bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 37 Poa annua L.
Authors: WARWICK S. I.
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information is provided on Poa annua L. (annual blue grass), which is common throughout the temperate regions of the world as a weed of cultivated and wasteground habitats. The distribution of distinct erect-annual and prostrate-perennial variants of the species is highly correlated with habitat type, with the latter predominating in closely mowed turf and the former in open fields, wasteground, etc. Poa annua is a serious weed in turfgrass. It is found on most soil types and exhibits a high tolerance to trampling, mowing and poorly aerated soils. The species, however, lacks tolerance of strongly acid soils, high pollution levels and extremes of temperature and moisture. The species is fully self-compatible and is predominantly selfing. Seed production and seed viability are generally high. Factors affecting seed germination are summarized; these include response to: temperature, moisture, O2 partial pressure, light, cultivation practises, fertilizers, pH and the environmental conditions under which the parent plant was grown. Selective herbicide control of established annual blue grass is difficult. Present postemergence herbicides include endothal and linuron. Differential herbicide response in P. annua has been recorded for endothal, metoxuron and atrazine.
STUDIES ON THE DETECTION OF LETTUCE MATURITY: ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE VISIBLE RANGE (350–650 nm)
Authors: PHAN C. T. , BRACH E. J. , JASMIN J. J.
Published: March 2010

Reflectance in the visible (350–650 nm) range has been measured through the 1977 growing season on four cultivars of head lettuce. The transmittance of the light reflected by the lettuce head for all cultivars at all stages of development exhibited a maximum value at 555 nm which corresponds exactly to that of chlorophylls. This is an indication that chlorophylls are the main contributors to leaf reflectance. The amplitude of the 555-nm peak varied with the degree of maturity; however, it was not directly proportional to the chlorophyll concentration of leaf tissues. The pattern of these variations was related with the morphological and anatomical changes that occurred in the head leaf.
PROTEINS AND RELATED NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN VIRUS-INFECTED TOBACCO PLANTS
Authors: SHEEN S. J. , LOWE R. H.
Published: March 2010

Tobacco cultivars Ky 14 and NC 95 were inoculated early in the growing season with tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) and tobacco etch virus. Leaf samples were analyzed at topping, at harvest and after air-curing. Virus-infected Ky 14 contained the same amount of Fraction 1 protein as did healthy plants. Infection of NC 95 by these viruses decreased Fraction 1 protein as much as 78%. High soluble protein concentration in the TVMV-infected plants parallelled an increase of Fraction 2 protein ranging from 57% to 100% over the healthy plants. This appeared to be at the expense of non-extractable proteins in Ky 14 but was a result of net protein increase and loss of Fraction 1 protein in NC 95. The amount of nitrate nitrogen and free amino acids showed either increase or decrease in green leaves depending upon cultivar, virus and sampling date, whereas total nitrogen content remained relatively unchanged.
EFFECTS OF INOCULATION AND FERTILIZER N LEVELS ON N2 FIXATION AND YIELDS OF SOYBEANS IN ONTARIO
Authors: SEMU ERNEST , HUME D. J.
Published: March 2010

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) often do not give yield responses to added fertilizer nitrogen (N) because high soil N levels inhibit fixation of atmospheric N2. Yield responses to N fertilizer applied at planting usually indicate that N2 fixation is less than optimal. The effects of inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum, and fertilizer N levels, on soybean N2(C2H2) fixation and seed yields in Ontario were investigated in ’ 1976 and 1977. Three locations were used each year, representing areas where soybeans had been grown for many years (Ridgetown), for only a few years (Elora), or not at all (Woodstock). Treatments were (a) Uninoculated + 0 N, (b–e) Inoculated + 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg N/ha. Results indicated that inoculation increased seed yields only when soybeans were introduced into new areas. Fertilizer N applications at planting time did not increase yields in areas where soybeans had been grown several times previously, indicating that N2 fixation could support maximum yields. Nodule number and mass, and N2(C2H2) fixation rates were all decreased by fertilizer N. An increase in nodule efficiency, later in the season, in high N treatments was most marked at Ridgetown.
RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ALFALFA LINES TO INOCULATION WITH A PHYTOPHTHORA MEGASPERMA ISOLATE
Authors: DAMIRGI SALIH M. , BOLTON J. L. , WEBSTER G. R. , COOK H. D.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa seedlings were grown in soil collected from a field depicting "alfalfa sickness." A vigorous line (resistant) and a less vigorous line (susceptible) were selected for study. Both lines were grown in sterilized sand subjected to three treatments: control; inoculated with the fungal isolate; inoculated with a soil suspension from alfalfa "sick" soil. Both inocula severely stunted growth and produced severe root lesions on the susceptible line but had no effect on the resistant line, indicating good resistance to the disease.
THOMSON ELM
Authors: LINDQUIST C. H. , HOWE J. A. G.
Published: March 2010

The Thomson elm was selected on the basis of form, superior vigor and hardiness from a Japanese elm shelterbelt located on the PFRA Tree Nursery, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Inoculation tests conducted by the Canadian Forestry Service. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, have shown that this Asiatic elm is resistant to Dutch elm disease.
DAVID THOMPSON ROSE
Authors: SVEJDA FELICITAS
Published: March 2010

David Thompson is a very hardy, repeatedly and freely flowering Rosa rugosa hybrid with fragrant, double red flowers, very resistant to powdery mildew and blackspot.
COUNTERACTION OF BENT-NECK OF CUT ROSES WITH COBALT NITRATE
Authors: MURR D. P. , VENKATARAYAPPA T. , TSUJITA M. J.
Published: March 2010

Neck bending of cut Samantha roses was counteracted by addition of cobalt nitrate to the opening solution. Cobalt nitrate increased water uptake by the cut bloom and its effect was optimal at a concentration of 1.5 mM.
GENETIC VARIATION OF FOUR TRAITS IN A POPULATION OF ZIZANIA AQUATICA
Authors: FOSTER K. W. , RUTGER J. N.
Published: March 2010

Genetic variation for four characters in a population of wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.) was investigated using a random sample of 100 open-pollinated progenies grown in a single environment. Additive variance was present in significant amounts for heading date, plant height, tiller number, and seed length. Expected gains from selection were substantial for all traits. All phenotypic correlations among the four characters were significant, except for the correlation of plant height with seed length. Thus, correlated selection responses are possible.
PERSISTENCE AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES IN MANITOBA SOILS
Authors: PRITCHARD M. K. , STOBBE E. H.
Published: March 2010

The persistence and phytotoxicity of dinitramine (n4, N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), fluchloralin (N-(2-chloroethyl)-2, 6-dinitro- N-propyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)aniline), profluralin (N-(cyclopropylmethyl)α,α,α-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine), and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were compared in three Manitoba soils: sandy loam, clay loam and clay. The phytotoxicities of all chemicals decreased with increased organic matter. The phytotoxicities of the dinitroanilines were: dinitramine > trifluralin > profluralin = fluchloralin. Increased organic matter increased the persistence of trifluralin and fluchloralin. Profluralin and dinitramine persistence increased with increased clay and organic matter content. Profluralin was the most persistent chemical over all soil types. Under environmental conditions that retard dinitroaniline loss from Manitoba soils, residues of some of these herbicides may cause crop injury the year after application.
THE EFFECT OF LOCATION ON NATURAL SELECTION IN BULK POPULATIONS OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.). II. QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
Authors: CHOO T. M. , KLINCK H. R. , ST-PIERRE C. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of natural selection on quantitative traits were compared in 17 single hybrid barley populations which had been developed either by growing the bulk material continuously in each of two locations, Macdonald College and La Pocatière, or by alternating between these locations annually or after 2–8 yr per location. Comparisons were made by testing the F10 and F15 generations of each of the 17 populations at the two locations for 2 yr. Natural selection favored longer awns, shorter spikes, smaller flag leaves, fewer spikes per plot, and, perhaps, heavier grains. Natural selection had very little effect, however, on the number of grains per spike or grain yield. Variation among populations was observed only for awn length, spike length, flag leaf area, and number of grains per spike in the F15 generation. This indicates that the rate of change for the four traits was affected by the propagation environments but was not affected by the frequency of alternation because no distinct pattern was found among these populations. These populations in both generations responded similarly to the testing environments except for awn length in F15. It is suggested that wider diversity of locality is needed in order to evaluate effectively the usefulness of a natural selection procedure involving the alternating of a segregating population.
INHERITANCE OF MAGNETOTROPISM IN COMMON WHEAT
Authors: McKENZIE HUGH , PITTMAN U. J.
Published: March 2010

Kharkov 22 MC, a cultivar of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) whose roots show a magnetotropic response, was crossed to Reward, a cultivar of spring wheat (T. aestivum L.), whose roots show no magnetotropic response. The magnetotropic responses of the F1, B2, F2, and B2 populations were the same as that of the female parent used in the crosses or backcrosses, showing that this characteristic is inherited through the cytoplasm.
EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM, LIME AND CROPPING ON YIELD AND MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATION OF GRASS-LEGUME MIXTURES AND CABBAGE
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C. , KUNELIUS H. T.
Published: March 2010

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of Mo applied as seed treatment and to the soil, and of lime (soil pH range 5.1–6.7) on yield and Mo content of crops. The crops grown were: alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Iroquois’)–timothy (Phleum pratense L. ’Climax’) mixture; summer cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. ’Bergkabis’); and a red clover (Trifolium pratense L. ’Lakeland’)–timothy mixture. These were grown in the sequence listed above. The second and third sequence crops were grown in pots of the treatments where first sequence crops were grown to deplete the soil of its Mo reserves. Liming significantly increased the yield of all crops studied with the largest increases occurring between pH 5.1 and 5.6. In the forage mixtures, percent timothy yield was much higher at soil pH 5.1 than at pH values of 5.6–6.7. Applied Mo increased cabbage yield while forage yields were generally not affected. The tissue Mo levels of 0.17 ppm in cabbage were associated with Mo deficiency. In the check (0 Mo) treatments of the third sequence crops, the Mo concentrations of grass–legume mixture were as low as 0.11 ppm but there was no evidence of Mo deficiency. Soil-applied Mo resulted in tissue Mo concentrations of 1.26–3.03 ppm in the mixtures. The tissue Mo concentrations of greater than 10 ppm were found in the treatments where germinating seeds were treated with a Mo preparation. Liming the soil increased the average tissue Mo concentration from 0.42 ppm at soil pH 5.1 to 1.84 ppm at pH 6.7 in the grass–legume mixtures.
EFFECT OF LOW LEVEL NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON NODULATION, ACETYLENE REDUCTION AND DRY MATTER IN FABABEANS AND THREE OTHER LEGUMES
Authors: DEAN J. R. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Acetylene reduction in fababeans (Vicia faba L.) was significantly greater than in peas (Pisum sativum L.) and black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 1977, and peas and soybeans (Glycine max L.) in 1978. More than 90% of fababean, pea and soybean plants bore nodules, but only 77% of black beans. The addition of 20 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate depressed nodulation in all species in 1977, especially black beans. Acetylene reduction was also depressed in all species. Results in 1978 on a higher nitrate soil were more variable, though a marked decrease in acetylene reduction in peas due to fertilizer N was again recorded. Of the four species, only fababeans regrew after maturity; acetylene reduction was detected until 20 Oct. 1978. In spite of low fixation rates, black beans yielded significantly more dry matter and N than fababeans and peas. N fertilizer produced significant increases in dry matter in all species except fababeans. N yield was significantly increased by fertilizer in soybeans.
NUTRITIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GRASSES ON SPRING RANGE IN SOUTH CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA IN RELATION TO TIME, HABITAT AND FALL GRAZING
Authors: WILLMS W. , McLEAN A. , KALNIN C.
Published: March 2010

Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa sandbergii), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), needle-and-thread (Stipa comata) and Junegrass (Koeleria cristata) forage samples were collected from 14 Feb. to 31 May 1974. The samples were analyzed for crude protein, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin. Polynomial regressions were used to describe the change of chemical constituents over time. Bluebunch wheatgrass, crested wheatgrass and needle-and-thread were relatively high in crude protein, phosphorus and ADF while Sandberg bluegrass was relatively high in magnesium and calcium but low in NDF, ADF and lignin. In both bluebunch wheatgrass and Sandberg bluegrass, lignin was higher on the open range than on the treed range while NDF was higher in Sandberg bluegrass but lower in bluebunch wheatgrass on the open range. Cheatgrass displayed fewest differences between habitats. Few significant differences occurred between fall grazed and fall ungrazed bluebunch wheatgrass or crested wheatgrass plants. Crude protein, NDF and lignin tended to be higher but calcium lower in grazed plants.
FIELD TESTS OF AN ELECTRONIC APPLE SCAB ALARM
Authors: GILLESPIE T. J. , KIDD G. E.
Published: March 2010

An Apple Scab Alarm was constructed that senses temperature and the duration of surface wetness, then electronically combines these data and displays the result as a single number representing the potential severity of apply scab infection. The performance of the Alarm was compared to independent estimates of potential infection severity which utilized temperature data from a thermohygrograph and surface wetness duration data from a deWit Leafwet Recorder or an electrical impedance grid. Except for two occasions when errors of about 2 h appear to have occurred in the detection of surface wetness duration by the deWit recorder, the independently calculated estimates agreed with the Alarm display within 8.6% during 18 periods of rain or dew.
INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANTS ON BLOSSOM COLD HARDINESS AND YIELD IN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM L.)
Authors: ROBBINS J. A. , DOUGHTY C. C.
Published: March 2010

Treatment of highbush blueberries during the blossom period with the surfactants X-77 and Surfactant WK caused the flowers and flower buds to be more susceptible to cold injury. Treated plants produced lighter yields of smaller berries than untreated plants. Treatments with Multifilm showed no effect.
LE BLE D’AUTOMNE POUR BORDER LES PARCELLES D’ORGE
Authors: ST-PIERRE CLAUDE-ANDRÉ , DUBUC J. P.
Published: March 2010

not available
MASSEY BARLEY
Authors: FEDAK GEORGE , LOISELLE ROLAND , FEJER S. O.
Published: March 2010

Massey is a new six-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with high yield and resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), scald (Rhynchosporium secalis), leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) and it has the Jet genes for resistance to loose smut (Ustilago nuda). It is a nonmalting, mid-season cultivar well adapted to Ontario growing conditions. It was licensed in November 1978. Breeder seed of Massey will be maintained by Ottawa Research Station, Agriculture Canada.
CMH 101 HYBRID SUNFLOWER
Authors: DEDIO W.
Published: March 2010

A sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macracarpa (D.C.) Ck11.) was developed by Agriculture Canada Research Station at Morden, Manitoba. It is a single cross hybrid (CM 400 × CM 469 Rf) employing the cytoplasmic male sterility–fertility restorer system. In Manitoba, CM 101 has exceeded Saturn in yield by 9% with 1.1% units higher seed oil content. CMH 100 has good rust resistance and is less susceptible to lodging than the open-pollinated cultivars.
AVOIDING SUPERCOOLING OF ROOTS DURING LABORATORY FREEZING STUDIES
Authors: IVERSON M. K. , PELLETT N. E. , EVERT D. R.
Published: March 2010

Supercooling during laboratory freezing may prevent determination of the freezing temperatures that injure roots. Several freezing procedures were tried to prevent supercooling. Forsythia root sections partially imbedded in ice did not supercool, but sections frozen in air in moist greenhouse soil, or wrapped in moist tissue paper supercooled to −2 to −6 °C before freezing. Rate of the temperature drop and use of cold-hardened and nonhardened roots did not affect occurrence of supercooling.
PERSISTENCE OF HERBICIDES IN THREE SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: HAYDEN BRIAN J. , SMITH ALLAN E.
Published: March 2010

The persistence of five herbicides under field conditions was studied at three locations in Saskatchewan over a 3-yr period. Carryover of alachlor, asulam, and benazolin from one growing season to the next was minimal, whereas carryover of niclofen and profluralin was observed.
INHERITANCE OF SEED COLOR IN TURNIP RAPE
Authors: STRINGAM G. R.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of seed color was investigated in one Swedish and three Canadian cultivars of turnip rape (Brassica campestris L.). Seed color was determined by two independent dominant genes, Br1 and Br3. Dominance at the Br1 locus results in brown seed, while dominance at the Br3 locus and homozygous recessive alleles at the Br1 locus produces yellow-brown seed. The homozygous recessive condition at both loci results in yellow seed. The significance of these findings in relation to other reports is discussed.
PERFORMANCE OF BARLEY AND OAT GENOTYPES ON SUMMER-FALLOWED AND STUBBLE LAND
Authors: BERDAHL J. D. , HARVEY B. L.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-five barley (Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum distichum L.) and 25 oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes with a wide range in genetic diversity were performance-tested on summer-fallowed and stubble land for 3 yr. Correlation coefficients between 3-yr mean yields on summer fallow and stubble were 0.70 and 0.91 for barley and oats, respectively. The genotpye × cropping practice interaction for yield was not significant for either barley or oats. Exclusive use of summer-fallow land in performance testing of barley and oats would not preclude identification of high yielding genotypes for stubble cropping. Barley genotypes that were not high yielding on both cropping practices have not been consistently high yielding across environments in regional cooperative tests.
CHANGES IN SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CEREAL CROPS WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: MACK A. R. , BRACH E. J. , RAO V. R.
Published: March 2010

Analyses of reflected solar radiation (350–800 nm), obtained with a high-resolution (< 1 nm) portable spectrophotometer from field plots of wheat, oats and barley, showed that changes in spectral features of cereal crops were closely related to stages of physiological development. The spectra were normalized at discrete 1-nm bandwidths to reduce variation among days due to changing sun and viewing angles. Results of the analyses showed five relatively narrow plateaux, between 350 and 800 nm, which were closely related to physiological development. As the crops neared maturity, three of the plateaux became indistinguishable (415–425, 450–480, 530–560 nm), whereas the two plateaux in the IR range, 730–750 and 770–790 nm, combined and decreased markedly in amplitude. The proportion of total reflected radiation in several bands was also related to stage of development. When analyzed in 100-nm bandwidths, the violet and blue bands remained fairly constant (5% and 20%), whereas the proportion of the IR decreased and in the red increased as plant development occurred. A marked crossover in the proportions occurred when the crop was more than 50% mature. The spectra of the lower portion of a crop canopy exhibited characteristics of more advanced stages of plant development than the spectra of the upper portion. Relating the radiation in a specific narrow band to total radiation (350–800 nm) conveniently reduced much of the day-to-day atmospheric variation and enabled comparisons to be made among crops and growth stages from data recorded on various dates. Discrete selection of narrow spectral bands closely related to physiological aspects of plants may reduce much of the "noise" presently in radiation data of "wide-band" detection systems. The results illustrate difficulty frequently encountered in distinguishing wheat, oats and barley from spectral data if the crops are near similar stages of physiological development.
α-AMYLASE ISOENZYMES IN CANADIAN WHEAT CULTIVARS DURING KERNEL GROWTH AND MATURATION
Authors: MARCHYLO B. A. , LACROIX L. J. , KRUGER J. E.
Published: March 2010

Polyacrylamide slab isoelectric focusing was used to examine the α-amylase isoenzymes present in wheat cultivars of diverse quality and genetic origin throughout kernel growth and maturation. Analyses were performed on whole kernels as well as anatomical parts of the kernel at four stages of development for each cultivar. A total of 22 α-amylase isoenzymes, separable into three distinct groups (GI, GII, and GIII), were detected in the immature wheat cultivars. The GIII isoenzymes closely resembled a similar group of isoenzymes previously considered present only in germinating wheat. The bulk of the activity in the early stages of kernel growth and maturation was found in the outer layers in the form of GI isoenzymes. As maturation proceeded, this activity decreased and small amounts of GIII isoenzymes appeared primarily in the endosperm, seedcoat and scutellum. Cultivar differences in α-amylase isoenzymes were noted.
RESPONSE OF SILAGE AND GRAIN CORN TO IRRIGATION AND N FERTILIZER
Authors: KROGMAN K. K. , MACDONALD M. D. , HOBBS E. H.
Published: March 2010

An early corn hybrid (Warwick SL209) and a medium-maturing hybrid (Idahybrid 330) recommended in southern Alberta for grain and silage, respectively, were not irrigated or were irrigated until early July, late July, or for the entire growing season. When rainfall was 126–163 mm during May to September (40–77 mm less than normal), irrigating throughout the growing season was required for maximum whole-plant yield of Idahybrid 330 and to late July or for the entire growing season for maximum yield of grain of Warwick SL209. When rainfall was 312 mm (109 mm more than normal), irrigation was required only until early July for maximum whole-plant yield and was not required for maximum yield of grain. With soil water nonlimiting and low soil test NO3-N, maximum yield of grain occurred when fertilizer N was applied at 84 kg/ha and maximum whole-plant yields tended to occur where N was applied at 252 kg/ha. Evapotranspiration (ET) peaked between 5 and 7 mm/day.
FUNGAL COLONIZATION AND ZEARALENONE ACCUMULATION IN MAIZE EARS INJURED BY BIRDS
Authors: SUTTON J.C. , BALIKO W. , LIU H.J.
Published: March 2010

Relationships of depredation by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and simulated bird injury to fungal development, zearalenone accumulation, yield and protein in maize (Zea mays L.) ears were examined. Natural and simulated bird injury were inflicted when the kernels were at the milk or soft-dough stages of development. Both treatments predisposed kernels to fungal colonization. In noninjured maize, fungi proliferated on few kernels of only a few ears. However, in injured maize, injured kernels were colonized rapidly by weakly aggressive fungi and noninjured kernels were colonized frequently and often extensively by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. Loosening and shredding of husks was a factor in predisposition to fungal growth. The mycotoxin zearalenone was found (0.5–7.0 μg/g dried kernels) in ears injured by birds or artificially, but not in noninjured ears. Yields of dried kernels in injured ears generally declined with increased natural or simulated bird injury, but often there was compensatory growth of noninjured kernels in injured ears. Crude protein usually constituted a higher percentage of kernel dry matter in injured ears than in noninjured ears.
INHERITANCE OF TILLER REGROWTH IN RATOONED SORGHUM
Authors: DUNCAN R. R. , MILLER F. R. , BOCKHOLT A. J.
Published: March 2010

Six populations (Psen, Pns, F1, F2, BCsen, BCns) were used to estimate genetic variances for ratoon tiller regrowth in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). All data involving progeny of senescent and nonsenescent crosses were pooled for analysis using the joint scaling test. Parental lines differed significantly in tiller production. Tiller production of a ratoon sorghum crop was used as a measure of nonsenescence and this character was quantitatively inherited with additive genetic effects, with no indication of significant dominance genetic effects. The large estimates for additive genetic variation indicated that some progress could be made in selecting for tillers in a ratoon sorghum crop. However, heritability estimates were low (0.18–0.28) for number of tillers in ratooned sorghum. The selection program would probably be most successful if it were based on tiller counts after 6 wk of regrowth. Estimates concerning the number of effective factors controlling tiller number in a ratoon crop indicated that this characteristic is under the control of one major factor or chromosome segment.
PERFORMANCE OF ADVANCED GENERATION HYBRIDS OF ORCHARDGRASS (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.)
Authors: CHRISTIE B.R. , KRAKAR P.J.
Published: March 2010

Syn. 2 seed of 41 single crosses in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was produced by sib-pollination of F1 plants. F2 seed was produced for 19 single crosses by self-pollination of F1 plants. For 41 single crosses the average yield of the F1 was 7% above the check, and of the syn. 2, 4%. In four single crosses, the syn. 2 yielded significantly more forage than the check. For 19 single crosses, the F1 yielded 6% above the check; the syn. 2, 3%; and the F2, 4% below the check. In most cases, the F2 yielded less than the F1, although exceptions existed where the F2 yielded more. Single crosses which are high yielding in the syn. 2 generation could be used for forage production.
PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE CROSS HYBRIDS AND SINGLE CROSS MIXTURES OF ORCHARDGRASS (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.)
Authors: CHRISTIE B. R. , KRAKAR P. J.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two single crosses of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were used to produce 31 double crosses and 26 mixtures of two single crosses. The double crosses yielded 102% as much forage as the check cultivar Frode, with a range of 95–109%. Single-cross mixtures averaged 100%, with a range of 96–109%. It should be possible to produce seed of single cross mixtures in commercial quantities.
SELECTION FOR DRY MATTER YIELD IN LOLIUM PERENNE L. I. DIRECT RESPONSE TO SELECTION
Authors: CECCARELLI S. , FALCINELLI M. , DAMIANI F.
Published: March 2010

Selection for high and low dry matter yield within an ecotype of Lolium perenne L. was effective in producing two highly differentiated populations. The evaluation of the materials obtained after three cycles of selection snowed a realized heritability of 0.13 and a symmetrical response in the two directions of selection. The difference between populations selected in opposite directions was 448.9 mg/plant and was significant from early stages of development. After four cycles of selection, realized heritability was 0.10. The low heritability estimate suggested that more efficient selection criteria for the improvement of forage yield are needed.
GENETIC STUDIES OF SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION IN SPANISH CLOVER
Authors: PINCHBECK B. R. , HARDIN R. T. , COOK F. D. , KENNEDY I. R.
Published: March 2010

In this genetic study of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the tropical legume Spanish clover (Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey), it was established that the quantitative variance found within several estimates of nitrogen fixation had a genetic basis. The diallel analysis suggested that genetic variation was present and that a major portion of this variation was attributable to differences between the parents and their F1 crosses. The within-cross genetic variation was due solely to general combining ability suggesting the presence of heritable genetic variation. Genotype by environment interactions were also found to be significant. The analysis of the data from a cross between two lines suggested that the four nitrogen fixation estimates measured were highly correlated and this variation could be represented by one principal axis of variation. Significant differences among population means were found for all analyses. Plants with larger cotyledons and juvenile leaves fixed significantly more nitrogen than did plants with smaller cotyledons and juvenile leaves. This difference was attributed to juvenile plant vigor which may assist the onset of nodulation. Analysis of the population means suggested that non-heritable variation accounted for the predominant portion of the genetic variance when the nitrogen fixation estimates were unadjusted for differences due to juvenile plant vigor. However, when the nitrogen fixation estimates were adjusted for the effects of juvenile plant vigor the genetic variation was totally heritable. Such heritable variation is of agricultural importance.
INHERITANCE OF NORTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE RESISTANCE IN ALFALFA
Authors: SULLIVAN J. A. , CHRISTIE B. R. , POTTER J. W.
Published: March 2010

Nine clones were selected from the cultivar Vernal to determine the inheritance of resistance to the northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) in alfalfa. The S1 and F1 progenies of these nine clones were screened for their reaction to M. hapla. Ratios showed that resistance to M. hapla was controlled by two loci which segregated tetrasomically. This study showed that at least two dominant alleles must be present at both loci for a genotype to show resistance. Resistance was dominant. Genotypes were proposed for eight out of nine clones to explain the reaction of their progenies to M. hapla. Significant reciprocal differences were observed in two out of seven crosses. The screening technique allowed each plant to be grown in an individual container filled with soil uniformly infested with nematodes. After retesting a sample of plants showing zero galls, it was concluded that 13% were escapes.
EFFECTS OF FRUIT TEMPERATURES AT TIME OF IMPACT DAMAGE AND SUBSEQUENT STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND DURATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE DISORDERS IN SWEET CHERRIES
Authors: LIDSTER P. D. , TUNG M. A.
Published: March 2010

Deterioration of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) after harvest due to surface pitting caused by impact damage was positively correlated to storage temperature and duration. Cooler fruit temperatures at the time of impact increased the incidence of surface pitting in 1977 and the rate of pitting development in 1978. The incidence of bruised fruit increased to a maximum in fruit stored for 4 days after which the incidence of fruit bruises declined. Fruit that was warm at time of damage developed fewer bruises after 4 days in storage. Warm storage temperatures accelerated the development of bruise symptoms.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BENOMYL-RESISTANT BIOTYPES OF THE DELTA RACE OF COLLETOTRICHUM LINDEMUTHIANUM
Authors: TU J. C. , McNAUGHTON M. E.
Published: March 2010

Thirteen biotypes resistant to benomyl and which were capable of radiating mycelial growth on Mathur’s agar (MA) containing 500 μg/mL of benomyl were isolated from race delta of bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum). The resistance was of a persistent type, resistant characteristics being retained after several subculturings on benomyl-free MA. Several biotypes lost virulence totally or partially while the others increased in virulence. In addition, individual biotypes differed in pathogenicity towards various susceptible cultivars. The cultural characteristics, sporulation and growth differed among the biotypes and also from the original delta race. Pathogenicity generally was correlated positively for the virulent biotypes, with the amount of sporulation. The significance of the development of the resistant biotypes and the use of benomyl in seed treatment to control bean anthracnose is discussed.
INFLUENCE DES SYSTÈMES DE CULTURE SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LE RENDEMENT DES POMMES DE TERRE
Authors: RIOUX R. , COMEAU J. E.
Published: March 2010

Three cultural systems for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) are evaluated on two soil types. A flat seedbed with hilling at the flowering stage promotes earlier plant growth and a higher early tuber yield than the traditional system (ridged seedbed with hilling at emergence) now used in Quebec. It also emphasizes the earliness of cv. Norland. Final yield with the above system is lower than with the traditional system in the presence but not in the absence of weeds. A ridged seedbed with hilling at the 15 to 20-cm stage gives low yields, particularly under wet soil conditions. The linear relationship between the site year and cultural system mean yields confirms these results. Linuron reduces tuber yield when used with the traditional system. Results indicate that potential yield is determined by leaf area but the actual yield level seems to be limited by rainfall during the latter part of the growing season.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND LIME ON YIELD AND MATURITY OF GREEN PEAS
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J.A. , MUNRO D.C.
Published: March 2010

The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the yields of Dark Skin Perfection peas were investigated at nine locations during three successive cropping seasons. All three nutrients were applied broadcast at rates of 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg/ha in randomized block experiments with four replicates. A lime treatment was also included consisting of an application of dolomitic limestone in the furrow with the seed at the rate of 400 kg/ha. Yields of shelled peas, adjusted to tenderometer 100, varied from approximately 4 to 7 tonnes/ha and were not substantially affected by the fertilizer or lime treatments. Germination was in the range of 85–95% and was not affected by the treatments. Vine length tended to increase as the rate of all three nutrients was increased, but the pea/vine ratio (by weight) was not affected. Maturity was slightly delayed by increasing rates of added nitrogen and slightly advanced by increasing rates of added phosphorus.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 39 Euphorbia esula L.
Authors: BEST K.F. , BOWES G.G. , THOMAS A.G. , MAW M.G.
Published: March 2010

Biological data are summarized for Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge). The introduced species from Europe is found throughout Canada and is particularly prevalent in cultivated fields and rangelands of the Prairie Provinces. It has a broad ecological amplitude and is found growing in different native plant associations. Several herbicides are available for the control of E. esula.
AGRONOMIC ASPECTS OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) PRODUCTION IN ONTARIO
Authors: ROY R. C. , TANNER J. W. , HATLEY O. E. , ELLIOTT J. M.
Published: March 2010

Various agronomic aspects of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) culture in southern Ontario were investigated. Experiments conducted included cultivar trials, row width and population studies, planting date and digging date studies, herbicide screening, and studies on rate and time of gypsum application. The results indicated that Spanish and Valencia types could produce yields of mature seed of commercial order; Virginia and Runner types produced low yields because of growing season limitations. Closer seed spacing resulted in higher yields than wider spacings at both early and late May plantings. Seeding rates between 180 000 and 330 000 plants per hectare produced higher pod yields than did lower or higher populations. Digging in late September resulted in higher yields than either earlier digging or digging subsequent to a killing frost. The application of gypsum at rates up to 1792 kg/ha at the early bloom stage or in split application (early bloom plus 2 wk later) did not increase yields. Several herbicide treatments resulted in yields equal to those harvested from the hand-weeded check. In both 1973 and 1974 pod yields of specific treatments yielded in excess of 3000 kg/ha.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLEOPTILE LENGTH AND CULM LENGTH IN BARLEY
Authors: CECCARELLI S. , PEGIATI M. T. , SIMEONI F.
Published: March 2010

Coleoptile length and culm length in barley (Hordeum sativum Jess.) appeared to be strictly associated in a number of F6 lines derived from a two-way selection experiment for culm length. When the relationship between the two characters was studied in six cultivars and six F2 populations, the degree of association was variable depending upon the parental cultivars. In one F2 population, the two traits were largely independent while in the two F2 populations used in the selection experiment, coleoptile length and culm length were associated, though a small number of plants with new combinations of the two traits were recovered. The presence of a major gene with pleiotropic effect on culm and coleoptile length and closely associated to the genetic system for culm length is suggested to explain the observed results.
CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRYPSIN INHIBITORS AND HEMAGGLUTININS IN SOME LEGUME SEEDS
Authors: VALDEBOUZE P. , BERGERON E. , GABORIT T. , DELORT-LAVAL J.
Published: March 2010

Cultivars of various legumes including fababean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), lupin (Lupinus sp. L.), Vigna sinensis Endl. ex Haask vs. Vigna catjang Walp and soybean (Glycine max Meer) were tested for trypsin-inhibiting activity levels (TIA) and hemagglutinating (on trypsinised rabbit red blood cells) activity levels in hulls and cotyledons. TIA in these seeds as a percent of that in defatted soybean are: 35 for V. sinensis, 13 for pea, 7 for fababean, and 0 for lupin. Winter cultivars of pea are about twice as active as summer cultivars; smooth peas contain more TIA than wrinkled ones, and pea hulls about 13 times less than cotyledons. Interfering substances in hulls do not allow a precise study of TIA distribution in fababean. Hemagglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes is about 10% of that of soybean in pea, 2% in fababean and practically nil in V. sinensis and lupin seeds. All the hemagglutinating activity is in the cotyledons.
THE BAKING POTENTIAL OF GLENLEA WHEAT
Authors: BUSHUK W.
Published: March 2010

Glenlea, a cultivar of the utility class of wheat in the Canadian grading system, is considerably better than the cultivars of the CW red spring class in ability to "carry" weak wheats in bread production from blended flours. This characteristic, together with its high grain yielding capacity and excellent milling extraction, should make the cultivar particularly useful in markets where wheats are imported for the ability to "carry" weaker locally grown wheats.
CONTROL OF PHOMOPSIS BLACK ROT OF GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS BY SOIL DRENCHES
Authors: ATKINSON R. G.
Published: March 2010

In general benomyl was more effective than thiophanate methyl in controlling black rot of long English cucumbers (cv. Greenspot) growing in soil infested with cultures of Phomopsis cucurbitae. Four post-plant drenches of benomyl at 25 ppm (a.i. wt/vol soil) or two at 50 ppm, at 2- or 4-wk intervals, were more effective in preventing infection and ameliorating symptoms than a single drench at 100 ppm applied soon after transplanting cucumbers into infested soil.
TOLERANCE OF FRESH MARKET TRANSPLANTED TOMATOES TO METRIBUZIN APPLIED AT VARIOUS DATES AFTER TRANSPLANTING
Authors: DIRKS V. A. , FRIESEN G. H.
Published: March 2010

Metribuzin applied to fresh market field tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Springset’) at 2-day intervals, from 10 to 30 days after transplanting did not affect yield or fruit size in comparison with unsprayed weed-free plots in 1978 and 1979. A considerable period of tolerance to field applications of the herbicide is indicated.
FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS — ADAPTATION TO A SMALL LABORATORY
Authors: HOLT N. W.
Published: March 2010

A flow injection system was used to analyze plant material for total nitrogen and phosphorus. A new, inexpensive sample injector was built which enabled the system to be completely automated.
A PHOTO BOX FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CANOPY IN LAYERS
Authors: BULLEN MILES R.
Published: March 2010

The box is used to isolate one layer of the canopy so that a photograph can be taken which is subsequently analyzed.
THE EFFECTS OF TRIACONTANOL AND TRIACONTANOL DERIVATIVES ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF LEEDS DURUM WHEAT
Authors: CHARLTON JAMES L. , HUNTER NORMAN R. , GREEN NANCY A. , FRITZ WERNER , ADDISON BRENDA M. , WOODBURY WILLIAM
Published: March 2010

Aqueous solutions of triacontanol, dihydrogen triacontyl phosphate, sodium triacontyl sulfate, sodium triacontanoate and triacontyl acetate were tested over a 10 000-fold concentration range to determine the ability of these compounds to influence the germination rate of Leeds durum wheat seeds (Triticum durum). Water, Tween-20®, octadecanol, dihydrogen octadecyl phosphate, and sodium octadecyl sulfate over the same concentration range were used as control solutions (Tween-20 is a registered tradename for the complex polymer obtained by reaction of ethylene oxide with sorbitol dehydration products). Leeds durum wheat seeds were also treated with methylene chloride solutions of octadecanol and triacontanol and grown in soil and sand. After harvesting, the fresh and dry weights of plants were determined. No enhancement of the rate of germination or growth was found in either of these studies.
YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOME KALE-CORN COMBINATIONS
Authors: FULKERSON R. S.
Published: March 2010

Midas marrowstem kale (Brassica oleracea L.) was grown in different row width associations with United 106 corn (Zea maize L.) in two studies and ensiled in different moisture blends with corn stover in another. Highest dry matter yields were obtained where a single row of kale was grown at 30 cm to the side of a corn row. This combination also provided the lowest moisture content feed and the highest in vitro digestibility and crude protein content. Changing the corn row width had no significant effect upon yield, plant height, in vitro digestibility, kale leaf or corn ear content. Blending kale with corn stover to provide a silage of about 70% moisture increased the digestibility and protein content of the feed and provided a silage that kept well in storage.
THE BEHAVIOR OF THREE COLD-TOLERANT AND A STANDARD SOYBEAN VARIETY IN RELATION TO THE LEVEL AND THE DURATION OF A COLD STRESS
Authors: SCHMID J. , KELLER E. R.
Published: March 2010

The cold tolerance of the varieties Gieso (Federal Republic of Germany), Amurskaja 41 (Russia), ISZ-7 and I-1 (Hungary) was investigated in growth chamber and greenhouse experiments. In the growth chamber trial, cool and cold temperatures reduced the grain yield of Gieso whereas ISZ-7 and I-1 increased their yields from the high temperature level to the coldest one. Amurskaja 41 had about the same yield in the warm and cool temperature regimes but in the coldest treatment, yields decreased compared with those of Gieso. The high quality of ISZ-7 and I-1 to compensate for stress periods as compared with Gieso and also with Amurskaja 41 is reflected in the average growth rate, the flower and pod formation and the dry matter production per plant. In the greenhouse experiment, duration of a cold stress at vegetative stages V1 and V3 and at the beginning of flowering was investigated. All tested varieties were able to compensate for cold stress of 10 days whereas only ISZ-7 and I-1 showed good yields under a long period of stress. These more cold tolerant varieties were particularly able to make good use of subsequent higher temperatures as expressed by the grain weight per degree Celsius. The stability of harvest index is also an important factor in cold tolerance investigations.
SEED YIELD RESPONSES OF THREE GRASSES TO POST-HARVEST STUBBLE REMOVAL
Authors: FULKERSON R. S.
Published: March 2010

The effect of post-harvest stubble removal dates upon the succeeding year’s seed yield of timothy (Phleum pratense L. ’Climax’), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. ’Frode’), and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss. ’Saratoga’) was investigated over four harvest years. The stubble was removed each year on 15 Aug., 15 Sept., 15 Oct., 15 Aug. and 15 Sept., 10 Apr., or left uncut. The experiments were conducted under conditions of adequate soil fertility. No stubble removal treatments increased the seed production of timothy. Orchardgrass seed yields were increased by all fall removal treatments but responded best to the 15 Aug. removal. Bromegrass responded to all stubble removal treatments but produced its highest seed yield from the 15 Oct. treatment. Seed yields declined with successive years until year 5 when timothy, and particularly orchardgrass, produced a yield increase. The interaction for years × stubble removal dates was significant only for bromegrass seed yield. Seed yield was highly correlated with panicle number in all species, with weight of seed in 25 panicles in timothy and bromegrass, and with 200-seed weight in timothy.
ALFALFA VARIETAL RESPONSE TO SEVEN ISOLATES OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
Authors: O’BANNON J. H. , EVANS D. W. , PEADEN R. N.
Published: March 2010

Five species of endomycorrhizal fungi (Acaulospora trappei, Glomus epigaeus, G. monosporus and two isolates each of G. fasciculatus and G. mosseae) were compared for their influence on the growth of four Medicago sativa cultivars (Du Puits, Ladak 65, Moapa, and Vernal). Order of magnitude of mycorrhizal enhancement of all cultivars was G. epigaeus > G. fasciculatus > A. trappei = G. mosseae > G. monosporus.
EFFECTS OF SULPHATE AND CHLORIDE SOIL SALINITY ON GROWTH AND NEEDLE COMPOSITION OF SIBERIAN LARCH
Authors: CARTER M. R.
Published: March 2010

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to assess the salinity tolerance of Siberian larch (Larix siberica L.) under conditions found on the Canadian prairies. In greenhouse studies top and root growth of Siberian larch seedlings began to decline under sulphate salinity between 2.0 and 5.3 mmhos/cm (electrical conductivity of saturation paste extract) indicating that Siberian larch is moderately salt-tolerant. The addition of chloride caused an initial top growth decrease, chlorosis, and reduction in survival between 1.4 and 3.6 mmhos/cm; the latter salinity level being associated with 20 meq/L of Cl and 1.5% Cl in the saturation paste extract and needles, respectively. Field studies conducted under naturally occurring sulphate salinity indicated that height of 10-yr-old Siberian larch began to decline between 3.5 and 4.0 mmhos/cm. Changes in needle mineral composition were related to the ratio or increase of ions in the soil solution, and the physiological effect of the sulphate and chloride anion. In general, presence of chloride salinity caused a greater increase to occur in the cation content of the needles than sulphate salinity. Accumulation of organic anions in the needles was also related to cation concentration and needle chlorosis.