bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paracoccus broussonetiae subsp. drimophilus subsp. nov., a Novel Subspecies Salt-Tolerant Endophytic Bacterium from Maize Root in Hunan
Authors: Li Xue , Zhou Chi , Li Ming , Zhang Qingzhuang , Su Lei , Li Xin
Published: February 2025

In an investigation exploring endophytic microbiota from agricultural crops, an aerobic, non-motile, Gram-negative, coccobacillus-shaped bacterial isolate, designated as strain NGMCC 1.201697T, was isolated from maize roots in Hunan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain NGMCC 1.201697T belonged to the genus Paracoccus, showing the highest sequence similarity to Paracoccus broussonetiae CPCC 101403T (99.86%). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) were 98.57% and 87.90% between the novel isolate and its closest phylogenetic relative. However, phenotypic characterization further differentiated the isolate from P. broussonetiae CPCC 101403T. The isolate showed enhanced environmental tolerance adaptability (growth in 0–8% NaCl and 4–37 °C), unique enzymatic activities (esterase C4, β-glucosidase, L-proline arylamidase, and β-galactosidase), and expanded metabolic capabilities (D-mannitol, D-cellobiose, saccharose, and so on). The major polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), two unidentified glycolipids (GLs) and four unidentified phospholipids (PLs). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10, and the major fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c, 69.42%). The DNA G + C content was 64.49 mol%. Based on results of these analyses, strain NGMCC 1.201697T represents a novel subspecies of Paracoccus broussonetiae, for which the name Paracoccus broussonetiae subsp. drimophilus subsp. nov. is proposed. The type-strain is NGMCC 1.201697T (=CGMCC 1.61958T =JCM 37104T).
An Optoelectronic System for the Online Monitoring of the Chord Length of Steam Turbine Rotor Blades for Early Fault Detection
Authors: Korotaev Valery V. , Rodikova Liliana S. , Timofeev Alexandr N. , Ryzhova Victoria A. , Yarishev Sergey N. , Djamiykov Todor S. , Marinov Marin B.
Published: February 2025

Research Subject: The research subject was the error of optoelectronic video endoscopy systems in measuring the chord length of low-pressure cylinder steam turbine blades during shaft rotation. Objective: The objective was to reduce the error of the optoelectronic system in measuring the chord length of turbine rotor blades on a closed cylinder during shaft rotation. Methodology: Analytical research and computer modeling of the information transformation process during blade image formation and processing were carried out. Theoretical and experimental evaluations of the system error were conducted. Main Results: The structure of the components contributing to the error in estimating the chord length of low-pressure turbine blades was analyzed. The contribution of individual components to the total error was identified, and methods for reducing the most significant error components were proposed. Practical Significance: The effectiveness of the proposed methods for error reduction was validated through computer simulations and experimental studies on two system prototypes. The results showed that the standard deviation of the random error component in chord measurement during dynamic operation did not exceed 0.27 mm.
Military Training Aircraft Structural Health Monitoring Leveraging an Innovative Biologically Inspired Feedback Mechanism for Neural Networks
Authors: Berghout Tarek
Published: February 2025

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial for ensuring the safety and longevity of military training aircraft, which face demanding conditions such as high maneuverability, variable loads, and extreme environments, leading to structural fatigue. Traditional methods, such as modal analysis, often struggle to handle the multivariate complexity of operational conditions and data variability. Recently, deep learning has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome these limitations. However, deep learning models typically operate in a unidirectional manner, where feedback to the inputs is often neglected. In contrast, biological neurons utilize feedback mechanisms to refine and adapt their responses in natural ecosystems, enabling adaptive learning and error correction. In this context, this study proposes an innovative Convolutional Neural Network with Reversed Mapping (CNN-RM) approach to SHM, which incorporates feedback loops and self-correcting mechanisms. Before feeding the data into CNN-RM, the dataset complexity is reduced through time-series-to-images Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), followed by a denoising CNN (DnCNN) to mitigate complex behavior under various conditions. For application, this study utilizes a massive dataset collected from multivariate sensors installed on a decommissioned military training aircraft previously used by the British Royal Air Force and now housed in a laboratory environment. The results revealed that the overall mean of classification metrics for the CNN is 0.9673 (training) and 0.9422 (testing), while for CNN-MR, it is 0.9764 (training) and 0.9515 (testing), showing an improvement of 0.94% in training and 1.00% in testing. These results highlight significant advancements in SHM, recommending the consideration of such learning mechanisms in neural learning models.
Is a Drug Allergy in a Patient’s History Real? Our Experience with Diagnostic Drug Provocation Tests
Authors: Gorgulu Akin Begum , Ozdel Ozturk Betul , Bayrak Durmaz Makbule Seda , Ozturk Aktas Ozge , Soyyigit Sadan
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Early-type drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are observed within the first 1–6 h and most commonly manifest as urticaria and/or angioedema. Detailed anamnesis, skin prick tests (SPTs), intradermal tests (IDTs), and oral/intramuscular/intravenous drug provocation tests (DPTs) can be used to identify the drug responsible. We aimed to evaluate the demographic characteristics, responsible drugs, DHR types, and DPT results used in the diagnosis of drug allergy in patients who presented to our clinic with suspected drug allergies. Materials and Methods: The medical records of patients who presented with a suspicion of an early-type DHR between February 2019 and December 2024 were retrospectively evaluated through the hospital information management system. A total of 188 adults who underwent diagnostic drug testing were included. Results: The diagnosis of drug allergy was confirmed in 51 (27%) patients. In 137 (73%) patients, the diagnosis of drug allergy was excluded after DPTs. In 78 of the 188 patients, there was a DHR to a single suspected drug. The other 110 patients had DHR histories with multiple drugs. The rate of confirmation of a drug allergy from diagnostic tests was higher in those who described a history of multiple drug allergies. Amongst the antibiotics, beta-lactam antibiotics (n = 47) were the most frequently suspected drugs. The rate of positive DPTs (n = 4; 8%) was lower in patients with suspected beta-lactam allergies than other antibiotics (p = 0.002). NSAIDs (n = 60) were the second most common group of suspected drug allergies. With regard to IgE or COX-1-mediated mechanisms, there was no statistically significant difference in DPT positivity among these NSAIDs (p = 0.414). The severity of the initial early-type DHRs were grade 1 (n = 168; 80%), grade 2 (n = 14; 7%), and grade 3 (n = 14; 7%). If the patients had redness, itching, urticaria, angioedema, dyspnea, cyanosis, desaturation, syncope, tachycardia, or hypotension during their initial DHRs, the positive diagnostic drug test rate was statistically significantly higher. However, experiencing diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting were not found to be associated with positive diagnostic drug tests. Drug allergies were confirmed with SPTs or IDTs in all patients in whom adrenaline was used during initial reactions. Conclusions: Contrary to the prevailing notion that drugs (especially beta-lactams) are the predominant cause of allergic reactions, this study demonstrated that the actual prevalence of drug allergies is, in fact, low.
Retrospective Serologic Assessment of Vitamin D Levels in Children from Western Romania: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Mihu Alin Gabriel , Nicolescu Cristian Mircea , Marc Constantin Catalin , Boru Casiana , Susan Monica , Ciceu Alina , Sprintar Sergiu Adrian , Olariu Alexander Tudor , Oatis Daniela Adriana , Nicolescu Laura Corina , Olariu Tudor Rares
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Adequate levels of vitamin D are vital for both growth and immunomodulation in children. To evaluate the levels of vitamin D in children from Western Romania and to identify significant age, seasonal, and geographical disparities. Materials and Methods: This study evaluates the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels assessed on Cobas 6000’s module e601 in 1698 children aged 1–18 years between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2021 from Western Romania. Results: Children aged 1–6 years predominantly present sufficient levels (>30 ng/mL), while older age groups showed a marked decline. Adolescents aged 13–18 years were most affected, with over half displaying insufficient levels (20–30 ng/mL). Rural children were more likely to achieve sufficiency compared to urban peers. Males demonstrated significantly higher vitamin D levels when compared to females. Seasonal variations showed the highest vitamin D levels during late summer and early autumn (September: aOR = 5.47; 95% CI: 3.17–9.42, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant improvement in vitamin D levels during 2019–2020. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the need for targeted screening programs and health policies to address vitamin D deficiency, particularly among older children, urban residents and during winter months.
Plasma Proteomics and Metabolomics of Aromatase Inhibitors-Related Musculoskeletal Syndrome in Early Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Jing Feng , Jiang Lingyun , Cao Yuling , Tian Maoting , Qiu Jiajia , Zhang Jing , Tang Lichen , Lu Renquan , Hu Yan
Published: February 2025

Background: Aromatase inhibitors-related musculoskeletal syndrome (AIMSS) is a common side effect experienced by early breast cancer patients undergoing endocrine therapy. This condition can result in medication discontinuation and a diminished quality of life. The objective of this study was to characterize AIMSS, investigate its pathogenesis, and identify potential biomarkers at both the protein and metabolic levels. Methods: We collected peripheral blood samples from 60 women diagnosed with breast cancer undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy, of whom 30 had AIMSS and 30 did not. The samples were analyzed using four-dimensional data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based proteomics and untargeted metabolomics, employing liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) on the latest platform. Results: The mean age of participants was 49.2 (11.3) years in the AIMSS group and 50.1 (11.5) years in the non-AIMSS group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, BMI, education level, clinical stage, and treatment. In total, we identified 3473 proteins and 1247 metabolites in the samples. The chemokine signaling pathway (p = 0.015), cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction (p = 0.015), complement and coagulation cascades (p = 0.004), neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction (p = 0.004), and the estrogen signaling pathway (p = 0.004) were significant enriched in differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). GnRH secretion (p < 0.001), sphingolipid signaling pathways (p < 0.001), endocrine resistance (p < 0.001), the estrogen signaling pathway (p = 0.001), endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption (p = 0.001), dopaminergic synapse (p = 0.003), regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes (p = 0.004), biosynthesis of cofactors (p = 0.004), thyroid hormone synthesis (p = 0.008), aldosterone synthesis and secretion (p = 0.001), taurine and hypotaurine metabolism (p = 0.011), ovarian steroidogenesis (p = 0.011), and the cAMP signaling pathway (p = 0.011) were significantly enriched in differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). Complement C3 (p = 0.004), platelet factor 4 (p = 0.015), KRT10 (p = 0.004), KRT14 (p = 0.004), beta-estradiol (p = 0.019), testosterone (p = 0.023), sphingosine (p < 0.001), and 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (p = 0.039) could be the monitoring and therapeutic targets for AIMSS. Conclusions: This study offered new insights into the mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal symptoms associated with aromatase inhibitors. It also highlighted potential biomarkers for predicting and addressing these symptoms in breast cancer patients, paving the way for improved intervention strategies.
Polar Metabolite Profiles Distinguish Between Early and Severe Sub-Maintenance Nutritional States of Wild Bighorn Sheep
Authors: O’Shea-Stone Galen , Tripet Brian , Thomson Jennifer , Garrott Robert , Copié Valérie
Published: February 2025

Background: Understanding the metabolic adaptations of wild bighorn sheep (Ovis c. canadensis) to nutritional stress is crucial for their conservation. Methods: This study employed 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics to investigate the biochemical responses of these animals to varying sub-maintenance nutritional states. Serum samples from 388 wild bighorn sheep collected between 2014 and 2017 from December (early sub-maintenance) through March (severe sub-maintenance) across Wyoming and Montana were analyzed. Multivariate statistics and machine learning analyses were employed to identify characteristic metabolic patterns and metabolic interactions between early and severe sub-maintenance nutritional states. Results: Significant differences were observed in the levels of 15 of the 49 quantified metabolites, including formate, thymine, glucose, choline, and others, pointing to disruptions in one-carbon, amino acid, and central carbon metabolic pathways. These metabolites may serve as indicators of critical physiological processes such as nutritional intake, immune function, energy metabolism, and protein catabolism, which are essential for understanding how wild bighorn sheep adapt to nutritional stress. Conclusions: This study has generated valuable insights into molecular networks underlying the metabolic resilience of wild bighorn sheep, highlighting the potential for using specific biochemical markers to evaluate nutritional and energetic states in free-ranging ungulates. These insights may help wildlife managers and ecologists compare populations across different times in seasonal cycles, providing information to assess the adequacy of seasonal ranges and support conservation efforts. This research strengthens our understanding of metabolic adaptations to environmental stressors in wild ruminants, offering a foundation for improving management practices to maintain healthy bighorn sheep populations.
Machine Learning with Voting Committee for Frost Prediction
Authors: de Almeida Vinícius Albuquerque , Anochi Juliana Aparecida , Rozante José Roberto , de Campos Velho Haroldo Fraga
Published: February 2025

A machine learning (ML)-based methodology for predicting frosts was applied to the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, as well as to other countries including Uruguay, Paraguay, northern Argentina, and southeastern Bolivia. The machine learning model (using TensorFlow (TF)) was compared to the frost index (IG from the Portuguese: Índice de Geada) developed by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE, Brazil). The IG is estimated using meteorological variables from a regional weather numerical model (RWNM). After calculating the two indices using the ML model and the RWNM, a voting committee (VC) was trained to select between the computed outputs. The AdaBoostClassifier algorithm was employed to implement the voting committee. The study area was subdivided into three distinct subregions: R1 (outside Brazil), R2 (the south of Brazil), and R3 (southeastern Brazil). Two forecasting time scales were evaluated: 24 h and 72 h. The 24 h forecasts from both approaches (TF and RWNM) exhibited a similar performance in terms of the number of accurate predictions. However, in the region covering Uruguay and northern Argentina, the TensorFlow model demonstrated superior frost prediction accuracy. Additionally, the TensorFlow model outperformed the RWNM for the 72 h forecast horizon.
Research on Precise Temperature Monitoring and Thermal Management Optimization of Automobile Engines Based on High-Precision Thin-Film Thermocouple Technology
Authors: Zhao Guangyuan , Li Xin , Liu Zhihui
Published: February 2025

Thin-film thermocouple is widely used in temperature measurement because of its high temperature measurement accuracy and small size. In order to calibrate the temperature accurately with thin-film thermocouple, NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouple was prepared by magnetron sputtering according to the Seebeck effect. Through static calibration experiments, the Seebeck coefficient of K-wire thermocouple was found to be 39.23 μV/°C, while that of the NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouple was 38.89 μV/°C. Further experiments showed a Seebeck coefficient of 39.092 μV/°C for the NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouple, which verifies that the prepared thin-film thermocouple has good consistency and repeatability. Through the temperature measurement experiment of automobile engines, the highest stable working temperature of the engine is 107.9 °C, which further verifies that the prepared NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouple can have a sensitive dynamic response to temperature and high temperature measurement accuracy. Finally, the causes of experimental errors, the application prospect and existing problems of thin-film thermocouples are analyzed.
Prevalence and Distribution of Salmonella in Water Bodies in South America: A Systematic Review
Authors: Reyes Makarena Sofia Gonzalez , Palharini Rayana Santos Araujo , Monteiro Felipe Ferreira , Ayala Salvador , Undurraga Eduardo A.
Published: February 2025

The presence of Salmonella in rivers, lakes, or beaches in South America represents a challenge to public health and aquatic ecosystems. This review explores the distribution, prevalence, and the main factors contributing to the survival and spread of Salmonella, including wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff, and climatic variables such as high temperatures and precipitation. These factors also facilitate the distribution of multidrug-resistant strains in water. The review is based on bibliographic searches in various databases, focusing on Salmonella species, South American countries, and types of water bodies. Predominant serovars include S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, with S. Typhi and S. Panama frequently detected in Chile, S. Enteritidis in Argentina, and S. Typhimurium in Brazil. Less common serovars, including S. Dublin and S. Paratyphi B, were identified, along with subspecies such as diarizonae and houtenae. These findings highlight the role of environmental, physicochemical, and anthropogenic factors influencing Salmonella dynamics. The review identifies research gaps, advocating for further studies to better understand the interactions between Salmonella, climate change, and human activity. Strengthening surveillance and mitigation strategies is crucial to protect water resources and public health in South America.
Long-Term Crop Rotation Revealed the Relationship Between Soil Organic Carbon Physical Fraction and Bacterial Community at Aggregate Scales
Authors: Meng Xianghai , Wang Baicheng , Zhang Xingzhe , Liu Chunguang , Ji Jinghong , Hao Xiaoyu , Yang Bing , Wang Wenhui , Xu Dehai , Zhang Shuai , Wang Xiaomei , Cao Minghui , Wang Yuming
Published: February 2025

Crop rotation enhances soil fertility and health by modulating microbial communities, with soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics governed by aggregate–microbial interplay. To date, the effects of different crop rotations on SOC fractions and relevant bacterial communities at aggregate scales remain uncertain. Here, a 17-year field experiment was used to reveal the effects of maize monoculture (MM), soybean monoculture (SS), and maize and soybean rotation on the SOC fractions and bacterial communities. Compared with the SS treatment, only the MS treatment significantly increased the particulate organic carbon (POC) content at the aggregate scale. Nevertheless, higher mineral-associated organic carbon (MaOC) contents were observed under the MS and MM treatments than under the SS treatment. The microbial co-occurrence networks for macro- and microaggregates were divided into three main ecological clusters. The specific taxa in Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 are involved in SOC fraction turnover within macro- and microaggregates, respectively. In total, the Vicinamibacteraceae-driven Cluster 1 community dominated the MaOC turnover process within macroaggregates, whereas the Actinobacteria- and Pyrinomonadaceae-driven Cluster 2 communities changed the MaOC turnover process within microaggregates. This study strengthens our understanding of the role of the microbial community in the accumulation of SOC fractions under different crop rotation practices.
The Alleviative Effects of Weizmannia coagulans CGMCC 9951 on the Reproductive Toxicity of Caenorhabditis elegans Induced by Polystyrene Microplastics
Authors: Li Chengmei , Zhao Lina , Fan Jiajia , Qi Wentong , Li Xuan , Li Yuwan , Tian Pingping , Wu Ying , Gu Shaobin
Published: February 2025

The increased emission and accumulation of microplastics pose a severe threat to humans and the environment. As effective biological agents for alleviating the effects of microplastics, the mechanism of action of probiotics remains unclear. In this study, based on the successful establishment of a reproductive virulence model of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), we explored the effect and mechanism of Weizmannia coagulans CGMCC 9951 (W. coagulans CGMCC 9951) on the reproductive toxicity of C. elegans. Our results showed that the gonad area and the number of offspring increased but the number of germ cells undergoing apoptosis decreased by 14% and 24% in C. elegans, after CGMCC 9951 treatments. Antioxidant test results showed that CGMCC 9951 increased the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and the content of Glutathione (GSH) in C. elegans. In addition, it was found by qPCR and mutagenesis experiments verified that CGMCC 9951 alleviated reproductive toxicity through the DNA checkpoint signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that CGMCC 9951 could alleviate the reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics in C. elegans by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathway. The above results suggest that probiotics can be used as a potential approach to alleviate the reproductive toxicity induced by polystyrene microplastics in humans.
Mineral Chemistry of Li-Bearing Minerals at the Giant Tanco Pegmatite, Canada
Authors: Alexandre Paul , Salvi Stefano
Published: February 2025

The highly fractionated late Archean Tanco pegmatite (Bernic Lake, SE Manitoba, Canada) is a world-class producer of tantalum and cerium but is also a major source of lithium. In order to better understand the major Li hosts and the overall Li budget of the Tanco pegmatite, the lithium-bearing minerals present here were analyzed for major and trace elements by electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS, respectively. The major Li-bearing minerals present in the Tanco pegmatite are eucryptite (approximately 11.0 wt% Li2O), montebrasite (~11.2 wt%), lithiophilite (9.1 wt%), spodumene (~8.8 wt%), petalite (5.45 wt%), lepidolite (4.36 wt%), and tancoite (5.2 wt%); Li is also present in lithiowodginite, tourmaline, muscovite, beryl, pollucite, and apatite (between 0.1 and 1.3 wt% Li2O). Most of the Li present in Tanco is contained in petalite (69.4% of all the Li present here), followed by spodumene (11.4%), montebrasite (11.1%), and eucryptite (4.0%); all remaining Li-bearing minerals contain 4.0% of the Li present in the Tanco pegmatite. Overall, the Tanco pegmatite contains approximately 0.71 wt% Li2O, on par with previous estimates. The major practical implications of these finding are that (1) all Li-bearing minerals have to be considered to properly estimate the Li endowment of any pegmatite; (2) the main Li-bearing mineral is not always spodumene; (3) the exact and detailed Li mineralogy of a pegmatite will directly affect extraction and processing; and (4) a significant proportion of Li in any pegmatite is contained in other minerals than the main one, be it spodumene of petalite.
Effect of Electrochemical Synthesis Parameters on the Morphology, Crystal and Chemical Structure, and Sorption Efficiency of Basic Bismuth Nitrates
Authors: Najdanović Slobodan M. , Kostić Miloš M. , Petrović Milica M. , Velinov Nena D. , Radović Vučić Miljana D. , Mitrović Jelena Z. , Bojić Aleksandar Lj.
Published: February 2025

Bismuth basic nitrates (BBNs) were synthesized via an electrochemical method, i.e., by electrodeposition from an acidic solution of bismuth nitrate, followed by thermal treatment in an air environment. For the first time, the influence of various electrochemical parameters on the morphology, crystal structure, and chemical structure of BBNs was examined. The following synthesis parameters were investigated: electrodeposition current density, thermal treatment temperature of the obtained deposit, and working electrode material (cathode). The obtained materials were characterized by SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, TG, and N2 adsorption/desorption methods and were applied for the sorption of the textile dye RB19. The results showed that the electrodeposition current density and thermal treatment temperature affect the surface morphology, chemical composition, and crystal structure of the obtained materials, as well as the RB19 sorption efficiency. On the other hand, the working electrode material does not affect the properties of the synthesized materials mentioned. Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic analysis of the sorption process were also examined.
Solvent Fractionation and LC-MS Profiling, Antioxidant Properties, and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Bombyx batryticatus
Authors: Liu Guanhui , Tang Jingni , Tu Jie , Guo Xijie
Published: February 2025

Bombyx batryticatus is the dried body of silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus) larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana. It is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating convulsions, epilepsy, and hyperglycemia. In this study, Bombyx batryticatus and its extract were prepared. The total reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities, as well as the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Bombyx batryticatus extract were superior to those of normal silkworm larvae extract. Among them, the IC50 value of Bombyx batryticatus extract for α-glucosidase was 5.76 mg/mL, while that of normal silkworm larvae extract was 7.0 mg/mL. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was employed to compare the material composition of normal silkworm larvae and Bombyx batryticatus. The results revealed 101 metabolic differences between the two groups, including a significant increase in fatty acids and their derivatives in the Bombyx batryticatus extract. Further separation and purification of the Bombyx batryticatus extract were performed using solvents of varying polarity. The chloroform fraction exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, with an IC50 value of 0.217 mg/mL. LC-MS further identified compounds in the chloroform fraction, suggesting that those alkaloids, fatty acids, and their derivatives may be responsible for its strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This study elucidates the material basis underlying the pharmacological effects of Bombyx batryticatus, particularly its hypoglycemic components, thereby providing critical experimental support for its future development and application in medicine.
Vitamin K Properties in Stroke and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Janus Bifrons in Protection and Prevention
Authors: Grimaldi Lorenzo , Cavallaro Rosaria A. , De Angelis Domenico , Fuso Andrea , Sancesario Giulia
Published: February 2025

Vitamin K is essential for many physiological processes, including coagulation, bone metabolism, tissue calcification, and antioxidant activity. Vitamin K vitamers are represented by lipophilic compounds with similar chemical structure (i.e., phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinone (vitamin K2)). Vitamin K deficiency can affect coagulation and vascular calcification, increasing the risk of hemorrhages, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration. Recently, several studies have hypothesized a possible dual role of vitamin K vitamers in benefiting both vascular and cerebral health, e.g., by sphingolipids biosynthesis or ferroptosis inhibition. The aim of this narrative review is to deepen the understanding of biological activities of vitamin K and its possible dual protective/preventive actions in neurovascular and degenerative conditions, e.g., stroke and dementia. Given the difficulties related to hemorrhagic risk entailed in the prevention of strokes, the function of vitamin K antagonists is also investigated. Finally, we track the development of a clinical concept for a future preventive strategy and innovative use of vitamin K as a supplement to counteract neurovascular and pathological processes, focusing in particular on stroke and dementia.
Assessment of Sustainable Ethanolamine-Based Protic Ionic Liquids with Varied Carboxylic Acid Chains as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel in Saline Environments
Authors: Pascoal Caio Victor Pereira , Da Silva Lucas Renan Rocha , Florez Mauro Andres Cerra , Cavalcante Thiago Roberto Felisardo , Avila Julian Arnaldo , Salomão Francisco Carlos Carneiro Soares , Barros Eduardo Bedê , Avelino Francisco , Lomonaco Diego , Pinheiro Regiane Silva , de Sant’Ana Hosiberto , Rezayat Mohammad , Mateo Antonio , Fargas Gemma , Araújo Walney Silva
Published: February 2025

The inhibitory performance of three distinct protic ionic liquids (PILs), namely, 2-hydroxyethyl ammonium formate (PIL 01), 2-hydroxyethyl ammonium propionate (PIL 02), and 2-hydroxyethyl ammonium pentanoate (PIL 03), was evaluated to determine their suitability as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel (ASTM A36) in a 3.5 wt. % NaCl aerated neutral electrolyte solution. Standard corrosion inhibitor assessment methods, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), weight loss measurements, and microscopic techniques (SEM and optical microscopy), were employed to examine the steel surface and corrosion rate. There is a general agreement that the inhibition efficacy is directly associated with the adsorption capacity of substances on the surface of an investigated material, normally stainless or carbon steel. The standard free energies of adsorption were approximately −22 kJ mol−1, indicating a physical adsorption type of interaction between ionic liquids and the electrode surface. The adsorption behavior of protic ionic liquids on an A36 steel surface conforms to a Langmuir-type isotherm. In conclusion, PIL 01 demonstrated an inhibition efficiency exceeding 80%, while PILs 02 and 03 exhibited efficacies in the 50–60% range. The inhibition efficiency was observed to be proportional to the inhibitor’s concentration. These results suggest that PIL 01, PIL 02, and PIL 03 exhibit significant corrosion inhibition properties.
Ionic Liquids as Starch Plasticizers: The State of the Art
Authors: Romano Susanna , De Santis Serena , Frezza Chiara , Orsini Monica , Sotgiu Giovanni , Feroci Marta , Rocco Daniele
Published: February 2025

Over the past 15 years, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained increasing attention as potential replacements for traditional organic compounds. Thanks to their remarkable properties, such as non-volatility, chemical stability, low toxicity, solvation power, and the tunability of properties—due to different combinations of cations and anions—ILs are considered ideal in the processing of polymers. Indeed, they have been extensively studied for the dissolution, derivatization, and plasticization of biopolymers to address the growing issue of plastic pollution. The aim of this review is to investigate the recent years’ literature using ILs in starch plasticization. In particular, two major classes of ionic liquids were addressed, the imidazole-based ionic liquids and the choline-derived bioILs. Furthermore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms behind the interactions between ILs and starch and to study their effect on biopolymer properties.
High-Breakdown and Low-Leakage 4H-SiC MOS Capacitor Based on HfO2/SiO2 Stacked Gate Dielectric in Trench Structures
Authors: Huang Qimin , Guo Yunduo , Wang Anfeng , Gu Lin , Wang Zhenyu , Ding Chengxi , Shen Yi , Ma Hongping , Zhang Qingchun
Published: February 2025

The progression of SiC MOSFET technology from planar to trench structures requires optimized gate oxide layers within the trench to enhance device performance. In this study, we investigated the interface characteristics of HfO2 and SiO2/HfO2 gate dielectrics grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on SiC trench structures. The trench structure morphology was revealed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements showed that the roughness of both films was below 1nm. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) indicated that the physical thicknesses of HfO2 and SiO2/HfO2 were 38.275 nm and 40.51 nm, respectively, demonstrating their comparable thicknesses. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the gate dielectrics revealed almost identical Hf 4f core levels for both HfO2 and the SiO2/HfO2 composite dielectrics, suggesting that the SiO2 interlayer and the SiC substrate had minimal impact on the electronic structure of the HfO2 film. The breakdown electric field of the HfO2 film was recorded as 4.1 MV/cm, with a leakage current at breakdown of 1.1 × 10−3A/cm2. The SiO2/HfO2 stacked film exhibited significantly better performance, with a breakdown electric field of 6.5 MV/cm and a marked reduction in leakage current to 3.7 × 10−4 A/cm2. A detailed extraction and analysis of the leakage current mechanisms were proposed, and the data suggested that the introduction of thin SiO2 interfacial layers effectively mitigated small bandgap offset issues, significantly reducing leakage current and improving device performance.
Tetrahedrite Nanocomposites for High Performance Thermoelectrics
Authors: Coelho Rodrigo , Moço Duarte , Sá Ana I. de , Luz Paulo P. da , Neves Filipe , Cerqueira Maria de Fátima , Lopes Elsa B. , Brito Francisco P. , Mangelis Panagiotis , Kyratsi Theodora , Gonçalves António P.
Published: February 2025

Thermoelectric (TE) materials offer a promising solution to reduce green gas emissions, decrease energy consumption, and improve energy management due to their ability to directly convert heat into electricity and vice versa. Despite their potential, integrating new TE materials into bulk TE devices remains a challenge. To change this paradigm, the preparation of highly efficient tetrahedrite nanocomposites is proposed. Tetrahedrites were first prepared by solid state reaction, followed by the addition of MoS2 nanoparticles (NPs) and hot-pressing at 848 K with 56 MPa for a duration of 90 min to obtain nanocomposites. The materials were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, and Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the composites’ matrix and NP distribution. To complement the results, lattice thermal conductivity and the weighted mobility were evaluated. The NPs’ addition to the tetrahedrites resulted in an increase of 36% of the maximum figure of merit (zT) comparatively with the base material. This increase is explained by the reduction of the material’s lattice thermal conductivity while maintaining its mobility. Such results highlight the potential of nanocomposites to contribute to the development of a new generation of TE devices based on more affordable and efficient materials.
Are New β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations Promising Against Carbapenem-Resistant K. pneumoniae Isolates?
Authors: Ceylan Ayşe Nur , Kömeç Selda , Şanlı Kamuran , Öncel Beyza , Durmuş Mehmet Akif , Gülmez Abdurrahman
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections present a significant clinical challenge due to limited therapeutic options and high transmission potential. This study aimed to identify the resistance genes associated with carbapenemase production in CRKP isolates and evaluate the in vitro activity of ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) and meropenem/vaborbactam (MEV), among other β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Methods: Between October 2021 and June 2022, a total of 504 CRKP isolates were grown from patient samples in intensive care units. When duplicate patient samples were removed, the remaining 89 isolates were included in the study. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were per-formed using MALDI-TOF, Phoenix M50, and disk diffusion methods, following EUCAST guidelines. PCR analyses identified carbapenemase genes such as OXA-48, NDM, and KPC. Results: The most prevalent carbapenemase gene was OXA-48 (79.8%), followed by NDM (21.4%) and KPC (17.9%). The susceptibility rate to CZA was 82.0%, significantly higher than MEV (10.1%). All isolates were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam. Among MEV-resistant isolates, most carried the OXA-48 gene, while NDM was common in CZA-resistant isolates. Conclusions: CZA demonstrates high efficacy against OXA-48-producing CRKP, making it a viable treatment option in settings where OXA-48 predominates. The limited activity of MEV in this study underscores the need for molecular surveillance of resistance mechanisms to guide empirical therapy.
Phytotherapeutic Analysis of Chloroform-Based Fractions of Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria Extracts Reveals Potent Anti-Psoriatic Activity: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Authors: Ojha Madhavi , Manocha Nilanshu , Kumar Vinod , Karthikeyan Ganeshan , Toor Devinder
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Psoriasis, a prevalent dermatological disorder, poses therapeutic challenges due to limited effective treatments or adverse side-effects. Traditional medicinal plants like Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria, historically used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices, show potential in treating inflammatory skin diseases. This study aims to explore their in vitro and in vivo anti-psoriatic properties to develop safer and more effective therapies. Methods: Chloroform:methanol fractions from ethanol extracts of Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. In vitro assays using HaCaT cells assessed cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammatory markers. In vivo studies utilized an IMQ-induced psoriasis mouse model, evaluating skin lesions, histopathology, and cytokine profiles. Results: Chloroform fractions significantly reduced HaCaT cell viability and induced apoptosis. They also dose-dependently downregulated IL-8 and RANTES levels. In vivo, these fractions reduced skin inflammation, edema, and psoriasis scores. Histopathological analysis showed decreased epidermal thickness and dermal inflammation. Key psoriasis biomarkers IL-17 and IL-23 were significantly reduced. Conclusions: Chloroform:methanol fractions from Alstonia scholaris and Wrightia tinctoria demonstrated potent anti-psoriatic effects in vitro and in vivo. These findings support their potential as novel phytotherapeutic agents for managing psoriasis, offering promise for further development and clinical application.
Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Integration in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Smart Synergy
Authors: Kodumuru Reshma , Sarkar Soumavo , Parepally Varun , Chandarana Jignesh
Published: February 2025

Background: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with the internet of things (IoTs) represents a significant advancement in pharmaceutical manufacturing and effectively bridges the gap between digital and physical worlds. With AI algorithms integrated into IoTs sensors, there is an improvement in the production process and quality control for better overall efficiency. This integration facilitates enabling machine learning and deep learning for real-time analysis, predictive maintenance, and automation—continuously monitoring key manufacturing parameters. Objective: This paper reviews the current applications and potential impacts of integrating AI and the IoTs in concert with key enabling technologies like cloud computing and data analytics, within the pharmaceutical sector. Results: Applications discussed herein focus on industrial predictive analytics and quality, underpinned by case studies showing improvements in product quality and reductions in downtime. Yet, many challenges remain, including data integration and the ethical implications of AI-driven decisions, and most of all, regulatory compliance. This review also discusses recent trends, such as AI in drug discovery and blockchain for data traceability, with the intent to outline the future of autonomous pharmaceutical manufacturing. Conclusions: In the end, this review points to basic frameworks and applications that illustrate ways to overcome existing barriers to production with increased efficiency, personalization, and sustainability.
Evaluation of Different Polysaccharide–Iron Complex Preparations In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Yan Xin , Zhang Qi , Wang Tao , Luo Yu , Sha Xianyi
Published: February 2025

Objectives: Iron-deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide. Polysaccharide–iron complexes (PICs), as novel organic iron supplements, have garnered increasing attention due to their high bioavailability, minimal gastrointestinal irritation, and favorable tolerability. However, different formulations of PICs can show significant variations in their physicochemical properties and bioavailability. These factors are crucial for clinical efficacy and safety. Methods: This study selected two formulations of polysaccharide–iron complexes: Formulation A (PIC-coated pellets) and Formulation B (PIC powders), with ferrous succinate tablets (Formulation C) used as a control. The focus was on evaluating the molecular weight of the polysaccharides, the levels of free iron, and the dissolution across various dissolution media. Physicochemical properties were compared through particle size analysis, dissolution rate testing, and free iron content determination. Additionally, the pharmacokinetic properties of the two PIC formulations were assessed in a beagle dog model of iron-deficiency anemia. Results: Significant differences were observed in particle appearance and content structure between the two PIC formulations. Formulation A, prepared using pellet technology, exhibited a uniform particle size distribution. Its dissolution rate in acidic environments was significantly lower than that of Formulation B. In simulated gastric fluid, the cumulative iron dissolution rate of Formulation A was less than 15% within two hours, while that of Formulation B exceeded 50%, with substantial batch-to-batch variability. In various dissolution media, Formulation A released 12% of its dissolved iron content in gastric fluid within two hours. In contrast, the absolute free iron content of Formulation B was 8.5 times higher than that of Formulation A in simulated gastric fluid. In the beagle dog model of iron-deficiency anemia, Formulation A showed significantly higher bioavailability, which suggests that the pellet preparation technology improves both the acid resistance and bioavailability of the PIC formulation. Conclusions: The study revealed that Formulation A, prepared using pellet technology, possesses unique quality characteristics. This technology significantly reduces the release of free iron from PICs due to gastric acid action, potentially minimizing gastrointestinal irritation. Moreover, the pellet preparation process improves the acid resistance and bioavailability of PIC formulations, offering a more effective therapeutic option for iron-deficiency anemia. Future research may further explore the potential applications of pellet technology in other iron supplement formulations.
Amikacin Dosing Adjustment in Critically Ill Oncologic Patients: A Study with Real-World Patients, PBPK Analysis, and Digital Twins
Authors: Silva Juliana Queiroz da , Moraes Natália Valadares de , Estrela Rita , Coelho Diogenes , Feriani Diego , Migotto Karen , Caruso Pedro , Silva Ivan Leonardo França e , Oliveira Daiane de Araujo , Telles João Paulo , Moreira Fernanda de Lima
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Guidelines recommend adjusting amikacin dosing based on patients’ renal function. Nevertheless, for critically ill cancer patients, the renal function equations based on serum creatinine levels have low or no correlation with amikacin clearance. Considering this, using real-world data, we built an amikacin PBPK model to predict amikacin plasma concentrations in critically ill oncologic patients stratified by renal impairment levels. Further, the model was applied for dose stratification and individualization (digital twin strategy) in this population. Methods: In the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) study, 368 amikacin pharmacokinetic analyses from 184 critically ill cancer patients were enrolled in three cohorts. A full-body PBPK model was developed using PK-Sim v. 11.3. Results: The final PBPK model accounted for two groups of critically ill cancer patients with mild (creatinine clearance; CLcr ≥ 60 mL/min) or severe (CLcr < 60 mL/min) renal dysfunction. In the dose stratification strategy, at the 7th dose, cancer patients with CLcr ≥ 60 mL/min under regimens 20 mg/kg (q24h); 25 mg/kg (q24h); 25 mg/kg (q48h); and 30 mg/kg (q72h) have probability of ≥69% of the patients achieving the efficacy target (AUC/MIC > 80, MIC of 4 mg/L), while cancer patients with CLcr < 60 mL/min under regimens 7.5 mg/kg (q24h); 15 mg/kg (q24h); 15 mg/kg (q48h); and 20 mg/kg (q36h) have ≥90% probability of achieving the same efficacy target. Conclusions: Our MIPD approach demonstrates potential in optimizing amikacin dosing for critically ill cancer patients. However, it does not eliminate the need for TDM due to unexplained variability still not accounted for by the PBPK model.