bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teilchentrennung mit Szintillationszählern und Anwendung auf die Messung von Protonenspektren aus Reaktionen von Neutronen des Energiebereichs 12 bis 22 MeV mit den Kernen K39, J127 und Cs133
Authors: Langkau R.
Published: March 2015

Die folgende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Anwendung spezieller Szintillationszählerverfahren zur Teilchendiskriminierung auf Untersuchungen über Kernreaktionen von Neutronen mit den Elementen K, J und Cs. Die Meßverfahren geben die Möglichkeit, mit guter Statistik die Spektren emittierter geladener Teilchen zu messen, auch wenn ein starker γ-Untergrund vorhanden ist. Gemessen wurden die Energieverteilungen von Protonen, die beim Beschuß der Szintillationskristalle CsJ (Tl) und KJ (Tl) mit Neutronen emittiert werden. Die Kristalle dienten also sowohl als Target als auch als Detektor. Die Energie der Neutronen, die mit Hilfe der T (d,n) He4-Reaktion bei Deuteronenenergien von 3 und 4,5 MeV erzeugt wurden, konnte durch entsprechende Wahl des Beobachtungswinkels zwischen 12 und 22 MeV variiert werden.

Außer den Energiespektren konnten auch die Wirkungsquerschnitte gemessen werden.

Eine genaue Betrachtung der Spektren weist darauf hin, daß die statistische Theorie der Kernreaktionen die Verhältnisse vermutlich nicht in allen Einzelheiten beschreiben kann und daß direkte Wechselwirkungsprozesse erheblich zum Wirkungsquerschnitt beitragen.
Massenspektroskopische Festkörperuntersuchungen verbesserter Reproduzierbarkeit mit dem Gleichstrom-Abreißfunken im Vakuum zur lonenerzeugung
Authors: Schuy K. D. , Hintenberger H.
Published: March 2015

Mass spectra obtained with the disjunctive d.c.-spark in vacuum show considerable improvement in accuracy and reproducibility over the conventional r.f.-spark of the DEMPSTER type. Higher ion currents increase the speed of analysis. A number of mass spectra were produced with a spectroscopic steel standard. The methods of visual and photometric spectrum evaluation are discussed in detail, using two quantities defined as “element sensitivity” and “normalized ionization sensitivity”. The former is a measure of how much more sensitive a given element can be photographically detected with the mass spectrograph than the main component of the sample (matrix element), while the latter indicates how much more sensitive multiply-charged ions of an element can be detected on the plate than singly-charged ions of the same element. Both element- and ionization sensitivities are reproducible to within approximately 20%. Furthermore, it is found, for most elements investigated, that the lines due to doubly-charged ions are more intense than those due to singly-charged ions and that the differences of element sensitivities of various elements decrease for ions of higher charge. The reproducibility of multiply-charged ions permits their use in the quantitative analysis of the sample.
ZEEMAN-Effekt der Kernquadrupolresonanz in ortho-Dichlorbenzol
Authors: Hartmann H. , Haas H.
Published: March 2015

Die Winkelabhängigkeit des ZEEMAN-Effektes der Kernquadrupolresonanzen (35Cl) eines Einkristalls von ortho-Dichlorbenzol wurde bei — 35°C vermessen. Das Kristallsystem ist monoklin. Die z-Achsen der Feldgradiententensoren im Molekül bilden einen Winkel von (64,7 ±0,5)°. Der Asymmetrieparameter des Feldgradienten hat einen Wert von 0,100 ± 0,01. Die Winkelmeßeinrichtung wird beschrieben.
Die IR-Spektren 9,10-disubstituierter Anthracene
Authors: Mecke R. , Bruhn W. , Chafik A.
Published: March 2015

Ausgehend von der bekannten Zuordnung des Anthracenschwingungsspektrums können die IR-Spektren von 9,10-Dihalogenanthracenen gedeutet werden.
Massenspektrographische Trennung der energiereichen Ionenstrahlen aus der Spaltung von 235U mit thermischen Neutronen
Authors: Konecny Ewald , Opower Hans , Ewald Heinz
Published: March 2015

Mit dem in der vorhergehenden Arbeit beschriebenen Massenspektrographen können Spaltprodukte, die mit hohen Ionenladungszahlen e aus einer dünnen 235Uran-Schicht herauskommen, nach ihren effektiven Massenzahlen M/e getrennt werden. Ein auf diese Weise erhaltenes Spektrum der schweren Spaltteilchengruppe wird hinsichtlich der Ionenladungszahlen, Massenzahlen und Intensitäten seiner Linien analysiert. Es wird hierzu mit einem zu erwartenden Spektrum verglichen, dessen M/e-Werte und Intensitäten unter Berücksichtigung der Selektionseigenschaften des Spektrographen aus bekannten Daten über die Häufigkeitsverteilungen der Ionenladungszahlen, Massenzahlen und Energien der Spaltprodukte berechnet wurden. Die Feinstruktur der Spaltausbeutekurve in der Nachbarschaft der Massenzahl 134 wird untersucht. Außerdem wird gezeigt, daß bei der asymmetrischen Spaltung auf Grund der Energieverteilung der Spaltprodukte und infolge der Selektionseigenschaften des Spektrographen bei geeigneter Wahl der Ablenkfelder Linien jeder häufig vorkommenden Massenzahl der schweren Gruppe gut voneinander getrennt und ziemlich frei von Überlagerungen durch andere Linien erhalten werden können.
Strahlungsalter einiger Eisenmeteorite
Authors: Voshage H. , Hess D. C.
Published: March 2015

Continuing investigations described earlier the cosmic-ray exposure ages of eight iron meteorites have been determined using the 40K/41K-method. The results are: Canyon Diablo 655 + 65 Myrs, Dayton 215 ± 85 Myrs, Grant 695 ±55 Myrs, Morradal 155 ± 95 Myrs, Norfolk 680 ± 55 Myrs, Norfork 605 ± 75 Myrs, Piñon 695 ± 125 Myrs, Washington County 610 ± 70 Myrs.
Winkelverteilung und Wirkungsquerschnitt der Reaktion F19 (p,α0) O16 im Energiebereich 2,0 bis 3,3 MeV
Authors: Breuer G. , Jahnke L.
Published: March 2015

Winkelverteilung und Wirkungsquerschnitt der Reaktion F19 (p,α0) O16 wurden bei Protonenenergien zwischen 2 und 3,3 MeV gemessen und die Meßdaten nach LEGENDRE-Polynomen ausgeglichen. Die Berechnung der Winkelverteilungen nach der Theorie von DEVONS und GOLDFARB für den speziellen Fall der Compoundkernbildung ermöglichte die Bestimmung der Quantenzustände einiger quasistationärer Niveaus im Compoundkern Ne20, die für Ep > 2 MeV über F19 + p angeregt werden: Es ergab sich: 2.12 MeV (2+); 2,31 MeV (2+); 2,55 MeV (l-). Für die oberhalb von 2,6 MeV liegenden Resonanzen konnten erstmalig Angaben über Lage, Breite, Wirkungsquerschnitt gemacht werden, über die Quantenzustände der zugehörigen Niveaus in Ne20 waren nur qualitative Aussagen möglich. Eine Resonanz bei 2,82 MeV, die bisher nur für die απ-Gruppe gefunden wurde, konnte auch für die α0-Gruppe festgestellt werden. Eine unter 90° gemessene Anregungsfunktion stimmt gut mit Messungen anderer Autoren überein.
Reaktionswärmeleitfähigkeit von Wasserstoff und einfach ionisiertem Helium in einer zylindersymmetrischen Entladung mit überlagertem axialem Magnetfeld
Authors: Wienecke R.
Published: March 2015

Für die Übergänge vom neutralen zum ionisierten Wasserstoff und vom neutralen zum einfach ionisierten Helium wird die Reaktionswärmeleitfähigkeit in einer zylindersymmetrischen Entladung mit überlagertem axialen Magnetfeld berechnet. Berücksichtigt werden muß dabei der radiale Druckgradient, der sich infolge der Diffusion von Ladungsträgern quer zum Magnetfeld ausbildet und in einer früheren Arbeit berechnet worden ist. Die Rechnungen zeigen, daß auch die zur Kontaktleitfähigkeit zu addierende Reaktionswärmeleitfähigkeit durch das Magnetfeld relativ stark beeinflußt wird.

Maschinell berechnete Kurven der Reaktionswärmeleitfähigkeit werden für verschiedene Werte für die magnetische Induktion und den außerhalb der Leitfähigkeitszone vorhandenen Gasdruck wiedergegeben.
Zur kinetischen Analyse komplizierterer photochemischer Reaktionen
Authors: Mauser Heinz
Published: March 2015

Das Prinzip einer Methode zur kinetischen Analyse photochemischer Reaktionen wird dargestellt. Zur Auswertung müssen weder aus den Meßdaten Differentialquotienten gebildet werden, noch ist es notwendig, die kinetischen Differentialgleichungen explizit zu lösen. Dennoch kann die Methode auch auf komplizierte Reaktionen (Folgereaktionen, Parallelreaktionen usw.) angewandt werden.
Thermoelectric Power and Thermal Diffusion in Cubic Lithium Sulfate
Authors: Kvist Arnold , Lundén Arnold
Published: March 2015

The thermocell Pt/Li2SO4/Pt has been studied over the temperature range 580-820 °C. The initial thermal emf of —0.7 mV/degr. is identified as the inhomogeneous thermoelectric power due to the temperature dependence of the salt/metal contact potential. Thermal diffusion increases the number of cations at the cold electrode. This causes a change in the thermal emf for which the characteristic time is found to be inversely proportional to the self-diffusion coefficient of the lithium ions. The total steady-state thermoelectric power is temperature-dependent

—ε∞ = (0.03 ± 0.25) + (1.95 ± 0.34) · 10-3 Tm mV/degr.

where Tm is the mean absolute temperature and the errors are standard deviations.

The thermocell Zn/Li2SO4/Zn was found to have the same initial emf within experimental error.
Über die Deutung der Gleichstromleitfähigkeit organischer Flüssigkeiten bei niedrigen Temperaturen
Authors: Vogel H. , Bässler H.
Published: March 2015

The activation energy of the d. c. conductance of organic liquids lies between 0.04 and 0.45 eV in the lower region of temperature of their liquid state. A comparison of these values with the static dielectric constant shows, that the activation energy may be regarded as a pure COULOMB energy: E2 = e2/2 ε r . The characteristic distance r has the approximate value of 8.5 Å for hydrocarbons. It decreases for halogen- and nitro-derivates. Formerly it was found that the conductivity of mixtures obeys the law σM = σA
C · σB
1-C. This can easily be explained assuming εM = c εA + (1 — c) εB. In the case of rather different ε values or of homologuous compounds forming complexes, σ increases. This is identical with a kink in the log σ (c) -curve.
Über die Rolle der Trägheitskräfte beim linearen z-Pinch
Authors: Hertz W. , Koller A. , Michel A.
Published: March 2015

In a fast linear z-pinch (f=600 kc/s, W=800 joules) the LORENTZ-force is essentially effective on the plasma near the chamber wall. Only during the later phase of the implosion it prevents the formation of the rarefaction wave, which propagates radially outward from the outer surface of the pressure wave following the shock front. The vanishing of the LORENTZ-force does not influence further propagation of the cylindrical shock wave if the discharge is crowbarred in the first currentzero before the shock front hits the axis or if the current is damped to a small amount compared with its initial value. No KRUSKAL-SCHWARZSCHILD instabilities have been observed. Under these conditions the z-pinch may be followed by a θ-pinch before the plasma of the first reaches the chamber walls. There is no screw-shaped superposition of the magnetic fields in this case.

Theoretical calculations of the plasma flow are in good qualitative agreement with the experiments.

For a 60 kJ discharge plasma pressure and temperature are calculated at the time of maximum contraction by numerical integration of the equation of motion.
Untersuchungen der paramagnetischen Elektronenresonanz an Tris-2.2’-Dipyridyl-Komplexen der Konfiguration d5 des Zentralions
Authors: König Edgar
Published: March 2015

Paramagnetic resonance has been studied on the ions [CrI dip3]+, [V° dip3] and [Ti-I dip3]- in the polycrystalline state and in solution. The spectra arising from the odd isotopes gave

g=1.9973 ± 0.0002 and |A| = (21.8 ± 0.5) gauss for Cr53;

g= 1.9831 ± 0.0002 and |A| = (83.5 ± 1.0) gauss for V51.

The splitting constants of the additional HFS due to ligand N14 nuclei were found to be | AN |= (3.05 ± 0.05) gauss and |AN| = (2.3 ± 0.1) gauss, respectively. For the titanium compound only the resonance due to the even-even isotopes was observed giving g=2.0074 ± 0.0002 .

It is shown that the results for [CrI dip3]+ and [V°dip3] are consistent with an A1 ground state with 5.47% and 1.09% 4s-admixture, respectively. Further, it is shown that the results suggest strong σ-bonding between metal 4s and ligand Σ0
+ orbitals increasing in the order Ti-, V0, Cr+. Two other possibilities to explain the observed HFS are ruled out.
Coriolis Coupling Coefficients in Trigonal Bipyramidal XY3Z2 Molecules
Authors: Brunvoll J. , Meisingseth E.
Published: March 2015

The elements of the CORIOLIS Cα matrices of trigonal bipyramidal XY3Z2 molecules are given.

Relations between the CORIOLIS coupling coefficients are derived.
Konformtransformationen und Spinoren
Authors: Damert K.
Published: March 2015

Es wird versucht, die Heisenbergsche Skalentransformation mit Hilfe der Darstellungstheorie der konformen Gruppe zu erhalten.
Die Relationen zwischen den kubischen Ligandenfeldparametern und ihre Ableitung auf gruppentheoretischer Grundlage
Authors: Schmidtke Hans-Herbert
Published: March 2015

Relations between different cubic ligand field parameters Δ are derived in the framework of LCAO theory on the basis of group theory. From the symmetry of the ligand system and the transformation properties of the d-orbitals, the values of the Δ parameters are related to the octahedral parameter. These ratios Δ/ΔOh , partially including π- and δ-antibonding effects, are — ⁴⁄₉ for the tetrahedron, — ⁸⁄₉ for the cube, — ½ for the tetradecahedron, + ⁸⁄₉ for the tetrakishexahedron and triakisoctahedron when equal central atom ligand distances are considered. The proposed procedure, including also lower symmetries, is compared with the Ξ-method of JØRGENSEN, PAPPALARDO and SCHMIDTKE 1, giving it a more developed physical significance.
Piezoelectric Polaron Effects in Regular Crystals
Authors: Gabriel Helmut
Published: March 2015

Due to the interaction of an electron with both optical and acoustical modes in piezoelectric polar crystals, modified expressions for the self-energy and effective mass of the polaron are to be expected. The lattice vibrations are considered in the limit of large wave-length and an electrostatic approach to the interaction of charges in the lattice has been used. The HAMILTONIAN for a piezoelectric crystal of arbitrary lattice structure is given. With special reference to crystals of zincblende-type, approximate solutions for the self-energy and effective mass are found by thermodynamical pertubation theory. A numerical estimate for ZnS as a particularly favourable example, shows a negligible modification of the ground-state energy, but concerning the effective mass a contribution due to acoustical phonons of more than 50% of the optical-mode term.
Modification of the Delves Variation Principle
Authors: Müller Klaus
Published: March 2015

A variation principle, similar to the Delves principle, is given for the (real) wave function itself. The principle does not give a bound. The relationship between both principles is discussed. — After proper generalization a variation principle for arbitrary probability amplitudes (or generalized Fourier coefficients) is obtained.
Die Knight-shift in Nb-Sn-Phasen und ihr Zusammenhang mit der Sprungtemperatur
Authors: Lütgemeier H.
Published: March 2015

An Proben der intermetallischen Phasen Nb3Sn, NbSn2 und Nb6Sn5 wurde die KNIGHT-shift der Kernresonanzlinien von Sn119 im Bereich zwischen —160°C und Raumtemperatur untersucht. Während NbSn2 und Nb6Sn5 eine von der Temperatur unabhängige positive Verschiebung zeigen, ist die KNIGHT-shift in Nb3Sn negativ und zeigt eine starke Temperaturabhängigkeit. Proben der Nb3Sn-Phase mit unterschiedlichen Sprungtemperaturen unterscheiden sich in der Verschiebung: die Präparate mit den höchsten Sprungtemperaturen zeigen die größte Verschiebung und den größten Temperaturkoeffizienten der KNIGHT-shift.
Stimulation der ZnS-Phosphoreszenz durch elektrische Felder im Temperaturgebiet von 4,2° bis 77°K
Authors: Riehl N. , Thoma P.
Published: March 2015

Durch Anlegung elektrischer Gleichfeider an verschiedene, auf 4,2°K abgekühlte und mit UV-Licht angeregte ZnS (Cu) -Phosphore gelingt es, ein Glow-Maximum, welches bei Verwendung einer Aufheizgeschwindigkeit von 4°/min ohne Feldanlegung nahe 4,8°K erscheint, völlig zum Verschwinden zu bringen, d. h. allein durch Feldwirkung völlig auszuleuchten. Andere Glow-Maxima, die bei etwas höheren Temperaturen erscheinen, können dagegen durch die Felder nicht merklich beeinflußt werden.
Verallgemeinerung der „Bootstrap-Methode“
Authors: Dreizler Helmut
Published: March 2015

Es wird die Verallgemeinerung einer Rechenmethode für Moleküle mit zwei gehindert drehbaren Gruppen zur Bestimmung gewisser Störsummen gegeben, die zur Analyse einer Torsionsfeinstruktur notwendig sind. Die Methode beruht auf der Unabhängigkeit dieser Störsummen von der Asymmetrie des Moleküls und der Periodizität der Eigenwerte von Mathieuschen Differentialgleichungen mit nicht-periodischen Randbedingungen.
Nachweis der Volumen-Ionisation in organischen Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Bässler H. , Mayer P. , Riehl N.
Published: March 2015

In order to study the bulk-conductivity in organic liquids measurements with blocking quartzelectrodes were made. When applying a constant field, a bulk-current through the dielectric liquid can be observed, which is decreasing exponentially

jd(t)=j0_ exp {—t/R_C}+j0 exp {—t/R+ C}.

R- and R+ are the bulk-resistivities for negative and positive charge-carriers, from which the bulk-conductivity of the liquid can be calculated. It is identical with the dc.-conductivity measured with conducting electrodes, that is it obeys the law:

σ=σ01 exp { —E1/k T} +σ02 exp {—E.2/k T}.

Therefore the generation of charge-carriers must be independent of the electrodes and the activation-energies E1 and E2 must correlate with ionisation within the liquid. The mobility of negative carriers is about two or three times that of positive ones. This fact leads to conclusions concerning the nature of the carriers. A tunnel-process is proposed to explain the discharging of positive ions at a metallic cathode.
Die Energiebilanz eines Wasserstoffbogens in axialem Magnetfeld
Authors: Heidrich Udo
Published: March 2015

The numerical solution of the energy balance of a cylindrically symmetric hydrogen arc immersed in an axial, strong, homogeneous magnetic field led to the current-voltage-characteristic and the radial temperature distribution. Three types of arc models were used, each with different assumptions on radiation losses. The results show that, by the reduction of the thermal conductivity perpendicular to the magnetic field for a fully ionized plasma, the necessary electrical power is diminished for temperatures along the axis higher than about 2·104°K. For example, an arc with 1 cm radius in a hydrogen atmosphere of 5 · 104 dyne/cm2, in an external magnetic field of 20 kGauss, a temperature along the axis of 105°K requires about 3,5 kW per cm arc length. Of this, radiation losses account for about 0,5 kW per cm. However, without a superimposed magnetic field the electrical power is about 200 kW per cm.
Notizen: On the Validity of Inter- and Self-Diffusion Measurements in Molten Salts by Methods Applying Multiporous Fritted Discs
Authors: Sjöblom Carl-Axel , Lundén Arnold
Published: March 2015

A gravimetric method has been used to study interdiffusion in binary mixtures of AgNO3 and KNO3 over the range 50 -75 mole % AgNO3 at tem peratures below 200°C. The obtained cation diffusion coefficients are of the order of 2 × 10-6 cm2 sec-1 i.e. considerably lower than what might have been expected from other diffusion m easurements. It has previously been found that there is a tendency for self-diffusion coefficients obtained with fritted discs to be lower than those obtained with the conventional open-end capillary technique. Some possible sources of error are discussed.
On the Rôle of the Group O4 of Local Complex Orthogonal Transformations in a Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles
Authors: Braunss G.
Published: March 2015

It is supposed that there exists a system O′ (intrinsic system) in which the field equation for a spin ½ representation has the simple form γµ ∂Ψ′/∂ϰμ′=0. This system is related to the physical system (in which all measurements are performed) by an affine connection which is induced by a certain group of local transformations. The investigation given here deals with the group of local four-dimensional complex orthogonal transformations. Subjecting ψ' to such a transformation Ω one gets with ψ' (x′) = Ω (x) ψ (x) the following equation γλ ∂Ψ/∂xλ+γλ Ω-1 ∂Ω/∂xλ ψ=0. The interaction term splits up into a vector and a pseudovector part: γλ Ω-1 ∂Ω/∂xλ ≡ γλ Vλ+γλ γ5 Ρλ. The special cases of real local orthogonal (LORENTZ-) transformations (ξλμ= - ξμλ; ξkl real, ξ4l imaginary; ψ → χ) and special complex local orthogonal transformations (ηλμ=- ημλ; ηkl imaginary, η4l real; ψ → φ) are first separately considered. It is required that Vλ and Pλ are to be built up from the fundamental covariants of the field. In order that certain conservation laws hold at least approximately, the following assumptions are made:

Im{Vk}=±k2 ɸ̅γkφ, Re {V4}=±k2γ4φ, Im {Pk} = ± l2 χ̅ γk γ5 χ, Re {P4}= ±l2χ̅γ4γ5χ together with the symmetry conditions for the transformation parameters, ξλ[μυ] ≡ 0, η〈λμ,υ〉 ≡ 0, which can be fulfilled by setting, for example, ξλμ,υ = π[λπμ,υ],ηλμ = ϑ[λ,μ]. The remaining parts of Vλ and Ρλ, which are determined by these relations, are of higher order and can be assumed to describe weaker interactions. Neglecting these terms one obtains the following set of equations:

(a) γλ ∂χ/∂xλ±k2γλ(ɸ̅γλφ) χ±l2γλγ5(χ̅γλγ5χ) χ≈0

(b) γλ ∂χ/∂xλ±k2γλ(ɸ̅γλφ) φ±l2γλγ5(χ̅γλγ5χ) φ≈0

Since the pseudovector coupling possesses a greater symmetry, it is assumed that χ represents the baryon and φ the lepton states. Within the approximation, which holds with (a) and (b), it follows the conservation of χ̅γλχand ɸ̅γλφ resp. (conservation of electric charge) and χ̅γλγ5χ and ɸ̅ γ·λγ5φ resp. (conservation of baryonic and leptonic charge resp.). These conservation laws are exact only if the mentioned terms of higher order are neglected; this is equivalent to a strict “local” conservation as can be shown. As to the isospin it is proposed to replace one of its components by a bounded state, i. e. a mixture of χ- and φ-states which would lead in the case of the neutron for example to the components of the /?β-decay. Due to the relations ± k2 ɸ̅γλφ = ¼ηλρ,ρ +O(η2) and ηλu = ϑ[λμ], and in agreement with the reality conditions, it is possible to connect the parameters ϑλ with the electromagnetic field Aλ by setting ϑλ= 8 iAλ. Taking into consideration terms of higher order this would lead to a type of nonlinear electrodynamics.
Das Mikrowellenrotationsspektrum des GeS
Authors: Hoeft J.
Published: March 2015

Bei Temperaturen zwischen 450 und 650°C wurden die Rotationsübergänge J=0→1 und J= 2→3 des GeS in den Frequenzbereichen 10,7 bis 11,4 und 32,1 bis 34,1 GHz gemessen. Die insgesamt 39 Linien konnten 8 Isotopenkombinationen des GeS mit natürlichen Häufigkeiten zwischen 0,9 und 34,7% zugeordnet werden. Die aus den Linienfrequenzen berechneten Rotationskonstanten. Quadrupolkopplungskonstanten, Kernabstände und Massenverhältnisse von Isotopen werden mitgeteilt
Radiogene, spallogene und primordiale Edelgase in Steinmeteoriten III
Authors: Hintenberger H. , König H. , Schultz L. , Wanke H.
Published: March 2015

The total content as well as the isotopic composition of helium and neon of 36 stone meteorites have been determined. Except for meteorites with primordial rare gas content, the radiogenic component of 4He has been calculated by subtracting the fourfold amount of 3He from the total 4He in order to allow for the spallation fraction of 4He. From the content of radiogenic 4He the U-Th-He-ages of the investigated meteorites have been calculated.

From the content of 3He and 21Ne cosmic ray exposure ages were calculated for all meteorites also.

With the new data of the 36 stone meteorites, presented in this paper, the total number of stone meteorites, of which rare gas measurements were carried out so far, amounts to 70 bronzitechondrites and 93 hypersthene-chondrites. The earlier indications for marked differences in the distribution of the U-Th-He-ages as well as for the cosmic ray exposure ages between the bronzitechondrites and the hypersthene-chondrites proved to be undoubtedly correct.

During our investigations, we found Elm Creek as one additional bronzite-diondrite with high amounts of primordial rare gases. In two other bronzite-chondrites (Cavour and Dimmit) primordial rare gases were also detected, but in rather small amounts.
The Spark Source Mass Spectra of Organic Solids
Authors: Faust R. C. , Fontaine A. E. , Job B. E. , Saunders R. A.
Published: March 2015

Spark source mass spectra of organic solids, obtained on an A.E.I. M.S. 7 spectrometer, have been compared with the conventional mass spectra produced by electron impact ionization of the vapours of these same solids. Although fragmentation in the spark is very high, many more spectral lines being produced than by electron impact, the spark spectrum contains many features, including meta-stable peaks, that point to a similarity between the two ionization methods. It is suggested that electron impact of vaporised species is an important ionization process within the spark. This hypothesis is reinforced by the fact that those materials that could not be vaporised without thermal degradation for electron impact study also gave no spark spectra characteristic of their structure.

Improvements in the design of spark source spectrometers would permit identification, by means of accurate mass measurement, of the numerous ions, many of which do not occur in electron impact mass spectra. This might provide an insight into the processes of fragmentation, re-arrange-ment and ion-molecule reactions occuring in the spark.
Rubidium-Strontium-Messungen an Gläsern vom Bosumtwi-Krater und an Elfenbeinküsten-Tektiten
Authors: Lippolt Hans J. , Wasserburg Gerald J.
Published: March 2015

A Rb-Sr isotopic study of 5 glasses from the Bosumtwi crater in Ghana and of three Ivory Coast tektites was made. The Sr87/Sr86 ratios for the glasses lie between 0.716 and 0.734 and those for the tektites between 0.721 and 0.726. The ratios of Rb/Sr are between 0.196 and 0.328 for the crater glasses and between 0.197 and 0.287 for the tektites. The Ivory Coast tektites lie in a region of the Sr evolution diagram which is distinctly lower than for the other tektite groups 1. The Bosumtwi glasses define an approximately linear array on the Sr evolution diagram which contains the Ivory Coast tektite points. These results show that the IC tektites are distinctive from other tektite occurences and suggest that the glasses and the tektites may represent fusion products of similar material.
Über die Bestimmung der Atomvolumina und Ausdehnungskoeffizienten in einigen flüssigen Blei-Zinn-Legierungen durch Messung der γ-Strahlungs-Absorption
Authors: Döge G.
Published: March 2015

Es wird eine Dichtemeßapparatur für Metallschmelzen beschrieben, die auf γ-Strahlungs-Absorptionsmessungen beruht. Die so bestimmten Atomvolumina von flüssigem Blei und Zinn sowie die mittleren Atomvolumina von flüssigen Legierungen dieser Metalle zeigen keine Abweichungen vom idealen Verlauf, die die experimentelle Fehlerbreite überschreiten. Die Größe der thermischen Ausdehnung entspricht nur in der Nähe der eutektischen Konzentration der Additivitätsregel und zeigt bei anderen Konzentrationen positive Abweichungen von derselben.
Zur Kristallstruktur der intermetallischen Phasen MoAs und Mo5AS4
Authors: Kandler H. , Reiss B.
Published: March 2015

Es wird ein Verfahren zur Herstellung kleiner Einkristalle von MoAs und Mo5As4 durch gerichtete Erstarrung von GaAs- (Mo, As) -Eutektika beschrieben. Die Kristallstrukturen von MoAs und Mo5As4 wurden auf röntgenographischem Weg an Hand von Einkristallen und Pulverproben untersucht. MoAs kristallisiert im MnP-Struktur-Typ mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 5,978Å, b=3,360Å, c = 6,415 A. Mo5As4 besitzt eine Ti5Te4-Struktur; die Gitterkonstanten betragen: α = 9,591 A, c = 3,281Å.

Die Struktur von Mo5As4 wird diskutiert.
Instabilitäten, Turbulenz und Funkelrauschen in Halbleitern I Instabilitäten ohne Beachtung von Magnetfeldern
Authors: Handel P. H.
Published: March 2015

Im Rahmen eines Versuches, das Funkelrauschen allgemein als Turbulenz im Plasma der Ladungsträger zu deuten, werden vom Oberflächenpotential, von Störstellen oder vom Magnetfeld des Stromes in Halbleitern hervorgerufene fundamentale Instabilitäten und die von ihnen bedingte Turbulenz untersucht. In vorliegender Arbeit I wird nur gezeigt, daß schon ohne Einwirkung irgendwelcher Magnetfelder zwei Arten von Strominstabilitäten in Halbleitern auftreten können: die von starken Inversions- oder Verarmungsschichten hervorgerufenen Oberflächeninstabilitäten (Abschnitt A) und die von KONSTANTINOW und PEREL erhaltenen „Rekombinationswellen“ (B). Erstere treten in der unteren Stufe des hier entwickelten Näherungsverfahrens sogar im stromlosen Halbleiter als neutrale elektrisch nicht nachweisbare, sich im thermischen Gleichgewicht befindende Schwankungen auf. Wird ein elektrisches Feld angelegt, so verlieren sie ihren neutralen Charakter und werden als Stromrauschen nachweisbar. Die Rekombinationswellen kommen nur unter Mitwirkung der Übergänge an Störstellen bei Feldstärken, die einen kritischen, u. a. auch von der Rekombinationsgeschwindigkeit an der Oberfläche abhängigen Wert überschreiten, zustande.
Protonenresonanzuntersuchungen über innermolekulare Bewegungen, Phasenumwandlungen und Entglasungsvorgänge in festen Äthern
Authors: Grude K. , Haupt J. , Müller-Warmuth W.
Published: March 2015

Proton magnetic resonance investigations on solid dimethylether (DM) , diethylether (DE) , dipropylether (DP), diisopropylether (DIP), dibutylether (DB), dimethoxymethane (DMM), diethoxymethane (DEM), dimethoxyethane (DME), diethoxyethane (DEE), acetaldehyde (ACA) and diethylketone (DEK) yielded information on molecular motion, solid state phase transitions and deglassing processes. The temperature-dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time and the second moment was studied between the melting point and 77 °K using radiofrequency pulse techniques. Both spin-lattice relaxation and line shapes are governed by dipolar interactions which are modulated in time by hindered rotations of CH3-groups. The parameters for this relaxation mechanism are given in detail. Concerning the general results it was possible to distinguish between three cases : a) substances that form only one crystalline phase in the solid state (DM, DIP, DEM, DME, ACA, and DEK); b) ethers that form only a vitreous state (DP and DEE) and c) ethers that form both crystalline and vitreous states depending on the way in which the liquid was cooled. In the last case a pronounced decrease of the second moment of the absorption line was observed near the phase transition from the vitreous to the polycrystalline state. This means that within a small range of temperatures far below the melting point some kind of melting of the glass occurs before the crystal is formed.
Thermal Diffusion of Isotopes in Pure Liquids
Authors: Lodding A.
Published: March 2015

A theoretical treatment is given of the recently discovered thermotransport effect in pure liquid metals. The isotope effect is related to the diffusive mass flow by a proportionality factor familiar from electrotransport. The mass flow is given primarily by the temperature dependence of the mean size or amount of density fluctuations in the liquid. Very little activation energy is required for diffusive motion, which takes place by cooperative position adjustments of neighbor atoms. The mean displacement length of the diffusing cluster is by an order of magnitude smaller than the effective cluster diameter. The liquid model suggested is coherent with models based on evidence from other experimental methods.
Mattauch-Herzog Type Mass Spectrograph with a Two Stage Electrostatic Field
Authors: Takeshita Isao
Published: March 2015

The most important advantage of the Mattauch—Herzog type mass spectrograph is double focusing for all masses. One disadvantage, however, is the fact that the energy slit cannot control the velocity spread (β) independently of beam divergence (α). This disadvantage is removed by substituting a two-stage electrostatic field for the usual single one.

General formulae for determining the distances between the elements of the optical system are derived.

Combinations of two cylindrical electrostatic fields with equal radii are chosen as a practical example. The condition to be fulfilled for a physically significant solution and the resolving power of this system are discussed.

The study of the second-order aberrations shows that α2 focusing for all masses can be achieved under suitable conditions. In addition, α β and β2 aberrations can be made to vanish simultaneously at a point on the focal plane.

The design parameters are numerically computed and tabulated for several favorable examples. The total image defect is calculated for a typical example, and found to be very small for a wide range of masses.
Die magnetischen Momente der Hyperonen
Authors: Combe J. , Gibson W. M. , Hoffmann L. , Vanderhaeghe G.
Published: March 2015

In 1959 W. GENTNER supported strongly the project of endowing the CERN-emulsion group with a pulsed-magnet equipment. A 300 kilo-Joule condenserbank and coils were constructed to supply fields of 200 kilo-Gauss over a few hundreds cm3 and for several milliseconds. One of the aims was to make use of this apparatus to measure the magnetic moments of short-living particles.

In this report we try to summarize the present status of knowledge about the magnetic moment of hyperons, describing the method of measuremenents and reviewing the results obtained in various high-energy laboratories.
Kernrelaxation und Molekülbewegungen in Lösungen freier Radikale
Authors: Müller-Warmuth W. , Printz V.
Published: March 2015

The frequency- and temperature-dependences of the nuclear relaxation times have been studied in several solutions of free radicals. Whilst the major contribution to the relaxation is in most systems from dipolar nuclear-electron coupling modulated by translational diffusion, rotational tumbling of solvent-radical complexes is more effective in solutions of water. The work confirms former conclusions from dynamic nuclear polarization studies. Moreover the validity of the STOKES-EINSTEIN formula is tested which is an excellent tool for the calculation of correlation times.
Zur Theorie der Neutronensterne
Authors: Gombás P. , Kisdi D.
Published: March 2015

Using a semi-empirical theory of interaction between neutrons in atomic nuclei, the average energy of a neutron, the equation of state, and the pressure-compressibility relation is computed for a neutron gas of very high density (n ≈ 1015 gcm-3). The results are applied to the computation of the mass and the radius of a neutron star as a function of the central density. For the critical mass, above which a neutron star cannot exist, a value of 0.96 solar masses is found.
Free-Bound Model of the Plasma in Equilibrium
Authors: Ecker G. , Kröll W.
Published: March 2015

The plasma in thermodynamic equilibrium has been extensively discussed under the assumption that all particles can be classified as “bound” or “classically free”. Under this assumption simple models led to divergencies of the partition functions of bound and free particles as well as to discrepancies of the predicted level shift. On the basis of a quantum-mechanical treatment we develop an “adapted free-bound approximation” for the eigenstates and a classical approximation for the partition function of the free particles. It is a decisive feature of the analysis that it takes freebound interaction into account. The results produce values for the free-bound limit and the limit of the series continuum. They also remove the divergence difficulties.
Untersuchung des Szintillationsverhaltens von CsJ im Hinblick auf die Anwendung zur Teilchendiskriminierung
Authors: Siemer J. , Langkau R.
Published: March 2015

Mit Hilfe des BoLLINGER—THOMAS-Verfahrens wurde das Szintillationsabklingen von CsJ-Kristallen verschiedener Tl-Konzentration im Temperaturbereich von —160 °C bis +145°C im Hinblick auf die Verwendung zur Teilchendiskriminierung untersucht. Zur Anregung der Szintillationen dienten α-Teilchen und γ-Quanten. Die Güte der Teilchendiskriminierung bei Zimmertemperatur für Kristalle verschiedenen TI-Gehaltes wurde nach der Nulldurchgangsmethode geprüft.
On the Theory of Vibronic Interactions
Authors: Yeranos Walter A.
Published: March 2015

A detailed derivation of the general expressions needed for the evaluation of the intensities of vibronically induced transitions is presented.
Calculation of Shock Front Parameters in a Plasma
Authors: Ahlborn B. , Salvat M.
Published: March 2015

Introducing an effective ratio of the specific heats, exact values for the shock front parameters can be obtained, if thermal equilibrium may be assumed. Exact values for the shock front parameters in a singly ionized non-equilibrium plasma can be obtained only if one of the end values is measured.
Untersuchungen zur Emission positiver Sekundärionen aus festen Targets. Die Brauchbarkeit der Ionenbeschuß-Ionenquelle in der Massenspektroskopie
Authors: Beske Horst E.
Published: March 2015

If solids are bombarded by ions, positive secondary ions (SI) of all elements of the target material are emitted. The mass analysis of these SI permits conclusions to be drawn about the composition of the target material. An arrangement based upon this kind of ion production is called an ion-bombardment ion source.

In this paper it was investigated whether or not this ion source is suitable for quantitative analysis of solids by mass spectrometry. For this purpose the SI yield γ+ of 27 elements was measured at constant bombardment conditions (12 keV A+-ions, 45° incidence). γ+ is approximately 1% for 10 elements — Si, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, Ta, W, Os, and U. Aluminium shows the largest, gold the smallest SI yield. Yields differ by a factor of 1000 for different elements. The influence of the ionization energy on the SI yield is discussed. The yield is independent of the concentration in the range 0.02—20%.
Begründung des Energie-Impuls-Tensors der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie auf Grund eines kinetischen Modells der Materie
Authors: Audretsch Jürgen
Published: March 2015

The energy-momentum tensor Tαβ of the general theory of relativity is investigated on the basis of a kinetic model of matter (point-particles). Its freedom of divergence results from the motion of the particles. After a suitable decomposition of Tαβ into its invariant components these can be interpreted in a generally covariant manner according to their microstructure. By means of the distribution of matter special time-like world-lines are designated as stream-lines. The freedom of divergence of Tαβ can be interpreted by virtue of the model as a local balance of energy and momentum. In this balance the influence of gravitational and inertial forces become immediately evident. Pressure results as a function of the particle properties (state equation).
Die Methode der Korrelationsfunktion in der Theorie der Supraleitung
Authors: Lüders Gerhart
Published: March 2015

The electric current density in a superconductor is calculated up to second order in the pair potential. The current density can be formulated in terms of the classical distribution function in phase space which was introduced in previous papers. The resulting expression is specialized both to the Ginzburg-Landau approximation and to the diffusion approximation. Finally, we discuss the current distribution at the critical fields Hc2 and Hc3
Meßverfahren zur Bestimmung der Kristallitverkippung in dünnen Aufdampfschichten
Authors: Harsdorff M.
Published: March 2015

In the present paper a method is described, which permits the measurement of the crystal misorientation in thin films by means of electron diffraction. In some special cases it was possible to make use of other techniques to determine the degree of misorientation and to compare the values obtained by the different methods. The result of this comparison is a consistency of the measuring values within the limits of about 10%.
Mikrowellenspektrum, Hinderungspotential der internen Rotation und Dipolmoment des Toluols
Authors: Rudolph H. D. , Dreizler H. , Jaeschke A. , Wendung P.
Published: March 2015

The microwave rotational spectrum of toluene has been investigated in the region from 8 to 23 GHz. The three types of absorption lines to be expected in the case of a molecule of this symmetry with a very low sixfold barrier hindering internal rotation of the methyl top have been found: m=0; |m|≠ 0, 3 n; | m | = 3 n. From the lines m= 0 the rotational constants and the dipole moment (0.375 ± 0.01 D) have been determined; from the lines 1 |m|=3 the internal rotation barrier could be calculated as V60 = (13.94 ± 0.1) cal/mole. This value is discussed and compared with the very much larger value derived from solid-phase heat capacity data.
Doppelbrechung in Rubin-Laserkristallen mit angeschliffenen 90°-Prismen
Authors: Hillenkamp Franz
Published: March 2015

Abhängig von der Orientierung der Prismenkante zur optischen Achse und zur Zylinderachse treten bei Rubin-Lasern mit angeschliffenen 90°-Prismen außerordentliche Strahlen auf. An Hand von Fern- und Nahfeldern zweier Kristalle wird die Abhängigkeit der außerordentlichen Strahlen von der Orientierung des Prismas gezeigt und die zugehörige Intensität berechnet.
Untersuchung des Elektrotransportes in der β-Phase des Systems Nickel—Antimon
Authors: Heumann Th. , Stüer H.
Published: March 2015

In der β-Phase mit der Zusammensetzung Ni0,717Sb0,283 die der Gruppe der β-HUME-ROTHERY-Phasen zuzuordnen ist, wurde der durch Gleichstrom verursachte Materietransport untersucht. Nur Nickel wird transportiert und zwar zur Anode. Gemäß der durch strukturelle Leerstellen bedingten hohen Beweglichkeit der Nickel-Atome ist der Effekt auch bei kleinen Stromdichten erstaunlich groß. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse nach der Theorie von FIKS bzw. HUNTINGTON steht nicht im Widerspruch zu der HUME-ROTHERY-Regel, nach welcher die Elektronenkonzentration 1,5 betragen sollte und Nickel als nullwertig anzusehen ist.
Analyse der Grundschwingungen von Phenanthren aus experimentellen Ergebnissen
Authors: Witt K. , Mecke R.
Published: March 2015

A vibrational assignment of phenanthrene is proposed, which differs in some details from a previous paper. The infrared spectra of the gas, solution, KJ-pellet, single crystal in polarized light between 200 and 3200 cm-1, the dichroism of the infrared bands between 400 and 3200 cm-1 at the temperature of boiling nitrogen, the depolarisation ratios of the RAMAN bands and some infrared bands of mixed crystals (in fluorene and biphenyl) are analyzed. The infrared spectra of similar molecules (triphenylene, halogenphenanthrenes) contribute additional information in several cases. Nevertheless the inability of predicting the experimental dichroism of many B1-IR-bands by the oriented gas model and the weak intensities (therefore missing depolarisation ratios) of B1-RAMAN-bands lead yet to some uncertainties particularly for the B1-species.
Hauptsätze über das Messen als Grundlage der Hilbert-Raumstruktur der Quantenmechanik
Authors: Ludwig Günther
Published: March 2015

Ähnlich wie bei den Hauptsätzen der Thermodynamik werden heuristische Gesichtspunkte diskutiert, die zur Aufstellung von allgemeinen Hauptsätzen über die Wirkung von Mikroobjekten auf makroskopische (d. h. dem thermodynamischen Gesetz der Entropiezunahme genügenden) Systeme führen. Das Ziel ist, durch solche allgemeinen „Hauptsätze des Messens“ die Struktur des HILBERT-Raumes der Quantenmechanik zu charakterisieren. Die hier angegebenen Hauptsätze (Axiome 1 bis 3) führen zwar zu mathematischen Strukturen, die sehr viel von den Strukturen des HILBERT-Raumes enthalten, aber noch allgemeiner als der HILBERT-Raum sein können. Vielleicht enthalten sie neue interessante Möglichkeiten für neue physikalische Theorien.
Die optischen Konstanten von Kalkspat im Gebiet der Grundschwingungen
Authors: Matossi F. , Hohler V.
Published: March 2015

The optical constants of calcite in the region of the fundamental frequencies are determined by two methods: (1) from reflectance under nearly normal incidence of two surfaces whose normals are perpendicular and under 45° to the optical axis (for the ordinary ray), or parallel and under 45° to the optical axis (for the extraordinary ray); (2) from reflectance of only one surface using the KRAMERS-KRONIG relation.
Untersuchung des Druckaufbaus einer stationären, magnetfeldstabilisierten Helium-Entladung mit Hilfe magnetischer Messungen
Authors: Klüber Otto
Published: March 2015

A stationary discharge is produced bya current flowing parallel to the magnetic field ofa cylindrical coil. In the region where the field is homogeneous the pressure in the plasma column is much higher than that in the surrounding neutral gas. This is mainly caused by diamagnetic ring currents, as is shown by measuring the magnetic flux due to these currents. Two effects are primarily responsible for the ring currents in this region: The already known effect of the ambipolar diffusion across the magnetic field anda thermomagnetic effect, called NERNST effect, whose influence on the pressure build-up ofa plasma has not been investigated hitherto. Other phenomena causing ring currents occur in the plasma near the coil ends and outside the field coil.
A General Formulation for the Evaluation of Two-center Moment Integral-An Extension
Authors: Yeranos Walter A.
Published: March 2015

In two recent studies 1,2 we presented a general formulation for the evaluation of two-center moment integrals as well as the rotational properties of s, p, and d atomic orbitals needed in the quantum mechanical calculations of one-electron properties. In the present investigation, we extend the scope of our previous formulation by presenting a series of tabulations useful both to inorganic and organic chemists.
CH-Bindungsmomente aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe
Authors: Hoffmann V. , Schmid E. D.
Published: March 2015

The absorption intensities of the CH-stretching vibrations of the non planar hydrocarbons phenanthrene, triphenylene, l,5,9-d3-triphenylene, chrysene, perylene, tetrabenznaphthalene and 3,4-5,6-dibenzphenanthrene have been measured in CCl4 solution. The CH-bond-intensities vary according to the extent of the overlapping of the CH-bonds. The deviation of the CH-bond intensities from those of planar hydrocarbons can be quantitatively interpreted as dipole-dipole-interaction of the overlapping CH-bonds. Consequently the absorption intensity of CH-stretching vibrations is determined only by the charge distribution near the CH-bond axis.
Mikrowellenspektrum, Hinderungspotential der internen Rotation und Dipolmoment des meta-Fluortoluols
Authors: Rudolph Heinz Dieter , Trinkaus Axel
Published: March 2015

The rotational spectrum of meta-fluorotoluene has been measured in the four lowest states of internal rotation of the methyl top m = 0, 1, 2, 3. The rotational constants obtained for m = 0 are A = 3715,2, B = 1766,51, C = 1197,58 MHz. The barrier hindering internal rotation is very low. For the first time threefold and sixfold-symmetrical potential components V3 and V6 of comparable magnitude have been found. This appears to be plausible in view of the fact that for this molecule the bond geometrical asymmetry responsible for V3 (meta substituent) is much more distant from the CH3-group than the local C2v-symmetry of the benzene ring causing V6. Fitting V3 and V6 to the spectral data one cannot discriminate between two possible sets of potential parameters which differ by the sign of V6 and, to a lesser extent, by the magnitude of V3 and V6: set I: V3 = 45,3, V6V6 = + 22,8, set II: V3 = 48,4, V6 = — 15,1 cal/mole. The reason for the sign remaining effectively indeterminate although physically relevant in connection with the shape of the barrier is discussed. — The dipole moment components derived from Stark-effect measurements are μα = 1,71, μb = 0,62 D.