bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Interferential Current Therapy in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fuentes Jorge P. , Armijo Olivo Susan , Magee David J. , Gross Douglas P.
Published: July 2010

Background

Interferential current (IFC) is a common electrotherapeutic modality used to treat pain. Although IFC is widely used, the available information regarding its clinical efficacy is debatable.

Purpose

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the available information regarding the efficacy of IFC in the management of musculoskeletal pain.

Data Sources

Randomized controlled trials were obtained through a computerized search of bibliographic databases (ie, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PEDro, Scopus, and Web of Science) from 1950 to February 8, 2010.

Data Extraction

Two independent reviewers screened the abstracts found in the databases. Methodological quality was assessed using a compilation of items included in different scales related to rehabilitation research. The mean difference, with 95% confidence interval, was used to quantify the pooled effect. A chi-square test for heterogeneity was performed.

Data Synthesis

A total of 2,235 articles were found. Twenty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Seven articles assessed the use of IFC on joint pain; 9 articles evaluated the use of IFC on muscle pain; 3 articles evaluated its use on soft tissue shoulder pain; and 1 article examined its use on postoperative pain. Three of the 20 studies were considered to be of high methodological quality, 14 studies were considered to be of moderate methodological quality, and 3 studies were considered to be of poor methodological quality. Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis.

Conclusion

Interferential current as a supplement to another intervention seems to be more effective for reducing pain than a control treatment at discharge and more effective than a placebo treatment at the 3-month follow-up. However, it is unknown whether the analgesic effect of IFC is superior to that of the concomitant interventions. Interferential current alone was not significantly better than placebo or other therapy at discharge or follow-up. Results must be considered with caution due to the low number of studies that used IFC alone. In addition, the heterogeneity across studies and methodological limitations prevent conclusive statements regarding analgesic efficacy.
A Study on Different Surgical Methods used for Repair of Vesicovaginal Fistulas in Dhaka Medical College Hospital
Authors: Homaira Rhea , Khatun Sabera , Zabin Fahmida
Published: July 2010

This cross sectional study was carried out on hundred patients of vesicovaginal fistula who were admitted and underwent surgical treatment in Dhaka Medical college Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, during the period of January, 2001 to June, 2003. The aim of this study was to obtain the outcome of the different methods of repair of different types of vesicovaginal fistula. An in-depth interview was taken from patients by using an open ended questionnaire. Necessary information about the procedure applied, together with results of operation were recorded in the data sheet. The result of this study showed that the anatomical success in closure of fistula occurred in 94% cases. In 38% of cases the size of the fistula were small in size, in 49% cases location were at the Junction of bladder neck, 78% of cases experienced no postoperative complications. Route of operation were vaginal in 84% cases. Previous attempt of repair were in 62% cases whereas in 38% women had history of operation. Obstetric vesicovaginal fistula is a curable condition. The success rate has been increased over time. More complicated cases which have been failed in previous attempts of repair are being referred. Most of the unsuccessful repair were bad cases (2%). So more training and experience of surgeons for repair of fistulas, employing modified technique wherever applicable can improve the result. DOI: 10.3329/medtoday.v22i1.5598 Medicine Today Vol.22(1) 2010. 12-14
Black Hole Horizons and Thermodynamics: A Quantum Approach
Authors: Moretti Valter , Pinamonti Nicola
Published: July 2010

We focus on quantization of the metric of a black hole restricted to the Killing horizon with universal radius r0. After imposing spherical symmetry and after restriction to the Killing horizon, the metric is quantized employing the chiral currents formalism. Two "components of the metric" are indeed quantized: The former behaves as an affine scalar field under changes of coordinates, the latter is instead a proper scalar field. The action of the symplectic group on both fields is realized in terms of certain horizon diffeomorphisms. Depending on the choice of the vacuum state, such a representation is unitary. If the reference state of the scalar field is a coherent state rather than a vacuum, spontaneous breaking of conformal symmetry arises and the state contains a Bose-Einstein condensate. In this case the order parameter fixes the actual size of the black hole with respect to r0. Both the constructed state together with the one associated with the affine scalar are thermal states (KMS) with respect to Schwarzschild Killing time when restricted to half horizon. The value of the order parameter fixes the temperature at the Hawking value as well. As a result, it is found that the quantum energy and entropy densities coincide with the black hole mass and entropy, provided the universal parameter r0 is suitably chosen, not depending on the size of the actual black hole in particular.
Two-channel Hyperspectral LiDAR with a Supercontinuum Laser Source
Authors: Chen Yuwei , Räikkönen Esa , Kaasalainen Sanna , Suomalainen Juha , Hakala Teemu , Hyyppä Juha , Chen Ruizhi
Published: July 2010

Recent advances in nonlinear fiber optics and compact pulsed lasers have resulted in creation of broadband directional light sources. These supercontinuum laser sources produce directional broadband light using cascaded nonlinear optical interactions in an optical fibre framework. This system is used to simultaneously measure distance and reflectance to demonstrate a technique capable of distinguishing between a vegetation target and inorganic material using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) parameters, while the range can be obtained from the waveform of the echoes. A two-channel, spectral range-finding system based on a supercontinuum laser source was used to determine its potential application of distinguishing the NDVI for Norway spruce, a coniferous tree, and its three-dimensional parameters at 600 nm and 800 nm. A prototype system was built using commercial components.
The Migration of T Cells in Response to Influenza Virus Is Altered in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Lines J. Louise , Hoskins Samantha , Hollifield Melissa , Cauley Linda S. , Garvy Beth A.
Published: July 2010

Influenza virus is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in children; however, little is known about the T cell response in infant lungs. Neonatal mice are highly vulnerable to influenza and only control very low doses of virus. We compared the T cell response to influenza virus infection between mice infected as adults or at 2 d old and observed defective migration into the lungs of the neonatal mice. In the adult mice, the numbers of T cells in the lung interstitia peaked at 10 d postinfection, whereas neonatal T cell infiltration, activation, and expression of TNF-α was delayed until 2 wk postinfection. Although T cell numbers ultimately reached adult levels in the interstitia, they were not detected in the alveoli of neonatal lungs. Instead, the alveoli contained eosinophils and neutrophils. This altered infiltrate was consistent with reduced or delayed expression of type 1 cytokines in the neonatal lung and differential chemokine expression. In influenza-infected neonates, CXCL2, CCL5, and CCL3 were expressed at adult levels, whereas the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL9, and CCL2 remained at baseline levels, and CCL11 was highly elevated. Intranasal administration of CCL2, IFN-γ, or CXCL9 was unable to draw the neonatal T cells into the airways. Together, these data suggest that the T cell response to influenza virus is qualitatively different in neonatal mice and may contribute to an increased morbidity.
Teologiese opleiding in die AGS-kerk: Verkennende en ontwikkelende beskouings vir die nuwe millennium
Authors: Putter Andries P.J.
Published: July 2010

Theological training in the AFM church: Investigative and developing (perspectives) for the new millenniumThis article will focus on the findings of two Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) pastors in their research concerning theological training. It may help role players in the AFM, as well as in the broader church context, to evaluate current theological training material, and indicates the importance of a continuous theological training programme for pastors. The need to equip pastors to be more effective in their different roles, poses an enormous challenge in these times. At the AFM’s General Business Meeting in May 2008, constitutional amendments were approved that pave the way for having a single institution for theological training in the AFM. This new theological institution faces a major challenge, namely that of establishing relevant theological training for the South African context, in order to avert the danger of being identified as an elitist, irrelevant work group with its own pastor’s language that is understood by a small group of insiders only.
Chryseomonas luteola from Bile Culture in an Adult Male with Severe Jaundice
Authors: De Anuradha S , Salunke Parul P , Parikh Harshal R , Baveja Sujata M
Published: July 2010

A 60-year-old male was admitted in this hospital with severe jaundice, who had open cholecystectomy done 2 months ago. ERCP was performed and bile was sent for culture. It grew Chryseomonas luteola in pure culture. He underwent hepaticojejunostomy after 1 month. Total bilirubin improved gradually. His condition was stable on discharge. Prompt diagnosis of non-fermenters is required, as some of them are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Clinicians have to be made aware of the pathogenic role of C. luteola and its resistance to ampicillin and cephalosporins.
Lagrangian mixing in an axisymmetric hurricane model
Authors: Rutherford B. , Dangelmayr G. , Persing J. , Kirby M. , Montgomery M. T.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. This paper discusses the extension of established Lagrangian mixing measures to make them applicable to data extracted from a 2-D axisymmetric hurricane simulation. Because of the non-steady and unbounded characteristics of the simulation, the previous measures are extended to a moving frame approach to create time-dependent mixing rates that are dependent upon the initial time of particle integration, and are computed for nonlocal regions. The global measures of mixing derived from finite-time Lyapunov exponents, relative dispersion, and a measured mixing rate are applied to distinct regions representing different characteristic feautures within the model. It is shown that these time-dependent mixing rates exhibit correlations with maximal tangential winds during a quasi-steady state, establishing a connection between mixing and hurricane intensity.
The effect of reported high-velocity small raindrops on inferred drop size distributions and derived power laws
Authors: Leijnse H. , Uijlenhoet R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. It has recently been shown that at high rainfall intensities, small raindrops may fall with much larger velocities than would be expected from their diameters. These were argued to be fragments of recently broken-up larger drops. In this paper we quantify the effect of this phenomenon on raindrop size distribution measurements from a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer, a 2-D Video Distrometer, and a vertically-pointing Doppler radar. Probability distributions of fall velocities have been parameterized, where the parameters are functions of both rainfall intensity and drop size. These parameterizations have been used to correct Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer measurements for this phenomenon. The effect of these corrections on fitted scaled drop size distributions are apparent but not major. Fitted gamma distributions for three different types of rainfall have been used to simulate drop size measurements. The effect of the high-velocity small drops is shown to be minor. Especially for the purpose of remote sensing of rainfall using radar, microwave links, or optical links, the errors caused by using the slightly different retrieval relations will be masked completely by other error sources.
Thunderstorm and stratocumulus: how does their contrasting morphology affect their interactions with aerosols?
Authors: Lee S. S. , Donner L. J. , Penner J. E.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. It is well-known that aerosols affect clouds and that the effect of aerosols on clouds is critical for understanding human-induced climate change. Most climate model studies have focused on the effect of aerosols on warm stratiform clouds (e.g., stratocumulus clouds) for the prediction of climate change. However, systems like the Asian and Indian Monsoon, storm tracks, and the intertropical convergence zone, play important roles in the global hydrological cycle and in the circulation of energy and are driven by thunderstorm-type convective clouds. Here, we show that the different morphologies of these two cloud types lead to different aerosol-cloud interactions. Increasing aerosols are known to suppress the conversion of droplets to rain (i.e., so-called autoconversion). This increases droplets as a source of evaporative cooling, leading to an increased intensity of downdrafts. The acceleration of the intensity of downdrafts is larger in convective clouds due to their larger cloud depths (providing longer paths for downdrafts to follow to the surface) than in stratiform clouds. More accelerated downdrafts intensify the gust front, leading to significantly increased updrafts, condensation and thus the collection of cloud liquid by precipitation, which offsets the suppressed autoconversion. This leads to an enhancement of precipitation with increased aerosols in convective clouds. However, the downdrafts are less accelerated in stratiform clouds due to their smaller cloud depths, and they are not able to induce changes in updrafts as large as those in convective clouds. Thus, the offset is not as effective, and this allows the suppression of precipitation with increased aerosols. Thus aerosols affect these cloud systems differently. The dependence of the effect of aerosols on clouds on the morphology of clouds should be taken into account for a more complete assessment of climate change.
Biomass burning impact on PM 2.5 over the southeastern US during 2007: integrating chemically speciated FRM filter measurements, MODIS fire counts and PMF analysis
Authors: Zhang X. , Hecobian A. , Zheng M. , Frank N. H. , Weber R. J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Archived Federal Reference Method (FRM) Teflon filters used by state regulatory agencies for measuring PM2.5 mass were acquired from 15 sites throughout the southeastern US and analyzed for water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble ions and carbohydrates to investigate biomass burning contributions to fine aerosol mass. Based on over 900 filters that spanned all of 2007, levoglucosan and K+ were studied in conjunction with MODIS Aqua fire count data to compare their performances as biomass burning tracers. Levoglucosan concentrations exhibited a distinct seasonal variation with large enhancement in winter and spring and a minimum in summer, and were well correlated with fire counts, except in winter when residential wood burning contributions were significant. In contrast, K+ concentrations had no apparent seasonal trend and poor correlation with fire counts. Levoglucosan and K+ only correlated well in winter (r2=0.59) when biomass burning emissions were highest, whereas in other seasons they were not correlated due to the presence of other K+ sources. Levoglucosan also exhibited larger spatial variability than K+. Both species were higher in urban than rural sites (mean 44% higher for levoglucosan and 86% for K+). Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to analyze PM2.5 sources and four factors were resolved: biomass burning, refractory material, secondary light absorbing WSOC and secondary sulfate/WSOC. The biomass burning source contributed 13% to PM2.5 mass annually, 27% in winter, and less than 2% in summer, consistent with other souce apportionment studies based on levoglucosan, but lower in summer compared to studies based on K+.
Empirical estimates of CCN from aerosol optical properties at four remote sites
Authors: Jefferson A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. This study presents an empirical method to estimate the CCN concentration as a function of percent supersaturation. The aerosol optical properties, backscatter fraction and single scatter albedo, function as proxies for the aerosol size and composition in a power law relationship to CCN. This method is tested at four sites with aged aerosol: SGP (Oklahoma, USA), FKB (Black Forest, Germany), HFE (Hefei, China) and GRW (Graciosa, Azores). Each site represents a different aerosol type and thus demonstrates the method robustness and limitations. Good agreement was found between the calculated and measured CCN with slopes between 0.81 and 1.03 and correlation coefficients (r2 values) between 0.59 and 0.67. The fit quality declined at low CCN concentrations.
Dust aerosol effect on semi-arid climate over Northwest China detected from A-Train satellite measurements
Authors: Huang J. , Minnis P. , Yan H. , Yi Y. , Chen B. , Zhang L. , Ayers J. K.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The impact of dust aerosols on the semi-arid climate of Northwest China is analyzed by comparing aerosol and cloud properties derived over the China semi-arid region (hereafter, CSR) and the United States semi-arid region (hereafter, USR) using several years of surface and A-Train satellite observations during active dust event seasons. These regions have similar climatic conditions, but aerosol concentrations are greater over the CSR. Because the CSR is close to two major dust source regions (Taklamakan and Gobi deserts), the aerosols over the CSR not only contain local anthropogenic aerosols (agricultural dust, black carbon and other anthropogenic aerosols), but also include natural dust transported from the source regions. The aerosol optical depth, averaged over a 3-month period, derived from MODIS for the CSR is 0.27, which is 47% higher than that over the USR (0.19). Although transported natural dust only accounts for 53% of this difference, it is a major contributor to the average absorbing aerosol index, which is 27% higher in the CSR (1.07) than in the USR (0.84). During dust event periods, liquid water cloud particle size, optical depth and liquid water path are smaller by 9%, 30% and 33% compared to dust-free conditions, respectively.
Effects of lightning and other meteorological factors on fire activity in the North American boreal forest: implications for fire weather forecasting
Authors: Peterson D. , Wang J. , Ichoku C. , Remer L. A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The effects of lightning and other meteorological factors on wildfire activity in the North American boreal forest are statistically analyzed during the fire seasons of 2000–2006 through an integration of the following data sets: the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) level 2 fire products, the 3-hourly 32-km gridded meteorological data from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the lightning data collected by the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) and the Alaska Lightning Detection Network (ALDN). Positive anomalies of the 500 hPa geopotential height field, convective available potential energy (CAPE), number of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes, and the number of consecutive dry days are found to be statistically important to the seasonal variation of MODIS fire counts in a large portion of Canada and the entirety of Alaska. Analysis of fire occurrence patterns in the eastern and western boreal forest regions shows that dry (in the absence of precipitation) lightning strikes account for only 20% of the total lightning strikes, but are associated with (and likely cause) 40% of the MODIS observed fire counts in these regions. The chance for ignition increases when a threshold of at least 10 dry strikes per NARR grid box and at least 10 consecutive dry days is reached. Due to the orientation of the large-scale pattern, complex differences in fire and lightning occurrence and variability were also found between the eastern and western sub-regions. Locations with a high percentage of dry strikes commonly experience an increased number of fire counts, but the mean number of fire counts per dry strike is more than 50% higher in western boreal forest sub-region, suggesting a geographic and possible topographic influence. While wet lightning events are found to occur with a large range of CAPE values, a high probability for dry lightning occurs only when 500 hPa geopotential heights are above ~5700 m and CAPE values are near the maximum observed level, underscoring the importance of low-level instability to boreal fire weather forecasts.
Analysis of a rapid increase of stratospheric ozone during late austral summer 2008 over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E)
Authors: Bencherif H. , El Amraoui L. , Kirgis G. , Leclair De Bellevue J. , Hauchecorne A. , Mzé N. , Portafaix T.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. This paper reports on an increase of ozone event observed over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E) in relationship with large-scale isentropic transport. It is evidenced from ground-based observations, together with satellite global observations and assimilated fields. The study is based on the analyses of the first ozonesonde experiment never recorded at the Kerguelen site in the framework of a French campaign called ROCK that took place from April to August 2008. Comparisons and interpretations of the observed event are supported by co-localised SAOZ observations, by global mapping of tracers (O3, N2O and columns of O3) from Aura/MLS and Aura/OMI experiments, and by model simulations of Ertel Potential Vorticity initialised by ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data reanalyses. Satellite and ground-based observational data revealed a consistent increase of ozone in the local stratosphere by mid-April 2008. Additionally, Ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) profiles obtained during January–May 2008 by the Microwave Lamb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite are assimilated into MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle), a global three-dimensional chemistry transport model of Météo-France. The assimilated total O3 values are consistent with SAOZ ground observations (within ±5%), and isentropic distributions of O3 are matching well with maps of advected potential vorticity (APV) derived from the MIMOSA model, a high-resolution advection transport model, and from ECMWF reanalysis. The studied event seems to be related to isentropic transport of air masses that took place simultaneously in the lower- and middle-stratosphere, respectively from the polar region and from tropics to the mid-latitudes. In fact, the studied ozone increase by mid April 2008 results simultaneously: (1) from an equator-ward departure of polar air masses characterised with a high-ozone layer in the lower stratosphere (nearby the 475 K isentropic level), and (2) from a reverse isentropic transport from tropics to mid- and high-latitudes in the upper stratosphere (nearby the 700 K level). The increase of ozone observed over Kerguelen from the 16-April ozonesonde profile is then attributed to a concomitant isentropic transport of ozone in two stratospheric layers: the tropical air moving southward and reaches over Kerguelen in the upper stratosphere, and the polar air passing over the same area but in the lower stratosphere.
Measurement of HONO, HNCO, and other inorganic acids by negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS): application to biomass burning emissions
Authors: Roberts J. M. , Veres P. , Warneke C. , Neuman J. A. , Washenfelder R. A. , Brown S. S. , Baasandorj M. , Burkholder J. B. , Burling I. R. , Johnson T. J. , Yokelson R. J. , de Gouw J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. A negative-ion proton-transfer chemical ionization mass spectrometric technique (NI-PT-CIMS), using acetate as the reagent ion, was applied to the measurement of volatile inorganic acids of atmospheric interest: hydrochloric (HCl), nitrous (HONO), nitric (HNO3), and isocyanic (HNCO) acids. Gas phase calibrations through the sampling inlet showed the method to be intrinsically sensitive (6–16 cts/pptv), but prone to inlet effects for HNO3 and HCl. The ion chemistry was found to be insensitive to water vapor concentrations, in agreement with previous studies of carboxylic acids. The inlet equilibration times for HNCO and HONO were 2 to 4 s, allowing for measurement in biomass burning studies. Several potential interferences in HONO measurements were examined: decomposition of HNO3·NO3− clusters within the CIMS, and NO2-water production on inlet surfaces, and were quite minor (≤1%, 3.3%, respectively). The detection limits of the method were limited by the instrument backgrounds in the ion source and flow tube, and were estimated to range between 16 and 50 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) for a 1 min average. The comparison of HONO measured by CIMS and by in situ FTIR showed good correlation and agreement to within 17%. The method provided rapid and accurate measurements of HNCO and HONO in controlled biomass burning studies, in which both acids were seen to be important products.
A global model of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles for the terrestrial biosphere
Authors: Wang Y. P. , Law R. M. , Pak B.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Carbon storage by many terrestrial ecosystems can be limited by nutrients, predominantly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), in addition to other environmental constraints, water, light and temperature. However the spatial distribution and the extent of both N and P limitation at the global scale have not been quantified. Here we have developed a global model of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles for the terrestrial biosphere. Model estimates of steady state C and N pool sizes and major fluxes between plant, litter and soil pools, under present climate conditions, agree well with various independent estimates. The total amount of C in the terrestrial biosphere is 2767 Gt C, and the C fractions in plant, litter and soil organic matter are 19%, 4% and 77%. The total amount of N is 135 Gt N, with about 94% stored in the soil, 5% in the plant live biomass, and 1% in litter. We found that the estimates of total soil P and its partitioning into different pools in soil are quite sensitive to biochemical P mineralization. The total amount of P (plant biomass, litter and soil) excluding occluded P in soil is 17 Gt P in the terrestrial biosphere, 33% of which is stored in the soil organic matter if biochemical P mineralization is modelled, or 31 Gt P with 67% in soil organic matter otherwise. This model was used to derive the global distribution and uncertainty of N or P limitation on the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems at steady state under present conditions. Our model estimates that the net primary productivity of most tropical evergreen broadleaf forests and tropical savannahs is reduced by about 20% on average by P limitation, and most of the remaining biomes are N limited; N limitation is strongest in high latitude deciduous needle leaf forests, and reduces its net primary productivity by up to 40% under present conditions.
Efficient approximation of the incomplete gamma function for use in cloud model applications
Authors: Blahak U.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. This paper describes an approximation to the lower incomplete gamma function γl(a,x) which has been obtained by nonlinear curve fitting. It comprises a fixed number of terms and yields moderate accuracy (the absolute approximation error of the corresponding normalized incomplete gamma function P is smaller than 0.02 in the range 0.9 ≤ a ≤ 45 and x≥0). Monotonicity and asymptotic behaviour of the original incomplete gamma function is preserved. While providing a slight to moderate performance gain on scalar machines (depending on whether a stays the same for subsequent function evaluations or not) compared to established and more accurate methods based on series- or continued fraction expansions with a variable number of terms, a big advantage over these more accurate methods is the applicability on vector CPUs. Here the fixed number of terms enables proper and efficient vectorization. The fixed number of terms might be also beneficial on massively parallel machines to avoid load imbalances, caused by a possibly vastly different number of terms in series expansions to reach convergence at different grid points. For many cloud microphysical applications, the provided moderate accuracy should be enough. However, on scalar machines and if a is the same for subsequent function evaluations, the most efficient method to evaluate incomplete gamma functions is perhaps interpolation of pre-computed regular lookup tables (most simple example: equidistant tables).
Reference crop evapotranspiration derived from geo-stationary satellite imagery – a case study for the Fogera flood plain, NW-Ethiopia and the Jordan Valley, Jordan
Authors: de Bruin H. A. R. , Trigo I. F. , Jitan M. A. , Temesgen Enku N. , van der Tol C. , Gieske A. S. M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. First results are shown of a project aiming to estimate daily values of reference crop evapotranspiration ET0 from geo-stationary satellite imagery. In particular, for Woreta, a site in the Ethiopian highland at an elevation of about 1800 m, we tested a radiation-temperature based approximate formula proposed by Makkink (MAK) adopting ET0 evaluated with the version of the Penman-Monteith equation described in the FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 56 as the most accurate estimate. More precisely we used the latter with measured daily solar radiation as input (denoted by PMFAO-Rs). Our data set for Woreta concerns a period where the surface was fully covered with short green non-stressed vegetation. Our project was carried out in the context of the Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LANDSAF) facility. Among others, the scope of LANDSAF is to increase benefit from the EUMETSAT Satellite Meteosat Second Generation (MSG). In this study we applied daily values of downward solar radiation at the surface obtained from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) radiometer. In addition, air temperature at 2 m was obtained from 3-hourly forecasts provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Both MAK and PMFAO-Rs contain the psychrometric "constant", which is proportional to air pressure, which, in turn, decreases with elevation. In order to test elevation effects we tested MAK and its LANDSAF input data for 2 sites in the Jordan Valley located about 250 m b.s.l. Except for a small underestimation of air temperature at the Ethiopian site at 1800 m, the first results of our LANDSAF-ET0 project are promising. If our approach to derive ET0 proves successfully, then the LANDSAF will be able to initiate nearly real time free distribution of ET0 for the full MSG disk.
An explanation for the dark region in the western melt zone of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Wientjes I. G. M. , Oerlemans J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The western part of the Greenland ice sheet contains a region that is darker than the surrounding ice. This feature has been analysed with the help of MODIS images. The dark region appears every year during the summer season and can always be found at the same location, which makes meltwater unlikely as the only source for the low albedos. Spectral information indicates that the ice in this region contains more debris than the ice closer to the margin. ASTER images reveal a wavy pattern in the darker ice. Based on these findings we conclude that ice, containing dust from older periods, is presently outcropping near the margin, leading to albedos lower than observed for the remaining ablation area. Therefore it can be concluded that the accumulation of meltwater is a result rather than a cause of the darkening.
Comparison of direct and geodetic mass balances on a multi-annual time scale
Authors: Fischer A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Glacier mass balance is measured with the direct or the geodetic method. In this study, the geodetic mass balances of six Austrian glaciers in 19 periods between 1953 and 2006 are compared to the direct mass balances in the same periods. The mean annual geodetic mass balance for all periods is −0.5 m w.e./year. The mean difference between the geodetic and the direct data is −0.7 m w.e., the minimum −7.3 m w.e. and the maximum 5.6 m w.e. The accuracy of geodetic mass balance resulting from the accuracy of the DEMs ranges from 2 m w.e. for photogrammetric data to 0.002 m w.e. for LIDAR data. Basal melt, seasonal snow cover and density changes of the surface layer contribute up to 0.7 m w.e. for the period of 10 years to the difference to the direct method. The characteristics of published data of Griesgletscher, Gulkana Glacier, Lemon Creek glacier, South Cascade, Storbreen, Storglaciären, and Zongo Glacier is similar to these Austrian glaciers. For 26 analyzed periods with an average length of 18 years the mean difference between the geodetic and the direct data is −0.4 m w.e., the minimum −7.2 m w.e. and the maximum 3.6 m w.e. Longer periods between the acquisition of the DEMs do not necessarily result in a higher accuracy of the geodetic mass balance. Specific glaciers show specific trends of the difference between the direct and the geodetic data according to their type and state. In conclusion, geodetic and direct mass balance data are complementary, but differ systematically.
Pervaporative Dehydration of Alcohols by Carbonized Kapton® Polyimide
Authors: Sungpet A. , Prapruddivongs C.
Published: July 2010

Kapton® polyimide was carbonized at 873, 1073 and 1273 K with a heating rate of 1, 3 and 5 K min–1 and applied to the dehydration of methanol, ethanol and isopropanol by pervaporation. Lowering the heating rate or increasing the carbonization temperature resulted in higher selectivity and a decrease in permeability. X‐ray diffraction data revealed that when carbonized at high temperature or with a low heating rate, the membrane had lower interplanar spacing, which corresponded to a reduction in pore size. It was also found that the carbonization temperature had a greater influence on the membrane structure than the heating rate. A comparison between permeability observed from single‐component and bi‐component feeds indicated that the separation mechanism involved more than molecular sieving alone.
Towards a Molecular Understanding of Cation–Anion Interactions—Probing the Electronic Structure of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids by NMR Spectroscopy, X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Cremer Till , Kolbeck Claudia , Lovelock Kevin R. J. , Paape Natalia , Wölfel René , Schulz Peter S. , Wasserscheid Peter , Weber Henry , Thar Jens , Kirchner Barbara , Maier Florian , Steinrück Hans‐Peter
Published: July 2010

Ten [C8C1Im]+ (1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium)‐based ionic liquids with anions Cl−, Br−, I−, [NO3]−, [BF4]−, [TfO]−, [PF6]−, [Tf2N]−, [Pf2N]−, and [FAP]− (TfO=trifluoromethylsulfonate, Tf2N=bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, Pf2N=bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, FAP=tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate) and two [C8C1C1Im]+ (1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐octylimidazolium)‐based ionic liquids with anions Br− and [Tf2N]− were investigated by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. While 1H NMR spectroscopy is found to probe very specifically the strongest hydrogen‐bond interaction between the hydrogen attached to the C2 position and the anion, a comparative XPS study provides first direct experimental evidence for cation–anion charge‐transfer phenomena in ionic liquids as a function of the ionic liquid’s anion. These charge‐transfer effects are found to be surprisingly similar for [C8C1Im]+ and [C8C1C1Im]+ salts of the same anion, which in combination with theoretical calculations leads to the conclusion that hydrogen bonding and charge transfer occur independently from each other, but are both more pronounced for small and more strongly coordinating anions, and are greatly reduced in the case of large and weakly coordinating anions.
ChemInform Abstract: The Indide‐Hydride Ba9[In]4[H]: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, NMR Spectroscopy, Chemical Bonding.
Authors: Wendorff Marco , Scherer Harald , Roehr Caroline
Published: July 2010

The title compound is prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements using the inherent hydrogen content of commercial elemental barium as hydrogen source (Ta crucible, 1670 K) and characterized by single crystal XRD, 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Optical Properties of the Complex Perovskite Ceramic Oxide Ba2YZrO6‐d.
Authors: Kumar V. R. , Wariar P. R. S. , Koshy J.
Published: July 2010

Nanocrystalline Ba2YZrO6‐d is prepared by auto‐ignition combustion of an aqueous HNO3 solution of Ba(NO3)2, Y2O3, ZrOCl2, citric acid, and NH4OH, and characterized by powder XRD, TEM, and UV/VIS spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of the Nitridoaluminosilicate Ca5[Si2Al2N8].
Authors: Ottinger Frank , Cuervo‐Reyes Eduardo , Nesper Reinhard
Published: July 2010

The new title compound is prepared by reaction of Ca3N2 with elementary Al and Si (Nb ampule, Ar, 1280 °C, 35 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Study on AB2O6 Compounds. Part 1. Synthesis, Structure, Magnetic Properties and 151Eu Moessbauer Spectroscopic Data of EuNb2O6.
Authors: Beck Horst P. , Seup‐Ra Hyun , Haberkorn Robert , Kohlmann Holger , Eul Matthias , Harmening Thomas , Poettgen Rainer
Published: July 2010

The title compound is prepared from a stoichiometric mixture of Eu2O3, Nb2O5, and NbO2 (Mo crucible, 1200 °C, 44 h) and characterized by powder XRD, Moessbauer spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Formation of TlPd3 and Its New Hydride TlPd3H.
Authors: Kurtzemann Nadine , Kohlmann Holger
Published: July 2010

TlPd3 is prepared from the elements (silica tubes, 600 °C, 40—300 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Clean and Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin and 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐quinolinone Derivatives.
Authors: Gao Wen‐Tao , Hou Wen‐Duan , Zheng Mei‐Ru , Tang Li‐Jun
Published: July 2010

Advantages of the title procedure are simple experimental and product isolation procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Diacetoxylation of Olefins Using PhI(OAc)2 as Oxidant.
Authors: Seayad Jayasree , Seayad Abdu Majeed , Chai Christina L. L.
Published: July 2010

Aromatic and aliphatic olefins as well as terminal and internal olefins are converted into the corresponding vicinal diacetoxy compounds with good yields and low to moderate diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium‐Catalyzed C—F Activation of Fluoroalkenes.
Authors: Kuehnel Moritz F. , Lentz Dieter
Published: July 2010

TiF2(Cp)2 efficiently promotes the hydrodefluorination of fluoroalkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of a New Fluorous‐Tagged Ammonia Equivalent.
Authors: Nielsne Simon D. , Smith Garrick , Begtrup Mikael , Kristensen Jesper L.
Published: July 2010

A novel fluorous‐phase strategy for the synthesis of N‐alkylated amides, ureas, carbamates, and sulfonamides employs hydroxylamine (III) as ammonia surrogate.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed, Silyl‐Directed Borylation of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles.
Authors: Robbins Daniel W. , Boebel Timothy A. , Hartwig John F.
Published: July 2010

The one‐pot method involves the ruthenium‐catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of indoles or N‐heterocycles such as carbazole,tetrahydroquinoline, and dibenzothiazines with a dihydrosilane or dimethylchlorosilane to give the N‐silylated derivatives, which undergo an iridium‐catalyzed silyl‐directed borylation reaction to afford after desilylation the selectively borylated heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc‐Mediated Alkylation and Acylation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. Subba , Mishra Anand Kumar
Published: July 2010

A simple and base‐free method for the monoalkylation and ‐acylation of active methylene compounds such as 1,3‐diesters and β‐ketoesters is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Dimethylsulfonium Methylide Mediated Highly Regioselective Olefination of Conjugated Polyolefin 1,1‐Dioates to Conjugated Polyene‐2‐yl‐malonates and Their Applications in Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Singh Rekha , Ghosh Sunil K.
Published: July 2010

Conjugated polyene‐2‐yl‐malonates smoothly undergo regio‐ and stereoselective Diels—Alder reaction with dienophiles to afford cycloadducts such as (XVIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroformylation Reaction of Alkylidenecyclopropane Derivatives: A New Pathway for the Formation of Acyclic Aldehydes Containing Quaternary Stereogenic Carbons.
Authors: Simaan Samah , Marek Ilan
Published: July 2010

The rhodium‐catalyzed title reaction is highly selective and leads to the exclusive formation of the expected linear γ,δ‐unsaturated aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Flavoring and Odorant Thiols from Renewable Natural Resources by InIII‐Catalyzed Hydrothioacetylation and Lipase‐Catalyzed Solvolysis.
Authors: Dia Reine‐Marie , Belaqziz Rim , Romane Abderrahmane , Antoniotti Sylvain , Dunach Elisabet
Published: July 2010

A chemoenzymatic deacetylation of thioacetic esters with a variety of lipases in buffered aqueous systems is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Melamine Trisulfonic Acid (MTSA): A New Efficient Catalyst for the Chemoselective Methoxymethylation of Alcohols.
Authors: Shirini Farhad , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Albadi Jalal
Published: July 2010

Melamine trisulfonic acid efficiently promotes Mom protection of alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the One‐Pot C‐Acylation of Cyclic 1,3‐Diones with Unactivated Carboxylic Acid.
Authors: Goncalves Sylvie , Nicolas Marc , Wagner Alain , Baati Rachid
Published: July 2010

A broad spectrum of carboxylic with various functionalities can be used to prepare the desired subunits of natural products such as chelocardin, tralkoxydim and usnic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 197. A Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of Allyl Iodides from Baylis—Hillman Adducts: A Facile Synthesis of Semiplenamide D.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Srinivas Yallamalla , Sudhakar Chithaluri , Damodar Kongara , Reddy Parigi Raghavendra
Published: July 2010

A highly efficient method for the synthesis of allyl iodides from Baylis—Hillman adducts (I) is developed and successfully utilized for the preparation of the natural bioactive fatty acid amide, semiplenamide D (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The Ionic Liquid [bmim]Br as an Alternative Medium for the Catalytic Cleavage of Aromatic C—F and C—Cl Bonds.
Authors: Prikhod'ko Sergey A. , Adonin Nicolay Yu. , Parmon Valentin N.
Published: July 2010

Hydrodehalogenation of C—F and C—Cl bonds of highly fluorinated arenes is achieved using zinc in aqueous [bmim]Br.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Reducing System Based on Iron for Conversion of Nitroarenes to Anilines.
Authors: Xiao Zhu‐Ping , Wang Ying‐Chun , Du Gao‐Yu , Wu Jun , Luo Tao , Yi Shou‐Fu
Published: July 2010

The method is especially useful for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with poor solubility in ethanol.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols Using 2,2,2‐Trifluoroethanols as a Metal‐Free and Reusable Medium.
Authors: Khaksar Samad , Heydari Akbar , Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: July 2010

Epoxides (I) and (IV) undergo ring‐opening reactions with aliphatic and aromatic amines (II) as nucleophiles under mild conditions to furnish the corresponding β‐amino alcohols in high yields and regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Multinuclear Catalyst for Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: Endo Kohei , Ogawa Mika , Shibata Takanori
Published: July 2010

The highest catalytic performance is achieved relative to the previously developed ligand systems for acyclic enones.
ChemInform Abstract: Water as the Reaction Medium for Multicomponent Reactions Based on Boronic Acids.
Authors: Candeias Nuno R. , Cal Pedro M. S. D. , Andre Vania , Duarte M. Teresa , Veiros Luis F. , Gois Pedro M. P.
Published: July 2010

Petasis‐borono‐Mannich reaction, using structurally different aldehydes such as salicylaldehyde, glyoxalic acid and glycoaldehyde is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: The Allylic Nucleophilic Substitution of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Acetates with Isocyanides: A Facile Synthesis of Trisubstituted Olefins.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. Subba , Singh Ashutosh Pratap , Majumder Nilanjan
Published: July 2010

Optimized conditions allow a clean reaction of the title acetates with TosMIC.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminodefluorination of 2‐X‐Pentafluoro‐1,4‐naphthoquinones (X: NHnBu, NEt2, and OMe).
Authors: Troshkova Nadezhda M. , Goryunov Leonid I. , Gatilov Yurij V. , Nevinsky Georgy A. , Shteingarts Vitalij D.
Published: July 2010

Aminodefluorination of 2‐butylamino‐ and 2‐diethylaminopentafluoronaphthoquinone mainly occurs at the 6‐ or 8‐positions, cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed One‐Pot Sequential Reaction for the Synthesis of α‐Halogenated β‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Cui Han‐Feng , Dong Ke‐Yan , Nie Jing , Zheng Yan , Ma Jun‐An
Published: July 2010

Halogenated 1‐indanone derivatives are diastereoselectively prepared from β‐ketoesters and aromatic aldehydes via sequential Knoevenagel condensation, Nazarov cyclization and halogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: Bromine‐Induced Facile Synthesis of Butenolides and Spirobutenolides from Sterically Congested Tetrasubstituted Dialkyl Alkylidene Succinates.
Authors: Patel Ramesh M. , Argade Narshinha P.
Published: July 2010

The condensation of dimethyl succinates with ketones gives dialkyl alkylidene succinates which undergo bromine‐induced dealkylative regioselective intramolecular cyclization followed by dehydrobromination to produce butenolides and spirobutenolides.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of (2‐Alkynyl‐1‐cycloalkenyl)methanols to Highly Substituted Furans.
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Yi Hyun Jik , Lee Kyu Hwan
Published: July 2010

Optimal reaction conditions are established for the synthesis of substituted furans such as (II), (IV), and (IX) by AuBr3‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of corresponding enynols.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Synthetic Equivalents of Arylideneimines, viz., 1‐Aryl‐N,N′‐bis(arylidene)methanediamines, with 2,3‐Diphenylcyclopropenone.
Authors: Lozinskaya N. A. , Sasonyuk S. E. , Firsova Yu. N. , Proskurnina M. V. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: July 2010

Diamines (II) react regiospecifically with cyclopropenone (I) to form exclusively stable adducts of both mono‐ and diaddition depending on the educt ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Potential of Mannich Bases of 4‐Chloro‐3‐{4‐(chlorobenzyloxy)‐benzoylhydrazono}‐indolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Rastogi Nisheeth , Harrison Darwin Anil , Tripathi Diwakar , Shukla Sarveshwar
Published: July 2010

20 Title compounds of type (VI) are prepared and tested against 10 strains of bacteria and fungi.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Pauson—Khand Reaction of Optically Active Aza‐Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Ishikawa Shingo , Noguchi Fumiaki , Uno Hidemitsu , Kamimura Akio
Published: July 2010

The reaction of alkyl‐substituted adducts (I) provides predominantly pyrrolidine‐fused cyclopentanones with cis‐configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Noncatalytic Electrophilic Oxyalkylation of 3‐Aminopyrazoles with 2‐(Trifluoroacetyl)‐1,3‐azoles.
Authors: Khodakovskiy Pavel V. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: July 2010

The simple procedure affords trifluoromethyl‐substituted alcohols from 3‐aminopyrazoles and trifluoroacetyl‐1,3‐azoles.