Vivaxingenes encode highly immunogenic non-variant antigens unique to theTrypanosoma vivaxcell-surface
Authors: Romero-Ramirez Alessandra , Casas-Sánchez Aitor , Autheman Delphine , Duffy Craig W. , Teixeira Marta M. G. , Machado Rosangela Z. , Coombes Janine , Flynn Robin J. , Wright Gavin J. , Jackson Andrew P. 
Published: February 2022

Trypanosoma vivaxis a unicellular hemoparasite, and a principal cause of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT), a vector-borne and potentially fatal disease of livestock across sub-Saharan Africa. Previously, we identified diverseT. vivax-specific genes that were predicted to encode cell surface proteins. Here, we examine the immune responses of naturally and experimentally infected hosts to many of these unique parasite antigens, to identify immunogens that could become vaccine candidates. Immunoprofiling of host serum showed that one particular family (Fam34) elicits a consistent IgG antibody response. This gene family, which we now callVivaxin, encodes at least 124 transmembrane glycoproteins that display quite distinct expression profiles and patterns of genetic variation. We focused on one gene (viv-β8) that is among the most immunogenic and highly expressed but displays minimal polymorphism. VIVβ8 was localized across the cell body and flagellar membrane, suggesting that vivaxin is substantial family of novel surface proteins. Although vaccination of mice with VIVβ8 adjuvanted with Quil-A elicits a strong, balanced immune response and delays parasite proliferation in some animals, ultimately, it does not prevent disease. However, our phylogenetic analysis shows vivaxin includes other antigens shown to induce immunity againstT. vivax. Thus, the introduction of vivaxin represents an important advance in our understanding of theT. vivaxcell surface. Besides being a source of proven and promising vaccine antigens, the gene family is clearly an important component of the parasite glycocalyx, with potential to influence the host-parasite interaction.

Author summary

Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is an important livestock disease throughout sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. AAT is caused by Trypanosoma vivax, among other species, a unicellular parasite that is spread by biting tsetse flies and multiplies in the bloodstream and other tissues, leading to often fatal neurological conditions if untreated. Although concerted drug treatment and vector eradication programmes have succeeded in controlling Human African trypanosomiasis, AAT continues to adversely affect animal health and impede efficient food production and economic development in many less-developed countries. In this study, we attempted to identify parasite surface proteins that stimulated the strongest immune responses in naturally infected animals, as the basis for a vaccine. We describe the discovery of a new, species-specific protein family in T. vivax, which we call vivaxin. We show that one vivaxin protein (VIVβ8) is surface expressed and retards parasite proliferation when used to immunize mice, but does not prevent infection. However, we also reveal that vivaxin includes another protein previously shown to induce protective immunity (IFX/VIVβ1). Besides its great potential for novel approaches to AAT control, vivaxin is revealed as a significant component of the T. vivax cell surface and may have important, species-specific roles in host interactions.