bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic cerebrovascular disease: the role of venous disorders and the possibility of pathogenetic correction
Authors:   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation, Schukin I.A. , Fidler M.S. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation, Koltsov I.A. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Published: December 2020

Aim: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the L-lysine escinate venotropic drug in the treatment of cephalgic, atactic and asthenic syndromes in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, mainly caused by venous disorders. Patients and Methods: the study involved 60 patients with a diagnosis of chronic cerebral ischemia with signs of chronic venous insufficiency. All patients were randomly divided into two groups consisting of 30 people. Patients in the main group received L-lysine escinate, and the control group received Vinpocetine. The drugs were administered by intravenous drip for 10 days. A dynamic assessment was performed using a modified subjective scale of asthenia evaluation (MFI-20), 100 mm long visual analogue scale (VAS) for headache, subjective neurological impairment scale (SNIS), and Tinetti test. An ophthalmic examination with an assessment of the fundus vessels and an ultrasound duplex scanning of head vessels (veins) were also conducted. Results: it was shown that L-lysine escinate therapy showed a statistically more significant reduction in the severity of headache (according to VAS) and an improved stability measured by Tinetti test versus during Vinpocetine treatment. There were no significant differences in the level of asthenia (MFI-20), the severity of emotional disorders, and the SNIS score. Also, the number of patients with dilated fundus veins significantly decreased during treatment in the main group (p<0.05), which was not the case in the control group. According to ultrasound duplex scanning data, the venous flow velocity through the veins of Rosenthal and angular veins during L-lysine escinate therapy was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in patients receiving Vinpocetine. Conclusion: the inclusion of vasotropic drugs (in particular, the L-lysine escinate venotonic drug) in the treatment regimen of patients with chronic brain ischemia seems appropriate, especially if there are signs of venous insufficiency. KEYWORDS: systemic venous insufficiency, chronic cerebrovascular disease, venous dyscirculation, glymphatic system, L-lysine escinate, Vinpocetine. FOR CITATION: Schukin I.A., Fidler M.S., Koltsov I.A. Chronic cerebrovascular disease: the role of venous disorders and the possibility of pathogenetic correction. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(9):544–551. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-9-544-551.
Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain syndrome
Authors:   Academy of Postgraduate Education under Federal Research Clinical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation, Ekusheva E.V. ,   Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod, Russian Federation
Published: December 2020

Cognitive impairments and pain syndrome are frequent disorders in the general population and one of the most topical and significant issues of modern medicine faced by doctors of various specialties in clinical practice, both on intpatient and outpatient basis. The article discusses the current understanding of the association and pathogenetic mechanisms concerning cognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain. The most optimal strategies for these patients management are considered, including pharmacological therapy with medication of proven efficacy and various directions of non-drug exposure. The article describes a clinical case of a patient with muscle-tonic and myofascial pain syndromes (6–7 points on VAS scale) and a syndrome of mild cognitive impairment that hindered his professional activity and therefore required therapeutic correction. Correctly selected therapy with the inclusion of analgesics and the nootropic citicoline provided pain relief in the lumbar region, improved concentration and overall well-being. KEYWORDS: pain syndrome, chronic pain, cognitive impairment, citicoline, choline. FOR CITATION: Ekusheva E.V. Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain syndrome. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(9):573–577. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-9-573-577.
"The Wombe's Burden": The Undermining of Female Agency within Paradise Lost and The Faerie Queene
Authors: Just Delane
Published: December 2020

Through their depictions of Eve and Britomart, Milton and Spenser undermine the agency of their female characters and perpetuate and preserve patriarchal values and hierarchy. Britomart, at once a strong martial knight, is undermined by Spenser’s tying of her ultimate purpose and goal to her ability to birth a noble lineage into existence. Milton’s Eve, while being a more positive depiction than her predecessors, is intended to be subservient to Adam and her purpose lies in copulation and procreation. Ultimately, while both texts do give their characters some agency beyond procreation, it is imperative to recognize the historical degradation of women to wombs, and how this still affects women to the modern-day.
Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - March 2020
Authors: Carrasquilla Barrera Alberto , Galindo Andrade Arturo José , Hernández Correa Gerardo Alfredo , Maiguashca Olano Ana Fernanda , Soto Losada Carolina , Steiner Sampedro Roberto , Echavarría Soto Juan José
Published: December 2020

The Board of Directors of the Central Bank, as per the provisions of Article 5 of Law 31 of 1992, submits a report to the Congress of the Republic that describes the macroeconomic performance for the first half of 2019 and its prospects for the remainder of the year. The last two chapters report on the composition of the country’s international reserves and the projection of the financial situation of Banco de la República for 2019. The last chapter analyzes the payment systems in the cou
Parents about School: from Factors Choice of Educational Institutions to the Real Information Children's School Life
Authors: Belousov K. Yu.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Large-scale reforms in the system of domestic school education in recent years have led to an increase in the importance of the role of parents as subjects of educational policy. The modern school, responding to the changes that have taken place in the interaction of the family and the educational institution, has begun to actively address research requests to parents in order to clarify their views on various aspects of the work of the school and the study of children. The purpose of the paper, therefore, is to illustrate examples of research requests from schools inSt Petersburg with a description of the factors of choosing an educational institution by parents, their awareness of various aspects of a child's life, assessing the size of the study load and student's attitude to school. The scientific novelty of the work is due to the content of the tools used, the peculiarities of constructing the sample used in data collection, as well as the duration of the study.

Methodology and sources. The empirical basis of the study is the results of long-term surveys of parents of schoolchildren in grades 4, 9, 11 from 73 schools inSt Petersburg. Surveys were carried out between 2013 and 2019, according to the same methodology and tools for educational institutions. The total data set includes 4278 respondents. The selection of schools for the survey was carried out at random each year of the study. Correctional schools of various profiles were excluded from the sample.

Results and discussion. The results of the study showed that the closeness of the school to home and a strong teaching staff are the most significant factors that play a decisive role in choosing a school, according to the parents’ opinion. Almost half of the respondents do not express their feelings about the size of the school load, considering it optimal. Only 10.8 % of parents consider the current school load to be excessively high. More than 20.0 % of parents do not have sufficient information about the child's relationship with teachers, the same number are poorly informed about his or her friends and acquaintances.

Conclusion. With all the variety of problems that arise today in the relationship between the school and parents, the study nevertheless recorded a positive tone of parental responses, who  are  mostly  satisfied  with  the  choice  of school,  teachers,  the  existing psychological climate, etc. Parents who took part in surveys, revealing the point of view of students, they report that children go to school more often with interest and joy, they have many friends there, and in the family, they tell more good things about their educational institution than vice versa.
Tanatologia: Approccio storico-filosofico alla morte nel contesto della medicina legale e del diritto
Authors: Figueiredo Antonio Macena de
Published: December 2020

La tanatologia forense integra uno dei rami della Medicina Legale legati agli aspetti scientifici con la morte, i suoi segni e la sua natura. Sebbene la morte sia un fenomeno naturale ha implicazioni in ambito giuridico e sociale, ma è sempre stata un enigma nella cultura occidentale. L’obiettivo è quello di discutere il tema tanatologia sotto tre punti di riflessione: ritagliati dal punto di vista dei filosofi dell’antichità che hanno lavorato di più su questo tema, la visione della morte in Occidente narrata dallo storico francese Philippe Ariés e come la medicina legale e il diritto hanno lavorato a questo tema nella pratica professionale. Questo è uno studio di revisione della letteratura specializzata. Essendo dimostrato come la tanatologia medico-legale e legale contribuiscono a queste riflessioni, così come nella definizione e nel concetto di morte, tuttavia, sono stati i filosofi di Platone (428-347 a. C.) storici che questo tema è stato affrontato sotto diversi aspetti. Si conclude che il modo in cui affrontare questo tema si è trasformato nel tempo. Oggi, il fenomeno della morte è medicalizzato, ricoverato, distante dalla famiglia, dalla società e persino dalla formazione accademica. Sebbene la medicina legale e il diritto siano discipline intrinsecamente associate, il tema è ancora lontano sia dall’insegnamento che dalla pratica professionale. Prove che dimostrano la necessità di ridiscutere il tema nella formazione dei professionisti del settore medico e legale.
Tanatologia: Abordagem histórico-filosófico da morte no contexto da medicina legal e do direito
Authors: Figueiredo Antonio Macena de
Published: December 2020

A Tanatologia forense integra um dos ramos da Medicina Legal relacionada aos aspectos científicos com a morte, seus sinais e sua natureza. Não obstante a morte ser fenômeno natural têm implicações na esfera jurídica e social, porém, sempre foi um enigma na cultura ocidental. O objetivo é discutir a temática tanatologia sob três pontos de reflexão: recorte a partir da perspectiva dos filósofos da Antiguidade que mais trabalharam esse tema, a visão da morte no ocidente narrado pelo historiador francês Philippe Ariés e como a Medicina Legal e o Direito tem trabalhado esse tema na prática profissional. Trata-se de estudo de revisão da literatura especializada. Sendo demonstrado como Tanatologia Médico- Legal e do Direito contribuírem para essas reflexões, bem com na definição e conceito de morte, porém, foram os filósofos a partir Platão (428-347 a. C.) e historiadores que esse tema tem sido abordado sob vários aspectos. Conclui-se que a forma de como lidar com esse tema vem se transformando ao longo do tempo. Hoje, o fenômeno morte encontra-se medicalizado, hospitalizado, distanciado da família, da sociedade e até da formação acadêmica. Apesar da Medicina Legal e o Direito serem disciplinas intrinsicamente associadas, o tema ainda está distante tanto do ensino quanto da prática profissional. Evidência que demonstra a necessidade de se rediscutir a temática na formação dos profissionais da medicina e do Direito.
SUPPORTING THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN THE POLISH LABOR MARKET
Authors:   Pedagogical and Technical College in Konin, Ziętek Anna
Published: December 2020

The article presents a concept of social approach towards individual support for persons with disabilities, which aims at levelling their opportunities in social and professional life. It suggests the introduction of tasks related to vocational activation and availability through co-operation and support in such areas as education, employment and social welfare system. It is pointed out that the implementation of changes and improvement of vocational education will enable persons with disabilities to prepare and adapt to employment and social life. The article presents solutions for improving the cooperation of individuals and supporting organizations in performing tasks involving employment and integration in the local community. The cooperation of parties involved and local integration is a significant element in the suggested model which is to improve the process of employment and activity of disabled persons. The article indicates the need to introduce more flexibility in the process of vocational preparation with the labour market and to increase the level of awareness of individual problems persons with disabilities face. It shows that introducing changes and improving existing solutions related to the system will increase the participation of persons with disabilities in professional and social life. The article presents a model solution of vocational education adjusted to persons with disabilities, taking into account patronage specialist workshops. It suggests implementing an additional career counselling subject in the curriculum, which by achieving objectives and carrying out teaching contents, would enable persons with disabilities to create individual career development plans. Persons with disabilities, being the subject of the functioning of schools and work­places, should have the possibility of self-fulfilment and fulfilment of their vocational development. Vocational preparation of persons with disabilities requires strengthening with new elements and activities. It requires the implementation of solutions in the field of assistance and availability as well as support based on the individual needs of persons with disabilities, which will increase employment and activity in the labour market.
METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF INDICATOR DEVELOPMENT TO THE EDUCATION MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (EMIS) IN THE FIELD OF TVET EDUCATION
Authors:   SSI «Institute of Educational Analytics», Lyesnikova Maryna
Published: December 2020

The Education Management Information System (EMIS) in the TVET field is a system for collecting, storing, analysing, disseminating and using data in the TVET. The metho­dological framework for developing a system of indicators for the Education Management Information System (EMIS) in the TVET field should be guided by recognized world standards, guidelines and best practices. At the same time, it should be built on a consensus basis with national standards, which are the key to the generation and use of well-structured metadata in the TVET field. As an example of effectively functioning global Education Mana­gement Information System (EMIS) in the TVET field, the Open Education Management Information System (OpenEMIS), namely its OpenEMIS Concept Note module – TVET, the CTE National Reporting System and Workforce Training System – CTE Statistics, developed by the United States Institute of Education (IES) and published by Federico Mejer should be cited. The Interagency Vocational Education and Training Group (IAG-TVET), which includes global educational organizations, has developed guidelines for a set of indicators to help countries evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of their TVET systems based on actual data and the use of reliable tools to evaluate TVET monitoring. IAG-TVET has identified four relevant po­licy areas in the TVET system: funding; access and participation; quality; relevance. Based on the recommendations of the above guidelines, the author has developed a system of indicators for the Education Management Information System (EMIS) in the field of TVET, which will be included in the form of the information and analytical unit "TVET System" in the Automated Information Complex of Educational Management (AICOM) of the State Scientific Institution "Institute of Educational Analytics". The system of indicators includes: the register of TVET institutions, the results of the admission campaign and training, teaching staff, logistics facilities, architectural accessibility, profitable economic activity, the creation of an innovative educational environment, the use of ICT in the educational process. The information and analytical unit "TVET System" should be institutionalized with databases of other official bodies of Ukraine, for example, with databases of the State Statistics Service, the State Employment Service etc. The data contained in the Information and Analytical Unit "TVET System" must be compatible with other international databases and allow the construction of international indicators in the TVET system.
Incidência de dismorfia muscular em praticantes de musculação em academias de uma capital no nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Leal Cortez AC , Caland ACG , Paiva Junior ACR , Costa AS , Dantas EHM
Published: December 2020

Objetivo: averiguar a incidência a incidência de dismorfia muscular em praticantes de musculação em academias de uma capital do Nordeste do Brasil.

Método: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo descritivo, transversal de caráter quantitativo, com amostra de 306 praticantes de musculação entre 18 a 50 anos. Para avaliar a dismorfia muscular utilizamos o Questionário do Complexo de Adônis. Foram realizadas medidas de associação entre o sexo, idade e uso de drogas legais e/ou ilegais com a classificação do Questionário do Complexo de Adônis, utilizando-se o teste de Qui-quadrado X2.

Resultados: analisando os resultados do Questionário Complexo de Adônis, identificou-se que no sexo masculino (58.5%) apresentaram escore de 0 a 9, o que consiste em dizer que o entrevistado pode ter algumas preocupações menores acerca da imagem corporal, mas elas provavelmente não afetam tão seriamente seu dia a dia. Já a maioria das mulheres (49.6%) tiveram resultado representado no escore de 10-19, equivalente a forma branda a moderada de dismorfia muscular, que pode significar a busca de um corpo mais musculoso. Houve correlação significativa entre o sexo e a classificação do Complexo de Adônis com p= 0.02.

Conclusão: Visto o exposto podemos destacar que as mulheres apresentaram um índice mais elevado de dismorfia muscular em relação aos homens e que foi encontrada correlação significativa entre o uso de drogas legais e/ou ilegais e a dismorfia muscular.
Diferencias en las concentraciones de cortisol en día de partido en jugadores internacionales de fútbol: titulares vs no titulares
Authors: Aceña Angel
Published: December 2020

Objetivo: La hormona cortisol participa en situaciones de respuestas fisiológicas y conductuales, preparando al organismo para actuar en un momento de estrés de naturaleza física, insegura, o como lo es la competición deportiva, de ésta manera, se pretende como objetivo principal analizar las respuestas del cortisol de 20 futbolistas (titulares y no titulares) de nivel internacional durante un día de partido de competición.

Método: Durante la Copa Mundial de la Fédération Internationale de Football Association 2018 en Rusia, fueron seleccionados 20 jugadores de un equipo nacional para obtener un perfil individualizado de los jugadores, analizándose durante el día de partido, mediante análisis salival en los primeros 30 minutos tras despertar (8.00 am). Para el análisis estadístico de diferencias entre grupos, se utilizó t-student (Grupo: titulares / no titulares) × 1 (Tiempo: basal).

Resultados: Con los resultados obtenidos, observamos un aumento en la Respuesta al Despertar del Cortisol en función de si los jugadores jugaban de inicio como titulares o iniciaban como no titulares, existiendo diferencia significativa (p=0.005; P= 0.105) entre ambos grupos.

Conclusiones: Se observó un perfil diferenciado, con una diferencia en aumento de cortisol de los jugadores titulares, pudiendo deberse a un incremento de la tensión precompetitiva propia, en muchos casos necesaria para encarar la competición.
Conclusiones de las IX Jornadas del grupo Avilés sobre Medicina del Deporte
Authors: Jiménez López Leocricia
Published: December 2020

El Grupo de Trabajo Avilés fue impulsado por el Consejo Superior de Deportes en 2009 y está formado por representantes de los Centros de Medicina de la Educación Física y el Deporte de todas las comunidades autónomas que cuentan con estas infraestructuras y representantes de centros de medicina del deporte de centros de tecnificación, centros municipales de medicina del deporte y la Agencia Española de Protección de la Saluden el Deporte. Como objetivos de este grupo de trabajo figuran la coordinación entre estas estructuras autonómicas de la medicina del deporte, el planteamiento de soluciones comunes a las diferentes problemáticas que sufren cada uno de los centros y el ser un grupo de asesoramiento, en los diferentes ámbitos de la medicina de la educación física y el deporte, para el Consejo Superior de Deportes.

Este grupo de trabajo se reúne periódicamente; en su última reunión, celebrada online 19 de noviembre de 2020 en Logroño, se acordaron una serie de conclusiones, en relación con el propio Grupo de Avilés, la salud del deportista frente al SARS-CoV-2 y el mantenimiento de la especialidad. Este artículo reproduce dichas conclusiones.
Development of Visual Media Characteristic of Batak Culture “Dalihan Na Tolu” for Students in 6th Grade Elementary School
Authors: Defa  , Wisman Hadi  , Daulat Saragi
Published: December 2020

The research is using the 4 D Thiagarajan development model consisting of Define, Design, Development and Dissemination. The validation results of three experts consisting of material experts, design experts and media experts with a very decent category. Once validated by the three experts, the media tested on two groups of small groups and big groups by demonstrating the effectiveness of the media. One of the patterns of kinship adopted from the value of Batak culture contains many positive and good elements that can be used as a role model in the use of technology. Making the use of technology is growing by having a cultural corridor that can align in its development and use in both the digital world though. In this study gave birth to a visual learning media that collaborated with the values of Batak culture.
The association between back pain, individual determinants, and posture habits among schoolchildren in Iran
Authors:   Department of Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Akbari-Chehrehbargh Zahra , Tavafian Sedigheh-Sadat ,   Department of Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Montazeri Ali ,   Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institutes for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
Published: December 2020

Back pain is considered as a public health problem and it may be predictive of adult disability, and is on the rise among the schoolchildren population. The aim of this study was to explore the association between back pain, posture habits and individual factors (knowledge, self-efficacy, beliefs, and behavior) among schoolchildren. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect the demographics characteristics, individual factors, posture habits, and back pain. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between variables. Among 610 pupils, the prevalence of back pain was 23.6% (n = 144). There were 530 (86.9%) pupils that indicated that they had carried the school backpack of ideal posture. There were significant relationships between the sitting at work on the computer (p = 0.006, OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.11-2.49) and on a chair (p = 0.021, OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.01 - 2.57) habits with back pain respectively. Self-efficacy significantly associated with back pain (p = 0.001). Similarly, individual factors significantly associated with posture habits. The findings suggest that back care educational programmes are needed to address individual factors in order to promote proper posture habits and reduce backache.
Developmental violent practices against children at home and in early childhood education centres in South West Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Early Childhood and Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria., I. A. Salami
Published: December 2020

The curriculum content implemented, the practices surrounding the implementation and the child raising practices at home determine what an individual child becomes later in life. Education exposed to individuals that become teachers, medical doctors and the likes, is the same exposed to those who become terrorists, kidnappers and other anti-social professionals. What brings about the different outcomes is the level of developmental violence in the education and the practices. The developmental traits common to children who received Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Nigeria provide evidence that there are problems with either the content of ECE or the practices in the child’s immediate environment. The regurgitation of facts, development in intellectual domain only and the poor acquisition of language of the immediate environment are obvious in the children. This study, therefore, examines the ECE centres and homes of the children in terms of content delivered and the common practices adopted. A qualitative method of research with a desktop review of 35 studies was carried out. The findings revealed that adoptions of a foreign language, too much restriction from playing among others are some of developmental violent practices at homes and ECE centres. Creating awareness about hidden developmental violent practices and implementation and supervision of the language of instruction policy among others are recommended.
Passive acoustic monitoring reveals spatiotemporal segregation of two fish-eating killer whale Orcinus orca populations in proposed critical habitat
Authors: Emmons CK , Hanson MB , Lammers MO
Published: December 2020

Competition for prey resources among ecologically similar populations that occur in sympatry can be reduced by spatiotemporal resource partitioning. Understanding patterns of habitat use of cetaceans can be difficult since they are highly mobile and can have large home ranges. We used passive acoustic monitoring at 15 sites along the coast of Washington State, USA, to assess habitat use patterns of 2 sympatric populations of fish-eating killer whales Orcinus orca: northern residents (NRKW) and southern residents (SRKW). This area is part of the ocean distributions of a number of important runs of Chinook salmon Oncorhyncus tshawytscha, the preferred prey of both populations, and is proposed critical habitat for SRKW. We compared monthly occurrence of both populations at recorder locations grouped by their proximity to the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the north and the Columbia River to the south in one analysis and by their distance from shore in a second analysis. NRKW and SRKW were detected throughout the year with spring and fall peaks in occurrence. The northernmost sites accounted for 93% of NRKW detections, while less than half of SRKW detections were at these sites. SRKW were most frequently detected at nearshore sites (83% of detections), while the majority of NRKW detections were at mid-shelf and deep sites (94% of detections). This study provides further information about the habitat use of these resident killer whale populations with implications for their management and conservation.
Dual-Function Analysis of Astaxanthin on Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) and Its Role in the Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity and Retinal Mitochondrial Dysfunction Under Hypoxia Conditions
Authors: Niu Jin , Zhao Wei , Lu Dan-Qi , Xie Jia-Jun , He Xuan-Shu , Fang Hao-Hang , Liao Shi-Yu
Published: December 2020

The present study investigated the potential mechanisms of astaxanthin in the regulation of gastrointestinal immunity and retinal mitochondrial function of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Triplicate groups of juvenile T. ovatus (mean initial weight: 6.03 ± 0.01 g) were fed one of six diets (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, and D6) for 8 weeks, with each diet containing various concentrations of astaxanthin (0, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, or 0.1%, respectively). Growth performance of fish fed the D2–D5 diets was higher than that of fish fed the D1 diet; however, growth performance and survival of fish deteriorated sharply in fish fed the D6 diet. Gut villus in fish fed the D2–D5 diets were significantly longer and wider than that of fish fed the D6 diet. Feeding with D2–D5 diets led to increased abundance of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Oceanobacillus, Lactococcus, Halomonas, Lactobacillus, and Psychrobacter while abundance of Vibrio and Bacterium decreased. Additionally, feeding with the D6 diet resulted in a sharp decline in Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus abundance and a sharp increase in Vibrio abundance. A low dissolved oxygen environment (DO, 1.08 mg/L) was conducted for 10 h after the rearing trial. No fish mortality was observed for any of the diet treatments. Lysozyme (LZY) activity in fish fed the D6 diet decreased sharply and was significantly lower than that in other groups. ROS production also decreased sharply in fish fed the D6 diet. Moreover, the conjunctiva and sclera in the fish fed the D6 diet were indistinguishable. Suitable dietary astaxanthin supplementation levels (0.005–0.1%) exerting a neuroprotective effect from low dissolved oxygen environments is due to up-regulated expression of anti-apoptotic factors, such as phosphorylated Bcl-2-associated death promoter (pBAD), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (pGSK-3β), Bcl-2 extra large (Bcl-xL), and down-regulated expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) pro-apoptotic factor in retinas. Furthermore, suitable dietary astaxanthin levels (0.0005–0.01%) suppressed up-regulation of critical mitochondrial components, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), while excessive astaxanthin supplementation produces the opposite effect. In brief, high-dose astaxanthin arouses and aggravates low dissolved oxygen-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, intestinal disorder, retinal apoptosis, and retinal mitochondrial dysfunction in T. ovatus. Second-degree polynomial regression of WG indicated that the optimum dietary astaxanthin for juvenile T. ovatus is 0.049%.
Multiple Exposures Enhance Both Item Memory and Contextual Memory Over Time
Authors: Chen Haoyu , Yang Jiongjiong
Published: December 2020

Repetition learning is an efficient way to enhance memory performance in our daily lives and educational practice. However, it is unclear to what extent repetition or multiple exposures modulate different types of memory over time. The inconsistent findings on it may be associated with encoding strategy. In this study, participants were presented with pairs of pictures (same, similar, and different) once (see section “Experiment 1”) or three times (see section “Experiment 2”) and were asked to make a same/similar/different judgment. By this, an elaborative encoding is more required for the “same” and “similar” conditions than the “different” condition. Then after intervals of 10 min, 1 day, and 1 week, they were asked to perform a recognition test to discriminate a repeated and a similar picture, followed by a remember/know/guess assessment and a contextual judgment. The results showed that after learning the objects three times, both item memory and contextual memory improved. Multiple exposures enhanced the hit rate for the “same” and “similar” conditions, but did not change the false alarm rate significantly. The recollection, rather than the familiarity, contributed to the repetition effect. In addition, the memory enhancement was manifested in each encoding condition and retention interval, especially for the “same” condition and at 10-min and 1-day intervals. These results clarify how repetition influences item and contextual memories during discriminative learning and suggest that multiple exposures render the details more vividly remembered and retained over time when elaborative encoding is emphasized.
A Formal Account of Structuring Motor Actions With Sensory Prediction for a Naive Agent
Authors: Godon Jean-Merwan , Argentieri Sylvain , Gas Bruno
Published: December 2020

For naive robots to become truly autonomous, they need a means of developing their perceptive capabilities instead of relying on hand crafted models. The sensorimotor contingency theory asserts that such a way resides in learning invariants of the sensorimotor flow. We propose a formal framework inspired by this theory for the description of sensorimotor experiences of a naive agent, extending previous related works. We then use said formalism to conduct a theoretical study where we isolate sufficient conditions for the determination of a sensory prediction function. Furthermore, we also show that algebraic structure found in this prediction can be taken as a proxy for structure on the motor displacements, allowing for the discovery of the combinatorial structure of said displacements. Both these claims are further illustrated in simulations where a toy naive agent determines the sensory predictions of its spatial displacements from its uninterpreted sensory flow, which it then uses to infer the combinatorics of said displacements.
Physical Plasma-Treated Skin Cancer Cells Amplify Tumor Cytotoxicity of Human Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Authors: Clemen Ramona , Heirman Pepijn , Lin Abraham , Bogaerts Annemie , Bekeschus Sander
Published: December 2020

Skin cancers have the highest prevalence of all human cancers, with the most lethal forms being squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Besides the conventional local treatment approaches like surgery and radiotherapy, cold physical plasmas are emerging anticancer tools. Plasma technology is used as a therapeutic agent by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Evidence shows that inflammation and adaptive immunity are involved in cancer-reducing effects of plasma treatment, but the role of innate immune cells is still unclear. Natural killer (NK)-cells interact with target cells via activating and inhibiting surface receptors and kill in case of dominating activating signals. In this study, we investigated the effect of cold physical plasma (kINPen) on two skin cancer cell lines (A375 and A431), with non-malignant HaCaT keratinocytes as control, and identified a plasma treatment time-dependent toxicity that was more pronounced in the cancer cells. Plasma treatment also modulated the expression of activating and inhibiting receptors more profoundly in skin cancer cells compared to HaCaT cells, leading to significantly higher NK-cell killing rates in the tumor cells. Together with increased pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and IL-8, we conclude that plasma treatment spurs stress responses in skin cancer cells, eventually augmenting NK-cell activity.
Recent Advances in the Treatment of Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Legarda Mario A. , Cejalvo María J. , de la Rubia Javier
Published: December 2020

In the past 20 years, few diseases have seen as great progress in their treatment as multiple myeloma. With the approval of many new drugs and the limited availability of clinical trials comparing head-to-head the different possible combinations, the choice of the best treatments at each stage of the disease becomes complex as well as crucial since multiple myeloma remains incurable. This article presents a general description of the novelties of the whole treatment of multiple myeloma, from induction in the newly diagnosed patient through the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and maintenance treatment until early and late relapses, including a section on recently approved drugs as well as novel drugs and immunotherapy in advanced stages of research, and that will surely play a relevant role in the treatment of this devastating disease in the coming years.
Assessing Preferences in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Phase I and II of Questionnaire Development
Authors: Bonomo Pierluigi , Maruelli Alice , Saieva Calogero , Taylor Katherine , Singer Susanne , Patelli Zaira , Rogers Simon , Mattavelli Davide , Simon Christian , Scotté Florian , de Oliveira Thiago Bueno , Murphy Barbara , Rhoten Bethany Andrews , Tassini Umberto , Fallon Marie , Galitis Ourania Nicolatou , Yarom Noam , Bergamini Cristiana , Bossi Paolo
Published: December 2020

Shared-decision making for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is challenged by the difficulty to integrate the patient perception of value within the framework of a multidisciplinary team approach. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire to assess the preferences of HNSCC patients with respect to the disease trajectory, expected treatment, and toxicities. In accordance with the standardized EORTC Quality of Life Group’s methodology for the development of quality of life modules, a phase 1–2 study was envisaged. Following a systematic review of the literature, a consolidated list of 28 issues was administered through a semi-structured interview to 111 patients from 7 institutions in 5 countries. Overall, “cure of disease”, “survival”, and “trusting in health care professionals” were the 3 most common priorities, being chosen by 87.3%, 73.6% and 59.1% of patients, respectively. When assessing the correlation with the treatment subgroup, the issue of “being thoroughly and sincerely informed about treatments’ efficacy and survival expectation” was highly prevalent in an independent manner (71.4%, 75% and 90% of patients in the follow-up, palliative and curative subgroups, respectively). Based on prespecified scoring criteria, a 24-item list was generated. Pending clinical applicability, further testing and validation of the questionnaire are warranted.
Correction: Aljabali, A.A.A.; et al. Albumin Nano-Encapsulation of Piceatannol Enhances Its Anticancer Potential in Colon Cancer via down Regulation of Nuclear p65 and HIF-1α. Cancers 2020, 12, 113
Authors: Aljabali Alaa A. A. , Bakshi Hamid A. , Hakkim Faruck L. , Haggag Yusuf A. , Al-Batanyeh Khalid M. , Zoubi Mazhar S. Al , Al-Trad Bahaa , Nasef Mohamed M. , Satija Saurabh , Mehta Meenu , Pabreja Kavita , Mishra Vijay , Khan Mohammed , Abobaker Salem , Azzouz Ibrahim M. , Dureja Harish , Pabari Ritesh M. , Dardouri Ashref Ali K. , Kesharwani Prashant , Gupta Gaurav , Dhar Shukla Shakti , Prasher Parteek , Charbe Nitin B. , Negi Poonam , Kapoor Deepak N. , Chellappan Dinesh Kumar , Webba da Silva Mateus , Thompson Paul , Dua Kamal , McCarron Paul , Tambuwala Murtaza M.
Published: December 2020

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
Sequential Colocalization of ERa, PR, and AR Hormone Receptors Using Confocal Microscopy Enables New Insights into Normal Breast and Prostate Tissue and Cancers
Authors: Chenlo Miguel , Aliyev Elvin , Rodrigues Joana S. , Vieiro-Balo Paula , Blanco Freire Manuel N. , Cameselle-Teijeiro José Manuel , Alvarez Clara V.
Published: December 2020

Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) use markers staining different cell populations applying widefield optical microscopy. Resolution is low not resolving subcellular co-localization. We sought to colocalize markers at subcellular level with antibodies validated for clinical diagnosis, including the single secondary antibody (combination of anti-rabbit/mouse-antibodies) used for diagnostic IHC with any primary antibody, and confocal microscopy. We explore colocalization in the nucleus (ColNu) of nuclear hormone receptors (ERa, PR, and AR) along with the baseline marker p63 in paired samples of breast and prostate tissues. We established ColNu mIHCF as a reliable technique easily implemented in a hospital setting. In ERa+ breast cancer, we identified different colocalization patterns (nuclear or cytoplasmatic) with PR and AR on the luminal epithelium. A triple-negative breast-cancer case expressed membrane-only ERa. A PR-only case was double positive PR/p63. In normal prostate, we identified an ERa+/p63+/AR-negative distinct population. All prostate cancer cases characteristically expressed ERa on the apical membrane of the AR+ epithelium. We confirmed this using ERa IHC and needle-core biopsies. ColNu mIHCF is feasible and already revealed a new marker for prostate cancer and identified sub-patterns in breast cancer. It could be useful for pathology as well as for functional studies in normal prostate and breast tissues.
Loss of Circadian Timing Disrupts Theta Episodes during Object Exploration
Authors: Loewke Adrienne C. , Garrett Alex , Steiger Athreya , Fisher Nathan , Heller H. Craig , Colas Damien , Ruby Norman F.
Published: December 2020

This study examined whether theta oscillations were compromised by the type of circadian disruption that impairs hippocampal-dependent memory processes. In prior studies on Siberian hamsters, we developed a one-time light treatment that eliminated circadian timing in the central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). These arrhythmic animals had impaired hippocampal-dependent memory whereas animals made arrhythmic with SCN lesions did not. The current study examined whether theta oscillations are compromised by the same light treatment that produced memory impairments in these animals. We found that both methods of inducing circadian-arrhythmia shortened theta episodes in the EEG by nearly 50%. SCN-lesioned animals, however, exhibited a 3-fold increase in the number of theta episodes and more than doubled the total time that theta dominated the EEG compared to SCN-intact circadian-arrhythmic animals. Video tracking showed that changes in theta were paralleled by similar changes in exploration behavior. These results suggest that the circadian-arrhythmic SCN interferes with hippocampal memory encoding by fragmenting theta oscillations. SCN-lesioned animals can, however, compensate for the shortened theta episodes by increasing their frequency. Implications for rhythm coherence and theta sequence models of memory formation are discussed.
Realization of Cole–Davidson Function-Based Impedance Models: Application on Plant Tissues
Authors: Kapoulea Stavroula , Psychalinos Costas , Elwakil Ahmed S.
Published: December 2020

The Cole–Davidson function is an efficient tool for describing the tissue behavior, but the conventional methods of approximation are not applicable due the form of this function. In order to overcome this problem, a novel scheme for approximating the Cole–Davidson function, based on the utilization of a curve fitting procedure offered by the MATLAB software, is introduced in this work. The derived rational transfer function is implemented using the conventional Cauer and Foster RC networks. As an application example, the impedance model of the membrane of mesophyll cells is realized, with simulation results verifying the validity of the introduced procedure.
The Consumption of Sweets and Academic Performance among Mongolian Children
Authors: Nakahara Noboru , Matsuyama Yusuke , Kino Shiho , Badrakhkhuu Nomin , Ogawa Takuya , Moriyama Keiji , Fujiwara Takeo , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: December 2020

The regular consumption of sweets has been shown to have an adverse association with the academic performance of children in developed countries; however, the situation in developing countries is less clear. Therefore, we examined the association between the consumption of sweets and academic performance among Mongolian children via a cross-sectional study employing data from 787 children aged 8–16 from two public schools in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. The frequency of the consumption of sweets by the children was captured using a questionnaire and then linked to their academic scores; the association between the consumption of sweets and scores in mathematics and the Mongolian language was evaluated using multiple linear regression adjusted for other covariates. It was found that out of 787 students, 58.6% ate sweets every day. After adjusting for covariates, no significant association was observed between the consumption of sweets and mathematics scores (coefficient: 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.02–0.32), while a higher consumption of sweets was significantly associated with higher scores in the Mongolian language (coefficient: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.09–0.41). The associations established in this study are inconsistent with the reports of other studies.
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index as a Screening Tool to Identify Patients with Malnutrition at a High Risk of In-Hospital Mortality among Elderly Patients with Femoral Fractures—A Retrospective Study in a Level I Trauma Center
Authors: Su Wei-Ti , Wu Shao-Chun , Huang Chun-Ying , Chou Sheng-En , Tsai Ching-Hua , Li Chi , Hsu Shiun-Yuan , Hsieh Ching-Hua
Published: December 2020

Background: Malnutrition is frequently underdiagnosed in geriatric patients and is considered to be a contributing factor for worse outcomes during hospitalization. In addition, elderly patients who undergo trauma are often malnourished at the time of incurring fractures. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), calculated based on the serum albumin level and the ratio of present body weight to ideal body weight, was proposed for the assessment of the nutritional status of elderly patients with various illnesses. This study aimed to investigate whether the GNRI has a prognostic value that links the nutritional status and mortality outcomes of elderly patients who have previously undergone trauma with femoral fractures. Methods: From January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2019, a total of 678 elderly patients with femoral fractures were categorized into four nutritional risk groups: a major-risk group (GNRI < 82; group 1, n = 127), moderate-risk group (GNRI 82–92; group 2, n = 179), low-risk group (GNRI 92–98; group 3, n = 123), and no-risk group (GNRI > 98; group 4, n = 249). To minimize the confounding effects of sex, age, preexisting comorbidities, and injury severity of patients on outcome measurements, propensity score-matched patient cohorts were created to assess the impact of patients being in different nutritional risk groups on the in-hospital mortality outcomes against the no-risk group. Results: The patients in groups 1–3 were significantly older and presented a significantly lower body mass index and lower serum albumin levels than those in group 4. Compared with patients in group 4 (3.6%), a significantly higher mortality rate was found in the patients in group 1 (17.3%, p < 0.001), but not in those in group 2 (6.7%) or group 3 (2.4%). The study of propensity score-matched patient cohorts provided similar results; group 1 patients had significantly higher odds of mortality than group 4 patients (odds ratio, 6.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.34–29.37; p = 0.009), but there were no significant differences in mortality risks among patients in groups 2 and 3 compared with those in group 4. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggested that the GNRI may be used as a screening tool to identify patients with malnutrition at a high risk of mortality among elderly patients with femoral fractures. A prospective study is needed to validate the suggestion.