bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of intestinal membrane transporters in cholera patients
Authors: Flach Carl-Fredrik , Qadri Firdausi , Bhuiyan Taufiqur R. , Alam Nur H. , Jennische Eva , Holmgren Jan , Lönnroth Ivar
Published: June 2007

Vibrio cholerae causes the cholera disease through secretion of cholera toxin (CT), resulting in severe diarrhoea by modulation of membrane transporters in the intestinal epithelium. Genes encoding membrane‐spanning transporters identified as being differentially expressed during cholera disease in a microarray screening were studied by real‐time PCR, immunohistochemistry and in a CaCo‐2 cell model. Two amino acid transporters, SLC7A11 and SLC6A14, were upregulated in acute cholera patients compared to convalescence. Five other transporters were downregulated; aquaporin 10, SLC6A4, TRPM6, SLC23A1 and SLC30A4, which have specificity for water, serotonin (5‐HT), magnesium, vitamin C and zinc, respectively. The majority of these changes appear to be attempts of the host to counteract the secretory response. Our results also support the concept that epithelial cells are involved in 5‐HT signalling during acute cholera.
Crystal structure of a bacterial albumin‐binding domain at 1.4 Å resolution
Authors: Cramer Jacob Flyvholm , Nordberg Peter A. , Hajdu Janos , Lejon Sara
Published: June 2007

The albumin‐binding domain, or GA module, of the peptostreptococcal albumin‐binding protein expressed in pathogenic strains of Finegoldia magna is believed to be responsible for the virulence and increased growth rate of these strains. Here we present the 1.4 Å crystal structure of this domain, and compare it with the crystal structure of the GA–albumin complex. An analysis of protein–protein interactions in the two crystals, and the presence of multimeric GA species in solution, indicate the GA module is “sticky”, and is capable of forming contacts with a range of protein surfaces. This might lead to interactions with different host proteins.
The amino‐terminal domain of pyrrolysyl‐tRNA synthetase is dispensable in vitro but required for in vivo activity
Authors: Herring Stephanie , Ambrogelly Alexandre , Gundllapalli Sarath , O'Donoghue Patrick , Polycarpo Carla R. , Söll Dieter
Published: June 2007

Pyrrolysine (Pyl) is co‐translationally inserted into a subset of proteins in the Methanosarcinaceae and in Desulfitobacterium hafniense programmed by an in‐frame UAG stop codon. Suppression of this UAG codon is mediated by the Pyl amber suppressor tRNA, tRNAPyl, which is aminoacylated with Pyl by pyrrolysyl‐tRNA synthetase (PylRS). We compared the behavior of several archaeal and bacterial PylRS enzymes towards tRNAPyl. Equilibrium binding analysis revealed that archaeal PylRS proteins bind tRNAPyl with higher affinity (K
D
= 0.1–1.0 μM) than D. hafniense PylRS (K
D
= 5.3–6.9 μM). In aminoacylation the archaeal PylRS enzymes did not distinguish between archaeal and bacterial tRNAPyl species, while the bacterial PylRS displays a clear preference for the homologous cognate tRNA. We also show that the amino‐terminal extension present in archaeal PylRSs is dispensable for in vitro activity, but required for PylRS function in vivo.
PRT6/At5g02310 encodes an Arabidopsis ubiquitin ligase of the N‐end rule pathway with arginine specificity and is not the CER3 locus
Authors: Garzón Marcus , Eifler Karolin , Faust Andrea , Scheel Hartmut , Hofmann Kay , Koncz Csaba , Yephremov Alexander , Bachmair Andreas
Published: June 2007

The eukaryotic N‐end rule pathway mediates ubiquitin‐ and proteasome‐dependent turnover of proteins with a bulky amino‐terminal residue. Arabidopsis locus At5g02310 shows significant similarity to the yeast N‐end rule ligase Ubr1. We demonstrate that At5g02310 is a ubiquitin ligase and mediates degradation of proteins with amino‐terminal Arg residue. Unlike Ubr1, the Arabidopsis protein does not participate in degradation of proteins with amino‐terminal Phe or Leu. This modified target specificity coincides with characteristic differences in domain structure. In contrast to previous publications, our data indicate that At5g02310 is not identical to CER3, a gene involved in establishment of a protective surface wax layer. At5g02310 has therefore been re‐designated PROTEOLYSIS 6 (PRT6), in accordance with its ubiquitin ligase function.
Activation of the CRF1 receptor causes ERK1/2 mediated increase in GRK3 expression in CATH.a cells
Authors: Salim Samina , Hite Brian , Eikenburg Douglas C.
Published: June 2007

G‐protein coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) mediates desensitization of alpha2‐adrenergic (α2‐AR) and CRF1 receptors. CRF1 receptors, α2‐AR and GRK3, are localized to the primary source of noradrenergic inputs to higher brain centers critical in both the response to stress and the development of depression, namely, locus coeruleus (LC). This study utilizing CATH.a cells (derived from the LC), demonstrates for the first time, that the stress hormone, CRF selectively up‐regulates GRK3 expression via an ERK1/2‐mediated mechanism accompanied by the activation of Sp‐1 and Ap‐2 transcription factors. This observation has important implications for the regulation of stress signaling in the brain.
Variations of the Extensor Pollicis Brevis Tendon and its Insertion: A Study of 44 Cadaveric Hands
Authors: KULSHRESHTHA R. , PATEL S. , ARYA A. P. , HALL S. , COMPSON J. P.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon, in particular its insertion, in 44 preserved hands from 23 cadavers. We found that only 25% of the tendons were inserted in the conventional way, viz, into the base of the proximal phalanx, and confirmed that the course and insertion of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon varies widely. The importance of these findings to the practice of hand surgery is discussed.
Green tea catechins suppress the DNA synthesis marker MCM7 in the TRAMP model of prostate cancer
Authors: McCarthy Susan , Caporali Andrea , Enkemann Steve , Scaltriti Maurizio , Eschrich Steve , Davalli Pierpaola , Corti Arnaldo , Lee Alice , Sung Jimmy , Yeatman Timothy J. , Bettuzzi Saverio
Published: June 2007

Green tea catechins (GTCs) exert chemopreventive effects in many cancer models. Several studies implicate the DNA synthesis marker minichromosome maintenance protein 7 (MCM7) in prostate cancer progression, growth and invasion; representing a novel therapeutic target. In this study, we investigated the effect of GTCs on MCM7 expression in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate model (TRAMP). DNA microarray, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that GTCs significantly suppressed MCM7 in the TRAMP mice treated with GTCs. Our study indicates that the cellular DNA replication factor MCM7 is involved in prostate cancer (CaP) and MCM7 gene expression was reduced by GTCs. Together, these results suggest a possible role of GTCs in CaP chemoprevention in which MCM7 plays a critical role.
Linear stability of the flow past a spheroidal bubble
Authors: YANG BINZE , PROSPERETTI ANDREA
Published: June 2007

The linear stability of the axisymmetric flow past a fixed-shape spheroid with free-slip boundary conditions is studied numerically to gain some insight into the path instability of bubbles rising in liquids. Qualitatively, the results are similar to those for a solid sphere. The m = 1 mode gives rise to a double-threaded wake and proves to be the most unstable mode, with a first regular bifurcation followed by a Hopf bifurcation. The importance of the base-flow vorticity is highlighted by a stability analysis of the axisymmetric base flow ‘frozen’ before reaching steady state. Setting viscosity to zero in the perturbation equations results in a faster growth of the primary instability, which indicates its root in inertial effects.
Modulated point-vortex couples on a beta-plane: dynamics and chaotic advection
Authors: BENCZIK I. J. , TÉL T. , KÖLLÖ Z.
Published: June 2007

The dynamics of modulated point-vortex couples on a β-plane is investigated for arbitrary ratios of the vortex strength. The motion is analysed in terms of an angle- and a location-dependent potential and the structural changes in their shape. The location-dependent potential is best suited for understanding different types of vortex orbits. It is shown to be two-valued in a range of parameters, a feature which leads to the appearance of orbits with spikes, in spite of the integrability of the problem. The advection dynamics in this modulated two-vortex problem is chaotic. We find a transition from closed to open chaotic advection, implying that the transport properties of the flow might be drastically altered by changing some parameters or the initial conditions. The open case, characterized by permanent entrainment and detrainment of particles around the vortices, is interpreted in terms of an invariant chaotic saddle of the Lagrangian dynamics, while the dynamics of the closed case, with a permanently trapped area of the fluid, is governed by a chaotic region and interwoven KAM tori. The transition from open to closed chaotic advection is quantified by monitoring the escape rate of advected particles as a function of the vortex energy.
Direct numerical simulation of stenotic flows. Part 2. Pulsatile flow
Authors: VARGHESE SONU S. , FRANKEL STEVEN H. , FISCHER PAUL F.
Published: June 2007

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of stenotic flows under conditions of steady inlet flow were discussed in Part 1 of this study. DNS of pulsatile flow through the 75% stenosed tube (by area) employed for the computations in Part 1 is examined here. Analogous to the steady flow results, DNS predicts a laminar post-stenotic flow field in the case of pulsatile flow through the axisymmetric stenosis model, in contrast to previous experiments, in which intermittent disturbed flow regions and turbulent breakdown were observed in the downstream region. The introduction of a stenosis eccentricity, that was 5% of the main vessel diameter at the throat, resulted in periodic, localized transition to turbulence. Analysis in this study indicates that the early and mid-acceleration phases of the time period cycle were relatively stable, with no turbulent activity in the post-stenotic region. However, towards the end of acceleration, the starting vortex, formed earlier as the fluid accelerated through the stenosis at the beginning of acceleration, started to break up into elongated streamwise structures. These streamwise vortices broke down at peak flow, forming a turbulent spot in the post-stenotic region. In the early part of deceleration there was intense turbulent activity within this spot. Past the mid-deceleration phase, through to minimum flow, the inlet flow lost its momentum and the flow field began to relaminarize. The start of acceleration in the following cycle saw a recurrence of the entire process of a starting structure undergoing turbulent breakdown and subsequent relaminarization of the post-stenotic flow field. Peak wall shear stress (WSS) levels occurred at the stenosis throat, with the rest of the vessel experiencing much lower levels. Turbulent breakdown at peak flow resulted in a sharp amplification of instantaneous WSS magnitudes across the region corresponding to the turbulent spot, accompanied by large axial and circumferential fluctuations, even while ensemble-averaged axial shear stresses remained mostly low and negative. WSS levels dropped rapidly after the mid-deceleration phase, when the relaminarization process took over, and were almost identical to laminar, axisymmetric shear levels through most of the acceleration phase.
Wake behaviour and instability of flow through a partially blocked channel
Authors: GRIFFITH M. D. , THOMPSON M. C. , LEWEKE T. , HOURIGAN K. , ANDERSON W. P.
Published: June 2007

The two-dimensional flow through a constricted channel is studied. A semi-circular bump is located on one side of the channel and the extent of blockage is varied by adjusting the radius of the bump. The blockage is varied between 0.05 and 0.9 of the channel width and the upstream Reynolds number between 25 and 3000. The geometry presents a simplified blockage specified by a single parameter, serving as a starting point for investigations of other more complex blockage geometries. For blockage ratios in excess of 0.4, the variation of reattachment length with Reynolds number collapses to within approximately 15%, while at lower ratios the behaviour differs. For the constrained two-dimensional flow, various phenomena are identified, such as multiple mini-recirculations contained within the main recirculation bubble and vortex shedding at higher Reynolds numbers. The stability of the flow to three-dimensional perturbations is analysed, revealing a transition to a three-dimensional state at a critical Reynolds number which decreases with higher blockage ratios. Separation lengths and the onset and structure of three-dimensional instability observed from the geometry of blockage ratio 0.5 resemble results taken from backward-facing step investigations. The question of the underlying mechanism behind the instability being either centrifugal or elliptic in nature and operating within the initial recirculation zone is analytically tested.
Self-sustained oscillations in variable-density round jets
Authors: NICHOLS JOSEPH W. , SCHMID PETER J. , RILEY JAMES J.
Published: June 2007

The stability properties of round variable-density low-Mach-number jets are studied by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS) and linear stability analysis. Fully three-dimensional DNS of variable-density jets, with and without gravity, demonstrate that the presence of buoyancy causes a more abrupt transition to turbulence. This effect helps to explain differences between normal gravity and microgravity jet diffusion flames observed in the laboratory.

The complete spectrum of spatial eigenmodes of the linearized low-Mach-number equations is calculated using a global matrix method. Also, an analytic form for the continuous portion of this spectrum is derived, and used to verify the numerical method. The absolute instability of variable-density jets is confirmed using Brigg's method, and a comprehensive parametric study of the strength and frequency of this instability is performed. Effects of Reynolds number, the density ratio of ambient-to-jet fluid (S1), shear-layer thickness and Froude number are considered. Finally, a region of local absolute instability is shown to exist in the near field of the jet by applying linear stability analysis to mean profiles measured from DNS.
Evolution and mixing of asymmetric Holmboe instabilities
Authors: CARPENTER J. R. , LAWRENCE G. A. , SMYTH W. D.
Published: June 2007

When a stably stratified density interface is embedded in a region of strong velocity shear, hydrodynamic instabilities result. Here we generalize the stratified shear layer to allow an offset between the centre of the shear layer and the density interface. By including this asymmetry, and keeping the density interface thin with respect to the shear layer, the asymmetric Holmboe (AH) instability emerges. This study examines the evolution and mixing behaviour of AH instabilities, and compares the results to the well-known Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) and Holmboe instabilities. This is done by performing a series of direct numerical simulations (DNS). The simulation results show that there are two different mixing mechanisms present. The first is a feature of KH instabilities and leads to the mixing and production of intermediate density fluid. The second mixing mechanism is found in AH and Holmboe instabilities and consists of regions of mixing and turbulence production that are located on one or both sides of the density interface. Since the Holmboe-type instabilities do not generate a large-scale overturning of the central isopycnal, the density interface is able to retain its identity throughout the mixing event. The amount of mixing that takes place is found to be strongly dependent on the degree of asymmetry in the flow.
A new subgrid eddy-viscosity model for large-eddy simulation of anisotropic turbulence
Authors: CUI G. X. , XU C. X. , FANG L. , SHAO L. , ZHANG Z. S.
Published: June 2007

A new subgrid eddy-viscosity model is proposed in this paper. Full details of the derivation of the model are given with the assumption of homogeneous turbulence. The formulation of the model is based on the dynamic equation of the structure function of resolved scale turbulence. By means of the local volume average, the effect of the anisotropy is taken into account in the generalized Kolmogorov equation, which represents the equilibrium energy transfer in the inertial subrange. Since the proposed model is formulated directly from the filtered Navier–Stokes equation, the resulting subgrid eddy viscosity has the feature that it can be adopted in various turbulent flows without any adjustments of model coefficient. The proposed model predicts the major statistical properties of rotating turbulence perfectly at fairly low-turbulence Rossby numbers whereas subgrid models, which do not consider anisotropic effects in turbulence energy transfer, cannot predict this typical anisotropic turbulence correctly. The model is also tested in plane wall turbulence, i.e. plane Couette flow and channel flow, and the major statistical properties are in better agreement with those predicted by DNS results than the predictions by the Smagorinsky, the dynamic Smagorinsky and the recent Cui–Zhou–Zhang–Shao models.
Energy-minimizing kinematics in hovering insect flight
Authors: BERMAN GORDON J. , WANG Z. JANE
Published: June 2007

We investigate aspects of hovering insect flight by finding the optimal wing kinematics which minimize power consumption while still providing enough lift to maintain a time-averaged constant altitude over one flapping period. In particular, we study the flight of three insects whose masses vary by approximately three orders of magnitude: fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster), bumblebee (Bombus terrestris), and hawkmoth (Manduca sexta). Here, we model an insect wing as a rigid body with three rotational degrees of freedom. The aerodynamic forces are modelled via a quasi-steady model of a thin plate interacting with the surrounding fluid. The advantage of this model, as opposed to the more computationally costly method of direct numerical simulation via computational fluid dynamics, is that it allows us to perform optimization procedures and detailed sensitivity analyses which require many cost function evaluations. The optimal solutions are found via a hybrid optimization algorithm combining aspects of a genetic algorithm and a gradient-based optimizer. We find that the results of this optimization yield kinematics which are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to previously observed data. We also perform sensitivity analyses on parameters of the optimal kinematics to gain insight into the values of the observed optima. Additionally, we find that all of the optimal kinematics found here maintain the same leading edge throughout the stroke, as is the case for nearly all insect wing motions. We show that this type of stroke takes advantage of a passive wing rotation in which aerodynamic forces help to reverse the wing pitch, similar to the turning of a free-falling leaf.
Finite-amplitude thresholds for transition in pipe flow
Authors: PEIXINHO J. , MULLIN T.
Published: June 2007

We report the results of an experimental study of the finite-amplitude thresholds for transition to turbulence in a constant mass flux pipe flow. The flow was perturbed using small impulsive jets and push–pull disturbances from holes in the pipe wall. The flux of the disturbance is used to define an amplitude for the perturbation and the critical value required to cause transition scales in proportion to Re−1 for jets. In this case, the transition is catastrophic and the scaling suggests a simple balance between inertia and viscosity. On the other hand, the threshold scales as Re−1.3 or Re−1.5 for push–pull disturbances with the precise value depending on the orientation of the perturbation. Further, the amplitudes required to cause transition are typically an order of magnitude smaller than for jets. When the push–pull perturbation was applied in the oblique direction, streaks and hairpin vortices appeared during the growth phase of the disturbance. The scaling of the threshold and the growth of structures are both consistent with ideas associated with temporary algebraic growth.
Influence of crest and group length on the occurrence of freak waves
Authors: GRAMSTAD ODIN , TRULSEN KARSTEN
Published: June 2007

A large number of simulations have been performed to reveal how the occurrence of freak waves on deep water depends on the group and crest lengths for fixed steepness. It is found that there is a sharp qualitative transition between short- and long-crested sea, for a crest length of approximately ten wavelengths. For short crest lengths the statistics of freak waves deviates little from Gaussian and their occurrence is independent of group length (or Benjamin–Feir index, BFI). For long crest lengths the statistics of freak waves is strongly non-Gaussian and the group length (or BFI) is a good indicator of increased freak wave activity.
Prevalence ofCryptosporidiumspecies in intensively farmed pigs in Ireland
Authors: ZINTL A. , NEVILLE D. , MAGUIRE D. , FANNING S. , MULCAHY G. , SMITH H. V. , DE WAAL T.
Published: June 2007

NaturalCryptosporidiuminfections in pigs are widespread but generally apathogenic. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of zoonoticCryptosporidiumspp. in piggeries in Ireland, where the drinking water supply is particularly vulnerable to contamination with zoonotic species. Overall, infections were detected in 39 out of 342 animals (11·4%), with highest infection rates among weaners (15%) and sows (13·3%). Twenty-nine positive samples were genotyped based on SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Infections withCryptosporidium parvum, the most important zoonotic species were rare and are likely to be of greater concern to animal handlers than suppliers of drinking water. In addition toC. parvum,Cryptosporidium suis,Cryptosporidiumpig genotype II,Cryptosporidium murisand a previously undescribed genotype were identified. ABI-profiles indicated the presence of different alleles in at least 40% of all genotyped isolates. This was confirmed in 3 isolates by cloning of the PCR products. Since chronic mixed infections appear to be quite common in pigs they could be considered as models for mixed infections in immunocompromised humans.
Long-range distance determinations in biomacromolecules by EPR spectroscopy
Authors: Schiemann Olav , Prisner Thomas F.
Published: June 2007

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy provides a variety of tools to study structures and structural changes of large biomolecules or complexes thereof. In order to unravel secondary structure elements, domain arrangements or complex formation, continuous wave and pulsed EPR methods capable of measuring the magnetic dipole coupling between two unpaired electrons can be used to obtain long-range distance constraints on the nanometer scale. Such methods yield reliably and precisely distances of up to 80 Å, can be applied to biomolecules in aqueous buffer solutions or membranes, and are not size limited. They can be applied either at cryogenic or physiological temperatures and down to amounts of a few nanomoles. Spin centers may be metal ions, metal clusters, cofactor radicals, amino acid radicals, or spin labels. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the different EPR spectroscopic methods, briefly describe their theoretical background, and summarize important biological applications. The main focus of this article will be on pulsed EPR methods like pulsed electron–electron double resonance (PELDOR) and their applications to spin-labeled biosystems.
Adding the Reader's Voice: Early-modern Ashkenazi Grammars of Hebrew
Authors: Zwiep Irene E.
Published: June 2007

Argument

The Ashkenazi grammars of Hebrew written between roughly 1600 and 1800 fill a modest and largely forgotten shelf in the Jewish scholarly library. At first sight, especially when compared with the medieval Jewish and contemporary Christian Hebrew traditions, they seem to lack technical sophistication. As this paper hopes to demonstrate, however, this apparent lack of sophistication was not so much an intrinsic flaw as a deliberate choice. For the earliest Ashkenazi textbooks were not about studying grammar, but about teaching Hebrew. By adapting the existing descriptive models to the needs of the classroom and the gemeyne leytn (ordinary people), Jewish scholars and teachers in such cities as Prague, Wilhelmsdorff, and Amsterdam hoped to find and instruct new audiences. Depending on context and target audience, they either relied on Hebrew, Yiddish, or on an intricate interplay of the two for maximum success and efficiency. It was this innovative combination of didactic simplification and functional bilingualism that allowed them not only to reach a new readership, but also to equip that readership to henceforth read their Bible and prayers with unprecedented autonomy.
Jacob Lestschinsky: A Yiddishist Dreamer and Social Scientist
Authors: Estraikh Gennady
Published: June 2007

Argument

Jacob Lestschinsky (1876–1966) emerged as the leading social scientist in pre-1917 circles of Yiddishist Marxist nationalists, most notably the Territorialists, who sought to create Jewish statehood outside Palestine. Lestschinsky played a central role in Jewish institutions formed in Ukraine in 1918–1920. A convinced anti-Bolshevik, he lived in Germany, then in Poland, America, and eventually in Israel. He combined two careers: a popular Yiddish journalist and an influential scholar. He conducted demographic and statistical studies under the auspices of the Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO) whose headquarters were in Vilna (Vilnius) until the beginning of World War II and were later moved to New York. Lestschinsky was one of the fathers of YIVO and was associated with the organization until the 1950s. In January 1945, during a YIVO conference in New York, he was the first to estimate the number of Holocaust victims as six million. This article analyzes Lestschinsky's theoretical outlook and its transformation under the influence of the vicissitudes of Jewish life.
Interpreting Freud: The Yiddish Philosophical Journal Davke Investigates a Jewish Icon
Authors: Berger Shlomo
Published: June 2007

Argument

The Argentine-based Yiddish philosophical journal Davke functioned as a mediator between general European philosophy and Jewish philosophy. Its editor Shlomo Suskovich wished to introduce readers of Yiddish to the western tradition of philosophy and, at the same time, to show how Jewish thought contributed to abstract thinking. Through topical issues dedicated to central ideas or to giants among Jewish philosophers, particular knowledge could be successfully transmitted to the reading public. Sigmund Freud was honored with such a topical issue. In it the editor wished to show this Jew's contribution to basic philosophical contemplation rather than limit the discussion to his contributions in the field of psychology. In the central article of the issue on Freud, the editor emphasizes that all the articles in the issue, including those which deal with psychoanalysis, focus on Freud's importance to the world of ideas rather than just the world of medicine.
Tuvia Schalit's Di spetsyele relativitets-teorye of 1927 and Other Introductions to the Theory of Relativity in Yiddish
Authors: Gruschka Roland
Published: June 2007

Argument

This article discusses a number of heterogeneous Yiddish monographs on Einstein's theory of relativity. It presents background information on Einstein's relationship with the Yiddish language, with the cultural movement, Yiddishism, and with its leading institution, YIVO. Although Einstein avoided taking sides in the conflict between Yiddishism and its rival Zionism, his Zionist friends were successful in establishing at least a “primacy of palestinocentric Zionism” in his thinking. Of special interest are two books by philosophic writers and one by an author trained in mathematics and physics, Tuvia Schalit, an acquaintance of Einstein's assistant Jacob Grommer. This article describes the underlying motivations and the philosophical horizon of these authors, in particular with respect to their view on the relationship between Kantianism and the theory of relativity. In contrast to many German academic philosophers, the Yiddish authors thought it possible to reconcile Kantianism with the new physics.
Ber Borochov's “The Tasks of Yiddish Philology”
Authors: Trachtenberg Barry
Published: June 2007

Argument

Ber Borochov (1881–1917), the Marxist Zionist revolutionary who founded the political party Poyle Tsien (Workers of Zion), was also one of the key theoreticians of Yiddish scholarship. His landmark 1913 essay, “The Tasks of Yiddish Philology,” was his first contribution to the field and crowned him as its chief ideologue. Modeled after late nineteenth-century European movements of linguistic nationalism, “The Tasks” was the first articulation of Yiddish scholarship as a discrete field of scientific research. His tasks ranged from the practical: creating a standardized dictionary and grammar, researching the origins and development of the language, and establishing a language institute; to the overtly ideological: the “nationalizing and humanizing” of the Yiddish language and its speakers. The essay brought a new level of sophistication to the field, established several of its ideological pillars, and linked Yiddish scholarship to the material needs of the Jewish people. Although “The Tasks” was greeted with a great deal of skepticism upon its publication, after his death, Borochov became widely accepted as the “founder” of modern Yiddish studies.
A Salmonella Typhimurium 197 outbreak linked to the consumption of lambs' liver in Sydney, NSW
Authors: HESS I. M. R. , NEVILLE L. M. , McCARTHY R. , SHADBOLT C. T. , McANULTY J. M.
Published: June 2007

We identified an increase in the number of cases of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 197 in New South Wales in February 2005. Cases were predominantly of Lebanese descent. To identify risk factors for illness, we conducted an unmatched case-control study including 12 cases and 21 controls. Eight of 12 cases (67%) and no controls reported eating lambs' liver (OR incalculable, P<0·05), and seven of nine cases (78%) and one of 21 controls (5%) reported eating fresh fish (OR 70·0, P<0·05). Among participants who did not eat liver, there was a strong association between eating fish and illness (OR 60·0, P<0·05). The fish was from divergent sources. Five cases had bought the liver from two different butcher's shops, which obtained the lambs' liver from a single abattoir. Consumption of liver is a risk for salmonellosis. Traditional dishes may place some ethnic groups at increased risk of foodborne disease.
Molecular typing ofSalmonella entericaserovars Enteritidis, Corvallis, Anatum and Typhimurium from food and human stool samples in Tunisia, 2001–2004
Authors: BEN AISSA R. , AL-GALLAS N.
Published: June 2007

During the period from 2001 to 2004, a total of 72 isolates ofSalmonella entericaserovars: Anatum (n=40), Enteritidis (n=18), Corvallis (n=8), and Typhimurium (n=6), of various origins (mainly food and diarrhoeagenic stool samples), were collected and further characterized by antibiotic resistance, plasmid analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Forty-five isolates presented multidrug resistance to antibiotics. Among which oneS. entericaserovar Anatum isolate was resistant to 11 antibiotics, and oneS. entericaserovar Typhimurium DT104 isolate was resistant to eight antibiotics. Plasmid profiling identified eight plasmid profiles (with 1–5 plasmids) among the isolates, of which one plasmid profile (P01) was predominant.XbaI PFGE analysis revealed the presence of a predominant clone of the four studiedSalmonellaserovars circulating in Tunisia throughout the years 2001–2004.
Are dietary diversity scores related to the socio-economic and anthropometric status of women living in an urban area in Burkina Faso?
Authors: Savy M , Martin-Prével Y , Danel P , Traissac P , Dabiré Hb , Delpeuch F
Published: June 2007

Objectives

To study dietary diversity and its relationship with socio-economic and nutritional characteristics of women in an urban Sahelian context.

Design

A qualitative dietary recall was performed over a 24-h period. Dietary diversity scores (DDS = number of food groups consumed) were calculated from a list of nine food groups (DDS-9) or from a list of 22 food groups (DDS-22) which detailed both micronutrient- and energy-dense foods more extensively. Body mass index (BMI), mid upper-arm circumference and body fat percentage were used to assess the nutritional status of the women.

Setting and subjects

Five hundred and fifty-seven women randomly selected in two districts of Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso.

Results

The mean DDS-9 and DDS-22 were 4.9 ± 1.0 and 6.5 ± 1.8 food groups, respectively. In the high tertile of DDS-22, more women consumed fatty and sweetened foods, fresh fish, non-fatty meat and vitamin-A-rich fruits and vegetables. The DDS-9 was not associated with the women’s socio-economic characteristics whereas the DDS-22 was higher when the women were younger, richer and had received at least a minimum education. Mean BMI of the women was 24.2 ± 4.9 kg m–2and 37% of them were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg m–2). Neither the DDS-9 nor the DDS-22 was associated with the women’s anthropometric status, even though there was a trend towards fewer overweight women in the lowest tertile of DDS-22.

Conclusion

In this urban area, the qualitative measurement of dietary diversity is not sufficient to identify women at risk of under- or overweight.
Energy costs of daily activities for women in rural India
Authors: Rao Shobha , Gokhale Medha , Kanade Asawari
Published: June 2007

Objective

In view of the paucity of data on energy costs, the present study aimed to estimate these for typical daily activities performed by women in rural India.

Design

A cross-sectional study covering 26 different activities was done by indirect calorimetry using the Oxylog™ instrument (Morgan).

Settings

Villages about 30–40 km from Pune city, Maharashtra, India.

Subjects

Energy costs were measured on 22 rural Indian women aged 18–45 years.

Results

Irrespective of whether an activity was domestic or farming, energy cost was lower when performed in sitting position (cleaning grains 5.24 kJ min−1, plucking leafy vegetables 5.76 kJ min−1) and increased considerably with the extent of muscular movement (carrying two water containers 14.77 kJ min−1, chopping firewood 14.5 kJ min−1), indicating the importance of the postural details of the activity. Physical activity ratio computed using the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University equation (PARw) was lower for all activities compared with that (PARm) based on measured basal metabolic rate, indicating the need for a population-specific equation. Furthermore, PARw identified more activities as belonging to the ‘very light’ category (nine out of 26 activities), in contrast to the perception of rural women which was supported with empirical evidence. Estimated daily energy expenditure of the women was 7.69 ± 0.63 MJ (1837 ± 150 kcal) and identified their daily activity pattern as ‘moderate’ based on PALw (1.65 ± 0.16) while PALm (2.04 ± 0.18) identified it as ‘heavy’.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the importance of qualitative descriptions of the various activities. The energy costs for several daily activities reported in this study could potentially be used for estimating daily energy expenditure of women from similar rural settings.
Effects of a dairy product fortified with multiple micronutrients and
omega-3 fatty acids on birth weight and gestation duration in pregnant Chilean
women
Authors: Mardones Francisco , Urrutia Maria-Teresa , Villarroel Luis , Rioseco Alonso , Castillo Oscar , Rozowski Jaime , Tapia Jose-Luis , Bastias Gabriel , Bacallao Jorge , Rojas Ivan
Published: June 2007

Objective

To test the hypothesis that maternal food fortification with omega-3 fatty
acids and multiple micronutrients increases birth weight and gestation
duration, as primary outcomes.

Design

Non-blinded, randomised controlled study.

Setting

Pregnant women received powdered milk during their health check-ups at 19
antenatal clinics and delivered at two maternity hospitals in Santiago,
Chile.

Subject

Pregnant women were assigned to receive regular powdered milk (n = 477) or a milk product fortified with
multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids (n = 495).

Results

Intention-to-treat analysis showed that mean birth weight was higher in the
intervention group than in controls (65.4 g difference, 95% confidence
interval (CI) 5–126 g; P =
0.03) and the incidence of very preterm birth (<34 weeks) was
lower (0.4% vs. 2.1%; P = 0.03).
On-treatment analysis showed a mean birth weight difference of 118 g (95% CI
47–190 g; P = 0.001) and a
relative fall in both the proportion of birth weight ≤3000 g
(P = 0.015) and the incidence of
pre-eclampsia (P = 0.015). Compliance
with the experimental product was apparent from a haematological study of
red-blood-cell folate at the end of pregnancy, which was performed in a
sub-sample. In both types of analyses, positive differences were also
present for mean gestation duration, birth length and head circumference.
Nevertheless, the relatively small sample sizes allowed a statistical power
of >0.80 just for mean birth weight and birth length in the
on-treatment analysis; birth length in that analysis had a difference of
0.57 cm (95% CI 0.19–0.96 cm; P = 0.003).

Conclusions

The new intervention resulted in increased mean birth weight. Associations
with gestation duration and most secondary outcomes need a larger sample
size for confirmation.
Rearrangements of the Williams–Beuren syndrome locus: molecular basis and implications for speech and language development
Authors: Osborne Lucy R. , Mervis Carolyn B.
Published: June 2007

The Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) locus on human chromosome 7q11.23 is flanked by complex chromosome-specific low-copy repeats that mediate recurrent genomic rearrangements of the region. Common genomic rearrangements arise through unequal meiotic recombination and result in complex but distinct behavioural and cognitive phenotypes. Deletion of 7q11.23 results in WBS, which is characterised by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning difficulties, with relative cognitive strengths in verbal short-term memory and in language and extreme weakness in visuospatial construction, as well as anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and overfriendliness. By contrast, duplication results in severely delayed speech and expressive language, with relative strength in visuospatial construction. Although deletion and duplication of the WBS region have very different effects, both cause forms of language impairment and suggest that dosage-sensitive genes within the region are important for the proper development of human speech and language. The spectrum and frequency of genomic rearrangements at 7q11.23 presents an exceptional opportunity to identify gene(s) directly involved in human speech and language development.
Prävalenz von Angst und Depression bei ambulanten Krebspatienten und deren Angehörigen
Authors: Krähenbühl  , Zwahlen  , Knuth  , Schnyder  , Jenewein  , Kuhn  , Büchi
Published: June 2007

Zielsetzung: Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Prävalenz von Angst- und Depression bei ambulant behandelten Krebspatienten und deren Angehörigen eines universitären Zentrumspitals zu erfassen. Zudem sollte geprüft werden, wie gut sich das Distress-Thermometer (DT) als einfaches Screeninginstrument für Angst- und depressive Störungen eignet. Methode: Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Krebsarten und in verschiedenen Krankheitsstadien sowie eine ihnen nahe stehende Person wurden schriftlich befragt. 109 Patienten mit je einer angehörigen Person konnten in die Auswertungen einbezogen werden. Resultate: Bei den Patienten zeigen 24.7% erhöhte Angst- und 20.2% erhöhte Depressionswerte. Von den Angehörigen zeigen 41.0% erhöhte Angst- und 21.6% erhöhte Depressionswerte. Angehörige Frauen zeigen signifikant höhere Angstwerte als angehörige Männer (p < 0.01); bei 48% der weiblichen Angehörigen zeigten sich erhöhte Angstwerte. Das Distress-Thermometer weist mit einer Sensitivität von 0.93 für Angst und 0.82 für Depression sowie einer Spezifität von 0.68 von Angst und 0.62 für Depression gute Kennwerte als Screeninginstrument für psychische Morbidität auf. Schlussfolgerung: Weibliche Angehörige von Krebspatienten weisen eine besonders hohe psychische Morbidität auf, was in der klinischen Versorgung in Zukunft verstärkt berücksichtigt werden sollte. Das Distress-Thermometer ist ein einfaches, zeitsparendes und sensitives Screeninginstrument zur Erfassung psychischer Störungen von Krebspatienten, dessen klinischer Einsatz empfohlen werden kann.
Trace gas measurements over the northwest Pacific during the 2002 IOC cruise
Authors: Kato Shungo , Ui Takeshi , Uematsu Mitsuo , Kajii Yoshizumi
Published: June 2007

The R/V Melville cruised from Osaka (Japan) on 1 May and reached Hawaii on 5 June on a project for the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) in 2002. During this cruise, the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases (O3, CO, DMS, hydrocarbons, and halocarbons) were measured. Air at high latitudes and low latitudes exhibited starkly different characteristics regarding their chemical composition. The concentrations of anthropogenic species clearly decreased from high latitude to low latitude. On the other hand, biogenic species such as DMS and alkenes were highly abundant at lower latitudes. Backward air trajectories show that the northwestern continental air mass was dominant at higher latitudes and the eastern marine air mass was dominant at lower latitudes. However, the long‐range transport of pollutants to clean regions near Hawaii was also observed. The ratios of ethane to CO decreased from high latitude to low latitude. On the basis of a VOC ratio analysis, the benzene concentration is relatively higher at low latitudes. DMS concentrations and wind speed at low latitudes have good correlation. This indicates that at low latitudes, the DMS concentration at the ocean surface is roughly uniform.
Numerical simulations of coronal hole‐associated neutral solar wind as expected at the Solar Orbiter position
Authors: D'Amicis R. , Orsini S. , Antonucci E. , Di Lellis A. M. , Hilchenbach M. , Telloni D. , Mura A. , Milillo A. , Fineschi S. , Bruno R.
Published: June 2007

Neutral hydrogen is indicative of the behavior of the main solar wind component formed by protons out to at least 5 R⊙. In fact, beyond this distance, the characteristic time for charge exchange between hydrogen atoms and protons becomes larger than the coronal expansion timescale, causing the neutrals to decouple from the charged solar wind. The mean free path of the neutral component rapidly increases with the radial distance so that neutrals generated at heliocentric distances ≥24 R⊙ fly unperturbed and eventually are detected by Solar Orbiter (perihelion at approximately 48 R⊙), since their mean free path is long enough to let neutrals reach the neutral solar wind detector. However, the computation of the differential flux shows that the bulk of the flux detected at the Solar Orbiter vantage point mainly comes from about 9 R⊙. Neutrals retain information on the three‐dimensional distribution of hydrogen at the level where they are generated as the proton velocity distribution is frozen within the generated neutrals and transferred up to the Solar Orbiter position. In the present study, we report our preliminary results from our simulation of the neutral solar wind distribution as predicted at the Solar Orbiter position and considering the evolution of a coronal hole‐emerging solar wind whose major parameters are estimated by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) experiment. The synergy between corona remote sensing and in situ neutral particle observations will enable us to infer the degree of anisotropy, if any, in the neutral and charged coronal hydrogen close to the Sun.
Nonlinear ballooning instability in the near‐Earth magnetotail: Growth, structure, and possible role in substorms
Authors: Zhu P. , Sovinec C. R. , Hegna C. C. , Bhattacharjee A. , Germaschewski K.
Published: June 2007

To examine the scenario that the onset of a substorm can be triggered by ballooning instabilities in the near‐Earth magnetotail, we have performed three‐dimensional direct magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the nonlinear evolution of the ideal ballooning instability in two types of analytic Grad‐Shafranov equilibria of the magnetotail. The nonlinear growth and spatial structure (in both real and spectral spaces) of the instability are obtained for both classes of equilibria, and its observable consequences are explored. In particular, the linearly unstable ballooning mode is demonstrated to grow exponentially in the early nonlinear phase, and it starts to slow down or saturate in the intermediate nonlinear phase. The intermediate nonlinear phase is characterized by the formation of fine‐scale patterns determined by the dominant ky mode and spatially discontinuous structures that tend to accumulate at the stagnation point of the sheared flow profile spontaneously generated by the instability. It is proposed that, unlike the predictions of a theory of explosive nonlinear growth, the nonlinear ballooning instability, by itself, cannot produce a current disruption. However, the possibility remains open that the ballooning instability, when coupled to current‐driven instabilities and nonideal mechanisms such as reconnection and turbulent transport, may produce current sheet disruption in the near‐Earth magnetotail.
Understanding the escape of water from Enceladus
Authors: Burger M. H. , Sittler E. C. , Johnson R. E. , Smith H. T. , Tucker O. J. , Shematovich V. I.
Published: June 2007

On 14 July 2005, Cassini passed within 175 km of Enceladus’ surface enabling a direct in situ measurement of water escaping from the surface by the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) and the observation of a stellar occultation by the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVIS). We have developed a three‐dimensional, Monte Carlo neutral model to simultaneously model the INMS and UVIS measurements of water gas density and column density, respectively. The data are consistent with a two‐component atmosphere; the first with a weak, distributed source on the surface which, if global, has a source rate of ∼8 × 1025 H2O/s, and the second with a much larger source localized at the south pole with a source rate ∼1028 H2O/s. This latter source is possibly coincident with the “tiger stripe” series of fractures revealed by the Imaging Science Subsystem instrument where the ice was measured to be warmer than the surrounding regions by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer instrument. We estimate the plasma mass loading rate due to interaction between the plume and magnetospheric plasma is 2–3 kg/s for a plume source of 1028 H2O/s. Pickup of water group ions in the plume slows down the plasma to ∼10 km/s relative to Enceladus in the region of, and downstream of, the south polar plume. This is consistent with the mass loading rate inferred from magnetic field perturbations detected during the Cassini flyby and suggests an additional source may be needed to explain the plasma flow deflections detected by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer.