bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accessing the archive: A TV history of Afrikaans film
Authors: Tomaselli Keyan
Published: August 2015

This article explores the political economy of the Afrikaans film production industry. The point of entry is a TV documentary series, Far Away in the Movies (Lategan, 2011). A basic methodology for examining visualization of media history is developed by examining the series as a point of reference. The issue of film archives and challenges of obtaining access is discussed. Issues of memory and how interviewees and scholars remember is conducted through autoethnographic analysis.
From destination to nation and back: The hyperreal journey of Incredible India
Authors: Chakraborti Siddhartha
Published: August 2015

This article argues that, despite the granting of political independence to most colonized places around the world by the 1960s and the academic criticism of the attitudes that furthered colonial intervention, there is a continued propagation of the idea that the West needs to intervene in the East. In contrast to traditional media where such articulation is immediately challenged, the medium of computer games provides a backdoor entry for such interventionist roles, which largely go un-noticed and unchallenged. This article argues that India has always been imagined as an exotic destination ripe for intervention by the West. This depiction has been carried forward to the virtual world of computer games. In these games India is seen as a passive, feminine destination for the exploits of the western traveller who must intercede to ensure the existence of India. The threats to India are shown to be often due to the nature of India itself, an irrational, magical space, wild and illogical, requiring the iron hand of the western traveller-adventurer. The western travelleradventurer appropriates the symbolisms associated with power in the local culture and establishes not only a lasting rule but also an ambience of continued influences even after the disintegration of the empire. The article argues for the need of rigorous intervention in the digital world of computer games while linking such portrayals to the continued neocolonial and neo-imperealist designs of the West.
Trouble in paradise: Viva Piñata, charismatic megafauna and the sour side of gaming with animals
Authors: McKinney Kayla
Published: August 2015

This article investigates the sandbox title Viva Piñata: Trouble in Paradise. It argues that the game privileges charismatic megafauna and forwards popular notions about what is considered a desirable animal. By privileging certain species over others, Viva Piñata inadvertently places itself in a conversation about conservation, endangered species and pest management. Recognizably domestic animals (ducks, chickens, etc.) and beautiful, easily recognized animals (lions, tigers) are the symbols of cultural good in the game, while other beasts (bats, moles, wolves) bear the label of ‘pest’ and must be guarded against or destroyed. Furthermore, all of the animals carry a literal monetary value; charismatic megafauna have higher values, just as they do in the cultural imagination. Admittedly, all of the animals within the game are cute creatures, named after the candy that fill them (Fizzlybear, Mousemallow), but Viva Piñata remains a site of cultural hegemony, where popular views about animals are enacted through gameplay. To support these ideas, this article follows the critical work of Chilla Bulbeck and Randy Malamud.
Reviews
Authors: Boitani Giacomo , W. Macdonald Ian , Stonham Kay
Published: August 2015

New Hollywood Cinema: An In troduction, Geoff King (2012) 5th ed., London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 296 pp., ISBN: 9781860647505, p/bk, £16.00

A History of the Sc reenplay, Steven Price (2013) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 278 pp., ISBN: 978023029180, h/bk, £58.00; ISBN: 978023029181, p/bk, £18.99

The Creative Screenwriter: Exercises to Expand Your Craft, Zara Waldeback and Craig Batty (2012) London: Bloomsbury, 226 pp., ISBN: 9781408137192, p/bk, £9.99
Optimization of vibrational absorber rested on linear structures under arbitrary vibrations
Authors: Mohammadi Nader , Nasirshoaibi Mehrdad
Published: August 2015

Vibrational absorber is one of the common approaches for vibration control in structures. In this article, optimization criteria for mechanical systems under arbitrary vibrations is presented based on a multi-purpose method whose objective function vector collects the efficiency of arbitrary reliability and indexes of structure costs. The criterion is different from conventional criteria and standards used to design structures subjected to arbitrary vibrations and is based on minimizing the changes in displacement or response acceleration of the main structure, regardless of the required function for the failure. In this study, multi-purpose optimization approach to the design of vibrational an absorber is investigated to control non-uniform structural vibrations stimulating mechanical a mechanical structure based on an arbitrary acceleration process. It is performed based on bee optimization algorithm. In the following, a numerical example is shown for a simple vibrational absorber by this way. It shows the results of cost increase for decreased possibility of deconstruction, and therefore, allows appropriate decision making and selection based on need and cost.
Unconditionally Stable FDTD Algorithm Based on Split-Step Scheme for the Analysis of Oblique Incident Plane Wave on Periodic Structures
Authors: Qu Xinbo , Zhou Bihua , Zhang Nan , Shi Wei , Xiang Yang
Published: August 2015

In this paper, an unconditionally stable finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm is presented for solving the problems of oblique incident wave on 2-D periodic structures. By expressing the extra time derivatives caused by the field transformation technique as the form of the coefficient matrix, and applying the split-step scheme (2, 2) (SS2) to the transformed Maxwell’s equations, the update at each time step is subdivided into three sub-step implementations. The proposed method has second-order accuracy both in time and space, and the time step size of which is not limited by the Courant–Friedrich–Levy (CFL) stability condition. Compared with the previous approaches of the field transformation method, this technique does not need to introduce additional field components and is more efficient and accurate especially at the large incident angle.
Recent Changes in the Pathogenic Variability of Plasmopara Halstedii (Sunflower Downy Mildew) Populations from Different Continents
Authors: Viranyi Ferenc , Gulya Thomas J. , Tourvieille Denis Labrouhe
Published: August 2015

The obligate biotrophic Oomycete, Plasmopara halstedii, causal agent of sunflower downy mildew, is capable of producing new pathogenic races over time. Although changes in the P. halstedii race composition were reviewed for the first time in 2007, since then the pathogen has continued to change its virulence character dramatically. There was a need, therefore, to update information on pathogenic diversity of P. halstedii by making accounts of the temporal and spacial changes in the pathogen populations in North and South America and Europe. This paper, based on current publications and personal communications, attempts to present an accurate overview of races in Europe and Americas for the last 7 years.
Manufacturing economy vs. service economy: implications for service leadership
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Chung Po P.Y. , Leung Hildie
Published: August 2015

In the past few decades, there has been a shift from manufacturing to service economy in many places throughout the world. In Hong Kong, 95% of its GDP is made up by the service industries. Conceptually, these two economies are associated with different production characteristics, organizational structures, and desired attributes of workers and leaders. The differences between these two economies in terms of the production modes are discussed in this paper. In particular, the implications of the economy on effective leadership requirements are outlined. With specific reference to the Service Leadership model proposed by the Hong Kong Institute of Service Leadership and Management, the 12 dimensions of the service-oriented personal brand and the 25 principles of service leadership are highlighted.
Interpersonal competence and service leadership
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Yu Lu , Siu Andrew M.H.
Published: August 2015

According to the Hong Kong Institute of Service Leadership and Management, interpersonal competence is an important component of an effective service leader. The present paper introduces a lecture embedded in a service leadership subject that focuses on promoting students’ interpersonal competence. Several topics are covered in this lecture. First, concepts and theories about interpersonal competence are introduced. Second, the relevance of interpersonal competence to service leadership is outlined. Third, methods of developing interpersonal competence are presented, particularly different conflict management strategies and assertiveness skills. Finally, conclusions and reflections on students’ own interpersonal competence and its relevance to the service leadership in one’s professional field are discussed. Different activities have been designed and incorporated in the lecture to facilitate students’ active learning and self-reflection. Students are also encouraged to explore their own ways to promote the development of interpersonal competence.
Nurturing university students to be social entrepreneurs: relevance of service leadership education
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Lin Li
Published: August 2015

When the concept of social entrepreneurship becomes more popular, many universities explicitly claim that they wish to nurture social entrepreneurs. In this paper, the concept of social entrepreneurship and the successful attributes of social entrepreneurs are outlined. With reference to the question of how university students can be nurtured to be social entrepreneurs, it is suggested that the service leadership model proposed by the Hong Kong Institute of Service Leadership and Management is a good framework to be considered. In the framework, it is asserted that there are three attributes of a successful service leader – leadership competence, moral character, and caring dispositions. In this study, the experience of implementing a credit-bearing subject based on the service leadership model at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University is highlighted.
The Influence on Soil Classification of Processing Soil With a Coffee Grinder
Authors: Henry Karen S. , Fonte Benjamin , Hunter Heidi , LaPrade Kyle
Published: August 2015

The rapid soils analysis kit uses a coffee grinder to break apart aggregated soil particles in fine-grained soils. This leads to the question of potential particle cutting or breaking due to the grinder. Hence, we performed a laboratory investigation to determine if the use of a coffee grinder to break apart aggregated soil particles produces fines from cutting or breaking sand-size and smaller particles and whether the production of more fines sometimes changes the USCS classification by some combination of adding soil fines and altering the Atterberg limits. Processing Ottawa Sand for 90 s in a coffee grinder established that the coffee grinder breaks down sand particles into fines. A silty sand (SM) sand was tested in the same way and the fines content increased significantly. Several tests were performed on fine-grained soils, and no significant increase in fines due to processing in the coffee grinder was noted. The Atterberg limits of all soils tested changed little due to processing with the grinder. In particular, the plastic limit was not changed by more than 2 (% water content). Several recommendations were made for potential future investigations.
Postmortem Findings of the Victims of the Jonestown Tragedy
Authors: Thompson RL , Manders WW , Cowan WR
Published: August 2015

The procedure for processing and identifying the victims of the Jonestown, Guyana tragedy is outlined. Autopsies were performed on seven of the victims, and the autopsy anatomic and toxicologic findings are presented. Problems encountered in the interpretation of the autopsy findings are noted.
Determination of ABO Blood Groups by Radioimmunoassay Using 125I-Protein A
Authors: Fukushima H , Segawa M , Ota M , Yonemura I , Hasekura H
Published: August 2015

Since the crystallizable fragment (Fc) portion of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule is the binding site of Protein A, a radioimmunoassay procedure using 125I-Protein A was developed for identification of the ABO blood groups. The isotope level bound to Group A, B, or AB red cells decreased with the dilution of anti-A or -B, respectively. After sensitization by anti-A plus B in Group O serum, the isotope bindings were observed in Groups A, B, and AB cells, while no significant radioactive count appeared in Group O cells. Furthermore, there was little significant isotope binding in both Group A and B red cells sensitized by the serum from Group A or B blood containing mainly IgM anti-A or -B. A radioimmunoassay using 125I-Protein A is an excellent method for identifying ABO blood groups.
Paternity Testing in a Kidnapping Case
Authors: Noppinger K , Ginsberg L
Published: August 2015

A case of kidnapping involving the concept of paternity testing is described. The couple arrested and charged with kidnapping stated the child in their possession was their biological daughter. Serological tests were performed on liquid blood samples in an effort to determine if the couple could have been the biological parents of the child. Two genetic inconsistencies were discovered in the 15 blood marker systems analyzed.
A Review of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Psychoactive Drugs
Authors: Poklis A
Published: August 2015

This book is apparently a collection of 23 papers presented at a symposium about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychoactive drugs, which is referred to in the text as “this symposium” but not identified by the editors! Therefore, despite the title of the book and the misleading titles of some of the chapters, the book is more a “proceedings” than a reference book, and the “chapters” are usually presentations of the authors original research. For example, Chapter 14, “Pharmacodynamics of Certain Drugs of Abuse,” contains only the authors' research on marijuana, plus an experiment involving cocaine and one with levoalpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM). The chapter has a total of 6 references, all studies by the author. Likewise, Chapter 23, with the impressive title of “Immunoassays for Pharmacokinetic Studies of Psychoactive Drugs,” presents only “the development and validation of an RIA, (for) THC and phencyclidine.” The reader is informed that “for additional information on immunoassays, several excellent texts are available on the subject.”
A Review of Medicolegal Postmortems—Guidelines for Crime Investigation
Authors: Tate LR
Published: August 2015

Dr. Parikh has written a reference that may be consulted by the physician tasked with a medicolegal investigation of death who may have had little experience with forensic medicine. Specifically targeted by the author are Indian medical officers in the mofussil place (rural or provincial district), but others throughout the world in similar circumstances would find his book useful.
Patterns: Their Storage, Retrieval, and Comparison
Authors: Lewis MJ
Published: August 2015

It is recognized that the unique definition of a complex pattern in terms of a numerical descriptor is an unrealistic objective; yet the need exists for an efficient means of handling such information in a variety of fields. A simple procedure is described for abstraction of the essential characteristics of a pattern into a format suitable for automated searching of large reference collections, and potentially, for the interlaboratory exchange of this information. The index developed embodies two distinct aspects of a pattern: “intrinsic” information content (I) and “hierarchical” information (H), calculated on up to 15 of the pattern's elements; the descriptors relate respectively to weighted relative magnitudes and arrangement of elements within the pattern. Significantly, the index is designed to be immune from variability in longitudinal dimensions, both absolute and relative, and to provide for versatile and intelligent searching of a data base.
Progressive Desialidation of Human Transferrin
Authors: Blake ET
Published: August 2015

Transferrin is a serum glycoprotein which contains four sialic acid residues located at the end of two branched carbohydrate structures. The presence of these four acidic residues influences the electrophoretic mobility of the transferrin molecule. Alterations in the electrophoretic mobility of transferrin may be encountered in forensic science case work, particularly in association with postmortem samples. These altered transferrins usually appear in a highly stylized “ladder” banding pattern. To determine whether these altered transferrins are the result of sialic acid removal, serum samples of known transferrin type were treated with neuraminidase. These experiments support the hypothesis that the “ladder” banding pattern of transferrin observed in some case samples is due to the removal of sialic acid residues by bacterial or endogenous neuraminidase. These studies also demonstrate that partially desialidated transferrin variants cannot be clearly typed until the sialic acid is completely stripped from the transferrin molecule. Reliable typing of partially desialidated samples can be accomplished by treating these samples with neuraminidase.
Justifiable Homicide: A Study of the Application of Nonculpable Deadly Force in Cuyahoga County (Cleveland), Ohio, 1958–1982
Authors: Challener RC , Adelson L , Rushforth NB
Published: August 2015

Justifiable Homicides (JHs) which occurred during a quarter century in a metropolitan community were studied with respect to four points: characteristics of the victims; type of assailants, that is, civilians or law enforcement personnel (LEP); temporal patterns; and circumstances surrounding the fatal incident. Victims were overwhelmingly “city” males age 15 and older, with higher homicide rates for nonwhite victims. The great majority of the victims were slain by solitary civilians of their same race, one fourth of whom were women. Those slain by LEP were younger, more often unmarried, and less likely to be under the influence of alcohol. Long-term temporal patterns were reflected in changing rates of homicides in general. Rates of JH were compared and contrasted with those of culpable homicide (CH). Similarities were observed between overall and age-specific rates of JH and CH. Short-term temporal patterns were indicated by the time of occurrence of the homicidal incidents. Similarities were observed between JH and CH with respect to hour of day, day of week, and month of year. Most JHs by civilians occurred during or immediately following a quarrel. The majority of JHs by LEP were in self-defense when the victims were committing a crime or resisting arrest. The percent of JH in the overall homicide toll decreased throughout the 25-year interval. Inasmuch as JH by civilians remained a relatively constant fraction of all homicides until the final years of this study, the decline in percent of JH in the overall homicide toll largely reflects decreased JH by LEP.
A Review of Sexual Exploitation of Patients by Health Professionals
Authors: Smith JT
Published: August 2015

Ann Burgess and Carole Hartman have done an excellent job of organizing the materials provided by a wide range of professionals, each looking at this problem of sexual exploitation by health professionals from a unique perspective.
A Review of Practical Homicide Investigation, Tactics, Procedures and Forensic Techniques
Authors: Reyna M
Published: August 2015

The author's stated intention in this book is to provide a homicide investigators' handbook with emphasis on “The New York City Experience which falls between the medicolegal and academic textbooks.” He succeeds in providing the “New York City Experience” by filling the book with his experiences as a supervisor for the New York City Police Department but fails to achieve his second goal by falling below the quality of both medicolegal and academic textbooks.
Identification of Serial Homicide Victims in the “Green River Murder” Investigation
Authors: Haglund WD , Reay DT , Snow CC
Published: August 2015

The Green River Murder Investigation in King County, Washington, is currently the longest and most active serial murder investigation in U.S. history. To date, little information has been reported on methods used in identification of serial murder victims. In this paper, various methods used in victim identification are reviewed and difficulties encountered during the course of the investigation are described. The experience of the authors is presented in order to acquaint other agencies with problems of victim identification associated with these serial murder victims and to provide key methods that may be useful in other such investigations.
Distributions of Genetic Markers in United States Populations: III. Serum Group Systems and Hemoglobin Variants
Authors: Gaensslen RE , Bell SC , Lee HC
Published: August 2015

All published and unpublished population frequency data that could be located for U.S. populations are tabulated and presented for the serum group systems haptoglobin (α-chain), group specific component, and transferrin and for the common β-chain variants of hemoglobin. Results obtained by combining data for comparable racial/ethnic groups are also presented. Some evidence is presented to indicate that the results obtained from the combined data may give better information on frequencies for the U.S. population at large than is obtainable from studies conducted in restricted geographic areas.
Concentrations of Mustard Gas [Bis(2-Chloroethyl)Sulfide] in the Tissues of a Victim of a Vesicant Exposure
Authors: Drasch G , Kretschmer E , Kauert G , von Meyer L
Published: August 2015

An Iranian soldier died at a toxicological intensive care unit at Munich seven days after a vesicant exposure. At the autopsy the typical symptoms of mustard gas intoxication were found. The vesicant was detected qualitatively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the abdominal fat and quantified in the tissues and in the body fluids by the following method: (1) extraction by dichloromethane, (2) cleanup of the extracts by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica plates, (3) extractive derivatization with gold-chloride, and (4) quantitative determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). The equal extracts, after heating, served for blanks. The following concentrations were found (milligrams of mustard gas/kilograms of tissue wet weight): brain 10.7, cerebrospinal fluid 1.9, liver 2.4, kidney 5.6; spleen 1.5, lung 0.8, muscle 3.9, fat 15.1, skin 8.4, skin with subcutaneous fatty tissue 11.8, liquid from a skin blister: below detection limit, blood 1.1, and urine: below detection limit.
Laser Examination as an Additional Nondestructive Method of Ink Differentiation
Authors: Zimmerman J , Mooney D
Published: August 2015

Twenty-two black, eight blue, and seven red inks were compared using the reflectance and luminescence mode of the Model J infrared instrument and the Laser Photonics, Inc., neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. These thirty-seven inks were compared from writing produced on Cascade Xerographic paper and Dixon Paper Company safety paper. Results indicate that, in addition to the Model J instrument and other traditional nondestructive examinations, Nd:YAG laser examination in several instances produces different results, adding another feasible link to nondestructive processes commonly used. Further, the outcome of the comparison process was affected significantly on some occasions by the type of paper on which the writing appeared.
The Effects of Water-Soaking on Firing Distance Estimations
Authors: Even H , Bergman P , Springer E , Klein A
Published: August 2015

The effects of water-soaking on firing distance estimations, employing quantitative determinations of gunpowder and metals around the bullet's entrance hole, were studied. The main finding was that, since the precision of the quantitative determination is poor, the existing statistical spread cancels out a potential effect of the target soaking. None the less, the prevailing factor is the firing distance, where increments of about 25 cm are clearly distinguishable, in both dry and water-soaked targets.
Patterns in Sharp Force Fatalities—A Comprehensive Forensic Medical Study: Part 2. Suicidal Sharp Force Injury in the Stockholm Area 1972–1984
Authors: Karlsson T , Ormstad K , Rajs J
Published: August 2015

A total of 89 cases of sharp force suicide that had been committed in the Stockholm area in Sweden from 1972 through 1984 were investigated. The series showed a male preponderance, sex ratio 3.3, and among males a shift towards the age group 40 to 49 years of age. An impact of cultural/ethnic factors was indicated by the overrepresentation of Finnish and Hungarian immigrants. A psychiatric diagnosis had been ascribed in 22 cases, and addiction to drugs or alcohol in 23. Previous attempts at self-destruction were recorded in 11 cases, only 1 of which was by sharp force.

Classical indicators of suicidal intent, for example, suicide notes and the presence of hesitation injuries, were found in 28 and 80%, respectively. A preference for certain anatomical locations (throat, precordium, epigastrium, wrists) was confirmed as was the tendency to expose the skin before inflicting suicidal wounds. As compared to homicidal precordial stabs whose entrance wounds usually run vertically, horizontal or upwards/left-slanting stabs are strongly suggestive of suicide. Although cases were encountered where several “rules of thumb” concerning homicidal versus suicidal patterns were violated, our series contained no case of injuries to the backside of the trunk and no case of more than one wound piercing the left ventricle of the heart. Multiple chest wounds transecting costal or sternal bone were however not uncommon, and, along with the use of bizarre tools and objects like wood chisels or pieces of glass, illustrated the determination of suicidal intent.

Toxicological analysis was positive for drugs in 22 and for alcohol in 27 cases. Blood alcohol levels were roughly similar to those found in victims of homicidal sharp force, whereas drug levels tended to be lower or higher in suicides.
Correlation of Plasma Concentration and Effects of Succinylcholine in Dogs
Authors: Baldwin KA , Forney R
Published: August 2015

The study was undertaken to determine the pharmacokinetic values for half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance for succinylcholine (SCh) based on measurements of the drug in plasma. Three intravenous (i.v.) doses (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg) were compared to study the time course of paralysis and recovery and to describe the relationship of plasma concentration (Cp) and the pharmacologic effects of SCh in canines. The physiologic response to the neuromuscular blocking drug was monitored using train-of-four stimulation of the left sciatic nerve and recording the response of the corresponding gastrocnemius muscle. Time courses for paralysis and recovery were monitored, and the results were used to predict the kinetic values for the pharmacologic effects. Blood samples were taken following drug administration for direct pharmacokinetic estimations. SCh determinations were performed using ion-pair extraction, chemical demethylation, and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detection. Both kinetic analyses showed the beta half-life for SCh to be approximately 5 min for all doses. SCh has a distribution half-life of less than 1 min. There appears to be a threshold Cp below which neuromuscular function returns. Recovery following SCh induced paralysis had a rapid onset, but the duration of paralysis and the rate of recovery were especially prolonged for the 5.0-mg/kg treatment group.
Pathological Spectrum of the Lung in Cases of Violent Death: Part II. Clinicopathologic Correlation
Authors: Ferrer A , Castellano M , Plaza L
Published: August 2015

The correlation between the type of pathological lesion of the lung and the circumstances which encompass their evolution in 66 cases of violent death have been examined.

Pulmonary lesions have been classified into four groups.

1. Inflammatory alveolar lesions without a diffuse interstitial involvement (IAL) which result from direct aggressions in subjects of advanced age.

2. Inflammatory alveolar lesions with a diffuse interstitial affection (IALW) which are more frequent in younger subjects having a higher defense capacity and with severe lesions requiring admission to an intensive care unit.

3. Edemohemorrhagic lesions (EHL) appearing as a precocious lesion at any age.

4. Unspecific chronic lesions (UCL) previous to the aggression and without any relationship to death.

The most obvious feature noted was the frequent occurrence of certain types of acute pulmonary lesions indicative of the rapid and extensive capacity of the lung to react to a lesion agent even when death follows rapidly after the aggression. The scarcity of acute interstitial lesions among the older group can be related to a diminution of biological defense activity leading to a less vigorous response; on the contrary, diffuse lesions of the wall seem to be related to an excess of defense mechanisms, determined more by age, severity of lesion, and type of medical assistance received than by a specific type of aggression.
Differentiation of Commercial Polyester Fibers Using Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Multivariate Pattern Recognition Techniques
Authors: Kretschmer K , Helbig W
Published: August 2015

Six types of colorless commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) polyester fibers (PET) from different manufacturers were investigated using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As to their peak structure and area distribution, their chromatograms differed only insignificantly. Therefore a possible use of multivariate pattern recognition techniques was checked for a PET fiber identification based upon a data set obtained through HPLC analysis. The results show that the application of cluster methods (dendrogram, display mapping, and potential density method) enables a classification into different manufacturers.
Application of Digital Image Enhancement Software with the Macintosh Computer to Questioned Document Problems
Authors: Black JA
Published: August 2015

Computerized image enhancement has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in the examination of questioned documents. The program Digital Darkroom™ was used by the author with a Macintosh Plus™ computer, a black and white laser printer, and both handheld and full-size scanners to enhance nearly obliterated writing. Pencil writing which had been erased and then overwritten and writing obscured by typewriter correction fluid are illustrated before and after computerized image enhancement. A photograph of a check printed from microfilm was enhanced by the author, and his results are compared with the efforts of a professional computer image service.
Additional Applications of Digital Image Processing to Forensic Document Examinations
Authors: Behnen AP , Nelson LK
Published: August 2015

Two experimental applications of digital image processing to the examination of questioned documents are evaluated. First is a comparison of digital image processing, electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA) processing, side lighting, and photography in the decipherment of indented writing. Best results are achieved by first utilizing the ESDA, then digitally enhancing the ESDA lift using a high-pass sharpening filter. The second application is the use of image processing equipment to make fracture match comparisons to associate carbon film typewriter ribbons with questioned typescript. Split-screen images and image overlays are found to be very effective techniques for this kind of examination.

Wenderoth [1] and Baier et al. [2] have reported on image processing as it relates to questioned document examination.
Dangerousness of the Delusional Misidentification of Children
Authors: Arturo Silva J , Sharma KK , Leong GB , Weinstock R
Published: August 2015

Misidentification syndromes have been studied from a variety of perspectives, including phenomenological, biological, and nosological approaches. More recently, misidentification syndromes have been studied from a psychiatric-legal perspective, especially with regards to the problem of dangerousness. Capgras syndrome and other syndromes of misidentification can lead to hostile mood and subsequent physical violence. Little attention has so far been devoted to children as the objects of the psychotic person's misidentification delusion(s). We provide a review of cases from the anglophonic literature that have children as the misidentified objects, add three new cases, and then discuss the relationship between misidentification and potential harm to these children.
Fluorescence of Petroleum Products II. Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Plots of Gasolines
Authors: Alexander J , Mashak G , Kapitan N , Siegel JA
Published: August 2015

The technique of three-dimensional fluorescence, first used in the forensic science analysis of motor oils and auto lubricants, is evaluated in the study of gasoline samples taken straight from the pump. The study includes ten samples of different grades and brands. No common spectral features attributable to brand or grade type could be shown. A program designed to determine the similarities or differences between two three-dimensional plots is employed to determine if two samples of gasoline could have a common source.
Examination of the Josef Mengele Handwriting
Authors: Epstein G
Published: August 2015

Through the application of basic forensic document examination principles, the known Josef Mengele handwriting from the period 1938 was examined and successfully compared to disputed handwriting made in 1949 and circa 1970s. These examinations resulted in the positive identification of Josef Mengele as the writer of the disputed material. Although these handwriting examinations did not confirm that Josef Mengele's remains were in Grave 321 at the cemetery at Embu, they verified the witness accounts of the last years of Dr. Josef Mengele's life.
Characteristics of Synchronous Sequential Signatures
Authors: Foley RG
Published: August 2015

A comprehensive look at some common handwriting characteristics and telltale signs that would assist questioned document examiners in attempting reasonably to predict whether or not two or more signatures were signed at the same time or at different times.
Pseudo-Political Terrorism
Authors: Tanay E
Published: August 2015

This paper describes a variety of homicides which are motivated by psychopathology but rationalized by political ideas. A psychopath or a psychotic with a political rationale is treated differently from one who does not offer ideological explanations. There are psychopaths and psychotics who are unable to act out murderous impulses without political camouflage. Examples from terroristic activities are offered to demonstrate the use of political cover for murderous behavior. The danger of psychopathic terrorism has increased as a result of technology and the failure to differentiate political and pseudo-political terrorism. Such differentiation may be useful in prevention of terrorism and in negotiation with individual terrorists.
Homicide by Insulin Administration
Authors: Haibach H , Dix JD , Shah JH
Published: August 2015

This report describes a case of homicide by insulin administration and a study of the effects of storage conditions on insulin in serum. The study revealed insulin to be remarkably stable at refrigerator temperatures. Therefore, for forensic science purposes, insulin immunoassay data are interpretable even when serum is not stored by the standard laboratory method of freezing.
An Unusual Pattern of Gunshot Injury Linking Two Homicides to the Same Assailant
Authors: Frazer M
Published: August 2015

This case report describes an unusual pattern of gunshot firing that proved useful in convicting one assailant of two murders. The assailant fired into the first victim, successively through the same entrance hole at contact range. This technique of firing twice through the same hole was also demonstrable on his second victim in the bare skull of the decomposed body. This unusual pattern noted in two homicides found two weeks apart, in concert with other circumstantial evidence, led to the successful conviction of the man for both murders.
Computerized Axial Tomography as an Aid in Bite Mark Analysis: A Case Report
Authors: Farrell WL , Rawson RD , Steffens RS , Stephens D
Published: August 2015

A case is presented to demonstrate the use of computerized axial tomography (CAT) to develop precise registration of incisal edges for comparison to bite marks. Emphasis is drawn to the availability of CAT Scanning equipment and the importance of understanding its use as an adjunct or alternative to already accepted methods of incisal registration.
Postmortem Identification of the Edentulous Deceased: Denture Tissue Surface Anatomy
Authors: Jacob RFK , Shalla CL
Published: August 2015

This model evaluates the use of dental stone casts derived from maxillary tissues and from the internal aspects of maxillary dentures for edentulous postmortem identification. Tissue topography of the total cast and of rugae tracings photographed from the casts were evaluated for identification accuracy in twenty-eight trials for each of the two designs. Eight casts were examined in each trial. The trial was designed as matching or nonmatching, and as an equivocal or unequivocal decision by the examiner. Unequivocal decisions with 100% accuracy resulted when the entire dental cast was evaluated. Seventy-nine percent accuracy with equivocation in some trials resulted when only rugae tracings from the casts were evaluated. This investigation supported use of stone casts derived from the internal anatomy of maxillary dentures for forensic science identification when cast topography in toto was considered.
Observations and Statistics Relating to Suicide Weapons
Authors: Stone IC
Published: August 2015

The weapon at the scene of a suicide provides a resource in addressing such questions as frequency of blood in or on the weapon, location of the weapon with respect to the body, and evidence of firearm discharge residues on the hand. The first 195 weapons were tested for blood by a technique different from the following 202 weapons. Results were obtained which caused procedural changes in blood detection. Data are presented for frequency of blood in and on the muzzle of weapons, relative frequency of location of suicidal gunshot wound, and percent “positive” findings of gunshot residue metals on the hands. It was found that suicidal gunshot wounds were 3 times more frequent to the head than the chest, and that no significant difference was noted between males and females in this study. Scene photographs reveal that the suicide weapon is in or resting on the hand of the decedent 20% of the time with handguns and 11% of the time with long guns.
A Guide to the Rapid Screening, Identification, and Comparison of Synthetic Fibers in Dust Samples
Authors: Petraco N
Published: August 2015

A microscopical scheme for the examination, identification, and comparison of the synthetic fibers present in dust is proposed. The method involves mounting a sample of dust in a medium with a refractive index of 1.525 at 25°C. and collecting morphological and optical data about the synthetic fibers present in the dust specimen. The data are then used to identify each fiber's generic class and to compare fiber samples. This scheme was designed for examiners with little experience in synthetic fiber examination.
Bullet Hole Identification Kit: Case Report
Authors: Bergman P , Springer E
Published: August 2015

A field kit for the identification of bullet holes using chemical spot tests for lead and copper was used in an investigation of an accidental wounding during a military exercise. Based upon the results obtained using the kit, it was possible to detect the bullet holes in question, and thus, reconstruct the path and direction of the bullet. It was further possible to estimate the type and diameter of the bullet.
Evidence That “Vaginal Peptidase” Is a Bacterial Gene Product
Authors: Blake ET , Cook CE , Bashinski JS
Published: August 2015

A peptidase has been described in vaginal samples, termed “vaginal peptidase.” This enzyme has been proposed as a tissue specific marker for vaginal debris. We have explored the presence of this enzyme in vaginal swabs from alleged sexual assault victims and volunteer donors as well as bacterial cultures. These studies reveal that “vaginal peptidase” is composed of a family of peptidase isozymes that originate from several bacterial species. The characterization of “vaginal peptidase” as a tissue specific marker for vaginal debris is premature.
Distributions of Genetic Markers in United States Populations: I. Blood Group and Secretor Systems
Authors: Gaensslen RE , Bell SC , Lee HC
Published: August 2015

All published and unpublished population frequency data that could be located for U.S. populations are tabulated and presented for the blood group and secretor systems. Results obtained by combining data for comparable racial/ethnic groups are also presented. The results obtained with combined data may give better information on frequencies for the U.S. population at large than is obtainable from studies conducted in restricted geographic areas.
An Improved Technique for the Visualization of Footprint Impressions in the Insoles of Athletic Shoes
Authors: Laskowski GE
Published: August 2015

Although instances of analysis and comparison of footprint impressions in footwear to identify that footwear to a particular individual are rare, the necessity of this type of analysis may be crucial in obtaining certain information for forensic science purposes. The most common method for the visualization of footprint impressions in insoles of footwear is by examination of the insoles under standard laboratory lighting or ultraviolet light. A simple technique of casting the interior of athletic shoes including the cloth insoles with Duroc™ dental casting material will generally enhance the quality and visibility of footprint impressions even when impressions are not readily apparent under various lighting conditions. The resulting three-dimensional cast with additional points of identification is also available, thus giving the examiner a number of data points and models with which to make comparisons, and, perhaps, an identification.
A Carpipramine Related Fatality
Authors: Fraser AD , Isner AF
Published: August 2015

A fatality following ingestion of the tricyclic antidepressant carpipramine (Prazinil®) and ethyl alcohol is described. Carpipramine was quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of carpipramine was 2.0 mg/L in blood and 0.44 mg/L in urine. Ethyl alcohol was measured by headspace gas chromatography and found to be 105 mg/dL in blood and 55 mg/dL in the urine. Quantitative analysis of stomach contents was positive for carpipramine by thin-layer chromatography. To our knowledge, this is the first reported fatality involving carpipramine.
A Simple Overlay System for Data Comparison in Dental Identification
Authors: Jones GF
Published: August 2015

A system for handling dental data in mass disasters and in individual cases is described. The basic method allows for a quick overlay comparison of antemortem and postmortem records. After systematic hole punching in the postmortem form, it can be placed over the antemortem form and nonmatches can be easily detected. Suggested uses in mass disaster and individual cases are discussed, as well as its potential for acquainting rural law enforcement with the value of dental data and its management.
Shotcup Petal Abrasions in Close Range .410-Caliber Shotgun Injuries
Authors: Dowling GP , Dickinson JAH , Cooke CT
Published: August 2015

Shotcup petal abrasions centered around a shotgun wound of entrance are generally thought to occur at a range of 30 to 90 cm. A suicidal .410-caliber shotgun injury of the right eye is described in which typical petal abrasions were noted around the entrance wound. However, significant soot deposition around the wound suggested that the range of fire was less than 30 cm and perhaps closer to 15 cm. Test-firing of the weapon and ammunition used by the decedent showed some spread of the shotcup petals at a range of 7.5 cm, progressing to maximum spread at 30 to 52.5 cm. Further testing with other .410 ammunition, containing shotcups, confirmed the spread of shotcup petals at ranges less than 30 cm, irrespective of manufacturer, shotshell length, and birdshot size. When a variety of shotguns were tested, it was found that one weapon with a very short barrel and cylinder bore did not exhibit petal spread until a range of 30 cm was reached. The remaining shotguns, with longer barrels and full choke, all demonstrated definite petal spread at a range of 12.5 cm. The long, narrow configuration of .410 shotcup petals may explain their early spread and the production of peal abrasions at ranges of less than 30 cm.
Some Spectral Observations of Infrared Luminescence
Authors: Cantu AA , Prough RS
Published: August 2015

The fluorescence spectra of several components having fluorescence in the vis-near infrared (IR) region were obtained. Several of these components were obtained from IR luminescent inks. The spectral features (excitation and emission spectra and their intensities) explain the observed emission when these components are analyzed with an IR luminescence apparatus (excitation with blue green light/emission detected with IR sensitive television (TV) tube) or a laser induced fluoresence system (514.5-nm excitation with argon ion laser/emission detected with laser light absorbing goggles or with IR sensitive TV tube). The emissions from these methods are part of the same fluoresence emission peak. The emission response for each of the methods is dependent on the division of this peak between the vis and near IR region and its intensity in these regions. The intensity is dependent on the excitation source.
Drug Use by Tractor-Trailer Drivers
Authors: Lund AK , Preusser DF , Blomberg RD , Williams AF
Published: August 2015

Blood or urine samples or both were obtained from 317 of 359 randomly selected tractor-trailer drivers asked to participate in a driver health survey conducted at a truck weighing station on Interstate 40 in Tennessee. Altogether, 29% of the drivers had evidence of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, prescription or nonprescription stimulants, or some combination of these, in either blood or urine. Cannabinoids were found in 15% of the drivers' blood or urine; nonprescription stimulants such as phenylpropanolamine were found in 12%; prescription stimulants such as amphetamine were found in 5%; cocaine metabolites were found in 2%; and alcohol was found in less than 1%. These results provide the first objective information about the use of potentially abusive drugs by tractor-trailer drivers. The extent of driver impairment attributable to the observed drugs is uncertain because of the complex relationship between performance and drug concentrations.
A Hybrid Ampholyte Focusing Technique for Esterase D Subtyping of Evidentiary Material
Authors: Budowle B , Gambel AM
Published: August 2015

An ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing technique that uses a composite of ampholytes from three commercial sources is described for subtyping esterase D. All common allelic products of esterase D were separated clearly. The technique described in this paper provides a higher conclusive call rate on known blood specimens (95.8%) and questioned bloodstains (69.7%) compared with continuous zone electrophoresis in agarose gels (89.9 and 37.6%, respectively).