bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of plant-soil-microbe C–N–P stoichiometry to recovery succession in Sophora moorcroftiana shrubs in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River
Authors: Dong Ruizhen , Yang Shihai , Wang Xiaoli , Xie LeLe , Ma Yushou , Wang Yanlong , Zhang Litian , Zhang Min , Qin Jinping
Published: August 2022

Background and aims Ecological stoichiometry in plants and soils plays a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles, energy flow and functioning in ecosystems. However, the stoichiometric responses of plants and soils along successional stages in alpine desert areas remain unclear.Methods We illustrated the C:N:P stoichiometry interactions among plants (green leaves, understorey herbs, and litter), soils, and soil microbes across three successional stages (moving dune, MD; semifixed dune, SFD; and fixed dune, FD) of the Sophora moorcroftiana shrub community. Results Recovery succession increased the C:N, C:P, N:P ratios of soils, but decreased the plants. Importantly, among the stoichiometric ratios of soil resources, the C:N ratio decreased with recovery succession. Leaf C:P and N:P ratios in S. moorcroftiana were higher than those in the understorey herb biomass, as P concentrations gradually decreased in leaves. Leaf N:P ratio increased with succession and varied from 15.83 to 28.26, suggesting that P was the more restricted element for the growth of the S. moorcroftiana population. Furthermore, significant increases in plant and soil C:N and C:P ratios and decreases in soil N:P ratios were observed with shrub age, suggesting that the demand for P became increasingly critical. Conclusion the stoichiometric ratios of plants and soils formed a complex network. Succession can balance plant and soil C:N:P ratios relationship dependent on the stoichiometry ratios of litter and microbial biomass. These findings are helpful for understanding the nutrient stoichiometry patterns and utilization strategies of C, N and P and scrubland restoration and management in alpine valley sand ecosystems.
Molecular identification of vivax malaria relapse patients in Yunnan Province based on the homology analysis of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein gene
Authors: Xu Yanchun , Dong Ying , Deng Yan , Huang Herong , Chen Mengni , Liu Yan , Wu Jing , Zhang Canglin , Zheng Webi
Published: August 2022

BackgroundMore than 85% of the malaria burden is caused by imported vivax malaria in Yunnan Province and Yunnan is also where the majority of vivax malaria patients are diagnosed across China. Timely removal of the source of Plasmodium vivax and its breeding environment remains the key to eliminating the secondary transmission of imported malaria. To compensate for the uncertainty of epidemiological surveys in tracing vivax malaria recurrence, this study attempted to use molecular markers for identification. Materials and methods To do so, blood samples were collected from cases diagnosed and revalidated as single infections of P. vivax in Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2020. Specifically, samples from suspected relapses with recurrent episodes were subjected to PCR amplification, product sequencing, and analysis of the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) gene. ResultsSeventy-eight suspected recurrent patients were retrieved from 2484 vivax malaria cases, with a total of 81 recurrent episodes. A total of 159 blood samples from primary infection P. vivax and recurrences were subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing to obtain 156 CDS sequences of pvcsp gene, 121 of which can be matched into the paired sequences of 59 patients. There were 475 polymorphic loci and 84 haplotypes (H01-H84) in the 121 sequences. Also, there were 79 and 5 haplotypes with CRR repeat units (PRM) of VK210 and VK247 structure, respectively. Of the 59 pairs of pvcsp gene sequences, every one of 31 pairs showed only one haplotype and no variant sites, meaning the every paired sequences were completely homologous and the paired P. vivax strains were homologous single clone. Every one of the remaining 28 paired sequences had two haplotypes but no length polymorphism, and except for 2 polymorphic loci (39 and 1027), all single nucleotide polymorphisms were double-equivalent bases differentially transferred between paired sequences, indicating that the paired sequences are "weakly heterologous" with no fragment insertions (or deletions) and only individual site polymorphisms. All 59 vivax malaria recurrences were respectively caused by the activation of P. vivax hypnozoites from the same population as the primary infection. Conclusions The paired analysis of the similarity of Plasmodium high variant genes allowed the identification of recurrent episodes caused by P. vivax homologous hypnozoites, and also demonstrated pvcsp gene as one of the candidate molecular markers. Moreover, the study showed most of the hypnozoites causing vivax malaria recurrence in Yunnan Province belonged to homologous single clone or sibling strains comparison with the original infection strains.
A comparison between centrally and systemically administered erythropoietin on kidney protection in a model of fixed-volume hemorrhagic shock in male rats
Authors: Ranjbaran Mina , Kadkhodaee Mehri , Adelipour Maryam , Hafazeh Leila , Lorian Keivan , Seifi Behjat
Published: August 2022

In this study, a comparison between centrally and systemically administered erythropoietin (EPO) was performed on some kidney indices during hemorrhagic shock (HS) in male rats. Male Wistar rats were allocated into four experimental groups. 1) Sham; a guide cannula was inserted into the left lateral ventricle by stereotaxic surgery and other cannulas were placed into the left femoral artery and vein. 2) HS; stereotaxic surgery was done to insert a cannula in left lateral ventricle and after a 7-day recovery, hemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawing fifty percent of blood volume and then resuscitation was performed with a mixture of Ringer’s lactate and the shed blood. 3) EPO-systemic; the procedure was the same as HS group except that animals received 300 IU/kg erythropoietin into the femoral vein immediately before resuscitation. 4) EPO-central; animals was treated to erythropoietin (2 IU/rat) into the left lateral ventricle before resuscitation. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was measured during experiments. Urine was collected for biochemical studies and renal tissue samples were stored for ex-vivo indices assessments. Erythropoietin (systemically/centrally administered) significantly improved SaO2, renal functional and oxidative stress parameters and decreased renal inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6) mRNA expression compared to the HS group. EPO-treated groups showed a decrease in active form of caspase-3 protein level and an increase in autophagy activity in comparison to the HS group. Considering the fact that the effective dose of systemic EPO (300 IU/kg) was roughly 50 times higher than that of central administration (2 IU/rat), centrally administered EPO was accompanied with more advantageous consequences than systemic way. EPO is likely to act as a neuro-modulator or neuro-mediator in the central protection of organs including the kidneys.
A Rapid Solo Software Development (RSSD) Methodology based on Agile
Authors: Purba Kristo Radion , Ramli Rusyaizila
Published: August 2022

Existing software development methodologies were mostly focused on team-based development. Solo development presents its own challenges due to the lack of collaboration and resources. Existing solo development methodologies lacked efficiency, modularity, and revisitability, which become the values for the proposed RSSD (Rapid Solo Software Development) methodology. RSSD adopts the same main phases from the Agile methodology (meet, plan, design, develop, test, and evaluate), but with different subphases, values, and optimization measures. The efficiency value focuses on streamlining the planning process, including code structure planning and optimization strategies. Modularity focuses on dividing the codes into smaller functions and reducing dependencies. Lastly, revisitability focuses on improving the clarity of the diagrams, documentation, and code structure for easy revisits. The RSSD methodology was tested on 10 total projects, and respondents agreed that it was helpful to streamline the development process, with an average score of 4.19 out of 5.0. This study contributes to making a streamlined yet effective methodology that helps solo software developers to plan a project in a more structured manner.
Non–regular McKean–Vlasov equations and calibration problem in local stochastic volatility models
Authors: Djete Mao Fabrice
Published: August 2022

In order to deal with the question of the existence of a calibrated local stochastic volatility model in finance, we investigate a class of McKean–Vlasov equations where a minimal continuity assumption is imposed on the coefficients. Namely, the drift coefficient and, in particular, the volatility coefficient are not necessarily continuous in the measure variable for the Wasserstein topology. In this paper, we provide an existence result and show an approximation by N –particle system or propagation of chaos for this type of McKean–Vlasov equations. As a direct result, we are able to deduce the existence of a calibrated local stochastic volatility model for an appropriate choice of stochastic volatility parameters. The associated propagation of chaos result is also proved.
Efficacy and safety of irinotecan drug-eluting CalliSpheres beads in treating unresectable gastrointestinal cancer liver metastases
Authors: Bi Yonghua , Guo Kefeng , Jiao Dechao , Wang Yang , Su Mengdan , Ren Jianzhuang , Han Xinwei
Published: August 2022

Background
Drug eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) is considered as an effective and safe method in treating hepatocellular carcinoma. CalliSpheres beads (CB) is a novel microsphere product in China. Currently, few studies reported efficacy and safety of DEB-TACE with irinotecan-eluting CB in treating unresectable gastrointestinal cancer liver metastases (GRLM). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of DEB-TACE with irinotecan-eluting CB in treating unresectable GRLM.
Methods
From May 2016 to May 2022, 28 patients with unresectable GRLM who were treated with DEB-TACE with irinotecan-eluting CB procedures were studied. Objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were primary endpoints, Overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) were the minor endpoints. Other indexes such as Child-Pugh class, systemic treatments and adverse events were assessed before or after procedure.
Results
ORR and DCR were 18.2% and 86.4%, respectively, at 1 month; were 27.8% and 61.1%, respectively, at 3 months; then were 21.4% and 50.0%, respectively at 6 months. As for survival profiles, 1-year overall survival was 70.0%; 3-year overall survival was 37.5%; the median overall survival and PFS were 15.2 months and 5.2 months, respectively. No severe adverse events were observed during and after DEB-TACE. The most common complication was abdominal pain (n = 13). Besides, nausea, fever, vomiting were observed in 5, 4 and 5 patients, respectively.
Conclusions
DEB-TACE with irinotecan-eluting CB is effective and safe, with good tolerance in treating unresectable GRLM.
Effect of loading rate on transient response of a nano scale medium based on continuum and thermal conduction nonlocal model
Authors: mirparizi mina , Zhang Chunwei
Published: August 2022

Thermoelastic study at nano scale is an important matter along with the minimizing of the systems and intensive use of ultrafast lasers that size can influence on elastic deformation and thermal conduction grow. In this study, thermal and mechanical responses of nano-scaled body, exposed to thermal loads from outer supply and environment is inquired. In this research, nonlocal thermoelasticity model according to both nonlocal thermal conduction law and continuum theory is represented. A nonlinear finite element equation is applied to solve the coupled governing equations. It is considered that a nano scale medium is subjected to a sudden thermal shock. The results reveal some interesting aspects of wave propagation. The effects of thermal loading and loading rate on the wave propagation are discussed. The impact of the thermal and elastic nonlocality on wave dissemination is also shown graphically and discussed. Comparing the wave propagation characteristics of the classical and generalized thermoelasticity theories in the nonlocal models shows the superiorities of the proposed model. The maximum compressive stress may be observed at the wave front due to the resistance of the particles that are located ahead of the stress wave.
Title High fat-induced upregulation of LOX-1 expression in RF/6A cells with high glucose
Authors: Li Qin , Zhang Mingmei , Gao Qianying , Chen Xueyi
Published: August 2022

AIM: To investigate the effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) on the expression of lectin-like receptor of ox-LDL (LOX-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the monkey choroid-retinal endothelial cell line RF/6A under high-glucose conditions. METHODS:RF/6A cells were grown in normal or high-glucose (25 mM) medium for 2 days. In parallel, RF/6A cells were grown in medium with high glucose and ox-LDL (25 or 50 μg/ml) or normal medium with ox-LDL (50 or 75 μg/ml), the concentrations of which were determined by initial screening based on migration and immunofluorescence. LOX-1 and ICAM-1 expression was determined by western blot analysis. The maximal effect on RF/6A cells was observed with a concentration of 25 mmol/l glucose and incubation for 48 h. Based on the immunofluorescence assay, the expression of LOX-1 was upregulated under high glucose compared with that under normal glucose and more pronounced with a glucose concentration of 50 μg/ml. Western blot indicated significant LOX-1 overexpression and blocked ICAM-1 activation under high-glucose conditions with or without ox-LDL in RF/6A cells.RESULTS: In the normal glucose+ox-LDL group (50 and 75 μg), LOX-1 expression increased as compared with that in the control group (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). In the high glucose group (25 and 50 μg), expression of LOX-1 and ICAM-1 increased as compared with that in the control group (P>0.05 and P>0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION:These findings indicated that a certain concentration of ox-LDL blocks high-glucose-induced retinal vascular endothelial injury by inhibiting the upregulation of ICAM-1 expression due to a high-glucose environment. Thus, dyslipidemia may play an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy, emphasizing the importance of active regulation of blood lipids in diabetic retinopathy therapy.
Surgical treatment of pancreatic metastases: a clinicopathologic study of 43 patients
Authors: Seki Makoto , Saiura Akio , Takahashi Yu , Inoue Yosuke , Katori Masamichi , Yamamoto Noriko , Takamatsu Manabu , Kato Yo
Published: August 2022

Purpose It is rare to find surgically-resectable metastatic lesions that are limited to the pancreas, by preoperative imaging. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the histopathologic findings in pancreatic surgical resection specimens to determine the factors that contribute to the prognostic improvement of surgical treatment for pancreatic metastases. Methods From 1979 to 2018, 43 patients underwent pancreatic resection for metastatic tumors in the Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery of the Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research. Survival curves were created using the Kaplan–Meier method, and comparisons of survival were performed using the log-rank test.Results Primary tumors comprised renal cell carcinoma (RCC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and miscellaneous malignancies (MM) in 23, 9, and 11 cases, respectively. Histopathologically, the patterns of metastases were classified as hematogenous (32), lymphatic (8), and peritoneal (3). Regarding the prognosis after metastasectomy of the pancreas, there were significant differences for disease-free interval (< 5 years versus ≥5 years) and primary tumor (RCC versus CRC/MM). The rate of secondary or accompanying lymph node metastasis around the main metastasis was 5/9 (56%) for CRC, 5/11 (45%) for MM, and 1/23 (4%) for RCC. Conclusion Survival outcomes are more favorable for disease-free intervals ≥ 5 years, pancreatic metastasis from RCC, and with lymphatic metastasis. Lymph node dissection is not strictly necessary for the surgical removal of pancreatic metastasis from RCC, whereas this is highly recommended for patients with metastasis from CRC or MM.
Spanish version of the ICIQ-Bowel questionnaire among colorectal cancer patients: Construct and criterion validity
Authors: Sacomori Cinara , Lorca Luz Alejandra , Martinez-Mardones Mónica , Pizarro-Hinojosa Marta Natalia , Rebolledo-Diaz Gonzalo Sebastián , Vivallos-González Jessica Andrea
Published: August 2022

Bowel complaints are very common among patients with colorectal cancer. This study aimed to examine construct and criterion validity, as well as internal consistency, of the Chilean Version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Bowel Module (ICIQ-B) among people with colorectal cancer. Cross-sectional, validation study performed with 106 colorectal cancer patients from Hospital del Salvador, Chile. Bowel function was assessed with the ICIQ-B. Specific items of a quality-of-life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-CR29) were used to correlate with similar ICIQ-B items for criterion validity. Construct validity was assessed with exploratory factor analysis and hypothesis testing. For internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha was computed. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in three factors that accounted for 74.26% of the total variance: bowel control (59.69%), bowel pattern (7.98%) and quality of life (6.59%). Rectal cancer patients showed worse bowel pattern (p = 0.001), bowel control (p = 0.001) and quality of life (p < 0.001) scores compared to colon cancer patients. There was no significant difference between men and women regarding bowel function. Regarding criterion validity, the ICIQ-B items showed a significant correlation with similar QLQ-CR29 items. Considering that this questionnaire appraises bowel function in more depth, it is recommended for use in clinical practice and research with colorectal cancer patients.
Primary Colorectal Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma: a Report of Eighteen Cases in a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Vasconcelos Flavia C , Araujo Rodrigo Otavio Castro , Bernardo Paula Sabbo , Hancio Thaís , de Moraes Gabriela Nestal , Bigni Ricardo Sá , Valadão Marcus , Pinto Luciana Wernersbach , Maia Raquel Ciuvalschi
Published: August 2022

Primary colorectal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is very rare colon malignancy. Due to a possible delay in the diagnosis, it is important to know the main demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients. Retrospective analysis of 18 patients diagnosed with primary colorectal DLBCL during a 17-year period at the tertiary National Cancer Institute of Brazil (INCA) hospital. Demographic characteristics, tumor localization, HIV status, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, treatment modality and follow-up status were obtained from medical records. Survival was estimated from the date of diagnosis until death. There were 11 male and seven female patients in our cohort, the median age at diagnosis was 59.5 years and four patients were HIV positive. Tumor was mainly localized in the right proximal colon. Patients were treated with chemotherapy (CT) and/or surgical resection. Eleven patients died during a median follow-up of 59 months and the median survival time was 10 months for the whole group. Six or more cycles of CT (HR = 0.19; CI 95% 0.054–0.660, p = 0.009), low LDH levels (HR = 0.229; CI 95% 0.060–0.876, p = 0.031) and surgical resection (HR = 0.23; CI 95% 0.065–0.828, p = 0.030) were associated with reduced risk of death in univariate analysis. DLBCL affected more frequently middle-aged man and was primarily located in the right colon. These observations should be considered for differential diagnosis. Six cycles of CT, low LDH levels and surgical resection were associated with better survival. Our results are consistent with previous publications and address the importance of correct colorectal DLBCL diagnosis and treatment.
World’s first record of infestation of Dactylopius ceylionicus (Green) (Hemiptera:Dactylopiidae) on Opuntia elatior Mill. (Cactaceae) from Central India
Authors: Talhande Darshan R. , Patil Suvarna P.
Published: August 2022

The attack of wild cochineal insect, Dactylopius ceylionicus (Green, 1869) (Hemiptera: Coccoideae : Dactylopiidae) has been reported for the first time on Red flower Prickly pear, Opuntia elatior Mill. (Cactaceae) from Central India. Voucher specimen of Insect sample was submitted to the National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore. Spatial distribution is localised to small region and has been shown on the map. Probable reasons for host diversification, evolution and possible economic benefits are discussed here and the need for further research has been emphasized.
Sensitivity, Specificity and Predictive Values of the Rapid Antigen Diagnosis Test of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Panbio COVID-19 at the Patient Screening Point of Hospital Geral De Luanda, Angola
Authors: de Lemos Santland , Silva Belchior da , Moreira Rosa , José Maria , Kapapelo Alexandre , Mayer Edson , Fila Angelina , Epaco Teresa , Ferreira Elma , Neves Yazalde das , Ramos Faustino , Manuel Kossi , Kagibanga Irene , Gago Edilson , Pocongo Barbara , Solari Paulo
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Alternative forms of diagnosis that are simpler than NAAT and with faster results (15–30 min) were developed based on the direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins in nasal swabs and other respiratory tract secretions using a lateral flow immunoassay also called a rapid diagnostic test of antigen detection. The WHO recommends that these tests have at least a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 97% when compared to the reference test, the RT-PCR. We evaluated the performance of the rapid antigen detection test Panbio COVID-19 at a patient triage point at the Luanda General Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study of a prospective nature was carried out with the inclusion of 37 suspected symptomatic cases without a previous diagnosis of COVID-19. The database was created and processed in MedCal version 19.6. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and accuracy are expressed in percentages with the respective 95% confidence intervals determined using a 2x2 table. Qualitative variables were presented in absolute and relative frequency. The McNemar's test was used to calculate the proportion of RAD test results Panbio COVID-19 in relation to the RT –PCR and a bilateral P value < 0.05 calculated based on the cumulative binomial distribution was considered significant. Results: In our study, 26 (70.3%) of the cases were male, and the mean age was 18 years, with a standard deviation of 14.8, with 14 (37.8%) residing in the municipality of Talatona. Regarding the days of evolution of symptoms, 34 (91.9%) had symptoms with one week of evolution. The RAD test Panbio COVID-19 had a sensitivity of 54.5% (CI 95% 23.3 – 83.2) and specificity of 96.1% (CI 95% 80.3 – 99.9). The positive and negative predictive value was 85.7% (95% CI 44.9 – 97.7) and 83.3% (95% CI 72.2– 90.5) respectively. The accuracy of the test was 83.7% (95% CI 67.9 – 93.8). The difference between the prevalence in the test Panbio COVID-19 and in RT-PCR it was 10.8% (95% CI -1.6 – 23.3), not being statistically significant (P=0.22). As for the cycle threshold, 71.4% of the samples that were positive for RAD test Panbio COVID-19 had a cycle threshold ≤ 25. Conclusion: The RAD test Panbio COVID-19 did not meet the minimum accuracy requirements recommended by the WHO. However, the predictive values were considerably high in symptomatic subjects.
A Comprehensive Study of Defects in Gallium Oxide by Density Functional Theory
Authors: JEWEL MOHI UDDIN , Hasan Samiul , Iftikhar
Published: August 2022

Ultrawide bandgap gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is a promising material for power semiconductor devices and deep ultraviolet (UV) solar-blind photodetectors. Understanding the properties of point defects in Ga2O3 is necessary to realize better-performing devices. A comprehensive study based on density functional theory (DFT), using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA): Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functional, of point defects in corundum (α), monoclinic (β), and orthorhombic (ε) phases of Ga2O3 is presented. The point defects include vacancies, interstitials, antisites, and extrinsic impurities in various phases of Ga2O3. Defect formation energies, charge transition energy levels, and defect concentrations variation with temperature are listed and presented under both gallium-rich (Ga-rich) and oxygen-rich (O-rich) growth conditions. The formation energy diagrams predict that the Ga2O3 phases favor the formation of Ga and O vacancies and the incorporation of extrinsic impurities. The calculations also show that the charge transition levels are deep inside the bandgap regardless of the Ga2O3 phase and growth environment. The impacts of temperature on the intrinsic point defects are analyzed by probing the vibrational modes of β-Ga2O3 thin films grown in a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system at 700 oC temperature and annealed at 1100 oC in an O-rich environment.
ANLN, COL8A1, MMP3, MMP14 and WNT5A, as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for early-stage colorectal cancer: evidence from integrated bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Tu Hengjia , Zhang Qingling , Xue Lingna
Published: August 2022

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Intense efforts have been made to elucidate the pathogeny, but the molecular mechanisms of early-stage CRC are still not well understood. This study aims to identify the candidate genes in the carcinogenesis of early-stage CRC Microarray datasets GSE44076, GSE41328 and GSE9348 were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and functional enrichment analyses were performed. The protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed and the module analysis was performed by using STRING and Cytoscape. A total of 363 DEGs were identified, consisting of 48 downregulated genes and 315 upregulated genes. The enriched GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways of the DEGs mainly include collage catabolic process, extracellular matrix organization, skeleton system development and collagen fibril organization. 28 hub genes were identified, and biological process analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in cell division, cell cycle, and nuclear division. Survival analysis showed that ANLN, COL8A1, MMP3, MMP14 and WNT5A may be related to the poor overall survival rate of patients. DEGs and hub genes identified in this study contribute to our understanding of differential genes and biological processes in the development and progression of early-stage CRC, providing possible targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of CRC.
A search for a secular variation of the gravitational constant using strong gravitational fields
Authors: Le T. D.
Published: August 2022

Searching for varying dimensionless physical constants presents a meaningful characteristic in experimental and observational studies. One of the most valuable explorations of these variations could depend on the evolution of white dwarf stars. Applying the spectrum of white dwarf star: G191-B2B, we derive a robust limit on the cosmological variation of the gravitational constant. This limit proposes a potential test of the framework of modern unification theories.
The Use of Nitrate Reductase Activity for the Appraisal of Nitrogen Status and Productivity of Grapefruit Orchard Trees
Authors: Bar-Akiva A. , Shaked A. , A. J.
Published: August 2022

Mature Marsh seedless grapefruit trees on Sour orange stock planted in a loamy soil were subjected to three levels of nitrogen fertilization with and without phosphate or chicken manure added. The details of the experimental plan and tree responses during the five-year experimental period will be described elsewhere. Briefly, the phosphate and manure treatments resulted in a significant increase in yield and in improved fruit quality. As far as the leaf composition is concerned, the phosphate and manure treatments caused an increase in the P and a decrease in the N content of the leaves, thus producing a completely inverse relationship between leaf N concentration and the yield of the corresponding trees. This situation served as an opportunity to test—under orchard. conditions—the validity of NaR (nitrate reductase) assay in leaves as a measure for some “active fraction” of leaf nitrogen and as a parameter for tree productivity. The use of the NaR assay has been suggested for the determination of N requirements of citrus trees (1).
Cantaloup Breeding Line B66-5: Highly Resistant to Watermelon Mosaic Virus 1
Authors: Webb R. E.
Published: August 2022

Major programs of crop improvement through breeding include the development of germ plasm resistant to diseases. Cantaloup improvement is no exception and control of diseases through resistance has been highly successful in this crop during the last half century (5). However, minor diseases, and new ones, frequently become major menaces to production through radical changes in environment and in crop management practices, and also through the introduction of crops that harbor the pathogens or vectors.
Seed Legislation in the United States
Authors: Rollin S. F.
Published: August 2022

Seed legislation in the United States consists of two primary categories; Federal legislation, and state legislation. Federal legislation is contained in the Federal Seed Act of August 9, 1939, as amended; and state legislation is contained in seed laws of each of the 50 states. Each state seed law applies to seed sold or offered for sale within that state. The Federal Seed Act applies to seed moving in interstate commerce. In addition, the Federal Seed Act applies to foreign commerce; that is, to seed offered for importation into the United States. The Federal Seed Act does not regulate seed exported from the United States.
Free Amino Acids of Dormant Rhubarb Crowns
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Kimura Y.
Published: August 2022

Dormant rhubarb crowns do not force well until their rest period or physiodormancy (7) has been broken by sufficient chilling in the field during late fall. There are many reports that during exposure of dormant plants to cold, the free amino acids contents change. Asen and Stuart (1) found that dormant leaves and buds of Hydrangea macrophylla showed an increase of some free amino acids after 6 weeks of storage at 4 to 5°C. Another worker (8) reported that in one alfalfa variety there was a 20% increase of acids from August to December. Schneider (4) found that the levels of some free amino acids in leaves of Ilex crenata nigra rooted cuttings changed during storage at cool temperatures. In this study buds and roots of dormant rhubarb crowns were analyzed to determine the free amino acids present and also possible changes in acids levels that might indicate the end of the rest period.
The Use of PI Soybeans as an Indicator Plant for the Selection of Chlorosis Resistant Horticultural Plants1
Authors: LaCroix L. J. , Lenz L. M.
Published: August 2022

Iron deficiency chlorosis is a serious problem when many of a number of woody and herbaceous ornamental and fruit plants are grown on calcareous soils. Soil amendments, such as the various iron chelates, have been used with varying success (1,2,3,4), however, except for foliar application on citrus, chelates have found limited use because of their high cost and erratic or less than satisfactory results. The simple inheritance of chlorosis resistance in soybeans is well known (5), however, the few attempts to select chlorosis resistant fruit trees have been rather unsuccessful (6,7). Trees frequently will show no signs of chlorosis until the rcot system penetrates highly calcareous subsoil layers. Thus attempts to select for chlorosis resistance have given erratic year to year results and have, in general, been unsuccessful even after several years of testing.
Effect of the Shell on Germination of Pecan Nuts Carya illinoemis, Koch cv. Stuart
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Pokorny F. A.
Published: August 2022

Under greenhouse conditions, pecan nuts begin to germinate 1 to 2 months after planting and continue to germinate over a 3 to 4 month period (3). Such irregular germination makes studies that require newly germinated pecan seedlings with a uniform physiological age difficult to conduct. A study was initiated to determine the effect of the shell on time to germinamatetion of the first nut (initial germination), uniformity of germination, and percentage germination of pecan nuts.
Effects of 2-Aminobutane Carbonated on the Shelf-Life and Quality of Redskin Peaches1
Authors: Sims E. T. , Ridley J. D.
Published: August 2022

With more emphasis upon increasing the proportion of high quality diseasefree peaches available to consumers, new chemicals and chemical combinations are constantly being sought which will retain the high quality of the peach throughout its maximum storage life.
Criteria for Identification of Anthocyanins
Authors: Francis F. J.
Published: August 2022

Emphasis on quality factors in horticultural products has led investigators into studies on pigments because of their obvious effect on eye appeal. The anthocyanin patterns in nearly all commercial crops have been reported (Harborne, 1964, 1967; Geissman, 1962) but this does not mean that the information can be used directly. Pigment patterns are likely to vary in different cultivars and it is the responsibility of the investigator to check the pigment identities in his particular material. This paper is concerned with minimum criteria for publishable identification of an anthocyanin pigment.
A System for Controlling the Night Temperature of Fruit Trees1
Authors: Martin George C. , Batjer L. P.
Published: August 2022

The influence of temperature on the growth and development of deciduous tree fruits has been inadequately investigated. In most cases only general field observations have been reported. The temperature conditions prior to and during such general observations are variable and cannnot be repeated precisely. To control temperature, limb sleeves and small chambers have been used to cover portions of limbs (2,3). Information from such devices is of limited value since they do not preclude the influence of the rest of the tree.
Yuzuhada, a Physiological Disorder of Oriental Pear, and Its Possible Relation to Black-End and Hard-End of Bartlett
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Davis Luther D.
Published: August 2022

Yuzuhada is a Japanese term given to a fruit disorder which often occurs when certain cultivars of the oriental pear, Pyrus serotina are grafted onto seedlings of that species or of P. betulaefolia. A literal translation of the name, yuzuhada, is pomelo (citrus) skin disease because in severe cases, fruits of some varieties develop surface depressions similar to thick citrus rind. The disorder was described in 1928 by Mizuno (3), but it is practically unknown to American horticulturists. According to Hayashi (1), and Hayashi and Wakisaka (2), the symptoms of yuzuhada are similar to those of hard-end and black-end of Bartlett pear in that the fruits fail to soften normally and often manifest some darkening of the distal end near the calyx lobes. That these two disorders occur on the same rootstock species and that some of their manifestations appear to be similar suggest that a relationship might exist between the two disorders. This investigation dealing with stock influence on the scion variety was, therefore, undertaken to ascertain if there were any correlations between the potential of a rootstock to produce black- or hard-end of Bartlett and yuzuhada symptoms in varieties of P. serotina and two interspecific hybrids.
Effects of Gibberellin A3 on Fruit Shape and Subsequent Seed Dormancy of Apple1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Bjornstad H. O.
Published: August 2022

Considerable work has been done on the effects of gibberellins on parthenocarpic set and growth of apple fruits. Bukovac (1) has reviewed the literature in this field and has presented further evidence that seedless fruits induced to set by gibberellins A3 and A4 (GA3 and GA4) are distinctly more elongate than normal seeded fruits. More recently Dennis and Edgerton (2) found that GA made seeded fruits of one variety of apple more elongate than controls, although shape was not altered on several other varieties. Westwood and Blaney (6) reported several factors other than applied GA that also affected apple shape. Among these were crop density (i.e. leaf: fruit ratio), varietal strain, cluster position, and rootstock. To further study the effect of GA on fruit shape without confounding it with seedlessness, a test was set up using seeded fruits in which crop density and rootstock were held constant.
Preliminary Analysis of the Onion Seed (Allium cepa, L.) Production Problem, 1966 Growing Season1
Authors: Campbell W. F. , Cotner S. D. , Pollock B. M.
Published: August 2022

The discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility in onions, and its application to commercial seed production, was a major breakthrough in vegetable breeding. Initial use of this new technique was moderately successful and seedsmen assumed that experience would lead to higher seed yields. Instead, yields have been disappointing; many fields have not even been harvested. The resulting economic problem has become serious for both seedsmen and onion producers. Many suggestions have been made as to the cause of low yields but there is no agreement on the biological nature of the problem. Therefore, during the 1966 growing season we began to analyze the problem by following the development of the seed crops in commercial fields in southwestern Idaho. We believe our methods and preliminary data may be useful in stimulating other workers to also examine this problem.
Preservation of Fresh Food Quality by Gas Exchange: A New Approach to Food Preservation
Authors: Kramer Amihud , Palmer S. J. , Kaffezkis J. G.
Published: August 2022

We have been working for several years on the idea of replacing normal atmospheres with gases that are lethal to enzymes and microorganisms in fresh fruits and vegetables to extend their useful postharvest storage period. This would supplement the effects of controlled atmosphere storage with protection from enzymic breakdown and microbial spoilage. Thus far we have been successful in preserving plugs of apple and potato.
Comparative Rate of Leaf Respiration for Six Cultivars of Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Coorts G. D. , Hapitan J. G. , Shutak V. G.
Published: August 2022

Respiration is of primary importance to the plant since it liberates energy to do chemical work in synthesizing energy-rich materials involved in growth. Although the respiratory rate of many plant tissues and organs have been studied (1), no data on respiratory rate of blueberry leaves was found in a search of the literature. It is felt that data on the respiratory rate of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) would be of value since it will provide basic information for comparison with other genera.
Chemical Color Enhancement of Cranberry Fruit12
Authors: Eck Paul
Published: August 2022

Color enhancement in Howes and Early Black cranberry, as measured by pigment analysis and influenced by malathion, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) sprays prior to harvest, was investigated under New Jersey conditions. Malathion at the rate of 2.5 lbs. of active material/A. applied at 200 gal./A. significantly enhanced the extractable pigment content in both Howes and Early Black cranberry. The color enhancement was noted within four days of application, and the differential in pigment content between the malathion treated and control berries was maintained throughout the sampling period. Neither IAA at 50 ppm nor Alar at 2000 and 4000 ppm active material increased color in Early Black. There was an indication that Alar delayed red pigment formation in Early Black. Soluble solids and titratable acidity measurements of Howes and Early Black fruit did not indicate any significant difference between treated and control fruit at a given sampling date.
The Effect of Depth of Planting on the Survival, Yield, and Spread of the Common Lowbush Blueberry Vacciniiim angnstifolium Ait1
Authors: Aalders Lewis E. , Hall Ivan V.
Published: August 2022

One-year old lowbush blueberryplants from 6 clonal lines were set in the field in May, 1964 at 3 planting depths: shallow (top of pot level with soil), medium (approximately 7 cm deeper than shallow), and deep (approximately 14 cm deeper than shallow). The shallow plants heaved an average of 2.19 cm the first winter, but there was no mortality due to desiccation injury as experienced in previous work. Plants at the medium and deep planting depths heaved very little. Forty-four of 72 plants at the deepest planting depth died as a result of burying. The shallow and medium plants had the greatest spread 2 years after planting, but suffered the most from burn pruning. The deep set plants had the greatest growth increment during the third and fourth years after planting, and as a result, the medium and deep plantings had the greatest spread after 4 years. The shallow and medium plants had the greatest fruit yield in 1965, but in 1967, the medium and deep plants had the greatest fruit yield. It is concluded that the medium planting depth is the most satisfactory of the 3 depths at which to set lowbush blueberries.
Gibberellin-Induced Asymmetric Growth of Apple Fruits1
Authors: Bukovac Martin J. , Nakagawa Shoichi
Published: August 2022

Growth and form of numerous fruits are closely related to the number and distribution of developing seeds. The effect of seeds on fruit shape is particularly apparent for the Conference pear, where the length: width ratio is inversely related to seed content (10).
A Simple Technique for Identification of Floral Development in Tulipa sp1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Aung Louis H.
Published: August 2022

It has been demonstrated that flower induction and differentiation in the tulip occurs long before flowering takes place in the spring (1, 2). In the Northern Hemisphere, the initiation of floral primordia begins soon after the bulbs are harvested from the fields in late June or early July and normally, differentiation of the floral parts is completed by late August or early September. By determining the effect of various post-harvest storage temperatures on the development of the floral parts, Luyten et al. (2) showed that the optimal temperature range for flower initiation and development is 17 to 20°C. During the course of these studies, it was observed that the apical meristem passed through seven well-defined phases of development. They were designated by use of the Roman numerals I through VII. Later, Beyer (3) reclassified these stages using alphabetical letters and subscripts selected to correspond to the morphological stages of development e.g. “P1” to indicate the first outer whorl of perianth. Beyer’s “G” stage is comparable to Blaauw’s stage VII (Figure 1). The two designations have been used interchangeably in the literature.
Horticultural Germ Plasm: Its Exploration and Preservation
Authors: Barton Donald W.
Published: August 2022

The heart of horticultural crop production is the germ plasm to which the mass of modern technology is being applied. When the seed technologist speaks of germinability, trueness-to-type, or vitality, he is talking about a response of germ plasm. Likewise, the response to fertility, heat, drought, light, or the myriad of other environmental factors is conditioned by germ plasm.
Selection and Stability of Phenotype in Plant Breeding
Authors: Peirce L. C.
Published: August 2022

H. L. de Vilmorin, in 1900, wrote “selection is the surest and most powerful instrument that man possesses for the modification of living organisms”. This early estimate of selection’s importance would probably be accurate today. While many techniques have since been developed as effective tools for the plant breeder-irradiation, colchicine, tissue cluture-his reward more frequently comes from selection pressure applied to population variation, natural or created.
Hormonal Control of Fruit Ripening
Authors: Dilley David R.
Published: August 2022

Ripening is the process by which physiologically mature fruits are transformed from a relatively unfavorable to a favorable condition with respect to texture, color, flavor, and aroma. In many fruits ripening occurs while the fruit is still attached to the parent plant, while in others such as the avocado, ripening takes place only following harvest. The complex physical and chemical changes of ripening have been studied extensively and techniques of handling and storage have evolved which can be satisfactorily applied to control the rate of ripening in the post-harvest period. While ripening normally occurs in fruit after growth ceases, it is a natural consequence of developmental changes during growth. This is evident from the fact that the time period from bloom to physiological maturity can be manipulated. A fruit is physiologically mature when the stage is set for ripening to ensue. The stage is set by the genetic makeup of the cultivar and the actors are the environmental conditions and chemical stimuli interacting during growth and development. Naturally occurring plant growth substances, their chemical analogs and antidotes, most certainly play a role in growth and development, and therefore must in some way influence the development of ripening capacity. However, the mechanism of their action has not been resolved, but this does not curtail speculation based on numerous observations which have been made. My purpose will be to briefly review the effects of certain plant growth substances on fruit ripening and suggest a possible role they may play in the process.
Effect of Lime-Sulfur-Oil Sprays on D'Anjou Pear1
Authors: Coyier Duane L. , Mellenthin W. M.
Published: August 2022

Lime-sulfur plus oil, for many years used as a tree fruit fungicide, was first introduced in New York state in 1905 for apple scab control (4). Cordley promoted its use for apple scab control in Oregon (1). It was later adopted as a means of combating pear scab, after Kienholz and Childs (2) demonstrated that overwintering twig lesions of Venturia pyrina Aderh. could be “burned out” by applying lime-sulfur during the delayed dormant state of bud development. They indicated that “lime-sulfur sprays could not be used with safety on Anjou pears in this locality after the bud scales had dropped.” However, they did not indicate the exact nature of the problem with lime-sulfur on this variety. Later they stated “previous evidence had indicated that delayed dormant sprays had no adverse effect upon fruit set” (3). They also showed that wettable sulfur adversely affected fruit production when applied during the growing season. The present study was designed to determine whether or not lime-sulfur plus oil had an effect on fruit set when applied as a spray during the early stages of bud development in D’Anjou pear.
A New Approach to Rooting of Difficult-to-Root Avocado Cuttings*
Authors: Shafrir M.
Published: August 2022

The use of growth-promoting substances has greatly improved the rooting ability of softwood cuttings under intermittent mist. Nevertheless, some clones of economic value have failed to root even under the best known conditions.
Effect of Gibberellins and Cytokinins on Development of Parthenocarpic Apples
Authors: Williams Max W. , Letham D. S.
Published: August 2022

Gibberellins (GA) will stimulate parthenocarpic fruit development in apples (1, 4, 5, 9). Davison (4) found GA3 to increase fruit set in the Red Jersey variety to a greater extent than in Sturmer. Bukovac (1) observed that GA4 was more effective than GA3 in promoting fruit set in the Sops-of-Wine variety. Varga (9) reported that GA1, GA2, GA4, and GA7 promoted parthenocarpic fruit set in the Lombartscal-ville variety but not in the Winston or Golden Delicious varieties.