bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the United States in 2011 and 2012 and Comparison with Races in 2010
Authors: Wan Anmin , Chen Xianming , Yuen Jonathan
Published: December 2015

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases on wheat in the United States. In 2011, severe wheat stripe rust caused extensive application of fungicides in the western United States, and the disease was more widespread and caused more yield loss in the eastern United States in 2012. In this study, we characterized virulences and identified races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici by testing the stripe rust samples collected throughout the United States in 2011 and 2012 on a set of 18 Yr single-gene differentials. In 2011, 35 races were identified from 349 viable samples collected from 19 states of the United States and Ontario province of Canada, with PSTv-11 (35.5%), PSTv-37 (12.6%), PSTv-14 (11.8%), PSTv-4 (5.4%), and PSTv-34 (3.4%) as the top five predominant races. In 2012, 23 races were identified from 341 viable samples collected from 24 states of the United States and Ontario of Canada, with PSTv-37 (47.5%), PSTv-11 (11.7%), PSTv-14 (10.0%), PSTv-52 (9.4%), and PSTv-48 (4.4%) as the top five predominant races. Nationally, PSTv-37, PSTv-52, and PSTv-34 were most widely distributed, while PSTv-11, PSTv-14, PSTv-4, and PSTv-48 were mostly detected in the western United States. High frequencies (>80%) were detected for virulences to Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr27, Yr44, and YrExp2; moderate frequencies (20 to 80%) for virulences to Yr1, Yr43, YrTr1, and YrTye; low frequencies (<10%) for virulences to Yr10, Yr24, Yr32, and YrSP; and virulences to Yr5 and Yr15 were not detected, indicating that these two genes are still effective against the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population in the United States. Both positive and negative associations were identified between some of the virulences. In total, 55 races identified from 2010 to 2012 in the United States were clustered into two major virulence groups, and dynamics of predominant races and virulence frequencies for the 3 years were presented and discussed. This information is useful for making decisions when screening wheat germplasm for developing stripe-rust-resistant wheat cultivars and managing the disease by growing cultivars with adequate and durable resistance. The severe epidemics and the occurrence of the large number of races in the 3 years indicate that efforts should be made to use diverse resistance genes, especially to combine effective all-stage resistance genes with genes for high-temperature adult-plant resistance.
Inheritance of Leaf Rust and Stripe Rust Resistance in the Brazilian Wheat Cultivar ‘Toropi’
Authors: Rosa Silvia B. , McCallum Brent , Brûlé-Babel Anita , Hiebert Colin , Shorter Stephen , Randhawa Harpinder S. , Barcellos Amarilis L.
Published: December 2015

Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and stripe rust (P. striiformis f. tritici) affect wheat production worldwide. Brazilian ‘Toropi’ wheat has demonstrated durable leaf rust resistance in South America since its release in 1965. It was previously found to have up to two adult plant leaf rust resistance genes. The leaf and stripe rust resistance of Toropi were studied by analyzing a doubled-haploid population made by crossing with susceptible ‘Thatcher’. Toropi expressed good resistance to leaf rust in Canada, Brazil, and New Zealand. Based on field and greenhouse testing, the leaf rust resistance of Toropi is conferred by two race-nonspecific complementary adult plant genes and a race-specific adult plant gene. The stripe rust resistance of Toropi analyzed in New Zealand and in Canada is based on up to two resistance genes. Toropi should provide an important contribution to rust resistance because it expressed good leaf rust and stripe rust resistance in different parts of the world.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Rapid Detection of the F200Y Mutant Genotype of Carbendazim-Resistant Isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Duan Yabing , Yang Ying , Wang Yong , Pan Xiayan , Wu Jian , Cai Yiqiang , Li Tao , Zhao Donglei , Wang Jianxin , Zhou Mingguo
Published: December 2015

The point mutation at codon 200 (TTC→TAC, F200Y) confers moderate resistance to carbendazim in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This mutant genotype (F200Y) has been detected mainly by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), which requires 3 to 5 days. Here, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid detection of the F200Y mutant genotype of carbendazim-resistant isolates of S. sclerotiorum. Specific LAMP primers were designed and concentrations of LAMP components were optimized. The optimal reaction conditions were 62 to 63°C for 45 min. The new LAMP assay requires no special equipment and is highly sensitive and specific (the i.e., it generated positive results with F200Y mutant genotype but generated negative results with other carbendazim-resistant mutants and with a variety of carbendazim-resistant mutants of Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum). Inclusion of the loop backward (LB) primer reduced the reaction time to 15 min. Results were identical with LAMP and MIC determinations. The advantages of the LB-accelerated LAMP assay for detection of the F200Y mutant genotype were demonstrated by assaying sclerotia produced on rape stems that were artificially inoculated in the field. The results indicated that the new LAMP assay represents an improved way to detect the F200Y mutant genotype of carbendazim-resistant isolates of S. sclerotiorum.
Monitoring Resistance to SDHI Fungicides in Botrytis cinerea From Strawberry Fields
Authors: Hu Meng-Jun , Fernández-Ortuño Dolores , Schnabel Guido
Published: December 2015

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides have been used to control gray mold of strawberry for more than a decade, and selection for resistance in the causal agent Botrytis cinerea has become a threat to producers. In total, 2,570 B. cinerea isolates were collected from strawberry fields in the eastern United States across three seasons and their sensitivity to the SDHI materials boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad was assessed. Assays were based on visual assessment of presence or absence of mycelial growth on media amended with discriminatory fungicide doses to distinguish sensitive from resistant isolates, respectively. Overall frequencies of isolates resistant to boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad increased over the 3 years to 30.0, 1.0, 5.5, and 7.4%, respectively. Four resistance patterns, designated A, B, C, or D, were found. Pattern A isolates were resistant to boscalid with the allele H272R at locus sdhB; pattern B isolates were resistant to boscalid and penthiopyrad with the allele H272R or H272Y at locus sdhB; pattern C isolates were resistant to boscalid, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad with the allele H272Y at locus sdhB; and pattern D isolates were resistant to boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad with alleles P225F or N230I at locus sdhB. Isolates with alleles H272Y, N230I, or P225F were sensitive to a new SDHI, benzovindiflupyr, with mean effective dose that inhibits 50% of mycelial growth values of less than 0.5 μg/ml for each genotype, suggesting that this fungicide may be useful for resistance management. Our data show an increase of B. cinerea isolates resistant to SDHI fungicides over three consecutive production seasons. Resistance management practices must be implemented for the sustained efficacy of SDHI fungicides against gray mold of strawberry.
First Report of Orobanche ludoviciana Parasitizing Sunflowers
Authors: Harveson Robert M. , Nelson Allan , Mathew Febina M. , Seiler Gerald J.
Published: December 2015

In September 2014, a commercial field in western Nebraska was found exhibiting sunflower plants being parasitized by another flowering plant. Its presence was detected in approximately 25% of the field. The parasite was identified as Orobanche ludoviciana, and represents the first known report of any species of Orobanche attacking sunflowers in the Western Hemisphere.

Accepted for publication 19 November 2015. Published 25 November 2015.
Recovery Plan for Laurel Wilt on Redbay and Other Forest Species Caused by Raffaelea lauricola and Disseminated by Xyleborus glabratus
Authors: Hughes M. A. , Smith J. A. , Ploetz R. C. , Kendra P. E. , Mayfield A. E. , Hanula J. L. , Hulcr J. , Stelinski L. L. , Cameron S. , Riggins J. J. , Carrillo D. , Rabaglia R. , Eickwort J. , Pernas T.
Published: December 2015

This recovery plan is one of several disease-specific documents produced as part of the National Plant Disease Recovery System (NPDRS) called for in Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 9 (HSPD-9). The purpose of the NPDRS is to insure that the tools, infrastructure, communication networks, and capacity required to mitigate the impact of high-consequence plant disease outbreaks are such that a reasonable level of crop production is maintained. Each disease-specific plan is intended to provide a brief primer on the disease, assess the status of critical recovery components, and identify disease management research, extension, and education needs. These documents are not intended to be stand-alone documents that address all of the many and varied aspects of plant disease outbreak and all of the decisions that must be made and actions taken to achieve effective response and recovery. They are, however, documents that will help USDA guide further efforts directed toward plant disease recovery.

Accepted for publication 13 October 2015. Published 17 November 2015.
Effectiveness of Nine Different Fungicides for Management of Crown and Root Rot of Chile Pepper Plants Caused by Phytophthora capsici
Authors: Matheron Michael E. , Porchas Martin
Published: December 2015

Bell and chile pepper plants are affected by the economically important disease Phytophthora blight, which is caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Greenhouse and field trials were conducted to evaluate and compare the ability of nine different fungicides to reduce development of the crown and root rot phase of Phytophthora blight and the resulting chile pepper plant death when applied at 2- and 4-week intervals. Overall, chile pepper plant mortality was significantly decreased in three greenhouse trials with soil applications of fungicide products containing ametoctradin + dimethomorph, cyazofamid, dimethomorph, ethaboxam, fluazinam, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, mefenoxam, and oxathiapiprolin. The same fungicides, excluding mandipropamid and oxathiapiprolin, also significantly reduced overall plant mortality in two field trials. No significant difference was found between 2- and 4-week fungicide application intervals with respect to chile pepper plant survival in any greenhouse or field trial. In general, the degree of reduction in chile pepper plant mortality was lower in field compared to greenhouse trials, probably due to the respective soil surface spray compared to soil drench method of fungicide application used in each instance.

Accepted for publication 17 November 2015. Published 30 November 2015.
Scale insect host ranges are broader in the tropics
Authors: Hardy Nate B. , Peterson Daniel A. , Normark Benjamin B.
Published: December 2015

The specificity of the interactions between plants and their consumers varies considerably. The evolutionary and ecological factors underlying this variation are unclear. Several potential explanatory factors vary with latitude, for example plant species richness and the intensity of herbivory. Here, we use comparative phylogenetic methods to test the effect of latitude on host range in scale insects. We find that, on average, scale insects that occur in lower latitudes are more polyphagous. This result is at odds with the general pattern of greater host-plant specificity of insects in the tropics. We propose that this disparity reflects a high cost for host specificity in scale insects, stemming from unusual aspects of scale insect life history, for example, passive wind-driven dispersal. More broadly, the strong evidence for pervasive effects of geography on host range across insect groups stands in stark contrast to the weak evidence for constraints on host range due to genetic trade-offs.
Growth, ageing and scaling laws of coronary arterial trees
Authors: Chen Xi , Niu Pei , Niu Xiaolong , Shen Wenzeng , Duan Fei , Ding Liang , Wei Xiliang , Gong Yanjun , Huo Yong , Kassab Ghassan S. , Tan Wenchang , Huo Yunlong
Published: December 2015

Despite the well-known design principles of vascular systems, it is unclear whether the vascular arterial tree obeys some scaling constraints during normal growth and ageing in a given species. Based on the micro-computed tomography measurements of coronary arterial trees in mice at different ages (one week to more than eight months), we show a constant exponent of 3/4, but age-dependent scaling coefficients in a length–volume scaling law (

L
c
is the crown length,
V
c
 is the crown volume,
K
length–volume
is the age-dependent scaling coefficient) during normal growth and ageing. The constant 3/4 exponent represents the self-similar fractal-like branching pattern (i.e. basic mechanism to regulate the development of vascular trees within a species), whereas the age-dependent scaling coefficients characterize the structural growth or resorption of vascular trees during normal growth or ageing, respectively. This study enhances the understanding of age-associated changes in vascular structure and function.
Isaac Newton learns Hebrew: Samuel Johnson's
Nova cubi Hebræi tabella
Authors: Joalland Michael , Mandelbrote Scott
Published: December 2015

This article concerns the earliest evidence for Isaac Newton's use of Hebrew: a manuscript copy by Newton of part of a work intended to provide a reader of the Hebrew alphabet with the ability to identify or memorize more than 1000 words and to begin to master the conjugations of the Hebrew verb. In describing the content of this unpublished manuscript and establishing its source and original author for the first time, we suggest how and when Newton may have initially become acquainted with the language. Finally, basing our discussion in part on an examination of the reading marks that Newton left in the surviving copies of Hebrew grammars and lexicons that he owned, we will argue that his interest in Hebrew was not intended to achieve linguistic proficiency but remained limited to particular theological queries of singular concern.
Calling louder and longer: how bats use biosonar under severe acoustic interference from other bats
Authors: Amichai Eran , Blumrosen Gaddi , Yovel Yossi
Published: December 2015

Active-sensing systems such as echolocation provide animals with distinct advantages in dark environments. For social animals, however, like many bat species, active sensing can present problems as well: when many individuals emit bio-sonar calls simultaneously, detecting and recognizing the faint echoes generated by one's own calls amid the general cacophony of the group becomes challenging. This problem is often termed ‘jamming’ and bats have been hypothesized to solve it by shifting the spectral content of their calls to decrease the overlap with the jamming signals. We tested bats’ response in situations of extreme interference, mimicking a high density of bats. We played-back bat echolocation calls from multiple speakers, to jam flying
Pipistrellus kuhlii
bats, simulating a naturally occurring situation of many bats flying in proximity. We examined behavioural and echolocation parameters during search phase and target approach. Under severe interference, bats emitted calls of higher intensity and longer duration, and called more often. Slight spectral shifts were observed but they did not decrease the spectral overlap with jamming signals. We also found that pre-existing inter-individual spectral differences could allow self-call recognition. Results suggest that the bats’ response aimed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and not to avoid spectral overlap.
On Miller’s rule for the brain working memory, or why human memory is so short
Authors: Meilikhov E. Z. , Farzetdinova R. M.
Published: December 2015

Working memory is a cognitive construct that describes how information can be maintained in brain for a limited period of time, while concurrent processing is also performed. We present a simple model that accounts for working memory span and explains the origin of the cognitive Miller’s rule (Magical Number Seven).
High-temperature dynamic octahedral tilting in the ionic conductor Sr11Mo4O23
Authors: López Carlos A. , Pedregosa José C. , Fernández-Díaz María T. , Alonso José A.
Published: December 2015

This work presents the crystal structure evolution of a novel ionic conductor Sr11Mo4O23at high temperature. The formula of this phase can be rewritten as Sr1.75□0.25SrMoO5.75, highlighting the relationship with double perovskitesA2B′B′′O6. The crystal network contains oxygen-anion and strontium-cation vacancies. The structure is complex; Sr, Mo and O atoms are distributed in four, two and six distinct Wyckoff sites, respectively. It was refined from neutron powder diffraction data collected at 473, 673, 873 and 1073 K. The thermal evolution of crystallographic parameters supports the known reversible process of removal/uptake of O-atom content in the 673–873 K temperature range. Above 873 K, from difference Fourier maps, it was found that the structure exhibits an oxygen delocalization around one of the Mo sites. This delocalization was understood as a dynamical octahedral tilt of the MoO6octahedron, yielding an increase in the ionic conductivity at high temperature.
Structure of methionine γ-lyase fromClostridium sporogenes
Authors: Revtovich Svetlana , Anufrieva Natalya , Morozova Elena , Kulikova Vitalia , Nikulin Alexey , Demidkina Tatyana
Published: December 2015

Methionine γ-lyase (MGL) is a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the γ-elimination reaction of L-methionine. The enzyme is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in some anaerobic pathogens and has attracted interest as a potential cancer treatment. The crystal structure of MGL fromClostridium sporogeneshas been determined at 2.37 Å resolution. The fold of the protein is similar to those of homologous enzymes fromCitrobacter freundii,Entamoeba histolytica,Pseudomonas putidaandTrichomonas vaginalis. A comparison of these structures revealed differences in the conformation of two flexible regions of the N- and C-terminal domains involved in the active-site architecture.
Improved purification, crystallization and crystallographic study of Hyd-2-type [NiFe]-hydrogenase fromCitrobactersp. S-77
Authors: Muhd Noor Noor Dina , Nishikawa Koji , Nishihara Hirofumi , Yoon Ki-Seok , Ogo Seiji , Higuchi Yoshiki
Published: December 2015

The purification procedure of Hyd-2-type [NiFe]-hydrogenase fromCitrobactersp. S-77 was improved by applying treatment with trypsin before chromatography. Purified protein samples both with and without trypsin treatment were successfully crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method with polyethylene glycol as a precipitant. Both crystals belonged to space groupP21, with unit-cell parametersa= 63.90,b= 118.89,c= 96.70 Å, β = 100.61° for the protein subjected to trypsin treatment anda= 65.38,b= 121.45,c= 98.63 Å, β = 102.29° for the sample not treated with trypsin. The crystal obtained from the trypsin-treated protein diffracted to 1.60 Å resolution, which is considerably better than the 2.00 Å resolution obtained without trypsin treatment. The [NiFe]-hydrogenase fromCitrobactersp. S-77 retained catalytic activity with some amount of O2, indicating that it has clear O2tolerance.
Crystal structure of (E)-3-[4-(benzylideneamino)-5-sulfanylidene-3-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylpropan-1-one
Authors: Wang Hewen
Published: December 2015

The title compound, C32H28N4O2S, crystallizes as a racemate. In the molecule, the bond-angle sum at the C atom of the sulfanylidene entity bound to the triazole ring is 360°, with an annular N—C—N bond angle of 102.6 (2)° and two larger N—C—S angles of 127.3 (2) and 130.1 (2)°. The essentially planar 1,2,4-triazole ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.013 Å) is nearly perpendicular to the phenylpropanone and methoxyphenyl rings , making dihedral angles of 76.9 (2) and 85.2 (2)°, respectively and subtends dihedral angles of 17.6 (2) and 40.3 (2)° with the tolyl and benzylideneamino rings, respectively. There is no π–π stacking between the molecules. The crystal packing is dominated by weak C—H...O and C—H...N interactions, leading to a three-dimensional network structure. An intramolecular C—H...S interaction also occurs.
Crystal structure of 3-ferrocenyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole, [Fe(η5-C5H4cC4H3NPh)(η5-C5H5)]
Authors: Pfaff Ulrike , Korb Marcus , Lang Heinrich
Published: December 2015

The molecular structure of the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C15H12N)], consists of a ferrocene moiety with anN-phenylpyrrole heterocycle bound to one cyclopentadienyl ring. The 1,3-disubstitution of the pyrrole results in an L-shaped arrangement of the molecule with plane intersections of 2.78 (17)° between the pyrrole and theN-bonded phenyl ring and of 8.17 (18)° between the pyrrole and the cyclopentadienyl ring. In the crystal, no remarkable intermolecular interactions are observed
Structures of designed armadillo-repeat proteins show propagation of inter-repeat interface effects
Authors: Reichen Christian , Madhurantakam Chaithanya , Hansen Simon , Grütter Markus G. , Plückthun Andreas , Mittl Peer R. E.
Published: December 2015

The armadillo repeat serves as a scaffold for the development of modular peptide-recognition modules. In order to develop such a system, three crystal structures of designed armadillo-repeat proteins with third-generation N-caps (YIII-type), four or five internal repeats (M-type) and second-generation C-caps (AII-type) were determined at 1.8 Å (His-YIIIM4AII), 2.0 Å (His-YIIIM5AII) and 1.95 Å (YIIIM5AII) resolution and compared with those of variants with third-generation C-caps. All constructs are full consensus designs in which the internal repeats have exactly the same sequence, and hence identical conformations of the internal repeats are expected. The N-cap and internal repeats M1to M3are indeed extremely similar, but the comparison reveals structural differences in internal repeats M4and M5and the C-cap. These differences are caused by long-range effects of the C-cap, contacting molecules in the crystal, and the intrinsic design of the repeat. Unfortunately, the rigid-body movement of the C-terminal part impairs the regular arrangement of internal repeats that forms the putative peptide-binding site. The second-generation C-cap improves the packing of buried residues and thereby the stability of the protein. These considerations are useful for future improvements of an armadillo-repeat-based peptide-recognition system.
Structural and functional insights into an archaealL-asparaginase obtained through the linker-less assembly of constituent domains. Corrigendum
Authors: Tomar Rachana , Sharma Pankaj , Srivastava Ankit , Bansal Saurabh , Ashish  , Kundu Bishwajit
Published: December 2015

A correction is made to Fig. 7 in the article by Tomaret al.[(2014).Acta Cryst.D70, 3187–3197].
3,3′-[(Cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)bis(azanediyl)]bis(cyclohex-2-en-1-one)
Authors: Abdelhamida Antar A. , Mohamed Shaaban K. , Simpson Jim
Published: December 2015

The title compound, C18H26N2O2, crystallizes with two half-molecules in the asymmetric unit, both lying about inversion centres situated at the centers of the cyclohexane rings. In the crystal, the two molecules are linked by a pair of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming an inversion dimer with anR22(18) ring motif; the dimers are linked by a second pair of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, enclosing anR22(18) ring motif, forming chains along [1-10] which are linked by bifurcated C—H...(O,O) hydrogen bonds, forming slabs parallel to theabplane.
Nature of Competition and New Technology Adoption
Authors: Dastidar Krishnendu Ghosh
Published: December 2015

The incentives to adopt cost‐reducing technology by firms in a horizontally‐differentiated duopoly are analysed in the present paper. Cost reduction depends on the ‘quality’ of the ‘new technology’. A firm has to procure such technology in a ‘scoring auction’. When the quality offered by the suppliers of this technology lies in the interior of the feasible range, both firms adopt the new technology regardless of the nature of competition (Cournot or Bertrand). However, when there is a corner solution, there are equilibria where only one firm (or no firm) adopts the new technology. With a corner solution the nature of competition affects the equilibrium outcomes.
Comparative Urbanism: New Geographies and Cultures of Theorizing the Urban
Authors: Robinson Jennifer
Published: December 2015

In response to the growing interest in ways to take forward an agenda for a more global urban studies, this essay advocates a comparative approach to theory building which can help to develop new understandings of the expanding and diverse world of cities and urbanization processes, building theory from different contexts, resonating with a diversity of urban outcomes but being respectful of the limits of always located insights. The essay is inspired by the potential of the comparative imagination but, mindful of the limitations of formal comparative methods, which in a quasi‐scientific format can drastically restrict the scope of comparing, it outlines ways to reformat comparative methods in order to put them to work more effectively for a more global urban studies. The essay proposes a new typology for comparative methods based on the vernacular practices of urban comparison, tracing these through the archives of comparative urbanism. It also suggests some lines of philosophical reflection for reframing the scope and style of theorizing. New repertoires of comparativism are indicated which support the possibility of a revisable urban theory, starting from anywhere.
Variables associated with parent satisfaction with their child's pain management
Authors: Liversidge Xien Lei , Taylor David McD , Liu Bonnia , Ling Sophia Li‐Yiing , Taylor Simone Elise
Published: December 2015

Objective

The provision of ‘adequate analgesia’ (which reduces the pain score by ≥2 and to <4 [0–10 scale]) is significantly associated with high levels of satisfaction with pain management among adult patients. We aimed to determine the variables (including ‘adequate analgesia’) associated with parent satisfaction with their child's pain management.

Methods

We undertook an observational, pilot study in a mixed, metropolitan ED. Patients aged 4–16 years with a triage pain score of ≥4 were enrolled. Data included demographics, presenting complaint, pain scores every 30 min, analgesia administered, time to first analgesia, provision of nurse‐initiated analgesia (NIA), and ‘adequate analgesia’, and parent satisfaction 48‐h post‐discharge (6 point scale: very unsatisfied – very satisfied).

Results

Complete data were collected on 185 patients: mean (SD) age 10.4 (3.6) years, weight 41.9 (17.8) kg; 93 (50.3%) were male. One hundred and ten (59.4%) parents were very satisfied with their child's pain management. Children of very satisfied parents had shorter times to analgesia than those who did not (median [interquartile range] 14 (33) vs 33 (46) min, respectively, P = 0.003). Parents whose children received NIA or ‘adequate analgesia’ were more often very satisfied than those whose children did not. However, the differences were not significant (difference in proportions: 13.2% [95% CI −1.9, 28.3], P = 0.07 and 10.2% [95% CI −5.02, 25.34], P = 0.16, respectively).

Conclusion

Short times to analgesia are associated with parent satisfaction. There were non‐significant trends towards high levels of satisfaction following the provision of NIA and ‘adequate analgesia’. These findings will inform a well‐powered study to confirm this association.
New Species of Cretolimonia and Mesotipula (Diptera: Limoniidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Northeastern China
Authors: Jiaqi GAO , Chungkun SHIH , Yunyun ZHAO , Dong REN
Published: December 2015

Two new species,Cretolimonia excelsa sp. nov. and Mesotipula gloriosa sp. nov., in Limoniidae of Diptera are described and illustrated, based on three fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings. These specimens were collected from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. These are the first fossil records of these two genera from China.
Educational games as stand‐alone learning tools and their motivational effect on L2 vocabulary acquisition and perceived learning gains
Authors: Calvo‐Ferrer José Ramón
Published: December 2015

According to different authors, computer games not only teach contents and skills, but also do so in a more efficient manner, allowing long‐lasting learning. However, there is still little consensus on this matter as different studies put their educational benefits into question, especially when used without instructional support. An empirical study was conducted to measure the effect of the educational game The Conference Interpreter on L2 vocabulary acquisition and perceived learning gains, as compared with a non‐gaming tool which replicated its contents. The results of pre‐, post‐ and delayed tests showed that students that had access to the contents via the video game performed statistically better in the short run, found the materials more appealing and believed their vocabulary skills had developed further than those in the control group. However, the regression model showed that the actual enjoyment of the game seemed to have no effect on the students' learning outcomes, neither according to their own estimation nor as determined by testing. Of greater importance seemed to be extrinsic motivation, ie, their desire to play based upon expected learning gains, prior knowledge of tested L2 vocabulary and perceived difficulty of the educational contents.
Synthesizing Ornamental Typefaces
Authors: Zhang Junsong , Wang Yu , Xiao Weiyi , Luo Zhenshan
Published: December 2015

We present a method for creating ornamental typeface images. Ornamental typefaces are a composite artwork made from the assemblage of images that carry similar semantics to words. These appealing word‐art works often attract the attention of more people and convey more meaningful information than general typefaces. However, traditional ornamental typefaces are usually created by skilled artists, which involves tedious manual processes, especially when searching for appropriate materials and assembling them. Hence, we aim to provide an easy way to create ornamental typefaces for novices. How to combine users' design intentions with image semantic and shape information to obtain readable and appealing ornamental typefaces is the key challenge to generate ornamental typefaces. To address this problem, we first provide a scribble‐based interface for users to segment the input typeface into strokes according to their design concepts. To ensure the consistency of the image semantics and stroke shape, we then define a semantic‐shape similarity metric to select a set of suitable images. Finally, to beautify the typeface structure, an optional optimal strategy is investigated. Experimental results and user studies show that the proposed algorithm effectively generates attractive and readable ornamental typefaces.
Mitigating Harm: Considering Harm Reduction Principles in Work with Sexually Exploited Young People
Authors: Hickle Kristine , Hallett Sophie
Published: December 2015

A growing awareness of child sexual exploitation (CSE) in the United Kingdom and throughout the world has prompted human service and legal/policy professionals to seek ways of engaging young people experiencing sexual exploitation, although much remains unknown regarding effective practice, and whether or not current knowledge regarding best practices with young people can be expanded to address CSE. This paper considers how principles of harm reduction, a public health approach widely used to engage adults and young people in help‐seeking behaviours, can be considered as part of a children's rights‐centred approach to policy and practice with young people experiencing CSE.
Formaldehyde in cosmetics in patch tested dermatitis patients with and without contact allergy to formaldehyde
Authors: Hauksson Inese , Pontén Ann , Isaksson Marléne , Hamada Haneen , Engfeldt Malin , Bruze Magnus
Published: December 2015

Background

Formaldehyde is a well‐known contact sensitizer. Formaldehyde releasers are widely used preservatives in cosmetics.

Objectives

To survey the release of formaldehyde in cosmetics brought by patients investigated because of suspected allergic contact dermatitis, to compare it with information given by the manufacturers on the packages, and to investigate whether formaldehyde‐allergic patients are potentially exposed to more cosmetics releasing formaldehyde than dermatitis patients without contact allergy to formaldehyde.

Patients/methods

Cosmetics from 10 formaldehyde‐allergic and 30 non‐allergic patients (controls) matched for age and sex were investigated with the chromotropic acid spot test, which is a semiquantitative method measuring the release of formaldehyde.

Results

Formaldehyde was found in 58 of 245 (23.7%) products. Twenty‐six of 126 (20.6%) leave‐on products released formaldehyde, and 17 of 26 (65.4%) of these were not declared to contain formaldehyde or formaldehyde releasers. Among the rinse‐off products, there were 32 of 119 (26.8%) formaldehyde‐releasing products, and nine of 32 (28.0%) of these were not labelled as containing formaldehyde or formaldehyde releasers. Five of 10 formaldehyde‐allergic patients brought leave‐on products with ≥ 40 ppm formaldehyde, as compared with 4 of 30 in the control group (p = 0.029).

Conclusions

Cosmetic products used by formaldehyde‐allergic patients that are not declared to contain formaldehyde or formaldehyde‐releasing preservatives should be analysed.
Randomized non‐inferiority trial comparing diagnostic yield of cytopathologist‐guided versus seven passes for endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of pancreatic masses
Authors: Lee Linda S. , Nieto Jose , Watson Rabindra R. , Hwang Allen L. , Muthusamy Venkataraman R. , Walter Laura , Jajoo Kunal , Ryou Marvin K. , Saltzman John R. , Saunders Michael D. , Suleiman Shadeah , Kadiyala Vivek
Published: December 2015

Background and Aim

To improve diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) in solid pancreatic lesions, on‐site cytology review has been recommended. Because this is not widely available throughout the world, the aim of the present study was to compare the diagnostic yield of EUS‐FNA carried out with rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) versus seven FNA passes without ROSE in pancreatic masses.

Methods

In this multicenter randomized non‐inferiority trial, patients were randomized to ROSE versus seven passes into a solid pancreatic mass. On the basis of the absolute difference in diagnostic yield with seven passes versus cytopathologist guidance, the non‐inferiority margin for the difference in diagnostic yield was defined as −15%. Definite diagnosis was defined to include positivity for malignancy, presence of neoplastic cells, and negativity for malignancy.

Results

Total of 142 patients were randomized with 73 in the cytopathologist arm and 69 in the seven‐passes arm. Diagnostic yield for definite diagnosis was 78.3% with seven passes and 78.1% with cytopathology guidance. With an absolute difference 0.2%, 95% CI –14.4 to 14.6, carrying out seven passes was non‐inferior to cytopathologist‐guided EUS‐FNA. There was no significant difference in complications or time to carry out FNA. A median of five passes were done with ROSE. Median cost with onsite cytopathology was significantly higher than carrying out seven passes ($1058 [958, 1445] vs $375 [275, 460], P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Diagnostic yield for carrying out seven passes during EUS‐FNA into solid pancreatic masses is non‐inferior with lower charge compared to cytopathologist guidance.
Marine protected areas are insufficient to conserve global marine plant diversity
Authors: Daru Barnabas H. , le Roux Peter C.
Published: December 2015

Aim

Marine plants are only incidentally included in conservation efforts for marine biodiversity. Here, for the first time, we apply phylogenetic methods to marine macrophytes (mangroves and seagrass species) to test for gaps in the current conservation network by identifying global diversity hotspots for these plant groups, and assess the degree to which hotspots are represented within the current network of marine protected areas (MPAs).

Location

Global.

Methods

We calculated five metrics of marine plant diversity: phylogenetic diversity, species richness, species endemism, phylogenetic endemism and ‘evolutionary distinctiveness and global endangerment’ (EDGE).

Results

Overall, the diversity of marine plants was poorly represented by currentMPAs. Different measures of diversity showed spatial mismatch, demonstrating how strategies that maximize one diversity measure may be inefficient at protecting other facets of marine plant biodiversity. However, complementarity analyses revealed that complete representation can be achieved very efficiently with few additional locations.

Main conclusions

Our study highlights the need for an integrative approach to conserve both the species diversity and phylogenetic diversity of marine plants. WhileMPAsare a valuable instrument for conserving marine biodiversity, we now face the challenge of increasing coverage to protect other branches of the marine tree of life.
Effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation amplitude on timing of swallow pressure peaks between healthy young and older adults
Authors: Barikroo Ali , Berretin‐Felix Giedré , Carnaby Giselle , Crary Michael
Published: December 2015

Objectives

This study compared the effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) amplitude on timing of lingual–palatal and pharyngeal peak pressures during swallowing in healthy younger and older adults.

Background

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation amplitude is one parameter that may have different impacts on the neuromotor system and swallowing physiology. One aspect of swallowing physiology influenced by age is the timing of swallowing events. However, the effect of varying TES amplitudes on timing of swallowing physiology is poorly understood, especially in older adults.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐four adults (20 younger and 14 older) swallowed 10 ml of nectar‐thick liquid under three TES conditions: no stimulation, low‐amplitude stimulation and high‐amplitude stimulation. TES was delivered by surface electrodes on the anterior neck. Timing of pressure peaks for lingual–palatal contacts and pharyngeal pressures were measured under each condition.

Results

A significant age × stimulation amplitude interaction was identified for the base of tongue (BOT) [F(2,62) = 5.087, p < 0.009] and the hypopharynx (HYPO) [F(2,62) = 3.277, p < 0.044]. At the BOT, low‐amplitude TES resulted in slower swallows in the younger adults compared with no TES. In older adults, low‐amplitude TES resulted in faster swallows compared with high‐amplitude TES. At the HYPO, no significant differences were identified in pressure timing across the three TES amplitudes in both age groups. In each case, low‐amplitude TES resulted in faster swallows in older adults compared with younger adults.

Conclusions

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation influences pharyngeal pressure timing differently in young and old people, which questions the appropriateness of using a ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ TES amplitude for rehabilitating people with dysphagia.
Effectiveness of a miswak extract‐containing toothpaste on gingival inflammation: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Azaripour A , Mahmoodi B , Habibi E , Willershausen I , Schmidtmann I , Willershausen B
Published: December 2015

Objectives

In this study, the efficacy of a miswak extract‐containing toothpaste (Salvadora persica) on gingival inflammation was compared with that of a herbal and a conventional toothpaste.

Methods

Non‐smoking outpatients with sulcus bleeding index (SBI) ≥25% and with periodontal pocket depths ≤3 mm were randomly selected and divided into three groups: M‐group, miswak extract‐containing toothpaste; P‐group, herbal toothpaste; and C‐group, conventional toothpaste. After instructing the patients to brush their teeth twice a day for 3 weeks with the assigned toothpaste using a flat‐trimmed manual toothbrush, a thorough oral examination was performed by a calibrated examiner (EH). The primary outcome was the SBI after 21 days. Furthermore, the amount of plaque was measured by approximal plaque index (API).

Results

Sixty‐six patients with a mean age of 57.8 ± 10.2 years were recruited and enrolled. After 3 weeks of brushing, all three patient groups showed a significant reduction in SBI. The P‐group (SBI reduction: 17.1% ± 9.1) and the M‐group (14.5% ± 8.1) showed the strongest effect followed by the C‐group (9.4% ± 7.8). All three groups showed a significant reduction in API without significant differences between the groups.

Conclusions

The use of each of the three tested toothpastes caused a significant reduction in gingival inflammation and amount of plaque. The miswak extract‐containing toothpaste showed a similar effect as the herbal toothpaste and can be safely used for domestic oral hygiene in patients with gingivitis.
Effectiveness of a once per week delivery of a family‐based childhood obesity intervention: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Khanal S. , Welsby D. , Lloyd B. , Innes‐Hughes C. , Lukeis S. , Rissel C.
Published: December 2015

Background

The effectiveness of once per week (OPW) delivery of a family‐based childhood obesity programme was compared with twice per week (TPW) delivery in achieving health and behavioural outcomes at a population level and in improving programme attendance. Both programmes were delivered over 10–weeks, and the contact hours in the OPW and TPW programmes were 20 and 35–h, respectively.

Methods

A cluster‐randomised controlled trial with stratification by local health district was conducted. Height, weight and global self esteem of participants and parent‐reported diet and physical activity were measured at programme commencement and completion and at 6‐month follow‐up. Attendance was defined as the proportion of total sessions attended.

Results

There were no differences between the OPW and TPW arms in changes from pre‐programme baseline for body mass index (BMI) z‐score and other health and behaviourial measures at programme completion and at follow‐up, except for the increase in physical activity outside of the programme at programme completion (OPW, 3.5 h/week; TPW, 1.9 h/week; p = 0.03). OPW and TPW participants attended 71.2% and 69.2% of the total sessions, respectively. Attendance was the only contributing factor to a positive BMI z‐score outcome (β = −2.45, p < 0.01) with no effects of child age and gender, language spoken at home or highest qualification of mother.

Conclusions

A family−based childhood obesity programme can be delivered OPW with no compromise to health or behavioural outcomes compared with TPW. Higher attendance, as a proportion of available sessions, leads to better outcomes for children.
Intermediate habitat associations by hybrids may facilitate genetic introgression in a songbird
Authors: Wood Eric M. , Barker Swarthout Sara E. , Hochachka Wesley M. , Larkin Jeffery L. , Rohrbaugh Ronald W. , Rosenberg Kenneth V. , Rodewald Amanda D.
Published: December 2015

Hybridization or the interbreeding of genetically discrete populations or species can occur where ranges of genetically distinct units overlap. Golden‐winged warblers Vermivora chrysoptera, a species that has been in steady decline for decades, highlight the potential population‐level consequences of hybridization. A major factor implicated in their decline is hybridization with their sister species, the blue‐winged warbler Vermivora cyanoptera, which has likely been exacerbated by historic and current land‐use practices. We examined habitat associations of golden‐winged and blue‐winged warblers, phenotypic hybrids, and cryptic hybrids (i.e. mismatch between plumage phenotype and genotype as identified by mitochondrial DNA) in an area of relatively recent range overlap and hybridization in northern New York, USA. To explore the robustness of these results, we then compared the patterns from New York with habitat associations from the central Pennsylvanian Appalachian Mountains where blue‐winged warblers either do not occur or are in very low abundance, yet cryptic golden‐winged warbler hybrids are present. From 2008 to 2011, we captured 122 birds in New York and 28 in Pennsylvania and collected blood samples, which we used to determine maternal ancestry. For each bird captured, we measured territory‐level (50‐m radius circles) habitat, and later used remote‐sensing data to quantify habitat on the territories and in surrounding areas (100‐, 250‐, and 500‐m radius circles). In New York, golden‐winged warblers occupied structurally heterogeneous territories surrounded by homogeneously structured, contiguous deciduous forest, far from urban areas. Blue‐winged warblers showed opposite associations, and hybrids’ habitat associations were typically intermediate. In Pennsylvania, the habitat associations of golden‐winged warblers and their cryptic hybrids were remarkably similar to those in New York. These findings suggest that patterns of habitat occupancy by hybrids may promote contact with golden‐winged warblers and thus likely facilitate genetic introgression, even in areas where the parental species are not sympatric.
P‐O‐rich sulfide phase in CM chondrites: Constraints on its origin on the CM parent body
Authors: Zhang Ai‐Cheng , Itoh Shoichi , Yurimoto Hisayoshi , Hsu Wei‐Biao , Wang Ru‐Cheng , Taylor Lawrence A.
Published: December 2015

CM chondrites are a group of primitive meteorites that have recorded the alteration history of the early solar system. We report the occurrence, chemistry, and oxygen isotopic compositions of P‐O‐rich sulfide phase in two CM chondrites (Grove Mountains [GRV] 021536 and Murchison). This P‐O‐rich sulfide is a polycrystalline aggregate of nanometer‐size grains. It occurs as isolated particles or aggregates in both CM chondrites. These grains, in the matrix and in type‐I chondrules from Murchison, were partially altered into tochilinite; however, grains enclosed by Ca‐carbonate are much less altered. This P‐O‐rich sulfide in Murchison is closely associated with magnetite, FeNi phosphide, brezinaite (Cr3S4), and eskolaite (Cr2O3). In addition to sulfur as the major component, this sulfide contains ~6.3 wt% O, ~5.4 wt% P, and minor amounts of hydrogen. Analyses of oxygen isotopes by SIMS resulted in an average δ18O value of −22.5 ‰ and an average Δ17O value of 0.2 ± 9.2 ‰ (2σ). Limited variations in both chemical compositions and electron‐diffraction patterns imply that the P‐O‐rich sulfide may be a single phase rather than a polyphase mixture. Several features indicate that this P‐O‐rich sulfide phase formed at low temperature on the parent body, most likely through the alteration of FeNi metal (a) close association with other low‐temperature alteration products, (b) the presence of hydrogen, (c) high Δ17O values and the presence in altered mesostasis of type‐I chondrules and absence in type‐II chondrules. The textural relations of the P‐O‐rich sulfide and other low‐temperature minerals reveal at least three episodic‐alteration events on the parent body of CM chondrites (1) formation of P‐O‐rich sulfide during sulfur‐rich aqueous alteration of P‐rich FeNi metal, (2) formation of Ca‐carbonate during local carbonation, and (3) alteration of P‐O‐rich sulfide and formation of tochilinite during a period of late‐stage intensive aqueous alteration.