bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of pentagon–heptagon pair defect in carbon nanotube: The center of vacancy reconstruction
Authors: Lee Gun-Do , Wang Cai-Zhuang , Yoon Euijoon , Hwang Nong-Moon , Ho Kai-Ming
Published: September 2010

We show that pentagon–heptagon (5–7) pair defects in carbon nanotube play an important role as the center of vacancy reconstruction using tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations and ab initio total energy calculations. Single vacancy defect diffuses toward and coalesces with 5–7 pair defects and the coalescence structure is reconstructed into a new and more stable 5–7 pair defect plus an adatom by an exchange mechanism. In the case of four single vacancy defects, the vacancy defects coalesce with 5–7 pair defects and form defect structures with nonhexagonal rings. Finally, these defective structures reconstruct into two new 5–7 pair defects.
Effect of channel orientation in p-type nanowire Schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Shin Mincheol
Published: September 2010

Device performance of p-type nanowire Schotty barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors is investigated focusing on the channel orientation effects. A rigorous quantum-mechanical calculation of hole current based on the multiband k⋅p method is carried out. The [111] oriented devices show the most superior performance, in terms of subthreshold slope, threshold voltage variation, and on-current. In particular, on-current in the [111] oriented devices is about twice as large as that in the [100] oriented devices. Tunneling effective mass, quantization energy, and Schottky barrier thickness are examined as the major factors that influence on the orientation-dependent current injection into the channel.
Minority carrier lifetime in silicon wafers from quasi-steady-state photoluminescence
Authors: Giesecke J. A. , Schubert M. C. , Walter D. , Warta W.
Published: September 2010

Based on quasi-steady-state photoluminescence, we present an approach to extract minority carrier lifetime from silicon wafers without a priori information about any material parameter (e.g., dopant concentration or mobility). A sinusoidal oscillation of irradiation of a silicon sample in time stimulates a likewise oscillating excess carrier density. Our approach is based on the fact that—in the quasi-steady-state regime—the time shift between the maxima of irradiation intensity and the intensity of radiative recombination is linked to effective minority carrier lifetime. Exploiting the continuity equation, it is possible to determine injection dependent minority carrier lifetime from there.
Effects of global warming on wind energy availability
Authors: Ren Diandong
Published: September 2010

The use of wind energy reduces our greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. In this study, we proposed a generic power-law relationship between global warming and the usable wind energy (Betz’s law). The power law index (∼4, region dependent) is then determined using simulated atmospheric parameters from eight global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models (CGCMs). It is found that the power-law relationship holds across all eight climate models and also is time scale independent. Reduction of wind power scales with the degree of warming according to a generic power-law relationship. Thus, the earlier we switch to clean energy, and thereby decrease the global climate warming trend, the more cost-effective will be the harnessing of wind energy. This relationship is an area-averaged consequence of the reduced poleward temperature gradient as the climate warms during the 21st Century; it does not imply spatial uniformity over a region of interest.
Femtosecond snapshots capture atomic motion in a powdered solid
Authors: Miller Johanna
Published: September 2010

A new technique sets the stage for ultrafast diffraction studies of materials that can’t easily be crystallized.
Rapid Object Category Adaptation during Unlabelled Classification
Authors: Hadas David , Intrator Nathan , Yovel Galit
Published: September 2010

Recent reports from electrophysiological and psychophysical experiments provide evidence that repeated exposure to an ordered sequence of morphed stimuli may over time adapt a prelearned object category such that the category may generalise the entire sequence as belonging to the same object. Here, a new protocol that includes a single exposure to a morphing sequence is presented. Subjects exposed to the new protocol replaced a prelearned face with an entirely different face within just 3 days, significantly faster than in previous reports.
Equilibria in Furfural-Water Systems under Increased Pressure and the Influence of Added Salts upon the Mutual Solubilities of Furfuraland Water
Authors: Curtis RG , Hatt HH
Published: September 2010

Liquid-vapour equilibrium data are reported for the furfural-water system at
pressures of 6.17, 7.85, and 9.83 kg. per cm2. Under these pressures the system
forms a homoazeotropic mixture differing only slightly in composition from the heteroazeotropic
mixture formed at normal pressures. The data are checked by the calculation
of activity coefficients. Abnormal activity coefficients are found for water in mixtures
of high furfural content.
The equation
log10 P= -2209/T + 7.959
fits published data and that now reported for t'he vapour pressure of furfural over the
range of pressures 100 to 6,000 mm. Hg.
Changes in the mutual solubilities of furfural and water caused by the addition
of metallic sulphates are determined. All the sulphates examined raised the critical
solution temperat'ure, sodium sulphate being most effective. With magnesium sulphate
there was a region of discontinuity, which may possibly be attributed to a change of
phase or of hydration of magnesium sulphate.
The velocities of reaction (decomposition or polymerization) of furfural in aqueous
and in aqueous acidic medium at 180°C. are reported. The data are used to estimate
the amount of furfural lost by such reactions in a commercial process for the production
of furfural. It is considered that the use of metallic sulphat'es in the commercial prociuotion
of furfural should not influence the yield appreciably.
Hydrogen Atmospheres in the Absence of Thermodynamic Equilibrium. I. The Populations of the Upper Atomic States
Authors: Giovanelli RG
Published: September 2010

From a discussion of the transition rates
to and from the upper atomic states of hydrogen it is shown that for
temperatures such as occur in the solar chromosphere the populations of the
states n> 11 are maintained largely by three-body recombination and
collision ionization. Therefore, the populations of these states are
distributed as in thermodynamic equilibrium with the electrons even when
thermodynamic equilibrium does not exist.

These deductions are in agreement with
eclipse observations.
Plane Waves in an Ionized Gas with Static Electric and Magnetic Fields Present
Authors: Bailey VA
Published: September 2010

General equations are derived which
specify such waves in a first approximation when their amplitudes are small.
The equation of condition (19) (i.e. the equation of dispersion) is deduced and
the nature of its roots is discussed. It is shown that under suitable
conditions some of the roots lead to wave-groups which grow as they progress
and others lead to waves which everywhere grow in time. The theory includes as
special cases many of the results previously obtained for radio-propagation, ?plasma?
oscillations, and the like. Applications are indicated to electric oscillations
and noise in discharge tubes, and to cosmic noise.
Angular Distribution of α-Particles from the Li7 (p,α) He4 Reaction
Authors: Martin LH , Bower JC , Dunbar DNF , Hirst F
Published: September 2010

A description is given of a 1 MV, electrostatic generator and
ancillary equipment which has been used to study the asymmetry in the angular
distribution of α-particles from the Li7 (p, α) He4
reaction. The angular distribution of the a-particles is given by the
expression

Y(θ) =Y(90�)[1 +A(E) cos2θ + B(E)cos4 θ]

where A(E) and B(E) are functions of the proton energy. The form of the
expression implies the existence of both p and f protons in the
nuclear reaction.
Bond Localization Energy. I. Definition, Methods of Computation, and Relation to Bond Order
Authors: Brown RD
Published: September 2010

A new quantity-the bond localization
energy-which has some advantages in the theoretical discussion of the chemical
reactivities of various bonds, is introduced. Its relationship to the activated
complex is indicated. It is shown to be expressible in terms of the resonance
energies of certain molecules related to the molecule being considered. The
various methods available for computing resonance energies by the LCAO method
are outlined and some of these are used to derive numerical values for the localization
energies of particular bonds.

The relationship between bond localization
energy and mobile order is investigated, and the significance of the relations
thus found is indicated.
Radio-Frequency Radiation from the Quiet Sun
Authors: Smerd SF
Published: September 2010

The equation of transfer of radiation is
used in a ray treatment of radio-frequency radiation from the solar atmosphere
in the absence of solar activity. The chromosphere and the corona are
represented as regions of uniform temperature. However, a range of temperatures
is considered in order to allow for uncertainties in the temperature
distribution in the solar atmosphere.

The intensity distribution across the
solar disk is shown to depend significantly on the coronal temperature. Both
limb-brightening and limb-darkening can occur but are appreciable only when the
corona is optically thin, yet not transparent. A measure of the size of the
radio-frequency disk is obtained in terms of the size of the optical disk.

The apparent temperature (an equivalent
measure of the flux density at the earth) is found to reach a maximum as a
function of frequency for each coronal temperature and as a function of coronal
temperature for each frequency.

Within the limits of experimental error
all observed apparent temperatures fall within the range of theoretical values
corresponding to chromospheric temperatures from 104 to 3 X 104
�K. and coronal temperatures from 2.5 X 105 to 3 X 106 �K.

The effects of a possible general magnetic
field of the sun are estimated in selected cases and found to be small in
relation to those due to the uncertainties in the temperature of the solar
atmosphere.
The Alkaloids of Pleogyne cunninghamii
Authors: Anet FAL , Hughes GK , Ritchie E
Published: September 2010

The roots of Pleogyne cunninghamii have
been shown to contain the two previously described alkaloids l-bebeerine (l-curine) and d-isochondrodendrine.
The Existence of a Uronic Acid Ester in Young Wood of Eucalyptus regnans
Authors: Foster DH , Schwerin G , Cohen WE
Published: September 2010

A comparison has been made between the
hydrolysis of the hemicellulose in young Eucalyptus regnans F. v. M. and
the hemicellulose in holocellulose prepared from the same wood sample. The
rates of hydrolysis of the pentosan and uronic acid constituents have been
compared. The results have been interpreted in terms of an ester in which uronic
acid is thought to be involved.
Aromatic Aldehydes from the Oxidation of Some Australian Woods and their Chromatographic Separation
Authors: Bland DE , Ho G , Cohen WE
Published: September 2010

The mixtures of aromatic aldehydes
produced from 12 species of eucalypt woods and eight Australian gymnosperm
woods by oxidation with nitrobenzene and alkali were separated by sublimation
and the individual aldehydes identified. A paper partition chromatographic
method for the separation of the aldehydes was used to confirm the results of
the sublimation separation and to identify traces of aldehydes in some of the
mixtures. The eucalypt woods all yielded vanillin, syringaldehyde, and traces
of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The gymnosperm woods yielded mainly vanillin but
traces of syringaldehyde were produced from some and traces of
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde from most.
The Infra-Red Spectra of Porphyrins and their Iron Complexes
Authors: Falk JE , Willis JB
Published: September 2010

Infra-red absorption spectra between 4000
and 670 cm.-1 have been measured for a number of porphyrins and
their iron complexes (haems). These spectra should be of use in the
identification and purification of porphyrins, and enable position isomers to
be distinguished. Characteristic absorption frequencies for the carbonyl group
in different environments have been found.
Transient rates of gas sorption. I. Measurement of rapid gas uptake by Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Winfield ME
Published: September 2010

The rate of gas uptake by a porous solid
in a constant volume system was deter- mined by measuring the decrease in
pressure, using a capacitance-type glass diaphragm manometer. Techniques are
described for admitting gas to adsorbent quickly, and for measuring rapid
changes at low pressures and high temperatures.

For water and alcohols the rates of uptake
by thoria and alumina at 110-200 �C were found to have a negative temperature
coefficient. Rates were first order with respect to initial pressure. Three
types of rate dependence on mass of adsorbent were found - first, zero, and
second order or exponential.
The redox properties of Nicotinamide Methohalides
Authors: Leach SJ , Baxendale JH , Evans MG
Published: September 2010

The reversible reduction of nicotinamide
methiodide and methochloride has been studied using cathodic reduction at a
mercury surface, sodium dithionite, hydrogen and colloidal platinum, and
various leuco-dyes. The method of cathodic reduction was the most satisfactory.
Polarography showed a 2-step reduction. Macro-reductions at a mercury surface
suggested dimerization of the intermediate free radical. The behaviour of
dihydromethylnicotinamide towards hydrogen ions, oxygen, iodine, potassium
ferricyanide, ferric iron, and various dyes has been examined. Although it is
not readily oxidized by oxygen it is capable of reducing most other systems
with a higher Eo?:. Two methods of estimating the reduced compound
are suggested and involve (a) the potentiometric titration of potassium
ferricyanide at pH 9.1 and (b) the reduction and decolourization of
2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol at pH 4.7. The oxidation-reduction potential of
nicotinamide methiodide has been measured by oxidative titration of the
dihydro-compound at pH 9.1 and 30�0.01 �C and found to be -0.36 � 0.02 V
against the normal hydrogen electrode. The titration curve does riot show a
separation of the two reduction steps. Evidence is discussed for the production
of both o- and p-dihydromethylnicotinamide during reduction.
The infra-red spectra of the Borate esters
Authors: Werner RL , O'Brien KG
Published: September 2010

The infra-red spectra of a series of alkyl
and aryl esters of boric acid have been obtained in the region from 1800 to 670
cm-1. These all show a strong characteristic absorption band at 1340
� 10 cm-1 which is assigned to the asymmetrical stretching frequency
of the BO3 group.

Comparison of the infra-red and Raman
spectra of trimethyl borate suggests the assignment of the 728 cm-1
Raman band to the symmetrical stretching mode. The non-coincidence of infra-red
and Raman bands indicates a fairly high degree of symmetry with restriction of
the rotation of the methyl groups round the B-O link. This contrasts with other
data on the behaviour in the vapour where such rotation may occur.
Studies in relation to biosynthesis. VII. 2-Hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid in Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx
Authors: Birch AJ , Massy-Westropp RA , Moye CJ
Published: September 2010

The general problem of the biosynthesis of
depsides and depsidones is considered. Feeding experiments using sodium acetate
isotopically labelled in the carboxyl group have demonstrated that the mould
Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx (Raistrick's strain P68) elaborates
2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid (VII) by the head-to-tail linkage of acetic acid
units in accord with the hypothesis of Birch and Donovan (1953). This
demonstration constitutes the first definite support for the hypothesis based
on bio- chemical experiments.
The photolysis of gaseous aldehydes. III. Formaldehyde and mixture of formaldehyde with acetaldehyde, acetone, and carbon dioxide
Authors: Dorman FH , Buchanan AS
Published: September 2010

The mechanism of formaldehyde photolysis
proposed by Calvert and Steacie (1951) has been re-examined and a formyl chain
step included as an essential part of the reaction. In addition, formyl radical
decomposition has been considered as a bimolecular process with a higher energy
of activation than that assumed by Calvert and Steacie, a result in agreement
with the conclusions of the preceding paper of the present series. The
experimental energy of activation for the overall photolysis was found to vary
continuously with temperature even at 300 �C, where it was 14 kcal mole-1
; this value cannot be assigned to a single stage in the reaction.
The mechanism of the pinacol-pinacone rearrangement. V. Carbon isotope effects
Authors: Duncan JF , Lynn KR
Published: September 2010

The intermolecular isotope effects of
methyl-labelled and alcoholic carbon-labelled pinacol converted to pinacone
have been studied over a temperature range of 60-113.5 �C. Tests were made to
establish the validity of the results by using two starting materials for
synthesizing methyl-labelled pinacol, and several different methods of
analysing the products. The isotope effects were determined by measurements
made both on (i) pinacol and (ii) pinacone.

The results above 80 �C can be interpreted
in terms of the synartetic ion mechanism provided both the carbonium ion and
the transition state are largely unhydrated, and both the formation of the
carbonium ion and the methyl migration are slow steps.

Below 60 �C an alternative mechanism is
operative. Unless unsuspected exchange reactions are present, the results
suggest that the transition state is not so greatly distorted from a simple
ethane-type configuration as in the high temperature reaction. Results at
intermediate temperatures indicate that the alternative route proceeds via a
stable intermediate.
The molar kerr constants, dipole moments, and relaxation times of Methyl and Ethyl Maleates and fumarates, Ethyl Formate, Diethyl Oxalate, and of Ethyl and Propyl Azodiformates
Authors: Le Fevre CG , Le Fevre RJW , Oh WT
Published: September 2010

Values for the properties and compounds
named in the title are recorded at infinite dilution in carbon tetrachloride at
25 �C. Dipole moments of the seven diesters lie between 2 2 and 2.8 D ; the
molar Kerr constants of the two azodiformates however differ from those of the
maleates, fumarates, and oxalate in being negative. Results with ethyl oxalate
are consistent with a structure in which the two ?CO2Et
groups are in planes making an azimuthal angle c. 90�. Indications of
configurations for the other esters are discussed, but conclusions are
indefinite.
Methylsteroids. III. Reduction of ketones derived from lanosterol
Authors: Barnes CS , Palmer A
Published: September 2010

The base catalysed hydrogen transfer from
solvent alcohol to carbonyl groups is studied with 7,ll-dioxolanostan-3β-yl
acetate (I ; R=Ac) and shown to give almost entirely 3β,7β,llβ-trihydroxylanostane
(V ; R=R'=H) and the epimeric 3β,7-di-hydroxylanostan-11-ones (VI and VIII
; R=H). Generalizations are made to account for their formation and
stereochemistry.

The four 3β,7,11-trihydrosylanostanes
are prepared.
Reactions of Aroyl Peroxides. V. Benzoyl peroxide with ferrocene
Authors: Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

When ferrocene reacts with varying amounts
of benzoyl peroxide in benzene solution, the iron in ferrocene is almost
completely converted into ferric benzoate. The additional benzoyl peroxide
apparently reacts with the cyclopentadienyl fragments forming benzoic acid and
intractable material.

As neither carbon dioxide nor diphenyl
could be isolated from the reaction mixture, it would appear that ferrocene
acts as an efficient " scavenger " for benzoyloxy radicals.
Chemistry of Non-enzymic Browning. VII. Crystalline Di-D-fructose-glycine and some related compounds
Authors: Anet EFLJ
Published: September 2010

Glycine and D-glucose react to give
N-(carboxymethyl)-1-amino-1-deoxy-D-fructose. The further reaction with
D-glucose or D-mannose to yield di-D-fructose-glycine [NN-di-(D-arabino-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-oxohexyl)glycine]
is now reported. Di-D-fructose- glycine was isolated as the crystalline
dihydrate, m.p. 112 �C, [α]D25 -78�, and its
structure was deduced from its formation, its decomposition, and from the
products formed on periodate oxidation. Infra-red spectra showed that both the
above compounds occurred in a ring form, probably the β-D-fructopyranose
form. Di-D-fructose-glycine was a labile compound which decomposed to give a
quantitative yield of N-(carboxy-methyl)-1-amino-1-deoxy-D-fructose and unknown
carbonyl compounds. The rate of this decomposition has been studied at various
pH values and temperatures.

�� Other
primary aliphatic amines and aldoses gave the corresponding diketose-amines
which have similar properties. These compounds possibly have an important role
in non-enzymic browning reactions.
The Variable Electronegativity Method. VII. Pyrazole, Its Anion and Cation
Authors: Brown RD , Heffernan ML
Published: September 2010

Results of a VESCF treatment of pyrazole,
its anion, and cation are reported. A comparison is made of the chemical
properties of pyrazole and those predicted from the calculated π-electron
densities. An ambiguity in the comparison owing to the rapid tautomerization of
pyrazole is emphasized. The calculated π-electron distribution in the
anion supports the suggestion made in previous papers that the relative
electronegativities of carbon and tertiary nitrogen reverse when their π-electron
densities exceed 1.2.

The dipole moment is predicted to be about
2.5 D for pyrazole, in agreement with observations in solution. Theoretical
values of ionization potentials are also presented.

An analysis is made of VESCF matrix
elements and some empirical guides as to suitable values of coulomb and
resonance parameters for five-membered ring nitrogen heterocycles are
suggested.
Some Studies in Inorganic Complexes. VII. Copper(II) with 2-Picolylamine
Authors: Sutton GJ
Published: September 2010

A study has been made of the
bis(2-picolylamine) copper(II) complex in association with various anions. Of
the salts investigated, the chloride bromide, and nitrate are blue, the iodide
is green, and the perchlorate and tetraiodomercurate are purple. Blue solutions
are obtained in water, and the molecular absorption spectra are identical and
are characteristic of bispicolylamine copper(II) ion. However, conductance
measurements in methanol and nitromethane show that there is some metal halogen
bonding for the iodide, and this is also indicated by a slight shift in the
absorption spectrum to longer wavelengths in the same solvents. The mean
magnetic moment of the copper atom in the complexes was found to be 1.93 B.M.
Synthesis of two Geometrical Isomers of Hexadeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenoic Acid and their isobutylamides
Authors: Meisters A , Wailes PC
Published: September 2010

Two of the stereoisomers of hexadeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenoic acid, namely the trans-2,trans-4,trans-8,cis-l0-, and the trans-2,trans-4,cis-8,cis-10-isomers, have been synthesized. The
insecticidal activities of their isobutylamides and those of the intermediate
acetylenic acids towards the housefly, Musca domestica,
have been examined. One of these acetylenic isobutylamides, namely N-isobutylhexadeca-trans-2,trans-4-diene-8,10-diynamide, is
the C20 analogue of the naturally occurring C18 acetylene
" anacyclin ".
Studies in the Natural Coating of Apples. V. Unsaturated and Minor saturated Acids of the Cuticle Oil
Authors: Davenport JB
Published: September 2010

Fatty acids soluble in acetone at -18 �C
comprised 48.5 per cent. of the cuticle oil of ripe Granny Smith apples, This
fraction had the following percentage composition : oleic acid 28, linoleic 49,
linolenic 5, palmitic 1, and myristic 1. Lauric acid was also identified, and
evidence for the presence of small amounts of caprylic, enanthic, and caproic
acids was obtained by gas chromatography,
Solvolysis of Sulphonyl Halides. II. The Alcoholysis of Aromatic Sulphonyl Chlorides in Ethanol-Acetone and Methanol-Acetone
Authors: Jenkins FE , Hambly AN
Published: September 2010

The solvolysis of aromatic sulphonyl
chlorides in methanol-acetone and ethanol-acetone shows only small, irregular
effects due to para-substituents because the experimental temperature range is
close to the isokinetic temperature. The modification of reaction conditions in
SN2 substitutions, so that
the isokinetic condition is brought into the experimental temperature range, is
discussed.

Rates for methanolysis are lower than
those for hydrolysis and are about four times the rates for the corresponding
ethanolysis reactions.
Molecular Vibrations in the Exciton Theory for Molecular Aggregates. II. Dimeric Systems
Authors: McRae EG
Published: September 2010

The theory of Part I of this series (McRae
1961) is developed in detail for dimeric systems. The simplest possible theory
of the exciton states for a system of two non-rigid molecules is obtained
through the use of perturbation theory. The theory makes possible the
prediction of electronic band structures in absorption and fluorescence spectra
as functions of the theoretical Davydov splitting for two rigid molecules.

Numerical calculations are made for a
dimer of a typical dye, and the results are compared with the observed
absorption spectrum of the 1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-pyridocyanine iodide dimer.
A Chemical and Magnetic Study of Some Bivalent Nickel Complexes
Authors: Harris CM , Lenzer SL , Martin RL
Published: September 2010

Diamagnetic and square-coordinated nickel(I1) complexes of nitrogen substituted
salicylaldimines, [Ni(N-R salicylaldimine),] (R=CH,, C,H,, and C,H,), readily react
with l,l0-phenanthroline (phen) in benzene and form paramagnetic (p-3.2 B.M.)
six-covalent complexes of the type [Si(phen)(N-R salicylaldimine),]. Similar para-
magnetic monophenanthroline adducts are formed by the diamagnetic [X(o-hgdroxy-
acetophenoxime),] and [Xi(N-methyl-o-hydroxyacetophenimine),] complexes. he
paramagnetic (p-3.2 B.X.) nickel-salicylaldehyde complex, [Ni(~alicylaldeh~de),(H~O)~],
reacts with h o l e s of the ligand forming the paramagnetic (p-3.2B.M.) derivative,
Ki(phen)2(salicylaldehyde),.3H,0. This is an electrolyte in nitrobenzene and possesses
the structure
Diagram
The cornplex cation was isolated as its perchlorate,
Diagram
1 l h e dlamagnetlc aldimine derlvatlre [~l(salicylaldimine),1 also reacts with 2 moles
of 1,lO-phenanthrohne, with partlal h~drolysis of the lmme, and fornls the unusual
compound : Sl(phen),(sal1cylald1~ni~1e)(sal~cylaldehyde).3H~O. This paramagnetic com-
pound is also an electrolyte in mtrobenzene and possesses the structure
Diagram
The follommg diamagnetic compounds, [Si(o-hydroxyacetophennnme),], [Nl(o-
hpdroxyacetophenoxm~e)~], and [Ni(S-methj 1-o-hydroxj acetophenimine),], are con-
verted by heat to paranlagnetlc forms whlch exhlblt an unusual temperature variation
of the~r magnetlc moments. They revert to thelr orlginal diamagnetic forms on
recrystallizat~on from chloroform.
Alkaloids of Cynoglossum latifolium R.Br. Latifoline and 7-Angelylretronecine
Authors: Crowley HC , Culvenor CCJ
Published: September 2010

The principal alkaloid of Cynoglossum
latifolium R.Br. is latifoline, C20H27O7N, an
ester of 7-angelylretronecine with the γ-lactone of
3,4-dihydroxypentane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid. 7-Angelylretronecine, itself,
occurs as a minor constituent. Both alkaloids are subject to substantial
decomposition during drying of the plant and 7-angelylretronecine may be formed
by enzymatic attack on latifoline.
The Decay of Irradiation Defects in Polymethyl Methacrylate
Authors: Campbell ID , Looney FD
Published: September 2010

The decay of defects in polymethyl
methacrylate caused by γ-irradiation has been followed by electron-spin
resonance. The samples were irradiated at room temperature and annealed at 80,
90, and 100 �C. Two radical species can be recognized by their different modes
of decay. Some attempt is made to identify the chemical groups involved and to
explain the decay mechanism.
Himbacine Derivatives and Synthetic Analogues
Authors: Galbraith MN , Hobbs JJ , Massy-Westropp RA
Published: September 2010

A series of derivatives was prepared for
pharmacological testing from himbacine and dihydrohimbacine, the latter
compound obtained by von Braun degradation of dihydrohimbacine.

The Mannich reaction with acetylenic
acetates was used for the preparation of tertiary amines for testing. It was
found that much improved yields were obtained by addition of catalytic amounts
of copper(I) chloride and copper bronze to the reaction mixture.
The Stereochemistry of Tritium Substitution by the Wilzbach Method. I. ( - )-Inositol
Authors: Angyal SJ , Garnett JL , Hoskinson RM
Published: September 2010

The stereochemistry of tritiation of
crystalline (-)-inositol and its liquid hexa-O-methyl derivative by the
Wilzbach labelling procedure has been investigated. Predominance of
configurational retention was found to accompany substitution in the crystalline
compound, whereas configurational inversion predominated during substitution in
the liquid.
Electrostatic field gradients in ionic crystals
Authors: Coogan CK
Published: September 2010

The convergence of the sums arising in the
calculation of the electrostatic field gradient in crystals is discussed. In
the point charge model of ionic crystals convergence ensues for any boundary
shape, and not only for spheres. The method outlined is applied to Cu2O and NaClO3,
and agreement obtained with previous work. The advantages of this method of
computation are outlined.
The composition of Eucalyptus and some other leaf waxes
Authors: Horn DHS , Kranz ZH , Lamberton JA
Published: September 2010

Many Eucalyptus waxes contain as major
components long-chain β-diketones, which may be readily separated from the
rest of the wax as insoluble copper complexes. The most commonly occurring β-diketone
is n-tritriacontan-16,18-dione, but in two species, Eucalyptus risdoni and E.
coccifera, β-diketones of shorter chain length predominate. From the waxes
of several Eucalyptus species a new flavone, 5-hydroxy-
4',7-dimethoxy-6,8-dimethylflavone, and a new triterpene, 11,l2-dehydroursolic
lactone acetate, have been isolated.

Gas chromatography has been used to
determine the chain length distribution of β-diketones, hydrocarbons, and
esters from several waxes. The esterified alcohols of Eucalyptus globulus and
E. risdoni belong to two series-long-chain n-alkan-1-ols of predominantly even
carbon number, and n-alkan-2-ols of medium chain length and predominantly
uneven carbon number (n-C9, n-C11, n-C13, and
n-C15).
Viscosity and self-diffusion in benzene-cyclohexane mixtures
Authors: Collins DA , Watts H
Published: September 2010

The self-diffusion coefficient of benzene
in benzene-cyclohexane mixtures was measured at 15�, 25�, and 35�. Viscosities
of the mixtures were measured at the same temperatures. The diffusion
coefficient is a maximum, while the viscosity is a minimum at a mole fraction
of benzene between 0.6 and 0.8. The activation energy for viscous flow is a
minimum in the mole fraction range 0.6-0.8 of benzene. The excess viscosity and
the excess activation energy of viscous flow are minimal at a mole fraction
0.5, the same composition at which the maxima occur in excess volume and heat
mixing. The product Dn
is a linear function of mole fraction.
Simple pyrimidines. VII. The fine structure of 4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine
Authors: Brown DJ , Teitei T
Published: September 2010

The ultraviolet spectrum of
4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine is compared with those of N-, O-, and 5-alkylated
derivatives of fixed structures corresponding to possible tautomeric forms. In
contrast to earlier suggestions in the literature, it is concluded that an
aqueous solution consists essentially of 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4,6-dioxopyrimidine
in equilibrium with a smaller amount of 1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-oxo-pyrimidine.
The existence of the active 6-methylene grouping within the ring is confirmed
chemically by a ready condensation of benzaldehyde with the pyrimidine in
aqueous solution.
Mono- and Bis-(2,2'- bipyridine) and (1,10-phenanthroline) chelates of ruthenium and osmium. V. Mixed 2,2'-bipyridine and 2,2',2'-terpyridine chelates of bivalent and tervalent osmium
Authors: Buckingham DA , Dwyer FP , Sargeson AM
Published: September 2010

Complexes of the type [OsterpyCl3]0,
[Osterpypy3]2+/3+, [OsterpybipyX]+/2+, [Osterpypy2Cl]+/2+,
[Osterpybipy(pyR)]+/2+
where X = Cl, Br, I, NCS, NO2, C2H5CN, CH3CN;
R = CH3, C2H5, CH(CH3)2;
terpy = 2,2',2"-terpyridine, bipy
= 2,2'-bipyridine, and py = pyridine, have been
isolated as their halides or perchlorates. The complexes do not
disproportionate and are inert to dissociation of their ligands.
Acetoxylation by aryliodoso acetates. III. Effects of structural changes in the reactants
Authors: Johnson WD , Riggs NV
Published: September 2010

Definite increases in rate of reaction
between aryliodoso acetates and N-arylacetamides occur when electron-releasing
groups are introduced into the N-arylacetamide nucleus, the Arrhenius A and E
parameters decreasing simultaneously; electron-attracting substituents cause
the reverse effects. Small, erratic changes in rate and the Arrhenius
parameters accompany substitution in the aryliodoso nucleus. N-Methylation of
aceto-p-toluidide inhibits the reaction completely. Possible mechanisms are
briefly discussed.
Pyrimidine reactions. VI. The amination of chloropyrimidines with n-alkylamines
Authors: Brown DJ , Lyall JM
Published: September 2010

The aminations of
2-chloro-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine and 4-chloro-2,6-dimethyl- pyrimidine by a
series of n-alkylamines (3 moles) have been followed titrimetrically. Between 3�
and 70� the rates of these apparently first-order reactions approximately double
for each 10" rise. A simple experimental method for predicting optimum
conditions of temperature and time for such aminations has been developed.
Addition of cuprous chloride has little effect on rates. Fifteen new
n-alkylaminopyrimidines have been prepared.
The chemistry of the Euphorbiaceae. VI. A triterpene from Beyeria leschenaultii
Authors: Baddeley GV , Bealing AJ , Jefferies PR , Retallack RW
Published: September 2010

Lup-20-en-3β,16β-diol
(Ib) has been isolated from Beyeria leschenaultii.
Heats of mixing of carbon tetrachloride with dioxan
Authors: McKinnon IR , Williamson AG
Published: September 2010

The heats of mixing of carbon
tetrachloride with dioxan have been measured at 25�, 35�, and 45�. The negative
values of the heat of mixing and its positive temperature coefficient suggest a
strong specific attractive interaction between carbon tetrachloride and dioxan.
The structure of agglomerone, a new β-triketone
Authors: Hellyer RO
Published: September 2010

The steam-volatile material from the
leaves of Eucalyptus agglomerata Maiden and E. mckieana Blakely has been shown
to contain a high proportion of a new P-triketone, agglomerone C13Hl8O4.
On the basis of degradative work and N.M.R. studies, agglomerone has been shown
to be an equilibrium mixture of two tautomeric enols (IV) and (V).
Molecular force field for chlorine trifluoride
Authors: Krishna MG , Ramaswamy K , Pichai R
Published: September 2010

An attempt has been made to modify the
UBFF for chlorine trifluoride by taking into account the presence of lone pairs
of electrons, on the lines suggested by Pariseau, Wu, and Overend. It was found
that the lone-pair-bond-pair interaction is less than the lone-pair-lone-pair
interaction which is considerably lower than the stretching force constant for
the lone pair of electrons. An approximate relation between the above
interactions was obtained.
Equilibria in acetic acid: ionic association constant of oxonium perchlorate, acid-base equilibrium constant of oxonium acetate, and autoprotolysisconstant of acetic acid at 105.7°
Authors: Martin RJL
Published: September 2010

In aqueous acetic acid, 0.114-0.152M H2O,
at 105.7�, oxonium perchlorate has limiting equivalent conductivity Λ0
90.7, ionic association constant

KA = [H3O+ClO4-]/[H3O+][ClO4]f2
= 0.0310 x 106

and centre-to-centre
distance between the ions (� = 4.84 Ǻ. The acid-base equilibrium constant
for oxonium acetate

KB =
[ΣH3O+ OAc-]/[H2O]

increases with the dielectric constant so that
-log KB = 1.532+29.44/D. The autoprotolysis of acetic acid also
increases with the dielectric constant.
Reactions of epoxides. III. Reactions of some epoxides in the C-nor-D-homo steroid series
Authors: Coxon JM , Hartshorn MP , Kirk DN
Published: September 2010

The structures of the epoxides and
alcohols derived from the Δ13(17a) and Δ17a(18)
olefins in the c-nor-D-homo steroid series have been established.
Reactions of aroyl peroxides. VII. Di-p-nitrobenzoyl peroxide with p-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, and nitrobenzene
Authors: Mingin M , Pausacker KH
Published: September 2010

A detailed study has been made of the
reactions of di-p-nitrobenzoyl peroxide with p-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene,
and nitrobenzene. The reaction with p-dichlorobenzene gives much higher yields
of substituted diphenyls, than the corresponding reaction with benzoyl
peroxide.

The stoicheiometry of the reaction with
naphthalene is different from that of the benzoyl peroxide-naphthalene system.
Possible mechanisms of the formation of dinaphthyls are discussed.
Reduction of the alkali and alkaline earth halides in high-frequency discharges. II. The role of electrons
Authors: McTaggart FK
Published: September 2010

The halides of Group I can be reduced to
metals in low-pressure electrical discharges produced in hydrogen, helium, and
nitrogen. Evidence is adduced to show that the active species are probably
electrons, and that the energy conditions of the electrons are reflected in the
effect of variation of gas pressure on the reduction rate. The effects of
surface area and dimerization of the halides, the gas pressure, and power are
also discussed, and the relationship between the reduction rate R and the power
input P is shown to be R = kP1.7, where k
is a constant.
Catalytic deuterium exchange reactions with organics. XII. Further studies in platinum catalyst preparation-the process of self-activation
Authors: Garnett JL , Sollich WA
Published: September 2010

A new process for the activation of
platinum oxide, termed self-activation, is described. This procedure involves
the reduction of platinic oxide with an organic compound such as benzene,
naphthalene, or n-octane. The potential of the resulting catalyst in deuterium
exchange reactions has been evaluated with three characteristic organic
compounds, n-octane, naphthalene, and benzene. A comparison has been made in
the properties of prereduced catalysts prepared by a self-activation procedure
and catalysts activated conventionally with hydrogen gas. For high-temperature
exchange reactions ( >90�), the former catalysts are to be preferred since
higher final activities of up to 300% may be achieved. The kinetics of
self-activation suggest that catalyst deactivation by reagents may be due to
modification of active sites. With aromatic compounds, it is proposed that this
deactivation occurs through a π-complex interaction.

Isotope distribution studies in the
labelled benzenes indicate that self-activated, prereduced catalysts, by
comparison with hydrogen-activated catalysts, exhibit relatively low M values
in relation to their activities. Distribution data are consistent with the
explanation that catalyst deactivation by benzene is a process involving the
generation of new types of active sites which are more numerous but of lower
activity than the original sites. Attempts to stabilize prereduced catalysts by
chemical methods were unsuccessful.
Coordination compounds of substituted 1,10-Phenanthrolines and related dipyridyls. VII. Complexes of copper(I) and 4,6,4',6'-Tetramethyl-2,2'-bipyridine
Authors: Hall JR , Litzow MR , Plowman RA
Published: September 2010

A number of diamagnetic complexes of copper(I)
and 4,6,4',6'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (tmb) have
been prepared and some physical properties measured. The complexes of formula
Cu(tmb)2X where X = NO3, ClO4,
Br, and I behave as 1 : 1 electrolytes in nitrobenzene and nitromethane, while
the complex Cu(tmb)2Cl,H2O
apparently undergoes partial dissociation in these solvents. All are expected
to have a tetrahedral arrangement of the four donor nitrogen atoms about the
copper atom. The mono complexes CuXtmb, where X = Cl,
Br, and I, appear to be dimeric in the solid state with halogen bridging, but
in solution the chloro and bromo complexes rearrange to varying degrees
depending on the solvent, forming the salt-type compounds [Cu(tmb)2][CuX2]. CuItmb
is insoluble in all common solvents.
Tungsten hexaphenoxide and ring-substituted derivatives
Authors: Mortimer PI , Strong MI
Published: September 2010

Tungsten hexaphenoxide is stable to
alkaline hydrolysis but exchanges ligands under acid conditions. Direct
nitration and bromination of the aromatic rings is possible, and nitro groups
may be reduced. A number of substituted tungsten hexaphenoxides are described.
The chemical constituents of Australian Flindersia species. XIX. Triterpenoids from the leaves of F. bourjotiana F. Muell
Authors: Breen GJW , Ritchie E , Sidwell WTL , Taylor WC
Published: September 2010

From the leaves of Flindersia bourjotinna F. Muell. there
were isolated sitosterol, triacontanol, lupeol, germanicol, germanicone,
and four new triterpenoids, the bourjotinolones
A, B, and C, and bourjotone. By chemical degradation
and spectroscopic methods, the structures of these substances were shown to be
21,24-epoxy-23,25-dihydroxytirucall-7-en-3one,
23,24-dihydroxytirucalla-7,25-dien- 3-one,
25-chloro-23,24-dihydroxytirucall-7-en-3-one, and 25,26,27-trisnortirucall-7-
ene-3,23-dione, respectively.

Bourjotinolone C
is almost certainly an artefact but bourjotinolone B
and bourjotone are less likely to be. From biogenetic
and N.M.R. spectral considerations, the absolute stereochemistry of the new
triterpenes may be deduced.
Coordination compounds of Group IB metals. II. Some tertiary phosphine and phosphite complexes of gold(I)
Authors: Kowala C , Swan JM
Published: September 2010

Gold(1) complexes of type R3AuX (R = Bu, Ph; X = Cl, Br, SCN), complexes Ph3PAuSR (R = alkyl, aryl), Ph3PAuEt,
(PhO)3PAuCl, and
bis(phosphine) complexes of type [R3PauPR3]+X-
(R = Et, Ph; X = Cl, Br, SCN) are described. Triphenyl
phosphite complexes were very unstable; attempts to prepare triethyl phosphite
complexes were unsuccessful. A triethylphosphine
complex of aurous sulphide, Et3PauSAuPEt3,
and a sulphonium complex, [(Ph3PAu)3S]+Cl-,
were also prepared.
The isolation and structure of sporidesmin C
Authors: Hodges R , Shannon JS
Published: September 2010

Sporidesmin C
has been isolated as its diacetate (C22H24ICN3O8S3)
from the fungus Pithomyces chartarum
and its structure assigned on the basis of chemical, N.M.R., and
mass-spectrometric studies. The assigned structure corresponds to the cysteine
analogue of sporidesmin with three sulphur atoms
linked together in an unusual eight-membered ring.
The wetting of some solid transition metals by liquid lithium, sodium, and potassium
Authors: Jordan DO , Lane JE
Published: September 2010

Spontaneous wetting of plane, rigid
surfaces resulting solely from surface forces is shown to occur only in those
systems in which advancing angles of zero are observed. Contact angles were
measured for 12 solid metal-liquid metal systems consisting of a transition
metal and an alkali metal. In the temperature range up to 250�, zero advancing
angles were observed for the systems Cu-Li, Sa-Hg, Ag-Se, Au-Na, Pt-Ka, Pd-Na,
Zn-Na, Ag-K, Zn-K. In the same temperature range, only non-zero advancing
angles could be obtained for the systems Cu-Na, Ni-Na, and Cu-K. The reason for
the non-wetting in the latter three systems is discussed in terms of two
alternative models, one based on the degree of misfit at the solid-liquid
interface, and the other on the stability of oxides on the solid metal surface.
These alternative explanations probably have a common origin.
Thio derivatives of b-diketones and their metal chelates. IV. Adducts of nickel(II) chelates of Monothio-β-diketones with aromatic heterocyclicbases
Authors: Chaston SHH , Livingstone SE , Lockyer TN
Published: September 2010

Paramagnetic adducts of nickel(II)
chelates of monothio-β-diketones have been
obtained with pyridine, γ-picoline, 1,l0-phenanthroline, 2-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline,
2,2'-bipyridyl, and 2,2',2"-terpyridyl. Their paramagnetism
and visible reflectance spectra are consistent with octahedral nickel(II). The
pyridine and γ-picoline adducts probably have a trans octahedral structure, while there are three possible
octahedral configurations for the adducts of the phenanthrolines
and bipyridyl. The terpyridyl
adduct of Ni(NeCS=CHCOOMe)2
was obtained in two forms but the data obtained from infrared and visible
absorption spectral measurements are insufficient to establish which of the
several possible structures occur. The characteristic infrared bands of the adducts
are given.

The visible absorption spectra of the
diamagnetic nickel(II) chelates of the monothio-β-diketones
indicate that these ligands lie between diethyl dithiophosphate and diethyl
dithiocarbamate in the spectrochemical series.
Mass spectrometry and structures of metal acetylacetonate vapours
Authors: Macdonald CG , Shannon JS
Published: September 2010

The mass spectra of a
series of metal acetylacetonates have been rationalized in terms of ion
reactions. There are many examples of a unit change in the valency of the metal
atom of an ion with consequent reversal of the ion's odd- or even-electron
character which influences the nature of its dissociation reactions. Occurrence
or non-occurrence of change in valency correlates well with the established
chemistry of the metals. Among the many reactions discussed are successive
losses of two free radicals, and methyl and (with Fe(bzac)3)
phenyl radical migrations. Many
of the compounds give polymeric structures in the ionized vapour, and the
existence of Ca3(acac)6
and possibly Ca2(acac)4
in the un-ionized vapour of the calcium complex is indicated by, inter alia,
study of negative-ion mass spectra.
Molten salts freezing point measurements in the AgNO3-AgCl system
Authors: Jacoud R , Reinsborough VC , Wetmore FEW
Published: September 2010

Activities of silver
nitrate in the AgNO3-AgCl system were
obtained through freezing point depressions. Activity coefficients were
calculated assuming the melt consisted of only simple ions which mixed ideally
and then assuming the chloride was totally in the form of the complex cation, Ag2Cl+, which also mixed ideally. The
second model proved more successful and was extended to include Ag+Cl- entities in the melt. A
formation constant of 12�2 was obtained for Ag2Cl+
at 210�.
Synthetical applications of activated metal catalysts. XXV. The hydrogenolysis of some phenyl derivatives of silicon by Raney nickel
Authors: Sasse WHF , Wade KO
Published: September 2010

Tetraphenylsilane and 11 related compounds have been cleaved by
treatment at atmospheric pressure with Raney nickel catalysts to give mixtures
of benzene and cyclohexane. Yields exceeding 90% are obtained with degassed
Raney nickel and silanes. Silanols and siloxanes are less readily spilt. The
presence of methanol in the reaction mixtures retards the fission of silicon-phenyl
bonds. Tetracyclo-hexylsilane, cyclohexyltrimethylsilane,
and hexa(n-hexyl)disiloxane did not react detectably
with Raney nickel. Raney cobalt had no effect on tetraphenylsilane.
A mechanism for the new reaction is discussed which involves chemisorption via
the silicon atom, ejection of a phenyl anion, and hydrogenolysis of the
absorbed triphenylsilyl species.