bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical Analysis on the Cyber Organizational Criminology of Dictatorial Military Conducts -- Experience from Human Trafficking and Coercions by Military Cyber Aggressions
Authors: Pachankis Yang
Published: September 2022

The reformulated paper after the proceeding of the NCWMC 2022 recovers some previous manuscripts intercepted by the PLA of PRC for covert military operations with intrusions in global investment and financial systems. The crimes are analytically conducted through cloud servers and I/O for intelligence gathering. The information contained in the manuscripts with THEIR informatics not only could have led to further economic-financial surrogation of the PLA in American economy with investments, but also threats American national security through ontological calculation frameworks with artificial intelligence and further calculative power assertions - apart from the threats of outer space peace and security. It can be the reason behind the black hole and white hole observational results with the signal-satelliteinformation approach to general relativity manuscripts. A preliminary conception for defense strategy is proposed with previous insights and post facto security breaches to USA Space Command directly and national security conductively.
QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey
Authors: N. Sirhan Najem , Martinez-Ramon Manel
Published: September 2022

The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network, which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quality of Service (QoS) that meets with their service demands. In-order for the network operators to make the best out of the heterogeneous LTE-A network, they need to use QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms that can efficiently manage the spectrum resources in the HetNets deployment. In this paper, we survey Quality of Service (QoS) based packet scheduling algorithms that were proposed in the literature for the use of packet scheduling in Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks. We start by explaining the concepts of QoS in LTE, heterogeneous LTE-A networks, and how traffic is classified within a packet scheduling architecture for heterogeneous LTE-A networks. Then, by summarising the proposed QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms in the literature for Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks, and for Femtocells LTE-A Networks. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
Transmission Power and Quality of Service In MANET Routing Protocols
Authors: R. Sarkar Ratna , Zahidur Rahman Mohammad
Published: September 2022

Wireless communication is significantly influenced by the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), which consists of nodes like mobile phones, tablets, computers, or other devices that can connect with one another. MANET is a decentralized network that communicates without using any specified infrastructure. The lack of battery power in this multihop network with no infrastructure is problematic. As a result, proper transmission power utilization must be considered. Transmission power significantly impacts the data dissemination of different routing protocols used in this MANET environment. By taking this issue into account, the performance of routing protocols is examined based on different transmission power settings. The packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss (PL), jitter, and Dealy all play a role in determining network service quality. This study investigates how transmission power impacts MANET routing protocols’ quality of Service (QoS). The MANET routing protocols investigated in this study include AODV, OLSR, DSDV, and DSR. NS3 is used to create the simulation environment. According to this analysis, AODV outperforms other routing protocols in overall performance.
Prototyping a Serial Number based Authentication Model for a Computer in a Wireless Local Area Network
Authors: C. Chebor John , M. Karume Simon , B. Masese Nelson , Kipkebut Andrew
Published: September 2022

With the increase of wireless LAN usage in homes and enterprises due to its numerous benefits, authenticating the ever increasing number of devices and their users has become a challenge to proprietors of such kind networks. A MAC address, a physical network address that is used as basis for this study, has a copy of its value in the system software that can be spoofed and altered rendering the address not unique, not secure and unreliable. On the contrary, a computer’s serial number is hard-coded in the system hardware only and therefore cannot be spoofed and altered making it unique, secure and reliable. The research, therefore, was aimed at designing a model that demonstrates how a computer’s serial number can be used for authenticating a computer in a wireless local area network. In order to achieve the research objective, the study examined the inbuilt access and use of a computer’s serial number prototype model as an alternative method of authenticating devices in a network. Design science research methodology that involved design and development, demonstration and model evaluation was employed. A Serial Number Based Authentication prototype (SNAP) was therefore designed using state chart and flow chart diagrams based on dynamic programming, developed over evolutionary prototyping and test run on a static experimental design using Java Development Kit and MySQL platforms to demonstrate, as proof of concept, that a computer’s serial number can be used to authenticate a computer in a wireless local area network. From the test runs whose outcomes were the binary values yes or no, it was found out that SNAP can actually allow or deny, enable or disable a computer in a network based on the computer’s serial number. The researcher therefore, recommends that the prototype be scaled up, then adopted as a network device authentication method.
Radio Resource Management for Eicic, Comp, Relaying and Back-hauls Techniques in LTE-advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey
Authors: N. Sirhan Najem , Martinez-Ramon Manel
Published: September 2022

Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP, Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
A Modified IEEE 802.15.6 Mac Scheme to Enhance Performance of Wireless Body Area Networks in E-Health Applications
Authors: Siddik Md. Abubakar , Hasi Most. Anju Ara , Nitu Jakia Akter , Sarker Sumonto , Sultana Nasrin
Published: September 2022

The recently released IEEE 802.15.6 standard specifies several physical (PHY) layers and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols for variety of medical and non-medical applications of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). The medical applications of WBAN has several obligatory requirements and constrains viz. high reliability, strict delay deadlines and low power consumption. The standard IEEE 802.15.6 MAC scheme is not able to fulfil the all requirements of medical applications of WBAN. To address this issue we propose an IEEE 802.15.6-based MAC scheme that is the modification of superframe structure, user priorities and access mechanism of standard IEEE 802.15.6 MAC scheme. The proposed superframe has three access phases: random access phases (RAP), manage access phases (MAP) and contention access phase (CAP). The proposed four user priorities nodes access the channel during RAP using CAMA/CA mechanism with a large value of contention window. The proposed MAC scheme uses RTS/CTS access mechanism instead of basic access mechanism to mitigate the effect of hidden and expose terminal problem. Moreover, we develop an analytical model to evaluate the performance of proposed MAC scheme and solve the analytical model using Maple. The results show that the modified IEEE 802.15.6 MAC scheme achieve the better performance in terms of reliability, throughput, average access delay, energy consumption, channel utilization and fairness compared to standard IEEE 802.15.6 MAC scheme in E-health applications.
An Implementation of Voice Assistant for Hospitality
Authors: Athikkal Sagina , Jenq John
Published: September 2022

Voice user interface has gained popularity in the recent years. A chatbot is a machine with the ability to answer automatically through a conversational interface. Instead of using mouse and keyboards as input and screen as output, a chatbot with extra voice user interface feature improve the system and enhance the user experience. A chatbot is considered as one of the most exceptional and promising expressions of human computer interaction. Voice-based chatbots or artificial intelligence (AI) devices transform humancomputer bidirectional interactions that allow users to navigate an interactive voice response (IVR) system with their voice generally using natural language. In this paper, we focus on voice based chatbots for mediating interactions between hotels and guests from both the hospitality technology providers’ and guests’ perspectives. A hotel web application with voice user interface was implemented which provides voice input/output interface to enhance the user experience. Speech recognition component was used to dictate the user voice input to text. Speech synthesis API was used for text to voice conversion. A closed domain question answering (cdQA) Natural Language Processing (NLP) solution was used for processingof query and return the best answer possible.
Generating Expert Systems to Detect Specific Bacteria Types and Extract Handwriting from Banck Checks
Authors: Ammar Maan , Ammar Khuzama , Ammar Nawara , Mansour Kinan , Ammar Waad
Published: September 2022

Detecting specific types of bacteria in a microscopic Bacteria Colony Image (BCI) is a tedious and timeconsuming task. Based on the previous experience in the field of computerized signature and handwriting analysis, we generated two expert systems to detect specific types of bacteria in BCI and to extract handwriting from binary bank checks images using the same software platform developed for this purpose. Using the Domain Expert Guided Heuristic Search (DEGHS) and the platform, we generated an expert system that succeeded in cases where no algorithmic approach can be applied. We exploited the fact that the function of an expert system is determined mainly by its knowledge base to generate different expert systems by modifying the content of the knowledge base. The mechanism used expedite very much the development of the expert system to reach its best performance.
The challenges facing employment retention with reference to the Labour Brokering industry : a case study of a National Temporary Employment Service provider
Authors:   , Naidoo Bavendren
Published: September 2022

The labour broking industry has been the focus of much controversy since 2009 in South Africa. The constant pressure from trade unions to ban the industry with opposing views from business and temporary employment agencies on the significance of temporary employment has led to legislative changes in the Labour Relations Act (LRA) on temporary employment services (TES). These changes have thus created uncertainty in business, the TES industry and both the temporary and permanent TES workforce. The purpose of this study is to identify key factors and existing policies that influence employee retention and to further critically analyse the regulations on TES and its effect on employee retention within the labour broking industry. A four phase multiple methods research design with questionnaires, semi- structured interviews, focus groups and a Delphi analysis were used to examine the factors affecting employee retention from the employees and various stakeholders within the TES industry. The present and future impact of the regulations and TES demand was also explored. The findings showed that the regulations did reduce TES demand and work security. The negative reputation of Labour Brokers, union pressure and the nature of temporary contracts were contributing factors to employee retention challenges. This study indicates that the TES industry should repair the negative reputation and image in the minds of its stakeholders and the general public, makes strides towards more sustainable job security within the industry and create added value through training and development initiatives.
THE TWO-SIDED MARKET AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-CASH PAYMENT SERVICES IN VIETNAM
Authors: NGUYEN THI PHAN THU
Published: September 2022

This article researches the two-sided business market and model; analyzes the correlation between the two-sided market and non-cash payment services. On that basis, the article identifies the situation and trend of non-cash payment from the perspective of a two-sided market in Vietnam.
Keywords: Two-Sided Business Model, Service, Non-Cash Payment.
Motivational Factors as a Driver for Success for First-Year Students at a Selected Public University in South Africa
Authors: Moosa Moeniera , Aloka Peter JO
Published: September 2022

Remaining motivated is vital to enable continued focus and success for university students. This study examined motivational factors as a driver for success for first year students at a selected public university in South Africa. The study adopted a phenomenological qualitative research design and participants included 312 first year students from the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg who were purposively selected from the 2020 first year Bachelor of Education cohort.  Data were collected by means of open-ended survey questions in the first and sixth week of lectures. Alderfer’s Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) theory (1969) and Vroom’s (1964) theories of motivations were used as the analytic framework. The qualitative findings indicated significant reliance by students on external motivating factors as compared to internal motivating factors. In practice, university structures could strengthen orientation programmes for first year students at the university as these programmes would be an external motivator to enable student success.
Numerical investigation of the flow behaviour and filtration of aged red blood cells
Authors:   , Karandeniya Dinushika Madushani Wickramasingha
Published: September 2022

Transfusions involving red blood cells (RBCs) are critical to modern health care. However, there is no effective clinical way to remove aged cells from stores to increase maximum shelf life and enhance transfusion safety. The spleen filters aged RBCs but the specific mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, an accurate and efficient new numerical model was developed for different RBC shapes and investigated their flow and deformation behaviour using the LBM-IBM-DEM method. Cell orientation, stiffness, morphology, interior viscosity of the cell, and flow velocity were found to be the major parameters that determine splenic cell filtration.
Global stability of a HCV dynamics model with cellular proliferation and delay
Authors: Nangue Alexis , Fokam Tacteu Armel Willy , Guedlai Ayouba
Published: September 2022

In this work, we propose and investigate a delay cell population model of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with cellular proliferation, absorption effect and a nonlinear incidence function. First of all, after having shown the existence of the local solutions of our model, we show the existence of the global solutions and positivity. Moreover, we determine the uninfected equilibrium point and the basic reproduction rate R0, which is a threshold number in mathematical epidemiology. After showing the existence and uniqueness of the infected equilibrium point, we proceed to the study of the local and global stability of this equilibrium. We show that if  R0 < 1, the uninfected equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will disappear and if  R0 > 1, we have a unique infected equilibrium that is globally asymptotically stable under some conditions. Finally, we perform some numerical simulations to illustrate the obtained theoretical results.
Parestesia do nervo alveolar inferior e sua relação com a cirurgia de terceiro molar
Authors: Silva Ingrid Caroline Atanasio da , Sobral Aline Sampaio , Santos Natalia Palmeira dos , Nascimento Ingrid Karolyne Silva , Vale Michele Cristina Silva do , Seroli Wagner
Published: September 2022

Uma possível lesão ao nervo alveolar inferior (NAI), é conhecida por ser uma das principais causas da parestesia permanente após a exodontia dos terceiros molares inferiores. O nervo alveolar inferior é responsável por promover estímulos sensoriais, e nociceptivos nos elementos dentários dos quadrantes inferiores. A discussão e conhecimento a respeito da anatomia, localização, e características do NAI, são capazes de promover procedimentos cirúrgicos mais seguros, diminuindo sobremaneira o risco de iatrogenias, e lesões permanentes. Desta forma, esta revisão narrativa de literatura tem como objetivo discorrer a respeito das características do NAI, assim como os fatores que podem promover a parestesia, e opções terapêuticas.
Inclusão de alunos surdos: desafios e necessidades do docente
Authors: Souza Adelene de , Lima Francine de Paulo Martins
Published: September 2022

No Brasil, o Decreto nº 5626/2005 regulamentou o acesso da pessoa surda à educação e garantiu a presença do intérprete de Libras, no ambiente escolar, entretanto a responsabilidade do ensino é do professor regente. O presente estudo, objetivou identificar as necessidades formativas e os desafios enfrentados pelo professor regente, quando se trata do ensino ao aluno Surdo que frequenta o Ensino Regular. Para tanto, analisou-se os dados obtidos, por meio de questionário aplicado a 29 docentes atuantes com aluno Surdo, em uma escola estadual de Minas Gerais. Os resultados apontaram que entre as necessidades formativas está a formação específica para o atendimento a esses alunos. Quanto aos desafios registra-se a diferença linguística, dificuldade de comunicação, dependência do intérprete, utilização de estratégias de ensino adequadas. Percebeu-se, assim, a importância da efetivação de políticas públicas de formação continuada, para melhor conhecimento das especificidades desse aluno, com ênfase em práticas docentes mais adequadas para o atendimento ao aluno Surdo.
The Effect Of Leadership And Work Motivation On Teachers' Work Ethos In Junior High School State Kualuh Downstream District
Authors: Maidiana Maidiana , Khairuddin Khairuddin
Published: September 2022

Study this aim for study The Effect Of Leadership and Work Motivation On Teachers Work Ethos In Junior High School State Kualuh Downstream District. Study this based on because problem influencing factors teacher work ethic. Method study conducted with use approach quantitative. M method data collection is a technique or how to do for collect data. Method pointing something method so that could show us through study library and research related fields with observation, and questionnaire or questionnaire. Data analysis technique conducted with analysis regression Double, Significant Test (t), Simultaneous Test (Ftest), and Coefficient Determination (R Test). Research Results show that the Influence Among Leadership school principals against ethos work Teacher State Junior High School in the District of Kualuh Hilir. This thing can be proven from the results of SPSS 21 data processing which is obtained from the results of hypothesis testing that shows that sign < and analysis tcount = 4,028 while score t table = 1.68288 means score t count > score t table. Influence Among motivation teacher work on ethos Teacher's work State Junior High School in the District of Kualuh Hilir. This thing can be proven from the results of SPSS 21 data processing which is obtained from the results of hypothesis testing that show that sign < and analysis  tcount = 7.412 whereas score t table = 1.68288. Influence Among leadership and motivation teacher work on ethos Teacher's work Simultaneously, all public junior high schools in the Kualuh Hilir sub-district. This thing can be proven from the results of SPSS 21 data processing which is obtained the results of hypothesis testing that show that sign value < and Fcount  28,547 > F table 3,226, which means leadership and work motivation have a significant influence on the ethos of teacher work in SMP Negeri Se - Kualuh Hilir District, In Thing this the effect of 0.594, or have influence as big as 59,4.
Length-Weight relationship of mature Hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha in Bangladesh
Authors: DAS BIMAL CHANDRA , AKTER MOUSUMI , KHATUN AMENA , MONIRUZZAMAN MD. , HOSSAIN MOSTAFA ALI REZA , RASHID HARUNUR
Published: September 2022

An experiment was carried out to determine the length, weight, and Length-Weight Relationship of mature hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha, in Bangladesh to better manage the fish species. Total 480 Samples were collected from Meghna River, Chandpur, from July 2012 to June 2013 and Tentulia River, Barisal, from June 2013 to June 2014. Total length (TL) was measured using a measuring scale, and body weight (BW) was taken using an electric balance. Length-weight relationship (LWR) and the relative condition factor (Kn) of fishes were determined. In the case of female hilsa from Chandpur, the mean TL value varied from 37.21±0.81 to 42.58±0.80 cm, and for male, the mean TL value varied from 34.25±0.55 to 37.03±0.75. For female hilsa Barisal, the mean TL value for female hilsa was found to vary from 37.48±0.90 to 41.18±0.78 cm, and males, the mean TL value varied from 34.80±0.69 to 37.19±0.59 cm. In the case of female hilsa Chandpur, the mean body weight varied from 762 ± 88.36 to 987.00 ± 113.07 g, and for males, the value varied from 453.60±19.25 g to 626.00 ± 18.02 g. For female hilsa Barisal, the mean body weight varied from 639.50 ± 0.71g to 992.00±61.93g, and for males, the value varied from 523.00±35.96 g to 598.00 ± 31.26 g. The highest Kn value for female was recorded in October (1.0688), the lowest was in May (0.8607), and the highest male Kn value was observed in November (1.0197), but the lowest was in July (0.9974) for hilsa in Meghna River, Chandpur. The highest female Kn value was found in April (1.0895), and the lowest was in December (0.9023). The highest male Kn value was observed in October (1.032), but the lowest was in July (0.9988) for hilsa in Tentulia River, Barisal.
Current status of fisheries resource of India: Present status and future prospective
Authors: AHMED HILAL , AHMED IMTIAZ
Published: September 2022

Indian fisheries sector provides jobs to millions of people and also contribute significantly to the country’s food supply and overall GDP. From the pristine Himalayan streams to the huge Indian Ocean, the country fisheries sector is surrounded by a unique and diverse combination of resources. The country's fisheries encompass a wide variety of physical and biological aspects that support the livelihoods of sizeable population of the country. Recent years have witnessed a considerable development in aquaculture, which might lead to a large increase in fish production of the country. In the present review, our focus is to generate data on fisheries resource of India, by studying the present situation and forecasted changes. To become self-sufficient in fish production as well as to provide surplus to the world, it is necessary to utilize the country's resources extensively. An increase in production might be achieved via the use of more advanced technology, greater planning and strategies. In order to boost output and productivity, it is necessary to understand the different issues faced by farmers and fishermen. Analysis of present conditions and future possibilities would lead to projections on fishing prospects as well as development and improvement of future strategies.
Assessment of post-harvest fish losses among artisanal fishers in northeast Nigeria
Authors: SEGUN ASHLEY-DEJO SAMUEL , MUSA IDI-OGEDE ABUBAKA , MUSA MUSA ALHAJI , IJABO OGAH SAMUEL , MOHAMMED SABO , MERCY OGO PRINCES , CHISOM NNONYE
Published: September 2022

Fish is a perishable commodity whose quality must be maintained along the production and supply chain. The study aimed at assessing post-harvest fish losses among artisanal fishers in Northeast Nigeria. A multistage random sampling procedure was adopted to select 227 respondents. Quantitative data were collected with the use of close-ended questionnaires. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression model. The results of the study revealed that the majority of the fishers were uneducated married men, with mean age and fishing experience of 46 and 8 years respectively. On average, 23.15% of fish caught are lost daily at post-harvest which could be attributed to the non-availability of infrastructural facilities, low literacy level, and management problems. Furthermore, results from multiple linear regression show that age, educational qualification, fishing experience, packaging materials, the time frame of fishing activities, and days of fishing in a week were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) with post-harvest fish losses. Conclusively, to improve the livelihood, ensure food security, and reduce the cost incurred by the Nigerian government on food importation post-harvest losses should be averted through policy formulation geared towards reducing post-harvest losses, provision of infrastructural facilities, training, and retraining of fishers.
Biosecurity practices in hatcheries of high value fishes
Authors: BASAK DOLA , JAHAN FATEMA , HALIM K.M. ABDUL , ALI MD. NAWSHAD , FARUK MD. ALI REZA
Published: September 2022

The present study was conducted to know the status of biosecurity from some commercial fish hatcheries producing high value fish seeds including gulsha (Mystus cavasius), shing (Heteropneustes  fossilis) and koi (Anabas testudineus) in Mymensingh and Jessore districts. Data was collected from 90 hatcheries of each district through questionnaire interview. Biosecurity status of hatcheries was evaluated through some previously set criteria including infrastructure, restriction on entry of visitors, use of foot bath, protective clothing, hatchery hygiene, disinfection and sanitation, record keeping, hatchery personnel’s academic qualification and training. Severe lacking on some biosecurity measures were observed such as use of foot bath, restriction on visitors, record keeping system, pest control management, proper disinfection of equipment, and  feed inspection. No hatchery owners were found to use any protective clothing and vaccination. Some biosecurity measures were found quite satisfactory such as good hygiene (86%), cleaning of hatchery units (100%), water quality (78%), stocking of disease free broods (77.50%) and internal quarantine procedure (80%). Hatchery owners reported some diseases in brood fishes which included gill and fin rot, abdominal distension, ulcerative hemorrhagic lesion and whitish appurtenance. Overall the biosecurity status in hatcheries was not that satisfactory. It is thus important to improve biosecurity status in fish hatcheries through updated training of hatchery personnel.
Multivariate morphometric differentiation of Macrobrachium species (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) along the northern rivers of Bangladesh
Authors: HOSHAN IMRAN , YESMIN AKTHERA , RAY MADHAB , AHMED FEE FAYSAL , MAHFUJ SAROWER
Published: September 2022

Understanding interspecific morphometric variation is a prerequisite of species identification, evolutionary and taxonomic studies. The external features (i.e. morphometric and ratios) of five Macrobrachium species viz., Macrobrachium rosenbergii, M. lanchesteri, M. dolichodactylus, M. idella and M. lamarrei from three rivers in northern Bangladesh, were used to analyze interspecific morphometric variation. Macrobrachium samples were collected from Jamuneshwari river, Tangon river and Atrai river. Morphometric and ratios data were subjected to univariate ANOVA test. To assess variations among the species, a principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were performed. Four PCA explained 95.31% of the variation in morphometric and ratios data. Four CVA were correctly classified as 46.53%, 30.02%, 18.10% and 5.35% respectively using morphometric and ratios data. Morphometric and ratio results from PCA formed a compact cluster among species while in CVA showed that species were completely formed a separate cluster. A dendrogram independently developed based on phenotypic traits among the individuals of the five Macrobrachium species confirmed the presence of phenotypic differentiation. The baseline evidence ensuing from the current study would be advantageous for geometric morphometric, genetic investigations and further in situ conservation of Macrobrachium species in Bangladesh.
Morphological variations between native and Vietnam-originated striped snakeheads (Channa striata) in Bangladesh
Authors: JANNAT BUSHRATUL , KANON KANIZ FATEMA , SULTANA NASRIN , ALAM MD SHAHANOOR , ALAM MOHAMMAD SHAFIQUL
Published: September 2022

The freshwater striped snakehead, Channa striata, known as “shol” in Bangladesh was introduced from Vietnam for commercial aquaculture that lacks morphological background. Therefore, the present study sought to differentiate various C. striata populations morphologically using one hundred eighty-six samples, consisting of nine native and two Vietnam-originated populations in Bangladesh. Seventeen morphometric and six meristic characters were studied, and the analysis highlighted that native and Vietnamese snakeheads were significantly different considering all morphological traits examined except eye diameter. The discrimination analysis illustrated that pelvic fin length (PVFL), pectoral fin length (PCFL), mouth gape (MG), and body width (BW) were the central characters caused to differentiate between native and Vietnamese populations. However, morphological findings compared with the previous findings reveal that Vietnam-originated snakeheads in Bangladesh do not correspond to wild morphotypes in Vietnam and that need to maintain carefully to avoid possible new morphotypes through genetic introgression and different culture condition practiced in Bangladesh.
Life-history traits of grey mullet, Liza parsia in the Passur River of Southern Bangladesh: Implications for effective management
Authors: ASADUJJAMAN MD. , KHAN MD. NURUZZAMAN , MAHFUJ SAROWER , AKRAM WASIM , ISLAM SK INJAMAMUL , SABBIR WASIM
Published: September 2022

The study of life-history features of least-concerned fishes like Liza parsia is critical for developing long-term management and conservation methods for this species. The current study delivers the very first detailed clarification of life-history traits (LHT), containing length-frequency distribution (LFD), length-weight and length-length relationships (LWR and LLR), form factor (a3.0), condition factors, length at first sexual maturity (Lm), natural mortality (Mw) and optimum catchable length (Lopt) of L. parsia from the Passur River in southern Bangladesh. Fish samples (n =150) were randomly collected from May to August 2021, using gill nets. Each individual fish's total length (TL), fork length (FL), standard length (SL), and bodyweight (BW) were recorded. The size classes of TL were 15–17cmleadingmaximum sizes among the fish population. Length-Weight relations (LWR) from exponential b values (TL vs. BW) revealed a negative allometric growth trend (b = 2.6174). The b value based on the LLR similarly specifies the identical growth configuration. The a3.0 score was determined to be 0.01, demonstrating that the fish has extended body morphology. KF is the finest method for measuring the well-being of L. parsia in the Passur River among the four types of condition parameters. Moreover, WR also showed a significant deviation from 100 (p < 0.05) signifying an unstable habitat for L. parsia. The calculated Lm, Mw and Lopt values were 11.20 cm in TL, 0.76/year and 12.64 cm in TL respectively.  As a consequence, the findings of this research could be conducted in the future to effectively manage this species in the Passur River, and its interconnecting environments.
Ichthyofauna assemblage and their spatiotemporal distribution: a case study in Asura beel of Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Authors: FERDOUSHI Z. , HASSAN K.M. TOUFIQ , ALAM MD. SHAHANUR , AZAD MD. A. K. , URMI A.H.
Published: September 2022

Ichthyofauna diversity acts as a bio-indicator and is playing a significant role in the sustainability of an aquatic environment. The present study explores the ichthyofauna assemblage in one of the largest wetlands of Bangladesh known as Asura beel located in Dinajpur district. Fortnightly fish samplings were done from November 2017 to October 2018 considering three seasons as winter,summer, and rainy. Fish biodiversity was assessed with their threatened status and analyzed seasonal abundance with the diversity indices. Findings revealed a total of 35 identified species of fish belonging to 7 orders, 17 families, and 26 genera. According to IUCN- Bangladesh 2015, the current research recorded 6 fish species as vulnerable (17%). While only 1 species is data deficient (3%), 6 species are endangered (17%), and the other 22 species are not threatened (63%). Among the fish species, Amblypharyngodon mola of Cypriniformes order contributed the highest abundance (12%). On the contrary, Ostreobrama cotio and Macrognathus armatus both represented the lowest abundance by contributing 0.35%. The survey also reported that the seasonal diversity indices and richness values did not vary significantly according to seasons although the number of catches was found higher in the winter season followedby summer and rainy seasons.
Existence of panmictic Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) populations from two large river ecosystems in Bangladesh revealed by mitochondrial control region
Authors: KHATUN MUMTAHINA , MONDOL MD. RASHEDUL KABIR , RAHMAN SHARMEEN , ALAM MOHAMMAD ASHRAFUL , BASHAR MD. ABUL , MAHMUD YAHIA
Published: September 2022

The present study was undertaken to estimate genetic diversity and reveal population structure of Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) from two large river ecosystems, the Padma and Meghna of Bangladesh using mitochondrial control region (D-loop region). Fin tissue samples of 60 individuals were collected from the Padma (ChapaiNawabgonj) and Meghna River (Chandpur). DNA was extracted and D-loopof mtDNA was amplified, purified and sequenced. A total of 35 Sequences (15 Sequences from the Padma and 20 Sequences from the Meghna population) were analyzed and 14 haplotypes were detected. Total16 polymorphic sites were identified that included11 singleton sites and 5 parsimony informative sites. These populations showed high haplotype diversity (h) (0.863 in the Meghna and 0.901in the Padma population). We found low nucleotide diversity (Pi) within each population, 0.0058±0.0039 in the Padma to 0.0063±0.004 in the Meghna population. The shared haplotypes among the two populations were identified as 28.57%, and the rest 71.43% were private haplotypes. Estimate of genetic differentiations (Fst) suggest that the Meghna population of Hilsa was closely related to the Padma population (Fst= 0.058, P=0.07). The TCS genealogy showed three main haplotypes separated by three mutational steps and hap_10 might be the most ancestral haplotype by its internal position in the network. All results suggest panmixia in T. ilisha populations between the Meghna and Padma river populations and thus similar management plan could be useful for these two river Hilsa fishery in Bangladesh.
Study of the spawning season of Hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha in Bangladesh
Authors: DAS BIMAL CHANDRA , SWATI SABEQUN NAHAR , KHATUN TAHMINA , MONIRUZZAMAN MD. , RASHID HARUNUR
Published: September 2022

An experiment was carried out on the reproductive biology of riverine populations of Tenualosa ilisha in Bangladesh to identify peak breeding season using gonadal biology and gonadosomatic index (GSI) information, reproductive and fry production potentiality, which will finally lead to development strategies for conservation of Hilsa fish species. Total 480 Samples were collected from Meghna River, Chandpur, from July 2012 to June 2013 and Tentulia River, Barisal from June 2013 to June 2014. Both Total length (TL) and Gonad length (GL) were measured using a measuring scale, and both Body weight (BW) and Gonad weight (GW) were taken using an electric balance. To detect the peak spawning activity of hilsa of the Meghna River and Tentulia River, the GSI and Dobriyal index (DI) were calculated. The mean GSI value for both female and male hilsa of the Meghna River was found to be varied from 4.84±0.63 to 15.31±1.17 and 0.32±0.04 to 1.04±0.08, respectively, with the highest value in October. In the case of the Tentulia River, the mean GSI value for female and male hilsa was found to be varied from 6.33±0.39 to 15.03±0.37 and 0.32±0.03 to 1.00±0.06, respectively, with the peak in October. Mean DI of female and male hilsa of Meghna River, Chandpur was found to be ranged from 3.31±0.23 to 5.15±0.17 and 1.18±0.04 to 1.71±0.03 respectively, and October was the highest. Mean DI value of female and male hilsa of Tentulia River, Barisal varied from 3.63±0.15 to 5.00±0.12 and 1.18±0.04 to 1.70±0.03 respectively, with the peak in October. Both the GSI and DI results of the present study suggested that hilsa has a prolonged spawning season, but major spawning takes place in October–November, with a distinct peak in October, indicating the peak spawning season for hilsa in Bangladesh.
Understanding the Pattern and Structure of Pakistani Trade
Authors: Niazi Zakir Ullah , Saeed Aliya
Published: September 2022

The main objective of this research is to understand the pattern and structure of Pakistani trade from 2012 to 2016. Twenty countries have been selected, accounting for 80 percent of the country's trade. The data from 2012 to 2016 has been taken from the website of UN Comtrade. Averages and percentages are calculated for a better exposition of the data. The figures in the research are in US dollars. Twenty countries that traded with Pakistan were selected. The countries that trade more often with Pakistan are selected. The selected countries are classified on the basis of their per capita income. These countries have been categorized into low, middle, and high-income countries. Exports are categorized into textile and textile products, agricultural products, minerals, and chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and others, and imports are categorized into food, agricultural products, heavy machinery, and chemical products. The results show that total exports of the selected commodities to middle-income countries have decreased by 34 percent, although these economies are growing faster than others. Similarly, imports from middle-income countries decreased. Pakistan imports increased because of the demand for heavy machinery for CPEC. Pakistan imports machinery for about $5 billion from low and middle-income countries. Pakistan shares a common border with two Afghanistan, Iran, India, and China but has minimal trade with them. China and India are the two large emerging economies and part of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), and countries worldwide are taking advantage of their growth except for Pakistan. The punch line is that Pakistan has to take advantage of its borders and export products with a competitive advantage to its neighboring countries. It will create and promote livelihood and development opportunities in the country.
A Study of Students Perception about Virtual Learning: An Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Siddiqa Ayesha
Published: September 2022

This research sheds light on the importance of virtual learning in today's technological era. Virtual learning is a flexible learning environment in which students can learn according to their eases. The purpose of this research is to review the student's perception of virtual learning. For this purpose, primary data has been collected from the five districts of Punjab (Hafizabad, Faisalabad, Lahore, Jhang, and Sargodha) through a pretested questionnaire. A convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis by using SPSS. Results of the descriptive study shows that the positive perception about virtual learning is 89.0 percent. The students who have access to a computer are 74.7 percent. The number of students who can easily afford the internet are 67.3 percent. The students who positively perceive that the extra cost of getting education traditionally can be saved via virtual learning are 82.9 percent. The positive perception of students about time-saving via virtual learning is 61.7 percent. The students' positive perception that job opportunities are equal for both degree holders is 55.4 percent cumulatively, which is higher than the negative perception. The positive perception for virtual learning is due to the offensive environment of institutions or family restrictions, as students' positive percentage is 59.2 cumulatively. Students' perception about the homogeneous outcomes and achievements via both learning is positive is about 51 percent. Results also suggest that virtual learning enhances the IT skills in students, and it is considered more cost-effective by students as compared to traditional learning. The policy recommendation is that government should concentrate on the importance of virtual learning and take necessary measures for this implementation.
EDUCATION RETURNS AMID THE EMPLOYED AND THE SELF-EMPLOYED SECTORS: AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY
Authors:   Department of Economics, The Women University Multan, Multan Pakistan., Ali Hina , Kousar Shakeela ,   Department of Entrepreneurship & Innovation, Institute of Business Management & Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Pakistan, Aisha Zinaz ,   Department of Economics, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University Quetta. Pakistan
Published: September 2022

The primary function of this cram is to approximate possessions of education on income in Pakistan. The ARDL approach is functional for estimating the long-run and short-run association among the variables using annual data from 1980-2020. Apart from considering levels of education, factors such as income, secondary, tertiary, agriculture, and industry are contained in this paper. The consequences illustrate that charge of revisit in Pakistan is elevated and optimistic, particularly at the higher schooling level. There is also an essential indication of wage differential because the elevated rank of schooling will be the income of individuals in Pakistan. By industrial measures, we recommend that workers expect the maximum profits, in communal, personal, and then freelance workers. This teaching revisits an explanation in favor of the current behavior in enrollments. Hence, rising communal asset on the way to promote improved presence in fundamental teaching is not acceptable lying based on personal competence, except reserves to enhance education features to contain high confidential profits. Using high personal profits for postsecondary training, pupils in this stage must instruct how to regain supplementary of the civic expenses of teaching, which might be distributed differently to deprived ancestry throughout allowance. In this ARDL approach, we find that Agri, Sec_, and Sec_Gr have a negative relationship with income, while the other variables such as Ind, Sec_Ger, and Ter_Gr have a positive relationship with income. Keywords: Education, ARDL Approach, Income, Agriculture, Industry, Secondary
REVISITING THE 18TH AMENDMENT IN THE 1973 CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN: DEBATE OVER CENTRE-PROVINCE POWERS
Authors:   Department of Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan, Gaho Ghulam Mustafa , Bukhari Ahmad Hussain Shah ,   Department of Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan, Shah Syed Anwar-ul-Mustafa ,   Department of Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Pakistan
Published: September 2022

This research article deals with the remarkable description of passing of 18th Amendment in the 1973 Constitution of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 2010, a move which was much awaited considered being the actual constitutional dream of the founder of the Nation Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the study talk about the different 102 constitutional articles amended in the process. Positive aspects of the 18thConstitutional Amendment have been given in detail followed by the opponent arguments given by those who are critical of this amendment. The research also delivers with the detailed debate on provincial autonomy followed by the apprehensions regarding the weak central government. The two opposite views are supported with solid arguments, whether the amendment brought greater role to the parliament and the Prime Minister or it was just to acquire unaccountable political power at the provincial level. In the end the conclusion sums up the debate. Key words: Constitution, Amendment, Legislation, Local Bodies, Judiciary, Provincial Autonomy, Senate