bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASB2 is a novel E3 ligase of SMAD9 required for cardiogenesis
Authors: Min Kyung-Duk , Asakura Masanori , Shirai Manabu , Yamazaki Satoru , Ito Shin , Fu Hai Ying , Asanuma Hiroshi , Asano Yoshihiro , Minamino Tetsuo , Takashima Seiji , Kitakaze Masafumi
Published: November 2021

Cardiogenesis requires the orchestrated spatiotemporal tuning of BMP signalling upon the balance between induction and counter-acting suppression of the differentiation of the cardiac tissue. SMADs are key intracellular transducers and the selective degradation of SMADs by the ubiquitin–proteasome system is pivotal in the spatiotemporal tuning of BMP signalling. However, among three SMADs for BMP signalling, SMAD1/5/9, only the specific E3 ligase of SMAD9 remains poorly investigated. Here, we report for the first time that SMAD9, but not the other SMADs, is ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase ASB2 and targeted for proteasomal degradation. ASB2, as well as Smad9, is conserved among vertebrates. ASB2 expression was specific to the cardiac region from the very early stage of cardiac differentiation in embryogenesis of mouse. Knockdown of Asb2 in zebrafish resulted in a thinned ventricular wall and dilated ventricle, which were rescued by simultaneous knockdown of Smad9. Abundant Smad9 protein leads to dysregulated cardiac differentiation through a mechanism involving Tbx2, and the BMP signal conducted by Smad9 was downregulated under quantitative suppression of Smad9 by Asb2. Our findings demonstrate that ASB2 is the E3 ligase of SMAD9 and plays a pivotal role in cardiogenesis through regulating BMP signalling.
Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among college freshmen in China
Authors: Jiang Qingqing , Zhang Qiumei , Wang Tiantian , You Qiqi , Liu Chun , Cao Shiyi
Published: November 2021

Hypertension is the leading single contributor to all-cause death and disability worldwide. However, there is scarce evidence on the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension for Chinese youth. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypertension among Chinese college freshmen and to identify the influencing factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study of all freshmen from 2015 to 2017 at a university in Wuhan, China by physical examination and standard-structured questionnaire. The Pearson chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Forward stepwise logistic regression method was used in the multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors of hypertension in youth. A total of 12,849 participants were included, and the prevalence of hypertension of Chinese college freshmen was 4.3% (7.9% in men and 1.6% in women). Men had a higher risk of hypertension than women (odds ratio [OR]: 5.358, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.345–6.607, P < 0.001). Obese people were more likely to develop hypertension than those with normal body mass index (OR: 10.465, 95% CI: 8.448–12.964, P < 0.001). People with elevated resting heart rate (RHR) had a higher prevalence of hypertension (OR: 4.987, 95% CI: 3.641–6.832, P < 0.001). Staying up late (OR: 2.957, 95% CI: 2.482–3.523, P < 0.001), physical inactivity (OR: 4.973, 95% CI: 4.141–5.972, P < 0.001), living in urban district (OR: 1.864, 95% CI: 1.493–2.329, P < 0.001) and family history of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (OR: 2.685, 95% CI: 2.108–3.421, P < 0.001) were related to higher prevalence of hypertension in youth. Male, obesity, elevated RHR, physical inactivity and family history of CVDs were identified as important risk factors of hypertension in youth. These risk factors should be given more attention when designing and implementing the interventional programs.
Evolution of cooperation in costly institutions exhibits Red Queen and Black Queen dynamics in heterogeneous public goods
Authors: Salahshour Mohammad
Published: November 2021

Public goods are often subject to heterogeneous costs, such as the necessary costs to maintain the public goods infrastructure. However, the extent to which heterogeneity in participation cost can affect groups’ ability to provide public goods is unclear. Here, by introducing a mathematical model, I show that when individuals face a costly institution and a free institution to perform a collective action task, the existence of a participation cost promotes cooperation in the costly institution. Despite paying for a participation cost, costly cooperators, who join the costly institution and cooperate, can outperform defectors who predominantly join a free institution. This promotes cooperation in the costly institution and can facilitate the evolution of cooperation in the free institution. For small profitability of the collective action, cooperation in a costly institution but not the free institution evolves. However, individuals are doomed to a winnerless red queen dynamics in which cooperators are unable to suppress defection. For large profitabilities, cooperation in both the costly and the free institution evolves. In this regime, cooperators with different game preferences complement each other to efficiently suppress defection in a black queen dynamic.
Acyl-chain saturation regulates the order of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate nanodomains
Authors: Borges-Araújo Luís , Domingues Marco M. , Fedorov Alexander , Santos Nuno C. , Melo Manuel N. , Fernandes Fábio
Published: November 2021

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) plays a critical role in the regulation of various plasma membrane processes and signaling pathways in eukaryotes. A significant amount of cellular resources are spent on maintaining the dominant 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl PI(4,5)P2 acyl-chain composition, while less abundant and more saturated species become more prevalent in response to specific stimuli, stress or aging. Here, we report the impact of acyl-chain structure on the biophysical properties of cation-induced PI(4,5)P2 nanodomains. PI(4,5)P2 species with increasing levels of acyl-chain saturation cluster in progressively more ordered nanodomains, culminating in the formation of gel-like nanodomains for fully saturated species. The formation of these gel-like domains was largely abrogated in the presence of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl PI(4,5)P2. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the impact of PI(4,5)P2 acyl-chain composition on cation-dependent nanodomain ordering, and provides important clues to the motives behind the enrichment of PI(4,5)P2 with polyunsaturated acyl-chains. We also show how Ca2+-induced PI(4,5)P2 nanodomains are able to generate local negative curvature, a phenomenon likely to play a role in membrane remodeling events.
Introduction to Functional Membranes
Authors: Zhao Yan , Mamrol Natalie , Qiu Yangbo , Van der Bruggen Bart
Published: November 2021

Membrane technology is a green and highly efficient separation method rapidly developed for gas and water treatments. As the core part of this technology, the functional membranes are used to selectively separate molecules or ions from an initial feed stream into a purified permeate stream and a rejected retentate stream. In this chapter, the functional membranes, including gas, liquid, and pervaporation separation membranes, are discussed. Moreover, the challenges and limitations of current membrane processes are critically analyzed. In addition, the state-of-the-art applications of the membranes, including gas separation fields, pervaporation fields, aqueous treatment, petroleum industrial treatment, and organic solvent separation fields, are summarized.
Advanced Membranes Functionalized with Carbon-based 2D Nanomaterials for Liquid Separation
Authors: Khellouf Meryem , Metina Faouzi , Molelekwa Gomotsegang Fred
Published: November 2021

Membrane functionalization has been proven to be a viable and highly sustainable technology for improving the performance of composite membranes in a separation process, for example water permeability, selectivity, and life cycle. This chapter presents the use of graphene-derived 2D carbon-based nanomaterials in polymeric membrane hybridization. Since the discovery of graphene, these materials have attracted the increasing attention of researchers around the world. Nanoporous graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide have been inserted or deposited on the surface of composite membranes using several methods and techniques of surface modification. The applications of the resulting membranes in desalination, water purification, and organic solvent dehydration are discussed.
Supramolecular Membranes for Liquid Separation
Authors: Samadi Akbar , Zhao Shuaifei , Fu Qiang , Yi Guoqing
Published: November 2021

To minimize the cost and energy consumption of liquid separations, there is a widespread research interest in developing newly emerging materials, such as supramolecular materials. Supramolecular materials with non-covalent interactions and dynamic bonds show robust and reversible physiochemical properties and have advantages for liquid separations due to their easy synthesis by simply mixing appropriate counterparts, fascinating reversibility of the ensembles, and diverse functionalities. Molecular recognition-driven self-assembly plays a key role in the fabrication of supramolecular aggregates and networks through cross-linking and block copolymerization. Block copolymers prohibit the degradation or depolymerization of supramolecular structures under various physicochemical and biological conditions. Water-based supramolecular membranes that are sustainable in harsh conditions and effective in contaminants’ removal have attained much interest. Polyelectrolytes are the other suitable precursors for the preparation of supramolecular materials. Self-healing and stimuli-responsiveness are also discussed as the novel features of these materials with diverse applications as membranes and adsorbents. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives in the fabrication of supramolecular membranes are represented.
Core-satellite assembly of gold nanoshells on solid gold nanoparticles for a color coding plasmonic nanosensor
Authors: Le Nguyen H. , Cathcart Nicole , Kitaev Vladimir , Chen Jennifer I. L.
Published: November 2021

Two different compositions of plasmonic nanoparticle assemblies simultaneously detect nucleic acid and ATP.
Ratiometric fluorescence detection of pathogenic bacteria based on dual-recognition nanoprobes with controllable G-quadruplex release
Authors: Shen Yizhong , Wu Tingting , Chen Huanhuan , Ye Yingwang , Xu Jing-Juan
Published: November 2021

A dual-recognition nanoprobe with controllable G-quadruplex release was developed for fast and precise ratiometric fluorescence detection of pathogenic bacteria.
Metal-free C–Se cross-coupling enabled by photoinduced inter-molecular charge transfer
Authors: Zhu Chen , Zhumagazy Serik , Yue Huifeng , Rueping Magnus
Published: November 2021

Metal-free C–Se cross-couplings via the formation of electron-donor–acceptor (EDA) complexes have been developed.
Rational synthesis of isomorphic rare earth metal–organic framework materials for simultaneous adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in water
Authors: Hang Meng-Ting , Cheng Yi , Wang Yi-Tong , Li Huan , Zheng Meng-Qi , He Ming-Yang , Chen Qun , Zhang Zhi-Hui
Published: November 2021

Two isomorphic rare earth metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized by a solvothermal method. These MOFs have good removal effects on cationic and neutral dyes through simultaneous adsorption and photocatalysis.
Thermoelectric performance of ZrNX (X = Cl, Br and I) monolayers
Authors: Shi Wenwu , Ge Nina , Wang Xinzhong , Wang Zhiguo
Published: November 2021

Figure of merit (ZT) for ZrNX (X = Cl, Br and I) monolayers as a function of the carrier concentrations at different temperatures along the x- and y-directions, with the corresponding atomic configuration inserted.
Time-resolved relaxation and cage opening in diamondoids following XUV ultrafast ionization
Authors: Boyer Alexie , Hervé Marius , Scognamiglio Audrey , Loriot Vincent , Lépine Franck
Published: November 2021

Ultrafast vibrational dynamics induced by XUV excitation was investigated in diamondoids using HHG light source.
Developing sustainable, high-performance perovskites in photocatalysis: design strategies and applications
Authors: Mai Haoxin , Chen Dehong , Tachibana Yasuhiro , Suzuki Hajime , Abe Ryu , Caruso Rachel A.
Published: November 2021

Recent progress of earth-abundant, nontoxic perovskite oxides, halides and oxyhalides for photocatalysis is discussed and related to composition and structure.
The cation-dependent structural, magnetic and optical properties of a family of hypophosphite hybrid perovskites
Authors: Mączka Mirosław , Stefańska Dagmara , Gągor Anna , Pikul Adam
Published: November 2021

Hybrid manganese–hypophosphite frameworks: the relationship between structural parameters and magnetic and optical properties.
The non-contact-based determination of the membrane permeability to water and dimethyl sulfoxide of cells virtually trapped in a self-induced micro-vortex
Authors: Tseng Hsiu-Yang , Chen Chiu-Jen , Wu Zong-Lin , Ye Yong-Ming , Huang Guo-Zhen
Published: November 2021

Cells captured by a self-induced micro-vortex are examined for the determination of their membrane transport properties.
An extended π-backbone for highly efficient near-infrared thermally activated delayed fluorescence with enhanced horizontal molecular orientation
Authors: He Jian-Li , Tang Yukun , Zhang Kai , Zhao Yue , Lin Yu-Ching , Hsu Chih-Kai , Chen Chia-Hsun , Chiu Tien-Lung , Lee Jiun-Haw , Wang Chuan-Kui , Wu Chung-Chih , Fan Jian
Published: November 2021

A novel D–A1–A2–A3 configuration has been developed for achieving NIR-TADF with EQE of 21.9% at 712 nm.
Large polarization of push–pull “Cruciforms”viacoordination with lanthanide ions
Authors: Benedini Sara , Zheng Yeting , Nitti Andrea , Mazza Mercedes M. A. , Dondi Daniele , Raymo Françisco M. , Pasini Dario
Published: November 2021

“Bent” or “cruciform” shaped conjugated push–pull compounds exhibit striking differences in their supramolecular recognition of lanthanide cations, with in an outstanding supramolecular polarization.
The electrospun-assisted assembly of bismuth-modified BiVO4 porous nanofibers with enhanced photocatalytic performance
Authors: Wei Jumeng , Wang Hao , Kang Chengyuan , Ye Xiangju , Wu Yuchen , Liu Bitao , Song Changchun
Published: November 2021

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is a promising photocatalytic material for use in environmental protection and water splitting.
Correction: Adhesive functionalized ascorbic acid on CoFe2O4: a core–shell nanomagnetic heterostructure for the synthesis of aldoximes and amines
Authors: Sorkhabi Serve , Ghadermazi Mohammad , Mozafari Roya
Published: November 2021

Correction for ‘Adhesive functionalized ascorbic acid on CoFe2O4: a core–shell nanomagnetic heterostructure for the synthesis of aldoximes and amines’ by Serve Sorkhabi et al., RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 41336–41352, DOI: 10.1039/D0RA08244A.
First direct dynamical detection of a dual supermassive black hole system at sub-kiloparsec separation
Authors: Voggel Karina T. , Seth Anil C. , Baumgardt Holger , Husemann Bernd , Neumayer Nadine , Hilker Michael , Pechetti Renuka , Mieske Steffen , Dumont Antoine , Georgiev Iskren
Published: November 2021

We investigated whether the two recently discovered nuclei in NGC 7727 both host a super-massive black hole (SMBH). We used the high spatial resolution mode of the integral-field spectrograph MUSE on the VLT in adaptive optics mode to resolve the stellar kinematics within the sphere of influence of both putative black holes. We combined the kinematic data with an HST-based mass model and used Jeans models to measure their SMBH mass. We report the discovery of a dual SMBH system in NGC 7727. We detect a SMBH in the photometric center of the galaxy in Nucleus 1, with a mass of MSMBH = 1.54−0.15+0.18 × 108 M⊙. In the second nucleus, which is 500 pc offset from the main nucleus, we also find a clear signal for a SMBH with a mass of MBH = 6.33−1.40+3.32 × 106 M⊙. Both SMBHs are detected at high significance. The off-axis nature of Nucleus 2 makes modeling the system challenging; however, a number of robustness tests suggest that a black hole is required to explain the observed kinematics. The SMBH in the offset Nucleus 2 makes up 3.0% of its total mass, which means its SMBH is over-massive compared to the MBH − MBulge scaling relation. This confirms it as the surviving nuclear star cluster of a galaxy that has merged with NGC 7727. This discovery is the first dynamically confirmed dual SMBH system with a projected separation of less than a kiloparsec and the nearest dynamically confirmed dual SMBH at a distance of 27.4 Mpc. The second Nucleus is in an advanced state of inspiral, and it will eventually result in a 1:24 mass ratio SMBH merger. Optical emission lines suggest Nucleus 2 is a Seyfert galaxy, making it a low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. There are likely many more quiescent SMBHs as well as dual SMBH pairs in the local Universe that have been missed by surveys that focus on bright accretion signatures.
Metallicities in M dwarfs: Investigating different determination techniques
Authors: Passegger V. M. , Bello-García A. , Ordieres-Meré J. , Antoniadis-Karnavas A. , Marfil E. , Duque-Arribas C. , Amado P. J. , Delgado-Mena E. , Montes D. , Rojas-Ayala B. , Schweitzer A. , Tabernero H. M. , Béjar V. J. S. , Caballero J. A. , Hatzes A. P. , Henning Th. , Pedraz S. , Quirrenbach A. , Reiners A. , Ribas I.
Published: November 2021

Deriving metallicities for solar-like stars follows well-established methods, but for cooler stars such as M dwarfs, the determination is much more complicated due to forests of molecular lines that are present. Several methods have been developed in recent years to determine accurate stellar parameters for these cool stars (Teff≲ 4000 K). However, significant differences can be found at times when comparing metallicities for the same star derived using different methods. In this work, we determine the effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities of 18 well-studied M dwarfs observed with the CARMENES high-resolution spectrograph following different approaches, including synthetic spectral fitting, analysis of pseudo-equivalent widths, and machine learning. We analyzed the discrepancies in the derived stellar parameters, including metallicity, in several analysis runs. Our goal is to minimize these discrepancies and find stellar parameters that are more consistent with the literature values. We attempted to achieve this consistency by standardizing the most commonly used components, such as wavelength ranges, synthetic model spectra, continuum normalization methods, and stellar parameters. We conclude that although such modifications work quite well for hotter main-sequence stars, they do not improve the consistency in stellar parameters for M dwarfs, leading to mean deviations of around 50–200 K in temperature and 0.1–0.3 dex in metallicity. In particular, M dwarfs are much more complex and a standardization of the aforementioned components cannot be considered as a straightforward recipe for bringing consistency to the derived parameters. Further in-depth investigations of the employed methods would be necessary in order to identify and correct for the discrepancies that remain.
Medikamentöse Systemtherapie bei Neuroendokrinen Neoplasien des GastroEnteropankreatischen Systems
Authors: Auernhammer Christoph Josef , Böck Stefan , Westphalen Christoph Benedikt , Beyer Leonie , Spitzweg Christine
Published: November 2021

Neuroendokrine Neoplasien (NEN) des GastroEnteroPankreatischens Systems (GEP-Systems) im inoperablen fortgeschrittenen Stadium erfordern eine differenzierte Systemtherapie abhängig von Klassifikation und Grading, Primärtumorlokalisation, Somatostatinrezeptorexpression, Tumordynamik, Tumorlast und Funktionalität. Somatostatinanaloga, Peptid Rezeptor Radionuklid Therapie (PRRT), Streptozotocin- oder Temozolomid-basierte Chemotherapieprotokolle und molekular zielgerichtete Therapien mit Everolimus oder Sunitinib sind jeweils etablierte Therapieoptionen bei verschiedenen neuroendokrinen Tumoren (NET). Neue vielversprechende Therapieansätze sind Multityrosinkinaseinhibitoren (TKIs) wie Surufatinib, Cabozantinib, Lenvatinib oder Pazopanib. Cisplatin/Etoposid ist die Standard 1st-line Chemotherapie bei neuroendokrinen Karzinomen (NEC). Bisher zeigten die meisten klinischen Studien zur Immuntherapie bei NET G1/G2 enttäuschende Studienergebnisse, aber die mögliche Effektivität der kombinierten Checkpoint-Inhibition sollte bei höherproliferativen NEN G3 weiter untersucht werden. Molekularpathologie mit Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) und personalisierte Therapie spielen auch bei den NEN eine zunehmende Rolle.
Die neuen diagnostischen Referenzwerte in der Nuklearmedizin
Authors: Borowski Markus , Giussani Augusto
Published: November 2021

Am 6. Juli 2021 wurden im Bundesanzeiger aktualisierte diagnostische Referenzwerte (DRW) für die Nuklearmedizin publiziert. Dieses ist die erste Novellierung der DRW nach etwa 9 Jahren. Neben einigen Untersuchungen, die aufgrund geringer Bedeutung aus der Liste entfernt wurden, und insbesondere zahlreichen PET-Untersuchungen, die neu hinzugekommen sind, zeichnen sich die neuen DRW durch 3 wesentliche Änderungen gegenüber der Vorgängerversion aus: 1. Die neuen DRW entsprechen nicht mehr Orientierungswerten für die anzuwendenden Aktivitäten, sondern oberen Schwellenwerten, deren Überschreitung zu begründen ist. 2. Für alle PET-Untersuchungen sowie für Skelettszintigrafien wurden gewichtsabhängige Werte als DRW publiziert. 3. Erstmalig werden in Deutschland für computertomografische Untersuchungen zur Schwächungskorrektur und anatomischen Koregistrierung in der Hybridbildgebung DRW publiziert. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die wesentlichen Neuerungen in den DRW vor und diskutiert Konsequenzen für die praktische Anwendung.
Modeling approach helps describe next-generation memory technologies
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: November 2021

Predictions describing current-driven ‘domain-wall’ dynamics on 2D materials may revolutionize information storage.
Ensemble Monte Carlo modeling of quantum cascade detectors
Authors: Jirauschek Christian , Popp Johannes , Haider Michael , Franckié Martin , Faist Jérôme
Published: November 2021

We present a method to perform accurate and efficient simulations of photovoltaic quantum cascade detector (QCD) structures based on the ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) approach. Since the photocurrent is typically orders of magnitude smaller than the pump current in a quantum cascade laser (QCL), a direct application of QCL simulation techniques is not sufficiently accurate. We demonstrate that by exploiting thermodynamic equilibrium relations for the electron populations and scattering rates, the EMC method can be adapted to yield reliable results for the essential QCD figures of merit, such as responsivity and specific detectivity. The modeling approach is validated against available experimental results for various mid-infrared and terahertz QCD designs and furthermore compared to simulations based on the non-equilibrium Green’s function method.
Conductance quantization control and neuromorphic properties in Pt-nanoparticle incorporated HfAlOx alloy memristor
Authors: Mahata Chandreswar , Ismail Muhammad , Kim Sungjun
Published: November 2021

In this work, platinum nanoparticles have been utilized to achieve better control of conductance quantization for high-density memory storage nonvolatile memory applications. Here, atomic layer deposited Pt-nanoparticles are sandwiched between HfAlOx switching layers. An Au/Ti/HfAlOx/Pt-NP/HfAlOx/ITO resistive random-access memory (RRAM) device exhibits bipolar resistive switching SET/RESET properties at a very low external electric field with memory window >10 and an endurance of >103 cycles. With a very slow voltage sweep rate (0.002 V/step) during current–voltage characteristics under both SET and RESET conditions, a controlled stepwise increase/decrease in distinct conductance quantization behavior with integer and half-integer multiples was observed. This phenomenon predicts atomic contact formation and rupture of oxygen vacancies between conductive filaments and Pt-NPs. Control of post-synaptic conductance properties with modulation of pre-spike width, number, and frequency showed the robustness of the RRAM device studied here. Gradual, controlled change in conductance obtained under dc and pulse conditions in the experiments is very promising for next-generation multi-level high-density storage RRAM devices to develop artificial electric synapses for neuromorphic applications.
Turbulence closure modeling with data-driven techniques: Investigation of generalizable deep neural networks
Authors: Taghizadeh Salar , Witherden Freddie D. , Hassan Yassin A. , Girimaji Sharath S.
Published: November 2021

Generalizability of machine-learning (ML) based turbulence closures to accurately predict unseen practical flows remains an important challenge. It is well recognized that the neural network (NN) architecture and training protocol profoundly influence the generalizability characteristics. At the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes level, NN–based turbulence closure modeling is rendered difficult due to two important reasons: inherent complexity of the constitutive relation arising from flow-dependent non-linearity and bifurcations; and, inordinate difficulty in obtaining high-fidelity data covering the entire parameter space of interest. Thus, a predictive turbulence model must be robust enough to perform reasonably outside the domain of training. In this context, the objective of the work is to investigate the approximation capabilities of standard moderate-sized fully connected NNs. We seek to systematically investigate the effects of (i) intrinsic complexity of the solution manifold; (ii) sampling procedure (interpolation vs extrapolation); and (iii) optimization procedure. To overcome the data acquisition challenges, three proxy-physics turbulence surrogates of different degrees of complexity (yet significantly simpler than turbulence physics) are employed to generate the parameter-to-solution maps. Lacking a strong theoretical basis for finding the globally optimal NN architecture and hyperparameters in the presence of non-linearity and bifurcations, a “brute-force” parameter-space sweep is performed to determine a locally optimal solution. Even for this simple proxy-physics system, it is demonstrated that feed-forward NNs require more degrees of freedom than the original proxy-physics model to accurately approximate the true model even when trained with data over the entire parameter space (interpolation). Additionally, if deep fully connected NNs are trained with data only from part of the parameter space (extrapolation), their approximation capability reduces considerably and it is not straightforward to find an optimal architecture. Overall, the findings provide a realistic perspective on the utility of ML turbulence closures for practical applications and identify areas for improvement.
Non-linear Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in the self-heating regime
Authors: Huang Xiangwei , Guo Chunyu , Putzke Carsten , Diaz Jonas , Manna Kaustuv , Shekhar Chandra , Felser Claudia , Moll Philip J. W.
Published: November 2021

We demonstrate a non-linear measurement scheme of the Shubnikov–de Haas effect based on Joule self-heating that builds on ideas of the 3ω-method used in thin films. While the temperature dependence of the resistance, R(T), of clean metals at low temperatures saturates, a significant temperature dependence, dR/dT, appears at high fields due to Landau quantization. We experimentally demonstrate this effect in the semi-metal CoSi, resolving well quantum oscillations at low magnetic fields in the non-linear channel, which appear as 3rd harmonics of the current drive frequency. To ensure the dominant self-heating originates in the crystal, not at the contacts, we fabricate crystalline microbars using focused ion beam machining. These oscillations in non-linear channel encode the ratio between the dR/dT and the thermal conductivity of the material, rendering it an interesting probe in situations of the broken Wiedemann–Franz law. Our results present a quantitative methodology that is particularly suited to investigate the electronic structure of micro- and nano-materials at intermediate temperatures.
Strain dependence of Berry-phase-induced anomalous Hall effect in the non-collinear antiferromagnet Mn3NiN
Authors: Johnson F. , Boldrin D. , Zemen J. , Pesquera D. , Kim J. , Moya X. , Zhang H. , Singh H. K. , Samathrakis I. , Cohen L. F.
Published: November 2021

The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) has been shown to be present in certain non-collinear antiferromagnets due to their symmetry-breaking magnetic structure, and its magnitude is dependent primarily on the non-zero components of the Berry curvature. In the non-collinear antiferromagnet Mn3NiN, the Berry phase contribution has been predicted to have strong strain dependence, although in practice, direct observation may be obscured by other strain-related influences—for instance, magnetic phase transitions mediated by strain. To unravel the various contributions, we examine the thickness and temperature dependence of the AHE for films grown on the piezoelectric substrate BaTiO3. We observe a systematic reduction in TN due to increased compressive strain as film thickness is reduced and a linear decrease in the AHE magnitude as the films are cooled from their ferrimagnetic phase above TN to their antiferromagnetic phase below. At 190 K, we applied an electric field across a 0.5 mm thick BaTiO3 substrate with a 50 nm thick Mn3NiN film grown on top and we demonstrate that at the coercive field of the piezoelectric substrate, the tensile in-plane strain is estimated to be of the order of 0.15%, producing a 20% change in AHE. Furthermore, we show that this change is, indeed, dominated by the intrinsic strain dependence of the Berry curvature.
Predicting multilingual effects on executive function and individual connectomes in children: An ABCD study
Authors: Kwon Young Hye , Yoo Kwangsun , Nguyen Hillary , Jeong Yong , Chun Marvin M.
Published: November 2021

Significance

Given that using multiple languages incorporates cognitive functions that require a harmony of the whole brain, can we tell whether a child is monolingual or multilingual by only looking at the pattern of functional connectivity? Here, we show that the multilingual experience modulates the functional connections of multilinguals enough to be distinguished from monolinguals. The pattern is distinctive when children are performing an emotional n-back task and even at rest. Furthermore, we found that multilingual children have a stronger relationship between their working-memory functional connectivity and behavior performance than monolinguals. Along with the result that multilingual children outperformed in measures of working memory, we highlight that using multiple languages in early life shapes executive function and functional connections.
Immunosuppression and outcomes in adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotypes
Authors: Ferraro Francesca , Miller Christopher A. , Christensen Keegan A. , Helton Nichole M. , O’Laughlin Margaret , Fronick Catrina C. , Fulton Robert S. , Kohlschmidt Jessica , Eisfeld Ann-Kathrin , Bloomfield Clara D. , Ramakrishnan Sai Mukund , Day Ryan B. , Wartman Lukas D. , Uy Geoffrey L. , Welch John S. , Christopher Matthew J. , Heath Sharon E. , Baty Jack D. , Schuelke Matthew J. , Payton Jacqueline E. , Spencer David H. , Rettig Michael P. , Link Daniel C. , Walter Matthew J. , Westervelt Peter , DiPersio John F. , Ley Timothy J.
Published: November 2021

Significance

Current acute myeloid leukemia (AML) risk assessment relies on cytogenetics and gene-sequencing studies but is imperfect, especially for patients with normal karyotypes and intermediate risk. To understand factors associated with excellent responses in these patients, we compared genetic and transcriptional data from patients with first remissions lasting more than 5 y after chemotherapy, to matched controls with first remissions lasting fewer than 2 y. AML cells from patients with early relapse displayed an immunosuppressive phenotype that blocked CD4 T cell activation via the T cell receptor; the long first-remission AML cells did not display this phenotype. Inhibiting LAG3 reversed this immunosuppression in most tested cases. This immunosuppressive phenotype may help to stratify risk of relapse at presentation, and outcomes.
The appearance of non trivial torsion for some Ricci dependent theories in the Palatini formalism
Authors: Osorio Juliana , Santillán Osvaldo P
Published: November 2021

As is known from studies of gravity models in the Palatini formalism, there exist two inequivalent definitions of the generalized Ricci tensor in terms of the generalized curvature namely,

R

~

μ
ν

=

R

μ
ρ
ν

ρ

and

R

ν

μ

=

g

α
β

R

α
ν
β

μ

. A deep formal investigation of theories with Lagrangians of the form

L
=
L

(

R

~

(

μ
ν

)

)

was initiated in Alfonso et al (2017 Class. Quantum Grav.

34 235003). In that work, the authors leave the connection free, and find out that the torsion only appears as a projective mode. This agrees with the widely employed condition of vanishing torsion in these theories as a simple gauge choice. In the present work the complementary scenario is studied namely, the one described by a Lagrangian that depends on the other possible Ricci tensor L = L(R
(μν)). The torsion is completely characterized in terms of the metric and the connection, and a rather detailed description of the equations of motion is presented. It is shown that these theories are non trivial even for 1 + 1 space time dimensions, and admit non zero torsion even in this apparently simple case. It is suggested that to impose zero torsion by force may result into an incompatible system. In other words, the presence of torsion may be beneficial for insuring that the equations of motion are well posed. The results of the present paper do not contradict the ones of Alfonso et al (2017 Class. Quantum Grav.

34 235003), as the underlying theories are inequivalent.
A new look at the Bondi–Sachs energy–momentum*
Authors: Frauendiener Jörg , Stevens Chris
Published: November 2021

How does one compute the Bondi mass on an arbitrary cut of null infinity

I

when it is not presented in a Bondi system? What then is the correct definition of the mass aspect? How does one normalise an asymptotic translation computed on a cut which is not equipped with the unit-sphere metric? These are questions which need to be answered if one wants to calculate the Bondi–Sachs energy–momentum for a space-time which has been determined numerically. Under such conditions there is not much control over the presentation of

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so that most of the available formulations of the Bondi energy–momentum simply do not apply. The purpose of this article is to provide the necessary background for a manifestly conformally invariant and gauge independent formulation of the Bondi energy–momentum. To this end we introduce a conformally invariant version of the GHP formalism to rephrase all the well-known formulae. This leads us to natural definitions for the space of asymptotic translations with its Lorentzian metric, for the Bondi news and the mass-aspect. A major role in these developments is played by the ‘co-curvature’, a naturally appearing quantity closely related to the Gauß curvature on a cut of

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BMS3 mechanics and the black hole interior
Authors: Geiller Marc , Livine Etera R , Sartini Francesco
Published: November 2021

The spacetime in the interior of a black hole can be described by an homogeneous line element, for which the Einstein–Hilbert action reduces to a one-dimensional mechanical model. We have shown in Geiller et al (2021 SciPost Phys.
10 022) that this model exhibits a symmetry under the (2 + 1)-dimensional Poincaré group. Here we extend the Poincaré transformations to the infinite-dimensional BMS3 group. Although the black hole model is not invariant under those extended transformations, we can write it as a geometric action for BMS3, where the configuration space variables are elements of the algebra

b
m
s

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and the equations of motion transform as coadjoint vectors. The BMS3 symmetry breaks down to its Poincaré subgroup, which arises as the stabilizer of the vacuum orbit. This symmetry breaking is analogous to what happens with the Schwarzian action in AdS2 JT gravity, although in the present case there is no direct interpretation in terms of boundary symmetries. This observation, together with the fact that other lower-dimensional gravitational models (such as the BTZ black hole) possess the same broken BMS3 symmetries, provides yet another illustration of the ubiquitous role played by this group.
Design, fabrication, and testing of microelectromechanical system spark gap switch based on streamer theory
Authors: Zhao Yuecen , Lou Wenzhong , Feng Hengzhen , He Bo
Published: November 2021

In order to realize that the fuze micro system has both high security and miniaturization characteristics, the spark gap research of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System safety system is carried out. So that to solve the safe and reliable function of the spark gap switch under the low power supply voltage (35 V) of the fuze micro system, the gas gap size and electrode radius are shown to significantly affect the gas breakdown voltage using streamer theory. Based on these results, a spark gap switch with triggering electrodes is designed. The triggering electrode gap is 2 μm and the main electrode gap is 10 μm. A spark gap switch test circuit is designed based on the RLC circuit. Through finite element simulation, it is verified that the gas breakdown voltage increases nonlinearly with increasing gap size. Pre-breakdown spark gap switches were fabricated based on the surface silicon process and tested. The test results show that the conduction voltage values of the triggering electrode and the main electrode are basically consistent with the simulation and calculation results. The breakdown voltage of the main electrode can be greatly reduced by applying a certain voltage to the triggering electrode, realize the reliable function in the micro fuze system.
Relativistic and QED corrections for the ground state lithiumlike ionization energies
Authors: Earwood William P , Davis Steven R
Published: November 2021

The ground state ionization energies of Z ⩽ 10 lithiumlike ions are calculated using fully correlated Gaussian wavefunctions. Leading-order relativistic corrections are evaluated, while QED corrections are established with small uncertainties by directly calculating the Araki–Sucher energy and expanding the three-electron Bethe logarithm in 1/Z. The non-relativistic α6 level shifts have also been calculated, and we have used these energies to recommend ionization energies, which include estimates of the influence of the relativistic portion of the α6 energy. The results emphasize the importance of the direct computation of the complete α6 correction, but also the need for new, higher accuracy experimental ionization limits.
MIL-88B (Fe) driven Fe/Fe3C encapsulated in high-crystalline carbon for high-efficient microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference shielding
Authors: Yang Xianfeng , Zhou You , Xing Hongna , Wang Hongpeng , Feng Wei , Feng Juan , Zhu Xiuhong , Shi Zhenhua , Zong Yan , Li Xinghua , Zheng Xinliang
Published: November 2021

Dual-functional magnetic/dielectric Fe/Fe3C@C composites were fabricated by pyrolysis of MIL-88B (Fe) in an Ar atmosphere, which was used for microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The Fe/Fe3C nanocrystals were completely encapsulated in crystalline carbon, which can improve oxidation resistance capacity. Owing to remarkable impedance matching and strong attenuation constants, the Fe/Fe3C@C composites show an optimal reflection loss (RL) value of −56.4 dB at 14.0 GHz and a broad effective absorption bandwidth (RL ⩽ −10 dB) of 4.8 GHz when the filling ratio and absorber thickness are only 20 wt% and 1.9 mm, respectively. Resulting from the high conductivity of crystalline carbon, magnetic loss of Fe/Fe3C, and core–shell structure, the Fe/Fe3C@C composites also show remarkable EMI shielding properties at the X band, which are enhanced by increasing the filling ratio of the Fe/Fe3C@C composites. When the filling ratio is 50 wt%, the EMI shielding efficiency can reach 35 dB. This work suggests that magnetic/dielectric Fe/Fe3C@C is a good candidate in microwave absorption and EMI shielding.
Characteristics of pulsed nanosecond discharge excited by compact solid-state pulse forming line at atmospheric pressure air
Authors: Li Jie , Liu Yi , Li Xi , Dong Pan , Liu Feixiang , Xie Yutong , Xia Liansheng , Long Jidong , Zhang Linwen
Published: November 2021

Non-equilibrium plasma is a promising technology for the generation of ozone and removal of exhausted fuel gases. However, applications of non-equilibrium plasma are restricted by energy utilization efficiency in many industry fields. Discharge excited by nanosecond pulsed power is regarded as one of the most efficient methods. In this study, a compact five stages stacked Blumlein pulse forming line and photoconductive semiconductor switches-based power source was introduced to generate pulsed plasma. This compact source could achieve over 50 kV with 10.1 ns pulse width and 4.8 ns pulse rising time. Coaxial cylindrical reactor was employed to generate a pulsed streamer discharge driven by the nanosecond pulsed source in atmospheric pressure air. Electrical parameters of the streamer discharge have been obtained in this study, the instantaneous power dissipation exceeds 8 MW and the average energy consumption of each pulse exceeds 56 mJ. Experiments of high speed photography have been conducted to observe the evolution process. It can be found that streamer heads start from the central wire electrode and then head to the grounded cylinder electrode in all radial direction of the coaxial electrode. Triple wire-to-cylinder electrodes discharge shows that all the three coaxial discharges develop synchronously and symmetrically, which shows that is capable of generating large volume non-equilibrium diffusive streamer discharge plasma.
Narrowband terahertz metasurface circular polarization beam splitter with large spectral tunability based on lattice-induced chirality
Authors: Luo Xiaoqing , Dong Xiaoxiang , Xu Xinlong , Hu Fangrong , Li Guangyuan
Published: November 2021

We propose a terahertz metasurface with chirality induced by surface lattice resonance to create a narrowband circular polarization beam splitter (PBS) with large spectral tunability in both transmission and reflection modes. Results show that strong circular dichroism effects can be observed in two spectrally narrow bands, and thus a dual-band circular PBS can be achieved. We show that surface lattice resonance induces much narrower and stronger circular dichroism effects than localized resonance, resulting in higher polarization extinction ratios, higher quality factors, and more circular polarization states. The narrowband operation frequency of lattice-induced PBS with extinction ratio larger than 10 dB can be tuned over a large spectral range, from 1.6 THz to 2.3 THz, by varying the incidence angle. We expect the proposed strong, narrowband, and spectrally tunable circular PBS will find applications in polarization-dependent systems including imaging, spectroscopy, sensing and telecommunication in the terahertz regime.
A review on recent advances and challenges of ionic wind produced by corona discharges with practical applications
Authors: Qu Jingguo , Zeng Minjun , Zhang Dewei , Yang Dakai , Wu Xiongwei , Ren Qinlong , Zhang Jianfei
Published: November 2021

Ionic wind, an induced phenomenon during corona discharge, possessing the features of silent operation and no moving parts, has a wide range of applications. Ionic wind generation is accompanied by complex physical processes, involving gas ionization, ion recombination, flow, and various chemical reactions, as well as mutual couplings between some of them. Therefore, understanding the corona discharge process and ionic wind generation is crucial for researchers and engineers to better utilize this phenomenon in practical applications. In this review, the principles of corona discharge and its induced ionic wind are presented. Subsequently, ionic wind generators are discussed according to their applications, and the corresponding advances based on experimental studies and numerical simulations are also reviewed. Moreover, the challenges of transitioning the ionic wind technology from laboratory studies to practical applications are discussed. These challenges include the excessively high onset voltage of the corona, ozone emission, and influence of environmental conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these barriers and several effective approaches for mitigating them are provided. Finally, some future research prospects and the conclusions are presented.
Multi-wavelength achromatic bifocal metalenses with controllable polarization-dependent functions for switchable focusing intensity
Authors: Chen Long , Shao Zhenglong , Liu Jia , Tang Dongliang
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a bifocal metalens is designed through simultaneously controlling two polarization-dependent functions, which can respectively focus x-polarized and y-polarized light into different positions, and the relative intensity between two foci can be continuously tuned through a simple rotation of the incident linear polarization angle. The proposed metalenses are composed of rectangle nanopillars with spatially varying widths and lengths, which provide distinct propagating phases under two orthogonal polarizations. Therefore, there exists a degree of freedom to achieve two polarization-dependent focusing functions. More importantly, these nanopillars possess excellent dispersion engineering, and provide an effective method for the realization of achromatic bifocal metalenses. After powerful optimizations, two achromatic bifocal metalenses are constructed and further demonstrated numerically. The x-polarized and y-polarized components are focused into different positions under different working wavelengths. Simulated results agree well with our designs. The approach here is expected to find optical applications in micro-manipulation, optical communication and multicolor display.
Reconstructive dosimetry and radiation dose evaluation of workers and public due to a Brazilian radiological accident in industrial radiography
Authors: Lima Camila Moreira Araujo de , Almeida Silva Tadeu Augusto de , Hunt John Graham , Da Silva Francisco Cesar Augusto
Published: November 2021

Radiological accidents occur mainly in the practices recognized as high risk and which are classified by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as Categories 1 and 2: radiotherapy, industrial irradiators and industrial radiography. In Brazil, five important cases in industrial gamma radiography occurred from 1985 to 2018, involving seven radiation workers and 19 members of the public. The accidents caused localized radiation lesions on the hands and fingers. One of these accidents is the focus of this paper. In this accident, a 3.28 TBq 192Ir radioactive source was left unshielded for 9 h in a non-destructive testing (NDT) company parking lot, and many radiation workers, employees and public, including teachers of a primary school were exposed. The radioactive source was also directly handled by a security worker for about 1.5 min causing severe radiation injuries in the hand and fingers. This paper presents radiation dose estimates for all accidentally exposed individuals. Four scenarios were considered, and three internationally recognised and updated reconstructive dosimetry techniques were used, named, Brazilian visual Monte Carlo Dose Calculation (VMC), virtual environment for radiological and nuclear accidents simulation (AVSAR) and RADPRO Calculator®. The main radiation doses estimated by VMC were the absorbed dose of 34 Gy for the security worker’s finger and his effective dose of 91 mSv; effective doses from 43 to 160 mSv for radiation workers and NDT employees; and effective doses of 9 mSv for teachers in the schoolyard.