bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal hypoxia and age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Chaudhary Attiqa , Abbott Carla J. , Wu Zhichao , Fang Wendy Y. , Raj Palaniraj R. , Naughton Matthew , Heriot Wilson J. , Guymer Robyn H.
Published: August 2024

Background

Nocturnal hypoxia is common, under‐diagnosed and is found in the same demographic at risk of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). The objective of this study was to determine any association between nocturnal hypoxia and AMD, its severity, and the high‐risk sub‐phenotype of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included participants aged ≥50 years with AMD, or normal controls, exclusive of those on treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea. All participants had at home, overnight (up to 3 nights) pulse oximetry recordings and multimodal imaging to classify AMD. Classification of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) was determined based on oxygen desaturation index [ODI] with mild having values of 5–15 and moderate‐to‐severe >15.

Results

A total of 225 participants were included with 76% having AMD, of which 42% had coexistent RPD. Of the AMD participants, 53% had early/intermediate AMD, 30% had geographic atrophy (GA) and 17% had neovascular AMD (nAMD). Overall, mild or moderate‐to‐severe OSAwas not associated with an increased odds of having AMD nor AMD with RPD (p ≥ 0.180). However, moderate‐to‐severe OSA was associated with increased odds of having nAMD (odds ratio = 6.35; 95% confidence interval = 1.18 to 34.28; p = 0.032), but not early/intermediate AMD or GA, compared to controls (p ≥ 0.130). Mild OSA was not associated with differences in odds of having AMD of any severity (p ≥ 0.277).

Conclusions

There was an association between nocturnal hypoxia as measured by the ODI and nAMD. Hence, nocturnal hypoxia may be an under‐appreciated important modifiable risk factor for nAMD.
Diving deep into the network: Quantifying protection effects across California's marine protected area network using a remotely operated vehicle
Authors: Perkins Nicholas R. , Lauermann Andrew , Prall Michael , Hosack Geoffrey R. , Foster Scott D.
Published: August 2024

Networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) are being increasingly implemented worldwide as conservation management tools. We report here on MPA effectiveness using data from a 17‐year long remotely operated vehicle (ROV) monitoring program spanning mesophotic (~ 20–130 m) depths in 26 MPAs across California's MPA network. We utilize a spatial modeling approach that includes important environmental covariates as well as spatial dependence in the data, and allows the separation of statewide and regional trends in the abundance of focal species from additional trends specific to MPAs. We demonstrate that there have been statewide and/or regional recoveries in abundance for the majority of our 10 focal demersal fish species, with all four statewide species assessments and 18 out of 22 species‐region combinations assessed displaying positive trends. We also demonstrate that MPA protection has had an additional positive effect on the abundance of the majority of these focal species inside MPAs compared with reference areas, with positive effects for all four statewide species, and 18 out of 22 statewide/regions assessed showing positive effects, four showing no statistically detectable differences, and no negative MPA effects found. Comparisons with theoretical expectations of MPA recovery for our focal species showed that 2 out of 4 statewide, and 11 out of 17 species‐region combinations assessed displayed higher mean MPA effects than expected. Our results highlight strong trajectories of increasing abundance and additional MPA effects for many of our focal species, demonstrating that MPAs are having positive effects in mesophotic depths across the network as well as at previously reported shallower depths, and that image‐based platforms such as ROVs provide an important tool to support timely reporting on the effectiveness of MPA networks.
Subcellular expression of CD30 in cutaneous mastocytosis—An important factor for targeted treatment
Authors: Mitteldorf Christina , Kulberg Aleksandra , Tronnier Michael , Schön Michael P. , Kempf Werner
Published: August 2024

Background

The subcellular distribution of CD30 on mast cells and the presence of eosinophils in cutaneous mastocytosis require further investigation, especially as the cell surface expression of CD30 is critical for the therapeutic response of systemic mastocytosis to brentuximab vedotin.

Objective

Investigation of 147 biopsy specimens from 143 patients with cutaneous mastocytosis for mast cell density and distribution, frequency of CD30 expression, CD30 staining patterns, and presence and distribution of eosinophils. Correlation with clinical patterns.

Methods

Retrospective multicenter immunohistochemical study of CD30 expression, eosinophils and basic clinical data in cutaneous mastocytosis.

Results

CD30 expression was found in all samples (cut‐off: ≥1%), whereby the staining was predominantly cytoplasmic in 99% of the samples. Additional membrane staining was detected in 62% of the samples. Surface expression of CD30 was more common in biopsy specimens with a high mast cell burden and in biopsy specimens with a higher CD30 expression rate. Eosinophils were admixed in 58% of the samples. Females and older patients showed a trend of a lower mast cell burden.

Limitations

Retrospective study on formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue without functional analysis.

Conclusion

Most cases of cutaneous mastocytosis show cell surface expression of CD30 expression and is, therefore, in principle, accessible for therapy with antibodies against CD30, provided the overall situation of the patient warrants.
Diversified flood governance and related socio‐spatial vulnerability in Tana River County, Kenya
Authors: Okoko Anita Nyapala
Published: August 2024

What are the consequential socio‐spatial vulnerabilities of fragmentation in flood risk governance (FRG) functions in Tana River County, Kenya? To answer the question, this paper utilises social differentiation theory to establish types and consequences of such fragmentation. It applies theoretical patterns and processes of social differentiation to expose that FRG diversification could result in fragmentation of FRG functions. The study employs an interview strategy that focuses on governmental and non‐governmental FRG actors. The results reveal that fragmented FRG functions in Tana River County was not an intentional policy decision, but rather a product of a transitional vacuum between policy promulgation and implementation. Furthermore, socio‐spatial vulnerabilities differentiated by patterns and processes related to age, gender, disability, and ethnicity, for instance, are consequential outcomes of fragmented FRG functions in the Tana River floodplains. The study recommends implementation of the National Disaster Management Policy in Tana River County and institutionalisation of a specific FRG policy and legal framework.
Rethinking controlled trials for evaluating wheelchair skills training in children
Authors: Best Krista L. , Kirby R. Lee
Published: August 2024

This commentary is on the original article by Naaris et al. on pages 1653–1663 of this issue.
Do help‐seeking adolescents report more psychotic‐like experiences than young adults on the 16‐item version of the prodromal questionnaire (PQ‐16)?
Authors: de Jong Yvonne , Boon Albert E. , Mulder Cornelis L. , van der Gaag Mark
Published: August 2024

Aim

To compare psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs) in adolescents and young adults referred to the Mental Health Services (MHSs).

Methods

Participants scored the 16‐item Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ‐16) as part of the intake procedure. Data on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) classification and demographic data were collected.

Results

The PQ‐16 was completed by 13 783 respondents (mean age 24.63 years, SD = 6.09; 62.6% female). Overall, the scores on the PQ‐16 were not higher for adolescents (11–17 years; m = 4.84, SD = 3.62) than for young adults (18–35 years; m = 5.47, SD = 3.85). On PQ‐16 item level, adolescents reported seeing and hearing things more than adults did. Across all age groups, males scored lower on the PQ‐16 than females. Specifically, adolescent males scored lower than other participants. For adolescents and young adults alike, PQ‐16 scores were higher for participants with borderline personality disorder, PTSD, and mood disorder than for those with other DSM classifications.

Conclusions

Although help‐seeking adolescents did not score higher on the PQ‐16 than help‐seeking young adults, more of them reported perceptual anomalies. Irrespective of age, participants with borderline personality disorder, PTSD and mood disorder scored higher on the PQ‐16 than those with other DSM classifications.
I reflect, therefore I am!, Exploring the use of a Voluntary Online Reflective Journal as a learning tool among postgraduate dental students
Authors: Wassif Hoda S.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Reflection is widely used in all aspects of teaching and learning in dental education and makes a fundamental part of all learning activities for dental students. However, reflective tasks are often used with a clear purpose; for example, in completing e‐portfolios or dealing with critical incidences. This study explores the use of optional online journals that Postgraduate (PG) dental students were encouraged to use as part of their own development.

Aim

To explore how PG dental students perceive the use of optional online journals.

Materials and Methods

Data were collected via an anonymous questionnaire that included a word pool, Likert‐scale statements and free text comment sections.

Results

Overall, 31 students (93%) responded to the questionnaire with high focus on the usefulness of the journal, with 58% selecting ‘connecting with tutors’ and 41% selecting ‘keeping track’ of their own learning and progress. The word ‘reflection’ was selected by 87% of participants when describing the use of the journal. Some participants, 29%, considered the journal as ‘added pressure’, and 41% felt it was ‘extra work’ as the journal, although voluntary, presented an added task to complete. All students made at least one entry in the online journal.

Conclusion

The use of an optional online journal can be a useful tool in establishing connection between dental students and their tutors. Some postgraduate dental students valued the benefits of reflective journal without it being linked to assessments. Some concerns were reported around the time constraints as well as the added work related to taking part in such activity.
Health‐related quality of life in older hematological cancer survivors (70+) compared to older general population—A German cancer‐register‐based cross‐sectional comparative study
Authors: Schatz Florian , Mehnert‐Theuerkauf Anja , Platzbecker Uwe , Springer Franziska , Götze Heide
Published: August 2024

Objectives

The extent of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) impairments in older hematological cancer survivors (HCS) has not been sufficiently studied. We therefore examined HRQOL in older HCS compared to a community sample (CS) and investigated sociodemographic, disease‐ and treatment‐specific, geriatric, and psychosocial factors associated with reduced HRQOL.

Materials and Methods

In this cancer‐register‐based cross‐sectional comparative study 200 HCS, aged ≥70 years, and 252 persons of an age‐ and gender‐matched CS completed validated questionnaires including the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and EORTC QLQ‐ELD14.

Results

Older HCS reported a reduced HRQOL in the dimensions of global QOL, physical, role, and social functioning (small clinical significance) and higher symptom burden of fatigue, nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, and poorer mobility compared to the CS (fatigue and mobility with medium, the others with small clinical significance). Perceived disease burden of comorbidities, functional disabilities, psychological distress, and depression showed statistical significance for reduced HRQOL in older HCS in multiple linear regression analysis (R2 = .602, p < .001).

Discussion

The screening and treatment of functional limitations and individual symptoms and the integration of a geriatric assessment into oncological practice can help to identify supportive care needs, to implement individualized, patient‐centered cancer survivorship care programs and to improve older HCS's HRQOL.
Identifying and explaining resilience in ecological networks
Authors: Jeynes‐Smith Cailan , Bode Michael , Araujo Robyn P.
Published: August 2024

Resilient ecological systems are more likely to persist and function in the Anthropocene. Current methods for estimating an ecosystem's resilience rely on accurately parameterized ecosystem models, which is a significant empirical challenge. In this paper, we adapt tools from biochemical kinetics to identify ecological networks that exhibit ‘structural resilience’, a strong form of resilience that is solely a property of the network structure and is independent of model parameters. We undertake an exhaustive search for structural resilience across all three‐species ecological networks, under a generalized Lotka‐Volterra modelling framework. Out of 20,000 possible network structures, approximately 2% display structural resilience. The properties of these networks provide important insights into the mechanisms that could promote resilience in ecosystems, provide new theoretical avenues for qualitative modelling approaches and provide a foundation for identifying robust forms of ecological resilience in large, realistic ecological networks.
The complex effects of modern oncogenic environments on the fitness, evolution and conservation of wildlife species
Authors: Dujon Antoine M. , Ujvari Beata , Tissot Sophie , Meliani Jordan , Rieu Océane , Stepanskyy Nikita , Hamede Rodrigo , Tokolyi Jácint , Nedelcu Aurora , Thomas Frédéric
Published: August 2024

Growing evidence indicates that human activities are causing cancer rates to rise in both human and wildlife populations. This is due to the inability of ancestral anti‐cancer defences to cope with modern environmental risks. The evolutionary mismatch between modern oncogenic risks and evolved cancer defences has far‐reaching effects on various biological aspects at different timeframes, demanding a comprehensive study of the biology and evolutionary ecology of the affected species. Firstly, the increased activation of anti‐cancer defences leads to excessive energy expenditure, affecting other biological functions and potentially causing health issues like autoimmune diseases. Secondly, tumorigenesis itself can impact important fitness‐related parameters such as competitiveness, predator evasion, resistance to parasites, and dispersal capacity. Thirdly, rising cancer risks can influence the species' life‐history traits, often favoring early reproduction to offset fitness costs associated with cancer. However, this strategy has its limits, and it may not ensure the sustainability of the species if cancer risks continue to rise. Lastly, some species may evolve additional anti‐cancer defences, with uncertain consequences for their biology and future evolutionary path. In summary, we argue that the effects of increased exposure to cancer‐causing substances on wildlife are complex, ranging from immediate responses to long‐term evolutionary changes. Understanding these processes, especially in the context of conservation biology, is urgently needed.
Caregivers of individuals with borderline personality disorder: The relationship between leading caregiver interventions and psychological distress/positive mental well‐being
Authors: Hayes Aoife , Courey Lynn , Kells Mary , Hyndman Doreen , Dempsey Maria , Murphy Mike
Published: August 2024

Burden and psychological distress are higher in informal caregivers (ICs) of people with severe emotional and behavior dysregulation who have been given a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) compared with non‐caregivers. The current cross‐sectional study examines the difference in outcomes of ICs of people with BPD who have received the intervention Family Connections (FC) and who also led interventions for other caregivers (caregiver‐leaders) compared with those who have attended FC but not led caregiver interventions (non‐leader‐FC participants). The sample for this research is from a larger study (Hayes et al., 2023, Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 10, 31). Data for 347 participants who self‐reported receiving FC and completed the McLean Screening Instrument for BPD‐Carer Version, the Brief COPE, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Kessler Psychological Distress scale, the WHO‐5 Well‐being Index, and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale were analyzed. The results found that being a caregiver‐leader was associated with higher positive mental well‐being and lower psychological distress compared with non‐leader‐FC participants. Being a caregiver‐leader was also associated with significantly greater use of the coping strategy of positive reframing and lower use of behavioral disengagement and self‐blame than non‐leader‐FC participants. The study provides preliminary evidence that for those who have received FC, becoming an intervention leader is associated with better outcomes than caregivers who do not become leaders and provides support for caregiver‐led rollout of FC across services.
A holistic big data approach to understand and manage increasing pollen‐induced respiratory allergies under global change
Authors: Ma Xuanlong , Huete Alfredo , Liu Yuxia , Zhu Xiaoyu , Nguyen Ha , Miura Tomoaki , Chen Min , Li Xuecao , Asrar Ghassem
Published: August 2024

Nearly a third of the world's population suffers from pollen‐induced respiratory allergies—and the number is rising. For those affected, the situation is becoming more stressful every year with climate change, rising atmospheric CO2 levels, and urbanization. These phenomena form a complex interface between human health and global change, yet the critical information needed to unravel it remains fragmented. A holistic big data approach, with close collaboration between Earth system scientists and health experts, is urgently needed to achieve meaningful insights that advance our understanding and management of increasing pollen‐induced respiratory allergies under global change.
Mineral supplementation in patients with frailty and sarcopenia—a systematic review
Authors: Ogawa Masato , Sato Yoichi , Nagano Fumihiko , Yoshimura Yoshihiro , Kuzuya Masafumi
Published: August 2024

Aim

Addressing sarcopenia and frailty in aging populations is crucial for enhancing quality of life and reducing healthcare dependence. While the importance of energy, protein, and amino acid supplementation is known, the role of minerals needs further exploration. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of these minerals in managing sarcopenia and frailty.

Methods

We analyzed data from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Ichu‐shi Web from January 2000 to March 2023. Studies were selected if they were interventional or observational, focused on individuals with frailty or sarcopenia who were aged 65 or older, and involved mineral supplementation. The risk of bias in these studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool.

Results

Of the 615 studies identified, seven met the inclusion criteria. These studies mainly focused on the effects of combined nutrient supplements, with few focusing on individual minerals. The findings were mixed, demonstrating some improvements in muscle strength, activity of daily living, and cognitive functions. Notably, minerals appeared to offer benefits as part of multi‐nutrient interventions, especially for cognitive and immune health, but had limited impact on muscle mass or strength when used alone. The limited number and variable outcomes of studies precluded a feasible meta‐analysis.

Conclusions

The effect of mineral supplementation on sarcopenia and frailty remains uncertain, suggesting a need for tailored nutritional strategies. Future studies should aim for well‐designed clinical trials in order to gain a better understanding of the roles of minerals in improving muscle health and functional outcomes, leading to clearer recommendations for clinical practice. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 850–858.
Association between serum vitamin D levels and skeletal muscle indices in an older Japanese population: The SONIC study
Authors: Onishi Yuri , Akasaka Hiroshi , Hatta Kodai , Terashima Ken , Yoshida Shino , Yasunobe Yukiko , Fujimoto Taku , Isaka Masaaki , Godai Kayo , Kido Michiko , Kabayama Mai , Sugimoto Ken , Masui Yukie , Matsumoto Kiyoaki , Yasumoto Saori , Ogawa Madoka , Nakagawa Takeshi , Arai Yasumichi , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Gondo Yasuyuki , Ikebe Kazunori , Kamide Kei , Yamamoto Koichi
Published: August 2024

Aim

Vitamin D (VD) affects skeletal muscles. The high prevalence of VD deficiency in Japan may lead to decreased skeletal muscle mass and strength, increasing the prevalence of sarcopenia. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between serum VD levels and skeletal muscle indices in a Japanese community‐dwelling older population.

Methods

We extracted data from the Septuagenarians, Octogenarians, Nonagenarians Investigation with Centenarians (SONIC) study. We analyzed the data for participants in the 70s and 90s age groups. Skeletal mass index (SMI) using bioimpedance analysis, grip strength, walking speed, and serum VD levels using 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured.

Results

We analyzed the data of 310 participants in their 70s and 48 in their 90s. Mean serum 25(OH)D levels were 21.6 ± 5.0 ng/mL in the 70s group and 23.4 ± 9.1 ng/mL in the 90s group. In the 70s group, serum 25(OH)D levels correlated with SMI (r = 0.21, P < 0.0001) and grip strength (r = 0.30, P < 0.0001). Serum 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with SMI after adjusting for sex, body mass index, and serum albumin levels. In the 90s group, serum 25(OH)D levels were correlated with SMI (r = 0.29, P = 0.049) and grip strength (r = 0.34, P = 0.018). However, the multivariate analysis showed no independent association between SMI, grip strength, and serum 25(OH)D levels.

Conclusion

In a cross‐sectional analysis of an older population, serum VD levels were associated with SMI and grip strength, and this association was more pronounced in the 70s group than in the 90s group. Our results suggest that serum VD levels maintain skeletal muscle mass and grip strength. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 898–903.
Efficacy and safety of azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil in chronic actinic dermatitis in skin of color: results of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Handa Sanjeev , Mehta Hitaishi , Bishnoi Anuradha , Raj Dinesh , De Dipankar
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) is an immunologically mediated photodermatosis that has been effectively treated with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in uncontrolled studies. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of azathioprine and MMF in CAD treatment, aiming to address existing evidence gaps.

Materials and methods

Consecutive CAD patients were randomized into two groups: azathioprine (Group A) or MMF (Group B) for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes included Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) at baseline and Week 12. Secondary outcomes included various clinicodemographic factors predictive of treatment response, defined at least a 75% reduction in EASI score (EASI75) by Week 12.

Results

The median (IQR) percentage reduction in EASI at 12 weeks was higher in Group B than in Group A [78.3% (75.0–83.30%) vs. 68.3% (31.2–80.10%), P = 0.034]. Baseline DLQI scores indicated a moderate impact on quality of life, with significant reductions by Week 12 in both groups and no intergroup differences at baseline (P = 0.291) or Week 12 (P = 0.599). Overall, 23 patients were classified as non‐responders, with more extended illness duration (P = 0.026) and outdoor occupations (P = 0.042) associated with poorer responses. Adverse effects were consistent with known profiles, with one patient discontinuing azathioprine due to hypersensitivity.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the efficacy and safety of azathioprine and MMF in CAD treatment, with MMF showing superior outcomes. However, further research is warranted to explore emerging therapies and prognostic factors in CAD management.
Recent developments in the application of alternative sterilisation technologies to meat products: A review
Authors: Huang Yan‐yan , Yao Qing‐bo , Ye Ting‐ting , Jia Xiang‐ze , Cao Shi‐lin , Fan Tu‐gui , Wang Lang‐hong , Zeng Xin‐An
Published: August 2024

Meat is widely regarded as the optimal source of protein for human consumption. However, meat is susceptible to spoilage and microbial contamination throughout processing, transportation and storage stages. Traditional thermal processing techniques are commonly employed in the global meat industry. While these methods ensure microbiological safety, they may also impact the sensory and functional attributes of meat products. To address these limitations, non‐thermal processing technologies are progressively replacing conventional thermal approaches. This review will primarily focus on the potential application of non‐thermal processing technologies as alternatives to traditional methods in meat and meat product processing. Various technologies exhibiting promising performance in this field will be presented. Additionally, the mechanisms, advantages and limitations of these non‐thermal technologies in recent years will be summarised, along with a discussion on the challenges and prospects they present. This study provides an overview of non‐thermal processing technology specifically applied to meat products, emphasising the underlying mechanisms associated with different approaches. By employing diverse technical combinations, it is possible to address existing processing limitations and expand their applicability range. Non‐thermal processing technology demonstrates significant potential for enhancing meat processing practices; however, concerns regarding safety aspects and limited clinical verification about to environmental pollution have impeded its widespread adoption within the food industry.
Physicochemical and sensory properties of vegan ice cream using upcycled Aquasoya powder
Authors: Hwang Su‐Yeong , Yu Jing‐Chao , Shin Weon‐Sun
Published: August 2024

Aquasoya (AS) powder arouses great interest as a cost‐effective vegan ingredient. In our study, AS was used to develop vegan ice cream products. Different total solid content (TSC) (31%, 33%, 35%, 37%, and 39% w/w) of ice cream mix was changed by the addition of AS powder. pH, emulsion properties, brix, colour, viscosity, overrun, melting properties, texture profile analysis (TPA), and sensory evaluations were investigated. The pH of each AS (31%, 33%, 35%, 37%, 39%) ice cream mix sample was 5.70–5.81, with no significant variance in AS content. Notably, the 39% AS led to higher Brix and viscosity scores. Moreover, the highest overrun in AS ice cream was observed in the sample containing 39% TSC. In contrast, the 31%, 33%, and 35% samples exhibited lower viscosities. However, the 37% and 39% samples displayed higher viscosities, leading to a longer‐lasting appearance. Regarding sensory evaluation, the 39% sample received the highest ratings for overall taste intensity, colour, smell, bean smell, flavour, taste, astringency, and bitterness. However, it scored the lowest for sweetness, softness, and melting degree. Generally, a higher AS content corresponds to stronger overall characteristics. Additionally, acceptance evaluations showed that panels tended to favour ice cream with lower AS content. All these findings suggest that AS ice cream could be potentially developed using vegan ingredients, offering enhanced nutritional and sensory attributes while serving as an effective emulsifier.
Understanding the relationship between limited neighbourhood food access and health outcomes of children with obesity
Authors: Andres Unai Miguel , Mansker Beau L. , Suttles Shellye , Naramore Sara K.
Published: August 2024

Background

Childhood obesity is a growing worldwide epidemic that requires a biopsychosocial treatment approach to achieve a healthy lifestyle. This study on children in a weight management program examines the relationship between obesity, disease complications, and social determinants of health. We expect that children with higher degrees of obesity are more likely to live in areas lacking access to healthy food and have similar behavioural and socioeconomic characteristics.

Methods

Program participants were identified by neighbourhood food access status based on their home address. The prevalence of comorbidities in the participants was analyzed according to neighbourhood food accessibility. Multivariate regressions evaluated the association between participants' health outcomes and their sociodemographic and geographical characteristics.

Results

A total of 283 (98.3%) participants had a BMI ≥95th percentile for their age and sex and 68 (23.6%) lived in neighbourhoods with limited food access. Almost a third (Adj. R2 = 0.3302; p < 0.01) of the variability in study population's BMI was driven by sociodemographic factors, self‐reported eating and physical activity behaviours, and had a positive relationship with access to healthy food. Nonetheless, HbA1c had a negative relationship with access to healthy food given the limited variation in the sample of participants with HbA1c levels indicating diabetes.

Conclusion

Children living in neighbourhoods with limited food access had higher BMIs than other program participants. Thus, it is critical to identify children with limited neighbourhood food accessibility and promote societal and legislative change to improve access to healthy food.
Location‐specific diagnostic efficiency of photodynamic diagnosis‐guided biopsy in bladder mapping biopsies
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Ishikawa Yudai , Kobayashi Masaki , Fujiwara Motohiro , Fan Bo , Fukuda Shohei , Waseda Yuma , Tanaka Hajime , Yoshida Soichiro , Fujii Yasuhisa
Published: August 2024

Background

Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)‐assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) has emerged as a promising complementary tool to white light (WL) cystoscopy, potentially improving cancer detection and replacing conventional mapping biopsies. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of PDD by anatomical locations in mapping biopsies through lesion‐based analysis.

Methods

PDD and WL findings were prospectively recorded in 102 patients undergoing mapping biopsies and PDD‐assisted TURBT using oral 5‐aminolevulinic acid. We evaluated 673 specimens collected from flat tumor or normal‐looking lesions on WL cystoscopy, after excluding 98 specimens collected from papillary or nodular tumors.

Results

Among the 673 lesions, cancer was detected in 110 (16%) by lesion‐based analysis. PDD demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (65.5% vs. 46.4%, p < 0.001) and negative predictive value (92.5% vs. 89.5%, p < 0.001) compared to WL. The sensitivity of PDD findings varied by location: posterior (100%), right (78.6%), dome (73.3%), left (70.6%), trigone (58.8%), bladder neck (41.7%), anterior (40.0%), and prostatic urethra (25.0%). Incorporating targeted biopsies of specific locations (bladder neck, anterior, and prostatic urethra) into the PDD‐guided biopsies, regardless of PDD findings, significantly increased the overall sensitivity from 65.5% to 82.7% (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

This study first demonstrated the detection rate of location‐specific mapping biopsies using PDD, revealing difficulties in accuracy assessment in areas susceptible to tangential fluorescence. While PDD‐guided biopsy improves cancer detection compared to WL cystoscopy even for flat tumors or normal‐looking lesions, more careful decisions, including mapping biopsies, may be beneficial for an assessment in these tangential areas.
Healthcare Professional Perspectives on the Impact of the Physical Health Nurse Consultant
Authors: Tabvuma Tracy , Stanton Robert , Huang Ya‐Ling , Happell Brenda
Published: August 2024

Early mortality experienced by people living with mental health issues (hereon termed consumers) is largely preventable. Healthcare professionals perceive healthcare system inadequacies such as diagnostic overshadowing, stigma and fragmentation of physical and mental healthcare services can be resolved through effective integration approaches. Service‐ and individual‐level integration approaches involve multidisciplinary teams collaborating and coordinating care to holistically meet consumers' physical and mental health needs. Evidence suggests appropriately trained healthcare professionals can deliver effective integrated treatment without financial or organisational restructuring. Specialist nursing positions such as Physical Health Nurse Consultants can support and integrate physical and mental health care. Consumers report the Physical Health Nurse Consultant as providing dedicated, integrated, coordinated and holistic mental and physical health care. This study aimed to explore the Physical Health Nurse Consultant role from the perspectives of healthcare professionals. A qualitative exploratory study design was used. Fourteen healthcare professionals participated in individual interviews or focus groups. Interview recordings were transcribed, and thematically analysed. Three themes were identified: (i) role functions, including integration of physical and mental health care, (ii) impact on consumer physical health outcomes and (iii) impact on service delivery. Healthcare professionals perceive the Physical Health Nurse Consultant effectively integrates physical and mental health care and subsequently support the continuation and embedding of the role in routine practice. Future research is required to explore healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions of how these roles be translated to routine clinical practice. Examining the professional development requirements, service provider constraints and economic implication to achieve these outcomes also warrants attention.
Cross‐sectional and Mendelian randomization study of fibroblast growth factor 19 reveals causal associations with metabolic diseases
Authors: Li Yan , Dai Changyong , Yang Haiqing , Zeng Huang , Ruan Yuhua , Dai Mingjia , Hao Jungui , Wang Liping , Yan Xuebing , Ji Fang
Published: August 2024

Background and Aim

Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is an intestinal‐derived factor that plays a role in metabolic diseases. We performed a differential study of circulating FGF19 levels and investigated the causal effects of FGF19 on metabolic diseases using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

Firstly, 958 subjects were included in the physical examination center of affiliated hospital from January 2019 to January 2021. Dividing the subjects into different subgroups to compare FGF19 levels. We conducted a two‐sample MR analysis of genetically predicted circulating FGF19 in relation to alcohol, cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers and diseases, and liver function biomarkers using publicly available genome‐wide association study summary statistics data.

Results

The circulating FGF19 levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients were lower than those without NAFLD (P < 0.001). The FGF19 levels in participants with obese were lower than those without obese (P < 0.001). In two‐sample MR analyses, genetically predicted higher circulating FGF19 levels was significantly associated with lower aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyltransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, and C‐reactive protein concentrations (P < 0.05) and a negative correlation with cardiovascular disease and cirrhosis whereas a positive association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our study found that circulating FGF19 levels were lower in NAFLD and obese populations. Additionally, our MR research results support the causal effects of FGF19 on improved liver function, lipids, and reduced the occurrence of inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cirrhosis. We found a positive correlation with diabetes, which may indicate a compensatory increase in regulating above FGF19 resistance states in humans.
Duplication and sub‐functionalization of flavonoid biosynthesis genes plays important role in Leguminosae root nodule symbiosis evolution
Authors: Liu Tengfei , Liu Haiyue , Xian Wenfei , Liu Zhi , Yuan Yaqin , Fan Jingwei , Xiang Shuaiying , Yang Xia , Liu Yucheng , Liu Shulin , Zhang Min , Shen Yanting , Jiao Yuannian , Cheng Shifeng , Doyle Jeff J. , Xie Fang , Li Jiayang , Tian Zhixi
Published: August 2024

Gene innovation plays an essential role in trait evolution. Rhizobial symbioses, the most important N2‐fixing agent in agricultural systems that exists mainly in Leguminosae, is one of the most attractive evolution events. However, the gene innovations underlying Leguminosae root nodule symbiosis (RNS) remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the gene gain event in Leguminosae RNS evolution through comprehensive phylogenomic analyses. We revealed that Leguminosae‐gain genes were acquired by gene duplication and underwent a strong purifying selection. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that the innovated genes were enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, particular downstream of chalcone synthase (CHS). Among them, Leguminosae‐gain type Ⅱ chalcone isomerase (CHI) could be further divided into CHI1A and CHI1B clades, which resulted from the products of tandem duplication. Furthermore, the duplicated CHI genes exhibited exon–intron structural divergences evolved through exon/intron gain/loss and insertion/deletion. Knocking down CHI1B significantly reduced nodulation in Glycine max (soybean) and Medicago truncatula; whereas, knocking down its duplication gene CHI1A had no effect on nodulation. Therefore, Leguminosae‐gain type Ⅱ CHI participated in RNS and the duplicated CHI1A and CHI1B genes exhibited RNS functional divergence. This study provides functional insights into Leguminosae‐gain genetic innovation and sub‐functionalization after gene duplication that contribute to the evolution and adaptation of RNS in Leguminosae.
SV2A controls the surface nanoclustering and endocytic recruitment of Syt1 during synaptic vesicle recycling
Authors: Small Christopher , Harper Callista , Jiang Anmin , Kontaxi Christiana , Pronot Marie , Yak Nyakuoy , Malapaka Anusha , Davenport Elizabeth C. , Wallis Tristan P. , Gormal Rachel S. , Joensuu Merja , Martínez‐Mármol Ramón , Cousin Michael A. , Meunier Frédéric A.
Published: August 2024

Following exocytosis, the recapture of plasma membrane‐stranded vesicular proteins into recycling synaptic vesicles (SVs) is essential for sustaining neurotransmission. Surface clustering of vesicular proteins has been proposed to act as a ‘pre‐assembly’ mechanism for endocytosis that ensures high‐fidelity retrieval of SV cargo. Here, we used single‐molecule imaging to examine the nanoclustering of synaptotagmin‐1 (Syt1) and synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) in hippocampal neurons. Syt1 forms surface nanoclusters through the interaction of its C2B domain with SV2A, which are sensitive to mutations in this domain (Syt1K326A/K328A) and SV2A knockdown. SV2A co‐clustering with Syt1 is reduced by blocking SV2A's cognate interaction with Syt1 (SV2AT84A). Surprisingly, impairing SV2A‐Syt1 nanoclustering enhanced the plasma membrane recruitment of key endocytic protein dynamin‐1, causing accelerated Syt1 endocytosis, altered intracellular sorting and decreased trafficking of Syt1 to Rab5‐positive endocytic compartments. Therefore, SV2A and Syt1 are segregated from the endocytic machinery in surface nanoclusters, limiting dynamin recruitment and negatively regulating Syt1 entry into recycling SVs.

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Attenuated responses to attention‐modulating drugs in the neuroligin‐3R451C mouse model of autism
Authors: Dingwall R. , May C. , Letschert J. , Renoir T. , Hannan A. J. , Burrows E. L.
Published: August 2024

Attention deficits are frequently reported within the clinical autism population. Despite not being a core diagnostic feature, some aetiological theories place atypical attention at the centre of autism development. Drugs used to treat attention dysfunction are therefore increasingly prescribed to autistic patients, though currently off‐label with uncertain efficacy. We utilised a rodent‐translated touchscreen test of sustained attention in mice carrying an autism‐associated R451C mutation in the neuroligin‐3 gene (Nlgn3R451C). In doing so, we replicated their cautious but accurate response profile and probed it using two widely prescribed attention‐modulating drugs: methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATO). In wild‐type mice, acute administration of MPH (3 mg/kg) promoted impulsive responding at the expense of accuracy, while ATO (3 mg/kg) broadly reduced impulsive responding. These drug effects were absent in Nlgn3R451C mice, other than a small reduction in blank touches to the screen following ATO administration. The absence of drug effects in Nlgn3R451C mice likely arises from their altered behavioural baseline and underlying neurobiology, highlighting caveats to the use of classic attention‐modulating drugs across disorders and autism subsets. It further suggests that altered dopaminergic and/or norepinephrinergic systems may drive behavioural differences in the Nlgn3R451C mouse model of autism, supporting further targeted investigation.

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Orexin increases the neuronal excitability of several brain areas associated with maintaining of arousal
Authors: Chen Xin‐Yi , Yang Wu , Xue Yan , Xie An‐Mu , Sun Xiang‐Rong , Chen Lei
Published: August 2024

Orexin is exclusively produced in neurons localized within the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and perifornical area (PFA). Orexin has been identified as a key promotor of arousal. The selective loss of orexinergic neurons results in narcolepsy. It is known that the intrinsic electrophysiological properties are critical for neurons to perform their functions in corresponding brain regions. In addition to hypothalamic orexin, other brain nuclei are involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Quite a lot of studies focus on elucidating orexin‐induced regulation of sleep–wake states and modulation of neuronal electrophysiological properties in several brain regions. Here, we summarize that the orexinergic neurons exhibit spontaneous firing activity which is associated with the states of sleep–wake cycle. Orexin mainly exerts postsynaptic excitatory effects on multiple brain nuclei associated with the process of sleep and wakefulness. This review may provide a background to guide future research about the cellular mechanisms of orexin‐induced maintaining of arousal.

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Advances in MRI‐based diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy: Correlating hippocampal subfield volumes with histopathology
Authors: Ellsay Andrea C. , Winston Gavin P.
Published: August 2024

Epilepsy, affecting 0.5%‐1% of the global population, presents a significant challenge with 30% of patients resistant to medical treatment. Temporal lobe epilepsy, a common cause of medically refractory epilepsy, is often caused by hippocampal sclerosis (HS). HS can be divided further by subtype, as defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Type 1 HS, the most prevalent form (60%‐80% of all cases), is characterized by cell loss and gliosis predominantly in the subfields cornu ammonis (CA1) and CA4. Type 2 HS features cell loss and gliosis primarily in the CA1 sector, and type 3 HS features cell loss and gliosis predominantly in the CA4 subfield. This literature review evaluates studies on hippocampal subfields, exploring whether observable atrophy patterns from in vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans correlate with histopathological examinations with manual or automated segmentation techniques. Our findings suggest only ex vivo 1.5 Tesla (T) or 3T MRI with manual segmentation or in vivo 7T MRI with manual or automated segmentations can consistently correlate subfield patterns with histopathologically derived ILAE‐HS subtypes. In conclusion, manual and automated segmentation methods offer advantages and limitations in diagnosing ILAE‐HS subtypes, with ongoing research crucial for refining hippocampal subfield segmentation techniques and enhancing clinical applicability.
Effects of modified oropharyngeal exercises on individuals with simple snoring: An online randomized controlled trial
Authors: Niu Yirou , Zhu Ruiting , Dong Chunling , Zhou Wei , Wang Saikun , Mao Jing , Zhang Jingyi , Xiong Xuance , Guo Lirong
Published: August 2024

Background

Individuals who suffer from simple snoring rarely go to a doctor due to a lack of medical knowledge, but simple snoring can reduce the individual's quality of life and may cause social problems to the bed partner/family members.

Objectives

The aims of the present study are to explore the effects of online modified oropharyngeal exercises on the individuals with simple snoring and to provide a rehabilitation method for individuals with simple snoring.

Methods

This study is a double‐blinded, two‐arm, randomized controlled trial. Participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 33) or the control group (n = 33). The participants in the control group received health education on snoring, while the participants in the intervention group received the modified oropharyngeal exercise besides health education on snoring. The intervention duration was 4 weeks. The primary outcomes included snoring index, snoring loudness, and snoring quantity. The secondary outcomes included self‐reported snoring, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and quality of life. All outcomes were measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks.

Results

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) analyses showed significant differences between the intervention group and the control group on snoring index, loudness, and quantity (p < .001). Moreover, modified oropharyngeal exercise had effects on sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and quality of life in individuals with simple snoring (p < .001). Self‐reported snoring also improved at 8 weeks.

Conclusion

The modified oropharyngeal exercises were effective in improving simple snoring. It could also improve sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and quality of life.