bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Omega‐ and Beta‐Models of Alternative Set Theory
Authors: Tzouvaras Athanassios
Published: June 2007

We present the axioms of Alternative Set Theory (AST) in the language of second‐order arithmetic and study its ω‐ and β‐models. These are expansions of the form (M, M), M ⊆ P(M), of nonstandard models M of Peano arithmetic (PA) such that (M, M) ⊩ AST and ω ϵ M. Our main results are: (1) A countable M ⊩ PA is β‐expandable iff there is a regular well‐ordering for M. (2) Every countable β‐model can be elementarily extended to an ω‐model which is not a β‐model. (3) The Ω‐orderings of an ω‐model (M, M) are absolute well‐orderings iff the standard system SS(M) of M is a β‐model of A−2. (4) There are ω‐expandable models M such that no ω‐expansion of M contains absolute Ω‐orderings. (5) There are s‐expandable models (i. e., their ω‐expansions contain only absolute Ω‐orderings) which are not β‐expandable. (6) For every countable β‐expansion M of M, there is a generic extension M[G] which is also a β‐expansion of M. (7) If M is countable and β‐expandable, then there are regular orderings <1, <2 such that neither <1 belongs to the ramified analytical hierarchy of the structure (M, <2), nor <2 to that of (M, <1). (8) The result (1) can be improved as follows: A countable M ⊩ PA is β‐expandable iff there is a semi‐regular well‐ordering for M.
Existentially Complete Nerode Semirings
Authors: McLaughlin Thomas G.
Published: June 2007

Let Λ denote the semiring of isols. We characterize existential completeness for Nerode subsemirings of Λ, by means of a purely isol‐theoretic “Σ1 separation property”. (A “concrete” characterization that is not Λ‐theoretic is well known: the existentially complete Nerode semirings are the ones that are isomorphic to Σ1 ultrapowers.) Our characterization is purely isol‐theoretic in that it is formulated entirely in terms of the extensions to Λ of the Σ1 subsets of the natural numbers. Advantage is taken of a special kind of isol first conjectured to exist by Ellentuck and first proven to exist by Barback (unpublished). In addition, we strengthen the negative part of [13] by showing that existential completeness is not secured, for a given Nerode semiring, by either (i) a certain “functional closure” property for the extensions of partial recursive functions or (ii) the property of “pulling in” some portion of each partial recursive fiber; these latter results are perhaps a little surprising.
Invariant Constructions of Simple and Maximal Sets
Authors: Weber Frank P.
Published: June 2007

The main results of the present paper are the following theorems: 1. There is no e ∈ ω such that for any A, B ⊆ ω, SA = W is simple in A, and if A′ T B′, then SA =* SB. 2 There is an e ∈ ω such that for any A, B ⊆ ω, MA = We is incomplete maximal in A, and if A =* B, then MA T MB.
Polynomial Time Uniform Word Problems
Authors: Burris Stanley
Published: June 2007

We have two polynomial time results for the uniform word problem for a quasivarietyQ: (a) The uniform word problem forQcan be solved in polynomial time iff one can find a certain congruence on finite partial algebras in polynomial time. (b) LetQ* be the relational class determined byQ. If any universal Horn class between the universal closureS(Q*) and the weak embedding closureS̄(Q*) ofQ* is finitely axiomatizable then the uniform word problem forQis solvable in polynomial time. This covers Skolem's 1920 solution to the uniform word problem for lattices and Evans' 1953 applications of the weak embeddability property for finite partialValgebras.
Local Density of Kleene Degrees
Authors: Muraki Hisato
Published: June 2007

Concerning Post's problem for Kleene degrees and its relativization, Hrbacek showed in [1] and [2] that if V = L, then Kleene degrees of coanalytic sets are dense, and then for all K ⊆ωω, there are N1 sets which are Kleene semirecursive in K and not Kleene recursive in each other and K. But the density of Kleene semirecursive in K Kleene degrees is not obtained from these theorems. In this note, we extend these theorems by showing that if V = L, then for all K ⊆ ωω, Kleene semirecursive in K Kleene degrees are dense above K.
Hybrid Identities and Hybrid Equational Logic
Authors: Denecke Klaus
Published: June 2007

Hybrid identities are sentences in a special second order language with identity. The model classes of sets of hybrid identities are called hybrid solid varieties. We give a Birkhoff‐type‐characterization of hybrid solid varieties and develop a hybrid equational logic.
On Commutative and Nonassociative Syntactic Calculi and Categorial Grammars
Authors: Kandulski Maciej
Published: June 2007

Two axiomatizations of the nonassociative and commutative Lambek syntactic calculus are given and their equivalence is proved. The first axiomatization employs Permutation as the only structural rule, the second one, with no Permutation rule, employs only unidirectional types. It is also shown that in the case of the Ajdukiewicz calculus an analogous equivalence is valid only in the case of a restricted set of formulas. Unidirectional axiomatizations are employed in order to establish the generative power of categorial grammars based on the nonassociative and commutative Lambek calculus with product. Those grammars produce CF‐languages of finite degree generated by CF‐grammars closed with respect to permutations.
A Structure Theorem for Free Temporal Algebras
Authors: Olmedo Francisco M. García , Salas Antonio J. Rodríguez
Published: June 2007

In this paper an algebraic version for temporal algebras of the logical filtrations for modal and temporal logics is analysed. A structure theorem for free temporal algebras and also some results with regard to the variety of temporal algebras are obtained.
A Nonstandard Delta Function in a Predicative Theory
Authors: Zahn Peter
Published: June 2007

In [1] Todorov has shown by means of axiomatic set theory that there exists a nonstandard function Δ: *ℝn → * ℂ such that for all continuous functions φ: ℝn → ℂ,
equation image
.

Here *ℝ and *ℂ are the set of the nonstandard real numbers and the set of the nonstandard complex numbers, respectively, and *φ: *ℝn → *ℂ is the nonstandard extension of φ In the present note we want to prove an analogous theorem by predicative means only.
Two NP‐Hard Art‐Gallery Problems for Ortho‐Polygons
Authors: Schuchardt Dietmar , Hecker Hans‐Dietrich
Published: June 2007

D. T. Lee and A. K. Lin [2] proved that VERTEX‐GUARDING and POINT‐GUARDING are NP‐hard for simple polygons. We prove that those problems are NP‐hard for ortho‐polygons, too.
La relation différence et l'anti‐isomorphie
Authors: Boudabbous Youssef , Lopez Gérard
Published: June 2007

This paper deals with pairs of binary relations defined on the same finite basis and which the 3‐element restrictions are isomorphic and those of 5‐element restrictions are isomorphic or anti‐isomorphic. To each of these pairs, we associate an equivalence relation which yields a decomposition of these relations into classes that we will characterize. As application, we get the treshold of half‐reconstruction for tournaments.
Ternary Operations as Primitive Notions for Constructive Plane Geometry VI
Authors: Pambuccian Victor
Published: June 2007

In this paper we provide quantifier‐free, constructive axiomatizations for several fragments of plane Euclidean geometry over Euclidean fields, such that each axiom contains at most 4 variables. The languages in which they are expressed contain only at most ternary operations. In some precisely defined sense these axiomatizations are the simplest possible.
Characterizing Belnap's Logic via De Morgan's Laws
Authors: Pynko Alexej P.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this paper is technically to study Belnap's four‐valued sentential logic (see [2]). First, we obtain a Gentzen‐style axiomatization of this logic that contains no structural rules while all they are still admissible in the Gentzen system what is proved with using some algebraic tools. Further, the mentioned logic is proved to be the least closure operator on the set of {Λ, V, ⌝}‐formulas satisfying Tarski's conditions for classical conjunction and disjunction together with De Morgan's laws for negation. It is also proved that Belnap's logic is the only sentential logic satisfying the above‐mentioned conditions together with Anderson‐Belnap's Variable‐Sharing Property. Finally, we obtain a finite Hilbert‐style axiomatization of this logic. As a consequence, we obtain a finite Hilbert‐style axiomatization of Priest's logic of paradox (see [12]).
Some Boolean Algebras with Finitely Many Distinguished Ideals I
Authors: Aragón Regina
Published: June 2007

We consider the theory Thprin of Boolean algebras with a principal ideal, the theory Thmax of Boolean algebras with a maximal ideal, the theory Thac of atomic Boolean algebras with an ideal where the supremum of the ideal exists, and the theory Thsa of atomless Boolean algebras with an ideal where the supremum of the ideal exists. First, we find elementary invariants for Thprin and Thsa. If T is a theory in a first order language and α is a linear order with least element, then we let Sentalg(T) be the Lindenbaum‐Tarski algebra with respect to T, and we let intalg(α) be the interval algebra of α. Using rank diagrams, we show that Sentalg(Thprin) ⋍ intalg(ω4), Sentalg(Thmax) ⋍ intalg(ω3) ⋍ Sentalg(Thac), and Sentalg(Thsa) ⋍ intalg(ω2 + ω2). For Thmax and Thac we use Ershov's elementary invariants of these theories. We also show that the algebra of formulas of the theory Tx of Boolean algebras with finitely many ideals is atomic.
Relatively Recursively Enumerable Versus Relatively Σ1in Models of Peano Arithmetic
Authors: Michalski Grzegorz
Published: June 2007

We show that that every countable model ofPAhas a conservative extensionMwith a subsetYsuch that a certain Σ1(Y)‐formula defines inMa subset which is not r. e. relative toY.
An Infinitary Graded Modal Logic (Graded Modalities VI)
Authors: Fattorosi‐Barnaba Maurizio , Grassotti Silvano
Published: June 2007

We prove a completeness theorem for K, the infinitary extension of the graded version K0 of the minimal normal logic K, allowing conjunctions and disjunctions of countable sets of formulas. This goal is achieved using both the usual tools of the normal logics with graded modalities and the machinery of the predicate infinitary logics in a version adapted to modal logic.
Machines Over the Reals and Non‐Uniformity
Authors: Cucker Felipe
Published: June 2007

We survey the research performed in the last few years on a specific topic: the power of real machines over binary inputs. This research attempts to characterize the classes of decision problems over a finite alphabet ‐ say {0,1} ‐ which can be decided by real machines working under several resource restrictions. Non‐uniformity appears here in a natural way. However, since this is a technical concept which is not widely known, we summarize in Section 2 some of the intuitive notions, as well as a few basic theorems related to it. In Section 3 we do this for the subject of real machines and then, in Section 4 we present the state of the art of the surveyed topic. We devote Section 1 to introduce the main concepts of complexity theory. Proofs in this article are quite sketchy and are included more to convey intuitive ideas than to completely prove the claimed statements. Bibliographical references to the original literature are supplied for the latter purpose.
Logics with Zero‐One Laws that Are Not Fragments of Bounded‐Variable Infinitary Logic
Authors: Stewart Iain A.
Published: June 2007

We show that the (NP‐complete) problem CUB, being the problem of deciding whether a graph has a cubic subgraph, can not be defined inLand so the logic (±CUB)*[FO] has a zero‐one law and can not be regarded as a fragment ofL. It had previously been shown that the logic (±3COL)*[FO], where 3COL is the problem of deciding whether a graph can be 3‐coloured, enjoys a similar status. In an attempt to clarify their relative expressibilities, we show that the problems 3COL and CUB are not equivalent with respect to first‐order translations but that there exist problems definable in (±3COL)*[FO] and (±CUB)*[FO] that are not first‐order definable: it remains open as to whether these two logics have the same expressibility. In order to prove our results we slightly extend a technique due to Cai, Fürer and Immerman, and we formulate and play (extended Ehrenfeucht‐Fraïssé) games very similar to those proposed by Kolaitis and Väänänen, and Grädel.
Cost of prediction error in the economic order quantity formula
Authors: Lowenthal Franklin
Published: June 2007

The relative cost of prediction error in the economic order quantity model that results from the incorrect prediction of parameter values for annual demand, purchase order cost and carrying cost is described as a function solely of the relative error in those parameter values, and is shown to be independent of the absolute magnitude of these parameters. This function is shown to have, over a certain range, an important contraction property so that the relative cost of prediction error will be (significantly) less than the relative error in the parameter value.
Indicators and causes of size advantages in industry
Authors: Hirschey Mark , Wichern Dean W.
Published: June 2007

Relationships among indicators and causes of size advantages in industry are analysed here using Jöreskog and Goldberger's multiple indicator and multiple cause model. This approach is thought to be particularly appropriate for the study of size advantages in industry since only imperfect indicators of this important economic variable are typically available. An important objective of the analysis is to learn whether or not size advantages tend to be more effectively exploited in instances of high concentration. Estimation results suggest that this is indeed the case, and imply a direction of causation from concentration to realized size advantages much as earlier studies have found that concentration causes reductions in production costs and suboptimal capacity. This finding is important from a theoretical point of view since it suggests that further studies on the subject should consider the possibility that the degree to which size advantages in industry are exploited is endogenously determined. In addition, these findings imply that antitrust policies intending to reduce the relative sizes of leading firms must be sensitive to the potential for at least some losses in operating efficiency.
Pharmaceuticals inter‐country diffusion
Authors: Cullen Ross
Published: June 2007

This paper considers possible determinants of diffusion processes and exposes to test hypotheses on determinants of mean lags per country and numbers of new products launched in each country. For drugs launched before 1969 these mean lags and numbers of products appear primarily to have been determined by commercial forces. Drugs launched after 1969 do not exhibit such predictable diffusion patterns. Assessents of regulatory tightness in the eighteen markets studied provide impressive explanations for changes in mean lag times per country and numbers of products launched‐in each country. FDA critics appear justified in claiming that FDA regulations have caused a US drug lag.
The determinants of strike activity in foreign‐owned plants: Inter‐industry evidence from British Manufacturing Industry 1971–1973
Authors: Enderwick Peter , Buckley Peter J.
Published: June 2007

A simple exit(quit)–voice (bargaining) model of strike activity is applied to a sample of foreign‐owned plants in British manufacturing industry. Strike activity is found to depend on both structural and cost factors. Intra‐enterprise trade appears to be a significant cost consideration for integrated firms. These findings have important implications for labour responses to the multinational enterprise and challenge the alleged bargaining disadvantage of labour.
Transaction costs to retailers of different methods of payment: Results of a pilot study
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: June 2007

Do credit card transactions cost the retailer substantially more than other forms of payment? This question was central to a study of the relative costs of cash, cheque, credit card and credit account transactions to retailers in the United Kingdom. The study identifies the principal cost elements and provides quantitative estimates based upon a pilot sample. The costs of accepting credit card and providing credit accounts were found to depend crucially upon the generation of additional sales by these forms of payment.
The micro foundations of the corporate economy
Authors: Eichner Alfred S.
Published: June 2007

This paper challenges the orthodox microeconomic theory of the firm which is being gradually replaced as the consensus view by managerialist, behaviourist, institutionalist and post‐Keynesian schools of thought. From this new microeconomics is emerging a synthesis which is providing the foundations for a theory of the ‘megacorp’. Megacorps have behaviour patterns at odds with those of the atomistic firm. Unless this is understood and an appropriate theory developed, attempts to manage the economy by traditional means are doomed to failure. The paper lays the foundations of such a theory at both the micro and macro levels.
Does strategy pay?
Authors: Sutton Clive J.
Published: June 2007

Empirical research on the relation between strategy and performance is rarely conclusive. This paper reviews a number of such studies, and suggests that while the links between planning or market share and performance have been fairly clearly established for certain circumstances or time periods, the results for diversity or merger are much more equivocal. Further, it suggests that even ‘established’ results are of little help to strategists, and that the unanswered questions relating to empirical studies must continue to limit their usefulness for strategic planning.
Concentration, unionization and the distribution of income in Canadian Manufacturing Industry: Comment
Authors: Dickson V. A. , McFetridge D. G.
Published: June 2007

This note comments on a recent article in this journal by Hollander. The principal points made are two. First, if Hollander's regressions are interpreted as representing the determinants of non‐wage share of value‐added, no evidence is provided by these regressions that monopsony power transfers income from factors in one industry to factors in another. Second, the interpretation of the regressions as representing the determinants of non‐wage share of value‐added is itself challenged. In so doing the role of capital intensity variables in these types of studies is clarified.
On mean‐variance portfolio selection
Authors: Schnabel Jacques A.
Published: June 2007

Two concepts are introduced in this paper, personal security market lines and personal betas of assets, and applied in a novel approach to optimal portfolio selection. The procedure is shown to be analogous to asset selection decision rules developed in the context of the capital asset pricing model. However, the statistical problems associated with the latter are not shared by the new procedure.
An analysis of risky financial decisions
Authors: Mehrez A. , Regev U. , Spivak A.
Published: June 2007

A problem of financing uncertain cost of a project is investigated. The paper analyses the allocation and the loss due to the cost uncertainty. Different formulations of the problem are suggested and compared: expected profits, chance constraint maximization and a utility approach. It is shown that even a risk‐neutral manager is willing to pay a premium to reduce uncertainty. The two approaches to risk, chance constraint versus concave utility, are shown to be non‐equivalent.
Entry, exit and profitability
Authors: Van Herck Gustaaf
Published: June 2007

In this paper arguments are set forward explaining the interrelationship between the entry and exit decision. The simultaneous effect of entry and exit on profitability for some Belgian sectors is studied. The empirical results seem to suggest that future research in this area has to take into account the link between entry and exit.
Mini/micro computer evaluation of system features: An empirical discriminant model of software and hardware expandability, compatibility, cost‐efficiency, installation and delivery
Authors: Rushinek Avi , Rushinek Sara F.
Published: June 2007

The rapid advances in technology with declining costs of hardware is expected to widen the market for computers. One of the interesting balances for vendors to achieve is keeping users happy with increases in price performance, usually with lower unit costs. One way to achieve this objective is by satisfying users and meeting their needs. Users have many different needs, however, and it may be very difficult to prioritize them since many of the needs are partially mutually exclusive. For example, the promotion of one need, low response time, would be at the expense of another need, low cost. Therefore, mini/micro vendors and users could use a model that will prioritize needs and measure how satisfied users are with specific computer systems as compared to others. Similarly, the same information may be very useful to current and future computer users for system selection. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present study is to provide vendors and users of mini/micro computers with a discriminant model. This model classifies correctly 93% of the successful systems. Thus it can be used for system selection by users and for system design by vendors.
The growth of shiftwork in the British food, drink and tobacco industries
Authors: Ingram A. H. , Sloane P. J.
Published: June 2007

The authors develop and estimate an econometric model of shiftworking for male, manual employees in the food, drink and tobacco industries. In the demand equations TSLS techniques are used to take account of simultaneity in the determination of shiftworking, capital intensity and plant size. Market demand variables are also incorporated in the model to allow for the distinction between ex ante and ex post decisions to work shifts. A demand variable is also incorporated in the supply equations. The results confirm the diverse economic characteristics of these industries, suggesting that inter‐industry studies may conceal a considerable degree of variation at MLH level.
Investment performance of canadian real estate stocks using sharpe's performance index
Authors: Achour Dominique , Brown Robert , Roy Yvon
Published: June 2007

The investment performance of a Canadian portfolio of Canadian public real estate companies is analyzed over the period 1971–79. Using Sharpe's index of performance, it would appear at first sight that this portfolio exhibited remarkable superior performance. Moreover, this conclusion is not due to some peculiarity of the Sharpe measure: results using Treynor's measure suggest a similar conclusion. We then apply the significance tests recently recommended by Jobson and Korkie (1981). When their preferred test is applied, we are unable to reject the null hypothesis that the real estate portfolio did not exhibit superior investment performance. This result illustrates the necessity of performing adequate statistical significance tests whenever investment performance is being evaluated.
Bankruptcy risk and impaired investment decisions
Authors: Schnabel Jacques A. , Frank Jonathan
Published: June 2007

This paper examines situations where the firm's investment decisions are impaired due to the presence of bankruptcy risk. Two situations are examined, one in which the firm is motivated to reject a positive NPV project and another in which the firm is motivated to accept a negative NPV project.
Predictions of annual earnings using quarterly earnings, annual earnings and dividend payout ratios
Authors: Lobo Gerald J. , Nair R. D.
Published: June 2007

This study empirically examines two issues related to forecasting annual accounting earnings. The first issue studied is the improvement in forecasts of annual earnings that can be obtained by including information about dividend payout along with the past earnings series in forecasting models. The second issue deals with the comparative ability of quarterly earnings time series models and annual earnings time series models to predict annual earnings. The results of this study indicate that considerable improvement in predictive ability can be obtained by expanding the information set to include the dividend payout ratio series. The empirical analysis also indicates that time series models developed using annual earnings generate more accurate predictions of annual earnings than do models developed using quarterly earnings.
Risk and return under changing regulation: An empirical analysis
Authors: Bubnys Edward L. , Primeaux Walter J. , Zumwalt J. Kenton
Published: June 2007

It has been observed that utility executives generally argue for inflation‐adjusted rate bases while consumer groups advocate original‐cost valuation methods. Recent analytical and empirical studies indicate rate‐base valuation methods should not and do not account for differences in utilities‐accounting‐realized rates of return. However, there is evidence that changes in valuation methods may cause changes in realized returns due to over‐ or under‐compensation for the effects of inflation. This study examines the impact of changes in rate‐base valuation methods on (1) systematic risk, (2) expected shareholder returns and (3) realized shareholder returns. A unique time series data set and a new statistical procedure are utilized. Overall, the results are consistent with the earlier analytical and empirical studies. However, the results for utilities in one state provide support for the argument that investors fare better under fair‐value regulation.
A discretionary model of industrial buying
Authors: Cameron Samuel , Shipley David D.
Published: June 2007

This paper demons!rules that product differentials exert an important influence on the demand for industrial inputs. It presents a utiliu‐maximizing model of industrial buying which integrates the empirical findings of marketing scholars with orthodox economic theory. The model receives statistical support in the form of partial correlations of industrial sourcing determinants and a factor‐analytical extraction of hypothetical constructs corresponding to features which in the model influence sourcing decisions.
A programmed equity‐redemption approach to the finance of public projects
Authors: Chapman C. B. , Cooper Dale F.
Published: June 2007

A programmed equity‐redemption approach to finance and analysis is discussed in the context of the financial feasibility of a capital‐intensive project. The approach was developed in relation In a large hydroelectric power‐development decision; il is illustrated here using domestic wail‐insulation as an example. It separates the roles of conventional debt‐providers, programmed redemption equity‐providers, conventional equity‐providers and consumers. Equity with a programmed redemption pattern provides a bridge between conventional debt and equity. Even if il is not used as a means of finance, it provides a new perspective on investment analysis, by separating safe normal profits and uncertain supra‐normal profits in a conceptually convenient framework. In the latter context it complements a parametric discounting treatment of economic desirability analysis discussed in an earlier paper.
The Ramsey number R(3, t) has order of magnitude t2/log t
Authors: Kim Jeong Han
Published: June 2007

The Ramsey number R(s, t) for positive integers s and t is the minimum integer n for which every red‐blue coloring of the edges of a complete n‐vertex graph induces either a red complete graph of order s or a blue complete graph of order t. This paper proves that R(3, t) is bounded below by (1 – o(1))t/2/log t times a positive constant. Together with the known upper bound of (1 + o(1))t2/log t, it follows that R(3, t) has asymptotic order of magnitude t2/log t. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The dominating number of a random cubic graph
Authors: Molloy Michael , Reed Bruce
Published: June 2007

We show that if G is a random 3‐regular graph on n vertices, then its dominating number, D(G), almost surely satisfies .2636n ≤ D(G) ≤ .3126n. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the computational complexity of ordered subgraph recognition
Authors: Duffus Dwight , Ginn Mark , Rödl Vojtěch
Published: June 2007

Let (G, <) be a finite graph G with a linearly ordered vertex set V. We consider the decision problem (G, <)ORD to have as an instance an (unordered) graph Γ and as a question whether there exists a linear order ≤ on V(Γ) and an order preserving graph isomorphism of (G, <) onto an induced subgraph of Γ. Several familiar classes of graph are characterized as the yes‐instances of (G, < )ORD for appropriate choices of (G, <). Here the complexity of (G, <)ORD is investigated. We conjecture that for any 2‐connected graph G, G ≠ Kk, (G, <)ORD is NP‐complete. This is verified for almost all 2‐connected graphs. Several related problems are formulated and discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Appearance of complex components in a random bigraph
Authors: Delaurentis J.
Published: June 2007

This is an investigation into the limiting distribution of the sparse connected components in an n1 × n2 bipartite multigraph with approximately ½n edges, where n1, n2 ≈︁ ½n. We will show that the probability of finding no complex components in a random n1 × n2 bigraph, with approximately ½n edges, is asymptotically the same as for random graphs with n vertices and approximately ½n edges, namely √2/3. In addition, we will show that, for n1 × n2 multi‐bigraphs, the probability distribution for finitely many bicyclic components, tricyclic components, etc., with no components having more than a given number of cycles, asymptotically equals the corresponding distribution for random multigraphs with n vertices and approximately half as many edges. As an application of this analysis we present a method for estimating the efficiency of memory access in a distributed, replicated data base.
The minimal spanning tree in a complete graph and a functional limit theorem for trees in a random graph
Authors: Janson Svante
Published: June 2007

The minimal weight of a spanning tree in a complete graph Kn with independent, uniformly distributed random weights on the edges is shown to have an asymptotic normal distribution. The proof uses a functional limit extension of results by Barbour and Pittel on the distribution of the number of tree components of given sizes in a random graph.
Life changes, stress, injury and illness in adult runners
Authors: Schafer Walter E. , McKenna John F.
Published: June 2007

This article reports results of a study of the impact of life changes on stress level, running injury and illness among a sample of 572 adult runners. Based on previous research findings and anecdotal data, we hypothesized that greater life change would increase chances of running injury, stress and non‐injury‐related illness and that a higher stress level, whatever its sources, would raise the probability of injury and illness. Results lend support to each hypothesis. Causality is suggested in each instance. However, the causal influence between stress, on the one hand, and injury and illness, on the other, may be twoway, since measures used cover simultaneous time periods and since other data presented here show that being injured is in itself stressful. A number of possible mediating linkages are explored which might explain the impact of life change on injury and illness.
Type A behaviour, stress, injury and illness in adult runners
Authors: Schafer Walter E. , McKenna John F.
Published: June 2007

The survey study reported here was designed to investigate whether type A behaviour increases risk of stress, running injury and illness among a sample of 572 adult runners. The findings show modest but significant correlations between type A behaviour and two stress measures, times injured during past three months, running days missed and reduced due to running injury, health care appointments for running injuries, and health care appointments for other types of illness. Most of these correlations remained after controlling out another stress‐related variable, life change score. Type A behaviour added to the variance in stress level explained by life change score. Finally, incurring a running injury was found to be more stressful among high than low type A runners. Possible explanations for these findings were presented, as were implications for runners and future researchers.
Hormones and age
Authors: MacLennan W. J. , Borsey D. Q.
Published: June 2007

Endocrine disorders may present in an atypical way in old people and are often mistaken for ageing itself. Ageing produces a variety of changes in endocrine function, most of which are minor and of little clinical relevance in contrast to the significant morbidity and mortality associated with endocrine disease in the elderly. Nearly all systems may be affected in the elderly and the possibility of underlying hormonal dysfunction should not be overlooked, because of the opportunities for curative treatment. In most instances the investigations employed to diagnose endocrine disorders in the elderly are similar to those used in younger patients. However, ageing and multiple pathology have an important effect upon the biochemical effects of both thyroid disease and diabetes and so these are considered in more detail.
Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Smith Christine M. , Swash Michael
Published: June 2007

The changes which Alzheimer associated with this disease are still a major focus of interest in pathological studies, but their relative importance and association to symptoms is still not clear. The diagnosis of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very difficult clinical problem since there is no pathognomic test. It can be particularly difficult to differentiate the condition from depressive illness. Despite doubts about the significance and specificity of the cholinergic deficit in AD, attempts at therapy with cholinergic drugs have been made. Physostigmine has produced some small improvements, but it is not yet known whether the drug is clinically useful or not. Its utility may be limited by its short half‐life. Other approaches to management of AD should not be neglected. Increased publicity concerning AD is a potential source of stress to the elderly generally, but increased awareness of this disease both by the general public and health professionals has probably helped support and management of AD.
Changes in stature with spinal loading and their relation to the perception of exertion or discomfort
Authors: Troup J. D. G. , Reilly T. , Eklund J. A. E. , Leatt P.
Published: June 2007

Measurements of stature can now be made to an accuracy of better than 1 mm and decreases in stature have been shown to relate closely to the biomechanical load on the spine. In order to test the hypothesis that they relate also to psychophysical factors, observations were made at Linköping and Liverpool of the changes resulting: (1) from standing with different vertical loads compared with ratings of discomfort; (2) from lying supine but inverted, for comparison with ratings for relaxation and comfort; and (3) after running, compared with ratings of perceived exertion. The results confirm that changes in stature are related not only to the biomechanical load on the spine but also to the psychophysical ratings.
Hope and the immune system
Authors: Udelman Donna Lou
Published: June 2007

A survey of the literature indicates a relationship between emotional stresses and the immune system. The field of psychoimmunology has attempted to identify the process and anatomical routes through which such events are mediated. Studies have suggested that hope may contribute to maintenance of healthy physiological states, under the stress of significant loss. In a controlled study of maprotiline in depressed patients, a positive correlation was found between hope measurements at the onset and B lymphoctye measurements after three months of treatment. In a further study, trimipramine is being used and monoclonal antibody techniques utilized for cellular identification. It would appear that physical or emotional stress has a measurable effect on immune responsiveness. It is the author's contention that hope enhances immunocompetence.
Stress in air traffic control
Authors: Maxwell Victor B.
Published: June 2007

Air traffic control is widely perceived as being a stressful occupation. Much of this perception is intuitive and an attempt is made in this review to analyse some of the published data of the last two decades to see if the concept is true. Most recent published work suggests that air traffic control is not as stressful as has been thought and that most controllers cope well with any stress which they encounter.
Food and mood
Authors: Harris Brian
Published: June 2007

Population studies provide information on associations between affect, personality and body weight. Anorexia and bulimia are associated with psychiatric disturbance and successful treatment in both is accompanied by affective changes. Depression may be accompanied by either a loss of appetite or an increase, with accompanying weight changes. Anxiety may have similar effects and restraint is an important principle in determining eating responses accompanying these illnesses. Psychotropic drugs that affect mood also affect appetite and these include psychostimulants, antidepressants, antipsychotics and lithium. Obesity is a major problem in the western world and it is logical to consider the roles played in its reduction by psychological and affective changes.
Stress and sexual response
Authors: Catalan Jose
Published: June 2007

Stress may be a source of sexual problems, sex may be a source of stress, or stress may even be a facilitator of sexual response. Sexual dysfunction is often associated with anxiety, and physical illness can impair sexual response. Traumatic experiences of a sexual nature can have important adverse effects, although this is not always the case. Rape and incest provide pertinent examples. Sexual activity has been implicated in both physical and psychiatric morbidity but there are a number of methodological difficulties in interpreting these associations, as illustrated by the ‘coital coronary’. Stress does not invariably exert negative effects on sexual response and anxiety arousal can sometimes facilitate sexual arousal in both men and women.
Sexual dysfunction following myocardial infarction in the male
Authors: Cooper Alan J.
Published: June 2007

Sexual activity does not always correlate with the severity of myocardial damage or the extent of any complications. The general objective of management is to restore sexual activities to approximately pre‐infarct levels and, generally, it is better to introduce sexual activities sooner rather than later. Special investigations may be necessary to determine whether the penile arteries are involved in generalized arteriosclerosis, which may contribute to sexual problems. The pelvic steal test is simple and improves the diagnostic value of a penile blood pressure measurement. Counselling procedures are the mainstay of treatment, but cardiovascular drugs, antidepressants and anxiolytic drugs may all have a part to play. A crucial influence is the attitude of the sexual partner. Reassurance concerning future re‐infarction is of paramount importance.
Self‐reported somatic symptoms in type A and type B middle‐aged males
Authors: Swan Gary E. , Chesney Margaret A. , Black George W. , Ward Marcia M. , Rosenman Ray H.
Published: June 2007

The type A behaviour pattern has been documented as an independent risk factor for the incidence of coronary heart disease. Previous research with myocardial infarction patients suggests that denial of symptoms is associated with type A characteristics, and laboratory research has demonstrated that when faced with challenging tasks, healthy type A students report fewer psychological symptoms than type B students. This pattern of reduced symptom awareness or reporting could lead to life‐threatening consequences if type A individuals experience coronary heart disease symptoms and fail to seek appropriate and immediate medical care. The present study was designed to examine the relative frequency of symptom reporting in 154 middle‐aged type A and type B working males who had not reported a positive coronary heart disease medical history. Results indicate that type A men reported significantly fewer cardiovascular symptoms. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to understanding the symptom‐reporting pattern in the context of the daily characteristics of the general work environment.
Suicide seasonality and economic growth
Authors: Abe Kazuhiko , Egashira Kazumichi , Suzuki Takashi
Published: June 2007

In Japan there is a negative correlation between suicide seasonality and gross national product (GNP). In comparisons between European countries, USA and Australia, there is a correlation between the decrement of suicide seasonality and the annual growth of gross domestic product (GDP). From these findings, it appears that the suicide seasonality decreases with affluence.
Growth strategies for service firms
Authors: Carman James M. , Langeard Eric
Published: June 2007

Two characteristics of services—intangibility of the offering and simultaneity of production and consumption—have important implications for strategic planning. Four of these implications are described.

Life cycle, experience, and market share, which are the usual determinants of profitability that provide guides for strategic planning are not easily applied to the service firm. Therefore growth strategies need to be revised.

In its second part the paper suggests alternative growth strategy paths for service firms. It brings forward three main remarks. First, the service firm should not overuse its delivery system and its image by attempting to serve the needs of too many sociodemographic segments. Second, service development and concentric diversification are not sequential choices; the latter is not so distant from the former as may be commonly perceived. Third, expansion to out‐of‐country markets represents a risk discontinuity; it should be approached by service firms with considerable flexibility and willingness to interact with different cultures.
Strategic management archetypes
Authors: Wissema J. G. , van der Pol H. W. , Messer H. M.
Published: June 2007

In the recruitment of managers it is increasingly necessary to attune the choice of candidate to the strategy of the company or its subsidiary.

In this paper—coauthored by specialists in the fields of management recruitment and corporate strategy—the authors develop classifications of strategies and of management archetypes. Linking of these classifications leads to an approach that can assist both managers‐employees and managers‐employers when filling management vacancies. In addition, the approach can be used to assist management development programmes and to relate management planning to strategic planning.
Short term financial success in large business organizations: The environment‐strategy connection
Authors: Jauch Lawrence R. , Osborn Richard N. , Glueck William F.
Published: June 2007

This study examines the interrelationships of environmental changes and strategic action variables with each other and with short term success, for 358 large business firms over a 45 year period. Success (Fortune ratings and ROA) is found to be related to two strategic decision segments.

Several strategy‐environment relationships are also found. Some methodological problems are noted in the attempt to move policy research from case analysis to statistical explanation.
Planning perceptions and planning results
Authors: Leontiades Milton , Tezel Ahmet
Published: June 2007

The need for planning in business organizations operating in today's complex environment is widely accepted. Implied is an assumption that planning improves performance. However, the empirical evidence for such a claim is thin. Since planning is an integral part of strategy formulation, the facts to confirm or refute an assumed connection between planning and performance invite attention. Our research focuses on new data from 61 companies which test this linkage and, in addition, reviews the conclusions of prior empirical studies.
Business government planning agreements —ideology versus practicality
Authors: Channon Derek F.
Published: June 2007

The involvement of government in the affairs of business has been increasing rapidly over the past two decades in most western economies. This paper examines the impact of a particular instrument designed by government in the U.K. to attempt to be involved with corporate planning at the level of the individual company. The paper reports the views, attitudes, and expectations of government and those of a number of the major companies which were politically and economically selected by government as being suitable candidates for planning agreements. Finally, the attitute of senior trade unionists were sought to complete a tripartite analysis consistent with that of other institutions created for indicative economic planning. The results do not appear favourable to this particular instrument nor would they augur well for others unless the basic climate of trust and understanding between the different parties dramatically improved.
The international strategy of state‐owned firms: An organizational process and politics perspective
Authors: Mazzolini Renato
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses on European government‐controlled enterprises (GCEs) which are normal commercial undertakings (e.g. Renault, ENI, British Leyland, Salzgitter) as opposed to public monopolies (e.g. electric or telephone companies). It asks why such companies do or do not go international and what is distinctive about their international strategy and why.
A survey of the current state of business policy research
Authors: Saunders Charles B. , Thompson John Clair
Published: June 2007

This paper is an analysis and evaluation of a cross‐section of current research in the policy area. The data used as representative of current policy research are the 51 papers submitted for possible presentation at the 1979 Business Policy and Planning Division Meeting in Atlanta, and the evaluations of these papers by blind reviewers. The areas covered by the papers are compared to the recommendations found in Schendel and Hofer (1979). The research methodologies used are also enumerated. The quality of the papers, as perceived by the blind reviewers, is presented by category—conceptual, empirical, and teaching.
Strategic issue management
Authors: Ansoff H. Igor
Published: June 2007

The paper presents a systematic approach for early identification and fast response to important trends and events which impact on the firm. Two versions of such an approach are described: a strong signal and a weak signal strategic issue management system.

Strategic issue management, which responds to signals in “real time”, is compared to periodic strategic planning, and criteria for choice among the three are proposed.
Strategy follows structure!
Authors: Hall David J. , Saias Maurice A.
Published: June 2007

Researchers have for some time been interested in the relationship between the strategy and structure of an organization. In this article the authors discuss the most widely‐held view on the nature of this relationship, and then suggest an alternative explanation. For them strategy, structure, and environment are closely linked. Whereas men may build the structure of an organization, in practice it is this very structure which later constrains the strategic choices they may make.
The effect of exit barriers upon strategic flexibility
Authors: Harrigan Kathryn Rudie
Published: June 2007

The conceptual construct, exit barriers, is expanded using both statistical findings and the results of field studies. The immobility of resources, it is suggested, can be overcome by helping marginal competitors to exit from potentially volatile businesses. The implementation of such tactics can be adapted to the firm's own strategic commitment and to the nature of the business in question, although it is expected that firms which might consider purchasing the physical and intangible assets of competitors in order to help them to scale high exit barriers, must themselves perceive the business to be of sufficiently high strategic importance to do so.