bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zinc transfer kinetics between Cd5Zn2‐metallothionein and apo‐carbonic anhydrase
Authors: Huang Zhong‐Xian , Hu Hong‐Yu , Gu Wei‐Qiang , Sun Jian‐Qun
Published: September 2010

The kinetics of zinc transfer reaction between rat liver CdsZn2‐MT and apo‐carbonic anhydrase has been studied. Low molecular weight ligands (LMWL) present different effect on the zinc transfer reaction. A possible association mechanism has been proposed where the formation of protein‐protein complex may be the rate‐determining stop.
Synthesis of 15‐hydroxy‐15(14→8)abeo‐5α, (8S)‐cholestane‐3,14‐dione
Authors: Li Tong‐Shuang , Li Yu‐Lin , Liang Xiao‐Tian
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of 15α‐hydroxy‐15(14→8)abeo‐5α,(8S)‐cholestanc‐3.14‐dione (1) from cholesterol in ten steps was described. The key step is the intramolecular aldol condensation of 3.14‐dioxo‐14.15‐seco‐5α‐cholestan‐15‐al (3).
Studies on hypersensitive transitions of Nd(III) in Nd(III)‐0‐diketone‐neutral ligand ternary compounds
Authors: Gao Jin‐Zhang , Yang Wei‐Dong , Yang Wu , Kang Jing‐Wan , Bai Guang‐Bi , Yu Geng‐Sun
Published: September 2010

In this paper, hypersensitive transitions of Nd( I) in Nd( I )‐β‐diketone‐neutra] ligand ternary coordination compounds (where p‐diketone = acetylacetone (AA), benzoylacetone (BA), dibenzoylmethane (DBM), 2‐thenoyl trifluoroacetone (TTA); neutral ligand = pyridine (Py). cr.a′‐dipyridyl (Dipy), phenanthroline (Phen) are studied and their intensities are given through dynamic coupling model. The results are in agreement with those observed and calculated using Judd‐Ofelt equation. It may be seen that the dynamic coupling mechanism provides major contribution to the intensity of hypersensitive transition. On the other hand, in order to get the intensity of 4I9/1→4G5/2 transition, the absorption spectra in 560–610 nm have been decomposed into three peaks by nonlinear fitting with Lorentzian and Gaussian function and the “pure” intensities of hypersensitive transitions have been obtained, which are agreeable to those computed by Judd‐Ofelt method and dynamic coupling model.
Study of association of alcohols in aprotic solvents by multinuclear NMR
Authors: Yan Xian‐Zh'Ong , Xue Yi , Du You‐Ru
Published: September 2010

Binary mixtures of alcohols (ethyl, n‐butyl and n‐amyl) with several aprotic solvents, such as acetone, dioxane, THF, DMSO and DMP have been studied systematically by 1H, 13C, 15N and 17O NMR measurements. The concentration dependence of chemical shift of the solvent was used to evaluate equilibrium constants of the complexation of alcohols with the solvents. A relationship between the proton shift of alcohol uncombined with the solvent and its concentration was found, and the fraction of unassociated hydroxyl groups was thus quantitatively described. The effect of solvent on self association and complexation of the alcohol is discussed on the basis of the electron donicity of the solvents.
Distribution mechanism of protonated l,10‐phenanthroline between unbuffered aqueous and 1,2‐dichloroethane phases
Authors: Lin Sin‐Ru , Wang Fang , Lu Xin‐Gen
Published: September 2010

The faradaic ion transfer of protonated l.iO‐phenanthroline [H(Phen)+] across the interface between unbuffered aqueous and 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) solutions was investigated by means of current scan polarography at ascending aqueous electrolyte electrode, as well as chronopotentiometry. It follows from the splitting of the waves observed at the pH of aqueous phase (sodium sulfate solution) between 2.5–3.8 that neutral reagent (Phen) distributes into the aqueous phase, where it is protonated. The positive wave is associated with the mass transfer controlled by the H+influx, whereas the negative one is by the Phen influx. The reverse chronopotentiometry indicated that all the protonated transfer processes were reversible. A good agreement between experimental results and theoretical treatment was achieved. The aqueous acid dissociation constant of protonated Phen, K2 can be evaluated from the dependence of the wave heights on the pH in the base of the equilibrium.
Effect of secondary MO interaction on the regiospecificity in the reactions of tf‐ionones with singlet oxygen
Authors: Wu Guo‐Sheng , Tao Tao , Hu Jun , Zha Zhen‐Chuan , Wu Bi‐Qi
Published: September 2010

The ene reactions of a‐ionones with singlet oxygen were examined to ascertain the effect of secondary MO interaction between the reactants on the reaction regiospecificity. Exclusive formation of 3‐hydroxy‐V‐ionones found in the reactions reveals favorable interaction of singlet oxygen with the acyclic fl‐hydrogen atom. On the other hand, no formation of 3‐hydroxy‐0‐ionones implies that the steric requirement was not met for the bond formation between zwitterionic perepoxide with Ci‐hydrogen in the process. The MMP21 and MNDO calculations indicate minus value of the secondary interaction energy for the acyclic a‐hydrogen abstraction and a repulsion between the oxygen with C1‐hydrogen atom. Twisting tilting of the double bond may account for favorable attack of singlet oxygen on C3. An explanation of the excellent regiospecificity was addressed and placed in proper mechanic prospective.
Studies on the syntheses and properties of Schiff base type crown ethers
Authors: Wu Yang‐Jie , Zhao Bin , Zhao Li‐Wang , Shen Lian‐Fang , WU Dong‐Hui
Published: September 2010

Sight bis‐, two tris‐ and two mono‐crown ethers of Schiff base type have been prepared by the reaction of 4′‐formylbenzo‐15‐crown‐5 with diamines. Conductivity measurements show that the bis‐crown ethers form 1:1 complexes (crown ether unit : metal ion) with sodium ion and 2:1 complexes with potassium, rubidium and ammonium ion, respectively.
Studies on steroidal plant growth regulator 27. Stereoselective construction of the side chain of brassinosteroid by employing a separated dialkylation and a tandem dialkylation of the pyranone moiety
Authors: Zhou Wei‐Shan , Sun Li‐Qiang , Pan Xin‐Fu
Published: September 2010

A stereocontrolled construction of the Bide chain of brassinosteroid was developed via the separated dialkylation and the tandem dialkylation of the pyranone moiety as the key step.
Time development of surface enhanced Raman intensities of the adsorbed pyrazine molecules on the silver electrode as the applied voltage varies
Authors: Wu Guo‐Zhen , Huang Yi
Published: September 2010

In this work, the time development of surface enhanced Raman intensities of the vibrational modes involving the ring skeleton and the C—H motions of the pyrazine molecule as the applied voltage on the silver electrode is shifted between −0.2 V and −0.5 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode) is reported. The observation shows that there are two processes of enhancement involved during this shift of applied voltage. One is vibrational mode dependent while the other is not. The detailed behavior of these two processes of enhancement is discussed along with the retarded response of the Helmholtz double layer structure to the change of the applied voltage on the electrode.
Electronic structure and photoelectron spectrum assignment of allene
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Zhong , Yang Ming , Yang Zhong‐Zhi
Published: September 2010

In this paper a series of ab initio SCF and configuration calculations were reported for the ground state and excited states X2E, A2E, 2B2 and 2A1 of allene. For ground state X2E Jahn‐Teller distorsion was discussed and a twisted angle of 50° and a torsional barriers of 0.21–0.51 eV were derived. Based on calculated results, the experimental photoelectron spectrum of allene has been assigned.
XPS study of Ba0.6K0.4BiO3
Authors: Zhao Liang‐Zhong , Norton Michael L.
Published: September 2010

Single crystal Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 was studied by using XPS. The results show that there is no evidence for the presence of Bi5+ in single crystal of Ba0.6K0.4BiO3; instead, there is evidence for the presence of mixed valent Bi3+ and Bi(3+)‐δ. Moreover, the Ols XPS results suggest the presence of mixed valent O2− and O1−, and the valence band spectrum suggests the high degree of covalency for Bi—O bonds.
Studies on cyclopent‐2‐enone. II. The diastereoselectivity in Lewis acid mediated reactions of enol silyl ether of cyclopent‐2‐enone with aldehydes
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐An , Campbell M. M. , Brown D. W.
Published: September 2010

The aldol reaction of the silyl enol ether of cyclopent‐2‐enone with aldehydes is mediated by various Lewis acids. Threo isomers are the major diastereoisomers formed in most cases. A reverse diastereoselectivity was observed when the reaction was mediated by TBAF. The results have been discussed in detail by structure and transition state analysis.
Further study on the synthesis of F‐containing porphyrins and their catalytic activity on oxidation of cyclohexene
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Ying Wei‐Wen , Ma Wu‐Ping
Published: September 2010

Reaction of tetrakis(p‐allyloxyphenyl)porphyrin and perfluoroalkanesulfonyl bromides gives tetrakis(p‐polyfluoroalkoxylphenyl) substituted porphyrins. The yields are over 90%. The synthesis of the metal ion complexes of these F‐containing porphyrins is also reported. Preliminary results on the study of the catalytic activity of the manganese(III) complexes of various fluorinated porphyrins on oxidation of cyclohexene indicate that the introduction of RF group into porphyrin contributes to the stability of the catalysts.
Valence bond description for structures of O3, SO2 and NO
Authors: Wu Wei , Mo Yi‐Rong , Zhang Qian‐Er
Published: September 2010

A modern valence bond approach, namely bonded tableau unitary group approach, is applied to ozone, sulphur dioxide and nitrite systems, respectively. It is shown that the biradical structure is in the primary position in describing the molecular structure of ozone. Thus three instead of two resonance structures are needed to describe the ground state of ozone. The case of sulphur dioxide is similar to that of ozone. It is found that, however, for the nitrite anion four resonance structures are needed.
An analysis of the rate of isomerization in molecules with an asymmetric double well potential
Authors: Zhao Meishan
Published: September 2010

The classical theory of the rate of unimolecular isomerization developed by Gray and Rice as extended by Zhao and Rice is applied to the calculation of the rate of isomerization in model systems which have linear asymmetric double well potentials. We are interested in this system for two reasons. First, we are interested in the detailed dynamical processes for the mentioned system because it is widely related to practical chemical reactions. Second, the present model system has an asymmetric double well potential, which provides a different test of the accuracy of the approximations used in the Gray‐Zhao‐Rice theory than posed by previous applications. We have calculated relaxation rates and relaxation times for the model systems on different time scales. We find that for the systems under studies the Gray‐Zhao‐Rice version of the classical theory of isomerization rate yields values in good agreement with those generated from trajectory calculations and from the Reactive Island theory of De Leon et al.
The synthesis of pillared nickel‐substituted saponite and its hydroisomerization activity
Authors: Jiang Da‐Zhen , Sun Tie , Liu Zi‐Yang , Min En‐Ze , He Ming‐Yuan
Published: September 2010

Nickel‐substituted saponite clays (NiS) were synthesized. The pillared clays noted PNiS were prepared from the NiS intercalated with large inorganic cations such as [Al13O4(OH)24·(H2O)12]7+. It is found that the pillar density is correlative with aluminium content in the tetrahedral sheet of NiS. The results from TPR indicate that the palladium loaded on samples promotes the reduction of the nickel ion in the octahedral sheet. The pillared clays impregnated with Pd2+ noted PdPNiS show excellent hydroisomerization property which is much better than that of nickel substituted mica‐montmorillonite pillared with silicon oxide oligomer noted PdPSMM. The hexane conversion increases with the content of aluminium ion in the tetrahedral sheet, whereas the change of the selectivity of isomerization is not obvious.
In situ infrared investigation of alkylation reaction of dianionic triruthenium ketenylidene cluster on magnesium oxide with methyl iodide
Authors: Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: September 2010

The reation between [Ru3(CO)9(CCO)]2− supported on magnesium oxide and alkylating agent CH3I was investigated in an attempt to understand its reactivity and mechanism by using FT‐IR technique. The IR spectra show that [Ru3(CO)9(CCO)]2−/MgO reacts with CH3I to produce [Ru3(CO)9CC(O)CH3]−/MgO, which exhibits bands at 2960, 2022, 1988, 1638, 1460 and 1350 cm−1. The absorption at 2960, 1460 and 1350 cm−1 are attributed to ‐CH3 group, while bands at 2022, 1988 and 1952 cm−1 are assigned to the terminal CO groups attached to ruthenium. The band at 1638 cm−1 was assigned to acyl carbonyl. Isotopes labeled compounds CD3I, 13CO and [Ru3(CO)9(*C*CO)]2− were used in investigation. The results demonstrate that β‐carbon of CCO ligand is attacked by CH+3 species and produces [Ru3(CO)9CC(O)CH3]−/MgO.
Kinetics and mechanism of mercuration of N‐(substituted benzylidene)‐4‐toluidines
Authors: Wu Yang‐Jie , Ding Kui‐Ling , Kong Ya‐Li , Yu Zheng‐Yan
Published: September 2010

In order to investigate the mechanism of mercuration reaction of substituted benzylideneanilines, kinetic measurements of these reactions at different temperatures (40–60° C) in methanol‐1,4‐dioxane (1/1, V/V) were carried out and Hammett ρ value for C‐phenyl substituents of −0.61 for the N‐(substituted benzylidene)‐4‐toluidine series was obtained. Thermodynamic parameters E3 ΔS# were obtained for the reaction of different N‐(substituted benzylidene)‐4‐toluidines. It was found that this ortho‐mercuration was brought about by an internal cyclometallation process involving the imino‐moiety.
Structure of a new sterol from the South China sponge Dysidea fragilis
Authors: Zhong Yong‐Li , Su Jing‐Yu , Zeng Long‐Mei , Shen Wei , Wang Qi‐Wen
Published: September 2010

A new sterol, 5α‐cholesta‐8(14),24(25)‐diene‐3β, 6α‐diol (1) and a known sterol (24Z)‐24‐ethyl‐cholesta‐7(8),24(28)‐diene‐3β,5α,6β‐triol (2) have been isolated from the South China Sea sponge Dysidea fragilis. The structure and relative stereochemistry of 1 were established by spectral analysis, including 2D NMR experiments.
The electrooxidation behavior of bilirubin in DMF and DMF + H2O mixed solvent
Authors: Niu Jian‐Jun , Cheng Guang‐Jin , Dong Shao‐Jun
Published: September 2010

The electrooxidation of Bilirubin (BR) in N, N′‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and DMF + H2O mixed solvent is investigated by voltammetry techniques, in situ rapid scan thin layer spectroelectrochemistry and in situ ESR spectroscopy. The data reveal that the oxidation process of BR undergoes many stages, which are all sped up by the introduction of water. The species of bilirubin taking part in the reaction is found to be changed from BR in DMF into BR' in the mixed solvents and the anodic peak potential is shifted correspondingly from +0.58 V to +0.026−+0.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, 1.0 M KCl). Free radicals and the dimerization of them are observed during the oxidation.
Studies on extraction of In(III) with 8‐hydroxyquinoline
Authors: Song Kui‐Yuan , Yang Jia‐Zhen , Liu Xing‐Zhi , Li Hong
Published: September 2010

The equilibrium molalities of In3+ in extraction reaction: In3+(aq)+3HOx(org) = In(Ox)3(org) + 3H+(aq) were measured at ionic strengths from 0.13 to 2.54 mol·kg−1 in the aqueous phase containing Na2SO4 as the supporting electrolyte and at constant initial molality of extractant, HOx, in the organic phase at temperatures from 278.15 to 308.15 K, where HOx and Ox mean 8‐hydroxy‐quinoline and its anion, respectively. The standard extraction constants K at various temperatures were obtained by two methods proposed in our previous paper.
Frequency characteristic of series piezoelectric sensor and application to the determination of water in organic solvents
Authors: Shen Da‐Zhong , Zhu Wen‐Hong , Nie Li‐Hua , Yao Shou‐Zhou
Published: September 2010

Theoretical consideration was proposed for the frequency response of a series piezoelectric sensor to the properties of liquid and verified experimentally. This kind of sensor has sensitive and selective frequency response to the permittivity and specific conductivity of solution with excellent stability, and was applied to the determination of micro‐content of water in organic solvents. The detection limit is 0.01 g/L in dioxane.
Thermodynamics of mixture of boric acid with lithium borate and chloride
Authors: Wang Dong‐Bao , Song Peng‐Sheng , Yang Jia‐Zhen
Published: September 2010

The first thermodynamic dissociation constants of boric acid in aqueous solution of lithium chloride with borate at five different temperatures from 278.15 to 318.15 K were evaluated from ernf values of the cell without liquid junction potential with the improved extrapolation and polynomial approximation on the basis of Pitzer's theory. Values obtained from both methods are in good agreement with each other. Pitzer's parameters β(0) and β(1) of LiB(OH)4 and other thermodynamic quantities of dissociation process of boric acid are obtained. Results have been discussed.
Overwhelming decomposition of 4‐bromo‐4′‐cyanomethylbiphenylyl radical anion without electron transfer to 4,4′‐dibromobiphenyl
Authors: Wu Guo‐Sheng , Liu An , Hu Jun , Zeng Fan‐Wen , Wu Bi‐Qi
Published: September 2010

Dibromobiphenyl reacted with cynomethyl anion in ammonia under irradiation to form nucleophilic bis‐substituted product in high yield without substantial monosubstituted product. Quantum yields far the formations of bis‐ and monosubstituted products were found to be 85.6 and 2.3×10−5 respectively while the corresponding pseudo‐first‐order rates were 6.9×10−3 and 5.2×10−10 mol·L−1·S−1. Block up the possible electron transfer of 4‐brome‐4′‐cyanomethyl‐biphenylyl radical anion to 4‐cyanomethyl‐biphenylyl radical and bromine ion.
Study on the stannous halides promoted addition of 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane to aldehydes and the chemical transformation thereof
Authors: Hu Chang‐Ming , Chen Jian
Published: September 2010

Promoted by stannous salts, 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane reacts readily with aliphatic, aromatic, and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes giving the corresponding alcohols bearing a CF3CCl2‐moiety in good to excellent yields. These alcohols are further oxidized by Jones reagent giving the corresponding ketones in high yields.
The quantum chemistry study on the electronic properties of conductive polymers of polypyridinopyridine series
Authors: Xie De‐Min , Su Zhong‐Min , Shi Zhong‐Liang , Wang Rong‐Shun
Published: September 2010

The molecular structures of thermally structurized polyacrylonitrile (PAN), that is, polypyridinopyridine (PPyPy) series have been investigated by using quantum chemistry semiempirical MNDO, CNDO/2‐CO methods. The changing regularities of structural stability and electronic properties are pointed out. The analyses of the energy band structures indicate that the energy gaps will become smaller, intrinsical conductivities will increase when the quasi‐one‐dimentional (1D) series of PPyPy molecule widen toward two‐dimention (2D), which is consistent with the experimental results of polymerization degree (PD) and electrical conductivity increase with the increasing of pyrolyzed temperature.
Quantum mechanical reaction dynamics in collisions of chlorine atom with hydrogen molecule
Authors: Zhao Meishan
Published: September 2010

We report the accurate determinations of quantum mechanical state‐to‐state probabilities for reactions Cl + H2 → HC1 + H and H' + HC1 → H'Cl + H by the generalized Newton variational principle, on the most accurate available potential energy surface. We compare the results for three versions of realistic potential energy surfaces, and to those from hyperspherical close‐coupling calculations.
The solid state reactions of o‐aminobenzoic acid with Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) acetate hydrate at room temperature
Authors: Zheng Li‐Min , Fu Yan , Lin Jian‐Jun , Xin Xin‐Quan
Published: September 2010

The solid‐solid state reactions of o‐aminobenzoic acid with Zn(OAc)2·2H2O, Cu(OAc)2·H2O, Ni(OAc)2·4H2O and Mn(OAc)2·4H2O result in the formation of corresponding complexes M(OAB)2 (M = Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II)). XRD, IR and elemental analysis methods have been used to characterize the solid products. The activation energies of these reactions, which are calculated from the kinetic data obtained by means of the isothermal electrical conductivity measurement method, have been found to increase in the order: Cu(OAc)2·H2O(37.7 kJ‐mol−1)∼Mn(OAc)2·4H2O (39.7 kJ·mol−1) < Zn(OAc)2·2H2O (56.3 kJ·mol−1) < Ni(OAc)2·4H2O (85.2 kJ·mol−1). The trend is related to their crystal structures.
Activation of the phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways are associated with shortened survival in patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma
Authors: Varghese Sheelu , Chen Zhaorong , Bartlett David L. , Pingpank James F. , Libutti Steven K. , Steinberg Seth M. , Wunderlich John , Alexander H. Richard
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy of the serosal membranes of the abdominal cavity. This cancer is ultimately fatal in almost all afflicted individuals; however, there is marked variability in its clinical behavior: Some patients die rapidly, and others survive for many years. In the current study, the authors investigated the molecular nature of MPM to obtain insights into the heterogeneity of its clinical behavior and to identify new therapeutic targets for intervention.

METHODS:

Fresh pretreatment tumor samples were collected from 41 patients with MPM who underwent surgical cytoreduction and received regional intraoperative chemotherapy perfusion. From those samples, gene expression analyses were performed. The major cellular pathways that were identified in this cancer were inhibited using a pathway‐specific inhibitor.

RESULTS:

Unsupervised clustering of genes identified 2 distinct groups of patients with significantly different survivals (Group A: median survival, 24 months; Group B: median survival, 69.5 months;P= .035). Phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K) and the closely interacting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways were overexpressed predominantly in the poor survival group; and the genes of these pathways, phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase, catalytic, α polypeptide (PIK3CA) and rapamycin‐insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin (RICTOR), were highly significantly predictive of shortened patient survival in Group A. The role of these pathways in MPM tumor progression was also investigated by treating 2 MPM cell lines with BEZ235, a dual‐class PI3K and mTOR inhibitor, and the authors observed significant inhibition of downstream cell signaling and cell proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Taken together, the results from this study revealed that, based on gene expression profiles, there were 2 distinct patient groups with significantly different survival and that targeting the PI3K and mTOR signaling pathways may have significant therapeutic value in patients with MPM. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Field‐Controlled Luttinger Liquid and Possible Crossover into Spin Liquid in Strong‐Rail Ladder Systems
Authors: Ding Lin‐Jie , Yao Kai‐Lun , Fu Hua‐Hua
Published: September 2010

The thermodynamics and transport properties of strong‐rail ladder systems are investigated by means of Green’s function theory. It is shown that the magnetic behavior clearly manifests a typical antiferromagnetism with gapped or gapless low‐lying excitations, which is in agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the temperature‐field‐induced phase diagram is explored, and we demonstrate a Luttinger liquid behavior in the window hc (marking the ending of the M=0 plateau)<h<hs (saturation magnetic field) within a narrow range of temperature. The spin liquid phase is uncovered for h<hc upon cooling down to zero temperature. It is also shown that the rung entanglement entropy is a good indicator for detecting the field‐driven quantum criticality. Meanwhile, the magnetic susceptibility, the specific heat, and the thermal (spin) Drude weights are calculated to characterize the plentiful quantum phases, in which the thermal insulating and conducting behaviors can be controlled by magnetic fields.
Endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided fine‐needle aspiration for diagnosing upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions: A prospective study of 50 cases
Authors: Turhan Nesrin , Aydog Gulden , Ozin Yasemin , Cicek Bahattin , Kurt Mevlut , Oguz Dilek
Published: September 2010

The objective was to assess EUS‐FNA for diagnosing intramural upper GI tract lesions.

The subjects were 50 patients (21M/29F) with upper GI submucosal lesions who underwent EUS‐FNA at a referral center for GI system over a 12‐month period. All cases were followed for 1 year after initial EUS‐FNA. Cytologic diagnoses were categorized as benign, malignant, suspicious for malignancy, mesenchymal tumor, endocrine tumor, or nondiagnostic. All tumors were assessed for various cytomorphologic features. The accuracy of the initial FNA diagnoses was evaluated for each patient who also underwent subsequent histopathological examination of a core biopsy and/or surgical biopsy/resection material of the same lesion.

According to the site of the lesions; while 84% of all esophageal lesions were diagnosed as mesenchymal; 67% of all gastric lesions were mesenchymal. The sole lesion was nonmesenchymal (benign cyst) in duodenum. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of EUS‐FNA for diagnosing submucosal mesenchymal tumors of the upper GI tract were 82.9, 73.3, 87.9, 64.7, and 80%, respectively. The corresponding values for nonmesenchymal lesions were 100, 85.7, 80, 100, and 90.9%.

Our experience confirms that EUS‐FNA is an extremely valuable tool for diagnosing submucosal lesions of the upper GI, and is particularly useful in cases where endoscopic forceps biopsy does not lead to diagnosis. Optimal results can be yielded by a close working relationship between the gastroenterologist and pathologist. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of nocturnal sleep‐related eating disorders
Authors: Schenck Carlos H. , Mahowald Mark W.
Published: September 2010

This review provides a historical background on sleep‐related eating disorders, summarizes findings from a series of 38 adults, and presents a current classification. The “night—eating syndrome” was first reported in 1955; only nine reports on this syndrome appeared during the next 36 years, seven being single‐case studies and two containing the objective monitoring of sleep, that is, polysomnography. In 1991 our sleep center reported on 19 cases, and in 1993 on 38 cases, diagnosed by polysomnography and clinical evaluations. Mean age was 39 years, mean duration of night—eating was 12 years, 66% were women, 68% had nightly binge eating, and 44% were overweight from night—eating. Sleepwalking was the predominant disorder responsible for night—eating; restless legs syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and various other conditions (including two cases of anorexia nervosa) were also identified. Cognitive‐behavioral therapies were ineffective, but pharmacotherapy was very effective in controlling night—eating and inducing loss of excess weight, and often consisted of a dopaminergic agent taken with codeine at bedtime. Thus, sleep‐related eating can be an occult but often treatable cause of obesity. Further research, utilizing polysomnography, is encouraged.
Factors associated with eating disorder symptoms in a community sample of 6th and 7th grade girls
Authors: Killen Joel D. , Hayward Chris , Wilson Darrell M. , Taylor C. Barr , Hammer Lawrence D. , Litt Iris , Simmonds Beverly , Haydel Farish
Published: September 2010

Nine hundred thirty‐nine 6th and 7th grade girls participated in the baseline phase of a prospective study designed to examine a set of potential risk factors for the development of eating disorders. Of the 939,839 girls (89%) completed the bulimia nervosa section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R disorders. One girl received the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, another 35 were classified as a symptomatic group. Using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for age and stage of sexual maturation, symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were compared on the following measures: Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), BMI, triceps skinfold thickness, waist‐to‐hip ratio, depression symptoms (CES‐D and DSRS), Restraint Scale, and a measure of family adaptability and cohesion (FACES). Symptomatic girls were more developmentally mature, significantly heavier, reported greater fear of weight gain, experienced greater dysphoria, indicated increased body dissatisfaction, and reported greater feelings of inadequacy and personal worthlessness. Their status on these dimensions may indicate Potential vulnerability to eating disorders and, ultimately, suggest the choice of targets for intervention. Our future goal is to conduct the prospective analyses needed to confirm the hypothesized linkages.
Phthalimide Tricarbonylchromium Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Nucleophilic Addition, and Unanticipated syn Adduct Formation upon Addition of Propynyllithium
Authors: Habib Osama Mahmoud Ali , Zhao‐Karger Zhirong , Abdelhamid Ismail Abdelshafy , Wartchow Rudolf , Butenschön Holger
Published: September 2010

The complexation of phthalimide derivatives with hexacarbonylchromium in dibutyl ether/THF (10:1) afforded the corresponding tricarbonylchromium complexes, which were characterized spectroscopically. Subsequent nucleophilic addition with Grignard or organolithium reagents as well as with sodium tetrahydridoborate gave high yields of the corresponding anti adducts. However, in certain cases, addition of 1‐lithio‐1‐methoxyallene, 1‐propynyllithium, or ethenylmagnesium bromide, the unanticipated formation of the corresponding syn adducts was observed with the relative configuration of the propynyllithium adduct rac‐20 confirmed by a crystal structure analysis. The unusual stereochemistry is explained by the intermediacy of a highly resonance‐stabilized acyliminium ion formed from the original exo adduct. Finally, dehydration of the methyl adduct made available the exo‐methylene derivative rac‐37, bearing another fully sp2‐hybridized ligand system. This compound was also characterized by a crystal structure analysis.
A New Non‐Cross‐Linked Polystyrene Supported 2‐Phenylimino‐2‐oxazolidine Chiral Auxiliary: Synthesis and Application in Asymmetric Alkylation Reactions
Authors: Hu Fu‐Qiang , Xia De‐Xin , Lu Cui‐Fen , Chen Zu‐Xing , Yang Gui‐Chun
Published: September 2010

The synthesis of novel non‐cross‐linked polystyrene supported 2‐phenylimino‐2‐oxazolidine is described, and its use as a chiral auxiliary in asymmetric alkylation reactions is demonstrated by the synthesis of several chiral amides (>96 % ee). Furthermore, recovery and recycling of the polymer‐supported chiral auxiliary were successfully achieved without appreciable reduction in the yield or stereoselectivity.
Treatment of unhairing effluents by activated sludge system
Authors: Mlaik Najwa , Gouider Mbarka , Bouzid Jalel , Belbahri Lassaad , Woodward Steve , Mechichi Tahar
Published: September 2010

The unhairing step in leather manufacture generates a highly hazardous and alkaline wastewater. This article reports the evaluation of an activated sludge system for the treatment of unhairing wastewater and effluent detoxification, assessed by seed germination tests.

The activated sludge system reactor was fed for 112 days with diluted unhairing effluent; the operation strategy included increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) from 0.7 to 1.6 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) L−1 d−1. COD and suspended solids (SS) removal efficiencies were up to 85 and 80%, respectively, for an OLR lower than 1.4 g COD L−1 d−1.

Sulphide removal efficiency was ∼90%, as sulphide was oxidized to other species such as sulphate. The biological oxidation of thiosulphates into tetrathionates was also investigated.

The effect of untreated and treated unhairing wastewater on seed germination of maize, sorghum, and wheat was examined. Treatment decreased the phytotoxicity of the wastewater. Indeed, germination was inhibited when effluent dilution was lower than 90% of untreated wastewater, whereas a positive effect of treated wastewater was noticed.

Phytotoxicity assays showed that biological treatment of unhairing wastewater contributed to a decrease in toxicity of the effluent. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
The usage of air gap in the composite wall for energy saving and air pollution
Authors: Kurt Hüseyin
Published: September 2010

In this study, the effects of air gap on the optimum insulation thickness, insulation, and total costs, energy saving, payback period, fuel consumption, and emissions of CO2 and SO2 in the composite wall construction have been investigated for a prototype building in a sample city, Karabuk. For this reason two wall constructions, one with and the other without air gap, have been considered and the air gap thickness has been taken from 0 to 6 cm. Based on LCC analysis, optimum insulation thickness is determined for different air gap thicknesses. The results show that when 2, 4, and 6 cm of the air gap thicknesses were used; the optimum insulation thickness, insulation cost, and payback period were decreased by 10.02, 20.03, and 30.07% while the total cost, fuel consumption, and CO2 and SO2 emissions were decreased by 27.5, 44.98, and 54.46%, respectively. The insulation material installed at its optimum insulation thickness with air gaps in the composite wall will not only reduce the heat loss from the building walls but also has economical and environmental advantages. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Operating cost analysis of an annexed ethanol distillery in a rural, landlocked African country
Authors: Amigun B. , von Blottnitz H.
Published: September 2010

Given the high cost of crude oil, uncertainties regarding future reserves as well as the phenomenon of global warming, alternative fuels such as bioethanol need to be developed and deployed. This work presents an economic analysis (operating cost analysis) of one annexed African distillery operating in a landlocked and rural location. Specifically, the study attempts to analyze the impacts that some of the critical factors influencing bioethanol production will have on its viability and also present an analysis of the breakdown of the operating costs of the distillery, in an equation format to enable easier and more rapid use of the data in numerical and economic models, and in the preliminary design and optimization of bioethanol plants. The cost of ethanol production was estimated at $19.57/HL with cost of feedstock (molasses “type C”) constituting about one third of the production cost. The study also identified other major, intermediate, and minor input factors, which can provide insights to both the possible barriers to implementation that should be overcome, and on the technological improvement options that should be stimulated by research and development in ethanol industry. Finally, from the operating cost analysis of the annexed distillery, it emerged that the factorial approach to estimation is principally a sound one, with no indication of untypical cost items. Some of the typical cost items do however display ratios to the base cost that are outside of previously reported limits. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Ozone oxidation of biological sludge: Effects on disintegration, anaerobic biodegradability, and filterability
Authors: Erden G. , Filibeli A.
Published: September 2010

This study deals with pretreatment of biological sludge by ozone oxidation for the purpose of biological sludge disintegration. Different ozone dose ranged between 0.005 and 0.25 gO3/g DS were used for the process optimization. The potential for improving anaerobic digestion through ozone oxidation was also investigated. In addition, the effect of ozone oxidation on filterability characteristics of sludge was evaluated using lab‐scale experiments. The results showed that ozone effectively disintegrates the sludge. The highest disintegration degree (51.1%) was achieved when 0.1gO3/g DS was used. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) results suggest that ozone oxidation significantly enhanced the biodegradability of biological sludge. For 0.1 gO3/g DS, 25% higher methane production was achieved compared with raw sludge. The supernatant characteristics of the sludge were also affected by ozone oxidation. For 0.1 gO3/g DS, the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) increased by 300%, 94.2%, 225%, and 200%, respectively. Finally, using ozone oxidation for the purpose of floc disintegration (0.1 gO3/g DS) had no negative effect on sludge filterability in terms of CST results. But at higher doses than 0.1 gO3/g DS, ozone oxidation reduced the filterability of sludge. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Toxicity toMelita plumulosafrom intermittent and continuous exposures to dissolved copper
Authors: Angel Brad M. , Simpson Stuart L. , Jolley Dianne F.
Published: September 2010

The concentrations of metal contaminants often fluctuate in estuarine waters; yet we have limited knowledge about the effects of intermittent exposures on estuarine organisms. Using 10-d lethality bioassays with the epibenthic amphipod Melita plumulosa, different combinations of intermittent (pulsed) dissolved Cu exposure were investigated, varying Cu concentration, pulse duration, and time between pulses. Negligible organism mortality was observed immediately after single 12- to 62-h duration pulsed exposures of 100 to 900 µg/L dissolved Cu. However, delayed mortality was observed in the subsequent 96-h nonexposure period, after which negligible additional mortality occurred during the remainder of the 240-h tests. For multiple pulsed exposures, increasing the time between pulses from 0 to 144 h did not result in significantly different mortality rates for 300 and 400 µg/L dissolved copper, indicating that the organisms did not recover between pulses. Organism mortality exhibited a strong relationship with the time-averaged concentration (TAC) resulting from the combination of exposure concentration and duration. The lethal concentration to 50 (LC50), 20 (LC20), and 10% (LC10) (95% confidence interval) of the test population for the combined TAC exposure–survival data were 86 (71–103), 44 (30–64), and 30 (18–49) µg Cu/L, respectively, which were similar to the respective values of 100 (87–114), 55 (43–70), and 39 (28–54) µg Cu/L determined for continuous exposure. The results from the current study support the use of analytical techniques capable of determining the time-averaged concentration of metals, because they will more accurately predict the effects of toxiciants on organisms than single time-point measurements. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2823–2830. © 2010 SETAC
Biotransformation of the 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate in rainbow trout. 2. In vitro incubations with liver and stomach S9 fractions
Authors: Butt Craig M. , Muir Derek C.G. , Mabury Scott A.
Published: September 2010

The biotransformation of the 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate (C8F17CH2CH2OC(O)CH = CH2, 8:2 fluorotelomer-based acrylate [FTAc]) was quantitatively investigated in cytosolic (S9) fractions isolated from rainbow trout stomach and liver. The in vitro studies presented in this manuscript compliment the whole body 8:2 FTAc dietary exposure study, presented as a companion paper. The S9 fractions were prepared in our laboratory, using fish that had previously been used as control animals in our in vivo study. Before 8:2 FTAc incubations, general carboxylesterase activity was determined using paranitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) as the substrate with formation of paranitrophenol monitored using an ultraviolet-vis spectrometer. In the 8:2 FTAc incubations, the degradation of the parent compound and 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) formation was monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Incubations were performed in triplicate, over a range of concentrations encompassing two orders of magnitude, and the initial rate of 8:2 FTOH or paranitrophenol formation was determined. Enzyme kinetic parameters were determined by plotting the initial rate versus concentration, using nonlinear regression analysis. The maximum initial velocities of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction (Vmax) in the PNPA incubations were 614 ± 18 nmol/min/mg and 147 ± 16 nmol/min/mg for the liver and stomach fractions, respectively. These values are much faster than other phase I and II metabolism reactions. The calculated intrinsic clearance rates (CLint) for the 8:2 FTAc incubations were 1.7 and 0.40 ml/min/mg protein, respectively. These results show that the esterase activity toward the 8:2 FTAc is only fourfold greater in the liver as compared with the stomach. These trends demonstrate the potential for considerable extrahepatic metabolism of the 8:2 FTAc before uptake into the internal tissues, ultimately limiting the overall bioaccumulation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2736–2741. © 2010 SETAC
Lead pellet retention time and associated toxicity in northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)
Authors: Kerr Richard , Holladay Steven , Jarrett Timothy , Selcer Barbara , Meldrum Blair , Williams Susan , Tannenbaum Lawrence , Holladay Jeremy , Williams Jamie , Gogal Robert
Published: September 2010

Birds are exposed to Pb by oral ingestion of spent Pb shot as grit. A paucity of data exists for retention and clearance of these particles in the bird gastrointestinal tract. In the current study, northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were orally gavaged with 1, 5, or 10 Pb shot pellets, of 2-mm diameter, and radiographically followed over time. Blood Pb levels and other measures of toxicity were collected, to correlate with pellet retention. Quail dosed with either 5 or 10 pellets exhibited morbidity between weeks 1 and 2 and were removed from further study. Most of the Pb pellets were absorbed or excreted within 14 d of gavage, independent of dose. Pellet size in the ventriculus decreased over time in radiographs, suggesting dissolution caused by the acidic pH. Birds dosed with one pellet showed mean blood Pb levels that exceeded 1,300 µg/dl at week 1, further supporting dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract. Limited signs of toxicity were seen in the one-pellet birds; however, plasma δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (d-ALAD) activity was persistently depressed, suggesting possible impaired hematological function. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2869–2874. © 2010 SETAC
Impact of repeated measures and sample selection on genome‐wide association studies of fasting glucose
Authors: Rasmussen‐Torvik Laura J. , Alonso Alvaro , Li Man , Kao Wen , Köttgen Anna , Yan Yu , Couper David , Boerwinkle Eric , Bielinski Suzette J. , Pankow James S.
Published: September 2010

Although genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed in longitudinal studies, most used only a single trait measure. GWAS of fasting glucose have generally included only normoglycemic individuals. We examined the impact of both repeated measures and sample selection on GWAS in Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC), a study which obtained four longitudinal measures of fasting glucose and included both individuals with and without prevalent diabetes. The sample included Caucasians and the Affymetrix 6.0 chip was used for genotyping. Sample sizes for GWAS analyses ranged from 8,372 (first study visit) to 5,782 (average fasting glucose). Candidate SNP analyses with SNPs identified through fasting glucose or diabetes GWAS were conducted in 9,133 individuals, including 761 with prevalent diabetes. For a constant sample size, smaller P‐values were obtained for the average measure of fasting glucose compared to values at any single visit, and two additional significant GWAS signals were detected. For four candidate SNPs (rs780094, rs10830963, rs7903146, and rs4607517), the strength of association between genotype and glucose was significantly (P‐interaction<0.05) different in those with and without prevalent diabetes, and for all five fasting glucose candidate SNPs (rs780094, rs10830963, rs560887, rs4607517, and rs13266634) the association with measured fasting glucose was more significant in the smaller sample without prevalent diabetes than in the larger combined sample of those with and without diabetes. This analysis demonstrates the potential utility of averaging trait values in GWAS studies and explores the advantage of using only individuals without prevalent diabetes in GWAS of fasting glucose. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 665‐673, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Affective evaluation of user impressions using virtual product prototyping
Authors: Kim Chulwoo , Lee Cheol , Lehto Mark R. , Yun Myung Hwan
Published: September 2010

This study aims to develop an effective and efficient method of analyzing user impressions of a product using virtual prototyping. A method to analyze the relationship between user impressions and design elements of a product using virtual prototyping was proposed, and then the method was applied to the case study of automobile interior design. Thirty‐two participants in the experiment evaluated 32 different virtual prototypes of automobile interiors generated from the combination of 17 design elements. The results of the case study showed that user impressions can be well explained by design elements. Physically large design elements, such as the shapes of frontal area, center fascia, door trim, and steering wheel, were critical areas of automobile interior design. The proposed method is expected to be an effective and efficient alternative for industrial practitioners to analyze user impressions of design alternatives at the early stage of the design process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Monte Carlo analysis to characterize the uncertainty in final acute values derived from aquatic toxicity data
Authors: McLaughlin Douglas B. , Jain Vaibhav
Published: September 2010

Many ambient water quality criteria established to protect aquatic life from acute toxicity are calculated using a procedure described in the US Environmental Protection Agency's “1985 Guidelines” (USEPA 1985). The procedure yields a final acute value (FAV) from acceptable median lethal or effective concentrations (LC50 or EC50, respectively) that is a single-point, deterministic estimate of the concentration of a chemical substance that will protect 95% of aquatic species from >50% mortality or other acute toxic effects. However, because of variation and uncertainty associated with toxicity test results, uncertainty in the estimated FAV exists that is not accounted for by the 1985 Guidelines procedure. Here, Monte Carlo analysis is used to characterize this uncertainty. The analysis uses Cu EC50 values adjusted for differences in test water chemistry obtained from USEPA's final freshwater Cu criteria guidance published in 2007. Additional Monte Carlo simulations illustrate Cu FAV distributions obtained using a subset of tested species and assuming fewer replicate tests. The deterministic procedure yields an FAV of 4.68 µg/L for the complete data set. By comparison, 3 replicate Monte Carlo simulations yielded mean FAVs of 4.66 µg/L. The 5th and 95th percentiles of the distribution of calculated FAVs were 4.14 µg/L and 5.20 µg/L, respectively. Reducing the number of tested genera from 27 to 8 (the minimum recommended by the 1985 Guidelines) and setting the number of tests per species equal to 3 yielded 5th and 95th percentiles of 1.22 µg/L and 6.18 µg/L, respectively, compared to a deterministic estimate of 2.80 µg/L. Results of this study indicate that Monte Carlo analysis can be used to improve the understanding and communication of uncertainty associated with water quality criteria derived from acute toxicity data using the 1985 Guidelines. This may benefit the development, revision, and application of these criteria in the future. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:269–279. © 2010 SETAC