Enhancing fine‐tuning efficiency and design optimization of an eight‐channel 3T transmit array via equivalent circuit modeling and Eigenmode analysis
Authors: Kazemivalipour Ehsan , Atalar Ergin 
Published: January 2025

Background

Radiofrequency (RF) transmit arrays play a crucial role in various MRI applications, offering enhanced field control and improved imaging capabilities. Designing and optimizing these arrays, particularly in high‐field MRI settings, poses challenges related to coupling, resonance, and construction imperfections. Numerical electromagnetic simulation methods effectively aid in the initial design, but discrepancies between simulated and fabricated arrays often necessitate fine‐tuning. Fine‐tuning involves iteratively adjusting the array's lumped elements, a complex and time‐consuming process that demands expertise and substantial experience. This process is particularly required for high‐Q‐factor arrays or those with decoupling circuitries, where the impact of construction variations and coupling between elements is more pronounced. In this context, our study introduces and validates an accelerated fine‐tuning approach custom RF transmit arrays, leveraging the arrays equivalent circuit modeling and eigenmode analysis of the scattering (S) parameters.

Purpose

This study aims to streamline the fine‐tuning process of lab‐fabricated RF transmit arrays, specifically targeting an eight‐channel degenerate birdcage coil designed for 3T MRI. The objective is to minimize the array's modal reflected power values and address challenges related to coupling and resonance.

Methods

An eight‐channel 3T transmit array is designed and simulated, optimizing capacitor values via the co‐simulation strategy and eigenmode analysis. The resulting values are used in constructing a prototype. Experimental measurements of the fabricated coil's S‐parameters and fitting them into an equivalent circuit model, enabling estimation of self/mutual‐inductances and self/mutual‐resistances of the fabricated coil. Capacitor adjustments in the equivalent circuit model minimize mismatches between experimental and simulated results.

Results

The simulated eight‐channel array, optimized for minimal normalized reflected power, exhibits excellent tuning and matching and an acceptable level of decoupling (|Snn|≤‐23 dB and |Smn|≤‐11 dB). However, the fabricated array displays deviations, including resonances at different frequencies and increased reflections. The proposed fine‐tuning approach yields an updated set of capacitor values, improving resonance frequencies and reducing reflections. The fine‐tuned array demonstrates comparable performance to the simulation (|Snn|≤‐15 dB and |Smn|≤‐9 dB), mitigating disparities caused by construction imperfections. The maximum error between the calculated and measured S‐parameters is −7 dB.

Conclusion

This accelerated fine‐tuning approach, integrating equivalent circuit modeling and eigenmode analysis, effectively optimizes the performance of fabricated transmit arrays. Demonstrated through the design and refinement of an eight‐channel array, the method addresses construction‐related disparities, showcasing its potential to enhance overall array performance. The approach holds promise for streamlining the design and optimization of complex RF coil systems, particularly for high Q‐factor arrays and/or arrays with decoupling circuitry.