hanah M , Knapek Katie J , Bielefeldt-Ohmann Helle , Van Campen Hana , Hansen Thomas R
Published: June 2020

Bovine viral diarrhea virus continues to cost the cattle industry millions of dollars each year despite control measures. The primary reservoirs for bovine viral diarrhea virus are persistently infected animals, which are infected in utero and shed the virus throughout their lifetime. The difficulty in controlling the virus stems from a limited understanding of transplacental transmission and fetal development of immunotolerance. In this study, pregnant bovine viral diarrhea virus naïve heifers were inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea virus on day 75 of gestation and fetal spleens were collected on gestational days 82, 97, 190, and 245. Microarray analysis on splenic RNA from days 82 and 97 revealed an increase in signaling for the innate immune system and antigen presentation to T cells in day 97 persistently infected fetuses compared to controls. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on select targets validated the microarray revealing a downregulation of type I interferons and lymphocyte markers in day 190 persistently infected fetuses compared to controls. Protein was visualized using western blot and tissue sections were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Data collected indicate that fetal immunotolerance to bovine viral diarrhea virus developed between days 97 and 190, with mass attenuation of the immune system on day 190 of gestation. Furthermore, lymphocyte transcripts were initially unchanged then downregulated, suggesting that immunotolerance to the virus stems from a blockage in lymphocyte activation and hence an inability to clear the virus. The identification of lymphocyte derived immunotolerance will aid in the development of preventative and viral control measures to implement before or during pregnancy.
Achieving MSW Students’ Learning Success: A National Survey of All MSW Degree Programmes in China
Authors: Wang Yean , Zhang Huan , Wang Siyao
Published: June 2020

Master of Social Work (MSW) training is important for professional development and has created high expectations for social work education in China. However, few studies have evaluated MSW students’ learning outcomes and how students engage in the learning process. To gain insight into MSW students’ learning success, this study focusses on the relationship between students’ learning process and learning outcomes—namely, professional competence and identity—under the guidance of student engagement theory. This study involved MSW students (n = 1,201) from all 104 MSW degree programmes in China in 2017. The data analysis was based on theory-guided structural equation modelling. The results show that student engagement in academic learning is indirectly and positively related to professional competence and professional identity through the full mediating role of field learning. In addition, students’ BSW background and university resources played moderating roles in the relationships between engagement in academic learning and professional identity and between engagement in field learning and professional competence. Field education strengthens students’ achievements. These results could lead to a better understanding of the characteristics of students’ learning engagement and aid the design of adaptable teaching plans. These results may also lead to new ideas for the further modification of social work education in China.
The biogeography of the megadiverse genusAnthurium(Araceae)
Authors: Reimuth Jan , Zotz Gerhard
Published: June 2020

The tropics of the New World are a biodiversity hotspot, the genus Anthurium being an example of a megadiverse taxon with currently > 1000 described species. In this study, we provide detailed information on species distributions and analyse patterns of diversity and endemism, with a particular focus on the comparison of epiphytic and terrestrial congenerics. Using a dataset of occurrence records for 1041 Anthurium spp. (c. 98% of the genus), we modelled geographical species distributions using climate-based species distribution models or buffered convex hulls depending on the number of occurrences available. We identified nine bioregions using cluster analysis. The Andean slopes, Central America, the Chocó and the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil are the most important centres of diversity for Anthurium, whereas endemism is highest in the central Andes. These macroecological patterns agree largely with diversity centres for other Neotropical plant groups. Epiphytes, accounting for about two-thirds of all species, have much larger range sizes than terrestrials, but do not differ in elevational ranges. Almost 40% of all Anthurium spp. are restricted to the lowlands, but a few species grow at elevations of almost 4000 m. Although individual species have an average elevation range of just c. 1000 m, there are taxa that cover > 3500 m of elevation.
Cohort profile: the ESC EURObservational Research Programme Atrial Fibrillation III (AF III) Registry
Authors: Potpara Tatjana S , Lip Gregory Y H , Dagres Nikolaos , Crijns Harry J M G , Boriani Giuseppe , Kirchhof Paulus , Arbelo Elena , Savelieva Irina , Lenarczyk Radoslaw , Fauchier Laurent , Maggioni Aldo P , Gale Chris P ,   the EORP-AF III Investigators Group
Published: June 2020

Aims

The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) EURObservational Research Programme (EORP)-Atrial Fibrillation (AF) III Registry aims to identify contemporary patterns in AF management in clinical practice, assess their compliance with the 2016 ESC AF Guidelines, identify major gaps in guideline implementation, characterize the clinical practice settings associated with good vs. poor guideline implementation and assess and compare the 1-year outcome of guideline-adherent vs. guideline non-adherent management strategies.

Methods and results

Consecutive adult AF patients (n = 8306) were enrolled between 1 July 2018 and 15 July 2019, and individual patient data were prospectively collected across 192 centres and 31 participating countries during the 3-month enrolment period per centre. The Registry collected baseline and 1-year follow-up data in the eight main domains: patient demographic/enrolment setting, AF diagnosis/characterization, diagnostic assessment, stroke prevention treatments, arrhythmia-directed therapies, integrated AF management, major outcomes (death, non-fatal stroke or systemic embolic event, and non-fatal bleeding event), and the quality of life questionnaire.

Conclusion

The EORP-AF III Registry is an international, prospective registry of care and outcomes of patients treated for AF, which will provide insights into the contemporary patterns in AF management, ESC AF Guidelines implementation in routine practice and barriers to optimal management of this highly prevalent arrhythmia.
Does objectively measured light-intensity physical activity reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality? A meta-analysis
Authors: Qiu Shanhu , Cai Xue , Jia Lijing , Sun Zilin , Wu Tongzhi , Wendt Janine , Steinacker Jürgen Michael , Schumann Uwe
Published: June 2020

Aims

Current physical activity guidelines emphasize little on light-intensity physical activity (LPA) in terms of reducing the risk of cardiovascular mortality. This meta-analysis aimed to bridge this gap by assessing their association using objectively measured LPA data.

Methods and results

Databases of PubMed and Scopus were searched to April 2020 for prospective cohort studies that reported the association of LPA assessed by activity monitors with the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the general population. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Dose–response and subgroup analyses were also performed. Six cohort studies with seven datasets enrolling 13 960 participants were included. LPA was all measured by accelerometers. The HR of LPA per 30 min/day for cardiovascular mortality was pooled to be 0.80 (95% CI 0.67–0.96). This association was non-linearly shaped (Pnonlinearity < 0.01) and unaffected by sex difference. Moreover, substituting LPA for sedentary time of 30 min/day lowered the risk of cardiovascular mortality by 16% (95% CI 0.73–0.96). Results showed further that LPA was inferior to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in reducing the risk of cardiovascular mortality when performed with an equal time-length set at 30 min/day (HR 0.83 vs. 0.54, Pcomparison = 0.046), but became comparable if at an equal activity-amount set at 150 metabolic equivalents-min/day (HR 0.67 vs. 0.54, Pcomparison = 0.41).

Conclusion

LPA shows potential in reducing the risk of cardiovascular mortality, and interventions targeting at LPA improvement are worth being encouraged.
Identifying patterns of lifestyle behaviours among children of 3 years old
Authors: Wang Lu , Jansen Wilma , van Grieken Amy , Vlasblom Eline , Boere-Boonekamp Magda M , L’Hoir Monique P , Raat Hein
Published: June 2020

Background

To identify the patterns of lifestyle behaviours in children aged 3 years, to investigate the parental and child characteristics associated with the lifestyle patterns, and to examine whether the identified lifestyle patterns are associated with child BMI and weight status.

Methods

Cross-sectional data of 2090 children 3 years old participating in the Dutch BeeBOFT study were used. Child dietary intakes, screen times and physical activity were assessed by parental questionnaire, and child weight and height were measured by trained professionals according to a standardized protocol. Latent class analysis was applied to identify patterns of lifestyle behaviours among children.

Results

Three subgroups of children with distinct patterns of lifestyle behaviours were identified: the ‘unhealthy lifestyle’ pattern (36%), the ‘low snacking and low screen time’ pattern (48%) and the ‘active, high fruit and vegetable, high snacking and high screen time’ pattern (16%). Children with low maternal educational level, those raised with permissive parenting style (compared those with authoritative parents), and boys were more likely be allocated to the ‘unhealthy lifestyle’ pattern and the ‘active, high fruit and vegetable, high snacking and high screen time’ pattern (P < 0.05). No association was found between the identified lifestyle patterns and child BMI z-score at age 3 years.

Conclusions

Three different lifestyle patterns were observed among children aged 3 years. Low maternal educational level, permissive parenting style and male gender of the child were associated with having unhealthy lifestyle patterns for the child.
The 2018–2019 seismo-volcanic crisis east of Mayotte, Comoros islands: seismicity and ground deformation markers of an exceptional submarine eruption
Authors: Lemoine Anne , Briole Pierre , Bertil Didier , Roullé Agathe , Foumelis Michael , Thinon Isabelle , Raucoules Daniel , de Michele Marcello , Valty Pierre , Hoste Colomer Roser
Published: June 2020

On 10 May 2018, an unprecedented long and intense seismic crisis started offshore, east of Mayotte, the easternmost of the Comoros volcanic islands. The population felt hundreds of events. Over the course of 1 yr, 32 earthquakes with magnitude greater than 5 occurred, including the largest event ever recorded in the Comoros (Mw = 5.9 on 15 May 2018). Earthquakes are clustered in space and time. Unusual intense long lasting monochromatic very long period events were also registered. From early July 2018, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) registered a large drift, testimony of a large offshore deflation. We describe the onset and the evolution of a large magmatic event thanks to the analysis of the seismicity from the initiation of the crisis through its first year, compared to the ground deformation observation (GNSS and InSAR) and modelling. We discriminate and characterize the initial fracturing phase, the phase of magma intrusion and dyke propagation from depth to the subsurface, and the eruptive phase that starts on 3 July 2018, around 50 d after the first seismic events. The eruption is not terminated 2 yr after its initiation, with the persistence of an unusual seismicity, whose pattern has been similar since summer 2018, including episodic very low frequency events presenting a harmonic oscillation with a period of ∼16 s. From July 2018, the whole Mayotte Island drifted eastward and downward at a slightly increasing rate until reaching a peak in late 2018. At the apex, the mean deformation rate was 224 mm yr−1 eastward and 186 mm yr−1 downward. During 2019, the deformation smoothly decreased and in January 2020, it was less than 20 per cent of its peak value. A deflation model of a magma reservoir buried in a homogenous half space fits well the data. The modelled reservoir is located 45 ± 5 km east of Mayotte, at a depth of 28 ± 3 km and the inferred magma extraction at the apex was ∼94 m3 s−1. The introduction of a small secondary source located beneath Mayotte Island at the same depth as the main one improves the fit by 20 per cent. While the rate of the main source drops by a factor of 5 during 2019, the rate of the secondary source remains stable. This might be a clue of the occurrence of relaxation at depth that may continue for some time after the end of the eruption. According to our model, the total volume extracted from the deep reservoir was ∼2.65 km3 in January 2020. This is the largest offshore volcanic event ever quantitatively documented. This seismo-volcanic crisis is consistent with the trans-tensional regime along Comoros archipelago.
Field surveys and numerical modelling of the 2004 December 26 Indian Ocean tsunami in the area of Mumbai, west coast of India
Authors: Heidarzadeh Mohammad , Rabinovich Alexander , Kusumoto Satoshi , Rajendran C P
Published: June 2020

In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra-Andaman) tsunami, numerous survey teams investigated its effects on various locations across the Indian Ocean. However, these efforts were focused only on sites that experienced major destruction and a high death toll. As a consequence, some Indian Ocean coastal megacities were not examined. Among the cities not surveyed was Mumbai, the principal west coast port and economical capital of India with a population of more than 12 million. Mumbai is at risk of tsunamis from two major subduction zones in the Indian Ocean: the Sumatra–Andaman subduction zone (SASZ) and the Makran subduction zone (MSZ). As a part of the present study, we conducted a field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami effects in Mumbai, analysed the available tide gauge records and performed tsunami simulations. Our field survey in 2018 January found run-up heights of 1.6−3.3 m in the Mumbai area. According to our analysis of tide gauge data, tsunami trough-to-crest heights in Okha (550 km to the north of Mumbai) and in Mormugao (410 km to the south of Mumbai) were 46 cm and 108 cm, respectively. Simulations of a hypothetical MSZ Mw 9.0 earthquake and tsunami, together with the Mw 9.1 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake and tsunami, show that the tsunami heights generated in Mumbai by an MSZ tsunami would be significantly larger than those generated by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman tsunami. This result indicates that future tsunami hazard mitigation for Mumbai needs to be based on a potential large MSZ earthquake rather than an SASZ earthquake.
Mechanistic Insights Into the Differential Efficacy of Daptomycin Plus β-Lactam Combinations Against Daptomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Kebriaei Razieh , Stamper Kyle C , Singh Kavindra V , Khan Ayesha , Rice Seth A , Dinh An Q , Tran Truc T , Murray Barbara E , Arias Cesar A , Rybak Michael J
Published: June 2020

Background

The combination of daptomycin (DAP) plus ampicillin (AMP), ertapenem (ERT), or ceftaroline has been demonstrated to be efficacious against a DAP-tolerant Enterococcus faecium strain (HOU503). However, the mechanism for the efficacy of these combinations against DAP-resistant (DAP-R) E. faecium strains is unknown.

Methods

We investigated the efficacy of DAP in combination with AMP, ERT, ceftaroline, ceftriaxone, or amoxicillin against DAP-R E. faecium R497 using established in vitro and in vivo models. We evaluated pbp expression, levels of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 5 (PBP5) and β-lactam binding affinity in HOU503 versus R497.

Results

DAP plus AMP was the only efficacious regimen against DAP-R R497 and prevented emergence of resistance. DAP at 8, 6, and 4 mg/kg in combination with AMP was efficacious but showed delayed killing compared with 10 mg/kg. PBP5 of HOU503 exhibited amino acid substitutions in the penicillin-binding domain relative to R497. No difference in pbp mRNA or PBP5 levels was detected between HOU503 and R497. labeling of PBPs with Bocillin FL, a fluorescent penicillin derivative, showed increased β-lactam binding affinity of PBP5 of HOU503 compared with that of R497.

Conclusions

Only DAP (10 mg/kg) plus AMP or amoxicillin was efficacious against a DAP-R E. faecium strain, and pbp5 alleles may be important contributors to efficacy of DAP plus β-lactam therapy.
A Reexamination of Marginal Religious Specialists: Himalayan Messengers from the Dead
Authors: Prude Alyson
Published: June 2020

A delog is a Tibetan Buddhist religious specialist believed to die and return to life to relay messages from the dead. In the contemporary Himalayas, the revenant experiences that delogs undergo happen to people with limited access to social and economic power and thus confer a religious title on individuals whose opportunities to function in authoritative religious roles are limited. At the same time, the network of expectations within which delogs are identified naturalizes and perpetuates gender, class, educational, and ethnic hierarchies among Himalayan Buddhists. Although minor religious vocations continue to be celebrated as avenues by which subaltern people challenge hegemony, the contemporary delog tradition in the Himalayas effectively works to reinforce the power and authority of texts and male elites.
Characterizing outpatient problem list completeness and duplications in the electronic health record
Authors: Wang Edward Chia-Heng , Wright Adam
Published: June 2020

Objective

The study sought to characterize rates of problem list completeness and duplications in common chronic diseases and to identify any relationships that they may have with respect to disease type, demographics, and disease severity.

Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of electronic health record data from Partners HealthCare. We selected 8 common chronic diseases and identified patients with each of those diseases. We then analyzed each patient’s problem list for completeness and duplications and also collected information regarding demographics and disease severity. Rates of completeness and duplications were calculated for each disease and compared according to disease type, demographics, and disease severity.

Results

A total of 327 695 unique patients and 383 404 problem list entries were identified. Problem list completeness varied from 72.9% in hypertension to 93.5% in asthma, whereas problem list duplications varied from 4.8% in hypertension to 28.2% in diabetes. There was a variable relationship between demographic factors and rates of completeness and duplication. Rates of completeness were positively correlated with disease severity for most diseases. Rates of duplication were consistently positively correlated with disease severity.

Conclusions

Incompleteness and duplications are both important issues in problem lists. These issues vary widely across different diseases and can also be impacted by patient demographics and disease severity. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of individual user behaviors and organizational policies on problem list utilization, which will aid the development of interventions that improve the utility of problem lists.
Updates in the 8th edition of the TNM staging system for esophagus and esophagogastric junction cancer
Authors: Daiko Hiroyuki , Kato Ken
Published: June 2020

The tumor–node metastasis (TNM) classification, originally developed in 1943 and subsequently adopted by the Union for International Cancer Control and the American Joint Committee on Cancer, is regularly updated based on new information and developments. The TNM classification system is the main tool used for both clinical and pathological staging of cancers worldwide. The 8th edition of the TNM classification for esophageal and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer, released in 2017, was updated from the 7th edition based on additional data supplied by the Worldwide Esophageal Cancer Collaboration group. We summarize the main changes between the 7th and 8th editions of this TNM classification. Notable changes included separate clinical, pathological and pathological prognostic staging for adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Pathological prognostic staging was also improved by updating the T- and N-factors regarding histopathological differentiation and tumor location, respectively. The definition of EGJ cancer was changed from tumors centered within 5 cm to tumors within 2 cm of the EGJ. These updates to the TNM classification will help to improve the personalized management and treatment of patients with esophageal and EGJ cancers.
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the lung: CT findings and clinical course of 35 cases
Authors: Onishi Yasuyuki , Kusumoto Masahiko , Goto Yasushi , Kaku Sawako , Motoi Noriko
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To evaluate computed tomography findings and assess the clinical course of patients with pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma at our institution between 2000 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with pleural involvement were excluded. Computed tomography findings of the lung at diagnosis were classified into three patterns: multiple small nodules pattern (˂15 mm), multiple nodules with large lesions pattern (≥15 mm) and single lesion pattern. Additionally, the clinical course of patients was evaluated.

Results

Thirty-five patients (15 men and 20 women; median age, 44 years) with pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma were identified. The multiple small nodules pattern, multiple nodules with large lesions pattern and single lesion pattern were observed in 25 (71.4%), 8 (22.9%) and 2 (5.7%) patients, respectively. In 22 (62.9%) patients, extra-pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma lesions were found. Most patients were followed without initial treatment, while two patients with single lesion pattern underwent surgical resection. The median follow-up period was 63 months. Five-year overall survival rate of all patients was 96.3%. Latest clinical information revealed that 20 (20/25, 80%) patients with multiple small nodules pattern were alive without symptoms. In patients with multiple nodules with large lesion pattern, four (4/8, 50%) patients were alive without symptoms, three (3/8, 37.5%) patients were alive with symptoms and one (1/8, 12.5%) died. No recurrence was observed in patients with single lesion pattern.

Conclusions

Multiple small nodules pattern was the most common findings of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Patients with pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma have good prognosis.
Assessment of Resistance to Organophosphates and Pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Do Synergists Affect Mortality?
Authors: Cataldo Natalie P , Lea C Suzanne , Kelley Timothy , Richards Stephanie L
Published: June 2020

Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses. Insecticides used in mosquito control can help prevent the spread of vector-borne diseases. However, it is essential to determine insecticide resistance (IR) status before control measures are undertaken. Only the most effective insecticides should be used to avoid ineffective control and/or promotion of IR. Pyrethroids and organophosphates are the most commonly used insecticides for mosquito control. Here, the efficacy of two active ingredients (AIs; permethrin [pyrethroid], chlorpyrifos [organophosphate]), two formulated products (FPs; Biomist [AI: permethrin]) and (Mosquitomist [AI: chlorpyrifos]), and three synergists (piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, S-S-S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) was evaluated in two Ae. aegypti colonies (pyrethroid resistant and susceptible). Mosquitomist was most effective against the pyrethroid-resistant colony (100% mortality at diagnostic time). Pre-exposure to synergists did not increase the efficacy of AIs against the pyrethroid-resistant colony. Further research is needed to discover how synergists may affect the efficacy of insecticides when used on pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.
Expanding the Phenotype of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration With FUS-Positive Pathology (FTLD-FUS)
Authors: Chornenka Karina , Hirsch-Reinshagen Veronica , Perez-Rosendahl Mari , Feldman Howard , Segal-Gidan Freddi , Vinters Harry V , Mackenzie Ian R
Published: June 2020

Atypical frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (aFTLD-U) is an uncommon cause of frontotemporal dementia characterized by fused in sarcoma-positive inclusions. It is classified as a subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with FUS pathology. Cases with aFTLD-U pathology typically display an early onset of symptoms and severe psychobehavioral changes in the absence of significant aphasia, cognitive-intellectual dysfunction or motor features. This phenotype is regarded as being sufficiently unusual and consistent as to allow antemortem diagnosis with a high degree of accuracy. In this report, we describe 2 cases with aFTLD-U pathology that broaden the associated phenotype to include later age of onset, milder behavioral abnormalities and early memory and language impairment.
Connective professionalism: Towards (yet another) ideal type
Authors: Adams Tracey L , Clegg Stewart , Eyal Gil , Reed Mike , Saks Mike
Published: June 2020

In this essay, four leading scholars provide critical commentary on an article entitled ‘Protective or Connective Professionalism? How Connected Professionals Can (Still) Act as Autonomous and Authoritative Experts’ (Noordegraaf, 2020, Journal of Professions and Organization, 7/2). Of central concern to all four commentators is Noordegraaf’s use of ideal types as a heuristic device to make his case and capture historical change over time. While some question the usefulness of ideal types, others question Noordegraaf’s use of them. The commentators raise additional concerns, especially the limited attention to variations across professions, geographic regions, and limited attention to social–historical contexts.
COVID-19 versus the 1918 influenza pandemic: different virus, different age mortality patterns
Authors: Shanks G Dennis
Published: June 2020

The influenza pandemic of 1918-19 and the SARS-CoV 2 pandemic of 2020 had markedly different age mortality patterns. Influenza in 1918 particularly killed young adults whereas the elderly are most at risk from COVID-19. Mortality depends on complex host-pathogen interactions specific to the viral and human population’s history of infection.
Don't Wait and See!
Authors: Papazoglou Emily
Published: June 2020

A “wait and see” approach may harm your child as you lose valuable time to get development back on track. The brain develops most rapidly in the first few years of life, which means that identifying and addressing areas of developmental concern early on is critical. The better you understand your child’s strengths and challenges, the more effectively you can help them thrive. For children with medical issues, you also will learn which skills are most vulnerable and how to proactively support their development. Full of practical advice, this book will teach you how to: (a) quickly recognize potential developmental issues; (b) obtain high-quality evaluations; (c) assemble a team and capitalize on their expertise; (d) maximize skill-building at home; and (e) avoid common pitfalls. Designed to be your companion as you navigate what can be a very isolating process, this book also serves to lower stress and build hope as you develop an action plan to help maximize your child’s potential.
Development: What You Need to Know
Authors: Papazoglou Emily
Published: June 2020

Early and intensive intervention is one of the most powerful tools we have to combat developmental disorders, but developmental issues are frequently identified much later than they should be, often because a “wait and see” approach is recommended during early childhood. The power of early intervention as one of the key tools to support your child’s development will be discussed. Developmental milestones are reviewed along with common patterns of development. Development may occur unevenly across skill areas and spurts in skill building are common, but regression, or loss of skills, is not. The higher risk of developmental issues in boys also will be discussed.
Coping With a Diagnosis
Authors: Papazoglou Emily
Published: June 2020

Having confirmation that your child is developing differently is devastating, but you must hold on to hope. Children often surprise us with their resiliency and also with their ability to achieve things we never thought possible. Research consistently shows that the earlier any developmental issues are identified, the more time you have to address them. So, allow yourself a little time to grieve and then start taking action to help your child. When your child has a developmental disorder, skill-building will often happen more slowly so you need to be patient with your child and also with yourself as you implement strategies to help with development.
Managing Your Relationships
Authors: Papazoglou Emily
Published: June 2020

Having a child with a developmental disorder can be very isolating and stressful. Taking care of yourself will help ensure that you are more easily able to help advocate for your child’s needs and available to help support their skill-building. If you find yourself struggling to cope, alert family, trusted friends, and your healthcare provider. Consider ways to get all caregivers involved in your child’s life (significant other, relatives) on the same page as consistency helps children make progress more quickly. Common issues surrounding friendships will be discussed, including friends who start avoiding you as well as friends who want to help, but do not know what you need. Tips for communicating with your other children including navigating differences in expectations as well as common playtime issues are reviewed.
Managing Microaggressions
Authors: Williams Monnica T.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This book is intended to provide clinicians and trainees with a better understanding of racial microaggressions as they relate to therapy. This book provides thorough information on the research surrounding microaggressions as well as practical skills to use in session with clients. Microaggressions can be hard to spot and hard to understand. This book provides needed tools to identify microagressive behavior. It also outlines the research on how microaggressions can be damaging to people of color, causes of microaggressions, how to prevent them from happening, and how to help clients suffering as a result of experiencing them. Furthermore, it provides support for therapists of color on how to navigate microaggressions within their professional sphere. The book also describes validated measures and clinical interviews that may be used to better understand microaggressions and other cultural concepts relevant to clients. This book is a road map readers can use to begin their journey toward culturally competence to avoid microaggressive behavior in their profession and in their life in general. Case examples, therapeutic interactions, and discussion scenarios supplement the information provided. Finally, it outlines controversies regarding microaggressions and future directions related to this concept.
Causes of Microaggressions
Authors: Williams Monnica T.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This chapter analyzes the reasons why people commit microaggressions and how they are maintained. Microaggressions are conceptualized as learned behaviors, taught through observational learning and other social mechanisms from an early age. The impact of implicit bias is that Whites are implicitly taught they are a superior race, even though explicitly they may be instructed otherwise. As a result, their actions or inactions continue to promote racism in subtle, microaggressive ways. Aversive racism differs from blatant, old-fashioned racism, and it characterizes the racial attitudes of most well-educated and progressive White Americans. Aversive racists outwardly endorse fair and just treatment of all groups yet harbor feelings of discomfort toward people of color that may be unconscious. Microaggressions can also occur in the form of avoidance and inaction. Because biased socialization practices and interracial interactions put people at risk of committing microaggressions, some individuals find themselves avoiding people of color altogether and thus having little interaction with them. Microaggressions persist because the underlying cause of these behaviors (racism) reinforces social inequalities and hierarchies that are desirable to the in-group. Finally, people of color can and do commit microaggressions against each other; however, this occurs under an umbrella of White racial supremacy.
Assessing the Impact of Microaggressions
Authors: Williams Monnica T.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This chapter outlines classification systems for microaggressions and validated psychological measures of microaggressions and related constructs. Self-report measures for microaggressions vary in their applicability across specific racial and ethnic groups. Measures reviewed include the Racial Microaggressions Scale, Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale, Ethnic Microaggressions Scale, LBGT People of Color Microaggressions Scale, Inventory of Microaggressions Against Black Individuals, Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Asian American Women, Multiracial Microaggression Scale, and Racial Microaggressions in Counseling Scale. Another method of assessing microaggressions as well as racial trauma is through use of the UConn Racial/Ethnic Stress and Trauma Survey, which assesses for racial stress and trauma to guide clinicians in asking clients difficult questions about their experiences surrounding racism. The American Psychiatric Association’s Cultural Formulation Interview in the DSM-5 gathers information on the cultural definition of the problem, cultural perceptions of the cause of difficulties, context and available support, and cultural factors affecting coping and help seeking. There are other self-report measures of related cultural constructs, including the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale, Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, General Ethnic and Racial Discrimination Scale, Schedule of Racist Events, Everyday Discrimination Scale, Major Experiences of Discrimination Scale, Cross-Cultural Counseling Inventory–Revised, and Racial Microaggressions in Counseling Scale. Also described is a demographic form that can sensitively collect important information about a client’s diverse identities.