bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Joe Oliver Is Still King” (1950)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

Armstrong never tired of recounting his debt to Joe Oliver. In this article, abridged from The Record Changer, he makes the case succinctly. Some biographers have suggested that this debt was more personal than musical, that Oliver provided a fatherly presence otherwise lacking during Armstrong’s teenage years. In his recordings from the 1920s, Oliver’s range is narrow, in contrast to Armstrong’s exploitation of a wide range, and Oliver specialized in the use of plungers and mutes to achieve vocal effects on his cornet techniques that hardly interested Armstrong. But Armstrong makes clear that Oliver was his main musical mentor. He explains that in even the first recordings from 1923, Oliver was much weaker than he had been in New Orleans, where he was an exciting high-note player. Armstrong’s main musical debt to Oliver must have been in details of improvisational style, especially in up-tempo “ragtime.” “[Bunk] didn’t have the get-up-and-go that Oliver did; he didn’t create a phrase that stays with you.” These attributes that Armstrong credits to Oliver would also sum up Armstrong’s own special stylistic qualities. Most of all, Armstrong admires Oliver’s inventiveness, in which he would surpass not only his mentor but all other players from the 1920s.
“Lombardo Grooves Louis!” (1949)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

As Metronome’s introductory paragraph for this story explains, Armstrong was given a “blindfold test” by Leonard Feather, in which he was asked to identify and comment on six unnamed recordings. A similar article was published one month later. Predictably, for 1949, the test was set up to give Armstrong an opportunity to voice contempt for Bebop. The following month Armstrong critiqued Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, and Lennie Tris tano, quipping: “this is all right according to the current trend, but not for no jazz fan.” Armstrong’s management vigorously promoted the Bebop-Armstrong controversy as a media event (see Appendix).
“Our Neighborhood” (ca. 1970)
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

During the last years of his life, Armstrong loved to write at his house in Corona, New York. Phoebe Jacobs (quoted in Balliett 1994: 75), a friend who visited him often, observed how important his hobby was to him: “His real therapy was writing. He’d say to me, ‘You lick the envelopes and the stamps, I’ll do the writing.’ “ In this document, Armstrong describes domestic life with Lucille, his neighbors, their favorite Chinese restaurant, and their dogs, Trumpet and Trinket. His warm feelings for the Corona community are clearly stated, even while he acknowledges the difficulty of finishing his Chinese dinner.
Promoting a Sense of Control Over Memory Aging
Authors: Lachman Margie E
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to present a rationale and framework for targeting beliefs about self-efficacy and control in memory improvement and rehabilitation pro grams. Negative beliefs about memory aging are widespread, and they are related to memory performance as well as to level of motivation for participating in memory training and rehabilitation programs. A conceptual model for guiding multifaceted interventions is presented. Evidence that self-defeating beliefs can be successfully modified through cognitive behavioral interventions programs is reviewed. Strategies are recommended for enhancing memory self-efficacy and control beliefs among older adults.
Agreement Asymmetries in DPs
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

Let us turn to another construction that seems to display properties that are strikingly similar to the VSO pattern in Standard Arabic. This construction is the so-called Construct State (CS). Among the phrasal categories in Semitic (Arabic and Hebrew), genitive NPs in the CS (la), as opposed to non-CS NPs (lb), display the phonological and syntactic properties in (3).
Growth of New Connections and Adult Reorganizational Plasticity in the Somatosensory System
Authors: Ergenzinger Edward R , Pons Tim P
Published: November 2023

Over the past 15 years, the capacity of adult sensory systems to reorganize in response to injury has been unequivocally demonstrated (Pons et al., 1991; see Kaas, 1991, 1995 for reviews). Studies of the plasticity of sensory maps in the central nervous system have shown that adult sensory systems are dynamic and mutable, a discovery that has altered the static and hardwired view of the adult brain held by a generation of neuroscientists. That view was not unfounded and in fact was suggested by the classic demonstration of a critical period for plasticity early in visual development (Hubel & Wiesel, 1970). The realization that adult sensory systems retain a remarkable capacity for change, however, has raised the exciting possibility that research into the mechanisms underlying this plasticity may provide neuro-scientists with tools to enhance the limited behavioral and perceptual recovery that can occur following damage to central representations or their afferent inputs.
Religion Reconsidered: Black Protest and Electoral Activism in an Age of Transformation
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

It seems unlikely that anyone at Carol Moseley Braun’s breakfast considered religion an opiate, likely to soothe its partakers into an apathetic slumber, incapacitating them for politics. In the 1960s, however, many activists and scholars were arguing just that. In 1963, a peak year of protest activism in the South and the same year that Malcolm X blasted “those religious Uncle Toms,” sociologist Nathan Hare criticized black ministers for having “naively or selfishly played up poetic dictums rationalizing the Negro’s lot and soothing his psychological injuries, such as: it is better to give than receive and the meek shall one day inherit the earth-apparently by simply remaining meek and doing nothing to warrant the prize” (1963, 12).1
Rock in a Weary Land: Religious Institutions and African-American Political Activism
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

During themodern civil rights movement, religious institutions provided critical organizational resources for protest mobilization (McAdam 1982; Morris 1984). As Aldon Morris’s extensive study of the southern civil rights movement noted, the black church served as the organizational hub of black life, providing the resources that-along with other indigenous groups and institutions-fostered collective protest against a system of white domination in the South (1984).
In My Father’s House: Religion and Gender in African-American Political Life
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

The general run of church women do not challenge or resent male domination in the pulpit. They accept their place in a church pattern where the shepherds of the sheep are men. A lot of our brothers don’t mind women cleaning up in front of the pulpit, cleaning up the pulpit, but don’t believe you can stand in the pulpit. If God can use Balaam’s jackass to preach His word, can use a man to preach His word, God can use a woman to preach His word.
Nancy Ward (1738-1822)
Authors: Perdue Theda
Published: November 2023

Although little is known of Nancy Ward’s life in general and especially her early years, we suspect that she was born in a Cherokee settlement along the Little Tennessee River near Monroe County, Tennessee. She was the daughter of a Cherokee mother of the Wolf clan and a Delaware father.
Catharine Beecher (1800-1878)
Authors: Sklar Kathryn Kish
Published: November 2023

Catharine Esther Beecher was born September 6, 1800, in East Hampton, Long Island, New York, the eldest of the eight children of Lyman and Roxanna Foote Beecher. Her father, a Congregational preacher, was a leader of the Second Great Awakening, the resurgence of religious revivals in the nineteenth century. Briefly attending Sarah Pierce’s school in Litchfield, Connecticut, Beecher began teaching in New London in 1821.
Mary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882)
Authors: Baker Jean H
Published: November 2023

Born into the household of a wealthy Kentucky slaveholder in 1818, Mary Todd received an unusually good education for a woman of her day. In 1839 she went to live with her sister in Springfield, Illinois. There, Mary Todd entered the social circle that included the brightest young men in Illinois politics, and attracted the attention of one of them, Abraham Lincoln, a local lawyer.
Charlette Forten(1837-1914)
Authors: Stevenson Brenda
Published: November 2023

Born in 1837 into a prominent free black family in Philadelphia, Charlotte Porten lost her mother when she was three. After her father’s remarriage, Porten spent much of her childhood under the guidance of relatives living in the Porten household, who encouraged the young girl in her studies, and influenced her with the abolitionist and other reform ideals.
Jane Addams (1860-1935)
Authors: Barker-Benfield G J
Published: November 2023

fane Addams, born in 1860, was the founder of Hull House in 1889. This was one of the earliest of American “settlements,” community houses established in poor urban neighborhoods to stimulate social reform. Addams publicized the goals and achievements of settlements in hundreds of lectures around the country, which she used as the basis of a dozen books published between 1902 and 1930.
Defining the New Media
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

Periodically, the mass media system in the United States experiences significant transformations that signal a new stage in its evolution. New communication forms emerge in the political media realm, sparking elite interest and stimulating public curiosity. These emergent media work, often through trial and error, to establish their place in the political communication hierarchy. At times, a struggle ensues between the old and new forms. Ultimately, each adapts to the other’s presence, and the new communication forms are absorbed into the media mainstream.
Shaping Presidential Campaigns
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

In presidential electoral politics, strategies that are novel and innovative in one campaign quickly become part of the established campaign tactical arsenal. During Campaign ‘96, the presidential candidates pursued the new media routes that were forged in 1992, such asap pearing on interview programs and participating in electronic town meetings. In addition, candidates stepped up their use of the Internet in the election, a political technological innovation that was nascent in the previous contest. In fact, candidates who did not make use of available new media outlets in 1996 faced criticism that was unheard of in 1988. Bob Dole, who actually made widespread use of new me dia tactics, was chided by Republican leaders and talk show hosts for not making enough use of the talk radio airwaves in his quest for the White House, a situation he quickly remedied.
Introduction
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s reputation has never been as unshakeable as it is today. Modern editions of his writings—leters, journals, notebooks, and published works—comprise nearly fifty volumes, with even more in preparation. In the last decade alone, nearly one thousand articles and books have been published discussing his life, ideas, and writings. He has been seen as beginning a line in American poetry that runs from him to Walt Whitman to Allen Ginsberg; his educational ideas were an important influence on Charles W Eliot when he was president of Harvard; and he is viewed as the progenitor of a line of pragmatism in American intellectual life that was filtered through William James. In his own life he was a minister, a lecturer, a professional author, an agent for other authors (including Thomas Carlyle, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau), and a traveler through America and Europe; modern studies of all these occupations mention Emerson as a serious and often important practioner of them. Every major critical trend in American literary study since 1900 has dealt with Emerson in some fashion. He is here to stay-and the bicentennial celebration in 2003 of his birth will undoubtedly set off another round of reevaluations of this seminal figure in American literature and thought.
Hemingway’s Gender Training
Authors: Barlowe Jamie
Published: November 2023

From 1899, the year that Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, until 1961, when he died by his own hand, public discussions of gender issues were as commonplace as they are now in the last years of the twentieth century. Anachronistically, many scholars and critics have read and interpreted the past as without gender conflict, thus homogenizing, even silencing, the contentious debates of the mid-to late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and replacing actual conditions with a nostalgic picture of the past. Other scholars have offered a portrait of the past in which women did not assume the right to contest social norms, thus diminishing not only the nature and extent of the public conflict, but also the history of all the women who, like Hemingway’s grandmother, mother, third wife, and two of his mothers-in-law, were vocal and active. In such a sanitized version of the past, then, particular individuals who challenged or resisted the gendered social norms have been ignored, renamed as emasculators, or recategorized as exceptions to general rules—and blamed—rather than seen as part of the complexly structured social conditions.
Issues in Developing Effective Interventions
Authors: Landry Susan h.
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the development of effective interventions for children with developmental disorders that are associated with central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. The disorders emphasized include pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), such as autism, PDD-not otherwise specified (NOS), and As perger syndrome. Intervention issues in communication and nonverbal learning disorders associated with specific brain abnormalities and acquired insults, including focal brain lesions and cerebellum and midbrain dysmorphologies such as spina bifida, are also discussed. The nature of learning problems associated with these developmental disorders is described in the first section. Because these dis orders are the focus of other chapters, learning problems are only briefly described in an attempt to highlight the areas of development that need to be addressed in interventions for children with these developmental disorders. Next, the importance of recent findings in basic science research in guiding the development of intervention models for developmental disorders is discussed. In addition to findings from developmental neurobiology, the chapter highlights the importance of inter ventions incorporating the powerful influence of caregivers as revealed by the literature on the development of normal children.
Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Listening Training and Language Abilities
Authors: Merzenich Michael m. , saunders gabrielle , Jenkins william m. , miller steven , peterson, bret , tallal paula
Published: November 2023

By definition, children diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD, autistic[PDD-A]; pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified[PDD-NOS]) have severe language impairments. Some scientists have argued that their especially severe early receptive language difficulties, resulting in the pre dominance of a thinking-in-pictures rather than a thinking-in-words cognition, are at the core of their complex panoply ofneurobehavioraldeficits (e.g., Rutter, 1974; Tager-Flusberg, 1993, 1996). Others have argued that language difficulties are one of many parallel and substantially independent deficits or “principal factors” that can have widely variable expressions in this population (e.g., Siegel et al., 1989; Eaves et al., 1994; Sevin et al., 1995; Hameury et al., 1995; Waterhouse et al., 1996a,b; Rapin, 1997).
L.S. Senghor and Negritude
Authors: Soyinka Wole
Published: November 2023

Léopold Sédar Senghor, scholar, statesman, politician, and poet extraordinaire, was ninety in September 1996. Some insist he was actually ninety-three, but records at that time make Senghor’s age rather speculative. Under the auspices of UNESCO, along with the French and Senegalese governments, a truly impressive array of scholars, politicians, artists, and friends were brought together in Paris to pay him tribute. I was privileged to participate in this event, which could not help but be both a celebration and reassessment of the life and achievements of this controversial scholar and poet, as well as a retrospective of his times. It was an occasion that lent itself to a convenient dichotomy that governed the themes of the two main sessions: Senghor the politician, and Senghor the poet and scholar. Of course, the complex territories traversed by the numerous papers indicated quite early that these divisions were merely convenient categories. Even the celebrant’s own contribution to the proceedings suggested that there was yet another facet of his complex personality that deserved some attention. I identify it as: Senghor the priest and evangelist.
Negritude and the Gods of Equity
Authors: Soyinka Wole
Published: November 2023

The continent of Africa in itself has remained a contentious object of contemplation and reference for black Americans and West Indians since the nineteen-twenties. “What is Africa to me?” was a question that inspired more than mere poetry and rhetoric—it informed, in one way or another, the socio-political existence of many. The paradox in several opposing attitudes—when we look at the polemics that ushered in the age of Negritude from the late twenties, in France especially—is that, without awareness of the fact, the rebels against the assimilationist tendency—Réne Meril, Etienne Lero, Léon Damas, etc.—were actually within the same camp as those identified objects of their contempt, the champions of assimilation such as the poet Gilbert-Gratiant, whose “This is my climate.…the atmosphere of France” reads like an unconscious parody of Mark Anthony’s “This is my space.” This ironic link was that neither side, coming from totally incompatible ideological preferences, actually recognized in themselves subjects caught within the colonial vice. The French assimiles adopted the identity of France without qualification, indeed with pride and protectiveness; the “rejectionists,” to whom the former were simply despicable lackeys and would-be black Frenchmen, were equally content to remain within the French national identity, never questioning its validity or potent contradiction to their mission of race retrieval. This blind spot in the latter group is easily explained. They were trapped within the raging ideology of the day, Marxism, a universalism that united the oppressed everywhere, without reference to color, race, or nationality.
No Moralizing Ideal Politics
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

In 1917/I8 the United States of America first made an appearance on the European continent (with two million soldiers!) by entering the war against Germany, and prepared the end of the ‘European concert’ of the great powers. At the same time, with the collapse of the German Reich, the Habsburg empire and the Tsar’s empire, along with the Ottoman empire and the Chinese empire, this was an abundantly clear symptom of an epoch-making global upheaval that was to replace the Eurocentrism which had held since the beginning of modernity with a polycentrism which, as many people are only now realizing, will hold for postmodernity. Time, too, for a new politics! In fact already at that time the unprecedented catastrophe for human-kind represented by 1914-1918 had prompted the call for a new paradigm of politics. At least the beginnings of a new orientation had become visible.
A Global Ethic as a Foundation for Global Society
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

An ethical consensus—an agreement on particular values, criteria, attitudes—as a basis for the world society that is coming into being: is that not a great, beautiful illusion? In view of the differences which have always existed between nations, cultures and religions; in view of the current tendencies and trends towards cultural, linguistic and religious self-assertion; in view even of the widespread cultural nationalism, linguistic chauvinism and religious fundamentalism, is it possible to envisage any ethical consensus at all, let alone in global dimensions? However, one can also argue in the opposite direction: precisely in view of this oppressive situation, a basic ethical consensus is necessary.
Responsible Economics
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

When I wrote my book Global Responsibility in 1990 there were no documents by world organizations on a global ethic to which I could refer. Certainly there were declarations on human rights, above all the United Nations Declaration of 1948, but none on human responsibilities. Yet only three years after the appearance of Global Responsibility, the Parliament of the World’s Religions proclaimed the Declaration toward a Global Ethic, which I have already mentioned at length. And now, six years later, there are already three further important international documents which not only state human rights but explicitly speak of human responsibilities; indeed, they programmatically call for a global ethic and even attempt to make it concrete.
Tayloring the Home: The Fantasy of Domestic Engineering
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

Turn-of-the-century domestic discourses represent the domicile and its significance in markedly different terms from those of their Victorian predecessors. The prevailing social ethos shifted from an emphasis on a superior, feminized otheiworldliness and sentimentality to one that espoused the values of science, objectivity, and progress. Instead of public and private spheres being constructed and neatly opposed by gender, purpose, and value, as they were in the hands of the Beecher sisters and the cult of domesticity, the American turn toward technology, invention, and science resulted in representations of the private sphere as permeable, receptive, accommodating to or demonstrative of new “progressive” ideas. The ascension of science secularized the discursive distinctions between the spheres and, consequently, altered the predominant constructions of appropriate femininity. The ethos of appearance so crucial to Catharine Beecher and the cult of domesticity’s constructions of a dassbased, moralized femininity persisted but assumed a differently nuanced ideological character and function.
The Dred Scott Case(1857)
Authors: Wang Xi
Published: November 2023

On the morning of Friday, March 6, 1857, a large crowd gathered in the chamber of the Supreme Court of the United States, anxiously waiting for the delivery of the Court’s decision on the Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sandford case. Just two days earlier, the new president, James Buchanan, in his inaugural address, had assured the nation that the imminent Court decision would “speedily and finally” settle the issue of slavery in territories that deeply divided the nation. The justices appeared, led by the 79- year-old chief justice, Roger B. Taney, who would be speaking for the Court.
Race, Identity, And The Law: Plessy v. Ferguson(1896)
Authors: Davis Thomas J
Published: November 2023

On Tuesday, June 7, 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy bought an East Louisiana Railway ticket for first-class passage from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana, and boarded a scheduled 4:15 P.M. train at the Press Street station. The thirty-year-old shoemaker had no intention, however, of taking the two-hour trip. He went to play his part in a pre-scripted drama designed to put the law of race on trial.
Early Education and Life As a Medical Student
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

Not much is known for certain about John Hughlings Jackson’s early education. According to Dr. James Taylor, he first attended the village school at Green Hammerton. There is a school marked on a village map made in the 1850s, and since the first official school in Green Hammerton was not opened until 1874, it is assumed to be one of the “dame” schools known to exist in the area at that time. This is where Jackson would have received his first lessons. James Taylor also told us that Jackson went on to a school at Tadcaster in Yorkshire and to another at Nailsworth in Gloucestershire. It has not been possible to trace either of these schools because of a paucity of existing records of educational establishments which were open at the time in those towns.
Leaving Yorkshire for London
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

Both as a medical student and as a junior doctor, Hughlings Jackson was overtly enthusiastic. He was also an exceptionally astute young man who realised the value of the opportunities presented to him, and he made the most of them. It is not certain who influenced him, but he had developed a philosophical way of thinking, and this could have been the reason for his leaving York in 1859 to take up residence in London. It was to be a permanent move from the county of his birth, but we know from James Taylor that “his affection for Yorkshire was deep and lasting. He never allowed a year to pass without going there at least once, and a short time before his death he made the remark to his cousin that it was not generally known that the Garden of Eden was close to Providence Green.”
Reviews by Freud, Gowers, Head and Others
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

Jackson’s conception of language and its disorders grew more and more profound. But few of his colleagues were ready to accept his ideas; most failed to understand them. A few—F. Bateman, W. Broadbent and H.C. Bastian in Great Britain and J.M. Charcot, J. Dejerine and F. Moutier in France—however, were interested in aphasia although more attracted by the notion of alleged centres strictly localized in the cortex cerebri as being associated with fancied faculties of speaking, speech-hearing, writing, reading, articulation and grammatical construction.
Pierre Marie, the Iconoclast and Later Writers on the Breakdown of Language
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

The first paper Pierre Marie wrote about aphasia was a case-report published in 1882. He was then 29 years old and assistant to J.M. Charcot at the Hôpital Salpêtriére. Over the next few years he wrote a few more purely descriptive papers dealing with one aspect or another of aphasia. They were simple in character and orthodox in viewpoint. His opinions were based largely upon the teachings of his master, Charcot, and were supplemented by his reading the contributions on the subject by Bastian and Broadbent of London, by Kussmaul of Strasbourg and by Wernicke of Breslau.
Tributes
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

In 190 I William Osler, writing on behalf of Weir Mitchell and James Putnam as well as himself, asked Jackson whether he would consider publishing a collection of his papers. On 12th February that year, Hughlings Jackson replied: “Many of my papers, all the old ones, are very old-fashioned and are not worthy of reprint (I have been working on neurological subjects for thirty-six years). As to more recent papers there is much in them too antiquated for republication. As to some others which I think do contain something of little value, there is recapitulation from one to the other—the same thing in various papers. But I am so highly stimulated by a request from three such men that I shall endeavour a kind of reproduction. I hope to make a volume which will contain in a methodical way most of what I have done in neurology, and another volume of minor contributions to neurology. I am not sure that I shall succeed in these projects.
“Everybody’s Zora”: Visions, Setting, and Voice in Dust Tracks on a Road
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara
Published: November 2023

Zora Neale Hurston begins her solicited autobiography, Dust Tracks on a Road, by describing the founding of her hometown, Eatonville, Florida. Interestingly, critical examinations of the autobiography also often im plicitly ground themselves-at least in part-in considerations of the town; Robert Hemenway, Hurston’s biographer, and other critics of the life story, imply that the author must explain her journey from rural Eatonville to the Harlem Renaissance and her unprecedented success for an African American woman as both an anthropologist and novelist.
History of Seasonal Hurricane Forecasting
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Regional and global climate patterns determine the character of a hurricane season. Locally, warm sea-surface temperatures coupled with frequent vigorous tropical waves signal an active season. The development of a warm ENSO (see Chapter 10) over the central equatorial Pacific with its accompanied global teleconnection patterns portend fewer hurricanes and a reduced threat of strikes to the United States. A systematic understanding of the linkages between climate and hurricanes provides a basis for forecasting. This chapter is a chronicle of some of the research contributions that have been made over the years toward our understanding of climate and hurricanes. It serves as a brief historical account of the contributions that led to the current seasonal forecast models of North Atlantic hurricane activity. The presentation follows the work of Hess and Elsner (1994b).
The Maxim of Quality and Disjunctive General Extenders
Authors: Overstreet Maryann
Published: November 2023

In the excerpt above, the cartoon characters Beavis and Butt-head are talking about their school principal. While these characters may show no respect for most social norms, they do respect some basic principles of cooperative conversation. When Beavis wants to refer to a phenomenon he is n’t sure of (hammeroids), he uses a general extender (or somethin’) to mark that lack of certainty. It is to this function of general extenders that we now turn.
Affect and Prosocial Responding
Authors: Eisenberg Nancy , Losoya, Sandra , Spinrad Tracy
Published: November 2023

Prosocial behavior, defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998), has been a topic of psychological interest for some time but especially since the late 1960s. Much of the work on this topic has pertained to the role of sociocognitive skills, situational and socialization influences in the development or maintenance of prosocial behavior (Dovidio, 1984; Eisenberg, 1986; Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998; Krebs & Miller, 1985; Radke-Yarrow, Zahn-Waxler, & Chapman, 1983). However, unlike in the study of moral judgment (Kohlberg, 1969, 1984), emotion also has played an important role in theory and research on prosocial behavior. The role of emotion in prosocial behavior has been considered primarily in theory and research pertaining to two types of potential motivators: empathy and mood. Affectively based empathy has been viewed as the basis for much prosocial behavior for decades (e.g., Feshbach, 1978; Hoffman, 1975). Thus, researchers have investigated the role of empathy-related responses both in the development of prosocial responding and in individual differences in prosocial behavior. In contrast, temporary positive and negative mood states have been examined primarily as situational factors that affect the likelihood of individuals performing prosocial behaviors. These bodies of work are reviewed in this chapter, as well as work linking self-conscious emotions and dispositional emotionality to empathy-related and prosocial responding. As defined herein, prosocial behavior is mute about an actor’s motivation for assisting. Yet psychologists generally have been interested in the motives behind prosocial actions. Helping behavior motivated by self-interest usually is valued less than helping motivated by moral values or concern for another. Based on this interest in motivation, altruism has been differentiated from other types of prosocial behaviors. Altruism often is defined as intrinsically motivated, voluntary behaviors intended to benefit others—prosocial behaviors motivated by internal motives, such as concern for others or internalized values, goals, and self-rewards, rather than by the expectation of concrete or social rewards (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998). There is disagreement in regard to whether even altruism actually is motivated by self-rewards or whether altruism can be motivated by moral values (Batson, 1991; Batson, 1998; Cialdini, Brown, Lewis, Luce, & Neuberg, 1997), but these issues are not central to the focus of this chapter and are not discussed further.
The Slave Ship Dance
Authors: Fabre Genevieve
Published: November 2023

The central importance of dance in West and Central Africa has been often emphasized by historians, anthropologists, and Africans themselves. A communal activity, dance was also a crucial element in ceremonial life and created special bondings among all celebrants, thus united by certain beliefs and practices. In the cults honoring the gods or the ancestors, dance was a way of mediating between the godly and the human, the living and the dead. Deities were praised, called upon through a dance designed to invoke special features, proprieties, or abilities. Dance was thus used to solicit intercession, to thwart wrath or punishment that human action might have incurred, to flatter, or to appease. Dancers not only communicated with the spirits but also impersonated them through specific body movements, rhythms, or masks and became possessed themselves.
Judicial Nullification: The South Carolinian Movement to Reopen the African Slave Trade in the 1850s
Authors: Sinha Manisha
Published: November 2023

With the exception of W.E.B. Du Bois’s pioneering work and a 1971 monograph by Ronald Takaki,1 most historians have viewed the southern movement to revive the African slave trade in the 1850s as an aberrant phenomenon, without much significance for U.S. or African American history. It has been ignored by historians of the slave South and the sectional conflict, who question slaveholders’ support for the movement, and by scholars of the Atlantic slave trade, who in recent years have emphasized the relatively minor role of the British North American colonies in the trade. However, as I will argue, the African slave trade agitation was an integral part of the growth of proslavery ideology, political separatism, and slavery expansionism in the South during the years preceding the Civil War. And though the slave traders, as advocates of this measure were called, failed to gain their objective both in and out of the Union, they precipitated an unprecedented rethinking of the slave trade and effectively damaged the national consensus on its heinousness. The effort to revive the African slave trade was the most audacious proposal for the justification and perpetuity of racial slavery in the United States. The movement made little headway in the slave-selling, noncotton upper south states, which were also less susceptible to the politics of slavery.
Africa in South Carolina: Mamie Garvin Pields’s Lemon Swamp and Other Places
Authors: Juncker Clara
Published: November 2023

Grace Nichols’s sequence of poems I Is originates in her dream of an African girl swimming from Africa to the Caribbean with a garland of flowers around her waist, possibly in an attempt to purge the ocean of its burden-the misery and suffering her ancestors had experienced (Wisker 26). Other contemporary African American writers, such as Alice Walker, have explored both the Middle Passage and its mirror image, the quest for Africa-often, as Nichols’s garland might suggest, from a feminine angle and aesthetics. Women of African descent belonging to generations before Nichols’s and Walker’s dreamed of Africa as well, though their notions of the continent and its people differed considerably from contemporary ones.
“The Persistence of Tradition” The Retelling of Sea Islands Culture in Works by Julie Dash, Gloria Naylor, and Paule MarshaII
Authors: Brnndum Lene
Published: November 2023

Before the Civil War, the Sea Islands off the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina were one of the last areas in the United States to see a continued arrival of Africans who had illegally been transported to the United States to be sold as slaves. The last ship on record to have “imported” African captives is the slave ship, the Wanderer, which brought a cargo of 400 Africans to Jekyll Island, Georgia, in 1858, fifty-one years after the importation of Africans as slaves had been banned in 1807.1 Julie Dash refers to the Islands as a “reverse Ellis Island” for the African slaves.2 Isolated from the mainland, the Sea Island Gullahs, descendants of African captives, here “created and maintained a distinct, imaginative, and original African American Culture” (Making 27). In other words, the Sea Islands, as a U.S. geographical area, retain strong rural African cultural traditions. The Sea Islands, according to Dash, represent a greater degree of genuine cultural syncretism of African and American culture than that found anywhere else in the United States. Once a “reverse Ellis Island” to the African slaves, the Islands today have been reversed again into a more positive cultural “bridge” to Africa by such African American artists as Gloria Naylor and Paule Marshall, who use the rich Sea Island heritage in Mama Day and Praisesong for the Widow, respectively, as well as by filmmaker Julie Dash, who has made the feature film, Daughters of the Dust.
Sexual Violence and the Black Atlantic: On Alice Walker’s Possessing the Secret of Joy
Authors: Fabi M Giulia
Published: November 2023

The awareness of how human bodies can be systematically reduced to the total objectification of captive flesh,1 the practice of breaking the silence on female-specific experiences of sexual and racial abuse, the insistence that racial violence is always “en-gendered”2: these issues characterize the narrative tradition of African American women and dominate the literary works of Alice Walker, who has often focused on “victims of sexual and communal abuse.”3 Indeed, Walker’s emphasis on the violence connected with the “private” world of romantic or familial relationships has “engendered” controversies that have in some ways reinforced her role as eloquent literary spokesperson for important feminist issues.
Return Passages: Maryse Conde Brings Tituba Back to Barbados
Authors: McCormick Robert H
Published: November 2023

The essential idea of the novel was to represent the nobility of a lateeighteenth-century African civilization and chart the ensuing conflict between it and Islam. Acknowledging a commercial component in Segu’s origin, Conde indicated that a former editor at Laffont had pointed out to her the lack of a great historical novel (“grand roman historique”) on Africa.I The sequel, The Children of Segu (Segou: La terre en miette), plots the French incursion from St. Louis Island down the Senegal River and depicts the fall of a powerless, decadent Segu to the better-armed French colonial forces.
“Calling on the Spirit”: The Performativity of Black Women’s Faith in the Baptist Church Spiritual Traditions and Its Radical Possibilities for Resistance
Authors: Anderson Telia U
Published: November 2023

Here, in this here place, we flesh; flesh that weeps, laughs; flesh that dances on bare feet in grass. Love it. Love it hard. Yonder they do not love your flesh. They despise it. … Love your hands! Lovethem. Touch others with them, pat them together, stroke them on your face’cause they don’t love that either. You got to love it, you! And no, they ain’t in love with your mouth. Yonder, out there, they will see it broken and break it again. What you say out of it they will not heed. What you scream from it they do not hear. This is flesh I’m talking about here. Flesh that needs to be loved. Feet that need to rest and to dance; backs that need support; shoulders that need arms, strong arms I’m telling you … Saying no more, she stood up then and danced with her twisted hip the rest of what her heart had to say while the others opened their mouths and gave her the music. Long notes held until the four-part harmony was perfect enough for their deeply loved flesh.1
African American Theater: The State of the Profession, Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Elam Harry J , Krasner David
Published: November 2023

D. K.: Welcome to African American Theater: The State of the Profession, Past, Present, and Future. Two years ago, Professor Harry Elam and I met in San Francisco at the ATHE conference with the possibility of forming this panel. We had been attending many performance and theater conventions, and there were many state-of-the-profession panels. While these panels were interesting, they were white: they were about white theater and white issues, although they passed themselves off as “universal.” We have asked several scholars to be on this panel because they are ground-breaking teachers and researchers; they have made it possible for research and scholarship to flourish.
Groups
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: November 2023

Judging from its title, the On Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection deals with groups-with collections of interbreeding organisms called species. Yet the clear focus of his evolutionary theory is the survival and reproduction of individuals. A species prospers and differentiates or declines and faces extinction, according to the reproductive success of the single creatures that constitute that group. So, only when the last passenger pigeon died in the Cincinnati Zoo on 1 September 1914 did the species Ectopistes migratorius become officially classified as extinct. This individualistic emphasis is one of the triumphs of Darwinian theory, because the evolution of all life-forms could be reduced to the repercussions of billions of organisms all separately engaged in their own singular struggles for existence. No grand plan, no overriding coordination of all the striving beings great and small, is required to obtain the most complex adaptations, nor even the most finely tuned social and ecological systems.
Mothers’ Perceptions of Differential Treatment of Infant Twins
Authors: McGuire Shirley , Roch-Levecq Anne-Catherine
Published: November 2023

Families with twins are an interesting context in which to study parenting. Mothers and fathers are faced with taking care of two demanding infants rather than one: two mouths to feed, two bottoms to change, two cries to answer. The children are immediately born into a sibling relationship: sharing toys, sharing rooms, sharing parental attention. A study of 200 parents of 2-year-old twins found that these families have to cope with a host of financial, health, and psychological problems (Robin et al., 1991). Yet, compared to research on the social development of singleton infants, studies of young twins are rare.
Properties of the Attentional Focal Point
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

Alcmaeon (450 BCE) is sometimes called the first neuroscientist. He is credited with developing the use of anatomical dissection as a tool of intellectual inquiry, and he is thought to be the first writer to champion the brain as the site of sensation and cognition (Gross, 1998). He also proposed an idea about vision that has since been adopted by contemporary theorists as a metaphor for the attentional focal point. In particular, when Alcmaeon first removed and dissected a human eye, he discovered that it contained water (i.e., aqueous and vitreous humors). While examining the optic nerves, he found that they come together behind the forehead. He reasoned that optic nerves function as light-bearing paths to the brain because, earlier in his life, he had received a physical blow to one of his own eyes that had caused him to see bright spots (phosphenes). On this basis, Alcmaeon concluded that the eye must contain light (fire), and that this light was necessary for vision (Figure 3.1). The idea of light in the eye was the basis for theories of vision that persisted beyond the Renaissance.
The First Discoveries Of Astronomical Winds
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

Often the mistakes we make in the interpretation of observed phenomena lead to fascinating creations. In Scotland the aurorae were called “The Merry Dancers,” whereas people of ancient China may have associated them with “flying dragons.” Some Scandinavians thought aurorae to be the ghosts of dead maidens, and in Greenland the indigenous people believed them to be the spirits of stillborn children playing ball. The development of a crude understanding of the aurorae during the 19th century and first decades of the 20th century resulted in the realization that the Sun ejects material reaching the Earth at speeds of many hundreds and sometimes thousands of kilometers per second. Often the material causing a spectacular aurora is ejected in a pulse rather than continuously.
Fluctuating Asymmetry and the 2nd : 4th Digit Ratio in Children
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

I have always found it advantageous to keep an empirical project going alongside whatever theoretical work I am trying to do, fieldwork, for example, in Jamaica. It provides several kinds of relief from the theoretical work and gives you something to do when you are not otherwise particularly creative. In any case, as an early graduate student at Harvard, I watched pigeons in my spare time and then studied lizards as part of my thesis (and as a means of visiting Jamaica frequently). In more recent years, most of my academic position being in an anthropology department, I have tried to study our own species.
Meat-Eating by the Fourth African Ape
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J , Bunn Henry T , Murray Shawn , Pickering Travis , Moore Jim
Published: November 2023

Two and a half million years ago (de Heinzelin et al. 1999, see also Bunn this volume), hominids processed carcasses of large bodied, terrestrial, group-living ungulates in a savanna woodland or grassland setting. In contrast, modem chimpanzees (the most carnivorous of the extant apes) rarely scavenge and hunt only small- to medium-sized, primarily arboreal prey in forest and woodland settings (Stanford 1998). The ancestral primate diet, seen in most extant species weighing >1 kg, provides energy from simple carbohydrates in fruit (Strait 1997; Fleagle 1999), whereas animal carcasses provide energy from lipids. Carbohydrates are digested in the stomach, whereas lipid digestion takes place in the small intestine (Lambert 1998). The ancestral diet provides the majority of protein from leaves, which package protein within plant cell walls composed of indigestible fiber. Access to this protein requires fermentation by large bacterial colonies housed in expanded stomachs or colons (Chivers and Langer 1994). When eaten at amounts seen in humans, meat contains levels of nitrogen toxic to foregut bacterial colonies and levels of fiber too low to prevent colonic twisting in hindgut fermenters like gorillas or chimpanzees.
Theoretical Problems Regarding Managerial Enterprises and Family Enterprises
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa
Published: November 2023

In this book I have attempted to analyze the top management of leading Japanese enterprises as part of my research into the history of managerial enterprises and family enterprises, a project that has engaged me for many years. Managerial enterprises and family enterprises are both concepts proposed by A. D. Chandler, and, although I have based the development of my own postulations on Chandler ‘s theoretical framework, I have, however, taken a different stance from Chandler and many Chandlerians.