bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Linguistic Construction of the Tóngzhì Community
Authors: Wong Andrew , Zhang Qing
Published: November 2004

This article studies the use of linguistic resources to construct an "imagined community" in a Chinese gay and lesbian magazine. Four groups of linguistic resources are examined: terminology from gay and lesbian cultures in the West, the women's movement, Chinese revolutionist discourse, and the Chinese kinship system. We show that the producers of the magazine draw on resources from various discourses, but they do not adopt them in their entirety. These resources are reworked and combined to construct an imagined Chinese gay community with its own distinctive style. We argue that to understand how social meanings are expressed through style and how style makes one community distinct from another, it is essential to examine a broad range of symbolic resources that are appropriated and combined by individuals or groups. This process of "bricolage" also underscores the agency of language users and the dynamic nature of linguistic practice. In constituting a new discourse of resistance and negotiating community boundaries, language users as social agents act on preexisting linguistic symbols and give them new meanings. Finally, we suggest that, although ideology mediates the manner in which linguistic resources are used, it is also reproduced through language use.
The Whiteness of Nerds: Superstandard English and Racial Markedness
Authors: Bucholtz Mary
Published: November 2004

Anthropological research has shown that identities that are "not white enough" may be racially marked. Yet marking may also be the result of being "too white." California high school students who embrace one such white identity, nerds, employ a superstandard language variety to reject the youth culture norm of coolness. These practices also ideologically position nerds as hyperwhite by distancing them from the African American underpinnings of European American youth culture.
Tom Yaya Kange: A Metrical Narrative Genre from the New Guinea Highlands
Authors: Rumsey Alan
Published: November 2004

Contra Parry (1930) and Lord (I960), and orality theorists inspired by their work, Tedlock (1983) has argued that metrical verse arises only under the influence of alphabetic or syllabic writing. Reviewing Parry and Lord's findings concerning Homeric and Yugoslav traditions, I compare them with my findings concerning torn yaya kange, a metrical genre from New Guinea that provides a strong counterexample to Tedlock's generalization. Comparing this ethnographic case with another region in New Guinea where metricality is not used, I argue that such differences are best understood not with reference to extrinsic enabling conditions such as the presence or absence of writing, but by examining how uses and effects of metricality are mediated by specific linguistic and aesthetic ideologies.
"Now I Gotta Watch What I Say": Shifting Constructions of Masculinity in Discourse
Authors: Kiesling Scott Fabius
Published: November 2004

This article provides a description of how a member of a college fraternity uses particular linguistic devices to display different masculinities. It is argued that masculinity can be understood as a repertoire of authoritative stances that implicate a social hierarchy. Speakers select from this repertoire depending on the speech activity and their interlocutors. Gender identity is a performance that is understood in a complex context that includes not only the immediate speech event, but knowledge of cultural expectations for gender and knowledge of social structures.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dunn Cynthia Dickel
Published: November 2004

Language in Society: An Introduction to Sodolinguistics. 2nd edition. Suzanne Romaine. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000. 268 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Weinberg Jessica P.
Published: November 2004

Reinventing Identities: The Gendered Self in Discourse. Mary Bucholtz, A. C. Liang, and Laurel A. Sutton. eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 431 pp.
"Pray Earnestly": The Textual Construction of Personal Involvement in Pentecostal Prayer and Song
Authors: Shoaps Robin A.
Published: November 2004

This article addresses how a perceived tension between the spontaneous personal and the shared textual elements of religious language is resolved in the context of Pentecostal services recorded at two Assemblies of God (AG) churches in California and Michigan. In an analysis of prayer and the metapragmatic commentary that surrounds it, I argue that the balance between spontaneously created prayer and invocation of fixed text plays on an opposition that goes beyond ritual or religious language; rather, it is best understood as characterizing two opposing text‐building or entextualization strategies. Using evidence from AG prayer, sermons, and songs, I show that the preferred entextualization strategy highlights the situatedness of the text in a particular context and as emanating from a particular speaker. My findings have significance not only for research on religious language, but also for further understandings of entextualization and the discursive means of constructing personhood and affect.
The History and Status of Linguistic Anthropology in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
Authors: Karstedt Lars
Published: November 2004

This article summarizes the historical development and future prospects of German‐speaking anthropology, beginning with the role of German scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt, often referred to as the founding father of linguistic anthropology. From Humboldt until World War II, language was frequently dealt with within Austrian, German, and Swiss anthropology. However, after the war, German‐speaking anthropologists did not pay much attention to language and linguistics, a situation that has recently begun to change.
Signs of Identity, Signs of Discord: Glottal Goofs and the Green Grocer's Glottal in Debates on Hawaiian Orthography
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2004

This article discusses some aspects of the campaign of Hawaiian‐language activists to promote the "correct" spelling of Hawaiian names on public signs in Hawai 'i, as well as to insist on the pronunciation of names according to Hawaiian rather than English norms. The issues of correct spelling and correct pronunciation are intertwined in complex ways with differing oral and literate traditions that exist not just between Hawaiian speakers and speakers of local varieties of English, but also between older and newer norms for writing and speaking Hawaiian.
Sign, Symbol and Script: Origins of Written Communications and the Birth of the Alphabet
Authors: Campo Beatriz Martín Del
Published: November 2004

Sign, Symbol and Script: Origins of Written Communications and the Birth of the Alphabet. Menahem Mansoor. dir. Princeton: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1996. 43 min.
Constructing the Three‐Dimensional World of Speech Events
Authors: Bennardo Giovanni , Schultz Kurt
Published: November 2004

This article describes the Digitized Tonga database project, the construction of a geographically and ethnographically very detailed three‐dimensional representation of Tonga, Polynesia. This digital representation creates a rich landscape for extensive and in‐depth analyses of linguistic and ethnographic data. The article provides a detailed description of the process by which the two‐dimensional representation created by GIS (Geographic Information System) and the three‐dimensional representation of the speech events under analysis obtained We also illustrate how digital video clips of interviews are simultaneously displayed on the computer screen with these two representations, thus helping the analysis of linguistic data.
Bilingual Humor, Verbal Hygiene, and the Gendered Contradictions of Cultural Citizenship in Early Mexican American Comedy
Authors: Haney Peter C.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the paradoxes of linguistic purism in a series of sound recordings of comic dialogues made by Mexican immigrant comedians in San Antonio, Texas, during the Depression. The dialogues present characters who mix English and Spanish as transgressors of gender roles and national identities, reserving their harshest criticism for women. However, bilingual wordplay in the dialogues suggests a dialectically opposed ideological move toward a celebration of linguistic and cultural hybridity.
Accomplishing Identity in Participant‐Denoting Discourse
Authors: Wortham Stanton
Published: November 2004

Individuals become socially identified when categories of identity are used repeatedly to characterize them. Speech that denotes participants and involves parallelism between descriptions of participants and the events that they enact in the event of speaking can be a powerful mechanism for accomplishing consistent social identification. This article describes how two different types of participant‐denoting speech events—participant examples and autobiographical narratives—can involve such parallelism, in which speakers simultaneously represent and enact analogous social positions and thereby strengthen social identification.
Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity.
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: November 2004

Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. Joshua A. Fishman. ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999. xii. 468 pp.
Language and Ideology, vol. 2: Descriptive Cognitive Approaches.
Authors: Kroskrity Paul V.
Published: November 2004

Language and Ideology, vol. 2: Descriptive Cognitive Approaches. Rene Dirven. Roslyn Frank. and Cornelia Hie. eds. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2001. vi. 267 pp.
Meaning and Experience.
Authors: Mclntosh Janet
Published: November 2004

Meaning and Experience. Patrizia Violi. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. 291 pp.
A Matter of Taste: How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change.
Authors: Rymes Betsy
Published: November 2004

. Matter of Taste: How Names, Fashions, and Culture Change. Stanley Lieberson. Lieberson. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000. xvi. 334 pp.
The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages.
Authors: Sidnell Jack
Published: November 2004

The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages. John H. McWhorter. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. xi. 281 pp.
Remembering and Forgetting: Ideologies of Language Loss in a Northern Italian Town
Authors: Cavanaugh Jillian R.
Published: November 2004

Speakers' stories about language shift in Bergamo, a Northern Italian town, are reflective of larger sociocultural changes and negotiations over tradition. The article examines how Bergamasco residents conceptualize time to construct a past of poverty in contrast to a prosperous contemporary world, taking up various affective stances toward these socioeconomic and linguistic shifts. Nostalgia plays a central role in speakers' focus on certain socioeconomic shifts. Analyzing temporality in and through linguistic ideology, the article contributes to debates on language shift, cultural change, and socioeconomic transformation.
Temporalities of Community: Ancestral Language, Pilgrimage, and Diasporic Belonging in Mauritius
Authors: Eisenlohr Patrick
Published: November 2004

Temporal indexicality is deeply involved in the production of imagined communities. This article shows how the cultivation of Hindi as an “ancestral language” among Hindus in Mauritius mediates between two different modes of temporality while shaping diasporic identities. Diasporic ideologies of ancestral language are further shown to articulate with the creation of sacred geographies in the context of an annual Hindu pilgrimage.
The Minho: A 19th‐Century Portrait of a Select Portuguese Landscape
Authors: Medeiros António
Published: November 2004

This article is an analysis of the role played by literary and historical discourse in the formation of the Minho region of Portugal as emblematic of Portuguese national specificity in the 19th century. Drawing theoretical inspiration from the interpretive anthropology of such writers as James Clifford and James Fernandez, and from the historical analyses of invented traditions initiated by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (1985), a key goal of the article is to make clear how deeply Portuguese ethnology, emerging at the turn of the 20th century, depended on the prior literary problematic of national definition and destiny, which in turn was based in surprising ways on the specification of regional differences within national borders.
Ideas on Atlantic Culture in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula: “Myths” and “Realities”
Authors: Campos Joaquítein Rodríguez
Published: November 2004

This paper is based on a definition of romantic anthropology as that anthropology which has the aim of constructing histories of societies from the starting point of the myths that guide the reconstruction of these societies as ‘imagined communities' Focussing on the end of the 19th century into the first third of the 20th century, I analyze the historical roles played by ethnographers, writers, and other thinkers—both Galician and Spanish ‐ in the development of a Galician identity as being a historical community within the Spanish state. During this time period, the political and social crises that affected Spain as a result of its loss of the remains of its colonial empire in the Americas served to promote widespread reflection on the ideas of “culture” and ‘nation', creating new myths on which to base the emergence of a cultural identity of Galicia as being an “Atlantic” culture. The main themes of this historical reflection on Galician identity were the following: the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela, the significance of emigration, women's roles in Galician society, and Galicia as a peripheralized society. These ideas endured much beyond the historical period I am examining to be converted later in the 20th century into the basis for authentic national myths.
An Accented Cinema: Exilic and Diasporic Filmmaking
Authors: Anderson Kevin Taylor
Published: November 2004

Hamid Naficy. An Accented Cinema: Exilic and Diasporic Filmmaking. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001 374 pgs
Health and Social Change in International Perspective
Authors: Handwerker W. Penn
Published: November 2004

Health and Social Change in International Perspective. Lincoln C. Chen, Arthur Kleinman, and Norma C. Ware, eds. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994 (paper). xv+ 508 pp.
Handbook of Black American Health: The Mosaic of Conditions, Issues, Policies, and Prospects
Authors: Murrain Michelle
Published: November 2004

Handbook of Black American Health: The Mosaic of Conditions, Issues, Policies, and Prospects. Ivor Lensworth Livingston, ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994 (cloth). xxxv + 453 pp.
Gender, Sickness, and Healing in Rural Egypt: Ethnography in Historical Context
Authors: Baer Hans A.
Published: November 2004

Gender, Sickness, and Healing in Rural Egypt: Ethnography in Historical Context. Soheir A. Morsy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993 (cloth). xiv + 237 pp.
Transcending AIDS: Nurses and HIV Patients in New York City
Authors: Niehaus Juliet
Published: November 2004

Transcending AIDS: Nurses and HIV Patients in New York City. Peggy McGarrahan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994 (cloth and paper). ix + 199 pp.
Studying Knowledge, Culture, and Behavior in Applied Medical Anthropology
Authors: Pelto Pertti J. , Pelto Gretel H.
Published: November 2004

In this article we argue that the concept of knowledge, as utilized by public health professionals, is best regarded as cultural belief as defined in anthropology. The implications of this position are explored, particularly as it relates to the development of a decision‐making approach to the understanding and analysis of health care behavior. The methodological challenges posed by the new theoretical perspective that has emerged from the emphasis on decision making is discussed from the perspective of applied research. The role of focused ethnographic studies is examined and contrasted with ethnomedicine and survey approaches. Some main features of focused ethnographic methods are described and illustrated with a case example of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Gambia. [knowledge and cultural beliefs, decision‐making approaches, health behavior, focused ethnographic studies]
Sociocultural Aspects of Tuberculosis Control in Ethiopia
Authors: Vecchiato Norbert L.
Published: November 2004

This article examines ethnomedical knowledge and practices related to tuberculosis conceptualization and management in a rural southern Ethiopian community. An adult health‐status survey, administered to 217 adults selected through quota sampling procedures, investigated prevailing nosological structures. Additionally, disease‐enhancing behaviors were identified through qualitative‐research methods. The findings show that while symptomatological concepts coincide with biomedicine, the local etiological model postulates empirically based causational factors unrelated to tubercle bacilli. Therapeutic preference hinges on the utilization of ethnobotanical remedies and their expected emetic effects. The relevance of tuberculosis‐related ethnomedical knowledge and management practices is discussed in relation to primary health care and diseasecontrol programs in Ethiopia. It is recommended that health‐education interventions, illustrating the nature and transmission avenues of tuberculosis and the effects ofbiomedical therapies, precede and/or accompany vaccination campaigns or chemotherapy. Teaching materials should valorize existing ethnomedical notions that emphasize contagion as an avenue of disease transmission, and the importance of nutritional adequacy in fighting the disease, [tuberculosis, ethnomedical knowledge, primary health care, Ethiopia]
Predicting Treatment‐Seeking Behavior in Guatemala: A Comparison of the Health Services Research and Decision–Theoretic Approaches
Authors: Weller Susan C. , Ruebush Trenton R. , Klein Robert E.
Published: November 2004

This study attempts to identify and describe factors associated with the choice of a health care source in rural Guatemala. Because of limited choice options, rural Guatemala makes an excellent location for studying the factors that affect utilization patterns. Illness case histories were collected from a random sample of 270 households in six villages. Then, two different methodological approaches were used to predict treatment actions. First, a sociobehavioral model, which encompasses enabling, predisposing, and need factors, was used to predict treatment choices. Using discriminant analysis we identified factors associated with the use of home remedies, a pharmacy, the health post, a physician, or folk healer. In a second, parallel study, descriptive interviews were used to identify important factors in choosing a treatment strategy. From these interviews, and from responses to hypothetical illness cases, we developed a decision model of treatment actions. Both models were tested against the set of illness cases. Results indicate that both approaches identify similar variables (especially, severity), although selection of variables through the multivariate analysis was much more successful in predicting treatment actions, [treatment choices, Guatemala, Latin America, decision model, health services utilization]
Spirit versus Scalpel: Traditional Healing and Modern Psychotherapy
Authors: Lumsden David Paul
Published: November 2004

Spirit versus Scalpel: Traditional Healing and Modern Psychotherapy. Leonore Loeb Adler and B. Runi Mukherji, eds. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1995 (cloth), xxv + 219 pp.
Toward a (Dys)functional Anthropology of Drinking: Ambivalence and the American Indian Experience with Alcohol
Authors: Spicer Paul
Published: November 2004

This article explores the complex and contradictory experiences of urban American Indian drinkers. While previous anthropological accounts have emphasized the functions served by American Indian drinking, the testimony of drinkers also documents their awareness of the destructive effects of heavy drinking, particularly the way in which it often interferes with their ability to meet social obligations. Nevertheless, people often continue to use alcohol, and this means that many are profoundly ambivalent about their drinking; they see it simultaneously as something that is embedded in certain important relationships, but also something that is destructive of much that they value. Drawing on interviews with 35 self‐defined problem drinkers, this article details the ambiguous nature of the American Indian experience with alcohol, highlighting the need for clinically sophisticated anthropology of alcohol, [alcohol, American Indians, functional ism, clinical approaches]
A Woman's Work Is Never Done: Women's Work and Pregnancy Outcome in Albania
Authors: Senturia Klrsten D.
Published: November 2004

Albania has undergone extreme social and political changes during the past five years. Conditions regarding women's work and its effect on reproductive health have been unknown. During 1993 and 1994, a cohort of 1199 pregnant women were followed to identify how work factors related to spontaneous abortion, infant low birth weight, gestation length, and perinatal mortality. A small subgroup was interviewed to examine qualitative issues including motivation, attitudes, and personal experiences regarding working and raising a family. Results reveal that certain work factors directly correlated with low birth weight, miscarriage, and/or perinatal death. The significant factors included: fewer household helpers, standing, working in a hot environment, commuting, walking and carrying, and lifting heavy weights on the job. Most women were unemployed, and virtually all were deeply concerned about employment and poverty. Their challenge is to maintain an equilibrium between satisfaction of economic needs and physical needs during pregnancy. International aid programs working in Albanian maternal and child health must consider the physical repercussions from increased work on the job and little or no decrease in work at home. [Albania, pregnancy, women, work, communist]
Magic, Science, and Health: The Aims and Achievements of Medical Anthropology and Culture, Health and Illness: An Introduction for Health Professionals. 3rd ed.
Authors: Logan Michael H.
Published: November 2004

Magic, Science, and Health: The Aims and Achievements of Medical Anthropology. Robert Anderson. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996. + 454 pp.

Culture, Health and Illness: An Introduction for Health Professionals. 3rd ed. Cecil G. Helman. Oxford, England: Butterworth‐Heinemann Ltd., 1994. viii. 446 pp.
Suffering the Winds of Lhasa: Politicized Bodies, Human Rights, Cultural Difference, and Humanism in Tibet
Authors: Adams Vincanne
Published: November 2004

Tibetan refugees and Western activists note that if universal human rights standards were enforced in China, Tibetans would suffer less and come closer to political independence. This article explores potential problems of universalism and individualism in human rights discourse by examining understandings of the body and suffering among Lhasa Tibetan women. Data are taken from accounts of political prisoners and women patients at Lhasa's traditional Tibetan medical hospital. The data suggest a collective subjectivity, based on ideas about karma and congruencies of body, mind, and society that contrast with those found in international human rights discourse. Tibetans are forced to adopt universalist and individualist positions to make their claims for human rights heard while ironically articulating ideas about suffering that would contest such universalist positions. The article proposes a need for alternative conceptualizations of human rights taken from Tibetan epistemologies of suffering, and illustrates the utility of medical anthropological inquiries about embodiment and subjectivity for addressing larger political debates about human rights. [Traditional Tibetan Medicine, Human Rights, Epistemology, Bodily Suffering]
Moral Reasoning and the Meaning of Cancer: Causal Explanations of Oncologists and Patients in Southern Mexico
Authors: Hunt Linda M.
Published: November 2004

Moral themes were a striking feature of the causal explanations for female cancers discussed by oncologists and patients in an ethnographic study of hospital‐based cancer care in southern Mexico. These explanations integrate general biomedical explanations with everyday expectations and experiences, giving meaning to otherwise arbitrary events. Analysis of case examples shows that causal models incorporate local constructs about what constitutes a virtuous life, especially in terms of class‐ and gender‐based values. Although patients and physicians draw on similar concepts of moral order, they apply these constructs in distinct ways. Because physicians' explanations are necessarily framed in terms of object, their causal stories employ generalized presumptions about how categories of persons behave (e.g., women, the lower class). In contrast, patients' explanations are framed in terms of subject; they are based on the specific details of their personal history. The article examines the distinct perspectives of physicians and patients, and provides an illustration of how biomedical culture articulates with the local moral constructs of a particular community, [cancer; Mexico; culture of biomedicine; concepts of illness; oncology, models of illness]
Women's Health, Women's Lives
Authors: Ward Martha C.
Published: November 2004

What Makes Women Sick: Gender and the Political Economy of Health. Lesley Doyal. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995. xii. 280 pp.

Gender and Health: An International Perspective. Carolyn F. Sargent and Caroline Brettell. eds. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice‐Hall, 1966. + 370 pp.

Women, Poverty and AIDS: Sex, Drugs and Structural Violence. Paul Farmer. Margaret Connors. and Janie Simmons. eds. Monroe, ME: Common Courage, 1966. xxi. 473 pp.

Choosing Unsafe Sex: AIDS‐Risk Denial among Disadvantaged Women. E. J. Sobo. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. ix. 232 pp.

Women in Pain: Gender and Morbidity in Mexico. Kaja Finkier. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. xix. 238 pp.
Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective. Third Edition
Authors: Dressler William W.
Published: November 2004

Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective. Third Edition. Ann McElroy and Patricia K. Townsend. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. xxiv. 434 pp.
Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives
Authors: Wright Anne L.
Published: November 2004

Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives. Patricia Stuart‐Macadam and Katherine A. Dettwyler. eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter Press, 1995. xiii. 430.
The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Estroff Sue E.
Published: November 2004

The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder. Allan Young. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995 (cloth and paper),. + 327 pp.
Culture and Sexual Risk: Anthropological Perspectives on AIDS; AIDS Crossing Borders: The Spread of HIV among Migrant Latinos; AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean
Authors: Bletzer Keith V.
Published: November 2004

Culture and Sexual Risk: Anthropological Perspectives on AIDS. Han ten Brummelhuis and Gilbert Herdt. eds. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1995 (paper). xxvii. 355 pp.

AIDS Crossing Borders: The Spread of HIV among Migrant Latinos. Shiraz I. Mishra. Ross F. Conner. J. Raul Magaña. eds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1996(cloth). +214 pp.

AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean. George C. Bond. John Kreniske. Ida Susser. Joan Vincent. eds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997 (paper), xv. 234 pp.
Infertility and Patriarchy: The Cultural Politics of Gender and Family Life in Egypt
Authors: Handwerker Lisa
Published: November 2004

Infertility and Patriarchy: The Cultural Politics of Gender and Family Life in Egypt. Marcia C. Inhorn. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996(paper). xi. 296pp.
Evolution of Sickness and Healing
Authors: McElroy Ann
Published: November 2004

Evolution of Sickness and Healing. Horacio Fábrega Jr. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 (cloth), xv. 364pp.
The Cultural Context of Aging: Woridwide Perspectives
Authors: Willigen John Van
Published: November 2004

The Cultural Context of Aging: Woridwide Perspectives. 2nd edition. Jay Sokolovsky. ed. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1997 (cloth and paper), xxxi. 576 pp.
Fast Relief: Buying Time with Medications
Authors: Vuckovic Nancy
Published: November 2004

The experience of time famine in contemporary U.S. culture affects household decisions about self‐care and the use of pharmaceuticals for selfmedication. This article examines the manner in which time demands shape lay interpretations of medicine efficacy and drive increases in medication use for adults as well as children. Medicines, like other time‐saving commodities, appear to shift the time‐power differential in favor of individuals, placing them in control of how time is spent. When there is "no time to be sick,”allopathic medicines become time‐saving devices that enable women to fulfill responsibilities at work or home while they attend to sick children or to being ill themselves. Medicines are used to beat the clock by increasing one's own capacity to be productive, [self‐medication, domestic health care, United States, time]
“Part and Parcel of Being a Woman”: Female Urinary Incontinence and Constructions of Control
Authors: Peake Susan , Manderson Lenore , Potts Helen
Published: November 2004

This article draws on extensive interviews with middle‐aged Australian women experiencing urinary incontinence. Our discussion derives from the difficulties women face in seeking advice on the management of incontinence, as a consequence of their perception that the condition is an inevitability, a "normal" part of being female. Women do not, on the whole, support a single cause for incontinence but, rather, explain its incidence in terms of personal history, which may include childbearing and parturition, menopause and aging, and early socialization. In addition, women link their own continence problems with perceived personal failings (e.g., lack of exercise, being overweight) and, hence, see the condition as a symbol of their lack of moral worth. Following this, women's understandings of the relationship of incontinence to their social membership extend far beyond the difficulties of disguising their physical problems, [gender, social control, urinary incontinence, Australia]
A Demographic and Behavioral Profile of Homeless Youth in New York City: Implications for AIDS Outreach and Prevention
Authors: Clatts Michael C. , Davis W. Rees
Published: November 2004

Rapid changes in the world market economy have served to destabilize many local institutions, widening the gap between the rich and the poor and undermining viability of key social and economic institutions such as family and household. Among those most deeply affected by this displacement are children and adolescents, many of whom are forced to leave family institutions before they have acquired the skills and maturity needed to become economically self–sufficient. Fending for themselves amid the vagaries of the underworld of virtually every major city in the world, these youths are at exceptional risk for a wide range of poor health outcomes and premature death. While perhaps a familiar sight in many non‐Western countries, this phenomenon also has emerged in the industrialized world, a fact that accounts for the rise in exposure to violence and disease among street‐involved youth and young adults in nations such as the United States. There are as yet few empirical data available about the nature of these youth populations or the constellation of behaviors that place them at increased risk for disease outcomes. In this report we construct a demographic and behavioral profile of the homeless youth population in New York City, particularly as behavioral patterns relate to risk associated with HIV infection, [homeless youth, AIDS, street economy]
Struggling with Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines and Hunger and Shame: Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro
Authors: Esterik Penny Van
Published: November 2004

Struggling with Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines. Lynn M. Kwiatkowski. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998. xiv. 350 pp.

Hunger and Shame: Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro. Mary Howard and Ann V. Millard. New York: Routledge, 1997. xxiv. 271 pp.
The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings and Essential Subtleties of the Silver Sea: The Yin‐hai jing‐wei: A Chinese Classic on Ophthalmology.
Authors: Leslie Charles
Published: November 2004

The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. Dominik Wujastyk. ed. and trans. New Delhi: Penguin Classics, 1998 (paper), xvi. 389 pp.

Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea: The Yin‐hai jing‐wei:. Chinese Classic on Ophthalmology. Jürgen Kovacs and Paul U. Unschuld. annotators and trans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. xii. 503 pp.
Use of Needles and Syringes in Miami and Valencia: Observations of High and Low Availability
Authors: Page J. Bryan , Fraile Jose Salazar
Published: November 2004

Two studies engaged in gathering data on injecting drug users (IDUs) employed supplementary resources to enhance their ethnographic components and compare patterns of use of needles/syringes (n/s) in two geographically similar but culturally distinct cities. Despite its policy of making n/s highly available at fair prices, Valencia, Spain, has markedly higher rates of HIV seroprevalence among its IDUs than does Miami, Florida, where possession of n/s is illegal. Ethnographically based models that track IDUs through choices of injection venues help to explain this difference. Inability of IDUs in Valencia to use their own domiciles as venues for injection contrasts sharply with problems of Miami IDUs, who have access to houses but have difficulty finding n/s. This research suggests that intervention in Valencia needs to focus on how people select places where they inject, and intervention in Miami needs to focus on improving availability of n/s. [HIV, needles/syringes, cross‐site comparison, risk, injecting drug use]
Swimming from Island to Island: Healing Practice in Tonga
Authors: McGrath Barbara Burns
Published: November 2004

The health care system of the Pacific island nation of Tonga serves as example of enduring medical pluralism which incorporates traditional and Western medical practice and accommodates contemporary political and social change. Biomedicine is represented by the hospital and the community health centers; traditional medicine is practiced in homes healers. Both types of therapies are popularly utilized for different ailments or for the same problem at different points in the illness. Contemporary healing is described and is also analyzed as an expression of social change occurring in Tonga as a result of a political movement toward democracy, [medical pluralism, illness belief/practice, cultural identity, Tonga]
Differences in Medicine: Unraveling Practices, Techniques, and Bodies
Authors: Good Mary‐Jo Del Vecchio
Published: November 2004

Differences in Medicine: Unraveling Practices, Techniques, and Bodies. Marc Berg and Annemarie Mol. eds. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 1998. + 270 pp.
Pragmatic Women and Body Politics and Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Rivkin‐Flsh Michele
Published: November 2004

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics. Margaret Lock and Patricia A. Kaufert. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xii +364 pp.

Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific. Kalpana Ram and Margaret Jolly. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xiv. 305 pp.
"Actually, I Don't Feel That Bad": Managing Diabetes and the Clinical Encounter
Authors: Ferzacca Steve
Published: November 2004

A major issue for persons treating and managing adult‐onset diabetes (NIDDM) is the "problem of compliance." I consider the clinical encounter in the overall context of diabetes management as a punctuated experience focused on the cultivation of an ideal self whose "technologies" and "ethics of self‐care" mimic a capitalist logic that links self‐discipline, productivity, and health. Both clinicians and their patients share and identify with many of the cultural referents and social values that circulate through medical advice and practice. However, using individual examples, I show how this shared logic can produce idiosyncratic regimes of self‐care and clinical practice that result in hybrid medical practices incorporating differing objectives and emphases concerned with a tolerable present or an ideal future. Rather than organizing principles for research and medical practice, I suggest that medical compliance and noncompliance should be considered part of the rhetoric to be explained within the regimes of a pursuit of health. [NIDDM, the clinical encounter, cultivations of self, hybridity]
Parallel and Divergent Landscapes: Cultural Encounters in the Ethnographic Space of Tuareg Medicine
Authors: Rasmussen Susan J.
Published: November 2004

This essay explores the dialogue between the local quest for healing and the anthropological quest for healing knowledge, and local assessments of knowledge‐power relationships in these processes. The context is medical discourse among the Tuareg of Niger Republic, West Africa, and my research experiences among these people. I examine local medical specialists and their traditional and changing practice in terms of how they perceive and respond to wider knowledge and power systems that impinge on local health care. Paramount in these systems are central state policies and medical anthropological research on healing, as these intersect in a postcolonial and post‐separatist/rebellion setting. The essay analyzes parallels between the exchange of medicine and the exchange of knowledge and reflects upon how anthropological knowledge of African healing systems is constructed in an environment highly charged with power and danger—of political violence and economic crisis. The broader issue addressed here is how to give greater empowerment to local residents' voices in their "indigenous critique" of the medical anthropological project, [(cultural) medical anthropology, ethnographic analysis and writing issues, Africa, indigenous critique, anthropology of religion]
Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan; The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania
Authors: Oaks Laury
Published: November 2004

Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan. Helen Hardacre. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997(cloth and paper), xxii. 310pp.

The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Gail Kligman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (cloth and paper), xv. 358 pp.
The Making of the Unborn Patient: A Social Anatomy of Fetal Surgery
Authors: Sætnan Ann Rudinow
Published: November 2004

The Making of the Unborn Patient:. Social Anatomy of Fetal Surgery. Monica J. Casper. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998 (cloth and paper), xvi. 267 pp.
Plundered Kitchens, Empty Wombs: Threatened Reproduction and Identity in the Cameroon Grassfields
Authors: Kielmann Karina
Published: November 2004

Plundered Kitchens, Empty Wombs: Threatened Reproduction and Identity in the Cameroon Grassfields. Pamela Feldman‐Savelsberg. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. xviii. 257 pp.
An Overview of Telemedicine: The Virtual Gaze of Health Care in the Next Century
Authors: Sinha Arushi
Published: November 2004

This article considers the role of telemedicine in the production of biomedical health care using three specific theoretical constructs as lenses through which to examine this phenomenon: (J) Foucault's medical "gaze "; (2) the political economy of health; and (3) deterritorialization and multisite ethnography. This examination focuses first on the changing corporate structure of health care and changing political attitudes toward telemedicine. Second, it documents the current use of telemedicine in prisons, the military, and in cross‐cultural settings. Third, it discusses responses to telemedicine of individual physicians, health care staff, and patients, finding that these responses are broadly conditioned by an individual's mode of articulation with biomedical institutions and that they are mediated by personal experience, [telemedicine, telehealth, Foucault, political economy]
Medicalizing Homelessness: The Production of Self‐Blame and Self‐Governing within Homeless Shelters
Authors: Lyon‐Callo Vincent
Published: November 2004

This article draws upon three years of ethnographic research within an emergency homeless shelter in Massachusetts to explore the subject‐making effects of routine shelter helping practices. A medicalized discourse of deviancy is uncovered that provides the dominant conceptual framework within which both concerned homeless people and shelter staff remain enmeshed. As a result, helping practices focus on detecting, diagnosing, and treating understood deviancy within the bodies or selves of homeless people. The dominant discursive practices produce homeless subjects who learn to look within their selves for the "cause " of their homelessness. Treatment focuses on reforming and governing the self. Alternative discourses suggesting the need for practices challenging broader political economic processes are thus marginalized as peripheral and unreasonable, [homelessness, subjectivities, ethnography, political economy, homeless shelters]
Chasing the Dragon: The Cultural Metamorphosis of Opium in the United States, 1825‐1935
Authors: Aurin Marcus
Published: November 2004

Many things to many people, opium has played a role in the emergence of several power bases in the United States. In turn, these bases of power have shaped what opium is for the rest of us. Allopathic medicine brought opium and its derivatives under its control around the turn of the century, promulgating "addiction theory" and addiction clinics as part of its rise to preeminence among rival forms of medicine. Opium also played a role in the U.S. 's international economic and imperialistic ascendance. When politicians began to deploy a new discourse on opium early in this century, they were able to appropriate medical rhetoric. As the politics of opium heated up, some doctors were able to exploit the emerging politically inspired discourse to generate a subtly different medical knowledge of opiates and addiction while establishing a new subdiscipline with the political support of lawmakers and state institutions, [opiates (opium, morphine, heroin), medicalization of opiates, addiction theory and treatment, international opium trade and policy]
The Political Economy of AIDS
Authors: Parker Richard
Published: November 2004

The Political Economy of AIDS. Merrill Singer. ed. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, 1998. viii. 236 pp.
Identity and Healing in Three Navajo Religious Traditions: Sa'ah Naagháí Bik'eh Hózho
Authors: Lewton Elizabeth L. , Bydone Victoria
Published: November 2004

In this article, we elucidate how the Navajo synthetic principle Saah Naagháí Bik'eh Hózho (SNBH) is understood, demonstrated, and elaborated in three different Navajo healing traditions. We conducted interviews with Navajo healers and their patients affiliated with Traditional Navajo religion, the Native American Church, and Pentecostal Christianity. Their narratives provide access to cultural themes of identity and healing that invoke elements of SNBH. SNBH specifies that the conditions for health and well‐being are harmony within and connection to the physical/spiritual world. Specifically, each religious healing tradition encourages affective engagement, proper family relations, an understanding of one's cultural and spiritual histories, and the use of kinship terms to establish affective bonds with one's family and with the spiritual world. People's relationships within this common behavioral environment are integral to their self‐orientations, to their identities as Navajos, and to the therapeutic process. The disruption and restoration of these relationships constitute an important affective dimension in Navajo distress and healing. [Navajos, identity, religion, healing, health]
The Whole Universe Is My Cathedral: A Contemporary Navajo Spiritual Synthesis
Authors: Begay David H. , Maryboy Nancy C.
Published: November 2004

This article discusses the three major spiritual healing ways used by Navajo Indians today: Traditional healing practices that have been used for generations and still have a dynamic existence relevant to everyday Navajo life; Christian healing traditions, ranging from Catholic Charismatic to Protestant Pentecostal; and practices of the Native American Church (NAC). The complex relationship among these healing traditions on the Navajo reservation is examined through a case study of a Navajo woman whose personal spirituality includes all three. Faced with serious medical problems, this devout Catholic turned to Navajo Traditional and Native American Church spiritual diagnosis and treatment. This analysis is the occasion for a reflection on the contemporary relevance of the kind of spiritual synthesis characterized in this woman's experience. [Navajo, religion, healing, life history]
Depressive Illness and Navajo Healing
Authors: Storck Michael , Csordas Thomas J. , Strauss Milton
Published: November 2004

What is the experience of Navajo patients in Navajo religious healing who, by the criteria and in the vernacular of contemporary psychiatry, would be diagnosed with the disorder called depression? We ask this question in the context of a double dialogue between psychiatry and anthropology and between these disciplines' academic constructs of illness and those of contemporary Navajos. The dialogue is conducted in the arena of patient narratives, providing a means for observing and explicating processes of therapeutic change in individuals, for illustrating variations in forms of Navajo religious healing sought out by patients demonstrating similar symptoms of distress, and for considering the heuristic utility of psychiatric diagnoses and nomenclature in the conceptualization of illness, recovery, and religious healing. From among the 37 percent of patients participating in the Navajo Healing Project who had a lifetime history of a major depressive illness, three are discussed herein, their selection based on two criteria: (J) all met formal psychiatric diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode at the time of their healing ceremonies, and (2) together, their experiences illustrate the range of contemporary Navajo religious healing, including Traditional, Native American Church (NAC), and Christian forms. We suggest that, despite the explicit role of the sacred in religious healing interventions available to Navajo patients, differences between biomedical and religious healing systems may be of less significance than their shared existential engagement of problems such as those glossed as depression, [depression, psychiatry, religious healing, narrative, Navajo]
A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History, 960–1665
Authors: Handwerker Lisa
Published: November 2004

. Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History, 960–1665. Charlotte Furth. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. xiv +355 pp.