bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Dropout Neuronal Units Based on Stochastic Memristive Devices in Neural Networks with High Classification Accuracy
Authors: Huang He‐Ming , Xiao Yu , Yang Rui , Yu Ye‐Tian , He Hui‐Kai , Wang Zhe , Guo Xin
Published: July 2020

Neural networks based on memristive devices have achieved great progress recently. However, memristive synapses with nonlinearity and asymmetry seriously limit the classification accuracy. Moreover, insufficient number of training samples in many cases also have negative effect on the classification accuracy of neural networks due to overfitting. In this work, dropout neuronal units are developed based on stochastic volatile memristive devices of Ag/Ta2O5:Ag/Pt. The memristive neural network using the dropout neuronal units effectively solves the problem of overfitting and mitigates the negative effects of the nonideality of memristive synapses, eventually achieves a classification accuracy comparable to the theoretical limit. The stochastic and volatile switching performances of the Ag/Ta2O5:Ag/Pt device are attributed to the stochastical rupture of the Ag filament under high electrical stress in the Ta2O5 layer, according to the TEM observation and the kinetic Monte Carlo simulation.
Double the Capacity of Manganese Spinel for Lithium‐Ion Storage by Suppression of Cooperative Jahn–Teller Distortion
Authors: Zuo Changjian , Hu Zongxiang , Qi Rui , Liu Jiajie , Li Zhibo , Lu Junliang , Dong Cheng , Yang Kai , Huang Weiyuan , Chen Cong , Song Zhibo , Song Sicheng , Yu Yaoming , Zheng Jiaxin , Pan Feng
Published: July 2020

The relatively low capacity and capacity fade of spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) limit its application as a cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Extending the potential window of LMO below 3 V to access double capacity would be fantastic but hard to be realized, as it will lead to fast capacity loss due to the serious Jahn–Teller distortion. Here using experiments combined with extensive ab initio calculations, it is proved that there is a cooperative effect among individual Jahn–Teller distortions of Mn3+O6 octahedrons in LMO, named as cooperative Jahn–Teller distortion (CJTD) in the text, which is the difficulty to access the capacity beyond one lithium intercalation. It is further proposed that the cationic disordering (excess Li at Mn sites and Li/Mn exchange) can intrinsically suppress the CJTD of Mn3+O6 octahedrons. The cationic disordering can break the symmetry of Mn3+ arrangements to disrupt the correlation of distortions arising from individual JT centers and prevent the Mn3+O bonds distorting along one direction. Interestingly, with the suppressed CJTD, the original octahedral vacancies in spinel LMO are activated and can serve as extra Li‐ion storage sites to access the double capacity with good reversible cycling stability in microsized LMO.
Membranes with Well‐Defined Selective Layer Regulated by Controlled Solvent Diffusion for High Power Density Flow Battery
Authors: Shi Mengqi , Dai Qing , Li Fan , Li Tianyu , Hou Guangjin , Zhang Huamin , Li Xianfeng
Published: July 2020

Membranes with precise control of selective layer are designed and prepared by adjusting diffusion of solvents. Combining experiments and theoretical calculations, the formation mechanism of ion conductive membranes prepared by a non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method is found to be related to internal diffusion flux of solvent to the non‐solvent bath and external diffusion flux of non‐solvent to the casting solution. By regulating the internal and external diffusion rates via a two‐step NIPS method, a series of polybenzimidazole (PBI) porous membranes with independently controlled thin selective skin layers and highly porous support layers are fabricated, which achieve a simultaneous improvement in ion selectivity and proton conductivity. A vanadium flow battery assembled with a PBI membrane demonstrates an energy efficiency of 80% at a current density of 220 mA cm−2, which is the highest value among the reported PBI membranes. This provides a simple and effective way to fabricate membranes with well‐defined morphologies.
Fluorophosphates: Next Generation Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Sharma Lalit , Adiga Shashishekar P. , Alshareef Husam N. , Barpanda Prabeer
Published: July 2020

Cost, safety, and cycle life have emerged as prime concerns to build robust batteries to cater to the global energy demand. These concerns are impacted by all battery components, but the realizable energy density of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is limited by the performance of cathodes. Thus, cathode materials have a significant role to play in advancing the performance and economics of secondary batteries. To realize next generation Li‐ion and post Li‐ion batteries, a variety of cathode insertion materials have been explored, but finding a cost effective and stable cathode material that can deliver high energy density has been a daunting task. Oxide cathode materials are ubiquitous in commercial applications, as they can deliver high capacity. In comparison, polyanionic insertion materials can offer tuneable (high) redox potential, operational safety, and structural as well as thermal stability. Indeed, a wide range of polyanionic materials like phosphates, borates, sulfates, and their complexes have been reported. In this article, the alkali metal fluorophosphates class of polyanionic cathodes for secondary batteries is discussed. The various reported fluorophosphate insertion materials are discussed in terms of their electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties. The historical overview, recent progress, and remaining challenges for polyanionic fluorophosphates are presented along with suggested future research directions and potential application.
Current Challenges in the Development of Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Mora‐Seró Iván
Published: July 2020

Quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) have experienced a continuous performance growth in the past years presenting a photoconversion efficiency >13%. QDSSCs constitute a smart approach to take advantage of the properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), mitigating the transport constrains. In contrast with other QD solar cell configurations, for QDSSCs, the record efficiencies have been reported with Pb and Cd‐free based sensitizers. The development of techniques in order to provide photoanodes with very high QD loading and the discovery of new electrolytes, including all solid configurations, are the most important future challenges that this technology must address to further increase cell performance and stability.
Greenhouse gases emissions from tropical grasslands affected by nitrogen fertilizer management
Authors: Raposo Elisamara , Brito Liziane F. , Janusckiewicz Estella R. , Oliveira Luíza F. , Versuti Jonathan , Assumpção Fabiana M. , Cardoso Abmael S. , Siniscalchi Débora , Delevatti Lutti M. , Malheiros Euclides B. , Reis Ricardo A. , Ruggieri Ana Cláudia
Published: July 2020

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from livestock systems are important because of their significant contribution to global warming. Nitrogen fertilization can improve system production; however, it alters soil gas emissions. We evaluated soil nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to investigate how they are affected by increasing levels of N fertilizer (urea) in a productive Marandu grass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst ex A. Rich) Stapf] pasture subjected to continuous grazing by young Nellore beef cattle (Bos indicus). The N2O, CH4, and CO2 emissions were significantly affected by increasing N fertilizer levels. The seasons also affected GHGs emissions. Nitrogen fertilizer favored CH4 consumption relative to the control plot without N, with mean emission of 23.7 μg CH4−C m−2 h−1 in the fertilized plots compared to 61.6 μg CH4−C m−2 h−1 in the control. The N‐fertilized areas presented higher CO2 emissions compared to the control plot without N. The areas that received N fertilization showed a positive linear association between the water‐filled pore space and N2O emission. Soil temperature drove CO2 emissions. Increasing N fertilization in grazed marandu grass increases N2O and CO2 emissions during the growing season, while reducing CH4. The effect of fertilization during the transition season was not apparent, and perhaps other factors could provide a better explanation for the GHG emissions during this period.
Validation of online functional measures in cognitively impaired older adults
Authors: Nosheny Rachel L. , Camacho Monica R. , Jin Chengshi , Neuhaus John , Truran Diana , Flenniken Derek , Ashford Miriam , Carrillo Maria C. , Fargo Keith N. , Hendrix James , Hanna Lucy , Rabinovici Gil , Maruff Paul , Mackin R. Scott , Weiner Michael W.
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Assessment of functional status is associated with risk of cognitive decline and diagnosis of dementia, and can be assessed by participants and study partners (SPs).

Methods

In 770 older adults enrolled in the Imaging Dementia‐Evidence for Amyloid Scanning (IDEAS) study and the online Brain Health Registry (BHR), we estimated associations between online assessments and clinical variables related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.

Results

Worse online learning scores and SP‐reported functional decline were associated with higher probability of AD dementia diagnosis and poor in‐clinic cognitive assessment, and with higher odds of amyloid beta (Aβ) positivity when combined with participants’ report of less decline. SP report of functional decline conferred predictive value independent of online cognitive assessments. Participants underreported decline compared to SPs.

Discussion

The results support the validity of online assessments and their greater utilization in healthcare and research settings. Online SP‐reported functional decline is an indicator of dementia and AD risk.
A Mitochondrial tRNA Mutation Causes Axonal CMT in a Large Venezuelan Family
Authors: Fay Alexander , Garcia Yngo , Margeta Marta , Maharjan Sunita , Jürgensen Claudia , Briceño Jose , Garcia Mariaelena , Yin Sitao , Bassaganyas Laia , McMahon Thomas , Hou Ya‐Ming , Fu Ying‐Hui , Ptáček Louis J.
Published: July 2020

Objective

The objective of this study was to identify the genetic cause for progressive peripheral nerve disease in a Venezuelan family. Despite the growing list of genes associated with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease, many patients with axonal forms lack a genetic diagnosis.

Methods

A pedigree was constructed, based on family clinical data. Next‐generation sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was performed for 6 affected family members. Muscle biopsies from 4 family members were used for analysis of muscle histology and ultrastructure, mtDNA sequencing, and RNA quantification. Ultrastructural studies were performed on sensory nerve biopsies from 2 affected family members.

Results

Electrodiagnostic testing showed a motor and sensory axonal polyneuropathy. Pedigree analysis revealed inheritance only through the maternal line, consistent with mitochondrial transmission. Sequencing of mtDNA identified a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAVal (mt‐tRNAVal) gene, m.1661A>G, present at nearly 100% heteroplasmy, which disrupts a Watson–Crick base pair in the T‐stem‐loop. Muscle biopsies showed chronic denervation/reinnervation changes, whereas biochemical analysis of electron transport chain (ETC) enzyme activities showed reduction in multiple ETC complexes. Northern blots from skeletal muscle total RNA showed severe reduction in abundance of mt‐tRNAVal, and mildly increased mt‐tRNAPhe, in subjects compared with unrelated age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Nerve biopsies from 2 affected family members demonstrated ultrastructural mitochondrial abnormalities (hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and crystalline arrays) consistent with a mitochondrial neuropathy.

Conclusion

We identify a previously unreported cause of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease, a mutation in the mt‐tRNAVal, in a Venezuelan family. This work expands the list of CMT‐associated genes from protein‐coding genes to a mitochondrial tRNA gene. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:830–842
What over 100 drillings tell us: a new method for determining the Koenigsberger ratio of soils from magnetic mapping and susceptibility logging
Authors: Pickartz Natalie , Rabbel Wolfgang , Rassmann Knut , Müller‐Scheeßel Nils , Furholt Martin , Müller Johannes , Cheben Ivan , Wilken Dennis , Wunderlich Tina , Dreibrodt Stefan
Published: July 2020

We investigate the relative fractions of remanent and induced magnetization of the fillings of neolithic long pits in order to develop remanent magnetization as an additional parameter for the archaeological interpretation of magnetic maps. We determine the Koenigsberger ratio – the ratio between induced and remanent magnetization intensities – for key targets by combining magnetic mapping with downhole measurements of susceptibility, numerical modelling, and inversion computations. The susceptibility data were acquired in drill holes along profiles crossing the targets identified by magnetic mapping. The targets of this exemplary study are house‐accompanying pits at the Linearbandkeramik site Vráble ‘Farské’. For this purpose, we conducted auger drillings with a point distance of 25 cm and measured the susceptibility with a downhole susceptometer. The resulting two‐dimensional susceptibility distributions were used to calculate synthetic magnetic anomalies corresponding to the case of solely induced magnetization. The comparison to the observed magnetic data showed a considerable discrepancy that can only be explained with remanent magnetization. To determine the Koenigsberger ratio we developed a new interpretation approach, using parts of the measured susceptibility distribution as a basis function. The free parameters of this numerical problem are determined by non‐linear inversion. We applied the novel approach to six exemplary profiles and found Koenigsberger ratios between 1.6 and 10.5 with the majority of the values being smaller than 4. These values apply to soil volumes with susceptibility values larger than 27–160 × 10‐5 SI. Laboratory measurements on soil samples were used to examine the possible causes of the observed magnetization. The analyses suggest that the increase in susceptibility and remanent magnetization in the pits is caused by an increase of the population of magnetotactic bacteria and deposition of magnetized material, followed by the alignment of the ferrimagnetic iron compounds in the waterlogged environment of the pits and accumulation of viscous remanent magnetization.
Disenchanting secularism (or the cultivation of soul) as pedagogy in resistance to populist racism and colonial structures in the academy
Authors: Blencowe Claire
Published: July 2020

This article explores pedagogic strategies for resisting the racism of contemporary populism and age‐old coloniality through challenging secularism in the academy, especially in social theory. Secularism sustains racism and imperialism in the contemporary academy and is inscribed, in part, through the norms of social theory. Post‐secular social theory has been positioned by some as the decolonial answer, but often replicates the most problematic aspects of secularism. Whereas post‐secularism affirms the previously denigrated side of the secular vs religious dualism, I am more interested in unworking those classificatory schemas, setting the critical thought of religious teachers in relation to ‘secular’ social and political theorists such that boundaries erode. The ambition in this is to resist the hierarchical orderings of knowledge that pit Islamic, indigenous, feminised subjectivity as backwards, dangerous or intrinsically inferior to secular, Christian, rational knowledge. It is also to disenchant the secular gods (progress, money, growth, health) and hold open space for critical play in relation to the transcendental—to create a permissive, legitimising, space for students’ spiritual dimension, conocimiento or the ‘cultivation of soul’. The article draws theoretical inspiration from Gloria Anzaldúa, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Sylvia Wynter. It also draws on a practical experiment in disenchanting secularism through teaching an undergraduate module in social theory called Capitalism and Religion.
Integrating research into a molecular cloning course to address the evolving biotechnology landscape
Authors: Garcia Christina B. , Chapman Ian F. , Chen Stefanie H. , Lazear Eric , Lentz Thomas B. , Williams Christina , Dums Jacob T. , Goller Carlos C. , Robertson Sabrina D.
Published: July 2020

The rapid development of molecular biotechnology presents a curricular challenge for educators trying to provide students with relevant coursework. A comprehensive biology education should also include opportunities for students to develop intellectual and technical skills through authentic research experiences. Integrating relevant and interesting research projects into their classes, however, can be a challenging task for instructors. To address these varied demands, we redesigned our existing molecular cloning course to incorporate an independent research project assessing calcium signaling. In the revised course, students use traditional and recombination‐based cloning strategies to generate bacterial and mammalian expression vectors encoding CaMPARI, a novel fluorescent calcium indicator. Bacterially‐expressed CaMPARI is used in protein quantification and purification assays. Students must also design their own research project evaluating the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on calcium signaling in a mammalian system. Revised and novel labs were designed to be modular, facilitating their integration into the course over 2 years. End‐of‐semester student evaluations were compared between years revealing a significant difference in students' perception of the course's difficulty between years. This change in attitude highlights potential pedagogical considerations that must be examined when introducing new material and activities into existing courses. Since calcium signaling is important for cellular process across diverse species, instructors may be able to develop research projects within their respective areas of interest. Integration of authentic research experiences into the curriculum is challenging; however, the framework described here provides a versatile structure that can be adapted to merge diverse instructor interests with evolving educational needs.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and site‐specific cancers: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Larsson Susanna C. , Carter Paul , Vithayathil Mathew , Kar Siddhartha , Mason Amy M. , Burgess Stephen
Published: July 2020

Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) is involved in several processes relevant to carcinogenesis. We used 416 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms robustly associated with serum IGF‐1 levels to assess the potential causal associations between this hormone and site‐specific cancers through Mendelian randomization. Summary‐level genetic association estimates for prostate, breast, ovarian, and lung cancer were obtained from large‐scale consortia including individuals of European‐descent. Furthermore, we estimated genetic associations with 14 site‐specific cancers in European‐descent individuals in UK Biobank. Supplementary analyses were conducted for six site‐specific cancers using summary‐level data from the BioBank Japan Project. Genetically predicted serum IGF‐1 levels were associated with colorectal cancer. The odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation increase of IGF‐1 levels was 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01‐1.22; P = .03) in UK Biobank and 1.22 (95% CI 1.09‐1.36; P = 3.9 × 10−4) in the BioBank Japan Project. For prostate cancer, the corresponding OR was 1.10 (95% CI 1.01‐1.21; P = .04) in UK Biobank, 1.03 (95% CI 0.97‐1.09; P = .41) in the prostate cancer consortium, and 1.08 (95% CI 0.95‐1.22; P = .24) in the BioBank Japan Project. For breast cancer, the corresponding OR was 0.99 (95% CI 0.92‐1.07; P = .85) in UK Biobank and 1.08 (95% CI 1.02‐1.13; P = 4.4 × 10−3) in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. There was no statistically significant association between genetically predicted IGF‐1 levels and 14 other cancers. This study found some support for a causal association between elevated serum IGF‐1 levels and increased risk of colorectal cancer. There was inconclusive or no evidence of a causal association of IGF‐1 levels with prostate, breast, and other cancers.
Periodontal Risk Assessment Based on Dental and Gingival Morphology: A Comparative Analysis of African Versus Asian American Cohorts
Authors: Hsu Yung‐Ting , Huang Nan‐Chieh , Wong Adrienne , Cobb Charles , Lee Samantha , Mikail Yasmin , Kao Richard T.
Published: July 2020

Focused Clinical Question

With the 2018 AAP/EFP disease classification with the staging and grading systems, does risk assessment for different ethnic group result in a different focus for clinical needs? This comparative analysis aimed to assess two previously reported cohort studies in African‐American (Af‐A) and Asian‐American (As‐A) as to the risk for these two populations for clinical attachment loss (CAL) and gingival phenotype.

In comparison of As‐A and Af‐A cohorts, As‐A had higher frequency of thin tissue phenotype, less width of keratinized gingiva (KGW), and more gingival recession (GR). On other hands, Af‐A showed higher prevalence of thick phenotype, longer total tooth length and root length (RL). These gingival and dental anatomical patterns suggest there are differential risk for GR, patterns for CAL, and periodontal prognosis between two cohorts.

Conclusion(s)

Because of nature of dental and gingival anatomy between these two cohorts, As‐A are more susceptible in GR and the short RL affords this population less ability to withstand the clinical presentation of periodontal disease. From a therapeutic perspective, clinicians should evaluate patients with different risk assessment based on their dental and gingival characterization. Af‐A may have clinical characteristics that makes this population less at risk for mucogingival defects. Conversely, phenotype modification therapy should be considered when treating As‐A because of the high prevalence of thin tissue phenotype, inadequate KGW, and GR. Clinicians should also diligently monitor periodontal CAL around the teeth with shorter RL in periodontal or orthodontic therapy for better teeth prognosis.
An exploratory qualitative study of values issues associated with training and practice in pluralistic counselling
Authors: Tilley Ellen , McLeod Julia , McLeod John
Published: July 2020

Background

A pluralistic model of practice has become increasingly influential in recent years. A distinctive feature of this approach is its explicit grounding within a philosophical and moral perspective.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate issues and challenges that pluralistic counsellors experience in relation to values dilemmas that arise in practice.

Methodology

Twelve practitioners, of various experience levels, who identified as pluralistic counsellors, were invited to take part in semi‐structured interviews. Transcripts were analysed using a method of thematic analysis.

Findings

Participants viewed their personal values to be compatible with the values that they perceived pluralistic counselling to hold, and reported that they chose pluralism as a modality because they found a similarity between their personal values and the values of pluralistic counselling. Core values associated with pluralistic practice included the following: the importance of connection, ‘there is no one right way to be’, equality (not taking an expert role), honesty, and willingness to make use of research evidence. Participants also described value dilemmas, and their use of supervision in dealing with value issues.

Implications

The implications of these findings for training, research and practice are discussed.
Iron and Manganese Containing Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction ‐ Unravelling Influences on Activity and Stability
Authors: Broicher Cornelia , Zeng Feng , Pfänder Norbert , Frisch Marvin , Bisswanger Timo , Radnik Jörg , Stockmann Jörg Manfred , Palkovits Stefan , Beine Anna Katharina , Palkovits Regina
Published: July 2020

Hydrogen economy is a central aspect of future energy supply, as hydrogen can be used as energy storage and fuel. In order to make water electrolysis efficient, the limiting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) needs to be optimized. Therefore, C‐based composite materials containing earth‐abundant Fe and Mn were synthesized, characterized and tested in the OER. For pyrolysis temperatures above 700 °C N‐rich multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are obtained. Inside the tubes Fe3C particles are formed, Fe and Mn oxides are incorporated in the carbon matrix and metal spinel nanoparticles cover the outer surface. The best catalyst prepared at 800 °C achieves a low overpotential of 389 mV (at 10 mA/cm2) and high stability (22.6 h). From electrochemical measurements and characterization it can be concluded that the high activity is mainly provided by MWCNT, Fe3C and the metal oxides in the conductive carbon matrix. The metal spinel nanoparticles in contrast protect the MWCNT from oxidation and thereby contribute to the high stability.
Carbon2Polymer: A CO2‐based Route to Polyurethanes via Oxidative Carbonylation of TDA with Methyl Formate
Authors: Hussong Christine , Langanke Jens , Leitner Walter
Published: July 2020

The Carbon2Polymer project involves a multistep reaction sequence for the non‐phosgene synthesis of the high‐value polymer precursor toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) starting from carbon dioxide. The present study of the oxidative carbonylation revealed that for the intermediate toluene‐2,4‐dicarbamate (TDC) the productivity is highest with Pd@ZrO2, followed by Pd@CeO2. As one of the side products which are formed in parallel and consecutive reactions the methylene‐bridged dimer “TDCCH2TDC” (5) has a promising potential for industrial application.
Mathematical Modelling in Chemistry Lessons
Authors: Goldhausen Ines , Di Fuccia David‐Samuel
Published: July 2020

Beim mathematischen Modellieren im Chemieunterricht wird ein Prozess durchlaufen, in dem die Lernenden selbst mathematische Modelle zur Beschreibung und Klärung eines chemischen Sachverhaltes entwickeln und nutzen.

Als Grundlage für eine differenzierte Betrachtung dieses Prozesses und seiner Relevanz für das Lernen von Chemie wird im Rahmen dieses Artikels ein Modell vorgestellt, das verdeutlicht, aus welchen Teilschritten der Modellierungsprozess überhaupt besteht und somit detaillierte Rückschlüsse darüber ermöglicht, mit welchen Problemen er beim Lernen von Chemie speziell verbunden ist [25]. Anschließend werden die Schülerschwierigkeiten in den Blick genommen, die mit dem Einsatz von Aufgaben im Chemieunterricht, die eine mathematische Modellierung verlangen, einhergehen: Vorgestellt werden die Ergebnisse einer Videostudie, die einen Einblick in die Denkprozesse der Lernenden beim mathematischen Modellieren im Chemieunterricht erlaubt.
Recovering figure‐ground perception in Tehran's color plan
Authors: Asarzadeh Karim , Ghazanfari Paymane , Gholinejad Pirbazari Alireza
Published: July 2020

Tehran's color plan was carried out during 1990s with the primary purpose of restoring color consistency particularly to the historic center of the city. In fact, it attempted to bring unity and avoid color pollution to the cityscape. However, it seems to have been neglectful of many other factors, including orientation, legibility, and the mental image of the city. Further analysis shows that it fails to address figure‐ground perception, as a sign of hierarchy and order, on the urban scale. Hence, this article aims to recover figure‐ground perception with respect to Brandi's theory of restoration as well as the constituent elements of the image of the city. The study makes a contribution to the field of urban design/planning, as it offers important insights into a critical aspect of city color plan and cityscape.
A Novel In Vitro Mouse Model to Study Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dissemination Across Brain Vessels: A Combination Granuloma and Blood‐Brain Barrier Mouse Model
Authors: Walter Fruzsina R. , Gilpin Trey E. , Herbath Melinda , Deli Maria A. , Sandor Matyas , Fabry Zsuzsanna
Published: July 2020

In vitro culture models of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) provide a useful platform to test the mechanisms of cellular infiltration and pathogen dissemination into the central nervous system (CNS). We present an in vitro mouse model of the BBB to test Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) dissemination across brain endothelial cells. One‐third of the global population is infected with Mtb, and in 1%‐2% of cases bacteria invade the CNS through a largely unknown process. The “Trojan horse” theory supports the role of a cellular carrier that engulfs bacteria and carries them to the brain without being recognized. We present for the first time a protocol for an in vitro BBB‐granuloma model that supports the Trojan horse mechanism of Mtb dissemination into the CNS. Handling of bacterial cultures, in vivo and in vitro infections, isolation of primary astroglial and endothelial cells, and assembly of the in vitro BBB model is presented. These techniques can be used to analyze the interaction of adaptive and innate immune system cells with brain endothelial cells, cellular transmigration, BBB morphological and functional changes, and methods of bacterial dissemination. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of primary mouse brain astrocytes and endothelial cells

Basic Protocol 2: Isolation of primary mouse bone marrow–derived dendritic cells

Support Protocol 1: Validation of dendritic cell purity by flow cytometry

Basic Protocol 3: Isolation of primary mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Support Protocol 2: Isolation of primary mouse spleen cells

Support Protocol 3: Purification and validation of CD4+ T cells from PBMCs and spleen cells

Basic Protocol 4: Isolation of liver granuloma supernatant and determination of organ load

Support Protocol 4: In vivo and in vitro infection with mycobacteria

Basic Protocol 5: Assembly of the BBB co‐culture model

Basic Protocol 6: Assembly of the combined in vitro granuloma and BBB model
Using big data to evaluate corporate social responsibility and sustainable development practices
Authors: Barbeito‐Caamaño Adriana , Chalmeta Ricardo
Published: July 2020

This paper shows an alternative method to evaluate sustainable development and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices based on the opinions of companies' stakeholders expressed on Twitter. An application of the method is performed with the Inditex textile group. This paper shows two important findings: (a) knowledge about companies' CSR practices and stakeholders opinions can be obtained using big data to analyse CSR information about the company on online social networks; and (b) there are important differences between the contents of the sustainability report of a company and the CSR opinions of its stakeholders on the internet. These findings have benefits for the company's stakeholders, who will be able to know the CSR practices of a company in a more objective way, and for the company, which will be able to improve its CSR performance and communication strategy, as well as the stakeholder engagement.
Telehealth transition in a comprehensive care unit for eating disorders: Challenges and long‐term benefits
Authors: Datta Nandini , Derenne Jennifer , Sanders Mary , Lock James D.
Published: July 2020

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic has forced many eating disorder medical stabilization units to consider adjustments that uphold both the quality of care delivered to patients while also observing social distancing public health directives for patients and staff. To date, inpatient facilities for eating disorders (both medical stabilization units and higher level of care facilities) have not needed to consider how to translate services to electronic platforms, given that most of these programs have in‐person staff. We outline our transition to telehealth broadly, emphasizing some unexpected benefits of using telehealth services that we plan on integrating into our work‐flow post COVID‐19. These may be useful for other higher level of care eating disorder programs, including medical stabilization units, residential, partial hospitalization, and intensive outpatient programs. We also highlight aspects of transition that have been more challenging for this particular patient population, warranting the need for in‐person services.
Detailed and atypical HLA‐E peptide binding motifs revealed by a novel peptide exchange binding assay
Authors: Walters Lucy C. , McMichael Andrew J. , Gillespie Geraldine M.
Published: July 2020

Diverse SIV and HIV epitopes that bind the rhesus homolog of HLA‐E, Mamu‐E, have recently been identified in SIVvaccine studies using a recombinant Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV 68‐1) vector, where unprecedented protection against SIV challenge was achieved. Additionally, several Mycobacterial peptides identified both algorithmically and following elution from infected cells, are presented to CD8+ T cells by HLA‐E in humans. Yet, a comparative and comprehensive analysis of relative HLA‐E peptide binding strength via a reliable, high throughput in vitro assay is currently lacking. To address this, we developed and optimized a novel, highly sensitive peptide exchange ELISA‐based assay that relatively quantitates peptide binding to HLA‐E. Using this approach, we screened multiple peptides, including peptide panels derived from HIV, SIV, and Mtb predicted to bind HLA‐E. Our results indicate that although HLA‐E preferentially accommodates canonical MHC class I leader peptides, many non‐canonical, sequence diverse, pathogen‐derived peptides also bind HLA‐E, albeit generally with lower relative binding strength. Additionally, our screens demonstrate that the majority of peptides tested, including some key Mtb and SIV epitopes that have been shown to elicit strong Mamu‐E‐restricted T cell responses, either bind HLA‐E extremely weakly or give signals that are indistinguishable from the negative, peptide‐free controls.
Extension of the two‐component pressure approach for modeling mixed free‐surface‐pressurized flows with the two‐dimensional shallow water equations
Authors: Cea Luis , López‐Núñez Alejandro
Published: July 2020

Numerical models based on the two‐dimensional shallow water equations (2D‐SWE) are routinely used in flood risk management and inundation studies. However, most of these models do not adequately account for vertically confined flow conditions that can appear during inundations, due to the presence of hydraulic structures such as bridges, culverts, or underground river reaches. In this article we propose a new mathematical modification of the standard 2D‐SWE, inspired by the two‐component pressure approach for 1D flows, to address the issue of transient vertically confined flows including transitions between free surface and pressurized conditions. A finite volume discretization to solve the proposed system of equations is proposed and analyzed. Various test cases are used to show the numerical stability and accuracy of the discretization, and to validate the proposed formulation. Results show that the proposed method is numerically stable, accurate, mass conservative, and preserves the C‐property. It can also handle subcritical, supercritical, and transcritical flows under free surface or vertically confined conditions.
Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil using RSM: Evaluation of oxidative stability and physicochemical properties of oil
Authors: Esmaeilzadeh Kenari Reza , Dehghan Bahareh
Published: July 2020

In this study, the effect of solvent ratio of hexane to isopropanol (0:100, 50:50, and 100:0 v/v%), extraction temperature (30, 45, and 60°C), and time (30, 60, and 90 min) were investigated on the oil extraction efficiency, total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging, peroxide value, and oil color index. Extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design. The optimal conditions were obtained as hexane‐to‐isopropanol ratio of approximately 3:2, temperature of 40.26°C, and ultrasonication time of 54.40 min. Then, the hemp seed oil was extracted under the optimal conditions. The optimal predicted contents for oil yield (31.22%), total phenolics (3.19 mg GA/g oil), DPPH inhibition (73.86%), peroxide (4.62 meq/kg), and color index (28.2) were agreed with the predicted conditions because the RSE values were less than 5%. Hemp seed oil can be used extensively due to its high nutritional values, and antioxidant potential and ultrasound can improve oil extraction as a simple and fast method.
Clay mineral diagenesis and red bed colouration: A SEM study of the Gercus Formation (Middle Eocene), northern Iraq
Authors: Al‐Juboury Ali I. , Hussain Salim H. , McCann Tom , Aghwan Thamer A.
Published: July 2020

Detailed high magnification scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study supported by petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical (major and trace element) analysis of the Gercus Formation clastics (sandstones and mudstones) from northern Iraq shows that the main authigenic components are carbonate (dolomite and calcite), clay and haematite minerals with rare quartz, feldspar, and gypsum. The carbonates and sulphate minerals were the main early diagenetic phase in the Gercus Formation and were produced from the post‐depositional breakdown of ferromagnesian minerals. These latter are unstable in the oxidizing conditions of the interstitial waters below the desert surface. The main authigenic clay minerals are illite, illite‐smectite, and palygorskite. The presence of tangential illite coating and illite‐smectite in the sandstones can be related to their desert origin. Palygorskite is associated with dolomite, calcite, and haematite. These mineral associations may indicate early diagenesis in evaporitic and saline conditions. It also confirms the syndepositional and diagenetic origin for the clayey‐haematitic matrix and pigment of the Gercus Formation. Haematite occurs as extremely fine‐grained crystals mixed with authigenic clays and exhibits a range of shapes (e.g., fibrous to lath‐shaped aggregates, small spherical grains, specularite crystals, blade‐shaped, rosette‐like clusters, and a lump of bright spheroid‐shaped haematite/goethite). The arid to semi‐arid conditions together with the oxidizing and alkaline interstitial water favoured the noted mineral assemblage within the Gercus Formation.
Arcsine‐based transformations for meta‐analysis of proportions: Pros, cons, and alternatives
Authors: Lin Lifeng , Xu Chang
Published: July 2020

Meta‐analyses have been increasingly used to synthesize proportions (eg, disease prevalence) from multiple studies in recent years. Arcsine‐based transformations, especially the Freeman–Tukey double‐arcsine transformation, are popular tools for stabilizing the variance of each study's proportion in two‐step meta‐analysis methods. Although they offer some benefits over the conventional logit transformation, they also suffer from several important limitations (eg, lack of interpretability) and may lead to misleading conclusions. Generalized linear mixed models and Bayesian models are intuitive one‐step alternative approaches, and can be readily implemented via many software programs. This article explains various pros and cons of the arcsine‐based transformations, and discusses the alternatives that may be generally superior to the currently popular practice.
Life Cycle Assessment of Struvite Precipitation from Anaerobically Digested Dairy Manure: A Wisconsin Perspective
Authors: Temizel-Sekeryan Sila , Wu Fan , Hicks Andrea L
Published: July 2020

Recovering valuable nutrients (e.g., P and N) from waste materials has been extensively investigated at the laboratory scale. Although it has been shown that struvite precipitation from several manure sources contributes to nutrient management practices by recovering valuable nutrients and preventing them from reaching water bodies, it has not been widely applied in commercial (i.e., farm) scales. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of the struvite recovery process from the liquid portion of the anaerobically digested dairy cow manure generated in Wisconsin, USA, dairy farms using life cycle assessment methodology for both bench- and farm-scale scenarios. The struvite precipitation process involves the use of additional chemicals and energy; therefore, investigating upstream impacts is crucial to evaluate the environmental costs and benefits of this additional treatment process. Results indicate that up to a 78% impact decrease in eutrophication potential can be achieved when P and N are recovered in the form of struvite and are applied in lieu of conventional fertilizers, rather than using the liquid portion of the anaerobically digested dairy manure as a fertilizer. Additionally, significant differences are identified in the majority of environmental impact categories when the struvite precipitation process is modeled and evaluated in a farm-scale setting. Future work should expand to evaluate the overall environmental impacts and trade-offs of struvite recovery application, including the anaerobic digestion system itself at the farm scale. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:292–304. © 2020 SETAC

KEY POINTS

Struvite precipitation is a viable method of nutrient management from dairy manure. Life cycle assessment allows for the environmental impacts and trade-offs of the management system to be quantified. Environmental impacts will differ from bench- to full-scale deployment.
Relationship between investor sentiment and earnings news in high‐ and low‐sentiment periods
Authors: Li Zhuo , Tian Meiyu , Ouyang Guangda , Wen Fenghua
Published: July 2020

Using the Chinese equity market as the testing venue, this study explores how investor sentiment affects the immediate reaction of stock prices to earnings news in high‐ and low‐sentiment periods. Our key finding is that the sentiment‐driven pricing of earnings will differ between the two periods. Specifically, during high‐sentiment (low‐sentiment) periods, the stock price sensitivity to good (bad) earnings news increases (decreases) with investor sentiment, whereas the stock price sensitivity to bad (good) earnings news is unrelated to investor sentiment. Additionally, we find that the effect of sentiment is more pronounced for young, high volatility, growth and distressed stocks. However, contrary to the U.S. evidence, our results show that small stocks are not always more exposed to sentiment. Further analysis of the role of short‐sales constraints in the sensitivity of stock prices to bad earnings news implies that short sales can enhance informational efficiency.
What drives risk disclosure in Islamic and conventional banks? An international comparison
Authors: Grassa Rihab , Moumen Nejia , Hussainey Khaled
Published: July 2020

This paper examines and compares the relationship between risk disclosure and corporate attributes in Islamic and conventional banks. Using a comprehensive risk disclosure index covering nine dimensions, we analyse the level of risk‐related disclosure (RRD) in a sample of 72 Islamic banks and 97 conventional banks across 11 countries. The RRD index shows that Islamic banks disclose less information about risk comparing to conventional banks. Listed banks, larger banks and aged bank disclose more information about risk than the others. Block holders, foreign ownership and board size affect negatively risk disclosure. However, board independence and the percentage of foreign directors in the board affect positively risk disclosure. Moreover, banks with higher Tier 1 ratio disclose less information about risk. Our results encourages regulators to improve corporate governance mechanisms in their banking systems through the optimization of ownership structure (dispersed ownership) and the board's composition in order to promote higher level of transparency and RRD.
Evaluation of the irrigation water quality and cropped area of shrinking peri‐urban agriculture in the Gadap Basin, Karachi: An application of Wilcox's classification and geospatial techniques*
Authors: Ahmed Razzaq , Khan Shaukat Hayat , Mahmood Khalida , Ahsanullah
Published: July 2020

The Gadap Basin has been an important provider of agricultural commodities to the Karachi metropolis for centuries. However, in recent decades it has been noted that agricultural activities in this peri‐urban area of Karachi have shown a declining trend. In view of the current scenario, this study focuses on the evaluation of irrigation water quality being used in the Gadap Basin. In order to carry out this study, Wilcox's classification methods of Na+% (sodium percentage) and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) have been applied. The results comprise 13 water samples collected from various localities over a period of two decades (1997–2016), which clearly show that with the passage of time water quality has degraded badly; in particular, sodium concentration that has increased substantially especially in the vicinity of sand and gravel excavation sites. According to Na+% calculation during 1997, 100% of samples were suitable for irrigation whereas in 2016 it had dropped to almost 50%. Similarly, the SAR has gone down, showing degradation of irrigation water quality. Moreover, the results have also been presented using geospatial techniques. The satellite imageries discriminate the sharp decline and degradation of agricultural land (60%) in the basin during the study period 1997–2016.
Bone Turnover Markers Do Not Predict Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Napoli Nicola , Conte Caterina , Eastell Richard , Ewing Susan K , Bauer Douglas C , Strotmeyer Elsa S , Black Dennis M , Samelson Elizabeth J , Vittinghoff Eric , Schwartz Ann V
Published: July 2020

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by increased fracture risk despite higher BMD and reduced bone turnover. BMD underestimates fracture risk in T2D, but the predictive role of bone turnover markers (BTMs) on fracture risk in T2D has not been explored. Thus, we sought to determine whether BTMs predict incident fractures in subjects with T2D. For this case-cohort study, we used data from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study of well-functioning older adults, aged 70 to 79 years at baseline (April 1997–June 1998). The case-cohort sample consisted of (i) the cases, composed of all 223 participants who experienced incident fractures of the hip, clinical spine, or distal forearm within the first 9 years of study follow-up; and (ii) the subcohort of 508 randomly sampled participants from three strata at baseline (T2D, prediabetes, and normoglycemia) from the entire Health ABC cohort. A total of 690 subjects (223 cases, of whom 41 were in the subcohort) were included in analyses. BTMs (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX], osteocalcin [OC], and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide [P1NP]) were measured in archived baseline serum. Cox regression with robust variance estimation was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for fracture per 20% increase in BTMs. In nondiabetes (prediabetes plus normoglycemia), fracture risk was increased with higher CTX (HR 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.20 for each 20% increase in CTX). Risk was not increased in T2D (HR 0.92; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.04; p for interaction .045). Similarly, both OC and P1NP were associated with higher risk of fracture in nondiabetes, but not in T2D, with p for interaction of .078 and .109, respectively. In conclusion, BTMs did not predict incident fracture risk in T2D but were modestly associated with fracture risk in nondiabetes. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.