bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐4 influences the production of microfilariae in a mouse model of Brugia infection
Authors: Devaney Eileen , Gillan Victoria , Wheatley Isla , Jenson Jessica , O’Connor Richard , Balmer Paul
Published: March 2003

Sub‐cutaneous infection of interleukin (IL)‐4−/– mice on the BALB/c background with third stage larva (L3) of Brugia pahangi revealed an altered cytokine profile consistent with the absence of the Th2 promoting cytokine IL‐4. Splenocytes from IL‐4−/– mice secreted significantly more antigen (Ag)‐specific IL‐2 and interferon‐γ and significantly less Ag‐specific IL‐5, compared to those from L3‐infected wild‐type mice. However, levels of Ag‐specific IL‐13 were similar between groups. Despite the alteration in immune responses, there was no significant difference in recovery of developing worms from the peritoneal cavity of the two strains of mice at any time postinfection. However, at later time points of infection, the IL‐4−/– mice contained large numbers of microfilariae (Mf) in the peritoneal cavity while the wild‐type mice contained comparatively few Mf. The differences in Mf levels appear to relate to differences in worm fecundity in the two strains of mice, with adult female worms from the wild‐type mice containing few developing Mf. Moreover, implantation of sexually mature adult female worms into the peritoneal cavity of both strains of mice resulted in equal levels of Mf, confirming that the primary role of IL‐4 is to limit fecundity during the maturation phase of infection.
Improving continuing professional development in the use of ICT
Authors: Littlejohn A.H.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Common shortcomings in educational design in Higher Education have not been fully addressed during the rapid shift towards online, resource‐based learning. A contributing factor to poor course design is the adherence of academic staff towards passive and didactic forms of online teaching and learning. This problem could potentially be reduced by offering Continuing Professional Development (CPD) opportunities which enable staff to gain efficiently the skills and knowledge required to incorporate new teaching methods within their course design. This paper aims to offer practical recommendations for the design and provision of CPD programmes. These recommendations are constructed by integrating key issues arising from current literature with proposals from academics who have practical experience in the use of ICT in their teaching. The overall effectiveness of these recommendations is evaluated during implementation within an existing CPD programme.
Web‐based learning in the computer‐aided design curriculum
Authors: Sung W.T. , Ou S.C.
Published: March 2003

Abstract This study attempts to apply the principle of constructivism and virtual reality (VR) technologies to computer‐aided design (CAD) curriculum by integrating network, CAD and VR into a web‐based learning environment. Through VR technologies, it is expected that the traditional two‐dimensional (2D) computer graphics course can be expanded into a three‐dimensional (3D) real‐time simulation one. VR technologies provide a novel method to enhance user visualisation of complex three‐dimensional graphics and environments. Experience and environmental interaction allow users more readily to perceive the dimensional interrelations of graphics which are typically portrayed through static multiview or pictorial representations. A web‐based learning system (WebDeGrator) has been developed to simulate a computer graphics learning system for learning. Future developments of the proposed web‐based learning framework are also discussed.
Mentoring student‐teachers in schools: views, practices and access to ICT
Authors: Cuckle P. , Clarke S.
Published: March 2003

Abstract There is evidence from a number of publications that use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) varies amongst serving and student‐teachers in different subject specialities. Teacher‐mentors are an obvious source of support during school experience; the relationship between student‐teachers' use of ICT and that of their serving teacher‐mentors is not clear. This study was part of a series of projects investigating ICT use during initial teacher training across different subject areas. Questionnaires, returned by 216 teacher‐mentors in secondary schools were analysed. The questionnaires investigated use of ICT in teaching, availability of equipment and support, views on using ICT and preparations made for student‐teachers to use ICT. In general, teacher‐mentors were competent and frequent ICT users and were often active in preparing student‐teachers' use. However, using case studies with 13 pairs of student‐teachers and their teacher‐mentors, it seems that similar preparations made by teacher‐mentors did not always result in individual student‐teachers using ICT to the same extent as peers. The possible reasons for differences were difficulties with access to computers, lack of active support and role models amongst serving teachers (including teacher‐mentors) and competing demands on student‐teachers' time. It is suggested that in order to increase the use of ICT in their teaching, student‐teachers are likely to need better access to equipment, more active support from serving teachers and encouragement to include time for ICT in their school experience.
Phylogeny of Henicopidae (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): a combined analysis of morphology and five molecular loci
Authors: Edgecombe Gregory D. , Giribet Gonzalo , Wheeler Ward C.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Relationships in Henicopidae, the dominant southern temperate clade of Lithobiomorpha, are appraised based on parsimony analysis of forty‐nine morphological characters and sequence data from five loci (nuclear ribosomal RNAs 18S and 28S, mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs 12S and 16S, protein‐coding mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I). A combined analysis of these data used direct character optimization, and tested stability of hypotheses through parameter‐sensitivity analysis. The morphology dataset highlighted the mandibles as a source of new characters. Morphology, as well as the most congruent parameters for the sequence data and combined analysis, resolved Zygethobiini within Henicopini. Groups retrieved by combined analysis of the sequences and combination with morphology for all parameters include Anopsobiinae/Henicopinae, Lamyctes+Lamyctinus+Henicops, Paralamyctes (Paralamyctes), and a clade that groups the southeastern Australian/New Zealand Paralamyctes (Haasiella) and P. (Thingathinga). Paralamyctes (including Haasiella) is a Gondwanan clade in the most congruent cladograms based on all molecular data and combination with morphological data. Biogeographic analysis of subtrees for Paralamyctes resolved the interrelationships of Gondwana as (Patagonia ((New South Wales + southeastern Queensland) ((Tasmania) (southern Africa + India) (New Zealand + north Queensland)))).
Causes of hair loss and the developments in hair rejuvenation
Authors: Rushton D. H. , Norris M. J. , Dover R. , Busuttil Nina
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

Hair is considered to be a major component of an individual's general appearance. The psychological impact of hair loss results in a measurably detrimental change in self‐esteem and is associated with images of reduced worth. It is not surprising that both men and women find hair loss a stressful experience. Genetic hair loss is the major problem affecting men and by the age of 50, up to 50% will be affected. Initial attempts to regenerate the lost hair have centred on applying a topical solution of between 2% to 5% minoxidil; however, the results proved disappointing. Recently, finasteride, a type II 5α reductase inhibitor has been found to regrow a noticeable amount of hair in about 40% of balding men. Further developments in treatments have lead to the use of a dual type I and type II inhibitor where 90% of those treated regrow a noticeable amount of hair. In women the major cause of hair loss before the age of 50 is nutritional, with 30% affected. Increased and persistent hair shedding (chronic telogen effluvium) and reduced hair volume are the principle changes occurring. The main cause appears to be depleted iron stores, compromised by a suboptimal intake of the essential amino acid l‐lysine. Correction of these imbalances stops the excessive hair loss and returns the hair back to its former glory. However, it can take many months to redress the situation.
Molecular and immunological evidence of oral Treponema in the human brain and their association with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Riviere G. R. , Riviere K. H. , Smith K. S.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this investigation was to use molecular and immunological techniques to determine whether oral Treponema infected the human brain. Pieces of frontal lobe cortex from 34 subjects were analyzed with species‐specific PCR and monoclonal antibodies. PCR detected Treponema in 14/16 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 4/18 non‐AD donors (P < 0.001), and AD specimens had more Treponema species than controls (P < 0.001). PCR also detected Treponema in trigeminal ganglia from three AD and two control donors. Cortex from 15/16 AD subjects and 6/18 controls contained Treponema pectinovorum and/or Treponema socranskii species‐specific antigens (P < 0.01). T. pectinovorum and/or T. socranskii antigens were also found in trigeminal ganglia and pons from four embalmed cadavers, and 2/4 cadavers also had Treponema in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that oral Treponema may infect the brain via branches of the trigeminal nerve.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of a Chinese herbal product (P07P) for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis
Authors: Nagle Terry M. , Torres Sheila M. , Horne Kim L. , Grover Robert , Stevens Mike T.
Published: March 2003

A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of P07P, a product derived from a traditional Chinese herbal remedy, was undertaken in 50 dogs with atopic dermatitis. Owners recorded a daily itch score for 4–14 days before treatment and during treatment. Packets of powder containing P07P or placebo were added to the food once daily for 8 weeks. Dogs were assessed for erythema, surface damage, overall coat condition and seborrhoea by the same investigator, as well as for pruritus and general demeanour, at 0 (visit 2), 28 (visit 3) and 56 (visit 4) days of treatment or at withdrawal. Investigator and owner assessments of response were recorded after 28 and 56 days of treatment or at withdrawal. The predefined primary outcome measure was the owners’ assessment of response at the end of treatment. Nine of the 24 dogs (37.5%) in the P07P group but only 3 of the 23 dogs (13%) in the placebo group were considered to have improved, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.09). There was a significantly higher withdrawal rate due to worsening of condition in the placebo group (P = 0.04). Mean daily itch score in the second 28‐day period of the study was significantly higher than baseline in the placebo group (P = 0.01) but not in the P07P group (P = 0.30). Pruritus scores showed a significant deterioration from baseline at the final visit in the placebo group (P = 0.01) but not in the P07P group (P = 1.00). There was a significant difference between the groups in change from baseline in erythema score at visit 3 (P = 0.05). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in surface damage, seborrhoea, overall coat condition and general demeanour scores within or between the groups throughout the study. The product was well tolerated with no severe or serious adverse events recorded. P07P may be beneficial as a novel nonsteroidal therapy for the management of dogs with atopic dermatitis.
Double mutation cpSRP43–/cpSRP54–is necessary to abolish the cpSRP pathway required for thylakoid targeting of the light‐harvesting chlorophyll proteins
Authors: Hutin Claire , Havaux Michel , Carde Jean‐Pierre , Kloppstech Klaus , Meiherhoff Karin , Hoffman Neil , Nussaume Laurent
Published: March 2003

Biochemical and genetic studies have established that the light‐harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs) of the photosystems use the cpSRP (chloroplast signal recognition particle) pathway for their targeting to thylakoids. Previous analyses of single cpSRP mutants, chaosandffc, deficient in cpSRP43 and cpSRP54, respectively, have revealed that half of the LHCPs are still integrated into the thylakoid membranes. Surprisingly, the effects of both mutations are additive in the double mutantffc/chaosdescribed here. This mutant has pale yellow leaves at all stages of growth and drastically reduced levels of all the LHCPs except Lhcb 4. Although the chloroplasts have a normal shape, the thylakoid structure is affected by the mutation, probably as a consequence of reduction of all the LHCPs. ELIPs (early light‐inducible proteins), nuclear‐encoded proteins related to the LHCP family and inducible by light stress, were also drastically reduced in the double mutant. However, proteins targeted by other chloroplastic targeting pathways (ΔpH, Sec and spontaneous pathways) accumulated to similar levels in the wild‐type and the double mutant. Therefore, the near total loss of LHCPs and ELIPs in the double mutant suggests that cpSRP is the predominant, if not exclusive, targeting pathway for these proteins. Phenotypic analysis of the double mutant, compared to the single mutants, suggests that the cpSRP subunits cpSRP43 and cpSRP54 contribute to antenna targeting in an independent but additive way.
The GAMYB protein from barley interacts with the DOF transcription factor BPBF and activates endosperm‐specific genes during seed development
Authors: Diaz Isabel , Vicente‐Carbajosa Jesús , Abraham Zamira , Martínez Manuel , Isabel‐La Moneda Inés , Carbonero Pilar
Published: March 2003

HvGAMYB, a MYB transcription factor previously shown to be expressed in barley aleurone cells in response to gibberellin during germination, also has an important role in gene regulation during endosperm development. The mRNA was detected early (10 DAF) in the seeds where it accumulates, not only in the aleurone layer, starchy endosperm, nucellar projection and vascular tissue, but also in the immature embryo as shown by in situ hybridization analysis. The HvGAMYB protein, expressed in bacteria, binds to oligonucleotides containing the 5′‐TAACAAC‐3′ or 5′‐CAACTAAC‐3′ sequences, derived from the promoter regions of the endosperm‐specific genes Hor2 and Itr1, encoding a B‐hordein and trypsin‐inhibitor BTI‐CMe, respectively. Binding is prevented when these motifs are mutated to 5′‐TgACAAg‐3′ and 5′‐CgACTgAC‐3′. Transient expression experiments in co‐bombarded developing endosperms demonstrate that HvGAMYB trans‐activates transcription from native Hor2 and Itr1 promoters through binding to the intact motifs described above. Trans‐activation of the Hor2 promoter also requires an intact prolamine box (PB). This suggests that HvGAMYB interacts in developing barley endosperms with the PB‐binding factor BPBF, an endosperm‐specific DOF transcriptional activator of the Hor2 gene. The in vivo interaction experiment between HvGAMYB and BPBF was done in the yeast two‐hybrid system, where HvGAMYB potentiates the BPBF trans‐activation capacity through interaction with its C‐terminal domain.
Patterns of population subdivision, gene flow and genetic variability in the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
Authors: Girman D. J. , Vilà C. , Geffen E. , Creel S. , Mills M. G. L. , Mcnutt J. W. , Ginsberg J. , Kat P. W. , Mamiya K. H. , Wayne R. K.
Published: March 2003

African wild dogs are large, highly mobile carnivores that are known to disperse over considerable distances and are rare throughout much of their geographical range. Consequently, genetic variation within and differentiation between geographically separated populations is predicted to be minimal. We determined the genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and microsatellite loci in seven populations of African wild dogs. Analysis of mtDNA nucleotide diversity suggests that, historically, wild dog populations have been small relative to other large carnivores. However, population declines due to recent habitat loss have not caused a dramatic reduction in genetic diversity. We found one historical and eight recent mtDNA genotypes in 280 individuals that defined two highly divergent clades. In contrast to a previous, more limited, mtDNA analysis, sequences from these clades are not geographically restricted to eastern or southern African populations. Rather, we found a large admixture zone spanning populations from Botswana, Zimbabwe and south‐eastern Tanzania. Mitochondrial and microsatellite differentiation between populations was significant and unique mtDNA genotypes and alleles characterized the populations. However, gene flow estimates (Nm) based on microsatellite data were generally greater than one migrant per generation. In contrast, gene flow estimates based on the mtDNA control region were lower than expected given differences in the mode of inheritance of mitochondrial and nuclear markers which suggests a male bias in long‐distance dispersal.
Characterization of major histocompatibility complex DRB diversity in the endemic South African antelope Damaliscus pygargus: a comparison in two subspecies with different demographic histories
Authors: Van Der Walt J. M. , Nel L. H. , Hoelzel A. R.
Published: March 2003

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II locus DRB was investigated by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and sequence analysis in the endemic South African antelope, Damaliscus pygargus, of which there are two subspecies. Greater polymorphism was found in the blesbok (D. p. phillipsi) subspecies (n = 44; 22 alleles) than in the bontebok (D. p. pygargus) subspecies (n = 45; 6 alleles). Erosion of allelic diversity in bontebok was most likely the result of two severe bottleneck events caused by hunting pressure and parasitic infection. A majority of the polymorphism observed was found within the peptide binding region (PBR) where dN/dS ratios were higher than for the non‐PBR region. This, and the apparent trans‐species relationship among alleles in a bovid phylogeny, suggest the evolution of diversity by heterosis or frequency‐dependent selection.
Phylogeography of Kandelia candel in East Asiatic mangroves based on nucleotide variation of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNAs
Authors: Chiang T. Y. , Chiang Y. C. , Chen Y. J. , Chou C. H. , Havanond S. , Hong T. N. , Huang S.
Published: March 2003

Vivipary with precocious seedlings in mangrove plants was thought to be a hindrance to long‐range dispersal. To examine the extent of seedling dispersal across oceans, we investigated the phylogeny and genetic structure among East Asiatic populations of Kandelia candel based on organelle DNAs. In total, three, 28 and seven haplotypes of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) atpB‐rbcL spacer, cpDNA trnL‐trnF spacer, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were identified, respectively, from 202 individuals. Three data sets suggested consistent phylogenies recovering two differentiated lineages corresponding to geographical regions, i.e. northern South‐China‐Sea + East‐China‐Sea region and southern South‐China‐Sea region (Sarawak). Phylogenetically, the Sarawak population was closely related to the Ranong population of western Peninsula Malaysia instead of other South‐China‐Sea populations, indicating its possible origin from the Indian Ocean Rim. No geographical subdivision was detected within the northern geographical region. An analysis of molecular variance (amova) revealed low levels of genetic differentiation between and within mainland and island populations (ΦCT = 0.015, ΦSC = 0.037), indicating conspicuous long‐distance seedling dispersal across oceans. Significant linkage disequilibrium excluded the possibility of recurrent homoplasious mutations as the major force causing phylogenetic discrepancy between mtDNA and the trnL‐trnF spacer within the northern region. Instead, relative ages of alleles contributed to nonrandom chlorotype–mitotype associations and tree inconsistency. Widespread distribution and random associations (χ2 = 0.822, P = 0.189) of eight hypothetical ancestral cytotypes indicated the panmixis of populations of the northern geographical region as a whole. In contrast, rare and recently evolved alleles were restricted to marginal populations, revealing some preferential directional migration.
Respiration of steelhead trout sperm: sensitivity to pH and carbon dioxide
Authors: Ingermann R. L. , Robinson M. L. , Cloud J. G.
Published: March 2003

Steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss sperm held in seminal plasma or sperm‐immobilizing buffer (pH 8·6) at 10° C consumed O2 at the rate of c. 2 nmol O2 min−1 10−9 sperm; the rate of O2 consumption was not different in sperm held for 4 or 24 h. Decreasing the extracellular pH from 8·5 to 7·5 either by diluting semen with buffer titrated with HCl or by increasing the partial pressure of CO2 in the incubation atmosphere resulted in c. a 40% decrease in the rate of sperm respiration. The data did not, however, support the hypothesis that the precipitous reduction in the capacity for sperm motility that occurs as external pH is reduced is a result of a decrease in cellular metabolism. The rate of O2 consumption of freshly collected semen from different males was not correlated to cellular ATP content or to the proportion of sperm that were motile upon activation; the initial ATP content and sperm motility were positively correlated. The rate of O2 consumption was not significantly increased following sperm activation or by the addition of an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, carbonyl cyanide p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, suggesting that these sperm have little, if any, capacity for increased oxidative metabolism.
Competitive habitat displacement of brown trout by Siberian sculpin: the role of size and density
Authors: Hesthagen T. , Heggenes J.
Published: March 2003

Habitat competition in brown trout Salmo trutta and Siberian sculpin Cottus poecilopus was investigated by varying density, fish size, and species composition in stream channels providing areas of different substratum particle sizes. In allopatry, both small (52 ± 4 mm LT) and large (86 ± 6 mm LT) brown trout exhibited strong preference for the intermediate (8–11 cm diameter) and large (17–21 cm) gravel substrata. There was a tendency for more brown trout to occupy finer (2–4 cm) substrata with increasing density, in particular for large brown trout. Also, more small brown trout were observed on finer substrata when tested with large brown trout, suggesting interspecific competition for restricted space. Both small (56 ± 6 mm LT) and large (88 ± 10 mm LT) Siberian sculpin preferred the large gravel in all tests, and did not change their substratum preferences much with increasing densities, suggesting higher tolerance for ‘crowding’. The large Siberian sculpin preferred the coarser substratum, and the largest individuals were consistently found on it. In sympatry with large Siberian sculpin, habitat displacement of brown trout occurred, indicative of interspecific competition. A higher proportion of small and large brown trout occupied the finer substrata than in allopatry. Habitat selection by large Siberian sculpin appeared to be unaffected by species composition and density. Small Siberian sculpin were displaced to finer substrata when tested with large Siberian sculpin, suggesting intraspecific competition. The results indicate that Siberian sculpin are potential habitat competitors for young brown trout.
Early Correlates of Behavioural and Emotional Problems in Children and Adolescents with Severe Intellectual Disabilities: a Preliminary Study
Authors: Hastings Richard P. , Mount Rebecca H.
Published: March 2003

Research and theory on behaviour problems in children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) have tended to focus on maintaining variables and present correlates of disorder. The present study focused on potential early correlates of behavioural problems. The parents of 188 children attending schools for those with ‘severe learning difficulties’ completed the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC), and a questionnaire asking for demographic details and information about present and early correlates (i.e. epilepsy and physical ability, and early developmental progress, early feeding problems and obstetric complications). Hierarchical regression analyses were performed to explore whether potential early correlates from infancy could add to the prediction of behaviour problems from established correlates and diagnostic variables. Potential early correlates across all of the DBC domains did not add significantly to the prediction of behaviour problems. However, there were effects of sex, physical ability and diagnostic categories. A number of methodological factors (i.e. poor response rate, focus only on severe ID and retrospective data collection) are discussed in terms of how they impact on the results. However, analyses of large samples such as that reported in the present study may still provide a useful addition to research on the early development of behaviour problems. Such data may help in the identification of children at risk who may benefit from early intervention.
Evidence for the mobility of an avirulence gene, avrPpiA1, between the chromosome and plasmids of races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi
Authors: Arnold Dawn Louise , Jackson Robert Wilson , Vivian Alan
Published: March 2003

An 8.5‐kb DNA fragment containing the avirulence gene avrPpiA1 is present in the chromosome of race 2 but not present in race 4B of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi. The likely acquisition of avrPpiA1 in race 2 at some time in the past was indicated by the presence of direct repeat sequences at the boundaries of the 8.5‐kb region, which was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned and sequenced. The sequence analysis of the 8.5‐kb fragment revealed the presence of rulAB genes, which are usually associated with plasmids. The rulB gene had been disrupted by a 4.3‐kb length of DNA, which included avrPpiA1 and open reading frames (ORFs) with similarity to bacteriophage and transposase genes. Inverted repeats flanked the 4.3‐kb region reinforcing the possibility that a further insertion had occurred in this region. The results presented here provide evidence for the horizontal transfer of an avirulence gene and suggest that this region may be a hotspot for recombination with the chromosome.
T‐DNA tagging of a pathogen inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Custers Jerome H. H. V. , Melchers Leo S. , Tigelaar Henk , Bade Jacob B. , Spiegeler Jennifer J. M. , Van Der Meijs Pieter J. , Simons Bert H. , Stuiver Maarten H.
Published: March 2003

Many events associated with the plant defence responses are regulated on the transcriptional level. Here we report the results of a promoter tagging approach to identify promoters that are induced upon pathogen attack in Arabidopsis thaliana. A line was identified in a T‐DNA UidA tagged Arabidopsis library with induced GUS expression after Botrytis cinerea infection around the site of fungal infection. The upstream sequence was isolated and fused to the UidA gene and tested in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus plants. Promoter function was very similar to the expression pattern found in the original promoter tagged line. We found that the promoter sequence was located on Arabidopsis chromosome III and linked to a predicted open reading frame in the reverse orientation. The predicted gene codes for a putative receptor serine threonine protein kinase of 383 amino acids in size. The clone contains a protein kinase ATP binding region, a protein kinase active site, a region with similarity to motifs found in Alpha Isopropylmalate/homocitrate synthase enzymes and a putative leucine zipper motif. Analysis of the expression pattern of the gene using RT‐PCR demonstrated that the putative receptor serine threonine protein kinase is up‐regulated after Salicylic acid treatment and Botrytis infection.
Erwinia chrysanthemi genes specifically induced during infection in chicory leaves
Authors: Aguilar Isabel , Poza‐Carrión César , Guío Ana , Rodríguez‐Palenzuela Pablo
Published: March 2003

Twelve Erwinia chrysanthemi genes specifically up‐regulated during infection in chicory leaves have been identified using GUS reporter gene fusions. According to sequence comparisons with GenBank databases, the possible functions of the identified genes included: virulence, adaptation to apoplast environment, chemotaxis, transposition, regulation, and metabolic functions. The level of gene up‐regulation in planta was measured, and ranged from 1.39 to 47.11 times that found in liquid culture. This technique has been proven to be useful in the identification of bacterial up‐regulated genes in plant–microbe interactions.
The use of DNA microarrays for the developmental expression analysis of cDNAs from the oesophageal gland cell region ofHeterodera glycines
Authors: De Boer Jan M. , Mcdermott Jeff P. , Wang Xiaohong , Maier Tom , Qui Fang , Hussey Richard S. , Davis Eric L. , J. Baum Thomas
Published: March 2003

A microarray was printed containing cDNAs from a library made from cytoplasm microaspirated from the oesophageal gland cell region of parasitic stages of the soybean cyst nematode,Heterodera glycines. The array contained both previously described clones (Wanget al.Mol. Plant‐Microbe Interact.2001,14, 536–544) and uncharacterized cDNAs. Fluorescent probes for array hybridization were prepared using RNA polymerase amplification of nematode mRNA. Developmental expression profiles of the arrayed cDNAs were determined by hybridizing the microarray with probes from parasitic and non‐parasiticH. glycineslife stages. Distinct patterns of developmental expression were ascertained for the previously described gland expressed genes. In addition, fourH. glycinescDNAs (SCN1018, SCN1020, SCN1028 and SCN1167) were identified that showed up‐regulation in one or more parasitic life stages. Clone SCN1018 encodes a C‐type lectin domain and is expressed in the hypodermis of females. Clone SCN1020 encodes a probable S‐adenosylmethionine synthetase. Clone SCN1028 encodes a piwi protein with high similarity to the germ‐line‐specific protein R06C7.1 ofCaenorhabditis elegans. The sequence of SCN1167 had no similarity to known genes. This paper describes the first use of cDNA microarrays to analyse genes of a plant‐parasitic nematode and establishes a functional method to mine nematode cDNA libraries.
Turnip mosaic virusand the quest for durable resistance
Authors: Walsh John A. , Jenner Carol E.
Published: March 2003

Taxonomy:Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV) is a member of the genusPotyvirus(type speciesPotato virus Y) in the familyPotyviridae. To date, TuMV is the only potyvirus known to infect brassicas. There are potyvirus isolates that appear serologically similar to TuMV when tested with polyclonal antisera that do not readily infect brassicas (Lesemann and Vetten, 1985).

 Physical properties:Virions are ≈ 720 × 15–20 nm flexuous rods (Fig. 1) and are composed of 95% coat protein (CP) and 5% RNA.

Electron micrograph of TuMV virions stained with methylamine tungstate. Courtesy of Colin Clay, HRI Wellesbourne.

image

 Hosts:TuMV has been isolated from a wide range of crop and weed plant species. It is known to infect at least 318 species in over 43 dicot families, includingCruciferae,Compositae,Chenopodiaceae,LeguminosaeandCaryophyllaceaeand is also known to infect monocots. It has the broadest known host range in terms of plant genera and families of any potyvirus.

 Transmission:Aphid transmitted in the non‐persistent manner, by at least 89 species, includingMyzus persicaeandBrevicoryne brassicae.

 Useful website:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/57010072.htm
Localization of hrpA‐induced Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in infected tomato leaves
Authors: Boureau Tristan , Routtu Jarkko , Roine Elina , Taira Suvi , Romantschuk Martin
Published: March 2003

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is the causative agent of bacterial speck of tomato. The key virulence determinant of P. syringae is the hrp gene cluster, which encodes a type III secretion system. The type III system is used by a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria for transporting virulence proteins from the bacteria directly into the eukaryotic host cell. Hrp pilus, which is composed of HrpA pilin subunits, is an indispensable component of the type III secretion system in P. syringae. Here we have determined the spatial and temporal expression pattern of hrpA of P. syringae DC3000 in intact leaves, using a HrpA‐GFP protein fusion and confocal microscopy. The hrpA gene was strongly and rapidly induced inside the leaf tissues after infiltration of the bacteria. After spray‐inoculation, hrpA‐induced bacteria were detected endophytically 72 h post‐inoculation, and 96 h after spray‐inoculation, disease symptoms appeared and GFP‐expressing bacteria were observed at symptom sites, both endo‐ and epiphytically. Live/dead staining of the bacteria showed that Pst DC3000 does not survive well on leaf surfaces. Apoplastic populations were apparently bursting on to the leaf surface through stomata. Kinetics of population sizes of wild‐type DC3000 and hrpA− showed significant differences, initially endophytically and only later epiphytically. Our results suggest that the Hrp pilus is first induced in the apoplast and apparently functions mainly inside the leaf tissues. These results suggest that P. syringae DC3000 mainly multiplies endophytically.
Potato leafroll virus: a classic pathogen shows some new tricks
Authors: Taliansky Michael , Mayo Mike A. , Barker Hugh
Published: March 2003

Taxonomy: PLRV is the type species of the genus Polerovirus, in the family Luteoviridae. Isolates are known from most continents, presumably all spread in potato material derived from the Andean region of South America.

 Physical properties: PLRV particles are isometric and c. 25 nm in diameter. They contain one major (c. 23 kDa) and one minor (c. 80 kDa) protein. The genome is a single 5.8 kb positive sense RNA that has neither a 5′‐cap nor 3′ poly(A) but carries a VPg.

 Host range: PLRV has a limited host range; about 20 largely solanaceous species have been infected experimentally. PLRV is a common pathogen of potato, and closely related isolates are occasionally found in tomato, but no other crops are affected.

 Symptoms:  Infection, especially from infected seed potato stocks, causes leafrolling and stunting, the extent depending on the potato cultivar.

 Biological properties: The biology of PLRV is that of a classic luteovirus. Its isometric particles are persistently transmitted by aphids in a non‐propagative manner, it multiplies largely in phloem tissue and disease symptoms reflect this localization. A decade or so of molecular study has revealed the many features of PLRV that are characteristic of its family.

 Key attractions: In recent years some interesting features of PLRV have emerged that are the focus of further investigation. These are, its phloem confinement, its movement in infected plants, its ability to suppress gene silencing and new ideas about the structure of its particles. This review describes the background to PLRV and points towards these new developments.
Information management in a District Health Authority*
Authors: PORTER CHRISTINE
Published: March 2003

Drawing on the author's MA thesis on information management in a District Health Authority,1 the current library and information services (LIS) in the Northallerton Health District are analyzed and evaluated, indicating the problems of providing a service at District level without the back‐up of a formal Regional network in Yorkshire, and developing parallel LIS for different professional groups within a Health District.

The trend, reflected both in recent developments in the National Health Service (NHS) and in the literature on Health Services Information, towards integrating documentary and statistical information in a Health District is discussed and a blueprint is given indicating how all information resources may be combined into a Health Authority Library and Information System (HALIS). The importance of planning services to take account of the needs of all NHS staff is emphasized.
The adonis experiment
Authors: DAVID MANODARSHANI , MARTIN GILLIAN
Published: March 2003

The background to the setting up and implementation of the adonis project is described. Ways in which adonis might benefit both document supply centres and smaller organizations such as biomedical libraries are suggested. Particular attention is paid to economic considerations.
Promoting library resources in Age Concern day centres
Authors: SPEAK MARGARET
Published: March 2003

In this report, an experiment to test the effectiveness of library resources with frail elderly people is described. Four day centres run by Age Concern Leicester were selected: two which cater for mentally frail clients, one for physically frail but mentally active people, and one for those with a mental handicap.

A series of group sessions using library resources was run by the librarian in each centre, and the results observed.

Frail elderly people were found to be a potentially enthusiastic group of library users, with a special need for assistance in gaining access to resources. Guidelines for librarians planning similar sessions to promote their stock are presented.
Publishing, libraries and new technologies in Europe—today and tomorrow*
Authors: WALCKIERS MARC
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the challenges facing medical and health‐care librarians from a European perspective. Drawing on his extensive knowledge of European affairs, the author emphasizes the historical roots of European cultural exchange and co‐operation in the biomedical area. The impact of the new technologies and the unique opportunities offered by the CEC Plan of Action for promoting co‐operation in Europe are discussed. In conclusion, the threat to our cultural heritage posed by acid paper is outlined and European librarians are urged to develop collective initiatives to meet the challenges facing us all.
The provision of music recordings to people who are housebound
Authors: HOLMES MATTHEW , KENDALL MARGARET
Published: March 2003

A report of a survey of 17 English library authorities providing music recordings for people who are housebound. Emphasis is given to the increased need for services to meet the growing number of elderly people and disabled people requiring domiciliary library services in England.
The health system and medical information services in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: BHATTI MUHAMMAD ASLAM , TARIQ SYED MOHAMMAD
Published: March 2003

After outlining the geographic, social and economic background of the Sultanate of Oman, this paper describes its health‐care system and the role of the Ministry of Health and of Sultan Qaboos University in the development of the health information services. It recommends the establishment of a consortium of biomedical libraries with the co‐operation of the Ministry, the University and the regional ofice of WHO to improve resource sharing and to provide a cost‐effective document delivery system throughout the Gulf region.
Charging for library and information services in medical libraries: a review of the literature and a survey of current practice*
Authors: WEBBER SHEILA
Published: March 2003

A summary of some of the issues concerned with charging for library services (particularly information services and services provided by medical libraries) is given. The results of a survey carried out in July 1992 are presented. The survey asked respondents to indicate which library services they charged for, the level of charges and the extent to which charges to those outside the organization and those within it differed. Twenty‐five libraries (response rate of 69%) replied to the survey. Some further areas for research and discussion are indicated.
Information audit: whose line is it anyway?
Authors: BOOTH ANDREW , HAINES MARGARET
Published: March 2003

With the current pace of organizational change within the NHS there is a growing need to examine how information is contributing to business objectives. A valuable tool in this information management review process is the ‘nformation audit’. This paper describes an information audit conducted for a Regional Health Authority. The management and methodology of the project are presented in detail together with the implications for the subject organization and ensuing opportunities for health information professionals.
An operational view of the role of health librarians in informatics
Authors: RAMBO NEIL
Published: March 2003

The National Library of Medicine is currently funding the Pilot Connections project to promote and support use of the INTERNET in community health care settings. With previous networking applications of this kind largely confined to academic and research environments, the health librarian has emerged as the agent with the unique knowledge and skills to participate in and manage organizational change. An experiment in applied informatics, the Pilot Connections project shows how health librarians should be aware of the expanding opportunities that exist for them to help their organizations cope more effectively with the external trends and forces currently affecting the role and value of information.
Platform for change: the Medical Library Association's response to the professional development challenge
Authors: van Loo John , WEBB RENETA E.
Published: March 2003

Recognizing the changes in the nature of health sciences librarianship, the Medical Library Association (MLA) set up a Task Force on Knowledge and Skills to identify those which would be required in the 21st century. The findings of the task force and the subsequent educational policy statements and initiatives form the focus of the article.
International cooperation in Africa—problems and achievements
Authors: Shaw Jean , Petrak Jelka , AKHIGBE FUNMI
Published: March 2003

The prohibitive cost of communication, lack of basic infrastructure, inadequate access to health literature and drastic reductions in subscriptions to health sciences journals have hindered the effective utilization of information in Africa. The result has been an inability to keep abreast of health research, even when it is conducted on the African continent or even at country level. Thus, health professionals have been forced to plan without facts and figures, to make decisions based upon out‐dated information or no information at all.

This not withstanding, there have been some achievements. Efforts are being made by health information professionals to break down the barriers and build bridges to improve health information access and dissemination.

The efforts made by the AHILA (Association for Health Information and Libraries in Africa) and its partners, through cooperative and supportive activities in enhancing access to health information, are discussed.
Access to health information through partnerships:problems and benefits
Authors: Shaw Jean , Petrak Jelka , KAKEMBO ROBERT J. K.
Published: March 2003

Even though libraries in Africa have limited resources for their work, many of them have made innovative and committed efforts to deal with the problems they face, by creating partnerships with other libraries in the region and beyond, and with international agencies that are concerned with information transfer and health promotion. Library partnerships have indeed served several purposes in Africa. However, the greatest challenge facing African libraries today is to keep the partnerships alive and growing. This paper is a series of reflections on the nature and history of partnerships between Universities in Africa and others elsewhere, with a particular focus on those that the Albert Cook Medical Library at Makerere University has participated in.
Recent developments in reading therapy: a review of the literature
Authors: FORREST MARGARET E. S.
Published: March 2003

This paper defines the term ‘reading therapy’ and discusses its early development in the United Kingdom and the USA. A review of the recent literature in the field is followed by some recommendations on the implementation of reading therapy in health and community care libraries.
Fifty years of patients' libraries
Authors: FORREST MARGARET E. S.
Published: March 2003

This article uses a thematic approach to describe 50 years of hospital libraries for patients under the National Health Service. The strengths and weaknesses of the patients library movement in the United Kingdom are discussed, followed by a number of recommendations for future opportunities in this field.
The information needs and information seeking behaviour of family doctors: a selective literature review
Authors: Bryant Sue Lacey
Published: March 2003

General practitioners play a central role in primary care. Clinical Governance and advances in Information and Communications Technology dominate the agenda for change. The aim of this literature review is to indicate publications that have made a significant contribution to understanding of the information wants, needs, behaviour and preferences of family physicians and to identify areas in which there is scope for further research. Concentrating on material published in the 1990s, this review looks at the information needs of family doctors and at their information seeking behaviour. Work on the needs of General Medical Practices and of Primary Care Groups is included. The review discusses studies of information gatekeepers and projects intended to augment access to information services. A few texts are recommended as essential reading.
Ki67 expression in lichen sclerosus of vulva in patients with and without associated squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Scurry  , Beshay  , Cohen  , Allen
Published: March 2003

Aims

To investigate the malignant potential of lichen sclerosus, a study using the cell proliferation marker Ki67 comparing lichen sclerosus with and without associated squamous cell carcinoma was performed.

Methods and results

Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded slides of 13 cases of lichen sclerosus with associated carcinoma, and 31 cases without associated carcinoma, including 16 random cases, seven with epidermal thickening and eight with epidermal thinning, were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique for Ki67, a cell proliferation marker. Ki67 reactivity was mostly seen in the basal and parabasal cells in both groups of lichen sclerosus and this pattern was similar to normal skin, squamous cell hyperplasia and analogous to that of one form of squamous cell carcinoma. There was a mean of 50 Ki67 positive cells per 100 basal cells in lichen sclerosus with associated squamous cell carcinoma; however, in squamous cell hyperplasia adjacent to carcinoma this rose to 90 Ki67 positive cells per 100 basal cells. In lichen sclerosus without associated carcinoma, the random cases had a count of 53 per 100 basal cells, those with epidermal thickening 53 and those with thinning 42. Non‐genital normal skin had a count of 71 per 100 basal cells.

Conclusion

The lack of qualitative differences of Ki67 expression in normal skin, in lichen sclerosus with and without carcinoma, in squamous cell hyperplasia and in one form of squamous cell carcinoma indicates that these conditions share a common localized pattern of cell proliferation and does not support or deny the malignant potential of lichen sclerosus. The higher Ki67 count in squamous cell hyperplasia adjacent to carcinoma could indicate premalignancy or a reaction to the carcinoma. In patients without carcinoma, the higher Ki67 count in thickened lichen sclerosus compared to thinned suggests that some or all of the cases of thickened lichen sclerosus were lichen sclerosus with squamous cell hyperplasia or that lichen simplex chronicus superimposed on lichen sclerosus has a higher Ki67 expression or that the distinction between squamous cell hyperplasia and lichen simplex chronicus is only one of terminology.