bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
»Quantifizierung« in der Welt des Sports. Gesellschaftstheoretische Überlegungen
Authors: Werron Tobias
Published: May 2016

»Quantifizierung« wird von Sportsoziologen und -historikern zu den charakteristischen Merkmalen des modernen Sports gezählt. Der Umgang mit Zahlen im Sport ist in seinen Funktionen, Formen und Folgen jedoch bislang kaum näher untersucht worden. Der Beitrag will einen Anfang machen und einige Ausgangsthesen für die nähere, auch gesellschaftstheoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema formulieren. Er wählt einen abstrakten differenzierungstheoretischen Ausgangspunkt und versteht den modernen Wettkampfsport als autonome Sinnsphäre, als »Eigenwelt«, die auf den Vergleich von Leistungen spezialisiert ist. In diesem Rahmen richtet sich das Interesse auf Tabellen, »assists per game«, Rekorde und andere Zahlenformate, die auf ihre Beiträge zur Darstellung und Evaluation von Leistungen untersucht werden. In dieser Analyse werden Zahlen primär als Beitrag zum Gedächtnis des Sports erkennbar, und es zeigt sich eine Doppelfunktion von Zahlen, die sich aus ihrer Eignung ergibt, Sinnreduktion auf Leistung (Reduktionsfunktion) mit Wahrscheinlichkeitsdenken (Projektionsfunktion) zu kombinieren. Damit treten sie in ein vielschichtiges Ergänzungs-, aber auch Spannungsverhältnis zu anderen Gedächtniselementen, insbesondere narrativen Elementen, und erweisen sich als ebenso unentbehrlich wie bisweilen ungeliebt. Insgesamt zeigt sich ein temporalisierter Gebrauch statistischer Semantiken, der in die Selbstbeobachtung eines standardisierten und kontinuierlichen Wettkampfbetriebs eingespannt ist und dessen interne Spannungen die für den modernen Sport konstitutive Differenz zwischen »Präsenz« (Lokalität, Ereignishaftigkeit, Spannung etc.) einzelner Wettkämpfe und Verweisungsreichtum (Globalität, Komplexität, Kontingenz etc.) ganzer Sportarten reflektieren. Der - hier nur angedeutete - Vergleich mit »Ratings« und »Rankings« in anderen Funktionssystemen legt nahe, dass die hier entwickelten Thesen auch zu einer allgemeinen gesellschaftstheoretischen Erklärung von »Quantifizierung« anregen könnten.
Ethic of contingency beyond the praxis of reflexive law
Authors: Mascareño Aldo
Published: May 2016

Mit der Absicht, einige Anweisungen abzuleiten, die die Idee einer Ethik der Kontingenz plausibilisieren können, werden in diesem Text drei Modelle eines reflexiven Rechts (Kontextsteuerung, Optionenpolitik und ad-hoc- Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit) analysiert. Das reflexive Recht ist, gerade weil es die systemische Autonomie als unproblematisch anerkennt und dementsprechend dezentrale Koordinationsformen konzipiert, eine privilegierte Strategie im Umgang mit der Ungewissheit, die aus den ungleichartigen Rationalitäten, unterschiedlichen systemischen Interessen und kollidierenden normativen Erwartungen, die die moderne Gesellschaft charakterisieren, entsteht. Bei dieser Ungewissheitsbewältigung aber zeigt das reflexive Recht - jenseits seinen pragmatischen Leistungen - eine Weltvorstellung, die auf der Kontingenzerfahrung basiert. Einerseits bedeutet dies, dass die operative Autonomie differenzierter Einheiten hochgeschätzt ist, und andererseits, dass unter ihnen eine koordinierte Koexistenz in Form eines modus vivendi gefördert wird. Ob dies eine Ethik der Kontingenz genannt werden kann, ist die zentrale Frage dieses Aufsatzes.
Zweierlei Differenzierung: Funktionale und Ebenendifferenzierung im Frühwerk Niklas Luhmanns
Authors: Tyrell Hartmann
Published: May 2016

Der Beitrag richtet den Blick auf das Frühwerk Niklas Luhmanns, auf das Jahrzehnt von der Mitte der 1960er bis in die Mitte der 1970er Jahre und zeichnet die Luhmannsche Ideenentwickung in Sachen ›soziale Differenzierung‹ nach. Es geht dabei einerseits - mit Grundrechte als Institution (1965) als Ausgangspunkt - um die funktionale Differenzierung der Gesellschaft. Anderseits geht es um die Ebenendifferenzierung von Interaktion, Organisation, Gesellschaft; der Ausgangspunkt ist hier Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation (1964).
Torture and Systems Theory
Authors: Douzinas Costas
Published: May 2016

Niklas Luhmann’s attack on the rhetoric of the ›indispensable values‹ brigade is important and timely. Self-evidently good norms have political usefulness but no philosophical value. However replacing values with rights and entrusting decisions to lawyers displaces rather than solves the problems of indeterminacy and conflict of law and rights. The (falsely) ascetic commitment to description coupled with the acceptance of the social order makes systems theory useless as a tool for improving society. Philosophy tends the distance between the naturally and socially given and the eternal aspiration to resist and transcend it, by exploring both the justice internal to law and the justice which holds the whole of law to account.
»Human Rights Fundamentalism« The Late Luhmann on Human Rights
Authors: Moeller Hans-Georg
Published: May 2016

Abstracts

The essay starts by discussing the question if the debate between Luhmann and leftist social theory was primarily ideological in nature or not. It is stated that Luhmann’s own interest in the debate was not so much to pursue a political dialogue, but rather to expose the theoretical flaws of his opponents in order to provoke a paradigm shift in social theory. By referring to Luhmann’s treatment of the issue of human rights in his later works, I tiy to illustrate how he attempted to »deconstruct« the arguments of his intellectual adversaries. Luhmann makes use of semantic-historical and functional analyses of this politically successful concept so that its paradoxical aspects become obvious. This, in turn, »desubstantializes« the concept and shows how it is used as a rhetorical device that expresses a certain value-fundamentalism and is supposed to support the Utopia of all-inclusion.
Wenn das Innen zum Außen wird Soziologische Fragen an Giorgio Agamben
Authors: Scheu Johannes
Published: May 2016

Im Fokus des Beitrags steht ein erklärtermaßen soziologischer Verortungsversuch der Politischen Theorie Giorgio Agambens. Agambens mit Blick auf das ›nackte Leben‹ entwickelte Argumentationsfigur des einschließenden Ausschlusses‹ wird hierbei zunächst mit Exklusionskonzepten der Systemtheorie, der neueren Armutsforschung sowie der poststrukturalistischen Gesellschaftstheorie kontrastiert und auf ihre soziologische ›Brauchbarkeit‹ hin überprüft. Vor dem Hintergrund der Strukturanalogie zwischen dem ›nackten Leben‹ und der ›Souveränität‹ wird in einem weiteren Schritt aufgezeigt, dass sich der von Agamben gebrauchte Begriff der ›politischen Gemeinschaft allein als ›Exklusionsgemeinschaft‹ ausformulieren lässt, auf die - sofern jegliche Inklusion immer nur als Attribut eines allumfassenden Ausschlusses fungiert - ein biopolitisches Erklärungsmuster anzuwenden unmöglich ist. Im Schlusskapitel wird die in der deutschsprachigen Soziologie bislang weitgehend unbeachtete Sündenbocktheorie René Girards vorgestellt. Diese erlaubt einen nuancierten sozialtheoretischen Blick auf das Wechselverhältnis von Inklusion und Exklusion, mit Hilfe dessen Agambens Politische Theorie konstruktiv zu erweitern wäre.
Theorie der Netzwerke oder Netzwerk-Theorie?
Authors: Holzer Boris , Schmidt Johannes F.K.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von der Beobachtung, dass der Netzwerkbegriff einerseits in den letzten Jahren innerhalb wie außerhalb der Wissenschaften eine beispiellose Erfolgskarriere durchlaufen hat, er aber andererseits gerade dadurch an begrifflicher Schärfe zu verlieren droht, fragt der Beitrag nach der Möglichkeit einer theoretisch kontrollierten Begriffsverwendung. Die im wesentlichen empirisch orientierte soziologische Netzwerkforschung (SNA) hat hierzu lange Zeit ebenso wenig beigetragen wie die aus der Physik stammende, an das Theorem der small world anschließende interdisziplinäre Forschung. Für eine soziologische Respezifizierung des interdisziplinären Netzwerkbegriffs stellt sich die Frage, ob eine Netzwerktheorie als Alternative zu bestehenden Theorieprogrammen aufgefasst wird und der Netzwerkbegriff dementsprechend als ein Grundbegriff zu verstehen ist, oder ob soziale Netzwerke nur als Gegenstände soziologischer Forschung zu berücksichtigen und dabei die Begrifflichkeiten etablierter Paradigmen allenfalls entsprechend zu ergänzen sind. Als paradigmatische Fälle für diese Problemstellung werden die konstruktivistische Netzwerktheorie Harrison Whites und die Systemtheorie Niklas Luhmanns angeführt, wobei trotz der grundsätzlich unterschiedlichen Ausgangsannahmen beider Ansätze eine Reihe von Berührungspunkten identifiziert werden können.
Zwischen Ambition und Kapitulation: Der Aufstieg des regulativen Staates im englischen Fußball / Between Ambition and Surrender: The Rise of the Regulatory State in English Soccer
Authors: Meier Henk Erik
Published: May 2016

Zu den gegenwärtig am intensivsten diskutierten Themen der Politikwissenschaft gehört die Debatte um den Aufstieg des Regulierungsstaates. Während einige Autoren den Regulierungsstaat für eine neue „intelligente“ Form von Staatlichkeit halten, die ihre Politikziele durch eine geschickte Architektur von Regulierungsregimen erreicht, verweisen andere Autoren auf seine Tendenz zur Kolonialisierung gesellschaftlicher Sektoren und zu utopischen Ambitionen. Der vorliegende Beitrag vertritt die Auffassung, dass das Vordringen staatlicher Regulierung im Sport einen kritischen Fall für die aktuelle Debatte um Konturen und Ambitionen des Regulierungsstaates konstituiert, weil es sich beim Sport um einen hybriden Sektor handelt, der sowohl ein Unterhaltungsgut produziert, als auch sozialintegrative Leistungen bereitstellt. Die Fallstudie zum Aufstieg des Regulierungsstaates im englischen Fußball versucht die Thesen zu unterstützen, dass (a) die Ambitionen des Regulierungsstaates in starkem Maße kontext- und pfadabhängig sind und (b) die Fähigkeit des „intelligenten“ Regulierungsstaates begrenzt ist, Selbstregulierungsregime zu kreieren, die einen Sektor davor bewahren, von starken kommerziellen Interessen „übernommen“ zu werden.
Alterung und Sportartikelnachfrage / Aging and the Demand for Sporting Goods
Authors: Breuer Christoph , Schlesinger Torsten
Published: May 2016

Nach einem stetigen Wachstum der Sportartikelbranche in Deutschland ist in jüngster Zeit eine Stagnation bzw. ein leichter Umsatzrückgang zu verzeichnen. Damit stellt sich die Frage, ob sich darin eine allgemeine Konsumzurückhaltung widerspiegelt oder eher erste Auswirkungen der gesellschaftlichen Alterung. Um erste Antworten auf diese Frage zu prüfen, wird die Altersabhängigkeit der Sportartikelnachfrage in Deutschland überprüft. Auf Basis eines sozioökonomischen Ansatzes wird dazu das GfK-Universalpanel-NonFood mit bis zu N = 24 515 Fällen herangezogen. Es ist der einzige Datensatz, der verlässlich Auskunft zur Sportartikelnachfrage in Deutschland geben kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Sportartikelnachfrage kaum altersabhängig ist. Somit ist die Stagnation des Sportartikelumsatzes in Deutschland eher auf eine allgemeine Konsumzurückhaltung zurückzuführen als auf erste Auswirkungen der gesellschaftlichen Alterung.
Doping im Radsport – zivilisationstheoretische Anmerkungen zu einer langen Geschichte / Doping in Cycling – Comments from the Theory of Civilization Point of View to a Long History
Authors: Krüger Michael
Published: May 2016

Doping im Radsport wird in der Regel als eine Geschichte des moralischen Verfalls gesehen. Zu diesem Bild tragen wesentlich die Medien bei. Ein zivilisationstheoretischer Blick auf die Geschichte des Radsports zeigt dagegen ein anderes Bild: Die öffentliche Sensibilität gegenüber Dopingverstößen im Radsport hat erheblich zugenommen; ebenso die moralische Bewertung der Einnahme von Medikamenten zum Zweck der Leistungssteigerung. Diese These wird auf der Grundlage einer Analyse der Entwicklung der Dopingbestimmungen im Radsport zu belegen versucht. Sie ist zugleich Ausdruck des wachsenden Einflusses internationaler Sportorganisationen, in diesem Fall der UCI. Er wird allerdings durch die jüngsten spektakulären Dopingfälle (besonders im Radsport) durch staatliche Eingriffe wieder begrenzt.
„Freiwilliges Engagement im Sportverein ist Ehrensache!“ - Ein Modell zur Analyse der Mitarbeitsentscheidung in Sportvereinen / “Volunteering in sports clubs as a matter of honor”: Analyzing volunteer decisions in sports clubs
Authors: Schlesinger Torsten , Nagel Siegfried
Published: May 2016

Ökonomische Ansätze mit ihrer Festlegung auf die nutzentheoretische Modellierung haben die Erklärungsprobleme des Entscheidungsverhaltens in Bezug auf die ehrenamtliche Mitarbeit in Sportvereinen bislang nicht hinreichend präzise abbilden können. Der „Frame-Selektion-Ansatz" von Esser mit seinem integrativen Anspruch bietet eine aussichtsreiche Möglichkeit zur Schließung wichtiger Erklärungslücken. Dazu wird die Frage der freiwilligen Mitarbeit von Sportvereinsmitgliedern als Entscheidungshandlung zwischen den Alternativen des Nachdenkens über eine Beendigung der Mitarbeit einerseits und der unreflektierten dauerhaften Mitarbeit andererseits modelliert. Das Beendigungsrisiko wird unter Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Modellparameter, wie der spezifischen Eingebundenheit in den Sportverein, der subjektiven Bewertung von Kosten-Nutzenverhältnissen sowie des Nutzens möglicher Alternativen formalisiert. Darüber hinaus wird anhand der Modellierung veranschaulicht, dass bei rationalen Entscheidungen Rationalitätsannahmen zum Tragen kommen können, die anderen Traditionen entstammen als der Tradition des RC-Paradigmas.
Chemotherapeutic effect of Berberis integerrima hydroalcoholic extract on colon cancer development in the 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine rat model
Authors: Malayeri Mohammad R. Mohammadi , Dadkhah Abolfazl , Fatemi Faezeh , Dini Salome , Torabi Fatemeh , Tavajjoh Mohammad M. , Rabiei Javad
Published: May 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a Berberis integerrima hydroalcoholic extract as a chemotherapeutic agent in colon carcinogenesis in the rat induced by 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH). Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a negative control group without DMH treatment; a control group injected DMH (20 mg/kg b.w); two groups receiving B. integerrima extract (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w), concomitant with injected DMH, as chemotherapeutic groups; a positive control group receiving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) along with DMH. The effects of the extracts were determined by assessment of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and the activities of hepatic glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 (GST and CYP450). Additionally, colon tissues were assessed for colonic β-catenin and histopathological analysis. In DMH-treated rats, the extracts partially normalized the levels of FRAP, CYP450, β-catenin, and GST. Likewise, formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colon tissue of DMH-treated was reduced by the extracts. Thus, the extracts possess chemotherapeutic activity against colon carcinogenesis.
Los estudios de la violencia en Colombia antes de la violentología
Authors: Cartagena Laura Catalina
Published: May 2016

RESUMENLOS ESTUDIOS DE LA VIOLENCIA EN COLOMBIA ANTES DE LA VIOLENTOLOGÍA   Este artículo está estructurado analíticamente en dos partes. La primera despliega, en breve, un panorama general de la violencia en Colombia teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes y el desarrollo de la denominada “Violencia” de mitad del siglo XX. La segunda parte revela un antes y un después de las interpretaciones sobre la “Violencia” en relación con el proceso de institucionalización de las ciencias sociales en el país. En concreto, el objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo la institucionalización de las ciencias sociales repercutió sustancialmente en la construcción de un espacio académico dedicado especialmente al tema de la violencia, espacio que luego será reconocido como “violentología”.
Социальное предпринимательство как инструмент повышения эффективности решения социальных проблем
Authors: Суева Юлия Витальевна
Published: May 2016

Статья посвящена вопросам социальной привлеченности бизнеса, позволяющего решать социальные проблемы. Обозначены основные плюсы проектов социального бизнеса и необходимость их развития. Показана доля информированности общества о понятии «социальное предпринимательство».
Drowned City: Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans by D. Brown
Authors: Marshall Kyle
Published: May 2016

Brown, Don. Drowned City: Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015. OverDrive Read. Web. 21 Mar. 2016.While it wasn’t the “big one” that meteorologists had predicted for New Orleans, the havoc wreaked by Hurricane Katrina’s landfall on August 29th, 2005 was monstrous in proportion. Many will surely remember the news stories, but Drowned City gives the reader an as-it-happened view of the various hardships faced by the residents and rescuers. Stories from all walks of life are here - the heroic acts of residents with boats who saved their neighbours, the hospital patients kept alive by friends and family after generators lost power, the forced separation of pets from owners, and the trains and cargo ships turned away as a result of mishandled organizational efforts. Throughout the story, Brown subtly explores the racial politics of the event, including Gretna’s police force turning away displaced New Orleanians, and George W. Bush comfortably surveying the chaos and squalor in the city below from his private jet. Once the streets had drained, the dead were accounted for - all 1,833 of them.Drowned City has already been featured on year-end lists from Kirkus, School Library Journal and Publishers Weekly. Rather than approach the story with a harshly dogmatic invective, Brown’s compassionate, matter-of-fact prose exposes the situation for what it was - a catastrophe that impacted millions of lives, featuring both acts of heroism and gross incompetence. Matching the text are the author’s gritty watercolours, crafted with a muted palette that effectively sets the tone of the book. This combination is used to illustrate the struggles that dogged survivors: stifling heat and stench without the reprieve of air conditioning.New Orleans’ recovery story remains complex; though rejuvenated tourism spending far surpasses pre-Katrina levels, its African American populations have dropped significantly since the storm. Brown’s book evocatively captures the event that changed everything for this great city and is a prototypical example of the power of graphic novels for historical subjects. A must for library collections.Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Kyle MarshallKyle Marshall is the School-Aged Services Intern Librarian for Edmonton Public Library. He graduated with his MLIS from the University of Alberta in June 2015, and is passionate about diversity in children's and youth literature.
Proanthocyanidin composition and evolution during grape ripening as affected by variety: Nebbiolo and Barbera cv.
Authors: Asproudi Andriani , Piano Federico , Anselmi Giacomo , Di Stefano Rocco , Bertolone Eleonora , Borsa Daniela
Published: May 2016

Aim: Proanthocyanidin (PA) content, composition and evolution during berry development was determined in two cv., Nebbiolo and Barbera, quite different in their polyphenolic profile.

Methods and results: PAs were extracted separately from seeds and skins, before véraison until maturity. Intact extracts were fractionated according to PA degree of polymerization. Nebbiolo grapes presented a significantly higher PA content in both seeds and skins. PA depolymerization reactions as well as a weaker decrease in polymeric PAs occurred in Barbera skins. Oligomeric PAs prevailed over polymeric ones in Barbera seeds. At harvest, Nebbiolo skins presented a significantly higher percentage of oligomeric PAs, while monomeric and oligomeric flavanol percentages were significantly higher in Barbera seeds.

Conclusion: Barbera and Nebbiolo grapes differ also in their PA total amount and structure. PA content in grape skins and seeds, their distribution in monomeric, oligomeric and polymeric fractions, as well as their decrease rate during fruit ripening are different between the cv.
Significance and impact of the study: The fractionation results, obtained for Nebbiolo and Barbera grapes for the first time, highlight how grape variety affects the PA profile. Furthermore, this study is the basis for better understanding the astringency and bitter sensation in Barbera and Nebbiolo grapes and wines.
Comparison of different methods of grapevine yield prediction in the time window between fruitset and veraison
Authors: De la Fuente Mario , Linares Rubén , Baeza Pilar , Miranda Carlos , Lissarrague José Ramón
Published: May 2016

Aim: To compare grape yield prediction methods to determine which provide the best results in terms of earliness of prediction in the growing season, accuracy and precision.

Methods and results: The grape yields predicted by six models – one for use at fruitset (FS), two for use at veraison (V1 and V2), and three for use during the lag phase (LP40, LP50 and LP60) – were compared to field-measured yields. Regressions for the yield predicted by each model were constructed. The V1 and V2 models had the highest R2 (0.75) and efficiency index (EF; 0.67-0.71) and the lowest RMSE values (±16-17%, or <0.5 kg per m of row). The FS model had the same or similar R2 (0.58), EF (0.06) and RMSE (±30%, or <0.83 kg per m of row) values as the LP models, but allowed yield predictions to be made one month earlier.

Conclusion: The validated FS, V1 and V2 models are all useful in predicting grape yields and could be used to accurately forecast (with different errors) grape yields at either early or later time points according to winery needs. These models could be improved as further data become available in following seasons.

Significance and impact of the study: Few validated models are available for predicting grapevine yields at fruitset and veraison. This study provides predictive models that can be used at these different times of the growth cycle.
Impact of climate change on some grapevine varieties grown in Peru for Pisco production
Authors: Yzarra Wilfredo , Sanabria Janeet , Caceres Hanna , Solis Olimpio , Lhomme Jean-Paul
Published: May 2016

Aim: The Peruvian region of Ica is an important area of grapevine cultivation, mainly for the production of pisco, the flagship hard drink of Peru. The effects of a changing climate have been assessed using the recorded temperatures of a weather station together with projected climates for the 21st century generated under the A1B SRES scenario.

Methods and results: The bioclimatic indices commonly used in grapevine studies have increased in recent years and will continue to rise along the 21st century in relation to increasing temperature. In parallel, the phenology of four pisco cultivars (Quebranta, Torontel, Moscatel and Italia) has been experimentally assessed during four consecutive years, first to determine their cumulative growing degree-days and then to project them in past and future climates.

Conclusion: It appears that the cycle lengths of these cultivars have been shortened in recent years and that this tendency will continue all along the 21st century.
Significance and impact of the study: Assessing the immediate and future impact of climate change makes it possible to identify potential crop production problems and provides information on adaptation strategies.
Effect of vine training system on the phenolic composition of red grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Xinomavro)
Authors: Kyraleou Maria , Kallithraka Stamatina , Koundouras Stefanos , Chira Kleopatra , Haroutounian Serkos , Spinthiropoulou Hariklia , Kotseridis Yorgos
Published: May 2016

Aims: In order to investigate the effect of vine training system on grape phenolic composition, a divided canopy system (Lyre) and a vertical shoot positioned trellis with two different pruning systems (Royat and Guyot) were applied in a commercial vineyard of cv. Xinomavro (Vitis vinifera L.). The quality of the produced grapes was determined with respect to three analytical parameters: anthocyanin content, tannin composition and proanthocyanidin structure.

Methods and results: Monomeric anthocyanins, flavan-3-ol monomers and oligomers, tannin mean degree of polymerization (mDP), galloylation percentage (%G), and extension and terminal subunit structure were determined in seeds and skins by HPLC and LC/MS. Total phenolics, anthocyanin content, tannin concentration and antioxidant activity were measured in whole berries. Grapes and wines of the Lyre system were characterized by increased concentration of total and individual anthocyanins and total phenols. Individual flavan-3-ol monomers and oligomers were highest in Royat grape skins and Guyot seeds. Concerning proanthocyanidin structure, Royat grapes had significantly higher mDP and lower %G in skin and seed polymeric tannin fractions, compared to the other two systems, possibly leading to a lower grape astringency potential.

Conclusion: Training system may affect grape anthocyanin concentration, total flavan-3-ol content as well as skin and seed proanthocyanidin structure (mDP, %G, extension and terminal subunits).
Significance and impact of the study: The results of the present study could be of high importance to both grape growers and winemakers. Xinomavro grapes are rather poor in anthocyanins while being characterized by dry and astringent tannins. By adopting Lyre as a training system, higher anthocyanin contents could be achieved in grapes, resulting in wines with more attractive colour when adopting a longer pre-fermentation skin contact process. On the contrary, grapes of the Royat system might be more appropriate to produce full-bodied wines with higher ageing potential, due to their more appropriate tannin structure, by using longer maceration periods.
Production of fruit wines using novel enzyme preparations
Authors: Volchok Anastasia , Rozhkova Alexandra , Zorov Ivan , Shcherbakov Sergey , Sinitsyn Arkady
Published: May 2016

Aim: This work describes the activities of new-generation enzymatic preparations in fruit-berry substrates engineered for use in the fruit-wine industry. The enzymes were produced after genetic modification and selection of fungi Penicillium verruculosum, which produce efficient cellulase and pectinase enzymatic complexes. 

Methods and results: This paper covers the main characteristics of novel multi-enzyme complexes and the results of in-lab fruit-wine production with addition of enzymatic preparations, which could be used on an industrial scale. The juice yield and the content of suspended materials in the enzymatically treated samples were compared. Experiments included the sensory analysis of produced juices and fruit wines.

Conclusion: Results show a significant increase in juice yield from the fruit pulp processed with the enzymatic preparations, without any negative effect on the quality and organoleptic attributes of the final product.

Significance and impact of the study: The obtained data clearly show that the use of the new-generation enzymatic preparations in the fruit-wine industry is effective.
Assessment of color adsorption by yeast using Grape Skin Agar and impact on red wine color
Authors: Caridi Andrea , Sidari Rossana , Kraková Lucia , Kuchta Tomáš , Pangallo Domenico
Published: May 2016

Aim: Evaluating Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for their color adsorption aptitude by using Grape Skin Agar in order to protect the phenolic compounds responsible for the color of red wines; proposing a suitable and innovative medium to be included among the tests currently used for wine strain selection.

Methods and results: The strains were identified by fluorescence-Internal transcribed spacer (f-ITS) PCR and PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), confirmed by sequencing of ITS fragment, and tested for the parameter “aptitude to adsorb polyphenolic compounds” on the innovative chromogenic medium Grape Skin Agar. Laboratory-scale fermentations were carried out in must with and without SO2. The SO2 determined a decrease in tint, color intensity, and total polyphenol content. The strains M2V CHU7 and M2F CHU9 produced wines with the lowest color intensity, with and without SO2, respectively. By contrast, the strains M2F VUP4 and M2V CHU1, with and without SO2, respectively, produced wines with the highest color intensity, and therefore, they could improve the production of red wines.

Conclusion: The study highlights great variability and significant differences among strains in regard to their aptitude to modulate wine color. Grape Skin Agar should be a useful medium to be included in the selection tests currently performed for S. cerevisiae strains.
Significance and impact of the study: Our study confirms that yeast strains can modulate the chromatic properties of red wines according to their aptitude to adsorb polyphenols, as tested on Grape Skin Agar. Combining colored polyphenolic compound adsorption assay on Petri plate and laboratory-scale fermentation trials provides an effective way to test yeasts for their capability to improve the chromatic quality of the wines.
Study of the portuguese populations of powdery mildew fungus from diverse grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera)
Authors: Oliveira Manuela , Cunha Mário
Published: May 2016

Aims: The main goal of this work was to describe the genetic diversity and population structure of Portuguese isolates from Erysiphe necator using a new approach for the sampling of DNA from this pathogen.

Methods and results: The present study was conducted in the main demarcated wine regions of Portugal, where leaf and berry samples were collected for further genetic analysis. After DNA extraction, the Internal Transcribed Spacer from the 18S ribosomal RNA (ITS), the Intergenic Spacer (IGS), and the β-tubulin gene were successfully amplified and sequenced. The populations of E. necator are structured into two genetically distinct groups (A and B), with the majority of the analyzed samples belonging to group B.

Conclusion: Regardless of its geographical origin and the Vitis vinifera cultivar, the population of E. necator presents low genetic diversity.
Significance and impact of the study: The present work will certainly help to increase the vineyard productivity through a better definition of preventive measures and a potential decrease in the direct and indirect costs associated with the use of fungicides.
Trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate induce stomatal movements and interfere with ABA-induced stomatal closure in grapevine
Authors: Gamm Magdalena , Héloir Marie-Claire , Adrian Marielle
Published: May 2016

Aims: The effects of trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), among other sugars, were assessed on grapevine stomatal movements.

Methods and results: Epidermal peels were used to assess the effects of sugars. Low concentrations of trehalose and T6P (1 µM) induced an osmotic-independent reduction of the stomatal aperture in light conditions. Furthermore, ABA-induced stomatal closure was reduced by sugar application in association with lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species in guard cells. Similar effects, although weaker, were observed in response to the disaccharides sucrose and maltose, but not in response to the monosaccharides fructose and glucose.

Conclusion: This study clearly highlights the effects of sugars, especially trehalose and T6P, on grapevine stomatal movements.

Significance and impact of the study: This is the first time that such effects are described in grapevine and the results obtained provide new insights about the role of sugars on stomatal regulation at the whole plant level.
Characterization of suspended solids in thermo-treated red musts
Authors: Vernhet Aude , Bes Magali , Bouissou Delphine , Carrillo Stéphanie , Brillouet Jean-Marc
Published: May 2016

Aims: Thermo-treatment of grapes, followed by pressing and fermentation in liquid phase, is a growing practice in red winemaking to obtain light and fruity wines. Must clarification before fermentation, a key step to get the expected wine profile, is hardly controlled and strongly varies between different musts. To better understand this variability and its potential impact on quality, suspended solids in several red musts were characterized and the performances of different clarification techniques compared.

Methods and results: Results show a large variability in turbidity and total wet suspended solids between different raw and clarified musts, and a lack of correlation between these values. Clarification is always higher for vacuum filtration than for disk-stack or decanter centrifugation, with strong differences between musts for a given process. Despite a large size distribution, most of suspended particles are micronic and sub-micronic. TEM observations and analyses indicate that they are mostly membrane and organelle fragments along with (macro)molecular aggregates formed during juice extraction. Their overall composition differs from that found in white musts.

Conclusion: Particle heterogeneity and size distribution account for the difficulties encountered in red must clarification. Results also raise the question of the relationship between must turbidity and content in compounds likely to affect wine quality.  
Significance and impact of the study: This study constitutes a first characterization of suspended solids in thermo-treated red musts. It provides elements to (i) reason their clarification and (ii) identify the technological and qualitative impact of must suspended solids.
A sensory, chemical and consumer study of the peppery typicality of French gamay wines from cool-climate vineyards
Authors: Geffroy Olivier , Buissière Camille , Lempereur Valérie , Chatelet Bertrand
Published: May 2016

Aim: Within the protected designation of origin (PDO) Côtes d’Auvergne, Gamay N wines express unique peppery notes that may reflect high levels of rotundone. We investigated the typicality of these wines by determining their sensory, chemical and consumer profiles.

Methods and results: Twenty-one Gamay N wines from the 2013 vintage from four French wine-growing areas were assessed by a trained sensory panel (n = 8). Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of olfactory data were used to describe differences among regions and to select four wines for a consumer study (n = 87). Gamay N wines from Auvergne had more intense peppery notes and higher rotundone concentrations, two characteristics that showed a significant positive correlation. The large variability in rotundone among the 12 wines from Auvergne was attributed to ethanol content, which was correlated to the rotundone levels in the wines. Those who appreciate wines with a peppery sensory profile were generally managers and professionals who are willing to pay more for a bottle of wine.

Conclusion: There were differences in sensory profile and rotundone concentrations in Gamay N wines from cool-climate vineyards. We also identified the consumption profile of those who appreciate peppery wines.

Significance and impact of the study: Our results provide a scientific foundation for Auvergne grape growers to promote the typicality of their wines. This research also identifies the key elements for developing the Côtes d’Auvergne wine range and adapting products to consumer profiles.
Comparison of Genotypic and Expression Data to Determine Distinctness among Inbred Lines of Maize for Granting of Plant Variety Protection
Authors: Hall Bradford D. , Fox Richard , Zhang Qu , Baumgarten Andy , Nelson Barry , Cummings Joe , Drake Ben , Phillips Debora , Hayes Kevin , Beatty Mary , Zastrow‐Hayes Gina , Zeka Brian , Hazebroek Jan , Smith Stephen
Published: May 2016

The Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales (UPOV) currently relies on morphological characteristics to evaluate distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) as eligibility requirements for the granting of Plant Variety Protection (PVP). We used 10 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines, including both unrelated and closely similar pairs, representing three heterotic groups to compare abilities of morphological, ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcription, metabolomic, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to distinguish inbred lines. We used the range of variability and robustness as important factors to determine distinguishing power of each methodological approach. Using an index that ranged from 0 to 100 (useless to the perfect ideal), index scores for each methodology were: metabolomics (0), RNA transcription (18.2), morphology (19.6), and SNPs (35.7). The ability to distinguish among genotypes using RNA transcription expression data was concordant with SNP data for genotypes that were up to 97.2% similar according to SNPs. The SNP data alone could provide the basis for a determination of distinctness among inbred lines of maize with use of morphological, physiological, or agronomic performance data as supplementary information, if needed.
Heat Stress during Grain Filling Modifies Kernel Protein Composition in Field‐Grown Maize
Authors: Mayer Luis Ignacio , Savin Roxana , Maddonni Gustavo Angel
Published: May 2016

Episodes of extremely high temperatures (>35°C) may cause a premature cessation of maize kernel growth (i.e., heat stress), depressing crop grain yield. However, little is known about the influence of this constraint on chemical composition of maize kernels, a key trait for end‐use related attributes. Four maize genotypes (flint, popcorn, temperate semi‐dent, and temperate × tropical semi‐dent) with distinctive endosperm types were grown at heated and non‐heated temperature regimes during the early or late stages of the effective grain‐filling period. Heat stress during early stages decreased both protein and starch contents of kernels, but the impact on the former was lower (up to −42%) than on the latter (up to −50%), resulting in increases of kernel protein concentration (up to +14%). The flint and popcorn hybrids, with hard endosperm type, tended to be less vulnerable to such effects due to an enhanced capacity to sustain kernel growth. For all hybrids, heat stress during late stages of kernel growth, reduced similarly protein and starch contents (up to −38%), without affecting kernel protein concentration. Heat stress always altered endosperm protein composition by increasing the relative abundance of glutelins, and β‐ plus γ‐zeins, at the expense of that of α‐zeins. The significant environment × endosperm‐type interaction for kernel chemical compounds should be linked to quality parameters for different maize end‐uses.
Identification of Novel Powdery Mildew Resistance Sources in Wheat
Authors: Li Genqiao , Xu Xiangyang , Bai Guihua , Carver Brett F. , Hunger Robert , Bonman J. Michael
Published: May 2016

Genetic resistance plays an important role in managing powdery mildew of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a disease of global importance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate powdery mildew resistance and the underlying genes in US wheat breeding lines and identify novel resistance sources from a worldwide collection of winter wheat germplasm. Our results suggested that 37.5% of powdery mildew resistant breeding lines recently developed in the United States carry the Pm3a gene, indicating the abundance of Pm3a in US cultivars. Among a worldwide collection of 1,297 landraces and 874 early cultivars or breeding lines, 59 and 68 accessions showed high (HR) and moderate resistance (MR), respectively. In addition, highly resistant plants were identified in 41 heterogeneous accessions. These resistant accessions were further screened for the presence of Pm3a, Pm3b, Pm3c, Pm3d, and Pm3f genes as well as the 1RS translocation segment. Among them, 13 accessions had a Pm3 allele, and another seven accessions possessed the 1BL/1RS translocation fragment with the Pm8 gene. Genetic diversity analysis based on a set of 5,011 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified genetically similar accessions. The deployment of resistance sources identified in this study in wheat breeding may greatly broaden the genetic base of powdery mildew resistance.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Wheat Genome Associated with Tolerance of Acidic Soils and Aluminum Toxicity
Authors: Froese Paul S. , Carter Arron H.
Published: May 2016

Aluminum toxicity is a major yield constraint of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in acidic soils, which compose a significant area of Earth's arable land. There is natural variation in wheat's Al tolerance and a tolerance gene on chromosome 4D named ALMT1 has been cloned and characterized. Some wheat populations, however, show much variation in acidic field tolerance that is not explained by known major Al tolerance loci. This study was conducted to discover new loci that condition wheat's tolerance of low soil pH with the ultimate goal of DNA marker development for expedited tolerance breeding and selection. To this end, two diverse populations of the US Pacific Northwest (PNW)‐adapted winter wheat were genotyped on recently developed 9K and 90K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic marker platforms and phenotyped in three low‐pH, Al‐toxic field settings. The first population consisted of 459 accessions of soft white wheat. The second population, which was further phenotyped hydroponically, consisted of 401 accessions, some of which were soft white and some hard red. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) uncovered a total of 55 loci, 15 of which were common to both populations. The molecular marker wmc331, linked to ALMT1, was analyzed in both populations, revealing only eight individuals with the favorable allele. We found that the unique germplasm examined in this study has novel sources of low‐pH tolerance that could be exploitable in the development of wheat cultivars that are tolerant of soil acidity and Al toxicity.
Ionic Liquid Extraction Unveils Previously Occluded Humic‐Bound Iron in Peat Soil Pore Water
Authors: Veverica Timothy J. , Kane Evan S. , Marcarelli Amy M. , Green Sarah A.
Published: May 2016

Core Ideas

Dissolved organic matter character should be evaluated when selecting Fe quantitation methods.

The o‐phenanthroline Method cannot consistently speciate Fe in bogs and fens.

Ionic liquid extraction yields superior Fe quantitation over o‐phenanthroline.

Globally, peatland ecosystems store tremendous amounts of C relative to their extent on the landscape, largely owing to saturated soils which limit decomposition. While there is still considerable uncertainty regarding CO2 production potential below the water table in peatland ecosystems, extracellular Fe reduction has been suggested as a dominant pathway for anaerobic metabolism. However, colorimetric methods commonly used to quantitate Fe and partition between redox species are known to be unreliable in the presence of complex humic substances, which are common in peatland pore water. We evaluated both the standard o‐phenanthroline (o‐P) Method and an ionic liquid extraction (ILE) Method followed by quantitation with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) to compare total Fe recovery and Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios in four distinct peatland ecosystems, ranging from rich fen to bog. While total Fe concentrations measured with ILE and o‐P were correlated, the ILE method proved to be superior in both total Fe quantitation and in separately quantifying ferric (Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) iron. In peat pore water, the o‐P Method underestimated Fe3+ by as much as 100%. A multivariate approach utilizing fluorescence‐ and ultraviolet (UV)–visable (Vis) spectroscopy identified indices of dissolved organic matter (DOM) humification and redox status that correlated with poor performance of the o‐P Method in peat pore water. Where these interferences are present, we suggest that site‐specific empirical correction factors for quantitation of total Fe by o‐P can be created from ILE of Fe, but recommend ILE for accurate appraisals of iron speciation and redox processes.
Evaluation of different evapotranspiration products in the middle Yellow River Basin, China
Authors: Li Yanzhong , Liang Kang , Liu Changming , Liu Wenbin , Bai Peng
Published: May 2016

Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is a central process in the climate system and a nexus of the water and energy cycles. This study assesses the hydrological performance of the four categories of ETa products (i.e., land surface models (LSMs), reanalysis, model tree ensemble, and diagnostic models (DMs)) for use in the middle Yellow River Basin (MYRB) using water balance methods. The results show the following. (1) The water storage changes significantly at annual scale and cannot be neglected when calculating the reference ETa by the water balance methods. (2) ETa from LSMs, considering the precipitation input, exhibits the best performance in capturing the reference ETa variation. The MET ETa (AETJUNG), based on eddy covariance, has fair performance with a small underestimation, followed by the DMs, including MODIS and ZhangKe. Poor performance is found in reanalysis ETa (JRA55), due to overestimations precipitation and radiation. (3) The reference ETa showed decreased and then increased trend. ETa from the LSMs-Noah model captures the trend well, followed by the LSMs-variable infiltration capacity model. Our results are not only meaningful for better understanding ETa variability in the MYRB, but also significant for improving global ETa products models' performance in semi-arid and semi-humid regions.
Influence of road and traffic conditions on fuel consumption and fuel cost for different bus technologies
Authors: Ivkovic Ivan , Kaplanovic Snezana , Milovanovic Branko
Published: May 2016

In this paper the influences of road and traffic conditions on fuel consumption and fuel costs of conventional diesel, parallel hybrid, and stoichiometric compressed natural gas buses in intercity bus service are analysed. Calculation of fuel consumption and fuel costs for these three different bus technologies was conducted for road network of the Republic of Serbia. Three scenarios were considered. The first scenario includes bus traffic volume carried out on the road network in 2014. The other two scenarios are characterized by the decrease i. e. increase of traffic volume by 20% with unchanged state of road infrastructure in comparison to the year 2014. Obtained results show that in intercity bus service the greatest influence on the fuel consumption of buses has operating speed of the bus, followed by terrain type on which buses operate. The impact of other factors (international roughness index, fluctuation of traffic volume by 20%, and correction factors of fuel consumption) is less pronounced. In various operating conditions the fuel cost savings per 100 km of compressed natural gas buses compared to diesel buses are in the range of ?8.84-12.16. These cost saving for hybrid buses compared to diesel buses are in the range of ?3.33-7.27.