bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olfactory ensheathing cells represent an optimal substrate for hippocampal neurons: an in vitro study
Authors: Pellitteri Rosalia , Spatuzza Michela , Russo Antonella , Zaccheo Damiano , Stanzani Stefania
Published: May 2009

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are cells that display Schwann cell or astrocyte‐like properties. They are a source of growth factors and adhesion molecules which play a very important role as neuronal support enhancing cellular survival. Over the past 10 years, OECs have emerged as a leading reparative candidate, when transplanted into the injured spinal cord, having shown significant promise in the regeneration of spinal cord lesions. In this study we assessed the efficacy of OECs on the survival and neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Co‐cultures of OECs and hippocampal of postnatal rats were successfully established and cells were immunocytochemically characterized. Some hippocampal cultures were added with growth factors, as bFGF, NGF and GDNF. Furthermore, conditioned medium from OECs cultures was used to feed some hippocampal neurons coverslips. Our results show that in co‐cultures of hippocampal neurons and OECs the number of neurons and their neurite outgrowth were significantly increased in comparison with controls. Moreover, we showed that NGF and GDNF promoted a more positive effect in both neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth than bFGF. OEC‐conditioned media stimulated both the neuronal survival and dense neurite outgrowth. These data indicate that OECs, as a source of growth factors, can promote the survival and the neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons in vitro and that bFGF, NGF and GDNF support them differently. Therefore, as OECs and their secreted growth factors appear to exert a neuroprotective effect for functional restoration and for neural plasticity in neurodegenerative disorders, they might be considered an approach for functional recovery.
ZnCl2 exposure protects against behavioral and acetylcholinesterase changes induced by HgCl2
Authors: Franciscato C. , Goulart F.R. , Lovatto N.M. , Duarte F.A. , Flores E.M.M. , Dressler V.L. , Peixoto N.C. , Pereira M.E.
Published: May 2009

This study examined the effects of inorganic mercury exposure on behavioral and biochemical parameters and investigated the possible preventive effects of zinc on the alterations induced by mercury. Pups were exposed from 3rd to 7th postnatal day to ZnCl2 (27 mg/kg/day, s.c.) and subsequently to HgCl2 (5 doses of 5 mg/kg/day, s.c.). Each litter contained two rats for each treatment. The rats were submitted to behavioral task and litters were killed at 13 or 33 days old for acetylcholinesterase activity assays and for the determination of metal levels. Based on the results obtained from 13‐day‐old rats, they were divided in two groups of litters that were defined at the end of the experimental period (33 days) as less sensitive rats to mercury and more sensitive rats to mercury in accordance with the recovery of body weight until day 33. The mercury exposure caused accumulation of this metal in cerebrum and cerebellum in all mercury treated rats, and inhibited the cerebellum acetylcholinesterase activity from 13‐day‐old rats. Besides, the mercury‐animals of the most sensitive litters to mercury presented impairment in motor function and muscular strength verified in the beaker test, as well as a reduction of the locomotor and exploratory activities in the open field task. Zinc partially prevented all the alterations induced by mercury exposure and reduced the mercury level accumulated in cerebrum and cerebellum. This study confirms the preventive effect of zinc on behavioral alterations induced by mercury in young rats and demonstrates that the mercury behavioral effects are present even for a long time after the end of the exposure.
How Party Systems Form: Path Dependency and the Institutionalization of the Post-War German Party System
Authors: Kreuzer Marcus
Published: May 2009

The formation of new party systems involves processes that significantly distinguish them from the transformation of established ones. In new party systems historical legacies matter, timing and sequencing of events have important consequences, and politicians do not just limit themselves to winning votes but employ a wide range of co-ordination strategies (i.e. electoral coalitions, party switching, manipulation of electoral vote-counting procedures) to make votes count more effectively. The literature has identified many of these causal factors individually without, however, thinking systematically about their interactions. This article borrows from recent work on path dependency to analyse such interactions in greater depth and pays closer attention to the distinct temporal dynamics shaping the formation of new party systems.
Suicide and Crisis in Weimar Berlin
Authors: Föllmer Moritz
Published: May 2009

The linkage of suicide and crisis was a prominent feature of Weimar Germany's cultural landscape. In films as different as Bertolt Brecht and Slatan Dudow'sKuhle Wampeor Walter Ruttmann'sBerlin: Symphony of a Big City, suicide appears as a reaction to the darker aspects of urban modernity: an individual's answer to capitalist exploitation or personal drama in an otherwise smoothly functioning metropolis. In a number of contemporary novels the possibility of a suicide is disturbingly present. In Vicki Baum'sGrand Hotel, one character asks himself, “My God, does everyone now have his tea cup of veronal ready?” Tales of suicide also surfaced in the tabloid press which presented them as human interest stories. Partisan papers supported their respective stances by tying individual actions to political narratives, a strategy pursued by both Nazis and Communists as well as liberal reformers. Even schools' reports on pupils who had taken their own lives and farewell notes themselves echoed a general feeling that suicide was a sign of the times.
Herbert Blankenhorn in the Third Reich
Authors: Maulucci Thomas W.
Published: May 2009

The early career of Herbert Blankenhorn (1904–1991) illustrates important trends in the transition from Nazi Germany to the Federal Republic. During the 1930s and 1940s he served as a diplomat in the German Foreign Office and also joined the Nazi Party in 1938. After 1945 he would play a very public role in the creation of a new political culture in West Germany. Konrad Adenauer thought that the exceptional political sense of his young personal assistant, who also served as Secretary General of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in the British Zone, helped him become chancellor of the Federal Republic in 1949. Through the mid-1950s Blankenhorn remained one of Adenauer's most intimate advisors, especially on matters concerning foreign policy. From late 1949 to mid-1950, he also oversaw the creation of what became the West GermanAuswärtiges Amt(Foreign Office), and thereafter he was the head of its Political Division and deputy to State Secretary Walter Hallstein until 1955. He went on to serve as West German ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1955–1958), France (1958–1963), Italy (1963–1965), and the United Kingdom (1965–1970). After retiring from the diplomatic service in 1970, Blankenhorn functioned as the West German representative in the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Executive Council until 1976.
Hannah Arendt's Ghosts: Reflections on the Disputable Path from Windhoek to Auschwitz
Authors: Gerwarth Robert , Malinowski Stephan
Published: May 2009

Historians on both sides of the Atlantic are currently engaged in a controversy about the allegedly genocidal nature of western colonialism and its connections with the mass violence unleashed by Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1945. The debate touches upon some of the most “sensitive” issues of twentieth-century history: the violent “dark side” of modern western civilization, the impact of colonial massacres on the European societies that generated this violence and, perhaps most controversially, the origins and uniqueness of the Holocaust.
THE CLEAN WEHRMACHT, THE WAR OF EXTERMINATION, AND BEYOND
Authors: SHEPHERD BEN
Published: May 2009

This article surveys recent research on the German Wehrmacht's anti-partisan campaign in the Soviet Union during the Second World War. German anti-partisan warfare in the Soviet Union was conducted not just against partisans, but also as cover for annihilating the Reich's ‘ideological enemies’ and plundering ‘bandit areas’ for resources. The Wehrmacht's role was significant, constituting an important element of its wider participation in Nazi crimes. The review sketches the historical background and surveys the historiography's development to the late 1990s. It then examines at length the significant works that have emerged since, dividing them according to the operational levels on which they focus: higher command, individual regions, and, finally, middle-level units.
The effects of global warming on soybean yields in a long-term fertilization experiment in Northeast China
Authors: ZHENG H. F. , CHEN L. D. , HAN X. Z.
Published: May 2009

Understanding how crop systems might respond to recent climate change is fundamental to the successful adaptation of efforts for sustainable agriculture. In the present paper, records over the period 1987–2004 from a long-term agroecosystem experiment carried out in Northeast China were used to explore the impacts of global warming on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) yields under different controlled fertilization treatments. The results indicated that soybean yields were closely related to growing season temperatures. In most fertilization treatments, soybean yields showed a significant negative response to higher daily maximum temperature and greater diurnal temperature range (DTR), whereas they showed a significant positive response to higher daily minimum temperature. Analysis of covariance showed that these responses of soybean yields to temperature variables did not differ across fertilization treatments. Overall, soybean yields have declined significantly due to the warming trends since 1987. This has been mainly attributed to the higher daily maximum temperature. The present report demonstrates that soybean production in Northeast China may face challenges due to global warming unless potential adaptation options are adopted. The true mechanisms behind these yield impacts need further investigation to address effective agricultural adaptations for soybean systems to adapt to global warming.
The Result of 950 Bacteriological Examinations for Diphtheria Bacilli during an Outbreak of Diphtheria at Cambridge and Chesterton
Authors: Cobbett Louis
Published: May 2009

The following is an account of the bacteriological examinations for diphtheria bacilli made by me at the University Pathological Laboratory, from October 23, 1900 to Jan. 5, 1901; a period which includes all but the first week of the outbreak described in the preceding paper.
The Shanghai Pasteur Institute
Authors: Stanley Arthur
Published: May 2009

The idea of having the means of applying the Anti-rabic treatment of Pasteur in Shanghai, China, had its origin in the marked incidence of rabies among the numerous dogs of the Shanghai district and the consequent large mortality from this disease. The local condition was the more marked because of the short incubation period observed in Shanghai both in the human subject and in the rabbit inoculated from the rabid dog, being seldom much over a month in man and rarely over two weeks in rabbits inoculated subdurally.
On the Formation of Specific Anti-Bodies in the Blood following upon Treatment with the Sera of different Animals, together with their Use in Legal Medicine
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F. , Dinkelspiel E. M.
Published: May 2009

During the thirteen years which have elapsed since the publication of my researches upon the bactericidal properties of the blood and other fluids of the body, a large amount of most valuable knowledge has been acquired regarding the blood both in health and disease. Through the work of many investigators the complicated subject of immunity is gradually being solved, and we are beginning to understand the way in which the body combats or is protected against the inroads of disease. We have learnt of the existence of specific antitoxic, agglutinative, haemolytic, bactericidal and cellulicidal properties in the blood-serum, etc., as also of a number of neutralizing bodies to these. The quite recent discovery of specific precipitins, which act upon various bacterial products, milks, peptone, egg-albumin, and upon human blood and its derivates, has opened a wide field for investigation, which cannot fail to ultimately yield results of the greatest importance. We have to thank bacteriological investigation for the greater part of the advances which have been made, although a considerable portion properly belongs in the domain of physiology.
The great Bacterial Contamination of the Milk of Cities. Can it be lessened by the Action of Health Authorities?
Authors: Park Wm. Hallock
Published: May 2009

It will be accepted that milk containing large numbers of bacteria, as well as the products of their growth, is less suitable for food than unpolluted milk. A bacteriological examination of the milk in great cities generally will show that much of it in hot weather, and some of it at all seasons of the year, abounds in bacteria. Clinical experience also teaches that much of the milk in hot weather is unsuitable for food, especially for infants; because in them, owing to the rapidity with which the milk passes through the stomach, gastric digestion is almost no safeguard against the entrance of disturbing microorganisms into the intestines. Even pasteurization of milk charged with bacteria and their products does not restore it to its original condition, for the dead bodies of the bacteria and their toxins still remain. The changes in milk which are most deleterious being now known to be due to bacteria, it is theoretically conceded by all, that commercial cow's milk, the substitute for maternal milk, should be as nearly free as practicable from bacteria.
Sterilization of Air by Heat
Authors: Elsworth R. , Telling R. C. , Ford J. W. S.
Published: May 2009

Equipment for the sterilization of air by heat with capacities of 140 l./min., and 1700 l./min. respectively is described. An improved method for testing sterility is given.
The Disintegration of Influenza Virus Particles on Entry into the Host Cell. Studies with Virus Labelled with Radiophosphorus
Authors: Hoyle L. , Frisch-Niggemeyer W.
Published: May 2009

InfluenzaAvirus labelled with radiophosphorus was introduced as a primary inoculum into the allantoic sac of fertile eggs. Virus so introduced enters the cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane, and a study has been made of the chemical state of32P present in the membranes 1½ hr. after inoculation.

It was found that on entry into the host cell the virus particle disintegrates probably as a result of destruction of its phospholipid. Radiophosphorus derived from the virus phospholipid can be recovered from the infected membranes by extraction with physiological saline in the form of compounds of small molecular weight which are not precipitated by protein precipitants and are not sedimentable at a centrifugal force of 100,000g.

Saline extracts of the infected membranes also contain labelled nucleic acid which appears to be derived from the virus nucleoprotein.

A large part of the nucleoprotein phosphorus of the inoculated labelled virus cannot be recovered from the infected membranes by extraction with physiological saline but can be recovered if the cell nuclear material is dissolved in molar sodium chloride. The32P in such molar chloride extracts is partly precipitated with the deoxyribonucleoprotein on dilution with water, and is partly present as free nucleic acid.

It is suggested that on entry into the host cell the virus particle is broken down, the phospholipid being destroyed and the nucleoprotein disintegrated with the release of free nucleic acid which enters into a close relation with the cell nuclear material.
On the Protective Substances of Immune Sera
Authors: Walker E. W. Ainley
Published: May 2009

The theories of Ehrlich on the Substances and Mechanisms concerned in the production of Immunity have opened up a very wide field for speculation and research. His view on the formation of the Antitoxins forms the most satisfactory and useful hypothesis which has been produced upon this subject, and is constantly receiving fresh support from the accumulating evidence of numerous observers. But of the more recent developments of his theories as applied to antimicrobic agencies some of the details appear to be at present insufficiently established. With certain of these details it is here proposed to deal.
The Nature of Beri-Beri. An Etiological Study Among Chinese Prisoners
Authors: Stanley Arthur
Published: May 2009

Shanghai is situate in the sub-tropical zone and has a climate of wide variation of temperature, but is broadly tropical during the summer quarter and temperate for the rest of the year. Lying on the alluvial flat of the Yangke delta the conditions of soil and sub-soil are uniform in all parts of the Settlement. The ground water-level is about five feet below the surface.
On the Construction and Use of Life-Tables from a Public Health point of view
Authors: Hayward T. E.
Published: May 2009

The following notes are to serve as a postscript to the paper which appeared under the above title in the preceding number of the Journal of Hygiene (pages 1—42).
Further Remarks on the Production of a Malarial from of South African Horse-Sickness
Authors: Edington Alexander
Published: May 2009

The conclusions I seek to draw from this part of my investigations are:—

1. That a malarial form of horse-sickness probably occurs naturally.

2. That when animals which are either naturally relatively susceptible, such as the donkey, ox, and goat, or animals which have acquired protection, e.g. “salted” horses, are inoculated with virulent horse-sickness blood, their blood conveys a modified infection of horse-sickness which is malarial in type.

3. That this malarial from is associated with the presence of parasites within the red corpuscles of the blood of the infected animal.

4. That the blood of “salted” horse which have been previously regularly inoculated during several months is of a dangerous order of virulence. Vide former experiments.

5. That the blood of “salted” horses which have only been once inoculated after several months' rest conveys a fairly severe fever.

6. That the blood of “salted” horses, which have not been inoculated for even a year, can still convey infection.

7. That “unsalted” horses which have been inoculated a year previously with “salted” blood convey only a week infection.

8. That a severe attack of malarial horse-sickness gives a considerable degree of protection against subsequent inoculation with “salted” blood.

9. That when regularly inoculated “salted” horses are used to produce blood giving severe fever, such fever may become so severe as to cause death with symptoms of horse-sickness.

10. That the blood of the latter animals which die can produce virulent horse-sickness in clean horses, if used in a considerable dose, i.e. 20 c.c.
Notes on Beri-beri in the Malay Peninsula and on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)
Authors: Durham Herbert E.
Published: May 2009

Finally, I must express my hearty thanks to the many medical men and others who have given me aid and hospitality in my wanderings after the truth about beriberi. I must mention particularly Dr Giddy and Captain Vincent on Christmas Island, Drs Ellis, Leask and Murray Robertson in Singapore, Drs Travers, Gimlette, Watson, McClosky and Mr Galloway in Selangor, and Drs M. J. Wright and Connolly in Perak, and Messrs Mason, Ponsford, Sanderson, and Hembrey in Pahang, without whose aid and kindness I could have seen but little. I must also thank my friend Dr G. S. Buchanan, Secretary of the Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning, for forwarding me much information.

It would seem from my observations that certain of the current theories of the causation of beriberi will not account for the conditions which have been encountered by me. The dietetic or physiological, the unsound food, the arsenical, and the emanation theories all appear to be insufficiently in accordance with the attendant circumstances to have accounted for the spread of the disease.

It is suggested that certain articles of diet, by virtue especially of containing phosphorised and fatty matters, may tend to ward off the disease when given in sufficient amounts. So far as there was any semblance of a positive result in the observations it is suggestive that beriberi is communicated from person to person more or less directly or through fomites as an actual infection. This infection is not of the nature of a septicaemia (since the internal organs at death prove sterile), but to a surface condition about the upper air passages. From the observation of the throats of a number of patients it is surmised that the redness which is therein seen, especially in early cases, may be intimately connected with the disease. The appearances and disappearances of beriberi and the more or less seasonal waves of prevalence of the disease are not unlike those which are seen in the case of the infective diseases which we meet with in this country. The proneness of the newcomer to suffer fits in also with such a view. The difficulty in tracing out the source of infection in a disease like diphtheria is often great, especially since we know that the causative organism may be carried by unsuspected refractory of immune persons or animals.

With considerations such as these it is held by the writer that there is no inherent impossibility in explaining many of the circumstances connected with the spread of beriberi.

Observed facts seem to show that beriberi should rather be considered in the light of a “gang” or “institutional” disease than as a “place” or “house” disease.
Canine Piroplasmosis. I
Authors: Nuttali George H. F
Published: May 2009

The disease which is the subject of this paper is one of a group of diseases affecting different animals, and caused by parasites possessing very similar characters. The diseases produced by parasites of the genus Piroplasma appear to closely resemble each other, and for this reason it is well to follow the terminology adopted by French investigators in speaking of any one of the diseases in question as a Piroplasmosis. Not only are the parasites similar in these diseases, but they also appear, in all cases where the subject has been worked out, to be transmitted by species of Ixodoidea or Ticks.
Further observations on the Diagnosis of Ankylostoma Infection with Special reference to the Examination of the Blood
Authors: Boycott A. E.
Published: May 2009

The experience of the last few years in the Westphalian coal-field has shewn that the presence of Ankylostoma in a mine may become a matter of considerable industrial importance. Since it has been shewn that several of the metalliferous mines in Cornwall are throughly infected, the question of how far it may be present in, or spread to, other British mines has arisen in a practical form. When any large number of individuals have to undergo a medical examination for any such purpose it is of importance that such examination should be convenient at once for the examiner and for the examinee, that it should occupy as short a time as possible, and should, at the same time, be reliable. The diagnosis of the presence of Ankylostoma is commonly made by searching for the characteristic eggs in the faeces; and indeed a final diagnosis must rest in nearly every case on the results of this procedure. Which is therefore not easily replaced by any other method when separate individuals are in question. But as applied to a large body of active working men this process has many disadvantages, and at the request of the Home Secretary an inquiry has been made into the practicability of other methods of examination1.
Canine Piroplasmosis. IV. on Certain Changes in the Blood
Authors: Wright J. Aldren
Published: May 2009

Having examined the blood in a number of the dogs suffering from Piroplasmosis, referred to in the previous papers, I have selected three charts to show the changes I found to take place in the blood during the progress of the disease. For the enumeration of the corpuscles the Thoma-Zeiss haemacytometer was used, and for estimating the haemoglobin, Haldane's modification of Gower's haemoglobinometer.
Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria in Faeces
Authors: MacConkey Alfred
Published: May 2009

The following experiments were begun with the object of ascertaining the distribution in nature of certain lactose-fermenting organisms which are by some grouped under the nameBacillus coli, but by others are regarded as belonging to a different class of organisms; a difference of opinion which is most probably the principal factor in causing the value ofB. colias an index of pollution to be such a vexed question among bacteriologists. The investigation, however, resolved itself into a search for theB. lactis aerogenesprincipally, and secondarily for the other lactose fermenters. Incidentally certain other points are referred to which it was thought might prove of interest though not actually pertaining to the subject of the paper.
On the Properties of Anti-immune-bodies and Complementoids
Authors: Muir Robert , Browning Carl H.
Published: May 2009

Of papers recently published which concern the properties of immune-sera and bear upon the general theory of immunity one of the most important is that of Bordet2 on antisensibilisatrices (anti-immunebodies, anti-amboceptors). This observer obtained an anti-immune-body by injecting the serum of a normal animal (rabbit) into an animal of another species (guinea-pig), and found that there was developed an anti-immune-body which had the property of neutralising the various immune-bodies which might be developed by active immunisation of the first animal. In this way a certain community as regards combining properties was demonstrated among the immune-bodies of a given species of animal. He studied the properties of the anti-immune-body, and in particular showed that it did not combine with the cytophile group of the immune-body, and therefore did not prevent the usual combination of the cell-receptor with the immune-body. This fact he held to be inconsistent with Ehrlich's views regarding the amboceptor constitution of immune-body. His observations on the neutralising effect of the anti-immune-body were carried out by means of haemolytic sera. Ehrlich and Sachs3 confirmed the chief results obtained by Bordet, but so far from admitting the establishment of any objection to the amboceptor theory, claimed that they supplied strong evidence in support of it. They maintained in fact that the anti-immune-body acted by combining with the com piementophile group of the amboceptor, and thus prevented the union of complement, stating also that the results showed that the various immune-bodies from the same species had a similar complementophile apparatus. The theoretical bearings of the facts established will, however, be discussed later.
Epidemic Diarrhoea and the Bacterial Content of Food
Authors: Sandilands J. E.
Published: May 2009

Since it would hardly be possible to conceive a more complex medium for the conveyance of disease than cows' milk, the solution of the problems connected with the origin and source of epidemic diarrhoea is not materially advanced by the general recognition of the fact that in the majority of fatal cases, cows' milk is the vehicle of infection.
Notes on the Parasites of Mosquitoes found in India between 1895 and 1899
Authors: Ross Ronald
Published: May 2009

On reading the excellent paper on the parasites of the Culicidae recently published by Dr Léon Dyé, I was struck by the fact that several of the organisms mentioned by him had been seen and described by me long ago in the course of my original studies on malaria and mosquitoes carried out in India during 1895–1899. My observations were, however, recorded for the most part in Indian medical publications, which are little accessible to European readers, and have been so far forgotten that some of the parasites of mosquitoes seen by me have been recently rediscovered by various observers. It may therefore be of interest—perhaps not alone from the historical point of view—to resuscitate these old records and compare them with more recent and exact work. I may add that attempts were made by me to infect men with two of the organisms which I observed. My writings on the subject were contained in the following publications, which are here numbered for reference:—
Streptococci and Leucocytes in Milk. I
Authors: Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

The undoubted fact that milk may act as a vehicle for the transmission of a number of diseases has directed considerable attention to the Bacteriological and Public Health aspects of milk. Yet it cannot be said, tuberculosis excepted, that the bacteriological examination of milk has afforded in the past much assistance in the prevention of disease, while only very occasionally has a subsequent examination served to elucidate the cause and origin of a milk-spread epidemic. A survey of the literature of the subject will show that although extensive work has been carried out upon the bacteriology of milk, the subject is so large and many-sided that what is known is but an insignificant proportion of what requires to be ascertained. A great deal of the work done has been in relation to tuberculosis. Almost all the milk examinations have been carried out with mixed milk samples, and not with quite fresh milk from individual cows.
Upon the Agglutinin Test in the diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Authors: Wigham J. T.
Published: May 2009

In 1898 Arloing and Courmont published the results of experiments made by them on the agglutination produced by the serum of tubercular patients. For this purpose they used a strain of the tubercle bacillus isolated by the former, which produced a uniform turbidity when grown in glycerine broth. With this culture, serum from tubercular patients gave reactions at dilutions of 1 in 5, 10 or 20 in a large percentage of cases, and that from normal individuals only in a much smaller percentage and then not very strongly. From this they concluded that the agglutination reaction was likely to be of considerable use in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Report on Dr P. N. Gerrard's preparations accompanying the foregoing communication
Authors: Wenyon C. M.
Published: May 2009

The parasite referred to in the preceding paper was found by Dr Gerrard in the polymorphonuclear leucocytes of a dog. As is stated by Dr Gerrard, the parasite is evidently similar to that discovered by Bentley and described by him, and afterwards by James, as the Leucocytozoon canis. Dr Gerrard sent some films, stained by him by Leishman's method, to Sir Patrick Manson, and they were handed on to me for description and identification. These films had faded in transit, they were therefore decolorised and restained by various methods. All the staining reactions mentioned in this description refer to these old films.
The Bacterial Flora of “Blown” Tins of Preserved Food
Authors: Cathcart E. P.
Published: May 2009

In the samples of “blown” preserve tins examined by me, organisms of an intestinal type were present, which on reinoculation into sound tins gave rise to a gaseous decomposition.

No toxic symptoms were produced on feeding guinea-pigs with the contents of the “blown” tins.
Upon the Reduction of Methylene Blue by Cow's Milk
Authors: Cathcart E. P.
Published: May 2009

H. Smidt in a recent note on the reduction of methylene blue by means of milk confirmed the results of Schardinger that a mixture of formaldehyde and methylene blue is decolorised by the action of milk. This reaction depends on the presence of a ferment—a catalase—in the milk, and, as this ferment is readily destroyed by heat, serves as a very simple method of determining whether a given sample of milk is “raw” or not. By way of conclusion Smidt stated that he thought this test might be of still further utility in that it might be possible to estimate the degree of bacterial contamination of the milk by its means. If such a comparatively simple test could be employed, in an easy and effective fashion, it would be of immense service, as, owing to the rapidity with which it can be carried out, the milk could be examined before distribution.
The Bactericidal Properties of Blood Serum: I. The Reaction-Velocity of the Germicidal Action of Normal Rabbit-Serum on B. coli commune and the Influence of Temperature thereon
Authors: Chick Harriette
Published: May 2009

1. The action in vitro of normal rabbit-serum upon B. coli commune consists usually of three or more phases, the duration of which is inversely related to temperature.

2. The latent period which occurs on first mixing bacteria and serum is followed by a period of bacterial growth, which in its turn yields to a period of bactericidal action. This may remain final or may be succeeded by a second period of growth.

3. The germicidal action, both in case of normal rabbit-serum upon B. coli commune and of normal goat-serum upon B. typhosus, takes place in accordance with a logarithmic law so that death-rate remains proportional to the concentration of surviving bacteria.

The bactericidal action of serum thus falls into line with all other cases of disinfection, hitherto investigated.

4. The temperature coefficient of the bactericidal action of serum is low in comparison with that found for other germicides, being 2·84 per 10°C. rise in temperature for normal rabbit-serum and B. coli commune and 1·93 in the case of normal goat-serum and B. typhosus.

5. Growth of B. coli commune in rabbit-serum takes place logarithmically so that the concentration of living bacteria after equal intervals of time form terms of a geometrical series.

The calculated value of the generation-time is slightly greater than that obtaining in broth at the same temperature.

6. The influence of temperature upon rate of bacterial growth in serum is comparable with the effect upon growth in other media. The generation-time is decreased 2·01-fold for a rise in temperature of 10°C.

7. The separate processes of bacteinal growth and death in serum being similarly influenced by temperature, there is no support for the view that the significance of fever might be concerned with a tendency to encourage either process relative to the other.
The Regulation of Body Temperature in Extremes of Dry Heat
Authors: Hunt E. H.
Published: May 2009

(1) Comfort and health can readily be maintained in dry heat where for long periods the air temperature is above that of the body.

(2) The amount of water absolutely required, and actually consumed, is very large; and this is accounted for by the necessity for neutralising, in some circumstances, the whole heat of metabolism (requiring up to 6,000 c.c.) and in addition a variable but sometimes very large amount of heat added to the body by radiation and conduction.

(3) A healthy man carries in his body a large reserve of water, this reserve being mainly stored in muscle and being so readily available that the percentage of water in the blood is not appreciably diminished even when several litres of water have been lost by sweating. If, however, it be extensively drawn on, replacement seems to occupy many hours, and this delay is an important factor, forming a strong argument against any undue or needless use of the stored water owing to restriction of drinking.
The Inhibitory Selective Action on Bacteria of Bodies related to Monochloracetic Acid (A Contribution to the Theory of Cell Intoxication.)
Authors: Penfold W. J.
Published: May 2009

1. B. coli (Escherich) produces papillated colonies and shows marked variability in the size of its colonies whenit is grown on agar to which phenylacetic acid has been added in the form of the sodium salt.

The big and little colonies produce about the same amount of gas when tested on glucose.

2. When B. coli (Escherich) is grown on agar containing monochlorhydrin it throws off variants similar to those produced when grown on monochloracetate of soda media. Speaking broadly they ferment alcohols with gas formation, and sugars without gas formation.

3. B. lactis aerogenes grown on monochlorhydrin agar gives rise to variants unable to ferment glycerine.

4. In cases of inhibitory bacterial selection by chemical agents a careful comparison of the surviving cells with the orginal strain from which they were derived is calculated to indicate that portion or function of the cell which is implicated in the cell's intoxication. This question does not seem to have been attacked hitherto from this standpoint.

5. The cell ferments by virtue of their specific chemical affinities mayplay a part in cell intoxication.
The Effect of Certain Drugs, Toxic Substances and Microorganisms on the Fragility of the Red Blood Corpuscles of Man and Animals
Authors: Topley W. W. C.
Published: May 2009

Among the properties of the red blood corpuscles, that have from time to time been investigated, the resistance of this type of cell to the destructive action of various lytic agents occupies a place of some importance. Very many substances have been studied from this point of view, and no useful purpose would be served by enumerating them here; but it should be noted in passing that, as regards the great majority of them, we have no evidence that they play any part in blood destruction as it occurs “in vivo” under either physiological or pathological conditions.
On a Complement-stimulating Substance in Cow's Milk
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner , Revis Cecil
Published: May 2009

In a former communication (1) we showed that a substance acting as complement is present in milk under both normal and abnormal conditions, and that this substance displays characteristics which lend a certain amount of doubt as to its true complementary nature. Expression was also given to the idea, that the haemolytic system—heated ox-serum + guinea-pig corpuscles—is of a peculiarly sensitive character in regard to ox-complement in the presence of milk.
Complement Fixation in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Radcliffe J. A. D.
Published: May 2009

1. A fresh emulsion of tubercle bacilli in salt solution when used as the antigen will give about 90 % of positive results in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, whilst in healthy persons the result is negative.

2. In cases suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis, the results of this test conform closely to those given by a combination of the opsonic index test with injections of tuberculin, and so may be of value in diagnosis.

3. Diseases other than tuberculosis have always been negative, but only a small number of such cases have been examined.

4. An emulsion of tubercle bacilli when used as an antigen must be freshly prepared immediately before use, and should be made from a young subculture.

5. Owing to the differences in complements, they should always be titrated in the presence of the antigen, and probably also in the presence of both antigen and normal serum.

6. Exercise does not seem to affect the result of the reaction in any way, but a course of tuberculin treatment leads to an increase in the complement-fixing bodies of the serum in some cases.
The Australian Epidemic, 1914
Authors: Green A. B.
Published: May 2009

(1) Inoculation of pathologically active crusts on guinea-pigs caused no reaction, and in this respect a marked difference was demonstrated clinically between the disease of which the crusts were a product, and vaccinia.

(2) On calves the disease tended to show some vaccino-variolal relationship, from the appearance of its vesicles, but it appeared to be distinct on the one hand from vaccinia, and from variola on the other.

(3) Calf experiments, two only in number, suggested that vaccinia and variola failed to protect against Australian disease, and that Australian disease failed to protect against vaccinia or variola.

(4) On monkeys the vesicles of Australian disease were undistinguishable in appearance from those of vaccinia or variola, but the evidence for immunity relationship between Australian disease and vaccinia and variola was of the slightest; Australian disease affording no protection against vaccinia or variola, vaccinia possibly protecting against Australian disease in 25 per cent, of the cases, and variola possibly protecting against Australian disease in 40 per cent, of the cases. Vaccinia protected against variola in 100 per cent, of the cases, and variola against vaccinia in 50 per cent, of the cases.
A Study of the Coltform Organisms Infecting the Wounds of War
Authors: Stewart Matthew J.
Published: May 2009

Already during the present war an extensive literature has grown up on the subject of the bacteriology of septic wounds. It was thought that a detailed study of the coliform organisms met with in these wounds might yield results of interest, and be a useful addition to some of the more general bacteriological contributions.
On the Danysz Effect
Authors: Arrhenius Svante
Published: May 2009

In this Journal (vol. VII. p. 501) Mr J. A. Craw has recently published a very sharp criticism of my calculations based on experiments by Madsen and Walbum regarding the so-called Danysz Effect.
Experiments on the Survival of B. typhosus in Sterilised and Unsterilised Soil
Authors: Mair W.
Published: May 2009

1. The typhoid bacillus can survive in natural soil in large numbers for about 20 days and is still present in a living condition after 70 to 80 days.

2. There is no evidence that the typhoid bacillus is capable of multiplying and leading a saprophytic existence in ordinary soil.

3. In some samples of soil, but not in all, the typhoid bacillus dies out much more rapidly (in 11 days) if the soil has previously been subjected to sterilisation by steam under pressure. This is apparently due to the production of bactericidal substances during sterilisation.
On the Grain of Filters and the Growth of Bacteria through them
Authors: Craw J. A.
Published: May 2009

Plagge in 1886 observed that but few water filters prevented the direct transmission of micro-organisms and that all gave contaminated filtrates after being a few days in operation. This result has been widely confirmed, especially by Woodhead and Wood (1894, 1898), and by Bulloch and Craw (1906). Plagge considered that in the case of those filters which did not permit of the immediate or direct transmission of germs the subsequent failure of the filters was due to the gradual growth of the organisms through the filter mass, a view which has been adopted by v. Esmarch (1902) and is generally accepted.
Some Proteolytic Anaerobes isolated from Septic Wounds
Authors: Hempl Hilda
Published: May 2009

During four months' work with anaerobes, which were derived from wounds, a number of species have been noticed which appear to be hitherto undescribed. Two of these are proteolytic organisms and are not pathogenic to guinea-pigs when administered in large doses.
Some Factors influencing the Actions of Dyes and Allied Compounds on Bacteria
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

The experiments recorded in this paper were undertaken in order to ascertain the effects of certain dyes and allied organic compounds on three selected species of bacteria,Staphylococcus aureus, B. coliandB. pyocyaneus. These experiments show that in cultures the results are influenced by many factors, and appear to suggest that the varying results of the use of these compounds in the treatment of wounds may be ascribed to some extent to the different conditions prevailing in each case.
The Testing of Antiseptics in Relation to their Use in Wound Treatment
Authors: Browning C. H. , Gulbransen R.
Published: May 2009

(1) The antiseptic and bactericidal properties of Flavines and Brilliant Green. Extended investigations have confirmed the original values. It has been shown that the inferior potencies recorded by certain other workers depend on the use of methods unsuited for the observation of antiseptic properties, i.e. they fail to detect inhibition of bacterial activity i.e. bacteriostatic action, which is exhibited to a marked degree by flavine and brilliant green.

(2) For the therapy of a local bacterial infection, as in a wound, such bacteriostatic action is of great value. It is not essential that the chemical agent should by itself actually kill the organisms. Highly successful results can be obtained by a co-operation of the antiseptic and the tissues, so that the pathogenic action of the organisms is restrained. The flavines in virtue of their low toxicity to mammalian tissues and their high bacteriostatic power are therefore specially suited to act as local therapeutic agents. In addition, the fact that they are not neutralised by admixture with serum enables them to be applied clinically by a relatively simple method which does not necessitate frequent renewal.

(3) The “fundamental error” to which the method of testing chlorine antiseptics originally practised by Dakin, is liable, and which Dakin and Dunham have drawn attention to, has been shown not to affect our previous results with Chloramine-T. The difference between our values and the others is due to the fact that we employed 80 per cent. serum in the test.medium, which is much more active in neutralising this antiseptic than is 33 to 50 per cent. serum employed by Dakin and his co-workers.
The Atypical Dysentery Bacilli
Authors: Mackie T. J.
Published: May 2009

As there appears to be a considerable amount of uncertainty (as evidenced by recent writings on this subject) regarding the biological relationships and the etiological significance of the so-called “atypical B. dysenteriae,” this short communication is intended as a brief résumé of conclusions arrived at in the course of an extended investigation of dysentery bacilli in Egypt during 1916 and 1917. It is to be noted that the results recorded here were obtained from the examination of cases of dysentery observed in the earliest stages and frequently followed into convalescence. Such experience has shown that conclusions derived solely from an investigation of the later stages of the disease, e.g. convalescents examined after arrival from over-seas in the United Kingdom, throw little light on the problem of the bacterial etiology of the disease as a whole. In a paper by Thomson and Mackie (1917) on the clinical and laboratory study of dysentery in Egypt a number of atypical dysentery strains were described, but at the time this communication was submitted for publication my observations were not sufficiently complete to make any general statements regarding organisms of this type and no attempt was made to classify them.
The Association of Rickettsia with Trench Fever
Authors: Arkwright J. A. , Bacot A. , Duncan F. Martin
Published: May 2009

The following contains a preliminary account of the work on the Etiology and Pathology of Trench Fever which has been done at the Lister Institute in connection with the War Office Committee on Trench Fever under the Chairmanship of Major-General Sir David Bruce, F.R.S. A first account from the Clinical side has been published in a paper by Major Byam, R.A.M.C., and his colleagues at the New End Military Hospital, Hampstead, and read before the Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in May of last year. We have been mainly dependent for our material on Major Byam and the rest of the Medical Staff of the New End Hospital and are very much indebted to them for their help and courtesy. We are under an especial obligation to Lieut. Ll. Lloyd, R.A.M.C., who has carried out that part of the entomological work done at the Hospital, taking immense pains in supervision and in obtaining the material which we required.
The Influence of the Age of Parent at Birth of Offspring upon the Development of Eye Colour and Intelligence—A Correction
Authors: Ewart R. J.
Published: May 2009

Owing to some regrettable slips in the arithmetical work of the paper dealing with eye colour and intelligence recently published in this Journal several of the constants are inaccurate. The whole of the calculations have now been re-worked and the correct values are given below. I have incorporated some fresh material, the analysis of which somewhat strengthens the conclusions already published.