bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological investigation for autonomic dysfunction in patients with myasthenia gravis : A prospective study
Authors: Nalbantoglu Mecbure , Akalin Mehmet Ali , Gunduz Aysegul , Kiziltan Meral
Published: January 2021

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular transmission. Autonomic dysfunction is not a commonly known association with MG. We conducted this study to evaluate autonomic functions in MG & subgroups and to investigate the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This study comprised 30 autoimmune MG patients and 30 healthy volunteers. Autonomic tests including sympathetic skin response (SSR) and R-R interval variation analysis (RRIV) was carried out. The tests were performed two times for patients who were under acetylcholinesterase inhibitors during the current assessment. The RRIV rise during hyperventilation was better (p=0.006) and Valsalva ratio (p=0.039) was lower in control group. The SSR amplitudes were lower thereafter drug intake (p=0.030). As much as time went by after drug administration prolonged SSR latencies were obtained (p=0.043).Valsalva ratio was lower in the AchR antibody negative group (p=0.033). The findings showed that both ocular/generalized MG patients have a subclinical parasympathetic abnormality prominent in the AchR antibody negative group and pyridostigmine has a peripheral sympathetic cholinergic noncumulative effect.
The effects of 30 Hz, 50 Hz AND 100 Hz continuous theta burst stimulation via transcranial magnetic stimulation on the electrophysiological parameters in healthy individuals
Authors: Ozdemir Zeynep , Acar Erkan , Soysal Aysun
Published: January 2021

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive procedure that uses robust magnetic fields to create an electrical current in the cerebral cortex. Dual stimulation consists of administering subthre­shold conditioning stimulation (CS), then suprathreshold test stimulation (TS). When the interstimulus interval (ISI) is 1-6 msec, the motor evoked potential (MEP) decreases in amplitude; this decrease is termed “short interval intracortical inhibition” (SICI); when the ISI is 7-30 msec, an increase in MEP amplitude occurs, termed “short interval intracortical facilitation” (SICF). Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), often applied at a frequency of 50 Hz, has been shown to decrease cortical excitability. The primary objective is to determine which duration of cTBS achieves better inhibition or excitation. The secondary objective is to compare 50 Hz cTBS to 30 Hz and 100 Hz cTBS. The resting motor threshold (rMT), MEP, SICI, and SICF were studied in 30 healthy volunteers. CS and TS were administered at 80%-120% and 70%-140% of rMT at 2 and 3-millisecond (msec) intervals for SICI, and 10- and 12-msec intervals for SICF. Ten individuals in each group received 30, 50, or 100 Hz, followed by administration of rMT, MT-MEP, SICI, SICF immediately and at 30 minutes. Greater inhibition was achieved with 3 msec than 2 msec in SICI, whereas better facilitation occurred at 12 msec than 10 msec in SICF. At 30 Hz, cTBS augmented inhibition and suppressed facilitation, while 50 Hz yielded less inhibition and greater inter-individual variability. At 100 Hz, cTBS provided slight facilitation in MEP amplitudes with less interindividual variability. SICI and SICF did not differ significantly between 50 Hz and 100 Hz cTBS. Our results suggest that performing SICI and SICF for 3 and 12 msec, respectively, and CS and TS at 80%-120% of rMT, demonstrate safer inhibition and facilitation. Recently, TBS has been used in the treatment of various neurological diseases, and we recommend preferentially 30 Hz over 50 Hz cTBS for better inhibition with greater safety and less inter-individual variability.
Cases of inborn errors of metabolism diagnosed in children with autism
Authors: Çakar Nafiye Emel , Yilmazbaş Pınar
Published: January 2021

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a heterogeneous presentation, the etiology of which is not clearly elucidated. In recent years, comorbidity has become more evident with the increase in the frequency of autism and diagnostic possibilities of inborn errors of metabolism. One hundred and seventy-nine patients with diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder who presented to the Pediatric Metabolism outpatient clinic between 01/September/2018-29/February/2020 constituted the study population. The personal information, routine and specific metabolic tests of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. Out of the 3261 patients who presented to our outpatient clinic, 179 (5.48%) were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and were included in the study. As a result of specific metabolic examinations performed, 6 (3.3%) patients were diagnosed with inborn errors of metabolism. Two of our patients were diagnosed with classical phenylketonuria, two with classical homocystinuria, one with mucopolysaccharidosis type 3D (Sanfilippo syndrome) and one with 3-methylchrotonyl Co-A carboxylase deficiency. Inborn errors of metabolism may rarely present with autism spectrum disorder symptoms. Careful evaluation of the history, physical examination and additional findings in patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder will guide the clinician in the decision-making process and chose the appropriate specific metabolic investigation. An underlying inborn errors of metabolism may be a treatable cause of autism.
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow
Authors: Budanova D. A. , Antyufeeva O. N. , Ilgisonis I. S. , Sokolova I. Ya. , Belenkov Yu. N. , Ershov V. I. , Bochkarnikova O. V. , Gadaev I. Yu.
Published: January 2021

Aim      To study changes in markers for myocardial direct injury and dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction (ED) indexes in patients with indolent lymphoma during the antitumor treatment.

Material and methods  Current antitumor therapy for lymphoma is often associated with cardio- and vasculotoxicity, studying of which is a relevant scientific direction. Markers for myocardial direct injury and dysfunction and ED indexes were studied in patients with indolent lymphomas receiving polychemotherapy (PCT). The study included 77 patients with newly diagnosed indolent type lymphoma. The main group (n=52): mean age, 63.4±2.8 years, 15 (28.8 %) men who had received one course of PCT. The comparison group (n=25): mean age, 61.8±3.7 years, 8 (32 %) men who had not received PCT. Troponin I (TnI), high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-сTnI), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (h-FAВР), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-prоBNP) were measured in patients of both groups. ED was evaluated by measuring the level of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) and by assessing the structure and function condition of small blood vessels using photoplethysmography. In both groups, the study parameters were determined at the start of the study (T1) and following the PCT course in the main group; if the PCT schedule included anthracycline antibiotics, the second point (T2) was assessed at 6 h following the drug administration.

Results In both groups, the level of NT-proBNP was increased. This increase was significantly more pronounced in the comparison group (49.896±23.228 vs 20.877±8.534 pmol/l, respectively, p=0.011) whereas a tendency to its increase was observed after the PCT course. Before the start of the treatment, laboratory and instrumental signs of ED were noticed: the level of VCAM was 4951±1297 and 3225±757 ng/ml in the comparison group and the main group, respectively (р=0.246); reflection index was <1.8 in 23 (44.2%) patients of the main group and in 16 (64%) patients of the comparison group (р=0.098). During the PTC course, the endothelial function significantly improved; the level of VCAM decreased by 748 ng/ml (p=0.016), which was associated with significant decreases in erythrocyte sedimentation rate by 2.71 mm/h (р=0.027) and lactate dehydrogenase level by 62.38 U/l (р=0.026). Statistically significant decreases in other inflammatory markers (alpha-2-globulin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, neutrophil count) were not observed.

Conclusion      The level of NT-proBNP showed the highest sensitivity in assessing the cardiotoxic effect of PCT. The dynamics of VCAM level suggested a possible role of the disease itself in the development of ED in this patient group.
Formulation and Standardization of Polyherbal Antihyperlipidemic Formulation
Authors: Rani Smitha , Manju S. L.
Published: January 2021

Hyperlipidemia is a very common medical condition. A fairly less invasive, more effective and efficient method with lower or no side effects to treat Hyperlipidemia are to be developed. Thus, use of traditional herbal medication can be a relevant solution to it. Development of highly standardized Polyherbal formulation with respect to chemical content and therapeutic activity is considered as a valuable approach in the field of herbal industry. Traditional medicine is known for its Polyherbal contents and multicomponent therapeutics for managing health problems. Thus, the present research is focused on to formulate, standardize a polyherbal medicine to treat hyperlipidemia and also compared its chemical contents based on, geographical, seasonal variations using standard physio-chemical parameters such as Ash values, Extractive values, pH, and loss on drying, Particle size analysis and physical analysis of powder formulation. HPTLC fingerprinting, with markers such as Gallic acid, Quercetin, Gymnemic acid, and Mahanine were carried out. In addition, residue analysis such as heavy metal content, microbial load, pesticide analysis, aflotoxin determination were also carried out to strengthen the standardization process and to ensure safety.
Longitudinal Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) and Long-term Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation in Glaucoma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lin Jonathan B. , Sheybani Arsham , Santeford Andrea , Apte Rajendra S.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) was previously identified as a molecular marker of retinal ganglion cell stress in rodent models of glaucoma and was elevated in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma as a possible risk factor for glaucoma progression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in the AH GDF15 levels were associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) changes in eyes undergoing glaucoma surgery.
Methods: Here, we performed a prospective, longitudinal pilot study in nine patients to determine whether changes in AH GDF15 levels from surgery to post-surgery follow-up were associated with IOP fluctuation. An initial AH sample was taken from the peripheral corneal paracentesis during planned glaucoma surgery, and a second sample was taken during an outpatient follow-up visit, approximately six months later.
Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between GDF15 fold change and IOP standard deviation (r = 0.87, P = 0.003), IOP range (r = 0.87, P = 0.003), and maximum IOP (r = 0.86, P = 0.003). There was no correlation between the GDF15 fold change and baseline IOP (r = 0.50, P = 0.17), final IOP (r = 0.038, P = 0.92), or mean IOP (r = 0.40, P = 0.28).
Conclusion: Our findings in this pilot study suggest that longitudinal changes in AH GDF15 may be associated with IOP fluctuation during the postoperative period. Further studies are necessary to corroborate these findings in a larger patient population and to explore the possibility that AH GDF15 may be used not only to improve treatment algorithms but also as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials.
Effects of Oral Vitamin D Supplement Therapy on Clinical Outcomes of Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Karimi Saeed , Movafaghi Vahid , Arabi Amir , Shahraki Toktam , Safi Sare
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To assess the effects of oral vitamin D supplement therapy on clinical outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injections in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).
Method: Seventy-one patients with center-involving DME received IVB injections three times monthly. Cases with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels <30 ng/ml were divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group received 50000 IU of oral vitamin D once a week for eight weeks. One month after the third IVB injection, changes in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were analyzed for each group.
Results: Thirty-seven patients had sufficient levels of 25 (OH) D, while 34 patients had insufficient levels. Nineteen cases with deficient levels of 25(OH)D were treated with oral vitamin D, while 15 patients were assigned to the control group. The mean of serum 25(OH)D in patients was 27.9 ng/ml [mean 20.3 ± 5.4 and 17.3 ± 5.4 ng/ml in control and treatment groups, respectively (P = 0.231)]. After three IVB injections, BCVA improved significantly in each group, but the difference between the study groups was not statistically significant. CMT decreased significantly in all the groups. The mean CMT reduction was more prominent in the vitamin D-treated group, but the difference between groups did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.29).
Conclusion: In DME patients with vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplement therapy had some beneficial effects on CMT reduction following three injections of IVB; nevertheless, these effects were not statistically significant. Definite conclusion needs further prospective studies with a larger sample size.
Medication-induced Uveitis: An Update
Authors: Iqbal Kashif M , Hay Madeline W , Emami-Naeini Parisa
Published: January 2021

Drug-induced uveitis is an uncommon but important cause of ocular inflammation. Uveitis can be seen in association with various systemic, topical, and intraocular medications. In this article, we review common medications associated with uveitis. Most cases of drug-induced uveitis resolve with termination of the suspected medication with or without administration of topical or systemic steroids. It is important for clinicians to readily identify medications that may cause uveitis in order to provide rapid treatment, avoid consequences of longstanding inflammation, and prevent costly and excessive laboratory testing.
Pattern of Uveitis in Iran: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bagheri Masood , Ahoor Mohammad-Hosein , Jafari Ahad , Sadat Hashemi Hesam , Mohammadkhani Mehdi
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Uveitis is the third leading cause of blindness worldwide. This study aimed to summarize the pattern of uveitis in Iran through a systematic review.
Methods: This review was conducted according to the guidelines for systematic reviews in the following four steps: literature search, study selection and assessment, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and statistical analysis.
Results: One hundred and fifteen articles were identified by an encyclopedic literature search, and three independent investigators examined them according to the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eventually, 109 manuscripts were retrieved and six cross-sectional studies covering 3,567 patients were included and reviewed. According to the results, the mean age of patients was 40 years, and sex was not a statistically significant predisposing factor. The most common anatomical pattern of involvement was anterior uveitis, and the prevalence of the other three types of uveitis, including middle, posterior, and pan-uveitis, were almost equal. Overall, the most common etiologies of uveitis in the Iranian population were idiopathic uveitis, toxoplasmosis, Behcet’s syndrome, and Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis.
Conclusion: This study depicted the pattern of uveitis in Iranian society; this can help physicians in the diagnostic approach, management, and treatment of patients.
Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nasiri Naser , Sharifi Hamid , Bazrafshan Azam , Noori Atefeh , Karamouzian Mohammad , Sharifi Ali
Published: January 2021

Several studies have reported the characteristics of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet there is a gap in our understanding of the ocular manifestations of COVID-19. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigated the prevalence of ocular manifestations in COVID-19 patients. We searched Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and medRxiv from December 1, 2019 to August 11, 2020. Two independent reviewers screened the articles, abstracted the data, and assessed the quality of included studies in duplicate. Thirty-eight studies were eligible after screening of 895 unique articles, with a total of 8,219 COVID-19 patients (55.3% female; n = 3,486 out of 6,308 patients). Using data extracted from cross-sectional studies, we performed randomeffects meta-analyses to estimate the pooled prevalence of ocular symptoms along with 95% confidence interval (CI). The prevalence of ocular manifestations was estimated to be 11.03% (95% CI: 5.71–17.72). In the studies that reported the details of observed ocular symptoms, the most common ocular manifestations were dry eye or foreign body sensation (n = 138, 16%), redness (n = 114, 13.3%), tearing (n = 111, 12.8%), itching (n = 109, 12.6%), eye pain (n = 83, 9.6%) and discharge (n = 76, 8.8%). Moreover, conjunctivitis had the highest rate among reported ocular diseases in COVID-19 patients (79 out of 89, 88.8%). The results suggest that approximately one out of ten COVID-19 patients show at least one ocular symptom. Attention to ocular manifestations, especially conjunctivitis, can increase the sensitivity of COVID-19 detection among patients.
Need for Nurse Practitioner Fellowships in Ophthalmology in the USA
Authors: Persaud-Sharma Vishwani , Hooshmand Mary A.
Published: January 2021

Medical attention to vision impairment and associated eye care complications are a vital component of daily living and overall well-being. In the United States today, the physician to patient deficit places great strain on the availability of medical attention tenable to patients nationwide; in terms of specialty medicine, this deficit is even more widespread. The field of ophthalmology faced the same physician to patient deficit in 2020, a grim reality that has left many states void of ophthalmic care, rending millions of aging individuals without domestic eye care. The implementation of trained, ophthalmic nurse practitioners (NPs) can fill the needs of this deficit; however, efficient, accredited, and board-approved American ophthalmic fellowships and residencies that secure proper ophthalmic NP transitions from academia to clinical practice are nonexistent. Though scant, evidence-based literature presents sound findings that support the efficacy and benefit for superior patient outcomes with care provided by ophthalmictrained NPs, offering a viable, long-term solution to the need for ophthalmic medical providers across all states without mitigating patient care, emphasizing the great need for the implementation of ophthalmic NP residencies and fellowships to ensure the continuity of impeccable ophthalmic care for all populations.
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Nodular Anterior Scleritis due to Post-Streptococcal Syndrome
Authors: BenAbderrahim Kais
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To report a case of nodular anterior scleritis due to poststreptococcal syndrome using optical coherence tomography imaging.
Case Report: A 41-year-old woman with a history of acute rheumatic fever presented with a nodular anterior scleritis. Common causes were excluded. Optical coherence tomography of sclera showed enlarged vessels, inflammatory infiltrates, separated fibers, and a serous detachment. Laboratory investigations showed an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, raised anti-streptolysin O titer, and the presence of group A streptococcus in the throat. The scleritis rapidly improved with penicillin treatment.
Conclusions: Poststreptococcal syndrome should be considered in the etiology of nonnecrotizing anterior scleritis.
Amniocentesis Complications in Yazd Baghaeipour Polyclinic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Shirgholami Nasim , Abdi Fatemeh , Mazaheri Mahta , Tabatabaee Razieh Sadat
Published: January 2021

Background: Amniocentesis, like other invasive methods, has complications such as abortion, premature rupture - second pregnancy and at 29 weeks of membranes, infection, bleeding, etc. Here, we aimed to study the complications of amniocentesis in pregnant women.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was included 409 women with positive first and second stage screening or required amniocentesis referred to Baghaeipour Clinic in 2017. Data was collected by a pre-prepared questionnaire.
Results: The mean age of the patients and gestational age was 33.49 ± 6.51 years and 17.39 ± 1.36  weeks, respectively. 132 patients (32.2%) had a history of abortion. Regarding the frequency of needle passage through the placenta, the results showed that in 369 people (90.2%) the needle did not pass through the placenta and in 40 people (9.8%). The needle has passed through the pair. Regarding the frequency distribution of amniocentesis complications, fetal death in (2.4%), bleeding in (2.2%) and PROM (1.7%) were observed in patients and no case of infection and abortion was observed. In terms of age, gestational age, gestational number, placental location, needle passage, aspirated fluid color, history of abortion and type of delivery, there were no significant differences.
Conclusion: In this study the most common complication of amniocentesis was fetal death (2.4%), followed by bleeding and Spotting (2.2%), PROM (1.7%), infection and abortion, respectively.
Effects of Smoking on the Health of Children from Embryonic Period to Adulthood: A Review Article
Authors: Alihoseini Haniye
Published: January 2021

Cigarettes contain many toxic and harmful compounds. There are approximately 600 substances in cigarette that produce more than 7,000 chemicals when burned. In general, these compounds are hazardous either for smokers or both smokers and passive smokers. Today, due to the increasing number of female smokers, especially mothers who smoke during pregnancy, fetuses and children are faced with serious and irreparable consequences. Nicotine (the addictive substance in cigarettes), carbon monoxide, and numerous other poisons inhaled from cigarettes are transported through the bloodstream, which can be harmful to health of the fetus and the development of its organs, such as the fetal brain. Smoking has consequences not only during pregnancy but also during breastfeeding. In addition to the aforementioned, smoking is considered as one of the most concerning teratogens which can cause structural or functional abnormality, growth restriction, birth defects, and so on. These consequences can have dramatic and significant effects on infancy, childhood, and adulthood. According to the contents, in this review we try to discuss influences of smoking on the development of the fetus, growth of children, and eventually its effects on the development of congenital disorders.
Phosphorus × Other Plant Nutrient Interactions, Reaction Products, Anion Exchange and Phosphate Fixation in Soil and Strategies to Increase Availability of the Native and Applied P to Crop Plants-A Mini Review and Critique
Authors: Prasad Rajendra , Shivay Yashbir Singh
Published: January 2021

Phosphorus is a major plant nutrient obtained from non-renewable phosphate rock, which is not much available in India. Over and above in this its recovery efficiency in crops hardly exceeds 15-20 per cent. Utmost care is therefore required in its use. Phosphorus applied to soil gets fixed by the formation of insoluble reaction products by reacting with Fe and Al in acid soils and with calcium in saline and alkaline soils. Two techniques used for identification of reaction products are X-ray diffraction and solubility product principle. In addition, phosphate ions are also held on Fe and Al hydroxides by anion exchange. The reaction products identified are variscite and strengite minerals in acid soils and dicalcium phosphate and hydroxy apatite in calcareous soils. Methods to increase phosphorus recovery by crops include: 1) addition of organic matter to soils; 2) addition of sulphur to compost or to ground rock phosphate or directly to soil and use of phosphorus solubilising organisms including VAM/AM along with ground rock phosphate.
Thermal Process Evaluation of Analogue Shrimp Product (ASP) from Lizard Fish (Saurida tumbil) in Retort Pouches
Authors: Hema K. , Velayutham P. , Mohan C.O. , Sukumar D. , Sundaramoorthy B. , Athithan S. , Sugumar G. , Ravishankar C.N. , Kumar K. Ashok
Published: January 2021

Background: Seafood analogue is a ready to make value added product prepared out of surimi. Thermal processing of restructured products in retort pouches such as fish ball in curry medium, surimi stew in white tripod, boneless rohu balls in curry. Also no work had done on thermal processing of shrimp analogue products in retort pouches. The main objective of this work was to develop the analogue shrimp product from lizardfish and to compare the heat penetration attributes of analogue shrimp curry and masala using retort pouches and different sterilization methods such as steam / air over pressure retort and water immersion retort. Methods: Analogue shrimp products were prepared and thermally processed in retortable pouches. About 125g of shrimp analogue product and 100g of curry (masala) were filled in retort pouches of size, 150x200mm. Air inside the pouch was exhausted by steam injection followed by heat sealing and processing at 121.1°C in a retort by steam/air over pressure retort and water immersion retort. The difference in the heat penetration characteristics of analogue shrimp products processed in retort by steam/air over pressure retort and water immersion retort were studied. Result: The results showed that minimum heating lag factor and minimum come up time led to faster heating rate which decreased total process time in imitated shrimp curry by steam/ air retort. At the same time the cook value was low in curry medium processed by steam air retort. So finally conclude that imitated shrimp curry processed by steam air retort was good.
Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Goats of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh States of India
Authors: Verma N.K. , Sharma Rekha , Aggarwal R.A.K. , Dangi P.S.
Published: January 2021

Background: The goat population of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states is about five million, respectively. The goats of these two states lack phenotypic uniformity. But it is not known whether these populations have any genetically uniform group that can be registered as a breed. The study was undertaken to explore possibility of any potential new goat germplasm. Methods: Study was carried out at ICAR-NBAGR during 2017-19. Genetic diversity and differentiation was evaluated by using 22 microsatellite markers in three goat populations: Telangana Black (TB, n=26), Telangana Mixed (TM, n=49) and one Andhra Pradesh goat population (AP, n=45). Their genetic differentiation was compared with that of geographically closely distributed registered breeds viz. Bidri (n=28) and Nandidurga (n=48) of Karnatka and Ganjam (n=48) of Odisha. Result: The mean allele frequency observed was 6.59 (TB), 7.27 (TM) and 8.36 (AP). Expected number of alleles varied from 3.33 in (TB) to 3.69 in AP goats. Observed heterozygosity was lowest in the TM (0.474) followed by TB (0.504) and was highest in the AP goats (0.569). AP goat population had 6.3% heterozygote deficiency, whereas, both TB (15.4%) and TM (17.5%) had very high inbreeding coefficients. A total of 344 alleles were detected across the 22 loci in six goat groups. F-statistics, the pair-wise Nei’s genetic distance, assignment test and Baysian approach suggested that AP goats are distinct from two Telangana goat populations as well as from the other geographically closely related registered goat breeds. Genetic bottleneck analysis indicated the absence of any detectably large, recent genetic bottleneck in AP population. Altogether, the study identified Andhra Pradesh (AP) goats to be a new potential goat germplasm of India.
Natural Infection of Goats with Orf (Contagious ecthyma) and Its Diagnosis
Authors: Nashiruddullah Nawab , Pathak Debesh Chandra , Barman Nagendra Nath , Ahmed Jafrin Ara , Begum Safeeda Sultana , Roychoudhury Parimal
Published: January 2021

Background: The Study was intended to evaluate some common diagnostics that could supplement the clinical and histological identification of orf in goats. Methods: Samples from suspected clinical cases of orf (Contagious ecthyma) were collected from various organized and unorganized goat herds around Guwahati, Assam. Presumptive diagnosis was based on the typical signs and lesions. For confirmatory diagnosis, various molecular and immunoassays were employed for the detection of orf virus or circulating antibodies. Result: Cutaneous lesions observed included solitary to multifocal erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules and scab stages on the lips, ears, gums, tongue, udder and perineal region. No mortality was observed and the morbidity rate varied between 35-60%. Microscopic lesions in skin biopsies were typically marked by epidermal hyperplasia and ballooning degeneration of the keratinocytes along with other changes. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were demonstrable within keratinocytes only in early papulo-vesicular stages. Dermis was infiltrated with polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells in varying proportions. Initial screening of samples was done with PCR systems to specifically detect parapoxvirus DNA employing a semi-nested PCR targeted against the partial B2L gene (with reported primers yielding 594 bp and 235 bp amplified products) and an uniplex PCR targeting the whole B2L gene (with reported primer set to yield an amplified product of 1206 bp). Agar gel immuno-diffusion (AGID) failed to develop positive immunoprecipitation with hyperimmune serum against scab lysates; however, counter-immuno-electrophoresis (CIE) showed positive immunoprecipitation in the same samples. For rapid and in situ detection of ORFV antigen in tissues, immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques were successfully employed both on cryosections and formalin fixed skin biopsies. Immunofluorescent technique on cryosections was found to be easy, rapid and more specific. A dot-ELISA was also developed for successful confirmation of orf virus from clinical samples. For antibody detection in convalescing goats, an indirect-ELISA and a dot-ELISA was also successfully tested to demonstrate for antibody detection in convalescing goats, but protective titres later after infection was not addressed. Monoclonal antibody employed in the assays was found to be specific, sensitive and versatile for virus detection from direct clinical samples. It is contemplated that assays employing hyperimmune sera or detection of circulating antibody against orf virus may have limited diagnostic applications owing to its partial and transient humoral immunity and the inherent property of the virus to modulate and interfere with the host response and evade immune mechanisms.
Effects of Long-term Fertilization Systems on Heavy Metals Residues in Sod-podzolic Soil and Oats Yield
Authors: Postnikov D.A. , Merzlaya G.E. , Fedulova A.D.
Published: January 2021

Background: The paper presents the results of studies conducted on the basis of the former Smolensk branch of Pryanishnikov Institute of Agrochemistry, in the village of Olsha, Smolensk district, Smolensk region. In a long field experiment, various fertilizer systems were studied, their effect and aftereffect on the qualitative and quantitative crop yield, soil properties. Methods: A stationary field experiment was established in 1978. The aftereffect of fertilization systems on oats has been studied since 2009. The aftereffect was studied in 2015-2016 and 2017. With one dose of organic fertilizer (compost based on cattle manure - cattle), over 30 years of experience, 17.4 tons of organic matter, 435 kg of total nitrogen, 198 kg of phosphorus (P2O5), 621 kg of potassium (K2O) entered the soil. A single calculated dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium corresponded to 25.5 kg of active ingredient per ha-1. Result: With prolonged use of fertilizers, the content of heavy metals in the soil did not exceed the calculated permissible concentration. However, at a fivefold norm (N150P150K150 + 15 t ha-1), the cadmium content was overestimated. An ecologically justified dose of aftereffect in the Smolensk region on sod-podzolic soil should be considered a fourfold dose of mineral components and compost (N120P120K120 + 12 t ha-1).
Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analysis and Evolutionary Relationships in Some Species of Asclepiadeae, Apocynaceae
Authors: Abba Abidina , Alzahrani Dhafer , Yaradua Samaila , Albokhari Enas
Published: January 2021

Background: Comparative study of the complete chloroplast genomes of some species in the Subtribe Asclepiadeae was conducted to evaluate the variations and similarities between the species and to resolve the phylogenetic relationship within the subtribe. P. tomentosa has been used for medicinal uses in Saudi Arabia, Middle East, Africa and Brazil. It is used often in cosmetics and tanning industries, although it’s very well utilized as a traditional medicine in many civilizations. Methods: The genomes were compared using Mvista Bioinformatics tools to evaluate the inverted repeats (IR), large single copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) regions and also the border junctions were visualized with IR scope to express the expansion and contraction of the circular genome structure. While SSR markers were determined using the Reputer program, the genome map was done using OGDRAW (OrganellarGenomeDRAW). Result: Observed variations of the Mvista alignments is mainly at the coding regions of the sequences, while IR borders were varied at the SSC region of A. nivea genome; with ycf1 and rps19 due to evolutionary events. The genome sizes of C. procera are 166,010 bp, P. tomentosa 164,213bp, A. nivea 161,592 bp and C. wilfordii 161,180 bp. GC contents of A. nivea, C. wilfordii and P. tomentosa are 38% respectively; while C. procera is the least with 37%.; total SSR markers as well as the circular genome map were presented in this study.
Incidence de la trypanosomose sur la faune sauvage d'un ranch de gibier au Burkina Faso
Authors: Mattioli Raffaele C. , Jean O. , Belem Adrien Marie Gaston
Published: January 2021

Le sang de 203 animaux sauvages élevés dans un ranch de gibier au Burkina Faso a été examiné au niveau de la strate leucocytaire après centrifugation en tube capillaire à microhématocrite. Frottis et gouttes épaisses ont été examinés pour chaque animal afin de détecter la présence de Babesia, Anaplasma, Theileria, et de microfilaires. Le taux d'infection et la parasitémie, suivant l'espèce animale, ont été évalués ainsi que le degré d'anémie par la mesure de l'hématocrite. Pour chaque animal, les paramètres suivants ont été notés: espèce, sexe, âge, poids, présence éventuelle de parasites externes. Quatre sous-genres de trypanosomes ont été mis en évidence: Duttonella, Nannomonas, Trypanozoon, Megatrypanum. Le taux d'infection trypanosomienne était de 15,3 p. 100, avec cependant des variations très importantes selon les habitudes de vie et le biotope de l'espèce animale. Il semblerait en outre que chaque espèce a sa propre réceptivité vis-à-vis des différentes espèces de trypanosomes. Elle a été trouvée plus élevée chez Tragelaphus scriptus et Hippotragus equinus que chez les autres espèces testées. La présence de trypanosomes dans le sang ne semble pas affecter l'état de santé de la plupart des animaux sauvages capturés. L'étude met en évidence le rôle de la faune sauvage dans l'épizootiologie de la trypanosomose animale. Ce rôle varie en fonction de l'espèce d'animal sauvage, de l'espèce de glossine, de l'espèce de trypanosome et des interactions entre ces trois facteurs dans une zone donnée.
Bilan minéral des pâturages naturels de la région d’Adamawa au Cameroun
Authors: Njwe R.M. , Issa J.L.
Published: January 2021

Une étude préliminaire a été menée sur les carences en minéraux des fourrages naturels de l'Adamawa dans le Nord du Cameroun. Les échantillons collectés dans différentes localités ont été analysés pour déterminer leur teneur en Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn et Mn. Les résultats indiquent soit des carences, soit des apports faibles en Ca, P, Cu et Zn. En ce qui concerne le magnésium, la réponse est plus nuancée car les quantités trouvées sont à la limite des besoins recommandés. Il est nécessaire de poursuivre les travaux afin de préciser les risques de carences et rechercher d'éventuelles solutions
Protection conférée contre l’infection a Anaplasma marginale chez les bovins inoculés avec des vaccins réfrigérés ou congelés contenant Anaplasma centrale
Authors: Abdala A.A. , Pipano E. , Aguirre D.H. , Gaido A.B. , Zurbriggen M.A. , Mangold A.J. , Guglielmone A.A.
Published: January 2021

Les auteurs ont évalué l'immunité sur des bouvillons frisons âgés de 12 mois contre l'anaplasmose à Anaplasma marginale conférée par un vaccin réfrigéré d'une part, et un vaccin congelé d'autre part, contenant l'un et l'autre A. centrale. La parasitémie par A. centrale a été mesurée chez tous les sujets vaccinés. La plus grande chute de l'hématocrite a été 41,8 p. 100 pour le vaccin congelé et 40,3 p. 100 pour le vaccin réfrigéré . Tous les bouvillons ont guéri sans nécessité d'un traitement spécifique. Six mois après, les bovins des groupes vaccinés et ceux du lot témoin ont été éprouvés avec A. marginale à des doses allant de 10 puissance 6 à 10 puissance 7 ou 10 puissance 8. La parasitémie a varié de 1,2 à 4,0 p. 100 chez les vaccinés et de 10,3 à 12,0 p. 100 chez les témoins. La plus grande chute de l'hematocrite a été respectivement de 33,1 p. 100, 30,0 et 57,4 p. 100 dans les lots inoculés avec le vaccin congelé, le vaccin réfrigéré et ceux non vaccinés. Les bouvillons vaccinés ont guéri sans traitement spécifique, ce qui s'est révélé nécessaire chez 7 des 8 témoins. Les deux vaccins ont montré un degré similaire de protection contre A. marginale et ont évité une grave destruction erythrocitaire.
Enquête sur les parasites gastro-intestinaux chez des porcs du Nigeria (Plateau State et Rivers State)
Authors: Salifu D.A. , Manga T.B. , Onyali I.O.
Published: January 2021

Des prélèvements de fèces provenant de 1000 porcs ont été recueillis dans les régions de Jos et de Port Harcourt (Plateau et Rivers State) entre janvier 1987 et mars 1988. Dans la région de Jos, l'incidence parasitaire était la suivante : Ascaris suum 53,1 p. 100, Trichuris suis 8,5 p. 1O0, Hyostrongylus rubidus 13,1 p. 100, Metastrongylus salmi 3,7 p. 100, Strongyloides ransomi 87,7 p. 100, Oesophagostomum dentatum 35,1 p. 100 et Eimeria spp. 2,4 p. 100 alors qu'à Port Harcourt elle se répartissait ainsi : Ascaris suum 10,4 p. 100, Trichuris suis 47,2 p. 100, Oesophagostomum dentatum 50 p. 100, Hyostrongylus rubidus 2 p. 100, Ancylostoma duodenale 83,2 p. 100 et Eimeria spp. 3,6 p. 100. La proportion élevée d'helminthoses était due au mauvais entretien comme aux conditions sanitaires défectueuses. Le contact avec des excréments humains, une alimentation pauvre et le manque de vermifugation étaient aussi très évidents. Les différents taux de l'incidence parasitaire à Jos et à Port Harcourt étaient aussi dus aux conditions d'humidité, variables dans ces Etats.
Teneurs en énergies brute et digestible de fourrages disponibles en zone tropicale
Authors: Richard Didier , Guérin Hubert , Friot Dominique , Mbaye N.
Published: January 2021

L'énergie brute (EB) de divers fourrages d'origine tropicale a été mesurée sur les fourrages suivants : Brachiaria mutica en vert en en foin, Chloris gayana en foin, Panicum maximum en vert (var. K187 B, var. T58) et en foin (var. C1), Stylosanthes guyanensis, tapis herbacé de pâturages sahéliens, pailles de mil, de riz et de sorgho, fanes d'arachide et de niébé. La teneur moyenne en EB de ces aliments est de 4182 kcal/kg MS (de 3431 à 4587) et de 4672 kcal/kg MO (de 4442 à 5018). La répartition des fourrages en cinq groupes permet d'obtenir une relation précise entre les teneurs en EB et en MAT exprimées par rapport à la matière organique (ETR = 39 kcal/kg MO, r = 0,89, n = 139). La digestibilité de l'énergie (DE) de divers fourrages a été mesurée au cours de 62 essais. Elle est comprise entre 35 et 78 p. 100 (45 et 65 p. 100 pour 74 p. 100 des fourrages) . Une relation très étroite est observée entre la DE et la DMO (ETR = 0,8, r = 0,996). La teneur en énergie digestible des fourrages varie entre 1560 et 3315 kcal/kg MS.
L'élevage traditionnel des petits ruminants au Sénégal. II. Pratiques de conduite et d'exploitation des animaux chez les éleveurs de la région de Louga
Authors: Faugère Olivier , Dockes A.C. , Perrot C. , Faugère B.
Published: January 2021

Les auteurs présentent ici une partie des résultats du programme «pathologie et productivité des petits ruminants en milieu traditionnel» (ISRA/IEMVT-CIRAD), à partir desquels ils analysent les pratiques et les stratégies des éleveurs de petits ruminants dans la région de Louga. La méthodologie s'appuie sur des enquêtes ponctuelles sur le terrain et l'analyse statistique des données micro-économiques recueillies lors d'un suivi hebdomadaire de 194 troupeaux de concession pendant une durée de 3 ans. Les enquêtes ont orienté le traitement des données, qui, à son tour, a soulevé des questions et généré de nouvelles enquêtes auprès des acteurs concernés. Les auteurs décrivent ensuite les conditions de l'élevage des petits ruminants: milieux naturel (zone sahélienne), humain (deux ethnies - Peul et Wolof - se partagent la région), et systèmes de production, puis les pratiques de conduite et de gestion économique, sensiblement différentes entre Peul et Wolof. Deux modes d'élevage sont toujours associés: l'élevage de case (surtout pratiqué par les Wolof), qui concerne les béliers les mieux conformés, restant à l'attache dans la concession et nourris à l'auge de 6 à 18 mois, avant d'être vendus au meilleur prix; l'élevage pastoral, qui concerne les autres ovins et les caprins partant pâturer la journée sous la conduite d'un berger et revenant le soir dans la concession où ils reçoivent une complémentation à l'auge. Le rôle de l'élevage de petits ruminants (production laitière, abattages festifs, épargne mobilisable en cas de besoin) est illustré par les résultats du suivi. Ceux-ci montrent clairement que les stratégies commerciales (choix des animaux à vendre ou à abattre, époque de vente, prix de vente, etc.) des deux ethnies sont tout à fait différentes et reflètent leurs objectifs majeurs: production laitière chez les Peul, ventes d'animaux chez les Wolof.
Les tiques de la famille Ixodidae comme réservoir d'arbovirus en République de Guinée. II. Les arbovirus
Authors: Konstantinov O.K.
Published: January 2021

Au cours des années 1978-1985, à partir d'une récolte de 96167 tiques Ixodidae, 79 souches des arbovirus suivants ont été isolées : Bhanja, 4 souches; CHF-Congo, 9; Dugbe, 20; Jos, 24 (virus liés écologiquement aux tiques); Abadina, 10; Bluetongue, 7; Bunyamwera, 1; Chikungunya, 1 (lien avec les tiques établi pour la première fois); Kindia, 1 et Forécaria h, 2 (nouveaux virus). Les tiques Amblyomma variegatum représentai ent la source principale d'isolement des arbovirus (78,5 p. 100), suivies par celles du genre Boophilus (12,6 p. 100), Rhipicephalus (7,6 p. 100) et Haemaphysalis (1,3 p. 100). Suite aux expériences en laboratoire et sur le terrain, le rôle d'A. variegatum comme vecteur du virus Abadina a été établi. Les particularités de la dynamique saisonnière de la circulatio n de ce virus ainsi que sa pathogénicité pour le bétail ont été notées. L'enquête sérologique sur le gros bétail (7000 sérums environ) a montré que la circulation était plus active pour les virus Abadina, Bluetongue, CHF-Congo, Dugbe avec 24-35 p. 100 des sérums positifs. Le taux de sérums positifs contre les virus Bhanja, Forécariah, Jos et RVF ne dépassait pas 0,9 p. 100. Pendant la période de recherches, les arbovirus isolés à partir de tiques ont joué un rôle épidémiologique négligeable dans la pathologie humaine en Guinée.
Anticorps de quelques maladies du porc dans les élevages commerciaux du centre de la Zambie
Authors: Stafford K. , Stafford Y. , Paton D. , Gamble P.
Published: January 2021

Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur 121 truies (jeunes et adultes) provenant de 7 porcheries commerciales situées autour de Lusaka (Zambie). Ils ont été reconnus négatifs pour la maladie d'Aujeszky, la gastroentérite contagieuse, la grippe porcine, la peste porcine classique et la brucellose. Soixante dix huit porcs provenant de cinq fermes ont réagi positivement au parvovirus porcin. Dix huit sérums se sont révélés positifs à Leptospira celledoni.
Variations biochimiques plasmatiques mises en évidence chez des chèvres Red Sokoto infectées expérimentalement par Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Igbokwe I.O. , Mohammed A.
Published: January 2021

Les variations biochimiques plasmatiques ont été étudiées durant 8 semaines consécutives chez des chèvres Red Sokoto expérimentalement infectées par 1,6.10 puissance 7 Trypanosoma brucei injectés par voie intraveineuse. Le pouvoir infectieux de la souche 8/18 s'est révélé élevé. L'hématocrite moyen a diminué de façon significative entre la 1ère et la 8e semaine après l'infection (post-infection PI) (P < 0,05). Durant cette période, les concentrations plasmatiques moyennes en bilirubine totale ont augmenté significativement (P < 0,05). Les taux moyens de bilirubine conjuguée (directe) et de bilirubine libre (indirecte) ont augmenté significativement de la 2e à la 8e semaine PI (P < 0,05). L'albuminémie moyenne n'a pas varié de façon significative (P > 0,05), mais les concentrations moyennes en protéines plasmatiques totales et en globulines ont augmenté significativement entre la 5e et la 8e semaine PI (P < 0,05). Aucune modification significative des concentrations moyennes en bicarbonates, de la créatininémie et de la cholestérolémie n'a été notée (P > 0,05)
Le programme d'éradication de la lucilie bouchère d'Afrique du Nord
Authors: Cunningham E.P. , Abusowa M. , Lindquist D.A. , Sidahmed A.E. , Vargas Teran M.
Published: January 2021

La lucilie bouchère (Cochliomyia hominivorax) est un parasite essentiel des animaux à sang chaud. La femelle peut pondre jusqu'à 300 oeufs dans n'importe quelle blessure et les larves qui en résultent ("vers") fouissent la chair vive des animaux qui souvent meurent. Le coût annuel de la lutte contre cette infestation est d'environ 10 dollars par tête. En 1988, elle a été détectée pour la première fois en Libye. En 1990, l'infestation s'était propagée sur une zone de 25000 km2, où vivent quelque 2 millions de têtes de bétail. Début 1991, la FAO a entrepris un programme d'éradication par la méthode de l'insecte stérile financé par la communauté internationale. Chaque semaine, 40 millions de pupes ont été expédiées par avion de l'usine de production située au Mexique pour être lâchées, une fois parvenues à maturité, au-dessus de la zone infestée. En quelque mois, l'infestation a été éradiquée. Alors qu'en 1990, 12000 animaux infestés avaient été détectés, six cas seulement ont été enregistrés l'année suivante. Le programme prévoyait l'expédition et le lâcher de 1,3 milliard d'insectes stériles, des inspections d'animaux (40 millions au total) et l'examen en laboratoire de 280000 mouches capturées. Le programme ayant coûté au total près de 75 millions de dollars E.-U., le rapport coût/bénéfice a été estimé à 1 : 50.
Le portage asymptomatique de bovins et chèvres Créole guéris de la cowdriose en Guadeloupe
Authors: Camus Emmanuel
Published: January 2021

Les chèvres et les bovins Créole de Guadeloupe peuvent rester porteurs de cowdriose (Cowdria ruminantium) après la guérison jusqu'à 11 mois pour les chèvres et deux mois pour les bovins. Le portage a été démontré en nourrissant des nymphes d'Amblyomma variegatum sur les animaux guéris puis les tiques adultes qui en sont issues sur des chèvres sensibles. Cowdria ruminantium n'est pas décelé en permanence dans le sang pendant la durée du portage.