bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involvement of gut microbiota in association between GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor expression and gastrointestinal motility
Authors: Yang Mo , Fukui Hirokazu , Eda Hirotsugu , Xu Xin , Kitayama Yoshitaka , Hara Ken , Kodani Mio , Tomita Toshihiko , Oshima Tadayuki , Watari Jiro , Miwa Hiroto
Published: February 2017

The microbiota in the gut is known to play a pivotal role in host physiology by interacting with the immune and neuroendocrine systems in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a gut hormone, is involved in metabolism as well as GI motility. We examined how gut microbiota affects the link between GLP-1/GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression and motility of the GI tract. Germ-free (GF) mice (6 wk old) were orally administered a fecal bacterial suspension prepared from specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, and then after fecal transplantation (FT) GI tissues were obtained from the GF mice at various time points. The expression of GLP-1 and its receptor was examined by immunohistochemistry, and gastrointestinal transit time (GITT) was measured by administration of carmine red solution. GLP-1 was expressed in endocrine cells in the colonic mucosa, and GLP-1R was expressed in myenteric neural cells throughout the GI wall. GLP-1R-positive cells throughout the GI wall were significantly fewer in GF mice with FT than in GF mice without gut microbiota reconstitution. GITT was significantly shorter in GF mice with FT than in control GF mice without FT and correlated with the number of GLP-1R-positive cells throughout the GI wall. GITT was significantly longer in GF control mice than in SPF mice. When those mice were treated with GLP-1 agonist extendin4, GITT was significantly longer in the GF mice. The gut microbiota may accelerate or at least modify GI motility while suppressing GLP-1R expression in myenteric neural cells throughout the GI tract.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The gut microbiota has been intensively studied, because it plays a pivotal role in various aspects of host physiology. On the other hand, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) plays important roles in metabolism as well as gastrointestinal motility. In the present study, we have suggested that the gut microbiota accelerates gastrointestinal motility while suppressing the expression of GLP-1 receptor in myenteric neural cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. We believe that this article is very timely and suggestive work.
Impact of Social and Built Environment Factors on Body Size among Breast Cancer Survivors: The Pathways Study
Authors: Shariff-Marco Salma , Von Behren Julie , Reynolds Peggy , Keegan Theresa H.M. , Hertz Andrew , Kwan Marilyn L. , Roh Janise M. , Thomsen Catherine , Kroenke Candyce H. , Ambrosone Christine , Kushi Lawrence H. , Gomez Scarlett Lin
Published: February 2017

Background: As social and built environment factors have been shown to be associated with physical activity, dietary patterns, and obesity in the general population, they likely also influence these health behaviors among cancer survivors and thereby impact survivorship outcomes.

Methods: Enhancing the rich, individual-level survey and medical record data from 4,505 breast cancer survivors in the Pathways Study, a prospective cohort drawn from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, we geocoded baseline residential addresses and appended social and built environment data. With multinomial logistic models, we examined associations between neighborhood characteristics and body mass index and whether neighborhood factors explained racial/ethnic/nativity disparities in overweight/obesity.

Results: Low neighborhood socioeconomic status, high minority composition, high traffic density, high prevalence of commuting by car, and a higher number of fast food restaurants were independently associated with higher odds of overweight or obesity. The higher odds of overweight among African Americans, U.S.-born Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, and foreign-born Hispanics and the higher odds of obesity among African Americans and U.S.-born Hispanics, compared with non-Hispanic whites, remained significant, although somewhat attenuated, when accounting for social and built environment features.

Conclusions: Addressing aspects of neighborhood environments may help breast cancer survivors maintain a healthy body weight.

Impact: Further research in this area, such as incorporating data on individuals' perceptions and use of their neighborhood environments, is needed to ultimately inform multilevel interventions that would ameliorate such disparities and improve outcomes for breast cancer survivors, regardless of their social status (e.g., race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, nativity). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 505–15. ©2017 AACR.

See all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Geospatial Approaches to Cancer Control and Population Sciences.”
Órteses para o paciente com osteoartrite do polegar: o que os terapeutas ocupacionais no Brasil indicam?
Authors: Almeida Pedro Henrique , Pontes Tatiana Barcelos , Rossi Jackelline R. Lopes , Dos Santos-Couto-Paz Clarissa Cardoso , MacDermid Joy C. , Matheus João Paulo Chieregato
Published: February 2017

Órteses são consideradas a primeira linha de atuação para o tratamento de disfunções causadas pela osteoartrite (OA) da articulação carpometacárpica do polegar. Entretanto, não existem estudos que investiguem as preferências e indicações de órteses por profissionais brasileiros. Objetivo: Identificar os modelos de órteses indicados por terapeutas ocupacionais para pacientes com OA do polegar, bem como as barreiras encontradas para o uso deste recurso. Métodos: Estudo exploratório transversal, realizado através de questionário eletrônico com terapeutas ocupacionais brasileiros. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio da distribuição, frequência e porcentagem das respostas. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 52 terapeutas ocupacionais de todo o Brasil, atuando junto a pacientes reumáticos. A maioria das indicações foi de órteses sob medida (81%), envolvendo mais de uma articulação (83,7%). Políticas institucionais e ausência de materiais foram as principais dificuldades para 48,1% dos participantes. Conclusão: A indicação de órteses para pacientes com OA se faz presente na prática clínica de terapeutas ocupacionais e torna-se importante o incentivo a estratégias que permitam o aperfeiçoamento e difusão de ações de reabilitação junto a esta população.
Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Ischemic Heart Failure Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Rao Meena P. , Al-Khatib Sana M. , Pokorney Sean D. , She Lilin , Romanov Alexander , Nicolau Jose C. , Lee Kerry L. , Carson Peter , Selzman Craig H. , Stepinska Janina , Cleland John G.F. , Tungsubutra Wiwun , Desvigne-Nickens Patrice M. , Sueta Carla A. , Siepe Matthias , Lang Irene , Feldman Arthur M. , Yii Michael , Rouleau Jean L. , Velazquez Eric J.
Published: February 2017

Background:

The risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with heart failure after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) has not been examined in a contemporary clinical trial of surgical revascularization. This analysis describes the incidence, timing, and clinical predictors of SCD after CABG.

Methods:

Patients enrolled in the STICH trial (Surgical Treatment of Ischemic Heart Failure) who underwent CABG with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction were included. We excluded patients with prior implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and those randomized only to medical therapy. The primary outcome was SCD as adjudicated by a blinded committee. A Cox model was used to examine and identify predictors of SCD. The Fine and Gray method was used to estimate the incidence of SCD accounting for the competing risk of other deaths.

Results:

Over a median follow-up of 46 months, 113 of 1411 patients who received CABG without (n = 934) or with (n = 477) surgical ventricular reconstruction had SCD; 311 died of other causes. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction at enrollment was 28±9%. The 5-year cumulative incidence of SCD was 8.5%. Patients who had SCD and those who did not die were younger and had fewer comorbid conditions than did those who died of causes other than SCD. In the first 30 days after CABG, SCD (n=5) accounted for 7% of all deaths. The numerically greatest monthly rate of SCD was in the 31- to 90-day time period. In a multivariable analysis including baseline demographics, risk factors, coronary anatomy, and left ventricular function, end-systolic volume index and B-type natriuretic peptide were most strongly associated with SCD.

Conclusions:

The monthly risk of SCD shortly after CABG among patients with a low left ventricular ejection fraction is highest between the first and third months, suggesting that risk stratification for SCD should occur early in the postoperative period, particularly in patients with increased preoperative end-systolic volume index or B-type natriuretic peptide.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT0002359.
Heritability of Vascular Structure and Function: A Parent–Child Study
Authors: Ryder Justin R. , Pankratz Nathan D. , Dengel Donald R. , Pankow James S. , Jacobs David R. , Sinaiko Alan R. , Gooty Vasu , Steinberger Julia
Published: February 2017

Background

Understanding the heritable contribution of vascular measures, from parent to offspring, may aid in risk stratification and atherosclerosis prevention efforts. We hypothesized that measures of vascular structure and function would be heritable in this cohort of parents and their adolescent offspring.

Methods and Results

High‐resolution ultrasound scans of the brachial and carotid arteries were obtained in parents (n=558) and their offspring (n=369). Lumen diameter and flow‐mediated dilation were measured in the brachial artery. Intima‐media thickness, lumen diameter, incremental elastic modulus, diameter distensibility, and cross‐sectional distensibility were measured, and carotid cross‐sectional compliance was measured in the carotid artery. Carotid–radial pulse wave velocity was obtained using SphygmoCor
®
. Heritability analysis (h
2
, expressed as %) using Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines was performed on the entire cohort and adjusted for age, sex, race, body–mass index, smoking, and mean arterial pressure. Data are presented as mean±
SE
. Measures of brachial artery diameter (h
2
=25±9%,
P
=0.001), lumen diameter (h
2
=55±9%,
P
<0.001), intima‐media thickness (h
2
=29±13%,
P
=0.014), diameter distensibility (h
2
=28±7%,
P
<0.001), cross‐sectional distensibility (h
2
=27±7%,
P
<0.001), and pulse wave velocity (h
2
=26±9%,
P
<0.001) were significantly heritable. Flow‐mediated dilation and incremental elastic modulus were not significantly heritable. Similar associations were observed in analysis restricted to siblings and complete Trios (mother, father, and child).

Conclusions

These data show that the majority of noninvasive measures of vascular structure and function are heritable, suggesting that measurement of these subclinical risk factors in parents may be helpful in assessing childhood risk for future cardiovascular disease.
The Architecture of Benefaction: The Last Will and Testament of a Grain Merchant
Authors: Jakobiec Katie
Published: February 2017

A close analysis and interpretation of the last will and testament of a grain merchant written in 1616 Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, sheds light on the process by which possessions were bequeathed and assigned meaning. Material goods were deeply embedded in human relationships and heavily invested with religious importance, especially concerning the attainment of salvation. Testaments disclose ideas about ownership, the built environment as a site of exchange, and the power that goods could accumulate over time. In revealing the significance of material culture during the early modern era, they yield crucial insights about the interconnection between society, culture, and economy.
Political Institutions and Regimes since 1600: A New Historical Data Set
Authors: Rånge Max , Sandberg Mikael
Published: February 2017

A new data set provides vital information about the world’s political institutions, from 1789 on a monthly and yearly basis and from 1600 on a yearly basis. The yearly data set from 1600 has more than 90,000 country–year observations, and the monthly data set from 1789 more than 600,000 observations—by far the most comprehensive to date, offering several advantages over other available ones. The data set aggregates specific attributes to create nominal and ordinal rankings of political regimes on a scale of 1 to 1,000. In addition to supporting a rigorous classification of democratic and nondemocratic regimes, it allows researchers to trace institutional variations and to explore alternative ways of aggregating political institutions. As a research instrument, the MaxRange data set permits historically minded scholars to address a number of issues related to the dynamics of political institutions in an unprecedented manner.
Reinstatement of Vrydagzynea viridiflora Hook.f. (Orchidaceae: Goodyerinae) with a note on misreport of V. nuda Blume from India
Authors: BHATTACHARJEE AVISHEK , ORMEROD PAUL
Published: February 2017

The genus Vrydagzynea Blume (1858: 59) comprises of c. 35 (Pridgeon & al. 2003: 147, Mabberley 2008: 903) which are distributed in Tropical and Subtropical Asia to West Pacific (Govaerts & al. 2016). Hooker described V. viridiflora (Hooker 1890: 96) based on a single specimen (Fig. 1 A) collected by C.B. Clarke on 18th April 1885 from Namchung, Luckimpore (Lakhimpur), Assam, India. Seidenfaden (1978: 35) studied the holotype of V. viridiflora at K (C.B. Clarke 37939, photo!) and treated V. viridiflora as a synonym of V. albida (Blume 1825: 410) Blume (1859: 62) stating that most of the characters of V. viridiflora seemed to him intermediate between V. albida (with ovate leaves) and V. lancifolia (with lanceolate leaves). He (Seidenfaden 1978: 35) observed that all leaves of V. viridiflora except one, were ovate and therefore, treated it under V. albida. But we had doubts on Seidenfaden’s treatment of V. viridiflora as a synonym under V. albida. Hooker described V. viridiflora with a pubescent rachis, whereas the rachis of V. albida is not as pubescent as V. viridiflora. Further the inflorescence of V. viridiflora is comparatively lax than that of V. albida. However, in order to arrive at a more convincing conclusion some more specimens of V. viridiflora were required for our study, but unfortunately after Clarke’s type collection in 1885, the species had not been collected again.
Two new species in the Ficinia indica complex (Cyperaceae, tribe Cypereae) from South Africa
Authors: TSHIILA ALUWANI A. , CHIMPHANGO SAMSON B.M. , VILJOEN JAN-ADRIAAN , MUASYA A. MUTHAMA
Published: February 2017

Unclear boundaries between species hinder identification in the field and in herbaria, especially in species groups that can only be distinguished on the basis of subtle morphological and ecological features. One such taxon is Ficinia indica, widespread in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, growing on deep sandy soils between sea level and 1000 m elevation. Within its range, several phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species co-occur or occupy distinct habitats. Studies in herbaria show species in the Ficinia indica complex to be largely misidentified based on the use of qualitative information. Here, we investigate whether the six taxa recognized, based on one or a few characters, are supported as distinct species based on multivariate analysis of macro-morphological data. Two of the taxa were mostly separated whereas the other four taxa overlapped in multivariate space, but all the taxa could be distinguished using a single or a combination of morphological and ecological characters. We uphold the four previously recognized taxa (Ficinia argyropus, F. elatior, F. indica, F. laevis) as species, describe two new species (F. arnoldii and F. montana), and provide a dichotomous key for their identification.
Amaranthus ×romanus (Amaranthaceae), a new hybrid from Italy
Authors: IAMONICO DUILIO
Published: February 2017

As part of the studies on Amaranthaceae Juss. (e.g. Iamonico 2014, 2015, Sánchez Del Pino & Iamonico 2016), and the preparation of the new Checklist of the Italian vascular alien Flora (Galasso et al. 2016), I present here a note on an Amaranthus hybrid which was reported for Italy by Cacciato (1966) as “Amaranthus ×galii Sennen & Gonzalo” (Sennen 1929: 34). This name was proposed by Sennen & Gonzalo (l.c.) without a diagnosis, and it is a nomen nudum and invalid under Art. 38.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). Furthermore, Sennen & Gonzalo in Sennen (1929: 34) cited Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni (1837: 19) and A. retroflexus Linnaeus (1753: 991) as parental taxa of the new hybrid. According to the current knowledge (see Iamonico 2016), A. patulus is a heterotypic synonym of A. hybridus Linnaeus (1753: 990). Consequently, the hybrid concept of Sennen & Gonzalo refers to A. ×ozanonii (Thellung 1914: 263) Schuster & Goldschmidt in Ascherson & Graebner 1920: 20) (= A. hybridus × A. retroflexus).
Influence of interference-fit percentage on stress and damage mechanism in hi-lock pin installation process of CFRP
Authors: Zou Peng , Li Yuan , Zhang Kaifu , Cheng Hui , Li Jian
Published: February 2017

The interference-fit technology is an effective way to enhance fatigue life of mechanical structures. However, for composites, oversized interference-fit percentage causes damages and then decreases the joint performance directly. Influence of percentages on stress and damage around Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics interference-fit hole is analyzed in this paper. The progressive damage theory is introduced into a three-dimensional finite-element model, which consists of the mixed failure criteria combining Hashin criteria and maximum stress criteria and the corresponding property degradation rules. A nonlinear shear stress–strain relationship is also built to solve the nonlinear material behavior. Three groups of 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% interference-fit percentages are analyzed. Corresponding pin installation experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of the model. The inserting force, stress distribution, and damage initialization around the hole are investigated and discussed in this model.
Playing Goffman’s Information Game: A Classroom Activity Involving Student Interactions
Authors: McCoy Charles Allan
Published: February 2017

Goffman’s dramaturgical approach is frequently used to introduce undergraduate students to the sociological understanding of human interaction. While a number of scholars have designed engaging student activities that highlight Goffman’s approach, most of these activities tend to involve atypical embarrassing interactions or norm-breaking behaviors that happen in front of a large public audience. In this way, they are unlike the mundane face-to-face interactions that were the focus of much of Goffman’s work. I have used Goffman’s notion of interactions as an “information game,” discussed at the start of The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, to create a stimulating in-class exercise that involves students having a routine one-on-one interaction with another student. Responses from 170 students in four Introduction to Sociology classes suggest that students found the activity engaging and believed it gave them a richer understanding of Goffman’s approach to human interaction.
Friend, Enemy, Frenemy: The Hitopadeśa on Making and Breaking Friendship
Authors: Patil Urmila
Published: February 2017

What did friendship mean in the shifty landscape of politics in medieval India? This article seeks to answer this question by looking at the illustrative animal stories of the Sanskrit anthology Hitopadeśa (800–950 CE). As a text belonging to the nīti genre, the Hitopadeśa emulates the Pañcatantra (300 CE) and reiterates the following significant thought in Indian political wisdom: As an affective relationship, friendship provides a vital ground for the political and ethical progress of an individual. It also conveys that precisely because of its emotional content, friendship can also turn into a source of deception and treachery. We will see how the animals appearing in the Hitopadeśa act as perfect metaphors for individuals who must find a balance between their natural dispositions and cultivated aspirations as they navigate the terrain of friendship. We will also read about the diverse markers of friendship as well as the circumstances under which strangers become friends and friends become enemies. Above all, we will explore the rich ambivalence in the stories and the poignant message that the interlocutors of the theories of friendship can be as unpredictable as friendship itself.
Doing ‘social cohesion’: Cultural policy and practice in outer metropolitan Melbourne
Authors: Stead Victoria
Published: February 2017

The emergence of ‘social cohesion’ as a policy concept in various Western states has been widely understood as part of a backlash against multiculturalism. This article applies an anthropological lens to the implementation of an Australian project to engage young people in order to ‘strengthen social cohesion’ in outer metropolitan Melbourne. Ethnographic analysis of the project lends empirical support to key critiques of the social cohesion paradigm, including the deployment of ‘community’ as a technology of cultural governance, the obscuring of socio-economic conditions and issues of social justice, and the foreclosing of any understanding of conflict as a potential social good. Some of the tensions evident in the project, however, are reflective not of recent shifts but rather of long-running dynamics in the governance of cultural difference. Thus, the article argues, narratives of a ‘multiculturalism backlash’ capture significant changes but also risk obscuring critical continuities in the exercise of governmentality.
Face Context Influences Local Part Processing: An ERP Study
Authors: Zhang Hong , Sun Yaoru , Zhao Lun
Published: February 2017

Perception of face parts on the basis of features is thought to be different from perception of whole faces, which is more based on configural information. Face context is also suggested to play an important role in face processing. To investigate how face context influences the early-stage perception of facial local parts, we used an oddball paradigm that tested perceptual stages of face processing rather than recognition. We recorded the event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by whole faces and face parts presented in four conditions (upright-normal, upright-thatcherised, inverted-normal and inverted-thatcherised), as well as the ERPs elicited by non-face objects (whole houses and house parts) with corresponding conditions. The results showed that face context significantly affected the N170 with increased amplitudes and earlier peak latency for upright normal faces. Removing face context delayed the P1 latency but did not affect the P1 amplitude prominently for both upright and inverted normal faces. Across all conditions, neither the N170 nor the P1 was modulated by house context. The significant changes on the N170 and P1 components revealed that face context influences local part processing at the early stage of face processing and this context effect might be specific for face perception. We further suggested that perceptions of whole faces and face parts are functionally distinguished.
Ethics, Human Oocytes and the Teleology of the Body: An Appreciation of Gilbert Meilaender’s Work
Authors: Lauritzen Paul
Published: February 2017

Gilbert Meilaender has been an important contributor to the field of bioethics for decades. His insistence that there is a natural teleology of the body that should constrain ambitions of the will in bioethics deserves careful attention. This article examines the idea of a natural teleology of the body as it applies to human oocytes. It argues that approaching human eggs in terms of their telos rather than their moral status is useful. The article examines how Meilaender deploys the idea of a natural teleology to reject John Robertson’s work on assisted reproduction, particularly his preoccupation with procreative liberty. Finally, the article raises questions about the sharp contrast Meilaender draws between teleology and intentionality.
Design and analysis of a new flexure-based XY stage
Authors: Yang Yiling , Wei Yanding , Lou Junqiang , Xie Fengran
Published: February 2017

This article presents the design, modeling, and experimental testing of a novel piezo-driven XY stage with parallel, decoupled, and compact kinematic structure. The structural design of the stage is based on a hybrid compliant mechanism employing the right-circular double-rocker mechanism and the leaf-type parallelogram mechanism. The proposed XY stage is capable of producing a large workspace range, an excellent decoupled motion, and a suitable resonant frequency. By means of the pseudorigid-body-model method, the theoretical models of the XY stage are derived. Using the finite element analysis simulations, the optimal structural parameters are acquired, and the theoretical models are analyzed and validated. A prototype of the proposed stage was finally manufactured, and several experimental investigations were performed to validate its performances. The experimental results show that the XY stage has a large amplification ratio of 7.48 and a large workspace range of 150.3 µm × 147.9 µm. In addition, the parasitic motion along the y-axis ( x-axis) accounts for 0.94% (0.74%) of the x-axis ( y-axis) motion, which indicates that the stage possesses excellent decoupling characteristics.
Feasibility, Benefits, and Limitations of a Penicillin Allergy Skin Testing Service
Authors: Narayanan Prasanna P. , Jeffres Meghan N.
Published: February 2017

Objective: To critically examine the feasibility, benefits, and limitations of an inpatient penicillin skin testing service and how pharmacists can be utilized. Data Sources: A PubMed search was performed from July 2016 through September 2016 using the following search terms: penicillin skin testing, penicillin allergy, β-lactam allergy. Additional references were identified from a review of literature citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language studies assessing the use of penicillin skin testing as well as management and clinical outcomes of patients with a β-lactam allergy were evaluated. Data Synthesis: The prevalence of people self-identifying as penicillin allergic ranges from 10% to 20% in the United States. Being improperly labeled as penicillin allergic is associated with higher health care costs, worse clinical outcomes, and an increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant infections. Penicillin skin testing can be a tool used to clarify penicillin allergies and has been demonstrated to be a successful addition to antimicrobial stewardship programs in multiple health care settings. Prior to implementing a penicillin skin testing service, institutions will need to perform a feasibility analysis of who will supply labor and accept the financial burden as well as identify if the positive benefits of a penicillin skin testing service overcome the limitations of this diagnostic test. Conclusion: We conclude that institutions with high percentages of patients receiving non–β-lactams because of penicillin allergy labels would likely benefit the most from a penicillin skin testing service.
On the Psychometric Study of Human Life History Strategies
Authors: Richardson George B. , Sanning Blair K. , Lai Mark H. C. , Copping Lee T. , Hardesty Patrick H. , Kruger Daniel J.
Published: February 2017

This article attends to recent discussions of validity in psychometric research on human life history strategy (LHS), provides a constructive critique of the extant literature, and describes strategies for improving construct validity. To place the psychometric study of human LHS on more solid ground, our review indicates that researchers should (a) use approaches to psychometric modeling that are consistent with their philosophies of measurement, (b) confirm the dimensionality of life history indicators, and (c) establish measurement invariance for at least a subset of indicators. Because we see confirming the dimensionality of life history indicators as the next step toward placing the psychometrics of human LHS on more solid ground, we use nationally representative data and structural equation modeling to test the structure of middle adult life history indicators. We found statistically independent mating competition and Super-K dimensions and the effects of parental harshness and childhood unpredictability on Super-K were consistent with past research. However, childhood socioeconomic status had a moderate positive effect on mating competition and no effect on Super-K, while unpredictability did not predict mating competition. We conclude that human LHS is more complex than previously suggested—there does not seem to be a single dimension of human LHS among Western adults and the effects of environmental components seem to vary between mating competition and Super-K.
Leadership identity construction practices
Authors: Tubin Dorit
Published: February 2017

Principals’ ability to lead their school towards its goals depends to a large extent on their leadership identity that influences the clarity of their mission, the way they see themselves as educational leaders and acceptance of their authority by their followers. Based on the concepts of leadership identity and role embeddedness, the present study seeks to better understand leadership identity through leadership-claiming practices employed by school principals and the forces of fit, links and sacrifice they operate to enhance their role embeddedness. The study is based on secondary analysis of data from four successful Israeli school principals. The techniques of interviews, observations and document analysis were employed in the collection of the data. The findings reveal that all the principals studied used a variety of leadership-claiming practices which, alongside their role embeddedness, help explain how their leadership identity is constructed in their everyday practice. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
A critical role of spinal Shank2 proteins in NMDA-induced pain hypersensitivity
Authors: Yoon Seo-Yeon , Kwon Soon-Gu , Kim Yong Ho , Yeo Ji-Hee , Ko Hyoung-Gon , Roh Dae-Hyun , Kaang Bong-Kiun , Beitz Alvin J , Lee Jang-Hern , Oh Seog Bae
Published: February 2017

Background

Self-injurious behaviors (SIBs) are devastating traits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although deficits in pain sensation might be one of the contributing factors underlying the development of SIBs, the mechanisms have yet to be addressed. Recently, the Shank2 synaptic protein has been considered to be a key component in ASD, and mutations of SHANK2 gene induce the dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, suggesting a link between Shank2 and NMDA receptors in ASD. Given that spinal NMDA receptors play a pivotal role in pain hypersensitivity, we investigated the possible role of Shank2 in nociceptive hypersensitivity by examining changes in spontaneous pain following intrathecal NMDA injection in S hank2−/− ( Shank2 knock-out, KO) mice.

Results

Intrathecal NMDA injection evoked spontaneous nociceptive behaviors. These NMDA-induced nociceptive responses were significantly reduced in Shank2 KO mice. We also observed a significant decrease of NMDA currents in the spinal dorsal horn of Shank2 KO mice. Subsequently, we examined whether mitogen-activated protein kinase or AKT signaling is involved in this reduced pain behavior in Shank2 KO mice because the NMDA receptor is closely related to these signaling molecules. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that spinally administered NMDA increased the expression of a phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) which was significantly reduced in Shank2 KO mice. However, p38, JNK, or AKT were not changed by NMDA administration. The ERK inhibitor, PD98059, decreased NMDA-induced spontaneous pain behaviors in a dose-dependent manner in wild-type mice. Moreover, it was found that the NMDA-induced increase in p-ERK was primarily colocalized with Shank2 proteins in the spinal cord dorsal horn.

Conclusion

Shank2 protein is involved in spinal NMDA receptor-mediated pain, and mutations of Shank2 may suppress NMDA-ERK signaling in spinal pain transmission. This study provides new clues into the mechanisms underlying pain deficits associated with SIB and deserves further study in patients with ASD.
“Her story was complex”: A Twine workshop for ten- to twelve-year-old girls
Authors: Tran Kelly M.
Published: February 2017

In this study, I discuss the need to increase girls’ involvement with game design due to the numerous benefits that engaging in this practice might have. In particular, I discuss the tool Twine, an accessible and relatively easy-to-use platform for creating text-based games. I provide an overview of the tool and its potential benefits for learning, including traditional and digital literacy skills. I present the findings from an after-school workshop in which I led a small group of ten- to twelve-year old girls in designing their own games. Finally, the ways in which the girls engaged with the tool and the workshop, and the implications for literacy and education, are discussed.
Effect of Mirrored Views on Endoscopic and Arthroscopic Skill Performance
Authors: Benninger Emanuel , Meier Christoph , Wirth Stefan , Koch Peter Philipp , Meyer Dominik
Published: February 2017

Background:

Arthroscopic procedures may be technically challenging because of impaired vision, limited space, and the 2-dimensional vision of a 3-dimensional structure. Spatial orientation may get more complicated when the camera is pointing toward the surgeon.

Hypothesis:

Spatial orientation and arthroscopic performance may be improved by simply mirroring the image on the monitor in different configurations regarding the position and orientation of camera and instrument.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Thirty volunteers from an orthopaedic department were divided into 3 equal groups according to their arthroscopic experience (beginners, intermediates, seniors). All subjects were asked to perform a standardized task in a closed box mimicking an endoscopic space. The same task had to be performed in 4 different configurations regarding camera and instrument position and orientation (pointing toward or away from the subject) with either the original or mirrored image on the monitor. Efficiency (time per stick; TPS), precision (successful completion of the task), and difficulty rating using a visual analog scale (VAS) were analyzed.

Results:

Mirroring the image demonstrated no advantage over the original images in any configuration regarding TPS. Successful completion of the task was significantly better when the image was mirrored in the configuration with the camera pointing toward and the instrument away from the surgeon. There was a positive correlation between TPS and subjective VAS difficulty rating ( r = 0.762, P = .000) and a negative correlation between the successful completion of the task and VAS ( r = −0.515, P = .000).

Conclusion:

Mirroring the image may have a positive effect on arthroscopic performance of surgeons in certain configurations. A significantly improved performance was seen when the arthroscope was pointing toward and the grasping instrument pointing away from the subject. Mirroring the image may facilitate surgery in such clinical situations.

Clinical Relevance:

Mirroring the image may facilitate arthroscopic procedures in certain clinical situations.
Comparison of self-report and electronic monitoring of 6MP intake in childhood ALL: a Children’s Oncology Group study
Authors: Landier Wendy , Chen Yanjun , Hageman Lindsey , Kim Heeyoung , Bostrom Bruce C. , Casillas Jacqueline N. , Dickens David S. , Evans William E. , Maloney Kelly W. , Mascarenhas Leo , Ritchey A. Kim , Termuhlen Amanda M. , Carroll William L. , Relling Mary V. , Wong F. Lennie , Bhatia Smita
Published: February 2017

Key Points

Self-report overestimated electronically monitored 6MP adherence at least some of the time in a large majority of patients (84.4%). Nonadherers were more likely to overreport 6MP intake (47%) compared with adherent patients (8%).
Challenging the foundations of the clinical model of foot function: further evidence that the root model assessments fail to appropriately classify foot function
Authors: Jarvis Hannah L. , Nester Christopher J. , Bowden Peter D. , Jones Richard K.
Published: February 2017

Background

The Root model of normal and abnormal foot function remains the basis for clinical foot orthotic practice globally. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between foot deformities and kinematic compensations that are the foundations of the model.

Methods

A convenience sample of 140 were screened and 100 symptom free participants aged 18–45 years were invited to participate. The static biomechanical assessment described by the Root model was used to identify five foot deformities. A 6 segment foot model was used to measure foot kinematics during gait. Statistical tests compared foot kinematics between feet with and without foot deformities and correlated the degree of deformity with any compensatory motions.

Results

None of the deformities proposed by the Root model were associated with distinct differences in foot kinematics during gait when compared to those without deformities or each other. Static and dynamic parameters were not correlated.

Conclusions

Taken as part of a wider body of evidence, the results of this study have profound implications for clinical foot health practice. We believe that the assessment protocol advocated by the Root model is no longer a suitable basis for professional practice. We recommend that clinicians stop using sub‐talar neutral position during clinical assessments and stop assessing the non‐weight bearing range of ankle dorsiflexion, first ray position and forefoot alignments and movement as a means of defining the associated foot deformities. The results question the relevance of the Root assessments in the prescription of foot orthoses.
Hallucinations in borderline personality disorder and common mental disorders
Authors: Kelleher Ian , DeVylder Jordan E.
Published: February 2017

Hallucinations are classically associated with psychotic disorders. Recent research, however, has highlighted that hallucinations frequently occur outside of the context of psychosis. Despite this, to our knowledge, there has been no epidemiological research to compare the prevalence of hallucinations across common mental disorders with the prevalence in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Using data from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (n = 7403), we investigated the prevalence of hallucinations in individuals with a range of mental disorders and BPD. Hallucinations were prevalent in all disorders (range 11–24%). Hallucinations were no more prevalent in individuals with BPD (13.7%) than in individuals with a (non-psychotic) mental disorder (12.6%) (χ2 = 0.03, P = 0.92).
The T cell IFT20 interactome reveals new players in immune synapse assembly
Authors: Galgano Donatella , Onnis Anna , Pappalardo Elisa , Galvagni Federico , Acuto Oreste , Baldari Cosima T.
Published: February 2017

Sustained signalling at the immune synapse (IS) requires the synaptic delivery of recycling endosome-associated T cell antigen receptors (TCRs). IFT20, a component of the intraflagellar transport system, controls TCR recycling to the IS as a complex with IFT57 and IFT88. Here, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to identify additional interaction partners of IFT20 in Jurkat T cells. In addition to IFT57 and IFT88, the analysis revealed new binding partners, including IFT54 (also known as TRAF3IP1), GMAP-210 (also known as TRIP11), Arp2/3 complex subunit-3 (ARPC3), COP9 signalosome subunit-1 (CSN1, also known as GPS1) and ERGIC-53 (also known as LMAN1). A direct interaction between IFT20 and both IFT54 and GMAP-210 was confirmed in pulldown assays. Confocal imaging of antigen-specific conjugates using T cells depleted of these proteins by RNA interference showed that TCR accumulation and phosphotyrosine signalling at the IS were impaired in the absence of IFT54, ARPC3 or ERGIC-53. Similar to in IFT20-deficient T cells, this defect resulted from a reduced ability of endosomal TCRs to polarize to the IS despite a correct translocation of the centrosome towards the antigen-presenting cell contact. Our data underscore the traffic-related role of an IFT20 complex that includes components of the intracellular trafficking machinery in IS assembly.
Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) locomotion: forelimb joint mechanics across speed in the sagittal and frontal planes
Authors: Shine Catherine L. , Robbins Charles T. , Nelson O. Lynne , McGowan Craig. P.
Published: February 2017

The majority of terrestrial locomotion studies have focused on parasagittal motion and paid less attention to forces or movement in the frontal plane. Our previous research has shown that grizzly bears produce higher medial ground reaction forces (lateral pushing from the animal) than would be expected for an upright mammal, suggesting frontal plane movement may be an important aspect of their locomotion. To examine this, we conducted an inverse dynamics analysis in sagittal and frontal planes, using ground reaction forces and position data from three high speed cameras of four adult female grizzly bears. Over the speed range collected, the bears used walks, running walks, and canters. The scapulohumeral joint, wrist, and the limb overall absorb energy (average total net work of the forelimb joints=-0.97 Wkg−1). The scapulohumeral, elbow, and total net work of the forelimb joints have negative relationships with speed, resulting in more energy absorbed by the forelimb at higher speeds (running walks and canters). The net joint moment and power curves maintain similar patterns across speed as previously studied species, suggesting grizzly bears maintain similar joint dynamics to other mammalian quadrupeds. There is no significant relationship with net work and speed at any joint in the frontal plane. The total net work of the forelimb joints in the frontal plane is not significantly different from zero, suggesting that, despite the high medial ground reaction forces, the forelimb is acting as a strut in that plane.
Interspecies comparison of the mechanical properties and biochemical composition of byssal threads
Authors: Bouhlel Zeineb , Genard Bertrand , Ibrahim Neilly , Carrington Emily , Babarro José M. F. , Lok Aynur , Flores Augusto A. V. , Pellerin Christian , Tremblay Réjean , Marcotte Isabelle
Published: February 2017

Several bivalve species produce byssus threads to provide attachment to substrates, with mechanical properties highly variable among species. Here, we examined the distal section of byssal threads produced by a range of bivalve species (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus trossulus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilus californianus, Pinna nobilis, Perna perna, Xenostrobus securis, Brachidontes solisianus and Isognomon bicolor) collected from different nearshore environments. Morphological and mechanical properties were measured, and biochemical analyses were performed. Multivariate redundancy analyses on mechanical properties revealed that byssal threads of M. californianus, M. galloprovincialis and P. nobilis have very distinct mechanical behaviors compared to the remaining species. Extensibility, strength and force were the main variables separating these species groups, which were highest for M. californianus and lowest for P. nobilis. Furthermore, the analysis of the amino acid composition revealed that I. bicolor and P. nobilis threads are significantly different from the other species, suggesting a different underlying structural strategy. Determination of metal contents showed that the individual concentration of inorganic elements varies but that the dominant elements are conserved between species. Altogether, this bivalve species comparison suggests some molecular bases for the biomechanical characteristics of byssal fibers that may reflect phylogenetic limitations.
Thermal acclimation and subspecies-specific effects on heart and brain mitochondrial performance in a eurythermal teleost (Fundulus heteroclitus)
Authors: Chung Dillon James , Bryant Heather J. , Schulte Patricia M.
Published: February 2017

Mitochondrial performance may play a role in setting whole-animal thermal tolerance limits and their plasticity, but the relative roles of adjustments in mitochondrial performance across different highly aerobic tissues remain poorly understood. We compared heart and brain mitochondrial responses to acute thermal challenges and to thermal acclimation using high-resolution respirometry in two locally adapted subspecies of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). We predicted that 5°C acclimation to would result in compensatory increases in mitochondrial performance, while 33°C acclimation would cause suppression of mitochondrial function to minimize the effects of high temperature on mitochondrial metabolism. In contrast, acclimation to both 33 and 5°C decreased mitochondrial performance compared to fish acclimated to 15°C. These adjustments could represent an energetic cost saving mechanism at temperature extremes. Acclimation responses were similar in both heart and brain; however, this effect was smaller in the heart which might indicate its importance in maintaining whole-animal thermal performance. Alternatively, larger acclimation effects in the brain might indicate greater thermal sensitivity compared to the heart. We detected only modest differences between subspecies that were dependent on the tissue assayed. These data demonstrate extensive plasticity in mitochondrial performance following thermal acclimation in killifish, and indicate that the extent of these responses differs between tissues, highlighting the importance and complexity of mitochondrial regulation in thermal acclimation in eurytherms.
International Auditing Standards and Estimation of Auditing Services Quality
Authors: Лосева  , Loseva N.
Published: February 2017

The article considers the procedure of entering into force and appliance on the territory of the Russian Federation of the international auditing standards, their full list, and auditing quality evaluation criteria in 2017.
Beijing Bucket Blues: ArtsCross/Danscross
Authors: De La Nieta Rachel Lopez
Published: February 2017

I had never visited Beijing or China before. This writing is an attempt to convey my experience of the creation of a new work with dancers from the Beijing Dance Academy and Taipei National University of the Arts, attendant translators and my partner and assistant Ben Ash, and takes in both the circumstances of the creation process per say within the context of the wider impact of the cultural shift. The view of China that I had as a performance maker prior to the journey, coupled with the transformation of this view by the given circumstances which in some ways were extreme in cultural difference, created a particular field of practice that impacted on the development of the work. An ability to facilitate nuanced conversation with performers is something I had taken for granted in my creative practice, and so with this sense of isolation and desire for connection I found myself assimilating these feelings and frustrations as well as the excitement I had in relation to my new circumstances into the resultant work performed.