bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal variations of the precipitation regime and trend of the last century in mainland Spain
Authors: Gonzalez-Hidalgo Jose Carlos , Trullenque-Blanco Victor , Peña-Angulo Dhais , Beguería Santiago
Published: February 2023

The evolution of the seasonal rainfall regime and trend in mainland Spain (western Mediterranean basin) in the period 1916-2015 has been analyzed with the new high spatial resolution grid of the MOPREDAS_century (10 km2) database, included in CLICES project.Seasonal rainfall regime changes have been analysed in mainland Spain. Comparison of the seasonal precipitation values in four different periods of 25 years in length were done. The spatial distribution of seasonal rainfall highlights a winter regime to the north and west, autumn to the eastern Mediterranean coastland, and spring predominates in between the aforementioned areas, but the analysis shows that the seasonal distribution of precipitation has undergone remarkable changes between 1916 and 2015. During the first 25 years’ period (1916-1940) winter predominates in 44% of grid, increasing to 55% in 1941-1965 and to 60% in 1966-1990 to decrease in the most recent period (1991-2015) to 38%; in the meantime, spring remain around 30% until 1991-2015 when decrease to 16%, and autumn, initially occupying 33%, decrease in the 2nd and 3rth period to increase in the most recent ones to 50% of grid. These changes have been produce by the different behaviour of rainfall trends, particularly in spring (mostly related to march) and autumn (particularly October). Global spatial changes show the substitution of areas of winter regime by spring, and on the other hand spring substitution by autumn regime, but the analyses of detailed period discover a more complex pattern.In general, the seasonal rainfall trend present changes throughout the analyzed period, with clear decreases in spring and increases in autumn in the final decades. However, the analysis of temporal scale allows us to observe that since the mid-1970s the seasonal precipitation trends are not statistically significant in the study area. The analysis in four periods of 25 years of the seasonal average values shows that the dominant seasonal regime of precipitations has undergone changes. Between 1916-2015, a replacement of the winter and spring regime for the autumn regime has been detected in extensive areas of the central western peninsular. The results are in line with previous analyzes carried out in the whole of the Mediterranean basin and especially in its western sector and suggest that they may be partly related to the variations in time of the NAO and WeMO atmospheric variability modes. Possible effects on natural systems and human activities are discussed, as a step prior to the adoption of mitigating measures.The objectives and results obtained in the CLICES project are available on the website www.CLICES.unizar.es.
Circulation, mixing and salt transport in a former estuary after reintroduction of seawater inflow: a 3D modelling study
Authors: Kranenburg Wouter , Bom Sam , Tiessen Meinard , van Leeuwen Bas
Published: February 2023

Around the world, estuaries have been partially or completely closed-off from the sea and their number may increase with rising sea levels. Concurrently, there is a trend to reintroduce seawater inflow into enclosed former estuaries for ecosystem improvement. This is also the case in the Haringvliet, a former estuary in the Rhine-Meuse Delta, closed-off in 1970 with floodgates blocking seawater inflow and regulating outflow. As the reintroduced salt water inflow may threaten fresh water intake from the basin, the dispersion of salt through the system needs to be well understood and carefully managed.To study the circulation, mixing and salt transport in the Haringvliet, we developed a high-resolution 3D numerical model using the unstructured hydrostatic modelling software DFlow-FM. The model has a horizontal grid with typical cell side lengths of 60 m and a combination of z- and σ-layers in the vertical with a typical thickness of 0.125 m. In agreement with observational data, the model results show that the incoming salt water reaches the deeper parts of the system, induces a strong stratification and is only flushed out of the system after multiple events of large outward floodgate discharges. When the floodgates are closed during the low river discharge season and salt is still present in the system, wind becomes the dominant forcing of mixing and transport. For axial winds, the model results show a considerable horizontal circulation, with downwind currents over the shallow parts and significant upwind currents over the deep parts of the system. These upwind currents are an important mechanism for inland transport of salt after upward mixing, and increased salinity values are found at landward locations for seaward wind. Using the model to explore the mixing mechanisms, we found that the current-related shear is generally not strong enough to induce interfacial mixing directly above the deep parts. Mixing mostly occurs when salt water reaches less deep areas after tilting of the pycnocline. We will explore how to relate this competition of mixing processes to non-dimensional parameters like the Wedderburn number.With scenario analyses, we study the dynamics for a range of wind conditions and determine which condition provides most risk for fresh water intake. We also investigate for what rates of seawater inflow and outward floodgate discharges dynamic equilibria can be reached in which the incoming salt mass equals the mass flushed out during the subsequent ebb. The insights in circulation, mixing and salt transport due to forcing by floodgate discharges and wind are relevant for other semi-enclosed former estuaries.
Flood twin experiment for estimating the potential of satellite observations in shallow-water simulations
Authors: Travert Jean-Paul , Goeury Cedric , Bacchi Vito , Zaoui Fabrice , Boyaval Sebastien
Published: February 2023

With more than one billion people exposed to floods throughout the world, this natural hazard is the most common and devastating one, resulting in loss of lives and damaging personal properties or sensitive infrastructures. Numerical models have become essential to forecast and to mitigate their consequences, but they remain uncertain mainly due to the lack of high-resolution data and the inherent uncertainties related to the simplified representation of natural phenomena.The growing availability of satellite observations distributed in time and space is a valuable source of information for improving flood modelling. Additional data like water level or flood extent can be extracted and used to calibrate numerical models.This study proposes to analyse the potential of remote sensing data as a complement to in-situ observations (from hydrometric stations) in the calibration process of shallow-water flood numerical models. A two-dimensional twin experiment of an extreme flood event overflowing into the floodplains is carried out on a 50 km reach on the Garonne River in France between Tonneins and La Réole. The roughness coefficients are computed as solutions to an inverse problem mixing both in-situ (pointwise and high-frequency) and satellite observations (spatially distributed but low-frequency) data. Data assimilation combining uncertain model simulations and observations has proven efficient for improving hydraulic models. However, an open question is the choice of the best information to assimilate (water level or/and flood extent maps) into the hydraulic models. We study this problem by testing different assimilation configurations. The satellite observations are not considered perfect, so the numerical solutions are compared with different noise levels.
Electron-cyclotron emission model of solar radio zebras with high gyro-harmonic numbers
Authors: Benáček Jan , Karlický Marian
Published: February 2023

Solar radio zebras detected as fine structures of Type IV radio bursts help to diagnose the coronal plasma at kinetic micro-scales. One of the models of the radio zebras is the electron-cyclotron maser instability based on a double plasma resonance at gyro-harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency when ωpe > ωce. Though the gyro-harmonic numbers estimated for zebra observations are very high, in some cases exceeding 100, it is still uncertain how the instability can grow and generate zebra stripes for them. To investigate the instability evolution, we studied its growth and saturation by utilizing analytical calculations and particle-in-cell simulations. We found that the growth rates and saturation energies as functions of the cyclotron-to-plasma frequency ratio form a profile that peaks approximately at the integer harmonics of the cyclotron frequency. Nonetheless, the peaks shift to lower frequencies with increasing the plasma loss-cone temperature, and they broaden and decrease with increasing the gyro-harmonic number. These results suggest that emissions for very high gyro-harmonic numbers should not be formed. Hence, to explain the detected high gyro-harmonic numbers of one hundred, we also investigated the growth rates as a function of the loss-cone angle and found that distributions with very  high loss-cone angles can interpret the observations. We proposed that such large loss-cone angles can be generated in magnetic loops with small magnetic field gradients or below an X-point of the magnetic reconnection. 
Automatic generation of a text forecast along a track
Authors: Guðmundsson Einar H. , Rögnvaldsson Ólafur , Stanislawska Karolina
Published: February 2023

Belgingur Ltd. has created a novel weather forecasting framework, called Weather On Demand – WOD, that can be deployed in the cloud and customised for any location world-wide at a very short notice. A recent addition to the WOD system is a routing forecast option that generates a simple text forecast along a track provided by the end-user. The process is such that a user provides a list of coordinates, where each coordinate pair is accompanied by a timestamp, via an API.Points of interest are identified along the track. Most commonly these points are the locations of weather stations, as they are generally placed where weather conditions are of interest and the WOD system has additional machine learning interpolation mechanisms in development for weather stations. From this set, along with on-the-hour locations, a representative, refined, lower resolution track is assembled, for which high-resolution forecast data is pulled.From that forecast data, the information most relevant to the user is highlighted. Any difficult conditions, as well as a segmented summary is generated in simple, succinct text, programmable in any language.An ongoing extension of this feature is to develop a module that can create a simple text forecast for any user defined region.The WOD software is maintained in Git and can be installed on suitable hardware in a matter of hours, bringing the full flexibility and power of the WRF modelling system at your fingertips.
Quantification of major and trace elements in atmospheric dust over arid/semi-arid region of the Western India
Authors: Karunanithi Suresh , Sudheer Athiyarath , Gaddam Mahesh , Kumar Ashwini
Published: February 2023

Mineral dust is a ubiquitous component of atmosphere which are mainly derived from the arid/semi-arid region due to strong surface winds. These dust can be transported to thousands of kilometres away from the source region (Kumar et al., 2020) and eventually get deposited in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The deposition of mineral dust is a perineal source of macro and micro-nutrients and can significantly impact primary productivity and thus, affect the surface water biogeochemical processes (Jickells et al., 2005). However, the quantification of the major and trace elements in transported dust from the arid region in Indian subcontinent to the Arabian Sea is least reported. Here, we present total as well as the soluble major and trace element composition data of the atmospheric aerosols and wet deposited dust collected during the summer season (May to July) from Ahmedabad and Barmer (located in the vicinity of the Thar Desert), Rajasthan, India. The elemental composition and ratios suggests crustal sources for Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti, and Mn,  while the elements Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb indicates the emission from anthropogenic sources. In addition, deposition fluxes of the aeolian dust and trace elements over the Western India region will be presented along with Sr and Nd isotopic ratios measured during the major dust outbreaks observed during the sampling period, documenting source characteristics and relative contribution from different sources.
A millennial-scale record of mean annual air temperatures spanning 70 ka over the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
Authors: O'Connor Lauren , Jerrett Rhodri , Price Gregory , van Dongen Bart , Crampton-Flood Emily , Lengger Sabine
Published: February 2023

The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary experienced major environmental perturbations due to volcanism and bolide impact, as well as the most famous mass extinction in geologic history. However, the response of the climate system to these drivers at different timescales, and thus their relationship to the mass extinction is highly debated. In particular, the role of climate change in biodiversity patterns immediately preceding the boundary is poorly understood. Lipids from fossil peats (coals) provide an opportunity to reconstruct terrestrial temperatures across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary at a millennial-scale resolution. Here we present mean annual air temperature records spanning ~70 ka over the K-Pg boundary, from sites across North America (palaeolatitudes 45–55 degrees N). Our data show that temperatures ranged from 16–29 degrees C, more than 10 degrees C higher modern temperatures at equivalent latitudes in North America.Using 5-ka temporal bins, our data show that MAATs peaked at ~26 degrees C in the last millennia of the Cretaceous, following 35 ka of warming from ~23 degrees C. Peak warmth was followed by ~5 degrees C cooling over the following 30 ka. We observe no “impact winter” nor a spike in temperature immediately following the boundary. If such phenomena occurred, their duration was below the resolution of our record: ~1 ka. Our record also shows a previously unrecognised brief interval of cooling from 10 to 5 ka pre-boundary.Our study places new bounds on millennial-scale trends in MAAT change in the terrestrial realm and demonstrates large and rapid temperature swings across the K-Pg interval. These data allow for improved understanding of the role of climate in the decline of Cretaceous flora and fauna and may help elucidate the relative influence of volcanism and bolide impact on terrestrial temperatures.
How the global eco-environmental patterns change due to COVID-19
Authors: Liou Yuei-An , Nguyen Kim-Anh
Published: February 2023

The coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) has impacted many parts of the world in various ways, in particular human activities such as recreation, living, manufacturing, and interaction with the nature, since its outbreak in early 2020. As lockdown measures are the only solution to reduce and even cease the spread of virus, their implementation is a must and, thus, stops most of the human activities. It has been demonstrated that the natural environment has been much improved with the implementation of the lockdown measures for both regions and nations, lacking investigation on the global environment. In this study, we aim to examine the influence of the lockdown measures on the global environmental vulnerability and risk by comparing the global eco-environmental vulnerability in years 2016 and 2020. The findings of the global eco-environmental vulnerability in the year 2016 by Nguyen et al. (2019) serve as a reference. The year 2020 global earth observation dataset and satellite remote sensing data derived variables are used for the assessment of eco-environmental vulnerability and risk with aid of GIS modelling and spatial analysis. The accumulated impacts of the natural and human stressors on the world’s eco-environment are presented. The outcomes are validated by using PM2.5 data with dust removal.  Results reveal that COVID-19 pandemic with lockdown situation has significantly contributed to the overall improved eco-environmental condition. A decreasing trend in the global eco-environmental vulnerability is observed approximately by 4.72% and 2.78% for the high and very high vulnerability and risk levels, respectively, as a result of reduced human activities likely associated with the implementation of lockdown measures in response to COVID-19 pandemic.Keywords: Global eco-environment; vulnerability and risk; spatiotemporal changes; human activities; COVID-19
Landscapes Live online seminar series: Promoting and sharing geomorphology research beyond borders and timezones
Authors: Ben-Israel Michal , Harries Rebekah , Carrasco A. Rita , Orr Elizabeth , Dave Aditi K.
Published: February 2023

Landscapes Live is a weekly online seminar series freely accessible to the international scientific community interested in various aspects of geomorphology. Established in summer 2020 during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the goal of better serving the needs of all interested scientists regardless of international mobility and promoting a transition to a greener future.Landscapes Live is proud to be affiliated with the Geomorphology (GM) division of EGU, as part of EGU’s pioneering CampFire concept to bring together the geoscience community between General Assemblies. Landscapes Live is led by a multinational team of researchers wherein members serve a maximum term of 3 years. The members of the Landscapes Live team reflect the geographical, topical and gender diversity of the Geomorphology division of EGU, which underpins our ethos of equitable science.Since its foundation, the Landscapes Live seminar has presented over 60 scientific talks free and open to everyone all around the world. Most of the talks are recorded and later uploaded onto our YouTube page which has received upwards of 15 thousand views from 30 different countries across Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Europe, and North, Central, and South America. Landscapes Live is committed to the promotion of diversity and inclusion in the geosciences and has made it its mission to bring talks from a  variety of speakers from different genders, career stages, and locations. Over the past year, Landscapes Live has expanded its virtual activity bringing a day of talks by and for researchers located in the south Pacific. The success of the Landscapes Live Pacific pilot has opened the door to more collaborations that will bridge physical geographical divides within scientific communities. This year, Landscapes Live will further endeavor to expand its activities to the Asia Pacific region. In this session, we will present data analytics from our previous talks as well as past and future extensions for the Landscapes Live seminar series. We are looking forward to hearing suggestions for how LL can best serve the geomorphology community and new ideas about how to move Landscapes Live forward from our fellow geoscience community members attending EGU both on-site and virtually.
Assessment of Future Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of the Upper Kabul River Basin, Afghanistan Using SWAT
Authors: Ayoubi Tooryalay , Reinhardt-Imjela Christian , Schulte Achim
Published: February 2023

In this study, climate change impacts on future stream-flow dynamics and water availability are analyzed in the mid-century (2030-2049) and the end-century (2080-2099) using the output of regional climate models (RCMs) under two representation concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5) in the Upper Kabul River Basin (UKRB). A hydrological model was developed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) from 2009-2019, calibrated from 2010-2016 and validated from 2017-2018. Results indicated, SWAT was capable of simulating the monthly stream-flow dynamics with "satisfactory" to "very good" accuracy. Temperature and precipitation data of four RCMs were bias-corrected using delta change method and were used in SWAT after validation. The future temperature increased in all seasons, the peak occurs earlier in June instead of July in both periods. Future precipitation decreases in spring, while increases in summer, autumn and winter. The precipitation changes are greatest in winter, with a shift of the annual peak from March to February. Changing precipitation in winter combined with increasing in temperature caused an earlier onset of snowmelt with a shift of the discharge peak from June to April/May. The basin’s future water balance is characterized by increasing surface runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and total water yield in 2040s and 2090s for both RCPs 4.5 and 8.5. In contrast snowfall and snowmelt are expected to decrease. The future runoff is projected to increase in spring, and decrease in summer (May- August). Thus, a decrease in dry season runoff and increase in wet season runoff is expected.
Wave Enhanced Overtides in an Idealized Tidal Inlet System
Authors: Ross Lauren , Rickerich Samuel , Valle-Levinson Arnoldo
Published: February 2023

Tides in shallow water environments near estuaries and tidal inlets are subjectto nonlinear interactions, or asymmetries, that produce higher frequency harmonics known as overtides. The tidal asymmetries produced due to the generation of overtides can contribute to long term material transport in coastal regions. The primary mechanisms generating overtides are well known and arise from varying bathymetry, friction, and water depth. However, in systemsdominated by wind waves and barotropic tides other mechanisms may exist. This study utilizes the COAWST modeling system to run process-oriented tide-wavesimulations of an idealized barrier island and tidal inlet system to investigate new mechanisms of overtide generation. The simulations investigate variations in tidal amplitude from micro to meso-tidal coupled with several combinations of wave heights, wave periods, and wave directions. Analysis of overtide amplitudes extracted from 92 numerical simulations indicates that an increase in wave height amplifies overtide current velocities inthe along- and cross-shore directions. Variations in wave period and direction proved to have a lessereffect on elevating overtide amplitudes. A maximum increase of ∼140% in overtide current velocity magnitudes was observed from a tide only to a coupled tide-wave simulation. A decomposition of the depth-averagedmomentum balance of the tide only and tide-wave simulations were used to determine mechanisms responsible for elevating overtide amplitudes. Results identified bottom stress, pressure gradient, andbottom wave streaming as the dominant mechanisms enhancing overtide generation. Accelerations from wave-enhanced pressure gradientsand bottom wave streaming produced a shoreward near-bottom current and an offshore directed surface return flow thatinteracted with tidal currents and enhanced tidal asymmetries.
What is the accepted level of erroneous decision for the Swiss arable land inventory? Uncertainty perception of digital soil maps.
Authors: Burgos Stéphane , Tanner Simon , Nussbaum Madlene
Published: February 2023

Detailed soil maps are crucial to balance interests of urban planning and soil protection. In Switzerland, high-quality arable land is protected by an inventory and surfaces inside the inventory can only exceptionally be developed. Recently, legal frameworks were modified to require detailed soil maps to change the inventory. So far, conventional soil maps at scale of 1:5'000 – directly linked to a prescribed sampling density – are acknowledged to be sufficiently accurate. As conventional mapping is very time-consuming digital soil mapping is currently considered by regional governments to accelerate data collection.To test digital soil mapping to generate such detailed maps we selected a typical area on the Swiss Plateau of 800 hectares. We sampled 1'120 locations by feature space coverage design. Spatial predictions were computed for soil properties and soil suitability classes were derived. Additional independent validation data was sampled by a stratified random design at 120 locations and used to evaluate overall prediction accuracy. For rootable soil depth, the main soil attribute decisions are based on, model uncertainty was quantified by quantile regression forest.  Various representations of uncertainty at selected point locations and for a map excerpt were prepared. Following one of the recently formulated ten Pedometrics challenges, we evaluated (mis)understanding thereof by in-depth guided expert interviews with six inventory decision makers. Level of acceptable uncertainty for the inventory and whether end users rather trusted certain sampling densities as opposed to statistical accuracy measures was further discussed in the interviews.
How high can mechanical stresses be within lithospheric materials?
Authors: Ferrand Thomas P.
Published: February 2023

Thanks to plate tectonics, the Earth lithosphere is composed of very different lithologies, most of which consisting of peridotites, usually covered by either oceanic or continental crust. Depending on several parameters including composition, pressure, temperature, and strain rate, lithospheric materials can deform smoothly and silently or generate seismic ruptures. Collision belts and subduction systems, including subducted materials being heated and sheared in the mantle transition zone, are characterized by intense seismicity; in contrast, the bottom of lithospheric plates, known as lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB), is not associated with any seismicity, giving the impression that oceanic plates have the intrinsic ability to maintain their basal stress at relatively low values. Comparing results from experimental geophysics, field geology, geodynamics modelling and seismology, I discuss the representativity of experimental findings and potential consequences on our understanding of the rheology of the lithosphere.The idea that lithospheric materials at intermediate depths or deeper cannot support high deviatoric stresses is still supported by many studies in geosciences or physics. Plenty of authors start by recalling that brittle failure cannot occur at high pressure, and thus conclude that deep earthquakes and their shallow counterparts should consist of totally different events relying on totally different physical processes. Yet, deep seismicity is characterized by double-couple mechanisms and thus is an actual proof of seismic ruptures at great depths. Here I recall achievements from experiments under synchrotron radiation, suggesting that differential stresses can reach several gigapascals within subducting slabs at intermediate depths (30-300 km). In either peridotites or lawsonite blueschists, high-energy X-rays reveal differential stresses above 2 GPa for confining pressures of 1-1.5 GPa, and reaching ≈ 3 GPa for confining pressures of 2.5-3.5 GPa. This is further supported by both field geology studies and numerical modelling.While mean stresses in seismogenic zones exhibit severe deviations from lithostatic pressure, the base of lithospheric plates deforms in a way that never triggers seismicity. The coupling between lithospheric plates and the underlying asthenosphere is still a matter of debate. According to global dynamics modelling, a basal shear stress as low as only 10-100 MPa would suffice to allow decoupling at the LAB. While partial melting has recently been favoured as an explanation for plate motion, experimental results on an analogue (germanium peridotite) suggest a solid-state lubrication process, involving grain-boundary disordering, and would confirm that mechanical stresses do not exceed 200 MPa at the LAB (60-120 km).
Distribution of Internal Waves in the Northeast Atlantic: An Ocean ColorRemote Sensing Analysis
Authors: Silva Francisco , Dias João Miguel , Mendes Renato
Published: February 2023

Internal waves are large-scale dynamics within the water column, where they have a significant impact on several processes: vertical displacement of water properties, sediments, and primary production. This study aims to record their spatio-temporal distribution in the Northeast Atlantic region using optical remote sensing techniques. It's also assessed if the Sentinel-3 platform employed in the study as an ocean color sensor benchmark is reliable with analogous results provided by SARs. Results show that the majority of internal waves were found in the Iberian Coast and the Azores Archipelago, in areas with peculiar bathymetry. At the same time, a seasonal pattern seemed to concentrate these occurrences between April and September where the sunglint impacts on data were more noticeable. This suggests that an effect that was previously considered undesirable in this type of data can actually be useful for observing internal waves on the ocean surface.
Roughly scale-free network of surface-water connections within a lowland river landscape
Authors: Güneralp Inci , Castillo Cesar R. , Hales Billy
Published: February 2023

Lowland rivers regularly flood and create complex inundation patterns where energy and matter are exchanged between landscape patches over a dynamic network of surface‐water connections. Scale‐freeness of networks for phenomena in many disciplines have been studied with mixed results. Here we present the first documented example of a (roughly) scale‐free network of surface‐water connections within a river‐floodplain landscape. We accomplish this by simulating inundation maps across the historical range of flows for the Mission River in Texas. We then analyze the topology of the surface‐water connections between the river and soil and vegetation habitat patch types. Results show that surface‐water connectivity is scale‐free for ≥64% of simulated flows (≥70% for flows with floodplain inundation). Moreover, the dynamic surface‐water connections meet five of the six conceptual criteria of scale‐free networks. Our findings indicate that river‐floodplain landscapes are self‐organizing toward scale‐free surface‐water connections among patches that optimizes energy and matter exchange.
DDE-TS: A semantic service for geologic time
Authors: Ma Chao , Ogg James , Zhou Liangchen , Li Haipeng , Wang Hongwei , Zhao Hongyi
Published: February 2023

Age is an important property in geologic data. It can tell us when a geologic event happened, how long did the event last. And it is important to know the sequence of events to consider the causation between these events. On the other hand, same set of data with different ages, paleogeographic data can be interpreted totally different. There are lots of geologic terms related to age: magnetostratigraphy (e.g. “Brunhes”), biostratigraphy (e.g. “Conosphaera”), lithostratigraphy (“Eagle Ford Formation”), geologic time concepts (“Cretaceous”), etc. This information are buried almost all geologic literatures. It is crucial to interpret these data as age. However, these geologic time data are heterogenous in literatures. For example, the age of “Cretaceous” in the literatures of year 1990 are different from that of year 2020, because the interpreted age of these concepts are evolving as techniques and the their studies are pushing the geologic time related terms being more accurate and precise. Thus, how to fast interpret the large amount of geologic time related terms are crucial for data mining in data-driven discovery of geoscience. Here we created a semantic service of geologic time related terms (age), named DDE-TS, which is supported by the Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) program. This service includes knowledge graph of these geologic time related terms and tools to use this service. It can solve the problem of interoperability and reusability of geologic time related terms in literatures.
TERRAFORM: Trait Ecology and Biogeochemical Cycles in Deep Time
Authors: Chondrogiannis Christos , Nair Richard , Matthaeus William , Kwasniewska Kamila , O’Dea Katie , Barbosa Catarina , Knettge Antonietta , Jackson Bea , McElwain Jennifer
Published: February 2023

Plants respond to environmental change but also impact the Earth system by altering biogeochemical fluxes. Plants and their distribution have also changed profoundly across deep time as major evolutionary groups have evolved, prospered or declined. However, the current representation of this change in models is simplistic. For example, a simple succession of biogeochemical impacts along with evolution of major plant groups (i.e.,sporophytes, gymnosperm, and angiosperms) is assumed through eras of deep time, whereas major plant innovations are known to have evolved through appearance of novel combinations of traits that show variation within these lineages.In the TERRAFORM project we are integrating trait ecology of extinct plants, state-of-the-art weathering experiments, and multi-scale modeling to study the terrestrial biosphere’s impact on the carbon, nutrient and hydrological cycles in deep-time. We focus on the effects of evolution of plant traits on chemical weathering and the global silicate cycle and how it varies over time, we hope to track how plants have impacted major episodes of biosphere upheaval. Pursuant to that focus, we perform palaeo-Earth weathering and decomposition experiments to understand the difference in effect of plant evolutionary groups and their traits on  biogeochemical fluxes. We apply these empirical insights to plant fossils spanning episodes of major environmental change (Pennsylvanian-Permian glacial interglacial cycles; the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction; Cretaceous OAEs) to evaluate the impact of environmental change on extinct plants and their traits. This knowledge will improve the chemical weathering and terrestrial ecosystem parameterization and performance of biogeochemical models, to evaluate the plant feedback on other components of the earth system. Ultimately we aim to understand how plants TERRAFORMed the Earth, and how plant functional traits and function evolved over the past 300 million years.
The role of multi-scale interaction on subseasonal prediction of extreme events
Authors: Lee June-Yi , Hsu Pang-Chi , Lee Doo-Young , Yang Young-Min , Xie Jinhui
Published: February 2023

The northward/northwestward propagation of boral summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) modulates the subtropical variability ad typhoon activity and has significant impacts on the extreme weather and climate events in Asia. BSISO strongly interacts with background mean fields and tends to be stronger and longer in its northward propagation during La Nina than El Nino summers. It is further found that BSISO-related convections are stronger and more organized with northward propagation on 30-60-day timescales during El Nino developing than decaying summers over the western Pacific. Thus, for skillful subseasonal prediction of extreme events in Asia, it is crucial for climate models to well represent BSISO and its interaction with the background mean state and synoptic variability. Our case study shows that the rare extreme flooding event in Henan Province, China, during July 2021 (referred to as the “21.7” flooding event) was a result of scale interactions between the background mean field associated with the weak La Nina condition, intraseasonal oscillations, and synoptic disturbances. The two distinct modes of the BSISO (10-30- and 30-90-day modes) unusually had a crucial combined role in moisture convergence, aided by the increased seasonal-mean moisture content, maintaining persistent rainfall during the 21.7 event. Synoptic-scale moisture convergence was also contributed to the extreme values in the peak day of the event. The five state-of-the art subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction models showed limited skills in predicting this extreme event one to two weeks in advance, partly because of their biases in representing the BSISO and multiscale interactions. Our results highlight that an accurate prediction of subseasonal perturbations and their interactions with the background moisture content is crucial for improving the extended-range forecast skill of extreme precipitation events.
A new biologic paleoaltimetry applied to the paleo-Qaidam Lake sedimentary sequences indicating Late Miocene rapid uplift of northern Tibet Plateau
Authors: Miao Yunfa , Fang Xiaomin , Sun Jimin , Xiao Wenjiao , Yang Yongheng , Wang Xuelian , Farnsworth Alex , Huang Kangyou , Ren Yulong , Wu Fuli , Qiao Qingqing , Zhang Weilin , Meng Qingquan , Yan Xiaoli , Zheng Zhuo , Song Chunhui , Utescher Torsten
Published: February 2023

The Tibet Plateau is the world’s highest inhabited terrain, with an area >2.5×106 km2 and an average elevation >4000 m asl. Its uplift has been regarded as the main factor driving the evolution of the Asian monsoon regime and alpine biodiversity. The Miocene epoch is now deemed critical for understanding the timing of the attainment of the highest paleoelevation of the Tibet Plateau, the development of the modern Asia monsoon regime, and the acceleration of the evolution of alpine biodiversity. However, the northern Tibet Plateau remains poorly investigated.Tsuga, Podocarpus, Abies, and Picea are four typical montane conifer genera. Although influenced by factors such as precipitation, geographical location, and soil properties, these taxa have elevation-specific habitats in Asia: Tsuga and Podocarpus usually grow at middle elevations (300 to 3500 and 600 to 2000 m asl, respectively) whereas Abies and Picea grow at higher elevations (500 to 4700 and 300 to 4700 m asl, respectively). Therefore, the representation of these genera in pollen assemblages can be used to reconstruct paleoelevation.We tested new pollen analysis from Miocene sedimentary sequences of Huaitoutala section, and compiled them with other three sites (Core Sino-German-1, Core KC-1, and Yahu section in the Qaidam Basin (paleo-Qaidam Lake), northern Tibet Plateau. We selected these pollen records of Tsuga, Podocarpus, Abies, and Picea to build a new paleoaltimetry to construct two parallel midrange paleoelevation sequences in the northern Tibet Plateau at 1332 ± 189 m and 433 ± 189 m, respectively, during the Middle Miocene (~15 Ma). They increased rapidly to 3685±87 m in the Late Miocene (~11 Ma) in the east, and to 3589±62 m at ~7 Ma in the west. Our estimated rises in the east and west parts of the northern Tibet Plateau during 15-7 Ma, together with data from other Tibet Plateau regions, indicate that during the Late Miocene the entire plateau may have reached a high elevation close to that of today, with consequent impacts on atmospheric precipitation and alpine biodiversity.
Spatiotemporal mapping of riparian vegetation through multi-sensor data fusion and deep learning techniques
Authors: Jin Huiran , Tai Xiaonan
Published: February 2023

Riparian ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots and provide crucial services to human wellbeing. Currently, the knowledge of how riparian ecosystems respond to and in turn influence the variations of the environment remains considerably limited. As a first step toward filling the gap, this research aims to characterize the dynamics of riparian vegetation during the past several decades across multiple aquatic sites operated by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) of the US. Specifically, it leverages high-resolution hyperspectral and lidar data collected by NEON’s airborne observational platform (AOP) surveys, the long-term records of satellite optical and radar imagery, and advanced data fusion and classification techniques to generate a time-series record of riparian vegetation on a seasonal-to-yearly basis. The maps derived will provide a new basis for understanding how riparian vegetation has changed across continental US, and for predicting how it is likely to change in the future. This work is sponsored by NSF’s Macrosystems Biology and NEON-Enabled Science (MSB-NES) Program (2021/9–2024/8), and the overarching goal of the project is to mechanistically link riparian vegetation dynamics to hydroclimate variations and assess the functional importance of riparian ecosystems to macrosystem fluxes of carbon and water.
The influence of local hydrogeological conditions on SCW operations
Authors: Beaudry Gabrielle , Pasquier Philippe , Robert Stéphanie
Published: February 2023

Standing column wells (SCW) are efficient ground heat exchangers that can provide significant costs and space savings compared to the conventional closed- and open-loop configurations (Deng O’Neill et al. 2006, Pasquier et al. 2016). These systems operate by pumping and recirculating groundwater in a deep (100-500 m) and uncased vertical borehole. Their performance can also be enhanced during peak demand periods by discharging or “bleeding” part of the pumped water to stimulate advective heat transfer towards the well. This strategy has shown to sustain thermal loads up to 180-240 watts per meter of water column in areas with suitable hydrogeological conditions (Orio 1999, Nguyen et al. 2020, Beaudry et al. 2022).
The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate the strong influence of local hydrogeological conditions on SCWs thermal behavior, and thus the importance of integrating field tests in the design process. To this end, the methodology and results of field investigations conducted on three real SCWs located in different hydrogeological contexts are presented. In all three cases, the field work includes a thermal response test and a pumping test.
The results of the first field study suggest that SCWs located in impervious bedrocks rely on purely conductive heat transfer and have their performance enhanced by low borehole thermal resistance. The data obtained at the second site rather shows that in highly permeable aquifers, advection can act as the main heat transfer process, even if bleed is not operated. This phenomenon significantly improves the thermal exchange compared to a purely conductive solution and prevents usual first-order approximations from being used for thermal response test interpretation. At last, results from the third site show that SCWs located in areas with poor hydraulic conductivities can still see significant gains in efficiency by operating only a small bleed of a few liters per minute.

References
Beaudry, G., Pasquier, P., Marcotte, D., & Zarrella, A. (2022). Flow rate control in standing column wells : A flexible solution for reducing the energy use and peak power demand of the built environment. Applied Energy, 313, 118774.
Deng O’Neill, Z., Spitler, J. D., & Rees, S. J. (2006). Performance Analysis of Standing Column Well Ground Heat Exchanger Systems. ASHRAE transactions, 112(2).
Nguyen, A., Beaudry, G., & Pasquier, P. (2020). Experimental assessment of a standing column well performance in cold climates. Energy and Buildings, 226, 110391.
Orio, C. D. (1999). Geothermal heat pump applications industrial/commercial. Energy Engineering, 96(3), 58‑79.
Pasquier, P., Nguyen, A., Eppner, F., Marcotte, D., & Baudron, P. (2016). Standing column wells. In Advances in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems (p. 269‑294). Elsevier.
A discourse on the temperature measurement problem using meteor wind radar
Authors: Sarkar Emranul , Ulich Thomas
Published: February 2023

Sodankylä's high latitude location serves an ideal ground for testing more comprehensive physics theory related to radio meteor data. The atmospheric scale height shows significant variation at this latitude.  Also, the observational geometry towards the plane of  ecliptic plane changes drastically with seasons. On theory, the reflected radio signal from the ablating meteor train can be used to continuously monitor atmospheric temperature at the 90 km altitudes. In practice, complication arises due to the selection effects in the system as well as the persistent effect of natural variability (size, mass, velocity, entry angle) in meteoroids property. The long-standing hypothesis that needs to be debated: Is the assumed equality between atmospheric scale height (H_KT) and the effective diffusion scale height (H_D) of meteor trails valid for these data? In this study, we argue that such an hypotheis can not be experimentally validated, and hence the need for subsequent calibration. Furthermore, long-term trend analysis showed that the discrepancy between H_KT and H_D  has non-linear seasonal trends. Alternatively, we demonstrate an alternative method of  scale-height measurement based on meteor height distribution. The technical and theoretical limits of this methodology are discussed and validated using 10 years of observational data.
Importance of harmonized data in soil macrofauna monitoring in Europe- Soil management a key indicator
Authors: Ashfaq Sharjeel , Pérès Guénola , Murugan Rajasekaran , Zaller Johann
Published: February 2023

Soil macrofauna plays a crucial role in ecosystem services and stability. They perform diverse set of ecosystem services that contribution to soil health, plant, and human wellbeing. However, little is known about the diversity, abundance, and distribution of soil macrofauna in Europe. Furthermore, the extent to which soil management practices impact these soil microorganisms in agroecosystems across pedoclimatic conditions is not well understood. Investigating of underlying ecological relationships is hampered by the lack of harmonized, interactive, and continental-scale data in agroecosystems. To assess the role of soil macrofauna in agricultural soils, appropriate functional indicators with their patterns and biomass are needed. The project MINOTAUR (Modelling and mapping soil biodiversity patterns and functions across Europe) under the EJP SOIL program aims to address the lack of harmonized and central databases for soil macrofauna and their driving factors in agricultural soils across Europe. Soil macrofauna’s diversity and biomass are being identified and collected from various data platforms, databases, EU projects and considers grey data sources in different countries. Standardized metadata templates have developed for collected data in reference to location, management practices and condition of agricultural soils. The database in agricultural systems will be compared (arable vs perennial) with associated soil functions and properties. Data will be harmonized with closely interaction with project partners (e.g., EUdaphobase, European Soil Observatory, JRC databases) to make an interactive inventory of European soil macrofauna indicating driving factors (climatic and soil and management variables) for long term-use and to identify knowledge gaps on soil macrofauna research. Sharing of integrated harmonized data by MINOTAUR project and through standardized database will allow researchers to investigate and respond to a wide range of topics, such as simultaneously evaluating soil macrofauna diversity distributions and causes of diversity change. Finally, such a comprehensive database will support policy makers in their efforts to halt a further loss of soil biodiversity across Europe and will allow them to make policies regarding soil health issues by using the harmonized data.