bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sangramento uterino anormal em adolescentes: Manejo
Authors: Maganhin Luquetti Camilla , Giovanna Maria Pacheco Barroso Maia  , Thiago da Silva Alves  , Beatriz Brasileiro Diniz  , Bárbara Guarany Passos Ferreira  , Larissa Lemos Xavier Burgos  , Lívia Caroline de Melo Bezerra  , Ana Clara Abrahão Melo  , Júlia Bretas Borges Lopes  , Carlos Alberto Pereira Gonçalves Júnior  , Wesley Figueiredo de Lucena  , Carlos Eduardo Ferreira da Costa Barros  , Joyce Araújo Ribeiro Coelho  , Carla Cristina Maganhin  , Alves Ana Luisa Freitas
Published: August 2024

Introdução: Distúrbios menstruais e sangramento uterino anormal (SUA) estão entre as queixas ginecológicas mais frequentes em adolescentes. SUA refere-se ao sangramento excessivo ou que ocorre fora da menstruação cíclica normal. Objetivo: discutir o sangramento uterino anormal em adolescentes e o seu manejo. Metodologia: Revisão de literatura a partir de bases de dados da Scielo, da PubMed e da BVS, de março a abril de 2024, com descritores “Abnormal Uterine Bleeding”, “Adolescents” e “Management”. Incluíram-se artigos de 2019-2024 (total 54), com exclusão de outros critérios e escolha de 05 artigos na íntegra. Resultados e Discussão: O manejo agudo do sangramento uterino anovulatório depende da gravidade, se a paciente está sangrando ativamente, das preferências da paciente e do responsável e da necessidade de contracepção: sangramento uterino anovulatório leve é caracterizado por menstruações mais longas do que o normal ou ciclos mais curtos por mais de dois meses; a hemoglobina geralmente é normal (≥12 g/dL), mas pode estar levemente diminuída (10 a 12 g/dL); sangramento uterino anovulatório moderado é caracterizado por menstruações moderadamente prolongadas ou frequentes a cada uma a três semanas e hemoglobina ≥10 g/dL, pode ser controlado em ambiente ambulatorial e sangramento uterino anovulatório grave é definido por ciclos menstruais disruptivos com sangramento intenso que causa uma diminuição na hemoglobina (para <10 g/dL) e pode ou não causar instabilidade hemodinâmica. Indicações para hospitalização em pacientes com sangramento uterino anovulatório grave incluem instabilidade hemodinâmica, concentração de hemoglobina <7 g/dL ou <10 g/dL com sangramento intenso ativo, anemia sintomática e necessidade de estrogênio conjugado intravenoso (por exemplo, não pode tomar medicamentos orais ou sangramento contínuo após 24 horas de terapia combinada de estrogênio-progestina). Conclusão: O sangramento uterino anormal (SUA) nas pacientes em idade reprodutiva consiste em um padrão de sangramento que não é consistente com parâmetros do ciclo menstrual normal.
Incontinência urinária feminina: manejo ambulatorial e cirúrgico
Authors: Maganhin Luquetti Camilla , Giovanna Maria Pacheco Barroso Maia  , Tassila Melo Souza de Farias  , Beatriz Brasileiro Diniz  , Ana Clara Abrahão Melo  , Júlia Bretas Borges Lopes  , Carlos Alberto Pereira Gonçalves Júnior  , João Paulo Zimmermann  , Maria Isabel Araújo Lima Duque Estrada  , Bárbara Brito Rocha  , Fernanda Dias Pinheiro  , Solano Kaluangila Andrelino Santiago  , Joyce Araújo Ribeiro Coelho  , Carla Cristina Maganhin  , Alves Ana Luisa Freitas
Published: August 2024

Introdução: Quase 50% das mulheres experimentam incontinência urinária, sendo tão comum e subtratada. Os fatores de risco são: idade, obesidade, multiparidade, parto vaginal prévio, histórico familiar positivo. Diabetes, AVC, depressão, incontinência fecal, síndrome da menopausa/atrofia vaginal, terapia de reposição hormonal, cirurgia geniturinária (ex:histerectomia) e radiação pélvica, aumentam o risco. Objetivo: discutir avaliação e manejo inicial da incontinência urinária em mulheres. Metodologia: Revisão de literatura a partir de bases de dados da Scielo, da PubMed e da BVS, de janeiro a abril de 2024, com descritores “Urinary incontinence”, “Women” e “Assessment.”. Incluíram-se artigos de 2019-2024 (total 102), com exclusão de outros critérios e escolha de 05 artigos na íntegra. Resultados e Discussão: A avaliação inicial inclui caracterizar o tipo de incontinência, identificar condições subjacentes (distúrbio neurológico/malignidade) e identificar causas potencialmente reversíveis. Indica-se histórico completo, exame físico e exame de urina. Perguntas de triagem são apropriadas, especialmente para mulheres mais velhas e com comorbidades, com aumento do risco (prolapso, vazamento intestinal acidental, diabetes, obesidade, doença neurológica). A incontinência por estresse é perda com aumento na pressão intra-abdominal, como riso, tosse ou espirros, com volume pequeno e sem vontade de urinar antes do vazamento; a de urgência/bexiga hiperativa, caracteriza-se por  escapes frequentes, de pequeno volume, que podem acordar o paciente à noite repetitivamente; a transbordante devido à subatividade muscular do detrusor é a perda de urina sem aviso ou gatilhos, com volume até grande, com sintomas como hesitação urinária, fluxo lento e noctúria. Mulheres com sintomas atípicos, incerteza diagnóstica ou falha terapêutica inicial devem realizar o exame pélvico, com atenção para integridade muscular do assoalho pélvico, atrofia vaginal, massas pélvicas e prolapso avançado de órgãos pélvicos além do hímen. Conclusão: Cerca de 60% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva relatam incontinência urinária a qualquer momento.
How Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles May Stifle Innovation
Authors: Westover Jonathan
Published: August 2024

Abstract: This article examines how organizational culture and leadership styles impact innovation within companies. A review of research finds that cultures with higher risk tolerance, diversity of perspectives, flatter structures, and autonomy tend to be more innovative. However, many American workplaces emphasize risk avoidance, homogeneity of viewpoints, and hierarchical control, potentially discouraging creative ideas. To foster innovation, the article recommends that leaders encourage risk-taking, learning from failures, and diversity of backgrounds across teams. They should adopt participative leadership over rigid control and empower employees with project autonomy and resources. Case studies of companies like Pixar Animation Studios demonstrate how a supportive culture where ideas are freely shared and failures are learning experiences has led to remarkable innovation successes. The article argues that by cultivating environments of trust and experimentation, organizations can tap into previously discouraged creative potential. With attention to developing innovation-enhancing cultures, companies may discover newfound capacities for breakthrough ideas and inventions.
PENGARUH PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA, KOMPETENSI DAN KUALITAS SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN (Studi Kasus Pada Karyawan Restoran Pippo Italian Senayan City, Jakarta Pusat)
Authors: Lestari Dinda Mayang Dwi , Wahyudi Widi
Published: August 2024

Through an in-depth quantitative approach, this study aims to test the proposed hypothesis regarding the relationship between HR development, competence, and HR quality with employee performance at Pippo Italian Restaurant Senayan City, Central Jakarta. All restaurant employees, covering various levels of positions and responsibilities, were the subjects of the research, and data were thoroughly collected through questionnaires specifically designed to measure these variables. The findings of this study clearly show that enhancing employee competence directly contributes to improving their performance across various aspects of their work. This indicates that more targeted and sustained efforts to enhance employee competence, such as through training and development tailored to their specific needs, should be a primary focus in improving overall performance at Pippo Italian Restaurant Senayan City.
The Role of Oral Health in the Prevention of Systemic Diseases
Authors: Sai Ho Chan Dr. Willie
Published: August 2024

Oral health plays a crucial role in maintaining overall well-being , as it is closely linked to the prevention of systemic diseases. This abstract aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between oral health and systemic diseases, highlighting the importance of oral hygiene practices and regular dental care in disease prevention. Numerous studies have established a strong association between poor oral health and various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The oral cavity serves as a gateway to the body, and the presence of oral infections; such as periodontal disease, can lead to the dissemination of bacteria and inflammatory mediators throughout the bloodstream, contributing to the development and progression of systemic diseases. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, has been extensively studied in relation to systemic diseases. The inflammatory response triggered by periodontal pathogens can promote atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, the chronic inflammation associated with periodontal disease may exacerbate insulin resistance, leading to the development and poor control of diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, oral health has been implicated in respiratory health. Poor oral hygiene and untreated oral infections can contribute to the colonization of respiratory pathogens, increasing the risk of respiratory infections, such as pneumonia. The aspiration of oral bacteria into the lungs can also exacerbate existing respiratory conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pregnant women with poor oral health are at an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth and low birth weight. Oral infections, particularly periodontal disease, have been linked to systemic inflammation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can potentially affect fetal development and lead to complications during pregnancy. Prevention and management of systemic diseases through oral health maintenance involve adopting good oral hygiene practices, such as regular brushing, flossing, and the use of antimicrobial mouthwashes. Additionally, routine dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for early detection and treatment of oral diseases. Dental professionals play a crucial role in educating individuals about the importance of oral health and its impact on systemic well-being. Hence, maintaining optimal oral health is vital for the prevention of systemic diseases. The link between oral health and conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, respiratory infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes highlights the need for comprehensive oral care.
Sexual Intercourse and Genetic Integration: A Philosophical Exploration of the Mysteries of DNA
Authors: Nnaemeka Onwuatuegwu Ignatius
Published: August 2024

This paper investigates the intriguing implications of recent research conducted by the academics from Seattle’s Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington in Seattle on the mysteries of DNA and its integration into the human body through sexual intercourse. The study reveals that engaging in sexual activity with a man leads to the absorption of his DNA by a woman, with the amount of genetic material retained increasing with multiple sexual partners. The presence of genetically distinct male cells in a woman’s body, including the brain, highlights the potential long-term effects on her physiology and psychology. Furthermore, this genetic integration can influence the genetic composition of a woman’s eggs and subsequently affect the developing fetus. The findings underscore the importance of sexual responsibility, faithfulness, and the impact of extramarital affairs on marital relationships. Additionally, the research offers insights into the Behavioural tendencies observed in children that are inconsistent with their biological parents, suggesting a link to genetic integration. Understanding these complexities can contribute to fostering healthier relationships, families, and societies.
Paediatric Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: A treatment Option for Congenital Dacryocystitis
Authors: Goyal Pankaj , Kumawat Kishan , Chatterjee Chandrani
Published: August 2024

Congenital dacryocystitis is a condition that causes inflammation and infection of the lacrimal sac in newborns due to nasolacrimal duct occlusion. Traditional treatments for congenital dacryocystitis include lacrimal sac massage and topical medicines. If these therapy are proved to be ineffective, surgical options may be explored. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) has emerged as a safe and effective surgical method for treating congenital dacryocystitis. We described a case of congenital dacryocystitis in an eight-year-old child who was effectively treated by endoscopic DCR.
Localized Penile Cancer Glans (Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Glans Penis Case Report)
Authors: Abdul Qader Al-Malmi Mohammed , Hassan Albadani Tawfeq
Published: August 2024

Background: Penile cancer is uncommon. Penile squamous cell carcinoma is the most common penile malignancy, behaves similarly to squamous cell carcinoma in other parts of the skin. Objective: The objective of the study was to study ulcerative eroded skin disease in the glans penis. Patients and Methods: Forty years old farmer Yemeni male patient presented with erosive ulcerative painful skin lesion in all his glans penis. The duration was one year. Skin biopsy was done. Results: The clinical picture and the investigations showed the patient had localized penile cancer or squamous cell carcinomas. No specific laboratory studies or tumor markers are diagnostic for penile cancer. The patient was treated by partial panectomy. There were no regional lymph node enlargements. Conclusion: localized penile cancer was rare in republic of Yemen. This case was first reported.
Meta-Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in Bangladesh: A Health and Safety Perspective
Authors: Shahidul Islam Dr. Syed Mahmood , Shahinur Jahan Fatema , Mahafuzur Rahman Md. , Anowarul Razzib Md.
Published: August 2024

Road traffic accidents represent a complex challenge with far-reaching implications for public health and safety in Bangladesh. This meta-analysis undertakes a comprehensive exploration, positioning the investigation within the expansive context of health and safety. Drawing upon data repositories from both authoritative channels, exemplified by the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), and independent platforms such as the Bangladesh Jatri Kalyan Samity, this study endeavors to provide an intricate understanding of the multifaceted health implications stemming from road accidents. By adopting a nuanced approach that amalgamates official and independent datasets, the study seeks to transcend traditional analyses and offer a holistic perspective on the impact of road accidents on public health. A focal point of this meta-analysis is the meticulous scrutiny of monthly trends, recognizing that temporal variations can significantly influence the health outcomes of road accidents. The aim is to discern patterns, identify peaks and troughs, and elucidate the interplay between seasonal, temporal, and health-related factors. This temporal analysis is pivotal for formulating targeted interventions and policies that align with dynamic patterns and effectively address health challenges associated with road accidents. Addressing the challenge of disparities in reporting between official and independent sources, this meta-analysis accentuates the critical need for standardized data collection methodologies. By acknowledging and reconciling variations in reported statistics, the study aspires to enhance the accuracy of health impact assessments, ensuring a more precise understanding of the consequences of road traffic accidents.
Immunological Research Progress of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Authors: Zhong Ai , Chen Junjie
Published: August 2024

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare, low-grade malignant soft tissue sarcoma. Although its overall incidence rate is low and its survival rate is high, the incidence of this disease has increased gradually in recent years. The high recurrence rate of this disease can be attributed to the limited understanding of its pathogenesis and the restricted treatment options available. In recent years, as research on cancer pathogenesis has become more extensive, there has been a growing emphasis on immune-related issues that are closely associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer. This article provides an overview of current research on the immune response to dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, including studies on tumour-related antigen expression, antigen-presenting cell expression, immune cell infiltration, and radiotherapy. By summarizing and analyzing the research findings, we aim to provide a valuable reference for understanding the pathogenesis of this disease from an immunological perspective and proposing novel treatment strategies.
Case Report: Giant Extrasynovial Osteochondroma in the Infra-Patellar Fat Pad of Knee
Authors: Hasaballah Ahmed , Ezzat Ahmed , Mohammed Zakaria Haidy , Mamdouh Mai
Published: August 2024

Extraskeletal paraarticular osteochondromas are a rare benign intracapsular tumour. They are caused by osteocartilaginous metaplasia in the paraarticular soft tissue of the joint. Here we present a case of 38-year-old woman attended with a complaint of a enlarged lump on her left knee, along with insidious onset of pain and limited range of motion. Plain x-ray and MRI radiographs showed a partially calcified giant mass in the infra-patellar fat pad. The patient underwent removal of the mass. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of extraskeletal paraarticular osteochondroma. Surgical excision can effectively treat this condition with no recurrences. If not addressed, it can progress to patellar tendinopathy and functional impairments.
Intersectional Disparities in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment: Exploring Barriers Faced by Pregnant African-American Women
Authors: Odusi Adeoluwayimika , Hem-Lee-Forsyth Shivaughn M. , Viechweg N'Diera , Estevez Eden
Published: August 2024

The opioid epidemic, a pressing global health crisis, poses a significant threat to communities worldwide, with pregnant women being particularly vulnerable due to opioid use. This study hones in on the urgent issue of inadequate treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant African-American women, intending to drive immediate improvements in clinical and public health policies. A comprehensive review of pertinent literature reveals that barriers such as race, stigma, and cost are impeding pregnant women from accessing the necessary medication for OUD. Overcoming these barriers is not just essential but urgent to reduce stigma and improve health outcomes for both mothers and babies. Healthcare providers must prioritize evidence-based care to address OUD in pregnancy and mitigate its adverse effects.
Correlation between Patient-Centered Care and Clinical Empathy
Authors: Albuquerque Aline
Published: August 2024

Patient-Centered Care (PCC) and clinical empathy intertwine and share some premises. Studies on the correlations between clinical empathy and PCC still need to be available. This article aims to propose ways of approaching PCC and clinical empathy and contribute to the reflection on the correlation between both using their confluence axes to promote thinking about their relationship. The confluence axes proposed in this article are innovative and emerged from the specialized literature on the approaches. The confluence axes between clinical empathy and PCC are as follows: Empathetic Communication; Patient’s Needs, Will, and Preferences; Relational Equanimity; Biopsychosocial Model and Therapeutic Alliance. In conclusion, this study underscores the urgent need for future research that scrutinizes the proposed thematic axes. This research is not just a call for further development in the field but a necessity as we strive to understand better and implement patient-centered care and clinical empathy in healthcare.
Error in jump height estimation using the flight time method: simulation of the effect of ankle position between takeoff and landing
Authors: Gonçalves Carlos , Baptista Roberto , Tufano James , Blazevich Anthony J. , Vieira Amilton
Published: August 2024

During vertical jump evaluations in which jump height is estimated from flight time (FT), the jumper must maintain the same body posture between vertical takeoff and landing. As maintaining identical posture is rare during takeoff and landing between different jump attempts and in different individuals, we simulated the effect of changes in ankle position from takeoff to landing in vertical jumping to determine the range of errors that might occur in real-life scenarios. Our simulations account for changes in center of mass position during takeoff and landing, changes in ankle position, different subject statures (1.44–1.98 m), and poor to above-average jump heights. Our results show that using FT to estimate jump height without controlling for ankle position (allowing dorsiflexion) during the landing phase of the vertical jump can overestimate jump height by 18% in individuals of average stature and performing an average 30 cm jump or may overestimate by ≤60% for tall individuals performing a poor 10 cm jump, which is common for individuals jumping with added load. Nevertheless, as assessing jump heights based on FT is common practice, we offer a correction equation that can be used to reduce error, improving jump height measurement validity using the FT method allowing between-subject fair comparisons.
Enfoques comunicativos en la formación inicial del profesorado de matemática: un estudio de caso
Authors: Montenegro Helena , Martínez Salomé
Published: August 2024

La modalidad de enseñanza que adoptan los formadores influye en el aprendizaje de la enseñanza en los profesores en formación. Para avanzar en una mejor comprensión de este fenómeno, es fundamental comenzar a investigar cómo los formadores y sus estudiantes de pedagogía configuran este proceso dentro del aula, profundizando en los intercambios que establecen. Este estudio analizó las prácticas discursivas e interacciones pedagógicas de tres formadores de matemáticas de una carrera de Pedagogía en Enseñanza Básica. A cada formador se le videograbaron cuatro clases, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante observación sistemática. Los resultados obtenidos se complementaron con análisis cualitativos de algunos segmentos transcritos de las clases, para explorar el enfoque comunicativo del formador y el tipo de pregunta que los estudiantes en formación realizaban durante las clases. También, estos resultados dan cuenta de que en los tres formadores predominan distintos enfoques comunicativos, los cuales varían de poco interactivos y autoritarios a más dialógicos e interactivos. Además, se encontró que los formadores tienden a priorizar la enseñanza de contenidos, los estudiantes participan respondiendo las preguntas que el formador realiza y escasamente se incentiva el desarrollo de espacios de discusión entre estudiantes. Las preguntas de los formadores son generalmente poco interactivas y autoritarias en los niveles iniciales y más dialógicas en niveles superiores, mientras que los estudiantes de cursos iniciales hacen preguntas más aclaratorias y de profundización, en contraste con los de cursos avanzados, que se centran en aclarar dudas específicas. Entre otros, se discute el desafío de incrementar las oportunidades de interacción entre estudiantes, promover el uso de preguntas aclaratorias y de profundización, y fomentar la reflexión y el trabajo colaborativo entre formadores.
Accuracy Analysis of Real-Time Kinematic Drones as a Replacement for GPS Bases in River Surveying
Authors: Hwang Seonghyeon , Lee Taesam , Ahn Dongwon , Lee Sejeong
Published: August 2024

Global climate anomalies have extensively affected rivers and reservoirs, increasing the importance of accurate river surveying for effective river construction and management. While conventional leveling methods are commonly used for river surveying, GPS technology with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers is also performed. In addition to GPS, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based aerial photogrammetry has recently been adopted for surveying. Precise river surveying using UAV aerial photogrammetry can be achieved by establishing the base near the river using GPS from the reference point and further calibrating with ground control points. Despite the proposal of UAVs equipped with real-time kinematic (RTK) systems (i.e., RTK-drones), they have not been adopted because of their unverified accuracy. Therefore, this study aims to validate the positioning accuracy of RTK-drones to determine whether they can replace traditional reference points in river surveying. To this end, we surveyed six control points around Jinju using both GNSS and RTK-drone methods. The results showed that, with adequate stabilization time and in the absence of nearby obstacles, RTK drone surveys can reliably replace reference points, thereby reducing time and labor costs in river surveys.
An Evaluation of Backfill Material Applicability through Deformation Measurements of Long-Span Buried Corrugated Steel Structures
Authors: Park Sanghun
Published: August 2024

Corrugated steel plates are increasingly being applied to various types of structures, such as eco-corridors, noise reduction tunnels, and urban elevated roads. However, applications for spans exceeding 25 m are lacking, as they require clear standards for calculating the elastic moduli of backfill materials and reinforced sections. This study evaluated the appropriateness of mechanical assumptions applied in the design, by measuring displacements at each stage and comparing the finite element analysis results for a concrete-reinforced corrugated steel plate arch underground structure with a width of 27.5 m and length of 467 m. Based on the measurement results, deformations ranging from 19.8% to 63.7% of allowable deflection were observed when applying an elastic modulus of 60 MPa to solidified soil backfill, which is twice the maximum standard value applied to general soil, thereby confirming the suitability for the serviceability of underground structures.
Evaluating Design Flood Levels Using a Machine Learning-based Costal Compound Flood Level Model
Authors: Kim Kyunghun , Baek Seonuk , Kim Duckgil , Kim Hung Soo
Published: August 2024

Coastal floods, a type of compound disaster, results from the interactions between rainfall and tides. However, in Korea, the design flood level for coastal areas typically relies on the average water level according to the tide, ignoring this interaction. This study aimed to address this gap by developing a machine learning-based compound flood level model that incorporates the interactions between rainfall and tides. It also evaluated the adequacy of the design water level in the Taehwa River basin, a representative tidal river. Before developing the model, Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) was used to identify the components of the compound flood level. The DWT results indicated that the compound flood level comprised three elements: rainfall-runoff, tides, and noise. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model was then created using these elements as input to estimate the compound flood level for a 200-year frequency, which is the design frequency of the Taehwa River. The compound flood level calculated by the model was 6.15 m, which is higher than the established design flood level of the Taehwa river (5.79 m). This discrepancy indicates that the current flood measurements for the Taehwa River are inadequate in accounting for compound flooding. Based on these findings, we recommend incorporating the compound flood concept when calculating the design water levels in coastal areas.
Analysis of Hydraulic Characteristics and Acquisition of Flood Management Data Using D-HSI in Natural Streams
Authors: Kim Si-Chul , Lee Jong-Seok
Published: August 2024

Natural disaster prevention requires the maintenance of the proper function of river flow during droughts and heavy rains caused by abnormal weather as well as the minimization of damage via rapid and accurate predictions. This study analyzed hydraulic characteristics by utilizing D-LiDAR (Drone LiDAR) topographic data and D-HSI (Drone Hyperspectral Image) data to quickly and accurately collect and analyze related data. The HEC-RAS model was used to compare and analyze the results obtained via the D-LiDAR topographic data of this study, the roughness coefficient of the river master plan, and the results of applying parameters by adding NDVI. As a result, in the case of a 100-year frequency flood discharge, the average velocity decreased by an average of 2.23 m/s when applying the resistance coefficient by area, based on NDVI. Moreover, the flood level increased by an average of 0.30 m, and the cross-sectional area of ​​the flow capacity increased by an average of 20.17 m2. These results confirms that vegetation has a significant influence on the flow characteristics of natural streams. Hence, the data construction and analysis method used in this study can provide useful information regarding the rapid measurement and analysis of river flow characteristics during floods as well as and the development of prediction techniques and warning-related systems for drought and flood prevention.
Developing Safety Project District Selection Indicators to Reduce Complex Accidents
Authors: Shin Jindong , Sohn Jeehyun , Lee Hyangee , Yoo Nakyum , Kim Yuntae
Published: August 2024

This study aims to develop indicators for selecting safety project districts based on a safety index diagnosis. Safety project districts provide a method of space-level safety management that must be distinct from other similar systems for sustainability. Using brainstorming and AHP, the study recommends the following. First, an approach is proposed to clearly differentiate these districts from similar existing systems, enhancing the efficiency of the project by reducing and addressing complex accidents. Second, six differentiation measures are proposed, focusing on autonomy, effectiveness, and connectivity. Third, the selection index consists of eight detailed selection indicators for four items related to differentiation, analyzed based on the importance of each indicator. This framework will make it possible to designate districts vulnerable to complex accidents as safe business districts, thereby reducing risks.
The Derivation of Primary Human Epicardium‐Derived Cells
Authors: Clunie‐O'Connor Caitlin , Smits Anke M. , Antoniades Charalambos , Russell Angela J. , Yellon Derek M. , Goumans Marie‐José , Riley Paul R.
Published: November 2015

To develop therapeutic strategies for the regeneration of lost heart muscle after myocardial infarction (MI), a source of functional new muscle cells and associated coronary vessels must be identified. The epicardium is a source of several cardiovascular cell types during heart development and is widely regarded as a resident progenitor population, which becomes dormant during adulthood. In adult mice, MI induces epicardial reactivation characterized by an upregulation of fetal genes and subsequent epicardium derived cell (EPDC) proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Determining whether the epicardium can be therapeutically targeted following cardiovascular disease requires an in vitro system for the study of adult human EPDCs (hEPDCs). This protocol describes techniques to establish and maintain human epicardium explant cultures from patient‐derived right atrial appendage biopsies and documents methods to probe the resultant outgrowth of hEPDCs. The model facilitates a high‐throughput approach to either genetic or chemical phenotypic screening for drug‐like modifiers of hEPDC activation and potential cell fate. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Opinion Leadership
Authors: Weimann Gabriel
Published: November 2015

Decades of social science research have demonstrated that there is a group of people in any community to whom others look for help in forming opinions on various issues and matters. These are the “opinion leaders,” the people who lead the formation of attitudes, knowledge, and opinions. This entry describes the definition of opinion leaders, the various measures used to identify them, their characteristics, and their emergence in cyberspace and the new media.
Political Communication Research in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific
Authors: Stanton Richard
Published: November 2015

Political communication research in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific is in the early stages of development. Although there exist deep and abidingly interesting research topics and issues, including political independence, national identity, and climate change, the structural support for such research is yet to be fully identified and resourced within the public or private sectors. Most political communication research is undertaken to enhance private political activity. This includes news polling, political party opinion polling, and government intervention campaign research. The Pacific region's political communication is hierarchical and postcolonial. Remnants of English, French, and American dominance are still palpable in many of the Pacific countries, such as Fiji, Vanuatu, and Solomon Islands. The political communication of the Pacific region is, for the most part, grounded in soft power. Although some hard power is exercised, it is limited and rarely used by sovereign state against sovereign state. The main theories that occupy the political communication field in Pacific countries are agenda‐setting, framing, discourse analysis, power, and rhetorical analysis.
Gaming
Authors: Roth Franziska S. , Klimmt Christoph , Vorderer Peter
Published: November 2015

Similar to other entertainment media, video games are receiving increasing attention from scholars in political communication. This entry gives an overview of gamer demographics, gaming economy, game genres, and positive and negative effects of games, as well as four ways in which games are relevant to classical topics of research in political communication.
Press Conferences
Authors: Ekström Mats
Published: November 2015

Press conferences are among the most important arenas for public political communication and government and journalist relationships. Since the mid‐1900s they have functioned as central institutions in democratic societies, an expression of public political responsiveness and journalism authority. Press conferences involve collaboration but also power struggles related to the organization and planning of the events, the actual interaction, and the practices of framing and quoting in news production.
Mobilization, Political
Authors: Klandermans Bert
Published: November 2015

Political mobilization is the process of turning sympathizers of a cause into participants in collective action to advance that cause. An exposé on political mobilization requires a discussion of the dynamics of demand and supply, as mobilization is the mechanism that brings demand and supply of protest together. Thedemand sideof protest is about people and their motives. It concerns the characteristics of a social movement's mobilization potential: its demographic and political composition, the collective identities it comprises, the shared grievances and emotions. Thesupply sideof protest action is about organizations and their appeals. It concerns the characteristics of the movement: its effectiveness in achieving its goals at affordable cost, its leadership, its appeal, its action repertoire, its ideology. Demand and supply do not automatically come together. In the market economy, marketing is employed to make sure that the public is aware of a supply that might meet its demands.Mobilizationbrings demand and supply together. It is—so to speak—the marketing mechanism of the movement domain. The study of mobilization concerns such matters as the effectiveness of (persuasive) communication, the influence of social networks, and the role of new media such as the Internet, (smart)phones, and social media.
Rhetoric, Political
Authors: Coe Kevin
Published: November 2015

Political rhetoric consists of the language and visuals that people use to promote their interests within the political sphere. Such rhetoric, which is richly symbolic and intricately tied to power, is a varied and important form of communication that has long been central to the maintenance of organized society. Research in this area employs a wide range of methods and has documented a considerable amount about the content, determinants, and effects of political rhetoric.
Interest Groups
Authors: Skinner Richard
Published: November 2015

In pursuit of their many aims, interest groups seek to communicate both with policy‐makers and with citizens. Lobbying is when groups seek to persuade policy‐makers to adopt their positions. Interest groups also seek to communicate to voters during campaigns; they also try to shape public opinion more broadly.
Political Discourse
Authors: Michelis Lidia De
Published: November 2015

This article overviews current definitions of political discourse, and their evolution in time, to map out the conceptual domain of this term and its actual fields of application. These are delimited according to a widely shared definition of political discourse as comprising all forms of verbal communication, which refer to political contexts, and are produced by political actors. Broader understandings of political discourse, including nonverbal communication and encompassing all aspects of political, social, and cultural life, are also discussed. Political discourse is then examined through the lenses of current scholarship on the public sphere and public opinion and of different strands of political discourse analysis. The second part of the entry consists of a diachronic discussion of the main elements and changes in the rhetorical structure of public speaking and the genre of public speech against the increasing mediatization and spectacularization of contemporary politics.
Hegemony
Authors: Comor Edward
Published: November 2015

Hegemony, the process through which rule or dominance takes place involving the consent of the ruled, is a concept that was most fully elaborated by the early 20th‐century revolutionary Antonio Gramsci. Since then, it has been used to emphasize the interdependency of coercive and consensual forms of power, articulate the complex relationship between the state and civil society, and to explain why subaltern classes have not overthrown bourgeois political economic orders. Although, in recent years, the concept has been rejected by those theorizing the emergence of a post‐hegemonic era, hegemony remains an important tool for analysts and activists.
Election Campaign Communication
Authors: Scammell Margaret
Published: November 2015

Election campaign communication refers to all communication by parties/candidates/media intended to inform voters and/or influence the outcome of elections. In practice, the study of campaign communication has concentrated on the major actors: opinion‐leading, mass audience newspapers and television and the main party and candidate contenders for elected office.
Argumentation, Political
Authors: Wodak Ruth
Published: November 2015

The “argumentative turn” in policy‐making entails the close and systematic study of policy‐making in manifold contexts while taking account of audience orientation, genre, topic, and the specific institutional space. Various models of, and theoretical approaches to, argumentation theory are presented in detail while highlighting Toulmin's and Walton's seminal approaches to argumentation theory. Then, more linguistically oriented methodologies such as Pragma‐Dialectics and New Rhetoric are discussed and integrated with interdisciplinary approaches in (Critical) Discourse Studies, such as the Discourse‐Historical Approach. Analysis of newspaper articles as well as of narratives by employing argumentation analysis provide an important entry‐point for political scientists and communication theorists to integrating political theory with linguistic and argumentation theory. Moreover, the Aristotelian formal concept of
topoi
is contrasted with more content‐dependent concepts of
topoi
such as recently developed by Wengeler and Kienpointner which allow understanding and explaining of condensed everyday common‐sense debates about sensitive issues such as migration.
Media Policy
Authors: Papathanassopoulos Stylianos
Published: November 2015

Media policy addresses a wide range of contemporary concerns regarding the structure and performance of media systems. Although it has often been argued that media policy has been largely technology driven, most of the decisions taken to deal with change are framed by political, economic, and institutional dimensions as well as by international factors. Media policy as a theoretical approach is characterized by its interdisciplinarity. In the era of globalization, policy and regulation in the media sector have moved away from being essentially part of a domestic political process and toward becoming part of a new complex international dimension of technological, industrial, and economic governance. Regardless of global pressures and influences, the media system continues to be dominated by the nation‐state and it remains a useful mechanism for collective control over communications media.
Humor and Satire, Political
Authors: Young Dannagal G.
Published: November 2015

For centuries, political humor and satire have been an important part of life in democratic societies. Respected and often feared for the influence they are perceived to have on citizens and elites, satirists have occupied a privileged role, both throughout history and in contemporary society. While the specific topics of and channels for political satire have changed since the days of Ancient Greece and Rome, the objectives have remained the same: to challenge the existing political and social order in a manner both playful and entertaining. With the application of social scientific methods and psychological theories, researchers have begun to identify and quantify the various forms of impact of political humor and satire. Recent important developments in digital technologies have expanded the possibilities for political humor's reach and impact. These technological changes as well as recent collaborations between scholars across methodological and epistemological traditions make it a very exciting and promising time for the study—and production—of political humor and satire.
Civility
Authors: Black Laura W. , Wiederhold Wolfe Anna M.
Published: November 2015

As a normative concept, civility defines boundaries of acceptable behavior, particularly in contentious situations. As part of the political ideal of civil society, civility defines rules for interaction and presumes respect for all involved. Civility also invites people to participate in public discussion and involves mutual efforts at understanding others' perspectives. It is often contrasted with uncivil discourse such as shouting, name‐calling, or personal attacks. Relevant research examines civility in society, government, organizations, mass media content, and online contexts. Civility is also the foundation for recent efforts to promote civic dialogue and deliberation.
Parties, Political
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco
Published: November 2015

Political parties are ubiquitous organizations. They have emerged alongside the appearance of democratic regimes, and have evolved, changed, and adapted themselves to political transformations over time. Always criticized and often challenged, they continue to perform important roles that no other association, movement, or institution can fulfill. Above all they staff representative assemblies and governing teams. Moreover, they shape electoral options and offer accountability to all voters. Though no longer in control of the processes of political communication, they have equipped themselves with capable professionals. They seem ready to deal with the most recent challenge, namely Politics 2.0. They remain the only political organization capable of performing a variety of complex and essential tasks, above all intergenerational accountability. The parties' trajectory is by no means over.
Counterpublic
Authors: Wimmer Jeffrey
Published: November 2015

The term counterpublic indicates specific publics centered around a specific social discourse or point of view and aiming to bring their positions—which they feel are being marginalised—into the mass media by means of alternative media and public actions. Currently blogs, social network sites, and other participatory new media outlets and campaign platforms like Avaaz orMoveOnare coming to the fore within the analysis of counterpublicity. Research shows that counterpublics can be regarded as important agents for social and political change as they raise and articulate political, economical, cultural, or social issues in a critical way.
Cynicism, Political
Authors: de Vreese Claes H.
Published: November 2015

Political cynicism is an expression of distrust and a perception of politics being motivated by self‐interest. It is often studied as an outcome of exposure to strategically framed news and as an antecedent of electoral behavior.
News Media Organizations
Authors: Wanta Wayne
Published: November 2015

This entry provides a broad overview of research examining media organizations. The research in this area has a long tradition. Current research has focused on areas as diverse as media credibility, economics, and socialization of newsroom culture. Research dealing with media organizations is especially relevant today, given the dramatic changes taking place within the news media. These changes are due to economic pressures as well as the impact of technology and social media.
International Organizations
Authors: Brüggemann Michael
Published: November 2015

International organizations (IOs) face a number of communicative challenges that are related to their two defining features: They are public organizations bound to norms and restrictions that do not apply to private organizations and they communicate at the supranational as well as at culturally diverse local levels. This limits the capacity of IOs to effectively reach out to their publics. Yet IOs do not only act as comparatively weak strategic communicators. They also serve as arenas of communication and exert influence by providing the set‐up of political communication processes at the transnational level.
Populism
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan
Published: November 2015

Populism is a political ideology, or a communication style, proclaiming the unity and goodness of the people and the corruption and alienation of the elites. Populism is present in the communication of allegedly populist parties much more than in the discourse of mainstream parties, and there seems to be no populist contagion of the latter. Mass media can be populist as well, especially in their opinion sections. In many countries the level of populism in the media selection of the public debate has gone up. The public can also be affected by the populist message and there is some evidence that it has. The mass media have spent considerable time on the issues owned by populist parties and this has had a demonstrable effect on their vote share. Finally, research has found that populist radical‐right parties have profited electorally from the coverage of the party and their leader.
Political Agenda‐Setting
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan
Published: November 2015

Political agenda‐setting refers to the process of issue salience transfer from the media to the political agenda. The available evidence indicates that there is an effect of preceding media coverage on what political elites do and say. Most current research focuses on the conditionality of political agenda‐setting. The effect depends on features of the receiver (opposition vs. government, specialization, type of agenda), of the source (newspapers vs. television, congruence), of the message (tone, blame attribution, information monopoly, type of issue), and of the context (elections or not).