bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Laurion Mines: A Reconsideration
Authors: Hopper R. J.
Published: September 2013

The present article follows on one published some years ago in theAnnual, which dealt with the administrative problems connected with the so-called silver mines of south-east Attica and with their relation to other economic activity particularly in the fourth century B.C. This second discussion, based on a number of visits to the mining area, is an attempt to relate what can be seen on the ground to the literary and epigraphical sources, and to previous writing on the subject; to draw some historical and economic conclusions if this seems possible; at the least to point out problems.

The mining region has been almost completely neglected by the excavator. A recent exception to this, a very carefully carried out Greco-Belgian excavation at Thorikos, which still continues, is an encouragement to look again at this ancient industrial activity.

The excavations at Thorikos, a site already well known for its theatre and Mycenaean tombs, are proceeding at several points on or near the Velatouri Hill. The following are the important discoveries from the standpoint of mining activity.
A Note on the Absolute Chronology of the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: September 2013

For absolute dates down to the early sixth century B.C. students of Hellenic archaeology look to countries further east where reliable chronologies have been established. So far very few useful contexts have been discovered, and all or almost all of them are open at one end or the other. What has not been made clear enough is that occasionally two such open-ended contexts can be bracketed to give a more precise fix.

One pair is the end of Period V at Samaria and grave 102 at Pithecusae (Ischia). The deposit of Period V at Samaria contained a few fragments of Attic Geometric pottery, and most Palestinian experts are confident that by comparison with other sites in their region it was closed little if any later than 750. Grave 102 at Pithecusae, which was used only for the burial of one child, contained three Corinthian pots and a scarab with the cartouche of the Egyptian king Bocchoris, who came to the throne in or very near to 718; this scarab had had some wear and anyhow ought not to be appreciably later in date than the pottery, since it is unlikely that only old pots were chosen to be buried with a child. So from their contexts the interval between the Attic sherds from Samaria and the Corinthian pots of Pithecusae should not be less than thirty years or more probably, if one allows five years for the wear of the Bocchoris scarab, thirty-five years. Now the development of the relevant phases of Attic and Corinthian pottery is known in fair detail, thanks most recently to J. N. Coldstream's Greek Geometric Pottery; and if one accepts his classification, which seems to me convincing, the latest of the Samaria sherds belong to the end of Attic Middle Geometric II and the latest of the Corinthian pots of Pithecusae is of the middle of the Early Protocorinthian phase, that is distinctly earlier than the end of Attic Late Geometric IIb. To judge by the stylistic character of Attic Late Geometric (which succeeds Middle Geometric II) and the sequence of its workshops, the two finds should be separated by not more than sixty years and, if thirty-five of these years are fixed absolutely as 750–715, then—again absolutely—there is a play of only twenty-five years in the archaeological chronology of this period.
Perachora: the Remains outside the Two Sanctuaries
Authors: Tomlinson R. A.
Published: September 2013

In the first chapter of Perachora i, Humfry Payne gave a brief survey of the Perachora peninsula, and of his own excavations. There he distinguished between the area of the town, situated in the plain that lies between Lake Vouliagmeni and the tip of the promontory, and the ‘Heraion Valley’ whose buildings were almost wholly of a public nature. His description of the town envisaged further excavation; but his own activities were concentrated in the area of public buildings, the two sanctuaries of Hera Akraia by the harbour and of Hera Limenia in the Heraion valley itself.

The two volumes of Perachora are concerned with the discoveries Payne made in these two sanctuaries. Omitted from them are the other public buildings in or adjacent to the sanctuaries. These consist of the angled stoa, the so-called ‘agora’, the double-apsidal cistern, and the hestiatorion or dining-hall. Also omitted is the detailed study of the town which he promised. The stoa and ‘agora’ (which is now to be renamed ‘the west court’, since, whatever its actual function, it was certainly not an agora) have now been published separately by Dr. J. J. Coulton. The present account gathers together the remaining public buildings in the vicinity of the sanctuaries, the apsidal cistern and the hestiatorion, together with the ancient remains in the area of the town.
Aegean Marble: Science and Common Sense
Authors: Ashmole B.
Published: September 2013

In an article on the difficulty of identifying marbles from the Aegean area Mr. Colin Renfrew and Dr. J. Springer Peacey rightly criticize the careless use by later scholars of the results obtained in 1890 by G. R. Lepsius, who, by cutting thin sections of various marbles and examining them under transmitted light, claimed to be able to identify Pentelic, Hymettan, Parian, Naxian, and, less specifically, ‘Island’ marbles.

It seems, however, that even when applied with care the method is useless, and Renfrew and Peacey will have none of it. ‘The use’, they say, ‘of the terms “Pentelic”, “Hymettan”, “Parian”, “Naxian”, and so forth, applied to ancient sculptures on the basis of simple visual inspection or of microscopic examination of thin specimens, is not justified…. No single characteristic or combination of characteristics is sufficient to identify with certainty the source of a single given specimen…. No reliance can be placed on Lepsius' marble identifications, and even less [sic] on those authors who have ascribed marble to supposed sources on the basis of colour and grainsize…. Those who make them or follow them are perpetuating a myth which is just eighty years old…’
‘Epigraphically the Twenties are too late…’
Authors: Mattingly Harold B.
Published: September 2013

First principles tend to be forgotten in the course of scholarly polemic. At worst the fault lies in the animus and heat engendered. At best it is because the opponents have become absorbed in an elegant game of skill. Meanwhile the problem remains unresolved—whether it is the dating of crucial fifth-century Attic texts or some far less serious point. We must keep our priorities right. What really counts in the ‘three-bar sigma’ controversy, for instance, is the bare text of the epigraphic documents, freed of modern supplement and interpretation. It is vital to start from this often narrow base of certainty. I propose to do just this, with more self-discipline than in the past. For convenience I shall divide my inquiry into six main parts.
A Late Minoan Shrine at Knossos
Authors: Popham Mervyn
Published: September 2013

The pair of Horns of Consecration at Fig. 1 (A) and plate 46a was found at Knossos in 1969 when an area in front of the Stratigraphical Museum was being levelled for the extension of that building. It lay more or less on the surface, but had been covered and protected by the bole of an olive tree; and it was the removal of this tree which brought the object to light.

At first the author suspected that it had been hidden under the tree some years ago by a villager who had chanced to find it elsewhere. But this suspicion was disproved when further clearance revealed a patch of pebble floor on which were two broken ‘incense-burners’ of Late Minoan type. The area had unfortunately been badly disturbed by later pits and building activity; but enough remained both to trace a strip c. 1·50 m. long of the floor, which had been relaid several times, and to indicate that a line of stones bordering it to the west were the remains of one wall of a room contemporary with the floor, Fig. 2. Clearly, therefore, we had found the ruins of a Minoan shrine.
A Late Cypriot Import in Rhodes
Authors: Catling H. W.
Published: September 2013

Surface discovery in Rhodes in the Mycenaean cemetery at Moschu Vounara of a (Cypriot) White Slip I bowl fragment (now lost) is described. A short general account is given of the distribution of Cypriot goods in Greek lands in the earlier part of the Late Bronze Age.
The ‘Protogeometric’ from Polis Reconsidered
Authors: Coulson William D.E.
Published: September 2013

Between 1930 and 1932, Sylvia Benton conducted excavations in a cave situated on the northwest side of the Bay of Polis in northern Ithaca. Her work was important because of the finds which indicated an almost continuous history of the Cave's use from the Early Bronze Age to Hellenistic times. Reconsideration and reclassification of that pottery which Benton called Protogeometric does indeed indicate a continuity of use from LH IIIC throughout the Dark Ages to at least MG II, that is from the late Twelfth to early Eighth Centuries B.C. Refinements to the classification and chronology of this unbroken sequence of ceramic material can be made on the basis of comparison with stratified deposits from other sites, especially in Messenia. In sum, comparative material from surrounding regions, especially Achaea, Aetolia, and elsewhere on Ithaca, suggests that the island in the Dark Ages belonged to a west Greek koiné with a shared ceramic tradition.
The Royal Tombs at Vergina: evolution and identities
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: September 2013

This article reviews the evidence for built tombs in Macedonia prior to the construction of the royal tombs at Vergina. It considers earlier cist tombs with slab roofs, and evidence for architectural embellishment: it proceeds to discuss the evolution of the vaulted form, with architectural facades. In a second part, the identity of the occupants of Tombs I–III at Vergina is discussed, followed by a consideration of the arguments against the identifications proposed.
The Canal of Xerxes: facts and problems
Authors: Isserlin B. S. J.
Published: September 2013

Earlier accounts of the traces of Xerxes' canal are discussed and the results of a new survey of the remains presented.
Excavations at Palaikastro, 1990
Authors: Moak M.S. , Weingarten J. , Driessen J.M. , MacGillivray J.A. , Sackett L.H. , Driessen J. , Farnoux A. , Smyth D.
Published: September 2013

The season's work is presented: this was directed to the complete excavation of Building 5, the possible source of the chryselephantine statuette. The latest additions to the statuette are described.
Dimini and the ‘DMP’: faunal remains and animal exploitation in Late Neolithic Thessaly
Authors: Halstead Paul
Published: September 2013

Hourmouziadis' recent analysis of the extensive excavations at Dimini has isolated a series of residential subdivisions or ‘domestic areas’ within the Late Neolithic settlement. Faunal remains from the ‘central court’ and from five surrounding domestic areas suggest a remarkably uniform pattern of animal exploitation. Individual domestic units kept cows, goats, pigs, and especially sheep; sheep and pigs, at least, seem to have been raised principally for meat. The lack of domestic specialization in stock husbandry has implications for understanding both of the ‘neolithic mode of production’ and of the role of specialization in the emergence of the élite which occupied the central court.
The early keep Knossos: a reappraisal
Authors: Branigan Keith
Published: September 2013

This paper reviews the chronology and purpose of the ‘Early Keep’ N of the Central Court at Knossos. Examination of all the surviving pottery in the Stratigraphic Museum suggests that the Keep was constructed no earlier than MM I B and was not therefore a monumental contemporary of either the Hypogeum or the North-West Platform. Its function remains uncertain, but the deep ‘cells’ must have served a specific purpose, and it is suggested that the Keep may have served as a secure granary for the palace. It was probably decommissioned and built over at the beginning of MM III.
Debris from an Athenian lamp workshop of the Roman period
Authors: Gill David W. J. , Hedgecock Deborah
Published: September 2013

In 1969 the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, purchased fifty-five fragments of relief disci from Athenian terracotta lamps of the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. They comprise thirty discus types, and the presence of at least one waster may suggest that they are discards from a kiln site. Recent excavations in the Kerameikos have provided some parallels for the material, especially from the Roman kilns which were built in the ruins of Building Y, to the east of the Sacred Gate.
The height zonation of population in the Morea c. 1830
Authors: Frangakis-Syrett E. , Wagstaff J. M.
Published: September 2013

Information about the pattern of settlement and population in the Morea c. 1830 has been used to reconstruct the height zonation of the population (families) at the end of the War of Greek Independence. Statistical testing of the height distributions showed that the proportion of the population living below the 100 m contour, and thus in the lowlands (27.7 per cent), was significantly greater than expected at the regional scale, whilst the higher, more secure mountains repelled permanent settlement. This result, supported by a detailed examination of the height zonation of population by geographical areas, leads the authors to question the long accepted, but largely untested, proposition that the lowlands of Greece were generally devoid of settlements and people during the period of Ottoman rule, especially in its more capricious phases. The lowlands were not, in fact, deserted.
Knossos: soundings in the palace area, 1973–87
Authors: Hood Sinclair
Published: September 2013

Various soundings were made into Minoan Bronze Age deposits in the Palace area in 1969, 1973, and 1987. These include work on the South Front (H.I.6), described here.
The canal of Xerxes on the Mount Athos peninsula: preliminary investigations in 1991–2
Authors: Isserlin B. S. J. , Jones R. E. , Papamarinopoulos S. , Uren J.
Published: September 2013

The canal dug by Xerxes across the Mount Athos peninsula in preparation for his invasion of Greece is an important but little-known monument. Geophysical and topographical investigations begun in 1991–2 now suggest that its central section across high ground ran along a deep trench. Its features elsewhere remain to be determined.
Iphicrates the Athenian and the Menestheid family of Miletus
Authors: Sekunda N. V.
Published: September 2013

The epigraphic record of Miletus records an eminent family using the names Iphicrates, Menestheus, and Zopyros. The name Iphicrates is not common: it is suggested that it passed into the family after a member of it served under the Athenian general Iphicrates, whose second son was called Menestheus. Apollonios son of Menestheus, strategos of Koile Syria and Phoenicia under Seleucus IV, is probably a descendant of this Milesian family.
Tithe-collection in the Venetian Peloponnese 1696–1705
Authors: Davies Siriol
Published: September 2013

The tithe was the most important source of revenue for the Venetian government in the Morea. The initial practice of farming out the collection of the tax each year to private individuals was later partially replaced by a system reminiscent of Ottoman practice, whereby the village communities became responsible for their own tithe. This policy encouraged the villages to negotiate directly with the provincial authorities, but met with limited success. The article concludes that the system failed in terms of both its primary aim of recovering sufficient revenue for the regional government and the secondary aim of conciliating the Greek population.
A Sanctuary of Zeus Messapeus: Excavations at Aphyssou, Tsakona, 1989
Authors: Catling H.W.
Published: September 2013

The excavation is described of a much damaged shrine building five kilometres east-north-east of Sparta, in use from the 7th to the 4th centuries B.C., and again in the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D.

Tile stamps suggest it was dedicated to Zeus Messapeus. Finds include many handmade terracotta statuettes, chiefly of grotesque ithyphallic human figures.
New evidence on the pottery from the early excavations at the palace of Knossos
Authors: Kopaka Katerina
Published: September 2013

The aim of this paper is to present some new evidence on the pottery discovered during the very first exploration of the Palace of Knossos, conducted in 1878–9 by Minos A. Kalokairinos. It deals with a series of drawings executed by John L. Myres on his visit to the excavator's collection in 1893. The drawings are kept in the Ashmolean Museum archives and depict a total of twenty-one sherds (ten of which were already known from previous publications) and one whole vase.
An early find of ‘fava’ from Thebes
Authors: Jones Glynis , Halstead Paul
Published: September 2013

A polychrome style krater from an LH I A destruction level in Thebes contained charred seeds of Vicia faba L. (field bean), which had been split in the manner of Greek ‘fava’ (φάβα). The growing archaeological evidence for late bronze age consumption of pulses contrasts with their absence from the Linear B archives. Consumption of the field bean as fava affects the intake of toxins which may cause lethal anaemia, but may also afford protection against malaria.
The making of Aegean stirrup jars: technique, tradition, and trade
Authors: Leonard A. , Hughes M. , Middleton A. , Schofield L.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the results of a project designed to investigate the techniques used to make late bronze age Aegean stirrup-jars and to determine whether the identified techniques were influenced by regional-cultural factors. The project was initiated by the need to address the question of whether 12th-cent. BC stirrup-jars from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh in the Jordan valley, apparently of local clay, were made by local potters or by immigrant Mycenaeans. The stirrup-jars studied comprised examples from Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, Gezer, the Greek mainland, Aegina, Rhodes, Cyprus, Caria, and Egypt. Xeroradiography was used to elucidate variations in construction techniques, and the findings were tested by practical experimentation. The observations indicate that there is a degree of linkage between the techniques of manufacture and cultural background. In order to make the discussion of production techniques more secure, neutron activation analyses were also carried out; these provided information on the place of manufacture as opposed to the find-spot, and have also thrown some interesting light on patterns of trade in the Mediterranean area towards the end of the Late Bronze Age.
Aegean sanctuaries and the Levant in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Gilmour Garth
Published: September 2013

In a recent paper by O. Negbi it was argued that certain late bronze age Aegean temples owe elements of their design to influence from the Levant. Architectural features such as corner platforms, a ‘bent-axis’ approach, and twin temples, and cultural features such as the presence of ‘smiting god’ figurines, are analysed. It is concluded that there is no evidence that Aegean shrines were built according to a Canaanite model, and that there was no Canaanite cultic influence in the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age. If anything, the reverse applied in the early Iron Age, when the influence of the Sea Peoples is seen in some cultic architecture in the Levant.
Excavations at Sparta: the Roman stoa, 1988–91 Preliminary report, part 1: (a) Introductory remarks
Authors: Waywell G. B. , Wilkes J.J.
Published: September 2013

In a brief note, the excavations are described and the pottery studies by D. M. Bailey and G. D. R. Sanders are introduced.
Pictorial pottery of Late Minoan II–III A2 Early from Knossos
Authors: Crouwel J. H. , Morris C. E.
Published: September 2013

This paper looks at the period of the first regular use of pictorial vase painting in Crete: LM II–III A2 early. The focus is on Knossos, the major findspot for Minoan pictorial pottery of this distinct pre-destruction period. The shapes, motifs and overall character of Minoan pictorial pottery are discussed, as well as the extent of its influence on the earliest Mycenaean figure-style vase-painting.
Euboean Geometric imports from the acropolis of Pithekoussai
Authors: Coldstream J. N.
Published: September 2013

In a rescue operation of 1965 on the Monte di Vico acropolis of Pithekoussai, Dr G. Buchner excavated a vast deposit of unstratified pottery and other finds, ranging in date from the Middle Bronze Age to early Roman times. At his invitation, the Euboean imports of the 8th cent. BC are presented here. Though fragmentary, they are of considerable importance not only in dating the foundation of the Greek colony, but also in providing the prototypes for the much more numerous colonial imitations in the same deposit, and in the recently published portion of the cemetery.
The mortared towers of central Greece: an Attic supplement
Authors: Langdon M. K.
Published: September 2013

This study is a description and discussion of all known examples of mortar-and-rubble towers in Attica, extending P. Lock's survey of central Greece inBSA81 (1986). Attic towers of this type are generally free-standing and located in places of agricultural rather than strategic importance. In this, as well as in the lack of pretension in their architectural form, they conform to the mortared towers of Boiotia studied by Lock, and reinforce his conclusion that they functioned primarily as fortified residences of Frankish lords. Ceramic evidence from various sites, and the evidence of the ‘tower house’ of medieval western Europe, strengthen the arguments for date and function. Included in the discussion are possible Turkish towers and other pre-modern structures such as windmills and monastery towers.
From Ithaca to the Odyssey
Authors: Waterhouse Helen
Published: September 2013

All references to Ithaca in ancient authors are in Homeric contexts. The BSA's excavations in the island, here summarized, have shown the importance throughout classical times of the shrines at Aëtos and Polis, indicated by the objects dedicated from many parts of the Greek world. Among these, the twelve tripod-lebetes found in the Polis Cave cannot be dissociated from the Phaeacian tripods given to Odysseus. It is suggested that the dedications preceded, and inspired, that part of the Odyssey, and that the importance of Odysseus in the Homeric poems reflects that of the cults at these shrines. Problems of transmission are considered, with a discussion of Homer's island geography and pre-colonial routes to the West.
A Macedonian shield and Macedonian measures
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: September 2013

The bronze cover of a phalanx-man's shield, found in Upper Macedonia and published by P. Adam-Veleni, was inscribed ‘of king—’, the name being illegible. From the inscription and the decoration one can estimate that the Macedonian ‘foot’ was in the upper category of length. It is suggested that the king—probably Antigonus Gonatas—had these shields manufactured, and that he issued them to his infantry guard.
On the Chemical Composition of Prehistoric Greek copper-based artefacts from the Aegean region
Authors: Mangou Helen , Ioannou Panayiotis V.
Published: September 2013

Thirty-nine copper-based objects from the Aegean region of Greece, covering the Late Neolithic, Early and Late Bronze Ages, but excluding the Middle Bronze Age, were analysed for their chemical content (twelve elements) by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results show that there was a gradual shift in copper metallurgy from pure copper (Late Neolithic), to arsenical copper (Early Bronze Age), to bronze (Late Bronze Age). The results tend to indicate that the same type of copper metallurgy existed throughout the Aegean in each period.
Unpublished material from the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut and the British School at Athens and its Contribution to a Better Understanding of the Early Bronze Age settlement pattern on Lesbos
Authors: Lambrianides Kyriacos , Spencer Nigel
Published: September 2013

This paper presents previously unpublished material from the archives of the DAI and BSA, assessing its contribution to a better understanding of the settlement pattern on the north-east Aegean island of Lesbos in the Early Bronze Age, a period known only in terms of the single excavated sites of Thermi on its east coast. Using this new material evidence, the study places Thermi in its wider context within EBA Lesbos, demonstrating that several other EBA sites co-existed with Thermi, not only on the coast but also inland. It then places EBA settlements on the island in their west Anatolian context through an examination of ceramic parallels and affinities with mainland sites. It is argued: (1) that in view of the extensive distribution of EBA sites on Lesbos, colonization of the island must have begun long before the emergence of Thermi; (2) that several sources and mechanisms of colonization were involved in the process of settlement, which may be reflected in the fact that at least two distinct groups of sites can be identified on the island; and (3) that some of these sites appear to have relied upon agriculture rather than marine resources. Such inland agricultural sites may represent the first generation of purely endogenous communities which emerged on the island after its colonization.
Two Graffiti of Sailing Vessels at Paliachora on Aigina
Authors: Stamatatou E.
Published: September 2013

Graffiti have been found in a number of the churches in the medieval town of Paliachora on Aigina and elsewhere on the island. Recently two graffiti of sailing vessels were noted in the church of Agioi Anargyroi in Paliachora and it is suggested that their presence may be related to the maritime activities of the medieval inhabitants, pirate raids on the town, and the beliefs of fishermen and sailors.
John M. Cook (1910–1994): A Bibliography
Authors: Barber R. L. N. , Sheedy Kenneth A.
Published: September 2013

The bibliography is intended as a tribute to Cook and his work, and as an aid to researchers in similar fields. Its main subdivisions reflect his interests—Asia Minor: archaeology, topography and history; Greece: archaeological and topographical studies; Attic Geometric and Protoattic pottery; Greek art (and other topics). Books, articles, and reviews are presented separately. The academic bibliography is preceded by references to material on the life of J. M. Cook, and succeeded by a list of obituary notices.
The perpetuated past: re-use or continuity in material culture and structuring of identity in Early Iron Age Crete
Authors: Wallace Saro
Published: September 2013

Some re-uses of Bronze Age remains in Early Iron Age Crete and mainland Greece have been identified as attempts at legitimation and/or identity construction which operated at various social levels and were instrumental in the rise of the polis. This paper enlarges the scope of analysis in assessing the meaning of references to material remains of early EIA (Late Minoan III C/SM), as well as Bronze Age, date during the Protogeometric to Archaic periods in Crete. This was a time at which major spatial and social readjustments were taking place, themselves ultimately rooted in transformations occurringc.1200 BC. The wealth of settlement data now available for EIA Crete adds an important new dimension to the discussion, which recognizes nucleation through PG–A at a significant number of sites established in the 1200 BC defensible settlement movement. The paper's conclusions are that this, and other elements of continuity and reuse in settlement, cult and mortuary practices, both reflected and helped to create a sense of history and of local regionally-based community early in the EIA.
Excavation of Neopalatial deposits at Tholos (Kastri), Kythera
Authors: Bevan Andrew , Kiriatz Evangelia , Knappett Carl , Kappa Evangelia , Papachristou Sophia
Published: September 2013

Several rock-cut features, exposed on the surface of a trackway in the Tholos area of Kastri, Kythera, were excavated in July–August 2000 as a synergasia between Kythera Island Project and 2nd Ephoria of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. Although the surviving deposits were extremely shallow, they produced large quantities of conical cups and other pottery of Late Minoan I date. Further comparative analysis of the features themselves and their finds suggests that these are the remains of tomb chambers similar to those excavated in the area in the 1960s. These tombs and their assemblages show extremely strong cultural connections with Crete, but also idiosyncrasies that probably reflect the particular mortuary customs of the island.
Private Journal of a Voyage from Smyrna to Venice, by J.O. Hanson
Authors: Anghelou Alkis
Published: September 2013

I published three years ago in a Greek periodical a hitherto unpublished journal of the year 1813, from a manuscript of the British Museum, entitled Recollections of Smyrna. It was written by an Englishman, John Oliver Hanson. I found no trace of him in the bibliographies of travellers; and indeed, all my attempts to collect information about him led nowhere. I therefore expressed the hope that its publication might perhaps result in the discovery of information concerning his life and person. Up to the moment of writing, however, I have been no more fortunate in my researches than I was previously.

In the prologue of my publication I pointed out with pleasure that Hanson's manuscript contained the texts of two other journeys made by him, and that we thus had a more complete picture of the travel records of a hitherto unknown traveller from the West in the Greek East.
Two Mycenaean Bronzes
Authors: Matthäus Hartmut
Published: September 2013

On deposit in the Borowski collection in Basle are two unpublished Mycenaean bronzes, a short sword and a one-handled bowl, which have no exact provenance. Little more can be said other than the fact that both come from mainland Greece and from the same find context; to judge from the comparably excellent state of preservation both stem from the same grave. A similar grainy, grey-green, dark patina which covers the uncleaned interior of the bowl and one side of the sword constitutes evidence for this interpretation.
Eight Sealstones and a Sealing from the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos
Authors: Younger John G. , Betts John H.
Published: September 2013

In the summer of 1972, while participating in the excavation of the Royal Road South at Knossos under the direction of Professor Peter Warren now at Bristol University, I undertook a limited examination of certain boxes in the Stratigraphical Museum in the reasonable hope of supplementing John Betts's earlier discovery of five sealstones and sixty-six sealings that could be related to the Palace. The boxes I examined all carry the label of ‘Evans's Personal Property’, and contain an extraordinary number of faience, clay, and stone objects, all with provenance unknown, but many, if not all, surely from Evans's own excavations. The box containing the seals was marked ‘Box 1878, Evans's Material’.
The Little Palace Well and Knossian Pottery of the Later Third and Second Centuries B.C.
Authors: Callaghan P. J.
Published: September 2013

If the Unexplored Mansion must rest content with a name rendered obsolete by subsequent archaeological activity it is perhaps fitting that the Little Palace Well, which was sunk through its ruins, should glory in a similarly inappropriate title. The well was brought to light by one of nature's not infrequent excesses at Knossos. In winter and spring the area is subjected to occasional heavy downpours which erode the ground surface and reveal traces of ancient occupation. In the early weeks of 1938 subsidence caused by such winter storms exposed the top of the well, which lay just behind the façade of the Unexplored Mansion at a point where the west scarp of Evans's Little Palace excavations towered high above the level of the Minoan ruins. R. W. Hutchinson, who was then Curator at Knossos, conducted a small rescue operation and the results were briefly described in the JHS for that year. The outbreak of the Second World War prevented anything more than preliminary work on the pottery before archaeological activity at Knossos was brought to a halt. The whole and restored pots were transported to Herakleion Museum for safe keeping, and the fragments remained at Knossos and were eventually housed in the new Stratigraphic Museum.
‘Barbarian’ Pottery from the Mycenaean Settlement at the Menelaion, Sparta
Authors: Catling H. W. , Catling E. A.
Published: September 2013

In 1973, after an interval of many years, the British School at Athens returned to Sparta to resume work in an area with which it had been associated since early in the present century. The site chosen was the Mycenaean settlement at the Menelaion, briefly investigated by R. M. Dawkins in 1910. Full seasons of excavation were completed in each of the years 1973–6, and 1980. A cleaning season was undertaken in 1977, while supplementary excavations were made in the autumns of 1977 and 1978. Several brief preliminary accounts of this work have appeared, while one or two objects of particular intrinsic interest have been published in detail.

For the time being, at least, the excavation of the prehistoric site at the Menelaion is at an end. Though work on the preparation of the final report is well advanced, it will be some time before this can be published, and the many classes of pottery and other objects can be made generally available.
Cycladic Lead and Silver Metallurgy
Authors: Gale N. H. , Stos-Gale Z. A.
Published: September 2013

Interest in the prehistory of the Cyclades may fairly be said to have been awakened in the middle of the nineteenth century when travellers like Walpole or Fiedler were intrigued by what we now regard as one of the characteristic products of ECII times in the Cyclades—the marble folded-arm figurines whose harmony, balance, and economy of artistic expression appeal so much to the admirers of twentieth-century artists such as Mondrian or Modigliani. Reports of other prehistoric material from the Cyclades soon followed from J. T. Bent, U. Köhler, and F. Dümmler, whilst more systematic explorations began with the work of Edgar in Pelos, and Atkinson and others at Phylakopi on Melos.
An Early Helladic II Tomb by Lake Vouliagmeni, Perachora
Authors: Hatzipouliou-Kalliri Elis
Published: September 2013

A rock-cut tomb excavated in 1978 at the south-west end of Lake Vouliagmeni, Perachora, contained the remains of some ten skeletons, and a large quantity of EH II pottery. The best-preserved examples of the pottery are described, and parallels for them adduced. It is argued that the tomb is an ossuary rather than a simultaneous burial.
Kyliphaktos, a New Vase-name
Authors: Johnston Alan
Published: September 2013

A vase-inscription originally published by N. Kontoleon is reinterpreted, the word kyliphaktos being taken as a reference to a vase-form rather than a personal name. Other occurrences of this term are discussed. It is suggested that the term refers to a form of stemless cup.
Notes from Achaea
Authors: Papadopoulos Thanasis J. , Kontorli-Papadopoulou Litsa
Published: September 2013

Part 1 describes the Mycenaean weapons from Klauss (Antheia) in Achaea: a socketed spear head and a sword of Type II.

Part 2 describes Mycenaean objects from old, clandestine excavations now in the collection of the Ayia Lavra monastery, a jug of LH IIIB-C1 date, a stirrup-jar, either end of LH IIIA or LH IIIB, and a pair of bronze depilatory tweezers.
Laconian Red-Figure from the British Excavations in Sparta
Authors: McPhee Ian
Published: September 2013

Red-figure pottery of Laconian manufacture was found in the excavations of the British School at Sparta in 1906–10 (Artemis Orthia, Acropolis) and 1924–8 (Acropolis), in particular the Roman theatre. This is entirely fragmentary, and is here published with full catalogue. Stratigraphical information is slight. Most fragments are from the Acropolis, particularly the area between the south wall of the shrine of Athena Chalkioikos and the retaining wall from the cavea of the Roman theatre. The most common shape is the large one-handled mug, which had a brief vogue in the last quarter of the fifth and first quarter of the fourth century. Other open shapes are craters, cups, plates. Closed shapes are far fewer, and exact forms not easy to determine: possibly pelikai and hydriai. There is a general stylistic connection with Attic red-figure of the last fifteen years of the fifth century and the first decade of the fourth.
IG II2 2311 and the Number of Panathenaic Amphorae
Authors: Johnston A. W.
Published: September 2013

The restoration of the inscription is discussed, and the number of missing lines calculated. On the basis of the surviving text, the minimum number of amphorae awarded is calculated at 1423.
A Minoan Alabastron in Dublin
Authors: Magrill Pamela
Published: September 2013

The alabastron in the Classical Museum, University College, Dublin, is described. It is suggested that it was found by Sir Arthur Evans in the ‘Throne-room’ at Knossos, and presented to Dublin by D. G. Hogarth, Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum. Evidence for its discovery in the notebooks of Evans and Duncan Mackenzie is discussed.
The Ashmolean Shell Plaque (AM 1938.537)
Authors: Shackleton Judith , Hood Sinclair , Musgrave Jonathan
Published: September 2013

This shell applique in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford was acquired by Evans in Crete in 1894. He was told that it came from the Mesara, but there is no evidence to link it with the Ayios Onoufrios deposit. The material is Aegean Spondylus gaederopus L., not Tridacna from the Red Sea. The plaque is probably Cretan work of the period of the Early Palaces (Middle Minoan I–II), not Early Minoan or Archaic Greek as Evans at different times believed. It seems to represent, not a negro or ‘negroid’ as often claimed, but a physical type attested by other representations of Bronze Age date in Crete and elsewhere in the Aegean area.
An Early Minoan IIA Triple-Bodied Jug from Knossos
Authors: Wilson D. E.
Published: September 2013

From a test made in 1908 north of the Theatral Area of the palace at Knossos came a unique triple-bodied jug in a mixed Early to Late Minoan fill. The fabric, decorative style, and motifs support an EM IIA date for this unusual vase. The jug may have been meant for funerary rather than domestic use.
Cities in and Around the Troad
Authors: Cook J.M.
Published: September 2013

Evidence for Greek settlements in the Troad is discussed, and their status, whether as full cities, or smaller communities.
A Note on Minoan Dikta
Authors: Crowther Charles
Published: September 2013

Evidence is adduced to show that the toponym Dikta and its adjectival form Diktaios, which have been applied to a variety of locations in Central and Eastern Crete, belong properly to the ancient site currently being reinvestigated by the British School at Palaikastro. Alternative identifications are attributed to the confusion of the various traditions concerning the birth and upbringing of Cretan Zeus which becomes evident in ancient sources in the Hellenistic period. The invention of a Diktaian cave is shown to be the product of a similar process of conflation. A further element of confusion has been added by the citation of a Hellenistic boundary text. The correct identification of Dikta provides a toponymic continuity linking the phases of occupation of the archaeological site at Palakastro.
The Development of Lakonian Lettering: A Reconsideration
Authors: Jeffery L. H.
Published: September 2013

The stele recording the victories of the Spartan Damonon and his son is reconsidered, and dated 403 B.C. It is argued that consequently other key examples of Lakonian lettering should be lowered in date.
The Making of an Homeric Archaeologist: Schliemann's Diary of 1868
Authors: Lehrer Mark , Turner David
Published: September 2013

This paper, based on Schliemann's correspondence and on his travel diary of 1868, fills in an important gap regarding Schliemann's beginnings in archaeology. Schliemann's awakening interest in archaeological excavation is traced throughout his sojourn in Rome and Southern Italy, where Pompeii provided perhaps the decisive impetus for Schliemann's own first archaeological endeavours in Ithaca. Interesting differences between the diary and the published account of Schliemann's itinerary in Itaque, le Péloponnèse et Troie are analysed in the context of his subsequent studies in Paris that obliged him to revise many assumptions he had held uncritically during what was originally planned as a ‘pleasure trip’. The section dealing with the Troad (where the diary is summarised and excerpted at length) considers the allegations made by David Traill on Schliemann's having removed a page from the diary to hide what would have been embarrassing comments rejecting Hissarlik as the site of Troy. It will be shown that this section of the diary is complete and that Traill's account of Schliemann's movements must subsequently be rectified. Furthermore, the sources of Schliemann's information on the Troad at this specific juncture will be examined, together with his eventual adoption of the Hissarlik theory after meeting Frank Calvert at the Dardanelles. The charge of intellectual robbery leveled against Schliemann by Traill will be reconsidered.
A classical variant of the Corinth/Mocenigo goddess: Demeter/Kore or Athena?
Authors: Palagia Olga
Published: September 2013

This paper examines the fragment of a life-size marble statue of a goddess in the storerooms of the Acropolis Museum (inv. no. 13641). Both technical and stylistic considerations show that it is an original work of the mid 5th century B.C., issuing from the artistic milieu of the Parthenon. The figure was dressed in a chiton under a himation pinned on the right shoulder (diplax), following a sub-Archaic fashion current throughout the 5th century and recurrent in Archaising works of later periods. This dress is familiar from Attic red-figure vase-paintings, where it is donned by a number of deities, mainly female but male too (Apollo and Dionysos) and mortal women on festive occasions.

Apart from the Acropolis fragment, three statuary types in chiton and diplax are known from the 5th century: the Corinth/Mocenigo ‘Kore’, the Athena Albani and the Athena Hope/Farnese. The Acropolis fragment is compared to all three and found to be an independent creation, perhaps reflecting yet another large-scale prototype of the period. There follows a discussion of the iconographical type of all four figures and of the possibility that they are all Athenas, inspired by a version of the Athena Polias on the Acropolis.
The Kephala Tholos at Knossos: a study in the reuse of the past
Authors: Preston Laura , Gowland Rebecca
Published: September 2013

This paper publishes the results of excavations of the Kephala Tholos tomb and its immediate vicinity, north of the palace of Knossos, carried out by R. W. Hutchinson in 1938–9. It presents the ceramic and osteological data from the excavations and an architectural study of the tomb structure. The analysis addresses the contentious issue of the dating of the construction of the Tholos, arguing for an LM II date on the basis of the material evidence. It also discusses the equally interesting subsequent history of reuse of the tomb, during phases of LM III and as late as the Protogeometric period, and sets this within the broader context of changing burial practices at Knossos. It considers especially possible motivations for periodic reuse of the Kephala site in terms of strategic appeals to the past, within different political and cultural contexts, from LM II onwards.
The end of the Bronze Age at Enkomi, Cyprus: the problem of Level III B
Authors: Mountjoy P. A.
Published: September 2013

The stratigraphy and the Mycenaean III C pottery of Enkomi Level III B (Dikaios's excavations) is examined on the basis of a new study of the pottery in the Larnaka and Nicosia Museum storerooms. The assignation of the Pleonastic Style (Dikaios's ‘Close Style’) and the Wavy Line Style to different phases of Level III B is clarified. The presence of pottery of Proto-White Painted Ware amongst the Level III B material allows correlations to be drawn with the French excavations at Enkomi (Sols III–I).
The sanctuary of Titane and the city of Sikyon
Authors: Lolos Yannis A.
Published: September 2013

The Sikyonian site of Titane lies on the eastern slopes of Vesiza,c.11 km south-west of Sikyon, and some 8.5 km to the north of the Arkadian city of Phlious. The purpose of this study is to examine Titane in relation to Sikyon based on ancient testimonia and the results of my archaeological survey carried out between 1996 and 2002. It is argued that Titane was not a town but a sanctuary, perhaps the most important sanctuary of the Sikyonia in antiquity. The fortifications previously interpreted as an acropolis wall belong to a fort built later within the sanctuary because of its strategic location close to the southern borders of the city-state. Furthermore, the discovery of early Iron Age material on the site and the early cult practices mentioned by Pausanias show that the sanctuary was established in the Geometric period, i.e. during the period of formation of thepolis. Finally, it is suggested that a main reason for the foundation of the sanctuary on the slopes of Vesiza was the sacred demarcation of the southern reaches of the Sikyonian city-state.
Two Late-Antique statues from ancient Messene
Authors: Deligiannakis Georgios
Published: September 2013

This article gives a first publication of two late antique statues; it discusses their archaeological context suggesting an appropriate date and tries to place them in their historical and cultural environment.

The statues of Messene are important because they represent a rare instance of two late antique statues from Achaia for the study of which a precise archaeological context is available. They were the products of a local workshop and could be dated to the first quarter of the fourth century. The two late antique statues, of an emperor (perhaps Constantine I) and of Hermes, and a third earlier one showing Artemis Laphria, were part of a late Roman sculptural assemblage. It is here argued that they all stood together in niches, inside the reception room of a wealthy town mansion. They offer a vivid insight into the taste and self-representation of the owner of the house. It is suggested that they represent a mix of contemporary political reference and traditional values of the Greco-Roman aristocracy: loyalty to the Imperial House, social status and education, euergetism, and perhaps traditional religion.
Geophysical Investigations at Palaikastro
Authors: Boyd Michael J. , Whitbread Ian K. , MacGillivray J. Alexander
Published: September 2013

Since 1902 archaeological investigations at Palaikastro in eastern Crete have sought evidence for two architectural structures: a palace located amongst the substantial remains of Minoan settlement and the temple and sanctuary of Zeus Diktaios referred to by Strabo. In 2001 a geophysical survey was conducted in the Roussolakkos valley to the south-east of the excavated Minoan remains. Previous studies had recorded this as an archaeological ‘nil’ zone owing to the complete absence of cultural surface debris. Seven geophysical zones, covering a total of 20,960 m2, were surveyed using a combination of electrical resistance and magnetometry methods. Anomalies attributed to anthropogenic activity were found in six of these zones. They probably reflect substantial Minoan architecture based on the shape of some anomalies, a comparison with geophysical results from a previously excavated area (Block X) and the occurrence of no pottery later than Minoan on the ground. On this basis the geophysical survey has approximately doubled the known area, of the Minoan settlement. The anomalies may belong to a large urban block though their scale and orientation are also comparable to plans of palatial structures from other sites. Anomalies that could reflect architecture were found in Zone 7, situated in the area of earlier finds of Iron Age votives and Archaic architectural fragments and may therefore be related to the Diktaion.