bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suzaku spectra of a Type-II supernova remnant, Kes 79
Authors: Sato Tamotsu , Koyama Katsuji , Lee Shiu-Hang , Takahashi Tadayuki
Published: May 2016

This paper reports on results of a Suzaku observation of the supernova remnant (SNR) Kes 79 (G33.6+0.1). The X-ray spectrum is best fitted by a two-temperature model: a non-equilibrium ionization (NEI) plasma and a collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) plasma. The NEI plasma is spatially confined within the inner radio shell with kT ∼ 0.8 keV, while the CIE plasma is found in more spatially extended regions associated with the outer radio shell with kT ∼0.2 keV and solar abundance. Therefore, the NEI plasma is attributable to the SN ejecta, and the CIE plasma is the forward shocked interstellar medium. In the NEI plasma, we discovered K-shell lines of Al, Ar, and Ca for the first time. The abundance pattern and estimated mass of the ejecta are consistent with a core-collapse supernova explosion of a ∼30–40M⊙ progenitor star. An Fe line with a center energy of ∼6.4 keV is also found in the southeast (SE) portion of the SNR, a close peripheral region around dense molecular clouds. One possibility is that the line is associated with the ejecta. However, the centroid energy of ∼6.4 keV and the spatial distribution of enhancement near the SE peripheral do not favor this scenario. Since the ∼6.4 keV emitting region coincides with the molecular clouds, we propose another possibility, that the Fe line is due to K-shell ionization of neutral Fe by the interaction of locally accelerated protons (LECRp) with the surrounding molecular cloud. Both of these possibilities, heated ejecta or LECRp origin, are discussed based on the observational facts.
Serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor as a potential tumor marker in patients with malignant melanoma
Authors: Hügel Rainer , Muendlein Axel , Volbeding Lennart , Drexel Heinz , Richtig Erika , Wehkamp Ulrike , Painsi Clemes , Lange-Asschenfeldt Bernhard , Hauschild Axel , Egberts Friederike
Published: May 2016

Serum markers can be important tools for prognostic classification and treatment monitoring in cancer patients. The MAP-kinase pathway, which is upregulated in the majority of melanoma patients, can be activated by hepatocyte-growth factor (HGF) through the proto-oncogene c-MET. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive and prognostic value of circulating HGF in terms of treatment outcome and survival compared with a widely established serum marker, protein S-100B, in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. HGF and S-100B were measured in serum samples of 101 patients with metastatic melanoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IV) before and after treatment and 50 patients with stage I/II melanoma. HGF and S-100B correlated significantly with the stage of disease (P=0.032 and P<0.001, respectively). In stage IV melanoma patients, baseline serum levels of HGF and S-100B were significantly associated with treatment response (P=0.012 and 0.006, respectively). Furthermore, the Cox regression analysis confirmed that serum levels of HGF and S-100B proved to have a significant prognostic impact on progression-free survival (hazard ratio=1.39 and 1.29, respectively) and overall survival (hazard ratio=1.27 and 1.29, respectively) in advanced metastatic melanoma patients. In melanoma patients, serum levels of HGF and S-100B correlate significantly with the stage of disease. In stage IV melanoma, both markers are prognostic factors and correlate significantly with progression-free survival and overall survival. Measurement of serum HGF levels might be a useful additional tool in the management of melanoma patients.
HuR and GRSF1 modulate the nuclear export and mitochondrial localization of the lncRNARMRP
Authors: Noh Ji Heon , Kim Kyoung Mi , Abdelmohsen Kotb , Yoon Je-Hyun , Panda Amaresh C. , Munk Rachel , Kim Jiyoung , Curtis Jessica , Moad Christopher A. , Wohler Christina M. , Indig Fred E. , de Paula Wilson , Dudekula Dawood B. , De Supriyo , Piao Yulan , Yang Xiaoling , Martindale Jennifer L. , de Cabo Rafael , Gorospe Myriam
Published: May 2016

Some mitochondrial long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are encoded by nuclear DNA, but the mechanisms that mediate their transport to mitochondria are poorly characterized. Using affinity RNA pull-down followed by mass spectrometry analysis, we found two RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), HuR (human antigen R) and GRSF1 (G-rich RNA sequence-binding factor 1), that associated with the nuclear DNA-encoded lncRNARMRPand mobilized it to mitochondria. In cultured human cells, HuR boundRMRPin the nucleus and mediated its CRM1 (chromosome region maintenance 1)-dependent export to the cytosol. AfterRMRPwas imported into mitochondria, GRSF1 boundRMRPand increased its abundance in the matrix. Loss of GRSF1 lowered the mitochondrial levels ofRMRP, in turn suppressing oxygen consumption rates and modestly reducing mitochondrial DNA replication priming. Our findings indicate that RBPs HuR and GRSF1 govern the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial localization of the lncRNARMRP, which is encoded by nuclear DNA but has key functions in mitochondria.
Physiological restraint of Bak by Bcl-xL is essential for cell survival
Authors: Lee Erinna F. , Grabow Stephanie , Chappaz Stephane , Dewson Grant , Hockings Colin , Kluck Ruth M. , Debrincat Marlyse A. , Gray Daniel H. , Witkowski Matthew T. , Evangelista Marco , Pettikiriarachchi Anne , Bouillet Philippe , Lane Rachael M. , Czabotar Peter E. , Colman Peter M. , Smith Brian J. , Kile Benjamin T. , Fairlie W. Douglas
Published: May 2016

Due to the myriad interactions between prosurvival and proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, establishing the mechanisms that regulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway has proven challenging. Mechanistic insights have primarily been gleaned from in vitro studies because genetic approaches in mammals that produce unambiguous data are difficult to design. Here we describe a mutation in mouse and human Bak that specifically disrupts its interaction with the prosurvival protein Bcl-xL. Substitution of Glu75 in mBak (hBAK Q77) for leucine does not affect the three-dimensional structure of Bak or killing activity but reduces its affinity for Bcl-xL via loss of a single hydrogen bond. Using this mutant, we investigated the requirement for physical restraint of Bak by Bcl-xL in apoptotic regulation. In vitro, BakQ75L cells were significantly more sensitive to various apoptotic stimuli. In vivo, loss of Bcl-xL binding to Bak led to significant defects in T-cell and blood platelet survival. Thus, we provide the first definitive in vivo evidence that prosurvival proteins maintain cellular viability by interacting with and inhibiting Bak.
The desired learning outcomes of school-based nutrition/physical activity health education
Authors: Ormshaw Michael James , Kokko Sami Petteri , Villberg Jari , Kannas Lasse
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to utilise the collective opinion of a group of Finnish experts to identify the most important learning outcomes of secondary-level school-based health education, in the specific domains of physical activity and nutrition.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study uses a Delphi survey technique to collect the opinions of a group (panel) of Finnish experts. A list of learning outcomes was compiled via an extensive literature review of documents from all levels of health education (physical activity and nutrition) policy development and implementation. A general inductive analysis method was conducted, resulting in education themes which were then compiled into health literacy-constructed learning outcomes to present to the panel in the two Delphi rounds.

Findings

– The study question is answered in the form of a ranked list of the 24 most important learning outcomes of physical activity and nutrition education in Finnish schools. The analysis of variance pair-wise comparisons with Bonferroni indicated that six items were statistically possibly more important than the 18 others. The three most important items being: first, understand the importance of a varied and balanced diet; second, the ability to analyse their own lifestyle; third, understand the link between physical activity and health. The study also identified topics/themes which could be either under-represented or over-represented in the current literature and teaching.

Originality/value

– This study is the only one of its type, and researches an as yet unknown area of health education. The value of this study lies in its role in the further development of school health education, in terms of identifying the “most important” contemporary issues to teach in the classroom, and may also be used as a topic prioritisation and curriculum planning tool.
Influencing dynamics of culture and employee factors on retail banks’ performances in a developing country context
Authors: Sanda Mohammed-Aminu , Kuada John
Published: May 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the influencing dynamics of culture (national and organizational), employee characteristics, employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment in determining the organizational performances of firms in the retail banking sector in a developing country such as Ghana.

Design/methodology/approach

A conceptual framework linking national and organizational cultures to employees’ job satisfaction, job characteristics, organizational commitment and organizational performance was developed, and their measurement scales were adapted to guide the empirical investigation. Data were collected using a questionnaire filled in by 300 employees in nine retail banks in Ghana. The results were first analyzed by carrying out data reduction of the measured scales by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences-based factor analysis approach. The reduced data obtained from the factor analysis were then analyzed for model goodness fit by using the Analysis of Moment Structures-based structural equation modeling approach.

Findings

Effective organizational performance of retail banks in Ghana is directly influenced by the relationships among organizational culture, employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

Research limitations/implications

The study sample was drawn from a single sub-sector of the Ghanaian economy. Replications and extensions of the study in different sectors that are experiencing high growth will help test the robustness and generalizability of the findings.

Practical implications

The study provides empirical knowledge that could be used to understand the influencing interrelationships among organizational culture, employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the organizational performances of retail banking firms in a developing country context.

Originality/value

The study adds to the literature as one of the most comprehensive studies of the links between culture, job satisfaction, employee characteristics and organizational commitment toward organizational performance within the banking sector in Ghana to date.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction‐based prognostic models in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients treated with R‐CHOP
Authors: Green Tina M. , Jensen Andreas K. , Holst René , Falgreen Steffen , Bøgsted Martin , de Stricker Karin , Plesner Torben , Mourits‐Andersen Torben , Frederiksen Mikael , Johnsen Hans E. , Pedersen Lars M. , Møller Michael B.
Published: May 2016

We present a multiplex analysis for genes known to have prognostic value in an attempt to design a clinically useful classification model in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure transcript levels of 28 relevant genes in 194de novoDLBCL patients treated with R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone). Including International Prognostic Index (IPI) as a variable in a penalized Cox regression, we investigated the association with disease progression for single genes or gene combinations in four models. The best model was validated in data from an online available R‐CHOP treated cohort. With progression‐free survival (PFS) as primary endpoint, the best performing IPI independent model incorporated theLMO2andHLADQA1as well as gene interactions forGCSAMxMIB1,GCSAMxCTGFandFOXP1xPDE4B. This model assigned 33% of patients (n = 60) to poor outcome with an estimated 3‐year PFS of 40% vs. 87% for low risk (n = 61) and intermediate (n = 60) risk groups (P < 0·001). However, a simpler, IPI independent model incorporatedLMO2andBCL2and assigned 33% of the patients with a 3‐year PFS of 35% vs. 82% for low risk group (P < 0·001). We have documented the impact of a few single genes added to IPI for assignment in new drug trials.
Comparative study of disability‐free life expectancy across six low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Chirinda Witness , Chen He
Published: May 2016

Aim

There is a knowledge gap about the disability‐free life expectancy (DFLE) in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The present study aimed to compute and compare DFLE in six such countries, and examine sex differences in DFLE in each country.

Methods

Based on data from the World Health Organization Study on Global Aging and Adult Health wave 1 survey, we used the Sullivan method to estimate DFLE among persons aged years 50 years and older. Disability was divided into moderate disability and severe disability during the calculation.

Results

Of the six countries, China had the highest DFLE and lowest expected average lifetime with disability. India had the lowest DFLE and highest life years with moderate and severe disability. In each country, women live longer than men, but with more disabilities in both absolute and proportional terms. The huge sex difference in Russia requires special attention. In addition, most of the life expectancy lived with disability was spent with severe disability, rather than moderate disability.

Conclusions

The study has shed some light on the disparities across the six countries with regard to DFLE at old ages. The low percentage of DFLE in life expectancy in some countries, such as India, calls for effective policies on healthy aging. The “sex disability‐survival paradox” in DFLE is supported by our results. To differentiate the severity of disability should be routine in calculating DFLE. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 637–644.
‘Career and Money Aside, What's the Point of University?’ A Comparison of Students’ Non‐economic Entry Motives in Three European Countries
Authors: Bartram Brendan
Published: May 2016

This paper explores students’ non‐economic motives for attending university. Drawing on the results of a tri‐national survey involving online questionnaires and email interviews with education students at English, German and Portuguese universities, it compares and discusses the extent to which the participants are motivated by a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In contrast to certain other studies, the findings reveal a strong consensus across all three settings in relation to certain motivational elements—strong intrinsic desires for self‐improvement and low motivations driven by social pressures or seeing university as a default option. More pronounced national differences emerge, however, regarding motives to contribute to society and the appeal of the social dimension of university life. The paper interprets the similarities and differences revealed and considers a number of conclusions.
Individualized volume‐corrected maximum flow rate correlates with outcome from bladder outlet surgery in men with lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Bray Alison , Harding Chris , Pickard Robert , Drinnan Michael
Published: May 2016

Objectives

To develop a per‐patient volume correction for maximum flow rate using multiple home uroflowmetry, and to carry out a pilot study to determine the most prognostically useful volume at which to evaluate this measurement and estimate its relationship with outcome from disobstructive bladder outlet surgery.

Methods

A total of 30 men carried out home uroflowmetry using a portable device and completed symptom scores before surgery. This was repeated at least 4 months after surgery. For each man's presurgery flow data, voided volume was plotted against maximum flow rate, and a line of best fit with logarithmic form calculated. This allowed maximum flow rate to be corrected for any volume. Percentage reduction in symptom score and increase in mean maximum flow rate were correlated with volume‐corrected maximum flow rates.

Results

Corrected maximum flow rate at all volumes showed the expected negative correlation with both outcome measures. A statistically significant correlation occurred for volumes >190 mL, with the best performance at volumes >300 mL.

Conclusions

We have devised a novel method allowing estimation of maximum flow rate at any volume, which is a step forward for non‐invasive diagnostics. We found this volume‐corrected maximum flow rate to correlate significantly with treatment outcome at sufficiently high volumes.
Long‐term care for patients with coeliac disease in the UK: a review of the literature and future directions
Authors: Kurien M. , Trott N. , Sanders D. S.
Published: May 2016

Coeliac disease is a common digestive disorder that affects 1% of adults. It is characterised by mucosal damage of the small intestine caused by dietary gluten. The main treatment for coeliac disease is a lifelong gluten‐free diet, which can reduce morbidity and mortality and also improve quality of life. Despite the benefits, adhering to this diet is often challenging, with patients often struggling to sustain dietary restriction. Structured follow‐up for coeliac disease is recommended in international guidelines for improving adherence and for detecting complications;however, uncertainty exists concerning exactly who should be administering this follow‐up care. Here, we undertake a review of the current approaches described in the literature to follow‐up patients with coeliac disease, and assess the efficacy of these differing models. We also explore future directions for the care of these patients in the context of the UK National Health Service (a publicly funded healthcare system). Although the focus of this review pertains to follow‐up within the UK healthcare system, these problems are recognised to be international, and so the findings of our review are likely to be of interest to all healthcare professionals seeing and managing patients with coeliac disease.
Development of the Arabic Spiritual Care Intervention‐Provision Scale
Authors: Musa Ahmad S , Pevalin David J
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

This study develops a new instrument, the Spiritual Care Intervention‐Provision Scale, and assesses its psychometric properties in an Arab Muslim nurse sample. The Spiritual Care Intervention‐Provision Scale was developed to measure the frequency with which nurses provided aspects of spiritual care.

Background

Most of the available spiritual care instruments were developed in the West and reflect a predominantly Christian tradition. A review of the literature on spiritual care in nursing revealed that no instrument exists for measuring spiritual care interventions provided by nurses to Arab Muslim patients.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive and correlational design.

Methods

Following an extensive literature search, review by an expert panel and a pilot study which included patients' views regarding aspects of spiritual care provided by nurses, the final version of the Spiritual Care Intervention‐Provision Scale was tested in a convenience sample of 360 Jordanian Arab Muslim nurses. Correlational and factor analysis were used.

Results

The internal consistency of the Spiritual Care Intervention‐Provision Scale was high, with α coefficient of 0·85. The exploratory factor analysis supported a two‐factor structure for the Spiritual Care Intervention‐Provision Scale as hypothesised. A significant positive correlation between the Spiritual Care Intervention‐Provision Scale and religiosity was in the expected direction though small in magnitude.

Conclusions

This study initiates the development of an instrument for the provision of spiritual care intervention by nurses that balances the religious and existential dimensions of spirituality. The Spiritual Care Intervention‐Provision Scale exhibited acceptable evidence of internal consistency and validity among Jordanian Arab Muslim nurses. Further work was suggested to firmly establish all aspects of this new scale.

Relevance to clinical practice

This culturally specific instrument contributes to the evaluation of the provision of spiritual care by Jordanian Muslim nurses to their patients, to guide them in providing a comprehensive and appropriate spiritual care interventions and to examine the effect of spiritual care on various aspects of patient's quality of life.
Japanese care workers’ perception of dementia‐related physically and psychologically aggressive behaviour symptoms
Authors: Hirata Hiromi , Harvath Theresa A.
Published: May 2016

Aim

The purpose of this study was to explore Japanese care workers’ attributions, beliefs and cultural explanations of physically and psychologically aggressive behaviour symptoms.

Background

Physically and psychologically aggressive behaviour symptoms by older people with dementia have been associated with occupational stress among care workers in the United States and other Western countries and may contribute to staff turnover. However, few studies related to this issue have been conducted in Japan, where care worker reaction to physically and psychologically aggressive behaviour symptoms might be different because of cultural and customary differences in how care is provided for older people.

Method

This study reports on the results of three open‐ended questions that were part of a larger study that explored Japanese care workers’ experiences with aggressive behaviour symptoms in persons with dementia. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 137 care workers in 10 nursing homes in the northern and western areas of Japan. The answers to the open‐ended questions were analysed using a content analysis.

Findings

Most of the participants indicated that they believed that physically and psychologically aggressive behaviour symptoms came from residents’ stress from dementia. Approximately, one‐fourth of the participants responded that Japanese values such as chu (loyalty) and joge (hierarchy) influenced their work with residents with physically and psychologically aggressive behaviour symptoms. Seventeen participants (12%) commented either that they respected older people or that they respected older people as persons who had had many experiences in life. Interestingly, 43 responses (41.0%) indicated that physically and psychologically aggressive behaviour symptoms influenced quality of care positively, while, not surprisingly, about 30 responses indicated that those behaviour symptoms influenced quality of care negatively.

Implications for practice

Findings from this study indicate that the training and education needs to focus on understand and preventing the effects of stress for individuals living with dementia to reduce aggressive incidents and increase recruitment and retention of care workers.
Cryoablation with an 8‐mm‐Tip Catheter for Right‐Sided Accessory Pathways in Children
Authors: TANIDIR IBRAHIM CANSARAN , ERGUL YAKUP , OZTURK ERKUT , DALGIC FUHEDA , KIPLAPINAR NESLIHAN , TOLA HASAN TAHSIN , AKDENIZ CELAL , TUZCU VOLKAN
Published: May 2016

Background

Cryoablation is increasingly utilized in children because of its safety profile. Recently, larger catheter tips have been more widely used to improve long‐term success rates. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of 8‐mm‐tip catheters for cryoablation of right‐sided accessory pathways (APs) in children.

Methods

Electrophysiological procedures were performed using the EnSite™ system (St. Jude Medical Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA).

Results

Between July 2010 and July 2014, 54 patients (mean age: 13.1 ± 3.7 years) underwent cryoablation using an 8‐mm‐tip catheter. In 18 of 54 (33%) patients where an 8‐mm‐tip catheter was the first‐choice catheter, the success rate was 18 of 18 (100%). There was a history of previous failed attempts or recurrence with radiofrequency ablation and/or 6‐mm‐tip cryoablation in 36 of 54 (67%) patients. The success rate in these patients was 24 of 36 (67%). No fluoroscopy was used in 34 of 54 procedures. The recurrence rate was six of 42 (14%) during a mean follow‐up period of 32 ± 15 months. In one patient, transient atrioventricular block occurred.

Conclusions

Cryoablation with an 8‐mm‐tip catheter for right‐sided APs in children who weigh over 40 kg appears to be safe and acutely effective in cases where conventional ablation methods fail and also as a first choice for ablation procedure. However, the recurrence rate still seems to be high.
Support for Self‐Censorship Among Israelis as a Barrier to Resolving the Israeli‐Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Hameiri Boaz , Sharvit Keren , Bar‐Tal Daniel , Shahar Eldad , Halperin Eran
Published: May 2016

Self‐censorship, defined as an “act of intentionally and voluntarily withholding information from others in the absence of formal obstacles” often serves as a barrier to resolving intractable conflicts. Specifically, in order to protect the group, and in absence of objective constraints such as institutionalized censorship, individuals practice self‐censorship and support its practice by other society members. This prevents free flow and transparency of information, within a society, regarding the conflict and the adversary. In an attempt to investigate the factors that contribute to the functioning of self‐censorship as a sociopsychological barrier to conflict resolution, a longitudinal study was conducted among a large sample of Jews in Israel. The survey was administered in three waves: a few months before, during, and a few months after Israel's Operation Pillar of Defense in the Gaza Strip. The findings showed that armed confrontation can increase support for self‐censorship. In addition, the findings revealed that personal characteristics (e.g., authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, siege mentality) predicted support for self‐censorship, which, in turn, mediated the effect of personal characteristics on support for negotiations and for providing humanitarian aid. The theoretical as well as the applied implications of the findings are discussed.
Reduction of Surgical Complications in Dogs and Cats by the Use of a Surgical Safety Checklist
Authors: Bergström Annika , Dimopoulou Maria , Eldh Mikaela
Published: May 2016

Objective

To examine whether the use of a surgical safety checklist (SSC) could reduce the incidence of complications after small animal surgery.

Study Design

Prospective clinical study.

Animals: Client‐owned dogs and cats (n = 520).

Methods

Consecutive cases were enrolled in the study, the first 300 cases without implementation of the surgical checklist (SSC−), followed by 220 cases with implementation of the checklist (SSC+). The checklist was adapted from the WHO surgical checklist and consisted of three different check points: (1) before induction of anaesthesia (sign in), (2) before surgical incision (time out), and (3) before recovery (sign out). In‐hospital outcomes were prospectively recorded, and complications within 6 weeks were retrospectively recorded by reviewing medical records and by telephone interviews with owners. The severity of each recorded complication was graded as minor, moderate, or severe. Comparisons were made between SSC− and SSC+ outcomes.

Results

There were significantly more complications in SSC− animals than SSC+ animals (SSC− 52/300 vs. SSC+ 15/220, P = .0003). There was a significantly higher frequency of SSI (P = .045) and wound healing complications (P = .0006) for SSC− animals than SSC+ animals.

Conclusion

The frequency and severity of postoperative complications was significantly decreased after introduction of a surgical checklist. All veterinary hospitals should consider using a surgical checklist. Compliance with implementation of the checklist is important for success.
Social work in the Quake zone: Supporting the sustainable development of Christchurch’s eastern communities
Authors: Tudor Raewyn
Published: May 2016

This paper will focus on the role for social work intervention with people and communities affected by three major earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand. Since the first and subsequent earthquakes in September 2010 and February and June 2011, non-government agencies in Christchurch and the greater Canterbury region have been key providers of immediate crisis support. Whilst this type of service provision is not new territory for the social services, the impetus of the need and long-term nature of the earthquake recovery necessitates an expansive,responsive and empowering practice approach to facilitate ongoing sustainable development in the most affected communities. In consideration of the principles of sustainable development and Amartya Sen’s Capabilities Approach (Seng, 1999), this article will examine ways of working with people beyond alleviating immediate problems towards restoring personal well-being, taking agency, exercising rights, connecting with others and becoming directly involved in the rebuild of Christchurch city and neighbourhood communities. These considerations provide an argument for expanding the scope of social work by reconceptualising its ecological framework and the work of individual and social change to respond to the needs of the affected people of Christchurch.
Personal reflections: What happens when disaster hits?
Authors: Briggs Lynne , Heisenfelt Roark Molly
Published: May 2016

This article is a reflection by two social workers who were involved both personally and professionally in a community in stress in the aftermath of the Christchurch earthquakes. As such we worked as volunteers offering counselling to people in need through the Canterbury Charity Hospital. While one of us lived through the earthquakes and the other was only a part of the quake-stricken community for a short period of time, both were witness to the appreciation, resilience, and courage paramount in clients; the emotional accounts of survival and loss; and Cantabrians going through the ongoing aftershocks that have relentlessly pounded our city over the past two and half years.
Registration ten years on: A perspective from a social work educator
Authors: Rennie Gavin
Published: May 2016

This paper, through the use of experience and observation, explores the way social work registration has been implemented and developed in the last 10 years. The argument will be developed that this process has not been inclusive, and has not responded to the critique of academics and practitioners. Furthermore, it will be argued that the Board has gone beyond its mandate through its involvement in raising the bar in terms of registrable qualifications. This included moving from diploma to degree and latterly increasing the length of degrees from three to four years.
Young people’s participation in service evaluation
Authors: Gaffney Michael , Munro Jenny , Inns Ben , Morgan-Hudson Damian , Kennedy Kymberley , Nyman Lisa , Buckley Marina
Published: May 2016

The Otago Youth Wellness Trust is a charitable organisation that has been operating for 15 years in Dunedin, New Zealand. It decided to evaluate the wraparound service it provided to young people in the community. The young people are referred by other agencies, including schools, and are usually deemed to be in need of significant support. In this article, members of a Youth Advisory Group (YAG), describe the experience of being involved in this service evaluation project. The YAG was made up of a small number of ‘service users’ who developed methods for engaging young people as evaluation participants. Overall we reported positive experiences, but there was a steep learning curve for all of us to navigate the evaluation process. This article demonstrates that it is possible for young people to have a significant influence in service evaluation.
Strengths in action: A pilot study of a strengths development programme within tertiary education utilising the Clifton StrengthsQuest™ & narratives of strengths interviews
Authors: Ingamells K. , Napan K. , Gasquoine S.
Published: May 2016

This paper focuses on the experience of two sub-sets of students who took part in a pilot study which explored the effectiveness of StrengthsQuest® (Clifton and Anderson, 2004), together with StrengthsQuest coaching and Narrative of Strengths interviews within the Bachelor of Social Practice and the Bachelor of Nursing at Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand. The pilot study was primarily focused on whether or not identification and appreciation of strengths could contribute to students’ education as social workers and nurses, and aid them in making choices about career direction. We also enquired into whether the programme we devised could be a starting point for the development of a strengths-based approach within social work and nursing education.Students reported that by becoming aware of their talents their confidence increased and they became more appreciative of what they had to offer in their personal and professional lives. They also reported improvements in study, shaping their career choices and personal breakthroughs. The strength of student feedback indicates that there is value in the integration of a strengths-based approach into social work and nursing education.
A model for Māori research for Māori practitioners
Authors: Moyle Paora
Published: May 2016

This article will discuss the theory and the research design used in a study as partial fulfilment of completing a Master of Social Work degree. The research design consisted of a Māori-centred approach, drawing strongly from Kaupapa Māori theory and principles, using qualitative methods. It presents the author’s research journey and discusses the practical tasks involved in doing research, as encouragement and support for other Māori practitioners thinking about doing a Master of Social Work.
Reflections on the social work profession on the 50th anniversary of ANZASW: Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it
Authors: Thomson Caz
Published: May 2016

The 50th anniversary has provided an opportunity to reflect on the social work profession – where we have come from and where we are going. These reflections led me to two thoughts – are social workers leaders or followers in social change? And considering the change in our practice over the past 50 years, what might future social workers think of our current practice?
30 years’ membership and a 50th birthday – where to next for ANZASW?
Authors: McNabb David
Published: May 2016

This article is a personal reflection on 30 years of membership of the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW, and inclusive of the earlier name, the New Zealand Association of Social Workers – NZASW). The major issues and changes faced by ANZASW are considered from the perspective of someone who undertook a range of roles within ANZASW and in the wider profession. Ideas for the future of ANZASW are outlined.
Reflections
Authors: Aburn Anne
Published: May 2016

Much has already been written about ANZASW and its development and achievements over the past 50 years. Rather than write a formal paper, I would like to reflect on the beginnings of the Association back in the early 1960s.
Children and survival sex: A social work agenda
Authors: Thorburn Natalie , De Haan Irene
Published: May 2016

The purchasing of sexual services by adults from children and adolescents affects an un- known proportion of New Zealand youth, and is present in both rural and urban settings. International research shows that on average girls begin using sex for survival between the ages of 12 and 15. It can be argued that the terms used to denote adolescent transactional sex indicate the researchers’ moral position of the subject; the terms ‘prostitution’ and ‘client’ suggesting equal bargaining power and the terms ‘criminality’ and ‘delinquency’ implying victim responsibility. Recent articles are consistent in their comparison of transactional sex to child sexual abuse. Patriarchal ideals relating to gender roles and female sexuality may perpetuate the selling of sexual services by young people. Three primary pathways into survival sex have been identified: through intermediaries, through child sexual abuse and through inadequate protective systems. Children and young people engaged in transactional sex experience a range of adverse effects related to physical, sexual and mental health, and relationships. In New Zealand the use of children under 18 for sexual services is explicitly prohibited, but there are no comprehensive, nation-wide services for victims of transaction- al sex. Recommendations from the literature support a multi-systemic approach, with an extension of street outreach services, welfare provision and targeted prevention strategies.
Engaging dads: Enhancing support for fathers through parenting programmes
Authors: Glynn Lisa , Dale Michael
Published: May 2016

Parenting programmes purport to improve the parenting capacity of both mothers and fathers; however it is predominantly mothers who participate. Father participation is important because fathers have a positive impact on both child development and behaviour, and out- comes for children are enhanced when both parents participate in parenting programmes. This article draws upon a study (via an online questionnaire) that explored the views of social workers about the issues affecting fathers’ participation in parenting programmes. The results showed that participants considered the qualities of the programme leader, the programme content and the philosophy of the service delivery organisation to be the most important issues impacting on father participation. From the perspective of change, qualities of the programme leader and organisational philosophy were considered the most feasible to address. The sample comprised three times more female than male participants and there was an evident difference in viewpoint according to gender on issues including the gender of the programme leader and the gender make-up of the group.
Advancing social work professionalism: Standards for management and leadership in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Webster Mike , McNabb David , Darroch John
Published: May 2016

In 2004, management was recognised by the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) as one of 13 ‘core purposes’ of the global profession. Taking that recognition as a starting point, this article advances the notion that the pre-eminent function of management in social work organisations is to serve, advocate for and integrate the remaining 12 pur- poses. We further propose that these 12 purposes express the profession’s commitment to human rights and social justice as social work’s distinctive values – that social justice has an organisational dimension. Proceeding from that philosophical base, this paper introduces a research project to develop standards for social work management and leadership uniquely designed for Aotearoa New Zealand. The authors suggest that the IFSW core purpose statement informs and underpins the project. Standards developed by the profession in the United States and England are reviewed and elements drawn from those sources assessed for potential application to New Zealand. The concepts of leadership and management are examined to determine whether they are interchangeable terms, while noting that in the two overseas jurisdictions leadership is privileged. The article concludes by way of an introduction to the preliminary findings of the research project for future treatment.
Volunteer peer supervision: In an ever-changing social service environment
Authors: Rushton Jason
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this article is to start a discussion around the importance of peer super- vision with social service volunteers (New Zealand Federation of Voluntary Welfare Organisations [NZFVWO], 2001, pp. 61-63). This will be achieved by addressing the history of volunteerism and the rise of Charitable Trusts (Styles, 1979, pp. 86-88). The structure of volunteerism changed, as policymakers identified the importance of including specific volunteer’s roles and functions in legislation. Furthermore, policymakers began introducing clarification around peer supervision and peer support, linking the importance of supervision for volunteerism in the social services (NZFVWO, 2001, pp. 61). The introduction of peer supervision for volunteers in the social services is to provide accountability around professional practice and registration for many social service professions. The importance of peer supervision for volunteers working in the social services should be viewed as a safeguard to provide better practice for the volunteer, client and agency (O’Donoghue, 1999, p. 7). Volunteering New Zealand (VNZ) offer an alliance with supporting agencies and government around volunteering best practice in the support and development of managers and coordinators of volunteers (VNZ, 2014, para 1-15). An example of this is the Volunteer Army, which came to fruition around the Christchurch earthquakes, getting the community working alongside each other to support and help those in need. However, none of these professional bodies offer a code of ethics to provide guidelines to volunteers. The Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) does offer a Code of Ethics, not only to social workers but to all social services and volunteers (Beddoe & Randal, 1994, p. 31), which could be incorporated and used as a guideline. Although social work has a code of ethics guideline there is still some debate around mandatory registration to provide accountability and safeguard clients and social work practice.
Social policy for social work and human services in Aotearoa New Zealand: Diverse perspectives
Authors: Jane Maidment , Beddoe Liz
Published: May 2016

Reviewed by Jan Duke Social Workers Registration Board
Being Pono: Ethical dilemmas as learning tools for student social workers
Authors: Martin Sean
Published: May 2016

Social workers in Aotearoa New Zealand are bound by codes of practice and ethics, including the three Maori values of tika, pono and aroha. Ethical dilemmas occur frequently in practice situations for social workers. Student social workers on practicum may have to face these issues not only in regard to work with service users, but also in the behaviour and actions of the social workers and staff in the agency in which they are placed. Given the evidence regarding the disjuncture of learning transfer between theoretical and practical settings, this article argues that ethics and whistle-blowing issues faced by social work students are beneficial experiences in terms of translating theory and belief into practice.
Influence of lips on the production of vowels based on finite element simulations and experiments
Authors: Arnela Marc , Blandin Rémi , Dabbaghchian Saeed , Guasch Oriol , Alías Francesc , Pelorson Xavier , Van Hirtum Annemie , Engwall Olov
Published: May 2016

Three-dimensional (3-D) numerical approaches for voice production are currently being investigated and developed. Radiation losses produced when sound waves emanate from the mouth aperture are one of the key aspects to be modeled. When doing so, the lips are usually removed from the vocal tract geometry in order to impose a radiation impedance on a closed cross-section, which speeds up the numerical simulations compared to free-field radiation solutions. However, lips may play a significant role. In this work, the lips' effects on vowel sounds are investigated by using 3-D vocal tract geometries generated from magnetic resonance imaging. To this aim, two configurations for the vocal tract exit are considered: with lips and without lips. The acoustic behavior of each is analyzed and compared by means of time-domain finite element simulations that allow free-field wave propagation and experiments performed using 3-D-printed mechanical replicas. The results show that the lips should be included in order to correctly model vocal tract acoustics not only at high frequencies, as commonly accepted, but also in the low frequency range below 4 kHz, where plane wave propagation occurs.
Supercurrent in the quantum Hall regime
Authors: Amet F. , Ke C. T. , Borzenets I. V. , Wang J. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Deacon R. S. , Yamamoto M. , Bomze Y. , Tarucha S. , Finkelstein G.
Published: May 2016

Making a graphene super-edge

In superconductors, the electrical current is carried by “Cooper pairs,” formed out of an electron and a hole. This supercurrent will happily cross a thin barrier between two superconductors. But what if a strong magnetic field were applied at the barrier, forcing charge carriers to travel only along the edge of the barrier? Amet
et al.
explored this regime in a sample consisting of two superconducting electrodes and a graphene barrier under magnetic fields of up to 2 tesla (see the Perspective by Mason). Their transport measurements were consistent with a model in which the supercurrent was carried by the edge states in graphene.

Science
, this issue p.
966
; see also p.
891
Self-assembly of noble metal monolayers on transition metal carbide nanoparticle catalysts
Authors: Hunt Sean T. , Milina Maria , Alba-Rubio Ana C. , Hendon Christopher H. , Dumesic James A. , Román-Leshkov Yuriy
Published: May 2016

Tough core-shell catalysts

One approach for increasing the activity of precious metals in catalysis is to coat them onto less expensive earth-abundant transition metal cores such as nickel, but often these structures alloy and deactivate during reactions. Hunt
et al.
synthesized several types of transition metal carbide nanoparticles coated with atomically thin precious-metal shells. Titanium-doped tungsten carbide nanoparticles with platinum-ruthenium shells were highly active for methanol electrooxidation, stable over 10,000 cycles, and resistant to CO deactivation.

Science
, this issue p.
974
Time to presentation and 12-month health outcomes in patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms of possible acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Cullen Louise , Greenslade Jaimi H , Menzies Louven , Leong Ashley , Than Martin , Pemberton Christopher , Aldous Sally , Pickering John , Dalton Emily , Crosling Bianca , Foreman Rachelle , Parsonage William A
Published: May 2016

Objective

To define the association between time taken to present to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms of possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and 1-year outcomes. We also determined whether particular patient characteristics are associated with delays in seeking care after symptom onset.

Methods

We collected data, which included a customised case report form to record symptom onset, on adult patients presenting with suspected ACS to two EDs in Australia and New Zealand. Such patients were followed up prospectively for 1 year. The composite primary endpoint included death, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris treated with revascularisation or readmission with heart failure occurring after discharge but within 12 months after the index presentation.

Results

ACS was diagnosed at presentation in 420 (16.8%) of 2515 patients recruited. Cox regression was conducted to assess the relationship between presentation time and the rate of primary endpoints after controlling for age, ethnicity, prior angina, prior coronary artery bypass graft and index diagnosis. Middle (2–6 h) and late presenters (>6 h postsymptom onset) developed the primary endpoint at a rate 1.22 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.85) and 1.57 (1.07 to 2.31) times higher than early presenters. Patients with known risk factors and cardiovascular disease were more likely to present late to the ED.

Conclusions

There is an independent association between time to presentation and 1-year cardiac outcomes following initial chest pain assessment for ED patients with possible cardiac chest pain in the Australian and New Zealand setting. This association occurred irrespective of the eventual diagnosis. Effective public health campaigns and other measures that facilitate early presentation with symptoms for patients with symptoms suggestive of ACS are justified and may improve prognosis.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12611001069943.