bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naturally Saline Boreal Communities as Models for Reclamation of Saline Oil Sand Tailings
Authors: Purdy Brett G. , Ellen Macdonald S. , Lieffers Victor J.
Published: November 2005

Reclaimed landscapes after oil sands mining have saline soils; yet, they are required to have similar biodiversity and productivity as the predisturbance nonsaline landscape. Given that many species in the boreal forest are not tolerant of salinity, we studied the effects of soil salinity on plant communities in natural saline landscapes to understand potential plant responses during the reclamation process. Vegetation–soil relationships were measured along transects from flooded wetlands to upland forest vegetation in strongly saline, slightly saline, nonsaline, and reclaimed boreal landscapes. In strongly saline landscapes, surface soil salinity was high (>10 dS/m) in flooded, wet‐meadow, and dry‐meadow vegetation zones as compared to slightly saline (<5 dS/m) and nonsaline (<2 dS/m) landscapes. Plant communities in these vegetation zones were quite different from nonsaline boreal landscapes and were dominated by halophytes common to saline habitats of the Great Plains. In the shrub and forest vegetation zones, surface soil salinity was similar between saline and nonsaline landscapes, resulting in similar plant communities. In strongly saline landscapes, soils remained saline at depth through the shrub and forest vegetation zones (>10 dS/m), suggesting that forest vegetation can establish over saline soils as long as the salts are below the rooting zone. The reclaimed landscape was intermediate between slightly saline and nonsaline landscapes in terms of soil salinity but more similar to nonsaline habitats with respect to species composition. Results from this study suggest it may be unrealistic to expect that plant communities similar to those found on the predisturbance landscape can be established on all reclaimed landscapes after oil sands mining.
Residual Effects of Glyphosate Herbicide in Ecological Restoration
Authors: Cornish P. S , Burgin S.
Published: November 2005

This study assesses the risks in ecological restoration arising from transplanting into soil containing glyphosate residues. Four Australian restoration species were grown for 60 days in nonadsorbing media treated continuously with glyphosate to establish threshold concentrations for damage. Visual signs of injury were observed in three species, and severe effects on root growth in all species, at solution concentrations as low as 18 mg/L. Only the perennial grass Themeda sp. died at this concentration, with other species surviving at concentrations in the range 36–360 mg/L, beyond which all plants died. Fourteen days exposure followed by removal of glyphosate from root media produced similar effects. Field and glasshouse experiments with the relatively tolerant tree species Angophora costata showed that application rates in the range 10–50 L/ha of herbicide product (360 g/L) would be needed to sustain damage to young plants transplanted into soil typical of local restoration sites. The volume of spray delivered using a hand‐operated sprayer varied between operators by 5‐ and 10‐fold to complete the same tasks, at the high end presenting a potential risk to the most tolerant species under field conditions, even when spray concentrations follow label instructions. For all but the most sensitive species, the risk of glyphosate residues in ecological restoration should be minimized by training operators of unregulated applicators to deliver controlled volumes of herbicide when spot spraying prior to transplanting.
Incorporating Restoration in Sustainable Forestry Management: Using Pine‐Bark Mulch to Improve Native Species Establishment on Tephra Deposits
Authors: Blanco‐García Arnulfo , Lindig‐Cisneros Roberto
Published: November 2005

Native plant establishment is limited by harsh environmental conditions in areas affected by tephra deposition following volcanic eruptions. Late‐successional species might be lacking even decades after the disturbance. We assessed the effectiveness of pine‐bark mulch, a by‐product of sustainable timber production in the study area, in promoting the establishment and survival of a late‐successional species (Pinus pseudostrobus) and a nitrogen‐fixing legume (Lupinus elegans). We established a factorial experiment in areas covered with tephra during the eruption of the Paricutín volcano in the state of Michoacán, Mexico. After 1 year, P. pseudostrobus survival was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in plots with pine‐bark mulching (46.5%) than in plots without mulching (21.8%). After 2 years, surviving pines with mulching were significantly taller (p= 0.03) than pines without mulching (45.3 ± 3.8 cm and 31.2 ± 3.7 cm, respectively). Lupinus elegans plants survived longer when grown in plots with pine‐bark mulching than without mulching. Mulching reduced tephra temperatures during the dry season (when temperatures can reach up to 58°C 4 cm below the surface of bare tephra). Lupinus elegans plants were affected by herbivory by small rodents, run‐off, and frost at the end of the growing season. Our results suggest that mulching can ameliorate harsh environmental conditions on sites covered with tephra while incorporating a by‐product of sustainable forestry into restoration practice.
The Lack of Favorable Responses of an Endangered Pitcher Plant to Habitat Restoration
Authors: Stephen Brewer J.
Published: November 2005

Restoring habitat structure that existed before active and inadvertent fire suppression is thought to be critical to maintaining populations of some rare plants in fire‐suppressed habitats. Nevertheless, the impacts of habitat restoration on most endangered plants are poorly understood. Current theory predicts and empirical studies have shown that the reduction of shade or competition (frequently a goal of many habitat restoration projects in degraded fire‐dependent ecosystems) benefits plants adapted to nutrient‐poor soils by increasing the benefit‐to‐cost ratio of adaptations for enhanced nutrient capture. Here, I examined how experimental reduction of neighboring plants in a wet longleaf pine community dominated in the ground cover by shrubs and stump sprouts influenced the growth, the reproduction, the carnivorous effort, and the benefits of carnivory in a U.S. federally endangered species, Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis. Two years of data showed no significant effects of neighbor reduction or prey exclusion on any of several indicators of plant performance, nor was there any evidence of a hypothesized morphological trade‐off between shade avoidance and prey capture. These results were unexpected. Inadequate replication and atypical precipitation patterns were ruled out as possible explanations. The population studied here (unlike that of a different, but morphologically similar, species growing in a fire‐maintained pine grass–sedge savanna) did not exhibit the ability to respond to variation in competition from neighboring plants.
Screening of Grassland Plants for Restoration after Spotted Knapweed Invasion
Authors: Perry Laura G. , Johnson Chandra , Alford Élan R. , Vivanco Jorge M. , Paschke Mark W.
Published: November 2005

Invasions of North American grasslands by Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) are mediated in part by Spotted knapweed root exudation of (±)‐catechin, a potent phytotoxin. Residual soil (±)‐catechin may interfere with reestablishment of native grassland species even after Spotted knapweed populations are controlled. Grassland species that are resistant to (±)‐catechin may be more successful for restoration of areas infested by Spotted knapweed. We evaluated the (±)‐catechin resistance of 23 grassland species by measuring the effects of seven (±)‐catechin concentrations (0–4.0 mg/mL) on seed germination, seedling root and shoot elongation, and seedling mortality. (±)‐Catechin treatments were chosen to reflect the range of observed Spotted knapweed field soil (±)‐catechin concentrations. Inhibition of root elongation was the strongest and most common effect of (±)‐catechin treatment. High (±)‐catechin concentrations reduced mean root lengths of 5 of the species by more than 75% and another 10 species by more than 55%. Experimentally derived concentrations needed to reduce root length by 50% (EC50), an indicator of (±)‐catechin resistance, ranged from 0.43 mg/mL ± 0.30 SE to greater than 4.0 mg/mL among species. Eight species with EC50s greater than 3.0 mg/mL were identified as resistant to (±)‐catechin and are likely suitable for revegetation of Spotted knapweed–infested areas. (±)‐Catechin resistance was positively correlated with mean seed mass, suggesting that seed carbohydrate reserves may allow seedlings to detoxify (±)‐catechin, develop barriers to (±)‐catechin exposure, or sustain a positive growth rate, despite (±)‐catechin‐induced cell death. Future efforts to identify allelochemical‐resistant grassland species should focus on large‐seeded species.
Evidence‐Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation of Chronic Nonmalignant Pain Syndrome Patients
Authors: Sanders Steven H. , Harden R. Norman , Vicente Peter J.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  This is an update to evidence‐based practice guidelines for chronic nonmalignant pain syndrome patients first published in 1995 and revised in 1999. The current guidelines recommend interdisciplinary‐focused rehabilitation, which is goal‐directed and time‐limited. Emphasis is placed on educating patients in active self‐management techniques that stress maximizing function. Integrated treatment involving medical, psychological/behavioral, physical/occupational therapy, and disability/vocational interventions are recommended on an outpatient basis whenever clinically possible. Patient selection criteria are delineated. Updated references providing evidence‐based support for the recommendations are provided, including the use of opioids and sedative‐hypnotic medications, injection and block procedures, acupuncture, implantable spinal infusion and stimulation devices, and other invasive spinal surgery procedures such as intradiscal electrothermal therapy. Guideline integration and early detection and intervention with chronic pain syndrome patients are encouraged.
New Approach for Spinal Cord Stimulation Trial
Authors: Gofeld Michael , Cohen Eddie , Niv David
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Spinal cord stimulation trial phase has remained unchanged for years. The common practice to connect a lead to an external transmitter is not optimal. The operational mode of transmitter is different from implanted system and external bulky device interferes with patient's daily routine. Optimization in the trial period may increase patient's satisfaction and improve outcome of upcoming permanent implantation. The proposed new trial design can be a simple and logical solution of the problem.
Pain Research Update from a Genetic Point of View
Authors: Šerý Omar , Hrazdilová Olga , Matalová Eva , Ševčík Pavel
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  Molecular biology investigates the genetic causes of many diseases. Currently, molecular biology in pain research lags behind the investigations of the molecular basis of mental disorders. A significant challenge in pain genetic research is the fact that pain involves emotional factors. Tools available for pain measurements and interindividual comparisons have been imperfect. Another problem relates to research ethics. Unlike animal studies, there is very limited ability to evoke experimental pain in a group of humans with precisely defined age, sex, medication, and pain experience. Nevertheless, pain investigations at the gene level have commenced. Recent progress in molecular biology has enabled gene expression modulation in animal models using “knockout,”“oligo‐antisense,” and viral vector techniques. These methods enable investigation, at molecular level, as to which of the approximately 30,000 genes of the human genome might be involved in pain mediation, which of these are polymorphic, and which polymorphisms are responsible for interindividual differences in pain perception. Recently, the genetic bases of familial hemiplegic migraine and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis have been shown. In the last 6 years, genetic pain research has focused on potential gene therapy for patients with chronic pain. Results of these studies are encouraging and potentially applicable to clinical practice in the near future.
Phantom Limb Pain Treatment with Mirtazapine: A Case Series
Authors: Kuiken Todd A. , Schechtman Leslie , Harden R. Norman
Published: November 2005

Objectives: To pilot the efficacy of mirtazapine for relief of phantom limb pain (PLP); to correlate the putative drug mechanism with theoretical PLP mechanisms; and to develop a rationale for further study of mirtazapine in this population.

Design: Open‐label case series.

Subjects/Patients: Four individuals with PLP for at least 3 months after amputation.

Methods: All subjects received oral mirtazapine between 7.5 and 30 mg/day. An 11‐point numeric rating scale (0 to 10) measured pain intensity and relief during monitored outpatient follow‐up visits.

Results/Discussion: Mirtazapine use improved the PLP experienced by these subjects by at least 50%. Subjects with PLP‐related sleeping difficulties reported the greatest pain relief concomitant with improved sleep quality. One subject was able to eliminate the use of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant while using mirtazapine for PLP and depression without change in mood or affect. Mirtazapine enhances noradrenergic and serotonergic activity and may modulate PLP by central mechanisms. Current concepts of the proposed pathophysiology of PLP and the hypothetical impact of mirtazapine are discussed.

Conclusion: Mirtazapine may be an effective treatment for PLP that can also potentially enhance sleep and mood. This information provides preliminary reinforcement for more formal, controlled studies concerning mirtazapine use in PLP.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome Affecting the Piriformis and the Obturator Internus Muscle
Authors: Dalmau‐Carolà Joan
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  The obturator internus muscle is an external rotator of the hip. Obturator internus injury may occur and be hidden by the piriformis syndrome. Clinical symptoms may offer some clues to the clinician. The selective injection technique described here facilitates precise diagnosis.
Extended‐Release Epidural Morphine (DepoDur™): An Old Drug with a New Profile
Authors: Alam Masroor , Hartrick Craig T.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  The FDA has recently approved a novel formulation for epidural morphine administration that allows a single injection to provide 48 hours of analgesia. This may eliminate the need for an indwelling epidural catheter in some circumstances and therefore be particularly well suited to postoperative situations where anticoagulation is required. Other uses that have been less thoroughly studied should be approached with due caution.
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in Octogenarians: Results and Follow‐Up
Authors: Cahana Alex , Seium Yodit , Diby Marc , Martin Jean‐Baptiste , Ruefenacht Daniel , Dietrich Pierre Yves
Published: November 2005

Objectives:  To determine pain relief, performance status, morbidity, and mortality associated with percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal pain in patients aged 80 years and older.

Design:  Prospective, descriptive, third‐party independent interview, clinical audit.

Setting:  University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.

Participants:  Patients aged 80 years and older who underwent vertebroplasty between August 1997 and August 2004 because of vertebral fractures from osteoporotic or malignant etiologies.

Methods:  Primary outcome measures were verbal rating scale (VRS) (0—no pain, 5—intolerable) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status scale (0—normal activity, 4—unable to get out of bed) before and after procedure. Patients were interviewed 8 to 35 months post treatment (mean 25), independently assessed for pain relief, analgesic consumption, and overall satisfaction by using the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Outcome Measures questionnaire.

Results:  Mean VRS scores significantly decreased from 4.86 ± 0.64 to 2.39 ± 1.14 (P < 0.05), and mean ECOG performance scores improved from 1.87 ± 0.97 to 1.29 ± 1.06 (P < 0.05) after treatment. When patients were analyzed by etiology (group 1—cancer; group 2—osteoporosis), both groups significantly reduced their VRS (P < 0.05); however, only group I significantly improved their performance (P < 0.05; P = 0.334, respectively). Nine patients answered the ASA questionnaire (18 deceased, 1 demented, 1 lost to follow‐up) and reported an improvement in their ability to perform daily tasks. No early or late complications were observed; none of the deaths were procedure‐related.

Conclusions:  Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a safe, minimally invasive, well‐tolerated analgesic procedure among octogenarians suffering from spinal pain, permitting increased activities of daily living. Pain reduction is significant regardless of the etiology; performance scores are significantly improved in cancer pain.
Eliciting Information from Experts on the Likelihood of Rapid Climate Change
Authors: Arnell Nigel W. , Tompkins Emma L. , Adger W. Neil
Published: November 2005

The threat of so‐called rapid or abrupt climate change has generated considerable public interest because of its potentially significant impacts. The collapse of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation or the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, for example, would have potentially catastrophic effects on temperatures and sea level, respectively. But how likely are such extreme climatic changes? Is it possible actually to estimate likelihoods? This article reviews the societal demand for the likelihoods of rapid or abrupt climate change, and different methods for estimating likelihoods: past experience, model simulation, or through the elicitation of expert judgments. The article describes a survey to estimate the likelihoods of two characterizations of rapid climate change, and explores the issues associated with such surveys and the value of information produced. The surveys were based on key scientists chosen for their expertise in the climate science of abrupt climate change. Most survey respondents ascribed low likelihoods to rapid climate change, due either to the collapse of the Thermohaline Circulation or increased positive feedbacks. In each case one assessment was an order of magnitude higher than the others. We explore a high rate of refusal to participate in this expert survey: many scientists prefer to rely on output from future climate model simulations.
Rapid Diagnosis and Management of Intraoperative Myocardial Infarction During Valvular Surgery: Using Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography Followed by Emergency Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Without Coronary Angiography
Authors: Nakajima Hiroyoshi , Ikari Yuji , Kigawa Ikutaro , Kitamura Tadashi , Hatori Mitsuharu , Tooda Eiichi , Tanabe Kengo , Miyairi Takeshi , Hara Kazuhiro
Published: November 2005

A 68‐year‐old man was admitted to undergo elective mitral valve surgery. Although the preoperative coronary angiography was normal, the patient suffered a myocardial infarction that resulted in untreatable collapsed hemodynamics. After inferring the responsible occluded coronary artery from the segmental wall motion abnormality detected in intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, together with the anatomy found in preoperative coronary angiography, we performed an emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery without a new angiography. This procedure resulted in survival of a potentially life‐threatening situation. In selected cases, this therapeutic strategy may lead to reduction of mortality as a result of the intraoperative myocardial infarction. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 22, November 2005)
Contrast‐Enhanced Echocardiography for the Diagnosis of Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Moukarbel George V. , Alam Samir E. , Abchee Antoine B.
Published: November 2005

The echocardiographic diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be difficult in patients with poor acoustic windows. However, contrast‐enhanced echocardiography can provide better images in these patients and lead to the correct diagnosis. We present a patient with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who was diagnosed using contrast‐enhanced echocardiography. The use of contrast‐enhanced echocardiography for the diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in patients with poor acoustic windows is discussed and the experience in the literature reviewed. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 22, November 2005)
Rupture of a Right Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm into the Right Ventricle During Vaginal Delivery: A Case Report
Authors: Vincelj Josip , Starčević Boris , Sokol Ivan , Sutlić Željko
Published: November 2005

A case is reported of a right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm rupture into the right ventricle during vaginal delivery in a 34‐year‐old healthy woman in her third pregnancy. Pregnancy was carried to term and a healthy baby was delivered vaginally. On day 7 following vaginal delivery she was admitted to hospital for dyspnea and cough, with clinical signs of severe heart failure. The diagnosis of the right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm rupture into the right ventricle was established by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Clinical recognition and early echocardiographic diagnosis followed by immediate surgical repair proved lifesaving in our patient. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 22, November 2005)
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS: Comparison of Left Atrial Dimensions by Transesophageal and Transthoracic Echocardiography
Authors: Singh Harshinder , Jain A.C. , Bhumbla D.K. , Failinger C.
Published: November 2005

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an established cardiovascular diagnostic technique. Left atrial (LA) size, as measured by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), is associated with cardiovascular disease and is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation, stroke, death, and the success of cardioversion. Assessment of LA size has not been as well validated on TEE as on TTE. We determined LA size measurements in four standard views in 122 patients undergoing TEE and TTE at the same setting. In this study, we found that measurement of LA dimensions by TEE suffers from significant limitations in all views except the basal long‐axis view (mid‐esophageal level) with transducer plane at 120–150 degrees. This view had the best correlation with transthoracic LA measurements: r = 0.79 for TEE long axis (CI 0.71–0.85), P <.0001. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 22, November 2005)
Characteristics of the Interatrial Communication in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Device Closure of Atrial Septal Defects for Cryptogenic Stroke
Authors: Lucas Jon F. , Radtke Wolfgang A. K. , Bandisode Varsha M. , Fairbrother David L. , Shirali Girish S.
Published: November 2005

Background: Prior studies suggest that patent foramen ovale (PFO) diameter >4 mm is associated with a high probability of cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS). Methods: We evaluated all patients diagnosed with CIS who underwent closure of intra‐atrial communication (IAC) using the Amplatzer atrial septal defect (ASD) occluder in our institution between August 1997 and March 2004. For each IAC, echocardiographic diameters and balloon‐stretched diameters were recorded. Stretchability index was calculated as the ratio of stretched diameter to unstretched diameter. Results: Fifty‐six patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. There was an inverse logarithmic relationship between unstretched IAC diameter and stretchability index. For the 28 smaller defects, the median IAC diameter was 2 mm, and median stretchability index was 5.58 (range 2.6–15). For the 28 larger defects, median diameter was 6 mm, and median stretchability index was 2.38 (range 1.05–5). The difference in stretchability index between the two groups was significant (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our data bring into question the concept that the diameter of the defect would singularly predict the probability of stroke.
Regional Response of Myocardial Acceleration During Isovolumic Contraction During Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography: A Color Tissue Doppler Study and Comparison with Angiocardiographic Findings
Authors: Pauliks Linda B. , Vogel Michael , Mädler Christoph F. , Williams R. Ian , Payne Nicola , Redington Andrew N. , Fraser Alan G.
Published: November 2005

Background: Color tissue Doppler imaging permits noninvasive quantitation of regional wall motion. In experimental studies, a new marker, the slope of the isovolumic contraction wave, isovolumic acceleration (IVA) was more insensitive to ventricular loading conditions than myocardial velocities. This study compared the regional response IVA to dobutamine stress echocardiography to angiographic findings. Methods: The Myocardial Doppler in Stress Echocardiography (MYDISE) study prospectively recruited 149 consecutive patients with chest pain for dobutamine stress tissue Doppler echocardiography prior to coronary angiography. This color tissue Doppler database was analyzed for IVA in 1192 basal and mid segments at rest and again at peak stress. Angiographic findings were compared to IVA and peak systolic velocities (PSV) in corresponding cardiac segments. The diagnostic accuracy of IVA to predict coronary artery stenosis was determined using cut‐off values for three representative segments and with the MYDISE diagnostic model including eight segments. Results: Regional IVA increased in a dose‐dependent manner during dobutamine infusion. The response was blunted in the supply territory of stenosed coronary artery branches. IVA performed slightly better than PSV as single marker for coronary artery stenosis. A diagnostic model incorporating IVA and PSV was 85–95% accurate (area under receiver operating characterstic curves). Conclusions: Regional changes of isovolumic acceleration during dobutamine stress echocardiography reflect regional wall motion and can be used to predict coronary artery stenosis with similar accuracy as a model based on systolic myocardial velocities. As a single marker, IVA performed better than myocardial velocities. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 22, November 2005)
RESEARCH FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM: Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Ebstein's Anomaly
Authors: Patel Vinod , Nanda Navin C , Rajdev Sanjay , Mehmood Farhat , Velayudhan Dasan , Vengala Srinivas , Copeland Robert B , Madadi Pavan
Published: November 2005

We describe our experience in using live/real time three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3D TTE) in the assessment of five adult patients with Ebstein's anomaly. The technique was found useful in assessing the distribution and extent of tethering of each of the three leaflets of the tricuspid valve (TV) to the underlying right ventricular walls and the ventricular septum. The characteristic bubble‐like appearance resulting from bulging of the non‐tethered areas of the TV leaflets was also well visualized in three dimensions and their size measured. Thus, an estimate of the nontethered or free segments of all three leaflets of the TV could be obtained using this technique. This has important implications when considering these patients for surgical repair of the TV. Visualization of all three leaflets of the TV and their extent of tethering by 3D TTE also made it easier to identify the boundaries of the functioning right ventricular chamber potentially providing a more reliable assessment of its volumes and ejection fraction. Cropping of color Doppler 3D TTE data sets provided en face viewing of the TV regurgitation vena contracta permitting accurate assessment of its shape and size. This has the potential to provide a more accurate quantitative estimation of TV regurgitation severity as compared to two‐dimensional color Doppler. In conclusion, live/real time 3D TTE appears useful in supplementing two‐dimensional echocardiography in more comprehensively assessing the morphologic features of Ebstein's anomaly. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 22, November 2005)
Antidepressant combinations: epidemiological considerations
Authors: Agüera L. F. , Rojo J. E. , Ros S. , de la Gándara J. , de Pedro J. M.
Published: November 2005

Objective:  To evaluate the treatment options in patients who do not respond appropriately to a single antidepressant alone.

Method:  The medical literature was reviewed.

Results:  A number of strategies are available if a patient fails to respond adequately to initial antidepressant treatment, including the combination with another psychoactive drug. Evidence published to date appears to suggest that benzodiazepines are the drugs most frequently combined with antidepressants. The combination of two antidepressants together is less common, occurring in approximately 5–15% of cases showing a poor initial response. The key figures involved in such co‐prescription are psychiatrists.

Conclusion:  There appears to be considerable variability in the data concerning combined prescription of antidepressants, with differences arising depending on the type of physician, the type of patient or illness and the geographical area. It is also unclear how closely research findings parallel with what doctors do in everyday practice.
Neuropharmacological basis of combining antidepressants
Authors: de la Gándara J. , Rojo J. E. , Ros S. , Agüera L. , de Pedro J. M.
Published: November 2005

Objective:  To review the neuropharmacological basis of antidepressant combination therapy.

Method:  Literature searches and other relevant material were obtained and reviewed.

Results:  The overall clinical aim of combining antidepressants is to increase the efficacy whilst minimizing the side effects. Although such prescriptions are frequently based on the previous experience and knowledge, a sound neuropharmacological basis to support these combinations is desirable. When combining antidepressants, it is important to combine mechanisms of action, rather than simply one drug with another, and to aim for synergistic effects. The possibilities of combining mechanisms of action should also be exploited to the full if necessary, and the potential exists for combining two independent actions that have synergistic effects on the serotonergic, noradrenergic and even the dopaminergic systems.

Conclusion:  Unfortunately, there are still, as yet, insufficient data to categorically justify choosing one or other combination based only on the neuropharmacological evidence.
Neonatal dexamethasone and chronic tianeptine treatment inhibit ligature‐induced periodontitis in adult rats
Authors: Breivik Torbjørn , Gundersen Yngvar , Osmundsen Harald , Fonnum Frode , Opstad Per Kristian
Published: November 2005

Objective:  The responsiveness of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been found to play a significant role for susceptibility and resistance to periodontal disease. In the present study we have investigated the effects of two different treatment strategies, which have been found to down‐regulate the HPA axis, on ligature‐induced periodontitis.

Methods:  In experiment 1, newborn rats were treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid hormone dexamethasone‐21‐phosphate, which permanently down‐regulates HPA axis responsiveness. In experiment 2, adult rats were treated with the novel antidepressant drug tianeptine, which opposes the action of stress. Periodontitis was inflicted upon all rats. Just before decapitation the animals received gram‐negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce a robust immune and HPA axis response.

Results:  Compared to the saline‐treated control rats, dexamethasone‐treated rats had significantly less periodontal bone loss (p < 0.01), reduced expression of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus (p < 0.001), lower corticosterone (p = 0.01) and higher plasma levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α (p < 0.05) after LPS challenge. Also the tianeptine‐treated rats showed significantly reduced periodontal bone loss (p = 0.01), enhanced plasma levels of TNF‐α (p < 0.05), and transforming growth factor‐1β (p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was found in corticosterone levels.

Conclusion:  An individual's responsiveness to danger signals, whether they are of immunological, chemical, or psychological origin, may be an important factor for explaining variability in susceptibility to periodontal disease. The results may provide new insight into the mechanisms of periodontal disease development, and open new vistas for disease prevention.
Porphyromonas gingivalisaffects host collagen degradation by affecting expression, activation, and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Zhou Jing , Windsor L. Jack
Published: November 2005

Objective: Studies have shown thatPorphyromonas gingivalisand host matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in the tissue destruction associated with periodontal disease. It is still unclear which MMPs or their inhibitors are regulated byP. gingivalisat the transcriptional and/or at the protein levels. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine what effectsP. gingivalissupernatant has on the collagen degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and how it regulates the activation, mRNA expression, and inhibition of MMPs.

Methods: Culture supernatant fromP. gingivalisATCC 33277 was added to HGFs cultured in six‐well plates coated with Type I collagen. At certain time intervals, the cell conditioned media was collected for zymography and/or western blot analyses to determine the MMP and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP) protein levels. The cells were then removed and the collagen cleavage visualized by Coomassie blue staining. The mRNA expression of multiple MMPs and TIMPs by the treated and untreated HGFs was determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The collagen in the six‐well plates was degraded more rapidly by the HGFs treated with 10% v/vP. gingivalissupernatant. More active MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, and MMP‐14 were detected in the conditioned media from the HGFs treated with theP. gingivalissupernatant. TIMP‐1, but not TIMP‐2, was decreased in the presence of theP. gingivalissupernatant. MMP‐1 mRNA expression by the treated HGFs increased more than two‐fold over the untreated HGFs. MMP‐3 mRNA was unchanged, MMP‐2 mRNA had a slight increase, MMP‐14 mRNA decreased, and MMP‐15 increased. MMP‐12 mRNA was induced in theP. gingivalistreated HGFs. TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 mRNA had a slight increase withP. gingivalistreatment.

Conclusion: Porphyromonas gingivalisincreased the collagen degrading ability of HGFs, in part, by increasing MMP activation and by lowering the TIMP‐1 protein level, as well as by affecting the mRNA expression of multiple MMPs and TIMPs.
Skin damage and mitochondrial dysfunction after acute ultraviolet B irradiation: relationship with nitric oxide production
Authors: Maglio Daniel H. Gonzalez , Paz Mariela L. , Ferrari Alejandro , Weill Federico S. , Czerniczyniec Analía , Leoni Juliana , Bustamante Juanita
Published: November 2005

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main environmental carcinogen. It is able to induce injury in the keratinocytes, which triggers mechanisms in order to protect the skin against molecular alterations that may lead to the development of skin cancer. UVB is capable of producing genotoxic damage, directly or indirectly through reactive oxygen species, inducing DNA alterations and mutations. UVB radiation has also been associated with the generation of nitric oxide (NO), which is able to induce many physiological and physiopathological processes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of UVB irradiation in hairless mice skin.

Methods: We evaluated the effect of an acute dose (200 mJ/cm2) of UVB irradiation correlating with histological alterations, nitric oxide synthase expression and activity, mitochondrial respiratory function, superoxide anion production and lipid peroxidation, 0, 6, 17 and 24 h post‐irradiation treatment.

Results: Morphological analysis showed disruption of the epidermal stratum corneum and basale after UVB irradiation. The results indicated that skin UVB irradiation was associated with an increased cytosolic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, inversely related to lipid peroxidation processes. An increase in mitochondrial superoxide anion (O2•−) and NO production 17 h post‐irradiation was correlated with a mitochondrial dysfunction, all of them integrating the skin response to acute UVB irradiation.

Conclusions:

UVB irradiation of the skin produces morphological alterations as a consequence of the induction of molecular mechanisms associated with mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and O2•− production, probably mediated by the increased mitochondrial NO production. On the other hand lipid peroxidation decrease inversely correlates with cytosolic iNOS expression, suggesting a protective role for the inflammatory response.
Experimental phytophotodermatitis
Authors: Gonçalves N. E. L. , de Almeida H. L. , Hallal E. C. , Amado M.
Published: November 2005

Background/Aims: Phytophotodermatitis (PPD) is defined as a phototoxic reaction of the skin after contact with substances derived from plants and subsequent exposure to sunlight. It is a frequent disease in our outpatient clinics during summer because of contact with Tahitian lemon. Our objectives were to experimentally reproduce PPD in rats, to identify whether PPD is induced by minimal exposure periods to sunlight, to find what kinds of lemons and which parts of the lemon (the fruit juice or the peel juice) may trigger the disease; to know whether the use of sunblock prevents the reaction; and to perform light microscopy of the lesions to describe their histology.

Methods: Adult rats (Rattus norwegicus), three in each experiment, were used. After painting the rats with the fruit juice or the peel juice they were exposed to sunlight for 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 min. Tahitian and Sicilian lemons were used in the experiments. Biopsies with 3‐mm punches of different times of exposure were performed.

Results: The peel juice of both lemons reproduced PPD, which was clinically evident after 48 h. When the peel juice was alone applied there was no reaction; moreover, exposure to sunlight alone triggered no reaction. Two and a half minutes of exposure time was sufficient to induce phototoxic reaction, which was time dependent (the longer the exposure the more intense the reaction). Histopathological studies showed epithelial time‐dependent vacuolar degeneration. The use of sunblock diminished the intensity of the reaction but did not prevent it.

Conclusion: PPD can be reproduced in an animal model. It may be caused by the peel juice of Tahitian and Sicilian lemon. Because of an extremely short time of exposure (2.5 min) is sufficient to induce PPD it is necessary to alert the population, of the need for caution when handling lemons, especially outdoors despite using sunblock.
For Women, Breadwinning Can Be Dangerous: Gendered Resource Theory and Wife Abuse
Authors: Atkinson Maxine P. , Greenstein Theodore N. , Lang Molly Monahan
Published: November 2005

To explain wife abuse, we offer a refinement of relative resource theory, gendered resource theory, which argues that the effect of relative resources is contingent upon husbands’ gender ideologies. We use data from the first wave of the National Survey of Families and Households (N =4,296) to test three theories of wife abuse. Resource theory receives no support. Relative resource theory receives limited support. Gendered resource theory receives strong support. Wives’ share of relative incomes is positively related to likelihood of abuse only for traditional husbands. The findings suggest that both cultural and structural forces must be considered to understand marriage as a context for social interactions in which we create our gendered selves.
Employment and the Risk of Domestic Abuse Among Low‐Income Women
Authors: Gibson‐Davis Christina M. , Magnuson Katherine , Gennetian Lisa A. , Duncan Greg J.
Published: November 2005

This paper uses data from 2 randomized evaluations of welfare‐to‐work programs—the Minnesota Family Investment Program and the National Evaluation of Welfare‐to‐Work Strategies—to estimate the effect of employment on domestic abuse among low‐income single mothers. Unique to our analysis is the application of a 2‐stage least squares method, in which random assignment enables us to control for omitted characteristics that might otherwise confound the association between employment and domestic abuse. We find that increased maternal employment decreases subsequent reports of domestic abuse in both studies. In the Minnesota Family Investment Program—a program with an enhanced income disregard that allowed welfare mothers to keep a portion of their welfare income as earnings rose—an increase in household incomes appears to have contributed to reductions in reports of domestic abuse.
Gender and the Seriousness of Assaults on Intimate Partners and Other Victims
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Cares Alison C.
Published: November 2005

We examine the ways in which assaults committed by male intimate partners are more serious than assaults committed by female partners and whether these differences reflect gender differences in offending and victimization generally. Analyses of the National Violence Against Women and Men Survey (N =6,480) show that, in general, gender effects do not depend on the victim's relationship to the offender. Regardless of their relationship (a) men cause more injuries; (b) women suffer more injuries although their injuries tend to be less severe; (c) victims are more fearful of male offenders but only if the offenders are unarmed; and (d) men are particularly likely to precipitate assaults by other men, not their female partners. Violent husbands do assault with particularly high frequency but so do women who assault family members.
The Importance of the Coparental Relationship for Nonresident Fathers’ Ties to Children
Authors: Sobolewski Juliana M. , King Valarie
Published: November 2005

We examine the importance of the coparental relationship for nonresident fathers’ ties to their children. Using data from Wave 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households, we focus on the link between two dimensions of coparenting, cooperative coparenting and conflict over childrearing, and three dimensions of nonresident father involvement, contact, relationship quality, and responsive fathering. Cooperative coparenting predicts more frequent father‐child contact, which in turn predicts higher relationship quality and more responsive fathering. Conflict over childrearing, however, is not significantly related to nonresident father involvement. Findings are consistent across different groups of children. Results suggest that cooperative coparenting between parents who live apart is associated with stronger ties between nonresident fathers and their children.
Child Support Obligations and Low‐Income Fathers
Authors: Huang Chien‐Chung , Mincy Ronald B. , Garfinkel Irwin
Published: November 2005

Using the 1994–1998 waves of the Current Population Survey—Child Support Supplement (N =5,387), the aims of this study are to document child support obligation rates of nonresident fathers, to examine the effect of the obligation rate on child support compliance, and to calculate the trade‐off between fathers’ financial responsibility and children's well‐being, paying particular attention to low‐income fathers. The results indicate that low‐income fathers have high child support obligation rates, which significantly reduce their child support compliance. Although lowering the obligation rate for these fathers may improve their compliance, it does not fully offset the lowered obligation amounts and leads to a 30% net payment loss for welfare mothers and a 43% loss for nonwelfare mothers. Policy implications are discussed.
Teenagers’ Internet Use and Family Rules: A Research Note
Authors: Wang Rong , Bianchi Suzanne M. , Raley Sara B.
Published: November 2005

The Internet poses challenges to parents who want their children to take advantage of online resources but also want to protect their children from questionable content. Using data from 749 dyads of American parents and their teenage children with Internet access, this study finds that the majority of parents report regulating their teenage children's Internet use, but parents report more monitoring (61%) than teens report (38%). Multivariate regression analyses indicate fathers, younger parents, parents who use the Internet with their children, and parents with younger teens engage in a higher level of parental monitoring. This study provides a first look at parental monitoring of children's Internet use and points to the need to study family rules from both parents’ and children's perspectives.
Siblings’ Differential Treatment in Mexican American Families
Authors: McHale Susan M. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Shanahan Lilly , Crouter Ann C. , Killoren Sarah E.
Published: November 2005

We investigated the patterns and correlates of parents’ differential treatment of adolescent siblings in 246 two‐parent Mexican American families. In home interviews, siblings rated 7 domains of differential treatment (e.g., privileges, chores, warmth) as well as their adjustment and perceptions of parental acceptance and fairness, and both parents and adolescents reported on cultural dynamics. More gender‐typed patterns of differential treatment were evident when parents were more oriented to Mexican than Anglo culture. The links between differential treatment and youth reports of adjustment, parental acceptance, and parental fairness were moderated by adolescents’ familism values, particularly for older siblings: Differential treatment was linked more strongly to adjustment and parent‐youth relationship problems when youth reported lower levels of familism.
Children's Family Environments and Intellectual Outcomes During Maternal Incarceration
Authors: Poehlmann Julie
Published: November 2005

Despite the dramatic increase in incarcerated mothers that has occurred in the past decades, there is a paucity of family research focusing on the children affected by maternal imprisonment. The present study investigated family environments and intellectual outcomes in 60 children between the ages of 2 and 7 years during their mothers’ incarceration. Multiple methods were used to collect data from children, mothers, and children's nonmaternal caregivers. Results indicated that most children experienced multiple risks across contextual levels. Cumulative caregiver sociodemographic risks predicted children's cognitive abilities, although quality of the home and family environment mediated this relation. Results underscore the importance of children's family environments and highlight the need for increased monitoring, service delivery, and longitudinal research with children of incarcerated mothers and their families.