bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practice of microseismic monitoring for mining activities
Authors: Vladut T I
Published: November 2018

The paper reviews the application of microseismic monitoring to different mining activities with a view to evaluating its future applications need for the development of more specialized equipment and a better understanding of the process. Some of the basic
physical elements of microseismic monitoring related to the available equipment are discussed. Analysis of field tests from underground mining is made for conclusions related to both hard and soft rock mining and on rock bursting. To illustrate microseismic monitoring, data from a study of stability
of a pit slope in an open pit were used. Although the main emphasis of the discussion is on field testing, the contribution of laboratory measurements must also be considered.
The truck/shovel mining and operating practices at Highvale Mine in Alberta
Authors: Srajer V
Published: November 2018

A general mine practices, operational planning and scheduling of the truck/shovel system as applicable to Highvale mine in Alberta, are described in this report. The selected factors, equations and practices used elsewhere are also discussed in the report and
where practical, applied directly to Highvale mine operations. This report is a part of the study of mining systems and practices at western Canadian surface coal mines. The data compiled in this report will be used in validation of computer model of truck and shovel systems presently under
development at the National Research Council in Ottawa.
Preliminary report on the pump packing trial at Lingan Colliery
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

This is an interim report on the trial of monolithic pump packing on the 9E Coal Road at Lingan Colliery. Details of the packing system are given, along with a description of some of the initial problems and steps taken to overcome them.
Evolution of the coal reserve concept in Canada
Authors: Naidu H G
Published: November 2018

The methods of estimating coal resources/reserves have gradually developed from mere guessing to a systematic approach. To be considered as reserves, coal must satisfy certain criteria related to geology, mining technology, market, socio-economic factors and
government involvement. On technical grounds resources have been classified into three catagories: measured, indicated and inferred, and into two sub catagories: "of immediate interest" and "of future interest". The quality of coal has also become an increasingly significant criterion of coal
reserves. Thus from its original image the coal reserve concept in Canada as applied by CANMET has assumed a dynamic status where the amount of reserves is variable. This report focuses upon the various factors and criteria that distinguish reserves from resources.
Statistical review of compliance dust sampling results in three eastern Canadian underground coal mines for the period 1975 - 1983
Authors: Hwang C Y , Stewart D B
Published: November 2018

Retrospective statistical analysis of airborne respirable dust samples collected for compliance purposes during the period 1975 to 1983 in three Eastern Canadian underground coal mines is described. All three mines employ longwall methods with site-specific
variations. Data subsets are examined singularly and in combination in an attempt to determine the significance of changes in work practices, equipment, past dust control initiatives and other factors that may contribute to changes in airborne respirable dust concentrations in longwall coal mining
sections. Two of the three mines also employed room and pillar methods during part of the period under review. These results are presented, discussed and compared with the longwall findings. The results of the fixed position sampling are also translated into estimates of personal exposure and
compared with the probability of radiological change in miners' lungs using the International Labour Organization's classification of pneumoconiosis. Trends in dust concentration during the period under review are discussed and priorities for future dust control are
highlighted.
The effect of monolithic packing on gateroad performance at Lingan Colliery
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

A monolithic packing system was installed in the 9E Maingate at Lingan Colliery, New Waterford, in an attempt to reduce air loss through the waste. The performance of the gateroad before and after the implementation of the new packing method was monitored so that
any deleterious effects of the change might be detected and corrected at an early stage. This report describes the investigation programme and the effects of the packing change determined from the investigation results, from which it was determined that the deformation behaviour of the roadway was
virtually unchanged.
Evaluation of an underground coal mine monitoring system
Authors: Kolada R J , Chakravorty R N
Published: November 2018

As a result of a contract initiated by CANMET with Conspec control Ltd. of Toronto, a prototype for a new generation of intrinsically safe mine monitoring systems has been developed. The prototype system was installed in the hydraulic mine operated my Westar
Mining Ltd. at Sparwood, B.C. in early 1984 to evaluate its performance. The monitoring system was operated jointly by CANMET and Westar Mining Ltd., and its evaluation continued till January 1985 when the mine had to be sealed off unexpectedly because of an underground fire. This R & D work
provided valuable experience to the manufacturer, Westar mine and to CANMET personnel and helped in resolving a number of operating problems common with most new prototype systems.
State-of-the-art of microseismic application for mining
Authors: Vladut T I
Published: November 2018

The report is a state-of-the-art review on the use of microseismic technology for the mining industry. The review was done with a view of evaluating the potential usage of microseismic technology in mining activities for the actual state of the industry and
future requirements. Some of the basic physical elements of microseismic technology are discussed as a background for mining professionals. The report focuses mainly on the physical explanation. The core of the report focuses on five areas of usage of microseismic monitoring, underground hard rock
mining including rockburst application, soft rock mining including coal and application for open cast operations. A brief review is included on the potential contribution of laboratory scale microseismic measurements. The report reviews equipment specification, installation problems and the
economical aspects of implementation of microseismic monitoring. Several aspects of the concept of utilization of microseismic monitoring for early warning are addressed in parallel with the aspect of the physical nature of the microseismic and seismic activity as a man-made phenomena. The view of
the author is the results of an extensive technical literature review which is referenced by three bibliographical data basis. The reviewer has hand-on experience with the utilization of microseismic technology for mining and civil engineering application. The report is intended as a preliminary
data base for mining professionals who are considering the utilization of microseismic technology in mining applications.
Sub #4' users guide: computer calculation of longwall subsidence profiles using the NCB subsidence engineers handbook
Authors: Young D A , Aston T R C
Published: November 2018

Ce rapport-donne une description du programme "SUB #4" qui fait le calcul et le traçage (à l'aide d'une imprimante matricielle par points) des profils de la subsidence de l'exploitation par longue taille à l'aide du manuel sur la subsidence
préparé par le NCB (Royaume-Uni) à l'intention des ingénieurs soit le "Subsidence Engineers Handbook". On calcule et trace à la fois les profils transversal et longitudinal de la subsidence. Ce programme est écrit en langage G-BASIC pour un micro-ordinateur North
Star.
An investigation into the effect of varying water pressure and flow rates upon the release of airborne respirable dust by a DOSCO MKIIB roadheader equipped with a water jet assisted cutting head
Authors: Haslett G A , Corbett G R , Young D A
Published: November 2018

There are currently some 20 roadheaders equipped with a water jet assist feature operating within the western world. Five of these, some 25% of the total, are operating in the development of CBDC's new Phalen mine. The opportunity was taken to conduct an
investigation into the effects that a range of medium pressure jet assistances might have upon the production of respirable airborne dust. The roadheader selected is cutting a decline tunnel that is supported by heat-treated, U-shaped steel arches of internal dimensions 5.5 m width by 3.75 m height.
These dimensions give an approximate excavated cross-sectional area of 17.7 m2 . The decline tunnel is being driven in the Phalen Seam. Variations in seam height and gradient resulted in a decline tunnel face of between 28% and 61% rock including siltstones, mudstones and
sandstones.
An appraisal of flyash based monolithic packing for use at Lingan Colliery, Nova Scotia
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

Flashpack' is a low cost monolithic pumped packing system based on flyash and ordinary portland cement. Both of these are available at low cost in Cape Breton. 'Flashpack' is therefore a practical and inexpensive alternative to 'Astrapack, the packing system
recently introduced at Lingan Colliery and currently being imported from the U.K. This report describes the 'Flashpack' system and its use at Parsonage Colliery in the U.K., which the author visited in November 1985. A programme for introducing the - system to Lingan Colliery, based on observations
made during the visit is proposed.
Measurement of performance of hollow shaft ventilators and drum released water sprays on D.E.R.D. shearer at Prince Mine
Authors: Klinowski W H , Haslett G A
Published: November 2018

The efficient dilution of methane released during the cutting process and the adequate cooling of hot tracks formed by blunt cutting picks are essential measures that will reduce the risks of frictional ignitions caused by an operating shearer. This report
describes the equipment, test procedures and the results obtained from a shop floor investigation of the performance of the hollow shaft ventilators installed on a 270 kW Anderson Strathclyde double ended AMBROAS shearer. The assessment of the quantity and quality of waterflows from Green and
Bingham drums equipped with "Jiffy" jets is also presented.
Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory annual report: fy 85-86
Authors: Haslett G A
Published: November 2018

This report documents the activities of the Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory for the period April 1, 1985 to March 31, 1986. While prepared primarily for internal Divisional and Branch use, copies will be made available to interested outside
parties.
Field trials of a rapid sequential tracer gas analyzer
Authors: Stokes A W , Hardcastle S G
Published: November 2018

Les techniques à gaz traceur s'appliquent à un nombre toujours croissant d'usages visant à résoudre les problèmes complexes de la ventilation dans les mines souterraines. Le Laboratoire de recherche sur le charbon du Cap-Breton essai de
transformer les techniques à gaz traceur en un outil à usages variés, en mettant au point un instrument capable de mesurer le gaz traceur en temps réel approprié au milieu des mines de charbon souterraines. Ce rapport présente donc une description des essais sur le
terrain du prototype d'un tel apparareil qui a été utilisé dans les mines d'uranium d'Elliot Lake en Ontario. Les essais ont été menés en collaboration avec le personnel des Laboratoires de recherche minière à Elliot Lake. Ces derniers étaient, en outre,
intéressés d'obtenir des données d'essais sur la ventilation afin de vérifier les relations théoriques des temps de séjour dans les chantiers d'abattage. Les détails des techniques utilisées et les résultats d'essais obtenus sont présentés
ensemble avec un compte rendu du rendement de l'appareil lors de ces essais.
Environmental control discussion document
Authors: Chakravorty R N , Kolada R J
Published: November 2018

The Environmental Control Research Group of Coal Research Laboratories Surface Mining Laboratory will start functioning from Devon, Alberta effective July 1986. This document describes the projects that this group intends to pursue. The conduct of these proposed
projects is dependent upon industry support and the outputs will be evaluated in terms of relevance to industry needs.
CBCRL response to Lingan Colliery extension planning by Montan consulting GmbH, Thyssen International Mining Engineers INC., Stone & Webster Canada Limited
Authors: Aston T R C , Cain P , Haslett G A , Stokes A W
Published: November 2018

This report is the result of a request made by CBDC for the staff of CBCRL to review a study on a proposal for an extension to the workings of Lingan Colliery to a limit of a depth of cover to 1200 m from seabed level. CBCRL agreed to undertake such a review on
the understanding that individual members of the staff would only address those topics in which they considered themselves adequately and suitably qualified. The report was presented to CBDC by the consulting companies of Stone and Webster-Montan-Thyssen.
Sub #4' users guide: IBMPC/AT computer calculation of longwall subsidence profiles using the NCB subsidence engineers handbook
Authors: Zinck D D , Aston T R C
Published: November 2018

Le présent rapport décrit brièvement le programme "SUB #4" qui effectue le calcul sur ordinateur et le traçage de courbes (avec l'emploi d'une imprimante par matrice de points EPSON FX100 et d'un traçeur de courbes TAXAN XY) des profils
de la subsidence de l'exploitation par longues tailles à l'aide du "National Coal Board" (Royaume-Uni) "Subsidence Engineers Handbook". On a calculé et traçé les profils transversal et longitudinal de la subsidence. Au départ, ce programme avait été écrit en
langage G-BASIC pour le micro-ordinateur North Star, il a depuis été réécrit en BASIC A Version 3,10 pour être utilisé avec l'ordinateur IBM-PC/AT.
Determination of the methane make on 9 east longwall face using SF? derived airflows
Authors: Chiasson L A , Stokes A W
Published: November 2018

Ce rapport présente les résultats de la détermination des émissions de méthane provenant du front taille de la galerie 9E, exploitée par longue taille, à la houillère Lingan. Les indices obtenus de cette determination
serviront à mettre à jour des données actuelles et permettront d'effectuer une meilleure planification dans le cadre du projet d'extension de la mine Lingan. Les courants d'air utilisés lors de ces calculs ont été mesurés à l'aide d'une méthode au gaz
traceur. Cette méthode par rapport aux methods antérieures permet d'obtenir un degré de précision plus élevé. Par conséquent, les indices calculés pour les émissions de méthane du front taille par tonne de charbon exploité diffèrent
considérablement des données numériques actuelles.
Schmidt Hammer Rebound' users guide: IBM-PC/AT computer calculation of uniaxial compressive strength using the Schmidt Hammer
Authors: Issard M , Aston T R C
Published: November 2018

Le présent rapport décrit le programme "Rebond du marteau de Schmidt" (Schmidt Hammer Rebound) qui permet de calculer la résistance à la compression uniaxiale de la roche à l'aide de nombres-indices du rebond du marteau de Schmidt. Ce
programme est écrit en langage BASIC A Version 3,10 pour un ordinateur IBM-PC/AT.
Measurement of performance of hollow shaft ventilators on D.E.R.D. Shearers at Lingan Mine
Authors: Klinowski W G , Haslett G A
Published: November 2018

The effective ventilation of the zones around the face clearance ring (face plate) and the vane picks of a shearer drum has always been problematic as the lead drum on a shearer cuts into and loads from a coal buttock. The obscuration of the drum by the buttock
has an inherent danger inasmuch as it inhibits the ventilation of the cutting zone and increases the likelihood of flammable methane-air mixtures at the drum location. A potential solution to this problem was the introduction during the 70's of hollow shaft ventilators onto shearer drums. Such
ventilators have now been in use for more than ten years in a number of countries. No authorative information has yet been published on their performance. This paper describes the results of some tests undertaken on shearers at CBDC's Lingan Mine. The results of these tests are rather more
qualitative than quantitative because of problems causally due to lack of control on variables which generally occur when conducting tests on fullscale operating plant. They nevertheless provide some useful information on the performance of hollow shaft ventilators at CBDC's Lingan
Mine.
Triaxial testing of brittle sandstone using a multiple failure state method
Authors: Cain P , Yuen C M K , LeBel G , Crawford A , Lau D
Published: November 2018

The first phase of a recent research programme undertaken to investigate sandstone/methane outbursts in coal bearing rocks required the use of a sandstone reference material in the development and trial of the testing procedures to be used. This was because the
number of samples of outburst prone rocks from the affected mine was limited. Thus another goal of the first phase was to determine a triaxial testing method for characterising rock properties that minimised the number of samples required. The ISRM Multiple Failure State Method is attractive in this
regard because an approximate strength envelope can be determined from a single specimen. In this test programme, however, the brittle nature of the reference material made control of failure by monitoring axial strain (the ISRM method) impossible; samples always failed at the first, low or zero
confinement, stage. An alternative method of detecting imminent failure in the specimen was developed and applied, yielding results almost identical to those obtained by conventional single state testing.
The development of computer model of continuous digging machine Easi-Miner at Obed Mountain Mine
Authors: Srajer V , Acott G
Published: November 2018

In this report, a preliminary proposal for field data collection and evaluation of the "Easi-Miner" operation at Obed Mountain mine is presented. This proposal was used to establish objectives for field work at the mine and to inform all parties involved about
the intention and reason behind the field work. The "Easi-Miner" application at the Obed Mountain mine is explained and an overview of the mining operation is presented: This report also includes the initial specifications of the proposed computer model.
Carbon/carbonate analysis of rock/gas prone sandstones from the Sydney Coalfield
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

Results of free carbon and fixed carbon analysis of sandstone samples from rock/gas prone locations at No. 26 Colliery are presented. No correlation between free carbon or carbon dioxide content (assumed to be in the form CaCO3 or MgCO3) and the origin of the
samples - their proximity to rock/gas bursts - could be determined conclusively.
Heat generation of bagged 'Astracem'
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

The heat generated by a bag of 'Astracem' powder left on the damp floor of the 10E coal road at Lingan Colliery provoked concern from colliery workmen about the possibility of the heat causing an underground fire. At the request of Lingan Colliery management, the
CANMET Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory (CBCRL) in Sydney agreed to investigate the problem. The results of the investigation, which showed that there was no danger from the heat generated by the hydrating cement, are given in this report.
Visit report on visits made in the U.K. September 5 October 2, 1986
Authors: Haslett G A
Published: November 2018

This visit report summarizes visits made in the U.K., September 5 - October 2, 1986: 1) Attendance at the 8th International Symposium on Jet Cutting Technology, Durham to present a technical paper. 2) Visit to British Mining Consultants Limited Headquarters at
Huthwaite, Nottinghamshire. 3) Visit to Golborne Colliery, Lancashire. 4) Visit to Thoresby Colliery, Nottinghamshire. 5) Visit to the Mining Geosciences and Coal Handling Department of the International Energy Agency, London.
Attendance of the international symposium on respirable dust in the mineral industries, October 14-16, 1986, University Park, Pennsylvania - a visit report
Authors: Hwang J C Y
Published: November 2018

This report describes information, activity and results of current research on respirable dust obtained from participation in the International Symposium on Respirable Dust in the Mineral Industries, October 14-16, 1986, University Park, Pennsylvania and a visit
to the Generic Technology Centre for Respirable Dust at the Pennsylvania State University on October 17, 1986. The benefits, the gap in knowledge and the needed future work, derived from discussions during the visits are also described.
An overview of micro-processor based systems for monitoring equipment performance
Authors: Naidu H G
Published: November 2018

Numerous micro-processor based devices are now available to measure, analyze and report on equipment health and performance parameters. Industry experience to-date indicates acceptance of such devices. Major benefits accrue from the collection of accurate
real-time data including clearer analysis of equipment performance, better definition of maintenance requirements and improved planning and scheduling ability. This preliminary report provides an overview of available instrumentation. It is released now in order to bring this attractive technology
to immediate notice of surface mining operations. Work on this project is continuing and a more comprehensive report will be issued later in the year.
Digit program software
Authors: Srajer V , Stuart N J , Neumiller C , Heximer M , Veldhuis W
Published: November 2018

The DIGIT program software presented here is an update of a program written previously. The changes to the original program are listed. The reader is advised to be familiar with the original work before proceeding with this update. The modified program is now
easy to use and less apt to fail due to user error. There were changes made to the screen prompts, input of data, output of data, and internal handling of cases.
Tunnelling in Canada
Authors: Twidale M A , Ignatieff A
Published: November 2018

yes
Rigidity of an hydraulic borehole stressmeter
Authors: Toews N A
Published: November 2018

yes
Viscoelastic properties of geologic materials
Authors: Hardy H R
Published: November 2018

yes
development of a molar refraction equation suitable for the structural analysis of hydrocarbons
Authors: Boyd M L , Montgomery D S
Published: November 2018

yes
Treatment of heavy oil fluids from Koch Fort Kent production site-interim report
Authors: Hashmi K A , Donini J C , Friesen W I , Bowler J J , Kar K
L , Zalischuk J L , Thomas R
R
Published: November 2018

This document contains results of a joint test program between the Fuel Processing Laboratory of the Western Research Centre/CANMET and KOCH Exploration Canada Limited. The objective of this test program was to evaluate the performance of a classifying cyclone,
liquid-liquid hydrocyclone, and threephase separator centrifuge as alternative methods of treating heavy oil fluids. The field testing was carried out during the month of October. The following are the key findings: - Difficulties were encountered in keeping the sand in suspension above 50°C;
at this temperature solids drop out and settle in heat exchanger tubes and in the feed tank. - In the classifying cyclone tests it was not possible to desand the produced oil because, during the heating process, most of the solids dropped out and the particle size of the remaining solids was too
small to be effectively separated by the cyclone. - The liquid-liquid hydrocyclone test results indicate that it is not a viable option for dehydrating the produced oil. - The results from the three-phase centrifuge tests show that a combination of heating and centrifugation could be a viable option
to treat the produced oil.
Hat Creek project- B.C. hydro &power authority progress report no.2 - washing tests sept. 16-oct. 15/77)
Authors: Picard J L , Hamza H A , Mikhail M W
Published: November 2018

yes
Development of ultra high strength alloy steels stage 1: comparison of atlas crovan and PMD induction-melted croan steels
Authors: Schempp E G
Published: November 2018

yes
The prophetic voice of the South African Council of Churches: A weak voice in post-1994 South Africa
Authors: Kgatle Mookgo S.
Published: November 2018

One of the factors that dismantled the apartheid system in South Africa was the prophetic voice of many religious leaders who emerged from ecumenical formations and fought the system by speaking truth to power. However, many scholars agree that the attainment of democracy in 1994 caused the prophetic voice to become silent. This article argues that the prophetic voice is not silent but rather weak in post-1994 South Africa. There are three reasons for this weakness: (1) the prophetic voice became part of the democratic government system, (2) the system swallowed it, and (3) the prophets retired without passing the baton. The article also seeks to highlight some of the recent events and national challenges in South Africa like Marikana, #FeesMustFall, State Capture, Life Esidimeni and Expropriation of Land, where the prophetic voice has been weak. Ways to strengthen the prophetic voice are proposed here as part of the recommendations.
Religion and violence: Shutup Shylock!
Authors: Beyers Jaco
Published: November 2018

Violence is not only because of religious differences. Violence is part of human nature. While expressing and living a unique identity, people may experience animosity from ‘the other’ in society. The natural human response upon infliction is retaliation. To this effect, the play of William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, is taken as an example of conflict in society because of social, financial and religious differences. From the plot in the play, it is deduced that violent actions beget violent responses. The Dutch philosopher, Hans Achterhuis, provides valuable information so as to provide perspectives on violence in society. Achterhuis suggests that instead of seeking the absence of violence in society, one should rather seek how to differ responsible and peaceful from one another. Violence cannot be ignored or eradicated. Violence can however be tamed by fighting with one another peacefully. Society is in need of volunteers who will act as powerful buffers between conflicting societies, thus preventing differences becoming reasons for violence.
Stakeholders’ experiences in implementation of rapid changes to the South African prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme
Authors: Chiya Hlolisile W. , Naidoo Joanne R. , Ncama Busisiwe P.
Published: November 2018

Background: South Africa’s prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) programme has undergone rapid changes in the last two decades. Initially, the provision of single antiretroviral therapy was based on eligibility criteria in the year 2001, which later changed to combination therapy. This was aimed at preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Since 2015, all pregnant women were eligible for antiretroviral treatment regardless of their CD4 count. Although significant strides were made to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, increased efforts are required to meet UNAIDS targets, World Health Organization (WHO) elimination framework goals and sustainable development goals to eliminate new HIV infections in children and ending the HIV epidemic by 2030.Aim: The aim of the study was to explore healthcare workers’ experiences and patient perceptions of the implementation of rapid changes to the PMTCT programme in four public healthcare facilities.Setting: The study was conducted in the four public healthcare facilities within the two highly HIV-burdened districts of iLembe and eThekwini in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa.Methods: This study used a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study design using interviews and focus group discussions. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Following verbatim transcription of the data, thematic data analysis was used through data reduction and data display and the emergence of four themes.Results: A total of 61 stakeholders were interviewed. Four major themes emerged: (1) impact of poor health system design, (2) impact of poor communication of changes, (3) contextual factors affecting innovation in healthcare and (4) skill deficit in change management and forward planning.Conclusion: A healthcare system more responsive to the experiences of healthcare workers and pregnant women is required to effectively implement changes in priority programmes.
LACTIC STARTER CULTURE ACTIVITY IN MILK FROM COWS ON PASTURE AND IN MILK FROM COWS ON DRY FEED1
Authors: Claydon T. J. , Fryer H. C.
Published: November 2018

Lactic starter culture activity in milk from cows on rye pasture and in milk from cows on dry feed was compared, using two cultures widely distributed by commercial laboratories. The milk was pasteurized at 62.5°C. for 30 min. In 16 and 24 hr. at 21°C. one culture developed slightly higher acidities in milk from the pasture cows than in milk from the dry-feed cows, as shown by the means of 8 trials. The differences were statistically significant. On the other hand, the second culture, which showed lower activity in the test milks, developed a higher acidity in the milk from cows on dry feed. The differences at the 16-hr. period were statistically significant.

The total solids content of milk averaged 13.70% from the cows on pasture and 13.20% from those on dry feed. The proteose-peptone content varied but the mean value was about the same for milk from the pasture cows as for that from the dry-feed cows: 2.4 and 2.3 mg./10 ml. milk, respectively. Non-protein nitrogen averaged 4.5 mg./10 ml. milk from cows on pasture and 2.8 mg./10 ml. milk from cows on dry feed.

Although the differences in milk composition might have influenced lactic culture activity, it is considered that the effect of milk from cows on pasture depended on the characteristic of the lactic culture. Such effect appears to be of doubtful practical significance.
PRELIMINARY INCUBATION FOR RAW MILK SAMPLES1
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: November 2018

Preliminary incubation (P. I.) encourages the growth of bacterial contaminants, and aids in detecting milks where good cooling masks insanitary production or handling practices.

Evidence is submitted to show the superiority of 55°F. for 18 hours for P. I. Using this procedure, a standard plate count of 200,000/ml. is suggested as a desirable standard to aim for. This would serve to emphasize thorough cleaning along with efficient cooling in the production of quality milk.
THE EFFECT OF SOME SELECTED FACTORS ON THE COOLING OF FOOD UNDER REFRIGERATION1
Authors: Moragne Lenora , Longree Karla , White James C.
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect on refrigerator temperatures and on cooling times of white sauce placed under refrigeration by using still air and circulated air, by loading the refrigerator with varying amounts of sauce (8, 16, and 32 gal.), by distributing the load in various ways in the refrigerator (4 and 8 batches), and by placing the sauce in the refrigerator at two initial temperatures (140° and 80°F.).

Results indicated that the refrigerator air temperatures and the total cooling times of the sauces were significantly influenced by the variables used in this investigation. When the air was circulated, the air temperature in the refrigerator was drastically reduced and the total cooling times were shortened. The larger total loads of sauce gave longer total cooling times; distribution of the sauce into numerous small batches gave more efficient cooling. When the sauce was pre-cooled the refrigerator air temperatures were lowered and total cooling times were shortened.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON TESTING MILK FOR PENICILLIN1
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: November 2018

Positive results can be obtained most rapidly by using penassay seed agar or equivalent in not over 6 ml. amounts per plate, preincubating for one hour, using 0.5″ discs and incubating at 37°C. after “spotting.” Lower incubation temperatures prolong the time required for zone formation. Heat-shocking of the spore suspension also generally hastens growth. Refrigeration of poured plates before use is not necessary, but with penassay seed agar has little delaying effect until after 5 days.
DETERMINATION OF THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF MILK BY A MODIFICATION OF THE STEAM DISTILLATION METHOD OF KOFRANYI1
Authors: Vanderzant C. , Brown M. A. , Rupel I. W.
Published: November 2018

A method is described for the determination of the protein content of milk by steam distillation following addition of NaOH and BaCI2. Excellent agreement was obtained between the protein values as determined by this method and the Official Macro-Kjeldahl procedure.
CHEMICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE FRESHNESS OF FISH1 2
Authors: Somaatmadja Dardjo , Powers John J. , Pratt Dan E.
Published: November 2018

Various objective methods to estimate the degree of freshness of fish and fishery products were compared. The total volatile nitrogen (TVN) and ammonia-nitrogen of carp flesh reached values of 30–33 mg% when carp stored at 0.4°C. and 25–27°C. began to have a bad odor. For catfish stored at 0–4°C. and 25–27°C. these values reached 20–30 mg%. Trimethylamine was not found in fresh and spoiled carp and catfish. The determination of trimethylamine as an index of spoilage cannot be used for these fresh-water fish. The determinations of tyrosine and volatile reducing substances (VRS) cannot be used to estimate the degree of freshness of fish if the temperature at which the fish had been stored is not known. If these two methods were combined with TVN and ammonia-nitrogen one could determine the degree of freshness of fish and the temperature at which the fish were stored. The determination of tyrosine combined with TVN and ammonia-nitrogen can give further support as to whether fish are absolutely fresh. If the temperature under which fish have been stored is known each of the tests used in this study can be applied individually to determine the degree of freshness of fish.
PENICILLIN LEVELS IN MILK FOLLOWING PARENTERAL ADMINISTERATION OF PROCAINE PENICILLIN G1
Authors: Vaid M. Yusaf , Prouty C. C. , Shaw A. O. , Watts R. E.
Published: November 2018

Penicillin levels in milk were determined following the intramuscular administration of two types of procaine penicillin G, the aqueous suspension and the oil base with aluminum monostearate. Three injections of the aqueous suspension type were administered, at intervals of 24 hours, to each of twelve cows. A single injection of the oil base type was given to each of twelve cows. In all instances the dose administered was at the approximate level of 5000 u/lb. of body weight.

Higher concentrations of penicillin were found in the milk from cows receiving the aqueous suspension type. The highest levels for the two types were 0.52 and 0.15 units per ml. respectively. However, penicillin persisted longer in the milk from cows to which the oil base type was administered. Following the use of each type of procaine penicillin G the levels of this drug in the milk from the different cows of the same series varied considerably.

The results of this study indicate a withholding period of at least 60 hours following the last intramuscular injection of procaine penicillin G, aqueous suspension and 108 hours after procaine penicillin G, oil base with aluminum stearate.
STUDIES ON THE DEPOSITION AND REMOVAL OF RADIOACTIVE SOIL1
Authors: Pflug I. J. , Hedrick T. I. , Kaufmann O. W. , Keppeler R. A. , Pheil C. G.
Published: November 2018

The rate of deposition and removal of a radioactive milk soil from several surfaces have been studied. The nature of the surface exhibited a small but measurable effect on the rate of deposition of a radioactive milk soil on the surfaces tested. However, the surfaces showed no significant effect on the rate of soil removal. The build-up that took place on all surfaces due to repeated soilings without washing was not a simple additive accumulation of residue but appeared to be a selective deposit of a residue slowly laid down over a period of time and difficult to remove. As the accumulated residue increased, a point was reached beyond which there was no significant difference among surfaces in the rate of soil build-up. Subsequent washing removed only part of the soil and even repeated washings had little effect unless special heavy duty cleaning was applied.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FREEZING POINT OF VACUUM TREATED MILK
Authors: Moore J. M. , Smith A. C.
Published: November 2018

Non-steam injection vacuum flavor removal equipment used in conjunction with high-temperature, short-time pasteurizers results in an elevation of the freezing point at low levels and a depression at high levels of concentration of fluid milk. Regression lines calculated from data representing concentration and freezing point elevation or depression appear to be the best criterion at present to assist with the detection of water adulteration of vacuum treated milk.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL UPON THE FREEZING POINT OF VACUUM TREATED MILK
Authors: Moore J. M. , Smith A. C. , Gosslee D. G.
Published: November 2018

Vacuum treatment of fluid milk by non-steam injection flavor removal equipment has been shown to elevate the freezing point of milk when the equipment is operated at low levels of flash-cooling. This study indicates that the loss of carbon dioxide, at the reduced pressures employed for the vaporization of volatile flavor components, is a prime factor responsible for the freezing point elevation. The implications of the effects of carbon dioxide loss on the freezing point of milk are discussed.
HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF MILK AND PAYMENT FOR QUALITY1
Authors: Olson Joseph C.
Published: November 2018

Each of the characteristics that denotes quality in milk may be influenced by the hygienic or sanitary practices used in the production, processing and distribution of milk. Furthermore, each bears a relationship to either the presence or growth of microorganisms in milk.

Maintenance of the consumer's high regard for milk is essential. High standards of cleanliness within the industry will minimize the hazard of disease transmission through milk and will enhance its esthetic attractiveness. Milk of high sanitary quality and of unimpaired nutritive value will tend to encourage consumption and thereby be to the best interest of the consumer and to the dairy industry as well.

The availability of high quality milk supplies will depend largely upon the operation of effective sanitary control programs. Essential elements of such programs are (a) standards or requirements which must be satisfied, (b) enforcement, (c) education, and (d) compulsory pasteurization. Likewise, proper knowledge of the sources of microorganisms in milk and their control as well as the effect of other milk handling practices, such as developments in refrigeration and transportation, on milk quality are necessary.

Some distinction may be made between the bacteriological quality of raw milk as an indicator of sanitary practices used in its production, and bacteriological quality as an indicator of the suitability of milk for processing. It is clear, however, that production of milk of high sanitary quality and which is suitable for any use can best be accomplished by the application of good sanitary practices throughout all stages of production and transport to point of processing.

Important in the procurement of quality milk is an incentive on the part of producers to produce such milk. A meaningful standard of quality should be set, compliance with which is indicative of significant accomplishment. Recognition of achievement in some tangible form and large enough to be worthwhile must be provided to those who qualify.

Desire for volume of milk on the part of processor, cooperative or independent, at the expense of quality is certain to be a demoralizing influence on the operation of incentive programs.
THE ENUMERATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ON SEVERAL TELLURITE-GLYCINE MEDIA 1 2
Authors: Moore T. D. , Nelson F. E.
Published: November 2018

A study of 50 coagulase-positive staphylococcus cultures on four Tellurite-glycine formulas shows some inhibition of these organisms by the media. This inhibition can be removed partially by altering and enriching the nitrogen source, increasing mannitol and yeast extract contents and lowering the glycine concentration. Tellurite formulas that showed the greatest inhibition with pure cultures behaved similarly when coagulase-positive staphylococci were determined from raw milk.
CHEMICAL RESIDUES IN FOOD – A GOOD WORD FOR MILK1
Authors: Kosikowski Frank V.
Published: November 2018

The situation regarding chemical residues in our country's milk supply is perhaps the most favorable for a number of years. Good control has been achieved over the incidence and concentration of antibiotic residues, levels of pesticides in milk have been reduced, and although radionuclides in food are related partly to bomb testing, nevertheless, our expanding monitoring system, which is keeping us well informed, indicates no cause for alarm. Despite all the past clamor, the milk supplies of the U. S. A. are among the purest and safest in the world now or at any period of time in the history of mankind.
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF CERTAIN MASTITIS BACTERIA IN COLD MILK1
Authors: Taylor Gilbert , Marshall R. T. , Edmondson J. E.
Published: November 2018

This experiment was designed to determine whether reductions in numbers of viable bacteria could be expected due to storage at 40 F in milk containing high numbers of leucocytes. There was a highly significant decrease in viable bacteria due to the storage for 24 hr at 40 F of milk containing from 6.5 to 16 million leucocytes per ml. There were no significant changes in viable count due to continued storage for up to 72 hr. The difference in susceptibility to phagocytosis was not significant for the organisms showing the greatest and the least decreases in count after 24-hr storage. Assays in raw milk using methods described herein appear to be superior to assays in sterile milk.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES IN A SANITATION PROGRAM1
Authors: Maxcy R. Burt , Warren Jonathan R.
Published: November 2018

A sanitation program involves the human element as well as the physical aspects of the environment. Consideration of the human element is within the province of psychology. The development of sanitary standards and, more particularly, their interpretation are influenced by personal characteristics that vary in accordance with the social and psychological development of the individuals involved. The results of psychological research have been applied in many other fields. Well developed techniques from this work are available and can be applied in the field of sanitation.

An approach has been suggested for the use of presently available knowledge and the application of research techniques common in the field of psychology. The results of this work should be helpful in establishing a more constructive sanitation program, selection of competent personnel, training at all levels, and the administration of a going program.
POTENTIAL MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS FROM DAIRY EQUIPMENT WITH AUTOMATED CIRCULATION CLEANING1
Authors: Maxcy R. B.
Published: November 2018

Dairy equipment with automated circulation cleaning was studied to determine the extent and nature of the microorganisms contributing contamination to the products being processed. When automated dairy equipment was cleaned within the standards of acceptable levels of sanitation, the microorganisms remaining for growth and subsequent contamination of milk were relatively few but represented a heterogeneous lot. Micrococci and Gram positive sporeforming rods were most numerous and were found throughout the plant. Other Gram positive rods were quite common in the equipment handling pasteurized products. Gram negative rods account for only a small percentage of the numbers of organisms associated with the contamination of equipment.
GROWTH RATE OF COLIFORM ORGANISMS IN COTTAGE CHEESE AND RECONSTITUTED NONFAT DRY MILK1
Authors: Skelton W. R. , Harmon L. G.
Published: November 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the population trends of representative strains of Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes in cottage cheese and reconstituted nonfat dry milk (skim milk). Inoculated milk samples were stored at 32, 39, 50 and 90 F for a maximum of 130, 76, 119, and 11 days, respectively. The inoculated cheese samples were stored at 39, 50 and 55 F for 80 days. In milk at 50 F the generation time of E. coli during the logarithmic growth phase varied from 516 to 642 minutes and at 90 F the generation time varied from 33 to 39 minutes, respectively. The corresponding generation times for A. aerogenes were 540 to 648 minutes and 29 to 33 minutes. Both coliform species decreased in population at 32 and 39 F and the decrease was greater at 39 F.

In cottage cheese the population of both coliform species increased at 55 F and decreased at 39 F, but at 50 F the numbers of E. coli increased while those of A. aerogenes decreased. During the first five days at 55 F, the generation times of E. coli averaged 31.4 hours while A. aerogenes averaged 32.8 hours. At 50 F the generation time of E. coli averaged 48.2 hours.
SOME FACTORS WHICH GOVERN PLAQUE FORMATION BY LACTIC STREPTOCOCCAL BACTERIOPHAGE.
Authors: Mikolajcik E. M.
Published: November 2018

A study was conducted of factors which may influence the accuracy of the plaque count obtained by the double-agar layer method as applied to lactic streptococcal bacteriophage. Host cell cultural media were skimmilk or hydrolyzed milk protein broth (Sobol's). Streptococcus lactis strains ML3, C10, C2 and Streptococcus cremoris strains C3, KH, R1, US3 and the homologous bacteriophages were used. Plaque formation on Trypticase Soy Agar was generally enhanced by: (a) modification of the cultural media or the seed layer agar by the addition of CaCl2, phenylalanine, proline, riboflavin, niacin, calcium pantothenate, and biotin; (b) using a six-hr culture of host cells rather than cells incubated for 18 or 24 hr; and (c) selection of the proper serial transfer system for reactivating the host cells from a frozen or lyophilized state. Sobol's broth yielded lower plaque counts than skimmilk irrespective of the modifications used. Responses to plaque enhancement factors were influenced by species and strain differences of S. lactis and S. cremoris. In general, strains of S. cremoris had a more exacting requirement for calcium, media enrichment, and length of incubation of host cells than S. lactis strains.
THE QUANTIFICATION OF SALMONELLAE IN FOODS BY USING THE LACTOSE PRE-ENRICHMENT METHOD OF NORTH
Authors: Hall Herbert E. , Brown David F. , Angelotti Robert
Published: November 2018

The lactose pre-enrichment technique of North (8) modified only in the amount of original specimen (60 g as compared with 34 g) and of diluent (540 ml as compared with 406 ml) has been successfully employed to isolate and enumerate salmonellae in foods. Quantitative studies using laboratory-prepared chicken pie filling indicate that excellent recovery in the range of four to hundreds of thousands of salmonellae per 100 g of food can be obtained. The technique is excessively cumbersome for the quantification of large numbers (hundreds per g) of salmonellae, but excellently adapted to the detection and quantification of smaller concentrations. The specificity of the method was maintained in the presence of natural food flora and of additions of relatively large numbers of organisms frequently associated with food. None of the natural food constituents used in the study affected the sensitivity or specificity of the method.