bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the vorticiry budget and vertical velociry distribution associated with a life cycle of a monsoon depression
Authors: DAGGUPATY S. M. , SIKKA D. R.
Published: February 2022

This paper discusses the results obtained from a diagnostic study of a monsoon depression which formed in the northern part of the Bay of Bengal, The depression, while intensifying, progressed westwards across India with a speed of about 5° longitude per day, The computed vertical velocity is in good agreement with the observed asymmetric distribution of rainfall around the depression, The presence of a low level of nondivergence, i.e. around 850 mb, is found to have a significant role in the dynamics of the monsoon depression.

The important result of the computed vorticity budget over the period of the intensification of the depression is the detection of a middle and upper tropospheric cyclonic vorticity depletion with time due to large scale dynamics in the western sector of the depression. This result is rather unexpected because of the' fact that the depression's observed cyclonic vorticity increases, not only in the lower troposphere but also in the middle and upper troposphere while progressing westwards. It has been shown that the presence of deep convective cloud activity in the western sector provides the necessary process to compensate the negative vorticity tendency in the middle and upper troposphere. Through a simple parameterization, it has been shown quantitatively that the transport of subgrid scale vorticity by deep convective clouds in the western sector is significant.

This mechanism of vertical transport of extremely rich boundary layer cyclonic vorticity by deep convective clouds is found to be very essential for the intensification and, as well, for the westward movement of the monsoon depression
Monitoring of semi-permanent troughs and ridges in relation to monsoon
Authors: ASNANI G. C. , AWADE S.T.
Published: February 2022

Two contrasting years (1967 and 1972) have been selected for intensive study in respect of large scale features of northern hemispheric contour field. In the present study, 700 and 300 mb mean monthly contours at different latitude circles at 5 degree interval, were subjected to Fourier analysis and horizontal and vertical tilts of troughs and ridges determined. At and north of 20°N, under quasi-geostrophic assumption, computations have been made to calculate meridional transports of momentum by tilted troughs and ridge at 700 and 300 mb levels and meridional transport of sensible heat at 500 mb level. The following chief results have been obtained.

 

(i) The differences in momentum transport during the two contrasting years were far more marked at 300 mb level than at 700 mb level.

(ii) In a year of good monsoon (1967), there was an anomaly of northward transport of momentum

across sub-tropical latitudes while in a year of poor monsoon (1972), there was anomaly of southward transport of momentum across the subtropical latitudes, at 300 mb level.

(iii) During a year of good monsoon (1967), there was anomaly of southward transport of sensible heat across the sub-tropical latitude of 30°N at 500 mb level, while in a year of poor monsoon (1972), the anomaly was in the form of northward transport.

(iv) The anomalies in the transports of momentum and sensible heat during 1967 and 1972 were perceptible about a month before the onset of monsoon over India. If this be true also for other years which have not been studied here, then there is a possibility of foreshadowing large-scale behaviour of the Indian monsoon one month or so ahead of the arrival of the monsoon.

(v) In terms of the anomalies in meridional transports or momentum and sensible heat across the sub-tropical latitudes, we present a model of abnormal monsoon in India. If the summer tropical atmosphere is warmer (cooler) than normal, the monsoon rainfall over India is likely to be more (less) than normal. This is shown to be in broad agreement with what is presently known about the theory of monsoon and observations of short-period anomalies in the behaviour of the Indian monsoon.
Temporal variations in the northern hemispheric summer circulations
Authors: UNNINAYAR MANAKKAMPAD S. , MURAKAMI TAKIO
Published: February 2022

Changes in kinetic energy averaged over the tropical (5.0°S-19.6°N), subtropical (24.2°N-37.1 oN) and mid-latitude (41.0°N-48.1°N) belts were examined for the 92-day period from June through August 1970. Some-what systematic fluctuations (10-15 day period) were observed in the eddy and zonal mean kinetic energies of the 200 mb tropical belt. Mid-latitude periodicity was longer at about 20 days. Short period (~5 day) fluctuations were considerably stronger at 700 mb than that at 200 mb, over the tropical belt.

Abnormal transitions were observed to begin around 12 July with a simultaneous decrease in 200 mb eddy kinetic energy at all latitudes, 700 mb eddy kinetic energy over the tropical belt, and tropical baroclinic activity as determined from cloudiness; all reached minimum values around 20-24 July. On the other hand, tropical zonal mean kinetic energy increased to maximum values in the same period.

During 20-24 July, the tropospheric circulation displayed singularly different characteristics compared to normal, and break monsoon" conditions prevailed over India. The zones of cloudiness and upper divergence maxima over the monsoon region shifted northwards to the Tibetan area, while dry weather and abnormal upper convergent wind inflow was experienced over southeast Asia. A conspicuous and anomalous excitation of convective activity over 'tropical regions in the western North and South Pacific was associated with pronounced upper (lower) tropospheric anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulations. Consequently, 200 mb equatorial easterlies over the western and central Pacific were unusually strong. Concurrently the anticyclone over the Mexican region reached maximum intensity and was displaced to the north of its normal position
Need for intensified seismological studies in northeast India
Authors: SEN S. N. , ROY P. K. GUHA
Published: February 2022

Of late there has been a keen awareness among scientists, the media and the general public about  the vulnerability of  NE India to major earthquakes, specially in view of the situation of this region at consumable plate boundaries (according to the Plate Tectonics Hypothesis), The seismological observatory in Shillong has been continuously recording the tremors felt in this region and determining their epicentres, many of  which are on the plate boundaries in the Arunachal Himalayas and the Naga -Patko and Lushai ranges .The recent seismological studies by the Regional  Research Laboratory at Jorhat ( Khazanchi et al, 1979) have indicated the possibility of  a major earthquake in the region Within the decade of seventies, This has led to considerable public concern.

In view of the growing concern about an impending disaster it is imperative that the concerned agencies should take more active interest in seismological studies in this region.

As, far as Geological Survey of India (GSI) is concerned its basis function in an earthquake studies programme will include preparation of detailed structural an semiso-tectonico map or he region based on ground survey as well as aerial photo and satellite Imagery Interpretation, Identification of the active fault zones and then evolve some method of continuous monitoring of tremors and movements of the ground in these fault zones, In this task the. GSI would act in collaboration with the Seismological Observatory in Shillong of India Met. Dep., the Regional Research Laboratory In Jorhat as well, as the Earthquake Engineering Deptt. of Roorkee University.
Seismicity and tectonics in the Hindukush mountains, Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges in the light of plate tectonics theory.
Authors: VERMA R. K. , MUKHOPADHYAY MANOJ , BHANJA A. K.
Published: February 2022

A seismicity map of the Pakistan-Afghanistan region that lies between the latitudes 280 & 380 N and longitudes 660 & 750 E is given using all available data for the period 1890-1972. The earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 and above were considered in preparation of this map. A strain-energy release map for the same period was prepared following the method used by Allen et al. (1965). On the basis of these two maps, it is observed that the seismicity pattern over the well-known Hindukush region is quite complex. Two prominent mutually orthogonal seismicity lineaments, namely, the northwestern and the northeastern trends characterize the Hindukush area. The northwestern trend appears to extend from the Main Boundary Fault of the Kashmir Himalaya on the southeast to the plains of the Amu Darya in Uzbekistan on the northwest beyond the Hindukush. The Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges of Pakistan are well defined zones of  intermontane seismicity exhibiting north-south alignment.

Thirty-two new focal mechanism solutions for the above mentioned region have been determined. These, together with the results obtained by earlier workers suggest the prevalence of thrust as well as strike-slip faulting in the area. The Salt range; the Sulaiman wrench zone, the Kirthar wrench zone as well as the supposed extension of the Murray ridge upto the Karachi coast appear to be mostly undergoing strike-slip movements. In the Hindukush region, thrust as well as strike-slip faulting are found to be equally prevalent. Almost all the thrust type mechanisms belonging to the Hindikush area have both the nodal planes in NW-SE direction for shallow as well as intermediate depth earthquakes. The dip of F-axes for the events indicating thrust type mechanisms rarely exceeds 35°. The direction of seismic slip vector obtained through thrust type solutions is always directed towards the northeast. The epicentral pattern together with these results suggest a deep-seated fault zone paralleling the northwesterly seismic zone underneath the Hindukush. This NW-lineament has a preference for thrust faulting, and it appears to extend from the vicinity of the Main Boundary Fault of the Kashmir Himalaya on the southeast to Uzbekistan on the northwest through the Hindukush. Almost perpendicular to this NW-seismic zone, there is a NE-seismic lineament in which there is a preference for strike-slip faulting.

The above results are discussed in the light of convergence between the Indian and predicted by plate tectonics theory.
Temporal and spatial variation in seismicity connected with few earthquakes in Himalayas as precursor to earthquakes
Authors: DUBE R.K. , CHATTERJEE S.N.
Published: February 2022

. Experiments made on rock samples in laboratory and rock bursts in mines (Brady 1975, 1976) have shown that four phases. viz., dilatant; inclusion, crack closure and finally failure. precede fault growth. These behavioural phases have been found to be scale invariant and thus find application to earthquake processes. Spatial and temporal variations of seismicity in the aftershock area of seven earthquakes, within magnitude (Mb) range of 5 to 6.2, which took place in Himalayas, have been observed and the above concept has been used for earthquake prediction. Empirical relations have been obtained to predict the magnitude and time of occurrence of an

impending earthquake.
Some quantitative seismicity studies in north India Including Kutch
Authors: CHOUHAN R. K. S.
Published: February 2022

Strain release characteristics of various regions of India have been studied by dividing the northern India from Assam to Kashmir into three regions and taking Kutch as the fourth region, Strain accumulation and relaxation curves have been prepared showing the maximum and minimum strain levels except for the Bihar-Nepal region, From these curves store of

strain available to be released In future earthquakes have been estimated.
Predicting earthquakes through space
Authors: ZADGAONKAR A.S. , TARNEKAR M.G.
Published: February 2022

Out of the several reason that are responsible for an earthquake, one seems to be interesting .The comparison of ground water-level (Tashkeni, U.S.S.R.) and the date of earthquake shown a close relation ship between the rise of the water level and the earthquake. The device, transistorized rain predictor designed by the authors is capable of giving prediction of ground water-level at the place of observation about one week in advance .It is felt that if such information is obtained at place of frequent possibility of quakes associated with a sudden rise of ground water-level ,it would be possible to have an earthquake prediction about one week in advance. Such an advance information can always be helpful in saving the lives in the affected area and/ or to start the relief  activities which may be planned effectively well in advance rather than having them after the end of the calamity.
Spatial prediction of earthquakes in the Kumaon Himalaya By pattern recognition
Authors: ODAY VARUN , GAUR V. K. , WASON H. R.
Published: February 2022

The work presented relates to a pattern recognition study of the Kumaon Himalaya to delineate dangerous and non-dangerous Zone using a priori knowledge of some strong earthquakes that occurred  in the region. The raw data incorporates various geological parameters and processed to extract distinctive   dangerous and non-dangerous features.
Prediction of the magnitude of an earthquake from foreshocks
Authors: VARMA G.S.
Published: February 2022

Largest   foreshock versus main shock studies have been done for different regions from different earthquake sequences .The study shown that this correlation is positive for sight to moderate earthquake and negative for moderate to great earthquake. Nepal-India border region gave a negative correlation through out. The study therefore reveal that the foreshock activity is generally confined to moderate earthquakes while the great earthquakes are free from such an activity. Great events will occur quiescently in this sub-continent and the foreshock activity in their case will be beyond our detection capability.

Mathematical relations have been computed and a nomogram has been prepared for each region by which the magnitude of an earthquake can easily be predicted.
Recurrence relations of Koyna and Bhadrachalam Aftershock activity
Authors: RAO T.K.S. PRAKASA
Published: February 2022

Estimates of seismic risk require a recurrence relation between the expected number of earthquakes per year and a measure of earthquake size. The recurrence relations of Koyna and Bhadrachalam after schocks are discussed in the light of low seismicity and poor geographic distribution of seismographic stations in south India. As the definition of an ‘active fault’ may vary according to the type of land use contemplated, it is emphasized that multi instrument micro-earthquake investigations should be carried out in order to take into account even the smallest earthquakes and know not only which faults may move but how they may move.
Existence of the dilatancy phenomena in the Assam region
Authors: SINGH V. P. , GUPTA HARSH K.
Published: February 2022

In accordance with the dilatancy model for earthquakes, P-wave velocity decreases in the source and region during the precursor   time, and consequently the mean, teleseismic P-wave travel-time residual at a station earthquakes close to the source should increase, We have analysed teleseisemic P-wave travel-time data at Shillong for the period from October 1964,through March 1974. The total number of events is 8021 including 1502 events with focal depths> 100 km, Six monthly average residuals have been calculated for the considered period. For the averaging period, the standard deviations are found to be less than 0.15 sec. This indicates that the residuals of the order 0.3 sec could be detected in the average P-wave residual histograms, the 1 June 1969 earthquake of Mb=5.0, at a distance of 20 km is well ref1ected. The outstanding feature of the six monthly average residuals is that the P-wave velocities have decreased since 1969 and it appears that the Assam region is presently experiencing a precursory dilatancy stage.
Temporal variations of tS /tP ratios before and after Koyna earthquake of 10 December 1967 and calculation of its magnitude
Authors: SARMAH S. K. , SHABONG E.
Published: February 2022

An analysis of the body wave travel time ratios (tS /tP) has been made for four seismographic stations Koyna Nagar, Satara, Mahabaleswar and Pune-from 24 October to 15 December 1967. The arrival times of body waves in different stations have been taken from published reports on Koyna Earthquakes. Origin times of the fore-shocks and aftershocks of the main Koyna earthquake of 10 December 1967 (M =6.2) have been calculated from the plots of S-P intervals and P arrival times at different stations. A plot of tS / tP ratios against time shows the anomalous variation of the ratio with a fall of about 10 to 14 % from the mean values for the period under consideration in Koyna Nagar, Satara and Mahabaleswar. No such tS/tP variations have been observed in Pune, which shows more or less steady values. The time interval, which we call anomalous period, from the date of fall of tS/tP from the mean value upto the time of occurrence of the main shock on 10 December 1967 is 32 days in each station. this anomalous period seems to coincide with the reported sharp and simultaneous changes indicated by some strain gauge placed in Koyna Dam, for about a month prior to the occurrence or the main Koyna earthquake. On using empirical relations based on dilatancy-fluid diffusion model, this amount of anomalous period is equivalent to that of a smaller shock of magnitude between 4 and S. Consideration of aftershock area coupled with other empirical relations also indicates similar magnitude.

These facts tend to suggest either (1) the empirical relations used here do not hold good for Koyna earthquake or, (2) a smaller shock of magnitude between 4 and 5, occurring just ahead of the main shock, gave rise to tS /tP anomalies.
A note on the anomalous tilt preceding the Koyna earthquake Of 10 December 1967
Authors: RAO P. SITAPATHI , BHATTACHARYYA N. , RAO B. RAMALINGESWARA
Published: February 2022

Employing the tiltgraph data of the Koyna Dam Observatory published in the reports of the Central Water and Power Research Station, Khadakwasla, Pune (1970), weekly mean value of the daily variation or the tits has been computed for a period of six months starting from November 1967 to March 1968 which covers the main shock of 10 December 1967 and its aftershocks.

A plot of the weekly means on the time scale gives a systematic change in tilt and cloys finally (a high value of 1.2 micro radians in this case) preceding the earthquake. Further it abruptly reverses by 180° in its direction about two weeks prior to the major shock, which may be considered a precursor. The analysis and the results obtained thus are discussed for the 10 December 1967 earthquake and its aftershocks in the Koyna region.
Use of Kazakh nuclear explosions for testing dilatancy diffusion model of earthquake prediction
Authors: SRIVASTAVA H. N.
Published: February 2022

P-wave travel time anomalies from Kazakh explosions during the years 1965-1972 were studied with reference to Jeffreys Bullen (1952) and Herrin Travel time tables (1968) and discussed using F ratio It test at seven stations in Himachal Pradesh. For these events, the temporal and spatial variations of travel time, as residuals were examined from the point of view of long-term changes in velocity known to precede earthquakes and local geology.

The results show preference for Herrin Travel time tables at these epicentral distances from Kazakh explosions. F ratio test indicated that variation between sample means of different stations in the network showed more variation than can be attributed to the sampling error. Although the spatial variation of mean residuals (1965-1972) could generally be explained on the basis of the local geology, the temporal variations of such residuals from Kazakh explosions offer limited application in the testing of dilatancy model of earthquake prediction.
Recent seismic activity in Delhi and neighbourhood
Authors: KAMBLE V.P. , CHAUDHURY H. M.
Published: February 2022

In ordert o assess the seismic status of existing faults burried under thickalluvial deposits in the plains around Delhi, a tot al of 937 recorded shocks have been analysed. The spatial and temporal distibut ions of earthquakes and strain release pat terns have been discussed with reference1 the positions and trends of the existing fault pat tern s. The value of slope coefficient h was found to decrease before and increase just after the major events.
Change in Rayleigh wave phase velocity due to decrease of P-wave velocity before an earthquake
Authors: BHATTACHARYA S. N.
Published: February 2022

20per cent decrease of P-wave velocity has often been noted by many workers before an earthquake. Change in Rayleigh wave phase velocity due to such a decrease is studied so as to note the possibility of using the phase velocity change as one of the methods to predict earthquake. For this purpose theoretical phase velocity and its change due to the decrease of P-wave velocity have been obtained for a two-layered crustal model over a homogeneous mantle. 20 per cent decrease of P-wave velocity in the first layer gives a decrease of phase velocity by 4 per cent over a wide range of period with a maximum decrease of 4.8 per cent. While 20 per cent decrease of P-wave velocity in the both first and second layers of the crust gives a phase velocity decrease of 5 per cent over a wide range of period with a maximum decrease of 7.0 per cent.
P wave travel times from Nevada nuclear explosions and station corrections
Authors: GUPTA A. K. , GOGNA M. L. , CHOPRA S.D.
Published: February 2022

One hundred  fortynime Neva a explosions have been studied .These explosions a more than ten thousands observations. Travel til11es of P-waves have been obtained. These times are more than J. B. P-times for . For all other distances they are less than J. B. P-times. The maximum difference is -2.70 second at 33° epicentral distance. Station corrections for most of the observing stations have also been calculated. These station corrections have been compared with the work of the other authors. The calculated station corrections are in good agreement with the ones obtained by other people for most of the stations. There are significant differences at some stations.
On stress accumulation near a finite rectangular fault
Authors: PAL BARUN PROSAD , SEN SANJAY , MUKHOPADHYAY ARABJNDA
Published: February 2022

The problem of stress accumulation near a locked vertical rectangular strike-slip fault is considered. The fault is taken to be situated in a visco-elastic half-space. It is assumed that tectonic forces maintain a steady shear stress far away from the fault. Exact solutions are obtained for the displacements and stresses in the system and it is shown that, in the absence of fault-slip, there would be a steady accumulation of shear stress near the fault., which would lead to a sudden slip on the fault, resulting in an earthquake, under suitable conditions, which are determined. The exact solutions also show that the accumulation of shear stress would again take place after the fault-slip.

 It is shown that, under suitable conditions, this would lead to another slip on the fault after a sufficient time. The analytical solutions can be used to compute the influence of different factors, such as, the dimension of the fault, the effective viscosity of the lithosphere and the stress system maintained by tectonic forces, on the time required for the shear stress accumulation to reach the level necessary to cause fault slip. It is also shown that, if adequate data are available on the ground deformation on the surface near the fault, it would be possible to obtain estimates of the probable times of fault slip. This may be of considerable use in earthquake prediction and in the estimation of changes in the seismic risk near the fault with time. Finally, it is shown that it would also be possible to obtain estimates of the effective viscosity of the lithosphere from a comparison of theoretically calculated results and suitable observational data, if available.
The effect of changing-elasticity on the stress concentration near a semi-infinite crack tip
Authors: VISWANATHAN K.
Published: February 2022

One of the very convincing premonitory changes in earthquake predictions concerns the variation of the velocity ratio (Vp/Vs) preceding the occurrence of the event. The aim of the present investigation is to construct a, the radical basis to evaluate the consequences of such changes on, say, the stress concentration near an already existing fault with a given static initial field. The change in elasticity is assumed over a limited part of the where  the medium near the fault.
SH waves across a column sandwiched in an inhomogeneous medium
Authors: KUMARI UMESH
Published: February 2022

The propagation or love waves across a vertical column sandwiched in a medium of different properties has been studied, Three different models are considered: (i) an infinite column in a semi-infinite medium, (ii) a column in a layer resting over a rigid bottom and (iii) a column in a layer resting over a semi-infinite elastic medium in welded contact with it. In each case the elastic properties vary vertically but this variation is the same both inside outside the column. Frequency equations have, been obtained for the regions inside and outside the column and dispersion curves drawn. As expected the wave periods change as the waves pass into and out of the column .Displacements in these regions have been obtained and presented graphically for points in the free surface .Reflection and transmission coefficients for normal Incidence at vertical discontinuities have also been  obtained.
Reflection of SH waves from an in homogeneous half-space
Authors: SAINI SOHAN  LAL , SINGH SARVAJIT
Published: February 2022

The problem of the reflection of SH waves at the interface between two half-space is considered. Plane waves are incident from the upper medium, which is supposed to be homogeneous.
Exact solution of the equation of motion is utilized to calculate the reflection coefficient. The modulus and phase of reflection coefficient is compute for p=0, 1,2. These are compared with the corresponding results when both the media are homogeneous. It is found that the inhomogeneity has a distinct effect on the modulus as well as on the phase of the reflection coefficient
Recovery of Metal Values from Secondary Resource
Authors: Rabah Mahmoud A , El Qady Omaima A , Abou El Kassem Shaimaa A
Published: February 2022

The ‎‎input waste was KanthalA4 grade alloy spired in 8-25 mm outer diameter. A sample weighing ≈250 g was leached in HCl or aqua regia at ‎‎room temperature. The acidic leachate was filtered and the pH value was increased ‎to ‎‎4.0 -9.2 with the addition of 3 M ammonia solution. The leachate was freed from iron by H2O2 addition. Chromium ions were separated from nickel ions by pH adjustment and solvent extraction using Lewatite MP 600 ionic exchanger. Ammonium hydroxide gave insoluble hydroxide ppt that was ‎‎filtered and washed. Different organic salts of acetate Ni(OCOCH3)2, oxalate C2O4, citrate C6H6O5 with ∆E of 74.16 KJ/ mol with Ni and 139.33 KJ/ mol with Cr. Inorganic ‎salts were also prepared like Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, dichloride NiCl2, basic carbonate NiCO3.2Ni(OH)2 as well as free ‎metals ‎of nickel and chromium. The effect of the process parameters was ‎studied. The time of synthesis decreased by stirring at 300 rpm by about 11 %. Ascorbic acid solution reduces the Ni and Cr hydroxide to their respective free metal to give spherical nanoparticles ‎having the molecular size of 15-35 nanometer. SEM showed that Ni particles are ‎spherical in morphology. XRD and XDS showed Ni and Cr are pure.
Evaluation of Efficiency of the Two Commonly Used Pulp Test For Assessing Pulp Vitality And Sensitivity
Authors: Shafiq Nighat , Akram Sadia , Ahmed Junaid , Khan Muhammad Amer , Kayani Amna Ajmal , Nasir Umar , Alam Mohammad Shiraz , Khan Tahir Ali
Published: February 2022

Hard tissue boundaries are limited to pulp tissue and cannot be inspected directly for health evaluation so most of its evaluations are based on sensitivity testing. It is believed that electric pulp test (EPT) has some limitations in determining the vitality of the pulp. Therefore the objective in the current study was to see how well the electric pulp test and the cold test agreed in evaluating pulp vitality and sensitivity. Study Design, Place and Duration: This Observational/Retrospective study was carried from 1st March, 2021 to 31st December, 2021 at the Department of Dental Materials, Sardar Begum Dental College, Gandhara University, Peshawar. Methods: Total one hundred and eighteen patients of both genders had pulpits because of dental caries were included in this study. A range of ages were represented from 18 to 50 years old. As part of the informed written consent process, each patient was asked to provide demographic information such as their age, gender, and the type of teeth they had. Patients were equally categorized into two groups, Group I received electric pulp test and group II received cold test. Teeth were classified as vital if there was tingling or pain, and non-vital if there was no tingling or discomfort. Outcomes among both groups were calculated in terms of absence or presence of tingling sensation. Visual analog scale was used to determine pain score among enrolled cases. We used SPSS 23.0 version to analyze the data. Results: Among 118 patients, 67 (56.8%) were males and majority of the cases 60 (50.8%) were aged between 26-35 years, followed by age group 18-25 in 35 (29.7%) cases and 23 (19.5%) cases were between age group 36-45 years. Mandibular incisors were the most common tooth found in 47 (39.8%) cases followed by maxillary incisors 32 (27.1%) cases. By using visual analogue scale (VAS), we found that most of the patients had severe pain 90 (76.3%). The rate of vital teeth in group I was 45 (76.3%) and in group II vital teeth found in 41 (69.5%) while remaining tooth were necrotic among both groups 14 (23.7%) and 18 (30.5%). By Kappa’s statistics we found that overall frequency of vital teeth among all cases was 86 (72.9%). Conclusion: In assessing pulp viability and sensitivity, EPT and cold testing showed great concordance, according to this study. Electric pulp testers and cold testing currently satisfy the majority of the criteria for an ideal testing procedure and are still widely utilized diagnostic tools. When EPT and Endo frost are used together, a more precise assessment of pulp vitality can be made.
SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY SEBAGAI STIMULASI PERILAKU PENGOBATAN DAN PELATIHAN SENAM DIABETES PADA LANSIA DI KECAMATAN MANGANITU
Authors: Tatangindatu Maryati Agustina , Umboh Melanthon
Published: February 2022

Prevalensi penyakit diabetes melitus menduduki peringkat ke tujuh di Indonesia.Di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe angka kejadian kasus diabetes melitus tipe 2 terutama di kampung Barangka yang merupakan wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Manganitu cukup tinggi. Dari 18 kasus diabetes melitus tipe 2 terdapat 2 kasus kaki diamputasi dan 1 kasus mengalami kebutaan. Hal ini menunjukan pentingnya perhatian dan penanganan terkait penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2 yang membutuhkan pegelolaan penyakit melalui managemen diri yang cukup kompleks, tidak hanya berdampak pada kondisi kesehatan secara fisik namun juga kondisi psikologis. Salah satu faktor psikologis yang penting menjadi perhatian adalah motivasi berdasarkan self-determination Theory (SDT). Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat untuk memberikan stimulasi perilaku pengobatan dan pelatihan senam diabetes pada lansia di Kecamatan Manganitu. Metode pelaksanaan yaitu melakukan pemeriksaan tekanan darah, gula darah, penyuluhan tentang diabetes melitus, dan pelatihan senam diabetes. Waktu pelaksanaan kegiatan pada bulan September 2020 bertempat di Balai Pertemuan Desa Kampung Barangka. Peserta yang hadir dalam kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat berjumlah 30 orang yang mengikuti pemeriksaan tekanan darah, gula darah, penyuluhan tentang diabetes melitus, dan pelatihan senam diabetes. Hasil pemeriksaan didapatkan beberapa lansia mengalami hipertensi dan diabetes melitus.

 

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is ranked seventh in Indonesia. In Sangihe Island District, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in Barangka village, which is the working area of ​​the Manganitu Health Center, is quite high. From the 18 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus, those were 2 cases of leg amputation and 1 case of blindness. This shows the importance of attention and treatment related to type 2 of diabetes mellitus which requires management of the disease through complex self-management, not only affecting physical health conditions but also psychological conditions.One of the important psychological factors to be considered is motivation based on self-determination theory (SDT). The purpose of community service is to stimulate treatment behavior and diabetes exercise training for the elderly in Manganitu District. The method of implementation was check the blood pressure, blood sugar, counseling about diabetes mellitus, and diabetes exercise training. The time for the implementation in September 2020 and take place at the Village Meeting Hall of the Village of Barangka. The participants who attended were 30 people who attended and check blood pressure, blood sugar tests, counseling about diabetes mellitus, and diabetes gymnastics training. The results showed some elderly people had hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH ORGANIK RUMAH TANGGA MENJADI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR
Authors: Pramardika Dhitodwi , Melanthon Junaedi  Umboh  , Gracia Christy Tooy
Published: February 2022

Permasalahan sampah merupakan masalah global, termasuk yang dialami Kampung Petta Selatan saat ini. Pengolahan sampah yang dilakukan yaitu dengan cara dibakar, ditimbun dan ada yang dibuang ke dalam saluran pembuangan air limbah (SPAL). Sampah-sampah tersebut berdasarkan sifatnya yaitu 60% merupakan sampah organik. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat perlu diberikan pelatihan dalam pengolahan sampah organik rumah tangga menjadi Pupuk Organik Cair (POC). Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemandirian masyarakat dalam pengolahan sampah. Tahapan yang dilakukan berupa penyuluhan mengenai sifat sampah dan pupuk organik, pelatihan pembuatan Mikro Organisme Lokal (MOL), pelatihan pembuatan tong komposter semi anaerob yang dilaksanakan hari Sabtu, 12 September 2020 di kantor Kapitalaung Kampung Petta Selatan yang dihadiri 9 orang dengan penerapan protokol pencegahan Covid-19. Dari hasil evaluasi pelatihan nilai rata-rata pre post adalah 42,22, dan ketika dilakukan pelatihan maka nilai rata-rata post test adalah 82,22. dari hasil tersebut diketahui bahwa terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan rata-rata 40 sebelum pelatihan dan sesudah pelatihan.

 

The household waste  problem is a global problem, including those was experienced in Petta Selatan village. Waste processing was carried out by burning, dumping and discharge it into the waste water disposal channel (SPAL). Based on those characteristics, 60% of those waste was organic waste. Therefore, the community needs to trained in processing household organic waste into Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC). Those article aim increasing knowledge and community independence in waste processing. A gradual process of counseling on the nature of waste and organic fertilizers, train on making Local Micro Organisms (MOL), train on making semi anaerobic composter vats was held in Saturday, September 12, 2020, at the Kapitalaung office of  Petta Selatan village which was attended by 9 (nine) people with the implementation of the Covid-19 prevention protocol. The results of the training evaluation the pre-post average score was 42.22, and when the training was carried out, the post-test average score was 82.22. From this result it is known there is an increasing in knowledge about 40 before training and after training.
PENERAPAN ADAPTASI PSIKOSOSIAL PADA MASYARAKAT PASCA TRAUMA BENCANA ALAM DI KAMPUNG LEBO KECAMATAN MANGANITU
Authors: Surudani Conny Juliana , Makahaghi Yenny Budiman , Pangandaheng Nansy Delia
Published: February 2022

Kejadian gangguan psikososial biasanya mulai muncul segera setelah bencana terjadi (60%). Angka kejadian akan turun seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Akan tetapi, hal ini tidak menutup kemungkinan gangguan psikososial akan muncul pada rentang waktu lama setelah terjadinnya bencana. Selain itu, resiko terjadinya gangguan psikososial juga semakin menurun jika tiak terjadi cedera fisik yang berarti dan kehilangan orang terdekat. Tujuan PKMS ini yaitu mengurangi dampak psikologi pasca trauma bencana alam akibat kehilangan berduka terhadap keluarga dan harta benda. Kegiatan penyuluhan dilakukan dari rumah ke rumah hal ini dilakukan karena pandemi Covid-19, dimana tim pengabdian mengunjungi rumah-rumah keluarga yang terdampak dengan bencana alam kampung Lebo Kecamatan Manganitu, kemudian melakukan Intervensi Adaptasi Psikologis pada keluarga, kecemasan yang dirasakan oleh keluarga yang mengalami trauma pasca bencana dapat berkurang dengan selalu melakukan tindakan yang sudah diberikan jika rasa takut/cemas datang kembali. Setelah diberikan penyuluhan dan pemberian intervensi adapatsi psikologis pada masyarakat terdampak bencana alam dikampung Lebo Kecamatan Manganitu dapat mengurangi resiko terjadinya depresi akibat kecemasan yang berlebihan karena kehilangan harta benda dan anggota keluarga lainnya.

 

The incidence of psychosocial disorders usually start immediately after the disaster (60%). The incidence rate will decrease over time. However, this does not rule out the possibility that psychosocial disorders will appear for a long time after the disaster. In addition, the risk of developing psychosocial disorders also decreases if there is no significant physical injury and loss of loved ones. The goal of PKMS was reduce the psychological impact of post-traumatic natural disasters due to loss of grief to family and property. Outreach activities were carried out by door to door, those was done because of the Covid-19 pandemic, where the community service team visite the home of families who impact by natural disasters in Lebo village, Manganitu District, then carried out Psychological Adaptation Interventions on families, anxiety felt by traumatized families Post-disaster can be reduced by always take the action that have been given if fear / anxiety returns. After being given counseling and psychological adaptation interventions to peole in Lebo affected by natural disaster, Manganitu District, it can reduce the risk of depression due to excessive anxiety due to loss of property and other family members.
Current Developments of Contributions to US Pension Plans under German Tax Law
Authors: Lühn Tim
Published: February 2022

This article analyses the current tax developments of contributions to US pension plans (e.g., 401(k) – plan) under German tax law from a domestic tax law and from a double tax treaty perspective, whereas the main emphasis is put on the employer contributions. There have been two fundamental incidents that have had major impact for the current German domestic tax law and double tax treaty treatment of employer contributions to US pension plans: firstly, in a decision dating 5 July 2007, the German Federal Court of Finance has ruled for the first time that employer contributions to US pension plans should be qualified as employment income under German domestic tax law. Secondly on 28 December 2007, a new Article 18A Double Tax Treaty Germany/ USA (in the following: ‘DTT Germany/USA’) concerning the treatment of pension plans for tax treaty purposes was introduced (partly) retroactively as of 1 January 2007 within the adoption of a new protocol amending the DTT Germany/USA.

This article analyses and evaluates the impacts and changes under German domestic tax law according to the aforementioned incidents, starting with a short overview of the US domestic taxation of US pension plans which is important for understanding the issues regarding the German domestic tax law and double tax treaty treatment.
Exit Taxation after Cartesio: The European Fundamental Freedom’s Impact on Taxing Migrating Companies
Authors: Schneeweiss Hermann
Published: February 2022

At first sight, the European Court of Justice (ECJ)’s judgment in Cartesio looks like a victory for the European Union Member States collecting exit taxes from migrating companies. A closer look reveals that Cartesio is applicable only to a small portion of possible migration scenarios. As a result, exit taxation of the majority of company migration scenarios is likely to infringe the European fundamental freedoms. The author arrives at this conclusion by analyzing the ECJ’s case law on exit taxation of individuals, elaborating on its correlation with Daily Mail and Cartesio, and applying the deducted principles to different scenarios of company migrations.
Taxation of Capital Gains in the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland: An Empirical Survey with Recommendations for EU Harmonization and International Tax Planning
Authors: Zielke Rainer
Published: February 2022

The present survey analyzes for the first time the taxation of capital gains in the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland and makes recommendations for European Union (EU) harmonization and international tax planning. The main issue is the question whether the national and international rules on the taxation of capital gains from cross-border sales of shares are an appropriate basis for taxation of multinational groups of affiliated corporations or whether these rules should better be harmonized. In a first step, the nature of capital gains taxation is discussed and the principles of capital gains taxation of cross-border sales of shares are examined both according to Community Law and to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Model Convention (OECD MC). Thereupon and in a second step, these rules are examined and measured by these criteria in domestic, outbound, and inbound cases in terms of Article 13 (5) OECD MC. Finally, recommendations for harmonization for capital gains taxation in the EU and for international tax planning are made on the basis of the analysis of the empirical survey.
Recent Application of the Dynamic Interpretation for Royalties by the Spanish Tax Administration
Authors: Ribes Aurora
Published: February 2022

The controversy concerning the static or dynamic interpretation has its origins in the 1963 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Model Convention (OECD MC). The author analyses the problems derived from the hermeneutic clause of Article 3.2 OECD MC, as a consequence of the referral to the internal law made by this provision in the absence of a treaty definition. Besides, the non-binding character and practical importance of the Commentaries on the articles of the OECD MC, together with the legal basis for their application should be equally taken into account with regard to the (static or dynamic) interpretation of the Commentaries. Once these problematic questions have been clarified, the author refers to the recent tendency of the Spanish tax authorities in favour of the dynamic interpretation as far as the definition of the term ‘royalties’ is concerned
National Tax Sovereignty and EC Fundamental Freedoms: The Impact of Tax Obstacles on the Internal Market
Authors: Barreiro Carril María Cruz
Published: February 2022

This article explores how the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has approached the obstacles to the internal market arising from national provisions in the field of direct taxation. Tax obstacles are not always a consequence of national rules incompatible with the EC Treaty. The first part of this article deals with the different types of impediments to the internal market. The second sets out the approaches adopted by the ECJ when analysing the compliance of these tax measures with EC law, namely, the per-country and the overall approaches. The author finally evaluates the impact of another approach (the internal consistency test), which could be adopted by the ECJ in order to overcome some of the drawbacks inherent to the abovementioned approaches.
The Battle against Tax Havens Rages on in Kazakhstan . . . Tax Treaty Partners Being Victimized
Authors: Bezborodov Sergey , Bregonje Richard
Published: February 2022

This article analyses Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) rules in Kazakhstan which are becoming a topic of growing concern among Kazakh tax practitioners, businessmen and enterprises with international structures since as of 2009 the CFC legislation became applicable to Kazakh resident individuals and went as far as blacklisting several Kazakhstan treaty partners. The authors review the evolution of the CFC legislation over the last fifteen years and highlight key elements of the current rule (including situations of multiple taxation and non-taxation) as well as interaction of domestic CFC provisions with treaty law, using as examples Kazakhstan-Switzerland double tax treaty and EU-Kazakhstan Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Double Taxation Treaties: The Autonomous Interpretation Method in German and English Law; as Demonstrated by the Case of the Silent Partnership
Authors: Knebel Andreas
Published: February 2022

The authors explore the current state of the case law in Germany and England regarding the silent partnership in international taxation. The main concern is the interpretation and application of the double taxation treaty as a bilateral convention: how will German courts and fiscal authorities react to the Memec case series in view of existing case law on double taxation convention (DTCs) with other countries? Will they respect the English view on the qualification proceeds from a German ‘atypical’ silent partnership under the DTC or will they continue to apply an outdated and arguably ill-founded reasoning?

The discussion wants to contribute to the evolution of a truly and much needed international legal doctrine within an ever-expanding European Union.
Free Competition: How Tax Evasion and Tax Competition Distort Markets – The Brazilian Perspective
Authors: Santiago Igor Mauler
Published: February 2022

The article discusses how tax evasion and tax competition jeopardize free competition between companies. Focusing on the Brazilian experience, it shows that the country is not a major player in international tax competition, but that there is a ferocious tax war between Brazilian States and Municipalities. The article describes the two main examples of this internal tax competition and presents some of the still unresolved juridical problems it causes. Then, the article puts light on the contradictory Brazilian approach to tax fraud (including piracy): hard financial and criminal penalties, but a permanent possibility of full amnesty through payment. The conclusion is that the principle of free and equal competition between companies will not be guaranted in Brazil until discriminatory tax benefits are proscribed and until tax evasion ceases to be a relatively safe harbour.
Consequences of the Implementation of the CCCTB Regime on EU Member States Tax Collection: Will CCCTB Have a Dramatic or Only a Severe Effect on Public Finances?
Authors: Fargas Mas Lluís M.
Published: February 2022

After some years of turbulence surrounding the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base proposal, the New European Union Commissioner mentioned in his first speech to the EU Parliament, at the beginning of the year, that one of his objectives was to implement the CCCTB regime ‘as soon as possible’. One of the most critical aspects of the future CCCTB directive is the apportionment formula to distribute the taxable base within the EU Member States and its effects to their tax collection. Currently, the Commission is, using external sources, working on the impact assessment of such implementation. This article, contrary to previous ones, proves, based on potential real cases, that the impact of the CCCTB implementation in MS tax collection would be very substantial and not precisely in incrementing their revenues which would further increase their budgets deficits. This article demonstrates that MS tax collection reduction would be very substantial, even in the order of 100% in certain cases, if CCCTB legislation would be enacted.