bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Brand Image dan Beauty Vlogger Terhadap Minat Beli Kosmetik Make Over Dimedia Sosial Instagram dan Youtube (Studi Kasus Pada Masyarakat Kota Bima)
Authors: St.Nursaqinah  , Ismunandar
Published: January 2025

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk Mengetahui pengaruh Brand image Dan Beauty vlogger terhadap minat beli kosmetik make over dimedia sosial Instagram dan youtube ( studi kaus ada masyarakat kota bima ) .Hipotesis yang diajukan :1.) H1 = Brand image berpengaruh terhadap secara parsial terhadap minat beli. 2.) H2 = Beauty Vlogger berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap minat beli.  3.) H3= Brand image Dan Beauty vlogger berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap minat beli.Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini : Analisis regresi berganda.Berdasarkan hasil analisis, maka dapat disimpulkan: a) Brand Image secara parsial berpengaruh terhadap minat beli kosmetik disosial media instagram dan youtube (studi kasus pada masyarakat kota bima).b) Beauty Vlogger secara parsial berpengaruh terhadap minat beli kosmetik make over dimedia sosial instagram dan youtube ( studi kasus pada masyarakat kota bima ) . c) Brand Image dan Beauty Vlogger secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap minat beli kosmetik make over dimedia sosial instagram dan youtube (studi kasus pada masyarakat kota bima). Adapun saran yang dapat peneliti berikan dalam penelitian ini adalah:  a) Bagi peneliti selanjutnya disarankan menambahkan variabel penelitian agar variabelnya tidak jenuh dengan menjadikan suatu penelitian lebih baik lagi sehingga hasilnya dapat beragam penambahan variabel baru seperti promosi, harga,kemasan dan lain-lainya. b) Saran peneliti untuk objek( Make over) yaitu untuk meciptakan produk yang berkualitas tapi sesuai budget kantong masyarakat . c) Saran peneliti untuk Beauty vlogger yaitu Beauty vlogger harus memberikan ulasan yang jujur dan mudah dipahami oleh konsumen sehingga konsumen yang menonton konten atau video dari Beauty vlogger bisa memahami apa yang disampaikan
AnaIisis Penyusunan Dan Perencanaan Anggaran Pada Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Gowa
Authors: Tuti Supatminingsih
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Efektivitas Penyusunan Rancangan Anggaran Pada Kabupaten Gowa Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Data yang diolah adalah dokumen penyusunan Rancangan Anggaran Pada Daerah Kabupaten Gowa Tahun Anggaran 2016 sampai dengan 2017. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan penelitian kepustakaan dan penelitian lapangan. Sedangkan metode analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil dari penelitian ini adalah penyusunan Rancangan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah Kabupaten Gowa belum efektif berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah.
Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Solvabilitas Terhadap Harga Saham Pada Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Wenny  , Darmawanti  , Syarifuddin Rasyid
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan Untuk mengetahui pengaruh profitabilitas dan solvabilitas terhadap harga saham pada perusahaan Real Estate dan Property yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 66 perusahaan dengan jumlah sampel 30 perusahaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder yaitu berupa laporan keuangan perusahaan Real Estate dan Property yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis data regresi linier berganda dan uji t serta uji F dengan menggunakan SPSS 25. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah adalah secara persial profitabilitas tidak memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham, dan solvabilitas secara persial tidak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham. Dan artinya secara simultan variabel independen yaitu profitabilitas (ROE) dan solvabilitas (DER) Berpengaruh signifikan terhadap harga saham. Dan artinya secara simultan variabel independen yaitu profibilitas (ROE) dan solvabilitas (DER) berpegang signifikan terhadap variabel dependen yaitu Harga Saham.
Kompensasi Sebagai Pendorong Motivasi Untuk Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan
Authors: Sewang
Published: January 2025

Dalam era ini, di mana persaingan bisnis semakin sengit, perusahaan dihadapkan pada tantangan untuk menjaga kelangsungan operasionalnya. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan harus memiliki kemampuan untuk bersaing, dan salah satu instrumen yang dapat digunakan adalah sistem kompensasi. Apabila program kompensasi dianggap adil dan kompetitif oleh karyawan, perusahaan akan lebih mudah menarik individu berpotensi, mempertahankan mereka, serta memberikan motivasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja. Dengan demikian, produktivitas akan meningkat, dan perusahaan dapat menghasilkan produk dengan harga yang bersaing. Pada akhirnya, bukan hanya keunggulan dalam persaingan yang dicapai oleh perusahaan, melainkan juga kemampuan untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan operasional, bahkan meningkatkan profitabilitas dan mengembangkan bisnisnya.
Pengaruh Kualitas Produk Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Pada Roti Bakar Bandung 19 Di Kota Makassar
Authors: Arniati  , Shery Adelia Natsir Kalla  , Asdi  , Baso Farid Hasan
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh Kualitas Produk Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Pada Roti Bakar Bandung 19 di Kota Makassar. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif.. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah konsumen Roti Bakar Bandung 19. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 60 responden yang diambil dengan menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis adalah analisis regresi linear sederhana dan uji t (Uji Parsial) yang diolah dengan menggunakan perhitungan statistik melalui Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) versi 25. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kualitas Produk berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen pada Roti Bakar Bandung 19 di Kota Makassar, Sehingga disarankan bagi pengusaha Roti Bakar untuk tetap meningkatkan dan mempertahankan kualitas produk untuk meningkatkan kepuasan konsumen dan meningkatkan daya saing mereka di pasar
Evaluasi Kinerja Rekrutmen dan Seleksi Sumber Daya Manusia
Authors: Aminah Djunaid
Published: January 2025

Evaluasi kinerja rekrutmen dan seleksi sumber daya manusia (SDM) merupakan proses penting untuk memastikan organisasi mendapatkan kandidat terbaik yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas proses rekrutmen dan seleksi SDM di perusahaan X. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei dengan menyebarkan kuesioner kepada manajer SDM dan karyawan baru. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan analisis inferensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses rekrutmen dan seleksi di perusahaan X sudah cukup efektif, namun masih terdapat beberapa area yang perlu diperbaiki untuk meningkatkan kualitas SDM yang direkrut.
Artistic Expressions in Thailand’s Lantern Festival: A Study of Yi Peng
Authors: Suphasiri Kritsada P.
Published: January 2025

The Yi Peng Festival of Northern Thailand represents a harmonious blend of tradition, spirituality, and artistic expression. Rooted in the cultural heritage of the Lanna Kingdom, the festival is marked by the release of khom loi lanterns, symbolizing spiritual renewal and communal bonds. Over time, modern adaptations, such as large-scale lantern installations and eco-friendly practices, have reshaped the festival while preserving its cultural essence. This paper explores the historical significance, visual artistry, community engagement, economic impact, and future prospects of Yi Peng. It highlights the balance between innovation and tradition, emphasizing sustainability and cultural preservation as critical for the festival’s enduring relevance.
Sustainable Considerations in Toy Product Design: Practices of Beijing Haileyland Maternity and Baby Products Co., Ltd.
Authors: Fu Minghao
Published: January 2025

This paper aims to explore how Beijing Haileyland Maternity and Baby Products Co., Ltd. integrates sustainable considerations into its toy product design to respond to environmental protection and social responsibility demands. By combining literature review, case analysis, and field research, this paper analyzes the company’s practices in material selection, production processes, and product life extension, and assesses the profound impact of these practices on the product, the enterprise, and the entire toy industry. The study finds that Beijing Haileyland Maternity and Baby Products Co., Ltd. has enhanced its product competitiveness and strengthened its corporate social responsibility image by adopting eco-friendly materials, optimizing production processes, and extending product life. This paper further discusses the challenges and opportunities of sustainable design in the toy industry and proposes corresponding policy recommendations and future research directions. Ultimately, the paper summarizes the efforts and achievements of Beijing Haileyland Maternity and Baby Products Co., Ltd. in achieving product design sustainability, providing valuable references and insights for other enterprises.
Estilos de aprendizaje de los alumnos de la Licenciatura en Contaduría y Administración Empresarial de la Universidad Hipócrates
Authors: Peñaloza Vázquez José Raymundo , Rodríguez Gadiel David , Baldovinos Leyva Irma
Published: January 2025

Uno de los principales retos que tiene toda institución educativa es conocer los estilos de aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico de su población estudiantil; en este trabajo se utilizó la metodología explicativa y de campo con un enfoque mixto, utilizando el instrumento denominado VARK (Visual, Auditivo, Lectura/Escritura y Kinestésico). Los resultados revelan que los dos estilos preferentes son; con un 45% kinestésico, seguido por el 27% de preferencias de auditivos, así también con un 15% de aprendizaje a través de actividades visuales y la lecto-escritura con un 13%, presentando una gran relación en las preferencias de los estudiantes por la prevaleciendo en actividades prácticas y experienciales, sin dejar de considerar a los demás estilos. Con estos hallazgos se proponen métodos de enseñanza acorde a las preferencias de los grupos estudiados, lo cual puede incrementar la motivación y su satisfacción, contribuyendo a que su rendimiento educativo sea equitativo e inclusivo en la universidad.
COMMENT LES MEDECINS GENERALISTES PRENNENT-ILS EN CHARGE LEUR SANTE ? ENQUETE QUANTITATIVE AUPRES DE MEDECINS GENERALISTES DU MAINE ET LOIRE
Authors: BARON P , GUELFF J , BEGUE C
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Les médecins ont majoritairement un bon niveau de santé et de bonnes pratiques de prévention et de dépistage. Ils émettraient par contre des doutes sur la qualité de leur suivi médical et peu d’études décrivent leur parcours de soin.
Objectifs. Étudier les attitudes des médecins généralistes envers leur propre santé en identifiant leur parcours de soin et leur suivi médical. Évaluer leur satisfaction quant à la prise en charge de leur propre santé.
Méthode. Une étude quantitative descriptive a été réalisée, à partir d’un questionnaire téléphonique, auprès de 200 médecins tirés au sort parmi les médecins généralistes libéraux installés dans le Maine-et-Loire.
Résultats. Le taux de participation était de 61,5 % (n = 123). Près de 85 % des médecins avaient déclaré un médecin traitant (MT), eux-mêmes dans la majorité des cas. Les femmes et les jeunes médecins déclaraient plus souvent un MT neutre. Pour des soins de premiers recours, les médecins généralistes se tournaient essentiellement vers eux-mêmes ou vers un médecin de leur entourage. Leur parcours de soin était principalement informel et l’autoprescription était la pratique majoritaire. Près de 85 % des médecins considéraient que leur état de santé était bon ou très bon. Ils étaient par contre beaucoup plus réservés quant à la qualité de leur suivi médical. Déclarer un MT, y compris neutre, n’améliorait pas le suivi médical des médecins. Seul le fait d’adhérer à un parcours de soin classique (semblable à celui des patients) était associé à un meilleur suivi médical.
Conclusion. Les médecins prenaient majoritairement en charge leur santé par eux-mêmes ou un médecin de leur entourage, et ce parcours de soin informel était significativement associé à un moins bon suivi médical. Il convient de sensibiliser à l’importance d’un parcours de soin le plus classique possible.
Utilizing Bland and Interactive PowerPoint during Mathematics Class: Physical Education Students’ Perceptions
Authors: Mercado Maria Crisella Dela Cruz , Calaguas Krizzel B. , Vitug Zhairel Mae O. , Castro Abigail B. , Yumang Mary Grace M. , Gaspar Romalyn S. , Nucum Rona G.
Published: January 2025

PowerPoint is a widely used presentation software capable of displaying multimedia elements such as images, videos, audio, and text through visually engaging and creative slide shows. This study explored the perceptions of Physical Education students regarding the use of bland and interactive PowerPoint during their Mathematics classes. Specifically, it aimed to determine whether students’ perceptions varied in terms of active participation, motivation, and learning when exposed to these two types of PowerPoint presentations. The study involved 36 first-year Bachelor of Physical Education students at a university in Pampanga, Philippines, comprising 22 females and 14 males. Using a closed-ended questionnaire, quantitative data were collected and analyzed. The findings revealed a significant difference in students' perceptions, with more students strongly agreeing that interactive PowerPoint (iPPT) significantly enhanced their active participation, motivation, and learning compared to bland PowerPoint (bPPT). It was concluded that the use of iPPT in teaching Mathematics provided greater support to students, particularly by fostering higher levels of engagement, motivation, and improved learning outcomes.
Therapeutic Effect of Dietary Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Growth Performance, Hematology Profile and Immunity Parameters of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Batool Moazama , Asghar Howaina , Ul-Ain Qurat , Bano Sheeza , Maalik Sadia , Mushtaq Sajida , Mahmood Mamoona
Published: January 2025

Medicinal plants are rich in diverse nutrients and antioxidants that promote growth and have immunostimulating activities for fish. In aquaculture phytomedicines have gained importance worldwide because they are easily available, non-toxic to aquatic life. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is among the most suitable natural ingredient due to its biological effects. Therefore, a study has been conducted to determine the effect of turmeric on the growth performance, hematology and immunity of common carp Cyprinus carpio. For this purpose, 180 fingerlings of common carp with average initial weight (30.23±0.04 g) were divided into six groups containing five treatment groups. Each tank was stocked with 10 fingerlings. Treatments were maintained in triplicates. Fish were fed with basal diet supplemented with graded level of turmeric at different concentrations i.e. TE0 (control), TE1 (1.0%), TE2 (2.0%), TE3 (3.0%), TE4 (4.0%) and TE5 (5.0%). Fish were fed twice a day at 3% body weight for 12 weeks. Results showed that fish growth was higher in all treatments as compared to the control group. The feed efficiency ratio (FER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (K), of fish fed with turmeric enriched diet were found to be better than the control group. TE4 diet exposed to 4% Turmeric, showed maximum growth in terms of growth performance and feed utilization. Moreover, haematology profile and immunity parameters also improved by turmeric supplementation. The result of the present study shows that turmeric has the potential to enhance the growth performance of common carp. Overall, the TE4 % dietary group showed better growth performance and immunity than the control group and other treated groups.
Aspects regarding the resilience concept in power system Part I: Challenges and resilience in power systems
Authors:   National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Eremia Mircea , Toma Lucian ,   National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Sanduleac Mihai ,   National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Damian Ioan-Cătălin ,   National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest
Published: January 2025

In modern society the power system infrastructure is critical as we continuously rely on electrical energy. For this reason, the power system resilience is vital in the face of natural disasters, climate change or human-caused hazards, in order to ensure the uninterruptible energy supply service. Governments, regulatory bodies, and utility companies are collaborating to establish frameworks aimed at fortifying the power system resilience. Urbanization and demographic shifts further underscore the need for resilient infrastructure, with a focus on smart cities. Climate change exacerbates the natural risks, in the form of extreme weather events characterized by high wind speeds, high temperatures, floods, rime, etc. that can damage the outdoor electrical equipment. A resilient infrastructure is characterized by its ability to absorb the various types of shocks through adaptation facilitated by modern technology and operational solutions. The term resilience differs from the terms reliability and robustness, as it has a wider meaning in the sense that it refers not only to the ability of withstanding threats, but also to the ability of recover gracefully from disruptions. Quantifying resilience involves assessing robustness, redundancy, quick response, and adaptability over different time horizons. The resilience is sometimes illustrated in the form of a triangle that show the relationship between the impact of a disaster and the time needed for recovery. This paper is intended to provide an overview on the term resilience applicable to power system, covering a broad range of causes, and the evaluation of their severity by using both indicators and graphical representations
Multiple pollution effects in urban areas on the environment and living organisms
Authors:   National Environmental Protection Agency, Pollution Control and Permitting Directorate, 294 Splaiul Independenței, 060031, Bucharest, Romania, ROȘU (MARIN) IONELA-MIHAELA , JINESCU COSMIN ,   National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independenței, 060042, Bucharest, Romania
Published: January 2025

The urban environment faces multiple pollution from various sources, resulting in the presence of different pollutants simultaneously. These pollutants can be chemical, radioactive, electromagnetic, acoustic etc. The paper begins by analyzing the general issue of multiple loads on technical structures and extends to the environment and living organisms. It introduces the concept of deterioration, a dimensionless concept important in analyzing the effects of pollution. One analyzes the relationships for deterioration of environment and living organisms, due to pollution by simultaneous action of different pollutants. One presents urban pollution sources, both mobile and stationary and their effects on living organisms.
Re-operationalization of dams to adapt to climate change in Romania
Authors:   Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, STEMATIU DAN , ABDULAMIT ALTAN ,   Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Romania
Published: January 2025

Increased hydrologic variability has and will continue have a profound impact on the water sector through the water availability versus water demand and water allocation at the global, regional, basin, and local levels. The recent increases in the frequency and intensity of floods and droughts in Romania, combined with the reduced drought and flood storage buffering capacity of dams under a changing climate may have critical implications for the region’s water supply and economy. Increasing the size and number of dams in addition to “dam reoperation” (i.e., modifying dam operations) may be necessary to offset the climate change impacts on flooding and drought vulnerability. The present paper deals with several examples of required changes in Romanian dam operation: the new constrains in operation of hydropower developments, the needed increase of attenuation volume for existing reservoir by lowering the reservoir level, the new concept in characterizing the flood by its volume instead of the peak inflow and the reasonable procedures to coope with the large siltation of some existing reservoirs.
Design and validation of an electrically assisted modular attachment demonstrator for lightweight cycles
Authors:   Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Automotive Engineering Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 400641, TEODORESCU VLAD , BURNETE NICOLAE ,   Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Automotive Engineering Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 400641, BOTOND KOCSIS LEVENTE ,   Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Automotive Engineering Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 400641, DUMA IRINA ,   Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Automotive Engineering Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 400641, MOLEA ANDREIA ,   Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Automotive Engineering Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 400641, SECHEL IOANA RISTINA ,   Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Automotive Engineering Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 400641
Published: January 2025

Sustainable transportation solutions are essential for enhancing resource efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Significant contributions to this goal have been made by the cycling sector by increasing its presence in urban areas logistics. The primary means for this increase is the usage of cargo cycles. There are numerous advantages associated with it, such as: high versatility, functionality without emissions, lightweight build, and the ability to travel through areas in which conventional vehicles are prohibited. This paper reports the process of designing an experimental demonstrator for an electrically assisted attachment that can be used to convert most cycle vehicles into cargo variants. The attachment is designed to overcome one of the major drawbacks of traditional cargo cycles, namely the lack of modularity. This implies that users previously had to transport the empty cargo area even when not actively involved in delivery tasks. By removing the attachment, the user can convert the cycle for personal use. However, when required, the attachment can be added which, together with the electrical assistance system, can increase delivery efficiency. The paper aims to present the development process of the three-dimensional model of the attachment using computer-aided design techniques, highlighting the universal coupling mechanism and variable storage space. Additionally, vehicle dynamics simulations were performed to evaluate the stability of the system during operation and to ensure the validity of the proposed design.
Strategies used in blended and learning and virtual laboratories for STEAM education
Authors:   Technical University „Gh. Asachi”, Iași, România, ADĂSCĂLIȚEI ADRIAN A.
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the development of online learning practices in engineering education at “Gh. Asachi” Technical University in Iaşi (TUIaşi) from 1994 to present, including the Covid-19 pandemic period. It highlights ways in which blended teaching and learning (BTL), including virtual laboratories, gradually replaced the traditional face-to face teaching style. By 2020 advances in Internet technology and the latter’s widespread use had already enabled the emergence of hybrid classes. The author present his contribution to the development of online learning practices at the above public higher education institution, which boasts being the oldest in engineering education in Romania. At present, this university uses Moodle to manage its online learning programme. The paper looks into the following topics: use of the Internet and of educational platforms at the Departments of Teacher Training at Al. I. Cuza University (UAIC, Iaşi) and TUIaşi; implementation of innovative teaching practices, such as e-pedagogy; transition to blended learning as the dominant student-centred teaching style; contribution of digital technology to greater learner engagement and satisfaction; collaboration with universities from Romania, the Republic of Moldova, Egypt, and other European countries.
Post intensive care syndrome in the aftermath of COVID-19
Authors: Hanquet Germaine , Benahmed Nadia , Castanares-Zapatero Diego , Dauvrin Marie , Desomer Anja , Adriaenssens Jef , Rondia Karin
Published: January 2025

The post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is not specific to COVID-19. In the months after discharge, it can occur in more than half of the patients that have stayed in intensive care for a serious pathology. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is very likely that its incidence will increase in the coming months. PICS can cause three types of symptoms: physical (extreme muscle weakness), psychological (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder), and cognitive (memory loss, loss of verbal fluency, attention and executive functioning disorders). Psychological symptoms can also be observed in the relatives of the patients (PICS-F for Family). Since PICS is not well known outside the limited circle of intensivists, KCE conducted a rapid review of the literature for primary caretakers to identify the main risk factors and the evidence for possible interventions. We have also identified a series of 6 practical tools. They will enable general practitioners to detect this syndrome, which they will no doubt soon observe, in a quick and reliable way.
Drempelwaarden voor kosteneffectiviteit in de gezondheidszorg
Authors: Cleemput Irina , Neyt Mattias , Thiry Nancy , De Laet Chris , Leys Mark
Published: January 2025

In zijn honderdste rapport geeft het Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (KCE) een snelcursus gezondheidseconomie. Het rapport wil beleidsmakers in de gezondheidszorg informeren over het gebruik, de relevantie en de valkuilen van economische evaluaties bij het nemen van beslissingen. Het KCE hoopt met dit methodologisch rapport moeilijke economische concepten en onderzoeksresultaten toegankelijker te maken voor niet-economisten.
Hervormingen in de geestelijke gezondheidszorg, evaluatieonderzoek therapeutische projecten
Authors: Ces Sophie , De Jaegere Veerle , Feys Peter , Leys Mark
Published: January 2025

Studie nr : 2007-32-2
A propos de la valeur de lEEG et des potentiels évoqués dans la pratique clinique
Authors: Van den Bruel Ann , Gailly Jeannine , Hulstaert Frank , Devriese Stephan , Eyssen Marijke
Published: January 2025

Etude n° : 2008-05
Interventions pharmaceutiques et non pharmaceutiques dans la maladie d’Alzheimer
Authors: Hulstaert Frank , Thiry Nancy , Eyssen Marijke , Vrijens France
Published: January 2025

Le Centre fédéral d’expertise des soins de santé (KCE) a étudié l’efficacité de la prise en charge, médicamenteuse ou non, de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Il constate qu’un soutien professionnalisé et de longue durée apporté aux soignants informels, constitue la seule intervention retardant significativement l'institutionnalisation du patient. L'effet potentiel de ce type d’intervention non pharmacologique semble être supérieur à ce qui peut être observé avec les médicaments actuellement disponibles. Le KCE recommande également que l'utilisation des antipsychotiques soit limitée autant que possible chez les patients souffrant de MA, car cette utilisation est associée à des chiffres de mortalité plus élevés.
Politiques relatives aux maladies rares et aux médicaments orphelins
Authors: Denis Alain , Simoens Steven , Fostier Christel , Mergaert Lut , Cleemput Irina
Published: January 2025

Le Centre fédéral d’expertise des soins de santé (KCE) s’est penché sur la politique relative aux médicaments orphelins, càd destinés aux patients atteints d’une maladie rare. L’étude a été réalisée en collaboration avec Yellow Window Management Consultants. Les mesures européennes d’incitation au développement de ces médicaments, comme l’exclusivité de marché pour une période de 10 ans, semblent avoir du succès. Cette exclusivité pourrait cependant être remise en question dès que la rentabilité de ces médicaments est clairement démontrée, dit le KCE. Le KCE recommande aussi la mise sur pied de registres de patients, au niveau européen, pour mieux cerner l’évolution naturelle des maladies et l’efficacité des traitements dont la plupart sont coûteux. La procédure conduisant au remboursement de chaque demande individuelle, pourrait être simplifiée.
Het volume van chirurgische ingrepen en de impact ervan op de uitkomst
Authors: Vrijens France , De Gauquier Kristel , Camberlin Cécile
Published: January 2025

Studie nr : 2007-02
Endobronchiale kleppen bij de behandeling van ernstig longemfyseem
Authors: Van Brabandt Hans , Neyt Mattias
Published: January 2025

Het Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (KCE) bekeek een nieuwe techniek voor de behandeling van longemfyseem, waarbij klepjes via de luchtwegen worden ingeplant. Zowel de werkzaamheid als de veiligheid laten te wensen over. Het KCE beveelt daarom de terugbetaling niet aan.
Organisation des soins palliatifs en Belgique
Authors: Keirse Emmanuel , Beguin Claire , Desmedt Marianne , Deveugele Myriam , Menten Johan , Simoens, Steven  , Wens Johan , Borgermans Liesbeth , Kohn Laurence , Spinnewijn, Bram , Cardinael Ann , Kutten Betty , Vanden Berghe Paul , Paulus Dominique
Published: January 2025

Etude n° : 2007-18
Organisation of palliative care in Belgium
Authors: Keirse Emmanuel , Beguin Claire , Desmedt Marianne , Deveugele Myriam , Menten Johan , Simoens, Steven  , Wens Johan , Borgermans Liesbeth , Kohn Laurence , Spinnewijn, Bram , Cardinael Ann , Kutten Betty , Vanden Berghe Paul , Paulus Dominique
Published: January 2025

Etude n° : 2007-18
Rapid assessment van interspinale implantaten en pedikelschroeven voor dynamische stabilisatie van de lumbale wervelkolom
Authors: Stordeur Sabine , Gerkens Sophie , Roberfroid Dominique
Published: January 2025

Het Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (KCE) onderzocht op vraag van het RIZIV twee nieuwe technologieën voor de dynamische stabilisering van het onderste gedeelte van de rug: de interspinale implantaten en de pedikelschroeven. Een vijftigtal Belgische ziekenhuizen passen deze chirurgische technieken reeds toe. De bedoeling is om een klassieke, zware en definitieve rugoperatie te vermijden. Er bestaat echter weinig wetenschappelijk bewijs dat de technieken veilig zijn en dat ze de toestand van de patiënt op lange termijn verbeteren. Daarom beveelt het KCE hun terugbetaling niet aan.
Gebruik van point-of care systemen bij patiënten met orale anticoagulatie
Authors: Gailly Jeannine , Gerkens Sophie , Van Den Bruel Ann , Devriese Stephan , Obyn Caroline , Cleemput Irina
Published: January 2025

Het Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (KCE) onderzocht het nut van een draagbaar apparaat om de stollingswaarde van het bloed te meten. Bij de patiënten die zelf het apparaat gebruiken wordt een vermindering van het aantal bloedvatincidenten vastgesteld. Bij degenen die daarbij ook hun medicatiedosis kunnen aanpassen daalt ook het sterftecijfer. Bij dit gebruik van de meter verminderen de kosten voor patiënt (als het RIZIV terugbetaalt) en gemeenschap, maar het aantal patiënten dat het apparaat zelf kan gebruiken is waarschijnlijk beperkt. Het KCE raadt aan om bij gebruik door de patiënt terugbetaling te overwegen. Er bestaat momenteel onvoldoende sterk bewijs om het gebruik van de apparaten door de huisartsen of de antistollingsklinieken aan te raden.
Advantages, disadvantages and feasibility of the introduction of Pay for Quality programmes in Belgium - Supplement
Authors: Annemans Lieven , Boeckxstaens Pauline , Borgermans Liesbeth , De Smedt Delphine , Duchesnes Christiane , Heyrman Jan , Remmen Roy , Sermeus Walter , Van Den Broeke Carine , Van Herck Pieter , Vanmeerbeek Marc , Willems Sara , De Gauquier Kristel
Published: January 2025

Etude n°: 2008-12
Douleur cervicales atypiques
Authors: Tsakitzidis Giannoula , Remmen Roy , Peremans Lieve , Van Royen Paul , Duchesnes Christiane , Paulus Dominique , Eyssen Marijke
Published: January 2025

1 INTRODUCTION 3 -- 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 3 -- 1.2 NON-SPECIFIC NECK PAIN: DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY 3 -- 1.2.1 Definition 3 -- 1.2.2 Importance of neck pain 5 -- 2 METHODOLOGY 6 -- 2.1 SELECTION CRITERIA 6 -- 2.1.1 Participant 6 -- 2.1.2 Intervention 7 -- 2.1.3 Comparison 7 -- 2.1.4 Outcome 7 -- 2.2 LOCATING STUDIES 8 -- 2.2.1 Searches in databases 9 -- 2.2.2 Screening of titles and abstracts 9 -- 2.2.3 Screening full text and quality appraisal 9 -- 2.2.4 New search for diagnosis and prognosis 10 -- 2.3 DATA EXTRACTION 11 -- 3 RESULTS 12 -- 3.1 NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS INCLUDED 12 -- 3.2 DIAGNOSIS 12 -- 3.3 ASSESSMENT OF PAIN AND DISABILITY 14 -- 3.4 PROGNOSIS 15 -- 3.5 TREATMENT 15 -- 3.5.1 Manual therapy15 -- 3.5.2 Electrotherapy and other physical medicine modalities.19 -- 3.5.3 Multimodal interventions 20 -- 3.5.4 Multidisciplinary treatments 21 -- 3.5.5 Medication 22 -- 3.5.6 Other methods 23 -- 3.6 CLINICAL QUESTIONS ON NON-SPECIFIC NECK PAIN: SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE FINDINGS 25 -- 3.6.1 Management of non-specific neck pain 26 -- 4 DISCUSSION 28 -- 5 SUMMARY 30 -- 6 APPENDICES 32 -- APPENDIX 1: SEARCH STRATEGY 32 -- SEARCH STRATEGY MEDLINE CLINICAL QUERIES AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 32 -- SEARCH STRATEGY MEDLINE OTHERS 33 -- SEARCH STRATEGY COCHRANE 34 -- SEARCH STRATEGY PEDRO 34 -- SEARCH STRATEGY GUIDELINES 34 -- SEARCH STRATEGY EMBASE 35 -- SEARCH STRATEGY PUBMED SECOND SEARCH 36 -- SEARCH STRATEGY EMBASE 36 -- APPENDIX 2: CRITERIA USED TO ASSESS THE METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY OF -- THE STUDIES: RESULTS OF THE QUALITY APPRAISAL 37 -- QUALITY APPRAISAL: PAPERS ON DIAGNOSIS 37 -- QUALITY APPRAISAL: RCTS ON TREATMENT 38 -- QUALITY APPRAISAL: SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 38 -- QUALITY APPRAISAL: AGREE SCORES FOR THE 2 SELECTED GUIDELINES 39 -- APPENDIX 3: EVIDENCE TABLE OF INCLUDED SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 41 -- APPENDIX 4: EVIDENCE TABLE OF INCLUDED RCTS FOR TREATMENT 51 -- APPENDIX 5: EVIDENCE TABLE OF INCLUDED PUBLICATIONS DIAGNOSIS AND -- PROGNOSIS 55 -- APPENDIX 6: RECOMMENDATIONS COMPARED TO EXISTING GUIDELINES 57 -- APPENDIX 7 : NECK DISABILITY INDEX 60 -- ORIGINAL VERSION NECK DISABILITY INDEX: INSTRUMENT AND INTERPRETATION 60 -- DUTCH VERSION NECK DISABILITY INDEX : INSTRUMENT AND INTERPRETATION 67 -- 7 REFERENCE LIST 70
Hoe zelfvoorziening in stabiele plasmaderivaten voor België verzekeren ?
Authors: Léonard Christian , Hanquet Germaine , Senn Arnaud , Huybrechts, Michel
Published: January 2025

Table of contents -- SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY . 1 -- GLOSSARY . 3 -- 1 INTRODUCTION . 5 -- 1.1 CONTEXT . 5 -- 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS . 5 -- 2 SUPPLY OF PLASMA DERIVATIVES . 6 -- 2.1 COLLECTION OF PLASMA . 6 -- 2.1.1 Legal and ethical framework . 6 -- 2.1.2 Plasma collection in Belgium . 12 -- 2.1.3 Plasma collection in other countries . 22 -- 2.2 TRANSFORMATION OF PLASMA INTO PLASMA DERIVATIVES . 29 -- 2.2.1 Quick overview of fractionation process . 29 -- 2.2.2 The worldwide supply of plasma products . 32 -- 2.2.3 The supply of plasma stable derivatives in Belgium . 34 -- 2.3 LIMITATIONS . 39 -- 3 DEMAND FOR PLASMA DERIVATIVES: THE CASE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS -- . 40 -- 3.1 USE OF PLASMA DERIVATIVES IN BELGIUM . 40 -- 3.1.1 Methods . 40 -- 3.1.2 Results . 40 -- 3.1.3 The case of immunoglobulins . 42 -- 3.2 INDICATIONS FOR IMMUNOGLOBULINS . 43 -- 3.2.1 Recommendations for the use of immunoglobulins. 43 -- 3.2.2 Evidence review on immunoglobulin effectiveness . 49 -- 3.3 CONSUMPTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS . 70 -- 3.3.1 Consumption in other countries . 70 -- 3.3.2 Consumption in Belgium . 74 -- 3.3.3 Estimation of IG quantities to treat the main indications . 86 -- 3.3.4 Expected trends in consumption . 97 -- 4 SELF SUFFICIENCY OF BELGIUM . 98 -- 4.1 WHAT ARE THE RISKS AT WORLDWIDE LEVEL ? . 98 -- 4.1.1 Plasma collection: Key role of the North American Region . 98 -- 4.1.2 Worldwide demand for plasma products / Focus on IVIG (2000-2008) . 100 -- 4.1.3 Potential changes in demand structure . 100 -- 4.2 CONCEPT OF SELF SUFFICIENCY . 101 -- 4.2.1 In Belgium . 101 -- 4.2.2 In other countries . 103 -- 4.3 HOW TO STAY OR BECOME SELF SUFFICIENT . 111 -- 4.3.1 Strategies to decrease IG use: lessons learned . 111 -- 4.3.2 Strategies to decrease IG use: what could be applied in Belgium . 115 -- 4.3.3 Increasing the capacities of collecting plasma . 115 -- 4.3.4 Transparency and better control of the supply of derivatives . 116 -- 4.4 CONCLUSIONS . 117 -- 5 APPENDICES . 118 -- APPENDIX 1: ETHICAL DIMENSION OF DONATION: QUICK OVERVIEW . 118 -- APPENDIX 2 : SEARCH TERMS . 120 -- APPENDIX 3: GRADE CRITERIA FOR ASSIGNING GRADE OF EVIDENCE . 121 -- APPENDIX 4: IMMUNO-HAEMATOLOGICAL SURVEY . 122 -- APPENDIX 5: POTENTIAL CHANGES IN DEMAND VOLUME: FOCUS ON TWO EMERGING -- COUNTRIES . 124 -- APPENDIX 6: FRANCE: PLASMA COLLECTION WITHIN THE EFS . 127 -- APPENDIX 7: GERMANY: PLASMA COLLECTION WITHIN THE GERMAN RED CROSS AND BY -- OTHER STAKEHOLDERS . 129 -- APPENDIX 8: AUSTRALIA: INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS . 135 -- 6 REFERENCES . 137
Comment assurer lautosuffisance de la Belgique en dérivés stables du plasma?
Authors: Léonard Christian , Hanquet Germaine , Senn Arnaud , Huybrechts, Michel
Published: January 2025

Table of contents -- SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY . 1 -- GLOSSARY . 3 -- 1 INTRODUCTION . 5 -- 1.1 CONTEXT . 5 -- 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS . 5 -- 2 SUPPLY OF PLASMA DERIVATIVES . 6 -- 2.1 COLLECTION OF PLASMA . 6 -- 2.1.1 Legal and ethical framework . 6 -- 2.1.2 Plasma collection in Belgium . 12 -- 2.1.3 Plasma collection in other countries . 22 -- 2.2 TRANSFORMATION OF PLASMA INTO PLASMA DERIVATIVES . 29 -- 2.2.1 Quick overview of fractionation process . 29 -- 2.2.2 The worldwide supply of plasma products . 32 -- 2.2.3 The supply of plasma stable derivatives in Belgium . 34 -- 2.3 LIMITATIONS . 39 -- 3 DEMAND FOR PLASMA DERIVATIVES: THE CASE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS -- . 40 -- 3.1 USE OF PLASMA DERIVATIVES IN BELGIUM . 40 -- 3.1.1 Methods . 40 -- 3.1.2 Results . 40 -- 3.1.3 The case of immunoglobulins . 42 -- 3.2 INDICATIONS FOR IMMUNOGLOBULINS . 43 -- 3.2.1 Recommendations for the use of immunoglobulins. 43 -- 3.2.2 Evidence review on immunoglobulin effectiveness . 49 -- 3.3 CONSUMPTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS . 70 -- 3.3.1 Consumption in other countries . 70 -- 3.3.2 Consumption in Belgium . 74 -- 3.3.3 Estimation of IG quantities to treat the main indications . 86 -- 3.3.4 Expected trends in consumption . 97 -- 4 SELF SUFFICIENCY OF BELGIUM . 98 -- 4.1 WHAT ARE THE RISKS AT WORLDWIDE LEVEL ? . 98 -- 4.1.1 Plasma collection: Key role of the North American Region . 98 -- 4.1.2 Worldwide demand for plasma products / Focus on IVIG (2000-2008) . 100 -- 4.1.3 Potential changes in demand structure . 100 -- 4.2 CONCEPT OF SELF SUFFICIENCY . 101 -- 4.2.1 In Belgium . 101 -- 4.2.2 In other countries . 103 -- 4.3 HOW TO STAY OR BECOME SELF SUFFICIENT . 111 -- 4.3.1 Strategies to decrease IG use: lessons learned . 111 -- 4.3.2 Strategies to decrease IG use: what could be applied in Belgium . 115 -- 4.3.3 Increasing the capacities of collecting plasma . 115 -- 4.3.4 Transparency and better control of the supply of derivatives . 116 -- 4.4 CONCLUSIONS . 117 -- 5 APPENDICES . 118 -- APPENDIX 1: ETHICAL DIMENSION OF DONATION: QUICK OVERVIEW . 118 -- APPENDIX 2 : SEARCH TERMS . 120 -- APPENDIX 3: GRADE CRITERIA FOR ASSIGNING GRADE OF EVIDENCE . 121 -- APPENDIX 4: IMMUNO-HAEMATOLOGICAL SURVEY . 122 -- APPENDIX 5: POTENTIAL CHANGES IN DEMAND VOLUME: FOCUS ON TWO EMERGING -- COUNTRIES . 124 -- APPENDIX 6: FRANCE: PLASMA COLLECTION WITHIN THE EFS . 127 -- APPENDIX 7: GERMANY: PLASMA COLLECTION WITHIN THE GERMAN RED CROSS AND BY -- OTHER STAKEHOLDERS . 129 -- APPENDIX 8: AUSTRALIA: INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS . 135 -- 6 REFERENCES . 137
Financiering van de thuisverpleging in België
Authors: Sermeus Walter , Pirson Magali , Paquay Louis , Pacolet Jozef , Falez Freddy , Stordeur Sabine , Leys Mark
Published: January 2025

Table of contents -- GLOSSARY 3 -- 1 INTRODUCTION 4 -- 1.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4 -- 1.1.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 -- 1.1.2 Methods 5 -- 1.1.3 Structure of the report 6 -- 2 HOME NURSING IN BELGIUM 7 -- 2.1 THE BELGIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: OVERVIEW 7 -- 2.2 DEVELOPMENTS RELEVANT FOR BELGIAN HOME NURSING 8 -- 2.3 THE NATURE OF HOME NURSING. 11 -- 2.4 THE ORGANISATION OF HOME NURSING IN BELGIUM 11 -- 2.4.1 Self-employed or employee nurses 11 -- 2.4.2 Qualification levels 12 -- 2.4.3 New organisational forms including nursing 13 -- 2.5 THE FINANCING OF HOME NURSING IN BELGIUM 14 -- 2.5.1 Healthcare financing concepts 14 -- 2.5.2 Historical background 16 -- 2.5.3 Current situation 17 -- 2.5.4 Types of home nursing activities financed 24 -- 2.5.5 Discussion 25 -- 3 CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISON 28 -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION 28 -- 3.2 RESULTS 28 -- 3.2.1 The financing of home nursing 28 -- 3.2.2 The organisation of home nursing 29 -- 4 DEPENDENCY TOOLS FOR CASE-MIX FINANCING IN HOME NURSING 33 -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION 33 -- 4.2 RESULTS 33 -- 4.2.1 Nursing dependency scales 33 -- 5 STAKEHOLDER DIALOGUE 44 -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION 44 -- 5.2 THEMATIC ANALYSIS 44 -- 5.2.1 Theme 1: The current financing system 45 -- 5.2.2 Theme 2: Arguments for reforms 48 -- 5.2.3 Theme 3: Nursing related topics 49 -- 5.2.4 Theme 4: Assessment and registration instruments 51 -- 5.3 SUMMARY. 53 -- 6 OVERALL DISCUSSION 55 -- 6.1 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 55 -- 6.2 THE FINANCING SYSTEM FOR HOME NURSING 56 -- 6.2.1 Political factors 56 -- 6.2.2 Economical factors 57 -- 6.2.3 Social Factors 58 -- 6.2.4 Technological Factors 58 -- 6.3 BUILDING BLOCKS OF A FINANCING SYSTEM FOR HOME NURSING 59 -- 6.3.1 A mixed financing model 59 -- 6.3.2 Financing nursing interventions 60 -- 6.3.3 Financing per number of patients. 60 -- 6.3.4 Financing according to patient needs 61 -- 6.3.5 Financing and nurses characteristics 63 -- 6.3.6 Adaptation of the current funding system, the readjustment or the calculation of new -- tariffs 64 -- 6.3.7 The organisation 65 -- 6.3.8 The results/ performance 65 -- 7 REFERENCES 67 -- 8 APPENDICES 71
Organisatie en financiering van chronische dialyse in België
Authors: Cleemput Irina , Beguin Claire , de la Kethulle Yolande , Gerkens Sophie , Jadoul Michel , Verpooten Gert , De Laet Chris
Published: January 2025

Het Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (KCE) bekeek de organisatie, financiering en kosten van dialyse in België. Ondanks financiële stimulansen voor de alternatieve, iets goedkopere dialysevormen blijft de duurdere ziekenhuishemodialyse de meest gebruikte procedure. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat deze vorm van dialyse voor ziekenhuizen en artsen financieel het meest interessant is. Voor de meeste patiënten zijn er geen duidelijke medische redenen om voor de ene of de andere vorm van dialyse te kiezen. Het KCE stelt dat de voorkeur van de patiënt doorslaggevend zou moeten zijn bij de keuze van de dialysevorm. Het pleit daarom voor een neutrale patiëntenvoorlichting en een terugbetaling op basis van de reële kosten.
Organisation et financement de la dialyse chronique en Belgique
Authors: Cleemput Irina , Beguin Claire , de la Kethulle Yolande , Gerkens Sophie , Jadoul Michel , Verpooten Gert , De Laet Chris
Published: January 2025

Le Centre fédéral d’expertise des soins de santé (KCE) a évalué l’organisation, le financement et les coûts de la dialyse en Belgique. Malgré des stimulants financiers poussant à l’utilisation de formes de dialyse moins onéreuses, l’hémodialyse réalisée à l’hôpital reste la procédure la plus utilisée en dépit de son coût plus important. L’étude montre que ce type de dialyse est financièrement plus avantageux tant pour les hôpitaux que pour les médecins. Pour la plupart des patients, il n’existe pas d’indication clinique spécifique favorisant tel type de dialyse par rapport à un autre. Le KCE estime que les préférences des patients devraient être déterminantes dans le choix d’une forme de dialyse. Le KCE plaide dès lors pour une information neutre des patients et pour le remboursement de la dialyse sur base des coûts réels.
Het referentieprijssysteem en socio-economische verschillen bij het gebruik van goedkopere geneesmiddelen
Authors: Vrijens France , Van de Voorde Carine , Farfan-Portet Maria-Isabel , le Polain Maïté , Lohest Olivier
Published: January 2025

Table of contents -- LIST OF ABRREVIATIONS 3 -- GLOSSARY 4 -- 1 INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 7 -- 1.1 BACKGROUND 7 -- 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND SCOPE 8 -- 1.3 CONTENT OF THIS REPORT 8 -- 2 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF REFERENCE PRICING 9 -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION 9 -- 2.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REFERENCE PRICE SYSTEM 10 -- 2.2.1 Definition 10 -- 2.2.2 General characteristics of a reference price system 11 -- 2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE REFERENCE PRICE SYSTEM IN A SELECTION OF 11 OECD -- COUNTRIES 13 -- 2.3.1 Methods 13 -- 2.3.2 Definition and scope of the cluster 14 -- 2.3.3 The reference price level 16 -- 2.3.4 Measures for physicians, pharmacists and patients 16 -- 2.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE BELGIAN REFERENCE PRICE SYSTEM 18 -- 2.4.1 Evolution of the legal basis of the RPS 19 -- 2.4.2 Definition and scope of the cluster 21 -- 2.4.3 The reference price level 21 -- 2.4.4 The security margin 23 -- 2.4.5 Exemptions 23 -- 2.4.6 Measures for physicians, pharmacists and patients 23 -- 3 IMPACT OF THE REFERENCE PRICE SYSTEM: A LITERATURE REVIEW 28 -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION 28 -- 3.2 METHODS 28 -- 3.3 RESULTS 29 -- 3.3.1 Search strategy and study selection of the review studies on the impact of a RPS 29 -- 3.3.2 Association of the RPS with drug use 30 -- 3.3.3 Association of the RPS with drug prices 30 -- 3.3.4 Association of the RPS with drug expenditures 30 -- 3.3.5 Association of the RPS with health services use and health 31 -- 4 RESULTS FROM THE ANALYSIS OF BELGIAN PRESCRIPTION DATA IN 2008 32 -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION 32 -- 4.2 THE BELGIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET: EVOLUTION OF MARKET SHARES AND -- OUT-OF-POCKET PAYMENTS 33 -- 4.2.1 Evolution of market shares 33 -- 4.2.2 The reference supplement in 2008 36 -- 4.3 IMPACT OF THE REFERENCE PRICE SYSTEM IN BELGIUM: LITERATURE REVIEW 39 -- 4.3.1 Market share of low cost drugs 39 -- 4.3.2 Expenditures for the NIHDI and for patients 39 -- 4.3.3 Potential gains from the increasing use of low cost drugs 39 -- 4.3.4 Strategies by pharmaceutical firms 40 -- 4.4 METHODS 40 -- 4.4.1 Data sources 40 -- 4.4.2 Time period 41 -- 4.4.3 Selection of data (sampling procedure) 41 -- 4.4.4 Coupling procedure and authorisation from the Privacy Commission 41 -- 4.4.5 Selection and construction of socioeconomic variables 41 -- 4.4.6 Selection of patients and of pharmaceutical products 43 -- 4.4.7 Statistical analyses 45 -- 4.5 RESULTS 46 -- 4.5.1 Selection of prescribers and patients 46 -- 4.5.2 Choice between high price/low cost drugs 46 -- 4.5.3 Socioeconomic characteristics of patients or physicians and therapeutic reference -- pricing: evidence in the literature 57 -- 4.5.4 Choice of a less costly active ingredient within a class 58 -- 4.5.5 Appraisal of results: barriers to low cost drugs 62 -- 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 63 -- 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 66
The reference price system and socioeconomic differences in the use of low cost drugs
Authors: Vrijens France , Van de Voorde Carine , Farfan-Portet Maria-Isabel , le Polain Maïté , Lohest Olivier
Published: January 2025

Study nr 2008-08
A first step towards measuring the performance of the Belgian healthcare system - Supplement 1
Authors: Vlayen Joan , Vanthomme Katrien , Camberlin Cécile , Piérart Julien , Walckiers Denise , Kohn Laurence , Vinck Imgard , Denis Alain , Meeus Pascal , Van Oyen Herman , Léonard Christian
Published: January 2025

Etude n°: 2008-50
A first step towards measuring the performance of the Belgian healthcare system - Supplement 2
Authors: Vlayen Joan , Vanthomme Katrien , Camberlin Cécile , Piérart Julien , Walckiers Denise , Kohn Laurence , Vinck Imgard , Denis Alain , Meeus Pascal , Van Oyen Herman , Léonard Christian
Published: January 2025

Etude n°: 2008-50