bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood: 30 years experience in Chile
Authors: González B , Hernández P , Olguín H , Miranda M , Lira L , Toso M , Quezada A , Norambuena X , Talesnik E , Méndez C , Navarrete C
Published: November 2005

The objective of this study was to analyse the survival rate and cause of death in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during the past 30 years in Chile. A retrospective analysis was performed between 1969 and 2000 on patients attending pediatric rheumatology centres in Santiago, Chile. Survival and causes of death in 31 children followed from 1969 to 1980 fulfilling the 1982 American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE and treated with oral steroids were compared with 50 other patients who were treated with oral steroids and an aggressive treatment of IV bolus of cyclophosphamide (38 patients) and azathioprine (12 patients). Global survival at five and 10 years follow-up for the patients studied from 1969 to 1980 was 68 and 40%, respectively. During the second study period these values were significantly improved and global survival reached 95% at five years and 90% at 10 years follow-up (P, 0.05). Survival at 10 years follow-up for patients with lupus nephropathy increased from 28% (study period 1964-1980) to 86% (study period 1984-2000). Twelve children died (38%) during the 1964-1980 study period. The causes of death were six due to kidney failure, three due to infectious conditions and another three of unknown causes. During the 1980-2000 study period mortality reached 6% (three cases), two cases died of a lupus flare-up and one case due to infection. In the last three decades, we have seen an important increase in the survival of children with SLE, especially in those patients with renal involvement. Management with immunosuppressive drugs, such as IV cyclophosphamide or azathioprine has changed the prognosis in these children. These results demonstrate that our children with SLE increased their life expectancy but are now faced with new types of morbidity because of the sequelae related to the disease itself.
Indications for plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus in 2005
Authors: Pagnoux C , Korach J-M , Guillevin L
Published: November 2005

Plasma exchange can remove putative pathogenic autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes from the blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, their efficacy has only been supported by noncontrolled and/or retrospective studies. Nonetheless, PE may still be of relevance in some selected SLE patients and as adjunctive therapy, in combination with corticosteroids (CS) and other immunosuppressant(s). We review herein the principal historical steps of the use of plasma exchange to treat SLE, based upon the main trials and case reports that have highlighted its most pertinent indications. Acute life-threatening manifestations and severe therapy-resistant manifestations, like refractory SLE renal disease, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, neuropsychiatric SLE, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, hyperviscosity syndrome and cryoglobulinemia, are the indications for which plasma exchange might have a beneficial therapeutic role. Although few SLE patients undergo plasma exchange each year nowadays (10-20 per year in France), adverse events are very rare and recent advances in plasma exchange technologies, like immunoadsorption, might, in the future, counterbalance their cost and broaden their place in the therapeutic armamentarium for SLE.
Association of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity with cardiovascular risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tso T K , Huang W-N , Huang H-Y , Chang C-K
Published: November 2005

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with premature atherosclerosis. Increasing arterial stiffness is closely associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) is considered to be an indicator of arterial stiffness. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with SLE. Age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBS), plasma lipid profile, plasma homocysteine, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), baPWV, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and SLE-related factors were determined in a total of 83 SLE patients (12 males and 71 females). All SLE patients were further classified into two subgroups according to baPWV value (baPWV 1400 cm/s, n 37 versus baPWV 1400 cm/s, n 46). The mean baPWV value of studied SLE patients was 1520 381 cm/s. Age, BMI, SBP, DBP, FBS, TBARS and homocysteine levels were significantly higher in SLE patients with baPWV value 1400 cm/s than in SLE patients with baPWV value 1400 cm/s. In addition, baPWV correlated significantly with age, SBP, DBP, FBS and homocysteine. Moreover, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that age and SBP were independently associated with baPWV. The results of this study indicate a possible link between vascular stiffness measured by baPWV and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with SLE.
Factors associated with poor outcomes in patients with lupus nephritis
Authors: Contreras G , Pardo V , Cely C , Borja E , Hurtado A , De La Cuesta C , Iqbal K , Lenz O , Asif A , Nahar N , Leclerq B , Leon C , Schulman I , Ramirez-Seijas F , Paredes A , Cepero A , Khan T , Pachon F , Tozman E , Barreto G , Hoffman D , Suarez M Almeida , Busse J C , Esquenazi M , Esquenazi A , Mayol L Garcia , Estrada H Garcia
Published: November 2005

The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with important clinical outcomes in a case-control study of 213 patients with lupus nephritis. Included were 47% Hispanics, 44% African Americans and 9% Caucasians with a mean age of 28 years. Fifty-four (25%) patients reached the primary composite outcome of doubling serum creatinine, end-stage renal disease or death during a mean follow-up of 37 months. Thirty-four percent African Americans, 20% Hispanics and 10% Caucasians reached the primary composite outcome ( P < 0.05). Patients reaching the composite outcome had predominantly proliferative lupus nephritis (WHO classes: 30% III, 32% IV, 18% V and 5% II, P < 0.025) with higher activity index score (7 ± 6 versus 5 ± 5, P<0.05), chronicity index (CI) score (4 ± 3 versus 2 ± 2 unit, P<0.025), higher baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) (111 ± 21 versus 102 ± 14 mmHg, P<0.025) and serum creatinine (1.9 ± 1.3 versus 1.3 ± 1.0 mg/dL, P<0.025), but lower baseline hematocrit (29 ± 6 versus 31 + 5%, P<0.025) and complement C3 (54 ± 26 versus 65 + 33 mg/dL, P<0.025) compared to controls. More patients reaching the composite outcome had nephrotic range proteinuria compared to controls (74% versus 56%, P<0.025). By multivariate analysis, CI (hazard ratio [95% CI] 1.18 [1.07-1.30] per point), MAP (HR 1.02 [1.00-1.03] per mmHg), and baseline serum creatinine (HR 1.26 [1.04-1.54] per mg/dL) were independently associated with the composite outcome. We concluded that hypertension and elevated serum creatinine at the time of the kidney biopsy as well as a high CI are associated with an increased the risk for chronic renal failure or death in patients with lupus nephritis.
T cell vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus with autologous activated T cells
Authors: Li Z-G , Mu R , Dai Z-P , Gao X-M
Published: November 2005

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoreactive T cell mediated autoimmune disease. Immunization with inactivated autoreactive T cells may induce idiotype anti-idiotypic reaction to deplete specific subsets of autoreactive T cells involved in SLE. Six SLE patients unsuitable or refused to use immunosuppressants were treated with T cell vaccination. Their clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters including mixed lymphocyte reactions were evaluated. Autoreactive T cell clones were derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients and 1 × 107 irradiated T cells were inoculated subcutaneously at 0, two, six and eight weeks, respectively. The enrolled patients were followed up for 32-40 months at an interval of three to six months. The clinical characteristics and laboratory abnormalities improved after inoculation without increasing the dose of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants in most patients. SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) scores decreased. Proliferative responses against the T cell vaccine were observed in four of six patients. At the time of this report, the six patients remain in clinical remission. No significant side effect from the vaccination was noticed during the follow-up period. The results of this pilot study indicate that T cell vaccination is a safe and effective treatment in SLE.
Pneumococcal sepsis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Naveau C , Houssiau F A
Published: November 2005

Severe infections by opportunistic agents and common pathogens are frequent in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and have become one of the leading cause of death. Here we review all cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae septicaemia observed in a cohort of 208 SLE patients. Five cases were identified. We stress the severity of the clinical presentation and recommend immunization of SLE patients with a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
Phase I Dose-Finding Study of Weekly Single-Agent Patupilone in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Rubin Eric H. , Rothermel John , Tesfaye Fisseha , Chen Tianling , Hubert Martine , Ho Yu-Yun , Hsu Chyi-Hung , Oza Amit M.
Published: November 2005

Purpose

To evaluate the safety and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of weekly patupilone, a natural epothilone B, in patients with advanced solid tumors.

Patients and Methods

Patients were treated with patupilone (0.3 to 3.6 mg/m2) for 6 weeks on/3 weeks off or 3 weeks on/1 week off. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), MTD, and pharmacokinetics were determined for each schedule of administration.

Results

Ninety-one patients were enrolled. The most common tumor types included ovarian, breast, and colon cancers. Doses of patupilone less than 2.5 mg/m2 using either the 6 weeks on/3 weeks off or the 3 weeks on/1 week off schedule were tolerated well. At higher doses, DLTs were observed using both dosing schedules, with diarrhea the most common DLT. The MTD for both treatment schedules was 2.5 mg/m2. After a short infusion, patupilone blood concentrations declined in a multiphasic manner with a terminal half-life of 4 days. Drug clearance was nonrenal and was not related to body-surface area. Over the dose range evaluated, systemic drug exposure was approximately dose proportional. Three patients achieved a partial response, and 31 patients had stable disease. Two patients experiencing a partial response had received prior taxane therapy.

Conclusion

Patupilone is well tolerated when administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/m2, using either a 6 weeks on/3 weeks off or a 3 weeks on/1 week off schedule. In contrast with murine studies, patupilone has a relatively prolonged terminal half-life in humans. The partial responses in patients previously treated with taxanes is consistent with promising preclinical results.
A 3′ UTR sequence stabilizes termination codons in the unspliced RNA of Rous sarcoma virus
Authors: WEIL JASON E. , BEEMON KAREN L.
Published: November 2005

Eukaryotic cells target mRNAs to the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway when translation terminates within the coding region. In mammalian cells, this is presumably due to a downstream signal deposited during pre-mRNA splicing. In contrast, unspliced retroviral RNA undergoes NMD in chicken cells when premature termination codons (PTCs) are present in the gag gene. Surprisingly, deletion of a 401-nt 3′ UTR sequence immediately downstream of the normal gag termination codon caused this termination event to be recognized as premature. We termed this 3′ UTR region the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) stability element (RSE). The RSE also stabilized the viral RNA when placed immediately downstream of a PTC in the gag gene. Deletion analysis of the RSE indicated a smaller functional element. We conclude that this 3′ UTR sequence stabilizes termination codons in the RSV RNA, and termination codons not associated with such an RSE sequence undergo NMD.
Effective inhibition of human cytomegalovirus gene expression and growth by intracellular expression of external guide sequence RNA
Authors: LI HONGJIAN , TRANG PHONG , KIM KIHOON , ZHOU TIANHONG , UMAMOTO SEAN , LIU FENYONG
Published: November 2005

RNase P complexed with external guide sequence (EGS) represents a novel nucleic-acid-based gene interference approach to modulate gene expression. In this study, a functional EGS RNA was constructed to target the overlapping mRNA region of two human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) capsid proteins, the capsid scaffolding protein (CSP) and assemblin. The EGS RNA was shown to be able to direct human RNase P to cleave the target mRNA sequence efficiently in vitro. A reduction of ~75%–80% in the mRNA and protein expression levels of both CSP and assemblin and a reduction of 800-fold in viral growth were observed in human cells that expressed the functional EGS, but not in cells that either did not express the EGS or produced a “disabled” EGS that carried nucleotide mutations that precluded RNase P recognition. The action of the EGS is specific as the RNase P-mediated cleavage only reduces the expression of the CSP and assemblin but not other viral genes examined. Further studies of the antiviral effects of the EGS indicate that the expression of the functional EGS has no effect on HCMV genome replication but blocks viral capsid maturation, consistent with the notion that CSP and assemblin play essential roles in HCMV capsid formation. Our study provides the first direct evidence that EGS RNAs effectively inhibit HCMV gene expression and growth. Moreover, these results demonstrate the utility of EGS RNAs in gene therapy applications, including the treatment of HCMV infection by inhibiting the expression of virus-encoded essential proteins.
Updating Paths in Time-Varying Networks Given Arc Weight Changes
Authors: Miller-Hooks Elise , Yang Baiyu
Published: November 2005

Many transportation applications, including applications in intelligent transportation systems, require the solution of a series of shortest path problems in which only the travel time along a set of arcs of the network change from one problem instance to the next. One could use an existing path algorithm to solve each problem instance independently as it arises. However, significant savings in computation time can often be achieved through the use of a reoptimization algorithm that would begin from the prior solution in determining the updated optimal solution for the given arc travel-time changes. Such quick solution is critical for providing routing instructions to travelers in real time as travel-time information is retrieved from the traffic network. Numerous works have presented reoptimization techniques for use in updating shortest path trees in deterministic and static networks; however, it appears that no reoptimization technique exists in the literature for updating paths where future travel times in time-varying networks change. In this paper, such procedures are proposed. The proposed techniques can provide updated solutions given simultaneous and arbitrary changes (increasing and decreasing in value) in any number of network arcs. Further, this technique can be extended for use in stochastic networks.
Models and Tabu Search Heuristics for the Berth-Allocation Problem
Authors: Cordeau Jean-François , Laporte Gilbert , Legato Pasquale , Moccia Luigi
Published: November 2005

In the berth-allocation problem (BAP) the aim is to optimally schedule and assign ships to berthing areas along a quay. The objective is the minimization of the total (weighted) service time for all ships, defined as the time elapsed between the arrival in the harbor and the completion of handling. Two versions of the BAP are considered: the discrete case and the continuous case. The discrete case works with a finite set of berthing points. In the continuous case ships can berth anywhere along the quay. Two formulations and a tabu search heuristic are presented for the discrete case. Only small instances can be solved optimally. For these sizes the heuristic always yields an optimal solution. For larger sizes it is always better than a truncated branch-and-bound applied to an exact formulation. A heuristic is also developed for the continuous case. Computational comparisons are performed with the first heuristic and with a simple constructive procedure.
Oxidative Stress in Migrating Spring Chinook Salmon Smolts of Hatchery Origin: Changes in Vitamin E and Lipid Peroxidation
Authors: Welker Thomas L. , Congleton James L.
Published: November 2005

Polar lipid peroxidation (LPO), a measure of oxidative damage to membrane lipids, and concentrations of the antioxidant vitamin E were determined for kidney and liver tissues of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha sampled before release from three hatcheries in the Snake River basin, Idaho, and from juvenile fish bypass systems at several dams in the Columbia– Snake River federal hydropower system. Oxidative stress, as indicated by LPO, significantly increased in migrating juveniles after they left the hatchery in each of the study years (1999 and 2000). The largest increase in liver LPO occurred between the hatcheries and Lower Granite Dam (the first dam encountered by migrating fish) with little or no additional change as the fish migrated through the hydropower system. Kidney LPO, on the other hand, continued to increase as the fish migrated to lower Columbia River dams 348–461 km downstream. Levels of vitamin E were inversely correlated with LPO. Postrelease decreases in vitamin E were significant for kidney tissue in 1999 and for liver tissue in 2000. Liver and kidney LPO indices were higher and vitamin E concentrations were lower in 1999 than in 2000, possibly because river flows, spill levels at the dams, and dissolved gas levels in the river were higher in 1999. Liver vitamin E was significantly lower in fish exposed to juvenile fish bypass systems at two or more dams (including the dam where they were sampled) than in fish bypassed only at the sampling location; however, greater exposure to bypasses did not increase liver or kidney LPO indices. Increased polar LPO could have adverse effects on a range of physiological processes in migrating smolts. The significance of oxidative stress in migrating smolts will, however, remain uncertain until research is done to relate oxidative stress indices to biological function and fitness.
Mallarmé's Cinepoetics: The Poem Uncoiled by the Cinématographe, 1893–98
Authors: Wall-Romana Christophe
Published: November 2005

Between 1893 and his death in 1898, Stéphane Mallarmé experimented with a poetics permeated by the emerging technology of cinema. Close to technicians and journalists of early film, Mallarmé developed what might be called a cinepoetics, especially inUn coup de dés(1897)—the ur-modernist visual poem whose preface recoups the single declaration he made on cinema—and in the unrealized project known as Le Livre (1893–98), a poetic performance involving electrical lighting and image projection. Close readings make explicit Mallarmé's cinepoetic aesthetics. Its epistemology ofdéroulement‘unfolding’ is compared with that of other 1890s figures: Étienne-Jules Marey, Henri Bergson, and Loïe Fuller. Cinepoetry has not been recognized as the distinct practice it was, although Walter Benjamin and Jacques Derrida came close to theorizing Mallarmé's interest in cinema. Cinepoetic experimentation has shadowed the whole French vanguard. The study of its genealogy should reshape our understanding of the intersection of modernist lyricism and new media.
Standing on the Burning Deck: Poetry, Performance, History
Authors: Robson Catherine
Published: November 2005

This paper considers the significance of the memorized poem in Victorian schools across the English social spectrum. I use Felicia Hemans's culturally ubiquitous “Casabianca” as a lens to examine the processes by which compulsory recitation forged short-term and long-term bodily relations between individuals and measured language. I argue that the denigration of regular poetic form prominent in the twentieth century's rejection of works like Hemans's poem is an inevitable, if disavowed, response to their institutional histories in the lowest-status echelons of the educational system. The fragmented survival of “Casabianca” in English popular consciousness today is the last remaining trace of its pedagogical past, of a time when the iamb connected to the heartbeat in a manner that we no longer appreciate and cannot feel.
What Praise Poems Are For
Authors: Stewart Susan
Published: November 2005

This essay is concerned with the relations between praise and aesthetic freedom exemplified by the practice of making odes. The ritual, economic, and agonistic functions of Pindaric odes and the mastering of subjective enthusiasm and objectification of value that Hegel found at work in such poems are compared with the belated, self-transforming expression of emotion characterizing Coleridge's composition of his “Dejection: An Ode” of 1802.
Writing the New Middle Ages
Authors: Nichols Stephen G.
Published: November 2005

Medieval studies are big—in fact, have rarely been livelier … or more controversial. This energy has succeeded in breaching the ramparts that traditionally divided the field into a series of vigorously defended fiefs. In a word, the discipline has gone interdisciplinary. Visual literacy, patristics, modal logic, grammar, rhetoric, onomastics, philosophical anthropology, sociology, historiography, linguistics, codicology, vernacular literature, classical and medieval Latin thought and letters, philology, and myriad other subsets conjugate in dizzying and unexpected configurations to produce exciting views of the period.
Falling Towers and Postmodern Wild Children: Oliver Sacks, Don DeLillo, and Turns against Language
Authors: Berger James
Published: November 2005

We respond in language to catastrophic, or traumatic, shocks to symbolic systems, for which the fall of the Tower of Babel can be seen as a mythic model. One response is an exploration of new uncertainties; another is a fearful rigidity that seeks to return to an imagined Adamic wholeness of language; another is an effort to transcend language altogether. This essay examines two contemporary responses to a perceived “fall” of language—several case studies of Oliver Sacks's and two novels by Don DeLillo—and places them in the context of the twentieth-century “linguistic turn” in the humanities and social sciences and what I call a “counterlinguistic turn” that is contemporaneous with the linguistic turn and represents developments of some of its key assumptions.
Confronting Religious Violence: Milton'sSamson Agonistes
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G.
Published: November 2005

Milton's Samson has long been a character about whom readers are irreconcilably divided. Current anxiety over terrorism has made it all the more inviting to see Milton's dramatic poem as a criticism of Samson's slaughter of the Philistines, a sentiment emphatically expressed in John Carey's recent claim that “September 11 has changedSamson Agonistes,because it has changed the readings we can derive from it while still celebrating it as an achievement of the human imagination.” This paper interrogates the association of Milton with present-day antipathy to religious violence and seeks to sophisticate the position of critics who now find terrorism an inescapable presence in the field of literary interpretation. The brand of reading most necessary in current discussion is one that avoids the reactionary temptation to cleanse literary texts of sympathy with religious violence and to view such violence as the province solely of the Other.
Stillbirths in the United States, 1981–2000: An Age, Period, and Cohort Analysis
Authors: Ananth Cande V. , Liu Shiliang , Kinzler Wendy L. , Kramer Michael S.
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We examined age, period, and cohort (APC) effects on temporal trends in stillbirths among Black and White women in the United States.

Methods. We conducted a cohort study of Black and White women who delivered a singleton live-born or stillborn infant during 1981 through 2000. We analyzed stillbirth rates at 20 or more weeks of gestation within 7 age groups, 4 periods, and 10 “central” birth cohorts after adjusting for confounders.

Results. In both racial groups, women younger than 20 years or 35 years or older were at increased risk of stillbirth; risks decreased over successive periods in all age groups. Birth cohort had no impact on stillbirth trends among Blacks and only a small, nonsignificant effect among Whites. Analyses of various APC combinations showed that Blacks were at a 1.2- to 2.9-fold increased risk for stillbirth relative to Whites. Attributable fractions for stillbirth because of age, period, and cohort effects were 16.5%, 24.9%, and 0.1%, respectively, among Black women and 14.5%, 36.2%, and 2.1%, respectively, among White women.

Conclusions. Strong effects of age and period were observed in stillbirth trends, but these factors do not explain the persistent stillbirth disparity between Black and White women.
Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Hospitals Serving Minority Populations
Authors: Morales Leo S. , Staiger Douglas , Horbar Jeffrey D. , Carpenter Joseph , Kenny Michael , Geppert Jeffrey , Rogowski Jeannette
Published: November 2005

Objective. We investigated whether the proportion of Black very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants treated by hospitals is associated with neonatal mortality for Black and White VLBW infants.

Methods. We analyzed medical records linked to secondary data sources for 74050 Black and White VLBW infants (501 g to 1500 g) treated by 332 hospitals participating in the Vermont Oxford Network from 1995 to 2000. Hospitals where more than 35% of VLBW infants treated were Black were defined as “minority-serving.”

Results. Compared with hospitals where less than 15% of the VLBW infants were Black, minority-serving hospitals had significantly higher risk-adjusted neonatal mortality rates (White infants: odds ratio [OR]=1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 1.56; Black infants: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.64; Pooled: OR = 1.28, 95% CI=1.10, 1.50). Higher neonatal mortality in minority-serving hospitals was not explained by either hospital or treatment variables.

Conclusions. Minority-serving hospitals may provide lower quality of care to VLBW infants compared with other hospitals. Because VLBW Black infants are disproportionately treated by minority-serving hospitals, higher neonatal mortality rates at these hospitals may contribute to racial disparities in infant mortality in the United States.
Infant Sleeping Environment and Asthma at 7 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Trevillian Leigh F. , Ponsonby Anne-Louise , Dwyer Terence , Kemp Andrew , Cochrane Jennifer , Lim Lynette L.-Y. , Carmichael Allan
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We investigated the role of infant bedding items, as part of a composite bedding environment, in the development of childhood wheezing.

Methods. This prospective cohort investigation involved 863 children who participated in an infant survey in 1988 and an asthma study in Tasmania, Australia, in 1995. The derived 3 composite infant bedding categories corresponded to increasing numbers of house dust mite (HDM)–rich bedding items used. Outcomes measured included recent and frequent wheezing.

Results. Composite infant bedding used was associated with recent wheezing. Effects increased at increasing levels of HDM–rich bedding items used. Effects were further enhanced by home environmental factors of bedroom heating, recent bedroom painting, and absence of bedroom carpeting. When any 2 or more of these environmental factors were present, a strong dose–response relationship was evident.

Conclusions. Our results show that bedding exposures in infancy are prospectively associated with childhood wheezing and that home environmental conditions may modify this association.
A Community Resilience Approach to Reducing Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Health
Authors: Davis Rachel , Cook Danice , Cohen Larry
Published: November 2005

Prevention Institute, a nonprofit, national center dedicated to health and well-being, developed a toolkit for health and resilience in vulnerable environments (THRIVE), a community assessment tool, to help communities bolster factors that will improve health outcomes and reduce disparities experienced by racial and ethnic minorities. THRIVE is grounded in research and was developed with input from a national expert panel. It has demonstrated utility in urban, rural, and suburban settings.

Within months of piloting, several communities had initiated farmer’s markets and youth programs. THRIVE provides a framework for community members, coalitions, public health practitioners, and local decisionmakers to identify factors associated with poor health outcomes in communities of color; engage the range of partners needed to improve community health outcomes, such as planners, elected officials, businesses, housing, and transportation; and take action to remedy disparities.
Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Functioning in Middle Age: Evidence From the Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Singh-Manoux Archana , Hillsdon Melvyn , Brunner Eric , Marmot Michael
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We examined the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning in middle age.

Methods. Data were derived from a prospective occupational cohort study of 10308 civil servants aged 35–55 years at baseline (phase 1; 1985–1988). Physical activity level, categorized as low, medium, or high, was assessed at phases 1, 3 (1991–1994), and 5 (1997–1999). Cognitive functioning was tested at phase 5, when respondents were 46–68 years old.

Results. In both prospective (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.30, 2.10) and cross-sectional (OR=1.79; 95% CI=1.38, 2.32) analyses, low levels of physical activity were a risk factor for poor performance on a measure of fluid intelligence. Analyses aimed at assessing cumulative effects (summary of physical activity levels at the 3 time points) showed a graded linear relationship with fluid intelligence, with persistently low levels of physical activity being particularly harmful (OR=2.21; 95% CI=1.37, 3.57).

Conclusions. Low levels of physical activity are a risk factor for cognitive functioning in middle age, fluid intelligence in particular.
New Trends in Palladium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenations Using Formic Acid
Authors: Prasad Kapa , Jiang Xinglong , Slade Joel S. , Clemens Jennifer , Repič Oljan , Blacklock Thomas J.
Published: November 2005

In the presence of a catalytic amount of organic bases, Pd‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenations with formic acid were found to be facile processes. These new conditions produce innocuous carbon dioxide as the by‐product compared to the use of ammonium formate, which generates ammonia and carbon dioxide as gaseous by‐products which recombine to create unsafe conditions. When the substrate is basic enough to form salts with formic acid, no additional base is necessary. In certain cases, the product of the reaction was used to accelerate the transfer hydrogenation process.
Nanopartikel als regenerierbare Katalysatoren: an der Nahtstelle zwischen homogener und heterogener Katalyse
Authors: Astruc Didier , Lu Feng , Aranzaes Jaime Ruiz
Published: November 2005

In der jüngsten Vergangenheit ist das Interesse an der Katalyse mit Nanopartikeln (NPs) stark gestiegen, wie zahlreiche Publikationen auf diesem Gebiet aus den letzten fünf Jahren belegen. Dieser Bereich der “semi‐heterogenen” Katalyse bildet die Nahtstelle zwischen homogener und heterogener Katalyse. Aktuelle Fortschritte betreffen die Effizienz und Selektivität der Reaktionen sowie die Rückgewinnung und Regenerierbarkeit des katalytischen Materials. Gewöhnlich werden die NP‐Katalysatoren aus einem Metallsalz, einem Reduktionsmittel und einem Stabilisator hergestellt und auf einem Oxid‐, Aktivkohle‐ oder Zeolithträger fixiert. Neben den früher hauptsächlich eingesetzten Polymeren und Oxiden finden inzwischen auch neuartige Stabilisatoren, Medien und Trägermaterialien Anwendung, darunter Dendrimere, spezifische Liganden, ionische Flüssigkeiten, Detergentien, Membranen, Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhren und eine Vielzahl von Oxiden. Auch mit ligandenfreien Verfahren wurden jüngst bemerkenswerte Ergebnisse bei sehr geringer Metallbeladung erreicht. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die neueren Entwicklungen und die Anwendung von katalytischen Metallnanopartikeln in der organischen Synthese, z. B. in Hydrierungen und C‐C‐Kupplungen sowie in der heterogenen Oxidation von CO durch Gold‐NPs.
Nanoparticles as Recyclable Catalysts: The Frontier between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Astruc Didier , Lu Feng , Aranzaes Jaime Ruiz
Published: November 2005

Interest in catalysis by metal nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing dramatically, as reflected by the large number of publications in the last five years. This field, “semi‐heterogeneous catalysis”, is at the frontier between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, and progress has been made in the efficiency and selectivity of reactions and recovery and recyclability of the catalytic materials. Usually NP catalysts are prepared from a metal salt, a reducing agent, and a stabilizer and are supported on an oxide, charcoal, or a zeolite. Besides the polymers and oxides that used to be employed as standard, innovative stabilizers, media, and supports have appeared, such as dendrimers, specific ligands, ionic liquids, surfactants, membranes, carbon nanotubes, and a variety of oxides. Ligand‐free procedures have provided remarkable results with extremely low metal loading. The Review presents the recent developments and the use of NP catalysis in organic synthesis, for example, in hydrogenation and CC coupling reactions, and the heterogeneous oxidation of CO on gold NPs.
Parasitoid wasp uses a venom cocktail injected into the brain to manipulate the behavior and metabolism of its cockroach prey
Authors: Gal Ram , Rosenberg Lior Ann , Libersat Frederic
Published: November 2005

Unlike other venomous predators, the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa incapacitates its prey, the cockroach Periplaneta americana, to provide a fresh food supply for its offspring. We first established that the wasp larval development, from egg laying to pupation, lasts about 8 days during which the cockroach must remain alive but immobile. To this end, the wasp injects a cocktail of neurotoxins to manipulate the behavior of the cockroach. The cocktail is injected directly into the head ganglia using biosensors located on the stinger. The head sting induces first 30 min of intense grooming followed by hypokinesia during which the cockroach is unable to generate an escape response. In addition, stung cockroaches survive longer, lose less water, and consume less oxygen. Dopamine contained in the venom appears to be responsible for inducing grooming behavior. For the hypokinesia, our hypothesis is that the injected venom affects neurons located in the head ganglia, which send descending tonic input to bioaminergic neurons. These, in turn, control the thoracic premotor circuitry for locomotion. We show that the activity of identified octopaminergic neurons from the thoracic ganglia is altered in stung animals. The alteration in the octopaminergic neurons' activity could be one of the mechanisms by which the venom modulates the escape circuit in the cockroach's central nervous system and metabolism in the peripheral system. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 60:198–208, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological and behavioral host‐parasitoid interactions: Future visions
Authors: Beckage Nancy E.
Published: November 2005

The association of insect parasitoids with their highly co‐evolved host species requires a sophisticated degree of physiological signaling between host and parasitoid. Host suitability reflects a combination of multifactorial traits, encompassing host immunocompetence, endocrine status, nutritional quality, and behavior, among other features. The articles in this special issue address many of these topics, and describe the physiological and behavioral interactions of insect hosts with hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids as well as symbionts and pathogens. The papers in this issue were originally presented in a symposium entitled “Physiological and behavioral host‐parasite interactions” that convened during the 2004 International Congress of Entomology in Brisbane, Australia. All manuscripts have undergone rigorous peer review before acceptance for publication in this special issue.
Host refractoriness of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, to the braconid endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pérez Mario A. , Dumpit Ronald F. , Lenz Jennifer M. , Powell Erinn N. , Tam Selina Y. , Beckage Nancy E.
Published: November 2005

Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) is a gregarious endoparasitoid of several pyralid stemborer larvae of economic significance including the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. In this study, the ability of this parasitoid to develop in a sphingid host, Manduca sexta, was tested. First, second, third, fourth, and even pharate fifth instar host tobacco hornworm larvae were readily parasitized by the female C. flavipes parasitoids but no wasp larvae hatched from the eggs in this refractory host. Instead, the parasitoid eggs were invariably encapsulated by the host's hemocytes and, ultimately, no parasitoids emerged from tobacco hornworm hosts. The first stages of encapsulation were evident at 2 h post‐parasitization of the host M. sexta larvae, when the beginning stages of capsule formation were seen. The developmental fate of the host larvae with encapsulated parasitoids was variable. Most succumbed as abnormally small fifth instars or as post‐wandering prepupal animals, while a few developed normally to the pupal stage. Dissection of all the larvae or pupae with encapsulated wasp eggs showed evidence of hemocytic encapsulation and melanization of the C. flavipes eggs. This report describes the association between C. flavipes and M. sexta, which appears to be an excellent model system for studying the physiological processes accompanying wasp egg encapsulation that result in death of the host as well as the parasitoid. Since the parasitoid egg never hatches, the system offers an excellent opportunity to identify and study the effects of parasitoid‐injected polydnavirus and venom on host physiology. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 60:159–171, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of enantiomerically pure trans‐(1R,2R)‐ and cis‐(1S,2R)‐1‐amino‐2‐indanol by lipase and ω‐transaminase
Authors: Yun Hyungdon , Kim Juhan , Kinnera Koteshwar , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: November 2005

Syntheses of trans‐(1R,2R) and cis‐(1S,2R)‐1‐amino‐2‐indanol (AI) were accomplished by a series of enantioselective enzymatic reactions using lipase and transaminase (TA). Lipase catalysed enantioselective hydrolysis of 2‐acetoxyindanone was employed to prepare (R)‐2‐hydroxy indanone (HI). trans‐AI (5 mM) (de > 98%) was produced from 20 mM (R)‐2‐ HI using ω‐TA and 50 mM (S)‐1‐aminoindan as an amino donor in water‐saturated ethyl acetate. For the production of cis‐AI, the diastereomeric (2R)‐AI was synthesized from (R)‐2‐HI using reductive amination, and the kinetic resolution was performed with ω‐TA. The enantioselectivity of ω‐TA for (2R)‐AI was increased to 22.1 in the presence of 5% γ‐cyclodextrin. cis‐AI (15.4 mM) (96% de) was obtained from 40 mM (2R)‐AI using 30 mM pyruvate and ω‐TA (25 mg) in 10 mL of 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of anti‐CD32 alloantibody in donor plasma implicated in development of transfusion‐related acute lung injury
Authors: Nishimura Motoko , Takanashi Minoko , Okazaki Hitoshi , Satake Masahiro
Published: November 2005

Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) occasionally causes serious symptoms that may be fatal to recipients. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and alloantibodies specific to PMN cell surface antigens are suspected to cause TRALI. The aim of this study is to establish a sensitive and stable procedure of detecting alloantibodies not only in donor blood, but also in recipient's plasma. We have introduced a new method of detecting alloantibodies based on double‐determinant enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DD‐ELISA) and a monoclonal antibody‐immobilized granulocyte antigen (MAIGA) test (arbitrarily designated as modified DD‐ELISA). We verified the specificity of alloantibodies against PMN cell surface antigens in plasma samples from three normal healthy donors of blood that induced respiratory distress in recipients after a blood transfusion. Anti‐CD32 (Fc γ RIII) alloantibodies were detected in all the plasma samples using two different clones of the monoclonal anti‐CD32 antibody. The specificities of these plasma samples could not be identified by the granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT) using typed test cells. Except for the anti‐CD32 alloantibodies, one plasma sample was proved to have the anti‐HNA‐1a alloantibodies. In another plasma sample, the anti‐HNA‐2a alloantibodies were detected. By modified DD‐ELISA, we could clearly specify the presence of alloantibodies in the three plasma samples. Our results also suggest that the anti‐CD32 alloantibodies can be generated in vivo and may play some roles in the development of TRALI. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectra of α‐Sr(PO3)2 Containing an Unusual catena‐Polyphosphate Helix.
Authors: Hoeppe Henning A.
Published: November 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nonlinear‐Optical Susceptibility of Hilgardite‐Like Borates M2B5O9X (M: Pb, Ca, Sr, Ba; X: Cl, Br).
Authors: Plachinda Paul A. , Dolgikh Valery A. , Stefanovich Sergey Yu. , Berdonosov Petr. S.
Published: November 2005

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Solvothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Alkali Molybdates.
Authors: Michailovski Alexej , Willems Johannes B. , Stock Norbert , Patzke Greta R.
Published: November 2005

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Structure and Properties of the Mo3Nb2O14 Oxide.
Authors: Afanasiev Pavel
Published: November 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols from Unsymmetrical and Symmetrical Racemic Allylic Carbonates Featuring C—O Bond Formation and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.
Authors: Gais Hans‐Joachim , Bondarev Oleg , Hetzer Ralf
Published: November 2005

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Novel Chiral Copper Complexes of N,P‐Ferrocenyl Ligands with Central and Planar Chirality as Efficient Catalyst for Asymmetric Addition of Diethylzinc to Imines.
Authors: Wang Min‐Can , Liu Lan‐Tao , Hua Yuan‐Zhao , Zhang Jun‐Song , Shi Yan‐Yan , Wang De‐Kun
Published: November 2005

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RuCl3 in Poly(ethylene glycol): A Highly Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for the Conjugate Addition of Nitrogen and Sulfur Nucleophiles.
Authors: Zhang Huaxing , Zhang Yuhong , Liu Leifang , Xu Hailiang , Wang Yanguang
Published: November 2005

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Catalytic C—C Bond Cleavage and C—Si Bond Formation in the Reaction of RCN with Et3SiH Promoted by an Iron Complex.
Authors: Nakazawa Hiroshi , Kamata Kouji , Itazaki Masumi
Published: November 2005

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Preparation of Carbocycles via Base‐Catalyzed Endo‐Mode Cyclization of Allenes.
Authors: Mukai Chisato , Kuroda Norikazu , Ukon Rie , Itoh Rumiko
Published: November 2005

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A Concise Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Cyclohexenones: A One‐Pot, Five‐Step Domino Reaction.
Authors: Christophe Carole , Billard Thierry , Langlois Bernard R.
Published: November 2005

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Ru(IV)‐Catalyzed Isomerization of Allylamines in Water: A Highly Efficient Procedure for the Deprotection of N‐Allylic Amines.
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Garcia‐Garrido Sergio E. , Gimeno Jose , Nebra Noel
Published: November 2005

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Diastereoselective Ni(0)‐Catalyzed Carbocyclization to Chiral Vinylic Sulfoxide.
Authors: Maezaki Naoyoshi , Sawamoto Hiroaki , Ishihara Hiroyuki , Tanaka Tetsuaki
Published: November 2005

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Efficient Pd(OAc)2/Pyrimidine Catalytic System for Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Li Jin‐Heng , Zhang Xu‐Dong , Xie Ye‐Xiang
Published: November 2005

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Asymmetric Synthesis of 3,3‐Diarylpropanals with Chiral Diene—Rhodium Catalysts.
Authors: Paquin Jean‐Francois , Defieber Christian , Stephenson Corey R. J. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: November 2005

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Synthesis of Indolo[2,3‐a]pyrrolo[3,4‐c]carbazoles by Oxidative Cyclization of Bisindolylmaleimides with a Rhodium(III)—Copper(II) Catalytic System.
Authors: Witulski Bernhard , Schweikert Torsten
Published: November 2005

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Synthetic Studies Toward Aryl‐(4‐aryl‐4H‐[1,2,4]triazole‐3‐yl)‐amine from 1,3‐Diarylthiourea as Urea Mimetics.
Authors: Natarajan Amarnath , Guo Yuhong , Arthanari Haribabu , Wagner Gerhard , Halperin Jose A. , Chorev Michael
Published: November 2005

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Cyclic Sulfamide γ‐Secretase Inhibitors.
Authors: Sparey Tim , et al. et al.
Published: November 2005

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Selective Bifunctionalization of Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines in Positions 2 and 4 by SNAr and Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Lavecchia G. , Berteina‐Raboin S. , Guillaumet G.
Published: November 2005

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Efficient Synthesis of Mono‐ and Disubstituted 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones Using KAl(SO4)2×12H2O as a Reusable Catalyst in Water and Ethanol.
Authors: Dabiri Minoo , Salehi Peyman , Otokesh Somayeh , Baghbanzadeh Mostafa , Kozehgary Gholamreza , Mohammadi Ali A.
Published: November 2005

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The Preparation of 1,2,4‐Triazines from α,β‐Diketo‐ester Equivalents and Their Application in Pyridine Synthesis.
Authors: Altuna‐Urquigo Marta , Stanforth Stephen P. , Tarbit Brian
Published: November 2005

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A New Approach to 1‐Substituted‐1,2‐Alkadienephosphonates. Part 1.
Authors: Enchev D. D. , Kirilov M.
Published: November 2005

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Umbellactal (I), a Novel Diterpenoid from the Formosan Soft Coral Xenia umbellata
Authors: El‐Gamal Ali A. H. , Wang Shang‐Kwei , Duh Chang‐Yih
Published: November 2005

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α‐Rhamnosidase Inhibitory Activities of Polyhydroxylated Pyrrolidine.
Authors: Kim Jin Hyo , Curtis‐Long Marcus J. , Seo Woo Duck , Lee Jin Hwan , Lee Byong Won , Yoon Yong Jin , Kang Kyu Young , Park Ki Hun
Published: November 2005

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Lissoclibadins 1—3, Three New Polysulfur Alkaloids, from the Ascidian Lissoclinum cf. badium.
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Fujiwara Takeshi , Nishikawa Teruaki , Mishima Yuri , Nagai Hiroshi , Shida Takeshi , Tachibana Kazuo , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Mangindaan Remy E. P. , Namikoshi Michio
Published: November 2005

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Controllable Selective Synthesis of a Polymerizable Prodrug of Cytarabine by Enzymatic and Chemical Methods.
Authors: Wang Na , Chen Zhi Chun , Lu De Shui , Lin Xian Fu
Published: November 2005

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