bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CJEU Judgment in Case C-284/16 Achmea: Single Decision and Its Multi-Faceted Fallout
Authors: Soloch Bartosz
Published: May 2019

Recent decisions of European and national courts, as well as those of arbitral tribunals, concerning the Achmea saga seem to be plentiful enough to draw preliminary conclusions as to the relationship between EU law, intra-EU international investment agreements (IIAs) and the national laws of EU-Member States. In order to get the proper picture of the situation, however, it is necessary not only to analyse the recent decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and their consequences from these three perspectives, but, equally, to understand how they interact with each other. Such an analysis indicates the real possibility of the emergence of a rift between the practice of the EU and national courts rejecting the validity of investment arbitration agreements, on the one hand, and investment tribunals, on the other. In any case, such a divergence would put into question the IIAs’ claim to provide a stable regulatory framework for international investments in the EU, which, in turn, would strengthen the argument for termination of intra-EU IIAs.
Procedural Developments at the International Court of Justice
Authors: Bordin Fernando Lusa
Published: May 2019

The present column covers procedural developments at the International Court of Justice for the period spanning from 1 April 2017 to 31 January 2019. Those comprise the interpretation of compromissory clauses; res judicata; admissibility challenges based on abuse of rights and abuse of process; conditions for the indication of provisional measures, in particular the requirement that the rights asserted be plausible; and the admissibility of counter-claims.
Britain, Austria, and the “Burden of War” in the Western Mediterranean, 1703–1708
Authors: Karges Caleb
Published: May 2019

The Austrian and British alliance in the Western Mediterranean from 1703 to 1708 is used as a case study in the problem of getting allies to cooperate at the strategic and operational levels of war. Differing grand strategies can lead to disagreements about strategic priorities and the value of possible operations. However, poor personal relations can do more to wreck an alliance than differing opinions over strategy. While good personal relations can keep an alliance operating smoothly, it is often military necessity (and the threat of grand strategic failure) that forces important compromises. In the case of the Western Mediterranean, it was the urgent situation created by the Allied defeat at Almanza that forced the British and Austrians to create a workable solution.
The King and His Army: A New Perspective on the Military in 18th Century Brandenburg-Prussia
Authors: Winkel Carmen
Published: May 2019

Brandenburg-Prussia has always occupied a special place in the German-speaking historiography. However, this has not resulted in a particularly differentiated state of research. Rather, the Prussian military of the 18th century is still characterized by attributes such as ‘monarchic’ and ‘absolutist, which unreflectively continues the narratives of 19th-century historiography. This article is explicitly challenging this image by assuming a differentiated concept of rulership as well as of the military in the 18th century. Using the aristocratic elites, it will examine how Frederick William I (1713–1740) and Frederick II (1740–1786) ruled the army, and ruled using the army.
A new ground-dwelling Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Maharashtra, with a key to the Hemidactylus of India
Authors: GIRI VARAD B. , BAUER AARON M.
Published: May 2019

A distinctive new species of ground-dwelling gecko of the genus Hemidactylus is described from the plateaus of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India. It is a member of a group of chiefly terrestrial Indian Hemidactylus species that have undivided, or only partly divided subdigital lamellae. The new species is most similar in appearance to the lowlandinhabiting Hemidactylus albofasciatus Grandison & Soman, 1963, but can be distinguished by its larger size and a suite of distinctive scalation and coloration characters. A key to the species of Hemidactylus currently known from the Republic of India is provided.
Three new species of Collembola from north-east Italy
Authors: FANCIULLI PIETRO PAOLO , DALLAI ROMANO
Published: May 2019

Three new species of Collembola belonging to three different families were described from the Cansiglio Natural Reserve (north-east Italy): Hypogastrura pizzoci sp. nov. (Hypogastruridae), Endonura saleri sp. nov. (Neanuridae) and Pseudosinella cansiliensis sp. nov. (Entomobryidae).
Two new Stratiomyinae, including Panamamyia gen. nov., from the Neotropical Region (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Authors: WOODLEY NORMAN E.
Published: May 2019

A new species of Hoplitimyia James, H. inbioensis sp. nov., is described from Costa Rica. A new genus, Panamamyia gen. nov. (type species P. silbergliedi sp. nov.) is described from Panama. Both taxa are very rare in collections, not having been taken during extensive Malaise trap surveys in Costa Rica.
Systematic status and correct nomen of the western North African cat snake: Telescopus tripolitanus (Werner, 1909) (Serpentes: Colubridae), with comments on the other taxa in the dhara-obtusus group
Authors: CROCHET PIERRE-ANDRÉ , RASMUSSEN JENS B. , WILMS THOMAS , GENIEZ PHILIPPE , TRAPE JEAN-FRANÇOIS , BÖHME WOLFGANG
Published: May 2019

The systematics and nomenclature of the genus Telescopus in north Africa (the dhara – obtusus – tripolitanus group) have been revised based on examination of the original descriptions and type specimens (when still extant) of all proposed nomina and of more than 100 specimens. Using colour and lepidosis characters, the following taxonomic decisions are proposed: 1. Telescopus tripolitanus (Werner, 1909) is considered a valid species. 2. Tarbophis guidimakaensis Chabanaud, 1916 is a junior subjective synonym of T. tripolitanus. 3. Pseudotarbophis gabesi Domergue, 1955 is a junior subjective synonym of T. tripolitanus. 4. “Pseudotarbophis gabesiensis” Domergue, 1959 is an incorrect subsequent spelling and is thus not an available nomen. 5. Telescopus dhara dhara (Forsskål, 1775), Telescopus dhara obtusus (Reuss, 1834) and Telescopus dhara somalicus (Parker, 1949) are valid, clearly diagnosable, allopatric taxa that we provisionally maintain at subspecific rank. 6. Tarbophis guentheri, Anderson, 1895 is a junior subjective synonym of T. dhara dhara. 7. Telescopus gezirae Broadley 1994 is maintained as a valid species.
Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril) (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) in New Guinea: evidence of multiple dispersals from Australia, and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser 2003
Authors: WILLIAMS DAVID J. , O'SHEA MARK , DAGUERRE ROLAND L. , POOK CATHARINE E. , WÜSTER WOLFGANG , HAYDEN CHRISTOPHER J. , MCVAY JOHN D. , PAIVA OWEN , MATAINAHO TEATULOHI , WINKEL KENNETH D. , AUSTIN CHRISTOPHER C.
Published: May 2019

Pseudonaja textilis is a widespread and common snake in eastern parts of Australia, but its distribution in New Guinea is poorly understood, and the origin of the New Guinea populations and its timing have been the subject of much speculation. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from three New Guinea populations of P. textilis indicates that New Guinea was colonised from two independent eastern and western migration routes most likely in the Pleistocene. One dispersal event from northern Queensland led to the populations in eastern New Guinea (Milne Bay, Oro and Central Provinces, Papua New Guinea), whereas another, from Arnhem Land to central southern New Guinea, led to the populations from the Merauke area, Indonesian Papua. The results are consistent with the effects of Pleistocene sea level changes on the physical geography of Australasia, and are thus suggestive of a natural rather than anthropogenic origin of the New Guinea populations. The taxonomic status of the New Guinean populations is discussed.
Ciliate protozoa of the forestomach of llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from the Bolivian Altiplano
Authors: DEL VALLE IGNACIO , DE LA FUENTE GABRIEL , FONDEVILA MANUEL
Published: May 2019

Protozoal diversity in the forestomach of South American camelids (SAC) was studied in eight llamas and six alpacas from the Parque Natural Condoriri (3900 to 4100 m altitude, Departamento La Paz, Bolivia). Total protozoal concentrations were 3.6 times higher (P < 0.001) in the stomach contents of alpacas (39.6 x 10 4 ml -1 and 143.8 x 10 4 ml -1 in llamas and alpacas, respectively). Four to 11 species, all from the genus Entodinium, were observed in llamas, whereas from eight to nine species of Entodinium and minor proportions of Diplodinium (D. anisacanthum, D. dogieli, D. rangiferi), Eudiplodinium (E. bovis, E. maggii, E. neglectum) and Epidinium (E. ecaudatum) were observed in alpacas. The presence of Epidinium species in the alpaca is a new host record. The vestibuliferids, Dasytricha and Isotricha were absent from the forestomach of SAC, as well as other species such as Caloscolex genus, Diplodinium cameli and Entodinium ovumrajae, commonly found in Old World camelids.
A preliminar overview of species composition and geographical distribution of Malvinian weevils (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: POSADAS PAULA
Published: May 2019

The objective of this paper is to provide an integrative approach to species composition and distributional information on the weevil fauna of Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands). A total of 22 species belonging to 11 Curculionidae genera are recorded for the archipelago. Four of these genera belong to Entiminae (i.e., Caneorhinus, Cylydrorhinus, Malvinius, and Morronia) and the remaining seven belong to Cyclominae (i.e., Antarctobius, Falklandiellus, Falklandius, Germainiellus; Haversiella, Lanteriella, and Puranius). The Malvinian weevil fauna could be considered as an impoverished version of that from Tierra del Fuego at the generic level, but with a very high degree of species level endemism. The Malvinian weevil fauna exhibits a great linkage to that from southernmost South America. It has been postulated that the evolution of Malvinian weevil fauna responded to several geodispersal and subsequent vicariant events which determined the archipelago´s alternative connections and disconnections from southern South America. These events were due to sea-level variations induced by glacial-eustatic agents during Tertiary and Quaternary times. Finally, synonymic lists are provided for each species known to occur on the islands. Also, distributional data for each species are mapped and keys and illustrations are presented to identify weevil taxa recorded for the Islas Malvinas.
A new species of Harpasus Mulsant (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Chilocorinae) from Peru
Authors: GONZALEZ GUILLERMO , CORRÊA GEOVAN HENRIQUE , DE ALMEIDA LÚCIA MASSUTTI
Published: May 2019

A new species from Peru, Harpasus quadrifolium González, Corrêa & Almeida sp.nov. is described and illustrated (type locality: Chanchamayo, Peru).
Cladistic Analysis of Kanaima Distant, 1909 (Hemiptera, Cercopidae)
Authors: PALADINI ANDRESSA , FERRARI AUGUSTO , CARVALHO GERVÁSIO SILVA
Published: May 2019

The Mahanarva group comprises five genera: Sphenorhina, Aeneolamia, Pachypterinella, Kanaima, and Mahanarva (sensu lato). A cladistic analysis is presented to define the relationship between these genera and subgenera, and the species of Kanaima, testing its monophyly. The data matrix comprises 18 taxa with 49 characters. The outgroup used in the analysis was Neosphenorhina ocellata. Kanaima is represented by six previously described species and a new species. Based on the phylogenetic analysis Kanaima is a polyphyletic group. The Mahanarva group is supported by three synapomorphies and the following relationships are recovered for the Mahanarva group: (N. ocellata (S. rubra ((A. colon, A. postica) (((M. (I.) rubripennis, M. (I.) integra) (K. vittata, K. fortunata)) ((K. dubia (K. radiata (M. (M.) liturata, M. (M.) consita))) (K. katzensteinii ((K. n. sp., P. fusca) (K. fluvialis)))))))). Based on the cladogram five new combinations are proposed: Mahanarva (Ipiranga) fortunata (Lallemand, 1924) n. comb.; Mahanarva (Ipiranga) vittata (Walker, 1851) n. comb., Mahanarva (Mahanarva) dubia (Stancik & Cavichioli, 2003) n. comb.; e, Mahanarva (Mahanarva) radiata (Walker, 1851) n. comb.; Kanaima fusca (Lallemand, 1927) n. comb.
A complex of putative acanthocolpid cercariae (Digenea) from Nassarius olivaceus and N. dorsatus (Gastropoda: Nassariidae) in Central Queensland, Australia
Authors: BARNETT LEONIE J. , SMALES LESLEY R. , CRIBB THOMAS H.
Published: May 2019

Cercariae capricornia I–VI, six new cercariae putatively identified as belonging to the Acanthocolpidae, are described and named from prosobranch gastropods of the family Nassariidae collected from the intertidal zone in the Capricornia region, Central Queensland, Australia. Four species are reported from Nassarius olivaceus and two from N. dorsatus. The cercariae have a unique and complex three-dimensional body shape, including a keel, which differentiates them from previously described acanthocolpid cercariae. These are the first cercariae to be described from these gastropods.
Revision of the Mexican and Central American species of Mortoniella (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae: Protoptilinae)
Authors: BLAHNIK ROGER J. , HOLZENTHAL RALPH W.
Published: May 2019

The genus Mexitrichia Mosely, 1937 (27 described species) is synonymized with Mortoniella Ulmer, 1906 (22 described species) and a revised generic description is provided for the genus. These species are placed in 4 recognized species groups. Mexican and Central American species of Mortoniella are revised to include 6 species formerly placed in Mexitrichia and 22 new species from Costa Rica, Panama, and Mexico. New species combinations for these regional species include: Mortoniella florica (Flint, 1974), M. leroda (Mosely, 1937), M. meralda (Mosely, 1954), M. pacuara (Flint, 1974), M. rancura (Mosely, 1954), and M. rovira (Flint, 1974). New species of Mortoniella described here (followed by the country of provenance) include M. akantha (Costa Rica) M. anakantha (Costa Rica) M. aviceps (Costa Rica, Panama) M. brachyrhachos (Mexico), M. buenoi (Mexico), M. carinula (Costa Rica), M. caudicula (Costa Rica), M. falcicula (Mexico), M. mexicana (Mexico) M. munozi (Costa Rica, Panama), M. opinionis (Costa Rica), M. panamensis (Panama), M. papillata (Costa Rica), M. pectinella (Panama), M. propinqua (Costa Rica), M. redunca (Costa Rica), M. rodmani (Costa Rica), M. sicula (Costa Rica), M. stilula (Costa Rica), M. tapanti (Costa Rica, Panama), M. taurina (Costa Rica, Panama), and M. umbonata (Panama). Males of all known Mexican and Central American species are illustrated or reillustrated and a key is provided for males of the species.
An unusual new species of Gyrinidae (Coleoptera), Orectochilus orbisonorum n. sp., from India
Authors: MILLER KELLY B. , MAZZOLDI PAOLO , WHEELER QUENTIN D.
Published: May 2019

A new species of Gyrinidae, Orectochilus orbisonorum n. sp., is described to honor the late Roy Orbison, recording artist and songwriter, and his wife Barbara. The species is unique among Indian Gyrinidae and Orectochilus Lacordaire, in general, since the ventral surfaces are white as the result of clear areas of cuticle allowing internal tissues to be visible.
A new aberrant Doryctinae genus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from French Guiana
Authors: ZALDÍVAR-RIVERÓN ALEJANDRO , BELOKOBYLSKIJ SERGEY A. , BRAET YVES
Published: May 2019

A new genus, Cerritulus gen. nov., with type species, C. forticrura sp. nov., are described from French Guiana based on a single specimen that is considerably distinct morphologically from all known Neotropical genera. The new genus is only partially similar to the enigmatic, monotypic Asian genera Ceylonspathius Belokobylskij and Termitospathius Beloko-bylskij, whose species were collected inside termite nests. We provide colour pictures for the type species of the above three genera.
A new solitary, interstitial species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta) from the coast of Galicia (NW Spain), Loxosoma discoides n. sp.
Authors: ROLDÁN CARMEN , VILLALBA ANTONIO , VIÉITEZ JOSÉ M.
Published: May 2019

A new solitary species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta), Loxosoma discoides n. sp., is described. The specimens were found in the intertidal level of two locations in the Galician (NW Spain) coast. This new species, with “table-tennis bat” appearance, is characterised by showing large lateral wings in the calyx, which confer the singular aspect. It is the first record of this genus at the coast of the Iberian Peninsula.
First description of male of the type species Parosmylus prominens Needham, 1909 (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) from India
Authors: KAUR SIMARJIT , PANDHER MANPREET SINGH , CHANDRA KAILASH
Published: May 2019

The male of the type species Parosmylus prominens Needham, 1909 is described for the first time from the material collected from Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, India. The female genitalia are also redescribed based on recently collected material.
Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Fanniidae) of Colombia: new species, identification key and updated checklist
Authors: DURANGO YESICA , RAMÍREZ-MORA MANUEL
Published: May 2019

The genus Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy is a group of calyptrate Diptera distributed in all biogeographic regions and comprises about 300 species. The present study described five new species from Colombia: Fannia aburrae sp. nov., Fannia copacabana sp. nov., Fannia isa sp. nov., Fannia pseudoconstricta sp. nov., Fannia spinosa sp. nov. Male specimens are described, and morphological characters and terminalia are illustrated. Likewise, an updated identification key for males and an updated checklist for the 37 species present in Colombia are provided. New records are presented for the country.
Two new records of the Family Celaenopsidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from China, with description of a new species
Authors: XU YUN , LI XIANG , ZHANG FEI-PING
Published: May 2019

Two species of the mite family Celaenopsidae, Pleuronectocelaeno barbara Athias-Henriot, 1959 and Schizocyrtillus fuzhouensis sp. nov., were recorded in China. Specimens were collected in bark and rotten wood on Pinus massoniana Lamb. in Sanming city and Fuzhou city, respectively. Information on current distribution, host association and morphological diagnostics of these two mites is provided.
First record and new species of the parasitoid wasp Chaenotetrastichus Graham (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the Neotropical Region, with notes on its biology and a key for the species of the genus
Authors: MARINHO DIEGO , COSTA VALMIR , VIVALLO FELIPE
Published: May 2019

Chaenotetrastichus neotropicalis sp. nov. from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, is described and illustrated. This new species is associated with a species of the pompilid wasp Auplopus Spinola (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) and it represents the first record of the genus for the Neotropics. A key for the extant species of the genus Chaenotetrastichus Graham is also presented.
Doppler Radar Measurements of Spatial Turbulence Intensity in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Duncan James B. , Hirth Brian D. , Schroeder John L.
Published: May 2019

Remote sensing instruments that scan have the ability to provide high-resolution spatial measurements of atmospheric boundary layer winds across a region. However, the time required to collect the volume of measurements used to produce this spatial representation of atmospheric winds typically limits the extraction of atmospheric turbulence information using traditional temporal analysis techniques. To overcome this constraint, a spatial turbulence intensity (STI) metric was developed to quantify atmospheric turbulence intensity (TI) through analysis of spatial wind field variability. The methods used to determine STI can be applied throughout the measurement domain to transform the spatially distributed velocity fields to analogous measurement maps of STI. This method enables a comprehensive spatial characterization of atmospheric TI. STI efficacy was examined across a range of wind speeds and atmospheric stability regimes using both single- and dual-Doppler measurements. STI demonstrated the ability to capture rapid fluctuations in TI and was able to discern large-scale TI trends consistent with the early evening transition. The ability to spatially depict atmospheric TI could benefit a variety of research disciplines such as the wind energy industry, where an understanding of wind plant complex flow spatiotemporal variability is limited.
Recent Warming Has Resulted in Smaller Gains in Net Carbon Uptake in Northern High Latitudes
Authors: Zhu Peng , Zhuang Qianlai , Welp Lisa , Ciais Philippe , Heimann Martin , Peng Bin , Li Wenyu , Bernacchi Carl , Roedenbeck Christian , Keenan Trevor F.
Published: May 2019

Carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in the northern high latitudes (NHL) is sensitive to climate change. It remains uncertain whether current regional carbon uptake capacity can be sustained under future warming. Here the atmospheric CO2 drawdown rate (CDR) between 1974 and 2014, defined as the CO2 decrease in ppm over the number of days in spring or summer, is estimated using atmospheric CO2 observations at Barrow (now known as Utqiaġvik), Alaska. We found that the sensitivity of CDR to interannual seasonal air temperature anomalies has trended toward less carbon uptake for a given amount of warming over this period. Changes in interannual temperature sensitivity of CDR suggest that relatively warm springs now result in less of a carbon uptake enhancement. Similarly, relatively warm summers now result in greater carbon release. These results generally agree with the sensitivity of net carbon exchange (NCE) estimated by atmospheric CO2 inversion. When NCE was aggregated over North America (NA) and Eurasia (EA), separately, the temperature sensitivity of NCE in NA has changed more than in EA. To explore potential mechanisms of this signal, we also examine trends in interannual variability of other climate variables (soil temperature and precipitation), satellite-derived gross primary production (GPP), and Trends in Net Land–Atmosphere Carbon Exchanges (TRENDY) model ensemble results. Our analysis suggests that the weakened spring sensitivity of CDR may be related to the slowdown in seasonal soil thawing rate, while the summer sensitivity change may be caused by the temporally coincident decrease in temperature sensitivity of photosynthesis. This study suggests that the current NHL carbon sink may become unsustainable as temperatures warm further. We also found that current carbon cycle models do not represent the decrease in temperature sensitivity of net carbon flux. We argue that current carbon–climate models misrepresent important aspect of the carbon–climate feedback and bias the estimation of warming influence on NHL carbon balance.
A New Dynamical Core of the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model with a Height-Based Terrain-Following Vertical Coordinate
Authors: Husain Syed Zahid , Girard Claude , Qaddouri Abdessamad , Plante André
Published: May 2019

A new dynamical core of Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) atmospheric model is presented. Unlike the existing log-hydrostatic-pressure-type terrain-following vertical coordinate, the proposed core adopts a height-based approach. The move to a height-based vertical coordinate is motivated by its potential for improving model stability over steep terrain, which is expected to become more prevalent with the increasing demand for very high-resolution forecasting systems. A dynamical core with height-based vertical coordinate generally requires an iterative solution approach. In addition to a three-dimensional iterative solver, a simplified approach has been devised allowing the use of a direct solver for the new dynamical core that separates a three-dimensional elliptic boundary value problem into a set of two-dimensional independent Helmholtz problems. The issue of dynamics–physics coupling has also been studied, and incorporating the physics tendencies within the discretized dynamical equations is found to be the most acceptable approach for the height-based vertical coordinate. The new dynamical core is evaluated using numerical experiments that include two-dimensional nonhydrostatic theoretical cases as well as 25-km resolution global forecasts. For a wide range of horizontal grid resolutions—from a few meters to up to 25 km—the results from the direct solution approach are found to be equivalent to the iterative approach for the new dynamical core. Furthermore, results from the different numerical experiments confirm that the new height-based dynamical core is equivalent to the existing pressure-based core in terms of solution accuracy.
Flame-retardant composite coatings for cotton fabrics fabricated by using oxygen plasma-induced polymerization of vinyl phosphonic acid/cyclotetrasiloxane
Authors: Li Jiawei , Tong Wei , Yi Lingmin
Published: May 2019

Environment-friendly flame-retardant cotton textiles have been receiving considerable interest both in academic and industrial circles for years. Herein, a novel flame-retardant coating for cotton fabrics was reported based on vinyl phosphonic acid and 1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane through an O2 plasma-induced polymerization process. The coating on cotton fabrics was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Excellent flame retardancy and thermal stability properties were found from thermogravimetric analysis, the limiting oxygen index, modified vertical burning tests and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The results revealed that there was a good synergistic effect between poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) and polysiloxane segments in flame-retardant cotton fibers. The new flame-retardant coating induced an earlier decomposition of cellulose, and enhanced the formation of stable char under thermal oxygen and significantly reduced the heat release capacity.
A feasible approach for enhancing union dyeing of wool/acrylic blend fabrics with heterobifunctional cationic reactive dyes
Authors: Xiao Hang , Li Chunhong , Wang Peng , Zhao Tao
Published: May 2019

In this work, a facile method to enhance union dyeing with cationic reactive dyes on wool/acrylic blend fabrics was reported. Three cationic reactive dyes containing various numbers of reactive groups were synthesized and employed on wool, acrylic and wool/acrylic blend fabrics using the one-bath one-step method. Factors affecting the dye exhaustion, union dyeing and leveling properties, including dyeing pH, temperature and dye structure, were investigated. Experimental results revealed that the cationic reactive dye containing heterobifunctional reactive groups and a cationic group attached on the backbone of structure exhibited better union dyeing properties, irrespective of dyeing method. The improvement in the union dyeing on wool and acrylic fabrics followed a decreasing order: Dye 1 > Dye 3 > Dye 2. In additional, the wool/acrylic blend fabrics dyed with Dye 1 showed outstanding leveling properties. The fastness properties of wool/acrylic fabrics for all cationic reactive dyes were good to excellent.
An Upward-Facing Surface Appears Darker: The Role Played by the Light-From-Above Assumption in Lightness Perception
Authors: Kobayashi Yuki , Morikawa Kazunori
Published: May 2019

The human visual system can extract information on surface reflectance (lightness) from light intensity; this, however, confounds information on reflectance and illumination. We hypothesized that the visual system, to solve this lightness problem, utilizes the internally held prior assumption that illumination falls from above. Experiment 1 showed that an upward-facing surface is perceived to be darker than a downward-facing surface, proving our hypothesis. Experiment 2 showed the same results in the absence of explicit illumination cues. The effect of the light-from-left prior assumption was not observed in Experiment 3. The upward- and downward-facing surface stimuli in Experiments 1 and 2 showed no difference in a two-dimensional configuration or three-dimensional structure, and the participants’ perceived lightness appeared to be affected by the observers’ prior assumption that illumination is always from above. Other studies have not accounted for this illusory effect, and this study’s finding provides additional insights into the study of lightness perception.
Social Evaluation of Faces Across Gender and Familiarity
Authors: Mileva Mila , Kramer Robin S. S. , Burton A.Mike
Published: May 2019

Models of social evaluation aim to capture the information people use to form first impressions of unfamiliar others. However, little is currently known about the relationship between perceived traits across gender. In Study 1, we asked viewers to provide ratings of key social dimensions (dominance, trustworthiness, etc.) for multiple images of 40 unfamiliar identities. We observed clear sex differences in the perception of dominance—with negative evaluations of high dominance in unfamiliar females but not males. In Study 2, we used the social evaluation context to investigate the key predictions about the importance of pictorial information in familiar and unfamiliar face processing. We compared the consistency of ratings attributed to different images of the same identities and demonstrated that ratings of images depicting the same familiar identity are more tightly clustered than those of unfamiliar identities. Such results imply a shift from image rating to person rating with increased familiarity, a finding which generalises results previously observed in studies of identification.
Impacts of Urban Railway Investment on Regional Economies: Evidence from Tokyo using Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis
Authors: Kaneko Yuichiro , Nakagawa Takuro , Phun Veng Kheang , Kato Hironori
Published: May 2019

This study empirically analyzes the effects of urban railway investment on regional population density, employment density, and land price using the spatial difference-in-differences (DID) approach, employing a sociodemographic and socioeconomic dataset in 2,843 zones in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area from 2000 to 2010. A spatial-lag model and a spatial-error model, in addition to an ordinary least square model under the framework of the DID approach, are employed in the empirical analyses. The results show that investment in urban railway lines was in areas with lower population densities and higher employment densities. The urban railway investment significantly positively influenced land price but insignificantly influenced population and employment densities. Land price was positively influenced by population and employment densities. The analysis suggests that introduction of the railway directly affected the land price via anticipation of expected future development, rather than an indirect effect via increased population and employment densities. Finally, the policy implications regarding transit-oriented development are discussed, including strategic residential development in line with the railway investment and the integrated development of business clusters following railway investment to enhance the economic effects of railway investments.
Microstructure evolution and properties of polyimide fibers containing trifluoromethyl units
Authors: Niu Hongqing , Zhang Mengying , Li Ang , Wang Ziqi , Wang Xiaodong , Wu Dezhen , Su Tao
Published: May 2019

A series of copolyimide (co-PI) fibers containing trifluoromethyl units were successfully obtained on the molecular design of 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, p-phenylenediamine, and 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (HFBAPP) via a widely utilized two-step wet-spinning method. Significant variations on the microstructures and properties of the resulting co-PI fibers were observed after the incorporation of HFBAPP moieties. The tensile strength and initial modulus of the fibers decreased from 0.70 GPa to 0.38 GPa and from 69.63 GPa to 9.60 GPa, respectively. However, the dielectric permittivity decreased from 3.62 to 2.85 in the frequency of 10 MHz as a result of the incorporation of trifluoromethyl units. Two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction showed that the fibers exhibited highly oriented molecular alignments along the fiber direction and low lateral packing degree in the transverse direction. In addition, the co-PI fibers possessed excellent thermal–oxidative stabilities with the 5% weight loss temperature ranging from 532°C to 552°C under nitrogen atmosphere and the glass transition temperature ranging from 312°C to 330°C.
Theoretical study of long elastic sleeper track to reduce vibrations induced by subway trains
Authors: Cai Xiao-pei , Wang Qi-hao , Li Da-cheng , Liang Yan-ke
Published: May 2019

Long elastic sleeper track (LEST) is a medium vibration reduction track, which is gradually used in urban rail transit in recent years. In order to analyze the structure of LEST used in subways and to study the dynamic effect of the elastic cushion stiffness and vehicle speed, a dynamic model of the vehicle–track–tunnel–soil coupling system was established based on the finite element method and vehicle–track interaction dynamics theory. The results show the following: (1) LEST is more advantageous in vibration reduction performance compared with the common slab track and the low vibration track under the same track stiffness, and LEST also has better integrity and stability than the low vibration track; (2) The lower the cushion stiffness is, the smaller the accelerations of the tunnel wall are, but the dynamic displacements of the track rise in time domain. Considering the dynamic displacements and accelerations, the cushion stiffness is recommended to be 20–30 kN/mm. (3) High vehicle speed has a detrimental effect on the dynamic response, especially the accelerations of track. It is necessary to pay more attention to vibration when the vehicle speed exceeds 100 km/h in the subway if LEST is used.
“Rhetoric Mix” of Argumentations: How Policy Rhetoric Conveys Meaning of Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development
Authors: Salmivaara Virva , Kibler Ewald
Published: May 2019

Policymakers increasingly demand private enterprises to help solve social and ecological challenges faced by nations worldwide. In this article, we use Toulmin’s rhetoric model to explain how European Union policy rhetoric articulates the meaning of entrepreneurship for sustainable development. Our findings demonstrate a “rhetoric mix” of argumentations through which policy rhetoric conveys three meanings of entrepreneurship—beneficiary in corrective sustainability, contributor in constructive sustainability, and opportunistic operator in assertive sustainability—and imposes shared beliefs that frame the policy discourse. In conclusion, we introduce a framework of “rhetoric mix” to advance research on entrepreneurship policy discourse and sustainable entrepreneurship.
The Benefits of Early Diverse and Late Shared Task Cognition
Authors: Wang Shirley , Sauer Stephen J. , Schryver Tom
Published: May 2019

To perform well over time, teams must balance competing needs—the need to make quality decisions and the need to coordinate action. However, these elements are paradoxically related because the processes that improve one can inhibit the other. The present article examines the role of task accomplishment phases as moderating the value of cognitive structure on teams’ performance trajectory and end-state performance. Using student teams engaged in a business simulation, we find that heterogeneous task cognition is beneficial in the strategizing phase, but that this effect reverses during the implementation–adjustment phase when homogeneous task cognition becomes more useful. In addition, we examine action processes as a substitute for homogeneous task cognition during implementation–adjustment and propose that teams can overcome suboptimal cognitive configurations. We discuss the implications of our research in terms of what is important for team performance.
A Virtual-Reality Training Simulator for Cochlear Implant Surgery
Authors: Jones Blake , Rohani Seyed Alireza , Ong Nelson , Tayeh Tarek , Chalabi Ahmad , Agrawal Sumit K. , Ladak Hanif M.
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives. Hearing loss is one of the most prevalent chronic conditions and can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. Cochlear implantation (CI) is a widely applicable treatment for severe to profound hearing loss, however CI surgery can be difficult for surgical trainees to master. Training environments that are safe, controlled, and affordable are needed. To this end, we present a virtual-reality (VR) cochlear implant surgical simulator developed with a popular, commercial game engine.

Method. Unity3D was used to develop the simulator and model the delicate instruments involved. High-resolution models of human cochleae were created from images obtained from synchrotron-radiation phase-contrast imaging (SR-PCI). The physical-realism of the simulator was assessed via a comparison with fluoroscopic images of an actual cochlear implant insertion. Different resolutions of cochlear models were used to benchmark the real-time capabilities of the simulator with the number of frames per second (FPS) serving as the performance metric.

Results. Quantitative analysis comparing the simulated procedure to fluoroscopic imaging revealed no significant differences. Qualitatively, the behaviour of the inserted and simulated implants were similar throughout the entirety of the procedure. The simulator was able to maintain 25 FPS even when experiencing an artificially high computational load.

Conclusion. VR simulators provide a new and exciting avenue to enhance current medical education. Continued use of widely available and supported game engines in the development of medical simulators will hopefully result in lowered costs. Preliminary feedback from expert surgeons of the simulator presented here has been positive and future work will focus on evaluating face, content and construct validity.
Adapting to environmental dynamics with an artificial circadian system
Authors: O’Brien Matthew J , Arkin Ronald C
Published: May 2019

One of the core challenges of long-term autonomy is the environmental dynamics that agents must interact with. Some of these dynamics are driven by reliable cyclic processes, and thus are predictable. The most dominant of these is the daily solar cycle, which drives both natural phenomena like weather, as well as the activity of animals and humans. Circadian clocks are a widespread solution in nature to help organisms adapt to these dynamics, and demonstrate that many organisms benefit from maintaining simple models of their environments and how they change. Drawing inspiration from circadian systems, this work models relevant environmental states as times series, allowing for forecasts of the state to be generated without any knowledge of the underlying physics. These forecasts are treated as special percepts in a behavior-based architecture; providing estimates of the future state rather than measurements of the current state. They are incorporated into an ethologically based action-selection mechanism, where they influence the activation levels of behaviors. The approach was validated on a simulated agricultural task: a solar-powered agent monitoring pest populations. By using the artificial circadian system to leverage the forecasted state, the agent was able to improve performance and energy management.
Breaking Negative Stereotypes of Climate Activists: A Conjoint Experiment
Authors: Stenhouse Neil , Heinrich Richard
Published: May 2019

We tested 44 variations in profiles of climate change activists to see what affected willingness to associate with them. The largest effects were from activists’ perspectives on climate change, how often they pressure others, gun control views, and party affiliation. If implemented as a traditional factorial experiment, this experiment would require 648,000 conditions and an infeasibly large sample. We obtained our results much more efficiently via an experimental design rare in communication research. Conjoint experiments will be useful to science communication researchers who wish to simultaneously test many factors of complex stimuli, such as individuals, organizations, technologies, or policies.
Sex Differences in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Rubin Todd G , Lipton Michael L
Published: May 2019

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly prevalent and there is currently no adequate treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanisms governing TBI and recovery remains an elusive goal. The heterogeneous nature of injury and individual’s response to injury have made understanding risk and susceptibility to TBI of great importance. Epidemiologic studies have provided evidence of sex-dependent differences following TBI. However, preclinical models of injury have largely focused on adult male animals. Here, we review 50 studies that have investigated TBI in both sexes using animal models. Results from these studies are highly variable and model dependent, but largely show females to have a protective advantage in behavioral outcomes and pathology following TBI. Further research of both sexes using newer models that better recapitulate mild and repetitive TBI is needed to characterize the nature of sex-dependent injury and recovery, and ultimately identifies targets for enhanced recovery.
Deschooling multiculturalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: May 2019

In recent work, Geoffrey Brahm Levey has argued that we can distinguish various schools of multiculturalism on the basis of their methodology (in particular, how they relate theory to practice), and their substantive normative commitments (in particular, their normative commitments regarding liberalism and nationalism). In this article, I offer some reservations about Levey’s analysis. I suggest instead that the various authors Levey discusses in fact share a surprisingly similar diagnosis and remedy. They all seek to expose the selectivity in liberals’ self-understanding of core liberal concepts such as impartiality, colour-blindness, equality, anti-discrimination, secularism, citizenship, civic nationalism, or constitutional patriotism. This selectivity operates in a way that impugns minority claims as always already sectarian, partial and exceptional, while rendering majority claims as always already universal, impartial, and normal. And these authors also broadly agree on the proper remedy to this bias, which is not to reject these core liberal values, but to reinterpret them in a more even-handed way. I offer several examples of how this shared mode of argument is found across the different authors that Levey identifies, and how Levey's attempt to put authors into distinct schools is potentially distorting.
Developing an acidproof breathable composite fabric based on fluorinated polyurethane/isotropic pitch electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Shao Yiqing , Zhang Qingle , Gong Jianjian , Xia Xin
Published: May 2019

To develop a series of novel acidproof and breathable fabric, electrospun fluorinated polyurethane/polyurethane and pitch nanofibers were directly deposited on polyester/cotton blended fabric. The layered and interpenetrated structured membranes were built to study the effects of different structures on the acidproof and breathable performances. The acidproof and breathable mechanism of different structured composite fabrics had been evaluated via emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle, porosity, pore size, comfort and mechanical test, respectively. The results showed that the layered structured composite fabric had advantages in acidproof property, i.e. the acid (H2SO4, 80%) contact angle was 130° due to the low surface energy caused by the high fluorine content (36.96%). Meanwhile, such structured composite fabric provided double protection, which made the acid-resistance pressure to reach a high value of 1050 Pa, while the interpenetrated structured composite fabric showed superior comfort and mechanical properties. Due to the high porosity (88.01%), the water vapor transport rate and air permeability were 7554.14 g/m2·24h and 46.33 mm/s, respectively. Due to the relative slip of fluorinated polyurethane/polyurethane fibers was restricted, the tensile strength and bursting strength of interpenetrated one was 1315 N and 795 N, which were higher than layered one.
Gene regulation through dynamic actin control of nuclear structure
Authors: Sankaran Jeyantt , Uzer Gunes , van Wijnen Andre J , Rubin Janet
Published: May 2019

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exist in a multipotential state, where osteogenic and adipogenic genomes are silenced in heterochromatin at the inner nuclear leaflet. Physical force, generated in the marrow space during dynamic exercise exerts control overexpression of differentiation. Mesenchymal stem cells experience mechanical force through their cytoskeletal attachments to substrate, inducing signaling that alters gene expression. The generated force is further transferred from the cytoskeleton to the nucleoskeleton through tethering of actin to Linker of Nucleus and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes. Forces exerted on LINC alter the shape and placement of the nucleus within the cell, and are ultimately transferred into the nucleus. LINC complexes transverse the nuclear membrane and connect to the internal nucleoskeleton that is made up of lamin filaments and actin. Force transfer through LINC thus causes structural rearrangements of the nuclear scaffolding upon which chromosomes are arranged. Gene availability is not only modulated through heterochromatin remodeling enzymes and active transcription factors but also by control of nucleoskeletal structure and nuclear enzymes that mediate actin polymerization in the nucleus. Nuclear actin structure may be affected by similar force-activated pathways as those controlling the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton and represent a critical determinant of mesenchymal stem cell lineage commitment.

Impact statement

Gene expression is controlled by nuclear structure which is modulated by both internal and external forces exerted on the nucleoskeleton. Extracellular forces experienced through the actin cytoskeleton are transmitted to the internal nucleoskeleton via Linker of Nucleus and Cytoskeleton (LINC) protein connections. LINC complexes directly alter nuclear shape and entry of molecules that regulate transcription. New mechanistic models indicate that nuclear actin is a dynamic component of the filamentous nucleoskeleton and modified by an intranuclear “actin toolbox”, a set of enzymes that regulate linear and branched polymerization of nuclear actin. External stimulation of both biomechanical and biochemical pathways alters nuclear actin structure and has profound effects on gene expression by controlling chromatin architecture and transcription factor access to gene targets. The available data indicate that nucleoskeletal control of gene expression is critical for self-renewal and mesenchymal lineage-allocation in stem cells.