bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity studies on model modifications to assess the dynamics of a temperate ice cap, such as that on King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Breuer Birgit , Lange M.A. , Blindow N.
Published: November 2007

Numerical model studies describing the dynamics of ice sheets are usually aimed at cold- ice regions of mainland Antarctica. Contrary to these ice bodies with temperatures well below the pressure-melting point at the ice surface, the ice caps on sub-Antarctic islands, such as King George Island, can be considered as polythermal or even temperate. This implies that they may contain nonnegligible amounts of water percolating through the ice matrix. We present three different modifications to a three-dimensional, thermomechanically coupled, higher-order model previously applied to cold-ice regions. We discuss the effect of these modifications on the ice dynamics obtained for diagnostic model runs. The modifications comprise changes to the enhancement factor in Glen’s flow law, the choice of negligible or non-negligible water content and the choice of a threshold altitude below which the ice surface is set to pressure-melting point conditions. All modifications lead to non-linear changes in the resulting horizontal flow velocities. The changes in velocity amplitudes obtained with these modifications compared to simulations without any modification range between 64% and ~400%. This implies that they should be considered in time-dependent simulations of temperate-ice dynamics.
Measurement and parameterization of aerodynamic roughness length variations at Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland
Authors: Brock Ben W. , Willis Ian C. , Sharp Martin J.
Published: November 2007

Spatial and temporal variations in aerodynamic roughness length (z0) on Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, during the 1993 and 1994 ablation seasons are described, based on measurements of surface microtopography. The validity of the microtopographic z0 measurements is established through comparison with independent vertical wind profile z0 measurements over melting snow, slush and ice. The z0 variations are explained through correlation and regression analyses, using independent measurements of meteorological and surface variables, and parameterizations are developed to calculate z0 variations for use in surface energy-balance melt models. Several independent variables successfully explain snow z0 variation through their correlation with increasing surface roughness, caused by ablation hollow formation, during snowmelt. Non-linear parameterizations based on either accumulated melt or accumulated daily maximum temperatures since the most recent snowfall explain over 80% of snow z0 variation. The z0 following a fresh snowfall on an ice surface is parameterized based on relationships with the underlying ice z0, snow depth and accumulated daily maximum temperatures. None of the independent variables were able to successfully explain ice z0 variation. Although further comparative studies are needed, the results lend strong support to the microtopographic technique of measuring z0 over melting glacier surfaces.
Relating microwave backscatter azimuth modulation to surface properties of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Ashcraft Ivan S. , Long David G.
Published: November 2007

Azimuth dependence of a normalized radar cross-section (σº) over the Greenland ice sheet is modeled with a simple surface scattering model. The model assumes that azimuth anisotropy in surface roughness at scales of 3–300 m is the primary mechanism driving the modulation. To evaluate the contribution of azimuth anisotropy in surface roughness to the radar backscatter, the model is compared to models based on isotropic surface roughness. The models are inverted to estimate snow surface properties using σº measurements from the C-band European Remote-sensing Satellite advanced microwave instrument in scatterometer mode. Results indicate that the largest mesoscale rms surface slopes are found in the lower portions of the dry snow zone. Estimates of the preferential direction in surface roughness are highly correlated with katabatic wind fields over Greenland, which is consistent with wind-formed sastrugi as the dominant mechanism causing azimuth modulation of σº. The maximum improvement of the azimuth modulation surface model compared to its isotropic counterparts occurs in the lower regions of the dry snow zone where the azimuth variability of σº is the largest. In regions with azimuth modulation over 1 dB, the mean root-mean-square error estimate of the azimuth-dependent surface scattering model is 0.46 dB compared with 0.70 dB for similar models using isotropic roughness.
Brittle compressive failure of ice: proportional straining vs proportional loading
Authors: Schulson E.M. , Iliescu D.
Published: November 2007

Proportional straining experiments have been performed on columnar-grained S2 freshwater ice biaxially compressed across the columns at –10°C at a strain rate of (4.5 ± 1.5) × 10–3 s–1. The results are compared with those obtained earlier (Iliescu and Schulson, 2004) from the same kind of material deformed to terminal failure under the same conditions, but through proportional loading. The exercise shows that the biaxial strength is practically independent of the path taken, at least under low confinement where Coulombic shear faulting limits terminal failure. First-year sea ice is expected to exhibit the same behavior.
Retreat of glaciers on Puncak Jaya, Irian Jaya, determined from 2000 and 2002 IKONOS satellite images
Authors: Klein Andrew G. , Kincaid Joni L.
Published: November 2007

Puncak Jaya, Irian Jaya, Indonesia, contains the only remaining tropical glaciers in East Asia. The extent of the ice masses on Puncak Jaya has been mapped from high-resolution IKONOS satellite images acquired on 8 June 2000 and 11 June 2002. Exclusive of Southwall Hanging Glacier, the ice extent on Puncak Jaya was 2.326 km2 and 2.152 km2 in 2000 and 2002, respectively. From 2000 to 2002, the Puncak Jaya glaciers lost a surface area of 0.174 km2 or 7.48% of their 2000 ice extent. Comparison of the IKONOS-based glacier extents with previous glacier extents demonstrates a continuing reduction of ice area on Puncak Jaya. By 2000, ice extent on Puncak Jaya had reduced by 88% of its maximum neoglacial extent. Between 1992 and 2000 Meren Glacier disappeared entirely. All remaining ice masses on Puncak Jaya continue their retreat from their neoglacial maxima. Comparison of 2000/2002 ice extents with previous extents suggests that these glaciers have not experienced accelerating rates of retreat during the last half of the 20th century. If the recession rates observed from 2000 to 2002 continue, the remaining ice masses on Puncak Jaya will melt within 50 years.
The integration of JERS-1 and ERS SAR in differential interferometry for measurement of complex glacier motion
Authors: Cheng Xiao , Xu Guanhua
Published: November 2007

Complex glacier motion in the Grove Mountains region, Antarctica, is measured using four-pass differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR). The components of the motion vector field are resolved using a 44 day-separation Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) InSAR pair and a European Remote-sensing Satellite-1/-2 (ERS-1/-2) tandem InSAR pair. The 44 day temporal baseline provides the sensitivity required to observe the range of ice motion (around 8–10ma–1), and the 1 day short baseline provides the best choice for glacier digital elevation model reconstruction. It is remarkable that the scattering field of the JERS-1 pair remained coherent over the long time interval and the interferometric fringes are clear. The overall ice flow is from east to west, downslope and towards Lambert Glacier. The regional flow is obstructed by nunataks extending north–south, with two wide gaps. Two narrow glaciers flow past the nunataks and rejoin each other at the downstream end. Regional morphology, and the resolved flow in the Grove Mountains area, suggests that ice flow is channeled throughout this eastern flank of Lambert Glacier.
Researchers Are Working to Disaggregate Asian American Health Data—Here’s Why It’s Long Overdue
Authors: Madhusoodanan Jyoti
Published: March 2024

This Medical News article discusses how aggregated data obscure large health disparities among the 24 million Asian American people in the US.
Study on the mechanism of Cutaneous and Respiratory Comorbidities with Chinese and Western medicine theories and research
Authors: Liu Yi , Xie Wanmu , Yan Yue , Liu Baoyi , Li Ang , Yang Yue , Zhou Xinzhu , Zuo Xianbo , Zhai Zhenguo , Cui Yong
Published: March 2024

In the realms of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine research, the skin and lungs are recognized for their integral roles in both the physiological functions and pathological mechanisms affecting the human body. These organs are not only complementary and coordinated in their physiological functions but also interact pathologically, providing feedback and influencing each other. The etiology of immune‐mediated skin diseases is multifaceted, involving numerous factors beyond mere skin characteristics, often including multisystem diseases. Cutaneous and Respiratory Comorbidities denote the concurrent presence of skin and lung diseases, sharing a common pathogenic mechanism. Although research on Cutaneous and Respiratory Comorbidities has received increasing attention, the foundational theories and the specifics of related diseases remain unclear. This paper aims to elucidate the theoretical basis of both traditional Chinese and Western medicine concerning immune‐mediated Cutaneous and Respiratory Comorbidities, thereby laying a groundwork for the early detection and integrated treatment of these diseases.
Negative Regulation of LINC01013 by METTL3 and YTHDF2 Enhances the Osteogenic Differentiation of Senescent Pre‐Osteoblast Cells Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Song Jiaxin , Wang Yuejun , Zhu Zhao , Wang Wanqing , Yang Haoqing , Shan Zhaochen
Published: March 2024

Senescent pre‐osteoblasts have a reduced ability to differentiate, which leads to a reduction in bone formation. It is critical to identify the keys that regulate the differentiation fate of senescent pre‐osteoblasts. LINC01013 has an essential role in cell stemness, differentiation, and senescence regulation. This study aims to examine the role and mechanism of LINC01013 in regulating osteogenic differentiation in senescent human embryonic osteoblast cell line (hFOB1.19) cells induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results show that LINC01013 decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization of hFOB1.19 cells in vitro, and the expression of collagen II, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein. LINC01013 knockdown enhances the osteogenesis of hFOB1.19 cells and rescues osteogenic differentiation impaired by H2O2. METTL3 negatively regulates LINC01013 expression, enhancing hFOB1.19 cells' osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. METTL3 overexpression can enhance hFOB1.19 cells' osteogenic differentiation impaired by H2O2. YTHDF2 promotes LINC01013 decay, facilitating osteogenic differentiation. YTHDF2 overexpression rescues hFOB1.19 cells osteogenic differentiation impaired by H2O2. Taken together, METTL3 upregulates osteogenic differentiation by inhibiting LINC01013, and YTHDF2 accelerates LINC01013 degradation, reducing its inhibitory effect. This study highlights LINC01013 as a key regulator in the fate switching process of senescent hFOB1.19 cells, impacting osteogenic differentiation.
Dynamical Performance of Graphene Aerogel with Ductile and Brittle Characteristics
Authors: Xiao Kailu , Zhang Wei , Zhu Mingquan , Yin Qiuyun , Fortunelli Alessandro , Goddard William A. , Wu Xianqian
Published: March 2024

Current research regarding the efficiency of ultra‐light graphene aerogel (GA) energy dissipation is limited to quasi‐static tests and simulations. The lack of direct dynamical experiments has impeded its utilization in fields of energy dissipation. Therefore, in this study, the high dynamic energy dissipation capability of GA with ultra‐low density is obtained directly from the experiment. It is found that the porous and anisotropic properties of GA render the projectile deflected hierarchically and further induce gradually cascaded failure with asymmetry expansion in the GA. This feature, taking advantage of ductile materials, facilitates energy dissipation capability. Failure morphologies of rippled graphene flakes involve brittle features such as micron‐size cracks and local broken flakes. In addition, these coarse‐grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulation results imply kinetic energy changes due to movement, and fluctuations of graphene flakes are effective ways to dissipate energy. Moreover, the stiffness increase of graphene flakes plays a weakened role in energy dissipation because reduced contact area impedes the effectiveness of stress wave and thermal transfer while also increasing the brittle characteristics of GA. Combining the failure characteristics of brittle materials with the benefits of ductile network materials, GA shows great promise in impact protection applications.
Diselenide‐Containing Polymer Based on New Antitumor Mechanism as Efficient GSH Depletion Agent for Ferroptosis Therapy
Authors: Zhou Chen , Zhao Yuhao , Yang Mao , Yin Wang , Li Yongsheng , Xiao Yan , Liu Yingbin , Lang Meidong
Published: March 2024

Glutathione (GSH) depletion‐induced ferroptosis has emerged as a promising treatment for malignant cancer. It works by inactivating glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and facilitating lipid peroxidation. However, effectively delivering inducers and depleting intracellular GSH remains challenging due to the short half‐lives and high hydrophobicity of small‐molecule ferroptosis inducers. These inducers often require additional carriers. Herein, diselenide‐containing polymers can consume GSH to induce ferroptosis for pancreatic cancer therapy. The diselenide bonds are controllably built into the backbone of the polycarbonate with a targeting peptide CRGD (Cys‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp), which allows for self‐assembly into stable nanoparticles (denoted CRNSe) for self‐delivery. Significantly, at a concentration of 12 µg mL−1, CRNSe binds to the active site cysteine of GSH resulting in a thorough depletion of GSH. In contrast, the disulfide‐containing analog only causes a slight decrease in GSH level. Moreover, the depletion of GSH inactivates GPX4, ultimately inducing ferroptosis due to the accumulation of lipid peroxide in BxPC‐3 cells. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that CRNSe exhibits potent tumor suppressive ability with few side effects on normal tissue. This study validates the anti‐tumor mechanism of diselenide‐containing polymers in addition to apoptosis and also provides a new strategy for inherently inducing ferroptosis in cancer therapy.
Engineered Luminescent Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Activation of Photodynamic‐Immune Combination Therapy for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ye Lu‐Yi , Li Yi‐Shu , Ge Tong , Liu Long‐Cai , Si Jing‐Xing , Yang Xue , Fan Wei‐Jiao , Liu Xiao‐Zhen , Zhang You‐Ni , Wang Jun‐Wei , Wang Shi‐Bing , Zou Hai , Zheng Yue‐Liang , Jin Ke‐Tao , Mao Zheng‐Wei , Cai Yu , Mou Xiao‐Zhou
Published: March 2024

Oncolytic virus therapy is currently regarded as a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. It has greater therapeutic advantages for colorectal cancer that is prone to distant metastasis. However, the therapeutic efficacy and clinical application of viral agents alone for colorectal cancer remain suboptimal. In this study, an engineered oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV‐Luc) that expresses the firefly luciferase gene is developed and loaded Chlorin e6 (Ce6) onto the virus surface through covalent coupling, resulting in OVV‐Luc@Ce6 (OV@C). The OV@C infiltrates tumor tissue and induces endogenous luminescence through substrate catalysis, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species. This unique system eliminates the need for an external light source, making it suitable for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in deep tissues. Moreover, this synergistic effect between PDT and viral immunotherapy enhances dendritic cell maturation, macrophage polarization, and reversal of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. This synergistic effect has the potential to convert a “cold” into a “hot” tumor, it offers valuable insights for clinical translation and application.
A Horn Peptide‐Thermoresponsive Hydrogel for Angiogenesis and Bone Regeneration
Authors: Xue Nannan , Liu Pei , Zhao Wenjian , Zhou Ziyi , Zhang Lixiang , Huang Rizhong , Liu Rui , Fathi Ali , Duan Jin‐Ao , Chen Jun , Wang Yiwei
Published: March 2024

The management of critical‐sized bone defects presents a formidable clinical challenge, especially given the increasing incidence of bone diseases in the aging population. Consequently, there is an increased demand for minimally invasive bone repair materials that can effectively address this challenge, particularly in outpatient settings. In this study, the goal is to develop an injectable and biodegradable biomaterial that adheres to and fills bone‐defect sites to support bone regeneration. The osteogenic and angiogenic activities of animal horn peptides are investigated by incorporating them into biologically active moieties, in combination with a novel thermosensitive hydrogel. The resulting thermosensitive hydrogel exhibited essential biological functionalities, allowing precise modulation of its physical and chemical properties. Notably, the hydrogel incorporating the horn peptide rapidly filled the bone defect site, promoting both angiogenesis and bone induction. Consequently, this approach significantly accelerates new bone regeneration. In summary, the findings of this study present a promising, minimally invasive solution for addressing critical‐sized bone defects.
2D Conjugated Polymer Thin Films for Organic Electronics: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Fu Guang‐en , Yang Haoyong , Zhao Wenkai , Samorì Paolo , Zhang Tao
Published: March 2024

2D conjugated polymers (2DCPs) possess extended in‐plane π‐conjugated lattice and out‐of‐plane π–π stacking, which results in enhanced electronic performance and potentially unique band structures. These properties, along with predesignability, well‐defined channels, easy postmodification, and order structure attract extensive attention from material science to organic electronics. In this review, the recent advance in the interfacial synthesis and conductivity tuning strategies of 2DCP thin films, as well as their application in organic electronics is summarized. Furthermore, it is shown that, by combining topology structure design and targeted conductivity adjustment, researchers have fabricated 2DCP thin films with predesigned active groups, highly ordered structures, and enhanced conductivity. These films exhibit great potential for various thin‐film organic electronics, such as organic transistors, memristors, electrochromism, chemiresistors, and photodetectors. Finally, the future research directions and perspectives of 2DCPs are discussed in terms of the interfacial synthetic design and structure engineering for the fabrication of fully conjugated 2DCP thin films, as well as the functional manipulation of conductivity to advance their applications in future organic electronics.
Anomalous Detachment Behavior and Directional Reconstruction Regulation of Leaching‐Type Precatalysts for Industrial Water Electrolyzers
Authors: Liu Xiong , Guo Ruiting , Guo Minghao , Ni Kun , Huang Meng , Meng Jiashen , Xie Xiaohong , Zhao Dongyuan , Mai Liqiang , Niu Chaojiang
Published: March 2024

Current reconstruction chemistry studies are mainly operated at the laboratory scale, where the operating parameters are different from those used in industrial water electrolyzers. This gap leads to unclear reconstruction behaviors under industrial conditions and constrains the application of catalysts. Here, this work presents a new reconstruction mechanism and anomalous detachment phenomena observed in leaching‐type oxygen‐evolving precatalysts under industrial conditions, different from the reported results obtained under laboratory conditions. The identified detachment issues are closely linked to the production of a potassium salt separate phase, which proves sensitive to the local environment, and its instability easily leads to catalyst stripping from the substrate. By establishing detachment critical point and operating parameter‐detachment correlation, a targeted reconstruction strategy is proposed to achieve smooth ligand leaching and effectively solve the detachment issue. Theoretical analyses validate the dual‐site regulation in directionally reconstructed catalysts with optimized intermediate adsorption. Under industrial conditions, the coupled electrolyzer delivers an industrial‐level current density at low cell voltage with prolonged durability, 1 A cm−2 at 2 V for over 340 h. This work bridges the gap of leaching‐type precatalysts between laboratory test conditions and industrial operating conditions.
Interfacial Design of Ti3C2Tx MXene/Graphene Heterostructures Boosted Ru Nanoclusters with High Activity Toward Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yu Xu , Li Yong , Pei Chengang , Lu Yanhui , Kim Jung Kyu , Park Ho Seok , Pang Huan
Published: March 2024

The development of a cost‐competitive and efficient electrocatalyst is both attractive and challenging for hydrogen production by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a facile glycol reduction method to construct Ru nanoclusters coupled with hierarchical exfoliated‐MXene/reduced graphene oxide architectures (Ru‐E‐MXene/rGA) is reported. The hierarchical structure, formed by the self‐assembly of graphene oxides, can effectively prohibit the self‐stacking of MXene nanosheets. Meanwhile, the formation of the MXene/rGA interface can strongly trap the Ru3+ ions, resulting in the uniform distribution of Ru nanoclusters within Ru‐E‐MXene/rGA. The boosted catalytic activity and underlying catalytic mechanism during the HER process are proved by density functional theory. Ru‐E‐MXene/rGA exhibits overpotentials of 42 and 62 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline and acidic electrolytes, respectively. The small Tafel slope and charge transfer resistance (Rct) values elucidate its fast dynamic behavior. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves and chronoamperometry test confirm the high stability of Ru‐E‐MXene/rGA. These results demonstrate that coupling Ru nanoclusters with the MXene/rGA heterostructure represents an efficient strategy for constructing MXene‐based catalysts with enhanced HER activity.
Perovskite Single Crystals by Vacuum Evaporation Crystallization
Authors: Liu Dong , Jiang Xianyuan , Wang Hao , Chen Hao , Lu Ying‐Bo , Dong Siyu , Ning Zhijun , Wang Yong , Wu Zhongchen , Ling Zongcheng
Published: March 2024

Perovskite single crystals have attracted tremendous attention owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties and stability compared to typical multicrystal structures. However, the growth of high‐quality perovskite single crystals (PSCs) generally relies on temperature gradients or the introduction of additives to promote crystal growth. In this study, a vacuum evaporation crystallization technique is developed that allows PSCs to be grown under extremely stable conditions at constant temperature and without requiring additives to promote crystal growth. The new method enables the growth of PSCs of unprecedented quality, that is, MAPbBr3 single crystals that exhibit an ultranarrow full width at half maximum of 0.00701°, which surpasses that of all previously reported values. In addition, the MAPbBr3 single crystals deliver exceptional optoelectronic performance, including a long carrier lifetime of 1006 ns, an ultralow trap‐state density of 3.67 × 109 cm−3, and an ultrahigh carrier mobility of 185.86 cm2 V−1 s−1. This method is applicable to various types of PSCs, including organic–inorganic hybrids, fully inorganic structures, and low‐dimensional structures.
Enhancing Electroluminescence of Medium‐Gap Organic Photovoltaic Cells Through the Incorporation of Pyrrole Rings in Acceptors
Authors: Wang Wenxuan , Wang Jingwen , Cui Yong , Li Zi , Wang Jianqiu , Wang Chaoyi , Chen Zhihao , Qiao Jiawei , Hao Xiaotao , Hou Jianhui
Published: March 2024

High electroluminescence of acceptors can effectively decrease nonradiative energy losses and improve the performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Pyrrole ring is a promising building block to enhance the electroluminescence of acceptors, while pyrrole‐based acceptors with medium bandgap are rarely reported. Here, two medium‐gap acceptors named FICC‐EH and FICC‐BO are synthesized. Both acceptors exhibit strong electroluminescence properties, giving satisfying quantum efficiency (QE) of 0.1% in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Moreover, PBQx‐TF:FICC‐BO presents a longer film formation process due to the longer alkyl chains. This contributes to more distinct fibril‐network morphology and ordered molecular stacking, thus increasing carrier mobility and suppressing charge recombination. Consequently, benefiting from decreased energy losses, PBQx‐TF:FICC‐BO‐based OPV cells reach a PCE of 12.0% with a VOC of 1.04 V under AM 1.5G and achieve a PCE of 25.4% under 1000 lux LED. This work demonstrates the potential of pyrrole for constructing medium‐gap acceptors with strong electroluminescence for photovoltaic applications.
Thermochemical Oxygen Pumping with Perovskite Reticulated Porous Ceramics for Enhanced Reduction of Ceria in Thermochemical Fuel Production
Authors: Pein Mathias , Keller Jens , Agrafiotis Christos , Eltayeb Asmaa , Klaas Lena , Neumann Nicole , Roeb Martin , Sattler Christian
Published: March 2024

Within this work, reticulated monolithic foams and granules made from CaMnO3 − δ and strontium substituted variations are demonstrated to significantly improve the performance of a water splitting redox oxide when employed as a thermochemical oxygen pumping material. Two different process procedures are tested and foams made from Ca0.9Sr0.1MnO3 − δ with a strontium content of 10% outperform all other specimens in both process configurations. Additionally, the performance of Ca1 − xSrxMnO3 − δ with varying strontium content as a thermochemical oxygen pumping material is studied by means of a newly developed theoretical process model. While the model does not precisely predict the excellent experimental performance of strontium‐substitute compositions, it provides valuable insights into the impact of geometry and structure on the specimen's performance in thermochemical oxygen‐pumping processes. This work demonstrates the practical application of monolithic 3D structures made entirely from perovskite material in thermochemical oxygen pumping processes and provides a process model that can serve as basis for material screening and process optimization in future work.
Advanced Magnetocaloric Materials for Energy Conversion: Recent Progress, Opportunities, and Perspective
Authors: Zhang Fengqi , Miao Xuefei , van Dijk Niels , Brück Ekkes , Ren Yang
Published: March 2024

Solid‐state caloric effects as intrinsic thermal responses to different physical external stimuli (magnetic‐, uniaxial stress‐, pressure‐, and electric‐fields) can achieve a higher energy efficiency compared with traditional gas compression techniques. Among these effects, magnetocaloric energy conversion is regarded as the best available alternative and has been exploited extensively for promising application scenarios in the last decades. This review systematically introduces the magnetocaloric effect and its applications, and summarizes the corresponding representative magnetocaloric materials, as well as important progress in recent years. Specifically, the review focuses on some key understandings of the magnetocaloric effect by utilizing state‐of‐the‐art technical tools such as synchrotron X‐ray, neutron scattering, muon spin spectroscopy, positron annihilation spectroscopy, high magnetic fields, etc., and highlights their importance toward advanced materials design and development. An overview of the basic principles and applications of these advanced techniques on magnetocaloric materials is provided. Finally, the challenges and perspectives on further developments in this field are discussed. Further in‐depth understanding and manufacturing technology advancement combined with fast‐developed artificial intelligence and machine learning are expected to advance the magnetocaloric energy conversion technology closer to real applications.
Jensen–Shannon Divergence You Only Look Once: A Real‐Time Robotic Grasp Detection Network
Authors: Han Tianjiao , Yu Dan
Published: March 2024

In this article, the arbitrary‐oriented object detection problem with application in robotic grasping is addressed. A novel Jensen–Shannon divergence (JSD)– You Only Look Once (YOLO) model is proposed, which enables real‐time grasp detection with high performance. The one‐stage object detection network YOLOv5 is modified with a decoupled head, which solves the angle classification problem and rectangle parameter regression problem separately, such that the YOLOv5 network is applicable for robotic grasping and the detection accuracy is significantly improved. A circular smooth label angle classification method is proposed to tackle the boundary discontinuity problem in angle regression, and the periodicity of the angle prediction is guaranteed. A novel Jensen–Shannon intersection of union is designed to calculate the intersection over union of oriented rectangles, which aims to better measure the discrepancies between the prediction and the ground truth and to avoid the singularity problem when two rectangles are not overlapped. Extensive evaluation on the Cornell and visual manipulation relationship dataset datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of the JSD–YOLO model in general robotic grasp operations, with 99.7% and 95.7% image‐wise split accuracy, respectively.
World Health Organization and International Consensus Classification of eosinophilic disorders: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Shomali William , Gotlib Jason
Published: March 2024

Disease Overview

The eosinophilias encompass a broad range of non‐hematologic (secondary or reactive) and hematologic (primary or clonal) disorders with the potential for end‐organ damage.

Diagnosis

Hypereosinophilia (HE) has generally been defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1.5 × 109/L, and may be associated with tissue damage. After the exclusion of secondary causes of eosinophilia, diagnostic evaluation of primary eosinophilias relies on a combination of various tests. They include morphologic review of the blood and marrow, standard cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, molecular testing and flow immunophenotyping to detect histopathologic or clonal evidence for an acute or chronic hematolymphoid neoplasm.

Risk Stratification

Disease prognosis relies on identifying the subtype of eosinophilia. After evaluation of secondary causes of eosinophilia, the 2022 World Health Organization and International Consensus Classification endorse a semi‐molecular classification scheme of disease subtypes. This includes the major category “myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and tyrosine kinase gene fusions” (MLN‐eo‐TK), and the MPN subtype, “chronic eosinophilic leukemia” (CEL). Lymphocyte‐variant HE is an aberrant T‐cell clone‐driven reactive eosinophila, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy

The goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil‐mediated organ damage. For patients with milder forms of eosinophilia (e.g., <1.5 × 109/L) without symptoms or signs of organ involvement, a watch and wait approach with close follow‐up may be undertaken. Identification of rearranged PDGFRA or PDGFRB is critical because of the exquisite responsiveness of these diseases to imatinib. Pemigatinib was recently approved for patients with relapsed or refractory FGFR1‐rearranged neoplasms. Corticosteroids are first‐line therapy for patients with lymphocyte‐variant HE and HES. Hydroxyurea and interferon‐α have demonstrated efficacy as initial treatment and in steroid‐refractory cases of HES. Mepolizumab, an interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) antagonist monoclonal antibody, is approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration for patients with idiopathic HES. Cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been used for aggressive forms of HES and CEL, with outcomes reported for limited numbers of patients. Targeted therapies such as the IL‐5 receptor antibody benralizumab, IL‐5 monoclonal antibody depemokimab, and various tyrosine kinase inhibitors for MLN‐eo‐TK, are under active investigation.
Association between adherence to 24‐h movement guidelines and sociodemographic factors among Malaysian preschoolers: Findings from SEANUTS II Malaysia
Authors: Joan Christine , Koh Denise , Wong Jyh Eiin , Khouw Ilse , Poh Bee Koon ,   the SEANUTS II Malaysia Study Group
Published: March 2024

Background

Adhering to 24‐h movement guidelines (24‐hMG) have health benefits for young children; yet research on Malaysian preschoolers' movement behaviors is limited. This study investigates the association between adherence to 24‐hMG and sociodemographic factors of Malaysian preschoolers.

Methods

Data from 939 preschoolers aged 3–6 years (mean age = 4.83 ± 0.04 years, 53.7% boys) from the Second South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS II) Malaysia study was analyzed. Socio‐demography, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and sleep were parent‐reported via questionnaire. Associations between adherence of 24‐hMG and sociodemographic factors were analyzed using complex samples logistic regression.

Results

Only 12.1% of preschoolers adhered to the overall 24‐hMG, and 67.1%, 54.7%, and 42.7% of preschoolers adhered to physical activity, sleep, and sedentary behavior guidelines, respectively; while 6.8% did not meet any guidelines. Compared to 3–4‐year olds, preschoolers aged 5–6 years had higher odds of adhering to physical activity guidelines, sedentary behavior guidelines, and overall 24‐hMG, but lower odds of adhering to sleep guidelines. Chinese and Indian preschoolers were more likely to adhere to sedentary behavior guidelines than Malay preschoolers; however, Chinese preschoolers had lower odds of adhering to physical activity guidelines. Paternal tertiary education was associated with a higher likelihood of adherence to sleep guidelines.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that adherence to 24‐hMG among Malaysian preschoolers is associated with age, ethnicity, and paternal education level. This underscores the importance of targeted interventions and health awareness program to promote healthy movement behaviors, particularly among children under 5, ethnic minorities, and educationally disadvantaged families.
Novel biallelic ZNF335 variant causing primary microcephaly: A case report and radiological review
Authors: Patel Dhrumil Deveshkumar , Gripp Karen W. , Wadman Erin , Mishra Ishita , Kandula Vinay
Published: March 2024

Biallelic pathogenic variants in ZNF335 are one of the genetic causes of microcephaly, reported only in the past decade. It regulates neural progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis by interacting with a H3K4 methyltransferase complex. Biallelic pathogenic ZNF335 variants predispose to neuronal cell death and aberrant differentiation, thus causing secondary microcephaly. These neurodevelopmental anomalies lead to imaging findings in the cortex, posterior fossa, and basal ganglia. We report an individual of Nepalese ancestry with a novel homozygous ZNF335 variant (c.3591 + 2dup) (p.?) (NM_022095.3) which on further RNA analysis confirmed a splice site variant in intron 23. The patient presented with primary microcephaly with atrophic cerebral hemispheres, oversimplification of gyri, basal ganglia, and corpus callosal atrophy. Literature review on the topic revealed a spectrum of brain abnormalities, which can present either with a primary or secondary microcephaly depending upon the underlying genetic variant.
Associations between polygenic liability to psychopathology and non‐suicidal versus suicidal self‐injury
Authors: Edwards Alexis C. , Singh Madhurbain , Peterson Roseann E. , Webb Bradley T. , Gentry Amanda E.
Published: March 2024

Little is known about how non‐suicidal and suicidal self‐injury are differentially genetically related to psychopathology and related measures. This research was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource, in participants of European ancestry (N = 2320 non‐suicidal self‐injury [NSSI] only; N = 2648 suicide attempt; 69.18% female). We compared polygenic scores (PGS) for psychopathology and other relevant measures within self‐injuring individuals. Logistic regressions and likelihood ratio tests (LRT) were used to identify PGS that were differentially associated with these outcomes. In a multivariable model, PGS for anorexia nervosa (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.01; 1.15) and suicidal behavior (OR = 1.06; 95% CI 1.00; 1.12) both differentiated between NSSI and suicide attempt, while the PGS for other phenotypes did not. The LRT between the multivariable and base models was significant (Chi square = 11.38, df = 2, p = 0.003), and the multivariable model explained a larger proportion of variance (Nagelkerke's pseudo‐R2 = 0.028 vs. 0.025). While NSSI and suicidal behavior are similarly genetically related to a range of mental health and related outcomes, genetic liability to anorexia nervosa and suicidal behavior is higher among those reporting a suicide attempt than those reporting NSSI‐only. Further elucidation of these distinctions is necessary, which will require a nuanced assessment of suicidal versus non‐suicidal self‐injury in large samples.
Monitoring ROS Responsive Fe3O4‐based Nanoparticle Mediated Ferroptosis and Immunotherapy via 129Xe MRI
Authors: Zhang Lei , Qiu Maosong , Wang Ruifang , Li Sha , Liu Xiaoxun , Xu Qiuyi , Xiao Long , Jiang Zhong‐Xing , Zhou Xin , Chen Shizhen
Published: March 2024

The immune checkpoint blockade strategy has improved the survival rate of late‐stage lung cancer patients. However, the low immune response rate limits the immunotherapy efficiency. Here, we report a ROS‐responsive Fe3O4‐based nanoparticle that undergoes charge reversal and disassembly in the tumor microenvironment, enhancing the uptake of Fe3O4 by tumor cells and triggering a more severe ferroptosis. In the tumor microenvironment, the nanoparticle rapidly disassembles and releases the loaded GOx and the immune‐activating peptide Tuftsin under overexpressed H2O2. GOx can consume the glucose of tumor cells and generate more H2O2, promoting the disassembly of the nanoparticle and drug release, thereby enhancing the therapeutic effect of ferroptosis. Combined with Tuftsin, it can more effectively reverse the immune‐suppressive microenvironment and promote the recruitment of effector T cells in tumor tissues. Ultimately, in combination with α‐PD‐L1, there is significant inhibition of the growth of lung metastases. Additionally, the hyperpolarized 129Xe method has been used to evaluate the Fe3O4 nanoparticle‐mediated immunotherapy, where the ventilation defects in lung metastases have been significantly improved with complete lung structure and function recovered. The ferroptosis‐enhanced immunotherapy combined with non‐radiation evaluation methodology paves a new way for designing novel theranostic agents for cancer therapy.
Aqueous Coordination‐Insertion Copolymerization for Producing High Molecular Weight Polar Polyolefins
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Chaoqun , Mu Hongliang , Jian Zhongbao
Published: March 2024

Hydrocarbons, when used as the medium for transition metal catalyzed organic reactions and olefin (co‐)polymerization, are ubiquitous. Environmentally friendly water is highly attractive and long‐sought, but is greatly challenging as coordination‐insertion copolymerization reaction medium of olefin and polar monomers. Unfavorable interactions from both water and polar monomer usually lead to either catalyst deactivation or the formation of low‐molecular‐weight polymers. Herein, we develop well‐behaved neutral phosphinophenolato nickel catalysts, which enable aqueous copolymerization of ethylene and diverse polar monomers to produce significantly high‐molecular‐weight linear polar polyolefins (219–549 kDa, 0.13–1.29 mol %) in a single‐component fashion under mild conditions for the first time. These copolymerization reactions occur better in water than in hydrocarbons such as toluene. The dual characteristics of high molecular weight and the incorporation of a small amount of functional group result in improved surface properties while retain the desirable intrinsic properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE).
Assessing the activity and stereoselectivity of heterobimetallic Zr/Co complexes catalyzed terminal alkyne dimerization: A DFT study
Authors: Sun Yuanyuan , Zeng Yanli , Li Xiaoyan
Published: March 2024

Early/late heterobimetallic complexes are widely recognized as one of the most effective catalysts for activating coupling reactions. Herein, DFT calculations were used to investigate the specific mechanisms of terminal alkyne dimerization facilitated by two types of Zr/Co complexes: the bis (phosphinoamide) complex B and the mono (phosphinoamide) complex C. In addition, their reaction activities were compared with that of three ligand‐bridged Zr/Co complex A. The results show that the activated mechanisms of the three reactions are similar, all of them contain inner‐ and outer‐sphere mechanisms, and the inner one is the optimal process. Compared to A, the terminal alkyne dimerizations activated by B and C have the lower energy barriers and better selectivity for the E‐isomer; thus, the mono‐ and bis‐(phosphinoamide) Zr/Co complexes are expected to show better activity and selectivity than tris (phosphinoamide) complexes. The stereoselectivity of E‐, Z‐, and gem‐isomers is controlled by the reductive elimination process. The IRI analysis reveals that the selectivity for E‐ and Z‐isomers is influenced due to the notable repulsion and vdW interaction between the second alkyne and the MeNPMe2 ligand. Our work provides a theoretical basis for experimental applications and offers inspiration for the design of high selectivity heterobimetallic complexes.
Developing a liquid capture chip to accelerate the genetic progress of cattle
Authors: Chen Yan , Guo Yingwei , Ge Fei , Gao Han , Zhou Jinghang , Wu Xiaonv , Qian Changsong , Wang Zhiquan , Wang Zezhao , Zhu Bo , Xu Lingyang , Gao Xue , Zhang Lupei , Gao Huijiang , Li Junya
Published: March 2024

Large‐scale genotyping at a low cost is crucial for molecular breeding of livestock. In this study, the Cattle110K capture chip was developed, based on the genotyping by target sequencing system. The chip panel included 112,180 single necleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), from potential functional regions screened by genome‐wide associated study, BayesB, expression quantitative trait loci‐mapping, ATAC‐seq, and reported functional markers. All the SNPs on the panel were distributed evenly on the cattle genome, with more than 99% of the markers having a minor allele frequency greater than 0.05. Assessment results indicated that a total of 1.2 M high‐quality SNPs were identified in the 110 K regions, averaging approximately 10 SNPs per target sequence. The genotype consistency for the repetitive samples using the Cattle110K liquid chip was 99.21% while the concordance between the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip and this chip averaged 98.17%. A significant association signal for slaughter weight and carcass length was identified on 37.3–41.5 Mb of chromosome 6, pinpointing the NCAPG‐LCORL locus. This locus has previously been associated with meat and carcass traits in cattle. Additionally, novel candidate regions were identified around 3.4 Mb of chromosome 13 and 73.5 Mb of chromosome 8, significantly correlated with hip height and marbling score, respectively. We compared the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values between the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip and this chip. The results demonstrated that the Cattle110K capture chip had a comparable ability in genomic prediction to the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip. Advances in using the cost‐effective liquid capture chip are expected to accelerate the genetic progress of cattle in the coming years.
Mechanofluorochromic behaviors and data security protection properties of salicylaldimine‐based difluoroboron complexes with different aryl substituents
Authors: Qian Han , Tian Jiazhuang , Jiang Xiaozhou , Zhang Bangcui , Li Xueliang , Yang Yanhua , Gao Shulin , Shao Lin , Li Fumin
Published: March 2024

To further explore the relationship between aryl substituents and mechanofluorochromic (MFC) behaviors, four salicylaldimine‐based difluoroboron complexes (ts‐Ph BF2, ts‐Ph‐NA BF2, ts‐2NA BF2, and ts‐triphenylamine [TPA] BF2), including aromatic substituents with different steric hindrance effects, were designed and successfully synthesized. Four complexes with twisted molecular conformation displayed intramolecular charge transfer and aggregation‐induced emission properties. Under external mechanical stimuli, the as‐synthesized powders of ts‐Ph BF2, ts‐Ph‐NA BF2, and ts‐TPA BF2 exhibited redshift fluorescence emission behaviors, and ts‐Ph BF2 and ts‐TPA BF2 could be recovered to original shifts by fuming, but ts‐Ph‐NA BF2 displayed irreversible switching. ts‐2NA BF2 had no change during the grinding and fuming processes. The results indicated that the MFC behaviors could be attributed to the phase transformation between the well‐defined crystalline and disordered amorphous states by X‐ray diffraction measurement. Further research illustrated that ts‐TPA BF2 with the most significant MFC phenomenon could be applied in data security protection in ink‐free rewritable paper.
Olanzapine‐induced weight gain and lipid dysfunction in mice between different gender
Authors: Zhu Tong , Zhao Hongxia , Chao Yufan , Gao Songyan , Dong Xin , Wang Zuowei
Published: March 2024

As one of the most common antipsychotics, olanzapine may cause metabolic‐related adverse effects, but it is still unknown how olanzapine alters lipid metabolism. In this study, we found that olanzapine‐treated mice showed varying degrees of dyslipidemia, which was particularly pronounced in female mice. Based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–MS (UPLC–Q‐TOF–MS) technology and lipid metabolomics, we mapped the changes in lipid metabolism in olanzapine‐treated mice and then compared the changes in lipid metabolism between male and female mice. There were 98 metabolic differentiators between the olanzapine‐treated and control groups in females and 79 in males. These metabolites were glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, fatty amides, and sphingolipids, which are involved in glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. These results suggest that olanzapine‐induced changes in the levels of lipid metabolites are closely associated with disturbances in lipid metabolic pathways, which may underlie lipemia. This lipidome profiling study not only visualizes changes in lipid metabolism in liver tissue but also provides a foundation for understanding the regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in olanzapine‐induced lipid metabolism disorders. Furthermore, this study demonstrates differences in lipid metabolism between males and females, providing a reference for clinical treatment regimen selection.