bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quels outils numériques de transmission des connaissances ?
Authors: Dervaux A.
Published: November 2015

En Psychiatrie, comme dans les autres disciplines, la transmission des connaissances s’est considérablement accrue avec le numérique. Cependant, l’abondance des informations nécessite un minimum de méthode pour trouver des informations pertinentes, notamment en matière de médecine fondée sur les preuves. Par exemple, pour mener une recherche bibliographique sur Internet, le choix des bases de données est primordial. Google n’est pas suffisant, 40 % seulement des informations médicales sur ce moteur de recherche étant fiables . Les bases de données les plus performantes sont PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), Google scholar (www. scholar.google.fr), Cochrane database of systematic reviews (www.cochrane.org/), Psycinfo, de l’American Psychological Association (www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycinfo/), clinicaltrials.gov. Le choix des mots-clés nécessite de recourir à des thesaurus, par exemple celui de l’Index Medicus (MeSH sur PubMed). Il est ensuite nécessaire de trier et d’hiérarchiser les informations, par exemple par discipline, par sujet, par Impact Factor des revues médicales ou par niveaux de preuve (méta-analyses, revues systématiques, études randomisées, études de cohorte, études cas–témoins transversales, études de cas). PubMed et Google proposent des systèmes d’alertes par mots clés choisis par les utilisateurs. Un autre exemple de transmission des connaissances est le développement du numérique dans la formation de base et la formation continue . En médecine, comme ailleurs, les formations massives en ligne ont fait leur apparition (massive open online course ou MOOC) . Les vidéos de cours se sont développées, prenant en compte les besoins individuels et des possibilités nouvelles d’interactions collectives : diaporamas, quiz, jeux sérieux, univers virtuels, forums pour poser des questions aux enseignants . Des référentiels d’enseignement en Psychiatrie de l’adulte, Psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent et addictologie sont maintenant disponibles pour les étudiants en Médecine, par exemple le Référentiel de Psychiatrie du Collège national des universitaires en psychiatrie et de l’Association pour l’enseignement de la sémiologie psychiatrique (http://www.asso-aesp.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ECN-referentiel-de-psychiatrie.pdf).
Évaluation des pratiques professionnelles et traçabilité des risques suicidaires, intérêts et limites
Authors: Omnès C. , Walczack A.
Published: November 2015

Avec 195 000 tentatives de suicide et plus de 10 000 décès par suicide chaque année, la prévention du suicide reste une priorité de santé publique en France. Dans le cadre de la démarche de certification des établissements hospitaliers, la HAS a inscrit 2010 l’évaluation et la traçabilité du risque suicidaire dans le manuel de certification comme pratique exigible prioritaire pour les établissements ayant une activité en psychiatrie. Mais qu’en est-il sur le terrain ? Peut-on observer un lien entre certification et prévention du suicide ? Quelles actions de prévention ont été mises en place par les équipes de façon durable ? Nous tenterons de faire le point sur les résultats de cette démarche à partir d’une revue de la littérature et de questionner les limites de cette méthode.
Dépistage et prise en charge de l’apnée du sommeil, un traitement du trouble bipolaire
Authors: Juenet N. , Gobillot-Porte N.
Published: November 2015

Malgré les efforts fournis ces dernières années, le bilan de la prise en charge des patients bipolaires reste toujours insatisfaisant, tant du point de vue du retard diagnostique (8 à 10 ans en moyenne [1]) que des rechutes thymiques (50 % à 1 an [1]) et de la suicidalité, mais aussi concernant la morbidité cardiovasculaire (on rappellera que la principale cause de décès chez ces patients reste à ce jour les accidents cardiovasculaires). Face à ce constat, une nouvelle approche multidisciplinaire se développe depuis quelques années [2]. Dans ce nouveau paradigme faisant appel bien entendu à la psychiatrie mais aussi à l’endocrinologie ou encore la cardiologie, la médecine du sommeil pourrait tenir un rôle de premier plan si l’on en juge par les comorbidités retrouvées aussi bien en périodes critiques qu’en périodes « dites » intercritiques. Ainsi, est-il convenu que les épisodes thymiques entraînent des troubles du sommeil, mais aussi que certains troubles du sommeil (rythmes irréguliers, insomnie, apnées…) sont des facteurs de rechutes thymiques. La force de l’association statistique pourrait, par ailleurs, nous permettre de considérer que certains troubles du sommeil sont à considérer comme une dimension du trouble bipolaire. De nombreuses études (avec malheureusement des faiblesses méthodologiques) retrouvent ainsi une association troublante entre troubles bipolaires et SAS, qui concernerait même près de la moitié des patients bipolaires [3]. Devant les difficultés diagnostiques et thérapeutiques évoquées précédemment, et si l’on parvient à confirmer qu’environ la moitié des bipolaires est apnéique (étude en cours dans notre établissement de psychiatrie), un dépistage systématique du SAOS chez des sujets suspectés de bipolarité ou résistants à une prise en charge psychiatrique « standard » permettrait une optimisation des soins (amélioration des troubles du sommeil, traitement au moins partiel de l’épisode thymique [4], diminution du risque de rechute thymique, prévention cardiovasculaire, recommandations sur le choix des psychotropes).
Un psychiatre au pays de l’HAS ou le soin face à la santé
Authors: Jurus M.
Published: November 2015

L’expérience de participer à des formations organisées par la HAS permet d’observer ce qui guide la politique de cette structure. La première surprise vient du constat que la définition originale de l’EBM qui encourage l’intégration des meilleures données de la science à la compétence clinique du soignant et aux valeurs du patient n’est même pas respectée pour privilégier uniquement la science. Nous observons que le caractère scientifique de l’HAS est labélisé en psychiatrie essentiellement sur les investigations statistiques : randomisation, double aveugle et cohorte significative avec une méthodologie parfaite. Les interprétations mériteraient la même rigueur. Il faut observer que les aspects médicaux ne représentent qu’une partie de ce qu’il faut intégrer. Le reste vient des sciences économiques avec des notions comme la roue de Deming qui tire son nom du statisticien William Edwards Deming qui l’a rendue populaire dans les années 1950, en présentant l’outil à la Fédération des organisations économiques japonaises pour la mise en place d’un plan stratégique de qualité. La trompeuse notion de démarche qualité est une référence au taylorisme. Nous devons quitter le monde de l’artisanat du soin pour la production de masse avec une organisation rentable de la santé pour obtenir la meilleure efficience basée sur l’analyse scientifique des processus de travail des cliniciens. Fort de cette observation, nous pouvons craindre que l’HAS ne s’intéresse peu à la clinique et à la science mais plutôt à la recherche de primes à la performance. Ce n’est pas le diagnostic, le malade ou le médecin qui sont importants mais plutôt une planification rentable pour les assureurs de la santé. Le malade qui a payé pour être assuré de bons soins passe au deuxième plan. HAS ne veut pas dire Haute Autorité du soin.
La naissance du paradigme de psychose
Authors: Sinzelle J.
Published: November 2015

Dans le cadre d’une recherche indépendante, à partir de sources oubliées de la littérature psychiatrique classique, nous étudierons comment la psychiatrie a construit son identité par une réflexion sur des entités cliniques nouvellement créées. Elles ont découlé de l’élaboration de nouvelles classifications, qui sont toujours des travaux enracinées dans leur époque et dans les modèles théoriques dominants. D’où vient le fait que le terme de psychose est devenu à lui seul un pan entier de la psychiatrie, dans la diversité de ses expressions symptomatiques et des pathologies variées qui s’y rattachent ? Nos ainés y ont-ils découvert un nouvel état de l’esprit humain ? Comment y ont-ils reconnu une parenté, un processus psychique qui nécessitait la création d’un nouveau mot où viendront se cristalliser les troubles psychotiques ? Nous verrons comment Ernst von Feuchtersleben (1806–1849), personnage haut en couleur, probablement en avance sur son temps, et cela avant la théorie de la Dégénérescence, a repris le terme préexistant de psychose (forgé en 1841 par Canstatt), et a construit une nouvelle espèce de maladie mentale distincte d’une part de l’idiotie, et du délire fixe de l’autre. Le romantisme s’y retrouve probablement par sa manière d’exprimer son intuition de clinicien, en tant que médecin, et d’exposer son programme clinique à l’époque où la psychiatrie, qui s’appelait plus volontiers aliénisme ou « médecine psychique », n’en était qu’à ses débuts. Son œuvre médicale, par la précision de son propos, nous confronte avec un regard qui peut paraître étonnamment moderne, comme un tronc commun des divers courants ultérieurs dépouillé des idéologies plus récentes. Elle nous apprend autant sur la rigueur éthique d’une profession balbutiante que sur la marque, indélébile mais aujourd’hui oubliée, qu’il imprima sur toute la psychiatrie.
L’empathie et le modèle animal
Authors: Solinas M.
Published: November 2015

L’empathie peut être défini comme la capacité d’un individu à comprendre les émotions d’un autre individu en se s’imaginant à sa place. Un nombre croissant d’études montre que plusieurs désordres psychiatriques, incluant l’addiction et la dépression, sont associés à des déficits d’empathie qui contribueraient au développement de la pathologie [1]. Néanmoins, les mécanismes comportementaux et cérébraux sous-jacents à cette association restent méconnus. Bien que certains aspects de l’empathie paraissent exclusifs à l’Homme, plusieurs données expérimentales suggèrent que des formes d’empathie existent aussi chez les rongeurs. En effet, les rongeurs sont capables des formes de contagion émotionnelles (par exemple, transmission de la peur) ce qui montre qu’ils sont capables de comprendre l’état émotionnel d’un autre individu [2,3]. Des études plus récentes ont montré qu’ils peuvent aussi apprendre à réaliser des actions complexes afin de libérer leurs congénères de situations de détresse [4]. Ces nouvelles expériences mettent en évidence le fait que les rongeurs sont capables des processus mentaux plus élaborés et de mettre en pratique des stratégies pour aider leurs congénères. Ces résultats ouvrent des nouvelles voies pour l’étude de processus emphatiques dans des conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. L’utilisation de ces modèles et leur application à des modèles animaux de désordres psychiatriques permettra de comprendre les relations entre empathie et l’apparition de ces désordres et de mieux caractériser les mécanismes neurobiologiques impliqués dans ces fonctions.
SFPEADA – Actualités cliniques des TCA en pédopsychiatrie
Authors: Wawrzyniak M.
Published: November 2015

La question des troubles des conduites alimentaires mobilise les équipes en pédopsychiatrie au point que la SFPEADA a tenu ses dernières Journées nationales à Poitiers, en juin 2014, sur ce thème qui sera, à nouveau, repris lors d’une Journée scientifique qui aura lieu le 24 avril à Amiens. Les questions abordées par notre forum aborderont les soins à donner à ces troubles dans le champ de la pédopsychiatrie en se centrant sur trois points de vue : les aspects spécifiques en termes de psychopathologie, de clinique et d’épidémiologie des anorexies mentales masculines (J. Chambry), sur les manières de faire groupales traitant des groupes d’anorexiques comme des groupes de parents, cela pour penser le trouble ensemble et autrement (C. Mille), ainsi que sur les impacts sur les familles lorsque les bébés ne se nourrissent pas par la bouche (R. Scelles). Ce forum déploiera ainsi un panel de réflexions et de pratiques alliant la question de l’identité à celle de l’appartenance des jeunes patients anorectiques.
AFPS – La psychiatrie sociale : aspects paradigmatiques
Authors: Paris C. , Bennegadi R.
Published: November 2015

Dans ce symposium, nous passerons en revue dans une première partie les références historiques et les paradigmes qui ont sous-tendu les actions complémentaires à la clinique psychiatrique. Dans un deuxième mouvement, la pluridisciplinarité comme principe consolidateur sera formalisée et enfin, il sera fait une place particulière pour l’impact du travail social dans la trame constitutive de la psychiatrie sociale. Il n’est plus contestable actuellement de chercher à évaluer l’impact des déterminants sociaux dans la genèse de la souffrance psychique ou du désordre psychologique. Les références sociales, culturelles et psychologiques s’interpénètrent pour mieux comprendre la systématisation des troubles de la personnalité ou l’apparition de décompensations névrotiques, psychotiques ou psychopathiques. Cette nouvelle approche paradigmatique situe la psychiatrie sociale au carrefour des sciences médicales, humaines et sociales et l’objectif de ce forum est d’engager cette réflexion-reconstruction.
La pleine conscience dans la relation thérapeutique
Authors: Vandenbosch D.
Published: November 2015

La conscience de soi et de l’autre, ainsi de ce qui se présente entre le thérapeute et le client sera développé. Par le biais d’une expérimentation, vous comprendrez l’importance d’un élément fondamental dans la relation.
L’apparition de la notion de surréalité pendant la Grande Guerre
Authors: Garrabe J.
Published: November 2015

Le mouvement surréalisme a été développé par des anciens combattants de la Grande Guerre comme Guillaume Apollinaire (1880–1918) ou André Breton. Ce dernier connaissait-il l’observation de ce soldat évacué du front sur le Val-de-Grâce car il était convaincu de l’irréalité des combats et de la mort à laquelle il était exposé ? Pour nous, c’est cette manifestation psychopathologique qui est à l’origine même de la notion de « surréalité » illustrée par Apollinaire dans son drame surréaliste Les mamelles de Tirésias où apparaît pour la première fois ce terme.
The steroid receptor RNA activator protein (SRAP) controls cancer cell migration/motility
Authors: Yan Yi , Cooper Charlton , Hamedani Mohammad K. , Guppy Brent , Xu Wayne , Tsuyuki Deborah , Zhang Christine , Nugent Zoann , Blanchard Anne , Davie James R. , McManus Kirk , Murphy Leigh C. , Myal Yvonne , Leygue Etienne
Published: November 2015

Our results highlight for the first time a link existing between SRA1 gene expression and cell motility.
Mental Health Supports and Young People Transitioning from Out-of-home Care in Victoria
Authors: Rahamim Adina , Mendes Philip
Published: November 2015

Young people transitioning from out-of-home care (OHC) are a vulnerable group. One particular manifestation of disadvantage is poor mental health outcomes which may reflect both the traumatic effects of childhood abuse, and a lack of support on leaving care. This article presents the findings of a small qualitative study undertaken in Victoria which explored the views of OHC and mental health service providers regarding the mental health support needs of care leavers. The findings are consistent with existing research results internationally in highlighting a number of key factors that influence mental health outcomes including the impact of pre-care, in-care and transition from care experiences.
A Large Outbreak of Hepatitis C Virus Infections in a Hemodialysis Clinic
Authors: Nguyen Duc B. , Gutowski Jennifer , Ghiselli Margherita , Cheng Tabitha , Bel Hamdounia Shadia , Suryaprasad Anil , Xu Fujie , Moulton-Meissner Heather , Hayden Tonya , Forbi Joseph C. , Xia Guo-liang , Arduino Matthew J. , Patel Ami , Patel Priti R.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

In November and December 2012, 6 patients at a hemodialysis clinic were given a diagnosis of new hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the outbreak to identify risk factors for transmission.

METHODS

A case patient was defined as a patient who was HCV-antibody negative on clinic admission but subsequently was found to be HCV-antibody positive from January 1, 2008, through April 30, 2013. Patient charts were reviewed to identify and describe case patients. The hypervariable region 1 of HCV from infected patients was tested to assess viral genetic relatedness. Infection control practices were evaluated via observations. A forensic chemiluminescent agent was used to identify blood contamination on environmental surfaces after cleaning.

RESULTS

Eighteen case patients were identified at the clinic from January 1, 2008, through April 30, 2013, resulting in an estimated 16.7% attack rate. Analysis of HCV quasispecies identified 4 separate clusters of transmission involving 11 case patients. The case patients and previously infected patients in each cluster were treated in neighboring dialysis stations during the same shift, or at the same dialysis station on 2 consecutive shifts. Lapses in infection control were identified. Visible and invisible blood was identified on multiple surfaces at the clinic.

CONCLUSIONS

Epidemiologic and laboratory data confirmed transmission of HCV among numerous patients at the dialysis clinic over 6 years. Infection control breaches were likely responsible. This outbreak highlights the importance of rigorous adherence to recommended infection control practices in dialysis settings.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):125–133
The Impacts of Moral Evaluations and Descriptive Norms on Children's and Adolescents’ Tolerance of Transgression
Authors: Wang Jin , Fu Xinyuan , Zhang Lange , Kou Yu
Published: November 2015

Tolerance of transgressions can influence the social cognitive and moral development of children and adolescents. Given the prevalent tolerance for bribery throughout the developing world and in China, the present research identified bribery as a serious transgression and investigated the various effects of moral evaluations and descriptive norms on transgression tolerance with increasing age. Thus, two studies examined these effects among primary, middle, and high school students ( N = 972, 10-, 13-, and 16-year-olds). In Study 1, students’ transgression tolerance was negatively influenced by moral evaluations, and no age trend emerged. However, students reported more transgression tolerance with age owing to their increasing understanding of descriptive norms. In Study 2, the descriptive norms were manipulated: individuals in the high descriptive norm condition showed greater transgression tolerance than those in the low descriptive norm condition. An increasing tolerance of transgressions was observed only for those in the high descriptive norm condition. The effect of descriptive norms was found to contribute to the transgression tolerance trend.
The riddle of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus’ dorsal sail
Authors: GIMSA JAN , SLEIGH ROBERT , GIMSA ULRIKE
Published: November 2015

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was probably the largest predatory dinosaur of the Cretaceous period. A new study shows that it was a semiaquatic hunter. The function of Spinosaurus’ huge dorsal ‘sail’ remains unsolved, however. Three hypotheses have been proposed: (1) thermoregulation; (2) humpback storage; or (3) display. According to our alternative hypothesis, the submerged sail would have improved manoeuvrability and provided the hydrodynamic fulcrum for powerful neck and tail movements such as those made by sailfish or thresher sharks when stunning or injuring prey. Finally, it could have been employed as a screen for encircling prey underwater.
Constructing social meaning in political discourse: Phonetic variation and verb processes in Ed Miliband's speeches
Authors: Kirkham Sam , Moore Emma
Published: November 2015

This article investigates how variation across different levels of linguistic structure indexes ideological alignments in political talk. We analyse two political speeches by Ed Miliband, the former leader of the UK Labour Party, with a focus on the use of /t/-glottalling and the types of verb processes that co-occur with the pronouns we and you. We find substantial differences in the production of /t/ between the two speeches in words such as Britain and government, which have been argued to take on particular salience in British political discourse. We contextualise these findings in terms of metalinguistic discourse surrounding Miliband's language use, as well as how he positions himself in relation to different audiences via verb process types. We show that phonetic variation, subject types, and verb processes work synergistically in allowing Miliband to establish a political persona that is sensitive to ideological differences between different audiences. (Social meaning, indexicality, political discourse, verb processes, phonetic variation, /t/-glottalling)*
The puzzling degraded status of who free relative clauses in English
Authors: PATTERSON GARY , CAPONIGRO IVANO
Published: November 2015

There is a puzzling asymmetry in English with respect to free relative clauses introduced by what and who, with the former (e.g. [What Glenn said] didn't make much sense) intuitively being much more acceptable than the latter (e.g. [Who Glenn married] didn't make much money). In this squib, we explore this degraded acceptability of who free relative clauses, and from the results of an experimental study we identify syntactic features of the sentence that influence the level of acceptability. We discuss the difficulty in finding an independently motivated solution to the puzzling asymmetry within current theories of syntax, semantic and processing. Finally, we touch on a broader theoretical question relating to the robust cross-linguistic process by which elements of the set of wh-words in a language are able to extend their function from introducing interrogative clauses to introducing other clausal constructions.
The influence of dexamethasone administered prenatally on cartilage of newborn spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) offspring
Authors: Iwaniak P. , Dobrowolski P. , Tomaszewska E. , Hułas-Stasiak M. , Tomczyk A. , Gawron A.
Published: November 2015

Considering the negative effects of glucocorticoid treatment, especially during fetal development it is important to investigate effectors decreasing such disadvantages. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prenatally administered dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, on the histomorphometry of the femur in the offspring of spiny mice. The study was performed on 24 pregnant spiny mice. The time of the experiment included the prenatal period between the 20th day of gestation until birth (pregnancy lasts on average of 36–38 days). The mice from the experimental group received dexamethasone per os in a dose of 125 mg/kg birth weight daily. At the end, the newborns from the experimental and control group were weighted and euthanized. Maternal Dex treatment resulted in a 17% decrease in birth weight in newborns. Dex administration significantly reduced the thickness of the hypertrophy zone of the growth plate by 34% and total thickness by 8,7%. In addition, Dex decreased the number of cells in the articular cartilage by 27% and significantly decreased their diameter by 5%. Dex also affected the structure and spatial distribution of thick and thin collagen fibers, lowering the proportion of thin fibers compared with the control group. Moreover, Dex treatment considerably lowered the amount of proteoglycans in articular and growth cartilages. Exposure to glucocorticoids in pregnant spiny mice affects cartilage development by accelerating maturity of collagen fibers and growth plate, presumably along with further disruption of longitudinal growth of long bones.
Poor Vitamin D Status in Healthy Populations in India: A Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Trilok Kumar Geeta , Chugh Reema , Eggersdorfer Manfred
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with rickets in children, with osteoporosis in the elderly, is thought to increase the risk of certain cancers and of cardiovascular diseases, and may have an impact on many other health conditions. Asians are reported to have a poor vitamin D status despite adequate sunshine in their regions. Data on the extent of vitamin D deficiency at the population level from most Asian countries, including India, are limited. Part of the reason for paucity regarding vitamin D status is the absence of clear recommendations on optimal vitamin D intakes and status, as well as clear consensus on the cut-offs for deficiency. With a large country covering several latitudes, ethnicities, cultures, traditions, and attitudes, the current data on vitamin D status in India is inadequate and classified in different ways, making interpretation difficult, and is unrepresentative as it comes only from four states, with about half the data from Delhi. Poor vitamin D status is almost universally reported across all age groups with as many as 95.7 % neonates, 75 % adults and 67 % pregnant women having serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels < 50 nmol/L (deficient). Children and adults exposed to sunlight, living in rural or less polluted areas have been reported to have a better vitamin D status, especially in summer months. Lack of conclusive information emphasizes the need for state-specific data on the vitamin D status and the extent of sun exposure to issue recommendations for vitamin D intake in the country.
General Practitioners’ Accounts of Patients Who Have Self-Harmed
Authors: Chandler Amy , King Caroline , Burton Christopher , Platt Stephen
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Background: The relationship between self-harm and suicide is contested. Self-harm is simultaneously understood to be largely nonsuicidal but to increase risk of future suicide. Little is known about how self-harm is conceptualized by general practitioners (GPs) and particularly how they assess the suicide risk of patients who have self-harmed. Aims: The study aimed to explore how GPs respond to patients who had self-harmed. In this paper we analyze GPs’ accounts of the relationship between self-harm, suicide, and suicide risk assessment. Method: Thirty semi-structured interviews were held with GPs working in different areas of Scotland. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed thematically. Results: GPs provided diverse accounts of the relationship between self-harm and suicide. Some maintained that self-harm and suicide were distinct and that risk assessment was a matter of asking the right questions. Others suggested a complex inter-relationship between self-harm and suicide; for these GPs, assessment was seen as more subjective. In part, these differences appeared to reflect the socioeconomic contexts in which the GPs worked. Conclusion: There are different conceptualizations of the relationship between self-harm, suicide, and the assessment of suicide risk among GPs. These need to be taken into account when planning training and service development.
Active and Passive Suicidal Ideation in Older Prisoners
Authors: Barry Lisa C. , Wakefield Dorothy B. , Trestman Robert L. , Conwell Yeates
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Background: Older prisoners are the fastest growing incarcerated population with high suicide rates, yet limited information is available to inform best practices for their early risk detection and suicide prevention. Aims: The present study sought to determine the current prevalence of and factors associated with active suicidal ideation (ASI) and passive suicidal ideation (PSI) in older prisoners, and to determine if ASI and PSI were similarly associated with depression and lifetime suicide attempt – markers of subsequent suicide. Method: ASI, PSI, current major depressive episode (MDE), lifetime suicide attempt, and participant characteristics were assessed during interviews with 124 prisoners aged 50 years and older. Participants were assigned to one of three mutually exclusive groups: no SI, PSI only, and ASI. Results: Past alcohol dependence and fair/poor self-rated health were associated with SI. Compared with those with no SI, older prisoners with PSI (10%) and ASI (11%) were more likely to have a lifetime suicide attempt and/or MDE. However, the likelihood of experiencing either MDE or a suicide attempt did not differ between those with ASI or PSI. Conclusions: Among older prisoners, PSI and ASI may be similarly associated with markers of subsequent suicide. PSI should not be considered inconsequential and may distinguish older prisoners with elevated suicide risk.
ER network homeostasis is critical for plant endosome streaming and endocytosis
Authors: Stefano Giovanni , Renna Luciana , Lai YaShiuan , Slabaugh Erin , Mannino Nicole , Buono Rafael A , Otegui Marisa S , Brandizzi Federica
Published: November 2015

Eukaryotic cells internalize cargo at the plasma membrane via endocytosis, a vital process that is accomplished through a complex network of endosomal organelles. In mammalian cells, the ER is in close association with endosomes and regulates their fission. Nonetheless, the physiological role of such interaction on endocytosis is yet unexplored. Here, we probed the existence of ER–endosome association in plant cells and assayed its physiological role in endocytosis. Through live-cell imaging and electron microscopy studies, we established that endosomes are extensively associated with the plant ER, supporting conservation of interaction between heterotypic organelles in evolutionarily distant kingdoms. Furthermore, by analyzing ER–endosome dynamics in genetic backgrounds with defects in ER structure and movement, we also established that the ER network integrity is necessary for homeostasis of the distribution and streaming of various endosome populations as well as for efficient endocytosis. These results support a novel model that endocytosis homeostasis depends on a spatiotemporal control of the endosome dynamics dictated by the ER membrane network.
Diversity in a honey bee pathogen: first report of a third master variant of the Deformed Wing Virus quasispecies
Authors: Mordecai Gideon J , Wilfert Lena , Martin Stephen J , Jones Ian M , Schroeder Declan C
Published: November 2015

Treatment of emerging RNA viruses is hampered by the high mutation and replication rates that enable these viruses to operate as a quasispecies. Declining honey bee populations have been attributed to the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and its affiliation with Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). In the current study we use next-generation sequencing to investigate the DWV quasispecies in an apiary known to suffer from overwintering colony losses. We show that the DWV species complex is made up of three master variants. Our results indicate that a new DWV Type C variant is distinct from the previously described types A and B, but together they form a distinct clade compared with other members of the Iflaviridae. The molecular clock estimation predicts that Type C diverged from the other variants ∼319 years ago. The discovery of a new master variant of DWV has important implications for the positive identification of the true pathogen within global honey bee populations.
The antisymmetry of distortions
Authors: VanLeeuwen Brian K. , Gopalan Venkatraman
Published: November 2015

Distortions are ubiquitous in nature. Under perturbations such as stresses, fields or other changes, a physical system reconfigures by following a path from one state to another; this path, often a collection of atomic trajectories, describes a distortion. Here we introduce an antisymmetry operation called distortion reversal that reverses a distortion pathway. The symmetry of a distortion pathway is then uniquely defined by a distortion group; it has the same form as a magnetic group that involves time reversal. Given its isomorphism to magnetic groups, distortion groups could have a commensurate impact in the study of distortions, as the magnetic groups have had in the study of magnetic structures. Distortion symmetry has important implications for a range of phenomena such as structural and electronic phase transitions, diffusion, molecular conformational changes, vibrations, reaction pathways and interface dynamics.
Ultrafast response of monolayer molybdenum disulfide photodetectors
Authors: Wang Haining , Zhang Changjian , Chan Weimin , Tiwari Sandip , Rana Farhan
Published: November 2015

The strong light emission and absorption exhibited by single atomic layer transitional metal dichalcogenides in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range make them attractive for optoelectronic applications. In this work, using two-pulse photovoltage correlation technique, we show that monolayer molybdenum disulfide photodetector can have intrinsic response times as short as 3 ps implying photodetection bandwidths as wide as 300 GHz. The fast photodetector response is a result of the short electron–hole and exciton lifetimes in this material. Recombination of photoexcited carriers in most two-dimensional metal dichalcogenides is dominated by nonradiative processes, most notable among which is Auger scattering. The fast response time, and the ease of fabrication of these devices, make them interesting for low-cost ultrafast optical communication links.
MicroRNA–mRNA interactions underlying colorectal cancer molecular subtypes
Authors: Cantini Laura , Isella Claudio , Petti Consalvo , Picco Gabriele , Chiola Simone , Ficarra Elisa , Caselle Michele , Medico Enzo
Published: November 2015

Colorectal cancer (CRC) transcriptional subtypes have been recently identified by gene expression profiling. Here we describe an analytical pipeline, microRNA master regulator analysis (MMRA), developed to search for microRNAs potentially driving CRC subtypes. Starting from a microRNA–mRNA tumour expression data set, MMRA identifies candidate regulator microRNAs by assessing their subtype-specific expression, target enrichment in subtype mRNA signatures and network analysis-based contribution to subtype gene expression. When applied to a CRC data set of 450 samples, assigned to subtypes by 3 different transcriptional classifiers, MMRA identifies 24 candidate microRNAs, in most cases downregulated in the stem/serrated/mesenchymal (SSM) poor prognosis subtype. Functional validation in CRC cell lines confirms downregulation of the SSM subtype by miR-194, miR-200b, miR-203 and miR-429, which share target genes and pathways mediating this effect. These results show that, by combining statistical tests, target prediction and network analysis, MMRA effectively identifies microRNAs functionally associated to cancer subtypes.
Generation of functional hippocampal neurons from self-organizing human embryonic stem cell-derived dorsomedial telencephalic tissue
Authors: Sakaguchi Hideya , Kadoshima Taisuke , Soen Mika , Narii Nobuhiro , Ishida Yoshihito , Ohgushi Masatoshi , Takahashi Jun , Eiraku Mototsugu , Sasai Yoshiki
Published: November 2015

The developing dorsomedial telencephalon includes the medial pallium, which goes on to form the hippocampus. Generating a reliable source of human hippocampal tissue is an important step for cell-based research into hippocampus-related diseases. Here we show the generation of functional hippocampal granule- and pyramidal-like neurons from self-organizing dorsomedial telencephalic tissue using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). First, we develop a hESC culture method that utilizes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signalling to induce choroid plexus, the most dorsomedial portion of the telencephalon. Then, we find that titrating BMP and Wnt exposure allowed the self-organization of medial pallium tissues. Following long-term dissociation culture, these dorsomedial telencephalic tissues give rise to Zbtb20+/Prox1+ granule neurons and Zbtb20+/KA1+ pyramidal neurons, both of which were electrically functional with network formation. Thus, we have developed an in vitro model that recapitulates human hippocampus development, allowing the generation of functional hippocampal granule- and pyramidal-like neurons.
Genomic and transcriptomic evidence for scavenging of diverse organic compounds by widespread deep-sea archaea
Authors: Li Meng , Baker Brett J. , Anantharaman Karthik , Jain Sunit , Breier John A. , Dick Gregory J.
Published: November 2015

Microbial activity is one of the most important processes to mediate the flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the seafloor. However, little is known about the microorganisms that underpin this key step of the global carbon cycle in the deep oceans. Here we present genomic and transcriptomic evidence that five ubiquitous archaeal groups actively use proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids and lipids as sources of carbon and energy at depths ranging from 800 to 4,950 m in hydrothermal vent plumes and pelagic background seawater across three different ocean basins. Genome-enabled metabolic reconstructions and gene expression patterns show that these marine archaea are motile heterotrophs with extensive mechanisms for scavenging organic matter. Our results shed light on the ecological and physiological properties of ubiquitous marine archaea and highlight their versatile metabolic strategies in deep oceans that might play a critical role in global carbon cycling.
Fennoscandian freshwater control on Greenland hydroclimate shifts at the onset of the Younger Dryas
Authors: Muschitiello Francesco , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Watson Jenny E. , Smittenberg Rienk H. , Salih Abubakr A. M. , Brooks Stephen J. , Whitehouse Nicola J. , Karlatou-Charalampopoulou Artemis , Wohlfarth Barbara
Published: November 2015

Sources and timing of freshwater forcing relative to hydroclimate shifts recorded in Greenland ice cores at the onset of Younger Dryas, ∼12,800 years ago, remain speculative. Here we show that progressive Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) melting 13,100–12,880 years ago generates a hydroclimate dipole with drier–colder conditions in Northern Europe and wetter–warmer conditions in Greenland. FIS melting culminates 12,880 years ago synchronously with the start of Greenland Stadial 1 and a large-scale hydroclimate transition lasting ∼180 years. Transient climate model simulations forced with FIS freshwater reproduce the initial hydroclimate dipole through sea-ice feedbacks in the Nordic Seas. The transition is attributed to the export of excess sea ice to the subpolar North Atlantic and a subsequent southward shift of the westerly winds. We suggest that North Atlantic hydroclimate sensitivity to FIS freshwater can explain the pace and sign of shifts recorded in Greenland at the climate transition into the Younger Dryas.
Paracingulate sulcus morphology is associated with hallucinations in the human brain
Authors: Garrison Jane R. , Fernyhough Charles , McCarthy-Jones Simon , Haggard Mark ,   The Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank, Carr Vaughan , Schall Ulrich , Scott Rodney , Jablensky Assen , Mowry Bryan , Michie Patricia , Catts Stanley , Henskens Frans , Pantelis Christos , Loughland Carmel , Simons Jon S.
Published: November 2015

Hallucinations are common in psychiatric disorders, and are also experienced by many individuals who are not mentally ill. Here, in 153 participants, we investigate brain structural markers that predict the occurrence of hallucinations by comparing patients with schizophrenia who have experienced hallucinations against patients who have not, matched on a number of demographic and clinical variables. Using both newly validated visual classification techniques and automated, data-driven methods, hallucinations were associated with specific brain morphology differences in the paracingulate sulcus, a fold in the medial prefrontal cortex, with a 1 cm reduction in sulcal length increasing the likelihood of hallucinations by 19.9%, regardless of the sensory modality in which they were experienced. The findings suggest a specific morphological basis for a pervasive feature of typical and atypical human experience.
Erratum: Interaction between DRD2 and AKT1 genetic variations on risk of psychosis in cannabis users: a case–control study
Authors: Colizzi Marco , Iyegbe Conrad , Powell John , Blasi Giuseppe , Bertolino Alessandro , Murray Robin M , Di Forti Marta
Published: November 2015

Correction to: npj Schizophrenia (2015) 1, Article number: 15025. doi:10.1038/npjschz.2015.25 In the published version of this article, in Table 1, under the entry ‘Cannabis use’, some N (%) data were incorrect due to a minor miscalculation. The corrected table appears below. The authors regret the error.
Directional nanotopographic gradients: a high-throughput screening platform for cell contact guidance
Authors: Zhou Qihui , Kühn Philipp T. , Huisman Thirsa , Nieboer Elsje , van Zwol Charlotte , van Kooten Theo G. , van Rijn Patrick
Published: November 2015

A novel approach was developed using PDMS-substrates with surface-aligned nanotopography gradients, varying unidirectional in amplitude and wavelength, for studying cell behavior with regard to adhesion and alignment. The gradients target more surface feature parameters simultaneously and provide more information with fewer experiments and are therefore vastly superior with respect to individual topography substrates. Cellular adhesion experiments on non-gradient aligned nanowrinkled surfaces displayed a linear relationship of osteoblast cell adhesion with respect to topography aspect ratio. Additionally, an aspect ratio of 0.25 was found to be most efficient for cell alignment. Modification of the surface preparation method allowed us to develop an approach for creating surface nanotopography gradients which innovatively provided a superior data collection with fewer experiments showing that 1) low amplitude with small wavenumber is best for osteoblast cell adhesion 2) indeed higher aspect ratios are favorable for alignment however only with features between 80–180 nm in amplitude and 450–750 nm in wavelength with a clear transition between adhesion and alignment efficiency and 3) disproved a linear relationship of cell adhesion towards aspect ratio as was found for single feature substrate analysis.
Graphene oxide and H2 production from bioelectrochemical graphite oxidation
Authors: Lu Lu , Zeng Cuiping , Wang Luda , Yin Xiaobo , Jin Song , Lu Anhuai , Jason Ren Zhiyong
Published: November 2015

Graphene oxide (GO) is an emerging material for energy and environmental applications, but it has been primarily produced using chemical processes involving high energy consumption and hazardous chemicals. In this study, we reported a new bioelectrochemical method to produce GO from graphite under ambient conditions without chemical amendments, value-added organic compounds and high rate H2 were also produced. Compared with abiotic electrochemical electrolysis control, the microbial assisted graphite oxidation produced high rate of graphite oxide and graphene oxide (BEGO) sheets, CO2 and current at lower applied voltage. The resultant electrons are transferred to a biocathode, where H2 and organic compounds are produced by microbial reduction of protons and CO2, respectively, a process known as microbial electrosynthesis (MES). Pseudomonas is the dominant population on the anode, while abundant anaerobic solvent-producing bacteria Clostridium carboxidivorans is likely responsible for electrosynthesis on the cathode. Oxygen production through water electrolysis was not detected on the anode due to the presence of facultative and aerobic bacteria as O2 sinkers. This new method provides a sustainable route for producing graphene materials and renewable H2 at low cost and it may stimulate a new area of research in MES.
Producing human ceramide-NS by metabolic engineering using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Murakami Suguru , Shimamoto Toshi , Nagano Hideaki , Tsuruno Masahiro , Okuhara Hiroaki , Hatanaka Haruyo , Tojo Hiromasa , Kodama Yukiko , Funato Kouichi
Published: November 2015

Ceramide is one of the most important intercellular components responsible for the barrier and moisture retention functions of the skin. Because of the risks involved with using products of animal origin and the low productivity of plants, the availability of ceramides is currently limited. In this study, we successfully developed a system that produces sphingosine-containing human ceramide-NS in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by eliminating the genes for yeast sphingolipid hydroxylases (encoded by SUR2 and SCS7) and introducing the gene for a human sphingolipid desaturase (encoded by DES1). The inactivation of the ceramidase gene YDC1, overexpression of the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C gene ISC1 and endoplasmic reticulum localization of the DES1 gene product resulted in enhanced production of ceramide-NS. The engineered yeast strains can serve as hosts not only for providing a sustainable source of ceramide-NS but also for developing further systems to produce sphingosine-containing sphingolipids.
Hardy exotics species in temperate zone: can “warm water” crayfish invaders establish regardless of low temperatures?
Authors: Veselý Lukáš , Buřič Miloš , Kouba Antonín
Published: November 2015

The spreading of new crayfish species poses a serious risk for freshwater ecosystems; because they are omnivores they influence more than one level in the trophic chain and they represent a significant part of the benthic biomass. Both the environmental change through global warming and the expansion of the pet trade increase the possibilities of their spreading. We investigated the potential of four “warm water” highly invasive crayfish species to overwinter in the temperate zone, so as to predict whether these species pose a risk for European freshwaters. We used 15 specimens of each of the following species: the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), the marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis), the yabby (Cherax destructor) and the redclaw (Cherax quadricarinatus). Specimens were acclimatized and kept for 6.5 months at temperatures simulating the winter temperature regime of European temperate zone lentic ecosystems. We conclude that the red swamp crayfish, marbled crayfish and yabby have the ability to withstand low winter temperatures relevant for lentic habitats in the European temperate zone, making them a serious invasive threat to freshwater ecosystems.
Highly-accurate metabolomic detection of early-stage ovarian cancer
Authors: Gaul David A. , Mezencev Roman , Long Tran Q. , Jones Christina M. , Benigno Benedict B. , Gray Alexander , Fernández Facundo M. , McDonald John F.
Published: November 2015

High performance mass spectrometry was employed to interrogate the serum metabolome of early-stage ovarian cancer (OC) patients and age-matched control women. The resulting spectral features were used to establish a linear support vector machine (SVM) model of sixteen diagnostic metabolites that are able to identify early-stage OC with 100% accuracy in our patient cohort. The results provide evidence for the importance of lipid and fatty acid metabolism in OC and serve as the foundation of a clinically significant diagnostic test.
Size-Dependent Melting Behavior of Colloidal In, Sn and Bi Nanocrystals
Authors: Liu Minglu , Wang Robert Y.
Published: November 2015

Colloidal nanocrystals are a technologically important class of nanostructures whose phase change properties have been largely unexplored. Here we report on the melting behavior of In, Sn and Bi nanocrystals dispersed in a polymer matrix. This polymer matrix prevents the nanocrystals from coalescing with one another and enables previously unaccessed observations on the melting behavior of colloidal nanocrystals. We measure the melting temperature, melting enthalpy and melting entropy of colloidal nanocrystals with diameters of approximately 10 to 20 nm. All of these properties decrease as nanocrystal size decreases, although the depression rate for melting temperature is comparatively slower than that of melting enthalpy and melting entropy. We also observe an elevated melting temperature during the initial melt-freeze cycle that we attribute to surface stabilization from the organic ligands on the nanocrystal surface. Broad endothermic melting valleys and very large supercoolings in our calorimetry data suggest that colloidal nanocrystals exhibit a significant amount of surface pre-melting and low heterogeneous nucleation probabilities during freezing.