bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Realization of a Wireless Data Acquisition System Based on Multi-Nodes and Multi-Base-Stations
Authors: Ning Yun Kun , Liang Ding , Li Hui Qi , Zhang Qi , Zhao Guo Ru
Published: November 2013

Multi-nodes inertial data acquisition has the widespread applications in medical rehabilitation research and biomechanical analysis. In the traditional method, the inertial data of every child-node is sent to a center node by wired line firstly. Then the center node transfers the data of all child-nodes to PC through a single serial port. This approach has some obvious drawbacks, including the fact that the sampling rate is low, the communication protocols are complex and installation is inconvenient. This article proposed a multi-node and multi-base-station wireless data acquisition system. The communication between child-node and the base-station is performed in a point-to-point manner. The data of micro inertial sensors on the child-node circuit board is collected by the MCU then is sent to the matching base-station by the RF module. The base-station send data packet to the upper computer through serial port. The results showed that the upper computer software can collect data packets synchronously from three child-nodes (the data packet of each child-node contain 19 Bytes) with high-speed sampling rates up to 118 Hz. And there is no obvious deferring time under this condition. The technique has the certain applications in the data collecting system of motion capture.
Key words: Pcomm; multi-thread; multiple serial ports; nRF905; MPU6000
Controllable Adjustment of Bio-Replicated Shark Skin Drag Reduction Riblets
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zhang De Yuan , Pan Jun Feng , Li Xiang , Chen Hua Wei
Published: November 2013

Although natural shark shin surface morphology has excellent drag reduction performance, it exhibits maximum drag reduction just within swimming speed of the shark. That is, drag reduction function of shark skin is unadjustable to surrounding environment. To expand applications of bio-replicated shark skin, two novel controllable adjustments of shark skin drag reduction riblets including one-direction elongation and 3D volume swelling amplification, were explored. The validity and efficiency of the two approaches to change the drag reduction riblets were verified by comparison between microstructure of adjusted and original shark skin. And the translation of drag reduction peak of natural surface function from living environment to various application environments was proved by experimental measurement. By comparison, the elongating method is efficient but low drag reduction, while the swelling way can get the same drag reduction as shark skin but cost more time. So they should be performed according to the situation. As the optimal application velocity range of the imitative shark shin morphology can be expanded by both of the two methods, the application field of the biomimetic drag reduction surface fabricated by the bio-replicated forming technology was extended.
Friction and Wear Properties of the Tergum Surface of Mole Cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis
Authors: Zhang Yan , Huang He , Zhang Jun Xia , Zhang Si Bo , Ren Lu Quan
Published: November 2013

Mole cricket is typical insect living under the ground, which tergum is the main component that suffers the wear and tear from the soil particles. In order to adapt this environment, mole crickets have anatomically evolved well-suited tergum with wear-resistance property, which can protect the body from abrasion and damage. In this study, the surface morphology and structure of the tergum of mole cricket were studied and analyzed by stereomicroscope (SM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). By using a Universal Micro-Tribotester (UMT), the friction-wear properties and the performances of the tergum surface were tested along with the head direction, tail direction and lateral direction of body, respectively. The result shows that the setae have obvious influence on the friction characteristic of mole crickets tergum. By comparing with other direction, the tergum surface has better friction properties on the setae growth direction. This study can be a reference for the design of novel wear resistance surface.
Microstructure and Wettability on the Elytral Surface of Aquatic Beetle
Authors: Sun Ming Xia , Liang Ai Ping , Watson Gregory S. , Watson Jolanta A. , Zheng Yong Mei , Jiang Lei
Published: November 2013

The microstructures on elytral surface of aquatic beetles belonging to Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae were observed under an environment scanning microscope, and the wettabilities were determined with an optical contact angle meter. The results show the elytral surfaces are relatively smooth compared to the structures of other insects such as the butterfly wing scales or cicada wing protrusions. They exhibit a polygonal structuring with grooves and pores being the main constituent units. The contact angles (CAs) range from 47.1oto 82.1o. The advancing and receding angles were measured by injecting into and withdrawing a small amount of water on the most hydrophilic (with a contact angle of 47.1o) and hydrophobic (with a contact angle of 82.1o) elytral surfaces, which illustrates the vital role of three-phase contact line (TCL) in the wetting mechanism of aquatic beetle elytral surfaces.
Simulation and Analysis of Flow Field Control in Bionic Jet Surface for Drag Reduction
Authors: Gang Zhao , Li Fang , Du Jun Wei , Farid Muhammad , Zang Dong Yang
Published: November 2013

Numerical simulation was used with SST turbulence model on the drag reduction characteristics of bionic jet surface, which clarified the reason that the bionic jet surface could reduce the frictional resistance and the control behavior to the flow field near the wall. Results show that when the area of the jet hole is constant, the higher the ratio of the length along the longitudinal direction of jet hole and that of jet surface is, the better the drag reduction effect is. With the jet speed and jet flux increasing, the drag reduction rate will increase gradually until the maximum of 35.97%. The frictional resistance of bionic jet surface will decrease by increasing the area of reverse flow and decreasing the velocity gradient of the wall; the control behavior of jet surface to boundary layer embodies the shear stress in the bottom of boundary layer caused by the reverse flow in the back flow surface is opposite to the main flow field direction when the shear flow near the wall converges the jet impedance, which causes the low speed reverse rotating vortex pair in the downstream of jet hole, the secondary vortex near the wall caused by the extent of reverse vortex towards the downstream can increase the boundary bottom layer thickness and decrease the velocity gradient and frictional resistance.
Design of a New Bionic Swimming Robot for Vascular Unclogging
Authors: Chen Bai , Wang Peng , Li Ya Juan , Chen Sun , Kou Yue Yang
Published: November 2013

In this paper, a new 6-DOF bionic swimming robot with two screw propellers and one balance paddle is designed. This robot can swim up-and-down and roll without any effect on forward motion. The spiral swimming method is modeled and analyzed firstly. In order to optimize the bionic robots structures, the motion resistance and propulsive force are simulated and calculated. Also, experiments are performed to verify the action principle and the optimal analysis results of the robot. Key words:Bionic, Micro swimming robot, vascular unclogging, paddle
The Design of Control System for Motion Platform Based PLC
Authors: Wei Yan Hong , Xu Chang , Wang Gui Rong , Li Yun Tang
Published: November 2013

In this paper, a new-style platform control system with three degree of freedoms: up-down motion, left-right rolling and front-rear pitching is designed ,and also its composition, operating principle and soft design method are introduced. The system is driven by air cylinder and consists of FX series PLC, AD module, DA module, proportional valves , sliding rheostats and so on. Among these modules, sliding rheostats works as a feedback component to comprise a closed loop. Furthermore, to ensure the high positioning precision, thePIDalgorithm is applied. In addition, to control the motion flow reliably, the ladder logic diagram of the turn-off prior to turn-on is used to replace Sequential Function Chart. Experiments show that the motion platform is steady and safety when the proportional valves and directional valves are controlled by PLC.
A Research and Development of Composite Boring and Milling CNC System Based on PMAC
Authors: Sun Jian Ye , Sun Wen Juan , Wang Guo Xun
Published: November 2013

In view of a specific composite boring and milling machining center, studies the application of PMAC multi-axis motion controller in the development of numerical control system, expounds the system's hardware structure and software control; By constructing double CPU NC system with PC and PMAC, achieves motor's synchronization control and switches of biaxial group; By user-defined MT codes, compiles subroutine codes, using PMAC's perform software PEWIN32PRO writes PLC programs, builds a kind of double tool magazine automatic tool change system; At the same time, with the help of a high-level programming language VC#, establishes friendly man-machine interface for real-time feedback of each axis movement situation, the system operation is simple, real-time, and strong portability.
Application of PID in Controllable Pitch Propeller of a Multipurpose Ocean Tug
Authors: Chen Hui Fang
Published: November 2013

This paper takes the automatic control system of controllable pitch propeller in a multipurpose ocean tug as an example to describe the application of the S7-200 series PLC in the control system of 4500 horse power controllable pitch propeller in detail. The principle of control system is addressed, as well as the hardware configuration, the design idea of the main software and control process. The system shows high reliability, accuracy and good control performance in practical in practical running.
Hierarchical Optimization Model of Cloud Manufacturing Services Combination
Authors: Zhang Han , Guo Rui Feng , Geng Cong
Published: November 2013

In this paper, a new mathematical combined model and the corresponding solution algorithm were proposed by analyzing the characteristics of services resource combination in cloud manufacturing. Aiming at avoiding problems of uncertainty, coarse-grained, diversity and dynamic in the process of services resource combination, a hierarchical model based on the hierarchical manufacturing implementation processes was firstly proposed. Then, quality of service (QoS) has been chosen to evaluate effects of services combination. Finally, a annealing algorithm was developed to solve the proposed model. Simulation experiment results prove the validity of the model and algorithm.
Applying TRIZ to Improve a Guide Post
Authors: Chang Chia Pao , Lin Ying Hsiang
Published: November 2013

A guide post is used to separate pavement from roadway and widely used for car parks, pedestrian safe zones and refuge islands as well as for asset protection such as columns, pipes from impacts [. But it is very easily hit hard by cars. This study uses the contradiction matrix in the TRIZ method, 39 engineering parameters, and 40 inventive and innovative principles to identify the areas of improvement to address the above problems. When the guide post is hit by a vehicle, a flexible structure located between base and cylinder can curve and spring back to original position, and therefore endures more powerful hit. In addition, the spring back function lets the guide post automatically return to original position to alert drivers. This structure will has more durable service life, so, it can be used to reduce the maintenance times, and cost for the users.
Analysis of Light Scattering Properties about Dent Nanoparticles upon Wafer
Authors: Gong Lei , Hou Hong Lu , Zou Jin Long
Published: November 2013

The light scattering properties of the dent nanoparticles upon wafers is discussed in this paper. Taking the advantage of the Bobbert-Vlieger (BV) theorem, the scattering model between wafer and dent nanoparticles is established. The scattering process is analyzed and the scattering coefficients are derived by using of the vector spherical harmonic function. The differential scattering cross section (DSCS) of the dent nanoparticles upon the wafer is calculated which is compared with the extended Mie method proved the validity of the method and the influences of the dent position, dent scale and scattering angle on the DSCS are analyzed numerically in details. The result is shown that the effect of the dielectric is smaller than the metal. Therefore, the material of the defect and the shape can be extracted by calculate the DSCS, which provide strong theoretical foundation to the nondestructive detector engineer.
Effects of High Pressure Treatments on the Ripening of Hard Cheeses
Authors: Yang Wei , Xu Yao , Zhang Dong Jing , Zhao Yan Xing , Zhao Zheng
Published: November 2013

The effects of high-pressure (HP) treatments (200, 300, 400 and 500MPa for 10 min, 2P to 5P) applied on day 1 to accelerate the ripening of hard cheeses. The proteolysis, lipolysis, texture and sensory properties were studied in 90 days at 10°C. HP treatments increased proteolysis and sensory properties at all stages of ripening in all treated cheeses, furthermore, higher hydrolysis and sensory properties were found in 3P cheeses. However, HP treatments had no positive effects on cheeses lipolysis development, especially, in 5P cheeses.
Metal Instabilities and its Effect on Cell Performance during Aluminium Smelting
Authors: Agnihotri Anupam , Pathak Shail Umakant , Mukhopadhyay Jyoti
Published: November 2013

The Hall-Heroult process for the production of aluminium is based on the electrochemical reduction of alumina (Al2O3) dissolved in a cryolite (Na3AlF6) based electrolyte. Instability in cell voltage is referred to as noise. Normal voltage noise is inevitable due to bubble evolution and it has little effect on performance parameters such as, current efficiency and power consumption. Metal rolling noise (wavy noise) is caused by the disturbances in cell magnetic field and it affects the cell current efficiency adversely. Investigating the causes of the cell instability in the aluminium smelting cells can lead to better cell performance. Understanding the variation in cell voltage is critical for cells, because magnitude of voltage determines the energy consumption pattern in the process and hence, any saving on voltage can save energy. Voltage affects the current efficiency of the cell and an optimum cell voltage leads to higher current efficiency without compromising on energy consumption. Magnetic, current distribution, heat loss and voltage at zero current measurements along with online current and voltage signal can help to identify the problems and their combined effects on the performance of the cells. In order to estimate the loss in current efficiency of the aluminum electrolysis cells due to metal instabilities, measurements were performed and data analyzed. The present paper analyses the effect of voltage fluctuations (noise) during metal instability along with cause of instability and its effect on current efficiency of the cell. Measurements carried out to estimate the deviations from the normal cell operations are also discussed.
Copper Refining Electrolyte and Slime Processing - Emerging Techniques
Authors: Acharya Sridhara
Published: November 2013

Copper electro-refining (Cu-ER) is the principal method for producing >70% of high or 99.97% pure copper cathodes from 97-99% pure blister/fire refined-scrap copper anodes. While the inert and most of less soluble impurities settle as anode slime/sludge, other soluble impurities, particularly the metalloids (group VA/15 elements or Q: As, Sb and Bi) and some transition metals (Mt) co-dissolved with Cu(II). Since the soluble impurities build up in the copper refining electrolyte (CRE) which need monitoring and control to prevent contamination of the cathodes and passivation of the anodes before bleeding for spent CRE reprocessing. There is a high demand for pure electrorefined copper and electrolyte additives are added to the CRE to prevent nodulation or control the chemical and physical properties of copper cathodes. Various hydrometallurgical methods such as precipitation, adsorption, electro-dialysis, electro-winning, ion exchange and solvent extraction have been developed with some success to control the CRE impurities. So some emerging technologies for improved monitoring and control of the metalloid impurities in CRE and slime as well as development of saleable byproduct recovery (As, Sb, Bi) are briefly reviewed with particular emphasis on the precipitation for the metalloid slime resource recycling and product development.
Ocular Tissue Distribution of Topically Applied PEGylated and Non-PEGylated Liposomes
Authors: Abdul Nasir Nurul Alimah , Alyautdin Renad Nikolaevich , Agarwal Renu , Nukolova Natalia , Cheknonin Vladimir , Mohd Ismail Nafeeza
Published: November 2013

Topical ocular drug delivery has always been a challenging area due to poor ocular bioavailability. Improved drug delivery systems such as liposomes are capable of entrapping both the lipophilic and hydrophilic substances. Therefore, they are effective formulations for drug delivery to targeted structure. PEGylated-liposomes are known to have stealth properties due to their ability of resisting removal by phagocytic cells. This study compares ability of PEGylated-and nonPEGylated-liposomes in delivering lipophilic fluorescent dye, Dil, to several ocular tissues. Sprague-Dawley rats (190-250g) were divided into 2 groups that received unilateral topical application of single drop of PEGylated-liposome (PEG-Lip) or nonPEGylated-liposome (Lip). Contralateral eyes served as control and received no treatment. Animals were sacrificed at several time points, post-instillation, and eyeballs were enucleated. Cryostat sectioning was done and sections were viewed with fluorescence microscope. Fluorescence intensity (FI) was calculated and quantified. In treated eyes, nonPEGylated-liposomes showed faster corneal permeation compared to PEGylated-liposomes. NonPEGylated-liposomes also showed faster availability in ciliary body and retina of treated eyes, possibly a consequence of faster corneal permeation. Their higher engulfment by macrophages and subsequent localization in vascular tissue may also be a contributing factor. In contralateral eyes, both groups showed dye distribution indicating their significant systemic distribution. Higher availability of non-PEGylated-liposomes in contralateral eyes also indicated that they are more likely to undergo phagocytosis and consequently faster removal. In conclusion, PEG-lip showed slower corneal permeation in the treated eyes. Both types of liposomes undergo significant systemic absorption. Since, PEG-lip are more resistant to phagocytosis, they may provide more sustained drug delivery.
Plant Diseases Detection Using Nanowire as Biosensor Transducer
Authors: Ariffin Shahrul A.B. , Adam Tijjani , Hashim U. , Faridah Sfaridah S. , Zamri Ishak , Uda Muhammad Nur Aiman
Published: November 2013

The plant disease such as Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV) is a most dangerous disease that can decrease productivity and quality of the vegetable and fruit. Besides that, its also can destroy and kill those plant in long term when infected and to tackle this problem at early stages, the nanowire based biosensor application is a most reliable sensor nowadays because of advantages towards detecting biological molecule especially plant diseases.In order to dealing with tiny form of molecules such as virus is very difficult and due to the nanostructure uniqueness such as nanowire, it can be done by undergo formation of nanowire process.Result will be elaborated about how nanowire working environment in order to detecting those virus.
Potential of Size Reduction of Flat-Plate Solar Collectors when Applying Al2O3 Nanofluid
Authors: Faizal Mohd , Saidur Rahman , Mekhilef Saad , Faizal M
Published: November 2013

The source of fossil fuel is decreasing. The price increased rapidly. Population and demand of energy increased significantly over the years. Carbon pollution and global warming are becoming major issues. The best way to overcome this problem is by changing to renewable source of energy. One of it is solar thermal energy. However, a solar technology is currently still expensive, low in efficiency and takes up a lot of space. Nanofluid is recognized as a solution to overcome this problem. Due to the high thermal conductivity of nanofluids, the thermal efficiency of a solar collector can be increased and thus decreasing the size of the system. This paper analyzes the efficiency of using the Al2O3nanofluid as absorbing medium in flat-plate solar collector and estimated the potential of size reduction. When applying the same output temperature of Al2O3nanofluid as with water, it can be observed that the collectors size can be reduced up to 24% of its original size.
Global Effects of MWCNT-W Nanofluid in a Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
Authors: Shahrul Islam Md. , Mahbubul I.M. , Saidur Rahman , Mohd Sabri Mohd Faizul , Amalina Muhammad Afifi , Khaleduzzaman S.S.
Published: November 2013

Global warming and other problems can be reduced by effectively using the available materials and facilities. Heat exchangers play an important part of the field of energy conservation, conversion and recovery. Shell & tube heat exchangers are widely using in industrial processes and power plants. Suspension of small amounts of nanoparticles into the base fluid called nanofluid can reduce the global energy losses. Thermal conductivity of Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) is highest among the different nano materials [1]. Therefore, in this paper, the overall performance of a shell & tube heat exchanger has been analytically investigated by using MWCNT-W nanofluid with 0.02-0.1 vol. fractions of MWCNT and compared with water. Mathematical formula, specifications of heat exchanger and nanofluid properties were taken from the literatures to analyze the energy performance and other effects within the system. It is found that for certain mass flow rates of nanofluid and base fluid, the convective heat transfer coefficient increased around 4% to 17% compared to pure water, respectively for 0.02-0.1 vol. fractions of MWCNT in water. However, for constant vol. fractions of MWCNT, convective heat transfer coefficient of the above nanofluid negligibly changed for different mass flow rates. Furthermore, energy effectiveness of the heat exchanger also improved approximately by 3% to 14%, respectively. This energy effectiveness again improved with the decrease of the mass flow rates of nanofluids (tube side) and increase of the mass flow rates of base fluid (shell side). As energy effectiveness is increased by using MWCNT-W nanofluid, therefore, a significant amount of heat losses will be reduced. As a result, with the reduced heat emissions, global warming and greenhouse effects can be reduced by using MWCNT-W nanofluid as working fluid in shell & tube heat exchanger system.
Field Electron Emission from Electrophoretic Deposited MWCNT/ZnO Hybrid Film
Authors: Razak Faridah Abdul , Nor Roslan Md.
Published: November 2013

Hybrid film of MWCNT/ZnO was prepared on the silver electrodes using electrophoresis deposition. A constant dc voltage of about 20V was applied to the electrodes and the MWCNT/ZnO was deposited on the surface of the anode electrode as a result. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to investigate the structure MWCNT/ZnO composite. The optical characterization was investigated by Raman Spectroscopy. The MWCNT film exhibits excellent field electron emission properties with high emission current densities, low threshold electric fields and good field emission stability.
Optimization of Transmission Lost for Energy Saving Glass with Different Sheet Resistance Values
Authors: Lim Huey Sia , Nafarizal Nayan , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan , Dahlan Samsul Haimi , Zainal Abidin Zuhairiah , Ismail Muhammad Yusof , Che Seman Fauziahanim , Suaidi Mohd Kadim , bin Ahmad Fauzi , Rosli Zulkifli Mohd , Juoi Jariah Mohamad , Kiani Ghaffer I.
Published: November 2013

Recently, energy saving glass is commonly applied in the modern engineered building. This is due to its advantages of keeping the heat inside the building in winter while rejecting the heat when in summer. The typical energy saving glass is made by applying a very thin metallic oxide such as silver oxide or tin oxide on one side of the float glass. But at the same time, it has the disadvantages of attenuates useful microwave frequencies that ranging from 0.8 2.2 GHz. The examples of the microwave frequency at this range are GSM mobile signal, GPS and personal communication. Frequency selective surface (FSS) has been introduced to overcome this drawback of energy saving glass. In this study, the transmission of the microwave signal is observed through the simulation using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio. Bandpass frequency selective surface of cross dipole shape is used for the simulation. In the simulation, conductivity and electrical properties of glass and metal oxide thin film are important. The microwave transmission was evaluated at various sheet resistance of metal oxide thin film. The results show that the minimum transmission lost increased with the ohmic resistance increased. On the other hand, the peak frequency at various sheet resistance shows constant value at around 1.25-1.30 GHz. The full width half maximum of the microwave transmission increases with the sheet resistance value. The results suggest that FSS structured metal oxide thin film with lowest sheet resistance transmits more signal in the range for GSM phone signal.
Green and Economic Transparent Conductive Graphene Electrode for Organic Solar Cell: A Short Review
Authors: Ahmad R. , Shamsudin M.S. , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan , Rusop M. , Sanip S.M.
Published: November 2013

New market trend for organic solar cell (OSC) require lightweight, cost effective, environmentally friendly and flexible. Transparent conductive electrode (TCE) is a main building block in organic solar cell in determining the device performance. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is widely used as transparent conductive material however it has major drawbacks due to relatively expensive, brittle and it limited to use on flexible substrate. This paper provides a short review of the transparent conductive electrode material which required for OSC applications. Issues related with existing TCE material such as ITO is also highlighted. Thus, alternative green material resources which offer low cost, environmentally friendly, mechanically robust and low sheet resistances are strongly required. Graphene is suitable candidate due to their outstanding properties such as good electrical, green material, chemical and thermally stable as well as remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. The performance of transparent graphene electrode using low cost fabrication method which related with electrical, optical and power conversion efficiency was reviewed. We believed this work will provide beneficial input toward the improvement of OSC device performance.
Electron and Ion Densities Measurement in Reactive Magnetron Zinc Sputtering Plasma
Authors: Nafarizal Nayan , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan , Ali Riyaz Ahmad Mohamad , Amira Sharifah , Omar Salwa , Mamat Mohamad Hafiz , Rusop Mohammad , Hashim Uda , Rusop Mahmood Mohamad
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Investigation on the plasma properties is an essential fundamental works in order to precisely control the growth of nanoscale thin film. In the present work, we produced and study the reactive magnetron sputtering plasma in Ar+O2 ambient using a solid Zn target as sputter source. We evaluate the electron temperature, electron density and ion density using Langmuir probe measurement as a function of O2 flow rate and working pressure. We found that the electron temperature increased spontaneously with the oxygen flow rate. The electron temperature was almost doubled when O2 flow rate increased from 0 sccm to 10 sccm. The electron and ion densities increased with the oxygen flow rate between 0 sccm and 5 sccm. However, after 5 sccm of O2 flow rate which is approximately 11% of O2/(O2+Ar) flow rate ratio the electron density decreased drastically. This is due to the electron attachment and the production of negative ion species in Ar+O2 plasma environment. In addition, we found that the ion flux increase monotonically with the O2 flow rate thus will increase the ion bombardment effect on the deposited thin film and eventually damage the thin film. Our experimental results suggest that the O2 flow rate and the working pressure would have a significant influence on ion bombardment effect on deposited thin film.
Plant Extract as Reducing Agent in Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: A Review
Authors: Mohamad Nurul Amal Nadhirah , Arham Nur Afiqah , Jai Junaidah , Hadi Abdul
Published: November 2013

The aim of this paper is to discuss on the roles of plant extract in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has started few decades ago through physical and chemical methods. Recently, green technology through biosynthesis method has drawn great attention compared to the physical and chemical method. Biosynthesis was found to be more energy efficient and able to eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals. The biosynthesis studies involved the application of fungi, bacteria, yeast, algae and plant extract. Plant extract has several advantages since the use of microorganism required stringent control on cell culture. Furthermore, the reaction rate is much faster as compared to that of the microorganism methods. The important compounds in the plant extract are hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. Both functional groups allowed plant extract to act as reducing agent as well as stabilizing agent. Several studies have been carried out to optimize the extraction of these compounds such as plant drying technique, extraction temperature and type of extractions solvent. The common method used to quantify the concentration of reducing agents in the extract is through Folin-Ciocalteu method. Utilization of plant extract not only capable of producing well dispersed monometallic nanoparticles, but also bimetallic nanoparticles. Previous studies revealed that concentration of plant extract has significant effect on particle size and shape as well as particle distribution.
Cell Traction Force Mapping in MG63 and HaCaTs
Authors: Soon Chin Fhong , Genedy Mohamad A. , Youseffi Mansour , Denyer Morgan C.T.
Published: November 2013

The ability of a cell to adhere and transmit traction forces to a surface reveals the cytoskeleton integrity of a cell. Shear sensitive liquid crystals were discovered with new function in sensing cell traction force recently. This liquid crystal has been previously shown to be non-toxic, linear viscoelastic and sensitive to localized exerted forces. This paper reports the possibility of extending the application of the proposed liquid crystal based cell force sensor in sensing traction forces of osteoblast-like (MG-63) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines exerted to the liquid crystal sensor. Incorporated with cell force measurement software, force distributions of both cell types were represented in force maps. For these lowly contractile cells, chondrocytes expressed regular forces (10 – 90 nN, N = 200) around the circular cell body whereas HaCaT projected forces (0 – 200 nN, N = 200) around the perimeter of poly-hedral shaped body. These forces are associated with the organisation of the focal adhesion expressions and stiffness of the LC substrate. From the results, liquid crystal based cell force sensor system is shown to be feasible in detecting forces of both MG63 and HaCaT.
Properties of I-Doped CuI Thin Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Authors: Muhamad Nur Amalina , Rusop Mohamad
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we present the properties of I-doped CuI thin films at different concentration of iodine dopant (e.g. 10mg, 20mg, 30mg, 40mg and 100mg). The doping of CuI was done by using double furnace chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The effects of I-doped CuI to its surface morphology and electrical were studied. The effect of iodine doping to surface morphology was measured by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The morphology of all thin films shows insignificance changes in grain size, grain boundaries and particle structure as the doping concentration varies. For the electrical properties, high current at constant voltage of-5V to 5V was obtained. The resistivity of 10-1 was obtained for undoped CuI thin films. While, for the series of I-doped CuI thin films, the resistivity of 10-2 was obtained. The excess of hole conductor in the I-doped CuI thin films enhances the electrical conductivity of the films.
Review on Electroluminescence Behaviour of Organic Light Emitting Diode
Authors: Rahman Nurul Hafizah A. , Manut Azrif , Rusop Mohamad
Published: November 2013

In this paper report a review on electroluminescent efficiency using a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complex as an electron blocking layer (EBL) material in emitting organic light emitting diode (OLED). The resulting called BioLED showed a high luminous efficiency. The DNA-based BioLED was as much more efficient and brighter than their OLED counterparts. It is found the effect of EBL is to increase the device turn-on voltage for OLED structure. This is attributed to the fact that the DNA complex increases the series resistance of the device which is turn reduces the current through the device.
Analysis of Capillary Filling in Micro Channels for Passive Fluid Dynamics in Nano Lab on Chip Domain
Authors: Adam Tijjani , Hashim U. , Dhahi T.S. , Al-Mufti M. Wesam , Mohamed Elderjy Khaled Emraje
Published: November 2013

A fluid dynamics in a micro channel for analytical chemistry and different aspects of this type of flow for specific application has remained a long-acting problem in the last two decades considering its numerus applications in various fields, thus, Surface tension and wall adhesive forces are often used to transport fluid through micro channels in Micro Electromechanical system devices or to measure the transport and position of small amounts of fluid using micropipettes. Here we took the advantages of wall adhesion and surface tension at the air/fluid interface, fluid rises through the channel and study also calculate the velocity, pressure and shape and position of the fluid surface, the model consist of a capillary channel of radius 50μm and a chamber. The study demonstrated that the fluid freely flown into the chamber 2mm/s without using any external mechanism.
COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation in Biomedical Engineering
Authors: Adam Tijjani , Hashim U.
Published: November 2013

In the past two decades, COMSOL Multiphysics Software Package have emerged as a powerful tool for simulation, particularly in Nanotechnology and most importantly in biomedical application and various application involving fluid and solid interactions. Compared with conventional component or system design, distinctive advantages of using COMSOL software for design include easy assessing to the significant parameters in various levels of design, higher throughput, process monitoring with lower cost and less time consuming [1,. This review aims to summarize the recent advancements in various approaches in major types of micro fluidic systems simulations, design application of various COMSOL models especially in biomedical applications. The state-of-the-art of past and current approaches of fluid manipulation as well as solid structure design fabrication was also elaborated. Future trends of using COMSOL in nanotechnology, especially in biomedical engineering perspective.
Preparation of LaPO4 Nanostructure Thin Films Using Successive Layer-by-Layer
Authors: Zainurul A.Z. , Asiah Mohd Nor , Rosmani C.H. , Husairi Fadzilah Suhaimi , Rusop Mohamad , Abdullah Saifollah
Published: November 2013

Thins films of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4) were fabricated on glass substrate using successive layer by layer (LbL) assembly method subsequent with furnace annealing. Lanthanum Phosphate (LaPO4) thin films were prepared through sol gel and spin coating technique from lanthanum nitrate and ammonium phosphate in ammonia solution. The surface morphology of films was studied through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The images of LaPO4 films had a RMS roughness below 50 nm and showed some aggregates. With increasing layers of LaPO4, thus the surface roughness become thickest starts with range 13.926 nm to 33.020 nm. Two peaks, 448 and 465 nm is located in a blue-violet spectrum area.
Optical Characterization of Porous Silicon (PS) Doped Erbium (Er) Using Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Omar Hafsa , Sabri N.K. , Mohd Radzi Ahmad Afif Safwan , Rusop Mohamad , Abdullah Saifollah , Ikhsan Nurul Izrini
Published: November 2013

The optical properties of porous silicon (PS) doped Erbium (Er) for different amount of Er was investigated.Porous silicon was prepared using electrochemical etching on p-type Si.The weight of Er varies from 0.01g, 0.02, 0.03g and 0.04g and was doped using thermal diffusion technique. Sample was annealed for one hour at temperature of 300oC for diffusion using chemical vapour deposition (CVD).Photoluminescence spectroscopy analysis was performed to investigate the PL properties on PS doped Er. The physical properties of Er doped PS was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The PL results shows that for 0.02g weight of Er doped on PS has the highest peak intensity and quenching effect observed at amount of Er higher than 0.02g doped on PS. From the FTIR analysis shows the existence of Er-O bonding as the impurity molecule which suggests that Er successfully doped onto PS.
Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Copper Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Magnesium Aluminium Hydrogenphosphate Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Yasin Yamin , Rahman Mohd Najif Ab. , Hamzah Zaini , Saat Ahmad
Published: November 2013

Magnesium-aluminium hydrogenphosphate layered double hydroxide that synthesized by used of co-precipitation and followed by hydrothermal (MAHP4) method was used as an adsorbent to remove copper ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of various optimization parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage and lead ion concentrations were investigated by used of Response surface methodology (RSM). The Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a four-level-three variables Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the interactive effects of the various optimization parameters. The parameters were contact time (2-6 h), adsorbent dosage (0.01 0.05 g) and copper ion concentrations (50 100 mg/l). Simultaneously by increasing contact time and amount of dosage of MAHP4 used, the percentage of lead ion removal from aqueous solution was increased. However, the percentage removal decreases with an increase in concentrations of copper ion. The experimental percentage removal recorded under optimum conditions was compared well with the maximum predicted value from the RSM which suggest that fractional factorial design of RSM can be used to study the removal of copper from aqueous solution by used of magnesium-aluminium hydrogenphosphate layered double hydroxide as an adsorbent.
Study the Optical Characteristic of ZnO Nanostructure through Annealing at Various Time Period
Authors: Prasad R. Haarindra , Hashim U. , Foo Kai Long , Adam Tijjani , Shafiq Mohd
Published: November 2013

Main purpose of this research is to study the optical and electrical characteristic of zinc oxide material after undergoing annealing process at various time period. Hypothesis of this research have proved that the physical properties of zinc oxide material have changed by increasing time period for annealing process due to changes of optical and electrical characteristic of ZnO material. Morphological observation shows that, the transmittance properties of ZnO material on glass substrate varies after annealing at time period 5 hours compare to annealing time of 3 hours followed by annealing time of 1 hour. All the annealing process is conducted at temperature 200°C. Zinc oxide is synthesized through a facile method which is known as sol-gel method. Sol-gel solution is prepared based on mixture of zinc acetate dehydrate and stabilizer mono ethanolamine (MEA) with ratio 1:1 and the mixture solution is left for more than 24 hours for precipitation process to occur. The prepared solution is then coated with 3 layers on silicon oxide substrate and annealed at time period of 1 hour, 3 hours and 5 hours. The annealed samples with different period of time is further characterized through UV-Vis test and electrical test.
Dielectric Properties of PVDF/MgO Nanocomposites Thin Film with Various Annealing Temperatures
Authors: Arshad Adillah Nurashikin , Mohd Dahan Rozana , Mohd Wahid Mohamad Hafiz , Sarip Muhamad Naiman , Zulkefle Habibah , Rusop Mahmood Mohamad
Published: November 2013

Poly (vinylideneflouride)/nanomagnesium oxide (PVDF/MgO) nanocomposites with MgO loading percentage of 7% were annealed with various annealing temperatures ranging from 70oC to 170oC. The PVDF/MgO(7%) thin films were fabricated using spin coating technique with MIM structure. The dielectric constant of PVDF/MgO(7%) was studied over a wide range of annealing temperatures with rapid removal from the oven once the annealing was utilized. The nanocomposites thin films annealed at temperature of 70oC (AN70) shows an improvement in the dielectric constant of 23 at 103 Hz compared to unannealed sample (UN), which was 21 at the same frequency. However, as the annealing temperatures were increased from 90oC (AN90) to 170o C (AN170), the dielectric constant of PVDF/MgO(7%) were found to decrease from 16 to 7 respectively, which were lower than the UN thin films. AN70 also produced low value of tangent loss at low frequency˼˰˸̱̈́̾˰δ˹˰̴̷̹̹̳̱̹̾̈́̾˰̸̱̈́̈́˼˰̵̷̱̱̼̹̾̾̾˰̱̈́˰temperatures 70oC is favourable temperature used to improve the dielectric constant of PVDF/MgO(7%).
Preparation and Characterizations of Nano-Hybrid TiO2/ZnO
Authors: Maarof S.K.M. , Zufrian M.G.M. , Achoi M.F. , Rusop Mohamad , Abdullah Saifollah
Published: November 2013

This paper will present on preparation and characterizations of hybrid nanoTiO2/ZnO using sol-gel spin coating techniques. The study involved of modification band-gap energy of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) at different precursor molecular concentration of Zinc oxide (ZnO). The FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscope) morphological characterize shows TiO2 and ZnO particle produced at nanoscale size. The compositional of both particles confirmed using EDAX (Energy Disperse Analyzer X-ray) analysis. The XRD (X-Ray diffraction) characterize measured the structural properties of anatase and rutile for TiO2 as well as zincite for ZnO. By increasing ZnO molecular concentration, the crystallite size, d were decreased until the optimum sample, ratio of 4 TiO2 : 1 ZnO, with value of 23.71 nm. For UV-VIS (Ultra-Violet/Visible Spectroscopy) measurement, we found the optical band-gap increased with increasing ZnO molecular concentration. The optical band-gap for optimum sample was 3.38 e.V represented this study has successfully improved the optical band-gap of TiO2.
Preparation and Applications of Hydrophilic Nano-Carbon Particles
Authors: Ikeda Shoichiro , Kawasaki Shinji , Nobumoto Akinari , Ono Hideo , Ono Shinji , Rusop Mahmood Mohamad , Haji Muhamad Haji Muhazli B.
Published: November 2013

We have produced nanocarbon suspension in pure water, which is named as Nanocaloid®, by a simple DC electrolysis from a synthetic graphite plates as anodes and SUS plates as cathodes in purified water at room temperature. The amount of carbon nanoparticles was monitored by the conductivity and pH value of the electrolyte solution, and also by a simple gravimetric way after drying the solution. If the current density increases, the diameter of the carbon particles becomes larger and the amount of precipitates becomes also large. It takes about six weeks to obtain about 0.4 wt% carbon suspension solution under the normal electrolysis conditions. Characterization of Nanocaloid®has been conducted to show unique properties and promising epoch-making applications such as solid lubricants for non-oily cutting fluids and conductive agents for reuse of deteriorated Pb-acid batteries. The performance of nanocarbon particles in oil lubricants in addition to the preparation will be reported.
Surface Tension Analysis of Cost-Effective Paraffin Wax and Water Flow Simulation for Microfluidic Device
Authors: Salih Nurulazirah Md , Hashim U. , Nafarizal Nayan , Soon Chin Fhong , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan
Published: November 2013

In microfluidic devices, the most important aspect has to be considered for the manufacturing process is the material suitability and geometric design. Among the materials studied, paraffin wax has never been tested and it is proposed as the new approach in this paper for patterning the microchannels. Furthermore, contact angle analysis of the paraffin wax was also studied. Based on the contact angle measurements; the hydrophobicity and surface tension of paraffin wax were analyzed. From the finding, it shows that paraffin wax has a low surface tension and high hydrophobicity. Then, several microchannels design was simulated using COMSOL multiphysics 4.2 software in order to find the optimized geometry. It involves a study of different shape, diameter, length, and angle of microchannels design, and its influence on the water flow velocity. From the simulation results, an optimize microchannels design was obtained consists of 1000 μm channels diameter, 1000 μm inlet channel length, 1.0 cm outlet channels length, and 110o inlet channel angle with water flow velocity of 2.3cm/s. Further study could be done to improve the finding of properties and geometric suitability for microfluidic device.
The Effect of Synthesis Temperature on the Growth of Carbon Nanotubes from Waste Chicken Fat Precursor
Authors: Dalila A.R. , Suriani Abu Bakar , Rosmi M.S. , Azmina M.S. , Rosazley R. , Supian Faridah Lisa , Rosli Jaafar , Rusop M.
Published: November 2013

The effects of synthesis temperatures on the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNT) from waste chicken fat as carbon source were systematically studied. The synthesis was carried out in dual heating zone tube furnace at synthesis temperature between the ranges of 600-900 °C. The waste chicken fat vaporization temperature was fixed at 470°C. The samples were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer. In this experiment, vertically aligned CNT (VACNT) were identified at synthesis temperature ranged of 750-800°C. Among all, the synthesis temperature of 800 °C produced highest yield of VACNT with growth rate of 282 nmmin-1, small nanotubes diameter of 19.8-31.7 nm, 91% pure and high crystallinity (ID/IG ratio of 0.39). At low synthesis temperatures of 600-650°C, no CNT was produced. At high synthesis temperatures of 850-900°C, bigger nanotubes diameter and higher ID/IG ratio were observed which indicates lower nanotubes quality were produced at this temperature range.