bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pattern of Brain Injury in the Acute Setting of Human Septic Shock
Authors: Polito Andrea , Eischwald Frédéric , Maho Anne-Laure Le , Polito Angelo , Azabou Eric , Annane Djillali , Chrétien Fabrice , Stevens Robert D , Carlier Robert , Sharshar Tarek
Published: September 2013

Background

Sepsis-associated brain dysfunction has been linked to white matter lesions (leukoencephalopathy) and ischemic stroke. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of brain lesions in septic shock patients requiring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for an acute neurologic change.

Method

Seventy-one septic shock patients were included in a prospective observational study. Patients underwent daily neurological examination. Brain MRI was obtained in patients who developed focal neurological deficit, seizure, coma, or delirium. Electroencephalogy was performed in case of coma, delirium, or seizure. Leukoencephalopathy was graded and considered present when white matter lesions were either confluent or diffuse. Patient outcome was evaluated at 6 months with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).

Results

We included 71 patients with median age of 65 years (56 to 76) and SAPS II at admission of 49 (38 to 60). MRI was indicated on focal neurological sign in 13 (18%), seizure in 7 (10%), coma in 33 (46%), and delirium in 35 (49%). MRI was normal in 37 patients (52%) and showed cerebral infarcts in 21 (29%), leukoencephalopathy in 15 (21%), and mixed lesions in 6 (8%). EEG malignant pattern was more frequent in patients with ischemic stroke or leukoencephalopathy. Ischemic stroke was independently associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), focal neurologic signs, increased mortality, and worse GOS at 6 months.

Conclusions

Brain MRI in septic shock patients who developed acute brain dysfunction can reveal leukoencephalopathy and ischemic stroke, which is associated with DIC and increased mortality.
A Physics-Based Model for Post-Earthquake Fire Spread considering Damage to Building Components Caused by Seismic Motion and Heating by Fire
Authors: Himoto Keisuke , Mukaibo Kyosuke , Akimoto Yasuo , Kuroda Ryo , Hokugo Akihiko , Tanaka Takeyoshi
Published: September 2013

The prototype model previously developed by the authors was improved in order to simulate the behavior of fire spread in an earthquake-affected urban area. In the new model, seismic motion and heating by fire are both considered as the causes of damage to building components. The damage affects the burning behavior of a fire-involved building, as well as the behavior of building-to-building fire spread. For validation of the new model, a simulation of the fire spread that followed 1995 Kobe earthquake was conducted. The behavior of the fire spread obtained by the numerical simulation was compared with the observed data. Reasonable agreement was obtained with regard to the number of burned buildings.
FEM Analysis of Dynamic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction in Liquefied and Laterally Spreading Ground
Authors: Chang Dongdong , Boulanger Ross , Brandenberg Scott , Kutter Bruce
Published: September 2013

A two-dimensional nonlinear dynamic finite element (FE) model was developed and calibrated against dynamic centrifuge tests to study the behavior of soil-pile-structure systems in liquefied and laterally spreading ground during earthquakes. The centrifuge models included a simple structure supported on pile group. The soil profiles consisted of a gently sloping clay crust over liquefiable sand over dense sand. The FE model used an effective stress pressure dependent plasticity model for liquefiable soil and a total stress pressure independent plasticity model for clay, beam column elements for piles and structure, and interface springs that couple with the soil mesh for soil-structure interaction. The FE model was evaluated against recorded data for eight cases with same set of baseline parameters. Comparisons between analyses and experiments showed that the FE model was able to approximate the soil and structural responses and reproduce the lateral loads and bending moments on the piles reasonably well.
Activation of the SUMO modification system is required for the accumulation of RAD51 at sites containing DNA damage
Authors: Shima Hiroki , Suzuki Hidekazu , Sun Jiying , Kono Kazuteru , Shi Lin , Kinomura Aiko , Horikoshi Yasunori , Ikura Tsuyoshi , Ikura Masae , Kanaar Roland , Igarashi Kazuhiko , Saitoh Hisato , Kurumizaka Hitoshi , Tashiro Satoshi
Published: September 2013

Genetic information encoded in chromosomal DNA is challenged by intrinsic and exogenous sources of DNA damage. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are extremely dangerous DNA lesions. RAD51 plays a central role in homologous recombinational DSB repair, by facilitating the recombination of damaged DNA with intact DNA in eukaryotes. RAD51 accumulates at sites containing DNA damage to form nuclear foci. However, the mechanism of RAD51 accumulation at sites of DNA damage is still unclear. Posttranslational modifications of proteins, such as phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination, play a role in the regulation of protein localization and dynamics. Recently, the covalent binding of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to target proteins, termed SUMOylation, at sites containing DNA damage has been determined to play a role in the regulation of the DNA damage response. Here we show that the SUMOylation E2, UBC9, and E3, PIAS1 and PIAS4 enzymes are required for RAD51 accretion at sites containing DNA damage in human cells. Moreover, we identified a SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in RAD51, which is necessary for RAD51 accumulation at sites of DNA damage. These findings suggest that the SUMO-SIM system plays an important role in DNA repair, through the regulation of RAD51 dynamics.
Novel Molecular Approaches to the Structure–Activity Relationships and Unique Characterizations of Co–Mo Sulfide Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts for the Production of Ultraclean Fuels
Authors: Okamoto Yasuaki
Published: September 2013

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts have been extensively used worldwide in refineries to protect the environment. The present Account reviews our recent studies to establish the structure–activity relationships of HDS catalysts on a molecular level. We have developed two molecular approaches to this issue; a molecular cluster approach using intrazeolite Mo sulfide and CoMo binary sulfide clusters possessing well-defined structures and a CVD-CoMo sulfide designed catalyst approach in which Co is exclusively accommodated in the CoMoS structure, the active sites of HDS catalysts. It is revealed that the Co sites of intrazeolite thiocubane-type [Co2Mo2S6] clusters play a pivotal role in HDS reaction and that the Mo–Mo atomic distance of Mo2S4 dinuclear clusters determines the HDS activity. Designed CVD-CoMo catalysts supported on refractory oxides have been successfully prepared by CVD using [Co(CO)3NO] as a precursor of Co. Combined with magnetic properties and XAFS, it is concluded that the CoMoS structure is dinuclear Co sulfide clusters located on the edge of MoS2 nanoparticles. It is shown that the intrinsic activity of the CoMoS structure substantially depends on the MoS2-edge where it is located. The effects of support and additives are discussed on the basis of the intrinsic activity. Both MoS2–support interactions and reaction or sulfidation conditions elucidate the local structure and intrinsic activity of the CoMoS structure. It is demonstrated that the CVD technique using [Co(CO)3NO] provides unique characterization methods of HDS catalysts.
Specific features of telomerase RNA fromHansenula polymorpha
Authors: Smekalova Elena M. , Malyavko Alexander N. , Zvereva Maria I. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Ravin Nikolai V. , Skryabin Konstantin G. , Westhof Eric , Dontsova Olga A.
Published: September 2013

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for the maintenance of eukaryotic genome integrity by replicating the ends of chromosomes. The core enzyme comprises the conserved protein TERT and an RNA subunit (TER) that, in contrast, displays large variations in size and structure. Here, we report the identification of the telomerase RNA from thermotolerant yeastHansenula polymorpha(HpTER) and describe its structural features. We show further that theH. polymorphatelomerase reverse transcribes the template beyond the predicted boundary and adds a nontelomeric dT in vitro. Sequencing of the chromosomal ends revealed that this nucleotide is specifically present as a terminal nucleotide at the 3′ end of telomeres. Mutational analysis of HpTER confirmed that the incorporation of dT functions to limit telomere length in this species.
Treat to Goal: Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Referral Service Primarily in Diabetes Management
Authors: Henry Thomas M. , Smith Steven , Hicho Michael
Published: September 2013

Purpose

To describe the impact of pharmacist services in a collaborative practice providing care to primarily Medicaid and indigent patients. The practice includes primary care physicians, nurses, a care navigator, and pharmacists. Pharmacy services are provided by pharmacists, including PGY-1 pharmacy residents and pharmacy students.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted to perform a pre-post analysis on all patients referred to pharmacists within an adult medicine clinic. Patients were included if they were more than 18 years old; were referred for type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or medication reconciliation; and were seen from August 2010 to March 2011. All charts were reviewed to assess pharmacist impact on adherence to standards of care including hemoglobin A1c; lipids; blood pressure; vaccination status; usage of aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins; and other criteria. Subgroup analysis was performed on diabetic patients who were not at goal at the time of referral to the pharmacy clinic.

Results

Ninety-three charts were reviewed. In the overall group, rates of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination improved significantly, as did annual foot and eye exams in diabetics. Pharmacists significantly decreased A1c from 9.12% at baseline to 8.13% ( P < .001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 142.6 to 133.5 mm Hg ( P < .001), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from 143.6 to 103.2 mg/dL ( P < .001) in diabetic patients who were not at goal at baseline.

Conclusions

Pharmacists were effective in improving surrogate outcomes for patients with diabetes and in assisting physicians to address all standards of care.
Evaluation of Education on the Appropriate Use of Vitamin K in Warfarin Reversal in Adult Inpatients
Authors: Van Berkel Megan A. , Crannage Andrew J. , Murphy Julie A.
Published: September 2013

Purpose

Vitamin K (phytonadione) is a commonly used first-line reversal agent for vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy in patients presenting with a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) with or without significant bleeding or in patients with a therapeutic INR in need of surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of education on the appropriate use of vitamin K for VKA reversal.

Methods

Data were collected on patients admitted to a community teaching hospital during February 2010 (pre-education group). These data were analyzed to determine the most common guideline deviations in vitamin K use. Following this analysis, pharmacist education took place in the form of in-service presentations; a protocol, including a guideline-based dosing table, was developed to assist pharmacists in evaluating vitamin K therapy. Data were then collected on patients admitted during February 2011 (post-education group).

Results

Forty patients and 47 vitamin K administrations were included in the pre-education group, and 34 patients and 49 vitamin K administrations were included in the post-education group. The number of patients with appropriate vitamin K administrations improved after pharmacist education (25% pre-education vs 55.8% post-education; P = .01). Whereas 27.6% of individual vitamin K administrations were appropriate in the pre-education group, this increased to 63.2% in the post-education group ( P = .04).

Conclusion

Education techniques on the appropriate use of vitamin K for VKA reversal significantly improved compliance with standards of care for proper use of vitamin K. Additional education sessions are necessary to further increase compliance with standards of care and subsequently optimize patient care.
Dimethyl Fumarate
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri L. , Baker Danial E.
Published: September 2013

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The September 2013 monograph topics are trametinib, simeprevir, paroxetine mesylate, and empagliflozin. The DUE/MUE is on aripiprazole.
Prognostic Performance of a High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Assay in Patients with Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Bohula May Erin A , Bonaca Marc P , Jarolim Petr , Antman Elliott M , Braunwald Eugene , Giugliano Robert P , Newby L Kristin , Sabatine Marc S , Morrow David A
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

High-sensitivity assays for cardiac troponin enable more precise measurement of very low concentrations and improved diagnostic accuracy. However, the prognostic value of these measurements, particularly at low concentrations, is less well defined.

METHODS

We evaluated the prognostic performance of a new high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay (Abbott ARCHITECT) compared with the commercial fourth generation cTnT assay in 4695 patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) from the EARLY-ACS (Early Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition in NSTE-ACS) and SEPIA-ACS1-TIMI 42 (Otamixaban for the Treatment of Patients with NSTE-ACS) trials. The primary endpoint was cardiovascular death or new myocardial infarction (MI) at 30 days. Baseline cardiac troponin was categorized at the 99th percentile reference limit (26 ng/L for hs-cTnI; 10 ng/L for cTnT) and at sex-specific 99th percentiles for hs-cTnI.

RESULTS

All patients at baseline had detectable hs-cTnI compared with 94.5% with detectable cTnT. With adjustment for all other elements of the TIMI risk score, patients with hs-cTnI ≥99th percentile had a 3.7-fold higher adjusted risk of cardiovascular death or MI at 30 days relative to patients with hs-cTnI <99th percentile (9.7% vs 3.0%; odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.3–5.7; P < 0.001). Similarly, when stratified by categories of hs-cTnI, very low concentrations demonstrated a graded association with cardiovascular death or MI (P-trend < 0.001). Use of sex-specific cutpoints did not improve prognostic performance. Patients with negative fourth generation cTnT (<10 ng/L) but hs-cTnI ≥26 ng/L were at increased risk of cardiovascular death/MI compared to those with hs-cTnI <26 ng/L (9.2% vs 2.9%, P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

Application of this hs-cTnI assay identified a clinically relevant higher risk of recurrent events among patients with NSTE-ACS, even at very low troponin concentrations.
14th FESTIVAL ON WHEELS- Kars Nov. 7-13 2008
Authors: Dönmez-Colin Gönül
Published: September 2013

If people do not go to the cinema, the cinema goes to the people. This is the best way to describe the Festival on Wheels that has been bringing quality cinema to the remotest corners of Turkey while carrying the best of Turkish cinema to European and North American capitals. Kars, an eastern town laden with history lies at the Turkish-Armenian border. For a population of about 325,000 inhabitants, there are only two halls with screening possibilities. Hence, the importance of the festival that showcases an impressive selection of films from around the world in addition to the latest gems of Turkish cinema.
Where are you from? Place as a form of scripting in independent cinema
Authors: Murphy J. J.
Published: September 2013

Large-budget Hollywood studio productions generally prefer a high level of fabrication in creating a film’s setting, either through the building of sets or through special effects, because it gives the production team greater control. Yet that’s often been less true of indie films historically. For a variety of reasons, the setting or location of independent films often becomes a central part of the scripting of a film. It is obviously cheaper to use what already exists in reality rather than to attempt to create a location through set design or art direction. Beyond issues of budget, however, my interest here is in exploring how ‘place’ can actually function as a key element in the scripting process, especially one that is rooted in visual storytelling, by taking into account the myriad ways that a film’s setting can contribute to and enhance the narrative beyond the use of generic, decorative or touristic locations. Using examples drawn from independent cinema, the article argues that place can have an intrinsic, integrative, stylistic, structural, conceptual and thematic function.
Screenwriting without typing – the case of Calamari Union
Authors: Talvio Raija
Published: September 2013

The first part of this article is a practice-based case study of the making of the film Calamari Union (1985), a Finnish cult classic written and directed by Aki Kaurismäki. I was the film editor of this film as well as of several other features and short films by Kaurismäki in the 1980s. From the point of view of screenwriting research, Calamari Union offers a thought-provoking example: it is a feature-length fiction film that was made entirely without a formal screenplay. In the case study I examine the effects of this method in the production and post-production of the film. In the second part of the article I discuss the definitions of a ‘screenplay’ and screenwriting in the context of alternative film-making practices, and the reasons for and consequences of the choice of such practices. I will also briefly visit the question of authorship in cinema and reflect on the birth of stories.
How to film an author: Portrait films of authors in the silent age in Scandinavia and elsewhere
Authors: Schröder Stephan Michael
Published: September 2013

Authors and silent films were in many regards an odd couple, even when it came to portraying authors in film. This article explores the genre of the portrait film of an author, predominantly constituted in the 1910s and encompassing at least 32 films in the silent period in Scandinavia, in spite of the pronounced iconokinetophobia of many authors. The continuity and discontinuity in the enactment of authors in contrast to the photographic portrait of the author is investigated in relation to status marking through insignia of writing, spatialization and the topos of media competition.
Influence of a Second Liquid Phase upon Carbon Dioxide Chemical Absorption
Authors: Couvert A. , García‐Abuín A. , Gómez‐Díaz D. , Navaza J. M. , Rodríguez-Dafonte P.
Published: September 2013

This work analyzes carbon dioxide mass transfer rate during chemical absorption from a gas phase to a liquid–liquid system based on an aqueous phase (glucosamine or pyrrolidine solutions) and an organic one. Two different kinds of silicone oil with different viscosity were used to perform the liquid phases, and it allows the analysis of the influence of this variable upon mass transfer rate. In these systems, a surfactant (Tween80) was added to stabilize the liquid–liquid system, and therefore, the influence of the presence of this surfactant in the liquid phase was studied. This substance produces a positive effect upon carbon dioxide absorption rate in glucosamine aqueous solutions, but the opposite effect was observed for the other amine employed in this work. Also, the influence caused by different operation variables, such as the gas flow-rate fed to the bubble contactor or the silicone oil concentration in the liquid phase, was studied.
Assessment of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Repair for Laterally Damaged Prestressed Concrete Girders
Authors: ElSafty A. , Graeff M. K. , Fallaha S.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents an investigation of the most efficient configuration of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) for repairing laterally damaged prestressed concrete (PS) bridge girders. The flexural behavior of 10 half-scale AASHTO type II 20-ft-long PS girders is presented in this paper. Lateral damage due to vehicle collision impact was simulated by sawing through the concrete of the bottom flange and slicing through one of the prestressing strands. The damaged concrete was repaired, and different CFRP repair configurations (longitudinal soffit strips and U-wrapping) were applied. Both the control and repaired PS girders were tested in flexure until failure using a four-point loading setup. Measurements of the applied load, the deflection at five different locations, strains along the cross-section height at mid-span, and multiple strains longitudinally along the bottom soffit were recorded. We also compared the performance of girders with full wrapping of CFRP to that of girders with longitudinal CFRP strips applied to the bottom of girders combined with discrete, spaced U-wrapping strips. Conclusions are drawn regarding the most efficient CFRP design configuration for avoiding CFRP debonding and undesired failure modes.
Persistent Sodium Current Drives Conditional Pacemaking in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons under Muscarinic Stimulation
Authors: Yamada-Hanff Jason , Bean Bruce P.
Published: September 2013

Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons are normally quiescent but can fire spontaneously when stimulated by muscarinic agonists. In brain slice recordings from mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons, we examined the ionic basis of this activity using interleaved current-clamp and voltage-clamp experiments. Both in control and after muscarinic stimulation, the steady-state current–voltage curve was dominated by inward TTX-sensitive persistent sodium current (INaP) that activated near −75 mV and increased steeply with depolarization. In control, total membrane current was net outward (hyperpolarizing) near −70 mV so that cells had a stable resting potential. Muscarinic stimulation activated a small nonselective cation current so that total membrane current near −70 mV shifted to become barely net inward (depolarizing). The small depolarization triggers regenerative activation ofINaP, which then depolarizes the cell from −70 mV to spike threshold. We quantified the relative contributions ofINaP, hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), and calcium current to pacemaking by using the cell's own firing as a voltage command along with specific blockers. TTX-sensitive sodium current was substantial throughout the entire interspike interval, increasing as the membrane potential approached threshold, while bothIhand calcium current were minimal. Thus, spontaneous activity is driven primarily by activation ofINaPin a positive feedback loop starting near −70 mV and providing increasing inward current to threshold. These results show that the pacemaking “engine” fromINaPis an inherent property of CA1 pyramidal neurons that can be engaged or disengaged by small shifts in net membrane current near −70 mV, as by muscarinic stimulation.
Leptin Stimulates Neuropeptide Y and Cocaine Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Coexpressing Neuronal Activity in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Lee Shin J. , Verma Saurabh , Simonds Stephanie E. , Kirigiti Melissa A. , Kievit Paul , Lindsley Sarah R. , Loche Alberto , Smith M. Susan , Cowley Michael A. , Grove Kevin L.
Published: September 2013

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in both the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) have been implicated in food intake and obesity. However, while ARH NPY is highly expressed in the lean animal, DMH NPY mRNA expression is observed only after diet-induced obesity (DIO). Furthermore, while ARH NPY neurons are inhibited by leptin, the effect of this adipokine on DMH NPY neurons is unknown. In this study we show that in contrast to the consistent expression in the ARH, DMH NPY mRNA expression was undetectable until after 10 weeks in mice fed a high-fat diet, and peaked at 20 weeks. Surprisingly, electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that leptin directly depolarized and increased the firing rate of DMH NPY neurons in DIO mice. To further differentiate the regulation of DMH and ARH NPY populations, fasting decreased expression of DMH NPY expression, while it increased ARH NPY expression. However, treatment with a leptin receptor antagonist failed to alter DMH NPY expression, indicating that leptin may not be the critical factor regulating mRNA expression. Importantly, we also demonstrated that DMH NPY neurons coexpress cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART); however, CART mRNA expression in the DMH peaked earlier in the progression of DIO. This study demonstrates novel and important findings. First, NPY and CART are coexpressed in the same neurons within the DMH, and second, leptin stimulates DMH NPY neurons. These studies suggest that during the progression of DIO, there is an unknown signal that drives the expression of the orexigenic NPY signal within the DMH, and that the chronic hyperleptinemia increases the activity of these NPY/CART neurons.
The Human Cerebral Cortex Flattens during Adolescence
Authors: Alemán-Gómez Yasser , Janssen Joost , Schnack Hugo , Balaban Evan , Pina-Camacho Laura , Alfaro-Almagro Fidel , Castro-Fornieles Josefina , Otero Soraya , Baeza Immaculada , Moreno Dolores , Bargalló Nuria , Parellada Mara , Arango Celso , Desco Manuel
Published: September 2013

The human cerebral cortex appears to shrink during adolescence. To delineate the dynamic morphological changes involved in this process, 52 healthy male and female adolescents (11–17 years old) were neuroimaged twice using magnetic resonance imaging, approximately 2 years apart. Using a novel morphometric analysis procedure combining the FreeSurfer and BrainVisa image software suites, we quantified global and lobar change in cortical thickness, outer surface area, the gyrification index, the average Euclidean distance between opposing sides of the white matter surface (gyral white matter thickness), the convex (“exposed”) part of the outer cortical surface (hull surface area), sulcal length, depth, and width. We found that the cortical surface flattens during adolescence. Flattening was strongest in the frontal and occipital cortices, in which significant sulcal widening and decreased sulcal depth co-occurred. Globally, sulcal widening was associated with cortical thinning and, for the frontal cortex, with loss of surface area. For the other cortical lobes, thinning was related to gyral white matter expansion. The overall flattening of the macrostructural three-dimensional architecture of the human cortex during adolescence thus involves changes in gray matter and effects of the maturation of white matter.
A Conserved Pattern of Differential Expansion of Cortical Areas in Simian Primates
Authors: Chaplin Tristan A. , Yu Hsin-Hao , Soares Juliana G. M. , Gattass Ricardo , Rosa Marcello G. P.
Published: September 2013

The layout of areas in the cerebral cortex of different primates is quite similar, despite significant variations in brain size. However, it is clear that larger brains are not simply scaled up versions of smaller brains: some regions of the cortex are disproportionately large in larger species. It is currently debated whether these expanded areas arise through natural selection pressures for increased cognitive capacity or as a result of the application of a common developmental sequence on different scales. Here, we used computational methods to map and quantify the expansion of the cortex in simian primates of different sizes to investigate whether there is any common pattern of cortical expansion. Surface models of the marmoset, capuchin, and macaque monkey cortex were registered using the software package CARET and the spherical landmark vector difference algorithm. The registration was constrained by the location of identified homologous cortical areas. When comparing marmosets with both capuchins and macaques, we found a high degree of expansion in the temporal parietal junction, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, all of which are high-level association areas typically involved in complex cognitive and behavioral functions. These expanded maps correlated well with previously published macaque to human registrations, suggesting that there is a general pattern of primate cortical scaling.
Mutations and polymorphisms in FSH receptor: functional implications in human reproduction
Authors: Desai Swapna S , Roy Binita Sur , Mahale Smita D
Published: September 2013

FSH brings about its physiological actions by activating a specific receptor located on target cells. Normal functioning of the FSH receptor (FSHR) is crucial for follicular development and estradiol production in females and for the regulation of Sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis in males. In the last two decades, the number of inactivating and activating mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and spliced variants of FSHR gene has been identified in selected infertile cases. Information on genotype–phenotype correlation and in vitro functional characterization of the mutants has helped in understanding the possible genetic cause for female infertility in affected individuals. The information is also being used to dissect various extracellular and intracellular events involved in hormone–receptor interaction by studying the differences in the properties of the mutant receptor when compared with WT receptor. Studies on polymorphisms in the FSHR gene have shown variability in clinical outcome among women treated with FSH. These observations are being explored to develop molecular markers to predict the optimum dose of FSH required for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Pharmacogenetics is an emerging field in this area that aims at designing individual treatment protocols for reproductive abnormalities based on FSHR gene polymorphisms. The present review discusses the current knowledge of various genetic alterations in FSHR and their impact on receptor function in the female reproductive system.
Clusters e APL's: análise bibliométrica das publicações nacionais no período de 2000 a 2011
Authors: Mascena Keysa Manuela Cunha de , Figueiredo Fernanda Cruz , Boaventura João Maurício Gama
Published: September 2013

O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar as publicações científicas sobre clusters e arranjos produtivos locais (APL's) no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2011. Realizou-se a pesquisa em periódicos, classificados pela Qualis (Capes), das áreas de Administração, Economia e Engenharia, obtendo-se um total de 80 artigos. A análise permitiu identificar as características das publicações quanto às abordagens metodológicas e os métodos de pesquisa, os autores mais referenciados, os clusters e APL's pesquisados e os temas mais estudados. Verificou-se a tendência das pesquisas recentes de empregar abordagens teóricas com maior ênfase na questão da cooperação. Constatou-se que a pesquisa empírica, em geral, restringe-se a identificar a existência de clusters em determinadas localidades e a descrevê-los com base no tema de pesquisa escolhido. Portanto, existe uma oportunidade para avanço da pesquisa e para uma efetiva contribuição para o desenvolvimento da teoria.
A surveillance of enteropathogens in piglets from birth to seven days of age in Brazil
Authors: Cruz Junior Eduardo C. , Salvarani Felipe M. , Silva Rodrigo O.S. , Silva Marcos X. , Lobato Francisco C.F. , Guedes Roberto M.C.
Published: September 2013

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the real importance of anaerobic enteropathogens and rotavirus in contrast to more common agents as cause of diarrhea in piglets within the first week of life. Sixty 1- to 7-day-old piglets, 30 diarrheic and 30 non-diarrheic (control), from 15 different herds were selected, euthanized and necropsied. Samples of the jejunum, ileum, colon, cecum and feces were collected from the piglets and analyzed to determine the presence of the following enteropathogens: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Clostridium perfringens types A and C, Clostridium difficile, rotavirus and Isospora suis. Among diarrheic piglets, 23.3% were positive for C. difficile, 70% for C. perfringens type A cpb2+, 14.3% for rotavirus and 10% for ETEC. Among non-diarrheic control piglets, 10% were positive for C. difficile, 76.7% for C. perfringens type A cpb2+, 0% for rotavirus, 3.3% for ETEC and 3.3% for I. suis. C. perfringens type C was not detected in any of the animals. Histological lesions characteristic of C. difficile, E. coli and rotavirus were observed. However, no C. perfringens type A suggestive lesions were detected. There was a positive correlation between mesocolon edema and the presence of C. difficile toxins. Although C. perfringens type A cpb2+ was the most frequently detected enteropathogen, there was no association between its presence and diarrhea or macro or microscopic changes. C. difficile and Rotavirus were the most relevant pathogens involved with neonatal diarrhea in this study, and histopathology associated with microbiological test proved to be the key to reach a final diagnosis.
Complement activation-related pseudoallergy in dogs following intravenous administration of a liposomal formulation of meglumine antimoniate
Authors: Ribeiro Raul R. , Moura Eliane P. , Sampaio Weverton M. , Silva Sydnei M. , Fulgêncio Gustavo O. , Tafuri Wagner L. , Michalick Marilene S.M. , Frézard Frédéric
Published: September 2013

The increasing use of nanotechnologies in advanced therapies has allowed the observation of specific adverse reactions related to nanostructures. The toxicity of a novel liposome formulation of meglumine antimoniate in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis after single dose has been investigated. Groups of 12 animals received by the intravenous route a single dose of liposomal meglumine antimoniate (group I [GI], 6.5 mg Sb/kg), empty liposomes (GII) or isotonic saline (GIII). Evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters showed no significant changes 4 days after administration. No undesired effects were registered in the GIII. However, adverse reactions were observed in 67.7% of dogs from both groups that received liposomal formulations. The side effects began moments after bolus administration and disappeared during the first 15 minutes after treatment. Prostation, sialorrhea and defecation were the most frequent clinical signs, registered in 33.3% and 41.6 % of animals from the groups GI and GII, respectively. Tachypnea, mydriasis, miosis, vomiting and cyanosis were also registered in both groups. The adverse reactions observed in this study were attributed to the activation of the complement system by lipid vesicles in a phenomenon known as Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy (CARPA). The influence of the physical-chemical characteristics of liposomal formulation in the triggering of CARPA is discussed.
Effects of fasting and refeeding on the metabolic functions of the turtle Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766) raised in captivity
Authors: Oliveira Antonia S. , Candioto Cinthia G. , Santos Débora M.S. , Pereira José G. , Sousa Alana L. , Machado Célio R.
Published: September 2013

The metabolic responses of adult and young freshwater Kinosternon scorpioides turtles raised in captivity were evaluated. Two experiments were performed: a) blood metabolite changes caused by food deprivation, and b) liver and muscle glycogen and total lipid differences after fasting and refeeding. Blood glucose concentration of young animals was susceptible to food deprivation. In both groups this metabolite decreased after 30 days of fasting. Feeding for 15 days did not recover blood glucose. Total seric proteins were not affected by food deprivation. Fasting decreased blood urea nitrogen and the highest difference was found around 30 days. Uric acid increased in young animals after 60 days of fasting. Triacylglicerol decreased after 15 days of fasting and refeeding for 15 days recovered the pre-fasting levels. Free fatty acid plasma tended to increase around 15 days of fasting. Liver glycogen decreased at day 15 of fasting, being stable thereafter while muscle glycogen decreased at a slower rate. Total liver lipid stabilized after 30 days and then decreased 70% after 60 days of fasting. Muscle lipids remained stable throughout fasting. It could be concluded that fasting of Kinosternon scorpioides led to metabolic adaptations similar to the one reported from reptiles and fish.
Constituição, democracia e indeterminação social do direito
Authors: Barbosa Samuel
Published: September 2013

O artigo explora a tese de que a ordem constitucional vigente sob a Constituição Federal de 1988 é caracterizada pela indeterminação social do direito. Esse conceito combina dimensões empíricas e normativas: a multiplicidade de arenas decisórias especializadas na estabilização de expectativas e a luta de justificação sobre a interpretação política das normas jurídicas.
Quando a Antropologia se defronta com a Educação: formação de professores índios no Brasil
Authors: Grupioni Luís Donisete Benzi
Published: September 2013

O artigo analisa os processos de formação de professores indígenas no Brasil, que têm mobilizado esforços governamentais e boa parte da reflexão acadêmica nos últimos anos. Tomando os contextos formais de escolarização indígena como lócus produtivos de enunciados culturais, postula, no embate transdisciplinar e intercultural, um lugar para a Antropologia na formação de índios como professores.
Enfoque etnográfico y formación docente: aportes para el trabajo de enseñanza
Authors: Cerletti Laura
Published: September 2013

Este artículo aborda algunos aspectos centrales del enfoque etnográfico y su relevancia para pensar la formación docente. Se plantea su importancia para la comprensión en profundidad sobre los docentes como sujetos sociales, considerando especialmente sus experiencias -en su vinculación con los contextos sociohistóricos y las tramas de relaciones de los que forman parte-, a través de las que se va construyendo el propio lugar docente. Se recupera la importancia de esta dimensión en tanto abre el registro a una diversidad poco indagada. Tomando la categoría "familia" como analizador, se profundiza sobre los aportes del enfoque etnográfico a la formación para el trabajo de enseñanza, argumentando sobre la importancia de recuperar esa diversidad de experiencias vividas por los docentes para facilitar un proceso de construcción de debates, más que de definiciones cerradas, y como una modalidad de trabajo que permite una mayor problematización sobre la diversidad existente en el mundo social.
Educação, infância e leitura: contribuições da teoria dos processos civilizadores de Norbert Elias
Authors: Tozzi Juliana Bernardes
Published: September 2013

O artigo se propõe a destacar algumas contribuições da teoria dos processos civilizadores do sociólogo alemão Norbert Elias para estudos na área da educação e da cultura que abordam a leitura, seus objetos e práticas, e, enfim, para os que versam sobre a produção e o consumo dos livros destinados à formação das novas gerações. Num primeiro momento do texto, introduz-se a obra em que o autor desenvolve a teoria sobre os processos civilizadores, apresentando sua organização e premissas gerais. A seguir, discute-se como a compreensão sobre o processo de constituição das sociedades modernas ocidentais - seguindo as proposições de Elias - oportuniza fecundas contribuições para uma abordagem histórica e sociológica dos objetos de consumo cultural voltados à infância, especialmente os livros: objetos por excelência da "civilidade".
O infame solitário: o que o documentário Solitário Anônimo pode acrescentar aos debates sobre educação em saúde?
Authors: Oliveira Ana Claudia Coelho de , Siqueira Vera Helena Ferraz de
Published: September 2013

Este artigo propõe reflexões sobre educação em saúde, particularmente no que diz respeito à formação ético-política dos profissionais da área, à luz das ideias de Michel Foucault. Toma o vídeo Solitário Anônimo, produzido em 2007 pela antropóloga e docente Debora Diniz, como desencadeador dessas reflexões, particularmente no que tange à incidência do poder sobre a vida retratada na tensa relação entre paciente idoso e agentes de cuidado na cena hospitalar. Busca articular o pensamento foucaultiano com as noções de normal/patológico, saúde/doença, risco em saúde e qualidade de vida, substratos de práticas e teorias no campo da educação em saúde.
Natalidade e educação: reflexões sobre o milagre do novo na obra de Hannah Arendt
Authors: Almeida Vanessa Sievers de
Published: September 2013

Este ensaio estuda o conceito de natalidade na obra de Hannah Arendt, salientando sua fundamental importância para a concepção de educação da filósofa. Realçamos que a autora, cujo pensamento político recorre frequentemente às experiências da pólis grega e da república romana, ao refletir sobre a natalidade, inspira-se preponderantemente em fontes cristãs, em particular na obra de Agostinho. Essa influência do pensamento cristão é pouco abordada pelos estudiosos da obra de Arendt. Nossa reflexão sobre essa inspiração sugere algumas perspectivas, pouco explicitadas pela própria autora, em relação a seu conceito de natalidade. Finalmente, procuramos compreender em que medida essa compreensão enriquecida pode acrescentar dimensões novas à abordagem da autora sobre educação.
Políticas de escolarização e governamentalidade nas tramas do capitalismo cognitivo: um diagnóstico preliminar
Authors: Silva Roberto Rafael Dias da
Published: September 2013

O presente ensaio pretende constituir um diagnóstico preliminar das políticas de escolarização e governamentalidade produzidas nas tramas políticas e econômicas do estágio atual do desenvolvimento capitalista. Partindo de uma revisão dos modos de constituição das políticas de escolarização produzidas pelo estado moderno, interessa, desde uma inspiração nos estudos foucaultianos produzidos no final da década de 1970, caracterizar as diferentes estratégias reguladoras dos processos de escolarização em massa produzidos desde o século XVIII e diagnosticar os múltiplos deslocamentos nessas pautas políticas na contemporaneidade. A partir de uma leitura sociológica, apresentam-se algumas mudanças nos sentidos educacionais fabricados pela sociedade industrial, na direção de uma educação flexível e interativa. Entende-se que as condições do capitalismo cognitivo, tal como esse cenário tem sido nomeado pelos economistas neomarxistas italianos, sugerem um cenário no qual o conhecimento assume o lugar de vetor das inovações e das dinâmicas produtivas, desestabilizando o modelo da fábrica e imaterializando as relações de trabalho. As políticas de escolarização passam a ser movidas por tecnologias otimizadoras que privilegiam conduzir os sujeitos escolares a estágios elevados de desempenho, assim como propõem a qualificação de suas performances nas tramas do contemporâneo. Tal diagnóstico pode ser ponto de partida para ressignificarmos as pautas investigativas dos estudos críticos em educação.
Design of a full-scale experimental blast tunnel
Authors: Pope Dan
Published: September 2013

In response to recent terrorist events, the UK government has sought to develop a means of examining the effects of explosive detonations within tunnel systems. A major component of this work has been the design and installation of a full-scale, instrumented, ‘superterranean' tunnel for the assessment of such blast effects on internal structures. Owing to the highly complex loading development, which results from such confined explosive detonations, it was decided that numerical techniques should be used as an integrated part of the design process. Hydrocode blast simulations were used to determine the spatial and temporal loading–time histories associated with charge initiation at critical locations within the tunnel. With emphasis on safe tunnel operation, these techniques were also used to estimate the pressure levels exiting the tunnel during testing. Explicit finite-element analyses were then used to assist in determining the optimal sizes and spacing of constituent structural components. Upon completion of the design, a series of initial proofing trials was conducted to confirm that the tunnel was fit for purpose; the facility has since been used to undertake specific tests associated with a variety of applications. This paper describes the philosophy behind the design of the facility, together with the mechanisms of dynamic response observed during the modelling process. A description of each analytical method is provided and emphasis is also placed on how modelling techniques were used to complement traditional civil engineering design and experience in producing a safe, fully functional, cost-effective facility.
Calculation of blast loads for design against terrorism
Authors: Wilkinson Will , Cormie David , Arkinstall Mark
Published: September 2013

With the threat of terrorism an ever-growing concern in the design of buildings, it is becoming more important that designers are able to understand the nature of bomb blast loading and how it can be derived. This paper provides a critical assessment of the modelling approaches available by outlining the key advantages and disadvantages and indicating the limits of applicability of each. Three basic approaches that may be adopted for the prediction of blast loads are available: empirical, semi-empirical (phenomenological) and computational. The intention of this paper is not to provide in-depth knowledge of the theoretical basis but to provide a pragmatic understanding of the tools available to designers so they can assess the problem in hand and select the appropriate methods for use in design.
Briefing: The response of glazing to blast loading
Authors: Morison Colin
Published: September 2013

Breakage of glazing is the largest source of injury from an explosion in an urban area, whether the explosion is due to military attack, terrorist attack, accidental explosion or a natural disaster such as the meteorite over Cheylabinsk, Russia on 15 February 2013. The reasons for this are the ubiquity of glazing in the modern built environment and its proximity to people, its brittleness and low fracture energy, and the formation of elongated and sharp-edged glass fragments. To minimise the injury hazard it is desirable to be able to assess the response. This briefing note explains the response of glazing and glazing systems to blast waves from an external explosion. By choice of suitable makeup of a glazing system, the hazard level to building occupants from a given level of blast loading can be reduced to acceptable levels.